bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus Treated With Fresh Talar Allografts
Authors: Hahn David B. , Aanstoos Megan E. , Wilkins Ross M.
Published: April 2010

Background: Osteochondral lesions of the talar dome (OLT) can be devastating injuries. Many of these problems occur in younger adult patients and can cause permanent joint pain and stiffness. Several treatment methods have been used to treat the symptomatic lesion, including arthroscopic debridement and microfracture, transfer of autologous osteoarticular tissue from the knee or talus (OATS), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), frozen and fresh allograft transplantation. Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients underwent fresh talar allograft transplantation with internal fixation for an OLT. Fresh talar allograft transplantation involved arthrotomy of the ankle, often with malleolar osteotomy, and replacement of the talar dome defect with fresh talar allograft tissue and internal fixation. Thirteen of the 18 patients returned for clinical and radiographic examination in addition to completing two validated questionnaires. The other five patients did not return for followup evaluation. The 13 patients who were seen in followup had an average age of 30 (range, 15 to 44) years with a mean followup of 48 months. Results: There was a significant difference ( p < 0.01) between the patients' preoperative and postoperative pain and activity abilities as measured with the Foot Function Index and AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot questionnaires. Clinical examination and X-rays confirmed healing of the graft. Conclusion: Based on these results, we conclude that this is a reasonable procedure for younger adult patients with focal osteochondral talar defects that cannot be corrected with curretage and microfracture.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Prophylactic Ankle Brace Use in High School Volleyball Players: A Prospective Study
Authors: Frey Carol , Feder Keith S. , Sleight Jill
Published: April 2010

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of prophylactic ankle bracing on the incidence of ankle injuries in a high school population of interscholastic volleyball players followed prospectively for one season. Materials and Methods: The study was designed to evaluate the effect of different types of ankle braces on the incidence of ankle sprains in high school volleyball players. There were 957 players in the group that wore braces and 42 in the control group who did not wear a brace. Information was collected on age, sex, previous injury, incidence of injury, and time off from play. Only the dominant ankle was studied. Results: Overall, the use of a prophylactic ankle brace did not significantly alter the incidence of ankle sprains in high school volleyball players. However, in players without a previous ankle sprain, the use of an ankle brace did make a significant difference in two of the braced groups. The Active Ankle Trainer II and the Aircast Sports Stirrup protected volleyball players from a sprain only if they had not had a previous sprain. If the player had a history of a previous ankle sprain, these two brace groups did not protect the ankle from another ankle sprain ( p < 0.05). In addition, there were significantly more injuries in the female group of players who wore a non-rigid brace versus those who wore a more rigid brace. Conclusion: This information may be helpful in deciding whether to recommend prophylactic ankle braces in volleyball players.

Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study
Checkrein Deformity Secondary to Entrapment of FHL After Talus Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Sei Hyun , Lee Kyung Tae , Smith Ronald W. , Park Young-Uk
Published: April 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
What does ‘literate in English’ mean?: Divergent literacy practices for vernacular- vs. English-medium students in India
Authors: Ramanathan Vai
Published: April 2010

This paper offers a close analysis of how English is presented and taught in state-mandated vernacular-and English-medium textbooks used in Grades K-12 in Gujarat, India. Based on an extended, ethnographically oriented project that explores English language learning and teaching in India, the present paper argues that the divergent English instruction as presented in the textbooks contribute to producing two different kinds of student populations, drawing as these texts do on very different cultural models regarding being ‘literate in English.’ The paper also relates the implications of such differences to the unequal distribution of social goods in the larger Indian society.
Transitions: Orienting to Reading and Writing Assignments in EAP and MBA Contexts
Authors: Raymond Patricia , Parks Susan
Published: April 2010

With the increased enrolment of non-native speakers from diverse cultural backgrounds in university programs, researchers have begun to explore how such students cope with the academic challenges awaiting them (Leki, 2001; Spack, 1997). The present paper draws on data from a 2-year qualitative study of Chinese students enrolled in an English-medium Masters in Business Administration in a Canadian university. Specifically, we focus on how students' orientations to reading and writing assignments changed as they moved from an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program to their MBA courses. Drawing on genre theory and activity theory, we suggest how these changes were related to differences in what was valued as learning in these two contexts (i.e., the construal or epistemic motive). Although as in Spack (1997), students adapted their reading and writing strategies to cope with assignments in the MBA program, the study also suggests how historically inscribed academic practices may mitigate against students' ability to appropriate relevant literacy resources.
Resistance in Eight Peanut Genotypes to Foliar Feeding of Fall Armyworm, Velvetbean Caterpillar, and Corn Earworm
Authors: Todd James W. , Beach R. M. , Branch W. D.
Published: April 2010

A laboratory feeding bioassay was used to test field-grown foliage of eight peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for foliar feeding resistance to three common species of defoliating caterpillars: velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); and corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. The eight peanut genotypes studied were: Southern Runner, Florigiant, Curly Leaf, GPNC 343, Robut 33–1, NC6, Tifton-8, and Florunner. Percent survival of both FAW and VBC was very high (84–100%) when reared on any of the genotypes tested. Development to the pupal stage was slowest for FAW reared on Florunner, NC 6, and Tifton-8, and for VBC reared on Florunner and Tifton-8. Percent survival of CEW larvae was reduced on both NC 6 and Tifton-8 (36% survival). Differences in development to pupation and pupal weight were less distinct for CEW. When CEW larvae were provided ten peanut blooms each 48 hours in addition to unlimited foliage, development to pupation was significantly shorter in Florunner, NC 6, Robut 33–1, GPNC 343, and Curly Leaf than when larvae were fed only foliage. Similarly, CEW pupal weights were heavier in Florunner and GPNC 343 treatments, indicating that feeding on peanut blooms of most peanut genotypes tested was of benefit to CEW. In terms of overall response of the three insect species tested, NC 6 and Tifton-8 appeared to be the most resistant while Robut 33–1, Curly Leaf, and Florigiant appeared to be the most susceptible.
Analysis of Peanuts and Peanut Products for Total Lipids, Fatty Acids and Proximates
Authors: Sheppard A. J. , Rudolf T. S.
Published: April 2010

The four major peanut types and several peanut products were analyzed for total lipids, fatty acid content, fat, ash and protein. Runner and Virginia types contained similar amounts of oleic and linoleic acids that were significantly different from those found in Valencia and Spanish types of peanuts. Characterization of the peanut types into groups by fatty acid profiles was more definitive than by sterol profiles. No significant differences in fat, ash or protein content were found between the various peanut types. Peanut products did not always exhibit the same fatty acid and sterol profiles as peanuts.
Peanut Butter Quality as Affected by Inclusion of Non-Fat Dry Milk Components
Authors: Pominski J. , Kadan R. S. , Crippen K. L.
Published: April 2010

Peanut butter is deficient in lysine, methionine, and threonine. Addition of 7.5% non-fat dry milk (NFDM) increases these amino acids 24.5, 15.0 and 11.0% respectively with a commercial peanut butter as a reference. Addition of hydrolyzed non-fat dry milk (HNFDM) resulted in similar increases for lysine and threonine but only a slight increase for methionine. The experimental peanut butter spreads had intensities for flavor characteristics similar to a commercial butter as a reference. The dry milk components lowered the textural properties. While the dry milk mixtures had acceptable textural properties, the commercial peanut butter was significantly higher in both adhesiveness and spreadability parameters.
Variation in Phytoalexin Production by Peanut Seed from Several Genotypes1
Authors: Mohanty B. , Basha S. M. , Gorbet D. W. , Cole R. J. , Dorner J. W.
Published: April 2010

Evaluation of twenty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for their phytoalexin producing ability showed wide variation in the amount and composition of phytoalexins produced. Some genotypes produced one major phytoalexin component while the other genotypes produced seven major phytoalexin components. In addition, high phytoalexin producing genotypes utilized more methionine-rich protein than the low phytoalexin producing genotypes suggesting that methionine-rich protein or its breakdown products may have a role in phytoalexin production.
Pathways for Introgression of Pest Resistance into Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Simpson Charles E.
Published: April 2010

Four pathways for gene introgression into Arachis hypogaea L. were studied. Two “hexaploid routes” involved direct crosses of diploid Arachis species and diploid species hybrids with A. hypogaea (Pathways 1 and 2, respectively) and were followed by chromosome doubling with colchicine. A third pathway, a tetraploid route, involved chromosome doubling of a diploid hybrid before crossing with A. hypogaea. These first three routes involved only the A genome species, and all were unsuccessful because of lack of fertility. The fourth pathway, also a tetraploid route, utilized the B genome A. batizocoi Krap. et Greg. as a bridge species and brought about a successful (fertile) introgression. Genes from A. cardenasii Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. and A. chacoensis Krap et Greg. nom. nud. were combined into a hybrid and incorporated into A. hypogaea by using the B genome bridge species. Introgression of additional characters from these and other species through this pathway should be possible.
Inheritance of Seed Dormancy in a Cross Between Two Spanish Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Khalfaoui J-L. B.
Published: April 2010

Obtaining early maturing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (Spanish) with seed dormancy is a major objective in breeding programs. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of seed dormancy in a cross between the only dormant, early maturing cultivar that is currently released (73–30) and a very early maturing non-dormant cultivar (Chico). Results showed that genetic control is not very complex (additive, dominance and digenic epistatic effects). Broad sense and narrow sense heritabilities ranged between 0.49 and 0.57. These results indicate that pedigree selection for dormancy could be successfully carried out in Spanish type cultivars using 73–30 as a parent.
A Note on Testcrosses Between Tan or Pink Testa Color and Recessive Red Peanut Genotypes1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Holbrook C. C.
Published: April 2010

Phenotypically distinguishing between tan and pink peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) testa color can be difficult. Genetic separation was attempted by testcrosses with homozygously recessive red testa genotypes (r2r2, r3r3). The recessive red testa color was found to differ from all of the following pink and tan cultivars: Sunbelt Runner, Southern Runner, Starr, Toalson, and the tan colored Krinkle-leaf genotype (F1F2D1D2r1) by only one of the two recessive red loci. Even though these results show that testcrossing to recessive red genotypes is not a viable approach for discerning tan versus pink testa color, it does suggest that several peanut cultivars already carry one recessive red gene.
Quantitative Comparison of Stem Lesions Caused by Cercosporidium personatum in Florunner and Southern Runner Peanut Cultivars
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Brenneman T. B. , Shokes F. M.
Published: April 2010

Fewer stem lesions caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton developed on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar Southern Runner than on cultivar Florunner in field tests conducted near Tifton, GA, in 1989 and 1990 and near Marianna, FL in 1990. Numbers of lesions per stem and lesions per dm of stem length ranged from 3.1 to 9.5 times higher on Florunner than on Southern Runner in tests where severe leafspot epidemics developed and no foliar fungicides were applied. Seven applications of chlorothalonil at 0.5, 0.63 or 1.26 kg ai/ha via ground sprays and 1.26 kg ai/ha via an underslung boom (Pivot Agricultural Spray System = PASS) allowed few stem lesions to develop on either cultivar compared to non-sprayed plants. Delayed harvest required for Southern Runner resulted in an increase in incidence of stem lesions, but incidence of stem lesions at harvest on Southern Runner still was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01) than incidence on Florunner at harvest. Differences in number of stem lesions between the two cultivars and among fungicide treatments were reflected in yields. Healthier stem tissue due to fewer stem lesions may be partially responsible for higher yields in Southern Runner than in Florunner grown during severe leafspot epidemics. Incidence of stem lesions caused by C. personatum may be useful as a new parameter to be considered in evaluation and selection for resistance and/or tolerance to C. personatum in peanut.
Inheritance of Stem Color and Non-Nodulation in Peanut1
Authors: Essomba N. B. , Coffelt T. A. , Branch W. D. , Van Scoyoc S. W.
Published: April 2010

Extra-nuclear factors have been reported in peanut (Arachts hypogaea L.) for many traits including growth habit, stipule shape, pod constriction, resistance to leafspot disease, and calcium concentration. However, the role of extra-nuclear factors with the inheritance of many other peanut traits remains to be ascertained. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of stem color and non-nodulation, and whether their inheritance is influenced by extra-nuclear factors. The study was conducted on the F1 and F2 progenies obtained from a modified diallel design with two A. hypogaea genotypes, Argentine and T2442, and one A. monticola Krap. et Rig. genotype, as parents. Two plant parts (main and lateral stems) were visually classified for stem color (purple, mixed, or green). Plants graded as green-green, mixed-green, or mixed-mixed were grouped as green and all others as purple for genetic analyses. Plants were classified as non-nodulatingif symptoms of N deficiency were observed. Distribution of data for stem color was bimodal, supporting the grouping of data into two phenotypic classes (green and purple). The F2 generation fit ratios of 1 green: 3 purple, 6 green: 10 purple, 9 green: 7 purple, 11 green: 5 purple, or 15 green: 1 purple depending on the parents. These results indicate that a) stem color may be determined by two sets of genes of which the first one may be responsible for purple pigmentation and the second one for green pigmentation, b) these two gene sets, comprising, respectively, one and two loci for purple and green pigmentations, may have epistatic relationships, c) extra-nuclear factors may function as alleles to nuclear genes responsible for stem color, and d) extra-nuclear factors may induce or modify relationships between traits when they interfere with nuclear genes determining these traits. In the F2 of crosses with T2442 as one parent and either A. monticola or Argentine as the other, ratios of 57 nodulating: 7 non-nodulatmg plants and 54 nodulating: 10 non-nodulating plants were observed. These results indicate that a) non-nodulation trait may be determined by three independent non-duplicate genes and b) at least two homozygous recessive loci are required in a genotype for non-nodulation. The following genotypes are proposed for the three parents:

A. monticola: Ps1sPs 1gs1gs1 gs2gs2; N3N3 N4N4 N5N5

Argentine: gs1gs1 Gs1Gs1 gs2gs2; N3N3 N4N4 N5N5

T2442: ps1ps1 gs1gs1 Gs2Gs2; n3n3 n4n4 n5n5
Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1
Authors: Wehtje G. , Wilcut J. W. , McGuire J. A. , Hicks T. V.
Published: April 2010

Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.
Geocarposphere Temperature as It Relates to Florunner Peanut Production
Authors: Davidson J. I. , Blankenship P. D. , Henning R. J. , Guerke W. R. , Smith R. D. , Cole R. J.
Published: April 2010

Geocarposphere (GCS) temperature was correlated to yield, grade, jumbos (outturns), aflatoxin, and germination of Florunner peanuts grown in Southwest Georgia during CY 1981–1987. Maximum daily GCS temperatures usually provided better correlations with yield and quality factors than minimum and mean daily GCS temperatures. Maximum daily GCS temperatures were also more indicative of plant stress. Minimum GCS temperatures were important for rapid emergence, root growth, and maturation. Both maximum and minimum daily GCS temperatures were important for reducing impact by wet and dry weather pests. Maximum yield and quality will be produced when production practices are managed to maintain GCS temperature in the range of 20–35 C (68–95 F) at planting time, 20–31 C (68–87 F) prior to and during the early part of fruiting, 21–28 C (70–83 F) during primary pod addition and 21–29 C (70–85 F) during primary pod maturation period. However, maximum GCS temperatures below 27 C (80 F) should be avoided to minimize impact of wet weather pests. This and other information that relate scouting data and field history to yield and quality have proven useful in developing an Expert System and models for managing peanut production and marketing.
Pheromone Trapping as an Indicator of Southern Corn Rootworm Damage in Peanut1
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Barbour J. D. , Herbert D. A.
Published: April 2010

Populations of adult male southern corn rootworms (SCR) were monitored, and percent pod damage evaluated, for 107 peanut fields in the peanut growing regions of northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia from 1986 through 1990. percent pod damage was not consistently related to numbers of adult male SCR as determined by pheromone trap catches, for any of the five years, or for all five years combined. However, fields with trap catches less than or equal to 45 beetles per trap per week (17% of those sampled) appeared to be at low risk for SCR damage. When SCR numbers averaged less than 45 beetles per trap per week, percent pod damage averaged less than 3% and variation was low (standard deviation=2.1%), indicating that this number may be used as a low-end cutoff for SCR treatment. The critical dependence of SCR on adequate soil moisture for survival of eggs and early instar larvae may be a major factor contributing to the lack of correlation between numbers of adult SCR and damage to peanut pods under field conditions.
Peanut Breeding for Drought Resistance1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Kvien C. K.
Published: April 2010

Because drought continues to be a major limiting environmental factor in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production, a breeding strategy for developing drought resistance was initiated in the early 1980's at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station. Crosses were made between advanced breeding lines and drought resistant germplasm. Rainout shelters were used between 60 and 120 days after planting to provide mid-season drought stress so that pedigree selection could be made within early-segregating generations. Eight pure-line selections from the GA T-2465 × Tifton-8 cross combination were first evaluation in irrigated yield trials. The Georgia selection, GA 901412 now GA T-2842, had the highest pod yield in two irrigated test during 1989 and 1990, and was found to have a 25% yield advantage over Florunner under severe drought stress during 1990. In 1991, this same drought resistant selection again had the top yield over 16 other Virginia/runner type cultivars in each dryland test at two Georgia locations. Thus, progress has been made in developing adapted drought resistant Georgia breeding lines, and such a breeding approach merits consideration for developing future drought resistant candivars.
Reproductive Efficiency in Reciprocal Crosses of Arachis duranensis and A. stenosperma with A. hypogaea cv. NC 61
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Stalker H. Thomas
Published: April 2010

The wild species germplasm resources of Arachis are potentially valuable for improving disease and insect resistance in A. hypogaea L. Improving cultivars through interspecific hybridization is restricted because of reproductive barriers and/or genetic incompatibility with many Arachis spp. A description of reproductive efficiency in reciprocal crosses between wild and cultivated Arachis species is needed to clarify potentials for germplasm utilization. This study documents reproductive efficiency using the diploid species A. duranensis (K 7988) and A. stenosperma (HLK 410) in reciprocal crosses with A. hypogaea cv. NC 6. A significant parental effect was observed among crosses and NC 6 was more successful when used as the female parent. Differences in total reproductive efficiency were not observed between the two wild diploid species. However, when A. duranensis was used as a female parent embryos aborted at a high frequency. In contrast, the reduced efficiency observed with A. stenosperma was due to lower fertilization. As attempts are made to utilize the genetic resources of Arachis, different approaches will be needed to overcome reproductive barriers which restrict introgression of potentially desirable traits.
Paraquat Behavior as Influenced by 2, 4-DB in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and Selected Weeds1
Authors: Wehtje Glenn , Wilcut John W. , McGuire John A.
Published: April 2010

The interaction of 2,4-DB and paraquat on weed control and crop safety in peanuts was examined in greenhouse, field, and laboratory experiments. Tank mixtures of paraquat and 2,4-DB were no more injurious to peanuts than paraquat applied alone in greenhouse and field experiments. These tank mixtures were neither interactive nor synergistic with respect to weed control. Under field conditions, tank mixtures provided more comprehensive weed control and improved yield relative to either herbicide applied alone. Studies with 14C-labeled herbicides revealed that the absorption and translocation of paraquat and 2,4-DB was not influenced by the presence of other herbicide.
A Detached Shoot Technique To Evaluate the Reaction of Peanut Genotypes to Sclerotinia Minor1
Authors: Melouk H. A. , Akem C. N. , Bowen C.
Published: April 2010

The cut ends of 15-cm-long shoot tips from 15 peanut genotypes were immersed individually in 1 × 14 cm test tubes containing Hoagland's solution. Shoots were supported by foam plugs leaving about 12 cm extending above the foam plugs. All leaves were removed leaving about 1 cm of each petiole on the shoot. A 4-mm-mycelial plug of Sclerotinia minor, taken from the periphery of a 2-day old culture grown on potato dextrose agar containing 100 ug/ml streptomycin sulfate (SPDA), was placed between the stem and a petiole in the middle of the shoot. Tubes with shoots were then placed in a polyethylene enclosure on a greenhouse bench where the day and night temperature were 29 ± 2C and 25 ± 2C, respectively. Relative humidity (RH) was maintained at 95 to 100% by lining the bottom of the enclosure with wet burlap. Lesions appeared on shoot tips 3 days after inoculation, and their length was measured at various times. Genotypes with the least percent of symptomatic stems also had the lowest rates of lesion expansion. Two weeks after inoculation, tubes were drained, and shoots remained in the chamber at about 60–70% RH to allow sclerotial production. Sclerotia from each shoot were removed, counted, and their viability determined by germination on SPDA at 25 ± 2C in darkness. This method was effective in differentiating the reaction of peanut genotypes to infection by S. minor.
Productivity of Florunner Peanut Infected with Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Demski J. W.
Published: April 2010

Individual plants of peanut cultivar Florunner were evaluated over time for symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in field plots in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Time of symptom appearance was recorded for symptomatic plants. Seed yield was determined for individual symptomatic plants and apparently healthy check plants on adjacent rows. Across all times of appearance of symptoms, number of seed produced, mean weight per seed and total seed yield were lower for symptomatic plants than for healthy plants in all three years. In 1989 and 1990, linear regression indicated that both number of seed and seed yield per infected plant increased with time from planting until TSWV symptom expression. Mean seed weight also increased with time from planting until symptom expression in 1990, although this increase was small, but not in 1989. Among symptomatic plants, number of seed produced was more strongly correlated with seed yield than was average weight per individual seed.
Methods for Characterization of Kernel Density and Aflatoxin Levels of Individual Peanuts1
Authors: Gnanasekharan V. , Chinnan M. S. , Dorner J. W.
Published: April 2010

A helium pycnometer, specific gravity bottle and a displacement method were evaluated for the determination of individual peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) kernel densities. Three coating materials were tested to minimize water absorption with the latter two methods. The displacement technique with a coefficient of variation (CV) of less than 0.1% was found to be most reproducible and had a total variability of 0.002 g/cm3. Polyurethane was adopted as the coating material of choice. A reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assay was adapted for quantification of the aflatoxins in individual peanuts. Picogram levels of aflatoxin were quantified with an average recovery of 82%. Characterization of peanut kernel density distributions and relationships between kernel density and aflatoxin level are envisioned with data generated using this method.
Resistance to the Peanut Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria) in Arachis hypogaea1
Authors: Holbrook C. Corley , Noe James P.
Published: April 2010

The peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] causes significant economic losses throughout the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production area of the southern United States. Chemicals for control of this pest are becoming increasingly limited, and there are no known sources of resistance within the U. S. A. hypogaea collection. The objectives of this research were to screen 1,321 plant introductions for resistance or hypersusceptibility based on egg-mass ratings in greenhouse tests and to conduct more intensive greenhouse studies of selected genotypes to evaluate this method for identifying resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode. Twenty-seven genotypes with low and eight genotypes with high egg-mass ratings were selected and reevaluated in a more intensive greenhouse experiment. Seventeen of the low selections supported fewer (P≤0.05) egg masses, and seven supported less egg production per gram of fresh root weight than Florunner. Three selections for high egg-mass ratings supported more nematode eggs per plant than the cultivar Florunner and had a greater host efficiency. One of these genotypes supported more nematode eggs per gram of fresh root weight than Florunner. These results show that resistance to M. arenaria exists in the cultivated peanut species and can be selected by rating egg-mass production on greenhouse-grown plants.
Relationship of Rotterdam Peanut Prices to U. S. Peanut Production1
Authors: Carley D. H. , Fletcher S. M. , Zhang P. , Witt H.
Published: April 2010

In the 1980s exports of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) from the United States ranged from 228,000 mt to 473,000 mt making up nearly 20% of the total U.S. production. The European Community was the largest importer of U. S. peanuts with Argentina and China the major U. S. competitors for peanut imports. Edible peanut prices quoted in Rotterdam are recognized as world reference prices in the peanut trade. From 1978 to 1990 monthly prices of U. S. 40/50 shelled peanuts in Rotterdam ranged from $600/mt to $2,100/mt. A change of $100/mt in the Rotterdam price results in an estimated change in the value of U. S. farmers' stock peanuts of $66/mt. Rotterdam prices are sensitive to monthly estimates of peanut production in the southeastern U. S. There is a critical southeast production threshold of about 1.0 mil mt, below which Rotterdam prices increase $125/mt for a decrease of 50,000 mt in production. Above the level of production, the price changed $51/mt for each 50,000 mt change in production. The Rotterdam price is an important barometer for domestic prices for additional peanuts produced by U. S. peanut farmers.
Fluazinam: A New Fungicide for Control of Sclerotinia Blight and Other Soilborne Pathogens of Peanut1
Authors: Smith F. D. , Phipps P. M. , Stipes R. J.
Published: April 2010

Fluazinam provided effective control of Sclerotinia blight (Sclerotinia minor Jagger) of peanut in six field trials during a 4-yr period. Applications of fluazinam (0.56 kg/ha) at the onset of Sclerotinia blight and 4 wk later provided an average of 69% suppression of disease incidence and increased yields by 1598 kg/ha compared to untreated plots. Performance of fluazinam was significantly better than iprodione, the material currently used for control of Sclerotinia blight. Two applications of iprodione at 1.12 kg/ha provided only 31% suppression of disease incidence and increased yield by 718 kg/ha. Fungicides were also evaluated in 1990 as tank-mixes with chlorothalonil (1.26 kg/ha) that were applied in foliar sprays according to the Virginia peanut leafspot advisory program. Treatments consisted of no fungicide, chlorothalonil alone, and tank-mixes of chlorothalonil plus either dicloran at 2.10 kg/ha, fluazinam at 0.56 kg/ha, or iprodione at 0.84 kg/ha. Sclerotinia blight at harvest in untreated plots and plots treated with chlorothalonil alone averaged 27.8 and 35.8 disease foci per plot, whereas yields averaged 3624 and 2251 kg/ha, respectively. Compared to plots treated with chlorothalonil alone, Sclerotinia blight was suppressed by 92, 25, and 25%, and yield was increased by 4020, 1925, and 1684 kg/ha in plots treated with chlorothalonil plus either fluazinam, iprodione, or dicloran, respectively. Applications of tank-mixes containing fluazinam plus chlorothalonil in 1991 provided additional evidence that this approach was a highly effective means of controlling both Sclerotinia blight and early leafspot, a previously unattainable goal. Fluazinam did not control early leafspot (Cercospora arachidicola S. Hori) in field trials; however, the fungicide was fungitoxic in vitro to Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn.
Rapid Screening Method for Resistance to Aflatoxin Production in Peanut1
Authors: Daren Xiao
Published: April 2010

A simple, economical, and rapid method to detect aflatoxin in peanut is described in this paper. The extract from 1 g of peanut is added to 1 mL of NH4H2PO4-HgCl2 solution containing 0.005 g agar in a tube. The concentration of aflatoxin can be visually estimated by the tube fluorescence which is directly correlated with the concentration of aflatoxin on a simple linear regression (r = 0.999, P < 0.01). The lowest aflatoxin amount that could be detected was 0.02 μg/g by a spectroflurophotometer and was 0.04 μg/g by visual observation under UV light. There was no significant difference between the amounts of aflatoxin estimated by the tube fluorescence method and by TLC (P > 0.10) in an experiment containing 10 samples. This method should be applicable for fast identification of peanut genotypes of single plants with resistance to aflatoxin production.
Physiology of Oil Seeds. X. Seed Quality of Peanut Genotypes as Affected by Ambient Storage Temperature1
Authors: Ketring Darold L.
Published: April 2010

Proper storage of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods following drying is a critical step in maintenance of seed quality for the next planting season. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ambient storage temperature (similar to farmers stock peanuts stored in warehouses) on seed germination and seedling vigor of selected peanut genotypes. Peanuts were grown in the field for three successive seasons. Pods were harvested, dried, and shelled. Seed samples were taken for storage under ambient conditions, humidity effects were eliminated by storing the seeds in plastic freezer bags in sealed containers. Seasons were: (1) 1986, 19 months storage at ambient temperature, (2) 1987, 7 months storage at ambient temperature, and (3) 1988, seeds without storage. When comparisons were made among genotypes within seasons, exposure to Season 1 conditions resulted in the least germination and seedling growth, but a wide range of genotype diversity occurred. Germination of seeds from Seasons 2 and 3 ranged from 81 to 98%, and significant differences in seedling growth occurred among genotypes. When comparisons were made across Seasons, the data indicated a significant storage effect, which resulted in different seed quality for individual genotypes. Usually field emergence was significantly different among genotypes and was highly correlated with germination for all seasons. Generally, emergence was negatively correlated with slow seedling growth and positively correlated with rapid seedling growth. Thus, for seeds of lower vigor (Seasons 1 and 2), rapid seedling growth was particularly critical for early, uniform emergence (10 DAP) in the field. Genotypes were significantly different in extent of seed quality reduction and field emergence both within and across storage periods. Genotype diversity to ambient storage conditions suggests there is genetic potential to improve longevity of seed quality during storage and enhance stability of field emergence.
Single Leaf Carbon Exchange and Canopy Radiation Use Efficiency of Four Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Bennett J. M. , Sinclair T. R. , Ma Li , Boote K. J.
Published: April 2010

Knowledge of the interception of solar radiation by crop canopies and the use of that radiation for carbon assimilation is essential for understanding crop growth and yield as a function of the environment. A field experiment was conducted in 1990 at Gainesville, FL to determine if differences in single leaf carbon exchange rate (CER), canopy radiation interception, radiation use efficiency (g dry matter produced per unit of solar radiation intercepted), and increase in seed harvest index with time exist among several commonly grown peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. Four cultivars (Early Bunch, Florunner, Marc I, and Southern Runner) were grown in field plots on a Kendrick fine sand (a loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Paleudult) under fully irrigated, intensive management. Total crop and seed dry matter accumulation were determined, and canopy radiation interception measured at weekly intervals. CER of uppermost, fully expanded sunlit leaves were determined at midday at 2-wk intervals. Single leaf CER's were similar among cultivars (25 to 35 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and relatively stable throughout most of the season, before declining during late seed filling. Although interception of radiation differed somewhat among cultivars during early canopy development, total crop dry matter accumulation was linearly related to the cumulative amount of radiation intercepted by all four cultivars (r2=≥0.99). Radiation use efficiency was similar among all cultivars with a mean of 1.00 g dry matter accumulated per MJ of intercepted solar radiation. The increase in seed harvest index with time was linear (r2≤0.94) and the rates of increase were similar among the Early Bunch, Florunner, and Marc I cultivars (0.0058 d-1), but lower (0.0043 d-1) for the later maturing Southern Runner cultivar. Results from this study indicated that the primary differences among these four cultivars were in early-season development of the leaf canopy and resultant radiation interception and the rate of seed growth, rather than the capacity to assimilate carbon dioxide.
Spray-Tank-Mix Compatibility of Manganese, Boron, and Fungicide: Solution pH and Precipitation1
Authors: Powell N. L.
Published: April 2010

Foliar application of manganese and boron mixed with pesticides in water solution is a common practice for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. This study was conducted to determine the compatibility of mixing manganese, boron, and leafspot fungicides using water from three sources. Spray mixtures of the chelated manganese salt of ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and the inorganic salts of manganese as manganese sulfate(TECMANGAMTM), manganese sulfate monohydrate, manganese chloride, and manganese nitrate were developed using deep-well water, shallow well water, or distilled water. Boron was added to these mixtures using boric acid or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. In addition, all combinations were mixed with the leafspot fungicides chlorothalonil or cupric hydroxide plus sulfur. Mixtures were equivalent to recommended rates of manganese, boron, and fungicide applied to the foliage in 140 L ha-1 of spray volume. Measurements were made of solution pH and manganese remaining in solution after filtration. Development of precipitates was noted. In the deep-well water solution (pH = 8.0), addition of manganese sulfate, manganese sulfate monohydrate and manganese chloride caused precipitates to form. Manganese nitrate and chelated manganese solutions did not form precipitates. Addition of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate increased the tank-mix pH for all waters source, and caused increased precipitation of the manganese inorganic salts, but not the chelated manganese. Use of boric acid in the water lowered solution pH, and all manganese sources remained in solution. Spray-tank-mix pH was critical in keeping all manganese inorganic salts in solution. For all pH levels studied (pH 4.6 to 8.4) the chelated manganese remained in solution without formation of a precipitate. Chemical analyses of the filtrate showed that only 75 to 80% of the inorganic salts of manganese remained in solution with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, while 100% of the chelated manganese salt remained in solution. Inorganic salts of manganese and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate should not be mixed with chlorothalonil, and none of the manganese materials should be mixed with cupric hydroxide plus sulfur as a spray-tank-mixture for foliar application.
Interaction of 2,4-DB With Postemergence Graminicides
Authors: York Alan C. , Wilcut John W. , Grichar W. James
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted in North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas to determine if grass control is affected when postemergence-applied graminicides are mixed with 2,4-DB. Grass species evaluated included broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash], goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.], large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.], and Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.). Mixing 2,4-DB with the graminicides reduced grass control 8 to 15% at five of 11 locations. The antagonism was not specific for a particular grass species or graminicide, and it was not restricted to grasses under adverse growing conditions. Applying the 2,4-DB 24 hours after graminicide application alleviated the antagonism. Applying the 2,4-DB 24 hours before the graminicides overcame the antagonism at three of the five locations.
Aflatoxin Contamination of Peanuts from Plants Drought Stressed In Pod or Root Zones1
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Cole R. J. , Blankenship P. D. , Dorner J. W.
Published: April 2010

Studies were conducted to investigate the separate roles of root stress and pod stress in pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts. Pod and root zones were separated by a polystyrene barrier in a unique design and drought type conditions were applied either above or below the barriers. In the three year study, aflatoxin was consistently found in peanuts when pods were exposed to drought stress although roots of those plants were well watered. Generally, aflatoxin was not found in peanuts when pods were well watered although roots were subjected to drought stress conditions. Moisture content of Pod Maturity Profile classes was generally lower in root zone stress conditions especially in the immature classes. Moisture contents of mustard-colored pods in all classes were extremely low (< 26%).
Comparative Response of Three Peanut Cultivars To Multiple Herbicide Applications1
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Colvin Daniel L. , Mullinix Benjamin G.
Published: April 2010

Field studies in 1990 and 1991 at Tifton, GA and Gainesville, FL evaluated the response of Florunner, Southern Runner, and NC 7 peanut to multiple herbicide applications. A split-split plot experimental design was used with peanut cultivars as main plots. Sub-plots were four levels of chloroacetamide herbicides applied sequentially preplant incorporated and at vegetative emergence. Sub-subplots were five postemergence herbicide treatments. All herbicides were applied at registered rates and times of application. There were no interactions between cultivars, choloracetamide, and/or postemergence herbicides for canopy width, yield, and grade of peanut. There were no interactions between chloroacetamide and postemergence herbicides for the same parameters. Main effects were the only sources of significant (P = 0.05) differences in the data. Based on these results, unusual precautions in using these herbicide combinations on these cultivars are not needed.
Peanut Control in Rotational Crops
Authors: York Alan C. , Jordan David L. , Wilcut John W.
Published: April 2010

Volunteer peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can reduce the effectiveness of crop rotation as a component in a peanut disease management program. Experiments were conducted in three states to evaluate peanut control with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] or with herbicides commonly applied postemergence for broadleaf weed control in corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two sequential applications were needed for acceptable control with corn and cotton herbicides. Greater than 80% control of peanut was achieved with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) applied early postemergence (EPOST) followed by dicamba or ametryn [N-ethyl-N′-(l-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] applied late postemergence (LPOST). MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) applied EPOST followed by oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] + MSMA LPOST and fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-trifluoromethyl) phenyl]urea] + MSMA applied EPOST followed by prometryn [N,N′-bis(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] + MSMA, cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile] + MSMA, lactofen {(±)-2-ethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]- 2-nitrobenzoate} + MSMA, or oxyfluorfen + MSMA LPOST controlled peanut at least 80%. Single applications of glyphosate at 0.84 to 1.12 kg ae/ha controlled peanut at least 80% and were at least as efficacious as the same total rate of glyphosate applied sequentially.
Efficacy of Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide, and Cyfluthrin + Piperonyl Butoxide + Chlorpyrifos-Methyl as Protectants of Stored Peanuts1
Authors: Arthur Frank H.
Published: April 2010

Inshell peanuts were treated with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 ppm cyfluthrin, each rate of cyfluthrin + 8.0 ppm piperonyl butoxide, and each rate of cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide + 25 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl. After 10 months red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), populations in peanuts treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm cyfluthrin averaged 89.5 and 34.2 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts; populations in peanuts treated with 1.0 and 1.5 ppm cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide averaged 72.0 amd 41.5 adults per 12.7 kg peanuts. Populations in the remaining 8 treatments ranged from 0.5 to 7.2 adults. Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), populations remained low in all treatments. At 10 months the percentage of insectdamaged kernels from cracked pods ranged from 8.7 to 28.8% in the cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin + piperonyl butoxide treatments, while the percentage of damaged kernels was 4.4 to 6.1% in the 4 treatments with chlorpyrifos-methyl.
Diamond-shaped Seeding of Six Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Mozingo R. W. , Wright F. S.
Published: April 2010

Intrarow seed spacing of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been studied extensively using conventional interrow widths. Modification of spatial arrangements of cultivars with different growth habits can result in optimizing yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of seeding in a diamond-shaped configuration on the yield, value, market grade, and plant growth of six peanut cultivars. A 3-year field study was conducted at the Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, Virginia, using NC 7, VA 81B, NC 9, NC-V 11, VA-C 92R and Florigiant peanut. Plots were 1.82-m wide and 3.65-m long with diamond-shaped seed configurations of 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7 cm. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, split-plot design with cultivars the main plot and seed configurations the split-plot with four replications. Significantly taller main stems (39.4, 30.5, and 22.9 cm) and longer cotyledonary lateral branches (50.3, 48.0, and 45.5 cm) were recorded for the 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm diamond-shaped seed configurations, respectively. The 15.2 × 15.2-cm seed configuration resulted in higher yield, value, sound mature kernels, and total kernels and lower percentage of other kernels. The 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm seed configurations had yields of 5935, 5497, and 4874 kg ha-1 and values of 4192, 3804, and 3342 $ ha-1, respectively. Sound mature kernels were 69.7, 68.2 and 67.4% and total kernels were 73.2, 72.3, and 71.8% for the 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm seed configurations, respectively. Percentages of other kernels were 1.7, 2.0, and 2.3 for the 15.2 × 15.2, 30.5 × 30.5, and 45.7 × 45.7-cm seed configurations, respectively. Significant cultivar by seed configuration interactions were obtained for yield and value. These results indicate peanut yields can be increased by selecting cultivars which respond to diamond-shaped seed configurations or more importantly that seeding rate and configuration should be matched to the cultivar selected.