bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of barley varieties to weather in Finland
Authors: HAKALA K. , JAUHIAINEN L. , HIMANEN S. J. , RÖTTER R. , SALO T. , KAHILUOTO H.
Published: August 2011

Global climate change is predicted to shift seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns. An increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves and prolonged droughts is predicted, but there are high levels of uncertainty about the nature of local changes. Crop adaptation will be important in reducing potential damage to agriculture. Crop diversity may enhance resilience to climate variability and changes that are difficult to predict. Therefore, there has to be sufficient diversity within the set of available cultivars in response to weather parameters critical for yield formation. To determine the scale of such ‘weather response diversity’ within barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), an important crop in northern conditions, the yield responses of a wide range of modern and historical varieties were analysed according to a well-defined set of critical agro-meteorological variables. The Finnish long-term dataset of MTT Official Variety Trials was used together with historical weather records of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The foci of the analysis were firstly to describe the general response of barley to different weather conditions and secondly to reveal the diversity among varieties in the sensitivity to each weather variable. It was established that barley yields were frequently reduced by drought or excessive rain early in the season, by high temperatures at around heading, and by accelerated temperature sum accumulation rates during periods 2 weeks before heading and between heading and yellow ripeness. Low temperatures early in the season increased yields, but frost during the first 4 weeks after sowing had no effect. After canopy establishment, higher precipitation on average resulted in higher yields. In a cultivar-specific analysis, it was found that there were differences in responses to all but three of the studied climatic variables: waterlogging and drought early in the season and temperature sum accumulation rate before heading. The results suggest that low temperatures early in the season, delayed sowing, rain 3–7 weeks after sowing, a temperature change 3–4 weeks after sowing, a high temperature sum accumulation rate from heading to yellow ripeness and high temperatures (⩾25°C) at around heading could mostly be addressed by exploiting the traits found in the range of varieties included in the present study. However, new technology and novel genetic material are needed to enable crops to withstand periods of excessive rain or drought early in the season and to enhance performance under increased temperature sum accumulation rates prior to heading.
Thyroid lymphoma: acute presentation and long-term outcome
Authors: Penney S E , Homer J J
Published: August 2011

Background:

Thyroid lymphomas are relatively uncommon. This study aimed to analyse our experience of thyroid lymphoma management and outcome.

Materials and methods:

A retrospective case note analysis of 63 patients treated in the previous 13 years was conducted.

Results:

The five-year survival rate was 68 per cent, with most patients dying of their lymphoma. This is at odds with the British Thyroid Association statement that the prognosis of this condition is ‘generally excellent’. The only presenting symptom found to be significantly associated with prognosis was dysphagia (p = 0.001). Dual modality treatment provided a significantly better outcome than single modality treatment (p = 0.014). Thyroid lymphoma can present to the head and neck surgeon ‘in extremis’; however, it can respond rapidly to appropriate treatment.

Conclusion:

The outcome of thyroid lymphoma seems unrelated to the acuteness of its presentation. Thyroid surgery has no role other than for diagnosis. However, 51 per cent of the study patients underwent some form of thyroidectomy, indicating the need to implement better diagnostic pathways.
Silent sinus syndrome: dynamic changes in the position of the orbital floor after restoration of normal sinus pressure
Authors: Sivasubramaniam R , Sacks R , Thornton M
Published: August 2011

Background:

Silent sinus syndrome is characterised by spontaneous enophthalmos and hypoglobus, in association with chronic atelectasis of the maxillary sinus, and in the absence of signs or symptoms of intrinsic sinonasal inflammatory disease. Traditionally, correction of the enophthalmos involved reconstruction of the orbital floor, which was performed simultaneously with sinus surgery. Recently, there has been increasing evidence to support the performance of uncinectomy and antrostomy alone, then orbital floor reconstruction as a second-stage procedure if needed.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of 23 cases of chronic maxillary atelectasis managed in our unit with endoscopic uncinectomy and antrostomy alone. All patients were operated upon by the same surgeon.

Results:

Twenty-two of the 23 patients had either complete or partial resolution. One patient had ongoing enophthalmos, and was considered for an orbital floor reconstruction as a second-stage procedure.

Conclusion:

Our case series demonstrates that dynamic changes in orbital floor position can occur after sinus re-ventilation. These findings support the approach of delaying orbital floor reconstruction in cases of silent sinus syndrome treated with sinus re-ventilation, as such reconstruction may prove unnecessary over time.
Cutaneous sensory deficit following post-auricular incision
Authors: Frampton S J , Pringle M
Published: August 2011

Introduction:

Post-auricular incisions are performed for a range of otological procedures. Anecdotally, many patients suffer some numbness of the pinna or post-auricular skin post-operatively, but for most this appears to reduce with time. This study aimed to investigate this phenomenon.

Methods:

A single centre, questionnaire-based study was undertaken, assessing the presence of numbness beyond eight months post-surgery, its location, how it changed, and its impact on the patient. Patients whose numbness had resolved provided details of any temporary deficit. Data were acquired for 35 primary and 16 revision procedures.

Results and conclusion:

Sixty-nine per cent of patients undergoing primary surgery experienced post-operative numbness. Twenty-six per cent had continued numbness after at least eight months' recovery, but only 3 per cent were constantly aware of the deficit. Of those with an ongoing deficit, 78 per cent felt there had been a reduction in the severity, and 67 per cent in the area size, over time. Recovery appeared to be slightly worse in revision cases.
Spontaneous rupture of an intra-cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm presenting with massive epistaxis
Authors: Davies A , Dale O , Renowden S
Published: August 2011

Objective:

We report a rare case of epistaxis resulting from a ruptured internal carotid artery aneurysm, and present a successful treatment method.

Case report:

A 72-year-old woman was admitted following recurrent massive epistaxis. There was no history of trauma or surgery. Radiographic imaging demonstrated a large internal carotid artery aneurysm. An attempt was made to occlude the aneurysm with endovascular coils. Despite this, the patient went on to have further epistaxis. Endovascular ablation of the feeding internal carotid artery led to complete resolution.

Conclusion:

This case demonstrates that spontaneous epistaxis from intra-cavernous carotid artery aneurysms can be managed using endovascular techniques. To our knowledge, we report the first use of interventional radiological techniques to assess the collateral circulation to the brain and subsequently undertake endovascular ablation of the internal carotid artery.
Invisible Walls: Village Identity and the Maintenance of Cooperation in Laos
Authors: Ireson W. Randall
Published: August 2011

Inter-household relations in lowland Lao villages are often characterized by cooperation and mutual support. This study describes norms governing agricultural labour exchange, assistance at household ceremonies, and village-wide projects. Successful cooperation expresses and reinforces values of village mutuality and solidarity which are important principles of Lao social organization and identification.
Thai Protestants and Local Supernaturalism: Changing Configurations
Authors: Zehner Edwin
Published: August 2011

Although nineteenth-century Protestant missionaries in Siam tried to debunk local spirit beliefs and witchcraft accounts, they and their actions were perceived in terms of local supernaturalist frameworks. Late twentieth-century Thai Christians, supernaturalists themselves, have reclassified local spirit activity through their own Christian frameworks, using local vocabularies of spirit phenomena but retaining master categories of interpretation and practice drawn from North American evangelicalism. This practice puts Thai Protestant churches in a direct dialogue with their cultural contexts and leaves them positioned to benefit from Thailand's increasing religious pluralism.
Karen Tradition According to Christ or Buddha: The Implications of Multiple Reinterpretations for a Minority Ethnic Group in Thailand
Authors: Hayami Yoko
Published: August 2011

This article discusses the significance of religious diversity for a minority ethnic group (the Karen) in the midst of integration into the Thai nation state, addressing both the historical and cultural momentum of initial acceptance, and the subsequent diversifying reformulation and redefinition of identity and community through the adopted religions.
Reorganizing the Cosmology: The Reinterpretation of Deities and Religious Practice by Protestants in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Aragon Lorraine V.
Published: August 2011

Converted by Salvation Army missionaries in the 1920s, Tobaku people in western Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, have made Protestantism indigenous by re-classifying deities and interpreting biblical texts and teachings to support local political, moral, and spiritual expectations. This article discusses twentieth-century changes in deity concepts and ritual practice among the Tobaku.
For Want of Rice: Sarawak's Attempts at Rice Self-Sufficiency During the Period of Brooke Rule, 1841-1941
Authors: Gin Ooi Keat
Published: August 2011

In Sarawak under the Brooke regime, efforts to promote rice cultivation were consistently overshadowed by the channelling of capital and labour to other more profitable economic pursuits. Measures to increase domestic rice output produced few results, and the failure of Brooke rice policy was amply demonstrated when the country faced a severe rice crisis in 1919-21. However, the lessons learnt during the crisis were soon forgotten, and despite government policies designed to reduce Sarawak's dependence on imported rice, little was accomplished during the next two decades.
Russian Commercial Shipping and Singapore, 1905-1916
Authors: Snow Karen A.
Published: August 2011

After the Russo-Japanese War, Russia's Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of Trade and Industry tried to reorganize the country's shipping on a more commercial basis by creating steamship lines and exploiting various trade opportunities. Because Singapore was a major halting point for Russian ships using the sea route from the Black Sea to the Far East, Consuls there were in the forefront of trade issues. Based on records of the Singapore Consulate and other materials at the archive of the Ministry of Foreign Policy in Moscow, the article explores plans for the commercialization of Russian shipping and the problems faced by Consuls in advancing Russian economic activity in the region.
Protection or Partition: Ernest Satow and the 1880s Crisis in Britain's Siam Policy
Authors: Brailey Nigel
Published: August 2011

This article elucidates features of the unusual career of Ernest Satow, and calls into question the traditional emphasis on the French threat to nineteenth-century Siamese independence, as opposed to the Singapore-derived plan to annex southern Siam in the context of a partition of the country.
An Alternative Vietnam? The Nguyen Kingdom in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Tana Li
Published: August 2011

The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Nguyen kingdom was known as Dang Trong to Vietnamese, and Cochinchina by the Westerners. In just 200 years it won control over three-fifths of the territory in modern Vietnam. The experiences of this expanding southern frontier area seem to suggest an image of Vietnam that is very different from the north, opening a door to an alternative world in which diversity was tolerated, and indeed exploited, for Vietnam's own development.
Five new species of Arcidae from Brazil with description of new genus:Paranadara(Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Francisco Jonata de A. , de Barros José Carlos N. , de Lima Silvio Felipe B.
Published: August 2011

New arcid species belonging to the generaParanadaragen. nov.,AcarandAsperarca(new record) are described for the western Atlantic Ocean based on shell morphology.Paranadara taludaesp. nov.,Acar naturezaesp nov.,Acar oliveiraesp. nov. andAsperarca tarcylaesp. nov. were collected off north-eastern Brazil between depths of 70 and 690 m, whereasAcar lepidoformissp. nov. was dredged off the State of Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil) at a depth of 141 m. There are no species along the Brazilian coast that are morphologically similar toParanadara taludaesp. nov.Acar naturezaesp. nov.,Acar lepidoformisandAcar Acar oliveiraesp. nov. are similar to this genus due to shape, ligament, presence of concentric lamellae cut by radial threads, a broad dorsal area and a markedly narrowed anterior region in comparison to the posterior region, which is strongly expanded.Asperarca tarcylaesp. nov. is similar to this genus due to the presence of a small edentulous region below the umbo and smooth inner margin.
Gambling, disordered gambling and their association with major depression and substance use: a web-based cohort and twin-sibling study
Authors: Blanco C. , Myers J. , Kendler K. S.
Published: August 2011

Background

Relatively little is known about the environmental and genetic contributions to gambling frequency and disordered gambling (DG), the full continuum of gambling-related problems that includes pathological gambling (PG).

Method

A web-based sample (n=43 799 including both members of 609 twin and 303 sibling pairs) completed assessments of number of lifetime gambling episodes, DSM-IV criteria for PG, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine intake, and nicotine dependence (ND) and DSM-III-R criteria for lifetime major depression (MD). Twin modeling was performed using Mx.

Results

In the entire cohort, symptoms of DG indexed a single dimension of liability. Symptoms of DG were weakly related to caffeine intake and moderately related to MD, consumption of cigarettes and alcohol, and ND. In twin and sibling pairs, familial resemblance for number of times gambled resulted from both familial–environmental (c2=42%) and genetic factors (a2=32%). For symptoms of DG, resemblance resulted solely from genetic factors (a2=83%). Bivariate analyses indicated a low genetic correlation between symptoms of DG and MD (ra=+0.14) whereas genetic correlations with DG symptoms were substantially higher with use of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine, and ND (ranging from +0.29 to +0.80). The results were invariant across genders.

Conclusions

Whereas gambling participation is determined by shared environmental and genetic factors, DG constitutes a single latent dimension that is largely genetically determined and more closely related to externalizing than internalizing behaviors. Because these findings are invariant across genders, they suggest that the etiological factors of DG are likely to be similar in men and women.
The effects of gender on grey matter abnormalities in major psychoses: a comparative voxelwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Bora E. , Fornito A. , Yücel M. , Pantelis C.
Published: August 2011

Background

Recent evidence from genetic and familial studies revitalized the debate concerning the validity of the distinction between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Comparing brain imaging findings is an important avenue to examine similarities and differences and, therefore, the validity of the distinction between these conditions. However, in contrast to bipolar disorder, most patient samples in studies of schizophrenia are predominantly male. This a limiting factor for comparing schizophrenia and bipolar disorder since male gender is associated with more severe neurodevelopmental abnormalities, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Method

We used a coordinate-based meta-analysis technique to compare grey matter (GM) abnormalities in male-dominated schizophrenia, gender-balanced schizophrenia and bipolar disorder samples based on published voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies. In total, 72 English-language, peer reviewed articles published prior to January 2011 were included. All reports used VBM for comparing schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with controls and reported whole-brain analyses in standard stereotactic space.

Results

GM reductions were more extensive in male-dominated schizophrenia compared to gender-balanced bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. In gender-balanced samples, GM reductions were less severe. Compared to controls, GM reductions were restricted to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and ACC and bilateral fronto-insular cortex in bipolar disorder.

Conclusions

When gender is controlled, GM abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are mostly restricted to regions that have a role in emotional and cognitive aspects of salience respectively. Dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were the only regions that showed greater GM reductions in schizophrenia compared to bipolar disorder.
Childhood sexual abuse and the risk for recurrent major depression in Chinese women
Authors: Cong E. , Li Y. , Shao C. , Chen J. , Wu W. , Shang X. , Wang Z. , Liu Y. , Liu L. , Gao C. , Li Y. , Wu J. , Deng H. , Liu J. , Sang W. , Liu G. , Rong H. , Gan Z. , Li L. , Li K. , Pan J. , Li Y. , Cui Y. , Sun L. , Liu L. , Liu H. , Zhao X. , Zhang Y. , Zhang R. , Chen Y. , Wang X. , Li H. , Chen Y. , Lin Y. , Kendler K. S. , Flint J. , Shi S.
Published: August 2011

Background

Studies in Western countries have repeatedly shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in China?

Method

Three levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression and regression coefficients by linear or Poisson regression.

Results

Any form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD [OR 3.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95–5.45]. This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17–5.23), genital (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.32–5.83) and intercourse (OR 13.35, 95% CI 1.83–97.42). The association between any form of CSA and MD remained significant after accounting for parental history of depression, childhood emotional neglect (CEN), childhood physical abuse (CPA) and parent–child relationship. Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and an increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.39–2.66) and dysthymia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.52–3.09).

Conclusions

In Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and increased co-morbidity with GAD and dysthymia. Although reporting biases cannot be ruled out, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, as in Western countries, CSA substantially increases the risk for MD in China.
Ethnicity and baseline symptomatology in patients with an At Risk Mental State for psychosis
Authors: Velthorst E. , Nieman D. H. , Veling W. , Klaassen R. M. , Dragt S. , Rietdijk J. , Ising H. , Wunderink L. , Linszen D. H. , de Haan L. , van der Gaag M.
Published: August 2011

Background

Ethnicity has been associated with different incidence rates and different symptom profiles in young patients with psychotic-like disorders. No studies so far have examined the effect of ethnicity on symptoms in people with an At Risk Mental State (ARMS).

Method

In this cross-sectional study, we analysed the relationship between ethnicity and baseline data on the severity of psychopathology scores in 201 help-seeking patients who met the ARMS criteria and agreed to participate in the Dutch Early Detection and Intervention (EDIE-NL) trial. Eighty-seven of these patients had a non-Dutch ethnicity. We explored the possible mediating role of ethnic identity.

Results

Higher rates of negative symptoms, and of anhedonia in particular, were found in the ethnic minority group. This result could be attributed mainly to the Moroccan-Dutch and Turkish-Dutch subgroups, who also presented with more depression symptoms when the groups were examined separately. The ethnic minority group displayed a lower level of ethnic group identity compared to the immigrants of the International Comparative Study of Ethnocultural Youth (ICSEY). Ethnic identity was inversely related to symptoms in the Moroccan-Dutch patient group.

Conclusions

The prevalence of more severe negative symptoms and depression symptoms in ethnic minority groups deserves more attention, as the experience of attenuated positive symptoms when accompanied by negative symptoms or distress has proven to be predictive for transition to a first psychotic episode.
Importance of «weak» states during conflicts: Portuguese trade with the United States during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars
Authors: Moreira Cristina , Eloranta Jari
Published: August 2011

This paper focuses on the analysis of weak states in the international trading system during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic crises, especially on Portugal's trade relations with the United States. We argue that the previous studies of the trade flows during these conflicts have not paid enough attention on smaller actors. Even though the Peninsular War caused severe disruption of agricultural production in Portugal, the United States, despite its strained relations with an ally of Portugal, Great Britain, became a key supplier for the Portuguese market. Clearly, the threatened position of the peninsula, and the need to supply the troops, awarded the Portuguese some room to manoeuvre in the international markets. Total war was not a constraint for all states — economic necessities trumped political and diplomatic concerns during the era of the first real-world wars. This situation was a temporary one, only to change after the conflict.
Visits on ‘lamb-viewing days’ at a sheep farm open to the public was a risk factor for Q fever in 2009
Authors: WHELAN J. , SCHIMMER B. , DE BRUIN A. , VAN BEEST HOLLE M. ROBERT-DU RY , VAN DER HOEK W. , TER SCHEGGET R.
Published: August 2011

Between February and May 2009, 347 laboratory-confirmed cases of acute Q fever were reported in a southern municipal health service region in The Netherlands. Commercial dairy-goat farms were implicated and control measures were initially targeted there. A preliminary investigation also implicated a non-dairy sheep farm, open to the public on ‘lamb-viewing days’. This study tested the association between visiting the non-dairy sheep farm and developing Q fever in residents of the region between February and May 2009. A case-control study of 146 cases and 431 address-matched controls was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between visiting to the sheep farm and Q fever disease (matched odds ratio 43, 95% confidence interval 9–200). Other risk factors were being a smoker, having a past medical history and being aged >40 years. Vaccination of sheep and goats on farms open to the public should help to reduce the number of future human cases.
Understanding the socioeconomic heterogeneity in healthcare in US counties: the effect of population density, education and poverty on H1N1 pandemic mortality
Authors: PONNAMBALAM L. , SAMAVEDHAM L. , LEE H. R. , HO C. S.
Published: August 2011

The recent outbreak of H1N1 has provided the scientific community with a sad but timely opportunity to understand the influence of socioeconomic determinants on H1N1 pandemic mortality. To this end, we have used data collected from 341 US counties to model H1N1 deaths/1000 using 12 socioeconomic predictors to discover why certain counties reported fewer H1N1 deaths compared to other counties. These predictors were then used to build a decision tree. The decision tree developed was then used to predict H1N1 mortality for the whole of the USA. Our estimate of 7667 H1N1 deaths are in accord with the lower bound of the CDC estimate of 8870 deaths. In addition to the H1N1 death estimates, we have listed possible counties to be targeted for health-related interventions. The respective state/county authorities can use these results as the basis to target and optimize the distribution of public health resources.
Adverse events and development of tuberculosis after 4 months of rifampicin prophylaxis in a tuberculosis outbreak
Authors: LEE S. H. , YIM J.-J. , KIM H. J. , SHIM T. S. , SEO H. S. , CHO Y. S. , LEE H.-K. , LEE Y. M. , LEE E. J. , LEW W. J.
Published: August 2011

We screened tuberculosis (TB) contacts as an outbreak investigation with tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). We evaluated adverse events and TB incidence in all persons screened after rifampicin (RFP) prophylaxis, and specifically assessed the new TB cases in relation to initial TST and IGRA results. The 180 contacts were divided into four groups: TST+/IGRA+ (n=101), TST+/IGRA− (n=22), TST−/IGRA+ (n=16), and TST–/IGRA– (n=41). RFP treatment (4 months) was prescribed only to the TST+/IGRA+ group. Of 87 contacts who initiated prophylaxis, adverse events occurred in 21 contacts (24·1%) including hepatotoxicity (11·5%), flu-like syndrome (5·7%), and thrombocytopenia (3·4%). TB developed in two TST+/IGRA+ subjects after completion of prophylaxis, including one multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB case during 21·8 months of follow-up. Adverse events were frequent, and development of TB including MDR-TB occurred after RFP prophylaxis.
Religion, Doctrine and Ecclesiastical Courts
Authors: McGregor Alexander
Published: August 2011

In recent years the application of, and discussion about, the faculty jurisdiction has come to focus largely on those aspects of the jurisdiction concerned with the making of changes to listed buildings. ThisJournalhas recently carried two full-scale articles that have helpfully described, from a legal perspective and a practical one, respectively, the operation of the faculty jurisdiction within the context of listed buildings and the ecclesiastical exemption.
Lift High the Cross? An American Perspective on Lautsi v Italy
Authors: Witte John
Published: August 2011

The European Court of Human Rights has upheld Italy's policy of displaying crucifixes in its public school classrooms. In Lautsi v Italy, an atheist mother of two state school children challenged this policy, in place since 1924. After losing in the Italian courts, she appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that the presence of these crucifixes in schools violated her and her children's rights to religious freedom and to a secular education guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights. On 3 November 2009, a unanimous seven-judge chamber of the European Court held for Ms Lautsi. On 18 March 2011, the Grand Chamber reversed this decision and held 15 to 2 in favour of the Government of Italy.
A cognitive-pragmatic view of the French epistemic future
Authors: DE SAUSSURE LOUIS , MORENCY PATRICK
Published: August 2011

In this paper, we review the various types of epistemic usages of the (simple and anterior) future tenses in French with the assumption that what actually licenses their occurrence is not a semantic feature such as aspect but pragmatic effects that give relevance to the utterance at the moment of speech. We review the main hypotheses proposed in the relevant literature and conclude that epistemic futures seem to fulfill the function of communicating – through a metarepresentation of a future verification – not only epistemic modality and evidentiality, but also, and perhaps especially, the inference that a particular course of action has to be undertaken from the perspective of a state of affairs that is true in the present.
Efficiency, enforcement and revenue tradeoffs in participatory forest management: an example from Tanzania
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth J. Z. , Lokina Razack B.
Published: August 2011

Where joint forest management has been introduced into Tanzania, ‘volunteer’ patrollers take responsibility for enforcing restrictions over the harvesting of forest resources, often receiving as an incentive a share of the collected fine revenue. Using an optimal enforcement model, we explore how that share, and whether villagers have alternative sources of forest products, determines the effort patrollers put into enforcement and whether they choose to take a bribe rather than honestly reporting the illegal collection of forest resources. Without funds for paying and monitoring patrollers, policy makers face tradeoffs over illegal extraction, forest protection and revenue generation through fine collection.
Distributions of cognates in Europe as based on Levenshtein distance
Authors: SCHEPENS JOB , DIJKSTRA TON , GROOTJEN FRANC
Published: August 2011

Researchers on bilingual processing can benefit from computational tools developed in artificial intelligence. We show that a normalized Levenshtein distance function can efficiently and reliably simulate bilingual orthographic similarity ratings. Orthographic similarity distributions of cognates and non-cognates were identified across pairs of six European languages: English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch. Semantic equivalence was determined using the conceptual structure of a translation database. By using a similarity threshold, large numbers of cognates could be selected that nearly completely included the stimulus materials of experimental studies. The identified numbers of form-similar and identical cognates correlated highly with branch lengths of phylogenetic language family trees, supporting the usefulness of the new measure for cross-language comparison. The normalized Levenshtein distance function can be considered as a new formal model of cross-language orthographic similarity.
Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence
Authors: POPLACK SHANA , ZENTZ LAUREN , DION NATHALIE
Published: August 2011

In this study, we investigate whether preposition stranding, a stereotypical non-standard feature of North American French, results from convergence with English, and the role of bilingual code-switchers in its adoption and diffusion. Establishing strict criteria for the validation of contact-induced change, we make use of the comparative variationist framework, first to situate stranding with respect to the other options for preposition placement with which it coexists in the host language grammar, and then to confront the variable constraints on stranding across source and host languages, contact and pre-contact stages of the host language, mainstream and “bilingual” varieties of the source language, and copious and sparse code-switchers. Detailed comparison with a superficially similar pre-existing native language construction also enables us to assess the possibility of a language-internal model for preposition stranding. Systematic quantitative analyses turned up several lines of evidence militating against the interpretation of convergence. Most compelling are the findings that the conditions giving rise to stranding in French are the same as those operating to produce the native strategy, while none of them are operative in the presumed source. Explicit comparison of copious vs. sparse code-switchers revealed no difference between them, refuting claims that the former are agents of convergence. Results confirm that surface similarities may mask deeper differences, a crucial finding for the study of contact-induced change.
Process evaluation of a cluster randomised controlled trial of a school-based fruit and vegetable intervention: Project Tomato
Authors: Christian Meaghan S , Evans Charlotte EL , Ransley Joan K , Greenwood Darren C , Thomas James D , Cade Janet E
Published: August 2011

Objective

The present analysis evaluates the overall appreciation and implementation of an intervention, Project Tomato, designed to maintain fruit and vegetable intake in children aged 8–9 years.

Design

A random sample of fifty-four English primary schools (658 children) were randomised to either the intervention group or the control. The intervention group received a multi-component programme delivered in school by teachers and items sent home for parents/children. Dietary measurements were collected at baseline and follow-up. The intervention participants completed questionnaires on the intervention materials, to identify implementation and appreciation of the intervention, and other environmental mechanisms.

Setting

Fifty-four primary schools were randomly selected, with twenty-seven schools allocated to the intervention group.

Subjects

A total of 311 children received the intervention.

Results

Implementation of the intervention was low, 21·3 % of school items and 56·0 % of home items were implemented. The intervention materials were well received by teachers, parents and children. Other mechanisms that may affect fruit and vegetable intake were explored. Children who ate their main meal with their parents 3–7 nights/week on average consumed 37·6 (95 % CI 9·8, 65·4) g more fruit and vegetables than children who ate with their parents 0–2 times/week.

Conclusions

Implementation of the trial components was poor. However, the results identified the importance of parental environment and mealtime structure on children's fruit and vegetable intake.
Measuring physical activity using accelerometry in 13–15-year-old adolescents: the importance of including non-wear activities
Authors: De Meester Femke , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Deforche Benedicte , Ottevaere Charlene , Cardon Greet
Published: August 2011

Objective

The present study aimed to examine the impact of non-wear activities registered in diaries when using accelerometers to assess physical activity (PA) in young adolescents.

Design

Data arise from a large-scale cross-sectional study on PA. PA was objectively assessed using Actigraph™ accelerometers (Actigraph MTI, Manufacturing Technology Inc., Pensacola, FL, USA) during seven consecutive days. Non-wear time activity diaries were provided to register the activities for which the accelerometer was removed. After correction to deal with over-reporting, the registered minutes of PA were used to replace periods of non-wear time measured by the accelerometer.

Setting

Between October 2008 and May 2009 adolescents were recruited by home visits in Ghent (Belgium).

Subjects

Young adolescents (n 513; 48·6 % boys) aged 13 to 15 years.

Results

Of the total sample, 49·9 % registered at least one activity of moderate to vigorous intensity in the non-wear time activity diary. More adolescents registered an activity performed on a weekday than on a weekend day and the registered mean number of minutes of moderate to vigorous PA were higher on weekend days. Repeated-measures (M)ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference between the mean minutes with and without non-wear activities for all PA intensities, regardless of adolescents’ socio-economic status or gender. More adolescents achieved the PA recommendations after inclusion of the non-wear activities irrespective of accelerometer thresholds used.

Conclusions

The collection of information regarding non-wear time by non-wear time activity diaries when using accelerometers in 13–15-year-old adolescents can lead to different PA outcomes at the individual level and therefore can improve the ability to accurately measure PA.
Awareness and use of the Heart Symbol by Finnish consumers
Authors: Lahti-Koski Marjaana , Helakorpi Satu , Olli Mari , Vartiainen Erkki , Puska Pekka
Published: August 2011

Objective

To study the awareness of the Heart Symbol in different age and educational groups, and changes in the awareness over a 9-year period. In addition, the reported use of products with the symbol was examined.

Design

A series of annual cross-sectional postal surveys on Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population.

Setting

A random sample (n 5000 per annum) from the Finnish population aged 15–64 years, drawn from the National Population Register, received a questionnaire.

Subjects

Men and women (n 29 378) participating in the surveys in 2000–2009.

Results

At the early 2000s, 48 % of men and 73 % of women reported to be familiar with the symbol. The corresponding rates were 66 % for men and 91 % for women in 2009. The reported use of products with the symbol increased from 29 % to 52 % in men and from 40 % to 72 % in women. In men, the awareness did not vary by age, whereas older women (45–64 years) were less likely to be aware of the symbol compared with younger women (25–34 years). Men and women with the highest education were best aware of the symbol and more likely to use the products in the early 2000s. The educational differences diminished or disappeared during the study period.

Conclusions

The majority of Finnish adults are familiar with the Heart Symbol, and the reported use of such products increased in all age and educational groups, especially among the less educated. The symbol may work as an effective measure to diminish nutrition-related health inequalities.
A Defective Auxiliary in Danish
Authors: Houser Michael J. , Mikkelsen Line , Toosarvandani Maziar
Published: August 2011

In English, auxiliaries form a cohesive category—unlike main verbs, they all raise to T. In Danish, it is not so obvious that auxiliaries form such a unified category. In root clauses, all verbal elements can raise to T (and then to C), while in embedded clauses they always stay in situ. Therefore, determining the position of a verbal element in the extended verbal projection is a challenging task. We examine the Danish verbal elementg⊘re‘do’ that shows up when the verb phrase has been topicalized, elided, or pronominalized. Even though on the surfaceg⊘remight appear to be of category T or v, we argue that it is located right in the middle. We argue that it is an auxiliary, but, unlike other auxiliaries,g⊘reis defective because it only subcategorizes for vPs that are pronominal.*
The contemporary contradictions of egalitarianism: an empirical analysis of the relationship between the old and new left/right alignments
Authors: Elchardus Mark , Spruyt Bram
Published: August 2011

This paper deals with the often-observed complex relationship between the so-called old, ‘economic’ left/right alignment (egalitarianism) and the new, ‘cultural’ alignment. Many authors have observed that the less educated members of society occupy an apparently contradictory position, combining a leftist stand in favor of more equality and government intervention, with a rightist stand on minority rights, the treatment of criminals, and other aspects of democratic citizenship. Various explanations have been offered for this paradox. This paper proposes an explanation in terms of vulnerability and the way in which it is culturally processed. Less educated people are often vulnerable and long for more equality. The stronger their desire for equality, the greater their frustration when feeling vulnerable, and the greater the need to cope with that vulnerability. They do so, using particular narrative-coping strategies that create an affinity with the attitudes that form the new left/right alignment. One such coping strategy is based on feelings of relative deprivation. In the empirical part of the paper it is shown that relative deprivation completely explains the paradoxical position of the less educated, and that, when taking feelings of deprivation into account, the two left/right dimensions are in fact independent of each other at all levels of education, creating a situation that leads to tensions within parties that pursue egalitarian policies. The mechanism uncovered in this analysis reveals a tension at the heart of egalitarianism: the stronger the longing for equality among the vulnerable members of society, the more likely they are to opt for right wing positions on the new left/right dimension.
The Role of Desire in The Prediction of Intention
Authors: Kovač Velibor Bobo , Rise Jostein
Published: August 2011

This paper is based on the notion that desire represents an important motivational aspect of the decision-making process. Thus, we examined the hypotheses that desire (1) predicts behavioral intentions and (2) mediates the effects of theory of planned behavior (TPB) components and past behavior on an individual’s intention to quit smoking. The analysis is based on three separate conditions in which the intention to quit smoking during the next 1, 4, or 6 months, respectively, was measured; the three conditions contained identical variables. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis show that there are sufficient grounds for including desire as an additional predictor in the TPB model. The results also show that desire mediates the effects of attitudes, norms, and past behavior on intention. However, the mediating role of desire was not obtained for the relationship between PBC and intention. Theoretical implications and recommendations for future research are suggested.
The Mediating Effect of Mother-Adolescent Interactions on the Relationship Between Maternal Ego Development and Adolescent Individuation in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Yih-Lan , Yeh Kuang-Hui
Published: August 2011

A mediation model using a sample of 158 adolescents (51% girls; Mage = 12.4, SD = 0.52) tested the relationships between maternal ego development, mother-adolescent interaction, and adolescent autonomy and ego development. Maternal ego development was positively related to supportive interaction, but negatively related to coercive interaction. Supportive interaction was positively related to adolescent autonomy, but was not related to ego development. There was a mediating effect of supportive interaction on the relationship between maternal ego development and adolescent autonomy.
Processus de Changement et Variabilité Individuelle au Cours des Consultations d’Orientation
Authors: Covali Tatiana , Bernaud Jean-Luc , Di Fabio Annamaria
Published: August 2011

A ce jour, l’étude des effets du conseil en orientation n’a guère abordé les aspects intraindividuels du changement et la variabilité interindividuelle qui y est associée. Cette recherche étudie les niveaux de changement de participants à un atelier de conseil en orientation professionnelle en modélisant les patterns à trois temps clés de l’intervention. Les résultats montrent, pour chaque variable étudiée, que trois groupes de participants se distinguent soit par un effet substantiel, un effet modéré ou une absence d’effet. Les variables cognitives et conatives modèrent peu ces différences entre patterns. Toutes ces données sont interprétées dans le cadre général de la théorie du conseil adaptatif, qui invite à individualiser l’accompagnement des personnes au cours des consultations afin d’améliorer la grandeur des effets.
Climate change impact on meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought in central Illinois
Authors: Wang Dingbao , Hejazi Mohamad , Cai Ximing , Valocchi Albert J.
Published: August 2011

This paper investigates the impact of climate change on drought by addressing two questions: (1) How reliable is the assessment of climate change impact on drought based on state‐of‐the‐art climate change projections and downscaling techniques? and (2) Will the impact be at the same level from meteorological, agricultural, and hydrologic perspectives? Regional climate change projections based on dynamical downscaling through regional climate models (RCMs) are used to assess drought frequency, intensity, and duration, and the impact propagation from meteorological to agricultural to hydrological systems. The impact on a meteorological drought index (standardized precipitation index, SPI) is first assessed on the basis of daily climate inputs from RCMs driven by three general circulation models (GCMs). Two periods and two emission scenarios, i.e., 1991–2000 and 2091–2100 under B1 and A1Fi for Parallel Climate Model (PCM), 1990–1999 and 2090–2099 under A1B and A1Fi for Community Climate System Model, version 3.0 (CCSM3), 1980–1989 and 2090–2099 under B2 and A2 for Hadley Centre CGCM (HadCM3), are undertaken and dynamically downscaled through the RCMs. The climate projections are fed to a calibrated hydro‐agronomic model at the watershed scale in Central Illinois, and agricultural drought indexed by the standardized soil water index (SSWI) and hydrological drought by the standardized runoff index (SRI) and crop yield impacts are assessed. SSWI, in particular with extreme droughts, is more sensitive to climate change than either SPI or SRI. The climate change impact on drought in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration grows from meteorological to agricultural to hydrological drought, especially for CCSM3‐RCM. Significant changes of SSWI and SRI are found because of the temperature increase and precipitation decrease during the crop season, as well as the nonlinear hydrological response to precipitation and temperature change.
Vertical changes in the probability distribution of downward irradiance within the near‐surface ocean under sunny conditions
Authors: Gernez Pierre , Stramski Dariusz , Darecki Miroslaw
Published: August 2011

Time series measurements of fluctuations in underwater downward irradiance, Ed, within the green spectral band (532 nm) show that the probability distribution of instantaneous irradiance varies greatly as a function of depth within the near‐surface ocean under sunny conditions. Because of intense light flashes caused by surface wave focusing, the near‐surface probability distributions are highly skewed to the right and are heavy tailed. The coefficients of skewness and excess kurtosis at depths smaller than 1 m can exceed 3 and 20, respectively. We tested several probability models, such as lognormal, Gumbel, Fréchet, log‐logistic, and Pareto, which are potentially suited to describe the highly skewed heavy‐tailed distributions. We found that the models cannot approximate with consistently good accuracy the high irradiance values within the right tail of the experimental distribution where the probability of these values is less than 10%. This portion of the distribution corresponds approximately to light flashes with Ed > 1.5, where is the time‐averaged downward irradiance. However, the remaining part of the probability distribution covering all irradiance values smaller than the 90th percentile can be described with a reasonable accuracy (i.e., within 20%) with a lognormal model for all 86 measurements from the top 10 m of the ocean included in this analysis. As the intensity of irradiance fluctuations decreases with depth, the probability distribution tends toward a function symmetrical around the mean like the normal distribution. For the examined data set, the skewness and excess kurtosis assumed values very close to zero at a depth of about 10 m.