bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Southern Gentlemen Understand
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 10 covers Washington’s complex relationship with slavery. First, the chapter looks at the slavery cases that he decided as a judge. Second, the discussion turns to his tenure as the president of the American Colonization Society, which advocated for gradual emancipation and the establishment of a free Black nation in Liberia. Third, the chapter looks at the justice’s controversial sale of enslaved people from Mount Vernon in 1821 and his defense of that sale, which provides a unique window into the thinking of a slaveowner and the anti-slavery criticism that he received in the press.
Paratexts of the English Bible, 1525-1611
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: April 2022

English bibles over the decades between the Tyndale’s New Testament of 1525 and the 1611 King James include indices, calendars, woodcuts, maps, chronologies, prefaces, prologues, prayers, epistles, philological glosses, doctrinal notes, inset historical essays, single-leaf summaries of scripture, a dialogue on predestination, a twelfth-century genealogy of Christ, a ninth-century Jewish chronicle. Their first editions, often magnificent folios, were curated by leading churchmen, who used these paratexts to speak into existence the dominant forms of post-Reformation English Christianity. Subsequent editions—smaller, more affordable, and far more numerous—were left in the hands of printers, who decided which versions to print, which paratexts to drop, add, move, or modify. The most lavish of Elizabethan bibles gets stripped almost to the bare translation; a fiercely Calvinist bible switches doctrinal sides; and a peculiar little New Testament from 1552 remains in print, with its original annotations, well into the Jacobean era. The picture of the English Reformation disclosed by these biblical paratexts differs in rather striking ways from the current one. Conformity, “things indifferent,” and the reformation of manners, for example, go virtually unmentioned. While no one archive shows “the very age and body of the time,” the cultural centrality of the bible in sixteenth-century England means that the version of things implicit in its paratexts really does challenge, or at least complicate, accounts derived principally from the controversial literature of the period.
Tudor Theological Paratexts
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: April 2022

Chapter 1 treats the theological paratexts of Henrician and Edwardian bibles, from Tyndale’s 1525 New Testament, of which only a single fragment survives to the unknown 1552 Cheke whose annotations (and the Edward VI title page) got regularly reprinted until 1619. These paratexts wrestle with the representation of the sacred, the remembrance of the past, the state’s relation to the supernatural, the role of works once any notion of merit or satisfaction has been jettisoned. They disclose the extraordinarily early impact of Genevan theology—of the intertwined Genevan and Deuteronomic strands that characterize English Reformed piety for over a century—and simultaneously, the emergent fissure between a more and less Protestant wing of the English Church. Yet more than a few of these bibles couple medieval calendars with Calvinist indices, Passion woodcuts with Tyndale’s prologues, etc.: a paratextual latitude likewise heavy with futurity.
Networks of Cartographic Influence, Patronage, and Reception
Authors: Gibson Catherine
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the development of the ethnographic map genre in Central and Eastern Europen in the middle of the nineteenth century through the figure of Peter von Köppen/Petr Keppen, statistician, cartographer, founding member of the Russian Geographical Society. It analyses the personal relationships among mapmakers and the circulation of knowledge across imperial borders as key factors that helped transmit new knowledge and methods for classifying and mapping ethnic groups. It examines the systems of patronage in imperial Russia which were crucial for financing ethnographic map production, but also exercised institutional constraints on the appearance and format of the maps produced. It finishes by examining the reception of Köppen’s maps among academicians, regional elites in the Baltic provinces, and international audiences. The chapter argues that Köppen’s cartographic activities emerged from his commitment to building personal relationships, both in Russia and internationally, and his skill in garnering political support and financial resources across a range of voluntary organizations, academic institutions, and government ministries.
The Baltic Question in Cartographic Imagination
Authors: Gibson Catherine
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the argumentative turn in ethnographic mapping in the second half of the nineteenth century which saw maps being used as tools of social inquiry. It examines the Baltic Question as an example of one of the many social, political, economic, and national ‘questions’ that crystallised in intellectual consciousness and gained prominence in the second half of the nineteenth century. Imperial administrators and intellectuals debated the degree of regional self-governance that should be permitted, the best way to modernise the empire and abolish serfdom, and the privileges and influence of the Baltic German elites. Over the decades, the Baltic Question ballooned to encompass far-ranging social and political issues concerning the cohesiveness of the empire and the loyalty of transimperial borderland populations. This chapter traces the efforts of mapmakers to shape discourses about the Baltic provinces as a space of overlapping, rival Russian imperial, Germanic, Polish, and Pan-Slavic spheres of influence in Europe. It contrasts this with the emergence of social cartography which interrogated issues of urban multiculturalism to assess the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation, and migration on urban life and public health. This chapter argues that through mapmaking, space and scale became key paradigms for thinking the big questions of the age.
Post-War Ethnic Boundary-Mapping from Above and Below
Authors: Gibson Catherine
Published: April 2022

The chapter presents a multi-scalar account of the uses of ethnographic mapping to negotiate the Estonian-Latvian state border in the aftermath of the First World War. Focusing on the period between 1919-1920, it examines the interactions between Estonian and Latvian government representatives, the Estonian-Latvian Boundary Commission, and the efforts of local inhabitants to influence the outcome of the bordering process. The chapter offers a novel bottom-up perspective on bordering processes by examining the written petitions and maps drawn by border region dwellers to inform, correct, and challenge decisions about nationality, property ownership, and boundary-drawing made by the boundary commission. The inhabitants of the border region deployed considerable cartographic literacy to make specific claims about where they believed borders ought to be located and why. The development of cartographic thinking and the production of maps over the course of the nineteenth century, which had circulated in schoolbooks and newspapers, spread cartographic literacy among broad elements of the Baltic populations. The very subjects of ethnographic cartography themselves became mapmakers and consequently agents in the border drawing process. This chapter further demonstrates how ethnographic mapping permeated multiple levels of society and impacted thinking about territory and nationhood.
Introduction
Authors: von Winning Alexa
Published: April 2022

The chapter introduces the reader to the key arguments, main protagonists, and historiographical contribution of the monograph Leaving Home. It stakes out the interventions the monograph makes in the fields of Russian history, imperial and transnational history, religious history, as well as family and gender history. In particular, the monograph examines the interplay between family life and empire building, as well as the complex relation between the Russian Empire and the Orthodox religion. The monograph uses the lives of a single, highly mobile Russian family as a tool to probe Russian imperial advancement in the transnational spheres of religion, scholarship, and the media in the decades between the Crimean War and the outbreak of the First World War, both in Russia and beyond. It considers male and female imperial agents. The chapter introduces the Mansurov family to the reader, briefly sketching their genealogical origins and economic position at mid-century.
Jerusalem
Authors: von Winning Alexa
Published: April 2022

The chapter analyses the construction of a Russian compound in Jerusalem in the 1850s and 1860s as an example of ‘religious empire building’ and relates the Russian efforts and setbacks in Palestine to similar attempts by Western European empires. Religious measures—establishing Christian institutions of all kinds, dispatching church dignitaries, channelling money to local Arab Christians—dominated the race for European influence in Palestine. The Russian pilgrim complex in Jerusalem was an astonishing achievement. It reflects not only the opportunities of religious empire building but also its challenges, including the unstable relationship between imperial might and religious autonomy. The chapter argues that Orthodox institutions and agents were not passive tools in the hands of the Russian Empire but brought along their own agendas and dynamics, similar to Western Christian faiths. This included an intense intra-Orthodox diversity in the region, which deeply impressed Boris Mansurov (1828–1910), the Russian official responsible for the construction of the complex. As Boris Mansurov delved deeper into the Eastern Orthodox landscape, he grew to appreciate Orthodoxy’s supranational roots and began to question Russian attempts to nationalize the religion. Besides, the chapter traces the establishment of the complex with a focus on family life, revealing the operative role of women in the forging of the personal networks that characterized Russian state bureaucracy and allowed for its successes in Palestine.
Constantinople
Authors: von Winning Alexa
Published: April 2022

The chapter examines the 1894 establishment of a scholarly institution, the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople, as a part of the transnational activities of a family network and relates the institute to national and international trends in nineteenth-century public archaeology. By the end of the nineteenth century, the field of archaeology was thoroughly intertwined with politics. Archaeological achievements were markers of imperial prestige. Constantinople was the strategic centre for all Russian activities in the ‘Eastern Question’, the profound power struggle that occupied Western European powers, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire throughout the nineteenth century. Pavel Mansurov (1860–1932), Russian diplomat in Constantinople and an expert on religious questions, was responsible for the establishment of the Russian archaeological institute. He paved the way for Russia’s late entry into the competitive world of international archaeology and sought to create an in-road into Ottoman affairs for Russia. The institute’s scholarly profile included Byzantine and Orthodox archaeology. The chapter argues that this specialization should not be taken as an indicator of the backwardness of Russian academic pursuits when Western scholarship had long become secular and rational. The focus on Byzantine and Orthodox archaeology was in fact a fitting response to the demands of a politicized academic discipline, as it testified to Russian national uniqueness and underlined its imperial ambitions in the region.
General Introduction
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: April 2022

This book considers the extent to which, if at all, legislatures and social media platforms should ban or place restrictions on the spread false and misleading electoral and political information. The key distinction, around which the arguments of the book revolve, is a distinction between electoral participation disinformation and political viewpoint disinformation. I argue that whilst it is legitimate to ban or restrict the spread of disinformation about how to participate in elections, it is not acceptable to ban or restrict the spread of false or misleading political viewpoint disinformation as such. Someone denied their vote, or deterred from voting by false information about the voting procedure, has suffered a rights violation (just like someone who is the victim of hate speech). By contrast, someone who is simply persuaded to accept false political claims (about a particular candidate, or a party, for example) has not suffered such a violation, even if the latter’s acceptance of the claims leads them, say, to vote in a way that they might not otherwise have done. The spread of false and misleading political information is strongly associated with highly partisan and emotionally charged forms of politics. Accordingly, to accept that engaging in this kind of politics is legitimate—and it is—entails adopting a tolerant attitude to the spread of political viewpoint disinformation. However, such a tolerant attitude is inappropriate in the case of electoral participation disinformation, disinformation that undermines a key non-partisan feature of the democratic state.
Political Disinformation: Law, Elections, and Partisan Politics
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: April 2022

Chapter 1 explains why the dissemination of political viewpoint disinformation should be tolerated, and not subject to restriction (a fortiori, when restriction takes the form of criminal penalties), and why spreading electoral participation disinformation should not be tolerated and should in fact be made subject to criminal penalties. Unlike electoral participation information, political viewpoint disinformation often forms part of authentic but hyper-partisan, often populist political narratives that, unlike many mainstream political narratives, engage a range people in adversarial political argument who might otherwise be politically apathetic. Mainstream politicians should thus not seek to skew the political agenda in their favour by using law or regulation to stifle political viewpoint misinformation, wherever it comes from. In any event, the regulatory and (even more so) the criminal process are unsuited to litigation over political viewpoint matters.
Online Disinformation: Between Free Speech and the Pursuit of Truth
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: April 2022

Chapter 2 is focused on the specific issue of political disinformation online. The discussion is set in the context of a distinction between having a legal doctrine of toleration, and demonstrating a tolerant moral outlook. An attitude of legal and moral intolerance towards political viewpoint disinformation is characteristic only of authoritarian or militant democratic regimes. So, on the one hand, it is argued that, as well as following the legal doctrine of toleration, internet platforms should generally adopt a tolerant moral outlook towards political viewpoint disinformation. However, they should nonetheless seek to encourage sceptical or enquiring engagement on the part of users with potentially false and misleading (or anonymous) content. On the other hand, platforms ought positively to be intolerant of hate speech, intimidatory speech, incitement to commit crimes, and other harmful content such as electoral participation disinformation. What we find is that, influenced by First Amendment thinking, the major internet platforms in fact often adopt a more sophisticated and nuanced approach to these issues than the governments that seek to regulate them.
Election Fraud and Adjudication: UK Law and Beyond
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: April 2022

The main focus of Chapter 4, in terms of the powers of the courts to address electoral wrongdoing, is section 115 of the Representation of the People Act 1983, which prohibits the use of a ‘fraudulent device or contrivance’ to induce an elector to give or refrain from giving his or her vote. A key question is, how widely was the prohibition intended to extend? Consistent with the theme developed throughout the book, the answer to that question will be that the prohibition was concerned with electoral participation fraud, and not with political viewpoint fraud. Having shown how the historical context demonstrates that this was so, the chapter examines the merits and demerits of expanding the scope of section 115-type offences to cover political viewpoint fraud or disinformation. It is argued that such an expansion is wrong in principle. In that regard, the focus is not so much on the substantive political case for tolerating the dissemination of political viewpoint fraud, but on an argument that such an expansion wrongly places the judiciary in a position in which they have to take an overtly political approach to adjudication, in determining the applicability of criminal sanctions. To that end, there is consideration of case law development in England, and in Canada and Australia, analysing the different approaches that have been taken.
Charles Williams and the Word of Co-inherence
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

Despite the common assertion that ‘co-inherence’ runs through his entire literary output, this chapter presents evidence that Williams first used the word in January 1939, having found the term in Prestige’s God in Patristic Thought (1936). A few weeks later, Williams outlined the principles of his new Company of the Co-inherence. The chapter considers the emergence of the idea of co-inherence from Williams’ concepts of romantic love, exchange, and substitution. It is argued that the Christological trajectory of these earlier ideas means that co-inherence is basically Christological, concerning the mutual permeation of two natures in Christ and the consequent interpenetration of human beings in the life of Christ at the same time as in each other. Williams is thus using co-inherence in an analogical way. What appears to be missing is any firm grasp on the concept that human beings co-inhere or dwell in the fellowship of the Trinity.
Romantic Love and the Arthurian Myth
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

Both Lewis and Williams integrate romantic love with the Arthurian legend, but within different world views. Williams’ presentation interweaves a story of love with his theory of transmutation of energy, as well as with the achieving of the Holy Grail and so mystical union with God. In his spiritual geography, he draws on the Kabbala, which offers gateways to divine glory. Achieving the Grail is a consciousness in which one can know the world as sacrament of the glory of God, or ‘co-inherence’. Lewis, however, places this within a strict hierarchy deriving from Christian Neoplatonism, and interprets Williams’ poems through a scheme of active principles and passive recipients. Convergence appears with Lewis’ identification in Williams’ poems of a union of two ways of approach to God. Like Williams, Lewis regards this as ‘co-inherence’, but only later does he conclude that the ‘positive’ way finds the immanence of God’s glory everywhere.
From Equilibrium to Exchange
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

In his sequence of novels Williams explores the path from the idea of ‘exchange’ to ‘substitution’, and finally to ‘co-inherence’. This chapter shows how the first four novels each take a central symbol around which the plot revolves: successively these are the Arthurian Holy Grail, the Stone of Solomon, the Eagle—archetype of Truth—and the Dance of the cosmos. The predominant idea is the desirability of holding an equilibrium within the movements of time, space, and events. The idea also appears in notes by Williams for a lecture on Gerard Manley Hopkins at about the same time. However, it fails to resolve Williams’ often-discussed question as to whether evil is part of the ‘Necessity’ or ‘Destiny’ of creation. Through the vocabulary of his novels Williams appears to be searching for a comprehensive term for his vision of the world, and this is to be finally satisfied in ‘co-inherence’.
Co-inherence and Relations in the Trinity
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

The final chapter offers a study of the word ‘co-inherence’ in English-speaking theology before proposing a way in which differences between Lewis and Williams might be resolved. It recalls that Williams uses kabbalistic imagery to evoke a world in which God’s glory is immanent, while Lewis draws on Christian Neoplatonism to emphasize divine transcendence. An investigation of the term ‘co-inherence’ in modern trinitarian theology shows that these viewpoints might converge, though this is not a conclusion Williams and Lewis reached. The chapter argues that approaching co-inherence as a pattern of diverse relations in God, strengthened by the idea that ‘persons’ in the Trinity are not subjects but ‘relations’, can provide a context for what Williams and Lewis wanted to express, both about analogies between the human and the divine, and about actual engagement in God. If co-inherence is participating in relations, Williams and Lewis can stand on common ground.
Ethical Modelling
Authors: Martens David
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the privacy, discrimination, and explainability aspects of data science modelling are discussed. It starts by describing and comparing different ways in which we can reconcile privacy with data science modelling: differential privacy, zero-knowledge proofs, homomorphic encryption, multiparty
communication, and federated learning. In terms of discriminationaware modelling, several (often conflicting) metrics are introduced to measure fairness of a prediction model. The fairness issues are illustrated with cautionary tales related to predicting recidivism and redlining. The third part looks at building explanations and comprehensible models. Several techniques are introduced, ranging from LIME and counterfactuals that lead to individual explanations, to rule extraction methods that explain the global prediction model. It concludes with a discussion on including ethical preferences in self-driving cars, as it relates to the widely known trolley problem.
Ethical Evaluation
Authors: Martens David
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on the ethical aspects of the evaluation, which is structured in three parts: what to measure, how to interpret the results, and finally what to report. The ethical measurement requires that data science is conducted correctly, using all standards of the field. In the second part, on how to interpret the results, a range of practices are covered that can lead to p-hacking. Even if there is no statistical test, such practices can still be unethical; consider, for example, choosing your data instances, doing input selection and choosing evaluation metrics to maximize the performance on the test set. Finally, reporting ethically requires you to report transparently, the good and the bad, with a special place for reproducability. Academic reporting is specific in its competitive environment and profound impact on society. The ethical issues are illustrated with the rise and fall of a professor in social psychology.
Conclusion
Authors: Martens David
Published: April 2022

The chapter revisits the key aspects of the book and stresses the need for an open discussion, the requirement for training, time and effort, how it should not lead to doing nothing with data, and the value it can bring.
A Largely Unremarked Part of the Problem of Evil
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: April 2022

This chapter explains why there is a part of the problem of evil that would remain even if there were a successful theodicy. That is because there is something to mourn in the post-Fall world even if there is a benefit in defeating suffering. Even in that case, a post-Fall person could mourn the wounds and scars of his life. There is a traditional response to this problem of mourning in the felix culpa view, the view that a life with suffering can be more glorious than it could have even in a world without a Fall and its consequent suffering. This chapter explores the nature of the problem of mourning and the felix culpa response.
Worship
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the notion of the thriving included in the concept of the true self. The investigation of a puzzle about worship illuminates it. Accounts of worship specify an attitude that includes awe at God’s greatness and a conviction of God’s distance from created things. This understanding of the attitude of worship makes it seem as if the attitude of worship is an obstacle to union with God. The resolution of this puzzle lies in seeing that on Christian doctrine surrender, but not submission, to God is able to lead to union with God; but surrender is the human reaction that accompanies the attitude wanted in worship. In consequence, thriving is relational and most complete in union with God.
Union with God
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: April 2022

This chapter shows that the fulfillment of heart’s desires when they converge with thriving is also necessary for the true self of a person. If she loves God but God does not love her, then one of her deepest heart’s desires will remain unfulfilled because she loves unrequitedly. On Christian doctrine, God loves human beings who have it in their power not to love God, so that God may have unfulfilled desires. But God meets the conditions for love with regard to every human person. So, when a person comes to love God, she does not love unrequitedly; and her deepest heart’s desires are fulfilled. The transformative experiences of John Newton and Winston in George Orwell’s 1984 illustrate the point.
The Image of God
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: April 2022

The evaluation of the felix culpa view depends on understanding the perfection of the true self and the scale of value by which that perfection is measured. This chapter presents Aquinas’s notion of perfection in general in order to clarify a scale of value by which to measure the perfection of the true self. On Aquinas’s metaphysics, in loving God, a person actualizes the species-specific potentiality in human nature; and in union with the God who loves him, he perfects the image of God in his human nature. In this condition, his deepest heart’s desire converges with his thriving. And so, in his final and full union with God, he has the perfection of his true self.
The Nature of a Defense
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that the right approach for an evaluation of the felix culpa view is an analogue to a defense with respect to the more familiar problem of evil, and it examines the way in which such a defense for the problem of mourning needs to be constructed in order to be successful. For this purpose, it reflects on the task of a defense in philosophy in general as well as the particular job of a defense with regard to the problem of mourning. It also considers the role played by the knowledge transmitted through stories in such a defense, and the basic character of the possible world of the defense for the problem of mourning.
Digitalization, Automation, and the Welfare State
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R.
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides a state-of-the-art review of the literature and serves as the background and common reference point for all other chapters in this volume. The chapter first outlines the main areas of academic research, observing that there is a lot of scholarship on the labor market implications of past and future waves of technological change, but that, so far, there are very few studies on the impact of digitalization and automation on welfare state policymaking and on the politics underpinning welfare state change. The chapter then systematically identifies the main blind spots, which the other chapters in this volume subsequently address.
Digitalization and the Transition to Services
Authors: Wren Anne
Published: April 2022

One revolutionary impact of digitalization has been to increase the capacity for productivity growth and international trade in many areas of service provision. This chapter argues that in advanced economies faced with de-industrialization, an important effect of this has been to facilitate the development of alternative high-productivity growth models that are services based, with positive implications for overall improvements in standards of living. Like the Industrial Revolution that preceded it, however, the transition toward a digitized services-based economy has had disruptive effects on labor markets. The chapter also examines the differential impact of the new technologies across different types of services sector and the associated bifurcation of labor market opportunities for workers with different types of skills. The analysis makes use of historical data from the UK, Sweden, and Germany to describe how this economic and distributional transformation has evolved over time.
The Case for a Basic Income in the Emergent Digitalized Economy
Authors: Chrisp Joe , Martinelli Luke
Published: April 2022

In recent years, basic income has emerged as a much-cited solution to concerns about the implications of technological change. Although extreme predictions of mass technological unemployment are unlikely to materialize, advocates argue that other significant trends related to automation and digitalization also strengthen the case for a basic income. In this chapter, we review the features of basic income that recommend it in the context of the emergent digitized economy and the specific issue of political feasibility: the actors who support basic income and the ways that basic income fits into existing configurations of welfare provisions. Focusing on one element of political feasibility, we introduce empirical evidence on public preferences for basic income, showing evidence that automation is highly unlikely to augment the political constituency for basic income. In a nutshell, we argue that although basic income might complement the knowledge economy, many fundamental political barriers remain.
Tracing Fears About Digitalization and Automation in Social and Labor Market Policy Debates
Authors: Kemmerling Achim , Zepeda Stephanie Gast
Published: April 2022

This chapter investigates evidence of fears about digitalization in recent discussions about the welfare state. Analyzing recent German and British parliamentary debates, we find mixed evidence of such fears. On the one hand, automation and digitalization have indeed become more salient over time. On the other, evidence from topic models shows that fears about labor market consequences are not a salient subject in these debates. We then conceptualize the “End of Work” idea as a latent belief and use human-coded data for a subset of debates on social and labor market policies. It is evident that such fears respond to labor market pressure. More importantly, these latent beliefs are particularly visible in the German context at both ends of the ideological spectrum. This would confirm for the elite level what some micro-level evidence shows: a connection between technological change and the rise of polarization and populism.
Political and Institutional Limits to the Rise of Platform Work
Authors: Picot Georg
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses why it is unlikely that platform work will replace standard employment on a massive scale. I discuss social, economic, institutional, and political factors that limit platform work. Among the institutional limits, two stand out. First, social insurance incentivizes various actors to curb the rise of platform work, it makes it more costly for platform firms to be found guilty of bogus self-employment, and it makes it less attractive for workers to accept platform jobs. Second, a decent wage floor reduces labor supply to platform work and makes the higher prices that result from restricted platform services more acceptable. I outline three models of institutional integration of platform work: segregation in Continental and Southern European welfare states, optional use in Nordic welfare states, and fusion with other forms of precarious employment in Anglophone welfare states. The rise of platform work is not inevitable but depends on institutions and politics.
Digitalization and the Politics of Health Risks in Advanced Democracies
Authors: Jensen Carsten , van Kersbergen Kees
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents a set of observations about digitalization and health-related risks, and explains why these are of interest to anyone concerned about the sustainability of social protection systems in Western democracies and, by implication, socioeconomic inequalities. The chapter explains that health risks are life course risks, that such risks are fundamentally different from labor market risks in a number of politically relevant dimensions, and that therefore the political dynamics around health-related risks are different from those surrounding labor market risks. Our argument is that rapid technological progress, particularly in or relevant for health care, sparks demand for more and better health care and hence for more spending on health. Given the difficulty of increasing taxes, an upturn in health care expenditure will come at the cost of labor market risk protection, increasing existing inequalities.
Digitalization and the Effects of Internal and External Modernization in Health Care Systems
Authors: Buhr Daniel , Frankenberger Rolf
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that health care systems can adapt to the challenges of digitalization in two ways: internal and external modernization. Internal modernization means using digitalization actively and strategically to improve health care. External modernization is a regulatory reaction to primarily economic demands. Whereas the promises and perils of digitalization are similar, in different countries, these developments occur in different health care systems with specific modes of governance, funding, and health care provision. We chose country vignettes of Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Spain, Sweden, and partly the US for analyzing different types of health care systems: we show that those welfare states opting for internal modernization, like Sweden, Estonia, UK, and Spain, are in a better position to exploit the potential of digitalization than welfare states—like Germany, France, Italy and the US—that adopt an external path of modernization and simply respond to economic and societal interests.
The Politics of Tax Policy in the Digital Age
Authors: Gelepithis Margarita
Published: April 2022

This chapter identifies three characteristics of digital business models that have implications for tax policy: (1) the creation of value using platform-enabled gig employment; (2) the creation of value on the basis of intangible assets like user-generated data; and (3) the creation of value from cross-national electronic commerce. The chapter outlines the challenges these characteristics pose for labor, corporate, and consumption taxes. It discusses the political dynamics emerging in response to these challenges, and tax policy changes that have already occurred. The chapter argues that digital business models have transformed neither the revenue capacity of rich democracies nor the composition of their taxes, but that this is likely to change if the contribution of digital business models to economic growth continues to grow. The emerging political dynamics identified in the chapter suggest some scope for increased tax progressivity in the digital age, primarily through the recalibration of international corporate taxation.
Digitalization and the Future of the Democratic Welfare State
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R. , Kemmerling Achim , Marx Paul , Van Kersbergen Kees
Published: April 2022

This concluding chapter summarizes the main take-away point from the chapters of this volume, focusing on the core research questions identified in the introduction: How does digitalization affect the changing policy space as well as the political space of contemporary welfare states? The chapters provide multifaceted and differentiated responses to these questions, which are summarized here. We also discuss the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for our findings. In the second part of the concluding chapter, we turn towards the future by identifying a number of dilemmas that policy-makers are likely to confront in the coming years as well as various scenarios about the future of the democratic welfare state in the age of digitalization.
A Geography of Infection
Authors: Smallman-Raynor Matthew R. , Cliff Andrew D. , Ord J. Keith , Haggett Peter
Published: April 2022

A Geography of Infection explores the distinctive spatial patterns and processes by which infectious diseases spread from place to place and can grow from local and regional epidemics into global pandemics. The book focuses initially on the local scale of doctors’ practices and small islands where epidemic outbreaks are slight in the numbers infected and in geographical extent. Such local area studies raise two questions. First, how and where do epidemic diseases emerge and second, why do more diseases appear to be emerging now? To approach such questions implies a shift in spatial gear from painting epidemics with a fine-tipped local brush to an expanded palette on which doctors’ practices and small islands are replaced by regional and global populations. Simultaneously, time bands are extended backwards to the origins of civilization and forwards into the twenty-first century. It eventually leads to a consideration of global pandemics—both historical (e.g. plague, cholera, and influenza) and contemporary (HIV/AIDS and COVID-19)—and examines the ways the spread of infection can be prevented.
Epidemics as Diffusion Waves
Authors: Smallman-Raynor Matthew , Cliff Andrew , Ord Keith , Haggett Peter
Published: April 2022

‘Epidemics as Diffusion Waves’ establishes the parameters of the book. It begins by defining the basic building blocks of the study: infection, contagion, and disease. Key epidemiological concepts and terms are introduced and defined, and classic compartmental (susceptible → infective → recovered; SIR) approaches to epidemic modelling are outlined. Epidemic waves in the time domain are examined in terms of their shape (logistic model, Kendall waves), as repetitive wave trains (Bartlett threshold model), and as branching networks (Reed–Frost model). The second half of the chapter examines epidemic waves in the space domain. The swash–backwash model of the single epidemic wave introduces the concept of the spatial basic reproduction number R0A, the geographical analogue of the basic reproduction number R
0. Spatial simulations of diffusion waves are explored through the work of Torsten Hägerstrand. The chapter concludes with a consideration of dyadic (lag correlation and spatial interaction) approaches to epidemic modelling.
Pandemics, I
Authors: Smallman-Raynor Matthew , Cliff Andrew , Ord Keith , Haggett Peter
Published: April 2022

‘Pandemics, I: Pandemics in History’ surveys the historical geography of pandemic events. Special attention is paid to those diseases that have manifested as worldwide epidemics and to which the term global pandemic is commonly applied, namely plague, cholera, influenza, and the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). A synoptic overview of approximately 35 such pandemics since the sixth century AD is presented. Consecutive sections survey the three great plague pandemics of history (Plague of Justinian, Black Death, and the Third Pandemic of the 1850s–1950s); the seven cholera pandemics of the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries (including the ongoing pandemic of El Tor cholera); the 24 influenza pandemics of the modern era (including the H1N1/Spanish, H2N2/Asian, H3N2/Hong Kong, and H1N1/09 ‘swine flu’ pandemics of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries); and the ongoing pandemic of HIV/AIDS that first emerged in the 1980s.
Pandemics, II
Authors: Smallman-Raynor Matthew , Cliff Andrew , Ord Keith , Haggett Peter
Published: April 2022

‘Pandemics, II: COVID-19’ explores the spatial and temporal patterns of infection, illness, and death due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It covers the period from the putative beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in late 2019 to the turn of 2021. Consecutive sections review the basic epidemiological properties of the virus and the disease, the pattern of global dispersal, and the resulting patterns of reported disease activity in the United Kingdom and the United States. The swash–backwash model is used to analyse the spatial spread of the first wave of COVID-19 in England and to estimate the spatial velocity of wave expansion and retreat, January–June 2020. Approaches to the short- and longer-term forecasting of COVID-19 are illustrated with reference to sample states of the United States.
Thinking of Death in Plato's Euthydemus
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

Thinking of Death places Plato’s Euthydemus among the dialogues that surround the trial and death of Socrates. A premonition of philosophy’s fate arrives in the form of Socrates’ encounter with the two-headed sophist pair, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, who appear as if they are the ghost of the Socrates of Aristophanes’ thinkery. The pair vacillates between choral ode and rhapsody, as Plato vacillates between referring to them in the dual and plural number in Greek. Both the structure of the dialogue and the pair’s back-and-forth arguments bear a striking resemblance to thinking itself. In its immersive remove from reality, thinking simulates death even as it cannot conceive of its possibility. Euthydemus and Dionysodorus take this to an extreme, and so emerge as the philosophical dream and sophistic nightmare of being disembodied from substance. The Euthydemus is haunted by philosophy’s tenuous relationship to political life. This is played out in the narration through Crito’s implied criticism of Socrates—the phantom image of the Athenian laws—and in the drama itself, which appears to take place in Hades. Thinking of death thus brings with it a lurid parody of the death of thinking: the farce of perfect philosophy that bears the gravity of the city’s sophistry. Thinking of Death also includes a new translation of the Euthydemus that pays careful attention to grammatical ambiguities, nuances, and wit in ways that substantially expand the reader’s access to the dialogue’s mysteries.
Introduction
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

An initial sketch of the relationship between Plato’s Euthydemus and the dialogues that surround Socrates’ trial and death lays the groundwork for imagining the dialogue as set in Hades. Euthydemus and Dionysodorus’ disembodied treatment of subjects and predicates is all shadows and no reality. But while their sophistic antics look all too similar to refutative midwifery, they also veer perilously near to the look of purified philosophy. Socrates’ fascination with them seems to derive from both, and so too Crito’s vicarious criticism of Socrates through an “other,” whom he claims came away from the conversation critiquing philosophy as “worthy of nothing.” To Crito’s seriousness, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus are a playful antidote and a confirmation of his fear that Socrates wiles away his time in nonsensical pursuits. Socrates seems to wish to verify Crito’s view, but not in the way Crito thinks. Rather, it is the gusto with which Euthydemus and Dionysodorus pursue nothing in particular that makes them so philosophically interesting.
This, That, and the Other
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

Crito only saw Euthydemus. Socrates saddles him with another brother, Dionysodorus. The referents of the demonstrative pronouns used in the opening exchange between Socrates and Crito reflect the ambiguity of identity that is to come as the dialogue unfolds. As the scene is set, the significance of the seating positions of Socrates and Cleinias in relation to Euthydemus and Dionysodorus pave the way for understanding who might be “on the left” (sinister). Crito’s perception of Alcibiades’ cousin, Cleinias, as more advanced than his own son, reveals his concerns about Critobulus as a motivating factor in the outer frame of the Euthydemus. Meanwhile, Alcibiades’ presence in the background of the internal conversation suggests that the previous whereabouts of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus may be connected to the Peloponnesian War. Alcibiades’ notorious side-switching is the political analogue to their alternation between one argument and its opposite.
The Dual
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

The dual is the grammatical keystone of the Euthydemus. Where Euthydemus and Dionysodorus are referred to in the dual, a vulnerability in their self-sufficiency is exposed. The wholeness of their wisdom as individuals (plural) is at odds with the wholeness of their wisdom as a pair (dual). This double view mirrors the two-in-one character of self-reflection. But the dual’s powers are a matter of degree, sometimes explicitly emphasized, other times implied by the number of the verb. These possibilities linguistically capture how thinking thinks to itself and to others.
Wonder: The Beginning and End of Philosophy
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

Euthydemus and Dionysodorus all but guarantee that the souls of their interlocutors will be found to be hopelessly fragmented; there is no such thing as a singular self. Their novelty over other sophists is to use pairing to avoid having to ever express that they are trying to claim anything cohesive. Yet their plotless plot reveals not a negative conception of the self as incessantly interrupted, but rather the self as a work of fiction. Interrupting means not only dissembling a position but also suggesting an alternative storyline. Socrates reinterprets their discovery as the discovery that one is in a poem—or perhaps, a dialogue. This suggests that there is some need to their performance other than the neediness they find in their victims. There is an internal politics—a motive—behind their philosophical abstractions. When Dionysodorus accuses Socrates of being a Kronos—an old fool who is stuck on yesterdays—the result is that a context of rule is playfully established. This context sets the tone for the remainder of the internal conversation.
Predication, Equality, and Ritual Cannibalism
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

The playful collapse of authority without tension is both an image for a model democracy and for thinking qua thinking. Thinking beheads itself and submits to its own authority; in doing so, it sprouts a new head. Its activity is constituted by reflection that intellectually consumes and regurgitates. How can thinking ever manage to wrap its mind around itself, and so, hold its head in its hands? Ctesippus is responsible for the introduction of the image of drinking from one’s own gilded skull. But the gild is the sign that what is drunk (thought) is not the same as what is drinking (thinking). The climax of the internal dialogue is the display of one’s ownership by disavowing what one owns. In the interest of not being tried for impiety, Socrates is forced not only to admit that there are gods for him and that they have souls (lest he be accused of believing the sun is a stone) but also to show his devotion to the gods by sacrificing them. Heretical praying and skull drinking are attempts to articulate frictionless self-reflection, as if agency were a copula. Subjects become objects and objects subjects. At the end of the conversation, everyone present nearly dies laughing and even the columns in the Lyceum almost burst into an uproar.
Euthydemus
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

The Euthydemus is not a dialogue for the linguistically squeamish. Particularly in regard to the concentrated presence of the dual number, along with its elusive difference from the singular and plural, Plato stretches grammatical limits in ways that are extremely difficult to capture in English. This new English translation pays careful attention to the dialogue’s landmine punning, verbal twisting, and grammatical nuances in ways that significantly expand the reader’s access to the dialogue’s mysteries.