bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green’s functions for elliptic and parabolic equations with random coefficients II
Authors: Conlon Joseph
Published: June 2004

This paper is concerned with linear parabolic partial differential equations in divergence form and their discrete analogues. It is assumed that the coefficients of the equation are stationary random variables, random in both space and time. The Green’s functions for the equations are then random variables. Regularity properties for expectation values of Green’s functions are obtained. In particular, it is shown that the expectation value is a continuously differentiable function in the space variable whose derivatives are bounded by the corresponding derivatives of the Green’s function for the heat equation. Similar results are obtained for the related finite difference equations. This paper generalises results of a previous paper which considered the case when the coefficients are constant in time but random in space.
Dual Radon transforms on affine Grassmann manifolds
Authors: Gonzalez Fulton , Kakehi Tomoyuki
Published: June 2004

Fix

0
≤
p
>
q
≤
n
−
1

0 \leq p > q \leq n-1

, and let

G
(
p
,
n
)

G(p,n)

and

G
(
q
,
n
)

G(q,n)

denote the affine Grassmann manifolds of

p
p

- and

q
q

-planes in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

. We investigate the Radon transform
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="script upper R Superscript left-parenthesis q comma p right-parenthesis Baseline colon upper C Superscript normal infinity Baseline left-parenthesis upper G left-parenthesis q comma n right-parenthesis right-parenthesis right-arrow upper C Superscript normal infinity Baseline left-parenthesis upper G left-parenthesis p comma n right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

R

(
q
,
p
)

:

C

∞

(
G
(
q
,
n
)
)
→

C

∞

(
G
(
p
,
n
)
)

\mathcal {R}^{(q,p)} : C^{\infty } (G(q,n)) \to C^{\infty } (G(p,n))

associated with the inclusion incidence relation. For the generic case

dim
⁡
G
(
q
,
n
)
>
dim
⁡
G
(
p
,
n
)

\dim G(q,n) > \dim G(p,n)

and

p
+
q
>
n

p+q > n

, we will show that the range of this transform is given by smooth functions on

G
(
p
,
n
)

G(p,n)

annihilated by a system of Pfaffian type differential operators. We also study aspects of the exceptional case

p
+
q
=
n

p+q =n

.
Varieties of tori and Cartan subalgebras of restricted Lie algebras
Authors: Farnsteiner Rolf
Published: June 2004

This paper investigates varieties of tori and Cartan subalgebras of a finite-dimensional restricted Lie algebra

(

g

,
[
p
]
)

(\mathfrak {g},[p])

, defined over an algebraically closed field

k
k

of positive characteristic

p
p

. We begin by showing that schemes of tori may be used as a tool to retrieve results by A. Premet on regular Cartan subalgebras. Moreover, they give rise to principal fibre bundles, whose structure groups coincide with the Weyl groups in case

g

=
Lie
⁡
(

G

)

\mathfrak {g}= \operatorname {Lie}(\mathcal {G})

is the Lie algebra of a smooth group

G

\mathcal {G}

. For solvable Lie algebras, varieties of tori are full affine spaces, while simple Lie algebras of classical or Cartan type cannot have varieties of this type. In the final sections the quasi-projective variety of Cartan subalgebras of minimal dimension

rk

(

g

)

\textrm {rk}(\mathfrak {g})

is shown to be irreducible of dimension

dim
k

⁡

g

−

rk

(

g

)

\dim _k\mathfrak {g}-\textrm {rk}(\mathfrak {g})

, with Premet’s regular Cartan subalgebras belonging to the regular locus.
Elliptic Apostol sums and their reciprocity laws
Authors: Fukuhara Shinji , Yui Noriko
Published: June 2004

We introduce an elliptic analogue of the Apostol sums, which we call elliptic Apostol sums. These sums are defined by means of certain elliptic functions with a complex parameter

τ
\tau

having positive imaginary part. When

τ
→
i
∞

\tau \to i\infty

, these elliptic Apostol sums represent the well-known Apostol generalized Dedekind sums. Also these elliptic Apostol sums are modular forms in the variable

τ
\tau

. We obtain a reciprocity law for these sums, which gives rise to new relations between certain modular forms (of one variable).
Conservation laws for a class of third order evolutionary differential systems
Authors: Wang Sung Ho
Published: June 2004

Conservation laws of third order quasi-linear scalar evolution equations are studied via exterior differential system and characteristic cohomology. We find a subspace of 2-forms in the infinite prolongation space in which every conservation law has a unique representative. Analysis of the structure of this subspace based upon the symbol of the differential equation leads to a universal integrability condition for an evolution equation to admit any higher order (weight) conservation laws. As an example, we give a complete classification of a class of evolution equations which admit conservation laws of the first three consecutive weights

−
1

-1

,

1
1

,

3
3

. The differential system describing the flow of a curve in the plane by the derivative of its curvature with respect to the arc length is also shown to exhibit the KdV property, i.e., an infinite sequence of conservation laws of distinct weights.
Surface superconductivity in 3 dimensions
Authors: Pan Xing-Bin
Published: June 2004

We study the Ginzburg-Landau system for a superconductor occupying a

3
3

-dimensional bounded domain, and improve the estimate of the upper critical field

H

C

3

H_{C_{3}}

obtained by K. Lu and X. Pan in J. Diff. Eqns., 168 (2000), 386-452. We also analyze the behavior of the order parameters. We show that, under an applied magnetic field lying below and not far from

H

C

3

H_{C_{3}}

, order parameters concentrate in a vicinity of a sheath of the surface that is tangential to the applied field, and exponentially decay both in the normal and tangential directions away from the sheath in the

L

2

L^{2}

sense. As the applied field decreases further but keeps in between and away from

H

C

2

H_{C_{2}}

and

H

C

3

H_{C_{3}}

, the superconducting sheath expands but does not cover the entire surface, and superconductivity at the surface portion orthogonal to the applied field is always very weak. This phenomenon is significantly different to the surface superconductivity on a cylinder of infinite height studied by X. Pan in Comm. Math. Phys., 228 (2002), 327-370, where under an axial applied field lying in-between

H

C

2

H_{C_{2}}

and

H

C

3

H_{C_{3}}

the entire surface is in the superconducting state.
Homotopy groups of 𝐾-contact toric manifolds
Authors: Lerman Eugene
Published: June 2004

Contact toric manifolds of Reeb type are a subclass of contact toric manifolds which have the property that they are classified by the images of the associated moment maps. We compute their first and second homotopy group terms of the images of the moment map. We also explain why they are

K
K

-contact.
Flat holomorphic connections on principal bundles over a projective manifold
Authors: Biswas Indranil , Subramanian S.
Published: June 2004

Let

G
G

be a connected complex linear algebraic group and

R
u

(
G
)

R_u(G)

its unipotent radical. A principal

G
G

–bundle

E
G

E_G

over a projective manifold

M
M

will be called polystable if the associated principal

G

/

R
u

(
G
)

G/R_u(G)

–bundle is so. A

G
G

–bundle

E
G

E_G

over

M
M

is polystable with vanishing characteristic classes of degrees one and two if and only if

E
G

E_G

admits a flat holomorphic connection with the property that the image in

G

/

R
u

(
G
)

G/R_u(G)

of the monodromy of the connection is contained in a maximal compact subgroup of

G

/

R
u

(
G
)

G/R_u(G)

.
A modified Brauer algebra as centralizer algebra of the unitary group
Authors: Elduque Alberto
Published: June 2004

The centralizer algebra of the action of

U
(
n
)

U(n)

on the real tensor powers

⊗

R

r

V

\otimes _\mathbb {R}^r V

of its natural module,

V
=

C

n

V=\mathbb {C}^n

, is described by means of a modification in the multiplication of the signed Brauer algebras. The relationships of this algebra with the invariants for

U
(
n
)

U(n)

and with the decomposition of

⊗

R

r

V

\otimes _\mathbb {R}^r V

into irreducible submodules is considered.
Higher homotopy commutativity of 𝐻-spaces and the permuto-associahedra
Authors: Hemmi Yutaka , Kawamoto Yusuke
Published: June 2004

In this paper, we give a combinatorial definition of a higher homotopy commutativity of the multiplication for an

A
n

A_n

-space. To give the definition, we use polyhedra called the permuto-associahedra which are constructed by Kapranov. We also show that if a connected

A
p

A_p

-space has the finitely generated mod

p
p

cohomology for a prime

p
p

and the multiplication of it is homotopy commutative of the

p
p

-th order, then it has the mod

p
p

homotopy type of a finite product of Eilenberg-Mac Lane spaces

K
(

Z

,
1
)

K(\mathbb {Z},1)

s,

K
(

Z

,
2
)

K(\mathbb {Z},2)

s and

K
(

Z

/

p
i

,
1
)

K(\mathbb {Z}/p^i,1)

s for

i
≥
1

i\ge 1

.
Robert Hooke's work as surveyor for the City of London in the aftermath of the Great Fire. Part one: Robert Hooke's first surveys for the City of London
Authors: Cooper M. A. R.
Published: June 2004

It is known that Robert Hooke was one of the Surveyors appointed after the Great Fire to assist the City in its urgent task of rebuilding, but until now only a very general understanding of the extent of his work and the time he spent on it has been gained. By examining contemporary manuscripts from the City of London's records it is now possible to make a reasonable estimate of the time he spent on the first major activities he was called upon to undertake amidst the ruins: the staking out of widened streets; and the staking out, measurement and certification of foundations of private buildings. Evidence that he staked out and certified nearly 3000 foundations between March 1667 when rebuilding began and 1672 when he started his diary is discussed and presented against a general background of the three organisations for which he worked: the Royal Society, Gresham College and the City.
Quakers in The Royal Society, 1660–1750
Authors: Cantor G.
Published: June 2004

It has often been claimed that Quakers have been vastly over–represented among Fellows of the Royal Society, when compared with their small proportion in the British population. This claim does not, however, stand up to historical analysis; indeed, the first handful of Quakers was only elected in the 1720s. In the present paper I analyse the activities within the Royal Society of those birthright Quakers elected prior to the middle of the eighteenth century. Through the Royal Society these Quakers were able to relate to the world of London science outside their small and rather insular religious community. Thus Thomas Birch, who was disowned by the Quakers, pursued a career closely connected with the Royal Society. Others, such as Peter Collinson, who was the key figure in importing exotics from America, remained in the Quaker fold. Those who remained Quakers were affluent and respectable London–based merchants involved in trading with America. They developed business connections through the Royal Society and found it congenial because it did not discriminate against dissenters. Moreover, they approved of science not only for its utility but because it enabled them to appreciate God's handiwork.
Edward Stone (1702–1768) and Edmund Stone (1700–1768): confused identities resolved
Authors: Pierpoint W. S.
Published: June 2004

On the 25 April 1763 a letter was sent from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire to the Right Honourable George Parker, Earl of Macclesfield, then President of the Royal Society, extolling the use of willow bark in curing agues and other feverish complaints. The writer describes how about a pound of bark taken from a common white willow (
Salix alba
) was dried in a bag over a baker's oven for more than three months, pulverized and then used to alleviate the agues, ‘intermitting disorders’ and distempers of 50 afflicted people. The undoubted medicinal properties of bark from willow and other
Salix
species were not new. They were known to a number of preindustrial cultures and also, in a more systematic way, to the medical philosophers of classical Greece and Rome. However, by the eighteenth century in Western Europe, they were in disuse or had been relegated to the level of folk medicine.

The letter, duly printed in
Philosophical Transactions
, is often credited with having brought the anti–inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of these barks, to the attention of the emerging chemists of the late eighteenth century. Attempts to identify the active principles, and then to synthesize them, led to the discovery of salicylic acid and its derivatives, and eventually to the introduction of acetyl salicylic acid––aspirin––possibly the most widely used of all synthetic drugs. This history is periodically reviewed both for general and specialist audiences; the seminal letter is referred to whenever there is a new monograph on these anti–inflammatory drugs, and is the subject of frequent queries to the Royal Society's library. It would seem, therefore, to be useful to remove a confusion surrounding the name of its author, who has been variously referred to as either Edward or Edmund Stone.
The Dalton Entail
Authors: Ross S.
Published: June 2004

A little–known incident in the early life of John Dalton may have affected the course that his subsequent career would take. It also illustrates a point recently developed by Frank Sulloway in his book
Born to Rebel
, which is the latest treatment of the thesis that younger sons and others who may also be said to hang loose on society (to borrow a graphic phrase from Dr Johnson) may be stimulated to contrariety and creative thinking by experiencing disadvantages in one of their many forms. The Dalton entail was a hardship to John Dalton as a younger son; it moved him to an unusual display of personal feeling in the form of a written complaint distributed outside his immediate family circle. Throughout his long life there occurred no similar deviation from his habitual stolid reticence and impersonality.
The miracle of vaccination
Authors: Henderson D. A.
Published: June 2004

Among all medical procedures, vaccination ranks at the forefront in lives saved and disabling illnesses prevented. Jenner's first experiments with vaccination, 200 years ago, culminated in the eradication of smallpox at the conclusion of a ten–year World Health Organization programme begun in 1967. Two million lives were saved each year and tens of thousand of blindness cases. In 1974, the smallpox campaign was expanded to include six additional vaccines (poliomyelitis, measles, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and tuberculosis). By 1990, global vaccination coverage had risen from less than 5% to 80% poliomyelitis was eradicated from the Americas; and a global eradication campaign was launched. Prospects for more dramatic achievements are bright. Research and development in new vaccines is gaining momentum. More than 150 new vaccines are now in human testing and vaccines against such as malaria, dengue fever and AIDS can be foreseen. Challenges remain in assuring adequate research funds for diseases of the developing world and in supplying needed quantities of assured, high quality vaccines. However, the threat of new and emerging infections and the fact that vaccines are the front line of defense reinforce the need for further strengthening of vaccine research, development and production.

*
Commemorative bicentenary lecture delivered on 15 May 1996 in the Royal Society.
James Joseph Sylvester, F.R.S. (1814–1897)
Authors: James I. M.
Published: June 2004

Among British mathematicians of the Victorian age there may be others who are comparable with Sylvester in terms of scientific achievement, but surely none whose life story makes such fascinating reading. Any modern biographical memoir of this extraordinary man must obviously depend a great deal on the obituaries published following his death, just a century ago. Of these the two most important are that by Baker, for the London Mathematical Society, and that by MacMahon, for the Royal Society. The former, which was reprinted in the fourth volume of Sylvester's Mathematical Papers, is the longer and more detailed, but the latter is the primary source for most of the biographical material. As the centenary approached there has been a rekindling of interest in Sylvester's life and work. Notably Professor Parshall, of the University of Virginia, is preparing a full–scale biography. Sylvester's contributions to mathematical research are undergoing something of a reevaluation at present, and what is said about them here is therefore kept to a minimum. The account of his life that follows is drawn from various sources both old and new.
The Varley family: engineers and artists
Authors: Jeffery J. V.
Published: June 2004

In June 1871, at the age of 43, Cromwell Fleetwood Varley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In May of the same year Varley and three of his brothers were four of the sixty–six original members who together formed the Society of Telegraph Engineers, the organization that was the forerunner of today's Institution of Electrical Engineers. During the second half of the 19th century the four Varley brothers contributed in no small measure to the developing telegraph and electrical industries in Britain. During the first half of the 19th century Varleys of the previous generation made an equally important contribution to the art of landscape painting.
On the usefulness of the history of science for scientific education
Authors: Debru C.
Published: June 2004

My purpose in this, the Claude Bernard Lecture, is to convince myself as well as my audience of something that is very difficult to demonstrate, the relevance of history in a culture of innovation. This is a puzzling and challenging point. Contemporary scientific culture is based on the cult of the newer and the unexpected, which are rightly considered to be better and more promising. In what way may the knowledge of the scientific past contribute to the understanding of present science and prepare young minds to be active investigators of nature? The practice of history may appear to be a withdrawal from reality, paving the way for a very bookish and progress–preventing view of the world, just as Aristotelian physics were for centuries. Natural science took a new start when scientists realized that they should learn from nature rather than from books. There are very sound reasons why science does not need history, and many prominent scientists have, at times, expressed reluctant opinions regarding the value of the history of science for the active scientist. ‘Science is revolutionary’, said Claude Bernard. This forceful statement may be interpreted as a final condemnation of history, and there is nothing to add to it, because it is simply true. Authors of major scientific revolutions like Darwin held similar views.
Jubilees of radio-frequency spectroscopy
Authors: Bleaney B.
Published: June 2004

The years 1994–96 are marked by a series of golden jubilees: the first electron magnetic resonance experiment at Kazan (Zavoisky, 1945); nuclear magnetic resonance at Harvard (1945) and nuclear magnetic induction at Stanford (1945); ferromagnetic resonance in Oxford (1946); and microwave spectroscopy of gases (Oxford, and at several laboratories in the USA, 1944–45). These were commemorated by four plenary lectures at the 28th Colloque A.M.P.E.R.E. (Canterbury, 1–6 September 1996).
Book reviews
Authors: Cook Alan
Published: June 2004

Eight book reviews in the July 1997 edition of
Notes and Records
:

Anna Cassini,
Gio: Domenico Cassini Uno scienzato del Seicento
. A. Rupert Hall,
Henry More and the Scientific Revolution
. Ellen Tan Drake, Restless Genius:
Robert Hooke and his Earthly Thoughts
. Edward G. Ruestow,
The Microscope in the Dutch Republic: The Shaping of Discovery
. Maxwell Craven,
John Whitehurst of Derby: Clockmaker and Scientist 1713–88
. David Knight,
Humphry Davy, Science and Power
.
Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems
, Anthony O'Hear (Ed.). David, Ian, John and Margaret Millar,
The Cambridge Dictionary of Scientists
.
Nitric oxide control of cardiac function: is neuronal nitric oxide synthase a key component?
Authors: Sears Claire E. , Ashley Euan A. , Casadei Barbara
Published: June 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to regulate cardiac function, both in physiological conditions and in disease states. However, several aspects of NO signalling in the myocardium remain poorly understood. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the disparate functions ascribed to NO result from its generation by different isoforms of the NO synthase (NOS) enzyme, the varying subcellular localization and regulation of NOS isoforms and their effector proteins. Some apparently contrasting findings may have arisen from the use of non–isoform–specific inhibitors of NOS, and from the assumption that NO donors may be able to mimic the actions of endogenously produced NO. In recent years an at least partial explanation for some of the disagreements, although by no means all, may be found from studies that have focused on the role of the neuronal NOS (nNOS) isoform. These data have shown a key role for nNOS in the control of basal and adrenergically stimulated cardiac contractility and in the autonomic control of heart rate. Whether or not the role of nNOS carries implications for cardiovascular disease remains an intriguing possibility requiring future study.
TRIPs and food security
Authors: Downes Gerard
Published: June 2004

This paper serves as a short introductory overview of the World Trade Organisation's Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement and the extent to which it impinges on food security in the developing world. Looks at the motivation for the TRIPs Agreement, the transformation in agriculture wrought by the “gene revolution” and the consequent rush to patents. The potential impact of the Agreement, namely Article 27.3(b) on the developing world, is then assessed. Claims that a consolidation of the seed industry has led to certain firms enjoying monopoly privileges, whch is at variance with the WTO's aspiration of greater liberalization of trade. However, the greatest danger to food security in developing countries may come from the implementation of the UPOV Convention, which has been used by powerful states as a means to ensure the compliance of developing countries with the provisions of the TRIPs Agreement.
The rough set theory and applications
Authors: Wu Chengdong , Yue Yong , Li Mengxin , Adjei Osei
Published: June 2004

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the available literature on applications of the rough set theory. Concepts of the rough set theory are discussed for approximation, dependence and reduction of attributes, decision tables and decision rules. The applications of rough sets are discussed in pattern recognition, information processing, business and finance, industry, environment engineering, medical diagnosis and medical data analysis, system fault diagnosis and monitoring and intelligent control systems. Development trends and future efforts are outlined. An extensive list of references is also provided to encourage interested readers to pursue further investigations.
A synthesis of a quality management model for education in universities
Authors: Srikanthan G. , Dalrymple John
Published: June 2004

The paper attempts to synthesise the features of the model for quality management in education based on the approaches spelt out in four well‐articulated methodologies for the practice of quality in higher education. Each methodology contributes to different views of education from the learners’ and the institution's perspectives, providing elements for the model. The thrust of the model is a “transformative” approach to bring about a fundamental change in students’ understanding. In the opinion of the authors the four approaches lend themselves to be synergistically combined to form the elements of the model, which establishes the basis for quality in education in universities. This provides a prima facie validity for the synthesis of a model. A more comprehensive specification for a model for quality could be developed based on an extensive study of educational research literature.
Towards a better understanding of service excellence
Authors: Johnston Robert
Published: June 2004

Some organisations are becoming more concerned with delighting their customers than simply satisfying them. Yet despite an extensive literature on service quality and satisfaction little has been written about service excellence and how organisations can achieve delighted customers. The purpose of this exploratory but empirically based paper is to provide a definition of service excellence to help marketers and managers, where appropriate, design and deliver it. This paper is based on over 400 statements of excellent and poor service gathered from around 150 respondents. After categorising them, using a grounded theory approach, it is suggested that service excellence is about being “easy to do business with”. This has four key elements: delivering the promise, providing a personal touch, going the extra mile and resolving problems well. Further analysis of the frequencies of mention revealed the overarching importance of dealing well with problems and queries.
Collaboration with other firms and customers: innovation’s secret weapon
Authors: von Stamm Bettina
Published: June 2004

Innovation is at the top of many CEO’s agendas. To increase the odds of success, leaders need to understand why they should collaborate with outsiders and how to do it effectively. There are two major benefits of engaging “outsiders”: they challenge company‐internal assumptions, and they bring a new body of knowledge to the party. The theory that external collaboration is linked to radical innovation is supported by recent research findings cited in the article. Innovation most often happens when some previously unconnected bodies of knowledge converge. So for companies that want to stretch the business boundaries and innovate around markets and business models, external collaboration with other firms and customers is critical. The author lays out practices that leaders can use to make collaboration work and pitfalls to avoid.
When co‐creating value with a customer goes wrong
Authors: Davidson Alistair
Published: June 2004

In the highly competitive cellular phone market, Sprint has pioneered some marketing and sales practices that, in effect, allow the co‐creation of value in cooperation with the customer. When it works, co‐creating value with customers leads to highly desirable customization, a potent way of developing loyal customers and building profitability. But in this case, when the customer/company relationship hits a snag, the resulting dissatisfaction needs special handling. At crucial points of interaction between the consumer and the company – where the co‐creation experience occurs, where individuals exercise choice, and where value is co‐created – misunderstandings and service breakdowns can destroy the relationship. Insightful lessons for companies seeking to adopt this strategy are summarized, with the essential point being that companies need to learn to focus on customer experiences, and on learning to make accommodations when problems arise.
Neurobiology of Seizures and Behavioral Abnormalities
Authors: Post R. M.
Published: June 2004

Summary:  Seizures are both caused by and induce a complex set of neurobiological alterations and adaptations. The animal model of amygdala kindling provides insight into the spatiotemporal evolution of these changes as a function of seizure development and progression. Intracellular, synaptic, and microstructural changes are revealed as related to both the primary pathophysiology of kindled seizure evolution and compensatory secondary, or endogenous anticonvulsant adaptations. At the level of gene expression, the balance of these pathological and adaptive processes (as augmented by exogenous medications) probably determines whether seizures will be manifest or suppressed and could account for aspects of their intermittency. As anxiety and emotion modulation are subserved by many of the same neuroanatomic substrates involved in the evolution of complex partial seizures, particularly those of the medial temporal lobe, it is readily conceptualized how vulnerability to a range of psychiatric disorders could be related to the primary or secondary neurochemical alterations associated with seizure disorders. The discrete and methodologically controlled elucidation of the cascades and spatiotemporal distributions of neurobiological alterations that accompany seizure evolution in the kindling model may help resolve some of the difficulty and complexity of elucidating these biobehavioral relationships in the clinic.
Therapy for Neurobehavioral Disorders in Epilepsy
Authors: Devinsky Orrin
Published: June 2004

Summary:  Neurobehavioral disorders commonly affect patients with epilepsy. In addition to the behavioral changes during and immediately after seizures, the epileptogenic disorder of function often extends further into the postictal and interictal period. Cognitive impairments commonly affect attention, memory, mental speed, and language, as well as executive and social functions. Reducing seizure frequency and the antiepileptic drug burden can reduce these problems. Attentional deficits may respond to therapies for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but apart from patients with this comorbid disorder, their efficacy is unproven in other epilepsy patients. No effective therapies are established for other cognitive problems, but pragmatic, compensatory strategies can be helpful. Behavioral disorders include fatigue, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Many of these disorders usually respond well to pharmacotherapy, which can be supplemented by psychotherapy. Cognitive and behavioral disorders can be the greatest cause of morbidity and impaired quality of life, often overshadowing seizures. Yet these problems often go unrecognized and, even when identified, are often undertreated or untreated.
Depression in Epilepsy: Ignoring Clinical Expression of Neuronal Network Dysfunction?
Authors: Gilliam Frank G , Santos Juan , Vahle Victoria , Carter Jewell , Brown Kelly , Hecimovic Hrvoje
Published: June 2004

Summary:  Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that adversely affects social, vocational, and psychological functioning. Despite the variety and complexity of the negative clinical associations with epilepsy, depression is remarkable in prevalence and related adverse effects on health status. An estimated 30–50% of persons with refractory epilepsy have major depression, and depression has a stronger correlation than seizure rate with quality of life. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in epilepsy. Available data indicate that depression may result from underlying brain dysfunction rather than social and vocational disability. Most patients with depression are not screened systematically for the diagnosis, and are subsequently not treated. Although the density of serotonin receptors is greatest in limbic brain regions commonly involved in human epilepsy, such as the mesial temporal and prefrontal areas, no prior randomized controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression in epilepsy.
Changes in Union Wage Effects by Industry: A Fresh Look at the Evidence
Authors: BELMAN DALE , VOOS PAULA B.
Published: June 2004

Unions suffered a modest decline in their capacity to increase wages over nonunion levels between the late 1970s and the middle 1990s according to evidence presented here. The decline in relative wages was significant in only 13 (of 78) industries examined; in 11 industries the differential increased significantly. The industrially disaggregated econometric evidence is broadly consistent with institutional evidence about developments in particular industries; however, more industry‐grounded research is clearly warranted.
Trade Union Presence and Employer‐Provided Training in Great Britain
Authors: BÖHEIM RENÉ , BOOTH ALISON L.
Published: June 2004

Using linked employer‐employee data from the British 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey, we find a positive correlation between workplace union recognition and private‐sector employer‐provided training. We explore the avenues through which union recognition might affect training by interacting recognition with the closed shop, the level at which pay bargaining takes place, and multiunionism. For non‐manual‐labor men and women, only union recognition matters. The various types of collective‐bargaining institutions have no separate effect. However, the male manual training probability is significantly increased by union presence only through multiple unionism with joint negotiation. In contrast, for women manual workers, union recognition at the workplace has no effect on the training probability.
The Correlates of Accommodations for Permanently Disabled Workers
Authors: CAMPOLIETI MICHELE
Published: June 2004

This article examines the determinants of the job accommodations made by employers using data from the Survey of Ontario Workers with Permanent Impairments. I use a censored bivariate probit model, which allows for the selection of return‐to‐work decisions to obtain my estimates. The most important findings of this article suggest that workers who received vocational training prior to their accident and returned to work with the time‐of‐accident employer are more likely to receive an accommodation.
Using Incentive Pay and Providing Pay Supplements in U.S. Job Markets
Authors: BARKUME ANTHONY J.
Published: June 2004

This article investigates whether the earnings premium found with use of incentive pay is offset by lower supplemental pay. More comprehensive measures of employer costs for employee compensation are used to test the hypothesis. These data indicate that bonuses, overtime work, pension provision, and shift differentials can be less common in jobs with incentive pay, but the lower incidence of these forms of compensation does not offset the higher earnings associated with incentive pay.
Earnings Growth Among Young Less‐Educated Business Owners
Authors: FAIRLIE ROBERT W.
Published: June 2004

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), I examine the earnings patterns of young less‐educated business owners and make comparisons with young less‐educated wage/salary workers. Estimates from fixed‐effects earnings regressions indicate that the self‐employed experience faster earnings growth on average than wage/salary workers after a few initial years of slower growth. I also find some evidence suggesting that a relatively high percentage of less‐educated business owners, especially men, experience either rapid earnings growth or large annual losses.
Racial Discrimination in the Workplace: Does Market Structure Make a Difference?
Authors: COLEMAN MAJOR G.
Published: June 2004

For some time, social scientists have debated whether market competition reduces racial discrimination. The failure to recognize that racial discrimination may be practiced not only in hiring but also in many different ways has led to analyses that are less than complete. Workers may be discriminated against at the hiring stage and in wages, raises, promotions, and other more subtle forms of discrimination once on the job. Using the structure of the firms’ product market as the measure of concentration, I find that increased competition has no impact on the number of discrimination reports, racial wage discrimination, or the racial demographics of the workforce. Business competition cannot be relied on to reduce or combat racial discrimination, as some have insisted.
Unemployment‐Risk Differentials Between Immigrant and Native Workers in Sweden
Authors: ARAI MAHMOOD , VILHELMSSON ROGER
Published: June 2004

This article analyzes the subsequent unemployment risk of a sample of Swedish employees in 1991. We find that non‐European immigrants face an unemployment risk twice as large as the corresponding risk for native workers despite controls for employee characteristics, the 1991 wage rate, and sorting across establishments with varying unemployment risks. Although all employees enjoy higher job security with higher seniority, large differences in unemployment risk by region of birth remain for workers with similar seniority levels. This suggests that labor unions and employers deviate from seniority rules established by the Swedish Security of Employment Act in favor of native workers.
Affiliation, integration, and information: ownership incentives and industry structure
Authors: Hubbard Thomas N.
Published: June 2004

This paper presents theory and evidence on horizontal industry structure. At issue is the question: what makes industries necessarily fragmented? The theoretical model examines trade‐offs associated with affiliation and integration, and how they are affected by the contracting environment. I show how contractual incompleteness can lead industries to be necessarily fragmented. I also show that contractual improvements will tend to lead to a greater concentration of brands, but whether they lead industries to be more or less concentrated depends on what becomes contractible. I then discuss the propositions generated by the model through a series of case study examples.
Free trade and garment work: the impact of NAFTA on service and manufacturing jobs in the Los Angeles apparel industry
Authors: Kessler Judi A.
Published: June 2004

This article examines the impact of North American economic integration on apparel‐related employment in Los Angeles and provides a first look at consequent changes in the composite of apparel‐related occupations in the Los Angeles apparel industry. It assesses the effects of new NAFTA‐generated transnational production networks and global production strategies on apparel industry employment, including the creation of ‘new NAFTA jobs’in the greater Los Angeles area, as well as changes in hiring patterns across occupational categories. The article also explores the accessibility of NAFTA‐generated apparel jobs to displaced workers in the labor‐intensive segments of the industry. The findings suggest that the new NAFTA jobs are inaccessible to the thousands of apparel manufacturing workers displaced by the trend in offshore sourcing. Finally, the article discusses the implications and consequences of recent state‐industry partnership programs designed to train and cross‐train sewing operators for jobs that are rapidly leaving the region.

Cet article examine l'impact de l'intégration économique nord‐américaine sur l'emploi dans l'habillement à Los Angeles, en procurant un premier regard sur les changements occasionnés pour la mosaïque des métiers de ce secteur d'activités dans cette ville. Il évalue les effets des nouveaux réseaux de fabrication transnationale générés par l'ALENA et des stratégies de production mondialisées sur l'emploi du secteur, y compris la création des ‘nouveaux emplois ALENA’ dans l'agglomération de Los Angeles, ainsi que les changements dans les schémas d'embauche pour les diverses catégories professionnelles. De plus, il explore l'accessibilité des emplois de l'habillement créés par l'ALENA pour les travailleurs déplacés dans les segments industriels à forte main‐d'œuvre. D'après les résultats, ces nouveaux emplois sont inaccessibles aux milliers d'ouvriers de la fabrication vestimentaire déplacés par la tendance à un approvisionnement étranger. Enfin, sont abordées les implications et conséquences des récents programmes de partenariat État‐industrie pour la formation et la formation polyvalente d'opératrices de machines à coudre à des postes qui quittent rapidement la région.
Community economic development in a context of globalization and metropolization: a comparison of four North American cities
Authors: Morin Richard , Hanley Jill
Published: June 2004

In this article, we highlight the links, few as they are, between metropolitan development institutions and community economic development (CED) organizations in a context of global economy where urban agglomerations compete for investments, while some groups of people are marginalized and some neighbourhoods are declining. First, we begin with a theoretical consideration of globalization, metropolization and community economic development. Second, we examine the relation between institutions responsible for metropolitan development and CED organizations in two Canadian agglomerations, Toronto and Montreal, and two American ones, Boston and Pittsburgh. Third, we suggest some explanations for the weak linkages between CED organizations and metropolitan institutions by raising questions about the identity, the resources and the political aspect of CED organizations, and about the vision of metropolitan actors.

L'article met en avant les liens, aussi rares soient‐ils, entre institutions d'aménagement métropolitain et organisations de développement économique communautaire (DEC) dans le contexte d'une économie mondialisée où les agglomérations urbaines rivalisent dans leur quête d'investissements, tandis que certains groupes sont marginalisés et des quartiers déclinent. Ce travail commence par une étude théorique de la mondialisation, de la métropolisation et du développement économique communautaire. Il examine ensuite la relation entre institutions chargées de l'aménagement métropolitain et organisations de DEC dans deux agglomérations canadiennes, Toronto et Montréal, et américaines, Boston et Pittsburgh. Enfin, il tente d'expliquer les liens ténus entre les deux types d'organismes au travers de plusieurs questions sur l'identité, les ressources et l'aspect politique des organisations de CED, ainsi que sur la vision des acteurs métropolitains.
World city formation, geopolitics and local political process: Taipei's ambiguous development
Authors: Wang Jenn‐hwan
Published: June 2004

This article argues that the existing literature on world city formation overlooks geopolitics and political struggles in accounting for a city's transformation. Using Taipei as a case study, the article shows that geo‐economics, geopolitics and local politics each played an important role in Taipei's ambiguous world city formation in the late 1990s and are expected to continue to do so in the not too promising future. It is argued that the globalization process in the 1980s and the corresponding restructuring of the Taiwan economy induced the state to adopt a new developmental strategy that enhanced Taipei's competitiveness. However, the democratization process facilitated a new nation‐building process in the late‐1990s and the newly‐elected regime suppressed the city of Taipei's ongoing development, as a consequence of which Taipei's competitiveness as a regional world city has been declining. Geopolitics and local politics are thus found to explain to a large degree the ambiguities currently defining Taipei's world city formation.

La littérature existante sur la formation des villes mondiales néglige les luttes géopolitiques et politiques dans ses explications de la transformation d'une ville. Prenant comme cas Taipei, l'article montre que géo‐économie, géopolitique et politique locale ont chacune joué un r^le important dans la formation complexe de cette ville mondiale vers la fin des années 1990, rôle qu'elles devraient conserver dans un avenir peu prometteur. Le processus de mondialisation des années 1980 et la restructuration subséquente de l'économie taiwanaise ont conduit l'´tat à adopter une nouvelle stratégie de développement, laquelle a renforcé la compétitivité de Taipei. En revanche, le processus de démocratisation a encouragé un processus de construction nationale dans la fin des années 1990 et le régime récemment élu a asphyxié l'évolution de cette ville, en conséquence de quoi la compétitivité de Taipei en tant que ville mondiale de la région a décliné. La géopolitique et la politique locale peuvent donc expliquer en grande partie les ambiguïtés qui définissent actuellement la formation de la ville mondiale de Taipei.
Urban poverty and marginalization under market transition: the case of Chinese cities
Authors: Wu Fulong
Published: June 2004

Rapid urban growth in China has been accompanied by rising social inequality and marginalization of disadvantaged social groups such as laid‐off workers of the state‐owned enterprises and rural migrants. The Chinese government has officially acknowledged the existence of ‘marginal groups’ and prioritized combating the new urban poverty as an urgent task to eliminate the root of potential social instability. This article proposes the concept of ‘poverty of transition’ from the institutional change perspective to examine how the ‘new’ urban poverty is created by the disjuncture between the old and new institutions. Specifically, the poverty of transition suggests that the main cause of the new poverty is structural, i.e. economic restructuring and the release of redundant workers previously hidden inside the workplace, and the increasing migrant population who are excluded from the formal urban institutions. A sizable underclass is now under formation in the sense that they are institutionally detached from mainstream urban society. To close the disjuncture between the marketization of labourers and the transition in welfare provisions requires more than just a policy of poverty relief; instead it requires a fundamental vision of the new ‘citizenship’ in the Chinese city.

En Chine, la rapide croissance urbaine s'est accompagnée d'une aggravation de l'inégalité sociale et d'une marginalisation des groupes sociaux défavorisés tels que les ex‐employés des entreprises nationalisées et les migrants ruraux. Le gouvernement a officiellement reconnu l'existence de ‘groupes marginaux’ et annoncé comme une priorité la lutte contre la nouvelle pauvreté urbaine afin d'éliminer cette source potentielle d'instabilité sociale. L'article propose le concept de ‘pauvreté de transition’ dans une perspective d'évolution institutionnelle, afin d'examiner comment la ‘nouvelle’ pauvreté urbaine naît de la rupture entre institutions anciennes et nouvelles. Notamment, ce concept suggère que la cause première de la nouvelle pauvreté est structurelle, autrement dit émane de la restructuration économique et du dégagement des ouvriers en surnombre précédemment dissimulés sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi que de la population migrante croissante, exclue des institutions urbaines officielles. Une classe inférieure considérable est en cours de formation au sens que ses membres sont isolés institutionnellement de la société urbaine normale. Combler cette rupture entre la marchandisation des ouvriers et la transition des mesures sociales exige, davantage qu'une simple politique publique d'aide aux pauvres, une vision fondamentale de la nouvelle ‘citoyenneté’ dans les villes chinoises.