bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and the Family in the Middle East
Authors: Allee Feroza
Published: December 2020

For anyone interested in the Middle East, Wmen and the Family in theMiddle East provides a fascinating study of the lives of present day Arabwomen. Ten countries - Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Sudan, Algeria,Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are represented here, and two contributions dealwith the women of Palestine.The book is in part a progress report - statements by women and menabout their lives and their experiences. These statements, previouslyunpublished, are offered in different forms: short stories, essays, interviews,poems, social analyses, and life histories.Throughout the book there is an underlying sense of urgency, anxiety aboutthe future, disappointment that many of the revolutionary promises have notbeen kept. But above all, there is hope, because these women and men wishto survive with honor.One important shift evident in the book is that these people are no longerlooking to the West for answers to their problems. They are trying to improvetheir lives through indigenous traditions and customs; through the dominantreligion of the area, Islam, and through their own kinship and family patterns.There is continued emphasis on women and men as elements of a group,rather than as individuals. Middle Eastern women see the existing problemsnot only as their own but also as conditions involving men, the family, andthe wider society. Self-identity for them is rooted in other sets of relationships.Fernea has divided the book into 8 parts. There is also a preface, anintroduction, and notes on the contributors.part 1 is the Introduction which also includes a discussion by Algerian womenon the need for change.Part 2 deals with the Family. The Arab family is the basic unit of socialorganization. It constitutes the basic social institution through which personsand groups inherit their religious, social class, and cultural identities. It alsoprovides security and support in times of stress. However, the patriarchal tradition,and the hierarchical structure of the Arab family is now being increasinglychallenged. Sharabi in his study of the Arab family concludes that "the ...
The Islamization of Knowledge and Some Methodological Issues in Paradigm Building
Authors: Arif Muhammad
Published: December 2020

I. Scientific Justification for the Islamization of KnowledgeThe need for the Islamization of knowledge as a means to revive theleadership of the Islamic Umma in the world has been explained over a periodof many years by Dr. ‘AbdulHamid ’AbuSulayman. A clear conceptualizationof this Islamization, based on Tawhid, was first proposed by ProfessorIsma‘il Raji al Faruqi 1982 and presented as both a theoretical paradigm anda practical scientific research program.Both the theory and program have been attacked as unscientific, becausethey are not descriptive but rather are normative. They call for the reorganizationof knowledge into a new framework that does not grow out of the oldsecular framework of modem thought. Furthermore, Professor al Faruqi’sparadigm and praxis call for the pursuit of value-laden goals, that is, for the“ought-to-be” not only as an end in itself but as a guide and methdology for thestudy of what “is.”A thesis of this article is that the whole concept known as “Islamization ofKnowledge,” developed by Drs. ’AbuSulayman and al Faruqi, is thoroughlyscientific in the sense used by modem historians and philosophers of science.Theoreticians in the Islamization of Knowledge claim they are laying the ...
Toward An Ummatic Paradigm for Psychology
Authors: Langgulung Hasan
Published: December 2020

Toward an Ummatic Paradigm for PsychologyBefore writing a textbook in a specific scientific discipline one has to remindone that a textbook is but a compilation of data based on research conductedby a group of researchers dealing with different topics in a specificdiscipline. Research is therefore the most important part of the series of activitiesthat should be done in the field of psychology before the textbookwriters in psychology are able to do their work. Before the researchers canfunction properly, however, they have to bear in mind the diversity ofresearch methodologies under which their approaches will be categorized.The most dominant of these are the realist and the idealist approaches. Thefollowing is an attempt to highlight these approaches and to suggest some approachesby which we hope Muslim researchers will be able to create the ummaticparadigm.Much of the uncertainty surrounding the social sciences can be traced tothe question of the purpose of science. J. K. Smith suggests that confusionover the appropriate goals and methodologies for social science can be linkedto an epistemological conflict which is currently dividing social scientists. ISmith characterizes this epistemological dispute as a conflict between therealist and idealist positions. He describes the followers of realistepistemology as believing that the purpose of science is to discover universaltruth. Scientists who have adopted the realist position believe that “knowledgeand truth are questions of correspondence - what is true is what correspondsto reality,” (p. 8) The ultimate goal of the realists in the social sciences is todiscover universally true laws that can be communicated through a neutral,culture-free language and that can be applied in any situation to predict,understand, and govern behavior. The realists believe that it is “possible tohave a definitive, objective science for all society that would eventually producethe system of laws [and that these] laws are, by definition, universallyapplicable, regardless of time and place.” (pp. 8, 11) ...
The Rescuing of Muslim Anthropological Thought
Authors: Ma'ruf A. Muhammad
Published: December 2020

Akbar S. Ahmed, Toward Islamic Anthropology: Definition, Dogma, andDirections, Islamization of Knowledge series (2) New Era Publications/InternationalInstitute of Islamic Thought 1976, 77 pp.Talal Asad, The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam, Center for contemporaryArab studies, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 1986, 22 pp.I. The Malaise and its RemedyBoth of these scholarly publications may be seen as statements of the needfor Islamic anthropology. They contain expressions of the discontent of Muslinanthropologists with the state of the art of contemporary anthropological studies.Many Muslim anthropologists and other social scientists share in the feelingsevident in these essays and well stated in the late Dr. Ali Shari'ati's Civilizationand modernization:When I feel my own religion, literature, emotion, needs and painsthrough my awn culture, I feel my own self, the very social and historical ...
The Muslims of America Conference
Authors: Siddiqui Mohammad A.
Published: December 2020

Organized By:The Arabic Club, the Department of History and The Near Eastern Studies Program, Universityof Massachusetts at AmherstIn the heart of seminaries and orientalist America, a conference on “TheMuslims of America” was held on April 15 and 16, 1988 at the Universityof Massachusetts at Amherst. The purpose of the conference, according toits director, Professor Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, “was to expand the scopeof scholarly investigation about the Muslim community in the United States.”The conference focused “on the manner in which Muslims in America adapttheir institutions as they become increasingly an indigenous part of America.”Twenty-seven speakers, including sixteen Muslim scholars, addressed a varietyof topics dealing with the development and experience of the American Muslimcommunity. Among the more than 150 participants were representatives fromthe International Institute of Islamic Thought, the Islamic Society of NorthAmerica, the Muslim World League, the American Islamic College, theAssociation of Muslim Social Scientists, and various academic institutionsand local Muslim communities from the United States and Canada.The conference started on Friday, April 15, with a welcome speech byMurray Schwartz, Dean, Humanities and Fine Arts, University ofMassachusetts at Amherst. Chaired by Roland Sarti, Chairman, Departmentof History at the University of Massachusetts, the first session focused onthe demographics of the Muslims of America. Carol L. Stone of IndianaUniversity presented her paper on the Census of Muslims Living in America.Carol presented statistics of various Muslim communities and explained thedifficulties in collecting such data. She estimated the number of Muslimsin America to be 4.7 million in 1986, a 24 percent increase over the 1980estimates and projected that by the year 2000 this figure is likely to be doubled.Qutbi Ahmed of McGill University and former President of the Islamic Societyof North America, discussed the nature, role and scope of various organizationsin his paper on Islamic Organizations in North America. Abdul Aziz Sachedinaof the University of Virginia presented his paper on A Minority Within aMinority: The Case Study of the Shi'a in North America. He focussed onthe migration of the various Shi’i groups and their adjustment in the Americanenvironment. Sulayman Nyang of Howard University was the last speakerof the first session. The title of his paper was Conversion and Diversion ...
Islamic Fundamentalism and Modernity
Authors: Abu-Rabi' Ibrahim M.
Published: December 2020

Revolt Against Modernityby Michael Youssef; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985, 189 pp., cloth.The two books under review are part of a larger literature appearingin the West lately on the encounter between Islam and Western modernity.The underlying assumption of the works of both Watt and Youssef is thatWesternization, or "cultural modernization," is the only alternative to the alleged"decline and crisis" of Islam in the modem world. Westernization, in thissense, manifests an implicit cultural superiority over the Islamic culture.Although following different approaches and methods of analysis, both Wanand Youssef contend that if Muslims are to advance, they have to adopt Westernpremises and notions.In Islamic Fundamentalism and Modernity, Watt argues that the traditionalIslamic world view, which still penneates every aspect of the Muslim world,is incompatible with the conditions and demands of modernity. Watt beginswith the naive assumption that the modern Muslim mind is still determinedby the epistemological rules of the early phase of Islam-what MuhammadArkoun might call the Classical Islamic phase. Nowhere does Watt mentionthe historical and adaptive nature of the Shari'ah and the divergent opinionsheld by different Muslim scholars on matters relating to social and economicneeds, historical change, and intellectual proclivities.Watt, who is considered to be one of the most renowned authorities onIslam in the West, offers us a quasi-theoretical reading of the subject. Althoughmodernity is one of his key analytic concepts, he does not advance a cleardefinition of what modernity is, nor does he adequately portray the dynamicsof Western hegemony over the Muslim world and the current consequences.Watt contends that the traditional Islamic outlook, which was formedin the early phase of Islam against the background of the Qur'an and Hadith,as well as consensus, is based on the following premises: 1) the unchangingnessof the world; 2) the finality and superiority oflslam, and 3) the idealizationof Muhammad as the perfect model that Muslims have to follow. Inreconstructing the epistemological foundations of this outlook, Watt argues ...
Guiding Light
Authors: AbuSulayman 'AbdulHamid A.
Published: December 2020

TranslationIn the name of Allah, Most Gracious,Most Merciful.1. And those whoHaving done somethingTo be ashamed of.Or wronged their own souls,Earnestly bring Allah to mind ,And ask for forgivenessFor their sinsAnd who can forgiveSins except Allah?And are never obstinateIn persisting knowinglyIn (the wrong) they have done. (3 :135)2. When they disregarded the warningsThat had been given them,We rescued those who forbadeEvil, but We visitedThe wrongdoers with aGrievous punishment. becauseThey were given to transgression. (7:165)3. If ye do it not,Take notice of warFrom Allah and His Messenger:But if ye turn back,Ye shall haveYour capital sums;Deal not unjustly,And ye shall notBe dealt with unjustly. (2:279)4. We ordained therein for them:"Life for life, eye for eye, ...
Islamization of the Discipline of Education
Authors: Farhan Ishaq
Published: December 2020

I. The Concept of the Discipline of EducationA. Fields of knowledge are diversified, and touch upon almostevery aspect of life and the universe, including the physical,societal, spiritual and material aspects. Various theories ofknowledge are proposed by man to deal with its classification,acquisition and use in life situations. The discipline ofeducation deals with the question of teaching and learningof various disciplines of knowledge by teachers and studentswith the hope of changing the behavior of the learner to adaptto society and develop the capabilities necessary to becomean effective human being.Education, then, is an applied discipline of knowledge whichis a composite of other social and humanistic disciplines.It concerns itself with changing the behavior of the learner,in terms of information, skills and attitudes. Education guideshuman beings in a certain direction delineated by the valuesof the society or a certain ideology using know-how, methods,and technologies of teaching compatible with their natureand style of learning.Education, then, is both a process and a result of a process.The results or objectives of education reflect the dimensionalvalue system of the society, and thus education is never aneutral discipline. Education cannot be neutral since itproduces an individual with a personality that represents thevalue system of the society and its ideology in life. The contentof the educational discipline depends on its interaction withother social and humanistic disciplines which are also partlyvalue oriented and partly experimentally oriented. The processof education or the know-how, including use of methods, ...
Contrasting Epistemics
Authors: Abul-Fadl Mona
Published: December 2020

Rationale and ContextThe idea of a Contrasting Episteme, as it is conceived in a series ofessays on this theme: is suggested as an approach to grounding the matrixof inquiry in the social sciences in a new spatial zone of conceptual affinities.By carrying the debate in the disciplines to its epistemic foundations, andby conceding the possibility of divergences within these foundations alongthe lines of basic types, it becomes possible to postulate alternative validconceptions of social science compatible with different intellectual traditionsof inquiry. In the field of the Islamization of knowledge, a critical awarenessof such alternatives is all the more necessary for partisans and skeptics alike.Given the critical reconstructionist orientation of that movement it is importantto know what it finds objectionable in a given system of knowledge (andits products), and on what basis it justifies its claims to an alternative system,as well as to define the contours of such an alternative.The claim that the prevailing intellectual tradition which conditions thevarious disciplines of social and humanistic studies is anaemic in values,or that it is contested simply in terms of value-incompatibility, is too facileto justify a movement for cultural reconstruction on the scale envisaged. Itleads to the naive contentions that all that Islamization requires is to adda dose of Islamic values (which ultimately constitute a universal and general ...
The Approved and Disapproved Varieties of Ra’y (Personal Opinion) In Islam
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: December 2020

While Islam emphasizes conformity to the directives of the Qur’an andSunnah, one finds in the same sources a parallel emphasis on rational inquiry,exercise of personal opinion, and judgment. This essay looks into the evidencein support of this statement and the extent to which Islam validates the freedomto formulate and express an opinioq. It also examines the methodology andcriteria that ascertain the validity of personal opinion and distinguishs theacceptable ra’y from that which is not tolerated. This essay also highlightshow the detailed classification of ra’y by the ‘Ulama reflects a concern forlatitude and tolerance on the one hand, balanced on the other by respectfor recognized authority and values which are deemed essential to Islam.Freedom to express an opinion is probably the most important aspectof the freedom of speech, which also comprises such other varieties of speechas a simple narration of facts, comedy, and fiction. To express an opinionon a matter implies a level of involvement, commitment, and competencewhich may or may not be present in the factual narration of an event. Thismay partly explain why the phrase hurriyah al-ra'y), (literally, freedom ofopinion) is used in the Islamic scholastic tradition for freedom of speech,in preference to hurriyah al-qawl, the more precise equivalent of “freedomof speech.” That scholars and jurists have consistently used hurriyah al-ra'yfor freedom of speech perhaps signifies that ra'y, or personal opinion, isthe most important aspect of this freedom.Ra ’y has three main classifications -praiseworthy, blameworthy, anddoubtful personal opinion-which are further subdivided. The main varietiesof praiseworthy opinion to be discussed here are ra'y, that elaborates the Qur‘anand Sunnah, the opinions of the Companions, ra'y that consists of ijtihad,and ra’y that is arrived at as a result of consultation. Blameworthy opinionis also divided into three types, namely bid‘ah (pernicious innovation), hawa(caprice), and baghy (transgression). And, lastly, ra'y, that is the subject ofdoubt (ra'y fi mawdi‘ al-ishtibah) does not lend itself to classification or ...
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

In this issue we have included the opening address of Taha Jabir Al-‘Alwani which was delivered at the First AMSS History Conference withthe theme of “Strategies for an Islamic Perspective on History and HistoricalWriting,” that was held on Dhu al Qidah 1-2, 1411/May 26-27, 1990.Al- ‘Alwani states that the collapse of Marxism all Over the world is a logicalconclusion of the philosophies which circulated in the West with a stampof undeserved academic authority and universality.Western thought, he says, will explain the fall of Marxism by trying torevive philosophies removed from Marxism and condemning Marxism asbeing opposed to human nature, antithetical to freedom and democracy, andopposed to the natural flow of history. But the alternatives to be projectedwill not be essentially any different. Therefore, Al- ‘Alwani  warns, the gleewe witness in the West at the collapse of Marxism will be short-lived becausebefore too long the shortcomings of Westem thought will become more apparent.What is needed for removing the suffering of mankind is a comprehensivealternate philosophy that presents a realistic and satisfactory interpmtionof history, an overall conception of life, mankind, and the universe.Al-‘Alwani argues that the Qur’anic interpretation of time, life, theuniverse, mankind, history, and good and evil provides contemporary humanitywith a philosophical and civilizational alternative that is capable of leadingmankind out of the present crisis.It is in this context that the contributions of MISS become relevant. Ourwriters are engaged in providing a critique of the Wstern disciplines andthen highlighting the features oftheir Islamized versions. Abdul Rashid Motenattempts a contrast between the Western mode of political inquiry and theIslamic alternative. This underscores the fact that the methodology andepistemology of Western political science is built mund the seemingly limitlesspower of natural sciences. Moten exposes the subjective and ideological natureof political science in its own epistemic landscape from real life situations.He concludes that the instrumentalist conception of political community andthe final packaging of knowledge are all colored with the social, cultural,and historical experience of Western Christianity, which is also, paradoxically,materialistic and secular to the core. By identifying reason and revelationas the twin sources of knowledge, Islamic political thought is associated withsuch Qur‘anic concepts as Tawhid, Khilafah, ‘Ibadah, 'Adl, and the like ...
Islamic Perspectives on the Question of History
Authors: Al-'Alwani Taha Jabir
Published: December 2020

Here at the outset, I should like to emphasize to my esteemed brothersand sisters that my knowledge of the study of history as element in thecontemporary social sciences is very limited. Yet, by making this admissionbefore you, perhaps I can make my excuses early for aslung too many questions,or for putting into words some of the major difficulties I have with this subject,and perhaps others have as well.Indeed, when we think of this important branch of knowledge a numberof issues immediately come to mind. Perhaps among the most significantof these issues are the following:1. What is the overall meaning of human history? What is itslegithate subject? What are its contents?2. Is there any way to connect, historically, the remarkableabundance of diverse and multiplex events experienced byhumankind all cwer the globe? Haw are trends to be explained,in the light of logical, rational relationships that transcendthe time and place of their occurrence, as well as the speciallimitations of peoples and societies? And, is there any wayto translate what is gained from these events into laws andprinciples that may be applied to the present, or that mayafford a glimpse into the future, or that may explain themeaning of good and evil?3. Is it reasonable for us to think of human history as a logical,ordered process by means of which humankind proceeds fromits beginnig to its end? If so, was the master plan conceivedfrom without? Or does it come about from history itself?Furthermore, is all this beyond the mch of man himself ...
EDITORIAL
Authors: Syeed Sayyid M.
Published: December 2020

We report with great sadness the death of Victor Danner, a friend ofIslam and Muslims, a graduate of Georgetown and Harvard, and Chairmanof the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University,BloomingtOn, Indiana. Darner's latest publication was The Islamic Traditiontion: An Introduction. W have been inviting Muslim anti non-Mush scholarsfrom time to time to present their responses to the International Instituteof Islamic Thought’s caIl for the Islamization of Knowledge. So far, we havebeen very lucky to have had the opportunity to listen to the late Fazlur Rahman,Sayyed H. Nasr, Abdulaziz Sachedina and others who joined this debateat the IIIT headquarters. Some of these responses have been published invarious issues of AJISS.Victor Danner treated us to his response on May 15, 1989, when hepresented his paper, which appears in this issue under the title of “WesternEvolutionism in the Muslim World,” at the IIIT headquarters. In this article,he launches an eloquent plea for the rediscovery and reexploration of thevarious schools of thought in Islam and their subsequent adaptation to theneeds and circumstances faced by contemporary Muslims. He reminds usthat past attempts at reform by Muslim intellectuals were based on a readaptationof the traditional techniques of Islam which, when presented in a freshmanner as a solution to the needs faced by their own contemporaries, gavethe doctrine of tawhid “a powerful radiance that had a convincing allure toit.” This is followed by an examination of the origins of evolutionary thinkingin the West, how its eventual acceptance and spread throughout the Westultimately displaced Christian beliefs and institutions on a massive scale,and how the resulting secular civiIization produced by it is threatening tosweep aside and destroy traditional Islamic civilization. In closing, he stateshis hope that a better understanding of this phenomenon among the Muslimintelligentsia and the people at large will cause them to wake up to this dangerand begin to work for the preservation of the ”traditional culture of Islam.”Our first article in this issue is by Imaduddin Khalil, and addresses theQur’an’s relationship vis-his modem science. After ruling out the Qur’anas a book or textbook of scientific knowledge, he proceeds to discuss thephilosophy and aims of science and the basic principles of Islam. He beginswith the role of humanity on earth as the khaEfuh of Allah, moves on tothe principles of tawazun (balance) and taskhir (an Islamic concept statingthat the world and nature have been made subservient to humanity), andcloses with the principle of a link between creation and the Creator. Khalilviews the Qur’anic methodology as being a “methodology of discovery” of ...
Muslim Contributions to the History of Religions
Authors: Aasi Ghulam-Haider
Published: December 2020

History of Religions in the WestA universal, comparative history of the study of religions is still far frombeing written. Indeed, such a history is even hr from being conceived, becauseits components among the legacies of non-Western scholars have hardly beendiscovered. One such component, perhaps the most significant one, is thecontributions made by Muslim scholars during the Middle Ages to thisdiscipline. What is generally known and what has been documented in thisfield consists entirely of the contribution of Westdm scholars of religion.Even these Western scholars belong to the post-Enlightenment era of Wsternhistory.There is little work dealing with the history of religions which does notclaim the middle of the nineteenth century CE as the beginning of thisdiscipline. This may not be due only to the zeitgeist of the modem Wstthat entails aversion, downgrading, and undermining of everything stemmingfrom the Middie Ages; its justification may also be found in the intellectualpoverty of the Christian West (Muslim Spain excluded) that spans that historicalperiod.Although most works dealing with this field include some incidentalreferences, paragraphs, pages, or short chapters on the contribution of thepast, according to each author’s estimation, all of these studies are categorizedunder one of the two approaches to religion: philosophical or cubic. All ofthe reflective, speculative, philosophical, psychological, historical, andethnological theories of the Greeks about the nature of the gods and goddessesand their origins, about the nature of humanity’s religion, its mison dsttre,and its function in society are described as philosophical quests for truth.It is maintained that the Greeks’ contribution to the study of religion showedtheir openness of mind and their curiosity about other religions and cultures ...
The New World Order and the Islamic World
Authors: Ali Hassan Elhag
Published: December 2020

During a triumphant speech before the Congress on September 11, 1990,President Bush announced that the pursuit of a “new world order” wouldbe an objective of American foreign policy. The speech’s tone and emphasismarked a new phase in international politics, for only a few months earlierthe United States and the Soviet Union, former Cold War foes, had demonstratedan unprecedented level of cooperation to eject Iraq- a former Sovietclient-from Kuwait. In that speech, Bush stated thatThe crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rareopportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Outof these troubled times, our fifth objective - a new world ordercanemerge: a new era-freer from the threat of terror, strongerin the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace.An era in which the nations of the world, East and West, Northand South, can prosper and live in harmony (Freedman 1991, 195).The idea of a new world order, as it appears, entails and conveys thecollapse of the old system and the emergence of another, different one. Thispaper is concerned with identifying and analyzing the premises of this newworld order. How different are they from the tenets of the “old” order? Ormore precisely, to use the Economist’s words: “What is new? Which world?And whose order?” (Economist, February 23, 1991, 25-26). What are theagendas of this order and to what extent do they reflect the interests of theThird World? How will this new order affect the Islamic world, the ThirdWorld, or ”the residents of the South?” ...
The International Seminar on Malik Bennabi
Authors: Bariun Fawzia
Published: December 2020

This conference was the first international seminar in the Muslim worldto focus on the thought of Malik Bennabi (1905-1973), an Algerian thinkerknown to English readers for his book The Quranic Phenomenon. It wasorganized by the University of Malaya, the Institute of Policy Research, andseveral other academic institutions. The seminar's patron was Datuk SeriAnwar Ibrahim, the Malaysian minister of finance, a political activist andintellectual who has a great interest in Malik Bennabi's thought. The seminar'sobjectives were to generate a greater interest in Bennabi's ideas amongMalaysian intellectuals and to highlight his impact on contemporary Muslimsociety.The keynote and official address was given by Anwar Ibrahim. In hisspeech, he emphasized that while Muslims are faced with economic, political,and technological challenges, the most important challenge is the intellectualone, as this penetrates the deepest and has the strongest impact. Ideas whichexamine this challenge and investigate the static temperaments of our thinkingprocess are urgently needed. Within this framework, 'time has vindicatedBennabi's avowal that ideas are the catalysts behind the growth of civilization,"for civilization is not an accumulation, as Bennabi maintains, but rather aconstruction and an architecture. In his concise speech, Anwar Ibrahimpresented and elaborated on some of Bennabi's insights found in his Islamin History and Sociology, translated from the French Vocation de l'lslam byAsma Rashid of Pakistan. The second printing of his book, containing a forwardby Anwar Ibrahim and published by Berita, was released during the seminaralong with its translation into Bahasa Malayu, the Malaysian national language.The afternoon session consisted of a special address by Abdullah Na if,the secretary general of Rabitah. Nasif, who had met Bennabi in Cairo verybriefly and became acquainted with his ideas later on, stated that these ideasas just as relevant to the condition of Muslims today as they were decadesago. He then highlighted some of Bennabi's speculations by addressingquestions such a : Have we identified our dilemma? Are we making use ofthe trends interacting within the ummah such as those of the last twenty yearsof the Islamic awakening (sahwah)? Are we making plans for the future?Have we become capable of conducting research and moving from individual ...
Youth Viewers of Pakistan Television (PTV) and the Enculturation Model of the Islamization Process
Authors: Khan Fazal R.
Published: December 2020

IntroductionAlthough it was introduced only a little Over two decades ago, PakistanTelevision (PTV) seems to have made tremendous progress in terms of thestandards set by developing countries. PTV now covers 86.4 percent of thetotal population. In a national sample, over 50 percent of all men aged twentyoneand above were found to watch TV daily or often, while the rest watchedless frequently or never. Females, despite the lack of concrete data, are likelyto be even higher consumers of TV fare due to their homebound social status.Similarly, it appears that both males and females under twenty-one yearsof age watch even more television.This precipitate pervasiveness of TV in a developing society like Pakistangives the entertainment TV or entertainment video element of the indigenousculture industry vast potentialities in any serious strategy designed to furthersocial development and to socialize audience members into family, community,and sociopolitical norms within the system at the microindividual, interpersonalsubsystem, and macrosocietal levels. Unfortunately, there have been very fewtheoretically based empirical studies done on any aspect of PTV transmissions ...
International Conference of Muslim Social Scientists
Authors: Rahman Mushtaqur
Published: December 2020

Without much fanfare, the Association of Muslim Social Scientists HarndardUniversity conference began on 3 January 1992 at Madinat al Hikmah,a city established by the Harndard fuundation exclusively for education, science,and culture. The conference was inaugurated by Saeeduzzaman Siddiqi, ActingGovernor of Sindh. Mushtaqur Rahman, AMSS Ex-officio President, presentedthe introductory address, and Manzoor Ahmad, Vice-Chancellor, HamdardUniversity, gave the keynote address. Hakim Mohammad Said, Chancellor,Hamdard University and President, Hamdard Foundation Pakistan, presentedthe closing address. The message of Taha Jabir al ‘Alwani, President of IIIT,Herndon, VA, was read by Hakim Rasheed, a member of the Executive Boardof the AMSS. The inauguration ceremony, attended by more than four hundredguests, was followed by a lunch and salat al jum'ah.All conference arrangements were meticulous. The delegates were housedat the Scholars House, which was specially constructed for the conference. Theprogram, abstracts, and addresses of the governor and others were beautifullyprinted, and copies of the papers were distributed one day before their presentation.The registration bags also contained medicines, thread, and even rubberbands for any emergency. Each participant received a silver medallion commemoratingthe conference, a program miniature, and a magnifying glass encasedwith the name-tags. Also included with the registration material werepicture postcards of Karachi and a set of postage stamps ...
Law and Islam in the Middle East
Authors: Abou El Fadl Khaled
Published: December 2020

This is a collection of anthropological studies on the dynamics of the implementationoflaw in the Middle East. The basic arguments of the book raisethe issue of the context of law and the role of Islamic law in the Middle East.The editor, Daisy Dwyer, contends that context rather than the letter of the lawis the core phenomenon determining the handling and outcome of legal cases.The form and impact of Islamic law varies according to the specific regionaland cultural context . Dwyer also argues that Islamic law is often invoked notso much for its specific content but as a political symbol relating the past tothe present and, ultimately, the future.These points are significant for understanding the impact of Islamic lawin the Middle East. The cultural context will consistently influence which proBookvisions of the law are emphasized and which provisions are deemphasized orconveniently forgotten. Furthermore, social outlooks and cultural habits willin turn impact upon huw the specific provisions are interpreted and implemented.As Safia Mohsen demonstmtes in an insightful article on mmen and the criminaljustice system in Egypt, the implementation of law responds to the specific situationof women in Egypt. The way criminal law is implemented sometimesdiscriminates, depending on the context, in favor of or against women ...
Islamization of Knowledge
Authors: Choudhury Masudul Alam
Published: December 2020

This well-written book comprehensively outlines the basic precepts onwhich a concept and a program of Islamization of knowledge must, accordingto the author, rest. In his attempt to outline these directions, the author firstdefines the concept of Islamization as " ... practising (i.e., discovering, compiling,piecing together, communicating and publishing) intellectual activitybased on the Islamic concept of the universe" (p. 5). He further states that"'Islamization' covers everything within the realm of the true belief in theexistence of Allah (SWT)" (p. 5). This definition is enhanced by Khalil's unequivocalreference to the Shari'ah and fiqh, the derivative of the Qur'an andthe Sunnah, as being the principal background for the Islamization process.Another important aspect of Islamization, according to the author, is theabsence of dualism in this framework. He says that in the quest for establishingthe Islamic dimensions of belief in the diversity of human acquisitions,all "that might lead to dualism between the Divine orientation and its absoluteknowledge and the conflicting relativism of human efforts" (p. 6) must beavoided.The author correctly points out that Islamization must be carried out onboth the theoretical (normative) and the practical (positive) aspects of the sciences.It is here, however, that a series of questions arise and which, in turn,lead to a critical analysis that seemingly does not support the author's thesison the modus operandi and worldview of Islamization. Internal inconsistencieswithin the arguments presented also lead to several difficulties. In my analysisof some of these problematic points, I will use the tawhidi precept that tentersthe Islamization process.Islamizing the Natural and the Social SciencesKhalil says that the natutal and the social sciences are not amenable tothe same degtee of Islamization. In his view, the social sciences will be Islamizedbefore the natural sciences: "... sciences such as civil engineering, algebra,trigonometry or mathematics in general, as well as other disciplineslike statistics, chemistry and possibly geology, may not be related to the process"(p. 7) ...
Muslims in the Canadian Mosaic
Authors: Yousif Ahmad F.
Published: December 2020

Almost one-third of the total population of Muslims in the worldtoday lives as a "minority" in lands where people of other faiths,cTeeds and ideologies have administrative, political and legislativecontrol. As a religious minority, these Muslims face certain difficultiesand challenges in practising their own distinct way of life.'This paper, based on a study of the Muslim community in theCanadian National Capital Region (CNCR) conducted in 1992, exploreshow the Muslim community in the CNCR has integrated itself intoCanadian society and how it has sought to maintain its Islamic identityin terms of religious practice and belief. It will demonstrate the impact ofCanadian social values and structure on the formation of the Islamicidentity of Muslims living in Canada and will also examine some of theways by which this identity is maintained. This will be achieved byexamining previous work in the field, the sociohistorical development andsocio-demographic characteristics of the Muslim community in Canada(in particular in the CNCR), and immigration factors. The methodologyand techniques used, findings, and conclusions will also be discussed.Previous Work in the FieldTo date, there have been few studies on North American Muslimcommunities. Those that do exist have focused primarily on the MiddleEastern (i.e., Arab) communities in Canada and the United States. Manyhave discussed the processes of acculturation and assimilation, in additionto attempts to preserve the traditional values, of these communities. Theresults have indicated a negative correlation between Islamic observanceand non-Islamic societies. Since previous inquiries did not focus on the ...
Islam and the West
Authors: Benaboud M’hammad
Published: December 2020

This book is perhaps the best overall presentation of the Moriscoquestion in English. The author has succeeded where others have failedin presenting a work simultaneously acceptable to the specialist and capableof being read by the cultivated general reader. The specialist willprobably not find a better study of the Moriscos, because the author hasadopted a comprehensive overall approach. The very complete bibliographyincludes studies of most of the distinguished specialists on thesubject, particularly the Spaniards, as they have studied this topic moreprofoundly than anybody else. The works of non-Spaniard scholars whohave made significant contributions to this field, such as Cardaillac of theUniversity of Montpelier and Harvey of the University of London, arealso listed. Chejne has further relied on numerous aljamiado manuscripts,which makes his study an important contribution in its own right. Theauthor's clear and simple style, as well as his manner of presentation, willalso satisfy the general reader.The issue of the Moriscos remains both fascinating and relevant toour time. Chejne has not examined a specific aspect of the Morisco question,as did Cardaillac in his classical study of the Morisco question's ...
Issues and Challenges Faced by the Indigenous Students of Tripura in Primary-level to Higher Education: An overview
Authors: Tripura Timothy Tripura
Published: December 2020

The objective of the paper is to study the critical issues and challenges faced by the tribal students of Tripura in primary level to higher education from the perspective of their socio-economic status, medium of instructions in school, attitude of parents, teachers and peer groups etc. It will also give an analysis of the status of literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and gender parity index.The present paper is mostly based on informal interviews (to few students, parents and teachers) and secondary data from various research studies including census data, committee reports on tribal, annual reports of tribal welfare ministry, Government organisations, Report on Selected Educational Statistics etc.Keywords: challenges; issues; Higher education; socio-economic, tribal students.
Markov Jump Linear System Analysis of a Microgrid Operating in Islanded and Grid Tied Modes
Authors: Mpembele Gilles , Kimball Jonathan
Published: December 2020

The analysis of power system dynamics is usually conducted using traditional models based on the standard nonlinear differential algebraic equations (DAEs). In general, solutions to these equations can be obtained using numerical methods such as the Monte Carlo simulations. The use of methods based on the Stochastic Hybrid System (SHS) framework for power systems subject to stochastic behavior is relatively new. These methods have been successfully applied to power systems subjected to stochastic inputs. This study discusses a class of SHSs referred to as Markov Jump Linear Systems (MJLSs), in which the entire dynamic system is jumping between distinct operating points, with different local small-signal dynamics. The numerical application is based on the analysis of the IEEE 37-bus power system switching between grid-tied and standalone operating modes. The Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) representing the evolution of the conditional moments are derived and a matrix representation of the system is developed. Results are compared to the averaged Monte Carlo simulation. The MJLS approach was found to have a key advantage of being far less computational expensive.
Angle-dependence of the levitation force from a frustum-shaped magnet and recessed superconducting bulk
Authors: Storey James , Badcock Rodney
Published: December 2020

The widespread application of superconducting magnetic levitation bearings is limited by their relatively low stiffness. Recently we investigated a novel thrust bearing geometry comprised of a conical frustum (or truncated cone) shaped permanent magnet levitating inside a matching tapered hole machined into a high-temperature superconductor bulk. This configuration was found to produce superior restoring forces and stiffness compared to the conventional cylindrical magnet and superconductor arrangement. Here, using H-formulation finite-element simulations, we evaluate the angle-dependence of the frustum on the levitation force. We find that the optimal angle is not universal, but depends on the mode of displacement as well as the frustum dimensions. Correlations with the incident magnetic flux are identified for estimating the angle best suited to the operating regime of the bearing.
Introducción a la gramática metaoperacional
Authors: Solís García Inmaculada , Matte Bon Francisco
Published: December 2020

Grammar will be explained in this book from a new point of view: that of the speaker. He or she is the architect that makes up the sentence using tools provided by the language and with which he or she performs specific ‘operations’. By using these, the speaker manages the information that he or she believes to be sharing with the listener, transmits his or her attitude towards what is being said or depicts in different ways the world that he or she wants to communicate. Henri Adamzcewski and his school have explored these tools in recent decades: here there is a brief synthesis of their work applied to Spanish.
Is LDL apheresis a thing of the past?
Authors: Vally M , Khan R , Orchard A
Published: December 2020

Patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia have a high lifetime risk for developing cardiovascular disease. These patients are traditionally treated with high-intensity statins and ezetimibe. Some patients are refractory to treatment and cannot achieve a desirable reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). LDL apheresis or lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is a radical treatment which involves the intermittent extracorporeal removal of atherogenic apolipoprotein B-100-containing lipoproteins from the systemic circulation. The procedure requires the use of highly specialised equipment and is carried out under medical supervision for patients with severe hypercholesterolaemia, refractory to treatment with high-intensity statins and ezetimibe. The advent of targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies and gene silencing therapies, offer treatment options that could replace LA for these patients. Large scale clinical trials for the PCSK inhibitors evolocumab and alirocumab show favourable outcomes in terms of lipid lowering, with a 50% to 60% improvement in baseline LDL-C levels. This suggests that these therapies could reduce the need for LA in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. This review describes the main clinical trials for the PCSK inhibitors and discusses the place of these therapies in the management of severe hypercholesterolaemia. While these new therapies show promise as an effective option for lowering LDL-C levels in patients refractory to conventional treatment and have added benefits of ease of administration and compliance to treatment, long-term safety data is still needed. Favourable safety data could relegate the use of LA for a select few patients who may not tolerate the new therapies.
Full Text Volume 4 Nomor 3 November 2017
Authors: Hospital Kariadi General
Published: December 2020

Full Text Volume 4 Nomor 3 November 2017
Full Text Volume 5 Nomor 1 Mei 2018
Authors: Medica Admin
Published: December 2020

Full Text Volume 5 Nomor 1 Mei 2018
Anestesia para nefrectomia em cão com Dioctophyma renale: relato de caso
Authors: Ogliari Kaline , Oliveira Rafaela Assis , Aguiar Priscila Taciani Bomtempo , Melo Yuri Jorge Ornelas , Vitor Couto do Amaral Andreia , Regalin Doughlas
Published: December 2020

A dioctofimose em cães é uma doença parasitária registrada em vários estados do Brasil, incluindo o Rio Grande do Sul que afeta, principalmente, animais errantes que habitam áreas alagadas. A resolução do caso quando atinge apenas um rim é cirúrgica, sendo assim necessária à realização de anestesia geral para o procedimento de nefrectomia unilateral. Dessa forma, a busca por protocolos mais seguros que mantém a integridade renal é fundamental. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar a anestesia para o procedimento de nefrectomia como tratamento de dioctofimose em um cão errante da cidade de Pelotas- RS. No presente caso, foi realizada medicação pré-anestésica, com acepromazina, cetamina associados a morfina, e indução com propofol. A manutenção do plano anestésico com isoflurano diluído em oxigênio a 100%, e foi ainda realizado o bloqueio epidural com bupivacaína e morfina para dessensibilização regional. Após o término do procedimento cirúrgico o paciente recebeu analgesia pós-operatória com meloxicam, tramadol e dipirona, e permaneceu na internação por 10 dias para monitoração da função renal e tratamento de doença dermatológica concomitante. O protocolo anestésico foi efetivo e sem maiores complicações, após alta médica foi levado para o canil da prefeitura, onde aguarda adoção.