bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality Among Severely Injured Adolescents Admitted to Pediatric vs Adult Trauma Centers
Authors: Muttalib Fiona , Tillmann Bourke , Ernst Genevieve , Murthy Srinivas , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Hansen Bettina , Adhikari Neill K. J.
Published: December 2024

Importance

Care in a pediatric (vs adult) trauma center improves outcomes for injured children aged 0 to 12 years, but whether pediatric care benefits injured adolescents is unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the association of pediatric vs adult trauma center care with mortality among severely injured adolescents.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study was conducted between April 1, 2012, and March 31, 2020, among adolescents aged 12 to 16 years who were admitted to level I or level II adult trauma centers or a level I pediatric trauma center in British Columbia, Canada. Analysis was conducted between January and September 2024.

Exposure

Admission to a level I pediatric trauma center or level I or level II adult trauma center.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was hospital mortality for the index trauma incident. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to estimate the association of admission to a pediatric trauma center with mortality.

Results

A total of 416 patients aged 12 to 16 years (median [IQR] age, 15 [13-16] years; 308 male [74.0%]) were admitted to a level I or level II trauma center with severe injury (201 [48.6%] at a pediatric trauma center; 83 [20.0%] at a level I adult trauma center; and 132 [31.7%] at a level II adult trauma center). Patients admitted to the pediatric trauma center (vs level I or level II adult centers) had lower median (IQR) age (14 [13-15] years vs 15 [14-16] years), higher median (IQR) Injury Severity Score (16 [9-21] vs 13 [9-18]) and fewer penetrating injuries (10 injuries [5.0%] vs 28 injuries [13.0%]). Hospital mortality was 7.0% (14 of 201 patients) among patients admitted to the pediatric center vs 4.2% (9 of 215 patients) among those admitted to an adult trauma center. There was no statistically significant difference in hospital mortality between patients admitted to pediatric vs adult trauma centers (adjusted odds ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 0.88-7.69; P = .08).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of severely injured adolescents, pediatric trauma center admission was not associated with improved hospital mortality. These findings suggest that severely injured adolescents aged 12 to 16 years may be safely treated at either adult or pediatric trauma centers.
Misinformation and Readability of Social Media Content on Pediatric Ankyloglossia and Other Oral Ties
Authors: Booth Lindsay , Aldaihani Abdullah , Davidson Jacob , Wilson Claire , Lawlor Claire , Hong Paul , Graham M. Elise
Published: December 2024

Importance

Diagnosis of pediatric ankyloglossia and other oral ties is increasing in part due to social media, leading to more frenotomies and excess medicalization of often normal anatomy.

Objective

To assess the accuracy and readability of social media content on pediatric ankyloglossia and other oral ties.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study, the top 200 posts on an image-based social media platform tagged with #tonguetie, #liptie, or #buccaltie were collected using a de novo account on March 27, 2023. Post metadata and caption and content text were extracted.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Misinformation was judged by a 30-point scoring sheet based on clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus that was developed by 3 fellowship-trained pediatric otolaryngologist–head and neck surgeons. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook scales. Quality was scored using the JAMA Benchmark Criteria.

Results

After removing duplicates and irrelevant content, 71 unique posts from 68 unique accounts were included in the analysis. Business and practice accounts made up most of the account types (60 [84.5%]) compared with individual and personal accounts (11 [15.5%]). Most accounts (49 [69.0%]) were run by individuals who self-identified as health care practitioners, and 21 posts (29.6%) originated from accounts of individuals who self-identified as International Board Certified Lactation Consultants (IBCLCs). On average, the content corresponded to a ninth-grade reading level per Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Quality of posts as rated by the JAMA Benchmark Criteria corresponded to a median score of 3.0 (IQR, 2.0-4.0). Of the 71 posts, only 8 (11.3%) contained no misinformation. There was a significant difference in misinformation prevalence between accounts run by IBCLCs vs non-IBCLCs, with posts from IBCLCs less likely to contain over 50% misinformation (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06-0.81), compared with posts from non-IBCLCs.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found a high frequency of misinformation in social media content on ankyloglossia. Most content was generated by self-identified health care practitioners but not physicians. Furthermore, the grade level of the content reviewed was above that recommended for the public. As the public increasingly looks to social media for medical information, health care practitioners should correct medical misinformation.
Electromagnetic Shielding
Authors: Celozzi Salvatore , Araneo Rodolfo , Lovat Giampiero
Published: December 2024

This paper provides a survey of the basic principles of electromagnetic shielding. It discusses figures of merit for shielding configurations and presents the shielding effectiveness in electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetics. Starting from the plane wave formulation, advanced concepts about the behavior of stratified media, apertures, and near–field shielding are discussed. Finally, the paper introduces the most relevant standards for measuring shielding effectiveness.
Coaxial Lines and Waveguides
Authors: Karmakar Nemai C. , Padhi Shantanu K.
Published: December 2024

In this article, we first describe the classical theory in which transmission lines are assumed to be a distributed section of series resistance and inductance as well as shunt capacitance and conductance. This model is then evolved into the telegrapher equation, which explains the wave nature of electromagnetic energy guided by a two‐conductor transmission line. Finally, the field theory of transmission lines is used to derive coaxial transmission‐line theory.
Feedback Oscillators
Authors: Zhou Jianyi , Hong Wei , Zhao Jianing
Published: December 2024

In this chapter, the configuration, the mathematical model, and the typical circuits of the RF feedback oscillators are summarized. With the mathematical model and the feedback theory, the balanced condition, the startup condition, and the stability condition are provided. The frequency stability and the phase noise of the feedback oscillators are discussed in detail. Typical RF feedback oscillators with lumped, distributed, dielectric, cavity components are illustrated.
Digital Phase‐Locked Loop
Authors: Ho Cheng‐Ru
Published: December 2024

This chapter overviews the topology of digital phase‐locked loop (DPLL) structure and extensive advantages compared to it analog counterpart, that is, the conventional charge‐pump PLL. The basic operation and implementation of the DPLL building block are introduced, including the digital quantizer, digital embodiment and digitally controlled oscillator. The ‐domain model of the DPLL loop is discussed to provide a high‐level picture how to analyze the digital loop dynamic. To emphasize the feasibility of the potential digital‐signal processing (DSP) techniques embedded in the DPLL architecture, the DSP module is studied with a spur cancellation scheme as a representative example. The rationale of the DSP engine and DPLL implementation with silicon proof is demonstrated to validate the effectiveness of the DSP technique. Finally, multiple state‐of‐the‐art DPLLs (only to name a few because of the length requirement) with various DSP capabilities are reviewed. Those prior works with unprecedentedly performance imply the potential of this digital architecture to be adopted for the integrated circuit design community.
Estimation of potential seed dispersal regions based on floating and ballochory of Euphorbia adenochlora capsules
Authors: Niwa Hideyuki
Published: December 2024

The ability to disperse individuals and seeds among subpopulations is required for the sustainability of plant metapopulations. Understanding the mechanism of seed dispersal is essential for the conservation and restoration of plant diversity.

In this study, Euphorbia adenochlora growing on floodplains was used as a research target to obtain new knowledge about hydrochory and ballochory and estimate potential dispersal range related to hydrological regimes. A wetland spreading around the Omi Maiko Inner Lake in Minami‐Komatsu, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, was the study site.

Euphorbia adenochlora bear capsules, which have a three‐chambered hollow structure and which float on water up to 14 days, they can be dispersed by hydrochory. The capsule of E. adenochlora splits open when it dries, and ejects the seeds at a maximum distance of 4.1 m, indicating that the drifting capsule is capable for secondary dispersal by ballochory.

At the study site, 2% of E. adenochlora subpopulations were within the range where fallen capsules could be dispersed by hydrochory, and 33% of E. adenochlora subpopulations could have been formed by ballochory from the drift line.

Practical implications. These subpopulations are crucial for the conservation of E. adenochlora population at the study site. Furthermore, the fluctuating and maximum water levels from late May to mid‐June for E. adenochlora were considered important to the formation of new subpopulations.
California's Proposition 36: The drug policy pendulum swings back
Authors: de Miranda John
Published: December 2024

Most probably influenced by media images of smash‐and‐grab robberies, almost 10 million California voters (68.6%), by voting “Yes” for Proposition 36, decided that these crimes should be addressed. Unfortunately, once again drug use and users were joined to these crimes, and the result is a rollback of some of the progressive drug policies of recent years.
Effect of Bending Strain on Superconducting Transition Temperature of FeSe0.5Te0.5 Thin Films
Authors: Gao Ye , Liu Huaying , Liu Siqian , Mei Chenguang , Huang Haoliang , Hu Sixia , Li Xiaoxu , Mi Shu , Meng Miao , Feng Ce , Sun Weideng , Wang Yutong , Lu Yalin , Zhang Yuzhong , Zhao Yonggang
Published: December 2024

Iron chalcogenide superconductors of iron‐based superconductor (IBS) family, have attracted much attention recently. For the study of unconventional superconductors, uniaxial strain effect plays an important role with the actuator method as the main approach with quite limited strain. This is unfavorable for uncovering the full behavior and the understanding of strain effect. Here, FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films are grown on mica to induce strains via different bending states with strain reaching 2%, roughly an order of magnitude larger than that of the actuator method. Both the lattice parameters and transport properties show changes with strain. The variation of superconducting transition temperature (Tc) with compressive strain shows a nonmonotonic change with a maximum. Theoretical calculations suggest that superconductivity is influenced by the spin fluctuation in different bending states. The nonmonotonic change of Tc with compressive strain can be understood by considering the strain‐dependent competition between the spin fluctuation and nematic order. This work provides valuable insights for understanding the superconducting mechanism of IBS and also paves the way for exploring unconventional superconductivity via bending strains.
Dual‐Source Defect Managing of Tin–Lead Perovskite for Efficient All‐Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jiaqi , Wang Jianan , Zhou Qishen , Zhu He , Pan Yongyan , Shi Chenyang , Liu Sanwan , Zhou Zheng , Sun Huande , Cai Yong , Chen Rui , Ren Fumeng , Zhao Zhengjing , Cai Zihe , Qin Xiaojun , Zhao Zhiguo , Yang Zhichun , Liu Zonghao , Chen Wei
Published: December 2024

All‐perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs) hold a great promise to break the Shockley‐Queisser (S‐Q) efficiency limit of single‐junction solar cells. However, the inferior performance of the tin‐lead (Sn–Pb) mixed perovskites based narrow‐bandgap bottom subcells largely limits the development of all‐perovskite TSCs due to the serious defects assisted non‐radiative charge recombination loss, especially at the perovskite/electron charge transport layer (ETL) interface. Herein, a dual‐source defect managing strategy is demonstrated to modify the top surface of Sn–Pb mixed perovskites. Specifically, ethylenediammonium diiodide (EDAI2) and (3‐mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTS) are simultaneously introduced to passivate the organic cations and metal cations related defects, respectively. The strong interactions between the passivators and Sn–Pb perovskite result in effectively reduced non‐radiative carrier recombination, obviously suppressed Sn2+ oxidation and accelerated carrier transportation at the perovskite/ETL interface. Ultimately, a champion efficiency of 22.7% for single‐junction Sn–Pb solar cells and an impressive efficiency of 28.26% for the all‐perovskite TSCs are achieved based on the dual‐source defect managing strategy.
A“Duet‐Insurance” Sensing Strategy by Combining Janus TpMa COF/Eu‐doped α‐Fe2O3 and Variable‐Temperature Excitation for Robust, Visual Indoor Pollution Gas Detection
Authors: Bing Yu , Song Zhao , Jiang Hongtao , Xu Xiaoyi , Yu Zhongzheng , Zhou Tingting , Zhang Tong
Published: December 2024

Water competitive adsorption and limited reaction sites on the micro‐scale sensing area of micro‐electro‐mechanical system (MEMS) sensors are two bottleneck problems that restrict the detection of trace indoor polluted gases, leading to drifting and weak signals. To address this, a “duet‐insurance” sensing strategy is proposed to protect and amplify the sensing signal. For the first‐level protection, the well‐designed double‐layer structure consisting of Janus TpMa covalent organic framework (COF)/Eu‐doped α‐Fe2O3 can resist diffusion of water molecules and facilitate the electron transfer from formaldehyde (CH2O) to sensing layers, benefiting from the outer hydrophobic character of Janus TpMa and the strong CH2O adsorption capacity of Eu‐doped Fe2O3. For the second‐level amplification, the unique variable temperature excitation facilitates the deep penetration of CH2O into the active sites across COF layers, enabling signal amplification through thermally actuated carrier modulation. The sensor demonstrates high sensing ability to the CH2O, with an ultra‐low limit of detection of 794 ppt. Leveraging the novel sensing strategy, a multi‐functional, visual sensing system is designed to identify multi‐indoor pollution gases by feature signal encoding and color mapping, showcasing the promising potential for MEMS sensors based on Janus TpMa COF/Eu‐doped α‐Fe2O3 materials.
Multilevel Stimulus‐Responsive Room Temperature Phosphorescence Achieved by Efficient Energy Transfer from Triplet Excitons to Mn2+ Pairs in 2D Hybrid Metal Halide
Authors: Peng Yuqi , Ma Junhao , Zhao Yuanlai , You Donghui , Yao Yuan , Deng Zhihao , Liao Jinfeng , Chang Yuanyuan , Shen Wei , Li Ming , He Rongxing , Zhou Lei
Published: December 2024

Synthesis of color‐tunable ultralong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) crystals with multilevel stimuli‐responsive properties is highly desirable due to their tremendous application prospects but has rarely been explored. Herein, a 2D organic–inorganic metal‐halide hybrid (ABA2CdCl4) has been originally designed and synthesized with efficient blue fluorescence and green RTP through Cd induced heavy atom effect. Due to the improved intermolecular interactions and enhanced light absorption, a high RTP efficiency up to 34% is achieved in ABA2CdCl4. With ABA2CdCl4 as a prototype, Mn2+‐doping strategy is successfully employed to construct multicomponent RTP material with wide‐tunable RTP property in response to multilevel external stimulus such as time, temperature and light. More importantly, Mn2+ pairs are formed in Mn2+‐doped ABA2CdCl4, which are observed in 2D metal‐halide hybrids for the first time. Due to the thermal assisted energy transfer from triplet excitons (organic unit) to Mn2+ pairs, and the thermally activated emission from Mn2+ pairs, tunable RTP colors between 270 and 333 K are easily realized, showing the highest sensitivity against temperature reported so far. By virtue of the above advantages, such materials are successfully applied in multilevel information storage and temperature sensors. The work promotes the development of multi‐stimuli responsive RTP systems based on hybrid metal halides.
Functionalized Nanozyme Microcapsules Targeting Deafness Prevention via Mitochondrial Homeostasis Remodeling
Authors: Ge Shengjie , Sun Aidong , Zhou Xinyu , Niu Ping , Chen Yong , Bao Xiaotao , Yu Meng , Zhong Zhenhua , Sun Jingwu , Li Guang
Published: December 2024

Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is the primary mechanism underlying cisplatin‐induced hearing loss, can potentially be mitigated by modulating the redox balance and reprogramming the energy metabolism to remodel mitochondrial homeostasis. Herein, N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine–derived carbonized polymer dots (NAC CPDs) are embedded into manganese porphyrin–doped metal–organic frameworks and encapsulated using a polydopamine (PDA) coating and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to afford functionalized nanozyme microcapsules. Owing to their injectability and adhesion properties, these microcapsules exhibit the advantages of prolonged retention in the middle ear and sustained release in the inner ear. The synergy between the manganese porphyrin and polymer dots results in excellent antioxidant properties. The developed nanozymes activate the PI3K‐AKT pathway, reprogramming the energy supply mechanism, and inhibiting the oligomerization of BAX in mitochondria to prevent the leakage of mitochondrial DNA and cytochrome c. Therapeutic efficacy and related mechanisms are validated in vivo. Thus, this study on mitochondrial homeostasis remodeling by nanozyme microcapsules opens a new chapter in the treatment of hearing loss.
Rigidity‐Flexibility Regulation and Hard‐Soft Donor Combination: Dual Strategies in Covalent Organic Frameworks Construction for Actinides/lanthanides Separation
Authors: Cao Run‐Jian , Zhou Heng‐Yi , Wu Qun‐Yan , Xiao Zhe , Xiu Tao‐Yuan , Li Jie , Tang Hong‐Bin , Yuan Li‐Yong , Wu Wang‐Suo , Shi Wei‐Qun
Published: December 2024

Separating actinides from lanthanides is essential for managing nuclear waste and promoting sustainable nuclear energy development. The recycling of transuranium elements (TRUs: Np, Pu, Am) is also significant for various nuclear technology applications. In this study, a dual strategy is introduced to designing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that skillfully combines molecular rigidity with flexibility, integrating both hard and soft donor atoms in the synthesis of monomers. This results in a specialized COF that efficiently and selectively captures TRUs from acidic aqueous solutions. By utilizing the topological arrangement of rigid ligands to influence the twisting and stretching of flexible ligands, coordination environment featuring nitrogen and oxygen is created, which enhances the separation of transuranium in various oxidation states over lanthanides. In 0.5 m HNO3 solution, the as‐synthesized DAPhen‐COF achieves removal rates of 99.1% for Np(V) and 95.8% for Pu(IV). For Am(III), the removal rate reaches 98.6% in 0.01 m HNO3. DAPhen‐COF exhibits remarkable selectivity for Np(V), with a separation factor of over 5000 for Np/Gd, outperforming other solid‐phase materials. This research provides a comprehensive investigation into the design and synthesis of COFs for actinide capture, marking the first application of COFs in the separation of various TRUs over lanthanides.
An Efficient Biosynthetic System for Developing Functional Silk Fibroin‐Based Biomaterials
Authors: Wang Feng , Lei Hexu , Tian Chi , Ji Yanting , Wang Fangyu , Deng Hanxin , Zhou Hongji , Chen Siyu , Zhou Yujuan , Meng Zihan , He Mengyao , Yang Shifeng , Dong Huan , Tu Ding , Wang He , Li Xian , Kaplan David L. , Xia Qingyou
Published: December 2024

Long historical evolution and domestication endow silkworms with the super ability to synthesize and secrete massive silk proteins using silk glands. The major component of this secretion consists of silk fibroin, considered a promising biomaterial for tissue repairs and engineering. To further expand the utility of this unique protein, there is a continuing need for silk fibroin functionalization. Here, a highly‐efficient Fib‐HEXP biosynthetic system is established to synthesize massive recombinant RFP in silk fibers using transgenic silkworms, which accounts for ≈7.86% of silk mass and achieves fabrication of fluorescent silk fibroin (SF) biomaterials. The universality of the Fib‐HEXP system is validated by genetic engineering glucose oxidase (GOx) functionalized silk fibers for fabricating GOx‐SF hydrogels with antimicrobial activity to promote healing of infected diabetic wounds in mouse through the enzyme‐catalyzed reaction of glucose to gluconic acid and H2O2. These findings demonstrate that the Fib‐HEXP system provides an opportunity for genetic functionalization of SF to broaden the utility of this biomaterial for a range of potential applications.
Dual‐Channel Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Fabry–Perot Filtering Module for Near‐Infrared Spectroscopic Detection
Authors: Liu Siqi , Zhang Wei , Zhang Jiahang , Xu Liang , Yang Mingyu , Jiang Sijia , Ma Ding , Jiao Qingbin , Tan Xin
Published: December 2024

MEMS‐based Fabry–Perot filter components (MEMS‐FPC) have garnered significant attention in the field of micro‐spectrometers due to their ability to perform high‐efficiency spectral analysis at the microscale. However, achieving optimal peak transmission performance across a broad spectral range remains a core challenge in the development of MEMS‐FPC modules. In this work, a novel dual‐channel is presented, electrostatically actuated NIR MEMS‐FPC filter module that overcomes the limitations of electrostatic tuning in spectral detection through the integration of an innovative tuning structure and dual‐channel filtering. Fabricated using wafer‐level bulk micromachining techniques, the module enables continuous tuning and precise detection under a driving voltage of 0–40 V. The two channels cover spectral ranges of 814–946 nm and 968–1211 nm, respectively, achieving peak transmittance over 79% with full‐width at half maximum (FWHM) values ranging from 7.59 to 43.29 nm, setting a new standard for performance in this spectral range. The results demonstrate the potential of MEMS‐FPC as a high‐performance spectral sensor, demonstrating its future application as a NIR microspectrometer when integrated with commercial CCDs. With its low power consumption and compact size, this module is well‐suited for integration into portable devices such as smartphones and drones, offering real‐time NIR spectral sensing capabilities.
Photoinduced Cu‐Catalyzed C2‐H Functionalization of Azoles using Aryl Thianthrenium Salts
Authors: Wang Zhenhui , Wang Jinfang , Yang Zhenning , Li Xinyao , Cheng Kaining , Liu Wei
Published: December 2024

Development of a mild approach for the highly efficient synthesis of 2‐aryl azoles, which are typically synthesized using high temperature, ligands and preactivated substrates, is highly desirable. Here, we report a mild and efficient photo‐induced Cu‐catalyzed C−H/C−H cross‐coupling to obtain C2‐functionalized azoles using aryl thianthrenium salt (Ar‐TTs). The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and an excellent functional group compatibility and serves as an ideal strategy for the late‐stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. Additionally, this method enables the efficient synthesis of azole‐based polycyclic compounds.
Research on Fine‐Grained Phenotypic Analysis of Temporal Root Systems – Improved YoloV8seg Applied for Fine‐Grained Analysis of In Situ Root Temporal Phenotypes
Authors: Yu Qiushi , Zhang Meng , Wang Liuli , Liu Xingyun , Zhu Lingxiao , Liu Liantao , Wang Nan
Published: December 2024

Root systems are crucial organs for crops to absorb water and nutrients. Conducting phenotypic analysis on roots is of great importance. To date, methods for root system phenotypic analysis have predominantly focused on semantic segmentation, integrating phenotypic extraction software to achieve comprehensive root phenotype analysis. This study demonstrates the feasibility of instance segmentation tasks on in situ root system images. An improved YoloV8n‐seg network tailored for detecting elongated roots is proposed, which outperforms the original YoloV8seg in all network performance metrics. Additionally, the post‐processing method introduced reduces root identification errors, ensuring a one‐to‐one correspondence between each root system and its detection box. The experiment yields phenotypic parameters for fine‐grained roots, such as fine‐grained root length, diameter, and curvature. Compared to traditional parameters like total root length and average root diameter, these detailed phenotypic analyses enable more precise phenotyping and facilitate accurate artificial intervention during crop cultivation.
Regulation of Shade Avoidance Under Low‐Blue‐Light by MTA in Soybean
Authors: Zhang Liya , Liu Jun , Chen Jiaqi , Zhang Yanyan , Qin Chao , Lyu Xiangguang , Li Zhuang , Ji Ronghuan , Liu Bin , Li Hongyu , Zhao Tao
Published: December 2024

Under low blue light (LBL) conditions, soybean exhibits classic shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) with exaggerated stem elongation (ESE), leading to lodging and yield reduction in dense farming. Recently, mRNA modification by N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) has emerged as a crucial epigenetic mechanism regulating plant biological processes; however, its impact on shade avoidance remains unexplored. In this study, the double mutants, gmmtas, that are impaired in two m6A writer genes, GmMTAa and GmMTAb that encode m6A methyltransferases or m6A writers are generated. It is found that the gmmtas mutants showed a substantial reduction of m6A levels, a dwarf phenotype, and a diminished sensitivity to LBL. Further investigation of the gmmtas mutants demonstrates that GmMTA regulates shade avoidance response by altering the expression of GmCRY1s, GmSPAs, and GmCOP1s, resulting in increased accumulation of GmSTFs that are known to suppress the shad avoidance response in response to LBL in soybean. The findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism regulating shade resistance in soybean, providing insights into the epigenetic mechanisms of plant adaptation to changing light environments and paving the way for the development of shade‐tolerant soybean varieties.
Ubiquitination of CD47 Regulates Innate Anti‐Tumor Immune Response
Authors: Gou Qian , Yan Bingjun , Duan Yalan , Guo Yilei , Qian Jing , Shi Juanjuan , Hou Yongzhong
Published: December 2024

In addition to adaptive immune checkpoint of PD‐1/PD‐L1, the innate immune checkpoint SIRPα/CD47 plays an important role in regulation of tumor immune escape. However, the mechanism of CD47 ubiquitination on tumor immune escape remains unclear. Here it is found that TRAF2 bound to the C‐terminal of CD47 cytoplasmic fragment and induced its ubiquitination, leading to inhibition of CD47 autophagic degradation by disrupting its binding to LC3, which in turn inhibited macrophage phagocytosis and promoted tumor immune escape. In contrast, loss of TRAF2 facilitated CD47 autophagic degradation and inhibited tumor immune escape. Moreover, autophagy induction promoted CD47 degradation and enhanced the efficacy of CD47 antibody anti‐tumor immunotherapy. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of ubiquitination of CD47 on tumor immune escape.
A Review of End‐of‐Life Silicon Solar Photovoltaic Modules and the Potential for Electrochemical Recycling
Authors: Lee Jackson , Duffy Noel , Allen Jessica
Published: December 2024

The mass deployment of solar energy technology has been inspired by sustainable energy objectives. However, end‐of‐life solar photovoltaic modules present the growing dilemma of solar waste management. A circular economy approach should therefore be applied to the solar industry due to the valuable materials contained within modules, and their upfront emissions and energy intensity. Solar module recycling has to date been delineated into three phases: disassembly, delamination, and extraction. Disassembly has been commercially established; delamination has experienced some progression with further development required to liberate the valuable solar cell material, while extraction has had more limited exploration, predominantly through a hydrometallurgical lens. Extraction via electrochemical methods, however, has received some recent attention in the literature with promising outcomes for both metal extraction and process electrification. Electrochemical approaches offer new methods for more advanced processing options. For example, high‐temperature molten salt electrorefining has been investigated for metallurgical‐grade silicon and could prove to be an effective process for recovering silicon. This review provides an overview of solar module recovery methods, with focus on novel and emerging electrochemical approaches including the applicability of electrorefining to upgrade recovered silicon from photovoltaic waste.
Knowledge Distillation‐Based Zero‐Shot Learning for Process Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Liu Yi , Huang Jiajun , Jia Mingwei
Published: December 2024

Data‐driven deep learning is effective in diagnosing known faults, but not so well when new or unknown faults occur. With unknown faults as a zero‐shot learning problem, this article proposes a method for detecting and isolating unknown faults based on knowledge distillation within a teacher–student framework. Process data and image data are equivalent in their spatiotemporal dimensions, and convolutional neural networks are selected as the teacher model, pretrained on image data. Information under both normal and fault conditions is then effectively extracted from process data by the well‐trained teacher model. Subsequently, knowledge distillation is used to transfer only the data of normal conditions in the teacher model to the student model. When an unknown fault arises, there exist differences between the information extracted by the teacher model and the student model. Contributions of variables to faults are calculated by quantifying these differences through gradients, thereby isolating the unknown fault. Finally, compared with a series of baseline methods and two state‐of‐the‐art methods, the proposed method improves fault diagnosis accuracy by 3.08% to 26.13% in the Tennessee Eastman process and by 3.48% to 41.45% in the sour water treatment process. Additionally, the physical consistency of fault isolation is visually assessed.
Blue‐LED Self‐Assembly‐Assisted Synthesis of New Photostable Organoboron Esters for Live‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Flores‐Amaro Mónica G. , García‐López María C. , Velázquez Hernández David A. , Reyes‐Pérez Horacio , Villarreal‐García Valeria , Jiménez‐Barrera Rosa Martha , Chan‐Navarro Rodrigo , González‐Villasana Vianey , Reséndez‐Pérez. Diana
Published: December 2024

In this work, we report a blue‐LED self‐assembly‐assisted synthesis of novel emissive organoboron esters, achieved in just 30 minutes with quantitative yields. The molecular structure in solution (characterized by 1H and 11B NMR, and mass spectrometry) was further confirmed via X‐ray molecular diffraction analysis for compound 3, where the boron ion adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The photophysical properties of these molecules were analyzed in solution, revealing that 1, featuring tert‐butyl groups and boron heterocycles with a nitro‐substituent, exhibits superior photostability compared to its derivatives. Photobleaching values showed an inverse correlation with the oxidation potentials of compounds 1–3, except for 4, used as a reference. Mass spectrometry further revealed greater energetic stability of the molecular ion of 1. Notably, compound 3 demonstrated good solubility, high photostability, and adequate biocompatibility, making it a promising fluorescent dye for biomedical applications. Cytotoxicity assays in HEK‐293 cells across different concentrations confirmed its non‐toxic nature. Theoretical calculations further supported the high chemical stability of all compounds, attributing it to a synergistic interaction between electronic and steric effects, which protect the fluorophores by substitution of Schiff bases and formation of boron heterocycles. Additionally, 3 exhibited strong, non‐hazardous blue fluorescence when tested on HEK‐293 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells.
Polarity‐Reversed Functionalization of Aliphatic Aldehydes via Divergent Nickel Hydride Catalysis
Authors: Chen Changpeng , Xu Hanhong , Zhu Shaolin
Published: December 2024

Divergent catalysis represents an exciting frontier for unlocking molecular structural diversity and exploring new activation modes. Here, we report the unexpected discovery of polarity‐reversed divergent activation and functionalization of aliphatic aldehydes, where enolizable aliphatic aldehydes are selectively activated by nickel hydride to form two distinct alkylnickel intermediates divergently. This mild and operationally simple process enables the transformation of a wide variety of readily available aliphatic aldehydes, along with alkyl or aryl electrophiles, into the corresponding secondary alcohols or more challenging deoxygenated alkanes with excellent chemoselectivity.
Ionic Liquid Assisted Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation on Malachite Green
Authors: Rajarajeswari A. , Stella S.
Published: December 2024

Organic dyes are extensively used in numerous sectors, for example, textiles, leather, food, pharmaceuticals, paint, and plastic. Industries have contributed directly to significant environmental contamination, particularly in the form of water pollution. The present work comprises a comparative study of the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) dye by using metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) such as copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) coated with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquid (IL) and bare MONPs. The above‐mentioned nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by using the co‐precipitation method. The physico‐chemical characteristics of the bare MONPs and IL‐coated MONPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis), photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Average crystallite sizes of IL‐coated CuO NPs (13.9 nm), ZnO NPs (28.02 nm), and Fe3O4 NPs (4.16 nm) were found from an XRD study. The band gap values of [BMIM][PF6] coated CuO, ZnO, and Fe3O4 NPs were computed to be 1.85, 2.06, and 1.56 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic efficacy of synthesized NPs was examined on MG dye during a 60‐min period. The photocatalytic degradation of MG dye was more effective when using MONPs with an IL coating compared with MONPs without an IL coating.
Association of HLA‐G 3′‐UTR Haplotypes With Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion in Women From Northwest Iran
Authors: Moqadami Amin , Khalaj‐Kondori Mohammad , Haghi Mehdi
Published: December 2024

Background and Objective(s)

Human leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) is a critical protein in immune regulation and tolerance. Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a complex disease influenced by genetic, immune dysfunction, and environmental factors. This study investigates the role of HLA‐G polymorphisms in the development of RSA.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 80 women with RSA and 200 women without a history of RSA. After DNA extraction, PCR was used to sequence the 3′‐UTR region. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were analyzed, and Haploview software was used for haplotype analysis.

Results

Individual polymorphisms did not significantly differ between the two groups. However, haplotype analysis revealed significant differences. The UTR‐2 haplotype was more frequent in the RSA group compared to the healthy control group (p = 0.020), suggesting a potential association. Conversely, the UTR‐4 haplotype had a significantly lower frequency in the RSA group (p = 0.041), indicating a protective role against RSA.

Conclusions

While individual polymorphisms did not differ significantly, haplotype analysis identified significant associations with RSA. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of the disease and may contribute to the development of new treatments and diagnostic tools.
Strategies to increase catalytic efficiency of manganese‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Yu Hyejin , Ryu Yeonkyeong , Kim Younghoon , Kim Hyun Sung , Cha Hyun Gil
Published: December 2024

The aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a bio‐based plastic monomer, is an important process for the valorization of biomass. Here, manganese oxides of various oxidation states with identical morphologies and similar surface areas were synthesized by introducing oxygen vacancy sites, and they were investigated as heterogeneous catalysts for HMF oxidation. Mn2O3 exhibited a remarkable catalytic efficiency due to synergistic effect of the oxidation state of metal moieties, the basicity of the catalyst, and oxygen mobility of the oxide materials under basic condition.
Genetic diversity and footprint of the Ethiopian cattle population, and the application of molecular information on sustainable cattle genetic improvement: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions in Ethiopia. A comprehensive review
Authors: Goshme Shenkute , Dadi Hailu
Published: December 2024

Ethiopia has over 70 million cattle, and about 97.4% of the total cattle in the country are local breeds. The remaining are hybrid and exotic breeds, which account for about 2.3% and 0.31%, respectively. The genetic diversity and genomic footprint of Ethiopian cattle populations represent a valuable reservoir of biodiversity with profound implications for sustainable agriculture and food security. The application of molecular information in sustainable cattle breeding improvement presents significant opportunities for Ethiopia's livestock sector. The review explores the genetic diversity, genomic footprint, potential benefits, challenges, and future directions associated with integrating molecular technologies into cattle breeding programs in the country. Molecular tools, such as genomics and marker‐assisted selection, enable the identification and utilization of genetic variation related to desirable traits, including productivity, disease resistance, and adaptation to changing climatic conditions. By utilizing these tools, Ethiopian breeders can accelerate genetic progress, enhance the resilience of cattle populations to climate change, and improve overall productivity. However, several challenges must be addressed to effectively harness the benefits of molecular technologies. These challenges include limited infrastructure and resources for genomic research, inadequate data on cattle genetics and performance, and the need for capacity building among stakeholders involved in breeding programs. By incorporating genetic markers associated with important traits, breeders can identify superior animals at an early age, accelerating genetic progress within the population. Integration of this technology with traditional breeding practices and the identification of selection signatures can lead to more sustainable and effective breeding strategies. In conclusion, the application of molecular information in sustainable cattle breeding improvement offers promising opportunities for Ethiopia's livestock sector. By investing in genomic research, building collaborations, and implementing comprehensive breeding programs, Ethiopia can harness the full potential of molecular technologies to enhance cattle productivity.
Yearly Trends and In‐Hospital Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Mitral Valve‐In‐Valve Replacement in Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction
Authors: Jamshed Aneeza , Gajjar Rohan , Vardar Ufuk , Abbasi Ayesha , Karki Sadichhya , Kumi Dennis , Kumar Manoj , Aziz Imran , Bello Jeremiah , Dhar Gaurav , Jolly Neeraj , Vij Aviral
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐valve replacement (TMVR ViV) is becoming a favorable, less invasive procedure among high‐risk patients to manage mitral valve dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the trends of the predictors and outcomes of the procedure.

Methods

The national inpatient sample databases of 2016−2020 were analyzed using STATA 17 software and ICD‐10 codes for TMVR ViV, with stratification for mitral stenosis (MS) or Mitral regurgitation (MR) as etiology for prosthetic valve dysfunction. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality, whereas myocardial infarction and stroke were secondary outcomes.

Results

Over the 5 years, a total of 5233 patients with TMVR ViV were found, exhibiting a yearly increase of procedural volume from 490 in 2016 to 1400 patients in 2020 and decreasing odds for inpatient mortality (aOR 0.74, p = 0.53 in 2017 to aOR: 0.33, p < 0.04 in 2020). Myocardial infarction was significantly lower with TMVR ViV over the years and with similar odds of stroke post‐operatively. There was a decreasing trend of length of stay over the years. Upon stratification, 635 patients were found to have MR with a prosthetic valve (MRPV), and 50 had MS with a prosthetic valve (MSPV). Among those who underwent TMVR ViV, in‐hospital mortality was recorded in 30 (4%) patients of MRPV and 15 (30%) patients of MSPV (p = 0.002), with significantly higher odds for the MSPV group than MRPV.

Conclusion

The continued decline in short‐term mortality and length of stay, with the progressive incorporation of more patients, gives real‐world evidence for the safety and efficacy of TMVR ViV. Extended post‐procedure follow‐up studies are required to investigate long‐term procedural benefits and to explore factors causing higher mortality in the MSPV population.
Value‐added pancakes: Incorporation of whole wheat, buckwheat, quinoa, and proso millet flour into pancakes and their effect on product quality
Authors: Nalbandian Elizabeth , Park Daun , Camerino Natalie , Ganjyal Girish M.
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Effects of the physicochemical properties of buckwheat flour (BKF), quinoa flour (QF), proso millet flour (PMF), and whole wheat flour (WWF) were evaluated in a pancake product made with unbleached fine wheat pastry flour (FWF). Pancakes were formulated with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (w/w) substitution levels. FWF was used as the control.

Findings

The flours varied in composition, affecting their functional properties. BKF was characterized by high total dietary fiber (TDF), FWF had the highest starch content, WWF had the highest protein content, and PMF had the highest peak and onset temperature. The influential functional properties on pancake quality were the content of TDF and insoluble dietary fiber, as well as the water and oil holding capacity. Due to the rapid cooking time in pancakes, the PMF starch did not gelatinize adequately, likely due to the amylose content or shape and size of the starch, resulting in a low‐hardness pancake without a continuous matrix. When a pancake was prepared with partial pregelatinized PMF, the pancake had a continuous matrix.

Conclusion

BK, QF, and WWF can be incorporated into pancake formulations without flour modification. PMF must be modified before usage in a pancake application to ensure that a continuous matrix is formed.

Significance and Novelty

This research sheds light on the importance of considering the functional properties of alternative grains in baked product formulations. Nonetheless, further information was found on PMF starch gelatinization in pancake applications.
Custom‐made 3D printed subperiosteal implant for restoration of severe atrophic jaw: A case report
Authors: Nedelcu Luminita , Sirbu Ioan , Sirbu Valentin Daniel , Custura Andreea Mihaela , Radu Adelin , Nastasie Vladimir
Published: December 2024

Key Clinical Message

Digital technology significantly enhances subperiosteal implantology by enabling precise presurgical planning based on CBCT scans. This technology reduces patient trauma and ensures optimal implant fit, presenting a promising alternative to traditional analogue methods.

In the last decades, significant progress has been made in oral implantology, particularly with endosseous implants, primarily due to advancements brought about by the digital revolution. Although their versatility and predictability have been well‐documented through clinical studies and follow‐ups (J Periodontol, 2005; 769: 1623), endosseous implants have certain limitations from the patients' perspectives, such as general health status, bone availability, and lengthy osseointegration times. Researchers have reported that well‐designed subperiosteal implants function successfully for many years and are a viable alternative to endosseous implants. The analogue method of inserting subperiosteal implants has been extensively discussed and utilized, and it represents a well‐defined protocol (Int J Sci Res, 2016; 5: 98). However, the surgical step, which involves taking an impression of the residual bone, posed challenges for clinicians. These challenges included more significant trauma to the patient, who had to undergo two surgical interventions instead of one (first for the bone impression and second for the implant insertion) and the risk of implant misfit due to the contraction of the impression material. Digital technology addresses these issues by allowing clinicians to design the implant based on the patient's Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan long before surgery. This case report reviews the design characteristics of 3D‐printed superiosteal implants, outlines the step‐by‐step procedure, and highlights the specific features compared to the analogue method. It also discusses the anatomy of the areas where the implants rest in the maxillae based on recent research performed in Romania in collaboration with AB Dental International (J Oral Implantol, 2003; 29: 189).
Simplifying Implant Planning and Placement in the Fully Edentulous Arch With In‐Office Guide Fabrication
Authors: Meitner Sean W. , Oster Charles M. , Kurtzman Gregori M.
Published: December 2024

A geometric approach is presented that allows in‐office planning with linear and angle corrections and surgical guide fabrication, simplifying the process when treating a fully edentulous arch.