bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Sclerosis and Evaluation of Vitamin D Effect
Authors: Eslamifar Zahra , Deihim Behnaz , Ghaffaripour Reza
Published: September 2019

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. The symptoms vary depending on damage location. Some of the symptoms include cognitive disorders, anxiety and depression, visual impairment, respiratory, speech and swallowing disorders, muscle spasm and fatigue.

Due to the lack of a definitive treatment method, various therapeutic approaches are proposed to control the disease. Drugs are classified into attack control drugs, complication control drugs and disease-modifying drugs. Vitamin D is a hormone-like steroidal compound with immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a variety of inflammatory, neurologic and autoimmune diseases.

Many studies on patients as well as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis studies have shown that the administration of vitamin D reduces inflammation in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. As argued, vitamin D level was significantly lower in MS compared to healthy subjects as controls.  Also, a higher level of vitamin D is reported in relapsing-remitting MS patients compared to patients with progressive MS. It is observed that higher serum levels of vitamin D can reduce the severity of symptoms, progress, and also delays the relapses. Few studies considered vitamin D to be ineffective in stopping or inhibition the disease. Despite the controversies concerning the role of vitamin D in MS progress, there is a lot of interest in further research in this regard with the hope of reaching a common ground. Therefore, frequent reviews of past and recent studies are essential to achieve the same results.
Orbital Abscess Drainage Using Intravenous Cannula: Technique and Advantages
Authors: Zerrouk Rachid , Elkhoyaali Adil , Akioud Wafae , Khmamouche Mehdi , Elasri Fouad , Reda Karim , Oubaaz Abdelbarre
Published: September 2019

The orbital infections are known to be the most frequent primitive orbital pathology.

Rhinosinusitis (RS) is the most common cause of orbital inflammation and infection, especially in the pediatric range. So far, the main orbital complication of RS is the preseptal cellulitis. The dissemination of the infection in the orbital retroseptal area may occur and is considered to be a serious complication requiring urgent diagnosis and treatment. It is usually seen as an orbital (OSPA) subperiosteal abscess adjacent to the infected sinus. The diagnosis of an OSPA is based on clinical evaluation as well as X-ray imaging. The CT scan is the preferred imaging modality for orbital abscess diagnosis.  In most cases of OSPA, the surgery is often indicated and can be conducted by an external method, transnasal endoscopy or a combined method.   In this article, we describe the technique of external drainage using an intravenous cannula (case report of 10 patients) as well as the results obtained.
Influence of Cosmic Ray Invasions and Aerosol Plasma on Powerful Atmospheric Vortices
Authors: Izhovkina N. I. , Artekha S. N. , Erokhin N. S. , Mikhailovskaya L. A.
Published: September 2019

The Earth’s atmosphere is affected by various ionizing sources. The maximum ionization of atmospheric particles by cosmic rays corresponds to the altitude of formation of tropospheric clouds. In the high-latitude troposphere for the region of the geomagnetic polar cap, in the winter period, the excitation of local cyclonic structures are observed which are accompanied with ice storms, with invasions into middle and subtropical latitudes. The time of excitation of such cyclones is about a day that is comparable with the time of excitation of tornadoes, which are generated at low latitudes. Localization of polar cyclones is not accidental. The region of the polar cap is connected with geomagnetic field lines extended into the tail of the Earth’s magnetosphere. This area is open for the penetration of cosmic rays. The ionization of aerosols in the stratosphere and the upper troposphere by precipitating particles of cosmic rays enhances the vortex activity of the atmosphere. The important role of the aerosol impurity is manifested in the generation of plasma vortices and in the accumulation of energy and mass in the atmosphere by vortices during condensation of moisture. Due to the cascade character of the ionization process, the influence of cosmic radiation turns out to be non-linear and increases with increasing pollution of the atmosphere. Aperiodic electrostatic perturbations, which play a remarkable role in the genesis of vortices, are stochastically excited in plasma inhomogeneities. During the interaction of plasma vortices and Rossby vortices, a large-scale vortex structure is formed and grows.
Process Energy Management
Authors: Rossiter Alan , Jones Beth
Published: September 2019

This article provides an overview of design, management, and optimization considerations for energy use in the process industries. It presents the thermodynamic basis for the systems commonly used to deliver heat and power to chemical plants, including cogeneration, hydraulic power recovery, and waste heat recovery. From this foundation, it examines techniques and tools for designing and retrofitting chemical processes and utility systems to optimize energy efficiency. This includes a discussion of proven tools for identifying energy efficiency improvements, such as pinch analysis and process flow diagram reviews. In addition, the article explores the main areas where energy efficiency improvements occur, including operational improvements, effective maintenance practices, facility upgrades and advances in technology. Specific examples are given in each of these areas. The article also describes techniques for designing, implementing, and maintaining effective energy management systems, which are an important tool for driving efficiency improvements at industrial facilities. Energy sourcing choices are also discussed, including the changes that are occurring with the growth of renewable energy, and the resulting potential for greater electrification of chemical processes.
Bioactive Glasses
Authors: Contreras Jaimes Altair T. , Poologasundarampillai Gowsihan , Brauer Delia S.
Published: September 2019

Bioactive silicate glasses release ions when in contact with physiological solutions, leading to the formation of a biomimetic apatite surface layer. This apatite layer allows for protein adhesion, cell attachment and proliferation, and, subsequently, formation of a strong interfacial bond between bioactive glass and bone. In addition, bioactive glasses degradein vivoand are replaced by new bone, and they thus help to regenerate bone tissue. These reactions are possible owing to the highly disrupted silicate structure of bioactive glasses, containing large concentrations of modifier ions and nonbridging oxygen atoms. Bioactive glasses have been used clinically since the mid‐1980s, and they are used mainly to treat bone defects. However, their mineralizing properties have also resulted in them being used in oral care products for the treatment of sensitive teeth and the remineralization of enamel.
Atomic Force Microscopy Methods forDNAAnalysis
Authors: Lyubchenko Yuri L.
Published: September 2019

Applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to imaging of DNA with various structures, topologies, and complexes with proteins are reviewed. The emphasis is given to methods utilizing chemical functionalization of mica, enabling AFM visualization of different DNA structures. Special attention is given to the ability of AFM to image the dynamics of DNA at the nanoscale. The capabilities of time‐lapse AFM in aqueous solutions are illustrated by imaging of dynamic processes as transitions of local alternative structures (transition of DNA between H and B forms). The application of AFM to studies of protein–DNA complexes is illustrated by a few examples of imaging site‐specific complexes, as well as systems such as chromatin. The time‐lapse AFM studies of protein–DNA complexes including very recent advances with the use of high‐speed AFM are reviewed.
Fundamentals and Advances of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hecht Elizabeth S. , Scigelova Michaela , Eliuk Shannon , Makarov Alexander
Published: September 2019

Analytical chemistry has considerably benefited from the developments in the field of mass spectrometry. The high resolution, mass accuracy, and sensitivity offered by modern mass spectrometers have been essential in addressing analytical needs in numerous areas of research as well as in routine laboratory praxis. Orbitrap‐based instruments have established themselves firmly in the field of proteomics, biopharmaceuticals, metabolomics, and metabolite analysis and made an ultra‐high resolution mass spectrometer accessible to most life science laboratories. Moreover, it has gained increased popularity in areas of bioanalysis, lipidomics, doping, as well as in drug and pesticide residue analysis. This article presents the principle of operation of the Orbitrap analyzer, its most recent technological developments and outlook, and it reviews application areas where the Orbitrap analyzers represent the state‐of‐the‐art solution to a multitude of analytical needs.
Rapid Pathogen Detection Tools
Authors: Vongkamjan Kitiya , Yingkajorn Mingkwan , Thammakulkrajang Rarinthorn
Published: September 2019

Traditional methods for detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food and clinical samples are typically time‐consuming and require multiple steps or even skilled persons for identification and confirmation of pathogens. Multiple serious pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Vibrio spp. have been linked to foodborne diseases and outbreaks worldwide. Rapid, reliable, and less labor intensive detection methods can simplify the steps for pathogen detection for routine testing or monitoring of food samples as well as for following‐up on foodborne illness cases by testing clinical samples. Monitoring of pathogens can become more common and effortless to perform. Immediate responses to potential pathogen contamination in foods can be one of the most effective ways to control foodborne outbreaks. This section reviews the principles and characteristics of some recent rapid detection methods, including (i) immunoassays and nucleic acid‐based detection platforms and (ii) tools based on metabolites released or consumed. As these methods have gained interest for use to detect pathogens in both food and clinical samples, a perspective on the future directions is also described.
M
ethanonatronarchaeia
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y.
Published: September 2019

Me.tha.no.na.tron.ar.chae'i.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanonatronarchaeales
, the type order of the class; ‐
ia
ending to denote a class; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Methanonatronarchaeaia
, the
Methanonatronarchaeales
class.

Halobacteriota / Methanonatronarchaeia

Type order
:
Methanonatronarchaeales
Sorokin, Merkel, Abbas, Makarova, Rijpstra, Koenen, et al. 2018, 2206
VP
.
F
astidiosibacteraceae
Authors: Salam Nimaichand , Xiao Min , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: September 2019

Fas.ti.di.o.si.bac.te.ra.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Fastidiosibacter
, the type genus of the family; L. suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Fastidiosibacteraceae
, the family of the genus
Fastidiosibacter
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Fastidiosibacteraceae

The family contains four genera
Fastidiosibacter
(type),
Cysteiniphilum
,
Fangia
and
Caedibacter
. The family contains ubiquinone‐8 as the respiratory quinone, and saturated fatty acids with 15, 17 and 18 carbons as the major fatty acids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37–38 (HPLC).

Type genus
:
Fastidiosibacter
Xiao, Salam, Liu, Jiao, Zheng, Wang, et al. 2018, 350
VP
.
B
lastococcus
Authors: Carro Lorena , Trujillo Martha E.
Published: September 2019

Blas.to.coc'cus. Gr. masc. n.
blastos
bud, shoot; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Blastococcus
budding coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Geodermatophilales / Geodermatophilaceae / Blastococcus

Gram‐stain‐positive; coccoid; occurs singly, in pairs, or in tetrads.
Often reproducing by budding and multiple fission
,
giving rise to a variety of cell forms
.
Strains may form motile zoospores
. Formation of buds on rods is common, but not universal. Membranous bodies, 1–4 per cell, which are linked to the cytoplasmic membrane, may be present. Aerobic; some strains may be microaerophilic. Strains have been isolated from surfaces of marble and limestone, sea and sand sediments, desert soils, and plant leaves.

Peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐A
2
pm

as diagnostic diamino acid.
The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

). The polar lipid profile consists of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol; phosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified lipids may occur. The predominant fatty acid is iso‐C
16:0
. Phylogenetically, a member of the family
Geodermatophilaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.3–74.6 (HPLC, WGS).

Type species
:
Blastococcus aggregatus
Ahrens and Moll 1970, 264
AL
emend. Urzì, Salamone, Schumann, Rohde and Stackebrandt 2004a, 257 emend. Hezbri, Louati, Nouioui, Gtari, Rohde, Spröer, et al. 2016, 4869.
Rickettsia
Authors: Fournier Pierre‐Edouard , Raoult Didier
Published: September 2019

Rick.ett'si.a. N.L. fem. n.Rickettsia,named after Howard Taylor Ricketts, who first associated these microorganisms with spotted fever and typhus and who died of typhus contracted in the course of his studies.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rickettsiales / Rickettsiaceae / Rickettsia

Short,often paired rods,0.3–0.5μm×0.8–2.0μm. The rickettsial envelope has a typical Gram‐negative structure with a bilayer inner membrane, a peptidoglycan layer, and a bilayer outer membrane. The cells are often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. Rickettsiae retain basic fuchsin when stained by Giménez method. The organisms areobligately intracellular and reside free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells, where they divide bybinary fission. Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (SFG) may also reside in the nucleus of eukaryotic host cells.Rickettsiae are closely associated with arthropods(ticks, mites, fleas, lice, and other insects)for their maintenance in nature. Their natural cycle usually involves both a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. For some, the arthropod host is both a reservoir and a vector.Transovarian transmissionof the agent from the infected female to the next generation is the essential mechanism for the maintenance of many species. Rickettsial cells are usually unstable when separated from host components, except for highly stable forms found in the feces of arthropod hosts; stability can be enhanced by certain proteins, sucrose, and reagents that tend to maintain the integrity of outer membranes, osmolarity, and ATP level. Rickettsiae are best preserved by rapid freezing and storage below −50°C. The cells are rapidly inactivated at 56°C. Rickettsiae derive energy from the metabolism of glutamate via the citric acid cycle, but do not utilize glucose. They transport and metabolize phosphorylated compounds but do not synthesize or degrade nucleoside monophosphates. Rickettsial species have genomes ranging from 1.1 to 2.3 Mb. They may also have up to four plasmids.Rickettsiae are etiological agents of typhus and spotted fevers in humans. There are 31 recognized species.

DNA G+C content (mol%): 29–33.

Type species:Rickettsia prowazekiida Rocha‐Lima 1916, 567. (Nom. Cons. Opin. 19, Jud. Comm. 1958, 158.)
Desulfobulbus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: September 2019

De.sul.fo.bul'bus. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
; L. masc. n.
bulbus
onion; N.L. masc. n.
Desulfobulbus
onion‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfobulbaceae / Desulfobulbus

Cells are ovoid‐to‐rod shaped, or lemon shaped with pointed ends, 0.6–1.5 µm × 1.5–2.5 µm. Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells are motile by a single polar flagellum or nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophic, using propionate, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, or 1‐propanol as electron donors and carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate. H
2
can be used as an electron donor in the presence of acetate as organic carbon source (chemolithoheterotrophic growth). Sulfate, sulfite, and often thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth may occur by fermentation of lactate, pyruvate, and low molecular weight alcohols (acetate + CO
2
), malate, or fumarate. Mesophilic, the optimum temperature range for growth is 31–39°C. Neutrophilic (most species) and obligately alkaliphilic (one species). Media containing a reductant are required for growth; some species need also
p
‐aminobenzoate. Occur in anoxic parts of freshwater, brackish water, and marine habitats; also isolated from rumen contents, animal dung, and sewage sludge.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 50.6–61.7 (
T
m
, HPLC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfobulbus propionicus
Widdel 1981, 382
VP
(Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 374).
D
esulforhopalus
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan
Published: September 2019

De.sul.fo.rho'pa.lus. L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; Gr. neut. n.
rhopalus
, cudgel; N.L. masc. n.
Desulforhopalus
, cudgel‐formed sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfocapsaceae / Desulforhopalus

Cells are oval‐to‐rod shaped with rounded ends, 1.5–1.8 µm × 3–5 µm. Longer cells occur in the stationary phase. Cells may contain gas vesicles. Occur singly, in pairs, or short chains. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative and nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganoheterotrophs, using propionate, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, and 1‐propanol as electron donors and carbon sources. Organic substrates are incompletely oxidized to acetate and CO
2
. Chemolithoheterotrophic growth occurs with H
2
as the electron donor in the presence of acetate as carbon source only for
D. vacuolatus
. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Nitrate is reduced to ammonia only by
D. singaporensis
. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth occurs by fermentation of pyruvate.
D. singaporensis
can grow by fermentation of 2‐aminoethansulfonate (taurine) and by disproportionation of sulfite in the presence of acetate. All species are able to grow in simple defined media containing a reductant. Some species require the vitamins pyridoxamine, nicotinate, and 4‐aminobenzoate for growth. The optimal pH range for growth is 6.8–7.2. At least 5 g NaCl and 1 g MgCl
2
·6H
2
O per liter are required for growth. Desulfoviridin is absent. The genus
Desulforhopalus
contains two described species. One species is mesophilic with the optimal temperature range for growth is 20–30°C and another species is moderately psychrophilic with optimal temperature around 18–19°C and the maximum growth temperature 24°C. Occur in the upper part of anoxic marine or brackish sediment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 48.4–50.6 (LC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulforhopalus vacuolatus
Isaksen and Teske 1999, 935
VP
(Effective publication: Isaksen and Teske 1996, 167).
Methanomethylovorans
Authors: Kim So‐Jeong , Rhee Sung‐Keun
Published: September 2019

N.L. neut. n.methanum, methane; N.L. pref.methano‐, pertaining to the methyl group; N.L. pref.methylo‐, pertaining to the methyl radical; L. pres. part.vorans, devouring; N.L. fem. n.Methanomethylovorans, a methane producing, methyl group consuming organism.

Euryarchaeota / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinaceae / Methanomethylovorans

Methanomethylovoransare obligately anaerobic, irregular cocci, and are methylotrophic and methanogenic archaea. Colonies are 1–2 mm in size in deep agar medium, and cells are nonmotile. They are capable of growth and methanogenesis from methanol, mono‐, di‐, and trimethylamine. Hydrogen gas and acetate are not utilized. NaCl is not required for growth. The optimal pH is 6.5. The addition of iron Fe(II) stimulates the growth of strains.

Members of the orderMethanosarcinales, familyMethanosarcinaceae.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 37.6–42.6.

Type species:Methanomethylovorans hollandicaLomans, Maas, Luderer, Op den Camp, Pol, van der Drift et al. 2004, 307VP(Effective publication: Lomans, Maas, Luderer, Op den Camp, Pol, van der Drift et al. 1999, 3649).
D
ethiobacter
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y.
Published: September 2019

[De.thi.o.bac'ter L. pref.
de
from, off, away; Gr. neut. n.
theion
sulfur; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Dethiobacter
rod‐shaped bacterium that reduces sulfur compounds].

Firmicutes / “Dethiobacteria” / “Dethiobacterales” / “Dethiobacteraceae” / Dethiobacter

Dethiobacter
is a moderately salt‐tolerant and obligately alkaliphilic sulfidogenic anaerobe isolated from soda lake sediments. The genus forms a deep lineage in the
Firmicutes
, which is currently classified within the class
Dethiobacteria
. It is obligately haloalkaliphilic, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic, anaerobic bacterium able to grow by sulfur and thiosulfate respiration and sulfur disproportionation. The genus includes a single species
D. alkaliphilus
, which is the type species.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 48.5 (genome).

Type species
:
Dethiobacter alkaliphilus
Sorokin, Tourova, Mussman and Muyzer, 2008b, 1993
VP
(Effective publication: Sorokin, Tourova, Mussman and Muyzer, 2008a, 438).
Desulfurispirillum
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Merkel Alexander Y. , Häggblom Max M.
Published: September 2019

De.sul.fu.ri.spi.ril'lum. L. pref.defrom, off, away; L. neut. n.sulfursulfur; N.L. dim. neut. n.spirillum, a small spiral (from L. fem. n.spira, spiral); N.L. neut. n.Desulfurispirillum, a spirillum that reduces sulfur.

Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenetes / Chrysiogenales / Chrysiogenaceae / Desulfurispirillum

The genusDesulfurispirillumis a member of the familyChrysiogenaceaein the phylumChrysiogenetes. Members ofDesulfurispirillumare obligate anaerobes, which can reduce nitrate to ammonia. Some strains also respire arsenate, sulfur, or selenate. They are moderately salt tolerant and either alkaliphilic or neutrophilic mesophiles. The genus currently includes two species:D. alkaliphilum, the type species of the genus, andD. indicum.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 45–56.

Type species:Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilumSorokin, Foti, Tindall and Muyzer 2010, 1VP(Effective publication: Sorokin, Foti, Tindall and Muyzer 2007, 368).
M
odicisalibacter
Authors: Ben Ali Gam Zouhaier , Casalot Laurie , Labat Marc
Published: September 2019

Mo.di.ci.sa.li.bac'ter. L. masc. adj.
modicus
, slightly; L. neut. n.
sal, salis
, salt; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
, a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Modicisalibacter
, a moderately halophilic bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Modicisalibacter

The genus
Modicisalibacter
, classified into the family
Halomonadaceae
, order
Oceanospirillales
in the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, currently consists of a single species:
Modicisalibacter tunisiensis
, isolated from a Tunisian oilfield‐water injection, after enrichment on crude oil. The organism is a Gram‐negative, motile, rod‐shaped, nonspore forming, strictly aerobic, halophilic, bacterium, and requires Na
+
for growth. It is mesophilic, growing well at 15–45°C, oxidase negative and reduces nitrate. Predominant fatty acids were found to be C
16:0
(26.9%), C
18:1
ω7
c
(22.6%), C
16:1
ω7
c
(20.4%), C
19:0
cyclo ω8
c
(10.9%), and C
17:0
(8%). Contents of C
19:0
and C
17:0
differed significantly from those of other
Halomonadaceae
members.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Modicisalibacter tunisiensis
Ben Ali Gam, Abdelkafi, Casalot, Tholozan, Oueslati and Labat 2007, 2312
VP
.
A
uraticoccus
Authors: Román‐Ponce Brenda , Trujillo Martha E.
Published: September 2019

Au.ra.ti.coc'cus. L. masc. adj.
auratus
golden; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain, seed) a coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Auraticoccus
golden coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Auraticoccus

Strictly aerobic, nonmotile,
nonspore forming actinobacterium. Gram‐stain positive. Colonies are golden‐orange, circular, smooth, and shiny with regular edges. Cells are coccoid shape and can be arranged in pairs or in clusters. Growth occurs from 15 to 30°C with optimum temperature being 28°C. Catalase and oxidase positive. Chemoorganotrophic. Peptidoglycan contains

ll
‐DAP

. Contains anteiso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
15:0
, anteiso‐C
15:1
, anteiso‐C
17:0
, and iso‐C
14:0
as major fatty acids. The main menaquinone is

MK‐8(H
2
)

. The polar lipid profile includes
phosphatidylglycerol
,
diphosphatidylglycerol,
and nine unidentified lipids comprising: two lipids, two phospholipids, four glycolipids, and one phosphoglycolipid.

The genus
Auraticoccus
is a member of the family
Propionibacteriaceae
, order
Propionibacteriales
and is most closely related to the genera
Microlunatus
,
Naumannella
,
Propionicicella
,
Propionicimonas
, and
Tessaracoccus
. The genus contains only one species,
Auraticoccus monumenti
, represented by a single strain isolated from the surface of a sandstone monument in Salamanca, Spain. The type strain is MON 2.2
T
.

DNA G
 + 
C content (mol
%
)
: 73.5 (
T
m
) and 73.1 (WGS).

Type species
:
Auraticoccus monumenti
Alonso‐Vega, Carro, Martínez‐Molina and Trujillo 2011, 1101
VP
.
Adaptive fuzzy output‐feedback tracking control for switched stochastic pure‐feedback nonlinear systems
Authors: Chang Yi , Wang Yuanqing , Alsaadi Fuad E. , Zong Guangdeng
Published: September 2019

This paper considers the problem of adaptive fuzzy output‐feedback tracking control for a class of switched stochastic nonlinear systems in pure‐feedback form. Unknown nonlinear functions and unmeasurable states are taken into account. Fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions, and a fuzzy observer is designed to estimate the immeasurable states. Based on these methods, an adaptive fuzzy output‐feedback control scheme is developed by combining the backstepping recursive design technique and the common Lyapunov function approach. It is shown that all the signals in the closed‐loop system are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded in mean square in the sense of probability, and the observer errors and tracking errors can be regulated to a small neighborhood of the origin by choosing appropriate parameters. Finally, a simulation result is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Homocoupling Defects in a Conjugated Polymer Limit Exciton Diffusion
Authors: Streiter Martin , Beer Daniel , Meier Fabian , Göhler Clemens , Lienert Caroline , Lombeck Florian , Sommer Michael , Deibel Carsten
Published: September 2019

Copolymers such as PCDTBT (poly(N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole))) are commonly employed as donor material in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Recently, chemical defects such as homocouplings have been shown to form at the material synthesis stage, strongly reducing the short circuit current in organic photovoltaics. Here it is shown that both low molecular weight and homocoupling defects reduce the short circuit current of solar cells because of limited exciton diffusion. A model that unites and explains the influence of both chemical parameters with the distribution of conjugation lengths is proposed. The connection between limited exciton diffusion and short circuit current is revealed via kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of bulk heterojunctions. The findings are likely applicable for copolymers in general.
Advanced Materials for High‐Temperature Thermal Transport
Authors: Shin Sunmi , Wang Qingyang , Luo Jian , Chen Renkun
Published: September 2019

High temperature processes are widely used in a variety of existing and emerging industrial and aerospace applications. The thermal properties of high‐temperature materials thus play an important role in controlling the thermal energy, as highlighted by successful applications of thermal barrier coating and aerogels. While thermal transport processes at room and low temperature have witnessed tremendous progress in the past two decades, particularly on the fronts of understanding basic heat transfer properties at the micro‐ and nanoscale, the understanding at high temperature is still at the nascent stage, owing to several unique features at high temperature, such as the dominant Umklapp scattering effect that can render a crystalline material amorphous‐like thermal properties, and the important radiation contribution at high temperature. This lack of systematic understanding, coupled with the challenges in maintaining high‐temperature stability in a large number of materials, has limited the development of materials to meet the thermal transport properties pertaining to several current and emerging high‐temperature applications. This Review is aimed at providing an overview of the basic mechanisms governing thermal transport processes at high temperature, to identify their unique features and challenges, and to explore opportunities in material research for high‐temperature thermal materials.
Surface‐Modified Metallic Ti3C2Tx MXene as Electron Transport Layer for Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Lin , Dall'Agnese Chunxiang , Dall'Agnese Yohan , Chen Gang , Gao Yu , Sanehira Yoshitaka , Jena Ajay Kumar , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Gogotsi Yury , Miyasaka Tsutomu
Published: September 2019

MXenes are a large and rapidly expanding family of 2D materials that, owing to their unique optoelectronic properties and tunable surface termination, find a wide range of applications including energy storage and energy conversion. In this work, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets are applied as a novel type of electron transport layer (ETL) in low‐temperature processed planar‐structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Interestingly, simple UV‐ozone treatment of the metallic Ti3C2Tx that increases the surface TiO bonds without any change in its bulk properties such as high electron mobility improves its suitability as an ETL. Improved electron transfer and suppressed recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface results in augmentation of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 5.00% in the case of Ti3C2Tx without UV‐ozone treatment to the champion PCE of 17.17%, achieved using the Ti3C2Tx film after 30 min of UV‐ozone treatment. As the first report on the use of pure MXene layer as an ETL in PSCs, this work shows the great potential of MXenes to be used in PSCs and displays their promise for applications in photovoltaic technology in general.
An Interfacial Solar‐Driven Atmospheric Water Generator Based on a Liquid Sorbent with Simultaneous Adsorption–Desorption
Authors: Qi Heshan , Wei Tianqi , Zhao Wei , Zhu Bin , Liu Guoliang , Wang Pingping , Lin Zhenhui , Wang Xueyang , Li Xiuqiang , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhu Jia
Published: September 2019

Water scarcity is one of the greatest challenges facing human society. Because of the abundant amount of water present in the atmosphere, there are significant efforts to harvest water from air. Particularly, solar‐driven atmospheric water generators based on sequential adsorption–desorption processes are attracting much attention. However, incomplete daytime desorption is the limiting factor for final water production, as the rate of water desorption typically decreases very quickly with decreased water content in the sorbents. Hereby combining tailored interfacial solar absorbers with an ionic‐liquid‐based sorbent, an atmospheric water generator with a simultaneous adsorption–desorption process is generated. With enhanced desorption capability and stabilized water content in the sorbent, this interfacial solar‐driven atmospheric water generator enables a high rate of water production (≈0.5 L m−2 h−1) and 2.8 L m−2 d−1 for the outdoor environment. It is expected that this interfacial solar‐driven atmospheric water generator, based on the liquid sorbent with a simultaneous adsorption–desorption process opens up a promising pathway to effectively harvest water from air.
Hot‐Pressed CsPbBr3 Quasi‐Monocrystalline Film for Sensitive Direct X‐ray Detection
Authors: Pan Weicheng , Yang Bo , Niu Guangda , Xue Kan‐Hao , Du Xinyuan , Yin Lixiao , Zhang Muyi , Wu Haodi , Miao Xiang‐Shui , Tang Jiang
Published: September 2019

An X‐ray detector with high sensitivity would be able to increase the generated signal and reduce the dose rate; thus, this type of detector is beneficial for applications such as medical imaging and product inspection. The inorganic lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 possesses relatively larger density and a higher atomic number in contrast to its hybrid counterpart. Therefore, it is expected to provide high detection sensitivity for X‐rays; however, it has rarely been studied as a direct X‐ray detector. Here, a hot‐pressing method is employed to fabricate thick quasi‐monocrystalline CsPbBr3 films, and a record sensitivity of 55 684 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 is achieved, surpassing all other X‐ray detectors (direct and indirect). The hot‐pressing method is simple and produces thick quasi‐monocrystalline CsPbBr3 films with uniform orientations. The high crystalline quality of the CsPbBr3 films and the formation of self‐formed shallow bromide vacancy defects during the high‐temperature process result in a large µτ product and, therefore, a high photoconductivity gain factor and high detection sensitivity. The detectors also exhibit relatively fast response speed, negligible baseline drift, and good stability, making a CsPbBr3 X‐ray detector extremely competitive for high‐contrast X‐ray detections.
Sulfur‐Induced Interface Engineering of Hybrid NiCo2O4@NiMo2S4 Structure for Overall Water Splitting and Flexible Hybrid Energy Storage
Authors: Zhao Depeng , Dai Meizhen , Liu Hengqi , Chen Kunfeng , Zhu Xiaofei , Xue Dongfeng , Wu Xiang , Liu Jinping
Published: September 2019

To rationally design hybrid structures with unique surface/interface features is very significant due to their multi‐functionalization in energy storage and conversion systems. Generally, single metal oxide as electrode material is still unsatisfactory for its slow electron transportation and inevitable structural collapse. To address these issues, sulfur element‐induced interface‐tailoring hybrid NiCo2O4@NiMo2S4 nanosheet structures with high electrochemical activity are reported through a simple vulcanization process of NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 nanosheets. The hybrid NiCo2O4@NiMo2S4 structure presents excellent hydrogen evolution reaction performance with the overpotential of 159 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and low Tafel slope of 53.1 mV dec−1, and overall water splitting abilities with low cell voltage of 1.63 V at 50 mA cm−2 and stability for 13 h. As supercapacitor electrode materials, the hybrid structures exhibit a specific capacitance 519 C g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is higher than that of hybrid NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 nanosheets (420 C g−1). The asymmetric device delivers an energy density of 30.73 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 374.9 W kg−1.
White Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Deep‐Red Cu(I) Complexes
Authors: Fresta Elisa , Weber Michael D. , Fernandez‐Cestau Julio , Costa Rubén D.
Published: September 2019

The synthesis and characterization, as well as photoluminescent and electrochemical features of a series of ionic copper(I) complexes—, i.e., [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+, where N^N is 4,4′‐diethylester‐2,2′‐biquinoline (dcbq) and P^P is bis‐triphenylphosphine, bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)ether] (POP), or 4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐9,9‐dimethylxanthene (Xantphos)—are reported along with their application to achieve both deep‐red and white light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). In short, the first deep‐red Cu(I)‐based LECs featuring high irradiances (≈100 µW cm−2) and excellent color stability (x/y CIE color coordinates of 0.66/0.32) over days are reported. This is achieved by comparing the electroluminescent behavior of this series of complexes with respect to the irradiance and stability, as well as the impact of introducing supporting electrolytes on the device performance. This is rationalized using spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. Finally, the first white‐emitting LEC is manufactured with red‐emitting copper(I) complexes, achieving x/y CIE color coordinates of 0.31/0.32 and a high color rendering index of 92.
A Dynamically Modulated All‐Dielectric Metasurface Doublet for Directional Harmonic Generation and Manipulation in Transmission
Authors: Salary Mohammad Mahdi , Farazi Soheil , Mosallaei Hossein
Published: September 2019

In this paper, an electrically tunable all‐dielectric metasurface doublet is proposed operating at mid‐infrared frequency regime with dynamic 2π phase span in transmission mode. Each layer of the metasurface consists of a periodic array of silicon nanobars configured into p‐i‐n junctions in which the double carrier injection into the intrinsic region under forward bias allows for tuning of the silicon refractive index. The physical mechanism is based on the spectral overlap of high quality factor guided mode resonances supported by each constituent layer establishing an extreme Huygens' operation regime of nearly reflectionless transmission with steep phase spectrum. The short response time of field‐driven carrier injection in p‐i‐n junctions allows for modulation of refractive index with radio‐frequency biasing signals, yielding a stable time‐modulated all‐dielectric metasurface with directional frequency conversion and harmonic generation in transmission. A systematic approach is adopted to control the output spectrum of generated frequency harmonics through engineering the temporally modulated phase of transmitted light via adjusting the modulation waveform. Specifically, pure frequency mixing and concurrent dual‐frequency generation in transmission mode are demonstrated. Unique applications of the time‐modulated all‐dielectric metasurface are presented including wavelength‐multiplexed metalens for dual‐polarity focusing/diffusing and frequency diverse transmitarray for ultrafast spatiotemporal beam‐scanning.
Nonreciprocal Transmission in Nonlinear PT‐Symmetric Metamaterials Using Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Media Doped with Defects
Authors: Jin Boyuan , Argyropoulos Christos
Published: September 2019

Nonreciprocal transmission forms the basic operation mechanism of optical diodes and isolators and requires the tantalizing task of breaking the Lorentz reciprocity law. In this work, strong nonreciprocal transmission is demonstrated by using a compact nonlinear parity‐time (PT) symmetric system based on epsilon‐near‐zero (ENZ) materials photonically doped with gain and loss defects and separated by an ultrathin air gap. The nonlinear response of this scalable configuration is triggered at relatively low optical intensities due to the strong electric field confinement in the defects. The extreme asymmetric field distribution achieved upon excitation from opposite incident directions, combined with the enhanced nonlinear properties of the proposed system, results in a pronounced self‐induced nonreciprocal transmission. Cascade configurations with optimized geometrical dimensions are used to achieve self‐induced nonreciprocal transmission with a maximum contrast, ideal for the design of new all‐optical diodes. The presented robust nonreciprocal response occurs by operating at a frequency slightly shifted off the exceptional point but without breaking the PT‐symmetric phase, different compared to previous works. The findings of this work can have a plethora of applications, such as nonreciprocal ultrathin coatings for the protection of sources or other sensitive equipment from external pulsed signals, circulators, and isolators.
Visible Light‐Induced Photocatalytic C−H Perfluoroalkylation of Quinoxalinones under Aerobic Oxidation Condition
Authors: Wei Zhenjiang , Qi Sijia , Xu Yanhao , Liu Hao , Wu Junzhen , Li Hongshuang , Xia Chengcai , Duan Guiyun
Published: September 2019

An efficient approach using a photocatalytic strategy for C−H perfluoroalkylation of quinoxalinones under aerobic oxidation condition has been developed. Such transformation employs readily available sodium perfluoroalkanesulfinates as perfluoroalkylation reagents and demonstrates good functional group compatibility, affording corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Compared with previous procedures, this protocol uses oxygen as oxidant, and avoids the use of external additive. A radical mechanism is involved in this perfluoroalkylation reaction.

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Nanoparticles‐Mediated Combination Therapies for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Shrestha Binita , Tang Liang , Romero Gabriela
Published: September 2019

Cancer is a dynamic disease characterized by its heterogeneous nature. This heterogeneity results in critical problems that interfere with the eradication of cancer tumors such as multidrug resistance, drug efflux capacity, narrow therapeutic window, and undesired side effects. Nanomedicine has introduced new platforms for drug delivery to enhance therapeutic efficiency of anticancer drugs. In addition to drug delivery, nanocarriers such as liposomes, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and metallic nanoparticles can be designed for detection, diagnosis, and treatment. Recent studies support the idea that a combination of two or more nanoparticle‐mediated therapies can result in a synergistic therapeutic outcome to improve current cancer treatments. In this progress report, recent advances in nanoparticles‐based combination therapies are discussed. A brief overview of the complexity of cancer tumor's microenvironment is presented, followed by discussion of combinatorial therapies categorized based on chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acid or therapeutic proteins, energy‐based therapies and imaging techniques for theranostic application. Different nanotechnological platforms are developed for combination therapy as tools with a great potential to tackle the most critical issues of current cancer treatments. A deeper understanding of these nanotechnologies and their possible long‐term effects in biological systems is needed for further clinical translation.
High‐Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Efficient Delivery of an Albumin Nanotheranostic in Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Hafner Susanne , Raabe Marco , Wu Yuzhou , Wang Tao , Zuo Zhi , Rasche Volker , Syrovets Tatiana , Weil Tanja , Simmet Thomas
Published: September 2019

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a fast growing and strong metastasizing tumor, which presents almost no cellular receptors that can be addressed by targeted therapeutics. In addition, TNBC is often characterized by high tumor grading, fast growth rates, and early metastasis. Therefore, multifunctional drug carriers allowing efficient drug delivery and bioimaging to treat and track TNBC tissue in vivo would be highly desirable. A human serum albumin‐based polyethylene glycol copolymer (dcHSA‐Gd‐Dox) is synthesized combining multiple copies of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and gadolinium (III) (Gd(III))‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. The biodegradable albumin‐based nanocarriers reveal high‐contrast tumor imaging and efficient drug delivery in a preclinical TNBC xenograft model, where the xenografts are grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized chick eggs. dcHSA‐Gd‐Dox is injected intravenously, and the distribution of the compound is monitored by MRI and inductively coupled optical plasma emission spectrometry. dcHSA‐Gd‐Dox is rapidly taken up into MDA‐MB‐231 cells and exhibits significant cytotoxic efficacy. dcHSA‐Gd‐Dox combines high tissue enrichment with low systemic toxicity and high‐contrast MRI rendering it an attractive nanotheranostic for TNBC.
A Study on the Relationship Between Grain Size and Electrical Properties in (K,Na)NbO3‐Based Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Yang Weiwei , Li Peng , Wu Shuanghao , Li Feng , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei
Published: September 2019

The 0.5 wt% MnO2‐doped 0.95(K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.965Sb0.035)O3‐0.01CaZrO3‐0.04(Bi0.5K0.5)(Hf0.98Ti0.02)O3 (95KNNS‐1CZ‐4BKHT) lead‐free ceramics with grain size from 0.31 to 3.83 µm are fabricated by hot‐press sintering (HPS), microwave sintering (MS), conventional sintering (CS), two‐step sintering (TSS), and a combination of two of the above‐mentioned methods. Then, the grain size effects on the phase transition, electrical properties, domain structure, and temperature stability of the ceramics are investigated. The phase structure evolves from single rhombohedral (R) phase to coexisted rhombohedral‐tetragonal (R‐T) phases around 1 µm. The electromechanical properties are strongly grain size dependent. The values of piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and planar electromechanical coupling factor (kp) first rise sharply when the grain size is less than 1 µm, and then increase mildly in the grain size range from 2.55 to 3.04 µm and finally almost remain a constant (≈450 pC N−1 and 54%) when the grain size is larger than 3.31 µm. The R‐T phase coexistence and strip‐like nanodomain structure characterized by an easier switching feature contribute to the high piezoelectric and electromechanical properties of coarse‐grained samples. This work not only clarifies the relationship between grain size and electrical properties in KNN‐based ceramics, but also provides a novel strategy for developing high‐performance lead‐free piezoceramics.
Continuous‐time scheduling formulation for multipurpose batch plants
Authors: Mostafaei Hossein , Harjunkoski Iiro
Published: September 2019

Short‐term scheduling of batch processes is a complex combinatorial problem with remarkable impact on the total revenue of chemical plants. It consists of the optimal allocation of limited resources to tasks over time in order to manufacture final products following given batch recipes. This article addresses the short‐term scheduling of multipurpose batch plants, using a mixed integer linear programming formulation based on the state‐task network representation. It employs both single‐grid and multi‐grid continuous‐time representations, derived from generalized disjunctive programming. In comparison to other multigrid scheduling models in the literature, the proposed multi‐grid model uses no big‐M constraints and leads to more compact mathematical models with strong linear relaxations, which often results in shorter computational times. The single‐grid counterpart of the formulation is not as favorable, as it leads to weaker linear relaxations than the multi‐grid approach and is not capable of handling changeover time constraints.