bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christian and Muslim Theology as Represented by Al-Shahrastāni and St. Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Guillaume Alfred
Published: January 2010

So much attention has been concentrated on the doctrines on which Christians and Muslims differ that often it is not realized how closely their philosophical presuppositions agree on many matters. In the following pages, which form a brief comparison of Ash'arite theology as represented by al-Shahrastānī (d. 1153) in his Nihāyatu-l-Iqdām fī ‘ilmi’ l-kalām with Catholic theology as represented by St. Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274) in his Summa contra Gentiles, an attempt is made to bring points of agreement into prominence.

The Summa contra Gentiles possesses such enormous value in itself that the primary object of its composition has been lost sight of. Yet the connexion between it and Islam is indissoluble. It was written at the request of the Master-General of the Dominicans, Raymund of Pinnaforte, with the express purpose of convincing the Muslims of Spain of the rational basis of Christianity and the errors of their own religion. In the second chapter of the Summa (quae sit auctoris intentio) St. Thomas particularly singles out Muhammadans. Jews, he says, can be refuted from the Old Testament; heretics from the New Testament; but Machomestitae et Pagani can only be convinced by natural reason. And it is to natural reason that he proceeds to appeal.

Though none was better equipped than St. Thomas to undertake an exposition of the Catholic Faith, it is, I think, clear that he felt himself at a disadvantage in writing against people whose books he could not read and of whom he knew only from the translations of others.
Ma'rūf ar-Ruṣāfi, 1875–1945
Authors: Khulusi S. A.
Published: January 2010

In the year 1292/1875 there was born to a mixed Kurdish-Arab family a child who was destined to play a prominent part in modern Arabic literature. He was named Ma'rūf and was the second of two children in the family.

No one can say with certainty who was Ma‘rūf’s father because he himself rarely spoke about his family. So far as I am aware, there is not a single reference to his father in his Dīwān. Ma‘rūf’s unwise reticence concerning his family helped his opponents to allege that he was an illegitimate child. The late Tāha ar-Rāwī, the Iraqi philologist, who associated with Ma'rūf for over a quarter of a century, asserted that he avoided answering questions concerning his parentage and, if pressed hard, he would answer briefly and change the subject. The investigations of genealogists led them to the conclusion that his father belonged to the Kurdish tribe of al-Jabbārah, which was acknowledged by all the Kurds as being of ‘Alid origin. If so, then it must have been originally an Arab tribe which migrated to non-Arab districts. His mother is said to have belonged to the tribe of al-Qarāgfūl, a branch of ammar which dwells in the plain regions of Iraq.

Rusāfī was brought up in his grandfather's house in the quarter of al-Qarāgūl in Baghdad. A small dark room was allotted to him, which made him inclined to solitude and meditation. In his childhood he was not seen to mix with other children. But his fondness for mechanical instruments led to an accident in which he lost one of his fingers.
The Varṇārhavarṇa Stotra of Māṭreeṭa (I)
Authors: Bailey D. R. Shackleton
Published: January 2010

While I preparing an edition of Matrceta's Hymn of 150 Verses (Satapañcāśatka) I learnt of the existence in the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin of a quantity of unpublished manuscript fragments of poetry identified as Mātrceta's, included among the material brought back by four successive German expeditions to Central Asia. Through the good offices of Professors H. W. Bailey and F. W. Thomas, photographed copies of these pieces eventually reached me. They proved to consist of about 120 leaves or portions of leaves, practically without exception in “Slanting Gupta” script, from at least seventeen separate MSS., ranging from almost complete folios to fragments containing only two or three legible syllables.

The collection was placed unconditionally at my disposal by the authorities of the Academy, to whom are due my most grateful acknowledgments of their generosity, the more so because a complete transcription by Dr. W. Siegling accompanied the texts. It is hardly necessary to add that this transcription is a work of the highest care and competence which could only have been carried out by an expert in the deciphering of Central Asian documents. In doubtful cases I have compared his readings with the originals and have checked several lengthy passages systematically, but additions or corrections thus introduced could be counted on the fingers of one hand. The text which follows can, therefore, be presented with a confidence which I could not have felt in a decipherment of my own; for apart from the normal difficulties of this script, blurred and mutilated characters abound.
Studies in the Morphology of Bodic Verbs
Authors: Shafer Robert
Published: January 2010

Verb roots remain constant in most Sino-Tibetan languages. But in; Burmese the consonantal initial of some verb roots alternates from an unaspirated surd in the intransitive to the corresponding aspirated surd in the transitive. And in some Tibeto-Burmic languages, particularly in the Himalayas, we find verbs with a sonant initial in the intransitive and a corresponding surd in the transitive. Diversity of form reaches the extreme in Old Bodish (classical Tibetan), where no positional phoneme of the verb is necessarily constant—whether consonantal prefix, consonantal initial, medial vowel, “final” consonant, or “suffixed” consonant.
A Transcription for Cantonese Notes on Mr. Yuen Ren Chao's “Cantonese Primer”
Authors: Barnett K. M. A.
Published: January 2010

Any work of Mr. Chao, “the father of Chinese phonetics,” must command respect. It is not, therefore, without a sense of the boldness of my under-taking that I venture in the following pages to suggest ways in which it is possible to improve upon the system of transcription he has laid down for Cantonese.

The introduction is worth careful study by the student of any foreign language. In it Mr. Chao says, with great justice: “The problem which an Occidental student of Chinese has to face first is to learn what the language and writing are and not what they might better be… the most practical point of view is the scientific, empirical one of learning about what is.” There-fore a book about Cantonese intended for the student of Cantonese should describe Cantonese as it is: there should be no attempt to normalize the irregular, to simplify the difficult, to rationalize the irrational; it is as dangerous to strain the links between Cantonese and National Chinese by over-emphasizing analogies as it is to deny the existence of the links and analogies altogether. Many foreign works on Cantonese reflect the antipathy towards the NgoaykoangIhoo which the authors have absorbed from long residence in Kwangtung: so that any turn of phrase which betrays Kwoakyux influence, any modification of pronunciation which tends to obscure any of the divergencies between the tongue of Canton and that of Peiping, are regarded as deviations and not simply condemned but, what is worse, ignored.
The Language Problem in the Anglo-Japanese Negotiations of 1854
Authors: Beasley W. G.
Published: January 2010

At the beginning of September 1854, almost six months after Commodore Perry had concluded his convention with Japan, Sir James Stirling, Commander-in-Chief of the British East Indies fleet, took his squadron into Nagasaki harbour to negotiate with the Japanese officials there. Unlike Perry, his primary object was not to obtain a treaty of commerce and friendship. War between Britain and Russia had broken out in March, and it was his duty to hunt down, if possible to destroy, Admiral Poutiatin's squadron then in Pacific waters. This task, he realized, would be made much easier if he could use Japanese ports for obtaining stores and refitting on the terms usually allowed a belligerent by a neutral state, and if this meant that Russia could use those ports on similar terms, he was confident that he could deny her access to them by his own greater strength at sea. In fact, whatever secret hopes he may have had as to the ultimate effect of his discussions on Anglo-Japanese relations, Stirling went to Nagasaki principally to settle a point of practical importance to his conduct of naval operations. He wished to know in what light the Japanese government would view the use'of its ports by the belligerents, and was ready to suggest, perhaps insist on, a policy favourable to Great Britain.

Despite this limited objective, there followed an exchange of letters, some weeks of waiting, and a number of discussions with the Nagasaki Bugyoo (the Governor of Nagasaki), as a result of which Stirling obtained a convention similar in many respects to that of Perry, though somewhat more restricted in its provisions.
A Poem from Siu from the Swahili-Arabic text
Authors: Harries Lyndon
Published: January 2010

Among the ancient towns of the Swahili coast Siu is reputed to be one of the oldest. Stigand wrote: “The people of Siu claim that their town is older than that of Pate.” The poem that follows was written by Sayyid ‘Umar bin Amin bin ‘Umar bin Amin bin Nadhir al-Ahdal, who lived at Siu as Kadhi during the time of Mohammad bin Mataka and when Sayyid Majid, the Sultan of Zanzibar, attacked Siu in A.h. 1273 (A.d. 1856). The composer left a number of other poems, including some written in praise of the Prophet which are still recited in East African mosques on the Birth Day of the Prophet.

The present work is of the type formerly known as Waji-waji, an archaic Swahili word for a didactic poem. It is written in the well-known Arabic method of five lines to a verse. Generally this method was employed in composite work, one man composing two or three lines of each verse and another adding the rest but following the style and the meaning. In Sayyid Amin's poem the first three lines in a verse are complete in themselves, while the last two lines are added only to expand the meaning or to give a taste to the verse. Even so, a special feature of this poem indicates that it is the work of one man. Each fourth line begins with a letter of the Swahili-Arabic alphabet. He excludes the letters pei and vei, which are not used with much frequency by most Swahili scribes, the letters bei and fei being preferred.
Muslim institutions of learning in eleventh-century Baghdad
Authors: Makdisi George
Published: January 2010

The history of Baghdad in the second half of the eleventh century is dominated by the name of the great Saljūqid minister, Niẓām al-Mulk, a name linked to an extensive network of institutions founded by him throughout the lands of the eastern caliphate: the Niẓāmīya colleges. Most widely known among them was the college in Baghdad, founded in 457/1065 and inaugurated in 459/1067. The renown of the Niẓāmīya of Baghdad, both in medieval oriental sources as well as in studies undertaken by modern Oriental and Western scholars, is such that it is the first institution likely to come to the mind of a person familiar with the period's history. Whenever historians have put their efforts into the field of Muslim education in the Middle Ages, whether in a general or specialized way, they have seldom failed to mention the fame of the college. Efforts have been made to establish the list of its professors and the most famous among its students; approximations have been made as to the date of its disappearance; investigations have been pursued to determine its exact location on Baghdad's east side; causes of its decline have been proposed; a whole treatise and other learned articles have been devoted to the history of this college alone.
Vowel harmony in Lhasa Tibetan: prosodic analysis applied to interrelated vocalic features of successive syllables
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: January 2010

In his phonemic analysis of Lhasa Tibetan in Love songs of the sixth Dalai Lama Jaw Yuanrenn (Y. R. Chao) notices ‘variations’ of some of the phonemes, and ascribes some of these ‘variations’ to differences in tempo or to chance: of the phoneme that he writes as ‘e’ he says ‘ i, 10 3 khrel gzhung tş'ilcuῃtş'ilcuŋ’ [it may sometimes change to l, e.g. in song 10, line 3, khrel gzhung tş'cuῃ is pronounced tş'ilcuῃ]; of the phoneme ‘a’, ‘ә 1 2 lam buhi lamp'ø lәmpø’ [it may change to ә in rapid speech, e.g. in song 4, line 2, lam buhi lamp'ø is pronounced lәmpø]; and of the phoneme ‘o’, ‘u, 36 3 rlung po luŋpo luŋbu’ [it may occasionally be pronounced u, e.g. in song 36, line 3, rlung po luŋpo is pronounced lunbu]; but a phonological analysis of the speech of Rinzin Wangpo (rig-'dzin dbang-po) (R.), a Lhasa-dialect-speaking Tibetan, overwhelmingly suggests that vowel alternations such as these should be attributed to vowel harmony.
An autograph manuscript of 'Urābī Pāshā
Authors: Schofield G.
Published: January 2010

The Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies has recently acquired an autograph MS by Aḥmad 'Urābī al-Miṣrī, the leader of the Egyptian revolt of 1881–2.
The Vasudevahiṇḍi, a Specimen of Archaic Jaina-Māhārāṣṭrī
Authors: Alsdorf L.
Published: January 2010

IN the Introduction to his edition of the Āvaśyaka tales the late Professor Leumann wrote on p. 1 : “ Since-as may be easily understood—Jacobi, when he endeavoured to utilize the language and contents of the Jaina tales for Indology, started with the Uttarādhyayana Ṭikā, of Devendra which was in his possession, and since this author, belonging as he does to the period of decadence and therefore more familiar with Sanskrit, writes a rather doubtful Prakrit—therefore the editor was chiefly concerned with the establishing of a thoroughly reliable Prakrit text … that was to be suitable for clearing the way for a more correct judgment and utilization of medieval Jaina Prakrit.” The appearance of the first portion of Leumann's text was welcomed by Pischel in his Pkt grammar (§ 21) in the following terms: ” The most important text in JM is : Die Āvaśyaka-Erzählungen. Herausgegeben von Ernst Leumann. 1. Heft. Leipzig 1897. The absence of any commentary unfortunately renders the understanding rather difficult; some passages remain wholly obscure. But even these few forms show that from texts in JM we may yet expect much new and important material.”
Modern Literary Hindī
Authors: Bakannikov A.
Published: January 2010

There was a prevailing opinion in English linguistic literature that the modern prose Hindī, High Hindī, or Kharī bolī, was invented by the English.

This point of view was maintained some time ago by such a highly authoritative scholar as Sir G. A. Grierson. Thus, in the preface to his work on the history of Hindī literature he says : “ The first half of the nineteenth century … was the period of the birth of the Hindī language, invented by the English, and first used as a vehicle of literary prose composition in 1803 under Gilchrist‘s tuition, by Lallū Jī Lāl, the author of the Prem Sāgar.”
The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

The “North-Western Prakrit” as Konow has called it is represented by the following documents.

(1) The two versions of Aśoka's edicts preserved at Mansehra’ and Shahbazgarhi. At this stage many of the characteristic features of the language have not yet developed, e.g. śr > ṣ, śv > śp.

(2) The later Kharoṣṭhi inscriptions, mostly short, collected by Konow in the second volume of the Corp. Inscr. Ind.

(3) The Kharoṣṭhi manuscript of the Dhammapada discovered near Khotan (Manuscript Dutreuil du Rhins).

(4) The Kharoṣṭhi documents from Niya, representing the administrative language of the Shan-Shan kingdom in the third century A.D. In the Journ. As., 1912, pp. 337 ff., J. Bloch examined the dialectical peculiarities of the Manuscript Dutreuil du Rhins and showed that they appeared in modern times in the languages of the North-West.
On the Alphabetic Notation of Certain Phonetic Features of Malayalam
Authors: Butlin Raymond T.
Published: January 2010

It is proposed here to offer some considerations on the representationof certain Malayalam 1 sounds. It is not the purpose of these notes to present a detailed laboratory account of the acoustic and physiological phenomena to be symbolized, but while characterizing these phenomena sufficiently for the reader to appreciate their general nature, rather to consider certain specific phonetic circumstances of their occurrence and the significance of these in the elaboration of anotational system.
Śakadhūma
Authors: Charpentier Jarl
Published: January 2010

Literature: Weber, Omina und Portenta (1858), p. 363; Naxatra, ii (1861), pp. 272, n., 393; Ind. Studien, v, 257, x,65; Haug, Sitzber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., 1875, ii, 506; Zimmer, Ai. Leben, p. 353; Ludwig, Rig-Veda, iii, 187; Bloomfield, J AOS., xiii, p. cxxxiv sqq.; AJPh., vii, 484 sqq.; Atharva Veda, p. 81;SBE., xlii, 532 sqq.; Whitney-Lauman, Atharva-Veda, pp. 377 sq.;Henry, La Magie dans I'lnde antique, pp. 68 sqq.; Oldenberg, RV Noten, i, 160; Caland, Ai. Zauberritual, pp. 16, n. 13; 175, n. 8;Papesso, Inni dell' Atharva-Veda, p. 127, n.
Mittelpersisch vēnōk “Erbse (Linse?)”
Authors: Geiger Von Bebnhaed
Published: January 2010

Das Wort kommt im Frahang ī Pahl., iv, 2, in der auf die Getreidearten Weizen, Gerste, Hirse folgenden Reihe der Hülsenfrüclite vor: . Seine Lesung, Herkunft und Bedeutung sind aber bisher nicht festgestellt. Das Pahl.-Pazand Gloss, von Jamaspji Asa-Haug bietet vînûk mit der unrichtigen Bedeutungsangabe “a seed, grain for agricultural purposes”. Sie beruht auf der irrigen Annahme Anquetils (vgl. auch Justi, Bund., p. 267 3), dass im Frahang das Wort (alles falsche Schreibungen für ═ aram. “Samenkorn”) noch als Erklärung zu dem vorhergehenden gehört. Die traditionelle Aussprache von ist vīnag, vīnūg, vīnū, vīnī (Junker, Frahang 115 sub ). Um dasselbe Wort handelt es sich natürlich in der Stelle Gr. Bund. 117, 2 f., wo in der Klasse der Getreidepflanzen nach (Weizen), (Gerste) und (nicht Reis, sondern statt Hirse : Frah. i¯ PH., iv, 1; Bund., ed. Justi 64,17 , vgl.WZKM, 26, 1912, 300) noch aufgezählt werden:
Note on the Ancient North-Western Prakrit
Authors: Konow Sten
Published: January 2010

The discoveries in Chinese Turkestan have brought to light extensive remains of one or two ancient Indian dialects. In the first place we have the Dutreuil de Rhins manuscript, which has found its way to Paris and Leningrad, and, in the second, the numerous Kharosthī documents found by Sir Aurel Stein and now available in the splendid edition of Messrs. Boyer, Rapson, and Senart. I shall distinguish them as Dhp. and Doc. respectively.
The Military Colonization of the Caucasus and Armenia under the Sassanids
Authors: Kramers J. H.
Published: January 2010

The ancient Arabic historian al-Balāurī (d. 892) begins his chapter on the conquest of Armenia by a description of the political conditions of those regions in Sassanian times. According to the local historical tradition, obtained from inhabitants of several Armenian towns, there had been a time when the people of the Hazars in Southern Russia were making continuous raids over the Caucasus passes and penetrated Persia as far as al-Dīnawar in Media. The first king to take energetic measures against these raids was Kubā (Kawā, 488–531). One of his generals ravaged Arrān (Albania) between the Araxes and the Kura; then Kubā came himself and founded or, better, fortified in this region the towns of al-Baylakān, Bara'a, and Kabala. He erected also a wall of brick which extended from the country of Širwān in the east as far as the pass called Bāb al-Lān, the “Pass of the Alans”. His work was completed by his son Kisrā Anūširwān (usraw I, 531–579), who fortified farther to the north the towns of al-Šābirān and Maskat, and finally the very strong town of al-Bāb wa'1-Abwāb, on the site of the later Derbend.
Zur Schrift und Sprache der Kharoṣṭhī-Dokumente
Authors: Ludebs Von Hbineich
Published: January 2010

Die Ausgabe der von Sir Aurel Stein in Ostturkestan gefundenen Dokumente in Kharoṣṭhī-Schrift ist eine Leistung, die jedem, der sich mit ihr beschäitigt, ehrliche Bewunderung abnötigen muss. Allerdings wird es noch langer Arbeit bedürfen, ehe diese sprachlich wie sachlich gleich wichtigen Urkunden dem vollen Verständnis erschlossen sind. Vielleicht werden auch die folgenden Bemerkungen als einkleiner Beitrag zu diesem Ende von Interesse sein.
Syntax of the Past Tense in Old Rājasthāni
Authors: Paṇḍit B. S.
Published: January 2010

PROFESSOR J. BLOCH in L'Indo-aryen du Veda aux temps modernes, p. 271 f., has discussed the passage of the passive construction of the past tense of transitive verbs (based on the past participle of Sanskrit) into an active construction in which the verb agrees in number and gender with the logical subject. It is obvious that during the course of this evolution there were periods of fluctuation. An astonishing fluctuation is found in the Rājasthānī MS. Nala kī bāta (R.A.S. Todd Coll. No. 81), written at some date prior to A.D. 1806.
Sanskrit sá and sáh
Authors: Rapson E. J.
Published: January 2010

The forms of the nominative singular of the demonstrative pronoun or definite article and of the relative pronoun in Sanskrit and Greek correspond exactly in accordance with the regular soundchanges of each language:—
Pāli bhūnaha
Authors: Saksena Baburam
Published: January 2010

The word bhūnaha occurs thrice in Canonical Pāli literature: (a) in the Sutta-nipāta as sg. voc. bhūnahu; (b) in the Majjhima Nikāya as sg. gen. bhūnahuno; and (c) in the Jātaka as pi. nom. bhūnahuno.
On the “Uralian” Element in the Drāvida and the Mundā Languages
Authors: Schbadeb F. Otto
Published: January 2010

It will be remembered that sixty years ago Bishop Caldwell expressed the opinion “that the Dravidian languages occupy a position of their own between the languages of the Indo-European family and those of the Turanian or Scythian group”, and that, whereas the particulars of agreement with the Indo-European family pointed only to a “very indefinite as well as very remote”, if at all any “real relationship”, those with the “Scythian” family, and especially the Finnish-Ugrian languages, were so close and so numerous that they naturally suggested “the idea of a common descent”.
Some words found in Central Asian Documents
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: January 2010

Mr. Burrow's interpretation (supra, Bulletin, p. 514) of the word hinajhasya in No. 661 of Kharoṣṭhī Inscriptions … transcribed and edited by A. M. Boyer, E. J. Rapson and É. Senart involves a number of conjectural or improbable elements.
Some Dravidian Prefixes
Authors: Tuttle Edwin H.
Published: January 2010

Brâhui regularly has a for ancient short e, and e for ancient weak stressed ai. Brâhui kane (me) corresponds to a blend of Tamil dative enakku and accusative ennai, with the dative-formant prefixed instead of being suffixed: . This inversion of the usual arrangement, parallel with English thereby = by that, is oneof the few cases where a prefix is plainly visible in Dravidian.
Altindische und mittelindische Miszellen
Authors: Wackernagel Von J.
Published: January 2010

Altpers. ubrtam abaram ist von Tedesco, Zschr.fur Indol. 2, 44 if., und von Altheim ebenda 3, 33, zu richtiger Deutung ähnlicherAwesta-Stellen verwertet worden. (Vgl. auch Lommel, Or. Literatur-Ztg. 1934, 180, der eine leise Abweichung zwischen den beiden Sprachen in der Verwendung der Phrase feststellt.) Merkwürdiger Weise hatkeiner der beiden Gelehrten darauf hingewiesen, dass sich dieselbe Wendung auch im Indischen findet.
The Aramaic nomen agentis qātōl and some similar phenomena of Arabic
Authors: Bravmann M. M.
Published: January 2010

Aramaic possesses, besides the ordinary (active) participles, certain additional forms of a similar meaning, mainly appearing in substantival use and commonly called nomina agentis. As far as the so-called derived stems of the verb are concerned, these nomina agentis are formed from the participle of each verbal stem through the addition of the ending-ān. In the basic stem of the verb, the ordinary participle of which has the form qātil (qātel), the nomen agentis appears as qātōl.
The safe-conduct in Muslim chancery practice
Authors: Wansbrough John
Published: January 2010

One of the several branches of Islamic law in which practice diverged most sharply from theory was the law of commerce. The divergence is especially striking in two respects: regular imposition of taxes regarded by the shariī‘a as illegal, and reliance upon written documents as legal proof of transactions for which juridical theory demanded only oral evidence of witnesses. A third problematical aspect of commercial law was the juridical status of the non-Muslim merchant in Dār al-Islām. Matters pertaining thereto were loosely subsumed by the jurists under the term amān, associated specifically with the law of war, and defined by recourse to as much precedent as could be gleaned from the Qur'ān and from the example of the Prophet and of the earliest Muslim communities. The consequences of this procedure have posed several historical problems upon which it is hoped the present paper will throw some light.
The Sanskrit text of the Siddhasāra
Authors: Emmerick R. E.
Published: January 2010

The Siddhasāra of Ravigupta, son of Durgagupta, is known in three main versions, the original Sanskrit, the Tibetan, and the Khotanese. Each is important for certain reasons. The Sanskrit text is important mainly because of its date. Although the extant MSS are late—they have been assigned to A.D. 1374 and 1443 respectively —the original must be earlier than A.D. 1000, after which date we have no Khotanese. It is likely to be considerably earlier, but we have no evidence at present to enable us to fix the date with precision. If the Jinamitra who, with Ādityavarman and Candra, translated the Tibetan version is the same as the Jinamitra who took part in the compilation of the Mahāvyutpatti in the first quarter of the ninth century, the date of the composition of the Sanskrit text must precede A.D. 800. The occasional line is identical with one in Suśruta or in Caraka, but in a land of floating traditions this may not amount to much. In the colophon, preserved imperfectly in one of the two Sanskrit MSS and given in full in Tibetan, Ravigupta acknowledges only two sources by name: Dhanvantari and Ātreya, the two sages who are usually held to have been involved in the transmission of medical knowledge from on high. This too is unhelpful.
The Position and Power of the Mamlūk Sultan
Authors: Holt P. M.
Published: January 2010

I could not say much of the Mamalucs, of whom I know no author that has written in particular: neither did they deserve that any should. For they were a base sort of people, a Colluvies of slaves, the scum of all the East, who, having treacherously destroyed the Jobidae, their Masters, reigned in their stead; and bating that they finished the expulsion of the Western Christians out of the East (where they barbarously destroyed Tripoli, and Antioch, and several other Cities) they scarce did anything worthy to be recorded in History.
A descriptive outline of Kemant
Authors: Appleyard D. L.
Published: January 2010

Kemant is spoken in the districts of Kärkär and Čəlga, to the north and west of the town of Gondar in north-west Ethiopia. The type of Kemant described in this paper is that of Kärkär only, collected in Gondar itself and in and around Təkəl Dangay, a little to the north of Gondar. Kemant belongs to the Agaw group of Cushitic languages.2 The material for this paper was collected in the field during the winter of 1973–4. Several informants were used, but principally Taddäsä Zäwdu of Təkəl Dəngay and Gäbrä ∃gziabəher Alämu of Gondar. It is not possible here to give any accurate figure for the number of Kemant speakers. However, Kemant does appear to be under heavy pressure from Amharic, and all my informants were bilingual in both Amharic and Kemant.
New evidence on the origins of the Kunta—II
Authors: Whitcomb Thomas
Published: January 2010

It would seem that the genealogy given in the fragment of the text of Sīdī Aḥmad al-Bakkāy might be more authentic than the one given in the Ghallāwiyya. While the importance given to ancestresses in the text of Sīdī Aḥmad al-Bakkāy and its attempt to explain an individual's origins in terms of diversity rather than by a single patriline descending from one important ancestor certainly set it apart from later western Saharan genealogies and from Arab and Muslim genealogies in general, it is obviously a more realistic picture of origins, as a person's ancestors double with each earlier generation rather than becoming fewer. Also, the text of Sīdī Ahmad al-Bakkāy, which is older than the Ghallāwiyya, does not take the genealogies back as far as the later work which, however, is not convincing because of many apparent errors and illogicalities.
A Tonal Analysis of the Disyllabic Noun in the Machame Dialect of Chaga
Authors: Sharp A. E.
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with certain features of the Bantu dialect spoken at Machame on the western slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanganyika Territory. It arises very largely as the result of work done in London with the help of Mr. S. J. Ntiro, whose home is in Machame, but in part from observations made in the field during study-leave in Africa. The subject-matter of what follows is narrowly circumscribed, but the treatment is relevant to problems of more general interest in linguistic analysis, especially those involved in the analysis of so-called ‘ tone languages ’.

The material to be considered consists of disyllabic words of which the syntactical function is identical except in so far as they are sub-categorized by features of grammatical concord: it is by reference to this function that these words are here called ‘ nouns ’. They are all equally analysable in terms of a single prefix and a stem.
Tāla and melody in early Indian music: a study of Nānyadeva's Pāṇikā songs with musical notation
Authors: Widdess D. R.
Published: January 2010

Detailed information about the rhythmic organization of Indian art-music in the pre-Muslim period is provided by three Sanskrit treatises: theNātyaśāstraattributed to Bharata (compiled before the fifth century A.D.: hereafter cited as BhNS); theDattilamof Dattila (DD; of similar date); and theSaṅgītaratnākaraof Śārṅgadeva (SSR; written between 1210 and 1247). The system of rhythm described in these texts differs in many respects from the tālasystems of modern North and South Indian music. It is therefore of the greatest interest to find, albeit in a comparatively late source (c.1100), examples of melodies from the pre-Muslim period preserved in notation, which appear to exemplify the early Indian rhythmic system, and from which it is possible to draw conclusions about the relationship between tala and melody.
Zoroaster the priest
Authors: Boyce Mary
Published: January 2010

The fact that Zoroaster was a priest, azaotar, is likely to have been of considerable influence in nurturing and shaping his spiritual life; and in more than one study of Zoroastrianism it has been given due prominence, without, however, its implications being fully explored. There seems room, therefore, for a further attempt to assess, as far as the evidence allows, the relevance of Zoroaster's priesthood for the evolution of his doctrines.
Notes on some rare words in Sanskrit and their etymology
Authors: Burrow T.
Published: January 2010

According to Vārttika 5 on Pāṇini, 4.2.36—aver dugdhe soḍhadūsamarīsacaḥ—the ‘suffixes’ soḍha-, dūsa-, and marīsa- are added to the stem avi- ‘sheep’ in the sense of ‘milk’. These elements cannot be suffixes in the ordinary sense of the term, but rather words appearing as the second members of the respective compounds. The reason that they were treated as suffixes by the grammarian was no doubt the fact that the words were not used independently, but only as members of these compounds. Originally, however, they must have existed as independent words.
Island-Bay and the lion
Authors: Gershevitch Ilya
Published: January 2010

The onomasticon of the Elamite Fortification tablets from Persepolis, so generously placed at the disposal of Professor Benveniste and myself by Professor Hallock, keeps yielding precious pearls. Benveniste published in 1966 those which he had recognized. In the following year I sent to the printer a list of additional identifications, giving notice of more to follow. The present tribute to one of the giants of Iranian studies, whose massive work, countless discoveries, immense erudition, and many tokens of personal friendship have been a constant source of inspiration to me for decades, brings a selection of further identifications, as well as some revision of earlier views. The need to select was dictated by space-limit. An article containing what had here to be omitted, is being timed so as to appear in TPS shortly after the present one.
Some aspects of the phonology of the Prakrit underlying the Aśokan inscriptions
Authors: Norman K. R.
Published: January 2010

It is a matter of considerable regret that no copy of the Aśokan inscriptions has been found at Pātaliputra. Such a version, inscribed at the capital of Aśoka's empire, might have been expected to be in the language of the capital itself, and therefore by implication in the official language of the court and secretariat. There can be no doubt that many of the difficulties which face us in the task of interpreting the Aśokan inscriptions arise because of errors in the translation from the Pkt. of the original into the Pkts. of the various regions. Possession of the Pātaliputra version would enable us to read the inscriptions free from such translation errors.
The Pahlavi inscription at Mishkīn
Authors: Nyberg H. S.
Published: January 2010

Āẕarbāyjān has not hitherto yielded any contribution to Sasanian Pahlavi epigraphy, but now we have a specimen. A Pahlavi inscription, dated in the 27th year of Shāpūr II, has been found outside the little town of Mishkīn, in the centre of Mughān. The history of its discovery and publication is as follows.

1. Dr. Kambakhsh Fard discovers the inscription in the summer of 1966 during a Persian archaeological expedition to Āẕarbāyjān; photographs are taken and sent to Tehran.
The Wu-sun and Sakas and the Yüeh-chih migration
Authors: Pulleyblank E. G.
Published: January 2010

In an appendix to the article ‘Chinese and Indo-Europeans’ it was shown that, contrary to the view put forward but never demonstrated by the eighteenth-century scholar Ts'ui Shih, and adopted by the eminent sinologists Paul Pelliot and G. Haloun, chapter 123 of the Shih-chi on ‘Ta-yüan’ could not have been reconstituted from parallel passages in the Han shu but must have been the source for the latter—as one would naturally assume if doubts had never been raised. In summing up the evidence I noted that the most important discrepancies between Shih-chi, 123, and the Han shu concerned the Wu-sun and Sakas and I argued that one must assume that the Han shu had grafted separate, additional, material on to the account in the Shih-chi. I did not, however, go into the matter in detail. This is the burden of the present article.
Buddha frees the disc of the moon (Candrasūtra)
Authors: Waldschmidt Ernst
Published: January 2010

The Candimā-sutta or ‘discourse on the moon’ in the Samyuttanikāya of the Pali canon based on the Indian myth according to which eclipses of the moon as well as of the sun are caused by a demon named Rāhu ‘the Seizer’, who is supposed to try to lay hold of one or the other of the two planets at certain times. The Sutta reports that on such an occasion the god dwelling in the moon takes his refuge in the Buddha who successfully shows his power and pity by directing Rāhu emphatically to set the moon at once at liberty.
Avestan dušərəθrīš (Y 49.I)
Authors: Kuiper F. B. J.
Published: January 2010

It is a common experience in Avestan studies that a seemingly novel explanation on closer inspection turns out to have already been published long ago but to have been disregarded by all later authors. A case in point is the Gāthichapax DušƏrƏθrīšY 49.I

which Hanns-Peter Schmidt (1968), 172 translates as follows: ‘Wahrlich, mit (Lebens-)Dauer erfiillt ist der Verpester, der sehr Grosse! Der ich auf die schlechtbehiiteten (Kühe) hinhören will mit der Wahrheit, o Weisheit…’. While the first line poses many problems, which, however, are not relevant in the context of this brief note, the general meaning of the second is not disputed.
An early testamentary document in Sanskrit
Authors: Mukherjee Tarapada , Wright J. C.
Published: January 2010

Among manuscripts and documents collected for the Vrindaban Research Institute (VBI) from the Rādhādāmodara Temple in Vrindaban (Uttar Pradesh) are two (referred to below as documents A and B) which contain the text of testamentary depositions in the name of Jiva Gosvāmī. He is known to have founded the Rādhādāmodara Temple and to have been alive at the dates given in the text. It was Jīva who, consolidating the work of his uncles Sanātana and Rūpa, definitively established Vrindaban as the headquarters of the Caitanyapanthī Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava sect. The testament, which envisages both posthumous implementation and possible revocation, contains Jlva's provisions for succession to the custody of the temple, idols, and library. The principal parties involved are known from other documents in the collection, and most names recur in Bhaktamāl and other related literary sources. Its over-riding importance lies, however, in the fact that no written Will has hitherto come to light in India, except those that are clearly influenced by European practice.
Two Pali etymologies
Authors: Norman K. R.
Published: January 2010

It seems appropriate, as a contribution to a volume in honour of a scholar who in a long series of brilliant etymological studies has solved many problems in Indo-Aryan philology, to offer a paper suggesting new etymologies for two Pali compound words which seem to be incorrectly denned in the Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary.
Dī- and uddī- ‘to fly’ in Indo-Aryan
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

The root dī- is found in the Rgveda some 13 times as dīyati and once as dàyaté (dàyamāna-), including once each with the preverbs nis and pári, and once in Satapatha-brāhmana in the intensive dédīyitavai. Pali has dayati (beside dēti) = uppatati.
Sh

ay

kh

Mā' Al-'Aynayn Al-Qalqamī in the folk-literature of the Spanish Sahara—II
Authors: Norris H. T.
Published: January 2010

May (God) bless the beginning (of the text) and favour its ending with good fortune. This is both said and written by Sīdi Sālim in praise of his Shaykh. Shaykh Mā' al-'Aynayn, may God prolong his life.
The Diaries of King Chulalongkorn
Authors: Wyatt David K.
Published: January 2010

More than 40 years ago, the private libraries built up by kings chulalong korn (1868–1910)and vajiravudh (1910–25) were handed over by King prajadhipok to the National Library of Thailand; and included in the gift were 10 large volumes countaining a typewritten transcript of manuscript diaries of chulalongkorn which had been made for vajiravudh in 1917. After the abolition of the a absolute monarchy in 1932, the Thai Fine Arts Department, created to take charge of the National Library and associated institutions, began to offer to inquirers seeking books to publish for free distribution at the cremations of their relative and friends portions of these diaries, the size of the portion tailored to meet theit budgets for this purpose. The first portion, of 74 printed pages, was distributed to guests at the cremation of Princess Arunawadī, a daughter of King Mongkut, in 1933. Nineteen parts were so published before the second World War, followed by volumes in 1944 and 1946; but it was not until the early 1960's that the project was resumed and the final volumes published, one in 1963 and two in 1965, the twenty-fourth and final volume appearing for the cremation of mm čhao Čhongkonnī Watthanawong, a grand-daughter of king Chulalongkorn.
Thomas Stephens, S.J., the First Englishman in India
Authors: Southwood James
Published: January 2010

[In view of the curiosity which has been aroused by the examination of the works of Father Thomas Stephens, S.J., preserved in the Marsden Collection—which has now been transferred from King's College to the School of Oriental Studies—the following biography of this first Englishman to visit India cannot fail to be of interest to our readers. The letter addressed by Thomas Stephens to his father, in which he recounts the incidents of his voyage to India, does not appear in print for the first time, but on account of its innate charm of style, and of the vivid picture it presents of a voyage round the Cape in the second half of the sixteenth century, it certainly deserves to be better known, and no excuse is required for its reproduction. —Editor.]
The Sindhi Recursives or Voiced Stops Preceded by Glottal Closure
Authors: Turner R. L.
Published: January 2010

Of the Primitive Indian stops it is true to say, as Dr. J. Bloch says of their descendants in Marāthī, that in most of the modern Indo-Aryan languages they have in principle remained unchanged. This is certainly true of initial stops; and although single intervocalic stops have with the exception of the cerebrals disappeared, new intervocalic stops, double or single, have been introduced as the result of assimilation among consonant groups.
Notes on the Jinn and the Ghoul in the Peasant Mind of Lower Egypt
Authors: Padwick Constance E.
Published: January 2010

Note.— The script used to represent Egyptian Arabic speech in these notes is that of the International Phonetics Association, with the necessary modifications for Egyptian Arabic sounds, as found in Gairdner's Egyptian Colloquial Arabic.
Critical Remarks on Intonation Research
Authors: Gjerdman O.
Published: January 2010

There is scarcely anything in language so meagrely dealt with by scholars as musical accent. That is particularly the case with such languages as have no so-called etymological tones; but musical accent in “tone languages” has also been most inadequately examined. The reason for this is of course that the student considers himself incapable of clearing up this side of the language he is examining. That it is, however, possible to penetrate very deep into the tone systems of a language without having a sharp ear for music (in the usual sense of the words) is shown in K. E. Laman's The Musical Accent or Intonation in the Kongo Language. This work is undoubtedly a most important attempt to disentangle the musical accents of a tone language, and deserves to be studied by all those who have an interest in such things, not only by Africanists. I do not propose here to give a regular review of it, but as I suppose most readers of this Bulletin do not know Laman's book, I will give a short summary of its contents.
The Dialects of the Zanzibar Sultanate
Authors: Ingrams W. H.
Published: January 2010

The language of Zanzibar par excellence is Swahili, and Zanzibar may be said to be the home of this language, not in the sense that its oldest form is spoken there, but because the Zanzibar dialect has come to be known best, owing to the writings of such men as Steere, Madan, Sacleux, and, to some extent, Krapf, though his dictionary is mainly devoted to the Mombasa dialect. Also in the days of the opening up of Africa, explorers and traders generally fixed up their caravans in Zanzibar, and these porters and soldiers journeyed into the far interior, some of them remaining there and thus making Swahili a lingua franca understood, as Steere says, along the coasts of Madagascar and Arabia, and in Central or inter-Tropical Africa, as well as by the Seedees (Sidis) in India.
The New Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum
Authors: Nyberg H. S.
Published: January 2010

The first traveller who brought copies of Pahlavi inscriptions to Europe was Garsten Niebuhr. On 2 March 1765, he arrived at Shīrāz, and on 13 March he went to Persepolis. In its surroundings he sojourned till 7 April, almost every day visiting its ruins and the monuments of Naqš-i Raj ab and Naqš-i Rustam, all of which he describes very minutely (Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern, 11, Copenhagen, 1778, 121–63). In the ruins of Persepolis he found and copied the Old Persian inscriptions on which Grotefend, in 1802, based the first decipherment of the Persian cuneiform script. At Naqš-i Rajab he copied three short inscriptions, each in two Pahlavi versions and a Greek translation, of the Sasanian kings Ardashir I, Shapur I, and Hornmd; and at Naqš-i Rustam the left corner, the tails of 23 very long lines, of a Pahlavi inscription which he could not identify at all. The short inscriptions, together with two kindred inscriptions of Shapur II and Shapur III at Tāq-i Bostān, were deciphered by Silvestre de Sacy (Mémoires sur diverses antiquités de la Perse, Paris, 1793), who thus initiated the Pahlavi palaeography. Carsten Niebuhr and Silvestre de Sacy have a claim to be called the fathers of this branch of Oriental research.
Remarks on the Avestan Hymn to Mithra
Authors: Thieme Paul
Published: January 2010

1. The importance of the Avesta for the study of the history of Iranian languages and religions is matched by the interest it holds for the Vedologist. Whoever attempts to fathom the prehistoric origins of Rigvedic poetry and ideas will have to turn to the sacred book of the Parsis, which on innumerable occasions will help him to check his reconstructions: it is one of the most serious defects of Bergaigne's treatment of the Ādityas in his Religion védique (III pp. 98 ff.) that he omitted to avail himself of this rich source of information. The Avestic evidence offers, in fact, often more than a check. There are instances where it can bring us nearer to Proto-Aryan origins than the Rigveda itself. This point was most impressively vindicated by Benveniste and Renou in their monograph Vṛtra et Vṛθragna (1934). Nowhere, however, does it become clear more immediately than in the case of God Mitra/Mithra. It was the Avestic evidence that enabled Meillet (J As., juillet-août 1907, 143 ff.) to establish his original nature as the personified Contract/Treaty.
Notes on Three Arabic Manuscripts in the British Museum
Authors: Kister M. J.
Published: January 2010

1. MS Or. 7698, entitled Ādāb al-murīdīn, was attributed by A. G. Ellis and E. Edwards to ‘Ubaidullāh b. Muḥammad b. ‘Abd al-'Azīz al-Samarqandā. The text begins on fol. 13a and is preceded in the MS by the ‘Ajā'ib al-qulūb of al-Samarqandī. A rather late note on the front page, by a hand different from that of the scribe of the two treatises, gives the contents of the MS as ‘Risāla fī ‘ajā'ib al-qulūb li-'Ubaidillāh b. Muḥammad b. ‘Abd al-'Azīz al-Samarqandī quddisa sirruhu: Kitīb Ādāb al-murīdīn’. Ellis and Edwards erroneously assumed that like the ‘Ajā'ib al-qulūb the Ādāb al-murīdīn was also by al-Samarqandī.