bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study between the Usages of Differently Sized Waste Rubber Obtained From Tires over the Strength Performance of Rigid Road Pavements
Authors: Bhardwaj Manish Kumar , Gupta Sanjeev
Published: December 2021

In this research work, waste rubber obtained from tires is mainly used as a fractional substitution of natural coarse aggregate to improve the strength aspects of the concrete. 3 dissimilar sizes of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregates were used that is of 4mm, 10 mm and 16 mm. Depending upon all three sizes all the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate were used at 3 different percentages that are at 10 percent, 20 percent and 30 percent. Then several concrete samples were prepared depending upon the shape and percentage of the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate. Then all these samples were cured and tested after 7 days and 28 days. Depending upon the results obtained after these above-discussed test various conclusions has been drawn which are as follows. It was found that the maximum strength was obtained at 20 percent usage of 4mm sized waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate, the strength obtained at 20 percentage with 4mm size was maximum as compared to all other concrete samples, so it can be concluded that the compressive strength depends upon both the size as well as on the percentage of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate and with the decrease in size of the waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate the strength was increasing. From the test results of the split tensile strength test and flexural strength test, it was found that the maximum strength was obtained at 20 percent usage of 4mm sized waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate and with the increase in size and percentage the strength was declining. So therefore it can be concluded that both split tensile strength and flexural strength depends upon the size of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate and the percentage of waste rubber obtained from tires aggregate. From the obtained test results it can be concluded that with the addition of the waste tire rubber the overall internal micro-structure of the concrete improves which further leads to enhanced mechanical strength of the concrete. This was due to the physical properties and the chemical composition of the waste tire rubber particles which fills the internal pores in a broader way and lead to improved mechanical strength.
Statistical analysis of seasonal rainfall data in Chandigarh: A case study
Authors: Kaamun  , Arora Sahil
Published: December 2021

The following research focuses on Chandigarh’s annual rainfall of past 50 years i.e. from 1968 to 2017. Parameters like Kurtosis, Variance, Goodness of Fit, Mann-Kendall’s Test were performed along with total annual forecast as well as seasonal forecast was predicted. Seasonal rend was also studied so as to study in detail about the past, present, and future of rainfall in Chandigarh. This study was performed with the help of MS-Excel and ExcelStat. A rising trend was found in Chandigarh for total as well as seasonal rainfall with a maximum rainfall of 1510.9 mm in the year of 1996 and a minimum of 371.1 mm in year 1987, other than this Sen.’s slope was 6.431 whereas skewness was found to be 0.6018.
Green mining techniques to curb environmental problems - A review
Authors: Srivani Maddala Venkata Kanaka , Sharma Shubham , Chohan Jasgurpreet , Kumar Raman , Singh Sandeep
Published: December 2021

Many methods are used to extract the ores causing huge threat to environment. Mining practices lead to un sustainability and the problems created by it were not yet controlled. So adoption of Green mining technologies helps to attain sustainable development and control the problems to maximum extent. The main objective of green mining is to start mining process and end it to ensure that adopting green mining practices lead to sustainability. Green mining also reduces greenhouse gases prone to effect conserve minerals, using energy more efficiently etc. According to Mission 2016 plan many green mining techniques were adopted and increased focus on research and became more popular so every industry focusing on environmental friendly technologies. Some of the major mining nations like Canada, Australia, South Africa etc adopted sustainable development viewed on not only environment but also other dimensions like local stake holder engagement, socio economic development in mining project areas and transparency in communication with stake holders. Sustainable strategies of mining includes measurement, monitoring mainly to improve the performance of environment and ensure that the mining operations are perfect or not. This paper reviews impacts of mining in various countries and Green mining solutions adopted over the world. It also discussed about Green supply chain management and the barriers of it and given the suggestions to control these barriers.
Load Aware Hotspot Selection for SLA Improvement in Cloud Computing and Protect Environment by Reduction In CO2 Emissions
Authors: Vaneet Kumar A.P , Jindal Balkrishan
Published: December 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) is a leading concept that envisions everyday objects around us as a part of internet. In order to accomplish this attribution, cloud computing provides a pathway to deliver all the promises with IoT enabled devices. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus, namely SARS-CoV-2, acts as feather to the cap for the growth of Cloud users. With the increasing traffic of applications on cloud computing infrastructure and the explosion in data center sizes, QoS along with energy efficiency to protect environment, reducing CO2 emissions is need of the hour. This strategy is typically achieved using Three Layer upper Threshold (TLTHR) policy to analyze and perform VM consolidation. The proposed model controls number of migrations by placement of virtual machines, based on VMs and their utilization capacity on host. The efficacy of the proposed technique is exhibited by comparing it with other baseline algorithms using computer based simulation. Hence better QoS and energy efficiency has been obtained than other classical models.
Development of Forecasting Model for Prediction of Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete using Density with W/C ratio and S/C ratio by the Application of ANN
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Bhardwaj Saurav , Bera Payel , Lone Tayeba , Karim Sufiyan , Singh S K
Published: December 2021

This Artificial neural network study presents the prediction model for a cellular foamed concrete. Foamed Concrete is a cementitious material that should consist of a minimum of 20% of foam, which is mechanically entrained using the mechanical generator of foam. Foamed Concrete possesses a cellular microstructure. By which they become a highly air-entrained system having unusual physical and mechanical properties. It is the perfect mixture of cement, water, sand (fine aggregate), and perforated foam. Published information related to the prediction of foamed concrete is limited, and rational guidelines to evaluate the compressive strength of the concrete are not widely available. This study aims to encourage the strength of foamed concrete economically and predict the strength in the compressive form of concrete. A dataset of 153 instances having an input parameter proportion of Density, W/C ratio, & S/C ratio have been taken to predict compressive strength to elevate and expand the precision and accuracy of the foamed concrete. The data has been trained with the help of ANN, in which we conduct a network analysis to forecast the compound’s performance and stability. The deficiency of strength of foamed concrete is to be sorted out with the help of ANN, and the prominent and reliable equation for the compression power is generated. ANN helps to optimize the compressive strength at the time of physical casting of the concrete.
Remote Sensing and GIS based Land Use Land Cover Analysis in Chandel District, Manipur, India
Authors: Singh Ashangbam Inaoba , Singh Kanwarpreet
Published: December 2021

Rapid urbanization has dramatically altered land use and land cover (LULC). The focus of this research is on the examination of the last two decades. The research was conducted in the Chandel district of Manipur, India. The LULC of Chandel (encompassing a 3313 km2 geographical area) was mapped using remotely sensed images from LANDSAT4-5, LANDSAT 7 ETM+, and LANDSAT 8 (OLI) to focus on spatial and temporal trends between years 2000 and 2021. The LULC maps with six major classifications viz., Thickly Vegetated Area (TVA), Sparsely Vegetated Area (SVA), Agriculture Area (AA), Population Area (PA), Water Bodies (WB), and Barren Area (BA) of the were generated using supervised classification approach. For the image classification procedure, interactive supervised classification is adopted to calculate the area percentage. The results interpreted that the TVA covers approximately 65% of the total mapped area in year 2002, which has been decreased up to 60% in 2007, 56% in 2011, 55 % in 2017, and 52% in 2021. The populated area also increases significantly in these two decades. The change and increase in the PA has been observed from year 2000 (8%) to 2021 (11%). Water Bodies remain same throughout the study period. Deforestation occurs as a result of the rapid rise of the population and the extension of the territory.
An Experimental Study of Bricks Made with Different Mineral Additives
Authors: Singh Harsimranjit , Nazeer Mudasir , Kumar Tiwary Aditya
Published: December 2021

Large numbers of bricks are required to meet the needs of increasing population for both residential and commercial sectors. The overall development and industrial development lead to the use of the traditional bricks at a very hefty rate. The traditional bricks are commonly made up of clay as its main component as a result it is on the verge of exhaustion. To standardize its broad, utilize and discovering its auxiliary one is the need of the hour. In this study, bricks were made by using different proportions of alternative materials like fly ash (FA), sand, lime and plaster of Paris. The size of specimen 230×110×70 mm was manufactured and quality constraints like compressive strength and water absorption were tested at different curing ages. The cost-effective mix design of the bricks for optimum compressive strength and rate analysis was also the part of this study. It was detected from the observation of results that the compressive strength decreases with increasing percentage in fly ash and increases with increasing percentage of sand and lime in fly ash-based bricks. Increment in water absorption was observed as fly ash content is increased and decrement of water absorption is seen with increasing percentage of sand and lime in fly ash-based bricks.
A study based upon the effect of polyvinyl alcohol fiber, iron slag and fly ash over the strength aspects of geo-polymer concrete
Authors: Maqbool farhan , Chand Jagdish
Published: December 2021

In this research work fly ash, iron slag and polyvinyl alcohol fiber was utilized to enhance the strength parameters of the concrete. Fly ash and iron slag were used as replacement of the cement and polyvinyl alcohol fiber was used as an additive at 0 %, 2 %, 3 % and 4 %. After this several samples were casted and then verified for numerous test. Compressive strength test was executed and it finds out that concrete containing Polyvinyl Alcohol fibers (with different curing methods) was showing increasing strength as compared to concrete deprived of Fiber. Specimens of oven cured samples shown a large increase in strength as compared to room temperature curing as shown in the result section. Compressive strength increases up to three percent of adding Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber after that strength decreasing. Flexure strength was carried on the Geo-Polymer concrete with different curing techniques and result show’s an impressive increase in flexural strength, but room temperature cured specimens show lesser growth as compared oven cured specimens. But not lower than concrete which didn’t have Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber in it. Flexural strength increases up to three percent of adding Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber in both the curing techniques and decreases at four percent as shown in the result section. Split tensile test was also carried out for both the curing techniques oven curing and room temperature curing. The samples which were cured in oven curing show impressive growth in strength. Maximum split tensile strength attained at three percent of adding Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber. With the help of UPV, it was found that the concrete that makes with the help of a Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber is of good quality as shown in results.
Durability of potholes filled with waste materials
Authors: Zafar  , Singh Jagdeep
Published: December 2021

Repairing and maintenance of potholes continues to be a serious problem for road construction organizations as they need to be reconstructed time to time. For rural and suburb areas the maintenance of potholes is rarely done because of high cost of materials and availability of equipment. Here is when the idea of using waste materials in potholes patching is bolded. With rapid increase of population and construction industry the disposal of waste material seems to be a major challenge for country like Afghanistan where large amount of plastic is being disposed to environment which due to non-biodegradable properties of plastic it would stay in environment almost forever and will cause pollution. Hence, the utilization of waste plastic is a big need for countries. Simultaneously, with spreading cities and upgrading roads lack of origin materials may occur on the other hand waste demolished materials from destructed buildings are being disposed on country sides and often in cities which create land pollution and traffic congestion. However, they can be used in road construction as a replacement of natural aggregate and fillers. Which will reduce in cost of the projects and help in reduction of these materials form environment. In this research poly ethylene plastics (PE) were used as admixture of bitumen in 4%, 6%,8% and 10% which came out that 8% is best for the mix. Accordingly waste demolished aggregate was used as a fully replacement of original aggregate. Basic aggregate tests were done on demolished aggregate and it was found that it can be used in bitumen mixes for use in district roads and village roads.
Status-quo of the different canal systems of Punjab, India
Authors: Bedi Harinderpal Singh , Singh Sandeep
Published: December 2021

In India, Punjab is a state which grows large proportion of countries agricultural products and the dependence of cultivatable land, for irrigation, is highly shifting towards the use of surface water. Currently, there are three major fresh water rivers that flow through Punjab i.e., Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Since, India’s independence and its partition, several reforms have taken place with respect to the modifications in the flow of these rivers. As several activities of the state such as, industrial, domestic, geo-political etc., are dependent on the availability of the fresh water, therefore, it is imperative to provide the status-quo of the changes in the rivers of Punjab. This article brings forward, the present condition of the three rivers of Punjab with respect to the development of canals, construction of headworks, dams etc. It is expected that this article will provide an insight of the complete fresh water distribution in the state Punjab, India, to the various stakeholders of associated fields.
Study on the Behavior of Rigid Pavement Using Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Sand and Sulfonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde (SNF) as an Admixture
Authors: Singh Khundrakpam Binod , Chopra Avani
Published: December 2021

Quarry dust is considered as a possible source of natural sand or fine aggregate in concrete construction work. This could reduce the problem of dumping of quarry dust as a byproduct from stone crusher factory. The experimental work investigates the optimum quarry dust percentage which can be adopted as replacement of fine aggregate in concrete mainly for rigid pavement. The quarry dust is added at different percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of fine aggregate for M35 grade concrete thereby to find out the optimum content of quarry dust that can give better strength in concrete. Mix design has been developed for M35 grade of concrete as per IRC 044 – 2017(Mix Design for Concrete Pavement) and mix design ratio is found as 1: 1.6: 2.62 by using Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) as an admixture at 1%, and 2%. The required water cement ratio was obtained as 0.39 according to table no.9 of IRC 044 for the target strength of 42.5 N/mm2. Optimum strength and workability test values of concrete made up for various proportions of quarry dust along with SNF are compared with conventional concrete of natural fine aggregate after 7 days and 28 days curing. It is found that the strength increased with the increase in curing time and the maximum strength at 28 days curing and 60% quarry dust replacement with 2% addition of SNF. The maximum strength of quarry replaced concrete is obtained as 40.3MPa, 5.6MPa, and 5.1MPa for compressive, flexural, and split tensile respectively.
Performance of Inclined Skirt Footing: Numerical Analysis
Authors: Singh Chamjeet , Singh Jagdeep , Singh Sandeep , Kumar Vikas
Published: December 2021

The skirt footings are considered as alternate to enhance the bearing capacity of shallow foundation on sandy soil as an alternate of deep foundation. The experimental data of paper titled “Performance of skirt strip footing subjected to eccentric inclined load was consider as base for validation and other parameters of material for numerical investigation for different conditions. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the behavior of two-sided skirt footing on eccentric loading with different angle and projections provided to skirt. The study reveals good impact of skirt angle and skirt projection lengths on load capacity of footing system
Performance Evaluation of a Forward Swept Blade for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine through CFD Simulation
Authors: Golloy E J , Honra J
Published: December 2021

With high power density wind farms, reduced environmental impact, and logistical requirements, vertical axis wind turbines offer a good value proposition for the challenging topography of the Philippines. In this study, the forward-swept wing was incorporated as a VAWT blade; its swept angle is defined along the axis of rotation and evaluated its performance through CFD simulation utilizing SST k-ω turbulence model with curvature correction function validated against experimental data. The forward-swept blade exhibited improved performance over a limited tip speed ratio (λ) with up to a 7.2% increase in peak performance occurring at λ = 2.6 and with the highest increase of 14 % in λ = 2.387. The increase is due to an increased peak torque output characterized by stall delay attributed to forward swept high angle of attack.
Wind Energy Potential Assessment Based-on WRF Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation System and Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform Dataset
Authors: Hesty Nurry Widya , Cendrawati Dian Galuh , Nepal Rabindra , Al Irsyad Muhammad Indra
Published: December 2021

Indonesia has a target of achieving 23% of renewable energy share in the total energy mix in 2025. However, Indonesia does not have accurate and comprehensive data on renewable energy potentials, especially wind energy. This article aims to assess the theoretical potential of wind speed and to visualize the wind speed by province for the entire Indonesia. Our assessment relied on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation technique, also known as Nudging Newtonian relaxation. The robustness of our analysis is confirmed by using high-resolution data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Final (NCEP - FNL) and Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) Reanalysis satellite data. This study shows the WRF method is a feasible option to estimate wind speed data.
Field experiment on flow stabilization of working fluid in a top-heat-type thermosyphon
Authors: Maruyama K , Kawaguchi T , Fujisawa T , Kawashima T
Published: December 2021

To address the problem of global warming, increasing efforts are being made to use renewable sources of energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy. However, the effective use remains a major challenge for its sustainable development. In this study, we used a top-heat-type thermosyphon to heat water using solar energy and transport the low-density hot water from the source to the sink (high to low elevation) without an external power source. The transported hot water can be used for cooking, bathing, underfloor heating, and heating homes and buildings, and warming cold springs. However, a disadvantage of top-heat-type thermosyphon is the intermittent flow of the circulating working fluid under low solar radiation. To address this issue, the authors proposed and developed a control system to stabilize the intermittent flow and prevent equipment damage and failure due to the sudden boiling of water. Field experiments were conducted to assess the practicability of the developed controller. The results showed that the controller efficiently converted the intermittent flow of working fluid to continuous flow by reducing the pressure in the buffer chamber and thus lowering the boiling point of the working fluid in the header of the solar collector.
Reuse of organic waste from Eucalyptus globulus extract with high reducing potential in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Authors: D. Asmat-Campos , R. Nazario-Naveda , D. Delfín-Narciso , L. Juárez-Cortijo
Published: December 2021

The research provides a new and sustainable methodology for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, using Eucalyptus globulus extract, this due to the fact that it presents metabolites capable of acting as a reducing potential of our silver nitrate precursor, and thus obtaining nanostructured material. This is also associated with the reuse of this type of organic material, which currently abounds as waste in the Peruvian highlands. In the specific case of this research, the effect on the stability over time of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was evaluated by varying the pH, with values of 4.82, 8.05 and 10.15. It was observed that as the pH increases the production of nanoparticles is higher, having a saturation threshold close to pH 8. It was also found that for alkaline pH close to 10 a more complete reaction of the reducing agent occurs, but with a high dispersion.
The Refractive Periscope – a Novel Concept
Authors: Haltovsky A , Shemar A , Schwarz A , Gur E
Published: December 2021

A periscope is an optical device whose function is to allow sighting of objects that are not in direct line of sight with the observer Eye/Screen/Detector. The concept behind the periscope is tilting the optical axis by breaking the rays of light with a mirror or prism so that the image is obtained in the desired location. The periscope has a variety of uses, many of which belong to the military realm. For example, observing from submarines above the sea level surface, looking at the war zone from inside of a tank, directing light into hidden places and more. In this article, the authors will review a new development based on wave guide concept which composes a tube with light reflective walls. This allows us to build a significantly Small-dimensional periscope with respect to a standard periscope that does not use lenses. The authors will also review a number of applications suitable for the reflection periscope.
Optimization of curcumin temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrizha Roxb.) on calcareous marginal land under teak
Authors: Sholihah P K , Nihayati E , Karyawati A S
Published: December 2021

Temulawak produces bioactive compounds that have antioxidant activity and changes in its chemical composition are caused by environmental pH. Sulphur is an essential nutrient for plants and a constituent of several coenzymes and vitamins that play a role in plant metabolism. Marginal calcareous land in Tuban is generally used as teak production forest, because food crops cannot grow optimally in this land. Temulawak is a shade-tolerant plant that can grow well in conditions of low light intensity. The objective of this research is to obtain the appropriate goat manure and sulphur fertilizer dosages for temulawak planted beneath teak stands on calcareous marginal soil in order to maximize its yield and quality. The field experiment was RCBD with three replications and two factors: manure level (10, 15 and 20 t ha-1) and ZA level (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1). The results showed that a higher fresh weight of rhizomes per clump was obtained in combination of 10 and 15 ha-1 manures and 40 kg ha-1 sulphur fertilizer. Similar high yield is obtained when 20 t ha-1 of manure is applied in combination with 80 kg ha-1 of sulphur. In addition, a higher curcumin content and antioxidant activity were obtained in plant treated with 10 t ha-1 manure without S fertilizer. Similar high curcumin content and antioxidant activity of the rhizome were also obtained from rhizome treated with 15 t ha-1 of manure in combination with 40 kg ha-1 sulphur fertilizer and 20 t ha-1 manure without sulphur fertilizer.
Yield performance of several promising lines of black rice as affected by application of mycorrhiza biofertilizer and additive intercropping with soybean under aerobic irrigation system on raised-beds
Authors: Wangiyana W , Farida N , Aryana I G P M
Published: December 2021

Mycorrhiza-biofertilizer and legume intercropping were reported to increase yield and anthocyanin content of red-rice. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mycorrhiza-biofertilizer and soybean-intercropping in additive series on yield of black-rice of different genotypes in irrigated aerobic-systems on raised-beds. The experiment, conducted on farmer’s ricefield from April to August 2021, was designed using SSP design, with black-rice genotypes (G3, G9, G4/15) as main plots; intercropping (T0=monocrop; T1=intercropping) as subplots, and mycorrhiza-biofertilizer (without and with mycorrhiza) as the sub-subplots. The results indicated that mycorrhiza-biofertilizer showed the most significant effects in increasing yield of back-rice followed by soybean-intercropping and genotypes. However, the significant interaction effects especially between mycorrhiza-biofertilizer and genotypes (M*G) indicated that G3 was not responsive but both G9 and G4/15 were highly responsive to application of mycorrhiza-biofertilizer with the highest grain yield (56.79 g/clump or 10.54 t/ha) was on G4/15 with biofertilizer and the lowest (27.48 g/clump or 5.5 t/ha) was on G9 without biofertilizer. Mycorrhiza-biofertilizer was also resulted in higher increase in grain yield under soybean-intercropping (31.9%) compared with under monocropped black-rice (15.5%).
Analysis on rhizome shrinkage of two expected kencur (Kaempferia galanga) accessions from east java using MgSO4 fertilizer under shading
Authors: Kurniawan R , Dalilah A R , Ridwan M D , Saitama A , Zaini A H , Widaryanto E , Wicaksono K P
Published: December 2021

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is one of the plants that mainly can be used as the main ingredient in medicine, food, drinks, and spices with benefits. Environmental conditions are a supporting factor for cultivating kencur. Nutrient needs are important factors for plant cultivation. A good environment is an environment that fulfills macro and micronutrients. It is also an important thing in kencur cultivating plants. We should know in which condition the plant can show the best result so the kencur plant is tested under shade. One of the macro nutrients needed by plants are sulfur (S) and magnesium (Mg). The purpose of this research is to determine if there is an interaction between accessions and Sulfur (MgSO4) at two different shades levels. The design used in this study was a Split Plot Design with the main plot: kencur plant with Blitar and Banyuwangi accessions, sub plots: MgSO4 fertilizer with dose of 0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1, land under shade. The shrinkage of the rhizomes that occurred with a dose of sulfur fertilizer ranged from 13% to 19% and without a dose of sulfur fertilizer decreased 34% with results showing that the treatment with a dose of 90 kg ha-1 of sulfur fertilizer resulted in lower shrinkage.
The relationship of the morphological characteristics of some varieties of soybean on the attack itensity of the pod borer (Etiella zinckenella Treitschke) in two different cultivation techniques
Authors: Patu B A , Sarjan M , Tarmizi  , Tantawizal
Published: December 2021

Soybean is one of the secondary crops that are often planted by the farmer. One of the most common pests that attack soybeans is the pod borer (Ettiela zinkenella T). One of the ways to control pests is by using varieties that are resistant to pod borer attacks. The research objectives were to examine the relationship between the morphological characteristics of soybean pods and to determine the handling with the lowest attack intensity. The experiment used a split plot design with two factors and three replications. The research material was the seeds of five soybean varieties, namely Detap-1, Dega-1, Anjasmoro, Biosoy, and Dena-1 which were planted in 2 different lands. The highter the trichome pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The longer the pod trichomes, the higher the attack intensity with a value of 0.0683, if X=0 then Y=18.208 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.0007. The thicker the skin of the pod, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -68.321, if X=0 then Y=64.081 and for the R2 value in the relationship, which is 0.2532. The harder the skin texture of the pods, the lower the attack intensity with a value of -0.0308, if X=0 then Y=36.614 and for the R2 value in that relationship, 0.2355. The recommended technology treatment with Anjasmoro variety had the lowest attack intensity compared to other treatments.
Analyses of organic matter and heavy metal composition in formulated macroalgae-based organic fertilizer
Authors: Widyastuti S , Jupri A , Nikmatullah A , Kurniawan N S H , Kirana I A P , Abidin A S , Hernawan A , Sunarpi H , Prasedya E S
Published: December 2021

The application of inorganic fertilizers has been continuously increasing since last many decades globally. Farmers nowadays heavily rely on the use of inorganic fertilizers to meet the production of their farms and gardens. This becomes a concerning environmentally and also health issue. One solution is to decrease the use of inorganic fertilizers and substitute with organic fertilizers. In our previous work, we have developed macroalgae-based organic fertilizer (MbOF) which show promising results in increasing the growth and yield of various crops and plants. However, the quality of the formulated MbOF has never been accessed. In this study, we analysed the organic matter composition and heavy metal safety profile of the MbOF. Our results show that MbOF contains considerably high organic C (43.05 ± 2.56 %). The cumulative content of total-N (1.91 ± 0.78 %), P2O5 (2.20 ± 0.81 %) and K2O (2.18 ± 0.54 %) were also above 4%. Furthermore, the C/N ratio was sufficient (22.54 ± 5.81 %). In addition, heavy metal analyses also show low content of Pb (5.61 ± 0.71 ppm) and Hg (0.29 ± 0.14 ppm). Based on the results, the formulated MbOF could be employed as substitute or used together with inorganic fertilizer to get maximum benefits regarding yield and growth of crops and plants.
Yogurt As A Functional Drink Development From Various Local Raw Materials Using Eucheuma Spinosum As Natural Stabilizer
Authors: Amaro M , Ariyana M D , Handayani B R , Nazaruddin  , Widyastuti S , Rahayu T I
Published: December 2021

Along with raising public awareness about health and increasing yogurt consumption, it is critical to improve the quality of the yogurt. The innovation of yogurt producing in terms of flavor variety is critical since it can entice consumers to consume yogurt. This innovation is possible through the use of high-nutrient plant components that have not been optimally exploited in the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of yogurt produced from a variety of raw materials and stabilized naturally usingEucheuma spinosumseaweed. This study used a completely randomized design with a single factor: the type of raw material utilized in the production of yogurt (corn, sweet potato, pumpkin, banana and pineapple). The parameters analyzed included total lactic acid content, pH, total lactic acid bacteria, bacterial viability, viscosity, and organoleptic qualities such as homogeneity and taste were examined using scoring and hedonic methods. The data were evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5%, and the significantly different data were further tested using an additional test of an honest significant difference (HSD). Results show that yogurt made from corn was the best treatment, with pH value of 4.28, total lactic acid content was 1.67%; viscosity was 74,67cP, total lactic acid bacteria was 11.02 log CFU/ml, the bacterial viability met the concentration as a probiotic drink with the decreasing number 0.21 log CFU/ml, scoring test homogeneity score was 3,21 (slightly homogenous), taste score was 3.08 (slightly sour) and hedonic score for homogeneity and taste were 3.29 and 3.25 respectively.
Analysis of heat energy in the drying process of Moringa Oleifera leaves using a greenhouse effect dryer (ERK)
Authors: Sukmawaty  , Murad  , Ansar  , Kurniawan H , Fitri Z
Published: December 2021

Moringa leaves have a high enough nutrient content so that they are used as a source of natural nutrients. Fresh moringa leaves have a high water content, so they need to be dried to reduce post-harvest loss. This study aims to analyze heat energy in the drying process of moringa leaves using a greenhouse effect type dryer (ERK). The study was an experimental method on drying of moringa leaves using a Greenhouse Effect (ERK) in the field and was analyzed using mass and energy equilibrium approaches. In this study, two different treatments were carried out i.e not crushed and crushed leaves. The result shows that the water content of the uncrushed and crushed leaves were 74.9%wb and 71.4%wb, dried moringa leaf water content was 4.8 %wb and 4.5%wb. Total energy entered by dryers 7415038.8 kJ and 7780575.4 kJ, Total useful energy of 767089.470 kJ and 2171369.143 kJ, total energy discharged through outlet/ventilation and lost through successive walls were is 4148.222 kJ, 5718.912 kJ, 8.924 kJ and 7.194 kJ as well as heat lost from opening consecutive doors of 771246.62 kJ and 2177095.25 kJ. The input masses were 0.75 kg and 1.35 kg, the output mass were 0.180 kg and 0.391 kg, the accumulated mass were 0.570 kg and 0.959 kg. Drying efficiency values were 18.25% and 29.26%.
The effect of fermentation with lactic acid bacteria to chemical and sensory characteristics of Sumbawa’s Buffalo Jerky
Authors: Nairfana I , Afgani C A
Published: December 2021

Jerky is a traditional food made from sliced or minced meat that were marinated in spices and dried to extend its shelf life. Most of the marketed jerky available in Sumbawa were half-cooked. Theaim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Lactic Acid Bacteria to chemical and sensory characteristics of buffalo jerky. A laboratory experiment was conducted andusing Completely Randomized Design with asingle factor namely LAB concentrations (P1=0%, P2=0.5%, P3=1% and P4-1.5%). Data was analyzed using Co-Stat software at 5% significance level.The results showed that the LAB concentrations gave significant differences on water content, protein, fat, color, flavor and texture of fermented buffalo jerky, but gave non-significant difference on the ash content. The best LAB concentrations were 0.5% that resulted on jerky with protein content of 74.32%, fat content of 6,37%, water content of 12.51%, ash content of 1.14%, also color, flavor and texture that were acceptable to panelists.
The future of Wallace region in Lombok: the pristine natural resource under climatic and anthropogenic threat
Authors: Mahrup  , Ma’shum M , Idris MH , Fahrudin
Published: December 2021

Wallace region is mostly comprised of the southeast archipelagoes of Indonesia, namely West and East Nusa Tenggara. Lombok is a west border of the Wallace line which biologically delineate the distinguished fauna and climate in the eastern Indonesia. However, the pristine natural resource is under climatic and anthropogenic threat. A case study by means of a Descriptive method was conducted to identify any contradictive use of natural resource leading to environmental degradation, as well as to study ruination impact of climate uncertainty. Long term satellite images of Lombok from 1980’s up to the latest date were traced to identify any changes in land cover, land use and settlement. Climate data were analyzed to find its trend and forecast its potential impact on the environment. Overall, the results showed that the pristine environments, namely forests, hillocks and cliffs, particularly in tourism destination sites had been accordingly overburdened by contradictive use of resources. Lack of law enforcements in environmental protection was a key point to be addressed as a major factor resulted in losses of the most valuable value of Lombok natural scene. In addition, manmade disaster is becoming more frequent with climate change commonly accused. In conclusion, the future of the natural resource in Lombok would not be merely relied on world class facilities of tourism industry, but on to what extend effort to naturally sustain the beauty of natural scene, stop degrading the lands and be responsible to protect environment in line with regional development.
Local scale climate change mitigation through mangrove revegetation on the south coast of Lombok island
Authors: Idrus A A , Syukur A , Zohri L H N , Zulhalifah  , Aulia J
Published: December 2021

The mangrove vegetation in the coastal environment has a vital role, especially as a regulation for CO2 and O2 gas exchange. Mangrove revegetation has significant relevance for local-scale climate change mitigation. This study aims to assess and describe the success of mangrove revegetation in mitigating climate change at a local scale. Ecological data research methods are through surveys, observations and transect methods. Furthermore, the collection of social data through surveys, interviews, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Meanwhile, the research data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, and analysis of the mangrove vegetation structure through frequency, density, cover, and essential value index analyses. The study results found seven types of mangroves, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia marina, Bruguira gymnoryzha, Lumnitzara racemosa, and Ceriops tagal. Sonneratia alba and Rizoporastylosaare species with the highest importance value of 194.04 where S. alba found Poton Bako and R. Stylosa found in Tanjung Luar. As for social data and knowledge, people in areas with a distance of 0-50 meters from mangrove forest have a better understanding than people living in areas with an average percentage value perspective of 52 %. Then, most respondents agreed that mangroves could prevent abrasion and reduce heat temperatures, with the percentage of respondents responding more than 41 % and 61 %, respectively in all locations. Based on the essential value index and respondents’ perceptions, it can be concluded that the Sonneratia alba and Rizopora Stylosa are species that have the highest ecological function because they have good adaptability in the coastal areas of South Lombok making them suitable as species for revegetation programs in South Lombok, and for the next revegetation program should be involving people who are close to mangrove forests because they are the ones who know and feel the benefits of mangrove forests.
The sustainability of the diversity of marine macrofauna associated with seagrass through ecotourism in The Mandalika Exclusive Economic Zone Lombok Island, Indonesia
Authors: Zulkifli L , Patech L R , Lestari A , Fidiantara F , Idrus A A , Syukur A
Published: December 2021

Ecotourism activities play an essential role in protecting and managing natural habitats and the species found in the habitat and creating economic benefits for the surrounding community. However, some parties state that ecotourism has a negative effect on the environment if it does not correctly follow the area’s rules and the ecotourism activities are not monitored and appropriately assessed. The objective of this study were : (i) to evaluate the diversity of seagrass and associated macrofauna at the Kuta ecotourism site in the Mandalika area of Lombok Island Indonesia and (ii) to know the response of the surrounding community and stakeholders in terms of the role of ecotourism in supporting the sustainability of the seagrass ecosystem in its function as an important factor in maintaining the diversity of marine macrofauna in the area. Data collection methods related to seagrass diversity and associated biota (Bivalves and Echinoderms) were carried out using the line transect method and the quadrat method. Meanwhile, the perception and response data of the community was obtained through observation and interviews. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results showed that there were 8 species of seagrass found. Seagrass species Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea rotundata have the highest density of about 18.48 ind/m2, and Enhalus acoroides has the highest area of coverage, which is around 16.41 ind/m2. The highest macrofauna diversity was fish (10 families with 16 species) followed by Echinoderms (7 families with 9 species), and Bivalves (5 families with 7 species). Respondents in the fishermen category showed their understanding that ecotourism in their area plays an important role in supporting the sustainability of seagrass ecosystems, and this condition affects maintaining the diversity of associated marine macrofauna. This is supported by the findings that there has been a transition in the use of marine biota fishing gear, namely from the use of tools/methods that are not environmentally friendly to the use of tools/methods that are environmentally friendly. The most encouraging thing is that the use of bombs has completely stopped after ecotourism started in their area. Thus, it can be concluded that the existence of ecotourism in the Mandalika has had a positive influence on the behavior of fishing communities, especially in maintaining the seagrass ecosystem which is important in supporting the sustainability of marine macrofauna biodiversity in the Mandalika, South Coast of Lombok, Indonesia.
Optimization of physical characteristics of bioplastics from agricultural waste using response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Widhiantari I A , De Side G N
Published: December 2021

Rapid technological advances are in line with the increasing use of plastics. The problem faced is that plastic waste is not easily degraded by microorganisms in the soil. Bioplastics are made from renewable natural materials so that they have properties that can be broken down by microorganisms. In this study, bioplastics were made from agricultural waste containing starch, namely from jackfruit seed starch plus corncob starch. Optimization using the response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out to see the optimum conditions of the variables and also the response to the physical properties of the resulting bioplastic. The research variables used were ZnO consisting of 3, 6, and 9 percent (%) and the glycerol variable consisted of 2, 5, and 8 mL. From the test results using RSM obtained the optimum conditions of ZnO 7.42% and glycerol 4.96 mL with a residual value of 81.3612%; water resistance 86.1333%; and heat resistance of 96.888°C with a desirability value of 0.725. The combination of the basic ingredients of agricultural waste in the form of jackfruit seeds and corn cobs is able to produce bioplastics with good physical properties.
Identification and Abundance of Macroalgae at Batu Layar Coast, West Lombok, Indonesia
Authors: Kirana I A P , Kurniawan N S H , Abidin A S , Nikmatullah A , Sunarwidhi A L , Jupri A , Hernawan A , Widyastuti S , Sunarpi H , Prasedya E S
Published: December 2021

Batu Layar coastal area provides an optimum environment for the diversity of coastal biota in the form of corals, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and macroalgae. Macroalgae are plantlike marine biota that are large in size. Based on taxonomy, macroalgae are included in the Thallophyta group because their bodies are thallus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the abundance of macroalgae in Batu Layar Coastal areas to be used as primary data for further research. This research is located at Batu Layar Coast using the Transect method. The number of transects used is 4 transects with the length of each transect is 50 m. On each transect, 5 stations were taken. Samples of each different macroalgae species at each station were taken for the purpose of morphological identification. Macroalgae identification is presented in the form of descriptive analysis and graphs in the presentation of diversity, evenness, and abundance. The results of the identification of macroalgae in research at Batu Layar Coast as a whole found that there were 24 species of macroalgae consisting of 11 species of Chlorophyta, 8 species of Rhodophyta and 5 species of Phaeophyta. Dominant species on the shoreline are Chlorophyta, in the middle of the transect most of algae are the Phaeophyta and dominant species farthest from the shore are Rhodophyta. The conclusion is the most abundant macroalgae species is Gelidium latifolium from Rhodophyta division with number of abundance is 4.58 individuals/m2.
Bioactivity of Neem Seed Oil mixed with Pyroligneous Acid from Rice Husks against Spodoptera litura
Authors: Prianto A H , Budiawan  , Yulizar Y , Simanjuntak P
Published: December 2021

Biopesticides are environmentally friendly solutions used for pest control management. This is a feature of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil and tar, which provides a synergistic effect on the bioactivity of pyroligneous acid, and both are known to have bioactive compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of neem seed oil and tar on pyroligneous acid from rice husks in conventional emulsion form, and their efficacy on the polyphagous insect Spodoptera litura. Neem seed oil was added at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, and 40%, while the concentration of tar was 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%. The conventional emulsion formed was then characterized using a digital microscope. The addition of neem seed oil and tar were able to increase the antifeedant activity of pyroligneous acid by 63.6 % while both neem oil and tar by 72.6 %. The 2.0% tar formulation (N4PT2) showed the highest antifeedant activity against S.litura (97.9 %) and had the smallest droplets size ranges (2.90 - 24.16 µm). The addition of tar tends to reduce the droplet size of neem oil and increase antifeedant activity.