bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preverbal infants’ understanding of social norms
Authors: Köster Moritz , Hepach Robert
Published: February 2024

Social norms are foundational to human cooperation and co-existence in social groups. A crucial marker of social norms is that a behavior is not only shared, but that the conformity to the behavior of others is a basis for social evaluation (i.e., reinforcement and sanctioning), taking the is, how individuals usually behave, to an ought, how individuals should behave to be socially approved by others. In this preregistered study, we show that 11-month-old infants grasp this fundamental aspect about social norms already in their first year. They showed a pupillary surprise response for unexpected social responses, namely the disapproval and exclusion of an individual who showed the same behavior like others or the approval and inclusion of an individual who behaved differently. That preverbal infants link the conformity with others’ behavior to social evaluations, before they respond to norm violations themselves, indicates that the foundations of social norm understanding lie in early infancy.
Feature importance feedback with Deep Q process in ensemble-based metaheuristic feature selection algorithms
Authors: Potharlanka Jhansi Lakshmi , M Nirupama Bhat
Published: February 2024

Feature selection is an indispensable aspect of modern machine learning, especially for high-dimensional datasets where overfitting and computational inefficiencies are common concerns. Traditional methods often employ either filter, wrapper, or embedded approaches, which have limitations in terms of robustness, computational load, or capability to capture complex interactions among features. Despite the utility of metaheuristic algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly Algorithm (FA), and Whale Optimization (WOA) in feature selection, there still exists a gap in efficiently incorporating feature importance feedback into these processes. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates the strengths of PSO, FA, and WOA algorithms into an ensemble model and further enhances its performance by incorporating a Deep Q-Learning framework for relevance feedbacks. The Deep Q-Learning module intelligently updates feature importance based on model performance, thereby fine-tuning the selection process iteratively. Our ensemble model demonstrates substantial gains in effectiveness over traditional and individual metaheuristic approaches. Specifically, the proposed model achieved a 9.5% higher precision, an 8.5% higher accuracy, an 8.3% higher recall, a 4.9% higher AUC, and a 5.9% higher specificity across multiple software bug prediction datasets and samples. By resolving some of the key issues in existing feature selection methods and achieving superior performance metrics, this work paves the way for more robust and efficient machine learning models in various applications, from healthcare to natural language processing scenarios. This research provides an innovative framework for feature selection that promises not only superior performance but also offers a flexible architecture that can be adapted for a variety of machine learning challenges.
A community-based cross-sectional study of dietary composition and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in China
Authors: Zheng Yan , Chen Hui , Zhang Canyou , Hu Dongmei , Zhao Fei , Piao Wei , Li Shujuan , Liang Dabin , Luo Zongye , Fan Yueling , Gao Jianwei , Cheng Jun , Yu Dongmei
Published: February 2024

To determine the dietary structure and its associated factors of tuberculosis (TB) patients in the community. This cross-sectional study analysed the dietary intake of 300 TB patients in two impoverished counties in China. Food intake was collected by using food frequency and two consecutive 24-h dietary review (24hdr) methods. The dietary composition and dietary structure of TB patients were compared with China’s 2022 Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) and the average reference value of dietary composition (ARC) in China in 2013. Binary logistic regression models were used to explore the factors associated with inadequate intake of animal food, insufficient protein and fat energy supply in patients with TB. The daily intake of various foods in TB patients was measured and the results were as follows: staple foods—median 372.12 g (interquartile range [IQR] 315.87 g); vegetables—median 200.00 g (IQR 205.55 g); fruits—median 20.22 g (IQR 36.82 g); animal foods—median 100.82 g (IQR 180.74 g); dairy products—median 0.00 g (IQR 0.00 g); nuts—median 17.10 g (IQR 29.75 g). The average daily intakes of vegetables, fruits, animal food, dairy products, soy and nuts were lower than those recommended by the DRIs (P < 0.01). Compared to women, men consumed more whole grains and mixed legumes, but less fruit. The dietary structures, including food and nutrient supply for energy, protein and fat, were significantly different in 300 patients compared with DRIs or ARC values. Inadequate rates of animal food intake were observed in 54.85% of men and 59.57% of women. Protein undersupply rates were 66.02% in men and 56.38% in women, while fat undersupply rates were 52.91% in men and 52.13% in women. The study revealed that being 18–49 years old, being the Han nationality, having less than 2 h of physical activity per day on average, and eating twice a day were risk factors for inadequate animal protein intake, protein energy deficiency and fat energy deficiency. TB patients from impoverished counties in China have inadequate intake of several food categories and insufficient protein and fat energy supply, correlating with multiple factors in socio-demographics, behavioral practices, and TB disease. To improve the nutritional status of TB patients, urgent public health actions, especially carrying out nutritional screening and evaluation once diagnosed, developing individualized nutritional support treatment plans, strengthening dietary nutritional health education and intervention, and advocating for enhanced nutritional support, should be taken.
Chloride electrode composed of ubiquitous elements for high-energy-density all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Tanibata Naoto , Nonaka Naoki , Makino Keisuke , Takeda Hayami , Nakayama Masanobu
Published: February 2024

Inexpensive and safe energy-storage batteries with high energy densities are in high demand (e.g., for electric vehicles and grid-level renewable energy storage). This study focused on using NaFeCl4, comprising ubiquitous elements, as an electrode material for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Monoclinic NaFeCl4, expected to be the most resource-attractive Fe redox material, is also thermodynamically stable. The Fe2+/3+ redox reaction of the monoclinic NaFeCl4 electrode has a higher potential (3.45 V vs. Na/Na+) than conventional oxide electrodes (e.g., Fe2O3 with 1.5 V vs. Na/Na+) because of the noble properties of chlorine. Additionally, NaFeCl4 exhibits unusually high deformability (99% of the relative density of the pellet) upon uniaxial pressing (382 MPa) at 298 K. NaFeCl4 operates at 333 K in an electrode system containing no electrolyte, thereby realizing next-generation all-solid-state batteries with high safety. A high energy density per positive electrode of 281 Wh kg−1 was achieved using only a simple powder press.
Land and sea transport options for the installation of green artificial reefs (GARs) in shallow waters: a Galician case study
Authors: Cartelle Barros Juan José , Munín-Doce Alicia , Castro-Santos Laura , Lamas Javier , Carral Luis
Published: February 2024

The aim of the present paper is to propose a new methodology for the production and installation of green artificial reefs (GARs) in shallow waters, with special attention to the transport stages. The process includes both onshore (manufacturing, road transport and unload at port) and offshore (load at port, sea transport, positioning, and deployment tasks) stages. Two different types of truck were analysed for the road transport. Furthermore, three different options were considered for sea transport: a workboat powered by liquefied natural gas, a barge using diesel (0.1% sulphur) as fuel, and an electric specific design barge. A simulation tool called AGARDO (Automatic Green Artificial Reef Deploy Optimisation) was developed for such a purpose. An estuary located in Galicia (North-West of Spain), where 180 GAR units must be installed, has been considered as case study. AGARDO was used to obtain results concerning process total time, equivalent CO2 emissions and costs for different scenarios. Consequently, the use of the proposed methodology allows the decision-maker to select the best option in terms of costs, emissions and time. AGARDO can be easily adapted to other case studies, with different onshore and offshore options.
Patient perspectives and experiences with psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression: a qualitative study
Authors: Breeksema Joost J. , Niemeijer Alistair , Krediet Erwin , Karsten Tilman , Kamphuis Jeanine , Vermetten Eric , van den Brink Wim , Schoevers Robert
Published: February 2024

Psilocybin is the most researched classic psychedelic for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). While optimizing set and setting are considered essential for efficacy and safety, patient perspectives on these aspects have rarely been investigated. To address this knowledge gap, the current paper explored the experiences of 11 TRD patients (8 women, 3 men) participating in a double-blind randomized clinical trial with a single session of oral (1, 10 or 25 mg) psilocybin treatment. After qualitative analysis, three major themes were identified: (1) challenges with trust-building and expectation management; (2) navigating the experience; and (3) the need for a more comprehensive treatment. Subthemes of the first theme include a general distrust in mental healthcare, trust in study therapists, limited time for preparation, and managing expectations. The second theme included the following subthemes: trusting to surrender, profound and overwhelming experiences, and music as a guide. The third theme addressed a desire for multiple psilocybin sessions, and challenges with sensemaking. Patients’ perspectives provided important insights into potential optimization of psilocybin treatment of TRD, including individualized preparation, investment in trust-building, offering additional psilocybin sessions, providing access to sustained (psycho)therapy with trusted therapists, and personalizing treatment approaches, which may also enhance real-world adaption of these treatments.
Preference of Pentalonia nigronervosa for infected banana plants tends to reverse after Banana bunchy top virus acquisition
Authors: Murhububa Ignace Safari , Bragard Claude , Tougeron Kévin , Hance Thierry
Published: February 2024

Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the vector of the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), the most serious viral disease of banana (Musa spp.) in the world. Before acquiring the virus, the vector is more attracted to infected banana plants in response to the increased emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we test the hypothesis that BBTV acquisition directly modifies the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants, and that the change in preference results from the alteration of the organs linked to the VOC detection or to the behaviour of the vector. We found that the preference of P. nigronervosa for infected banana plants reverses after virus acquisition in dessert banana, while it remains similar between healthy and infected banana plants before and after the acquisition of BBTV. At the same time, aphids reared on infected bananas had smaller forewing areas and hind tibia length than aphids reared on healthy bananas, although the number of secondary rhinaria on the antennae was lower on dessert banana-reared aphids than plantain-reared aphids, this was not affected by the infection status of the aphid. These results support the "vector manipulation hypothesis—VMH" of pathogens to promote their spread. They have implications for the BBTV management.
Novel pyridine bearing pentose moiety-based anticancer agents: design, synthesis, radioiodination and bioassessments
Authors: Mehany Marwa M. , Hammam Olfat A. , Selim Adli A. , Sayed Galal H. , Anwer Kurls E.
Published: February 2024

Pyridine compounds are one of the most important heterocyclic derivatives showing wide ranges in biological and pharmacological activities. Green chemistry eliminates or reduces the generation of hazardous compounds. It prevents pollution at a molecular level. The microwave technique used in heterocyclic compound synthesis is also an important branch of green chemistry techniques. In this study, we report designing and synthesizing a new pyridine-bearing pentose moiety via a one-pot multicomponent reaction using D-glucose and also investigate its behavior and reactivity toward some simple and heterocyclic amino derivatives. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized and tested for their cytotoxic activities. Some of the test compounds exhibited slight to high cytotoxic activities against Caco2 (colon cancer) cells, HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cells by MTT assay. The results showed clearly that compound 4 and compound 8 displayed strongest to moderate cytotoxic activity against the HepG2, Caco2 and MCF-7 respectively and compound 1 showed good activity against MCF-7 in comparison to the standard anticancer drug doxorubicin. These data were by cytopathological examination. An in-vivo radioactive tracing study of compound 4 proved its targeting ability to sarcoma cells in a tumor-bearing mice model. Our findings suggest that the synthesized compounds may be promising candidates as novel anticancer agents.
Validation of a German version of the Boredom Proneness Scale and the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale
Authors: Zerr Katharina , Seiler Johannes P.-H. , Rumpel Simon , Tüscher Oliver
Published: February 2024

The scientific interest in boredom is growing over the past decades. Boredom has not only been linked to symptoms of psychopathology, but also shows a remarkable effect on individual behavior under healthy conditions. Current characterizations of boredom in humans mostly rely on self-report assessments which proved to faithfully reflect boredom in a vast range of experimental environments. Two of the most commonly used and prominent self-report scales in order to assess boredom are the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS) and the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS). Here, we present the German translations of both questionnaires and their validation. We obtained and analyzed psychometric data from more than 800 healthy individuals. We find that the German MSBS and BPS show vast congruence with their originals in respect to item statistics, internal reliability and validity. In particular, we find remarkable associations of state boredom and trait boredom with indicators of mental burden. Testing the factor structure of both questionnaires, we find supporting evidence for a 5-factor model of the MSBS, whereas the BPS in line with its original shows an irregular, inconsistent factor structure. Thus, we validate the German versions of MSBS and BPS and set a starting point for further studies of boredom in German-speaking collectives.
Elevated CO2 ameliorates the high temperature stress effects on physio-biochemical, growth, yield traits of maize hybrids
Authors: Vanaja M. , Sarkar B. , Sathish P. , Jyothi Lakshmi N. , Yadav S. K. , Mohan Ch. , Sushma A. , Yashavanth B. S. , Srinivasa Rao M. , Prabhakar M. , Singh V. K.
Published: February 2024

The rising temperatures and levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are anticipated to have a significant impact on the productivity of agricultural crops. Although, the individual effects of elevated CO2 and temperature have been extensively studied in C3 and C4 crops, there remains a scarcity of research investigating their interactive effects specifically on maize hybrids. The impact of elevated temperature and its interaction with elevated CO2 on phenology, physiology, biomass, and grain yield of maize hybrids was assessed in a field experiment using Free Air Temperature Elevation (FATE) facility. The results showed that elevated temperature (eT) increased the anthesis silking interval (ASI), while the presence of elevated CO2 along with elevated temperature (eT + eCO2) mitigated this effect. The differential expression were observed between hybrids depending on their genetic potential. Furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of hybrids decreased under elevated temperature but eT + eCO2 condition helped in reverting its impact to some extent. In term of leaf composition, the highest level of total soluble sugars (TSS) and starch was observed under eT + eCO2 conditions, possibly due to improved Anet in the presence of elevated eCO2. The negative impact of eT was also evident through increased proline and MDA content, but eT + eCO2 ameliorated the adverse effect of eT. The biomass and grain yield also responded similarly, among the hybrids 900M GOLD recorded superior performance for grain yield at eT condition exceeding 35 °C. On the other hand, DHM117 experienced a significant reduction in grain yield under eT, but performed better under eT + eCO2 due to its improved physiological response to eCO2. The study indicated that elevated levels of carbon dioxide can actually mitigate the detrimental effects of elevated temperature on maize crop. This positive impact on maize crop can be attributed to an enhanced physiological performance in the presence of eCO2 which enables the plants to maintain satisfactory yield levels despite the challenging environmental conditions.
Periodontitis was associated with mesial concavity of the maxillary first premolar: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Chen Feng , Liu Qi , Liu Xinyue , Fang Qian , Zhou Bingxin , Li Ru , Shen Zhe , Zheng Kai Xin , Ding Cheng , Zhong Liangjun
Published: February 2024

The association between the anatomical features of teeth and the pathogenesis of periodontitis is well-documented. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the mesial concavity of the maxillary first premolar on periodontal clinical indices and alveolar bone resorption rates. Employing a cross-sectional design, in 226 patients with periodontitis, we used cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) to examine the mesial concavity and alveolar bone resorption of 343 maxillary first premolar. Periodontal clinical indicators recorded by periodontal probing in the mesial of the maxillary first premolar in patients with periodontitis. Our findings indicate that the presence of mesial concavity at the cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary first premolar was not significantly influenced by either tooth position or patient sex (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the mesial concavity at the cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary first premolar was found to exacerbate alveolar bone resorption and the inflammatory condition (p < 0.05). We infer that the mesial concavity at the cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary first premolar may contribute to localized alveolar bone loss and accelerate the progression of periodontal disease.
Valorization potential of Egyptian mango kernel waste product as analyzed via GC/MS metabolites profiling from different cultivars and geographical origins
Authors: El-Shabasy Rehan M. , F. Eissa Tarek , Emam Yossef , Zayed Ahmed , Fayek Nesrin , Farag Mohamed A.
Published: February 2024

Increasing attention has been given to mango (Mangifera indica) fruits owing to their characteristic taste, and rich nutritional value. Mango kernels are typically discarded as a major waste product in mango industry, though of potential economic value. The present study aims to outline the first comparison of different mango kernel cvs. originated from different localities alongside Egypt, e.g., Sharqia, Suez, Ismailia, and Giza. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) post silylation analysis revealed that sugars were the major class being detected at 3.5–290.9 µg/mg, with some kernels originating from Sharqia province being the richest amongst other cvs. In consistency with sugar results, sugar alcohols predominated in Sharqia cvs. at 1.3–38.1 µg/mg represented by ribitol, iditol, pinitol, and myo-inositol. No major variation was observed in the fatty acids profile either based on cv. type or localities, with butyl caprylate as a major component in most cvs. identified for the first time in mango. Regarding phenolics, Sedeeq cv. represented the highest level at 18.3 µg/mg and showing distinct variation among cvs. posing phenolics as better classification markers than sugars. Multivariate data analyses (MVA) confirmed that the premium cvs “Aweis and Fons” were less enriched in sugars, i.e., fructose, talose, and glucose compared to the other cvs. Moreover, MVA of Zabdeya cv. collected from three localities revealed clear segregation to be chemically distinct. Sharqia originated mango kernels were rich in sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose), whilst sarcosine esters predominated in other origins.
Quantifying the effects of practicing a semantic task according to subclinical schizotypy
Authors: Diao Mingyi , Demchenko Ilya , Asare Gifty , Chen Yelin , Debruille J. Bruno
Published: February 2024

The learning ability of individuals within the schizophrenia spectrum is crucial for their psychosocial rehabilitation. When selecting a treatment, it is thus essential to consider the impact of medications on practice effects, an important type of learning ability. To achieve this end goal, a pre-treatment test has to be developed and tested in healthy participants first. This is the aim of the current work, which takes advantage of the schizotypal traits present in these participants to preliminary assess the test’s validity for use among patients. In this study, 47 healthy participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and performed a semantic categorization task twice, with a 1.5-hour gap between sessions. Practice was found to reduce reaction times (RTs) in both low- and high-SPQ scorers. Additionally, practice decreased the amplitudes of the N400 event-related brain potentials elicited by semantically matching words in low SPQ scorers only, which shows the sensitivity of the task to schizotypy. Across the two sessions, both RTs and N400 amplitudes had good test–retest reliability. This task could thus be a valuable tool. Ongoing studies are currently evaluating the impact of fully deceptive placebos and of real antipsychotic medications on these practice effects. This round of research should subsequently assist psychiatrists in making informed decisions about selecting the most suitable medication for the psychosocial rehabilitation of a patient.
Impact of modeled microgravity stress on innate immunity in a beneficial animal-microbe symbiosis
Authors: Duscher Alexandrea A. , Vroom Madeline M. , Foster Jamie S.
Published: February 2024

The innate immune response is the first line of defense for all animals to not only detect invading microbes and toxins but also sense and interface with the environment. One such environment that can significantly affect innate immunity is spaceflight. In this study, we explored the impact of microgravity stress on key elements of the NFκB innate immune pathway. The symbiosis between the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and its beneficial symbiont Vibrio fischeri was used as a model system under a simulated microgravity environment. The expression of genes associated with the NFκB pathway was monitored over time as the symbiosis progressed. Results revealed that although the onset of the symbiosis was the major driver in the differential expression of NFκB signaling, the stress of simulated low-shear microgravity also caused a dysregulation of expression. Several genes were expressed at earlier time points suggesting that elements of the E. scolopes NFκB pathway are stress-inducible, whereas expression of other pathway components was delayed. The results provide new insights into the role of NFκB signaling in the squid-vibrio symbiosis, and how the stress of microgravity negatively impacts the host immune response. Together, these results provide a foundation to develop mitigation strategies to maintain host-microbe homeostasis during spaceflight.
Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of cytokine production by Plasmodium falciparum-exposed monocytes
Authors: Romero David V. L. , Balendran Thivya , Hasang Wina , Rogerson Stephen J. , Aitken Elizabeth H. , Achuthan Adrian A.
Published: February 2024

Plasmodium falciparum infection causes the most severe form of malaria, where excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines can drive the pathogenesis of the disease. Monocytes play key roles in host defense against malaria through cytokine production and phagocytosis; however, they are also implicated in pathogenesis through excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory cytokine production in P. falciparum-exposed monocytes is key towards developing better treatments. Here, we provide molecular evidence that histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation is key for inflammatory cytokine production in P. falciparum-exposed monocytes. In an established in vitro system that mimics blood stage infection, elevated proinflammatory TNF and IL-6 cytokine production is correlated with increased mono- and tri-methylated H3K4 levels. Significantly, we demonstrate through utilizing a pharmacological inhibitor of H3K4 methylation that TNF and IL-6 expression can be suppressed in P. falciparum-exposed monocytes. This elucidated epigenetic regulatory mechanism, controlling inflammatory cytokine production, potentially provides new therapeutic options for future malaria treatment.
The role of excitement and enjoyment through subjective evaluation of horror film scenes
Authors: Kiss Botond László , Deak Anita , Veszprémi Martina Dominika , Blénessy Albert , Zsido Andras Norbert
Published: February 2024

The popularity of the horror genre is constantly increasing and still has not reached its peak. As a recreational activity, people watch horror movies in pursuit of excitement and enjoyment. However, we still do not know what traits make people seek out this type of increase in arousal (excitement) and why they find it desirable (enjoyment). Consequently, in this study, we sought to identify observer-related factors that allows consumption of horror content as a recreational activity. Participants (N = 558) answered questions about movie-watching habits, completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation, sensation seeking, paranormal beliefs, morbid curiosity, disgust sensitivity, and rated short scenes from horror movies on dimensions of excitement, enjoyment, disgust, fearfulness, and realness. Our findings suggest that the predictors of excitement and enjoyment are slightly different. Perceived disgust negatively affected enjoyment but did not influence to excitement. Further, both excitement and enjoyment were positively predicted by fearfulness and realness ratings of the scenes, and morbid curiosity. Paranormal beliefs, sensation seeking, disgust sensitivity, anxiety, and emotion regulation strategies were not associated with excitement and enjoyment. Future studies should make a distinction between excitement and enjoyment as they are equally important factors with slightly different backgrounds in recreational fear.
Comprehensive mapping of the exterior architecture of the dromedary camel brain
Authors: Al Aiyan Ahmad , Balan Rinsha , Gebreigziabiher Senit , Zerom Simona , Mihreteab Yotam , Ghebrehiwot Even , AlDarwich Adnan , Willingham Arve Lee , Kishore Uday
Published: February 2024

The morphological perspective of the camel brain remains largely unexplored. Therefore, studying the topography of the camel brain is of crucial importance. This study aimed to provide a detailed color-coded topographic representation of the camel brain's gross anatomy and nomenclature, showing its various gyri and sulci and their borders. We compared them to previously known information to develop a detailed description of camel brain exterior architecture. Our research identified distinctive gyri and sulci with discrete positions and surrounding structures, allowing us to define sulci boundaries and establish logical gyri nomenclature. This study uncovered previously overlooked gyri and sulci and improved descriptions of specific sulci. The ectomarginal sulcus, splenial sulcus, splenial gyrus, and ectogenual gyrus are a few examples. These findings highlight several unique anatomical features of the dromedary brain, which can guide future research. By providing a comprehensive examination of the distinctive exterior anatomical features of the camel brain, this study may serve as a point of convergence for all researchers, providing more accurate identification of the gyri and sulci.
Effects of virtual reality on chest tube removal pain management in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Dalir Zahra , Seddighi Fatemeh , Esmaily Habibollah , Abbasi Tashnizi Mohammad , Ramezanzade Tabriz Elahe
Published: February 2024

The pain associated with chest tube removal (CTR) is one of the significant complications of cardiac surgery. The management of this pain is recognized as a vital component of nursing care. The application of distraction techniques using virtual reality (VR) is an effective and straightforward non-pharmacological approach to alleviate pain. This study aimed to determine the impact of VR technology on the management of pain caused by CTR following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 70 patients undergoing CABG at Imam Reza and Qaem hospitals in Mashhad, Iran, in 2020. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 35. For the intervention group, a 360-degree video was played using VR glasses 5 min before the CTR procedure. The pain intensity was measured before, immediately after, and 15 min after CTR, using the Visual Analogue Scale. Also, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Rhoten Fatigue Scale (RFS) were used to evaluate intervention and control groups before the CTR procedure. The collected data was analyzed using statistical tests, such as Chi-square, independent t-test, and Mann–Whitney test. The patients were homogeneous in terms of stress, anxiety, and fatigue levels before CTR, and they did not show any significant differences (P > 0.05). The average pain intensity score of patients in the intervention group significantly decreased immediately and 15 min after CTR, compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Given the positive impact of VR distraction on the severity of pain associated with CTR in patients undergoing CABG, this technique can serve as an effective, accessible, and cost-efficient non-pharmacological approach for managing pain in these patients.

Trial registration: This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (code: IRCT20190708044147N1; approval date, 08/26/2019).
Air invasion into three-dimensional foam induces viscous fingering instabilities
Authors: Lee Young H. , Wang Jingyi , Kannaiyan Ranjani , Su Yi , Gates Ian D.
Published: February 2024

We conducted an experimental investigation to examine the immiscible radial displacement flows of air invading three-dimensional foam in a Hele-Shaw cell. Our study successfully identified three distinct flow regimes. In the initial regime, characterized by relatively low fingertip velocities, the foam underwent a slow displacement through plug flow. During this process, the three-phase contact lines slipped at the cell walls. Notably, we discovered that the air injection pressure exhibited a proportional relationship with the power of the fingertip velocity. This relationship demonstrated excellent agreement with a power law, where the exponent was determined to be 2/3. Transitioning to the second regime, we observed relatively high velocities, resulting in the displacement of the foam as a plug within single layers of foam bubbles. The movement of these bubbles near the cell walls was notably slower. Similar to the first regime, the behavior in this regime also adhered to a power law. In the third regime, which manifested at higher air injection pressures, the development of air fingers occurred through narrow channels. These channels had the potential to isolate the air fingers as they underwent a process of "healing." Furthermore, our results unveiled a significant finding that the width of the air fingers exhibited a continuous scaling with the air injection pressure, irrespective of the flow regimes being observed.
Unraveling sub-seasonal precipitation variability in the Middle East via Indian Ocean sea surface temperature
Authors: Hochman Assaf , Shachar Noam , Gildor Hezi
Published: February 2024

This study examines sub-seasonal precipitation anomalies, challenging to predict yet vital for society and the environment. Focusing on October, we investigate correlations between the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode Index (DMI), West Tropical Indian Ocean Index (WTIO), and Middle Eastern precipitation. We find robust correlations (~ 0.7), up to a two-month lag, demonstrating strong links between these climate indices and rainfall patterns, potentially suggesting sub-seasonal precipitation predictability. Over the past four decades, DMI and WTIO have shown a significant upward trend of ~ 0.4 °C, intensifying their impact on precipitation dynamics. This trend signifies evolving Indian Ocean climate patterns with potential regional consequences and is projected to continue in the twenty-first century. Significant correlations also emerge between DMI, WTIO, and maximum daily precipitation, highlighting their role in extreme rainfall events. Finally, our study attributes most of October’s precipitation variability to Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variations. These temperature anomalies influence the Indian Ocean’s Walker circulation, affecting water vapor flux to the Middle East and shaping regional precipitation. Our findings underscore the importance of these indices in understanding and predicting Middle East climate variability, revealing intricate ocean–atmosphere interactions.
The impact of COVID-19 fiscal spending on climate change adaptation and resilience
Authors: Sadler Alexandra , Ranger Nicola , Fankhauser Sam , Marotta Fulvia , O’Callaghan Brian
Published: February 2024

Government expenditure and taxation have a significant influence on the long-term adaptation and resilience of societies to climate and other environmental shocks. Unprecedented fiscal spending in the COVID-19 recovery offered an opportunity to systematically enhance adaptation and resilience to future shocks. But did the ‘build back better’ rhetoric manifest in more resilient policy? We develop a dedicated fiscal policy taxonomy for climate change adaptation and resilience (A&R)—the Climate Resilience and Adaptation Financing Taxonomy (CRAFT)—and apply this to analyse ~8,000 government policies across 88 countries. We find that US$279–334 billion (9.7–11.1%) of economic recovery spending potentially had direct A&R benefits. This positive spending is substantial in absolute terms but falls well below adaptation needs. Moreover, a notable portion (27.6–28%) of recovery spending may have had negative impacts on A&R, acting to lock in non-resilient infrastructure. We add a deep learning algorithm to consider A&R themes in associated COVID-19 policy documents. Compared with climate mitigation, A&R received only one-third of the spending and was mentioned only one-seventh as frequently in policy documents. These results suggest that the COVID-19 fiscal response missed many opportunities to advance climate A&R. We draw conclusions for how to better align fiscal policy with A&R.
Spike frequency adaptation: bridging neural models and neuromorphic applications
Authors: Ganguly Chittotosh , Bezugam Sai Sukruth , Abs Elisabeth , Payvand Melika , Dey Sounak , Suri Manan
Published: February 2024

The human brain’s unparalleled efficiency in executing complex cognitive tasks stems from neurons communicating via short, intermittent bursts or spikes. This has inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), now incorporating neuron models with spike frequency adaptation (SFA). SFA adjusts these spikes’ frequency based on recent neuronal activity, much like an athlete’s varying sprint speed. SNNs with SFA demonstrate improved computational performance and energy efficiency. This review examines various adaptive neuron models in computational neuroscience, highlighting their relevance in artificial intelligence and hardware integration. It also discusses the challenges and potential of these models in driving the development of energy-efficient neuromorphic systems.
Canalizing cell fate by transcriptional repression
Authors: Lim Bryce , Domsch Katrin , Mall Moritz , Lohmann Ingrid
Published: February 2024

Precision in the establishment and maintenance of cellular identities is crucial for the development of multicellular organisms and requires tight regulation of gene expression. While extensive research has focused on understanding cell type-specific gene activation, the complex mechanisms underlying the transcriptional repression of alternative fates are not fully understood. Here, we provide an overview of the repressive mechanisms involved in cell fate regulation. We discuss the molecular machinery responsible for suppressing alternative fates and highlight the crucial role of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) in this process. Depletion of these TFs can result in unwanted gene expression and increased cellular plasticity. We suggest that these TFs recruit cell type-specific repressive complexes to their cis-regulatory elements, enabling them to modulate chromatin accessibility in a context-dependent manner. This modulation effectively suppresses master regulators of alternative fate programs and their downstream targets. The modularity and dynamic behavior of these repressive complexes enables a limited number of repressors to canalize and maintain major and minor cell fate decisions at different stages of development.
SLE serum induces altered goblet cell differentiation and leakiness in human intestinal organoids
Authors: Hensel Inga Viktoria , Éliás Szabolcs , Steinhauer Michelle , Stoll Bilgenaz , Benfatto Salvatore , Merkt Wolfgang , Krienke Stefan , Lorenz Hanns-Martin , Haas Jürgen , Wildemann Brigitte , Resnik-Docampo Martin
Published: February 2024

Human intestinal epithelial cells are the interface between luminal content and basally residing immune cells. They form a tight monolayer that constantly secretes mucus creating a multilayered protective barrier. Alterations in this barrier can lead to increased permeability which is common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, it remains unexplored how the barrier is affected. Here, we present an in vitro model specifically designed to examine the effects of SLE on epithelial cells. We utilize human colon organoids that are stimulated with serum from SLE patients. Combining transcriptomic with functional analyses revealed that SLE serum induced an expression profile marked by a reduction of goblet cell markers and changed mucus composition. In addition, organoids exhibited imbalanced cellular composition along with enhanced permeability, altered mitochondrial function, and an interferon gene signature. Similarly, transcriptomic analysis of SLE colon biopsies revealed a downregulation of secretory markers. Our work uncovers a crucial connection between SLE and intestinal homeostasis that might be promoted in vivo through the blood, offering insights into the causal connection of barrier dysfunction and autoimmune diseases.
Recent advances of nanopore technique in single cell analysis
Authors: Zhang Xue , Su Zhuoqun , Zhao Yan , Wu Di , Wu Yongning , Li Guoliang
Published: February 2024

Overview of nanopores for single cell detection.
Anomalous scattering of polystyrene microparticles revealed by evanescent wave coupled cavity ringdown spectroscopy
Authors: Chakraborty Soumyadipta , Banerjee Jayeta , Patra Indrayani , Pal Ardhendu , Barik Puspendu , Pradhan Manik
Published: February 2024

Evanescent wave-coupled cavity ringdown spectroscopy (EW-CRDS) is a tool for investigating the colloidal suspension of polystyrene microspheres (PSMs).
A hybrid variable selection method combining Fisher's linear discriminant combined population analysis and an improved binary cuckoo search algorithm
Authors: Chen Shuobo , Du Kang , Shan Baoming , Xu Qilei , Zhang Fangkun
Published: February 2024

In this paper, a novel hybrid variable selection method for model building by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is proposed for composition measurement in industrial processes.
A novel electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer for highly selective and sensitive determination of rutin from herbal supplements and plant extracts
Authors: Hurkul M. Mesud , Yayla Seyda , Cetinkaya Ahmet , Kaya S. Irem , Uzun Lokman , Ozkan Sibel A.
Published: February 2024

Rutin (RUT), a natural flavonoid with various beneficial pharmacological actions such as cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, etc., is found in the content of many plants that are consumed daily.
FeP–Fe3O4 nanospheres for electrocatalytic N2 reduction to NH3 under ambient conditions
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Yan Shuhao , Yi Wei , Lu Yebo , Ma Xiao , Bin Yu , Yi Lanhua , Wang Xingzhu
Published: February 2024

FeP–Fe3O4 nanospheres were prepared as eNRR catalysts, which achieved the NH3 yield of 12.73 μg h−1 mgcat−1 and the highest Faraday efficiency (FE) of 11.02% in 0.1 M KOH + 0.1 M K2SO4.
Flip-flop dynamics in smectic liquid-crystal organic semiconductors revealed by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Suzuki Tomoka , De Nicola Antonio , Inoue Satoru , Okada Tomoharu , Hasegawa Tatsuo , Milano Giuseppe , Matsui Hiroyuki
Published: February 2024

Unique flip-flop motion of liquid-crystal organic semiconductor molecules responsible for phase transition was revealed by molecular dynamics simulations.
A smart cysteine-activated and heavy-atom-free nano-photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to treat cancers
Authors: Su Shengze , Li Xingcan , An Qian , Liang Tao , Wang Yanying , Deng Hongping , Xiong Xiaoxing , Wong Wing-Leung , Zhang Huijuan , Li Chunya
Published: February 2024

A new photoinactive nano-photosensitizer activatable by in vivo cysteine to generate photoactive NIR nano-photosensitizers was demonstrated for PDT in a tumor-bearing mouse model.
Switching on emission in Zn(ii) coordination complexes by tempering Namido character
Authors: Knodel Amy L. , Lozada Issiah B. , Ortiz Robert J. , Williams J. A. Gareth , Herbert David E.
Published: February 2024

Zn amides are typically weak emitters, while Zn imines can be strongly luminescent. Here, we show how bright emission can be turned on in 4-coordinate Zn complexes by tempering Namido character through resonance.
Ultra-rapid and highly selective colorimetric detection of hydrochloric acid via an aggregation to dispersion change of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Kehui , Luo Mingyue , Rao Honghong , Liu Haile , Qiang Ruibin , Xue Xin , Li Jianying , Lu Xiaoquan , Xue Zhonghua
Published: February 2024

A rapid and highly selective naked-eye detection of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in an aqueous medium was established using HCl-triggered redispersion of gold nanoparticle aggregates.
Upper storage-capacity limit and multiple occupancy phenomena in H2-hydroquinone clathrates using Monte Carlo and DFT simulations
Authors: Parage B. , Miqueu C. , Pérez-Rodríguez M. , Méndez-Morales T. , Piñeiro M. M.
Published: February 2024

The upper hydrogen-storage capacity limit of the β-hydroquinone clathrate has been investigated using hybrid Grand–Canonical Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics simulations, for temperatures ranging from 77 K to 300 K.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a room-temperature solid solvent for photophysics and photochemistry
Authors: Clark John A. , Robinson Samantha , Espinoza Eli M. , Bao Duoduo , Derr James B. , Croft Luca , O’Mari Omar , Grover William H. , Vullev Valentine I.
Published: February 2024

Placing non-fluorescent molecular-rotor dyes in poly(dimethylsiloxane), i.e., PDMS, makes them fluoresce.
Efficient monodisperse upconversion composite prepared using high-density local field and its dual-mode temperature sensing
Authors: Li Huilin , Zhao Kai , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhan Shiping , Nie Guozheng , Peng Liang
Published: February 2024

An efficient monodisperse MDM upconversion composite with a theoretical enhancement factor of four orders of magnitude is proposed. This design provides strategies and possibilities for dual-mode temperature sensing and other applications.
Impact of Li, Na and Zn metal cation concentration in EMIM–TFSI ionic liquids on ion clustering, structure and dynamics
Authors: Kunigal Vijaya Shankar Samanvitha , Claveau Yann , Rasoanarivo Tojo , Ewels Chris , Le Bideau Jean
Published: February 2024

We explore Li, Na and Zn cations in EMIM–TFSI ionic liquids (IL) via Molecular Dynamics simulations, analyzing individual ion diffusion coefficients and pair lifetimes, showing how metal cation size and charge determine the IL dynamic behavior.
Wildland–urban interface wildfire increases metal contributions to stormwater runoff in Paradise, California
Authors: Magliozzi Lauren J. , Matiasek Sandrine J. , Alpers Charles N. , Korak Julie A. , McKnight Diane , Foster Andrea L. , Ryan Joseph N. , Roth David A. , Ku Peijia , Tsui Martin Tsz-Ki , Chow Alex T. , Webster Jackson P.
Published: February 2024

Runoff from a destroyed town following a large wildland-urban interface wildfire transported metals into adjacent watersheds.
Ring-opening polymerization of emulsion-templated deep eutectic system monomer for macroporous polyesters with controlled degradability
Authors: Castillo-Santillan Martín , Quiñonez-Angulo Priscila , Maniar Dina , Torres-Lubian José Román , Gutiérrez María C. , Pelras Théophile , Woortman Albert J. J. , Chen Qi , Pérez-García María Guadalupe , Loos Katja , Mota-Morales Josué D.
Published: February 2024

Multifunctional macroinitiators in the ROP of a DESm allow fine-tuning the properties of the resulting polyesters. This capability enables control over the degradability, Mn, and polymer architectures of macroporous polyesters for oil sorption.
Experimental and theoretical exploration of the new stilbazolium-family single crystal grown by the integration of a novel anion for optical limiting and optoelectronic applications
Authors: Anand Sekar , Usha Rani Muthurakku
Published: February 2024

A potential NLO crystal (DMMA) for optical limiting applications was synthesised by adopting a novel anion assimilation strategy.
Thermosensitive drug-loaded liposomes for photothermal and chemotherapeutic treatment of colon cancer
Authors: Zhou Haihua , Pan Hongyan , Raza Faisal , Zafar Hajra , Ge Yu , Wang Nan , Zheng Ronglei , Zhang Degeng , Yang Yanmin
Published: February 2024

Schematic of BiNSs/Met/5-FU@TSL for anti-tumor through “PTT-Chemo” combination therapy.
Preparation of a cyclotriphosphazene microsphere bearing a phosphaphenanthrene structure towards fire-safety and mechanical enhancement for epoxy and its aramid fiber composite
Authors: Yang Yunxian , Zhang Qi , Hao Yiwen , Lan Xuke , Haurie Laia , Zheng Dezhi , Huang Guangyan
Published: February 2024

The mismatch of flame retardancy and mechanical properties is still a challenge for developing high-performance epoxy resin (EP) and its aramid fiber (AF) composite.
Seeding ductile nanophase in ceramic grains
Authors: Zhao Chong , Lu Hao , Wang Haibin , Liu Xuemei , Fang Zhigang Zak , Hou Chao , Song Xiaoyan
Published: February 2024

A novel strategy is proposed to achieve coordinated strengthening and toughening of brittle composites by introducing and tailoring ductile nanoparticles within ceramic grains. Transgranular fractures of the ceramic phase were remarkably reduced.