bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Leukocyte Antigen‐Based Risk Stratification in Heart Transplant Recipients—Implications for Targeted Surveillance
Authors: Nilsson Johan , Ansari David , Ohlsson Mattias , Höglund Peter , Liedberg Ann‐Sofie , Smith J. Gustav , Nugues Pierre , Andersson Bodil
Published: July 2019

Background

Human leukocyte antigen (
HLA
) matching isn't routinely performed in heart transplantation. Novel allograft perfusion methods may make
HLA
matching feasible. The purpose of this study is to reexamine whether
HLA
mismatch may be used in risk stratification to improve outcomes in heart transplantation.

Methods and Results

We analyzed 34 681 recipients undergoing heart transplantation between 1987 and 2013. We used
HLAM
atchmaker to quantify
HLA
eplet mismatches and Cox regression for analysis of time to graft loss. Recipients with 4 mismatched
HLA
‐
DR
/
DQ
alleles and >40 eplets reached an adjusted hazard ratio (
HR)
for graft loss of 1.17 (95%
CI
1.07–1.28) and 1.11 (95%
CI
1.03–1.21), respectively. We found significant interaction between recipient age and numbers of
HLA
‐
DR
/
DQ
allele and eplet mismatches resulting in an adjusted
HR
of 1.78 (95% 1.13–2.80) and 1.82 (95%
CI
, 1.23–2.70), respectively.
HR
for both interaction terms was 0.99 (95%
CI
, 0.98–1.00). Risk of graft loss was more pronounced after 1 year, where recipient <40 years with 4 mismatched
HLA
‐
DR
/
DQ
alleles and >40 eplets had an adjusted
HR
of 1.51 (95%
CI
1.12–2.03) and 1.32 (95%
CI
1.02–1.70), respectively. Pre‐sensitized recipients with panel reactive antibodies >10% had an adjusted
HR
=1.27 (95%
CI
1.16–1.40) for graft loss within 1 year but not thereafter.
HLA
eplet mismatch was independent of panel reactive antibodies on reduction of graft loss within and after 1 year,
P
(interaction)=0.888 and 0.389.

Conclusions

HLA
mismatch may be used in risk stratification for intensified post‐transplant surveillance and therapy.
Th2 CD4
+
T Cells Are Necessary and Sufficient for
Schistosoma‐
Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Mickael Claudia , Kassa Biruk , Sanders Linda , Koyanagi Dan , Hernandez‐Saavedra Daniel , Freeman Scott , Morales‐Cano Daniel , Cogolludo Angel , McKee Amy S. , Fontenot Andrew P. , Butrous Ghazwan , Tuder Rubin M. , Graham Brian B.
Published: July 2019

Background

Inflammation underlies many forms of pulmonary hypertension (
PH
), including that resulting from
Schistosoma
infection, a major cause of
PH
worldwide. Schistosomiasis‐associated
PH
is proximately triggered by embolization of parasite eggs into the lungs, resulting in localized type 2 inflammation. However, the role of
CD
4
+
T cells in this disease is not well defined.

Methods and Results

We used a mouse model of schistosomiasis‐associated
PH
, induced by intraperitoneal egg sensitization followed by intravenous egg challenge, with outcomes including right ventricle systolic pressure measured by cardiac catheterization, and cell density and phenotype assessed by flow cytometry. We identified that embolization of
Schistosoma
eggs into lungs of egg‐sensitized mice increased the perivascular density of T‐helper 2 (Th2)
CD
4
+
T cells by recruitment of cells from the circulation and triggered type 2 inflammation. Parabiosis confirmed that egg embolization is required for localized type 2 immunity. We found Th2
CD
4
+
T cells were necessary for
Schistosoma
‐induced
PH
, given that deletion of
CD
4
+
T cells or inhibiting their Th2 function protected against type 2 inflammation and
PH
following
Schistosoma
exposure. We also observed that adoptive transfer of
Schistosoma
‐sensitized
CD
4
+
Th2 cells was sufficient to drive type 2 inflammation and
PH
.

Conclusions

Th2
CD
4
+
T cells are a necessary and sufficient component for the type 2 inflammation‐induced
PH
following
Schistosoma
exposure.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Related to Stroke Risk in Japanese Patients With Fabry Disease
Authors: Yagita Yoshiki , Sakai Norio , Miwa Kaori , Ohara Nobuyuki , Tanaka Makiko , Sakaguchi Manabu , Kitagawa Kazuo , Mochizuki Hideki
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is the most frequent severe clinical event in patients with Fabry disease. We aimed to evaluate the cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings of patients with Fabry disease and assess their association with future stroke risk after enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) induction.

Methods—

We retrospectively reviewed the magnetic resonance imaging findings of 25 patients with Fabry disease. Of these, 12 adult patients without prior stroke or ERT were enrolled to evaluate the association between baseline magnetic resonance imaging findings and stroke occurrence after ERT initiation. We assessed white matter hyperintensities, periventricular hyperintensities, and basilar artery diameter as neuroimaging markers.

Results—

The mean age of participants was 38.8±16.8 years. Fourteen patients (56.0%) were women. White matter hyperintensities and periventricular hyperintensities were observed in 15 and 13 cases, respectively. The mean basilar artery diameter was 3.2±0.55 mm. Two patients demonstrated old infarct lesions. Three of 12 patients in whom ERT was initiated had symptomatic stroke after baseline magnetic resonance imaging. Of these, 2 developed stroke within 6-month post-ERT initiation. The baseline basilar artery diameter was larger in patients who developed stroke than in those who did not (4.0±0.40 versus 2.9±0.49 mm,
P
=0.02).

Conclusions—

Basilar artery diameter may be associated with stroke risk after ERT initiation among Japanese patients with Fabry disease.
Toward an Ontology of the Interface: Identifying the Interface as a Mediation
Entity
Authors: Sá Cristina
Published: July 2019

The interface is more than an assemblage of processes and effects; it is more than a pure relational instance. The interface can be identified as an entity in itself and in relation to other entities. In this article, the author presents an ontological work on the interface, defining what it is and how it exists, and discussing its relation to other entities. The interface is defined both abstractly as a mediation complex—by identifying characteristics present in its multiple instantiations—and in relation to other entities—by observing the case of the human-computer interface.
The Platonic Forehand and Backhand of Cybernetic Architecture
Authors: Cifuentes Quin Camilo Andrés
Published: July 2019

Since the 1960s, the field of digital architecture has been grounded on a computational practice of design, which has been inseparable from cybernetic constructions of architectural issues. The result of the former has been a common oscillation, in digital architectural practices, between the construction of design problems in reference to technoscientific notions and its construction as a reification of such resources. This article analyzes these aspects of digital architecture in reference to N.K. Hayles's vision of the construction of knowledge as a “seriation” and her conception of the “platonic forehand and backhand” in the work of scientists. Finally, the author identifies possible scenarios for a cybernetic practice of architecture that is not necessarily trapped in technocratic and reified visions of design issues.
A taxonomic revision of the Canthon subgenus Pseudepilissus Martínez, 1954 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Authors: Vieira Marcelli K. , Vaz-de-Mello Fernando Z. , Silva Fernando A. B.
Published: July 2019

The subgenus Canthon (Pseudepilissus) Martínez, 1954 is revised. Four valid species are redescribed: Canthon (Pseudepilissus) muticus
Harold, 1867; C. (P.) lunatus
Schmidt, 1922; C. (P.) planus
Lucas, 1857 and C. (P.) reichei
Felsche, 1910. Three species assigned to other groups are transferred in the subgenus: C. (P.) quadratus
Blanchard, 1843 [previously Canthon “incertae sedis”]; C. (P.) edentulus
Harold, 1868 [previously Canthon “incertae sedis”] and C. (P.) seminulus
Harold, 1867
comb. nov. [previously Vulcanocanthon]. The genus Vulcanocanthon
Pereira & Martínez, 1960
syn. nov. is synonymized with Canthon (Pseudepilissus). Three subspecies are raised to species level: C. (P.) tibialis
Schmidt, 1922
stat. nov. [previously C. (P.) lunatus tibialis]; C. (P.) granuliceps
Felsche, 1910
stat. nov. [previously C. edentulus granuliceps] and C. (P.) hendrichsi
Halffter & Martínez, 1968
stat. nov. [previously C. (P.) muticus hendrichsi]. C. (P.) honsi
Balthasar, 1939
syn. nov. is synonymized with C. (P.) reichei
Felsche, 1910. Four new species are described: Canthon (P.) arriagadai
sp. nov., Canthon (P.) bonaerensis
sp. nov., Canthon (P.) vidaurrei
sp. nov. and Canthon (P.) ziggy
sp. nov., bringing the number of species in the subgenus to 14. Lectotypes are designated for six species C. (P.) muticus
Harold, 1867; C. (P.) reichei
Felsche, 1910; C. (P.) planus
Lucas, 1857; C. (P.) seminulus
Harold, 1867; C. (P.) granuliceps
Felsche, 1910 and C. (P.) quadratus
Blanchard, 1843. A detailed literature review, synonymies, description, illustration of key morphological characters, data on the studied material and geographic distribution are provided for each species.
Taxonomic review of the genus Ammophilomima (Diptera: Asilidae: Leptogastrinae) in Japan
Authors: KURODA KEITA , OHISHI HISASHI
Published: July 2019

The genus Ammophilomima from Japan is reviewed. No species of this genus have been known from Japan, although a species that is now assigned the name Lobus trimucronatus (Hermann, 1917) was once treated as an Ammophilomima species. In the present study, two new Ammophilomima species are recorded for Japan; i. e. A. amamiensis sp. nov. from Amamioshima Is. and Tokunoshima Is. and A. rikioi sp. nov. from Okinawa Is. Morphological characteristics that distinguish these two Japanese species from other Ammophilomima species and those that separate the Japanese species are presented.
Meloscaphander grandis (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea), a deep-water species from the North Pacific: Redescription and taxonomic remarks
Authors: CHABAN ELENA M. , EKIMOVA IRINA A. , SCHEPETOV DIMITRY M. , CHERNYSHEV ALEXEI V.
Published: July 2019

Meloscaphander grandis is a little-known species missing from databases and papers on taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Scaphandridae. This species is redescribed herein, based on the type specimen and specimens from the abyssal plain adjacent to the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. A phylogenetic analysis of COI, 16S, and 28S markers show M. grandis to nest within the Scaphander clade. Additionally, Scaphander lignarius and S. bathymophilus are suggested to be a complex of cryptic species. Morphological differences between the genera Meloscaphander and Scaphander are of dubious significance and, when coupled with molecular data, give a strong reason for reconsidering Meloscaphander as a junior synonym of Scaphander. Thus, according to an integrative taxonomic analysis, Meloscaphander grandis has been transferred to the genus Scaphander. The diagnosis of the genus Scaphander is expanded. We propose new combinations as follows: Scaphander grandis (Minichev, 1967) comb. n. for Meloscaphander grandis, Scaphander sibogae (Schepman, 1913) comb. n. for Meloscaphander sibogae, and Scaphander imperceptus (Bouchet, 1975) comb. n. for Meloscaphander imperceptus. Due to the homonymy of Scaphander sibogae Schepman, 1913 (with a sunken spire) and Scaphander sibogae (Schepman, 1913) comb. n. (with an elevated spire), the name S. attenuatus Schepman, 1913 becomes valid for the former species (with a sunken spire).
Overview of the bee genus Trachusa Panzer, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini) from China with description of three new species
Authors: NIU ZE-QING , ASCHER JOHN S. , ORR MICHAEL C. , GRISWOLD TERRY , ZHU CHAO-DONG
Published: July 2019

The Chinese bees of the genus Trachusa Panzer, 1804 are reviewed. Nine species are confirmed to occur in China. Three new species are described and illustrated: Trachusa (Paraanthidium) pingdaensis Niu, sp. nov., T. (P.) staabi Niu, sp. nov. and T. (P.) wuae Niu, sp. nov. The distribution of each species is given. An illustrated key to the Chinese species is provided.
A new species of Parotocinclus (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from Rio Tocantins basin, Brazil
Authors: ROXO FABIO F. , MESSIAS FELIPE L. , SILVA GABRIEL S. C.
Published: July 2019

A new species of Parotocinclus is described from the Rio Tocantins basin, Tocantins State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters such as: (1) a unique pattern of body coloration with five transverse dark bars; (2) absence of an adipose fin or small platelet at typical adipose-fin region; (3) absence of conspicuous dark dots broadly distributed on the body; (4) absence of a triangular dark blotch at the anterior base of the dorsal fin; and (5) presence of a V-shaped spinelet.
Stratospheric Gravity Wave Products from Satellite Infrared Nadir Radiances in the Planning, Execution, and Validation of Aircraft Measurements during DEEPWAVE
Authors: Eckermann Stephen D. , Doyle James D. , Reinecke P. Alex , Reynolds Carolyn A. , Smith Ronald B. , Fritts David C. , Dörnbrack Andreas
Published: July 2019

Gravity wave perturbations in 15-μm nadir radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) informed scientific flight planning for the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE). AIRS observations from 2003 to 2011 identified the South Island of New Zealand during June–July as a “natural laboratory” for observing deep-propagating gravity wave dynamics. Near-real-time AIRS and CrIS gravity wave products monitored wave activity in and around New Zealand continuously within 10 regions of scientific interest, providing nowcast guidance and validation for flight planners. A novel technique used these gravity wave products to validate upstream forecasts of nonorographic gravity waves with 1–2-day lead times, providing time to plan flight intercepts as tropospheric westerlies brought forecast source regions into range. Postanalysis verifies the choice of 15μm radiances for nowcasting, since 4.3-μm gravity wave products yielded spurious diurnal cycles, provided no altitude sensitivity, and proved relatively insensitive to deep gravity wave activity over the South Island. Comparisons of DEEPWAVE flight tracks with AIRS and CrIS gravity wave maps highlight successful repeated vectoring of the aircraft into regions of deep orographic and nonorographic gravity wave activity, and how background winds control the amplitude of waves in radiance perturbation maps. We discuss how gravity wave information in AIRS and CrIS radiances might be directly assimilated into future operational forecasting systems.
A Case Study of Airmass Transformation and Cloud Formation at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Solomon Amy , Shupe Matthew D.
Published: July 2019

This study investigates cloud formation and transitions in cloud types at Summit, Greenland, during 16–22 September 2010, when a warm, moist air mass was advected to Greenland from lower latitudes. During this period there was a sharp transition between high ice clouds and the formation of a lower stratocumulus deck at Summit. A regional mesoscale model is used to investigate the air masses that form these cloud systems. It is found that the high ice clouds form in originally warm, moist air masses that radiatively cool while being transported to Summit. A sensitivity study removing high ice clouds demonstrates that the primary impact of these clouds at Summit is to reduce cloud liquid water embedded within the ice cloud and water vapor in the boundary layer due to vapor deposition on snow. The mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds form at the base of cold, dry air masses advected from the northwest above 4 km. The net surface radiative fluxes during the stratocumulus period are at least 20 W m−2 larger than during the ice cloud period, indicating that, in seasons other than summer, cold, dry air masses advected to Summit above the boundary layer may radiatively warm the top of the Greenland Ice Sheet more effectively than warm, moist air masses advected from lower latitudes.
Are familial liability for schizophrenia and obstetric complications independently associated with risk of psychotic illness, after adjusting for other environmental stressors in childhood?
Authors: Morgan Vera A , Di Prinzio Patsy , Valuri Giulietta , Croft Maxine , McNeil Thomas , Jablensky Assen
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The interplay between genetic and environmental factors on risk for psychotic illness remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to estimate independent and combined effects of familial liability for schizophrenia and exposure to obstetric complications on risk for developing psychotic illness, covarying with exposure to other environmental stressors.

Methods:

This whole-population birth cohort study used record linkage across Western Australian statewide data collections (midwives, psychiatric, hospital admissions, child protection, mortality) to identify liveborn offspring ( n = 1046) born 1980–1995 to mothers with schizophrenia, comparing them to offspring of mothers with no recorded psychiatric history ( n = 298,370).

Results:

Both maternal schizophrenia and pregnancy complications were each significantly associated with psychotic illness in offspring, with no interaction. Non-obstetric environmental stressors significantly associated with psychotic illness in offspring included the following: being Indigenous; having a mother who was not in a partnered relationship; episodes of disrupted parenting due to hospitalisation of mother, father or child; abuse in childhood; and living in areas of greatest socioeconomic disadvantage and with elevated rates of violent crime. Adjustment for these other environmental stressors reduced the hazard ratio for maternal schizophrenia substantially (from hazard ratio: 5.7, confidence interval: 4.5–7.2 to hazard ratio: 3.5, confidence interval: 2.8–4.4), but not the estimate for pregnancy complications (hazard ratio: 1.1, confidence interval: 1.0–1.2). The population attributable fraction for maternal schizophrenia was 1.4 and for pregnancy complications was 2.1.

Conclusion:

Our finding of a substantial decrease in risk of psychotic illness associated with familial liability for psychosis following adjustment for other environmental stressors highlights potentially modifiable risk factors on the trajectory to psychotic illness and suggests that interventions that reduce or manage exposure to these risks may be protective, despite a genetic liability.
Australian psychiatrists on the world stage
Authors: Parker Gordon
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To nominate Australian psychiatrists no longer living who made a distinct international contribution and impact.

Method:

Personal choices were made in nominating five psychiatrists and with supportive arguments provided in reviewing their contributions.

Results:

The five nominated psychiatrists were John Cade, Aubrey Lewis, Leslie Kiloh, Bernard Carroll and Issy Pilowsky.

Conclusion:

Background information allows the contributions of the five nominees to be both considered and celebrated.
Efficiency for Whom? Varying Impact of Performance-Based Funding on Community Colleges in Louisiana
Authors: Hu Xiaodan
Published: July 2019

Objective: This study examines whether Louisiana’s performance-based funding (PBF) implementation in 2011 impacts various academic outcomes at community colleges, and whether the impact varies for institutions with higher proportions of underrepresented students. Method: Using institutional-level panel data between 2006 and 2016, I employ difference-in-differences to estimate the average treatment effect of the Granting Resources and Autonomies for Diplomas (GRAD) Act on credential production, retention, and graduation rates of Louisiana’s community colleges. I also examine how this effect differs between minority-serving-institutions (MSI) and non-MSIs, as well as between low-income-student-serving institutions (LSI) and non-LSI by calculating difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimates. Results: The findings indicate that PBF implementation is positively related to community colleges’ certificate production and graduation rates in Louisiana, but it has no impact on associate degree production or retention rates. Due to PBF implementation, LSIs grant fewer associate degrees than comparable non-LSI institutions. No disparate impact is found between MSIs and comparable non-MSIs. Contributions: Given the prevalence of PBF in the nation, this study examines the overall impact of PBF implementation on academic outcomes of community colleges in Louisiana, and it further disaggregates the community colleges by institutional characteristics, providing evidence for researchers and policymakers to support broad access and student success at MSIs and LSIs under PBF.
Effect of Fiber Type, Water Content, and Velocity on Wetness Perception by the Volar Forearm Test: Stimulus Intensity Test
Authors: Zhang Zhaohua , Tang Xiangning , Wang Yunyi , Li Jun , Tian Miao , Xiao Ping
Published: July 2019

To investigate the effect of heat, moisture transfer, and mechanical tactile properties of fabrics on skin wetness perception when fabrics were in dynamic contact with skin at three velocities, nine knitted fabrics varying in fiber composition, thickness, and surface texture were evaluated by 20 participants using a wetness rating scale. The objective physical properties of the fabrics, namely, heat and moisture transfer and surface texture, and human physiological responses, namely, skin cooling rate and myoelectric signals, under various conditions were measured, and their correlations with the subjective wetness perception were studied. While the results indicated a significant influence of fabric type, water content, and velocity on skin wetness perception, no significant relation between electromyography and wetness perception was found. Fabrics with faster water spreading speeds and lower absorption rates were perceived as less wet, and the maximum transient thermal flow and skin cooling rate had a significant positive correlation with wetness perception. Furthermore, subjective wetness perception was predicted by the physical parameters of the fabric, that is, maximum transient thermal flow, water content, and friction coefficient, with an acceptable goodness of fit ( R2 = 0.82, p < .001).
The Moderating Effect of Substance Abuse Treatment Engagement on the Connection Between Support From Program Participants and Substance-Related Recidivism for Justice-Involved Women
Authors: Goodson Marva V. , Morash Merry , Kashy Deborah A.
Published: July 2019

This study examines the prediction of substance-related technical violations and arrests from (a) a three-dimensional measure of substance abuse treatment engagement—treatment satisfaction, treatment participation, and counselor rapport—and (b) support from peers in the treatment program. The study focuses on 204 women on probation or parole who attended a substance abuse treatment program in the first 9 months of supervision. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews and from official records of violations and arrests. Generalized linear mixed-effects modeling was used to assess the main effects and the interaction effect of within-program peer support and other indicators of engagement as predictors of substance-related technical violations and arrests. Peer support was positively related to violations/arrests when treatment engagement was low. Findings suggest that for women who do not score high in treatment engagement, support from peers is related to increased recidivism, and group treatment may be contraindicated.
Religiosity and Telomere Length: Moderating Effect of Religiosity on the Relationship Between High-Risk Polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein E and TOMM40 Gene and Telomere Length
Authors: Wang Liqun , Koenig Harold G. , He Zhiqiang , Sun Xiaoya , Shohaib Saad Al , Wang Zhizhong
Published: July 2019

Objective: The current study seeks to examine the relationship between religiosity and telomere length (TL) in an older Chinese Muslim sample and to explore the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between high-risk polymorphisms and TL. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,692 community-dwelling adults aged 55 or older was conducted. Apolipoprotein E and TOMM40 (rs2075650) gene polymorphisms and TL were determined using standard procedures. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the associations. Results: Religiosity was significantly and positively related to TL. A significant interaction emerged between religiosity and the rs2075650 G polymorphism in predicting TL. Stratified multivariate analyses demonstrated that the relationship between the rs2075650 G state and TL was particularly strong among those who were more religious, as hypothesized. Conclusion: The findings revealed that religiosity may influence cellular aging in part by modifying the effect that high-risk genes have on increasing vulnerability to dementia and cognitive impairment.
Children and the Imago Dei: A Reformed Proposal Regarding the Spiritual Openness of the Child
Authors: Barfield Robin
Published: July 2019

The spiritual openness of the child has been explained by their being at their existential limits and more open to mystery. This results in a non-directive approach to ministry, affirming every response and emphasizing the creative nature of the ṣeleʿm. This article proposes that a child is a “wiggly mirror,” able to reflect divine glory or created idols which better enables us to understand the process of ministry to children and to construct a more robust pedagogy.
Localization of Expressive Language Cortex in a 2-Year-Old Child Using High-Gamma Electrocorticography
Authors: Babajani-Feremi Abbas , Fulton Stephen P. , Holder Christen M. , Choudhri Asim F. , Boop Frederick A. , Wheless James W.
Published: July 2019

Cortical stimulation mapping is the gold standard for presurgical language mapping; however, it cannot be reliably performed in very young patients. Language mapping using noninvasive modalities is also challenging in very young patients. Although utility of language mapping using power of high-gamma in electrocorticographic recordings was demonstrated in adults and older children, there is a gap of knowledge in the ability of this procedure for localizing language-specific cortex in very young patients. We describe a case of a 2-year-old patient who, to our knowledge, is the youngest person to undergo successful high-gamma electrocorticographic presurgical language mapping for localization of the expressive language cortex (Broca area). The surgical plan was to resect a cortical tuber within the left inferior frontal gyrus and there was a strong concern about postoperative language deficit after resection. Presurgical language mapping using noninvasive modalities were attempted without success. Cortical stimulation mapping was not feasible in this patient. Therefore, high-gamma electrocorticography was the only viable option for language mapping, and it successfully localized the expressive language cortex. The patient underwent surgery for resection of the IFG tuber based on results of high-gamma electrocorticography and had no postoperative language deficit. High-gamma electrocorticography can be used for localizing language-specific cortex, especially Broca’s area, in very young patients.
Americans’ Trust in Health Information Sources: Trends and Sociodemographic Predictors
Authors: Jackson Devlon N. , Peterson Emily B. , Blake Kelly D. , Coa Kisha , Chou Wen-Ying Sylvia
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

To assess the public’s trust in health information sources (ie, government health agencies, doctors, family/friends, charitable organizations, and religious leaders/organizations) from 2005 to 2015 and identify sociodemographics factors associated with high trust.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Health Information National Trends Survey, a US nationally representative publicly available data on health-related knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes.

Participants:

Data included 5 iterations (2005-2015) of US adults (2005: N = 5586, 2008: N = 7764, 2011: N = 3959, 2013: N = 3185, and 2015: N = 3738).

Measures:

Outcome variables were high trust in health information sources and independent variables were sociodemographics.

Analysis:

A descriptive analysis was conducted to track changes in trust over the past decade. The χ2 and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to assess sociodemographic associations in 2015.

Results:

Trust in health information across all sources remained stable from 2005 to 2015. Doctors were the most trusted source, followed by government health agencies. Sociodemographics were independently associated with trust. For example, non-Hispanic blacks were more likely to trust charitable organizations (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32, confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-3.79) and religious leaders/organizations (OR = 3.57, CI = 1.20-10.57) compared to non-Hispanic whites. In addition, those with less than high school education (OR = 2.44, CI = 1.32-4.52) were more likely than college graduates to report trust in religious leaders/organizations.

Conclusion:

Although there are analytic limitations to the specific time periods, the findings demonstrate that public health communication practitioners must consider the role of source credibility among priority populations when disseminating and promoting information.
The Role of Emotions and Perceived Ad Effectiveness: Evidence From the Truth FinishIt Campaign
Authors: Rath Jessica M. , Green Molly P. , Vallone Donna M. , Briggs Jodie , Palmerini Maureen , Geraci John , Pitzer Lindsay , Hair Elizabeth C.
Published: July 2019

Purpose:

Examine association between emotional valence and intensity prompted by anti-tobacco advertising messages and perceived ad effectiveness among youth/young adults.

Design:

Online forced-exposure survey data from a nationally weighted, cross-sectional sample of youth/young adults, collected periodically over a 4-year period.

Setting:

National.

Participants:

Thirty-seven cross-sectional surveys conducted online from June 2015 to January 2018; total N = 9534. All participants, aged 15 to 21, were in the intervention; no control group.

Intervention:

Individuals participating in premarket testing of truth ads were forced exposed to one of 37 anti-tobacco ads.

Measures:

Emotional response, emotional intensity, and perceived ad effectiveness. Emotional response has been previously studied and measured. Including the discrete measure of “concerned” in positive emotions is unique to our study. It patterned with the other positive emotions when each ad was examined by each emotion. Intensity as measured in this study through the 5-point scale (“how much does this ad make you feel”) is unique in the anti-tobacco ad literature. Although several past studies ranked the degree of emotion elicited by ads, they have not incorporated the intensity of emotion as reported by the participant themselves. The scale was used to determine whether perceived ad effectiveness is similar to those used in previous studies.

Analysis:

Linear regressions were estimated to assess type of emotional sentiment and level of intensity in relation to perceived effectiveness of the message.

Results:

All 9534 participants were exposed; no control group. The βs indicate how strongly the emotion variable influences the study outcome of perceived ad effectiveness. Positive emotions (β = .76) were more highly associated with perceived ad effectiveness (β = .06). Higher intensity with positive emotional sentiment and high-intensity negative produced the highest scores for perceived ad effectiveness (β = .30).

Conclusion:

Eliciting a positive, high-impact emotional response from viewers can help improve perceived effectiveness, and in turn, overall ad effectiveness.
From Eden to savagery and civilization: British colonialism and humanity in the development of natural history, ca. 1600–1840
Authors: Irving-Stonebraker Sarah
Published: July 2019

This article is concerned with the relationship between British colonization and the intellectual underpinnings of natural history writing between the 17th and the early 19th centuries. During this period, I argue, a significant discursive shift reframed both natural history and the concept of humanity. In the early modern period, compiling natural histories was often conceived as an endeavour to understand God’s creation. Many of the natural historians involved in the early Royal Society of London were driven by a theological conviction that the New World contained the natural knowledge once possessed by Adam, but lost in the Fall from Eden. By the early 19th century, however, this theological framework for natural history had been superseded by an avowedly progressive vision of the relationship between humanity and nature. No longer ontologically distinct from the rest of creation, the human became a subject of natural history writing in a new way. Encounters between colonizers and colonized thus became a touchstone for tensions between divine and natural historical knowledge. The resolution of these tensions lay in the emergence of a concept of savagery that imbibed both a rational account of historical progress towards civilization and a religious conviction that savage humanity needed rescue from its animal nature.
Three Stages of Trust Building of International Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Udomkit Nuntana , Ensslin Volkmar , Meinhold Roman
Published: July 2019

In a globalized world, more and more firms inevitably have to deal with other businesses from a far distance that they perhaps have never met and thus hardly know each other. The escalating level of globalization of business has brought with it the increased importance of trust in international business. Various studies have confirmed the importance of trust as one of the key elements for a successful business partnership. However, less is known about how international small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) develop and maintain trust. This research investigates the characteristics of trusted business partners and how trust is built and maintained over time. In-depth interviews were conducted with the management of 20 international SMEs in Thailand. The essences of trust, namely competency and professionalism, honesty and integrity, empathy and caring and three-stage model of trust building and maintaining in international business are proposed.
Dimensionality and Consequences of Customer Engagement: A Social Exchange Perspective
Authors: Rather Raouf Ahmad , Sharma Jyoti
Published: July 2019

Based on social exchange theory (SET), as well as relationship marketing theory (RMT), this study investigates the impact of customer engagement (CE) underlying dimensions, namely, enthusiasm, attention, absorption, interaction and identification on customer loyalty and affective commitment in hospitality industry. This study also validates and confirms the multidimensionality of CE in hospitality industry. Perceptions of 240 hotel customers were used to explore the relationships. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis followed by multiple regression analysis were employed to examine the data. The empirical results indicate that by contrasting two rival models, five dimensional model provides the solid foundation and accomplishes excellent fit for data. Empirical results suggest that CE dimensions have influential impact on customer loyalty. Similarly, results demonstrate that CE has significant and positive influence on affective commitment. These findings offer insight into dimensionality and consequences of CE for academic research and bring value to service contexts particularly hospitality.
Switchable stiffness morphing aerostructures based on granular jamming
Authors: Brigido-González J David , Burrow Steve G , Woods Benjamin KS
Published: July 2019

One of the persistent challenges facing the development of morphing aerostructures is the need to have material and structural solutions which provide a compromise between the competing design drivers of low actuation energy and high stiffness under external loads. This work proposes a solution to this challenge in the form of a novel switchable stiffness structural concept based on the principle of granular jamming. In this article, the concept of using granular jamming for controlling stiffness is first introduced. Four-point bending tests are used to obtain the flexural rigidity and bending stiffness of three different granular materials under different levels of applied vacuum loading. Nonlinear finite element analysis simulations using experimentally derived nonlinear material properties show good agreement with experiment. A specific application of this concept is then proposed based on the Fish Bone Active Camber morphing airfoil. A unit cell of this concept is built, tested and analysed, followed by the first prototype of a complete switchable stiffness Fish Bone Active Camber morphing airfoil, which is experimentally shown to be able to achieve an increase in stiffness of up to 300% due to granular jamming.
Effects of Education About Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sexuality on the Sexual Problems of Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kars Fertelli Tülay
Published: July 2019

The present quasi-experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of education about rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and sexuality on the sexual problems of women with RA. The study included 103 women with RA (51 in the experimental group, 52 in the control group). The study data were collected using the Personal Information Form and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The women in the experimental group were provided education on sexuality, while those in the control group received no intervention. The aforementioned scales were administered twice: during the recruitment visit and then 1 month after the intervention. In the second measurement, the mean FSFI score increased in the experimental group, but was low in the control group, with the differences between the two groups being significant. Thus, providing sexual education to women with RA was effective in reducing sexual problems in women.
A Multidisciplinary Intervention to Improve Care for High-Risk COPD Patients
Authors: Gay Elizabeth , Desai Sonali , McNeil Debra
Published: July 2019

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations contribute to both costs and patient morbidity. The authors designed a quality project to improve care for high-risk COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation. An electronic medical record report was used to target admitted high-risk COPD patients for an intervention that included pulmonary and respiratory therapy consults, post-discharge phone calls from a patient navigator, referrals to palliative services when appropriate, and bedside delivery of medications. The control population was a similar group of patients at a community partner hospital who received usual care. In all, 157 unique patients were enrolled over 16 months; referrals to palliative care services increased and rates of outpatient follow-up improved. There was no difference in readmissions or emergency department visits between the 2 groups. Better coordination of outpatient care and attention to psychosocial burdens were identified as possible targets for future interventions.
Trajectories of Adherence to Low-Dose Aspirin Treatment Among the French Population
Authors: Ajrouche Aya , Estellat Candice , De Rycke Yann , Tubach Florence
Published: July 2019

Background:

Previous studies have shown that adherence to low-dose aspirin (LDA) is suboptimal. However, these studies were based on an average measure of adherence during follow-up, ignoring its dynamic process over time. We described the trajectories of adherence to LDA treatment among the French population over 3 years of follow-up.

Methods:

We identified a cohort of 11 793 new LDA users, aged ≥50 years in 2010, by using the French national health-care database. Patients included had at least 3 years of history in the database before study entry to exclude prevalent aspirin users and to assess baseline comorbidities. They were followed from the first date of LDA supply (the index date) until the first date among death, exit from the database, or 3 years after the index date. Adherence to LDA was assessed every 3 months by using the proportion of days covered (PDC) and dichotomized with a cutoff of PDC of 0.8. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify trajectories of LDA adherence. Predictors of LDA adherence trajectory membership were identified by multinomial logistics regression.

Results:

We identified 4 trajectories of adherence among new LDA users: the not-adherents (4737 [40.2%]), the delayed not-adherents (gradual decrease in adherence probability, 1601 [13.6%]), the delayed adherents (gradual increase in adherence probability, 1137 [9.6%]), and the persistent adherents (4318 [36.6%]). The probability of belonging to the not-adherent group was increased with female sex, low socioeconomic status, and polymedication and was reduced with a secondary indication for LDA use, such as diabetes, hypertension, and dementia, at least 4 consultations in the previous year, or 1 hospitalization or a cardiologist consultation in the 3 months before the index date.

Conclusion:

This study provides a dynamic picture of adherence behaviors among new LDA users and underlines the presence of critical trajectories that intervention could target to improve adherence.
Estimating the prevalence of multiple sclerosis using 56.6 million electronic health records from the United States
Authors: Briggs Farren BS , Hill Eddie
Published: July 2019

Background/objective:

In 2019, the 2010 U.S. multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence was robustly estimated (265.1–309.2/100,000) based on large administrative health-claims datasets. Using 56.6 million electronic health records (EHRs), we sought to generate complementary age, sex, and race standardized estimates.

Methods/results:

Using de-identified EHRs and 2018 U.S. Census data, we estimated an age- and sex-standardized MS prevalence of 219.5/100,000 which increased to 274.5/100,000 when accounting for White and Black race alone. Women aged 50 to 69 years had the highest prevalence (>600/100,000). Among White and Black Americans, the age- and sex-standardized prevalence was 283.7 and 226.1 per 100,000, respectively.

Conclusion:

Using 56.6 million EHRs and standardizing for age, sex, and race (White and Black Americans only), we estimated at least 810,504 Americans were living with MS in 2018.
Chronic kidney disease and risk for cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: The EUCLID trial
Authors: Hopley Charles W , Kavanagh Sarah , Patel Manesh R , Ostrom Cara , Baumgartner Iris , Berger Jeffrey S , Blomster Juuso I , Fowkes F Gerry R , Jones W Schuyler , Katona Brian G , Mahaffey Kenneth W , Norgren Lars , Rockhold Frank W , Hiatt William R
Published: July 2019

In patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD), the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on major adverse cardiovascular events has not been fully evaluated. The Examining Use of Ticagrelor In PAD (EUCLID) trial randomized 13,885 patients with PAD to ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily or clopidogrel 75 mg daily. This post hoc analysis compared the incidence of the primary composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), or ischemic stroke) in patients with CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) with those without CKD (eGFR ⩾ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). The primary safety endpoint was thrombolysis in MI (TIMI) major bleeding. A total of 13,483 patients were included; 3332 (25%) had CKD, of whom 237 had stage 4/5 disease. Median follow-up was approximately 30 months. After statistical adjustment, patients with CKD had a higher rate of the primary endpoint compared with those without CKD (6.75 vs 3.72 events/100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.45, 95% CI 1.30–1.63). CKD was not associated with increased risk of hospitalization for acute limb ischemia (ALI) (adjusted HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.69–1.34) or major amputation (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66–1.28). CKD was not associated with a significantly increased risk of major bleeding (adjusted HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.89–1.64), but minor bleeding was significantly increased (adjusted HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07–2.15). In conclusion, patients with PAD and CKD had higher rates of cardiovascular death, MI, and ischemic stroke, but similar rates of ALI, major amputation, and TIMI major bleeding when compared with patients without CKD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01732822
Psychosocial deficits across autism and schizotypal spectra are interactively modulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission
Authors: Ford Talitha C , Crewther David P , Abu-Akel Ahmad
Published: July 2019

Continued human and animal research has strengthened evidence for aberrant excitatory–inhibitory neural processes underlying autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorder psychopathology, particularly psychosocial functioning, in clinical and nonclinical populations. We investigated the extent to which autistic traits and schizotypal dimensions were modulated by the interactive relationship between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory GABA neurotransmitter concentrations in the social processing area of the superior temporal cortex using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In total, 38 non-clinical participants (20 females; age range = 18–35 years, mean (standard deviation) = 23.22 (5.52)) completed the autism spectrum quotient and schizotypal personality questionnaire, and underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify glutamate and GABA concentrations in the right and left superior temporal cortex. Regression analyses revealed that glutamate and GABA interactively modulated autistic social skills and schizotypal interpersonal features ( pcorr < 0.05), such that those with high right superior temporal cortex glutamate but low GABA concentrations exhibited poorer social and interpersonal skills. These findings evidence an excitation–inhibition imbalance that is specific to psychosocial features across the autism and schizophrenia spectra.
‘I can hardly breathe’: Exploring the parental experience of having a child with a functional disorder
Authors: Hulgaard Ditte Roth , Rask Charlotte Ulrikka , Risør Mette Bech , Dehlholm Gitte
Published: July 2019

Functional disorders in children and adolescents are common. Still, little is known about parents’ experience of having a child with a functional disorder. The aim of this qualitative interview study was to explore challenges encountered by parents caring for a child undergoing treatment for functional disorder. Sixteen parents to children with functional disorders were interviewed when their child was referred from a paediatric department for further specialized treatment with family therapy in child and adolescent mental health services. Analysis identified three themes, reflecting the parental experiences: parents in limbo, which described how limited knowledge about functional disorders among professionals in non-specialized settings influenced parental roles; a counterintuitive kind of caring, describing parental struggles with adhering to treatment recommendations for functional disorders; and challenges to parental identity, describing parental emotional challenges. These challenges may bar the acceptance of psychological treatment approaches in families with a child with functional disorders.