bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A molecular insight of some probiotic bacteria to address their antagonistic activity against pathogenic vibrios causing shrimp mortality
Authors: Farzana Tasmia , Rahman Shafiqur , Naser M Niamul , Karim Muhammad Manjurul
Published: July 2013

The molecular basis of antagonistic activity of a number of probiotic bacteria was analyzed using plasmid curing method. Earlier, six bacteria having potential probiotic activity under laboratory conditions were screened from 96 isolates which were obtained from shrimp rearing environment from south-west coastal region of Bangladesh. Among the isolated probionts, five were subjected to plasmid curing method and three were found to harbor plasmids, as was revealed in an agarose gel electrophoresis. Curing of these plasmids demonstrated that the bacteria lost its antagonistic activity, indicating the activity could be plasmid-borne. The antagonistic activities of the rest two isolates however, were not plasmid-oriented as no plasmid was recovered from them. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v37i1.15688 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 37, No. 1, 115-120, 2013
Corrosion Study and Intermetallics Formation in Gold and Copper Wire Bonding in Microelectronics Packaging
Authors: Goh Chwee , Chong Wee , Lee Teck , Breach Christopher
Published: July 2013

A comparison study on the reliability of gold (Au) and copper (Cu) wire bonding is conducted to determine their corrosion and oxidation behavior in different environmental conditions. The corrosion and oxidation behaviors of Au and Cu wire bonding are determined through soaking in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and high temperature storage (HTS) at 175 °C, 200 °C and 225 °C. Galvanic corrosion is more intense in Cu wire bonding as compared to Au wire bonding in NaCl solution due to the minimal formation of intermetallics in the former. At all three HTS annealing temperatures, the rate of Cu-Al intermetallic formation is found to be three to five times slower than Au-Al intermetallics. The faster intermetallic growth rate and lower activation energy found in this work for both Au/Al and Cu/Al as compared to literature could be due to the thicker Al pad metallization which removed the rate-determining step in previous studies due to deficit in Al material.
Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration in Turbid Lake Using Spectral Smoothing and Derivative Analysis
Authors: Cheng Chunmei , Wei Yuchun , Sun Xiaopeng , Zhou Yu
Published: July 2013

As a major indicator of lake eutrophication that is harmful to human health, the chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) is often estimated using remote sensing, and one method often used is the spectral derivative algorithm. Direct derivative processing may magnify the noise, thus making spectral smoothing necessary. This study aims to use spectral smoothing as a pretreatment and to test the applicability of the spectral derivative algorithm for Chl-a estimation in Taihu Lake, China, based on the in situ hyperspectral reflectance. Data from July–August of 2004 were used to build the model, and data from July–August of 2005 and March of 2011 were used to validate the model, with Chl-a ranges of 5.0–156.0 mg/m3, 4.0–98.0 mg/m3 and 11.4–35.8 mg/m3, respectively. The derivative model was first used and then compared with the band ratio, three-band and four-band models. The results show that the first-order derivative model at 699 nm had satisfactory accuracy (R2 = 0.75) after kernel regression smoothing and had smaller validation root mean square errors of 15.21 mg/m3 in 2005 and 5.85 mg/m3 in 2011. The distribution map of Chl-a in Taihu Lake based on the HJ1/HSI image showed the actual distribution trend, indicating that the first-order derivative model after spectral smoothing can be used for Chl-a estimation in turbid lake.
Molecularly Targeted Agents as Radiosensitizers in Cancer Therapy—Focus on Prostate Cancer
Authors: Alcorn Sara , Walker Amanda , Gandhi Nishant , Narang Amol , Wild Aaron , Hales Russell , Herman Joseph , Song Danny , DeWeese Theodore , Antonarakis Emmanuel , Tran Phuoc
Published: July 2013

As our understanding of the molecular pathways driving tumorigenesis improves and more druggable targets are identified, we have witnessed a concomitant increase in the development and production of novel molecularly targeted agents. Radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of various malignancies with a prominent role in the care of prostate cancer patients, and efforts to improve the therapeutic ratio of radiation by technologic and pharmacologic means have led to important advances in cancer care. One promising approach is to combine molecularly targeted systemic agents with radiotherapy to improve tumor response rates and likelihood of durable control. This review first explores the limitations of preclinical studies as well as barriers to successful implementation of clinical trials with radiosensitizers. Special considerations related to and recommendations for the design of preclinical studies and clinical trials involving molecularly targeted agents combined with radiotherapy are provided. We then apply these concepts by reviewing a representative set of targeted therapies that show promise as radiosensitizers in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Action on the Surface: Entomopathogenic Fungi versus the Insect Cuticle
Authors: Ortiz-Urquiza Almudena , Keyhani Nemat
Published: July 2013

Infections mediated by broad host range entomopathogenic fungi represent seminal observations that led to one of the first germ theories of disease and are a classic example of a co-evolutionary arms race between a pathogen and target hosts. These fungi are able to parasitize susceptible hosts via direct penetration of the cuticle with the initial and potentially determining interaction occurring between the fungal spore and the insect epicuticle. Entomogenous fungi have evolved mechanisms for adhesion and recognition of host surface cues that help direct an adaptive response that includes the production of: (a) hydrolytic, assimilatory, and/or detoxifying enzymes including lipase/esterases, catalases, cytochrome P450s, proteases, and chitinases; (b) specialized infectious structures, e.g., appressoria or penetrant tubes; and (c) secondary and other metabolites that facilitate infection. Aside from immune responses, insects have evolved a number of mechanisms to keep pathogens at bay that include: (a) the production of (epi) cuticular antimicrobial lipids, proteins, and metabolites; (b) shedding of the cuticle during development; and (c) behavioral-environmental adaptations such as induced fever, burrowing, and grooming, as well as potentially enlisting the help of other microbes, all intended to stop the pathogen before it can breach the cuticle. Virulence and host-defense can be considered to be under constant reciprocal selective pressure, and the action on the surface likely contributes to phenomena such as strain variation, host range, and the increased virulence often noted once a (low) virulent strain is “passaged” through an insect host. Since the cuticle represents the first point of contact and barrier between the fungus and the insect, the “action on the surface” may represent the defining interactions that ultimately can lead either to successful mycosis by the pathogen or successful defense by the host. Knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction can shed light on the ecology and evolution of virulence and can be used for rational design strategies at increasing the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi for pest control in field applications.
Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Mayer Alejandro , Rodríguez Abimael , Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio , Fusetani Nobuhiro
Published: July 2013

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.
Temperature and Pressure Effects of Desalination Using a MFI-Type Zeolite Membrane
Authors: Zhu Bo , Kim Jun , Na Yong-Han , Moon Il-Shik , Connor Greg , Maeda Shuichi , Morris Gayle , Gray Stephen , Duke Mikel
Published: July 2013

Zeolites are potentially a robust desalination alternative, as they are chemically stable and possess the essential properties needed to reject ions. Zeolite membranes could desalinate “challenging” waters, such as saline secondary effluent, without any substantial pre-treatment, due to the robust mechanical properties of ceramic membranes. A novel MFI-type zeolite membrane was developed on a tubular α-Al2O3 substrate by a combined rubbing and secondary hydrothermal growth method. The prepared membrane was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and single gas (He or N2) permeation and underwent desalination tests with NaCl solutions under different pressures (0.7 MPa and 7 MPa). The results showed that higher pressure resulted in higher Na+ rejection and permeate flux. The zeolite membrane achieved a good rejection of Na+ (~82%) for a NaCl feed solution with a TDS (total dissolved solids) of 3000 mg·L−1 at an applied pressure of 7 MPa and 21 °C. To explore the opportunity for high salinity and high temperature desalination, this membrane was also tested with high concentration NaCl solutions (up to TDS 90,000 mg·L−1) and at 90 °C. This is the first known work at such high salinities of NaCl. It was found that increasing the salinity of the feed solution decreased both Na+ rejection and flux. An increase in testing temperature resulted in an increase in permeate flux, but a decrease in ion rejection.
Development of 65 Novel Polymorphic cDNA-SSR Markers in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa) Using Next Generation Sequencing
Authors: Chung Jong-Wook , Kim Tae-Sung , Suresh Sundan , Lee Sok-Young , Cho Gyu-Taek
Published: July 2013

Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is one of the most important annual forage legumes in the World due to its multiple uses (i.e., hay, grain, silage and green manure) and high nutritional value. However, detrimental cyanoalanine toxins in its plant parts including seeds and its vulnerability to hard winter conditions are currently reducing the agronomic values of vetch varieties. Moreover, the existence in the public domain of very few genomic resources, especially molecular markers, has further hampered breeding efforts. Polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers from transcript sequences (cDNA; simple sequence repeat [SSR]) were developed for Vicia sativa subsp. sativa. We found 3,811 SSR loci from 31,504 individual sequence reads, and 300 primer pairs were designed and synthesized. In total, 65 primer pairs were found to be consistently scorable when 32 accessions were tested. The numbers of alleles ranged from 2 to 19, frequency of major alleles per locus were 0.27–0.87, the genotype number was 2–19, the overall polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.20–0.86, and the observed and expected heterozygosity values were 0.00–0.41 and 0.264–0.852, respectively. These markers provide a useful tool for assessing genetic diversity, population structure, and positional cloning, facilitating vetch breeding programs.
Compact Setup of a Tunable Heterodyne Spectrometer for Infrared Observations of Atmospheric Trace-Gases
Authors: Stangier Tobias , Sonnabend Guido , Sornig Manuela
Published: July 2013

We report on the development and characterization of the new compact infrared heterodyne receiver, iChips (Infrared Compact Heterodyne Instrument for Planetary Science). It is specially designed for ground-based observations of the terrestrial atmosphere in the mid-infrared wavelength region. Mid-infrared room temperature quantum cascade lasers are implemented into a heterodyne system for the first time. Their tunability allows the instrument to operate in two different modes. The scanning mode covers a spectral range of few wavenumbers continuously with a resolution of approximately ν/∆ν ≥ 105. This mode allows the determination of the terrestrial atmospheric transmission. The staring mode, applied for observations of single molecular transition features, provides a spectral resolution of ν/∆ν ≥ 107 and a bandwidth of 1.4 GHz. To demonstrate the instrument's capabilities, initial observations in both modes were performed by measuring the terrestrial transmittance at 7.8 µm (∼ 1,285 cm−1) and by probing terrestrial ozone features at 8.6 µm (∼ 1,160 cm−1), respectively. The receivers characteristics and performance are described.
Chromatin Dynamics during Lytic Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Conn Kristen , Schang Luis
Published: July 2013

Latent HSV-1 genomes are chromatinized with silencing marks. Since 2004, however, there has been an apparent inconsistency in the studies of the chromatinization of the HSV-1 genomes in lytically infected cells. Nuclease protection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggested that the genomes were not regularly chromatinized, having only low histone occupancy. However, the chromatin modifications associated with transcribed and non-transcribed HSV-1 genes were those associated with active or repressed transcription, respectively. Moreover, the three critical HSV-1 transcriptional activators all had the capability to induce chromatin remodelling, and interacted with critical chromatin modifying enzymes. Depletion or overexpression of some, but not all, chromatin modifying proteins affected HSV-1 transcription, but often in unexpected manners. Since 2010, it has become clear that both cellular and HSV-1 chromatins are highly dynamic in infected cells. These dynamics reconcile the weak interactions between HSV-1 genomes and chromatin proteins, detected by nuclease protection and chromatin immunoprecipitation, with the proposed regulation of HSV-1 gene expression by chromatin, supported by the marks in the chromatin in the viral genomes and the abilities of the HSV-1 transcription activators to modulate chromatin. It also explains the sometimes unexpected results of interventions to modulate chromatin remodelling activities in infected cells.
An Agent Based Model of Household Water Use
Authors: Linkola Lilli , Andrews Clinton , Schuetze Thorsten
Published: July 2013

Households consume a significant fraction of total potable water production. Strategies to improve the efficiency of water use tend to emphasize technological interventions to reduce or shift water demand. Behavioral water use reduction strategies can also play an important role, but a flexible framework for exploring the “what-ifs” has not been available. This paper introduces such a framework, presenting an agent-based model of household water-consuming behavior. The model simulates hourly water-using activities of household members within a rich technological and behavioral context, calibrated with appropriate data. Illustrative experiments compare the resulting water usage of U.S. and Dutch households and their associated water-using technologies, different household types (singles, families with children, and retired couples), different water metering regimes, and educational campaigns. All else equal, Dutch and metered households use less water. Retired households use more water because they are more often at home. Water-saving educational campaigns are effective for the part of the population that is receptive. Important interactions among these factors, both technological and behavioral, highlight the value of this framework for integrated analysis of the human-technology-water system.
CD40 Signal Regulates CXCR4 Mediating Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Migration: Implications for Extrapelvic Metastastic Factors
Authors: Qu Qiu-Xia , Huang Qin , Xu Jian , Duan Li-Ting , Zhu Yi-Bei , Zhang Xue-Guang
Published: July 2013

Ovarian carcinomas are highly invasive, especially in the peritoneal cavity. SDF-1α and its receptor, CXCR4, play a crucial role in migration of cancer cells. Here, SDF-1α directed HO8910 cell migration, but not SKOV3 cells. After being educated to express CXCR4 in vivo
or by treating with sCD40L, SDF-1α reexhibited the ability of directing SKOV3 cell migration, which could be antagonized by CXCR4-neutralizing antibody. Furthermore, concomitant expression of CXCR4/CD40 in ovarian carcinoma tissues had stronger correlation with pelvic metastasis than
did each alone. It is suggest that SDF-1α acts through CXCR4 to induce ovarian cancer cell migration, which could be facilitated by CD40 activation. Simultaneously examining the expression of CXCR4 and CD40 will provide valuable diagnosis of pelvic metastasis for ovarian carcinomas.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Mediated Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Induces IL-8 Expression Through Ets-1 in Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Lee Kyung Hee , Koh Sung Ae , Kim Jae-Ryong
Published: July 2013

Gastric cancer cells secrete a variety of proangiogenic molecules, including IL-8 and VEGF. However, factors regulating the expression of proangiogenic genes for gastric cancer remain largely undefined. We investigated the role of HGF-induced activation of GRP and Ets-1 transcription
factor in expression of the proangiogenic factor IL-8. The genes associated with angiogenesis induced by HGF were screened using cDNA micro-array technology in two gastric cancer cell lines (NUGC-3 and MKN-28). First, GRP RNA and protein were confirmed to be upregulated. Then, expression of
GRP, Ets-1, and IL-8 were further estimated by Western blot analysis. A role for Ets-1 in HGF-induced upregulation of IL-8 was determined by knockdown of Ets-1 with Ets-1 sh-RNA and a chromatin immune precipitation assay. The levels of GRP, Ets-1, and IL-8 were upregulated in cells treated
with HGF in a dose-dependent manner. HGF-induced expression of Ets-1 and IL-8 was increased more by GRP treatment and inhibited by pretreatment with an ERK 1/2 inhibitor (PD098059). HGF-induced upregulation of IL-8 was repressed by Ets-1 knockdown. HGF enhanced the binding activity of Ets-1
to the IL-8 promoter in control cells, but not in the Ets-1 shRNA cells. We confirmed the functional role of HGF-induced Ets-1 in activation of the IL-8 promoter by the reporter gene assay. Downregulation of IL-8 also decreased in vitro cell invasion. In conclusion, HGF mediated the GRP induction of IL-8 expression through Ets-1, which thus might serve as a promising target for gastric cancer therapy.
Invasion of Histiocytic Sarcoma Into the Spinal Cord of HTLV-1 Tax Transgenic Mice With HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis-Like Disease
Authors: Ohsugi Takeo , Wakamiya Makoto , Morikawa Saki , Matsuura Kumi , Kumar Jerald Mahesh , Kumasaka Toshio , Yamaguchi Kazunari
Published: July 2013

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause an aggressive malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) as well as inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HTLV-1 Tax also
develop T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and an inflammatory arthropathy that resembles rheumatoid arthritis. We found that 8 of 297 Tax-Tg mice developed HAM/TSP-like disease with symmetrical paraparesis of the hind limbs, but these symptoms were absent in non-Tg littermates and in other mice strains
at our animal facilities. We could perform detailed evaluations for five of these mice. These evaluations showed that the disease was not inflammatory, unlike that in HAM/TSP patients, but instead involved the invasion of histiocytic sarcoma cells into the lumbar spinal cord from the bone
marrow where they had undergone extensive proliferation.
Inhibition of Gastric Cancer Cell Growth In Vivo by Overexpression of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Survivin Mutant C84A
Authors: Weng Yuan , Fei Bojian , Chi Alfred L. , Cai Ming
Published: July 2013

Survivin is overexpressed in most of human cancer cells and tissues. Its overexpression is associated with apoptosis inhibition, drug resistance, and poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated survivin mutant Cys84Ala [rAAV-Sur-Mut(C84A)]
on gastric cancer growth. Sur-Mut(C84A) was subcloned into the AAV expression vector pAM/CAG to generate recombinant (r)AAV-Sur-Mut(C84A) virus. Cell survival was determined by the MTT method. Apoptosis was measured by FACS analysis and TUNEL. Tumor growth was assessed using a xenograft mouse
model. Results showed that treatment of rAAV-Sur-Mut(C84A) virus significantly reduced cell survival, induced apoptosis, and sensitized gastric cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil in vitro. Furthermore, treatment of rAAV-Sur-Mut(C84A) virus markedly induced apoptosis and inhibited gastric cancer
growth in vivo. Moreover, rAAV-Sur-Mut(C84A) treatment strongly enhanced the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil. Our results suggest that the combination of rAAV-Sur-Mut(C84A) with chemotherapy may be a promising strategy for gastric cancer therapy.
Therapeutic Effect of Oncolytic Adenovirus Expressing Relaxin in Radioresistant Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Sei Young , Park Haeng Ran , Rhee Junghoon , Park Young Min , Kim Se-Heon
Published: July 2013

Radioresistance is one of the main determinants of treatment outcome in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and treatment of radioresistant OSCC is difficult due to cross resistance to other conventional treatments. We aimed to identify whether genetically modified oncolytic adenovirus
expressing relaxin (RLX), which affects collagen metabolism, can effectively inhibit growth of the radioresistant OSCC. Therapeutic effect of oncolytic adenovirus was compared between radiosensitive and radioresistant OSCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo, and spread of adenovirus throughout
the tumor mass was verified by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Oncolytic adenovirus effectively killed cancer cells and there was no significant difference in the cytotoxic effect between radiosensitive and radioresistant OSCC cell lines. In animal experiments, the adenovirus significantly reduced
the size of tumor, and there was no significant difference between radiosensitive and radioresistant OSCC. In IHC, RLX expressing adenovirus showed better proliferation and eliminated collagens more effectively compared to RLX nonexpressing adenovirus. These findings suggested that genetically
modified oncolytic adenovirus can effectively inhibit growth of the radioresistant OSCC and might be a new therapeutic option in radioresistant OSCC.
Reactive Center Loop Moiety Is Essential for the Maspin Activity on Cellular Invasion and Ubiquitin‐Proteasome Level
Authors: Khanaree Chakkrit , Chairatvit Kongthawat , Roytrakul Sittiruk , Wongnoppavich Ariyaphong
Published: July 2013

Maspin, a tumor suppressor (SERPINB5), inhibits cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. The tumor-suppressing effects of maspin depend in part on its ability to enhance cell adhesion to extracellular matrix. Although the molecular mechanism of maspin’s
action is still unclear, its functional domain is believed to be located at the reactive center loop (RCL). We have elucidated the role of maspin RCL on adhesion, migration, and invasion by transfecting the highly invasive human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell line with pcDNA3.1-His/FLAG
containing wild-type maspin, ovalbumin, or maspin/ovalbumin RCL chimeric mutants in which maspin RCL is replaced by ovalbumin (MOM) and vice versa (OMO). MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with maspin- or OMO-containing recombinant expression plasmid manifested significant increase in adhesion to
fibronectin and reduction in in vitro migration and invasion through Matrigel compared with mock transfection or cells transfected with ovalbumin or MOM. Proteomics analysis of maspin- or OMO-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells revealed reduction in contents of proteins known to promote cancer metastasis
and those of ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway, while those with tumor-suppressing properties were increased. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells containing maspin or OMO transgene have significantly higher levels of ubiquitin and ubiquitinated conjugates, but reduced 20S proteasome chymotrypsin-like
activity. These results clearly demonstrate that the tumor-suppressive properties of maspin reside in its RCL domain.
En la calle y en los baños públicos: ¿galenismo medieval en acción?
Authors: Coomans J. , Geltner G.
Published: July 2013

En este artículo combinamos la perspectiva de la higiene urbana medieval con los hallazgos de los historiadores de la medicina y de la intelectualidad, analizando algunas de las formas con que los habitantes y los gobiernos urbanos medievales intentaron limitar las enfermedades y promover la salud mediante medidas preventivas. En las dos regiones que se toman en consideración (las calles italianas y los baños holandeses), se hizo un esfuerzo de reflexión considerable para reducir los riesgos de la salud, elaborando a veces argumentos y procedimientos que reflejaban las ideas de las teorías médicas imperantes y los consejos de los profesionales. Sugerimos que la relación entre el aprendizaje médico y las prácticas de salud era más compleja que un simple proceso de propagación, y la analizamos en el contexto de la preservación de la salud de carácter pre-moderno: un proceso físico, legal, administrativo y político mediante el cual individuos, grupos y, especialmente, gobiernos buscaron la forma de salvaguardar y mejorar el bienestar colectivo.
Medicina animal en la Baja Edad Media hispánica y su relación con la medicina humana: aves, perros y caballos
Authors: Olmos de León Ricardo M.
Published: July 2013

El alto valor económico y social de halcones, perros y caballos en la baja Edad Media hizo que se desarrollara una práctica médica especializada para matenerlos sanos y curarlos de sus enfermedades. De forma paralela, una producción de obras técnicas codificó estos conocimientos médicos creando un cuerpo doctrinal específico. A partir del análisis de dichos tratados pueden establecerse estrechas relaciones con la doctrina médica vigente –el galenismo–, que van más allá de compartir la teoría humoral y la de las cualidades. La importancia de preservar la salud y las herramientas conceptuales para hacerlo, la prioridad de la dieta como recurso terapéutico sobre el medicamento o la cirugía, el principio de curar por el contrario, las técnicas de evacuación de humores, el examen de superfl uidades para diagnosticar enfermedades o el empleo de las mismas medicinas, son algunos de los aspectos en los que médicos, albéitares, halconeros y cazadores estuvieron de acuerdo.
Salute dei re, salute del popolo. Mangiare e curarsi nella Sicilia tardomedievale
Authors: Santoro Daniela
Published: July 2013

[it] Mangiare e curarsi sono due dimensioni fortemente connesse al corpo, tra bisogno e piacere. Due dimensioni dense di sfumature sociali e locali, religiose ed economiche, che implicano conoscenze e terapie diverse a seconda dell’età e del sesso ma soprattutto del ruolo sociale. Con un’attenzione particolare a corti (signorili, vescovili, reali) e città, il lavoro focalizza metodi, usi e pratiche curative e alimentari di sovrani e isolani.
Des registres de rationalité en concurrence? Empirica magiques et médecine scolastique
Authors: Weill-Parot Nicolas
Published: July 2013

[fr] On peut interpréter l’opposition récurrente des médecins scolastiques aux vetulae et empirici comme un confl it entre niveaux de rationalité. Sont d’abord distingués trois niveaux de rationalité dans les conceptions de la magie, puis sont étudiées successivement les deux voies de justifi cation rationnelle des empirica intégrés à la médecine savante: celle qui avait recours aux propriétés occultes, celle qui convoquait le pouvoir de l’imagination –dans ce second cas, plutôt le pouvoir de l’imagination sur le corps de celui qui imagine qu’un pouvoir sur un autre corps. Les propriétés occultes semblent offrir une solution plus satisfaisante rationnellement mais aussi peut-être théologiquement. L’article s’achève par l’étude d’un cas: la manière dont le médecin valencien Jeroni Torrella dans l’Opus praeclarum de imaginibus astrologicis (1496-c. 1500) est confronté à un empiricum particulièrement diffi cile à rationaliser, ce qui illustre, à une date tardive, les enjeux de la rationalisation naturaliste scolastique.
Innovation et expérimentation en lycée technique, bilan et perspective
Authors: Coulardeau Jacques
Published: July 2013

Bilan de trois ans de recherche-action dans le cadre de la Mission académique « Réussir en Seconde », dépendant elle-même de la Mission académique « Réussir au Lycée » de l’Académie de Lille. Nous partons de l’innovation technologique ; photocopieuse, informatique, multimédia, vidéo... Ensuite, l’axe anglais de spécialité permet d’accrocher l’enseignement de l’anglais à des problématiques quotidiennes des élèves. Il s’agit ici de concevoir le terme d’anglais de spécialité dans une acception la plus large possible, permettant ainsi d’ouvrir une gamme importante de discours et de sujets qui permettent à l’élève de se projeter et de se retrouver dans les matières et les sujets enseignés. Puis nous abordons l’innovation pédagogique et de l’émergence de l’autonomie et d’une pédagogie centrée sur l’apprenant et les conséquences que cela a dans la pratique quotidienne. Enfin, nous posons l’innovation cognitive qui nous amène à construire une approche multistratégique remédiante dans la pratique pédagogique actuelle.
The use of cartoons in teaching commercial English
Authors: Tee Anderson Pauline
Published: July 2013

L’importance de critères affectifs dans l’apprentissage d’une langue étrangère a conduit à la mise au point d’activités ludiques destinées à augmenter le plaisir de l’apprenant. Les dessins humoristiques font partie des documents qui peuvent s’utiliser dans la didactique de l’anglais commercial : non seulement pour développer les compétences linguistiques ainsi que les connaissances des affaires des étudiants, mais aussi pour encourager leur participation et leur créativité. L’approche utilisée dépend en partie du type d’humour concerné.
Les épreuves de langues dans les concours de la fonction publique : domaines, critères et objectifs
Authors: Isani Shaeda
Published: July 2013

L’auteur puise dans vingt ans d’expérience d’enseignement de l’anglais dans le domaine de la préparation aux concours de la fonction publique afin d’analyser les objectifs, les techniques et les outils mis en œuvre pour évaluer les compétences communicatives en langue étrangère. Tout en soulignant le mérite des concepteurs des épreuves qui ont choisi de relever le défi complexe d’élaborer des épreuves de langue destinées à évaluer les compétences de communication (au lieu de se contenter de QCM), elle signale un certain nombre de failles qui risquent de porter tort à une entreprise autrement méritoire.
Bioinformatics and Gene Network Analyses of the Swine Mammary Gland Transcriptome during Late Gestation
Authors: Zhao Wangsheng , Shahzad Khuram , Jiang Mingfeng , Graugnard Daniel E. , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L. , Luo Jun , Loor Juan J. , Hurley Walter L.
Published: July 2013

We used the newly-developed Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) and gene network analysis to study the sow mammary transcriptome at 80, 100, and 110 days of pregnancy. A swine oligoarray with 13,290 inserts was used for transcriptome profiling. An ANOVA with false discovery rate (FDR < 0.15) correction resulted in 1,409 genes with a significant time effect across time comparisons. The DIA uncovered that Fatty acid biosynthesis, Interleukin-4 receptor binding, Galactose metabolism, and mTOR signaling were among the most-impacted pathways. IL-4 receptor binding, ABC transporters, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and Jak-STAT signaling were markedly activated at 110 days compared with 80 and 100 days. Epigenetic and transcription factor regulatory mechanisms appear important in coordinating the final stages of mammary development during pregnancy. Network analysis revealed a crucial role for TP53, ARNT2, E2F4, and PPARG. The bioinformatics analyses revealed a number of pathways and functions that perform an irreplaceable role during late gestation to farrowing.
Conserved Nonsense-Prone CpG Sites in Apoptosis-Regulatory Genes: Conditional Stop Signs on the Road to cell Death
Authors: Zhao Yongzhong , Epstein Richard J.
Published: July 2013

Methylation-prone CpG dinucleotides are strongly conserved in the germline, yet are also predisposed to somatic mutation. Here we quantify the relationship between germline codon mutability and somatic carcinogenesis by comparing usage of the nonsense-prone CGA (→TGA) codons in gene groups that differ in apoptotic function; to this end, suppressor genes were subclassified as either apoptotic (gatekeepers) or repair (caretakers). Mutations affecting CGA codons in sporadic tumors proved to be highly asymmetric. Moreover, nonsense mutations were 3-fold more likely to affect gatekeepers than caretakers. In addition, intragenic CGA clustering nonrandomly affected functionally critical regions of gatekeepers. We conclude that human gatekeeper suppressor genes are enriched for nonsense-prone codons, and submit that this germline vulnerability to tumors could reflect in utero selection for a methylation-dependent capability to short-circuit environmental insults that otherwise trigger apoptosis and fetal loss.
Pelagic community production and carbon-nutrient stoichiometry under variable ocean acidification in an Arctic fjord
Authors: Silyakova A. , Bellerby R. G. J. , Schulz K. G. , Czerny J. , Tanaka T. , Nondal G. , Riebesell U. , Engel A. , De Lange T. , Ludvig A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Net community production (NCP) and carbon to nutrient uptake ratios were studied during a large-scale mesocosm experiment on ocean acidification in Kongsfjorden, western Svalbard, during June–July 2010. Nutrient depleted fjord water with natural plankton assemblages, enclosed in nine mesocosms of ~ 50 m3 in volume, was exposed to pCO2 levels ranging initially from 185 to 1420 μatm. NCP estimations are the cumulative change in dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations after accounting for gas exchange and total alkalinity variations. Stoichiometric coupling between inorganic carbon and nutrient net uptake is shown as a ratio of NCP to a cumulative change in inorganic nutrients. Phytoplankton growth was stimulated by nutrient addition half way through the experiment and three distinct peaks in chlorophyll a concentration were observed during the experiment. Accordingly, the experiment was divided in three phases. Cumulative NCP was similar in all mesocosms over the duration of the experiment. However, in phases I and II, NCP was higher and in phase III lower at elevated pCO2. Due to relatively low inorganic nutrient concentration in phase I, C : N and C : P uptake ratios were calculated only for the period after nutrient addition (phase II and phase III). For the total post-nutrient period (phase II + phase III) ratios were close to Redfield, however they were lower in phase II and higher in phase III. Variability of NCP, C : N and C : P uptake ratios in different phases reflects the effect of increasing CO2 on phytoplankton community composition and succession. The phytoplankton community was composed predominantly of haptophytes in phase I, prasinophytes, dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes in phase II, and haptophytes, prasinophytes, dinoflagellates and chlorophytes in phase III (Schulz et al., 2013). Increasing ambient inorganic carbon concentrations have also been shown to promote primary production and carbon assimilation. For this study, it is clear that the pelagic ecosystem response to increasing CO2 is more complex than that represented in previous work, e.g. Bellerby et al. (2008). Carbon and nutrient uptake representation in models should, where possible, be more focused on individual plankton functional types as applying a single stoichiometry to a biogeochemical model with regard to the effect of increasing pCO2 may not always be optimal. The phase variability in NCP and stoichiometry may be better understood if CO2 sensitivities of the plankton's functional type biogeochemical uptake kinetics and trophic interactions are better constrained.
Albedo-induced radiative forcing from mountain pine beetle outbreaks in forests, south-central Rocky Mountains: magnitude, persistence, and relation to outbreak severity
Authors: Vanderhoof M. , Williams C. A. , Shuai Y. , Jarvis D. , Kulakowski D. , Masek J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks in North America are widespread and have potentially-persistent impacts on forest albedo and associated radiative forcing. This study utilized multiple datasets, both current and historical, within lodgepole pine stands in the south-central Rocky Mountains to quantify the full radiative forcing impact of outbreak events for decades after outbreak (0 to 60 yr) and the role of outbreak severity in determining that impact. Change in annual albedo and radiative forcing peaked at 14–20 yr post-outbreak (0.06 ± 0.006 and −0.8 ± 0.1 W m−2, respectively) and recovered to pre-outbreak levels by 30–40 yr post-outbreak. Change in albedo was significant in all four seasons, but strongest in winter with the increased visibility of snow (radiative cooling of −1.6 ± 0.2 W m−2, −3.0 ± 0.4 W m−2, and −1.6 ± 0.2 W m−2 for 2–13 yr, 14–20 yr and 20–30 yr post-outbreak, respectively). Change in winter albedo and radiative forcing also increased with outbreak severity (percent tree mortality). Persistence of albedo effects are seen as a function of the growth rate and species composition of surviving trees, and the establishment and growth of both understory herbaceous vegetation and tree species, all of which may vary with outbreak severity. The establishment and persistence of deciduous trees was found to increase the temporal persistence of albedo effects. MPB induced changes to radiative forcing may have feedbacks for regional temperature and precipitation, which could impact future MPB outbreaks dynamics.
Nutrient regimes control phytoplankton ecophysiology in the South Atlantic
Authors: Browning T. J. , Bouman H. A. , Moore C. M. , Schlosser C. , Tarran G. A. , Woodward E. M. S. , Henderson G. M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Fast Repetition Rate fluorometry (FRRf) measurements of phytoplankton photophysiology from an across-basin South Atlantic cruise (as part of the GEOTRACES programme) characterized two dominant ecophysiological regimes which were interpreted on the basis of nutrient limitation. South of the South Subtropical Convergence (SSTC) in the northern sub-Antarctic sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Eastern Atlantic Basin, waters are characterized by elevated chlorophyll concentrations, a dominance by larger phytoplankton cells, and low apparent photochemical efficiency (Fv / Fm). Shipboard 24 h iron (Fe) addition incubation experiments confirmed that Fe stress was primarily responsible for the low Fv / Fm, with Fe addition to these waters, either within the artificial bottle additions or naturally occurring downstream enrichment from Gough Island, significantly increasing Fv / Fm values. Satellite images suggest a broader region of enhanced chlorophyll concentrations around the SSTC in the Western Atlantic relative to the Eastern Atlantic: hypothesized to be a result of higher iron supply from the South American continent. To the north of the SSTC at the southern boundary of the South Atlantic Gyre, phytoplankton are characterized by high values of Fv / Fm which, coupled with the low macronutrient concentrations and increased presence of picocyanobacteria, are interpreted as conditions of Fe replete, balanced macronutrient-limited growth. Spatial correlation was found between Fv / Fm and Fe:nitrate ratios, supporting the suggestion that the relative supply ratios of these two nutrients can control patterns of limitation and consequently the ecophysiology of phytoplankton in subtropical gyre and ACC regimes.
Proposal of a lumped hydrological model based on general equations of growth – application to five watersheds in the UK
Authors: Prieto Sierra C. , García Alonso E. , Mínguez Solana R. , Medina Santamaría R.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper explores a new approach to lumped hydrological modelling based on general laws of growth, in particular using the classic logistic equation proposed by Verhulst. By identifying homologies between the growth of a generic system and the evolution of the flow at the outlet of a river basin, and adopting some complementary hypotheses, a compact model with 3 parameters, extensible to 4 or 5, is obtained. The model assumes that a hydrological system, under persistent conditions of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and land uses, tends to reach an equilibrium discharge that can be expressed as a function of a dynamic aridity index, including a free parameter reflecting the basin properties. The rate at which the system approaches such equilibrium discharge, which is constantly changing and generally not attainable, is another parameter of the model; finally, a time lag is introduced to reflect a characteristic delay between the input (precipitation) and output (discharge) in the system behaviour. To test the suitability of the proposed model, 5 previously studied river basins in the UK, with different characteristics, have been analysed at a daily scale, and the results compared with those of the model IHACRES (Identification of unit Hydrographs and Component flows from Rainfall, Evaporation and Streamflow data). It is found that the logistic equilibrium model with 3 parameters properly reproduces the hydrological behaviour of such basins, improving the IHACRES in four of them; moreover, the model parameters are relatively stable over different periods of calibration and evaluation. Adding more parameters to the basic structure, the fits only improve slightly in some of the analysed series, but potentially increasing equifinality effects. The results obtained indicate that growth equations, with possible variations, can be useful and parsimonious tools for hydrological modelling, at least in certain types of watersheds.
Type synthesis of freedom and constraint elements for design of flexure mechanisms
Authors: Su H.-J. , Yue C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this paper, we present the type synthesis of freedom and constraint elements for design of general flexure mechanisms. As an important step in the conceptual design stage, the goal of type synthesis is to qualitatively determine the topology or connectivity of flexure elements and rigid bodies in a mechanism. The synthesis procedure presented here is based on a recently emerging screw theory based approach for flexure mechanisms. We first categorize a list of commonly used atomic flexure primitives including blades, wires, notches and bellow springs etc. We then derive their twist and wrench matrices that mathematically represent their freedom and constraint spaces. The synthesis procedure rigorously follows screw algebra. Freedom elements including R-joints and P-joints are defined as basic motion elements that allow a single rotation or a single translation. By using parallel structures of these flexure primitives, eleven designs of R-joints and eight designs of P-joints are systematically synthesized. As a duality, constraint elements including P-constraints and R-constraints remove a single translation or rotation. In contract to freedom elements, we synthesized serial chains of flexure primitives and obtained six designs of P-constraints and three designs of R-constraints. These freedom and constraint elements form a catalogue of basic building blocks for designing more complex flexure mechanisms. At last we utilize four design examples to demonstrate how to synthesize hybrid structures with serial and parallel combination of these elements.
Use of MRI for the Early Diagnosis of Masticatory Muscle Myositis
Authors: Cauduro Alberto , Favole Paolo , Asperio Roberto M. , Rossini Valeria , Dondi Maurizio , Simonetto Lucia A. , Cantile Carlo , Lorenzo Valentina
Published: July 2013

The medical records of two dogs that were diagnosed with masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) were reviewed. The reported clinical signs included intense pain when opening the mouth and restricted jaw movement. MRI detected widespread, symmetrical, and inhomogeneously hyperintense areas in the masticatory muscle. Electromyography (EMG) demonstrated severe and spontaneous pathologic activity in the temporal and masseter muscles. With early therapeutic treatment, remission of symptoms occurred within 2 mo, and no relapses were observed for the subsequent 2 yr. The gold standard for the diagnosis of MMM is the 2M antibody test, but the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of MRI as an accurate and efficient diagnostic tool for the initiation of early therapy for the treatment of muscle myositis.
Comparison of Gravity Collection Versus Suction Collection for Transfusion Purposes in Dogs
Authors: Conversy Bérénice , Blais Marie-Claude , Carioto Lisa , Beaudoin Julie
Published: July 2013

Blood donation is an essential step in transfusion medicine that must take into account the donor’s welfare, collection effectiveness, and blood product quality. This prospective study enrolled 13 canine blood donors, each subjected to both gravity and suction collection methods, in a randomized order. Clinical parameters, including heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and rectal temperature (RT), were evaluated at four time points, including when the donor was on the floor and on the collection table, and before and after blood donation. The number of times the donor and needle required repositioning, the duration of the donation, the noise created by the apparatus, and the presence of a hematoma were evaluated. The weight, index of hemolysis, and hematocrit of each unit of blood were recorded. There was no significant difference between collection methods for either the clinical parameters at each time point or the prevalence of hematoma formation, the frequency of needle repositioning, the hemolysis index, or hematocrit. Collection by suction was noisier (P < 0.0001), faster (P = 0.004), and associated with significantly less donor repositioning (P = 0.007). Suction appears to be a safe and cost-effective method that should be considered to optimize blood donation.
Palabras del señor rector
Authors: Loucel José Mauricio
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i3.1158Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.3; i
A manera de presentación
Authors: Rivas Ramón D.
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i3.1159Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.3; 5-12
Museo-Edificio: una relación con nuevas perspectivas
Authors: Vásquez Rafael Alas
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i3.1160 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.3; 13-19
Dimensión social del tráfico ilícito de bienes culturales
Authors: García Tania
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/koot.v0i3.1161 Revista de Museología "Kóot" No.3; 20-34