bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of several types of fuel cells and factor analysis of performance
Authors: Mugikura Yoshihiro , Asano Koichi
Published: October 2004

There are four types of fuel cells: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). The performance of these fuel cells has not been compared. Equations that are able to express the performance of these fuel cells accurately were derived or modified from the latest published performance data. The cell voltages of the four fuel cells were estimated by these equations, resulting in high‐temperature fuel cells such as MCFC and SOFC having higher energy conversion efficiencies than low‐temperature fuel cells such as PEFC and PAFC. This difference originates from low cathode polarization, overcoming both a decrease of open circuit voltage with increasing temperature and higher Nernst losses for high‐temperature fuel cells of approximately 85 mV than those for low‐temperature fuel cells due to steam generation in the anode chamber in the high‐temperature fuel cells. A generalized relationship between cell voltage and operating temperature was derived, stating that the cell voltage is almost constant between 500 °C and 1000 °C. A fuel cell which has protons as a migration species in the electrolyte and works between 250 °C and 500 °C would give a performance comparable with high‐temperature fuel cells due to lower Nernst losses than those for high‐temperature fuel cells. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 24–33, 2002
An optimal design method for efficiency of permanent magnet motors
Authors: Hosokawa Yoshihiro , Noguchi So , Yamashita Hideo , Tanimoto Shigeya
Published: October 2004

In optimal design of a permanent magnet (PM) motor, many design variables are required to consider some device properties. These variables are, for example, the shape of core and magnet, the tooth length, the number of turns, and the winding radius. Moreover, many restrictions must be considered in practical PM motor design. These restrictions are, for example, the slot space factor and the cogging torque. However, the optimization problem, which has many design variables by the finite element method (FEM), has not been reported. In this paper, the efficiency of PM motor under the considerations given above is optimized by using FEM and optimization algorithm. In this problem, an objective function has many local minima and it is difficult to calculate its gradient. For these reasons, the genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing method (SA), which are stochastic methods, are used for optimization method, because of the possibility of global range search and because gradient calculation is not required. Adding to both optimization methods, in this paper, SA combined with GA is used for one of the optimization methods. It is found that the solutions optimized by these methods are reasonable from an engineering point of view. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 72–79, 2002
Mirror‐phase characteristics of synchronous reluctance motor and salient‐pole orientation methods for sensorless vector controls
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: October 2004

In this paper, a mathematical model of the synchronous reluctance motor in a new form is established, followed by a new analysis of stator linkage flux of the motor, which characterizes the motor and plays an essential role in developing new rotor salient‐pole orientation methods for sensorless vector controls. Finally in a unified manner based on the inherent characteristics of the flux, six new potential salient‐pole orientation methods are developed and proposed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 61–71, 2002;DOI 10.1002/eej.1153
Functional analysis of MLH1 mutations linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
Authors: Nyström‐Lahti Minna , Perrera Claudia , Räschle Markus , Panyushkina‐Seiler Elena , Marra Giancarlo , Curci Anna , Quaresima Barbara , Costanzo Francesco , D'Urso Michele , Venuta Salvatore , Jiricny Josef
Published: October 2004

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is associated with malfunction of postreplicative mismatch repair (MMR). While a majority of HNPCC‐associated mutations in the MMR genes MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 genes cause truncations—and thus loss of function—of the respective polypeptides, little is currently known about the biochemical defects associated with nontruncating mutations. We studied the interactions of six MLH1 variants, carrying either missense mutations or in‐frame deletions, with normal PMS2 and tested the functionality of these heterodimers of MLH1 and PMS2 (MutLα) in an in vitro MMR assay. Three MLH1 carboxy‐terminal mutations, consisting of internal deletions of exon 16 (amino acids 578–632) or exon 17 (amino acids 633–663), or a missense R659P mutation in exon 17, affected the formation of a functional MutLα. Interestingly, mutations C77R and I107R in the amino‐terminal part of MLH1 did not affect its heterodimerization with PMS2. The complexes MLH1(C77R)/PMS2 and MLH1(I107R)/PMS2, however, failed to complement a MMR‐deficient extract lacking a functional MutLα. As all these five mutations were identified in typical HNPCC families and produce nonfunctional proteins, they can be considered disease‐causing. In contrast, the third amino‐terminal mutation S93G did not affect the heterodimerization, and the MLH1(S93G)/PMS2 variant was functional in the in vitro MMR assay, given thus the nature of the HNPCC family in question. Although the missense mutation segregates with the disease, the mean age of onset in the family is unusually high (∼65 years). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parathyroid cytology: Avoiding diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Absher Kimberly J. , Truong Luan D. , Khurana Kamal K. , Ramzy Ibrahim
Published: October 2004

Background

Interpretation of parathyroid fine‐needle aspirates (FNA) remains problematic not only because this type of specimen is rare but also because the pertinent literature is very limited. We systematically reviewed parathyroid FNAs in our files and sought to delineate additional diagnostic criteria.

Design

Review of all thyroid and parathyroid aspirates from January 1990 to June 1998 disclosed 12 parathyroid lesions. The final diagnoses included four parathyroid adenomas, one intrathyroidal hyperplastic parathyroid, one intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma, one atypical parathyroid adenoma (all confirmed by histologic screening or immunocytochemistry), and five parathyroid cysts (all confirmed by immunoassay). Papanicolaou and Diff Quik–stained smears of the parathyroid FNAs were reviewed. The cytologic features were compared and contrasted with those of thyroid FNAs to establish criteria for differential diagnoses.

Results

The FNAs of the five parathyroid cysts yielded virtually acellular fluid with a characteristic water‐clear appearance and markedly elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. The remaining seven aspirates consisted of moderately cellular smears that showed an admixture of architectural features. Common patterns included cohesive three‐dimensional groups, disorganized sheets, papillary fragments, microfollicles, and a single case showing lymphoidlike smears. Although the cells were generally small and round to oval, all cases demonstrated mild to moderate anisokaryosis. The nuclei were hyperchromatic Ewith coarsely granular chromatin reminiscent of that of small lymphocytes. Occasional nucleoli were noted. Although the cytoplasm was usually pale blue and finely granular with ill‐defined borders, two cases showed well‐delineated cytoplasmic membranes. Less common findings included cytoplasmic granulation, vacuolization, and rare oxyphilic cells. Naked nuclei were noted in the background of all of the aspirates to varying degrees. Other background findings included the presence of colloidlike material, macrophages, and lymphocytes. One interesting finding that to date has not been reported is the presence of nuclear overlapping (100%) and nuclear molding (71%), which is an uncommon finding in thyroid aspirates.

Conclusions

FNAs of the parathyroid can be easily confused with that of the thyroid, not only because of the clinical similarity between these two types of lesions but also because of the overlap in cytomorphologic features of the aspirated cells. Although no one single cytomorphologic feature is diagnostic, a combination of cytologic parameters noted earlier should raise the possibility of a parathyroid lesion. Aspirates of parathyroid cysts show acellular water‐clear fluid with elevated parathyroid hormone measurements. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional status after primary surgical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue
Authors: Friedlander Paul , Caruana Salvatore , Singh Bhuvanesh , Shaha Ashok , Kraus Dennis , Harrison Louis , McKiernan Janet , Solan Jill , Polyak Tatyana , Shah Jatin P.
Published: October 2004

Introduction

Quality‐of‐life analysis is essential in determining the eventual outcome after treatment for head and neck cancer. This is particularly important when functional sequelae of treatment cause significant morbidity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional status of a group of patients who had undergone primary surgical therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue.

Methods

At our institution from 1979 to 1993, we identified 93 patients who had undergone resection of the base of the tongue as primary treatment for squamous cell carcinoma. Patients who required laryngectomy were excluded from this group. Forty‐eight survivors were identified, and the questionnaires included the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients (PSS) and the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPS). The data were reported numerically, with 0 representing the worst score and 100 representing the best score.

Results

Twenty‐six patients completed the questionnaires. There were 19 men and 7 women. Their mean survival time was 8.6 years. Two patients had their primary tumors staged as T1, 17 patients had T2, and 7 patients had T3 disease. When evaluating the normalcy of diet, the mean score for the whole group was 73.1 (range, 20–100), the mean score for understandability of speech was 80.8 (range, 50–100), and the mean score for eating in public was 79.8 (range, 0–00). The mean KPS was 90 (range, 60–100). When comparing early (T1 and T2) with advanced (T3) disease, there were no significant differences in PSS and KPS. When comparing younger (<50 years) with older (>50 years) patients, there were no significant differences in PSS scores. Younger patients had a significantly higher KPS than older patients: mean, 97.5 vs 86.4 (p < .02).

Conclusions

The long‐term functional status for these patients who had undergone resection of a significant portion of the base of their tongue was good. The outcome did not seem to be related to either the stage of the lesion or the age of the patient. More studies are needed to examine the functional outcome of this patient population. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Second primary tumors and field cancerization in oral and oropharyngeal cancer: Molecular techniques provide new insights and definitions
Authors: Braakhuis Boudewijn J.M. , Tabor Maarten P. , René Leemans C. , van der Waal Isaac , Snow Gordon B. , Brakenhoff Ruud H.
Published: October 2004

Second primary tumors (SPTs) are a significant problem in treating oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and have a negative impact on survival. In most studies the definition of SPT is based on the criteria of Warren and Gates, published in 1932. These criteria, however, are ill‐defined and lead to confusion. Recent molecular studies have shown that a tumor can be surrounded by a mucosal field consisting of genetically altered cells. Furthermore, evidence has been provided that SPTs (defined by classical criteria) can share some or even all genetic markers with the index tumor, indicating that both tumors have arisen from a common cell clone. We propose that these secondary neoplastic lesions should not be considered SPTs, implying that the present concept of SPT needs revision. This review describes a novel classification of the secondary tumors that develop after treatment of a carcinoma in the oral cavity or oropharynx. On the basis of the molecular analysis of the tumors and the genetically altered mucosal field in between, we propose definitions for a “true SPT,” a local recurrence, a “SFT” (second field tumor derived from the same genetically altered mucosal field as the primary tumor), and a metastasis. Considering the etiologic differences of these lesions, we believe that an accurate molecular definition is essential to make headway with the clinical management of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Postauricular sebaceous carcinoma arising in association with nevus sebaceus
Authors: Rinaggio Joseph , Stan McGuff H. , Otto Randal , Hickson Charlene
Published: October 2004

Background

Sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm usually associated with the ocular adnexa. Despite the widespread anatomic distribution of sebaceous glands, extraocular sebaceous carcinoma occurs with far less frequency.

Methods

A 27‐year‐old man was examined with the presenting complaint of a slowly enlarging subcutaneous mass. It was associated with an overlying, irregular, verrucoid epidermal plaque.

Results

Histologic and electron microscopic examination of the mass revealed a malignant sebaceous neoplasm occurring in conjunction with an overlying nevus sebaceus. The dermal neoplasm contained numerous cytoplasmic and stromal hyaline globules.

Conclusions

We report a case of extraocular sebaceous carcinoma arising in the postauricular region in association with a nevus sebaceus and exhibiting the unusual histologic feature of hyaline globules. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Behavioral analysis of CREB αΔ mutation on a B6/129 F1 hybrid background
Authors: Graves L. , Dalvi A. , Lucki I. , Blendy J.A. , Abel T.
Published: October 2004

The cyclic AMP (cAMP)‐response element binding protein (CREB) is an activity‐dependent transcription factor that plays a role in synaptic plasticity and memory storage in Aplysia, Drosophila, and rodents. Mice with targeted deletions of two CREB isoforms (α and Δ; CREB αΔ mice) have been characterized on a mixed genetic background of C57BL/6 (B6) and 129/SvEv (129), as well as on a defined F1 hybrid of B6 and FVB/N, and these results suggest that the phenotype of CREB αΔ mice depends critically on genetic background. In an examination of the hypothesis that the role of CREB in learning and memory can be influenced by strain differences, we analyzed mice with the CREB αΔ mutation on an F1 hybrid background of B6 and 129 strains. CREB αΔ mice on this background had impaired short‐term and long‐term cued and contextual fear conditioning and normal spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Our results suggest that at least some aspects of hippocampal function are normal in CREB αΔ mice, and that CREB αΔ mice on the B6/129 F1 background have alterations in amygdala function. These studies underscore the importance of controlling for genetic background in the behavioral analysis of knockout and transgenic mice. Hippocampus 2002;12:18–26. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aniracetam improves contextual fear conditioning and increases hippocampal γ‐PKC activation in DBA/2J mice
Authors: Smith Amy M. , Wehner Jeanne M.
Published: October 2004

DBA/2J (D2) mice display poor contextual learning and have less membrane‐bound hippocampal protein kinase C (PKC) compared with C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Aniracetam and oxiracetam were previously shown to improve contextual learning in D2 mice and increase PKC activity. This study investigated a possible mechanism for learning enhancement by examining the effects of aniracetam on contextual fear conditioning and activation of the γ isoform of PKC (γ‐PKC) in male D2 mice. In comparison to animals treated with vehicle only (10% 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin), mice treated with aniracetam (100 mg/kg) 30 min prior to fear conditioning training demonstrated significantly improved contextual learning when tested 30 min and 24 h after training. This corresponded with a significant increase in activated, membrane‐bound hippocampal γ‐PKC 30 min after training. No increase in learning or γ‐PKC was found 5 min after training. These results suggest an altered time course of activation of γ‐PKC in response to treatment with aniracetam, which improves learning in D2 mice. Hippocampus 2002;12:76–85. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights into immediate‐early gene function in hippocampal memory consolidation using antisense oligonucleotide and fluorescent imaging approaches
Authors: Guzowski John F.
Published: October 2004

In the 14 years since it was discovered that specific genes could be dynamically regulated in the brain by neural activity, there has been a substantial research focus attempting to understand the role immediate‐early genes (IEGs) play in various brain functions. This article examines the involvement of IEGs in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and in memory consolidation processes performed by the hippocampus. Studies employing conventional IEG detection methodologies and a novel gene‐imaging approach that provides temporal and cellular resolution (cellularcompartmentanalysis oftemporal activity byfluorescenceinsituhybridization or catFISH) provide evidence supporting the assertion that IEG expression reflects the integration of information processed by hippocampal neurons. However, IEG expression is not merely correlated with neural activity, but also plays a pivotal role in stabilizing recent changes in synaptic efficacy. As such, localized disruption of IEGsArcor c‐fosby intrahippocampal administration of antisense oligonucleotides or germline disruption of the IEGs c‐fos, tissue plasminogen activator, orzif268impairs consolidation of long‐term memory formation, without affecting learning or short‐term memory. Further investigation into the expression and function of IEGs using catFISH and antisense approaches will likely increase understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of information processing involving the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:86–104. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in Promotion Stress across Career Stage and Orientation
Authors: Carlson Dawn S. , Rotondo Denise M.
Published: October 2004

Promotion stress is the experienced feelings of anxiety, concern, or tension with one's career reality in terms of the level one has reached in the organization. This study considers how promotion stress may differ depending on an individual's internal career orientation (balance, high, free, ahead, secure) as well as an individual's external, professional career stage (apprentice, colleague, mentor, sponsor). The results suggest no clear pattern of differences based on internal career orientation; however, there is a clear pattern with regard to external career stage such that as an individual progresses in his/her professional career, promotion stress decreases. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maternal personality as a moderator of relations between difficult infant temperament and attachment security in low‐income families
Authors: Ispa Jean M. , Fine Mark A. , Thornburg Kathy R.
Published: October 2004

The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether maternal proneness‐to‐stress (stress reactivity and alienation) moderates the relation between infant difficult temperament and attachment security in a sample of 82 inner‐city, low‐income, primarily single and African American young mothers. The mothers completed adult personality and infant temperament questionnaires when their infants were approximately 10 months old. Attachment was measured when the infants were approximately a year old. Infant temperamental difficultness and maternal stress reactivity were inversely related to infant attachment security. Maternal alienation was unrelated to infant attachment security. Maternal stress reactivity and alienation moderated the link between infant fearfulness and attachment, but not the link between infant distress to limitations and attachment. Contrary to expectations, negative relations between infant fearfulness and attachment emerged only when mothers were low in stress reactivity or low or medium in alienation. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Dynamic mechanical characterization of biodegradable composites of hydroxyapatite and polylactides
Authors: Nazhat S. N. , Kellomäki M. , Törmälä P. , Tanner K. E. , Bonfield W.
Published: October 2004

The thermo‐mechanical analysis of some novel, totally bioactive, three‐component composite systems intended for the repair and augmentation of bone has been performed. The composites are composed of hydroxyapatite (HA), particulate reinforced biodegradable polylactic acid (PDLLA), with a second reinforcing phase of semi‐crystalline, unidirectional fibers of polylactic acid (PLLA) homopolymer. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) applied small‐strain cyclic deformations to simulate physiological loading. The effect of the two fillers on the glass transition temperature of the matrix (Tg‐PDLLA) and on the viscoelastic parameters, storage modulus (EI), and tan δ were analyzed. Thermal characterization with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was compared to the DMA data. It was established that the addition of HA and/or PLLA fibers increased EI, both below and above Tg‐PDLLA. The combination of both reinforcing agents was the most effective. The damping was reduced with the addition of HA alone and in combination with PLLA fibers. Tg‐PDLLA was increased by the addition of HA, PLLA fibers, and the combination of the two reinforcing agents. The magnitude of the increase in Tg‐PDLLA was similar for both types of reinforcement. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 335–343, 2001
Chitosan‐alginate films prepared with chitosans of different molecular weights
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Liang , Khor Eugene , Lim Lee‐Yong
Published: October 2004

Chitosan‐alginate polyelectrolyte complex (CS‐AL PEC) is water insoluble and more effective in limiting the release of encapsulated materials compared to chitosan or alginate. Coherent CS‐AL PEC films have been prepared in our laboratory by casting and drying suspensions of chitosan‐alginate coacervates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of the CS‐AL PEC films prepared with chitosans of different molecular weights. Films prepared with low‐molecular‐weight chitosan (Mv 1.30 × 105) were twice as thin and transparent, as well as 55% less permeable to water vapor, compared to films prepared with high‐molecular‐weight chitosan (Mv 10.0 × 105). It may be inferred that the low‐molecular‐weight chitosan reacted more completely with the sodium alginate (Mv 1.04 × 105) than chitosan of higher molecular weight. A threshold molecular weight may be required, because chitosans of Mv 10.0 × 105 and 5.33 × 105 yielded films with similar physical properties. The PEC films exhibited different surface properties from the parent films, and contained a higher degree of chain alignment with the possible formation of new crystal types. The PEC films exhibited good in vitro biocompatibility with mouse and human fibroblasts, suggesting that they can be further explored for biomedical applications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 358–365, 2001
Micromechanics of the dentin/adhesive interface
Authors: Katz J. Lawrence , Bumrerraj Sauwanan , Dreyfuss Joseph , Wang Yong , Spencer Paulette
Published: October 2004

Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) was used in the burst mode at 400 MHz, nominal lateral resolution 2.5 μm, to study the micromechanical properties of the dentin/adhesive interface. Corresponding specimens from the same tooth were investigated using μ Raman spectroscopy, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.1, 2 The elastic moduli of the components of the dentin/adhesive interface were determined by comparing the recorded acoustic impedance values to a calibration curve generated on standard materials. The standard materials, which include polypropylene, Teflon, PMMA, pyrex glass, aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel, provide the appropriate range of acoustic impedance values. The elastic moduli of the components of the dentin/adhesive interface are: partially demineralized dentin, 13 Gpa; mineralized dentin, 28 GPa; adhesive, 5.0 GPa; and unprotected protein at the interface < 2.0 GPa. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 366–371, 2001
Osteoprotegerin inhibits in vitro mouse osteoclast formation induced by joint fluid from failed total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Kim Kang Jung , Kotake Shigeru , Udagawa Nobuyuki , Ida Hideo , Ishii Masaji , Takei Isao , Kubo Toshikazu , Takagi Michiaki
Published: October 2004

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis. We investigated the presence of OPG and bone‐resorbing cytokines, the potential of osteoclastic differentiation in joint fluid from failed total hip arthroplasty (THA), and the inhibitory effect of OPG on osteoclast formation in vitro induced by the joint fluid. The study was aimed to clarify one important step in the cascade of periprosthetic osteolysis in the process of implant loosening. OPG levels in failed THA joint fluid of 20 cases were significantly lower than osteoarthritis (OA) joint fluid of 15 cases (p < 0.001). The levels of bone‐resorbing cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐6 were significantly higher in failed THA joint fluid than OA fluid (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Marked osteoclast formation was observed in the presence of failed THA joint fluid in the mouse coculture system, when compared to OA fluid (p < 0.001). The addition of 100 ng/mL OPG to the mouse coculture system completely inhibited osteoclast formation in the presence of failed THA joint fluid (p < 0.001). The data suggest that low levels of OPG combined with higher IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels represent the potential of osteoclast differentiation and its activation in failed THA joint fluid. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in vitro by OPG suggests that a low level of OPG with elevated bone resorbing cytokines contributes to periprosthetic osteolysis via osteolytic joint fluid, thus leading to THA prosthesis loosening.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 393–400, 2001
Quantitative evaluation of the prosthetic head damage induced by microscopic third‐body particles in total hip replacement
Authors: Raimondi Manuela Teresa , Vena Pasquale , Pietrabissa Riccardo
Published: October 2004

The increase of the femoral head roughness in artificial hip joints is strongly influenced by the presence of abrasive particulate entrapped between the articulating surfaces. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the dependence of such damage on the geometry of the particles entrapped in the joint, with reference to the UHMWPE/chrome‐cobalt coupling. Five chrome‐cobalt femoral heads and their coupled UHMWPE acetabular cups, retrieved at revision surgery after a short period of in situ functioning, have been investigated for the occurrence of third‐body damage. This was found on all the prosthetic heads, where the peak‐to‐valley height of the scratches, as derived from profilometry evaluations, ranged from 0.3–1.3 μm. The observed damage has been divided into four classes, related to the particle motion while being embedded into the polymer. Two kinds of particle morphology have been studied, spherical and prismatic, with size ranging from 5–50 μm. In order to provide an estimation of the damage induced by such particles, a finite element model of the third‐body interaction was set up. The peak‐to‐valley height of the impression due to the particle indentation on the chrome‐cobalt surface is assumed as an index of the induced damage. The calculated values range from 0.1–0.5 μm for spherical particles of size ranging from 10–40 μm. In the case of prismatic particles, the peak‐to‐valley height can reach 1.3 μm and depends both on the size and width of the particle's free corner, indenting the chrome‐cobalt. As an example, a sharp‐edged particle of size 30 μm can induce on the chrome‐cobalt an impression with peak‐to‐valley height of 0.75 μm, when embedded into the polyethylene with a free edge of 5 μm facing the metallic surface. Negligible damage is induced, if a free edge of 7.5 μm is indenting the counterface. Our findings offer new support to the hypothesis that microscopic third‐body particles are capable of causing increased roughening of the femoral head and provide a quantitative evaluation of the phenomenon. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 436–448, 2001
Suppressive effects of interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐10 on the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by titanium‐alloy particles
Authors: Im Gun‐Il , Han Jae‐Dong
Published: October 2004

We investigated the effects of two anti‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐10, on the production of two proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐6, induced by titanium‐alloy (Ti6Al4V) particles. Human monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of six healthy donors were cultured and exposed to retrieved titanium‐alloy particles, together with IL‐4 or IL‐10. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction showed that both IL‐4 and IL‐10 significantly reduced the production of TNF‐α and IL‐6. The level of TNF‐α decreased by 74% with IL‐4 and 56% with IL‐10. The level of IL‐6 decreased by 55% with IL‐4 and by 66% with IL‐10. IL‐4 had more consistent suppressive effect on TNF‐α production. The results from this study provide in vitro evidence of the possible utility of IL‐4 and IL‐10 in suppression of particle‐induced activation of macrophages. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 531–536, 2001
Material fundamentals and clinical performance of plasma‐sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings: A review
Authors: Sun Limin , Berndt Christopher C. , Gross Karlis A. , Kucuk Ahmet
Published: October 2004

The clinical use of plasma‐sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on metal implants has aroused as many controversies as interests over the last decade. Although faster and stronger fixation and more bone growth have been revealed, the performance of HA‐coated implants has been doubted. This article will initially address the fundamentals of the material selection, design, and processing of the HA coating and show how the coating microstructure and properties can be a good predictor of the expected behavior in the body. Further discussion will clarify the major concerns with the clinical use of HA coatings and introduce a comprehensive review concerning the outcomes experienced with respect to clinical practice over the past 5 years. A reflection on the results indicates that HA coatings can promote earlier and stronger fixation but exhibit a durability that can be related to the coating quality. Specific relationships between coating quality and clinical performance are being established as characterization methods disclose more information about the coating. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 570–592, 2001
Wear of retrieved ceramic THA components— four matched pairs retrieved after 5–13 years in service
Authors: Magnissalis Evangelos A. , Xenakis Theodoros A. , Zacharis Constantinos
Published: October 2004

Retrieval analyses of alumina–alumina THA components are conducted in order to investigate in vivo wear of implants and provide guidance to material and design improvements. The contribution of the present study consists of the examination, by digital recording of spherical profiles and scanning electron microscopy, of four matched pairs of ceramic THA implants retrieved after 5, 11, 13, and 13 years in service because of mechanical loosening. Maximum wear depth values on measured surfaces ranged between 10–325 μm for heads and 25–784 μm for cups, while grossly worn areas varied between 240 and 1510 mm2 for heads and 250 and 1570 mm2 for cups. The greatest wear characteristics were demonstrated by the pair that served for 5 years, that is, on the cup that was found in a 65° inclination. Quantitative topographical study of the results provided concrete evidence of a cascade of detrimental wear events of changing geometry, intensity, and progression associated with gradual cup tilting. Microscopy findings support previously recognized wear mechanisms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 593–598, 2001
Controlling your costs
Authors: Hussein Mohamed E.
Published: October 2004

Player, S. and D. E. Keys, Editors. 1995. Activity‐Based Management: Arthur Andersen's Lessons from the ABM Battlefield (New York: MasterMedia Limited). McNair, C.J. and the CAM‐I Cost Management Integration Team. 2000. Value Quest: Driving Profit and Performance by Integrating Strategic Management Processes (Bedford, TX: CAM‐I).
Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements
Authors: Munter Paul
Published: October 2004

Making interest computation in financial reporting often involves estimating future cash flows. But a recent
FASB Concept Statement could have far‐reaching implications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
U.S. versus Global Auditing: Why the Differences Matter
Authors: Tatum Kay W. , Munter Paul
Published: October 2004

You know we now live in a global economy. U.S auditors must comply with global standards when dealing with multinational firms. But did you know that some international auditing requirements are more demanding than ours—and even conflict with them? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“But Your Honor, I Didn't Know It Was ‘Material’!”
Authors: Urbancic Frank R.
Published: October 2004

“Materiality” isn't just some abstract accounting concept anymore. CEOs and CFOs who don't understand its new meaning could wind up doing jail time! So what does top management need to know to stay out of trouble? The author explains that, and also provides some handy checklists to help you comply with the new requirements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investing in R&D: How to manage your risk
Authors: Curtis Carey C.
Published: October 2004

Investing in research and development (R&D)? In some ways, it's like other investments. But, the author warns, the purpose of R&D investment may be quite different—with higher risks and rewards. So what are the best ways to manage an R&D investment portfolio? © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predominant integrin ligands expressed by osteoblasts show preferential regulation in response to both cell adhesion and mechanical perturbation
Authors: Carvalho R.S. , Bumann A. , Schaffer J.L. , Gerstenfeld L.C.
Published: October 2004

Previous studies have demonstrated that both mechanical perturbation and cell adhesion induced the expression of osteopontin (opn)by osteoblasts (Carvalho et al. [1998] J. Cell. Biochem. 70:376–390). The present study examined if these same stimuli on osteoblasts would induce the expression of other integrin binding proteins, specifically fibronectin (fn) and bone sialoprotein (bsp). All three genes showed three‐ to four‐fold maximal induction in response to both cell adhesion and a single 2‐h period of an applied spatially uniform, dynamic biaxial strain of 1.3% at 0.25 Hz. Each gene, however, responded with a different time course of induction to mechanical strain, withbsp,fn, andopnshowing their maximal response at 1, 3, and 9 h, respectively, after the perturbation period. In contrast, peak induction to cell adhesion was observed at 24 h forbspandopn, whilefnlevels peaked at 8 h. Interestingly, while bothopnandfnmRNA expression returned to base line after cell adhesion,bspmRNA levels remained elevated. Examination of collagen type I and osteocalcin mRNAs showed unaltered levels of expression in response to either type of perturbation. A common feature of the signal transduction pathways, which mediate the gene expression in response to both cell adhesion and mechanical perturbation, was the activation of specific tyrosine kinases based on the ablation of the induction of these genes by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. While cycloheximide blocked the induction of all three mRNAs in response cell adhesion, it failed to block the induction of any of these genes in response to mechanical perturbation. Such results suggest that the induction of these genes after mechanical perturbation was mediated by an immediate response to signal transduction, while cell adhesion mediated effects secondary to signal transduction. Depolymerization of microfilaments with cytochalasin D had no effect on the overall expression of any of these genes in response to cell adhesion and only blocked the induction ofopnexpression in response to mechanical perturbation. These results suggest that cytoskeletal integrity is only selectively important in the signal transduction of certain types of stimuli and for the regulation of certain genes. In summary, both mechanical perturbation and cell adhesion stimulated the expression of integrin binding proteins. Furthermore, while there are common features in the signal transduction processes that mediate the induction of these genes in response to both stimuli, specific genes are separately regulated by precise mechanisms that are unique to both forms of stimuli. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 497–508, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic electromagnetic field exposure decreases HSP70 levels and lowers cytoprotection
Authors: Di Carlo Andrea , White Nicole , Guo Fuling , Garrett Peter , Litovitz Theodore
Published: October 2004

Electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures have been shown to induce heat shock proteins (HSPs), which help to maintain the conformation of cellular proteins during periods of stress. We have previously reported that short‐term exposure of chick embryos to either 60 Hz (extremely low frequency: ELF), or radio‐frequency (RF: 915 MHz) EMFs induce protection against hypoxia. Experiments presented in the current report are based on a study in which long‐term (4 days), continuous exposure to ELF‐EMFs decreased protection against ultraviolet radiation. Based on this result, it was hypothesized that de‐protection against hypoxia should also occur following long‐term, continuous, or daily, repeated exposures to EMFs. To test this hypothesis, chick embryos were exposed to ELF‐EMFs (8 μT) continuously for 4 days, or to ELF or RF (3.5 mW incident power)‐EMFs repeated daily (20, 30, or 60 min once or twice daily for 4 days). Several of the exposure protocols yielded embryos that had statistically significant decreases in protection against hypoxic stress (continuous and 30 or 60 min ELF twice daily; or 30 or 60 min once daily RF). This is consistent with our finding that following 4 days of ELF‐EMF exposure, HSP70 levels decline by 27% as compared to controls. In addition, the superposition of ELF‐EM noise, previously shown to minimize ELF‐EMF induced hypoxia protection, inhibited hypoxia de‐protection caused by long term, continuous ELF or daily, repeated RF exposures. This EMF‐induced decrease in HSP70 levels and resulting decline in cytoprotection suggests a mechanism by which daily exposure (such as might be experienced by mobile phone users) could enhance the probability of cancer and other diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 447–454, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small heat shock protein p26 associates with nuclear lamins and HSP70 in nuclei and nuclear matrix fractions from stressed cells
Authors: Willsie Julia K. , Clegg James S.
Published: October 2004

The small heat shock/α‐crystallin protein p26 undergoes nuclear translocation in response to stress in encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. About 50% of total p26 translocates to nuclei in embryos treated with heat shock or anoxia, and in embryo homogenates incubated at low pH. Nuclear fractionation shows that the majority of nuclear p26 and a nuclear lamin are associated with the nuclear matrix fraction. To further explore the roles of p26 and other HSPs in stabilizing nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs), nuclear matrices from control, and heat‐shocked embryos were disassembled in urea and evaluated by one and two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis and Western immunoblotting after reassembling. Nuclear lamins were present only in reassembled fractions and, in the case of heat shock, p26 and HSP70 were also present. HSP90 was not detected in any nuclear fraction. Confocal microscopy on isolated nuclei and nuclear matrix preparations from control and heat‐shocked embryos showed that the majority of p26 and a nuclear lamin share similar nuclear distributions. The combination of microscopy and fractionation results suggests that p26 and HSP70 play a role in the protection of nuclear lamins within the nuclear matrix. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 601–614, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Na+/Ca2+exchanger isoforms (NCX1 and NCX3) and plasma membrane Ca2+ATPase during osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Stains Joseph P. , Weber Janet A. , Gay Carol V.
Published: October 2004

The ability to deliver calcium to the osteoid is critical to osteoblast function as a regulator of bone calcification. There are two known transmembrane proteins capable of translocating calcium out of the osteoblast, the Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCX) and the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA). In this study, we reveal the presence of the NCX3 isoform in primary osteoblasts and examine the expression of NCX1, NCX3, and PMCA1 during osteoblast differentiation. The predominant NCX isoform expressed by osteoblasts is NCX3. NCX1 also is expressed, but at low levels. Both NCX isoforms are expressed at nearly static levels throughout differentiation. In contrast, PMCA expression peaks at 8 days of culture, early in osteoblast differentiation, but declines thereafter. Immunocytochemical co‐detection of NCX and PMCA reveal that NCX is positioned along surfaces of the osteoblast adjacent to osteoid, while PMCA is localized to plasma membrane sites distal to the osteoid. The expression pattern and spatial distribution of NCX support a role as a regulator of calcium efflux from osteoblasts required for calcification. The expression pattern and spatial distribution of PMCA makes its role in the mineralization process unlikely and suggests a role in calcium homeostasis following signaling events. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 625–635, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divergent regulation by p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase of bone morphogenetic protein‐4‐stimulated osteocalcin synthesis in osteoblasts
Authors: Kozawa Osamu , Hatakeyama Daijiro , Uematsu Toshihiko
Published: October 2004

In the present study, we investigated whether the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily is involved in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐4‐stimulated synthesis of osteocalcin in osteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells. BMP‐4 dose‐dependently stimulated osteocalcin synthesis. BMP‐4 markedly induced the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase, while having little effect on SAPK (stress‐activated protein kinase)/JNK (c‐Jun N terminal kinase) phosphorylation. SB203580 and PD169316, specific inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, significantly reduced the osteocalcin synthesis stimulated by BMP‐4. In contrast, PD98059 and U0126, inhibitors of upstream kinase of p44/p42 MAP kinase, markedly enhanced the BMP‐4‐stimulated osteocalcin synthesis. The BMP‐4‐induced phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase was suppressed by PD98059, which did not, however, affect the BMP‐4‐induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that p38 MAP kinase takes part in BMP‐4‐stimulated osteocalcin synthesis as a positive regulator in osteoblasts, whereas p44/p42 MAP kinase acts as a negative regulator in the synthesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 583–589, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnolol suppresses proliferation of cultured human colon and liver cancer cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis and activating apoptosis
Authors: Lin Shyr‐Yi , Liu Jean‐Dean , Chang Hui‐Chiu , Yeh Shauh‐Der , Lin Chien‐Huang , Lee Wen‐Sen
Published: October 2004

Magnolol, a hydroxylated biphenyl compound isolated from the Chinese herb Hou p'u of Magnolia officinalis, has been reported to have anti‐cancer activity. In the present study, magnolol at very low concentrations of 3–10 μM inhibited DNA synthesis and decreased cell number in cultured human cancer cells (COLO‐205 and Hep‐G2) in a dose‐dependent manner, but not in human untransformed cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Magnolol was not cytotoxic at these concentrations and this indicates that it may have an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in the subcultured cancer cell lines. [3H]thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry analyses revealed that magnolol treatment decreased DNA synthesis and arrested the cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, the magnolol‐induced cell cycle arrest occurred when the cyclin‐CDK system was inhibited, just as p21 protein expression was augmented. When magnolol concentration was increased to 100 μM, apoptosis was observed in COLO‐205 and Hep‐G2 cells, but not in cultured human fibroblasts and HUVEC. COLO‐205 cells implanted subcutaneously in nude mice formed solid tumors; subsequent daily i.p. injections of magnolol led to profound regression of these tumors of upto 85%. In these tumors, an increase in the expression of p21 protein level and the occurrence of apoptosis were observed. These findings demonstrate for the first time that magnolol can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 532–544, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of murine phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase type Iβ disrupts a phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate regulated endosomal pathway
Authors: Galiano Floyd J. , Ulug Emin T. , Davis J. Nathan
Published: October 2004

The type I phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinases (PI4P5K) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate [PI(4)P] to produce phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. PI(4,5)P2 has been implicated in signal transduction, receptor mediated endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal structure, and membrane ruffling. However, the specific type I enzymes associated with the production of PI(4,5)P2 for the specific cellular processes have not been rigorously defined. Murine PI4P5K type Iβ (mPIP5K‐Iβ) was implicated in receptor mediated endocytosis through the isolation of a truncated and inactive form of the enzyme that blocked the ligand‐dependent downregulation of the colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor. The present study shows that enforced expression of mPIP5K‐Iβ in 293T cells resulted in the accumulation of large vesicles that were linked to an endosomal pathway. Similar results were obtained after the expression of the PI(4,5)P2‐binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of phospholipase‐Cδ (PLC‐δ). Analysis of the conserved domains of mPIP5K‐Iβ led to the identification of dimerization domains in the N‐ and C‐terminal regions. Enforced expression of the individual dimerization domains interfered with the proper subcellular localization of mPIP5K‐Iβ and the PLC‐δ‐PH domain and blocked the accumulation of the endocytic vesicles induced by these proteins. In addition to regulating early steps in endocytosis, these results suggest that mPIP5K‐Iβ acts through PI(4,5)P2 to regulate endosomal trafficking and/or fusion. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 131–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.