bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The glia/neuron ratio: How it varies uniformly across brain structures and species and what that means for brain physiology and evolution
Authors: Herculano‐Houzel Suzana
Published: May 2014

It is a widespread notion that the proportion of glial to neuronal cells in the brain increases with brain size, to the point that glial cells represent “about 90% of all cells in the human brain.” This notion, however, is wrong on both counts: neither does the glia/neuron ratio increase uniformly with brain size, nor do glial cells represent the majority of cells in the human brain. This review examines the origin of interest in the glia/neuron ratio; the original evidence that led to the notion that it increases with brain size; the extent to which this concept can be applied to white matter and whole brains and the recent supporting evidence that the glia/neuron ratio does not increase with brain size, but rather, and in surprisingly uniform fashion, with decreasing neuronal density due to increasing average neuronal cell size, across brain structures and species. Variations in the glia/neuron ratio are proposed to be related not to the supposed larger metabolic cost of larger neurons (given that this cost is not found to vary with neuronal density), but simply to the large variation in neuronal sizes across brain structures and species in the face of less overall variation in glial cell sizes, with interesting implications for brain physiology. The emerging evidence that the glia/neuron ratio varies uniformly across the different brain structures of mammalian species that diverged as early as 90 million years ago in evolution highlights how fundamental for brain function must be the interaction between glial cells and neurons. GLIA 2014;62:1377–1391
Measuring the Hospital Length of Stay/Readmission Cost Trade‐Off Under a Bundled Payment Mechanism
Authors: Carey Kathleen
Published: May 2014

If patients are discharged from the hospital prematurely, many may need to return within a short period of time. This paper investigates the relationship between length of stay and readmission within 30 days of discharge from an acute care hospitalization. It applies a two‐part model to data on Medicare patients treated for heart attack in New York state hospitals during 2008 to obtain the expected cost of readmission associated with length of stay. The expected cost of a readmission is compared with the marginal cost of an additional day in the initial stay to examine the cost trade‐off between an extra day of care and the expected cost of readmission. The cost of an additional day of stay was offset by expected cost savings from an avoided readmission in the range of 15% to 65%. Results have implications for payment reform based on bundled payment reimbursement mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subscapular system of flaps: An 8‐year experience with 105 patients
Authors: Gibber Marc J. , Clain Jason B. , Jacobson Adam S. , Buchbinder Daniel , Scherl Sophie , Zevallos Jose P. , Mehra Saral , Urken Mark L.
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT: Background

Review patient and defect factors in which this donor site is an optimal choice for reconstruction and to discuss strategies to overcome the perceived drawbacks of this system of flaps.

Methods

A retrospective medical chart review was conducted on all patients who underwent the subscapular system of free flaps for head and neck reconstruction.

Results

Ninety‐eight reconstructions were performed for mandibular defects, 4 for maxillary defects alone and 3 for combined mandible‐maxilla defects. The overall success rate was 98%.

Conclusion

The subscapular system of free flaps is an excellent option in patients for whom the alternative donor sites are either not usable or lack the associated soft tissue elements required for a successful reconstruction. This flap should also be considered as a first choice for patients with complex/extensive surgical defects requiring multiple, independently mobile, soft tissue components; in patients who will benefit from a large muscle flap placed over the vital structures in the neck; patients of advanced age; and patients in whom early mobilization is critical. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1200–1206, 2015
A Sequence of events model of episodic memory shows parallels in rats and humans
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Morris Andrea M. , Mattfeld Aaron T. , Stark Craig E.L. , Fortin Norbert J.
Published: May 2014

A critical feature of episodic memory is the ability to remember the order of events as they occurred in time, a capacity shared across species including humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Accumulating evidence suggests that this capacity depends on a network of structures including the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, but their respective contributions remain poorly understood. As addressing this important issue will require converging evidence from complementary investigative techniques, we developed a cross‐species, nonspatial sequence memory task suitable for behavioral and neurophysiological studies in rodents and in humans. The task involves the repeated presentation of sequences of items (odors in rats and images in humans) and requires subjects to make a judgment as to whether each item is presented “in sequence” or “out of sequence.” To shed light on the cognitive processes and sequence representations supporting performance, different types of “out of sequence” probe trials were used including: (i) repeating an item from earlier in the sequence (Repeats; e.g., ABAD), (ii) skipping ahead in the sequence (Skips; e.g., ABD), and (iii) inserting an item from a different sequence into the same ordinal position (Ordinal Transfers; e.g., A2CD). We found a remarkable similarity in the performance of rats and humans, particularly in the pattern of results across probe trial types. Thus, the results suggest that rats and humans not only remember the sequences of events, but also use similar underlying cognitive processes and mnemonic representations. This strong cross‐species correspondence validates this task for use in future basic and clinical interdisciplinary studies aimed at examining the neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploratory analysis of statistical post‐processing methods for hydrological ensemble forecasts
Authors: Boucher Marie‐Amelie , Perreault Luc , Anctil François , Favre Anne‐Catherine
Published: May 2014

Despite many recent improvements, ensemble forecast systems for streamflow often produce under‐dispersed predictive distributions. This situation is problematic for their operational use in water resources management. Many options exist for post‐processing of raw forecasts. However, most of these have been developed using meteorological variables such as temperature, which displays characteristics very different from streamflow. In addition, streamflow data series are often very short or contain numerous gaps, thus compromising the estimation of post‐processing statistical parameters. For operational use, a post‐processing method has to be effective while remaining as simple as possible. We compared existing post‐processing methods using normally distributed and gamma‐distributed synthetic datasets. To reflect situations encountered with ensemble forecasts of daily streamflow, four normal distribution parameterizations and six gamma distribution parameterizations were used. Three kernel‐based approaches were tested, namely, the ‘best member’ method and two improvements thereof, and one regression‐based approach. Additional tests were performed to assess the ability of post‐processing methods to cope with short calibration series, missing values or small numbers of ensemble members. We thus found that over‐dispersion is best corrected by the regression method, while under‐dispersion is best corrected by kernel‐based methods. This work also shows key limitations associated with short data series, missing values, asymmetry and bias. One of the improved best member methods required longer series for the estimation of post‐processing parameters, but if provided with adequate information, yielded the best improvement of the continuous ranked probability score. These results suggest guidelines for future studies involving real operational datasets. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed apoptosis of tumor associated neutrophils in the absence of endogenous IFN‐β
Authors: Andzinski Lisa , Wu Ching‐Fang , Lienenklaus Stefan , Kröger Andrea , Weiss Siegfried , Jablonska Jadwiga
Published: May 2014

The importance of neutrophils in tumor immune surveillance, invasive growth and angiogenesis becomes increasingly clear. Many of neutrophil activities are controlled by endogenous IFN‐β. Here, we provide evidence that endogenous IFN‐β is regulating the apoptosis of pro‐angiogenic tumor infiltrating neutrophils by influencing both, the extrinsic as well as the intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Accordingly, the life span of tumor associated neutrophils (TANs) is remarkably prolonged in tumor bearing Ifnb1−/− mice compared to wild type controls. Lower expression of Fas, reactive oxygen species, active Caspase 3 and 9, as well as a change in expression pattern of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl‐2 family and the major apoptosome constituent Apaf‐1 is observed under such conditions. In line with inhibition of apoptosis and the prolonged neutrophil survival, in the absence of endogenous IFN‐β, a strong enhancement of G‐CSF expression and PI3 Kinase phosphorylation is detected. These data explain the increased longevity of tumor infiltrating neutrophils and the accumulation of such cells in tumors. Taken together, our findings add to the important role of Type I IFN in immune surveillance against cancer.
Botulinum Toxin Induces Muscle Paralysis and Inhibits Bone Regeneration in Zebrafish
Authors: Recidoro Anthony M , Roof Amanda C , Schmitt Michael , Worton Leah E , Petrie Timothy , Strand Nicholas , Ausk Brandon J , Srinivasan Sundar , Moon Randall T , Gardiner Edith M , Kaminsky Werner , Bain Steven D , Allan Christopher H , Gross Ted S , Kwon Ronald Y
Published: May 2014

Intramuscular administration of Botulinum toxin (BTx) has been associated with impaired osteogenesis in diverse conditions of bone formation (eg, development, growth, and healing), yet the mechanisms of neuromuscular-bone crosstalk underlying these deficits have yet to be identified. Motivated by the emerging utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a rapid, genetically tractable, and optically transparent model for human pathologies (as well as the potential to interrogate neuromuscular-mediated bone disorders in a simple model that bridges in vitro and more complex in vivo model systems), in this study, we developed a model of BTx-induced muscle paralysis in adult zebrafish, and we examined its effects on intramembranous ossification during tail fin regeneration. BTx administration induced rapid muscle paralysis in adult zebrafish in a manner that was dose-dependent, transient, and focal, mirroring the paralytic phenotype observed in animal and human studies. During fin regeneration, BTx impaired continued bone ray outgrowth, morphology, and patterning, indicating defects in early osteogenesis. Further, BTx significantly decreased mineralizing activity and crystalline mineral accumulation, suggesting delayed late-stage osteoblast differentiation and/or altered secondary bone apposition. Bone ray transection proximal to the amputation site focally inhibited bone outgrowth in the affected ray, implicating intra- and/or inter-ray nerves in this process. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the potential to interrogate pathological features of BTx-induced osteoanabolic dysfunction in the regenerating zebrafish fin, define the technological toolbox for detecting bone growth and mineralization deficits in this process, and suggest that pathways mediating neuromuscular regulation of osteogenesis may be conserved beyond established mammalian models of bone anabolic disorders. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
RUNX3 Facilitates Growth of Ewing Sarcoma Cells
Authors: Bledsoe Krista L. , McGee‐Lawrence Meghan E. , Camilleri Emily T. , Wang Xiaoke , Riester Scott M. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Oliveira Andre M. , Westendorf Jennifer J.
Published: May 2014

Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive pediatric small round cell tumor that predominantly occurs in bone. Approximately 85% of Ewing sarcomas harbor the EWS/FLI fusion protein, which arises from a chromosomal translocation, t(11:22)(q24:q12). EWS/FLI interacts with numerous lineage‐essential transcription factors to maintain mesenchymal progenitors in an undifferentiated state. We previously showed that EWS/FLI binds the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 and prevents osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of another Runt‐domain protein, RUNX3, in Ewing sarcoma. RUNX3 participates in mesenchymal‐derived bone formation and is a context dependent tumor suppressor and oncogene. RUNX3 was detected in all Ewing sarcoma cells examined, whereas RUNX2 was detected in only 73% of specimens. Like RUNX2, RUNX3 binds to EWS/FLI via its Runt domain. EWS/FLI prevented RUNX3 from activating the transcription of a RUNX‐responsive reporter, p6OSE2. Stable suppression of RUNX3 expression in the Ewing sarcoma cell line A673 delayed colony growth in anchorage independent soft agar assays and reversed expression of EWS/FLI‐responsive genes. These results demonstrate an important role for RUNX3 in Ewing sarcoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 2049–2056, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants and short‐term physiological consequences of PHA immune response in lesser kestrel nestlings
Authors: Rodríguez Airam , Broggi Juli , Alcaide Miguel , Negro Juan José , Figuerola Jordi
Published: May 2014

Individual immune responses are likely affected by genetic, physiological, and environmental determinants. We studied the determinants and short‐term consequences of Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced immune response, a commonly used immune challenge eliciting both innate and acquired immunity, on lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) nestlings in semi‐captivity conditions and with a homogeneous diet composition. We conducted a repeated measures analyses of a set of blood parameters (carotenoids, triglycerides, β‐hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, uric acid, urea, total proteins, and total antioxidant capacity), metabolic (resting metabolic rate), genotypic (MHC class II B heterozygosity), and biometric (body mass) variables. PHA challenge did not affect the studied physiological parameters on a short‐term basis (<12 hr), except plasma concentrations of triglycerides and carotenoids, which decreased and increased, respectively. Uric acid was the only physiological parameter correlated with the PHA induced immune response (skin swelling), but the change of body mass, cholesterol, total antioxidant capacity, and triglycerides between sessions (i.e., post—pre treatment) were also positively correlated to PHA response. No relationships were detected between MHC gene heterozygosity or resting metabolic rate and PHA response. Our results indicate that PHA response in lesser kestrel nestlings growing in optimal conditions does not imply a severe energetic cost 12 hr after challenge, but is condition‐dependent as a rapid mobilization of carotenoids and decrease of triglycerides is elicited on a short‐term basis.J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 376–386, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Male claspers in clam shrimps (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in the light of evolution: A case study on homology versus analogy
Authors: Kaji Tomonari , Fritsch Martin , Schwentner Martin , Olesen Jørgen , Richter Stefan
Published: May 2014

Male “clam shrimps” possess highly modified first (and second) trunk limbs for clasping the carapace of females during copulation. Claspers are present in all three clam shrimp taxa (Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, and Cyclestherida) but despite striking similarities in their morphology and function, the matter of their homology is controversial. In this study, we address the question of the homology and evolution of these structures by comparing the developmental transformation of an unspecialized trunk limb into a clasper. In addition, we study the musculature and the nervous system in trunk limbs and claspers using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We establish that most (but not all) of the various parts of the claspers are homologous between clam shrimp taxa. We suggest that a single pair of claspers was already present in the ground pattern of Diplostraca, probably most comparable to those in Cyclestherida. The claspers, therefore, do not represent a case of analogy. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 269–280, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bipartite 2‐Factorizations of Complete Multipartite Graphs
Authors: Bryant Darryn , Danziger Peter , Pettersson William
Published: May 2014

It is shown that if K is any regular complete multipartite graph of even degree, and F is any bipartite 2‐factor of K, then there exists a factorization of K into F; except that there is no factorization of K6, 6 into F when F is the union of two disjoint 6‐cycles.
Mannich Reaction as a New Route for the Synthesis of Tetrahydro Pyrimido Benzimidazolyl Coumarins
Authors: V. Madhura , Kulkarni Manohar V. , Shah Amol , Alagawadi Kallanagouda R.
Published: May 2014

Condensation of coumarin‐4‐acetic acids (1) with ortho‐phenylenediamine (2) in anhydrous phosphoric acid afforded 4‐((1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)methyl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones (3). Attempted Mannich reaction of 3 with formalin and primary amines resulted in 4‐(2‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c]pyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones (6). The structures of synthesized compounds were elucidated by analyses including 2D HETCOR and DEPT experiments. Synthesized compounds have been subjected for anti‐inflammatory activity. Compound 6j exhibited promising anti‐inflammatory activity.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Triazolo [4, 3‐a] tetrahydrobenzo (b) thieno [3, 2‐e] pyrimidine‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Thore S. N. , Gupta Sunil V. , Baheti Kamalkishor G.
Published: May 2014

Triazolo[4,3‐a]tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno[3,2‐e]pyrimidine‐5(4H)‐ones (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l, 5m were synthesized and characterized by spectral analysis. All 13 derivatives were evaluated for central nervous system (CNS) depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activities in Swiss albino mice. All the activities were compared with diazepam as a standard drug at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The most active derivatives 5d, 5e, 5k, and 5l in CNS depressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activities were selected for anticonvulsant activity. The active derivatives were found to protect 100% mice at the dose of 6–11 mg/kg, where as standard diazepam protect the animal at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.
Study on the initial electrodeposition behavior of aluminum on TiB2/A356 composite
Authors: Huang W. M. , Liu B. , Wang M. L. , Liu Y. , Wang H. W. , Ma N. H.
Published: May 2014

The electrodeposition behavior of aluminum on TiB2/A356 composite from AlCl3–NaCl–KCl molten salt was studied in this paper. The surface morphology, microstructure, and phase composition of aluminum coating were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The phase composition of the composite was examined by X‐ray diffraction technique. The polarization curves were measured and the corrosion current densities were obtained. The results indicated that the aluminum coating was preferentially electrodeposited on the surface of TiB2 and Si phases. This phenomenon could be largely attributed to the different surface energies of TiB2, Si, and Al phases. With the increasing of deposition time, a continuous, dense, and faceted aluminum coating was finally obtained. It was inferred that the growth of aluminum coating on the surface of the composite was mainly through two‐dimensional spreading. However, three‐dimensional growth could also be seen. The corrosion current density of the aluminum‐coated TiB2/A356 composite (1 min) decreased by an order of magnitude as compared with that of TiB2/A356 composite, and was close to that of A356 alloy, and also in the same order of magnitude with that of pure aluminum. It is evident that, the coverage of TiB2 and Si phases by aluminum coating (1 min) can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of TiB2/A356 composite. In combination with SEM and EDS results, the behavior can be characterized as preferential electrodeposition.
Susceptibility of pipeline girth welds to hydrogen embrittlement and sulphide stress cracking
Authors: Forero A. B. , Ponciano J. A. C. , Bott I. S.
Published: May 2014

The susceptibility of girth welds to sulphide stress cracking (SSC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) were evaluated for API grade X80 and X56 steels, both for similar (X80/X80) and dissimilar (X80/X56) joints. Slow strain rate (SSR) and hydrogen permeation tests were performed at room temperature using sodium thiosulphate solutions at different pH levels. The SSR tests showed that the majority of the welded joints studied, though approved by the API 1104 standard's criteria, did in fact suffer a reduction in ductility and showed indications of susceptibility to sulphide stress cracking and to hydrogen embrittlement in the form of secondary longitudinal and internal transverse cracks. This was true regardless the welding process used.
Comparison of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on Mg–Li alloy formed in molybdate/silicate and aluminate/silicate composite electrolytes
Authors: Li Z. J. , Yuan Y. , Jing X. Y.
Published: May 2014

The need of corrosion protection for metals in aggressive environments is an issue of prime importance for widespread applications. In this article, we demonstrate the properties of oxide coatings prepared in molybdate/silicate and aluminate/silicate composite electrolytes via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on Mg–Li alloy. To understand the nature of the two coatings, the surface and cross‐sectional morphologies, phase composition, and chemical composition of the coatings are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion resistances of oxide films are evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. In contrast to Mg–Li alloy substrate, the anti‐corrosion properties of the two coated alloys are both remarkably improved. Furthermore, molybdate instead of aluminate as an additive in the electrolyte brings forth a denser and compact coating, which can provide longer corrosion protection for Mg–Li alloys. Thereby a surface protection method based on PEO in molybdate/silicate electrolyte is a promising means for producing a dark brown ceramic coating on the surface of Mg–Li alloys with the capability to corrosion protection.
Corrosion behavior of 1420 Al–Li alloy under MgCl2 drops in 33% relative humidity
Authors: Li C.‐X. , Tan X. , Li J.‐F. , Zheng Z.‐Q.
Published: May 2014

The corrosion behaviors of 1420 Al–Li alloy under 4 μl MgCl2 drops with initial concentration of 0.1–1.0 M in relative humidity (RH) 33% were studied using a Kelvin Probe. In all cases, the equilibrium MgCl2 concentration was 4.9 M. The corrosion was highly dependent on the initial MgCl2 concentration. After equilibration with the environment RH, the whole available cathodic limiting current associated with oxygen reduction was decreased with increasing the initial MgCl2 concentration. Accordingly, the corrosion rate was decreased. Under the MgCl2 drops with initial 0.1 and 0.3 M concentrations, the main corrosion form was filiform‐like corrosion. While, as the initial concentration was increased to 1.0 M, the main corrosion form was meta‐stable pitting corrosion. In the case of 0.1 and 0.3 M initial concentrations, along the Volta potential baseline at −0.7 to −0.8 VSHE, there existed many potential transients in the form of rapid increase followed by immediate drop, which should be associated with the filiform‐like corrosion growth stop and initiation. In the case of 1.0 M initial concentration, much more potential transients appeared in the form of sudden drop followed by a recovery, which was associated with the initiation and re‐passivation of meta‐stable pits.
Cohomological characterisation of monads
Authors: Marques Pedro Macias , Soares Helena
Published: May 2014

Let X be an n‐dimensional smooth projective variety with an n‐block collection , with , of coherent sheaves on X that generate the bounded derived category . We give a cohomological characterisation of torsion‐free sheaves on X that are the cohomology of monads of the form

urn:x-wiley:dummy:mana201300208:equation:mana201300208-math-0004where . We apply the result to get a cohomological characterisation when X is the projective space, the smooth hyperquadric or the Fano threefold V5. We construct a family of monads on a Segre variety and apply our main result to this family.
Panel: Maximizing the usage of value vocabularies in the linked data ecosystem
Authors: Zeng Marcia L. , Z̆umer Maja , O'Neill Edward T. , Mixter Jeff , Lin Xia
Published: May 2014

The creation of knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as taxonomies, thesaurus, ontologies, and name authorities involve tremendous intellectual efforts. With the rapid development of Linked Data, KOS's functioning as value vocabularies has become fundamental in interlinking the values of discrete datasets. How to build on the existing value vocabularies and maximize their usage is a critical issue and directly relates to the cost‐effectiveness and the sustainability of a vocabulary as well as the datasets using it. This panel will focus on maximizing the usage of existing value vocabularies around the life‐cycle of a vocabulary in the Linked Data Ecosystem, including: (1) Transforming a subject heading vocabulary into a schema fully compatible with machine processing while also being easier to understand; (2) Using other Linked Data vocabularies to enrich and add details to each of the terms in a value vocabulary; (3) Managing and sharing KOS through registries and microdata using a metadata application profile; and (4) Designing and developing tools to connect Meaningful Concept Displays (MCDs) to multiple KOS and search systems, focusing on visualization approaches and new browsing styles.
Factors affecting the adoption of Facebook by information professionals
Authors: Aharony Noa
Published: May 2014

This study seeks to explore whether or not information professionals who deal consistently with various technologies are familiar with Facebook and are ready to incorporate it within their organizations. The current study uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a well‐known theory for explaining individuals' technology behaviors, as well as the “Big Five” model of personality, as theoretical bases from which to predict factors that may influence the adoption of Facebook by information professionals within their organizations. The research was conducted in Israel during the first semester of the 2013 academic year and encompassed two groups of information professionals: librarians, and information specialists. Researchers used five questionnaires to gather the data. Findings indicate that this study has expanded current research about the TAM by examining it within the context of Facebook, focusing on the variable of perceived enjoyment. In addition, the research findings confirm that the TAM (in its modified version), as well as other personality characteristics, significantly predict the likelihood of Facebook use, and highlight the importance of personality characteristics when considering technology acceptance. Researchers recommend that directors of information organizations be familiar with both the TAM and the issue of personality characteristics. These factors may help them choose the most appropriate employees, as well as understand and supervise threatened and/or unmotivated workers.
English and Chinese bilingual topic aspect classification: Exploring similarity measures, optimal LSA dimensions, and centroid correction of translated training examples
Authors: Wu Yejun , Oard Douglas W.
Published: May 2014

This paper explores topic aspect (i.e., subtopic or facet) classification for collections that contain more than one language (in this case, English and Chinese), and investigates several key technical issues that may affect the classification effectiveness. The evaluation model assumes a bilingual user who has found some documents on a topic and identified a few passages in each language on specific aspects of that topic that are of interest. Additional passages are then automatically labeled using a k‐Nearest‐Neighbor classifier and local (i.e., result set) Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA). Experiments show that when few manually annotated passages are available in either language, a classification system trained using passages from both languages can often achieve higher effectiveness than a similar system trained using passages from just one language. Using this experimental framework, this paper answers three technical research questions: whether the normalized cosine similarity measure is better than the more common unnormalized cosine similarity measure (yes), whether the number of retained LSA dimensions (which was heuristically chosen) is appropriate (yes), and whether partial corrections of the translated training examples in the LSA space can yield an improvement over no correction (no).
Search transition as a measure of effort in information retrieval interaction
Authors: Nordlie Ragnar , Pharo Nils
Published: May 2014

In this article we introduce the concept of search transitions as a unit for measuring the effort invested by searchers in information retrieval interaction. The concept is discussed and compared to traditional measures of effort, such as time. To investigate the usability of the search transition measure we have performed an analysis of 149 logs in an IR system indexing a collection of 650.000 Wikipedia articles. Our findings show that search transitions correlate with other, more mechanistic, effort measures. Additional experiments are necessary to investigate if it is a better measure of effort than e.g. number of documents examined.
The show must go on: The presentation of self during interpersonal conflict on Facebook
Authors: Kim Jinyoung , Ahn June
Published: May 2014

This study examines the presentation of self on Facebook by looking at user perceptions and behavior in times of conflict. Through semi‐structured interviews with Facebook users, we examined users' perceptions of Facebook as a front stage for social performance as well as the context of conflicts that they experience on Facebook. The findings show that interviewees experience conflicts when they encounter unexpected behaviors from peers that disturb their “performances” on Facebook. Violated norms activate different coping mechanisms, and interviewees often considered the goal of self‐presentation when adopting coping mechanisms during online conflicts. We also found that transitions in life situations were related to the heightened concerns of self‐presentation. Our study sheds light on the nature of conflicts occurring on Facebook and contributes to our understanding of a user's decision‐making process in pursuing the dual goals of impression management and interpersonal relationship maintenance.
Lost while searching: Difficulties in information seeking among end‐user programmers
Authors: Dorn Brian , Stankiewicz Adam , Roggi Chris
Published: May 2014

End‐user programmers, those who write code but lack formal training in computer science, are often reliant on various tools such as API documentation or searching the Web for information in order to complete a specific task. This study examines the information foraging behaviors of a group of web and graphic designers engaged in a series of code modification tasks. We find that users were largely unsuccessful in their foraging activities, with few information seeking events resulting in noticeable changes to participants' source code. Participants viewed remarkably few results generated by their queries and rarely refined queries multiple times. However, these kinds of activities were positively correlated with task success metrics. We conclude with a discussion of the study's results and their implications on the design of future programming environments and search tools for end‐user programmers.
Environmental voluntary groups: Towards curating data for sharing, access and preservation
Authors: Kennan Mary Anne , Williamson Kirsty , Johanson Graeme
Published: May 2014

This paper reports a recent study which investigated what data were collected by members of an environmental voluntary group (EVG) and how these data were collected, stored, managed and shared. A significant aim was to understand how data management and approaches to data sharing could be improved in order to enhance the contributions of EVGs to research and to science more broadly while also continuing to meet individual and group needs. Interviews were conducted with members of the Australian Plants Society Victoria (ASPV) using a broadly ethnographic approach. Findings indicate that APSV members have a strong interest in conservation biodiversity, and in increasing their own, and society's knowledge and understanding, passions often shared with professional scientists. Yet their data are often poorly managed, creating significant impediments to sharing. The paper explores the major issues of data management and sharing and the resulting impediments to data sharing and information communication. Options for improvement are explored, especially ways to inspire and empower APSV members with skills and technology to contribute to major data repositories so that their valuable data may be preserved and made accessible beyond their immediate Society co‐members.
Participant reactivity in a longitudinal mixed‐method study of the information behavior of people with type 2 diabetes: Research validity vs. “street validity”
Authors: Jean Beth St
Published: May 2014

Participant reactivity – a phenomenon in which the responses and/or behaviors of study participants are affected by their awareness that they are part of a study – is often deemed to be a potential threat to the research validity of a study's findings. However, a growing number of studies report that research processes that engender participant reactivity may actually lead to important benefits both for participants (e.g., therapeutic benefits) and researchers (e.g., deeper understandings and more relevant and actionable findings). This mutually beneficial situation can help to maximize a different type of validity termed “street validity” by Greenwood (as cited in Boudah & Lenz, 2000; 2003), which directly relates to research impact.

This paper reports findings from a longitudinal mixed‐method investigation of the information behavior of people with type 2 diabetes, focusing on participants' self‐reports regarding whether/how they felt that participating in the study had influenced (or will influence) their behavior. Many participants described specific ways in which they found their participation helpful. For example, they reported that it led to decreased denial, increased self‐awareness, and improved motivation to look for and make use of diabetes‐related information. This paper explores the potential trade‐off between research validity and street validity within a qualitative study and posits that, as was the case with this study, important lessons can be learned as a result of directly questioning participants about whether/how their participation in the study influenced them and that these lessons can perhaps be implemented within the context of applying the research findings in assisting other people from the study population.
Social media and community knowledge: An ideal partnership for non‐profit organizations
Authors: Given Lisa M. , Forcier Eric , Rathi Dinesh
Published: May 2014

Non‐profit organizations (NPOs) must manage knowledge to be relevant, sustainable and competitive. The published literature suggests that stories can be effective for sharing knowledge and making tacit knowledge explicit; however, researchers have not examined storytelling as a knowledge management practice in NPOs in any depth. Similarly, few studies explore the roles of social media in NPOs, including their usefulness for knowledge management practices. This paper reports the results of a research study that examined how NPOs are using social media, with a particular focus on knowledge management practices. Qualitative interviews with 16 staff members working in a range of NPO environments (such as health, library and social services organizations) were conducted. The findings point to the value of storytelling for sharing the organization's mission, for monitoring the NPOs reach into the community, and as a mechanism for gathering knowledge from clients and other key stakeholders.
Redefining geobrowsing
Authors: Buchel Olga
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a conceptual model for geobrowsing of text collections. The model integrates elements and principles from the existing models and adds a unique perspective on the design of representations and interactions with geographic, semantic, and cognitive spaces in geospatial visualizations. It is illustrated with examples from GeoPubMed prototype which is designed to support creative geobrowsing.
The value of social search: Seeking collective personal experience in social Q&A
Authors: Jeon Grace YoungJoo , Rieh Soo Young
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we examine the value of social question‐answering (Q&A) services as a platform for social search. We present a quasi‐field study where we instructed 20 study participants to use a social Q&A service, Yahoo! Answers, for a period of one week, and interviewed them about their experience with Yahoo! Answers based on the questions (N=99) they posted to the site. The results indicate that participants turned to a social search system when they needed firsthand information, diverse perspectives, and others' value judgments. Participants also preferred social search systems over web search engines in situations where they could obtain tailored information, access original and non‐popular information, filter out information, and interact with real people. Various strategies that participants employed to ensure that their questions would be likely to be answered were also identified. This study contributes to the field of information science by investigating a social Q&A service using the framework of social search from the information seeker's perspective. The results have implications for developers and designers of social search systems.
Spoiler alert: Machine learning approaches to detect social media posts with revelatory information
Authors: Boyd‐Graber Jordan , Glasgow Kimberly , Zajac Jackie Sauter
Published: May 2014

Spoilers—critical plot information about works of fiction that “spoil” a viewer's enjoyment—have prompted elaborate conventions on social media to allow readers to insulate themselves from spoilers. However, these solutions depend on the conscientiousness and rigor of Internet posters and are thus an imperfect system. We create an automatic alternative that could alert users when a piece of text contains a spoiler. An automated spoiler detector serves not only as an additional protection against spoilers, but it also contributes to important problems in computational linguistics. We develop a new dataset of spoilers gathered from social media and create automatic classifiers using machine learning techniques. After establishing baseline performance using lexical features, we develop metadata‐based features that substantially improve performance on the spoiler detection task.
A tangle of tags: The impact of user‐generated tagging in public library catalogs
Authors: Williams Rachel D.
Published: May 2014

With the increased adoption of catalog packages such as Bibliocommons and Aquabrowser comes a need to investigate the ways in which folksonomic tools impact the amount and quality of user tagging in public library catalogs. This pilot study compares two public library catalogs from library systems in the Midwestern United States. The underlying goals of the investigation were to compare the two catalogs to see whether 1) pronounced differences between the folksonomies of user tags existed in both library catalogs, in number of tags for selected titles and scope/coverage of tags; and 2) how the tags from MPLS compare to the tags presented in Aquabrowser's supplemental tag cloud and RPL and the implications inherent in these comparisons. Using the Book Industry Standard and Communications (BISAC) subject headings, user tags from the two library catalogs were coded and compared for scope and frequency. Results indicate that RPL, which uses Aquabrowser, has significantly more user tags that cover a broader scope than those of MPLS. Findings demonstrate the need for further consideration of user tagging in Web 2.0 catalogs.
Gender expression in a small world: Social tagging of transgender‐themed books
Authors: Adler Melissa
Published: May 2014

Social tagging is evaluated as an information behavior in a small world, using Chatman, Burnett, and Besant's Theory of Normative Behavior. A survey was distributed to people who assign tags to transgender‐themed books in LibraryThing, an social network site that allows members to catalog and tag their personal book collections. This study first establishes that there is an identifiable community of interest and then lays the groundwork for understanding the function of tagging in sharing information among a marginalized community for whom vocabulary and taxonomies are vital.
Privacy policy disclosures of behavioural tracking on consumer health Websites
Authors: Burkell Jacquelyn , Fortier Alexandre
Published: May 2014

Many Internet users are seeking health information online, encountering significant privacy risks in the process. Historically, these risks are associated with personally identifiable information, but behavioural tracking presents a new and increasing threat to privacy. In this paper, we analyze the disclosure, in a set of website privacy policies, of the collection of non‐personally identifiable information by consumer health information websites. The websites all engage in first and third party behavioural tracking using cookies and web beacons, and are among the sites recommended by consumer health sections of the Medical Library Association or the Canadian Health Libraries Association (see Burkell and Fortier, 2012, 2013). Our analysis reveals that while the majority of these sites disclose both first party (6/7) and third party (5/7) behavioural tracking, the language used in these disclosures is difficult to understand, tending to minimize behavioural tracking and obfuscate agency in the tracking process. These results suggest that consumer health information website privacy policies do not provide optimal disclosure of behavioural tracking practices. Library and information science professionals should work with users to ensure they are aware of the behavioural tracking practices of the websites they visit, assisting them to interpret the disclosures provided in website privacy policies.
Localizing chronic disease management: Information work and health translations
Authors: Kaziunas Elizabeth , Ackerman Mark S. , Veinot Tiffany C.E.
Published: May 2014

Based on interviews with people who had diabetes, high blood pressure, and kidney disease in Flint, Michigan, we found people actively doing information work to manage their health in the face of poverty, potentially violent conditions, high stress, and a distrust of institutionalized medicine. More specifically, we observed people translating information into the context of their everyday lives. We present various translations of health information in the form of local strategies for chronic illness management. Study findings highlight initial implications to support health information services on a community level.
Game theory in the healthcare literature: A contextual co‐descriptor analysis of MeSH term assignments
Authors: McCain Katherine W.
Published: May 2014

Game theory, the study of strategies and decision making, is represented in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary by two terms—GAME THEORY and its immediately narrower term, GAMES, EXPERIMENTAL. Both are terms in MATHEMATICS—a branch of the NATURAL SCIENCES (MeSH Tree H01). Contextual co‐descriptor analysis was used to explore and visualize the game theory topics relevant to medical researchers and scholars, based on the frequently‐assigned MeSH terms assigned to articles also indexed with one or another of these two MeSH terms. The literature indexed with GAME THEORY deals primarily with two key concepts in the field—Evolutionary Game Theory and Human Behavior. GAMES, EXPERIMENTAL retrieves several very different topics—general game‐theoretic behavioral research, human cognition and neuroimaging, and nursing education. It appears that the assignment of GAMES, EXPERIMENTAL conflates the notions of (1) experiments in Game Theory (testing decision‐making scenarios), (2) modeling human brain processes during decision making, and (3) the use of a variety of different kinds of games and simulations to teach in nursing programs. The last might be considered a poor fit to the notion of the role of games in Game Theory as it is generally understood by game theorists.
Call for library websites with a separate information architecture for visually impaired users
Authors: Yoon Kyunghye , Newberry Tara , Hulscher Laura , Dols Rachel
Published: May 2014

This study explored the usability and accessibility of library websites for visually impaired users with the objectives of identifying the Web‐browsing needs of those who use screen readers to access and browse the Web and applying this knowledge to the practice of accessible website design. Data were collected in a usability test setting with six blind users who were asked to navigate three different library and two non‐library websites while researchers observed their navigation through think‐aloud protocols. Analysis of data identified specific accessibility barriers to website information and explored related navigation issues. The findings suggest that, in addition to the technical accessibility standards, libraries should consider integrating into their website design process a high‐level information architecture for screen readers. This poster will provide a graphical illustration of the additional layer of information architecture for screen reader access.
Exploring requirements for online art collections
Authors: Lopatovska Irene , Bierlein Iris , Lember Heather , Meyer Eleanor
Published: May 2014

While standards for textual retrieval systems are well established, similar standards for the design of visual retrieval systems, specifically for digital art collections, are lacking. The following study extends previous lines of research in developing guidelines for the design and evaluation of museum websites and, specifically, retrieval interfaces for digital art objects. Based on analysis of novice art users' evaluations of several digital art interfaces, this study developed a list of required features that contribute to the users' perception of the overall website quality. The article includes discussion of the survey's findings and directions for future work.