bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Process Conditions on Hydrophobic Characteristics of Injection Molded Silicone Rubber Surface Replicated from Electric Discharge Machined Surface
Authors: Kang Jeong Jin , Hong Seok Kwan , Lee Sang Yong , Lee Sang Chul , Lee Sung Hee
Published: December 2013

In recent years, a lot of effort has gone into many researchers making components of specific functions, mimicking various microstructures in nature. In this study, a super hydrophobic surface on injection-molded liquid silicone rubber was fabricated, mimicking micro-bumps on a lotus leaf. Original patterns were machined by electric discharge machining and liquid silicone rubber was injection-molded by using the original patterns as molds. The hydrophobic characteristics of injection-molded liquid silicone rubber surface replicated from the original electric discharge machined surface were studied. According to variations of injection molding process parameters like mold temperature, injection speed, injection pressure, vacuum, etc. the variations of water contact angles, as a hydrophobic index, measured on the injection-molded surfaces were examined. The liquid silicone rubber surface molded from wire-cutting electric discharge machined surface at mold temperature 120°C, injection speed 5 mm/sec, injection pressure 70 bar and in a vacuum cavity showed water contact angle of 148°, which is close to super-hydrophobic level.
Influence of Temperature on the Substitution of Quartz by Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in Porcelain Composition
Authors: Hassan Uman , Noh Mohamad Zaky , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: December 2013

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is a by-product of the agricultural industry which contains high amount of silica. Active silica from RHA has been used progressively to substitute quartz in a porcelain composition and the effect this substitution in relation to temperature on physical and mechanical properties has been investigated. It was found that progressive substitution of RHA in a porcelain composition resulted in early vitrification of the mixture. The compressive strength was highest and the porosity was the least at a temperature of 1200°C on 20wt% substitution of RHA. The improvement in the properties could be attributed to sharp changes in the microstructural features as a result of increase in mullite and glassy phase simultaneously. Hence the extension of study on microstructure and morphology has influence on the physical and mechanical properties.
Railway Dynamics Analysis Using Lego Mindstorms
Authors: Abdullah Mohd Azman , Ramli Faiz Redza , Lim Chin Sheng
Published: December 2013

In recent years, the high speed railway vehicle dynamics performances have been studied and investigated in order to determine the ride comfort of the passengers. Most of the time, these researches were involving expensive and high end technology of data logging system to record and analyze the data. In this research, a low cost data logging system (Lego Mindstorms) is used to gather the data from accelerometer and gyro during experimentation. The study about the behaviour of railway vehicle in term of roll and vibrations at three perpendicular axes during running at the curve track is performed. Actual field run of railway vehicle data collection is performed on the available high speed railway vehicle operating from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) to the Kuala Lumpur (KL) Sentral. The route selected consists of several curves which are important to study the dynamics performance of the vehicle. The results from experiment establishes the dynamics performances of the railway vehicle in term of passengers ride comfort. With the availability of the data logging system and sensors, the railway vehicle dynamics performance can be analyzed and monitored for future improvement of railway vehicle service and operation.
Influence of 1-Butanol Additives on Palm Biodiesel Fuel Characteristics and Low Temperature Flow Properties
Authors: Ali Obed M. , Mamat Rizalman , Faizal Che Ku Mohammad
Published: December 2013

Diesel engines are widely used in almost all professions and cannot be dispensed with in the near future. Now the fossil fuels which are mainly used in diesel engines are depleting continually accompanied by increasing consumption and prices, there is the need to find alternative fuel to fulfil the worlds energy demand. Alternative fuels like biodiesel, are being used as effective alternative for diesel. The feasibility of biodiesel production from palm oil was investigated with respect to its fuel properties. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist. In this study an oxygenated additive 1-butanol (BU) was blended with palm oil biodiesel (POME) in the ratios of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% and tested for their properties improvement. These blends were tested for energy content and various fuel properties according to ASTM standards. Qualifying of the effect of additive on palm biodiesel fuel properties can serve the researchers who work on biodiesel fuels to indicate the fuel suitability for diesel engines according to fuel standards. Blends of BU in POME resulted in an improvement in acid value, viscosity, density and pour point with increasing content of BU in the blend. Further improvement in the pour point temperature of the palm oil methyl esters 1-butanol blends (B-BU) at 7°C can be achieved by adding 7% BU additive to POME, accompanied by 8.07% decrease in energy content of biodiesel.
Current Trend in the Oil and Gas Industry on Subsea Processing Equipment
Authors: Shobowale Kafayat Oluwatoyin , Hashim Fakhruldin M.
Published: December 2013

Typically from the industry, the decision on when to deploy subsea processing equipment is a big investment decision and quite a number of the operating oil and gas industry are waiting and monitoring the trend from the big players in the industry. There are quite a number of publications on these equipment groups but it has been based on different issues. There is a need to investigate the current trend on the assessment and selection from both the operators and the equipment manufacturers/suppliers perspective. A technology questionnaire survey was designed and administered to experts in this field. The result reveals Risk and RAM analysis as the most used assessment method; also expert systems has gained some level of acceptability in the final selection process. Some of the criterias such as gas volume variation that are considered not critical in the literature are still ranked as critical by the experts. The experts also suggested other important issues that should be taken into consideration for effective selection and assessment.
Investigation of Loading-Unloading Curve and Stress Distribution of Thin Hard Coating by Finite Element Analysis during Nanoindentation Process
Authors: Yang Tung Sheng , Chang Sheng  Yi , Deng Ji Hong
Published: December 2013

This study applies the finite element method (FEM) in conjunction with an nanoindentation test to predict the loading curve and stress distribution of thin hard coatings. To verify the prediction of FEM simulation for loading and unloading process, the experimental data are compared with the results of current simulation. Loading curve is investigated for different material parameters, such as elastic modulus E, yield stress Y0 and tangent modulus ET of nanoindentation process, by finite element analysis. The effects of material properties of thin film on the stress distribution for loading and unloading in the nanoindentation are also investigated. Therefore, the loading curve and stress distribution will be prediction for the different material parameters of nanoindentation process.
Stress Concentration Analysis of Plate with Circular Hole: Elasticity Theory and Finite Element Comparison
Authors: Masrol S.R. , Siswanto Waluyo Adi
Published: December 2013

Stress concentration factor for a plate with circular free stress hole subjected to a uniform far field tension in single direction was investigated in this study. The stress concentration level along X and Y axis was determined by the elasticity theoretical method. Finite element analysis using LISA free source software was validated by the elasticity theoretical results. It was found that finite element analysis stress concentration factor results shows similar pattern as theoretical but higher near of the hole. Plain strain analysis with Quad 8 element type showed better results compared to plain stress with Quad 4 element type and plain strain with Quad 4 element type.
Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic Free Convection Flow of a Radiative Fluid Past an Infinite Vertical Plate with Constant Heat and Mass Flux
Authors: Narahari Marneni , Tippa Sowmya , Pendyala Rajashekhar
Published: December 2013

Theoretical analysis of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow of a viscous incompressible radiative fluid past an infinite vertical plate with constant heat and mass flux is presented. The dimensionless governing linear partial differential equations have been solved using the Laplace transform technique. The exact solutions for the velocity, temperature and concentration fields are derived. The effects of radiation, magnetic field and buoyancy ratio parameters on the velocity and temperature fields are discussed through graphs. It is found that the velocity increases with increasing radiation parameter whereas it decreases with increasing magnetic field parameter for buoyancy assisted flows.
Investigation of Evacuated Tube Collector Performance at High Temperature Mode Using TRNSYS Simulation Model
Authors: Ali Basil H. , Gilani S.I. , Al-Kayiem Hussain Hamoud
Published: December 2013

It has been proved that creation of vacuum between the absorber and the cover of a solar collector is resulting in a substantial improvement in the collector efficiency due to reduction in the heat loss through convection ad conduction. In this work, the performance of evacuated tube collectors is investigated using TRNSYS simulation model. Different levels of concentrations have been considered in the simulation to predict the power generation. The simulation results showed that the thermal performance of evacuated tube collectors with high concentration ratio can provide a good improvement to the receiver output.
Experimental Investigation of Thermal Conductivity of Paraffin Based Nanocomposite for TES
Authors: Afolabi Lukmon Owolabi , Al-Kayiem Hussain Hamoud , Baheta Aklilu Tesfamichael , Lin Saw Chun
Published: December 2013

To maximize and improve utilization of solar collector system, there is need to integrate the system with thermal energy storage (TES), this will increase the over all efficiency of the system and provide continuous supply of energy day and night. The performance of the TES depends on its thermal conductivity and this can be enhanced by introducing nanoparticles. Thus, this paper focus on the thermal conductivity enhancement of Cu and Fe nanoparticles dispersed in paraffin based suspension was investigated experimentally for utilization in solar collector integrated with TES. The enhanced thermal conductivity measurement was performed by transient hot disk sensor technique. The increment in thermal conductivity showed approximately linear progression with increase in percentage of mass concentration of the dispersed metal-nanoparticles. It was observed that the nanoparticle with lower thermal conductivity value (Fe-80 W/mK) at bulk enhanced the polymer matrix higher than the nanoparticle with higher thermal conductivity value (Cu-401 W/mK) at the bulk. The Cu and Fe nanoparticles, at mixing ratio of 1.5% by mass, increased the thermal conductivity of the paraffin based nanocomposites by 20.63% and 51.95%, respectively when compared with the pure paraffin. The experimentally measured thermal conductivities of the Cu and Fe-paraffin nanocomposites were compared with some models and it was observed that they were under predicted. The thermal diffusivity and specific heat showed irregular increase and decrease with varying percentage mass concentration of the nanoparticles. The enhanced nanocomposite will be utilized as heat transfer medium in a solar collector system integrated with TES.
Synthesis and Property Study of Multi-Doped LaGaO3 for SOFC Application
Authors: Biswal Ramesh Chandra , Biswas Koushik
Published: December 2013

. La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8 (LSGM) acts as a promising electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) at intermediate temperature although its single phase synthesis is comparably difficult. However, phase purity is influenced by the amount and type of the transition metals doped and with the addition of transition metals both bulk and grain boundary conductivities are increased. In this work, Co is doped at Ga site of LSGM by Pechini method. The powders are then calcined, sintered and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermo-mechanical (TMA), nanoindentation test and impedance analysis. As observed from XRD single phase La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.15 Co0.05O2.8 (LSGMC) is found at 1400°C and getting its single phase is easier than synthesizing single phase LSGM. As found from Rietveld analysis, the synthesized LSGMC is having orthorhombic crystal structure with Pbnm space group. TEM images show the spherical particles with size ~35 nm. Density of the sintered pellet as measured by Archimedes principle is found to be 98% at 1400°C, 8h. Thermal expansion co-efficient of the sintered pellet is found to be 12.2 ×10-6/°C, which is nearly same as of LSGM and nearly matches with other SOFC components. Hardness and Youngs modulus of the material as found from the Nanoindentation test are found as 13.14 ±0.9 GPa and 204.5±5.7 GPa respectively, which are suitable for SOFC application. The diffused semicircle observed in Nyquist plot simulated as (RQ)(RQ) circuit and the ionic conductivity is found to be higher than LSGM at equivalent temperature.
Topology Optimization of Beam Structures with Various End and Loading Conditions
Authors: Woldemichael Dereje Engida , Lai Jia Jiun , Sujan D.
Published: December 2013

Topology optimization deals with optimum material (mass) distribution within a design domain to find optimal lay-out of a structure subjected to certain boundary and loading conditions. Topology optimization can be used to address conflicting requirements, such as light weight and high-strength/stiffness design. In this paper, a simulation program to analyze topology optimization of beam structures with seven different end conditions and three types of loads (single point load, two point loads and uniformly distributed load) is developed using MATLAB code adapted from Sigmunds 99 line topology optimization code. Furthermore, the program has been enhanced with a graphical user interface for ease of use. Using the developed system, it is possible to analyze the effect of different parameters.
Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil in a Millichannel Reactor
Authors: Wan Ab Rashid Wan Norita , Uemura Yoshimitsu , Kusakabe Katsuki , Osman Noridah Binti , Abdullah Bawadi
Published: December 2013

Transesterification of palm oil with methanol using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) catalyst to form fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) commercially known as biodiesel was performed in a millichannel reactor. In this study, a transparent Teflon tubular reactor with the inner diameter of 1.59 mm at 60 °C was carried out to produce FAME. Residence time was changed by changing the tube length and flow rate. The residence time of 69 s is required to achieve more than 88% of ester content. The relationship between ester content and flow pattern was also investigated.
National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan: Highlights and Updates
Authors: Abdullah Kamil
Published: December 2013

Overview on National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan of Malaysia is presented. Highlights and updates on the matter are discussed, focusing more towards increasing the awareness on progress of renewable energy sector in Malaysia. The present progress indicates a bright future ahead for renewable energy sector but yet a apposite monitoring on its progress is essential to ensure growth in all available renewable energy resources.
Performance and Emissions of Preheated Biodiesel on a Compression Ignition (CI) Engines
Authors: Mustaffa Norrizal , Khalid Amir , Sies Mohamad Farid , Zakaria Hanis , Manshoor Bukhari
Published: December 2013

Diesel engines are still widely needed and applicable to agriculture, construction, light duty passenger car and heavy duty vehicles. In recent years, limited supply of fossil fuel makes alternative sources of fuel especially biodiesel receiving a lot of attention in the automotive industry. However, in using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel. This phenomenon associated with the fuel properties especially viscosity that higher compared to diesel fuel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel derived from crude palm oil with 5% blending ratio (B5) at 40°C, 50°C and 60°C on performance and emissions of diesel engine under two different load conditions, which are 50% load and 100% load. A four-cylinder four strokes cycle, water cooled, direct injection engine was used for the experiments and the engine speed was varied from 1500 rpm up to 3000 rpm with the 500 rpm increment. Dynapack chassis dynamometer was used to perform the performance data while Autocheck gas/smoke analyzer and Drager were used to obtain the emissions data. Increased of load and biodiesel fuel temperature promotes more rapid engine performance but exhibit relatively small variations in emissions production.
A Review of the Concept of Fuel-Water Internally Rapid Mixing Injector in Burner System
Authors: Sies Mohamad Farid , Mustaffa Norrizal , Zakaria Hanis , bin Salleh Hamidon , Manshoor Bukhari , Khalid Amir
Published: December 2013

This paper reviews the effects of premix fluids between biodiesel, air, and water for external combustion especially open burner. During burning process, biodiesel combustion involves the fuel-air mixing characteristic such as oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants and viscosity that influences more NOx emissions than diesel fuel. The strategies to reduce NOx emission are acquired with water additional in biodiesel fuel mixing during early stage of burning process. The method to mix biodiesel-water with injector was acquired in burner system. A vast majority of author reported that the variation in mixing of blending biodiesel ratio and water was found to enhance the burning process and mixture formation thus predominantly reducing the NOx emissions.
Nonlinear System Identification of Floating Structures Using Time-Varying ARX-Based Volterra Model
Authors: Yazid Edwar , Liew M.S. , Setyamartana Parman , Kurian V.J. , Ng C.Y.
Published: December 2013

This work presents a newapproach for nonlinear system identification of floating structures using time-varyingautoregressive with exogenous input (TVARX)–based Volterra model. This methodutilizes time series of measured wave heights as system input and surge motionas system output. Solution to the proposed approach is also proposed via Kalmansmoother algorithm. The efficacy of the proposed method is then applied in ascaled 1:100 model of a prototype truss spar. It is shown that surge motionobtained from the identification results has good agreement with theexperimental results either in time or frequency domain
The Effects of Injection Parameters on the Performance of Common Rail Light Duty Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel
Authors: Abdullah M. Adlan , Ani Farid Nasir , Hassan Masjuki
Published: December 2013

It is in the interest of proponents of biodiesel to increase the utilization of the renewable fuel. The similarities of the methyl ester properties to diesel fuel and its miscibility proved to be an attractive advantage. It is however generally accepted that there are some performance and emissions deficit when a diesel engine is operated with biodiesel. There are research efforts to improve the diesel engine design to optimize the combustion with biodiesel. Since the common rail engines operates on flexible injection strategies, there exist an opportunity to improve engine performance and offset the fuel economy deficit by means of optimizing the engine control strategies. This approach may prove to be more practical and easily implemented. This study investigated the effects of the fuel injection parameters - rail pressure, injection duration and injection timing - on a common rail passenger car engine in terms of the fuel economy. Palm oil based biodiesel up to 30% blend in diesel was used in this study. The end of injection, (EOI), was found to be the most important parameter for affecting fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The Importance of Programming Paradigms to Manufacturing Engineering Graduates: A Case Study from International Islamic University Malaysia Graduates
Authors: Fauri Fauzi Muhammad Ashraf , Zuhud Daeng Ahmad Zuhri , Husin Hafiz
Published: December 2013

Digital computers that automate manufacturing process are an important aspect for any manufacturing engineers in the modern world. Selection of the programming paradigm (PP), as well as the programming language (PL) that supports it, is crucial to ensure the correct ideas are being used to automate the solution of the problem. In current Malaysian Higher institution practices, various PPs and PLs courses are offered to current undergraduate manufacturing majors. An online survey was deployed to experienced manufacturing engineers from various manufacturing specializations in the industry. Graduates from one of Malaysias public universities, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) have been chosen for this particular study. From the survey, it has been found that almost 80% of the participants agreed that PPs are important for manufacturing graduates. It was found out that 90% of the participants were from intermediate (scale of 3) until poor (scale of 1) to express their ability to explain PPs if asked. Only about 10% are able to explain on PPs (scale of 4 and 5). The study concluded that majority of the manufacturing graduates from IIUM agreed that PP is an important subject to be taught in university. However, it was found the majority of the manufacturing graduates lack the knowledge and understanding of PPs and general PLs.
Design of New Ecological Combustion Engine with Double Potential Power Output
Authors: Harianton Iwan , Ruswandi Ayi , Nurdin Mohammad
Published: December 2013

Internal combustion engine popularity has been won commercially by the four-stroke type engine surpassing the two-stroke and rotary wankel engines in the world market places. Commercial engines both gasoline and diesel fuels are mostly using the four-stroke principle and even the hybrid cars still rely on this type of engine as their backup source of power. Current research in this areas are optimizing the effectiveness of the four-stroke combustion engine related to fuel consumption, fuel-air mixture, reuse of exhaust energy to feed air inflow, fuel control system to feed exact volume of fuel, exact firing time using intelligent control unit and lower hydrocarbon emissions. However, the development in the engine power output generation is limited due to nearly satisfied expectation of the automotive users caused by limited road development; meanwhile, the short range aerospace engine technology has limited attention in the advanced countries but certainly not in the archipelago country such as Indonesia. This paper is classified to initiates first publication from series of research log book on a new engine design that promotes double power output principle called Double Power Ecological Engine (DPE) for power drive vehicles. The design of DPE engine is located in the firing order, which has direct influence to the new design configuration of crank shaft, air inlet, exhaust and the piston head geometry. The ultimate design of this combustion engine is secured under the firing orders, which are made to secure power output twice as much as it is in the four-stroke engine so that double potential power engine is promoted under ecological fuel ethanol. The design of DPE engine of this research is expected to generate 280 kW power output based on the 1.4 liter engine, which commercially generate around 141 kW. Further research will show the effectiveness of the DPE engine design leading to commercial application.
Study on Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions of Diesel Engine Using Palm Oil Methyl Ester
Authors: Jaharudin Nur Fauziah , Abdullah Abdul Adam , Yusof Ahmad Fitri , Mamat Rizalman , Ramlan Nur Atiqah , Hamzah Mohd Herzwan
Published: December 2013

One of the major pollutants emitted by diesel engine is particulate matter (PM). The main concerns about PM are their adverse effects in the urban area. Therefore researchers are now constantly working on alternative fuels which are clean and efficient in combustion. One of the most promising alternatives fuel is vegetable oils and their derivatives. Based on this study, the characteristics of indirect injection diesel engine in term of the PM have been investigated experimentally. The experiments were conducted experimentally using four cylinder diesel engine. This paper presents an experimental study of PM using mineral diesel and palm-diesel (B100) as a fuel. The result shows highest percentage count for both mineral-diesel and palm-diesel at PM diameter range of 121-160 nm. In addition, the result also indicates that at 2500 rpm the PM for palm-diesel is lower than mineral-diesel for all size range. Thus, at 2500 rpm, it is the optimum speed in order to have a minimum PM for palm-diesel.
Tube Bank with Integral Wake Splitter Performance at Reynolds Number 5000 to 50000
Authors: Seri Suzairin Md , Abdul Karim Zainal Ambri , Batcha Mohd Faizal Mohideen , Raghavan Vijay R.
Published: December 2013

Present study involves experimental and numerical work to investigate the effect of integral wake splitter towards the overall performance of cross-flow, circular tube, heat exchanger system. The experimental work was conducted to obtain local distribution of pressure coefficient around plain tube bank of staggered arrangement which was subjected to a cross-flow of air with Reynolds number of 15950. The numerical work consisted of 2-dimensional unsteady numerical simulation which was validated against the experimental data. The validated numerical approach was utilized to simulate cross-flow around similar tube bank but with integral wake splitter of length-to-diameter ratio of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2, at Reynolds number between 5000 to 50000. It is concluded that integral wake splitter is able to reduce pressure loss, which in turn reduces power requirement of a blower, which is intended in effort to increase the system efficiency. Splitter which acts as fin may improve the overall performance of the system by enhancing total heat removal via extended surface provided that certain value of fin efficiency is achieved.
Numerical and Qualitative Analysis of a Single Particle Behavior in a Shear Driven Flow in Equilateral Triangular Cavity
Authors: Mutasim Muhammad Ammar Nik , Ali Nasir , Idris M.S. , Oumer Ahmed N.
Published: December 2013

Intesive research works have been done on solid particle flows for the past decades. However, prediction of accurate relationship between the particle and the surrounding fluid is still challenging. This study focuses on the experimental and numerical study of behavior of a particle flow in a lid-driven cavity of equilateral triangular shape. Numerical analysis was done using Finite Difference Method (FDM) with stream function vorticity approach. The center location of the fluid flow was treated assumed to be the particle motion. To check the validaty of the numerical results, experiment was done. The particle and fluid used for the experiment were water and silk, respectively. The particle is considered to be slightly buoyant towards water. In the experiment the fluid flow was based on horizontal translating motion where the particle was initially at rest at the bottom wall of the cavity. The fluid flow speed is set to laminar flow with Reynolds Number, Re = 0 to 1000. It was found that the silk particle moved to the preferential path of the primary vortex at equivalent time of 13 seconds. Generally, the experimetal and numerical results for the streamlines were in good agreement.
Mechanical Growth of Labyrinth Seal
Authors: Das Saurav , Toh Hoong Thiam
Published: December 2013

A preliminary numerical study has been conducted to study the effect of rotational speed on centrifugal growth in a six-tooth straight labyrinth seal. The distribution of the radial deformation along the seal axis for the rotational speed ranging from 100 rpm to 1500 rpm is reported in this paper. The radial deformation which decreases the clearance between the rotating and stationary parts of sealing surface is an indication that centrifugal growth occurs. The results of the simulation indicate that centrifugal growth increases as rotational speed increases. This finding is in qualitative agreement with other numerical and experimental work reported in the literature.
Investigation on Characteristics Behavior on Aerosol Spray at Exit Nozzle Based on ANSYS-CFX Simulation
Authors: Asmuin Norzelawati , Ramlan Aslinda
Published: December 2013

A new generation of aerosol technology is expanded rapidly where the research and development are focused on the analysis of pressure involved in the propellants, packaging and ingredients to make the aerosol as a high performance with fine spray product. There are few problems in replacing Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) with water and developing quality fine spray with pressurised aerosol spray. Therefore, this study is focused on developing an internal nozzle by analysed the characteristics of spray using ANSYS-CFX simulation with RNG k-epsilon turbulence model. The analysis were on various pressure supply from 1 bar up to 9 bar, where the n-butane and water are applied as a single liquid phases material. The simulation are based on plain nozzle design where the geometry and physical properties were carefully scale based on actual condition. As a result, it shows the widening of the jet downstream of the gap and increased in Reynolds stresses in the region of high turbulence intensity. Furthermore, the spectra of turbulent kinetic energy were also investigated, indicating that, increased in turbulent kinetic energy is mainly due to an increase in energy of eddies. Consequently, the use of water is acceptable as an alternative to substitute the n-butane liquid phase in producing an aerosol spray product.
Ergonomic Design of CNC Milling Machine for Safe Working Posture
Authors: Isa Halim , Rahman M.A. , Hazmilah Hasan , Sihombing Haeryip , Saptari Adi , Baharudin Abu Bakar , Syaheera Ahmad
Published: December 2013

In milling operation, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) milling machine has been recognized as one of effective solutions for high productivity, efficiency, and precision. However, the existing CNC milling machine has contributed to ergonomics-related problems such as awkward working posture. The aim of this study is to redesign the existing CNC milling machine by considering working posture of the machinist. This study performed questionnaire survey to determine ergonomics feature requirements from the machinist. The requirements of the machinist are then translated using Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to obtain technical specifications of new design CNC milling machine. The working posture of machinist during operating the existing CNC milling machine and the redesigned CNC milling machine was assessed using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Based on the analysis, the redesigned CNC milling machine has improved the working posture as shown by low score of RULA. This study concluded that by considering the ergonomics feature requirements to the design of CNC milling machine enabled the machinists to perform milling operation in safe working posture. This study suggests that environmental factors should be considered in the future research works.
Feasibility Study of Additive Manufacturing Technology Implementation in Malaysian Automotive Industry Using Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Rahim Siti Lydia , Maidin Shajahan
Published: December 2013

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the direct production of finished goods using additive fabrication techniques. AM done in parallel batch production can provide a large advantage in speed and cost. Currently, the efforts to utilize AM concept and technology have several problems particularly in Malaysian automotive industry. Such existing problems have discouraged the enhancement of process and product development of automotive industry. In providing the solution, by implementing AM technology, there is potential to speed up the development of automotive parts and move towards mass customization. Several issues have been discovered by discussion with PROTON. This paper presents the critical decision factors in implementing AM in Malaysian automotive industry. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to develop the framework of decision making in order to assess the factor affecting the AM implementation. The study shows that the main factors affects the implementations of AM are financial, technological, organization and design practice. The most important aspect to be considered is the investment cost. Finally, the information presented in this paper can also assist a potential user in choosing to implement or not to implement AM technology.
Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Automotive Industry
Establishment of Process Capability of Machine Centre Driling Using Multiple Regression Analysis
Authors: Rahman M.A. , Elfi R.I.F. , Baharudin Abu Bakar , Najib Ali Mokhtar , Saptari Adi , Hussein Nur Izan Syahriah , Isa Halim
Published: December 2013

Assessment of process capability enables manufacturers to determine if a process produces products that meet customers expectation. Process capability can be beneficial in the long run in producing quality parts with minimum reject and optimum manufacturing cost. This paper proposes a procedure to assess process capability of a machining centers in drilling process using statistical analysis of machining parameters and machine rigidity. Experimental method used mild steel plate as work piece and carbide indexable cutting insert on drill of diameter 20mm. Cutting parameters such as cutting speed and feed rate were varied according to different cutting parameter level while wear in peripheral insert was inspected before and after each test run start. Machine rigidity in terms of vibration acceleration amplitude in x-, y-, and z-axis were measured and analyzed. Process capability index, Cpk of drilled hole accuracy was calculated. A regression model based on this experiment was established for predicting the process capability of machine tool in drilling operation. The established regression model is proven to have high accuracy, which is more than 80%. The validation test was carried out on a different machine tool with the same cutting conditions to check if different machine was adaptable to the regression model. This finding provides useful guidelines for machning operator to predict the process capability of the machine tool in the drilling process.
Optimization of Axial Rake Angle for Face Milling Using Taguchi Method and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Riduan , Abd. Kadir A.R. , Omar M.S. , Osman M.H. , Sulaiman S. , Razak M.A. , Abdullah A.B.
Published: December 2013

This study employed the Taguchi approach in combination with finite element analysis (DEFORM3D) to investigate face milling process onto AL6061. The factors studied in this investigation were cutting speed, feed rate, and axial rake angle. The simulation of flank wear was generated according to Usuis wear model though the L9 (34) of the orthogonal array experiment. ANOVA analysis and F test were conducted to find the significant factor that contributes to tool wear in the signal to noise ratio. Finally, the confirmation test has been carried out at optimal parameter.
Sintering of Alumina-AIN System for Heat Sink
Authors: Nor Nor Hafiez Mohamad , Muhammad Hussain Ismail , Abu Kasim Nur Atikah , Teng Wan Dung , Idham M.K.
Published: December 2013

Aluminium alloys is widely applied in heat sink but its application of heat absorption is still unsatisfied. While, Aluminum Nitride (AIN) was discovered as another option for heat sink application because of its great thermal conductivity and it also has high electrical conductivity at high temperature. Thus, the mechanical and chemical properties of a sintered mixed powder of Alumina and AIN are investigated experimentally. There are five different compositions of mixed powder of Alumina-AIN and sintered at three different sintering temperatures which are 1400°C, 1500°C and 1600°C. As applying a high sintering temperature on samples inducted great flexural strength and increase it modulus of rupture. High sintering temperature (1600°C) also affected the materials microstructure as the particle was arranged closely between each other and reduces the amount of porosity. The application of high temperature in the mixture of AIN with Alumina reduces the occurrence of flaws like cracking and accordingly improves the strength. These combination of Alumina-AIN brought acceptable result in thermal conductivity value analysis and as well enhancing the thermal conductivity.
A Window Climbing Robot
Authors: Chai Almon , Jo Hudyjaya Siswoyo , Nasiri Nazim Mir
Published: December 2013

This paper presents the design and fabrication of a Window Climbing Robot (WCR), which is a small-scale or miniature robot that is capable of climbing the windows or glass in a vertical motion. While operating in the vertical motion or climbing, the WCR has the capabilities in performing tasks such as cleaning, inspection, surveillance and maintenance. The WCR can perform these duties without the need of actual human intervention. The robot is able to operate autonomously with the aid of sensors. The robot can be placed onto the surfaces such as glass using the pneumatic-system with suction-power provided by eight suction-cups. The double-belting gear driving mechanism moving the robot is shown and explained. The pneumatic-based suction system is illustrated and the fabricated prototype of the robot is also shown in this paper.
Numerical Simulation to Investigate the Effect of Non Newtonian Properties of Blood on Wall Shear Stress in Diseased Artery
Authors: Yunus Muhamad , Shuib Anis Suhaila , Fawad Hasan
Published: December 2013

Wall Shear Stress (WSS) in the artery is one of the indicators for brain artery disease progression. WSS is proportional to the viscosity and shear rate of the flowing fluid. In this study, WSS of cerebral artery with aneurysm was predicted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The effect of non-Newtonian properties of blood will be studied by comparing Power law model with Newtonian model. Based on the results, maximum value of WSS is 150 Pa for Newtonian model and for Power Law model is 24 Pa. Newtonian model was found overpredicted the WSS resulted from Power Law.
Fabrication Process of Polymer Nano-Composite Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling
Authors: Haq Reazul Haq Abdul , bin Wahab Md. Saidin , Jaimi Norul Ilmie
Published: December 2013

This Report Describe the Development of a New Polymer Nano-Composite Material that Tobe Used as an Altenative Material for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Process. this New Type Ofpolymer Nano-Composites is a Mixture of Polycaprolactone (PCL) as a Main Resin, Montmorillonite(MMT) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) as a Filler. the Compunding Process is Done Using Single Screwextruder Nanomixer Machine. then the Compounded Polymer Nano-Composites is Crushed and Fedinto Single Screw Extruder which is Design to Produce a Filament. A Polymer Nano-Compositesfilament with 1.7 Mm of was Successfully Produced by Assisted of Water Bath and Puller Machine.The Temperature Setting for Heater 1, Heater 2, Heater 3 and Heater 4 on Extruder Machine Are78°C, 114°C, 113°C, and 79°C Respectively. the Spindle Speed for Extruder Machine was Set to 3.0Hz, while the Puller Machine Speed is 2.5%.
Evolution of Globular Microstructures during Direct Partial Re-Melting Experiment of AISI D2 Tool Steel
Authors: Mohammed M.N. , Omar Mohd Zaidi , Syarif Junaidi , Sajuri Zainuddin , Salleh Mohd Shukor , Alhawari Khaled S.
Published: December 2013

Steel is a mostly challenging metal to semisolid process because of the high temperatures implicated and the prospective for surface oxidation. Slurry processing experiment was performed with AISI D2 cold work tool steel to identify the evolution of globular microstructures via Direct Partial Re-Melting Method (DPRM). Samples were heated in an argon atmosphere up to 1330°C which corresponded to about 38% of liquid fraction and held for 5 minutes. The typical microstructure after DPRM consists of globular grains (average grain size about 50μm) while the remaining interspaces were filled by precipitated eutectic carbides on the grain boundaries and lamellar network. Based on the requirements of thixoformability, the current work confirms the suitability of the AISI D2 cold work tool steel as a candidate material for semi-solid forming.
The Effects of Solution Movement to the Microstructure and Size of Nickel Plating on Titanium Surface by High Speed Direct Nanocrystalline Plating
Authors: Zaimah N. , Hussain M.S. , Masrur L.
Published: December 2013

Titanium has been widely used in many field of application due to the low density, sensitive to corrosion, high mechanical strength and ease of fabrication. It also has been widely used as structural materials in variety of industrial fields such as aeronautical, energy and chemical industry. Plating of metal on titanium is complex and difficult because titanium always reacts with air to form oxide. It is difficult to obtain good adhesive property on the titanium surface. Thus, to plate metal on the titanium, oxide layer must be eliminated by using an intermediate pre-treatment. However, this process involves several steps and even then the level of addition between the plated metal and the titanium is poor. This paper presents the results of the thickness and morphology of plated sample with the effects of the rate of deposition. The level adhesion of the nickel coating was determined qualitatively by using adhesion testing while morphology and thickness of Ni plated was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emissionscanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results show by increasing the solution movement, it has been possible to obtain higher rate of plating and Ni deposits with higher hardness and finer grain structures. By using high speed electroplating and by maintaining a narrow gap between the anode and the cathode, it has been possible to electrodeposit Ni directly on Ti without any pre-treatment or even without any traditional cleaning before plating.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Physical Properties of Titania-Alumina-Silver Nitrate Foam
Authors: Ahmad Sufizar , Halim N.H. , Taib Hariati , Harun Z.
Published: December 2013

Nowadays, ceramic foam was widely used in bio-medical as well as engineering field such as thermal insulation and adsorption of environmental pollutants. Ceramic foam made of a porous structure that provides the physical and mechanical properties of both, low specific weight and high thermal fluidity. In this study, the selected starting ceramics powder are titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Silver Nitrate (AgNO3). In general, TiO2 is very light weight compared to other substance. It is brightness and very high refractive index. On the other hand, Al2O3 is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminum to weathering while AgNO3 is plays important role as antiseptics. These unique properties of these ceramics has encouraged more study to be implemented on it. Preferred method for the ceramic foam fabrication is via slurry method. In which consists steps of mixing, dipping, pressing, drying and sintering. Three different temperatures of 1200°C, 1250°C and 1300°C, with compositions of 22.5wt% of TiO2 + 7.5wt% Al2O3 + 1.25 wt% AgNO3 with 2.5wt% of Carbolic methylcelulose (CMC) and 7.5wt% Polyethylene glycol (PEG) are apply in this study. Analysis of the phases, morphology, porosity, density and sringkage were carried out on all samples. From this study, foams of 47.8% to 62.6% porosity using TiO2 + Al2O3 + AgNO3 were successfully produced. The highest porosity value of 62.61% was fabricated at 1200°C and the highest density value of 2.06% at 1300°C. Thus, it is concluded that the optimal fabrication slurry method parameters of sintering temperature of 1300°C and the compositions of 22.5wt% of TiO2 + 7.5wt% Al2O3 + 1.25wt% AgNO3 with 2.5 wt% of CMC and 7.5wt% PEG has absorbability of heavy metal and bacteria in pre-treatment process can be develope.
Fabrication of Chemically Treated Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites and Measurement of its Sound Absorption Coefficients to Regulate Industrial Noise
Authors: Jayamani Elammaran , Ezhumalai Pushparaj , Hamdan Sinin , Rahman M. Rezaur
Published: December 2013

The effects of chemically treated natural fibres (rice straw and kenaf) embedded as filler into polypropylene matrix were investigated for its sound absorption properties to regulate the industrial noise. In this respect, untreated natural fiber as well as treated natural fiber reinforced with polypropylene composites were fabricated and compared. The composites were prepared by compression moulding technique. Its sound absorbing characteristic was investigated with the Impedance tube, according to a transfer function method. A two microphone setup was fabricated according to American society for testing materials ASTM E1050-10 and it is used to measure sound absorption coefficients of composites in the frequency range of 300 Hz to 2000 Hz. The sound absorption coefficients of the composites increased with the frequency. However, at 1000 Hz, the sound absorption coefficient decreased for all treated samples and then increased again which is due to specific character of natural fibers. This point of inflexion was due to the specific characteristic of natural fiber reflecting sound at around 1000 Hz, but absorbing sound in the middle and high frequencies. The results indicates that the process of chemical treatment enhanced the sound absorption coefficients by 12.5% for rice straw reinforced Polypropylene and 15.78% for kenaf fiber reinforced Polypropylene composites respectively.
Study on Layer Fabrication for 3D Structure of Photoreactive Polymer Using DLP Projector
Authors: Khairu Kamarudin , Ibrahim Mustaffa , Hassan Suhaimi , Hehsan H. , Kasmin Ashari , Fazial E.
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a research on 3D part fabrication from composition of photo initiator (Phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)), photo absorber (Sudan I) and 1, 6-Hexanediol polymer effect based on curing parameters. A DLP projector was used as energy light source which initiated the photo reactive polymer at three different light source distances with three different exposed time to evaluate photoreactive polymer solidification phenomena. The experiment results obtained shows that Sudan I composition, light intensity value and exposure time of the varied photo absorber give significant effect to layer thicknes, surface roughness and hardness value. These works also prove that photo absorber composition solution gave a different mechanical properties effect for 3D microstructure fabrication.