bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nota del editor: Oportunidades y desafíos para la alfabetización mediática informacional
Authors: De-Santis Andrea
Published: December 2021

En el nuevo contexto social determinado por el desarrollo contante de las TIC, los ciudadanos ejercen su rol activo mediante dispositivos tecnológicos, y la alfabetización mediática se presenta como un agente de cambio en favor de una sociedad más crítica, democrática y participativa. En esta edición especial se presentan seis contribuciones que aportan al debate sobre los retos de la alfabetización mediática en el siglo XXI mediante el estudio de fenómenos y aspectos en los cuales el uso de las TIC y los medios digitales convergen con la necesidad de ofrecer propuestas educativas que respondan a las exigencias formativas de la ciudadanía. Los autores otorgan miradas profundas sobre cuestiones como el acceso a la educación y la tecnología, la interacción lúdica en la educación, la motivación de los educandos en su participación, y la materialización de estas reflexiones en propuestas educativas de cuarto nivel.
O planejamento de práticas pedagógicas alfabetizadoras em tempos de pandemia: desafios e possibilidades
Authors: Ignácio Patrícia , Michel Caroline Braga
Published: December 2021

Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi compreender os desafios e as possibilidades encontradas por alfabetizadoras, de dois municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, no planejamento de suas práticas pedagógicas em tempos da COVID-19. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário on-line. A análise, de cunho qualitativo e exploratório, pautou-se nas respostas de 28 professoras, tendo como subsídio os trabalhos de Menegolla e Sant’Anna (2014), Soares (2016), Nóvoa (2020), Dussel (2020), Moreira e Schlemmer (2020), entre outros. Os resultados mostraram que os principais desafios diziam respeito ao distanciamento físico, à quantidade de atividades propostas, ao tempo destinado à realização destas, bem como à necessidade de mediação, por parte das famílias, na execução do planejamento. Quanto às possibilidades, salienta-se o uso de ferramentas tecnológicas tanto para a manutenção do vínculo, quanto para o desenvolvimento das tarefas de forma autônoma.
Mortgage collateralized by mortgage – a transfer or a limited
property right?
Authors: Dalkowska Maria
Published: December 2021

Mortgage on a mortgage claim as a pledge right encumbering a relative right, contains many similarities to assignment of a mortgage claim. Consequently, it is often wrongly identified with a transitive
acquisition, which influences the misdefinition of its essence, construction and the scope of powers of the subject to which it is granted. As a result of the creation of a mortgage on a mortgage claim,
there is a constitutional acquisition. Despite the loss of certain rights and their transfer to the subintabulated creditor, its creation is equivalent to the creation of a new limited property right. It does not affect the deprivation of legal existence of both the obligation from which the encumbered claim is derived and the mortgage securing it.
The premise for the acquisition by acquisitive prescription of a road easement in the form of the existence of a permanent and visible device.
Authors: Grela Jacek
Published: December 2021

The institution of acquisition of land easement by acquisitive prescription has been widely discussed in recent years both in the science of law and in judicature. The statements generally concerned the broadly understood issues of land easements with the content corresponding to the transmission easement. Despite these numerous positions, it turned out that there were still several issues related to the interpretation of Art. 292 of the Civil Code causes a lot of controversy. The article attempts to explain one of them. The point is to examine whether the premise of the use of a permanent and visible device also requires a preliminary determination of the group of people who made this device. The conducted analysis leads to the conclusion that from the point of view of the premises of usucapion of the easement, it is indifferent to who erected the permanent and visible devices.
METHODOLOGIES TO PREDICT HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PUSHER AND PULLER PODDED PROPULSORS IN OBLIQUE FLOWS
Authors: Islam M F , Jahra F
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the outcome of a numerical simulation based research program to evaluate the propulsive characteristics of puller and pusher podded propulsors in a straight course and at static azimuthing conditions while operating in open water. Methodologies to predict the propeller thrust and torque, and pod forces and moments in three dimensions using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) solver at multiple azimuthing conditions and pod configurations are presented. To obtain insight into the reliability and accuracy of the results, grid and time step dependency studies are conducted for a podded propulsor in straight-ahead condition. The simulation techniques and results are first validated against measurements of a bare propeller and a podded propulsor in straight ahead condition for multiple loading scenarios and in both puller and pusher configurations. Next, simulations were carried out to model the podded propulsors in the two configurations at multiple loading conditions and at various azimuthing angles from +30° to –30° in 15° increments. The majority of the simulations are carried out using both steady state and unsteady state conditions, primarily to evaluate the effect of setup conditions on the computation time and prediction accuracy. The predicted performance characteristics of the pod unit using the unsteady RANS method were within 1% to 5% of the corresponding experimental measurements for all the loading conditions, azimuthing angles and pod configurations studied. The non-linear behaviour of the performance coefficients of the pod unit are well captured at various loading and azimuthing conditions in the predicted results. This study demonstrates that the RANS solver, with proper meshing arrangement, boundary conditions and setup techniques can predict the performance characteristics of the podded propulsor in multiple azimuthing angles, pod configurations and in the various loading conditions with a same level of accuracy as experimental results. Additionally, the velocity and pressure distributions on and around the pod-strut- propeller bodies are discussed as derived from the RANS predictions.
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSES ON RESIDUAL STRESS AND DEFORMATION DISTRIBUTION IN LINE HEAT PROCESS
Authors: Zhou B , Han X , Guo W , Liu Z , Tan S-K
Published: December 2021

Line heating is an important plate bending process that has been adopted in shipyards for more than 60 years. This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental study on the residual deformation and stress distribution in the plate forming process using the line heating method. In this paper, a finite element model was used to simulate the heating process, and the model was validated using experimental results. The model was then used to analyze the deformation and stress distributions in the heating and non-heating region. The impact of line heating and sequence of heating on both sides of a steel plate was discussed. The findings of the study show that the compression stress generated help to increase the shrinkage of line heating process. This study presents a valuable reference for similar thermal process.
CFD STUDY OF SHIP-TO-BANK INTERACTION
Authors: Kim Y K , Ng E Y K
Published: December 2021

Ship-to-bank interaction is a complex physical phenomenon that involves not only in the asymmetric pressure field near banks or channels but also shallow water effect. Traditionally many experimental studies were carried out in this field. As numerical method is getting popular, there were various computational approaches as well. In this study, flow around a container ship in confined water is investigated with the open source CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) toolbox, OpenFOAM. Computations with several bank arrangements and different settings are performed. The OpenFOAM results are also compared to experiment results for validation.
HULLFORM & HYDRODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF THE UK FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER (CVF)
Authors: Campbell-Roddis M E
Published: December 2021

An overview is provided of the manner in which hydrodynamic and hullform-related design considerations were addressed in the development of the BAE SYSTEMS team’s design proposal for the UK Future Aircraft Carrier (CVF). It also outlines how broader design considerations such as aviation, survivability and supportability requirements influenced these aspects of the design. A summary is also provided of some of the more detailed requirements development, option assessment and performance evaluation work that has been undertaken. The aircraft carrier designs discussed in this paper correspond to the BAE SYSTEMS team’s final design submission as it stood in January 2003, at the time it was discontinued by the UK Ministry of Defence, in favour of the rival Thales / BMT team design that has since been developed into the UK Royal Navy’s new ‘Queen Elizabeth’ class aircraft carrier. This final BAE SYSTEMS design submission consisted of two distinct design variants - one configured to operate a CTOL-based air group, the other configured to accommodate a STOVL air group. Both variants were based on a common ‘core’ ship design. The discussion presented in this paper is applicable to both variants.
NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF VERTICAL SHIP MOTIONS AND ADDED RESISTANCE
Authors: Cakici F , Kahramanoglu E , Alkan A D
Published: December 2021

Along with the development of computer technology, the capability of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to conduct ‘virtual computer experiments’ has increased. CFD tools have become the most important tools for researchers to deal with several complex problems. In this study, the viscous approach called URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) which has a fully non-linear base has been used to solve the vertical ship motions and added resistance problems in head waves. In the solution strategy, the FVM (Finite Volume Method) is used that enables numerical discretization. The ship model DTMB 5512 has been chosen for a series of computational studies at Fn=0.41 representing a high speed case. Firstly, by using CFD tools the TF (Transfer Function) graphs for the coupled heave- pitch motions in deep water have been generated and then comparisons have been made with IIHR (Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research) experimental results and ordinary strip theory outputs. In the latter step, TF graphs of added resistance for deep water have been generated by using CFD and comparisons have been made only with strip theory.
FRICTIONAL DRAG REDUCTION: REVIEW AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF MICROBUBBLE DRAG REDUCTION IN A CHANNEL FLOW
Authors: Sindagi S , Vijayakumar R , Saxena B K
Published: December 2021

The reduction of ship’s resistance is one of the most effective way to reduce emissions, operating costs and to improve EEDI. It is reported that, for slow moving vessels, the frictional drag accounts for as much as 80% of the total drag, thus there is a strong demand for the reduction in the frictional drag. The use of air as a lubricant, known as Micro Bubble Drag Reduction, to reduce that frictional drag is an active research topic. The main focus of authors is to present the current scenario of research carried out worldwide along with numerical simulation of air injection in a rectangular channel. Latest developments in this field suggests that, there is a potential reduction of 80% & 30% reduction in frictional drag in case of flat plates and ships respectively. Review suggests that, MBDR depends on Gas or Air Diffusion which depends on, Bubble size distributions and coalescence and surface tension of liquid, which in turn depends on salinity of water, void fraction, location of injection points, depth of water in which bubbles are injected. Authors are of opinion that, Microbubbles affect the performance of Propeller, which in turn decides net savings in power considering power required to inject Microbubbles. Moreover, 3D numerical investigations into frictional drag reduction by microbubbles were carried out in Star CCM+ on a channel for different flow velocities, different void fraction and for different cross sections of flow at the injection point. This study is the first of its kind in which, variation of coefficient of friction both in longitudinal as well as spanwise direction were studied along with actual localised variation of void fraction at these points. From the study, it is concluded that, since it is a channel flow and as the flow is restricted in confined region, effect of air injection is limited to smaller area in spanwise direction as bubbles were not escaping in spanwise direction.
A FUZZY DEMATEL MODEL PROPOSAL FOR THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF THE FAULT OCCURRING IN THE AUXILIARY SYSTEMS OF THE SHIPS’ MAIN ENGINE
Authors: Balin A , Demirel H , Celik E , Alarcin F
Published: December 2021

The ship engine room has a structure that meets a number of needs related to administrative conditions. Even if a simple mechanical error is considered to be the addition of human errors into the complex structure of the engine room, it can lead to undetected loss. How the causes and effects of the detected faults affect the system is as important as an effective fault detection system to detect the fault and take immediate action against any possible engine failure. This study reveals the causes of problems occurring in the main engine auxiliary systems including cooling, lubricating, cooling oil and fuel systems, and the extent of these problems affecting the system. While the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory supports to identify and analyze the error detection of auxiliary systems with respect to causal effect relation diagram, fuzzy sets deal with the uncertainty in decision-making and human judgements through the DEMATEL. Therefore, fuzzy DEMATEL approach is applied to examine the causes and the weights of the faults and their relation to each other in the auxiliary systems. When we look at the result of the proposed approach, fuel oil pump failures has more impact on the all system and air cooler problems has the second highest place among the all errors.
EFFECT OF THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOURS OF SUBSEA FREE-SPANNING PIPELINES
Authors: Li T T , An C , Duan M L , Huang H , Liang W
Published: December 2021

This paper establishes a fast and accurate solution of the dynamic behaviours of subsea free-spanning pipelines under four different boundary conditions, based on GITT - the generalised integral transform technique. The fluid-structure interaction model is proposed by combining a linear structural equation and a non-linear distributed wake oscillator model, which simulates the effect of external current acting on the pipeline. The eigenvalue problems for the cross-flow vibration of the free-spanning submarine pipeline conveying internal fluid for four different boundary conditions are examined. The solution method of the natural frequency based on GITT is proposed. The explicit analytical formulae for the cross-flow displacement of the pipeline free span are derived, and the mode shapes and dynamic behaviours of the pipeline free span are discussed with different boundary conditions. The methodology and results in this paper can also expand to solving even more complicated boundary-value problems.
VISCOSITY IN SEAKEEPING
Authors: Pawłowski M
Published: December 2021

The paper addresses the issue of actuality in ship hydrodynamics: the estimation of ship’s linear and angular oscillations with respect to the state of equilibrium. The prediction of seakeeping properties raises a question about a relative importance of viscous and free-surface effects (Quérard et al. 2009), yet this question remains of more general importance in fluid mechanics, since it is related to the dynamic characteristics of objects/bodies immersed in a liquid. From a theoretical standpoint, the problem refers to flows with moving boundaries. It can also be considered in terms of fluid-structure interaction (FSI), however, not necessarily linked with the computation of the body deformation and stresses due to the flow. As the Author correctly notices, the computational solution to this problem in its full setup reveals to be extremely costly due to the 3D and unsteady nature of the fluid motion under turbulent flow conditions at nominally high Reynolds numbers (Re~109, as stated by the Author in Tab. 1) in presence of the free surface. For this reason, the full solution, or direct numerical simulation (DNS), of the governing Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations at these Re will remain unfeasible in the foreseeable future; see, e.g., Pozorski (2017) for an estimation of the DNS capability in simple wall-bounded turbulent flows. The situation gets even worse in ship hydrodynamics when a DNS of fluid flow would need to be coupled to the dynamics of the rigid body (of complex geometry, usually).
THE ASSESSMENT OF MARITIME SAFETY IN THE TURKISH STRAITS BASED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF FLAG STATES IN PORT STATE CONTROL REGIMES
Authors: Emecen Kara E G
Published: December 2021

The Turkish Straits are well known for theirs intensive maritime traffic. The average annual number of transit ships passing through this waterway is approximately 50000 and more than 100 flag states pass through it. Moreover, this waterway presents a navigational challenge owing to its inherent geographic and oceanographic characteristics. Also, sub-standard ships navigating in this region lead to an increased risk levels and pose a threat to the marine environment. Over the years, serious maritime accidents occurring in the straits region had resulted in losses of life and constituted environmental disasters. The high risk arising from maritime shipping in these regions had always endangered public health in the vicinity of the Turkish Straits. In this study, maritime safety in the Turkish Straits region had been assessed based on the performance in the Port State Control inspections of flag states passing through this region. For the assessment of the performance of passing flag states, detention and deficiency indices of these flag states were generated for the MOUs. According to these values, the risk level of these flag states had been determined by the weighted risk point methods. Hereby, in addition to the determination of the risk level of flag states, the relationships between the inspections of MOUs had been also discussed on the basis of both the detention and the deficiency rates of flag states.
DANGERS ARISING FROM APPLICATION OF THE PROBABILISTIC METHOD (AS INCLUDED IN SOLAS 2009 Ch.II-1) TO MEASURING LEVEL OF SAFETY OF CARGO SHIPS
Authors: Szulczewski P S
Published: December 2021

From application of a probability based methods to evaluating safety of ships arise certain dangers of hazardous conditions omissions and results misinterpretations. In this paper a few areas in which these dangers occur are identified and described. The purpose of this work was to highlight these areas and suggest a way forward for developing methods for evaluation of safety of ships that would address these identified dangers. In this work the Author focuses on mathematical analysis of selected equations provided in the currently used method as included in SOLAS 2009 Convention. The following factors were selected for evaluation: pi – probability of a selected damage occurring, si – probability of surviving a selected damage, A – Attained Subdivision Index and R – Required Subdivision Index. From the performed analysis the conclusions are drawn that there are numerous areas where application of the investigated method may lead to dangers to maintaining controllable level of ship safety.
AN APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TO SHIPPING EMISSION INVENTORY
Authors: Fletcher T , Garaniya V , Chai S , Abbassi R , Brown R J , Yu H , Van T C , Khan F
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study is to develop a shipping emission inventory model incorporating Machine Learning (ML) tools to estimate gaseous emissions. The tools enhance the emission inventories which currently rely on emission factors. The current inventories apply varied methodologies to estimate emissions with mixed accuracy. Comprehensive Bottom-up approach have the potential to provide very accurate results but require quality input. ML models have proven to be an accurate method of predicting responses for a set of data, with emission inventories an area unexplored with ML algorithms. Five ML models were applied to the emission data with the best-fit model judged based on comparing the real mean square errors and the R-values of each model. The primary gases studied are from a vessel measurement campaign in three modes of operation; berthing, manoeuvring, and cruising. The manoeuvring phase was identified as key for model selection for which two models performed best.
FULL-SCALE MEASUREMENTS OF WELDING-INDUCED INITIAL DEFLECTIONS AND RESIDUAL STRESSES IN STEEL-STIFFENED PLATE STRUCTURES
Authors: Yi M S , Hyun C M , Paik J K
Published: December 2021

Plated structures such as ships and offshore structures are constructed using welding techniques that attach support members (or stiffeners) to the plating. During this process, initial imperfections develop in the form of initial deformations (deflections or distortions) and residual stresses. These initial imperfections significantly affect the buckling and ultimate strength of these structures. Therefore, to assess the strength of welded plate structures, it is very important to predict the magnitude and pattern of welding-induced initial imperfections and their effects on buckling and ultimate strength. To determine the reliability of the prediction methods, it is desirable to validate the theoretical or numerical predictions of welding-induced initial imperfections through comparison with full-scale actual measurements. However, full-scale measurement databases are lacking, as they are costly to obtain. This study contributes to the development of a full-scale measurement database of welding-induced initial imperfections in steel-stiffened plate structures. The target structures are parts of real (full-scale) deckhouses in very large crude oil carrier class floating, production, storage and offloading unit structures. For parametric study purposes, four test structures by varying plate thickness are measured while the stiffener types and weld bead length are fixed. Modern technologies for measuring initial deformations and residual stresses are applied. The details of the measurement methods are documented for the use of other researchers and practicing engineers who welding-induced initial imperfections.
Local Energy Systems in Iraq: Neighbourhood Diesel Generators and Solar Photovoltaic Generation
Authors: Al-Wakeel Ali
Published: December 2021

Iraqis experience interruptions of the public electricity supply of up to 18 hours a day. In response, private entrepreneurs and the Local Provincial Councils (LPCs) have installed an estimated 55,000–80,000 diesel generators, each rated typically between 100 and 500 kVA. The generators supply neighbourhoods through small, isolated distribution networks to operate lighting, fans and small appliances when power is not available from the public supply. A single radial live conductor connects each customer to the generator and payment for the electricity is based on a monthly charge per ampere. The operation and regulation of the neighbourhood diesel generator networks was reviewed through a comprehensive literature survey, site visits and interviews conducted with local operators and assemblers of the generator sets. The electricity is expensive, the generators can only supply small loads, have considerable environmental impact and the unusual single wire distribution practice is potentially hazardous. However, the use of the generators is likely to continue in the absence of any alternative electricity supply. The diesels and networks are poorly regulated and there is scope to enforce existing standards and develop a new standard to address the hazards of the connection practice. The chapter goes on to assess the possibilities of using small photovoltaic systems for power generation in Iraq.
Values, Attitudes and Energy Saving Behaviour in Lithuania
Authors: Vilčinskas Vidas
Published: December 2021

Individual behaviour has a significant role to play in reducing the negative impacts of climate change. The energy sector is a significant component impacting climate. Although individual energy saving behaviour can be perceived as something detached from climate change, it is important because of its impact and is therefore the subject of research. The aim of this study is to identify the main factors influencing energy saving behaviour in Lithuania. The Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Theory of Basic Human Values are tested using the European Social Survey Round 8 data. The results show that intention to save energy is the most important factor influencing behaviour. Values are also a strong predictor of energy saving behaviour. Attitudes towards climate change and perceived behavioural control have only a very weak relationship with behaviour.
The development of tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries
Authors: Erdokesko Ekaterina Aleksandrovna
Published: December 2021

The subject of this article is the tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author provides information on the amount of land allocated for tobacco cultivation, types of tobacco, tobacco plants and their owners, manufactured tobacco products, as well as retail of tobacco products. An overview is given to the factors that affected the demand for tobacco products in this historical period and uneven level of tobacco production. The article leans on the vast array of sources, including archival materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea and the Russian State Historical Archive, statistical data, as well as reference material. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt to give a broader picture of tobacco production in the territory of Tauride Province, as this topic did not receive due attention within the Russian historiography. The conclusion is made that the second half of the XIX century marks a breakthrough in the development of tobacco cultivation in Tauride Province, associated with the legislative acts on taxation, as well as construction of new transport routes. This turned tobacco cultivation into one of the leading segments of agriculture in Yalta, Simferopol and Feodosia Uyezds, which have the most favorable natural and climatic conditions for the development of this industry. However, significant decline in the number of tobacco farmers was observed by the beginning of the XX century, as well as the acres of land allocated for tobacco cultivation. This was caused by unfavorable conditions for retail of tobacco products, decrease in yield capacity, quality of tobacco, as well as excess of supply over demand for tobacco products.
The specificity of response of youth audience to the reflection of social problems in video blogs: the case of the video “HIV in Russia” on YouTube channel “Vdud”
Authors: Rudenkin Dmitry
Published: December 2021

This article discusses the peculiarities of the response of youth audience to coverage of relevant social problems in popular video blogs. The characteristic trend in the development of video blogs of recent years is the content that addresses socially significant problems, rather than carries entertaining connotation. The emergence of such trend raises the question of how the audience that is accustomed to view video blogs as the source of entertainment responds to such serious content. The author seeks the answer to this question by referring to the analysis of a specific case of reflecting the socially significant problem in a video blog – release of the film “HIV in Russia” on YouTube channel “Vdud”. The main results consists in revealing the specific features of the response of youth audience to the reflection of important social problems in video blogs. The analysis demonstrates that the reflection of such topics in video blogs may cause numerous curiosity among youth, which encourages young people to watch the corresponding video. Moreover, watching such video may form not only the basic representation of social problems, but also a desire of young people to learn more about such problems. The analysis also indicates that the effects of watching such content can be local and short-term: interest in new information vanishes quickly, rather than leads to serious changes in assessments and behavioral patterns of young people.
An example to illustrate several aspects of optimization theory in Managerial Economics
Authors: Lahiri Somdeb
Published: December 2021

We provide a single example that illustrates all aspects of linear, integer and dynamic programming, including such concepts such as value of perfect and imperfect information. Such problems, though extremely plausible and realistic are hardly ever discussed in managerial economics.
Samarbeidet mellom utdanning og praksis i helseprofesjonsstudiene kan styrkes
Authors: Wangen Margret Gyda , Mary-Elizabeth Bradley Eilertsen  , Askim Torunn , Rødahl Thingnes Elin , Solberg Hilde Strøm , Granbo Randi
Published: December 2021

I et pilotprosjekt med utprøving av samarbeidsstillinger, deltok fem ansatte i sykehus og fem universitetsansatte fra fire helsefaglige profesjonsutdanninger. Hver av dem hadde 20 % stilling øremerket formålet. Hensikten med studien var å utforske forventninger til samarbeidsstillinger og erfaringer med å ha øremerkede stillinger for samarbeid. Innsamling av data ble gjort gjennom fokusgruppeintervjuer før og etter prosjektet, med de som inngikk i stillingene. Dataanalysen var inspirert av Malteruds systematiske tekstkondensering.
Resultatene viser at samarbeidsstillinger må forankres i ledelsen og blant kollegaer, både i utdanning og praksisfelt. Samarbeidsstillinger kan bidra til å øke status for praksisdelen av profesjonsutdanningene ved å legge til rette for nye samarbeidsarenaer.  Etablering av systematikk i samarbeidet gjennom bruk av nye pedagogiske tilnærminger som SVIP-modellen og hovedveiledermodellen, kan styrke rollen til praksisveiledere og gi dem økt kompetanse i veiledning av studenter. Nye pedagogiske møtepunkter og tydeligere rollefordeling i praksisveiledning av studenter vil også kunne styrke samarbeidet mellom utdanning og praksisfelt.
Kjønna språk og språkbruk før og no
Authors: Bull Tove
Published: December 2021

Denne artikkelen, som har utgangspunkt i eit plenumsforedrag med same tittel, halde på SONE-konferansen i 2019, er eit oversyn over språk og kjønn-forskinga i Norge, slik denne forskinga spring ut av feminismen og den generelle sosiolingvistikken. Langt på veg speglar den norske forskinga den internasjonale, særleg den angloamerikanske. Såleis har det vore naudsynt å referere til og å gjere greie for ein del internasjonal forsking, først og fremst amerikansk, som viktig bakteppe for norske arbeid.
Normative Orbital Measurement Based on Computed Tomography Imaging in Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka
Authors: Kini Anitha , Davra Sanket Vinubhai
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The orbit is an anatomically complex region. Clear idea of the normal orbital measurements is needed for the diagnosis and management of the various diseases that may affect the orbit like optic neuritis, optic nerve glioma, meningioma, proptosis and exophthalmos. Aim: To evaluate normative orbital measurement at tertiary care hospital in Bangalore, Karnataka in Indian population based on Non Enhanced Computed Tomography (NECT) imaging. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study of 100 patients referred to a tertiary care centre for NECT of the brain for diseases other than those of the orbits was conducted. Patients having any orbital disorder, surgery or trauma and having metallic implants were excluded from the study. The patients of all age groups and either sex were included. The horizontal orbital diameter, vertical orbital diameter, orbital index, optic nerve complex, globe position, interorbital diameter and interzygomatic line measurements were calculated for 100 patients, i.e., total of 200 orbits using both axial and direct coronal CT images. Mean measurements of these parameters were calculated. Scans were performed on Siemens Somatom Perspective 128 slice multi- detector CT scanner. All statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for The Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows software (SPSS Inc. Illinois, Chicago, USA). Results: The mean orbital index was 118.6 and 118.3 for right and left orbit, respectively. It was derived from mean horizontal orbital diameter of 32.5 mm and 31.7 mm of right and left orbit, respectively and mean vertical orbital diameter of 38.4 mm and 37.4 mm of right and left orbit, respectively. Mean optic nerve sheath complex diameter was 5.2 mm and 5.4 mm for right and left orbit, respectively, while mean globe position measurements 6.7 mm and 6.8 mm of right and left orbit, respectively. Average interorbital distance was 22.9 mm and average interzygomatic distance 97.1 mm. Conclusion: The present study has given normative mean measurements for various orbital structures that are essential to ophthalmologists and radiologists to differentiate normal from abnormal dimensions which is likely to be helpful in accurate assessment of various orbital pathologies.
Comparative Physiochemical Analysis of Kachi Ghani, Solvent Oil and refined Oil Extracted from Brassica nigra
Authors: Gill Ruth , Kaur Rajinder , Kaur Sukhminderjit
Published: December 2021

Brassica nigra or black mustard is traditionally used in various states of India from the ages. It is being commercially used in the form of kachi ghani, solvent oil (non-edible), and refined oil. Due to the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of kachi ghani mustard oil, it is considered to be of better quality. On the other hand, literatures also state that refined oil is better due to the purification processes. There is ambiguity regarding quality aspects of these three oil fractions. Therefore, the present study was planned for the comparative analysis the quality and physiochemical characterization of kachi ghani, solvent and refined oil. Commercially free fatty acids value, acid value, color, presence of argemone, pungency of oil and content of various monounsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids is determined to check quality of commercial grade edible oils. In consequence, it was observed that kachi ghani consists of less free fatty acids (0.37±0.02%), less acid value (0.74±0.04mg/g) and high pungency (0.279%) as compared to solvent and refined oil. Kachi ghani embrace more natural color (32.0 units) in comparison to solvent oil which was way darker and refined oil which was very light. The percentage of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was spotted to be 6.44%, 64.360% and 28.64% respectively in kachi ghani oil.  The study shows that saturated fatty acids such as palmitic C-16, stearic C-18, behanic C-22 and lignoceric C-24 were present in kachi ghani. In solvent oil, palmitic C-16, stearic C-18, behanic C-22, and lignoceric C-24 were found whereas only palmitic acid was present in refined oil. High content of monounsaturated fatty acids were found in oil. Eicosenoic C-20:1, Oleic C-18:1, Eurcic C 22:1 and Nervonic C-24:1 unsaturated fatty acid was found in all the three fractions of oil.
Granisetron Versus Ondansetron for Prevention of Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Naeem Muhammad , Tabassum Rafia , Khaskheli Muhammad Saleh , Awan Aijaz Hussain , Meraj Munazzah , Irfan Rao
Published: December 2021

Aim: To determine the efficacy of single dose Granisetron versus ondansetron in preventing PONV in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Methodology: A total of 100 patients were included in this study after the ethical approval of PUMHSW. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, in (Group G) 50 patients were given Granisetron and in (group O) 50 patients were given Ondansetron.  Every patient was evaluated for PONV at one hour, two hours, three hours, six hours, twelve hours and 24 hours post operatively.

Results: A sample of 100 patients with age between 20-60 years (mean age 43.72±5.67 years), were included in this study. Patients were received granisetron 1 mg I/V and other patients received ondansetron 4mg I/V before induction.

Conclusion: we concluded that there was no significant difference between efficacy of granisetron and ondansetron as the p-value is found to be ≤0.05.
Comparative assessment of Placental Weight and Fetal Outcome in Normal and Anaemic Mothers during Intranatal Period in Selected Hospitals in India
Authors: Lalhriatpuii . , Thool Bali
Published: December 2021

Background: Despite the fact that anaemia during pregnancy is the most prevalent and significant health problem in impoverished nations, anaemia has a negative impact on the placenta and fetal development. The placenta is a growing organ that provides nutrition, oxygen, and eliminates excretory wastes for the fetus while also acting as a protective barrier throughout pregnancy. If the placenta is compromised by anaemia, it has a negative impact on the foetus's growth.

Methods and Materials: Comparative descriptive research design was used, 60 subjects (30 normal mothers and 30 anaemic mothers) were allotted and in this study the purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. The aim of the study was to compare the placental weight and fetal outcome in normal mothers and anaemic mothers. The objectives of the study were (i) To assess the placental weight in normal mothers and anaemic mothers. (ii)To assess the fetal outcome in normal mothers and anaemic mothers. (iii)To compare the placental weight and fetal outcome in normal and anaemic mothers.

Results: The result of the study shows that 93% normal mothers had average condition of placental weight, 2% normal mothers had good condition of placental weight while in anaemic mothers it was found that 30 percent had average condition of placental weight, 73.3% normal mothers had average condition of fetal outcome, 26.7% normal mothers had good condition of fetal outcome while in anaemic mothers it was found that 93.3% percent had average condition of fetal outcome, 06.7% had good condition of fetal outcome.

Conclusion: The study concludes that the comparison between placental weight and birth weight of babies shows significant difference with a positive relationship in both the groups. This means as the placental weight increases the birth weight also increases and vice-versa.
Patients with Multiple Illnesses
Authors: Gari Abdulaziz , Alghamdi Rayan , Aloufi Yasir , Alghamdi Saleem , Abukhudhayr Baraa , Alzahrani Turki , Alzahrani Ahmed , Alghamdi Mohannad , Bakshwean Ahmed , Alzahrani Abdulrazaq , Qadi Hassan , Alghamdi Ahmed , Alhothali Moayad
Published: December 2021

Approximately one-third of all individuals have multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) worldwide. Certain disorders tend to cluster together often, with correlations, such as depression and stroke, Alzheimer’s illness and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis coupled and diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of MCC is highly variable according to the definition used and the number of conditions included in the study. In the United States, it was reported to be 23.1%. While other studies report MCC as high as 80% among elder population. The patient hardship encompasses a decline in standards of living, costly expenditures, adherence to multiple medications, incapacity to work, symptoms management, and a significant financial load on caregivers. This significant load from MCCs is expected to rise further. At the current time, the presence of more than one disease causes the patients to take multiple drugs, further prescribing may be indicated for the side effects of the used drugs. Furthermore, new conditions can be misdiagnosed and mistaken as side effects of the drugs the patients is taking. Strategies for treatments include establishing agreement on MCC taxonomy, putting more emphasis on MCC research, focusing on primary prevention to reduce morbidity, and shifting healthcare institutions and policies to a multiple-condition paradigm.
Heavy Metal, Aflatoxin, Pesticide Residue, Microbial Analysis of Siddha Polyherbal Formulation Veppampoo mathirai
Authors: Chitra S. M. , Anbu N.
Published: December 2021

Aim: The polyherbal siddha formulation veppampoo Mathirai is effective in regulating blood pressure but its safety is not known. The heavy metal, aflatoxins, pesticide residue, microbial count have not been evaluated so far. The current study evaluated the above parameters. The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety parameters (heavy metal, aflatoxin, pesticide residue and microbial profile) of Veppampoo Mathirai.

Materials and Methods: According to AYUSH [Ayurveda, yoga, unani, siddha, naturopathy] Pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian medicine (PLIM) guidelines, the formulation was evaluated for its safety parameters at Noble research solutions, kolathur, Chennai, accredited with ISO 9001: 2015.Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) was used for testing heavy metals and aflatoxins were tested using Thin layer chromatography(TLC). The Pesticide residues content was estimated by GC/MS while microbial count by pour plate method.

Results: The study revealed presence of heavy metals mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium within the recommended limit as per AYUSH Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine Guidelines whereas presence of Aflatoxin, pesticide residues and microbes were absent in the sample which showed the formulation Veppampoo Mathirai (VPM) was free from toxicity.

Conclusion: VPM showed heavy metal content below the permissible limit as per PLIM guidelines of AYUSH. Aflatoxins and pesticide residue were not detected while the microbes and specific pathogens were absent in the current batch of VPM. Hence, the present study ensures the formulation was safe for therapeutic use.
Amelioration of Cell Phone and Wi Fi induced Pancreatic Damage and Hyperglycemia (Diabetes Mellitus) with Pomegranate and Vit E in Rats
Authors: Sibghatullah Hadiya , Sangi Sibghatullah Muhammad Ali , Ahmedani Elsamoual Ibrahim , Alqahtani Ali , Bawadekji Abdulhakim , Harsha Sree
Published: December 2021

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has become a global concern. To date numerous studies have been conducted but little literature is available to explain the effects of mobile phone radiation on pancreas, where from Insulin is secreted. In Some studies, effects of ionizing radiation have been examined and established the relationship between cell phone exposure and cell damage.

Objectives: Objectives of study were to observe the effects of mobile phones, connected with WiFi on the pancreas.

Methods: 40 male Wistar Albino rats were exposed tomobile phones connected with Wi-Fi for eight weeks.

Results: The histopathological examination of the rat pancreas revealed that, exposure of rats to cell phones and Wi-Fi causes significant damage to the rat pancreas.

Conclusion: The ionizing radiation emitted from cell phones and WiFi causes increase in oxidative stress leading to inflammation and pancreatic cell death that may affect glucose homeostasis.
APLs de Gemas e Joias na Região Metropolitana do Distrito Federal – Possíveis Avanços de Marcas e de Certificações
Authors: Aveni Alessandro , Magalhães Ângelo Magalhães Junior , Costa Claudina Maria Costa , De Assunção Lúcia de Assunção
Published: December 2021

O trabalho tem como objetivo pesquisar os APLs de Gemas e de Joias na Região Metropolitana do Distrito Federal e verificar a possibilidade e o interesse na criação de uma Indicação Geográfica para esse setor. No decorrer da pesquisa, bibliográfica e qualitativa, foi detectado que no DF existia inicialmente um APL de gemas e de joias que foi desativado, permanecendo o APL de Gemas e de Joias da Região Metropolitana do DF em Cristalina (GO). São analisados os destaques e as tendências do mercado de joias no Brasil. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas, observação não participante e análise documental. Como resultado preliminar, verificou-se que existem muitos problemas a serem superados, como a questão da organização das associações, da diversificação dos fornecedores pela rapidez de produção e dos acordos sobre concorrência que comprometem a qualidade dos produtos. Foi evidenciada também a falta de incentivos fiscais para o crescimento do setor na Região.
Medicaid Personal Needs Allowances—Overdue for Adjustment
Authors: Aswani Monica S. , Shafer Paul R.
Published: January 2025

This Viewpoint discusses the need to increase the federal personal needs allowance floor and index the floor to inflation to improve the quality of life for Medicaid beneficiaries living in nursing homes.
1,2‐Oxazetidines
Authors: Hu Lin
Published: January 2025

2‐[(4‐Methylphenyl)sulfonyl]‐1,2‐oxazetidine

image

[1803352‐97‐7]

C
9
H
11
NO
3
S

(MW 213.25)

InChI = 
1S/C9H11NO3S/c1‐8‐2‐4‐9(5‐3‐8)14(11,12)10‐6‐7‐13‐10/h2‐5H,6‐7H2,1H3

InChIKey = 
KSGQRKFCTYNESY‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(used as an electrophilic oxygen or aminomethylation/hydroxymethylation reagent)

Alternative Names: N
‐tosyl‐1,2‐oxazetidine,
N
‐Ts‐1,2‐oxazetidine.

Physical Data:
mp 71–72 °C; IR (cm
−1
) 1594 (m), 1351 (s), 1165 (s).

Solubility:
soluble in DCM, THF, MeOH, DMSO, ethyl acetate, toluene, etc.

Analysis of Reagent Purity:
1
H NMR,
13
C NMR.

Preparative Methods: N
‐Ts‐1,2‐oxazetidine
1
can be prepared in a two‐step sequence from the readily available
O
‐(2‐bromoethyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride.

1–4

The protection of this hydrochloride (1.0 equiv) with
p
‐toluenesulfonyl chloride (2.4 equiv) in pyridine gave the
N
‐Ts hydroxylamine
5
in 57% yield. Then, treating
5
with NaH (60 wt% in mineral oil, 2.25 equiv) in THF afforded the
N
‐Ts‐1,2‐oxazetidine
1
as a white solid in 94% yield (eq 1). Alternatively, using nosyl chloride and Boc
2
O as the protecting reagents, the related
N
‐Ns‐1,2‐oxazetidine
2
and
N
‐Boc‐1,2‐oxazetidine
3
can be prepared from the same procedure in similar yields.

image

Purification:
purified by flash column chromatography (eluent: petroleum ether/EtOAc = 1:1) or recrystallized from DCM.

Handling, Storage, and Precaution:
stable for extended periods when stored in refrigerator; use in a fume hood.