bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simulator study of adverse wear with metal and cement debris contamination in metal-on-metal hip bearings
Authors: Halim T. , Clarke I. C. , Burgett-Moreno M. D. , Donaldson T. K. , Savisaar C. , Bowsher J. G.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Third-body wear is believed to be one trigger for adverse results with metal-on-metal (MOM) bearings. Impingement and subluxation may release metal particles from MOM replacements. We therefore challenged MOM bearings with relevant debris types of cobalt–chrome alloy (CoCr), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and polymethylmethacrylate bone cement (PMMA).

Methods

Cement flakes (PMMA), CoCr and Ti6Al4V particles (size range 5 µm to 400 µm) were run in a MOM wear simulation. Debris allotments (5 mg) were inserted at ten intervals during the five million cycle (5 Mc) test.

Results

In a clean test phase (0 Mc to 0.8 Mc), lubricants retained their yellow colour. Addition of metal particles at 0.8 Mc turned lubricants black within the first hour of the test and remained so for the duration, while PMMA particles did not change the colour of the lubricant. Rates of wear with PMMA, CoCr and Ti6Al4V debris averaged 0.3 mm3/Mc, 4.1Â mm3/Mc and 6.4 mm3/Mc, respectively.

Conclusions

Metal particles turned simulator lubricants black with rates of wear of MOM bearings an order of magnitude higher than with control PMMA particles. This appeared to model the findings of black, periarticular joint tissues and high CoCr wear in failed MOM replacements. The amount of wear debris produced during a 500 000-cycle interval of gait was 30 to 50 times greater than the weight of triggering particle allotment, indicating that MOM bearings were extremely sensitive to third-body wear. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:29–37.
Mr Slop and those merit awards
Authors: FRCS Mr Slop
Published: March 2015

How a ‘smart’ device can support and enhance training in a theatre
The evolution of the foundation programme for junior doctors
Authors: Ali M , Halls M , Burt C
Published: March 2015

Do the trainers need training?
The validity and reliability of workplacebased assessments in surgical training
Authors: Phillips AW , Jones AE
Published: March 2015

Will we ever see WBAs as more than a box-ticking exercise?
The other side of the saw
Authors: Winger Breanna
Published: March 2015

One trainee tries not to get her (paper) knickers in a twist.
‘Scrubbed In’: Developing a teaching app for head and neck surgery
Authors: Da Rocha Goulter William , Steven Richard , Roplekar Rujuta , Kennedy Ceilidh , Shakeel Muhammad , Mountain Rodney
Published: March 2015

How a ‘smart’ device can support and enhance training in a theatre
The role of anatomy in surgical training and the use of cadaveric training courses
Authors: Gelder CL , Paterson-Brown S
Published: March 2015

The case for increased use of cadavers.
Tightrope or feather bed – why did you become a surgeon?
Authors: Marx Clare
Published: March 2015

Why we need to be unafraid to take risks in order to move things forward.
Fiscal changes and their impact on training and emergency service provision
Authors: Gupta Shradha , Tweed Charles , Andi Kavin , Oakley Richard , Giddings Charles
Published: March 2015

Are financial constraints influencing career paths?
Fighting Ebola in Sierra Leone: the experience of frontline NHS workers
Authors: Padickakudi JO , Patel A , Baker EC , Brock R
Published: March 2015

A group of UK trainees find themselves face-to-face with one of the most catastrophic health crises in recent times.
Treasures from the Museum
Authors: Hughes Jane
Published: March 2015

Celebrating ten years since the reopening of the Hunterian Museum
Shape of Training: Where are we now?
Authors: Eardley Ian
Published: March 2015

The RCS responds to the ongoing debate generated by the Greenaway report.
The effects of an e-textbook and the ‘reverse classroom’ on surgical training
Authors: Pike T , Stobbs N , Mushtaq F , Lodge JPA
Published: March 2015

A pilot study examines whether iPad homework can enhance face-to-face training time
Training pelvic floor surgeons of the future
Authors: Gash K , Randall J , Carter F , Clarke A , Lamparelli M
Published: March 2015

Is it time for a change in approach?
Bites
Authors: Ellis Harold
Published: March 2015

What’s going on?
Those who can, teach
Authors: Sanders David
Published: March 2015

Our March issue explores the many ways we must rise to the challenge of training the next generation of surgeons.
Informing patients about the uncertainties and risks of new surgical procedures
Authors: Latif Ali , Western Catherine , Travers Hannah , Thomas Victoria , Patrick Hannah , Campbell Bruce
Published: March 2015

A countrywide audit shows gaps in information provision.
The cost of a number: can you afford to become a surgeon?
Authors: Stroman L , Weil S , Butler K , McDonald CR
Published: March 2015

The bill, please.
Language in the Constitution of Kinship
Authors: Keen Ian
Published: March 2015

Kinship has been an “essentially contested concept” in social and cultural anthropology. Nevertheless, linguistic and anthropological linguistic studies of kinship terminologies, grammar, and pragmatics have developed in parallel with anthropological ones. Lacking, however, is a broad overview of the range of linguistic variation across languages that would build a bridge between the linguistics and anthropology of kinship. Toward that end, this article explores the role of language in the constitution of kinship. It asks, on what linguistic resources do people of different cultures and languages draw in order to constitute kinship as an institution?
Grammar, Dialectal Variation, and Honorific Registers in Nahuatl in Seventeenth-Century Guatemala
Authors: Romero Sergio F.
Published: March 2015

This article examines honorific registers in Central Mexican and Guatemalan varieties of Nahuatl in seventeenth-century Guatemala, highlighting the importance of sociolinguistic methods for the dialectology of Mesoamerican languages. A comparative study of two pastoral texts reveals that the differences between the honorific registers of the Nahuatl varieties were quantitative rather than categorical: the structure of honorifics is the same (for all syntactic categories), but significant differences appear in the frequency of honorific marking, especially on verbs. Metalinguistic comments in Spanish sources provide evidence of the impact of these differences on stylistic marking, ethnic boundary work, and indexing of social status.
Lillooet Bird Names
Authors: Davis Henry , Eijk Jan van
Published: March 2015

This article contains an annotated list of all bird names recorded in the Lillooet language, compiled by the authors over the course of many years of fieldwork in Lillooet territory (British Columbia, Canada). Although in most cases we have managed to identify the bird species referred to by the Lillooet terms, in a few cases we have not yet been able to do so. This is due to a number of factors, which include problems with using standard field guides to prompt identification, the use of local English vernacular terms, and the decline of specialized ethno-ornithological knowledge among the remaining fluent Lillooet speakers.
The Social and Ecological Trajectory of Prehistoric Cambodian Earthworks
Authors: Dega Michael , Latinis D. Kyle
Published: March 2015

This article moves discussion of prehistoric earthworks in Cambodia from normative archaeology into an ecological landscape structure, based on archaeological data sets. Discussions provide a synthesis of archaeological and newly borne-out ecological explanations for original site construction, occupation, landscape use, sustainability of occupation for the earthwork culture over a 2000-year period and terminal use of the sites. A model is presented to assess site abandonment and post-earthwork region settlement patterns.
Defining Ifugao Social Organization: “House,” Field, and Self-Organizing Principles in the Northern Philippines
Authors: Acabado Stephen
Published: March 2015

The idea that complex agricultural and irrigation systems lead to centralized control has been refuted in the last three decades. Indeed, ethnographic and archaeological literatures regarding this relationship have been forthcoming in recent years. This article contributes to this body of work by investigating the Ifugao agricultural system. Spatial patterning and ethnographic information from Ifugao suggest that a recursive relationship between the landscape and its users exist where environmental constraints necessitate cooperation among terraced rice field systems. Correlated to this discussion, this article examines the applicability of the “house” concept in defining Ifugao social organization. Results of my ethnographic investigations suggest that the house concept complements kinship analysis, and thus, contributes to a better understanding of Ifugao social relationships. Moreover, this article argues that the agricultural field becomes the node of Ifugao social relationships. In this sense, the agricultural field becomes an emergent property that defines Ifugao social organization. This study provides archaeologists with a model to investigate the precolonial social structure of the Ifugao.
Designs of Kings and Farmers: Landscape Systems of the Greater Angkor Urban Complex
Authors: Hawken Scott
Published: March 2015

Greater Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries a.d. The rulers of Angkor left behind magnificent temples, along with extensive, centrally planned landscapes and massive urban complexes. However, the landscape of Greater Angkor also represents a decentralized planning tradition. This article addresses the different scales of economic landscapes at Greater Angkor: from massive rice-field superstructures watered by artificial irrigation, to smaller patches of fields organized around local temples and ponds. Contrary to widely accepted views, the design of extensive cultural landscapes does not require the presence of an elite controlling authority, or the guidance of a commonly conceived plan. Within Greater Angkor, the design of extensive landscapes often occurred at the local level, most likely involving local traditions rather than abstract, centrally approved plans. The relationship between centralized and decentralized planning traditions is investigated using a topographic classification of the landscape based on extensive mapping from remote sensed imagery from 2007–2010. Covering 1000 km 2 of rice fields, and including 22,000 km of rice-field bunds, the topographic classification of the rice-field systems reveals two very different ways of building. These two systems are best described as coaxial systems and cardinal systems: both suggest dramatically different development models and socioeconomic frameworks. The two different, and extensive, development processes had a lasting physical impact on the resulting landscapes, and are still actively used today. This article discusses the evidence for both central and local plans as well as more complicated examples, where both central and local plans seem to have influenced the design of landscapes. Illustrated examples of centrally planned landscapes and local approaches to planning landscapes demonstrate this premise.
Landscape Evolution in Cebu, Central Philippines: The Impact of Sea Level, Social History, and Tectonism on Archaeological Landscapes
Authors: Peterson John A.
Published: March 2015

Landscape formation is often discontinuous and punctuated by rapid change, and cultural landscapes may be fragmented and found in chronological and spatial mosaics rather than continuous progressions. Human occupation of the Carcar area of the central Philippines is discussed relative to these effects. Pleistocene evolution of landscapes in Cebu is a complex array of uplifted fossil coral reef platforms that form the lower benches of the central cordillera of the island. These formed during periods of high sea level, and their present altitude has been increased by periodic tectonic uplift. Submarine fossil coral reef platforms are components of this landscape evolution, and at least two at depths of 20 m and 60 m below the present sea level formed in the mid- to late Pleistocene. A submarine flank-margin cave, Marigondon Cave, formed in the 20 m reef platform when subaerial in the period from 80,000–10,000 b.p. More recent Holocene-era sea level change, rising by 1.8 m above present sea level in the period from 2000–6000 b.p. , altered coastal terrain and constrained human settlement to the upper extent of the present coastal plain. Subsequent upland degradation has buried the mid-Holocene shoreline below 2–3 m of colluvial deposits. These two contexts for human settlement are situated in the complex mosaic of the present geography of Cebu, with other localized settlement opportunities such as danao (sinkholes), caves and rock shelters, shorelines, bajadas, and high cordilleran river valleys. The history of physical processes is interleaved with human history, and the choices and cultural changes that themselves impact the landscape.
Visibility and Power: Preliminary Analysis of Social Control on a Bandanese Plantation Compound, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Carlson David R. , Jordan Amy
Published: March 2015

This article evaluates the extent to which the architectural organization of a Dutch plantation compound was designed to aid in plantation administrators’ and owners’ ability to engage in acts of social control via surveillance. The particular compound, Groot Walling, is located on Banda Besar, the largest of the Banda Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Our initial hypothesis is that the compound was designed to aid in surveillance activity by administrators against slaves and contract workers. After discussing the history of the islands and prior historical archaeological research into surveillance, we employ GIS-based visibility analysis to evaluate this hypothesis. A series of single viewsheds were calculated within Groot Walling and compared against viewsheds generated from hypothetical organizations of that same compound. The results, while preliminary, are not consistent with our hypothesis, and we tentatively reject it. We follow up these results with some exploratory analyses, utilizing a series of total viewsheds to try to better characterize the visual properties of this compound. We then suggest some alternative hypotheses for our results, and end with a discussion of future research directions.
Cultural Landscapes of War and Political Regeneration
Authors: Kim Nam C.
Published: March 2015

This article examines the production, uses, and reuses of cultural landscapes within contexts of warfare and political change. Ancient concerns over defense and security have led societies to construct fortification features involving extensive modifications to landscapes in many parts of the world. Social memories are often tied to these militarized landscapes, with embedded meanings and values that persist and morph through time. Due to the potential commemorative power offered by militarized landscapes, leadership strategies related to political regeneration can make use of these built environments. Consequently, the significance of these locales is not limited to military functions, as they can be appropriated by later societies for political agendas. The Co Loa site of modern-day Vietnam’s Red River delta, for instance, illustrates such a locality where warfare and politics intersect. Still standing largely intact today, the site’s monumental system of fortification features dominates the local landscape, reflecting broad alterations of the surrounding terrain. Although the system was originally put into place during the Iron Age, later societies have capitalized on the site’s physical and ideological properties for various military and sociopolitical agendas.
Kingdom on the Beach Ridges: A Landscape Archaeology of Tambralinga in Peninsular Siam
Authors: Noonsuk Wannasarn
Published: March 2015

Located on the east coast of peninsular Siam, an isthmian tract between the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal, Tambralinga had the cosmopolitan openness associated with islands to trade and cultural influences. It was involved in maritime exchange since the late centuries b.c. , and its heartland had the highest densities of bronze drums, early Visnu images, lingas , Hindu shrines, and stone inscriptions in peninsular Siam. During its peak in the early centuries of the second millennium a.d. , according to historical documents, it sent a series of envoys to China and sent an army across the ocean to occupy the northern part of Sri Lanka. However, its early development and landscape have been less studied. This article explores the relationships between land and life in Tambralinga’s heartland, today’s Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, during the fifth to thirteenth centuries a.d. As a pioneering work on this topic in peninsular Siam, this article discusses the distributions of late prehistoric sites and early Hindu shrines in relation to geography using data from GIS-based studies, archaeological surveys and excavations, and ethnographic interviews. The results demonstrate that the landscape of Tambralinga was vital to its development. Its heartland opened out to the South China Sea, where an intensive maritime trade took place, and it had mountains in its backyard that were the source of forest products and tin, valued highly by foreign merchants. The floodplain between the shores and the mountains produced rice and cattle for the population of the kingdom. Tambralinga had beach ridges, running in the north–south direction, as the core of its landscape, which facilitated communications among clusters of communities. Rivers and walking trails provided passageways between various ecological zones and connected the kingdom to the west coast of the isthmus as well.
Buddhism and its Relationship to Dvaravati Period Settlement Patterns and Material Culture in Northeast Thailand and Central Laos c. Sixth–Eleventh Centuries a.d. : A Historical Ecology Approach to the Landscape of the Khorat Plateau
Authors: Murphy Stephen A.
Published: March 2015

This article employs the research paradigm of historical ecology to investigate the spread and development of early Buddhism in the Khorat Plateau during the Dvaravati period. The movement of this religion into the region was largely determined by preexisting settlement patterns, with moated sites being particularly important. The arrival of Buddhism also introduced monumental architecture and a definable art style. These moated settlements were dependent on large-scale river systems such as the Mun and Chi, particularly in regard to water management, agriculture, transport, and communication. A study of the distribution of sema stones also provides evidence for the spread of Buddhism, while Buddha images carved into rock faces on mountaintops and evidence for rock shelters illustrate that the tradition of forest monks was functioning alongside the more established urban monasticism. The relationship between Buddhism and society is explored, illustrating how the arrival of this religion resulted in new cognitive and physical conceptions of the landscape best demonstrated by changes in settlement planning. Finally, it is shown that Buddhism did not function outside of society but existed in an interdependent relationship with both the lay community and local rulers, with patronage being granted in return for not only spiritual guidance but political legitimization.
The Schoolmaster and the Bishop-Elect: Nicolò Cologno, Cosimo Gheri, and Catholic Reform in Northeastern Italy, 1530–39
Authors: Carlsmith Christopher
Published: March 2015

This essay examines the efforts of schoolmaster Nicolò Cologno (c. 1511–1602) of Bergamo and Bishop-Elect Cosimo Gheri of Fano (1513–37) to provide education and pastoral care to those under their supervision, particularly in 1536–37 when they worked together. Both men received an excellent classical education and were fervent in their desire to promote Catholic reform, albeit in different ways. The content of the education of the bishop-elect’s three younger siblings, together with that of several other boys from the aristocracy, can be gleaned from correspondence to and from Cologno and Gheri during this period.
Transatlantic Connections: American Anti-Catholicism and the First Vatican Council (1869–70)
Authors: Verhoeven Timothy
Published: March 2015

This article investigates the hostile U.S. reaction to the First Vatican Council (1869–70) and the doctrine of papal infallibility. For opponents of the Church, the Council Fathers could either make peace with the modern age or, by dogmatizing infallibility, reject progressive principles. Throughout the controversy, Americans closely monitored European developments; read translations of European polemics; and rapturously welcomed a former French friar, Charles Jean Marie Loyson (known as Father Hyacinthe), whose act of rebellion against the Vatican seemed to signal a second Reformation. These events evoke a history of anti-Catholicism in the United States that is less parochial and more sensitive to transnational connections.
Acción Obrerista: Confessional Labor Organization in the Spanish Republic, 1931–36
Authors: Pierce Samuel
Published: March 2015

During Spain’s Second Republic, Catholic political activists formed Acción Obrerista, a confessional political party for members of the working class. Its leaders aligned themselves with the largest Catholic political organization of the Republic. Many workers viewed Acción Obrerista as a tool used by employers to weaken the working class, and many middle-class Catholics wanted more control over the working-class movement. Acción Obrerista’s failure to allay these suspicions stunted its growth, and the Catholic movement replaced it with a nonpolitical labor movement. Its failure helped discredit confessional labor organization in Spain.
Chinese Catholic Visionaries and the Socialist Education Movement in Shanxi (1963–65)
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: March 2015

In spring–summer 1965 lay Catholics facing the pressures of the Socialist Education Movement in rural north China began to see visions and to preach. This article examines these events, their origins in local history, their relationship to the Chinese and international political context, and their interaction with the ongoing campaign that led into the Cultural Revolution. It argues that local context is crucial in understanding religious repression in the Maoist era and that these events are important to Catholics in the area today because the memory of them shapes ongoing relations between Catholics and the state.
The Cruelest Honor: The Relics of Francis Xavier in Early-Modern Asia
Authors: Brockey Liam Matthew
Published: March 2015

This article examines the body of Francis Xavier, preserved whole since its exhumation in 1553, through the lens of material history. It traces the corpse’s translation from the China coast to the Malay peninsula and onward to its final resting place in Goa. Historical sources relating to the many examinations of the body are discussed, as well as the devotional traditions that emerged as a result of the miraculous preservation of the body in the tropic heat of Western India. Testimony from late-sixteenth- and seventeenth-century visitors sheds light on how early-modern Asian Catholics understood the relic.
An “Evolved” Devotional Book from Late-Eighteenth-Century Mexico
Authors: Taylor William B.
Published: March 2015

A well-used devotional book with two names inscribed and the print of a miraculous image of Christ crucified pasted in next to the first page of text is examined for clues to religious life in Mexico City in the late-eighteenth century. The discussion features a counterpoint between “external” baroque spiritual practices and reforms meant to fix attention on the discipline of private, “internal” exercises and atonement for sins that continues to be a source of scholarly debate.
Photography, Teenie Harris, and the Migration of Catholic Images
Authors: McDannell Colleen
Published: March 2015

The digital revolution has provided easy access to photographic archives, enabling students and scholars to utilize new forms of visual evidence. Analyzing the 80,000 pictures contained in the online archive of Pittsburgh photojournalist Teenie Harris (1908–98) reveals that African Americans utilized Catholic devotional arts in both their homes and churches. Most likely these individuals were not Catholic but found that Catholic imagery spoke to their spiritual needs for an embodied Christianity that was powerful enough to heal, bring luck, and ward off evil. Photographic archives constitute valuable historical sources that can provide important insights into how religion is lived.
Catholic Material Culture: An Introductory Bibliography
Authors: Miller Maureen C.
Published: March 2015

This bibliography offers a sampling of work on material culture useful to historians of Catholicism. It includes works on theory and methodology; architecture; ancient and medieval Christianity; as well as modern European, American and Canadian, Latin American, and Asian and African Catholicism.
Introduction: Material Culture and Catholic History
Authors: Miller Maureen C.
Published: March 2015

After setting out some of the reasons Catholicism developed a rich array of devotional and liturgical objects, this introduction to the centennial special issue of The Catholic Historical Review on Catholic material culture traces a brief history of the emergence of material culture studies while noting the contributions of Catholic scholars to it. It also defines material culture and describes several of the field’s approaches as exemplified by essays in the special issue. Strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are also noted.
“Crowned with Many Crowns” Nuns and Their Statues in Late-Medieval Wienhausen
Authors: Bynum Caroline W.
Published: March 2015

The crowning of statues was a common practice in medieval cloisters, but at the north German convent of Wienhausen, the golden crowns of statues were confiscated by Observant reformers after the reformation of 1469. The nuns voiced distress at the loss of these crowns and made new Marian statues with elegant wooden crowns that were irremovable. The author puts the crowns worn by Mary in the context of the crowns worn by the nuns themselves and argues that such elaborate headdresses carried for the sisters many meanings; they include shaping female identity, signaling monastic commitment, and foreshadowing the rewards of heaven.
Building Research Capacity on the Rez: An Interinstitution Collaborative Effort
Authors: Rajaram Shireen S. , Fiscus Carolyn K.
Published: March 2015

Background : The Little Priest Tribal College (LPTC) and the College of Public Health at University of Nebraska Medical Center (COPH-UNMC) partnered to develop a 3-credit hour course, “Indigenous Research Methods.” Objectives : The objectives were to increase LPTC students’ understanding of research methods, awareness of urban and tribal health issues affecting American Indian communities, and create a pipeline program to increase diversity of the health-related workforce by expanding health career options for tribal college students. Methods : The course was co-led by an LPTC and a COPHUNMC instructor with guest lectures by COPH-UNMC faculty using distance education and on-site presentations. Results : Eight out of 10 students completed the course that was well received by both institutions. This mode information transfer and pedagogical exchange between minority serving institutions and an academic health center, geared toward enhancement of undergraduate curriculum, can be replicated in other contexts.
Perceived Sources of Stress and Resilience in Men in an African American Community
Authors: Chung Bowen , Meldrum Marcia , Jones Felica , Brown Anthony , Jones Loretta
Published: March 2015

Background : Little is known about the perceived causes of stress and what strategies African American men use to promote resiliency. Participatory research approaches are recommended as an approach to engage minority communities. A key goal of participatory research is to shift the locus of control to community partners. Objective : To understand perceived sources of stress and tools used to promote resiliency in African American men in South Los Angeles. Methods : Our study utilized a community-partnered participatory research approach to collect and analyze open-ended responses from 295 African American men recruited at a local, cultural festival in Los Angeles using thematic analysis and the Levels of Racism framework. Results : Almost all men (93.2%) reported stress. Of those reporting stress, 60.8% reported finances and money and 43.2% reported racism as a specific cause. More than 60% (63.4%) reported that they perceived available sources of help to deal with stress. Of those noting a specific source of help for stress (n = 76), 42.1% identified religious faith. Almost all of participants (92.1%) mentioned specific sources of resiliency such as religion and family. Conclusions : Stress owing to psychosocial factors such as finances and racism are common among African American men. But, at the same time, most men found support for resiliency to ameliorate stress in religion and family. Future work to engage African American men around alleviating stress and supporting resiliency should both take into account the perceived causes of stress and incorporate culturally appropriate sources of resiliency support.
A Method for Achieving Reciprocity of Funding in Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Gehlert Sarah , Fayanju Oluwadamilola M. , Jackson Sherrill , Kenkel Sandi , McCullough Isaac C. , Oliver Cheryl , Sanford Mark
Published: March 2015

Background : The St. Louis Komen Project was conceived to address disparities in breast cancer treatment and outcomes between African-American and White women in St. Louis, Missouri. Our goal was to apportion tasks and funding through a process to which all researcher partners had input and to which all could agree, thus eliminating institutionalized inequalities. Methods : This paper describes the collaborative process and resulting division of responsibilities, determination of costs, and ultimate allocation of funds and resources, as well as the documentation employed to achieve funding reciprocity and equal accountability. Results : Both communication and documentation are critical. Although the Memoranda of Understanding employed are not a panacea, they codify roles and expectations and promote trust. The process of developing financial transparency set the tone for subsequent steps in the research process. Conclusions : The exhaustive planning process and project-specific procedures developed by its partners have helped the project foster reciprocity, facilitate participation, and equitably distribute resources.
A Campus–Community Partnership for Farmworkers’ Health: Interventions for Tomato Workers in Tennessee
Authors: Silver Ken , Hoffman Karin , Loury Sharon , Fethke Nathan B. , Liebman Amy , Manz Nicole , Manock Steve , Andino Alexis , Bradfield Michael , Morrissette David , Florence Joseph
Published: March 2015

Background : Migrant farm workers are exposed to job hazards in Tennessee, which is among the top five tomato-producing states. Objectives : This project sought to cultivate and evaluate a partnership to marshal greater resources to address migrants’ concerns and to better prepare future health professionals to address occupational issues. Methods : In the spring of 2008, an interprofessional student–faculty team at a regional university catalyzed a partnership with a clinic for migrants and a national network caring for the itinerant underserved. Results : Several community-based participatory research (CBPR) activities are underway. The partnership has resulted in the following projects: Use of the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method to identify job tasks likely to be injurious, development and use of a health screening questionnaire to capture more information about occupational health, and continuing education seminars for providers and a case-based curriculum module for third-year medical students. Conclusions : Interprofessional service learning about migrant occupational health issues may have its greatest impact as participating students enter the regional workforce, caring for patients employed in slow-to-change agricultural operations.
Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Assess the Asthma Needs of Vietnamese American Children
Authors: Ngo Gilda , Kilgore David B. , Tran Jacqueline H. , Galant Stanley P.
Published: March 2015

Background : Very little is known about the burden of asthma in Vietnamese American children. Prior data have suggested that the burden of childhood asthma is significant for this population, although they seem to underutilize Western healthcare for unclear reasons. Objectives : To gain insight into the perceptions of the burden, health needs, and traditional health beliefs regarding childhood asthma in the Vietnamese American community in Orange County, CA. Additionally, to foster and build sustainable relationships with the community and to ensure that our research process is mutually rewarding for all stakeholders. Methods : Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, we initiated the formation of the Vietnamese Children’s Asthma Project (VCAP) and used focus groups of various community stakeholders as a platform to gather information, give basic asthma education, and build relationships. Results : A total of 66 people participated in the focus groups: 26 parents, 20 Vietnamese American physicians, 12 school nurses, and 8 school-community liaisons (SCLs). Overall, all participants believe that asthma is a significant problem and that language is a barrier to healthcare access for the Vietnamese community. We learned that academic achievement is a high priority for Vietnamese parents and associating better asthma control with improved academic performance may be a way to improve asthma education and adherence with therapy. We also found that although healthcare providers believe that parental traditional beliefs contribute to non-adherence to Western therapies, Vietnamese American parents report that they prefer to use Western medications to treat their children’s asthma. Conclusions : Through the use of CBPR and the development of VCAP, we successfully conducted focus groups to assess the Vietnamese American perception of the burden of childhood asthma in their community and to gauge their receptivity to participate in further studies about childhood asthma and receptivity to subsequent interventions.
Curriculum Development to Increase Minority Research Literacy for HIV Prevention Research: A CBPR Approach
Authors: Isler Malika Roman , Brown Andre L. , Eley Natalie , Mathews Allison , Batten Kendra , Rogers Randy , Powell Noah , White Caressa , Underwood Rosalee , MacQueen Kathleen M.
Published: March 2015

Background : Minority engagement in HIV prevention research can improve the process and products of research. Using community-based participatory research (CBPR) to develop capacity-building tools can promote community awareness of HIV prevention, clinical research, and community roles in research. Objectives : We sought to describe a CBPR approach to curriculum development to increase HIV prevention research literacy among Blacks ages 18 to 30. Methods : Community members and researchers documented the iterative and participatory nature of curriculum development and lessons learned. Results/Lessons Learned : We used specific strategies to support and verify multi-stakeholder engagement, team building, capacity building, and shared decision making. Objective or formal assessments of baseline capacity, ongoing stakeholder engagement, and reinforcing the value of multiple perspectives can promote further equity in curriculum development between researchers and community members. Conclusions : The iterative process of shared discussion, development, and consensus building strengthened collaboration between stakeholder groups and produced a stronger, more culturally appropriate curriculum to promote HIV prevention research engagement among young Blacks.
Working Through Bound Liberation: A Community Engagement Framework for Health Partnerships
Authors: McDowell Tiffany L. , Moore Nataka , Holland Juandalyn N.
Published: March 2015

Background : A community–academic partnership was developed to implement a community-based participatory research project within Chicago’s Englewood community. Objectives : We explain how Mental Health Impact Assessment (MHIA) ensures that mental health and health inequities are considered in decision making by using a systematic process that engages populations most likely to be impacted by those decisions. Methods : We report on the process of developing an MHIA by engaging community partners to evaluate and predict potential mental health outcomes of an employment policy. Lessons Learned : We describe the principle of working through bound liberation, resulting in a bidirectional engagement between academics and community partners. We highlight lessons and challenges of our engagement process. Conclusions : Effectively joining in solidarity with community partners was critical for project success, but community capacity needs to be increased to support future projects.
Engaging the For-Profit Sector in Community-Based Participatory Research: Lessons From the Ground
Authors: Johnson Sheri , Cardona Dalila , Gramling Ben , Hamilton Chelsea , Hoffmann Raymond , Sabir JoAnne
Published: March 2015

Background : Principles of community engagement articulated by leading governmental public health and research organizations are widely accepted. Academics seeking to partner effectively with communities have a variety of guidelines to access, and resources to assist community-based organizations (CBOs) exist. However, experiences related to inclusion of nontraditional partners from the for-profit private industry sector, utilizing participatory approaches, are not documented. Objectives : This paper describes the perspective of community and academic participants on partnership development with a for-profit environmental engineering firm. Challenges related to building a transdisciplinary, crosssector partnership are highlighted. Methods : Results are reported using the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences Partnerships for Environmental Public Health (PEPH) evaluation manual. Five activities pursued in early phases of research are described. Conclusions : Community members and scholars recognize that complex public health problems warrant transdisciplinary and cross-sector effort. Efforts to build CBPR partnerships with for-profit industry may benefit from a stepwise approach.
A Community Partnered-Participatory Research Approach to Reduce Cancer Disparities in South Los Angeles
Authors: Vargas Roberto , Maxwell Annette E. , Lucas-Wright Aziza , Bazargan Moshen , Barlett Carolyn , Jones Felica , Brown Anthony , Forge Nell , Smith James , Vadgamma Jay , Jones Loretta
Published: March 2015

Background : Community–academic partnerships may offer opportunities to improve population health in communities that suffer from cancer-related health disparities. Objectives : This project describes a community partnered effort to promote cancer research and reduce local cancer-related disparities. Methods : We used a community-partnered participatory research (CPPR) model and modified Delphi method approach to bring together community and academic stakeholders from South Los Angeles around reducing cancer disparities. Results : The 36-member Community–Academic Council consisted of cancer survivors, academics, and representatives of local community-based organizations and churches. Forty-nine unique cancer-related community priorities were collaboratively used to develop shared products. Early CPPR products included convening of a community conference, a collaboratively developed survey instrument, and new partnerships resulting in externally funded projects. Conclusions : Our approach demonstrates the feasibility of the use of a replicable model of community and academic engagement that has resulted in products developed through collaborative efforts.
A Community Partnership to Respond to an Outbreak: A Model that Can Be Replicated for Future Events
Authors: Carney Maria T. , Buchman Tavora , Neville Susan , Thengampallil Abraham , Silverman Robert
Published: March 2015

The Problem : Nassau County Department of Health (NCDOH) found itself in the midst of the initial U.S. outbreak of the H1N1 influenza global pandemic. A coordinated, collaborative approach to address the outbreak was needed. Yet, a description of a multisector community partnership during an influenza pandemic has not been described in the literature. Purpose : This article reports the efforts taken by a local health department to partner with the community utilizing a three-phase model to communicate, plan, and implement a strategy to ease the fear that existed and to minimize the illness in the region. This article describes in detail critical components of the community wide partnership. Lessons learned from this event are highlighted which have implications for future public health policy. Key Points : The key points to the article are that there are three critical phases to successful community partnership during an influenza outbreak: Communication, planning, and implementation. The learning points include that communication is paramount, creation of partnerships is vital to a successful implementation phase, and public health funds are leveraged more effectively by collaborating with community partners. Conclusion : The NCDOH’s multisector partnership with hospitals, physicians, and community organizations to address the H1N1influenza pandemic was nontraditional and allowed for leveraging of public health resources. The three-phase model can be replicated for future infectious disease outbreaks.
Storytelling in Community Intervention Research: Lessons Learned From the Walk Your Heart to Health Intervention
Authors: LeBron Alana M. W. , Schulz Amy J. , Bernal Cristina , Gamboa Cindy , Wright Conja , Sand Sharon , Valerio Melissa , Caver Deanna
Published: March 2015

Background : Contextually and culturally congruent interventions are urgently needed to reduce racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in physical activity and cardiovascular disease. Objectives : To examine a community-based participatory research (CBPR) process that incorporated storytelling into a physical activity intervention, and consider implications for reducing health inequities. Methods : We used a CBPR process to incorporate storytelling in an existing walking group intervention. Stories conveyed social support and problem-solving intervention themes designed to maintain increases in physical activity over time, and were adapted to the walking group context, group dynamics, challenges, and traditions. Lessons Learned : After describing of the CBPR process used to adapt stories to walking group sites, we discuss challenges and lessons learned regarding the adaptation and implementation of stories to convey key intervention themes. Conclusions : A CBPR approach to incorporating storytelling to convey intervention themes offers an innovative and flexible strategy to promote health toward the elimination of health inequities.
Assessing Research Activity and Capacity of Community-Based Organizations: Development and Pilot Testing of an Instrument
Authors: Humphries Debbie L. , Carroll-Scott Amy , Mitchell Leif , Tian Terry , Choudhury Shonali , Fiellin David A.
Published: March 2015

Background : Although awareness of the importance of the research capacity of community-based organizations (CBOs) is growing, a uniform framework of the research capacity domains within CBOs has not yet been developed. Objectives : To develop a framework and instrument (the Community REsearch Activity assessment Tool [CREAT]) for assessing the research activity and capacity of CBOs that incorporates awareness of the different data collection and analysis priorities of CBOs. Methods : We conducted a review of existing tools for assessing research capacity to identify key capacity domains. Instrument items were developed through an iterative process with CBO representatives and community researchers. The CREAT was then pilot tested with 30 CBOs. Results : The four primary domains of the CREAT framework include 1) organizational support for research, 2) generalizable experiences, 3) research specific experiences, and 4) funding. Organizations reported a high prevalence of activities in the research-specific experiences domain, including conducting literature reviews (70%), use of research terminology (83%), and primary data collection (100%). Respondents see research findings as important to improve program and service delivery, and to seek funds for new programs and services. Funders, board members, and policymakers are the most important dissemination audiences. Conclusion : The work reported herein advances the field of CBO research capacity by developing a systematic framework for assessing research activity and capacity relevant to the work of CBOs, and by developing and piloting an instrument to assess activity in these domains.
The National Cambodian American Town Hall Meeting: A Community Dialogue on “Eat, Walk, Sleep” for Health
Authors: Kuoch Theanvy , Scully Mary , Tan Heang Kim , Rajan Thiruchandurai V. , Wagner Julie
Published: March 2015

Background : The 2009 National Cambodian American Town Hall Meeting was a public–private partnership convened to address long-term health issues related the Cambodian holocaust. Goals for participants were to dispel myths about diabetes; goals for the partnership were to build research capacity and to strengthen relationships. Methods : Partners collaborated on all aspects of the meeting which was held in Khmer by bridged videoconferencing in 10 sites and webinar at 5 sites across the United States over a 3-hour period. EAT, WALK, SLEEP for Health (EWS), the National Cambodian American Diabetes Project program, provided the framework for the meeting. Results : Pre and post surveys were completed by 323 participants. Modest improvements were seen in participants’ belief that they could improve their own and their com munity’s health, although significant barriers remained. Particip ants and community partners evaluated the meeting positively. Conclusions : The meeting is a model for other populations, and results inform future work.