bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autecology of the Endangered Plant Howellia Aquatilis; Implications for Management and Reserve Design
Authors: Lesica Peter
Published: April 2006

Howellia aquatilis is an annual aquatic plant of ephemeral ponds. It is considered extirpated or endangered throughout its range in the United States Pacific Northwest. I studied populations in the Swan Valley of Montana to determine life history traits and ecological attributed in order to influence planning decisions on lands managed for multiple use. Germination trials demonstrated that seeds of H. aquatilis require an aerobic environment and cool temperatures to germinate. Germination was highest with daily alternating temperatures and total darkness, and was unaffected by different light regime and aeration retreatment conditions of 50— and 100—d durations. Natural seed banks were largest immediately following seed dispersal and pond drawdown, but were reduced 82—90% by the following spring. Seeds remaining in the seed bank showed reduced germinability and vigor. Aquarium experiments indicate that growth of H. aquatilis is best in the peat substrate in which it occurs naturally, and is reduced by 45% in a more fine—textured organic soil and by 85% in a mineral soil. Multiple regression analyses of 12 environmental variables from 23 H. aquatilis ponds and comparisons between ponds with and without H. aquatilis suggest that pond depth, amount of dissolved solids in pond water, depth and composition of pond substrate, and degree of human—caused disturbance have significant effects on the abundance of H. aquatilis in the Swan Valley. Taken together, these results suggest that Howellia aquatilis is rare because it can persist in only a small subset of wetlands—freshwater ephemeral ponds with a shallow, coarse textured organic surface horizon. Thus, H. aquatilis will be sensitive to disturbances that alter pond water quality or substrate composition. Lack of a persistent seed bank makes H. aquatilis prone to large fluctuations in population size due to environmental fluctuations. Both habitat specificity and large variations in population size are often associated with a high risk of extinction. Howellia aquatilis can only persist during periods of climatic fluctuation as a metapopulation in an area that contains large numbers of appropriate ponds of various depths. Consequently, long—term protection of this rare species will require habitat protection in large wetland complexes throughout its range.
Transient Ecotone Response to Climatic Change: Some Conceptual and Modelling Approaches
Authors: Neilson Ronald P.
Published: April 2006

Accurate prediction of the ecological impacts of climatic change is a pressing challenge to the science of ecology. The current state of the art for broad—scale estimates of change in biomes and ecotones between biomes is limited to equilibrium estimates of ecological change under some future equilibrium climate. Uncertainties in these estimates abound, ranging from uncertainties in future climate scenarios to uncertainties in our ecological models and finally to uncertainties in modelling the feedbacks between the climate and the biosphere. Ecologists and policymakers need to go beyond equilibrium estimates of biosphere change to transient responses of the biosphere as the climate changes. Ecotones between biomes have been suggested as sensitive areas of change that could be effectively modelled and monitored for future change. Ecotones are also important in influencing local and regional biodiversity patterns and ecological flows. The ecological processes that could affect change at ecotones and within biomes are discussed; they include internal ecosystem processes, such as competition, and external abiotic processes, most notably drought and related disturbances. Drought followed by infestations and fire appears to be the most likely process that could mediate ecological change under a rapidly changing climate. The impacts would be apparent all across biomes, not just at ecotones. However, specific predictions about the dynamics of ecotones can be made qualitatively, based on a theory of patch scaling and diversity in relation to abiotic stressors. Under current conditions, the size of homogeneous patches is expected to be small at ecotones, but to enlarge with distance from the ecotone. Directional climatic change should promote a coalescence of patches on one side of the ecotone and increased fragmentation on the other side. Ecotones should begin to blur as viewed from a satellite only to re—form at some later date in a new location. This view is in contrast to the notion that ecotones would retain sharp distinction and simply move across the landscape. These changes are presented as hypotheses based on theory and should be testable in a mechanistic modeling framework that is only now being developed.
A Model of the Responses of Ecotones to Climate Change
Authors: Noble Ian R.
Published: April 2006

It has been suggested that global climatic change may be detected by monitoring the positions of ecotones. I built a model of the dynamics of ecotones similar to those found in altitudinal or latitudinal treelines, where a slow tendency for the ecotone to advance is counterbalanced by disturbances such as fire or landslides. The model showed that the response of such ecotones to a wide range of simulated climate changes was slow and that the ecotone front was dissected. It would appear that such ecotones would not make suitable sites for monitoring climate change.
Red Imported Fire Ant Impacts on Northern Bobwhite Populations
Authors: Allen Craig R. , Lutz R. Scott , Demarais Stephen
Published: April 2006

The stability of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations in Texas, where high density polygyne red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) account for >50% of all (S. invicta) colonies, has been cited as a reason to repudiate impacts by this exotic species on Northern Bobwhite. We used two approaches to investigate the relationship between red imported fire ants and Northern Bobwhite. In the first approach, we used correlation analysis to compare Northern Bobwhite abundance trends, determined from Christmas Bird Count data in 15 Texas counties, before and after fire ant infestation. Before red imported fire ant infestation, no significant trend in Bobwhite abundance existed (r = ‐0.355, P = 0.314). After fire ant infestation, Northern Bobwhite abundance declined and was highly negatively correlated with years of infestation (r = ‐0.867, P < 0.001). Bobwhite populations from 16 uninfested counties in Texas revealed no trend over a 27‐yr (1966‐1992) period (r = ‐0.081, P = 0.688). In the second approach, red imported fire ant populations were reduced on five 202‐ha study areas in the Texas Coastal Bend; autumn Northern Bobwhite densities were monitored for 2 yr on those reduced areas and five untreated areas. By the 2nd yr, Bobwhite autum density was higher (P = 0.028) on areas where red imported fire ants were suppressed. We concluded that polygyne red imported fire ants were negatively impacting Northern Bobwhite in this region of Texas.
Episodic Acidification of Small Streams in the Northeastern United States: Fish Mortality in Field Bioassays
Authors: Van Sickle J. , Baker J. P. , Simonin H. A. , Baldigo B. P. , Kretser W. A. , Sharpe W. E.
Published: April 2006

In situ bioassays were performed as part of the Episodic Response Project, to evaluate the effects of episodic stream acidification on mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and forage fish species. We report the results of 122 bioassays in 13 streams of the three study regions: the Adirondack mountains of New York, the Catskill mountains of New York, and the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania. Bioassays during acidic episodes had significantly higher mortality than did bioassays conducted under nonacidic conditions, but there was little difference in mortality rates in bioassays experiencing acidic episodes and those experiencing acidic conditions throughout the test period. Multiple logistic regression models were used to relate bioassay mortality rates to summary statistics of time‐varying stream chemistry (inorganic monomeric aluminum, calcium, pH, and dissolved organic carbon) estimated for the 20‐d bioassay periods. The large suite of candidate regressors also included biological, regional, and seasonal factors, as well as several statistics summarizing various features of aluminum exposure duration and magnitude. Regressor variable selection and model assessment were complicated by multicolinearity and overdispersion. For the target fish species, brook trout, bioassay mortality was most closely related to time‐weighted median inorganic aluminum. Median Ca and minimum pH offered additional explanatory power, as did stream‐specific aluminum responses. Due to high multicollinearity, the relative importance of different aluminum exposure duration and magnitude variables was difficult to assess, but these variables taken together added no significant explanatory power to models already containing median aluminum. Between 59 and 79% of the variation in brook trout mortality was explained by models employing between one and five regressors. Simpler models were developed for smaller sets of bioassays that tested slimy and mottled sculpin (Cottus cognatus and C. bairdi) as well as blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). For these forage species a single inorganic aluminum exposure variable successfully accounted for 86‐98% of the observed mortality. Even though field bioassays showed evidence of multiple toxicity factors, models results suggest that adequate mortality predictions can be obtained from a single index of inorganic Al concentrations during exposure periods.
Functional Equivalency Trajectories of the Restored Gog‐Le‐Hi‐Te Estuarine Wetland
Authors: Simenstad Charles A. , Thom Ronald M.
Published: April 2006

Assessing performance of restored and created wetlands for compensatory mitigation and restoration poses a mismatch between long‐term processes and the short‐term expediency of management decisions. If they were predictable, patterns in the temporal development of important wetland processes could reduce long‐term uncertainty of the outcome of restoration projects. To test our ability to predict long‐term trends and patterns in the development of a restored wetland based on the first 7 yr of its development, we analyzed 16 ecosystem functional attributes of the Gog‐Le‐Hi‐Te Wetland, in the Puyallup River estuary, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. This estuarine wetland system was restored to tidal inundation in 1986. Only a few of the 16 ecosystem attributes analyzed showed functional trajectories toward equivalency with natural wetlands, and many were inconclusive or suggested disfunction relative to reference wetlands. Natural variability among reference sites also inhibited our ability to interpret an expected asymptote in developmental trajectories. The ability of wetland managers to assess compensatory‐mitigation success over short‐term (e.g., regulatory) timeframes depends upon the selection of wetland attributes that can predict long‐term trends in the development of the restored/created system. However, we are hampered by a basic lack of long‐term data sets describing the patterns, trends, and variability in natural wetland responses to disturbance, as well as natural variability in wetland attributes in presumably mature wetland communities. Ultimately, it may be necessary to supplant our descriptive means of assessing functional equivalency with simple, controlled manipulative experiments or assays, standardized across restoration/mitigation and reference sites.
Relative Abundance of Plant Functional Types in Grasslands and Shrublands of North America
Authors: Paruelo Jose M. , Lauenroth W. K.
Published: April 2006

We analyzed the geographic distribution and climatic controls of the distribution of plant functional types (PFT) in temperate grasslands and shrublands of North America. It has been widely accepted that temperature is the principal control on the distribution of C3 and C4 species. Our results show that precipitation and its seasonal distribution are also important. C4 grass distribution was positively related to three climatic variables: mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, and the proportion of the precipitation falling in summer. These variables accounted for 66% of the total variability of this functional type. C3 grass abundance decreased with mean annual temperature and increased with the proportion of the precipitation falling during winter (r2 = 0.37). Sixty‐two percent of the variability in the relative abundance of shrubs was explained by mean annual precipitation and the proportion of winter precipitation. Latitude and longitude explained a substantial portion of the variability of the distribution of the relative abundance of shrubs, C3 grasses, and C4 grasses (53, 46, and 61%, respectively). Along a given longitude, C3 grasses increased with latitude. As one moves westward, C4 grasses are replaced by shrubs. The relative abundance of C4 grasses reached a maximum at southern latitudes and eastern longitudes. Succulents showed a marginal decreasing trend with latitude. No relationship with geographic variables was detected for forbs.
Survival of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Following Reciprocal Transplanting Across the Great Basin, USA
Authors: Weinbaum Barbara S. , Allen Michael F. , Allen Edith B.
Published: April 2006

Mycorrhizal fungi are transplanted into exotic habitats to aid in agriculture and land restoration. However, different taxa have different effects on hosts, and little is known about their survival or spread. The fate of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was examined in a reciprocal transplant experiment of a single host shrub species, Artemisia tridentata subspecies tridentata between two semiarid sites. The sites were located near Reno, Nevada, and San Diego, California, in the western United States. The experiment was a complete factorial design: two plant populations, A. tridentata ssp. tridentata from the Reno and the San Diego sites, and five fungal treatments (Acaulospora elegans from San Diego, Scutellospora calospora from Reno, a whole‐soil inoculum from San Diego, a whole‐soil inoculum from Reno, and uninoculated soil). Based on fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled antiserum studies, neither fungus declined over three growing seasons at the site of origin with the plant population of origin. Survival of the fungi always declined in association with the exotic host population and at the exotic site. Spore density of fungi that had been inoculated was generally very low. However, when significant differences between treatments were observed, spore density of the fungus was higher in association with plants that had been inoculated with it than with uninoculated plants, and the fungus had higher survivorship in the site and with the host of its origin. Both fungi usually sporulated more often under inoculated than uninoculated host plants. Over three growing seasons, both A. elegans and S. calospora survived in their sites of origin and in the exotic location with both plant populations. The fungi spread throughout the root systems and between plants of the different treatments. These results show that, while there was higher survival by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the site and with the host of origin, these fungi survived and spread for at least three growing seasons, although they declined significantly at the exotic site and with exotic hosts.
On the expressiveness of frame satisfiability and fragments of second-order logic
Authors: Eiter Thomas , Gottlob Georg
Published: April 2006

It was conjectured by Halpern and Kapron (Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, vol. 69, 1994) that frame satisfiability of propositional modal formulas is incomparable in expressive power to both (Ackermann) and (Bernays-Schönfinkel). We prove this conjecture. Our results imply that (Ackermann) and (Bernays-Schönfinkel) are incomparable in expressive power, already on finite graphs. Moreover, we show that on ordered finite graphs, i.e., finite graphs with a successor, (Bernays-Schönfinkel) is strictly more expressive than (Ackermann).
A Prehistoric Campsite near Red Lodge, Montana
Authors: Mulloy William
Published: April 2006

During parts of the seasons of 1937 and 1938, parties from the Montana Archaeological Survey excavated at a campsite exposed by one of the many cave-ins in abandoned tunnels of the Red Lodge Coal Mines, near Red Lodge, Montana. The first season's work was under the direction of the late H. Melville Sayre, then Director of the Survey, while Raymond Thompson was leader of the 1938 party. Laboratory analysis and interpretation were completed by the writer, who is indebted to Paul Reiter, of the University of New Mexico for critical comment.
What is the Archaic?
Authors: Sears William H.
Published: April 2006

Since its inception by Ritchie1 the term “The Archaic,“ or “The Archaic Pattern,” has seen considerable usage. However, it appears that the definition or delineation of this pattern, as it exists, is not serviceable. If this be true, there is then an anomalous situation in that: (1) Manifestations which have been classified by Webb and Dejarnette, Webb and Haag, Fairbanks, and Lewis and Kneberg, as components or foci of the Archaic, are thereby correlated at the pattern level. (2) The concept in terms of which they have been so correlated is inaccurate.

Ritchie's most concrete formulations are:

The long postulated archaic level in New York recently confirmed by intensive work in the Southeast consists of an aggregate of discrete foci, sharing a hunting-fishing-gathering economy. Its chief characteristics are the absence of horticultural traces, ceramics, and the smoking pipe. (Italics mine.)
Projectile Points from the Kissimmee Region
Authors: Watson Virginia
Published: April 2006

In a recent article by John M. Goggin the Kissimmee region of Florida is said to be little known archaeologically and only a few sherds are mentioned. Although Goggin Has made his analysis primarily on the basis of pottery types, he does mention other artifacts in some instances, so that his silence on projectile points in the Kissimmee region may be indicative of meagre or non-existent data.
The Origin of the Sonoyta Townsite, Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological investigation in the vicinity of Sonoyta, Sonora, Mexico, an oasis and crossroads settlement on the south bank of the Sonoyta River, a spring-fed desert stream that parallels the Arizona-Sonora boundary for some miles, discloses plentiful evidence of a lengthy and probably continuous occupation of the area by a toolusing agricultural people. The location and general environment of Sonoyta is shown in Fig. 3a.

During the last thirty years, several tons of polished stone artifacts, mostly metates, manos, and hammers, have been found in the Sonoyta Valley within easy walking distance of the townsite. Many of these, particularly metates and manos, have been salvaged by local Indians, and are still in use.
The Identity of the Itzas
Authors: Jakeman M. Wells
Published: April 2006

In a review of a recent book by the writer, The Origins and History of the Mayas, Part I, Introductory Investigations, Los Angeles, 194S, Mr. J. Eric S. Thompson, of Carnegie Institution, levels criticism against what he considers its main thesis, the identification of the Itzas with the rulers of the Maya “Old Empire.” Although the full development of this thesis is planned for publication in Parts II and III of his work, the writer desires the privilege of making a brief answer to this criticism in the present journal.
Excavations at Kinishba Pueblo, Arizona
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C.
Published: April 2006

The group of ruins comprising the prehistoric pueblo of Kinishba is situated in a broad valley about four miles northwest of the town of Fort Apache, Arizona, on the White River Apache Indian Reservation. Kinishba, the Apache name for this pueblo meaning “Brown House,” is derived from the color of the rock walls of the ruin. The valley is bounded on all sides by high plateaus and mesas, with the White River cutting across from east to west at the southern end. The valley floor is thickly covered with grass, cholla, and juniper, while the surrounding hills support a fairly heavy stand of pine, pinyon, and juniper.
Reindeer Lake Pottery
Authors: Downes P. G.
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1936, while travelling on Reindeer Lake in northern Saskatchewan, a collection of potsherds was brought to me by a trapperprospector, William Douglas. These sherds were found in what appears to have been a well-established camp site on an island about one third up the lake. The lake itself is approximately 140 miles long and, like most lakes of the Precambrian Shield, filled with thousands of islands. The find was quite a random one but because of the high latitude would seem of particular interest. The position of the site is approximately 56°35" north latitude. To complicate the problem is the fact that both historically and in the tradition of the Crees and Chippewyans the lake has always been the almost exclusive territory of the “Idthen-eldeli,” Caribou-Eater branch of the Athabascan-speaking Chippewyan. The Churchill River, into which the outlet of Reindeer Lake flows seventy miles to the south, has traditionally and historically been the dividing line between these two peoples.
Analysis of Spiro Mound Textiles
Authors: Trowbridge H. M.
Published: April 2006

Samples of textiles from the Spiro, Oklahoma, mound were sent to the Smithsonian Institution for analysis. Through the courtesy of Dr. Waldo R. Wedel and the National Bureau of Standards, which made the analysis, the report quoted below has been received.

These textiles were excavated by private individuals in 1935, before the University of Oklahoma took charge. My object has been to salvage as much as could be rescued, and attempt to preserve it behind glass.
Reel-Shaped Gorgets
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

The interesting discoveries in northern Alabama of a series of mounds which can be attributed to the Hopewellian Phase have focused attention on the copper reel-shaped gorgets. Webb refers to one such in the National Museum that was sent in by a resident of Portsmouth, Ohio. It is possible that this is the copper reel-shaped gorget mentioned by Rau that came to the National Museum from the Hopewell group in Greenup County, Kentucky, opposite the mouth of the Scioto. The donor, a Mr. W. Kinney of Portsmouth, Ohio, reported that “On one occasion half a bushel of these ornaments was found in the same mound and sent to the smelter.” A possible reel-shaped gorget or modified breast plate came from an Adena-Hopewell mound near Mt. Sterling, Montgomery County, Kentucky, and has been described by Putnam. In the same publication a brief report is made on the finds from a mound in Franklin, Williamson County, Tennessee. This description suggests a Hopewellian affinity.
Eskimo Sites of the Dorset Culture in Newfoundland
Authors: Wintemberg W. J.
Published: April 2006

The material described in this article was secured by Dr. D. Jenness and the writer in 1927 and 1929 in the course of archaeological reconnaissances along the east and west coasts of Newfoundland. The purpose of both field trips was to locate sites and burial places of the extinct Beothuk Indians. Although the writer suspected that other people besides the Beothuk had inhabited the island in prehistoric times, he was surprised to find abundant evidences of the presence of an Eskimo people on the northwest coast: one of the sites visited by Dr. Jenness on the northeast coast also was inhabited by Eskimo.
Archaeology of the Middle Río Balsas Basin, Mexico
Authors: Lister Robert H.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological reconnaissance and excavations in the Río Balsas drainage basin of Guerrero and Michoacán were undertaken by parties from the University of New Mexico during the summers of 1939 and 1941. As a result of the first summer's work, three publications have appeared. This paper will cover the archaeological remains in the Middle Rio Balsas Basin of Guerrero and Michoacân. It will include the results of both summers' work and be based on surface observations and collections, and on excavations conducted at three sites.

For the most part the reconnaissance was undertaken on foot or horseback, inasmuch as the few roads that existed in the area were made impassable for vehicles by the summer rains.
A Primitive Stone Industry of the Little Colorado Valley, Arizona
Authors: Bartlett Katharine
Published: April 2006

About eight years ago there was discovered in the valley of the Little Colorado River between Hoi brook and Cameron in northern Arizona, evidence of an ancient alluvial terrace. Sand and waterworn pebbles largely derived from the Triassic Shinarump Conglomerate that once covered the area, form the deposit. The terrace which was formed by the gravels is now much dissected and remains only as the isolated flat tops of hills and ridges, the surfaces of which are covered with a desert pavement of waterworn pebbles. There are remnants also of later and lower alluvial deposits containing angular fragments of rock, of which a large proportion is made up of basaltic rocks from the San Francisco Peaks (Fig. 22).
The Archaeological Remains of the Chiwere Sioux
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

In the North central Middle West there is a well-defined complex of archaeological material traits that received the classificatory name Oneota aspect of the Upper Mississippi phase at the Indianapolis meeting of 1935. The material which probably should be grouped together occurs over quite a large geographical area. In northern Illinois it is one of the best known of the prehistoric cultures and is represented by at least three foci. In Wisconsin the southern and western parts of the state contain quite a number of sites grouped into three foci, two of which appear to be local, namely, Lake Winnebago and Grand River. The sites in northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota contain remains so similar to those of southwestern Wisconsin that they have been placed together in the Orr focus.
Observations Concerning the “Red Paint Culture”
Authors: Hadlock Wendell S.
Published: April 2006

For many years the people of Maine, parts of New England, and the Maritime Provinces have been told that an ancient group of Indians lived in the northeastern part of the United States and later moved into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. These ancient people have been called the Pre-Algonquian Group, The Red Paint People of Maine, and the Beothuk of Newfoundland, by various archaeologists who have excavated their graves.

These archaeologists have come to the conclusion that the graves represent a very old group of Indians, but they have not agreed on who they were, where they came from, or where they went. Mr. Charles C. Willoughby shows the distribution of the pre-Algonquian culture as covering all that portion of North America east of the Great Lakes, along the Saint Lawrence River and as far south as the tip of New Jersey.
Historic Site Archaeology at Jamestown
Authors: Cotter John L. , Jelks Edward B.
Published: April 2006

Jamestown, site of the first permanent English settlement in the New World, furnishes an interesting example of the use of archaeological techniques to put factual meat on abstract or theoretical bones. For over half a century, off and on, a succession of historians, architects, engineers, and archaeologists have sought physical evidence in the earth to identify the location of vaguely defined landholdings and buildings, the first fort built in 1607 by the first contingent of settlers, and clues to everyday living habits as shown by utensils and implements.
Cultivated Plant Remains from Waterfall Cave, Chihuahua
Authors: Cutler Hugh
Published: April 2006

Cultivated plants from Waterfall Cave include several varieties of maize, common beans, bottle gourd, and squash. Most of the corn is of the Pima-Papago race, and the whole plant complex is similar to the group of cultivated plants recently grown by the Papago and other Indians of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Mexico.
Archaeological Investigations in the Region about Lakes Mistassini and Albanel, Province of Quebec, 1948
Authors: Edward S.  , Rogers Murray H.
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1948, from June 14th to September 25th, the authors made a second archaeological expedition into the area including Lakes Mistassini and Albanel in south-central Province of Quebec. The work was directed by Frederick Johnson and done under the auspices of the Peabody Foundation, which provided half of the funds necessary. The Viking Fund of New York City generously granted the remainder of the money necessary and for this both we and the Foundation wish to express our gratitude.

Traveling in the trackless interior of Quebec presents many difficulties at best, and without the generous cooperation of the Hudson's Bay Company and its personnel, travel would be virtually impossible. We are sincerely grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Fred McLeod, Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Parsons, and Mr. and Mrs. Wilfred Jeffreys, whose hospitality and genuine good will are in keeping with the best traditions of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Shantok Influence on Eastern Long Island
Authors: Solecki Ralph
Published: April 2006

Carlyle Smith, on pages 159–62 of The Archaeology of Coastal New York, groups 2 historic sites, Pantigo and Fort Corchaug, on eastern Long Island with 2 historic Connecticut sites, Shantok and Noank, in what he calls the “Shantok” aspect, following the taxonomic scheme of McKern (1939). After some deliberation, I find myself believing that, while on the face of it, the connections between Fort Corchaug and Pantigo may seem plausible, actually a substantive basis for the connection is relatively meager.
Dentate and Dentate Rocker Stamping from Tabasco
Authors: Shook Edwin M.
Published: April 2006

Heinrich Berlin, in 1953 and 1954, conducted an archaeological survey of eastern Tabasco, Mexico, for the Department of Archaeology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (Berlin 1954: 293–5). The pottery recovered was brought to the Institution's ceramic laboratory in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, for analysis and storage. Early in 1955, while Berlin was in Mérida preparing his final report on the Tabasco survey, I had opportunity to examine the material and note the occurrence of dentate and dentate rocker stamping on a ware called Fine Gray. Berlin found Fine Gray in abundance at the sites of Jonuta and Tecolpan on the Usumacinta River associated with untempered “Z” Fine Orange and a tempered Thin Black.
The Position of Ipiutak in Eskimo Culture
Authors: Larsen Helge
Published: April 2006

The reason for the following is an article by Henry B. Collins: “Radiocarbon Dating in the Arctic” which appeared in the January, 1953 issue of American Antiquity. This is the third article in four years in which Collins comments on the interpretation of the Ipiutak culture advanced by Froelich Rainey and me in our publications on the excavations at Point Hope, Alaska, 1939-41 (Larsen and Rainey, 1948). Although critical regarding certain points in our theory on the development of Eskimo culture, his comments in the first two articles are on the whole objective and justifiable (Collins 1950a and 1951). His latest article, however, is written in a surprisingly sharp, polemic form which is entirely unprovoked and it contains statements which disclose that he has misunderstood certain important points in the Ipiutak report and misinterprets archaeological evidence. My aim is not to begin a polemic because experience shows that polemics are merely a waste of valuable time and print; they often foster ill feelings and seldom give positive results.
Test Excavations at the Lake Jackson Site
Authors: Griffin John W.
Published: April 2006

This paper gives the results of test excavations conducted at the Lake Jackson site, Leon County, Florida by the Florida Park Service during the months of April and May, 1947. During this time systematic excavations were made in a portion of the village area lying in the vicinity of the large mounds for which the site is well known. These excavations were preliminary in nature, and it is hoped that they will be followed by more definitive study.
The Katun Calendar of the Book of Tizimin
Authors: Makemson Maud W.
Published: April 2006

In September 1949 I presented a short paper at the International Congress of Americanists in which I claimed that the calendar outlined in the first 14 pages of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin corroborated my correlation between the Maya and Christian timecounts. The new correlation,'derived from astronomical data in the Dresden Codex, equates 13.0.0.0.0 to B. C. 3374 March 10 Julian. Spinden's “Ahau Equation” places the basic date 246 days later, whereas the Goodman-Thompson correlation places it 260 years later, at B. C. 3114 September 7. At the close of the paper, Mr. Linton Satterthwaite, Jr. kindly remarked that archaeologists would reserve judgment until a translation of the Book of Chilam Balam of Tizimin was published.
Chinese Figurines in Mesoamerica
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. de
Published: April 2006

In a recent article J. Alden Mason (1951) called attention to 2 small Chinese figurines found in local archaeological collections in Mesoamerica. One was from Azqueltan, Jalisco, Mexico and is now in the University Museum, Philadelphia (catalog number NA- 11808), and the other was in the Vitalino Robles collection of Quezaltenango, Guatemala. Both are of a soft stone and were described as “crawling infants.” While browsing through a collection of archaeological objects in an antique shop in Guatemala City I came across another small Chinese figurine similar in most respects to the ones described by Mason. The shop owner, unaware of the Oriental origin of this specimen, was sure that it must have come in with the other artifacts from Kaminaljuyu, a large archaeological site on the outskirts of the city. The figurine has been presented to the University Museum (catalog number 54-4-1).

Like the Quezaltenango specimen (Mason 1951 Fig. 1, a), the stone figurine from Guatemala City is an opaque yellowish-amber color with reddish veins and has a very soft, soapy texture (Mohr scale 2.8).
Pit Houses of Asia – A Japanese Phase
Authors: Chase David W.
Published: April 2006

The discussion of pit houses in the Old World and in North America by Hiroshi Daifuku (American Antiquity, Vol. 18, pp. 1-7) prompts me to add a note concerning certain pit house sites which I explored in northern Japan during the spring and summer of 1951.

While searching the Yamagawa River Valley near Furumaki-machi in Aomori Prefecture for early Jomon sites, I encountered several pit house village sites. I had previously been advised of the general location of these by Major Howard McCord, formerly of Misawa Air Force Base, who had done considerable archaeological work in that region.
A Fertility Vase from the Old Line, Costa Rica
Authors: Balser Carlos
Published: April 2006

The rectangular clay bowl with a ring base shown in Figure 108 was unearthed in the area of the Old Line (Linea Vieja) in Costa Rica. It is 8.5 cm. high, 13.0 cm. wide, with an overall length of 18.5 cm., and is made of a well-fired clay painted in red. We consider this find most important as it appears to confirm the influence of foreign cultures in the area of the Old Line on the Atlantic side of the Republic of Costa Rica.

The receptacle of this bowl has lateral ornamentation consisting of 2 distinct groups. The first group, at the lower part of Figure 108 a, depicts the legs of a man with calves and feet in an upright position. This peculiar detail was probably used in order to secure the esthetic arrangement of the border decoration. We see the male genitals and on the thigh of each leg the figure of a bird.
A Bravo Valley Aspect Component of the Lower Rio Conchos Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Kelley J. Charles
Published: April 2006

Loma Seca (Chihuahua E7-5) was discovered July 23, 1949. It is an eroding village site located about one kilometer south of the Rio Conchos some eight kilometers southwest of Ojinaga, Chihuahua, Mexico. The site is located at the western edge of a large draw which intersects the valley of the Rio Conchos at this point. Physiographically the site occupies an eroding saddle at the foot of a high mesa which represents an outlier of the high gravel terraces of the Conchos valley. The mesa or butte lies just north of the site and separates it from the lowlands of the Conchos valley and at the same time provides protection from northerly winds. There is a thin scattering of hearthstones, flint chips, and artifacts over the eroding surface of the draw just west of the site.
Ceramic Affiliations in the Northwestern Plains
Authors: Kehoe Alice B.
Published: April 2006

There are three prehistoric or protohistoric ceramic traditions in the Northwestern plains. The Shoshone tradition is represented by Great Falls ware, found immediately east of the Rockies in central Montana, and probably made by an eastern Plateau tribe. The Pisamiks tradition includes two wares: Ethridge ware in Alberta and northern Montana, probably made by the Blackfoot; Wascana ware in Saskatchewan, closely similar to Selkirk focus pottery in southeastern Manitoba, and probably made by the Cree. The Mandan tradition includes Hagen ware, found along the Yellowstone River in southern Montana, and probably made by the Crow, as well as the pottery made by the Mandan-Hidatsa along the Missouri River in North Dakota.
Archaeology and Language in Western North America
Authors: Taylor Walter W.
Published: April 2006

The following hypothesis is proposed: that the distribution in time and space of Desert culture(s) and Hokaltecan languages imply a connection, that at one time there was a continuous band of Hokaltecan people practicing Desert culture from the Great Basin to the Texas and Tamaulipecan coasts, that this continuity was disrupted by an incursion of Utaztecan highlanders moving along the cordillera into Mexico, that proto-Shoshoneans entered the Great Basin from the northeast, that the Yuman peoples are a remnant block and not a disrupting wedge of Mexican origin, and that some of the similarities between cultures in California, the American Southwest, and Mexico are survivals of the basic proto-Utaztecan or Macro-Penutian culture, while still others are the result of interchange through a relatively homogeneous cultural medium made up of Utaztecan highlanders living along the western cordillera from central Mexico to the American Southwest.
Clarifications Concerning the Real Authorship of the Renaissance Comedy Ortensio
Authors: Cerreta Florindo V.
Published: April 2006

Histories and dictionaries of Italian literature continue to assign the comedy Ortensio to Alessandro Piccolomini, the Sicnese writer of the sixteenth century who, in his day, enjoyed a wide reputation as a philosopher and playwright. The authorship of the Ortensio was sporadically but unsubstantially doubted in the past and, in more recent years, was challenged seriously in at least two important articles. Apparently, few writers have taken cognizance of these articles or have taken into consideration the conclusions of Maria Rossi and Ireneo Sanesi, who proved that the comedy was written collectively by the members of the Accademia degl'Intronati of Siena. Perhaps one of the reasons why these articles have not been incorporated in subsequent studies on Piccolomini is that they do not deal specifically with the problem. Both M. Rossi and I. Sanesi treat the authorship of the Ortensio in an incidental manner, since the concern of the former is an appraisal of all the literary works of Piccolomini, while that of the latter is the establishment of the correct date of two letters.
Rengifo's Debt to Antonio da Tempo
Authors: Clotelle Clarke Dorothy
Published: April 2006

The most important versification manual in the history of Spanish literature is undoubtedly Juan Díaz Rengifo's Arte poética española, which first appeared in Salamanca in 1592 and was reissued a number of times in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. That the influence of this Renaissance treatise on Spanish verse has been great cannot be questioned. For approximately four centuries, in fact, it was the handbook on metrics for versifiers and poets. Reasons for the value and usefulness of the Arte poética española are not lacking. Rengifo was a scholarly investigator—scholarly in the modern sense. He worked systematically; he based his conclusions on actual practice rather than on theory; he illustrated his rules with examples chosen generally from the best-known poets; he studied the investigations of previous writers and, in full bibliographical references in marginal notes that correspond to today's footnotes, frankly gave them credit for all ideas and material borrowed from them; he showed unbiased judgment in the presentation of controversial topics; he described accurately, but never prescribed; he wrote clearly in simple language and without unnecessary wordage; he supplied time-saving devices for the reader; and he presented his work in an orderly, logical, and concise manner. His work is comprehensive and well balanced.
A Few Errors in Magellan Authorities
Authors: Sanderlin George
Published: April 2006

I have noted some errors or ambiguities in authoritative works on Magellan.

(1)

J. A. Robertson's edition and translation of Pigafetta (Cleveland, 1906) has Captain Barbosa ‘threatening the slave that if he did go ashore, he would be flogged’ (1, 179). But Pigafetta wrote ‘se non andava in terra,’ ‘if he did not go ashore.’ The slave (Enrique de Malacca) was wanted ashore as interpreter. The error is repeated in the reprint of Robertson's text in Charles E. Nowell, Magellan's Voyage Around the World (Evanston, 1962).

(2)

Nowell omits (p. 104) a sentence of Robertson's translation concerning the Patagonian giant: ‘He had a bow and arrows in his hand.’ He also obscures Pigafetta's text by turning Robertson's parentheses into brackets, and thus excluding three phrases. These should now read: ‘(but not of cedar),’ Nowell, page 119; ‘(with the pardon of cosmographers, for they have not seen it),’ Nowell, page 128; ‘(the king's men),’ Nowell, page 138.
Tasks and Experiences in the Study of Humanist Manuscripts
Authors: Oskar Kristeller Paul
Published: April 2006

Most Students and many scholars seem to believe that for the Renaissance, as well as for other periods of Western history, the relevant source material is adequately known, and that all there remains to be done is to reinterpret and to correlate these wellknown sources and to fit them into a comprehensive picture. Unfortunately, or fortunately, this complacent view does not correspond to the actual state of affairs. In the field of humanist literature and thought, on which I have focused my attention for twenty years or so (that is, in the area of literary, scholarly and philosophical works in Latin produced in Italy between 1300 and 1600), many extant authors, and even many writings of well-known authors are not listed in the best available reference works, and even some of the most famous writings have not yet been published in critical editions, or adequately explored as to their chronology and textual history.
A New Naldi Manuscript
Authors: Grant W. Leonard
Published: April 2006

In his now classic study of Italian vernacular and Latin pastoral Enrico Carrara briefly mentions the only eclogue of Naldo Naldi (1436-ca. 1513) known to him, a panegyric of Cosimo de' Medici expressed as a dialogue between two shepherds, Alpheus and Gnomon, stigmatizing it as pretty mediocre stuff; Vittorio Rossi is a great deal kinder, describing it as‘un’ egloga di temperato sapore classico, la migliore delle sue poesie’. Carrara based his opinion of Naldi's ability as a Latin eclogist on this single effort (one that the poet himself may have regretted), and might well have revised his estimate had he seen Naldi's best pastoral work, the ten other eclogues that appear in a manuscript (BN anc. fonds lat. 8389) rediscovered over twenty years ago in the Bibliothèque Nationale by Alice Hulubei and subsequently examined by her in a lengthy article.
Concerning Milton's Samson
Authors: Scott-Craig T. S. K.
Published: April 2006

During the last few years Baker Library in Hanover, New Hampshire, has acquired, in microfilm, copies of logical and theological works by Calvinist scholastics. These works are either rare or unduly dispersed, and were much needed for any adequate study of the mind and art of Milton. I have therefore been able to draft a monograph, ‘Form and Faith,’ a study in the basic philosophy of Milton, Downham, and Polanus. Various parts of the monograph will doubtless appear in philosophical, theological, and literary journals; but being thus in their turn dispersed they may not easily come to the attention of Renaissance scholars.
Recent Studies in Renaissance Scenography
Authors: Richter Bodo L. O.
Published: April 2006

One of the most sumptuous and surely also one of the most important among the nearly thirty volumes pertaining to the theatre which have been published so far by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique is Le Lieu théâtral à la Renaissance. It will be remembered that the 1962 Colloquium at Royaumont dealt with Les Tragédies de Sénèque et le théâtre de la Renaissance. Some of the scholars who presented papers on that occasion returned to address the Congress of the following year (J. L. Flecniakoska, R. Lebègue,J. Lefebvre). In fact, as we read in the Avant-propos to the volume dealing with the influence of Seneca, ‘quelques séances furent consacrées à des travaux préparatoires en vue du Colloque international des Sciences Humaines, “Le lieu theatral a la Renaissance.”’
John Barclay: Neo-Latinist at the Jacobean Court
Authors: Fleming David A.
Published: April 2006

Among the numerous men of letters patronized by James I, few held a place so close to the king during the early years of his reign as the Scottish-French Neo-Latinist John Barclay. Yet none of the biographical studies of Barclay to date have attempted to collect with any thoroughness the pertinent information regarding the author's ten years (1605-15) at the British court. It seems worthwhile then to present here such information about Barclay's period of service to the king as can be gleaned from the few records available.
Gabriel Harvey and the Two Thomas Watsons
Authors: Clubb Louise George
Published: April 2006

Among the books which Gabriel Harvey ‘enriched with marginal annotations like precious gems or stars,’ as his caricaturist wrote with more-than-intended accuracy, was his copy of four tragedies by Lodovico Dolce. The first half of this volume, containing Medea and Thieste is in the Folger Shakespeare Library, its existence duly noted but its marginalia unexamined by Harvey specialists.
The Oliphants' River Irrigation Scheme
Authors: Mogg Elizabeth H.
Published: April 2006

A Great many criticisms have been made of South Africa's treatment of her native population. Many of these have been well founded, but at the same time it is well to remember that it is not easy, in a country where over three-quarters of the population is living at a totally different historical level from the rest, to decide what Professor Julian Huxley calls the optimum rate of advance for the more backward people. Undue haste results in the detribalization of people who have not yet had time to adjust themselves to western modes of life. The gold-mines of the Rand, for example, have been responsible for the growth of the evil of migrant labour, which drains the native reserves of their able-bodied men, and creates huge urban populations of Natives who have lost touch with tribal customs and sanctions, and have not had time to acquire the western ideas which should take their place.