bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luwian and the Luwians
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the Luwian language, which was originally known only from scattered passages in the Hittite corpus, but is now known to have survived the fall of the Hittite kingdom and the end of Hittite as a written language. A substantial number of Luwian lexical borrowings in Old Hittite suggest that Luwians and Hittites lived side by side already in the Old Kingdom Period. Only in the case of the town of Kaneš/Neša, whose prosopography in the twentieth–eighteenth centuries BCE is reasonably well known from Old Assyrian sources, can one conclude that Hittite speakers formed a majority there (which is expected, given the self-designation of the Hittite language as “Nesite”). Summing up, one can no longer claim a priority connection with the Hittite civilization for the language of Neša at the expense of the language of Luwiya.
Phrygian and the Phrygians
Authors: Roller Lynn E.
Published: February 2013

This article provides specific details on the alphabetic script and language of the Phrygians, who appeared in Anatolia during the Early Iron Age, ca. 1200–1000 BCE and retained a distinctive identity there until the end of Classical antiquity. Phrygian settlements can be recognized by the presence of texts in the Phrygian language, architecture and visual arts, and characteristic installations of Phrygian cult practice. The geographical extent of Phrygian territory covers a broad area, including Daskyleion near the Sea of Marmara in northwestern Anatolia, Gordion and Ankara in central Anatolia, and Boğazköy and Kerkenes Dağ east of the Halys River. Taken together, the linguistic and material evidence suggests that Phrygian culture was an influential element in the ethnic mix of populations on the Anatolian plateau.
Anatolia and the Transcaucasus Themes and Variations ca. 6400–1500 B.C.E.
Authors: Sagona Antonio
Published: February 2013

This article examines Anatolian–Transcaucasian interactions spanning the Chalcolithic through the Bronze Age. The five millennia surveyed here have highlighted some broad patterns of cultural interaction. At present, evidence suggests that farming was introduced to the Transcaucasus. It appears fully fledged in the late seventh millennium BCE, together with compounds of round houses built for the most part with plano-convex bricks. The degree of interplay with surrounding regions cannot be ascertained, but it does appear that in these formative centuries Transcaucasian communities remained isolated and developed their own distinctive cultural identity. Attitudes changed in the Late Neolithic when Halaf networks made inroads into the mountains of southern Transcaucasia, probably to exploit the rich sources of obsidian. The tempo of communication accelerated during the Late Chalcolithic period.
Interaction of Uruk and Northern Late Chalcolithic Societies in Anatolia
Authors: Rothman Mitchell S.
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of the Uruk period. It considers the disagreement over an analysis of the organization and evolution of societies in southeastern and eastern Anatolia represented by a number of key sites. If one accepts, as most people do, that an Uruk Expansion trading system existed, and furthermore, if one accepts that the south had tremendous structural advantages in this trade, does that necessarily imply that Wallerstein's description of the periphery applies to the Mesopotamian case, in particular to the development of northern and Anatolian societies? It is argued that first, the northern societies were involved in this trade, and that it did affect the evolution of these societies; but that, second, they were already developing, so that the nature of this interaction was not the same in extent or kind as in the sixteenth century CE and the indigenous societies of the New World and their initial European colonists.
Ancient Landscapes in Southeastern Anatolia
Authors: Ur Jason
Published: February 2013

This article considers the nature of ancient landscapes and their archaeological investigation in southeastern Anatolia, one of the most intensively studied regions in modern Turkey. Southeastern Anatolia's diversity of environments and long history of settlement make it an ideal region for a landscape approach to the human past. Shifting constellations of settlement—in response to environmental, social, and political factors—have been revealed through decades of field survey and have provided a broad geographic frame that complements the spatially limited results of excavation. At present, particularly vivid trends in settlement and land use have been demonstrated for the Late Chalcolithic Uruk Expansion, the mid-to-late-third-millennium-BCE phase of urban growth, and the Iron Age/Neo-Assyrian period, to name a few examples.
Kültepe-Kaneš: A Second Millennium B.C.E. Trading Center on the Central Plateau
Authors: Kulakoğlu Fikri
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations at Kültepe–Kaneš, which is on the ancient trade route connecting central Anatolia to Malatya, a center that always had close links to Mesopotamian cultures. Central Anatolia was also accessible from the Mediterrannean through passes in the Taurus Mountains, such as Yahyalı–Develi, Zamantı–Gezbeli–Sirkeli, or Tufanbeyli–Ceyhan, which led to Kültepe;. The passes were narrow, but convenient in the proper seasons, and were also used during the Hittite Empire period.
Mesoamerican Archaeology: Recent Trends
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Pool Christopher A.
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of recent trends in Mesoamerican archaeology. It discusses the various paradigms that have shaped the field of Mesoamerican archaeology. It describes the field's contributions to the understanding of human-environmental interactions, settlement-pattern research and cultural-resource management, ancient Mesoamerican economics and politics, society and polity, and beliefs and rituals. This is followed by a discussion of the theoretical pluralism or pragmatism characterizes Mesoamerican archaeology today. It concludes with a few observations on those areas of archaeological theory and practice that are important in the near future.
The Formation of Complex Societies in Mesoamerica
Authors: Pool Christopher A.
Published: February 2013

The story of the Formative (Preclassic) period in Mesoamerica is fundamentally one of sociopolitical origins. That is, anthropological interest in this time span revolves around the origins and early development of “complex” social institutions and the material conditions and ideological precepts that supported them. This article broadly sketches issues surrounding the formation of complex societies and urban centers in early Mesoamerica, emphasizing regional variation and interregional interaction through the Middle Formative period.
“With Ambush and Stratagem”
Authors: Metres Philip
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of American war poetry, exploring poets who follow in the boots of the World War I soldier poets, such as Randall Jarrell, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Brian Turner, who in certain respects have come to represent World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Iraq War, respectively, as they “dismantle glory”. Great soldier poetry has tended to succeed in its “realisms” of the battle experience—from the adrenalized psychic and spiritual intensities—to the postwar reverberations of war. The article threads a chronological discussion of war poetry in three manifestations: soldier poetry, Pure War/war resistance poetry, and peace poetry. Though these artificial categories overlap considerably, they suggest a way to acknowledge and organize the problematics of war poetry as it manifests itself from different points of view.
“Do our chains offend you?”
Authors: Van Wienen Mark W.
Published: February 2013

In recent years a number of articles and anthologies have focused on individual American poets, and even groups of poets, who have been imprisoned for reasons that are manifestly political. This article builds upon this work on political-prisoner poets as conventionally defined. It conceives of the various kinds of such poets as constituting not isolated, exceptional cases but an American subgenre and a tradition, multifarious but united by a struggle against a common antagonist, a supposedly liberal state that tolerates dissent and diversity only to a certain point.
Genetics and Genomics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Uddin Monica , Amstadter Ananda B. , Nugent Nicole R. , Koenen Karestan C.
Published: February 2013

PTSD is a complex disorder; a range of molecular features likely contribute to individuals’ increased risk for, or resilience to, developing PTSD when exposed to trauma. This chapter reviews the existing evidence for genetic and other molecular variation that has been tested for association with PTSD in humans. The authors summarize the 30 candidate gene studies of PTSD published to date, as well as the small but growing literature documenting PTSD-associated gene expression, and the emerging evidence of epigenetic variation that underlies this disorder. This review suggests that genetic and genomic variation contributes to PTSD etiology, with effects at times moderated by the environment; however, robust findings are only arrived at through careful attention to appropriate control selection. Future research in this rapidly evolving area should consider the joint action of molecular and environmental features operating at multiple levels to shape risk for PTSD.
Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Special Populations
Authors: Baldwin Heather E. , Ellis B. Heidi
Published: February 2013

Special populations have unique issues that need to be considered in the development and delivery of prevention and early intervention models. For these individuals, social context or stressors and support within their social environments may be particularly critical to consider in the wake of a traumatic exposure. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the environmental factors that are important to consider when planning and implementing prevention and early intervention programs for special populations and explore these factors in the case of refugee children.
Free Will and Science
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the work of two figures in fields whose work has had a significant impact on recent free-will debates, neuroscientist Benjamin Libet and psychologist Daniel Wegner. Libet's groundbreaking experimental studies on human subjects relating brain activities to the appearance or production of conscious experience, volition, and willed action have been much discussed by philosophers and scientists over the past few decades and have influenced subsequent scientific research on these subjects. The second half of the article deals with the arguments of psychologist Daniel Wegner, whose book, The Illusion of Conscious Will, has had a significant impact on free-will debates since its publication. Wegner argues that our experience of conscious control over our willed actions is an illusion. Wegner appeals in part to the Libet experiments and other neuroscientifc experiments on voluntary action.
Severed Connections
Authors: Richter Daniel K. , Thompson Troy L.
Published: February 2013

Scholars often portray indigenous peoples' interactions with the Atlantic world in linear terms: European expansion engulfed native communities and enslaves them to a global capitalist system. The mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, however, tells a more complicated tale. By the 1750s, many native peoples had learnt from decades of experience how to engage the Atlantic world on their own varied terms, often to their own advantage. Those engagements were disrupted by the British, French, and Spanish imperial crises spawned by the Seven Years War and especially by the creole independence movements born during those crises. The process worked out differently north and south of the Rio Grande, but, throughout the Americas, the collapse of European empires severed connections that had once guaranteed indigenous autonomy. If balance was the principle of ‘modern Indian politics’, trade was its glue. Throughout the Americas, creoles who proclaimed themselves civilised arrogated to themselves the terms on which native peoples could, or could not, engage with the Atlantic world.
Material Culture in Folklife Studies
Authors: George Robert Saint
Published: February 2013

The essence of this article is material culture in folklife studies. The meaning of ‘material culture’ seems clear. According to archaeologist James Deetz, it included that sector of our physical environment that we modify through culturally determined behavior. Material culture reveals human intrusion into the environment. It is the way we imagine', he continues, ‘a distinction between nature and culture, and then rebuild nature to our desire, shaping, reshaping, and arranging things during life’. This article argues that the anthropological study of folklife has had a long series of connections with, and influences upon, the investigation of material culture. Folklife has brought to the analysis of landscapes, archaeology, and vernacular objects an integrative methodology. This article discusses the key features of the folklife studies movement, including the ways it differed from ‘folklore’. The Pennsylvania folklife society is given much emphasis. The gradual shift from folklore to folklorism is explained in details followed by poetics of commodities.
Ecological landscapes
Authors: Whatmore Sarah , Hinchliffe Steve
Published: February 2013

This article sets out to unsettle some of the most taken for granted co-ordinates of landscapes in general and cities in particular that, if nothing else, we are safe in assuming them to be exclusively human achievements. Ecological landscapes are the focus of this article. It begins by exploring recent geographical thinking about ecological landscapes worked through diverse conversations with other disciplines — notably anthropology, and science and technology studies. Here the article highlights developments in the broad areas of phenomenology, affect, and biophilosophy in order to describe some key shifts in cultural geography's handling of materiality. Through this engagement with ecological landscapes and urban natures, the main aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of reconsidering materials less as the passive stuff of which landscapes are made and more as energetic constituents in their fabrication. The second part explores the implications of such perspectives about new urban ecologies and landscaping practices.
Stone Tools
Authors: Harrison Rodney
Published: February 2013

The focus of this article is stone tools. The history of stone tool research is linked integrally to the history of archaeology and the study of the human past, and many of the early developments in archaeology were connected with the study of stone artefacts. The identification of stone tools as objects of prehistoric human manufacture was central to the development of nineteenth-century models of prehistoric change, and especially the Three Age system for Old World prehistory. This article draws on concepts derived from interdisciplinary material culture studies to consider the role of the artefact after being discarded. It suggests that it is impossible to understand the meaning or efficacy of stone tools without understanding their ‘afterlives’ following abandonment. This article aims to complement contemporary metrical studies of the identification of stone tools and the description of their production. A brief history of the stone tools is explained and this concludes the article.
The Landscape Garden as Material Culture: Lessons from France
Authors: Mukerji Chandra
Published: February 2013

Landscapes or built environments contain distinct lessons about material culture and human life. Land that shows the effects of human activity constitutes material culture, but is often less clearly bounded than other cultural objects and it is also more vividly intertwined with nature. This article explores the landscape garden as material culture. It exists everywhere that the earth and social communities meet: fields opened by deforestation, piles of sludge in the ruins of old manufacturing centres, empty lots in cities, windmills along a ridge, and others. These meeting places of nature and human labour are, like other forms of material culture, created for social purposes and designed to have value. In landscape history, there have been a number of schools of thought, touching on this issue. This article cites examples from gardens across the world especially Europe to elaborate on the importance of landscape gardens as material culture and also draws a similarity between the two which concludes this article.
Gender and Slavery
Authors: Wood Kirsten E.
Published: February 2013

In the last three decades, gender has become an indispensable category of analysis in the study of slavery in the Americas, illuminating both the day-to-day lives of enslaved and enslaving peoples and ideas about race and slavery. While studying gender means much more than studying women, the literature on enslaved women is especially influential, in part because of gender analysis's origins in women's history and in part because of women's central importance in slavery: women and ideas about them shaped slavery from beginning to end. This article discusses the origins of slavery, the gendered division of slave labour, reproduction in slavery, sexuality, enslaved families, black femininity and masculinity, mastery and white gender identities, and politics.
Philosophy and Genocide
Authors: Shuster Martin
Published: February 2013

This article poses genocide as a philosophical problem, reviewing some of the ways philosophers have addressed genocide and then, by using the work of Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, suggests an alternative way in which they can proceed further. First, it raises the question as to why philosophers have been prone to not discussing genocide. Answering this question goes a long way in helping to understand what philosophy can and cannot do in analysing genocide. Genocide re-enters the philosophical frame as a distinctly modern, but nonetheless ultimately human possibility — one that has a particular genealogy and one that can be explored via its underpinnings in a complex network of philosophical commitments and positions.
Genocide in the Ancient World
Authors: van Wees Hans
Published: February 2013

This article examines genocide in the ancient world, by examining European literature and comparing the atrocities committed during the events of the Trojan War. The massacre of all Troy's male inhabitants and the enslavement of its women and children were fictional, but it had many counterparts in ancient history. It was almost the normative form of genocide in ancient Greece and some other parts of the ancient world, although mass enslavements and mass executions which made no distinctions of gender or age are also widely attested. The Greeks' reasons for treating the Trojans so brutally were typical of the motivations for genocide in antiquity: it was usually an act of ‘conspicuous destruction’, a display of force designed to assert the power and status of the perpetrator in the face of a perceived challenge. Ancient genocide sometimes had a religious dimension.
Genocide at the Twilight of the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Kaiser Hilmar
Published: February 2013

This article considers the development of the genocide in the context of wider Ottoman demographic policies and late Ottoman history. World War I saw the almost complete annihilation of the Ottoman Armenians. The Armenian deportations were not the result of an Armenian rebellion. On the contrary, Armenians were deported when no danger of outside interference existed. Thus Armenians near front lines were often slaughtered on the spot and not deported. The deportations were not a security measure against rebellions but depended on their absence. The initial deportations resembled earlier measures against Greeks, Nestorians, and Zionists. The assimilation of Armenian children and women overwhelmed the state's resources and local Muslim initiative became decisive. Nevertheless, far too many Armenians still survived and reached the lower Euphrates. Armenian resilience and a series of survival strategies as well as undercover relief work made this survival possible.
State‐Sponsored Violence and Secessionist Rebellions in Asia
Authors: Robinson Geoffrey
Published: February 2013

The second half of the twentieth century was marked by the phenomenon of state-sponsored violence against secessionist rebellions. That was certainly true in Asia in newly independent states, including India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which all sought to quell one or more armed movements for autonomy or independence by resorting to violence. This article examines, from a comparative perspective, four instances of such violence. Focusing on East Pakistan, the Karen areas of Burma, West Papua in Indonesia, and East Timor, it begins with an empirical account of each case, examining the origins and dynamics of the violence, the perpetrators, and the victims.
The Place of German Modernism
Authors: Dowden Stephen D. , Werner Meike G.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on German modernism. It traces the growth of German nationalism within the larger context of European nationalism. The question pulls in two directions. First, it points toward the problem of how German modernism ought to be situated in literary and art history. No doubt the simplest, most efficient answer is that German modernism finds its place within the larger setting of European modernism. The larger European context can shed light on the specificities of the German situation, and perhaps the details of German modernism may sharpen our sense of certain aspects of European modernism. The war was catastrophic in itself for all participants, but all the more so in Germany. This article carefully explains the contribution of authors and philosophers such as Franz Kafka and Sigmund Freud towards the development of German nationalism. An inquiry into realism winds up this article.
The Three Horseman of the Holocaust: Anti-Semitism, East European Empire, Aryan Folk Community
Authors: Hagen William W.
Published: February 2013

This article traces the three main issues which dominated Hitler's regime in Germany during the Holocaust. Two interpretive traditions have, since Hitler's day, commanded scholarly efforts to understand the Holocaust. One emphasizes ideas, recounting the intellectual history of anti-Semitism and the aims and political actions of those gripped by its poisoned talons. Paired with this approach is the conviction that history is made by human beings' conscious choice: beliefs inspire purposive behaviour seeking their realization. Historical actors are aware of their actions and responsible for them. In Holocaust historiography, this widespread understanding of history and human behaviour has yielded the ‘intentionalist’ argument. This holds that anti-Semitic ideology of a uniquely aggressive type flourished in late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Germany; and the anti-Jewish policies (Judenpolitik) of Hitler's ‘Third Reich’ led, if perhaps by a ‘twisted path’, to a mass murder which the Nazis' anti-Semitic ideas, and the dictator Hitler's in particular, authorized and even commanded.
Industrialization, Mass Consumption, Post-industrial Society
Authors: Hirsch Donna
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of post-industrial German society. how industrialization came across, mass consumption, and how the post-industrial German society fared. Framed by the postwar crisis and early Cold War rivalry, debate about the future of German class society began almost as soon as the war ended. Americans assured despairing Germans that the ‘free market’ would generate prosperity and foster social fairness. Communists promised the hungry masses that expropriation and the nationalization of industry would create social equality and forge economic expansion. After 1949, the two Germanys continued to embody competition between capitalism and communism. The fate of class society in each state always provoked debate, with several points of consensus emerging from a discussion increasingly centered on social and economic data, not crude propaganda. Both societies experienced an attenuation of socially-distinctive life styles. An assessment of the change and continuity in German society between 1945 and 1990 concludes this article.
Performing from memory
Authors: Chaffin Roger , Logan Topher R. , Begosh Kristen T.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses memory for performance, focusing on the role of serial chaining and content addressability. Two areas of the episodic memory literature are particularly relevant to the discussion: oral traditions and expert memory. In oral traditions, materials such as children's rhymes and folk songs are handed down from one generation to another without the benefit of written records, often for hundreds of years. Expert memory results from years of training and the effective use of retrieval schemes. Expert memorists develop retrieval strategies to make their memories content-addressable so that they can find the information they needwhenthey need it. Anders Ericsson's theory of expert memory is used to explain how experienced performers memorize, as opposed to simply learn, a new piece.
The Parallel Architecture and its Place in Cognitive Science
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: February 2013

It has become fashionable to speak of linguistic inquiry as biolinguistics, an attempt to frame questions of linguistic theory in terms of the place of language in a biological context. The Minimalist Program is the most prominent stream of research in this paradigm. However, an alternative stream from within the paradigm, the Parallel Architecture, has been developing in the author's work over the past 30 years; it includes two important subcomponents, Conceptual Structure and Simpler Syntax. This chapter shows how the Parallel Architecture is a more promising realization of biolinguistic goals than the Minimalist Program, and is more conducive to integration with both the rest of linguistic theory and the rest of cognitive science.
Relevance Theory
Authors: Yus Francisco
Published: February 2013

Relevance theory, a cognitive pragmatics theory of human communication, was developed in the mid-1980s by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book, Relevance: Communication and Cognition, but their earlier publications also dealt with this theory, specifically comparing it to Grice's cooperative principle. Since then, it has become a highly influential theory in today's pragmatics and has been applied to many types of discourse and research areas within pragmatics. This chapter discusses the following: cognition, communication, Grice and the role of intention, coding/inferring, mutuality, the semantics/pragmatics distinction, relevance as a cost–benefit procedure, the explicit/implicit distinction in utterance interpretation, relevance and grammar, and social aspects of communication.
History of Medicine in Eastern Europe, Including Russia
Authors: Turda Marius
Published: February 2013

The aim of this article is to chart the broad contours of historical scholarship on medicine in Russia/Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Whether dealing with practical developments or clusters of ideas, the history of medicine in Eastern European countries, as much as in Russia, shares certain narratives, conceptual traits, and methodological conventions. The comparative conceptual strategy proposed here, moreover, is intended not only to reveal much-needed research on neglected national case studies, but also to redefine wider debates in the history of medicine more generally. This article further mentions the need for substantial research and analytical effort to stimulate historiographic interest in these topics from a comparative perspective, at both regional and international levels.
Learned, Rich, Famous, and Unhappy: Ur-Utu of Sippar
Authors: Tanret Michel
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the life of Ur-Utu, the chief dirge singer or lamenter of the goddess Annunitum and one of the most prominent citizens of Sippar-Amnanum. Ur-Utu's house, which was excavated by the Belgian Archaeological Mission to Iraq under the direction of Leon De Meyer and Hermann Gasche, contained 2,500 tablets which were the largest private Old Babylonian archive ever found. These tablets provide information on Ur-Utu's education, his interests and his aspirations.
Introduction to the Handbook
Authors: Joinson Adam N. , McKenna Katelyn Y. A. , Postmes Tom , Reips Ulf-Dietrich
Published: February 2013

This introductory article begins with a brief discussion of how the Internet has changed our lives, and of how the field of Internet Psychology and this Handbook can provide some answers. It then presents an overview of the key themes covered in this book.
Personality, individual differences and Internet use
Authors: Amichai-Hamburger Yair
Published: February 2013

This article seeks to enhance our understanding of human–Internet interaction from three different angles. First, it discusses those unique features of the Internet that are relevant to personality. The second angle is an analysis of the work of personality theorists and its application to the Internet. The final part of the article discusses specific personality characteristics and their interaction with the Internet.
Technical considerations when implementing online research
Authors: Schmidt William C.
Published: February 2013

This article introduces some of the rudimentary underlying concepts of how the Internet works and points out a number of caveats that can influence the quality of collected data. Topics covered include Internet basics, technical problems, programming for the lowest common technology, client configuration issues, server side and data security issues, and the limits of precision. It is hoped that after becoming familiar with the information herein, researchers will be capable of determining whether the research application they are interested in pursuing is fit for the Internet medium, or whether technical issues will pose problems which threaten the validity of the work.
Corpus Linguistics In Authorship Identification
Authors: Kredens Krzysztof , Coulthard Malcolm
Published: February 2013

Corpus linguistics is basically ‘an empirical approach to studying language, which uses observations of attested data in order to make generalisations about lexis, grammar, and semantics’, and which, in the context of forensic linguistics, offers much more than explanatory possibilities. It provides methods for processing naturally occurring language data with a view to describing the nature of particular instances of language use and the behavior of particular (groups of) language users. Language corpora can thus be used for a variety of forensic linguistic tasks. This article explores how corpora and corpus methodology can aid the forensic linguist: in authorship identification; to analyze texts comparatively in order to comment on the authorship of questioned documents; to interpret the meaning of disputed utterances; and to investigate and describe language use in legal and forensic settings. After discussing authorship attribution, it looks at disputed meanings, corpora in language and law research, corpora for forensic applications, and the Internet as a corpus.
Colored Spirituality: The Centrality of Spirit Among Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Comas-Díaz Lillian
Published: February 2013

Spirituality is a way of life and a coping strategy for many people of color. Most ethnic minorities share a collective unconsciousness—a culturally relevant spirituality that helps them to struggle against oppression. Consequently, a colored spirituality is a culturally relevant syncretistic practice that focuses on cultural resilience, consciousness, and liberation. In this chapter, I present people of color's spirituality. I conclude by discussing what a colored spirituality offers to mainstream healing.
Honoring Religious Diversity and Universal Spirituality in Psychotherapy
Authors: Richards P. Scott
Published: February 2013

Spirituality is a universal human concern and capacity, but there is great diversity in the world concerning how spirituality is understood and practiced. Within this context of diversity, it is a challenging task for psychotherapists to learn how to ethically and effectively work with spiritual issues during treatment in order to facilitate their clients’ journeys of healing and growth. This chapter describes some principles and practices that may assist psychotherapists in their efforts to succeed at this important challenge, including seeking understanding and competency in religious and spiritual aspects of diversity, selecting a spiritually oriented treatment framework and approach, finding common spiritual ground with clients, and creating a spiritual space that helps clients access the resources of their faith and spirituality during their healing journeys. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future directions and needs in this domain.
Teaching with Food
Authors: Deutsch Jonathan , Miller Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

Three editions (2000, 2003, and 2010) of Teaching Food: Agriculture, Food and Society Syllabi and Course Materials Collection, colloquially known as the ASFS Syllabi Set, contain some 1,000 pages of food syllabi and assignments from the past decade. These documents suggest that the academic study of food, as it is practiced in the classroom, is either a monkish fast or a convoluted weight loss strategy. Despite the fact that food studies is a thriving curriculum on campuses across North America, students are required to read about the subject outside of class, discuss it in class, and write about it in the form of term papers and projects. Food should not be taught not only as a subject for inquiry but also as a unique, multi-sensory tool for understanding history, culture, and society.
Transatlantic vs. Hemispheric: Toni Morrison's Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Brickhouse Anna
Published: February 2013

This article examines how American literature might be situated in a modern world system of the racialized Atlantic world, focusing on Toni Morrison's A Mercy. It argues that Morrison's 2008 novel meditates powerfully on nineteenth-century American literary history and contends that Morrison's novel can speak as productively to the topic of nineteenth-century American literature as can a novel by James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, or Herman Melville. The article explains that A Mercy stages a series of critical insights into the disciplinary moment of the early twenty-first century, allowing us to acknowledge and to reevaluate the distinct and often competing transatlantic and hemispheric trajectories our field has developed for comprehending the long nineteenth century of the American literary past.
How To Read: Regionalism and theLadies' Home Journal
Authors: Foster Travis M.
Published: February 2013

This article examines regionalism in nineteenth-century American literature, focusing on the Ladies' Home Journal. It analyzes the journal's commentary on literature and literary culture during a period corresponding to regionalism's prominence, from the periodical's founding in 1883 through the turn of the century. The article explores what authors and readers think about the impact of reading on the formation of social bonds.
Nineteenth-Century American Literature Without Nature? Rethinking Environmental Criticism
Authors: Lemenager Stephanie
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on environmental criticism and the depiction of nature in nineteenth-century American literature. It explores what nineteenth-century American literature can offer to an era of global climate change (GCC) and describes the works of nineteenth-century defenders of nature including Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, and Walt Whitman. The article argues that if the narrative arts can grapple with the ecological complexity of GCC, clues to survival reside in nineteenth-century U.S. literature.
“Action, Action, Action”: Nineteenth-Century Literature for Twenty-First-Century Citizenship?
Authors: Castronovo Russ , Nelson Dana D.
Published: February 2013

This article examines what can be learned from nineteenth-century American literature regarding twenty-first-century citizenship. It investigates how the intellectual project of reading and interpreting American literature can prepare us for the deliberative work of democracy and what American literature tells us about this difficult relationship. The article explores how literature can be read politically, and describes the relevant works of Harriet Beecher Stowe and John Brown.
Gender, Identity, and Sport
Authors: Roper Emily A.
Published: February 2013

This chapter begins with an introduction to the important terms and concepts specific to understanding the body of work in gender and identity in sport. A brief review of women's history in sport and physical activity is provided, including discussion of Title IX, women and girls’ physical activity/sport participation patterns, barriers to gender equity in sport, and why an understanding of the social context is critical for sport and performance professionals. The ways in which females experience, perceive, and physically use their bodies is also addressed. The extensive body of work devoted to the homonegative and heterosexist climate of sport is outlined, with specific attention devoted to the bias and discrimination that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals face within sport and the role that sport and performance professionals play in working toward an inclusive and safe sport environment for all participants. The emergence and growth of feminist sport psychology is addressed with an overview and examples of feminist practice and research in the field. Suggestions for future work in the field are provided throughout the chapter and, in particular, how some of the approaches and research frameworks presented could be used to enhance our understanding of sport and performance psychology.
Culture/Ethnicity and Performance
Authors: Kontos Anthony P.
Published: February 2013

The purpose of the current chapter is to examine the role of culture/ethnicity on performance. After beginning with an overview of culture/ethnicity issues in the United States, the remainder of the chapter is organized into three sections: cultural/ethnic factors related to performance, factors that influence culture/ethnicity, and strategies for integrating culture/ethnicity into performance-based practice. The first section examines cultural/ethnic awareness and understanding related to historical issues, acculturation, and worldview. Challenges that affect the performance of cultural/ethnic groups, including “crossing-over” and racism, are explored. In the second section, factors including age, gender, and socioeconomic status that interact with culture/ethnicity to influence performance are reviewed. The third section discusses strategies to integrate culture/ethnicity with performance enhancement, including communication, cultural exchange, and cultivating opportunities for under-represented groups. A model for understanding the role of culture/ethnicity in regard to performance is proposed.
Pain and Performance
Authors: Heil John , Podlog Leslie
Published: February 2013

Pain is a prevalent factor in competitive sport and physical performance domains such as dance, military operations, and outdoor adventure activities. This chapter synthesizes pain scholarship from various performance domains, drawing from medical research, sport science, and case study reports to identify best pain assessment and intervention practices. The chapter also examines the function of pain at the extremes of performance. Seven topic areas are covered: the psychosocial/performance literature on pain appraisal and coping, principles of pain science and practice, psychological intervention, psychological perspectives on pain medication, chronic pain and injury, remarkable feats of pain tolerance, and concluding comments and suggestions for future research.
Supervision and Mindfulness in Sport and Performance Psychology
Authors: Andersen Mark B.
Published: February 2013

The topic of supervision has been a late arrival in the applied sport psychology world of discussion and debate. The field of performance psychology is even newer than sport psychology, and there is little in this field that addresses useful models of supervision. This chapter focuses on supervision in applied sport psychology. Supervision in our field has borrowed extensively from mainstream counseling and clinical psychology models. There is no real, viable model of supervision based on the cognitive-behavioral therapy derived psychological skills training (PST) paradigm that seems to be dominant in our field. One of the current trends in counseling and clinical psychology has been the exploration of the usefulness of mindfulness in a variety of therapeutic settings. In this chapter, I review the applied sport psychology literature on supervision and how advancements in mindfulness and the field of interpersonal neurobiology (neural correlates of presence, attunement, and resonance between therapists and clients and supervisors and supervisees) can inform applied sport (and performance) psychology practice. As a psychodynamic/Buddhist philosophy-oriented psychotherapist and supervisor, I argue that a mindfulness approach to sport and performance psychology supervision (and treatment) service delivery is a transtheoretical model that could be applicable to almost any of the helping professions. I conclude this chapter with a case example of how a mindfulness-based psychodynamic approach to beginning supervision might sound and feel like for the practitioner and the supervisee.
Individual Psychological Assessment
Authors: McPhail S. Morton , Jeanneret P. Richard
Published: February 2013

We concentrate on six major themes that organize both the scientific and practical knowledge regarding individual psychological assessment. After providing a definition and associated contextual background, we discuss the various organizational purposes for which individual assessments can be used, followed by a description of how assessments should be designed to satisfy those purposes. A fourth theme is devoted to the “nuts and bolts” of developing and implementing an assessment process, followed by a discussion of assessment data integration and presenting it to both the assessee and the organizational representatives who will rely upon the information. After reviewing several “special issues,” our concluding comments describe the state of the science and art, and our outlooks and recommendations for the future of individual psychological assessment.
Adaptive Performance and Trainability as Criteria in Selection Research
Authors: Pulakos Elaine D. , Mueller-Hanson Rose A. , Nelson John
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we examine issues relevant to incorporating trainability and adaptive performance into selection research. We adopt the definition of adaptive performance suggested by Pulakos et al. (2000) that specified eight dimensions defining this construct. One of these dimensions, leaning new tasks, technology, and procedures, was used to define trainability. We then examine recent models of adaptive performance and training to identify likely predictors of adaptability and trainability and propose a method for determining when and where these criteria should be included and explicitly predicted in selection research. We examine the pros and cons associated with different criterion measures and recommend that typical rating measures potentially supplemented by lower-fidelity work sample measures be incorporated in selection research. Finally, we discuss gaps in the current literature and recommend areas for future research.
Workplace Diversity
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Powers Charlotte
Published: February 2013

Much research attention has been focused on how selection systems affect the demographic diversity of the selected workforce. In this chapter we review what is known about how choices in recruitment strategies and selection system design and implementation potentially affect workforce diversity, and highlight what we see as meaningful future directions.
The Life Cycle of Successful Selection Programs
Authors: Kehoe Jerard , Brown Steven , Hoffman Calvin C.
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes strategies and mechanisms for managing selection programs that will enable the programs to successfully adapt to changing conditions. The types of changes and their causes and consequences that most impact the success of selection programs are described. The chapter offers guidance about the evaluation and analysis necessary to manage factors that affect the sustainability of successful selection programs. These considerations extend beyond the domain of personnel selection research and describe the importance of organizational considerations and the influence of stakeholders in supporting successful selection programs.
Introduction
Authors: Ghate Chetan
Published: February 2013

This article highlights India's growing economic importance on the world stage and focuses on the recent and future course of the Indian economy. India's remarkable economic growth in recent years has made it one of the fastest growing economies in the world. In 2011, India ranked as the 11th largest economy in the world in nominal US dollars. With respect to purchasing power parity, India has the fourth largest economy in the world after the United States, China, and Japan. The immense optimism surrounding the Indian economy is underscored in the 2010 Economic Survey, which alludes to the strong possibility of double-digit growth in the coming decade. While India's economic growth has been impressive, rapid growth has been accompanied by a slow decline in poverty, widening regional disparities, and continuing sociopolitical instability. Large sections of the population continue to be deprived of basic health and education.
Advances in the Genetics of Deafness
Authors: Arnos Kathleen S. , Pandya Arti
Published: February 2013

Genetic factors are believed to account for more than half of all cases of congenital or early-onset moderate to profound deafness. The identification of several dozen genes for deafness, one of which accounts for a high proportion of all childhood deafness, has enabled the identification of the exact cause of deafness in many children through genetic testing. Parents, family members, deaf and hard-of-hearing adults, as well as health care and educational professionals often are unaware of the exact process and goals of genetic evaluation and may have questions about the usefulness of genetic testing. Sensitive and appropriate genetic evaluation and testing, coupled with appropriate interpretation and information through genetic counseling, can be invaluable to many families. Health professionals and those who work with deaf children in educational and service settings play an important role in helping parents and family members understand the value of a genetic evaluation and making referrals to genetics professionals.