bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical students’ experience of culturally diverse family presence during resuscitation simulation
Authors: Park Kyung Hye , Lee-Jayaram Jannet J. , Berg Benjamin W.
Published: February 2025

Purpose: This report describes the development of a simulation scenario for medical student that incorporates cultural diversity within the context of family presence during resuscitation (FPDR).Methods: Using a hybrid simulation approach, we designed a scenario focusing on communication with a family that immigrated from Korea to the United States during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The scenario objectives were for learners to perform CPR with family presence, communicate with the family, and understand and negotiate cultural needs. Following a pilot scenario with two inexperienced volunteer medical students as learners, the program was evaluated through anonymous surveys and informal focus group feedback.Results: Students noted that this simulation differed from previous experiences as compared with emphasizing family communication rather than patient diagnosis or treatment. Students valued experiencing the practical application of cultural competence concepts. The suggestions for scenario improvement included balancing two student participation roles, adjusting the timeline, and utilizing a standardized family member.Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that an FPDR simulation program can be effectively repeated with multiple medical students and applied to CPR simulations involving diverse cultural backgrounds.
Jacques Roger, Ernst Mayr et l’histoire de la théorie de l’évolution. Science et idéologie dans les sciences biologiques
Authors: Méthot Pierre-Olivier
Published: February 2025

Spécialiste de l’histoire de la pensée biologique au xviiie siècle, c’est au transformisme et en particulier à l’œuvre de Darwin, à sa réception et à ses prolongements théoriques récents que l’historien Jacques Roger (1920-1990) se consacre du début des années 1970 jusqu’à son décès. Comment rendre compte de ce tournant vers l’histoire de la théorie de l’évolution et de la biologie du xxe siècle ? Selon l’hypothèse envisagée ici, ce sont les rencontres de Roger avec les historiens et les biologistes anglo-saxons, et notamment avec Ernst Mayr, qui ont façonné son intérêt envers l’histoire de la théorie de l’évolution, dont il refusait de séparer les dimensions scientifique et socioculturelle. Plus fondamentalement, comme le révèle un manuscrit inédit récemment retrouvé, si Roger s’intéressa à la théorie darwinienne de l’évolution, c’est aussi parce qu’elle soulève à nouveaux frais des enjeux importants liés à la question de « l’homme ».
Entre diversification et spécialisation : quelle résilience du système agricole et alimentaire de la Champagne crayeuse ?
Authors: Dermine Sabrina , Mestre Irène , Teillet Emma
Published: February 2025

Face à de multiples contraintes, les systèmes agricoles et alimentaires (SAA) se transforment, grâce à des stratégies portées par des acteurs privés ou par des collectifs d’acteurs, sans concertation ni pilotage de la part des acteurs publics. Dans cet article nous nous intéressons à la résilience du SAA de la Champagne crayeuse, au nord du département de l’Aube, caractérisé par une diversité de grandes cultures, elles même structurées autour de filières spécialisées, ancrées dans le territoire et interreliées les unes aux autres. Après avoir mis en évidence les capacités de résilience du SAA dans son fonctionnement actuel, nous analysons l’impact des stratégies de diversification, accompagnées de spécialisations, opérées par les acteurs de la production ou de la transformation, sur la résilience du SAA de la Champagne crayeuse.
Introduction to Sustainability Assurance
Authors: Abbas Alhamzah F. , Khatib Saleh F.A.
Published: February 2025

Sustainability assurance has emerged as a critical tool for enhancing trust and transparency in corporate sustainability reporting. This chapter delves into the processes, frameworks, and challenges of sustainability assurance, highlighting its role in validating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) claims. By examining standards such as ISAE 3000 and AA1000AS, the chapter highlights how assurance mechanisms enhance credibility and reduce risks, such as greenwashing. However, adoption remains inconsistent globally, reflecting differences in regulatory frameworks, stakeholder engagement, and provider independence. Finally, the chapter examines competition with non-accounting providers of assurance services. This creates a solid foundation for trustworthy ESG data, paving the path for sustainable business practices in an increasingly scrutinized world by aligning corporate accountability with stakeholder expectations. The analysis ends with insights that can improve the quality of assurance and help tackle barriers to its widespread adoption.
Perceptions of Retail Investors Towards Online Disclosure of Corporate Information
Authors: Singh Manjinder , Kour Manjit
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the preferences of retail investors in India regarding the disclosure of corporate information on the internet. As corporate communication increasingly shifts from traditional hard-copy reports to electronic platforms, understanding the types of information most valued by investors is essential for enhancing transparency and building trust. A survey was conducted with 200 retail investors from major cities in Punjab and Chandigarh, gathering insights on the desirability of disclosing various types of accounting, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and corporate information online. The findings reveal that financial data, particularly financial highlights, full accounts and interim results were highly valued by investors. The study also highlighted significant interest in CSR disclosures, especially in human resources-related information. Corporate information such as a director's report and stock exchange listings were similarly rated as important.
Consumer Neuroscience in the Perception of AI and Market Orientation
Authors: Kant Shashi , Adula Metasebia , Jio Wako
Published: February 2025

Understanding neural patterns to forecast hidden customer behaviour is made easier with artificial intelligence (AI). GConsumer neuroscience is still an infant and rapidly expanding field of study, while artificial intelligence (AI) has established itself as one of the main research areas focused at reaching this goal. The addition and deletion of scanned content was accomplished using PRISMA. The effect size of the literature that the researchers had used was examined using the Forest Plot, which is based on partial correlation. A funnel plot was used to analyse the publication bias in SLR. Both bibliometrics and content analysis were done to support the the reviewed literature potency.
Breaking Down Barriers
Authors: Akakpo Alfred , Ezenwa ChiChi
Published: February 2025

Literacy gaps between genders continue to exist worldwide, limiting opportunities for women and girls. This book chapter explores the role of education policy in addressing these disparities in the United Kingdom (UK). It examines how policies can be designed to promote gender equality in literacy, focusing on key areas such as access to education, curriculum development, teacher training, and community engagement. This chapter draws on existing research and case studies to highlight effective policy interventions that have successfully narrowed the gender literacy gap. By analysing the impact of these policies, this chapter aims to identify best practices and provide recommendations for future policy development. Ultimately, this chapter seeks to contribute to the ongoing efforts to create more equitable and inclusive educational systems that empower women and girls through literacy.
Empowering Margins
Authors: Yingsoon Goh Ying , Chua Nurul Ain , Suyan Zhang , Yiming Chen , Haiyan Zhang , Xiaoyao Tie
Published: February 2025

The pursuit of literacy is a cornerstone of personal development, societal progress, and economic growth. However, literacy disparities persist across various regions, communities, and demographics, highlighting the need for equitable and inclusive literacy policies. This chapter proposal aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse by examining the perspectives of stakeholders, evaluating the effectiveness of existing policies, and proposing strategies for the integration of new or revised literacy policies that can lead to tangible improvements in educational systems.
Literacy Development in English as a Second Language (ESL)
Authors: Manuel Jeremiah Paul Giron , Manuel Cherilyn Cabangunay
Published: February 2025

This study examines the impact of English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction on literacy among intercultural school students in Indonesia. ESL teachers in these settings adapt and innovate approaches to support non-native English speakers in reading progress, though intercultural considerations are yet to be presented in frameworks. Using semi-structured interviews with teachers and focus group discussions with students, the research explores how pedagogical strategies, cultural diversity, and language policies shape literacy outcomes. The study identifies three key themes in ESL approaches: learner-centered, technology-enhanced, and teacher-contingent. Additionally, student experiences are categorized into specialized instruction, use of translation tools, and home collaboration. Based on these findings, the ESL for Literacy Intercultural Framework (ELIF) is proposed. This framework offers valuable insights into effective, inclusive practices and policy recommendations, addressing the unique challenges and opportunities of multilingual, intercultural school environments.
The Role of Literacy in Shaping Gender Pay Gap Policies
Authors: Akakpo Alfred
Published: February 2025

The gender pay gap, a topical societal issue, is influenced by various factors, including cultural norms, societal inequalities, and educational disparities. While numerous studies have examined the direct impact of these factors on the gender pay gap, the role of literacy has often been overlooked. This chapter explores how literacy plays a crucial role in shaping gender pay gap policies. By empowering individuals to access information, understand complex issues, and advocate for their rights, literacy can contribute to a more equitable society. Historically, access to literacy has been unequal, with women often marginalized in educational settings. These historical inequities have laid the foundation for systemic gender biases that continue to influence economic opportunities and outcomes. By understanding how literacy has influenced policymaking, we can identify opportunities to leverage literacy as a tool for greater economic inclusion and gender equality.
Victorian Voices
Authors: Akgül Gülten
Published: February 2025

Literacy has played a crucial role in shaping social roles and personal identities in English literature, reflecting educational reforms and social changes. Literature interacts with social and cultural shifts, illustrating how literacy enables individuals to express themselves and engage with social norms. The 19th-century English literature, in particular, provides key insights into how education and literacy shaped society. This paper aims to examine the historical flourishing of literacy in English literature and the social reflections of this progress. Through qualitative research, various works will be analyzed to reflect literacy concepts and educational policies. The works of the writers such as Charles Dickens (1812-1870), Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855), George Eliot (1819-1880), Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865), and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) reveal the complex relationship between literacy, social class, and individual identity in English literature.
Growth in Nurse Practitioner Fellowship Programs: Implications for Scope of Practice
Authors: Gonzalez John D. , Gigli Kristin H.
Published: February 2025

Postgraduate fellowship programs for nurse practitioners have proliferated since 2007. These programs facilitate the transition to practice for new nurse practitioners as well as those who are experienced and choose to move to a new specialty. Outcome data demonstrate the effectiveness of these programs in promoting the development of novice nurse practitioners. Fellowship programs offer education outside the framework of the Consensus Model for regulation of the licensure, accreditation, certification, and education of advanced practice registered nurses and have limited implications for nurse practitioners’ scope of practice. Greater understanding of the limits of fellowship programs is needed to ensure that nurse practitioners work within their scope of practice.
Redesigning Thalassemia Prevention Program in Northwestern Province, Sri Lanka: A Regional Experience
Authors: Lakshitha A. M. P. Crishal , Amarasinghe P. G. , Kumara M. K. Sampath Indika , Rathnayaka Manel , Parakramasinghe P. S. J. R. , Narasinghe Charitha
Published: February 2025

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes significant public health challenges in Sri Lanka, contrib-uting to a substantial burden on healthcare systems and impacting the lives of the affected individuals and their families. Kurunegala has the highest burden of thalassemia compared with other regions of the country. Despite its prevalence and impact, thalassemia has historically received limited attention in public health policy. This ar-ticle aims to shed light on the reworked thalassemia prevention program in the northwestern province (NWP) of Sri Lanka, a hands-on experience with a specific focus on screening initiatives targeting school children in grade 10 and above, as well as youth populations. The prevention programs outlined in this article encompass a spec-trum of interventions, including advocacy, partnership, community empowerment, health system strengthening, carrier detection by screening, and counselling. Additionally, this article explores the establishment of a com-prehensive data surveillance system to track and monitor thalassemia screening programs within the province. Screening programs commenced in 15 schools in six Medical Officers of Health areas in Kurunegala District, testing 4030 students for thalassemia. Results revealed that 10.9 % (n= 438) of the sample exhibited iron deficiency anemia, while 3.8% (n=40) were identified as carriers of β-thalassemia, E, D, and H thalassaemia.
Hepatorenoprotective effects of Lepidium draba L. extracts against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injuries in rats via reducing apoptosis and inflammation
Authors: You Yu-Lai , Zheng Sheng , Zhao Cheng-Jian , Chang Ye-Fei , Liu Pei , Zeng Xue-Li , Liu Lian
Published: February 2025

Objective:

To investigate the protective effects of Lepidium draba L. (L. draba) on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats.

Methods:

A total of 36 rats were divided into six groups as follows: the sham control group, the CP group (CP 100 mg/kg i.p. on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35), the CP groups treated with L. draba extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of L. draba extract for 28 d), and the L. draba extract alone group (400 mg/kg of L. draba extract for 28 d). Serum parameters of renal and hepatic function, as well as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with liver and kidney damage were measured. Moreover, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 gene expression and histopathological changes were assessed.

Results:

L. draba extract alleviated CP-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by decreasing nitric oxide, TBARS, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-Ιβ levels, as well as increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and FRAP, MIF, and TGF-β levels. In addition, the extract downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and caspase-3) and mitigated the destruction of glomeruli and renal tubules as well as the degeneration of hepatocytes.

Conclusions:

L. draba extract can protect hepatic and renal structure and function against CP-induced toxicities, and may be used as a therapeutic agent for CP-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Modified ab-externo scleral fixation method for dislocated scleral fixated intraocular lenses
Authors: Choudhary Ayushi , Sehgal Gaurang , Jayadev Chaitra , Krishnappa Nagesha C
Published: February 2025

Sutured scleral fixation of intraocular lenses (SSFIOL) is a stable technique with a low risk of dislocation either from suture dehiscence (suture breakage or loosening) or suture erosion (suture degradation or wear), making it a reliable and durable option for intraocular lenses (IOL) fixation. Dislocation of rigid IOLs is managed conventionally by removing the IOL through a large sclerocorneal section and refixing the same lens or tucking another IOL into the sclera. The procedure described here is a modified ab-externo 4-exit 2-knot technique, wherein the dislocated SSFIOL can be refixated with a closed globe maneuver without removing the entire IOL. The eyelet of the haptic is exteriorized through a small limbal incision, and sutures are replaced at both ends. The IOLs refixated using this technique showed good centration postoperatively. Closed globe refixation of rigid IOLs can be easily performed with minimal or no complications. Minimal tissue handling and early postoperative recovery are advantages over conventional IOL removal and re-surgery.
Development of word list in Malayalam for the evaluation of speech outcomes in children with cleft palate
Authors: Suresh JS Swathi , Subrahmanian Manju , Reni Preethy Susan
Published: February 2025

Background:

Cleft lip and /or palate affects speech production skills. To enable uniformity in reporting the speech outcomes in individuals with cleft lip and/. or palate, universal parameters were formulated.

Aim:

To develop and validate test (word) stimuli in Malayalam, for the evaluation of speech outcomes (hypernasality, audible nasal air emission, and/or turbulence and consonant production errors) in children with cleft palate based on the guidelines reported by Henningsson et al.

Materials and Method:

The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved the development of the word list and content validation by parents, primary school teachers, and speech-language pathologists. The second phase involved establishing the construct validity of the word list by administering it to children with cleft lip and palate.

Results:

From the 351 words chosen from textbooks, storybooks, and picture books of children; 170 words had obtained a familiarity rating of greater than 80%. However, the word list desired to be used during clinical practice can be restricted to 44 words with 10 words representing high vowels, three words representing low/mid vowels, and 31 words representing pressure consonants.

Conclusions:

Developing test stimuli in the vernacular language, Malayalam for describing speech outcomes in children with cleft palate would aid in designing a customized management plan and effectively delivering it.
Two speech correction program models for children with cleft lip and palate: A preliminary report from South India
Authors: Sanjaykhanna V. K , Balasubramaniyan Subramaniyan , Nagarajan Roopa , Ramkumar Vidya
Published: February 2025

Context:

The study focuses on preliminarily reporting the implementation and effectiveness of two models of speech correction program delivered for children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) residing in rural communities to understand its benefits and challenges.

Aims:

Reporting the implementation process and outcomes of Tele Speech Correction Program (TSCP) and Community-based Rehabilitation Worker (CBRW)-Implemented Speech Correction Program (CBRW-ISCP) for children with CLP in two rural districts of Tamil Nadu, India.

Settings and Design:

The project site and participants were identified from an ongoing community program. The TSCP provided by speech–language pathologist investigator (SLPI) was implemented in district A, and the CBRW-ISCP supervised by an SLPI was implemented in district B.

Subjects and Methods:

From each district, 10 participants who exhibited errors in the articulation of pressure consonants /p/, /t/, /ʈ/, and /k/ were provided therapy through the respective program for facilitating the correct production of the target sound. Scheduling of sessions, materials, and methods was kept constant for both speech correction program. The data of pre- and postintervention assessments were used for analysis.

Results:

In both programs, about six participants who completed at least six sessions of speech correction sessions demonstrated improvement in the production of target sounds at syllable and word levels.

Conclusions:

This study supports both the tele model and community-based model of service delivery models and can be used for delivering speech intervention for individuals with CLP residing in rural communities.
Analysis of the relationship between self-concept and academic achievement in children with cleft lip and/or cleft palate
Authors: García Danivia López , Padilla Eduardo Hernández , Arenas Elia Torres
Published: February 2025

Background:

Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) malformation represents an important health problem in Mexico that does not cause morbidity but causes important sequelae ranging from the affectation in the child’s image to functional, social, psychological, and learning problems, involving parents and the surrounding environment.

Design:

The present research had a descriptive and correlational cross-sectional design and was developed under a quantitative methodology.

Participants:

Ninety-three children, 53 (57%) male and 40 (43%) female, with a mean age of 9.6 years.

Outcome Measures:

The Piers–Harris self-concept scale and report card of the concluded school year were used.

Results:

It was found that the results of the global self-concept, as well as two of its dimensions (adjustment behavior, intellectual state), resulted to have a significant positive correlation (P < 0.01). That is, high self-concept is associated with high academic achievement, better adjustment behavior is associated with higher academic achievement and higher intellectual status is associated with high academic achievement, while other two dimensions (popularity and happiness and satisfaction) showed a low positive relationship.

Conclusions:

The results found in this research are relevant for the knowledge and explanation of the different psychosocial factors that are present in the socioemotional and academic development of the child with CLP and his family, being a population in Mexico little studied in terms of emotional, psychological and educational sequelae.
Oral Health Awareness and Practices of Special Needs Caregivers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mujoo Sheetal , Bajonaid Amal M. , Hanani Ruba M. A. , Moafa Alhanouf A. Y. , Safhi Ramis E. Y.
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Goal:

To evaluate the knowledge and practices of oral health among Jazan, Saudi Arabian carers for people with special needs.

Methods:

Jazan Special Needs Center carers participated in a cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire covering demographics, oral health behaviors, frequency of dental visits, and information sources was used to gather data. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests for relationships were used in the statistical study.

Findings:

Of the 157 carers who took part, 70.1% were men and 29.9% were women. The bulk of carers knew the fundamentals of good oral hygiene, however, there were misconceptions regarding fluoride and the value of routine dental checkups. For information, the majority of carers turned to dentists and the media. The degree of education and oral health knowledge of carers were significantly correlated (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Jazan carers are somewhat aware of oral health issues. To enhance oral health outcomes for people with special needs, educational interventions aimed at carers are required. These interventions should emphasize the advantages of fluoride and frequent dental check-ups.
Impact of Evidence-Based Practices and Emerging Paradigms on Oral Health Outcomes in Public Health Dentistry: A Prospective Study
Authors: Parmar Digvijaysinh , Tripathi Kaushal P. , More Saudamini , Kumar Aakash , Ausare Surabhi S. , Chaturvedi Mudita , Tiwari Heena D.
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background:

Encouraging fair access to dental treatment and resolving gaps in oral health depend on public health dentistry. The impact of new paradigms and evidence-based practices in public health dentistry on oral health outcomes across a range of communities is examined in this study.

Methods:

A number of community health centers participated in this prospective study. Six hundred participants from a range of backgrounds were divided into intervention and control groups for the study. While the control group received normal dental treatment, the intervention group received teledentistry services, school-based oral health programs, and community water fluoridation. Over the course of a year, information on oral health outcomes, such as dental caries, periodontal illnesses, and oral hygiene habits, was gathered and examined.

Findings:

When compared to the control group, the intervention group’s oral health outcomes showed a considerable improvement. Fluoridating community water decreased the prevalence of dental cavities by 35%. Programs used in schools increased dental hygiene, while teledentistry expanded access to dental treatment, particularly in remote locations.

Conclusion:

In public health dentistry, evidence-based procedures and new paradigms greatly enhance oral health outcomes. In order to lessen inequities in oral health and advance the general health of the community, these interventions ought to be included in public health programs.
Assessment of Patient-Reported Outcomes in the Use of Clear Aligners Compared to Conventional Fixed Braces
Authors: Subbaraju Kakarla , Goyal Jashan Deep , Patri Vijeta , Panigrahi Pragyna , Suthar Mahishi G. , Varma Praveen Kumar , Kauser Afreen
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

This study aims to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between clear aligners and conventional fixed braces. Orthodontic treatments not only focus on functional outcomes but also patient satisfaction, comfort, and aesthetics. Understanding PROs can guide treatment decisions for better patient-centered care.

Methods:

A comparative study involving 150 orthodontic patients treated with either clear aligners or conventional braces was conducted. The PROs evaluated included comfort, aesthetics, oral hygiene maintenance, and speech impairment. Surveys were administered at the beginning and at regular intervals during treatment. Data were analyzed using statistical tests to compare the two groups.

Results:

Clear aligners showed superior outcomes in comfort and aesthetics, with a significant difference (P < 0.05) compared to fixed braces. Patients with conventional braces reported more difficulties with oral hygiene and speech. However, both groups had similar overall treatment satisfaction.

Conclusion:

Clear aligners are associated with higher comfort and aesthetic satisfaction, while conventional braces may be less favorable in terms of hygiene and speech. PROs play a crucial role in orthodontic treatment selection, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches based on patient preferences.
Retrospective Evaluation of Fluoride Varnish Application Programs and Their Impact on Early Childhood Caries
Authors: Vaval Vinayak , Mondal Arnab , Tiwari Rahul , Dubey Rashi , Priyadarshini Saswati , Gupta Surendra , Sharma Nirvi , Managutti Anil
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background:

Children under the age of 6 years have their dental health affected by “Early Childhood Caries (ECC),” which is still a common public health concern. Because fluoride varnish can remineralize enamel and suppress bacterial development, it has emerged as a viable preventative strategy.

Objective:

Using patient data from a tertiary care center from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020, this retrospective research attempts to assess the effect of fluoride varnish treatment programs on ECC incidence and severity.

Methods:

Children between the ages of 0 and 6 years who had fluoride varnish applied during regular dental appointments met the inclusion criteria. Data on ECC diagnosis, severity, frequency of use of fluoride varnish, and demographics were retrieved.

Results:

A demographic analysis showed that the population was mostly Caucasian. Applications of fluoride varnish showed a dose–response association with ECC incidence, meaning that an increase in application frequency resulted in a substantial decrease in ECC (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

In summary, regular use of fluoride varnish shows promise in lowering the frequency of enamel chipping, highlighting the significance of preventative actions. To achieve equitable oral health outcomes for children, it is imperative to implement strategies aimed at improving program accessibility and optimizing efficacy.
Epidemiological Analysis of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in a Tertiary Care Center: Clinical Presentation and Management Trends
Authors: Jena Debkant , Naveen Odiyil P. , Pillai R Archana , Shah Shahi J. , Shrivastava Anshita , Pareek Vaibhav , Shetty Ganaraj , Tiwari Rahul
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background:

A range of disorders affecting the temporomandibular joint are referred to as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), and they are treated differently and have different clinical manifestations. In order to offer an epidemiological analysis of TMD in a tertiary care setting, this study will concentrate on clinical traits and trends in therapy.

Methods:

Data from a tertiary care facility was retrospectively analyzed for the years 2017–2022. Data covered included demographics, clinical presentation, imaging results, and management approaches for a total of 200 individuals with TMD diagnoses. The data was interpreted using association analysis and descriptive statistics.

Findings:

70% of the participants were female, with a mean age of 42 years. The most common complaint was jaw discomfort (80%), and imaging tests revealed osteoarthritis (30%) and joint effusion (50%). Sixty percent of management patterns showed a preference for conservative measures, such as physical therapy and patient education.

Conclusion:

In summary, this research offers a thorough understanding of the management practices and epidemiology of TMD in a tertiary care context. The results highlight the need of tailored strategies for managing TMDs and the requirement of comprehending clinical presentations for the best possible patient treatment. In order to improve diagnostic and treatment approaches for this complex illness, further investigation is necessary.
Optogenetic approaches for neural tissue regeneration a review of basic optogenetic principles and target cells for therapy
Authors: Eldar Davletshin , Albert Sufianov , Tatyana Ageeva , Galina Sufianova , Albert Rizvanov , Yana Mukhamedshina
Published: February 2025

Optogenetics has revolutionized the field of neuroscience by enabling precise control of neural activity through light-sensitive proteins known as opsins. This review article discusses the fundamental principles of optogenetics, including the activation of both excitatory and inhibitory opsins, as well as the development of optogenetic models that utilize recombinant viral vectors. A considerable portion of the article addresses the limitations of optogenetic tools and explores strategies to overcome these challenges. These strategies include the use of adeno-associated viruses, cell-specific promoters, modified opsins, and methodologies such as bioluminescent optogenetics. The application of viral recombinant vectors, particularly adeno-associated viruses, is emerging as a promising avenue for clinical use in delivering opsins to target cells. This trend indicates the potential for creating tools that offer greater flexibility and accuracy in opsin delivery. The adaptations of these viral vectors provide advantages in optogenetic studies by allowing for the restricted expression of opsins through cellspecific promoters and various viral serotypes. The article also examines different cellular targets for optogenetics, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells. Utilizing specific promoters for opsin expression in these cells is essential for achieving precise and efficient stimulation. Research has demonstrated that optogenetic stimulation of both neurons and glial cells—particularly the distinct phenotypes of microglia, astrocytes, and Schwann cells—can have therapeutic effects in neurological diseases. Glial cells are increasingly recognized as important targets for the treatment of these disorders. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the emerging field of bioluminescent optogenetics, which combines optogenetic principles with bioluminescent proteins to visualize and manipulate neural activity in real time. By integrating molecular genetics techniques with bioluminescence, researchers have developed methods to monitor neuronal activity efficiently and less invasively, enhancing our understanding of central nervous system function and the mechanisms of plasticity in neurological disorders beyond traditional neurobiological methods. Evidence has shown that optogenetic modulation can enhance motor axon regeneration, achieve complete sensory reinnervation, and accelerate the recovery of neuromuscular function. This approach also induces complex patterns of coordinated motor neuron activity and promotes neural reorganization. Optogenetic approaches hold immense potential for therapeutic interventions in the central nervous system. They enable precise control of neural circuits and may offer new treatments for neurological disorders, particularly spinal cord injuries, peripheral nerve injuries, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Microglial intervention in ischemic stroke: roles and intervention strategies
Authors: Ji Cuiling , Sheng Lixinbei , Han Kaijun , Yuan Ping , Li Wei , Chen Lu , Gao Yongyue
Published: February 2025

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of neurological deficits and high disability rate. As the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia play dual roles in neuroinflammation and tissue repair following a stroke. Their dynamic activation and polarization states are key factors that influence the disease process and treatment outcomes. This review article investigates the role of microglia in ischemic stroke and explores potential intervention strategies. Microglia exhibit a dynamic functional state, transitioning between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. This duality is crucial in ischemic stroke, as it maintains a balance between neuroinflammation and tissue repair. Activated microglia contribute to neuroinflammation through cytokine release and disruption of the blood–brain barrier, while simultaneously promoting tissue repair through anti-inflammatory responses and regeneration. Key pathways influencing microglial activation include Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. These pathways are targets for various experimental therapies aimed at promoting M2 polarization and mitigating damage. Potential therapeutic agents include natural compounds found in drugs such as minocycline, as well as traditional Chinese medicines. Drugs that target these regulatory mechanisms, such as small molecule inhibitors and components of traditional Chinese medicines, along with emerging technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, offer new therapeutic strategies and clinical translational potential for ischemic stroke.
Neuronal guidance signaling in neurodegenerative diseases: key regulators that function at neuron-glia and neuroimmune interfaces
Authors: Yuasa-Kawada Junichi , Kinoshita-Kawada Mariko , Hiramoto Masaki , Yamagishi Satoru , Mishima Takayasu , Yasunaga Shin’ichiro , Tsuboi Yoshio , Hattori Nobutaka , Wu Jane Y.
Published: February 2025

The nervous system processes a vast amount of information, performing computations that underlie perception, cognition, and behavior. During development, neuronal guidance genes, which encode extracellular cues, their receptors, and downstream signal transducers, organize neural wiring to generate the complex architecture of the nervous system. It is now evident that many of these neuroguidance cues and their receptors are active during development and are also expressed in the adult nervous system. This suggests that neuronal guidance pathways are critical not only for neural wiring but also for ongoing function and maintenance of the mature nervous system. Supporting this view, these pathways continue to regulate synaptic connectivity, plasticity, and remodeling, and overall brain homeostasis throughout adulthood. Genetic and transcriptomic analyses have further revealed many neuronal guidance genes to be associated with a wide range of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although the precise mechanisms by which aberrant neuronal guidance signaling drives the pathogenesis of these diseases remain to be clarified, emerging evidence points to several common themes, including dysfunction in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, along with dysregulation of neuron-microglia-astrocyte, neuroimmune, and neurovascular interactions. In this review, we explore recent advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which aberrant neuronal guidance signaling contributes to disease pathogenesis through altered cell–cell interactions. For instance, recent studies have unveiled two distinct semaphorin-plexin signaling pathways that affect microglial activation and neuroinflammation. We discuss the challenges ahead, along with the therapeutic potentials of targeting neuronal guidance pathways for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Particular focus is placed on how neuronal guidance mechanisms control neuron-glia and neuroimmune interactions and modulate microglial function under physiological and pathological conditions. Specifically, we examine the crosstalk between neuronal guidance signaling and TREM2, a master regulator of microglial function, in the context of pathogenic protein aggregates. It is well-established that age is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration. Future research should address how aging and neuronal guidance signaling interact to influence an individual’s susceptibility to various late-onset neurological diseases and how the progression of these diseases could be therapeutically blocked by targeting neuronal guidance pathways.
Unilateral giant tarsal papillae as a rare presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Bakal Komal , Singh Swati
Published: February 2025

We report a rare case of extrapulmonary tuberculosis as an isolated unilateral giant tarsal papillae. A 30-year-old female presented with persistent unilateral giant tarsal papillae that developed ulceration following a supratarsal steroid injection. There was no regional lymphadenopathy. Incision biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation with giant cells within the tarsal conjunctiva without evidence of acid-fast bacilli or fungus. The patient was evaluated for systemic granulomatous diseases and was found to have a positive Mantoux test and elevated anti-nuclear antibody levels. Meanwhile, she developed submandibular lymph node enlargement, and a biopsy from the lymph node showed caseous necrosis with granulomatous inflammation, which confirmed tuberculosis. She was started on antitubercular therapy, and her eyelid and lymph nodes showed complete resolution, which was maintained until 1 year of follow-up. Primary tuberculous conjunctivitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral giant papillae, and steroid injection should be avoided without ruling out infection.
Identifying Borderline Trachoma Grades Using a Three-Latent Class Model
Authors: Prathikanti Vinayak , Casentini Renee , Hwang Jonathan , Abdou Amza , Beidou Nassirou , Kadri Boubacar , Srivathsan Ariktha , Prieto Isabelle , Huang Winnie , Eyassu Daniel G. , Gebreegziabher Elisabeth , Pierce Corinne , Burroughs Hadley , Keenan Jeremy D. , Lietman Thomas M.
Published: February 2025

The WHO has a simplified grading system for assessing trachoma. However, even for experts, it can be difficult to classify certain cases as strictly positive or negative for a given grade. Given the absence of a true gold standard, we performed a Latent Class Analysis (LCA) on a set of 200 graded photos of the superior tarsal conjunctiva. Ten trained graders assessed the presence of two trachoma grades: trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and trachomatous inflammation–intense (TI). The LCA was modeled in two different ways: first with two classes (presence/absence), and then with three classes, with the extra class presumed to represent a more discrepant “borderline” case. Cohen’s κ-statistics measuring agreement between graders were calculated for TF and TI grades (separately) before and after removing the third latent class. The κ-statistic increased by 0.10 (95% CI = 0.72–0.85; P <0.001) for TF and 0.13 (95% CI = 0.81–0.90; P <0.001) for TI, indicating that the third latent class represented a discrepant-case borderline class. The identification of borderline grading cases using a three-class LCA may be useful in creating balanced grader certification examinations that represent the full spectrum of disease. Additionally, a multiclass LCA could act as a probabilistic gold standard used to train and analyze future convolutional neural network models.
Mitigating Resistance to Malaria Treatments in Sub-Saharan Africa Requires More than New Drugs
Authors: Barat Lawrence M.
Published: February 2025

In September 2024, the US President’s Malaria Initiative; the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria; the Gates Foundation; and Unitaid called for malaria partners to increase the availability and lower the cost of alternative artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for countries with growing evidence of resistance to artemisinin and current ACT partner drugs, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Although these global leaders should be applauded for raising this challenge to the highest levels, they missed the opportunity to highlight a major driver of resistance to malaria treatments: the limited access to high-quality health services for malaria. Progress has been made in scaling up integrated community case management and clinical and laboratory quality improvement programs, but few malaria-affected countries have achieved national scale. If affected countries and their partners do not want to confront resistance to these newer alternative ACTs in the near future, they must take more decisive action now to expand access and improve the quality of malaria services.
Numerous liver abscesses after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for decompensated liver cirrhosis: A case report
Authors: Luo Shi-Hua , Wang Zhao-Han , Chen Jie , Chen Jian-Yong
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Liver cirrhosis patients can develop various complications including bacteremia as the intestinal flora is heterologous. In those with low immunity, trauma, or following surgery, etc ., the body is susceptible to concurrent systemic or local infections. Under these circumstances, even minimally invasive treatment methods such as interventional therapy like transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for liver cirrhosis patients can also result in complications such as infections.

CASE SUMMARY

A male patient with decompensated cirrhosis experienced multiple episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding and hypersplenism. He was admitted to hospital due to voluntary remedial TIPS. The patient developed a numerous intrahepatic liver abscess postoperatively. Following initial conservative treatment with intravenous antibiotics and parenteral nutrition, three months after TIPS, the liver abscess had disappeared on imaging examination. At the 6-month postoperative follow-up, outpatient re-examination showed that the patient had recovered and the liver abscess had resolved.

CONCLUSION

Attention should be paid to decreased blood cell counts, especially low leukocyte levels in patients with liver cirrhosis as the presence of intestinal microbiota dysregulation and portal pyemia can result in liver abscess and sepsis during invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures like TIPS. The addition of probiotics might reduce the risk in such patients.
Equilibrium phase images of the liver using a contrast-enhancement boost instead of the portal vein phase
Authors: Tachibana Yuji , Otsuka Kenichiro , Shiroo Tomoaki , Asayama Yoshiki
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Three-phase dynamic computed tomography imaging is particularly useful in the liver region. However, dynamic imaging with contrast media has the disadvantage of increased radiation exposure due to multiple imaging sessions. We hypothesized that the contrast enhancement boost (CE-boost) technique could be used to enhance the contrast in equilibrium phase (EP) images and produce enhancement similar to that of portal vein phase (PVP) images, and if this is possible, EP imaging could play the same role as PVP imaging. We also speculated that this might allow the conversion of three-phase dynamic imaging to biphasic dynamic imaging, reducing patients’ radiation exposure.

AIM

To determine if the CE-boost of EP, CE-boost (EP) is useful compared to a conventional image.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 52 patients who were diagnosed with liver cancer between January 2016 and October 2022 at our institution. From these computed tomography images, CE-boost images were generated from the EP and plane images. We compared the PVP, EP, and CE-boost (EP) for blood vessels and hepatic parenchyma based on the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio, and figure-of-merit (FOM). Visual assessments were also performed for vessel visualization, lesion conspicuity, and image noise.

RESULTS

The CE-boost (EP) images showed significant superiority compared to the PVP images in the CNR, signal-to-noise ratio, and FOM except regarding the hepatic parenchyma. No significant differences were detected in CNR or FOM comparisons within the hepatic parenchyma (P = 0.62, 0.67). The comparison of the EP and CE-boost (EP) images consistently favored CE-boost (EP). Regarding the visual assessment, the CE-boost (EP) images were significantly superior to the PVP images in lesion conspicuity, and the PVP in image noise. The CE-boost (EP) images were significantly better than the EP images in the vessel visualization of segmental branches of the portal vein and lesion conspicuity, and the EP in image noise.

CONCLUSION

The image quality of CE-boost (EP) images was comparable or superior to that of conventional PVP and EP. CE-boost (EP) images might provide information comparable to the conventional PVP.