bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synaptic development of the mouse dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Bickford Martha E. , Slusarczyk Arkadiusz , Dilger Emily K. , Krahe Thomas E. , Kucuk Can , Guido William
Published: September 2009

The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the mouse has emerged as a model system in the study of thalamic circuit development. However, there is still a lack of information regarding how and when various types of retinal and nonretinal synapses develop. We examined the synaptic organization of the developing mouse dLGN in the common pigmented C57/BL6 strain, by recording the synaptic responses evoked by electrical stimulation of optic tract axons, and by investigating the ultrastructure of identified synapses. At early postnatal ages (P14), when optic tract stimulation routinely evoked an excitatory postsynaptic potential/inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP/IPSP) sequence, with the latter having both a GABAA and GABAB component. Electrophysiological and ultrastructural observations were consistent. At P7, many synapses were present, but synaptic profiles lacked the ultrastructural features characteristic of the adult dLGN, and little γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) could be detected by using immunocytochemical techniques. In contrast, by P14, GABA staining was robust, mature synaptic profiles of retinal and nonretinal origin were easily distinguished, and the size and proportion of synaptic contacts were similar to those of the adult. The emergence of nonretinal synapses coincides with pruning of retinogeniculate connections, and the transition of retinal activity from spontaneous to visually driven. These results indicate that the synaptic architecture of the mouse dLGN is similar to that of other higher mammals, and thus provides further support for its use as a model system for visual system development. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:622–635, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonic Spectrometry of Aqueous Solutions of Alkyl Maltosides: Kinetics of Micelle Formation and Head‐Group Isomerization
Authors: Haller Julian , Kaatze Udo
Published: September 2009

At frequencies between 100 kHz and 400 MHz, ultrasonic attenuation spectra are measured at 25 °C for aqueous solutions of hexyl‐, heptyl‐, octyl‐, nonyl‐, and decyl‐β‐D‐maltopyranoside as well as of decyl‐α‐D‐maltopyranoside. The spectra with surfactant concentrationcabove the relevant critical micelle concentration (cmc) display three relaxation terms with discrete relaxation times. That with a relaxation time between 0.1 and 1.2 μs is due to exchange of monomers between micelles and the suspending phase. It is discussed in the light of the Teubner–Kahlweit–Aniansson–Wall model of the formation/decay kinetics of systems with Gaussian size distribution of micelles. The relaxation parameters are compared to those for solutions of other non‐ionic surfactants, such as alkyl monoglycosides and poly(ethylene glycol) monoalkyl ethers. Atc<cmc this low‐frequency relaxation term is missing and atc≈cmc it is broadened, as is characteristic of solutions of oligomeric molecular structures rather than proper micelles. The relaxation terms with relaxation times between 6 and 15 ns and 0.7 and 2.3 ns reveal head‐group rotations around glycosidic angles and isomerization of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group, respectively. These unimolecular reactions are also examined with a view to solutions of alkyl monoglycosides as well as of glucose and maltose.
Photoactive Nanostructures of Polypyrrole
Authors: Ruderer Matthias A. , Hirzinger Matthias , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: September 2009

The creation of nanostructures of the photoactive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) on glass substrates with the spin‐coating method is described. No additional post‐production treatment is necessary to obtain uniformly distributed photoactive nanostructures on macroscopically scaled substrates. Based on X‐ray reflectivity measurements, the critical solution concentration of PPy below which these nanostructures develop is determined. The PPy nanostructures are displayed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, which prove that the nanostructures form directly on the substrate. With UV/Vis spectroscopy the absorption behavior of the nanostructures is probed in comparison to PPy films and PPy solutions. A linear dependence of the absorption of the nanostructure on the surface coverage measured with AFM is detected. The influence of confinement on the conjugation length results in a modified absorption behavior of the nanostructures.
Structural, microchemical and superconducting properties of ultrathin NbN films on silicon
Authors: Schneider R. , Freitag B. , Gerthsen D. , Ilin K. S. , Siegel M.
Published: September 2009

Structural, chemical and superconducting properties of thin NbN films used for development of fast and sensitive hot‐electron bolometer (HEB) detectors for wide spectra range are reported. The thin NbN films with a thickness between 4 and 10 nm were deposited on the (001)Si substrates by magnetron sputtering. In order to investigate the film morphology and microchemistry, diffraction‐contrast and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with scanning TEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were performed. In addition, the zero‐resistance critical temperature of the NbN films was measured and correlated to their thickness. The interrelations between fabrication conditions, crystalline and superconducting properties of the differently thick NbN films are discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ASC/SIL ratio for cytotechnologists: A survey of its utility in clinical practice
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Auger Manon , Birdsong George , Cibas Edmund S. , Henry Michael , Hughes Jonathan H. , Moriarty Ann , Tench William , Wilbur David C. , Elsheikh Tarik M.
Published: September 2009

The atypical squamous cell to squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC/SIL) ratio for cytotechnologists (CTs) may correlate with screening sensitivity in some laboratory settings. Whether this ratio can be applied to other laboratory settings is not known. We conducted a survey of nine cytology laboratories and correlated the ASC/SIL ratio of individual CTs with other laboratory characteristics.

The ASC/SIL ratio for individual CTs varied from 0.6 to 4.5 (mean: 1.9, median: 1.5). The ASC/SIL ratio within individual laboratories varied up to 567%; 25/78 (32%) CTs had an ASC/SIL ratio of less than 1.5, though only three of nine laboratories had more than one CT with a ratio this low. Laboratories that used 100% location guided screening (ThinPrep Imaging System) were much less likely to have a CT with a ratio <1.5 (1/20, 5%) than laboratories that never used location guided screening (14/34, 42%; P = 0.004). In addition, the normalized variance of these same laboratories that used location guided screening was significantly lower than those that did not (normalized standard deviation 0.32 vs. 0.55, P = 0.004). The ASC/SIL ratios did not correlate with laboratory volume, individual workload, or type of specimen preparation (conventional vs. liquid based).

The ASC/SIL ratio for CTs varies widely between and within laboratories, and may correlate with the use of location guided screening. Very low ASC/SIL ratios are unusual, and CTs with low ratios may warrant further evaluation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytomorphologic features of primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the psoas muscle: A case report and literature review
Authors: Recavarren Rosemary A. , Yang Jack
Published: September 2009

Ki‐1 (CD30) positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an uncommon malignancy, which may present with nodal as well as extra‐nodal disease. Primary skeletal muscle Ki‐1 (CD30) positive ALCL is an even rarer event with few cases reported in the literature and only some with published cytomorphologic features. An 83‐year‐old woman underwent a fine needle aspiration (FNA) of a psoas muscle mass. Smears demonstrated a predominantly discohesive population of large pleomorphic cells. The nuclei were hypechromatic and lobulated, with often multinucleation. Nucleoli were prominent in a subset of cells. Cytoplasmic vacuolization was also present. No lymphoglandular bodies were identified. A cytodiagnosis of malignant cells favoring metastatic melanoma vs. poorly differentiated carcinoma was rendered. Morphologic and immunohistochemical features later revealed a primary psoas muscle Ki‐1 (CD30) positive ALCL with negative staining for anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK). Cytologic features of ALCL mimic epithelial neoplasms, sarcomas, melanoma and other lymphomas. Although rare, ALCL should be a diagnostic consideration when discohesive pleomorphic malignant cells are encountered on FNA of a muscle neoplasm. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results—no 1: Relative risk, risk difference, and number needed to treat
Authors: Kremer Leontien , Moyer Virginia
Published: September 2009

Evidence‐Based Child Health publishes articles intended to help readers understand the results of systematic reviews and to translate those results to clinical practise. An adequate understanding how to use estimates of effects reported in Cochrane systematic reviews is important for clinicians and patients who are involved in clinical decisions about treatment in children. In this issue, we are reprinting the first instalment of Tips and Tricks, originally published in Volume 1, Issue 1, of Evidence‐Based Child Health to re‐address the concepts of relative risk, risk difference and number needed to treat. The information for the tips and tricks in this article is based on earlier papers, the Cochrane Handbook, and the collective experience of the editors in teaching evidence‐based medicine.1,2 Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Structural and Near‐IR Luminescent Properties of Erbium‐Containing Coordination Polymers
Authors: Haquin Victor , Gumy Frédéric , Daiguebonne Carole , Bünzli Jean‐Claude , Guillou Olivier
Published: September 2009

The near‐IR luminescence properties of two ErIII‐containing coordination polymers, namely, [Er(btc)(H2O)5·3.5H2O]∞ [(btc)3– = 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate] and [Er2(bdc)3(H2O)4]∞ [(bdc)2– = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate] were investigated with the aim of testing their potential use as optical materials. Because both present relatively small quantum yields and short excited‐state lifetimes, factors influencing their luminescent properties were deciphered in an effort to improve their luminescent properties. Thus, three other families of compounds were also investigated: (i) the two corresponding dehydrated compounds with respective chemical formula [Er(btc)] and [Er2(bdc)3]∞ for evaluating the importance of O–H vibrators, (ii) the heterodinuclear compounds [Er2–2xY2x(bdc)3(H2O)4]∞ (x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 0.9) for estimating the role of intermetallic quenching and (iii) the heterodinuclear compounds [Er2–2xYb2x(bdc)3(H2O)4]∞ (x = 0.2 and 0.5) for checking whether YbIII‐sensitized up‐conversion can be induced or not. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Chiral Water‐Soluble Perylenediimides
Authors: Schmidt Cordula D. , Böttcher Christoph , Hirsch Andreas
Published: September 2009

For the first time the synthesis of covalently linked very water‐soluble chiral perylenediimides (PDIs) is presented. The PDIs carry the amino acids alanine or lysine as imide substituents, respectively, which are coupled to Newkome‐type dendrimers acting as hydrophilic groups. The tert‐butyl‐protected precursors 5 as well as its water‐soluble free acid compounds 6 were investigated by absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Except for the sterically most crowded 2nd generation alanine compounds 5f and 6f all chiral dyes show bisignate CD effects which indicate helical aggregation. The 1st generation alanine compound 6b shows the greatest CD effects in buffer solution and its aggregation behaviour was also directly proven by the use of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the formation of chiral superstructures of 6b was found to be pH‐ and concentration‐dependent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Golden is the sand: Memory and hope in evaluation policy and evaluation practice
Authors: Datta Lois‐ellin
Published: September 2009

Going from thought to action in influencing evaluation policy is an overdue, untried, and perhaps anxious‐making role for the American Evaluation Association. We will need good courage, sustained conversation, and the widest views. The courage is needed in remembering that although this isn't going to be fast or easy, evaluation policies make a big enough difference to be worth a big effort. Sustained conversation is needed to find the common ground that exists in practice, while perhaps trying a little benign neglect of the diversity that exists in theoretical stances. Widest views that include in‐depth understanding of globalization and other broad changes are needed so our policies can be appropriate for the half‐century ahead, rather than the 50 years past. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical study on heavy rigid particle motion in a plane wake flow by spectral element method
Authors: Wu Zuo‐Bing
Published: September 2009

Experimental particle dispersion patterns in a plane wake flow at a high Reynolds number have been predicted numerically by discrete vortex method (Phys. Fluids A 1992; 4:2244–2251; Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2000; 26:1583–1607). To address the particle motion at a moderate Reynolds number, spectral element method is employed to provide an instantaneous wake flow field for particle dynamics equations, which are solved to make a detail classification of the patterns in relation to the Stokes and Froude numbers. It is found that particle motion features only depend on the Stokes number at a high Froude number and depend on both numbers at a low Froude number. A ratio of the Stokes number to squared Froude number is introduced and threshold values of this parameter are evaluated that delineate the different regions of particle behavior. The parameter describes approximately the gravitational settling velocity divided by the characteristic velocity of wake flow. In order to present effects of particle density but preserve rigid sphere, hollow sphere particle dynamics in the plane wake flow is investigated. The evolution of hollow particle motion patterns for the increase of equivalent particle density corresponds to that of solid particle motion patterns for the decrease of particle size. Although the thresholds change a little, the parameter can still make a good qualitative classification of particle motion patterns as the inner diameter changes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mn‐Stabilised Microstructure and Performance of Pd‐impregnated YSZ Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Liang F. L. , Chen J. , Jiang S. P. , Wang F. Z. , Chi B. , Pu J. , Jian Li
Published: September 2009

The effect of Mn alloying on PdO powder and Pd‐impregnated Pd + YSZ cathode for the O2 reduction reaction in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells has been studied in detail. The microstructure, thermal stability, electrochemical activity and performance stability of the powder and cathode were analysed using thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that an addition of 5 mol.‐% Mn effectively inhibits the growth and coalescence of Pd and PdO particles at high temperatures and stabilises the microstructure of the powders and the electrode; as a consequence, the electrochemical performance and stability of the cathode are significantly improved. The electrochemical performance of the Pd + YSZ and Pd0.95Mn0.05 + YSZ cathodes so prepared is much better than that of the conventional LSM‐based cathodes and is also comparable with the mixed ionic and electronic conducting oxide cathodes such as LSCF.
LPXN, a member of the paxillin superfamily, is fused to RUNX1 in an acute myeloid leukemia patient with a t(11;21)(q12;q22) translocation
Authors: Dai Hai‐Ping , Xue Yong‐Quan , Zhou Jian‐Wei , Li Ai‐Ping , Wu Ya‐Fang , Pan Jin‐Lan , Wang Yong , Zhang Jun
Published: September 2009

RUNX1 (previously AML1) is involved in multiple recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in hematological malignances. Recently, we identified a novel fusion between RUNX1 and LPXN from an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient with t(11;21)(q12;q22). This translocation generated four RUNX1/LPXN and one LPXN/RUNX1 chimeric transcripts. Two representative RUNX1/LPXN fusion proteins, RL and RLs, were both found to localize in the nucleus and could bring the CBFB protein into the nucleus like the wild‐type RUNX1. Both fusion proteins inhibit the ability of RUNX1 to transactivate the CSF1R promoter, probably through competition for its target sequences. Unlike RL and RLs, the LPXN/RUNX1 fusion protein LR was found to localize in the cytoplasm. Thus, we believe it has little impact on the transcriptional activity of RUNX1. We also found that fusion proteins RL, RLs, LR, and wild‐type LPXN could confer NIH3T3 cells with malignant transformation characteristics such as more rapid growth, the ability to form colonies in soft agar, and the ability to form solid tumors in the subcutaneous tissue of the BALB/c nude mice. Taken together, our data indicated that the RUNX1/LPXN and LPXN/RUNX1 fusion proteins may play important roles in leukemogenesis and that deregulation of cell adhesion pathways may be pathogenetically important in AML. Our study also suggests that LPXN may play an important role in carcinogenesis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
WTX inactivation is a frequent, but late event in Wilms tumors without apparent clinical impact
Authors: Wegert Jenny , Wittmann Stefanie , Leuschner Ivo , Geissinger Eva , Graf Norbert , Gessler Manfred
Published: September 2009

Wilms tumor (WT) is one of the most common solid tumors in childhood. Mutations in WT1 and CTNNB1 are well established as causal alterations in about 10–15% of cases. Recently, WTX (WT gene on the X‐chromosome), a gene implicated in WNT signaling, has been identified as a third WT gene. We determined the mutation status of WTX, CTNNB1, and WT1 in a large set of 429 tumors. Genomic WTX alterations were identified in 17% of WTs, equally distributed between males and females. Analysis of 104 WT samples for WTX point mutations revealed a rate of only 2%. An additional 11.5% of tumor samples lacked expression of WTX mRNA. These WTX alterations can occur in parallel to WT1 or CTNNB1 mutations. However, we could not find a significant correlation between WTX deletion status or expression level and clinical parameters suggesting that WTX mutations apparently have little direct impact on tumor behavior and presentation. Incomplete deletions of WTX in several cases suggested heterogeneity in tumors. In a small number of cases, we could analyze separate tumor fragments or microdissected regions with different histology of tumors with heterozygous point mutations. Despite complete allele losses at other sites in the genome, we detected varying degrees of WTX mutation. This suggests that WTX alteration is not an essential and early mutation needed to drive tumorigenesis, but rather a later event that may affect only a fraction of cells with unclear clinical relevance. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotyping of 73 UM‐SCC head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Brenner J. Chad , Graham Martin P. , Kumar Bhavna , Saunders Lindsay M. , Kupfer Robbi , Lyons Robert H. , Bradford Carol R. , Carey Thomas E.
Published: September 2009

Background.

We established multiple University of Michigan Squamous Cell Carcinoma (UM‐SCC) cell lines. With time, these have been distributed to other labs all over the world. Recent scientific discussions have noted the need to confirm the origin and identity of cell lines in grant proposals and journal articles. We genotyped the UM‐SCC cell lines in our collection to confirm their unique identity.

Method.

Early‐passage UM‐SCC cell lines were genotyped and photographed.

Results.

Thus far, 73 unique head and neck UM‐SCC cell lines (from 65 donors, including 21 lines from 17 females) were genotyped. In 7 cases, separate cell lines were established from the same donor.

Conclusions.

These results will be posted on the UM Head and Neck SPORE Tissue Core website for other investigators to confirm that the UM‐SCC cells used in their laboratories have the correct features. Publications using UM‐SCC cell lines should confirm the genotype. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Interactions between a saline lagoon and a semi‐confined aquifer on a salinized floodplain of the lower River Murray, southeastern Australia
Authors: Banks E. W. , Simmons C. T. , Jolly I. D. , Doble R. C. , McEwan K. L. , Herczeg A. L.
Published: September 2009

The transport of saline groundwater from local and regional aquifers to the lower River Murray in South Australia is thought to be greatly influenced by the incised lagoons and wetlands that are present in the adjacent floodplain. Interactions between a saline lagoon and semi‐confined aquifer at a floodplain on the River Murray were studied over a 1‐year period using hydrogeological techniques and environmental tracers (Cl−, δ2H and δ18O). Piezometric surface monitoring showed that the lagoon acted as a flow‐through system intercepting local and regional groundwater flow. A chloride mass balance determined that approximately 70% of the lagoon winter volume was lost by evaporation. A stable isotope mass balance estimated leakage from the lagoon to the underlying aquifer. Around 0–38% of the total groundwater inflow into the lagoon was lost to leakage compared to 62–100% of groundwater inflow lost to evaporation. Overall, floodplain wetlands of the type studied here behave as groundwater flow‐through systems. They intercept groundwater discharge, concentrate it and eventually recharge more saline water to the floodplain aquifer. Understanding groundwater–surface water interactions in floodplain wetlands will benefit the effective management of salinity in semi‐arid rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond behavior: eliciting broader change with motivational interviewing
Authors: Wagner Christopher C. , Ingersoll Karen S.
Published: September 2009

Descriptions of Motivational interviewing (MI) usually focus on helping clients change a single problematic behavior. In contrast, the current case study shows that MI can serve as a more comprehensive psychotherapy, focused not only on multiple problem behaviors but also on broader change consistent with its roots in client‐centered therapy. In this case, the therapist interwove a focus on several discrete behaviors with a focus on broader lifestyle change as well as increased clarity of client cognitions, values, and choices, resulting in several lasting changes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–15, 2009.
Mass spectrometric analysis of the glycosphingolipid‐derived glycans from miniature pig endothelial cells and islets: identification of NeuGc epitope in pig islets
Authors: Kim Yun‐Gon , Harvey David J. , Yang Yung‐Hun , Park Chung‐Gyu , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: September 2009

Glycosphingolipid (GSL) is a major component of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells that is involved directly in a variety of immunological events via cell‐to‐cell or cell‐to‐protein interactions. In this study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of GSL‐derived glycans on endothelial cells and islets from a miniature pig were performed and their glycosylation patterns were compared. A total of 60 and 47 sialylated and neutral GSL‐derived glycans from the endothelial cells and islets, respectively, were characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and collision‐induced fragmentation using positive‐ion electrospray ionization (ESI) ion‐trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In accordance with previous immunohistochemistry studies, the α‐Gal‐terminated GSL was not detected but NeuGc‐terminated GSLs were newly detected from miniature pig islets. In addition, the neutral GSL‐derived glycans were relatively quantified by derivatization with carboxymethyl trimethylammonium hydrazide (so called Girard's T reagent) and MALDI‐TOF MS. The structural information of the GSL‐derived glycans from pig endothelial cells and islets suggests that special attention should be paid to all types of glycoconjugates expressed on pig tissues or cells for successful clinical xenotransplantation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell decomposition for P‐minimal fields
Authors: Mourgues Marie‐Hélène
Published: September 2009

In [12], P. Scowcroft and L. van den Dries proved a cell decomposition theorem for p‐adically closed fields. We work here with the notion of P‐minimal fields defined by D. Haskell and D. Macpherson in [6]. We prove that a P‐minimal field K admits cell decomposition if and only if K has definable selection. A preprint version in French of this result appeared as a prepublication [8] (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On (∈, ∈ ∨ q)‐fuzzy filters of R0‐algebras
Authors: Ma Xueling , Zhan Jianming , Jun Young B.
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we introduce the notions of (∈, ∈ ∨ q)‐fuzzy filters and (∈, ∈ ∨ q)‐fuzzy Boolean (implicative) filters in R0‐algebras and investigate some of their related properties. Some characterization theorems of these generalized fuzzy filters are derived. In particular, we prove that a fuzzy set in R0‐algebras is an (∈, ∈ ∨ q)‐fuzzy Boolean filter if and only if it is an (∈, ∈ ∨ q)‐fuzzy implicative filter. Finally, we consider the concepts of implication‐based fuzzy Boolean (implicative) filters of R0‐algebras (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reproductive toxicity of phthalate esters
Authors: Martino‐Andrade Anderson Joel , Chahoud Ibrahim
Published: September 2009

Phthalate esters are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that in general display low‐toxicity. Overall, the reproductive effects of these compounds are well characterized in adult's animals, with gonadal injury observed after high dose exposure. However, results of recent transgeneration studies indicate that the reproductive system of developing animals is particularly vulnerable to certain phthalates. The phenotypic alterations observed in male offspring rats exposed during the perinatal period have remarkable similarities with common human reproductive disorders, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias and low‐sperm counts. Recent results also indicate that high phthalate doses can adversely affect adult and developing female rats. However, the main question involving phthalates is whether the current level of human exposure is sufficient to adversely affect male and/or female reproductive health. Here, we review the reproductive toxicity data of phthalates in adult and developing animals as well as possible modes of action. In addition, we briefly discuss the relevance of animal studies to humans in light of recent epidemiological data and experimental research with low (human relevant) doses. Finally, we point out some critical issues that should be addressed in order to clarify the implications of phthalates for human reproduction.
An analysis of disease severity based on SMN2 copy number in adults with spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Elsheikh Bakri , Prior Thomas , Zhang Xiaoli , Miller Robert , Kolb Stephen J. , Moore Dan , Bradley Walter , Barohn Richard , Bryan Wilson , Gelinas Deborah , Iannaccone Susan , Leshner Robert , Mendell Jerry R. , Mendoza Michelle , Russman Barry , Smith Stephen , King Wendy , Kissel John T.
Published: September 2009

To evaluate the effect of SMN2 copy number on disease severity in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), we stratified 45 adult SMA patients based on SMN2 copy number (3 vs. 4 copies). Patients with 3 copies had an earlier age of onset and lower spinal muscular atrophy functional rating scale (SMAFRS) scores and were more likely to be non‐ambulatory. There was, however, no difference between the groups in quantitative muscle strength or pulmonary function testing. Functional scale may be a more discriminating outcome measure for SMA clinical trials. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Aging and the underactive detrusor: A failure of activity or activation?
Authors: Smith Phillip P.
Published: September 2009

Aims

To examine the known and potential contributions of motor, sensory, and biomechanical dysfunctions to the clinical problems of detrusor underactivity and detrusor hyperactivity/impaired contractility.

Methods

A review of the current literature on non‐obstructive voiding dysfunction associated with aging was conducted. The functional impact of age‐induced biomechanical tissue change via alterations in sensory transduction is considered.

Results

Impaired contractility has been regarded as etiologic of detrusor underactivity. However, an age‐related degradation in detrusor contractility as the primary contributor to impaired bladder emptying has not been conclusively demonstrated. To the extent that detrusor contraction force and duration are dependent upon efferent nerve activity and thus reflex responses to sensory activity, there is a potential impact of impaired sensory function on voiding efficiency. Structural and functional tissue changes accompanying aging may result in altered bladder afferent function, with subsequent reflex impairment of detrusor voiding function.

Conclusions

The relative contributions of motor, sensory, and biomechanical dysfunctions to impaired voiding performance independent of outlet obstruction associated with aging remain to be elucidated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:408–412, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sacral neuromodulation in diabetic patients: Success and complications in the treatment of voiding dysfunction
Authors: Daniels David H. , Powell Charles R. , Braasch Matthew R. , Kreder Karl J.
Published: September 2009

Aims

We compared success rates, subsequent complications, and possible indications for success of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for urinary voiding dysfunction in diabetic and non‐diabetic patients.

Methods

Thirty‐two diabetic patients (mean age 61.8 years, range 27–83) with urge incontinence, urgency–frequency syndrome, and/or urinary retention refractory to non‐surgical treatment were retrospectively evaluated along with 211 non‐diabetic patients (mean age 54.1 years, range 20–86) with similar symptoms. All patients who experienced ≥50% reduction in urinary symptoms following a 7‐ to 21‐day test period went on to permanent SNM device implantation.

Results

No significant difference was found with respect to successful conversion rates from the test period to permanent implantation between diabetic and non‐diabetic patients. Long‐term success rates at a mean followup of 29.3 months following permanent device implantation for diabetic patients were 69.2% of those with urge incontinence, 85.7% of those with urgency–frequency, and 66.7% of those with urinary retention. The non‐diabetic cohort had success rates of 67.0% for urge incontinence, 67.8% for urgency/frequency, and 58.2% for urinary retention (P = 0.823, 0.157, and 0.631, respectively). No patient experienced intraoperative complications. Nine of 24 (37.5%) devices were explanted postoperatively in diabetic patients compared with 36 of 141 (25.5%) in non‐diabetic patients (P = 0.224). The number of explants due to infection was higher in diabetic patients (16.7%) versus non‐diabetic patients (4.3%; P = 0.018).

Conclusions

No difference in long‐term success rates was seen in diabetic patients when compared with similar, non‐diabetic patients. Diabetic patients did, however, have a higher incidence of device explantation due to infection. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zolpidem increases bladder capacity and decreases urine excretion in rats
Authors: Yokoyama Osamu , Matsuta Yosuke , Yanai‐Inamura Hiroko , Watanabe Mai , Ohtake Akiyoshi , Suzuki Masanori , Sasamata Masao
Published: September 2009

Aims

To clarify the effects of zolpidem, a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)Areceptor agonist, on bladder function, and urine production, we investigated the effects of zolpidem administration on bladder overactivity induced by cerebral infarction (CI) and on urine excretion increased by water overloading in Wistar rats.

Methods

CI was induced by left middle cerebral artery occlusion. The effects on bladder function of zolpidem alone or in combination with the GABAAreceptor antagonist bicuculline, were then examined in the CI rats using cystometry. The antidiuretic effect of zolpidem was investigated in water‐loaded and Brattleboro rats (genetically vasopressin‐deficient). Blood samples were collected from water‐loaded rats to determine the aldosterone level 1 and 6 hr after zolpidem administration.

Results

Zolpidem increased bladder capacity dose‐dependently, but had no significant effect on bladder contraction pressure in CI rats. Bicuculline dose‐dependently inhibited zolpidem‐induced increases in bladder capacity without affecting bladder contraction pressure. Zolpidem dose‐dependently decreased the volume of urine excreted in water‐loaded and Brattleboro rats. Compared with the control group, zolpidem significantly increased the aldosterone concentration in the plasma of water‐loaded rats 1 hr after administration.

Conclusions

Zolpidem increased bladder capacity via a GABAergic mechanism in CI rats, and suppressed urine excretion via a pathway that was not through activation of vasopressin V2receptors in water‐loaded and Brattleboro rats. These results suggest that zolpidem may improve nocturia via an increase in bladder capacity and a decrease in urine excretion. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:587–591, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bernstein Ritz‐Galerkin method for solving an initial‐boundary value problem that combines Neumann and integral condition for the wave equation
Authors: Yousefi S.A. , Barikbin Z. , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: September 2009

In this article, the Ritz‐Galerkin method in Bernstein polynomial basis is implemented to give an approximate solution of a hyperbolic partial differential equation with an integral condition. We will deal here with a type of nonlocal boundary value problem, that is, the solution of a hyperbolic partial differential equation with a nonlocal boundary specification. The nonlocal conditions arise mainly when the data on the boundary cannot be measured directly. The properties of Bernstein polynomial and Ritz‐Galerkin method are first presented, then Ritz‐Galerkin method is used to reduce the given hyperbolic partial differential equation to the solution of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique presented in this article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Acquired monosomy 7 myelodysplastic syndrome in a child with clinical features suggestive of dyskeratosis congenita and IMAGe association
Authors: McDonald Sharon , Wilson David B. , Pumbo Elena , Kulkarni Shashikant , Mason Philip J. , Else Tobias , Bessler Monica , Ferkol Thomas , Shenoy Shalini
Published: September 2009

We describe a case of acquired monosomy 7 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in a boy with congenital adrenocortical insufficiency, genital anomalies, growth delay, skin hyperpigmentation, and chronic lung disease. Some of his clinical manifestations were suggestive of dyskeratosis congenita (DC), while other features resembled IMAGe association. DC has been linked to mutations in telomere maintenance genes. The genetic basis of IMAGe association is unknown, although mice harboring a mutation in a telomere maintenance gene, Tpp1, have adrenal hypoplasia congenita. We considered the possibility that this patient has a defect in telomere function resulting in features of both DC and IMAGe association. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:154–157. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Critical illness polyneuropathy: A rare but serious adverse event in pediatric oncology
Authors: Charisius Jorma , Stiefel Martina , Merkel Nick , Kornhuber Malte , Haase Roland , Kramm Christof Maria
Published: September 2009

Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) may aggravate sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction in pediatric oncology patients characterized by quadriparesis and difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation. Here, we report on an adolescent patient with acute lymphoblastic T‐cell leukemia who developed critical illness neuropathy after an episode of sepsis with need for mechanical ventilation and intravenous catecholamines. Differential diagnoses like vincristine‐induced polyneuropathy, anterior lumbosacral radiculopathy (ALR), Guillain–Barré syndrome, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy — all occurring in pediatric patients with acute leukemia — are discussed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:161–165. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of biodegradable polybutylene succinate/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites
Authors: Ali Fathilah Binti , Mohan Raja
Published: September 2009

Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing process, and the influence of carbon nanotubes on the properties of the nanocomposites was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that crystallization temperature (Tc) increase with increasing carbon nanotube content. Improvement of tensile modulus was observed by the addition of carbon nanotubes compared with pure poly(butylene succinate). Electrical conductivity showed that conductivity of polybutylene succinate/carbon nanotube composites increased with addition of carbon nanotube content. The storage moduli of polybutylene succinate/carbon nanotube composites are higher than the neat polybutylene succinate. The processability of polybutylene succinate/carbon nanotubes composites was improved and more pronounced in higher content of carbon nanotubes. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1309–1314, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Epoxy/steel fiber composites—A simple model to predict the fiber sedimentation
Authors: Leite J.L. , Rasteiro M.G. , Salmoria G.V. , Ahrens C.H. , Pouzada A.S.
Published: September 2009

Sedimentation of short steel fibers (SSFs) is an important phenomenon observed in the manufacture by casting of polymer/metal composites. Modeling of the fiber sedimentation has been a subject of research but hardly applied in the context of injection molds. In this study, the sedimentation velocity of the SSF suspension in nonreactive epoxy resin was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The sedimentation behavior of single and concentrated SSF in epoxy resin was followed experimentally to obtain the terminal and sedimentation velocities. These data were interpreted using theoretical models that take into account the hindered settling factor and the shape factor. The experimental data can be correlated with the theoretical analyses. The findings were used to propose a simple model to predict the sedimentation of steel fibers in viscous resins that are used in composites for making molding blocks. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1378–1386, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Role of transmembrane domain 10 for the function of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1
Authors: Gui Chunshan , Hagenbuch Bruno
Published: September 2009

The liver‐specific organic anion transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are highly homologous and share numerous substrates. However, at low concentrations OATP1B1 shows substrate selectivity for estrone‐3‐sulfate. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism for this substrate selectivity of OATP1B1 by constructing OATP1B1/1B3 chimeric transporters and by site‐directed mutagenesis. Functional studies of chimeras showed that transmembrane domain 10 is critical for the function of OATP1B1. We further identified four amino acid residues, namely L545, F546, L550, and S554 in TM10, whose simultaneous mutation caused almost complete loss of OATP1B1‐mediated estrone‐3‐sulfate transport. Comparison of the kinetics of estrone‐3‐sulfate transport confirmed a biphasic pattern for OATP1B1, but showed a monophasic pattern for the quadruple mutant L545S/F546L/L550T/S554T. This mutant also showed reduced transport for other OATP1B1 substrates such as bromosulfophthalein and [D‐penicillamine2,5]enkephalin. Helical wheel analysis and molecular modeling suggest that L545 is facing the substrate translocation pathway, whereas F546, L550, and S554 are located inside the protein. These results indicate that L545 might contribute to OATP1B1 function by interacting with substrates, whereas F546, L550, and S554 seem important for protein structure. In conclusion, our results show that TM10 is critical for the function of OATP1B1.
Progress toward heterologous expression of active G‐protein‐coupled receptors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Linking cellular stress response with translocation and trafficking
Authors: O'Malley Michelle A. , Mancini J. Dominic , Young Carissa L. , McCusker Emily C. , Raden David , Robinson Anne S.
Published: September 2009

High‐level expression of mammalian G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a necessary step toward biophysical characterization and high‐resolution structure determination. Even though many heterologous expression systems have been used to express mammalian GPCRs at high levels, many receptors are improperly trafficked or are inactive in these systems. En route to engineering a robust microbial host for GPCR expression, we have investigated the expression of 12 GPCRs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where all receptors are expressed at the mg/L scale. However, only the human adenosine A2a (hA2aR) receptor is active for ligand‐binding and located primarily at the plasma membrane, whereas other tested GPCRs are mainly retained within the cell. Selective receptors associate with BiP, an ER‐resident chaperone, and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which suggests that a pool of receptors may be folded incorrectly. Leader sequence cleavage of the expressed receptors was complete for the hA2aR, as expected, and partially cleaved for hA2bR, hCCR5R, and hD2LR. Ligand‐binding assays conducted on the adenosine family (hA1R, hA2aR, hA2bR, and hA3R) of receptors show that hA2aR and hA2bR, the only adenosine receptors that demonstrate leader sequence processing, display activity. Taken together, these studies point to translocation as a critical limiting step in the production of active mammalian GPCRs in S. cerevisiae.
No association between variant DNA repair genes and prostate cancer risk among men of African descent
Authors: Lavender Nicole A. , Komolafe Oyeyemi O. , Benford Marnita , Brock Guy , Moore Jason H. , VanCleave Tiva T. , States J. Christopher , Kittles Rick A. , Kidd La Creis R.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND

Recent reports hypothesize that multiple variant DNA repair gene interactions influence cancer susceptibility. However, studies identifying high‐risk cancer‐related genes use single gene approaches that lack the statistical rigor to model higher order interactions.

METHODS

To address this issue, we systematically evaluated individual and joint modifying effects of commonly studied polymorphic base and nucleotide excision repair genes relative to prostate cancer (PCA) risk using conventional logistic regression models and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR). We hypothesized that inheriting two or more compromised DNA repair loci may increase PCA risk due to altered gene product function. Six genetic alterations were evaluated using germ‐line DNA samples from 208 PCA cases and 665 disease‐free controls via TaqMan polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

With the exception ofXPD312, no association existed between individual DNA repair single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and PCA. Individuals with theXPD312 Asn/Asn genotype had an 8.6‐fold increase in risk (OR = 8.59; 95% CI = 1.81–40.66). We did not observe any significant single gene or gene–gene interactions based on MDR modeling.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings emphasize the importance of utilizing a combination of traditional and advanced statistical tools to identify and validate single gene and multilocus interactions in relation to cancer susceptibility. Prostate 70: 113–119, 2010. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inheritance and stability of pyrethroid resistance in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Central Africa
Authors: Achaleke Joseph , Brévault Thierry
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) has developed esterase‐mediated resistance to pyrethroids in Central Africa. To gain a better understanding of how quickly this resistance can evolve, its genetic basis and stability were examined in a field‐derived strain of H. armigera (474‐fold resistant to cypermethrin).

RESULTS: Genetic crosses between susceptible, resistant and F1 hybrids indicated that resistance was inherited as a dominant trait (DLD = 0.86) and conferred by a single autosomal gene. The dominance of resistance decreased as the cypermethrin dose increased, so that resistance was incompletely dominant (DML = 0.73) at the highest dose tested. Resistance (DL50) of the F1 hybrid progeny significantly decreased over five generations in the absence of pyrethroid exposure.

CONCLUSION: Rapid selection of resistance alleles due to dominance supports the ability of H. armigera to develop resistance to pyrethroids in Central Africa. However, associated fitness costs provide useful information for managing the evolution of resistance. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of reversible permeability in advanced USC steel during thermal aging
Authors: Kim Chung Seok
Published: September 2009

The effects of microstructure on reversible permeability (µrev) are discussed for thermally aged ultra‐supercritical (USC) steel, which is required for the next generation of power plants. Thermal aging was observed to coarsen the tempered carbide (Cr23C6), generate the Laves (Fe2W) phase and decrease the dislocation density. The peak position of the µrev decreased drastically during the initial 1000 h aging period, and was thereafter observed to decrease only slightly. The variation in peak position of µrev is closely related to the decrease in the number of pinning sites, such as dislocations, fine precipitates, and the martensite lath.