bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fermentación cecal in vitro de cerdos Pelón Mexicano y Cuino Mexicano suplementados con cromo
Authors: Dominguez-Vara Ignacio Arturo , Gómez-Galeana Adriana Emilia , Pescador-Salas Nazario , González-Ronquillo Manuel
Published: May 2017

Los cerdos Pelón Mexicano (CPM) y Cuino Mexicano (CCM) son nativos de México. El cromo (Cr) es un nutriente esencial en el metabolismo de carbohidratos, lípidos y aminoácidos, pero su efecto en cerdos a nivel de la fermentación cecal se desconoce. El objetivo fue evaluar la fermentación cecal in vitro y el nitrógeno (N) digestible en el intestino del CPM y CCM, mediante la adición de Cr en la dieta. Se sacri caron 48 cerdas con peso vivo de 104±0.5 kg, 24 por cada genotipo, de las cuales se colectó contenido cecal e ileal. Las muestras de contenido ileal se incubaron in vitro y se evalúo la fermentación (ml gas g-1 MS) a las 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 y 36 h y la composición química. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2. No hubo diferencias entre genotipos (p >0.1), la dieta sin Cr mostró mayor fermentación (p < 0.001), la producción de gas acumulada (ml gas g-1 MS) no mostro diferencias ( p >0.1) por efecto del genotipo o dieta. Hubo mayor contenido de N total y N-NH3 en íleon para el genotipo CCM (p < 0.05). No hubo diferencia (p >0.05) en el contenido de N-total, N-NH3 y N aminoacidico a nivel cecal. Se concluye que los CCM mostraron un mayor contenido de N-Total y N-NH3 en íleon que los CPM; el Cr dietario no in uyó en el contenido de nitrógeno en intestinos delgado y grueso, ni en la fermentación cecal microbiana de los cerdos.
An Alternative for Indicators Which Characterize the Structure of Economic Systems
Authors: Dragan Irina-Maria , Isaic-Maniu Alexandru
Published: May 2017

Studies on the structure of economic systems are, most frequently, carried out by the methods of informational statistics. These methods, often accompanied by a wide range of indicators (Shannon entropy, Balassa coefficient, Herfindahl specialty index, Gini coefficient, Theil index etc.) around which a wide literature has been created over time, have a major disadvantage. Such weakness is related to the imposition of the system condition, therefore the need to know all the components of the system (as absolute values or as weights). This restriction is difficult to accomplish in some situations, and in others, this knowledge may be irrelevant, especially when there is an interest in structural changes only in some of the components of the economic system (either we refer to the typology of economic activities - NACE or of territorial units – NUTS). This article presents a procedure for characterizing the structure of a system and for comparing its evolution over time, in the case of incomplete information, thus eliminating the restriction existent in the classical methods. The proposed methodological alternative uses a parametric distribution, with subunit values for the variable. The application refers to Gross Domestic Product values for five of the 28 European Union countries, with annual values of over 1,000 billion Euros (Germany, Spain, France, Italy and United Kingdom) for the years 2003 and 2015. A form of the Wald sequential test is applied to measure changes in the structure of this group of countries, between the years compared. The results of this application validate the proposed method.
Protective Effect of Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) Extract Against Cadmium Impact on the Biomechanical Properties of the Femur: A Study in a Rat Model of Low and Moderate Lifetime Women Exposure to this Heavy Metal
Authors: Brzóska Małgorzata M. , Roszczenko Alicja , Rogalska Joanna , Gałażyn-Sidorczuk Małgorzata , Mężyńska Magdalena
Published: May 2017

The hypothesis that consumption of Aronia melanocarpa berries (chokeberries) extract, recently reported by us to improve bone metabolism in female rats at low-level and moderate chronic exposure to cadmium (1 and 5 mg Cd/kg diet for up to 24 months), may increase the bone resistance to fracture was investigated. Biomechanical properties of the neck (bending test with vertical head loading) and diaphysis (three-point bending test) of the femur of rats administered 0.1% aqueous chokeberry extract (65.74% of polyphenols) or/and Cd in the diet (1 and 5 mg Cd/kg) for 3, 10, 17, and 24 months were evaluated. Moreover, procollagen I was assayed in the bone tissue. The low-level and moderate exposure to Cd decreased procollagen I concentration in the bone tissue and weakened biomechanical properties of the femoral neck and diaphysis. Chokeberry extract administration under the exposure to Cd improved the bone collagen biosynthesis and femur biomechanical properties. The results allow for the conclusion that consumption of chokeberry products under exposure to Cd may improve the bone biomechanical properties and protect from fracture. This study provides support for Aronia melanocarpa berries being a promising natural agent for the skeleton protection under low-level and moderate chronic exposure to Cd.
ABUYA DIMYATI’S IDEA IN DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC STUDIES AND SPIRITUALISTIC: STUDIES AT PONDOK PESANTREN CIDAHU PANDEGLANG
Authors: Fauzi Anis
Published: May 2017

This study aims to understand deeply to the idea of Abuya Dimyati in development traditional Islamic educational and spiritualistic, so it produces an image of a well-organized and complete. This research uses descriptive method with the intention of collecting information about the status of existing symptoms, using the method of observation, interviews and documentation. The techniques in data collection used guidelines of observation, interview guidelines, and documentation guidelines. The results showed that: First, idea of Abuya Dimyati in development of traditional Islamic studies at boarding school of Cidahu Pandeglang basically more emphasis on textual understanding. The approach used is more oriented towards the reading completion of a book and then move to the next book so that the curriculum is not classical. Second, idea of Abuya Dimyati in development of spiritualistic studies at boarding school of Cidahu Pandeglang more emphasis on the teaching of tarekat (wirid), Abuya zikr using Tarekat al-Qodiriyyah, an-Naqsyabandiyyah, al-Khalwatiyah, and asy-Syadziliyyah.
BUILDING THE TRANSFORMATIVE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION REASERCH ON GAIT OF K.H. M.A. SAHAL MAHFUDH
Authors: Ma'mur Jamal
Published: May 2017

Historical evidence shows that K.H. M.A. Sahal Mahfudh is building the transformative Islamic civilization towards g a prosperous, fair, and progressive Muslim community buildings. Kiai Sahal Mahfudh encourages Muslims to be the best people able to provide profusely expediency to others. According to Kiai Sahal Mahfudh, the best people are productive people, the man who is sensitive to the needs of the environment, controlling information, having organizational competence and high creativity, so that they can create jobs and grow the economy comprehensive insight. For these ideals, the aspect of education, health, and the economy must be developed maximally. These three fields are interrelated and inseparable. Transformative Islamic civilization championed by Kiai Sahal Mahfudh is relevant to maqasidus sharia theory, that is the Islamic law which purposes to keep religion, keep the soul, keep the property, keep the mind and keep the offspring. Kiai Sahal Mahfudh struggle in improving the quality of education in boarding school and university Maslakul Huda, Islamic Mathaliul Falah Kajen in order to keep religion and reason. Economic empowerment in BPPM and BPR Artha Huda Abadi in order to keep the property. While the struggle of Kiai Sahal Mahfudh in establishing Islamic Hospital Pati in order to preserve life and heredity. This study is a qualitative research with the primary sources of Kiai Sahal Mahfudh works. The result of this study is analyzed by the theory of maqasid asy-syari‘ah.
Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks Among Young Adolescents Aged 12 to 15 Years in 53 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Yang Lili , Bovet Pascal , Liu Yunxia , Zhao Min , Ma Chuanwei , Liang Yajun , Xi Bo
Published: May 2017

Objectives. To compare consumption of carbonated soft drinks among young adolescents in 53 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Methods. We used 2009 to 2013 Global School-based Student Health Survey data to assess 137 449 young adolescents aged 12 to 15 years with available data (via a standardized questionnaire) on frequency of carbonated soft drink consumption.

Results. Overall, young adolescents reported having consumed carbonated soft drinks 1.39 times per day (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26, 1.51), and 54.3% of adolescents reported consuming a carbonated soft drink at least once per day. Frequency (times per day) varied greatly across countries, ranging from 0.52 (95% CI = 0.43, 0.60) in Kiribati to 2.39 (95% CI = 2.25, 2.53) in Suriname.

Conclusions. Our data confirm that consumption of carbonated soft drinks is frequent among young adolescents in LMICs. Our findings highlight the need for interventions in these countries to reduce adolescents’ carbonated soft drink consumption.
An Approach to Assess the Burden of Work-Related Injury, Disease, and Distress
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Pana-Cryan Rene , Schnorr Teresa , Schill Anita L. , Guerin Rebecca , Felknor Sarah , Wagner Gregory R.
Published: May 2017

The true burden (morbidity, mortality, disability, cost, pain, distress) of occupational and work-related diseases and injuries is unknown, and what is reported as burden is significantly underestimated. This underestimation affects the way decision-makers view investments in research and worker protection, which in turn has a substantial impact on national welfare and public health. To better describe the societal and individual burdens of occupational and work-related diseases and injuries, we propose an approach to gauge what is known about burden and where new assessments may be made.

This approach consists of 4 elements to consider in burden assessments: (1) utilizing multiple domains, including the individual worker, the worker’s family, the community in which the workplace is located, the employer, and society as a whole; (2) taking a broader view of the work-relatedness of disease and injury; (3) assessing the impact of the entire working-life continuum; and (4) applying the comprehensive concept of “well-being” as an indicator in addressing contemporary changes in the nature of work, the workplace, and the workforce.

Further research on burden and enhanced surveillance is needed to develop these elements.
Impact of the 2016 Ecuador Earthquake on Zika Virus Cases
Authors: Vasquez Diego , Palacio Ana , Nuñez Jose , Briones Wladimir , Beier John C. , Pareja Denisse C. , Tamariz Leonardo
Published: May 2017

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of the April 2016 7.8-magnitude earthquake in Ecuador on the incidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) cases.

Methods. We used the national public health surveillance system for reportable transmissible conditions and included suspected and laboratory-confirmed ZIKV cases. We compared the number of cases before and after the earthquake in areas closer to and farther from the epicenter.

Results. From January to July 2016, 2234 patients suspected of having ZIKV infection were reported in both affected and control areas. A total of 1110 patients had a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, and 159 were positive for ZIKV. The cumulative incidence of ZIKV in the affected area was 11.1 per 100 000 after the earthquake. The odds ratio of having ZIKV infection in those living in the affected area was 8.0 (95% CI = 4.4, 14.6; P < .01) compared with the control area and adjusted for age, gender, province population, and number of government health care facilities.

Conclusions. A spike in ZIKV cases occurred after the earthquake. Patients in the area closest to the epicenter had a delay in seeking care.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities at the End of an HIV Epidemic: Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City, 2011–2015
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C. , Arasteh Kamyar , McKnight Courtney , Feelemyer Jonathan , Tross Susan , Perlman David , Friedman Samuel , Campbell Aimee
Published: May 2017

Objectives. To examine whether racial/ethnic disparities persist at the “end of the HIV epidemic” (prevalence of untreated HIV infection < 5%; HIV incidence < 0.5 per 100 person-years) among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in New York City.

Methods. We recruited 2404 PWID entering New York City substance use treatment in 2001 to 2005 and 2011 to 2015. We conducted a structured interview, and testing for HIV and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2; a biomarker for high sexual risk). We estimated incidence by using newly diagnosed cases of HIV. Disparity analyses compared HIV, untreated HIV, HIV–HSV-2 coinfection, HIV monoinfection, and estimated HIV incidence among Whites, African Americans, and Latinos.

Results. By 2011 to 2015, Whites, African Americans, and Latino/as met both criteria of our operational “end-of-the-epidemic” definition. All comparisons that included HIV–HSV-2–coinfected persons had statistically significant higher rates of HIV among racial/ethnic minorities. No comparisons limited to HIV monoinfected persons were significant.

Conclusions. “End-of-the-epidemic” criteria were met among White, African American, and Latino/a PWID in New York City, but elimination of disparities may require a greater focus on PWID with high sexual risk.
On the Origins of the Electronic Cigarette: British American Tobacco’s Project Ariel (1962–1967)
Authors: Risi Stephan
Published: May 2017

Electronic cigarettes are advertised as the latest technological gadget—the smoking equivalent of smart phones. I challenge this sense of novelty by tracing their history to the 1960s, when researchers at British American Tobacco first recognized that smokers’ brains were dependent on nicotine. This discovery enabled British American Tobacco to develop a novel kind of smoking device under the codename “Ariel” between 1962 and 1967. Whereas filters were meant to eliminate specific harmful constituents of tobacco smoke, Project Ariel tried to reduce smoking to its alkaloid essence: nicotine. By heating instead of burning tobacco, the scientists working on Ariel managed to produce an aerosol smoking device that delivered nicotine with very little tar while retaining the look and feel of a cigarette. However, after receiving two patents for Ariel, British American Tobacco ultimately decided to abandon the project to avoid endangering cigarettes, its main product. Today, as e-cigarettes are surging in popularity, it is worth revisiting Ariel because it is not just an episode in the history of aerosol smoking devices but its starting point.
Effects of Fertilizer, Nematicide, and Tillage on Plant–Parasitic Nematodes and Yield in Corn and Soybean
Authors: Grabau Zane J. , Vetsch Jeffrey A. , Chen Senyu
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Tillage decreased plant–parasitic nematode population densities during portions of the study.

Fertilizers did not help manage plant–parasitic nematode population densities.

Manure application increased both corn and soybean yields.

Soybean response to NPK and NPKS was more positive in a lower yielding environment.

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is the most damaging pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the United States and plant–parasitic nematodes such as Pratylenchus (lesion nematode) and Helicotylenchus (spiral nematode) commonly infect corn (Zea mays L.). There are few management options for these nematodes, so understanding how common agronomic practices affect these nematodes is critical. Therefore, a series of 2‐yr experiments were conducted in corn and soybean production. Long‐term conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT) treatments were in place at the study site. Fertilizer and granular nematicide—for assessing crop damage by nematodes—treatments were applied: (i) untreated control, (ii) NPK, (iii) NPKS, (iv) liquid swine manure, (v) nematicide without fertilizer, and (vi) NPKS with nematicide. Lesion nematode and SCN densities were greater in MT than CT during portions of the study, but tillage did not affect spiral nematodes. Corn yield was 8% greater in CT than MT in the first phase of the rotation, but tillage did not significantly affect soybean yield. None of the fertilizers—manure, NPK, or NPKS—reduced plant–parasitic nematode densities compared to control. Manure consistently increased corn and soybean yields. The NPK and NPKS were beneficial for corn, but inconsistent for soybean yields. There was some evidence that soybean yield response to fertilizers was greater in more stressed environments, such as with more SCN pressure. Because nematicide efficacy was inconsistent, it was not possible to make a definitive measurement of crop damage by plant–parasitic nematodes in this study.
Influence of Long‐term Application of Feedlot Manure Amendments on Water Repellency of a Clay Loam Soil
Authors: Miller Jim J. , Beasley Bruce W. , Hazendonk Paul , Drury Craig F. , Chanasyk David S.
Published: May 2017

Long‐term application of feedlot manure to cropland may increase the quantity of soil organic carbon (C) and change its quality, which may influence soil water repellency. The objective was to determine the influence of feedlot manure type (stockpiled vs. composted), bedding material (straw [ST] vs. woodchips [WD]), and application rate (13, 39, or 77 Mg ha−1) on repellency of a clay loam soil after 17 annual applications. The repellency was determined on all 14 treatments using the water repellency index (R index), the water drop penetration time (WDPT) method, and molarity of ethanol (MED) test. The C composition of particulate organic matter in soil of five selected treatments after 16 annual applications was also determined using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance–direct polarization with magic‐angle spinning (NMR‐DPMAS). Manure type had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on R index and WDPT, and MED classification was similar. Mean R index and WDPT values were significantly greater and MED classification more hydrophobic for WD than ST. Application rate had no effect on the R index, but WDPT was significantly greater and MED classification more hydrophobic with increasing application rate. Strong (r > 0.7) but nonsignificant positive correlations were found between R index and WDPT versus hydrophobic (alkyl + aromatic) C, lignin at 74 ppm (O‐alkyl), and unspecified aromatic compounds at 144 ppm. Specific aromatic compounds also contributed more to repellency than alkyl, O‐alkyl, and carbonyl compounds. Overall, all three methods consistently showed that repellency was greater for WD‐ than ST‐amended clay loam soil, but manure type had no effect.

Core Ideas

Feedlot manure type had no influence on soil water repellency.

Soil water repellency was greater for woodchip than straw‐amended soils.

Soil water repellency increased with greater application rates.

Soil water repellency was most positively correlated with aromatic C group and compounds.

Soil water repellency was generally greater for amended than unamended soils.
Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake, Partitioning, and Removal across a Wide Range of Soybean Seed Yield Levels
Authors: Gaspar Adam P. , Laboski Carrie A.M. , Naeve Seth L. , Conley Shawn P.
Published: May 2017

Maintenance of adequate soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels is critical for profitable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. To accomplish this, precise knowledge of soybean P and K uptake, utilization, and removal is critical, yet a comprehensive study characterizing these requirements across wide‐ranging seed yield environments is nonexistent for modern soybean production systems. Using six site‐years and eight soybean varieties, plants were sampled at six growth stages, partitioned into their respective plant parts, and analyzed. Distinctly different uptake patterns and rates were found between P and K, where soybean accumulated greater relative amounts of K by R1 and 91 to 100% of its season‐long K total by R5.5, compared with only 68 to 77% of its season‐long P total. Removal of P (0.0054 kg P kg−1 grain) and K (0.016 kg K kg−1 grain) with the seed was consistent across environments and varieties and displayed strong relations with yield (R2 = 0.89–0.92). For each kilogram increase in yield, total P and K uptake increased by 0.0054 kg and 0.017 to 0.030 kg, respectively. The difference between total uptake and removal for each nutrient resulted in average nutrient harvest indices of 81 and 49% for P and K, respectively. However, significant variation in total uptake and nutrient harvest indices existed due to the environment, not variety, and was more pronounced for K, resulting in significant variability in the amount of K removed in stover. These results can be incorporated into future fertility recommendations to improve P and K management for profitable and environmentally sound soybean production.
Response of Broad‐Spectrum and Target‐Specific Seed Treatments and Seeding Rate on Soybean Seed Yield, Profitability, and Economic Risk
Authors: Gaspar Adam P. , Mueller Daren S. , Wise Kiersten A. , Chilvers Martin I. , Tenuta Albert U. , Conley Shawn P.
Published: May 2017

Seed‐applied fungicides and insecticides have become common components in modern soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production for their broad‐spectrum activity. However, adding a target‐specific seed treatment (fluopyram) to these seed treatment packages in light of increased costs and declining grain sale prices has not been evaluated. Reducing seeding rates (SRs) is possibly one avenue to maximize the economic benefit of seed treatments. Three seed treatments and six SRs were evaluated to determine yield, profitability, and economic risk benefits across 26 environments. Seed treatment effects on plant stand and yield were environment specific. Commercial base (CB) and CB plus fluopyram (ILeVO) seed treatments increased plant stand over the untreated control (UTC) and across all environments, the addition of fluopyram in ILeVO increased yield by 2.8% over CB. In environments where sudden death syndrome (SDS) symptoms were present, yield response of ILeVO over CB was 5.3 and 6.1%. The CB treatment, and more so, ILeVO, lowered farmer risk (>70%) and increased profit (9–78 US$ ha−1) at currently recommended and reduced SRs regardless of grain sale prices. The lowest risk and largest average profit increase always occurred at the economically optimal SR (EOSR), which decreased with the grain sale price and differed between seed treatments by as much as 17,000 seed ha−1. This study reinforces the profit and economic risk benefits of broad spectrum and target specific seed treatments across diverse environments. These benefits may be amplified by targeting fields with a history of early‐season insect and disease pressure.
Comparative Performance and Daily Light Integral Requirements of Warm‐Season Turfgrasses in Different Seasons
Authors: Zhang Jing , Glenn Brian , Unruh J. Bryan , Kruse Jason , Kenworthy Kevin , Erickson John , Rowland Diane , Trenholm Laurie
Published: May 2017

Shade or reduced sunlight poses a major challenge for maintaining acceptable turfgrass quality. The quantification of daily light integral (DLI, mol m−2 d−1) requirement could help to identify shade‐tolerant germplasm. The objectives of this study were (i) to compare turf performance, and (ii) to determine seasonal DLI requirement of 12 warm‐season turfgrass cultivars in response to varying levels of shade. A greenhouse study that included three experiments was conducted in spring (30/20°C), summer (35/25°C), and winter (25/15°C) months. Shade levels providing 33, 61, and 92% reductions in photosynthetic photo flux were imposed. Twelve cultivars from nine species were evaluated for turfgrass quality (TQ), normalized difference vegetation index, and shoot biomass production over 8 wk. The DLI requirement was obtained through nonlinear regression between DLI and TQ. Most warm‐season turfgrass species maintained acceptable TQ up to 33% shade. ‘TifGrand’ and ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] required each relatively higher DLI ranging from 9.2 (winter) to 21.4 (summer) mol m−2 d−1. Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars maintained acceptable TQ up to 61% shade, with the lowest DLI requirements ranging from 5.9 (winter) to 10.9 (summer) mol m−2 d−1. The DLI requirements for the tested grasses were lower in winter (5.9–9.9 mol m−2 d−1) than in spring (9.4–17.4 mol m−2 d−1) and summer (9.9–21.4 mol m−2 d−1). ‘Argentine’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) had an increased DLI requirement relative to other entries in summer months.
Propiedades antioxidantes de infusiones de neem (Azadirachta indica) encapsuladas con proteína de soya
Authors: Carrillo Inungaray María Luisa , Munguía Abigail Reyes , Martínez Antonio Reyes , Aguilar González Cristóbal Noé , Rodríguez Herrera Raúl
Published: May 2017

Introducción: Las plantas contienen fitoquímicos con propiedades curativas, aunque no todas han sido comprobadas científicamente. El neem (Azadirachta indica) es una planta, de la cual se ha reportado que sus hojas tienen actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el contenido de polifenoles y la actividad antioxidante de infusiones de neem, así como determinar el tiempo óptimo de la infusión para conservar la actividad antioxidante de los compuestos activos en infusiones de neem fresco y seco usando material de pared para su encapsulación.Método: Para preparar infusiones de 0, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 y 15 minutos se usaron hojas frescas y secas de neem. A las infusiones se les determinaron sólidos totales, pH, intensidad de color, contenido de polifenoles por el método de Folin-Ciocalteau y actividad antioxidante mediante el porcentaje de captación del radical estable 1,1 difenil-1-picril hidrazilo (DPPH).  A las infusiones con mayor contenido de compuestos antioxidantes, se les añadieron 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 y 3.0% de proteína de soya como material de pared y se almacenaron por 16 días. Cada tercer día se les evaluó el contenido de polifenoles, actividad antioxidante y porcentaje de inhibición.                       Resultados: La mayor liberación de compuestos activos a partir de las hojas secas de neem se obtuvo a los 8 minutos de infusión. Al usar hojas frescas para las infusiones el tiempo óptimo de éstas fue de 12 minutos, su porcentaje de inhibición fue de 41.09 %, y con las infusiones de hojas secas, al tiempo 0 y 3 se tuvieron 60.59% y 64.73% de inhibición respectivamente, y a los 15 minutos un 86.81 %. El contenido de compuestos fenólicos, actividad antioxidante y porcentaje de inhibición, fueron menores en las infusiones con material de pared en comparación con las infusiones en las que no se agregó material de pared.          Discusión o Conclusión: Las infusiones de neem a base de hojas secas son una buena fuente de compuestos fenólicos. Así mismo, el empleo de materiales de pared como la proteína de soya se presenta como una alternativa para conservar los compuestos fenólicos presentes en el neem.
Growing substrates for aromatic plant species in green roofs and water runoff quality: pilot experiments in a Mediterranean climate
Authors: Monteiro Cristina M. , Calheiros Cristina S. C. , Palha Paulo , Castro Paula M. L.
Published: May 2017

Green roof technology has evolved in recent years as a potential solution to promote vegetation in urban areas. Green roof studies for Mediterranean climates, where extended drought periods in summer contrast with cold and rainy periods in winter, are still scarce. The present research study assesses the use of substrates with different compositions for the growth of six aromatic plant species – Lavandula dentata, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Helichrysum italicum, Satureja montana, Thymus caespititius and T. pseudolanuginosus, during a 2-year period, and the monitoring of water runoff quality. Growing substrates encompassed expanded clay and granulated cork, in combination with organic matter and crushed eggshell. These combinations were adequate for the establishment of all aromatic plants, allowing their propagation in the extensive system located on the 5th storey. The substrate composed of 70% expanded clay and 30% organic matter was the most suitable, and crushed eggshell incorporation improved the initial plant establishment. Water runoff quality parameters – turbidity, pH, conductivity, NH4+, NO3−, PO43- and chemical oxygen demand – showed that it could be reused for non-potable uses in buildings. The present study shows that selected aromatic plant species could be successfully used in green roofs in a Mediterranean climate.
Repurposing of Copper(II)-chelating Drugs for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Lanza Valeria , Milardi Danilo , Di Natale Giuseppe , Pappalardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2017

Background:

There is mounting urgency to find new drugs for the treatment of
neurodegenerative disorders. A large number of reviews have exhaustively described either
the molecular or clinical aspects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's
(AD) and Parkinson's (PD). Conversely, reports outlining how known drugs in use for
other diseases can also be effective as therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases
are less reported. This review focuses on the current uses of some copper(II) chelating
molecules as potential drug candidates in neurodegeneration.

Methods:

Starting from the well-known harmful relationships existing between the dyshomeostasis
and mis-management of metals and AD onset, we surveyed the experimental
work reported in the literature, which deals with the repositioning of metal-chelating
drugs in the field of neurodegenerative diseases. The reviewed papers were retrieved from
common literature and their selection was limited to those describing the biomolecular
aspects associated with neuroprotection. In particular, we emphasized the copper(II) coordination
abilities of the selected drugs.

Results:

Copper, together with zinc and iron, are known to play a key role in regulating
neuronal functions. Changes in copper homeostasis are crucial for several neurodegenerative
disorders. The studies included in this review may provide an overview on the current
strategies aimed at repurposing copper (II) chelating drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders. Starting from the exemplary case of clioquinol repurposing, we discuss
the challenge and the opportunities that repurposing of other metal-chelating drugs
may provide (e.g. PBT-2, metformin and cyclodipeptides) in the treatment of neurodegenerative
disease.

Conclusions:

In order to improve the success rate of drug repositioning, comprehensive
studies on the molecular mechanism and therapeutic efficacy are still required. The present
review upholds that drug repurposing makes significant advantages over drug discovery
since repositioned drugs had already passed the safety and toxicity tests. Promising
drug candidates in neurodegenerative diseases may be represented by copper chelating
classes of drugs, provided that sufficient details on their mechanism of action are
available to encourage further investigations and clinical trials.
Fatty Acids and Effects on In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Liver Steatosis
Authors: Vergani Laura
Published: May 2017

Background:

Fatty liver, or steatosis, is a condition of excess accumulation of lipids, mainly under form of triglycerides (TG), in the liver, and it is the hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is the most common liver disorder world-wide and it has frequently been associated with obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Free fatty acids (FA) are the major mediators of hepatic steatosis; patients with NAFLD have elevated levels of circulating FA that correlate with disease severity.

Methods:

Steatosis is a reversible condition that can be resolved with changed behaviors, or that can progress towards more severe liver damages such as steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. In NAFLD, FA of exogenous or endogenous origin accumulate in the hepatocytes and trigger liver damages. Excess TG are stored in cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) that are dynamic organelles acting as hubs for lipid metabolism.

Results:

In the first part of this review, we briefly reassumed the main classes of FA and their chemical classification as a function of the presence and number of double bonds, their metabolic pathways and effects on human health. Then, we summarized the main genetic and diet-induced animal models of NAFLD, as well as the cellular models of NAFLD.

Conclusions:

In recent years, both the diet-induced animal models of NAFLD as well as the cellular models of NAFLD have found ever more application to investigate the mechanisms involved in NAFLD, and we referred to their advantages and disadvantages.
Community Participation: Towards a safer housing environment
Authors: Abdul Karim Hafazah , Abdul Rashid Siti Mareenah
Published: May 2017

Lately, the crime rate in Malaysia has increased thus threatening the safety and security of the community especially those in high-density areas. There are crimes that had targeted women and children and this had caused much stress to the urban residents. Human responses to these issues are to band together and take control of their environment and this is what happened to the residents in the PKNS flats in Taman Dato' Harun, Petaling Jaya. They wanted to build a close-knit community that involve community activities and at that same time, this community will take care of each other's safety. This paper revolves around the participation of the residents in the PKNS flats in Taman Dato' Harun in Rukun Tetangga (RT) with the purpose to increase community involvement and interaction which will eventually lead to a more caring community. These flats have won the Petaling Jaya City Council Best Neighbourhood Contest in 2006 for their community activities. They consist of 300 housing units in five blocks of five-storey flats. A sample of 30% (90 units) was taken by stratified random sampling where every block and every level were accounted for. The data acquired was analysed using the SPSS programme. Findings showed that 100% of the respondents know their neighbours, 99% cooperate in community activities, 83% actively participated in RT, 85% of the respondent felt safe living in their flats, and 72% felt that RT helped prevent crime and social misconduct. Other findings also showed that the community are very satisfied with the existence of the RT and felt that the activities have helped to foster positive community relations. This in turn decreases the perception of fear of living in the urban area and instead gave the residents the perception of safety and well-being.
A Gender Analysis of Attitudes to Students Residences in Nigeria
Authors: Amole Dolapo
Published: May 2017

This paper examines gender differences in responses to different aspects of students' housing in two identical single-sex halls of residence in a Nigerian university. A questionnaire survey was used to elicit data from 150 students about their attitudes towards their accommodation, the design, social densities, choices and preferences, use of facilities and coping strategies. Gender differences were found to be most significant with respect to the use of domestic facilities, social densities, and design issues. The paper confirms previous studies about gender differences, identifies directions for future research and discusses the implications for the design of students' residence halls.
Recalling the Past: Maintaining continuity in urban heritage tourism
Authors: Ginting Nurlisa , Wahid Julaihi
Published: May 2017

What did the past inherit to a place? It left a track of continuity that builds the identity of the place. This study aims to observed continuity aspect to develop heritage tourism in a historic corridor of Medan City. Using a mixed method of quantitative as well as qualitative, it focused on three indicators in the study area namely values, nostalgia, and familiarity. The findings have shown that the largest contribution in building the area identity came from the heritage buildings and historical stories while the familiarity was proven to be weak.
Opportunity to Teach: Push-In and Pull-Out Models of English Learner Instruction
Authors: Baecher Laura , Bell Angela B.
Published: May 2017

As the number of US English Language Learners (ELLs) increases, elementary educators struggle to make decisions related to curriculum and instruction. This research fills an important gap in the research on program models for ELLs by presenting a two-part investigation of push-in and pull-out English Language Development (ELD) instruction from the vantage point of English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers. The first part of the investigation uses nationally administered surveys to capture the practices, beliefs, and challenges of ESL professionals working in these models. The second part highlights the concerns raised by those ESL teachers regarding the extent to which a cohort of 175 ELL students received their ELD instruction. We explore the implications for the academic achievement of ELLs in the primary grades when their access to consistent ELD instruction is curtailed. We illuminate the problematic aspects of both models and call for greater attention to the implementation and monitoring of services for young ELLs.
The Development and Reference of Japanese Railway Culture
Authors: Jin Cong-yi , Shen Zhong-wei
Published: May 2017

Japanese railway culture has a long history, brilliant achievements, railway travel and the Japanese people’s daily lives are closely related to the railway feelings in the hearts of the Japanese. The prosperity and development of Japanese railway culture is closely linked with the developed country’s industry, stable social environment, enthusiastic public support, and extensive media publicity. By exploring the development process of railway culture in Japan, we can provide some references for the construction of railway culture in China.
Recepción de las resoluciones de los tribunales arbitrales ad hoc del artículo 1904 del tlcan en la práctica jurídica interna de México (segunda parte)
Authors: Landeros Cecilia
Published: May 2017

Desde la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio para América del Norte se ha acudido aproximadamente ciento veintisiete veces al procedimiento de revisión de tribunales arbitrales ad hoc previsto en su artículo 1904, de las cuales trece han sido resueltos mediante una decisión final emitida por la autoridad mexicana competente en esta materia, denominada “Unidad de Prácticas Comerciales Internacionales”. Bajo este contexto, la presente investigación resalta las principales argumentaciones de estos trece casos, acompañados de algunos comentarios de expertos y tratadistas, con objeto de analizar si se ha presentado una evolución de criterios digna de resaltarse dentro de la práctica jurídica mexicana.
Conductas asociativas constitucionalmente protegidas en México
Authors: Anzures Gurría José Juan
Published: May 2017

El derecho fundamental de asociación, constitucionalmente reconocido en el artículo 9o. de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, comprende bajo su halo de protección a la misma asociación que nace del ejercicio individual del derecho. En este sentido, la asociación tiene la facultad de organizarse libremente sin interferencia alguna por parte de terceros, en particular de la autoridad estatal. Toda asociación es libre de nacer a la vida jurídica y existir, de tener personalidad jurídica, de dotarse de sus estatutos, a decidir sobre el ingreso, expulsión y sanción de sus miembros, y, por último dejar de existir.
El Estado y los derechos humanos en la Nueva Constitución Política del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
Authors: Benente Mauro
Published: May 2017

En el presente trabajo analizo el modo en que Álvaro García Linera conceptualiza la transición del Estado boliviano, y muestro cómo la nueva Constitución Política se inscribe en ese proceso. Desde la perspectiva de la gubernamentalidad marco que en la Constitución hay una nueva racionalidad de gobierno que avanza hacia la plurinacionalidad y abandona el neoliberalismo, pero la racionalidad que subyace al diagrama de los derechos humanos se mantiene en un registro eminentemente liberal.
Agencias de consejo de votación (sobre la oportunidad de una convención internacional)
Authors: Ramírez Reyes Santiago
Published: May 2017

Las agencias de consejo de votación son entidades relativamente nuevas en el panorama corporativo, especialmente en el contexto de los mecanismos de voto de los accionistas. Las agencias de este tipo fueron creadas con el ánimo de asistir a los inversionistas/accionistas con su consejo en cómo votar sus acciones. Este tipo de consultores no se encuentran regulados por agencia alguna en la mayoría de los países ni se les requiere informar sobre la metodología utilizada para llevar a cabo sus recomendaciones. La falta de imputabilidad de las agencias de consejo de votación, así como los posibles conflictos de intereses que han sido identificados en el desarrollo de sus actividades son preocupaciones constantes, puesto que la fuerza cinética del comercio internacional dispersará a empresas de este tipo en todo el mundo. En este contexto, parece apropiado comenzar a considerar una convención internacional en la materia.
Algunos apuntes jurídicos sobre la prostitución en Chile
Authors: Rivera Restrepo José M.
Published: May 2017

La presente investigación tiene por finalidad analizar someramente algunos aspectos relevantes que caracterizan al fenómeno de la prostitución, sus causas, sus efectos y su posible regulación jurídica. Sin pretender constituir un análisis exhaustivo de su historia, se presenta este tema, contextualizándolo, con el fin de motivar la investigación jurídica del mismo. La escasa regulación jurídica de la prostitución, así como de las investigaciones académicas en relación con la misma, contribuyen aún más a ampliar el velo o nebulosa que se erige en torno a ella.
A comparison of first-, second- and third-cut timothy silages in the diets of finishing beef bulls
Authors: Huuskonen Arto Kalevi , Pesonen Maiju
Published: May 2017

The objective of the present experiment was to study the effects of the third-cut grass silage compared with the first- and second-cut silages on intake, performance and carcass characteristics of finishing bulls. A feeding experiment comprised 45 Simmental bulls which were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum. The three dietary treatments included either first-, second- or third-cut grass silage (550 g kg-1 dry matter), rolled barley (435 g kg-1 dry matter) and a mineral-vitamin mixture (15 g kg-1 dry matter). Dry matter and energy intakes and growth rates of the bulls increased when either first- or third-cut silages were used instead of the second-cut silage. This was probably due to differences in digestibility, which was the lowest in the second-cut silage. There were no differences in intake or growth between the first- and third-cut silage-based rations. No significant differences in carcass traits among the feeding treatments were observed.
STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK KECAMATAN KALIANGET KABUPATEN SUMENEP
Authors: Chahayati Cholilul , Sutrisno Sutrisno , Falahuddin Dedi
Published: May 2017

Banyak rumah di kawasan ini yang tidak memiliki fasilitas sanitasi yang layak, utamanya masalah pengelolaan air limbah domestik. Kondisi permukiman yang berada dikawasan pesisir, dimana banyak tambak yang di dekat rumah yang digunakan penduduk untuk keperluan buang air besar. Kondisi ini tentu saja berdampak sangat buruk terhadap lingkungan. Berbagai penyakit yang penyebarannya melalui media air (water borne disease) pernah diderita oleh warga, seperti penyakit infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA), diare, typhus dan lain-lain. Pada tahun 2011, Puskesmas Kalianget mencatat sebanyak 462 kasus diare. Hal ini merupakan indikasi rendahnya kualitas lingkungan di Kecamatan Kalianget. Dengan keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana sanitasi diperlukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan rumusan strategi pengelolaan air limbah domestik di Kecamatan Kalianget. Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas maka penelitian ini difokuskan pada strategi bagaimana upaya dalam pengelolaan air limbah domestik. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan penelitian menggunakan studi kasus. Data sekunder dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan pengumpulan dokumen, data primer diperoleh melalui pengamatan lapangan (survey) dan penyebaran kuesioner. Aspek yang ditinjau dari penelitian ini adalah aspek teknis dan pemberdayaan masyarakat. Dari aspek teknis adalah tersusunnya suatu teknologi yang tepat dalam pengelolaan air limbah domestik. Sedangkan aspek pemberdayaan masyarakat adalah bagaimana meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat dalam pengelolaan air limbah domestik. Kata Kunci : air limbah domestik, diare, aspek teknis, aspek pemberdayaan masyarakat.
KAJIAN TEKNIS SALURAN DRAINASE DI KECAMATAN KOTA SUMENEP (STUDI ULANG TERHADAP DIMENSI EXISTING DAN DEBIT RANCANGAN DI JL. URIP SUMOHARJO - JL. MH. TAMRIN KECAMATAN KOTA SUMENEP )
Authors: Purwanti Yuni Nia , Sutrisno Sutrisno
Published: May 2017

Drainase  kota  merupakan   sesuatu  yang  sangatpenting karena untuk mengalirkan air yang berlebihan dari permukaan tanah atau dari dalam tanah, sehingga tidak dapat dipisahkan dari perkembangan  suatu daerah. Drainase diperlukan untuk mencegah supaya tanah tidak mendapat air lebih banyak dari yang diperlukan  karena precipitasi,  kelebihan  air  irigasi  bocoran  atau  karena letak muka air tanah yang   dangkal. Masalah drainase kota / daerah tertentu nampaknya menjadi permasalahan yang serius , terutama pada kota-kota yang sudah dan sedang berkembang sesuai dengan fungsi sebagai ibukota ataupun  pusat  perekonomian  daerah.  Faktor  topografi dan kondisi geologi yang kurang menguntungkan pada beberapa lokasi tempat pengambilan air sehingga dapat mempengaruhi imbangan air misalnya pada beberapa aliran sungai, kondisi air tanah di beberapa lokasi pengairan lahan.Dari   hasil   perhitungan   didapat   untuk   kondisi existing saluran drainase Jln.Urip Sumoharjo  dengan b= 0.4 m, H = 1 m, h = 0.5 m, w = 0.15 m, dan debit 0.291 m3/det.   Tidak   mampu   menampung   debit   maksimum sebesar 0.405 m3/det, sehingga perlu direncanakan ulang untuk PUH 5 tahun dan PUH 10 tahun. Dari hasil hitungan rencana untuk PUH 5 tahun didapat H = 0.81, b= 0.8 m, h = 0.66, w = 0.15 m dengan debit 1.601 m3/det lebih besar dari debit rancangan sebesar 0.405 m3/det, sehingga dapat dikatakan saluran mampu menampung debit air yang masuk, sedangkan hasil hitungan rencana untuk PUH 10 tahun didapat H = 0.95 m, b = 0.8 m, h =0.73, w = 0.22 m dengan debit 1.788 m3/det lebih besar dari  debit  rancangan  sebesar  0.431  m3/det,  sehingga dapat dikatakan saluran mampu menampung debit air yang masuk ke saluran. Sedangkan saluran di Jln.MH.Thamrin untuk kondisi existing  dengan b = 2 m, H = 1.12 m, h = 0.86 m, w = 0.258 m, masih cukup mampu menampung debit air yang masuk ke saluran sampai pada PUH 5 tahun dan PUH 10 tahun. Dimana kemampuan  debit  saluran  sebesar  3.102  m3/det  lebih besar dari debit rancangan PUH 5 tahun sebesar 0.788 m3/det dan PUH 10 tahun sebesar 0.828 m3/det.Kata kunci   :    Drainase, Debit, Dimensi Saluran