bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização química do solo de barragens subterrâneas nos municípios de Mirangaba e Senhor do Bonfim – BA
Authors: Matos Valdemir Cavalcante de , Silva Antônio Sousa , Rios Márcio Lima
Published: March 2023

As barragens subterrâneas são alternativas viáveis para produção de biomassa vegetal na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Todavia, a falta de informações sobre as características físicas e químicas do solo, em face a negligência na adoção dos critérios de alocação e o subsequente manejo inadequado têm causado o abandono dessas áreas de produção. Considerando esse contexto, foram avaliadas as características químicas do solo das áreas de produção de seis barragens subterrâneas, localizadas nos municípios baianos de Mirangaba e Senhor do Bonfim. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades - 0 a 20 cm e 20 a 40 cm, em setembro e outubro de 2017, e encaminhadas ao laboratório para análise do pH, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, alumínio, sódio, soma de bases, capacidade de troca de cátions, saturação de bases, condutividade elétrica e matéria orgânica. Os resultados mostraram que as barragens subterrâneas apresentam baixa salinidade, embora as amostras tenham sido coletadas na época seca; os solos possuem acidez elevada, a fertilidade varia de baixa a média, sendo classificada como boa apenas na Barragem II e os índices de fósforo são baixos, com destaque apenas para o potássio que alcança níveis de médio a alto nas barragens I, II e VI e baixo nas barragens III, IV e V.
Abstract: Underground dams are viable alternatives for the production of plant biomass in the Northeast region of Brazil. However, the lack of information about the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, due to the negligence in the adoption of allocation criteria and the subsequent inadequate management, have caused the abandonment of these production areas. Considering this context, the chemical characteristics of the soil of the production areas of six underground dams, located in the Bahia municipalities of Mirangaba and Senhor do Bonfim, were evaluated. Soil samples were collected at depths - 0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm, in September and October 2017, and sent to the laboratory for analysis of pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, sodium, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, electrical conductivity and organic matter. The results showed that underground dams have low salinity, although samples were collected during the dry season; the soils have high acidity, fertility varies from low to medium, being classified as good only in Dam II and phosphorus indices are low, with emphasis only on potassium, which reaches medium to high levels in dams I, II and VI and low in dams III, IV and V.
Keywords: Electrical conductivity. Salinity. Fertility.
Enraizada na consciência de-mim-mesma: narrativa de uma pesquisadora, docente, mulher da roça
Authors: Pereira da Silva Raimunda
Published: March 2023

Este trabalho é o recorte das vivências de uma mulher preta e do campo, oriunda de escola multisseriada, alfabetizada por uma professora leiga. O intuito deste trabalho é trazer alguns relatos vivenciados por esta que vos fala através da escrita, levando em consideração suas referências de vida, o contato com a natureza desde a tenra idade e a sua inserção no mundo da leitura. Para tanto, a leitura e a escrita são partes desse processo. Além disso, as reminiscências foram o caminho para o delineamento da composição deste texto. Assim, trago aqui minhas impressões pessoais mesclando com a teoria e sempre tentando a reflexão da importância de documentar as nossas experiências que muitas vezes servem até de inspiração. Por sua vez, demonstrar o quão imprescindível é a leitura na formação do indivíduo como um todo, seja ela a leitura da palavra ou de mundo.
Abstract: This work is an excerpt of the experiences of a black and rural woman, coming from a multigrade school, literate by a lay teacher. The purpose of this work is to bring some reports experienced by this one who speaks to you through writing, taking into account her life references, contact with nature from an early age and her insertion in the world of reading. Therefore, reading and writing are part of this process. In addition, reminiscences were the way to outline the composition of this text. So, I bring here my personal impressions mixing with theory and always trying to reflect on the importance of documenting our experiences that often serve as inspiration. In turn, demonstrate how essential reading is in the formation of the individual as a whole, be it reading the word or the world.
Keywords: Personal motivation, Personal references, Reading and Mischief.
Chemical etching of InP assisted by graphene oxide
Authors: Kubota Wataru , Utsunomiya Toru , Ichii Takashi , Sugimura Hiroyuki
Published: March 2023

Chemical etching of semiconductor surfaces assisted by various types of carbon-based materials is drawing much attention for the fabrication of those micro-nano structures. We herein demonstrated to apply graphene oxide (GO), a 2D nano-carbon material, as a catalyst for the InP etching reaction, and a possible mechanism of GO-assisted InP etching was suggested by combining XPS analyses. The solubility of the InP oxide layer towards the etching solution affected the rate-determining step of InP etching reaction. When the oxidant reduction reaction catalyzed by GO was the rate-determining step, the etching reaction under GO was enhanced. Furthermore, the etching behavior was different in utilizing different oxidants, which means that the catalytic activity of GO for the oxidant reduction also affects the etching behavior.
Detection Signal Electromyograpy using Dry Electrode and Disposible Electrodes on the Upper Extremity when Lifting Weights
Authors: Amrinsani Farid , Wakidi Levana Forra , Suryanta Made Dwi Pandya , Wulandari Dessy Tri , Sadiq Muhammad Tariq
Published: March 2023

One of the biosignals used to identify human muscle impulses is electromyography. Electromyographic signals are frequently utilized as inputs and are designed to help persons with disabilities or aid in the healing process following stroke therapy. According to studies, this occurrence has led to the development of numerous electromyography module sensor designs to meet different purposes. In this work, disposable electrodes and dry electrodes are used to examine the root mean square RMS values of two different electromyography sensor module types. With a 3 kg barber lift action, each module is used to detect signals in the biceps, which are part of the upper extremity muscles. According to the study's findings, the two electromyography modules with disposable electrodes produced data with a p-value of 0.001766368 0.05. It can be inferred that there is no difference between the E1 and E2 modules because the p-value for the t-test of the two modules with dry electrodes is 0.001766368 0.05. However, there is a variance in the amplitude's magnitude, with a difference of 30mV between the disposable and dry electrodes. The results of this study can be used to teach students, and a module developed as a result of it can be applied to other studies to help find electromyographic signals.
Analysis of Dialysate pH and Temperature Stability on Hemodialysis Machines Using Internet of Thing Technology
Authors: Putera P Noviyanto , Lusiana Lusiana , Setioningsih Endang Dian , Luthfiyah Sari , Pati Abhilash
Published: March 2023

Therapy for kidney replacement with hemodialysis is a treatment that is carried out in patients with Chronic Kidney Failure to survive. The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of the dialysate fluid in the hemodialysis machine by measuring the temperature using the DS18B20 sensor and measuring the dialysate pH using the 4502C sensor on pre and post-hemodialysis. The research method and the manufacture of this module use a pre-experimental research design with the type of research "one group posttest design" the independent variables are the pH value and Dialysate Temperature, the dependent variable is the pH and Temperature Sensor, the control variable is the Traceable Tool. This research made a module using an Esp32 microcontroller system with an LCD that can be monitored with Android via the Internet of Things (IoT) system. 03 and the comparison of the results of the dialysate temperature values ​​at the time of pre and post-obtained the maximum measurement error of 0.2%. From the measurement and analysis data, it can be concluded that there is no effect of pH and temperature values ​​during pre and post hemodialysis.
Implementation of the Kauny Quantum Memory Method in Fostering the Ability to Memorize the Qur'an at the Al Kautsar Cianjur Islamic Boarding School
Authors: Karimah Rika Siti , Irawan Irawan , Nasir Tatang Muh
Published: March 2023

The Kauny Quantum Memory method is a method of memorizing the Qur'an by offering alternative solutions for memorizing the Qur'an into an easy, practical and fun activity. The technique used is by optimizing the intelligence of the right brain to capture visualization of meaning, illustration of meaning, making up stories and associating verse by verse that has been memorized. The purpose of this study was to find out how to implement the Kauny Quantum Memory method in fostering the ability to memorize the Qur'an at the Al-Kautsar Cianjur Islamic boarding school. This study used a qualitative approach with qualitative descriptive research methods while the data collection process used observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis in qualitative research is carried out during the research, and after collecting data for a certain time. The Al-Kautsar Islamic Boarding School was established under the auspices of the Talaga Expert Foundation as a form of concern for the quality of the Islamic generation. The steps for applying the Kauny Quantum Memory method when memorizing with body movements are as follows: first, when you want to memorize a letter using the Kauny method the first step that must be taken is to pay attention to the movements demonstrated by the teacher. For example, إذَا the movement is to raise the right hand while pointing up. The movement, الشَّمْسُ is to form a circle like the sun with two hands. Second, follow the movements given by the teacher and do it repeatedly. Third, then after memorizing the movements by knowing the meaning per word and per verse, the teacher gives an explanation about asbabun nuzul from the verse. Fourth, the students write down the memorized verses.
Penerapan Model Make a Match dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Kelas V SDN Boloagung 02
Authors: Lestari Sinta Devi , Khamdun Khamdun , Riswari Lovika Ardana
Published: March 2023

Think deeply and be able to express opinions from his thoughts with a group learning model that requires students to be active and cooperate with their group mates to develop their abilities. Application of Make a Match learning model in improving students ' critical thinking skills and teaching skills of teachers on fractional material. This class action research was conducted in Class V of SD Negeri Boloagung 02 with a subject of 28 students and teachers which lasted for 2 cycles. Each cycle consists of two meetings. The dependent variable is the critical thinking ability of students, while the independent variable is the Make a Match learning model. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observations, tests, and documentation. The results obtained that students critical thinking skills after the implementation of Make a Match model, in the first cycle obtained a value of 72.0 with a percentage of 72% and students completed as much as 68%. Improvement of critical thinking skills in the second cycle obtained a value of 83.04 with a percentage of 83% and the percentage of students obtained mastery of 89%. The application of Make a Match model on fraction material can improve students 'critical thinking skills and teachers' teaching skills. Therefore, in learning, teachers are advised to use the Make a Match model to the maximum so that students are more excited, enthusiastic, and play an active role in the learning process.
Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran Outdoor Study Berbantu Media Audiovisual untuk Meningkatkan Hasil dan Minat Belajar Siswa
Authors: Andriani Syamsiyatul , Ardianti Sekar Dwi , Masfuah Siti
Published: March 2023

The study's objectives were to compare the outcomes of students' science learning prior to and following the use of audiovisual media and to investigate the effect of the Outdoor Study model on students' interest in learning. The Pre-Experimental Design with the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design model is this quantitative experimental research design. Using a student learning interest questionnaire, the written test method generates objective data in the form of multiple choice and non-test data. Class IV SDN Tanjunganom 01 will serve as the setting for this investigation. The saturated sample method was used to collect samples from all twenty fourth-grade students in this study. In accordance with the findings of this study, the Paired Sample T-Test hypothesis test score with a Stg.(2-tailed) value of 0.000 0.05 indicates that the Outdoor Study model is supported by the influence of audiovisual media on class student interests. To pursue a career in science, IV SDN Tanjunganom 01 received an average score of 73 on the post-test and 55 on the pre-test.The N-Gain test, on the other hand, had an average value of 0.58, indicating a moderate increase in the criteria for improving student learning outcomes following treatment. The percentage of N-Gain scores is 58%, indicating that the interpretation of the effectiveness of the Outdoor Study learning model supported by audiovisual media can be categorized as quite effective in increasing students' understanding of science concepts.
Pengembangan LKPD Tematik pada Tema 4 Subtema 1 Pembelajaran 1 di Kelas V SDN 36 Pontianak Kota
Authors: Rizki Haliza , Kresnadi Hery , Suparjan Suparjan , Kartono Kartono , Salimi Asmayani
Published: March 2023

This study aims to produce thematic LKPD products that are valid and practical to use. This research uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The data sources in this study were 27 students in class V at SDN 36 Pontianak City. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews, questionnaires and documentation. The product validity research results of thematic LKPD obtained the "Very Valid" category. That is, on the material aspect, an average score of 4.74, was obtained, on the design aspect, an average score of 4.89, on the language aspect, an average score of 4.81 was obtained in the trial activities. The results of practicality research on thematic LKPD products obtained an average value of 4.74 in the trial activities with the criteria of "Very Practical". Based on the results of the Thematic LKPD product trials, it was declared very valid and very practical to use in the learning process.
Penggunaan Media Powtoon untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika dengan Teknik Mengajar
Authors: Nada Ana Quthratun , Indrawan Deni
Published: March 2023

This study aims to determine the increase in student learning outcomes in mathematics with the application of powtoon media using teaching techniques. This research approach is a qualitative approach to the type of research is classroom action research. The focus of this research is the focus of mathematics learning outcomes. This research was conducted at MI Al Huda Yogyakarta. which totaled 24 students. This research was conducted in three cycles. Each cycle includes the stages of planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. From the implementation obtained data collected by observation techniques, learning achievement tests and documentation. The results of the study concluded that the use of powtoon media can improve the mathematics learning outcomes of class III MI Al Huda students, especially in terms of multiplication with the memory cycle technique. This increase occurs in each cycle. For example in cycle 1 as many as 12 students are said to have completed. Whereas in cycle II there were 19 students who were said to be complete and finally in cycle III all students were said to be complete. Of all these cycles experienced an increase in terms of average, such as the first cycle of 65.41, the second cycle of 71.45 and the third cycle of 81.04.
PHYTOSOMES: AN ADVANCED CONCEPT TO NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Krishnan Remya
Published: March 2023

Novel drug delivery system is a novel approach to drug delivery that addresses the limitation of the existing drug delivery systems.The drawbacks
of conventional formulations are poor drug solubility, toxic side effects, lack of site selectivity, uncontrollable release prole, and low
bioavailability. Novel delivery system aims at maintaining optimum therapeutic- drug concentration in the blood or in tissue over a prolonged
period of time, duration for short half- life of drug may be increased, by targeting the site of action; side effects may be eliminated, frequent dosing
and wastage of the drug may be reduced or excluded.Phytosomes are recently introduced herbal formulations that are better absorbed than extracts.
The term "phyto" means plant, while "some '' means cell-like. Increased bioavailability of the phytosomes over the simpler, non complex plant
extracts has been demonstrated by pharmacokinetic and activity studies, conducted in animals as well as in humans.It enhances the absorption of
lipid insoluble polar phytoconstituents through oral as well as topical way showing improved bioavailability. Application of phytosome improves
their percutaneous absorption and acts as functional cosmetics. Phytosomes are prepared through the attachment of individual ingredients of herbal
extracts to phosphatidylcholine, resulting in a formulation having higher solubility and hence better absorption leading to promoted
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties compared to the conventional herbal extracts.Phytosome are vesicular system in which each
phytoconstituent molecule is surrounded and bounded by phospholipid molecule through chemical hydrogen bonds assuring enhanced
bioavailability and permeability through cellular membranes. Phytosomes as novel herbal vesicular drug delivery systems assure to deliver the
drug through the pathway channelizing the active phyto entity to the desired site of action. This paper aims to highlight some of the important
effective applications of phytosomes with the help of some examples with special reference to cosmeceuticals suggesting one novel method of
drug delivery system
A STUDY ON MORBIDITY PATTERN AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG ELDERLY POPULATION RESIDING IN AN URBAN AREA OF DISTRICT KATIHAR, BIHAR: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Rani Soni , Iqba Shahid , Kumar Pandey Arun
Published: March 2023

Background The world is on brink of demographic milestone. The elderly are one of the most vulnerable as well as high risk groups in respect to health. Understanding elderly health problems and health-seeking behaviour is prerequisite for proving comprehensive geriatric care to them. Objectives: The aim was to study the socio-demographic prole, pattern of morbidity and health seeking behaviour of elderly people of Katihar, Bihar. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban eld practice area of Katihar Medical College. A total 384 elderly people aged 60 years and above were selected by systematic random sampling technique. A pre-designed, pre-tested semi structured questionnaire was used to collect information and complete clinical examinations were performed among the study subjects. Data was analyzed using epi info version 7 statistical software. Results Among 384 elderly people studied, 52.86% were female and 47.14% were male. Cardiovascular diseases including hypertension were the most common morbidity (85.68 %), followed by musculoskeletal disorders (51.74 %). Majority of elderly people used to go to private hospitals (66.67 %), followed by government hospitals (22.14 %). Conclusions The study has highlighted that the elderly suffers from multiple morbidities. The high morbidity load among elderly in present study stresses for effort to provide better health care to them and thus ensure that they remain active members of our society.
A STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL METHOD AND MICROFLAP BASED TECHNIQUE FOR EXCISION OF NON MALIGNANT VOCAL FOLD NODULAR LESIONS
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Jana Debarshi
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Management of benign vocal fold nodular lesion provides a particularly good window into the revolution of voice surgery. The
changes in approach to surgical management have resulted largely because of advancement in knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the vocal
fold layered structures & technological developments that have improved our ability to examine and quantify voice function and the availability of
better surgical instruments. Aims: Comparison of Microap technique with conventional method for benign vocal fold nodular lesion and
Comparison of Intropertive and post-operative parameters like operative time, primary bleeding, operative procedures, residual tissue, collateral
damage, postoperative complication, recovery time and so on between two methods. Materials and Methods: This study was Prospective
Randomised single blind trial study. This study was conducted at Patna Medical College & Hospital, Department of ENT from Feb 2020-August
2022. Result: We found in Conventional Group, the mean Total Score of Pre-op Video Stroboscopy (Individual) (mean± s.d.) of patients was
9.2632± 1.9268. In Micro Flap Group, the mean Total Score of Pre-op Video Stroboscopy (Individual) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 8.7857±
1.6898. Difference of mean Total Score of Pre-op Video Stroboscopy (Individual) with both Group was not statistically signicant (p=0.2413). In
Conventional Group, the mean Total Score of Post-op Video Stroboscopy (mean± s.d.) of patients was 2.2895 ± 3.3684. Conclusion:We found that
Mean Total Score of Post-op Video Stroboscopy was higher in Conventional compared to Micro Flap group which was statistically signicant. It
was showed that Mean Video Stroboscopy Outcome Difference (Pre-Post) was less in Conventional compared to Micro Flap group which was
statistically signicant
CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES IN SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: DESCRIPTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Lamdhade Vaibhav , Patankar Sachinkumar , Neha Kadamduke , Ajit Namdeorao Hange
Published: March 2023

Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine disorders in India. Reduced production of thyroid hormone is central feature of clinical state
termed as “hypothyroidism”. Iodine deciency remains a common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. In areas of iodine sufciency, autoimmune
disease (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and iatrogenic causes (treatment of hyperthyroidism) are most common. By denition, subclinical
hypothyroidism refers to biochemical evidence of thyroid hormone deciency in patients who have few or no apparent clinical features of
hypothyroidism. Subclinical Hypothyroidism is an asymptomatic state in which reduction in thyroid activity is compensated by elevated thyroid
stimulating hormone to maintain euthyroid state. Evidence seems to indicate subclinical hypothyroidism is quite prevalent in presumably normal
population. Subclinical hypothyroidism is found in 6–8% of women (10% over the age of 60) and 3% of men8. Prevalence increases with age.
Methods- This was an observational study done in medical college and hospital. The study was carried out in the duration of 2 years. All OPD and
IPD patients of Hospital, diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism, during this period, who fullled the inclusion criteria, were included in this
study. This study included 54 newly diagnosed patients with subclinical hypothyroidism attending Hospital. Results- In this study maximum
patients belong to age group ranging from 18-30 (33.33%). Next to it is age group involving 31-40 (31.48%). While least number of patients comes
in age group ranging from 61-70 (9.26%) . Female (74.07%) preponderance compared to males (25.93%). With male having (25.93%). Male to
Female ratio is 1:3. Showing female predominance in hypothyroidism. Conclusion- Quite a signicant number of patients were in the prehypertension group. Various life style modications can be advised to prevent them from going to stage I hypertension. Skin changes, Facial
pufness, Hoarseness of Voice, cold intolerance, limbs swelling and weight gain these are the symptoms in decreasing order in patients with
subclinical hyperthyroidism
EFFECT OF ADDITION OF DEXAMETHASONE TO LEVOBUPIVACAINE ON POST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA IN ULTRASONOGRAPHY-GUIDED TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS PLANE BLOCK FOR INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: J Srivathsan , Agrawal Jitendra , Shrivastava Sourabh , Kothari Dilip
Published: March 2023

NTRODUCTION- Postoperative pain is literally a form of acute pain which follows surgical insult with an inammatory reaction and initiation of an afferent neuronal signal bombardment. Due to inadequate management of postoperative pain many patients continue to suffer unnecessarily. Hence it is understood that managing the post operative pain effectively is the need of the hour to reduce postoperative morbidity. AIMS - To evaluate and compare the duration of sensory blockade of 0.25% levobupivacaine with and without dexamethasone in ultrasonography-guided transversus abdominis plane(TAP) block. METHODS-After obtaining approval from Institutional ethical committee, a prospective randomized comparative study was carried out in 60 patients of ASA Grade I & II undergoing inguinal hernia repair under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups; Group L(n=30) received 30ml of 0.25% Levobupivacaine with 2ml of Normal saline (NS) while Group D (n=30) received 30ml of 0.25% Levobupivacaine with 8mg Dexamethasone. RESULTS- Patients in group D (8.07±1.34 hr) had prolonged duration of analgesia in comparison to group L (5.33±1.92 hr) (p= 0.000). CONCLUSION- In the inguinal hernia repair surgeries performed under spinal anaesthesia with ultrasonography-guided TAP block, addition of dexamethasone was superior to levobupivacaine alone in providing better and prolonged post-operative analgesia with minimal post-operative nausea and vomiting
PRIMARY PAPILLARY CARCINOMA IN A THYROGLOSSAL CYST:A CASE REPORT
Authors: R Shayisha , Raj Deepthi
Published: March 2023

Thyroglossaal cyst associated carcinoma is a rare and comprise 1% of all thyroid carcinoma.(1) We in this report present a case of primary
papillary carcinoma arise in a thyroglossal duct cyst. A 36 year old male presented with cystic mass in front of neck,ultrasound scanning was
suggestive of a complex cystic lesion and normal thyroid,FNAC showed Thyroglossal cyst with inammation.The Sistrunk procedure was
performed and histopathology conrmed the diagnosis of Papillary carcinoma thyroid in thyroglossal cyst
The King Tutḫaliya IV, the Eflatunpınar Monument, and the River of the Watery Abyss
Authors: Balza Maria Elena
Published: March 2023

In recent years, several studies have focused on the interpretation and possible function of the so-called Hittite landscape monuments. For many of these monuments, a connection with the sphere of religion and cultic celebration has been suggested, especially taking into account the possible sanctity of their location, often connected to mountains, rocky outcrops, and water. The landscape monuments would in this sense represent a form of immaterial appropriation of the landscape by the Hittite king, the elites, or, in some cases, local rulers, and would play a specific role in the transmission of messages aimed at consolidating identity and/or spreading consensus. This contribution aims to provide further elements of discussion on the subject, and particularly on the use of landscape monuments as the scene of public events, through a (re)examination of some characteristics of the so-called sacred pool of Eflatunpınar, its possible connection with cult celebrations, and the identity of the ruler that sponsored its construction.
New ‘Excavations’ in the Pergamon-Museum and in the Gipsformerei of Berlin and New Elements for the Study of the Decorative Programme of Kammer B in Yazılıkaya
Authors: Marazzi Massimiliano
Published: March 2023

Based on the work conducted during winter 2017 both on casts of the Hittite reliefs exhibited at the Pergamon-Museum and the original matrices of the Humann casts (1892) kept at the Gipsformerei in Berlin/Charlottenburg, a series of results are presented regarding the sculptural decoration programme present in the Yazılıkaya rock sanctuary. In addition, the exhibition and publication of a series of casts of Hittite reliefs on the occasion of the exhibition Royaumes Oubliés, held in Paris in 2019, made it possible to provide some insights into the history of the casts made by E. Chantre on the occasion of his Mission en Cappadoce in 1893-94
مکوّنات فضيلة شهر رمضان ودراسة الصحة کإنجاز حقيقي لهذه المكونات
Authors: لاءيني محمد , نجاد مجتبى
Published: March 2023

يعتبر شهر رمضان كشهر العبودية والعبادةمن أکثر الشهور الإسلامية فضيلة بحيث إنّ هذا الشهر له احترام وأهمية بمکان عند المسلمين لما فيه من فضائل عالية. تعود هذه الفضيلة إلی ثمانية مكونات وهي شهر رمضان نفسه، والصوم، وليلة القدر، ونزول القرآن، ونزول الملائكة، وتقرير القدر، والولاية، والصحة. لقد تم إجراء هذا البحث بطريقة تحليل المحتوى بالاعتماد على المراجعة المباشرة إلی المصادر المكتبية وبرمجيات العلوم الإسلامية مثل جامع الأحاديث وجامع التفاسير. إنّ ما حصل هذا البحث هو تقديم البنية المنسجمة والمقننة وتصنيف مكونات الفضيلة واستنتاج الصحة كإنجاز لشهر رمضان المبارك من هذه المكونات وتحليلها. بعد شرح كل من هذه المكونات ، يخلص المؤلف إلی أن رزق الإنسان واستفادته من هذه المكونات هي في النهاية نفس "الصحة" والصحة - وهي أحد المكونات - هي الفائدة الحقيقية للصائم من هذه المكونات. إن اعتبار الصحة انجازاً لشهر رمضان المبارك في ثمانية جوانب وهي: 1- صحة الجسم 2- صحة القلب 3- الصحة من الإثم 4- الصحة من العذاب الإلهي 5- صحة الأعضاء والجوارح 6 - الصحة الاجتماعية 7- الصحة الناجمة من الصلاة 8- الصحة الناجمة من النوم.
Iraqi EFL Learners’ Recognition of Speech Acts Expressed by English Interrogatives
Authors: AlMumar Hisham
Published: March 2023

English interrogative sentences are used to express a wide range of illocutionary forces (henceforth: IFs) in different contextual situations. Recognizing these IFs may be a problem for foreign English learners. The present research paper aims at investigating the recognition of Iraqi EFL learners of the various IFs expressed by English interrogative sentences. To fulfill the purposes of this study, 50 senior students were chosen to represent the sample of this study.  To collect the data for the study, the researcher designed a multiple-choice questionnaire to include all the kinds of interrogative IFs mentioned in the theoretical part and their respective individual forces. These kinds were classified as direct and indirect. The questionnaire comprises 30 different situations from real-life encounters, each of which comprised an interrogative utterance. For each situation, some IFs were given as options to choose from. The findings indicated that the learners’ performance in recognizing the direct force of English interrogatives is better than their performance in recognizing the indirect ones. Moreover, they are modest users to communicate with others but often have inaccurate understanding.
دار الحرم في البلاط العباسي ( دراسة أهميتها الاجتماعية واثرها السياسي )
Authors: علي لبابة , الحيدري عباس
Published: March 2023

يسعى البحث الى دراسة دار الحرم أهميتها  الاجتماعية واثرها السياسي في البلاط العباسي وبيان اثر  النساء داخله (من حرائر وجواري )وقوة نفوذهن والحظوة التي يحظين بها عند الخليفة والذي يعمل على رفع شانهن ونفوذهن  لذا نجد تمتعهن بدور كبير داخل البلاط  .

حيث قسم البحث الى   عدة موضوعات   منها  دار الحرم وعلاقتها بالبلاط (132-334| 749-861م) تناول نفوذ النساء في هذه المدة اذ كانت سلطة الخليفة كبيرة ومتحكمة بالدولة حتى عصر المتوكل  لكن مع ذلك كان تاثير النساء واضحا من خلال  تعيين ولاة العهد او صرف الأموال الكبيرة على الأوقاف واهم نساء  الخيزران ، السيدة زبيدة ، قبيحة ، شغب  وغيرهن 0 .

فيما تناول دار الحرم والصراع على السلطة (247 -334ه |861-945م) اذ كانت قد حدثت تغيرات سياسية داخل البلاط  اذ فقد الخليفة كثير من سلطاته اثر تسلط القادة الاتراك على الخلافة  وحدث صراع كبير ودموي داخل البيت العباسي كان من نتيجته خلع وقتل  اغلب خلفاء  هذا العهد ( المتوكل ، المنتصر ، المستعين ، المعتز ، المقتدر ، القاهر ) تغذية القوى المتصارعة من وزراء والكتاب والقادة العسكرييين الاتراك وقد ترك هذا الصراع فيما بينهم اثرا على دار الحرم وسلطاتها .

وابرز البحث اثر السيدة شغب وسلطة القهرمانات  في داخل دار الحرم اذ مثل عهد المقتدر (295-320ه) قوة وسلطة دار الحرم  وتمتعت دار الحرم ممثلة بوالدة المقتدر  السيدة شغب وقهرماناتها بسلطة واسعة وكبيرة على الخليفة ومؤسسات الدولة  وتحكمن فيها مما اثر  سلبا على أوضاع الدولة وماليتها  .

و بعد عهد المقتدر فقدت دار الحرم سلطاتها مع فقدان الخليفة لسلطاته بعهد امرة الامراء والعهد البويهي والسلجوقي ثم عاد تاثيرها بشكل تدريجي مع تنامي سلطات الخليفة في أواخر العصر العباسي  ومن  اشهر النساء اللاتي كان لهن اثر   زمرد خاتون  وبنفشا  في عهد الخليفة العباسي الناصر لدين الله (575-622ه )
العمليات الجيومورفولوجية والاشكال الارضية الناتجة عنها في حوض وادي الرهيماوي – غرب النجف
Authors: فليفل كامل , حميد بنين
Published: March 2023

شغل حوض الرهيماوي مساحة (1256 ) كم2  ، ضمن الهضبة الغربية لمحافظة النجف ،اذ يقع الحوض ضمن الرصيف المستقر غير الملتوي ، اما فيزيوغرافياً  فهو يقع في اغلبه ضمن منطقة الوديان السفلى والجزء الباقي ضمن منطقة الحجارة , يهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن العمليات الجيومورفولوجية لحوض وادي الرهيماوي والاشكال الارضية الناتجة عنها ومدى تأثير العوامل الجغرافية الطبيعية والمتمثلة بالوضع الجيولوجي وخصائص السطح والمناخ والموارد المائية والتربة والنبات الطبيعي على تلك العمليات ، وقد تضمن البحث تحليل عمليات التجوية بنوعيها الفيزياوية والكيمياوية والتعرية المائية والريحية فضلا عن الترسيب المائي والريحي وما نتج عن تلك العمليات من اشكال ارضية كالوديان والثنيات والجروف الصخرية والمنحدرات والموائد والبيوت والشواهد الصخرية والسباخ والعيون والارصفة الصحراوية والوجه ريحيات وثقوب الرياح والظلال الرملية والسفي الرملي وعلامات النيم الصحراوي .
العلاقات العسكرية والامنية السعودية – الخليجية 1982 – 1985م
Authors: سلمان عقيل , محمد علي
Published: March 2023

تعد التحالفات الامنية احد اهم انماط التعاون الدولي وغالباً ما تقام من اجل دعم الاغراض الدفاعية والهجومية في مواجهة تهديد اي عدو مشترك سواء داخلياً او خارجياً وغالباً ما تدخل الدول في مثل هكذا تحالفات عندما تواجه تحديات امنية ليس في الامكان تحييدها بأية وسيلة اخرى . لذا فقد اتفقت دول الخليج العربية فيما بينها على ان مفهوم الامن يتركز على حماية مجتمعاتها وانظمتها والمحافظة على ثرواتها وسلامة شعوبها والعمل على ضرورة وجود تنسيق عسكري وامني مشترك يقوم على اساس تأمين وحماية الممرات المائية في مياه الخليج والدعوة الى ضرورة اعادة تأهيل وتطوير مؤسساتها العسكرية بكل صنوفها .
تحليل المناسبة في آيات سورة التين والزيتون
Authors: حسون نضال , مشايخي حميد
Published: March 2023

دأبت الدراسات القرآنية قديمًا وحديثًا على فهم ودراسة علوم القرآن الكريم بكل فنونه، فمن أجلَّ هذه العلوم هو علم المناسبات فهو عمود الإعجاز القرآني كونه يلقي الضوء للنظر والفهم لبيان المعاني وترابط القرآن بشكل إعجازي من أول سورة  إلى أخر سورة. فلم يعتنى بهذا العلم من قبل الباحثين والدارسين بصورة كلية وإنما تناولوه بشكل جزئي ولاسيما أن علم المناسبات يوضح لنا أن ترتيب القرآن جاء توقيفي من النبي (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم) عن الله سبحانه وتعالى فنرى سور وآيات القرآن منظمة بسياق إعجازي يفتح الأفاق للفهم وللتفكّر بعجائبه التي لانهاية لها فهو لا يكون إلا بالصورة الهندسية التي جاء بها وإلا لذهب نظمه وبلاغته وفصاحته. فوجدنا أن هيكل القرآن الكريم هو علم المناسبات إثباتًا لتنسيقه وترتيبه ونظمه وبلاغته. وسوف نحلل سورة التين والزيتون كأنموذج لنرى كيف ترابطت الآيات لغويًا وتاريخيًا تباعًا مكونة وحدة موضوعية ذات هدف تناسبي فيما بينها. واتخذنا من المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لرؤية أهمية علم المناسبات ودوره في أرتكاز الآيات في فهم النص القرآني وكيف ترابطت معانيه والفاظه مكونًا نسيجًا بلاغيًا محكمًا، وختامًا نصل إلى نتيجة مشرقة وهو أن المناسبة موجودة بين كلمات الآية الواحدة وهذه الآية متناسبة مع الآيات الأخرى في تناسقها ونظمها وبلاغتها وإعجازها ولا يكون القرآن بغير هذا الترتيب أبدأ لتشكل المناسبة قرآنًا معجزًا والله أعلم فيما اقول.
أهمية العسل ومراكز صناعته عند المسلمين
Authors: غازي جابر , شهيد مازن
Published: March 2023

كرم الله سبحانه وتعالى، النحل في كتابه القرآن الكريم حين خصص لها سوره من سوره عرفت باسم سورة "النحل"، وهي حشرة وظيفتها إنتاج العسل وشمع النحل والتلقيح ، وفي ذلك دلالة على أهمية تلك الحشرة ، ونتاجها من سائل العسل ، فقال تعالى: ﴿وَأَوْحَى رَبُّكَ إِلَى النَّحْلِ أَنِ اتَّخِذِي مِنَ الْجِبَالِ بُيُوتاً وَمِنَ الشَّجَرِ وَمِمَّا يَعْرِشُونَ* ثُمَّ كُلِي مِنْ كُلِّ الثَّمَرَاتِ فَاسْلُكِي سُبُلَ رَبِّكِ ذُلُلاً يَخْرُجُ مِنْ بُطُونِهَا شَرَابٌ مُخْتَلِفٌ أَلْوَانُهُ فِيهِ شِفَاءٌ لِلنَّاسِ إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَةً لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ< ([1]).

وعالَم النحل يقدم لنا النموذج الأروع على الكفاح المستمر في سبيل ديمومة الحياة القائمة على الجدِّ والنشاط والتضحيات، في عالم لايعرف به الكلل أو الملل او التقاعس ، فالجميع يعمل ويبني ويربي الصغار في حياة ذات طابع اجتماعي خاص.

والعسل معروف لمعظم الناس كمادة غذائية مهمة لجسم الإنسان وصحته ، كما أقر العلم الحديث باستخدامه في علاج العديد من الأمراض، فهو مضاد حيوي طبيعي ومقوي لجسم الإنسان (يقوى جهاز المناعة الذي يتولى مقاومة جميع الأمراض التي تهاجمه) كما أن له خصائص مثبتة في علاج الحروق والجروح وكثير من الأمراض الأخرى.

وهذه الوريقات البحثية محاولة جادة منا لتتبع اهتمام المسلمين بهذا العالم الجميل ، وحرصهم على تربية النحل والاستفادة من عسله الذي حضى بمكانة مهمة ومميزة في موائدهم وحرصوا على تناوله ، فكان أن أشرنا في المحور الاول الى الاهتمام بتربية النحل والعناية به ، وخصصنا المحور الثاني للاشارة الى أهمية العسل الاقتصادية ، وتطرقنا في المحور الثالث الى مراكز صناعة العسل ، وقد اعتمد البحث على مجموعة قيمة من المصادر والمراجع أسهمت وبنسب متفاوته في رسم الصورة التي هدفنا اليها .
تعديات العيارين على الممتلكات العامة والخاصة في العراق (247-447هـ) والموقف الرسمي والمجتمعي منها
Authors: عباس فارس , سعيد حيدر
Published: March 2023

يهدف بحث( تعديات العيارين على الممتلكات العامة والخاصة في العراق(247-447هـ) والموقف الرسمي والمجتمعي منها ) تسليط الضوء على تنظيم العيارين وأسباب تسميتهم بذلك والفئات التي انضوت تحت هذا التنظيم والتي عُرفت بمسميات أخرى فضلاً عن عرضٍ لأهم  صفاتهم ونظرة المجتمع لهم والمزايا التي امتازوا بها.

        لكن المهم في البحث ومحوره الاساس هو التعديات التي قام بها العيارون خلال فترة الدراسة على الممتلكات العامة والخاصة ، والتي تركت آثار سلبية على مختلف الأصعدة الأمنية والسياسية والاقتصادية والإجتماعية ، وتبيان ردود الافعال الرسمية والمجتمعية تجاه تلك التعديات، اما الرسمية فتمثلت بمعالجات السلطة التي تمحورت بين اعتماد مسلك القوة تارةً واتخاذ اساليب أخرى اعتمدت التفاوض والاصطناع تارة أخرى ، فيما سلكت المواقف المجتمعية محورين الاول تمثل بمواقف نقباء الاشراف والفقهاء وغالباً ما كانا يميلان إلى السلم والوساطة لوقف تعديات العيارين ،بينما اتخذت العامة مواقف اتسمت بالمهادنة مرة واعتماد خيار القوة لوضع حد لتعدياتهم تارةً أخرى.
المعلم داوود صليوا وتأسيس جريدة صدى بابل
Authors: شكري ياسين , عبد الزهرة حنان
Published: March 2023

عاش العراق أبان السيطرة العثمانية منذ القرن السادس عشر الميلادي والتي إستمرت زهاء أربعة قرون في وضع متردي , ولم يشهد الكثير من التطور في مدنه ومناطقه إلا في الربع الأخير من القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي عندما تم تطبيق الإصلاحات العثمانية من خلال تأسيس المدارس الحكومية والمعامل الحديثة ، فضلاً عن القيام بالعديد من المشاريع الإقتصادية والأنشطة الإجتماعية كبدايات للتحديث في العراق.

     وتعد المرحلة التاريخية الممتدة ما بين قيام ثورة الاتحاد والترقي في الدولة العثمانية وقيام الحرب العالمية الاولى (1908-1914م)  من أهم المراحل في التأسيس والنشأة للصحافة العراقية بالرغم من قصر عمرها التاريخي وموقف السلطات العثمانية منها ، حيث أنه وبعد إعلان الدستور العثماني  ووصول الإتحاديين الى الحكم ورفعهم شعارات الحرية والمساواة , شهد العراق ثورة صحفية كبيرة من قِبل أصحاب الرأي والمثقفين الذين عَمِلوا على تأسيس العديد من الصحف والمجلات المتنوعة , حتى أنهُ قيل بأنها تجاوزت سبعين جريدة ومجلة ، ومن بين هذه الجرائد  كانت جريدة صدى بابل  التي قام المعلم والمثقف داوود صليوا بتأسيسها والإشراف على تحريرها وكتابة المقالات المتنوعة فيها خلال المدة ( 1909-1914م ) ، والبحث يتناول شخصية صاحب الجريدة وكيف تم تأسيسها والمراحل التي مرت بها حتى إغلاقها بعد قيام الحرب العالمية الأولى.
فاعلية إستراتيجية مقترحة قائمة على نظرية التعلم المستند للدماغ وإثرها في تحصيل طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية
Authors: التميمي ميسون , الموسوي احسان
Published: March 2023

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى:

بناء إستراتيجية تدريسية قائمة على نظرية التعلم المستند للدماغ .

2.معرف أثر إلاستراتيجية التدريسية القائمة على نظرية التعلم المستند للدماغ في تحصيل طلاب الصف الخامس الأدبي في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية .

      ولتحقيق هدفي البحث وضع الباحث الفرضية الصفرية الآتية: "ليس هناك فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (05،0) بين متوسط تحصيل طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين يدرسون مادة قواعد اللغة العربية باستعمال الاستراتيجية التدريسية المبنية وفق نظرية التعلم المستند للدماغ, وطلاب المجموعة الضابطة الذين يدرسون المادة نفسها بالطريقة الاعتيادية",  وقد اعتمد الباحث المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التجريبي، واختار التصميم التجريبي لمجموعتين تجريبية وضابطة واختبار تحصيلي بعدي, أختار الباحث قصدياً إعدادية الشهيد عباس كاظم مراد, وإعدادية الصحابي صعصعة بن صوحان العبدي للبنين لأجراء تجربته فيهما، اختار شعبة (أ) لتمثل المجموعة التجريبية التي دَرست مادة قواعد اللغة العربية باعتماد الاستراتيجية التدريسية المبنية وفق نظرية التعلم المستند للدماغ، وشعبة (ب) تمثل المجموعة الضابطة التي دَرست مادة قواعد اللغة العربية باعتماد الطريقة الاعتيادية،  وقد بلغت عينة البحث (47) طالباً بواقع (22) طالباً في المجموعة التجريبية و (25) طالباً في المجموعة الضابطة, أجرى الباحث تكافؤاً احصائياً بين طلاب المجموعتين في المتغيرات الآتية: (درجات اختبار الذكاء ــ اختبار رافن للمصفوفات المتتابعة الاعتيادية، والعمر الزمني محسوباً بالشهور، ودرجات اختبار المعلومات السابقة في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية، والتحصيل الدراسيّ والمهنة للآباء، والتحصيل الدراسي والمهنة للأمّهات), حدد الباحث الموضوعات الدراسيّة التي ستدرس أثناء مدة التجربة، وصاغ أهدافاً سلوكيّةً لهذه الموضوعات، فكانت (106) هدفاً سلوكيّاً, أعدّ الباحث دليل مدرس وكراس نشاط للطالب, للموضوعات المقرر تدريسها أثناء مدة التجربة، وقد درّس الباحث نفسه مجموعتي البحث طيلة مدة التجربة التي استمرت (11)  اسبوعاً، إذْ بدأت التجربة يوم الثلاثاء الموافق 19/2/2019م وانتهت بتطبيق الاختبار التحصيلي يوم الثلاثاء الموافق 30/4/2019م, أعدّ الباحث اختباراً تحصيلياً في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية, متكون من (اربعون) فقرة (ثلاثون) فقرة من نوع اسئلة الاختيار من متعدد و(عشر) فقرات من نوع الاسئلة المقالية، وتثبَّتَ الباحث من صدقه, وثباته, ومستوى صعوبة فقراته, وفاعلية بدائله غير الصحيحة, وقوة تمييز فقراته, استعمل الباحث الوسائل الإحصائيّة الآتية في اجراءات البحث والوصول الى النتائج: الاختبار التائي(T-Test)  لعيّنتين مستقلّتين، ومعادلة مربّع كاي (كا2)، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون، ومعادلة سبيرمان – براون التصحيحية، ومعادلة معامل الصعوبة، ومعادلة معامل تمييز الفقرة، ومعادلة فاعلية البدائل الخاطئة, وبعد تحليل البيانات احصائيا  توصل الباحث إلى النتيجة الاتية: تفوّق طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا مادة قواعد اللغة العربية باستعمال الاستراتيجية التدريسية المبنية وفق نظرية التعلم المستند للدماغ, على طلاب المجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا مادة قواعد اللغة العربية بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار التحصيل بفرقٍ ذي دلالةٍ إحصائية .
Evaluasi Kondisi Kerja Pada UMKM Pempek Menggunakan Work Improvement In Small Enterprises (Wise)
Authors: Saputra Muhammad Egy , Kusmindari Christofora Desi
Published: March 2023

Pempek Ita is a MSMEs that produces several types of processed pempek products, based on the results of initial observations there are several problems in their working conditions and the absence of K3 implementation in the workplace. This study aims to improve the work system by evaluating the condition of Pempek Ita using the WISE checklist, then using the Borda method for decision making. The evaluation results from the WISE checklist contained 19 elements that required corrective action. By using the Borda method, it is obtained that decision making for the priority of improving the work system is the work organization because it has the highest weight, which is 23%. Then a proposal for improvement of the work system is made based on the criteria of the work organization, namely implementing a periodic rest schedule in accordance with Article 79 paragraph (2) letter a of Law no. 13/2003 stipulates that companies must provide rest periods between working hours, at least half an hour after workers have worked continuously for 4 hours and that rest time does not include working hours. And conduct training programs for employees regarding OHS. General OHS expert training (Indonesian Ministry of Manpower Certification) is a program of the Ministry of Manpower (KEMNAKER) to prepare OHS experts in companies who can help develop OHS in companies.
Kornea Alkali Yanıklarının Sağaltımında Medikal Ozonun Farklı Uygulama Teknikleri: Deneysel Tavşan Modeli
Authors: KUŞÇU Yağmur , ALKAN İsmail
Published: March 2023

Çalışmada tavşanlarda sodyum hidroksitle (NaOH) deneysel olarak oluşturulan kornea alkali yanıkların sağaltımında medikal ozonun farklı uygulama şekillerinin korneal iyileşme üzerine olan etkinliğinin klinik ve histopatolojik olarak incelenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla 32 adet Yeni Zelanda ırkı tavşanların sadece sağ gözlerinin sentral korneasına 1 normal (N) NaOH emdirilmiş 6 mm çaplı filtre kâğıdı 1 dk süre ile uygulandı. Tavşanlar rastgele dört gruba ayrıldı. Sağaltım üçer (3) gün aralıklarla 21 gün boyunca devam etti. Birinci grup (K) kontrol grubu olarak bırakıldı. Yanık sonrası bu gruba herhangi tedavi uygulanmadı. İkinci gruba (M) subkonjuktival ozonlanmış kan uygulandı. Üçüncü gruba (S) subkonjunktival medikal ozon uygulaması yapıldı. Dördüncü gruba (O) major otohemoterapi uygulandı. Klinik ve histopatolojik değerlendirmeler neticesinde, kornea dokularında en yüksek derecede rejenerasyon ve iyileşme bulgularının M grubunda olduğunu bunu sırasıyla O grubu ve S grubu takip etti. En yüksek korneal doku hasarı K grubuna ait olgularda gözlendi. Normal stromal kalınlığa en yakın olgular M grubunda olup, K grubunun en yüksek stromal kalınlığa ve normalden en uzak değere sahip olduğu dikkati çekti. Elde edilen klinik, istatistiksel ve histopatolojik bulgular ışığında; korneal alkali yanığında medikal ozon sağaltımının farklı uygulama tekniklerinin, kontrol grubuna kıyasla oluşan komplikasyonları büyük oranda giderdiği ve korneal reepitelizasyonu hızlandırdığı görüldü.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Bahasa Indonesia Kalimat Saran Melalui Problem Based Learning Pada Peserta Didik Kelas III Semester 1 SDN Lebo 01 Warungasem Batang Tahun 2020/2021
Authors: Mutmainah Mutmainah
Published: March 2023

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar kalimat saran peserta didik kelas III SDN Lebo 01 Kecamatan Warungasem Kabupaten Batang. Berdasarkan observasi awal peneliti, pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan oleh guru dilakukan dengan ceramah, penugasan, tanyajawab, dan diskusi klasikal. Proses pembelajaran tersebut memberikan hasil belajar yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, peneliti menerapkan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning. Subjek penelitian tindakan adalah peserta didik kelas III SDN Lebo 01 Kecamatan Warungasem KabupatenBatang semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2020 / 2021. Subyek penelitian berjumlah 39 peserta didik meliputi 22 peserta didik laki-laki dan 17 peserta didik perempuan. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan pada tanggal 16 November 2020 dan 23 November 2020. Instrumen penelitian berupa lembar observasi kegiatan guru, lembar kerja peserta didik, lembar penilaian tes formatif siklus 1 dan siklus 2. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dari penerapan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning adalah adanya peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas III SDN Lebo 01 Kecamtan Warungasem Kabupaten Batang. Hasil tindakan siklus I adalah 20,52 % peserta didik yang mendapatkan hasil melampaui KKM  yaitu hanya 79,48 % peserta didik yang belum dapat melampaui KKM. Sedangkan pada siklus II 89,74 % dari peserta didik sudah dapat melampaui KKM .Simpulan dalam penelitian tindakan ini adalah penerapan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik. Cara belajar dan pemahaman materi berpengaruh pada hasil belajar. Saran dalam penelitian tindakan ini adalah: 1.) Dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar guru perlu memperhatikan kebutuhan peserta didik, kondisi fisik peserta didik dan psikis peserta didik agar tujuan pembelajaran dapat tercapai. 2.)Rencana pembelajaran hendaknya dipersiapkan dengan teliti dan tepat termasuk evaluasi sehingga tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan dapat berhasil dengan baik.