bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do scavengers prevent or promote disease transmission? The effect of invertebrate scavenging on Ranavirus transmission
Authors: Le Sage Mitchell J. , Towey Bailey D. , Brunner Jesse L.
Published: March 2019

Host–parasite interactions are shaped by the broader web of community interactions, from interspecific competition to predator–prey dynamics. Heterospecific scavengers might also affect parasite transmission from infectious carcasses, which can be an important source of infections for some wildlife diseases.

A robust scavenger community can quickly remove carcasses and tissue and thus prevent secondary transmission by necrophagy or contact with infectious carcasses. Alternatively, by spreading infectious particles and tissues throughout the environment, scavengers may increase rates of casual contact with pathogens and thus overall transmission. However, there has been little empirical consideration of the contrasting roles that scavengers might play in infectious disease dynamics.

We carried out a series of studies to determine the efficiency with which scavenging invertebrates remove carcasses of Long‐toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) larvae and their role in the transmission of frog virus 3 (Genus: Ranavirus, Family: Iridoviridae) from carcasses. We then estimated the functional response of one efficient invertebrate scavenger (Family: Dytiscidae) to increasing carcass densities in field conditions in order to determine the capacity of scavenging invertebrates to consume large amounts of carcass tissue, as may be present at high prevalence sites.

We found that removal of infectious carcasses by scavengers strongly reduced transmission to naïve larvae. Scavengers were as effective at reducing transmission from a carcass as a physical barrier preventing contact with the carcass. There was little evidence that scavenging released sufficient infectious tissues into the water column to rival direct contact as a route of infection. Moreover, while scavenging rates saturated at increasing carcass densities, consistent with a type II functional response, there were sufficient densities of dytiscid larvae, not to mention other scavenging invertebrates, in a surveyed pond to theoretically prevent transmission from carcasses.

Our results suggest that at least in systems in which conspecific necrophagy is common, the scavenger community can play an important role in reducing transmission.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Innovative work behaviour in the public sector: The roles of task characteristics, social support, and proactivity
Authors: Suseno Yuliani , Standing Craig , Gengatharen Denise , Nguyen Diep
Published: March 2019

This study examines the roles of task characteristics, organisational social support, and individual proactivity on innovative work behaviour (IWB) in the public sector. Analysing empirical data from 154 employees from a government agency in Australia, we found that task characteristics, organisational social support, and proactive personality have a positive impact on IWB. Proactive personality is also found to be a moderator in the relationship between task characteristics and IWB. The findings suggest the need to design human resource practices that better identify proactive and innovative job applicants in the recruitment and selection process. Further, we highlight the requirement to organise and design work that recognises the need to develop social support to improve IWB. The implications of the study for further research on IWB are discussed.
Social class background and gender‐(a)typical choices of fields of study in higher education
Authors: Seehuus Sara
Published: March 2019

By employing a Bourdieu‐inspired class scheme that differentiates between classes’ volume and composition of capital, and by analysing Norwegian administrative register data for birth cohorts between 1987 and 1992, this paper examines the relationship between social class background and gender‐(a)typical choices of higher education. Fields of study in higher education in much of the Western world remain segregated by gender despite the gender gap in educational attainment having been reversed. However, some changes have taken place due to the influx of women into male‐dominated, high‐status fields. Few recent studies have examined the relationship between social class background and gendered educational choices in light of these changes; furthermore, the focus of previous research has been limited to the vertical dimension of class. The results presented in this article suggest that men and women are more likely to make gender‐atypical choices when this leads to social mobility and that focusing solely on the vertical dimension of class may mask horizontal differences.
Exposure Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis for Chilled Shrimp During Distribution: A Case Study of Home Delivery Services in Taiwan
Authors: Ndraha Nodali , Hsiao Hsin‐I
Published: March 2019

In this study, we evaluated the temperature requirements for home delivery in Taiwan by considering food safety risks of chilled shrimp that may be contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was chosen because it was the main cause of foodborne outbreaks originating from contaminated seafood in Taiwan. The risk of becoming ill due to consumption of raw shrimp was estimated to be 7.3 × 10−3 per serving, estimated based on the real‐time temperature profile. Lowering the maximum temperature to 7 °C during transit and cooking shrimps at 100 °C for 5 min could reduce the risk by more than 94%. These interventions, therefore, were suggested to be used as an integral part of temperature management control in the home delivery cold chain. These findings can help food authorities to institute temperature management policies and regulations to prevent broken cold chains and reduce food safety risks.

Practical Application

This research may be applicable to home delivery services that deliver low‐temperature food products, such as seafood products.
Supporting emotional well‐being in schools in the context of austerity: An ecologically informed humanistic perspective
Authors: Hanley Terry , Winter Laura Anne , Burrell Kimberley
Published: March 2019

Background

Schools are commonly asked to take on roles that support the emotional well‐being of students. These practices are in line with humanistic education theory and can be difficult to fulfil by schools. Broader ecological pressures, such as periods of austerity, are likely to add to the difficulty in meeting students’ needs.

Aims

To explore whether professionals in schools believe that their work supporting pupils’ emotional well‐being has changed as a consequence of the current period of austerity.

Sample

This project reports the views of staff from three secondary schools in the North West of England. A purposive sample of 29 individuals, including members of the senior leadership team and newly qualified teachers, were involved.

Methods

All participants were interviewed about their perceptions of the impact of a sustained period of austerity upon their work. The transcripts of these interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Educational professionals associated wider socio‐political factors with a perceived increase in the need for emotional support of pupils. They reported taking on new roles and responsibilities to accommodate this and noted they are doing so with fewer resources and limited governmental support.

Conclusions

This paper concludes that considering humanistic education theory alongside ecological theory helps to conceptualize how socio‐political factors can impact upon the emotional well‐being in schools. An ecologically informed humanistic framework is depicted based upon the findings of this project as a means of understanding how these two theories complement one another and interact.
Sustaining the adoption of gamified outdoor social enquiry learning in high schools through addressing teachers’ emerging concerns: A 3‐year study
Authors: Jong Morris Siu‐yung
Published: March 2019

Gamified Authentic Mobile Enquiry in Society (GAMES) is a GPS‐supported mobile application for gamifying social enquiry learning in outdoor environments. Teachers are always the “educational innovation gatekeepers” in schools. This paper reports on a 3‐year study in which the Stages of Concern model was employed as a quantitative diagnostic instrument to continuously understand and address the emerging concerns of 91 social humanities teachers (from 91 high schools in Hong Kong) about adopting GAMES in their teaching practice. With adequate interventions for addressing the participants’ ongoing needs, their peak categorical concern shifted initially from “Management” (in Year 1) to “Consequence” (in Year 2), and finally to “Refocusing” (in Year 3). The results reveal that the participants largely intended to go on harnessing GAMES to facilitate outdoor social enquiry learning in their schools. This work provides the field with profound strategic insights into sustaining technological innovations in schooling from the perspective of teachers—an important stakeholder of education.
Methods to manufacture regulatory T cells for cell therapy
Authors: MacDonald K N , Piret J M , Levings M K
Published: March 2019

Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy has shown promise in early clinical trials for treating graft-versus-host disease, transplant rejection and autoimmune disorders. A challenge has been to isolate sufficiently pure Tregs and expand them to a clinical dose. However, there has been considerable progress in the development and optimization of these methods, resulting in a variety of manufacturing protocols being tested in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize methods that have been used to manufacture Tregs for clinical trials, including the choice of cell source and protocols for cell isolation and expansion. We also discuss alternative culture or genome editing methods for modulating Treg specificity, function or stability that could be applied to future clinical manufacturing protocols to increase the efficacy of Treg therapy.
Creating a Market Where There Is None: Spatial Practices of Street Vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Malefakis Alexis
Published: March 2019

Although practices of mobile street vendors might appear fleeting, they are not transient and without effect on the urban landscape. The spatial practices of street vending transform public spaces into markets by inscribing the vendors’ knowledge necessary to conduct business in the urban landscape. With reference to ethnographic material on mobile street vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I will show how street traders learned to locate the relevant social, material, and symbolic goods and people at specific nodes in the spatiotemporal dynamic of the city and jointly created an understanding of the relations of these elements to one another and to themselves. By means of a shared jargon vocabulary with which they named places, customer groups, or kinds of encounters, the vendors inscribed their experiential knowledge into urban space and thus transformed it into a market as an epistemic landscape, a layer of meaning and knowledge that spanned the spatiotemporal topography of the city and allowed the vendors to organize their practices. The concept of the epistemic landscape refers to the structuring potential of recursive spatial practices and emphasizes the socially and culturally creative potential of street vending. [Africa; Tanzania; Urban Economy; Informal Economy; Street Vending; Temporality; Practice; Space; Knowledge; Landscape]
Did New Zealand’s new alcohol legislation achieve its object of facilitating public input? Qualitative study of Māori communities
Authors: Kypri Kypros , Maclennan Brett , Brausch Shawnee , Wyeth Emma , Connor Jennie
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

The Treaty of Waitangi stipulates equality between Māori and non‐Māori, yet Māori continue to have substantially poorer health, a driver of which is alcohol‐related morbidity. In 2012, the New Zealand government introduced legislation claiming it would facilitate community input on decisions about alcohol. We investigated the experience of Māori communities with the new law.

Design and Methods

We obtained submissions made to local governments and invited a diverse range of submitters from iwi (tribes), hapū (sub‐tribes/clan groups) and Māori service providers, to participate in semi‐structured interviews with Māori researchers. We used template analysis to develop hypotheses, and searched for disconfirmatory evidence within interview transcripts and recordings.

Results

Participants had committed substantial human resources to write submissions informed by technical knowledge of liquor licensing and relevant research. They reported that local governments did not seem to engage meaningfully with the content of their submissions, and failed in many instances to update participants on how the consultation was progressing. Some observed that the alcohol industry had easier access to local politicians, and therefore expected outcomes to reflect industry interests.

Discussion and Conclusions

In their response to Māori constituents on proposed alcohol policies, local governments were felt to lack the inclination or capacity to consult meaningfully. By devolving responsibility for alcohol availability while failing to compel and resource local government to give regard to treaty obligations, the new legislation risks widening existing health inequalities between Māori and non‐Māori.
Multispecies Phytophthora disease patterns in declining beech stands
Authors: Ruffner Beat , Rigling Daniel , Schoebel Corine N.
Published: March 2019

Decline diseases are typically caused by complex abiotic and biotic interactions and characterized by a suite of symptoms indicative of low plant vigour. Diseased trees are frequently infected by Phytophthora, but the complex interactions between pathogen, host and the heterogeneous forest environment mask a comprehensive understanding of the aetiology. In the present study, we surveyed European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands in Swiss forests with recent increases in bleeding lesions for the presence of Phytophthora. We used a combined approach of analysing soil and bark samples from trees displaying bleeding lesions and trees free from bleeding lesions. Soil baiting revealed a higher prevalence of Phytophthora spp. around trees with bleeding lesions than around trees without bleeding lesions. For the bark samples from bleeding lesions, we used several detection methods. Phytophthora spp. were detected in 74% of the trees by an immunological on‐site diagnostic kit, in 64% by a specific PCR assay, and 38% by isolation on selective media. All samples tested were negative for P. ramorum using qPCR. Overall, nine Phytophthora species were identified by ITS sequencing, the most common of which were P. plurivora, P. gonapodyides, P. × cambivora and P. syringae. We identified distinct species in bleeding lesions and the rhizosphere of the same host tree which suggests a multispecies Phytophthora disease patterns in these declining beech. Among the recovered species, P. × cambivora and P. × serendipita were identified as hybrid genotypes with the former abundant in bleeding lesions.
Are There Gender Differences inHowStudents Write Their Essays? An Analysis of Writing Processes
Authors: Zhang Mo , Bennett Randy E. , Deane Paul , van Rijn Peter W.
Published: March 2019

This study compared gender groups on the processes used in writing essays in an online assessment. Middle‐school students from four grades responded to essays in two persuasive subgenres, argumentation and policy recommendation. Writing processes were inferred from four indicators extracted from students’ keystroke logs. In comparison to males, on average females not only obtained higher essay scores but differed from males in their writing processes. Females entered text more fluently, engaged in more macro and local editing, and showed less need to pause at locations associated with planning (e.g., between bursts of text, at sentence boundaries). That these differences were detected after controlling for essay scores suggests that they cannot be attributed solely to disparities in group writing skill.
What Money Cannot Buy: The Detrimental Effect of Rewards on Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Lombardi Sara , Cavaliere Vincenzo , Giustiniano Luca , Cipollini Fabrizio
Published: March 2019

Given their extra‐role nature, knowledge‐sharing behaviors need to be motivated. However, current literature fails to acknowledge that, instead of being determined by one type of motivation, they are more likely to derive from the joint effect of both intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation (i.e., rewards). Based on this, we expect extrinsic rewards to crowd out the effect of intrinsic motivation on knowledge sharing. We go further and contend that extrinsic rewards might provide a formal coordination mechanism and interact with an informal coordinating mechanism (i.e., the use lateral coordination to foster employees' knowledge sharing). We empirically test this argument on a sample of 754 employees. The analysis shows that knowledge‐sharing rewards significantly hamper the positive effect of both intrinsic motivation and lateral integrative mechanisms on knowledge sharing, resulting in a detrimental factor for employees' social relationships and helpful behaviors.
Sacred ground; the Maipés necropolis of north‐west Gran Canaria
Authors: Troll Valentin R. , Rodriguez‐Gonzalez Alejandro , Deegan Frances M. , Perez‐Torrado Francisco José , Carracedo Juan Carlos , Thomaidis Konstantinos , Geiger Harri , Meade Fiona C.
Published: March 2019

Gran Canaria, like most of the Canary Islands, shows evidence for young basaltic volcanism in the form of cinder cones and valley‐hugging lava flows. These landforms were of no particular use to the aboriginal population, nor to the subsequent Spanish settlers, and young lava flows and lava fields are still referred to as ‘malpaís’ (badlands) in the Canary Islands. In north‐west Gran Canaria, one such lava flow fills the bottom of a steep‐sided valley, which reaches the sea at the present day village of Agaete. The lava flow erupted c. 3030 ± 90 yr bp and displays a total length of ∼ 11 km. At its distal end, just outside Agaete, it hosts one of Europe’s largest and most important pre‐historic burial sites constructed of volcanic rock: the Maipés necropolis. Over 700 pre‐historic tombs (or tumuli) constructed from the aa‐type clinker materials have been identified on top of the valley‐filling lava flow. The up to soccer‐ball sized vesicular clinker fragments are sufficiently low in density to provide abundant, workable basalt blocks for the construction of the tumuli, allowing the pre‐hispanic aboriginal population to create a large and magnificent ‘sacred ground’ in an otherwise barren landscape.
Impact of Developmental enamel defects on quality of life in 5‐year‐old children
Authors: Andrade Natália Silva , dos Santos Isaac Torres , Lima Laynna Marina Santos , Lima Cacilda Castelo Branco , Moura Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus , Barros Simone Souza Lobão Veras , Moura Marcoeli Silva de , Lima Marina de Deus Moura de
Published: March 2019

Background

Developmental enamel defects (DDE) represent one of the prevalent oral problems in childhood; however, few studies have evaluated its impact on quality of life in the children's own perception.

Aim

To evaluate the DDE impact on quality of life of 5‐year‐old children.

Methods

This cross‐sectional observational study assessed 566 children aged 5 years old, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, according to their self‐perceptions. Children answered the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 and Oral Health Scale. The dmft index, modified DDE index and Foster and Hamilton criteria were used to diagnose dental caries, DDE and malocclusion, respectively. A single examiner performed the clinical examination. Descriptive analyses and Poisson regression with robust variance were performed.

Results

The prevalence of DDE was 33.7%. For children's self‐reports, the presence of DDE had a negative association with oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL; PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02‐1.15). Enamel hypoplasia had a negative impact on the physical function (PR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01‐1.10) and oral health (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01‐1.11) domains. Diffuse opacity had a negative impact on the social aspect (PR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02‐1.18).

Conclusions

Enamel defects had a negative impact on OHRQoL according to the self‐reports of the children.
Dense SiCf/MoSi2 composite via liquid silicon infiltration
Authors: Huang Minzhong , Wang Qi , Li Siwei , Chen Lifu , Xiao Hongrui , Su Xiaohui
Published: March 2019

Silicon carbide fiber reinforced MoSi2 matrix composite (SiCf/MoSi2) is prepared by liquid silicon infiltration at 1450°C. SiC fiber preform is first impregnated with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) solution in ethyl alcohol. After calcinations, the PMA is converted into MoO3. Following the heating in hydrogen atmosphere, the MoO3 is reduced into metallic Mo, leading to a porous SiCf/Mo. The porous preform is then infiltrated with liquid silicon above silicon melting point to produce SiCf/MoSi2. The microstructure evolution and the underlying mechanism are studied. It is found that MoSi2 is formed by dissolution‐precipitation. Through multiple impregnation‐calcination cycles, a fully dense SiCf/MoSi2 can be obtained with MoSi2 as the continuous matrix phase. The presence of Mo is found to significantly reduce the attack of liquid silicon the silicon carbide fiber reinforcements.
PPARγ inhibition regulates the cell cycle, proliferation and motility of bladder cancer cells
Authors: Cheng Songtao , Qian Kaiyu , Wang Yejinpeng , Wang Gang , Liu Xuefeng , Xiao Yu , Wang Xinghuan
Published: March 2019

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand‐activated transcription factors and plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation, inflammation and lipid and glucose homeostasis. Our results revealed that PPARγ was up‐regulated in human bladder cancer (BCa) tissues both at transcriptional and translational levels. Moreover, down‐regulation of PPARγ mRNA or inhibition of PPARγ function (using GW9662, antagonist of PPARγ) could significantly suppress the proliferation of BCa cells. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrested in G0/G1 phase was also induced by the down‐regulated PPARγ possibly through AKT‐mediated up‐regulation of p21/p27, whereas no significant transformation of apoptosis was observed. In addition, knockdown or inhibition of PPARγ might reduce the invasion and migration of BCa cells by affecting epithelial‐mesenchymal transition‐related proteins through AKT/GSK3β signalling pathway. Additionally, in vivo studies showed that BCa cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by GW9662. In conclusion, our results indicated that PPARγ might be crucial for BCa tumorigenesis by interfering with the motility and viability of BCa cells.
Entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting the eucalypt bronze bug,Thaumastocoris peregrinus(Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae), in Uruguay
Authors: Corallo Belén , Simeto Sofia , Martínez Gonzalo , Gómez Demian , Abreo Eduardo , Altier Nora , Lupo Sandra
Published: March 2019

Thaumastocoris peregrinusCarpintero & Dellapé (Heteroptera: Thaumastocoridae) is a sap‐sucking insect that feeds on leaves ofEucalyptus.In Uruguay, it was detected in 2008 causing significant economic losses inEucalyptusplantations. At present, there is no efficient control for this pest; thus, the use of biological control agents seems to be an environmentally friendly alternative to reduce the damage caused by this insect. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify the species of entomopathogenic fungi that naturally infectT. peregrinusin Uruguay and to characterize and select the most virulent isolates towards this pest.Individuals ofT. peregrinuswere collected in eightEucalyptusplantations infested by the pest. The entomopathogenic fungi were isolated and identified by observation of their micromorphological characteristics, and their identity was confirmed by molecular methods. The pathogenicity and virulence againstT. peregrinusof the isolated entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated. Isolates causing the highest insect mortality were selected to evaluate the effect of temperature and water activity on conidial viability. Entomopathogenic fungi were found in very low number with the prevalence of less than 3%. Isolates corresponded toBeauveria,Fusarium,Isaria,Lecanicillium,Paecilomyces,Pochonia,PurpureocilliumandSimplicilliumgenera. Two species,B. pseudobassianaandL. muscarium,were first recorded in Uruguay. Among all the tested species, an isolate ofB. bassiana(FI 2403) showed the highest virulence followed by an isolate ofB. pseudobassiana. The isolate ofB. bassianapresented the highest percentage of spore germination at the three temperatures and the highest viability at low water activities. Isolate FI 2403 was selected as a promissory candidate for the development of a commercial formulation againstT. peregrinus.
In situ hybridization assay for the diagnosis of chagas myocarditis and orchitis in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): A case report
Authors: DeLorenzo Megan , Carias Elvira , Mustonen Allison , Gonzalez Olga , Dick Edward J. , Kumar Shyamesh
Published: March 2019

We present the first documented case of Trypanosoma cruzi‐induced orchitis in a rhesus macaque. Additionally, we describe an in situ hybridization–based assay to confirm T. cruzi infection in formalin‐fixed tissues.
Age‐dependent regulation by androgens of gene expression in the anterior hypothalamus and stress‐induced release of adrenal hormones in adolescent and adult male rats
Authors: Green Matthew R. , Zeidan Mostafa , Hodges Travis E. , McCormick Cheryl M.
Published: March 2019

Adolescents show greater and/or more prolonged activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in response to stressors than adults, although the basis for such an age difference is not understood. We investigated developmental shifts in the regulation of HPA function by testosterone using androgen replacement in orchiectomised (OCX) pre‐pubertal and post‐pubertal adolescent rats and in adults, as well as using inhibitors of testosterone synthesis in non‐operated rats. The expected dampening effect of testosterone in adult OCX rats did not meet statistical significance in all of the three experiments. Nevertheless, in each, adolescents had higher post‐stress concentrations of corticosterone compared to adults despite similar concentrations of testosterone. The effect of testosterone was in the opposite direction in post‐pubertal adolescents compared to that in adults, with testosterone replacement leading to increased rather than lower corticosterone concentration. Testosterone replacement decreased arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone immune‐reactive cell counts in the paraventricular nucleus at all ages. In a fourth experiment, we provide evidence that the basis of the age difference in corticosterone release is because of a greater conversion of testosterone to oestradiol in adolescents and a greater conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone in adults: aromatase inhibition had little effect in adults and attenuated the age difference by decreasing stress‐induced corticosterone release in adolescents. By contrast, 5α‐reductase inhibition or an androgen receptor antagonist had little effect in adolescents and attenuated the age difference by increasing stress‐induced corticosterone release in adults. In the adrenal gland, adolescents had reduced 5α‐reductase and androgen receptor gene expression. There also were age differences in the regulation of hypothalamic mRNA expression of androgen receptors, oestrogen receptors and aromatase by testosterone. In sum, the results suggest that developmental shifts in the synthesis of testosterone and the regulation of gene expression are factors with respect to age differences in corticosterone release in response to stressors.
Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome with a uterine cervix and normal vagina associated with gonadal dysgenesis in a 46,XX female
Authors: Kisu Iori , Ono Ayumi , Iijma Tomoko , Katayama Motoko , Iura Ayaka , Hirao Nobumaru
Published: March 2019

Coexistence of Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis is extremely rare, and a case of Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster‐Hauser syndrome with a uterine cervix and normal vagina has not been reported. Here, we report such a case associated with gonadal dysgenesis. A 17‐year‐old female presented with primary amenorrhea and undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics. Genital examination revealed a uterine cervix and normal vagina without a uterine body and ovaries. An endocrine study showed hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. The karyotype was 46,XX. Laparoscopy revealed a rudimentary uterus, normal fallopian tubes and bilateral streak ovaries. There were no other associated malformations. Hormonal substitution therapy was started for development of secondary sexual characteristics and prevention of osteoporosis, but the problem of infertility is unresolved.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006‐2016)
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Vernau William
Published: March 2019

Background

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology and culture are used to characterize respiratory diseases in dogs. Little is known about disorders associated with increased numbers of lymphocytes in BAL fluid.

Objective

To evaluate duration of clinical signs and detection of specific respiratory diagnoses in dogs with BAL lymphocytosis.

Animals

One‐hundred four client‐owned dogs evaluated for respiratory signs.

Methods

Medical records of dogs that had >300 cells/μL and >20% lymphocytes on a differential cell count of BAL fluid between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were evaluated for the duration of clinical signs and respiratory diagnoses, including aspiration injury, infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease, and airway collapse.

Results

Dogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 16 years (median, 7.9 years) and had a median body weight of 11.4 kg (range, 2.0‐42.7 kg). Eosinophilic lung disease was documented in 13 of 104 dogs (Group 1) and airway neutrophilia associated with infectious or inflammatory disease was found in 59 of 104 dogs (Group 2). Lymphocytosis alone in BAL fluid was described in 32 dogs (Group 3). Duration of cough did not differ among groups, but airway collapse was significantly more common in dogs with solitary lymphocytosis than in those with other types of inflammation.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Lymphocytosis in BAL fluid is common in dogs and, in many cases, likely represents a common response to airway injury, independent of the type or duration of insult. It is unknown whether airway collapse leads to lymphocytosis or if the inflammatory process causes airway collapse.
Gregory of Nyssa and Divine Simplicity: A Conceptualist Reading
Authors: Radde‐Gallwitz Andrew
Published: March 2019

Andrew Radde‐Gallwitz probes Gregory of Nyssa on divine simplicity, a topic that Radde‐Gallwitz treated earlier in a book‐length monograph and takes further here in response to critics. As he notes, the Cappadocians and their opponents shared belief in divine simplicity. But for Gregory, simplicity functions as part of affirming the co‐equal divinity of the Father and Son, against his opponents. Radde‐Gallwitz lists six negative claims that Gregory’s understanding of divine simplicity supports: (1) God is immaterial; (2) God is without parts; (3) God does not possess any perfection “by acquisition”; (4) God does not possess any perfection “by participation”; (5) in God, there is no mixture or conflux of qualities, especially opposite qualities; (6) in God, there are no degrees of more or less. Yet with regard to positive statements about God’s perfections—for example the relation of God’s goodness to God’s wisdom—things are more difficult, as Radde‐Gallwitz shows. Interpreters of Gregory have differed sharply on this issue, in part because Gregory does not make his position crystal clear. Radde‐Gallwitz himself earlier held that Gregory considers God to have real but non‐definitive perfections distinct from the divine essence. Indebted to Richard Cross, however, Radde‐Gallwitz here adjusts his view, distinguishing more firmly between the divine essence itself and our limited concepts. He draws upon the Platonic distinction between natural and conventional naming, which differ in their accounts of what makes words meaningful. Arguing that Gregory is a “naturalist,” he reads Gregory’s texts on divine simplicity in this light.
Locating the lived body in client–nurse interactions: Embodiment, intersubjectivity and intercorporeality
Authors: Harrison Helen F. , Kinsella Elizabeth Anne , DeLuca Sandra
Published: March 2019

The practice of nursing involves ongoing interactions between nurses' and clients' lived bodies. Despite this, several scholars have suggested that the “lived body” (Merleau‐Ponty, 1962) has not been given its due place in nursing practice, education or research (Draper, J Adv Nurs, 70, 2014, 2235). With the advent of electronic health records and increased use of technology, face‐to‐face assessment and embodied understanding of clients' lived bodies may be on the decline. Furthermore, staffing levels may not afford the time nurses need to be as “present” with their clients in embodied ways. The failure to attend to the lived body may contribute to missed opportunities for care and decreased quality of life for both clients and healthcare practitioners. In this paper, we undertake an analysis of selected aspects of the work of Maurice Merleau‐Ponty. The aim is to advance understanding of the affordances this work may offer to enhancing client–nurse interactions within the practice of nursing. Merleau‐Ponty's notions of embodiment, intersubjectivity and intercorporeality as articulated in his seminal texts The Phenomenology of Perception (New York, NY: Routledge, 2012) and The Visible and the Invisible (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1968) are examined. These three constructs are discussed as they relate to the lived body in client–nurse interactions in nursing practice and education. Finally, implications of how attention to “the lived body” could shape interactions and have the potential to foster increased quality of life of clients and nurses are considered.
A large deletion in RYR2 exon 3 is associated with nadolol and flecainide refractory catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Kohli Utkarsh , Aziz Zaid , Beaser Andrew D. , Nayak Hemal M.
Published: March 2019

We report a 17‐year‐old boy with a large RYR2 exon 3 deletion who has a severe catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) phenotype characterized by refractoriness to both nadolol and flecainide which has previously not been reported in this subgroup of CPVT patients. Treatment options in a patient like ours are therefore limited and sympathectomy and implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation should be considered early in the treatment course as was done in this patient. In contrast to other CPVT patients who do not usually have structural cardiac abnormalities, these patients are at a high risk of developing left ventricular noncompaction or dilated cardiomyopathy and therefore might benefit from cardiac imaging at regular intervals.
Patient characteristics as predictors of recurrence of atrial fibrillation following cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Bavishi Aakash A. , Kaplan Rachel M. , Peigh Graham , Diaz Celso L. , Baman Jayson R. , Trivedi Amar , Wasserlauf Jeremiah , Shen Mark J. , Sattayaprasert Prasongchai , Chicos Alexandru B. , Kim Susan , Verma Nishant , Arora Rishi , Lin Albert , Knight Bradley P. , Passman Rod S.
Published: March 2019

Background

While several studies have evaluated predictors for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following catheter ablation, there are limited data specific to cryoballoon ablation (CBA).

Methods

We analyzed a prospective registry of patients at a single institution who underwent CBA. Recurrence of AF (RAF) was defined as recurrence of AF by 12‐month follow‐up, excluding the 3‐month blanking period. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate predictors of RAF. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare and evaluate the performance of various risk scores for discriminating risk of RAF.

Results

There were 542 patients included in the analysis with mean age 61.3 ± 10.6 years, 67.9% male, and 51.6% paroxysmal AF (PAF). Overall, only left atrial diameter (LAD) > 40 mm and ERAF (early recurrence of AF within 0‐3 month blanking period) were significant predictors of RAF. In the PAF specific subgroup, LAD > 40 mm, AF duration > 12 months, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, ERAF, and having previously failed an antiarrhythmic drug were significant predictors of RAF. In persistent AF (PeAF) subgroup, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and ERAF were significant predictors of RAF. Out of clinical risk scores tested, BASEAF2 had the highest performance with area under the curve of 0.646 (95% confidence interval [0.548, 0.708]; P < .01).

Conclusions

In this single‐center retrospective study of CBA, we found only LAD > 40 mm and ERAF to be predictors of RAF. We identified OSA as a potential targetable risk factor in PeAF patients undergoing CBA. Out of risk scores tested for discriminating risk of RAF, BASEAF2 had the best performance.
Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics for Location Selection of Add‐on Retail Products
Authors: Huang Teng , Bergman David , Gopal Ram
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we study an analytical approach to selecting expansion locations for retailers selling add‐on products whose demand is derived from the demand for a separate base product. Demand for the add‐on product is realized only as a supplement to the demand for the base product. In our context, either of the two products could be subject to spatial autocorrelation where demand at a given location is impacted by demand at other locations. Using data from an industrial partner selling add‐on products, we build predictive models for understanding the derived demand of the add‐on product and establish an optimization framework for automating expansion decisions to maximize expected sales. Interestingly, spatial autocorrelation and the complexity of the predictive model impact the complexity and the structure of the prescriptive optimization model. Our results indicate that the formulated models are highly effective in predicting add‐on‐product sales, and that using the optimization framework built on the predictive model can result in substantial increases in expected sales over baseline policies.
Regulation of sterol content and biosynthetic gene expression during flower opening and early fruit development in olive
Authors: Inês Carla , Corbacho Jorge , Paredes Miguel A. , Labrador Juana , Cordeiro António M. , Gomez‐Jimenez Maria C.
Published: March 2019

Phytosterols are lipophilic membrane components essential not only for diverse cellular functions but also are biosynthetic precursors of the plant hormone, brassinosteroid (BR). However, the interaction between phytosterol and BR during early fleshy‐fruit growth remains largely uncharacterized. In olive, phytosterols are important lipids because they affect oil quality, but phytosterol composition during flowering and early fruit development has not been explored. Here, we first investigated the temporal changes in phytosterol composition, and biosynthetic gene expression that occurred during olive flower opening and early fruit growth. Next, we analyzed the interrelationship between phytosterol and BR, whose levels we manipulated through the application of exogenous BRs (24‐epibrassinolide, EBR) or a BR biosynthesis inhibitor (brassinazole, Brz). In this report, the profiling of phytosterol measurement revealed that β‐sitosterol is the most abundant in olive reproductive organs. Our data demonstrate that both OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes are upregulated during floral anthesis in good agreement with the rise in cholesterol and β‐sitosterol contents in olive flower. By contrast, the OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes displayed different expression patterns during early olive‐fruit development. Furthermore, our data show that exogenous EBR enhanced the early olive‐fruit growth, as well as the OeSMT2 transcript and β‐sitosterol levels, but decreased the OeCYP51 transcript, squalene, campesterol and cholesterol levels, whereas the Brz treatment exerted the opposite effect. Overall, our findings indicate an up‐regulation of β‐sitosterol biosynthesis by BR at the transcriptional level during early olive‐fruit growth, providing a valuable tool to unravel the physiological function of SMT2 in future studies.
How best to assess cough as an outcome measure
Authors: Irwin Richard S. , French Cynthia L.
Published: March 2019

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Innovation, R&D Spillovers, and the Variety and Concentration of the Local Industry Structure*
Authors: Leppälä Samuli
Published: March 2019

This paper presents a Cournot oligopoly model with R&D spillovers both within and across industries. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the main hypotheses regarding the effect of the local industry structure on innovation and output. Depending on the spillover rates and the degree of product differentiation between the industries, the firms respond differently to changes in variety and concentration, which can explain the mixed empirical results. Furthermore, innovation and output can react in opposite ways, which makes the choice of the performance measure critical.
Releasing the concept of HLA‐allele specific peptide anchors in viral infections: A non‐canonical naturally presented human cytomegalovirus‐derived HLA‐A*24:02 restricted peptide drives exquisite immunogenicity
Authors: Pump Wiebke C. , Schulz Rebecca , Huyton Trevor , Kunze‐Schumacher Heike , Martens Jörg , Hò Gia‐Gia T. , Blasczyk Rainer , Bade‐Doeding Christina
Published: March 2019

T‐cell receptors possess the unique ability to survey and respond to their permanently modified ligands, self HLA‐I molecules bound to non‐self peptides of various origin. This highly specific immune function is impaired following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for a timespan of several months needed for the maturation of T‐cells. Especially, the progression of HCMV disease in immunocompromised patients induces life‐threatening situations. Therefore, the need for a new immune system that delivers vital and potent CD8+ T‐cells carrying TCRs that recognize even one human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) peptide/HLA molecule and clear the viral infection long term becomes obvious. The transcription and translation of HCMV proteins in the lytic cycle is a precisely regulated cascade of processes, therefore, it is a highly sensitive challenge to adjust the exact time point of HCMV‐peptide recruitment over self‐peptides. We utilized soluble HLA technology in HCMV‐infected fibroblasts and sequenced naturally sHLA‐A*24:02 presented HCMV‐derived peptides. One peptide of 14 AAs length derived from the IE2 antigen induced the strongest T‐cell responses; this peptide can be detected with a low ranking score in general peptide prediction databanks. These results highlight the need for elaborate and HLA‐allele specific peptide selection.
Spatial optimization of rural settlement relocation by incorporating inter‐village social connections under future policy scenarios
Authors: Liu Dianfeng , Kong Xuesong , Zhou Boyuan , Tian Yasi , Liu Yaolin , Wang Hua
Published: March 2019

Social connections between villages can represent farmers’ interests and thus benefit participatory rural relocation planning. With rural development, however, these connections will change and may weaken the adaptation of relocation plans to future rural systems. As yet, most studies still use empirical social connections to guide relocation planning, while a few have incorporated predicted connections in the context of rural development into relocation decisions. Meanwhile, spatial optimization approaches have seldom been adopted to solve this geographical decision issue. Accordingly, our study proposes a novel spatial relocation framework that incorporates changed inter‐village social connections under future rural development scenarios. Empirical inter‐village connections and their policy‐induced changes in central China were explored using social network analysis. An integration of particle swarm optimization and geographic information systems was adopted to identify the relocation solutions with maximum inter‐village connections and maximum spatial land use compactness, and to examine how connection changes under different policy scenarios influenced relocation outcomes. The results demonstrate the significance of incorporating policy‐induced social connections into relocation plans, and most importantly, show the negative relations between changed social connections and the migration distance/direction of relocated settlements. Our study is expected to improve the adaptation of relocation plans to future rural development.
The prognostic significance of microscopic lymph node metastasis of Patnaik grade I and II/Kiupel low‐grade MCTs has not been demonstrated
Authors: Schulman F. Yvonne
Published: March 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Roberta Ferrari paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12467.
Response to Letter to the Editor
Authors: Ferrari Roberta
Published: March 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to F. Yvonne Schulman paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/vco.12463.
Multistable Cylindrical Mechanical Metastructures: Theoretical and Experimental Studies
Authors: Hua Jian , Lei Hongshuai , Zhang Zhong , Gao Cunfa , Fang Daining
Published: March 2019

An innovative bistable energy-absorbing cylindrical shell structure composed of multiple unit cells is presented in this paper. The structural parameters of the single-layer cylindrical shell structure that produces bistable characteristics are expounded both analytically and numerically. The influence of the number of circumferential cells and the size parameters of the cell ligament on the structure’s macroscopic mechanical response was analyzed. A series of cylindrical shell structures with various size parameters were fabricated using a stereolithography apparatus (SLA). Uniaxial loading and unloading experiments were conducted to achieve force–displacement relationships. Deformation of the structural multistable phase transition response was discussed based on experimental and finite element simulation results. The results show that the proposed innovative single-layer cylindrical shell structure will stabilize at two different positions under certain parameters. The multilayer cylindrical shell exhibits different force–displacement response curves under loading and unloading, and these curves enclose a closed area. In addition, this structure can be cyclically loaded and unloaded, thanks to its good stability and reproducibility, making it attractive in applications requiring repetitive energy absorption.