bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Economical Impact of Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Various Commercial Broiler Chicken Farms During 2020-21 in Gujarat, India
Authors: K. S. Prajapati A. Kalaria , A. R. Bhadaniya B. B. Javia , A. Vagh D. T. Fefar , R. J. Padodara B. J. Trangadiya , T. R. Kumbhani K. N. Mokaria
Published: October 2021

Among the disease challenge, the Newcastle disease (ND) is the second most deadly viral infection and considered a very serious problem for poultry production in many countries. Outbreaks of the ND have a tremendous impact on the backyard as well as intensively reared commercial poultry farming and are considered as an unending agony of poultry farmers. During the study was observed that currently circulating NDV is viscerotropicvelogenic in nature and responsible for the outbreaks recorded in most of the vaccinated sampled commercial broiler farms which ultimately resulted in a huge economical impact on poultry farmers.
Chickpea Yield Improvement through Front Line Demonstrations in Rajsamand District, India
Authors: C. M. Balai Mani Ram
Published: October 2021

The study was carried out during rabi season of 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 in 6 villages across 3 blocks (Rajsamand, Railmagra and Amet) of Rajsamand district. In all 225 front line demonstrations on chickpea crop were carried out in an area of 90.0 ha with the active participation of farmers with the objective to demonstrate the latest technology of chickpea production potential, technological gap, extension gap, technology index and economic benefit of improved technologies consisting suitable varieties GNG 1581, integrated nutrient management (20:40:0 NPK kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB @ 20 g/kg seed) and integrated pest management (deep ploughing + seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae @ 6 g/kg seed +pheromone trap @ 10/ha + spray of Quinalphos @ 1.2 l/ha with 600 litres of water) at Rajsamand, Railmagra and Amet blocks of Rajsamand district during 2015-16 to 2017-18. The results revealed that FLD recorded higher yield as compared to farmers’ practices over the years of study. The improved technologies recorded average yield of 18.94 q ha-1 which was 27.97 per cent higher than that obtained with farmer’s practices of 14.81 q ha-1. In spite of increase in yield of chickpea, technological gap, extension gap and technology index existed which was 4.06, 4.13 q ha-1 and 17.67 per cent, respectively. The extension gap can be bridged by popularizing package of practices where in stress need to be laid on improved variety, use of proper seed rate, balanced nutrient application and proper plant protection measures. Improved technologies gave higher net return of Rs. 67727 ha-1 with benefit cost ratio 4.88 as compared to local check (Rs. 50487 ha-1, benefit cost ratio 4.22).
Development of A Mobile Phone Application and its Efficacy Assessment Concerning the Changes in Anthropometric Measurements, and Dietary and Nutrient Adequacy of Hundred Obese Females of Udaipur City Rajasthan
Authors: Siddiqui Sehar
Published: October 2021

The present study was conducted to administer overweight and obesity by suggesting various nutritional and lifestyle intervention programs through planning, designing, and formulating mobile-based Mhealth technique. The study intended to assess the efficacy of the designed health mobile application in bringing out the various dietary and nutritional modifications in the lives of those who are at the risk of overweight and its related major health issues. To accomplish the above objective hundred obese women residing in Udaipur city were selected and studied. Mobile application was then developed by gathering authentic nutritional pieces of information from different sources, books, internet, journals. Application was then installed in the smart phones of the respondents’ testing of anthropometric measurements like height, weight, BMI, WHR along with dietary and nutrient adequacy was assessed on 0 day the mean height was 164.74 ± 4.89 cm, the mean weight was 72.9 ±14.92 kg, and the mean BMI was 28.23 ±2.36 kg/m2, and the mean WHR was 0.86 ± 0.07cm.Again, post assessment of Anthropometric measurement as well as dietary and nutrient adequacy was recorded on, 90, 120, 150, 180 and changes occurred was observed. It was observed that the mean height remained constant. Whereas there was a change in mean weight, bmi, where, it was evident from the data of dietary and nutrient assessment. It was considerably deficient in green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, and fruits. Cereals, pulses, milk and milk products, sugar, and fat, on the other hand, were substantially higher in consumption as compared to balanced diets. Also, the female respondents' diet was substantially deficient in the following nutrients: vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron. On the other hand, the diet was high in energy, protein, carbohydrates, fats, calcium. Significant improvements were observed in the post-assessment, with reduced intake of sugar, fats, and oil, and increased intake of roots, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, fruits, and pulses.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Suspected Scrub Typhus Patients in Mizoram, India
Authors: Gabriel Rosangkima Vanramliana , Ralte Lalremruata Lalnunnemi , Hunropuia Christine Vanlalbiakdiki Sailo , Lalfakzuala Pautu Deborah Lalnghakmawii
Published: October 2021

Serologic and molecular tests were performed for the diagnosis and to detect O. tsutsugamushi genotypes that are circulating in the state of Mizoram, India. Blood samples from scrub typhus-suspected patients were collected from Synod Hospital, Durtlang, Mizoram. Weil-Felix and immunochromatographic test (ICT) were performed from the serum samples. Nested PCR (nPCR) amplification of 47kDa outer membrane protein antigen gene and 56kDa type-specific antigen gene were done from the whole blood. 141/177 (79.66%) and 134/177 (75.7%) cases showed the presence of antibody against scrub typhus by Weil-Felix and ICT assays respectively. 76/177 (42.93%) patients showed the presence of 47kDa OMP antigen gene by nPCR while 55/177 (31.07%) showed the presence of 56kDa TSA gene by nPCR. Phylogenetic analysis of 56kDa TSA gene sequence revealed that Karp-related genotype was the most common genotype in the study area followed by Kato-related genotype. In this study, a high degree of diversity of O. tsutsugamushi was observed similar to the observations reported from other parts of India. Nested PCR of 47kDa OMP antigen gene showed higher sensitivity as compared to nPCR amplification of 56kDa TSA gene suggesting it as the assay of choice for diagnosis of scrub typhus disease.
Prevalence of ESBL and MBL Producing Acinetobacter species Isolated from Various Clinical Samples in Tertiary Care Hospital in North-West Region of Rajasthan
Authors: Sanju Pannu Sumitra Kumari , Geeta Tinna Anjli Gupta , Sharma B.P.
Published: October 2021

This study was conducted with an objective to find the prevalence of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and metallo betalactamase (MBL) in Acinetobacter species. It was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sardar Patel Medical college, Bikaner from Feb 2018 to Feb.2019. in various clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, vaginal swabs, respiratory samples, and various body fluids were processed Acinetobacter species isolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing for all isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc potentiation test was performed to check ESBL and MBL production in these bacteria. Maximum ESBL and MBL positive isolates of Acinetobacter species were observed among E.T. tube samples. Early detection, stringent antibiotic policies, and compliance towards infection control practices are the best defenses against this organisms.
Genetic Diversity Studies in Seed Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Genotypes
Authors: G. C. Shinde A. R. Patil , S. I. Tambe V. R. Awari
Published: October 2021

Thirty three seed cow genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP) collected from different geographical region were assessed for their genetic divergence based on ten characters during kharif-2020 at Post Graduate Farm, MPKV, Rahuri. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters which indicating high genetic diversity among them. It indicated that genetic diversity and geographic diversity are not related. The present study revealed that days to 50% flowering contributed maximum (34.09%) for divergence followed by plant height (32.58%), number of pods per plant (10.98%) and test weight (8.71%). Based on inter-cluster distance, intra-cluster distance and per se performance the genotypes viz., CP-04, CP-10, CP-10R, PCP-1411, CP-37, CP-10R,CP-39 and Phule Sonali are suggested to utilize for future breeding programme.
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound: An Overview
Authors: Anuradha Nema Neelam Tandia , Kavita Rawat Swatantra K. Singh , Vandre Rajesh
Published: October 2021

Application of ultrasound contrast medium to traditional medical sonography is known as Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) that enhances contrast during ultrasnography by increasing ultrasound backscatter (reflection) of the ultrasound waves. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used in diagnostic imaging, organ edge delineation, echocardiography, blood volume perfusion, lesion characterization, drug or gene delivery, molecular imaging etc. Different types of contrast media used in ultrasonography are agitated saline, microbubbles, nanobubbles etc. Adverse reactions of contrast agent include headache, hypersensitivity abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, hypertension, leg cramps etc. Although CEUS is popular now a days but with certain limitations such as more heat production with increase in frequency, short life of microbubbles, continuous monitoring, occasional microvasculature rupture and haemolysis. In conclusion, CEUS is an advanced technique for absolute quantification of tissue perfusion, drugs and genes delivery, differential diagnosis and monitoring therapy response.
Prevalence of Intestinal Opportunistic Parasites Infections among HIV Positive Children in the University Hospital Center Yalgado Ouédroago of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Authors: Zongo Cheikna Traoré Roukiatou , Ouédraogo Ganamé Abasse Zongo Oumarou , Yonaba Caroline Zida Adama , Savadogo Aly Traoré Yves
Published: October 2021

In sub-Saharan Africa, Gastrointestinal parasites infections are widespread, particularly among immune deficient individuals. Prevalence of these infections varies from locality to other due to many factors. The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites among HIV-positive children in the paediatric clinic at the University Hospital Yalgado Ouedraogo of Ouagadougou. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the University hospital of Ouagadougou from July to November 2015. Ninety-three (93) freshly issued stool samples were collected in HIV-positive children less than 15 years old. Stool samples were analysed for the presence of various intestinal parasites using direct microscopy, formol-ether concentration method, modified Ziehl Neelsen stain and Weber trichrome stain. The study included 93 HIV positive children. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 24.73% (23/93). The most detected parasites were Entamoeba coli (52.17% of total detected parasites), Trichomonas intestinalis (21.73%), Giardia intestinalis (8.65%), Entamoeba histolytica (4.34%). Patients with multi-infection (2 or 3 parasites) have been detected. The participants, 97.5% (89/93) were on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and 81.76% (76/93) were on ARV therapy. Despite the medical care given to the HIV-infected children, the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal is high at the University hospital Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO)and deserves special attention.
Study on Microbial Contamination of Mobile Phones and their Role in Nosocomial Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sanjay More Arjun Gajananrao Jadhav , Nilekar Sandeep
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Mobile phones have become an essential part of everyday life in both healthcare and community settings. However, the widespread use of mobile phones in healthcare facilities is of concern because they can act as vehicles for transmitting pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial contamination of mobile phones of healthcare workers (HCWs Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, from May to June 2018, involved 100 HCWs. The mobile phones of HCWs were swabbed for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: The overall prevalence of mobile phone contamination was 91%. The predominant isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (32.65%), Staphylococcus aureus (17%) and Bacillus spp. (11.56%). Other isolates were Micrococcus, Diptheroids, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp.,E.coli, Klebsiella sp. Most Gram-positive organisms isolates were susceptible to Linezolid, vancomycin while most of Gram-negative organisms were susceptible to piperacillin Tazobactam, Imipenam. Meticillin resistance was detected in 24% and 22.91% of S. aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci isolates, respectively. Conclusion: Mobile phones of HCWs carry potentially pathogenic bacteria and can be a source of healthcare-associated infections in healthcare settings. Hence, regulations regarding the use of mobile phones need to be developed, especially in critical areas, to reduce the dissemination of pathogenic bacteria from hands to phones and, potentially, to patients.
Effect of Different Hormones on Disease Resistance against Bacterial Blight in Pomegranate
Authors: M. P. Basavarajappa Mahesh S. Dashyal , D. P. Prakash G. Manjunath , Anita Rajkumar Ghandhe Sayeed Wajeed R. Mulla
Published: October 2021

Bacterial blight in pomegranate is a major disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, which has resulted in significant economic losses in terms of both quality and quantity. The ineffectiveness of most chemicals in controlling this disease has shifted grower attention to the quest for a new molecule and hence the use of plant growth regulators and signaling molecules is a novel approach to control the disease as well as improving quality and quantity attributes of pomegranate. Hence, the aim of present study was to determine the impact of plant hormones like ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid on bacterial blight of pomegranate. Among different hormones applied, ethrel application shown maximum disease severity (33.2%) and salicylic acid shown lowest disease severity (15.08%) under greenhouse condition.
Effect of Fermentation on the Biochemical Composition of Soybean (Glycine max L.) and Red Bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) Consumed in the City of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Ehouman Ano Guy Serge Yao N’zué Benjamin , Aka Kouakou Serge Phares Adingra Kouassi Martial Didier , Kablan Tano
Published: October 2021

Legumes are rich in protein. However, they are not consumed much because their consumption poses a problem of digestion due to anti-nutritional factors and consumers have a preference for proteins from livestock. It therefore appears useful to promote them. The means used to enhance them was fermentation. This technique improves the nutritional and biological qualities of legumes. The seeds of red bean (cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) sold in the large market of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire) constituted the biological material of this study. Thus, a spontaneous fermentation of the seeds of these legumes followed by the determination of biochemical parameters was carried out. During spontaneous fermentation, the nutritional value of fermented seed flours was improved by significantly decreasing (P˂0.05) anti-nutritional factors. This reflects the impact of fermentation on improving the organic quality of these legumes. This study revealed that a 24 hour fermentation period is advisable for the population. This time allows keeping a good energy value, an acceptable level of nutrients although the fermentation after 72 hours considerably reduces the anti-nutritional compounds.
Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Foods
Authors: J. Lakshmi Sirisha , A. Vijaya Gopal K. Lakshmi
Published: October 2021

Probiotics are considered as successful major category of food supplements. Probiotics can be functional foods because their health benefits are essentially higher than traditional nutritional products. Probiotic bacteria was collected from home made and commercial fermented food samples. A total of 30 food samples were collected from local areas of Guntur in Andhra Pradesh. Bacteria were isolated on MRS agar medium after observation of growth and pure culture was obtained by sub-culturing on the same medium. Purity of each culture was confirmed by morphological investigation, Gram’s staining and further identification by specific biochemical tests. The isolates from both dairy and non-dairy fermented foods were identified as rods, bacilli, cocci and chain shape. While some isolates showed positive results some showed negative results for catalase test, methyl red test, oxidase test, aescualin fermentation, starch hydrolysis, arginine hydrolysis, citrate utilization and voges prausker’s test reaction. Based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characterization of 16 bacterial isolates out of 30 were identified as Lactobacillus spp.
Reference Services in the Libraries of the Republic of Cameroon: Current State, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Zemengue J.
Published: October 2021

The reference services in Cameroonian libraries are lagging in the exercise of their activities. Thus, this study raises the problem of the organization and functioning of reference services in the libraries of Cameroon. The purpose of the research is to provide an updated view of research issues in reference services in the libraries of the Republic of Cameroon. It outlines the definition of the notion «reference service»; opens his essence, characteristics, and content; reveals the current state of reference services for Cameroonian libraries and the main factors influencing the activities of reference services in libraries of Cameroon. The research defines the attributes of a reference librarian and proposes and defines several ways and trends for the future improvement of reference services in the libraries of Cameroon. As part of the research conducted, the following methods were used: observation and interviews carried out in Cameroon libraries. The results of this study would, no doubt, be of great benefit to all libraries in Cameroon and should ideally be completed by the Cameroonian reference services.
Advancing Library Technologies in Challenging Times. 2021 Library Systems Report
Authors: Breeding M.
Published: October 2021

2021 Library Systems Report
Notes of Italian Censors of the XVI-XVII Centuries in Manuscripts from the Book Collection of the Ginzburg Barons
Authors: Lisitsyna A. V.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the censors’ notes in the Jewish books that existed in the second half of the XVI - early XVII century on the territory of modern Italy. The material for the study was the family collection of the Ginzburg barons (the Russian State Library), in which about 500 manuscripts of the that period were preserved. The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation data on the censors of Jewish books on the basis of one of the largest collections of Judaica in the world. The main task of the study was to collect information about the censors from the notes they made in the manuscripts of the collection, and analyze them. There were 27 names of censors, including Domenico of Jerusalem, Giovanni Domenico Caretto, Camillo Yagel, Luigi da Bologna and Renato da Modena, who owned the vast majority of notes with names and information about their lives. The author comes to the conclusion that although the history of censorship of Jewish books has been studied enough, but research on this topic on the basis of rich collections of Judaism in Russia remains a matter of the future.
Online Book Trade in Siberia and the Far East
Authors: Alshevskaya O. N.
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes the activities of regional Internet companies offering books in Siberia and the Far East. The research methodology is based on the combination of comparative-typological analysis and landscape-reconstructing approach. Use is made of monitoring results of bookselling enterprises in the region within the framework of the federal project “Cultural Map of Russia”. It is shown that online sales are a dynamically developing channel of the traditional (printed) retail book market in Russia. Based on the identification and analysis of the main characteristics of enterprises offering books on the Internet (location, subject of the Russian federation, assortment, degree of integration, structure of the enterprise, etc.), the most common groups of enterprises in the regional book market are identified: internet divisions of publishing houses; multi-profile online stores; online book stores without retail divisions; online stores of bookselling enterprises. As the most common type in the regional market, the Internet divisions of wholesale and retail independent and online bookselling enterprises are identified. The features of the presentation of a specialized book on the Internet are revealed. The main areas of specialization of federal, regional and local companies offering book products on the Internet along with other products are identified: educational and office supplies, educational games and toys, business and technical literature, etc. The trends and promising directions of development of the regional online book trade are revealed. Diversification of activities and multichannel are defined as the key trend in the development of the regional book market.
Terminological Analysis of the Term “Monograph”
Authors: Kuular M. Ch.
Published: October 2021

Today the term “monograph” requires careful consideration, since the essence of the term itself is being changed over time and it takes into account the changing conditions in scholarly communication. The purpose of article is by means of the terminological analysis to identify the essential attributes of monograph, reflected in its various definitions. The article considers the terminological analysis of the term “monograph” according to a number of attributes: its material structure, intended purpose, presentation of material, coverage, number of authors, target audience, functions of a monograph for an author and a reader. The author used Russian language and English language dictionaries and research results as the main sources. There considered several approaches to understanding the term “monograph” (natural science interpretation of a monograph as a description of individual types and subjects, a monograph as a treatise on a single theme or problem, and a monograph as a separate publication in the form of a book). Main results are: the determination of the the attributes of a monograph reflecting its essence from the point of view of Russian speaking and English speaking practice, as well as the attributes of a scholarly monograph. The distinction among scholarly, industrial-practical and popular science monographs is typical only for Russian speaking practice, while monograph is primarily a treatise (scientific edition) for English sources. A reputational function of a monograph can become the prevailing function for an author, and sometimes it can be the only one purpose to write it. It is concluded that the main attributes of a scholarly monograph can be considered: the intended purpose - a scholarly one; the coverage - one theme or a problem; the number of authors - one or more authors; the target audience - specialists; the function for an author - the reputational one; the function for a reader - the informative one.
Work of Libraries with the Older Generation: Experience of Germany, Canada and Australia
Authors: Churasheva О. L. , Sharonova Ekaterina Leonidovna
Published: October 2021

The article highlights the experience of libraries working with older generation users in certain foreign countries faced with the modern demographic problem - the aging of the population: Germany, Canada and Australia. The modern forms of work of libraries of these countries with the elderly, which are of interest to Russian libraries, are identified and characterized. Difficulties in the work of foreign libraries with the older generation during the COVID-19 pandemic are separately noted. The authors come to the conclusion, that despite the differences in location, size, departmental affiliation, quantity and quality of the fund, and so on, many libraries in developed countries face the same problem - the increasing number of elderly readers and reconstruct their work in accordance with the new demographic and socio-cultural situation, which requires libraries to develop special services to save the cultural capital of older generations.
Efciency of Anti-Epidemic Measures that Ensure Access to Work in Rotational Shifts under Conditions of Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Popova A. Yu. , Ezhlova E. B. , Demina Yu. V. , Mel’nikova A. A. , Kurganova O. P. , Fomkina N. N. , Yurgina O. M. , Burdinskaya E. N. , Trotsenko O. E. , Totolyan A. A. , Korita T. V. , Bazykina E. A. , Kotova V. O. , Konov D. V. , Karisalov M. Yu.
Published: October 2021

Objective – integral analysis of eﬀectiveness of anti-epidemic measures applied towards employees of the Amur gas processing plant assigned for rotational work under conditions of COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods. Sero-epidemiological study included a questionnaire survey of 1461 workers who arrived through the “clean corridor” in the Amur Region, followed by sampling of biological material (blood and respiratory smears). Testing of blood sera for the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 of two classes (IgM and IgG) was carried out applying enzyme immunoassay. Using PCR, respiratory smears were examined for the presence of the agent RNA in them. Statistical processing of the results obtained was carried out using conventional methods

Results and discussion. The presence of antibodies of the IgG class was revealed in (4.7±0.55) % of cases. In a small cohort (1.7±0.34 %) of practically healthy individuals, asymptomatic infection was detected, confrmed either by a positive PCR result (0.76±0.23 %), or by the detection of IgM antibodies (1.0±0.08 %). On the basis of the study carried out by the Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on August 01, 2020, “Temporary recommendations on the procedure for admitting to work on a rotational basis under the risk of COVID-19 spread in the Amur Region” were approved. These recommendations set out the algorithm for observation of incoming workers and the order for triage of shift workers after testing by ELISA and PCR. The results of the study demonstrate the eﬀectiveness of anti-epidemic measures related to ensuring the procedure for admission to work on a rotational basis under the risks of the spread of COVID-19.
Experience in International Cooperation on Organization of Anti-Epidemic Measures by Health Care Institutions under COVID-19 Pandemic in the Republic of Uzbekistan
Authors: Popova A. Yu. , Ruzhentsova T. A. , Khavkina D. A. , Tuychiev L. N. , Akhmedova M. D. , Madazimov M. M. , Kholmatova K. Sh. , Kedrova O. V. , Smelyansky V. P. , Scryabina S. V. , Akhmedov U. B. , Sharova I. N. , Eraliev U. E. , Abdukhalilova G. K. , Chukhlyaev P. V. , Garbuzov A. A. , Akimkin V. G. , Akbarov T. Yu. , Rakhmatullaeva Sh. B. , Zhanibekov Zh. Zh.
Published: October 2021

The results of the joint work of a panel of experts from Rospotrebnadzor and healthcare professionals of the Republic of Uzbekistan on organizing activities to counter the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are described in the paper.

The goal of the study was to determine the main driving forces of COVID-19 spread in the Republic of Uzbekistan and develop an action plan to reduce the incidence of coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Materials and methods. The organization of work in 14 health care institutions in Tashkent and Samarkand, as well as in Tashkent and Samarkand Regions, was analyzed: in 7 laboratories, 6 hospitals and 1 polyclinic. The routes for the movement of personnel, the demarcation of green and red zones, the features of disinfection and the use of personal protective equipment were studied. Attention is drawn to the diagnosis of COVID-19, the use of therapy aimed at reducing the period of virus shedding, the criteria for lifting quarantine restrictions for patients.

Results and discussion. The main factors in the organization of work of institutions that contribute to the spread of COVID-19 among medical personnel and the population have been identifed: the lack of equipped gateways between the red and green zones with the accessibility of adequate disinfection, the wrong choice of personal protective equipment, monitoring of contact persons for 10 days, discharge from hospitals based on clinical improvement. The incorrect use of antiviral therapy, the lack of diﬀerentiated approaches to the selection of optimal regimens have been noted. Proposals are formulated for organizing the work of healthcare institutions, taking into account the requirements of biological safety. The introduction of targeted measures in addition to those previously adopted has led to a signifcant improvement in the epidemic situation: the total number of active cases in the Republic of Uzbekistan, despite the increase in testing volumes, decreased from 3,686 people on August 23 to 2335 on October 27. Towards December 20, 2020, 97 % of patients recovered completely. All diagnostic triage centers in the Republic of Uzbekistan are closed due to the absence of patients with COVID-19, most of the country’s medical institutions previously re-profled for patients with coronavirus infection have returned to the routine operations.
Detection of Borrelia miyamotoi in Ixodidae Ticks Collected in the South of Western Siberia
Authors: Tupota N. L. , Ternovoy V. A. , Kartashov M. Yu. , Ponomareva E. P. , Loktev V. B.
Published: October 2021

Objective of the studywas to assess the level of infection with Borrelia miyamotoi in ticks Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes pavlovskyi collected in the south of Western Siberia.

Materials and methods.688 ticks I. persulcatus and I. pavlovskyi collected on the territory of Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Kemerovo Regions were examined. Borrelia DNA was detected by a two-round polymerase chain reaction with specifc primers to the omp66 gene region, followed by sequencing of the isolated fragments and phylogenetic analysis, including the sequences of prototype isolates published in the international GenBank database. Comparison and analysis of nucleotide sequences was carried out using the MEGA 7 software package. In parallel, the samples were examined for the presence of the agents of transmissible infections – West Nile fever and tick-borne encephalitis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, bartonellosis and candidate pathogens of tick-borne rickettsiosis through RT-PCR and PCR with species-specifc and genus-specifc primers.

Results and discussion.The genetic material of B. miyamotoi was found in 2.2 % of I. persulcatus and I. pavlovskyi ticks in the Tomsk, Novosibirsk, and Kemerovo Regions and their appurtenance to the Asian genotype was determined. It was revealed that the degree of similarity of the omp66 gene fragments within the group of isolates of the Asian genotype was 100 %. No relation between B. miyamotoi and a specifc vector species was identifed.
The Results of Clinical Trials of Recombinant Vaccine Virus, MVA Strain, Expressing Genes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Stovba L. F. , Mel’nikov S. A. , Paveli’ev D. I. , Krotkov V. T. , Chernikova N. K. , Lebedev V. N. , Borisevich S. V.
Published: October 2021

Although successes in antiretroviral therapy (ART) turned AIDS from lethal illness into sluggishly progressing disease, its prevention and treatment remain one of the most socially significant concerns. The increase in the number of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in the USA, South America and Europe, determines the need in creating a vaccine against this disease. Existing vaccination practice has demonstrated efficiency of priming/boosting scheme for the development of immune responses. As anti-vector immunity of priming vector can constrain the response to boosting immunization with the same vaccine, heterologous priming/boosting vector constructs are used. An ideal AIDS vaccine would prevent virus dissemination and control viral replication, but it also must be safe for HIV-infected contingent. The vaccination of HIV-infected individuals is used for enhancing immune-mediated elimination of persistently HIV-infected CD4+ Т-cells during long-term ART in order to purge the latently infected viral reservoirs. The paper considers the results of clinical trials of DNA-anti-HIV/AIDS vaccines and recombinant MVA strain of vaccinia virus, expressing different combination of HIV genes, which demonstrated the safety and tolerability both, in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected volunteers. All implemented schedules of vaccination induced cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in all volunteers. And though there are no data on acquiring AIDS by HIV-uninfected volunteers from groups at low risk of HIV-infection, there are no grounds to conclude the sufficiency of induced protection for the prevention of possible HIV infection.
Analysis of Q Fever Incidence in the Russian Federation Between 1957 and 2019
Authors: Shpynov S. N. , Rudakov N. V. , Zelikman S. Yu.
Published: October 2021

Objective of the study was to analyze the long-term incidence of Q fever in the Russian Federation, to recommend approaches to improve epizootiological and epidemiological surveillance of this infection, taking into account the current state of laboratory diagnostics and monitoring of foci.

Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the Q fever incidence using the data contained in Form No 2 of the state statistical report «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» was conducted in the Russian Federation for the period of 1957– 2019, by the Federal Districts (FD) and administrative territories, and based on the results of the research of the Reference Center for Rickettsioses of the Omsk Research Institute of Natural Focal Infections.

Results and discussion. Between 1957 and 2019, 13 836 cases of Q fever were officially registered in the Russian Federation. The maximum value of the morbidity rate per 100 thousand of the population was registered in 1957 (1.0 0/0000), the minimum one – in 2008 (0.01 0/0000). From 1997 to 2019, out of 2672 registered in 24 entities of the Russian Federation cases of Q fever, 2224 (83.20 %) occurred in the Southern FD with 2106 (78.8 %) cases in the Astrakhan Region. In the Stavropol Territory of the North Caucasus FD, 173 (6.47 %) cases of the disease were detected. 112 (4.19 %) cases were registered in the Central FD, with the maximum number in the Voronezh Region (82). In the Volga FD, 81 (3.03 %) cases were identified, 54 of which in the Ulyanovsk Region. 42 (1.61 %) cases of the disease were registered in the North-Western FD, 33 – in the Leningrad Region and St. Petersburg. In the Siberian FD, 39 (1.46 %) cases of Q fever were reported, 24 were diagnosed in the Novosibirsk Region. In the Ural FD, 1 (0.04 %) case of infection was detected. In the Far Eastern FD, there is no registration of Q fever. Presented are medical products for Q fever diagnostics authorized in Russia. Sanitation of the foci among farm animals should be carried out in accordance with the current sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary-sanitary rules.
Routes of Spread of Anthrax in Natural Ecosystems
Authors: Timofeev V. S. , Bakhteeva I. V. , Titareva G. M. , Goncharova Yu. O. , Dyatlov I. A.
Published: October 2021

Anthrax is a particularly dangerous zooanthroponosis caused by the Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This disease mainly affects hoofed herbivores, including those used in agriculture, but can occur in other animals and in humans. That is why the majority of studies of this infection are focused on anthrax in humans and farm animals, as the most important issues from a practical point of view. At the same time, the issues of anthrax epidemiology in natural ecosystems are described in the literature in insufficient detail and often very fragmentary. This paper provides a review of the literature describing the main pathways, patterns and risks of the spread of various clinical forms of anthrax infection in nature, primarily among wild animals. Among other things, we cover some non-notable aspects of intestinal infection with anthrax which, for instance, explain the difference in sensitivity to infection in herbivorous and carnivorous mammals and even different sex and age groups within the same species.
Cases of Orthopoxviral Infections around the World over a Period of 2008–2018
Authors: Tregubchak T. V. , Bauer T. V. , Maksyutov R. A. , Gavrilova E. V.
Published: October 2021

The eradication of smallpox has become one of the greatest successes of modern health science. This great achievement was made possible thanks to the widespread vaccination of the population. The last case of human infection with smallpox virus occurred in 1977. In 1980, at the 33rd session of the World Health Assembly, routine vaccination against that infection was recommended to be discontinued due to severe post-vaccination complications. However, humanity remains vulnerable to other orthopoxvirus infections closely related to smallpox virus. Recently, the cases of human infection with ortopoxviruses such as monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus have become more frequent. Also, cases of infection of people with previously unknown orthopoxvirus species are recorded. Zoonotic orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, circulating in nature, require a detailed study and monitoring of the emergence of new strains. Their occurrence against the background of the cessation of planned vaccination of the population against smallpox virus can lead to the emergence of new highly pathogenic viruses. This review contains information on cases of human infection with orthopoxviruses around the world for the period 2008–2018. It also describes epidemiological anamnesis and the relations between cases of human infection in different countries due to the spread of viruses over a wide area, the movement of people between countries, population contacts with domestic and wild animals. Also, this paper provides information on the infection of people with previously unknown strains of orthopoxviruses.
Software Solutions for Indication and Identification of Pathogenic Microoranisms Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ul’shina D. V. , Kovalev D. A. , Kuznetsova I. V. , Bobrysheva O. V. , Krasovskaya T. L. , Kulichenko A. N.
Published: October 2021

The effectiveness of differentiation of bacterial pathogens using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry depends on the quality of sample preparation, compliance with mass spectrometric analysis parameters and statistical approaches used, implemented by various modern software tools. The review provides a brief description of the most known software used in the processing and bioinformation analysis of time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. A list of computer platforms, programs and environments, both commercial and publicly available, is presented. The results of indication and identification of pathogens of particularly dangerous and natural-focal infections by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using publicly available software – programming language R, Mass-Up, MicrobeMS, licensed – MatLab, ClinProTools, as well as free web applications, including, Speclust, Ribopeaksare provided. The data on usage of such well-known platforms as MALDI BioTyper, SARAMIS Vitek-MS and Andromas (Andromas SAS, France) for inter- and intra-specific differentiation of closely related species are presented. Results of identification and differentiation of microorganisms applying MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry based on detection of specific proteins for cross-comparison – biomarkers – are given. The analysis shows that the programming language R environment is one of the publicly available universal platforms with an optimal combination of algorithms for processing and interpreting of a large array of mass spectrometric data.
Antrax in Primorsky Territory (1919–2020). Communication 1. Historical Records and Characteristics of Stationary Potentially Hazardous as Regards Antrax Areas
Authors: Dugarzhapova Z. F. , Ivacheva M. A. , Chesnokova M. V. , Kravets E. V. , Reshetnyak E. A. , Kuzin D. Yu. , Umanets A. A. , Detkovskaya T. N. , Balakhonov S. V.
Published: October 2021

The aim of the study was to analyze the state of stationary potentially hazardous areas as regards anthrax in the Primorsky Territory and update the Cadastre of stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas (SPHA) of the Russian Federation (2005).

Materials and methods. The collection and survey of accounting and reporting documents, archival and informational materials, records on anthrax from veterinary institutions, Rospotrebnadzor, municipalities by the 72 registered anthrax SPHA of the Primorsky Territory have been carried out. The reference book of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic’s settlements endemic for anthrax (1976), the Cadastre of the stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas in the Russian Federation (2005) were used.

Results and discussion. The description of anthrax cases in the Primorsky Territory goes back to 1894, the official registration of the disease – since 1919. The last cases of the disease in farm animals and population were noted in Kavalerovsky and Oktyabrsky districts in 1979. When updating the SPHA (2005), information on 82 dormant sites of the Territory in 22 municipal and six urban districts was clarified. In six districts of the Territory, anthrax was not officially registered. Most of the SPHAs are centered on the Khanka plain, where the network of transport routes, the largest number of livestock and population are concentrated. The data on the number of sick animals and people over a period of 1919–1929 have not survived, and in the period between 1980 and 2020 anthrax was not reported in the region. 173 animals and 34 humans were diagnosed with anthrax in 1929–1979 in Primorye. High epizootic activity was noted in the period of 1919–1941. In the Asian part of the Russian Federation, Primorsky Territory belongs to the regions under a mild epizootic and epidemiological disadvantage as regards anthrax. Monitoring of anthrax has shown that the persistence of the pathogen in the soils of ten districts of the Territory could be facilitated by the absence of soil toxicity (86,8 %) and an average nutritional value (23,5 %) in relation to the anthrax microbe.
Assessment of the Use of Gentian Violet and Malachite Green as Selective Agents in the Isolation of Brucella
Authors: Kovtun Yu. S. , Kurilova A. A. , Katunina L. S. , Vasilenko E. I.
Published: October 2021

The aim of the work is to evaluate ability of gentian violet and malachite green to inhibit 2 Brucella test strains and 8 strains of unwanted organisms and the inﬂuence of autoclaving on their activity. The study also aims to evaluate variability of inhibition in diﬀerent batches of colorants and necessity in adjustment of their concentration.

Materials and methods. The study included 3 imported lots of gentian violet and malachite green. Inhibitors were put into nutrient medium containing pancreatic hydrolysates of gelatin and fsh meal, yeast extract, sodium chloride, glucose, sodium pyrosulfate, and agar. The same medium without colorants was used as a control medium. Eﬀect of the colorants was studied with the help of test strains of Brucella abortus 19 ВА, B. melitensis Rev I, Enterococcus faecium VKM B-602, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris HX 19 222, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22/99, Serracia plymuthica 1, Shigella ﬂexneri 1a 8516, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Yersinia enterocolitica C-187.

Results and discussion. We have determined biological parameters of nutrient media containing gentian violet (5,0; 2,5 1,25 mg/L) and malachite green (2.0; 1.0; 0.5 mg/L) when cultivating brucella. Gentian violet is able to inhibit Brucella greatly at concentration of 5 mg/L. S. aureus ATCC 25923 did not show any growth on the media containing malachite green or gential violet (5.0 and 2.5 mg/L). Malachite green inhibited the growth of enterococcus more actively than gentian violet. However, it inhibited swarming growth of Proteus less successfully than gentian violet. Other unwanted organisms were not sensitive to such concentrations of colorants at all. We have demonstrated the necessity to combine colorants with other selective agents, as well as advisability to put gentian violet into sterile media, while malachite green – into the media before its autoclaving. Adjustments to the concentration of gentian violet should be made when producing nutrient medium, as variations in inhibiting activity in diﬀerent batches of this colorant were revealed.
Obtaining and Characterization of Hybridomas Producing Monoclonal Antibodies to Shiga-Like Toxins of I and II Types
Authors: Kuklina G. V. , Ipatov S. S. , Pechenkin D. V. , Eremkin A. V. , Kytmanov A. A. , Dubrovin M. Yu. , Gorshkov A. S.
Published: October 2021

Objective – obtaining and characterization of hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against I and II types of shiga-like toxins.

Materials and methods. Shiga-like toxins obtained in “48thCentral Research Institute” of Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation (Kirov), BALB/c mice, myeloma cells SP2/0-Ag14 were used in research. Immune splenocytes and SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells were fused according to G. Kohler and C. Milstein method in De St. Fazekas and D. Scheidegger modifcation using 50 % polyethylene glycol. Hybrid cell lines producing specifc monoclonal antibodies were cloned by limited dilutions. Hybridomas growth and producing properties were studied in vitro and in vivo. Specifc activity of immune sera, culture and ascitic ﬂuids were studied by indirect ELISA. Monoclonal antibodies from ascitic ﬂuids were precipitated by saturated ammonium sulfate, followed by ion exchange chromatography

Results and discussion. 8 hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies against I and II types shiga-like toxins were obtained. Hybridomas are characterized by stable proliferation and antibody-producing activity during 10 passages in vitro and 3 passages in vivo (observation period). Obtained monoclonal antibodies can be used for ELISA detection of I and II types shiga-like toxins. Minimum detectable concentration of shiga-like toxins in sandwich ELISA is 1 ng/ml. The possibility of detecting shiga-like toxins without typical diﬀerentiation was shown when using in the enzyme immunoassay a polyreceptor mixture of monoclonal antibodies for sensitizing the plate and a polyspecifc mixture of immunoperoxidase conjugates.