bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing Mathematics with Spirograph
Authors: Kang Rui , Johnson Sheri , Lambert, Emily , Davidson Candi
Published: November 2020

Inspired by earlier articles on the classic drawing toy that targeted higher grade levels, the authors adopt and create activities that make Spirograph mathematics accessible to middle-grade learners.
Then: Pedagogy and Best Practices
Authors: C. Nolan Edward
Published: November 2020

This article describes the nature and benefits of involvement with NCTM Conferences as a contributor to individual and collegial professional growth.
Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 3.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Nabors Louis Burt , Portnow Jana , Ahluwalia Manmeet , Baehring Joachim , Brem Henry , Brem Steven , Butowski Nicholas , Campian Jian L. , Clark Stephen W. , Fabiano Andrew J. , Forsyth Peter , Hattangadi-Gluth Jona , Holdhoff Matthias , Horbinski Craig , Junck Larry , Kaley Thomas , Kumthekar Priya , Loeffler Jay S. , Mrugala Maciej M. , Nagpal Seema , Pandey Manjari , Parney Ian , Peters Katherine , Puduvalli Vinay K. , Robins Ian , Rockhill Jason , Rusthoven Chad , Shonka Nicole , Shrieve Dennis C. , Swinnen Lode J. , Weiss Stephanie , Wen Patrick Yung , Willmarth Nicole E. , Bergman Mary Anne , Darlow Susan D.
Published: November 2020

The NCCN Guidelines for Central Nervous System (CNS) Cancers focus on management of adult CNS cancers ranging from noninvasive and surgically curable pilocytic astrocytomas to metastatic brain disease. The involvement of an interdisciplinary team, including neurosurgeons, radiation therapists, oncologists, neurologists, and neuroradiologists, is a key factor in the appropriate management of CNS cancers. Integrated histopathologic and molecular characterization of brain tumors such as gliomas should be standard practice. This article describes NCCN Guidelines recommendations for WHO grade I, II, III, and IV gliomas. Treatment of brain metastases, the most common intracranial tumors in adults, is also described.
NCCN Guidelines Insights: T-Cell Lymphomas, Version 1.2021
Authors: Horwitz Steven M. , Ansell Stephen , Ai Weiyun Z. , Barnes Jeffrey , Barta Stefan K. , Clemens Mark W. , Dogan Ahmet , Goodman Aaron M. , Goyal Gaurav , Guitart Joan , Halwani Ahmad , Haverkos Bradley M. , Hoppe Richard T. , Jacobsen Eric , Jagadeesh Deepa , Jones Allison , Kim Youn H. , Mehta-Shah Neha , Olsen Elise A. , Pro Barbara , Rajguru Saurabh A. , Rozati Sima , Said Jonathan , Shaver Aaron , Shustov Andrei , Sokol Lubomir , Torka Pallawi , Torres-Cabala Carlos , Wilcox Ryan , William Basem M. , Zain Jasmine , Dwyer Mary A. , Sundar Hema
Published: November 2020

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a rare subtype of T-cell lymphoma associated with an aggressive clinical course and a worse prognosis. HSTCL develops in the setting of chronic immune suppression or immune dysregulation in up to 20% of cases and is most often characterized by spleen, liver, and bone marrow involvement. Diagnosis and management of HSTCL pose significant challenges given the rarity of the disease along with the absence of lymphadenopathy and poor outcome with conventional chemotherapy regimens. These Guidelines Insights focus on the diagnosis and treatment of HSTCL as outlined in the NCCN Guidelines for T-Cell Lymphomas.
Proposed Additions to the NCCN Guidelines for Adult Medulloblastoma
Authors: Penas-Prado Marta , Armstrong Terri S. , Gilbert Mark R.
Published: November 2020

Medulloblastoma is a rare brain tumor that occurs in both children and adults, with patients aged 15 to 39 years accounting for 30% of all cases. In adults, guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are often based on retrospective data and extrapolated from the pediatric experience due to limited availability of prospective trials or registries involving adults. Importantly, adult patients differ from pediatric patients in many aspects, including the molecular features of the tumor and tolerance to treatment. In 2017, the NCI was granted support from the Cancer Moonshot initiative to address the challenges and unmet needs of adults with rare central nervous system (CNS) tumors through the NCI Comprehensive Oncology Network for Evaluating Rare CNS Tumors (NCI-CONNECT). On November 25, 2019, NCI-CONNECT convened a multidisciplinary workshop on adult medulloblastoma. Working groups identified unmet needs in clinical care and research and developed specific action items, including a proposal for inclusion of new items in the NCCN Guidelines for Adult Medulloblastoma, delineated in this review along with the evidence supporting their incorporation. Recommendations included facilitating referral of patients to centers of excellence; promoting patient participation in clinical trials or registries; encouraging use of DNA methylation for confirmation of diagnosis and subgrouping; offering counseling on contraception and fertility preservation; evaluating patients for symptoms and medical management of endocrine, vision, hearing, and neurocognitive deficits; providing psychosocial support and referral to neurorehabilitation; minimizing delays in therapy; and incorporating imaging standards and criteria for progression.
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks as Support for Implementation of Regulations: Approach and Experiences from GDPR
Authors: Wichmann Johannes , Sandkuhl Kurt , Shilov Nikolay , Smirnov Alexander , Timm Felix , Wißotzki Matthias
Published: November 2020

Enterprise Architecture (EA) management has been discussed as being supportive for implementation of regulations in enterprises and organizations, but the role of EA frameworks in this context has not been addressed intensely. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is one of the most frequently discussed regulation in industry and research, and expected to cause a shift in viewpoint of enterprises from a technological perspective dominated by information security issues to an organizational perspective governed by GDPR-compliant organizational structures and processes. A well-documented Enterprise Architecture (EA) and a working Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) organization are expected to significantly ease the roadmap planning for GDPR implementation. Therefore, this article focuses on the practice of EA use for GDPR implementation. The main contributions of this article are (a) an analysis and comparison of existing architecture frameworks and how they address security-related issues, and (b) a case study from financial industries illustrating the use of EA for implementing GDPR compliance.
Potential Benefits of Enterprise Architecture Management in the Digital Transformation Process
Authors: Härting Ralf , Reichstein Christopher , Sandkuhl Kurt , Hoppe Nathalie , Yesilay Hakan
Published: November 2020

Digital transformation has an increasing influence on business processes and new business models. A successful digital transformation in enterprises requires a holistic IT infrastructure in order to meet changing business requirements. Enterprises face the challenge of combining business and IT to benefit from existing technological attainments in the digital age. As Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM) is supposed to support companies’ transformation processes, it has consequently moved into the focus of large companies and small and medium-sized enterprises. Previous studies have considered the benefits of EAM taking not into account factors regarding the digital transformation process. The present study is therefore intended to close this gap. This article builds on a conceptual model based on a qualitative design with case studies. It presents a quantitative study that investigates the empirical relation between several indicators and the dependent variable “Benefits of EAM” in the digital transformation process. The results show that the indicators “IT Landscape”, “Internal Business” and “EAM Establishment” positively and significantly influence the benefits of EAM in the digital transformation process.
NO2 gas detection based on standard sample regression algorithm and cavity enhanced spectroscopy
Authors: Bian Xiao-Ge , Zhou Sheng , Zhang Lei , He Tian-Bo , Li Jin-Song ,   Department of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
Published: November 2020

Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy is a highly sensitive trace gas measurement technology, and the algorithm for retrieving gas concentrations is critical. The absorption cross-section is traditionally used to retrieve the concentration. However, the absorption cross-section used in the fitting process is affected not only by the response function of the instrument and the light source, but also by temperature and pressure. The uncertainty of the absorption cross-section will influence the accuracy of the result. Therefore, in order to eliminate the measurement error introduced by the uncertainty of the absorption cross-section and the instrument response function, a concentration regression algorithm based on the absorption spectrum of the standard sample is proposed. The process of concentration inversion is optimized. The absorption spectrum of standard gas is used to fit the unknown spectrum. In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, the incoherent cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) system based on a blue light-emitting diode (LED) operating at 440 nm is established to analyze the absorption spectrum of NO2; and the fitting effect, measurement accuracy and stability are compared with the counter parts from the traditional absorption cross-section method. In the experiment, the measured reflectance of the cavity mirror is 99.915%. Compared with the conventional absorption cross-section regression algorithm, the standard sample regression algorithm proposed in this paper shows good results, in which the measurement accuracy is increased by about quadruple. The Allan deviation shows that a detection limit of 5.3 ppb can be achieved at an integration time of 360 s. Finally, the performance of the experimental system is evaluated by measuring the NO2 with different concentrations prepared by standard samples. The result shows good agreement with the theoretical value, which indicates that the improved spectral analysis algorithm is feasible and reliable for gas detection. This method can be used not only to measure NO2, but also to detect other gases, which shows great potential applications in monitoring the industrial emissions, atmospheric chemistry and exhaled breath analysis.
Arrayed CRISPRi and quantitative imaging describe the morphotypic landscape of essential mycobacterial genes
Authors: de Wet Timothy J , Winkler Kristy R , Mhlanga Musa , Mizrahi Valerie , Warner Digby F
Published: November 2020

Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a large number of genes of unknown or predicted function, undermining fundamental understanding of pathogenicity and drug susceptibility. To address this challenge, we developed a high-throughput functional genomics approach combining inducible CRISPR-interference and image-based analyses of morphological features and sub-cellular chromosomal localizations in the related non-pathogen, M. smegmatis. Applying automated imaging and analysis to 263 essential gene knockdown mutants in an arrayed library, we derive robust, quantitative descriptions of bacillary morphologies consequent on gene silencing. Leveraging statistical-learning, we demonstrate that functionally related genes cluster by morphotypic similarity and that this information can be used to inform investigations of gene function. Exploiting this observation, we infer the existence of a mycobacterial restriction-modification system, and identify filamentation as a defining mycobacterial response to histidine starvation. Our results support the application of large-scale image-based analyses for mycobacterial functional genomics, simultaneously establishing the utility of this approach for drug mechanism-of-action studies.
Emergence of non-canonical parvalbumin-containing interneurons in hippocampus of a murine model of type I lissencephaly
Authors: Ekins Tyler G , Mahadevan Vivek , Zhang Yajun , D'Amour James A , Akgül Gülcan , Petros Timothy J , McBain Chris J
Published: November 2020

Type I lissencephaly is a neuronal migration disorder caused by haploinsuffiency of the PAFAH1B1 (mouse: Pafah1b1) gene and is characterized by brain malformation, developmental delays, and epilepsy. Here, we investigate the impact of Pafah1b1 mutation on the cellular migration, morphophysiology, microcircuitry, and transcriptomics of mouse hippocampal CA1 parvalbumin-containing inhibitory interneurons (PV+INTs). We find that WT PV+INTs consist of two physiological subtypes (80% fast-spiking (FS), 20% non-fast-spiking (NFS)) and four morphological subtypes. We find that cell-autonomous mutations within interneurons disrupts morphophysiological development of PV+INTs and results in the emergence of a non-canonical ‘intermediate spiking (IS)’ subset of PV+INTs. We also find that now dominant IS/NFS cells are prone to entering depolarization block, causing them to temporarily lose the ability to initiate action potentials and control network excitation, potentially promoting seizures. Finally, single-cell nuclear RNAsequencing of PV+INTs revealed several misregulated genes related to morphogenesis, cellular excitability, and synapse formation.
Nuclear microsatellites reveal population genetic structuring and fine-scale pattern of hybridization in the Japanese mantis shrimpOratosquilla oratoria
Authors: Cheng Jiao , Zhang Nan , Sha Zhongli
Published: November 2020

The interplay between historical and contemporary processes can produce complex patterns of genetic differentiation in the marine realm. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear sequence analyses revealed cryptic speciation in the Japanese mantis shrimpOratosquilla oratoria. Herein, we applied nuclear microsatellite markers to examine patterns and causes of genetic differentiation in this morphotaxon. Population structure analyses revealed two genetically divergent and geographically structured clades inO. oratoria, one dominating the temperate zone of the Northwestern (NW) Pacific and the other occurring in the subtropical and tropical waters where are influenced by the Kuroshio Current. Two sympatric zones, one around the Changjiang Estuary in China coast and the other in the northern Japan Sea, were demonstrated to be hybrid zones where introgressive hybridization occurred asymmetrically. The interaction between historical climate shifts and contemporary factors (e.g., freshwater discharge, temperature gradient and isolation by distance) may contribute to the present-day genetic architecture in the Japanese mantis shrimp. Range shift induced by climate changes and oceanographic factors may promote hybridization and gene flow between theO. oratoriacomplex. Our results provide insights into the interacting mechanisms that give rise to diversification and speciation of coastal species in the NW Pacific.
Trait differences among discrete morphs of a color polymorphic lizard,Podarcis erhardii
Authors: Brock Kinsey M. , Baeckens Simon , Donihue Colin M. , Martín José , Pafilis Panayiotis , Edwards Danielle L.
Published: November 2020

Color polymorphism defies evolutionary expectations as striking phenotypic variation is maintained within a single species. Color and other traits mediate social interactions, and stable polymorphism within a population is hypothesized to be related to correlational selection of other phenotypic traits among color morphs. Here, we report on a previously unknown throat color polymorphism in the Aegean Wall Lizard (Podarcis erhardii) and examine morph-correlated differences in traits important to social behavior and communication: maximum bite force capacity and chemical signal profile. We find that both sexes ofP. erhardiihave three color morphs: orange, yellow, and white. Moreover, orange males are significantly larger and tend to bite harder than yellow and white males. Although the established color polymorphism only partially matches the observed intraspecific variation in chemical signal signatures, the chemical profile of the secretions of orange males is significantly divergent from that of white males. Our findings suggest that morph colors are related to differences in traits that are crucial for social interactions and competitive ability, illustrating the need to look beyond color when studying polymorphism evolution.
Ambulatory detoxification in alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder
Authors: Moore Troy A.
Published: November 2020

Ambulatory detoxification in alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder is an important component in the management of patients experiencing withdrawal symptoms from alcohol or opioids. The goal of withdrawal management is ultimately to provide each patient with comfort and safety. Having the knowledge of the possible signs and symptoms of intoxication and withdrawal assists providers to institute the most appropriate treatment protocol and setting for the patient. Pharmacists play a vital role in choosing appropriate therapeutic management options for common or complex clinical situations involving ambulatory detoxification from alcohol and opioids. Ambulatory detoxification serves as an appealing option to many patients and helps save the limited inpatient resources that many institutions have for those patients with more severe withdrawal presentations.
Traumatic brain injury and mood disorders
Authors: Robert Sophie
Published: November 2020

Traumatic brain injury is an increasing cause of morbidity worldwide. Neuropsychiatric impairments, such as behavioral dysregulation and depression, have significant impacts on recovery, functional outcomes, and quality of life of patients with traumatic brain injuries. Three patient cases, existing literature, and expert opinion are used to select pharmacotherapy for the treatment of target symptoms while balancing safety and tolerability.
Evaluation of initial atypical antipsychotic monitoring parameters in children and adolescents
Authors: Walkerly Autumn , King Morgan
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are associated with serious cardiometabolic disturbances, including hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and weight gain. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice parameter for the use of AAPs in children and adolescents encourages that the same monitoring schedule as recommended by the American Diabetes Association be applied to the pediatric population. This study assessed adherence to these monitoring recommendations for AAPs in children and adolescents admitted to a community teaching hospital's inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry unit.

Methods

Patients age <18 years were included if therapy was initiated with an AAP during an inpatient admission to the child and adolescent psychiatry unit. Patients were excluded if prescribed an AAP prior to admission or if the AAP was ordered as needed. The presence of the following was collected upon initiation: body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), fasting lipids, heart rate (HR), waist circumference, electrocardiogram when indicated, and assessment of efficacy and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Any adverse effects and means of mitigation of those adverse effects were also collected.

Results

In the 45 patients included, the following monitoring parameters were collected: 91.1% had BMI, 84.4% had FBG, 46.6% had fasting lipids, and 0% had waist circumference recorded. Additionally, 100% of patients had an assessment of efficacy and EPS and BP and HR documented.

Discussion

Although this study included a small number of patients, there is area for improvement in obtaining baseline monitoring parameters in children and adolescents initiated on AAPs during an inpatient admission.
Impact of pharmacists on outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders
Authors: Werremeyer Amy , Bostwick Jolene , Cobb Carla , Moore Tera D. , Park Susie H. , Price Cristofer , McKee Jerry
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Psychiatric and neurologic illnesses are highly prevalent and are often suboptimally treated. A 2015 review highlighted the value of psychiatric pharmacists in improving medication-related outcomes. There is a need to describe areas of expansion and strengthened evidence regarding pharmacist practice and patient care impact in psychiatric and neurologic settings since 2015.

Methods

A systematic search of literature published from January 2014 to June 2019 was conducted. Publications describing patient-level outcome results associated with pharmacist provision of care in a psychiatric/neurologic setting and/or in relation to central nervous system (CNS) medications were included.

Results

A total of 64 publications were included. There was significant heterogeneity of published study methods and data, prohibiting meta-analysis. Pharmacists practicing across a wide variety of health care settings with focus on CNS medication management significantly improved patient-level outcomes, such as medication adherence, disease control, and avoidance of hospitalization. The most common practice approach associated with significant improvement in patient-level outcomes was incorporation of psychiatric pharmacist input into the interprofessional health care team.

Discussion

Pharmacists who focus on psychiatric and neurologic disease improve outcomes for patients with these conditions. This is important in the current health care environment as most patients with psychiatric or neurologic conditions continue to have unmet needs. Additional studies designed to measure pharmacists' impact on patient-level outcomes are encouraged to strengthen these findings.
Pharmacist-led telemental health transitions of care clinic improves antidepressant medication continuity posthospitalization
Authors: Barrett Monica , Ward Sarah , Colvard Michelle
Published: November 2020

A pharmacist-led telemental health transitions of care clinic was created at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center to improve continuity of psychiatric medication therapy following discharge from an acute psychiatric hospitalization. This was a single-center, multi-site, retrospective cohort study (historical cohort). The primary study objective was to determine the impact of a post-discharge pharmacist-led telemental health transitions of care clinic on improving antidepressant adherence rates after an acute psychiatric hospitalization. Secondary objectives included evaluation of rates of readmission to psychiatric hospitals, time to first mental health provider follow-up, and characterization of various pharmacist interventions made during the clinic visit. Pilot study results support that a pharmacist-led telemental health transitions of care clinic can improve antidepressant adherence after psychiatric hospital discharge and reduce time to postdischarge follow-up with a mental health provider. Patients enrolled in the clinic were more likely to maintain a medication possession ratio >0.8 within 90 days of discharge when compared to a historical control (100% vs 43%, P  = .035). The clinic also improved time to first mental health provider follow-up as seen by a statistically significant improvement in the number of patients seen within 14 days of discharge by a mental health provider (100% vs 43%, P = .035). Results highlight the valuable role of psychiatric pharmacists in delivery of transitions of care services and support the expansion of current roles to improve outcomes after psychiatric hospitalizations.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Natural Product Research
Authors: Huck Christian W. , Beć Krzysztof B. , Grabska Justyna
Published: November 2020

The properties of natural products are related to certain classes of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils. Traditionally, separation techniques including thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) even hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) were used for the elucidation and qualitative and quantitative analyses of individual compounds. In the food industry, spectroscopic investigations using infrared (IR) radiation have been used to monitor and evaluate the composition and quality since the early 1960s. During the last four decades, near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (780–2500 nm; 12 820–4000 cm−1) has become one of the most attractive and used methods for analysis for the following reasons: It represents a nondestructive analytical tool allowing a fast and simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of natural products and their constituents. In this contribution, the principle, technique, and methodology are described followed by a discussion of quantitative and qualitative application possibilities. Finally, some hints helpful for regulatory issues, and advantages and limitations are critically evaluated.
Quantitative analysis of treatments using real‐time image gated spot‐scanning with synchrotron‐based proton beam therapy system log data
Authors: Yoshimura Takaaki , Shimizu Shinichi , Hashimoto Takayuki , Nishioka Kentaro , Katoh Norio , Taguchi Hiroshi , Yasuda Koichi , Matsuura Taeko , Takao Seishin , Tamura Masaya , Tanaka Sodai , Ito Yoichi M. , Matsuo Yuto , Tamura Hiroshi , Horita Kenji , Umegaki Kikuo , Shirato Hiroki
Published: November 2020

A synchrotron‐based real‐time image gated spot‐scanning proton beam therapy (RGPT) system with inserted fiducial markers can irradiate a moving tumor with high accuracy. As gated treatments increase the beam delivery time, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of intra‐field adjustments corresponding to the baseline shift or drift and the beam delivery efficiency of a synchrotron‐based RGPT system. Data from 118 patients corresponding to 127 treatment plans and 2810 sessions between October 2016 and March 2019 were collected. We quantitatively analyzed the proton beam delivery time, the difference between the ideal beam delivery time based on a simulated synchrotron magnetic excitation pattern and the actual treatment beam delivery time, frequency corresponding to the baseline shift or drift, and the gating efficiency of the synchrotron‐based RGPT system according to the proton beam delivery machine log data. The mean actual beam delivery time was 7.1 min, and the simulated beam delivery time in an ideal environment with the same treatment plan was 2.9 min. The average difference between the actual and simulated beam delivery time per session was 4.3 min. The average frequency of intra‐field adjustments corresponding to baseline shift or drift and beam delivery efficiency were 21.7% and 61.8%, respectively. Based on our clinical experience with a synchrotron‐based RGPT system, we determined the frequency corresponding to baseline shift or drift and the beam delivery efficiency using the beam delivery machine log data. To maintain treatment accuracy within ± 2.0 mm, intra‐field adjustments corresponding to baseline shift or drift were required in approximately 20% of cases. Further improvements in beam delivery efficiency may be realized by shortening the beam delivery time.
Prediction of Hospitalizations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index
Authors: Legge Alexandra , Kirkland Susan , Rockwood Kenneth , Andreou Pantelis , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Gordon Caroline , Romero‐Diaz Juanita , Sanchez‐Guerrero Jorge , Wallace Daniel J. , Bernatsky Sasha , Clarke Ann E. , Merrill Joan T. , Ginzler Ellen M. , Fortin Paul R. , Gladman Dafna D. , Urowitz Murray B. , Bruce Ian N. , Isenberg David A. , Rahman Anisur , Alarcón Graciela S. , Petri Michelle , Khamashta Munther A. , Dooley M. A. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Manzi Susan , Zoma Asad A. , Aranow Cynthia , Mackay Meggan , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Lim S. Sam , Inanc Murat , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Jonsen Andreas , Nived Ola , Ramos‐Casals Manuel , Kamen Diane L. , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Jacobsen Søren , Peschken Christine A. , Askanase Anca , Hanly John G.
Published: November 2020

Objective

The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) frailty index (FI) predicts mortality and damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but its association with hospitalizations has not been described. Our objective was to estimate the association of baseline SLICC‐FI values with future hospitalizations in the SLICC inception cohort.

Methods

Baseline SLICC‐FI scores were calculated. The number and duration of inpatient hospitalizations during follow‐up were recorded. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the association between baseline SLICC‐FI values and the rate of hospitalizations per patient‐year of follow‐up. Linear regression was used to estimate the association of baseline SLICC‐FI scores with the proportion of follow‐up time spent in the hospital. Multivariable models were adjusted for relevant baseline characteristics.

Results

The 1,549 patients with SLE eligible for this analysis were mostly female (88.7%), with a mean ± SD age of 35.7 ± 13.3 years and a median disease duration of 1.2 years (interquartile range 0.9–1.5) at baseline. Mean ± SD baseline SLICC‐FI was 0.17 ± 0.08. During mean ± SD follow‐up of 7.2 ± 3.7 years, 614 patients (39.6%) experienced 1,570 hospitalizations. Higher baseline SLICC‐FI values (per 0.05 increment) were associated with more frequent hospitalizations during follow‐up, with an incidence rate ratio of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.13–1.30) after adjustment for baseline age, sex, glucocorticoid use, immunosuppressive use, ethnicity/location, SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 score, SLICC/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index score, and disease duration. Among patients with ≥1 hospitalization, higher baseline SLICC‐FI values predicted a greater proportion of follow‐up time spent hospitalized (relative rate 1.09 [95% CI 1.02–1.16]).

Conclusion

The SLICC‐FI predicts future hospitalizations among incident SLE patients, further supporting the SLICC‐FI as a valid health measure in SLE.
Interfacial Modulation with Aluminum Oxide for Efficient Plasmon‐Induced Water Oxidation
Authors: Zeng Bin , Wang Shengyang , Gao Yuying , Li Guanna , Tian Wenming , Meeprasert Jittima , Li Hao , Xie Huichen , Fan Fengtao , Li Rengui , Li Can
Published: November 2020

Plasmon‐induced photocatalysts hold great promise for solar energy conversion owing to their strong light‐harvesting ability and tunable optical properties. However, the complex process of interfacial extraction of hot carriers and the roles of metal/semiconductor interfaces in plasmonic photocatalysts are still not clearly understood. Herein, the manipulation of the interface between a plasmon metal (Au) and a semiconductor (rutile TiO2) by introducing an interfacial metal oxide (Al2O3) is reported. The resulting Au/Al2O3/TiO2 exhibits remarkable enhancement in photocatalytic water oxidation activity compared with Au/TiO2, giving an apparent quantum efficiency exceeding 1.3% at 520 nm for photocatalytic water oxidation. Such an interfacial modulation approach significantly prolongs the lifetime of hot carriers in the Au/TiO2 system, which conclusively improves the utilization of hot carriers for plasmon‐induced water oxidation reaction upon irradiation. This work emphasizes the essential role of the interfacial structure in plasmonic devices and provides an alternative method for designing efficient plasmonic photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.
Spontaneously Splitting Copper Nanowires into Quantum Dots on Graphdiyne for Suppressing Lithium Dendrites
Authors: Zuo Zicheng , He Feng , Wang Fan , Li Liang , Li Yuliang
Published: November 2020

As an emerging carbon allotrope, the controllable growth of graphdiyne has been an important means to explore its unique scientific properties and applications. In this work, the effect of the crystal structure of copper (Cu) on the growth of graphdiyne is systematically studied. It is found that the crystal boundaries are the origin of the reaction activity. The polycrystalline Cu nanowire with many crystal boundaries is spontaneously split into Cu quantum dots (about 3 nm) by the grown graphdiyne. These Cu quantum dots are uniformly dispersed on the graphdiyne, and they block the long‐range ordered growth of the graphdiyne. These Cu quantum dots in situ supported on graphdiyne demonstrate high efficiency in inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites in lithium metal batteries. Based on this interesting finding, the Cu quantum dots anchored on the all‐carbon graphdiyne can be prepared on a large scale, and unique applications of Cu quantum dots in electrochemical fields can be implemented.
Theoretical, Solid‐State, and Solution Quantification of the Hydrogen Bond‐Enhanced Halogen Bond
Authors: Decato Daniel A. , Riel Asia Marie S. , May James H. , Bryantsev Vyacheslav S. , Berryman Orion B.
Published: November 2020

Proximal noncovalent forces are commonplace in natural systems and understanding the consequences of their juxtaposition is critical. This paper experimentally quantifies for the first time a Hydrogen Bond‐Enhanced Halogen Bond (HBeXB) without the complexities of protein structure or preorganization. An HBeXB is a halogen bond that has been strengthened when the halogen donor simultaneously accepts a hydrogen bond. Our theoretical studies suggest that electron‐rich halogen bond donors are strengthened most by an adjacent hydrogen bond. Furthermore, stronger hydrogen bond donors enhance the halogen bond the most. X‐ray crystal structures of halide complexes (X−=Br−, I−) reveal that HBeXBs produce shorter halogen bonds than non‐hydrogen bond analogues. 19F NMR titrations with chloride highlight that the HBeXB analogue exhibits stronger binding. Together, these results form the foundation for future studies concerning hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds in close proximity.
Reaction Mechanism of Pd‐Catalyzed “CO‐Free” Carbonylation Reaction Uncovered by In Situ Spectroscopy: The Formyl Mechanism
Authors: Geitner Robert , Gurinov Andrei , Huang Tianbai , Kupfer Stephan , Gräfe Stefanie , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: November 2020

“CO‐free” carbonylation reactions, where synthesis gas (CO/H2) is substituted by C1 surrogate molecules like formaldehyde or formic acid, have received widespread attention in homogeneous catalysis lately. Although a broad range of organics is available via this method, still relatively little is known about the precise reaction mechanism. In this work, we used in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to unravel the mechanism of the alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes using different surrogate molecules. In contrast to previous hypotheses no carbon monoxide could be found during the reaction. Instead the reaction proceeds via the C−H activation of in situ generated methyl formate. On the basis of quantitative NMR experiments, a kinetic model involving all major intermediates is built which enables the knowledge‐driven optimization of the reaction. Finally, a new reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of in situ observed Pd‐hydride, Pd‐formyl and Pd‐acyl species.
Effect of Gold(I) on the Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence of Ethynylphenanthrene
Authors: de Aquino Araceli , Caparrós Francisco J. , Aullón Gabriel , Ward Jas S. , Rissanen Kari , Jung Yongsik , Choi Hyeonho , Lima João Carlos , Rodríguez Laura
Published: November 2020

The synthesis of two series of gold(I) complexes with the general formulae PR3‐Au‐C≡C‐phenanthrene (PR3=PPh3 (1 a/2 a), PMe3 (1 b/2 b), PNaph3 (1 c/2 c)) or (diphos)(Au‐C≡C‐phenanthrene)2 (diphos=1,1‐bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, dppm (1 d/2 d), 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, dppb (1 e/2 e)) has been realized. The two series differ in the position of the alkynyl substituent on the phenanthrene chromophore, being at the 9‐position (9‐ethynylphenanthrene) for the L1 series and at the 2‐position (2‐ethynylphenanthrene) for the L2 series. The compounds have been fully characterized by 1H, 31P NMR, and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction resolution in the case of compounds 1 a, 1 e, 2 a, and 2 c. The emissive properties of the uncoordinated ligands and corresponding complexes have been studied in solution and within organic matrixes of different polarity (polymethylmethacrylate and Zeonex). Room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is observed for all gold(I) complexes whereas only fluorescence can be detected for the pure organic chromophore. In particular, the L2 series presents better luminescent properties regarding the intensity of emission, quantum yields, and RTP effect. Additionally, although the inclusion of all the compounds in organic matrixes induces an enhancement of the observed RTP owing to the decrease in non‐radiative deactivation, only the L2 series completely suppresses the fluorescence, giving rise to pure phosphorescent materials.
A Simple Route to the Synthesis of Pt Nanobars and the Mechanistic Understanding of Symmetry Reduction
Authors: Chen Ruhui , Nguyen Quynh N. , Zhao Ming , Chen Zitao , Chi Miaofang , Xia Younan
Published: November 2020

Noble‐metal nanocrystals with anisotropic shapes have received increasing interest owing to their unique properties. Here, a facile route to the preparation of Pt nanobars with aspect ratios tunable up to 2.1 was reported by simply reducing a PtIV precursor in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 160 °C in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). In addition to its commonly observed roles as a solvent and a reductant, DMF could also decompose to generate CO, a capping agent capable of selectively passivating Pt{100} facets to promote the formation of nanobars. The size and aspect ratio of the nanobars could be tuned by varying the amount of PtIV precursor involved in the synthesis, as well as the concentration of PVP because of its dual roles as a stabilizer and a co‐reductant. Our mechanistic study indicated that the anisotropic growth resulted from both particle coalescence and localized oxidative etching followed by preferential growth.
Bone Tissue Disorders: Healing Through Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Barbosa Jéssica S. , Mendes Ricardo F. , Figueira Flávio , Gaspar Vítor M. , Mano João F. , Braga Susana S. , Rocha João , Almeida Paz Filipe A.
Published: November 2020

Osteoporosis, Paget's disease and osteosarcoma are a few examples of bone tissue disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. These conditions can strictly limit the lifestyle of patients and may even lead to their demise. To prevent this or, at least, try to manage the situation, there are several treatments available on the market. Notwithstanding, research has been driven by the possibility to improve the existing therapies, as well as to find new approaches that could better respond to these diseases. In this Review the path is shown through which, in recent years, coordination compounds have been prepared and manufactured to be applied in the management of bone tissue disorders. Starting with the design and preparation of the coordination compounds with various dimensionalities, two approaches have been used: (1) they are prepared as three‐dimensional cages that can act as delivery systems for therapeutic substances, or (2) they are constructed/prepared from compounds with intrinsic therapeutic properties. Following this, several strategies have been explored to manufacture the effective delivery to the patients. The versatility of coordination compounds has allowed their use in the preparation of drug tablets, coatings for titanium implants, or even scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In the end, it becomes clear that these compounds can be a valuable approach to reach a better treatment for bone tissue disorders. Nonetheless, along the road, a few bumps have appeared concerning the therapeutic profile, such as the effect of the structural arrangement or particle size.
A Fast and General Route to Ketones from Amides and Organolithium Compounds under Aerobic Conditions: Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects
Authors: Ghinato Simone , Territo Davide , Maranzana Andrea , Capriati Vito , Blangetti Marco , Prandi Cristina
Published: November 2020

We report that the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction of aliphatic and (hetero)aromatic amides by organolithium reagents proceeds quickly (20 s reaction time), efficiently, and chemoselectively with a broad substrate scope in the environmentally responsible cyclopentyl methyl ether, at ambient temperature and under air, to provide ketones in up to 93 % yield with an effective suppression of the notorious over‐addition reaction. Detailed DFT calculations and NMR investigations support the experimental results. The described methodology was proven to be amenable to scale‐up and recyclability protocols. Contrasting classical procedures carried out under inert atmospheres, this work lays the foundation for a profound paradigm shift of the reactivity of carboxylic acid amides with organolithiums, with ketones being straightforwardly obtained by simply combining the reagents under aerobic conditions and with no need of using previously modified or pre‐activated amides, as recommended.
Mit Vakuum zum Optimum
Authors: Stöcker Michael ,   für Tartler
Published: November 2020

Mehrere vakuumgestützte Systemlösungen für die Entgasung hoch‐ und niederviskoser Materialien bietet der Anlagenbauer Tartler. Primär für die Abfüll‐ oder Förderprozesse in der Kunststofftechnik entwickelt, eignen sie sich auch für andere Anwendungsbereic
Recombinant Antibodies in Basic Neuroscience Research
Authors: Trimmer James S.
Published: November 2020

Basic neuroscience research employs antibodies as key reagents to label, capture, and modulate the function of proteins of interest. Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins. Recombinant antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins whose nucleic acid coding regions, or fragments thereof, have been cloned into expression plasmids that allow for unlimited production. Recombinant antibodies offer many advantages over conventional antibodies including their unambiguous identification and digital archiving via DNA sequencing, reliable expression, ease and reliable distribution as DNA sequences and as plasmids, and the opportunity for numerous forms of engineering to enhance their utility. Recombinant antibodies exist in many different forms, each of which offers potential advantages and disadvantages for neuroscience research applications. I provide an overview of recombinant antibodies and their development. Examples of their emerging use as valuable reagents in basic neuroscience research are also discussed. Many of these examples employ recombinant antibodies in innovative experimental approaches that cannot be pursued with conventional antibodies. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Wild Lathyrus species as a great source of resistance for introgression into cultivated grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) against broomrape weeds (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and Orobanche foetida Poir.)
Authors: Abdallah Fadoua , Kumar Shiv , Amri Ahmed , Mentag Rachid , Kehel Zakaria , Mejri Rajia Kchaou , Triqui Zine El Abidine , Hejjaoui Kamal , Baum Michael , Amri Moez
Published: November 2020

Broomrape weeds (Orobanche spp.) are root holoparasitic plants that cause serious damage to a range of legume crops in the Mediterranean and sub‐Saharan African regions. Grain yield of cultivated species of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is almost negligible at the highest infection severity of Orobanche. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) have emerged as a novel source for many traits in diverse crops. Lathyrus is one of the largest genera with more than 160 species. In the present study, we screened 285 accessions representing 13 Lathyrus species for their reactions against two common broomrape species, Orobanche crenata Forsk. and O. foetida Poir, under field conditions. Screening at hot spots in Morocco and Tunisia resulted in the identification of resistant accessions of wild Lathyrus species against the parasitic weed. The level of resistance to O. foetida was higher among wild species compared with O. crenata. Field results showed complete resistance for O. crenata and O. foetida by L. articulatus L. and moderate resistance by L. aphaca L. and L. ochrus (L.) DC. Resistance to O. crenata in L. sativus accessions was validated in a pot experiment under controlled conditions. Two accessions—namely, IG64782 and IG65197—showed complete resistance to O. crenata. A moderately resistant accession, IG116989, that revealed low infestation in the field showed high susceptibility in pot experiment. The results indicated that the resistance against O. crenata and O. foetida was associated with slow development of the established tubercles and low induction of parasite germination.
Beta cell function in participants with single or multiple islet autoantibodies at baseline in the TEDDY Family Prevention Study: TEFA
Authors: Martinez Maria Månsson , Salami Falastin , Larsson Helena Elding , Toppari Jorma , Lernmark Åke , Kero Jukka , Veijola Riitta , Koskenniemi Jaakko J , Tossavainen Päivi , Lundgren Markus , Borg Henrik , Katsarou Anastasia , Maziarz Marlena , Törn Carina ,   The TEDDY Family (TEFA) Study Group
Published: November 2020

Aim

The aim of the present study was to assess beta cell function based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in participants with single islet autoantibody or an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IvGTT) in participants with multiple islet autoantibodies.

Materials and methods

Healthy participants in Sweden and Finland, between 2 and 49.99 years of age previously identified as positive for a single (n = 30) autoantibody to either insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen‐2, zinc transporter 8 or islet cell antibodies or multiple autoantibodies (n = 46), were included. Participants positive for a single autoantibody underwent a 6‐point OGTT while participants positive for multiple autoantibodies underwent an IvGTT. Glucose, insulin and C‐peptide were measured from OGTT and IvGTT samples.

Results

All participants positive for a single autoantibody had a normal glucose tolerance test with 120 minutes glucose below 7.70 mmol/L and HbA1c values within the normal range (<42 mmol/mol). Insulin responses to the glucose challenge on OGTT ranged between 13.0 and 143 mIU/L after 120 minutes with C‐peptide values between 0.74 and 4.60 nmol/L. In Swedish participants, the first‐phase insulin response (FPIR) on IvGTT was lower in those positive for three or more autoantibodies (n = 13; median 83.0 mIU/L; range 20.0‐343) compared to those with two autoantibodies (n = 15; median 146 mIU/L; range 19.0‐545;P = .0330).

Conclusion

Participants positive for a single autoantibody appeared to have a normal beta cell function. Participants positive for three or more autoantibodies had a lower FPIR as compared to participants with two autoantibodies, supporting the view that their beta cell function had deteriorated.