bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Optical Properties and Applications of Fluorenone Molecular Materials
Authors: Semin Sergey , Li Xinyue , Duan Yulong , Rasing Theo
Published: May 2021

Fluorenone molecular materials provide an excellent platform to engineer new materials that are very promising for photonic and optoelectronic applications, such as very efficient optical second harmonic (SHG) and terahertz (THz) generation, light emitting diodes, biomarkers, solar cells, and sensors. More recently, there have been a lot of research efforts dedicated towards the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of these fluorenone materials because of their unique combination of chemical, structural, and optical properties. This review addresses the state of the art of this very interesting and potent class of molecular materials. In particular, the NLO susceptibilities, their potential for optical SHG and THz generation and their two‐photon luminescence properties and how to optimize these by rational design are reviewed. Flexibility and easiness of modification of their molecular properties combined with their structural polymorphism enable a variety of applications. Perspectives and future research directions for these fluorenone materials are also presented.
Faculty development using a virtual community of practice: Three‐year outcomes of the Academic Life in Emergency Medicine Faculty Incubator program
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Yarris Lalena M. , Krzyzaniak Sara M. , Natesan Sreeja , Sherbino Jonathan , Lin Michelle , Chan Teresa M.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

The Academic Life in Emergency Medicine (ALiEM) Faculty Incubator program is a longitudinal, 1‐year, virtual faculty development program for early‐ and mid‐career faculty members that crosses specialties and institutions. This study sought to evaluate the outcomes among 3 years of participants.

Methods

This cross‐sectional survey study evaluated postcourse and 1‐year outcomes from three graduated classes of the ALiEM Faculty Incubator program. The program evaluation survey was designed to collect outcomes across multiple Kirkpatrick levels using pre/post surveys and tracking of abstracts, publications, speaking opportunities, new leadership positions, and new curricula.

Results

Over 3 years, 89 clinician educators participated in the program. Of those, 59 (66%) completed the initial survey and 33 (37%) completed the 1‐year survey. Participants reported a significant increase in knowledge (4.1/9.0 vs. 7.0/9.0). The number of abstracts, publications, and invited presentations significantly increased after course completion and continued postcourse. A total of 37 of 59 (62.7%) developed a new curriculum during the course and 19 of 33 (57.6%) developed another new curriculum after the course. A total of 29 of 59 (49.2%) began a new leadership position upon course completion with 15 of 33 (45.5%) beginning another new leadership position 1 year later.

Discussion

The ALiEM Faculty Incubator program demonstrated an increase in perceived knowledge and documented academic productivity among early‐ and mid‐career medical educators.
Estimation and forecasting of soybean yield using artificial neural networks
Authors: Barbosa dos Santos Valter , Santos Aline Moreno Ferreira dos , Rolim Glauco de Souza
Published: May 2021

In science, estimation is the calculation of a current value, while forecasting (or prediction) is the calculation of a future value. Both estimation and forecasting are based on covariates. However, whereas estimation enables greater agility in current decision making, forecasting can reveal different strategies for the future. The use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has brought improvements in accuracy to the estimation and forecasting of agricultural yield for various crops around the world. These models are part of a set of machine‐learning models, becoming an important ally not only to producers, companies, cooperatives, and to government institutions for decisions making and strategic decisions at all levels of the agricultural system. The main constraints of agricultural production are climatic conditions and soil water availability during crop cycles. We propose the use of ANNs for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield estimation and forecasting 2 mo before harvesting in the region of MATOPIBA, the largest and the last agricultural frontier of Brazil. This tropical agricultural area has about 73,173,485 hectares, corresponding to approximately 1.3 times the area of France. The input features for ANN were the monthly climatic conditions of air temperature, precipitation, and global radiation, as well as components of the water balance such as crop evapotranspiration, soil water storage, actual evapotranspiration, water deficiency, and surpluses during the cultivation cycle. The evaluation of ANN for yield estimation had R2 = .88 and RMSE = 167.85 kg ha–1, while the ANN for forecasting obtained R2 = .86 and RMSE = 185.85 kg ha–1.
The 1918 influenza pandemic did not accelerate tuberculosis mortality decline in early‐20th century Newfoundland: Investigating historical and social explanations
Authors: van Doren Taylor P. , Sattenspiel Lisa
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The selective mortality hypothesis of tuberculosis after the 1918 influenza pandemic, laid out by Noymer and colleagues, suggests that acute exposure or pre‐existing infection with tuberculosis (TB) increased the probability of pneumonia and influenza (P&I) mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic, leading to a hastened decline of TB mortality in post‐pandemic years. This study describes cultural determinants of the post‐pandemic TB mortality patterns in Newfoundland and evaluates whether there is support for this observation.

Materials and methods

Death records and historical documents from the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador were used to calculate age‐standardized island‐wide and sex‐based TB mortality, as well as region‐level TB mortality, for 1900–1939. The Joinpoint Regression Program (version 4.8.0.1) was used to estimate statistically significant changes in mortality rates.

Results

Island‐wide, females had consistently higher TB mortality for the duration of the study period and a significant shift to lower TB mortality beginning in 1928. There was no similar predicted significant decline for males. On the regional level, no models predicted a significant decline after the 1918 influenza pandemic, except for the West, where significant decline was predicted in the late‐1930s.

Discussion

Although there was no significant decline in TB mortality observed immediately post‐pandemic, as has been shown for other Western nations, the female post‐pandemic pattern suggests a decline much later. The general lack of significant decrease in TB mortality rate is likely due to Newfoundland's poor nutrition and lack of centralized healthcare rather than a biological interaction between P&I and TB.
Damage control surgery for spontaneous perforation of pyometra with septic shock: a case report
Authors: Matsumoto Ryo , Kuramoto Shunsuke , Muronoi Tomohiro , Oka Kazuyuki , Shimojyo Yoshihide , Kidani Akihiko , Hira Eiji , Watanabe Hiroaki
Published: May 2021

Background

Although spontaneous perforation of pyometra is very rare, it sometimes causes severe peritonitis, leading to lethal conditions. Damage control surgery reportedly improves the survival of critically ill patients; however, there has been no report describing damage control surgery for ruptured pyometra.

Case presentation

An 83‐year‐old postmenopausal woman with generalized peritonitis and septic shock was admitted and underwent emergency laparotomy. Abbreviated surgery was carried out because of progressing septic shock, and planned reoperation was carried out 2 days after the initial surgery. Histopathological examination revealed the perforation of pyometra with no evidence of malignancy. The patient was discharged on the 32nd postoperative day in stable condition.

Conclusion

We report a case of spontaneous perforation of pyometra with severe septic shock successfully treated by damage control surgery. Damage control surgery is a useful treatment option for hemodynamically unstable patients with diseases in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.
Auf zur Wasserstoffentwicklung: Das Infrarot‐Spektrum von hydratisiertem Aluminiumhydrid‐Hydroxid HAlOH+(H2O)n−1, n=9–14
Authors: Heller Jakob , Tang Wai Kit , Cunningham Ethan M. , Demissie Ephrem G. , van der Linde Christian , Lam Wing Ka , Ončák Milan , Siu Chi‐Kit , Beyer Martin K.
Published: May 2021

Hydratisierte Al+‐Ionen eliminieren H2 in einem Bereich von 11 bis 24 Wassermolekülen. Wir untersuchten die Struktur von HAlOH+(H2O)n−1, n=9–14, durch IR‐Mehrfachphotonendissoziationsspektroskopie bei 1400–2250 cm−1. Aufgrund quantenchemischer Rechnungen ordnen wir die Merkmale bei 1940 und 1850 cm−1 der Al‐H‐Streckschwingung in fünf‐ bzw. sechsfach koordinierten AlIII‐Komplexen zu. Es werden Wasserstoffbrücken in Richtung des Hydrids beobachtet, beginnend bei n=12. Die Frequenz der Al‐H‐Streckschwingung ist sehr empfindlich gegenüber der Struktur des Netzwerks aus Wasserstoffbrücken, und die große Anzahl von Isomeren führt zu einer deutlichen Verbreiterung und Rotverschiebung der Absorptionen der wasserstoffbrückengebundenen Al‐H‐Streckschwingung. Das Hydrid kann sogar als doppelter Wasserstoffbrücken‐Akzeptor wirken und die Al‐H‐Streckschwingung zu Frequenzen verschieben, die unter denen der Wasser‐Biegemoden liegen. Das Einsetzen der Wasserstoffbrückenbindung und das Verschwinden der freien Al‐H‐Streckschwingung fallen mit dem Einsetzen der Wasserstoffentwicklung zusammen.
Void Space versus Surface Functionalization for Proton Conduction in Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Sarango‐Ramírez Marvin K. , Park Junkil , Kim Jihan , Yoshida Yukihiro , Lim Dae‐Woon , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

Void space and functionality of the pore surface are important structural factors for proton‐conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) impregnated with conducting media. However, no clear study has compared their priority factors, which need to be considered when designing proton‐conductive MOFs. Herein, we demonstrate the effects of void space and pore‐surface modification on proton conduction in MOFs through the surface‐modified isoreticular MOF‐74(Ni) series [Ni2(dobdc or dobpdc), dobdc=2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate and dobpdc=4,4′‐dihydroxy‐(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐3,3′‐dicarboxylate]. The MOF with lower porosity with the same surface functionality showed higher proton conductivity than that with higher porosity despite including a smaller amount of conducting medium. Density functional theory calculations suggest that strong hydrogen bonding between molecules of the conducting medium at high porosity is inefficient in inducing high proton conductivity.
Enzyme‐Mediated In Situ Self‐Assembly Promotes In Vivo Bioorthogonal Reaction for Pretargeted Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Hu Yuxuan , Zhang Junya , Miao Yinxing , Wen Xidan , Wang Jian , Sun Yidan , Chen Yinfei , Lin Jianguo , Qiu Ling , Guo Kai , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Ye Deju
Published: May 2021

Pretargeted imaging has emerged as a promising approach to advance nuclear imaging of malignant tumors. Herein, we combine the enzyme‐mediated fluorogenic reaction and in situ self‐assembly with the inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction to develop an activatable pretargeted strategy for multimodality imaging. The trans‐cyclooctene (TCO) bearing small‐molecule probe, P‐FFGd‐TCO, can be activated by alkaline phosphatase and in situ self‐assembles into nanoaggregates (FMNPs‐TCO) retained on the membranes, permitting to (1) amplify near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence (FL) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals, and (2) enrich TCOs to promote IEDDA ligation. The Gallium‐68 (68Ga) labeled tetrazine can readily conjugate the tumor‐retained FMNPs‐TCO to enhance radioactivity uptake in tumors. Strong NIR FL, MRI, and positron emission tomography (PET) signals are concomitantly achieved, allowing for pretargeted multimodality imaging of ALP activity in HeLa tumor‐bearing mice.
Trifluoromethyl Nonaflate: A Practical Trifluoromethoxylating Reagent and its Application to the Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethoxylated Alkenes
Authors: Lu Zhichao , Kumon Tatsuya , Hammond Gerald B. , Umemoto Teruo
Published: May 2021

The trifluoromethoxy group has elicited much interest among drug and agrochemical discovery teams because of its unique properties. We developed trifluoromethyl nonafluorobutanesulfonate (nonaflate), TFNf, an easy‐to‐handle, bench‐stable, reactive, and scalable trifluoromethoxylating reagent. TFNf is easily and safely prepared in a simple process in large scale and the nonaflyl part of TFNf can easily be recovered as nonaflyl fluoride after usage and recycled. The synthetic potency of TFNf was showcased with the underexplored synthesis of various trifluoromethoxylated alkenes, through a high regio‐ and stereoselective hydro(halo)trifluoromethoxylation of alkyne derivatives such as haloalkynes, alkynyl esters, and alkynyl sulfones. The synthetic merits of TFNf were further underscored with a high‐yielding and smooth nucleophilic trifluoromethoxylation of alkyl triflates/bromides and primary/secondary alcohols.
GlnR‐mediated regulation of KstR controls cholesterol catabolism in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Ma Heng , Liu Wei‐Bing , Zhang Xiao‐Peng , Hu Hao‐Qi , Gu Sheng‐Di , Yuan Hao , Ye Bang‐Ce
Published: May 2021

Tuberculosis, caused by mycobacteria, continues to pose a substantial public health threat. Mycobacteria typically use cholesterol from the membranes of host macrophages as a carbon and energy source. Most genes that control cholesterol degradation are regulated by KstR, which is highly conserved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Through bioinformatic analysis, we found a typical global nitrogen regulator (GlnR)‐binding motif (CCGAC‐AACAGT‐GACAC) in the promoter region of kstR of M. smegmatis, and we determined its binding activity in vitro using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Using RT‐qPCR, we found that nine genes involved in side‐chain or sterol‐ring oxidation were upregulated in a ΔglnR M. smegmatis strain compared to the WT strain and glnR‐complemented strains under nitrogen limitation. ATP assays in macrophages revealed that coordinated GlnR–KstR regulation significantly reduced the viability of M. smegmatis in macrophages. Thus, we found that various genes involved in cholesterol catabolism are regulated by GlnR via KstR in response to environmental nitrogen, and that they further affect the invasive ability of M. smegmatis. These findings revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of cholesterol catabolism, which may be useful in the development of new strategies for controlling tuberculosis.
UHPC‐BrückenfamilieIntegral – eine Systembeschreibung und Betrachtung der Vorteile bei der praktischen Umsetzung
Authors: Olipitz Michael
Published: May 2021

Die im Stahlbetonbau seit Jahrzehnten gängige Praxis von frühzeitigen kostenaufwendigen Instandsetzungen oder Ersatzneubauten lässt die Erkenntnis reifen, dass das Material Stahlbeton für stark exponierte Bauerwerke im Infrastrukturbereich durch ein leistungsfähigeres Material und dessen Bauweise zu ersetzen ist. In der Materialforschung hat sich im 21. Jahrhundert der UHPC (ultra high performance concrete) für die konstruktive Anwendung im Brückenbau mittlerweile aufgedrängt und bietet bei materialgerechter Anwendung auch sehr viele Möglichkeiten. Das Bausystem der UHPC‐BrückenfamlieIntegral wird in ihren Ausführungen bei der Anwendung von der Klein‐ bis zur Großbrücke beschrieben und stellt somit eine zukünftige Möglichkeit dar, UHPC‐Großfertigteile durchgängig im Brückenbau einzusetzen. Dabei stehen die Spezifika dieses Brückensystems im Zusammenhang mit dem materialgerechten Konstruieren im Vordergrund. Nur mit einer materialgerechten Konstruktion lässt sich das gewünschte Ziel der sowohl Ressourcen‐ als auch CO2‐Einsparung bereits in der Herstellungsphase A1 bis A3 erzielen. Einen weiteren wichtigen Aspekt zur Sicherstellung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Brückenkonstruktionen stellen die Detailausbildungen dar. Eine systemimmanente Integralisierung dieser Bauweise schafft die Voraussetzungen, dass das beschriebene Bausystem auch erhaltungsfreundlich im Betrieb ist. Die spezielle Geometrie der Bauweise sowie das helle Erscheinungsbild führen zu wesentlich geringeren Zwangsbeanspruchungen aus lastunabhängigen Einwirkungen gegenüber herkömmlichen Brückenkonstruktionen aus Stahl‐ und Spannbeton. In einer Schlussbetrachtung werden nochmals die Vorteile dieser Bauweise zusammengefasst sowie ein Ausblick für zukünftige Anwendungen gegeben.
The cell cycle and differentiation as integrated processes: Cyclins and CDKs reciprocally regulate Sox and Notch to balance stem cell maintenance
Authors: Muhr Jonas , Hagey Daniel W.
Published: May 2021

Development and maintenance of diverse organ systems require context‐specific regulation of stem cell behaviour. We hypothesize that this is achieved via reciprocal regulation between the cell cycle machinery and differentiation factors. This idea is supported by the parallel evolutionary emergence of differentiation pathways, cell cycle components and complex multicellularity. In addition, the activities of different cell cycle phases have been found to bias cells towards stem cell maintenance or differentiation. Finally, several direct mechanistic links between these two processes have been established. Here, we focus on interactions between cyclin‐CDK complexes and differentiation regulators of the Notch pathway and Sox family of transcription factors within the context of pluripotent and neural stem cells. Thus, this hypothesis formalizes the links between these two processes as an integrated network. Since such factors are common to all stem cells, better understanding their interconnections will help to explain their behaviour in health and disease.
Conferring thermotolerant phenotype to wild‐type Yarrowia lipolytica improves cell growth and erythritol production
Authors: Qiu Xueliang , Gu Yang , Du Guocheng , Zhang Juan , Xu Peng , Li Jianghua
Published: May 2021

In microbial engineering, heat stress is an important environmental factor modulating cell growth, metabolic flux distribution and the synthesis of target products. Yarrowia lipolytica, as a GARS (generally recognized as safe) nonconventional yeast, has been widely used in the food industry, especially as the host of erythritol production. Biomanufacturing economics is limited by the high operational cost of cooling energy in large‐scale fermentation. It is of great significance to select thermotolerant Y. lipolytica to reduce the cooling cost and elucidate the heat‐resistant mechanism at molecular level. For this purpose, we performed adaptive evolution and obtained a thermotolerant strain named Y. lipolytica BBE‐18. Transcriptome analysis allows us to identify four genes in thiamine metabolism pathway that are responsible for the complicated thermotolerant phenotype. The heat‐resistant phenotype was validated with the model strain Y. lipolytica Po1f by overexpression of single and combined genes. Then, conferring the thermotolerant phenotype to the wild‐type Y. lipolytica BBE‐17 enable the strain to produce three‐times more erythritol of the control strain with 3°C higher than optimal cultivation temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first report on engineering heat‐resistant phenotype to improve the erythritol production in Y. lipolytica. However, due to the increase of culture temperature, a large amount of adenosine triphosphate is consumed to ensure the life activities of Y. lipolytica which limits the potential of cell synthetic products to a certain extent. Even so, this study provides a reference for Y. lipolytica to produce other products under high temperature.
Evaluation of the effects of notoginseng total saponins (NS), safflower total flavonoids (SF), and the combination of NS and SF (CNS) on the activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes using a cocktail method in rats
Authors: Li Yan , Lu Ying‐Yuan , Meng Yu‐Qing , Du Zhi‐Yong , Gao Peng , Zhao Ming‐Bo , Jiang Yong , Tu Peng‐Fei , Guo Xiao‐Yu
Published: May 2021

Notoginseng total saponins (NS), safflower total flavonoids (SF), and the combination of NS and SF, namely CNS, are used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in clinic. This study developed a cocktail assay involving seven cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to elucidate the effect of NS, SF, and CNS on CYP enzymes and to explore the synergistic effect of CNS in terms of CYP enzymes. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐MS and reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction were applied to detect the activities and mRNA expression levels of CYP enzymes. SF exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, 2B1, 2E1, and 2C11 and induction effects on CYP2C19 and 2D4. NS exhibited induction effects on CYP1A2, 2B1, 2E1, 2C11, 2C19, and 2D4. CNS exhibited induction effects on CYP1A2, 2B1, 2E1, 2C19, and 2D4 and inhibitory effects on CYP3A1 in vivo. Moreover, mRNA expression results were consistent with pharmacokinetic results. Potential herb–drug interactions should be studied closely when SF, NS, or CNS with clinical drugs are metabolized by CYP1A2, 2B1, 2E1, 2C11, 2C19, 2D4, and 3A1. CNS could change the inhibition or induction effects of CYP compared to the NS group, which might be one of the causes for the synergistic effects of the combination of NS and SF.
Collective influence of substrate chemistry with physiological fluid shear stress on human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Li Yan , Qin Zhongjie , Zhou Lin , Shahzad Khawar Ali , Xia Delin
Published: May 2021

In the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, vascular scaffold materials play an extremely important role. The appropriate substrate chemistries and 15 dynes/cm2 physiological fluid shear stress (FSS) are both required to ensure normal physiological activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The present study reported the collective influence of substrate chemistries and FSS on HUVECs in the sense of its biological functions. The CH3, NH2, and OH functional groups were adopted to offer a variety of substrate chemistries on glass slides by the technology of self‐assembled monolayers, whereas FSS was generated by a parallel‐plate fluid flow system. Substrate chemistries on its own by no means had noticeable effects on eNOS, ATP, NO, and PGI2 expressions, while FSS stimuli enhanced their production. While substrate chemistries, as well as FSS, were both exerted, the releases of ATP, NO, and PGI2 were dependent on substrate chemistries. Study of F‐actin organization and focal adhesions (FAs) formation of HUVECs before FSS exposure proves that F‐action organization and FAs formation followed similar chemistry‐dependence. Hereby proposed a feasible mechanism, that is, the F‐actin organization and FAs formation of HUVECs are controlled by substrate chemistries, further advancing the modulation of FSS‐triggered responses of HUVECs.
Far‐migration of an intrauterine device in the intrathoracic cavity: A rare case report
Authors: Amsriza Fadli Robby , Fakhriani Rizka
Published: May 2021

The IUD insertion procedure triggers IUD migration. Women with implanted IUDs should be examined to evaluate the device's position regularly.
Successful treatment of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features using rituximab as salvage therapy
Authors: Kapuczinski Abeline , Cotils Michel , Gombeir Yannick
Published: May 2021

Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features is a complex and heterogeneous research classification without clear management and should be discussed on a case‐by‐case basis in a pluridisciplinary way. Rituximab could be used for severe lung involvement. The coronavirus crisis can hide other pathologies in such a way that a diagnosis can be overlooked.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Phosphorus‐Containing ϵ‐Benzosultams by Bifunctional Phosphonium Salt‐Promoted Hydrophosphonylation
Authors: Zhang Song , Feng Zhenghuai , Jiang Chunhui , Yu Xiaojun , Pan Jianke , Du Juan , Jiang Zhiyu , Chen Yuan , Wang Tianli
Published: May 2021

ϵ‐Benzosultam derivatives are potential drug candidates with diverse biological activities. A series of chiral ϵ‐benzosultams bearing phosphorus functionalities was synthesized by catalytic asymmetric hydrophosphonylation in the presence of a bifunctional phosphonium salt catalyst. The desired hydrophosphonylation products were obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivities, and scale‐up reactions and further derivations were successfully accomplished. Some control experiments were also conducted to elucidate the plausible reaction mechanism of this chemical transformation.
Rethinking Borole Cycloaddition Reactivity
Authors: Lindl Felix , Guo Xueying , Krummenacher Ivo , Rauch Florian , Rempel Anna , Paprocki Valerie , Dellermann Theresa , Stennett Tom E. , Lamprecht Anna , Brückner Tobias , Radacki Krzysztof , Bélanger‐Chabot Guillaume , Marder Todd B. , Lin Zhenyang , Braunschweig Holger
Published: May 2021

Boroles are attracting broad interest for their myriad and diverse applications, including in synthesis, small molecule activation and functional materials. Their properties and reactivity are closely linked to the cyclic conjugated diene system, which has been shown to participate in cycloaddition reactions, such as the Diels‐Alder reaction with alkynes. The reaction steps leading to boranorbornadienes, borepins and tricyclic boracyclohexenes from the thermal reaction of boroles with alkynes are seemingly well understood as judged from the literature. Herein, we question the long‐established mechanistic picture of pericyclic rearrangements by demonstrating that seven‐membered borepins (i. e., heptaphenylborepin and two derivatives substituted with a thienyl and chloride substituent on boron) exist in a dynamic equilibrium with the corresponding bicyclic boranorbornadienes, the direct Diels‐Alder products, but are not isolable products from the reactions. Heating gradually converts the isomeric mixtures into fluorescent tricyclic boracyclohexenes, the most stable isomers in the series. Results from mechanistic DFT calculations reveal that the tricyclic compounds derive from the boranorbornadienes and not the borepins, which were previously believed to be intermediates in purely pericyclic processes.
Bench‐Stable Electrophilic Fluorinating Reagents for Highly Selective Mono‐ and Difluorination of Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Adachi Akiya , Aikawa Kohsuke , Ishibashi Yuichiro , Nozaki Kyoko , Okazoe Takashi
Published: May 2021

Efficient methods for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds have been intensively studied, recently. Development of practical fluorinating reagents is indispensable for this purpose. Herein, bench‐stable electrophilic fluorinating reagents were synthesized as N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) substitutes. Reagents obtained by replacing one of the NFSI sulfonyl groups with an acyl group led to the highly selective monofluorination of silyl enol ethers with suppression of undesired overreaction, that is, difluorination. On the other hand, reagents bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents at NFSI benzenesulfonyl groups efficiently facilitated the difluorination of silyl enol ethers under base‐free conditions. Thus, both mono‐ and difluorinated target materials were prepared from the same substrate.
Automated System for Pouring and Filtration Tasks in Laboratory Applications
Authors: Neubert Sebastian , Junginger Steffen , Roddelkopf Thomas , Burgdorf Simon‐Johannes , Stoll Norbert , Thurow Kerstin
Published: May 2021

Using established needle‐ and tip‐based liquid‐handlers partially restricts applications that require the handling of greater sample amounts, options for filtration or handling of liquids with uncommon behavior. In this paper the prototype development of a versatile liquid pouring device (vLiPD) is described, which offers complementary features to usual liquid‐handling solutions. For mapping the container characteristics, a geometrical and an on 3D‐CAD‐model‐based approach are introduced and compared. Influences by the liquids' behaviors are compensated by liquid‐specific calibration factors.
In Memoriam Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jens Weitkamp
Authors: Stöcker Michael , Kärger Jörg , Wagemann Kurt
Published: May 2021

No abstract.
Structure‐Activity Relationship and Mode‐Of‐Action Studies Highlight 1‐(4‐Biphenylylmethyl)‐1H‐imidazole‐Derived Small Molecules as Potent CYP121 Inhibitors
Authors: Walter Isabell , Adam Sebastian , Gentilini Maria Virginia , Kany Andreas M. , Brengel Christian , Thomann Andreas , Sparwasser Tim , Köhnke Jesko , Hartmann Rolf W.
Published: May 2021

CYP121 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an essential target for the development of novel potent drugs against tuberculosis (TB). Besides known antifungal azoles, further compounds of the azole class were recently identified as CYP121 inhibitors with antimycobacterial activity. Herein, we report the screening of a similarity‐oriented library based on the former hit compound, the evaluation of affinity toward CYP121, and activity against M. bovis BCG. The results enabled a comprehensive SAR study, which was extended through the synthesis of promising compounds and led to the identification of favorable features for affinity and/or activity and hit compounds with 2.7‐fold improved potency. Mode of action studies show that the hit compounds inhibit substrate conversion and highlighted CYP121 as the main antimycobacterial target of our compounds. Exemplified complex crystal structures of CYP121 with three inhibitors reveal a common binding site. Engaging in both hydrophobic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding to the sixth iron ligand, our compounds block a solvent channel leading to the active site heme. Additionally, we report the first CYP inhibitors that are able to reduce the intracellular replication of M. bovis BCG in macrophages, emphasizing their potential as future drug candidates against TB.
Expanding the color gamut of inkjet textile printing during color matching
Authors: Hajipour Abbas , Shams‐Nateri Ali
Published: May 2021

One of the most important subjects of digital printing is evaluation of color gamut mapping. A printer can only reproduce colors that are in its color gamut. Maybe, a color tolerance between reference sample and printed sample is in agreement between manufacturer and customer. The goal of this work is to estimate the expansion of the color gamut of an inkjet textile printer by consideration of the acceptable (predetermined) color difference during color matching. For analyzing the color gamut, a standard color chart IT8.7/4‐2005 CMYK target was printed by nine different mixtures of CMYK, and then the reflectance spectra and colorimetric parameters of the printed samples were measured. The inks used were disperse water‐based inks that were printed on the polyester fabric. The maximum acceptable color difference in this study was equal to 2 CIELAB units for all colors. In order to estimate the color gamut with the maximum acceptable color difference, for all boundary points of gamut, expanded points were obtained by Euclidean distance less than  = 2. The results show that when the acceptable color difference is considered in color gamut measuring, the area and volume of the color gamut are increased and so, the reproducibility of printer is increased. The maximum and minimum expansions of color gamut volumes were obtained by the mixtures with minimum and maximum color gamuts, respectively. The volume expansion of the mixture with the minimum color gamut volume was 34.20%, while the volume expansion of the mixture with the maximum color gamut volume was 28.06%.
Shame and binge eating pathology: A systematic review
Authors: O'Loghlen Elyse , Grant Sharon , Galligan Roslyn
Published: May 2021

Objective

Shame is broadly implicated in the development and maintenance of eating pathology. However, the relationship between shame and binge eating symptoms specifically is less clear. This review aimed to clarify what types of shame are associated with binge eating symptoms and the antecedents and maintenance factors in these relationships.

Method

A systematic search for quantitative and qualitative empirical studies was conducted to identify evidence of the relationship between shame and binge eating symptoms. Altogether, 270 articles were identified and screened for eligibility in the review.

Results

Results of the relevant empirical studies (n = 31) identified several types of shame associated with binge eating pathology: (i) internal shame, (ii) external shame, (iii) body shame and (iv) binge eating‐related shame, as well as several mechanisms and pathways through which shame was associated with binge eating symptoms.

Discussion

Drawing from the research findings, this review presents an original, integrated model of the cyclical shame–binge eating relationship. Clinical interventions that might break this cycle are discussed, as well as methodological weaknesses which limit causal inferences and important areas of future research.
Low‐grade osteosarcoma is predominant in gnathic osteosarcomas: A report of seven cases of osteosarcoma of the jaw
Authors: Sasaki Aya , Miyashita Hidetaka , Kawaida Miho , Kameyama Kaori
Published: May 2021

Objective

Primary osteosarcoma of the jaw bones is very rare, and histological features of gnathic osteosarcoma remain obscure. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinicopathological features of gnathic osteosarcoma.

Materials and methods

Seven cases of gnathic osteosarcoma from Japan diagnosed during the period between 2000 and 2016 were examined retrospectively. The histology of the surgical pathology materials was reviewed by two pathologists. Clinical information was obtained from the hospital's information system.

Results

Of the seven cases, two patients had secondary osteosarcomas. As for the five cases of primary osteosarcoma, their ages ranged from 26 to 58 years (mean: 36.2, median: 28). Histologically, three cases were fibrotic tumors composed of spindle‐shaped cells with mild to moderate nuclear atypia and the collagenous stroma accompanied by woven bones or mature lamellar‐like bones. Two cases had cartilage formation. MDM2 and CDK4 expression was observed in two out of three cases on immunostaining. The histopathology of these three cases was regarded as the counterpart of low‐grade osteosarcomas, namely, parosteal osteosarcoma and low‐grade central osteosarcoma, arising in long bones.

Conclusions

The surprisingly high incidence (60%, 3/5 cases) of low‐grade osteosarcoma explains the reason why gnathic osteosarcomas present a more favorable prognosis than osteosarcomas arising in long bones. Furthermore, it provides insight into the tumorigenesis mechanism of low‐grade osteosarcomas arising in the jaw and other sites.
Identification of biomarkers complementary to homologous recombination deficiency for improving the clinical outcome of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma
Authors: Shi Zhiwen , Zhao Qingguo , Lv Bin , Qu Xinyu , Han Xiao , Wang Hongyan , Qiu Junjun , Hua Keqin
Published: May 2021

Ovarian cancer patients with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) tumors would benefit from PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy. However, patients with HRD tumors account for less than 50% of the whole cohort, so new biomarkers still need to be developed. Based on the data from the SNP array and somatic mutation profiles in the ovarian cancer genome, we found that high frequency of actionable mutations existed in patients with non‐HRD tumors. Through transcriptome analysis, we identified that a downstream target of the cGAS‐STING pathway, CXCL11, was upregulated in HRD tumors and could be used as a predictor of survival outcome. Further comprehensive analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) revealed that CXCL11 expression signature was closely correlated with cytotoxic cells, neoantigen load and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Clinical trial data confirmed that the expression of CXCL11 could be used as a biomarker for anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy. Finally, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that cancer cells with PARPi treatment increased the expression of CXCL11. Collectively, our study not only provides biomarkers of ovarian cancer complementary to the HRD score but also introduces a potential new perspective for identifying prognostic biomarkers of immunotherapy.
Potential of peptide‐engineered exosomes with overexpressed miR‐92b‐3p in anti‐angiogenic therapy of ovarian cancer
Authors: Wang Jiaying , Wang Conghui , Li Yang , Li Mingyue , Zhu Tingjia , Shen Zhangjin , Wang Hui , Lv Weiguo , Wang Xinyu , Cheng Xiaodong , Xie Xing
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) as a mediator of intercellular communication plays an essential part in tumor‐relevant angiogenesis. Therapy against angiogenesis has been demonstrated to have a remarkable antitumor efficacy in various malignancies, but not as expected in ovarian cancer.

Methods

Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Exosomal miRNA sequencing and gene function experiments were used to identify the differential expressed miRNAs in exosomes and their mRNA targets. SKOV3 cell line that stably overexpressed miR‐92b‐3p was constructed by lentivirus. In vitro, angiogenesis was analyzed by tube formation assay and migration assay. The angiogenic and antitumor effects in vivo were assessed in zebrafish and nude mouse models. Combination index was calculated to assess the synergetic inhibition of angiogenesis between miR‐92b‐3p and Apatinib. Peptides were conjugated with exosomal membranes to obtain engineered exosomes.

Results

Ovarian cancer cell‐derived exosomes facilitated the angiogenesis and migration capability of vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The expression of miR‐92b‐3p was much lower in ovarian cancer cell‐derived exosomes than that in immortalized ovarian epithelial cell‐derived exosomes. The exosomal miR‐92b‐3p modulated tumor‐associated angiogenesis via targeting SOX4. Besides, Peptide‐engineered exosomes with overexpressed miR‐92b‐3p showed the stronger abilities of anti‐angiogenesis and antitumor than parental exosomes, whether alone or combined with Apatinib.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate the effect and mechanism of exosomal miR‐92b‐3p from ovarian cancer cells on tumor‐associated angiogenesis and the potential of artificially generated exosomes with overexpressed miR‐92b‐3p to be used as anti‐angiogenic agent, which may provide a new approach for anti‐angiogenic therapy of ovarian cancer.
Report looks at sexual assault survivor experiences
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: May 2021

Nearly 40% of students who reported an incident of sexual assault or sexual violence to their campus authorities reported a corresponding disruption in their educational experiences. That finding comes from a 42‐page report on the adverse experiences that sexual assault or sexual violence student survivors experience after the incident and after reporting the incident.
Large area used by squirrel gliders in an urban area, uncovered using GPS telemetry
Authors: Meyer Ninon F. V. , King John‐Paul , Mahony Michael , Clulow John , Beranek Chad , Reedman Callum , Balkenhol Niko , Hayward Matt W.
Published: May 2021

The squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) is a threatened, gliding marsupial that persists in fragmented landscapes despite its restricted capacity to cross large gaps. As measures to maintain and/or restore suitable habitat depend on knowledge about the species' ecological requirements, we investigated the area used by squirrel gliders in an urban area near Newcastle, Australia. Using GPS telemetry data and the autocorrelated kernel density estimator, we estimated area used to average 10.8 ha and varied from 4.6 to 15 ha, which is equal to or greater than found in previous studies that spanned longer time periods. This has implications when identifying the minimum patch size necessary for ensuring the long‐term conservation of a squirrel glider population.
Heart Failure Association of the ESC, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society Position statement on endomyocardial biopsy
Authors: Seferović Petar M. , Tsutsui Hiroyuki , McNamara Dennis M. , Ristić Arsen D. , Basso Cristina , Bozkurt Biykem , Cooper Leslie T. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Ide Tomomi , Inomata Takayuki , Klingel Karin , Linhart Aleš , Lyon Alexander R. , Mehra Mandeep R. , Polovina Marija , Milinković Ivan , Nakamura Kazufumi , Anker Stefan D. , Veljić Ivana , Ohtani Tomohito , Okumura Takahiro , Thum Thomas , Tschöpe Carsten , Rosano Giuseppe , Coats Andrew J.S. , Starling Randall C.
Published: May 2021

Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive procedure, globally most often used for the monitoring of heart transplant (HTx) rejection. In addition, EMB can have an important complementary role to the clinical assessment in establishing the diagnosis of diverse cardiac disorders, including myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, drug‐related cardiotoxicity, amyloidosis, other infiltrative and storage disorders, and cardiac tumours. Improvements in EMB equipment and the development of new techniques for the analysis of EMB samples have significantly improved diagnostic precision of EMB. The present document is the result of the Trilateral Cooperation Project between the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, the Heart Failure Society of America, and the Japanese Heart Failure Society. It represents an expert consensus aiming to provide a comprehensive, up‐to‐date perspective on EMB, with a focus on the following main issues: (i) an overview of the practical approach to EMB, (ii) an update on indications for EMB, (iii) a revised plan for HTx rejection surveillance, (iv) the impact of multimodality imaging on EMB, and (v) the current clinical practice in the worldwide use of EMB.
Maintenance of quiescent immune memory in the bone marrow
Authors: Chang Hyun‐Dong , Radbruch Andreas
Published: May 2021

The adaptive immune system has the important ability to generate and maintain a memory for antigens once encountered. Recent progress in understanding the organization of immunological memory has challenged the established paradigm of maintenance of memory by restless, circulating, and “homeostatically” proliferating lymphocytes. Among other tissues, the bone marrow has emerged as a preferred resting place for memory lymphocytes providing both local and systemic long‐term protection. Why the bone marrow? There, mesenchymal stromal cells provide a privileged environment for quiescent memory B and T lymphocytes, the protagonists of secondary immune reactions, and for memory plasma cells providing persistent humoral immunity. In this review, we discuss the dedicated role of the bone marrow for the maintenance of memory lymphocytes and its implications for immunological memory.
Fundamental Basis for Implementing Oxidant‐Free Au(I)/Au(III) Catalysis
Authors: Font Pau , Ribas Xavi
Published: May 2021

Oxidant‐free Au(I)/Au(III) catalysis can still be regarded as a young and promising chemistry. Because the first examples of gold catalysis were limited to the activation and functionalization of π‐C−C bonds and very little was known on fundamental organometallic transformations at gold, countless works during the past 15 years have been devoted to disclosing the elementary reactivity of gold and implementing it in catalysis. Remarkably, great emphasis on triggering oxidative addition at Au(I) has been placed, as the high redox potential of the Au(I)/Au(III) pair disfavors this reaction. In fact, different strategies such as strain release, ligand design and photochemistry have been proven successful at allowing the bottleneck oxidative addition to occur. These approaches have led to the rational development of oxidant‐free Au(I)/Au(III) redox catalysis, particularly catalytic cycles in cross‐coupling transformations where oxidative addition is usually the entry point to the cycle. Herein, the background story, the development process, and relevant examples of oxidant‐free gold‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions are reviewed.
Aerobic Visible‐Light Induced Intermolecular S−N Bond Construction: Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Thiadiazoles from Thioamides under Photosensitizer‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zhuo Liang , Xie Shihua , Wang Hui , Zhu Hongjun
Published: May 2021

Aerobic visible‐light induced intermolecular S−N bond construction has been achieved without the addition of photosensitizer, metal, or base. With this strategy, 1,2,4‐thiadiazoles can be obtained from thioamides. Preliminary mechanistic investigation suggested that the excited state of thioamides undergoes a single‐electron‐transfer (SET) process to afford thioamidyl radicals, which can be further transformed into a 1,2,4‐thiadiazole through desulfurization and oxidative cyclization. The reaction has good functional group tolerance and represents a green method for the construction of S−N bonds.
Empathy as a predictor of high‐quality interpersonal apologies
Authors: Schumann Karina , Dragotta Anna
Published: May 2021

If left unresolved, interpersonal offenses can poison people's relationships. Fortunately, transgressors can promote reconciliation with the victim by offering comprehensive and non‐defensive apologies. What predicts whether transgressors go the extra mile to offer these high‐quality apologies? In Study 1 (N = 289), participants who reported greater state empathy toward their romantic partner offered more comprehensive and less defensive apologies for an unresolved offense they had committed. In Study 2 (N = 150), participants who reported greater state empathy toward a friend offered more comprehensive and less defensive apologies for an imagined offense. In Study 3 (N = 251), participants who were experimentally induced to experience high (vs. low) empathy offered more comprehensive apologies for unresolved transgressions across a variety of relationship types. These studies are the first to provide experimental and behavioral evidence of the empathy–apology link, and suggest that fostering empathy might be a powerful way to promote more constructive conflict responses in interpersonal relationships.
Porous foams and nanofluids for thermal performance improvement of a direct absorption solar collector: An experimental study
Authors: Hooshmand Alireza , Zahmatkesh Iman , Karami Maryam , Delfani Shahram
Published: May 2021

In this study, attention is focused to examine experimentally how utilization of porous foams, as well as nanofluids, may improve thermal performance of a residential–type direct absorption solar collector (DASC). The experiments are undertaken for SiC ceramic as the porous foam and SiC–water suspension as the nanofluid. Three levels are chosen for the reduced temperature difference, the porous foam, and the volumetric flowrate while four levels are selected for the nanoparticle concentration. To determine the relative importance of each of the involved parameters on thermal efficiency of the DASC, an ANOVA is undertaken. The best thermal performance is achieved in a case having both the metal foam and the nanoparticles. The maximum rises in thermal efficiency due to the insertion of the porous foam and the inclusion of the nanoparticles are recorded to be 14% and 37%, respectively. However, it is found that the volumetric flowrate is the dominant parameter in this system in a way that the inclusion of the porous foam or the nanoparticles deteriorates its role. Comparison of the results of the two porous foams demonstrates that the foam having higher porosity and pore density leads to higher thermal efficiency.