bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTOCOL: Protocol for corporate crime deterrence: An updated systematic review
Authors: Schell‐Busey Natalie , Rorie Melissa , Simpson Sally S.
Published: May 2020

This is the protocol for an updated Campbell review on corporate crime deterrence. Our overall objective is to identify and synthesize the extant empirical literature on formal legal and administrative prevention and control—that is, the actions and programs of government law enforcement agencies, legislative bodies, and regulatory agencies within a specific focus, as further discussed in this study. This review will consider all types of legal and regulatory practices as long as corporate crime prevention is part of the outcome. Other outcomes and information, if relevant, will also be collected.
Why individual‐level interventions are not enough: Systems‐level determinants of oral anticancer medication adherence
Authors: Dean Lorraine T. , George Marshalee , Lee Kimberley T. , Ashing Kimlin
Published: May 2020

Nonadherence to oral anticancer medications (OAMs) in the United States is as low as 33% for some cancers. The reasons for nonadherence to these lifesaving medications are multifactorial, yet the majority of studies focus on patient‐level factors influencing uptake and adherence. Individually based interventions to increase patient adherence have not been effective, and this warrants attention to factors at the payor, pharmaceutical, and clinical systems levels. Based on the authors' research and clinical experiences, this commentary brings fresh attention to the long‐standing issue of OAM nonadherence, a growing quality‐of‐care issue, from a systems perspective. In this commentary, the key driving factors in pharmaceutical and payor systems (state and federal laws, payor/insurance companies, and pharmaceutical companies), clinical systems (hospitals and providers), and patient contexts that have trickle‐down effects on patient adherence to OAMs are outlined. In the end, the authors' recommendations include examining the influence of laws governing OAM drug pricing, OAM supply, and provider reimbursement; reducing the need for prior authorization of long‐approved OAMs; identifying cost‐effective ways for providers to monitor nonadherence; examining issues of provider bias in OAM prescriptions; and further elucidating in which contexts patients are likely to be able to adhere. These recommendations offer a starting point for an examination of the chain of systems influencing patient adherence and may help to finally resolve persistently high levels of OAM nonadherence.
Pegylation of RNA Spiegelmers by a Novel Widely Applicable Two‐Step Process for the Conjugation of Carboxylic Acids to Amino‐Modified Oligonucleotides
Authors: Bethge Lucas , Vonhoff Stefan
Published: May 2020

The reaction between N‐hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester−activated carboxylic acids and amino‐modified nucleic acids is commonly used for the post‐synthetic modification of oligonucleotides. Here, we report a two‐step variation of the method in which the NHS ester is replaced by the corresponding parent carboxylic acid. In the first step, the carboxylic acid is activated with a standard peptide coupling reagent like HBTU in an anhydrous water‐miscible aprotic organic solvent. In the second step, the solution of the activated carboxylic acid is added to the amino‐modified oligonucleotide in water. The method is demonstrated using 40‐kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) carboxylic acid and biotin as examples. Recycling of the carboxylic acid, which is typically used in molar excess over the nucleic acid, is shown for the conjugation with 40‐kDa PEG carboxylic acid. This conjugation method is generally applicable to the conjugation of carboxylic acids to amino‐modified oligonucleotides, thus enabling the attachment of small to large molecular entities such as dyes, tags, peptides, and other macromolecules. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: General protocol for the conjugation of an amino‐modified oligonucleotide with a carboxylic acid, exemplified for 40‐kDa PEG carboxylic acid

Basic Protocol 2: Biotinylation of an amino‐modified oligonucleotide using the general conjugation protocol

Basic Protocol 3: Recycling of the carboxylic acid component from the conjugation reaction, demonstrated for 40‐kDa PEG carboxylic acid using ultrafiltration

Support Protocol 1: Analytical AEX‐HPLC method used as in‐process control method to monitor the conjugation reaction with 40‐kDa PEG carboxylic acid

Support Protocol 2: Analytical AEX‐HPLC method used as in‐process control method to monitor the conjugation reaction with biotin

Support Protocol 3: Analytical IP‐RP‐HPLC method used as in‐process control method to monitor the conjugation reaction

Alternate Protocol: Separation of 40‐kDa PEG carboxylic acid from unreacted and conjugated oligonucleotide by preparative AEX‐HPLC
Propranolol Suppresses the Growth of Colorectal Cancer Through Simultaneously Activating Autologous CD8+ T Cells and Inhibiting Tumor AKT/MAPK Pathway
Authors: Liao Ping , Song Kun , Zhu Zhanwei , Liu Zhaoqian , Zhang Wei , Li Wei , Hu Jiali , Hu Qian , Chen Cuiyu , Chen Bohua , McLeod Howard L. , Pei Haiping , Chen Ling , He Yijing
Published: May 2020

Propranolol suppresses tumor growth in a variety of preclinical solid tumor models, with a number of proposed cell signaling and immunological mechanisms. We want to confirm the potential mechanisms, including reduced phosphorylation of AKT/MAPK pathways, as well as enhanced CD8+ T‐cell–mediated antitumor immune response. To clarify the mechanism of propranolol activity in colorectal cancer, the therapeutic activity of propranolol was then assessed in CT26WT tumors engrafted in BALB/C mice. Then the effect of propranolol treatment was also examined by randomizing patients undergoing surgical resection of a previously untreated colorectal cancer to propranolol or placebo group and treated for 1 week prior to surgery. CT26WT tumor size was smaller after propranolol than vehicle control. Propranolol downregulated the expression of p‐AKT/p‐ERK/p‐MEK in tumor tissue. The frequency of tumor CD8+ T cells was significantly elevated in propranolol‐treated mice. The expression of GzmB/IFN‐γ/T‐bet in the CD8+ T‐cell population was significantly increased in propranolol treated mice tumor tissue. In propranolol‐treated surgical specimens, the expression of p‐ERK was decreased and the frequency of CD8+ was significantly elevated. The expression of GzmB in the CD8+ T‐cell population was significantly increased in propranolol‐treated subjects. Together, these data show propranolol simultaneously activating autologous CD8+ T cells and decreasing the expression of p‐AKT/p‐ERK/p‐MEK in mouse tumor models, while inhibiting the expression of p‐ERK in clinical colorectal cancer. Effort is now needed to further dissect whether both pathways are required for antitumor effect, as the activity of this old drug is moved forward.
Recent Developments in the Application of Flow Cytometry to Advance our Understanding of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis Physiology and Pathogenesis
Authors: Parbhoo Trisha , Sampson Samantha L. , Mouton Jacoba M.
Published: May 2020

The ability of the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis to adapt and survive within human cells to disseminate to other individuals and cause active disease is poorly understood. Research supports that as M. tuberculosis adapts to stressors encountered in the host, it exhibits variable physiological and metabolic states that are time and niche‐dependent. Challenges associated with effective treatment and eradication of tuberculosis (TB) are in part attributed to our lack of understanding of these different mycobacterial phenotypes. This is mainly due to a lack of suitable tools to effectively identify/detect heterogeneous bacterial populations, which may include small, difficult‐to‐culture subpopulations. Importantly, flow cytometry allows rapid and affordable multiparametric measurements of physical and chemical characteristics of single cells, without the need to preculture cells. Here, we summarize current knowledge of flow cytometry applications that have advanced our understanding of the physiology of M. tuberculosis during TB disease. Specifically, we review how host‐associated stressors influence bacterial characteristics such as metabolic activity, membrane potential, redox status and the mycobacterial cell wall. Further, we highlight that flow cytometry offers unprecedented opportunities for insight into bacterial population heterogeneity, which is increasingly appreciated as an important determinant of disease outcome. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Association of HLA‐DR‐DQ alleles, haplotypes, and diplotypes with type 1 diabetes in Saudis
Authors: Eltayeb‐Elsheikh Nezar , Khalil Eltahir , Mubasher Mohamed , AlJurayyan Abdullah , AlHarthi Hanan , Omer Waleed H. , Elghazali Inas , Sherbeeni Suphia M. , Alghofely Mohammed A. , Ilonen Jorma , Elghazali Gehad
Published: May 2020

Aims

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that affects many children worldwide. Genetic factors and environmental triggers play crucial interacting roles in the aetiology. This study aimed to assess the contribution of HLA‐DRB1‐DQA1‐DQB1 alleles, haplotypes, and genotypes to the risk of T1D among Saudis.

Methods

A total of 222 children with T1D and 342 controls were genotyped for HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQA1, and ‐DQB1 using reverse sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (rSSO) Lab Type high definition (HD) kits. Alleles, haplotypes, and diplotypes were compared between cases and controls using the SAS statistical package.

Results

DRB1*03:01‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 (32.4%; OR = 3.68; Pc < .0001), DRB1*04:05‐DQA1*03:02‐DQB1*03:02 (6.6%; OR = 6.76; Pc < .0001), DRB1*04:02‐DQA1*03:01‐DQB1*03:02 (6.0%; OR = 3.10; Pc = .0194), DRB1*04:01‐DQA1*03:01‐DQB1*03:02 (3.7%; OR = 4.22; Pc = .0335), and DRB1*04:05‐DQA1*03:02‐DQB1*02:02 (2.7%; OR = 6.31; Pc = .0326) haplotypes were significantly increased in cases compared to controls, whereas DRB1*07:01‐DQA1*02:01‐DQB1*02:02 (OR = 0.41; Pc = .0001), DRB1*13:01‐DQA1*01:03‐DQB1*06:03 (OR = 0.05; Pc < .0001), DRB1*15:01‐DQA1*01:02‐DQB1*06:02 (OR = 0.03; Pc < .0001), and DRB1*11:01‐DQA1*05:05‐DQB1*03:01 (OR = 0.07; Pc = .0291) were significantly decreased. Homozygous DRB1*03:01‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 genotypes and combinations of DRB1*03:01‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 with DRB1*04:05‐DQA1*03:02‐DQB1*03:02, DRB1*04:02‐DQA1*03:01‐DQB1*03:02, and DRB1*04:01‐DQA1*03:01‐DQB1*03:02 were significantly increased in cases than controls. Combinations of DRB1*03:01‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 with DRB1*07:01‐DQA1*02:01‐DQB1*02:02 and DRB1*13:02‐DQA1*01:02‐DQB1*06:04 showed low OR values but did not remain significantly decreased after Bonferroni correction.

Conclusions

HLA‐DRB1‐DQA1‐DQB1 alleles, haplotypes, and diplotypes in Saudis with T1D are not markedly different from those observed in Western and Middle‐Eastern populations but are quite different than those of East Asians.
Human and Aquatic Toxicity Potential of Petroleum Biodegradation Metabolite Mixtures in Groundwater from Fuel Release Sites
Authors: Patterson Timothy J. , Kristofco Lauren , Tiwary Asheesh K. , Magaw Renae I. , Zemo Dawn A. , O'Reilly Kirk T. , Mohler Rachel E. , Ahn Sungwoo , Sihota Natasha , Devine Catalina Espino
Published: May 2020

The potential toxicity to human and aquatic receptors of petroleum fuel biodegradation metabolites (oxygen-containing organic compounds [OCOCs]) in groundwater has been investigated as part of a multi-year research program. Whole mixtures collected from locations upgradient and downgradient of multiple fuel release sites were tested using: 1) in vitro screening assays for human genotoxicity (the gamma-H2AX assay) and estrogenic effects (estrogen receptor transcriptional activation assay), and 2) chronic aquatic toxicity tests in 3 species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Pimephales promelas). In vitro screening assay results demonstrated that the mixtures did not cause genotoxic or estrogenic effects. No OCOC-related aquatic toxicity was observed and when aquatic toxicity did occur, upgradient samples typically had the same response as samples downgradient of the release, indicating that background water quality was impacting the results. This information provides additional support for previous work that focused on the individual compounds and, taken together, indicates that OCOCs from petroleum degradation at fuel release sites are unlikely to cause toxicity to human or freshwater receptors at the concentrations present. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1634–1645. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Polyps of the Jellyfish Aurelia aurita Are Unaffected by Chronic Exposure to a Combination of Pesticides
Authors: Olguín-Jacobson Carolina , Pitt Kylie A. , Carroll Anthony R. , Melvin Steve D.
Published: May 2020

Pesticides are a major contaminant in coastal waters and can cause adverse effects in marine invertebrates such as jellyfish. Most studies have investigated short-term responses of organisms to unrealistically high concentrations of pesticides; however, chronic exposure to persistent low concentrations, which are more likely to occur in the environment, are rarely analyzed. We tested the response of polyps of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita to environmental concentrations of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticide chlorpyrifos, individually and in combination, over 9 wk. We hypothesized that exposure to individual pesticides would reduce rates of asexual reproduction and alter polyps' metabolite profiles, and that the results would be more severe when polyps were exposed to the combined pesticides. Polyps survived and reproduced (through budding) in all treatments, and no differences among treatments were observed. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed no difference in profiles of polar metabolites of polyps exposed to the individual or combined pesticides. Our results suggest that A. aurita polyps are unaffected by chronic exposure to atrazine and chlorpyrifos at concentrations recommended as being protective by current Australian water quality guidelines. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1685–1692. © 2020 SETAC

Abstract

Survival, asexual reproduction, and metabolite profile of polyps of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita were unaffected after chronic exposure to 2 pesticides. NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance.
Investigation on Endocrine Disruption of the Larval Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol: Short-Term Reproduction Assay with Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Dinehart Simon , Hubert Terrance D.
Published: May 2020

3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used for more than 60 yr to control the invasive parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes Basin (USA/Canada). In the early 1990s, researchers reported that TFM induced vitellogenin in fish and that TFM was an agonist for the rainbow trout estrogen receptor. To support continued registration of TFM for sea lamprey control, regulatory agencies required further testing to evaluate potential endocrine disruption effects. Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to TFM at measured concentrations of 0.0659, 0.181, 0.594, 1.79, and 5.11 mg active ingredient (a.i.)/L for 21 d. No-observable- and lowest-observable-effect concentrations (NOEC and LOEC, respectively) were determined to be 1.79 mg/L or greater for each endpoint. Male survival in the highest treatment group was reduced relative to the controls. Percentage of egg fertility was reduced in the highest treatment group, resulting in an estimated NOEC of 1.79 mg/L. Whereas no effect on the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was observed for males, female GSI was increased in the 5.11-mg/L treatment. Vitellogenin production was not altered relative to the controls for all TFM treatment groups. However, female testosterone was elevated in the 5.11-mg/L treatment. The results suggest that prolonged exposure to TFM at concentrations exceeding 1.79 mg/L has the potential to disrupt endocrine function. Biologically relevant effects were found at the highest exposure concentration following a 21-d exposure. However, the duration of exposure in our study is not consistent with typical treatment durations (12 h) for sea lamprey control. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1599–1607. © 2020 SETAC
Challenges Associated with Generating Reliable Nanogram-per-Liter Measurements of Hexavalent Chromium in Groundwater
Authors: Felix Allison , Gable Jennifer , Vitale Rock , Gratson David , Carriker Neil
Published: May 2020

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and several states are considering regulatory limits for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) <100 ng/L, increasing the importance of obtaining accurate and reliable data. The present study presents the results of 2 studies investigating the effectiveness of chemical preservation on ng/L concentrations of Cr(VI) in groundwater. Chemically preserved and unpreserved aliquots of a groundwater sample were spiked with a known amount of Cr(VI), and then analyzed in tandem with sets of preserved and unpreserved performance test samples over 28 d. The studies showed that although Cr(VI) appears to be relatively stable over 28 d, it may be sensitive to minor matrix changes after collection. The studies also demonstrated significant challenges to measuring Cr(VI) below 100 ng/L, because the results can be subject to positive bias or contamination that may not be readily apparent. We conclude that Cr(VI) measurements using a USEPA published method below 100 ng/L may be categorized as semiquantitative at best. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1526–1533. © 2020 SETAC
Silkworm pupae as source of high‐value edible proteins and of bioactive peptides
Authors: Altomare Alessandra Anna , Baron Giovanna , Aldini Giancarlo , Carini Marina , D'Amato Alfonsina
Published: May 2020

To characterize the high‐value protein content and to discover new bioactive peptides, present in edible organisms, as silkworm pupae, semiquantitative analytical approach has been applied. The combination of appropriate protein extraction methods, semiquantitative high‐resolution mass spectrometry analyses of peptides, in silico bioactivity and gene ontology analyses, allowed protein profiling of silkworm pupae (778 gene products) and the characterization of bioactive peptides. The semiquantitative analysis, based on the measurement of the emPAI, revealed the presence of high‐abundance class of proteins, such as larval storage protein (LSP) class. This class of proteins, beside its nutrient reservoir activity, is of great pharmaceutical interest for their efficacy in cardiovascular diseases. Potential allergens were also characterized and quantified, such as arginine kinase, thiol peroxiredoxin, and Bom m 9. This powerful bioanalytical approach proved the potential industrial applications of Bombyx mori pupae, as source of high‐value proteins in a green and “circular” economy perspective.
The effectiveness of ultrasound bath and probe treatments on the quality of baking and shelf life of cupcakes
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Kenari Reza , Nemati Azita
Published: May 2020

Uniform dispersion of emulsion particles of cake batter is very effective on the quality of the final product. A proper aeration process can produce a favorable spongy texture and desirable qualities in the product. Air containment and uniform distribution with smaller particles in the entire texture would be effective in achieving these goals. One of the newest physical methods to accomplish this matter is the use of ultrasound waves. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sounding the cake batter using two types of baths and ultrasound probes with two intensities (70% and 100%) over 0, 4, 6, and 8 min on the quality of cake baking and its shelf life. Porosity, cake texture and sensory acceptance, symmetry and uniformity indicator, water activity, and mold and yeast test for cake samples were taken during 14 days of storage in a factorial design. Examining the results showed that the probe ultrasound waves directly affected the quality of the cake, both bath and probe ultrasound types, which were applied for 6 min, improved the desired characteristics, while the increase in sounding time for up to 8 min decreased these parameters.
Scallop mantle toxin induces apoptosis in liver tissues of mice
Authors: Kariya Takahide , Hasegawa Yasushi
Published: May 2020

We had previously shown that the intake of scallop mantle tissue resulted in the death of mice and rats. In this study, we investigated the liver injury caused by mantle tissue to clarify the mechanism behind its toxicity. Mantle toxin increased lipid peroxidation and decreased the reductive thiol content as well as the DPPH radical scavenging activity, catalase activity, and glutathione content in the liver of the mice. These results suggested that the mantle tissue diet caused oxidative stress through the decrease in antioxidants. In addition, mantle toxin increased the mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐ and inflammation‐induced genes and the protein expression of caspase‐3 and Bax (which induce apoptosis), suggesting that the mantle tissue diet causes apoptosis through oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammation in the liver tissue. Such liver injury may be an essential cause of the rodent demise.
Seasonal variation of infiltration rates through pond bed in a managed aquifer recharge system in St‐André, Belgium
Authors: Samanta Sayantan , Sheng Zhuping , Munster Clyde L. , Van Houtte Emmanuel
Published: May 2020

In Belgium, IWVA uses managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to recharge the aquifer with treated wastewater generated from the communities to sustain the potable water supply on the Belgian coast. This MAR facility is faced with a challenge of reduced infiltration rates during the winter season when pond water temperatures near 4°C. This study involves the identification of the predominant factor influencing the rate of infiltration through the pond bed. Several factors, including pumping rates, natural recharge, tidal influences of the North Sea and pond‐water temperature, were identified as potential causes for variation of the recharge rate. Correlation statistics and linear regression analysis were used to determine the sensitivity of the infiltration rate to the aforementioned factors. Two groundwater flow models were developed in visual MODFLOW to simulate the water movement under the pond bed and to obtain the differences in flux to track the effects of variation of hydraulic conductivity during the two seasons. A 32% reduction in vertical hydraulic gradient in the top portion of the aquifer was observed in winter, causing the recharge rates to fluctuate. Results showed that water temperature caused a 30% increase in hydraulic conductivity in summer as compared with winter and has the maximum impact on infiltration rate. Cyclic variations in water viscosity, occurring because of seasonal temperature changes, influence the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the pond bed. Results from the models confirm the impact on infiltration rate by temperature‐influenced hydraulic conductivity.
Jones matrix‐based speckle‐decorrelation angiography using polarization‐sensitive optical coherence tomography
Authors: Gong Peijun , Li Qingyun , Wang Qiang , Karnowski Karol , Sampson David D.
Published: May 2020

We show that polarization‐sensitive optical coherence tomography angiography (PS‐OCTA) based on full Jones matrix assessment of speckle decorrelation offers improved contrast and depth of vessel imaging over conventional OCTA. We determine how best to combine the individual Jones matrix elements and compare the resulting image quality to that of a conventional OCT scanner by co‐locating and imaging the same skin locations with closely matched scanning setups. Vessel projection images from finger and forearm skin demonstrate the benefits of Jones matrix‐based PS‐OCTA. Our study provides a promising starting point and a useful reference for future pre‐clinical and clinical applications of Jones matrix‐based PS‐OCTA.
Detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma with ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy: Sensitivity and specificity compared to histopathology
Authors: Shavlokhova Veronika , Flechtenmacher Christa , Sandhu Sameena , Pilz Maximilian , Vollmer Michael , Hoffmann Jürgen , Engel Michel , Freudlsperger Christian
Published: May 2020

Real‐time microscopic imaging of freshly excised tissue enables a rapid bedside‐pathology. A possible application of interest is the detection of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The aim of this study was to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) for OSCCs and to compare confocal images visually and qualitatively with gold standard histopathology. Two hundred eighty ex vivo FCM images were prospectively collected and evaluated immediately after excision. Every confocal image was blindly assessed for the presence or absence of malignancy by two clinicians and one pathologist. The results were compared with conventional histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin staining. OSCCs were detected with a very high sensitivity of 0.991, specificity of 0.9527, positive predictive value of 0.9322 and negative predictive value of 0.9938. The results demonstrate the potential of ex vivo FCM in fresh tissue for rapid real‐time surgical pathology.
Biofunctional scaffolds with high packing density of aligned electrospun fibers support neural regeneration
Authors: Cnops Vanja , Chin Jiah Shin , Milbreta Ulla , Chew Sing Yian
Published: May 2020

Neurons of the central nervous system do not regenerate spontaneously after injury. As such, biofunctional tissue scaffolds have been explored to provide a growth‐promoting environment to enhance neural regeneration. In this regard, aligned electrospun fibers have proven invaluable for regeneration by offering guidance for axons to cross the injury site. However, a high fiber density could potentially limit axonal ingrowth into the scaffold. Here, we explore which fiber density provides the optimal environment for neurons to regenerate. By changing fiber electrospinning time, we generated scaffolds with different fiber densities and implanted these in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). We found that neurons were able to grow efficiently into scaffolds with high fiber density, even if the gaps between fiber bundles were very small (<1 μm). Scaffolds with high fiber density showed good host‐implant integration. Cell infiltration was not affected by fiber density. Efficient blood vessel ingrowth likely requires larger gaps between fibers or faster degrading fibers. We conclude that scaffolds with high fiber densities, and thus a large number of small gaps in between fiber bundles, provide the preferred environment for nerve regeneration after SCI.
3D bioprinting of oligo(poly[ethylene glycol] fumarate) for bone and nerve tissue engineering
Authors: Liu Xifeng , Gaihre Bipin , George Matthew N. , Miller A. Lee , Xu Haocheng , Waletzki Brian E. , Lu Lichun
Published: May 2020

3D bioprinting is a promising new tissue restoration technique that enables the precise deposition of cells and growth factors in order to more closely mimic the structure and function of native organs. In this study, we report the development of a new bioink using oligo(poly[ethylene glycol] fumarate) (OPF), a photo‐crosslinkable, and biodegradable polymer, for 3D bioprinting. In addition to OPF, a small portion of gelatin was also incorporated into the bioink to make it bio‐printable. After immersion in the cell medium, gelatin was eluted away to create a bioprinted scaffold of pure OPF. Excellent cell viability, spreading, and long‐term proliferation of encapsulated cells was observed using both bone and nerve cells as examples. These results demonstrate that OPF bioink has great potential in future 3D bioprinting applications that aim to replicate complex, layered tissues, and/or organs.
In vivo effect of UV‐photofunctionalization of CoCrMo in processes of guided bone regeneration and tissue engineering
Authors: Zuchuat Jésica , Maldonado Ysaí , Botteri Julián , Decco Oscar
Published: May 2020

Photofunctionalization of implant materials with ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been subject of study in the last two decades, and previous research on CoCrMo discs have showed good results in terms of bioactivity and the findings of apatite‐like crystals in vitro. In the current study, CoCrMo domes were photofunctionalized with UV radiation of 254 nm on their internal faces during 24 hr; they were implanted in rabbit tibia and remained for 3, 4, and 6 weeks. The potential to induce bone formation beneath the dome‐shaped membranes was evaluated through morphometric, histologic, and density measurements; and the results were compared with those obtained under control untreated domes. Higher density values were observed for irradiated domes at 3 weeks, whereas higher volumes were obtained under photofunctionalized domes for longer periods (4 and 6 weeks). Histologically, woven bone was formed by endochondral ossification in all cases; differences in the architecture and size of the trabeculae and in the number of osteoblasts were noted between irradiated and non‐irradiated samples. The UV radiation of 254 nm generated a larger bone volume fraction compared to that found in the absence of UVC radiation and induced an increase of density in the early stages of healing, leading to a better initial bone quality and improved osseointegration.
Cu3P and Ni2P co‐modified g‐C3N4 nanosheet with excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution activities
Authors: Sun Wenjuan , Fu Zhongyuan , Shi Huanxian , Jin Chenyang , Liu Enzhou , Zhang Xiaoli , Fan Jun
Published: May 2020

Copper‐nickel phosphides/ graphite‐like phase carbon nitride (Cu3P‐Ni2P/g‐C3N4) composites were obtained through a facile one‐pot in situ solvothermal approach. The coexistence of Cu3P and Ni2P plays an important role in enhancing the catalytic activity of g‐C3N4. The 7 wt% Cu3P‐Ni2P/g‐C3N4 bimetallic phosphide photocatalyst demonstrates the best photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution rate of 6529.8 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 80.7‐fold higher than that of g‐C3N4. The apparent quantum yield (AQE) was determined to be 18.5% at 400 nm over the 7% Cu3P‐Ni2P/g‐C3N4. This in situ growth strategy produced intimate contact interfaces, leading to a significantly promoted separation of charge carriers, and hence strengthened the photocatalytic H2 production. Moreover, the coexistence of Cu3P and Ni2P reduced the overpotential of H2 during the evolution process, further benefiting H2 production. Finally, the photocatalytic enhancement mechanism was proposed and verified by fluorescence and electrochemical analysis. This work provides a low‐cost strategy to synthesize nonprecious bimetallic phosphides/carbon nitride photocatalyst with outstanding H2 production activity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Exacerbation of psychotic symptoms as clinical presentation of Wernicke encephalopathy in an Alzheimer's disease patient
Authors: Uchida Nozomu , Ishida Mayumi , Sato Izumi , Takahashi Takao , Furuya Daisuke , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Ito Hiroshi , Yoshioka Akira , Onishi Hideki
Published: May 2020

Although there have been recent reports of nonalcoholic thiamine deficiency (TD), no association has been reported between the exacerbation of the psychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease patient and TD. An 89‐year‐old woman with dementia visited our hospital because of acute deterioration in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Her medical history revealed a decrease in oral food intake lasting more than 2 weeks, so that TD was suspected and abnormal behavior improved significantly after thiamine administration. Thiamine deficiency should be suspected in patients with dementia who demonstrate acute deterioration in BPSD possibly related to poor oral food intake.
COVID‐19 and its effects on the digestive system and endoscopy practice
Authors: Aguila Enrik John T. , Cua Ian Homer Y. , Dumagpi Joseph Erwin L. , Francisco Carlos Paolo D. , Raymundo Nikko Theodore V. , Sy‐Janairo Marianne Linley L. , Cabral‐Prodigalidad Patricia Anne I. , Lontok Marie Antoinette DC.
Published: May 2020

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a respiratory illness caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and has been classified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Several studies have demonstrated that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is also a potential route. As the pandemic is continuously evolving, and more data are made available, this article highlights the best evidence and practices regarding the effects of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus relevant to GI practice. Published clinical studies have supported that SARS‐CoV‐2 affects the GI tract and the liver. The largest published dataset comprised of 4243 patients and showed a pooled prevalence of GI symptoms at 17.6%. GI symptoms varied and usually preceded pulmonary symptoms by 1–2 days. These include anorexia (26.8%), nausea and vomiting (10.2%), diarrhea (12.5%), and abdominal pain (9.2%). Incidence of liver injury ranges from 15 to 53%. Evidence shows that the severity of COVID‐19 infection is compounded by its effects on nutrition, most especially for the critically ill. As such, nutrition societies have recommended optimization of oral diets and oral nutritional supplements followed by early enteral nutrition if nutritional targets are not met, and parenteral nutrition in the distal end of the spectrum. In addition to possible fecal–oral transmission, GI endoscopy procedures, which are considered to be aerosol‐generating procedures, contribute to increased risk to GI health‐care professionals. Infection prevention measures and guidelines are essential in protecting both patients and personnel.
Predictive model of bleeding following endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of choledocholithiasis in hemodialysis patients: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Nakaji So , Okawa Yoshihiro , Nakamura Kenji , Itonaga Masahiro , Inase Masami , Sugiyama Harutoshi , Suzuki Rei , Yamauchi Kenji , Matsui Hiroki , Hirata Nobuto , Saito Junko , Ishii Naoki , Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Kato Hironari , Kitano Masayuki , Kato Naoya , Ohira Hiromasa , Okada Hiroyuki , Torimura Takuji , Maguchi Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

Background and Aim

Although hemodialysis (HD) is a strong risk factor for postendoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) bleeding, additional risk factors in HD patients remain unclear. There is no model for predicting post‐ES bleeding risk in HD patients. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective multicenter study to reveal these risk factors and develop a predictive model of post‐ES bleeding in HD patients.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of HD patients who underwent ES at eight hospitals between January 2006 and December 2016, with post‐ES bleeding as the main outcome measure. Univariate analyses were performed to extract possible risk factors for post‐ES bleeding. Factors that were clinically important and statistically significant in our univariate analyses were then included in our logistic regression analysis for the development of a multivariate predictive model of post‐ES bleeding. This predictive model was visualized using a predictive nomogram.

Results

Post‐ES bleeding occurred in 20 (16.3%) of 123 HD patients. Based on clinically important factors and the results of our univariate analyses, platelet count, prothrombin time (international normalized ratio), and HD duration were included in our predictive model of post‐ES bleeding. Receiver operating characteristic analysis found that this model had an area under the curve of 0.715 (95% confidence interval, 0.609–0.822). We developed a predictive nomogram based on these results.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that post‐ES bleeding is more common in HD patients than in the general population and succeeded in constructing a predictive model that can effectively identify HD patients at risk of post‐ES bleeding.
Hypoxia‐responsive miR‐141–3p is involved in the progression of breast cancer via mediating the HMGB1/HIF‐1α signaling pathway
Authors: Sun Shanping , Ma Jinglin , Xie Panpan , Wu Zhen , Tian Xingsong
Published: May 2020

Background

Hypoxia‐responsive miRs have been frequently reported in the growth of various malignant tumors. The present study aimed to investigate whether hypoxia‐responsive miR‐141–3p was implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer via mediating the high‐mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)/hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α signaling pathway.

Materials and methods

miRs expression profiling was filtrated by miR microarray assays. Gene and protein expression levels, respectively, were examined by a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chaion reaction and western blotting. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed using a transwell assay. Cell growth was determined using nude‐mouse transplanted tumor experiments.

Results

miR‐141–3p was observed as a hypoxia‐responsive miR in breast cancer. miR‐141–3p was down‐regulated in breast cancer specimens and could serve as an independent prognostic factor for predicting overall survival in breast cancer patients. In addition, the overexpression of miR‐141–3p could inhibit hypoxia‐induced cell migration and impede human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cell growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the hypoxia‐related HMGB1/HIF‐1α signaling pathway might be a possible target of miR‐141–3p with respect to preventing the development of breast cancer.

Conclusions

Our finding provides a new mechanism by which miR‐141–3p could prevent hypoxia‐induced breast tumorigenesis via post‐transcriptional repression of the HMGB1/HIF‐1α signaling pathway.
Children with coronavirus disease 2019: A review of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging features in pediatric patients
Authors: Cui Xiaojian , Zhang Tongqiang , Zheng Jiafeng , Zhang Jiayi , Si Ping , Xu Yongsheng , Guo Wei , Liu Zihui , Li Wenliang , Ma Jia , Dong Cuicui , Shen Yongming , Cai Chunquan , He Sijia
Published: May 2020

There is a current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), with a global spread. With the rapid increase in the number of infections, an increase is observed in the number of children with COVID‐19. Most research findings are regarding adult cases, which are not always transferrable to children. Evidence‐based studies are still expected to formulate clinical decisions for pediatric patients. In this review, we included 2597 pediatric patients that reported recently and evaluated the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of children with COVID‐19. We found that even lymphopenia was the most common lab finding in adults; it infrequently occurred in children (9.8%). Moreover, elevated creatine kinase MB isoenzyme was much more commonly observed in children (27.0%) than that in adults, suggesting that heart injury would be more likely to occur in pediatric patients. Our analysis may contribute to determine the spectrum of disease in children and to develop strategies to control the disease transmission.
Impact of processing on the nutritional and functional value of mandarin juice
Authors: Di Nunzio Mattia , Betoret Ester , Taccari Annalisa , Dalla Rosa Marco , Bordoni Alessandra
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Although phenolic compounds have a role in the health benefits of fruit juice consumption, little is known about the effect of processing on their bioaccessibility. The release of phenolic compounds from the food matrix during digestion is an important pre‐requisite for their effectiveness within the human body, and so it is fundamental to identify technological treatments able to preserve not only the concentration of phytochemicals, but also their bioaccessibility. In the present study, we investigated the impact of high‐pressure homogenization (HPH), alone and in the presence of 100 g kg−1 trehalose or Lactobacillus salivarius, on the bioaccessibility of flavonoids in mandarin juice. In addition, digested mandarin juices were supplemented to liver cultured cells in basal and stressed conditions to evaluate their protective effect in a biological system.

RESULTS

HPH reduced the concentration of total phenolics and main flavonoids but increased their bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion (P < 0.001). In the basal condition, supplementation with all digested juices significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration (P < 0.001). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in the medium was also reduced by supplementation with HPH‐treated juices. Although pre‐treatment with juices did not completely counteract the applied oxidative stress, it preserved cell viability, and cells pre‐treated with juices submitted to HPH in the presence of probiotics showed the lowest ROS concentration.

CONCLUSION

The present study represents an important step ahead in the evaluation of the impact of processing on the nutritional and functional value of food, which cannot simply be assessed based on chemical composition. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Cobalt‐60 and electron beam irradiation‐induced lipid oxidation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Authors: Li Hai‐Lan , Yu Ying‐Hui , Xiong Guang‐Quan , Liao Tao , Zu Xiao‐Yan
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Irradiation can cause lipid oxidation of fish. This study aimed to examine the effect of radiation (method, dose and dose rate) on the acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and fatty acid profile of fresh and freeze‐dried largemouth bass flesh.

RESULTS

AV, PV and TBARS presented a dose‐dependent increase in fish meat for both cobalt‐60 (60Co) and electron beam (EB) irradiation. With a 6 kGy dose of radiation, all measured indices in the 60Co group were significantly higher than those in the EB group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). With a 3 kGy dose of radiation, AV, PV and TBARS in the 200 Gy min−1 dose rate group were significantly lower than those in the 2 and 80 Gy min−1 groups (P < 0.05). After 60Co irradiation, AV, PV and TBARS in most fresh samples were significantly higher than those in freeze‐dried samples (P < 0.01). And 60Co irradiation decreased the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in fresh samples and increased the UFA content in freeze‐dried samples. Our study indicated that 60Co irradiation, particularly at a low dose rate, accelerated lipid oxidation in fish meat. A large amount of muscle moisture enhances the amount of UFA loss in fish meat during 60Co irradiation.

CONCLUSIONS

A low dose (3 kGy) of EB irradiation, a high dose rate (200 Gy min−1) of 60Co irradiation or freeze‐drying treatment can alleviate the lipid oxidation of largemouth bass meat. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Mango by‐products as a natural source of valuable odor‐active compounds
Authors: Oliver‐Simancas Rodrigo , Muñoz Raquel , Díaz‐Maroto María Consuelo , Pérez‐Coello María Soledad , Alañón María Elena
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

The aromatic potential of mango by‐products was evaluated to seek natural and cheap sources of odor‐active compounds. Volatile compounds in mango peel and seed were chemically characterized and compared with those in mango pulp using headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME/GC–MS).

RESULTS

More than 60 volatile compounds were detected in mango by‐products, whose aromatic activity was estimated using odorant activity values (OAVs). The results indicated that mango peel was a valuable matrix of odor‐active compounds, which were found in even larger quantities than in edible mango fractions. 3‐Carene was the predominant compound, although other compounds such as decanal, 1‐octen‐3‐one, nonanal, limonene, β‐damascenone, and 2‐nonenal were the most odor‐active compounds in mango peel. The greatest aromatic impact was obtained from mango peel, with sensorial features described as fresh / herbaceous, fruity, floral and resinous.

CONCLUSION

The exceptional flavoring potential of mango peel by‐product opens a door for its use and revalorization as a natural flavoring ingredient in the food and cosmetic industries. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Why People With Parkinson's Disease Experience Near‐Drowning—and How to Prevent It
Authors: Tosserams Anouk , Nijkrake Maarten J. , Voet Nicoline B.M. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Nonnekes Jorik
Published: May 2020

View Supplementary Video S1

View Supplementary Video S2

View Supplementary Video S3
Artificial intelligence‐based clinical decision support in modern medical physics: Selection, acceptance, commissioning, and quality assurance
Authors: Mahadevaiah Geetha , RV Prasad , Bermejo Inigo , Jaffray David , Dekker Andre , Wee Leonard
Published: May 2020

Background

Recent advances in machine and deep learning based on an increased availability of clinical data have fueled renewed interest in computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSSs). CDSSs have shown great potential to improve healthcare, increase patient safety and reduce costs. However, the use of CDSSs is not without pitfalls, as an inadequate or faulty CDSS can potentially deteriorate the quality of healthcare and put patients at risk. In addition, the adoption of a CDSS might fail because its intended users ignore the output of the CDSS due to lack of trust, relevancy or actionability.

Aim

In this article, we provide guidance based on literature for the different aspects involved in the adoption of a CDSS with a special focus on machine and deep learning based systems: selection, acceptance testing, commissioning, implementation and quality assurance.

Results

A rigorous selection process will help identify the CDSS that best fits the preferences and requirements of the local site. Acceptance testing will make sure that the selected CDSS fulfills the defined specifications and satisfies the safety requirements. The commissioning process will prepare the CDSS for safe clinical use at the local site. An effective implementation phase should result in an orderly roll out of the CDSS to the well‐trained end‐users whose expectations have been managed. And finally, quality assurance will make sure that the performance of the CDSS is maintained and that any issues are promptly identified and solved.

Conclusion

We conclude that a systematic approach to the adoption of a CDSS will help avoid pitfalls, improve patient safety and increase the chances of success.
Machine learning for radiation outcome modeling and prediction
Authors: Luo Yi , Chen Shifeng , Valdes Gilmer
Published: May 2020

Aims

This review paper intends to summarize the application of machine learning to radiotherapy outcome modeling based on structured and un‐structured radiation oncology datasets.

Materials and methods

The most appropriate machine learning approaches for structured datasets in terms of accuracy and interpretability are identified. For un‐structured datasets, deep learning algorithms are explored and a critical view of the use of these approaches in radiation oncology is also provided.

Conclusions

We discuss the challenges in radiotherapy outcome prediction, and suggest to improve radiation outcome modeling by developing appropriate machine learning approaches where both accuracy and interpretability are taken into account.