bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana in a bubble-column bioreactor coupled with cooking cocoon wastewater treatment: effects of initial cell density and aeration rate
Authors: Xue Chunye , Gao Kun , Qian Pingkang , Dong Jingwei , Gao Zheng , Liu Qiaoqiao , Chen Biao , Deng Xiangyuan
Published: April 2021

Previous studies have documented that Chlorella sorokiniana could grow well on cooking cocoon wastewater (CCW) with a maximum biomass of 0.49 g/L. In order to further enhance the biomass production and nutrient removals, a bubble-column bioreactor was designed and performed to cultivate C. sorokiniana in CCW, and two main cultivation parameters were investigated in this work. Results showed that a maximum algal biomass, specific growth rate, and biomass productivity of 2.83 g/L, 0.854 d−1, and 476.25 g/L/d, respectively, were achieved when this alga was cultivated in the bioreactor with an initial cell density of 0.8 g/L and an aeration rate of 3.34 L air/L culture/min; meanwhile, removal efficiencies of ammonium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand reached 97.96, 85.66, 97.96, and 86.43%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that obtained in our previous studies. Moreover, chemical compositions in the algal cells varied with the changes of cultivation conditions (i.e., initial cell density and aeration rate). Thus, it is concluded that (1) the bubble-column bioreactor was suitable for cultivation of C. sorokiniana coupled with the CCW treatment and (2) initial cell density and aeration rate affected the biomass production, nutrient removals and chemical compositions of this alga.
Pollutant first flush identification and its implications for urban runoff pollution control: a roof and road runoff case study in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Juan , Sun Huichao , Che Wu
Published: April 2021

First flush is a common phenomenon in urban runoff pollution. Typical cement roof and asphalt road runoff in Beijing, China were monitored for 2 years. Based on the M(v) curve, the suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and particulate phosphorus in cement roof runoff presented a stronger first flush than those in asphalt road runoff. The first flush volume (VFF) of SS, COD, total nitrogen (TN) and TP in asphalt road runoff differed slightly from the cement roof. There were also differences in the first flush assessment depending on which method was used. We proposed a new method based on the runoff depth versus pollutant cumulative mass curve. According to the national standards in China (VFF = 3 mm), various masses of different pollutants, such as 91.42 ± 9.80% (cement roof) and 78.49 ± 19.41% (asphalt road) of SS and 86.85 ± 13.54% (cement roof) and 72.80 ± 25.79% (asphalt road) of COD, can be effectively controlled, but our mass control efficiencies were 55.91%–66.65% when VFF = 1 mm. The new method proposed in this study provides an alternative approach for assessing runoff pollution control efficiency of different VFF.
Sağlık Öğrencilerinde Aşı Tereddüdü
Authors: ÇETİN Ali Osman , ŞAŞMAZ Asiye , KURTULUŞ Dilara , BADUR İsa , BALKAN İlker , OWİWİ Mohannad , ÖGE Ali , ATAK Muhammed , ALTUNEL Ayşe , AKKOYUN Meryem , KORKMAZ Beyza , ÇELİK Ahmet , ÖZDİLEK Yusuf İhsan , KELEŞ Huzeyfe , AZ Adem , ANKARALI Handan
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada İstanbul’da sağlık alanında (tıp, diş hekimliği, eczacılık, hemşirelik, ebelik, fizik tedavi ve rehabilitasyon, diyetisyenlik, odyoloji, sağlık yönetimi) yükseköğrenim görmekte olan öğrencilerin aşı tereddüdü düzeyini, dağılımını ve öğrenim yılına göre değişimini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Çalışmamız bir anket çalışmasıydı ve belirlenen fakülte ve bölümlerde kayıtlı (T.C. Ölçme, Seçme ve Yerleştirme Merkezi 2019 verilerine göre) 17.488 üniversite öğrencisinin %10’una ulaşmak hedeflendi. Anket Google Formlar® platformunda çevrimiçi olarak gerçekleştirildi.Bulgular: Çalışma toplam 1559 öğrenci içerdi. Öğrencilerin %15,1’i “Gerekli durumlarda (riskli maruziyet, rutin korunma) kendinize tereddüt etmeden aşı yaptırabiliyor musunuz?” sorusuna “Hayır” yanıtını verdi. Bu oranın öğrenim yılı arttıkça azaldığı görüldü (χ2=21,523; p<0,001). Aşı tereddüdü tıp (%9,2) ve ebelik (%11,2) öğrencilerinde en düşük, fizik tedavi (%31,3) ve odyoloji (%30,4) öğrencilerinde ise en yüksek düzeydeydi. Aşı tereddüdü düzeyi eğitim düzeyine göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdi (χ2=63,034; p<0,001); öğrenim yılı arttıkça aşılara duyulan güven artmaktaydı. Ancak öğrencilerin %78,6’sının grip aşısına dair tereddütleri olduğu ve bunun öğrenim yılı ile anlamlı biçimde değişmediği (p=0,053) görüldü. Kızamık ve suçiçeği aşıları ile ilgili tereddütlerin başlıca nedeni “hastalığı geçirmenin aşı olmaktan daha koruyucu” olduğu düşüncesi; hepatit B, tetanos ve kuduz aşıları ile ilgili tereddütlerin başlıca nedeni ise “yan etkilerden duyulan kaygı” idi.Sonuç: Sağlık çalışanları arasındaki aşı tereddüdü toplumun aşılanma tutumu üzerinde oldukça etkilidir. Öğrenim yılı arttıkça azalmakla birlikte, sağlık öğrencilerinde aşı tereddüdü düzeyi yüksek görünmektedir. Bu tereddütlerin yükseköğretim sırasında belirlenip doğru bilgilendirmeyle giderilmesi son derece önemlidir. Sağlık yükseköğretimindeki içerik ve yöntemler bu gözle yeniden değerlendirilmelidir.
What are the Ultimate Sources for Privileges and Immunities of the European Union? Comment on the Judgement of the Court of Justice, Case C-502/19 Junqueras Vies
Authors: Zieliński Marek
Published: April 2021

The judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU in the case of Mr Junqueras Vies has been significant in many respects. It has split the mandate of Members of the European Parliament from the parliamentary functions fulfilled by them. It has also extended the scope of parliamentary privileges and immunities of MEPs as a result of extensive reading of the provisions of the Protocol on Privileges and Immunities of the EU. The present comment argues that such an extensive interpretation had only been possible because the CJEU found in its judgment that the principle of representative democracy created a ‘context’ in which the Court reread the respective provisions on the immunities of MEPs. As a result of the above, it seems the CJEU has found yet another basis for the EU’simmunities, functioning independently of Article 343 TFEU. Contrary to the EU’s immunities which are based on Article 343 TFEU and operate according to the principle of functional necessity, which is characteristic for traditional international organisations, immunities based on the principle of representative democracy operate according to ‘constitutional’ logic, which is characteristic for states. As the EU is evidently neither a traditional international organisation nor a state, simultaneous operation of these two sources for its privileges and immunities may prove to be difficult. In particular, EU citizens may start to wonder why the EU, the functioning of which is based on the principle of representative democracy, enjoys privileges and immunities characteristic for traditional intergovernmentalorganisations.
Google Trends for Pain Search Terms in the World’s Most Populated Regions Before and After the First Recorded COVID-19 Case: Infodemiological Study (Preprint)
Authors: Szilagyi Istvan-Szilard , Ullrich Torsten , Lang-Illievich Kordula , Klivinyi Christoph , Schittek Gregor Alexander , Simonis Holger , Bornemann-Cimenti Helmar
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

Web-based analysis of search queries has become a very useful method in various academic fields for understanding timely and regional differences in the public interest in certain terms and concepts. Particularly in health and medical research, Google Trends has been increasingly used over the last decade.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the search activity of pain-related parameters on Google Trends from among the most populated regions worldwide over a 3-year period from before the report of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in these regions (January 2018) until December 2020.

METHODS

Search terms from the following regions were used for the analysis: India, China, Europe, the United States, Brazil, Pakistan, and Indonesia. In total, 24 expressions of pain location were assessed. Search terms were extracted using the local language of the respective country. Python scripts were used for data mining. All statistical calculations were performed through exploratory data analysis and nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests.

RESULTS

Although the overall search activity for pain-related terms increased, apart from pain entities such as headache, chest pain, and sore throat, we observed discordant search activity. Among the most populous regions, pain-related search parameters for shoulder, abdominal, and chest pain, headache, and toothache differed significantly before and after the first officially confirmed COVID-19 cases (for all, P<.001). In addition, we observed a heterogenous, marked increase or reduction in pain-related search parameters among the most populated regions.

CONCLUSIONS

As internet searches are a surrogate for public interest, we assume that our data are indicative of an increased incidence of pain after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, as these increased incidences vary across geographical and anatomical locations, our findings could potentially facilitate the development of specific strategies to support the most affected groups.
Stepwise-Hierarchical Pooled Analysis for Synergistic Interpretation of Meta-analyses Involving Randomized and Observational Studies: Methodology Development (Preprint)
Authors: Shin In-Soo , Rim Chai Hong
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

The necessity of including observational studies in meta-analyses has been discussed in the literature, but a synergistic analysis method for combining randomized and observational studies has not been reported. Observational studies differ in validity depending on the degree of the confounders’ influence. Combining interpretations may be challenging, especially if the statistical directions are similar but the magnitude of the pooled results are different between randomized and observational studies (the ”gray zone”).

OBJECTIVE

To overcome these hindrances, in this study, we aim to introduce a logical method for clinical interpretation of randomized and observational studies.

METHODS

We designed a stepwise-hierarchical pooled analysis method to analyze both distribution trends and individual pooled results by dividing the included studies into at least three stages (eg, all studies, balanced studies, and randomized studies).

RESULTS

According to the model, the validity of a hypothesis is mostly based on the pooled results of randomized studies (the highest stage). Ascending patterns in which effect size and statistical significance increase gradually with stage strengthen the validity of the hypothesis; in this case, the effect size of the observational studies is lower than that of the true effect (eg, because of the uncontrolled effect of negative confounders). Descending patterns in which decreasing effect size and statistical significance gradually weaken the validity of the hypothesis suggest that the effect size and statistical significance of the observational studies is larger than the true effect (eg, because of researchers’ bias).

CONCLUSIONS

We recommend using the stepwise-hierarchical pooled analysis approach for meta-analyses involving randomized and observational studies.
Why Machine Learning Should Be Taught in Medical Schools (Preprint)
Authors: Nagy Matthew , Radakovich Nathan , Nazha Aziz
Published: April 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

The rapid development of machine learning (ML) applications in healthcare promises to transform the landscape of healthcare. In order for ML advancements to be effectively utilized in clinical care, it is necessary for the medical workforce to be prepared to handle these changes. As physicians in training are exposed to a wide breadth of clinical tools during medical school, this offers an ideal opportunity to introduce ML concepts. A foundational understanding of ML will not only be practically useful for clinicians, but will also address ethical concerns for clinical decision making. While select medical schools have made effort to integrate ML didactics and practice into their curriculum, we argue that foundational ML principles should be taught to broadly to medical students across the country.
Geological Differentiation of Groundwater Threshold Concentrations of Arsenic, Vanadium and Fluorine in El Bajio Guanajuatense, Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Ramiro , Morales-Arredondo Iván , Rodríguez Isaías
Published: April 2021

Groundwater background values, (GBV), of risky elements can be integrated as a component in groundwater management policies. Variations of GBV in rural areas with agricultural activity and in urban areas with industrial development can be related to contamination processes. Methods to calculate GBV were applied in Salamanca and Juventino Rosas, an industrial city and a farming community located in Central Mexico. A statistical treatment for rejection of deviant values was used for outliers (Dixon’s Q test). GBV were calculated using the Grubb test. Variations in arsenic and vanadium GBV are explained in terms of potential contamination sources and migration mechanisms. Arsenic and vanadium are contained in particulate emitted by a thermoelectric plant. Particulate was deposited over vulnerable areas that facilitate its migration to local aquifers. Differences in fluoride GBV are explained in terms of the geological framework.
Tectonic Interpretation of Topographic Lineaments in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire, U. S. A.
Authors: Escamilla-Casas José Cruz , E. Schulz Jeffrey
Published: April 2021

The identification of topographic lineaments on Digital Elevation Models, high-resolution bathymetric soundings, and an ordinary Kriging prediction map provide the basis for refinement of the traces of known fault zones associated with the Norumbega Fault System in the seacoast region of New Hampshire. On the present topography, simple Euler poles analysis suggests the association of the course of the Piscataqua and the Cocheco rivers with the mechanics of emplacement of the Mesozoic Agamenticus Complex. Topographic profiles, bathymetric soundings, structural analysis of brittle structures, and an ordinary Kriging prediction map of the bedrock topography support the presence of a sub-circular structure that is being interpreted as related to a subsurface plutonic body. An extensional regime model is being presented to illustrate the possible tectonic evolution of Great Bay tidal estuary.
Site Response of the NARS-Baja and RESBAN Broadband Networks of the Gulf of California, México
Authors: Ávila-Barrientos Lenin , R. Castro Raúl
Published: April 2021

We studied the seismic response of broadband stations located around the Gulf of California, Mexico, using the horizontal to vertical component spectral ratio method (HVSR). We analyzed 92 earthquakes recor-ded by the NARS-Baja and RESBAN networks, operated by CICESE. The database consists of events recorded between 2002 and 2006, with magnitudes ranging from 3.2 to 6.6. We rotated the records to find radial and transversal ground-motion components and we calculated Fourier spectra of S-wave windows recorded for the three ground-motion components. Then, we calculated HVSR for the individual components and the average of both horizontal components for every event. We analyze records from 20 stations located on sites with different geologic characteristics and we find azimuthal dependence on six of them that have amplification factors varying from 1.5 to up to 13 times at narrow back-azimuth ranges. We also find that sites with significant amplification factors (above three) show increasing amplification with increasing source magnitude.
The Mw 7.3 Papanoa, Mexico earthquake of April 18, 2014: Implications for recurrent M > 7 thrust earthquakes in western Guerrero
Authors: Mendoza Carlos , Martínez López María del Rosario
Published: April 2021

We apply a single-step, finite-fault waveform inversion procedure to derive a coseismic slip model for the large MW 7.3 Papanoa, Mexico earthquake of 18 April 2014 using broadband teleseismic body waves. Inversion of the P and SH ground-displacement waveforms yields a rupture model characterized by two principal sources of slip in the northwest portion of the Guerrero coast. The region is also the site of several M > 7 earthquakes in 1943, 1979 and 1985. A comparison of the 2014 slip model with ruptures observed for the 1979 and 1985 earthquakes suggests that the zones of high slip do not spatially coincide, despite similarities in the size and location of their aftershock areas. The zones of high coseismic slip are interpreted to represent asperity areas along the Cocos- North America plate boundary, and their limited spatial overlap from one event to another indicates that the rupture characteristics of recurring M > 7 thrust earthquakes in this portion of western Guerrero have not repeated in the last 70 years. The abutting nature of the asperities suggests that future large M > 7 earthquakes are likely to involve interplate patches between areas where large coseismic failure has been recently observed. Also, the observed asperities and their intervening regions may define locations where seismic failure may occur in future megathrust events. The results have important implications for the potential and recurrence of large M > 7 subduction earthquakes and the estimation of the strong ground motions expected from these events.
Evaluation of geochemical data by two different XRF spectrometers in sediments from the Santiaguillo Basin (state of Durango, Mexico)
Authors: Quiroz-Jiménez Jesús David , D. Roy Priyadarsi
Published: April 2021

XRF spectrometry is one of the commonly used methods to measure geochemical data and it involves both destructive and non-destructive sample preparation techniques. We evaluated data quality of 12 different regularly used elements in sedimentary research by calculating precision and accuracy of data generated in a portable ED-XRF (Niton FXL 950) and by applying a non-destructive sample preparation method. Different measuring modes of the spectrometer and matrix of the samples did not significantly influence the precision but influenced the accuracy. In sediments of variable matrix collected from the Santiaguillo Basin (state of Durango, Mexico), concentrations of Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Sr and Zr measured using the portable ED-XRF showed strong and positive correlations (r?0.8) with concentrations obtained using a conventional WD-XRF. The matrix-effect possibly caused lower correlations (r?0.7) for Mg, P and Rb. Concentrations of elements with stronger correlations were corrected using the linear regression equations generated after comparing results of both spectrometers.
Flujos e inventarios de carbono azul en manglares asociados a una laguna costera antropizada
Authors: ALDANA-GUTIÉRREZ GIOVANNI , Ruiz-Fernández Ana Carolina , Pérez-Bernal Libia Hascibe , Flores-Verdugo Francisco , Cuéllar-Martínez Tomasa , Sanchez-Cabeza Joan Albert
Published: April 2021

Los manglares, junto con los pastizales marinos y las marismas, se encuentran entre los ecosistemas costeros conocidos como ecosistemas de carbono azul. Estos ecosistemas son relevantes para la mitigación del calentamiento global debido a que son capaces de secuestrar importantes cantidades de CO2 para producción de biomasa, así como de almacenar materia orgánica en sus sedimentos durante muy largo plazo. Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación temporal de los flujos (g m-2 año-1) e inventarios (Mg ha-1) de carbono orgánico (Corg) en manglares asociados a la laguna costera Estero de Urías (Mazatlán, Sinaloa), realizado a partir del análisis de núcleos sedimentarios. La estrategia de trabajo incluyó la caracterización geoquímica de los sedimentos mediante el análisis de composición elemental por espectrometría de fluorescencia de rayos-X para evaluar cambios en el origen de los sedimentos (terrígeno o marino), la determinación de la distribución de tamaño de grano para evaluar cambios en la hidrodinámica de los sitios de estudio, y la cuantificación de las concentraciones de Corg mediante un analizador elemental. Por último, se presenta una estimación del costo económico de los impactos de las emisiones potenciales de CO2 como consecuencia de la oxidación del Corg, debido a las potenciales perturbaciones de los sitios de estudio. Esta información representa una componente más de los beneficios económicos de la preservación de los ecosistemas de manglar en México.
Empirical Relationship for Assessing the Near-Field Horizontal Coseismic Displacement Using GPS Seismology Data
Authors: Darawcheh Ryad , Al Ghazzi Riad , Abdul-wahed Mohamad Khir
Published: April 2021

In this research, a data set of horizontal GPS coseismic displacement in the near-field has been assembled around the world in order to investigate a potential relationship between the displacement and the earthquake parameters. Regression analyses have been applied to the data of 120 interplate earthquakes having the magnitude (Mw 4.8-9.2). An empirical relationship for prediction near-field horizontal GPS coseismic displacement as a function of moment magnitude and the distance between hypocenter and near field GPS station has been established using the multi regression analysis. The obtained relationship allows assessing the coseismic displacements associated with some large historical earthquakes occurred along the Dead Sea fault system. Such a fair relationship could be useful for assessing the coseismic displacement at any point around the active faults.
Attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control influence the academic integrity-related behavioral intentions of graduate students
Authors: Yang Ting , Wang Yungui , Deng Jun , Huang Chunji
Published: April 2021

Graduate students have become the driving force of scientific research at Chinese universities. Therefore, further work is needed to understand what influences postgraduate students' academic integrity. Using the theory of planned behavior, this study investigated the relationships
between postgraduates' attitude toward academic integrity, social norms (subjective, descriptive, and moral), perceived behavioral control, and intentions, and examined the moderating role of social identity in the relationship between social norms and intentions. We conducted a survey with
1,256 Chinese biomedical postgraduate students, and analyzed the data with structural equation modeling. The results show that attitude, subjective norms, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control influenced students' academic integrity-related behavioral intentions. The model explained
over half of the variance in intentions, indicating that attitude, subjective norms, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control were the main variables influencing academic integrity-related behaviors. The theory of planned behavior can be applied in research on postgraduates' academic
integrity.
Assessing the Power of Intensity Interaction between the Solid and Fluid Phases in the Unconsolidated Water-Saturated Sandy Marine Sediments at Shear Wave Propagation
Authors: Lisyutin V. A. ,   Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia, Lastovenko O. R. ,   Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Propagation of a shear wave in sandy marine sediments is considered. The acoustic properties of a shear wave are the phase velocity and the attenuation coefficient. It is known that in dry sandy sediments, the attenuation coefficient is directly proportional to frequency. In the saturated mediums, there are the deviations from this law that implies existence of two physical mechanisms of losses – the intergranular friction and viscous loss. The study is aimed at developing a two-phase theoretical model of the shear wave propagation in the unconsolidated marine sediments, and at identifying the dissipative effects caused by the fluid relative movement in the pore space. Methods and Results. The intergranular friction is modeled using a springpot, which represents an element combing conservative properties of a spring and dissipative ones of a dashpot. The equation of motion is applied, where a part of fluid is assumed to be associated with the media solid phase and another part is considered to be mobile. For a harmonic displacement, the equations of state and the equation of motion yield a new two-phase dispersion relation (the theory of Grain Shearing + + Effective Density, or GS + EDs, for short). The results of the GS + EDs theory are compared with the data of the velocity and attenuation measurements taken from the open sources. It is shown that during propagation of the compressional and shear waves, the mechanisms of interaction between the granules, and between the granules and fluid are not similar. Character of the changes in the grain-tograin friction parameters when the pore space is saturated with fluid, is analyzed. Conclusion. Manifestation of the dissipative effects resulting from the pore saturation with fluid depends on the density of the granules packing. In case of a dense packing, there are no conditions for the fluid relative movement, and the sandy sediments exhibit the property of a constant Q-factor. If the packing is loose, the viscous losses make a significant contribution, and the attenuation frequency dependence is nonlinear. The effective pore sizes for the compression and shear waves do not coincide.
Mathematical Modeling the Dynamics of the Bottom Sediments Granulometric Composition in the Balaklava Bay Affected by the Wind Waves
Authors: Gurov K. I. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Sevastopol, Russia, Fomin V. V. ,   Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russia
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Based on the mathematical modeling methods, influence of the wind waves on redistribution of the sand fractions in the semi-closed estuary-type water area is estimated using the Balaklava Bay as an example. Methods and Results. A two-dimensional version of the XBeach model with a constant grid spacing 10 m was used. The characteristics of wind waves were preset using the JONSWAP spectrum. The calculations were carried out for a storm event lasting about 12 hours once a year. The in-situ data on the particle size distribution in the bottom sediments resulted from the monitoring observations in the Balaklava Bay region was used in the numerical experiments. Conclusions. The results of modeling showed that the basic determining factors regulating the sediments movement were the depth and the bottom slope. It is noted that changing of the bottom inclination angle between the isobaths 6–7 and 7–8 m leads to deposition of the large and medium fractions, and in the area between the isobaths 9–10 and 10–12 m – to accumulation of fine sand. It was revealed that in the Balaklava Bay water area, the main redistribution of sand material caused by the storm waves took place within the southern basin, as well as at the bay exit in the coastal zone of the Megalo-Yalo Gulf. This is primarily determined by the features of the Balaklava Bay coast orography, namely, the knee-shaped narrowness separating the northern and southern basins. Nevertheless, in the isolated northern part of the Balaklava Bay being affected by the storm waves, insignificant dynamics of sand material was observed. The fractions of bottom sediments are redistributed from the western coast to the central part of the basin and to the eastern coast of the bay.
Liberação de potássio e sódio a partir de resíduos do beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais
Authors: DUARTE Eduardo Baudson , NASCIMENTO Amanda Péres da Silva , GANDINE Simony Marques da Silva , CARVALHO José Romário de , BURAK Diego Lang , NEVES Mirna Aparecida
Published: April 2021

A grande quantidade de resíduos gerados no beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais e sua composição, rica em macroelementos como o potássio, mostram potencial de uso para o enriquecimento mineral de solos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a liberação de potássio e sódio a partir de resíduos de diferentes tipos de rochas extraídos sucessivamente por dois meios ácidos (solução Mehlich-1 e ácido cítrico 2%). Os métodos envolveram análise granulométrica, análise química por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X (FRX) e mineralógica por difração de raios-X (DRX). A solubilização de macroelementos foi avaliada por meio de extração química com solução Mehlich-1 e ácido cítrico 2%. Foram realizadas extrações sucessivas por 504 horas, durante 21 dias e determinada a concentração de potássio e sódio nos extratos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística e o estudo da cinética de liberação química foi realizado por meio do ajuste no modelo cinético proposto pela Equação de Elovich. O resíduo Verde Bahia (VB), serrado em tear convencional, liberou maior quantidade de potássio quando comparado aos outros resíduos analisados, e com valores significativos em todas as análises, independentemente do meio extrator. Conclui-se, que os resíduos apresentam teores acumulados extraídos de potássio por vezes superiores a 1000 mg kg-1, sendo o tipo de rocha beneficiada (quartzito, quartzo-dioritos e sienogranito) e o tipo de tear empregado no beneficiamento (convencional e diamantado) os principais fatores controladores. Contudo, os teores acumulados de sódio, podem gerar possível toxidez, a depender do tipo de solo.
Uso de espectrometria de raios-gama aplicado à caracterização de sucessões argilosas: estudo de caso em um intervalo devoniano da borda leste da Bacia do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: PLANTZ Josiane Branco , CARELLI Thiago Gonçalves , SANTOS Bruno Rafael de Carvalho , MENDLOWICZ-MAULLER Paula , BORGHI Leonardo , RAMOS Renato Rodriguez Cabral
Published: April 2021

Dados diretos de subsuperfície são ainda escassos na borda leste da Bacia do Paraná e perfis de poços são rotineiramente utilizados para interpretação litológica. Com base nisto, propõe-se um estudo integrado que objetiva a caracterização litológica e gamaespectométrica do testemunho do poço 2-TB-1-PR (Tibagi), amostrado continuamente da superfície (0,00 m) até 451,60 m de profundidade, além de reconhecer, em subsuperfície, as unidades siluro-devonianas que afloram na área de estudo. As características litológicas permitiram distinguir cinco intervalos (A-E), no Intervalo A (438,80-451,60 m) observa-se arenitos com estratificação cruzada atribuídos à Formação Furnas; o Intervalo B (432,60-438,80 m) é constituído por arenitos laminados intercalados com argilitos, que apresentam elevadas médias de Th, K e GR e é correlato as “camadas de transição” presentes entre as formações Furnas e Ponta Grossa. Nos intervalos C (208,10-432,60 m) e D (13,00-208,10 m) predominam argilitos laminados típicos da Formação Ponta Grossa, com idades entre o Neopraguiano e o Eo/MesoGivetiano(?). Intercalações entre argilitos e arenitos estão presentes, bem como arenitos, que, por vezes, exibem laminações cruzadas por onda. No intervalo D as camadas de arenito ocorrem com maior frequência e espessura e no C as rochas apresentam médias de Th, U, K e GR inferiores às do testemunho. O Intervalo E (13,00-0,00 m), constituído por rochas mosqueadas e com valores elevados de Th, U e K é correlato ao Grupo Itararé (Permo-carbonífero). A pequena dispersão dos valores de Th, U, K e GR não permitiu a elaboração de um modelo de predição litológica para sucessões argilosas, mas salienta a existência de padrões atribuídos ao paleoambiente deposicional.
Pancreatitis del surco (groove) que imita cáncer de páncreas: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Parga Bermúdez Julián Ernesto , Gómez Zuleta Martín Alonso
Published: April 2021

La pancreatitis del surco (PS) o “groove pancreatitis”, es una forma de pancreatitis crónica infrecuente; nombrada así por su localización en el surco pancreatoduodenal. Suele predominar en varones con antecedente de ingesta de alcohol. Es de gran importancia realizar diagnóstico diferencial con cáncer de páncreas, dada su ubicación. Los avances en los métodos diagnósticos, como la ultrasonografía endoscópica, han permitido un abordaje más certero, sin embargo, no se cuenta con guías de manejo y las aproximaciones terapéuticas siguen siendo basadas en patologías similares.
Disfunción del esfínter de Oddi: un reporte de caso
Authors: Peñaloza- Ramírez Arecio , Coral- Argoty Esteban , Castro- Rodriguez María , Alvarez- Gil Johann , Aponte- Ordoñez Pedro
Published: April 2021

La disfunción del esfínter de Oddi es un síndrome clínico causado por una enfermedad funcional (discinesia) o estructural (estenosis). La prevalencia estimada de disfunción del esfínter de Oddi en la población en general es del 1 %; aumentando a 20 % para pacientes con dolor persistente posterior a colecistectomía y a 70 % en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda recurrente idiopática. Se caracteriza clínicamente por la presencia de dolor abdominal, similar al cólico biliar o dolor tipo pancreático en ausencia de patología biliar orgánica; así como en pacientes con pancreatitis recurrente idiopática asociada con elevación de enzimas pancreáticas o hepáticas, y dilatación del conducto biliar o pancreático. El tratamiento para la disfunción del esfínter de Oddi tipo I se basa en la realización de esfinterotomía endoscópica, pero existe controversia en el manejo de la disfunción del esfínter de Oddi tipo II y III. En este artículo se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 67 años con antecedente de colecistectomía por laparotomía. Después del procedimiento quirúrgico refirió un dolor abdominal de predominio en el hipocondrio derecho tipo cólico asociado con emesis de características biliares. En el reporte de colangiorresonancia se encontró una ligera dilatación de la vía biliar intrahepática y gammagrafía con ácido iminodiacético hepatobiliar (HIDA) diagnóstica de disfunción del esfínter de Oddi. Se realizó una esfinterotomía endoscópica. En el seguimiento, dos años después, la paciente se encontraba asintomática con la disfunción del esfínter de Oddi resuelta.
Macroamilasemia en el Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray de Trujillo (Perú): reporte de un caso
Authors: Ruíz García Sandro
Published: April 2021

La macroamilasemia debe sospecharse en todo paciente con aumento catalítico de amilasa α plasmática persistente y sin clínica de dolor abdominal, descartando otras etiologías de patología pancreáticas y extrapancreática. La macroamilasemia se caracteriza por la unión de complejos de amilasa α con inmunoglobulina, más frecuente inmunoglobulina A; pueden presentarse 3 tipos de macroamilasemia. Es importante realizar el diagnóstico diferencial de otras patologías que puedan causar el aumento de la amilasa y así evitar los procedimientos innecesarios. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 53 años, de sexo femenino, que ingresó a emergencia por clínica de dolor abdominal y hiperamilasemia, que fue diagnosticada inicialmente de pancreatitis aguda.
Mechanism on Redistribution Synthesis of Dichlorodimethylsilane by AlCl3/ZSM-5(3T)@γ-Al2O3 Core-shell Catalyst
Authors: xu wenyuan , Cheng Yongbing , Wang Yan , Li Suying , Shen Mengsha , Huang Hongkun , Liao Mengyin , Peng Jiaxi , Ding Shunmin , Chen Xi , Yang Shaoming
Published: April 2021

The redistribution method plays an important role in addressing the
issue of organosilicon by-product in the direct synthesis of
dichlorodimethylsilane, and the redistribution mechanism is still a
topic of debate. The redistribution by ZSM-5(3T)@γ-Al2O3 core-shell
catalyst and post-modified AlCl3/ZSM-5(3T)@γ-Al2O3 catalyst was
technically performed using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the
level of B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd). The result shows that No.1 active site
of ZSM-5(3T)@γ-Al2O3 core-shell structure has a significant effect on
the activity of the catalyst. Indicating that the active center involved
in the reaction is H provided by Al-O-H bond, which is an obvious
catalytic active center of Bronsted acid. Furthermore, post-modified
AlCl3/ZSM-5(3T)@γ-Al2O3 catalyst is in more favor of redistribution
reaction comparing with ZSM-5(3T)@γ-Al2O3 core-shell catalyst. It
ascribes to the robust Lewis site of aluminum chloride favorable
modification.
Spike-specific immune response induced by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in former COVID-19 patients and high responsive subjects
Authors: Cocciolo Marta , Miroballo Mattia , Tamiro Francesco , Santis Elisabetta De , Totti Beatrice , Rossi Giovanni , Piepoli Ada , Vincentis Gabriella De , Greco Antonio , Mangia Alessandrda , Mauro Lazzaro Di , Miscio Giuseppe , Giambra Vincenzo
Published: April 2021

Background: The worldwide escalation of Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19) has urgently required the development of safe and effective
vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of disease. The BNT162b2
(Pfizer–BioNTech) RNA-based vaccine confers 95% protection against
COVID-19 by encoding a mutated isoform of SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike
(S) protein. Objective: Here, we report the antigen-specific immune
profile against SARS-CoV-2 S protein after vaccination with a single
dose of BNT162b2 in order to define the immunological landscape required
for an efficient response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Methods: We
determined the levels of antibodies and antigen-specific B, T and NK-T
cells against a recombinant GFP tagged SARS-CoV-2 S protein in subjects
up to 20 days after injection of a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine using
a combined approach involving serological assays and flow cytometry
analyses. Former COVID-19 patients have been also included in this study
to evaluate the effect of vaccine after exposition to SARS-CoV-2.
Results: The level of antigen-specific helper T-cells against SARS-CoV-2
S protein was reduced in subjects, low responsive or unresponsive to
vaccination with respect to the highly responsive individuals, while the
numbers of antigen-specific regulatory and cytotoxic T-cells were
comparable. Of interest, in former COVID-19 patients, a single dose of
BNT162b2 vaccine induced a significant increase of antibody production
simultaneous with an antigen-specific B and NK-T cell response.
Conclusion: Taken together, these results suggest that favorable immune
profiles support the progression and an effective reaction to BNT162b2
vaccination.
Ankle-brachial index to monitor limb perfusion in patients with femoral venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Son Andre , Karim Azad , Joung Rachel , Mcgregor Randy , Wu Tingqing , Andrei Adin-Cristian , Pawale Amit , Ho Karen , Pham Duc
Published: April 2021

Background: Limb ischemia is a major complication of femoral
venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). Use of
ankle-brachial index (ABI) to monitor limb perfusion in VA-ECMO has not
been described. We report our experience monitoring femoral VA-ECMO
patients with serial ABI and the relationships between ABI and near
infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Methods: This is a retrospective
single-center review of consecutive adult patients placed on femoral
VA-ECMO between January 2019 and October 2019. Data were collected on
patients with paired ABI and NIRS values. Relationships between NIRS and
ABI of the cannulated (E-NIRS and E-ABI) and non-cannulated legs (N-NIRS
and N-ABI) along with the difference between legs (D-NIRS and D-ABI)
were determined using Pearson correlation. Results: Overall, 22 patients
(mean age 56.5±14.0 years, 72.7% male) were assessed with 295 E-ABI and
E-NIRS measurements, and 273 N-ABI and N-NIRS measurements. Mean
duration of ECMO support was 129.8±78.3 hours. ECMO-mortality was 13.6%
and in-hospital mortality was 45.5%. N-ABI and N-NIRS were
significantly higher than their ECMO counterparts (ABI mean difference
0.16, 95%CI 0.13-0.19, p<0.0001; NIRS mean difference 2.51,
95%CI 1.48-3.54, p<0.0001). There was no correlation between
E-ABI vs. E-NIRS (r=0.032, p=0.59), N-ABI vs. N-NIRS (r=0.097, p=0.11),
or D-NIRS vs. D-ABI (r=0.11, p=0.069). Conclusions: ABI is a
quantitative metric that may be used to monitor limb perfusion and
supplement clinical exams to identify limb ischemia in femorally
cannulated VA-ECMO patients. More studies are needed to characterize the
significance of ABI in femoral VA-ECMO and its value in identifying limb
ischemia in this patient population.
A comparison of treatment results of adult deep-bite cases treated with lingual and labial fixed appliances
Authors: Pamukçu Hande , Özsoy Ömür Polat
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To compare the cephalometric treatment results of adult deep-bite cases after labial and lingual fixed orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods

A total of 102 patients underwent lingual orthodontic treatment and complete records were evaluated. The following inclusion criteria were used: patients who had Angle Class I or mild Class II malocclusion; comprehensive orthodontic treatment that did not include intrusion mechanics or any extractions; patients with an initial overbite of more than 3.7 mm. Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. These cases were matched with the same number of patients according to age with a labial orthodontic treatment group. Pre- and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs were evaluated. Independent t test or Fisher exact tests were performed to assess the differences between the groups.

Results

Proclination of the upper incisors was higher in the labial group. Incisor mandibular plane angle (IMPA) showed an increase of 1.2° in the lingual group and 9.7° in the labial group. Lower incisor edge was approximately in a stable sagittal position in the lingual group but significant lower incisor proclination was seen in the labial group. The lower incisors were intruded (-1 mm) in the lingual group but lower incisors were minimally extruded (0.3 mm) in the labial group. No significant difference was found in the movements of upper and lower molars for both groups.

Conclusions

The nature of lower incisor movement involved less protrusion in lingual orthodontics than the labial treatment. Lingual orthodontic treatment is a better option in adult cases where intrusion of lower incisors without labial tipping is desired.
Associations of Type 2 Diabetes Onset Age With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: The Kailuan Study
Authors: Zhao Maoxiang , Song Lulu , Sun Lan , Wang Miao , Wang Chi , Yao Siyu , Li Yao , Yun Cuijuan , Zhang Sijin , Sun Yizhen , Hou Ziwei , Wu Shouling , Xue Hao
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore the associations between type 2 diabetes onset age and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in the Chinese population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This study included 101,080 participants free of prevalent diabetes and CVD at baseline from the Kailuan Study. All participants were monitored biennially until 31 December 2017. During follow-up, 11,384 participants were diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes. For each case subject, one control subject was randomly selected, matched for age (± 1 years) and sex. The final analysis comprised 10,777 case-control pairs. Weighted Cox regression models were used to evaluate the average hazard ratios (AHRs) and 95% CIs of incident CVD and all-cause mortality among patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes versus control subjects across age-groups.

Results

During a median follow-up of 5.57 years, 1,794 incident events (907 CVD events, of which there were 725 strokes and 887 deaths) occurred. After adjustment for potential confounders, participants with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at age <45 years had the highest relative risks of CVD and all-cause mortality relative to the matched control subjects, with AHRs of 3.21 (95% CI 1.18–8.72) for CVD, 2.99 (95% CI 1.01–9.17) for stroke, and 4.79 (95% CI 1.95–11.76) for all-cause mortality. The risks gradually attenuated with each decade increase in type 2 diabetes onset age.

CONCLUSIONS

The relative risks of CVD and all-cause mortality differed across type 2 diabetes onset age-groups, and the associations were more evident in younger-onset type 2 diabetes.
Disciplinary Offenses and Punishments Related to Higher Education Students in Educational Law: On Some Problematics with Legal Principles
Authors: Hareket Erdem
Published: April 2021

For all public officials serving within the public sphere and university students studying in higher education institutions with public legal personality, compliance with the law as regards their rights, responsibilities, duties or statuses is an indispensable requirement of public life. This requirement is framed by positive norms provisions. Actions and penalties for disciplinary offenses against higher education students fall within the subject boundaries of various law fields such as administrative, criminal, disciplinary and educational law. Therefore, the provisions of the legislation on higher education students' disciplinary offenses and penalties must be clearly stated on the basis of legal principles. Based on this necessity, this study attempts to shed light on the investigation and punishment processes executed as per the Higher Education Institutions Student Disciplinary Regulations, from the perspective of the legal provisions and principles involved.
The development and realization by the nazi leadership of the wehrmacht’s plans of the offensive operation for the spring-summer campaign of 1942 in the south wing of the soviet-german front
Authors: Linets Sergei Ivanovich , Milyaeva Ludmila Ivanovna , Linets Aleksandr Sergeevich , Bogoslavtseva Margarita Sergeevna , Maslova Olga Borisovna
Published: April 2021

The article shows the history of the development by the German High Command of the plans of the Wehrmacht’s offensive operation in the south wing of the Soviet-German front for the spring-summer campaign of 1942. The objective of this paper is to elaborate on some individual aspects of the planning by the Nazi leadership of “Case Blue” (German – Fall Blau) and its subsequent realization. The result of this correction was a quick creation of the two new strategic plans: “Operation Braunschweig” – the offensive against Stalingrad and “Operation Edelweiss” – the offensive against the Caucasus. In the paper, the authors as a conclusion note that such dispersion of the armed forces of the German army led in the end to the shortage of forces for the realization of the both plans and the defeat of the Wehrmacht both in Stalingrad and in the battle of the Caucasus. The victories of the Red Army in those battles resulted in the radical turning-point at the entire Soviet-German front, in the beginning of the liberation of the Soviet territories from the German occupation troops.
Dynamics of stylistic norms in the artistic discourse of the xx century
Authors: Siuta Halyna М. , Ivanenko Iryna M , Dubravska Zoriana R. , Mialkovska Liudmyla M. , Senkovych Olha R.
Published: April 2021

Ukrainian literary language is a complex communicative system, synchronous-diachronic section of which is informative regarding the state of development of national consciousness, intellectual level of society, and in a broader sense – concerning inscribing of the language in the history of national and world culture. This article is devoted to tracing the temporal and conceptual dynamics of the stylistic norm in the work of Ukrainian writers of the 20th century. The methodological basis for the study was made by such methods as comparison and analysis of literary works of Ukrainian writers of the XX century. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the linguistic norm is a cognitive reference point for the scientific parameterization of the style norm of artistic discourse. The authors also emphasize that the dynamism of the stylistic artistic norm lies in the ability of the poetic language to respond to the development of artistic and linguistic consciousness, thinking of both the author and the reader in various manifestations.