bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tubal interruption and subsequent surgery for pain after endometrial ablation: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Paul Tarini D. , Readman Emma , Mooney Samantha
Published: September 2021

Background

Endometrial ablation (EA) is an alternative to hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), with reduced recovery time and fewer operative risks. However, post‐ablation pain may be associated with subsequent surgery, including hysterectomy. It is uncertain what factors affect surgery rates for post‐ablation pain, particularly with respect to timing and technique of tubal interruption.

Aim

To evaluate the relationship between tubal interruption and post‐ablation pain and subsequent surgery.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving 324 patients at a Melbourne tertiary hospital from 2009 to 2020. The primary outcome was subsequent pelvic surgery for pain following EA.

Results

Pain following EA was reported by 29.7% of patients, with 10.5% of patients undergoing subsequent surgery for pain. Patients with tubal interruption were more likely to undergo subsequent surgery for pain than those with no tubal interruption (odds ratio (OR): 3.49, 95% CI: 1.59–7.66; P = 0.002). Tubal ligation was strongly associated with subsequent surgery for pain (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.48–6.57; P = 0.003). In contrast, those with salpingectomy did not have an increased risk of subsequent surgery for pain, compared to those with no tubal interruption (OR: 1.5; 95% CI 0.32–7.13). Pre‐ablation pain (adjusted OR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.37–6.48; P = 0.006) and previous caesarean section (OR: 2.66; 95% CI: 1.13–6.25; P = 0.025) were also associated with subsequent surgery for pain.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that tubal interruption, pre‐ablation pain and previous caesarean section are associated with subsequent surgery for pain. These results can better inform preoperative counselling regarding the risk of subsequent surgery after EA.
Workplace locations of allied health and nursing graduates who undertook a placement in the Northern Territory of Australia from 2016 to 2019: An observational cohort study
Authors: Campbell Narelle , Farthing Annie , Lenthall Sue , Moore Leigh , Anderson Jessie , Witt Susan , Rissel Chris
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of the study is to determine the current work locations of allied health professionals and nurses who undertook a student placement in the Northern Territory of Australia from 2016‐2019.

Design

An observational cohort study was conducted in October 2020, with students emailed a link to an on‐line survey, plus two reminders.

Setting

Primary health care in the Northern Territory of Australia.

Participants

All allied health and nursing students who undertook a student learning placement in the Northern Territory from 2016‐2019 (n = 1936).

Main outcome measures

Practicing nurses and allied health professionals were asked about their work history and locations (coded using the Modified Monash Model of remoteness and population size).

Results

The response rate was 14.2% (275/1936 students). Most respondents reported that their placement positively influenced them to consider working: in a rural or remote location (76%), in the Northern Territory (81%), and with marginalised or under‐served populations (74%). Of the respondents, 224 had graduated and 203 were currently working in their health profession. A total of 31.4% of respondents reported that they had worked in a remote or rural location after graduation.

Conclusions

The student placement had a positive effect on the likelihood of students working in a rural or remote location. A focus on recruiting students with a remote upbringing/background and offering longer placements would likely be successful in helping build the health professional workforce in remote locations.
Moving the Rain: Settler Colonialism, the Capitalist State, and the Hydrologic Rift in California’s Central Valley
Authors: Claire Theo , Surprise Kevin
Published: September 2021

Agricultural development and water infrastructure constitute the central features of California’s Central Valley. Marxist ecological theory has examined the development of capitalist agriculture in the Central Valley, while decolonial scholarship has critiqued the disproportionate impact of California’s water resource management on Indigenous communities. We bring together Marxist ecology and critiques of settler colonialism through an examination of land reclamation in California, culminating in the development of the Central Valley Project (CVP) in the 1930s. Reclamation combined the twin logics of capitalism (accumulation) and settler colonialism (elimination) to produce landscapes conducive to capitalist agriculture. Faced with ecological limits to accumulation, colonial‐capitalist expansion required state intervention in the form of infrastructure projects to secure water for agricultural production. The CVP generated a rift in California’s hydrologic cycle, causing significant declines in water quality and fisheries and giving rise to forms of resistance and restoration that challenge colonial‐capitalist water development in the Central Valley. The reciprocal restoration of salmon fisheries offers a method to begin mending this hydrologic rift while disrupting ongoing settler colonial violence in California.
Working for Protection? Precarious Legal Inclusion of Afghan Nationals in Germany and Switzerland
Authors: Wyss Anna , Fischer Carolin
Published: September 2021

This paper engages with the violent conditions deriving from neoliberal trends in European migration and asylum governance. We explore how continuous precarity, in conjunction with an integration imperative, affects the lives of recently arrived Afghan refugees in Germany and Switzerland. Drawing on critical engagements with the politics of integration and theories of violence, we argue that, in both European countries, Afghans are increasingly forced to earn their right to remain on the basis of labour‐market performance instead of obtaining humanitarian protection. Based on qualitative interview data, we show that persons with a precarious legal status are urged to fulfil neoliberal integration requirements to avoid being deported to their country of citizenship. Employing the “continuum of violence” as an analytical entry point, we specify how the interplay and consequences of structural and cultural violence manifest in the way those affected navigate precarious living conditions and uncertain futures in receiving countries.
Understanding how family demands impair health behaviors in working sole mothers: The role of perceived control over leisure time
Authors: Calderwood Charles , Minnen Molly E. , Phetmisy Cassandra N. , Kidwell Kate E. , French Kimberly A. , King Danielle D.
Published: September 2021

Working sole mothers (i.e., nonpartnered women who work) may experience elevated family demands that impose barriers to pursuing health behaviors during their daily leisure time. We aimed to map the process through which evening family demands influence leisure‐time health behaviors in this priority population of employees, in an effort to identify targets for intervention development and health disparity reduction. Conducting a 7‐day daily survey study in a sample of 102 working sole mothers, we supported perceptions of control over leisure time as a key mechanism linking evening family demands to leisure‐time exercise. Furthermore, we identified the individual difference of present focus (i.e., a tendency to focus on current experiences) as a key factor that alters how evening family demands affect control over leisure time, which ultimately mitigates the detrimental influence of these demands on evening exercise engagement. In contrast, we did not find evidence to support relationships of evening family demands with the health behaviors of leisure time consumption of alcohol or high sugar, high fat foods via control over leisure time. We discuss how our findings advance theory regarding how family demands influence health and inform practical efforts to reduce health disparities that working sole mothers face.
Guideline development for prevention of transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease: reduction of indications for irradiated blood components after prestorage leukodepletion of blood components
Authors: Wiersum‐Osselton Johanna C. , Slomp Jennichjen , Frederik Falkenburg J. H. , Geltink Tessa , van Duijnhoven Hans L. P. , Netelenbos Tanja , Schipperus Martin R.
Published: September 2021

Transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GVHD) is a rare, commonly fatal complication of transfusion preventable by irradiation of blood units. The revision of the Dutch transfusion guideline addressed the question whether irradiation is still necessary if blood components are prestorage leukodepleted. We searched for published cases of TA‐GVHD following transfusion of prestorage leukodepleted blood and through contacting haemovigilance systems. Six presumed cases were found, dating from 1998 to 2013. Four out of six patients had received one or more non‐irradiated units despite recognised indications for irradiated blood components. In the countries providing information, over 50 million prestorage leukodepleted, non‐irradiated, non‐pathogen‐reduced cellular components were transfused in a 10‐year period. Potential benefits of lifting indications for irradiation were considered. These include reduced irradiation costs (€ 1.5 million annually in the Netherlands) and less donor exposure for neonates. Findings were presented in an invitational expert meeting. Recommendations linked to human leukocyte antigen similarity between donor and recipient or intra‐uterine transfusion were left unchanged. Indications linked to long‐lasting deep T‐cell suppression were defined with durations of 6 or 12 months after end of treatment (e.g. autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation). Need for continued alertness to TA‐GVHD and haemovigilance reporting of erroneous non‐irradiated transfusions was emphasised.
Audiovisual identity perception from naturally‐varying stimuli is driven by visual information
Authors: Lavan Nadine , Collins Madeleine Rose Niamh , Miah Jannatul Firdaus Monisha
Published: September 2021

Identity perception often takes place in multimodal settings, where perceivers have access to both visual (face) and auditory (voice) information. Despite this, identity perception is usually studied in unimodal contexts, where face and voice identity perception are modelled independently from one another. In this study, we asked whether and how much auditory and visual information contribute to audiovisual identity perception from naturally‐varying stimuli. In a between‐subjects design, participants completed an identity sorting task with either dynamic video‐only, audio‐only or dynamic audiovisual stimuli. In this task, participants were asked to sort multiple, naturally‐varying stimuli from three different people by perceived identity. We found that identity perception was more accurate for video‐only and audiovisual stimuli compared with audio‐only stimuli. Interestingly, there was no difference in accuracy between video‐only and audiovisual stimuli. Auditory information nonetheless played a role alongside visual information as audiovisual identity judgements per stimulus could be predicted from both auditory and visual identity judgements, respectively. While the relationship was stronger for visual information and audiovisual information, auditory information still uniquely explained a significant portion of the variance in audiovisual identity judgements. Our findings thus align with previous theoretical and empirical work that proposes that, compared with faces, voices are an important but relatively less salient and a weaker cue to identity perception. We expand on this work to show that, at least in the context of this study, having access to voices in addition to faces does not result in better identity perception accuracy.
Determining the tempo of exhumation in the eastern Himalaya: Part 2. Integrating bedrock and detrital cooling ages through thermokinematic modelling
Authors: Braza Mary , McQuarrie Nadine
Published: September 2021

The exhumation record of a fold‐thrust belt is preserved by thermochronologic minerals, such as zircon and apatite, both in exposed bedrock and in synorogenic sedimentary rocks in the foreland basin. Treating these as separate records can lead to potentially contrasting interpretations of a single exhumation history. Integrating the bedrock and detrital records with thermokinematic models of sequential deformation of a fold‐thrust belt can identify viable exhumation pathways of the bedrock and elucidate both how bedrock exhumation varies in space and time and how accurately the basin records exhumation changes in the source region. Predicted bedrock cooling ages and modelled basin thickness are used to estimate the amount and source of sediments supplied to the foreland basin during each increment of deformation to predict the detrital cooling signal over time. Applying this integrated bedrock‐detrital model to a cross‐section in Arunachal Pradesh, NE India demonstrates spatial and temporal variability in exhumation, with a background exhumation rate of <2 mm/yr, periods of rapid exhumation at rates of 3–7 mm/yr, and short pulses of 10–12 mm/yr rates during out‐of‐sequence thrusting. Our results predict that the detrital apatite fission track (DAFT) system records a constant lag time of 0.5–1 Myr. Although the response of the detrital zircon fission track (DZFT) system is more complex, the system records changes in lag time (1–5 Myr) as a function of the kinematics, deformation rates and thermal profile of the crust in the hinterland. However, the DZFT cooling signal is delayed by 1–2 Myr relative to the age of marked shifts in location, magnitude and rate of exhumation in the source region. Our models also highlight the importance of recycled foreland deposits in matching the ca. 20 Ma static peak in the DZFT record and ca. 14 Ma static peak in the DAFT record.
Overexpression of ARHGAP30 suppresses growth of cervical cancer cells by downregulating ribosome biogenesis
Authors: Wu Aijia , Lin Lan , Li Xiao , Xu Qinyang , Xu Wei , Zhu Xiaolu , Teng Yincheng , Yang Xiao‐Mei , Ai Zhihong
Published: September 2021

We aimed to identify whether Rho GTPase activating proteins (RhoGAPs) were downregulated in cervical cancers and might be targeted to reduce the growth of cervical cancer using the GEO database and immunohistochemical analysis to identified changes in transcription and protein levels. We analyzed their proliferation, clone formation ability, and their growth as subcutaneous tumors in mice. To detect ARHGAP30 localization in cells, immunofluorescence assays were conducted. Mass spectrometry combined with immunoprecipitation experiments were used to identify binding proteins. Protein interactions were validated with co‐immunoprecipitation assays. Western‐blot and q‐PCR were applied to analyze candidate binding proteins that were associated with ribosome biogenesis. Puromycin incorporation assay was used to detect the global protein synthesis rate. We identified that ARHGAP30 was the only downregulated RhoGAP and was related to the survival of cervical cancer patients. Overexpression of ARHGAP30 in cervical cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation and migration. ARHGAP30 immunoprecipitated proteins were enriched in the ribosome biogenesis process. ARHGAP30 was located in the nucleous and interacted with nucleolin (NCL). Overexpression of ARHGAP30 inhibited rRNA synthesis and global protein synthesis. ARHGAP30 overexpression induced the ubiquitination of NCL and decreased its protein level in Hela cells. The function of ARHGAP30 on cervical cancer cell ribosome biogenesis and proliferation was independent of its RhoGAP activity as assessed with a RhoGAP‐deficient plasmid of ARHGAP30R55A. Overall, the findings revealed that ARHGAP30 was frequently downregulated and associated with shorter survival of cervical cancer patients. ARHGAP30 may suppress growth of cervical cancer by reducing ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis through promoting ubiquitination of NCL.
Bone mass in newborns and its predictors
Authors: Ramot Rekha , Kachhawa Garima , Kulshrestha Vidushi , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Kandasamy Devasenathipathy , Khadgawat Rajesh
Published: September 2021

Objective

Optimal bone mass (a function of foetal programming and adequate intrauterine bone mineral accrual) is essential for prevention of osteoporosis. The present study was planned with the objectives to describe newborn bone mass (NBBM) and study the associated factors.

Design

Observational study Patients: Singleton pregnant women ≤16 weeks gestation.

Measurements

Maternal factors and antenatal events: Dietary assessment (3 days‐24‐h diet recalls at ≤16 and 32‐34 weeks), fetal femoral volume (FFV) assessment at 19 and 34 weeks, serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (S.25OHD) and placental weight. Newborn anthropometric parameters, cord S.25OHD & IGF‐1 level and NBBM by DXA (whole‐body bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and bone area).

Results

Total 224 subjects were studied: 198 full‐term and 26 preterm. The mean BMC, BMD and bone area for term newborns was 46.5 g (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.35–47.66), 0.209 g/cm2 (95% CI: 0.206–0.212) and 221.6 cm2 (95% CI: 218.52–224.62), respectively. The mean placental weight was 403.2 ± 75.01 g (n = 72) while FFV was 0.71 ± 0.28 ml (19 weeks; n = 59) and 4.4 ± 1.17 ml (34 weeks; n = 33). Factors significantly associated with NBBM ‐gestational age at delivery, gestational weight gain, FFV at 19 weeks, placental weight, third‐trimester maternal serum albumin and newborn anthropometric parameters (univariable analysis) and newborn birth weight, placental weight and FFV at 19 weeks (multivariable analysis).

Conclusion

This study described NBBM among term newborns and birth weight, second‐trimester FFV and placental weight were the associated factors.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging research in China
Authors: Sun Hongzan , He Yong , Cao Heqi
Published: September 2021

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) non‐invasively measures the activity of the human brain and provides a unique technological tool for investigating aspects of the human brain including cognition, development, and disorders. As one of the main funding agencies for basic research in China, the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (NSFC) has initiated various research programs during the last two decades that are related to fMRI research. In this review, we collected and analyzed the metadata of the projects and published studies in research fields using fMRI that were funded by the NSFC. We observed a trend of increasing funding amounts from the NSFC for fMRI research, typically from the General Program and Key Program. Leading research institutes from economically developed municipalities and provinces received the most support and formed close collaboration relationships. Finally, we reviewed several representative achievements from research institutions in china, involving data analysis methods, brain connectomes, and computational platforms in addition to their applications in brain disorders.
Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network
Authors: Biber Matthias F. , Voskamp Alke , Hof Christian
Published: September 2021

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.
Identifying and mitigating the impacts on primates of transportation and service corridors
Authors: Galea Benjamin , Humle Tatyana
Published: September 2021

Most primate populations are declining; 60% of species face extinction. The expansion of transportation and service corridors (T&S) (i.e., roads and railways and utility and service lines) poses a significant yet underappreciated threat. With the development of T&S corridors predicted to increase across primates' ranges, it is necessary to understand the current extent of its impacts on primates, the available options to mitigate these effectively, and recognize research and knowledge gaps. By employing a systematic search approach to identify literature that described the relationship between primates and T&S corridors, we extracted information from 327 studies published between 1980 and 2020. Our results revealed that 218 species and subspecies across 62 genera are affected, significantly more than the 92 listed by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The majority of studies took place in Asia (45%), followed by mainland Africa (31%), the Neotropics (22%), and Madagascar (2%). Brazil, Indonesia, Equatorial Guinea, Vietnam, and Madagascar contained the greatest number of affected primate species. Asia featured the highest number of species affected by roads, electrical transmission lines, and pipelines and the only studies addressing the impact of rail and aerial tramways on primates. The impact of seismic lines only emerged in the literature from Africa and the Neotropics. Impacts are diverse and multifaceted, for example, animal–vehicle collisions, electrocutions, habitat loss and fragmentation, impeded movement and genetic exchange, behavioral changes, exposure to pollution, and mortality associated with hunting. Although several mitigation measures were recommended, only 41% of studies focused on their implementation, whereas only 29% evaluated their effectiveness. Finally, there was a clear bias in the species and regions benefiting from research on this topic. We recommend that government and conservation bodies recognize T&S corridors as a serious and mounting threat to primates and that further research in this area is encouraged.
Risk factors and treatment of rectal stenosis after transanal endoscopic microsurgery
Authors: Ran Liu , Chuanwang Yan , Wei Shang , Wenguang Yuan , Liang Hao , Jiancheng Zhai , Wen Li , Hui Yang , Lijian Xia
Published: September 2021

Aim

Rectal stenosis is a relatively rare complication after transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). This study aims to identify the predictive parameters for stenosis and the application of TEM in the treatment.

Method

The clinical data of patients who underwent TEM for rectal adenoma and early cancer from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with stenosis and those without stenosis and analysed the risk factors for stenosis. Treatment outcomes of stenosis with TEM were evaluated.

Results

A total of 230 patients were enrolled in this study. Overall, the postoperative complication rate was 11.7% (27/230), including eight (3.5%) patients with stenosis. Patients with stenosis exhibited a higher rate of tumour showing a laterally spreading morphology (P = 0.048), a wider circumferential extent of mucosal defect (P < 0.001), a shorter distance of the tumour from the anal verge (P = 0.001) and a wider longitudinal extent of mucosal defect (P = 0.027). A circumferential extent of mucosal defect >3/4 (OR 94.945, 95% CI 3.611–2496.41, P = 0.006) was identified as the only independent risk factor for stenosis. The four patients with both stenosis and clinical symptoms were treated by incising the stenosis ring using the TEM platform; the stenosis was cured, and symptoms disappeared after one to four courses of treatment.

Conclusions

Circumferential extent of mucosal defect ≥3/4 was an independent risk factor for stenosis in treating rectal adenoma and early cancer with TEM. Incision of the stenosis ring using the TEM platform is an effective strategy for treating stenosis.
Neurodualism: People Assume that the Brain Affects the Mind more than the Mind Affects the Brain
Authors: Valtonen Jussi , Ahn Woo‐kyoung , Cimpian Andrei
Published: September 2021

People commonly think of the mind and the brain as distinct entities that interact, a view known as dualism. At the same time, the public widely acknowledges that science attributes all mental phenomena to the workings of a material brain, a view at odds with dualism. How do people reconcile these conflicting perspectives? We propose that people distort claims about the brain from the wider culture to fit their dualist belief that minds and brains are distinct, interacting entities: Exposure to cultural discourse about the brain as the physical basis for the mind prompts people to posit that mind–brain interactions are asymmetric, such that the brain is able to affect the mind more than vice versa. We term this hybrid intuitive theory neurodualism. Five studies involving both thought experiments and naturalistic scenarios provided evidence of neurodualism among laypeople and, to some extent, even practicing psychotherapists. For example, lay participants reported that “a change in a person's brain” is accompanied by “a change in the person's mind” more often than vice versa. Similarly, when asked to imagine that “future scientists were able to alter exactly 25% of a person's brain,” participants reported larger corresponding changes in the person's mind than in the opposite direction. Participants also showed a similarly asymmetric pattern favoring the brain over the mind in naturalistic scenarios. By uncovering people's intuitive theories of the mind–brain relation, the results provide insights into societal phenomena such as the allure of neuroscience and common misperceptions of mental health treatments.
Limits on the Agent‐First Strategy: Evidence from Children's Comprehension of a Transitive Construction in Korean
Authors: Shin Gyu‐Ho
Published: September 2021

It has long been believed across languages that theAgent‐Firststrategy, a comprehension heuristic that maps the first noun onto the agent role, is a general cognitive bias which applies automatically and faithfully to children's comprehension. The present study asks how this strategy interplays with such grammatical cues as the number of overt arguments and the presence of case‐marking in Korean, an SOV language with case‐marking by dedicated markers. To investigate whether and how these cues affect the operation of this strategy, we measure children's comprehension of a transitive construction (with scrambling and omission of sentential components) in a novel experimental setting where arguments and case markers were obscured to varying degrees through acoustic masking. We find that children do not demonstrate the agent‐first interpretation strongly in the noun–verb pattern without case‐marking, showing their uncertainty about the thematic role of the nominal when it is both the only argument in the sentence and lacks case‐marking. They perform significantly better in the patterns with additional cues, the impact of which is asymmetric by age and by the nature of alignment between cues from word order and case‐marking. These findings suggest that, for Korean‐speaking children's comprehension of a transitive construction, theAgent‐Firststrategy is activated properly only in conjunction with other types of interpretive cues.
Degludec hospital trial: A randomized controlled trial comparing insulin degludec U100 and glargine U100 for the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Galindo Rodolfo J. , Pasquel Francisco J. , Vellanki Priyathama , Alicic Radica , Lam David W. , Fayfman Maya , Migdal Alexandra L. , Davis Georgia M. , Cardona Saumeth , Urrutia Maria A. , Perez‐Guzman Citlalli , Zamudio‐Coronado Karla Walkiria , Peng Limin , Tuttle Katherine R. , Umpierrez Guillermo E.
Published: September 2021

Aims

Limited data exist about the use of insulin degludec in the hospital. This multicentre, non‐inferiority, open‐label, prospective randomized trial compared the safety and efficacy of insulin degludec‐U100 and glargine‐U100 for the management of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

In total, 180 general medical and surgical patients with an admission blood glucose (BG) between 7.8 and 22.2 mmol/L, treated with oral agents or insulin before hospitalization were randomly allocated (1:1) to a basal‐bolus regimen using degludec (n = 92) or glargine (n = 88), as basal and aspart before meals. Insulin dose was adjusted daily to a target BG between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L. The primary endpoint was the difference in mean hospital daily BG between groups.

Results

Overall, the randomization BG was 12.2 ± 2.9 mmol/L and glycated haemoglobin 84 mmol/mol (9.8% ± 2.0%). There were no differences in mean daily BG (10.0 ± 2.1 vs. 10.0 ± 2.5 mmol/L, p = .9), proportion of BG in target range (54·5% ± 29% vs. 55·3% ± 28%, p = .85), basal insulin (29.6 ± 13 vs. 30.4 ± 18 units/day, p = .85), length of stay [median (IQR): 6.7 (4.7‐10.5) vs. 7.5 (4.7‐11.6) days, p = .61], hospital complications (23% vs. 23%, p = .95) between treatment groups. There were no differences in the proportion of patients with BG <3.9 mmol/L (17% vs. 19%, p = .75) or <3.0 mmol/L (3.7% vs. 1.3%, p = .62) between degludec and glargine.

Conclusion

Hospital treatment with degludec‐U100 or glargine‐U100 is equally safe and effective for the management of hyperglycaemia in general medical and surgical patients with type 2 diabetes.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of minocycline and clofazimine in chronic and recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum—A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Hanumanthu Vinod , Thakur Vishal , Narang Tarun , Dogra Sunil
Published: September 2021

Management of chronic/recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is challenging. The majority of these patients become steroid‐dependent and suffer from the adverse effects of long‐term corticosteroid use. Minocycline has shown promising results in a small series of chronic/recurrent ENL patients. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of minocycline and clofazimine in patients with chronic/recurrent ENL. In this prospective randomized clinical trial, 60 participants with chronic/recurrent ENL were randomized (1:1) to receive either minocycline 100 mg once daily or clofazimine 100 mg thrice daily for 12 weeks along with prednisolone according to WHO protocol and followed up for 6 months. The outcome measures were mean time for initial control of ENL, proportion of patients having a recurrence of ENL, mean time for recurrence after initial control, additional prednisolone requirement, and frequency of adverse events. Initial control of ENL was achieved earlier in the minocycline group as compared to the clofazimine group (2.97 ± 1.9 weeks vs. 4 ± 1.96 weeks, respectively; p‐0.048). The number of participants having ENL flares/recurrences during the study period was comparable in both groups (71.4% in clofazimine vs. 55.2% in minocycline group; p‐0.2). The participants in the minocycline group remained in remission for a longer duration after initial control of ENL as compared to the clofazimine group (p‐0.001). Mean additional prednisolone dose required for control of ENL flares/recurrences was also comparable in both groups (p‐0.09). The minocycline group had fewer side effects than the clofazimine group (p‐0.047). Minocycline led to a rapid and sustained improvement of ENL episodes with fewer adverse events showing a superior efficacy to clofazimine.
Glycan quality control in and out of the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells
Authors: Harada Yoichiro , Ohkawa Yuki , Maeda Kento , Taniguchi Naoyuki
Published: September 2021

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is equipped with multiple quality control systems (QCS) that are necessary for shaping the glycoproteome of eukaryotic cells. These systems facilitate the productive folding of glycoproteins, eliminate defective products, and function as effectors to evoke cellular signaling in response to various cellular stresses. These ER functions largely depend on glycans, which contain sugar‐based codes that, when needed, function to recruit carbohydrate‐binding proteins that determine the fate of glycoproteins. To ensure their functionality, the biosynthesis of such glycans is therefore strictly monitored by a system that selectively degrades structurally defective glycans before adding them to proteins. This system, which is referred to as the glycan QCS, serves as a mechanism to reduce the risk of abnormal glycosylation under conditions where glycan biosynthesis is genetically or metabolically stalled. On the other hand, glycan QCS increases the risk of global hypoglycosylation by limiting glycan availability, which can lead to protein misfolding and the activation of unfolded protein response to maintaining cell viability or to initiate cell death programs. This review summarizes the current state of our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying glycan QCS in mammals and its physiological and pathological roles in embryogenesis, tumor progression, and congenital disorders associated with abnormal glycosylation.
Processing change: A qualitative study examining the frontstage and backstage of audit firms contemplating the implementation of critical audit matters
Authors: Pelzer Josette Renee Edwards
Published: September 2021

This study explores the mindset of US auditors as they process implementation of critical audit matter (CAM) disclosures. Through the lens of Goffman's self‐presentation theory, I examine audit firm ‘frontstage’ public comments, contrasted with ‘backstage’ interviews of eight Big 4 and eight non‐Big 4 auditors prior to the release of the final CAM standard. I find that frontstage and backstage, non‐Big 4 auditors are consistent in their lack of support for CAM disclosure. Alternatively, Big 4 firm frontstage comments are generally supportive of CAM disclosure and reflect pressure to maintain report relevance, consistent with what institutional theory describes as coercive isomorphism. Backstage, Big 4 auditors are equally as critical of CAM potential for effectiveness as non‐Big 4 auditors. I also find that backstage, both Big 4 and non‐Big 4 auditors express a preference for standardized CAMs, signalling that despite Big 4 public support, the effectiveness of CAMs may be reduced.
Evaluation of the acceptance and efficacy of a bespoke sun protection package for persons with oculocutaneous albinism living in Malawi
Authors: Gilaberte Yolanda , Mzumara Tenganawo E. , Manjolo Sunganani P. , Kaseko Ndamiwe , Bagazgoitia Lorea , Fuller L. Claire , Soto Mafalda
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Skin cancer is the main cause of death in persons with albinism (PWA) in Africa. Education would minimize sun damage.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and acceptance of a photoprotection educative and sunscreen (Umozi Max) package designed for PWA in reducing sunburns and skin cancer.

Patients and Methods

A multicenter, noncontrolled, before‐and‐after, interventional study was conducted in PWA > 12 years of age, from February to May, 2019, in Malawi. During the baseline and the follow‐up visits (at 8 and 15 weeks), subjects received an educational program designed to PWA and use of Umozi Max. At every visit, photoprotection behavior and knowledge were checked and cutaneous lesions were recorded. Univariate and bivariate analysis were performed.

Results

A total of 210 PWA were analyzed, 50% males, with a mean age of 24.5 (SD 11.29) years. The percentage of people using sun protective clothing increased from 80% to 100% and sunscreen from 81.9% to 99.5%. People avoiding the midday sun increased by 38.9% (P < 0.05). Participants that erroneously applied the sunscreen at night diminished from 40% to 4% (P < 0.001). Absent erythema on the face increased from 40% to 90% (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients with actinic keratoses (AK) on all locations significantly decreased during the study. All the participants preferred Umozi Max to previously used sunscreens. The satisfaction with the program was unanimous.

Conclusion

The educational program enhanced the use of all photoprotection measures, improved behaviors, and decreased the incidence of solar erythema and contributed to decreasing the incidence of new AKs.
Healing from sexual violence among young women in South Korea
Authors: Cha Chiyoung , Lee Mi‐ran
Published: September 2021

Reports of sexual violence against young women have been increasing. Due to limited support, young women who experience sexual violence have difficulties in healing, resulting in long‐term consequences for individuals and society. We used grounded theory combined with a Photovoice approach to explore young women’s experience of healing from sexual violence. From interviews and Photovoice activities of 29 participants, we identified a social process of healing that included internalizing anger, cutting off connections, reaching a turning point with support, restoring connections, struggling through individual internal processes, and transforming sexual violence into a stepping stone. The process of healing from sexual violence identified in this study shows commonalities as well as cultural and age‐specific aspects from experiences of sexual violence among young women. In addition, this theory presented a new perspective on healing that contrasts with the past belief that disclosure is the key to healing.
The effect of solution‐focused approaches on adolescents’ peer bullying skills: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Öztürk Çopur Ebru , Kubilay Gülümser
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To determine the effect of solution‐focused approaches on adolescents' coping skills with peer bullying.

Design and methods

A quasiexperimental design was used. The sample consisted of 68 adolescents. Using solution‐ focused approaches group were held with the intervention cohort. These were six sessions focused on improving participants’ ability to cope with bullying. The data on the impact of the solution‐focused approaches were collected using the Personal Information Form and the Adolescent Peer Relationship Instrument (APRI).

Results

After the solution‐focused approaches, the scores on components of the APRI (bullying and victimization) were significantly lower in the intervention group (p < .05).

Practice iImplications

A solution‐focused group approach can be used by nurses to address the issue of peer bullying in schools.
The effect of options to reward and punish on behavior in bargaining
Authors: Pevnitskaya Svetlana , Ryvkin Dmitry
Published: September 2021

We use a lab experiment to investigate how providing the responder with options to reward and/or punish the proposer postacceptance affects behavior in ultimatum bargaining. We find that the presence of costly reward and punishment options affects behavior of both bargaining parties, even if those instruments are rarely used. Proposers are most generous when responders can both reward and punish, and offer least (even compared to the baseline) when responders can only reward. The likelihood of acceptance by responders, conditional on offer size, increases. The least generous offers have the highest chance of being accepted in the presence of punishment alone, even when punishment is not applied. It appears that the availability of additional instruments changes subjects' perception of the distribution of bargaining power and shifts fairness norms. The results have implications for optimal contract design in posted offer settings, such as decentralized online marketplaces for various tasks.
Quasilinear‐mean regression
Authors: Gorajek Adam
Published: September 2021

Economists usually inform policymakers with conclusions that come from studying statistical expectations, or arithmetic means, of potential outcomes. I introduce other types of means to study, from the broader “quasilinear” family, and show that often they will better respect the needs of policymakers. The same logic reveals that a common bias correction from Goldberger and Kennedy is counterproductive because it implies a contradiction in policymaker needs. In making these arguments, I collate and build on many earlier contributions, which before now have been disjointed and spread across outlets for different research fields.
How can platforms decrease their dependence on traditional indirect network effects? Innovating using platform envelopment
Authors: Allen B. J. , Chandrasekaran Deepa , Gretz Richard T.
Published: September 2021

Platform‐based industries are characterized by indirect network effects, wherein the utility of the platform (e.g., computer), and thus its sales, increases as more complements (e.g., software) become available. In platform markets, new product entrants and firms with smaller indirect networks are at a major disadvantage. Managers have been given little guidance on how to decrease their dependence on indirect network effects and still grow their markets. We examine the impact of platform envelopment—an innovation strategy in which one platform absorbs the main functionality of another (e.g., video game consoles absorbing the functionality to play DVDs)—on indirect network effects and the platform's dependence on complementary software. Despite its promise, existing envelopment research focuses mainly on how envelopment impacts competition in the enveloped market (i.e., the new industry it is enveloping), thus overlooking how envelopment allows the platform to better compete in its original, focal (nonenveloped) market. In helping to fill this research gap, our contribution lies in answering two critical questions. First, how can platforms decrease their dependence on indirect network effects stemming from complementary products? Second, how can platform envelopment help platforms better compete in the focal (nonenveloped) industry? We demonstrate that platform envelopment makes the platform less‐sensitive to software supply, a phenomenon we call decreasing indirect network sensitivity. We investigate this relationship with two empirical studies focusing on gaming platforms. We find that the presence of platform envelopment not only increases demand for the platform but also decreases the importance of software supply to platform demand. We also show that the indirect network strength of platform sales on software supply is not affected by platform envelopment. Finally, we provide theoretical and managerial implications of our research.
Critical Period Claim Revisited: Reanalysis of Hartshorne, Tenenbaum, and Pinker (2018) Suggests Steady Decline and Learner‐Type Differences
Authors: van der Slik Frans , Schepens Job , Bongaerts Theo , van Hout Roeland
Published: September 2021

A reanalysis of data drawn by Hartshorne, Tenenbaum, and Pinker (2018) from two‐thirds of a million English speakers showed that their overall conclusion of one sharply defined critical age at 17.4 for all language learners is based on artificial results. We show that instead of a discontinuous exponential learning with sigmoidal decay (ELSD) model, a continuous ELSD model had a better fit when applied separately to monolinguals, bilinguals, and early immersion learners. Only for nonimmersion learners and later immersion learners did a discontinuous ELSD model have a better fit, with a critical age of 18.6 and 19.0 years of age, respectively. These age effects can be interpreted as schooling effects. We suggest that personal and societal factors, including differences in living circumstances and socialization, may bring about age‐specific discontinuity patterns in language learning and in language learning rate. The implication is that they are not the outcome of cognition‐driven developmental factors leading to one or more critical periods.
Qualitative ego networks in health professions education: Capturing the self in relation to others
Authors: Nimmon Laura , Atherley Anique
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Our very sense of self emerges through interactions with others. As part of this State of the Science series on Self, Society, and Situation, we introduce a qualitative ego network research approach. This research approach offers insights into the self's (the ego's) interpretation of and relation to named others in the social network in question.

Purpose

Visual mapping of participants' social networks is gaining traction, yet this research approach has received no focused attention in the health professions education (HPE) literature. A qualitative ego network approach is a compelling research approach because it uniquely maps participants' perceptions of the complex social world they are embedded in. Although many methodologies can explore participants' social world, ego networks can enhance expression of tacit knowledge of one's social environment and encourage reflection. This approach, combined with other qualitative data, can also reveal hidden relational data that the researcher may not observe or consider. To demonstrate its value as a visual methodology, we will showcase two examples of qualitative ego network studies. We then balance the paper with some critical reflections of this research approach.

Conclusions

A qualitative ego network approach holds potential for deepening understanding of the self in relation to society and situation in future HPE research. We look forward to intentional, impactful and invigorated research using a qualitative ego network approach as we tackle unknowns about how self and society in specific HPE situations interact.
Observations of parturition in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and occurrence of escorting and competitive behavior around birthing females
Authors: Ransome Nicola , Bejder Lars , Jenner Micheline , Penfold Gavin , Brosig Violeta J. , Kitson Craig , Skjothaug Rebecca , Neilson Emma , Loneragan Neil R. , Smith Joshua N.
Published: September 2021

Documented cases of cetacean births in the wild are rare. While there are currently no direct observations of a complete humpback whale birth, they are one of the few large whale species where observers have been present during a birthing event. We compiled eye‐witnessed accounts of all known humpback whale birthing events and found nine well‐documented cases globally (three published and six “new” unpublished). In two‐thirds of the accounts another “escort” whale was present and in close association with the birthing female, and of these, most cases involved multiple escorts (n = 4). We describe details of birthing events, including mother, neonate and escort(s)’ behavior, neonate appearance, and discuss reasons for escort presence during parturition. We note that immediately postpartum: (1) blood and/or placenta were not always apparent during above water observations, (2) females often (but not always) supported calves at the surface, (3) constant travel and tail slapping were typical neonate behaviors, (4) two cases of temporary calf abandonment (<10 min), and (5) evidence of shark scavenging (of placenta) and possible predation attempts (of neonate). Lastly, we suggest curled tail flukes as an additional trait for identifying neonates and note that fetal folds are not always evident in newborn humpback whales.