bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Álvaro Bisama y las historias literarias de la literatura
Authors: Premat Julio
Published: December 2024

La hipótesis central del artículo es que en las obras literarias y ensayísticas de escritores pueden leerse fragmentos, gestos, series de historia literaria. Es decir que así como hay en ellas modos de pensar la literatura, habría también concepciones específicas, alternativas, y a veces disruptivas, del pasado de las letras. En una primera parte se recorre teóricamente esa idea, tomando como punto de partida un cuento de Andrés Gallardo, “Historia de la literatura”. Se comentan las modalidades y alcances de esos relatos históricos, con referencias a la bibliografía específica francesa y a los casos conocidos de Jorge Luis Borges y de Roberto Bolaño. En la segunda parte se estudia un libro central en los comienzos de Álvaro Bisama, Cien libros chilenos (2008), que desde una mirada fuertemente subjetiva, reseña obras escritas en Chile a lo largo de quinientos años de creación. En oposición a las evaluaciones habituales de la crítica, Bisama esboza allí una visión personal de la tradición, desplaza las líneas dominantes de la historia literaria chilena y sugiere una mirada pesimista sobre la identidad y el pasado de su país. El libro, que integra elementos contraculturales y enfatiza la violencia, los fracasos, las pasiones y los conflictos, resulta ser un ejemplo ilustrativo de la hipótesis inicial.
Occupancy and relative abundance of pumas in Torres del Paine National Park
and neighboring ranches
Authors:   , Sabelle Herrera Solange Michelle
Published: December 2024

Understanding the habitat preferences of top predators is crucial for
effective conservation in dynamic ecosystems. The puma (Puma concolor) plays a
pivotal role in Chilean Patagonia. Pumas are the top predator in Patagonia, its
vulnerability has cascading effects throughout the entire community. This study
aims to investigate the ecological features influencing puma habitat use at
Torres del Paine National Park and neighboring areas, exploring how these
factors impact the species relative abundance and occupancy across different
seasons and types of habitats. The study utilized two grids of camera traps
between 2019 and 2021, a period largely affected by restricted COVID lockdown,
providing a unique opportunity to study pumas with minimal human influence.
Hierarchical models were employed to study habitat use preferences and occupancy
patterns of pumas in Patagonia. Findings from our research reveal a positive
correlation between puma abundance and occupancy with Steppe, Shrubland, and
flat areas. In contrast, there was a negative correlation with forest and snow.
Intriguingly, prey abundance, specifically hare (Lepus europaeus) and guanaco
(Lama guanicoe), did not contribute to the best models. However, their activity
patterns exhibited a high overlap with pumas. This study highlights the
importance of habitat features in the ecology of pumas as ambush killer in
Chilean Patagonia.
Del condominio a la cooperativa: La recuperación del habitar productivo en
los modelos residenciales suburbanos
Authors:   , Tartari Valenzuela María Ignacia
Published: December 2024

El acelerado proceso de urbanización que se ha vivido estas últimas décadas
ha producido una cierta homogeneización de la forma de habitar nuestro entorno
al infiltrarse en la periferia rural, abandonando gradualmente la esencia y
patrimonio de estas zonas. El campo ha ido adquiriendo características urbanas
sin previa planificación o infraestructura, dejando de lado usos, sistemas y
paisajes históricos de gran valor. Esto ha tenido impactos medioambientales,
socioeconómicos y culturales que a futuro ponen en riesgo tanto al patrimonio
rural como la relación simbiótica entre lo urbano-rural-industrial de la cual
depende la subsistencia de lo urbano. En Chile, un caso representativo de este
proceso, y el objeto de investigación, es el de los condominios periféricos
rurales o, más bien, los “Loteos de Parcela de Agrado” que se han construido en
la zona rural al marco del decreto de Ley de subdivisión predial rústica (N°
3516). Este modelo habitacional suburbano se ha construido en suelos productivos
agrícolas de calidad en la periferia de Santiago, no solo disminuyendo y
desplazando la producción agrícola local, sino que además deteriorando la
capacidad productiva de estos suelos y dejando de lado la cultura y actividades
asociadas a la ruralidad. Tomando en cuenta el contexto actual de crisis
bioclimática, inestabilidad alimentaria y escasez de agua, esta tesis propone
especular sobre la explotación agrícola de los condominios periféricos y como
esto podría presentarse como una alternativa frente a las problemáticas del
modelo actual al convertirlo en uno sostenible, rescatando aspectos de la
cultura y el habitar productivo. Esta investigación se dividirá en 3 partes
principales, una contextualización y análisis histórico de los hitos que
llevaron a la creación de este modelo y su implantación en lo rural; un estudio
del habitar productivo y el sistema agroalimentario en Santiago; y, por último,
un estudio de referentes que concluya en una propuesta arquitectónica de modelo
residencial alternativo a base de las parcelas de agrado. Así, se busca entender
la importancia de la coexistencia de lo urbano y lo rural y el rol que juega la
planificación y el diseño arquitectónico al permitir una expansión urbana
sostenible, manteniendo y recuperando el patrimonio, cultura y contexto rural,
como su entorno natural. Por otro lado, se busca devolverle el protagonismo al
habitar productivo, entendiéndolo como un modelo habitacional sostenible y
válido actualmente tanto para los habitantes como para su contexto.
Financiarización del suelo urbano de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago,
Chile
Authors:   , Gasic Klett Ivo
Published: December 2024

La crisis financiera global de 2008 ha revelado como nunca antes el fuerte
vínculo entre el mercado inmobiliario y el sector financiero. Desde esa fecha en
adelante los estudios sobre financiarización inmobiliaria han crecido
notablemente, centrando la atención en el efecto que ha tenido, sobre el mercado
de bienes raíces, la liberalización financiera mundial iniciada en la década de
los 70’. Este trabajo tributa a ese ámbito de estudios, aportando evidencia y
discutiendo la teoría a partir de lo experimentado en Chile, particularmente en
la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, desde la crisis económica de 1982 hasta la
actualidad. En particular, esta tesis plantea que el suelo urbano se ha
transformado en el principal activo subyacente al desarrollo del sistema
crediticio así como en un activo originador de servicios financieros. Los
terrenos urbanos son activos reales crecientemente incorporados en las hojas de
balance del sector financiero, dada su condición de activos no depreciables.
Pueden funcionar como colaterales de créditos hipotecarios y no hipotecarios o
como activos subyacentes a opciones financieras. Utilizando un método de
investigación basado en técnicas de análisis cuantitativo se confirma que el
suelo urbano es un activo subyacente de creciente importancia para el sector
financiero. Bancos y aseguradoras son importantes actores del mercado del suelo
de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, adquiriendo suelo vacante mediante
leasing financiero y vendiendo opciones de compra a empresas inmobiliarias y no
inmobiliarias. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten comprender la manera
en que se forman las reservas de suelo para los futuros proyectos inmobiliarios
en Santiago, distribuyendo incertidumbre y riesgo entre el sector empresarial y
financiero. Al respecto, la evidencia obtenida permite suponer que el riesgo de
las operaciones de leasing depende significativamente de la localización
geográfica de los terrenos intermediados, generando primas de riesgo en las
tasas de emisión de los contratos de leasing. De esta manera el suelo pasa a ser
valorizado en virtud de los riesgos que implica la vacancia durante el período
de los contratos, y el mercado del suelo se transforma en un mercado de opciones
financieras. Esta es la forma específica en que se conceptualiza la
financiarización del suelo en el presente trabajo. A partir de estos resultados
se pretende entroncar la investigación con la discusión internacional sobre
financiarización inmobiliaria, la cual ha sido bastante desarrollada para el
caso de ciudades norteamericanas y europeas, pero todavía se encuentra poco
abordada en América Latina y Chile.
Entramados ligeros con vigas I-Joist. Flexibilidad en la arquitectura de
edificios de mediana altura para vivienda social
Authors:   , Marambio Peñaloza Josefina
Published: December 2024

Esta investigación explora los efectos y beneficios de la construcción en
madera, a través del análisis y estudio de un edificio prototipo situado en la
ciudad de Curicó, Región del Maule, Chile. Considerando las características
climáticas, geográficas e históricas del contexto, para el diseño y elaboración
de un Distrito Eco Sustentable, un barrio multiprogramático que contiene el
edificio que será puesto a prueba, según su estructura, espacialidad y límites
de lo que permiten las nuevas tecnologías. En base a los resultados del análisis
estructural, se identifican los beneficios y desafíos que presenta un sistema
que determina una configuración estructural óptima en la construcción de
viviendas en mediana altura, aplicable como modelo propuesta para el diseño de
viviendas sociales en Chile, mediante marcos y plataformas en maderas aserradas
comerciales y vigas I-Joist
Physicochemical Properties of Soils from Dumpsite in the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Authors: Ohaeri Evangelina Ozoemena , Iheme Callitus , Nwaogu Linus , Onweremadu Emmanuel
Published: December 2024

Aim: To assess the physiochemical properties of Dumpsites soils from Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO).
Study Design: This was a simple randomized sampling study technique.
Methodology: Soil samples were obtained from three different dumpsites located within the school namely Girls’ hostel dumpsite, Ihiagwa dumpsite and Eziobodo dumpsite. The soil's physicochemical characteristics were ascertained by air drying it and then sieving it through a 2 mm sieve. The Bouyoucos hydrometer method was used to determine the soil's texture. A pH meter was used to measure the pH of a 1:2.5 soil-water suspension, and a conductivity meter was used to measure the extract electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon using the wet digestion method of Walkley and Black. Available phosphorus by Bray and Kurtz method; total nitrogen by micro Kjeldahl procedure, as explained by Horneck and Miller (20). Following extraction with ammonium acetate, exchangeable bases were identified. Potassium (K) was measured using a flamephotometer, while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were assessed using the EDTA titration method.
Results: Results obtained from the study, revealed that values between waste dumpsite and control site were significantly different. Findings showed that the pH value in sampled soils from studied dumpsites ranged from 6.38±0.10 and 7.11±0.10 while the mean pH value for controlled site was 3.98±0.08. Data obtained show that the values of pH; Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol+kgG1); Calcium (mEq/ 100 g);4.50; 4.24; 4.76, Potassium (mEq/ 100 g) 0.59; 0.48; 0.79 and Nitrogen (mEq/ 100 g) were. 0.98; 1.84; 0.73 respectively among the sampled dumpsites. Furthermore; Results showed that there was an increase in the pH, potassium, nitrogen content value at each dumpsite than their corresponding control. The mean soil porosity indicated higher porosity in the control sites. The soil particle size distribution indicated that the control site is sandier than the various dumpsites and the dumpsites on the other hand had more slit and clay component than the control site.
Conclusion: According to the study, trash from the dumpsite under investigation may have an impact on the distribution of grain sizes or the soils beneath them. It also showed a significant contribution to elevated pH, EC, OC, OM, Av. P, ON, basic cations, and CEC values. The soil at the study site has a higher proportion of sand fraction and a lower percentage of clay fraction, as evidenced by the relative increase in the pollutant leaching potentials of municipal solid waste.
Familial Hypomagnesemia with Secondary Hypocalcemia: A Challenging Medical Affair
Authors: Aithmadouch S. , A.Laaraj  , A. Radi  , Abikassem R.
Published: December 2024

Familial or genetic hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia is a disease typically presenting with epilepsy and characterized by low blood levels of magnesium and calcium and metabolic bone disease, and is caused by mutations in the TRPM6 genes. Various factors such as low dietary intake and poor absorption of magnesium in the gut, affect magnesium balance. Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia is rare, and therefore there are no large epidemiological studies reflecting the global distribution of these conditions. We report in this article a case of a female infant with a diagnosis of congenital hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. In daily clinical practice, one can usually see it in connection with neonates. According to the literature, mutations of TRPM6 account for about 40–50% of hypomagnesemia patients with secondary hypocalcemia.
Enhancing Patient Satisfaction by Healthcare Service Providers: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Sukmawati Taryati , Ramadania  , Pebrianti Wenny
Published: December 2024

Aims: The aim of this study is to identify the primary determinants and emerging trends that influence patient experiences patient experiences.
Study Design: Through a systematic review of scholarly literature, an investigation examines the pivotal elements that drive patient satisfaction outcomes in innovative healthcare service delivery contexts.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in healthcare service innovation. The duration of the study around six months by analyzing articles published between 2019 and 2023 in Scopus-indexed academic journals.
Methodology: Following the PRISMA guidelines, this study analyzed 54 peer-reviewed articles to examine the relationship between service quality, communication, digital transformation, physical environment, waiting time, and healthcare accessibility on patient satisfaction.
Results: The findings emphasize the increasing trend toward patient-centered care and the integration of technology to improve service delivery. These results underscore the importance of continuous service improvement and innovation in healthcare to meet patient expectations and enhance satisfaction. The study concludes that addressing these key factors is essential for healthcare providers to achieve higher patient loyalty, better health outcomes, and a competitive advantage. Future study should focus on further integrating digital solutions and patient-centered approaches to drive improvements in customer satisfaction in healthcare settings.
Conclusion: The review indicates that service quality, characterized by reliability, responsiveness, and empathy, is the most significant determinant of customer satisfaction. Communication between healthcare providers and patients is also identified as a critical factor, with clear and empathetic interactions significantly enhancing patient trust and satisfaction. Digital transformation, including telemedicine and electronic health records, emerges as a key innovation in improving service efficiency, reducing waiting times, and expanding access to care. The physical environment and waiting times are also noted as important contributors to patient satisfaction, influencing their overall experience in healthcare facilities.
Chemistry of Fatty Acids
Authors: Scrimgeour Charlie , Gao Yue , Oh Won Young , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: February 2020

Oils and fats consist of triacylglycerols containing a range of fatty acids. Commodity oils are predominant sources of C16–C18fatty acids (corn, cottonseed, groundnut, linseed, olive, palm, rape, sesame, soybean, sunflower), whereas some contain short‐ and medium‐chain fatty acids (butter, coconut, palm kernel) or long‐chain fatty acids (fish, other seafoods, algal, and fungal) in various proportions. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions determine the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of oils and fats and their uses in both food and nonfood, such as oleochemical manufacture. Fatty acids generally contain only two types of reactive functional groups, the terminal carboxyl and a number of carbon–carbon double bonds. Reaction at, or modification of, these groups is central to their industrial use. Oxidation (particularly oxidative degradation of edible fats), reduction (particularly partial hydrogenation), and reactions used to produce surfactants and oleochemicals (epoxidation, ozonolysis, metathesis, sulfonation, production of nitrogen‐containing derivatives) are described. A current concern is the environmental impact of industrial chemistry and new processes that use less solvent, milder conditions, and renewable resources, and that produce less waste are required. Oils and fats are a major renewable resource, and environmental concerns may be met “through the use of enzymes and improved chemical catalysts as alternatives to current technologies.” Novel chemistry of oils, fats, and fatty acid derivatives with potential industrial application is highlighted, particularly by introducing new functionality to the alkyl chain.
Oil Extraction
Authors: Kemper Timothy G.
Published: February 2020

The crude oil used as a feedstock for the various oil refining and oil modification processes discussed throughout this article are derived from oilseed materials such as soybeans, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, cottonseeds, corn germ, groundnuts, olives, and palm fruits. This article discusses the evolution of the oil extraction process from hand press extraction, to early mechanized extraction, to hydraulic press extraction, to the processes of screw press extraction and solvent extraction commonly used today. Before an oilseed material is extracted, it must first be carefully prepared for the extraction process. The seed preparation steps include cleaning, drying, size reduction, hull removal, heating/drying (conditioning or cooking), flaking, and extruding. Oil can be extracted from a prepared material by either mechanical extraction or solvent extraction methods. The three types of mechanical extraction methods are palm fruit pressing, full pressing, and pre‐pressing. Solvent extraction is the most common process used to extract oil today. The solvent extraction process includes the unit operations of oil extraction, meal desolventizing, meal drying and cooling, miscella distillation, and solvent recovery.
Production, Processing, and Food Uses of Peanut Oilseed, Oil, and Protein
Authors: List Gary R.
Published: February 2020

This article reviews the production, processing, and food uses of peanut oil and protein. Worldwide production of the seven major oilseeds amounted to nearly 604 million metric tons (MMT) in 2018. World oilseed peanut production amounted to MMT or 7% of the total. The USDA tracks the production of nine major vegetable oils. In 2018, worldwide production of vegetable oils was 203.3 MMT of which peanut totaled 5.8 MMT or 2.9% of the total production. Protein meal production in 2018 was 343.5 MMT of which peanut accounted for 7.1 MMT or 2.1% of the total. Historically, over the period of 1980–2018, US production of oilseed peanuts has increased from 2303 to 7234 million pounds while cash value varied from US$579 million to US$1.64 billion. US production of peanut oil from 2005 to 2017 varied from 181 to 260 million pounds. Peanut oil is considered as a premium edible oil and commands a high price in both US and European markets. In 2018, peanut oil sold for US$1470/MT in the United States and for US$1326 in Rotterdam. Peanut oil is recovered primarily by expeller pressing or in combination with hexane extraction. Only four plants process peanut oil in the United States. Peanut oil is processed by conventional caustic refining, adsorbent bleaching, and deodorization. The food uses of peanut oil and protein are reviewed in this article.
Sunflower and High‐Oleic Sunflower Oils
Authors: Grompone Maria A.
Published: February 2020

World production of sunflower seed in 2018–2019 was 51.46 million metric tons which is the third in worldwide oilseed production. Sunflower oil is fourth in importance among vegetable oils, amounting to 15 million metric tons in 2015–2016 and now exceeding 17 million metric tons. The kernel represents 70% of seed weight, containing around 55% of oil.

Sunflower oil of different oleic content may be classified as (i) regular (14–39%), (ii) mid‐oleic (43–72%), and (iii) high‐oleic (75–91%). With a good oxidative stability, regular sunflower oil finds many applications in the food market mainly as salad oil and cooking oil. Industrial applications of sunflower oil include its use as frying oil, as well as in the manufacture of mayonnaise and oil‐based dressings. Hydrogenated sunflower oil may still be used in the manufacture of shortenings and margarines, but this is becoming less important. High‐oleic sunflower oil is the most appropriate type for use in industrial frying, in view of its low content in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Mid‐oleic sunflower oil is of higher frying quality than other nonhydrogenated oils (soybean, canola, corn, and cottonseed).

Nonedible industrial uses of regular sunflower oil include the production of biodiesel, lubricants, vegetable oil‐based printing inks, and so on. Meal, hulls, and sodium soapstock are obtained as by‐products of the extraction and refining processes. Other minor by‐products may also be obtained: lecithin, waxes, tocopherols, and so on.
Fundamentals of Lipid Crystallization
Authors: Metin Serpil , Hartel Richard W.
Published: February 2020

Control of crystallization of lipids is important in many food products, including margarine, chocolate, butter, and shortening. In these products, the aim is to produce the appropriate number and size distribution of crystals in the correct polymorphic form since the crystalline phase plays a large role in such food properties as appearance, texture, spreadability, and flavor release. Thus, understanding the processes that control crystallization is critical to controlling quality in these products. Controlling crystallization requires an understanding of the driving force that leads to crystallization, the process of forming the crystalline phase (nucleation) and then subsequent crystal growth and polymorphic transformation to obtain the final crystalline phase volume in equilibrium with the remaining liquid fat. Owing to the complex composition of most natural fats, our understanding of these processes remains incomplete.
Frying Oils
Authors: Gupta Monoj K.
Published: February 2020

The modern lifestyle requires packaged foods that can be consumed over a period of time, ranging from days to months or even years. This has posed a considerable challenge to the food processing industries making shelf‐stable fried foods. This requires sophisticated process equipment, stable raw material; the most significant one is the oil in which the product is fried. Oil plays a great role in determining the storage stability quality of the fried product. Frying oil has been available to man in various parts of the world. Most of the time, a specific oil has been selected for frying because it is locally available. Over the last decades, the world oilseed companies and the palm plant growers have developed more stable oils, both through conventional breeding process as well as through mutagenic and transgenic methods. This development, along with the technical advancement in the frying industry, has allowed the fried food processors to make and deliver shelf‐stable fried products to the consumers.
Sesame Oil
Authors: Hwang Lucy Sun , Lee Min‐Hsiung , Su Nan‐Wei
Published: February 2020

Sesame seed has higher oil content (around 50%) than most of the known oilseeds, although because of the labor‐intensive harvesting of the seeds, its production is far less than the major oilseeds such as soybean or rapeseed. Sesame oil is generally regarded as a high‐priced and high‐quality oil. It is one of the most stable edible oils despite its high degree of unsaturation. The presence of natural phytochemicals accounts for both the superior stability of sesame oil and the beneficial physiological effects of sesame.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Oils
Authors: Kapoor Rakesh , Reaney Martin
Published: February 2020

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a name given to a mixture of geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid having conjugated double bonds. Depending on the position andcis‐trans‐configuration of conjugated double bonds, 54 isomers are possible, of which 14 isomers have been identified in commercial products. CLA was first produced in 1935 via alkali treatment of polyunsaturated fatty acid‐rich oils. The early research used CLA mainly as a marker for the study of fat metabolism because of its high UV absorbency compared with nonconjugated fat. From the 1980s, the research interest has increased in its biological properties, particularly its role in cancer, diabetes, and fat metabolism regulation. The present article discusses the metabolism, uses, method of production, and analysis of CLA.
Methods for Measuring Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Zhong HYing Joy
Published: February 2020

Numerous analytical methods are routinely used for measuring lipid oxidation in foods. However, there is no uniform and standard method for detecting all oxidative changes in all food systems. Therefore, it is necessary to select a proper and adequate method for a particular application. The available methods to monitor lipid oxidation in foods can be classified into five groups based on what they measure: the absorption of oxygen, the loss of initial substrates, the formation of free radicals, and the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. A number of physical and chemical tests, including instrumental analyses, have been employed in laboratories and the industry for measurement of various lipid oxidation parameters. These include the weight‐gain and headspace oxygen uptake method for oxygen absorption; chromatographic analysis for changes in reactants; iodometric titration, ferric ion complexes, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method for peroxide value; spectrometry for conjugated dienes and trienes, 2‐thio‐barbituric acid (TBA) value,
p
‐anisidine value (
p
‐AnV), and carbonyl value; Rancimat and Oxidative Stability Instrument method for oil stability index; and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometric assay for free‐radical type and concentration. Other techniques based on different principles, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), have also been used for measuring lipid oxidation. In addition, sensory tests provide subjective or objective evaluation of oxidative deterioration, depending on certain details.
Citrus Oils and Essences
Authors: Wang Siyu , Shahidi Fereidoon , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: February 2020

Citrus fruits are among the most popular fruits nowadays and have a very long history of production and use. However, within the past century, industrial technologies began to develop in order to convert citrus fruits into commercial products. Each year, millions of tons of citrus fruits are delivered to factories for processing and juice production. Historically, the oldest citrus product is the oil. In ancient Sicily, where early Italian citrus industry had just been introduced, lemons were primarily grown for production of lemon oil, and juice was treated as a waste product until its later use for citric acid recovery. The early use of lemon and orange oils was mainly in perfumery and pharmaceuticals. With rapid development of science and technology, more areas of use of citrus oils were found, for which more detailed information on chemical composition and properties were required. The modern perfume and flavor industries have benefited from further research on citrus peel oil and essence. Besides, the yield of citrus seed oil has increased since citrus seeds were discovered as a new source of edible oil. In this article, the chemical composition, properties, and uses of citrus oils and essences are provided.
Vegetable Oils as Biodiesel
Authors: Bueno‐Borges Larissa , Hertz Philip B. , Reaney Martin J.T.
Published: February 2020

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that is usually narrowly defined as esters of lower alcohol and fatty acids, where the fatty acids are derived from vegetable oil, animal fat, or tallow. Biodiesel development was driven by the need to (i) increase security of energy supply for the transportation sector by having a renewable source at hand, (ii) have an environmentally friendly fuel available for the diesel combustion engine, (iii) reduce health risks, and (iv) provide the customer with a reliable fuel at a reasonable cost–benefit ratio. The production, quality, source materials, environmental benefits, and use of biodiesel are reviewed.
Cooking Oils, Salad Oils, and Dressings
Authors: Hill Steven E. , Krishnamurthy R. G. , Hossain Abul , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: February 2020

Lipids used in food products have been conventionally divided into two classes based on their consistency at about 25 °C (72 °F): (i) liquid oils and (ii) solid and semisolid fats. Edible oils can be further divided by their general usage in food, as cooking oil or as salad oil. These types of oils can be characterized by a wide variety of measures that assess attributes such as quality, stability, and nutritional value. Cooking oils are in considerable demand for use in applications such as deep‐fat frying of many food products or in other uses where exposure to higher temperature is desired. However, salad oils are not generally used in applications where the oil is exposed to heat; rather this oil type finds application in foods that are shelf‐stable or refrigerated. One large food use of salad oils is for dressings. Oil‐based dressings are divided into two broad categories by their texture: spoonable dressings (salad dressings, mayonnaise) and pourable dressings.
Diacylglycerols
Authors: Wang Yong , Lai Oi‐Ming , Lee Yee‐Ying , Lee Wan‐Jun , Flickinger Brent D. , Matsuo Noburo
Published: February 2020

Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are natural components of various edible oils. Typically, the level of DAGs in edible oils is below 5% of total oil; however, several edible oils have levels above 5%. Also, DAGs have been used as emulsifiers for use in food systems, particularly baked goods, and are approved as such. Human consumption of DAG has been estimated as 3 g per day.

The following article focuses on experimental data supporting different metabolic characteristics of 1,3‐DAG or DAG oil containing 1,3‐DAG, synthesis of DAGs, applications of DAG in food industries, and patents. Relevant areas of observed differences between 1,3‐DAG/DAG oil and TAG/TAG oil metabolism include postprandial lipid metabolism and use of macronutrient fuels. Observations from animal and human experimental data are included.
Palm Oil
Authors: Lai Oi‐Ming , Phuah Eng‐Tong , Lee Yee‐Ying , Basiron Yusof
Published: February 2020

Palm oil is consumed in over 150 countries worldwide. It plays a pivotal role in the socioeconomic development of Asian, Latin American, and African regions. Of all the palm oil and palm kernel oil entering global trade, Malaysia and Indonesia account for more than half the market share, dominating the international trade in palm oil. The increasing importance of palm oil has naturally led to a steady buildup of scientific, technical, and trade data and information.

The success of the palm oil industry in Malaysia and Indonesia, in particular, has never been easy. It has been wrought with obstacles and has gotten harder in recent years. The industry has been inundated with issues of mistrusts and misconceptions about the oil, its composition, and its nutritional benefits. Other issues that have garnered attention include its trade and traceability, new process contaminants, environmental management, and other issues relating to the sustainable development of the palm oil industry.

This article overviews the role of palm oil industry in the international oils and fats market, the technology involved in oil extracting and processing, palm oil quality parameters, and the applications of palm oil in food and nonfood products. The issues that are becoming relevant, namely the existence of process contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) esters and glycidol esters, trade and traceability, together with other issues related to a sustainable development of the palm oil industry, have also been included.
Marine Oils
Authors: Bimbo Anthony P.
Published: February 2020

Mankind has consumed or used, directly or indirectly, marine oils for thousands of years. There are indirect references to them in the Book of Tobit in the Bible. Hippocrates (460–370 BC) first recorded the medicinal use of fish oils, and Pliny the Elder in the first century (23–79 AD) recorded the use of dolphin liver oil as a remedy for chronic skin eruptions. The ancient Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, Assyrians, and many other cultures after them used animal liver as a treatment for night blindness. Assyrian medical texts (700 BC) thought night blindness could be cured by application of liver to the eyes. They used the extracted oil and ate the cooked liver. The Greeks shifted the recommendation from topical application to eating liver, soaked in honey. The choice of the animal was influenced by its availability in the community. Thus, we could assume that in maritime cultures, fish livers would also have been used as a remedy. The oils were consumed in Greece in the fourth and fifth centuries BC, and during the Roman period (27 BC–393 AD). Norway was recovering herring oil by primitive pressing during the Viking Period (800–1300 AD). Cod liver oil was used as a food by the Vikings as far back as (about 700–1100 AD). The marine oils category has now expanded beyond fish to include single‐cell organisms and transgenic plants. This article will explore all these categories, some old, some very old, some new, and some very new.
Environmental Impact and Waste Management
Authors: Boyer Michael J. , Ma Yilong
Published: February 2020

Oilseeds processing, refining and processing of vegetable oils, and further processing into oleochemicals, produces a variety of waste products. In no other industry is the proper handling of these wastes as dependent on the understanding and control of the processes. This article reviews major processes and facilities, particularly as they relate to waste generation and control. Wastes from a well‐run facility are first defined, followed by an analysis of those processes that are the largest potential waste generators. In addition, those factors are reviewed that affect process control as it relates to waste generation, followed by a review of current issues.

A final section addresses the fundamentals of wastewater treatment processes often employed in fats and oils and oilseeds processing. This article addresses air and solid waste aspects of the industries as well, but the primary focus is on wastewater; emerging technologies have also been included where appropriate.
Sterols, Stanols, and Waxes
Authors: Kochhar Sri Parkash , Azadmard‐Damirchi Sodeif , Nasirpour‐Tabrizi Parisa , Dutta Paresh C.
Published: February 2020

Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) and waxes are a part of the minor components of vegetable fats and oils. Stanols are the saturated form of plant sterols. Phytosterols (PS) are isoprenoid derivatives, which are essential compounds of biological membranes. They are structurally similar to cholesterol and control fluidity of eukaryote membranes and have role in the synthesis of hormonal sterols. PS are a major part of the unsaponifiable fraction of vegetable oils. They can be found either in free or esterified forms. PS are classified into three groups according to the presence or absence of methyl group at their C4 position, namely desmethylsterols (without methyl group), monomethylsterols (with one methyl group), and dimethylsterols (with two methyl groups). Generally, desmethylsterols comprise a high proportion of PS. PS have antioxidative properties and also can be used in vegetable oil authenticity. Consumption of PS through diet has beneficial effects on human health, such as lowering of LDL cholesterol and prevention of various types of cancers. However, PS like other lipids can be oxidized, and their oxidation products are important from the nutritional point of view. Waxes naturally occur in vegetable oils. They are present in saponifiable fraction and can be removed with dewaxing/winterization process, which is necessary in salad oils. Waxes have different edible and nonedible applications. This article reviews plant sterols, stanols and waxes structure, content in vegetable oils, changes in the effects of various processes, applications, analytical aspects, and future prospects.
Marine Oils as Biodiesel
Authors: Dave Deepika , Pohling Julia , Routray Winny
Published: February 2020

Biodiesel has become a promising replacement to petroleum‐derived diesel recently as it is derived from renewable resources and waste biomass. Diversion of high value oil seed plants for biodiesel production has raised concerns about use of cultivated land and food supply. This article has summarized the availability and use of marine (fish and seal) waste as a feedstock, suitability of marine oil, required marine oils pretreatment and transesterification approach for biodiesel production. It has also summarized characteristics, challenges and future prospects of marine oil derived biodiesel. Fisheries and seal industries face lot of unique challenges in handling and disposal of waste generated from mortalities and processing. However, valorization of waste generated from these industries and production of marine oil and biodiesel can enhance their value chain and economic viability while addressing environmental issues of waste management. The main challenges for marine oil derived biodiesel are in terms of seasonality and availability variation, remote locations, handling, pretreatment and storage of raw material and storage of biodiesel.
Lipids and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Sun Guang , Oh Won Y.
Published: February 2020

The effect of dietary fat intake on human health has been a hot topic in public for the past four decades. You are what you eat. Dietary fat, as one of the three macronutrients, plays a critical role in health, both bad and good. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the common clinical disorder. The prevalence of MetS has steadily increased and is linked to a number of major chronic diseases. Intense research has produced massive findings with some pointing out to dramatic changes that may cause significant modification of what we eat, the type of food with various contents of fats and the percentage of all sorts of fats. This article reviews the research findings from animal models, mainly from cross‐sectional, longitudinal and ultimately from clinical trials regarding the prevalence of MetS, the relationship between dietary fat intake and MetS, as well as physiological and clinical effects of dietary fat on MetS. The negative and positive effects of fat on waist circumference, serum levels of triacylglycerol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c), blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar, were individually reviewed as well. Moreover, the effects of mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids substitution of saturated fats (MUFA and PUFA) and trans unsaturated fatty acids on MetS are separately discussed. Finally, contradictory findings and challenges regarding the relationship between dietary fat intake and prevalence of MetS have been explained.
Lipids in Infant Formula
Authors: Zou Xiaoqiang , Zhang Hong , Pedersen Jacob Nedergaard , Zhang Hai , Wang Xiangyu , Yang Juan , Xu Xuebing , Guo Zheng
Published: February 2020

Human milk (HM) provides the ideal nourishment for infant growth and cognitive development. The new advances in component and microstructure analyses of HM provide solid knowledge for developing better infant formulas to mimic HM to the largest extent possible. In this article, we reviewed the latest progress in the analysis and understanding of the physical structures, composition, and phospholipids and other minor components in HM lipids, as well as in its counterpart infant formula (IF) lipids. The similarities and differences of lipids between HM and IF suggest the gaps to be narrowed for improved IF development, as the theme of IF lipids studies, which are not only on fatty acid composition, but also on triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and minor lipid species and level of supplements. The efforts and researches in searching alternative oils and fats and development of related chemical/enzymatic processes comprise a key focus of this article. The specifications to regulate IF market, marketing trend, and patenting status are also intensively discussed. Moreover, the risk substance controls of 3‐monochloro‐1,2‐propanediol (3‐MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GE) and the strategy to mitigate them during IF lipid process are also reviewed.
Lipids in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Yost Haley , Patel Riya , Kipp Anders , Reed Tanea T.
Published: February 2020

Lipids play an essential role in maintaining healthy function of the human body. They serve as an energy source and contribute to multiple metabolic and cell signaling pathways. Although vital to human health, these molecules can also pose a risk for neurodegeneration after undergoing such reactions as peroxidation. Lipids, such as sphingolipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids, are currently being investigated for their contributions to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, lipid dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration in regard to their use as viable biomarkers of disease. In some respects, specific lipids and essential fatty acids are being evaluated in preclinical studies as potential therapeutics for a variety of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. With the advancement of modern technology and the advent of better diagnostic tools, earlier diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease is more common. Treatment strategies have become more innovative and effective. This article will focus on the relationship between lipids and neurodegenerative diseases. The citations chosen for this article are the most recent literature regarding lipids and neurodegenerative disorders. They serve as a comprehensive compendium to facilitate the comprehension of the studies discussed in this work. It will also demonstrate how current research supports the link of lipid biomarkers, neurodegenerative disorders, and restorative treatment strategies.
Toxicity of Lipid Oxidation Products Consumed in the Diet
Authors: Schaich Karen M.
Published: February 2020

Toxicity of food components is now under intense scrutiny as the public has become increasingly concerned about the safety of our food supply. Products of lipid oxidation and thermal degradation have long been suspected as potential toxins when consumed in the diet, and numerous changes induced by lipid oxidation products have been reported. However, animals have extensive endogenous protection mechanisms throughout the gastrointestinal system in the liver, and in all tissues, so presumed toxicity must be differentiated from normal physiological metabolism and detoxification. This article reevaluates whether and how oxidizing lipids consumed in foods may or may not be toxic, with focus on levels ingested, modification during digestion, absorption vs action only in the gut, physiological processing, effects of other diet components, and differentiating normal responses from actual toxicity. Recommended guidelines for future research are included.
Structural insights into the mechanism of a novel protein targeting pathway in Gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Jin Feng
Published: February 2020

Many nascent polypeptides synthesized in the cytoplasm are translocated across membranes via a specific ‘translocon’ composed of protein complexes. Recently, a novel targeting pathway for the outer membrane β‐barrel proteins (OMPs) in Gram‐negative bacteria was discovered. The cell envelope of Gram‐negative bacteria is composed of the inner (plasma) membrane (IM) and the outer membrane (OM). In this new pathway, a SecAN protein, which is mainly present in the IM as a homo‐oligomer, translocates nascent OMPs across the IM; at the same time, SecAN directly interacts with the β‐barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex embedded within the OM. A supercomplex (containing SecAN, the BAM complex and many other proteins) spans the IM and OM, and is involved in the biogenesis of OMPs. Investigation of the function of SecAN and the supercomplex, as well as the translocation mechanism, will require elucidation of their structures. However, no such structures are available. Therefore, here, I describe the use of protein modeling to build homology models for SecAN and theoretical structures for the core‐complex composed of SecAN and the BAM complex, which is a key part of the supercomplex. The modeling data are consistent with previous experimental observations and demonstrated a conformational change of the core‐complex. I conclude by proposing mechanisms for how SecAN and the supercomplex function in the biogenesis of OMPs.
High Performance of Low‐Temperature‐Cofired Ceramic with Al2O3/BN Biphasic Ceramics Based on B2O3–Bi2O3–SiO2–ZnO Glass
Authors: Feng Xiangyan , Lv Yuanyuan , Zhang Lan , Ding Jianjun , Sun Jun , Li Xiaoxiao , Chen Lin , Zheng Kang , Zhang Xian , Tian Xingyou
Published: February 2020

With the rapid development of microelectronic information technology, high‐power electronic devices require high heat dissipation. Herein, the preparation of low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) applications with excellent thermal conductivity and dielectric properties is focused. B2O3–Bi2O3–SiO2–ZnO (BBSZ) glass/Al2O3/BN green sheets are prepared by tape casting and sintered at 850 °C. The crystal phase composition, microstructure, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, and dielectric properties of LTCC are investigated. It is shown that nanoscale rod crystals ZnAl2O4 and Bi are formed in the composite. The generated nanoscale rod crystals build a 3D heat conduction channel in the composite. The thermal conductivity of the sintered sheet with 20 wt% BN is 5.165 W m−1 K−1. The sintered sheet containing 20 wt% BN has a low coefficient of thermal expansion (2.92 ppm °C−1) matched well with silicon and excellent dielectric properties (εr = 3.9672, tan δ = 1.49 × 10−3) at 20 GHz. This material has great potential applications in electronic devices.