bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Companion to Ricœur’s Freedom and Nature, Ed. Scott Davidson, New York, Lexington Press, 2018.
Authors: Purcell Sebastian
Published: September 2018

Review of A Companion to Ricœur’s Freedom and Nature, Ed. Scott Davidson, New York, Lexington Press, 2018.
Prólogo
Authors: Perera Lumbí Juan Francisco
Published: September 2018

Este volumen comparte la compilación de 12 artículos estructurada en 4 secciones, las cuales com- prenden en la primera sección de Educación el artículo: 1) Plug-ins para el paquete R commander de R: una aplicación al cálculo de probabilidades; 2) Recreando aprendizajes alternativos desde un contexto sociocultural. En la segunda sección de Ciencias Sociales el artículo: 3) Directrices del acuerdo ALBA en la Empresa Grannacional en el contexto de ALBA como herramienta promotora del efecto multiplicador; 4) La Interculturalidad y la Comunicación Intercultural: consolidando el Buen Vivir de los Pueblos; 5) Evaluación del Plan de Inversión Municipal de Siuna Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense 2016; 6) Sistema de ventas para librería Sánchez, Siuna 2016; 7) Construcción social del riesgo de desastre, colonia Puerto Príncipe, Nueva Guinea, RACCS, 2013. En la tercera sección de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales el artículo: 8) Matrices de transición, una herramienta para evaluar la sostenibilidad de sistemas agroforestales; 9) Valoración económica de la demanda del servicio ambiental hídrico del bosque de la micro cuenca madriguera, Siuna Nicaragua; 10) Estructura y composición florística del Bosque Húmedo Tropical de la comunidad de San Jerónimo. En la cuarta sección de Agropecuaria el artículo: 11) Complejidad y Sostenibilidad de dos agro ecosis- temas con cacao, Siuna, 2017; 12) Estado físico-químico del suelo en pasturas con y sin maní forrajero (Arachis pintoi). URACCAN-Siuna.
Recreando aprendizajes alternativos desde un contexto sociocultural
Authors: Ruíz Calderón Angélica Leonor
Published: September 2018

Se ha abordado la recreación de aprendizajes alternativos hacia una complejidad holística y etológica. La metodología fue hermenéutica a textos educativos con el enfoque hacia una praxis de amor que es guía en el pensar y actuar. Esta educación promovería la solución actual para la paz, la democracia y el respeto a los derechos humanos, por lo que es necesario hacer un abordaje desde el cuestionamiento ¿cómo recreo aprendizajes alternativos?
Directrices del acuerdo ALBA en la Empresa Grannacional en el contexto de ALBA como herramienta promotora del Efecto Multiplicador
Authors: Villalobos Soto Dani José
Published: September 2018

Una de las formas de Integración en América Latina y el Caribe ha sido la manera de cooperar que se imprime en estos acuerdos que históricamente ha desarrollado la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y la de Nicaragua en el marco de los acuerdos energéticos, desde la premisa de generar espacios de beneficios para ambas naciones, y de esta manera alcanzar el uso de los grande propósitos que todo país anhela, tales como crecimiento económico, industrialización y economía diversificada de una forma justa y sostenida. La construcción de una empresa Grannancional ha sido el gran desafío que sostiene el acuerdo, cuyo objetivo que se presenta en esta investigación consiste en coordinar directrices del acuerdo ALBA en la empresa Grannacional entre la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y la de Nicaragua en el contexto de ALBA como herramienta promotora del efecto multiplicador en distintos sectores de producción. Esta investigación de tipo documental-descriptivo, el diseño bibliográfico y las fases utilizadas fueron descriptivo, analítico, interpretativo y constructivo. Se concluye que las asimetrías económicas han constituido el desafío más complejo de América Latina, pero la integración es una estrategia que a través del comercio con las consiguientes ventajas comparativas y competitivas ha permitido incrementar el crecimiento económico.
La interculturalidad y la comunicación intercultural: consolidando el Buen Vivir de los Pueblos
Authors: Montoya Ortega Yulmar Runel
Published: September 2018

La interculturalidad ha constituido una dinámica de vida en construcción que permite el posicionamiento de la sociedad enmarcada en el respeto, promoción, intercambio equitativo e igualitario que se materializa mediante la armonía y los momentos colectivos que construyen el Buen Vivir y el Vivir Bien de los pueblos; una práctica para la construcción de un mundo equitativo. La Interculturalidad y la Comunicación Intercultural se ha concebido mediante la convivencia, interacción, acción de compartir valores, modo de establecer vínculos y relaciones entre las personas de diferentes culturas, como un elemento de unidad en la diversidad y el fortalecimiento de las identidades multiculturales que habitan los indígenas y afrodescendientes de Abya Yala. En pleno siglo XXI el abordaje de la interculturalidad se ha convertido en un desafío para quienes la ven como un recurso discursivo o político, pues desde la lógica de los pueblos más que un concepto; es una forma de convivencia de y para la vida, permitiendo el acompañamiento de los ancestros, quienes guían el caminar y el vivir de cada cultura. Si bien es cierto, hay quienes han adoptado la interculturalidad como un discurso político; incluidos gobiernos, Estados, organizaciones e instituciones educativas que no entienden la esencia de la misma, pero que lo parafrasean con amplio dominio.
Matrices de transición, una herramienta para evaluar la sostenibilidad de sistemas agroforestales
Authors: Calero Borge Wilson Antonio
Published: September 2018

El trabajo se desarrolló en la Reserva Indígena de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Se midieron 64 parcelas de cacao (C) y banano (B), para determinar la sostenibilidad del aprovechamiento de madera que realizan los agricultores indígenas, midiendo el incremento de madera de laurel (Cordia alliodora) y cedro amargo (Cedrela odorata L.) de regeneración natural en estos sistemas agroforestales a través de matrices de transición como herramienta que permite calcular las tasas de paso o permanencia en diferentes clases diamétricas de individuos en crecimiento. Se realizó inventario de laurel y cedro amargo y se midieron árboles con d ≥ 4 cm. El volumen comercial (Vc) (d ≥ 45 cm) se proyectó con matrices de transición tipo Usher. Se encontró que el aprovechamiento de madera en los SAF evaluados es sostenible, puesto que hay incrementos de madera y de densidad de individuos en los cacaotales, esto indica el buen manejo que realizan los productores indígenas en los sistemas agroforestales. Se recomienda el uso de las matrices de transición como herramienta para evaluar la sostenibilidad de estos sistemas productivos
Estructura y composición florística del Bosque Húmedo Tropical de la Comunidad de San Jerónimo
Authors: Padilla Henry Adnel , Kandler Bendlis Loncy , Guadamuz Noe
Published: September 2018

La biodiversidad forestal es uno de los tópicos más importantes para el manejo forestal sostenible. En el 2015, se realizó un inventario forestal aplicando la metodología de Dauber (1995), en la comunidad de San Jerónimo, río Coco, con el propósito de conocer los aspectos florísticos, estructurales, los índices de biodiversidad y proponer alternativas de manejo forestal sostenible. Se encontró una riqueza florística de 45 familias, 82 géneros y 88 especies. Las familias más representativas fueron Moraceae y Fabaceae. El coeficiente de mezcla fue de (1:3), índice de Shannon (3.84), e índice de Simpson (0.97), lo cual indica una riqueza y heterogeneidad alta. El 86.87% de los individuos registrados se agrupó en la clase diamétrica inferior a 39.9 cm y el 61.71% de los individuos se encuentra en el estrato medio presentando alturas entre 11 y 20.9 m.  Las especies más importante dentro del bosque de acuerdo con el IVI fueron Dialium guianense (aubl) Steud con 35.09 y Tetragastris panamensis Kuntzecon 27.84. Se proponen tres alternativas de manejo forestal bajo el modelo de forestería comunitaria: i).-Ordenamiento forestal, ii).-Aprovechamiento forestal y iii).-Modelo de gestión para Pagos por Servicios ambientales.
Cadastro Ambiental Rural: um instrumento para evidenciar conflitos ambientais em terras indígenas?
Authors: De Oliveira Ana Luisa Araujo , Brugnara Emanuelle
Published: September 2018

O Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR), instrumento criado pela Lei n. 12.651/2012, é um registro público, eletrônico, nacional e obrigatório para todos os imóveis rurais, criado com a finalidade de integrar as informações ambientais das propriedades e posses rurais. Ele compõe uma base de dados para controle, monitoramento, planejamento ambiental e econômico e combate ao desmatamento. Dados de maio de 2017, fornecidos pelo Serviço Florestal Brasileiro (SFB), informavam que havia 4,2 milhões de imóveis cadastrados, cuja área é superior a 100% do território nacional. Tomando como unidade de análise apenas o Estado de Mato Grosso, o Instituto Centro de Vida apontou que havia 1.412 imóveis cadastrados sobrepostos a terras indígenas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste artigo foi refletir, com base na análise de diversas bases de dados geográficos e em uma revisão da bibliografia, se as sobreposições de CARs a terras indígenas podem ser caracterizadas como um conflito ambiental e, portanto, se o CAR pode ser considerado um instrumento importante para evidenciar esse tipo de disputa no espaço rural. Como resultado, e considerando que as informações fornecidas no CAR são de natureza declaratória, observa-se que o CAR tem o potencial de apresentar diferentes representações de ambiente e as sobreposições de cadastros podem estar evidenciando diversas formas de organização das relações espaciais e modos de apropriação do território e da natureza. Concluiu-se que cadastros declarados que incidem sobre terras indígenas podem estar sinalizando a existência de dois grupos de interesses no mesmo espaço, ameaçando as formas de vida das populações mais vulneráveis. Na prática, mesmo que cancelados do sistema de cadastramento, esses cadastros deveriam orientar o monitoramento e a fiscalização in loco para a verificação da existência ou não de conflito ambiental entre os grupos que ocupam a área. Além disso, é importante a realização de estudos que incorporem outros métodos de pesquisa, sobretudo a coleta de dados primários com os atores sociais envolvidos, que permitirão análises mais profundas da realidade.
Apresentação: Músicas, crianças e educação: paradigmas de pesquisa, ação e formação
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Beineke Viviane
Published: September 2018

Neste Dossiê apresentamos nove artigos que contemplam desde a educação musical de bebês, crianças e educadores da educação infantil, até crianças de 12 anos de idade. Dois consistem em traduções de artigos de personalidades internacionais no campo da pesquisa em educação musical, da França e da Itália. Os outros sete apresentam significativas contribuições inéditas de pesquisadoras brasileiras e de uma pesquisadora peruana. Os artigos apontam avanços em várias direções, consolidando alguns percursos de pesquisa e também abrindo novos caminhos e olhares teórico-metodológicos. As temáticas colorem um leque de modos de pensar a educação musical de, com e para crianças: os processos de composição e criação musical, o ensino de canções na educação infantil, os jogos de criação na aprendizagem de piano, a motivação para aprender violão, as concepções de ensino-aprendizagem entre crianças Guarani Mbya, a formação do senso de eu musical de bebês, as rodas poéticas e a documentação pedagógica na educação infantil, os processos de musicalização de crianças surdas, as interfaces da educação musical com a musicoterapia e a interação reflexiva de crianças em plataformas digitais para desenvolver a criatividade. O conjunto de textos apresentado certamente contribui com a área de educação musical, trazendo os estudos com e sobre crianças ao centro. Os trabalhos apontam diferentes contextos socioculturais, visões de mundo e de pesquisa que podem nos orientar em campos teóricos e práticos. Podemos perceber que ainda há muito trabalho a ser feito e temos muito a aprender sobre as crianças e suas relações com a música. Esperamos que esta publicação seja desafiante a ponto de desencadear a continuidade e o desenvolvimento de propostas de pesquisa, ação e formação que busquem compreender, respeitar e valorizar os pontos de vista, as experiências e as culturas das crianças, reconhecendo-as enquanto protagonistas de suas aprendizagens.
Libretos de Criação: experiência de brincar com sons em Rodas Poéticas na Educação Infantil
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Lino Dulcimarta Lemos , Richter Sandra Regina Simonis ,   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)
Published: September 2018

O projeto Libretos de Criação: experiência de brincar com sons em Rodas Poéticas na educação infantil” instalou-se no ateliê da universidade com o objetivo de perseguir modos de registrar a experiência lúdica de convivência linguageira. A metodologia das Rodas Poéticas sustentou-se no processo de interação propositiva intensa tomando o corpo como instrumento por excelência do fazer poético com o movimento da música, da dança e da literatura, na intenção de ampliar repertórios tanto das crianças quanto dos adultos-pesquisadores. Ao afirmar a relevância pedagógica da música em estado de encontro, experimentada no complexo processo de aprender o poder inventivo de habitar a linguagem, o presente estudo tomou como foco reflexivo a experiência de brincar com sons. A investigação em andamento contribui para ampliar a abordagem temática da documentação pedagógica na educação musical, convidando-nos ao exercício diário de narrar e interrogar o currículo.
Musicalidade comunicativa e senso de eu
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Maffioletti Leda de Albuquerque
Published: September 2018

Este artigo apresenta um estudo teórico sobre o conceito de musicalidade comunicativa proposto por Malloch (1999), Malloch e Trevarthen (2009), e o de senso de eu, conforme defende Daniel Stern (1992-2000), com o objetivo de aprofundar a compreensão sobre a natureza das relações que o ser humano estabelece com a música. A estratégia consiste em estabelecer um diálogo com alguns pesquisadores, articulando suas ideias na compreensão do tema proposto. Conclui-se que as relações intersubjetivas são o ponto comum que articula os dois conceitos. Na musicalidade comunicativa, elas são responsáveis pela estrutura emocional que garante a experiência musical compartilhada; na formação do senso de eu e sua contrapartida, eu com o outro criam possibilidades de aprendizagem, dentre elas, a possibilidade de um senso de eu musical ou uma possibilidade de identidade musical.
Grunto, armuoto geotinklais, kerpamojo stiprio tyrimai
Authors: Skuodis Šarūnas , Dirgėlienė Neringa
Published: September 2018

Straipsnyje apžvelgtos grunto kerpamojo stiprio savybės, kai gruntui armuoti yra naudojami geotinklai. Pastaruoju metu šis metodas Lietuvoje yra plačiai taikomas statybų srityje, tiesiant kelius ir geležinkelius. Triašio slėgio bandymuose tirti vieni iš dažniausiai grunto armavime naudojamų lanksčių ir standžių geotinklų, kurių stipris tempiant išilgai ir skersai ≥40 kN/m. Gauti pikinių ir liekamųjų kerpamojo stiprio rezultatai palyginti su nearmuoto grunto, atliktas palyginimas tarp standžiais ir lanksčiais geotinklais armuotų bandinių. Nustatyta, kad geotinklų naudojimas armuojant grunto kompozitines konstrukcijas pagerina armuotų konstrukcijų savybes, palyginti su nearmuotomis.
R. Alan Culpepper and Paul N. Anderson, Eds. John and Judaism: A Contested Relationship in Context
Authors: Azar Michael G.
Published: September 2018

No abstract is available.
Crosscurrents in ‘micro’ marketing: home computers and media genealogy
Authors: Skågeby Jörgen
Published: September 2018

From the late 1970s to the mid 1980s, many countries experienced a “home computer boom”. The “home computer” (or “micro” as it was colloquially referred to) had become a viable marketing concept because companies, having developed advanced and expensive machines for business, science and engineering applications, now identified a new market segment for more affordable, accessible, and less advanced single-user “home computers”. The domestication of the computer is, naturally, an interesting phase in media history, revealing intermedialities, continuities, and disruptions in the development of digital culture. By analysing home computer marketing as it appears from 1981 to 1985 in magazine advertisements, this paper argues that we can come to a better understanding of the mutually transformative relation between the inherently technical design and language of software and hardware engineering and the ideological and cultural language of computerisation. The key research question for this paper is:

How was the inherently technical language, and indeed material operations, of software and hardware engineering transcoded into marketing concepts? Or, in other words, how was human agency and technological agency negotiated through the visual language of marketing?

Answering this question will provide insights into how the impending computerisation of society started to take place at an ideological and semiotic level, which in turn is underpinned by the material capacities of media technologies. As a result, the paper identifies three tentative ‘crosscurrents’ where materialities, agencies and discourses are negotiated.
Arqueología y dispositivo sonoro: tecnología aural
Authors: Tito Rivas Francisco
Published: September 2018

En este artículo se discuten algunas categorías que pueden resultar de utilidad metodológica para quienes, dentro del cada vez más amplio campo de los llamados estudios sonoros, se interesan por la arqueología como enfoque que permite comprender el desarrollo de los dispositivos sonoros y aurales desde una perspectiva histórica. El enfoque arqueológico, considerado aquí desde la arqueología epistemológica de Foucault, nos permite leer y auditar no solo las rutas y enredos de la creación tecnológica vinculada al sonido, sino también asumir que cada manifestación tecnológica es síntoma y expresión de un dispositivo que engloba formas de conocimiento (épistémès), instituciones del saber, concepciones sobre el sonido y prácticas de escucha. Desde la perspectiva arqueológica, cada dispositivo sonoro es producto de un dispositivo epistémico, o bien lo detona. Mediante el concepto de tecnología aural, que establece un campo de relación entre un dispositivo tecnológico sonoro y el correlato de su dispositivo aural, podemos encontrar un enlace interesante que nos permita comprender los procesos de la tecnología del sonido referidos a una red discursiva y epistémica más amplia. Una red, en resumidas cuentas, en la que la tecnología es el campo en que se libran y operan desplazamientos, retículas, empoderamientos de prácticas de auralidad específicas. El artículo intenta explicar de qué manera, desde el enfoque arqueológico, el dispositivo tecnológico sonoro despliega, oculta o devela un dispositivo de escucha y comprensión de lo sonoro: un dispositivo aural.
UTICAJ CEFTA 2006 SPORAZUMA NA PRIVREDE ZEMALJA ZAPADNOG BALKANA
Authors: Grahovac Dijana , Baraković Biljana
Published: September 2018

CEFTA (Centralno-evropsko udruženje slobodne trgovine) je nastala, na inicijativu EU, sa ciljem ekonomskog povezivanja zemalja članica, stvaranja povoljnijeg investicionog ambijenta i jačanja konkurentske pozicije tog regiona. Korištenjem prednosti i mogućnosti, koje CEFTA pruža, zemlje članice će biti konkurentnije na tržištu EU. U procesu pune implementacije Sporazuma postoje određeni problemi, od kojih se izdvajaju veliki broj necarinskih barijera, primarna orijentacija zemalja članica na tržište EU i uticaj globalne ekonomske krize na privrede i međusobnu razmjenu zemalja članica. CEFTA 2006je predmet mnogih diskusija u pogledu percepcije pozitivnih i negativnih efekata po zemlje članice i sagledavanju efekata implementacije CEFTA sporazuma kao jednog od potencijalnih preduslova na putu ka EU zemalja regiona. Analiza ekonomskih indikatora sadašnjih zemalja CEFTA određuje putokaz i neophodne pravce djelovanja u postupku dalje implementacije Sporazuma. Navedene analize pružaju mogućnost sagledavanja perspektive ovog procesa. Istraživanje dosadašnjih rezultata omogućava procjenu uticaja na ekonomski razvoj regiona i na perspektivu integracije ovih zemalja u EU, kroz jačanje regionalne saradnje. Akcenat istraživanja se odnosi na uticaj primjene CEFTA 2006 sporazuma na BDP zemalja članica i stopu nezaposlenosti, a samim time i na ekonomski razvoj. Rezultati istraživanja pružaju odgovore na pitanja: koliko su navedene prednosti primjene CEFTA sporazuma značajne i na koji način zemlje CEFTA mogu povećati međusobnu regionalnu ekonomsku saradnju? Analiza obuhvata uticaj na makroekonomske indikatore za pojedine zemlje članice CEFTA, primjenom Sporazuma. Takođe se analizira uticaj regionalne saradnje na ekonomski razvoj cjelokupnog regiona.
ULOGA PROSTORNOG PLANIRANJA ZA ODRŽIVI TURISTIČKI RAZVOJ U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Authors: Lugonja Aleksandar , Knežević Marija , Grumo Rosalina
Published: September 2018

Turizam Bosne i Hercegovine počeo se razvijati u drugoj polovini 20. vijeka od kada se bilježi stalan rast turista (izuzev perioda 1992-1995. godine, zbog ratnih dešavanja). Međutim, kao posledica negativnih trendova u poslednjih 20 godina u praksi se pojavio model turistickog iskorišćavanja koji teži ostvarenju brzog profita, pogrešnom eksploatacijom prirodnih i antropogenih vrijednosti. Negativni trendovi u turizmu BiH mogu se prevazići odgovornim planiranjem i primjenom koncepata i principa održivosti. Prostornim planom Republike Srpske kao i prostornim planovima kantona Federacije BiH definisane su zone turizma. Tim planovima, nisu definisani modeli razvoja, prioriteti u turizmu, lokacije novih destinacija, zone zaštite i sl. Ova i slična pitanja trebalo bi da se nađu u prostornim planovima na lokalnom nivou, ali njih uglavnom nema, kao što i ne postoji model planiranja u BiH, kao u nekim razvijenim zemljama, a što je ključno za održivi turistički razvoj.Koncept prostornog planiranja je važan koncept za ostvarivanje prednosti turistickog sektora za lokalitete, javnost i životnu sredinu. Važnost planiranja je povećana sa konceptom održivosti.Ovaj rad se bavi ulogom i značajem prostornog planiranja za razvoj održivog koncepta turizma u Bosni i Hercegovini, sa akcentom na zakonodavne dokumente i prostornoplanersku dokumentaciju. Cilj ovog rada je da ukaže na značaj prostornog planiranja za dalji razvoj održivog turizma Bosne i Hercegovine. Perspektiva evropskog prostornog razvoja je od ključne važnosti za razumijevanje, od perspektive pridruživanja EU do uloge prostornog planiranja u održivom regionalnom i turističkom razvoju.
SIROMAŠTVO I ZDRAVLJE U SRBIJI U USLOVIMA EKONOMSKE KRIZE
Authors: Popović Milenko , Marjanović Nataša
Published: September 2018

Ovaj rad ima cilj da identifikuje vezu siromaštva kao društveno-ekonomskog fenomena i zdravlja u Republici Srbiji. Siromaštvo je jedan od velikih problema savremenog društva. Najuže definicije svode siromaštvo na nedovoljnost finansijskih sredstava za zadovoljenje osnovnih životnih potreba. U novijim definicijama siromaštva polazi se od visine prihoda i materijalnih uslova života kao glavnih indikatora, ali je i naglašeno da se ovaj fenomen ne može definisati samo s obzirom na standarde fizickog preživljavanja već i u odnosu na druge dimenzije koje se ticu kvaliteta života i zadovoljavanja raznovrsnih potreba. Imajući u vidu cinjenicu da tržišta postaju sve konkurentnija, funkcija ljudskih resursa se stalno susreće sa novim i sve većim izazovima. Pad privredne aktivnosti, finansijska kriza i prateći pritisci ovakvog razvoja događaja postavljaju nove zahteve pred eksperte za ljudske resurse i tematiku upravljanja siromaštvom. Pored toga je potrebno da uvode nove nacine ucenja i da doprinesu stvaranju dodatnog kvaliteta u zdravstvenoj organizaciji.
OSNOVNE KARAKTERISTIKE TRANZICIJE KAO EKONOMSKOG MEHANIZMA U ZEMLJAMA U RAZVOJU
Authors: Milošević Šnjegota Branka , Tomaš Miskin Sonja , Kalabić Dragana
Published: September 2018

Sve bivše socijalističke zemlje su proces tranzicije zapocele u ekonomskom sistemu koji nije bio prilagođen tržišnim uslovima privređivanja i okruženju u kojem djeluje konkurencija, već u sistemu planske privrede, uz organizovanje privrednih i drugih ekonomskih aktivnosti u skladu sa projekcijama i planovima dirigovanim od strane države. Sam proces tranzicije zahtijevao je odgovarajuću institucionalnu transformaciju u privredi i drugim oblastima. Pojam tranzicija, u primarnom znacenju prelaska iz industrijsko u postindustrijsko društvo, pojavio se u zapadnoj literaturi sedamdesetih godina XX vijeka, ali u zemljama u kojima je razvijan socijalizam kao oblik društveno-ekonomskog uređenja, tranzicijom se oznaćava proces prelaska ili povratka iz socijalizma na određeni oblik kapitalistickih društveno-ekonomskih odnosa, sa privatnom svojinom kao jednom od kljucnih determinanti tog sistema i potpuno drugacijom strukturom privrednih i, uopšte, ekonomskih aktivnosti. Osim izražene realokacije privrednih resursa, tranziciju kao ekonomski mehanizam karakterišu privatizacija državnih preduzeća, restrukturisanje i korporatizacija velikih i drugih javnih preduzeća, reorganizacija klasicnog dijela javnog sektora, uspostavljanje slobodnog tržišta roba, usluga i rada, reforma državnih ustanova i sistema socijalnog osiguranja, te uspostavljanje organizovanog tržišta kapitala. Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je da se prikažu osnovne karakteristike višegodišnje tranzicije kao ekonomskog mehanizma u Republici Srpskoj i BiH. Osnovne metode istraživanja obuhvataju posmatranje, analizu i opis karakteristika osnovnih ekonomskih tranzicionih procesa. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zakljucak da većina od tih procesa do danas nije završena, što ima negativne implikacije na ekonomski rast i razvoj zemlje.
The Classroom Interaction Patterns in Bilingual Classroom at Junior High School in Medan City
Authors: Meisuri - , Sinar T. Silvana , Gurning Busmin , Zein T. Tyrhaya
Published: September 2018

This paper deals with the interaction pattern between teacher and students in the real classroom lessons. This study was primarily conducted to determine the patterns of classroom interaction produced by the teachers and learners during the class sessions in the bilingual middle-school classrooms in Medan City, Indonesia. The data were spoken texts of teachers from five video-recorded classes (Mathematics, Physics, Biology, English and IT/TIK) during the period of even semester, and were then analyzed by applying the Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories System (FIACS) ‘Interaction Model’ following the frame works proposed by Flanders (1970). From the data analysis, it was found that the talk was dominated by teachers, particularly on the categories of no 4, 5, and 6, while students practiced no 8 mostly, and it also indicated that instructor expressions were very overwhelming in each example of assignments amid the class sessions, while understudies reactions or different properties were moderately low in rates in an educator centered classroom aside from in the scene no. 5 (IT Lesson) where understudies took the greater part of the cooperation among peers. The examination likewise demonstrates that elicitation, reaction, and input were deliberately utilized by instructor, and understudies were a piece of the structure of classroom talk exercises. The example, notwithstanding, could be changed relying upon the educator expectation or the times of lesson that understudies learn.
Javanese Language Preservation in the Global Era: Determining Effective Teaching Methods for Elementary School Students
Authors: Neti Harwati Lusia
Published: September 2018

Previous studies on Javanese language emphasized more on the use of this local language in certain communities and ignored the importance of teaching and learning at an elementary school level in order to preserve the language. The purpose of this study was to describe the lives of the participants, collect and tell stories about their lives, and then write narratives of their experiences. The data were gathered through the collection of stories, reporting individual experiences, and discussing the meaning of those experiences for the participants by proposing a research question: what is the story of the teachers who tried to preserve Javanese language in the global era? A narrative research design, sociolinguistics, and social change as theories were applied in order to understand teachers’ point of view on globalization and the importance of preserving Javanese language. Purposeful sampling was used and two teachers were chosen as participants. The data gathered were then analyzed through three steps, namely code the data, description, and interpretation. There are two findings that can be summarized. Firstly, the interviewees perceived the challenges in teaching Javanese language as an opportunity to be more creative. Secondly, in the attempt to preserve and promote Javanese language and culture, they were fully supported by the school principal as well as the local government. It can be concluded that knowledge of effective teaching strategies is vital in terms of providing an in-depth understanding of how elementary schools can deal with the possible negative impacts of globalization.
Polarization Reconfigurable Square Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications
Authors: Saravanan M. , Rangachar M. J. S.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a single fed polarization reconfigurable antenna is proposed. The antenna consists of a radiating patch incorporated with a diagonal-shaped slot at its center. Four p-i-n diodes are used for polarization reconfiguration. The p-i-n diodes are placed in diagonal slot region. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in three states – linear polarization (LP), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) by biasing corresponding p-i-n diodes. The antenna gives measured peak gain of 6.2 dBi for LP state and 5.82 dBic for both RHCP and LHCP states. It also achieves 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 5.95% for both RHCP and LHCP configurations. The antenna finds application in areas of modern wireless communication.
A New Lowpass Filter Unit Cell with Sharp Roll-off and Improved Stopband Performance in Coplanar Waveguide Technology
Authors: Bijari A. , Mohebrad M.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a new compact unit cell for a coplanar waveguide (CPW) lowpass filter (LPF) is proposed. By combining a pair of coupled parallel stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) and high impedance short stubs in the CPW line, a fifth-order elliptic lowpass filter unit cell (LUC) is designed. The extra transmission zero introduced by parallel coupled SIRs is used to extend the stopband and increase the roll-off rate. The characteristics of the proposed LUC is investigated to achieve a sharp roll-off and a wide stopband. The measured results are in accordance with the simulated results. It has an insertion loss less than 0.9 dB from dc to 6 GHz, and a wide -15 dB stopband from 7.5 to 18 GHz. In addition, the filter dimensions are as small as 4.9 mm × 8.7 mm, that is, 0.046λg2, where λg is the guided wavelength at the cut-off frequency. The filter structure is simple and easy to fabricate as well.
Physical, mechanical and energy characterization of wood pellets obtained from three common tropical species
Authors: Artemio Carrillo Parra , Maginot Ngangyo Heya , Serafín Colín-Urieta , Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab , José Guadalupe Rutiaga Quiñones , Fermín Correa-Méndez
Published: September 2018

Background

The need for energy sources with low greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable production encourages the search for alternative biomass sources. However, the use of biomass fuels faces the problem of storage, transport and lower energy densities. Low-density values can negatively affect energy density, leading to an increase in transportation and storage costs. Use of pellets as alternative biomass source is a way to reduce the volume of biomass by densification, which improves their energy quality. They are produced by diverse biomass resources and mainly from wood materials. In all cases, it is important to evaluate the fuel characteristics, to determine their suitability on the heating system and handling properties.

Methods

The present study determines and compares data from proximate analysis, calorific values, physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets produced from the common tropical species Acacia wrightii, Ebenopsis ebano and Havardia pallens. Data were obtained from pellets produced from each species chips collected from an experimental plantation and analyzed through ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis test at 0.05 significance level.

Results

The results of diameter, length and length/diameter ratio didn’t show statistical differences (p > 0.05) among species. Acacia wrightii showed the highest density (1.2 g/cm3). Values on weight retained and compression test showed statistical differences (p = 0.05) among species. Havardia pallens was more resistant to compression strength than A. wrightii and Ebenopsis ebano. Statistical differences (p < 0.01) were also observed for the volatile matter and calorific value. E. ebano has the lowest volatile matter (72%), highest calorific value (19.6 MJ/kg) as well as the fixed carbon (21%).

Discussion

The pellets of the species studied have a high energy density, which makes them suitable for both commercial and industrial heating applications.A pellet with low compression resistance tends to disintegrate easily, due to moisture adsorption. The percentages obtained for the resistance index were higher than 97.5%, showing that the pellets studied are high-quality biofuels. Proximate analysis values also indicate good combustion parameters. Pellets of Acacia wrightii and Ebenopsis ebano are the more favorable raw material sources for energy purposes because of their high density, calorific value, low ash content and they also met majority of the international quality parameters.
Effect of vineyard soil variability on chlorophyll fluorescence, yield and quality of table grape as influenced by soil moisture, grown under double cropping system in protected condition
Authors: Mitra Sangeeta , Irshad Muhammad , Debnath Biswojit , Lu Xiaocao , Li Min , Dash Chandra Kanta , Rizwan Hafiz Muhammad , Qiu Zhipeng , Qiu Dongliang
Published: September 2018

Environmental factors greatly influence grape quality. Among them, the effect of within-vineyard variability of soil in relation to soil moisture on table grape under protected condition has rarely been studied. In this present research, we investigated the influence of soil variability, in relation with soil moisture on chlorophyll fluorescence, yield and quality attributes of the “Summer Black” (Vitis viniferaL. ×V. labruscanaL.) table grape, popularly grown under double cropping system in protected covering in the southern part of China. The vineyard was divided vertically into three sites (lower, middle and upper, 192, 202 and 212 m above sea level, respectively) and data on soil moisture and other yield and quality parameters were recorded. Among the three vineyard sites, middle site resulted in higher yield compared to the upper and lower sites during winter and summer cropping cycles. However, compared to regular summer cycle, winter cycle provided grapevines with higher quality attributes. Polyphasic OJIP fluorescence transient exhibited a considerable increase in fluorescence intensity at J, I and P phase in the upper and middle sites compared to the lower site due to variation in soil moisture in both seasons. Values of fluorescence parameters including minimal fluorescence, relative variable fluorescence at phase J and I, the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II were also influenced by soil moisture in different sites. Different sites also exhibited a significant difference in total phenolics, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and individual anthocyanin which was influenced by available soil moisture. The present study shows that chlorophyll fluorescence OJIP transient can be used as a sensitive indicator to determine the moisture stress in grape grown in a varied soil. Double cropping proved to be a powerful technique to improve the fruit quality. This result may be useful for the table grape growers to better utilize the vineyard soil variability with water management to get higher yield and quality table grape under protected condition.
Gender Violence
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: September 2018

Gender violence, though longstanding and almost ubiquitous, has become visible as a social issue only recently. It presents a classical anthropological problem in the relation between human universals and cultural diversities in practices and values. There have been extensive debates about how to name gender violence and how to estimate and enumerate its prevalence in both domestic and public locales. Women and girls are overwhelmingly the victims and men the perpetrators, but men and boys are, more rarely, victims and violence also occurs between intimates in same‐sex and transgender partnerships. Anthropologists have been vitally involved as researchers and activists, documenting, analyzing and proffering recommendations to mitigate gender violence. This has included both detailed ethnographic studies in particular countries and communities and also ethnographies of how gender violence has been approached as part of the vernacularization of the ideals of human rights.
Confucius and Confucianism
Authors: Nadeau Kathleen
Published: September 2018

Kong Fuzi, known to the West by his Latinized name as Confucius, was a great teacher advocating social reform in ancient China. His teachings were transmitted by travelers who traded and exchanged tribute along the Silk Road and across the merchant sea routes that traversed and connected the ancient world. Today the Confucian family and ancestral memorial systems continue to influence East Asian communities around the world. Although the Confucian way of life is integrated differently in these communities in relation to different historical, economic, and geographical factors, it continues to provide a structural basis for social and family life. Confucianism as a school of thought continues to change in accordance with changing contexts. Many of its values are now being rediscovered and touted by the post‐Maoist and semicapitalist government of mainland China. Confucius remains one of the most prominent figures to come out of China's long history.
Ethnography, Experimental
Authors: Fischer Michael M. J.
Published: September 2018

Experimentalism, in the sense of rethinking form to expose content (the aesthetic meaning) and creating new ways of seeing and understanding (the scientific meaning), has characterized the conceptual edge of ethnography since the 1920s, as, in turn, it has addressed cultural rationalities, postcolonial transnational capitalist relations, and visual, sonic, and electronic media. Modernist experiments from the 1920s to the 1960s were followed from the 1970s to the 1980s by a renewal of experimentalism in realist documentary; surrealist montage; polyphonic, dialogic psychodynamic, and multiple cultural accounting apparatuses; and violence–fantasy modalities. In the 1990s, the anxiety and anticipation of the coming digital, internet, web‐based, and YouTube‐based forms of communication generated further experiments. In the 2000s, ethnography confronted social struggles over postconflict reconciliation, environmental pollution, climate change, new forms of media layering, biomedicine, and science studies.
Determinism, Cultural
Authors: Dutton Edward C.
Published: September 2018

Cultural determinism is defined as a reaction against the biological determinism that was influential in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Western anthropology. Environmental or cultural determinist criticism of biological determinism came from three sources: the behaviorists, a school in psychology; the cultural determinists, who were associated with the anthropologist Franz Boas; and postmodern anthropology and cultural relativism. The key arguments for cultural determinism, which was espoused by these schools, are explored, as are the most significant criticisms leveled against these arguments.
B
oas,
F
ranz (1858–1942)
Authors: Peregrine Peter Neal
Published: September 2018

Franz Boas was an American anthropologist who is considered to be one of the founders of American anthropology. He is best known for his commitment to a “holistic” practice of anthropology, combining linguistics, archaeology, physical anthropology, and ethnography in a complete biocultural and historical understanding of a given culture. He opposed cultural evolutionary theories, arguing instead that cultural variation is the outcome of particular historical trajectories and not any generalizable processes. He also opposed race theory and compiled empirical evidence against race‐based arguments of physical and cultural variation that some scholars believe turned the tide against race theory in the American academe.
Militarization
Authors: Lutz Catherine
Published: September 2018

Militarization describes the historical social process by which investments in military institutions and particular and positive kinds of thinking about military personnel and activities have shaped global human life. Research using the concept of militarization has examined the intensification of the land, labor, and material resources allocated to military purposes as well as the shaping of other institutions and cultural ideas and values in line with military goals. Scholars have understood militarization, in other words, as both an economic phenomenon and a discursive one. They have examined the relationship between militarization and gender relations, racialization, inequality and structural violence, knowledge production, state formation, and a host of other phenomena seemingly far from the military or the battlefield.
Counterpublic
Authors: Fattal Alex
Published: September 2018

Emerging from philosophical debates about the nature of the public sphere and citizen participation in political debate, the term “counterpublic” has taken on new life in gender and sexuality studies, media studies, and the anthropology of race and ethnicity. The entry provides a brief definition of the term, a description of its origins, and a summary of academic debates about its meaning.
Primitivism
Authors: Sen Satadru
Published: September 2018

Primitivism is a multilayered aspect of modernity, rooted in the histories of anthropology, colonialism, and whiteness. At the most basic level, it has to do with articulating and isolating but also incorporating and consuming what is savage, obsolete, and dying. It normalizes the elimination of “native” people and societies and, simultaneously, produces the wholeness of a modern subjectivity that values the primitive.
G
oodall,
J
ane (b. 1934)
Authors: Stanford Craig B.
Published: September 2018

Jane Goodall is a pioneering primatologist, author, and social activist who revolutionized the way we look at both great apes and ourselves. She was the first scientist to immerse herself in the lives of wild nonhuman primates on a long‐term basis. She showed that chimpanzees eat meat, use tools, and have kin relations much like those in humans. She maintained her field study in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, from 1960 until the present. Her study of the Gombe chimpanzees is the longest and arguably most important field study of animals ever conducted. Since the 1980s, Goodall has been on a tireless campaign to promote humane practices in our use of nonhuman animals as well as ecosensitive practices in daily life.
Tobias,PhillipV. (1925–2012)
Authors: Thackeray J. Francis
Published: September 2018

Professor Phillip Vallentine Tobias was an outstanding South African paleoanthropologist who made major contributions to the study of human evolution and who was also a prominent objector to the apartheid system in South Africa. Among his published works (numbering more than a thousand), Tobias (1967) described in meticulous detail a 1.8‐million‐year‐old skull (OH 5) of a hominin species which he calledAustralopithecus(Zinjanthropus)boisei, discovered by Dr. Mary and Dr. Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania in 1959. In addition, he was a contributor to the initial description of early Pleistocene fossils namedHomo habilis, a hominin species coeval withAustralopithecus boiseiat Olduvai Gorge, and subsequently published two detailed volumes onHomo habilis. He undertook detailed studies of brain endocasts ofHomo habilis, recognizing that this species had the capacity for speech 1.8 million years ago. He directed excavations at the Sterkfontein caves in South Africa for more than forty years.
Structuration
Authors: Smart Alan
Published: September 2018

The theory of structuration is primarily associated with the work of Anthony Giddens. He attempted to avoid the problems of structural determinism and theories of action by integrating them through the notion of the duality of structure, in which structure is both medium and outcome of the social practices of agents. Action is in turn enabled as well as constrained by structures, which consist of rules and resources that are reproduced only through social practices. Anthropology has tended to deal with the structure–agency problem using different conceptual frameworks responding to cultural diversity in the nature of persons. Time and history are central to the adequacy of structurationist explanations.
Fishing and Marine Resources
Authors: Acheson James
Published: September 2018

Fish and other marine resources have long provided a substantial portion of the food consumed by humans. Fishing societies have developed a number of institutions to reduce the risks of fishing. Today a high percentage of stocks are overfished. Anthropologists have described a number of cases where stocks have been well managed at the local level. They have also investigated a number of ways to improve management. Aquaculture promises to provide a vastly increased proportion of seafood eaten by humans in the near future.
Blat
Authors: Ledeneva Alena
Published: September 2018

Blat
is a way of getting things done through informal personal connections. In the Soviet Union,
blat
contacts were commonly used to obtain goods and services in short supply or to circumvent formal procedures.
Blat
effectively became the obverse of the overcontrolling center, enabling both people and the oppressive regime to maintain the fiction of formally declared rules.
Labor Migration
Authors: Gomberg‐Muñoz Ruth
Published: September 2018

Generally speaking, contemporary labor migration patterns are rooted in colonialism and economic globalization. In the postcolonial period, free‐market policies have accelerated the growth of capitalist industries in developing countries, many of them formerly under Western colonial rule. This growth disrupts existing modes of subsistence and undermines the ability of small farmers and crafts people to make a living, creating massive displacement and large populations prone to migrate. Displaced farmers swell the ranks of mobile wage seekers, often moving to nearby cities where growing industrial sectors provide opportunities for work. Once these labor markets are saturated, work seekers move farther abroad, often crossing nation‐state borders to satisfy labor shortages in highly developed economies.
Concubinage
Authors: Tran Lisa
Published: September 2018

Concubinage has existed in many societies around the world for centuries. Defined as a long‐term relationship between a man and a woman who are not legally married to one another, concubinage has assumed four distinct forms as an imperial institution, an elite practice, common‐law marriage, and a system of servitude. In all its various forms, concubinage has played an often overlooked role in shaping politics, the economy, and society.