bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating and Communicating With At-Risk Populations About Emergency Preparedness: The Vulnerable Populations Outreach Model
Authors: Klaiman Tamar , Knorr Deborah , Fitzgerald Shannon , DeMara Philip , Thomas Chad , Heake George , Hausman Alice
Published: October 2010

Vulnerable populations tend to have the worst health outcomes during and after disasters; however, these populations are rarely included in the emergency planning process. In Philadelphia, the Department of Public Health and the Office of Emergency Management have reached out to community-based organizations that serve vulnerable populations to include these key stakeholders in emergency planning. In this article, we outline strategies for locating, engaging, and communicating with vulnerable populations about both organizational and personal emergency preparedness. Such strategies include creating a method for bidirectional communication via a free quarterly health newsletter that is distributed to community-based organizations serving vulnerable populations. We also note successes and next steps from engaging vulnerable populations in the planning process in Philadelphia.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:246-251)
Communicating Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks to the Public Through Local Television News: Public Health Officials as Potential Spokespeople
Authors: Pribble James M. , Fowler Erika F. , Kamat Sonia V. , Wilkerson William M. , Goldstein Kenneth M. , Hargarten Stephen W.
Published: October 2010

Objective: To assess how West Nile virus (WNV) was reported to the American public on local television news and identify the main factors that influenced coverage.

Methods: A representative sample of WNV stories that were reported on 122 local television news stations across the United States during October 2002, covering 67% of the nation's population, were coded for self-efficacy, comparative risk scenarios, symptoms and recommendations, high-risk individuals, and frame. In addition, public service professionals (PSPs) interviewed in the segments were identified. Comparisons were made between stories in which a PSP was interviewed and stories without an interview with respect to discussion of the 5 variables coded.

Results: Of the 1371 health-related stories captured during the study period, 160 WNV stories aired, the second most common health topic reported. Forty-nine of the 160 WNV stories contained at least 1 of the 5 reporting variables. Forty-two PSPs were interviewed within 33 unique WNV stories. Public health officials composed 81% of all PSP interviews. Stories containing a public health official interview had 15.2 times (odds ratio 15.2, confidence interval 5.1-45.9) higher odds of reporting quality information, controlling for station affiliate or geographic location.

Conclusions: Emerging infectious disease stories are prominently reported by local television news. Stories containing interviews with public health officials were also much more likely to report quality information. Optimizing the interactions between and availability of public health officials and the local news media may enhance disaster communication of emerging infections.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:220-225)
Hospital Referral Patterns: How Emergency Medical Care Is Accessed in a Disaster
Authors: Reilly Michael J. , Markenson David
Published: October 2010

Background:A prevalent assumption in hospital emergency preparedness planning is that patient arrival from a disaster scene will occur through a coordinated system of patient distribution based on the number of victims, capabilities of the receiving hospitals, and the nature and severity of illness or injury. In spite of the strength of the emergency medical services system, case reports in the literature and major incident after-action reports have shown that most patients who present at a health care facility after a disaster or other major emergency do not necessarily arrive via ambulance. If these reports of arrival of patients outside an organized emergency medical services system are accurate, then hospitals should be planning differently for the impact of an unorganized influx of patients on the health care system. Hospitals need to consider alternative patterns of patient referral, including the mass convergence of self-referred patients, when performing major incident planning.

Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of published studies from the past 25 years to identify reports of patient care during disasters or major emergency incidents that described the patients' method of arrival at the hospital. Using a structured mechanism, we aggregated and analyzed the data.

Results:Detailed data on 8303 patients from more than 25 years of literature were collected. Many reports suggest that only a fraction of the patients who are treated in emergency departments following disasters arrive via ambulance, particularly in the early postincident stages of an event. Our 25 years of aggregate data suggest that only 36% of disaster victims are transported to hospitals via ambulance, whereas 63% use alternate means to seek emergency medical care.

Conclusions:Hospitals should evaluate their emergency plans to consider the implications of alternate referral patterns of patients during a disaster. Additional consideration should be given to mass triage, site security, and the potential need for decontamination after a major incident.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:226-231)
Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Copper Nanomaterials
Authors: Cioffi Nicola , Ditaranto Nicoletta , Torsi Luisa , Sabbatini Luigia
Published: October 2010

The number of studies published in recent years on the synthesis and characterization of copper nanomaterials is growing exponentially, as a literature search (period 1991–2007) returned more than 5000 papers and patents. Despite this great interest, only a few reviews have been issued on the synthesis and characterization of Cu(0) nanostructures, and all have dealt with specific approaches, limited periods or selected morphologies. Aimed at critically reviewing the highest number of studies on Cu NPs referenced until now, this chapter presents a selection of citations taken from more than 350 papers. All the main approaches to nanocopper are briefly described, following their historic evolution and the key aspects/findings of outstanding studies. The type of synthesis approach was chosen as guideline for the classification of the different studies, while characterization results were cited, in support of the description of specific nanomaterials and/or methods. It is intended that this chapter should be considered as a basic aid for the reader wishing to approach the ‘microcosm’ of the synthesis and characterization of nonoxidized, nonsupported copper nanomaterials, in a concise and schematic manner.
Spherical and Anisotropic Copper Nanomaterials in Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Chou Chi‐Chung , Chang Jen‐Lin , Zen Jyh‐Myng
Published: October 2010

Copper nanomaterials (Cun) have emerged as promising new paradigms in nanopharmaceuticals and nanodiagnostics. This chapter first addresses the essential issues of Cunproduction, followed by the applications of Cunin medical sciences organized by the key biomarkers related to disease processes. Specifically, Cu‐containing materials in medical imaging, the use of Cunelectrodes for the detection of glucose, amino acids, uric acids and other organic acids that carry significant biomedical relevance to metabolic disorders, and the developing use of Cun‐complexes as drug carriers, antitumor therapeutic agents and antimicrobial devices, are extensively reviewed. The chapter provides an update to consolidate general theoretical knowledge of Cunproductions alongside their practical applications in relation to disease diagnosis. With this expanding spectrum of detectable biological elements, it is expected that Cunwill soon become more extensively and successfully used in medical diagnosis.
Approaches to the Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Silver Nanomaterials
Authors: Ledwith Deirdre M. , Aherne Damian , Kelly John M.
Published: October 2010

Recent advancements in solution‐based methods have enabled a wide range of remarkable morphologies and sizes of silver nanoparticles to be produced. In this chapter, some of the different approaches that have been taken to prepare Ag nanomaterials are discussed. Both, aqueous‐based and organic‐based procedures for the preparation of spherical particles are described. The controlled synthesis of shaped Ag nanoparticles is particularly highlighted, and theories regarding the growth of anisotropic silver particles are reviewed. The seed structure and growth‐directing abilities of different organic stabilizers are especially important.
Spherical and Anisotropic Silver Nanomaterials in Medical Therapy
Authors: Wong Kenneth K. Y.
Published: October 2010

The rapid rise of nanotechnology has enabled the development of a new niche in clinical medicine – nanomedicine. In this regard, there has been a complete change in direction in terms of the use of metals and metallic compounds in patients. This is because both, the physical and chemical properties of nanometals, have been shown to be vastly different to those of non‐nanoparticles. This also is indeed the case for silver, a metal which has been used in medicine for centuries. The renewed interest in the use of silver is due to the availability of silver nanoparticles. Hence, this chapter focuses on the current use of nanosilver in medical therapy, and discusses the possible mechanisms of action, and potential toxic adverse side effects, of silver nanoparticles.
Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials
Authors: Ha Tai Hwan
Published: October 2010

For the systematic approach to fine‐ and on‐demand tuning of the morphologies of gold nanocrystals, the essential reaction constituents for growth have been extracted from a multitude of growth schemes. Four critical components such as gold precursors, reducing agents, reaction medium and passivating chemicals are found always to participate in the process. Guided by this survey, growth conditions may be categorized into five territories, based mainly on the major reducing agent employed, while the as‐grown nanocrystals are further divided into 10 crystals – namely three single crystals and seven twinned nanocrystals. In relation to the growth mechanisms, twinning formation in the seed structures, and the experimental parameters therein, are discussed as crucial determinants for the further evolution of observed crystal morphologies. Finally, contrast‐enhancing agents in bioimaging and photothermal therapeutics are briefly described as major applications in the life sciences.
Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials in Medical Therapy
Authors: Niidome Takuro , Shiotani Atsushi , Katayama Yoshiki , Niidome Yasuro
Published: October 2010

Gold nanoparticles demonstrate unique optical properties such as distinctive extinction bands in the visible to near‐infrared (NIR) light region. Recently, using these optical properties, many applications of gold nanoparticles in diagnosis and therapeutic technologies have been reported. For diagnosis, gold nanoparticles may act as contrast agents in optical bioimaging and computed tomography. For therapeutic systems, they serve as photosensitizers for photothermal therapy. In particular, gold nanorods with strong absorption in the NIR light region may serve as efficient photothermal devices because the NIR light is able to penetrate tissues more deeply than visible light. Drug release systems that respond to laser irradiation have also been established by combining them with thermoresponsive polymers. By using the unique optical characters of gold nanoparticles, intelligent medical technology for diagnosis and minimally invasive therapy will be developed in the future.
Approaches to Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Palladium Nanomaterials
Authors: Freemantle Ruel G. , Liu Minghong , Guo Wen , Obare Sherine O.
Published: October 2010

Palladium's role in the catalysis of various chemical reactions has resulted in a strong interest towards the development of straightforward synthetic methods for its preparation on the nanoscale. In this chapter we review some of the most significant advances that have been made in the synthesis of palladium particles with nanoscale dimensions. Approaches to control the morphology are described, with an emphasis on reactions that have produced uniform particles with well‐defined sizes and shapes in high yields. In addition, several characterization techniques that have been employed to elucidate the morphology of the particles are illustrated. Finally, we briefly outline the applications of palladium nanoparticles as they relate to the life sciences.
Approaches to the Synthesis and Characterization of Spherical and Anisotropic Platinum Nanomaterials
Authors: Peng Zhenmeng , Yang Shengchun , Yang Hong
Published: October 2010

The basic principles and recent research findings on the synthetic approaches to shape control of platinum nanostructures are reviewed in this chapter. Various thermodynamic and kinetic parameters directly relevant to shape evolution and uniformity control during nucleation and growth are discussed. Attention is focused on those concepts related to the control of morphology, such as defect formation, and aimed at explaining those aspects that can go beyond the classical LaMer concepts which do not deal with the control of shapes. Sequential growth and defect formation, both of which relate to morphology, are given special attention. The chemical reagents used to achieve such control are reviewed to present a global view of the selection principles. Secondary growth, which may lead to anisotropic or higher‐ordered nanostructures, is presented as a new concept developed in recent years. The chapter further discusses the practical aspects of synthetic approaches to platinum nanostructures in both aqueous and nonhydrolytic systems. Detailed examples of synthetic and characterization approaches to zero‐, one‐, two‐ and three‐dimensional nanostructured platinum are also presented, and emerging topics on the shape control of platinum alloys and intermetallics are briefly discussed. The chapter concludes with some details of present knowledge of key recent developments on the shape control of platinum nanostructures.
Biological and Biomaterials‐Assisted Synthesis of Precious Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Parsons Jason G. , Peralta‐Videa Jose R. , Dokken Kenneth M. , Gardea‐Torresdey Jorge L.
Published: October 2010

The biological synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles is becoming an important area of research and a new innovative method for the synthesis of such materials. Interest in biological means to synthesize nanoparticles has increased over the past few years because the method does not require toxic/hazardous chemicals, as do many traditional chemical reduction techniques. This chapter describes some of the many biological methods currently being used to synthesize precious metal nanoparticles, including the use of inactivated biomasses from different organisms, extracts from plants and fruits, fungal‐ and bacterial‐mediated nanoparticle synthesis, and living plant‐mediated synthesis. The chapter also briefly describes the analytical techniques used to characterize precious metal nanoparticles, including ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Particular attention is paid to the bioreduction of gold and silver, as these are the most commonly used precious metals in the biological synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles.
Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanomaterials in Plasmonic Laser Phototherapy of Cancer
Authors: Ben‐Yakar Adela , Eversole Daniel , Ekici Ozgur
Published: October 2010

Gold nanoparticles have shown great potential asin vivo, optically active, biospecific probes with highly controllable and tunable optical properties for simultaneous molecular imaging and phototherapy. The strong plasmon resonance has led to the development of a variety of nanoparticle‐based cancer therapies termed plasmonic laser phototherapy (PLP). The use of molecular‐specific bioagents has demonstrated the potential for the selective treatment of cancer cells targeted with a variety of gold nanostructures. PLP has been demonstrated through either hyperthermal therapy or localized photodisruption of cellular membranes, with both cancer therapy modes being used across the visible and near‐infrared regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this chapter, we provide a review of current PLP methods. Included is a discussion of particle heating and scattering processes, with results organized in terms of laser pulse duration, which will affect the damage confinement during therapy.
Application of Metallic Nanoparticles in Textiles
Authors: Vigneshwaran Nadanathangam , Varadarajan Perianambi V. , Balasubramanya Rudrapatna H.
Published: October 2010

Today, the use of nanotechnology is allowing textiles to become multifunctional. The emergence of a reality to create, alter and improve textiles at the molecular level, and to enhance their durability and performance beyond those of existing textile products, is already apparent due to applications of nanotechnology. Most often, nanomaterials are impregnated onto textile materials without significantly affecting their texture or comfort. At present, antibacterial and UV‐resistance are the major functional properties under examination for nanofinished textiles. An additional benefit to using metal nanoparticles is the presence of surface plasmons that impart different colors by varying their size and shape. Nanotechnology provides a means of adding value to the textile product, and may in future represent a valuable tool for generating extra revenue in the hard‐pressed textile industry.
The Biomimetic Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Deravi Leila F. , Swartz Joshua D. , Wright David W.
Published: October 2010

Depending on their coordinationin vivo, metal clusters operate as oxygen or electron transporters, structural determinants, or as signals for cellular communication. The basic chemistry behind these genetically controlled nanomaterials can be identified, once the coordinated metals have been isolated from their natural environment, and applied towards the synthesis of a wide range of materials. A bioinspired, or biomimetic, approach to materials synthesis would reduce the generation of excess waste from the high‐temperature reaction environments currently used, and enable further functionalization with specific control of nanoparticle morphology. In this chapter, we will focus exclusively on metal oxide clusters and crystals, presenting an overview of current techniques used for the biomimetic syntheses of nanomaterials.
One‐Dimensional Silica Structures and Their Applications to the Biological Sciences
Authors: Choi Daniel , McIlroy David , Nagler James , Aston Eric , Hrdlicka Patrick , Gustin Kurt , Hill Rod , Stenkamp Deborah , Branen Joshua
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Silica Nanowires and Nanosprings

Catalyst Preparation and Application

Methods forVLSSynthesis of Nanowires

Flow Reaction Formation of Nanowires

Laser Ablation of Nanowires

Chemical Vapor Deposition and Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nanowires

Functionalization of Silica 1‐DSilica Nanomaterials

Toxicology Studies on 1‐DSilica Nanomaterials

Intracellular Targeted Delivery

A Typical Cellular Targeting Strategy Using 1‐DNS‐Based Nanostructures

In VitroToxicity of 1‐DNanostructures

In VivoToxicity of 1‐DNanostructures

Biological Applications of 1‐DSilica Nanomaterials

Biodetection
Nanoscale Bioactive Silicate Glasses in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Brunner Tobias J. , Stark Wendelin J. , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fabrication of Nanoscale Bioactive Glass Particles and Fibers

Liquid‐Phase Synthesis Method (Sol–Gel Technique)

Gas‐Phase Synthesis Method (Flame Spray Synthesis)

Applications of Nanoscale Bioactive Glasses

Conventional Bioactive Glasses

Advantages of Nanometric Bioactive Glasses

Applications in Dentistry

Remineralization

Antimicrobial Effects

Applications in Tissue Engineering

Summary and Future Perspective
Toxicity of Spherical and Anisotropic Nanosilica
Authors: Jin Yuhui , Lohstreter Samuel , Zhao Julia Xiaojun
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles

Invasion Pathways of Silica Nanomaterials into Living Systems

Exposure via the Respiratory Tract

Exposure via the Gastrointestinal Tract

Skin Contact

A Brief Summary

Mechanism of Nanomaterials‐Induced Toxicity

Photoactive Nanomaterials‐Induced Toxicity

Toxicity of Silica Nanoparticles

In VitroStudies of Silica Nanomaterials‐Induced Toxicity

In VivoStudies of Silica Nanomaterials‐Induced Toxicity

Mechanism of Silica Nanomaterials‐Induced Toxicity

Effects of Silica Nanomaterial Properties on Toxicity

Effect of Silica Nanomaterial Size

Effect of Silica Nanomaterial Shape

Effects of Silica Nanomaterial Surface Properties

Effect of Dopants

Effects of Dose and Interaction Time

Toxicity of Silica Nanomaterials: A Summary

Perspectives on Silica Nanomaterials

Acknowledgments
Zirconia Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Biomedical Application
Authors: Garnweitner Georg
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Zirconia Nanomaterials

Historical Overview

Solvent‐Based Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles

Hydrothermal Synthesis Strategies

Precipitation Techniques

ThePechini Method

Combustion Synthesis/Auto‐Ignition

Sol–Gel Methods

Nonaqueous/Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel Technique

Gas‐Phase Synthesis of Zirconia Nanoparticles

Top‐Down Methods to Zirconia Nanoparticles

Synthesis of Zirconia Nanorods and Nanowires

Biomedical Applications of Zirconia Nanomaterials

Nanostructured Zirconia‐Based Bioceramics

Joint Replacements

Dental Implants

Nanostructured Zirconia in Bioactive Apatite‐Based Ceramics

Nanostructured Zirconia Coatings on Non‐Zirconia Bioceramics

Doped Zirconia Nanostructures for Biolabeling

Other Applications of Zirconia Nanomaterials in the Life Sciences

Summary and Conclusions
Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
Authors: Fei Jinbo , Li Junbai
Published: October 2010

In today's world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this chapter, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials (TiO2, Fe3O4/Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3) and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses.
Approaches to Mesoscale Modeling of Nanoparticle–Cell Membrane Interactions
Authors: Ginzburg Valeriy V. , Balijepalli Sudhakar , Smith Kurt A. , Balazs Anna C.
Published: October 2010

In this chapter we review recent developments in the area of theory and modeling of nanoparticle–cell membrane interactions. Attention is focused mainly on hybrid self‐consistent mean‐field theory (SCMFT) and dissipative‐particle dynamic (DPD) studies of spherical nanoparticles near model lipid bilayers. The study results showed that spherical nanoparticles with characteristic size on the order of membrane thickness (Rp ∼ 1–10 nm) can induce dramatic changes in the membrane. These changes may range from simple attachment to the membrane surface to incorporation into the membrane, and/or the creation or stabilization of pores or channels in the membrane. In all cases, the changes in membrane morphology in the presence of a particle are driven by the desire of the system to reduce its overall free energy and transition into the lowest‐free‐energy state. Thus, some particles can ‘peel off’ enough lipids to create a hole in the membrane, while others can simply attach to the membrane surface, depending on their radius and type of surface chemistry. The simulations suggest a qualitative understanding of these phenomena, thus providing important tools to understand the mechanisms of nanoparticle cytotoxicity and/or nanoparticle activity as tumor imaging or drug delivery vehicles.
Porous Silicon Particles for Imaging and Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Serda Rita E. , Chiappini Ciro , Fine Daniel , Tasciotti Ennio , Ferrari Mauro
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Porous Silicon

Microfabrication

Characterization

Gravimetry

Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

X‐Ray Diffraction

Nitrogen Adsorption

Sample Preparation for Electron Microscopy: Sectioning

Sample Preparation

Nanovectors for the Delivery of Therapeutics

Biocompatibility and Biodegradation

Drug Loading and Quantification of Drug Load

Nanovectors for the Delivery of Therapeutics

Towards a Multi‐Stage Drug Delivery System

Cellular Uptake ofpSiParticles

Tumor Microenvironment

Effect of Microparticle Shape on Margination

Effect of Microparticle Size on Cellular Uptake

Effect of Surface Modification onpSiParticle Uptake

Serum Opsonization Inhibits Uptake of OxidizedpSiMicroparticles

Cancer Imaging

Conclusions
Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles in Biomineralization and Biomaterials
Authors: Tang Ruikang , Cai Yurong
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nano‐Calcium Phosphates in Hard Tissues

Bone

Tooth

Other Biological Organisms

Biological Formation of Calcium Phosphates

Characteristic Mechanical Properties

Stability of Nano‐Calcium Phosphates

Demineralization of Biominerals

Dissolution of PureHAP

Nanosize Effects in Biomaterials

Synthesis of Nano‐Calcium Phosphates

Synthesis of Nano‐Calcium Phosphate Particles

Biomimetic Construction usingHANanoparticles

Nano‐HA–Collagen Composites

Nano‐HACoating

Nano‐Calcium Phosphate in Biomedical Engineering

Bone Repair

Bone‐Related Cells

Enamel Repair

Other Applications

Acknowledgments
Gold Nanoshells in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Erickson Tim A. , Tunnell James W.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Physical Properties of Gold Nanoshells

Overview of General Optical Properties

The Physics of Gold Nanoshells

The Dielectric Function of Gold

The Quasi‐Static Approximation and Conditions for Surface Plasmon Resonance

Mie Theory

Near‐Field Enhancement

Photoluminescence

Photo‐Thermal Material Characteristics

Synthesis and Bioconjugation

Synthesis

Bioconjugation: Smarter Nanoshells

Biodistribution, Toxicity Profile and Transport

Biodistribution Studies

Transport Mechanisms

Toxicity

Biomedical Applications

In VitroCancer Detection and Imaging

In VivoDetection and Imaging

Integrated Cancer Imaging and Therapy Agents

In VitroStudies

In VivoPhotothermal Therapy

Drug Delivery

Tissue Welding

Biosensors

Absorbance‐Based Biosensing

SERSBiosensing

Concluding Remarks
Anisotropic Bimetallic/Oxide Nanomaterials for The Life Sciences
Authors: Graham Jessica B. , Pearce Megan E. , Salem Aliasger K.
Published: October 2010

Anisotropic bimetallic/oxide nanoparticles have shown significant potential in a variety of applications in the life sciences. Chemical and dimensional control can be achieved in the nanoparticles by incorporating multiple metallic segments. Functional biomolecules can be attached to the nanoparticles that correspond to the surface chemistry of the metallic segment. The high aspect ratio of the particles yields a large surface area for functionalization. These functionalized nanoparticles have applications that include imaging, protein and glucose sensing, gene regulation and delivery, and vaccinations.
AuPt Nanomaterials and Enzymatic Catalysts for Biofuel Cell Applications
Authors: Habrioux Aurélien , Servat Karine , Kokoh Boniface , Alonso‐Vante Nicolas
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)

ORRMetal Catalysts

ORREnzymatic Catalysts

Techniques Used for Enzyme Immobilization

Enzymatic Reduction of Oxygen to Water

Glucose Oxidation

Process on Metal Electrodes

Synthesis and Structural Properties of Gold–Platinum Nanoparticles

Electrocatalytic Oxidation ofd‐(+)‐Glucose on Gold–Platinum Catalysts

Glucose Oxidation via Enzymes

Glucose Oxidation Catalyzed byGDH

Glucose Oxidation Catalyzed byGOx

Application to Fuel Cell Systems

Glucose/Oxygen Biofuel Cells

Glucose/Oxygen Biofuel Cells with AuPt Nanoparticles as Anode Catalysts

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Mixed‐Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Authors: Hamal Dambar B. , Kalebaila Kennedy K. , Klabunde Kenneth J.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

TiO
2
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Environmental Remediation

Metal‐Doped TiO
2
Mixed‐Metal Oxides as
UV
‐Light‐Sensitive Photocatalysts

Metal‐Doped TiO
2
Mixed‐metal Oxides as Visible‐Light‐Sensitive Photocatalysts

Other Mixed‐metal Oxide Photocatalysts

Conclusions
Biofunctionalization of Spherical and Anisotropic Bimetallic Nanomaterials
Authors: Prosperi Davide , Polito Laura , Morasso Carlo , Monti Diego
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Spherical Core‐Shell Bimetallic Nanoparticles

AgCore/AushellNanoparticles

AuCore/AgshellNanoparticles

Silver Enhancement of Gold Nanoparticles

DNA‐Assisted Synthesis of Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Biofunctionalization for the Construction of Core‐Shell Bimetallic Nanostructures

Anisotropically Shaped Nanoparticles: Nanorods and Nanowires

Surface Modifications

NW/NRFunctionalization with Protein Molecules

NW/NRFunctionalization byDNA

Detection and Sensing

Profunctional Bimetallic Alloys

Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Bimetal Nanoparticles

Surface Stabilization by Ligand Exchange

DNAMetallization

Miscellaneous

Outlook
Multielemental Nanorods (Nanowires): Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Applications
Authors: Lin Yang‐Wei , Lin Zong‐Hong , Huang Chih‐Ching , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: October 2010

Metallic nanomaterials have become one of the most fascinating materials in modern sciences, mainly because of their unique optical, electronic, magnetic and catalytic properties. They have been widely used in many fields, including sensing, separation, catalysis, drug delivery, electronics and optics. Unlike spherical nanomaterials, nanorods have interesting anisotropic properties that are highly dependent on their aspect ratios and compositions. In order to provide multifunctional properties, multielemental nanorods have been prepared. In this chapter, we focus on the preparation, physical and chemical properties, as well as the analytical applications of multielemental nanorods. Several advanced synthetic approaches in aqueous and organic phases are briefly discussed. The absorption, emission, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering effect, magnetic properties and catalytic effect of the multielemental nanorods are provided to demonstrate their great practicality in sensing and catalysis. Bioconjugated strategies for improving the selectivity of multielemental nanorods toward analytes of interest are briefly reviewed. We highlight the potential of multielemental nanorods in analytical applications. The advantages and disadvantages of various multielemental nanorods in separation and detection of analytes, cells and bacteria of interest are also emphasized.
Spherical and Anisotropic Nonmagnetic Core‐Shell Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Asefa Tewodros , Anan Abhishek , Duncan Cole , Xie Youwei
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction: Core‐Shell Nanomaterials and Their Biological/Medical Applications

Nonmagnetic Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Synthesis of Cores in Core‐Shell Nanostructures

Metal Cores

Metal Oxide Cores

Polymeric Cores

Semiconductor Cores

Deposition of Shells over the Core Nanomaterials

Types of Core‐Shell Nanomaterial

Metal–Insulator Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Metal‐Dense Metal Oxide Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Metal‐Functionalized Metal Oxide Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Metal–Porous Metal Oxide Core‐Shell

Metal–Polymer Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Hollow Metal–Metal Oxide Shells by Controlled Core‐Dissolution

Metal Core–Dendrimer Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Metal Core–Semiconducting Metal Oxide Shell Nanoparticles

Insulator–Metal Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Metal Oxide–Metal Core‐Shell Nanostructures

Polymer–Metal Core‐Shell Nanostructures

Insulator–Insulator Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Polymer–Metal Oxide Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Polymer–Polymer Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Biomolecule (Protein) Core–Polymer Shell Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Metal Oxide–Metal Oxide Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Metal Oxide–Dye‐Doped Silica and Dye‐Doped Silica–Metal Oxide Core‐Shell Nanostructures

Metal Oxide–Polymer Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Other Inorganic Materials Cores: Metal Oxide Shells

Semiconductor–Insulator Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Semiconductor–Semiconductor Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Semiconductor–Semiconductor–Dendrimer Core‐Shell‐Shell Nanoparticles

Insulator–Semiconductor Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Metal–Metal Core‐Shell

Insulator–Metal Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Carbon‐Containing Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Metal Oxide–Carbon Core‐Shell Nanoparticles

Other Carbon‐Containing Core‐Shell Nanomaterials

Synthetic Methods to Create Core‐Shell Nanomaterials, and their Characterizations

Applications

Applications in Biology and Medicine

Bioimaging and Immunoassay

Drug or Biomolecular Delivery Vehicles

Core‐Shell Nanomaterials for Catalysis

Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments
Spherical and Anisotropic Silica Shell Nanomaterials
Authors: Lai Chih‐Wei , Hsiao Jong‐Kai , Chen Yu‐Chun , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Silica‐Coated Metal Nanoparticles

Noble Metal Nanoparticles: An Overview

Sol–Gel method for Silica Coating

Silica Shell for Biofunctionalization

Application of Silica‐Coated Metal Nanoparticles

Silica Shell Modified with Oligonucleotides

Surface‐EnhancedRaman Scattering Effect

Enhanced Luminescence Intensity

Coating Silica Gold Nanorods

Silica‐Encapsulated Platinum

Silica‐Coated Quantum Dots

The Advantages of CoatingQDswith Silica

Different Types of Silica‐CoatedQDs

HydrophobicQDs

HydrophilicQDs

Silica‐Encapsulated Magnetic Nanoparticles

Silica‐Coated Alloy Metal Nanoparticles

Silica‐Coated Magnetic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Applications of Silica‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles

Forming Hybrid Materials with Optic Materials Dopant

Hollow Silica Spherical Structures

Au and Pt Nanoparticles in Hollow Spheres

Conclusions
Spherical and Anisotropic Core‐Shell and Alloy Nanomaterials: Characterization UsingX‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Sarma Loka Subramanyam , Chou Hung‐Lung , Cheng Ming‐Yao , Taufany Fadlilatul , Lai Feng‐Ju , Tsai Meng‐Che , Chang Shih‐Hong , Hwang Bing‐Joe
Published: October 2010

Nanomaterials, either of the core‐shell or alloy type, have attracted significant attention due to their promising use in a host of biomedical applications such as bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery and cell labeling. Although nanomaterials with well‐controlled surface properties and structures can be synthesized and, to a certain extent, also characterized, understanding and validating the structure–property relationships of these materials for biomedical applications requires rigorous characterization techniques. Due to the complexity of most biological environments, the introduction of nanomaterials characterization techniques that can provide useful information on surface structure, atomic distribution, segregation and composition is critical in developing new systems with improved properties. During the past two decades,X‐ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS) has been actively employed in investigating the structural aspects of nanomaterials and, in many instances, can provide useful information over many characterization techniques. In this chapter we provide an overview of the current research and developments in applying XAS techniques to the characterization of spherical and anisotropic core‐shell and alloy nanomaterials. The importance of understanding the structure and surface properties of nanomaterials, and the capabilities of XAS in developing nanostructured materials, are also discussed.
Anisotropic Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Han Wei‐Qiang
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis ofBNNanotubes

Introduction

Arc Discharge

Laser Ablation

Carbon Nanotubes‐Substitution Reaction

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Solid–Gas Reaction

Low‐Temperature Autoclaving

Pore‐Template

Arc‐Jet Plasma

BNNT‐Based Nano‐Objects

FilledBNNTs

FunctionalizedBNNTs

PorousBNandBNMesh

Direct Pyrolyzing Borazinic Precursors

Use of Mesoporous Molds

Carbon Template‐Substitution Reaction

BNMono‐ or Few‐Layer Sheets

Physical Properties ofh‐BN

Applications

Pharmaceutical Table Lubricant

Cosmetic Materials

10BNNTsfor Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics

BNNTComposites

Gas Adsorption

Electrical Nanoinsulators

Ultraviolet Lasers andLEDs

BNas Support for Catalysts

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Spherical and Anisotropic Boron Nitride Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Tang Chengchun , Li Yangxian
Published: October 2010

In this chapter we describe the recent achievements in the synthesis and characterization of boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials with spherical and anisotropic (nanotube and nanowire) structures, and pay special attention to the methods of their preparation and mechanisms of formation. In particular, the latest breakthroughs in the investigation of spherical structures and the synthetic difficulties are highlighted. A wide range of potential uses for these materials, involving their mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric and gas absorption properties are also outlined, together with details of applications in the life sciences, based on recent pioneering studies of the interaction of BN nanotubes with biomolecules.
Natural history of Christianson syndrome
Authors: Schroer Richard J. , Holden Kenton R. , Tarpey Patrick S. , Matheus Maria Giselle , Griesemer David A. , Friez Michael J. , Fan Jane Zheng , Simensen Richard J. , Strømme Petter , Stevenson Roger E. , Stratton Michael R. , Schwartz Charles E.
Published: October 2010

Christianson syndrome is an X‐linked mental retardation syndrome characterized by microcephaly, impaired ocular movement, severe global developmental delay, hypotonia which progresses to spasticity, and early onset seizures of variable types. Gilfillan et al.2008] reported mutations in SLC9A6, the gene encoding the sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHE6, in the family first reported and in three others. They also noted the clinical similarities to Angelman syndrome and found cerebellar atrophy on MRI and elevated glutamate/glutamine in the basal ganglia on MRS. Here we report on nonsense mutations in two additional families. The natural history is detailed in childhood and adult life, the similarities to Angelman syndrome confirmed, and the MRI/MRS findings documented in three affected boys. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giant axonal neuropathy caused by compound heterozygosity for a maternally inherited microdeletion and a paternal mutation within the GAN gene
Authors: Buysse Karen , Vergult Sarah , Mussche Silke , Groote Chantal Ceuterick‐de , Speleman Frank , Menten Björn , Lissens Willy , Van Coster Rudy
Published: October 2010

Different missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations in the GAN gene encoding gigaxonin have been described to cause giant axonal neuropathy, a severe early‐onset progressive neurological disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. By oligonucleotide array CGH analysis, we identified a 57–131 kb microdeletion affecting this gene in a patient with developmental delay, ataxia, areflexia, macrocephaly, and strikingly frizzy hair. The microdeletion was inherited from the mother and mutation analysis revealed a paternally inherited missense mutation c.1456G>A in exon 9 on the other allele. Our findings illustrate the power of higher resolution array CGH studies and highlight the importance of considering copy number variations in autosomal recessive diseases. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐linked hereditary hemihypotrophy hemiparesis hemiathetosis
Authors: Reese James , Aldinger Kimberly A. , Dobyns William B. , Gripp Karen W.
Published: October 2010

Hereditary hemihypotrophy hemiparesis hemiathetosis syndrome (HHHH; OMIM 306960) was first reported in a family with congenital left hemiplegia in two males and moderately affected females. We describe a family with three males demonstrating congenital right hemiplegia with porencephalic lesions of the left internal capsule and putamen, or the periventricular white matter just above the internal capsule. Clinical findings within each family are limited to the same side, though sidedness differed between families. Both pedigrees were most consistent with X‐linked inheritance. Genome‐wide linkage analysis in our family further supports a locus for HHHH on chromosome X. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tibial developmental field defect in valproic acid embryopathy: Report on three cases
Authors: Alessandri J.L. , Isidor B. , David A. , Martin‐Coignard D. , Ghazouani J. , Ramful D. , Laville J.M. , Le Caignec C.
Published: October 2010

Prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VA) is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially limb defects like radial ray defects. Tibial developmental field defect in VA embryopathy remains exceptional. We report on three patients presenting with tibial hypo/aplasia associated with either femoral bifurcation or radial ray defect following prenatal exposure to VA. Femoral bifurcation and tibial agenesis has been described in the Gollop–Wolfgang complex and in the tibial agenesis‐ectrodactyly syndrome. Tibial agenesis has also been reported in VACTERL association. The relation between prenatal exposure to VA and tibial agenesis is discussed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elsahy–Waters syndrome: Evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance
Authors: Castori Marco , Cascone Piero , Valiante Michele , Laino Luigi , Iannetti Giorgio , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Grammatico Paola
Published: October 2010

Elsahy–Waters or branchioskeletogenital syndrome is a rare MCA/MR syndrome characterized by moderate mental retardation, hypospadias and characteristic craniofacial morphology, which includes brachycephaly, facial asymmetry, exotropia, hypertelorism/telechantus, broad nose, concave nasal ridge, underdeveloped midface, prognathism, and radicular dentin dysplasia. Here we report on a 44‐year‐old woman and her 45‐year‐old brother, born to consanguineous parents, who show a striking resemblance to the earlier described patients. The hitherto reported patients were male and in one pedigree parents were consanguineous. The present report of an affected woman and her brother, born to consanguineous parents, supports autosomal recessive inheritance of this condition. We provide a short review of all previously reported patients with Elsahy–Waters syndrome and related entities. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel homozygous Arg222Trp missense mutation in WNT7A in two sisters with severe Al‐Awadi/Raas‐Rothschild/Schinzel phocomelia syndrome
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Mundlos Stefan , Sripathomsawat Warissara
Published: October 2010

Al‐Awadi/Raas‐Rothschild/Schinzel phocomelia (AARRS) syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, comprises malformations of upper and lower limbs with severely hypoplastic pelvis and abnormal genitalia. Mutations in WNT7A have been reported as cause of the syndrome. We report on two sisters in a Thai family with short and malformed long bones, absent fibulae, flexion contracture of digits, and a/hypoplastic nails. Fusion between severely malformed femora and slender tibiae has never been reported in patients with WNT7A mutations. Lower limbs were more severely malformed than the upper ones and the pelvis was also severely affected. Multiple fusions of long bones and of the femoral heads to the acetabula were evident. A novel homozygous missense mutation in coding exon 4 of the WNT7A was detected in both affected daughters (c.664C > T) leading to an amino acid exchange from arginine to tryptophan (p.Arg222Trp; R222W). The phenotype is likely to result from an abnormality of all three signaling centers in the developing limb resulting in ventralization with a loss of dorsal structures (aplasia/hypoplasia of nails) a loss of anterior–posterior identity (single distal bones in lower limb without polarity) and an outgrowth defect resulting in distal truncations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting the recurrence risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate
Authors: Klotz Cherise M. , Wang Xiaojing , DeSensi Rebecca S. , Grubs Robin E. , Costello Bernard J. , Marazita Mary L.
Published: October 2010

Sub‐epithelial defects (i.e., discontinuities) of the superior orbicularis oris (OO) muscle appear to be a part of the phenotypic spectrum of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P). Analysis of the OO phenotype as a clinical tool is hypothesized to improve familial recurrence risk estimates of CL ± P. Study subjects (n = 3,912) were drawn from 835 families. Occurrences of CL ± P were compared in families with and without members with an OO defect. Empiric recurrence risks were calculated for CL ± P and OO defects among first‐degree relatives (FDRs). Risks were compared to published data and/or to other outcomes of this study using chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests. In our cohort, the occurrence of CL ± P was significantly increased in families with OO defects versus those without (P < 0.01, OR = 1.74). The total FDR recurrence of isolated OO defects in this cohort is 16.4%; the sibling recurrence is 17.2%. The chance for one or more FDRs of a CL ± P proband to have an OO defect is 11.4%; or 14.7% for a sibling. Conversely, the chance for any FDR of an individual with an OO defect to have CL ± P is 7.3%; or for a sibling, 3.3%; similar to published recurrence risk estimates of nonsyndromic (NS) CL ± P. This study supports sub‐epithelial OO muscle defects as being part of the CL ± P spectrum and suggests a modification to recurrence risk estimates of CL ± P by utilizing OO defect information. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Funktionsmaterialien: von harten zu weichen porösen Netzwerken
Authors: Thomas Arne
Published: October 2010

Dieser Aufsatz soll einen Überblick über die jüngsten Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der porösen organisch‐anorganischen oder rein organischen Funktionsmaterialien geben. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten zum Einbau organischer Gruppen, die eine chemische oder physikalische Funktion aufweisen, in poröse Netzwerke werden diskutiert. Speziell sollen hier Materialien besprochen werden, bei denen die organischen funktionellen Gruppen ein tragender Bestandteil der Porenwände sind. Durch diesen Ansatz kann die Zahl der organischen Gruppen im Netzwerk prinzipiell bis zu dem Punkt erhöht werden, an dem das poröse Material rein organisch wird.