bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reply to Opler on Apachean Subsistence, Residence, and Girls' Puberty Rites
Authors: DRIVER HAROLD E.
Published: November 2004

Archaeological evidence shows that Apaches occupied the central Plains area from A.D. 1525–1725 in Wyoming, South Dakota. Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado. Toward the end of this period they were semi‐sedentary farmers living in houses generically like those of the Plains‐Prairies earth lodge. Because in their southward migration they contacted Plains‐Prairies farmers earlier than those in the Southwest proper, and farming was women‐dominated and residence matrilocal for the Hidatsa, Mandan, Arikara, Pawnee, and Wichita, it seems highly probable that these Plains Apaches acquired matrilocal residence and a female farming division of labor at this time before contacting Tanoans in the Southwest. The more western Apacheans, who may not have had contact with Plains tribes, could have acquired matrilocal residence from western Pueblos, including the Keresans, who were probably all matrilocal before Spanish contact. It is doubtful that the wild plant gathering of Apachean women was sufficient to cause matrilocal residence, because in parts of California and the Great Basin where women gathered a greater proportion of the diet than Apachean women, residence was vary rarely matrilocal.
Indian Culture and Industrialization1
Authors: BIGART ROBERT JAMES
Published: November 2004

The author examines some areas of conflict between American Indian and Western values and discusses the implications for the social organization of factories on reservations. Working from the assumption that some form of Indian culture will survive technological acculturation, the writer argues that factory employment would be more rewarding for Indians if the factories were organized to fit into Indian value patterns. Some possible areas of reorganization are suggested for experimentation.
A Further Examination of Cognitive Aspects of English Kin Terms1
Authors: NERLOVE SARA B. , BURTON MICHAEL L.
Published: November 2004

This study presents a further test of the componential structure of American‐English kinship terminology proposed by Romney and D'Andrade (1964). It includes more terms and sheds light upon the structural (or cognitive) locations of the female kin terms as well as the male terms. Collaterality emerges as the most important dimension.
The American Isolates: The Racially‐Mixed People of the Ramapos: Undoing the Jackson White Legends*
Authors: COLLINS DANIEL
Published: November 2004

A review of the literature fails to validate the Jackson White legends which traditionally have accounted for the presence of a racially mixed collectivity in the Ramapo Mountain area. Extant oral traditions supporting the least documented and most pejorative aspects of the legends serve to maintain isolation and threaten the continuation of the Ramapo Mountain community of racially mixed people.
The American Isolates: The Little Races
Authors: THOMPSON EDGAR T.
Published: November 2004

In order to bring the study of bi‐ and tri‐mixed racial groups in America and elsewhere into the general body of racial theory, it is suggested that such groups be considered “little races” From this point of view, considerations having to do with “racialization” and “de‐racialization” may find a place in a larger frame of reference along with tribalization, detribalization, and processes leading to group differentiation generally. The little races are marginal groups, but not necessarily aggregations of marginal men. They are made aware of themselves as marginal groups as they become objects of scurrilous epithets thrown at them by larger neighboring racial groups. This leads to a search for a name of dignity, a name inherited from “pure” and honorable ancestors. A number of such origin myths are mentioned. Modern ecological, economic, political, and social changes threaten the future of the little races.
Ends, Means, and Galumphing: Some Leitmotifs of Play1
Authors: MILLER STEPHEN
Published: November 2004

Two main questions are asked here about play. (1) Is it really a coherent category of activity in spite of the diverse forms it takes in man and animals? (2) Does it make sense in terms of the evolution of behavior that play should have become so ubiquitous among our activities? These questions are approached by looking at play as a way of orchestrating the ends and means of action in which the means are the center of interest, in which the economics of survival are subordinated to combinatorial flexibility.
Alcohol and the Identity Struggle: Some Effects of Economic Change on Interpersonal Relations
Authors: ROBBINS RICHARD HOWARD
Published: November 2004

This paper proposes to examine the apparent increase in interpersonal conflict that often accompanies economic change. Focusing initially on the drinking behavior of the Naskapi Indians of Schefferville, Quebec, it is held that when economic change results in the introduction of new ways of access of persons to goods or activities that serve to maintain identities, there will be an increase in frequency of identity struggles, and a corresponding increase in those ritualized or formalized social interactions which serve as identity‐resolving forums.
Some Notes on Zande Sex Habits1
Authors: EVANS‐PRITCHARD E. E.
Published: November 2004

Zande practices of intercourse and other intimate aspects of the husband‐wife relationship are discussed.
A Partial Grammar of Eskimo Folktales1
Authors: COLBY B. N.
Published: November 2004

This is a partial generative grammar of covert but empirically discoverable narrative elements. The grammar is a theory which seeks to account for base narrative sequences in well‐formed North Alaskan Eskimo folktales. The narrative elements are hierarchically organized into a categorial component with both context free and context sensitive rules. The theory claims some replicability and predictive power.
Social Stratification and Land Inheritance Among Austrian Peasants1
Authors: KHERA SIGRID
Published: November 2004

The mode of land inheritance is an important factor in the formation of and relationship between strata in a peasant society. Here the different effects of undivided and divided land inheritance on kin relations with the subsequent consequences for social mobility between strata are discussed.
Formal Changes in Trinidad Hindi: as a Result of Language Adaptation1
Authors: DURBIN MRIDULA ADENWALA
Published: November 2004

This article deals with changes in the structure of an Indic language in Trinidad. The explanations of the structural changes are sought in the socio‐cultural changes of the East Indian community that have occurred since the East Indians' arrival in Trinidad. It is demonstrated that the socio‐cultural changes in the community have influenced the range of functions of the Indic languages in Trinidad which in turn has determined the directions of structural changes in the language.
Oligopolistic Prices in a Free Market—Antigua Guatemala1
Authors: SWETNAM JOHN
Published: November 2004

In contrast to Tax's view that Guatemalan markets are perfectly competitive, information on the inventories, costs, and incomes of three Antigua marketers indicates that prices may become fixed at high levels. These prices are the result of a complex of buying and selling practices which result in price control in the absence of either product differentiation or collusion among vendors. This system of pricing is contrasted to the most similar economic theory of pricing and indicates the need for precise examinations of the relationship of individuals to the markets in which they sell.
“Spiritual Education” in a Japanese Bank1
Authors: ROHLEN THOMAS P.
Published: November 2004

Many Japanese companies train their new employees according to a philosophy of “spiritualism,” a set of ideas about human psychology and character development that inspired much of the country's pre‐war education. “Spiritualism's” debts to the Zen, Confucian and samurai traditions are quite apparent. It emphasizes social cooperation and responsibility, an acceptance of reality, and perseverance. Its educational methods emphasize specially constructed training experiences. As a case study in the anthropology of education, Japanese company spiritual education points to the value of (1) studying educational processes outside formal school systems; (2) considering native concepts of psychology in analyzing educational processes; (3) finding relationships between educational techniques and techniques found in religious conversion, psychological therapy, and social initiation; and (4) discovering avenues of education that proceed by non‐verbal means.
The Use of Ecological Hypotheses in Australopithecine Taxonomy1
Authors: SWEDLUND ALAN C.
Published: November 2004

Ecological concepts have been applied to lower Pleistocene hominid evolution for several years (e.g., Mayr 1951; Robinson 1963; Weiss 1972; Wolpoff 1971). In this paper the major ecological hypotheses are reviewed and their rationale considered in light of prevalent theories on speciation. This review suggests that the hypotheses are central to an understanding of taxonomy and that greater precision in their application is warranted. Allopatric and sympatric distributions of australopithecine populations are discussed. It is concluded that a single species taxonomy will fit the available evidence.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Mead Sidney M.
Published: November 2004

The Traditional Artist in African Societies. WARREN L. D'AZEVEDO, ed.

African Art in Cultural Perspective: An Introduction. WILLIAM BASCOM.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Jablow Alta
Published: November 2004

Folklore: Selected Essays. RICHARD M. DORSON.

Folklore Methodology. KAARLE KROHN. Formulated by Julius Krohn and expanded by Nordic researchers. Roger L. Welsch.

Toward New Perspectives in Folklore. AMERICO PAREDES and RICHARD BAUMAN, eds.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Glick Paula Brown
Published: November 2004

Class Differences and Sex Roles in American Kinship and Family Structure. DAVID M. SCHNEIDER and RAYMOND T. SMITH.

The Changing Family. BETTY YORBURG.
Book Reviews: Archaeology
Authors: Lutz Bruce J.
Published: November 2004

Viking America: The Norse Crossings and Their Legacy. JAMES ROBERT ENTER‐LINE.

Viking Expansion Westwards. MAGNUS MAGNUSSON.
The Transpacific Origin of Mesoamerican Civilization: A Preliminary Review of the Evidence and Its Theoretical Implications
Authors: MEGGERS BETTY J.
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists generally assume that civilization developed independently in the eastern and western hemispheres. Review of the features that distinguish the Olmec culture of Mesoamerica from preceding village farming groups shows, however, that many are present in the earlier Shang civilization of China. If Olmec civilization originated from a transpacific stimulus, this has important implications both for reconstruction of New World cultural development and for formulation of a valid theory of the evolution of civilization.
Hunter‐Gatherer Territoriality: The Perspective from Australia1
Authors: PETERSON NICOLAS
Published: November 2004

The question of whether Australian hunter‐gatherer territoriality is natural or conventional is considered. The definition and function of territorial behavior is discussed and its consequences for population control emphasized. A functional analogy is drawn between Aboriginal greeting ceremonies and non‐human boundary maintenance, and it is concluded that even without an innate component in territorial aggression, spacing is basic to Aboriginal society survival and therefore of biological significance.
Book Review
Authors: CROWLEY DANIEL J.
Published: November 2004

Ethnology:Vestigios Africanos en la Cultura del Pueblo Venezolano. ANGELINA POLLAK‐ELTZ. Caracas:

Ethnology:Cultos Afroamericanos. ANGELINA POLLAK‐ELTZ
Archaeology as Behavioral Science1
Authors: SCHIFFER MICHAEL B.
Published: November 2004

Archaeology is argued here to have a significant behavioral science component. Various kinds of laws used in the study of the past—correlates, c‐transforms, n‐transforms, and the laws of socio‐cultural variability and change—are not readily borrowed from other sciences. It is shown that in order to fill these substantial gaps in scientific knowledge, archaeologists have for some time been carrying out nomothetic studies.
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: GRAMLY MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: The Cooper's Craft. 1967. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITH

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Basketmaking in Colonial Virginia. 1968. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITH

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Gunsmith of Williamsburg. 1969. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITH

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Silversmith of Williamsburg. 1971. Produced by ARTHUR L. SMITH
Book Reviews
Authors: ROSSI INO
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique: Précédé de trois études d'ethnologie kabyle. PIERRE BOURDIEU.

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Horizon, trajets marxistes en anthropologie. MAURICE GODELIER.

General, Applied, and Theoretical: Structuralisme ou ethnologie: Pour une critique radicale de l'anthropologie de Levi‐Strauss. PAOUL MAKARIUS and LAURA MAKARIUS.
Population, Warfare, and the Male Supremacist Complex
Authors: DIVALE WILLIAM TULIO , HARRIS MARVIN
Published: November 2004

We present cross‐cultural data on the existence of a pervasive institutional and ideological complex of male supremacy in band and village sociocultural systems, and we identify warfare as the most important cause of this complex. We explain the perpetuation of warfare in band and village society and its interaction with selective female infanticide as a response to the need to regulate population growth in the absence of effective or less costly alternatives. Our hypothesis is supported by a demographic analysis of 561 local band and village populations from 112 societies.
Women, Horticulture, and Society in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: LANCASTER C. S.
Published: November 2004

Considerable power was probably available to either sex earlier in human history. Males were largely concerned with the prestige sphere based on control of special goods usually involving mobility and risk taking. Females were largely concerned with the subsistence sphere. Their access to power is not based on this economic function but on their generative powers. In small‐scale early societies both male and female spheres were probably very important in the social and political life of the group. Historically, as scarcity of material resources began to develop and as local units increased in size, male interest shifted to the now scarcer land. With their relatively greater mobility than females, males could deal with larger political units with greater ease. This shift was not in conflict with any other male roles, whereas for females such a shift was in conflict with their generative function.
Book Reviews
Authors: Whitten Norman E.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Sugar Plantations and Labor Patterns in the Cauca Valley, Colombia. Rolf Knight

Ethnology: Uncertainties in Peasant Farming: A Colombian Case. Sutti Reissig de Ortiz
Book Reviews
Authors: Rushforth Scott
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Linguistics: A Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages. Richard T. Parr

Linguistics: Native Peoples and Languages of Alaska. Michael E. Krauss
Book Reviews
Authors: Garn Stanley M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Physical Anthropology: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups: The Problem of Human Variation. Stephen Molnar

Physical Anthropology: Grundlagen der Rassensystematik. Ilse Schwidetzky
Myth, Memory, and the Oral Tradition: Cicero in the Trobriands
Authors: Harwood Frances
Published: November 2004

In nonliterate societies, myths are often linked to specific geographical locations. Using Malinowski's Trobriand material and taking a lead from Cicero's De oratore, it is argued that spatial location functions (1) as a mnemonic device for the recall of a corpus of myth, (2) as a structural marker dividing a corpus into separate thinkable units, and (3) as a means of restricting social change at least temporarily to specific institutions. Malinowski's instrumental theory of myth is contrasted with the cognitive theory advanced by LéviStrauss, and certain didactic functions of myth are also discussed. [myth, memory, oral tradition, social space, Trobriands]
What Is Canadian Anthropology?
Authors: Sweet Louise E.
Published: November 2004

The Management of Myths: The Politics of Legitimation in a Newfoundland Community. Anthony P. Cohen. Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies, 14. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1975. viii + 146 pp. n.p. (cloth).

Saint Pascal: Changing Leadership and Social Organization in a Quebec Town. Gerald L. Gold. Cultures and Communities: A Series of Monographs, Community Studies. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1975. viii + 215 pp. n.p. (paper).

Natives without a Home. Mark Nagler. Canadian Social Problems Series. Don Mills, Ontario: Longman Canada, 1975. xvii + 85 pp. $2.95 (paper).

Crime in Canadian Society. Robert A. Silverman and James J. Teevan, Jr., comps. Toronto: Butterworth, 1975. xi + 455 pp. $7.95 (paper).
An Explanation of Color Nomenclature Universale
Authors: WITKOWSKI STANLEY R. , BROWN CECIL H.
Published: November 2004

Specific physiological perception mechanisms account for some of the regularities associated with the lexical encoding of basic color terms described by Berlin and Kay (1969). This paper, however, focuses upon those regularities explained through reference to certain general principles of naming‐behavior which are also pertinent to domains other than color. [cognitive anthropology, folk classification, language change, language universale, naming‐behavior]
The Aboriginal Eskimo Diet in Modern Perspective
Authors: DRAPER H. H.
Published: November 2004

The aboriginal diet of the Arctic Eskimo, which consisted mainly of land and sea mammals and fish, is analyzed with respect to its capacity to provide the nutrients now regarded as essential for nutritional health. It is concluded that, despite its remarkably restricted composition, the native diet is capable of furnishing all the essential nutritional elements when prepared and consumed according to traditional customs. However, its low carbohydrate and high protein content necessitated major metabolic adaptations in energy and nitrogen metabolism. Erosion of the traditional diet culture and life style has been accompanied by a decline in nutritional status. [Eskimo, diet, nutrition]
Folk Botanical Life‐Forms: Their Universality and Growth
Authors: BROWN CECIL H.
Published: November 2004

Folk botanical life‐form terms are added to languages in a highly regular manner. The first life‐form to be lexically encoded is always “tree”and the second, a small herbaceous plant class (GRERB). The addition of “bush,” “vine,” and “grass” follows with “vine” always preceding “grass.” An explanation of this encoding sequence is proposed which refers to certain general principles of naming‐behavior recently outlined by Witkowski and Brown (1977). In addition, size of folk botanical life‐form vocabularies is positively correlated with both societal complexity and botanical species diversity. An explanation of these associations is presented. [cognitive anthropology, ethnobotany, folk classification, language universale, language change]
The Tribe as a Unit of Subsistence: Nomadic Pastoralism in the Middle East
Authors: MARX EMANUEL
Published: November 2004

Among Middle Eastern pastoral nomads some “tribes” can best be described as “units of subsistence”: they exploit an area providing multiannual subsistence. Tribesmen sometimes control this area; more usually they control part of it and share the rest with other nomads and with settled people. Small corporate groups afford the tribesman security and, through genealogical links, mediate his formal membership of the tribe. The unit of subsistence is articulated mainly by networks of institutionalized relationships. Corporate groups join forces only for defense, and then their alliances cut across tribal lines. Under external pressure the unit of subsistence may develop formal leadership and a small standing militia. This administrative setup is in the literature often associated with the corporate groups and called “tribe.” While coexisting with a unit of subsistence, this “tribe” is not necessarily identical with it in area or population. [ecology, genealogies, Middle East, pastoral nomads, tribe]
The Predication of the Individual in Anthropological Interactionism
Authors: EVENS T. M. S.
Published: November 2004

In Memory of Max Gluckman

Theories of strategic interaction have been offered as a cure for the failings of structural functionalism and currently enjoy considerable influence in social anthropology. Employing in illustration Barth's Models of Social Organization, this essay argues that interactionism's focus on the individual, rather than on the group, issues from the presupposition of physicalism and makes it impossible to account for values and socioculture as such. A dialectical approach is urged. [transactional analysis, theory, dialectical approach, the “individual”]
The Problem of Development in the Non‐Western World
Authors: WEISS GERALD
Published: November 2004

Victims of Progress. John H. Bodley.

Politics and Society in the Third World. Jean‐Yves Calvez. M. J. O'Connell, trans.

The Sociology of the Third World: Disparity and Involvement. J. E. Goldthorpe.

Enterprise: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Development: Based on Case Studies from the Sudan. K. A. Hammeed.

La Pluralité des mondes: Théorie et pratiques du développement. Institut D'Etudes du Développement.

Economic Development, Peace and International Law. Wil D. Verwey. Preface by B. V. A. Roling, Polemological Studies.
Book Reviews
Authors: Charlton Thomas H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archaeology: In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology. Brian M. Fagan.

Archaeology: Introduction to Archaeology. James J. Hester.

Archaeology: Foundations of Archaeology. Jason W. Smith.
Audiovisual Reviews
Authors: Adams Marie Jeanne
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Television Productions: Teacher's Guide, anonymous, no date, 16 pp. Free from Time‐Life Multimedia. The Tribal Eye, David Attenborough

Television Productions: The Tribal Eye, David Attenborough
The Science of Humanics: Multidisciplinary Renaissance of General Anthropology
Authors: Chapple Eliot D.
Published: November 2004

Discussions of the scope and proper definition of anthropology make it worthwhile to outline why and how anthropology can be treated as a natural (and exact) science. The paper describes its multidisciplinary components and how the deterministic properties of biological individuality and the probabilistic constraints of the cultural dimensions can be brought together. Such a synthesis enables us to treat values within a biological framework and suggests the old term “humanics” for the multidisciplinary nexus. [anthropological biology, humanics, multidisciplinary synthesis, interaction measurement, behavioral biology]
Book Reviews
Authors: Wax Murray L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Educational Patterns and Cultural Configurations: The Anthropology of Education. Joan I. Roberts and Sherrie K. Akinsanya, eds.

Educational Patterns and Cultural Configurations: Schooling in the Cultural Context: Anthropological Studies of Education. Joan I. Roberts and Sherrie K. Akinsanya, eds.

Educational Patterns and Cultural Configurations: The Anthropological Study of Education. Craig J. Calhoun and Francis A. J. Ianni, eds.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dougherty Molly C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Applied Anthropology: Health Care Issues. Madeleine Leininger, ed.

Applied Anthropology: Barriers and Facilitators to Quality Health Care. Madeleine Leininger, ed.

Applied Anthropology: Transcultural Health Care Issues and Conditions. Madeleine Leininger, ed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Tudiver Sari
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Applied Anthropology: Working Together: Women and Family in Southwestern Saskatchewan. Seena B. Kohl

Ethnology: The Canadian Family in Comparative Perspective. Lyle E. Larson, ed.

Ethnology: Ethnic Folklore in Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies.
Book Reviews
Authors: Whitney Daniel
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: Thai Peasant Social Structure. Jack M. Potter.

Ethnology: World Conqueror and World Renouncer: A Study of Buddhism and Polity in Thailand against a Historical Background. S. J. Tambiah.
Museum Exhibit
Authors: Schuster Helen H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Sacred Circles: Two Thousand Years of North American Indian Art. American Exhibition: Nelson Gallery of Art‐Atkins Museum of Fine Arts, Kansas City, Missouri, April 16 to June 19, 1977 (European Exhibition: Hayward Gallery, London, October 1976 to January 1977).

Sacred Circles: Two Thousand Years of North American Indian Art. Ralph T. Coe.
Hunter‐Gatherer/Farmer Exchange
Authors: Peterson Jean Treloggen
Published: November 2004

A survey of reported cases of farmer and hunter‐gatherer economic exchange indicates that more studies of such interactions might prove fruitful. Careful comparison of two such cases—the Mbuti‐Bantu relationship of Africa (Turnbull 1965) and Agta‐Palanan exchange on the northeast coast of the Philippines (J. Peterson 1974)—reveal significant theoretical and methodological implications of such studies. [hunter‐gatherers, comparative economics, cultural ecology, Southeast Asia, interethnic relations]
The Anthropology of Human Residues
Authors: Gould Richard A.
Published: November 2004

Ethnoarchaeology is a new kind of anthropology—the anthropology of human residue formation. Since discard behavior and residue formation, like language, are universal human characteristics, their patterning can be studied in a manner akin to grammar in languages. Consistent observed relationships between human behavior and material residues in contemporary societies may be posited as propositions for cross‐cultural testing and comparison with prehistoric human residues. Two aspects of ethnoarchaeology—the derivation of these lawlike propositions and the materialist approach that this effort represents—are demonstrated with data on ethnographic behavior relating to lithic raw materials among the Western Desert aborigines of Australia. In particular, this study examines the amounts of lithic raw material that are selected, used, and ultimately discarded by an aborigine man during an average year and the way in which the presence of raw materials from distant sources (“exotic” stones) in aboriginal habitation campsites can be explained in terms of nonmaterial, i.e., ideational, aspects of behavior. The argument here is that the ethnoarchaeologist is most effective when he uses a materialist approach in studying patterns of human residue formation to discover the totality of behavior that best explains these patterns. [ethnoarchaeology, discard behavior, materialist approach, Australian desert aborigines]
The Myth of Male Superiority: Rise and Demise
Authors: Parker Seymour , Parker Hilda
Published: November 2004

A prolific literature exists concerning the origins and functions of the institutionalization of sex‐role differences. However, persistent problems and sharply divergent views remain. This study attempts to circumvent the nature/nurture controversy by utilizing a holistic‐evolutionary approach to the problem. The reviews of evidence from ethology, developmental psychology, and cross‐cultural investigations lead to a social‐exchange model involving differences in the elasticities of male and female labor contributions in social evolution. Assumptions about future technological progress lead to prediction of the demise of the myth of male supremacy. [sex differences in social evolution, ontogeny of human behavior]
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stern Theodore
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Aboriginal Sign Languages of the Americas and Australia. Volume 1, North America Classic Comparative Perspectives. D. Jean Umiker‐Sebeok and Thomas A. Sebeok

Aboriginal Sign Languages of the Americas and Australia. Volume 2, The Americas and Australia. D. Jean Umiker‐Sebeok and Thomas A. Sebeok
Continuities in Insight and Innovation: Toward a Biography of Margaret Mead
Authors: Bateson Mary Catherine
Published: November 2004

A biographical study of Margaret Mead presents a special opportunity for anthropologists to look at the relationship between the personality of a researcher, the researcher's own culture, and the scientific product, because of Mead's own awareness of disciplined subjectivity and the richness of the available scientific and personal record. Concurrently, it will be possible to consider her innovations and conservatisms in family life and organizational structure as expressions of anthropological insight. [researcher bias, field methods, history of anthropology, innovation, life history]
Myth and History: A General Model and Its Application to the Bible
Authors: Andriolo Karin R.
Published: November 2004

This paper focuses upon the prevalent complementary definitions of myth and history and questions their analytic utility with reference to literary documents that bespeak the transition between mythic and historic cognition. In the style of ethnosemantic analysis, these definitions are treated as a semantic domain and subjected to formal analysis. The components elicited constitute a new definition—more precisely, a two‐dimensional model of the relationship between myth and history. Subsequently, the model is applied to a series of books from the Bible with the conclusion that men and women are structurally equal since, in their roles as social actors, both represent different components of myth as well as history.
The Anthropology of Simple Societies: The Kalahari !Kung
Authors: Bicchieri Marco
Published: November 2004

Demography of the Dobe !Kung. Nancy Howell

The Bushmen A. P. Wannenburgh, Peter Johnson, and Anthony Bannister.

The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society Richard B. Lee
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Authors: Gregor Thomas
Published: November 2004

The Palm and the Pleiades: Initiation and Cosmology in Northwest Amazonia. Stephen Hugh‐Jones.

From the Milk River: Spatial and Temporal Processes in Northwest Amazonia. Christine Hugh‐Jones.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Authors: Cordell Linda S.
Published: November 2004

Excavations at Gu Achi: A Reappraisal of Hohokam Settlement and Subsistence in the Arizona Papagueria. W. Bruce Masse.

Snaketown Revisited: A Partial Cultural Resource Survey, Analysis of Site Structure and an Ethnohistoric Study of the Proposed Hohokam‐Pima National Monument. David R. Wilcox, Thomas R. McGuire and Charles Sternberg.

An Archaeological Test of Sites in the Gila Butte‐Santan Region, South‐Central Arizona. Glen Rice, David Wilcox, Kevin Rafferty and James Schoenwetter.
Subsistence Economies and the Origins of Andean Complex Societies
Authors: Quilter Jeffrey , Stocker Terry
Published: November 2004

Recent arguments stating that marine resources were relatively unimportant in cultural developments on the coast of Peru during the Preceramic Period are incorrect on several counts. It is shown that the economics and technology of maritime subsistence of coastal Peru are more complex than previously thought, that the nutritional values of terrestrial versus maritime foods are debatable, that the dynamics of El Niño events are complex, and that maritime resources must still be seen as important for Preceramic Period economies. [Central Andes, coastal adaptations, ecological anthropology, origins of complex societies]
A Fifty‐Year Perspective on the Indian Reorganization Act
Authors: WASHBURN WILCOMB E.
Published: November 2004

The achievement of John Collier, commissioner of Indian Affairs under Franklin Delano Roosevelt and father of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), has been increasingly ignored or denigrated by the anthropological profession, upon whose advice Collier relied to reverse the nation's Indian policy and resuscitate the inherent powers of Indian tribes. I assert that but for the IRA, Indian tribal governments would probably not exist today. I also attempt to refute those critics who assert (1) that the U.S. government imposed elective systems on the Indians against their will; (2) that even though Indian voters may have voted to accept the IRA, the vast majority indicated their rejection of the act by not voting at all; (3) that IRA governments are “puppet” governments; and (4) that Indians have lost independence and freedom as a result of the IRA. The tribal structures created or revived by the IRA are now vigorous and growing in power and authority, and I postulate that with the growth among anthropologists of a “resistance model” of Indian. White relations and the gradual repudiation of the assimilationist model held by most anthropologists 50 years ago, Collier's policy of locating tribal autonomy within the federal system of government rather than in resistance to it came to be seen as a “cop‐out” by anthropologists who failed to realize that without the policy Indian tribal governments would probably soon have ceased to exist.
Book Review
Authors: Jules‐Rosette Bennetta
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General/Theoretical: The Anthropology of Art. Robert Layton

General/Theoretical: Art in Primitive Societies. Richard L. Anderson
Film Review
Authors: Groce Nora
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Palm Play. 1980. A film by Alan Lomax

Step Style. 1980. A film by Alan Lomax
Anomalous Westerlies, El Niño, and the Colonization of Polynesia
Authors: Finney Ben R.
Published: November 2004

The west to east migration of the Polynesians and their Lapita predecessors was not accomplished by tacking against the prevailing southeast trade winds, but by using periodic westerly wind reversals to sail eastward. Data on equatorial westerlies and associated ocean current effects, including those gathered during recent El Niño events, are presented to indicate how these canoe voyagers were able to migrate so far into the Pacific.
Bilingualism and Bilingual Education in the United States
Authors: Timm Lenora A.
Published: November 2004

Bilingual Education for Hispanic Students in the United States. Joshua A. Fishman and Gary D. Keller, eds. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982. x + 502 pp. $18.95 (paper).

Bilingualism and Language Contact: Spanish, English, and Native American Languages. Florence Barkin, Elizabeth A. Brandt, and Jacob Ornstein‐Galicia, eds. New York: Teachers College Press, 1982. xiii + 320 pp. $24.95 (cloth).

Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Aspects. Jon Amastae and Lucia Elias‐Olivares, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. x + 434 pp. $14.00 (paper).

The New Bilingualism: An American Dilemma. Martin Ridge, ed. Proceedings of a Conference Sponsored by Center for Study of the American Experience. The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Southern California, May 1980. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press, 1981. 272 pp. $20.00 (cloth).
Diagrammatic Icons and Historical Processes in Belau
Authors: Parmentier Richard J.
Published: November 2004

In this paper I analyze the relationship between diagrammatic representations of social relations and historical processes in Belau (formerly Palau), Micronesia. Four diagrams, linear paths, balanced sides, quadripartition, and graded series, are discussed in terms of their lexical labels, schematic arrangements, prototypical embodiments, and semantic fields. Ethnographic and historical examples presented reveal the differential historical vulnerability of social institutions modeled by these diagrams. The use of Peirce's typology of signs is demonstrated to be an important corrective to the structuralist notion of transformation.
The Optimal Foraging Analysis of Horticultural Production
Authors: Keegan William F.
Published: November 2004

This paper extends the application of optimal foraging theory to horticultural economies. The Machiguenga, a native Amazonian population of southeastern Peru, are used as a test case. The results demonstrate the theory's utility in structuring questions and predicting the outcome of horticultural production. By extending the range of foraging theory the evolution of subsistence strategies from hunting‐gathering to agriculture can be examined in quantitative terms. The evolutionary sequence is illustrated with a hypothetical population. Additional insights are gained when the theory is used to structure specific production decisions. Disagreements concerning the scarcity of protein in Amazonian economies are shown to be a consequence of the measurement units employed.
Culture as Consensus: A Theory of Culture and Informant Accuracy
Authors: Romney A. Kimball , Weller Susan C. , Batchelder William H.
Published: November 2004

This paper presents and tests a formal mathematical model for the analysis of informant responses to systematic interview questions. We assume a situation in which the ethnographer does not know how much each informant knows about the cultural domain under consideration nor the answers to the questions. The model simultaneously provides an estimate of the cultural competence or knowledge of each informant and an estimate of the correct answer to each question asked of the informant. The model currently handles true‐false, multiple‐choice, andfill‐in‐the‐blank type question formats. In familiar cultural domains the model produces good results from as few as four informants. The paper includes a table showing the number of informants needed to provide stated levels of confidence given the mean level of knowledge among the informants. Implications are discussed.
Government Capital and Minority Enterprise: An Evaluation of a Depression‐Era Social Program
Authors: Trend M. G. , Lett W. L.
Published: November 2004

In this article we use anthropological, economic, and historical methods to perform a post hoc benefit/cost analysis of a Farm Security Administration resettlement project that involved Black tenant farmers in Gee's Bend, Alabama. The research concludes that the effort was not economically worthwhile from government and societal points of view, even at low rates of discount. Given the low opportunity costs for the client population and the large government subsidies, the project was worthwhile from the individual participants' perspectives, although many of them and their descendants have since returned to the public assistance rolls. We conclude that similar projects being proposed in modern times are unlikely to prove cost‐beneficial.
Film Reviews
Authors: Muecke Marjorie A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

House of the Spirit: Perspectives on Cambodian Health Care. 1984. Produced by American Friends Service Committee. Directed by Ellen Bruno and Ellen Kuras.

Peace Has Not Been Made: A Case History of a Hmong Family's Encounter with a Hospital. 1983. Produced by John Fink and Doua Yang. Directed by Peter O'Neill.
Film Reviews
Authors: Spain David H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Living Africa: A Village Experience. 1983. Produced by James Perry, Patrick O'Meara, and Jean‐Pol LeFebvre and directed by Jean‐Pol LeFebvre.

Village Theater Senegal: Queen Ndate and the French Conquest.
Female Political Participation: A Cross‐Cultural Explanation
Authors: Ross Marc Howard
Published: November 2004

In this paper I seek to understand societal‐level mechanisms associated with gender‐based inclusion and exclusion from political life. The analysis finds two conceptually and statistically independent forms of female political participation: involvement in decision making, and the existence of organizations and/or positions controlled by, or reserved for, women. A multivariate analysis of data from 90 preindustrial societies identifies social structural, psychocultural, and behavioral variables affecting female inclusion and exclusion, and their role in a theory of female political participation is discussed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Mayberry Rachel
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Five Fingers for Survival. William Washabaugh.

Learning to Be Deaf. A. Donald Evans and William W. Falk.
American Indians After A.D. 1492: A Case Study of Forced Culture Change
Authors: Purdy Barbara A.
Published: November 2004

Perfect counterimages were created when Europeans and American Indians met for the first time in the late 15th century. Unfortunately, historic documents have preserved only one‐half of the image. How did the survivors of epidemics, enslavements, and brutalities react to the disruptions in their lives brought about by trespassers from another continent? In this article I examine the historic and archeological evidence for migration into Florida as one of the strategies employed by the displaced people from the Caribbean Islands. The existing records are enhanced by archeological investigations at wet sites, such as Hontoon Island, where surviving biological materials offer information about environment, human skeletons, diet, technologies, and artistic creations in bone and wood that usually perish on dryland sites. At Hoonton Island, water‐saturated strata that were not trampled or compressed after deposition revealed that the midden was composed of a prehistoric and an early historic component. The presence of a number of European artifacts led to the conclusion that the extensive changes documented in six of the seven categories of recovered material items resulted either from direct or indirect contact with Europeans or with Indians fleeing the Europeans. New designs on bone objects occur in the early historic period. I attempt to trace the source of one of these designs in an effort to determine the direction of flow for the changes. The use of trait lists to establish relationships is not popular but, in this instance, the investigation of a specific design is enlightening.
Neandertal Pelves and Gestation Length: Hypotheses and Holism in Paleoanthropology
Authors: ANDERSON CONNIE M.
Published: November 2004

Neandertal pelves differed from those of modern humans in pubic morphology. Explanations of this difference are presented and evaluated. The gestation‐length hypothesis proposed by Trinkaus is not supported by data and theories drawn from a number of different fields. Some of the alternative hypotheses seem more likely. Paleoanthropologists should utilize a wide variety of evidence to support or falsify their theories in order to increase their power to explain the events of human evolution.
Beyond Style and Function: A View from the Middle Paleolithic
Authors: Barton C. Michael
Published: November 2004

Chipped stone artifacts are a significant, and often the only available, record of prehistoric hunter‐gatherers. The assemblages from four Middle Paleolithic sites in the Iberian peninsula form the basis of a study that addresses the behavioral significance of the variability in these objects. Artifact edges form the primary focus of this analysis, and permit morphology to be quantitatively characterized. Variability is generally continuous for the morphological features examined. Additionally, both edge and tool morphology seem primarily a function of the intensity of edge use and rejuvenation, and whether edge use was linearly extensive or concentrated in small areas. This suggests that retouched artifacts are more the result of the extent and nature of the use of their various edges than preconceived tools. The implications of these results for the study of the Middle Paleolithic and for the interpretation of lithic variability in general are discussed.
Systems of Production and Social Discourse: The Skipper Effect Revisited
Authors: Pálsson Gísli , Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: November 2004

We have argued that differences in success in Icelandic fishing are statistically explained more by technical and ecological factors than by personal qualities of skippers, the “skipper effect.” Research by other scholars has reopened the discussion of the skipper effect. We assess some of the statistical arguments, pointing out that while there may be a strong skipper effect in some societies, in other societies it is weak or negligible. We suggest that it is important to distinguish between the statistical reality of the skipper effect and its sociology and that the concept of skipper effect is of limited utility in comparative studies, since different researchers using it have not always been talking about the same phenomena and fishing success is conceived differently in different societies. The discussion of the skipper effect echoes debates on resource management and the authenticity of folk models, as well as larger debates in social theory on the relationship between the symbolic and the real and the role of history and agency. Folk theories of production, we argue, are best regarded as cultural accounts constructed in social discourse, in the context of production systems.
Orduighean: A Dominant Symbol in the Free Church of the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Parman Susan
Published: November 2004

In this article I describe and interpret the Protestant ceremony of church communion called Orduighean, which has been made significant as a dominant symbol by the Free Church of the Scottish Highlands. Orduighean is a condensed representation of several themes and events in Highland social life and culture; I present examples of its multiple uses and meanings in a crofting village on the island of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides. A brief discussion of the political, economic, linguistic, and cultural history of the Scottish Highlands is also provided to show how Orduighean acquired its significance as a dominant symbol.
Local Control of Aquatic Resources: Community and Ecology in Lake Titicaca, Peru
Authors: Levieil Dominique P. , Orlove Benjamin
Published: November 2004

All 151 fishing communities in Lake Titicaca, Peru, maintain and defend communally controlled fishing territories. Environmental factors, particularly the slope of the lake bottom and the presence and abundance of aquatic vegetation, influence the distribution of the three types of such territories, which differ in the area they cover and in the maximum depth of water they contain. A cost‐benefit model L employed to explain this spatial patterning. This study emphasizes the interactions between aquatic and terrestrial resources. It discusses the conflicts between the formal legal codes of the Peruvian state and the informal regulations of peasant communities. It argues for a refining of the terminology used to describe and analyze common‐property resources.
Mistaken Gender: 5‐Alpha Reductase Hermaphroditism and Biological Reductionism in Sexual Identity Reconsidered
Authors: Herdt Gilbert
Published: November 2004

Biomedical research on a rare hermaphroditic condition among males of the rural Dominican Republic has supported biologically reductionist explanations of male gender identity development. I reinterpret this research by comparison to a parallel case among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea. Meanings of mistaken gender are reviewed to contrast sex assignment and socialization in two‐sex and three‐sex cultural systems. I refute the unicausal biological model and suggest that psychocultural factors in these cultures are more salient in the explanation of hermaphroditic sex‐role change.