bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites
Authors: Milazzo Mario , Contessi Negrini Nicola , Scialla Stefania , Marelli Benedetto , Farè Silvia , Danti Serena , Buehler Markus J.
Published: July 2019

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have gained interest in the tissue engineering field, thanks to their versatility and unique possibilities of producing constructs with complex macroscopic geometries and defined patterns. Recently, composite materials—namely, heterogeneous biomaterials identified as continuous phase (matrix) and reinforcement (filler)—have been proposed as inks that can be processed by AM to obtain scaffolds with improved biomimetic and bioactive properties. Significant efforts have been dedicated to hydroxyapatite (HA)‐reinforced composites, especially targeting bone tissue engineering, thanks to the chemical similarities of HA with respect to mineral components of native mineralized tissues. Herein, applications of AM techniques to process HA‐reinforced composites and biocomposites for the production of scaffolds with biological matrices, including cellular tissues, are reviewed. The primary outcomes of recent investigations in terms of morphological, structural, and in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the materials are discussed. The approaches based on the nature of the matrices employed to embed the HA reinforcements and produce the tissue substitutes are classified, and a critical discussion is provided on the presented state of the art as well as the future perspectives, to offer a comprehensive picture of the strategies investigated as well as challenges in this emerging field of materiomics.
Smart Materials by Nanoscale Magnetic Assembly
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Yang Fan , Yin Yadong
Published: July 2019

Magnetic assembly at the nanoscale level holds great potential for producing smart materials with high functional and structural diversity. Generally, the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the resulting materials can be engineered or dynamically tuned by controlling external magnetic fields. This Review analyzes the recent research progress on nanoscale magnetic assembly approaches toward the development of smart materials. The magnetic interactions between nanoparticles (both magnetic and nonmagnetic) and the interactions between nanoparticles and external magnetic fields are fully expatiated based on numerical simulations. In particular, the advancements of nanoscale magnetic assembly in responsive optical nanostructures, shape‐morphing systems, and advanced materials with tunable surface properties are introduced in three subsections. The key roles of magnetic interactions in nanoscale assembly toward customizable physical and chemical properties are highlighted, with focus on how to enable direct manipulation of the positional and orientational orders of the building blocks and orientational control of soft matrices through the incorporation of anisotropic magnetic structures.
Ultrahigh Energy‐Storage Density in NaNbO3‐Based Lead‐Free Relaxor Antiferroelectric Ceramics with Nanoscale Domains
Authors: Qi He , Zuo Ruzhong , Xie Aiwen , Tian Ao , Fu Jian , Zhang Yi , Zhang Shujun
Published: July 2019

Dielectric energy‐storage capacitors have received increasing attention in recent years due to the advantages of high voltage, high power density, and fast charge/discharge rates. Here, a new environment‐friendly 0.76NaNbO3–0.24(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 relaxor antiferroelectric (AFE) bulk ceramic is studied, where local orthorhombic Pnma symmetry (R phase) and nanodomains are observed based on high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and in/ex situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. The orthorhombic AFE R phase and relaxor characteristics synergistically contribute to the record‐high energy‐storage density Wrec of ≈12.2 J cm−3 and acceptable energy efficiency η ≈ 69% at 68 kV mm−1, showing great advantages over currently reported bulk dielectric ceramics. In comparison with normal AFEs, the existence of large random fields in the relaxor AFE matrix and intrinsically high breakdown strength of NaNbO3‐based compositions are thought to be responsible for the observed energy‐storage performances. Together with the good thermal stability of Wrec (>7.4 J cm−3) and η (>73%) values at 45 kV mm−1 up to temperature of 200 °C, it is demonstrated that NaNbO3‐based relaxor AFE ceramics will be potential lead‐free dielectric materials for next‐generation pulsed power capacitor applications.
Free‐Standing Buckle‐Delaminated 2D Organic Nanosheets with Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Multifunctionality
Authors: Zhang Qiuting , Zhang Zhuolei , Yin Jie
Published: July 2019

2D organic conjugated polymer nanofilm has shown promising potential applications in organic solar cells and flexible electronics due to its tunable electronic and mechanical properties. However, its multifunctionality is largely hindered by weak mechanical performances. Here, a new strategy of harnessing buckling‐driven delamination is proposed for achieving highly stretchable, free‐standing organic nanosheets with largely improved multifunctionality in mechanical, electrical, and wetting properties. A model system of organic conjugated polymeric (P3BT/C60) nanosheets on prestrained elastomers is fabricated through both spin‐coating and transfer‐printing methods. It is found that the free‐standing nanosheet exhibits both superior mechanical and electrical properties with two times higher in fracture strength, and one order of magnitude higher in electrical conductivity than the spin‐coated nanofilm. Compared to wrinkled spin‐coated nanofilms with orthogonal cracks, the crack‐free, buckle‐delaminated free‐standing nanosheet shows not only stable electrical properties with high stretchability but also a large enhancement in both wetting anisotropy and parallel contact angle due to its higher‐aspect‐ratio features. Lastly, measuring the nanofilm's fracture strength and interfacial toughness from the metrology of cracking and buckle‐delaminated micropatterns is demonstrated. It is shown that such metrology‐based approaches can be applied to various nanofilm–substrate systems for thin film and interfacial mechanical properties measurement.
Iridium‐Catalyzed ortho‐C−H Amidation of Benzenesulfonamides with Sulfonyl Azides
Authors: Hou Hongcen , Zhao Yongli , Sheng Shouri , Chen Junmin
Published: July 2019

We developed herein an iridium‐catalyzed direct C−H activation/ C−N bond formation reaction of benzenesulfonamides with sulfonyl azides. The amidation reaction provides a protocol for the synthesis of 2‐aminobenzesulfonamides in good to excellent yields. This strategy features a wide substrate scope, tolerates a broad range of functional groups under external oxidant‐free conditions and only releases molecular nitrogen as the sole by‐product. Moreover, the preliminary mechanism was investigated and the proposed reaction pathway was provided.

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CuCo2S4 Nanosheets@N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers by Sulfurization at Room Temperature as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts in Flexible Quasi‐Solid‐State Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Pan Zhenghui , Chen Hao , Yang Jie , Ma Yuanyuan , Zhang Qichong , Kou Zongkui , Ding Xiaoyu , Pang Yajun , Zhang Lei , Gu Qilin , Yan Chenglin , Wang John
Published: July 2019

The performance of quasi‐solid‐state flexible zinc–air batteries (ZABs) is critically dependent on the advancement of air electrodes with outstanding bifunctional electrocatalysis for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), together with the desired mechanical flexibility and robustness. The currently available synthesis processes for high‐efficiency bifunctional bimetallic sulfide electrodes typically require high‐temperature hydrothermal or chemical vapor deposition, which is undesirable in terms of the complexity in experimental procedure and the damage of flexibility in the resultant electrode. Herein, a scalable fabrication process is reported by combining electrospinning with in situ sulfurization at room temperature to successfully obtain CuCo2S4 nanosheets@N‐doped carbon nanofiber (CuCo2S4 NSs@N‐CNFs) films, which show remarkable bifunctional catalytic performance (Ej= 10 (OER) – E1/2 (ORR) = 0.751 V) with excellent mechanical flexibility. Furthermore, the CuCo2S4 NSs@N‐CNFs cathode delivers a high open‐circuit potential of 1.46 V, an outstanding specific capacity of 896 mA h g−1, when assembled into a quasi‐solid‐state flexible ZAB together with Zn NSs@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) film (electrodeposited Zn nanosheets on CNTs film) as the anode. The ZAB also shows a good flexibility and capacity stability with 93.62% capacity retention (bending 1000 cycles from 0° to 180°), making it an excellent power source for portable and wearable electronic devices.
Multidisciplinary oncolytic virotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Fujiwara Toshiyoshi
Published: July 2019

Replication‐selective tumor‐specific viruses represent a novel approach for treating neoplastic diseases. These vectors are designed to induce virus‐mediated lysis of tumor cells after selective intracellular virus propagation. For targeting cancer cells, the use of tissue‐ or cell‐specific promoters that are expressed in diverse tumor types but silent in normal cells is required. Human telomerase is highly active in more than 85% of primary cancers, regardless of tissue origin, and its activity is closely correlated with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression. We constructed an attenuated adenovirus 5 vector (telomelysin, OBP‐301) in which the hTERT promoter element drives expression of E1 genes. As only tumor cells that express the telomerase can activate this promoter, the hTERT proximal promoter allows for preferential expression of viral genes in tumor cells, leading to selective viral replication and oncolytic cell death. Upon US Food and Drug Administration approval, a phase 1 dose‐escalation study of intratumoral injection of telomelysin for various solid tumors has been completed to confirm the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of the agent. Moreover, we found that adenoviral E1B 55‐kDa protein in telomelysin inhibits the radiation‐induced DNA repair machinery. Thus, tumor cells infected with telomelysin could be rendered sensitive to ionizing radiation. Recently, we assessed the safety and efficacy of intratumoral injection of telomelysin with radiotherapy in esophageal cancer patients not suited for standard treatments. This review highlights some very promising clinical advances in cancer therapeutic technologies using telomerase‐specific oncolytic virotherapy.
On rigorous definition of ion transport process and accurate determination of membrane potential at steady state
Authors: Sun Yuting , Song Lianfa
Published: July 2019

Ion transport plays an important role in many fields, such as signal generation and transmission in neural systems, function of ion channel on bio‐membranes, and water demineralization with nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. The electrical potential concurred with ion transport on a membrane not only reflects the properties of ions (e.g., charge, concentration, and mobility) but also regulates the transport rates of the ions. However, accurate determination of membrane potential remains a severe challenge because of the difficulties in specifying the appropriate boundary conditions for the governing Nernst–Planck–Poisson equations. An innovative boundary condition updating scheme was developed in this study to ensure that the boundary conditions are consistently imposed for both Nernst–Planck equation and Poisson's equation at any time. With this scheme, the general ion transport process can be rigorously defined and formulated for the accurate determination of membrane potential.
Genomics‐Driven Discovery of NO‐Donating Diazeniumdiolate Siderophores in Diverse Plant‐Associated Bacteria
Authors: Hermenau Ron , Mehl Jule L. , Ishida Keishi , Dose Benjamin , Pidot Sacha J. , Stinear Timothy P. , Hertweck Christian
Published: July 2019

Siderophores are key players in bacteria–host interactions, with the main function to provide soluble iron for their producers. Gramibactin from rhizosphere bacteria expands siderophore function and diversity as it delivers iron to the host plant and features an unusual diazeniumdiolate moiety for iron chelation. By mutational analysis of the grb gene cluster, we identified genes (grbD and grbE) necessary for diazeniumdiolate formation. Genome mining using a GrbD‐based network revealed a broad range of orthologous gene clusters in mainly plant‐associated Burkholderia/Paraburkholderia species. Two new types of diazeniumdiolate siderophores, megapolibactins and plantaribactin were fully characterized. In vitro assays and in vivo monitoring experiments revealed that the iron chelators also liberate nitric oxide (NO) in plant roots. This finding is important since NO donors are considered as biofertilizers that maintain iron homeostasis and increase overall plant fitness.
Reconstitution of Iterative Thioamidation in Closthioamide Biosynthesis Reveals Tailoring Strategy for Nonribosomal Peptide Backbones
Authors: Dunbar Kyle L. , Dell Maria , Molloy Evelyn M. , Kloss Florian , Hertweck Christian
Published: July 2019

Thioamide‐containing nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are exceedingly rare. Recently the biosynthetic gene cluster for the thioamidated NRP antibiotic closthioamide (CTA) was reported, however, the enzyme responsible for and the timing of thioamide formation remained enigmatic. Here, genome editing, biochemical assays, and mutational studies are used to demonstrate that an Fe‐S cluster containing member of the adenine nucleotide α‐hydrolase protein superfamily (CtaC) is responsible for sulfur incorporation during CTA biosynthesis. However, unlike all previously characterized members, CtaC functions in a thiotemplated manner. In addition to prompting a revision of the CTA biosynthetic pathway, the reconstitution of CtaC provides the first example of a NRP thioamide synthetase. Finally, CtaC is used as a bioinformatic handle to demonstrate that thioamidated NRP biosynthetic gene clusters are more widespread than previously appreciated.
Halogen Bonding Increases the Potency and Isozyme Selectivity of Protein Arginine Deiminase 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Gong Xuefeng , Zhang Xiaoqian , Salinger Ari J. , Zheng Li , Sen Sudeshna , Weerapana Eranthie , Zhang Xuesen , Thompson Paul R.
Published: July 2019

Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) hydrolyze the side chain of arginine to form citrulline. Aberrant PAD activity is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, lupus, and certain cancers. These pathologies established the PADs as therapeutic targets and multiple PAD inhibitors are known. Herein, we describe the first highly potent PAD1‐selective inhibitors (1 and 19). Detailed structure–activity relationships indicate that their potency and selectivity is due to the formation of a halogen bond with PAD1. Importantly, these inhibitors inhibit histone H3 citrullination in HEK293TPAD1 cells and mouse zygotes with excellent potency. Based on this scaffold, we also developed a PAD1‐selective activity‐based probe that shows remarkable cellular efficacy and proteome selectivity. Based on their potency and selectivity we expect that 1 and 19 will be widely used chemical tools to understand PAD1 biology.
A study on the chemical state of carbon present in fine ash from gasification
Authors: Zhang Yuanchun , Li Hanxu , Gao Shengtao , Geng Yan , Wu Chengli
Published: July 2019

Taking feed coal as a reference, the chemical states, content changes, microstructure, distribution, and graphitizable extent of carbon present in gasification fine ash were investigated in detail. The results show that the fine ash includes a significant amount of unreacted carbon. The C1s spectrum is composed of four components in which the contents of C–C and C–H decrease dramatically and graphitized carbon (39.1%) presents. The elemental carbon primarily distributes on the layer structure, whereas elemental silicon and aluminum are mainly found on spherical particles embedded in the layer structure. After gasification, carbon atoms in gasification fine ash are arranged in an orderly manner, and the extent of graphitization of carbon increases, which indicates that carbon in feed coal may be partly graphitized and deposited in fine ash during gasification process.
Polypropylene microfibers via solution electrospinning under ambient conditions
Authors: Acik Gokhan , Altinkok Cagatay
Published: July 2019

Uniform beadless fibers of chlorinated polypropylene (PP‐Cl) are prepared by electrospinning of PP‐Cl solutions in tetrahydrofuran at different concentrations, feed rates, applied voltages, and tip‐to‐collector distances (TCDs) under ambient conditions for the first time. Average fiber diameter and morphology of the electrospun PP‐Cl fibers are determined by scanning electron microscopy. On the other hand, the wettability of the fibers is examined by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Furthermore, thermal behavior of fibers is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses, respectively. Obtained results show that the higher concentrations and feed rates of polymer solutions not only enhance the average diameter of the electrospun fibers ranging from 2.2 ± 0.5 to 2.8 ± 0.3 μm but improve the hydrophobicity of the fiber surfaces from 128° ± 1.1 to 141° ± 1.0 as well. On the other hand, when applied voltage is increased or TCD is decreased, diameters of achieved fibers are enhanced. It is suggested that PP‐Cl is an useful material for solution electrospinning process at under ambient conditions, exhibiting great scientific merit and good industrial expectation in the potential PP applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 48199.
Socio‐demographic drivers and public perceptions of consumption and conservation of Asian horseshoe crabs in northern Beibu Gulf, China
Authors: Fu Yijian , Huang Shuyan , Wu Zhou , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Su Meidan , Wang Xueping , Xu Peng , Huang Xing , Wu Haiping , Wang Yujun , Wang Jingzhen , Xiao Xiaobo , Zhou Haichao , Xie Xiaoyong , Chen Mo , Huang Shiang‐Lin , Liao Yongyan , Kwan Kit Yue
Published: July 2019

Overharvesting Asian horseshoe crabs for food is a primary threat to their populations. In the present study, 451 residents were interviewed from the northern Beibu Gulf, the coastal area that is believed to accommodate the highest density of the Chinese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus worldwide, to obtain baseline information on their consumption behaviour and underlying drivers.

Based on the survey data, it is estimated that a mean individual consumption rate of ten meals per year. Nearly half of the respondents (49.7%) claimed that they had previously eaten at least two horseshoe crab meals.

Among the six occupation categories (managers, professionals, workers, environmental‐related workers, fishers and farmers, and students), fishers and farmers were identified as the group that had eaten a significantly higher number of horseshoe crab meals, had consumed them more frequently, and had a greater intention of eating them than that of students. The age, education level, and salary of participants were the important socio‐demographic variables related to their consumption behaviour. More than one‐third of respondents decided to consume horseshoe crabs because they perceived them as tasty ‘seafood’ and valuable ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine.

Eighty‐three per cent of participants reported an overall decrease in the number of horseshoe crabs in the region.

Although the community was supportive towards horseshoe crab conservation, their ecological knowledge of horseshoe crabs was limited. The findings may be useful for providing insights to merge the gap between scientific data and management planning for the horseshoe crab population in the region. Conservation management initiatives, such as the involvement of fishers in monitoring and enforcement, developing a reporting system for landings and by‐catch, and implementing long‐term conservation education through the school curriculum could promote the protection and management of the population.
Almost periodic motion planning and control for double rotary pendulum with experimental validation
Authors: Wang Zeguo , Freidovich Leonid B. , Zhang Honghua
Published: July 2019

The aim is to develop a systematic procedure for planning feasible motions for a double rotary pendulum. This pendulum has one directly actuated horizontal link and two passive links, moving in a rotating vertical plane. We plan a nontrivial oscillatory motion for the passive links that is consistent with the horizontal link rotating at a given average speed and also design a stabilizing controller to approximately induce such a motion. For the motion planning, a numerical optimization procedure is proposed in the form of a sequence of three simpler problems to systematically derive initial guesses for the final optimization search. For the controller design, firstly the system is linearized along a nominal trajectory, and then a parametrized family of candidate stabilizing controllers is designed. For each set of parameters, a necessary and sufficient stability condition can be checked for the derived linear time varying periodic system. Therefore, a numerical optimization procedure is used to find the controller gain for the linear system based on the stability condition. The performance of the closed‐loop system is illustrated via numerical simulations and verified via experiments with an educational platform produced by PendCon, demonstrating achieving oscillations with required characteristics. However, the formal proofs for convergence and even for existence of almost periodic solutions are left for future studies.
Abwasserkanal Emscher – Pumpwerk Oberhausen
Authors: Kühnel Markus , Siepenkötter Johannes , Althoff Marc , Siegel Rainer , Schürmanns Marco , Bader Anne , Fritschi Niklaus
Published: July 2019

Bei dem Generationenprojekt Emscher‐Umbau werden durch die Emschergenossenschaft drei große Abwasserpumpwerke errichtet. Mit den Bauarbeiten des größten Pumpwerks in Oberhausen wurde Anfang 2016 begonnen, die Fertigstellung wird für Ende 2020 angestrebt.

Das Pumpwerk Oberhausen fördert zukünftig die ankommende Abwassermenge von max. 15,3 m3/s aus einer Tiefe von rd. 40 m, die Jahresfördermenge wird bei rd. 160 Mio. m3 liegen.

Auf dem Weg bis zu seiner Fertigstellung bildet das Pumpwerk einige Herausforderungen für alle Projektbeteiligten, die es gemeinschaftlich zu bewältigen gilt. In erster Linie sind neben einem technisch sehr anspruchsvollen Bauwerk die engen zeitlichen Vorgaben zu sehen, um das vorgegebene Ziel der Abwasserfreiheit in 2021 sicherstellen zu können.

Zu nennen sind hier weiterhin die Anbindung der beiden in Tübbingbauweise erstellten Abwasserkanäle an das zu erstellende Bauwerk, Anforderungen hinsichtlich des Korrosionsschutzes der Bauteile, die geforderte hohe Qualität an die Planung zur Sicherstellung eines möglichst störungsfreien Bauablaufs, die vorausschauende Klärung der Schnittstellen, insbesondere der Lose Bau, M‐ und E‐Technik, sowie eine koordinierte Arbeitsvorbereitung und qualitativ hochwertige Umsetzung der Leistungen durch die ausführende Baufirma.

Das Pumpwerk Oberhausen dient der Emschergenossenschaft auch als Pilotprojekt für die Anwendung der BIM‐Methodik, welche als weiteres Hilfsmittel zur Einhaltung der anspruchsvollen Projektvorgaben genutzt werden kann.

Die Lage des Pumpwerks am Beginn des zukünftigen ökologischen Schwerpunkts des Holtener Bruchs hat die Emschergenossenschaft bewogen, den Standort architektonisch‐gestalterisch hervorzuheben und als Landmarke zu gestalten.
Planung und Umsetzung von fünf großen Bauprojekten an der Dortmund‐Ems‐Kanal‐Nordstrecke
Authors: Maßmann Birgit , Neif Simon , Renze Helmut
Published: July 2019

Die Nordstrecke des Dortmund‐Ems‐Kanals (DEK), auch „Schleusentreppe Rheine“ genannt, beinhaltet auf einem Streckenabschnitt von 29 km die großen Schleusen Bevergern, Rodde, Venhaus, Hesselte und Gleesen. Die Bauwerke sind rd. 100 Jahre alt und müssen in den kommenden Jahren durch Neubauten ersetzt werden. Die neuen Schleusenbauwerke erhalten Kammern mit 140 m Nutzlänge und 12,50 m Breite. Die Schleusen Bevergern und Gleesen am Anfang und am Ende der Schleusentreppe sind als Sparschleusen in Massivbauweise vorgesehen.

Maßgebenden Einfluss auf die Planung und die Vergabe haben die z. T. noch laufenden Planfeststellungsverfahren in den beiden Bundesländern, Standardisierungsanforderungen sowie übergeordnete Zwänge aus dem standortübergreifenden Bodenmanagement.

Als zusätzliche Anforderung waren nach Abschluss der Entwurfsbearbeitung Gleesen aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Grundwasserbelastung aus kalklösender Kohlensäure zu berücksichtigen. Dies machte eine grundlegende Überarbeitung der Planungs‐ und Vergabeunterlagen, insbesondere für die Verankerungselemente der Schleusenbaugrube, der Sparbeckenkonstruktion sowie der Uferwände in den Vorhäfen, erforderlich. Die genannten baugrundinduzierten Änderungen hatten unweigerlich Auswirkungen auf Vergabetermine, Bauzeiten und Baukosten.

Die einzelnen Schleusenstandorte werden in jeweils drei bis sechs Vergabeeinheiten ausgeschrieben. Hierfür sind eindeutige Bauzwischenzustände zu definieren. Mit der Schleuse Gleesen ging die erste Maßnahme im Rahmen von vier Vergabeverfahren in die Bauausführung. Für den Bauabschnitt 2 – Schleusenanlage samt Nebenbauwerke – erfolgte die Beauftragung im Juli 2018.

Neben der Bauausführung werden die Bau‐AN auch mit der Ausführungsplanung beauftragt (Ausnahme: Stahlwasserbau).

Durch den Umfang der zu berücksichtigenden Randbedingungen ergeben sich höchste Anforderungen an die Vergabeunterlagen (Genehmigungs‐ und privatrechtliche Forderungen, Geotechnik, Hydrogeologie, Berechnungsgrundlagen, Mindestanforderungen an Nebenangebote etc.) sowie an die vertragliche Gestaltung (Fristen, Schnittstellen, Abnahmen etc.).
Study of luminescence properties of dysprosium‐doped CaAl12O19 phosphor for white light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Dev Kapil , Selot Anupam , Nair Govind B. , Barai Vijay L. , Singh Nitu , Haque Fozia Z. , Aynyas M. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: July 2019

Dy3+‐doped CaAl12O19 phosphors were synthesized utilizing a combustion method. Crystal structure and morphological examinations were performed respectively using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques to identify the phase and morphology of the synthesized samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) estimations were carried out using the KBr method. Photoluminescence properties (excitation and emission) were recorded at room temperature. CaAl12O19:Dy3+ phosphor showed two emission peaks respectively under a 350‐nm excitation wavelength, centered at 477 nm and 573 nm. Dipole–dipole interaction via nonradiative energy shifting has been considered as the major cause of concentration quenching when Dy3+ concentration was more than 3 mol%. The CIE chromaticity coordinates positioned at (0.3185, 0.3580) for the CaAl12O19:0.03Dy3+ phosphor had a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6057 K, which is situated in the cool white area. Existing results point out that the CaAl12O19:0.03Dy3+ phosphor could be a favorable candidate for use in white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs).
Dual stimuli‐responsive polypeptide prepared by thiol‐ene click reaction of poly(l‐cysteine) and N, N‐dimethylaminoethyl acrylate
Authors: Xiao Yan , Tang Chenna , Chen Yang , Lang Meidong
Published: July 2019

Stimuli‐responsive polymers that can undergo conformational changes with external triggers have enabled themselves as smart materials for various utilizations, among which biodegradability is of particular importance to be engineered for biomedical application. In this study, a thermo and pH dual responsive polypeptide (N, N‐dimethylaminoethyl acrylate‐modified poly(l‐cysteine)) (PLC‐g‐DMAEA) was prepared by the combination of N‐carboxyanhydride ring‐open polymerization and thiol‐ene click chemistry. The biodegradable poly(l‐cysteine) (PLC) with pendant thiol groups provided an easily clickable backbone for postmodification, which was demonstrated by reacting with a well‐known monomer of N, N‐dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA) to achieve both temperature and pH responsiveness. The irreversible thermo‐response of PLC‐g‐DMAEA could be attributed to the ordered β‐sheets formed upon heating, leading to the trapped side groups with poor water accessibility. Moreover, this copolymer precipitated at pH ranging from 7.5 to 9.7, but protonation of tertiary amine groups (pH < 7.5) and salt forming of masked thiol groups (pH > 9.7) rendered it soluble in water. Our results revealed that a ready available vinyl monomer could be easily clicked onto the biodegradable PLC and its stimuli responsiveness would be reserved. Moreover, the primary and secondary structures of PLC might influence the conformation, thus leading to the unique responsive behavior of the resulted copolymer.
Studies of NMR Chemical Shifts of Chalcone Derivatives of Five‐membered Monoheterocycles and Determination of Aromaticity Indices
Authors: Jeong Eun Jeong , Lee In‐Sook Han
Published: July 2019

A series of the chalcone derivatives of the five‐membered monoheterocyclic compounds, (E)‐1‐aryl‐3‐heteroarylpropen‐1‐ones, were prepared by aldol condensation of the corresponding aldehydes of thiophene, pyrrole, and furan with m‐ and p‐substituted acetophenones. Similar condensation of the acetyl compounds of the heterocycles with m‐ and p‐substituted benzaldehydes gave another series of the chalcone derivatives, (E)‐1‐heteroaryl‐3‐arylpropen‐1‐ones. The 13C chemical shift values (δC) of the chalcone derivatives were determined in order to find if they correlated with the Hammett σ values. A good correlation, especially for the β‐C for both series, was found for the 13C chemical shift values (δC) of the chalcone derivatives with the Hammett σ values. The chemical shift values of the β‐C of the heterocyclic compounds were plotted against those of the benzene derivatives. The resulting slopes were found to be close to the values of the aromaticity indices.
Highly Sensitive Detection of Malathion Based on FRET between Au/Fe3O4 and Rhodamine B
Authors: Jia Di , Ma Dongqing , Du Xiaodong , An Lijuan
Published: July 2019

In this paper, Au/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Au/Fe3O4 NPs) were prepared and a method for detecting malathion was constructed based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Au/Fe3O4 NPs and Rhodamine B (RhB). RhB could be electrostatically adsorbed to the surface of Au/Fe3O4 NPs resulting in a low fluorescent background. The malathion hydrolysate with ‐SH can compete with RhB to form a stronger Au─S bond, thereby promoting the desorption of RhB from the surface of Au/Fe3O4 NPs. This process causes the fluorescence emission to recover. The result demonstrated that fluorescence quenching efficiency of Au/Fe3O4 could reach 50% at 579 nm and the fluorescence recovery efficiency of malathion hydrolysate could reach 61% at 579 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) of malathion was as low as 0.59 μM. The linear range of detection was 27.24–99.89 μM. Au/Fe3O4 NPs could be reused by a magnetic concentration‐washing process.
Structural neuroimaging differentiates vulnerability from disease manifestation in colombian families with Huntington's disease
Authors: Valdés Hernández Maria del C. , Abu‐Hussain Janna , Qiu Xinyi , Priller Josef , Parra Rodríguez Mario , Pino Mariana , Báez Sandra , Ibáñez Agustín
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The volume of the striatal structures has been associated with disease progression in individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) from North America, Europe, and Australia. However, it is not known whether the gray matter (GM) volume in the striatum is also sensitive in differentiating vulnerability from disease manifestation in HD families from a South‐American region known to have high incidence of the disease. In addition, the association of enlarged brain perivascular spaces (PVS) with cognitive, behavioral, and motor symptoms of HD is unknown.

Materials and Methods

We have analyzed neuroimaging indicators of global atrophy, PVS burden, and GM tissue volume in the basal ganglia and thalami, in relation to behavioral, motor, and cognitive scores, in 15 HD patients with overt disease manifestation and 14 first‐degree relatives not genetically tested, which represent a vulnerable group, from the region of Magdalena, Colombia.

Results

Poor fluid intelligence as per the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices was associated with global brain atrophy (p = 0.002) and PVS burden (p ≤ 0.02) in HD patients, where the GM volume in all subcortical structures, with the exception of the right globus pallidus, was associated with motor or cognitive scores. Only the GM volume in the right putamen was associated with envy and MOCA scores (p = 0.008 and 0.015 respectively) in first‐degree relatives.

Conclusion

Striatal GM volume, global brain atrophy and PVS burden may serve as differential indicators of disease manifestation in HD. The Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices could be a cognitive test worth to consider in the differentiation of vulnerability versus overt disease in HD.
Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding
Authors: Chi Chaoxian , Pan Sudip , Jin Jiaye , Meng Luyan , Luo Mingbiao , Zhao Lili , Zhou Mingfei , Frenking Gernot
Published: July 2019

The octacarbonyl cation and anion complexes of actinide metals [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) are prepared in the gas phase and are studied by mass‐selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. Both the octacarbonyl cations and anions have been characterized to be saturated coordinated complexes. Quantum chemical calculations by using density functional theory show that the [Th(CO)8]+ and [Th(CO)8]− complexes have a distorted octahedral (D4h) equilibrium geometry and a doublet electronic ground state. Both the [U(CO)8]+ cation and the [U(CO)8]− anion exhibit cubic structures (Oh) with a 6A1g ground state for the cation and a 4A1g ground state for the anion. The neutral species [Th(CO)8] (Oh; 1A1g) and [U(CO)8] (D4h; 5B1u) have also been calculated. Analysis of their electronic structures with the help on an energy decomposition method reveals that, along with the dominating 6d valence orbitals, there are significant 5f orbital participation in both the [An]←CO σ donation and [An]→CO π back donation interactions in the cations and anions, for which the electronic reference state of An has both occupied and vacant 5f AOs. The trend of the valence orbital contribution to the metal–CO bonds has the order of 6d≫5f>7s≈7p, with the 5f orbitals of uranium being more important than the 5f orbitals of thorium.
Intramolecular Ring‐Expansion Reaction (RER) and Intermolecular Coordination of In Situ Generated Cyclic (Amino)(aryl)carbenes (cAArCs)
Authors: Lorkowski Jan , Krahfuß Mirjam , Kubicki Maciej , Radius Udo , Pietraszuk Cezary
Published: July 2019

Cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbenes (cAArCs) based on the isoindoline core were successfully generated in situ by α‐elimination of 3‐alkoxyisoindolines at high temperatures or by deprotonation of isoindol‐2‐ium chlorides with sodium or copper(I) acetates at low temperatures. 3‐Alkoxy‐isoindolines 2 a,b‐OR (R=Me, Et, iPr) have been prepared in high yields by the addition of a solution of 2‐aryl‐1,1‐diphenylisoindol‐2‐ium triflate (1 a,b‐OTf; a: aryl=Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl; b: Mesityl‐, Mes=2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) to the corresponding alcohol (ROH) with NEt3 at room temperature. Furthermore, the reaction of 2 a,b‐OMe in diethyl ether with a tenfold excess of hydrochloric acid led to the isolation of the isoindol‐2‐ium chlorides 1 a,b‐Cl in high yields. The thermally generated cAArC reacts with sulfur to form the thioamide 3 a. Without any additional trapping reagent, in situ generation of 1,1‐diphenylisoidolin‐3‐ylidenes does not lead to the isolation of these compounds, but to the reaction products of the insertion of the carbene carbon atom into an ortho C−H bond of a phenyl substituent, followed by ring‐expansion reaction; namely, anthracene derivatives 9‐N(H)aryl‐10‐Ph‐C14H8 4 a,b (a: Dipp; b: Mes). These compounds are conveniently synthesized by deprotonation of the isoindol‐2‐ium chlorides with sodium acetate in high yields. Deprotonation of 1 a‐Cl with copper(I) acetate at low temperatures afforded a mixture of 4 a and the corresponding cAArC copper(I) chloride 5 a, and allowed the isolation and structural characterization of the first example of a cAArC copper complex of general formula [(cAArC)CuCl].
Denitrogenative Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Benzaldehyde Hydrazones: Synthesis of (2,2,2‐Trifluoroethyl)arenes
Authors: Zhao Zhensheng , Ma Kevin C. Y. , Legault Claude Y. , Murphy Graham K.
Published: July 2019

Reacting hydrazones of arylaldehydes with Togni's CF3‐benziodoxolone reagent, in the presence of potassium hydroxide and cesium fluoride, induces a denitrogenative hydrotrifluoromethylation event to produce (2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)arenes. This novel reaction was tolerant to many electronically‐diverse functional groups and substitution patterns, as well as naphthyl‐ and heteroaryl‐derived substrates. Advantages of this process include the easy access to hydrazone precursors on a large scale, speed and operational simplicity, and being transition metal‐free.
Practical Experience in Design and Operation of Liquid‐Liquid Extraction Processes
Authors: Weber Manfred
Published: July 2019

Liquid‐liquid (L/L) extraction is a standard unit operation in the phenol‐acetone process. Special applications are the extraction of phenol from process water and the removal of phenol from recycle cumene. Besides the standard equipment such as static mixers and horizontal settlers, centrifugal pumps are used for mixing and vertical settlers are operated for phase separation. This article covers some practical experience in design and operation with focus on using centrifugal pumps, maintain mass transfer in pipes and the design of vertical settlers. Gaps in knowledge about various phenomena such as the mass transfer in turbulent L/L pipe flow are pointed out.
Investigation of wood pellets self‐heating kinetics and thermal runaway phenomena using lab scale experiments
Authors: Guo Wendi , Bi Xiaotao , Lim C. Jim , Sokhansanj Shahab
Published: July 2019

The phenomena of spontaneous combustion and thermal runaway in wood pellets storage were investigated using lab‐scale experiments in the temperature range of 100–200 °C. The critical temperatures were determined for four sizes of reactors. The kinetic parameters of the self‐heating were determined using three methods, the Frank‐Kamenetskii's method, crossing point method, and numerical curve fitting method. Mean values of activation energy (E) of 78.7 ±0.8 kJ/mol and self‐heating rate constant (∆
rhA) of (4.22 ±2.5) × 10
6 kJ/(kg s) were obtained for four type of wood pellets (made from whitewood) samples from different pellet producers in British Columbia. Finally, a two‐dimensional numerical model was developed to predict the temperature development during self‐heating and the critical temperature for known sizes of reactors.
A unique kinesin‐like protein, Klp8, is involved in mitosis and cell morphology through microtubule stabilization
Authors: Kashiwazaki Jun , Yoneda Yumi , Mutoh Tadashi , Arai Ritsuko , Yoshida Minoru , Mabuchi Issei
Published: July 2019

Kinesins are microtubule (MT)‐based motors involved in various cellular functions including intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles, and dynamics of chromosomes during cell division. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe expresses nine kinesin‐like proteins (klps). Klp8 is one of them and has not been characterized yet though it has been reported to localize at the division site. Here, we studied function and localization of Klp8 in S. pombe cells. The gene klp8+ was not essential for both viability and cytoskeletal organization. Klp8‐YFP was concentrated as medial cortical dots during interphase, and organized into a ring at the division site during mitosis. The Klp8 ring seemed to be localized in the space between the actomyosin contractile ring and the plasma membrane. The Klp8 ring shrank as cytokinesis proceeded. In klp8‐deleted (Δ) cells, the speed of spindle elongation during anaphase B was slowed down. Overproduction of Klp8 caused bent or elongated cells, in which MTs were abnormally elongated and less dynamic than those in normal cells. Deletion of klp8+ gene suppressed the delay in mitotic entry in blt1Δ cells. These results suggest that Klp8 is involved in mitosis and cell morphology through MT stabilization.
Scrippsiella acuminata versus Scrippsiella ramonii: A Physiological Comparison
Authors: Fagín Elena , Bravo Isabel , Garrido José Luis , Rodríguez Francisco , Figueroa Rosa I.
Published: July 2019

Scrippsiella is a cosmopolitan dinoflagellate genus that is able to form Harmful Algal Blooms in coastal waters. The large physiological, morphological, and genetic variability that characterizes this genus suggest the existence of cryptic species. In this study, flow cytometric analyses were carried out to compare the cell cycle and life cycle of two Scrippsiella strains from two different species: Scrippsiella ramonii (VGO1053) and Scrippsiella acuminata (S3V). Both species were also investigated by internally transcribed spacer rDNA sequencing and high‐performance liquid chromatography‐based pigment analyses. The reddish‐brown color of S. acuminata and yellowish‐green hue of S. ramonii were consistent with the quantitative differences determined in their pigment profiles. Our results indicate that the cell cycle is light‐controlled and that it differs in the two species. S‐phase was detected during the light period in both, whereas the G2/M phase occurred during the light period in S. ramonii but under dark conditions in S. acuminata. The detection of 4C stages, mobile zygotes (planozygotes), and resting cysts in S. ramonii (nonclonal) provided convincing evidence of sexuality in this species. Sexual related processes were not found in the clonal S. acuminata strain, suggesting its heterothallic behavior (i.e., the need for outcrossing). The differences in the genome size of these species were examined as well. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Cytologic features of pancreatobiliary neoplasm of duodenum
Authors: Kim David , Giorgadze Tamara , Goyal Abha
Published: July 2019

Small intestinal adenomas are uncommon. Majority of these occur in the region of the ampulla of Vater. Adenomas of the ampulla can be further subdivided into two types—intestinal and pancreatobiliary. While intestinal adenomas are more frequent, pancreatobiliary adenomas are rare. There is limited literature regarding the role of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) in the diagnosis of ampullary/peri‐ampullary neoplasms. Here, we describe the cytologic features of a pancreatobiliary neoplasm of the duodenum that was sampled by EUS‐FNA. The aspirate was cellular and revealed cells with moderately abundant oncocytic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round with fine chromatin and focally prominent nucleoli. Although the concurrent biopsy showed no high‐grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma, the EUS and imaging findings were highly suspicious for invasion. A broad differential diagnosis is under consideration for a duodenal mass that encompasses neoplasms of the biliary tract, pancreas, duodenum, and ampulla of Vater. To our knowledge, cytologic features of a pancreatobiliary neoplasm of the duodenum have not been previously reported. Our case highlights the features seen on cytology with histologic correlation in the hopes of elucidating features to better characterize these lesions.
Parasitism and alternative reproductive tactics in Northern chamois
Authors: Corlatti Luca , Lorenzetti Chiara , Bassano Bruno
Published: July 2019

Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), discrete phenotypic variations evolved to maximize fitness, may entail different cost‐benefit trade‐offs. In large mammals, differences in costs associated with ARTs—including energy expenditure and parasite infection—are typically greatest during the breeding season. Nonetheless, physiological and behavioral differences between ARTs can manifest throughout the year, possibly involving costs that may contribute to maintain ARTs within populations. Using the number of nematode larvae per gram of feces (LPG) as a proxy, we explored the temporal changes in lung parasite infection in territorial and nonterritorial male chamois Rupicapra in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italy), between 2011 and 2012. We aimed to identify which tactic‐specific physiological and behavioral features (including age, hormonal levels, inter‐ and intrasexual interactions, and space use) or climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) best explained yearly variation in parasite infection within and between ARTs. Generalized additive mixed models showed that the fecal larval counts of lung nematodes underwent strong temporal changes in both male types. Differences between ARTs (with higher LPG values in territorial than nonterritorial males) were greatest during the rut and—to a lesser extent—in spring, respectively, at the peak and at the onset of territoriality. The difference in LPG between tactics was largely explained by the greater levels of hormone metabolites in territorial males during the rut. The other variables did not contribute significantly to explain the different shedding of larvae within and between ARTs. Our analysis suggests that different values of LPG between territorial and nonterritorial males are largely a result of tactic‐specific differences in the secretion of hormone metabolites, but only during the rut. To clarify whether rut‐related parasitism contributes to the maintenance of ARTs, tactic‐specific life history trade‐offs, for example, between reproduction and parasite‐related mortality, must be investigated.