bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric mercury concentration and chemical speciation at a rural site in Beijing, China: implications of mercury emission sources
Authors: Zhang L. , Wang S. X. , Wang L. , Hao J. M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Continuous measurements of atmospheric mercury concentration and speciation play a key role in identifying mercury sources and its behavior in the atmosphere. In this study, speciated atmospheric mercury including gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) were continuously measured at Miyun, a rural site in Beijing, China, from December 2008 to November 2009. The average GEM, RGM and PBM concentrations were found to be 3.22 ± 1.74, 10.1 ± 18.8 and 98.2 ± 112.7 pg m−3, respectively, about 2–20 times higher than the background concentration of the Northern Hemisphere. The results indicated that atmospheric mercury concentrations in northern China were highly affected by anthropogenic emissions. The atmospheric mercury showed obvious seasonal variations, with the highest seasonal average GEM concentration in summer (3.48 ng m−3) and the lowest value in winter (2.66 ng m−3). In autumn and winter a diurnal variation of GEM was observed, with peak levels in the late afternoon till midnight. Most of the high RGM concentration values occurred in the afternoon of all seasons due to the higher oxidation. The PBM concentration was higher in early morning of all seasons because of the the temperature inversion that increases in depth as the night proceeds. The ratio of GEM to CO indicates that residential boilers play an important role in the elevation of GEM in winter. The ratio of RGM to O3 could be an indicator of the contribution of local primary sources. The ratio of PBM to PM2.5 reveals that the air mass from the east and southwest of the site in spring and summer carries more atmospheric mercury. The HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis indicated that the monitoring site is affected by local, regional and interregional sources simultaneously during heavy pollution episodes. The results from the potential source contribution function (PSCF) model indicate that the atmospheric transport predominantly from the northwest contributes to the elevated atmospheric mercury in winter and autumn, while the North China Plain (NCP) region and the northern part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region are the major source areas for mercury pollution in spring and summer.
Investigation of gravity waves using horizontally resolved radial velocity measurements
Authors: Stober G. , Sommer S. , Rapp M. , Latteck R.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) on the island of Andøya in Northern Norway (69.3° N, 16.0° E) observes polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE). These echoes are used as tracers of atmospheric dynamics to investigate the horizontal wind variability at high temporal and spatial resolution. MAARSY has the capability of pulse-to-pulse beam steering allowing for systematic scanning experiments to study the horizontal structure of the backscatterers as well as to measure the radial velocities for each beam direction. Here we present a method to retrieve gravity wave parameters from these horizontally resolved radial wind variations by applying velocity azimuth display and volume velocity processing. Based on the observations a detailed comparison of the two wind analysis techniques is carried out in order to determine the zonal and meridional wind as well as to measure first-order inhomogeneities. Further, we demonstrate the possibility to resolve the horizontal wave properties, e.g., horizontal wavelength, phase velocity and propagation direction. The robustness of the estimated gravity wave parameters is tested by a simple atmospheric model.
Retrieval of aerosol backscatter, extinction, and lidar ratio from Raman lidar with optimal estimation
Authors: Povey A. C. , Grainger R. G. , Peters D. M. , Agnew J. L.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Optimal estimation retrieval is a form of non-linear regression which determines the most probable circumstances that produced a given observation, weighted against any prior knowledge of the system. This paper applies the technique to the estimation of aerosol backscatter and extinction (or lidar ratio) from two-channel Raman lidar observations. It produces results from simulated and real data consistent with existing Raman lidar analyses and additionally returns a more rigorous estimate of its uncertainties while automatically selecting an appropriate resolution without the imposition of artificial constraints. Backscatter is retrieved at the instrument's native resolution with an uncertainty between 2 and 20%. Extinction is less well constrained, retrieved at a resolution of 0.1–1 km depending on the quality of the data. The uncertainty in extinction is >15%, in part due to the consideration of short one-minute integrations, but is comparable to fair estimates of the error when using the standard Raman lidar technique. The retrieval is then applied to several hours of observation on 19 April 2010 of ash from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. A highly depolarizing ash layer is found with a lidar ratio of 20–30 sr, much lower values than observed by previous studies. This potentially indicates a growth of the particles after 12–24 h within the planetary boundary layer. A lower concentration of ash within a residual layer exhibited a backscatter of 10 Mm−1 sr−1 and lidar ratio of 40 sr.
Neural network-based estimates of Southern Ocean net community production from in-situ O2 / Ar and satellite observation: a methodological study
Authors: Chang C.-H. , Johnson N. C. , Cassar N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Southern Ocean organic carbon export plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, yet its basin-scale climatology and variability are uncertain due to limited coverage of in situ observations. In this study, a neural network approach based on the self-organizing map (SOM) is adopted to construct weekly gridded (1° × 1°) maps of organic carbon export for the Southern Ocean from 1998 to 2009. The SOM is trained with in situ measurements of O2 / Ar-derived net community production (NCP) that are tightly linked to the carbon export in the mixed layer on timescales of 1–2 weeks, and six potential NCP predictors: photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), particulate organic carbon (POC), chlorophyll (Chl), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and mixed layer depth (MLD). This non-parametric approach is based entirely on the observed statistical relationships between NCP and the predictors, and therefore is strongly constrained by observations. A thorough cross-validation yields three retained NCP predictors, Chl, PAR, and MLD. Our constructed NCP is further validated by good agreement with previously published independent in situ derived NCP of weekly or longer temporal resolution through real-time and climatological comparisons at various sampling sites. The resulting November–March NCP climatology reveals a pronounced zonal band of high NCP roughly following the subtropical front in the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific sectors, and turns southeastward shortly after the dateline. Other regions of elevated NCP include the upwelling zones off Chile and Namibia, Patagonian Shelf, Antarctic coast, and areas surrounding the Islands of Kerguelen, South Georgia, and Crozet. This basin-scale NCP climatology closely resembles that of the satellite POC field and observed air-sea CO2 flux. The long-term mean area-integrated NCP south of 50° S from our dataset, 14 mmol C m–2 d–1, falls within the range of 8.3–24 mmol C m–2 d–1 from other model estimates. A broad agreement is found in the basin-wide NCP climatology among various models but with significant spatial variations, particularly in the Patagonian Shelf. Our approach provides a comprehensive view of the Southern Ocean NCP climatology and a potential opportunity to further investigate interannual and intraseasonal variability.
Bacterial survival governed by organic carbon release from senescent oceanic phytoplankton
Authors: Lasternas S. , Agustí S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Bacteria recycle vast amounts of organic carbon, playing key biogeochemical and ecological roles in the ocean. Bacterioplankton dynamics are expected to be dependent on phytoplankton primary production, but there is a high diversity of processes (e.g. sloppy feeding, cell exudation, viral lysis) involved in the transference of primary production to dissolved organic carbon available to bacteria. Here we show cell survival of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean to be determined by phytoplankton extracellular carbon release (PER). PER represents the fraction of primary production released as dissolved organic carbon, and changes in the PER variability was explained by phytoplankton cell death, with the communities experiencing the highest phytoplankton cell mortality showing a larger proportion of extracellular carbon release. Both PER and the percent of dead phytoplankton cells increased from eutrophic to oligotrophic waters, while heterotrophic bacteria communities, including 60 to 95% of living cells (%LC), increased from the productive to the most oligotrophic waters. The percentage of living heterotrophic bacterial cells increased with increasing phytoplankton extracellular carbon release, across oligotrophic to productive waters in the NE Atlantic, where lower PER have resulted in a decrease in the flux of phytoplankton DOC per bacterial cell. The results highlight phytoplankton cell death as a process influencing the flow of dissolved photosynthetic carbon in the NE Atlantic Ocean, and demonstrated a close coupling between the fraction of primary production released and heterotrophic bacteria survival.
Biological proxies recorded in a Belukha ice core, Russian Altai
Authors: Papina T. , Blyakharchuk T. , Eichler A. , Malygina N. , Mitrofanova E. , Schwikowski M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Different biological proxies such as pollen, cysts, and diatoms were identified and quantified in the upper part of a Belukha ice core from the Russian Altai. The ice core from the Belukha glacier collected in 2001 (4062 m a.s.l., 49°48' N, 86°34' E) was analyzed with annual resolution in the period 1964–2000. Daily data of the frequency of synoptic patterns observed in the Northern Hemisphere along with daily data of precipitation have been used to identify the predominant atmospheric circulations (elementary circulating mechanisms, or ECMs) generating the entry of biological proxies on the glacier surface. It was shown that the high-resolution records of diatoms, cysts, spores, and plant pollen in the Belukha ice core are the biological proxies for the changes in the structure of precipitation in the Altai region since these records can reflect changes in the contribution of different atmospheric circulation to annual or seasonal precipitation. The joint consideration of the transport ability of the biological species and the data of precipitation allowed us to determine the main modern sources of biological proxies deposited at the Belukha glacier. The main sources of diatoms in the Belukha ice core are water bodies of the Aral, Caspian, and northern Kazakhstan basins; coniferous tree pollen originated from the taiga forest of the boreal zone of western Siberia; pollen of deciduous trees and herbs from steppe and forest-steppe vegetation in the northern Altai and eastern Kazakhstan; and cysts and spores of plants were transported from local water bodies and forests. The identified source regions of the biological species are supported by back trajectory analyses and are in good agreement with emission source regions of the trace elements in the ice core.
Validating a spatially distributed hydrological model with soil morphology data
Authors: Doppler T. , Honti M. , Zihlmann U. , Weisskopf P. , Stamm C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Spatially distributed hydrological models are popular tools in hydrology and they are claimed to be useful to support management decisions. Despite the high spatial resolution of the computed variables, calibration and validation is often carried out only on discharge time-series at specific locations due to the lack of spatially distributed reference data. Because of this restriction, the predictive power of these models, with regard to predicted spatial patterns, can usually not be judged. An example of spatial predictions in hydrology is the prediction of saturated areas in agricultural catchments. These areas can be important source areas for the transport of agrochemicals to the stream. We set up a spatially distributed model to predict saturated areas in a 1.2 km2 catchment in Switzerland with moderate topography. Around 40% of the catchment area are artificially drained. We measured weather data, discharge and groundwater levels in 11 piezometers for 1.5 yr. For broadening the spatially distributed data sets that can be used for model calibration and validation, we translated soil morphological data available from soil maps into an estimate of the duration of soil saturation in the soil horizons. We used redox-morphology signs for these estimates. This resulted in a data set with high spatial coverage on which the model predictions were validated. In general, these saturation estimates corresponded well to the measured groundwater levels. We worked with a model that would be applicable for management decisions because of its fast calculation speed and rather low data requirements. We simultaneously calibrated the model to the groundwater levels in the piezometers and discharge. The model was able to reproduce the general hydrological behavior of the catchment in terms of discharge and absolute groundwater levels. However, the accuracy of the groundwater level predictions was not high enough to be used for the prediction of saturated areas. The groundwater level dynamics were not adequately reproduced and the predicted spatial patterns of soil saturation did not correspond to the patterns estimated from the soil map. Our results indicate that an accurate prediction of the groundwater level dynamics of the shallow groundwater in our catchment that is subject to artificial drainage would require a more complex model. Especially high spatial resolution and very detailed process representations at the boundary between the unsaturated and the saturated zone are expected to be crucial. The data needed for such a detailed model are not generally available. The high computational demand and the complex model setup would require more resources than the direct identification of saturated areas in the field. This severely hampers the practical use of such models despite their usefulness for scientific purposes.
Estuarine circulation reversals and related rapid changes in winter near-bottom oxygen conditions in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea
Authors: Liblik T. , Laanemets J. , Raudsepp U. , Elken J. , Suhhova I.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The reversal of estuarine circulation caused by southwesterly wind forcing may lead to vanishing of stratification and subsequently to oxygenation of deep layers during the winter in the Gulf of Finland. Six conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD)+oxygen transects (130 km long, 10 stations) were conducted along the thalweg from the western boundary to the central gulf (21 December 2011–8 May 2012). Two bottom-mounted ADCP were installed, one near the western border and the second in the central gulf. A CTD with a dissolved oxygen sensor was deployed close to the western ADCP. Periods of typical estuarine circulation were characterized by strong stratification, high salinity, hypoxic conditions and inflow to the gulf in the near-bottom layer. Two circulation reversals were observed: one in December–January and one in February. The first reversal event was well developed; it caused the disappearance of the stratification and an increase in the oxygen concentration from hypoxic values to 270 μmol L−1 (to 6 mL L−1) throughout the water column along the thalweg and lasted approximately 1.5 months. Shifts from estuarine circulation to reversed circulation and vice versa were both associated with strong longitudinal (east–west) gulf currents (up to 40 cm s−1) in the deep layer. The change from oxygenated to hypoxic conditions in the western near-entrance area of the gulf occurred very rapidly, within less than a day, due to the intrusion of the hypoxic salt wedge from the NE Baltic Proper. In the eastern part of the gulf, good oxygen conditions caused by reversals remained for a few months.
The circulation of Icelandic waters – a modelling study
Authors: Logemann K. , Ólafsson J. , Snorrason Á. , Valdimarsson H. , Marteinsdóttir G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The three-dimensional flow, temperature and salinity fields of the North Atlantic, including the Arctic Ocean, covering the time period 1992 to 2006 are simulated with the numerical ocean model CODE. The simulation reveals several new insights and previously unknown structures which help us to clarify open questions on the regional oceanography of Icelandic waters. These relate to the structure and geographical distribution of the coastal current, the primary forcing of the North Icelandic Irminger Current (NIIC) and the path of the Atlantic Water south-east of Iceland. The model's adaptively refined computational mesh has a maximum resolution of 1 km horizontal and 2.5 m vertical in Icelandic waters. CTD profiles from this region and the river discharge of 46 Icelandic watersheds, computed by the hydrological model WaSiM, are assimilated into the simulation. The model realistically reproduces the established elements of the circulation around Iceland. However, analysis of the simulated mean flow field also provides further insights. It suggests a distinct freshwater-induced coastal current that only exists along the south-west and west coasts, which is accompanied by a counter-directed undercurrent. The simulated transport of Atlantic Water over the Icelandic shelf takes place in a symmetrical system of two currents, with the established NIIC over the north-western and northern shelf, and a hitherto unnamed current over the southern and south-eastern shelf, which is simulated to be an upstream precursor of the Faroe Current (FC). Both currents are driven by barotropic pressure gradients induced by a sea level slope across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge. The recently discovered North Icelandic Jet (NIJ) also features in the model predictions and is found to be forced by the baroclinic pressure field of the Arctic Front, to originate east of the Kolbeinsey Ridge and to have a volume transport of around 1.5 Sv within northern Denmark Strait. The simulated multi-annual mean Atlantic Water transport of the NIIC increased by 85% during 1992 to 2006, whereas the corresponding NIJ transport decreased by 27%. Based on our model results we propose a new and further differentiated circulation scheme of Icelandic waters whose details may inspire future observational oceanography studies.
Psicología Evolucionaria: un marco integrador para la disciplina Psicológica en el Bicentenario de Darwin
Authors: Fernández Ana María
Published: October 2013

El objetivo del artículo es presentar los principios de la Psicología Evolucionaria y sus aportes a la comprensión de la condición humana. Se revisan brevemente los conceptos fundamentales de esta perspectiva, haciendo hincapié en la concepción de la mente como una adaptación, explicitando su articulación a través de la selección natural y sexual. Se ejemplifican las emociones como una adaptación destinada a la supervivencia, y algunas diferencias entre hombres y mujeres como producto de la selección sexual. La discusión se orienta al valor integrador de la perspectiva evolucionaria, dejando atrás el debate entre la naturaleza y la crianza, además de reconocer su alto potencial como un marco de convergencia interdisciplinaria, que fomenta la investigación y trasciende las barreras disciplinarias clásicas.
Transitando en los procesos de tutoría sociolaboral con jóvenes vulnerables: roles y tensiones desde el construccionismo social
Authors: Gálvez S. Felipe , Pérez T. Sonia , Bernales B. Pamela
Published: October 2013

Las políticas de inserción laboral en Chile actualmente abogan por una aproximación integral a la problemática del desempleo juvenil que incorpore el desarrollo de competencias psicosociales y sociolaborales que operan a la base de la empleabilidad. Esta nueva perspectiva cobra especial relevancia en las políticas dirigidas a jóvenes en situación de vulnerabilidad; es por ello que el más reciente de estos programas -Jóvenes Bicentenario- incorpora entre sus componentes el Proyecto Tutorías Sociolaborales, destinado a ofrecer el acompañamiento de los jóvenes por un tutor profesional de las Ciencias Sociales. El presente artículo realiza una revisión, desde el socioconstruccionismo, en torno a los sustentos epistemológicos y de las tensiones en la praxis de este nuevo componente, a partir del análisis de su proceso de seguimiento.
Tratamiento Cognitivo-Conductual del Estrés Postraumático en un caso de violación infantil
Authors: Guerra V. Cristóbal , Plaza V. Hugo
Published: October 2013

En este artículo se describe el tratamiento de una niña con estrés postraumático producto de una violación. Este tratamiento integra desensibilización sistemática, relajación, control del pensamiento, y psicoeducación. Se pretendió reducir los síntomas intrusivos, evitativos y de aumento de la activación fisiológica propios de este trastorno. Para medir los efectos de la intervención se registraron los niveles de ansiedad de la niña mediante la escala de unidades subjetivas de ansiedad (SUDS; Wolpe, 1958). Los resultados indican una disminución gradual de la sintomatología hasta llegar a niveles mínimos en nueve semanas. Estos resultados se mantienen en el seguimiento realizado semanas, meses y dos años después de terminado el tratamiento. Finalmente se discuten las implicancias teóricas y clínicas de estos resultados.
La pintura como forma de expresión en un dispositivo grupal infantil: Análisis de una experiencia en un contexto de salud pública
Authors: Cendoya Aburto Daniela , Yáñez Castillo Ignacio
Published: October 2013

El presente artículo se propone como un análisis de caso, cuyo objetivo es mostrar un dispositivo de intervención grupal infantil, llevado a cabo en un Centro Comunitario de Salud Mental Familiar (COSAM) de la Región Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile. Este dispositivo busca rescatar de manera relevante lo que para nosotros resulta ser el centro de la clínica infantil: el sufrimiento del niño. Dicha propuesta surge como respuesta a las falencias detectadas dentro de la Institución y que tienen relación con la forma en que se plantea actualmente el trabajo grupal en la infancia. En este sentido, se instaló un dispositivo grupal, basado en los planteamientos de la Asociación Uruguaya de Psicología y Psicopatología de la Expresión (A.U.P.P.E.), que contempló veinticinco sesiones y usó como metodología la creación libre de pinturas como forma de expresión de los integrantes del grupo.Por medio del análisis de las creaciones pictóricas de uno de los miembros del grupo se busca dar cuenta tanto del proceso individual como del grupal, poniendo énfasis en el carácter comunicativo y terapéutico de la creación pictórica en un espacio seguro que brinde las posibilidades para la libre producción.
La estructuración de la subjetividad popular y el problema de la política
Authors: Angelcos Nicolás
Published: October 2013

El artículo presenta una discusión en torno a la participación política vista desde la experiencia subjetiva que construyen los pobladores de la comuna de Cerro Navia, Chile. La hipótesis desarrollada se relaciona con la construcción de un registro político de la subjetividad popular, no considerado en la discusión respecto al tema, en torno a las dimensiones del reconocimiento y la pobreza. Este registro, expresado de forma individual en los jóvenes, puede ayudar a la comprensión de la distancia entre las orientaciones de la acción y su relación con la política institucional.
Identificación melancólica y constitución de la identidad de género masculina. Aportes del psicoanálisis a los estudios contemporáneos de género
Authors: Martínez Ariel
Published: October 2013

Desde la confluencia entre el psicoanálisis y los estudios de género, este trabajo intenta delimitar algunos aspectos de la teoría intersubjetiva de Jessica Benjamin en relación con el proceso de constitución de la identidad de género masculina hegemónica. A partir de allí, se presentan parte de las consideraciones conceptuales que Judith Butler realiza en relación con la melancolía postulada por Freud, y su conexión con la conformación subjetiva del género para delimitar el modo en que se conceptualiza la constitución melancólica de la identidad de género. Se concluye que, a partir del entrecruzamiento de ambas autoras, se despliega una plataforma analítica que permite avanzar hacia nuevas articulaciones que delimitan, nunca de manera definitiva, una posible explicación psicodinámica de la constitución de la identidad de género a partir del mecanismo de identificación, de modo tal que se incluyen niveles de análisis que van más allá de mecanismos individuales de funcionamiento.
Nuevas subjetividades infantiles y medios audiovisuales de comunicación
Authors: Piracón Jaime Andrés , Palma Cristian Jesús
Published: October 2013

El estudio explora las representaciones que se construyen sobre las nuevas subjetividades infantiles y sus relaciones con los medios audiovisuales de comunicación. En este marco se interrogan las representaciones sobre las nuevas infancias, centrándose en el cine como circuito de producción y circulación de estas representaciones. El estudio es cualitativo-interpretativo y las herramientas metodológicas son entrevistas y grupos focales. Los hallazgos presentan dos posiciones: por una parte, quienes sienten que la infancia está siendo amenazada y reaccionan defendiéndola y protegiéndola; y, por otra, quienes asumen estos cambios como un reto para conocer las nuevas posibilidades de sociabilidad y de construirse como sujeto. Igualmente, se plantean debates sobre la regulación de la oferta audiovisual y la alfabetización en medios audiovisuales.
Construcción de la propia paternidad en adolescentes varones pertenecientes a liceos municipales de la comuna de La Cisterna
Authors: Anabalón Armijo Cecilia , Cares Pozo Francisca , Cortés Belmar Ricardo , Zamora Contardo Macarena
Published: October 2013

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer la articulación entre los elementos de los ámbitos social, familiar y escolar en la construcción de la propia paternidad, en adolescentes varones pertenecientes a liceos municipales de la comuna de La Cisterna (Santiago, Chile). El estudio es de carácter cualitativo centrado en la fenomenología, desde una perspectiva hermenéutica, siendo la técnica de recolección de datos la entrevista en profundidad. Se obtuvo como resultado principal que el área más significativa para la construcción de la paternidad es la familia y como figura antagónica identificaron al grupo de pares. A la vez todos los resultados de esta investigación dan cuenta del surgimiento de una nueva paternidad.
Perspectives for the Use of Quantitative Genetics in Breeding of Autogamous Plants
Authors: Ramalho Magno Antonio Patto , Carvalho Bruna Line , Nunes José Airton Rodrigues
Published: October 2013

With the increased demand for food, the use of methods and alternatives that increase efficiency in selection of inbred lines is necessary. The use of quantitative genetics plays an important role in this respect, especially when the pedigree method is used in autogamous plants. This study proposes the inclusion of relationship information among progenies using the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) to obtain the breeding values of greater accuracy and, consequently, increase genetic gains from the selection. A strategy is proposed that aims to accelerate the program of obtaining perennial plant inbreds and use the greatest amount of information possible in selection so as to attain maximum accuracy. In that way, it would be possible to make inbreds available which are better than the existing ones, with greater frequency, meeting the agribusiness demand involved in production of perennial plants.
Pulmonary Hemorrhage With Capillaritis Secondary to Mycophenolate Mofetil in a Heart-Transplant Patient
Authors: Gorgan Maria , Bockorny Bruno , Lawlor Michael , Volpe John , Fiel-Gan Mary
Published: October 2013

Immunosuppressive drugs are an integral part of therapy in organ transplantation. However, they are not without side effects, and although rare, these agents should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary complications in patients receiving transplants. We present a case of a patient who developed acute respiratory failure 7 days after orthotopic heart transplantation and who had been on both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus agents. Lung biopsy revealed features of pulmonary hemorrhage with capillaritis. Considered as a possible etiology, MMF was withdrawn. There was immediate improvement of the patient's symptoms. The temporal relationship between MMF exposure and onset of pulmonary symptoms in the absence of other possible etiologies strongly suggests a causal relationship. Previously published reports of pulmonary toxicity from MMF included interstitial fibrosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary hemorrhage with capillaritis because of administration of MMF.
Patterns in Immunohistochemical Usage in Extended Core Prostate Biopsies: Comparisons Among Genitourinary Pathologists and Nongenitourinary Pathologists
Authors: Plourde Anna , Gross Alden , Jiang Zhong , Owens Christopher L.
Published: October 2013

Context.—Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains have known utility in prostate biopsies and are widely used to augment routine staining in difficult cases. Patterns in IHC utilization and differences based on pathologist training and experience is understudied in the peer-reviewed literature.

Objectives.—To compare the rates of IHC usage between specialized (genitourinary; [GU]) and nonspecialized (non-GU) pathologists in extended core prostate biopsies (ECPBs) and the effects of diagnosis; and in cancer cases Gleason grade, disease extent, and perineural invasion on the rate.

Design.—Consecutive ECPBs from 2009–2011 were identified and billing data were used to determine the number of biopsies and IHC stains per case. Diagnoses were mapped and in cancer cases, Gleason grade, extent of disease, and perineural invasion were recorded. Pathologists were classified as GU or non-GU on the basis of training and experience.

Results.—A total of 618 ECPBs were included in the study. Genitourinary pathologists ordered significantly fewer IHC tests per case and per biopsy than non-GU pathologists. The rate of ordering was most disparate for biopsies of cancerous and benign lesions. For biopsies of cancerous lesions, high-grade cancer, bilateral disease, and perineural invasion decreased the rate of ordering in both groups. In cancer cases, GU pathologists ordered significantly fewer stain tests for highest Gleason grade of 3 + 3 = 6, for patients with focal disease and for patients with multiple positive bilateral cores. The effect of the various predictors on IHC ordering rates was similar in both groups.

Conclusions.—Genitourinary pathologists ordered significantly fewer IHC stain tests than non-GU pathologists in ECPBs. Guidelines to define when IHC workup is necessary and not necessary may be helpful to guide workups.
Problem: What is the best option?
Authors: Cynthia Taylor , Buchheister Kelley , Jackson Christa
Published: October 2013

Each month, elementary teachers are given a problem along with suggested instructional notes. Teachers are asked to use the problem in their own classrooms and report solutions, strategies, reflections, and misconceptions to the journal audience.
Solutions: Classroom Elections
Authors: Murphy Mary
Published: October 2013

Showcase students' in-depth thinking and work on problems previously published in Teaching Children Mathematics.
Toying with Math
Authors: Englard Lisa
Published: October 2013

A regular department of the journal that features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme, Math by the Month articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes at least four activities each for grade bands K—2, 3–4, and 5–6. This issue considers how children's toys and games offer many opportunities to count, compare numbers, look for patterns, explore the coordinate plane, and investigate fractions and ratios.
The Functionator 3000: Transforming Numbers and Children
Authors: Fisher Elaine Cerrato , Roy George , Reeves Charles (Andy)
Published: October 2013

Be inspired by a formerly timid third grader who now confidently conveys a new understanding of numbers, patterns, and their relationships as functions.
Dots and Squares
Authors: Hildebrandt Martha E.
Published: October 2013

Postscript items are designed as rich “grab and go” resources that teachers can quickly incorporate into their classroom repertoire with little effort and maximum impact. This article adapts the classic Dots and Squares game into fun ways to encourage problem solving and computation. Variations include ways to adapt the game to different levels.
Plasma turbulence of nonspecular trail plasmas as measured by a high‐power large‐aperture radar
Authors: Yee Jonathan , Close Sigrid
Published: October 2013

High‐power, large‐aperture radars have been used to characterize plasmas formed as meteoroids ablate in Earth's atmosphere. These plasmas are referred to as heads, the plasmas surrounding the meteoroids, and trails, the plasmas left behind by the meteoroids. A subset of trails is nonspecular trails, which are detected when the radar beam is quasi‐perpendicular to the magnetic field. Radar returns from trail plasma are thought to originate from field‐aligned irregularity reflections that form due to turbulence within the trail. In this paper, we present theory and analysis of plasma trail diffusion using nonspecular trails detected by the Advanced Research Project Agency Long‐range Tracking and Identification Radar. These data include dual frequency, dual polarized, and high‐range resolution in‐phase and quadrature returns with azimuth and elevation data. We present turbulence onset times for nonspecular trails and derive comparisons to models. We compare diffusion coefficients calculated from the decay in signal return with ambipolar diffusion coefficients derived for specular meteor trails. These results, in conjunction with an analysis of the diffusion perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field, demonstrate that the ambipolar diffusion coefficient is not a sufficient description of the turbulent diffusion in nonspecular trails and that other influences, such as external electric fields and anomalous cross‐field diffusion, must be considered when calculating the diffusion coefficients of nonspecular trails. In addition, we examined these results with respect to the polarization of the returns and found similar trends between all polarizations with slight differences for the right circular return.
Sea‐salt injections into the low‐latitude marine boundary layer: The transient response in three Earth system models
Authors: Alterskjær Kari , Kristjánsson Jón Egill , Boucher Olivier , Muri Helene , Niemeier Ulrike , Schmidt Hauke , Schulz Michael , Timmreck Claudia
Published: October 2013

Among proposed mechanisms for counteracting global warming through solar radiation management is the deliberate injection of sea salt acting via marine cloud brightening and the direct effect of sea‐salt aerosols. In this study, we show results from multidecadal simulations of such sea‐salt climate engineering (SSCE) on top of the RCP4.5 emission scenario using three Earth system models. As in the proposed “G3” experiment of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, SSCE is designed to keep the top‐of‐atmosphere radiative forcing at the 2020 level for 50 years. SSCE is then turned off and the models run for another 20 years, enabling an investigation of the abrupt warming associated with a termination of climate engineering (“termination effect”). As in former idealized studies, the climate engineering in all three models leads to a significant suppression of evaporation from low‐latitude oceans and reduced precipitation over low‐latitude oceans as well as in the storm‐track regions. Unlike those studies, however, we find in all models enhanced evaporation, cloud formation, and precipitation over low‐latitude land regions. This is a response to the localized cooling over the low‐latitude oceans imposed by the SSCE design. As a result, the models obtain reduced aridity in many low‐latitude land regions as well as in southern Europe. Terminating the SSCE leads to a rapid near‐surface temperature increase, which, in the Arctic, exceeds 2 K in all three models within 20 years after SSCE has ceased. In the same period September Arctic sea ice cover shrinks by over 25%.
Pore scale consideration in unstable gravity driven finger flow
Authors: Steenhuis Tammo S. , Baver Christine E. , Hasanpour Bahareh , Stoof Cathelijne R. , DiCarlo David A. , Selker John S.
Published: October 2013

To explain the dynamic behavior of the matric potential at the wetting front of gravity driven fingers, we take into account the pressure across the interface that is not continuous and depends on the radius of the meniscus, which is a function of pore size and the dynamic contact angle θd. θd depends on a number of factors including velocity of the water and can be found by the Hoffman‐Jiang equation that was modified for gravity effects. By assuming that water at the wetting front imbibes one pore at a time, realistic velocities are obtained that can explain the capillary pressures observed in unstable flow experiments in wettable and water repellent sands.
School bullying and the mechanisms of moral disengagement
Authors: Thornberg Robert , Jungert Tomas
Published: October 2013

The aim of the present study was to examine to what degree different mechanisms of moral disengagement were related to age, gender, bullying, and defending among school children. Three hundred and seventy‐two Swedish children ranging in age from 10 to 14 years completed a questionnaire. Findings revealed that boys expressed significantly higher levels of moral justification, euphemistic labeling, diffusion of responsibility, distorting consequences, and victim attribution, as compared with girls. Whereas boys bullied others significantly more often than girls, age was unrelated to bullying. Moral justification and victim attribution were the only dimensions of moral disengagement that significantly related to bullying. Furthermore, younger children and girls were more likely to defend victims. Diffusion of responsibility and victim attribution were significantly and negatively related to defending, while the other dimensions of moral disengagement were unrelated to defending. Aggr. Behav. 40:99–108, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth of Vertically Aligned Tunable Polyaniline on Graphene/ZrO2 Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Energy‐Storage Application
Authors: Giri Soumen , Ghosh Debasis , Das Chapal Kumar
Published: October 2013

In‐situ hydrothermal method is employed to synthesize graphene/zirconium oxide composite from respective precursors graphene oxide and zirconium oxy‐nitrate. In this method, the graphene oxide is reduced itself to graphene and simultaneously metal oxide gets anchor on the graphene sheets. A novel method is also developed for the preparation of vertically aligned tunable polyaniline on the graphene/zirconium oxide nanocomposite, which leads to achieve high surface area (207.1 m2 g−1), high electrical conductivity (70.8 S cm−1), high specific capacitance (1359.99 Fg−1 at 1 mV s−1), and high electrochemical performances as supercapacitor electrode materials. This vertically aligned conducting polymer gets easy contact with electrolyte ions and provides numerous redox active sites during charging and discharging. Moreover, such a simple and low cost assembly approach can be a pioneer for the large‐scale production of various functional architectures for energy storage and conversions.
Accordion‐like Actuators of Multiple 3D Patterned Liquid Crystal Polymer Films
Authors: de Haan Laurens T. , Gimenez‐Pinto Vianney , Konya Andrew , Nguyen Thanh‐Son , Verjans Julien M. N. , Sánchez‐Somolinos Carlos , Selinger Jonathan V. , Selinger Robin L. B. , Broer Dirk J. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J.
Published: October 2013

This work describes the fabrication, characterization, and modelling of liquid crystalline polymer network films with a multiple patterned 3D nematic director profile, a stimuli‐responsive material that exhibits complex mechanical actuation under change of temperature or pH. These films have a discrete alternating striped or checkerboard director profile in the plane, and a 90‐degree twist through the depth of the film. When actuated via heating, the striped films deform into accordion‐like folds, while the film patterned with a checkerboard microstructure buckles out‐of‐plane. Furthermore, striped films are fabricated so that they also deform into an accordion shaped fold, by a change of pH in an aqueous environment. Three‐dimensional finite element simulations and elasticity analysis provide insight into the dependence of shape evolution on director microstructure and the sample's aspect ratio.
Efficient Energy Transfer under Two‐Photon Excitation in a 3D, Supramolecular, Zn(II)‐Coordinated, Self‐Assembled Organic Network
Authors: He Tingchao , Chen Rui , Lim Zheng Bang , Rajwar Deepa , Ma Lin , Wang Yue , Gao Yuan , Grimsdale Andrew C. , Sun Handong
Published: October 2013

Multiphoton excited fluorescence of organic molecules is promising in the applications of efficient nonlinear optical devices and bioimaging. However, they usually have disadvantages of poor photostability and serious fluorescence quenching in aqueous media or solid state, which seriously limit their related applications. In this work, for the first time, the two‐photon excited Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process is used to enhance the solid‐state fluorescence of the supramolecular centre (acceptor) in an artificial 3D metal–organic complex (MLC), in which a 3D Zn (II)‐coordinated tetrahedral core is utilized as the donor. More interestingly, the two‐photon light harvesting system, which can be pumped with an optical intensity as low as 1 MW/cm2, exhibits an ultrafast energy transfer rate (∼6.9 × 108 s−1) and ultrahigh photostability. The underlying physical mechanisms are revealed through comprehensive steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic analysis. This work demonstrates that the 3D MLC can be directly used in two‐photon bioimaging and also sheds light on developing other multiphoton harvesting systems, such as metal–organic frameworks.
Informetric explanation of some Leiden Ranking graphs
Authors: Egghe L.
Published: October 2013

The S‐shaped functional relation between the mean citation score and the proportion of top 10% publications for the 500 Leiden Ranking universities is explained using results of the shifted Lotka function. Also the concave or convex relation between the proportion of top 100θ% publications, for different fractions θ, is explained using the obtained new informetric model.
Output‐Feedback Control for Continuous‐time Interval Positive Systems under L1 Performance
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Lam James , Li Ping , Shu Zhan
Published: October 2013

This paper is concerned with the design of an L1‐induced output‐feedback controller for continuous‐time positive systems with interval uncertainties. A necessary and sufficient condition for stability and an L1‐induced performance of interval positive linear systems is proposed in terms of linear inequalities. Based on this, conditions for the existence of robust static output‐feedback controllers are established and an iterative convex optimization approach is developed to solve the conditions. For special single‐input‐multiple‐output (SIMO) positive systems, the problem of controller synthesis is completely solved with the help of an analytical formula for the L1‐induced norm. An illustrative example is provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the theoretical results.
Delay Dependent Antiwindup for AQM in TCP/IP Routers
Authors: Bender F. A.
Published: October 2013

A dynamic antiwindup compensator for input saturating linear systems with input and state delays is applied to active queue management of a congested TCP/IP router subjected to TCP and UDP flows. Its synthesis is based on the Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional, the Finsler lemma, linear matrix ineqality conditions and minimization of the of the disturbance to the system output.
Juvenile stress enhances anxiety and alters corticosteroid receptor expression in adulthood
Authors: Brydges Nichola M. , Jin Rowen , Seckl Jonathan , Holmes Megan C. , Drake Amanda J. , Hall Jeremy
Published: October 2013

Background

Exposure to stress in early life is correlated with the development of anxiety disorders in adulthood. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, but an imbalance in corticosteroid receptor (CR) expression in the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, has been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders. However, little is known about how prepubertal stress in the so called “juvenile” period might alter the expression of these receptors.

Aims

Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how stress experienced in the juvenile phase of life altered hippocampal expression of CRs and anxiety behaviors in adulthood.

Materials and methods

We used a rodent model to assess the effects of juvenile stress on hippocampal CR expression, and performance in three behavioral tests of anxiety in adulthood.

Results

Juvenile stress (JS) increased anxiety‐like behavior on the elevated plus maze, increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression, and decreased the ratio of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to MR expression in the hippocampus of adult animals. Females demonstrated lower levels of anxiety‐type behavior and increased activity in three behavioral tests, and had greater expression of GR and GR:MR ratio than males, regardless of treatment.

Discussion and conclusion

These results demonstrate that JS can alter the expression and balance of CRs, providing a potential mechanism for the corresponding increase in anxiety behavior observed in adulthood. Further evidence for the role of CR expression in anxiety is provided by sex differences in anxiety behavior and corresponding alterations in CR expression.