bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fixity of Sexual Identities in the Public Sphere: Biomedical Knowledge, Liberalism and the Heterosexual/Homosexual Binary in Late Modernity
Authors: Waites Matthew
Published: November 2005

This article analyses the persistence of the heterosexual/homosexual binary in contemporary society, by examining the circulation of knowledge-claims concerning the age at which the ‘fixity’ of ‘sexual orientation’ is established. It examines how the ‘scientific’ claims of medical authorities have been utilized in recent debates in the UK over equalization of the age of consent, and argues that such claims have persisted in influence through debates over repeal of Section 28 and legalization of adoption by same-sex couples. The analysis integrates social constructionist and queer perspectives on sexual identities from sociological and cultural theory, perspectives from political theory on contemporary liberalism, and an analysis of biomedical knowledge in late modernity. It is argued that the increasing assertion of claims for equality, citizenship and recognition of cultural diversity in mainstream politics is occurring largely within a persistent ‘rationale of containment’ which seeks to minimize the prevalence of homosexuality. This draws attention to particular tensions and dynamics operating in the lives of bisexuals and queers, and especially in the lives of young people.
Exclusionary Politics and the Question of National Belonging
Authors: Anderson Kay , Taylor Affrica
Published: November 2005

This article builds on recent efforts to cast the understanding of ethnic and racialized tensions less in terms of a coarse logic of racism than within an analytical frame of struggles over national belonging. This theme is developed with respect to intercultural relations in Australia, in all the complexities of its white settler, migrant, and indigenous formations. The article develops a ‘multiscalar’ focus that takes in the global circuits of movement and relationship linked to British colonialism and international migration, through to contests over the meanings, management and stewardship of local places. In so doing, we also highlight some contextually specific versions of ‘whiteness’ whose various mobilizations help to undo a sense of their fixed status as core attributes of Australian nationhood. The article concludes with a case from Jervis Bay, New South Wales, where contested imaginings of, and investments in, appropriate land uses, have given rise to disputes that are productively conceived in terms of a multiscalar politics of national belonging. Although thus grounded in the circumstances of Australian culture, we believe the core argument can be extended (with all the normal caveats) to other ex-British colonial, immigration nations.
Shopping for a New Identity
Authors: Galasińska Aleksandra , Galasiński Dariusz
Published: November 2005

This article aims to show the varying constructions of the Polish–German border in the Polish border town of Zgorzelec. We are interested in how informants from three generations discursively position the frontier itself and the two towns on its either side: Polish Zgorzelec and German Görlitz. The data comes from a Europe-wide ethnographic project studying communities living on the borders between the European Union (EU) and its ascendant nations, funded by the European Commission's Fifth Framework Programme.

We suggest that the inhabitants of Zgorzelec construct the border on two planes: public and private. In the public sphere, the border is constructed as a means of identifying ‘us Poles’ against all those living on the other side. In those nationalized terms, the border is also constructed as protecting Poland and Zgorzelec's (Polish) community. On the other hand, in the private sphere, the border is represented as virtually invisible allowing the individual to cross it for shopping or entertainment. The border becomes a gateway in which the individual becomes a customer, a shopper with his or her national identity pushed to the background. We also show that the two spheres intersect, creating spaces in which the two orders of discourse are made to co-exist and the discursive mechanisms of separation run next to the mechanisms of inclusion.

We explore our informants’ discourses as mediated by the historical context of common experience (eviction, displacement, communism) pertaining mostly to the older generation and by the cultural-economic context (shopping, entertainment) largely in the case of our younger informants.
A comparison of values rankings for selected American and Australian teachers
Authors: Coombs-Richardson Rita , Tolson Homer
Published: November 2005

English

This study was undertaken to examine similarities and differences in the rankings of values by selected elementary and secondary teachers residing in a southern region of the USA and in Western Australia. The values ranked were those described in the Rokeach value survey (RVS). Based on the study findings, it was concluded that Australian teachers and American teachers hold similar democratic value systems in terms of their top five values but vary in several of the values as identified by Rokeach. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.

French

Cette étude a été entreprise pour examiner les similarités et les différences existant entre les classements de valeurs effectués par des enseignants du primaire et du secondaire sélectionnés dans une région méridionale des États-Unis et en Australie-Occidentale. Les valeurs classées étaient celles décrites dans l'enquête de valeurs de Rokeach (Rokeach value survey, RVS). Les résultats de l'étude indiquent que les enseignants américains et australiens ont des systèmes de valeurs démocratiques similaires en ce sens que les cinq valeurs qu'ils privilégient sont les mêmes, mais leurs opinions divergent quant à certaines des valeurs identifiées par Rokeach. Les raisons potentielles de ces différences sont discutées ici.

Spanish

El propósito de este estudio es examinar las semejanzas y diferencias en las escalas de valores de un grupo de profesores de primaria y secundaria residentes en Australia Oriental y en una región del sur de Estados Unidos. Los valores considerados en el estudio fueron los descritos en la escala de valores de Rokeach. Los resultados del estudio muestran que los profesores australianos y los estadounidenses sitúan los mismos cinco valores en la cima de sus sistemas de valores democra´ticos, aunque también se observan varios valores de Rokeach diferentes. El autor analiza las posibles razones de estas diferencias.
International mindedness of native students as a function of the type of school attended and gender
Authors: Baker Ahmad M. , Kanan Hana M.
Published: November 2005

English

The international mindedness of native Qatari students attending public, magnet and international schools was examined on three domains: awareness of other cultures, universal affiliation and cultural tolerance. The findings showed that although Qatari students scored high on international mindedness in general, no significant differences were detected between the groups attributable to type of school, with the exception that students attending international schools scored higher than their cohorts on awareness of other cultures. Female students scored significantly higher than their male peers on all three domains of international mindedness. The results were discussed in terms of the influence international schools exert on international mindedness of students.

French

La sensibilité internationale d'élèves qataris autochtones scolarisés dans des établissements scolaires publiques, des établissements du programme 'Magnet' et des écoles internationales a été examinée sur trois aspects: la sensibilisation à d'autres cultures, l'affiliation universelle et la tolérance culturelle. Les résultats indiquent que bien que les élèves qataris obtenaient en général des scores élevés en matière de sensibilité internationale, aucune différence significative attribuable au type d'établissement scolaire fréquenté n'a été détectée, à la seule exception près que les élèves des écoles internationales obtenaient des scores plus élevés en matière de sensibilisation à d'autres cultures. L'étude a également révélé que les jeunes filles obtenaient des scores bien plus élevés que leurs condisciples masculins dans les trois domaines de la sensibilité internationale examinés. Les résultats ont été discutés en termes d'influence exercée par les écoles internationales sur la sensibilité internationale des élèves.

Spanish

Se evaluó la mentalidad internacional de los estudiantes cataríes que asisten a colegios públicos, magnet schools y colegios internacionales en relación con tres aspectos: sensibilidad hacia otras culturas, afiliación universal y tolerancia a las diferencias culturales. Los estudiantes cataríes lograron buenos resultados en cuanto a mentalidad internacional en general, pero no se detectaron diferencias importantes entre los tres grupos que se pudieran atribuir a los distintos tipos de colegio. Sin embargo, los estudiantes de los colegios internacionales obtuvieron mejores resultados que los de los otros dos grupos en cuanto a sensibilidad hacia otras culturas. Las alumnas lograron mejores resultados que los alumnos en los tres aspectos mencionados. Los resultados se analizaron en relación con la influencia que ejercen los colegios internacionales en la mentalidad internacional de los estudiantes.
Membrane TNF confers protection to acute mycobacterial infection
Authors: Fremond Cecile , Allie Nasiema , Dambuza Ivy , Grivennikov Sergei I , Yeremeev Vladimir , Quesniaux Valerie FJ , Jacobs Muazzam , Ryffel Bernhard
Published: November 2005

Background

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is crucial for the control of mycobacterial infection as TNF deficient (KO) die rapidly of uncontrolled infection with necrotic pneumonia. Here we investigated the role of membrane TNF for host resistance in knock-in mice with a non-cleavable and regulated allele (mem-TNF).

Methods

C57BL/6, TNF KO and mem-TNF mice were infected withM. tuberculosisH37Rv (Mtbat 100 CFU by intranasal administration) and the survival, bacterial load, lung pathology and immunological parameters were investigated. Bone marrow and lymphocytes transfers were used to test the role of membrane TNF to confer resistance to TNF KO mice.

Results

While TNF-KO mice succumbed to infection within 4–5 weeks, mem-TNF mice recruited normally T cells and macrophages, developed mature granuloma in the lung and controlled acuteMtbinfection. However, during the chronic phase of infection mem-TNF mice succumbed to disseminated infection with necrotic pneumonia at about 150 days. Reconstitution of irradiated TNF-KO mice with mem-TNF derived bone marrow cells, but not with lymphocytes, conferred host resistance toMtbinfection in TNF-KO mice.

Conclusion

Membrane expressed TNF is sufficient to allow cell-cell signalling and control of acuteMtbinfection. Bone marrow cells, but not lymphocytes from mem-TNF mice confer resistance to infection in TNF-KO mice. Long-term infection control with chronic inflammation likely disrupting TNF mediated cell-cell signalling, additionally requires soluble TNF.
Studies of the intermediary metabolism in cultured cells of the insect Spodoptera frugiperda using 13C- or 15N-labelled tracers
Authors: Adam Petra , Gütlich Markus , Oschkinat Hartmut , Bacher Adelbert , Eisenreich Wolfgang
Published: November 2005

Background

Insect cells can serve as host systems for the recombinant expression of eukaryotic proteins. Using this platform, the controlled expression of 15N/13C labelled proteins requires the analysis of incorporation paths and rates of isotope-labelled precursors present in the medium into amino acids. For this purpose, Spodoptera frugiperda cells were grown in a complex medium containing [U-13C6]glucose. In a second experiment, cultures of S. frugiperda were grown in the presence of 15N-phenylalanine.

Results

Quantitative NMR analysis showed incorporation of the proffered [U-13C6]glucose into the ribose moiety of ribonucleosides (40 – 45%) and into the amino acids, alanine (41%), glutamic acid/glutamine (C-4 and C-5, 30%) and aspartate/asparagine (15%). Other amino acids and the purine ring of nucleosides were not formed from exogenous glucose in significant amounts (> 5%). Prior to the incorporation into protein the proffered 15N-phenylalanine lost about 70% of its label by transamination and the labelled compound was not converted into tyrosine to a significant extent.

Conclusion

Growth of S. frugiperda cells in the presence of [U-13C6]glucose is conducive to the fractional labelling of ribonucleosides, alanine, glutamic acid/glutamine and aspartic acid/asparagine. The isotopolog compositions of the ribonucleosides and of alanine indicate considerable recycling of carbohydrate intermediates in the reductive branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. The incorporation of 15N-labelled amino acids may be hampered by loss of the 15N-label by transamination.
A new, fast and semi-automated size determination method (SASDM) for studying multicellular tumor spheroids
Authors: Monazzam Azita , Razifar Pasha , Lindhe Örjan , Josephsson Raymond , Långström Bengt , Bergström Mats
Published: November 2005

Background

Considering the width and importance of using Multicellular Tumor Spheroids (MTS) in oncology research, size determination of MTSs by an accurate and fast method is essential. In the present study an effective, fast and semi-automated method, SASDM, was developed to determinate the size of MTSs. The method was applied and tested in MTSs of three different cell-lines. Frozen section autoradiography and Hemotoxylin Eosin (H&E) staining was used for further confirmation.

Results

SASDM was shown to be effective, user-friendly, and time efficient, and to be more precise than the traditional methods and it was applicable for MTSs of different cell-lines. Furthermore, the results of image analysis showed high correspondence to the results of autoradiography and staining.

Conclusion

The combination of assessment of metabolic condition and image analysis in MTSs provides a good model to evaluate the effect of various anti-cancer treatments.
Serum concentration of Selenium in healthy individuals living in Tehran
Authors: Safaralizadeh R , Kardar GA , Pourpak Z , Moin M , Zare A , Teimourian S
Published: November 2005

Objective

To investigate whether daily diet provides adequate selenium intake in healthy men and women living in Tehran, Iran.

Method

Serum level of selenium was determined in 184 healthy individuals of both genders. The samples were divided into two age groups, adults and children, for analysis. The serum level of selenium was determined using hydride generation and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Results

The mean and standard deviation of serum selenium levels in children (1–16 years) was 84.3 ± 11 μg/l and there was no significant difference between genders in this group. In adults (older than 16 years) the mean serum selenium level was 100.6 ± 13 SD μg/l; among women the mean was 93.9 ± 14 SD μg/l and among men it was 102.2 ± 12 SD μg/l. The mean selenium level in men was higher than in women and data analysis showed a significant difference between them (p < 0.005). There was also a positive correlation between higher selenium serum concentration and age in men (P < 0.001). Daily intake of selenium in men and women was calculated to be 67 μg and 62.1 μg respectively.

Conclusion

Our results show that the serum concentration of selenium in an Iranian population is similar to other nationalities in the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia.
Single and repeated moderate consumption of native or dealcoholized red wine show different effects on antioxidant parameters in blood and DNA strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes in healthy volunteers: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN68505294]
Authors: Arendt Bianca M , Ellinger Sabine , Kekic Klaudia , Geus Leonie , Fimmers Rolf , Spengler Ulrich , Müller Wolfgang-Ulrich , Goerlich Roland
Published: November 2005

Background

Red wine (RW) is rich in antioxidant polyphenols that might protect from oxidative stress related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Antioxidant effects after single ingestion of RW or dealcoholized RW (DRW) have been observed in several studies, but results after regular consumption are contradictory. Thus, we examined if single or repeated consumption of moderate amounts of RW or DRW exert antioxidant activity in vivo.

Methods

Total phenolic content and concentration of other antioxidants in plasma/serum, total antioxidant capacity (TEAC) in plasma as well as DNA strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes were measured in healthy non-smokers A) before, 90 and 360 min after ingestion of one glass of RW, DRW or water; B) before and after consumption of one glass of RW or DRW daily for 6 weeks. DNA strand breaks (SB) were determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet Assay) in untreated cells and after induction of oxidative stress ex vivo with H2O2 (300 μM, 20 min).

Results

Both RW and DRW transiently increased total phenolic content in plasma after single consumption, but only RW lead to a sustained increase if consumed regularly. Plasma antioxidant capacity was not affected by single or regular consumption of RW or DRW. Effects of RW and DRW on DNA SB were conflicting. DNA strand breaks in untreated cells increased after a single dose of RW and DRW, whereas H2O2 induced SB were reduced after DRW. In contrast, regular RW consumption reduced SB in untreated cells but did not affect H2O2 induced SB.

Conclusion

The results suggest that consumption of both RW and DRW leads to an accumulation of phenolic compounds in plasma without increasing plasma antioxidant capacity. Red wine and DRW seem to affect the occurrence of DNA strand breaks, but this cannot be referred to antioxidant effects.
Health problems and help-seeking activities of methadone maintenance clients at Auckland Methadone Service (AMS): potential for community pharmacy service expansion?
Authors: Sheridan Janie , Wheeler Amanda , Walters Carina
Published: November 2005

Background

In general the health of methadone clients has been found to be poorer than that of the general population. In New Zealand specialist drug services are not funded to provide primary healthcare services. Many health conditions could potentially be managed by community pharmacists who have frequent contact with this client group. This study sought to explore the health problems suffered by methadone clients, who they sought help from, and the potential for greater involvement of pharmacists.

Methods

Self-completion questionnaire of methadone maintenance clients managed in specialist care in Auckland, New Zealand.

Results

The most common health problem experienced by these clients in the past three months was sweating (70.0%), and more than half of the respondents also reported experiencing headache, fatigue and depression. The least frequently experienced conditions were hay fever (12.9%) and abscesses (12.1%). Respondents indicated that the top three choices from whom they would seek help were GP (56.7%), the client's partner (31.6%) and community pharmacists (27.9%). Barriers to seeking help from pharmacists included issues around cost, perceptions of pharmacist knowledge and skills, privacy and confidentiality.

Conclusion

Methadone clients in this study indicated that they suffered a number of general health problems, and in many cases were likely to seek help from a GP or their own partner, before seeking help from pharmacists. However, for over one quarter of respondents the pharmacist was in the top three from whom they would seek advice. Any barriers towards consulting pharmacists, in the main seem to be resolvable.
The European DISABKIDS project: development of seven condition-specific modules to measure health related quality of life in children and adolescents
Authors: Baars Rolanda M , Atherton Clare I , Koopman Hendrik M , Bullinger Monika , Power Mick ,   the DISABKIDS group*
Published: November 2005

Background

The European DISABKIDS project aims to enhance the Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions and their families. We describe the development of the seven cross-nationally tested condition-specific modules of the European DISABKIDS HRQoL instrument in a population of children and adolescents. The condition-specific modules are intended for use in conjunction with the DISABKIDS chronic generic module.

Methods

Focus groups were used to construct the pilot version of the DISABKIDS condition-specific HRQoL modules for asthma, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, diabetes and epilepsy. Analyses were conducted on pilot test data in order to construct field test versions of the modules. A series of factor analyses were run, first, to determine potential structures for each condition-specific module, and, secondly, to select a reduced number of items from the pilot test to be included in the field test. Post-field test analyses were conducted to retest the domain structure for the final DISABKIDS condition-specific modules.

Results

The DISABKIDS condition-specific modules were tested in a pilot study of 360 respondents, and subsequently in a field test of 1152 respondents in 7 European countries. The final condition-specific modules consist of an 'Impact' domain and an additional domain (e.g. worry, stigma, treatment) with between 10 to 12 items in total. The Cronbach's alpha of the final domains was found to vary from 0.71 to 0.90.

Conclusion

The condition-specific modules of the DISABKIDS instrument were developed through a step-by-step process including cognitive interview, clinical expertise, factor analysis, correlations and internal consistency. A cross-national pilot and field test were necessary to collect these data. In general, the internal consistency of the domains was satisfactory to high. In future, the DISABKIDS instrument may serve as a useful tool with which to assess HRQoL in children and adolescents with a chronic condition. The condition-specific modules can be used in conjunction with the DISABKIDS chronic generic module.
Presence of a functional but dispensable Nuclear Export Signal in the HTLV-2 Tax protein
Authors: Chevalier Sébastien A , Meertens Laurent , Calattini Sara , Gessain Antoine , Kiemer Lars , Mahieux Renaud
Published: November 2005

Background

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 are related human retroviruses. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of the Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma and of the Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy, whereas, HTLV-2 infection has not been formally associated with any T-cell malignancy. HTLV-1 and 2 genomes encode, respectively, the Tax1 and Tax2 proteins whose role is to transactivate the viral promoter. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax sequences display 28% divergence at the amino acid level. Tax1 is a shuttling protein that possesses both a non canonical nuclear import (NLS) and a nuclear export (NES) signal. We have recently demonstrated that Tax1 and Tax2 display different subcellular localization and that residues 90–100 are critical for this process. We investigate in the present report, whether Tax2 also possesses a functional NES.

Results

We first used a NES prediction method to determine whether the Tax2 protein might contain a NES and the results do suggest the presence of a NES sequence in Tax2. Using Green Fluorescent Protein-NES (GFP-NES) fusion proteins, we demonstrate that the Tax2 sequence encompasses a functional NES (NES2). As shown by microscope imaging, NES2 is able to mediate translocation of GFP from the nucleus, without the context of a full length Tax protein. Furthermore, point mutations or leptomycin B treatment abrogate NES2 function. However, within the context of full length Tax2, similar point mutations in the NES2 leucine rich stretch do not modify Tax2 localization. Finally, we also show that Tax1 NES function is dependent upon the positioning of the nuclear export signal "vis-à-vis" GFP.

Conclusion

HTLV-2 Tax NES is functional but dispensable for the protein localization in vitro.
Nipple aspiration and ductal lavage in women with a germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation
Authors: Mitchell Gillian , Antill Yoland C , Murray William , Kirk Judy , Salisbury Elizabeth , Lindeman Geoffrey J , Di Iulio Juliana , Milner Alvin D , Devereaux Lisa , Phillips Kelly-Anne
Published: November 2005

Introduction

The aim of this study was to collect serial samples of nipple aspirate (NA) and ductal lavage (DL) fluid from women with germline BRCA1/2 mutations in order to create a biorepository for use in identifying biomarkers of breast cancer risk.

Methods

Between March 2003 and February 2005, 52 women with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (median age 43 years, range 27 to 65 years) were scheduled for six-monthly NA, DL and venesection. DL was attempted for all NA fluid-yielding (FY) and any non-FY ducts that could be located at each visit.

Results

Twenty-seven (52%) women were postmenopausal, predominantly (19/27) from risk reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO). FY ducts were identified in 60% of all women, 76% of premenopausal women versus 44% of postmenopausal (P = 0.026). Eighty-five percent of women had successful DL. Success was most likely in women with FY ducts (FY 94% versus non-FY 71% (P = 0.049). DL samples were more likely to be cellular if collected from FY ducts (FY 68% versus non-FY 43%; P = 0.037). Total cell counts were associated with FY status (FY median cell count 30,996, range 0 to >1,000,000 versus non-FY median cell count 0, range 0 to 173,577; P = 0.002). Four women (8%) had ducts with severe atypia with or without additional ducts with mild epithelial atypia; seven others had ducts with mild atypia alone (11/52 (21%) in total). Median total cell count was greater from ducts with atypia (105,870, range 1920 to >1,000,000) than those with no atypia (174, 0 to >1,000,000; P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion

It is feasible to collect serial NA and DL samples from women at high genetic risk of breast cancer, and we are creating a unique, prospective collection of ductal samples that have the potential to be used for discovery of biomarkers of breast cancer risk and evaluate the ongoing effects of risk reducing BSO. DL cellular atypia was not predictive of a current breast cancer and longer follow up is needed to determine whether atypia is an additional marker of future breast cancer risk in this population already at high genetic risk of breast cancer.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-signaling Smads during Long-bone Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Haque Tasima , Mandu-Hrit Manuela , Rauch Frank , Lauzier Dominique , Tabrizian Maryam , Hamdy Reggie C.
Published: November 2005

In this study we investigated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-signaling Smads in distraction osteogenesis (DO). Osteotomy of the right tibia was performed in 14 skeletally mature white New Zealand male rabbits. Lengthening was started 1 week later at a rate of 0.5 mm/12 hr and was maintained for 3 weeks. Expression of Smad proteins 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 and Smad ubiquitin regulatory factors (Smurfs) 1 and 2 was evaluated in the distracted zone using immunohistochemistry. Expression of receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) 1, 5, and 8 showed a significant increase during the distraction phase, followed by a gradual decrease during the consolidation phase. Smad 4 showed significant expression during both distraction and the beginning of the consolidation phase. Smad 6 and Smad 7 were highly expressed during the consolidation phase. Staining for both Smurfs 1 and 2 was maximal at the end of the distraction period. Staining for all proteins was most intense in chondrocyte and fibroblast-like cells. Expression pattern of R-Smads correlated with our previously reported expression pattern of BMPs 2, 4, and 7 and their receptors. These results therefore suggest a role for the whole BMP signaling pathway including the Smad proteins in DO.
Naturally Occurring Anti-albumin Antibodies Are Responsible for False Positivity in Diagnosis of Autoimmune Premature Ovarian Failure
Authors: Pires Eusebio S. , Parte Priyanka P. , Meherji Perveen K. , Khan Shagufta A. , Khole Vrinda V.
Published: November 2005

Autoimmunity is a well-established causative factor of premature ovarian failure (POF), and evidence for the same has been well reported in the literature. Detection of specific autoantibodies remains the most practical clinical research marker of any autoimmune disease. Variation in efficiency and specificity in the detection of ovarian autoantibodies has been reported. However, the frequency of false positivity and a solution to overcome this has not yet been reported. Herein, we report autoantibody to albumin as the likely responsible agent for false positivity. Our data indicate that presence of naturally existing autoalbumin antibodies in the circulation of normal women is responsible for the false signal seen in SDS-PAGE Western blot analysis and in immunohistochemistry (IHC). Having shown the presence of anti-albumin antibody in normal women as well as in the sera of POF patients, we have developed a novel blocking agent to overcome this problem. A high titer polyclonal antibody against human serum albumin was generated. This antibody showed immunoreactivity to albumin obtained from various sources. Preincubation of Western blots and IHC sections with this antibody drastically reduced background signals. The advantage of using this blocking was evident by identification of specific anti-ovarian antibodies in a group of POF patients. This blocking procedure made it possible to obtain a clear indication of the ovarian antibody status in women presenting with autoimmune POF.
Human Kallikrein 6 Expression in Salivary Gland Tumors
Authors: Darling M.R. , Jackson-Boeters L. , Daley T.D. , Diamandis E.P.
Published: November 2005

Human kallikrein 6 (hK6), also known as zyme/protease M/neurosin), is expressed in many normal glandular tissues. The aim of this study was to determine whether hK6 is expressed in salivary gland tissues and salivary gland tumors (both benign and malignant), using an immunohistochemical method. Pleomorphic adenomas (PA), adenoid cystic carcinomas, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas, acinic cell carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified of both minor and major salivary glands were examined. Cells lining duct-like structures and non-duct-like cells were scored. Only in PA of minor salivary gland origin was overall staining higher in duct-like than in non-duct-like cells. In all other tumors exhibiting both types of cells, hK6 staining was similar in both duct-like and non-duct-like cells. Tumors that exhibited non-duct-like cells only also exhibited cytoplasmic staining. Results of this study show that salivary gland tumors express hK6, apparently downregulated in comparison with normal salivary gland tissue, and that this expression is not specific for any of the tumors studied.
Expression and Effect of Inhibition of Aminopeptidase-A during Nephrogenesis
Authors: Dijkman Henry B.P.M. , Assmann Karel J.M. , Steenbergen Eric J. , Wetzels Jack F.M.
Published: November 2005

Aminopeptidase-A (APA) is a metalloprotease that cleaves N-terminal aspartyl and glutamyl residues from peptides. Its best-known substrate is angiotensin II (Ang II), the most active compound of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS is involved in renal development. Most components of the RAS system are expressed in the developing kidney. Thus far, APA has not been studied in detail. In the present study we have evaluated the expression of APA at the protein, mRNA, and enzyme activity (EA) level in the kidney during nephrogenesis. Furthermore, we have studied the effect of inhibiting APA EA by injection of anti-APA antibodies into 1-day-old mice. APA expression was observed from the comma stage onwards, predominantly in the developing podocytes and brush borders of proximal tubular cells. Notably, APA was absent in the medulla or the renal arterioles. Inhibition of APA EA caused temporary podocyte foot-process effacement, suggesting a minimum role for APA during nephrogenesis.
Calretinin‐immunoreactive unipolar brush cells in the developing human cerebellum
Authors: Víg J. , Takács J. , Ábrahám H. , Kovács G.G. , Hámori J.
Published: November 2005

We have studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of the development of unipolar brush cells (UBCs) in the human cerebellar vermis. Consistently with previous studies in rodents and cat, we have found that unipolar brush cells appear at a relatively late phase of cerebellar development and their development continues up to and beyond the first postnatal year. A series of 23 normal human brains, including 5 adult and 18 fetal or infant brains (between the 24th gestational week and the 11th postnatal month) were used. In order to visualize unipolar brush cells, calretinin‐immunocytochemistry was performed on formaldehyde‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded blocks of the cerebellar vermis. Our results show that calretinin‐immunoreactive unipolar brush cells are not yet present in the cerebellar vermis at the 28th gestational week. At birth, they are present in a relatively small number, mostly in the vestibular lobules. At the 3rd, 5th, 8.5th and 11th postnatal months the number of calretinin‐immunoreactive unipolar brush cells gradually increase, first appearing in the vestibular lobules, followed by the invasion of the later developing vermal lobules, spreading in a rostro‐caudal and proximo‐distal direction. Although at the 11th postnatal month unipolar brush cells exhibited adult‐like morphological and distributional features, their number appeared to be lower than in the adult cerebellum. The late maturation of unipolar brush cells implies that the cytoarchitectonical development of the human cerebellum is not completed by the end of the first postnatal year.
Prevalence of Bartonella species, haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neorickettsia risticii DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Griffin Brenda , Brunt Jane , Riley Allen , Burney Derek , Hawley Jennifer , Brewer Melissa M. , Jensen Wayne A.
Published: November 2005

Ctenocephalides felis were killed and collected from 92 cats in Alabama, Maryland, and Texas. The fleas and blood from the corresponding cat were digested and assessed in polymerase chain reaction assays that amplify DNA of Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neorickettsia risticii, Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ and Bartonella species. DNA consistent with B henselae, B clarridgeiae, M haemofelis, or ‘ Candidatus M haemominutum’ was commonly amplified from cats (60.9%) and their fleas (65.2%). Results of this study support the recommendation to maintain flea control on cats in endemic areas.
The S-Quattro in the Management of Acute Intraarticular Phalangeal Fractures of the Hand
Authors: KHAN W. , FAHMY N.
Published: November 2005

Intraarticular phalangeal fractures of the hand are difficult and challenging to manage. Dynamic external fixation devices offer the advantages of allowing distraction of the impacted fracture and early joint mobilization. We present our study of 100 patients with a variety of fractures who were treated with the S-Quattro technique over a 6-year period, with an average follow-up of 10.5 months. The mean active range of motion regained was 92° for proximal interphalangeal joints (81 fractures), 82° for distal interphalangeal joints (10 fractures), 91° for metacarpophalangeal joints (6 fractures) and 80° for interphalangeal joints of the thumb (3 fractures). Only nine patients complained of mild or moderate pain. Postoperative radiographic appearances were satisfactory in all but five out of the 100 patients. This device is a simple and effective technique for the management of these difficult fractures. It offers advantages in terms of versatility, ease of application, good tolerance by patients, few complications and good outcome.
Scaphoid and Capitate Fracture with Concurrent Scapholunate Dissociation
Authors: OSTI M. , ZINNECKER R. , BENEDETTO K. P.
Published: November 2005

Combined fracture of the scaphoid and capitate bones with concurrent scapholunate dissociation, but without severe dislocation, is a rare lesion which results in significant carpal instability and requires operative treatment. We report a case of this unusual injury and its functional result after 20 months.
The Beothuka terranova (Radiolaria) assemblage and its importance for the understanding of early Ordovician radiolarian evolution
Authors: MALETZ JORG , BRUTON DAVID L.
Published: November 2005

The radiolarian Beothuka terranova occurs in the Arenigian Didymograptellus bifidus Biozone (uppermost Lower Ordovician) of Spitsbergen (Svalbard), associated with a diverse and well-preserved radiolarian fauna. The presence of typical Cambrian spicular radiolarians associated with derived spherical forms shows a gradational faunal change from the Cambrian to the Ordovician. The genus and species Antygopora ordovicica n. gen. et n. sp. is described.
Control and semantic resource sensitivity
Authors: ASUDEH ASH
Published: November 2005

This paper examines tensions between the syntax of control and semantic resource sensitivity. Structure sharing of controller and control target leads to apparent RESOURCE DEFICIT under certain circumstances. An analysis is presented using Glue Semantics for Lexical Functional Grammar. It demonstrates that structure sharing and resource sensitivity can be reconciled without giving up or relaxing either notion. It is shown that the analysis can handle either property or propositional denotations for controlled complements. The analysis is extended to finite controlled complements, which raise the opposing problem of RESOURCE SURPLUS. A solution is proposed and its typological implications discussed. The syntax and semantics of control as structure sharing is compared to a recent anaphoric control analysis by Dalrymple (2001). Based on facts of exhaustive and partial control, the present analysis is argued to be superior.
The English Patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century
Authors: HUDSON RICHARD , WALMSLEY JOHN
Published: November 2005

In the first half of the twentieth century, English grammar disappeared from the curriculum of most schools in England, but since the 1960s it has gradually been reconceptualised, under the influence of linguistics, and now once again has a central place in the official curriculum. Our aim is not only to document these changes, but also to explain them. We suggest that the decline of grammar in schools was linked to a similar gap in English universities, where there was virtually no serious research or teaching on English grammar. Conversely, the upsurge of academic research since the 1960s has provided a healthy foundation for school-level work and has prevented a simple return to old-fashioned grammar-teaching now that grammar is once again fashionable. We argue that linguists should be more aware of the links between their research and the school curriculum.
Scoundrels without a Fatherland? Heavy Industry and Transnationalism in Post-First World War Germany
Authors: FISCHER CONAN
Published: November 2005

Germany's heavy industrial sector played a definitive role from 1870 onwards in the formation and subsequent shaping of the young German national polity. As such it has been identified with the aggressive, imperialistic tendencies that characterised so much of German history between 1870 and 1945. That said, industrial and national interests could diverge markedly, with heavy industry sometimes exhibiting a marked preference for transnational strategies, particularly during 1923 and 1924, when France and Belgium occupied Germany's industrial heartland – the Ruhr District. Resulting efforts to integrate the coal and metallurgical industries of France and Germany anticipated the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community after the Second World War.
‘To Learn Nothing and To Forget Nothing’: Italian Socialism and the Experience of Exile Politics, 1935–1945
Authors: DE GRAND ALEXANDER
Published: November 2005

As the Italian anti-fascist exiles reorganised after the establishment of a full dictatorship in 1925, they were confronted by a series of difficult issues that no longer could be dealt with in the national context. The overriding need to heal the divisions within the Italian left now would be conditioned by choices made on the international level. The abdication of the Western democracies at Munich meant to many on the left that the Soviet Union was the essential bulwark against fascism. Within the Italian Socialist Party Pietro Nenni defended the alliance with the Communist Party and support for the Soviet Union. Alternatives offered by Angelo Tasca questioned both the exclusive alliance with the Communists and unquestioning support for the Soviet Union. Tasca also developed a European perspective which tended to marginalise the Soviets both ideologically and diplomatically. These positions put him at odds with Nenni. Tasca's position was complicated by his parallel membership of the French SFIO, his French citizenship and, in 1940, his decision to support Vichy. Tasca's defection and Nenni's triumph made the Italian Socialist Party more hostile after the fall of fascism to new thinking on European unity and alternatives to unity of action with the Communists.
Continuities and Discontinuities: New Research on the History of German Economic Institutions
Authors: KOPPER CHRISTOPHER
Published: November 2005

Werner Abelshauser, Jan-Otmar Hesse and Werner Plumpe, eds., Wirtschaftsordnung, Staat und Unternehmen. Neue Forschungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus (Essen: Klartext Verlag, 2003), 392 pp., €29.80 (pb), ISBN 3898612597.

Conan Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis 1923–1924 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), £55.00 (hb), ISBN 0198208006.

Harold James, The Deutsche Bank and the Economic War against the Jews (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 268 pp., £27.50 (hb), ISBN 0521803292.

Reinhard Spree, ed.,Geschichte der deutschen Wirtschaft im 20.Jahrhundert (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2001), 232 pp., €12,50 (pb), ISBN 3406475698.

Hans Erich Volkmann, Ökonomie und Expansion. Grundzüge der NS-Wirtschaftspolitik (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2003), €39.80 (hb), ISBN 3486567144
Congruence and Welsh–English code-switching
Authors: DEUCHAR MARGARET
Published: November 2005

This paper aims to contribute to elucidating the notion of congruence in code-switching with particular reference to Welsh–English data. It has been suggested that a sufficient degree of congruence or equivalence between the constituents of one language and another is necessary in order for code-switching to take place. We shall distinguish between paradigmatic and syntagmatic congruence in relation to the grammatical categories of the two languages, focusing on the insertion of English nouns and noun phrases, adjectives, verbs and participles in otherwise Welsh utterances. We shall demonstrate how differing degrees of congruence between grammatical categories in the two languages are reflected in different code-switching outcomes.
What is breast density?
Authors: Byrne C. , Spernak S.
Published: November 2005

Although having increased breast density is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer other than increased age and having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, it is still not clearly understood what that measure of risk is reflecting biologically. It has long been presumed based on indirect evidence that breast density is an indicator of cumulative hormone, particularly estrogen, exposure throughout one's life. However, there is growing evidence that the story may not be that simple. Recent studies suggest that stromal and epithelial proliferation and interaction, and the IGH-axis may all be involved in explaining the breast density and breast cancer risk association. Clearly for breast cancer research to advance it will be necessary to think beyond the presumed association that explains breast density only through estrogen pathways.
Tissue microarrays – automated analysis and future directions
Authors: DiVito K. A. , Camp R. L.
Published: November 2005

Tissue microarrays have rapidly become a vital tool in the analysis of protein biomarkers on large patient cohorts. Composed of hundreds of miniature histologic tissue cores taken from patient tumors and arrayed in a grid pattern, tissue microarrays have great potential for automation. However, unlike DNA/RNA expression arrays, they contain spatial information, such that successful automation requires both the ability to quantitateandlocalize biomarkers within the tissue. This review traces tissue microarray analysis from the simplest of systems (visual inspection) to dedicated, automated quantitative analyzers capable of localizing biomarkers to sub-cellular compartments. It focuses on the importance of automating the process of tissue microarray analysis, while commenting on the inherent problems associated with both manual and automated analysis. Finally, it discusses the future of automated tissue microarray analysis, emphasizing the many areas of development and potential improvement.
COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer
Authors: Barnes N. L. P. , Bundred N. J.
Published: November 2005

The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyse the rate-limiting step of conversion from arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs). The enzyme exists in two isoforms COX-1 and COX-2. The inducible COX-2 isoform has been shown to be present in up to 80% of breast cancers, high expression correlating with low rates of apoptosis, increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis. Both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective inhibitors to COX-2 have been associated with anti-tumoural properties, decreasing the rates of tumour growth, increasing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. A variety of cellular mechanisms have been suggested, but the exact mechanisms of action remain unclear. COX-2 inhibitors have the potential to be used either alone, or in combination with other agents such as aromatase inhibitors (AIs), monoclonal antibodies (i.e. trastuzumab) or chemotherapeutic agents as novel therapeutic strategies against breast cancer. However the potential cardiac toxicity of the COX-2 selective compounds needs to be fully addressed, with the future development of either safe dosing regimes or new compounds.
Homogenization and effective parameters for the Henry problem in heterogeneous formations
Authors: Held R. , Attinger S. , Kinzelbach W.
Published: November 2005

General upscaling of density‐dependent flow is investigated for the classical two‐dimensional Henry problem of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers. Combined theoretical and numerical results are here presented. Effective flow and transport parameters for saline intrusions could be derived for statistically isotropic and anisotropic heterogeneous permeability fields by use of homogenization theory, applying also to the preasymptotic regime. Our numerical results indicate that heterogeneities in permeability affect foremost the transient evolution of saltwater intrusion, whereas the steady state saltwater distribution is less sensitive to spatially varying permeabilities and longitudinal dispersion. For the isotropic media the effective permeability is found to correspond to the geometric mean, as under conditions without fluid density contrast. The extension of results to anisotropic media requires nontrivial corrections for the effective permeability, which include the variance of log(k) and the directional correlation lengths. The appropriate dispersion coefficients for the problem correspond to the local dispersion coefficients, rather than macrodispersion coefficients. These results are discussed in light of the specific flow configuration posed in the Henry problem.