bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation is most important
Authors: Buzzi M Gabriella
Published: November 2023

The neurogenic inflammation (NI) model has served for several reasons during the last decade, particularly for the understanding of possible mechanisms in migraine attack pathophysiology and drug action. Briefly, NI represents vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation that follows release of vasoactive peptides such as CGRP, substance P (SP), and NKA from nerve endings upon activation of sensory fibres. As far as migraine pathophysiology is concerned, experimental NI is induced by either systemic administration of capsaicin (the pungent ingredient of hot pepper which is able to depolarize sensory fibres, or to abolish their functions when given to neonate animals) or by stimulating trigeminal sensory fibres by electrical stimulus in the rat.
In vivo serotonergic effects and extracellular brain levels of centrally and systemically administered eletriptan, zolmitriptan, and sumatriptan
Authors: Rollema Hans , Johnson David E , Schmidt Anne W , McHarg Aileen
Published: November 2023

Recent studies have suggested that central 5-HT1B/1D receptor activation in the trigeminal nucleus may contribute to the antimigraine activity of second-generation triptans. To examine the central serotonergic activity of triptans in a functional model, we compared the effects of sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and eletriptan on 5-HT release after their intracortical and systemic administration by in vivo microdialysis. We also measured triptan concentrations in cortical microdialysates to get an estimate of extracellular brain levels, while in vitro binding affinities and functional agonist potencies at the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors were determined to correlatein vivo effects with in vitro profiles.
Zolmitriptan offers doctor and patient choices for effective treatment of migraine
Authors: Torres Gerardo
Published: November 2023

Selective 5-HT1B/ID receptor agonists have revolutionized the acute treatment of migraine in recent years, providing effective and well-tolerated therapy specifically targeted at migraine. These agents are usually taken orally as tablets, combining high efficacy with ease of use, but this mode of administration also has some potential disadvantages for acute migraine therapy. Firstly, migraine attacks are often accompanied by nausea and/or vomiting, which may compromise the oral route of administration. In addition, gastric emptying is impaired during attacks, delaying the gastrointestinal absorption and onset of action of antimigraine medications. Finally, patients may dislike, or have difficulty with, swallowing conventional tablets. Eleven per cent of migraine patients surveyed in one study reported previous problems with taking conventional tablets, most commonly that taking them caused nausea.
Alteration in cluster headache during subcutaneous administration of sumatriptan
Authors: Hering-Hanit Rachel
Published: November 2023

Cluster headache (CH) is a clinically well-characterized disorder. The unilateral painful headache is associated with signs and symptoms of autonomic involvement. The attacks are short-lived, lasting an average of 30–120 min and are difficult to treat. Reported therapies for individual attacks include sumatriptan. When given subcutaneously sumatriptan reduces the severity of headache within 15 min. Studies on the efficacy and adverse effects of long-term treatment with sumatriptan in CH are limited and report conflicting findings.
Cardiovascular safety of frovatriptan in patients at high risk of or with known coronary artery disease during a migraine attack
Authors: McDaris H L , Satin L , Keywood Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Frovatriptan is a potent, cerebroselective 5-HT1B/1D agonist in development for the acute treatment of migraine. Preclinical pharmacology studies have shown frovatriptan to be potent and selective, with little or no effect on coronary artery diameter at concentrations which produced cerebral vasoconstriction. This was unlike sumatriptan, where concentrations that produced cerebral constriction in vitro also caused similar degrees of coronary constriction. Furthermore, in vivo, frovatriptan had little or no effect on the peripheral circulation. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and tolerability of one or two doses of frovatriptan 2.5 mg in migraine patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), or at high risk of CAD, during an acute migraine attack.
Lack of clinically significant interactions between frovatriptan and ergotamine, propranolol, or moclobemide
Authors: Buchan P , Ward C , Oliver S D , Stewart A J , Freestone S
Published: November 2023

Frovatriptan is a novel 5-HT1B/1D agonist being developed for the acute treatment of migraine. Ergotamine and propranolol are frequently used in the treatment of migraine, whereas the monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, moclobemide, is widely used in the treatment of depression, a condition that frequently coexists with migraine.
Clinical efficacy and tolerability of the triptans: discussion summary
Authors: Ferrari Michel D
Published: November 2023

The presentation on sumatriptan was focused on the potential benefits of early treatment. Several so far uncontrolled trials and a retrospective analysis of previously conducted trials suggest that treatment of migraine attacks at the mild headache stage provides significant benefits to the patients over treatment at a later stage, i.e. moderate or severe pain. Thus efficacy was higher and the recurrence rate was lower. It was concluded that properly designed prospective control trials on this topic should be conducted as soon as possible in order to establish that the concepts of a.s.a.p. treatment provides significant benefits to the patient compared to asking the patient to wait until the headache has reached the level of moderate or severe headache.
Acute management of migraine: clinical trials of triptans versus other agents
Authors: Lipton. Richard B , Goadsby Peter J
Published: November 2023

Despite the large number of acute treatment trials, we identified only five published double-blind studies which compare an oral triptan with a non-triptan for the acute treatment of migraine. In these studies, sumatriptan was compared with ergotamine caffeine, aspirin plus metoclopramide, lysine acetyl salicylate plus metoclopramide, to lfenamic acid, and diclofenac-potassium. Sumatriptan was superior to ergotamine caffeine, but no different than the other comparator compounds on the primary study endpoints. In four of the five studies, 2 h headache response for the first attack was the primary endpoint.
Migraine in France in 2000: therapeutical data
Authors: Lucas C , Lanteri-Minet M , Auray J P , Duru G , Chazot G , Dartigues J F , Henry P , Pradalier A , Hasnaoui A El , Gaudin A F
Published: November 2023

Over 10 years ago, a French national epidemiology study on migraine was presented at the Migraine Trust (1990). It was the first study to cover an entire country. The study provided data on the burden of migraine disease in terms of individual repercussions and quality of life, as well as on its global economic and social impact.
Bone diseases in children with chronic renal failure
Authors: Kuizon Beatriz D , Salusky Isidro B
Published: November 2023

Renal osteodystrophy represents a spectrum of disorders in bone and mineral metabolism that invariably develops in chronic renal failure. The pathogenesis of renal bone disease is multifactorial and includes disturbances in parathyroid gland function, parathyroid gland hyperplasia, and abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism. While various clinical manifestations of renal osteodystrophy are common to both children and adults with renal disease, certain consequences of this disorder are more profound in the immature skeleton. As such, bone deformities and slipped epiphyses are much more prevalent in younger children, and when left untreated may result in significant physical disability. Growth retardation is another prominent feature of renal osteodystrophy in children who develop renal failure early in life and is generally considered a major obstacle to full rehabilitation in this patient population. Such skeletal changes reflect disturbances in endochondral bone formation at the level of the epiphyseal growth plate in children with renal bone diseases. Accordingly, management of renal bone diseases is of critical importance in preventing the adverse and potentially debilitating consequences to bone growth and development.
Classical serum biochemistry and new biochemical markers
Authors: Schmidt-Gayk Heinrich E , Roth Heinz Jürgen , Bregulla Annette , Reichel Helmut , Halleen Jussi M , Ritz Eberhard , Drüeke Tilman B
Published: November 2023

Rapid progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of bone physiology and pathophysiology and in the clinical evaluation of patients with renal osteodystrophy. The classical serum biochemistry and new biochemical markers are discussed in the following section.

Calcium in serum (or plasma) is found in three fractions, namely the ionized fraction (Ca2+), the complexed fraction, and the protein-bound fraction. The sum of the three fractions is the total serum (or plasma) calcium, which is fairly constant in a healthy person. In a normal person, approximately 50% is ionized, 5–10% bound to low molecular weight ligands (bicarbonate, lactate, phosphate, and citrate; sometimes the calcium bound to low molecular weight ligands is described as ‘complexed’ calcium), and 40–45% protein-bound (mainly to albumin, less to globulins).
X-ray, US, CT, and MR imaging of skeleton and joints
Authors: Laredo Jean-Denis , Bardin Thomas
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of skeletal complications in long-term hemodialysis patients increases as the life expectancy of these patients improves. More than 50% of patients treated by intermittent hemodialysis for more than ten years experience skeletal complications. Renal osteodystrophy is a well-recognized complication of long-term hemodialysis. Specific joint complications have been recognized only more recently. They occur after several years of chronic hemodialysis treatment. Their pathophysiology is not fully understood and probably multifactorial including secondary hyperparathyroidism, aluminum toxicity, premature ageing of connective tissue, crystal deposition disease, and 2-microglobulin amyloidosis. Skeletal complications may strongly impair the autonomy of chronic hemodialysis patients and are one of the main problems associated with this treatment.
Management in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Cunningham John
Published: November 2023

Renal transplantation has a profound and diverse impact on the skeleton. The diversity arises partly because of interpatient variation in the status of pre-transplantation bone disease, and also because of the mixed impact of transplantation on the skeleton — the good and the bad are both identifiable in large measure.
The Way We Are
Authors: Downie R S
Published: November 2023

LOVE, birth, youth, and age are not pathological events or processes) but they can be of professional interest to doctors or nurses. Indeed) a large percentage of patients seen by general or family practitioners are within the ‘normal’range. Their‘ailments’are the outcomes of the stresses which accompany being alive) and humane advice can be professionally given without ‘medicalizing’ordinary problems. The people who speak or are described in this chapter are ordinary people whose experiences and problems are those of all of us) including doctors and nurses. It is appropriate that this is where we begin because this chapter celebrates our ordinary humanity which medicine exists to protect and enhance.
Doctors and Psychiatrists
Authors: Downie R S
Published: November 2023

DESCRIPTIONS of doctors and their doings abound in all the arts. Some are highly flattering. For example) Robert Louis Stevenson (1850—94) in the Dedication which prefaces his poems expresses the view ( and he had good reason to know) that the physician is the flower of our civilization. Generosity he has, such as is possible to those who practise an art, never to those who drive a trade; discretion, tested by a hundred secrets; tact, tried in a thousand embarrassments; and what are more important, Heraclean cheerfulness and courage. So it is that he brings air and cheer into the sickroom, and often enough, though not so often as he wishes, brings healing.
Healing
Authors: Downie R S
Published: November 2023

The idea of healing has never been completely medicalized. It is true that the surgeon ‘s knife can be called healing) but even surgeons will allow that whereas cutting may sometimes be necessary for healing it is never sufficient. This is because we are aware that healing involves our minds and our feelings—our spirits—as well as our bodies. Indeed) it is perfectly natural to go along with Handel and allow that music can heal our sadness. This section records a few of the many ways—operations) taking the waters) spells) painting) music—in which human beings have pursued healing.
Research
Authors: Downie R S
Published: November 2023

UNGER T AINTY of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are inevitable in medicine, and the only way ahead is through research. There have been notable advances, such as William Harvey’ s discovery of the circulation of the blood, but many less successful investigations. One of these is amusingly described by Richard Asher. Individual doctors and all others involved in health care—I have chosen a doctor and a pharmacist—must keep their own ideas up to date, and the passages selected make it clear that this is not always easy. Perhaps it would be easier to keep up to date professional journals were written in a more lively manner, as Richard Asher suggests.
Modifying the drinking context
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

Alcohol use takes place within a social, cultural, and community context. Therefore, heavy consumption can be modified and problems reduced by using strategies that change this context. Such efforts are considered harm reduction measures in that they start from an acceptance that there will be consumption of alcoholic beverages and seek to modify or limit the drinking or the drinking environment so that potential harm is minimized. The measures considered in this chapter generally target the drinking environment, particularly environments where alcohol is sold and consumed. Therefore, their effectiveness does not depend on the support or compliance of individual drinkers, although such support may enhance the measures’ effects. Prevention directed at high-risk drinking environments such as licensed premises provides an alternative or complement to broadly focused prevention measures such as alcohol pricing and individual approaches such as treatment.
Regulating alcohol promotion
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

Alcohol marketing is now a global industry, in which the largest corporations have an international reach across industrialized countries and into new markets in developing nations (Jernigan 1997; Walsh 1997; Parry 1998; Riley and Marshal 1999; WHO 1999). The resulting coherence of marketing strategies is contributing to convergence between traditional patterns of drinking in different countries (Gual and Colom 1997). Alcohol brands marketed world-wide and those targeted to local markets are promoted through an integrated mix of strategies: television, radio and print advertisements, point of sale promotions, and the internet. Niche markets are developed by associating these brands with a range of different sports, lifestyles, and consumer identities.
Treatment and early intervention services
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

Alcohol policies are primarily the concern of local, regional, and national governments, which often view the provision of treatment as part of a comprehensive approach to alcohol-related problems. In addition to its value in the reduction of human suffering, treatment can be considered as a form of prevention. When it occurs soon after the onset of alcohol problems, it is called secondary prevention; when it is initiated to control the damage associated with chronic drinking, it is called tertiary prevention. As one of the first societal responses to alcohol problems, treatment interventions have not been critically examined as policy options, despite the resources they consume and the scientific evidence that is available concerning their effectiveness and costs. This chapter examines the scientific basis of alcohol treatment policies in terms of research on the effectiveness and costs of a wide range of treatment interventions.
Alcohol policies: a consumer’s guide
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg
Published: November 2023

People consume not only goods, but also services, and alcohol policy is one such service. In any jurisdiction alcohol policy serves two purposes: to enhance the benefits resulting from the use of beverage alcohol, and to contain and reduce alcohol-related harms. Citizens have the right to assess and audit policies on health care provision, education, and crime prevention. They also deserve to know whether enacted alcohol policies are apt and well chosen. Alcohol policy issues overlap with almost every aspect of the public policy domain. Alcohol-related issues are pervasively important for the state at both central and local levels; they cannot be minimized or ignored. In an age of consumerism, it behoves policy-makers to ensure that alcohol policies are fashioned with public health interests in mind.
White matter changes in vascular dementia
Authors: Scheltens Philip
Published: November 2023

Leukoaraiosis was a term originally used to describe hypodense subcortical areas on CT (Hachinski et al. 1987), although it is now often used to describe white matter lesions seen by T2-weighted MRI as well.
Post-stroke dementia
Authors: Hénon Hilde , Pasquier Florence , Leys Didier
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of dementia in stroke survivors varies depending upon the population studied, the criteria used for the diagnosis of dementia, and the time interval between stroke and neuropsychological assessment.
Vasculitis, collagen vascular disease, and vascular dementia
Authors: Futrell Nancy
Published: November 2023

The role of vascular factors in the production of dementia, and even the incidence of dementia, is obscured by the failure to classify the nature of neurological dysfunction in many of these diseases.
Menstrual problems
Authors: Rees Margaret C P
Published: November 2023

Disorders of menstruation form a significant part of the general practitioner’s work. This is not surprising since women will each experience about 400 menstruations between the menarche and the menopause. In a national community survey undertaken by MORI in 1990, 31% of women reported heavy periods. Of these, one-third had consulted a doctor within the past 4 months. The Fourth National Morbidity Survey in General Practice (1991–1992) (the latest figures since this survey is undertaken every 10 years) showed that for women aged 25–44 the consultation rates for menorrhagia were 65 per 1000 person-years at risk: and 5% women aged 30–49 consult their general practitioner for menorrhagia in one year. Menorrhagia is the main presenting complaint in women referred to gynaecologists and accounts for two-thirds of all hysterectomies, and nearly all endoscopic endometrial destructive surgery.
Contraception
Authors: Guillebaud John
Published: November 2023

About 75% of women choose to consult their general practitioner (GP) for contraception, although some still prefer the anonymity and specialization of the Family Planning Association (FPA) clinic. General practitioners are potentially in the most favourable position to offer good advice, being already familiar with the patient’s health and life circumstances. But some practices perpetuate the myth that contraception equates to ‘the Pill’ (like vacuum cleaners equate solely to ‘Hoovers’) and so deprive their patients of other choices, or devote too little time and skill to counselling. Research shows that not being given enough information about contraceptive methods is associated with women being dissatisfied, with not using methods correctly, and with abandoning contraception even if they do not want to get pregnant (Contraceptive Education Service 1996).
Unwanted pregnancy and abortion
Authors: Davidson Lis , Reeve Joanne
Published: November 2023

Most general practitioners (GPs) will be familiar with the clinical scenario of a woman who is unhappy about her pregnancy. For some this will arouse uncomfortable feelings. The doctor may feel uneasy at being asked to provide a service – referral for abortion – rather than being asked to exercise the classical medical skills of diagnosis and treatment. In addition, the doctor’s attitude to abortion may make it difficult to respond to the woman’s needs.
Sexual problems
Authors: Denman Margaret
Published: November 2023

When considering sexual problems, it is impossible to make a distinction between the mind and the body. Are sexual desire and pleasure felt in the mind or the body? Likewise is sexual dysfunction in the mind or the body? It is impossible to distinguish in all but the most blatant cases of physical or hormonal dysfunction. Even in these situations there will also be an emotional component and the patient and her partner will have feelings about the difficulty. Likewise, if the initial problem is mental illness, then the manifestation may be a loss of physical function.
Domestic violence
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: November 2023

One in four women is hit by a current or former partner, at some time in her life (Home Office Research Studies 1999). Pushing, shoving, and grabbing are the most common forms of assault and reported in two-thirds of incidents. Kicking, slapping, or punching are reported in almost half. Injuries result from 41% of incidents and women who experience a chronic pattern of violence are particularly likely to have been injured in the most recent incident (58%).
The Age Of The Migration
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

Between the end of Roman government in Britain and the emergence of the earliest English kingdoms there stretches a long period of which the history cannot be written. The men who played their parts in this obscurity are forgotten, or are little more than names with which the imagination of later centuries has dealt at will. The course of events may be indicated, but is certainly not revealed, by the isolated or incidental references to Britain made by writers of this or the following age. For the first time in five centuries Britain was out of touch with the Continent. Contemporaries in Gaul, who might have told something of its history, were preoccupied with their own troubles. Britain was lost to the Roman Empire, and its fortunes were of little interest to men whose own civilization was at stake.
Anglian Northumbria
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

At the end of the sixth century there were two distinct Anglian kingdoms in England beyond the Humber. In the far north a people known as the Bernice, after some fifty years of precarious existence on the coast, had recently become a formidable enemy to the older Celtic kingdoms along the Clyde and Forth. Within a generation they were to spread over the whole country between the Forth, the Solway, and the Tees, but in the year 600 they were still fighting on no more than equal terms with the other northern peoples, and their chief stronghold was the rock of Bamburgh. It is probable that the country to the south was already theirs, and it is possible that they had already crossed the water-parting between Tyne and Solway. But there is no archaeological evidence of their pre-sence at this date in either Durham or Cumberland, and although there are place-names which suggest that the Anglian occupation of these regions began in the sixth century, their rarity gives the impression that the settlers of this period can only have been few.
The Conversion Of The English Peoples
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

The heathen background of Old English history is impenetrably vague. The names of the chief divinities of English worship have been preserved and a few specific practices have been recorded by historians anxious to condemn them. Writers concerned with the saints of the Conversion could not avoid an occasional reference to the temples, idols, and priests of heathenism, and the principal scientific work of the pre-Danish period-the De Temporum Ratione of Bede-records a few pieces of information about the chief festivals of the heathen year. As a collection of isolated facts, the English contribution to the general stock of knowledge about Germanic paganism is by no means negligible. But it is indefinite at almost every crucial point, it is often coloured by scriptural reminiscence, and it affords no more than the faintest of clues to the nature of the beliefs which lay behind observances.
The Age Of Alfred
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

At the end of the eighth century each of the three Scandinavian peoples of historic times formed a nation, with its own traditions and a clear sense of its difference from its neighbours. The Geatas, Beowulf’s people, were now united with the Swedes; their name was remembered, but their dynasty had long since come to an end. The great eastward expansion of the Swedes, through which they became the founders of the Russian state, had not yet begun, and they were chiefly distinguished by the extreme antiquity of their reigning house and the prestige of their sanctuary at Uppsala. The Norwegians were the furthest of the three peoples from any sense of political unity.
The Structure Of Early English Society
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

The Germanic peoples who descended on Britain in the late fifth century were not seeking their fortune in an unexplored land. Men who had taken part in the earlier raids upon the Saxon shore must have gained a detailed knowledge of its harbours and of the waterways which led to the interior. They must also have been familiar with the conditions of wind and weather which allowed a favourable crossing of the North Sea. Without such knowledge the migration to Britain, unique in any case among contemporary movements, could never have been attempted. It is significant that the few fifth--century expeditions of which later tradition preserved the memory have the scale of raids rather than migrations. The British coast in the fourth century must have often been visited by chiefs who came, like .
England And The Scandinavian World
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

The reign of }Ethelred II is one of the few periods of AngloSaxon history which can be studied in a full and contemporary narrative. The anonymous monk of Abingdon who set down year by year his tale of war and misery, the treachery of one leader and the fruitless courage of another, had drawn a picture of life in his generation which may be criticized, but can never be ignored. No one who has followed the sequence of events in his restrained and sardonic prose can fail to receive the impression of an ancient and rich society, helpless before a derisive enemy because its leaders were incapable of government.
England Before The Conquest
Authors: Stenton F M
Published: November 2023

The central course of Old English social development may be described as the process by which a peasantry, at first composed essentially of free men, acknowledging no lord below the king, gradually lost economic and personal independence. Like all attempts to reduce a complex piece of history to a formula, the description is, no doubt, over-simple. From the moment when the kings of the migration age began to plant their companions upon the soil there must have existed communities in which expropriated Britons, and Englishmen too poor to be welcomed in settlements of their own people, were working for a lord in return for his protection. At the modern end of the ,story, although Domesday Book gives the impression that the greater part of southern England was divided into manors inhabited exclusively by serfs and slaves, the terminology of the Survey takes little account of personal status, and leaves room for the existence of many free men who do not appear on the surface of the record.
Political violence and then aziseizure Of power
Authors: Bessel Richard
Published: November 2023

Many contemporary observers of the Nazi takeover in 1933, and many Nazis themselves, were at pains to stress the peaceful nature of the ‘German revolution’. Agreeing with the Nazi Party leader in the Schleswig-Holstein town of Eutin, who boasted of ‘how peacefully the revolution has occurred in Ger many’, they often contrasted the smooth transfer of power in 1933 with the bloodshed and chaos of the revolutionary events in Germany during 1918 and 1919. In 1933 the State did not crumble, the army did not intervene, civil war did not break out. German nationalists could take satisfaction from the appar ent orderliness and the absence of large-scale violence which accompanied Hitler’s takeover: here, it seemed, was a true ‘Ger man’ revolution, one during which the trains continued to run on time.
The Nazi State Reconsidered
Authors: Geyer Michael
Published: November 2023

Unfettered competition is one of the least understood features of the National Socialist regime, although it is one of the most discussed. Political historians have long debunked the myth of the National Socialist State as a totalitarian and ration ally organised modern Leviathan. More recently, historians have been fascinated by the rampant competition, even chaos, of Nazi institutions. At the same time, social historians have come to regard as a major aspect of the National Socialist regime not the ideological infiltration of Nazi doctrine among the German people as though it were a new catechism, but the increasing pressures of competitive behaviour among social groups and individuals that reshaped private and public life, within the family no less than on the shop floor.
The Radicalization of Warfare
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: November 2023

The twin symbols of the destruction of the university library of Louvain and the cathedral of Rheims pointed to the historic shift in the nature of war: this was no ‘cabinet war’ fought between small armies led by gentleman officers, for limited aims and with limited fire-power, with a limited impact on the belligerents involved. This was war waged with all the resources of modern, industrialized nations, fought for national aims for the survival or domination of nations.
The Warriors
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: November 2023

What activated the dynamic of destruction? How the war was unleashed, and the assumptions and expectations behind the decisions for war, were intimately connected with how the war was fought. Popular explanations for the war range from the notion that the ‘rigidification of the alliance system’ made war inevitable once the successor to the Habsburg throne was assassinated, to ‘the irrevocability of military timetables’, from imperialist rivalry between capitalist states to the arms build-up.
Victory, Trauma, and Post-War Disorder
Authors: Kramer Alan
Published: November 2023

The end of the war came in several stages in 1918. The first stage was German victory in the east, crowned by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3 March 1918. This harsh peace deprived Soviet Russia of territories containing one-third of its population (Finland, Estonia, Livonia, Poland, the Ukraine, and part of the Caucasus), and the greater part of its natural resources and industry. For Germany it held out the promise of rich supplies from occupied eastern Europe, of grain, cotton, and oil, and above all of releasing troops to launch the final offensive to win the war in the west before the Americans arrived in significant numbers.
Conditions In Tashkent
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

The position of the Government in Turkestan was at this time hard. They were fighting on four ‘fronts’, besides having to face danger, which in January 1919 culminated in an armed conflict, on the Home Front, in Tashkent itself.
Summer Difficulties
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

With the early summer life became almost pleasant in Tashkent. The food situation was relieved by the appearance of fruit in the kiosks on the street corners. Turkestan is a great country for fruit. Before the war special trains took this to Central Europe and some of it may have found its way to London. This fruit arrived some weeks before the Southern European fruit. In the beginning of May strawberries and cherries appeared in the streets. There was an enormous but rather tasteless strawberry called a ‘Victoria’. I have never seen any of such an enormous size. The apples of the previous year were still to be had when the fresh crop came on sale. Apart from having fresh apples all the year round, we had good dried fruit. The hot sun made preservation easy. The fruit was merely cut into slices and laid in the sun in the autumn and this gave a supply for the whole winter and spring. In this way pears, apples, cherries, peaches, nectarines, etc., as well as raisins, were dried by each household for its own use.
Tashkent Affairs
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

In the late summer of 1919 I realized that there was no chance of the regime being ended by the advance of the small British force in Transcaspia. The messages I had sent off had on the whole not fared very well and it was high time that I returned. Travelling was very difficult. The authorities were still trying to arrest people who had taken part in Ossipov’s movement in January. I decided to get into touch again with Manditch and see if he could help me.
To Kagan
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

With the aid of Manditch I was making arrangements to enter the Bolshevik counter-espionage service. This was a branch of the general staff and called in Russian ‘War Control’(Voinye Kontrol).
Plans For Departure
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

Shortly after our arrival at Bokhara I sent off a messenger to Tashkent to tell my Punjabi servant, Haider, to join me. I sent him a Bokharan passport and detailed instructions regarding the journey. He was also to bring my dog Zep if possible; but I said that, as Zep had been an object of great interest to the Cheka, who had kept spies on him for the first three months after my disappearance, he was to send him by another man and pick him up when he left the train. They arrived in due course. They very sensibly did not come to Kagan but got out at Kizil Tepe station and drove-into Bokhara from there, thus avoiding the more tiresome scrutiny of the Kagan Bolsheviks. They brought some important letters, but these Haider had wrapped round some saucepans and sent them by the Bokharan agent who had taken him his instructions and passports. This man took them direct to the Khush Begi who sat on them for three or four days before sending them on to me! In the train with Haider was a Persian named Hassan. He was a spy who had been specially looking for me in Tashkent, and we thought he might have been sent to Bokhara on the same errand.
Across The Murghab
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M
Published: November 2023

The next morning after going about twenty miles we saw a great distance off a single horseman travelling very fast. This was the first human being we had seen in the steppe with the exception of the people at the last two wells. We did not think much more about it. Soon after this we came in sight of a well at which we saw people. They appeared to be preparing to defend themselves as we saw rifles in their hands. My Russian companions wanted to attack them at once — a nice mess there would have been, trying with our seven rifles to turn men out of houses, with no cover for ourselves and no hope, for a wounded man, of ever getting away, and with the alternative of surrender or death from thirst if we failed to capture the place.
Who fights in ethnic conflicts and how?
Authors: Wolff Stefan
Published: November 2023

This is the beginning of a report by Human Rights Watch, dated October 2000. it further details a litany of human rights abuses committed by Russian troops in chechnya, including mass arrests and arbitrary detention, torture and abuse, and ‘disappearances’. Such ‘counter-insurgency’ measures are not the only forms of gross human rights violations committed by the Russian government against Chechen civilians. The village of Alkhan-Yurt and the treatment of its population exemplified in many ways the plight of civilians caught between insurgents and government troops in the secessionist province.
Managing and settling ethnic conflicts
Authors: Wolff Stefan
Published: November 2023

In 1998, Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble and the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland, John Hurne, were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their ultimately successful efforts to find a peaceful settlement to the conflict in Northern Ireland. Upon hearing news of the award, Trimble noted that he hoped this was not a premature decision. To many this may have seemed a surprising, and somewhat ungrateful, response, but in the light of Northern Ireland’s history, in which peace deals had been made before and broken down, a more generous interpretation of his comments would be that Trimble was merely cautious about the long-term prospects of peace in the region.
Post-conflict reconstruction
Authors: Wolff Stefan
Published: November 2023

Once a peace agreement has been signed, interrelationships of conflict parties, their domestic supporters and external sponsors, as well as international mediators, move into a qualitatively new stage. This is usually described as post-conflict reconstruction or post conflict peace building. Despite its widespread use, the label ‘post-conflict’ is in many ways misleading. As we have seen in Chapter 5, peace agreements do not resolve conflicts—at best they provide a framework in which conflicting goals can be accommodated and pursued by means other than political violence, and in which compromises are negotiated and become acceptable because bargaining becomes part of a mutually beneficial political process. Take the example of the Northern Ireland conflict.
The future of ethnic conflict
Authors: Wolff Stefan
Published: November 2023

Ethnic conflict is not a recent phenomenon and has regional and global implications beyond the countries in which it originates. There is no evidence that this will change in the foreseeable future. Nor is there any evidence that the ethnic conflicts that will undoubtedly occur in the future will be less devastating than those of the past, or that they will be prevented. Forecasting future trends with any reasonable degree of precision seems a futile exercise.
Death of the Third Republic
Authors: Diamond Hanna
Published: November 2023

Initially, as the French government took to the road, the immediate turn of events, though dramatic and serious, seemed to fit with previous history and many of its members were comforted by the thought that their departure from the capital was not unprecedented. However, in the absence of any defence, Hitler’ s Wehrmacht remained unopposed and was able to forge its way ever southward. After a couple of days, Touraine no longer seemed a safe enough distance from the threat of direct German attack, so the administration moved on, making its way to the city of Bordeaux which, like Tours, had historically acted as its wartime host. Here, amidst chaos and confusion, the ministers were forced to choose which path to pursue. The alternatives centred around whether to carry on the fighting or not, decisions which were to have an important bearing on France’ s future role in the war. Faced with these stark choices, disagreements in the cabinet led the government to tear itself apart in a process which was eventually to undermine and destroy the Third Republic in votes taken on 10 July 1940.
Terrors of the Table
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Terrors of the Table is an absorbing account of the struggle to find the necessary ingredients of a healthy diet, and the fads and quackery that have always waylaid the unwary and the foolish when it comes to the matter of food and health. Walter Gratzer tells the tale of nutrition’s heroes, heroines and charlatans with characteristic crispness and verve. We find an array of colourful personalities, from the distinguished but quarrelsome Liebig, to the enterprising Lydia Pinkham. But we also find the slow recognition that the lack of vital ingredients can cause terrible illnesses – scurvy, rickets, beriberi. These diseases stalked the poor in the West even into the 20th century, and scandalously remain in poorer parts of the world today. The narrative stretches from classical times to the modern day and gives a valuable historical perspective to our current understanding. It also highlights some of the problems faced by the developed world regarding health today – in particular diabetes and obesity. And despite our far greater understanding of what our body needs, there are still many who would fall for fads and fancy diets – some dangerous, others just daft. Of course, the story of nutrition does not end there. We have discovered the key vitamins and minerals our body needs, but research continues on the connections between diet, health and disease. The body’s biochemistry is complex, and there are no easy answers, no magic formula, that applies to all individuals. The safest and most rational course would seem to be a sensible, moderate, and varied diet, not forgetting that ‘a little of what you fancy does you good’.
The New Millennium: Profits and the Higher Quackery
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

An Eastern European proverb has it that a man with food may have many problems, but a man without food has only one. Famines are still common in the modern world, whether through drought, erosion, or war, but in the countries of the prosperous North malnutrition is self-imposed. It has even, here and there, increased in recent decades. In the United States, in Britain, and to a varying extent in other countries of the North this is a consequence of the ubiquity of processed foods. In Britain it is estimated that some 70% or more of the food consumed is processed. The proportion is greatest by far in the diet of the poorest section of the population.
Introduction
Authors: Tunstall Kate E
Published: November 2023

There can be few issues in the United Kingdom and else- where that are in greater need of intelligent and humane analysis than those relating to the ‘strangers’ case’. The quotation from Sir Thomas More, which serves as an epigraph to this book, has particularly powerful resonances today. Set on May Day 1517, when London witnessed anti-immigrant riots, we hear the broker, Lincoln, and an unnamed apprentice protesting that the King of England has been too merciful to the strangers. Their words bring to mind the complaints constantly voiced by the British tabloid press and by increasingly large numbers of politicians that the UK is a ‘soft touch’ for asylum-seekers and economic migrants.
Snoring, gasping, and jumping
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

John Wesley Hardin, the notorious gunfighter of the American Wild West, is said to have been so annoyed by the snoring of a fellow hotel guest that he went into the room and shot the hapless man dead. This is rather an extreme method of curing snoring, but the volume of some people’s snoring can exceed 90 decibels (dB), louder than a road drill. No wonder that spouses are driven to sleep elsewhere.

Everyone snores to some extent. It centres on the upper airway at the back of the throat, called the ‘oropharynx’, which is a tube lined by various muscles, including those of the soft palate and tongue. Sleep causes these muscles to relax, so that the oropharynx sags inwards with the suction of breath when we breathe in. Normally, we sleep with the mouth shut, which clamps the tongue to the roof of the mouth, thus stopping the tongue slipping back and further obstructing the throat.
Children
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

Wide natural variations are found in the amount of daily sleep taken by children of all ages. Take any 25 healthy newborn babies; although the average daily sleep for the group will be about 16 hours, one of them will naturally sleep about 10 hours a day, and another 19 hours—that is, one will sleep about twice the length of another. Parents of these shorter sleepers may while away the extra hours needed to entertain their progeny believing that short sleep is a sign of a higher IQ. Alas, there is no evidence to support this notion. By about 6 months of age, daily sleep would have dropped to about 14 hours, with about 11 of these at night and the rest as naps in the day.
I sleep, therefore I am
Authors: Horne Jim
Published: November 2023

The horizons for sleep research are still remote and, unlike this book, the journey through sleep is far from over for science. So where next with sleep? Certainly in the coming years we are likely to learn much more about how the brain controls sleep—from genetics, on the one hand, and from refinements in brain imaging technology, on the other, which will allow us to watch the living brain with increasing precision, to the level of microscopic activities of individual cells. We may find that there is more than a mere handful of genes influencing sleep—hundreds, maybe even thousands. But it is like dismantling an engine, right down to the last nut and bolt, and looking at the vast array of bits and pieces.
chapter VII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

IN the evening I called upon an Armenian Bishop. He lived in a quaint old-fashioned house in the Christian quarter of the town, the Turks and Armenians inhabiting different dis-

tricts in Ismid, as in many other Turkish cities. Refreshments were now brought in on a silver tray, and several kinds of jam handed round in little silver dishes. The guest taking a spoonful of jam is expected to swallow it, he then drinks a glass of water. This is an economical refreshment, a very little jam goes a long way in the entertainment.

“How do you like it?” said one of the party.

“Very good,” I replied, at the same time having that sort of feeling in my mouth which carried my memory back to boyish days, and to the grey powders which my old nurse used to administer, “very good.”
chapter IX
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

IT was quite dark when we reached Nalihan, a village with about 400 houses, and situated in a corn-growing district. I halted at the house of the Caimacan. He at once invited me to take up my abode there for the night. Presently several visitors appeared-Armenians, Turks, and Circassians-all eager to question the new arrival. I was seated in the place of honour, on a rug near the fire; the Caimacan, who was enveloped in a fur-lined dressing-gown, sat next me. The rest of the company took precedence according to the amount of this world’s goods which each one possessed-the man who had 100 cows being seated next to the governor, and the humble possessor of a mule or a few sheep squatting humbly by the door.