bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generic magnetic field model in poloidal divertor tokamaks in the presence of resonant magnetic perturbations
Authors: Abdullaev S.S.
Published: February 2010

A generic analytical model for the description of magnetic field lines in poloidal divertor tokamaks in the presence of external resonant magnetic perturbations is proposed. It is based on the Hamiltonian description of magnetic field lines in tokamaks. The safety factor and the spectra of magnetic perturbations are chosen by the requirement to satisfy their generic behaviour near the magnetic separatrix and at the magnetic axis. The field line equations are integrated by the construction of two symplectic and computationally efficient mappings of field lines. The model for internal MHD modes is also proposed. The mapping procedure for field lines which includes the MHD modes is described. It is shown that the numerically calculated diffusion and convection coefficients of field lines are in close agreement with the quasilinear ones. It is found that in the presence of internal MHD modes at the plasma edge the convectional outward transport of field lines may reverse its direction to inward convectional transport.
Modification of the edge transport barrier by resonant magnetic perturbations
Authors: Rozhansky V. , Kaveeva E. , Molchanov P. , Veselova I. , Voskoboynikov S. , Coster D. , Kirk A. , Lisgo S. , Nardon E.
Published: February 2010

The impact of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the structure of the edge transport barrier has been studied. A model for the density pump-out mechanism during the stochastization of the plasma edge is proposed. The observed phenomena are explained as a result of the impact of the ambipolar electric field, which is modified during RMP, on the particle fluxes in the pedestal region. It is demonstrated that the rise of the particle fluxes inside the transport barrier leads to the pump-out effect on density, while the pedestal temperature increases in spite of the big electron heat conductivity in the stochastic magnetic field. The latter is not sufficient to change significantly turbulent heat conductivity in the barrier region and only compensates the rise of the pedestal temperature caused by the density drop for constant heating power. The analytical approach is supported by results of simulations with the B2SOLPS5.2 2D transport code which uses a full description of particle sources and transport phenomena in the pedestal region. Simulations are performed for ASDEX-Upgrade and MAST configurations for various values of electron stochastic conductivity. The radial electric field with RMPs is predicted to be less negative than without RMP. The density drop and temperature rise in the pedestal region are observed in accordance with the experimental results. Generation of toroidal rotation in the co-current direction is predicted. Extrapolations to ITER are discussed.
Increased particle transport due to resonant magnetic perturbations modelled with a vacuum field line tracing code and a 2D fluid code
Authors: Mordijck S. , Owen L.W. , Moyer R.A.
Published: February 2010

In this paper we compare the pedestal density changes in resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP) H-modes at low collisionality with enhanced free streaming due to the creation of open field lines. First, we derive the effective radial transport coefficients by matching an ELMing (edge localized mode) H-mode using SOLPS5. Next, a vacuum field line tracing code, TRIP3D, is employed to calculate free streaming of particles along open field lines inside the traditional 2D axisymmetric separatrix. These coefficients are added to the effective radial transport coefficients from the ELMing H-mode and inserted in SOLPS5 to compute midplane profiles. Finally, we compare the SOLPS5 results with the experimental data from RMP H-modes and find good agreement. This good agreement was achieved not only for one single case, but also for two different experiments, with different triangularities, where the high triangularity case contains two RMP H-modes that give good agreement.
Prologue: Stephen Dedalus's Hell
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This chapter explores the evaporation, in effect, of real assent to beliefs in the afterlife, especially in hell. Starting from the author's personal experiences of Catholicism before Vatican II, it goes on to consider whether in the modern world such beliefs are inevitably entertained with ironic overtones. The hell sermons in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce are of exceptional interest here, for Joyce is able to deploy irony toward a boy's belief in hell, and the Catholic traditions that stand behind it, while holding back from satire.
1 After Lives
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This is a brief survey of beliefs about an after life from the earliest times. No one or two formulae can capture the structure or motives of such beliefs. Many beliefs in a future existence go with extreme pessimism about what form it might take (e.g. the ancient Sumerians, Homeric Greeks). Belief in post‐mortem existence may arise not from hopes individuals have for themselves, but in fear of the continued existence after death of others—as in ghost cultures and animism. The chapter touches very briefly on ideas of Plato, Lucretius, Aquinas, Spinoza, and Nietzsche to suggest that philosophical accounts of belief in survival have no tendency to converge.
10 Heaven: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Israel
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

This chapter explores the development of ideas of the afterlife amongt the ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Jews, including accounts of ascents to heaven. The Mesopotamian earthly paradise (“Dilmun”) and its difference from the Jewish paradise is described. The philosophical Judaism of Philo of Alexandria is outlined. There follows discussion of images of heaven in the sayings and parables of Jesus, and in particular the idea that heaven is within us. St. Paul's account of the spiritual, risen body is discussed, and St. John's account of the descent of the heavenly Jerusalem.
11 Bodies Fleshly and Spiritual
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

Two opposing accounts of heaven and the risen body are discussed—the materialist account of Irenaeus, and the elaborate theory of the spiritual risen body and its properties of Augustine. In Augustine there is a curious mixture of a vision of the risen body that is virtually allegorical—that sees the body's existence as subsumed within the community of believers—and a continued attempt to explain it in a semi‐literal way. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Muslim paradise, and of accusations, mostly brought by Christians, that it is a paradise of the senses. The Muslim vision of paradise is discussed through an account of some hadith, and some attempts at allegorical interpretation of the sensual descriptions are noticed.
13 Celestial Pleasures: Renaissance and Reformation Heavens
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

The contemplative heaven of Dante soon gave way to heavens that allowed a greater variety of human and sensuous pleasures. Voyagers tried to rediscover the earthly paradise. The chapter examines the humanist heaven of the Renaissance humanist, Lorenzo Valla, which vigorously insists on the need for individual, human delights, and the intellectual heavenly pleasures of Erasmus. Luther's earthy, if philosophically unsophisticated, vision of the next life is evoked, as is the attempt by St. Francis de Sales to charm his readers into heaven.
Introduction
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

This chapter lays out the logic and the structure of the book. The book follows a trajectory that begins by examining the underlying causes of change of our economic environment and that does not stop until readers have a firm grasp on the right strategic and investment steps to take in the new business world: a world that will merge as a result of the changes brought about by the falling cost of information. The introduction explains that the framework that the book has developed for creating extraordinary returns is consistent with the emergence of perfect information and with the economics of perfect economics. Many of the parts of the economics of perfect information are developed over the course of the book. For instance the book establishes the economic validity of three lessons that the author observed from practical business experience—as an executive at PepsiCo, Royal/Dutch Shell and AT&T, as a senior investment banker, as a strategy consultant and as an entrepreneur—but that would have been considered heresies in traditional mainstream economics. These three heresies are: aspiring to achieve extraordinary returns in a world of perfect information; asserting that profit power is an economic concept, that it can be wielded ethically and reliably in a competitive setting, and that it can improve returns for others as well. And thirdly, daring to reveal that, contrary to mainstream economic doctrine, perfect information does not bring about perfect markets; even worse, that perfect information is the source of an entire new class of market failures or imperfections.
The Two Trends of Transparency
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 3 introduces transparency and discusses the two inevitable trends that are unleashed by the falling cost of information, namely the emergence of perfect information and interdependent decision making. This chapter maps out the effects of the first inevitable trend, namely the emergence of perfect information on markets, contracts, etc., and addresses the benefits that result from wiping out imperfect information and its ill economic effects (e.g. the lemon problem, cheating, moral hazard).
Rule #1
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 15 contains the operating instructions for implementation of the first of the Four Rules
Rule #2
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 16 contains the operating instructions for implementation of the second of the Four Rules
Rule #4
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 18 contains the operating instructions for implementation of the fourth of the Four Rules
3 Neuropathology of Aging
Authors: Dickstein Dara L. , Morrison John H. , Hof Patrick R.
Published: February 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extensive, yet selective, neuron death in the cerebral neocortex leading to dramatic decline in cognitive abilities and memory. A more modest disruption of memory occurs frequently in normal aging, in humans and in animal models. Significant neuron death does not appear to be the cause of such age-related memory deficits, but in AD, hippocampal and long association corticocortical circuits are devastated. Evidence from rodent and nonhuman primate models reveals that these same circuits exhibit subtle age-related changes in neurochemical phenotype, dendritic and spine morphology, and synaptic integrity that correlate with impaired function. Molecular alterations of synapses, such as shifts in expression of excitatory receptors, also contribute to these deficits. These brain regions are also responsive to circulating estrogen levels. Interactions between reproductive senescence and brain aging may affect cortical synaptic transmission, implying that certain synaptic alterations in aging may be reversible. As such, integrity of spines and synapses may reflect age-related memory decline, whereas the loss of select cortical circuits is a crucial substrate for functional decline in AD.
9 Genetics and Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bookheimer Susan Y.
Published: February 2010

The pathological changes that give rise to Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin years and potentially decades before disease onset. This is well demonstrated using a range of in vivo imaging tools including PET, structural MRI, and functional MRI. In particular, individuals with a genetic risk for AD show similar PET and MRI abnormalities as do Alzheimer's subjects, though to a lesser extent. Studying subjects with a genetic risk for AD prior to the onset of clinically significant memory loss adds to our understanding of the pathological processes leading to AD and may distinguish between those likely to develop the disease and those experiencing normal age-related brain changes. This chapter reviews the major genetic risk factors for AD and discusses the range of imaging abnormalities associated with genetic risk and early manifestations of AD.
14 Amyloid Imaging and (What is “Normal”?) Aging
Authors: Klunk William E. , Mathis Chester A.
Published: February 2010

One thing that has become clear from amyloid imaging studies is how early the full burden of plaques accumulate, often by the time a patient first develops symptoms. This finding brings with it the challenge to define the earliest evidence of plaque accumulation, and this is very likely to be in the clinically unimpaired elderly. We will then need to understand the full significance of asymptomatic brain β-amyloidosis. Does it lead to sub-clinical cognitive deficits? Does it lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD)? If good anti-amyloid therapies can be developed, should they be started at this preclinical stage? Perhaps most importantly, if amyloid deposition can be reversed at this early stage, can AD be prevented? The current paradigm of diagnosing and treating AD during the clinically symptomatic period may not lead us to the treatment success we desire and a new paradigm for the treatment during pre-symptomatic period of AD seems to be required. Amyloid imaging may have its most important application in the detection and longitudinal follow-up of this prodromal state. It may lead to a new definition of what is “normal” aging.
15 Differential Diagnosis of Dementia Using Functional Neuroimaging
Authors: Salmon Eric , Collette Fabienne , Garraux Gaëtan
Published: February 2010

Functional neuroimaging in neurodegenerative dementias provides 3D representations of brain activity that are relatively characteristic of the underlying phenotypic distribution of cerebral lesions. They are not specific for a given brain pathology and the heterogeneity of brain diseases must always be considered. However, when methodologies are optimized, the values for sensitivity, specificity, and early diagnostic accuracy approach 80%. A lot of studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease can be distinguished from depression, vascular dementia or frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia when two techniques are used. General recommendations are to rely on multiple key regions and to combine different neuroimaging techniques to make a differential diagnosis among dementias.
19 MRI as a Surrogate Marker in Clinical Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Jessen Frank , Hampel Harald
Published: February 2010

The rapid development of novel treatment targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires tools to assess the effects of these treatments on disease progression. Structural neuroimaging with CCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been extensively applied in patients with AD over the last two decades. Today longitudinal MRI is integrated in the majority of clinical trials with novel compounds that aim at modifying the disease process. This makes MRI one of the major surrogate marker candidates in AD. A surrogate marker according to the definition of the regulatory agencies must correlate with the disease process and with drug-induced modifications of the disease. Beyond this, effects on the surrogate marker need to predict future clinical outcomes. Brain volume measures obtained from structural imaging studies in AD reflect the underlying pathology and correlate with clinical symptoms cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The effects of drugs on brain volume measures and the prediction of clinical outcomes by brain volume changes, however, are not yet sufficiently defined.
2 A History of Consent in Western Thought1
Authors: Johnston David
Published: February 2010

This chapter offers a brief history of the idea of consent in western political thought, going a long way toward filling a major gap in the literature. It traces the idea of consent from the Bible to the Greeks, to Roman law and then to modern political philosophers such as Hobbes and Mill.
5 Paternalism and Consent
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the relevance of consent to the justification of paternalism. As a general matter, A isn't acting paternalistically toward B if B consents to A's action. But what if B gives prior consent, as when a sober person tells a friend not to let him drive home if he is drunk? Contrary to the common view, it is argued that B's prior consent has no bearing on whether A is justified in interfering.
7 Consent to Harm
Authors: Bergelson Vera
Published: February 2010

This chapter asks whether we should accept the principle volenti non fit injuria (to one who consents no wrong is done). It considers the way in which the Model Penal Code treats the defense of consent and whether violations of dignity (as contrasted with physical harm) should be regarded as harms to which one cannot consent.
14 Consent to Medical Care: The Importance of Fiduciary Context
Authors: Joffe Steven , Truog Robert D.
Published: February 2010

This chapter addresses three of the central challenges in the literature on informed consent to medical treatment. First, how does the nature of the physician-patient relationship, which establishes the context in which medical decisions are made, influence norms of informed consent for medical care? Second, how do the characteristics of the particular decision at hand affect expectations for informed consent? Finally, how can we bridge the persistent gap between the theory and practice of informed consent, and in particular between the robust decision-making rights accorded to patients and the often limited extent to which patients claim decision-making responsibility for themselves? It is argued that progress in resolving these three questions is possible if we take seriously two features of medical relationships and decisions that to date have been neglected in conceptual discussions about informed consent: the complex fiduciary nature of the physician-patient relationship and the notion that some medical decisions involve choices among, or at least substantially impact upon, important ends, whereas others are best understood as choices among means to a settled end.
2 The Role of Restorative Justice in the Battered Women’s Movement
Authors: Frederick Loretta , Lizdas Kristine C.
Published: February 2010

Both the restorative justice movement and the battered women’s movement challenge perceived failures of the mainstream criminal legal system. Additionally, these reform movements share certain underlying social objectives regarding crime: (a) to restore victims of crime; (b) to prevent individual offenders from re-offending; (c) to promote the role of the community in responding to crime; and (d) to address the social context in which crime is committed. However, for various and substantial reasons, both movements fall short of offering alternative responses to crime that are truly restorative for all victims of domestic violence. This chapter explores the commonalities and shortcomings of each movement’s response to domestic violence. Ultimately, the chapter highlights the unique opportunity presented by the intersection of these two movements to contemplate and envision practices that are more effective for communities, redemptive for offenders, and liberating for victims of domestic violence and their children.
8 Opening Conversations Across Cultural, Gender, and Generational Divides
Authors: Pennell Joan , Kim Mimi
Published: February 2010

Identities constructed on gender, generation, and culture simultaneously generate rationalizations for violence and feminist praxis for countering women abuse and child maltreatment. This chapter opens dialogue between the authors’ two theories of change for stopping family violence—widening the circle and creative interventions. Both engage the family group and community in finding solutions that honor family culture while upholding the human rights of all family members. Widening the circle is applied in situations in which the state is already involved and seeks to build partnerships that exert familial, community, and legal leverages to stop the abuse. Creative interventions are invoked for immigrant, GLBT, and other groups that are more often harmed than helped by protective authorities and emphasizes community accountability without the involvement of the state. An example of an undocumented family illustrates a creative intervention and its outcome.
Part I State Constitutions in American Constitutional Federalism, 2 The Pre-federal State Constitutions: The Founding Decade
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

Most of the American states adopted constitutions in the decade prior to the federal constitutional convention. There were two major “waves” of state constitution-making. The first wave was hasty, generally not based on elected constitutional conventions, and the constitutions had little in the way of checks and balances. The chapter uses the Pennsylvania constitution to illustrate this wave. The second wave was more deliberate, often utilized elected constitutional conventions, and developed constitutions with more in the way of checks and balances. The Massachusetts constitution is used to illustrate this wave. Early constitution-making in each of the states is briefly reviewed, in light of these differing philosophies. Finally, the chapter reviews the influences of this “founding decade” of state constitution-making on the development of the federal Constitution, concluding that the Pennsylvania example was rejected and in Massachusetts example was adopted.
Part II Rights Guarantees under State Constitutions: the New Judicial Federalism, 5 The New Judicial Federalism
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the evolution of the New Judicial Federalism, reflecting the realization that state constitutional rights provisions can provide, or be interpreted to provide, more rights than the federal Constitution's national minimum standards. It describes the wide variety of state constitutional rights provisions, together with the various stages of the New Judicial Federalism beginning in the 1970s. These developments consisted of state high court decisions, law review literature, including influential articles written by state judges as well as Justice William Brennan, Jr., and conferences. Also, the chapter describes the backlash against the New Judicial Federalism and the awareness that expansive judicial interpretations of state constitutions could be overturned by amendments to the texts of state constitutions. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that a true dialogue between state and federal courts concerning constitutional rights might be possible.
Part II Rights Guarantees under State Constitutions: the New Judicial Federalism, 7 Lockstepping State Constitutional Rights with Federal Constitutional Law
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the practice — adopted by a number of state courts — of stating that state constitutional rights provisions will be interpreted identically to, or in “lockstep” with, similar or identical federal constitutional rights provision. State courts do this in a variety of ways, ranging from cases where they do not seem to acknowledge the possible difference between state and federal rights protections; to case-by-case adoption of federal constitutional interpretations; to “prospective lockstepping” where they announce that in the future the state and federal rights provisions will be interpreted identically or according to some other similar formulation. The chapter gives examples of these different approaches, as well as variations on them. It includes a specific focus on the wide range of state constitutional equality provisions, which, according to many state courts, are to be interpreted the same way as the federal Equal Protection Clause. These various forms of prospective lockstepping are criticized, on the grounds that they cannot actually represent “holdings” and are therefore not binding on future courts.
Part III Structure of State Government, 11 The State Executive Branch
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the differences between the state executive branch created by state constitutions and the federal executive. In many states there is a plural or fragmented executive, with more than one state-wide elected official in addition to the governor, such as the attorney general, treasurer, commissioner of education, etc. Such additional executive officers perform constitutional functions separate and apart from the governor's constitutional functions. State executive officials such as the governor do not exercise plenary authority like that of the legislature. Rather, their authority is delegated either in the state constitution or by statute. A governor's use of executive orders is therefore limited to implementing constitutional or statutory powers. The chapter discusses the variety of gubernatorial veto powers, together with the judicial involvement in controversies over the exercise of this power. This judicial involvement is particularly important with respect to the item veto power. Further, some state constitutions create executive agencies, and specify their powers (often including quasi-executive, quasi-legislative, and quasi-judicial powers), thereby divesting the state legislature of authority in those subject areas.
Part V State Constitutional Amendment and Revision, 14 Judicial Involvement in State Constitutional Amendment and Revision
Authors: Robert F Williams
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses the extensive judicial involvement in litigation considering the substance and procedure of state constitutional amendment and revision. Some processes of state constitutional change can only be utilized, for example, to amend the state constitution but not to revise it. This is generally true for the initiative. Litigation therefore arises over whether an initiated change is a valid amendment or an invalid revision. Also, state constitutions contain a number of procedural requirements and limitations on the processes for their change, such as single-subject and separate-vote requirements. These procedural restrictions are enforced by the courts through litigation. This level of judicial involvement in the processes of state constitutional change is unlike that at the federal level, for change does not occur very often and challenges to the federal processes of change are generally viewed as non-justiciable political questions.
Basis of the Nerve Impulse
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The rapid conduction of signals by neurons over distances greater than about 1 mm occurs almost exclusively by electrical impulses. This chapter presents the fundamental concepts that underlie the generation and propagation of these nerve impulses. After a brief historical summary, the remainder of the chapter describes the voltage-clamp experiments of A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley on the giant axon of the squid. The results and the conclusions furnished by these seminal experiments provide the bases for the current understanding of the electrical nature of neuronal signaling. The Hodgkin-Huxley experiments, together with the equations that encapsulate the experimental results, are presented here in detail to emphasize their central importance for neurophysiology and to present an exemplar of science at its best.
Properties of Neurons
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The neuron is an electrical machine whose inputs and outputs are chemical or electrical messages. This chapter describes macroscopic conductances arising from a large variety of sodium and potassium channels, and shows how these currents determine neuronal current-membrane potential (I-V) relationships. In addition, there is a discussion of current spread between various regions of neurons; for example, from synaptic input sites to the impulse initiating region. Terms introduced include length constant and time constant. Finally, the relationship between membrane properties and impulse frequency is explained. The conceptual framework is that of a three-compartment neuron with dendrite, soma, and axon compartments.
3.4 Ion Channels and Regulation of Dopamine Neuron Activity
Authors: Liss Birgit , Roeper Jochen
Published: February 2010

Ion channels are at the heart of generating electrical activity of neurons and coupling it to neurotransmitter release. They comprise a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that form pores through plasma membranes, enabling ions to pass with high efficiency. This chapter reviews the central role of ion channels in the generation and regulation of electrical activity of dopamine neurons. It focuses on midbrain dopamine neurons located in the nuclei substantia nigra (SN, A9) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA, A10).
5.2 Contributions of Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine to Cognition and Executive Function
Authors: Floresco Stan B.
Published: February 2010

This chapter presents a summary of studies that have investigated the contribution of prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission to higher-order cognition, and compares and contrasts the specific DA receptor mechanisms that regulate different types of executive function. Viewed collectively, the findings reviewed suggest that dopaminergic input to the forebrain, including the frontal lobes and the dorsal and ventral striatum, forms an essential component of the neural circuits that mediate a variety of cognitive and executive functions, including working memory and different forms of behavioral flexibility. Both of these executive functions engage distinct types of cognitive operations and functional neural circuits. Therefore, it is not surprising that the receptor mechanisms by which DA exerts its effects are not unitary across these functions; instead, each type of process relies on different patterns of activation of DA receptors in the PFC and the striatum.
5.4 Dopaminergic Modulation of Flexible Cognitive Control in Humans
Authors: Cools Roshan , D’Esposito Mark
Published: February 2010

This chapter highlights the importance for cognitive control not only of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), but also of the striatum, which has been traditionally associated primarily with movement control. It elaborates on a previously proposed working hypothesis, which states that the balance between cognitive flexibility and stability depends on an adjustment of processing in circuits connecting the PFC with the striatum by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA).
7.1 Dynamic Templates for Neuroplasticity in the Striatum
Authors: Graybiel Ann M.
Published: February 2010

This chapter contends that the effects of dopamine can be viewed from the perspective of a dynamic molecular modulator of functional connectivity across the linkages that make up the brain's trafficking systems. Dopamine no longer is thought to have a single function but, at the molecular level, as having many functions. As most of the signaling systems triggered by dopamine lead to changes in gene expression, the field of dopamine research now has gained a new focus on how dopamine affects the molecular biology of the cell.
8.3 Imaging Dopamine’s Role in Drug Abuse and Addiction
Authors: Volkow Nora D. , Fowler Joanna S. , Wang Gene-Jack , Telang Frank , Baler Ruben
Published: February 2010

This chapter begins with a discussion of the relationship between acute dopamine (DA) increases in the human brain and drug reinforcement. It then covers the long-term effects of drugs of abuse on DA in the human brain, and treatment implications.
10.5 The Role of Dopamine in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Dunlop Boadie W. , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: February 2010

Many of the studies exploring dopamine (DA) function in depression have produced inconsistent findings. Contributors to this inconsistency include the diagnostic heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD); failure to control for age, bipolar disorder, and comorbid diagnoses; and variation in patient medication treatment status at the time of the study. Despite this variability, there is now a convergence of data from animal models, genetics, neuroimaging, and human clinical trials that strengthens the case for DA dysfunction in the pathophysiology of major depression, at least in a significant subgroup of patients. This chapter comprehensively reviews the current evidence, with subsequent recommendations for future studies of dopaminergic signaling in depression and its treatment.
9 Conclusion and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the first case study and lists its theoretical implications. First of all, swiping and spading provide a strong argument against the pro-theory of ellipsis. Secondly, the fact that spading derives from a cleft even though its antecedent need not contain a cleft provides an argument against syntactic isomorphism. Thirdly, the analyses provide further support for the claims that ellipsis can repair PF-illegitimate derivations or representations, and that sluicing need not always delete IP or be derived from a full wh-question. Finally, chapter four has provided evidence for a new view on the split CP-domain and its interaction with the syntax of wh-movement.
Chapter Six What Is the People?
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2010

Framed by questions of popular participation in politics and the problem of public opinion, this chapter considers Roman themes on the London stage after Waterloo and Kemble's retirement. Post‐Waterloo Roman plays show how the theatre functions as a public space for debate on problems of scarcity, conspiracy, revolt, and the use of violence to achieve political ends. Payne's Brutus and Knowles's Caius Gracchus clearly align themselves with Reform politics, while Croly's Catiline uses an episode from Roman republican history to link popular sovereignty to domestic misrule and corrupt imperial governance. All three plays, however, are critical of the Roman populace, which they depict as a mob not a “people,” one incapable of articulating its interests coherently. Given increasing demands for franchise reform, this depiction of the Roman populace demonstrates republican Rome's role shaping British responses to the most contemporary of events.
INCOME INEQUALITY AND PARTICIPATION IN ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Mcdonald Michael P.
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines income inequality among American voters in the 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006 elections. Analysis of meaningful variation between the American states provides clues as to the institutional structures that cause a participation gap between the poor and wealthy in the United States, and may be instructive of contributory factors toward inequality elsewhere. Still, even under the best of circumstances, a wide participation gap between the poor and the wealthy remains. The gap appears to be endemic of voluntary elections that generally provoke little interest among all American citizens, regardless of their income.
PATTERNS OF STATE EXPENDITURE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: February 2010

Using cross-national data on various aspects of public expenditure development largely from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Eurostat sources, this chapter explores whether the character of public intervention in the United States is distinctively different from that of the countries constituting the European Union (EU), and whether patterns of public intervention in the United States and Europe are becoming more or less alike over recent decades. The chapter addresses these questions by identifying the extent of homogeneity or heterogeneity in European public expenditure outcomes by comparing and contrasting the public policy characteristics of the EU countries with patterns typical of the families of nations making up the wider European polity, and in countries outside Europe.
THE NEW AMERICAN MODEL OF WORK-CONDITIONED PUBLIC SUPPORT
Authors: Blank Rebecca M.
Published: February 2010

Observers have long discussed American “exceptionalism” in social policy. Throughout the 20th century, the United States had a more limited welfare state than most Western European nations. Over the last 15 years, the United States has made substantial changes in its social assistance programs. These changes place the United States at the forefront of developing a new model for the provision of social assistance, under which more dollars are delivered to able-bodied recipients through work-conditioned transfers rather than through cash assistance programs to non-workers. This chapter describes these changes, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this new American system.
WELFARE AND EMPLOYMENT: A EUROPEAN DILEMMA?
Authors: Eichhorst Werner , Hemerijck Anton
Published: February 2010

This chapter begins with a discussion of the reform capacity of the semi-sovereign European welfare state. It then discusses employment as the most important measure for judging the sustainability of the welfare state and the success of social and economic policy, regime-specific reform agendas, and the relative success of the European employment strategy.
1 Vitaphone Prelude
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

A brief overview of the prehistory of sound film, from Thomas Edison through the work of Lee DeForest, noting that most of these early films were marked by musical performance. The origins of the Warner Bros. studio and, ultimately, its marketing of the Vitaphone sound system. Early sound films: Don Juan and Vitaphone, Giovanni Martinelli, Al Jolson, George Jessel. The rival studios begin work of their own. The culmination of this early period with Warners' The Jazz Singer, the success and impact of which have sometimes been misunderstood.
3 “You Were Meant for Me”
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

The Broadway Melody, produced by MGM, is the first true musical film. Unlike other films preceding (and following it), it was constructed with meticulous care directed toward both the technology and the audience. The film's huge success can be seen as the watershed that established sound film as viable entertainment, instead of a Jolson-style showcase or stunt. The film's use of early two-color Technicolor was extremely influential, as was its use of a newly-written musical score by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed. Its central performance, by Bessie Love, was vital in forging new paths for vocal acting on the screen. While its backstage story spawned scores of imitators, it would retain a powerful hold on its audiences' affections.
7 Hollywood, Revued
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Another distinctive trend was the all-star revue film, as produced by most of the major studios. Each would serve as a guidepost to its company's reigning aesthetic as it addressed the new world of sound films. With The Hollywood Revue, MGM triumphed through a wise use of stars and production knowhow. With Show of Shows, Warner Bros. failed through a misspent budget and indifferent material. While Fox's Happy Days was tepid, Paramount on Parade was witty and resourceful. Universal's King of Jazz, by far the most spectacular of the revues, found artistic success at the expense of diminished audience favor. Seldom, after 1930, would such work ever be tried again.
7 Does Emotion Cause Behavior (Apart from Making People Do Stupid, Destructive Things)?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Nathan DeWall C. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Alquist Jessica L.
Published: February 2010

The authors challenge the traditional view that emotion directly causes behavior, as represented in the claim that someone did something “because he was angry.” Essentially, this is the view that “the impetus for the behavior is contained in the emotion,” a premise that still leaves a miraculous gap between feeling the emotion and enacting the behavior. As an alternative, the authors advance the view that “conscious emotion tends to come after behavior and operates as a kind of inner feedback system.” The authors bolster their argument against the traditional view with evidence that emotions are not specific enough to serve as impetus for specific behaviors, that emotions seem to have more impact on cognition than on behavior, and that emotional influences on behavior tend to disappear unless people believe that their actions will affect their emotional state.
9 Distinguishing Between Prediction and Influence: Multiple Processes Underlying Attitude-Behavior Consistency
Authors: Fabrigar Leandre R. , Wegener Duane T. , MacDonald Tara K.
Published: February 2010

The authors present a general framework for organizing the moderators of the attitude-behavior relationships suggested in the literature, focusing on several central distinctions. First, they distinguish between predictions of behavior and mechanisms that might actually mediate the underlying attitude-behavior link. The first category of moderators includes the kinds of measurement issues postulated by Fishbein and his colleagues—issues that are potentially germane to efforts to predict behavior from any individual difference variable. The chapter distinguishes mediational mechanisms further along lines suggested by dual-processing theory, into those involving low-deliberation behaviors and those involving high deliberation behaviors. The former includes perceptual and behavioral cuing effects that could implicate habitual or nonconscious processes similar to those described in Chapters 5 and 6. The latter arguably encompasses both higher-level propositional reasoning and biased information processing.
10 Personality as Manifest in Behavior: Direct Behavioral Observation Using the Revised Riverside Behavioral Q-Sort (RBQ-3.0)
Authors: Michael Furr R. , Wagerman Seth A. , Funder David C.
Published: February 2010

In this chapter, the authors argue for the role of behavior as part of the descriptive foundation of personality and social psychology. Such research addresses the fundamental assumption that “who you are affects what you do.” The authors assert that the most general benefit of behavioral data is that it permits psychological scientists to address behavior with empirical conviction. Without such data, the ability to claim status as a science of behavior is greatly reduced. Central to direct behavioral observation research is a coding system. The authors note key considerations in choosing a behavioral observational system, including the context in which the system is to be deployed, and the situational specificity of the behaviors. The authors offer a revised version of the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort, which includes items describing behaviors that might be used flexibly in a range of situations relevant to personality and social psychology.
20 Communication, Coordinated Action, and Focal Points in Groups: From Dating Couples to Emergency Responders
Authors: Hollingshead Andrea B.
Published: February 2010

One of the most important forms of social behavior is communication. In this chapter, the author discusses the importance of communication, which she defines broadly as involving both verbal and nonverbal features, in coordinating people's actions within groups. The interdependent nature of social communication is illustrated as the author discusses the relationship between coordinated action, cognitive synchrony, and communication, and discusses how communication can enhance or impair coordinated action depending on various features of the situation. For example, successful coordination can be achieved in the absence of communication in situations where there are salient focal points – prominent or conspicuous characteristics of people or situations – that can serve to unite action. On the other hand, communication is essential for coordination action in situations where salient focal points do not exist. The author also speculates on how developing technologies may possibly serve as an aid to coordinated action.
Liberalism and Prostitution
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Civil libertarians characterize prostitution as a “victimless crime,” and argue that it ought to be legalized. Feminist critics counter that prostitution is not victimless, since it harms the people who do it. Civil libertarians respond that most women freely choose to do this work, and that it is paternalistic for the government to limit a person's liberty for her own good. This book argues that although most prostitution is voluntary, paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are nonetheless morally justifiable. If prostitution is commonly harmful in the way that feminist critics maintain, this argument for prostitution laws is not objectionably moralistic and some prostitution laws violate no one's rights. Paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are therefore consistent with the fundamental principles of contemporary liberalism.
1 A Paternalistic Case for Prostitution Laws
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Prostitution is commonly harmful in causing lasting feelings of self‐hatred; undermining a person's capacity for healthy, supportive, mutually respectful intimate relationships; harming important relationships; and reducing a person's social and economic opportunities. Prostitution laws in some form can be justified as reducing these harms. The claim that prostitution is harmful only because it is stigmatized and the claim that it is stigmatized only because it is illegal are considered and rejected. Four kinds of policy are distinguished: prohibition, abolition, regulation, and full decriminalization. Although prohibition probably cannot be justified by the paternalistic argument, abolition or regulation in some form probably can be.
4 Individual Rights
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Not all paternalistic prostitution laws violate individual rights. Some abolitionist and regulationist policies violate no one's rights. Although sexual freedom is a basic liberty, this does not settle the issue of whether a prostitution law violates someone's rights. Rights are valid moral principles. Some rights are grounded on individualistic moral reasoning; others are grounded on sound generalizations about reasons. Paternalistic abolitionist and regulationist policies in some form are consistent with individualistic forms of reasoning because they are consistent with the burdens principle. Some paternalistic prostitution laws are consistent with any sound generalization about paternalistic reasons for the government to limit individual liberty.
Genesis and the Scientists
Authors: Brooke John Hedley
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines attempts made to harmonize the creation narratives with geology before the impact of Darwinism. Despite a vastly greater age for the earth and the problem of extinction, harmonization of the science with both revealed and natural theology was initially possible. By the time Darwin published in 1859, however, the harmonization program had largely defeated itself because of discord among the harmonizers. The chapter emphasizes the divisiveness (rather than an inherent destructiveness) of new sciences, with particular reference to the additional problems for theology arising from the deism and agnosticism that often accompanied Darwinian understandings of design in nature and its laws. The chapter ends with a brief survey of new understandings of revelation, which give Christian thinkers alternative spaces in which to accommodate theories of evolution.