bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and phase behavior of chiral side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes containing two mesogenic groups
Authors: Hu Jian‐She , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Liu Zuo‐Jun , Zang Bao‐Ling
Published: October 2002

The synthesis of chiral side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes containing both cholesteryl undecylenate (MI) and 4‐allyloxy‐benzoyl‐4‐(S‐2‐ethylhexanoyl) p‐benzenediol bisate (MII) mesogenic side groups was examined. The chemical structures of the obtained monomers and polymers were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or 1H‐NMR techniques. The mesomorphic properties and phase behavior of the synthesized monomers and polymers were investigated with polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Copolymers IIP–IVP revealed a smectic‐A phase, and VP and VIP revealed a smectic‐A phase and a cholesteric phase. The experimental results demonstrated that the glass‐transition temperature, the clearing‐point temperature, and the mesomorphic temperature range of IIP–VIP increased with an increase in the concentration of mesogenic MI units. TGA showed that the temperatures at which 5% mass losses occurred were greater than 300°C for all the polymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2670–2676, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of lactose based resorcinol resin
Authors: Fan Xiao‐Dong , Hsien You‐Lo , Kurth Mark J. , Krochta John M.
Published: October 2002

Resorcinol‐lactose resin was synthesized using phosphoric acid as the catalyst at 95°C. 13C‐NMR measurements proved that the chemical reaction is initiated at the 4‐ or 6‐carbon position in benzene ring. Sample separation by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) technology indicated that the resin consists of reacting mixtures of oligomer of lactose, glucose, and galacose with resorcinol. The resin, using a by product of diary industry as a main component, could be potentially applied as a novel adhesive to the wood process industry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2581–2585, 2002
Kinetics and mechanisms of catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions of OH and NCO in acrylic polyol–1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) polyurethanes. VI
Authors: Han Qiwen , Urban Marek W.
Published: October 2002

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the kinetics of noncatalyzed and catalyzed polyurethanes. These studies show that for noncatalyzed acrylic polyol–hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer reactions, the reactions between OH and NCO of HDI exhibit second‐order kinetics, with first‐order kinetics with respect to NCO and OH. On the other hand, when dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) is used as a catalyst in acrylic polyol–HDI trimer reactions, the reaction rate is first order with respect to NCO and 0.5 order in OH and DBTDL concentrations. A mechanism for the catalyzed acrylic polyol–HDI trimer crosslinking reactions is proposed and it appears that an equilibrium involving associations between OH and DBTDL exists, resulting in the formation of an active anion, which interacts with NCO to generate polyurethanes. To further verify this mechanism, the influence of acidity on the reaction rate constant was investigated. When the acidity of the system is increased, retardation of urethane formation occurs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2322–2329, 2002
Separation of humic acid with nanofiltration polyamide composite membranes
Authors: Hwang Jeong‐Eun , Jegal Jonggeon , Lee Kew‐Ho
Published: October 2002

Humic acid, a natural organic matter, was separated with a polyamide (PA) composite membrane with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 500 g/mol. The PA composite membrane was prepared by the interfacial polymerization of piperazine and trimesoyl chloride on a polysulfone support with an MWCO of about 30,000 g/mol. The separation conditions through the membrane were varied, and factors affecting the permeation performance of the membranes, such as the concentration, pH, and storage time of the humic acid solutions, were studied. The surface chemistry of the membrane changed dynamically as a function of the operating time during the permeation tests, and the size and ζ potential of the colloid of humic acid solutions under different conditions were characterized with a ζ potentiometer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2847–2853, 2002
Properties of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes prepared by the grafting of new polyelectrolyte copolymers for water–ethanol mixture separation
Authors: Chiang Wen‐Yen , Lin Yi‐Haw
Published: October 2002

For the preparation of a water‐selective membrane for the pervaporation separation of an azeotropic solution, a series of grafted copolymers were synthesized by the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(sodium salt styrene sulfonic acid‐co‐maleic acid) (PSStSA‐co‐MA). The esterification was performed between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and the carboxylic groups of the copolymer with a heat treatment. PSStSA‐co‐MA was prepared with sodium salt styrene sulfonic acid and maleic anhydride copolymerization in dimethyl sulfoxide with azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The reaction mechanism and resultant structure were confirmed with IR spectra. The effect of the heat‐treatment time on the gel content was investigated. The permeation flux decreased and the separation factor increased as the crosslinking agent content rose. A membrane containing 15 wt % PSStSA‐co‐MA was used for water–ethanol azeotropic solution pervaporation at 30°C, and a flux of 0.43 kg/m2 h and a separation factor of 190 were obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2854–2859, 2002
Structure development and interfacial interactions in high‐density polyethylene/hydroxyapatite (HDPE/HA) composites molded with preferred orientation
Authors: Sousa Rui A. , Reis Rui L. , Cunha António M. , Bevis Michael J.
Published: October 2002

Composites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with sintered and nonsintered hydroxyapatite (HA) powders, designated as HAs and HAns, respectively, were compounded by twin screw extrusion. Compounds with neoalkoxy titanate or zirconate coupling agents were also produced to improve interfacial interaction and filler dispersion in the composites. The composites were molded into tensile test bars using (i) conventional injection molding and (ii) shear‐controlled orientation in injection molding (SCORIM). This latter molding technique was used to deliberately induce a strong anisotropic character to the composites. The mechanical characterization included tensile testing and microhardness measurements. The morphology of the moldings was studied by both polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the structure developed was assessed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The reinforcing effect of HA particles was found to depend on the molding technique employed. The higher mechanical performance of SCORIM processed composites results from the much higher orientation of the matrix and, to a lesser extent, from the superior degree of filler dispersion compared with conventional moldings. The strong anisotropy of the SCORIM moldings is associated with a clear laminated morphology developed during shear application stage. The titanate and the zirconate coupling agents caused significant variations in the tensile test behavior, but their influence was strongly dependent on the molding technique employed. The application of shear associated with the use of coupling agents promotes the disruption of the HA agglomerates and improves mechanical performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2873–2886, 2002
Films of PLLA/PHBV: Thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterization
Authors: Ferreira B. M. P. , Zavaglia C. A. C. , Duek E. A. R.
Published: October 2002

Blends of poly(L‐lactic acid)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PLLA/PHBV), both semicrystalline polymers, were prepared in different compositions (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100) and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and tensile tests. Although PLLA/PHBV blends do not present clear phase separation by SEM, the analyses by TGA, DSC, and DMA showed that the PLLA/PHBV blends are immiscible. The cross sections observed by SEM showed that the morphology of the blends changes from porous to dense, due to the composition. DSC and DMA data showed two distinct glass transition and melting temperatures. However, the DMA analysis related to frequency variation showed partial molecular interactions between PHBV and PLLA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2898–2906, 2002
Reduced susceptibility to collagen‐induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice expressing the TSG‐6 transgene
Authors: Mindrescu C. , Dias A. A. M. , Olszewski R. J. , Klein M. J. , Reis L. F. L. , Wisniewski H.‐G.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Expression of TSG‐6 (tumor necrosis factor–stimulated gene 6) is induced by proinflammatory cytokines. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of local expression of TSG‐6 in arthritic joints of TSG‐6 transgenic mice, in the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model.

Methods

We generated transgenic mice that harbored the TSG‐6 gene under the control of the T cell–specific lck promoter. Arthritis was induced by immunization with bovine type II collagen (CII), and its progression was monitored based on the incidence of arthritis, the arthritis index, and footpad swelling. Anti‐CII antibodies and cytokine production were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression arrays were used to compare gene expression profiles of transgenic and control mice at various stages of CIA.

Results

TSG‐6 was expressed in limbs of transgenic mice after immunization with CII, while its expression in nontransgenic animals was insignificant. The incidence of CIA was reduced in TSG‐6 transgenic animals, its onset delayed, and all parameters of clinical arthritis significantly reduced. However, the immune response against CII was not significantly inhibited in TSG‐6 transgenic mice.

Conclusion

TSG‐6 expression has been demonstrated in patients with rheumatoid and other forms of arthritis. Our data show that local expression of TSG‐6 at sites of inflammation results in potent inhibition of inflammation and joint destruction in a model of autoimmune arthritis in mice. Therefore, it is likely that TSG‐6 plays a similar modulatory role in human rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases and may have potential for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis in humans.
CD13/aminopeptidase N–induced lymphocyte involvement in inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Shimizu Teruki , Tani Kenji , Hase Kayoko , Ogawa Hirohisa , Huang Luping , Shinomiya Fumio , Sone Saburo
Published: October 2002

Objective

We previously showed that CD13/aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) induces chemotactic migration of T lymphocytes by its enzymatic activity. In this study, we examined the role of CD13/aminopeptidase N in lymphocyte involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Synovial fluids were obtained from 27 RA patients and 6 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Synovial tissue specimens were obtained from 3 RA patients and 3 OA patients. Protease activity of aminopeptidase in synovial fluids and synovial fibroblasts was assayed fluorometrically using the specific substrate. Expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N in synovial fibroblasts was determined by flow cytometry analyses, Western blotting, and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results

The mean value of aminopeptidase activity in synovial fluid samples from RA patients was significantly higher than that in samples from OA patients. Increased enzymatic activity of aminopeptidase was detected on synovial fibroblasts from RA patients compared with those from OA patients. Flow cytometry showed that the expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N on synovial fibroblasts from RA patients was higher than the expression on synovial fibroblasts from OA patients, and Western blots and RT‐PCR showed that synovial fibroblasts from RA patients contained a greater amount of CD13/aminopeptidase N. The activity of CD13/aminopeptidase N correlated significantly with lymphocyte counts in synovial fluids from RA patients. Synovial fluids from RA patients in which high aminopeptidase activity was detected contained considerable chemotactic activity for lymphocytes, and bestatin, a specific inhibitor of aminopeptidases, partially inhibited the chemotactic activity.

Conclusion

CD13/aminopeptidase N may participate in the mechanism of lymphocyte involvement in inflamed joints of RA patients as a lymphocyte chemoattractant.
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of metformin 500 mg tablets (Dialon® & Glucophage®) – in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Najib Naji , Idkaidek Nasir , Beshtawi M. , Bader Mohammed , Admour Isra' , Alam S. Mahmood , Zaman Q. , Dham Ruwayda
Published: October 2002

A randomized, two‐way, crossover study was conducted in 24 fasting, healthy, male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two brands of metformin 500 mg tablets; Dialon® (Julphar, UAE) as test and Glucophage® (Lipha Pharmaceutical Industries, France) as reference product. The study was performed at the International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), in joint venture with Al‐Mowasah Hospital, Amman, Jordan. The drug was administered with 240 ml of water after a 10‐h overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by 1‐week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 30 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analyzed for metformin by validated HPLC method with UV‐visible detector capable to detect metformin in the range of 0.05–5.0 μg/ml with limit of quantitation of 0.05 μg/ml. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0−t, AUC0−∝, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and λZ were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0−t, AUC0−∝ and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval (97.9–110.8% for AUC0−t, 97.4–110.7% for AUC0−∝; 95.3–110.5% for Cmax) of test/reference ratio for these parameters were found within bioequivalence acceptance range of 80–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Dialon® is bioequivalent to Glucophage®. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of affective information on the professional judgments of more experienced and less experienced auditors
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Moreno Kimberly
Published: October 2002

This study examines whether the presence of realistic, yet irrelevant, affective information differentially influences the professional judgments of more experienced and less experienced auditors. In this study, auditors with different experience levels were either provided or not provided with information designed to elicit a negative interpersonal emotional reaction towards a manufacturing client when making an inventory obsolescence risk judgment. The results indicate that the inventory obsolescence risk assessments of less experienced auditors were significantly higher when they were provided with negative affective information on a client than when no such information was provided. No such differences were found for the more experienced auditors. This study suggests that professional experience is one factor that influences individuals' assessments of the informational value of affective reactions. This has implications for developing effective training programs to increase professionals' awareness of the influence that emotional reactions can have on their judgment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer spread and micrometastasis development: Quantitative approaches for in vivo models
Authors: MacDonald Ian C. , Groom Alan C. , Chambers Ann F.
Published: October 2002

Death from cancer is usually due to metastasis. Fortunately, most cells that escape from a primary tumor fail to form metastases. Identifying reasons for this failure will help development of anti‐metastatic therapies. Intravital videomicroscopy (IVVM) can be used to observe cancer cells injected into live animals. Co‐injected microspheres can be used to assess cell survival. These techniques have been used to show that circulating tumor cells generally arrest in the microcirculation and may extravasate with high efficiency. While many tumor cells may survive in a secondary site, only a small subset form micrometastases and only a subset of these micrometastases persist to form vascularized macrometastases. Furthermore, solitary tumor cells may remain dormant for long periods of time in secondary sites. These findings suggest that metastatic growth and angiogenesis are prime targets for anti‐metastatic therapy. BioEssays 24:885–893, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovery of nonpeptide, peptidomimetic peptidase inhibitors that target alternate enzyme active site conformations
Authors: Rich Daniel H. , Bursavich Matthew G. , Estiarte M. Angels
Published: October 2002

Structure‐generating programs provide rational methods to rapidly design novel scaffolds targeting the biologic receptor of choice. Recent research has demonstrated proteins equilibrate between families of conformations (ensembles) for which drug design may target. New methods are currently being developed utilizing structure‐generating programs to target alternate enzyme conformations in an attempt to overcome the challenge of developing therapeutically useful molecules. These new methods provide the potential to overcome bioavailability problems encountered with peptide and peptide‐like molecules by identifying novel small molecule scaffolds. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 115–125, 2002
Binding mechanisms for Thermobifida fusca Cel5A, Cel6B, and Cel48A cellulose‐binding modules on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose
Authors: Jung Hyungil , Wilson David B. , Walker Larry P.
Published: October 2002

The family II cellulose‐binding modules (CBM) from Thermobifida fusca Cel5A and Cel48A were cloned in the Escherichia coli/Streptomyces shuttle vector pD730, and the plasmids were transformed into Streptomyces lividans TKM31. CBMCel5A, and CBMCel48A, CBMCel6B were expressed and purified from S. lividans. The molecular masses were determined by mass spectrometry, and the values were 10595 ± 2, 10915 ± 2, and 11291 ± 2 Da for CBMCel5A, CBMCel6B, and CBMCel48A, respectively. Three different binding models (Langmuir, Interstice Penetration, and Interstice Saturation) were tested to describe the binding isotherms of these CBMs on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC). The experimental binding isotherms of T. fusca family II CBMs on BMCC are best modeled by the Interstice Saturation model, which includes binding to the constrained interstice surface of BMCC as well as traditional Langmuir binding on the freely accessible surface. The Interstice Saturation model consists of three different steps (Langmuir binding, interstice binding, and interstice saturation). Full reversibility only occurred in the Langmuir region. The irreversibility in the interstice binding and saturation regions probably was caused by interstice entrapment. Temperature shift experiments in different binding regions support the interstice entrapment assumption. There was no systematic difference in binding between the two types of exocellulase CBMs—one that hydrolyzes cellulose from the nonreducing (CBMCel6B) end and one that hydrolyzes cellulose from the reducing end (CBMCel48A). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 380–392, 2002.
Growth of Artemisia annua hairy roots in liquid‐ and gas‐phase reactors
Authors: Kim Yoo Jeong , Weathers Pamela J. , Wyslouzil Barbara E.
Published: October 2002

Artemisia annua hairy roots were grown in liquid‐phase bubble column and gas‐phase nutrient mist reactors. In most cases the bubble column reactor accumulated more biomass than the mist reactor; the highest final biomass concentrations observed were 15.3 g DW/L in the bubble column reactor and 14.4 g DW/L in the mist reactor. Further analysis showed that the average specific growth rate in the mist reactors was essentially constant and independent of the biomass concentration at the beginning of the mist mode. In contrast, at low packing densities the average growth rate in the bubble column reactors was higher than in the mist reactors, decreasing to comparable rates at high packing densities. Finally, an aerosol deposition model was used to compare the volume of medium captured by the root bed in the mist reactor to the volume of medium required to maintain a specified growth rate. The results suggest that under the current operating conditions, lower growth rates in the mist reactor may be due to insufficient nutrient availability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 454–464, 2002.
Correcting mass isotopomer distributions for naturally occurring isotopes
Authors: Van Winden Wouter A. , Wittmann Christoph , Heinzle Elmar , Heijnen Joseph J.
Published: October 2002

In one method of metabolic flux analysis, simulated mass spectrometry data is fitted to measured mass distributions of metabolites that are isolated from cultures with defined feeding of 13C‐labeled substrates. Doing so, simulated mass distributions must be corrected for the presence of naturally occurring isotopes. A method that was recently introduced for this purpose consists of consecutive correction steps for each isotope of each element in the considered compound. Here we show that all isotopes of each individual element must, however, be corrected in one single step. Furthermore, it is shown that the source of information with respect to isotopic compositions of the elements needs to be chosen with care. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 477–479, 2002.
Continuous annular chromatography: General characterization and application for the isolation of recombinant protein drugs
Authors: Vogel Jens H. , Nguyen Huong , Pritschet Markus , Van Wegen Richard , Konstantinov Konstantin
Published: October 2002

Isolation of recombinant protein drugs from cell culture supernatant is usually performed in batch mode, even if the fermentation process itself is continuous. As a novel approach, continuous separation techniques like continuous annular chromatography (CAC) can be used for continuous isolation. The potential of CAC for industrial application is demonstrated by continuous isolation of rFVIII from cell culture supernatant in pilot scale (i.e., 144–288 l/day). Thirty‐fold concentration can be achieved at 94% yield, while purity is increased 3–5‐fold. For this a batch direct feed ion exchange chromatography method was adapted to a commercial preparative CAC system (P‐CAC). A headspace loading technique was used to maximize the concentration factor, while buffer incompatibility problems were addressed by a specifically modified inlet geometry. To allow sterile on‐line coupling to FVIII‐producing perfusion fermenters, an autoclavable pilot scale P‐CAC prototype was developed. General characterization of P‐CAC revealed a current limitation of the technology, i.e., variations in the outlet flow rates of up to ±20%. These flow variations are shown to be caused mainly by a nonuniform annular resin bed and in turn result in “peak wobbling,” i.e., the slight variation of peak position (up to ±4°) and shape (e.g., As = 0.9–1.4) as a specific function of column position. Some additional peak broadening, although less significant, is caused by a “peak oscillation” effect that results from the necessary segmentation of flow into discrete outlets. Both effects are only measurable if peaks are either monitored continuously or at least measured at multiple column positions. For isolation processes, these nonideal flow phenomena mean that more outlet streams have to be collected in order to achieve maximum yield and thus the achievable concentration factor is somewhat lower than the theoretical maximum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 559–568, 2002.
Solubilization limit of lysozyme into DODMAC reverse micelles
Authors: Shin Youn‐Ok , Vera Juan H.
Published: October 2002

Dioctyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DODMAC) was used to form reverse micelles and to extract lysozyme from an aqueous solution into an organic phase. The solubilization behavior of lysozyme into a DODMAC reverse micellar phase was examined in terms of the temperature, the type of cations in the aqueous phase, and the surfactant concentration in the organic phase. Complete removal of lysozyme from the aqueous phase was obtained when the pH was set one unit higher than the pI of the protein. However, it was found that there is a solubilization limit of lysozyme in the organic phase. Not all the lysozyme extracted out of the initial aqueous phase was solubilized into the DODMAC reverse micellar phase, resulting in the formation of white precipitate at the aqueous–organic interface. Temperature has a negligible effect on the solubilization limit of lysozyme. The value of the solubilization limit is a strong function of the type of cations present in the aqueous phase, indicating an important role of lysozyme–cation interactions on the extraction process. An increase in the DODMAC concentration from 100–200 mM resulted in little change in the highest concentration of lysozyme obtained in the organic phase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 537–543, 2002.
Dynamics of protein uptake within the adsorbent particle during packed bed chromatography
Authors: Hubbuch Jürgen , Linden Thomas , Knieps Esther , Thömmes Jörg , Kula Maria‐Regina
Published: October 2002

A new experimental set‐up for on‐line visualization of the intra‐particle uptake kinetics during packed bed chromatography has been designed and tested. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze the dynamics of protein adsorption to porous stationary phases. In combination with this, a flow cell was developed that could be packed with chromatography media and operated as a fully functional mini‐scale chromatography column. Adsorption profiles of single‐ and two‐component mixtures containing BSA and IgG 2a during packed bed cation‐exchange chromatography were investigated. The two proteins appear to exhibit different transport characteristics. For BSA a classical “shrinking core” behavior could be detected. The profiles obtained during IgG 2a adsorption point toward a different transport mode, which deviates from the classical pore‐diffusion picture. For the two‐component system, a superposition of the single‐component profiles combined with a classical displacement of the weaker bound protein species was found. The results indicate that depending on the adsorbed protein the uptake can vary tremendously, even for adsorption to the same chromatographic support. It is clearly shown that the new microcolumn allows in situ quantitative investigations of protein adsorption dynamics within a single particle, which adds a new tool to the available methods for characterizing and optimizing protein adsorption chromatography. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 359–368, 2002.
Effect of a total smoking ban in a maximum security psychiatric hospital
Authors: Hempel Anthony G. , Kownacki Richard , Malin David H. , Ozone Shinichi John , Cormack Trina S. , Sandoval Bernabe G. , Leinbach Adele E.
Published: October 2002

An archival study was performed in a maximum security forensic hospital to evaluate the effects of a total ban on smoking and all tobacco products. One hundred and forty patients were characterized as nonsmokers or light, moderate or heavy smokers. Patient records for the four weeks prior to the ban were compared with their records for the four weeks subsequent to the ban. Numbers of sick calls, total disruptive behaviors and verbal aggression declined markedly and significantly following the ban in those patients previously classified as moderate or heavy smokers. Weight increased significantly, but almost equally regardless of previous smoking status. Patients, and eventually staff, tolerated the smoking ban without significant negative effects. Patients relied very little on treatment modalities to alleviate nicotine withdrawal. Pre‐ban apprehension by staff and patients dissipated with time after the smoking ban started. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stent deployment with distal vascular protection for the culprit vein graft stenosis in a patient with an acute infarct and cardiogenic shock
Authors: Blake James W.H. , Webster Mark W.I. , Butler Rob , Edmond John J. , Ruygrok Peter N.
Published: October 2002

A case of emergency stent deployment to a critical vein graft lesion in a patient with an acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock is described. An Angioguard vascular protection device was used, retrieving a large amount of atheromatous debris. Use of filter‐type protection devices to prevent distal atheroembolism may be lifesaving in such patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:234–238. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chest pain during stenting of a native aortic coarctation: A case for acute intercostal muscle ischemia and rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Sapin Samuel O. , Rosengart Ronald M. , Salem Morris M.
Published: October 2002

An adult male experienced severe chest pain during stenting of a native aortic coarctation. He also developed the postcoarctectomy syndrome with paradoxical hypertension and abdominal pain. Our hypothesis suggests that sudden interruption of large collateral blood flow caused acute chest wall muscle ischemia, rhabdomyolysis, and severe chest pain. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:217–220. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility and efficacy of transradial access for coronary interventions in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Mulukutla Suresh R. , Cohen Howard A.
Published: October 2002

Transradial coronary intervention is a relatively new technique that may lower morbidity and improve patient satisfaction. A retrospective analysis was performed on 41 consecutive patients who underwent transradial coronary interventions. Twenty‐nine patients had ST elevation MI (group A) and 12 patients had non–Q‐wave MI (group B). Mean time to arterial access from hospital admission was 15.6 min, and mean time to balloon inflation from arterial cannulation was 25.3 min. All patients underwent successful stenting of the infarct‐related artery. Over 75% of patients received glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. All patients received aspirin and either clopidogrel or ticlopidine. There were no procedure‐related complications. Mean hospital stay was 3.9 days and 2.8 days for group A and group B, respectively. The transradial approach to coronary interventions is both feasible and safe in patients with acute myocardial infarction. This option may be most appealing in patients at high risk for developing vascular complications of arterial access. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:167–171. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal deployment of third‐generation stents: An intravascular ultrasound assessment
Authors: Maddux James T. , Carroll John D. , Groves Bertron M. , Messenger John C. , Tseng Albert , Falcone Erin , Burchenal J.E.B.
Published: October 2002

Third‐generation intracoronary stents allow deployment at higher pressures, possibly obviating the need for high‐pressure postdilations and also possibly reducing restenosis. This study evaluated the ability of the Tristar Coronary Stent System to produce optimal stent deployment as measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and quantitative coronary angiography in 46 patients. Optimal stent deployment was defined as minimal luminal area > 80% of the average of the proximal and distal reference luminal areas. After initial deployment, 74.5% of stents met criteria for optimal stent deployment by IVUS, with an average stent expansion ratio of 89.6%. Ten stents (18.2%) were postdilated. Four patients (8.7%) had a major adverse cardiac event, one patient died, one patient had a myocardial infarction, and two patients had target vessel revascularization at 6 months. The Tristar stent system produces optimal deployment without the need for routine postdilation and results in optimal clinical outcomes. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:142–147. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical asymmetric synthetic route to 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐hydroxybutyrate: Head‐to‐tail and head‐to‐head crystallizations through double and single hydrogen bonds of hetero‐ and homochiral 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐hydroxybutyrophenones
Authors: Ishii Akihiro , Kanai Masatomi , Higashiyama Kimio , Mikami Koichi
Published: October 2002

A practical asymmetric synthetic route to 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐hydroxybutyrophenone and the butyric acid phenyl ester is described using heterochiral crystallization through double hydrogen bonding assembly in head‐to‐tail fashion and sequential Baeyer‐Villiger oxidation reaction by trifluoroperacetic acid. Chirality 14:709–712, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the plasma levels of metyrapone and its enantiomeric metyrapol metabolites by direct plasma injection and multidimensional achiral–chiral chromatography
Authors: Cassiano Neila M. , Cass Quezia B. , Degani Ana Luiza G. , Wainer Irving W.
Published: October 2002

The development and validation of a direct injection high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, with column switching, for the determination of metyrapol enantiomers and metyrapone in human plasma is described. The system used in this work was composed of a restricted access media (RAM) bovine serum albumin (BSA) octyl column coupled to an amylose tris(3,5‐dimethoxyphenylcarbamate) chiral column. Water was used as eluent for the first 5 min at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min for the elution of the plasma proteins and then acetonitrile‐water (30:70 v/v) for the transfer and analysis of metyrapol enantiomers and metyrapone, which were detected by UV at λ = 260 nm. The total analysis time was about 32 min. The calibration curves for each enantiomer and for the metyrapone were linear in the ranges 0.075–0.75 μg/ml and 0.150–1.50 μg/ml, respectively. Recoveries, intra‐ and interday precision and accuracy were determined using three quality controls, one low (0.18 μg/ml), one medium (0.75 μg/ml), and one high (1.35 μg/ml) plasma concentration. Quantitative recoveries and good precision and accuracy were obtained. The limit of quantitation were 0.045 μg/ml for both enantiomers and for the metyrapone. Chirality 14:731–735, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real‐time tumor‐tracking radiation therapy for lung carcinoma by the aid of insertion of a gold marker using bronchofiberscopy
Authors: Harada Toshiyuki , Shirato Hiroki , Ogura Shigeaki , Oizumi Satoshi , Yamazaki Koichi , Shimizu Shinichi , Onimaru Rikiya , Miyasaka Kazuo , Nishimura Masaharu , Dosaka‐Akita Hirotoshi
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The authors developed fluoroscopic real‐time tumor‐tracking radiation therapy (RTRT) by insertion of a gold marker using bronchofiberscopy to reduce uncertainties in organ motion and set‐up error in external radiotherapy for moving tumors. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate RTRT's feasibility in lung carcinoma treatment.

METHODS

The three‐dimensional position of a 1.0‐2.0 mm gold marker in or near the tumor was detected by two sets of fluoroscopies every 0.03 seconds. The treatment beam was gated to irradiate the tumor only when the position of the marker coincided with its planned position using the RTRT system. Bronchofiberscopic equipment for insertion of the marker into the lung tumor was developed and used for 20 lung tumors in 18 patients. Patients were given high dose hypofractionated focal irradiation (35–48 Gy in 4–8 fractions in 4–10 days) with a planning target volume margin of 5 mm for the tumor.

RESULTS

The markers were successfully inserted and maintained at the inserted position during and after the radiotherapy in 14 (88%) of 16 peripheral‐type lung tumors and in none of four central‐type lung tumors, indicating that this method of RTRT was not feasible for central‐type lung tumors. Tracking of the marker was successfully performed in 1 of 2 tumors with a 1.0 mm marker and in all of 12 tumors with a 1.5–2.0 mm marker. On the whole, 13 (65%) of the 20 tumors were successfully treated with RTRT. Local tumor control was achieved and maintained for all 12 patients (13 tumors), who were treated with RTRT, with a median followup of 9 months (range, 5–15). Localized radiation pneumonitis was found radiographically at the lung volume that was irradiated with about 20 Gy, without symptoms in all but one patient.

CONCLUSIONS

The insertion of a gold marker into or near peripheral‐type lung tumors using bronchofiberscopy is a feasible and safe technique. Excellent initial response and low incidence of clinical complications suggest that the high dose hypofractionated focal irradiation using the RTRT system can be a good local treatment for peripheral‐type lung tumors. Cancer 2002;95:1720–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10856
Inhibition of proliferation in human MNNG/HOS osteosarcoma and SK‐ES‐1 Ewing sarcoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo by antagonists of growth hormone‐releasing hormone
Authors: Braczkowski Ryszard , Schally Andrew V. , Plonowski Artur , Varga Jozsef L. , Groot Kate , Krupa Magdalena , Armatis Patricia
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Antagonists of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GH‐RH) can inhibit the proliferation of various tumors either indirectly through the suppression of the pituitary growth hormone/hepatic insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) axis and the lowering of serum IGF‐I concentration or directly by reducing the levels of IGF‐I and IGF‐II and their mRNA expression in tumors and blocking the effect of autocrine GH‐RH. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of the GH‐RH antagonist JV‐1‐38 on MNNG/HOS human osteosarcoma and SK‐ES‐1 human Ewing sarcoma cell lines.

METHODS

Male nude mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of MNNG/HOS or SK‐ES‐1 tumors were treated subcutaneously with JV‐1‐38 at a dose of 20 μg twice daily for 4 weeks. The concentrations of IGF‐I and IGF‐II in serum and in tumor tissue were measured by radioimmunoassay. Tumor and liver levels of mRNA for IGF‐I and IGF‐II were determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effects of JV‐1‐38, IGF‐I, and IGF‐II on cell proliferation in vitro were evaluated.

RESULTS

GH‐RH antagonist significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the tumor volume and tumor weight of MNNG/HOS and SK‐ES‐1 tumors by > 50% after 4 weeks and increased tumor doubling time. JV‐1‐38 lowered the serum IGF‐I level, decreased the expression of mRNA for IGF‐I in the liver, and significantly (P < 0.05–0.01) reduced the concentration of IGF‐II and mRNA levels for IGF‐II in both sarcomas. The concentration of IGF‐I was lowered only in SK‐ES‐1 tumors. In vitro, the proliferation of SK‐ES‐1 and MNNG/HOS cells was inhibited by JV‐1‐38 and by antisera to IGF‐I and IGF‐II.

CONCLUSIONS

The inhibition of MNNG/HOS osteosarcoma and SK‐ES‐1 Ewing sarcoma by GH‐RH antagonists was linked to a suppression of IGF‐II production in tumors. However, in SK‐ES‐1 tumors, the effects on IGF‐I also may be involved. Cancer 2002;95:1735–45. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10865
Conventional hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Espat N. Joseph , Lewis Jonathan J. , Leung Denis , Woodruff James M. , Antonescu Christina R. , Shia Jingu , Brennan Murray F.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a rare vascular tumor, and pathologic distinction from synovial sarcoma and solitary fibrous tumor is a significant problem due to shared histologic features. In the current report the authors defined the clinical behavior and prognosis for patients with HPC.

METHODS

Between July 1982 and February 1998, 62 patients with a diagnosis of primary, recurrent, or metastatic HPC were identified from a prospectively maintained database. The pathology of all cases for which material was available (57 cases) was re‐reviewed for histologic confirmation of the HPC diagnosis. Using strict pathologic criteria, including immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, tumors from 25 of 57 patients qualified for the diagnosis of conventional hemangiopericytoma; those tumors formed the basis of the current report. Survival was determined by the Kaplan‐Meier method.

RESULTS

At the time of initial presentation, 19 patients had primary tumors, 3 had locally recurrent disease, and 3 had metastatic disease. The most frequent anatomic sites for HPC were the extremities, the pelvis, and the head and neck, accounting for 80% of the total cases. The median followup (n = 25) was 49 months (range, 1 to 160 months). The two and five year overall survival rates (n = 25) were 93% and 86% respectively. The disease‐specific survival was 86% at last followup. Patients undergoing complete resection (n = 16) showed a 100% median survival at 60 months.

CONCLUSIONS

At present, complete tumor resection for patients with conventional HPC is recommended. However, considering the favorable outcome in this disease, the authors caution against performing operations that may potentially cause loss of function or are limb threatening. Cancer 2002;95:1746–51. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10867
Resources and use of the intensive care unit in patients who undergo surgery for ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Brooks Sandra E. , Ahn Jeonghoon , Mullins C. Daniel , Baquet Claudia R.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to determine the association of age, comorbid illness, and length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) in women who underwent oophorectomy for ovarian carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors conducted a population‐based analysis of all women with a primary or secondary diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma who underwent oophorectomy between 1994–1999. Chi‐square tests and Student t tests were used to determined differences in means or proportions. Multivariate regression methods were used to build predictive models.

RESULTS

Of 8109 women who were admitted, 1412 women underwent oophorectomy, 1045 of 1412 women (74%) underwent hysterectomy, 325 of 1412 women (23%) underwent intestinal surgery, and 296 of 1412 women (21%) were admitted to the ICU. Overall (± standard deviation) LOS was 8.3 days ± 6.90 days, and the total charges were $16,675 ± $15,590 (1999 dollars). Patients who underwent intestinal surgery were older (62.5 years vs. 57.1 years; P = 0.01), had a longer LOS (11.62 days vs. 7.33 days; P = 0.01), had a longer ICU stay (1.15 days vs. 0.58 days; P = 0.01), and had a higher mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (16.01 vs. 8.73; P = 0.01) compared with patients who did not undergo intestinal surgery. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age, intestinal surgery, CCI, ICU stay, and African‐American race were associated with LOS and contributed indirectly to total charges, whereas age and ICU say were the two most important direct determinants of total charges.

CONCLUSIONS

Advancing age, ICU stay, intestinal surgery, African‐American race, and comorbid illness were the most prominent predictors of LOS, whereas age and ICU stay were the most important factors predicting total charges in women who underwent oophorectomy for ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:1457–62. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10872
A Phase I/II trial of concurrent docetaxel and radiation after induction chemotherapy in patients with poor prognosis squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Tishler Roy B. , Norris Charles M. , Colevas A. Dimitrios , Lamb Carolyn C. , Karp Daniel , Busse Paul M. , Nixon Asa , Frankenthaler Robert , Lake‐Willcutt Bernadette , Costello Rosemary , Case Maryann , Posner Marshall R.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The authors conducted a Phase I/II study in patients with a poor prognosis who had locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and who were treated initially with induction chemotherapy. Patients were treated with weekly docetaxel and concurrent daily fractionated radiation therapy to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of docetaxel and the efficacy of the regimen.

METHODS

Twenty‐two patients were enrolled, and 21 patients were treated. Eight patients had Stage III SCCHN, and 13 patients had Stage IV SCCHN without distant metastases and were treated first with 2‐3 cycles of induction chemotherapy, which consisted of cisplatin plus 5‐fluorouracil with or without leucovorin. Patients with a poor prognosis were identified as those who achieved a partial response to induction treatment, achieved a complete response with a positive biopsy, or were at high risk for developing recurrent disease. Patients were treated subsequently with concurrent, escalating doses of docetaxel (given weekly × 6) and once daily 200‐centigray radiation fractions.

RESULTS

Three patients were treated with a weekly docetaxel dose of 20 mg/m2 without dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT). Both patients who were treated at the next dose level of 30 mg/m2 experienced DLT. A dose of 25 mg/m2 was studied without DLT in the 16 patients who were treated, establishing this as the MTD. Sixty‐seven percent of the patients are alive without disease at a median follow‐up of 35 months (range, 12–59 months) after the initiation of chemoradiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The MTD of weekly docetaxel with concurrent daily radiation therapy in the postinduction setting was 25 mg/m2. Disease free survival data from this study were good and indicated that this regimen was effective in the treatment of patients with SCCHN who had a poor prognosis. Cancer 2002;95:1472–81. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10873
The ultrastructural organization of the patch matrix compartments in the human striatum
Authors: Roberts Rosalinda C. , Knickman Joy K.
Published: October 2002

The mammalian striatum is a heterogeneous structure characterized by striosomes and matrix. The synaptic organization of the striatum has been described previously in various mammalian species including human; however, potential ultrastructural differences in striosomal organization have not been well studied. Samples (n = 7) of striatal tissue were obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection (mean age, 37.7 ± 9.4 years; and mean PMI, 5.3 ± 1.4 hours). Tissue was prepared for calbindin immunocytochemistry to identify striosomal (patch) and extrastriosomal matrix (matrix) compartments and subsequently prepared for electron microscopy. Synaptic density was determined, using stereologic methods, for all synapses combined and for various subsets of synapses such as asymmetric, symmetric, axospinous, axodendritic, and perforated in the patch and matrix of the caudate (CP, CM) and putamen (PP, PM). An ANOVA revealed significant between‐group (CP, CM, PP, PM) differences (P < 0.05) for the following types of synapses: total combined, asymmetric, axospinous, and asymmetric axospinous. Each of these four types was significantly increased in density in the CP vs the PP, whereas the matrix (CM vs PM) showed no significant differences in density in these or other synapses. In the caudate (CP vs CM), the synaptic density of the types of synapses studied did not vary significantly between the patch and the matrix. In the putamen, the matrix (PM) had higher synaptic densities than that of the patches (PP) for total synapses, symmetric dendritic, and perforated. These data show that the patch and matrix compartments are heterogeneous at the ultrastructural level, imparting another level of complexity to the striatum—a fact that should be taken into consideration when studying diseases of this brain region at the electron microscopic level. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:128–138, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.