bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition of Central and Eastern European countries into market economy
Authors: Kovacevic Radovan
Published: April 2009

This paper analyze economic growth during the transition from centrally planned to market economy in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union countries. It provides a descriptive analysis of regional growth performance vis-a-vis countries at similar levels of different factors that have been identified in the cross-country literature as being associated with economic growth. Several points of controversy emerged within the overall stately, particularly over so-called shock therapy, and over sequencing. Rapid policy action was possible in some areas of reform - price and trade liberalization, and inflation stabilization, and perhaps small scale privatization - but in others it was clear that reform would take a long time. The controversies over shock treatment related mainly to macroeconomic stabilization and the pace at which privatization could be attempted, and to a lesser extant, over the pace of trade liberalization for some reason there was less controversy over the pace of trade liberalization. On sequencing the argument was that some reforms were preconditions for others - for instance that privatization would fail unless the right legal framework or financial system or both were in place, or that price decontrol should non take place until macroeconomic stabilization could be assured. After a brief assessment of the extent to which economic growth has been associated with progress on different measures of well being, the paper concludes with a list suggested issues to be investigated in the context of specific country studies.
Models of restructuring banking systems in economies in transition
Authors: Ostojic Sinisa
Published: April 2009

In view of the still underdeveloped capital market in Central and Eastern Europe, modernizing enterprises particularly depends on a functioning banking sector. Due to the interdependence enterprises and banks the insolvency of individual enterprises set off chain reactions which resulted in the collapse of banks and shook the banking systems in some countries. Commercial banks were particularly susceptible to these developments since the ratio between their own fluids and enough experience in reorganizing enterprises nor business perspectives for the enterprises depending on them. In the past years the individual states have made different degrees of progress in reorganizing their commercial banks. Two policy patterns become manifest: Estonia very consistently closed insolvent banks and opened markets for foreign banks and newly developing private banks. Thus the Estonia state considerably reduced its own share in the banks. Latvia also tried to increase its banks orientation towards profitability by opening the market and reducing state shares. The other countries, by contrast, primarily improved capital endowment of the existing banks. Between 1992 and 1995 Polish, Hungarian and Slovene governments realized extensive recapitalisation. While Poland increased the registered capital of important commercial banks, the Slovene and the Hungarian governments also bought nonperforming loans from the banks for state bonds. Hungary then increased the registered capital of the big state-owned banks. In 1994. and 1995. respectively partial recapitalisation took place in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. Neither Latvia nor Bulgaria nor Lithuania have until now succeeded in stabilizing their banking systems. In the Czech Republic which similar to Estonia opened the market, leading to the emergence of about 60 banks, the central bank has hitherto intervened in 12 banks facing liquidity problems or insolvency. In the Slovak Republic a far-reaching consolidation of banks is also still due. The governments in Bulgaria and Lithuania presently intend to increase the banks capital by state bonds, while the Latvian central bank refrained from direct intervention after the collapse of Banks Baltija and only intensified control of the banks activities.
Economic role of the state in new (post-capitalist) mode of production
Authors: Tot Ana
Published: April 2009

On the basis of the researches on the new (post-capitalist) way of production, in developed countries, the author points to, very concisely, the appearance of relations and legality of the new way of production. Considering this, the author expresses her attitudes on the roles of the state in the new way of production. As this article is in a direct link with the previous ones (cited in the literature), getting familiar with their contents is recommendable in order to understand the subject better.
Applicative aspects of bank′s financial reporting: Analytical framework of a single banking report
Authors: Ostojic Sinisa
Published: April 2009

This paper introduces financial statements of commercial banks and presents a procedure for analyzing bank profitability and risks using historical data. The procedure involves decomposing aggregate profit ratios into their components to help identify key factors that influence performance. This paper presents a procedure for analyzing bank performance using periodic balance sheet and income statement data. It describes the components of financial statements, provides a framework for comparing the trade-off between bank profitability and risk, and compares the performance of a small community bank with that of a large super regional banking organization. It uses data presented in a banks Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR) to demonstrate the analysis. Many banks experience dramatic changes in profits from one period to the next or relative to what stock analysts expect. In many cases, profits are lower because of unanticipated loan losses. In other cases, profits are higher because of extraordinary growth in noninterest income. A key point is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to evaluate performance by looking at reported balance sheet and income statement data. Net income can be managed, or manipulated, by bank managers to disguise potential problems. In this paper I examine how banks, the most important of all the financial intermediaries, operate to earn the highest profits possible: how and why they make loans, how they acquire funds and manage their assets and liabilities (debts), and how they earn income.
Opportunities of the services sector in realizing the strategy of export-oriented economic growth
Authors: Gavrilovic-Gagovic Slavica
Published: April 2009

One of the main features of transitional reforms in Serbia and Montenegro is economic system transformation process, including structural adoptions according to market demands and criteria. Having in mind foreign experience, service industries are of outstanding importance, not only in structural adjustments of the economy and creation of conditions for its normal functioning, but they also have good chances for successful caring out the strategy of export - oriented growth. Serbia and Montenegro are facing the tasks of fast growth and development and the need to overcome the problem of large trade deficit. Service industries give an important possibility to solve successfully some of transitional economic problems and to reach conditions for involvement in EU. This paper will point out the main arguments about vary important chances and role of services in export promotion and for caring out successfully export-oriented economic growth strategy of the country.
Corporate growth factors with a review of our environment
Authors: Lajovic Dragan
Published: April 2009

Traditional enterprise in transition is, by its organizational and functional structure, as well as by its fundamental function, inadequate for the market economy. It is clumsy, it has hierarchical organization, it is slowly and inert not reacting to the impulses from the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to create completely new contents, based on the assumption that enterprise can be revitalized-restructured. The focus of goals in the enterprises is changing in time and it moves from one problem to another. By restructuring enterprise has to accomplish its integral transformation. Restructuring has to, according to our opinion, include: 1. Change of ownership structure; 2. creation of new-concept of leadership and management; 3. restructuring of assortment; 4. changes in organization; 5. create of new concept of business functions. In all that 9 factors of business development play the most important role.
Neoliberalism: Destiny or a choice of way of living in transition (also)?
Authors: Josifidis Kosta
Published: April 2009

Neoliberal concept of way of life is almost a quarter of decade dominant in one part of developed world where is in practice Anglo-Saxonian type of capitalism, well-known as a market-oriented capitalism. Aggressiveness of globalization i.e. market fundamentalism jeopardize European continental capitalism, and force it to adjust to laissez-faire global economy, by denying traditional values of welfare stale. In this paper we will discuss whether there are possibilities of transitional countries to make a choice of its own way to market economy, or Washington Consensus is sealed up their destiny. Moreover, maybe we will be faced to a some kind of historical paradox (not in near future): on the one hand, people are exhausted in developed countries of market rules, and ask for much more social justice (redistribution) and protection, or, on the other hand, we will be faced with further promotion of neoliberalism in transitional economies, because it is convenient to capital elites and future upper middle class. Hence dilemma is: if people in some area are preferring trade (Smith, as a founder of free market), or consumption, since redistribution is more important to them (welfare state of Keynes).
Necessity of restructuring insurance companies of Serbia
Authors: Ostojic Sinisa
Published: April 2009

This item deals with a specific problem in the area of insurance market and insurance companies of Serbia, insurance is an important industry in developed countries and it becoming also important in the Central and Eastern Europe. Most people in these countries hold one of more types of insurance policies and the annual revenues of insurance companies exceed billion dollars and insurance companies are also a major employer. Although in Serbia insurance companies were not functioning as self solid (self basedc non-banking institutions, but they had been the instrument of the mobilization for the political parties during the pretransitional period of the savings throughout the obligatory forms of the insurance in political interests. The trust of the citizens of Serbia has been lost, as for bad experiences insurance money as well as for several years long court cases and gathered loses. Five years later the reform of the insurance companies started under the control of the National bank of Serbia. This task deals with the necessity of reforming the insurance companies in further to achieve their important in financial transaction.
Internal control of enterprise
Authors: Nerandzic Branislav
Published: April 2009

Outside the enterprise, internal control systems do not provide sufficient protection to investment decision makers from the possibility of great management fraud. However, the system of internal control is there to provide assurance for management of an enterprise that accounting information of an enterprise is reliable. Internal control systems, internal and external audit, never really had an exclusive task to protect an enterprise form fraud, or to protect the owner and wider public from management fraud. These days, especially, institutes for internal control and audit, are becoming modern management's instrument for running and managing business operations, and for permanent evaluation reliability of an enterprise. Internal control is a form of supervision of accounting and administrative controls, and something even more, it is a special value adding philosophy in an organization through its activities. Operational audit has exceeded internal audit. Operational audit is a widespread activity that is established to analyze organizational structure, internal control systems, and flow of a working process, wider evaluation reliability and management performance results. Operational audit is and instrument of business operations of an enterprise, management tool and its corrector. It measures the realization of an organization compared to its purpose and goals set. Operational audit deals with entire achievement of goals effectiveness of business procedures and internal control, performance of some managers and other non-financial aspects of business operations. Operational audit uses exceptional, special senses through logical auditing technique to realize the purpose of organizational goals, operations controlling processes, communication and information system.
Nature as a resource in the neoliberal perspective
Authors: Losonc Alpar
Published: April 2009

Neoliberalism is to be analyzed as the intensification of the market-dependence of society and the normalization of the co modification of nature. In addition neoliberalism intends to broaden the market-like decision and incentive-structure to the fields that are non-economical. The backbone of the neoliberalisation is the privatization of commons in the perspective of the naturalisation of market and the specific resource regime concerning, for example, intellectual property rights. It is of importance to regard the fact neoliberalism coexists with the other societal projects and we are witnessing the simultaneity amongst the different projects. This does not deny the hegemonic intentions of neoliberalism. The naturalization of market-structures and the identification of the market with the competition produces intensified risk-related consequences for the society, actually, neoliberalism exposes the society to the environmental risk proved by concrete examples.
Macroeconomic policy under the conditions of oil shocks
Authors: Klasnja Marko
Published: April 2009

This paper represents a non-technical and eclectic attempt at synthesizing and presenting fundamental features, challenges and conclusions of the niche of economic theory focusing on the relationship between macroeconomic policy and oil shocks. Results of more than five-decade long research and vivid practice can be summarized in the following: Relationship between an oil price shock and economic performance, most notably inflationary record, has weakened over time. This is predominantly due to the fact that macroeconomic management has become less "accommodative" of the oil price, i.e. monetary and fiscal authorities have stopped using policy instruments as a direct response the shock; Polygon for exercising macroeconomic policy during and after the oil price hikes has been consciously and considerably narrowed since the practice has shown that macroeconomic stimuli are not an adequate replacement for real adjustment; Redefining of institutional ambient, reshaping of the global monetary order, implementation of programs for energy-conservation and alternative fuels utilization, as well as a decrease in dependence on imported oil on the part of developed countries, have together resulted in oil shocks being less penetrative in the open economy; Structural changes in the world oil market, most notably diminishing strength of OPEC and the introduction of sophisticated trade instruments, have contributed to risk diversification, whereby oil price instability has been somewhat reduced.
Neoliberalism: Doctrine of contemporary world
Authors: Tomka Goran
Published: April 2009

We have shown the development of neoliberalism as a doctrine and the basic ideas that were connected to it during if s genesis. It still remains as a question, as well as a good example, the effectiveness of a neoliberalism as a theory, which in few decades turned from a group of enthusiasts to a dominant ideology. We extracted the main principals and discussed their essence and possible relations. In a defense-offence sense, what is a noble goal from one point of view, is immoral excuse from another. At the end, we gave an overview of common definitions, main problems of defining and a personal view of defining neoliberalism. In all it's aspects, neoliberalism stands as a controversial doctrine, and the whole variety of phenomenon is being attached to it, and both strongly defended and attacked by numerous authors. What seems to be missing are authentic writers on one side who would clarify if s meaning. More important, critics should be more aimed at offering realistic and acceptable alternatives, than indicating dysfunctions of a current system.
Marketing that hits the sky: Critical review of economic aspects of "atmosphere" regulation I
Authors: Losonc Alpar
Published: April 2009

The author treats in this article the modalities of ecological-political regulation. At first he analyzes the modalities of regulation that are government-related and connected to the normative engagement of government. The author especially emphasizes the advantageous and less advantageous aspects of the normatively based interventions of government. He critically explores the disadvantageous dimensions of the ecological aid and shows the discrepancy between the short and long run concerning the effects of aid-practice. At second the author deals with the regulation based on the market-mechanisms. The conclusion refers to the trade-off between the normatively determined govern mentality and the market-based mechanisms. The author pays special attention to the emission-trading schemes in Europe and demonstrates the main uncertainties in relation to the market of pollution and emission trading.
Agriculture and developing countries in the new round of negotiations within WTO
Authors: Prekajac Zora
Published: April 2009

The Ministerial Conference held in Doha (Qatar) launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations in World Trade Organization. It is called the development round because the interests and needs of developing countries are in the focus of negotiations. One of the most important (and controversial) questions is the liberalization of international trade in agricultural products. The beginning of that process was the conclusion of the Agreement on agriculture during the Uruguay Round which was followed by the negotiations initiated in 2000. The negotiations are supposed to finish until the end of the year 2006. Analyzing the recent results of negotiations, we can conclude that a lot of questions are not harmonized and that in front of the negotiators is a very difficult and complex task to overcome the existing differences and find compromise solutions. The results of the Doha negotiations (including agriculture) are very important for the future of the multilateral trading system.
Limits of development and status of co-operation in Serbia
Authors: Drakulic Danica
Published: April 2009

The work deals with competition and cooperation as mutually conditioned and complementary, with the framework of the most important changes in the world. It also emphasizes their strategic and dynamic character. In contemporary conditions, the economy functions with the possibilities of choices of some kinds of regulative mechanisms. One is market mechanism, the other one is the willing cooperation, the third is of the administrative-hierarchical character. In the situation when the other mechanisms are unacceptable or insufficient efficient, cooperation is considered to be an optimal mechanism both in developmental and cultural sense. Cooperation should provide a contribution to the economic development, with a view of building a competitive economy and competent institutional segment.
Market that hits the sky: Critical review of economic aspects of "atmosphere" regulation II
Authors: Losonc Alpar
Published: April 2009

The author treats the ethical questions related to the market of the elements of the atmosphere. I agree with the statement that the issue of climate change is ultimately an ethical issue. In accordance, the author especially emphasizes the problem of the global governance and the ethics. The greening of the market is to be promoted, and market mechanisms can play certain role in international environmental measures. But they can only have a limited role. The market in itself can not secure the ecological needs of and protect the global commons. The opportunity of privatizing the dimensions of the atmosphere is limited by both ethical and ecological considerations. The privatizing of the nature pretends to provide incentives for protecting the commons but just the opposite happens. The needs concerted actions of the nations and the construction of a complex institutional setting, instead of relying exclusively on individual players and market forces. In such a design new forms of ecological authorities should be set up, and the coordination by norms should be reinvented.
Economic aspects of globalization
Authors: Beker Emilija
Published: April 2009

Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.
A review of the Redux model of exchange rate
Authors: Bojovic Viktorija
Published: April 2009

The paper gives a brief overview of the current state of exchange rate modeling. First section discusses the status of Mundall-Fleming-Dornbusch model. This model demonstrated undeniable time-tested appeal. However, it needed update as regards to microfundations which was made possible in Redux model. Redux model made a breakthrough as to allow for an explicit welfare analysis as far as policy is concerned. The literature covering new open economy macroeconomics is expanding since 1990s, provoked by seminal paper by Obstfeld and Rogofff, in which authors give their perspective of economy reactions to monetary shocks. Redux model assumes real impact of monetary shocks on consumption, output level and exchange rates, allowing for purchasing power parity and low of one price to hold. Welfare is equally increased both domestically and internationally after positive monetary shock. Consumption increases leading economy towards its optimum, reachable only at perfectly competitive markets. Economy is fully adapted to shock only after one time period. However, monetary shocks could have longer real effects due to accumulated welfare. Money is not neutral in this modei, not even in the long run. The welfare results of the new open economy macroeconomics literature are highly sensitive to the precise denomination of price stickiness and the specification of preferences. For this reason the literature is of only limited interest in policy circles. This new developments in models will encourage further research in the new open economy macroeconomics.
Influence of the Parameters of Models used to Calculate Soil Erosion Based on 137Cs Tracer
Authors: Poręba Grzegorz , Bluszcz Andrzej
Published: April 2009

Soil erosion is a serious problem especially on arable land in the loess areas of southern Poland. Reliable data of soil erosion are important to propose a proper method of soil conservation. Measurements of 137Cs inventory allow obtaining both long-term mean value of soil erosion and spatial pattern of soil erosion. To obtain quantitative results of soil erosion from 137Cs measurements one of the mathematical models must be used. Currently, there are many such models in circulation and the results of calculations of soil erosion depend not only on the particular model but also on values assumed for parameters of this model.

This paper describes some problems related to calculating soil erosion and deposition based on 137Cs data, namely, the influence of additional parameters on calculated soil erosion is considered. In particular, we have considered the influence of values assumed for plough depth, γ factor, particle size correction factor, soil density and the contribution of the post-Chernobyl deposition to the total caesium deposition on the calculated soil erosion values. The calculations of soil erosion have been done for four, most commonly used models, using real caesium inventory data collected by the authors. The influence of errors of model parameters on the results of soil erosion rate estimates is about 1%, or less for 1% relative error in the parameter.
Uncertainties on the Luminescence Ages and Anomalous Fading
Authors: Zink Antoine
Published: April 2009

It is well known that some minerals give underestimated luminescence ages due to anomalous fading. The anomalous fading follows a logarithmic decay law characterized by its slope, the socalled fading rate or g-value. Using the fading rate, Huntley and Lamothe (2001) suggested some correction for the fading underestimation of young samples (<40-50 ka). For polymineral fine grains, we observe a fading rate of 0-4%/decade for TL and BL-OSL and 4-6%/decade for IR-OSL. Extending the laboratory observation to archaeological age, the underestimation on the age for 10 ka is estimated to a mean of 5% for TL, 10% for BL-OSL and 45% for IR-OSL. Due to the non-linearity of the Huntley and Lamothe's fading correction, the contribution of the fading to the total uncertainty is estimated by a Monte-Carlo simulation. The inference on dating shows that the uncertainty on the anomalous fading can be a significant term of the combined uncertainty on the age, even for low fading rates.
Component Resolved IR Bleaching Study of the Blue LM-OSL Signal of Various Quartz Samples
Authors: Polymeris George , Kiyak Nafiye , Kitis George
Published: April 2009

The present work provides an initial component resolved analysis concerning the effect of infra-red (IR) exposure at elevated temperatures on the blue LM-OSL signal of quartz (stimulated at 470 nm). The study was performed on a total of seven quartz samples, among which five originated from Turkey, one from Greece and one synthetic quartz sample. For these quartz samples, the presence of 6 or even 7 independent LM-OSL components was previously reported, after the application of a computerized decomposition analysis. IR bleaching of each one of these components is studied and compared to the respective signal reduction due to the same thermal treatment solely. It is clearly demonstrated that IR stimulation at temperatures above 50°C does not deplete only the fast component in most sedimentary quartz samples studied. Net depletion of fast and medium components resulting from IR exposure is sample-dependent and occurs faster as the stimulation temperature increases. Weak IR bleaching of slow components is also reported in some cases, being more effective for stimulation temperatures up to 100°C. No depletion of either the medium or the slow components was detected for stimulation temperatures above 150°C. Finally, IR does not stimulate any of the LM-OSL components in the case of the synthetic quartz sample.
Biodegradation of selected substances used in liquid fertilizers as an element of Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Borowiec Magdalena , Huculak Marta , Hoffmann Krystyna , Hoffmann Józef
Published: April 2009

Biodegradation of selected substances used in liquid fertilizers as an element of Life Cycle Assessment

The results of laboratory investigations into the aerobic biodegradation of chelating compounds in water medium under static test conditions are presented. It was found that nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA) are more readily biodegradable than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) commonly used in the production of liquid fertilizers. Biodegradation was evaluated on the basis of compound decay and changes in COD.
Plant oil derivates as fuels
Authors: Farkas Ferenc
Published: April 2009

Plant oil derivates as fuels

The dependence of the Hungarian economy on energy imports has already reached that degree, which is forecast in the EU for the average of the community by 2020.

The total quantity of the biomass in Hungary is 350 - 360 mtons, out of which 105 - 110 mtons reproduces itself annualy. The energy content of the yearly produced biomass is as high as 1185 PJ, which is 5% more than the annual energy consumption. The renewable energies which are produced by agriculture could cover 10% of the energy demand of Hungary for a short term.

At our College Faculty in Mezőtúr we have been dealing with the application issues of vegetable oil derivates as fuels since 1990.
Application of flotation in the decontamination of sediments from the Cerny prikop stream
Authors: Fečko Peter , Janakova Iva , Raclavská Helena , Tora Barbara
Published: April 2009

Application of flotation in the decontamination of sediments from the Cerny prikop stream

The stream Cerny prikop is located in the Ostrava city districts of Marianske Hory, Moravska Ostrava and Privoz. This locality belongs to the most polluted areas in Ostrava as it is unbearably polluted by the Coking Plant of Jan Sverma, company BorsodChem MCHZ (the chemical plant), City Waste Water Treatment Plant and a number of other companies in the given territory, all the way to its mouth to the Odra River. Moreover, the area is also affected by the construction of the D 47 motorway. The sediments of Cerny prikop represent a significant ecological burden within the Ostrava urban area. They are contaminated by a wide range of organic pollutants which have never been exactly identified.
Emission of the odour substances from fertilizer industry
Authors: Hoffmann Józef , Gryglewicz Grażyna , Hoffmann Krystyna , Gryglewicz Stanisław , Okereke Wiktor , Skut Jakub
Published: April 2009

Emission of the odour substances from fertilizer industry

Mineral fertilizers are indispensable for the intensification of plant production in agriculture. This process can cause a significant odour nuisance for the environment due to organic compounds content in apatites and phosphorites converted into fertilizers. The following chemical compounds are emitted to the gas phase among others: hydrogen sulphide, organic sulphides and (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl) disulphides, chain hydrocarbons, organic oils, waxes and carboxylic acids. A method using gas chromatography analysis with the mass detector (TD-GS-MS), to determine trace concentrations, was developed and tested for the assessment of odour nuisant substances emission from these processes. Application of additional thermal desorber to enable the intense desorption of the investigated organic compounds (previously adsorbed on classical sorbents) in the industrial research has been taken into consideration. In effect it facilitates the accumulating substances to be analyzed at short time interval providing identifying measurements. The technique has been verified during the investigation of the substances emitted in fertilizers processes at Maroko phosphorite decomposition. The organic sulfur compounds, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons have been detected.
Environmental aspects of feed phosphates production
Authors: Hoffmann Józef , Hoffmann Krystyna , Borowiec Magdalena , Huculak Marta
Published: April 2009

Environmental aspects of feed phosphates production

The risks resulting from the selected feed phosphates application in animal nutrition were analyzed. The results of the analyses of the fodder phosphates obtained in laboratory conditions were presented, including the toxic and disadvantageous substances with regard to their impact upon the environment.
The possibility of implementation of spent iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis
Authors: Ekiert Ewa , Pelka Rafał , Lubkowski Krzysztof , Arabczyk Walerian
Published: April 2009

The possibility of implementation of spent iron catalyst for ammonia synthesis

An iron catalyst used in the ammonia synthesis is pyrophoric in its reactive, reduced form. Before further use the catalyst has to be passivated. Results of the research on the iron catalyst - its passivation, re-use as a catalyst in other processes and implementation as a substrate to obtain new nanocrystalline materials have been presented in the paper.
Assesment of the usability of Mg(OH)2 obtained from the solution after sphalerite leaching for the winning of polyetylene composition
Authors: Pielichowska Kinga , Żelazny Sylwester
Published: April 2009

Assesment of the usability of Mg(OH)2 obtained from the solution after sphalerite leaching for the winning of polyetylene composition

In this work obtaining of magnesium hydroxide from the solutions obtained during magnesium removal from zinc concentrates is presented. The received product was used for the winning of composites from polyethylene (PE) using extrusion and injection methods. The obtained composites were tested in terms of thermal stability (TG, DTG) as well as combustibility (LOI and thermovision camera). The preliminary results indicate the beneficial effect of the decrease of PE quality by magnesium hydroxide obtained by means of solution purification and precipitation of Mg(OH)2 by means of soda lye.
Resistance to β-lactams in Bacteria Isolated from Different Types of Portuguese Cheese
Authors: Amador Paula , Fernandes Ruben , Prudêncio Cristina , Brito Luísa
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of β-lactam-resistant bacteria in six different types of Portuguese cheese. The numbers of ampicillin resistant (AMPr) bacteria varied from 4.7 x 102 to 1.5 x 107 CFU/g. Within 172 randomly selected β-lactam-resistant bacteria, 44 resistant phenotypes were found and 31.4% were multidrug resistant. The majority (85%) of the isolates identified belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family. The presence of the blaTEM gene was detected in 80.9% of the tested isolates. The results suggest that without thermal processing of the milk and good hygienic practices, cheese may act as a vehicle of transfer of β-lactam-resistant bacteria to the gastrointestinaltract of consumers.
Synthesis of N-(2,8-Dioxo-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-dien-7-yl) Acetamide and Benzamide
Authors: Plourde Guy , Spaetzel Randy
Published: April 2009

The syntheses of two new spirolactones are described. Each compound was obtained as an off-white solid in 66% yields from 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde.
Fibrinolytic Compounds Isolated from a Brown Alga, Sargassum fulvellum
Authors: Wu Wenhui , Hasumi Keiji , Peng Hui , Hu Xianwen , Wang Xichang , Bao Bin
Published: April 2009

Two of bioactive natural products were founded in a brown alga, Sargassum fulvellum. After isolation and purification, the molecular structures of these two products were investigated by NMR spectroscopy and GC-mass spectroscopy. The two compounds were identified to be 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl) –glycerol (POGG) and 1-O-myristoyl-2-O-oleoyl-3-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl) – glycerol (MOGG) which were obtained from Sargassum fulvellum for the first time. POGG and MOGG showed fibrinolytic activity in the reaction system of pro-u-PA and plasminogen.
STABILITY OF SLOWLY DIVERGING FLOWS IN SHALLOW WATER
Authors: Kolyshkin Andrei , Nazarovs Sergejs
Published: April 2009

Riga Technical University, 1 Meza street Riga, Latvia
QUASI-INTERPOLATION BY SPLINES ON THE UNIFORM KNOT SETS
Authors: Leetma Evely
Published: April 2009

In the case of uniform grids, the error of the spline interpolant of a function defined on R has been well estimated. On the basis of the spline interpolation formula for functions defined on R we derive quasi‐interpolation formulae for functions defined on R or in a vicinity of a bounded interval, say [0,1], and we estimate the difference between the interpolant and the quasi‐interpolants.
GENERATING OF REFORMAT SLICES IN NEURAL AND CARDIO‐TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Mockus Laimonas , Meilūnas Mečislavas , Paulinas Mantas , Ušinskas Andrius , Zakarkaitė Diana
Published: April 2009

A lot of medical diagnostics problems are related to the reconstruction of three dimension (3D) images from the cross sections of the regions of interest. Such reconstructions are very desirable for evaluation of disease or planning of surgical treatment. This paper reviews recent 3D preprocessing work of authors in human brain blood vessels structure recognition and localization of aneurysms as well as analysis of the right ventricular of the human heart. Here we present some approximation techniques for generation of reformatted images.
A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR PIECEWISE DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES WITH MEMORY
Authors: Annunziato Mario
Published: April 2009

In this paper the numerical approximation of solutions of Liouville‐Master Equation for time‐dependent distribution functions of Piecewise Deterministic Processes with memory is considered. These equations are linear hyperbolic PDEs with non‐constant coefficients, and boundary conditions that depend on integrals over the interior of the integration domain. We construct a finite difference method of the first order, by a combination of the upwind method, for PDEs, and by a direct quadrature, for the boundary condition. We analyse convergence of the numerical solution for distribution functions evolving towards an equilibrium. Numerical results for two problems, whose analytical solutions are known in closed form, illustrate the theoretical finding.
MULTIPLICITY RESULTS FOR THE NEUMANN BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM
Authors: Atslega Svetlana
Published: April 2009

We provide multiplicity results for the Neumann boundary value problem, when the second order differential equation is of the form x” = f(x).
MODELLING OF ROTATIONS BY USING MATRIX SOLUTIONS OF NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATIONS
Authors: Gudkov Vladimir Vasilevich
Published: April 2009

A family of matrix solutions of nonlinear wave equations is extended and its application to modelling is given. It is shown that a similarity transformation, induced by the matrix solution, is equivalent to the rotation. Matrix solutions are used for modelling helical motions and vortex rings, simultaneous rotations and particles collision, mapping contraction and pulsating spheres. Geometrical interpretation of the doubling of rotation angle in each step of sequential mapping contraction is given.
GENERALIZED NÖRLUND METHOD AND CONVERGENCE ACCELERATION
Authors: Meronen Olga , Tammeraid Ivar
Published: April 2009

Some propositions on λ‐boundedness for generalized Nörlund method of summability (N, Pn ), where Pn are bounded linear operators from Banach space X into X, are proved. Using these results we have verified some propositions on convergence acceleration by N and several Tauberian remainder theorems for generalized Nörlund method.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALOGUES OF THE RIEMANN–HILBERT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM
Authors: Paliokas Eugenijus
Published: April 2009

Multidimensional generalizations of the Cauchy‐Riemann systems and two different types of analogues of the Riemann–Hilbert boundary value problems for these systems are considered.
ON POSITIVE EIGENFUNCTIONS OF STURM-LIOUVILLE PROBLEM WITH NONLOCAL TWO‐POINT BOUNDARY CONDITION
Authors: Pečiulytė Sigita , Štikonas Artūras
Published: April 2009

Positive eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of the linear Sturm‐Liouville problem with one classical boundary condition and another nonlocal two‐point boundary condition are considered in this paper. Four cases of nonlocal two‐point boundary conditions are analysed. We get positive eigenfunctions existence domain for each case of these problems. This domain depends on the parameters of the nonlocal boundary problem and it gives necessary and sufficient conditions for existing positive eigenvalues with positive eigenfunctions.
GRID APPROXIMATION OF SINGULARLY PERTURBED PARABOLIC REACTION‐DIFFUSION EQUATIONS WITH PIECEWISE SMOOTH INITIAL‐BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Shishkin Grigorii
Published: April 2009

A Dirichlet problem is considered for a singularly perturbed parabolic reaction–diffusion equation with piecewise smooth initial‐boundary conditions on a rectangular domain. The higher‐order derivative in the equation is multiplied by a parameter ϵ 2; ɛ ϵ (0, 1]. For small values of ϵ, a boundary and an interior layer arises, respectively, in a neighbourhood of the lateral part of the boundary and in a neighbourhood of the characteristic of the reduced equation passing through the point of nonsmoothness of the initial function. Using the method of special grids condensing either in a neighbourhood of the boundary layer or in neighbourhoods of the boundary and interior layers, special ϵ‐uniformly convergent difference schemes are constructed and investigated. It is shown that the convergence rate of the schemes crucially depends on the type of nonsmoothness in the initial–boundary conditions.
ON SOLVABILITY OF THE BVPS FOR THE FOURTH‐ORDER EMDEN‐FOWLER TYPE EQUATIONS
Authors: Yermachenko Inara
Published: April 2009

Solvability of the boundary value problems (BVPs) for the fourth‐order Emden‐Fowler type equations x (4) = q(t)|x| p sgn x is investigated by using the quasilinearization process. We modify the equation to a quasi‐linear form x( 4) – k 4 x = Fk (t,x) for various values of k. Our considerations are based on a fact that the modified quasi‐linear problem has a solution of the same oscillatory type as the linear part x (4) – k 4 x has. We show that original problem in some cases also has a solution of definite type and establish sufficient conditions for multiple solutions of the given BVP.
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF A PARALLEL GENERALIZED BRANCH AND BOUND TEMPLATE
Authors: Baravykaitė Milda , Čiegis Raimondas
Published: April 2009

Branch and bound (BnB) is a general algorithm to solve optimization problems. We present a template implementation of the BnB paradigm. A BnB template is implemented using C++ object oriented paradigm. MPI is used for underlying communications. A paradigm of domain decomposition (data parallelization) is used to construct a parallel algorithm. To obtain a better load balancing, the BnB template has the load balancing module that allows the redistribution of search spaces among the processors at run time. A parallel version of user's algorithm is obtained automatically.

A new derivative-free global optimization algorithm is proposed for solving nonlinear global optimization problems. It is based on the BnB algorithm and its implementation is done by using the developed BnB algorithm template library. The robustness of the new algorithm is demonstrated by solving a selection of test problems.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF ANISOTROPICALLY DRIVEN DEVELOPED TURBULENCE
Authors: Hayryan Edik , Jurcisinova Eva , Jurcisin Marian , Stenlik Milan
Published: April 2009

The fully developed turbulence with axial anisotropy for dimensions d > 2 is investigated by means of renormalization group approach. The corresponding system of strongly nonlinear renormalization group equations which contain angle integrals is solved numerically. Possible utilization of the parallel programming methods is discussed. As a result, the influence of anisotropy on the stability of the Kolmogorov scaling regime is analyzed. The borderline dimension between stable scaling regime and unstable one is calculated as a function of the anisotropy parameters. Obtained results are compared with results calculated in [7].
NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MARCHAUD‐HADAMARD-TYPE FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE IN THE WEIGHTED SPACE OF SUMMABLE FUNCTIONS
Authors: Kilbas Anatoly , Titioura Anatoly
Published: April 2009

The paper is devoted to the study of the Cauchy‐type problem for the nonlinear differential equation of fractional order 0 < α < 1:

containing the Marchaud-Hadamard-type fractional derivative (Dα 0+, μ y)(x), on the half-axis R+ = (0, +oo) in the space Xp,α c,0 (R+) defined for α > 0 by

where Xp c, 0 (R+) is the subspace of Xp c (R+) of functions g Xp c (R + ) with compact support on infinity: g(x) = 0 for large enough x > R. The equivalence of this problem and of the nonlinear Volterra integral equation is established. The existence and uniqueness of the solution y(x) of the above Cauchy‐type problem is proved by using the Banach fixed point theorem. Solution in closed form of the above problem for the linear differential equation with f[x, y(x)] = λy(x) + f(x) is constructed. The corresponding assertions for the differential equations with the Marchaud‐Hadamard fractional derivative (Dα 0+ y)(x) are presented. Examples are given.
MODEL-BASED ESTIMATOR OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Authors: Krapavickaite Danute
Published: April 2009

Expenditure of enterprises on environmental protection has highly positive or zero values. Thus, distribution of such a variable is skewed, and its population variance is high. As a consequence the design‐based estimator of a total expenditure has a high variance. The censored regression model (tobit model) for transformed study variable is used in this paper. The values of the study variable of non‐sampled elements are estimated using this model, and a new estimator of the total expenditure is obtained. In the case of simple random sampling and known model parameters, it is shown by simulation that the empirical mean square error of such a model‐based estimator is lower than that of the design‐based one. Due to estimation of the unknown model parameters the mean square error of the estimator is higher.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FINITE SUPERELEMENT METHOD FOR THE 3D ELASTICITY PROBLEMS
Authors: Galanin Mikhail , Lazarev Mikhail , Savenkov Evgeny
Published: April 2009

The results of numerical investigation of the Finite Superelement Method (FSEM) for the solution of 3D elasticity problems are given. A definition of FSEM is proposed, and the general theory is briefly explained. Then the variants of FSEM are considered for the model problem. Their comparative analysis is being carried out. These variants are based on the finite element interpolation techniques on superelements boundaries. FSEM and FEM efficiency comparison is presented for the model problem. Quantative error data are obtained. A certain example of a 3D elasticity problem is considered in conclusion. A notable advantage of a higher degree FSEM approximation technique is illustrated.