bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquisition‐Based Assessment and Property Tax Inequalities after California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen
Authors: DINGEMANS DENNIS , MUNN ANDREW
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the shift from current market value assessment to acquisition‐based assessment as mandated by a little‐noticed provision of California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen. The distributional effects of the reformed property tax system are studied for a 300‐house, ten‐neighborhood sample in Davis, California. Micro‐area tax inequalities for similar properties greatly increased from 1978 to 1985. By 1988, however, intra‐area and inter‐area inequalities in tax payments were diminishing slightly due to a low inflation rate and increased property turnover (resales). Because of its social policy consequences, acquisition‐based assessment is an element of California's tax revolt that other jurisdictions should not emulate.
What About People in High Technology? Some Research and Policy Considerations
Authors: MALECKI EDWARD J.
Published: July 2006

One of the fundamental aspects of “high technology” is its reliance on people. The high‐tech context permits a reexamination of several elements of regional research and policy, including technical workers, entrepreneurship, the effect of new technology in the workplace, and the potential for public policies to address people‐related issues. This paper suggests that an orientation toward people relates more accurately to the underlying processes, particularly those that focus on flows of people and information. Entrepreneurship, for example, depends critically on people and their social networks. Likewise, the level of technology in a region or nation is defined by the stock of knowledge and skills found within firms and people. A long‐term perspective is necessary for public policies that address regional competitiveness.
The Structure of Agricultural Unemployment in the United States
Authors: URI NOEL D.
Published: July 2006

This paper examines whether employment in agriculture is more sensitive to fluctuations in the level of economic activity than is employment in the economy as a whole. The analytical framework of the investigation rests on two functional relationships between unemployment and economic activity introduced by Thurow. The results indicate that agricultural unemployment is impacted by variations in economic activity to the same extent as is total unemployment. Finally, when subjected to a stability test, the underlying structural relationships are deemed to be stable over the sample period (1948‐1988).
The Persistence of Urban Deprivation: The Example of Wichita, Kansas, in the 1970s
Authors: BROADWAY MICHAEL J. , SNYDER SUSAN D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
During the 1970s, several programs were implemented to deal with the problem of urban deprivation within US central cities. This study examines the changing spatial distribution of various deprivation indicators within the city of Wichita, Kansas, and identifies the social and economic characteristics of those areas most affected by changes. Linear regression is utilized to develop a typology of change. Areas that deteriorated in relation to the rest of the city are characterized by disproportionate concentrations of the city's “underclass,” while areas that improved in relation to the rest of the city were the most affluent neighborhoods. The study found little evidence that deprivation was reduced in those areas of the inner city targeted for special assistance; indeed, in much of the inner city, levels of deprivation increased relative to the rest of the city.
The Effects of Universities on Local Retail, Service, and F.I.R.E. Employment: Some Cross‐Sectional Evidence
Authors: HEDRICK DAVID W. , E. HENSON STEVEN , MACK RICHARD S.
Published: July 2006

This article examines the question of whether the traditional view of a complementary relationship between universities and local businesses is still appropriate or whether auxiliary activities and other competitive elements have changed this relationship. Cross‐sectional data on over 3100 counties and 3300 institutions are used to analyze the effects of university enrollment and auxiliary activities on county‐level employment in the retail, financial, and service sectors. Findings indicate that the negative effects of university auxiliary activities are confined to relatively small counties, are small in magnitude, and are more than offset by the positive effects of spending by universities and students. The overall impact is positive, is more pronounced in more populous counties, and has increased over time.
Towards Modeling National Preference Formation for Regional Development Policy: Lessons from Developed and Less Developed Countries
Authors: MEHRETU ASSEFA , SOMMERS LAWRENCE M.
Published: July 2006

National preferences for the development of regional and environmental policy are dependent on the competitive resolution of priorities emanating from four national centers of preference formation, namely: (a) national opinion leaders, (b) society at large, (c) state political institutions, and (d) the private business sector. The viability of national policies for regional development and environmental protection is assumed to be a function of the degree of systemic concordance among these four competing loci of preference formation. The paper explores differences between developed and developing countries in the formation of national preferences and analyzes the process by which competing preferences for regional development and environmental protection are ultimately resolved. It demonstrates that MDCs enjoy a high degree of harmony among their more autonomous centers of preference formation to achieve regional development goals, whereas LDCs are constrained by the dominant and coercive role of the state apparatus.
Economic Stability and Economic Growth in Rural Communities: Dimensions Relevant to Local Employment Creation Strategy
Authors: SMITH ELDON D.
Published: July 2006

Approaches for analyzing employment stability with aggregated data for SICs in large regions or major metropolitan areas are misleading indicators of the impact of manufacturing growth in rural areas. Performance of moderate‐sized individual establishments seriously impact total employment variation in small‐employment‐sized rural communities, requiring analysis of the determinants of employment stability of these establishments. Aggregate SIC performance and most conventional criteria for judging probable stability appear to provide very limited predictability for individual firm performance. However, manufacturing development appears generally to have desirable effects on community‐wide employment stability.
The Japanese Banking Presence in the United States and Its Regional Distribution
Authors: HULTMAN CHARLES W. , MCGEE L. RANDOLPH
Published: July 2006

The Japanese presence in U.S. banking markets is of particular significance. Japanese represent slightly over one‐half of the total foreign banking presence in the U.S., concentrated in two states (California and New York). The growth of Japanese direct investment in the U.S. and the yen/dollar exchange rate appear to be the two most important economic factors influencing this rising Japanese banking presence. Japanese legislation liberalizing the flow of investment in and out of Japan, beginning in 1980, is a very important factor. Also, the International Banking Act of 1978 may be important in explaining the recent growth of Japanese bank branches in California.
Trends in Service Employment in Pacific Northwest Counties: 1974–1986
Authors: BEYERS WILLIAM B.
Published: July 2006

The Pacific Northwest has grown more rapidly than the U.S. in recent years, led by the expansion of services employment. However, there have been striking differences in the rates of growth of individual counties in the Northwest. These variations in growth rates are shown to be associated with the type of industrial structure found in groups of counties. Their growth is also shown to be related, in part, to changes in the economic base of individual counties, with services contributing a greater share to county exports in 1986 than in 1974.
Multisited Versus Compact Producer Service Firms: Insights from the French Case
Authors: Léo Pierre‐Yves , Philippe Jean
Published: July 2006

Much of the literature on the location of producer services is concerned with their uneven spatial development across regions. Although this approach is useful, it proves to be limited, and a complementary analytical framework is required. This paper uses data from France's Annual Survey of Services to address producer service location from a novel perspective, that of the firm. A basic distinction is made between single site (compact) and multisite (network) producer service firms, and the natures of these two types are analyzed in terms of business strategies, location and performance. Further analyses are then based upon the distinctions between sales and servuction networks, and between specialized and diversified networks. Although significant for producing higher output levels, a network structure does not necessarily ensure a higher level of profitability.
Regional Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Annual Growth Rates of Total Personal Income and Population: 1959–1987
Authors: NISSAN EDWARD
Published: July 2006

The annual growth rates of total personal income and population in regional metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas are examined for the period 1959–87, partitioned into sub periods. Statistical testing for equality of rates shows no perceptible differences in growth rates between the major categories, metro and nonmetro. Further, this study uses a model similar in scope to shift‐share analysis to test for convergence of the growth rates within these categories. It was found that for both regional nonmetro and metro areas, there was a general trend toward convergence with the exception of the 1970s decade. In that decade total population growth rates in the nonmetro areas and total income and total population growth rates in the metro areas showed significant divergences
Population Redistribution within Metropolitan Regions in the 1980s: Core, Satellite, and Exurban Growth
Authors: MORRILL RICHARD
Published: July 2006

This paper evaluates the hypothesis that the growth experiences of core parts of metropolitan areas tend to predict the growth of satellite, exurban, and even more distant non‐metropolitan areas. Particular attention is paid to evidence of spillover of growth into adjacent smaller metropolises and smaller cities, and to the hypothesis that spillover is especially marked in areas of rapid growth, growth restrictions, and housing price inflation. The hypotheses are supported by 1980–1990 patterns of change, as is the continuing attractiveness of exurban and non‐metropolitan environmental amenities.
Services in Regional Employment Change
Authors: ANDRIANACOS DIMITRI , GRUIDL JOHN
Published: July 2006

This article examines the role of services in regional employment change in Illinois from 1972–87. The approach applies recent advances in time‐series analysis to investigate both the long‐term and short‐term relationship among employment in three sectors: goods production, export‐potential services, and local services. The results indicate that there is not a long‐term relation among these variables, i.e., that they do not move together in the long run. In the short term, the evidence is that employment in the service sectors follows employment change in goods production, although the response persists for only six months. The results suggest that a policy of targeting export‐potential services is not likely to produce sustained employment growth in the other sectors.
The Effects of Jobs‐Targeted Development Incentive Programs
Authors: LOH ENG SENG
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT In recent years, many states have raised the amount of resources they devote to economic development programs, particularly those providing direct monetary assistance to firms. However, scholarly attention to this topic has not kept pace and, as a result, relatively little is known about such policies' effectiveness. This paper examines the effectiveness of monetary incentives using Ohio's experience with such programs in the 1980s. Empirical results show that incentives are significantly related to employment and income growth at the county level. Grants are found to be more effective than loans, and capital subsidies to businesses more effective than either labor subsidies to businesses or capital subsidies to communities. Finally, resources given to creating jobs are more effective than resources for retaining or training existing workers.
Elderly Migration and Development in Small Communities
Authors: ROWLES GRAHAM D. , WATKINS JOHN F.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper develops a conceptual model of the process of community change in response to elderly immigration. Analysis of intra‐regional variation in elderly migration patterns in Appalachia, and synthesis of an emergent literature on the benefits and costs of attracting elderly migrants, serve as a backdrop for case studies, based on field observations and interviews, of three contrasting Appalachian communities at different stages of development as retirement destinations. The analyses suggest a temporal model of community development involving overlapping phases of emergence, recognition, restructuring, saturation, and the development of new concerns, as the process of demographic change evolves and its economic, environmental, infrastructural, social, and political correlates become manifest. It is concluded that communities considering attraction of elderly migrants as a development option should carefully consider both the diverse characteristics and needs of potential migrants and the long‐term implications and desirability of the community transformation that results from adopting such a strategy.
Pawns in the Game: Ports in a Global Transportation System
Authors: SLACK BRIAN
Published: July 2006

Abstract: Although they are required to make very large investments, port authorities are discovering that they have less and less control over their destinies. The major decisions affecting port traffic are made by shipping lines whose activities are global in scale. This paper examines the plight of public monopoly ports in a highly competitive environment. Several policy options are discussed.
Alternative Labor Market Closures in a Regional Model
Authors: RICKMAN DAN S. , TREYZ GEORGE I.
Published: July 2006

Five versions of a regional economic forecasting and simulation model are implemented to evaluate the forecasting accuracy and significance for impact analysis of alternative regional labor market closures. The five versions correspond to the following specifications: downward‐sloped labor demand and upward‐sloped labor supply, vertical labor demand and upward‐sloped labor supply, an input‐output version, and two general equilibrium configurations of labor demand and supply. It is found that the estimated impacts of an exogenous employment stimulus differ greatly across the model versions. Also, post‐sample forecasts for 1981‐1988 are run for the fifty states plus Washington D.C. with each model version to test their relative forecast accuracy. The forecast comparison shows that the general equilibrium version that specifies inelastic supply is inferior to the other versions for short‐term forecasts of wage rates and long‐term employment forecasts. For both short‐ and long‐run population forecasts, the versions with completely immobile labor are more accurate than those with completely mobile labor. However, versions that specify an upward‐sloped labor supply (partial labor supply adjustment) are the most accurate.
The Work trips of Rural Non‐metropolitan Women in Iowa
Authors: PETERS ALAN H. , MACDONALD HEATHER I.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The paper presents a model of worktrip length for rural nonmetropolitan resident women. We find that some factors important in constraining the length of urban women's commute, such as linking worktrips with household‐related trips. are less relevant in a rural setting. We also find that women working in non‐feminized occupations, women receiving employer‐provided health benefits, and women with better transportation resources, tend to have longer worktrips.
Stochastic and Deterministic Trends in State Economies
Authors: SCHMIDT JAMES R.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT Nonstationary behavior in regional economies must be recognized and categorized before activity indicators can be properly used in analyses. The nonstationary behavior of gross product by one‐digit industry and personal income from all of the 50 states is examined. Tests to discriminate between stochastic and deterministic trends are pursued and the results indicate that the former dominate the latter. State‐nation linkages in the presence of stochastic trends are explored and it is shown that stable, long‐term relationships between nonstationary state and national outputs are rare at both the industry and aggregate levels.
Regime, Polity, and Economic Growth: The Latin American Experience
Authors: FENG YI
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This article conducts a time series cross‐sectional analysis of Latin American countries over the period of 1982–1988; it examines the relationship between regime type (civilian/military) and polity type (democratic/authoritarian) on one hand, and economic growth on the other, taking advantage of a specially designed econometric method and the availability of large economic and political data sets. The conclusion from this study is that the economy grows faster under a civilian government than under a military government, and both political rights and civil liberties contribute to growth.
Existence Value, Contingent Valuation, and Natural Resources Damages Assessment
Authors: BLOMQUIST GLENN C. , WHITEHEAD JOHN C.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in economics and public policy with regard to environmental resources. We describe the traditional concepts of externalities, public goods, efficient property rights, and the more recent concept of existence values for wilderness areas and other natural resources. A feature is the inclusiveness of modem economic theory. We trace the development of economic approaches to estimating values. We briefly review approaches based on observable market behavior and contingent market responses. Contingent valuation plays a vital role in estimation because it is the sole technique available for estimating the potentially important existence values. Benefit‐cost analysis for regulatory decisions and natural resource damages assessment for implementation of Superfund legislation are discussed. We conclude that estimates of existence values based on contingent valuation can be useful especially when the alternative is greater reliance upon an imperfect political process.
Calpain activation is required for glutamate‐induced p27 down‐regulation in cultured cortical neurons
Authors: Akashiba Hiroki , Matsuki Norio , Nishiyama Nobuyoshi
Published: July 2006

Recent evidence suggests that cell cycle‐related molecules play pivotal roles in multiple forms of cell death in post‐mitotic neurons. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation of expression levels and activities of these molecules. We showed previously that treatment with extracellular glutamate decreases cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27 before neuronal cell death. In this study, we demonstrate that reductions of both p27 and neuronal viability were dependent on activity of calpain, a Ca2+‐dependent protease, but not on activity of caspase 3. Interestingly, the glutamate‐induced reduction of p27 was not dependent on the ubiquitin–proteasome system. In fact, p27 was present only in the neuronal nucleus, whereas calpain 1, a ubiquitous calpain, was observed both in the neuronal nucleus and cytoplasm in control cultures. Glutamate treatment did not change the localization patterns of p27 and calpain 1. It reduced p27 expression level in the nucleus in a calpain‐dependent manner. In vitro experiments using neuronal cell lysate and p27 recombinant protein revealed that p27 was degraded as a substrate of activated calpain 1. These results suggest that calpain(s), activated by glutamate treatment, degrade(s) p27 in the nucleus of neurons, which might promote aberrant cell cycle progression.
Isolation and characterization of 10 polymorphic microsatellites in saltcedars (Tamarix chinensis and Tamarix ramosissima)
Authors: GASKIN JOHN F. , PEPPER ALAN E. , MANHART JAMES R.
Published: July 2006

Tamarix ramosissima and Tamarix chinensis are invasive weed species in western North America. Previous studies based on single locus DNA sequence data revealed some information about the invasion process, but multilocus markers can provide additional information about levels of introgression and genotype origins. We have developed primers that amplify 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from T. ramosissima; these primer pairs also successfully amplify polymorphic microsatellites from the closely related T. chinensis, a species that forms hybrids with T. ramosissima in the western USA.
Characterization of microsatellite loci from the solitary sweat bees Lasioglossum leucozonium and Lasioglossum oenotherae (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)
Authors: ZAYED AMRO
Published: July 2006

Microsatellite loci were isolated from two solitary sweat bees: the polylectic Lasioglossum leucozonium (10 loci) and the oligolectic Lasioglossum oenotherae (9 loci) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). All loci were polymorphic with high observed heterozygosities (0.07–0.75 for L. leucozonium; 0.06–0.92 for L. oenotherae). These loci will be used to study the consequences of diet specialization on the population and conservation genetics of bees.
In vitro activity of a cytotoxic factor isolated from human leukocytes
Authors: NAESS‐ANDRESEN CARL FREDRIK , WALBERG METTE , GAUSTAD PETER
Published: July 2006

The aim of the present study was to test the in vitro antimicrobial properties of a cytotoxic factor isolated from human leukocytes and for an effect on DNA synthesis. A microdilution broth method was used to determine MIC values for fungi and bacteria. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effect on DNA synthesis. The MIC values for fungi were in the range 1–128 μg CF/mL and concentrations 2–4 times the MIC were fungicidal. CF had no effect on bacteria (MIC and MBC values > 1024 μg CF/mL). Growth experiments performed with increasing concentration of CF showed a dose‐dependent effect on growth of the yeasts tested. We confirmed that zinc ions could abrogate the antiproliferative effect of CF. Flow cytometric experiments showed that CF had no effect on the cell cyclus. The present study shows that this endogenous substance isolated from human leukocytes has growth inhibitory properties towards fungi. Because of the origin from human leukocytes, CF may have a role in the non‐specific defense against fungal infections. The use of CF may potentially have a role in the treatment of infections caused by fungi. Further investigations to characterize CF chemically and to study the antifungal mechanism are necessary.
Seroprotection against diphtheria and tetanus among Russian and Norwegian teenagers
Authors: DANILOVA ELENA , SHIRYAYEV ALEXEY , KRISTOFFERSEN EINAR KLÆBOE , SJURSEN HAAKON
Published: July 2006

Russian children between 7 and 10 years of age have been shown to have significantly higher seroprotection against diphtheria compared to Norwegian children. That was due to a reinforcing dose given on entering school to Russian but not to Norwegian children. The next booster was given at the age of 11–12 years in both countries. We have compared diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels among 13‐ to 14‐ and 15‐ to 16‐year‐old teenagers to see if the difference was maintained among the older age group. Serum samples obtained from 106 Russian and 117 Norwegian teenagers were tested by enzyme immunoassay. The Russian and Norwegian adolescents exhibited adequate rates of protection against diphtheria with similar geometric mean antitoxin concentrations of 1.26 and 1.15 IU/ml, respectively, at 13–14 years, and 0.33 and 0.29 IU/ml at 15–16 years. Differences within the age groups were not significant. However, at 13–14 years the Norwegians were much better protected 2 years after a reinforcing dose of tetanus toxoid than the Russians who had not been boosted for 7 years. At the age of 15–16 the difference diminished and became statistically not significant.
Unclassified sex cord/gonadal stromal testis tumor with predominance of spindle cells
Authors: TARJÀN M. , SARKISSOV G. , TOT T.
Published: July 2006

Unclassified sex cord/gonadal stromal tumors (SCSTs) of the testis comprised predominantly of spindle cells are extremely rare. It is important to differentiate these tumors from other testicular neoplasms, especially other types of sex cord/gonadal stromal tumors. In addition to histological criteria, immunohistochemistry plays an important role in the differential diagnosis. We describe a single case of this rare tumor type and discuss the differential diagnostics options based on a review of the related literature. The problem of the lack of reliable morphological prognostic factors is also addressed.
Lactic dehydrogenase in non‐inflamed attached gingiva of dogs
Authors: Bergquist J. J.
Published: July 2006

Ultramicrochemical methods were used to assay lactic dehydrogenase (L.D.H.) activity in non‐ inflamed attached gingival tissue of dogs. Precautions were taken to insure the clinical and histological non‐inflamed status of the gingivectomy specimens. Frozen dried sections were dissected under a stereomicroscope into representative morphologically distinct fragments which ranged in weight from 12 to 240 nanograms (10−9 grams). Quantitative results for the various strata of epithelium, connective tissue and whole epithelium were calculated. The mean L.D.H. activity was reported in micromoles per gram of dry tissue weight per minute at 37°C: surface layer, O; granular layer, 303; spinous layer, 613; basal layer, 801; connective tissue, 42; and whole epithelium, 574. These results are in agreement, for the most part, with L.D.H. activity assayed in other oral masticatory mucosal tissue, such as rat palate, which is less susceptible to chronic inflammatory process than is gingival tissue.
Periodontal lesions in hamsters and gnotobiotic rats infected with actinomyces of human origin
Authors: Jordan H. V. , Keyes P. H. , Bellack S.
Published: July 2006

Albino hamsters infected with a catalase negative strain of Actinomyces of human origin developed a root surface and periodontal syndrome similar to that previously described in hamsters. Deposits of radicular plaque developed, and areas of alveolar bone resorption were noted adjacent to tooth surfaces that had been coated with copious amounts of plaque. Gingival plaque contained large numbers of microorganisms with identical characteristics to those of the infecting strain.

Groups of gnotobiotic rats were separately infected with two human strains of Actinomyees, one of which was representative of A. viscosus. Gingival distortion, pocketing, alveoloclasia, and root caries were associated with the impaction of hair fibers and the formation of bacterial mats on root surfaces. In many areas bacterial coats had spread over more than half of the exposed root surfaces of maxillary first and second molars. Primary and secondary dentin was often destroyed by an invasion of these microorganisms that in some cases penetrated to the pulp chamber.
Multiple anal fistulae in a 5‐year‐old boy
Authors: Gupta Pravin J.
Published: July 2006

We report a case of multiple fistulae in a 5‐year‐old boy, who had a history of episodes of pain and pus discharge from openings around the anus since he was 4 years of age. He underwent simultaneous fistulotomy at three different sites under anaesthesia with complete healing.
Role of the trauma nurse coordinator in Hong Kong
Authors: Yeung Janice Hiu‐Hung , Cheung Nai‐Kwong , Graham Colin A. , Chang Annice Miu‐Ling , Ho Wendy , Rainer Timothy H.
Published: July 2006

Background:  Trauma is one of the leading causes of death for all ages in Hong Kong. In 2003, the Hospital Authority designated five hospitals as trauma centres. Five Trauma Nurse Coordinators (TNCs) were employed to facilitate multidisciplinary care and to coordinate all aspects of quality improvement for injured patients. The present paper investigates the characteristics and roles of TNCs in Hong Kong.

Methods:  A questionnaire was developed and sent to all TNCs in HK to ascertain information about demographic characteristics, education, job training, roles and the TNCs’ position within the organizational structure.

Results:  The TNCs were 30–40 years of age (four females); are experienced registered graduate nurses; hold post‐registration certificates or diplomas in emergency/critical care; and have 11–18 years nursing experience. All TNCs have pursued masters degrees, with two completed. Four of the TNCs had received formal training on computerized data management, abbreviated injury scale coding and trauma nurse coordination. TNCs averaged 2.5 years experience in their post. TNCs manage the trauma registry, are involved in clinical patient management, quality assurance activities, professional and public education and research.

Conclusion:  TNCs play an important role in trauma management in Hong Kong.
Effect of preoperative embolization on resection of intracranial meningioma: Local experience
Authors: Lee Simon Sai‐Wai , Chan Kwong‐Yau , Pang Ka‐Hung , Datta Narendranath , Poon Yee‐Fat , Aung Tin‐Htun , Kwok John
Published: July 2006

Background/Aim:  Preoperative devascularization of intracranial meningioma by endovascular embolization has been performed in many institutes over the past 30 years. Advancement in microsurgical techniques and endovascular technology during the period may have offset or magnified the benefit of the procedure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative embolization on surgical resection of intracranial meningiomas.

Methods:  The results of preoperative embolization followed by surgical resection of intrancranial meningiomas at a local neurosurgical unit in Kwong Wah Hospital (KWH) were compared to the results of surgical resection of intracranial meningiomas without preoperative embolization at another local neurosurgical unit in Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2003.

Results:   For convexity meningioma, there was no statistically significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, units of blood transfused or operation time between the embolized group and the non‐embolized group. For parasagittal and sphenoid wing meningioma, although the mean tumour volume was larger in the embolized group, there was less intraoperative blood loss and units of blood transfused, and shorter operation time in the embolized group as compared with the non‐embolized group.

Conclusion:  There was no significant effect of preoperative embolization on surgical resection of convexity meningiomas. However, the procedure appeared to be a useful adjunct to surgical resection of parasagittal and sphenoid wing meningiomas.
Industry Looks at Saline Ground Water
Authors: Barlow A. C.
Published: July 2006

Industry uses water for two basic purposes; for cooling and for process. The volume used for cooling is far greater than that used for process and on that basis, water for cooling is the most important use of this resource by industry. Generally, the water used for cooling or process purposes ranges in character from fresh to brackish; that is, waters having a sodium chloride concentration ranging from a few ppm to less than 3000 ppm. Above a concentration of 3000 ppm, the water is generally classified as salt or saline and it is this water and its potential use by industry which is discussed in this paper.
REFLECTIONS ON WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
Authors: Quill Laurence L.
Published: July 2006

“Fortunately, this nation is well endowed with water. We get enough precipitation every year to cover the whole country with water 30 inches deep.”
Interdisciplinary Training Program in Scientific Hydrologya
Authors: Harshbarger J. W. , Ferris J. G.
Published: July 2006

Hydrology is the science underlying the development and control of water resources of the earth. In the past, hydrologists have been trained initially in civil engineering, geology, meteorology or related fields, and have acquired knowledge of the complex hydrologic interrelationships by experience. Nowhere has it been possible for a student to obtain a coherent and complete training centered on the subject of water. The water specialist must learn to appraise the physical features of the earth and the role of various natural laws and scientific principles as they bear upon the occurrence, movement, and work of water in the hydrologic cycle of the earth and its atmosphere.

The hydrologist not only works with water, but with people and their social, economic, and political problems. These problems are closely linked with water resources; man's failure to achieve a realistic integration of those factors has made water problems the greatest challenge on earth today.

At the University of Arizona the new program includes undergraduate and graduate curricula leading to degrees in hydrology. The curriculum includes basic courses in hydromechanics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, geology, meteorology, and economics.

The total impact of this new trend in hydrologic education will become evident in better solutions of water problems in many parts of the world.
Deep Well Disposal
Authors: Hundley C. L. , Matulis J. T.
Published: July 2006

Details concerning the drilling and successful completion of a deep waste disposal well at Newport, Indiana are described. The well is 6160 feet deep and penetrates about 900 feet into the Mt. Simon Sandstone which is the reservoir for disposal of inorganic waste. Under natural conditions, the Mt. Simon is saturated with essentially stagnant brine. The Eau Claire Formation overlying the Mt. Simon has a near zero permeability, thus, preventing upward migration of waste. To date, millions of gallons of waste effluent have been pumped into the well at an average injection rate of approximately 70 gallons per minute.
Protection of Ground‐Water Resourcesa
Authors: Walton Graham
Published: July 2006

Current water use is approximately 300 bgd. By 1980 it will be around 600 bgd. This apparent increase of 300 bgd may be met by recovery of used water or development of additional resources. In either case, the ground‐water aquifers will play an important role.

Although ground water was the source of only 20 percent of the water used in 1960, it provided domestic water supplies to nearly 90,000,000 people. Where available, the use of ground water may be advantageous because the minimum in treatment is required, long pipe lines are unnecessary, its temperature and other characteristics are uniform and the supply is dependable.

In order to develop and utilize both existing and potential ground‐water resources it is recommended that surveys be made to locate water‐bearing formations and to determine their dependable yield, that investigations leading to artificial recharge of aquifers be made, that the problems of utilization of flow through soils for treatment of water be studied, and that the various state agencies concerned with conservation and pollution of water be provided with both legislative authority and the personnel necessary to protect ground‐water supplies.
Hydrologic Bench Marks to Distinguish the Effects of Climate vs. Mana
Authors: Wilson H. D.
Published: July 2006

There is a vital need for hydrologic data representing various environments that are free from the effects of man's activities. Without such data hydrologists will be stymied in distinguishing hydrologic changes caused by man from those caused by climate. To provide this background information, the U. S. Geological Survey is planning a nationwide hydrologic bench‐mark program in which runoff, transport of sediment, precipitation, changes in vegetation, fluctuations in ground water, and other hydrologic events will be studied in locales unaffected by the works of man. The knowledge gained in operating these bench marks will be invaluable in statistical appraisals of hydrologic data wherein a part of the record is affected by man's activities.
Well Points for Dewateringa
Authors: Noble D. G.
Published: July 2006

Techniques in use of well‐point equipment for dewatering operations in Australia are described. Construction features of equipment used successfully in drying‐out trenches for pipelaying, excavation for underground structures, and dewatering base area for low‐level pumping stations are discussed. Typical layouts of well‐point equipment and typical pumping equipment features are given. Case histories of recent use of well‐point equipment are presented.
Some Aspects of Chemical Equilibrium in Ground Watera
Authors: Hem J. D.
Published: July 2006

The influence of individual factors such as geologic and hydrologic characteristics of environment, biologic activity in soil, and pollutants on ground‐water composition is discussed. Aspects of chemical equilibria in ground water, sorption reactions, carbonate equilibria, chemistry of iron, and factors altering equilibria are presented.
Refuse Disposal, Its Significancea
Authors: Weaver L.
Published: July 2006

Approximately 4 pounds of refuse per capita per day are produced in the United States. The term refuse, as used here, refers to the useless, unused, unwanted, or discarded solid waste materials resulting from normal community activities; refuse includes such materials as garbage, rubbish, ashes, street refuse, dead animals, and solid industrial wastes (Anon., 1958). Thus, every day our urban population produces over 400,000,000 pounds of refuse that must be disposed of by dumping on land, grinding and disposal with sewage, incineration or that must be made reusable by one or more reclamation processes. Over 1400 communities dispose of their refuse by sanitary landfill techniques, i.e., compaction and covering with compacted earth on suitable land by use of mechanical equipment such as crawler type tractors (Figure 1). Many thousands more dispose of this material in open dumps on land without the degree of sanitary control recommended by health agencies (Figure 2).

Wherever refuse is deposited on land, the potential impact on surface waters or subterranean aquifers may be significant. This can be better appreciated when one considers, for example, that ordinary community refuse may have a 5‐day BOD of 14,000 to 180,000 ppm and an alkalinity (to MO as CaCO3) of 2600 to more than 23,000 ppm, as shown in Table 1 (Anon., 1952a). In one study bacteriological examination of landfill material showed an average of 740,000 coliforms per gram of refuse. The leachate from a landfill has been found to have a 5‐day BOD from 6 to more than 7000 ppm (Carpenter and Setter, 1940; McDermott, 1950).

The question is, of course, what does this mean translated into terms of potential ground‐water pollution? And further, when this potential is known, what then are the practicalities involved in present disposal practices and their implications with respect to the development of existing and future ground‐water pollution problems?
Estimating Transmissibility from Routine Production Tests of Water Wells
Authors: Logan John
Published: July 2006

Transmissibility (T) may be estimated from the results of routine pumping tests of water wells when only discharge (Q), drawdown (s) and aquifer thickness (m) are known:
Resistance Network Analogs for Solving Ground‐Water Problemsa
Authors: Bouwer Herman
Published: July 2006

Resistance network analogs (R‐analogs) permit solution of ground‐water flow systems in media that may be uniform or non‐uniform, isotropic or anisotropic, and saturated or unsaturated. Two‐dimensional as well as axisymmetric systems can be represented on the analog and complex boundary conditions can easily be simulated. Only steady‐state systems can be analyzed with the R‐analog. However, systems with moving water tables whereby the rate of movement of the water table is controlled by the flow system below the water table can be solved as a succession of steady states. To capitalize on the special feature of R‐analogs, i.e. essentially unlimited opportunity for control of the resistance between any two nodes, use of calibrated variable resistors is desirable. R‐analogs are specially adapted to obtain solutions of individual flow systems, of which a vertical cross section is simulated on the analog. In the analog model, resistances are inversely proportional to hydraulic conductivities or transmissibilities, electric current rates are proportional to rates of water flow, and electric potentials are proportional to the sum of pressure head and elevation head. R‐analogs may be used to analyze the flow system of a pumped well, a groundwater recharge facility, a series of parallel drains, a seeping dam, a surface stream feeding the ground water, etc. Examples are presented of flow problems involving free‐surface development, simultaneous occurrence of saturated and unsaturated parts of the medium, moving water tables, and determination of transmissibility distribution and safe yield of ground‐water basins. The application of R‐analogs in developing realistic cause‐and‐effect relationships for use with resistance‐capacitance analog models of entire ground‐water basins, is discussed and exemplified.
Dispersion and Salt Water Intrusiona
Authors: DeWiest Roger J. M.
Published: July 2006

The writer reviews some of the best known features of mechanical dispersion and the influence of molecular diffusion on breakthrough curves obtained for saturated and nonsaturated samples of porous medium. Miscible flow is also considered as flow of a non‐homogeneous fluid in a porous medium. Special concepts of head, as introduced by Lusczynski, are reviewed and modified in order to facilitate the determination of the velocity field in the zone of dispersion. The method described is applicable in principle to the migration of water in building materials exposed to sea water.
Ground Water – A Key Resourcea
Authors: McGuinness C. L.
Published: July 2006

Ground water has emerged from a quantitatively minor (though incalculably valuable) source meeting widespread small‐scale needs to a source that is meeting a substantial percentage of the nation's total water demand and is capable of doing even more than it is. At the same time, many scientific, economic, legal, and managerial problems stand in the way of full development and must be solved if ground water is to make its maximum contribution to the nation's welfare.

In recent decades ground water has accounted for something between one‐fifth and one‐sixth of the nation's total withdrawal use of water, which was about 170 billion gallons per day (bgd) in 1950, 240 bgd in 1955, and 270 bgd in 1960. As the total demand increases (estimates by the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources, perhaps somewhat optimistic, call for 559 bgd in 1980 and 888 bgd in 2000), the fraction taken from the ground may go up or down or stay about the same, but the absolute withdrawal of ground water cannot help increasing. Furthermore, underground aquifers will play an increasingly important role as storage reservoirs for surplus surface water, through artificial recharge.

Well drillers, as producers of both the ground water itself and much of the basic information needed for scientific prediction of the behavior of complex hydrologic systems, will play a key part in man's efforts to dominate his water problems before they dominate him.
Ohio's Secret Substancea
Authors: Hanson J. R.
Published: July 2006

Ohio is a good example of a dynamic state, ranking third of all the states in the nation in value added by manufacture; first in the amount of water used by industry; twelfth in cash receipts from agriculture; and fifth in population. With all of this activity the state still relies largely upon a common law system of water rights. The Frazier vs. Browndecision of 1861 held that despite the fact that a hole Jacob Brown dug on his property caused his neighbor's spring to stop flowing, the loss gave rise to no legal action. The court based its decision on older cases where this was the rule for two main reasons: the movement of ground water is secret, and legal restriction would inhibit the development of the state. Considering the costly process of determining the behavior of ground water, to the ordinary landowner, it is still “secret and occult.” Further, abandoning the simple rule of wide‐open development in a state as well‐developed as Ohio would call for an administrative agency.

The Ohio Water Commission, in 1960, presented a proposed bill to create “watershed districts” which could manage new uses of ground water. Agriculture and municipal advisory councils expressed concern that there were no ground‐water laws. The industrial advisory council, however, was vigorously opposed to any change in the present water rights laws of Ohio. The bill was unsuccessful.

The common law rule in Ohio, though admittedly primitive, still works. The time will come, however, when Ohio will enact a water law. Already one situation has officially placed the handwriting on the wall. When that time comes, the decision will be made insofar as possible by principles of the private free enterprise competitive economy. The theory will be that you can have additional water if you can pay the price. Ohio's state agencies are already looking to artificial recharge, rather than restriction. Agriculture may need some special protection, because it is so vulnerable.
Type‐Curve Solution to Aquifer Tests under Water‐Table Conditions
Authors: Prickett T. A.
Published: July 2006

Graphical methods are outlined for determining the coefficients of transmissibility, storage, and delay index of an infinite aquifer under water‐table conditions. The procedure is based on the theory, developed by N. S. Boulton (1963), of the nonsteady flow toward a steadily discharging well from an infinite water‐table aquifer allowing for delayed yield from storage. An application of these methods is illustrated by treating actual field data collected from a pumping test near Lawrenceville, Illinois. The results of 18 selected pumping tests are summarized. A relationship between the delay index and the materials through which gravity drainage takes place is given.
Planning and Administrative Use of Ground‐Water Dataa
Authors: Nuzman C. E.
Published: July 2006

A brief statement on Kansas geologic data is given. A policy statement on the application of the Appropriation Doctrine to the administration of a ground‐water basin as proposed is described. Examples of present ground‐water problems and application of new methods of solution are discussed as they are being used in Kansas. The problem of evaluating the use of present basic data programs and some insight into future basic data needs are indicated in the closing remarks.