bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The True Challenge of Generating Continual Quality Improvement
Authors: Torbert William R.
Published: March 2007

Continual quality improvement (CQI) or total quality management (TQM) is currently the "rage" in American management. This essay argues that CQI/TQM will be just another management fad unless executives recognize the true challenges of CQI: (a) to marry inquiry and action in a way that transforms our current paradigms of both science and power; (b) to guide the organization and most of its managers through multiple developmental transformations, requiring at least a decade; and (c) to accept that, even as a leader and a proponent of CQI, openness to self-transformation is necessary as a condition for exercising transforming power.
Reflections on Sacred Experience and Sacred Science
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: March 2007

This article argues that a secular science is inadequate for our times and points to the pressing need to resacralize our experience of ourselves and our world. It suggests that a sacred human inquiry based on love, beauty, wisdom, and engagement is one of the highest virtues and possibilities of human consciousness.
An Analytical and Experimental Study of Mixed-Mode Ductile Fracture under Nonproportional Loading
Authors: Chow C.L. , Lu T.J.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents an investigation of mixed-mode ductile fracture for biaxial tension plates containing a central crack of varying inclination angles under non proportional loading. The critical fracture loads at crack initiation as well as crack initia tion angles are obtained for each of the three prescribed nonproportional loading paths. The experimental measurements are then compared to those predicted by finite element analysis based on an anisotropic damage mechanics model which has been developed ear lier by Chow and his co-workers and employed to characterize successfully, various damage-affected fracture problems including mixed-mode crack initiation and propagation under proportional loading [1-5].
Perspectives
Authors: pfeiffer j. william
Published: March 2007

As human relations consultants, our perspectives on an issue evolve through our knowledge of a client's background and through experiencing the environ ment in which the client functions. We generally do our own informal research, comparing and contrasting the data we have previously collected and analyzing new data. We believe that many concerns and issues in human relations train ing could be highlighted in such a way. We plan to present many issues—areas of concern to our readers—from differing viewpoints in forthcoming issues of G&OS.
A Study of Key Communicators in Research and Development laboratories
Authors: Chakrabarti Alok K. , O'Keefe Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Although much has been written to document the existence of the key- communicator role, relatively little attention has been directed toward determining the factors that motivate an individual to assume the role and to maintain the behaviors that define the role. The purposes of the study reported here were to identify key communicators within a sample of R &D laboratories; to explore those factors which motivate individuals to assume and maintain the role of key communicators; and to derive implications for further study of the characteristics of key com municators in R &D laboratories. Three U.S. government laboratories engaged in applied research and development participated as research sites in the field study. The factors that motivated those identified as key communicators to assume and maintain the role varied. All of those interviewed reported that the role was intrinsically rewarding, but those in supervisory positions looked upon it as part of theirjob requirements. The personal costs involved in maintaining the role were viewed by the respondents to be insignificant when weighed against the perceived so cial and organizational benefits derived from performance in the role of key communicator.
Change in a Community Mental Health Center: A Case Study with Twelve Lessons
Authors: Balk David
Published: March 2007

Comprehensive organizational change was planned and implemented in a community mental health center (CMHC). These efforts are placed in the context of environmental pressures that create serious organizational difficulties for CMHCs. The planning processes used, responses within the organization to the planned changes, and organizational lessons learned by the CMHC are presented, along with necessary information regarding the overall focus of the community mental health movement and the environmental pressures impinging on these organizations.
Bureaucratization of the Alternative Youth Programs of the Sixties: A Decade of Change
Authors: Markert John
Published: March 2007

The youth movement of the Sixties had numerous repercussions on American society, including the development of organizational ar chetypes comprised of hotlines, free clinics, and runaway houses. Greatly neglected in historical narratives of the Sixties and in organizational analyses, these organizations developed in response to the unique needs of the Sixties' subculture. The environmental factors that precipitated their growth had a direct bearing on their ideology and early structure. With the dissipation of the youth subculture in the early to mid-Seventies, changing environmental factors influenced changes in the basic structure of these organizations. Their survival and growth is indicative of success ful adaptation during this period of change. The development and growth of these programs are traced in the light of environmental factors. The later effects on the organization's structure are also reviewed.
Internal Change Teams in Urban School Districts: The Buffalo Experience
Authors: Milstein Mike M. , Lafornara Paul A.
Published: March 2007

The implementation of an internal change team by the Buffalo, New York, Public School District is described, including the stages of growth the team went through, outcomes of interventions, difficulties encountered, and lessons that appear transferable to other school settings. After three years, the effort is apparently having a positive effect. Furthermore, the approach has been cost-effective.
Success Factors for Corporate Woman Executives
Authors: Keown Charles F. , Keown Ada Lewis
Published: March 2007

In the late 1960s, Hennig and Jardim interuiewed 25 top-level, female executives and published their findings in the book, The Managerial Woman. Their study developed a profile of women who entered thejob market in the 1930s. The present study interviewed 21 woman executives who entered the job market in the 1960s and achieved success in corporate management. A comparison of the profiles developed in each study indicates that being an only or first child and having a college education are still important, but not crucial, factors for success. Today's woman executives marry earlier and expect to achieve success in both their careers and in marriage. Successful woman executives in the present study held positive attitudes about themselves and their work environments. They tended to use a "selling mode" as their leadership style and "expertise" as their power base.
OD with a Community Mental Health Center: A Case of Building Structures Patiently
Authors: Moosbruker Jane
Published: March 2007

A two-year OD effort with a community mental health center achieved a fair degree of success as measured by several criteria. In light of this somewhat rare occurrence, judging by the literature to date, specific conditions that may have been facilitative are discussed. They include a growing and changing organiza tion, conflicts that have already surfaced, a respected leader who is not caught in a polarizing conflict, and an available (local) consultant, knowledgeable in this type of system, with the right "credentials. " The content of the OD work differed somewhat from that often seen in industrial settings. In including building structures and systems, adding new roles, clarifying roles, increasing the understanding of organizational dynamics, and helping people moderate emo tional expressions and utilization of psychological insight to effective levels.
A Causal Model of Hospital Structure
Authors: Mahmoudi Hoda , Miller George A.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates whether hospital organizations evidence similar structural characteristics as do more traditional bureaucratic organizations. A causal model of organizational structure was ap plied to a sample of hospitals. Estimates of the causal model were used to access the similarity between structural arrangements within hos pitals and those reported for nonprofessional organizations. Results indicate that theoretical models of organizational structure are rele vant to professional organizations. Hospitals resemble more tradi tional bureaucratic organizations in that larger size and more specialization create more reliance upon formalization and automa tion as impersonal mechanisms of control. However, it is suggested that formalization may not be incompatible with professionalism, and that the use of professional standards and rules represents an ex tension of professionalization within the hospital and serves to elimi nate the need for personal supervision and control.
Standards, Persuasion, and Performance
Authors: Garland Howard , Adkinson Jane Hannon
Published: March 2007

An experiment was performed to examine the influence of goal setting and verbal persuasion on task goals, expectancies, and performance. Subjects were assigned an easy, medium, or hard performance standard on a creativity task over 10 repeated trials. In addition, they either did or did not receive verbal persuasion throughout the work period. Task goals and expectancies were measured prior to each trial. As hypothesized from cognitive mediation theory (Garland, 1985), assigned standards and verbal persuasion influenced task goals and expectancies, which in turn influenced performance.
Communication Quality and Job Satisfaction Among Managerial Nurses
Authors: Frone Michael R. , Major Brenda
Published: March 2007

The present study extended prior organizational communication research by testing whether job involvement moderates the relationship between perceived com munication quality and job satisfaction. Data were obtained via questionnaire from 93 managerial nurses at a large urban hospital in the northeastern United States. As hypothesized, the quality of information received from immediate supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates was positively related to job satisfaction among highly job-involved nurses, but was unrelated to job satisfaction among low job-involved nurses. Contrary to prediction, the quality of information received from the hospital administration was positively related to job satisfaction for both high and low job-involved nurses. I mplications of these results for future research and application are discussed.
Relationship between an Organization's Actual Human Resource Efforts and Employee Attitudes
Authors: Kinicki Angelo J. , Carson Kenneth P. , Bohlander George W.
Published: March 2007

Personnel management theorists and practitioners have assumed that human resource activities have a positive effect on employee attitudes. The present study is an empirical investigation of this assumption. It is hypothesized that an organization's actual human resource programs affect employee perceptions of the organization's commitment to human resource efforts, which in tum affect general employee work attitudes. The results of a field survey of two autonomous organizations supports this hypothesis. Practical implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.
The Use of Metaphors in Organizational Assessment and Change
Authors: Cleary Catherine , Packard Thomas
Published: March 2007

Even though the use of myths, rituals, symbols, and metaphors in organization development is becoming increasingly common, there has been little written on specific ways to use metaphors in organizational change interventions. This article summarizes work to date and presents conceptual and intervention models using metaphorical analysis. A case application is presented, and suggestions for further research are offered.
Distributional Ratings of Performance Levels and Variability
Authors: Deadrick Diana L. , Gardner Donald G.
Published: March 2007

The performance distribution assessment (PDA) method was purported to be a breakthrough in performance appraisal methodology; however, little research has been conducted to determine the usefulness of this method. This article describes some of the critical features of the PDA method and presents evidence supporting the validity of the PDA in an organizational setting. The performance and ability data of 397 sewing machine operators were analyzed to determine the validity of multiple performance measures derived from the PDA, the relative accuracy of the PDA compared with an evaluative rating method, and differential criterion-related validities for the multiple PDA performance measures. Results revealed significant correlations between the PDA-derived performance measures and objective measures of job performance, differential correlations between ability and the multiple PDA-derived performance measures, and equivalent levels of rating accuracy for the PDA and the evaluative measure of typical performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Theory Orientations of Organization Development (OD) Practitioners
Authors: Bazigos Michael N. , Burke W. Warner
Published: March 2007

Although an emerging literature reports on the values, motives, competence, and activities of organization development (OD) practitioners, little is known about the explicit or implicit theories they bring to their client settings. This study attempts to shed light on OD practitioners' theoretical choices while bringing conceptual clarity and empirical refinement to an existing instrument. Practicing OD professionals responded to a theory orientation questionnaire. Data reveal practitioner preferences for humanistic theory sets (e.g., Herzberg and Maslow) and aversions to theory sets with a system-level focus (e.g., Likert, Lawrence and Lorsch, Levinson). Four meaningful factors proved more reliable and parsimonious an explanation of response patterns. The derived Components—Psychodynamics, Structure, Incentives, and Conflict—were conceptualized as practitioners' implicit model of organization. Limitations of this implicit model drive the authors' suggestion that a uniform, core knowledge base inform OD practice. Future uses of the reformulated scale are discussed.
The Relation between Job Level and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Robie Chet , Ryan Ann Mare , Schmieder Robert A. , Parra Luis Fernando , Smith Patricia C.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the relation between job level and job satisfaction. Study 1 was a metaanalysis of the relation between job level and job satisfaction using data drawn from 35 independent samples (N= 18,534). It was found that as job level increased, so did job satisfaction. Several possible moderators of this relation were identified. Study 2 was a primary study of the relation between job level and job satisfaction using 4 measures of job level and 5 facets of job satisfaction (N = 530 in 4 hospitals). There was a high degree of convergence among the measures of job level and a consistently positive relation between the job level and job facet satisfaction measures. These studies suggest that the relation between job level and job satisfaction is positive across most operationalizations of the 2 constructs and that other moderators should be investigated to account for the large residual variance in effect sizes identified.
Antecedents and Outcomes of Empowerment
Authors: Koberg Christine S. , Boss R. Wayne , Senjem Jason C. , Goodman Eric A.
Published: March 2007

Using a statistical model, this study examined the correlates and consequences of psychological empowerment among a group of 612 technically skilled, professional, and managerial hospital employees (129 men and 483 women). Whereas individual as well as group and organizational characteristics influenced feelings of empowerment, group and organizational variables accounted for more variance in empowerment than did the individual variables. Empowerment perceptions increased with organizational rank and with leader approachability, group effectiveness, and worth of group. Individuals with more tenure in the organization felt more empowered; however, men and women, and Whites and non-Whites reported no significant differences in feelings of empowerment. Empowerment perceptions also were associated with increased job satisfaction and work productivity/effectiveness, as well as a decreased propensity to leave the organization.
Evolution and Learning in Neural Networks: Dynamic Correlation, Relearning and Thresholding
Authors: Carse Brian , Oreland Johan
Published: March 2007

This contribution revisits an earlier discovered observation that the average performance of a pop ulation of neural networks that are evolved to solve one task is improved by lifetime learning on a different task. Two extant, and very different, explanations of this phenomenon are examined- dynamic correlation, and relearning. Experimental results are presented which suggest that neither of these hypotheses can fully explain the phenomenon. A new explanation of the effect is proposed and empirically justified. This explanation is based on the fact that in these, and many other relat ed studies, real-valued neural network outputs are thresholded to provide discrete actions. The effect of such thresholding produces a particular type of fitness landscape in which lifetime learn ing can reduce the deleterious effects of mutation, and therefore increase mean population fitness.
Behavior-Based Robot Navigation for Extended Domains
Authors: Arkin Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

Behavior-based robotic systems have been successfully deployed for a wide range of planar ground-based tasks. This article describes how reactive (behavior-based) systems can be applied to new and more difficult target domains. ln particular, schema-based navigation is shown to be both feasible and useful in two new areas: three-dimensional navigation for use in aerospace and undersea applications, and "two and one-half"-dimensional surroundings for outdoor navigation in rough terrain. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the utility of this approach in both cases.
Cognitive Models of Spatial Navigation from a Robot Builder's Perspective
Authors: Wyeth Gordon , Browning Brett
Published: March 2007

Complete physically embodied agents present a powerful medium for the investigation of cognitive models for spatial navigation. This article presents a maze-solving robot, called a micromouse, that parallels many of the behaviors found in its biological counterpart, the rat. A cognitive model of the robot is presented, and its limits are investigated. Limits are found to exist with respect to biological plausibility and robot applicability. It is proposed that the fundamental representations used to store and process information are the limiting factor. A review of the literature of current cognitive models reveals a lack of models suitable for implementation in real agents and proposes that available models fail as they have not been developed with real agents in mind. A solution to this conundrum is proposed in a list of guidelines for the development of future spatial models.
Self-Orienting with On-Line Learning of Environmental Features
Authors: Guang Li  , Lansner Anders , Svensson Bertil
Published: March 2007

Evidence from recently conducted neurophysiological experiments on freely moving rats has revealed that the firing of the head-direction cell ensemble predicts the future head direction in response to the vestibular input and that visual cues strongly influence the shift of the tuning curve represented by the firing of the head-direction cell ensemble. In this article, we investigate the possibility of using learned landmark features to self-orient an autonomous agent in a partially known environment. A model is suggested that incorporates an artificial head-direction system for emulating the behavior of head-direction cell ensembles in biological systems, a lattice-based dynamic cell structure for categorizing and classifying environmental features, and an expectancy-based learning mechanism that learns to associate each head direction with a certain environmental feature. Our experimental results show that the suggested model is capable of correcting the drift in the orientation estimated by dead-reckoning.
Dynamic Decomposition Strategies in the Conceptual Modelling of Design Objects
Authors: Rosenman M.A.
Published: March 2007

The representation of design objects in a conceptual schema is essential for any computational process model of design With the developments in artificial intelligence and in knowledge-based design have come many conceptual modelling schemas for representing design objects However, when generalized domain models are constructed using any of these schemas, these models make assumptions regarding a particular view of the design object In an environment where many disciplines are involved in the design of an object, each discipline will have its own view of the object All these views must be respected While all of the schemas address the issues of generalization-specialization and aggregation-decomposition relationships, these are not the only important issues that need be addressed for a competent and efficient conceptual modelling schema. This paper addresses some of these other important issues, namely multiple and dynamic views of decomposition, the recognition and referencing of features, and the problems of common parts and parts of elements
Modelling of the Knowledge in an Advisory System for Process Planning
Authors: Duda Jan
Published: March 2007

Planning of the manufacturing process because of its complexity is made by the process engineer in stages, from general concept to particular solutions, in an iterative way. A model of manufacturing knowledge in the form of decision-making hierarchical networks is presented in the paper. Basing such a way of representing the knowledge, three stages of planning were specified: selection of a generalized structure of manufactunng process; reversible design of the semi-finished product; and generating the machining process. The presented way of process planning corresponds to creative activity of the process engineer and may constitute a model of an expert system for manufactunng process planning.
Fuzzy Ranking for Concept Evaluation in Configuration Design for Mass Customization
Authors: Jianxin Jiao  , Tseng Mitchell M.
Published: March 2007

Aiming at configuration design for mass customization, this paper develops a fuzzy ranking methodology for concept evaluation The fuzzy preference relation is applied to modeling the fuzziness on the level of a single critenon as well as on a global level. The ranking approach integrates linguistic terms and fuzzy numbers into the fuzzy preference model so as to characterize both intangible and tangible criteria. In addition, the information content is employed to synchronize diverse measures of design criteria into a common metric and con nect customer satisfaction to the technical capabilities of a design. Moreover, the fuzzy line segment is employed to fuzzify the cnsp meas urements of tangible criteria in order to be compatible with the universe of discourse defined for the intangible criteria. Furthermore, a more rigorous procedure for determining subjective customer preferences, Saaty's analytic hierarchy process, is applied to the fuzzy analysis
Hybrid Approach to Piping Route Path Design Using GA-Based Inspiration and Rule-Based Inference
Authors: Ito Teruaki , Fukuda Shuichi
Published: March 2007

A hybrid type of approach to support interactive planning of a piping route path in plant layout design is presented using GA- based inspiration (GBI) and rule-based inference (RBI). GBI is based on an interactive route path plan using a genetic algorithm (GA) ap proach. The optimization technique of GA generates a prelimmary route path for a piping route based on initial conditions given by a de signer The designer evaluates the route path and modifies the path until the final design is formulated through evolution of genes repre senting the route path. RBI is based on interactive information retrieval and inference for decision-making on the route path, using the results in GBI as well as associative information. The paper outlines our approach and mainly discusses the mechanism of an autonomous route path generation using GA.
Multiple-Birthing Trends: Impact on Couples and Families
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Auxier C. R. , Frye Todd M.
Published: March 2007

Current treatments for infertility often involve medical interventions that offer promising and sometimes unexpected results. One consequence has been a burgeoning of multifetal conceptions throughout the world. The purpose of this article is to review research on the effects of the multiple-birth experience on couples and families. Needs for future research and implications for couple and family counselors are presented.
Cognitive Techniques with Couples and Families
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: March 2007

In the last decade, theorists and practitioners have become Increasingly optimistic about integrating various components of divergent schools of thought in the area of couples and family therapy. This article familiarizes the reader with cognitive therapy and proposes it as an integrable component with other modalities of treatment when working with couples and families.
Attachment: A Concept That Connects
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

This research review explores the concept of "attachment" from the perspectives of love and work; marriage, parenting, and child development; triangles and thefamily emotional field; and evaluation instruments.
Family Ethics: Referral of Nonclients
Authors: Curtis Thomas , Bonnington Stuart B. , Watts Richard , Crawford Robert , Ascano R. P. , Culkin Mary , Kaplan David
Published: March 2007

I am a family therapist in private practice. I am very busy and find that I am unable to accommodate the needs of all those who call. Ifind these contacts very time consuming because I must explore the individ ual's orfamily's needs and then provide appropriate referrals. Do I have any ethical responsibility to people who call or are referred to me who I cannot take on as clients?
A Feminist and Multicultural Perspective in Family Terapy
Authors: May Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

This column reviews literature concerning two perspectives, afeminist perspective and a multicultural perspective, as a potential frameworkforfamily counseling.
Families and Spirituality: Therapists as Facilitators
Authors: Griffith Brian A. , Rotter Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

Family therapists often encounter issues of spirituality in working with families. Instead of avoiding them, therapists can use the spiritual and religious orientations of families as resources for growth. This article will describe how therapists can help families work through spiritual problems and maximize the benefits that spirituality brings to family functioning.
Videotaping as a Counseling Technique with Families
Authors: Getz Hildy G. , Nininger Kathleen
Published: March 2007

This article describes a videotaping technique which counselors can use with families to facilitate change. A case example is used to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Assessing Job Search Intensity and Unemployment-Related Attitudes Among Young Adults: Intergender Differences
Authors: Kulik Liat
Published: March 2007

The study assesses intergender differences in job search intensity and attitudes toward unemployment among a sample of 225 single, childless, young adult Israelis applying for their first job. The findings revealed considerable gender differences in reasons for rejecting potential jobs. Young women are more likely than young men to reject jobs due to adverse job conditions, family considerations, and masculine sex-typed employment. In contrast, young men showed a greater tendency to reject potential jobs for only one reason, that is, feminine sex-typed employment. In addition, women's nonfinancial commitment to work is higher than that of men, whereas the latter perceived unemployment as a most stigmatic situation. The more popular job search strategies used by both men and women were answering ads by phone and asking friends about potential jobs. No significant gender-based differences were found for job search intensity.
Person-Environment Congruence and Career Self-Efficacy
Authors: Srsic Colby Sandoval , Walsh W.Bruce
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between person-environment congruence and career search and decision- making self-efficacy for a sample of 200 women college students. Self- efficacy was defined by the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSES) and the Career Search Efficacy Scale (CSES). The congruent, incongruent, and undecided college major choice groups were defined according to Holland's theory of personality dispositions and work environments. The First Letter of the Holland code and the "C" index were used to define congruence. Findings revealed significant differences between the congruent, incongruent, and undecided groups for the two definitions of congruence for the CSES. The findings varied for the CDMSES. Overall, undecided women reported lower levels of career decision-making self-efficacy and career search self-efficacy than women who had chosen a college major regardless of whether or not the major was congruent with personality type.
Developing an Assessment of Sexual Identity Management for Lesbian and Gay Workers
Authors: Anderson Mary Z. , Croteau James M. , Chung Y. Barry , DiStefano Teresa M.
Published: March 2007

Prior research examining disclosure of sexual orientation at work suggests that lesbian and gay people employ diverse strategies for managing this nonvisible aspect of their identity. Yet, research concerning sexual identity management has been hampered by inadequate conceptual definition and measurement. This paper reports initial development of the Workplace Sexual Identity Management Measure (WSIMM) based on a conceptual model of lesbian and gay identity management supported by prior qualitative research. Psychometric properties of the WSIMM were examined for a sample of 172 student affairs professionals. Results suggest the WSIMM successfully assesses a continuum of identity management strategies and lend partial support for individual scales. Recommendations concerning appropriate uses and further refinement of the measure are provided.
Predictors of Generalized Indecision Among Portuguese Secondary School Students
Authors: Santos Paulo Jorge
Published: March 2007

Career indecision is a complex phenomenon and there is evidence that undecided individuals do not constitute a homogenous group. Although there is some controversy about the different types of career undecided individuals, there has been a relative consensus that simple or developmental indecision, which corresponds to a developmentally appropriate exploration of alternatives, can be distinguished from generalized indecision, which reflects difficulties in the decision-making process in other aspects of the individuals' lives. Although generalized indecision as been associated with high levels of anxiety, external locus of control, low self-esteem, low levels of psychological separation towards parents, and inadequate identity formation, studies of the construct have been limited by small sample sizes. The present study examined the contributions of the above predictors to generalized indecision with a sample of 345 secondary school students. Overall, the regression equation accounted for 50% of the variance in generalized indecision scores and trait anxiety emerged as the strongest single predictor. Implications for career counseling are discussed.
The Vocational Identity Scale: A Diagnostic and Treatment Tool
Authors: Holland John L. , Johnston Joseph A. , Asama N. Francis
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive summary of the evidence for the validity and reliability of the Vocational Identity scale is provided for the period 1980-1992. The authors conclude that the Identity scale has substantial construct validity and retest reliability. Contrary to earlier analyses, a recent large scale factor analysis strongly suggests that the scale is best represented by a single factor.
Minority Women and Career Adjustment
Authors: Bowman Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

Minority women have experiences that are similar to those of minority men and White women, but their membership in two (or more) minority groups can be the source of unique challenges and stressors in the workforce. This article examines theory and research on minority women's issues with career adjustment, and uses the Theory of Work Adjustment (Lofquist & Dawis, 1991) to discuss a case of a client experiencing racism in her job.
Current Perspectives on Women's Multiple Roles
Authors: Gilbert Lucia Albino , Brownson Chris
Published: March 2007

An understanding of gender theory and processes provides a crucial framework for career assessment and adjustment regardless of how individual women may vary in their visions for occupational work and family life. Across cultures, social systems operate in similar ways to "structure the psyches of both sexes to reproduce their desired ideal types, and they do so by controlling what can be thought and felt" (Ker Conway, 1994, p. 152). This article centers around an understanding of the active processes of reproducing gender through societal language and discourses and how such processes can inhibit multiple role involvement and role sharing for women in modern dual-earner families. Two discourses particularly influential in the "doing of gender" are described, and these are referred to as the "women and men as equals" discourse and the "men as incompetent care-givers" discourse. A segment from the popular television program Dateline, provides a powerful illustrative example. Finally, ways to disrupt gender producing processes are briefly considered.
MMPI Code Types and the Fantasy Prone Personality
Authors: Merritt Rebecca Davis , Waldo Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

We administered the MMPI and the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imagining (ICMI) to 1,200 college students. Application of diagnostic efficiency statistics for the ability of differing ICMI cutoff scores to identify college students producing a schizophrenia spectrum MMPI code type revealed that scores greater than or equal to 29 on the ICMI had good positive predictive power. Scores less than 29 on the ICMI had very good negative predictive power. ICMI scores were also used to form a group of fantasizers (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Fantasizers were much more likely to produce MMPI codes associated with a vulnerability to schizophrenia (70%) than were controls (3.33%). Although most controls(70%) produced non-elevated MMPI scores, 66.67% of the fantasizers produced three or more elevated clinical scales on the MMPI. The modal MMPI profile for the fantasizers was an 8-9 code, indicating that fantasizers appear at heightened risk for eccentric thinking and a Cluster A or B personality organization.
Two- and Three-Factor Solutions of the WAIS-Ill
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , Lichtenberger Elizabeth O. , McLean James E.
Published: March 2007

The third edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale manual reports four-factor solutions for the WAIS-IJI, and subsequent research has validated four-factor solutions for a variety of samples. These four factors consistently correspond to the four Factor Indexes that are yielded by the WAIS-III. However, the WAIS-LIL still provides Verbal and Performance IQs, in addition to the Indexes, making it desirable to examine two-factor solutions as well. In addition, because the Wechsler literature includes much interpretation of three-factor solutions, these solutions were likewise examined. Principal factor analysis followed by Varimax and Oblimin rotations of two and three factors were performed on data for the total WAIS-11 sample ages 16 to 89 years (N = 2,450). The two-factor solutions were viewed as a construct validation of Wechsler's two separate IQs, although the Working Memory subtests tended to load higher on the Performance scale than on their intended scale (Verbal); three-factor solutions were interpreted within the context of Horn's expanded fluid-crystallized theory and research on working memory. Both the two and three-factor Varimax-rotated solutions were related to similar factor analyses conducted previously for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III. Co-Efficients of congruence between like-named factors consistently exceeded .90, and usually .98, across different Wechsler batteries.
Cross Validation of Prediction Equations for Wechsler Memory Scale-Ill Indexes
Authors: Axelrod Bradley N. , Dingell John D. , Ryan Joseph J. , Woodard John L.
Published: March 2007

Six prediction equations were previously found to predict to Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-3) Immediate Memory Index (IM) and General Memory Index (GM) using twoor three-subtest combinations. The equations were cross-validated on a sample of 214 mixed clinical patients from an entirely different location in the Midwest. The two three-subtest prediction equations (including Logical Memory, Verbal Paired Associates, and either Faces or Family Pictures) better estimated IM and GM than did the two-subtest equations (Logical Memory and Verbal Paired Associates). Correlations for the former equations correlated .97 and .96 with full WMS-3 IM and GM, respectively. In addition, at least 95% of the predicted scores were within two SEMs of obtained IM and GM scores. The twosubtest equations correlated only .89 for IM and .92 for GM. The predicted scores that fell within two SEMs captured 78% and 88% of the cases for IM and GM, respectively. The results provide support for the use of the three-subtest prorated forms of the WMS-3 to estimate IM and GM.
Revised Scoring, Reliability, and Validity Investigations of Piaget's Bicycle Drawing Test
Authors: Greenberg Glen D. , Rodriguez Nixa M. , Sesta Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

Revised scoring criteria and initial reliability and validity studies of the Bicycle Drawing Test (BDT) are presented. Revisions involve (a) increased number of items and (b) categories of error types (Parts/Complexity, Motor Control, Spatial Relationships, and Mechanical Reasoning). A standardized administration is also presented. Interrater and test-retest reliability of the revised BDT scoring system were satisfactory. Developmental gains in children's appreciation of a bicycle's mechanical functionality support the construct validity of the BDT's Mechanical Reasoning category. Compared to the Bender Visual-Motor Test, the BDT was more sensitive to visual-motor dysfunction in children with brain injury. Suggested applications for the BDT are discussed.
The MMPI-A and l3-Year-Old Inpatients: How Young is too Young?
Authors: Janus Mark-David , de Groot Christopher , Toepfer Steven M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined two questions in the use of the MMPI-A with 13-year-old inpatients: (a) are the profiles of 13-year-old inpatients markedly different from those produced by 14-year-old inpatients, and (b) what is the effect of scoring with standard MMPI-A norms versus Archer MMPI-A norms for 13-year-olds. Protocols from 56 13-year-old and 85 14-yearold psychiatric inpatients were analyzed. No significant differences were found for age in mean T scores, and no clear pattern of differences was found in percentage of elevations into the clinical range (T? 65) for validity, clinical, content, or supplemental scales. A strong multivariate effect was found with the use of Archer MMPI-A norms resulting in lower T-score values than when standard MMPI-A norms are used. However, univariate differences based on norms were not routinely found with statistically significant differences in only 2 of the 38 scales for males and 7 of the 38 scales for females. The two major exceptions to this finding were that the use of Archer norms versus standard MMPI-A norms resulting in significantly higher mean T scores and a significantly higher percentage of cases falling within the clinical range for Scale 1 and the depression content scale.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Findings in Males with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Rohe Daniel E. , Krause James S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify common personality traits in males with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). One hundred and five participants with SCI completed the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI). The participants averaged 41.1 years of age and 17.9 years since injury onset. Compared with the NEO-PI normative sample, the SCI sample scored significantly lower on the Conscientiousness factor and the Activity and Assertiveness facet scales. They scored significantly higher on the Excitement-Seeking scale. These results suggest that males with SCI are less determined, have lower energy levels, are socially retiring, and that they tend to seek stimulation. These findings may reflect the contribution of both preinjury personality traits and adaptation to the limitations imposed by SCI.
Current Excitement about the Glutamate Receptor Family
Authors: Kalb Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Glutamatergic synaptic transmission provides the major excitatory drive to neurons within the mammalian central nervous system, and the consequent activation of glutamate re ceptors participates in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. There are several classes of ligand-gated glutamate receptors that express characteristic elec trophysiological properties. Glutamate receptors are multimeric proteins encoded by a large family of glutamate receptor genes, and individual genes are expressed by restricted populations of cells. One source of the functional diversity of glutamate receptors is the assembly of subunits into hetero-oligomeric complexes. An additional source of diversity comes from splice variants of individual subunits and editing of the messenger RNA se quence of some subunits at critical sites. Glutamate receptor subunit gene expression is dynamically regulated during development and in response to physiological and patho logical stimuli. Particular combinations of glutamate receptor subunits may express elec trophysiological properties that promote neuronal plasticity, whereas other combinations may have neurotoxic effects. The linkage of particular glutamate receptors to specific neuronal functions may provide an avenue for therapeutic intervention. The Neuroscientist 1:60-63, 1995
Cell-Cell Signaling in Early Cortical Development
Authors: Kriegstein Arnold R.
Published: March 2007

The remarkable process of neuronal migration has long been viewed as the key event of corticogenesis. Before neurons complete their final cell division and begin to migrate out of the proliferative zones, however, many important decisions concerning their ultimate fate have already been made. These critical decisions are, in part, under local environmental control. The signals by which proliferating cortical precursor cells interact with each other and with their environment are still largely unknown, but, as these factors are dis covered, they will alter our view of corticogenesis and most likely provide new insights into causes of cerebral malformations. This review is intended to describe the repertoire of cellular interactions detected thus far among proliferating cortical cells and to discuss possible roles of cell-cell signaling pathways. The Neurosci entist 1:268-276, 1995
Nicotine Addiction: From Molecules to Behavior
Authors: Picciotto Marina R.
Published: March 2007

Drugs of abuse, Including nicotine, activate common pathways in the brain that lead to reinforcement and addiction. Each drug, however, has unique molecular targets. This article describes what is known about the neurobiological processes underlying the re inforcing actions of nicotine that ultimately lead to nicotine dependence. The pathway starts with binding of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, its biochemical targets in the brain, which results in altered dopamine physiology and, ultimately, smoking be havior. Experiments using genetically altered mice have begun to identify the molecules involved in this pathway. This type of experiment will ultimately allow identification of the individual molecules in the brain that carry out the steps leading to nicotine addiction and may identify sites of intervention that could lead to novel treatments for nicotine addiction. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:391-394, 1998
Do Antibodies Stimulate Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis?
Authors: Mcgavern Dorian , Asakura Kunihiko , Rodriquez Moses
Published: March 2007

One of the major goals in the study of multiple sclerosis (MS) is to identify a beneficial therapeutic intervention that mimics the intrinsic reparative process and results in long- term clinical improvement. As yet, the therapeutic strategies tested in MS have failed to accomplish this task. However, one potential therapy that has shown some promise in rodent models of demyelination involves the administration of antibodies. Studies in var ious models of demyelination (virus-induced, autoimmune, and toxic) indicate that a sub set of autoantibodies with reactivity to CNS antigens promote remyelination. We have identified a prototypic germline IgMk monoclonal antibody, designated SCH 94.03, with reactivity to a surface antigen on oligodendrocytes that promotes CNS remyelination. This antibody has the phenotypic features of polyreactive physiological natural autoan tibodies. Additionally, treatment of MS patients with intravenous immunoglobulin, which contains these natural autoantibodies, may be efficacious in a subset of patients. We propose three mechanisms (direct stimulation of oligodendrocytes, immunomodulation, and opsonization of debris) by which polyreactive natural autoantibodies directed against CNS antigen may promote remyelination. Remyelination has the potential to not only improve conduction velocity but also may protect axons from injury and improve neuro logical function. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:19-28, 1999
The Relationships among Mother’s Resilience, Family Health Work, and Mother’s Health-Promoting Lifestyle Practices in Families with Preschool Children
Authors: Monteith Bonnie , Ford-Gilboe Marilyn
Published: March 2007

Hypotheses derived from the Developmental Model of Health and Nursing were tested by examining relationships among mothers’ resilience (health potential), family health-promoting activity (health work), and mothers’ health-promoting lifestyle practices (competence in health behavior) in 67 families with preschool children. Mothers completed a mailed survey containing self-report measures of the study variables and a demographic form. As hypothesized, both mother’s resilience and family health work were positively related to mother’s health-promoting lifestyle practices. Mother’s resilience was also associated with health work. Mother’s resilience and health work were found to predict 41% of the variance in mother’s health-promoting lifestyle practices, after controlling for the effects of family income. Mother’s resilience and health work were most strongly related to different, but complementary, aspects of mother’s health-promoting lifestyle practices. Implication for nursing practice and future research are identified.