bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A latent growth curve modelling approach to seasonal and spatial dynamics of food security heterogeneities in rural Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya
Authors: Sassi Maria , Trital Gopal
Published: July 2021

The increasing complexity of food insecurity, malnutrition, and chronic poverty faced by Sub-Saharan Africa warrants urgent categorisation and tracking of household food security along both temporal and spatial dimensions. This will help to effectively target, monitor and evaluate population-level programs and specific interventions aimed at addressing food insecurity. Traditional longitudinal analysis does not address the dynamics of inter- and intrahousehold heterogeneities within the seasonal and spatial context of household-level food security. This study is the first to overcome such limitations by adopting a multi-group piecewise latent growth curve model in the analysis of the food security situation in a statistically representative sample of 601 households involved in subsistence and cut-flower commercial agriculture, around Lake Naivasha. We considered food security as a latent concept, which manifests as food security outcomes in our primary longitudinal dataset from March 2018 to January 2019. Our analysis highlights the temporal and spatial dynamics of food security and advances new evidence on inter- and intrahousehold heterogeneities in food security across different seasons for the subsistence and commercial farming clusters. These heterogeneities were demonstrated primarily during the hunger season from March to June, and persisted in both the clusters and across months, albeit with different intensities. Moreover, our results indicate the importance of commercial agriculture in achieving food security in the hunger season. Our study suggests the need of a multidisciplinary approach to food security and the introduction of well-coordinated interventions for the development of subsistence and commercial agriculture considering the seasonal and cluster-level specificities.
A novel method for improving recovery of heavy oil reservoirs with high water cut based on polymer gel-assisted CO2 huff and puff
Authors: Lu Haiwei , Wang Zhenyuan , Peng Tong , Zheng Jiapeng , Yang Xiaoliang , Qin Xiaoping
Published: July 2021

A novel enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method based on polymer gel-assisted carbon dioxide (CO2) huff and puff was developed aiming to improve the development effect of heavy oil reservoirs with high water cut. The polymer gel prepared using partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), hexamethylenetetramine, phenol, resorcinol, oxalic acid, and thiocarbamide as raw materials had a special network structure to overcome the challenge of significant heterogeneity in heavy oil reservoirs. The strength of polymer gel reached the maximum value 20,000 mPa·s within 22 h. The temperature resistance and salt resistance of polymer gel directly determined the plugging effect. The polymer gel was placed for 190 days at 85 ℃, and its apparent viscosity retention rate was 66.4%. The salt resistance experiments showed that the apparent viscosity retention rate of this polymer gel at 1.8 wt % NaCl, 0.045 wt % CaCl2, 0.045 wt % MgCl2was 71.3%, 78.5%, 71.4%, respectively. Huff and puff experiments confirmed that this method could be used to increase the sweep volume and improve the oil displacement efficiency of heavy oil reservoirs with high water cut. Furthermore, the EOR of this method was better than that of water huff and puff, polymer gel huff and puff or CO2huff and puff.
Photocurrent density and electrical properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaNi0.5Nb0.5O3 ceramics
Authors: Zhong Mingqiang , Feng Qin , Yuan Changlai , Liu Xiao , Zhu Baohua , Meng Liufang , Zhou Changrong , Xu Jiwen , Wang Jiang , Rao Guanghui
Published: July 2021

In this work, the (1−x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-xBaNi0.5Nb0.5O3(BNT-BNN; 0.00 ⩽x⩽ 0.20) ceramics were prepared via a high-temperature solid-state method. The crystalline structures, photovoltaic effect, and electrical properties of the ceramics were investigated. According to X-ray diffraction, the system shows a single perovskite structure. The samples show the normal ferroelectric loops. With the increase of BNN content, the remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (Ec) decrease gradually. The optical band gap of the samples narrows from 3.10 to 2.27 eV. The conductive species of grains and grain boundaries in the ceramics are ascribed to the double ionized oxygen vacancies. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of ∼15.7 V and short-circuit current (Jsc) of ∼1450 nA/cm2are obtained in the 0.95BNT-0.05BNN ceramic under 1 sun illumination (AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm2). A largerVocof 23 V and a higherJscof 5500 nA/cm2are achieved at the poling field of 60 kV/cm under the same light conditions. The study shows this system has great application prospects in the photovoltaic field.
Remote sensing techniques: mapping and monitoring of mangrove ecosystem—a review
Authors: Maurya Khushbu , Mahajan Seema , Chaube Nilima
Published: July 2021

Mangrove forests are considered to be the most productive ecosystem yet vanishing rapidly over the world. They are mostly found in the intertidal zone and sheltered by the seacoast. Mangroves have potential socio-economic benefits such as protecting the shoreline from storm and soil erosion, flood and flow control, acting as a carbon sink, provides a fertile breeding ground for marine species and fauna. It also acts as a source of income by providing various forest products. Restoration and conservation of mangrove forests remain a big challenge due to the large and inaccessible areas covered by mangroves forests which makes field assessment difficult and time-consuming. Remote sensing along with various digital image classification approaches seem to be promising in providing better and accurate results in mapping and monitoring the mangroves ecosystem. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the work undertaken, and addresses various remote sensing techniques applied for mapping and monitoring of the mangrove ecosystem, and summarize their potential and limitation. For that various digital image classification techniques are analyzed and compared based on the type of image used with its spectral resolution, spatial resolution, and other related image features along with the accuracy of the classification to derive specific class information related to mangroves. The digital image classification techniques used for mangrove mapping and monitoring in various studies can be classified into pixel-based, object-based, and knowledge-based classifiers. The various satellite image data analyzed are ranged from light detection and ranging (LiDAR), hyperspectral and multispectral optical imagery, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and aerial imagery. Supervised state of the art machine learning/deep machine learning algorithms which use both pixel-based and object-based approaches and can be combined with the knowledge-based approach are widely used for classification purpose, due to the recent development and evolution in these techniques. There is a huge future scope to study the performance of these classification techniques in combination with various high spatial and spectral resolution optical imageries, SAR and LiDAR, and also with multi-sensor, multiresolution, and temporal data.
Influence of deep magma-induced thermal effects on the regional gas outburst risk of coal seams
Authors: Linghu Jianshe , Zhao Wei , Zhou Jianbin , Yan Zhiming , Wang Kai , Xu Chao , Sun Chuanwen
Published: July 2021

The thermal effect caused by deep magma intrusion can not only accelerate the metamorphism of coal body, but also bring additional thermal field that changes the mechanical environment of coal seams, thereby affecting the permeability of coal seams. Different from shallow coal resources, deep coal resources are in a mechanical environment characterized by limited stress and strain. Thus, the thermal effect has a more significant influence on the distribution and permeability characteristics of deep coal seams. In this study, the evolution history of highly metamorphic coal seams in Yangquan mining area was analyzed, and the main effect of magmatic activity on coal seams was obtained. Based on the determined vitrinite reflectance data of typical mines in Yangquan mining area, the maximum paleotemperature was calculated by adopting the Barker’s method. Furthermore, the paleotemperature distribution in Yangquan mining area was summarized, and its relationship with the metamorphic degree was acquired. Then, a new permeability model considering the thermal strain was proposed to analyze the permeability evolution in deep coal seams at different ground temperatures. Finally, through a combination of the results of gas pressure and outburst number in Sijiazhuang Mine, Yangquan No. 5 Mine and Xinjing Mine, the influence of ground temperature on the gas outburst risk in Yangquan mining area was explored. The following conclusions were drawn: The maximum paleotemperature in Yangquan area can be 303 °C. In addition, the paleotemperature in the south is higher than that in the north of Yangquan mining area. The various temperatures at different depths bring about different degrees of thermal stress to different coal seams, leading to different strains. Under the fixed displacement boundary conditions in the deep, the coal seam folds and bends to varying degrees. Moreover, the difference in the ground temperature raises the a value of coal seams and lowers the permeability, which promotes the formation of gas-rich zones and increases the risk of coal seam outburst. The research results can help mines to make proper gas disaster prevention plan for different zones.
Trends in emergency department use by older people during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Howley Fergal , Lavan Amanda , Connolly Eimear , McMahon Geraldine , Mehmood Mustafa , Briggs Robert
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Reports suggest that many older people deferred seeking healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic due to fear of contracting COVID-19. The aim of this study was to examine trends of emergency department (ED) use by older people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous years.

Methods

The study site is a 1000-bed university teaching hospital with annual ED new-patient attendance of > 50,000. All ED presentations of patients aged ≥ 70 years from March to August 2020, 2019 and 2018 inclusive (n = 13,989) were reviewed and compared for presenting complaint, Manchester Triage Score, and admission/discharge decision.

Results

There was a 16% reduction in presentations across the 6 months in 2020 compared to the average of 2018/2019. On average, 4 fewer people aged ≥ 70 years presented to the ED per day in 2020. Much of this was concentrated in March (33% fewer presentations) and April (31% fewer presentations), when the country was in ‘lockdown’, i.e. non-essential journeys were banned. There was a 20% reduction in patients presenting with stroke and cardiac complaints. In the 3 months following easing of restrictions, there was a 25% increase in falls and orthopaedic injuries when compared to 2018/2019.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a significant decline in the number of older people presenting to the ED for unscheduled care, including for potentially time-dependent illnesses such as stroke or cardiac complaints. Given the possibility of further lockdowns, it is imperative that we consider enabling strategies to ensure older people access unscheduled care in a timely manner when necessary.
Human Performance in Critical Scenarios as a Benchmark for Highly Automated Vehicles
Authors: Quante Laura , Zhang Meng , Preuk Katharina , Schießl Caroline
Published: July 2021

Before highly automated vehicles (HAVs) become part of everyday traffic, their safety has to be proven. The use of human performance as a benchmark represents a promising approach, but appropriate methods to quantify and compare human and HAV performance are rare. By adapting the method of constant stimuli, a scenario-based approach to quantify the limit of (human) performance is developed. The method is applied to a driving simulator study, in which participants are repeatedly confronted with a cut-in manoeuvre on a highway. By systematically manipulating the criticality of the manoeuvre in terms of time to collision, humans’ collision avoidance performance is measured. The limit of human performance is then identified by means of logistic regression. The calculated regression curve and its inflection point can be used for direct comparison of human and HAV performance. Accordingly, the presented approach represents one means by which HAVs’ safety performance could be proven.
Elastic AI: system support for adaptive machine learning in pervasive computing systems
Authors: Cichiwskyj Christopher , Schmeißer Stephan , Qian Chao , Einhaus Lukas , Ringhofer Christopher , Schiele Gregor
Published: July 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an important part of today’s pervasive computing systems. Still, there is no end-to-end system platform that allows to deploy, update, manage and execute AI models in pervasive systems. We propose such a system platform in this paper. Most importantly, we reuse concepts and techniques from twenty years of pervasive computing research on how to enable runtime adaptation and apply it to AI. This allows to specify adaptive AI models that are able to react to a multitude of dynamic changes, e.g. with respect to available devices, networking conditions, but also application requirements and sensor data sources. Developers can optimise their applications iteratively, starting with a generic setup and refining it step by step towards their specific pervasive computing scenario. To show the applicability of our platform, we apply it to two pervasive use cases and evaluate them, achieving up to four times faster inference and three times lower energy consumption compared to a classical AI deployment.
Data Comparison and Software Design for Easy Selection and Application of CRISPR-Based Genome Editing Systems in Plants
Authors: Wang Yi , Lecourieux Fatma , Zhang Rui , Dai Zhanwu , Lecourieux David , Li Shaohua , Liang Zhenchang
Published: July 2021

CRISPR-based genome editing systems have been successfully and effectively used in many organisms. However, only a few studies have reported the comparison between CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 systems in the whole-genome applications. Although many web-based toolkits are available, there is still a shortage of comprehensive, user-friendly, and plant-specific CRISPR databases and desktop software. In this study, we identified and analyzed the similarities and differences between CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 systems by considering the abundance of proto-spacer adjacent motif (PAM) sites, the effects of GC content, optimal proto-spacer length, potential universality within the plant kingdom, PAM-rich region (PARR) inhibiting ratio, and the effects of G-quadruplex (G-Q) structures. Using this information, we built a comprehensive CRISPR database (including 138 plant genome data sources, www.grapeworld.cn/pc/index.html), which provides search tools for the identification of CRISPR editing sites in both CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cpf1 systems. We also developed a desktop software on the basis of the Perl/Tk tool, which facilitates and improves the detection and analysis of CRISPR editing sites at the whole-genome level on Linux and/or Windows platform. Therefore, this study provides helpful data and software for easy selection and application of CRISPR-based genome editing systems in plants.
Algebra
Authors: Aluffi Paolo
Published: July 2021

From rings to modules to groups to fields, this undergraduate introduction to abstract algebra follows an unconventional path. The text emphasizes a modern perspective on the subject, with gentle mentions of the unifying categorical principles underlying the various constructions and the role of universal properties. A key feature is the treatment of modules, including a proof of the classification theorem for finitely generated modules over Euclidean domains. Noetherian modules and some of the language of exact complexes are introduced. In addition, standard topics - such as the Chinese Remainder Theorem, the Gauss Lemma, the Sylow Theorems, simplicity of alternating groups, standard results on field extensions, and the Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory - are all treated in detail. Students will appreciate the text's conversational style, 400+ exercises, an appendix with complete solutions to around 150 of the main text problems, and an appendix with general background on basic logic and naïve set theory.
Voicing of glottal consonants and non-modal vowels
Authors: Garellek Marc , Chai Yuan , Huang Yaqian , Van Doren Maxine
Published: July 2021

Variation in voicing is common among sounds of the world’s languages: sounds that are analyzed as voiceless can undergo voicing, and those analyzed as voiced can devoice. Among voiceless glottal sounds in particular, voicing is widespread: linguists often expect the voiceless glottal stop [ʔ] and fricative [h] to be fully voiced, especially between vowels. In this study, we use audio recordings from Illustrations of the International Phonetic Alphabet published in theJournal of the International Phonetic Associationto explore the extent to which glottal consonants and non-modal (breathy and creaky) vowels differ in terms of percentage voicing and voicing intensity in three phrasal positions. We find that voiceless [h] is only slightly less voiced than voiced [ɦ] in initial position. Between two vowels, both [h] and [ɦ] are as voiced as breathy vowels. Glottal stops and creaky vowels are both characterized by high percentages of voicing, but they differ in voicing intensity: in all phrasal positions, glottal stops generally have periods of strong and weak voicing, whereas creaky vowels are strongly voiced. In contrast, vowels described as ‘rearticulated’, ‘checked’, or ‘glottalized’ show similar drops in voicing intensity to glottal stops. We interpret these results through an articulatory lens: glottal consonants and non-modal vowels are both modulations in phonation resulting from laryngeal constriction and vocal fold spreading. We argue further that, because voicing during [ʔ] and [h] is largely predictable from respiratory and prosodic constraints, many cases of [ʔ] and [h] can be considered phonetically underspecified for voicing.
Temporal dynamics of freshwater planktonic parasites inferred using a DNA metabarcoding time-series
Authors: Beng Kingsly C. , Wolinska Justyna , Funke Elisabeth , Van den Wyngaert Silke , Gsell Alena S. , Monaghan Michael T.
Published: July 2021

Parasites are important components of biodiversity and contributors to ecosystem functioning, but are often neglected in ecological studies. Most studies examine model parasite systems or single taxa, thus our understanding of community composition is lacking. Here, the seasonal and annual dynamics of parasites was quantified using a 5-year metabarcoding time-series of freshwater plankton, collected weekly. We first identified parasites in the dataset using literature searches of the taxonomic match and using sequence metadata from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide database. In total, 441 amplicon sequence variants (belonging to 18 phyla/clades) were classified as parasites. The four phyla/clades with the highest relative read abundance and richness were Chytridiomycota, Dinoflagellata, Oomycota and Perkinsozoa. Relative read abundance of total parasite taxa, Dinoflagellata and Perkinsozoa significantly varied with season and was highest in summer. Parasite richness varied significantly with season and year, and was generally lowest in spring. Each season had distinct parasite communities, and the difference between summer and winter communities was most pronounced. Combining DNA metabarcoding with searches of the literature and NCBI metadata allowed us to characterize parasite diversity and community dynamics and revealed the extent to which parasites contribute to the diversity of freshwater plankton communities.
From Disestablishment to Dartmouth College v. Woodward: How Virginia's Fight over Religious Freedom Shaped the History of American Corporations
Authors: Penick Alyssa
Published: July 2021

This article clarifies the precise connection between two early national Supreme Court decisions, the little-known Terrett v. Taylor (1815) and the landmark Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819). The missing link between these cases is incorporation. Both disputes arose in the turmoil of post-Revolutionary disestablishment as state legislatures directly challenged the rights of colonial corporations. While Dartmouth College had been incorporated by a royal charter in colonial New Hampshire, the litigant in Terrett, a parish vestry, had been incorporated under common law in colonial Virginia. After the Revolution, Virginia's legislature disestablished the Anglican Church, disregarded its customary incorporation, revoked its post-revolutionary act of incorporation, and seized parish property. These radical policies set Virginia apart from other states and made these disputes a critical litmus test for the rights of all corporations. John Marshall opposed these policies while serving as a delegate in Virginia's legislature, and his views on these issues prefigured his opinion in Dartmouth College. Virginia's highest court upheld these policies as lawful, but the US Supreme Court's rejected them as unconstitutional in Terret. The Court's ruling in Terrett set a significant precedent for the standing of all private corporations vis-a-vis state legislatures and laid the groundwork for the Court's decision in Dartmouth College.
‘Unfettered Freedom’ Revisited: Hungarian Historical Journals between 1989 and 2018
Authors: Pető Andrea , Barna Ildikó
Published: July 2021

In his 1992 article, ‘Today, Freedom is Unfettered in Hungary,’ Columbia University history professor István Deák argued that after 1989 Hungarian historical research enjoyed ‘unfettered freedom. Deák gleefully listed the growing English literature on Hungarian history and hailed the ‘step-by step dismantling of the Marxist-Leninist edifice in historiography’ that he associated with the Institute of History at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) under the leadership of György Ránki (1930–88). In this article he argued that the dismantling of communist historiography had started well before 1989. Besides celebrating the establishment of the popular science-oriented historical journal, History (História) (founded in 1979) and new institutions such as the Európa Intézet – Europa Institute (founded in 1990) or the Central European University (CEU) (founded in 1991) as turning points in Hungarian historical research, Deák listed the emergence of the question of minorities and Transylvania; anti-Semitism and the Holocaust; as well as the 1956 revolution. It is very true that these topics were addressed by prominent members of the Hungarian democratic opposition who were publishing in samizdat publications: among them János M. Rainer, the director of the 1956 Institute after 1989, who wrote about 1956. This list of research topics implies that other topics than these listed before had been free to research and were not at all political. This logic interiorised and duplicated the logic of communist science policy and refused to acknowledge other ideological interventions, including his own, while also insisting on the ‘objectivity’ of science. Lastly, Deák concluded that ‘there exists a small possibility that the past may be rewritten again, in an ultra-conservative and xenophobic vein. This is, however, only a speculation.’ Twenty years later Ignác Romsics, the doyen of Hungarian historiography, re-stated Deák's claim, arguing that there are no more ideological barriers for historical research. However, in his 2011 article Romsics strictly separated professional historical research as such from ‘dilettantish or propaganda-oriented interpretations of the past, which leave aside professional criteria and feed susceptible readers – and there are always many – with fraudulent and self-deceiving myths’. He thereby hinted at a new threat to the historical profession posed by new and ideologically driven forces. The question of where these ‘dilettantish or propaganda-oriented’ historians are coming from has not been asked as it would pose a painful question about personal and institutional continuity. Those historians who have become the poster boys of the illiberal memory politics had not only been members of the communist party, they also received all necessary professional titles and degrees within the professional community of historians.
Qualitative Longitudinal Research: From Monochrome to Technicolour
Authors: Treanor Morag C. , Patrick Ruth , Wenham Aniela
Published: July 2021

Qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) has grown in prominence and popularity since the 2007 themed section on the subject in this journal. This new themed section reflects on how QLR has been mobilised and made sense of in recent times. This article showcases QLR’s distinctive way of knowing and understanding the social world and how it can illuminate the processes through which policy can enhance, or indeed inhibit, the well-being of individuals and groups within society. This state of the art article focuses on QLR as a valuable but tricky approach. It argues that QLR can enhance qualitative research in social policy by fostering sustained policy engagement and development, and that this is especially useful for policy-making in relation to socioeconomic disadvantage. It also explores cross-cutting methodological dimensions pertinent to QLR’s distinct approach, such as its enhanced ethical considerations, which are also integral to research with people at high risk of socioeconomic disadvantage. The article concludes with possible future directions and developments for QLR as a methodology.
The prospective GermanVasc cohort study
Authors: Kotov Artur , Peters Frederik , Debus Eike Sebastian , Zeller Thomas , Heider Peter , Stavroulakis Konstantinos , Remig Jürgen , Gussmann Andreas , Hoffmann Johannes , Friedrich Oliver , Nolte Thomas , Behrendt Christian-Alexander
Published: July 2021

Summary: Background: Previous observational studies reported a wide variation and possible room for improvement in the treatment of patients suffering from symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD). Yet, systematic assessment of everyday clinical practice is lacking. A General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliant registry was developed and used to collect comprehensive data on clinical treatment and outcomes regarding PAD in Germany. Here, we report baseline characteristics of patients prospectively enrolled until the end of 2020. Methods: The GermanVasc registry study is a prospective longitudinal multicentre cohort study. Between 1st May 2018 and 31st December 2020, invasive endovascular, open-surgical, and hybrid revascularisations of patients suffering from chronic symptomatic PAD were prospectively included after explicit informed consent (NCT03098290). For ensuring high quality of the data, we performed comprehensive risk-based and random-sample external and internal validation. Results: In total, 5608 patients from 31 study centres were included (34% females, median 69 years). On-site monitoring visits were performed at least once in all centres. The proportion of chronic limb-threatening ischaemia was 30% and 13% were emergent admissions. 55% exhibited a previous revascularisation. Endovascular techniques made 69% among all documented invasive procedures (n=6449). Thirty-five percent were classified as patients with severe systemic disease, and 3% exhibited a constant threat to life according to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification. The risk profile comprised of 75% former or current smokers, 36% diabetes mellitus, and in 30% a current ischemic heart disease was present. At discharge, 93% of the patients received antiplatelets and 77% received statins. Conclusions: The GermanVasc registry study provides insights into real-world practice of treatment and outcomes of 5,608 patients with symptomatic PAD in Germany. The cohort covers a broader range of disease severity and types of interventions than usually found in trials. In future studies, comparative outcomes will be analysed in more detail.
Lautleseverfahren und ihre Umsetzung in Alphabetisierungskursen
Authors: Dittmar Miriam , Lindauer Nadja , Sturm Afra
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Lautleseverfahren haben sich in Klasse 2–8 als wirksames Verfahren zur Förderung von Leseflüssigkeit erwiesen und haben mittlerweile auch in Lehr- und Lernmaterialien von Alphabetisierungskursen Eingang gefunden. Nicht untersucht ist, wie solche Verfahren in der Erwachsenenbildung eingesetzt werden. Methode: In 12 Alphabetisierungskursen wurden Unterrichtsbeobachtungen durchgeführt und mittels Time-Sampling-Verfahren aufgezeichnet. Im direkten Anschluss daran erfolgten Leitfadeninterviews mit den Kursleitenden zu ihrem Unterricht. Ergebnisse: Lautleseverfahren werden von den Kursleitenden eingesetzt und als eine sinnvolle Fördermaßnahme erachtet. Hürden in der Durchführung zeigen sich im Hinblick auf die Zusammensetzung der Lesetandems, da die Kursteilnehmenden oft ein ähnlich niedriges Niveau an Lesekompetenz aufweisen oder Deutsch als L2 sprechen. Der Feedbackprozess liegt damit vorrangig bei der Kursleitung. Zudem fällt es den Kursleitenden schwer, adaptiv auf die verschiedenen herausfordernden Situationen im Rahmen des Leseunterrichts zu reagieren. So werden bspw. Vorentlastungen oft nicht oder nicht in einem lernförderlichen Sinn durchgeführt. Diskussion: Eine fachdidaktische Konzeption zum Einsatz von Lautleseverfahren in Alphabetisierungskursen ist stärker an den kursspezifischen Anforderungen auszurichten. Zudem ist eine weitergehende Professionalisierung der Lehrkräfte zu empfehlen.
Isolating Lithologic Versus Tectonic Signals of River Profiles to Test Orogenic Models for the Eastern and Southeastern Carpathians
Authors: Gailleton B. , Sinclair H. D. , Mudd S. M. , Graf E. L. S. , Mațenco L. C.
Published: July 2021

Fluvial morphology is affected by a wide range of forcing factors, which can be external, such as faulting and changes in climate, or internal, such as variations in rock hardness or degree of fracturing. It is a challenge to separate internal and external forcing factors when they are co‐located or occur coevally. Failure to account for both factors leads to potential misinterpretations. For example, steepening of channel network due to lithologic contrasts could be misinterpreted to be a function of increased tectonic displacements. These misinterpretations are enhanced over large areas, where landscape properties needed to calculate channel steepness (e.g., channel concavity) can vary significantly in space. In this study, we investigate relative channel steepness over the Eastern Carpathians, where it has been proposed that active rock uplift in the Southeastern Carpathians (SEC) gives way N‐ and NW‐wards to ca. 8 Myrs of post‐orogenic quiescence. We develop a technique to quantify relative channel steepness, the relative steepness index, based on a wide range of concavities, and show that the main signal shows an increase in relative steepness index from east to west across the range. Rock hardness measurements and geological studies suggest this difference is driven by lithology. When we isolate channel steepness by lithology to test for ongoing rock uplift along the range, we find steeper channels in the south of the study area compared to the same units in the North. This supports interpretations from longer timescale geological data that active rock uplift is fastest in the southern SEC.
Urban Morphological Parameters of the Main Cities in China and Their Application in the WRF Model
Authors: Sun Yong , Zhang Ning , Miao Shiguang , Kong Fanhua , Zhang Yizhou , Li Nana
Published: July 2021

As one of the effective ways to study urban climate and environmental problems, the performance of numerical model could be improved in urban areas by enhancing the description of urban morphology. One of the largest challenges faced by researchers is the lack of real urban canopy parameters (UCPs) to represent urban morphological characteristics. In this study, the urban morphological parameters were estimated and a high‐resolution urban morphological parameter data set for the main cities in China was developed. The results show that the distribution of urban morphological parameters is of regional characteristics and cities in China are mainly dominated by low‐rise buildings. Chinese cities can be broadly divided into two types based on the probability distribution of building height: single‐peak and double‐peak. The number of low‐rise buildings in single‐peak cities is much larger than that of double‐peak cities, which contributes to the difference between the two types of cities. The equivalent street width of northern cities in China is higher than that of southern cities, and the equivalent building width is almost the same. However, the default UCPs of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model distort the morphology of Chinese cities. The sensitivity of the WRF model to urban morphological parameters was also investigated in Nanjing. Overall, our results indicate that urban morphological parameters have a significant influence on the energy balance process in cities and improve the performance of the WRF model in simulating the air temperature and canopy wind speed.
Detrital Zircon Age Constraints on the Evolution of Paleo‐Tethys in NE Iran: Implications for Subduction and Collision Tectonics
Authors: Chu Yang , Wan Bo , Allen Mark B. , Chen Ling , Lin Wei , Talebian Morteza , Xin Guangyao
Published: July 2021

The timings of the onset of oceanic spreading, subduction and collision are crucial in plate reconstructions, but not always straightforward to resolve. The Paleo‐Tethys evolution dominated the Paleozoic‐Early Mesozoic tectonics of West Asia, but the timeline of events is still poorly constrained. We present new detrital zircon ages from the Binalud Mountains of NE Iran, in order to determine the timing of tectonic events in the region, and the wider implications for regional tectonics, paleogeography and climate change. Consistent age patterns in Paleozoic clastic rocks show a dominant provenance from the Neoproterozoic basement of northern Gondwana. We interpret this as deposition on a long‐lasting passive continental margin after the initial spreading of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. Central Iran‐Eurasia collision caused coarse clastic deposition of the Mashhad Phyllite in a peripheral foreland basin on the Paleozoic sequence of the northern Central Iran Block. The Mashhad Phyllite yields age clusters at 450–250 Ma and 1,900–1,800 Ma, with a clear provenance from a long‐lived continental arc at the active Eurasian margin since the latest Ordovician. Analysis of the age spectra allows us to constrain the maximum depositional age of the Mashhad Phyllite as no later than 228 Ma. This age provides a tight constraint on the timing of initial collision between Central Iran and Eurasia, which also coincides with the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE). Our new timing evidence of collision reinforces the previous speculation on the Paleo‐Tethys closure as a causal mechanism for the CPE.
Characterizing Charge Structure in Central Argentina Thunderstorms During RELAMPAGO Utilizing a New Charge Layer Polarity Identification Method
Authors: Medina Bruno L. , Carey Lawrence D. , Lang Timothy J. , Bitzer Phillip M. , Deierling Wiebke , Zhu Yanan
Published: July 2021

A new automated method to retrieve charge layer polarity from flashes, named Chargepol, is presented in this paper. Using data from the NASA Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) deployed during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in Cordoba, Argentina, from November 2018 to April 2019, this method estimates the polarity of vertical charge distributions and their altitudes and thicknesses (or vertical depth) using the very‐high frequency (VHF) source emissions detected by LMAs. When this method is applied to LMA data for extended periods of time, it is capable of inferring a storm's bulk electrical charge structure throughout its life cycle. This method reliably predicted the polarity of charge within which lightning flashes propagated and was validated in comparison to methods that require manual assignment of polarities via visual inspection of VHF lightning sources. Examples of normal and anomalous charge structures retrieved using Chargepol for storms in Central Argentina during RELAMPAGO are presented for the first time. Application of Chargepol to five months of LMA data in Central Argentina and several locations in the United States allowed for the characterization of the charge structure in these regions and for a reliable comparison using the same methodology. About 13.3% of Cordoba thunderstorms were defined by an anomalous charge structure, slightly higher than in Oklahoma (12.5%) and West Texas (11.1%), higher than Alabama (7.3%), and considerably lower than in Colorado (82.6%). Some of the Cordoba anomalous thunderstorms presented enhanced low‐level positive charge, a feature rarely if ever observed in Colorado thunderstorms.
Assessment of the Regional and Sectoral Economic Impacts of Heat‐Related Changes in Labor Productivity Under Climate Change in China
Authors: Liu Yuan , Zhang Zhengtao , Chen Xi , Huang Chengfang , Han Feng , Li Ning
Published: July 2021

Climate change leads to heat‐related changes in labor productivity, which have additional economic impacts. Based on a framework that considers the impacts evolving from climate change to labor productivity to economic impact, we estimate the changes in labor productivity for indoor and outdoor activities and different work intensities at the grid level in China under a wide range of climatic and socioeconomic conditions and then evaluate the economic impacts in seven regions and eight sectors. The results show that (a) the negative impacts of labor productivity are concentrated in outdoor sectors, and the labor productivity of indoor sectors will decrease slightly or even increase due to high air‐conditioning device penetration rates under relatively optimistic scenarios. (b) The national results show that total economic impacts increase by 0.28%–0.61% of the GDP for each 1°C rise in the temperature, and the total economic impacts of labor productivity reductions in the most pessimistic scenario reach 1.15%–2.67% of the GDP in 2100. (c) The regional results indicate that the regions with lower labor productivity impacts (Northwest and Northeast China) still suffer large economic impacts, highlighting the importance of economic impact assessments across the regions. (b) The sectors in the seven regions of China that are most sensitive to climate change are agriculture and construction. The economic impacts in the manufacturing and service sectors, which contribute 22%–35% and 11%–15% of regional GDP losses, respectively, cannot be ignored, and should receive more attention in climate mitigation policies.
A Pulse of Meteoric Subsurface Fluid Discharging Into the Chukchi Sea During the Early Holocene Thermal Maximum (EHTM)
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hoon , Hong Wei‐Li , Torres Marta E. , Ryu Jong‐Sik , Kang Moo‐Hee , Han Dukki , Nam Seung‐Il , Hur Jin , Koh Dong‐Chan , Niessen Frank , Lee Dong‐Hun , Jang Kwangchul , Rae James William Buchanan , Chen Meilian
Published: July 2021

The response of Arctic Ocean biogeochemistry to subsurface flow driven by permafrost thaw is poorly understood. We present dissolved chloride and water isotopic data from the Chukchi Sea Shelf sediments that reveal the presence of a meteoric subsurface flow enriched in cations with a radiogenic Sr fingerprint. This subsurface fluid is also enriched in dissolved inorganic carbon and methane that bear isotopic compositions indicative of a carbon reservoir modified by reactions in a closed system. Such fluid characteristics are in stark contrast with those from other sites in the Chukchi Sea where the pore water composition shows no sign of meteoric input, but reflect typical biogeochemical reactions associated with early diagenetic sequences in marine sediment. The most likely source of the observed subsurface flow at the Chukchi Sea Shelf is from the degradation of permafrost that had extended to the shelf region during the Last Glacial Maximum. Our data suggest that the permafrost‐driven subsurface flow most likely took place during the 2–3°C warming in the Early Holocene Thermal Maximum. This time scale is supported by numerical simulation of pore water profiles, which indicate that a minimum of several thousand years must have passed since the cessation of the subsurface methane‐bearing fluid flow.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Water Formation and Retention by Micrometeoroid Impact on Lunar Surface
Authors: Huang Ziyu , Nomura Ken‐ichi , Wang Joseph
Published: July 2021

Reactive molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study water formation and retention during impacts by nanometer sized micrometeoroids on lunar surface at the atomic‐scale. Results show that water molecules are generated and lost simultaneously during an impact. For a hydroxylated surface under average solar wind condition, the water molecules produced by a nanometer sized cosmic dust with an impact velocity of 8 km/s to 20 km/s ranges from about 44% to 275% of that existed before impact. However, the increase in water content at the impact site is only from 5% to 73% due to ejections caused by impact. While micrometeoroid impact may generate a substantial amount of new water molecules, the amount of water lost to space also increases significantly at higher impact velocities. Hence, the increase in local lunar water content is strongly affected by the impact velocity.
Catastrophic Drainage From the Northwestern Outlet of Glacial Lake Agassiz During the Younger Dryas
Authors: Norris S. L. , Garcia‐Castellanos D. , Jansen J. D. , Carling P. A. , Margold M. , Woywitka R. J. , Froese D. G.
Published: July 2021

Catastrophic meltwater drainage from glacial Lake Agassiz has been hypothesized as a trigger for large‐scale ocean circulation change initiating the Younger Dryas cold reversal. Here we quantify the flood discharge that formed the northwestern outlet of Lake Agassiz using a one‐dimensional step‐backwater model and a zero‐dimension gradual‐incision model. Applying these two independent models, we estimate a peak discharge range of 1.8–2.5 × 106 m3 s−1 and a flood volume of ∼21,000 km3. Such a discharge can only be derived from Lake Agassiz rather than one of the two smaller regional glacial lakes: Churchill or Meadow. When coupled with existing ice margin chronologies, these results demonstrate that the northwestern outlet of Lake Agassiz provides a viable link for catastrophic meltwater to drain to the Arctic Ocean over a 6–9 month period during the Younger Dryas, though it is unclear whether this was near its beginning.
Impact of September 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming on Mid‐Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere Over North America and Europe
Authors: Goncharenko Larisa P. , Harvey V. Lynn , Greer Katelynn R. , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Coster Anthea J. , Paxton Larry J.
Published: July 2021

Limited observational evidence indicates that ionospheric changes caused by Arctic sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) occur at middle latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. However, it is not known if a similar interhemispheric linkage is produced by Antarctic SSWs. Here we examine thermospheric and ionospheric anomalies observed in September 2019 at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. We report persistent (at least 30 days) and strong (up to 80%–100%) positive anomalies in the daytime total electron content (TEC) and increases in the thermospheric O/N2 ratio in the western region of North America. However, central and eastern regions of North America experience moderate suppression of TEC reaching 20%–40% of the baseline. Different positive and negative anomalies are observed over the European sector. We hypothesize that regional differences in the TEC response could be related to modulation of thermospheric winds during SSWs, changes in thermospheric composition, and differences in declination angle.
Linear Disturbances Shift Boreal Peatland Plant Communities Toward Earlier Peak Greenness
Authors: Davidson Scott J. , Goud Ellie M. , Malhotra Avni , Estey Claire O. , Korsah Percy , Strack Maria
Published: July 2021

Vast areas of boreal peatlands are impacted by linear disturbances known as seismic lines. Tree removal and ground disturbance alter vegetation communities and are expected to change ecosystem functioning. As boreal landscapes continue to be disturbed by linear disturbances, understanding the magnitude and mechanisms of vegetation and phenology changes is the first step toward predicting carbon cycling changes across broad spatial scales. We investigate seismic line disturbances on peatland plant community composition and phenological patterns using readily available digital photography at a bog and a fen in Alberta, Canada. Our objectives were to: (a) compare the understory peatland vegetation on seismic lines with those in adjacent undisturbed areas using two phenological metrics (green and red chromatic coordinates); (b) evaluate if vegetation greenness is directly related to vegetation community composition, and (c) determine whether plot‐scale greenness predicts plant productivity. We found that areas of peatlands intersected by seismic lines have an earlier seasonal peak (maximum greenness) compared to undisturbed areas, and vegetation communities had a stronger relationship to greenness and gross primary production (GPP) at disturbed areas relative to undisturbed areas. This change in understory vegetation results in greater CO2 uptake in disturbed areas. We demonstrate an easy‐to‐use application of digital photography that successfully quantifies phenological changes in boreal peatland vegetation. This nondestructive method for understanding vegetation phenology eliminated the need for fixed infrastructure and allowed us to expand our sampling capacity and study sites while allowing for repeated measures in the future.
Stochastic Wave Distribution Function Method
Authors: Ota Mamoru , Kasahara Yoshiya
Published: July 2021

The characteristics of plasma waves propagating in the Earth's plasmasphere and magnetosphere are important in terms of understanding the plasma environment in which these waves are excited and propagate. The propagation direction is a critical in propagation analysis of ELF/VLF band waves. The Means, eigenvector, amplitude, and SVD methods have been proposed previously to estimate the direction of arrival of a single wave, and the wave distribution function (WDF) method, which solves the ill‐posed problem, has been proposed to estimate the propagation direction of multiple arriving waves. In this paper, we propose a stochastically extended WDF method. Conventional WDF methods are based on maximum posterior probability estimation; however, the proposed method uses a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. In the proposed method, the estimated solution is obtained based on the sampling approximation by obtaining multiple samples following the posterior distribution. In addition, the WDF is discretized and quantized to improve calculation stability and efficiency. From the sampled WDF, the mean value of the WDF and 95% credible interval can be calculated without arbitrary parameters. The proposed method is more objective than conventional methods and can be used effectively as a basis for performance evaluation of the WDF method.