bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language Preference and Selection during Nurse-Patient Service Encounter at Adeoyo Teaching Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan
Authors: Robbin Anjola
Published: September 2023

This study examines language preference and selection during nurse-patient service encounters as well as the motivations and effectiveness of such selection by nurses at Adeoyo Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. The study adopted quantitative and descriptive research using a self-designed questionnaire administered to a sample population of fifty (50) nurses selected using stratified random sampling. The data assessing the four phases of nurse-patient service encounters was analyzed using simple percentages and then subjected to a descriptive analysis using Peplau's (1997) Theory of Interpersonal Relations and Giles' (1991) Communication Accommodation Theory. The study finds that language preference at the orientation phase of the nurse-patient service encounters was Yoruba (20%), Yoruba and English Language (56%), while only (24%) opted for the use of the English Language. During the identification and exploitation phases, (86%) adopted the Yoruba language, while (4%) and (10%) adopted English and Nigerian Pidgin English (NPE), respectively. During the resolution phase (80%) adopted the Yoruba Language, while (16%) and (4%) used the English Language and NPE, respectively. Language preference by nurses at the different phases of service encounter, therefore, is Yoruba followed English and then NPE during healthcare provision. Nurses’ motivations for converging or diverging to and from the patients’ preferred language were on the grounds of faster healthcare delivery (96%), emotional stability of the patients (96%), level of education (100%), prestige (64%),  ease of communication and comprehension (99%), detailed information (88%), language preference (62%), and patient’s language competence(62%). The Yoruba language was found to be effective during orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution phases of nurse-patient service encounters as it was considered to depict nurses as emphatic (80%),  achieve delivery of patient-centred healthcare (88%), a more coordinated service delivery (84%), effective patient evaluation as well implementation of treatment (98%). Yoruba was also found to keep patients emotionally stable (96%) and ensure effective follow-up of healthcare delivery (100%). The study has shown that linguistic affiliation by the selection of patient’s language preference, which is often the use of the Yoruba language, was found to be effective in ensuring effective health care before, during, and the follow-up care of patient-nurse service encounters at Adeoyo Teaching Hospital. It is suggested that linguistic orientation for better healthcare delivery should be mandated in the healthcare sector. Research on language preference during service encounters among nurses and their patient interaction in the hospital from the viewpoint of the patients is also suggested.
Cơ chế tác động tới ý định tiếp tục sử dụng sách điện tử: Vai trò trung gian của sự hài lòng
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Vân , Lưu Thị Thùy Dương , Nguyễn Hoàng Việt
Published: September 2023

Nghiên cứu này đã tích hợp mô hình xác nhận - kỳ vọng (ECM) và lý thuyết lan tỏa đổi mới (DIT) để điều tra và dự đoán yếu tố tác động tới hành vi của người dùng sách điện tử giai đoạn sau chấp nhận và nhấn mạnh về vai trò trung gian của sự hài lòng trong mối quan hệ giữa lợi thế tương đối và thói quen tới ý định tiếp tục sử dụng - được coi là khoảng trống chưa được giải quyết trong các nghiên cứu trước đây về sách điện tử. Một cuộc khảo sát đã được thực hiện với 555 sinh viên tại Hà Nội và kết quả đã ủng hộ cho hầu hết các giả thuyết nghiên cứu, chỉ trừ giả thuyết về lợi thế tương đối tác động trực tiếp tới ý định tiếp tục sử dụng. Trên cơ sở đó, một số thảo luận và hàm ý giải pháp đã được đưa ra đối với các nhà cung ứng nhằm tăng cường hành vi sử dụng sách của người đọc.
Criminological characteristics the identity of a violent criminal (on the example of convicted persons in the Republic of Belarus)
Authors: Tereshchenko Tat’yana
Published: September 2023

The article is devoted to the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators and structural components of the personality of a violent criminal. The relevance of the topic under consideration is determined by the need to build a coherent policy of countering violent crime, including penitentiary violent crime in conditions of isolation of a person from society. Based on the generalization of data obtained from the materials of criminal cases, as well as the results of the survey of respondents, it became possible to structure a typical portrait of the personality of a criminal who commits violent crimes and hooliganism. In addition, the features of the personality of a violent criminal in dynamics are revealed, taking into account his socio-demographic, criminal-legal, socio-role and moral-psychological properties. The information obtained can be used as the basis for individual preventive measures.
Tufan Mitosu Üzerine Arkeolojik Bir Yaklaşım
Authors: KEKEÇ Engin
Published: September 2023

Amerika’daki Maya ve Aztek efsanelerinden Avustralya Aborijinlerin efsanelerine kadar uzanan büyük bir selle ilgili en eski belgelerin Mezopotamya’da bulunmuş olması, felaketin başlangıç noktası olarak buraya işaret etmektedir. Bu olayın tarihsel bir gerçeğe dayanıp dayanmadığını anlamak, çalışmanın esas amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bunun için paleoiklimsel ve paleocoğrafi araştırmaların sonuçları, kazısı yapılan arkeolojik yerleşimlerdeki selle ilişkili katmanlar, gemicilik ve denizcilikle ilgili arkeolojik ve filolojik verilerle çivi yazılı tabletlerdeki ilgili bölümler karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Buzullardan alınan karotlarla Kuzey ve Güney Mezopotamya’daki bazı kentlerin kazıları sırasında saptanan kalın alüvyal dolgular, farklı dönemlerde iklimsel değişikliklerin veya afetlerin gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Fakat bunu, Tevrat’ta bahsedildiği gibi tüm karayı ve onun üstündeki yaşamı sular altında bırakacak ölçüde bir tufan yerine, küresel ısınma ve soğuma süreçlerine bağlı olarak gerçekleşen daha küçük afetler olarak dikkate almak gerekmektedir. Holosen’deki en sert mevsim değişimleri dahi dikkate alındığında, bulunduğu alana göre nispi yüksekliği ortalama 4300 m olan Ağrı Dağı veya etrafına göre ortalama 1000 m yüksekte bulunan Cudi’yi yutacak bir sel felaketinden bahsetmek mümkün görünmemektedir. Böyle bir sel felaketi mümkün olsa dahi, bu olayla ilgili ilk filolojik verilerin oluşturulduğu dönemde (MÖ 3. binyıl) ve ötesine giden gemicilik tarihinde Nuh’un gemisiyle karşılaştırılabilecek büyüklükte ve dayanıklılıkta bir geminin mevcut olmadığı arkeolojik ve filolojik olarak söylenebilmektedir.
Son Dönem Araştırmaları Işığında Erzurum Ovası Karaz Kültürü’ne Dair Gözlemler
Authors: ALTUNKAYNAK Gülşah
Published: September 2023

Anadolu’nun en yüksek yerleşim alanlarından biri olan Erzurum Ovası, uzun arkeolojik sürecinde, topraklarında geliştirdiği kültürlere dair gizemini önemli ölçüde korumaktadır. Bu kültürlerden nispeten en iyi bilineni, bölgeye özgü adıyla “Karaz Kültürü”dür. Az sayıdaki erken dönem kazılarından elde edilen veriler, son dönemde yapılan kurtarma kazılarından gelen sonuçlarla birleştirildiğinde, ovanın III. Bin Karaz yerleşimlerine dair somut tanımlara ulaşılmıştır. Son 20 yılda Boru Hattı Projeleri kapsamında yapılan BTC (Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan Petrol Boru Hattı) ve TANAP (Trans Anadolu Doğalgaz Boru Hattı) kurtarma kazıları ve surveyler, pek çok yeni yerleşim yerinin tespit edilmesini, birçoğunun da kazılarak, kültürel mirasa dâhil edilmesini sağlamıştır. Özellikle TANAP Projesi kazıları, ovanın III. bin kültürlerini, hem arkeolojik hem de sosyo kültürel açıdan daha iyi tanımlamayı sağlamıştır. TANAP Projesi kapsamında Tasmasor II/Çayırtepe, ve Alaybeyi Höyükleri’nde kurtarma kazıları yapılmış; III. Binin bölgedeki simgesi olan Karaz Kültürü’nün geç ve erken evrelerinin genel özellikleri belli başlıklar altında daha detaylı incelenmiştir. Özellikle Alaybeyi Höyük kurtarma kazıları neticesinde, şimdiye dek bölgedeki en fazla Karaz mezarına ulaşılmış, yapılan antropolojik değerlendirmeler ile kültürün dağlık bölge insanlarının sosyo kültürel yaşamı ve ölü gömme gelenekleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinilmiştir. Arkeolojik ve antropolojik veriler genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, III. Binde Erzurum Ovası kültürlerinin, çağdaşı olan komşu kültürlerle bağlantılı ancak bölgesel ve coğrafi yapısının da etkisiyle bu yüksek yaylalarda, daha sakin, barışçıl köylerle tanımlanabilecek özellikler yansıttığı anlaşılmaktadır. Son dönem kazıları genel anlamda III. Bin kültürlerini oluşturan toplumların, ölü gömme gelenekleri, kadın figürinleri ve ocakları ile toplumsal yaşama dair özgün sonuçlar vermiş; kazı ve araştırmaların artmasıyla bölgesel ölçekte Karaz Kültürü’nün farklı yönlerinin ortaya çıkacağını göstermiştir.
Scottish Philosophy’s Progress
Authors: Graham Gordon
Published: September 2023

In an inaugural lecture delivered at St Andrews in 1891, Sir Henry Jones raised questions about the possibility of progress in philosophy explicitly re-opening doubts to which Hume had given memorable expression 150 years before. This chapter charts the remarkable extent to which, beginning with Thomas Brown, each generation of Scottish philosophers in the 19th century was initially hailed as one of brilliant originality, only to be decried as profoundly mistaken in the next. Given this history, the chapter seeks to articulate a conception of philosophical inquiry in which progressive development possible. It rejects any conception of progress modelled on the natural sciences, and turns instead to music and the arts.
Times Past and Passing Time at the Cinema
Authors: Coates Jennifer
Published: September 2023

Postwar Japan as a particular historical location is explored through the viewers’ memories that are analysed in Chapter 3. The film theatre is literally a place to spend time, but film content also inspires viewers to situate their memories in a particular time and place, for example during or after wartime. For the younger generation of participants in this study, born in the 1950s, Shōwa era cinema (1926-1989) provided a sense of a connection to parents’ and older family members. This is also true of the earlier generation, who described a sense of achieving a deeper understanding of their early childhood years during wartime by watching films set in that era. The use of repeated viewing as a way to manipulate or even freeze personal time reveals a mode of engaging with cinema as a memory aid, linked to place and family. The second part of Chapter 3 posits the sense of a memory fostered by cinema viewership as a kind of “prosthetic memory” (Landsberg 2004) which allows viewers born into the defeat and aftermath of Japan’s wars to find a personal mode of engaging with the events that shaped their early lives.
Introducing the ‘Curious Cleric’: James Fraser and the Early Modern Scottish Highlands
Authors: Worthington David
Published: September 2023

This introduction presents the outline of a new interpretation of Scottish Highland history in the century prior to the Battle of Culloden in 1746. It does so by considering the revealing autobiographical sources left by Fraser. Despite significant historiographical breakthroughs, which are considered in detail, the entire period can still appear enigmatic in the history of the region. However, this introduction presents a different side to the Highlands during Fraser’s lifetime. No primary sources are objective, as the case of Fraser makes abundantly clear. It is our task as historians to interrogate, critique and interpret them for a broader audience, and, where the evidence from them supports it, to convey their meaning and significance. In this case, the evidence is overwhelmingly autobiographical, thus, of course, fallible and yet simultaneously original and informative, and so the approach taken is to deal with both historical facts and memory. It is for these reasons that the biographical method is outlined as the best and most accessible one, the objective being to provide a new pathway into the world of the Highlands as it was before Culloden.
The Minister: Fraser’s Influence on Kirkhill Parish and Community
Authors: Worthington David
Published: September 2023

One enduring element in Fraser’s worldview, mirroring that of the early modern Scottish kirk of his time, is his perspective on the witch-hunt. In Kirkhill, specifically, women died in appalling circumstances as a result of persecution of those assumed to be witches during Fraser’s ministry. From there, the chapter looks to provide an overview of Fraser’s career as a cleric, both before and after the ‘Glorious Revolution’. At a superficial level, from being a model minister of the established kirk from 1661, with the arrival in England of William of Orange in 1688, the Scottish Parliament’s signing of the Claim of Right in 1689, and the finalising of the ‘Revolution settlement’ in 1690, he moved to the edges, becoming wrapped up thereafter in a newly-subversive, Jacobite-sympathising community. The chapter considers just how effective Fraser was as an episcopalian minister, both from 1661-88, and, even more enigmatically, from 1688/90 until his death in 1709.
Philippe Grandrieux’s Forest-matter: A Multisensory Place
Authors: Maury Corinne
Published: September 2023

In films, forests are often offered as landscapes to be contemplated or sceneries upon which the fantasies of the living are projected. This chapter demonstrates that forests can also represent completely different places. In Philippe Grandrieux’s movie Un Lac, the forest is a unifying place where, thanks to the voluptuously textured, highly mobile images, an organic fraternity is established between animals, humans and plants. The haptic powers of the camera that, in its motions, touches and caresses these heterogeneous singularities, follows a binding trajectory that creates a dermal alterity. This chapter analyses how Philippe Grandrieux instils a fluidity that favours the spreading out offorms, rather than their scaling. It is, in a way, a choreography of sensations. This chapter demonstrates that Grandrieux shows the power of the forest as a liberating form of dance, as a stimulating, nurturing, expansive network that allows bodies and senses to interact.
Naomi Kawase’s The Mourning Forest: The March of Bodies, the Spiritual Journey
Authors: Maury Corinne
Published: September 2023

This chapter demonstrates that in Naomi Kawase’s The Mourning Forest the forest is an energizing land, an initiatory place where the two characters can exorcize, through contact with the natural elements, the psychological wounds that had lain hidden until then. Based in particular on Augustin Berque's book Le sauvage et l'artifice, this chapter shows that there is no hierarchy, whereby humans would submit to nature; instead, what gradually unfolds is the birth of a “mesologic relationship”. In The Mourning Forest, the forest becomes a fortress both real and imagined, inside which the act of walking becomes a sacred, active form of immobility. The chapter concludes that in this film, the forest becomes a spiritual reserve, a place where the dead can be summoned, where a different relationship to mortality can be achieved.
Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub: The ‘Sacred Sobriety’ of the Undergrowth
Authors: Maury Corinne
Published: September 2023

In the films of Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub, elements of the landscape grant reality to words, they give life to literary texts. Therefore, filmmaking for them demands that they listen, that they let in, within the rigidity of the screen frame, all of nature’s sobriety, its fragility and its generosity, that they welcome its presence. This chapter analyses how the discovery of the woods and the ravine near Buti (Tuscany) in 1999 changed the relationship of the two filmmakers to place: the ancient stones and the heroic ruins are now forever linked to their debut. This chapter analyses how the two filmmakers compose in Buti Ravine visual hymns that salute the great unity of nature as an awakening.
Pasolini’s Wastelands
Authors: Maury Corinne
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses peri-urban spaces, for example the Pigneto district in Accattone, and Cecafumo in Mamma Roma. Weeds, huge mounds of dirt, architectural remains or ruins of the past: Pasolini’s vacant lots are undefined, abandoned spaces. They may be disorganized, but they are also territories where ruins and wastelands, past and future coexist. This chapter emphasizes that it is therefore not apt to associate exclusively the vacant lot, in Pasolini, with notions of disappearance and dereliction. This chapter invokes the notion of the “non-place” (Marc Augé) and shows that in Mamma Roma, the wasteland that is the central location of the film does not amount to a non-place. Pasolini establishes a cinematographically balanced situation, wherein humans and places stand in perceptual equality – and the wasteland is the fulcrum: its function is to be a daily landmark, rather than an occasional crossing point.
Béla Tarr: Waiting behind Barricades
Authors: Maury Corinne
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses Béla Tarr’s demonic trilogy (Damnation, Sátántangó and Werckmeister Harmonies), and the follow-up film The Turin Horse. It shows that waiting is represented as a disintegrating experience, as a confrontation with the indifferent and stolid power of places. As they wait, the characters are stuck and forced to remain ‘nowhere’. In both Damnation and Sátántangó, windows function paradoxically: they open the way yet block it at the same time; they transform the infinity of the outside world into a restrictive, archaic, miserable interior. This chapter further shows that places, in Tarr’s works, are damaged by fissures, they are frozen, incongruous, corrupted amalgamations of decay. Places are noteworthy because of the defects, the powerlessness, the degradation they reveal – yet these negative elements, paradoxically, become a characteristic, a quality that makes them real.
Photographs from the Heart of Darkness: The Congo Atrocities
Authors: Stiegler Bernd
Published: September 2023

Conan Doyle played an important role in the public criticism of Belgian King Leopold II's cruel and murderous colonial policy in the Congo. In his book The Crime of the Congo, Conan Doyle regularly incorporates shock-photos which, in terms of the history of photography, certainly belong to some of the earliest known. Here the photographs function as both a photographic source of enlightenment and a convincing body of evidence.
A Fairy Tale of Science: The Lost World
Authors: Stiegler Bernd
Published: September 2023

Conan Doyle's novel The Lost World imagines an area of this earth – plateaus in South America – where dinosaurs have survived. Professor Challenger, the novel's protagonist, undertakes an expedition to explore these ‘tepui’. The novel was illustrated with photographs by Conan Doyle to make it plausible as ‘scientific fiction’.
Photographs from the Shadowy Realm: Photography and Spiritualism
Authors: Stiegler Bernd
Published: September 2023

Conan Doyle has an exceptionally broad oeuvre consisting of books, pamphlets, stories and numerous smaller publications of letters from readers, as well as reams of articles, all of which are dedicated to the broad topic of spiritualism. Beginning with the end of the second decade of the twentieth century, and right up to his death, Conan Doyle mounted a veritable spiritualist campaign that involved lecture tours throughout Europe, the United States, and also Australia and New Zealand, in order to convince the world of what he held to be the most important event since the death of Jesus nearly two thousand years before. This chapter explores the strategic function of photography in these contexts.
Bilingualism: Palestinians in Hebrew
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter investigates the writing in Hebrew by Palestinians through two models of the attitude to the culture of the majority. Literary bilingualism is not uncommon in societies where a minority culture evolves alongside or within a majority culture, but in Israel this minority culture has been since 1948 under constant threat from the majority culture—Arabic is not only the mother tongue of the Palestinians, it is the very embodiment of the minority’s struggle to defend and preserve its religious and cultural heritage. This explains why the phenomenon of Palestinians writing in Hebrew generally has remained limited to Arab writers belonging to the Druze and Christian minorities and took on some significance only in the 1980s, when Anton Shammās, who is a Christian, and Na‘īm ‘Arāyidī, who was Druze, began to make a name for themselves in Hebrew. Only a small number of Palestinian authors and poets have followed them and now write in Hebrew in addition to Arabic—in rare cases, Palestinian writers write only in Hebrew.
Pluralism: Arabs of Mosaic Faith
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter surveys the literary writing of Jews in Arabic throughout the history of Arabic literature, even before the rise of Islam, and concludes with the demise of this writing today. Judeo-Muslim symbiosis began at the very birth of Islam, in which process the Jews played an important role; the Qur’ān provides a solid testimony to this. Arab Jews had an intimate knowledge of the holy book of Islam and its source texts, and they would play an active role in shaping medieval Arab-Muslim civilization by serving as an intermediate link between Hellenistic-Roman civilization and modern civilization. Medieval Arab-Muslim civilization was to be an admixture of cultural elements; it would invariably manifest pre-Islamic roots alongside the Islamic religion itself, as well as a basis in Greek humanism and in various cultural elements of the ancient heritage of the Near East. Therefore, it is not mere coincidence that the flowering of Jewish culture in the Arab world should occur at the very time that Islamic civilization was at its apogee.
Demise: The Last of the Mohicans
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter deals with the activities of one of the most prominent among the Arab-Jewish writers, Isḥāq Bār-Moshe, whose literary works consist of two main branches with different generic, thematic, and stylistic preferences: for the expression of his general social, existential, and philosophical views, he employed the genre of the short story, with an obvious inclination toward psychological insights. His short stories generally reflect universal concepts and tend to reveal the inner nature of human beings; they are mostly well removed from any specific time and place, and when read in translation hardly point to the ethnic, religious, or national identity of the author. Bār-Moshe’s novels—the semi-autobiographical novels or memoirs—are used for the recollection of the author’s life in Iraq and for expressing his views regarding the last stage of the Iraqi-Jewish community. The fictional framework is constructed on solid historical material in a way that enables the reader to see the books as an alternative history to the events described from the point of view of an Iraqi Jew living in Israel. Bār-Moshe, whose literary career began in the early 1970s, was one of the last Jewish writers in Arabic.
Epilogue “Trailed Travellers”: Between Fiction, Meta-Fiction, and History
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The Epilogue refers to the two core issues around which the present book revolves, the Nakba as an ongoing process of uprooting, permanent persecution, and displacement of the Palestinians, on the one hand, and the contemporary demise of Arab-Jewish identity and culture, on the other hand. The aim is to look at both processes, but mainly the second one that suffers from a lack of scholarly attention, sometimes even denial out of populist considerations, through the examination of the relationship between fiction, meta-fiction, and history.
Glory: Baghdad in Verse
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter is about the role that Baghdad has played in Arabic poetry since its foundation in 762 ad and throughout the history of Arabic literature. The glorious image of the city perched on both banks of the Tigris ignited the imagination of subsequent generations of poets to carve it in verse and enshrine it in the mantle of universal myth. During several periods, Baghdad became known for its remarkable religious tolerance, multicultural cosmopolitan atmosphere, and peaceful cohabitation between all components of the local society. There were also periods when Baghdad claimed attention because of its dramatic decline and disintegration (such as following the destruction of the city in 1258 by Hulagu), as well as for being a theater for bloody wars (such as during the American-led occupation in 2003). The sway of Baghdad, the fabled city of Hārūn al-Rashīd and the enchanted land of A Thousand and One Nights, continues to capture the imagination of successive generations of poets, writers, and artists the world over. Neither East nor West seems immune to its irresistible charm.
Self-image: Between “Decadence” and Renaissance
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter concentrates on the self-image of Arabic literature against the background of its relationship with the West. The chapter deals as well with the relationship between modern and classical Arabic literature, which is essential to our understanding of the nature of the contemporary Arabic literary system. Considering the modern Arabic literary system as a new creation means accepting the view that Arabic literature prior to the nineteenth century had somehow collapsed and been abandoned by its own community, as though the Arabs during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries had in one way or another exchanged all or parts of their culture for another. Besides being a target for other literatures and cultures, Arabic and Islamic literature and culture were also important sources of inspiration for certain cultures. Two major examples of reciprocal interference between Arabic and Western literatures in the twentieth century and at the start of the twenty-first century are Arabic and English, and Arabic and French.
Existentialism: The Frightened Mouse
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter discusses the significant impact of Franz Kafka on Arabic literary writing, not least because his work is torn between his conviction that the tragic fate of human existence is determined and his frustrated desire to change it. Between the lines, we meet the nostalgia for a lost paradise, or the concept of God, even if this God is not the same God for which “religious” people yearn. Kafka and many Arab writers share the feeling of hope, since it is not contradictory for fundamentally existentialist writing to find cause for hope. The major impact of Kafka on Arab writers has been in the area of fiction as is illustrated, for example, in the writing of Najīb Maḥfūẓ and Ṣunʽ Allāh Ibrāhīm, but here I explore his impact on Arabic poetry, discussing the inspiration that the Egyptian poet Ṣalāḥ ‘Abd al-Ṣabūr drew from Kafka. Both of them meet within the context of twentieth-century existentialism, sharing some kind of vision of the condition and existence of man, his place and function in the world, and his relation to God.
Reception: Stream of Consciousness
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: September 2023

The chapter deals with the process of reception of Western authors in Arabic literature as a process of indirect interference—that is, their writings were not accessed directly by agents of Arabic literature but by intermediaries, especially by translators. The case of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe is highly instructive in this respect, as its translation into Arabic in the nineteenth century was one of the factors that helped to shape the norms of the emerging Arabic novel. It was then that such European literary models as the novel and the short story were “imported” into Arabic literature, although one can hardly agree that it was only import that brought about the rise of Arabic fiction. There is surprisingly limited research on the contemporary Arab literary scene as to Western borrowings or interference. “Stream of consciousness” is a salient example—it is clearly present in Arabic literature by the 1960s, but no one has so far followed its trajectory from West to East. In this chapter, I discuss the reception of Virginia Woolf in Arabic literature, which later opened the way for Arab authors to write original fiction in her spirit.
Field Methodology
Authors: Trousdale William B. , Allen Mitchell
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the field methodology used by the Helmand Sistan Project. Conducted in the 1970s, at the early moments of the New Archaeology in North America, our survey and excavation techniques were a mix of traditional and newer methods. With the contract to cover an area of 40,000 square km, the project was selective in its work, largely focusing on the area of the Sar-o-Tar basin east of the Helmand River delta. Difficulties in doing survey work included the extreme weather, extensive beds of sand dunes, modern development, the extensive damage to sites done by Sistani winds, and the difficulty in defining a site in the forest of ancient remains. The 11 excavations conducted ranged from clearance of sand from standing buildings, to more stratigraphic excavations, to vertical trenches through two large stratified mounds. Materials collected for analysis were kept in Afghanistan and are largely lost after 40 years of warfare. Objects photographed and described in the field included coins, inscriptions, ceramics, and other objects that will be described in volume 2 of these reports. Absolute dating methods included coins, inscriptions, and radiocarbon dates from 10 different sites. Relative dates were based on brick size, ceramics, and other objects found.
Sar-o-Tar
Authors: Trousdale William B. , Allen Mitchell
Published: September 2023

This lengthy chapters describes the 103 archaeological sites identified and surveyed by the Helmand Sistan Project in the region of Sar-o-Tar, a flat plain east of the Helmand River delta. These sites date from the Bronze Age to the post-Timurid age. Each site is briefly described in the chapter with its coordinates, its type, its occupation dates(s), and its listing in the 2019 Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan (if any). A brief description of each site is provided based upon our fieldnotes and a brief summary of the material culture found there provided. Photographs of the site are included as are, in many cases, satellite photographs taken in the last decade. Those that had been studied by previous research teams were noted. Sites include numerous towers (burj), mounds, agricultural estates, mausoleums and cemeteries, houses, and fortresses (qala). A series of sites are represented by a collection of jars embedded in the ground surface, probably the sole material remains of preIslamic small farm houses. A modern religious shrine Ziyarat-i Amiran is described both archaeologically and ethnographically.
Catherine of Aragon and a Persistent Golf Myth
Authors: Millar Neil S.
Published: September 2023

It is often stated that the earliest reference to golf being played in England, as opposed to Scotland, is contained within a letter written in 1513 by Queen Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of King Henry VIII. It is a story that has become almost ubiquitous in published golf histories but, as is discussed in this chapter, a reassessment of the original document indicates it to be entirely apocryphal. As a consequence, assumptions about the spread of golf from Scotland to England in the early 1500s must be reassessed. The earliest evidence of golf being played in England occurred some one hundred years later, after the unification of the crowns of Scotland and England in 1603.
Early Golf in Scotland and the Spread of Golf to Other Countries
Authors: Millar Neil S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter summaries evidence indicating that all of the early (fifteenth- and sixteenth-century) written references to golf are to be found in manuscripts relating to Scotland. Also discussed is evidence that it was the Scots who were largely responsible for spreading the game to other parts of the world. This includes evidence of its export by Scots to England and Ireland in the seventeenth century and to other parts of the world in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
The Origin of Golf
Authors: Millar Neil S.
Published: September 2023

The book's final chapter discusses the origins of the game of golf. It is a contentious topic, particularly when considering the question of whether golf may have ancestral links to other early European stick-and-ball games. Evidence is presented of early stick-and-ball games played in Ancient Egypt, Greece and China. However, a central conclusion of the chapter is that that the game of golf took root in Scotland around the beginning of the sixteenth century, where it subsequently flourished, turning into the modern-day game of golf, a sport that is now truly global.
Hannah Arendt, Political Agency and Negative Emotions
Authors: Degerman Dan
Published: September 2023

This chapter begins to develop the theoretical framework of the book, a framework grounded in the political thought of Hannah Arendt. After defining political agency as the capacity to act in concert with other people to shape or respond to public issues, it considers the relationship between political agency and negative emotions. Four features of negative emotions make them vital to political agency. They can motivate us to reflect on the causes of our experiences, drive us to address them, communicate our authentic concern with a particular issue, and help to constitute and sustain social cohesion between political actors. But these features do not have an intrinsically political valence. Often, we take our emotions to be narrowly personal, relating just to ourselves and perhaps our family, friends or colleagues. I argue that one key Arendtian insight about emotions is that emotions must be transformed into public issues to fuel political agency. I then show that this idea about transforming emotions into public issues finds resonances in political thought and activism of the past century.
Maladjusted Patients: The Agency of the User/Survivor Movement
Authors: Degerman Dan
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the factors that shape the political agency of psychiatric service users/survivors. After introducing some major user/survivor groups and organisations, along with notable activities and achievements, I examine how British news media have represented user/survivor groups, highlighting parallels to how US psychiatrists have responded to their critics. I then consider how the appropriation of user/survivor concepts in mainstream policy and mental health affects the political agency of activists and others diagnosed with mental disorder. With some qualifications, I argue that this appropriation can empower these activists by enabling them to make collective and more effective demands on private corporations and public institutions.
“Preposterous Fancies” or a “Plain, Common World”? Queer World-Making in Mary E. Wilkins Freeman’s “The Prism” (1901)
Authors: Champion H. J. E.
Published: September 2023

The short stories of Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman hum with the whispered secrets of the young girls who hop, skip and jump across her pages, sniffing flowers, clutching dolls, and fiddling with patchwork. Freeman wrote for and about young girls with childhood often portrayed as a site of liberated imagination; child’s play a state of possibility; the child a figure of queer potential. This chapter explores expressions of queerness in the short story “The Prism.” The chapter first underlines Freeman’s protagonist Diantha Fielding’s resistance to a traditionally expected linear movement toward marriage, children, and domesticity. It goes on to propose that Diantha’s autonomous pleasure-taking borders on autosexuality as suggested through the unruly tangle of the garden as well as metaphorically through the queer world she is able to conjure up with her prism. Finally, the ambiguous ending and the story’s inconclusiveness allows for a reading of “The Prism” that suggests the possibility of an imagined queer futurity and urges us to ruminate on the ways in which that futurity may be comprised.
The Reign of the Dolls: Violence and the Nonhuman in Mary E. Wilkins Freeman
Authors: Campbell Donna M.
Published: September 2023

This essay analyzes Freeman's treatment of crime, violence, theft, and trauma through characters that act with intimidation or violence to erase the autonomy of their victims in fiction such as "The Reign of the Doll," "The Love of Parson Lord," "Old Woman Magoun," "The Long Arm," and "The Lost Ghost." To emphasize this dehumanization of victims, Freeman employs a nonhuman surrogate, such as a doll or an animal, to encapsulate and signify the trauma or suffering in a way that renders it visible but still palatable to the nineteenth-century reader. Freeman’s treatment of crime shows the ways in which strategies of power and dominance deploy nonhuman surrogates to embody and sometimes to catalyze disruption and violence. Her often-neglected novel Madelon condemns the appropriation of Native American lands by contrasting a doll-like and objectified white character with the more fully realized half-Native titular character, who embodies freedom and anticolonial sentiment in physical violence toward the descendant of colonial settlers.
Hunger Strikes: Queer Naturalism and the Gendering of Solidarity in Mary E. Wilkins Freeman’s The Portion of Labor
Authors: Rogers-Cooper Justin
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the gendering of solidarity in The Portion of Labor, and examines how solidarity extends from women’s queer or romantic relationships. In turn, the essay argues that these relations advance interpretations about the genre of naturalism and conflicts between labor and capital, particularly in the Long Gilded Age. Through the character Ellen Brewster and her role in her working-class community, we learn how emotions work through gendered relationships to open possibilities for labor solidarity in an era of capitalism. These occasions become moments that disrupt capital by catalysing situations for resistance and striking. Ellen’s performative labor as strike leader emerges from queer intimacies and desires which also condition how and when she decides to end the strike that defines the novel’s climax.
Why Mary E. Wilkins Freeman? Why Now? Where Next?
Authors: Zagarell Sandra A.
Published: September 2023

This afterword discusses the character and enduring appeal of Freeman’s artistry, takes stock of scholarship on her, past and present, and identifies several areas for future scholarship. Her essay includes analyses of some of Freeman’s lesser-known work, including Silence and Other Stories and The Portion of Labor, and calls for further attention to Freeman’s novels and her later short stories.
‘Islamic State’ and the Neoliberal War Machine: Power, Resistance and Revolution
Authors: Richards Imogen
Published: September 2023

Revolutionary movements throughout modern history have often mirrored the authoritarian, autocratic, and corrupt state institutions they initially overthrew. Various non-state resistance movements, driven by feminist, post-colonial, labour, and ecological agendas, have been co-opted, diluted, and repurposed in ways that ultimately reinforced the forms of power they originally responded to. From an epistemological viewpoint where ‘terrorism’ represents a form of resistance, albeit frequently characterised by the abuse of power, this chapter explores how the so-called Islamic State (IS) movement reciprocally interacts with its sovereign, state-based, and late capitalist adversaries. In managing territory, employing violence, fundraising, and striving for legitimacy through governance, the chapter builds on the volume’s interpretation of IS as a hybrid revolutionary actor, influenced by both the movement and its counterterrorist opponents’ engagement with the apparatus and demands of a wider neoliberal ‘war machine’. With reference to IS’s statements and behaviour, the chapter discussion begins from the premise that ‘power and resistance’ discourses— spanning debates among liberals, monarchs, and sovereigns, through international colonialism, anarchism, communism, and the emergence of late modern capitalism—have delineated the boundaries of possible opposition to oppressive political, social, and economic conditions.
The Typical Troublemakers: Bolsheviks as Hybrid Revolutionaries
Authors: Ditrych Ondrej , Kul’ková Miroslava , Ščerbak Alexander
Published: September 2023

The Bolsheviks were the first modern revolutionary actor with a truly transnational subjectivity and a global reach, one for whom violence played a crucial role in the enactment of their political utopia. The chapter seeks to make intelligible the Bolshevik revolutionary practice by deploying the conceptual toolbox of the volume inspired by Deleuze and Guattari’s nomadology. It points to the coalescence of a space of spaces and spaces of flows in Bolshevik practice. It attends to key futures in the constitution of the Bolshevik subject, whose genesis it traces to the decades prior to the Red October (1917). It interrogates the Bolsheviks’ hybrid practice following the revolution, its international ‘subject effects’, and similarly a hybrid counterrevolutionary action from a limited armed intervention and occupation combined with support to an array of local actors in the erstwhile Tzardom. By means of these investigations, the chapter seeks to contribute to a more nuanced, theoretically anchored history of (counter-)revolutionary action, demonstrating similarities in the recurrence of a revolutionary practice that is historically contingent yet also deeply embedded in the long durée sociopolitical structures of the Westphalian social time.
The Khomeinists: Between Sedentarisation and Perpetual Revolution
Authors: Koláček Jakub
Published: September 2023

Drawing on the conceptual framework of hybrid revolutionary actors, the chapter examines the case of the Iranian Revolution and the group of revolutionaries around Ruhollah Khomeini, who, after 1979, gained control over the Iranian state. Problematizing the prevailing narrative of the revolution as primarily a domestic affair with only indirect international repercussions, it points out that the contestation of international boundaries and the conventional view of statehood constituted one of the backbones of the revolutionary vision of the “Khomeinists”. On this basis, the chapter focuses on dilemmas faced by the revolutionary actor after it seized state power in both the domestic and international arenas. It shows that despite the general tendency of normalization and “sedentarization” within the Westphalian boundaries over the long run, the original aspiration to upend the established order was never entirely abandoned by the post-revolutionary elite as it co-shaped some of its important policies and decisions. These include those which successfully disrupted statehoods in the region and have led to lasting instances of heteronomy in the regional system. As such, the Khomeinists are presented as one of the primal examples of the hybrid revolutionary agency in the Middle East and a precedent for their successors, not least ISIS.
Iran, Proxy Warfare and the Tradition of State Sovereignty
Authors: Combes deRaismes
Published: September 2023

The ascension of nonstate terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda or ISIS and the consequent “global war on terror” have generated renewed interest in state-sponsored terrorist groups like Hamas and Hezbollah. This latter type of revolutionary actor derives financial, material, or ideological support from a foreign state seeking to tacitly transform affairs beyond its immediate borders. While there is nothing new about such practices, a tension remains between them and conventional notions of sovereign authority. Iran presents an interesting case in this respect by sponsoring groups across the Middle East as a direct challenge to the Western world order while concomitantly embodying and defending its own sovereignty and right to partake in that same order. The second chapter dedicated to Iran’s revolutionary practices interrogates how sovereignty is made intelligible through both its contestation and its policing. Adopting the concept of hybridity, this chapter explores the United States’ discursive response(s) to Iran’s use of proxy warfare by providing a poststructuralist analysis for understanding the current global system and its malcontents.
Funhouse Noir: Escapist Expressionism in Samuel Khachikian’s Delirium
Authors: Khanjani Ramin Sadegh
Published: September 2023

This essay begins with a discussion of critiques the films of Armenian-Iranian director Samuel Khachikian’s films as being removed from Iranian daily life by focusing on the film Delirium (1965) as a box-office and critical failure that resulted in Khachikian’s departure from making crime films for a decade. The essay then moves towards a discussion of the critical acclaim of the film that Khachikian produced the previous year, Strike (1964), and finds that the film owed much of its popularity with critics to the realistic social world of characters involved in crime. The essay argues that, despite its putative failure and the fact that it takes place in a realm far removed from reality with a convoluted plot and a quasi-Gothic setting, Delirium as an exemplar of a larger anti-realist tendency running through Khachikian’s career that both creatively redeploys themes from American film noir and borrows from German Expressionist cinema.
Communist Noir: The Hunt for Hidden Traitors, Saboteurs, Spies, Revisionists and Deviationists in Albania’s Revolutionary Vigilance Films of the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Gashi Jonida
Published: September 2023

This essay expands the boundaries of noirto include what the author proposes as ‘communist noir’ present in Balkan (Albanian) films of the late 1960s through the 1980s. She identifies need for this genre for an analysis of these films not only because they were produced in a communist country and display the stylistic earmarks of American noir, but because they frequently offer a direct challenge to their capitalist counterpart by overturning many of the tropes of classic American noirs. In the essay, the author outlines the defining characteristics of the new genre category through close readings of some of the most well-known revolutionary vigilance films, such as Dhimitër Anagnosti’s Duel i Heshtur (1967), Kristaq Dhamo’s Gjurma (1970), and Saimir Kumbaro’s Gëzhoja e Vjetër (1980).
Ensemble of Experts: Relentless as ‘Nigerian Noir’
Authors: Ryan Connor
Published: September 2023

Since 2008, the Nigerian screen media industry has undergone structural changes that include the development of new distribution platforms, revenue streams, and production practices. This has attracted a small, well-resourced sphere of newcomers with film school training, access to formal finance, a studious familiarity with the stylistic trends of global media, and quite a different vision for Nigerian film. Andy Amadi Okoroafor’s crime film Relentless(2011) serves as an early example of this trend. Drawing on Okoroafor’s public comments and publicity materials, this essay examines the performance of “expertise” by media professionals, especially as training, technique, and taste become important markers of distinction that position a filmmaker apart from mainstream Nollywood. The film itself remakes the cityscape of Lagos as a noir dystopia, stylized after other noir cityscapes around the world. In this sense, I claim Okoroafor produces Lagos as a global cityscape, one in keeping with a film industry seen as moving toward greater global recognition and status.