bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in photo-assisted seawater splitting promoted by green iron oxide-carbon nitride photoelectrocatalysts
Authors: Benedet Mattia , Rizzi Gian Andrea , Lebedev Oleg I. , Roddatis Vladimir , Sada Cinzia , Wree Jan-Lucas , Devi Anjana , Maccato Chiara , Gasparotto Alberto , Barreca Davide
Published: September 2023

Sunlight-assisted seawater splitting can be successfully driven by specifically designed, cost-effective and eco-friendly Fe2O3-gCN electrocatalysts.
High Faraday efficiency of Cu1Co1–BCN based on a dodecahydro-closo-dodecaborate hybrid for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Fan Zhengyu , Zhao Haixu , Liu Xun , Zheng Mai , Zhang Long , Zhou Yingtang , Sun Lijie , Liu Jinghuan , Zhang Haibo
Published: September 2023

The process of electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NIRR) to produce ammonia (NH3) presents a promising solution to the challenges of nitrate contamination and high value ammonia synthesis.
Delivering low-energy carbon capture with photo-responsive hypercrosslinked polymers derived from polystyrene waste
Authors: Liu Aotian , Lu Guanchu , Fan Xianfeng , Lau Cher Hon
Published: September 2023

Exploiting photo-isomerisation of azobenzene molecules embedded in pores of hypercrosslinked polymers to drive adsorption (upon UV light irradiation) and desorption (visible light irradiation) of CO2 to enable low-energy, low-cost carbon capture.
Unraveling the promotional role of BaCO3 in the electrode reaction kinetics of an SmBaFe2O5+δ air electrode of reversible solid oxide cells
Authors: Zhang Min , Du Zhihong , Sun Zhipeng , Zhao Hailei
Published: September 2023

BaCO3 decoration significantly accelerates the oxygen adsorption/dissociation kinetics, which is the rate-limiting step of SBF electrode reaction.
A MOF/hydrogel film-based array sensor for discriminative detection of nitrophenol isomers
Authors: Wang Gaowei , Liao Zhengluan , Jiang Ziwei , Cao Wenqian , Yang Yu , Qian Guodong , Cui Yuanjing
Published: September 2023

A MOF/hydrogel film-based array sensor is prepared and exhibits excellent ability to recognize three nitrophenol isomers.
High maternal adiposity during pregnancy programs an imbalance in the lipidome and predisposes to diet-induced hepatosteatosis in the offspring
Authors: Scheidl Taylor B. , Wager Jessica L. , Baker Larissa G. , Brightwell Amy L. , Melan Katrina M. , Larion Sebastian , Sarr Ousseynou , Regnault Timothy RH. , Urbanski Stefan J. , Thompson Jennifer A.
Published: September 2023

Background: Exposure to high maternal adiposity in utero is a significant risk factor for the later-life development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have previously shown that high pre-pregnancy adiposity programs adipose tissue dysfunction in the offspring, leading to spillover of fatty acids into the circulation, a key pathogenic event in obesity-associated MetS. Herein, we hypothesized that programming of adipose tissue dysfunction in offspring born to overweight dams increases the risk for developing NAFLD. Results: Females heterozygous for leptin receptor deficiency (Hetdb) were used as a model of high pre-pregnancy adiposity. Female wild-type (Wt) offspring born to Hetdb pregnancies gained significantly more body fat following high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) compared with Wt offspring born to Wt dams. HFFD increased circulating free fatty acids (FFA) in male offspring of control dams, while FFA levels were similar in HFFD-fed offspring from Wt dams and CD or HFFD-fed Wt offspring from Hetdb dams. Despite female-specific protection from diet-induced FFA spillover, both male and female offspring from Hetdb dams were more susceptible to diet-induced hepatosteatosis. Lipidomic analysis revealed that CD-offspring of overweight dams had decreased hepatic polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) levels compared with control offspring. Changes to saturated FA (SFA) and the de novo lipogenic (DNL) index were diet driven; however, there was a significant effect of the intrauterine environment on FA elongation and Δ9 desaturase activity. Conclusion: High maternal adiposity during pregnancy programs a susceptibility to diet-induced hepatosteatosis.
Children With Developmental Language Disorder Have Lower Quality of Life Than Children With Typical Development and Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Haukedal Christiane Lingås , Wie Ona Bø , Schauber Stefan K. , von Koss Torkildsen Janne
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to examine quality of life (QOL) and its relation to language skills in children with developmental language disorder (DLD). This was examined by comparing QOL to a control group of children with typical development (TD), as well as children with cochlear implants (CIs), who potentially struggle with language for language, although for a different reason than children with DLD.

Method:

Two groups of children, a group with TD (
n
= 29) and a group of children with CIs (
n
= 29), were matched to the DLD group (
n
= 29) on chronological age, gender, nonverbal IQ, and parental educational level through a propensity matching procedure. A third group consisting of children with CIs was also matched to the DLD group but additionally matched on language abilities. QOL scores were compared across groups, and the association between language skills and QOL was examined in the DLD group.

Result:

The DLD group was reported by parents to have statistically significantly poorer QOL scores than peers with TD or CIs. When controlling for language skills, either statistically or through an additional CI group matched on language abilities, there were no statistically significant differences in QOL scores across groups. In the DLD group, language skills explained 16% of the variation in QOL.

Conclusion:

DLD is associated with the children's overall QOL, and the degree of reduced QOL relates to the severity of the language impairment.
Key point detection method for fish size measurement based on deep learning
Authors: Yu Yaozhen , Zhang Hao , Yuan Fei
Published: September 2023

Accurate fish size measurement in breeding areas is crucial for the fishing industry. Unlike acoustic methods with high equipment cost and low measurement accuracy, current image‐based methods offer a promising alternative. However, these image‐based methods still face challenges in selecting measurement points. To address this issue and achieve precise measurements of individual fish, this paper introduces an automatic fish size measurement method based on key point detection. We established a Fish‐Keypoints dataset and utilized deep learning techniques for the detection of fish and their key points. Using a binocular camera system, we reconstruct a three‐dimensional coordinate system to measure key points at the fish's head and tail, facilitating fish length calculation. The detection model achieves an accuracy of 85.1% in key point detection. The proposed method is tested in both land and underwater environments, demonstrating a relative measurement error of approximately 7% for fish in pools. This confirms the proposed method's ability to accurately detect measurement points, offering superior accuracy compared to other methods.
The very compact dust disk in the Red Rectangle
Authors: Bujarrabal V. , Alcolea J. , Castro-Carrizo A. , Kluska J. , Sánchez Contreras C. , Van Winckel H.
Published: September 2023

Aims. We aim to study the dust distribution in the central regions of the Keplerian disk of the Red Rectangle, the prototype of binary post-AGB stars with rotating circumbinary disks, and to compare it with the distribution of relevant molecular gas tracers.

Methods. We present new high-resolution (20 milliarcseconds, mas) ALMA observations of continuum and line emissions at 0.9 mm. The maps have been analyzed by means of a simple model of dust and free–free emission that is able to reproduce the continuum data.

Results. (i) We find that most of the dust emission in the Red Rectangle is concentrated in the inner disk regions, with a typical size of 250 AU in diameter and 50 AU in width. (ii) The settlement of dust grains onto inner equatorial regions is remarkable when compared with the relatively widespread gas distribution. (iii) This region is basically coincident with the warm PDR (photo-dominated region) where CI, CII, and certain molecules such as HCN are presumably formed, as well as probably PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whose emission is very strong in this source). (iv) We confirm the large size of the grains, with a typical radius ∼150 μm. The opacity of dust at 0.9 mm is deduced to be relatively large, ∼0.5. (v) We also confirm the existence of a very compact HII region in the center, for which we measure an extent of 10–15 mas (∼10 AU) and a total flux of 7–8 mJy at 0.9 mm.
Effect of Pasteurization on Total Flavonoid Content and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power of Tempeh-Based Soy Sauce
Authors: Widodo Felix , Lo Diana
Published: September 2023

Nowadays, tempeh is consumed almost all over the world, but unfortunately, it is highly perishable. Tempeh can be processed into soy sauce lasting up to 3 years to increase its functional value. This study aims to determine the effect of pasteurization on the total flavonoid content and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of tempeh-based soy sauce. Three different tempeh fermentation times (2 days, 3 days, and 4 days) were used in this study, with koji as the control. Total flavonoid content and ferricreducing antioxidant power were measured for 1 month, 2 months of fermentation, and after pasteurization. Results showed a significant increase in total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity after 1 and 2 months of fermentation. Meanwhile, total flavonoid content decreased after pasteurization, but antioxidant capacity increased. Furthermore, koji has the highest value of total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity, whereas tempeh-based soy sauce was the lowest with an increase along with the tempeh fermentation time. It can be concluded that the fermentation time of soy sauce and tempeh could increase the total flavonoid content, while pasteurization increases antioxidant capacity but decrease the total flavonoid content.
Penta Helix Model Communication to Promote Appropriate and Green Technologies for Ayung River Preservation Program in Bali
Authors: Rosilawati Yeni , Septi Winarsih Atik , Rafique Zain , Iqbal Khatami Muhammad
Published: September 2023

The Ayung River Preservation Program in Bali involves the community and stakeholders to address the degradation of the river. This research focuses on implementing the Penthealix communication model to promote green technology and involve stakeholders in preserving the Ayung River, which is the longest river on the island. The degradation of the river watershed highlights the critical state of the water supply in Bali. Existing data shows that the decrease in river flow rates along the watersheds in Bali has reached 60%, which has the potential to cause a water crisis on the island of Bali. Using the case study method, this research uses in-depth interviews and FGDs with local communities and other stakeholders. Secondary data was also collected from reports in newspapers. The results of the study show that efforts to preserve the Ayung River are implemented in the Green Technologies Program, which includes: 1) Biopori Holes and Infiltration weels; and 2) Community-based waste management. In its implementation, a Penta-Helix collaboration model was built between 1) The Government; 2) Communities; 3) businesses; 4) Academicians; and 5) the media. This program runs the Penta-Helix partnership model, which prioritizes Attribute, communication, and Conflict Resolution Technique efforts to achieve Partnership Commitment between stakeholders.
Supporting Secluded Farm Electricity Using Solar-Powered Hut: Electrifying Agriculture Preparation in Gunungkidul
Authors: Sutoyo  , Yudhanto Ferriawan
Published: September 2023

Nowadays, the transition from conventional agriculture to modernization requires a touch of technology, one of which is the Electrifying Agriculture program. Farmers are switching to electricity-based agricultural tools and machinery from previously using fossil fuel machines, which are expensive and damaging to the environment. However, the vast agricultural area will generally experience electricity network constraints due to the distance between the location and settlements. Making an independent power network will incur very large costs, especially the purchase of very long cables. In addition, if each land makes an electricity network, it will pose its own danger from a non-standard and bad installation. Focused on Gunungkidul, located in West Nitikan, and Pragak village, Semanu, the solution to the problems is how to use solar power to provide power sources in secluded farming areas. The result was that in each hut was installed a solar-powered electrical installation with a power of 350 Wh in the form of a DC power source. For nighttime electrical energy reserves, it is backed up with a battery equivalent to 240 Wh. The installation is equipped with a 300-watt inverter to convert the DC power source to AC so that it can be used for appropriate equipment.
Sustainable Design of Muhammadiyah Edutourism Site Plan
Authors: Astuti Pinta , Yoga Purnama Adhitya , Ludfi Alfaizun Fatha , Hayati Nur , Sakti Isnaini Muhammad
Published: September 2023

Istana Qur’an is the only contemporary Islamic boarding school in Sarwodadi Village, Pejawaran District, Banjarnegara, Central Java Province. This Islamic boarding school is one of Muhammadiyah’s charities in the Pejawaran Muhammadiyah Branch (PCM) and partners in research project activity. Sarwodadi Village has initiated a Muhammadiyah-based educational-tourism complex since 2021 due to its relatively close location to the Dieng tourist destination in Central Java. This research paper aims to rearrange the Muhammadiyah edu-tourism site plan to be following the appropriate technical requirements while also considering land usage and the environment for edu-tourism. The research methods included aerial photography, land mapping by using drone and Google earth map, actual field measurements, and technical descriptions utilizing CAD and Sketch-up -based programs. The redesign for the preparation of a site plan in a specific interest tourism complex area must pay attention to the conditions of existing space utilization and its environment, consider user behavior, and consider long-term benefits and investment factors in order to generate an adequate redesign concept for user needs at a given time. The renovated edu-tourism complex is intended to provide more value, particularly in terms of local revenue.
Preparation of Site Plan and Landscape Design in the Development of Green and Edu Tourism in Semoyo Village, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta
Authors: Nursetiawan  , Widayati Aris , Caroko Novi
Published: September 2023

This research seeks to develop tourism potential and reduce economic inequality in Semoyo Village, Patuk District, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta tourism area in order to develop this area as a tourism destination. The challenge in Semoyo Tourism Village is that there is no comprehensive spatial planning and the tourism packaging is not yet appealing. The concept for the development of Semoyo Tourism Village employs a spatial planning approach and elements of Community-Based Green and Edu Tourism development, namely attraction, accessibility, amenities, and ancillary.
Implementation and Feasibility Study of Solar-powered Streetlighting Systems in Rural Community Area
Authors: Pratama Sakca Garda , Namyra Alissa Raden Ajeng Dhea , Nafis Raihan Fauzan , Arrayyan Ahmad Zaki , Putra Karisma Trinanda
Published: September 2023

Green technology plays a pivotal role in establishing a sustainable and secure environment for citizens by introducing smart solarpowered streetlights. Numerous cities have embraced this eco-friendly approach by incorporating solar-powered street lighting systems (SP-SLS) into their infrastructure. Despite its popularity, rural communities, especially in Indonesia, have yet to fully experience the advantages of this green technology. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of SP-SLS installation in relation to geographic conditions and shadowing levels remains unidentified. Addressing this knowledge gap, our study proposes a comprehensive design and feasibility analysis of solar-powered street lighting systems tailored for rural Indonesian communities, with the primary aim of curtailing power consumption and minimizing environmental impact. Our proposed green technology entails the deployment of ten streetlamps, each equipped with an integrated solar generator and an adaptive night-time lighting system employing standard LEDs. Furthermore, our design accounts for varying shadow levels during installation to ensure optimal lighting outcomes. The results of this implementation showcase a remarkable decrease in electricity usage attributed to the adoption of green technology. Additionally, the application of this lighting system demonstrates a reduction in the emission of 4417 kg/year of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Performance Evaluation of Solar Radiation for Food and Agriculture Dryer
Authors: Susuk Sriwichai , Promjan Weerayuth , Inchoorun Natsacha , Meesat Rewadee , Suttivattanavet Wannee , Iamsub Kusol , Jamjumroon Soravit
Published: September 2023

This paper is attempt to utilize the solar radiation in a solar dryer for saving the day-light, energy, and environment. Solar dryer was designed based on thermal analysis heat transfer equations, then it was constructed and tested in Thailand (on a latitude 14°N. and longitude of 100°E). The main three stages were carried out in order to test solar dryer performance. Initially, solar energy consumption data was recorded from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., then thermal analysis without load condition was conducted and and tested with fresh fruit sample. In the final stage, the data was compared with an electrical oven. Recording results for the system showed that the solar energy consumption was 313 W/m2 493 W/m2 (horizontal irradiance), ambient temperature was at 29.5 °C 40.3 °C, and relative humidity was at 36.2% 52.2%, respectively. The calculated thermal energy of solar dryer was approximately 41 m3/h with the rate to remove moisture content out of the system at 0.21 kg/h in average. The average temperature inside the dryer is 47.4 °C. According to the Psychrometric chart, the constant volume is approximately 0.92 m3/kg. Experimental drying test with fresh fruit in the solar dryer showed that a moisture content of fresh fruit was recorded to be at 81.2% and reduced to 8.4%. Comparatively, under the similar temperature condition, drying with electrical oven is faster for dehumidifying than solar dryer about 21%. However, solar dryer is considered to be more environmentally-friendly than electrical oven. It is also found that the result showed no more differences in dehumidity when testing with the other agricultural samples at the similar drying rate. The results also revealed CO2 mitigation through a solar dryer system was 2.6 kg/day, energy-saving was 5.63 kWh/day. Therefore, solar dryer system is demonstrated to be an alternative saving sustainable method for all.
Optimization of Organosolv Pretreatment with Acid Catalyst to Enhance Enzymatic Saccharification of Corn Husk
Authors: Buakeaw Engkarat , Jose Diana , Rodiahwati Wawat , Paulraj Gundupalli Marttin , Katam Keerthi , Tantatotai Prapakorn , Sriariyanun Malinee , Cheenkachorn Kraipat
Published: September 2023

Due to awareness of global warming and the devastation of environmental resources, the management of agricultural residues after each harvesting season has been integrated into the biorefining process to increase its value and mitigate environmental pollution caused by burning or combustion. This research focuses on the process development to utilize agricultural biomass residues for renewable energy production in the form of bioethanol. The study employed organosolv pretreatment with sulfuric acid as a catalyst to promote the enzymatic conversion of corn husk into reducing sugars. To determine the optimal conditions for the process, a one-factor-at-a-time method was initially employed to assess the influence of temperature (80-140 ºC), time (40-60 min), and sulfuric acid concentration (0.01-0.5% w/w). Subsequently, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was conducted based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) to identify the optimal pretreatment conditions. The predicted optimal pretreatment conditions were found to be 135.4 ºC, 57 min, and 0.46% w/w, resulting in a reducing sugar yield of 20.69% with a margin of error of 1.2%. Additionally, biomass composition analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to decipher the mechanism of organosolv pretreatment on enzymatic saccharification. This study demonstrated the potential of corn husk as an alternative raw material for the production of value-added products like bioethanol. The obtained reducing sugars serve as vital substrates for the fermentation process required to produce bioethanol as an alternative fuel to meet the target of sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Climate-Conscious Food Preserving Technologies for Food Waste Prevention
Authors: Alhammadi Yousif , Tang Doris Ying Ying , Chew Kit Wayne , Amornraksa Suksun , Show Pau Loke
Published: September 2023

Global food production is responsible for around 26% of greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities. Notably, 6% of these emissions are caused by unconsumed food. Both traditional and current climate-conscious technologies for food preservatives that assure food waste reduction are discussed. This review investigates the potential of smart packaging biosensors and natural antimicrobial agents in fostering environmentally friendly, cutting-edge food systems. Specifically, it highlights the studies that explore the use of natural antimicrobial agents of calcined corals in active packaging systems for storing milk. The finding revealed that this method had a significant impact on maximizing the shelf life of fresh food. Furthermore, this review discusses the concept of smart packaging of food, focusing on biopolymer-based nanocomposites and biosensors, which have gained increasing attention in the food industry due to concerns about food safety and quality. The review also examines the efforts of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to combat food waste through the initiatives such as UAE Food Bank, Winnow, and Ne’ma which is the national food loss and waste project. These technologies and practices have the potential to guarantee food safety, preserve quality, and reduce waste, but there are still issues with cost, biocompatibility, and consumer acceptance.
The Future of Food Preservation: Active Packaging with Controlled Release Systems
Authors: Farousha Khadija , Tham Pei En , Chew Kit Wayne , Amornraksa Suksun , Show Pau Loke
Published: September 2023

This report provides an overview of active packaging with a focus on controlled release packaging (CRP) technologies, which have been developed to improve the shelf life of food products. Active packaging systems incorporate various functional components such as antimicrobial agents or oxygen scavengers into package material to maintain product quality during storage. CRP technology involves encapsulating bioactive compounds within a carrier matrix that can be released in a controlled manner over time. The paper compares these two promising technologies and highlights their advantages for extending shelf life while maintaining product quality. While active packaging is more suitable for short-term preservation due to non-controllable active agent release, CRP has potential applications in long-term preservation due to its ability to provide sustained release of bioactive compounds. Future prospects include developing a blend of CRP and intelligent food packaging. However, challenges remain including the sustainable release rate of the active agents from the packaging into the headspace or food surface. Overall, this review provides insights into the current state-of-the-art research on CRP technologies while highlighting future directions for improving food safety through innovative approaches aimed at preserving freshness while minimizing waste generation from expired products.
Ultrasound-Assisted Food Processing: A Mini Review of Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges
Authors: Alshehhi Mahra , Wu Guowei , Kangsadan Tawiwan , Chew Kit Wayne , Show Pau Loke
Published: September 2023

Ultrasound technology in food processing holds promise in terms of energy efficiency, environmental impact, and sustainability compared to traditional processing methods. These conventional heat-based techniques, such as salting, smoking, and frying, are energy-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, ultrasound as a promising technology has attracted the interest of scientists and stakeholders in the food processing field. This alternative solution utilizes ultrasound and can achieve similar results with reduced energy input. This not only reduces energy consumption but also contributes to reducing carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, ultrasound processing technology enhances food safety and quality by inhibiting microbial growth and killing pathogens, leading to longer shelf life and reduced food waste. However, there are also present some limitations of ultrasound in food processing through dense and complex food matrices like protein. Current research and development efforts are expected to address these challenges and expand applications in food processing. Overall, ultrasonic technology could transform the sustainability of food processing in the future.
Machine Learning Techniques for the Design and Optimization of Polymer Composites: A Review
Authors: Maniraj J. , Arockiasamy Felix Sahayaraj , Kumar C. Ram , Kumar D. Ashok , Jenish I. , Suyambulingam Indran , Rangappa Sanjay Mavinkere , Siengchin Suchart
Published: September 2023

Polymer composites are employed in a variety of applications due to their distinctive characteristics. Nevertheless, designing and optimizing these materials can be a lengthy and resourceintensive process for low cost and sustainable materials. Machine learning has the potential to simplify this process by offering predictions of the characteristics of novel composite materials based on their microstructures. This review outlines machine learning techniques and highlights the potential of machine learning to improve the design and optimization of polymer composites. This review also examines the difficulties and restrictions of utilizing machine learning in this context and offers insights into potential future research paths in this field.
Use of In-Line Venous Oxygen Saturation to Predict Post Bypass Cardiac Output
Authors: Roy Eisiminger R. , Fried Michael , Lindemann Dean , Kovach Stephen , Ziga Ann Marie , Schmidt Katherine
Published: September 2023

A series of 50 patients were studied to determine if post cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cardiac output (CO) could be predicted based upon in-line venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) values generated as CPB was being terminated. After rewarming, the arterial pump flow (APQ) was varied and resultant changes in SvO2 recorded. At low flow (600 ml/min), just prior to terminating CPB, the SvO2 was recorded and plotted on a linear graph generated from the previous data. The CO predicted by the low flow SvO2 correlated well with post-CPB measurements of the CO. (r = 0.82, p<. 0001)
Clinical Evaluation of a Microporous Hollow-fiber Membrane Oxygenator with Large Gas Transfer Capability
Authors: Massimino Ronald J. , Stearns Gary T. , Gough Jeffrey D. , Martin John , Karlson Karl E.
Published: September 2023

A capillary tube membrane oxygenator composed of microporous hollow fibers has been evaluated in 400 cases of cardiac surgery. The available membrane area in this device is 5.4 M2. The priming volume of the oxygenator and an integral heat exchanger is 700 ml. The perfusions were conducted with moderate hypothermia and hemodilution. Arterial pO2 was controlled by appropriate adjustment of the FiO2. The pCO2 was controlled by changing the gas flow. The duration of perfusion was up to 476 minutes at blood flow rates of 2.0 to 6.7 L/min. Oxygen transfer was as high as 352 ml/min. The mean arterial pO2 was 281 mm Hg and the pCO2 38 mm Hg. Platelet count did not change significantly during perfusion.

This device has proven to provide good gas exchange for nearly eight hours in this series. Two units developed small leaks of blood into the gas phase of the device. These leaks did not affect gas exchange. This oxygenator-heat exchanger unit has proven to be simple to prime, easy to operate, provide adequate gas exchange for all adults and safe for cardiac surgery.
Prevention of Introduction of Foreign Objects into the Sarns Series 5000 Arterial Pumphead
Authors: Albright Horace H. , Gray David W.
Published: September 2023

This paper describes a very simple, inexpensive, easily manufactured and quickly installed device which prevents inadvertant introduction of foreign objects into the Sarns series 5000 roller pump raceway.
Prevention of Platelet Adhesion to Extracorporeal Surfaces
Authors: Gurjar Yogesh , Bowman James M.
Published: September 2023

Both exsanguination and thrombogenic complications pose threats to the life processes of post-operative patients who have undergone cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelet extraction by extracorporeal tubing contributes significantly to these risks.

This study demonstrates platelet adhesion to polyvinyl chloride and silicone rubber. Experiments were carried out by preparing extracorporeal circuits for three dogs. Polyvinyl chloride and silicone rubber were chosen because of their widespread use in open heart surgery. Subsequent spectrophotometric analysis revealed protein adsorption in albuminized and nonalbuminized circuits. Pre-bypass recirculation of an albuminized prime for at least thirty minutes effectively reduces platelet adhesion to tubing surfaces during bypass.
A Computer Simulation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Version Two
Authors: Riley Jeffrey B. , Winn Brad A. , Hurdle Michael B.
Published: September 2023

The second and more complete version of a computer simulation of CPB is presented. Version Two simulates oxygen transfer, carbon dioxide transfer, and heat transfer.

BASIC computer statements were created to mimic the clinical function of the hollow fiber membrane oxygenator. The oxygenator function curves were created from over 400 clinical oxygenation and carbon dioxide measurements from four institutions. Heat transfer and normal physiological relationships were simultated in computer statements written from well-documented sources. The educational computer program reproduces each step of the heat, oxygen, and carbon dioxide transfer, as well as acid/base and vasomotor status change. The input parameters for the simulation are blood flow, Fi02, FiC02, gas sweep rate, mean arterial pressure, hematocrit, and water temperature and are introduced into the computer with control rheostats.

Version Two simulates pathophysiologic events and the effect of an individual control parameter. The simulation provides a cost effective means of providing vital information for medical, allied health, and industrial training and product design.
ECC Sources of Gaseous Microemboli
Authors: Demierre D. , Maass D. , Garcia E. , Turina M.
Published: September 2023

We have tried to locate sources of gaseous microemboli during the ECC using a newly developed ultrasonic detector. The detector was calibrated with filters of known pore size and the recorder setting was kept constant at all times. We studied, at the oxygenator, the effect of low and high fill volume, refilling with or without air into the cardiotomy line, mechanical disturbance, rewarming and high p02. Arterial line filters were examined for their capacity to retain microemboli.

All bubble oxygenators tested released microemboli, especially at low fill volume when operated at high blood flows. Any mechanical interference (shock) either to the oxygenator or the filter will cause massive release of microemboli. This was also seen during fast rewarming of the blood, fast refilling of the oxygenator and high p02. Slow rewarming of the blood as well as slow refilling of the oxygenator, even with air in the cardiotomy line, did not cause any excessive microemboli. All filters tested retained microemboli to a great extent. Membrane oxygenators demonstrated no measurable microbubble formation at normal flows or with mechanical interference (shock) to the unit.

Microemboli detection during ECC has helped to trace various sources of gaseous microemboli which could be avoided using better perfusion techniques. Arterial line filters do reduce the amount and the size of gaseous microemboli during ECC.
Isolated Total Lung Perfusion Technique for Chemotherapy
Authors: Schavey Kim M. , Johnston Michael R. , Stanbrook Hilary S.
Published: September 2023

A perfusion technique was developed in the laboratory to isolate the pulmonary vasculature from the systemic circulation to administer chemotherapy selectively to the lungs.

Dogs weighing between 20 to 30 kilograms were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass via cannulation of the femoral artery and inferior and superior vena cava. The aorta was cross clamped and the heart arrested with crystalloid cardioplegia to minimize collateral blood flow into the pulmonary circuit. The pulmonary artery and the left atrium were then cannulated for isolated pulmonary perfusion. Cisplatin was added to the pulmonary circuit and the lungs perfused for fifty minutes at normothermia. Following termination of pulmonary perfusion, the pulmonary vasculature was flushed with Dextran, the cross clamp removed and the lungs returned to systemic circulation. Cardiopulmonary bypass was terminated and the dogs recovered.

Random biopsies demonstrated uniform drug uptake throughout the lung tissue. Simultaneous sampling of systemic drug levels showed no crossover from the pulmonic to the systemic circuit thus indicating a truly isolated perfusion technique. Systemic crossover to the pulmonary circuit from the noncoronary collateral blood flow was minimized by controlling the perfusion parameters of both circuits. Hemopoietic depression from the cytotoxic drug and lung damage from the perfusion technique were both minimal.

A technique for isolated in-situ total lung perfusion for the treatment of lung cancers has been developed which allows delivery of high drug concentrations to the tumor, thus enhancing the possibility of reaching cytotoxic levels within the tumor, while avoiding systemic toxicity.
A Comparison of a Heparin Coated and a Non-Coated ECC Arterial Line Blood Filter
Authors: Justison G.A. , Lewis H.D. , Hamilton D.G. , McCloskey D.B. , Riley J.B. , Hurdle M.B.
Published: September 2023

Two groups of five heparin coated (American Bentley AF 1040C) and non-coated (Gish Biomedical, Inc. AFS 40) ECC arterial line filters were compared In Vitro for pressure drop, debubbling time, air separating ability and clinically for blood handling ability.

After CO2 flush and following Directions for Use, the debubbling time for the AF 1040C was 178 ± 11 sec. (1 S.D.) and 183 ± 29 sec. for the AFS 40. The preparation times were not significantly different and were confirmed by doppler. The AFS 40 exhibited a resistance to blood flow approximately 68% of the AF 1040C resistance. In the 11-40 micron range, the AFS 40 performed as a significantly better bubble trap during crystalloid recirculation after debubbling. With blood prime, the AFS 40 appeared to be a better bubble trap. However, both filters pass equal numbers of 80 micron bubbles when challenged with a 200 ml·min−1 stream of air at 5·L·min−1 blood flow. Platelet loss, hemolysis index, and white cell counts showed no significant difference in the clinical comparison.

Other studies have suggested that heparin coating facilitates filter preparation and have demonstrated clinical equivalency with non-coated filters. The AFS 40 and the AF 1040C appear to be clinically equivalent. The AFS 40 is a better bubble trap under normal ECC blood flow conditions.
A Double-Lumen Cannula for Cardioplegia Delivery and/or Air Aspiration from the Aorta during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Berryessa Richard , Tyndal Charles M. , Tornabene Susan , Harken Alden
Published: September 2023

This paper reports the use of a double-lumen cannula designed to deliver cardioplegic solution, decompress the left heart during ischemic arrest, and aspirate air from the aorta before cardioplegic delivery and after the aortic cross-damp is removed.

The unique feature of this cannula is its doublelumen design which allows air to be aspirated from the aorta prior to, and concurrent with, the beginning of the delivery of cardioplegic solution, to prevent the introduction of air into the coronary arteries.

We will outline the unrecognized sources of this air and why it is advantageous to evacuate it before a subsequent infusion of cardioplegia.
Refinements in Infant/Pediatric Perfusion
Authors: Berryessa Richard , Hydrick Dan , McCormick James , Tyndal Charles M. , Peterson David , Tornabene Mike , Tornabene Susan , Williams William , Pappas George , Campbell David , Clarke David R.
Published: September 2023

Little has been written in recent years to update the pediatric perfusion literature. This paper is a review of the perfusion techniques we use with 200 children a year in Denver and we believe it is a reflection of the state-of-the-art. We will discuss equipment selection (including a method of streamlining inventory), circuit prime, anticoagulation, temperature control, blood flow, myocardial protection, blood conservation, patient safety, and cost containment.

Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest are used with most children under 8 Kg. and acid-base status is managed to maintain respiratory alkalosis with the help of on-line monitoring. Pulsatile flow is used on all patients and hollow fiber membrane oxygenators and blood cardioplegia are used on most. The choice of oxygenator size, and subsequent priming volume, is influenced by the decrease in gas exchange efficiency (− 20%) at this altitude and must be understood in that context. All other information is appropriate at any altitude and will be helpful to a team who does few pediatric cases or is starting up a program.
A Technique for the Effective Removal of Air from a Hollow Fiber Membrane Oxygenator Circuit
Authors: Berryessa Richard , Tyndal Charles M. , Tornabene Susan
Published: September 2023

This paper describes some of the ways unwanted air can be introduced into a cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and a technique which has been shown to significantly decrease the resultant bubble counts. In this study air was introduced into a circuit (Hct. 20%) containing a Hollow Fiber Membrane Oxygenator (HFMO). Conventional techniques of recirculation (3 L/min.) and vigorous agitation/percussion were compared to recirculation with vacuum (gas phase of HFMO) for efficiency in reducing bubble counts measured after three minutes by a microbubble counter.

Conventional methods were ineffective after three minutes while vacuum for 3 minutes significantly (p = .001) reduced bubble counts (bubbles > 100 microns).

The microporous membrane allows efficient air removal with vacuum while recirculation/percussion did little to remove air which, in a blood perfusate, was not visible to the naked eye.

The application of vacuum not only increases safety but convenience when used in the priming and de bubbling of a circuit in routine and emergency case.
Humanitarian logics in the evolution of international society
Authors: Nantermoz Olivia , Turan Aslihan
Published: September 2023

This paper argues that humanitarian logics have been integral to the constitution and historical evolution of international society and its primary institutions. Whilst Watson was chiefly interested in the raison de système which brought states together in the consolidation and preservation of an international society, he did not dedicate as much attention to how humanitarian concerns have historically been embedded in the structure of both statehood and international society. We introduce the concept of raison de l’humanité to capture this fundamental concern for protecting human lives, alleviating human suffering and mobilising compassion and solidarity in politics. We show how this raison de l’humanité has historically complemented and reinforced (rather than undermined) the workings of international society and its raison de système. We illustrate this argument by examining the humanitarian responsibilities historically associated with sovereignty and their contemporary expression in the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine. Instead of uncritically celebrating this raison de l’humanité as a universal and morally progressive force in global politics, however, this paper stresses the need to attend to the hierarchies, exclusions and sacrifices produced by appeals to humanity and humanitarian logics. Taking this raison de l’humanité seriously therefore requires tracing how throughout history, appeals to humanity have oscillated between solidarity and violence, inclusion and exclusion, equality and hierarchy. This brings us back, in turn, to Watson’s project of historical documentation of the varying workings of international society.
Lead-free metal halide (halogenidometallate) semiconductors for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Ghosh Biplab , Tay Darrell Jun Jie , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Mathews Nripan
Published: September 2023

The electronic age demands the development of high-performing thin-film semiconductors that are low-cost and scalable. Lead (Pb)-based halide perovskites (LHPs) have proven to be successful in this regard, but their use is limited by environmental and health concerns related to lead toxicity. Lead-free halide compounds offer a promising alternative, with vast compositional space for fine-tuning properties to meet specific application requirements. These materials also offer opportunities for the deliberate introduction of functional properties, providing unparalleled control over their targeted applications. While the call for lead-free halide materials as alternatives to LHPs is echoed several times, the performance of these compounds remains modest as compared to the exponential growth of LHPs. Nevertheless, the compositional space of lead-free halide materials is huge, even bigger than LHPs as they are not restricted by the structural constrains of perovskite structure. This brings their huge potential in future technologies, which are remains untapped as of now. As a meta-analysis, we compare and combine the findings of previously published studies, to assess the optoelectronic properties of ternary and quaternary halide materials and their applications in devices. It details the structures of the various lead-free halide materials including perovskites, perovskite-derivative, and non-perovskites structures and describes the role of dimensionality and composition on their optoelectronic properties. To end, the challenges and perspectives of lead-free materials and devices are given. We hope this review will provide new insights for designing metal halide materials from the viewpoint of the modulation of the basic building blocks metal halide coordination. The future of electronics lies in the hands of lead-free halide materials, and we hope this review will inspire further research in this field.
Effect of shock-induced plastic deformation on mesoscale criticality of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX)
Authors: Lee Brian H. , Larentzos James P. , Brennan John K. , Strachan Alejandro
Published: September 2023

Shock-induced plasticity and structural changes in energetic molecular crystals are well documented. These processes couple with the leading shock wave and affect its propagation, resulting in long, transient responses that are challenging to capture with all-atom simulations due to their time scale. Hence, the effects of this coupling and the transient shock response on the formation of hotspots and the initiation of chemistry remain unclear. To address these challenges, we investigate the role of shock-induced plastic deformation on shock initiation with a recently developed particle-based, coarse-grain model for 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) that utilizes the generalized dissipative particle dynamics with reactions framework. This model enables reactive simulations at micron length scales, which are required to achieve steady-state shock propagation. The simulations show that the shock Hugoniot response of RDX can involve transient behavior for up to 150 ps before steady-state behavior is achieved for shock strengths above the elastic limit. Pore collapse simulations demonstrate that the intensity of the resulting hotspot will weaken as the shock transitions from transient to steady-state behavior, ultimately affecting the shock-to-deflagration transition. Our results highlight the importance of considering the mesoscopic effects of shock-induced plastic deformation in simulations of shock-to-deflagration transitions of high explosives.
Bacterial succession in an abandoned circum-neutral opencast coal mine in India
Authors: Banerjee Sohini , Misra Arijit , Sar Abhijit , Pal Srikanta , Chaudhury Shibani , Dam Bomba
Published: September 2023

Context Abandoned mines provide an ideal opportunity to study the succession of microbial communities, which is crucial for the development and stability of the soil. Aims We examined the diversity and temporal succession of the microbial community in an abandoned coal mine. Methods We investigated soil geochemical parameters and microbial succession using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences over a 4-year period in a derelict opencast circum-neutral coal mine in Tasra colliery, Jharkhand, India. Results Soil pH (4.46–6.13), organic carbon (0.86–4.53%), available nitrogen (0.001–0.003%) and total cultivable heterotrophic microbial load increased, and concentrations of chloride (24 865–15 067 ppm), sulfate (26 417–417 ppm) and heavy metals reduced over the period of 4 years. The 16S rRNA gene sequences identified Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum across samples except for the fourth year, where Actinobacteria was predominant. Chlorobi, WPS-2 and Spirochaetes were exclusively identified in the first year. Twelve phyla present in the first year were completely absent by the end. In the fourth year, an abundance of nitrogen-fixing members such as Burkholderiales, Rhizobiales, Roseiflexales and Actinomycetales was noted and semi-quantitative PCR suggested that nitrogenases were predominately vanadium dependent (relative to molybdenum). Gradual shifts from purportedly chemolithotrophic to heterotrophic metabolic strategies were also observed. Conclusion This work establishes that soil improvement in abandoned coal mines involves the dynamic interplay of physicochemical parameters and shifts in microbial communities and dominant metabolic guilds. This knowledge can be used to plan and monitor remediation measures in such sites.