bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Interface‐Controlled Redox Switch for Wastewater Remediation
Authors: Khaire Siddhi , Gaikwad Pramod , Aralekallu Shambhulinga , Bhat Zahid Manzoor , Kottaichamy Alagar Raja , Devendrachari Mruthyunjayachari Chattanahalli , Thimmappa Ravikumar , Shafi Shahid Pottachola , Gautam Manu , Thotiyl Musthafa Ottakam
Published: October 2017

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) can function as electrically reversible switches; nevertheless, triggering such circuits requires a distinct voltage bias at the base terminal. Here, we show a proof‐of‐concept of an electrochemical switching device equipped with a redox electrode whose bi‐stable interfacial chemistry, reliant on hydronium ion strength, can provide distinct logic HIGH (1) and logic LOW (0) levels of operation, enabling it to control and command an electronic circuit without the aid of any external voltage input. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance studies, and UV/Vis spectroscopy demonstrate that discrete logic levels are controlled by the solvent‐mediated charge injection/ejection kinetics at the redox‐active half‐cell electrode, leading to a chemically reversible switch with a response time of approximately 1 s and an operating speed of 225 cycles per hour. We demonstrate that the logic HIGH level of the interfacial twin states is actuated when exposed to acid‐contaminated wastewater, automatically triggering the command for remediation.
Synthesis of new C3 symmetric amino acid‐ and aminoalcohol‐containing chiral stationary phases and application to HPLC enantioseparations
Authors: Yu Jeongjae , Armstrong Daniel W. , Ryoo Jae Jeong
Published: October 2017

We recently reported a new C3‐symmetric (R)‐phenylglycinol N‐1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid‐derived chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stationary phase (CSP 1) that demonstrated better results as compared to a previously described N‐3,5‐dintrobenzoyl (DNB) (R)‐phenylglycinol‐derived CSP. Over a decade ago, (S)‐leucinol, (R)‐phenylglycine, and (S)‐leucine derivatives were used as the starting materials of 3,5‐DNB‐based Pirkle‐type CSPs for chiral separation. In this study, three new C3‐symmetric CSPs (CSP 2, 3, and 4) were prepared by combining the ideas and results mentioned above. Here we describe the synthetic procedures and applications of the new C3‐symmetric CSPs (CSP 2–CSP 4).
Evaluation of effect of temperature and pressure on the dynamic interfacial tension of crude oil/aqueous solutions containing chloride anion through experimental and modelling approaches
Authors: Lashkarbolooki Mostafa , Ayatollahi Shahab
Published: October 2017

The interfacial properties of crude oil are highly complex and are not yet well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature (30–80 °C) and pressure (3.44–27.58 MPa) on the dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil/aqueous solutions consisting of 15 000 ppm of salt containing different chloride anions, e.g. NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2. To reach this goal, several parameters, such as dynamic and equilibrium IFT, adsorption time, diffusivity of resin, and asphaltene as surface‐active agents from bulk of crude oil towards fluid/fluid interface and surface excess concentration of them at the interface, were compared as a function of temperature, pressure, and ion type. The obtained results clarified the reason why there are contradicting observations in the literature on the influence of temperature on the equilibrium IFT of crude oil/brine solutions.
A two‐level directional model for dependence in circular data
Authors: Holmquist Björn , Gustafsson Peter
Published: October 2017

We present a likelihood‐based test for clustering among sub‐population mean directions for circular data. The test is based on a two‐level hierarchical model with von Mises distributed variation on each level. The properties of the tests are investigated and compared to the commonly applied techniques of second‐order analysis and pseudo‐pooling of directions for the situation at hand. Finally we apply the technique to some previously published data sets, to determine the presence of directional clustering among the sub‐populations. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 461–478; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Thermodynamic measurements of actin polymerization with various cation species
Authors: Kikumoto Mahito , Oosawa Fumio
Published: October 2017

We measured the critical concentration of actin polymerized with different polymerization ions and bound divalent cations at low temperatures and estimated thermodynamic parameters. The entropy and enthalpy changes of actin polymerization were 36–55 (cal/mol K) and 2–8 (kcal/mol), respectively, with some exceptions. Both the entropy and enthalpy changes of the polymerization of Ca2+‐actin were sensitive to the polymerization ion (K+ or Na+): ΔS = 39 or 36 (cal/mol K), ΔΗ= 3.9 or 2.7 (kcal/mol). The entropy and enthalpy changes (cal/mol K, kcal/mol) of Mg2+‐actin were also sensitive to the polymerization ion in the following order: Mg2+ (55, 7.6) > K+ (46, 5.3) > Na+ (38, 2.4). Those values largely decreased and became even negative in the presence of a high concentration (0.1 M) of K+, which was likely caused by the charge screening effect of that ion.
Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Amine‐based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Authors: Abdelkarim Hazem , Neelarapu Raghupathi , Madriaga Antonett , Vaidya Aditya S. , Kastrati Irida , Karumudi Bhargava , Wang Yue‐ting , Taha Taha Y. , Thatcher Gregory R. J. , Frasor Jonna , Petukhov Pavel A.
Published: October 2017

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are promising drug targets for a variety of therapeutic applications. Herein we describe the design, synthesis, biological evaluation in cellular models of cancer, and preliminary drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies (DMPK) of a series of secondary and tertiary N‐substituted 7‐aminoheptanohydroxamic acid‐based HDAC inhibitors. Introduction of an amino group with one or two surface binding groups (SBGs) yielded a successful strategy to develop novel and potent HDAC inhibitors. The secondary amines were found to be generally more potent than the corresponding tertiary amines. Docking studies suggested that the SBGs of tertiary amines cannot be favorably accommodated at the gorge region of the binding site. The secondary amines with naphthalen‐2‐ylmethyl, 5‐phenylthiophen‐2‐ylmethyl, and 1H‐indol‐2‐ylmethyl (2 j) substituents exhibited the highest potency against class I HDACs: HDAC1 IC50 39–61 nm, HDAC2 IC50 260–690 nm, HDAC3 IC50 25–68 nm, and HDAC8 IC50 320–620 nm. The cytotoxicity of a representative set of secondary and tertiary N‐substituted 7‐aminoheptanoic acid hydroxyamide‐based inhibitors against HT‐29, SH‐SY5Y, and MCF‐7 cancer cells correlated with their inhibition of HDAC1, 2, and 3 and was found to be similar to or better than that of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Compounds in this series increased the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in a time‐dependent manner. DMPK studies indicated that secondary amine 2 j is metabolically stable and has plasma and brain concentrations >23‐ and >1.6‐fold higher than the IC50 value for class I HDACs, respectively. Overall, the secondary and tertiary N‐substituted 7‐aminoheptanoic acid hydroxyamide‐based inhibitors exhibit excellent lead‐ and drug‐like properties and therapeutic capacity for cancer applications.
Theranostic Hyaluronic Acid–Iron Micellar Nanoparticles for Magnetic‐Field‐Enhanced in vivo Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Guohao , Gao Shi , Tian Rui , Miller‐Kleinhenz Jasmine , Qin Zainen , Liu Tianji , Li Lu , Zhang Fan , Ma Qingjie , Zhu Lei
Published: October 2017

The delivery of therapeutic cancer agents using nanomaterials has recently attracted much attention. Although encouraging progress with chemotherapeutics has been made, tumor treatment response remains unsatisfactory. To address this concern, we constructed a new micellar nanocomplex by covalently conjugating hyaluronic acid (HA) with an iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP). When an external magnetic field was applied to the tumor area, HA–IONP specifically accumulated in the tumor, due to the strong IONP magnetism. In addition, HA was shown to bind to cluster determinant 44 (CD44), which is overexpressed on tumor cells. With combined magnetic, CD44, and enhanced permeability retention (EPR) targeting, the efficient delivery of HA–IONP to the tumor is expected to enhance cancer treatment efficiency. After encapsulation of the chemotherapy drug homocamptothecin (HCPT), the theranostic potency of HA–IONP/HCPT (HIH) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The improved tumor homing behavior of HIH was observed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when an external magnetic field was used. Moreover, HIH showed remarkable tumor ablation efficiency, with magnetic targeting after 3 mg kg−1 intravenous administration (equivalent dose of free HCPT), and the tumors almost disappeared after treatment. No obvious systemic toxicity was detected. This excellent biocompatibility and tumor targetability suggests that HIH is a promising theranostic nanocomplex with great translational potency. Application of the HA–IONP platform could also be extended to delivery of other hydrophobic chemotherapy drugs or phototherapy agents.
Production of P, N Co‐doped Graphene‐Based Materials by a Solution Process and Their Electrocatalytic Performance for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jang Dawoon , Lee Seungjun , Kim Sujin , Choi Kwangrok , Park Sunghee , Oh Junghoon , Park Sungjin
Published: October 2017

Graphene‐based materials are promising as metal‐free, cost‐effective electrocatalysts owing to their feasibility for mass production and excellent electrochemical properties. Recently, heteroatom co‐doping of graphene networks has been identified as a promising route to produce efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this study, we have synthesized a P, N co‐doped graphene‐based material (N−P−rG−O) using a two‐step solution process in which graphene oxide is sequentially reacted with phytic acid and ammonium hydroxide in water. The N−P−rG−O catalyst exhibits an onset potential for the ORR in basic medium (0.1 M KOH) of 0.89 V (vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode), following a four‐electron pathway and showing excellent stability against methanol poisoning in durability tests.
Free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist, MR1704, lowers blood glucose levels in rats unresponsive to the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide
Authors: Tsuda Naoto , Kawaji Atsuko , Takagi Mitsuhiro , Higashi Chika , Nakamura Masaki , Hosaka Yoshitaka , Sakaki Junichi
Published: October 2017

Preclinical Research & Development

MR1704 is a selective G protein‐coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist, which exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and glucose‐lowering effects in animal models. We studied the effects of MR1704 in a sulfonylurea‐desensitized Sprague–Dawley rat model and evaluated the risk of pancreatic β‐cell exhaustion compared to that of glibenclamide in Zucker fatty rats. Rats fed ad libitum a diet containing 0.03% glibenclamide exhibited lower non‐fasting blood glucose levels compared to those in rats fed a control diet during the first 6 days. However, the response to glibenclamide disappeared on day 9. In a rat oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), MR1704 reduced the plasma glucose excursion, whereas glibenclamide did not show this effect. In Zucker fatty rats, oral administration of MR1704 reduced glucose excursion during the OGTT, and the effects of MR1704 were maintained after 2‐week treatment. In contrast, the glucose‐lowering effects of glibenclamide were diminished, and glucose tolerance was aggravated after 2‐week treatment. These results indicated that MR1704 provided more sustainable effects compared to those of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide suggesting that MR1704 may be an attractive therapeutic option for diabetic patients who are unresponsive to sulfonylurea treatment.
Prematurity and perinatal adversity effects hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis reactivity to social evaluative threat in adulthood
Authors: Sullivan Mary C. , Winchester Suzy B. , Bryce Crystal I. , Granger Douglas A.
Published: October 2017

This study examined the long‐term effects of prematurity and perinatal adversity on individual differences in stress‐related reactivity and regulation of the HPA axis. A prospective sample of 155 infants born preterm and healthy (n = 20), medical illness (n = 48), neurological illness (n = 26), and small for gestational age (n = 24) and full‐term (n = 37) were recruited between 1985 and 1989. At age 23 years, multiple saliva samples were collected before and after participation in the Trier Social Stress Test and later assayed for cortisol. Results reveal that at age 23 years, infants born premature with neurological complications showed higher cortisol reactivity to social evaluative threat compared to either their full‐term, small for gestation age, medically ill, or healthy preterm peers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories that propose effects of early adversity on biological sensitivities and susceptibilities, which translate experience into developmental outcomes related to poor health and risk for disease.
Rapid facial reactions in response to happy and angry expressions in 7‐month‐old infants
Authors: Datyner Amy , Henry Julie D. , Richmond Jenny L.
Published: October 2017

Humans rapidly and spontaneously activate muscles in the face when viewing emotional facial expressions in others. These rapid facial reactions (RFRs) are thought to reflect low‐level, bottom‐up processes, and are theorized to assist an observer to experience and share the affect of another individual. It has been assumed that RFRs are present from birth; however to date, no study has investigated this response in children younger than 3 years of age. In the present study, we used facial electromyography (EMG) to measure corrugator supercilii (brow) and zygomaticus major (cheek) muscle activity in 7‐month‐old infants while they viewed happy and angry facial expressions. The results showed that 7‐month olds exhibited greater zygomaticus activity in response to happy expressions than angry expressions, however, we found no evidence of differential corrugator muscle activity.
Geographic isolation facilitates the evolution of reproductive isolation and morphological divergence
Authors: Worsham McLean L. D. , Julius Eric P. , Nice Chris C. , Diaz Peter H. , Huffman David G.
Published: October 2017

Geographic isolation is known to contribute to divergent evolution, resulting in unique phenotypes. Oftentimes morphologically distinct populations are found to be interfertile while reproductive isolation is found to exist within nominal morphological species revealing the existence of cryptic species. These disparities can be difficult to predict or explain especially when they do not reflect an inferred history of common ancestry which suggests that environmental factors affect the nature of ecological divergence. A series of laboratory experiments and observational studies were used to address what role biogeographic factors may play in the ecological divergence of Hyalella amphipods. It was found that geographic isolation plays a key role in the evolution of reproductive isolation and divergent morphology and that divergence cannot be explained by molecular genetic variation.
Residence time, native range size, and genome size predict naturalization among angiosperms introduced to Australia
Authors: Schmidt John P. , Drake John M. , Stephens Patrick
Published: October 2017

Although critical to progress in understanding (i) if, and (ii) at what rate, introduced plants will naturalize and potentially become invasive, establishing causal links between traits and invasion success is complicated by data gaps, phylogenetic nonindependence of species, the inability to control for differences between species in residence time and propagule pressure, and covariance among traits. Here, we focus on statistical relationships between genomic factors, life history traits, native range size, and naturalization status of angiosperms introduced to Australia. In a series of analyses, we alternately investigate the role of phylogeny, incorporate introduction history, and use graphical models to explore the network of conditional probabilities linking traits and introduction history to naturalization status. Applying this ensemble of methods to the largest publicly available data set on plant introductions and their fates, we found that, overall, residence time and native range size best predicted probability of naturalization. Yet, importantly, probability of naturalization consistently increased as genome size decreased, even when the effects of shared ancestry and residence time in Australia were accounted for, and that this pattern was stronger in species without a history of cultivation, but present across annual–biennials, and herbaceous and woody perennials. Thus, despite introduction biases and indirect effects of traits via introduction history, across analyses, reduced genome size was nevertheless consistently associated with a tendency to naturalize.
Opposite effects of daytime and nighttime warming on top‐down control of plant diversity
Authors: Barton Brandon T. , Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: October 2017

Ecological analyses of climate warming explore how rising mean temperature will affect the species composition of communities and their associated functioning. Experimentation usually presumes that warming arises from simultaneous increase in daily maximum (daytime) and minimum (nighttime) temperatures. Yet evidence shows that mean warming arises largely from increasing nighttime temperatures. We report on a 3‐yr experiment that compared the effects of daytime and nighttime warming on a community comprising herbaceous plants, grasshopper herbivores and predatory spiders. We warmed experimental mesocosms 3–4°C above ambient control treatments during the daytime (06:00–18:00 h) or nighttime (18:00–06:00 h). Daytime warming caused spiders to seek a thermal refuge low in the plant canopy and away from grasshopper prey, which allowed grasshoppers to spend more time feeding on a competitively dominant plant species. Nighttime had the opposite effect, where spider activity increased causing grasshoppers to reduce feeding. Two consecutive years of daytime warming resulted in a suppression of the competitive dominant plant and increased the diversity and evenness of the plant community, whereas nighttime warming had opposite effects. These results show that ignoring the nuanced effects of asymmetrical warming may lead to inaccurate conclusions about the net effects of climate change on ecosystems.
Transcription factor YY1 can control AID‐mediated mutagenesis in mice
Authors: Zaprazna Kristina , Basu Arindam , Tom Nikola , Jha Vibha , Hodawadekar Suchita , Radova Lenka , Malcikova Jitka , Tichy Boris , Pospisilova Sarka , Atchison Michael L.
Published: October 2017

Activation‐induced cytidine deminase (AID) is crucial for controlling the immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). AID initiates these processes by deamination of cytosine, ultimately resulting in mutations or double strand DNA breaks needed for SHM and CSR. Levels of AID control mutation rates, and off‐target non‐Ig gene mutations can contribute to lymphomagenesis. Therefore, factors that control AID levels in the nucleus can regulate SHM and CSR, and may contribute to disease. We previously showed that transcription factor YY1 can regulate the level of AID in the nucleus and Ig CSR. Therefore, we hypothesized that conditional knock‐out of YY1 would lead to reduction in AID localization at the Ig locus, and reduced AID‐mediated mutations. Using mice that overexpress AID (IgκAID yy1f/f) or that express normal AID levels (yy1f/f), we found that conditional knock‐out of YY1 results in reduced AID nuclear levels, reduced localization of AID to the Sμ switch region, and reduced AID‐mediated mutations. We find that the mechanism of YY1 control of AID nuclear accumulation is likely due to YY1‐AID physical interaction which blocks AID ubiquitination.
Using Short‐Wave Infrared Radiation to Improve Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Peanut Oil: Evaluation of Peanut Cotyledon Microstructure and Oil Quality
Authors: Deng Bo‐Xin , Li Bo , Li Xiao‐Dan , Zaaboul Farah , Jiang Jiang , Li Jin‐Wei , Li Qiu , Cao Pei‐Rang , Liu Yuan‐Fa
Published: October 2017

In this study, the effects of short‐wave infrared radiation (SIR) on enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) of peanut oil (PO) are investigated, including peanuts cotyledon cells mircrostructure and yield as well as quality of extracted PO. GC‐flash electronic nose (EN) combined with principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to select conditions for SIR process. The appropriate roasting condition based on the overall flavor is determined as 150 °C for 55 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to investigate the effects of SIR on cotyledon microstructure. The results demonstrated that SIR damaged the cell microstructure and oil body membrane, and the extraction of oil is facilitated. Accordingly, the oil yield increased significantly by 8.74% compared to that of the control (p < 0.05). Further analysis on the quality properties of PO revealed that the content of polyphenols of oil extracted from SIR roasted peanuts (2.79 ± 0.05 mg GAE kg−1) is 62.21% higher than that from the control. It is in consistent with the significantly enhanced oxidation stability of oil in the present study (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the variety and relative content of volatile compounds which contributed to a better overall flavor are greatly increased.

Practical Applications: SIR as a mild and efficient roasting method could enhance the oil extraction yield in EAEP and improve the oxidation stability of the extracted oil. With the appropriate pre‐roasting of peanuts by SIR, the overall flavor of EAEP extracted peanut oil was improved. Its volatiles pattern was close to that of the commercial hot‐pressed PO. It was confirmed that SIR is a novel choice for roasting processing, as well as a potential and available pre‐roasting method of peanuts to improve the EAEP technology.

In order to improve the enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) of peanut oil, short‐wave infrared radiation (SIR) to roast peanuts before the extraction process is used. SEM and TEM are employed to evaluate the roasting effects on cotyledon microstructure. Some chemical properties, the content of antioxidant compounds, and the flavor of extracted oil are assessed to show the effects on oil quality. The oil yield is also evaluated to explain the roasting effects together with the changes of the microstructure.
Copper‐Catalyzed Chelation‐Assisted ortho‐Nitration of 2‐Aryls Using Pharmacophoric Benzothiazoles and Benzoxazoles as Directing Groups
Authors: Vinayak Botla , Ashok Akudari , Chandrasekharam Malapaka
Published: October 2017

A copper‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted ortho‐nitration reaction of aryl derivtives has been achieved, using benzazoles as efficient directing groups. The reaction is general and efficient for aryl derivatives with various electronic properties, and also with different pharmacophorically important directing groups, i.e., benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzimidazoles. The nitro‐group‐containing products have significance as fluorogenic compounds and potential nitroreductase substrates that could be used for the detection of clinically important microorganisms. The nitration reaction proceeds with an inexpensive copper catalyst and a mild, cheap, and environmentally friendly nitro source, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O. This operationally simple and functional‐group‐tolerant protocol for the nitration of 2‐aryl benzazoles proceeds with a high regioselectivity without the exclusion of air or moisture.
Total Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 5′‐Hydroxyzearalenone and 5′β‐Hydroxyzearalenone
Authors: Thiraporn Aticha , Rukachaisirikul Vatcharin , Iawsipo Panata , Somwang Tatiyar , Tadpetch Kwanruthai
Published: October 2017

An efficient and convergent synthesis of 5′‐hydroxyzearalenone and 5′β‐hydroxyzearalenone, 14‐membered β‐resorcylic acid lactone (RAL) natural products, has been achieved in a longest linear sequence of 19 steps, and a total of 29 steps, starting from commercially available 5‐hexen‐1‐ol and methyl 2‐(3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)acetate. The key features of our synthesis include a Jacobsen hydrolytic kinetic resolution, a Mitsunobu esterification and (an E)‐selective ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). Our synthesis also highlights the utility of the acetal protecting group for the resorcylate moiety, and its compatibility with RCM reactions for the synthesis of 14‐membered RALs. The cytotoxic activity of both synthetic compounds was evaluated against seven human cancer cell lines. 5′‐Hydroxyzearalenone shows more potent cytotoxic activity against most of the cancer cell lines tested than its epimer, 5′β‐hydroxyzearalenone. Both compounds show significant cytotoxic activity against the C33A cervical cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 21.33 ± 6.43 µm and 16.00 ± 12.17 µm, respectively.
Zinc Chloride Mediated Synthesis of 1,4‐Oxazepines from N‐Propargylic β‐Enaminones
Authors: Kelgokmen Yilmaz , Cayan Yasemin , Zora Metin
Published: October 2017

An efficient and general method for the synthesis of 1,4‐oxazepines is described. When reacted with ZnCl2 in DCM at 40 °C or CHCl3 at 61 °C, N‐propargylic β‐enaminones undergo 7‐exo‐dig cyclization to afford 2‐methylene‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,4‐oxazepines in good to high yields. This cyclization has been found to be general for a diverse range of N‐propargylic β‐enaminones, and proceeds with high efficiency and with broad functional group tolerance. The reactions in refluxing CHCl3 produced 1,4‐oxazepines in comparatively short reaction times and with better yields that those obtained in refluxing DCM. This operationally easy method may provide rapid access to a library of functionalized 1,4‐oxazepine derivatives of pharmacological interest.
Uptake and dissipation of neonicotinoid residues in nectar and foliage of systemically treated woody landscape plants
Authors: Mach Bernadette M. , Bondarenko Svetlana , Potter Daniel A.
Published: October 2017

Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides used in urban arboriculture could pose a risk to bees and other pollinators foraging on treated plants. We measured uptake and dissipation of soil-applied imidacloprid and dinotefuran in nectar and leaves of 2 woody plant species, a broadleaf evergreen tree (Ilex × attenuata) and a deciduous shrub (Clethra alnifolia), to assess concentrations to which pollinators and pests might be exposed in landscape settings. Three application timings, autumn (postbloom), spring (prebloom), and summer (early postbloom), were evaluated to see if taking advantage of differences in the neonicotinoids’ systemic mobility and persistence might enable pest control while minimizing transference into nectar. Nectar and tissue samples were collected from in-ground plants and analyzed for residues by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) in 2 successive years. Concentrations found in nectar following autumn or spring applications ranged from 166 to 515 ng/g for imidacloprid and from 70 to 1235 ng/gg for dinotefuran, depending on plant and timing. These residues exceed concentrations shown to adversely affect individual- and colony-level traits of bees. Summer application mitigated concentrations of imidacloprid (8–31 ng/g), but not dinotefuran (235–1191 ng/g), in nectar. Our data suggest that dinotefuran may be more persistent than is generally believed. Implications for integrated pest and pollinator management in urban landscapes are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:860–870. © 2017 SETAC
The challenge of forgetting: Neurobiological mechanisms of auditory directed forgetting
Authors: Gamboa Olga Lucía , Sung Lai Yuen Kenneth , von Wegner Frederic , Behrens Marion , Steinmetz Helmuth
Published: October 2017

Directed forgetting (DF) is considered an adaptive mechanism to cope with unwanted memories. Understanding it is crucial to develop treatments for disorders in which thought control is an issue. With an item‐method DF paradigm in an auditory form, the underlying neurocognitive processes that support auditory DF were investigated. Subjects were asked to perform multi‐modal encoding of word‐stimuli before knowing whether to remember or forget each word. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that DF is subserved by a right frontal‐parietal‐cingulate network. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the activation of this network show converging evidence suggesting that DF is a complex process in which active inhibition, attentional switching, and working memory are needed to manipulate both unwanted and preferred items. These results indicate that DF is a complex inhibitory mechanism which requires the crucial involvement of brain areas outside prefrontal regions to operate over attentional and working memory processes. Hum Brain Mapp 39:249–263, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White matter alterations over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons and the effect of a jugular compression collar: A preliminary longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Barber Foss Kim D. , Thomas Staci , DiCesare Christopher A. , Dudley Jonathan A. , Kitchen Katie , Gadd Brooke , Leach James L. , Smith David , Altaye Mekibib , Gubanich Paul , Galloway Ryan T. , McCrory Paul , Bailes Julian E. , Mannix Rebekah , Meehan William P. , Myer Gregory D.
Published: October 2017

The cumulative effects of repetitive subclinical head impacts during sports may result in chronic white matter (WM) changes and possibly, neurodegenerative sequelae. In this pilot study, we investigated the longitudinal WM changes over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons and explored the long‐term effects of a jugular vein compression collar on these WM alterations. Diffusion tensor imaging data were prospectively collected both pre‐ and postseason in the two consecutive seasons. Participants were assigned into either collar or noncollar groups. Tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach and region of interest‐based approach were used to quantify changes in WM diffusion properties. Despite comparable exposure to repetitive head impacts, significant reductions in mean, axial, and/or radial diffusivity were identified in Season 1 in multiple WM regions in the noncollar group but not in the collar group. After an 8‐ to 9‐month long off‐season, these changes observed in the noncollar group partially and significantly reversed but also remained significantly different from the baseline. In Season 2, trend level WM alterations in the noncollar group were found but located in spatially different regions than Season 1. Last, the WM integrity in the collar group remained unchanged throughout the four time points. In conclusion, we quantitatively assessed the WM structural changes and partial reversal over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons. In addition, the mitigated WM alterations in athletes in the collar group might indicate potential effect of the collar in ameliorating the changes against repetitive head impacts. Hum Brain Mapp 39:491–508, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Individualized prediction of schizophrenia based on the whole‐brain pattern of altered white matter tract integrity
Authors: Chen Yu‐Jen , Liu Chih‐Min , Hsu Yung‐Chin , Lo Yu‐Chun , Hwang Tzung‐Jeng , Hwu Hai‐Gwo , Lin Yi‐Tin , Tseng Wen‐Yih Isaac
Published: October 2017

Background

A schizophrenia diagnosis relies on characteristic symptoms identified by trained physicians, and is thus prone to subjectivity. This study developed a procedure for the individualized prediction of schizophrenia based on whole‐brain patterns of altered white matter tract integrity.

Methods

The study comprised training (108 patients and 144 controls) and testing (60 patients and 60 controls) groups. Male and female participants were comparable in each group and were analyzed separately. All participants underwent diffusion spectrum imaging of the head, and the data were analyzed using the tract‐based automatic analysis method to generate a standardized two‐dimensional array of white matter tract integrity, called the connectogram. Unique patterns in the connectogram that most accurately identified schizophrenia were systematically reviewed in the training group. Then, the diagnostic performance of the patterns was individually verified in the testing group by using receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results

The performance was high in men (accuracy = 0.85) and satisfactory in women (accuracy = 0.75). In men, the pattern was located in discrete fiber tracts, as has been consistently reported in the literature; by contrast, the pattern was widespread over all tracts in women. These distinct patterns suggest that there is a higher variability in the microstructural alterations in female patients than in male patients.

Conclusions

The individualized prediction of schizophrenia is feasible based on the different whole‐brain patterns of tract integrity. The optimal masks and their corresponding regions in the fiber tracts could serve as potential imaging biomarkers for schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 39:575–587, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New evidence for preserved somatosensory pathways in complete spinal cord injury: A fMRI study
Authors: Wrigley Paul J. , Siddall Philip J. , Gustin Sylvia M.
Published: October 2017

Trauma to the spinal cord rarely results in complete division of the cord with surviving nerves sometimes remaining silent or failing to function normally. The term motor or sensory discomplete has been used to describe this important but unclassified subgroup of complete SCI. Importantly, silent motor or sensory pathways may contribute to aversive symptoms (spasticity, pain) or improved treatment success. To demonstrate more objectively the presence of subclinical preserved somatosensory pathways in clinically complete SCI, a cross‐sectional study using functional MRI (fMRI) was undertaken. The presence of brain activation following innocuous brushing of an insensate region below‐injury (great toe) was analyzed in 23 people (19 males (83%), mean ± SD age 43 ± 13 years) with clinically complete (AIS A) SCI with (n = 13) and without (n = 10) below‐level neuropathic pain and 21 people without SCI or pain (15 males (71%); mean ± SD age 41 ± 14 years). Location appropriate, significant fMRI brain activation was detected in 48% (n = 11/23) of subjects with clinically complete SCI from below‐injury stimulation. No association was found between the presence of subclinical sensory pathways transmitting innocuous mechanical stimuli (dorsal column medical lemniscal) and below‐level neuropathic pain (χ2 = 0.034, P = 0.9). The high prevalence of sensory discomplete injuries (∼50% complete SCI) strengthens the case to explore inclusion of this category into the international SCI taxonomy (ISNCSCI). This would ensure more widespread inclusion of discomplete SCI in ongoing pain and motor recovery research. Neurophysiological tests such as fMRI may play a role in this process. Hum Brain Mapp 39:588–598, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross‐sectional study of anal intraepithelial lesions in women with cervical neoplasia without HIV
Authors: Heráclio Sandra A. , de Souza Alex S.R. , de Souza Paulo R.E. , Katz Leila , Lima Junior Sergio F. , Amorim Melania M.R.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of anal intraepithelial lesions and associated risk factors in women with cervical neoplasia.

Methods

The present cross‐sectional study enrolled patients with intraepithelial or invasive cervical neoplasia who had been referred to the lower genital tract pathology outpatient department of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Recife, Brazil, between December 1, 2008, and December 31, 2009; patients with HIV infections were excluded. All participants underwent anal cytology and high‐resolution anoscopy; sociodemographic and clinical risk factors were identified using multivariate analysis.

Results

There were 324 patients included and 37 (11.4%) had anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Factors associated with anal intraepithelial neoplasia in the multivariate analysis were being older than 35 years of age (P=0.002), having completed no more than 4 years of education (P=0.012), anomalous anal cytology (P=0.003), and anomalous high‐resolution anoscopy findings (P<0.001); subclinical HPV lesions on vulvoscopy (P=0.057) were not associated with anal intraepithelial neoplasia.

Conclusion

The prevalence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia was high among patients with cervical neoplasia who did not have HIV, particularly patients older than 35 years.
Maternal deaths in Japan due to abnormally invasive placenta
Authors: Hasegawa Junichi , Tanaka Hiroaki , Katsuragi Shinji , Sekizawa Akihiko , Ishiwata Isamu , Ikeda Tomoaki ,   on behalf of the Maternal Death Exploratory Committee in Japan and the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Published: October 2017

Treatment of abnormally invasive placenta in Japan should be performed in well‐resourced health centers; patients need to be transferred as necessary to prevent maternal death.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical cytologic abnormalities among women with HIV infection in a limited‐resource setting
Authors: Ugboaja Joseph O. , Oguejiofor Charlotte Blanche , Ogelle Onyecherelam M.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To examine the relationship between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and cervical cytologic abnormalities among women with HIV infection.

Methods

A cross‐sectional prospective study was undertaken of 110 women attending an HIV clinic in Nnewi, Nigeria, between January 2016 and January 2017. A cervical smear was obtained. A bivariate analysis was undertaken, and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify factors independently associated with cervical cytologic analysis.

Results

Cervical cytologic abnormalities were identified in 31 (28.2%) participants. On bivariate analysis, use of HAART for 2–5 years was associated with a reduction in the risk of cervical cytologic abnormalities (P=0.033), and this risk was further reduced when HAART was taken for more than 5 years (P<0.001). Other factors that significantly reduced risk of cervical cytologic abnormalities included a CD4 count of 300 cells per mL or more (P<0.001), age 30 years or older (P<0.001), and time since HIV diagnosis of more than 5 years (P=0.021). On multivariate analysis, risk of cervical cytologic abnormalities among the women were significantly reduced by use of HAART for more than 5 years (P=0.032) and CD4 count of 300 cells per mL or more (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Long‐term use of HAART and CD4 count of 300 cells per mL or more were associated with a reduced risk of cervical cytologic abnormalities.
COMMENTARY ON FATHERS’ PLAY: MEASUREMENT, CONCEPTUALIZATION, CULTURE, AND CONNECTIONS WITH CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MajdandžIć Mirjana
Published: October 2017

The diverse set of studies in this special issue on fathers' play includes empirical research from several countries, observational measures of play, and multiple children's outcomes, including language, negativity, social competence, aggression and internalizing problems. The chief conclusion across studies is that the role of paternal play is important in various domains of child development. This is encouraging, yet also disturbing given the results of the State of the World's Fathers: Time for Action report 2017, revealing the low amount of care fathers provide to their children worldwide, relative to mothers. In this commentary, the measurement and conceptualization of play are discussed, as well as cultural considerations regarding the meaning and consequences of play. The findings of the studies are integrated in order to guide future research, addressing what domains of child development appear to be influenced by what types of paternal play, and discussing the contexts that affect paternal play. Lastly, the collective results are related to recent efforts to increase fathers' involvement and implications for interventions are discussed.
MOTHER–CHILD AND FATHER–CHILD PLAY INTERACTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PARENTAL PLAYFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE LINKS BETWEEN PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AND CHILD NEGATIVITY
Authors: Menashe‐Grinberg Atara , Atzaba‐Poria Naama
Published: October 2017

Based on the premise that father–child play is an important context for children's development and that fathers “specialize” in play, similarities and differences in the role of playfulness in the father–child and mother–child relationship were examined. Participants in this study included 111 families (children's age: 1–3 years). Father–child and mother–child play interactions were videotaped and coded for parental playfulness, sensitivity, structuring, and nonintrusiveness as well as child negativity. Results indicated that mothers and fathers did not differ in playfulness and that mothers and fathers who were higher in playfulness had children with lower levels of negativity. However, playfulness differently moderated the links between parents’ and children's behaviors for mothers and fathers. A double‐risk pattern was found for mothers, such that the links between child negativity and maternal sensitivity, structuring, and nonintrusiveness were significant only for the subgroup of mothers with low levels of playfulness. When mothers had high levels of playfulness, these effects were negligible. For fathers, a double‐buffer pattern was revealed, indicating that the links between child negativity and paternal sensitivity and structuring were significant only for fathers with high levels of playfulness. When fathers had low levels of playfulness, these effects were negligible. These findings demonstrate the important role that parental playfulness has on parent–child interaction as well as the need to examine moderation patterns separately for fathers and mothers.
Controlled release of paclitaxel using a drug‐eluting stent through modulation of the size of drug particles in vivo
Authors: Jang Bu Nam , Kang Sung Nam , Eom Tae‐Gwan , Han Dong Keun , An Sang‐Hyun , Noh Insup , Kum Chang Hun
Published: October 2017

Drug‐eluting stents (DESs) are generally used in percutaneous coronary intervention. Paclitaxel (PTX) is widely used in DESs to suppress neointima, which causes restenosis. However, the PTX release profile is slow owing to its hydrophobic properties, resulting in negative effects on re‐endothelialization in vessels. In this study, we assessed the effects of the controlled release of PTX particles of specific sizes on in‐stent restenosis (ISR). PTX particle sizes were controlled by adjusting the evaporating temperature of the solvent from 25 to 80°C during ultrasonic coating, and DESs were prepared. The properties of prepared films and DESs were analyzed, and cell viability was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)/PTX500‐loaded stents showed the most rapid release for 58 days, and smaller drug particles exhibited lower PTX release rates. In vivo, PLGA/PTX50‐, PLGA/PTX250‐, and PLGA/PTX500‐loaded stents showed good efficacy for alleviating ISR as compared with bare metal stents and PLGA/PTX5‐loaded stents. However, PLGA/PTX250‐ and PLGA/PTX500‐loaded stents exhibited strut exposure and reduced recovery of the vascular compared with PLGA/PTX50‐loaded stents. PTX drug particles of approximately 50 nm were most effective in vivo, and the control of particle size is a promising strategy for improving the performance of PTX‐eluting stents. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2275–2283, 2018.
Multiperforated atrial septal “aneurysm in aneurysm”: Percutaneous closure guided by real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Sun Feifei , Fan Miao , Li Ying , Ren Weidong , Chen Yanli
Published: October 2017

Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is a localized deformity of the interatrial septum, which protrudes into the right and/or left atrium. ASA with defects is a source of cardiac embolism. Although transcatheter closure is now a common procedure, it is still challenging in patients with complicated ASA. We describe a case of giant atypical multiperforated ASA with irregular mobility, which showed a rare “aneurysm in aneurysm” structure. Real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed vivid images, which clearly demonstrated these irregular shaped defects mimicking the atriotomy view, and played a crucial role in guiding the transcatheter closure.
Absence of neurocognitive disadvantage associated with paediatric HIV subtype A infection in children on antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Bangirana Paul , Ruel Theodore D , Boivin Michael J , Pillai Satish K , Giron Leila B , Sikorskii Alla , Banik Asish , Achan Jane
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Infection with HIV subtype A has been associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes compared to HIV subtype D in Ugandan children not eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this study, we sought to determine whether subtype‐specific differences are also observed among children receiving ART.

Materials and Methods

Children were recruited from a clinical trial in which they were randomized to receive either lopinavir (LPV)‐ or non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐ based ART (NCT00978068). Age at initiation of ART ranged from six months to six years. HIV subtype was determined by PCR amplification and population sequencing of the pol region derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA, followed by application of the REGA and Recombinant Identification Programme algorithms. General cognition was assessed using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (Second Edition), attention using the Test of Variables of Attention, and motor skills using the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Second Edition). Home environment was assessed using the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME). Age‐adjusted test z‐scores were entered into a regression model that adjusted for sex, socio‐economic status score, HOME score, years of schooling, and ART treatment type.

Results

One hundred and five children were tested; median (interquartile range) age was 7.05 years (6.30 to 8.44), CD4 count was 867.7 cells/mm3 (416.0 to 1203.5), and duration on ART was 4.03 years (3.55 to 4.23). Seventy‐eight children had HIV subtype A and 27 had subtype D; the groups had comparable home and socio‐economic status, except that there were more males among children infected with subtype A than D (64.7% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.02). There were no differences between the subtypes in general cognition (estimated mean difference: 0.20; 95% CI: −0.11 to 0.50); p = 0.21), attention (−0.18, 95% CI: −0.60 to 0.24, p = 0.41) and motor skills (1.60, 95% CI: −0.84 to 4.04, p = 0.20).

Conclusions

Our results imply that ART may diminish the neurocognitive disadvantage seen in treatment‐naïve HIV‐infected children with subtype A.