bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ontogeny of human pulmonary angiotensin‐converting enzyme and its aberrant expression may contribute to the pathobiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
Authors: Castro E.C. , Parks W.T. , Galambos C.
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The mammalian lung possesses the highest level of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) amongst all the organs. ACE is known to generate angiotensin (AT)‐II from AT‐I and to regulate serum bradykinin level, thereby controlling blood pressure. Recent data, however, indicate a role for ACE derived AT‐II in angiogenesis, pulmonary hypertension, and neonatal lung disease. The ontogeny of ACE in humans has not been investigated. We studied pulmonary ACE expression during human lung development and in human bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).

Material and Methods

Human fetal autopsy lung tissue representing all three trimesters (12, 13, 16, 18, 24, 34, 39, and 40 weeks of gestational age (WGA)), as well as from 1 to 10 years of age with no significant lung pathology were used. In addition lung sections of patients with BPD (n = 5) were selected. The slides were immunostained using an anti‐ACE monoclonal antibody. The temporal and spatial pattern of ACE expression was contrasted to that of the pan‐endothelial marker CD31. Staining intensity was graded.

Results

Mildly diffuse and strong microvascular endothelial immunreactivity for ACE was seen in the human fetus as early as 12 WGA. ACE expression peaked at mid gestation and remained high throughout gestation and postnatally. In BPD lungs ACE endothelial staining was largely absent, and when focal staining was observed the intensity was weak.

Conclusion

We established that ACE expression is present in the human fetal lung as early as 12 WGA, remains active pre‐ and postnatally, and ACE expression was downregulated in BPD lungs. We speculate that ACE may be involved in the process of lung development. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:985–990. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced strength in bulk graphene–copper composites
Authors: Chu Ke , Jia Chengchang
Published: October 2013

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) exhibit ultra‐high strength and elastic modulus. Therefore, they are potential ideal reinforcements in metal–matrix composites (MMCs). In this work, we report the use of GNPs to strengthen the bulk Cu‐matrix composites. GNP reinforced Cu‐matrix (GNP/Cu) composites were prepared by a combination of the ball milling and hot‐pressing processing, and their mechanical properties were investigated. Microstructure studies indicated that the GNPs with 0–8 vol.% contents were well dispersed in the Cu matrix by ball milling. Compared to unreinforced Cu, the GNP/Cu composites showed a remarkable increase in yield strength and Young's modulus up to 114 and 37% at 8 vol.% GNP content, respectively. The extraordinary reinforcement is attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of GNPs and grain refinement. However, the mechanical improvement of GNP/Cu composites was still below the theoretical value. The possible reasons for this deviation were discussed and the methods for further mechanical improvement of GNP/Cu composites were proposed.
In‐gap states of In2O3 single crystals investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Authors: Braun Dorothee , Scherer Valentina , Janowitz Christoph , Galazka Zbigniew , Fornari Roberto , Manzke Recardo
Published: October 2013

The influence of intrinsic point defects on the electronic structure of n‐type In2O3 single crystals grown by two methods, namely chemical vapor transport and from the melt, was examined by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. This method is a very surface sensitive technique for measuring the local density of states. So far not resolved states within the fundamental band gap have been observed. The gap states have been studied at different crystals and after several annealing treatments in an oxidizing atmosphere. The spectroscopic results will be compared to state of the art DFT‐calculations revealing hints on the origin of the gap states of In2O3 to be due to oxygen vacancies as well as indium and oxygen interstitials.
Kernel polynomial method as an efficient () scheme for optical spectra calculations including electron–hole interaction
Authors: Gordienko A. B. , Filippov S. I.
Published: October 2013

The kernel polynomial method (KPM) is shown to be an efficient tool to handle the computationally demanding task of optical spectra calculations including electron–hole interaction via solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation. Examples of application are given for silicon and lithium fluoride crystals, which show that the KPM can be a good alternative to other iterative methods for indirect solution of the very high dimension eigenvalue problem.
Analytical and numerical solutions of time fractional anomalous thermal diffusion equation in composite medium
Authors: Jiang Xiaoyun , Chen Shanzhen
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we set up a time fractional thermal diffusion equation in one‐dimensional composite medium. Analytical and numerical methods are proposed to solve the equation of fractional thermal diffusion in M‐layers composite medium. To illustrate the effectiveness of the method,a time fractional heat flow equation of two layers is considered. Numerical results show that the proposed methods are accurate and efficient. The classical heat conduction problem in one‐dimensional composite medium can be regarded as particular cases of this paper. The proposed method can be developed for different situations to calculate anomalous diffusion problems in composite medium.
Multiscale modeling of fracture in Barium Titanate: fracture toughness estimation and modified G‐Criterion
Authors: Chen James , Niemkiewicz Steven D.
Published: October 2013

This study explores fracture physics for Barium Titanate using multiscale modeling and connects the fracture physics to failure criterion, i.e. G‐Criterion. The specimen is devided into three regions: (1) far field, modeled by classical fracture mechanics; (2) near field, modeled by Atomistic Field Theory (AFT) and Generalized Atomistic Finite Element Method (GAFEM); and (3) crack tip, modeled by molecular dynamics (MD). The interaction between the near field and crack tip region is described by full blown interatomic forces. The interatomic potential used for deriving interatomic forces is modified Columb‐Buckingham potential, which has a remedy term to avoid Buckingham Catastrophe. Mode I, Mode II and several different cases of mixed mode fracture are studied and the corresponding fracture toughnesses are estimated. Fracture toughness is associated with the instability of MD simulation at the crack tip region. A modified G‐Criterion model is also developed to provide a design principles from a multiscale perspective. Simulation results agree with the newly proposed modified G‐Criterion model.
Defects in nonlinear elastic crystals: differential geometry, finite kinematics, and second‐order analytical solutions
Authors: Clayton J.D.
Published: October 2013

A differential geometric description of crystals with continuous distributions of lattice defects and undergoing potentially large deformations is presented. This description is specialized to describe discrete defects, i.e., singular defect distributions. Three isolated defects are considered in detail: the screw dislocation, the wedge disclination, and the point defect. New analytical solutions are obtained for elastic fields of these defects in isotropic solids of finite extent, whereby terms up to second order in strain, involving elastic constants up to third order, are retained in the stress components. The strain measure used in the nonlinear elastic potential – a symmetric function, expressed in material coordinates, of the inverse deformation gradient – differs from that used in previous solutions for crystal defects, and is thought to provide a more realistic depiction of mechanics of large deformation than previous theory involving third‐order Lagrangian elastic constants and the Green strain tensor. For the screw dislocation and wedge disclination, effects of core pressure and/or possible contraction along the defect line are considered, and radial displacement contributions arise that are absent in the linear elastic solution, affecting dilatation. Stress components are shown to differ from those of linear elastic solutions near defect cores. Volume change from point defects is strongly affected by elastic nonlinearity.
Person–organization fit and organizational citizenship behavior: Time perspective
Authors: Wei Yu-Chen
Published: October 2013

Viewing organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) engagement from the time–cost perspective, this study not only investigates the direct effect of person–organization (P–O) fit on OCB but also examines the moderating effect of time evaluation on the effective magnitude of P–O fit on OCB. Specifically, I hypothesized that the positive relationship between P–O fit and OCB will be strengthened (weakened) if employees have a higher future- (present-) orientation time perspective. A sample of 262 bank financial specialists with supervisor-rated dependent variables is used to examine the hypothesized relationships. Research findings suggest that P–O fit can predict OCB engagement. I also found that time evaluation plays a moderating role in the relationship between P–O fit and OCB such that P–O fit will have a weaker predictive power if the employees have a higher present-orientation time perspective. The research results provide further understanding of why employees engage in OCB.
Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Shisha Smoking Among Medical Practitioners in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Ghazal Shaista , Malik Maria , Rizvi Nadeem , Ismail Shafaq
Published: October 2013

Background: It is well established that tobacco use in the form of shisha has adverse effects similar to cigarette smoking. Medical-practitioners can play an important role in spreading awareness regarding health hazards associated with shisha smoking. Misconception about shisha is an important factor responsible for its increasing use, the need to evaluate medical practitioner's knowledge about shisha is an important step in controlling the growing epidemic.

Objectives:To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of shisha smoking among different designations of medical practitioners in Karachi.

Methodology:A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to interns, postgraduate-trainees, medical-officers and consultants in various teaching hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan.

Results:A total of 343 medical practitioners participated in the study including 38.2% interns, 43.1% postgraduate trainees, 12% medical-officers and 6.7% consultants. Of the total study population 29.5% of the medical practitioners admitted using shisha at some point in their life. Significant results were obtained when knowledge of medical practioners regarding shisha containing tobacco and its harmful effects on health were judged with p-values of 0.001 and <0.003 respectively. Knowledge regarding hazards of passive shisha exposure was found to be varying with 25.2% interns, 40.5% postgraduates, 34.1% medical-officers and 69.6% consultants being aware of association of neonatal deaths with passive shisha exposure (p-value <0.001) while 51.9% house physicians, 64.2% postgraduates, 53.7% medical officers and 87% consultants believed that shisha exposure during pregnancy can lead to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (p value 0.001).

Conclusions:There is a lack of knowledge among medical practitioners, especially house physicians, regarding contents used in shisha and its hazards.
The Australian Bank Crashes of the 1890s Revisited
Authors: Merrett David Tolmie
Published: October 2013

In the early 1890s, financial crises occurred in many countries, most of which were connected to international capital flows. Australia, a major importer of capital, had difficulty borrowing after the Baring crisis of 1890. This article argues that local factors shaped the consequences of the banking crash in early 1893. A fortuitous legislative change averted a calamity by allowing for reconstruction rather than liquidation of banks, economic activity was depressed as banks became more conservative lenders, and the reconstructions reduced the wealth of domestic bank creditors and shareholders. The article concludes by noting that there was no targeted policy response in the short or medium term to prevent a recurrence of such an event.
Identification of Beta-Tungsten in a Heavily Blackened, Burned Out, Vehicle Headlamp by X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Authors: Zeichner Arie
Published: October 2013

A headlamp of a vehicle involved in an accident was examined in order to assess whether or not it was lit during the collision. In the examination it was found that the headlamp bulb was heavily blackened in an unusual way and its two filaments burnt out. Applying X-ray powder diffraction by diffractometer, the black deposit present in the bulb was identified to consist of a mixture ofβ-tungsten and the ordinaryα-tungsten.
High Quality X-Ray Diffraction Data Using an Adjustable Divergence Slit and Thin Samples
Authors: Kimmel G.
Published: October 2013

In the Bragg-Brentano X-ray powder diffractometer geometry the Automatic Divergence Slit (ADS) provides a fixed area of illumination on a flat specimen. For this case, the “constant volume” diffraction, appropriate for a Constant Divergence Slit (CDS) diffractometer, is not applicable and intensities must be corrected by a sinθ factor before comparison to CDS data.

It is shown that for thin layers the diffraction pattern may be treated as a “constant volume” diffraction case when the ADS is used. Moreover, the derivation of the unit cell dimensions using a common least-square procedure can result in excellent lattice parameters without using internal standards, because the transparency aberrations are minimized.

ADS data were obtained for a variety of reference materials including several NBS SRM powders. It was found that thin samples made of powder mixed with vaseline gave “constant volume” diffraction, less angular aberration, and yet had line intensities only somewhat less than bulk samples.

Three main benefits arise using a combination of thin layers and ADS: (a) The amount of material needed for routine chracterization is small, (b) The relative experimental intensities are approximately the same as those obtained from bulk specimens using a CDS. (c) The measured (Bragg) scattering angles are more accurate compared with those measured from bulk specimens.
X-Ray Diffraction Data for Lu(OH)3
Authors: Mullica D. F. , Sappenfield E. L.
Published: October 2013

Indexed powder diffraction data for Lu(OH)3 are reported. The compound is cubic, Im3(No. 204), with a = 8.2221(3)Å, V = 555.84Å3, Z = 8, Dm = 5.36(4)Mg m−3 (Dx = 5.40Mg m−3). The refined cell parameter was determined by employing a Siemens Debye-Scherrer camera (Cu radiation, Ni filter). The indexed data were evaluated according to the quantitative figures of merit FN and M20 (F29 = 20(0.028,51) and M20 = 43.5). A thermal gravimetric analysis is presented. The JCPD S Diffraction File No. for Lu(OH)3 is 38–1500.
Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns from The JCPDS Research Associateship
Authors: McMurdie Howard F. , Morris Marlene C. , Evans Eloise H. , Paretzkin Boris , Wong-Ng Winnie , Zhang Yuming , Hubbard Camden R.
Published: October 2013

The following new or updated patterns are submitted by the JCPDS Research Associateship at the National Bureau of Standards. The patterns are a continuation of the series of standard X-ray diffraction powder patterns published previously in the NBS Circular 539, the NBS Monograph 25, and in this journal. The methods of producing these reference patterns are described in this journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 40 (1986).

The data for each phase apply to the specific sample described. A sample was mixed with one or two internal standards: silicon (SRM640a), silver, tungsten, or fluorophlogopite (SRM675). Expected 2-theta values for these standards are specified in the methods described (ibid.). Data, from which the reported 2-theta values were determined, were measured with a computer controlled diffractometer. Computer programs were used to locate peak positions and calibrate the patterns as well as to perform variable indexing and least squares cell refinement. A check on the overall internal consistency of the data was also provided by a computer program.
Performance Indicators as Quality Control for Testing and Evaluating Hospital Management Groups: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rüter Anders , Nilsson Heléne , Vilkström Tore
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

An important issue in disaster medicine is the establishment of standards that can be used as a template for evaluation. With the establishment of standards, the ability to compare results will improve, both within and between different organizations involved in disaster management.

Objective:

Performance indicators were developed for testing in simulations exercises with the purpose of evaluating the skills of hospital management groups. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how these indicators can be used to create numerically expressed results that can be compared.

Methods:

Three different management groups were tested in standardized simulation exercises. The testing took place according to the organization's own disaster plan and within their own facilities. Trained observers used a predesigned protocol of performance indicators as a template for the evaluation.

Results:

The management group that scored lowest in management skills also scored lowest in staff skills.

Conclusion:

The use of performance indicators for evaluating the management skills of hospital groups can provide comparable results in testing situations and could provide a new tool for quality improvement of evaluations of real incidents and disasters.
Pandemic Influenza Triage in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Rottman Steven J. , Shoaf Kimberley I. , Schlesinger Jennifer , Selski Eva Klein , Perman Joey , Lamb Kerry , Cheng Janet
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

There has been much federal and local health planning for an influenza pandemic in the United States, but little is known about the ability of the clinical community to deal quickly and effectively with a potentially overwhelming surge of pandemic influenza patients.

Problem:

The attitudes and expectations of emergency physicians, emergency nurses, hospital nursing supervisors, hospital administrators, and infection control personnel concerning clinical care in a pandemic were assessed.

Methods:

Key informant structured interviews of 46 respondents from 34 randomly selected emergency receiving hospitals in Los Angeles County were conducted using an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol. The interview asked about supplies/resources, triage, quality of care, and decision-making. At the conclusion of each interview, the informant was asked to provide the contact information for at least two others within their respective professional group. Interviews were transcribed and coded for key themes using qualitative analytical software.

Results:

There was little salience that an influx of variably ill patients with influenza would force stratified healthcare decision-making. There also was a general lack of preparation to address the ethics and practices of triaging patients in the clinical setting of a pandemic.

Conclusions:

Guidelines must be developed in concert with public health, medical society, and legislative authorities to help clinicians define, adopt, and communicate to the public those practice standards that will be followed in a mass population, infectious disease emergency.
Psychological Effects of Patient Surge in Large-Scale Emergencies: A Quality Improvement Tool for Hospital and Clinic Capacity Planning and Response
Authors: Meredith Lisa S. , Zazzali James L. , Shields Sandra , Eisenman David P. , Alsabagh Halla
Published: October 2013

Although information is available to guide hospitals and clinics on the medical aspects of disaster surge, there is little guidance on how to manage the expected surge of persons needing psychological assessment and response after a catastrophic event. This neglected area of disaster medicine is addressed by presenting a novel and practical quality improvement tool for hospitals and clinics to use in planning for and responding to the psychological consequences of catastrophic events that create a surge of psychological casualties presenting for health care. Industrial quality improvement processes, already widely adopted in the healthcare sector, translate well when applied to disaster medicine and public health preparedness. This paper describes the development of the tool, presents data on facility preparedness from 31 hospitals and clinics in Los Angeles County, and discusses how the tool can be used as a benchmark for targeting improvement. The tool can serve to increase facility awareness of which components of disaster preparedness and response must be addressed through hospitals' and clinics' existing quality improvement programs. It also can provide information for periodic assessment and evaluation of progress over time.
Physical Health of Members of the Public Who Experienced Terrorist Bombings in London on 07 July 2005
Authors: Catchpole Michael A. , Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

On 07 July 2005, four bombs were detonated in London, killing 52 members of the public. Approximately 700 individuals received treatment either at the scene or at nearby hospitals.

Hypothesis/Problem:

Significant concerns about the potential long-term psychological and physical health effects of exposure to the explosions were raised immediately after the bombings. To address these concerns, a public health register was established for the purpose of following-up with individuals exposed to the explosions.

Methods:

Invitations to enroll in the register were sent to individuals exposed to the explosions. A range of health, emergency, and humanitarian service records relating to the response to the explosions were used to identify eligible individuals. Follow-up was undertaken through self-administered questionnaires. The number of patients exposed to fumes, smoke, dust, and who experienced blood splashes, individuals who reported injuries, and the type and duration of health symptoms were calculated. Odds ratios of health symptoms by exposure for greater or less than 30 minutes were calculated.

Results:

A total of 784 eligible individuals were identified, of whom, 258 (33%) agreed to participate in the register, and 173 (22%) returned completed questionnaires between 8 to 23 months after the explosions. The majority of individuals reported exposure to fumes, smoke, or dust, while more than two-fifths also reported exposure to blood. In addition to cuts and puncture wounds, the most frequent injury was ear damage. Most individuals experienced health symptoms for less than four weeks, with the exception of hearing problems, which lasted longer. Four-fifths of individuals felt that they had suffered emotional distress and half of them were receiving counseling.

Conclusions:

The results indicated that the main long-term health effects, apart from those associated with traumatic amputations, were hearing loss and psychological disorders. While these findings provide a degree of reassurance of the absence of long-term effects, the low response rate limits the extent to which this can be extrapolated to all those exposed to the bombings. Given the importance of immediate assessment of the range and type of exposure and injury in incidents such as the London bombings, and the difficulties in contacting individuals after the immediate response phase, there is need to develop better systems for identifying and enrolling exposed individuals into post-incident health monitoring.
Where There Are No Emergency Medical Services—Prehospital Care for the Injured in Mumbai, India
Authors: Roy Nobhojit , Murlidhar V. , Chowdhury Ritam , Patil Sandeep B. , Supe Priyanka A. , Vaishnav Poonam D. , Vatkar Arvind
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

In a populous city like Mumbai, which lacks an organized pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) system, there exists an informal network through which victims arrive at the trauma center. This baseline study describes the prehospital care and transportation that currently is available in Mumbai.

Methods:

A prospective trauma database was created by interviewing 170 randomly selected patients from a total of 454 admitted over a two-month period (July–August 2005) at a Level-I, urban, trauma center.

Results:

The injured victim in Mumbai usually is rescued by a good Samaritan passer-by (43.5%) and contrary to popular belief, helped by the police (89.7%). Almost immediately after rescue, the victim begins transport to the hospital. No one waits for the EMS ambulance to arrive, as there is none. A taxi cab is the most popular substitute for the ambulance (39.3%). The trauma patient in India usually is a young man in his late-twenties, from a lower socioeconomic class. He mostly finds himself in a government hospital, as private hospitals are reluctant to provide trauma care to the seriously injured. The injured who do receive prehospital care receive inadequate and inappropriate care due to the high cost of consumables in resuscitation, and in part due to the providers' lack of training in emergency care. Those who were more likely to receive prehospital care suffered from road traffic injuries (odds ratio (OR) = 2.3) and those transported by government ambulances (OR = 10.83), as compared to railway accident victims (OR = 0 .41) and those who came by taxi (OR = 0.54).

Conclusions:

Currently, as a result of not having an EMS system, prehospital care is a citizen responsibility using societal networks. It is easy to eliminate this system and shift the responsibility to the state. The moot point is whether the state-funded EMS system will be robust enough in a resource-poor setting in which public hospitals are poorly funded. Considering the high funding cost of EMS systems in developed countries and the insufficient evidence that prehospital field interventions by the EMS actually have improved outcomes, Mumbai must proceed with caution when implementing advanced EMS systems into its congested urban traffic. Similar cities, such as Mexico City and Jakarta, have had limited success with implementing EMS systems. Perhaps reinforcing the existing network of informal providers of taxi drivers and police and with training, funding quick transport with taxes on roads and automobile fuels and regulating the private ambulance providers, could be more cost-effective in a culture in which sharing and helping others is not just desirable, but is necessary for overall economic survival.
Describing a Problem: Rear Seatback Failure and Unsecured Cargo
Authors: Mandell Samuel P. , Kaufman Robert , Mack Christopher D. , Bulger Eileen M.
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

Currently, there is little in the literature regarding the ability of rear seatbacks to act as a protective barrier from cargo in frontal crashes. However, it has been shown that unrestrained rear passengers pose a danger to front seat occupants. The association of rear seatback failures and intrusions with mortality and serious injury were examined.

Methods:

The Seattle CIREN database for restrained, rear-seat passengers in front-end crashes with seatback failure or intrusion was searched. Injury patterns and crash characteristics, including the role of unrestrained cargo were examined. Next, the National Automotive Sampling System- Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database was queried for restrained rear-seat passengers in front-end crashes with recorded seat failure or intrusion. Mortality, maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score and mean Injury Severity Scale (ISS) scores were compared with passengers who had no failure or intrusion. Linear regression was used to identify the differences between the groups. Logistic regression was used to estimate the mortality risk associated with seat failure.

Results:

There were four CIREN cases that met the criteria. In each case, the occupant suffered significant injury or death. All four of the seat failures were the result of unrestrained cargo striking the seatback. The CDS data revealed a statistically significantly increased mortality (OR = 18.9, 95% CI = 14.0–25.7) associated with seat failure. Both the maximum AIS and mean of the ISS scores were higher in the failure/intrusion group (p <0.0001).

Conclusions:

Rear seatback failure/intrusion is associated with increased mortality and injury. Case reports suggest unrestrained cargo plays a significant role in these injuries.
Increased Incidence of Domestic Animal Bites following a Disaster Due to Natural Hazards
Authors: Scott Warner G.
Published: October 2013

Introduction::

During deployment following Hurricane Ike in September 2008, bites from domestic animals were among the top three trauma complaints seen at the National Disaster Medical System (NDMS) Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) base of operations.

Problem::

Unlike previous reports of frightened, misplaced dogs and cats biting strangers and rescue workers, there was an increase in bites associated with presumed non-rabid pets who were known to the bite victim.

Methods:

This was an observational sampling of all patients presenting for medical care during deployment to the AL-3 DMAT base of operations in Webster, Texas, following Hurricane Ike. Findings were compared with unofficial local norms and observations from the literature.

Results:

Of the people with animal bites presenting to the field hospital, dog bites accounted for 55%, cat bites, 40%, and snake bites, 5%. Most of the wounds required suturing and were not simple punctures. Most bites (70%) involved the hand(s). Some patients presented > 24 hours after the bite, and already had developed cellulitis. One patient required transfer and inpatient admission for intravenous antibiotics and debridement of a hand injury with spread into the metacarpophalangeal space.

Conclusions:

Most of the bites were severe and occurred within the first 72 hours after the hurricane, and waned steadily over the following weeks to baseline levels. No animal bites caused by misplaced dogs and cats biting strangers were seen. There was an increase in bites associated with domesticated pets known to the bite victim. The current NDMS cache is stocked adequately to care for most wounds caused by animal bites. However post-exposure rabies treatment is not part of the routine medications offered. For future disaster preparedness training, pet owners should be aware of the increased potential for dog and cat bites.
Development of a nutritionally balanced pizza as a functional meal designed to meet published dietary guidelines
Authors: Combet Emilie , Jarlot Amandine , Aidoo Kofi E , Lean Michael EJ
Published: October 2013

Objective

To develop a worked example of product reformulation of a very popular ‘junk food’ to meet nutritional guidelines for public health in a ready meal.

Design

Indicative survey of popular Margherita pizzas, followed by product reformulation, applying dietary guidelines to generate a single-item pizza meal containing 30 % daily amounts of energy and all nutrients. An iterative process was used; first to optimize nutrient balance by adjusting the proportions of bread base, tomato-based sauce and mozzarella topping, then adding ingredients to provide specific nutrients and consumer tasting.

Setting

Urban areas of contrasting socio-economic status.

Subjects

Untrained unselected adults (n49) and children (n63), assessing pizza at tasting stations.

Results

Most commercial pizzas provide insufficient information to assess all nutrients and traditional Margherita pizza ingredients provide insufficient Fe, Zn, iodine, and vitamins C and B12. Energy content of the portions currently sold as standard range from 837 to 2351 kJ (200 to 562 kcal), and most exceed 30 % Guideline Daily Amounts for saturated fat and Na when a 2510 kJ (600 kcal) notional meal is considered. The ‘nutritionally balanced pizza’ provides the required energy for a single-item meal (2510 kJ/600 kcal), with all nutrients within recommended ranges: Na (473 mg, ∼45 % below recommended level), saturated fat (<11 % energy) and dietary fibre (13·7 g). Most adults (77 %) and children (81 %) rated it ‘as good as’ or ‘better than’ their usual choice.

Conclusions

Nutritional guidelines to reduce chronic diseases can be applied to reformulate ‘junk food’ ready meals, to improve public health through a health-by-stealth approach without requiring change in eating habits.
Weight gain in the first two years of life, asthma and atopy: the SCAALA cohort study
Authors: Matos Sheila MA , Jesus Sandra R , Saldiva Silvia RDM , Prado Matildes S , D'Innocenzo Silvana , Assis Ana MO , Rodrigues Laura C , Alcantara-Neves Neuza M , Cruz Álvaro A , Simões Silvia de Magalhães , Fiaccone Rosemeire L , Barreto Maurício L
Published: October 2013

Objective

To evaluate the association between weight gain in the first two years of life and the occurrence of wheezing, asthma, serum IgE, skin reactivity and pulmonary function.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

The metropolitan region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

Subjects

The association was studied between 1997 and 2005 in 669 children up to 11 years of age. Data were collected on asthma and risk factors, both current factors and those present in the first years of life. Weight gain was considered fast when the Z-score was >0·67. Poisson regression was used in the multivariate statistical analysis.

Results

Wheezing was reported in 25·6 % of the children. Weight gain was considered fast (Z-score >0·67) in 29·6 % of the children and slow (Z-score <−0·67) in 13·9 %. Children in the slow weight gain group had 36 % fewer symptoms of asthma (prevalence ratio = 0·65; 95 % CI 0·42, 0·99).

Conclusions

Slower weight gain in the early years of life may constitute a protective factor against symptoms of asthma. The relevance of this finding for public health is not yet certain, since it is known that children with slow and fast weight gain may be more likely to develop adverse health consequences related to both these situations.
Charge Contrast Imaging of Human Enamel
Authors: Dusevich V.M. , Xu C. , Gorski J.P. , Wang Y. , Walker M.P.
Published: October 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
IV. British Policy in the publication of Diplomatic Documents under Castlereagh and Canning
Authors: Webster C. K. , Temperley H. W. V.
Published: October 2013

The question of the publicity of State Papers obviously has two aspects. Certain transactions of diplomacy can never be made known immediately. Personal comments and attacks creep occasionally into dispatches and have to be cut out on publication. But these omissions, though interesting, are unimportant except to the historian. Certain other and more important transactions have to be concealed altogether, because a confidence would be betrayed, or too much be made of a tentative or false step in diplomatic transactions. Even in such cases, however, there is usually no objection to revealing the reasons that led to the conclusion finally adopted. So much can be done in a completed negotiation or decision. But most diplomats would agree that it is sometimes dangerous to publish details as to abortive negotiations. It is very often necessary to do so, but the announcement of the failure of a negotiation, if accompanied by clouds of papers, is not likely to produce a good impression and may sometimes prevent a remedy from being found.
NOTES ONω-INCONSISTENT THEORIES OF TRUTH IN SECOND-ORDER LANGUAGES
Authors: BARRIO EDUARDO , PICOLLO LAVINIA
Published: October 2013

It is widely accepted that a theory of truth for arithmetic should be consistent, butω-consistency is less frequently required. This paper argues thatω-consistency is a highly desirable feature for such theories. The point has already been made for first-order languages, though the evidence is not entirely conclusive. We show that in the second-order case the consequence of adoptingω-inconsistent truth theories for arithmetic is unsatisfiability. In order to bring out this point, well knownω-inconsistent theories of truth are considered: the revision theory of nearly stable truthT#and the classical theory of symmetric truthFS. Briefly, we present some conceptual problems withω-inconsistent theories, and demonstrate some technical results that support our criticisms of such theories.
Detailed atomistic simulation of the nano-sorption and nano-diffusivity of water, tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid in single wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Anastassiou Alexandros , Karahaliou Elena K. , Alexiadis Orestis , Mavrantzas Vlasis G.
Published: October 2013

We report results from a detailed computer simulation study for the nano-sorption and mobility of four different small molecules (water, tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid) inside smooth single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Most of the results have been obtained with the molecular dynamics (MD) method, but especially for the most narrow of the CNTs considered, the results for one of the molecules addressed here (water) were further confirmed through an additional Grand Canonical (μVT) Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation using a value for the water chemical potential μ pre-computed with the particle deletion method. Issues addressed include molecular packing and ordering inside the nanotube for the four molecules, average number of sorbed molecules per unit length of the tube, and mean residence time and effective axial diffusivities, all as a function of tube diameter and tube length. In all cases, a strong dependence of the results on tube diameter was observed, especially in the way the different molecules are packed and organized inside the CNT. For water for which predictions of properties such as local structure and packing were computed with both methods (MD and GCMC), the two sets of results were found to be fully self-consistent for all types of SWCNTs considered. Water diffusivity inside the CNT (although, strongly dependent on the CNT diameter) was computed with two different methods, both of which gave identical results. For large enough CNT diameters (larger than about 13 Å), this was found to be higher than the corresponding experimental value in the bulk by about 55%. Surprisingly enough, for the rest of the molecules simulated (phenolic), the simulations revealed no signs of mobility inside nanotubes with a diameter smaller than the (20, 20) tube. This is attributed to strong phenyl-phenyl attractive interactions, also to favorable interactions of these molecules with the CNT walls, which cause them to form highly ordered, very stable structures inside the nanotube, especially under strong confinement. The interaction, in particular, of the methyl group (present in tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid) with the CNT walls seems to play a key role in all these compounds causing them to remain practically immobile inside nanotubes characterized by diameters smaller than about 26 Å. It is only for larger-diameter CNTs that tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid were observed to demonstrate appreciable mobility.
Apparent violation of the sum rule for exchange-correlation charges by generalized gradient approximations
Authors: Kohut Sviataslau V. , Staroverov Viktor N.
Published: October 2013

The exchange-correlation potential of Kohn–Sham density-functional theory, vXC(r), can be thought of as an electrostatic potential produced by the static charge distribution qXC(r) = −(1/4π)∇2vXC(r). The total exchange-correlation charge, QXC = ∫qXC(r) dr, determines the rate of the asymptotic decay of vXC(r). If QXC ≠ 0, the potential falls off as QXC/r; if QXC = 0, the decay is faster than coulombic. According to this rule, exchange-correlation potentials derived from standard generalized gradient approximations (GGAs) should have QXC = 0, but accurate numerical calculations give QXC ≠ 0. We resolve this paradox by showing that the charge density qXC(r) associated with every GGA consists of two types of contributions: a continuous distribution and point charges arising from the singularities of vXC(r) at each nucleus. Numerical integration of qXC(r) accounts for the continuous charge but misses the point charges. When the point-charge contributions are included, one obtains the correct QXC value. These findings provide an important caveat for attempts to devise asymptotically correct Kohn–Sham potentials by modeling the distribution qXC(r).
Multiphoton microscopic imaging of histological sections without hematoxylin and eosin staining differentiates carcinoma in situ lesion from normal oesophagus
Authors: Chen Jianxin , Xu Jian , Kang Deyong , Xu Meifang , Zhuo Shuangmu , Zhu Xiaoqin , Jiang Xingshan
Published: October 2013

Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has become a powerful, important tool for tissues imaging at the molecular level. In this paper, this technique was extended to histological investigations, differentiating carcinoma in situ (CIS) lesion from normal oesophagus by imaging histological sections without hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results show that the histology procedures of dehydration, paraffin embedding, and de-paraffinizing highlighted two photon excited fluorescence of cytoplasm and nucleolus of epithelial cell and collagen in stroma. MPM has the ability to identify the characteristics of CIS lesion including changes of squamous cells and full epithelium, identification of basement membrane, especially prominent nucleolus. The studies described here show that MPM has the potential for future retrospective studies of tumor staging by employing on histological section specimens without H&E staining.
Modeling and design of a beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic for the negative ion source NIO1
Authors: Barbisan M. , Zaniol B. , Cavenago M. , Pasqualotto R.
Published: October 2013

Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL are building a flexible small ion source (Negative Ion Optimization 1, NIO1) capable of producing about 130 mA of H− ions accelerated at 60 KeV. Aim of the experiment is to test and develop the instrumentation for SPIDER and MITICA, the prototypes, respectively, of the negative ion sources and of the whole neutral beam injectors which will operate in the ITER experiment. As SPIDER and MITICA, NIO1 will be monitored with beam emission spectroscopy (BES), a non-invasive diagnostic based on the analysis of the spectrum of the Hα emission produced by the interaction of the energetic ions with the background gas. Aim of BES is to monitor direction, divergence, and uniformity of the ion beam. The precision of these measurements depends on a number of factors related to the physics of production and acceleration of the negative ions, to the geometry of the beam, and to the collection optics. These elements were considered in a set of codes developed to identify the configuration of the diagnostic which minimizes the measurement errors. The model was already used to design the BES diagnostic for SPIDER and MITICA. The paper presents the model and describes its application to design the BES diagnostic in NIO1.
Mechanics of silicon nitride thin-film stressors on a transistor-like geometry
Authors: Reboh S. , Morin P. , Hÿtch M. J. , Houdellier F. , Claverie A.
Published: October 2013

To understand the behavior of silicon nitride capping etch stopping layer stressors in nanoscale microelectronics devices, a simplified structure mimicking typical transistor geometries was studied. Elastic strains in the silicon substrate were mapped using dark-field electron holography. The results were interpreted with the aid of finite element method modeling. We show, in a counterintuitive sense, that the stresses developed by the film in the vertical sections around the transistor gate can reach much higher values than the full sheet reference. This is an important insight for advanced technology nodes where the vertical contribution of such liners is predominant over the horizontal part.
Study of argon flowing afterglow with nitrogen injection
Authors: Mazánková V. , Trunec D. , Krčma F.
Published: October 2013

In this work, the reaction kinetics in argon flowing afterglow with nitrogen addition was studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The DC flowing post-discharge in pure argon was created in quartz tube at the total gas pressure of 1000 Pa and discharge power of 60 W. The nitrogen was added into the afterglow at the distance of 9 cm behind the active discharge. The optical emission spectra were measured along the flow tube. The argon spectral lines and after nitrogen addition also nitrogen second positive system (SPS) were identified in the spectra. The measurement of spatial dependence of SPS intensity showed a very slow decay of the intensity and the decay rate did not depend on the nitrogen concentration. In order to explain this behavior a kinetic model for reaction in afterglow was developed. This model showed that C 3Πu state of molecular nitrogen, which is the upper state of SPS emission, is produced by excitation transfer from argon metastables to nitrogen molecules. However, the argon metastables are also produced at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm Ar}_2^+$\end{document} Ar 2+ ion recombination with electrons and this limits the decay of argon metastable concentration and it results in very slow decay of SPS intensity.
Networked dynamical systems with linear coupling: Synchronisation patterns, coherence and other behaviours
Authors: Judd Kevin
Published: October 2013

Many physical and biochemical systems are well modelled as a network of identical non-linear dynamical elements with linear coupling between them. An important question is how network structure affects chaotic dynamics, for example, by patterns of synchronisation and coherence. It is shown that small networks can be characterised precisely into patterns of exact synchronisation and large networks characterised by partial synchronisation at the local and global scale. Exact synchronisation modes are explained using tools of symmetry groups and invariance, and partial synchronisation is explained by finite-time shadowing of exact synchronisation modes.
Basic criteria for formation of growth twins in high stacking fault energy metals
Authors: Yu K. Y. , Bufford D. , Chen Y. , Liu Y. , Wang H. , Zhang X.
Published: October 2013

Nanotwinned metals received significant interest lately as twin boundaries may enable simultaneous enhancement of strength, ductility, thermal stability, and radiation tolerance. However, nanotwins have been the privilege of metals with low-to-intermediate stacking fault energy (SFE). Recent scattered studies show that nanotwins could be introduced into high SFE metals, such as Al. In this paper, we examine several sputter-deposited, {111} textured Ag/Al, Cu/Ni, and Cu/Fe multilayers, wherein growth twins were observed in Al, Ni, and face-centered cubic (fcc) Fe. The comparisons lead to two important design criteria that dictate the introduction of growth twins in high SFE metals. The validity of these criteria was then examined in Ag/Ni multilayers. Furthermore, another twin formation mechanism in high SFE metals was discovered in Ag/Ni system.