bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield, Yield Distribution, and Forage Quality of Warm-Season Perennial Grasses Grown for Pasture or Biofuel in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Rogers James K. , Motal Frank J. , Mosali Jagadeesh
Published: February 2012

Fifteen introduced and native warm-season perennial grasses were evaluated for yield, yield distribution, and quality in south-central Oklahoma. These grasses have production potential for forage and/or biofuel. Each was harvested one to four times per year. “Alamo” switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) had a two-year average dry matter yield of 17690 kg . Over 1/3 of this production occurred in May with a crude protein (CP) range of 97–115 g . Alamo’s high yield potential and early spring growth make it attractive for spring forage production and fall biomass production. Other grasses with two-year average dry matter yields over 11200 kg  and 1/3 of yearly production occurring early in the growing season that have potential dual purpose use include “Selection 75” kleingrass (Panicum coloratum), “Midland 99” bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), “Carostan” flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum), and “Ermelo” weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula).
The Structure of Zechariah 8 and Its Meaning
Authors: Assis Elie
Published: February 2012

Chapters 1–8 and 9–14 of Zechariah are considered by most scholars today to be two separate prophetic books; only chs. 1–8 are attributed to the post-exilic time of the beginning of the 5th century BCE1 Most scholars believe that Zech 7–8 should be regarded as one unit. This conviction is based mainly on the fact that 8:19 is the prophet’s answer to the people’s question in 7:1–3 as to whether fasting for the destruction of the Temple should be continued even after its construction had begun.2 This approach is based on two main arguments, the first of which is formal, and the second of which concerns content. The formal argument is that 7:1 opens with a new formula that includes a date, as do 1:1 and 1:7. The second argument is that the people’s question to the priests in 7:3 is answered in 8:19. However, these arguments are not decisive. First, the formal opening in 7:1 can relate to ch. 7 alone. Second, of all the diverse material of ch. 8, only one verse (v. 19) relates closely to ch. 7.
Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Stratakis Emmanuel I. , Zorba Vassilia
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Learning from Nature: Properties of Natural Nanostructured Surfaces

Wetting Properties

Water Repellency and Self‐Cleaning Properties

Super‐Hydrophilicity

Increased Water‐Supporting Force

Antifogging

Under‐Water Air‐Retaining Surfaces

Mechanical and Adhesive Properties

Dry Adhesion

Wet Adhesion

Friction Reduction

Mechanical Stiffness and Stretching

Optical Properties

Structural Coloration

Broad‐Range Coloration and Strong Flicker Contrast

Antireflection Coatings

Intelligent Biological Nanostructured Surfaces

Anisotropic Wettability

Smart Friction Reduction

Responsive Coloration Change

Thermal Response

Vapor Response

Fabrication of Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructures

Wetting Properties of Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructures

Hierarchical Super‐Hydrophobic Surfaces

Hierarchical Super‐Hydrophilic Surfaces

Anisotropic Wettability of Hierarchical Structures

Adhesion Properties of Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructures

Optical Properties of Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructures

Structural Coloration

Iridescence and Chiral Reflectors

Antireflection Coatings

Applications of Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructures

Wetting Applications

Adhesion Applications

Optical Applications

Conclusions and Future Outlook
Natural and Modified Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
Authors: Yuan Guodong
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials

Occurrence and Structure of Natural Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials

Surface Properties of Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials

Surface Area

Porosity

Surface Charge and Functional Groups

Surface Modification of Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials

Acid Activation

Thermal Treatment

Intercalation

Pillaring

Chemical Modifications of Allophane and Imogolite

Environmental Applications of Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials

Adsorbents of Metal Ions

Adsorbents of Anions

Adsorbents of Nonionic Organic Compounds

Adsorbents of Gases

Assessment of Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications

Summary and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgments
S‐Layer Protein Lattices Studied by Scanning Force Microscopy
Authors: Pum Dietmar , Tang Jilin , Hinterdorfer Peter , Herrera Jose‐Luis Toca , Sleytr Uwe B.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Description ofS‐Layer Proteins

Occurrence, Location, and Ultrastructure

S‐Layer Fusion Proteins

S‐Layer Self‐Assembly

Crystal Growth at Interfaces

S‐Layer Protein Microstructures

Photolithography

Soft Lithography: Micromolding in Capillaries

Soft Lithography: Microcontact Printing

S‐Layer Protein Reassembly at Interphases

High‐Resolution Imaging ofS‐Layer Lattices in Contact Mode

Force–Distance Curves

Probing the Mechanical Properties ofS‐Layers

Controlled Unzipping ofS‐Layer Protein Lattices

S‐Layer Proteins Lattices with Functional Groups for Recognition Imaging and Molecule Templating

Principles of Single‐Molecule Recognition Force Spectroscopy

Single‐Molecule Recognition Force Spectroscopy Investigations onS‐Layers

MACModeAFMImaging

Principles of Topography and Recognition Imaging

Topography and Recognition Imaging ofS‐Layer

Fabrication of Molecule and Nanoparticle Arrays Templated byS‐Layer Lattices

Reassembly ofS‐Layer Proteins on Solid Supports with Modified Surface Properties

Hydrophilic versus Hydrophobic Supports

Reassembly on Mica

Reassembly on Silicon Substrates

Reassembly on Silanized Silicon Substrates

Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

Dialkyldisulfide Derivatives

Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Stability

Applications

Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Chitin Nanocomposites for Medical Applications
Authors: Mathew Aji P. , Oksman Kristiina
Published: February 2012

Chitin, a natural polysaccharide found widely in crustaceans and insects, may be while extensively deacetylated to produce chitin. As chitin/chitosan is nontoxic, biosorbable, antibacterial, bioactive and biocompatible, it has emerged as an interesting and unique polymer for the production of hydrogels, films, fibers, sponges, etc., for a variety of applications. These materials have shown potential in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, bone substitution, and sutures. Chitin is highly crystalline, and therefore less reactive and insoluble in solvents, while chitosan has a low stability in aqueous environments and is pH‐sensitive, which limits its potential use in commercial applications or products. Hence, both physical and chemical treatments and manipulations are required to develop useful products based on the chitin biopolymer. During recent years, several chitin‐based nanocomposites have been developed, where chitin acts as the matrix phase or reinforcing phase in the form of nanocrystals. This chapter describes chitosan‐based nanocomposites as a novel group of biomaterials with the potential to support and facilitate cell growth, for controlled drug delivery, and as biosensors to detect glucose, creatine, etc., in the body. Details are included of nanocomposites developed for biomedical applications, where carbon nanotubes, inorganic metal nanoparticles or montmorillonite‐based and biobased nanowhiskers (chitin or cellulose) are used to provide reinforcement in chitosan matrices. The processing methodologies reported to date, as well as the applications of these biobased nanocomposites, are summarized. Finally, the progress, limitations, and the future possibilities in this area are discussed.
Gold–Polymer Nanocomposites for Bioimaging and Biosensing
Authors: Uehara Nobuo , Nagaoka Tsutomu
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fabrication of Gold Nanocomposites

General Aspects

“Grafting‐From” Modifications

“Grafting‐To” Modifications

Post‐Modification

Imaging and Labeling with Gold Nanocomposites

Optical Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging,X‐Ray Imaging, and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging

Gold Nanocomposites as Indicators

Colorimetric Sensors

General Aspects

Red‐to‐Blue Sensors

Crosslinking Aggregation

Non‐Crosslinking Aggregation

Blue‐to‐Red Sensors

Fluorometric Systems with Gold Nanocomposites

Fluorescence Quenching

SystemA: Disruption ofdsDNALinker

SystemB: Disruption of Biological Interaction

SystemC: Cleavage of Linking Aptamer and Peptide

Time‐Resolved Fluorometry and Fluorescence Polarization

Electrochemical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Composites

AuNPs Assembled on Electrode Surfaces for Enhanced Electrode Responses

Conducting Polymer/AuNP Composites on Electrodes

Applications of Conducting Polymer/AuNP Composites on Electrodes

Other Composite Materials for Electrochemical Measurements

Composite Nanoparticles and Their Applications as Labels

Quantification Strategies

Sensitivity Enhancements

Perspective
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Biosensors
Authors: Lee Jeong‐O , So Hye‐Mi
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Sensing Mechanisms of Nanotube Biosensors

The Immobilization of Biomolecules on
SWNTs

Covalent Binding

Noncovalent Binding

Other Immobilization Methods (Metal Particles, etc.)

Various Receptors for Nanotube Biosensors

Aptamers

Fragment Antibodies

Enzymes and Proteins

Other Receptor Types

The Application of Nanotube Biosensors to Pathogen Detection

The Future of Nanotube Biosensors
Environmental Impact of Fullerenes
Authors: Shinohara Naohide
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methods Used to Prepare Fullerene Suspensions

Solubility of Fullerene

Aqueous Suspensions of Fullerenes

Toxicity of Aqueous Fullerene Suspensions as a Factor of the Dispersion Method

Toxicological Data Relating to Fullerenes

Toxicological Effects of C60on Fish

Toxicological Effects of C60on Invertebrates

Toxicological Effects of C60on Algae

Toxicological Effects of C60on Bacteria and Soil Microbes

Toxicological Effects of C60on Other Organisms

Possible Emission Sources of C60

The Environmental Fate of C60

Fullerenes in the Environment

Conclusion
Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zeineldin Reema
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cancer

Conventional Cancer Chemotherapy versus Nanocarrier‐Mediated Drug Delivery

Challenges with Chemical Compounds as Therapeutic Agents

Advantages of Nanocarriers as Drug‐Delivery Vehicles

Carbon Nanotubes as Drug‐Delivery Vehicles

Cellular Uptake ofCNTs

Functionalization ofCNTswith Polyethylene Glycol

Targeting of Cancers

Passive Targeting

Active Targeting

Trafficking of Targeted Drug‐Delivery Vehicles

Targeted Cancer Therapy EmployingCNTsand a Critique of Current Studies

erbBFamily Members

Folate Receptor α

Biotin Receptor

Integrins

Markers for Lymphomas or Leukemias

Disialoganglioside (GD2)

Summary and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Nanogels
Authors: Amamoto Yoshifumi , Otsuka Hideyuki , Takahara Atsushi
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Polymeric Nanogels

Chemical Nanogels

Polymerization in Templates

Crosslinked Micelles and Star Polymers

Polymer Reaction of Linear Chain, Nanoparticles, and Nanocomplexes

Physical Nanogels

Hydrogen Bonding

Ionic Bonding and Coordination Bonding

Hydrophobic Interaction

Protein Denaturation

Degradable Chemical Nanogels

Characterization of Polymeric Nanogels
Self‐Assembled Peptide Nanostructures and Their Controlled Positioning on Surfaces
Authors: Farsari Maria , Mitraki Anna
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Vertical and Horizontal Alignment on Surfaces

Printing Using Inkjet Technology

Vapor Deposition Methods

Positioning Using Dielectrophoresis

Laser Patterning

Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer

Direct Transfer

Self‐Assembly of Peptides on
LIFT
‐Patterned Biotin

Nonlinear Lithography

Summary and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Polymersomes and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Battaglia Giuseppe
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Chemistry of Polymersomes

Polymersomes: Physico‐Chemical Properties

Membrane Conformations

Responsive Polymersomes

Surface Chemistry of the Polymersomes

Polymersomes Formation and Preparation

Biomedical Applications

Medical Imaging

Cancer Therapy

Polymersomes as Delivery Vectors

Nanoreactors

Artificial Cells and Organelles

Gene Therapy

Conclusions
Organic Nanoparticles Using Microfluidic Technology for Drug‐Delivery Applications
Authors: Cheng Wei , Capretto Lorenzo , Hill Martyn , Zhang Xunli
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Batch Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles

Specifications of Reactors: Macroscale versus Microscale Syntheses

Properties and Application of Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

Microfluidic Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles

Overview: Unique Features of Microfluidic Reactors for the Controlled Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles

Microfluidic Reactors for Organic Nanoparticles

Emulsions

Nanoprecipitation

Liposomes

Controlled Operating Parameters of Microfluidic Reactors

Flow Velocity, Microfluidic Dimension, and Mixing Time

Mixing Time, Aggression Time, and the Damkohler Number

Synthetic Operations

Micromixing

Online Process of Various Reactants

Thermal Control and Heat Transfer

Spatial and Temporal Kinetic Control

Self‐Assembly Mechanism and Competitive Reaction

Microfluidic‐Related Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

Drug Encapsulation and Release

Stimuli‐Responsive Release

Nanomedicine Delivery to Target Cells

Conclusions and Prospective Study

Materials, Design, and Fabrication

High‐Throughput Microfluidic Processes

Controlled Synthesis of Organic Nanoparticles

Spatial and Temporal Kinetics Investigation of Nanoparticles
Lipid–Polymer Nanomaterials
Authors: Clawson Corbin , Esener Sadik , Zhang Liangfang
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Lipopolymers

Synthesis and Fabrication of Lipopolymers

Properties and Characterization of Lipopolymers

Applications of Lipopolymers in the Life Sciences

Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles

Synthesis and Fabrication of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles

Synthesis of Polymer‐Protected Lipidic Nanoparticles

Synthesis of Lipid‐Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles

Characterization of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles

Applications of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles

Lipid–Polymer Films and Coatings

Synthesis of Lipid–Polymer Films and Coatings

Characterization of Lipid–Polymer Films and Coatings

Applications of Lipid–Polymer Films and Coatings

Summary and Future Perspective
Rosette Nanotubes for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Suri Sarabjeet Singh , Fenniri Hicham , Singh Baljit
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Peptide‐Based Nanotubes

Self‐Assembling Rosette Nanotubes

Self‐Assembly Peptides

G∧CMotif Self‐Assembly: Novel Helical Rosette Nanotubes

Novelty

G∧CMotif Self‐Assembly Process

Built‐In Strategy for Manipulating the Properties ofRNTs

Biological Functions ofRNTs

Stability Issues

Nanomaterials for Receptor‐Mediated Targeting

Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)

Vasoactive Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase (VPAC)‐Activating Peptide Receptors

Transferrin Receptor (TfR)

Folate Receptor (FR)

Ethical Issues and Future Directions

Conclusions
Psychological and Neuroendocrine Reactivity to Ostracism
Authors: Zwolinski Jennifer
Published: February 2012

This study used the ostracism detection theory to investigate how ostracism impacts individuals in two ways: (1) immediate poststressor needs, mood, ruminative thoughts, and desire to affiliate, and (2) short‐term affective and cortisol reactivity. A total of 58 college students were randomly assigned to the inclusion or ostracism conditions of Cyberball, a virtual ball‐tossing game. Immediately following the experimental manipulation, ostracized participants reported more thwarted psychological need states, more negative mood, and fewer positive ruminative thoughts, relative to their included counterparts. Ostracized participants reported a greater interest in affiliating with others in online or in‐person settings. In the short‐term, ostracized males reported more hostility than included males, although the scores were within expected norms for most males. There was no relation between Cyberball condition and gender across time for depression, anxiety, or positive affect. Approximately 20 min after the onset of the stressor, women in the luteal phase and women taking oral contraceptives in the ostracized group displayed higher cortisol than their counterparts in the included group. Relative to baseline, however, cortisol did not reliably increase after the onset of the stressor. Ostracized females taking oral contraceptives showed the greatest decline in cortisol, compared to included oral contraceptive users. Overall, results suggest that most of the negative effects of ostracism are immediate and limited to psychological, not neuroendocrine, responses.
Evidence that Killing Escalates Within‐Subjects in a Bug‐Killing Paradigm
Authors: Martens Andy , Kosloff Spee
Published: February 2012

Prior research has examined killing behavior using a paradigm in which participants believe (falsely) that they are killing bugs. This work suggests that killing behavior escalates. In the present study, we sought to replicate the basic escalation effect within‐subjects. Further, in doing so, we controlled for experimenter “sanctioning” of killing that may have differed with key between‐subjects manipulations in the prior research. To control for this possible confound, the present experiment held experimenter instructions constant and examined whether killing naturally escalated within‐subjects across two 12‐sec bug‐killing tasks. Additionally, to verify that escalation is due to killing per se and not just physical practice of the procedure, we manipulated whether the procedure was described as real killing or simulated killing. Results showed that when participants thought they were killing bugs, the number of bugs put into the grinder increased from the first to the second killing task. No such escalation occurred when participants performed the procedure while knowing the killing was simulated. Thus, killing of bugs escalates and is not simply a consequence of perceived sanctioning of killing by an experimenter or simulated practice of the procedure.
The relationship between musculoskeletal stress markers and biomechanical properties of the humeral diaphysis
Authors: Niinimäki Sirpa
Published: February 2012

Musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) at entheses and bone biomechanical properties are used in activity reconstructions. The effect of physical activity on bone biomechanical properties is well established but the relative role of physical activity on MSM is less well known. In this article, it is hypothesized that the same causal mechanisms should affect MSM development as those responsible for bone biomechanical properties. Further, there should be a correlation between MSMs and bone cross‐sectional properties as both are considered to reflect physical activity. This was tested using three skeletal samples: early 20th century Finnish (Helsinki) and two medieval English (Blackgate and York) populations. Torsional/average bending rigidity (J) for four cross‐sectional locations at 80, 65, 50, and 35% of humeral length from the distal end was calculated and pectoralis major, teres major, and deltoid were scored for MSM. Correlations between MSM and size‐standardizedJwere significant for many comparisons, although they were stronger in males than in females, especially on the right side. In ANOVAs, sample was found to be a significant influence on the right side in both sexes. Using an aggregated MSM score, covariance betweenJand high MSM scores was again stronger in males. Covariance betweenJand MSM was found both at cross‐sectional locations under muscle insertions and at more distant locations, demonstrating both direct and general effects of muscular loadings applied to diaphyses. Thus, the two types of skeletal markers appear to be related to similar underlying mechanical factors, but effects may also be sex‐ and sample‐specific. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telocytes in Parotid Glands
Authors: Nicolescu Mihnea I. , Bucur Alexandru , Dinca Octavian , Rusu Mugurel C. , Popescu Laurentiu M.
Published: February 2012

Stromal cells appear as paraductal networks in the human parotid gland. Stromal cells are
immunostained with vimentin. See Figure 1 (left panel) in Nicolescu et al., on page 380, in this issue.
Is Comet C/1853 E1 (Secchi) extrasolar?
Authors: Branham R.L.
Published: February 2012

Comet C/1853 E1 (Secchi) has a hyperbolic orbit with eccentricity 1.01060 and perihelion outside of the Earth's orbit. Integrating the orbit with barycentric coordinates backwards to 50000 AU, the approximate edge of the Oort cloud, shows that the orbit remains hyperbolic. This is still true even if plutoids additional to Pluto are included in the integration. Nor does including Galactic tidal and disc effects and possible nongravitational forces change the orbit to a high eccentricity ellipse. Although certain factors, such as unknown massive plutoids, gravitational effects by interstellar gas clouds, or unmodelled nongravitational forces operating on the comet, could change this situation, the tentative conclusion that the origin of this comet is extrasolar remains the one most consistent with the observations (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Possible portrait of Galileo Galilei as a young scientist
Authors: Molaro P.
Published: February 2012

We describe here the possible discovery of a portrait of Galileo Galilei in his youth. The painting is not signed and the identification is mainly physiognomic. In fact, the face reveals clear resemblance to Domenico Tintoretto's portrait and to Giuseppe Calendi's engraving derived from a lost portrait made by Santi di Tito in 1601. Along with the portraits by Tintoretto, Furini, Leoni, Passignano, and Sustermans this could be another portrait of Galileo made al naturale, but, unlike the others, it depicts the scientist before he reached fame. Galileo looks rather young, at age of about 20–25 years. His eyes in the portrait are clear and the expression intense and appealing. From Galileo's correspondence we know of a portrait made by his friend Ludovico Cigoli. Rather interesting, though admittedly quite improbable, is the possibility of a self‐portrait whose existence is mentioned in the first biography of Galileo by Salusbury in 1664 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Pioneer anomaly and new physics
Authors: Eiermann K.E.
Published: February 2012

The Pioneer anomaly is one of the most important problems in modern physics. The observed blueshift of the Doppler signals coming back from the space probes Pioneer 10 and 11 is interpreted as being due to an anomalous acceleration ap = (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10–8 cm s–2 towards the Sun. In this paper the blueshift is explained by the frequency shifts of the receivers. These frequency shifts result from an increase in elementary particle masses in time, the rate of increase being tied up with the present‐day Hubble parameter H0. The result is that the seeming acceleration ap is the product of H0 and the velocity of light. Taking new physics into consideration, this paper presents a new explanation of the Pioneer anomaly based on the assumption that the Universe is eternal and infinite without expansion or contraction (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The extinction curve in the visible and the value of RV
Authors: Zagury F.
Published: February 2012

This article discusses the interstellar extinction curve in the visible and the value of the ratio of absolute to selective extinction RV = AV/E (B – V). It is concluded that the visible extinction curve is likely to be linear in the visible and that indirect estimates of RV from tentative determinations of AV or from infrared and UV observations are questionable. There is currently no evidence of any variation of RV with direction. If RV is close to 3, as it has been inferred from mid‐infrared data, starlight in the visible is extinguished by a factor F /F0 = (2.5 e–2μm/λ)E (B –V). But if the visible wavelength range alone is considered, 4 appears as its most natural and probable value and F /F0 = e–2E (B –V)/λ (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genome‐wide transcription analysis of Escherichia coli in response to extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields
Authors: Huwiler Simona G. , Beyer Christian , Fröhlich Jürg , Hennecke Hauke , Egli Thomas , Schürmann David , Rehrauer Hubert , Fischer Hans‐Martin
Published: February 2012

The widespread use of electricity raises the question of whether or not 50 Hz (power line frequency in Europe) magnetic fields (MFs) affect organisms. We investigated the transcription of Escherichia coli K‐12 MG1655 in response to extremely low‐frequency (ELF) MFs. Fields generated by three signal types (sinusoidal continuous, sinusoidal intermittent, and power line intermittent; all at 50 Hz, 1 mT) were applied and gene expression was monitored at the transcript level using an Affymetrix whole‐genome microarray. Bacterial cells were grown continuously in a chemostat (dilution rate D = 0.4 h−1) fed with glucose‐limited minimal medium and exposed to 50 Hz MFs with a homogenous flux density of 1 mT. For all three types of MFs investigated, neither bacterial growth (determined using optical density) nor culturable counts were affected. Likewise, no statistically significant change (fold‐change > 2, P ≤ 0.01) in the expression of 4,358 genes and 714 intergenic regions represented on the gene chip was detected after MF exposure for 2.5 h (1.4 generations) or 15 h (8.7 generations). Moreover, short‐term exposure (8 min) to the sinusoidal continuous and power line intermittent signal neither affected bacterial growth nor showed evidence for reliable changes in transcription. In conclusion, our experiments did not indicate that the different tested MFs (50 Hz, 1 mT) affected the transcription of E. coli. Bioelectromagnetics 33:488–496, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modification of macroporous titanium tracheal implants with biodegradable structures: Tracking in vivo integration for determination of optimal in situ epithelialization conditions
Authors: Vrana Nihal Engin , Dupret‐Bories Agnes , Bach Charlotte , Chaubaroux Christophe , Coraux Christelle , Vautier Dominique , Boulmedais Fouzia , Haikel Youssef , Debry Christian , Metz‐Boutigue Marie‐Helene , Lavalle Philippe
Published: February 2012

Previously, we showed that macroporous titanium implants, colonized in vivo together with an epithelial graft, are viable options for tracheal replacement in sheep. To decrease the number of operating steps, biomaterial‐based replacements for epithelial graft and intramuscular implantation were developed in the present study. Hybrid microporous PLLA/titanium tracheal implants were designed to decrease initial stenosis and provide a surface for epithelialization. They have been implanted in New Zealand white rabbits as tracheal substitutes and compared to intramuscular implantation samples. Moreover, a basement membrane like coating of the implant surface was also designed by Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) method with collagen and alginate. The results showed that the commencement of stenosis can be prevented by the microporous PLLA. For determination of the optimum time point of epithelialization after implantation, HPLC analysis of blood samples, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and Chromogranin A (CGA) analyses and histology were carried out. Following 3 weeks the implant would be ready for epithelialization with respect to the amount of tissue integration. Calcein‐AM labeled epithelial cell seeding showed that after 3 weeks implant surfaces were suitable for their attachment. CRP readings were steady after an initial rise in the first week. Cross‐linked collagen/alginate structures show nanofibrillarity and they form uniform films over the implant surfaces without damaging the microporosity of the PLLA body. Human respiratory epithelial cells proliferated and migrated on these surfaces which provided a better alternative to PLLA film surface. In conclusion, collagen/alginate LbL coated hybrid PLLA/titanium implants are viable options for tracheal replacement, together with in situ epithelialization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2134–2146. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collagen type IV‐specific tripeptides for selective adhesion of endothelial and smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kanie Kei , Narita Yuji , Zhao Yingzi , Kuwabara Fumiaki , Satake Makoto , Honda Susumu , Kaneko Hiroaki , Yoshioka Tomohiko , Okochi Mina , Honda Hiroyuki , Kato Ryuji
Published: February 2012

Controlling the balance of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in blood vessels is critically important to minimize the risk associated with vascular implants. Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in controlling the cellular balance, suggesting a promising source of cell‐selective peptides. To obtain EC‐ or SMC‐selective peptides, we start by highlighting sequence differences found among ECM molecules as enriched targets for cell‐selective peptides. We explored the EC‐ or SMC‐selective performance of tripeptides that are specifically enriched only in collagen type IV, but not in types I, II, III, and V. Collagen type IV was chosen since it is the major ECM in the basement membrane of blood vessels, which separates ECs and SMCs. Among 114 collagen type IV‐derived tripeptides pre‐screened from in silico analysis, 22 peptides (19%) were found to promote cell‐selective adhesion, as determined by peptide array. One of the best performing EC‐selective peptides (Cys‐Ala‐Gly (CAG)) was mixed into an electrospun fine‐fiber, a vascular graft material, for practical application. Compared to unmodified fiber, the CAG containing fiber surface was found to enhance adhesion of ECs (+190%) while limiting SMCs (−20%). These results are not only consistent with the hypothesis of ECM as a source of cell selective peptides, but also suggest a new genre of EC‐ or SMC‐selective peptides for tissue engineering applications. Collectively, these findings favorably support the screening approach used to discover new peptides for these purposes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1808–1816. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyphenolic disaccharides endow proteins with unusual resistance to aggregation
Authors: Ladiwala Ali Reza A. , Perchiacca Joseph M. , Fishman Zachary S. , Bhattacharya Moumita , Hickey Anne Marie , Domigan Bonnie G. , Dordick Jonathan S. , Tessier Peter M.
Published: February 2012

Protein aggregation is a common problem during the purification and formulation of therapeutic proteins. Here we report that polyphenolic disaccharides are unusually effective at preventing protein aggregation. We find that two polyphenolic glycosides—naringin and rutin—endow diverse proteins with the ability to unfold without aggregating when heated, as well as the ability to refold without aggregating when cooled at low glycoside concentrations (<5 mM). This extreme solubilizing activity is a synergistic combination of the glycone and aglycone moieties, as combinations of polyphenols and sugars fail to suppress aggregation. Moreover, the activity of polyphenolic disaccharides is remarkably specific since their monosaccharide counterparts (as well as other common excipients such as arginine, trehalose, and cyclodextrin) fail to prevent aggregation at similar concentrations (<25 mM). We expect that polyphenolic disaccharides will be valuable additives for enhancing the solubility of proteins in applications plagued by protein aggregation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1869–1874. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new electrochemical assay method for gene expression using hela cells with a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter system
Authors: Şen Mustafa , Ino Kosuke , Shiku Hitoshi , Matsue Tomokazu
Published: February 2012

A new electrochemical assay for the detection of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) from transfectant HeLa cells is proposed using a microarray device and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The assay consists of two steps: the first is the incubation of a transfected cell in a microarray culture device covered with a substrate modified with anti‐SEAP under physiological conditions without any additives. The array device consists of a 4 × 4 array of microwells having a size of 100 µm × 100 µm (diameter × depth). The second step is SECM measurement of secreted SEAP at the antibody‐immobilized substrate. This assay ensures accuracy and intactness because the undesired influence of endogeneous ALP is eliminated and the transfected cells are incubated in a culture device under suitable conditions. We successfully detected the expression of SEAP from intact cells at the single‐cell level using this assay. The system is useful as a cell‐based gene‐expression assay. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2163–2167. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Versatile Conversion of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene to Silyl Metal Compounds by Insertion of Divalent Silicon into Metal–Carbon and Metal–Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Driess Matthias
Published: February 2012

The facile one‐pot reaction of the stable N‐heterocyclic silylene LSi: 1 (L(ArN)C(CH2) CHC(Me)(NAr), Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with Me2Zn, Me3Al, H3Al‐NMe3, and MeLi has been investigated. The silicon(II) atom in 1 is capable of insertion into the corresponding MC and AlH bonds under very mild reaction conditions. Thus, Me2Zn furnishes the bis(silyl) zinc complex LSi(Me)ZnSi(Me)L 2 as the sole product, irrespective of the molar ratio of the starting materials applied. Moreover, the reactions of 1 with Me3Al, H3Al‐NMe3, and MeLi lead directly to the 1,1‐addition products LSi(Me)(Al(thf)Me2) 3, LSi(H)(AlH2(NMe3)) 4, and LSi(Me)Li(thf)3 5, respectively. All new compounds 2–5 were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses.
Structure–Activity Relationship of Palladium Phosphanesulfonates: Toward Highly Active Palladium‐Based Polymerization Catalysts
Authors: Piche Laurence , Daigle Jean‐Christophe , Rehse Gregor , Claverie Jerome P.
Published: February 2012

Palladium phosphanesulfonate [R2P(C6H4‐o‐SO3)PdMeL] catalysts permit the copolymerization of an exceptional large number of functional olefins with ethylene. However, these catalysts usually have reduced activity. We here have conducted a systematic study on the influence of the phosphane substituent, R, on activity and molecular weight. Phosphanes with strong σ‐donating character are shown to lead to the most active catalysts. Thus, the catalyst based on phosphane bis‐tert‐butyl‐phosphanyl‐benzenesulfonic acid (R=tBu) exhibits unprecedented high activity, rapidly polymerizing ethylene at room temperature to yield a linear polymer of high molecular weight (Mw=116 000 g mol−1). The influence of the R group on the catalyst ability to incorporate methyl acrylate is also investigated.
Porphyrin–Phthalocyanine/Pyridylfullerene Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Pereira Ana M. V. M. , Hausmann Anita , Tomé João P. C. , Trukhina Olga , Urbani Maxence , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Guldi Dirk M. , Torres Tomás
Published: February 2012

The synthesis and photophysical properties of several porphyrin (P)–phthalocyanine (Pc) conjugates (P–Pc; 1–3) are described, in which the phthalocyanines are directly linked to the β‐pyrrolic position of a meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin. Photoinduced energy‐ and electron‐transfer processes were studied through the preparation of H2P–ZnPc, ZnP–ZnPc, and PdP–ZnPc conjugates, and their assembly through metal coordination with two different pyridylfulleropyrrolidines (4 and 5). The resulting electron‐donor–acceptor hybrids, which were formed by axial coordination of compounds 4 and 5 with the corresponding phthalocyanines, mimicked the fundamental processes of photosynthesis; that is, light harvesting, the transduction of excited‐state energy, and unidirectional electron transfer. In particular, photophysical studies confirmed that intramolecular energy‐transfer resulted from the S2 excited state as well as from the S1 excited state of the porphyrins to the energetically lower‐lying phthalocyanines, followed by an intramolecular charge‐transfer to yield P–Pc.+⋅C60.−. This unique sequence of processes opens the way for solar‐energy‐conversion processes.
Postoperative radiotherapy for elderly patients with stage III lung cancer
Authors: Wisnivesky Juan P. , Halm Ethan A. , Bonomi Marcelo , Smith Cardinale , Mhango Grace , Bagiella Emilia
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND:

The potential role of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) for patients who have completely resected, stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with N2 disease remains controversial. By using population‐based data, the authors of this report compared the survival of a concurrent cohort of elderly patients who had N2 disease treated with and without PORT.

METHODS:

By using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry linked to Medicare records, 1307 patients were identified who had stage III NSCLC with N2 lymph node involvement diagnosed between 1992 and 2005. Propensity scoring methods and instrumental variable analysis were used to compare the survival of patients who did and did not receive PORT after controlling for selection bias.

RESULTS:

Overall, 710 patients (54%) received PORT. Propensity score analysis indicated that PORT was not associated with improved survival in patients with N2 disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97‐1.27). Analyses that were limited to patients who did or did not receive chemotherapy, who received intermediate‐complexity or high‐complexity radiotherapy planning, or adjusted for time trends produced similar results. The instrumental variable estimator for the absolute improvement in 1‐year and 3‐year survival with PORT was −0.04 (95% CI, −0.15 to 0.08) and −0.08 (95% CI, −0.24 to 0.15), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current data suggested that PORT is not associated with improved survival for elderly patients with N2 disease. These findings have important clinical implications, because SEER data indicate that a large percentage of elderly patients currently receive PORT despite the lack of definitive evidence about its effectiveness. The potential effectiveness of PORT should be evaluated further in randomized controlled trials. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Geodesic calculation of color difference formulas and comparison with the munsell color order system
Authors: Pant Dibakar Raj , Farup Ivar
Published: February 2012

Riemannian metric tensors of color difference formulas are derived from the line elements in a color space. The shortest curve between two points in a color space can be calculated from the metric tensors. This shortest curve is called a geodesic. In this article, the authors present computed geodesic curves and corresponding contours of the CIELAB ( ), the CIELUV ( ), the OSA‐UCS (ΔEE) and an infinitesimal approximation of the CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) color difference metrics in the CIELAB color space. At a fixed value of lightness L*, geodesic curves originating from the achromatic point and their corresponding contours of the above four formulas in the CIELAB color space can be described as hue geodesics and chroma contours. The Munsell chromas and hue circles at the Munsell values 3, 5, and 7 are compared with computed hue geodesics and chroma contours of these formulas at three different fixed lightness values. It is found that the Munsell chromas and hue circles do not the match the computed hue geodesics and chroma contours of above mentioned formulas at different Munsell values. The results also show that the distribution of color stimuli predicted by the infinitesimal approximation of CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) and the OSA‐UCS (ΔEE) in the CIELAB color space are in general not better than the conventional CIELAB (ΔE) and CIELUV (ΔE) formulas. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 259–266, 2013
Three color strategies in architectural composition
Authors: Serra Juan
Published: February 2012

This article deals with the possibilities that color affords architectural composition, the strategies facilitated through color as a vocabulary of expression. It primarily focuses on the rules of grammar and syntax of color, and to a lesser degree on the semantic meanings, as this would entail multiple interpretations by the observer. Following an analysis of architectural color classification systems suggested by other authors, we reason that there are three main groups of plastic strategies. These are not mutually exclusive, but rather, complementary to each other: (I) color can influence the perception of the visual properties of architectural shapes; (II) color can describe the building and (III) color can be arranged for its intrinsic value. Each of these strategies deals with a different level of knowledge of the building, which requires both subconscious and conscious mechanisms of identification by the observer. These are the color strategies used by architects to express a particular compositional purpose. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 238–250, 2013
Choice‐based experiments in multiple dimensions
Authors: Lichtenauer Matthias Scheller , Zolliker Peter , Sprow Iris
Published: February 2012

Color technology needs specifications to which extent physical differences of stimuli correspond to differences in perception. Generalized linear models (GLMs) have proved successful to provide such specifications from choice‐based experiments. However, the use of GLMs imposes practical restrictions on the experiment and stimulus parameters. We propose an alternative analytic approach based on machine learning and demonstrate its use in designing and analyzing choice‐based experiments with multiple stimulus dimensions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 334–343, 2013
Fitness model for tiered structure in the interbank market
Authors: Li Shouwei , He Jianmin
Published: February 2012

Tiered structure is observed in a range of countries' banking systems. In that case, relatively few first‐tier banks are not only interconnected, but are connected with second‐tier banks, whereas second‐tier banks are almost exclusively connected with first‐tier banks. This study uses the theory of complex networks to quantitatively characterize the formation of tiered structure in banking systems. The interbank market network model constructed in this article reproduces tiered structure and various statistical properties, namely, a small‐world property and a disassortative mixing property as well as a reciprocal property. This network modeling of the interbank market could be an efficient way to understand the bank behavior in the interbank market. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
A modeling approach for the non‐isothermal antisolvent crystallization of a solute with weak temperature dependent solubility
Authors: Widenski D. J. , Abbas A. , Romagnoli J. A.
Published: February 2012

Antisolvent crystallization is a crystallization technique, which is normally operated isothermally. However, non‐isothermal operation is on occasions performed for solutes that have temperature dependent solubility. This paper shows that it is beneficial to operate antisolvent crystallizers non‐isothermally even for solutes whose solubility is weakly dependent on temperature. In this context, it demonstrates the joint control of particle mean size and size distribution coefficient of variation. A non‐isothermal crystallization model‐based framework is developed for the sodium chloride‐ethanol‐water system and validated for both isothermal and non‐isothermal operations. This framework was used to systematically determine both the optimal antisolvent feed rate and temperature profiles that minimize the coefficient of variation while producing a specified mean crystal size. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The heteroepitaxial growth of KDP/ADP
Authors: Sun Yu , Yang Chunhui , Jiang Zhaohua , Wan Yuchun , Cheng Cheng , Meng Xiangbin , Hao Shuwei , Xu Chao
Published: February 2012

Crystal growth rules of mixture crystals KADP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)) have been analyzed based on the solubility product principle. The heteroepitaxial layers have been obtained by immersing KDP (ADP) substrate into the ADP (KDP) saturated solution at 313 K. The micromorphology indicates that small growing points on different planes show the self‐similar property compared to the bulk crystal's morphology. The process of epitaxial growth depends on not only form the lattice match but also form crystallizing kinetics which is the main influencing factor. Moreover, it can infer from the micromorphology on the surface of the mixed crystal that the dissolving of substrates will form mixed solution on epitaxial surface. What's more, corrosion phenomenon gets more and more evident with increasing times of epitaxial growth and it will be harder to form transparent epitaxial layers due to the increasing tension of epitaxial layers. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigating autism spectrum disorder and autistic traits in early onset eating disorder
Authors: Pooni Jyoti , Ninteman Aafke , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Nicholls Dasha , Mandy William
Published: February 2012

Objective:

To investigate whether young people (8–16 years) with an eating disorder have a higher prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASDs) and elevated autistic traits compared to typically developing (TD) peers.

Method:

Twenty‐two participants with early onset eating disorder (EOED) were assessed using standardized ASD measures and compared to IQ matched TD (n = 24) and ASD (n = 20) controls.

Results:

An ASD diagnosis was no more common in EOED than in TD controls. However, repetitive and stereotyped behavior was more often observed in the EOED group and, compared to TD controls, there was a trend (p = .07) toward greater autistic social impairment in EOED.

Discussion:

Whilst participants with EOED did not show increased ASD prevalence, they did have elevated autistic traits of clinical significance, particularly repetitive and stereotyped behavior. Further work is required to determine whether inflexibility and social difficulties in EOED have identical phenomenology and etiology to those seen in ASD. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)