bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive Potential and Ova Diameter in Schizopyge niger (Heckel, 1838) from Dal Lake, Kashmir, India
Authors: Rashid Ifrah , Shah Tasaduq H. , Bhat Farooz A. , Abubakr Adnan , Mushtaq Syed Talia , Bhat Bilal A. , Chesti Anayitullah , Jahan Ahali
Published: January 2025

Effective conservation and broodstock management of fish populations rely on the life-history data. Fecundity is a crucial parameter in fisheries, serving as an indicator of the reproductive potential of fish populations. Understanding the fecundity of Schizopyge niger is vital for estimating the number of offspring produced during the spawning season, a key factor in the stock assessment of species. Evaluating fecundity also plays a significant role in determining the commercial viability of the stock, understanding its life history, supporting aquaculture practices, and ensuring effective fishery management. 30 samples were collected once every month from September, 2022 to August, 2023 and yielded a total of 217 females and 143 males. A total of 20 gravid females were collected during the spawning season (February-March) from Dal lake, Kashmir and fecundity was estimated using gravimetric and actual counting methods. The absolute fecundity ranged from 6,318 to 19,375 eggs, while the relative fecundity ranged from 26.74 to 60.34 eggs per gram of body weight, with a mean of 46.96 eggs/g. A strong positive correlation was observed between fecundity and body size parameters, particularly ovary weight (R²= 0.6601). The ova diameter during entire study period ranged from 0.21 mm to 2.66 mm, showing a unimodal distribution, which suggests that S. niger is an annual spawner with a single spawning event each year. These findings serve as a baseline for the conservation and broodstock management of S. niger in the Dal Lake, Kashmir.
Social Interaction Pattern Within the Self Help Groups (SHGs) in Rayagada District of Odisha, India
Authors: Behera Dibyajyoti , Kanungo Aditya Prasad , Prangya Swatee , Swetadipta S , Paik Smruti
Published: January 2025

The role of women in society has undergone a transformative journey, evolving from compliant domestic roles to becoming crucial contributors to community development. Despite historical inequality, women have demonstrated their capacity to drive economic and social progress when given opportunities. In this context, self-help groups (SHGs) have emerged as a vital mechanism to empower rural women by promoting financial independence and collective problem-solving. This study focuses on the social interaction patterns of SHGs in the Rayagada district of Odisha, emphasizing their socio-economic profiles, institutional linkages, and collective actions. Using an ex-post facto research design, data were collected from 90 SHG members across three villages: Akhusingi, Anjali, and Arei. The findings revealed that SHGs are instrumental in fostering social cohesion, enhancing financial access, and promoting skill development. However, varying levels of education, income, and institutional interaction highlight disparities in empowerment and resource utilization. Sociograms generated for each village demonstrated the dense interaction patterns among SHG members and with NGOs, though connections with government institutions were limited due to educational and geographical constraints. Key actors within the SHGs played pivotal roles in disseminating information and resources, enabling collective action against socio-economic challenges. While agriculture remained the predominant occupation, participation in skill development events varied significantly, influencing economic outcomes. This study underscores the potential of SHGs as agents of change for rural development and women’s empowerment. It calls for enhanced institutional support, targeted skill development programs, and stronger governmental engagement to maximize the impact of SHGs on poverty alleviation and social transformation. This study is significant for the scientific community as it provides critical insights into the dynamics and effectiveness of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in fostering community development and empowerment. By employing innovative tools such as sociograms and analyzing group cohesion and individual participation, the study advances the understanding of how group structures and interactions contribute to collective decision-making and problem-solving.
Ethno-Veterinary Survey On The Traditional Use Of Medicinal Plants With Therapeutic Properties In The North-Western Regions Of Tunisia
Authors: Bouzazi Monia , Tajini Fatma , Selmi Houcine , Ouerghui Abid , Sebai Hichem
Published: January 2025

Ethno-veterinary medicine is a field that focuses on animal health and production. Currently, there is a growing
interest in researching how to preserve ancestral practices and optimize their use. Investigations were carried
out with individual respondents and focus groups who use aromatic and medicinal plants in regions of northwestern Tunisia to gain a better knowledge of its use for animal digestibility treatment. The survey aims to
identify demographic details including age, gender, education level and origin of knowledge. Additionally, it
intends to identify botanical information of medicinal plants, including families, species, organs, preparation
and administration methods and diseases treated. The collected data identified 54 plant species from 37
families. The most significant families were Lamiaceae (24%), Asteraceae (23%), Apiaceae (14%), and
Ericaceae (10%). The study areas are rich in spontaneous aromatic and medicinal plants, which are used to
treat a variety of animal diseases, especially digestive disorders (26%). Leaves are one of the most commonly
used organs (41.7%) for treating animal pathologies. They are typically prepared through decoction (33%) and
infusion (24%). In Aindrahim, Nefza, Touiref, and Krib regions, farmers use medicinal plants to treat certain
pathologies in their animals. To promote ethnoveterinary medicine, it is important to continue researching
sustainable, effective, appropriate, and affordable solutions. The article explores the potential benefits of
incorporating Lavandula stoechas L., Ocimum forsskaolii Benth, Polypodium vulgare L. and Camomille nobile L. as additives in animal breeding. According to the study, these plants have the ability to enhance animal performance, health and product quality.
Effectiveness of Sucrose and Casein Hydrolysate Concentration Combinations on The In Vitro Growth Dendrobium Sp. Plantlets
Authors: Arif Norma
Published: January 2025

Background: The growth medium is a critical factor influencing the quality of Dendrobium sp. plantlet
development. The addition of sucrose as an energy source and casein hydrolysate as a growth supplement to the
medium can enhance plantlet growth. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sucrose and casein hydrolysate
combinations on the growth of Dendrobium sp. plantlets cultivated in vitro.
Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in the in vitro Laboratory of Agrotechnology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, from August to November 2020, using a Completely Randomized Design
(CRD) with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of various combinations of sucrose
concentrations (20 g/L, 30 g/L, 40 g/L) and casein hydrolysate concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 mg/L). Data
were analyzed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT).)
Results: The results showed that the combination of sucrose 30 g/L and casein hydrolysate (100–150 mg/L)
yielded the highest plantlet performance, including height increment (2.57 cm and 2.42 cm), leaf number
increment (6.17 and 6.13 leaves), and fresh weight increment (2.13 g and 2.10 g). Furthermore, the combination
of sucrose 40 g/L and casein hydrolysate (50–150 mg/L) resulted in the highest root performance, with root
number increment (6.43 roots) and root length increment (9.63 cm and 9.67 cm). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that specific sucrose and casein hydrolysate combinations can
significantly optimize the in vitro growth of Dendrobium sp. plantlets.
Facile Synthesis Of 1H-Indazoles Through IodobenzeneCatalyzed C–H Amination Under Mild And Metal-Free Conditions
Authors: Digambar Dr.Kokane Balaji
Published: January 2025

The transition-metal- and halogen-free synthesis of N-aryl substituted 1H-indazole and derivatives was
accomplished on the basis of the iodobenzene-catalyzed intramolecular C -H amination of hydrazones under
mild conditions. Reactions of hydrazones derived from ketones and hydrazines with a catalytic amount of iodobenzene in the presence of Oxone as an oxidant in trifluoroacetic acid took place to afford 1H indazoles in moderate to good yields.
An AI-Enhanced Electronic Health Record Could Boost Primary Care Productivity
Authors: Harris Jeffrey E.
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint discusses ways that artificial intelligence (AI) may improve the productivity of primary care physicians with easier and more accurate use of AI-enhanced electronic health records.
Buprenorphine Out-of-Pocket Costs and Discontinuation in Privately Insured Adults With Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Leech Ashley A. , McNeer Elizabeth , Roberts Andrew W. , Dusetzina Stacie B. , Lai Pikki , Morgan Jake R. , Patrick Stephen W.
Published: August 2023

This cohort study examined the association between out-of-pocket costs for an initial buprenorphine prescription and its discontinuation among commercially insured US adults with opioid use disorder.
CalRx Biosimilar Insulin: California’s Initiative to Enter the Insulin Market
Authors: Feldman Robin
Published: August 2023

This viewpoint evaluates California’s CalRx Biosimilar Insulin Initiative, which aims to address insulin affordability by offering less expensive alternatives to existing products, specifically targeting patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
Estimating Pack-Year Eligibility for Lung Cancer Screening Using 2 Yes or No Questions
Authors: Rendle Katharine A. , Steltz Jennifer P. , Cohen Sarah , Schapira Marilyn M. , Wender Richard C. , Bekelman Justin E. , Vachani Anil
Published: August 2023

This cross-sectional study describes the development and testing the accuracy of using 2 yes or no questions to estimate pack-year eligibility for lung cancer screening.
Use of Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adults With Past-Year Opioid Use Disorder in the US, 2021
Authors: Jones Christopher M. , Han Beth , Baldwin Grant T. , Einstein Emily B. , Compton Wilson M.
Published: August 2023

This cross-sectional study uses data from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to estimate the receipt of medication for opioid use disorder among US adults with past-year opioid use disorder.
The Krabbe Conundrum—How Are Benefits and Harms Weighed to Determine the Net Benefit of Screening?
Authors: Bailey Donald B.
Published: August 2023

This Viewpoint explores the conundrum of Krabbe disease and whether it should be added to a newborn screening panel by looking at harms vs benefits.
Identification of distinct gene co‐expression modules and specific hub genes in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis by WGCNA
Authors: Sheng Yu , Liu Jing , Zheng Shuyun
Published: August 2023

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are among the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Although AD and psoriasis are distinguished using clinical criteria, the lesions of these two diseases are sometimes highly similar, making diagnosis difficult. In addition, the mechanisms underlying these two diseases are not fully clear. Here, we aimed to identify potential genes and regulatory mechanisms in AD and psoriasis patients to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of AD and psoriasis. The GSE121212 dataset was obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database and weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied. The functions of genes in modules of interest were determined using Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis with the ggplot2 package of r. The hub genes were obtained using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database and then visualized using cytoscape. The MEgreen and MEbrown modules were identified to associate with AD and psoriasis, respectively, and the biological functions and pathways of genes in clinically significant modules were detected and analyzed. Hub genes in these two modules and details on potential protein interactions were also revealed. The genes and modules identified by WGCNA might contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AD and psoriasis and aid in their diagnosis and treatment.
Micropattern‐Based Stem Cell Gym: Mechanical Memory Enhanced Stemness Maintenance of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Li Chiyu , Meng Fanqi , Yang Zhijie , Peng Jiang , Guo Yuwei , Na Jing , Shi Qiusheng , Liu Yu , Wang Yu , Zheng Lisha , Fan Yubo
Published: August 2023

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) which are derived from the neural crest are promising tools in stem cell therapy in the clinic. However, they tend to lose their multi‐lineage potency spontaneously during long‐term expansion in vitro. A micropattern‐based system is developed to train DPSCs with 1024 µm2 and aspect ratios of 1:2 and 1:4, which enhances their stemness and differentiation potential. This mechanical memory induced by micropattern would also rescue the pluripotency of long‐term expansion DPSCs. Micropatterns remodel the cytoskeleton and nuclear morphology, soften the cells, and induce the mitochondria into an immature state. Micropattern also activates extracellular related kinase, signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3, and inhibits Yes‐associated protein nuclear localization to enhance the stemness of DPSCs. In vivo implantation proves that DPSCs mechanically trained by micropattern could promote nerve regeneration in rats with peripheral nerve injury. A micropattern‐based approach is provided as a stem cell gym that absents exogenous growth factors to enhance the stemness and regenerative properties of DPSCs. It may shed light on future stem cell therapy.
Ultra‐Flyweight Cryogels of MXene/Graphene Oxide for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Ghaffarkhah Ahmadreza , Hashemi Seyyed Alireza , Rostami Sara , Amini Majed , Ahmadijokani Farhad , Pournaghshband Isfahani Ali , Mhatre Sameer E. , Rojas Orlando J. , Kamkar Milad , Wuttke Stefan , Soroush Masoud , Arjmand Mohammad
Published: August 2023

MXene and graphene cryogels have demonstrated excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness due to their exceptional electrical conductivity, low density, and ability to dissipate electromagnetic waves through numerous internal interfaces. However, their synthesis demands costly reduction techniques and/or pre‐processing methods such as freeze‐casting to achieve high EMI shielding and mechanical performance. Furthermore, limited research has been conducted on optimizing the cryogel microstructures and porosity to enhance EMI shielding effectiveness while reducing materials consumption. Herein, a novel approach to produce ultra‐lightweight cryogels composed of Ti3C2Tx/graphene oxide (GO) displaying multiscale porosity is presented to enable high‐performance EMI shielding. This method uses controllable templating through the interfacial assembly of filamentous‐structured liquids that are readily converted into EMI cryogels. The obtained ultra‐flyweight cryogels (3–7 mg cm−3) exhibit outstanding specific EMI shielding effectiveness (33 000–50 000 dB cm2 g−1) while eliminating the need for chemical or thermal reduction. Furthermore, exceptional shielding is achieved when the Ti3C2Tx/GO cryogels are used as the backbone of conductive epoxy nanocomposites, yielding EMI shielding effectiveness of 31.7–51.4 dB at a low filler loading (0.3–0.7 wt%). Overall, a one‐of‐a‐kind EMI shielding system is introduced that is readily processed while affording scalability and performance.
Resolving the Ultrafast Charge Carrier Dynamics of 2D and 3D Domains within a Mixed 2D/3D Lead‐Tin Perovskite
Authors: Hutchinson Jake D. , Ruggeri Edoardo , Woolley Jack M. , Delport Géraud , Stranks Samuel D. , Milot Rebecca L.
Published: August 2023

Mixed 2D/3D perovskite materials are of particular interest to the photovoltaics and light‐ emitting diode (LED) communities due to their impressive opto‐electronic properties alongside improved moisture stability compared to conventional 3D perovskite absorbers. Here, a mixed lead‐tin perovskite containing distinct, self‐assembled domains of either 3D structures or highly phase‐pure Ruddlesden–Popper 2D structures is studied. The complex energy landscape of the material is revealed with ultrafast optical transient absorption measurements. It is shown that charge transfer between these microscale domains only occurs on nanosecond timescales, consistent with the large size of the domains. Using optical pump‐terahertz probe spectroscopy, the effective charge‐carrier mobility is shown to be an intermediary between analogous pure 2D and 3D perovskites. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the free carrier recombination dynamics is presented. By combining results from a range of excitation wavelengths within a full dynamic model of the photoexcited carrier population, it is shown that the 2D domains in the film exhibit remarkably similar carrier dynamics to the 3D domains, suggesting that long‐range charge‐transport should not be impeded by the heterogeneous structure of the material.
Shining Light on Carbon Aerogel Photocatalysts: Unlocking the Potentials in the Quest for Revolutionizing Solar‐to‐Chemical Conversion and Environmental Remediation
Authors: Wong Khai Jie , Foo Joel Jie , Siang Tan Ji , Ong Wee‐Jun
Published: August 2023

The past few years have witnessed a surge of interest in the development of carbon aerogel‐based photocatalysts, stemming from their fascinating characteristics that encompass the inherent properties of 2D carbon‐based nanomaterials and unique 3D structural features. Benefitting from their auspicious physicochemical characteristics, including low density, abundant active sites, and remarkable electrical conductivity, carbon aerogels have emerged as promising candidates for photocatalysis in energy and environmental applications. Thus, this review presents a panorama of state‐of‐the‐art advancements underlying the synthesis and modifications of carbon aerogel‐based nanocomposites for enhanced performance in photocatalytic applications. The synthetic strategies followed by the unique roles of carbon aerogel are highlighted to decipher the auspicious roles of carbon aerogels in bolstering photocatalytic activity. Additionally, the fundamental mechanism behind carbon aerogel‐based photocatalysts as well as their modifications are thoroughly discussed. Thereafter, the works on the photocatalytic applications of carbon aerogel in solar‐driven hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant decontamination, and bacteria inactivation, in the past 5 years are summarized with insights into charge dynamics being unveiled. Lastly, this review will prospect the ongoing challenges and future outlook of carbon aerogel‐based heterostructures in photocatalysis, aiming to facilitate the development of carbon aerogel‐based photocatalysts at the forefront of this research.
Highly Deformable Rigid Glassy Conjugated Polymeric Thin Films
Authors: Wang Yunfei , Zhang Song , Freychet Guillaume , Li Zhaofan , Chen Kai‐Lin , Liu Chih‐Ting , Cao Zhiqiang , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Xia Wenjie , Gu Xiaodan
Published: August 2023

Wearable devices benefit from the use of stretchable conjugated polymers (CPs). Traditionally, the design of stretchable CPs is based on the assumption that a low elastic modulus (E) is crucial for achieving high stretchability. However, this research, which analyzes the mechanical properties of 65 CP thin films, challenges this notion. It is discovered that softness alone does not determine stretchability; rather, it is the degree of entanglement that is critical. This means that rigid CPs can also exhibit high stretchability, contradicting conventional wisdom. To inverstigate further, the mechanical behavior, electrical properties, and deformation mechanism of two model CPs: a glassy poly(3‐butylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3BT) with an E of 2.2 GPa and a viscoelastic poly(3‐octylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3OT) with an E of 86 MPa, are studied. Ex situ transmission X‐ray scattering and polarized UV–vis spectroscopy revealed that only the initial strain (i.e., <20%) exhibits different chain alignment mechanisms between two polymers, while both rigid and soft P3ATs showed similarly behavior at larger strains. By challenging the conventional design metric of low E for high stretchability and highlighting the importance of entanglement, it is hoped to broaden the range of CPs available for use in wearable devices.
High‐Performance Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters for Narrowband Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jiang He , Jin Jibiao , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: August 2023

Multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters have drawn considerable attention because of their remarkable optoelectronic properties of high emission efficiency and narrow emission profile, and represent an active subject of cutting‐edge research in the organic electroluminescence (EL). However, the slow reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate of MR‐TADF emitter caused by the large energy gap (ΔEST) and small spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) matrix elements between the singlet and triplet excited states limits their further development in organic EL devices. Currently, innovative molecular design strategies have been developed including heavy atom integration, π‐extended MR framework and metal perturbation, and so on to improve the RISC process of MR‐TADF emitters for high‐performance EL devices. Here, an overview is presented on the recent progress of MR‐TADF emitters with fast RISC rate ( > 10−5 s−1), with particular attention to the molecular design, optoelectronic properties, and device performance of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), which intends to systematize the knowledge in this subject for the thriving development of highly efficient MR‐TADF emitters. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of MR‐TADF materials are discussed comprehensively.
CoFePS Quaternary Alloy Sub‐Nanometric Sheets by Synchronously Phospho‐Sulfurizing CoFe‐Bimetallene for Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhao Long , Wen Ming , Guo Yibo , Wu Qingsheng , Zhu Quanjing , Fu Yongqing
Published: August 2023

Due to the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), electrocatalysts are urgently needed to simultaneously achieve increased activity, enhanced stability, and reduced cost. Herein, CoFePS quaternary alloy sub‐nanometric sheet is synthesized via synchronously phosphor‐sulfurizing CoFe‐bimetallene. Heteroatomization results in increasing conductivity, enhancing interactions with electrolyte, and improving chemical structural stability to exhibit a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 211 mV and a large current of 1053 mA cm−2 at 570 mV. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the adjustment of Fermi levels of adjacent metal atoms reduces reaction energy barrier and accelerates electron transfer, resulting in a Tafel slope of 14 mV dec−1. In situ Raman monitors the formation of phosphor‐sulfate shell oxidized surface as active sites improved the OER stability of CoFePS, with a retention rate of 99.7% at 10 mA cm−2 for 78 h. This study provides a promising strategy for the synthesis of multicomponent alloy sub‐nanometric sheet as good electrocatalyst candidates for OER.
DNAzyme‐Mediated Cascade Nanoreactor for Cuproptosis‐Promoted Pancreatic Cancer Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Yu Qiao , Zhou Jie , Liu Yong , Li Xiao Qiong , Li Shan , Zhou Hong , Kang Bin , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Xu Jing‐Juan
Published: August 2023

Cuproptosis, a kind of newly recognized cell death modality, shows enormous prospect in cancer treatment. The inducer of cuproptosis has more advantages in tumor therapy, especially that can trigger cuproptosis and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) simultaneously. However, cuproptosis is restricted to the deficiency of intracellular copper ions and the nonspecific delivery of copper‐based ionophores. Therefore, high level delivery, responsive release, and utilizing synergistic‐function of inducer become the key on cuproptosis‐based oncotherapy. In this work, a cascade nanosystem is constructed for enhanced cuproptosis and CDT. In the weak acidic environment of tumor cells, DNA, zinc ions, and Cu+ can release from the nanosystem. Since Cu+ having superior performance in mediating both Fenton‐like reaction and cuproptosis, the released Cu+ induces cuproptosis and CDT efficiently, accompanied by Cu2+ generation. Then Cu2+ can be converted into Cu+ partially by glutathione (GSH) to from a Cu+ supply loop and ensure the synergistic action. Meanwhile, the consumption of GSH also contributes to cuproptosis and CDT in return. Finally, DNA and Zn2+ form DNAzyme to shear catalase‐related RNA, resulting in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and further enhancing combination therapy. These results provide a promising nanotherapeutic platform and may inspire the design for potential cancer treatment based on cuproptosis.
Ultrarapid‐Acting Microneedles for Immediate Delivery of Biotherapeutics
Authors: You Jiahuan , Yang Changwei , Han Jinpeng , Wang Hao , Zhang Wentao , Zhang Ying , Lu Ziyi , Wang Shiqi , Cai Ruisi , Li Hongjun , Yu Jicheng , Gao Jianqing , Zhang Yuqi , Gu Zhen
Published: August 2023

Subcutaneous (SC) injection is a common administration route for rapid and efficient delivery of biotherapeutics. However, syringe‐based injections usually require professional assistance and are associated with pain and potential risks of infections, thus leading to undesired patient compliance and poor life quality. Herein, this work presents an ultrarapid‐acting microneedle (URA‐MN) patch for immediate transdermal delivery of therapeutics in a minimally invasive manner. Effervescent agents are incorporated into the tip of URA‐MN for rapid generation of CO2 bubbles upon insertion into the skin, immediately powering the biotherapeutics release within a few minutes. The release kinetics of diverse agents including liraglutide (LRT), insulin, and heparin from the URA‐MN patches are evaluated in three different mouse models, and the rapid release of biotherapeutics and potent therapeutic effects are achieved with only 5 min administration. Noteworthily, attributed to the short application duration and negligible residuals of MN matrix remaining in the skin, the URA‐MN patch shows desirable biocompatibility after six‐week administration.
Stabilizing Metal Halide Perovskites for Solar Fuel Production: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Prospects
Authors: Peng Shaomin , Yang Zhuoying , Sun Ming , Yu Lin , Li Yanguang
Published: August 2023

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are emerging photocatalyst materials that can enable sustainable solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion by virtue of their broad absorption spectra, effective separation/transport of photogenerated carriers, and solution processability. Although preliminary studies show the excellent photocatalytic activities of MHPs, their intrinsic structural instability due to the low formation energy and soft ionic nature is an open challenge for their practical applications. This review discusses the latest understanding of the stability issue and strategies to overcome this issue for MHP‐based photocatalysis. First, the origin of the instability issue at atomic levels and the design rules for robust structures are analyzed and elucidated. This is then followed by presenting several different material design strategies for stability enhancement, including reaction medium modification, material surface protection, structural dimensionality engineering, and chemical composition engineering. Emphases are placed on understanding the effects of these strategies on photocatalytic stability as well as the possible structure‐performance correlation. Finally, the possible future research directions for pursuing stable and efficient MHP photocatalysts in order to accelerate their technological maturity on a practical scale are outlined. With that, it is hoped to provide readers a valuable snapshot of this rapidly developing and exciting field.
Boosting Solid‐State Reconversion Reactivity to Mitigate Lithium Trapping for High Initial Coulombic Efficiency
Authors: Cao Shengkai , Zhu Zhiqiang , Zhang Wei , Xia Huarong , Zeng Yi , Yuan Song , Ge Xiang , Lv Zhisheng , Wei Jiaqi , Liu Lin , Du Yonghua , Xi Shibo , Loh Xian Jun , Chen Xiaodong
Published: August 2023

An initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) higher than 90% is crucial for industrial lithium‐ion batteries, but numerous electrode materials are not standards compliant. Lithium trapping, due to i) incomplete solid‐state reaction of Li+ generation and ii) sluggish Li+ diffusion, undermines ICE in high‐capacity electrodes (e.g., conversion‐type electrodes). Current approaches mitigating lithium trapping emphasize ii) nanoscaling (<50 nm) to minimize Li+ diffusion distance, followed by severe solid electrolyte interphase formation and inferior volumetric energy density. Herein, this work accentuates i) instead, to demonstrate that the lithium trapping can be mitigated by boosting the solid‐state reaction reactivity. As a proof‐of‐concept, ternary LiFeO2 anodes, whose discharged products contain highly reactive vacancy‐rich Fe nanoparticles, can alleviate lithium trapping and enable a remarkable average ICE of ≈92.77%, much higher than binary Fe2O3 anodes (≈75.19%). Synchrotron‐based techniques and theoretical simulations reveal that the solid‐state reconversion reaction for Li+ generation between Fe and Li2O can be effectively promoted by the Fe‐vacancy‐rich local chemical environment. The superior ICE is further demonstrated by assembled pouch cells. This work proposes a novel paradigm of regulating intrinsic solid‐state chemistry to ameliorate electrochemical performance and facilitate industrial applications of various advanced electrode materials.
“Ice and Fire” Supramolecular Cell‐Conjugation Drug Delivery Platform for Deep Tumor Ablation and Boosted Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Xu Meng , Zha Haidong , Chen Jiamao , Lee Simon Ming‐Yuen , Wang Qi , Wang Ruibing , Zheng Ying
Published: August 2023

Cancer recurrence and metastasis are two major challenges in the current clinical therapy. In this work, a novel diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based photothermal reagent (DCN) with unique J‐aggregation‐induced redshift is synthesized to achieve efficient tumor thermal ablation under safe power (0.33 W cm−2). Meanwhile, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) is co‐loaded with near‐infrared‐absorbing DCN in amphiphilic polymers to realize heat‐induced massive release of nitric oxide (NO), which can form oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO−) to active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby degrading the compact tumor extracellular matrix to improve the ablation depth and infiltration of immune cells. Through a facile supramolecular assembly method, the DCN/SNAP nanoparticles are anchored to liquid‐nitrogen‐frozen cancer cells, achieving enhanced antitumor immune responses and effective inhibition of distant tumors and pulmonary metastases after only one treatment. The safety and effectiveness of this supramolecular cell‐conjugation platform are verified by 2D/3D cellular experiments and bilateral tumor model, confirming the thermal‐ablation–gas‐permeation–antigen‐presentation therapeutic mode has promising anticancer prospects.
Circular Reprocessing of Thermoset Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Kim Subeen , Li Kelvin , Alsbaiee Alaaeddin , Brutman Jacob P. , Dichtel William R.
Published: August 2023

Thermoset polyurethane (PU) foams are widely used in industrial applications, but they cannot be recycled by conventional melt reprocessing because of their cross‐linked structures. The introduction of carbamate exchange catalysts converts thermoset PU into covalent adaptable networks (CANs), which are amenable to reprocessing at elevated temperatures. However, this approach has produced solid PU films, which have fewer uses and lower commercial demand. In this work, simultaneous reprocessing and refoaming of thermoset PU foams is demonstrated by leveraging the melt‐processability of PU CANs and allowing cell growth by gas generation in a twin‐screw extruder. The optimal operating temperature of the refoaming process is determined through chemical, thermal, and structural analysis of PU foam extrudates. The foam‐to‐foam extrusion process produces controllable, continuous, and uniform foam structures, as characterized by cell diameter and cell number density. Low‐density PU foams are obtained through a process simulating injection molding. The compression properties of reprocessed PU foam are compared with as‐synthesized PU foam to demonstrate efficacy of the refoaming processes. These results demonstrate that PU foams can be prepared through recycling while maintaining microstructural and chemical integrity. In the future, this strategy may be applied to thermoset PU foams of various chemical compositions and shows promise for scalability.
2D‐Layer‐Structure Bi to Quasi‐1D‐Structure NiBi3: Structural Dimensionality Reduction to Superior Sodium and Potassium Ion Storage
Authors: Liu Guoping , Sun Zhipeng , Shi Xiaoyan , Wang Xinying , Shao Lianyi , Liang Yaohua , Lu Xiaoyi , Liu Jianwen , Guo Zaiping
Published: August 2023

Layer‐structured bismuth (Bi) is an attractive anode for Na‐ion and K‐ion batteries due to its large volumetric capacity and suitable redox potentials. However, the cycling stability and rate capability of the Bi anode are restricted by the large volume expansion and sluggish Na/K‐storage kinetics. Herein, a structural dimensionality reduction strategy is proposed and developed by converting 2D‐layer‐structured Bi into a quasi‐1D structured NiBi3 with enhanced reaction kinetics and reversibility to realize high‐rate and stable cycling performance for Na/K‐ion storage. As a proof of concept, the quasi‐1D intermetallic NiBi3 with low formation energy, metallic conductivity, and 3D Na/K‐ion diffusion pathways delivers outstanding capacity retention of 94.1% (332 mAh g−1) after 15 000 cycles for Na‐ion storage, and high initial coulombic efficiency of 93.4% with improved capacity retention for K‐ion storage. Moreover, investigations on the highly reversible Na/K‐storage reaction mechanisms and cycling‐driven morphology reconstruction further reveal the origins of the high reversibility and the accommodation to volume expansion. The finding of this work provides a new strategy for high‐performance anode design by structural dimensionality manipulation and cycling‐driven morphology reconstruction.
Restraining Interfacial Cu2+ by using Amorphous SnO2 as Sacrificial Protection Boosts CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Jia Binbin , Li Lidong , Xue Chuang , Kang Jianxin , Liu Li‐min , Guo Tianqi , Wang Zhongchang , Huang Qizheng , Guo Shaojun
Published: August 2023

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) to formate is of great interest in the field of electrochemical energy. Cu‐based material is an appealing electrocatalyst for the CO2RR. However, retaining Cu2+ under the high cathodic potential of CO2RR remains a great challenge, leading to low electrocatalytic selectivity, activity, and stability. Herein, inspired by corrosion science, a sacrificial protection strategy to stabilize interfacial crystalline CuO through embedding of active amorphous SnO2 (c‐CuO/a‐SnO2) is reported, which greatly boosts the electrocatalytic sensitivity, activity, and stability for CO2RR to formate. The as‐made hybrid catalyst can achieve superior high selectivity for CO2RR to formate with a remarkable Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 96.7%, and a superhigh current density of over 1 A cm−2 that far outperforms industrial benchmarks (FE > 90%, current density > 300 mA cm−2). In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X‐ray diffractionexperimental and theoretical calculation results reveal that the broadened s‐orbital in interfacial a‐SnO2 offers the lower orbital for extra electrons than Cu2+, which can effectively retain nearby Cu2+, and the high active interface significantly lowers the energy barrier of the limited step (*CO2 → *HCOO) and enhances the selectivity and activity for CO2RR to formate.
Highly Efficient Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells Enabled by Mixed‐Cation Surface Modulation
Authors: Wang Xue , Zhang Dong , Liu Baoze , Wu Xin , Jiang Xiaofen , Zhang Shoufeng , Wang Yan , Gao Danpeng , Wang Lina , Wang Haolin , Huang Zongming , Xie Xiangfan , Chen Tao , Xiao Zhengguo , He Qiyuan , Xiao Shuang , Zhu Zonglong , Yang Shangfeng
Published: August 2023

Perovskite/organic tandem solar cells (POTSCs) are gaining attention due to their easy fabrication, potential to surpass the S‐Q limit, and superior flexibility. However, the low power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of wide bandgap (Eg) perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have hindered their development. This work presents a novel and effective mixed‐cation passivation strategy (CE) to passivate various types of traps in wide‐Eg perovskite. The complementary effect of 4‐trifluoro phenethylammonium (CF3‐PEA+, denoted as CA+) and ethylenediammonium (EDA2+, denoted as EA2+) reduces both electron/hole defect densities and non‐radiative recombination rate, resulting in a record open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of wide‐Eg PVSCs (1.35 V) and a high fill factor (FF) of 83.29%. These improvements lead to a record PCE of 24.47% when applied to fabricated POTSCs, the highest PCE to date. Furthermore, unencapsulated POTSCs exhibit excellent photo and thermal stability, retaining over 90% of their initial PCE after maximum power point (MPP) tracking or exposure to 60 °C for 500 h. These findings imply that the synergic effect of surface passivators is a promising strategy to achieve high‐efficiency and stable wide‐Eg PVSCs and corresponding POTSCs.
Push–Pull Heptamethines Near the Cyanine Limit Exhibiting Large Quadratic Electro‐Optic Effect
Authors: Chen Weilong , Liu Taili , Zou Jie , Zhang Di , Tse Man Kit , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Luo Jingdong , Jen Alex K‐Y.
Published: August 2023

Harnessing the quadratic electro‐optic (QEO) of near‐infrared polymethine chromophores over broad telecom wavelength bands is a subject of immense potential but remains largely under‐investigated. Herein a series of push–pull heptamethines containing the tricyanofuran (TCF) acceptors and indoline or benzo[e]indoline donors are reported. These dipolar chromophores can attain a highly delocalized “cyanine‐like” electronic ground state in solvents spanning a wide range of polarities, in some cases even closer to the ideal polymethine state than symmetrical cyanines. A transmission‐mode electromodulation spectroscopy is used to study the electric‐field‐induced changes in optical absorption and refraction of polymer films doped with heptamethine chromophores, and large and thermally stable QEO effect with high efficiency‐loss figure‐of‐merits that compare favorably to those from dipolar polyenes in poled or unpoled polymers and III‐V semiconductors is obtained. The study opens a path for developing organic materials based on cyanine‐like merocyanines for complementary metal oxide semiconductor ‐compatible, fast, efficient, and low‐loss electro‐optic modulation.
Customized Microenvironments Spontaneously Facilitate Coupled Engineering of Real‐Life Large‐Scale Clean Water Capture and Pollution Remediation
Authors: Wang Jinhu , Sun Mingyuzhi , Liu Changle , Ye Yuchuan , Chen Mengshan , Zhao Zhemeng , Zhang Yongcai , Wu Xiaohu , Wang Kaiwen , Zhou Yingtang
Published: August 2023

Harnessing abundant renewable resources and pollutants on a large scale to address environmental challenges, while providing sustainable freshwater, is a significant endeavour. This study presents the design of fully functional solar vaporization devices (SVD) based on organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites (CCMs‐x). These devices exhibit efficient photothermal properties that facilitate multitargeted interfacial reactions, enabling simultaneous catalysis of sewage and desalination. The localized interfacial heating generated by the photothermal effect of CCMs‐x triggers surface‐dominated catalysis and steam generation. The CCMs‐x SVD achieves a solar water‐vapor generation rate of 1.41 kg m−2 h−1 (90.8%), and it achieves over 95% removal of pollutants within 60 min under one‐sun for practical application. The exceptional photothermal conversion rate of wastewater for environmental remediation and water capture is attributed to customized microenvironments within the system. The integrated parallel reaction system in SVD ensures it is a real‐life application in multiple scenarios such as municipal/medical wastewater and brine containing high concentrations. Additionally, the SVD exhibits long‐term durability, antifouling functionality toward complex ionic contaminants. This study not only demonstrates a one‐stone–two‐birds strategy for large‐scale direct production of potable water from polluted seawater, but also opens up exciting possibilities for parallel production of energy and water resources.
Progress and Application Perspectives of Voltage‐Controlled Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Shao Yixin , Khalili Amiri Pedram
Published: August 2023

This article discusses the current state of development, open research opportunities, and application perspectives of electric‐field‐controlled magnetic tunnel junctions that use the voltage‐controlled magnetic anisotropy effect to control their magnetization. The integration of embedded magnetic random‐access memory (MRAM) into mainstream semiconductor foundry manufacturing opens new possibilities for the development of energy‐efficient, high‐performance, and intelligent computing systems. The current generation of MRAM, which uses the current‐controlled spin‐transfer torque (STT) effect to write information, has gained traction due to its nonvolatile data retention and lower integration cost compared to embedded Flash. However, scaling MRAM to high bit densities will likely require a transition from current‐controlled to voltage‐controlled operation. In this perspective, an overview of voltage‐controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) as a promising beyond‐STT write mechanism for MRAM devices is provided and recent advancements in developing VCMA‐MRAM devices with perpendicular magnetization are highlighted. Starting from the fundamental mechanisms, the key remaining challenges of VCMA‐MRAM, such as increasing the VCMA coefficient, controlling the write error rate, and achieving field‐free VCMA switching are discussed. Then potential solutions are discussed and open research questions are highlighted. Lastly, prospective applications of voltage‐controlled magnetic tunnel junctions (VC‐MTJs) in security applications, extending beyond their traditional role as memory devices are explored.
Multicolored Displays with Selective Visible‐Infrared Spectral Modulation for Optical Information Transmission
Authors: Song Shanshan , Hao Tingting , Wang Bo , Liu Dongqi , Ren Zichen , zhang Yike , Liu Wenchao , Zhang Leipeng , Li Yao
Published: August 2023

Polyaniline (PANI) can achieve reversible optical modulation in visible and infrared (IR) bands under the action of voltage. However, PANI‐based electrochromic devices cannot cope with the dual detection of visible and IR light to realize the transmission of information due to the linkage restriction between the spectral modulation in the visible and IR region. Here, IR low‐absorptive inorganic pigments as colorants and IR high‐transparent polymer as a binder are utilized to prepare colored films with high transparency. A camouflage layer against visible light detection is constructed on the surface of IR electrochromic devices, and the information transmission is realized in the IR band by controlling the thermal radiation characteristics. Furthermore, thermochromic microcapsules (TMs) that change color under external thermal stimuli are introduced to fabricate a thermochromic and IR transparent functional layer, which is attached to the surface of IR electrochromic devices and endows the devices with separate spectral modulation ability in the visible and IR region. Multicolored displays are fabricated by arraying various devices. Moreover, visual patterns are prepared on the surface of IR electrochromic devices by dispensing technology. This configuration endows the device with a promising potential for anti‐counterfeiting, optical security, and related applications.
Gold‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral Reaction of Nitriles with Quinoline N‐Oxides
Authors: Wu Jiawen , Xia Zhonghua
Published: August 2023

A method for the redox‐neutral reaction of nitriles with quinoline N‐oxides via gold catalysis is described. This transformation features a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. A series of C2‐amidated quinolines were synthesized in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies suggested that the oxidative gold catalysis of nitriles might be initiated by the σ‐coordination of the gold catalyst with the N atom on nitrile, then the coordinated gold‐nitrile intermediate is captured and oxidized by quinoline N‐oxides.
Integrated Human Skin Bacteria Genome Catalog Reveals Extensive Unexplored Habitat‐Specific Microbiome Diversity and Function
Authors: Li Zhiming , Ju Yanmei , Xia Jingjing , Zhang Zhe , Zhen Hefu , Tong Xin , Sun Yuzhe , Lu Haorong , Zong Yang , Chen Peishan , Cai Kaiye , Wang Zhen , Yang Huanming , Wang Jiucun , Wang Jian , Hou Yong , Jin Xin , Zhang Tao , Zhang Wenwei , Xu Xun , Xiao Liang , Guo Ruijin , Nie Chao
Published: August 2023

The skin is the largest organ in the human body. Various skin environments on its surface constitutes a complex ecosystem. One of the characteristics of the skin micro‐ecosystem is low biomass, which greatly limits a comprehensive identification of the microbial species through sequencing. In this study, deep‐shotgun sequencing (average 21.5 Gigabyte (Gb)) from 450 facial samples and publicly available skin metagenomic datasets of 2069 samples to assemble a Unified Human Skin Genome (UHSG) catalog is integrated. The UHSG encompasses 813 prokaryotic species derived from 5779 metagenome‐assembled genomes, among which 470 are novel species covering 20 phyla with 1385 novel assembled genomes. Based on the UHSG, the core functions of the skin microbiome are described and the differences in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and drug resistance functions among different phyla are identified. Furthermore, analysis of secondary metabolites of the near‐complete genomes further find 1220 putative novel secondary metabolites, several of which are found in previously unknown genomes. Single nucleotide variant (SNV) reveals a possible skin protection mechanism: the negative selection process of the skin environment to conditional pathogens. UHSG offers a convenient reference database that will facilitate a more in‐depth understanding of the role of skin microorganisms in the skin.