bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social and Political Diversity and the Democratic Road to Change in Venezuela
Authors: Ellner Steve
Published: February 2013

The political movement led by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez is subject to internal contradictions that play themselves out on various fronts. Members of three major social groups—the organized working class, the middle sectors, and the traditionally unincorporated sectors—identify with different lines of thinking and defend different interests. Chavismo’s internal political currents correspond to distinct leftist traditions. One adheres to the Marxist view of the organized working class as the main vanguard, another focuses on economic objectives, and a third stresses revolutionary values. Three important areas of struggle in the recent past have impacted these internal currents: expropriations, factional strife in the Chavista labor movement, and the community councils. The expropriations, far from obeying preconceived ideological notions corresponding to one of the three currents, were a response to the challenges posed by the private sector linked to the opposition. The gradual and peaceful path to socialism faces two challenges without easy solutions: one is an enemy whose tactics force the government to respond in ways that sometimes intensify conflict and the other is cleavages among members of the movement who have greater capacity for mobilization than in the past.

El movimiento político encabezado por el presidente venezolano Hugo Chávez se sujeta a contradicciones internas que se ponen en juego en varios frentes. Miembros de tres grupos sociales importantes—la clase obrera organizada, los sectores medios, y los sectores tradicionalmente desincorporados—se identifican con distintas lineas de pensamiento y defienden intereses distintos. Las corrientes políticas internas del chavismo corresponden a distintas tradiciones izquierdistas. Una se adhiere a la perspectiva marxista que ve la clase obrera como la vanguardia principal, otra se enfoca en objetivos económicos, y una tercera enfatiza los valores revolucionarios. Tres áreas importantes de lucha en el pasado reciente tuvieron impacto en estas corrientes internas: las expropiaciones, los conflictos entre facciones del movimiento laboral chavista, y los consejos comunales. Las expropiaciones, lejos de seguir una ideología preconcebida correspondiente a una de las tres corrientes, fueron una respuesta a los desafíos presentados por el sector privado ligado a la oposición. El camino gradual y pacífico hacia el socialismo encara dos retos sin solución fácil: uno es un enemigo que usa tácticas las cuales obligan al gobierno a responder de tal manera que a veces se intensifica el conflicto, y el otro es las divisiones entre miembros del movimiento quienes ahora gozan de mayor capacidad de movilización que en el pasado.
On the Perils and Potentialities of Revolution
Authors: Fontana Lorenza Belinda
Published: February 2013

Bolivia is living a moment of transition that has raised expectations of a profound transformation of the state–civil-society relationship and of conflict dynamics. The Movimiento al Socialismo has promoted the direct participation of previously excluded sectors in public affairs and the integration of the traditional practices of indigenous groups into formal institutional structures. The heterogeneity of its ruling coalition has posed serious challenges with regard to the management of potential tensions among diverse social sectors. A key role in the promotion of a hegemonic project is played by discourse. Conflict is structured in terms of a strong, self-reinforcing set of narratives about crucial aspects of social life, among them the identification of external enemies and the generation of new merging categories that invent new collective subjects. This rhetorical strategy has not, however, been able to eliminate the oppositional politics of Bolivian social movements.

Bolivia vive un momento de transición que ha aumentado las expectativas de una profunda transformación de la relación Estado–sociedad-civil y de la dinámica del conflicto. El Movimiento al Socialismo ha promovido la participación directa de sectores antes excluidos de los asuntos públicos, así como la integración de prácticas tradicionales de grupos indígenas en las estructuras institucionales formales. La heterogeneidad de su coalición gobernante plantea desafíos serios con respecto al manejo de tensiones potenciales entre diversos sectores sociales. Un papel clave en la promoción de un proyecto hegemónico lo juega el discurso. El conflicto se estructura por medio de fuertes narrativas auto-reforzadas acerca de aspectos cruciales de la vida social, entre ellas la identificación de los enemigos externos y la generación de nuevas categorías emergentes que inventan nuevos sujetos colectivos. Esta estrategia retórica, sin embargo, no ha podido eliminar la política opositora de los movimientos sociales bolivianos.
Diversity in the Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Littleford Linh Nguyen
Published: February 2013

Undergraduate students ( N = 932, 83.8% European Americans, 69.6% women) completed an online survey and reported their definitions of diversity, their attitudes toward incorporating diversity into the curriculum, and their motivations for learning about diversity issues. Findings revealed that students conceptualized diversity primarily in terms of culture and race and seldom included age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or physical/cognitive/mental abilities. Results also showed that students had positive feelings about diversity and desired to have instructors infuse diversity content in their courses. Finally, students were motivated to learn about diversity to be employable, to interact successfully with different people, and to grow intellectually, emotionally, and personally. Teaching implications are discussed.
Who is the ‘little old lady’ of international crimes? Nils Christie’s concept of the ideal victim reinterpreted
Authors: van Wijk Joris
Published: February 2013

This article discusses to what extent Nils Christie’s famous stereotype of the ‘ideal victim’ is applicable in a context of international crimes. It argues that the characteristics of the ideal victim of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes largely overlap with the ideal victim of conventional crimes. Nevertheless, victims of international crimes face much more difficulty in publicizing their fate and consequently ‘benefiting’ from their status as victim. It is only when potential status givers are aware of the victims' existence that the victim status can be granted. It is argued that, to grasp international media attention, particular attributes of a conflict should also be present: the conflict should be comprehensible, have a unique selling point, have a limited time span and be well-‘timed’. Whether such media attention materializes in actions by international politicians or private humanitarian organizations depends on domestic policies, geopolitical interests, accessibility to the region and the possibility of donors identifying with the victims.
Outpatient Thyroid Surgery Data from the University Health System (UHC) Consortium
Authors: Stack Brendan C. , Moore Evan , Spencer Horace , Medvedev Sofia , Bodenner Donald L.
Published: February 2013

Objective

Describe data from patients undergoing outpatient thyroid surgeries for benign and malignant disease at academic medical centers in the United States.

Study Design

Retrospective database search.

Setting

The University Health System Consortium (UHC), Oak Brook, Illinois, data compiled from discharge summaries.

Subjects and Methods

Discharge data were collected from the first quarter of 2005 through the fourth quarter of 2010. Searching strategy was based on diagnosis of thyroid disease and patients undergoing thyroid surgery across all UHC facilities. Demographic information was collected as well as charges. Complications were also evaluated in this analysis.

Results

During the study period, 38,362 outpatient thyroidectomies were performed from our sample, 32% for thyroid cancer. More total thyroidectomies (43%) and fewer hemithyroidectomies (36%) were being performed overall; 64.1% of patients stayed 23 hours.

Conclusion

This is one of the largest series reporting outcomes for outpatient thyroid surgery. Since these surgeries appear to be shifting to an outpatient setting, this report reflects the experience with the majority of endocrine surgeries from the UHC database being performed presently. These results are derived from teaching hospitals and their affiliates and may not reflect the entirety of thyroid surgery in the United States.
Management options for aorto-oesophageal fistula: case histories and review of the literature
Authors: Göbölös L , Miskolczi S , Pousios D , Tsang GM , Livesey SA , Barlow CW , Kaarne M , Shambrook J , Lipnevicius A , Ohri SK
Published: February 2013

Objective:

An aorto-oesophageal fistula is a rare clinical entity, leading to life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are the most common cause of aorto-oesophageal fistulae; further causes involve foreign body ingestion, trauma (in most cases iatrogenic), carcinoma or, very rarely, aortitis tuberculotica.

Methods:

Due to its rarity, there are no large multicentre studies present to evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic management options. Since it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, we give a short summary of various treatment approaches performed in our clinical practice in the past three years. The most straightforward therapeutic option may be an endovascular aortic repair and subtotal oesophageal resection followed by gastro-oesophageal reconstruction, but other alternative treatment possibilities are also present, although with probable higher morbidity.

Conclusions:

Eliminating the source of bleeding as an emergency, resecting the oesophagus urgently to prevent sepsis and reconstructing the gastrointestinal continuity as an elective case after having the inflammatory processes settled seems to justify the endovascular aortic repair and subtotal oesophageal resection, followed by a gastro-oesophageal reconstruction, as an effective surgical approach.
Uncertain states: The political construction of the small firm, the individualisation of risk and the financial crisis
Authors: Dannreuther Charlie , Perren Lew
Published: February 2013

This paper argues that the emergence, assertion and failure of the financialisation regime was enabled by the political construction of the small firm. Key shifts in societal relations, the formulation of new agendas and the extension of new forms of political, economic and social rights were asserted by political elites through the instrument of the political construct of the small firm. The paper argues that this is because of the dominant specificity model that characterises the small firm, and demonstrates how the denaturing of the small firm has allowed political elites to assert invariant behaviours to resolve historically specific contradictions in capitalist accumulation. The argument is demonstrated through parliamentary debates and through the redefinition of individual risk as household risk through the 2002 Enterprise Act.
Global crisis, Turkey and the regulation of economic crisis
Authors: Aydın Zülküf
Published: February 2013

The Turkish economy has been crisis-prone since the establishment of the Republic in1923. The various policies that resulted from the series of crises following the 1929 world economic recession have not only shaped the country’s integration into the global economy, but have also determined the specificities adopted by the accumulation regimes. The impact of the current global crisis on Turkey, and the government’s reaction to it, need to be analysed in relationship to the existing accumulation regime shaped by the country’s history. Thus, while this article is concerned with Turkey’s reactions to the current global crisis, it contends that policies from 2008 onwards show a degree of continuity with the policies already in place to cope with the problems generated by the 1994 and 2001 crises experienced in the country. The internationalisation of the Turkish economy, the relationship between core and periphery within the country, and the shifting relations of production and labour relations have all informed the AKP’s response.
Worth the Weight
Authors: Holland Elise , Haslam Nick
Published: February 2013

Although the negative ramifications of others objectifying the female body are well established, little research has examined whether certain portrayals of women are more susceptible to being objectified. The present study sought to examine the effect of two target characteristics—body size and clothing style—on objectification. One hundred and ninety-one Australian undergraduate participants (95 female; Mage = 19.35 years) viewed either an image of an overweight woman or a thin woman, who was either dressed in plain clothes or lingerie. Participants then completed three tasks measuring their objectification of the woman to include attributions of mind, attributions of moral status, and a dot probe task assessing attention towards the target’s body relative to the face. Results indicate that overweight women, as well as those dressed in plain clothing, were attributed more agentic mental states and moral value, as well as elicited less of the objectifying gaze, than thin targets and those wearing lingerie. These findings suggest that contrary to popular opinion, there may be unforeseen benefits of being overweight.
A note on semi-inverse method for buckling of axially functionally graded beams
Authors: Aydogdu Metin , Maróti György , Elishakoff Isaac
Published: February 2013

In a previous paper published in this journal, an attempt was made to study vibration and buckling analysis of axially functionally graded beams. Further studies on this subject show that an additional term needed to be included in the solution of the governing equations that lead to incorrect results. So the aim of the present study is to correct the solution of this problem.
Dielectric properties of sawdust reinforced epoxy composites post-cured in microwaves
Authors: Ku H , Trada M , Tai P
Published: February 2013

This study focuses on the measurement and evaluation of dielectric properties of composite materials with a view to benefiting these relevant industries. Previously published have been the mechanical and thermal properties of sawdust reinforced epoxy composites. The properties of a dielectric material can be controlled through the introduction of various fillers. This study was primarily undertaken to determine the effect of sawdust on the dielectric properties of the composites. The original contribution of this paper states that samples post-cured in microwaves have higher dielectric constant values but lower loss tangent values than their counterparts post-cured in an oven. For all percentages by weight of sawdust, the glass transition temperature for the microwave-cured samples was lower and the composite was softer; the opposite was true for the oven-cured sample. In addition, the storage modulus of all samples post-cured in microwaves is also lower than their counterparts. This is in line with the fact that it is a softer material and has lower storage modulus and lower glass transition temperature.
Thermal and mechanical behavior of cotton/vinyl ester composites: Effects of some flame retardants and fiber treatment
Authors: Shahedifar Vahideh , Rezadoust Amir Masoud
Published: February 2013

Natural fibers are low-cost fibers with low density and high specific properties. These fibers are biodegradable and non-abrasive. The natural fiber composites offer unique properties comparable to those of conventional synthetic fiber composites. However, development of these composites is often hampered by weak compatibility between fibers and polymer matrix and poor thermal resistance, which often reduce their performance. This paper reports thermal properties and flammability of cotton/vinyl ester composites containing some flame retardant materials such as ammonium molybdate, aluminum trihydroxide, antimony trioxide and Chlorez tested by thermogravimetric analysis and flame retardancy. Addition of ﬂame retardants to cotton/vinyl ester composites reduced burning rate and produced a self-extinguishing flame in some flame-resistant systems. In addition, alkali treatment of cotton fibers using 15% NaOH solution was conducted to improve compatibility of cotton fibers and vinyl ester resin. Tensile test indicated that the treated cotton fibers improved the interfacial bonding and enhanced elongation-at-break of the composites.
The Rates and Characteristics of the Exposure of Palestinian Youth to Community Violence
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M. , Leshem Becky , Guterman Neil B.
Published: February 2013

The article presents the results of a study that explored the rates and characteristics of exposure to community violence (CV) and its relevance to several sociodemographic factors among a sample of 1,930 Palestinian youth (1,018 girls and 912 boys), aged 12 to 19 years residing in diverse residential areas in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. The frequency of boys’ exposure to CV during the previous 12 months was significantly higher than among girls. The frequency of witnessing CV during that period was higher than the frequency of personally experiencing CV, and exposure to mild CV incidents during that period was higher than the frequency of exposure to severe CV incidents during the same period, with no significant relationship to sociodemographic factors. Participants reported higher rates of witnessing most CV incidents outside of the neighborhood. Nonetheless, they reported higher rates of experiencing most incidents of CV inside the participants’ neighborhood. The implications of the results for theory development and future research are discussed.
Intimate Partner Violence, Depressive Symptoms, and Immigration Status
Authors: Wong Janet Y. H. , Tiwari Agnes , Fong Daniel Y. T. , Yuen K. H. , Humphreys Janice , Bullock Linda
Published: February 2013

Advocacy intervention has been shown to be efficacious at reducing depressive symptoms in women who suffer from intimate partner violence (IPV). However, the intervention effect among abused immigrant women has not been well studied. This study compares the demographic and psychosocial characteristics between abused immigrant and nonimmigrant women, and evaluates the impact of immigration status on the efficacy of an advocacy intervention in reducing depressive symptoms and improving perceived social support. Two hundred abused Chinese women recruited from a local community center in Hong Kong were randomized to receive either the advocacy intervention or usual care. The advocacy intervention was found to be effective at reducing depressive symptoms and improving social support for abused Chinese nonimmigrant women, but the same effects were not seen for abused immigrant women. The findings provide essential insights into the need for developing targeted and efficacious advocacy interventions for abused immigrant women. Effective services to address abused immigrant women’s needs were also suggested.
Inmates-to-Staff Assaults, PTSD and Burnout
Authors: Boudoukha Abdel Halim , Altintas Emin , Rusinek Stéphane , Fantini-Hauwel Carole , Hautekeete Marc
Published: February 2013

Prison employees are often confronted with critical incidents and chronic stressors that may lead to trauma or burnout symptoms. However, most of the research on clinical aspects of interpersonal violence in prisons (inmates-to-staff violence, specifically) focuses either on trauma or on burnout. The purpose of the present study is (a) to examine both burnout and posttraumatic stress among prison staff and (b) to examine the influences of inmates-to-staff violent relations on posttraumatic stress in terms of risk profile to develop PTSD. A random sample of French correctional employees has completed various self-reported questionnaires assessing burnout, posttraumatic stress, and stress as well as victimization and demographic characteristics. Correctional employees demonstrated high levels of PTSD symptoms, burnout, and stress. Violent interactions with inmates lead to experienced trauma of all types (PTSD, secondary, or vicarious trauma). Results have highlighted a prison worker’s profile prone to PTSD: he or she expresses high levels of emotional exhaustion, intense levels of stress, high levels of depersonalization, and high levels of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperreactivity. This study contributes to an understanding of the literature by explaining the complex association between burnout and posttraumatic stress after interpersonal violence. These findings suggest a need to support prison workers and to address inmates-to-staff relational dynamics.
Metacognitive Aspects of Rape Myths
Authors: Süssenbach Philipp , Eyssel Friederike , Bohner Gerd
Published: February 2013

The authors present a metacognitive approach to influences of rape myth acceptance (RMA) on the processing of rape-related information and rape proclivity. In Study 1, participants ( N = 264) completed an RMA scale and subsequently reported the subjective strength (e.g., importance, certainty) of their RMA. Then they read about a rape case, viewed a photograph of the alleged crime scene, and rated the defendant’s guilt on several items. Depending on condition, the photograph contained either RMA-applicable stimuli (e.g., alcoholic beverages) or neutral stimuli. Higher RMA predicted lower ratings of defendant guilt especially when applicable stimuli were present and RMA was strong. Study 2 ( N = 85) showed that RMA-related attitude strength also moderated the effect of RMA on self-reported rape proclivity. Results of both studies indicate that the subjective strength of rape-related beliefs may be reliably assessed and serves as an important moderator of effects of RMA. The implications of these findings for prevention programs as well as future directions for research are discussed.
Does the effect of job loss on psychological distress differ by educational level?
Authors: Mandemakers Jornt J , Monden Christiaan WS
Published: February 2013

We examine the impact of involuntary job loss on psychological distress and investigate whether the impact differs by educational level using a sample of men drawn from the British Household Panel Study. We expect higher-educated men to suffer less from job loss because they have more resources and better re-employment chances. Alternatively, it could be that, in the long run, lower-educated men adapt better to continued unemployment or downward mobility. Fixed effects regression analyses show that job loss increases distress, but over time the effect wears off and is limited to non-employed men. We find that higher-educated men experience less distress following job loss. These educational differences in the impact of job loss become smaller over time and are mainly driven by re-employment chances.
Changing job roles in the Norwegian and UK fitness industry: in search of national institutional effects
Authors: Lloyd Caroline , Payne Jonathan
Published: February 2013

There has been considerable debate about the impact of different national institutional environments on work organization. The Nordic countries, with their strong trade unions and well developed systems of social partnership around collective bargaining and vocational education and training, are found to be particularly advanced when it comes to developing more autonomous job roles. While institutions are said to play a key role, some commentators point to the existence of national employment ‘logics’ which may have a more far-reaching influence. Drawing upon qualitative research, the article compares the job of fitness instructor in Norway and the UK. The study finds little evidence of a clear country-level difference in job design, suggesting that if there is a national employment ‘logic’ it has been overwhelmed by specific industry dynamics.
Job loss and its aftermath among managers and professionals: wounded, fragmented and flexible
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis , Gray David E , Goregaokar Harshita
Published: February 2013

Based on longitudinal fieldwork with unemployed managers and professionals in their 50s, the article examines the meaning of job loss to these people and charts their subsequent efforts to restore their lives. The article identifies core similarities in their experiences and discerns different narrative strategies through which they have tried to make sense of their dismissal and sustain their selfhood. For all, job loss was a considerable trauma leading to a fragmentation of identity; this was compounded by subsequent rejection and perceived discrimination. Few were able to resume their earlier careers; the majority had to adjust their expectations downwards and opt for either virtual deskilling in less well paid and less demanding jobs or for an assortment of part-time, casual and voluntary work. Best ‘adapted’ (and least fragmented) were those who were prepared to forsake hopes of a return to high-powered jobs and display flexibility, resourcefulness and opportunism in adapting to their reduced circumstances.
New multi-pass hot channel section rolling design by the finite element method
Authors: Sakhaei Amir Hosein , Salimi Mahmoud , Kadkhodaei Mahmoud
Published: February 2013

A new multi-pass hot shape rolling was designed based on a three-dimensional analysis of channel section beams in hot rolling by the finite element method. A complete production line in industry containing 13 passes in forming the section including break-down, intermediate, and finishing sequences is modeled. The output geometry and power consumption predicted by this simulation were verified against the practical data and the measured values of the production line of Zobahan Esfahan Company. Then, a sample caliber design process to achieve a specific cross section is prepared. The minimum possible number of passes consistent with the parameters affecting the spread is the main strategy of the new caliber design. Again this new caliber design is simulated using an explicit finite element code. The geometry and dimensions of the exit cross section, the separation force, roll torques, and the power consumption in each stage are calculated. Comparison of the new roll pass parameters and that of the conventional ones in industry is made to demonstrate the advantages of the new caliber design.
Community savings that mobilize federations, build women’s leadership and support slum upgrading
Authors: d’Cruz Celine , Mudimu Patience
Published: February 2013

This paper describes how in urban areas in many nations, community savings groups not only help meet the individual and collective needs of the poorest groups but also underpin the growth of citywide and national shack/slum(1) dweller federations where these groups have influence. As most savers and savings group managers are women, this helps ensure that their priorities are addressed; but as savings managers represent their savings groups, they also seek improvements that benefit all, including upgrading. Although the amount that each individual saves is modest, when aggregated in community savings funds it is often large enough to attract external resources that allow support for larger-scale initiatives. Savings groups also draw inspiration from visiting other savings groups, including those that have large, successful partnerships with local governments. This paper includes commentaries from women community leaders in Zimbabwe, India, South Africa, Uganda and Bolivia on why they began saving and how savings are organized and managed in their groups. The paper also discusses how external agencies can support these processes.
‘It’s always dark in front of the pickaxe’: Organizing ignorance in the long-term remediation of contaminated land
Authors: Gross Matthias , Bleicher Alena
Published: February 2013

This article departs from the view in which ignorance is seen as necessarily detrimental and analyses how specified ignorance (here called ‘nonknowledge’) can even serve as a productive resource. By using the example of cleaning up contaminated land in a timely and effective manner, it is argued that nonknowledge is a useful resource; in some instances, on a par with knowledge in its importance. The article discusses some of the strategies used to cope with ongoing situations involving ignorance in the remediation of areas containing multiple contaminant sources and plumes. Analysis of these processes indicates that planning and policymaking may benefit when limits to knowledge are openly acknowledged.
Financial Wealth: An Estimate of the Buildup and Destruction of Wealth 2002–2012
Authors: Loser Claudio M. , Arnold Drew
Published: February 2013

This article is an updated version of the article “Financial Wealth: Sustained but High Gains and a Collapse for the Ages: An Estimate of Cycles of Buildup and Destruction of Wealth 2002–2009” from the January 2010 issue of the Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies (Loser & Arnold 2010). In the previous article, we estimated the swings in financial wealth through 2009, breaking down our estimates by region and asset class. In this updated piece, we extend those estimates through 2011. We also estimate what portion of the recovery in financial wealth beginning in 2009 has been due to a strengthening market, and what portion has been due to government intervention.
Evaluating the Integration of Cultural Competence Skills Into Health and Physical Assessment Tools
Authors: Chircop Andrea , Edgecombe Nancy , Hayward Kathryn , Ducey-Gilbert Cherie , Sheppard-LeMoine Debbie
Published: February 2013

Currently used audiovisual (AV) teaching tools to teach health and physical assessment reflect a Eurocentric bias using the biomedical model. The purpose of our study was to (a) identify commonly used AV teaching tools of Canadian schools of nursing and (b) evaluate the identified tools. A two-part descriptive quantitative method design was used. First, we surveyed schools of nursing across Canada. Second, the identified AV teaching tools were evaluated for content and modeling of cultural competence. The majority of the schools (67%) used publisher-produced videos associated with a physical assessment textbook. Major findings included minimal demonstration of negotiation with a client around cultural aspects of the interview including the need for an interpreter, modesty, and inclusion of support persons. Identification of culturally specific examples given during the videos was superficial and did not provide students with a comprehensive understanding of necessary culturally competent skills.
Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life of Overweight and Obese Children in South Korea
Authors: Kim Hee Soon , Park Jiyoung , Ma Yumi , Ham Ok Kyung
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of overweight and obese children in Korea. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive study design. A total of 132 overweight and obese children participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index, percent body fat, and waist–hip ratio. The instruments included lifestyle patterns, psychosocial characteristics (stress, self-esteem, and depression), and HRQoL. The study found that significant predictors of HRQoL included self-esteem, depression, and physical stress; these variables accounted for 58.7% of the variance ( p < .05), while children with low monthly household income had significantly lower HRQoL, compared with that of their counterparts ( p < .05). HRQoL has multiple dimensions, thus, in addition to lifestyle change, health programs for overweight and obese children should focus on psychological health, and consider social and environmental factors as well.
Validation of a Novel Safety Climate Instrument in VHA Nursing Homes
Authors: Hartmann Christine W. , Meterko Mark , Zhao Shibei , Palmer Jennifer A. , Berlowitz Dan
Published: February 2013

Improvements in nursing home safety climate could lead to enhanced resident safety. Yet safety climate has been little studied in the nursing home setting, and existing safety climate instruments have significant limitations. To investigate safety climate in Veterans Health Affairs nursing homes (Community Living Centers [CLCs]), this study had two objectives: (a) to develop a resident safety climate instrument for use in CLCs and (b) to assess this instrument’s psychometric properties by administering it in a sample of CLCs. Using a standard conceptual framework, the CLC Employee Survey of Attitudes about Resident Safety was developed with the aid of an expert panel and multiple rounds of cognitive interviews. It was subsequently pilot tested in a sample of CLC employees. After refinement based on the pilot results, it was administered in a sample of five CLCs, where it was found to have adequate reliability and validity.
Using Minimum Nurse Staffing Regulations to Measure the Relationship Between Nursing and Hospital Quality of Care
Authors: Spetz Joanne , Harless David W. , Herrera Carolina-Nicole , Mark Barbara A.
Published: February 2013

This study tests whether changes in licensed nurse staffing led to changes in patient safety, using the natural experiment of 2004 California implementation of minimum staffing ratios. We calculated counts of six patient safety outcomes from California Patient Discharge Data from 2000 through 2006, using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicators (PSI) software. For patients experiencing nonmortality-related PSIs, we measured mean lengths of stay. We estimated difference-in-difference equations of changes in PSIs using Poisson models and calculated the marginal impact of nurse staffing on outcomes from fixed-effect Poisson regressions. Licensed nurse staffing increased in the postregulation period, except for hospitals in the highest quartile of preregulation staffing. Growth in registered nurse staffing was associated with improvement for only one PSI and reduced length of stay for one PSI. Higher registered nurse staffing per patient day had a limited impact on adverse events in California hospitals.
Parallel unsupervised Synthetic Aperture Radar image change detection on a graphics processing unit
Authors: Zhu Huming , Cao Yu , Zhou Zhiqiang , Gong Maoguo , Jiao Licheng
Published: February 2013

Change detection is now routinely applied in many application domains, such as damage assessment, environmental monitoring and agricultural surveys. As the number of remote sensing images and the complexity of algorithms rise, the demand for processing power is increasing. In this paper, we propose PLog-FLICM , a parallel algorithm for change detection, which includes two steps: (1) generate the difference image based on the log-ratio operator; (2) detect changes in the difference image by using a modified fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. PLog-FLICM is implemented on AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing SDK based on Open Computing Language. The parallel characteristics and implementation details of the proposed PLog-FLICM algorithm are presented. Experiments on several Synthetic Aperture Radar images demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other algorithms, and the designed parallel algorithm can greatly reduce the computational time of the change detection algorithm. Furthermore, we investigate the performance portability of PLog-FLICM in the different central processing unit and graphics processing unit platforms. Experimental results show that they have also achieved good parallel performance.
Learning during crisis as a ‘war for meaning’: The case of the German Escherichia coli outbreak in 2011
Authors: Müller-Seitz Gordon , Macpherson Allan
Published: February 2013

Previous research has examined learning from crises. However, comparatively neglected is the analysis of learning during such events. This explorative case study reports findings on how learning took place during the outbreak of Escherichia coli in Germany in 2011, which resulted in 53 fatalities. We identify three broad communities: (a) public agencies, (b) research institutions and hospitals and (c) opposition parties and non-governmental organizations. We discuss their conflicting interests in the face of the unfolding crisis, and we explore how their (re)actions and sensemaking affected the way the outbreak progressed. By conceptualizing the crisis as an epistemic object, we show how transepistemic sensemaking both enabled and constrained learning. The crisis, as an epistemic object, is a contested terrain, and each epistemic group’s commitments influenced the trajectory of their responses, demanding a processual perspective to capture the constantly realigning ways actors interpret and react upon the crisis. This study demonstrates how learning during a crisis may thus be transitory since it is hampered by a ‘war for meaning’. This ‘war’ potentially also prevents significant learning subsequent to a crisis, as institutional and epistemic commitments are quickly reformed and transepistemic engagements are closed.
Natalizumab in pediatric multiple sclerosis: results of a cohort of 55 cases
Authors: Ghezzi A , Pozzilli C , Grimaldi LME , Moiola L , Brescia-Morra V , Lugaresi A , Lus G , Rinaldi F , Rocca MA , Trojano M , Bianchi A , Comi G , Filippi M ,   the Italian MS Study Group
Published: February 2013

Background:

Limited information is available on the use of natalizumab (NA) in pediatric multiple sclerosis (ped-MS) patients.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term effects of NA in a large cohort of active ped-MS patients.

Methods:

Patients with definite ped-MS were treated with NA if in the previous year they had experienced at least two relapses or a severe relapse with incomplete recovery while on immunomodulating treatment, or at least two relapses and new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions regardless of any prior treatment.

Results:

The study included 55 patients (mean age: 14.4 years, mean number of relapses: 4.4, pre-treatment mean disease duration: 25.5 months). They received a median number of 26 infusions. Three relapses occurred during the follow-up, one female patient continued to deteriorate in cognitive functioning. Mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores decreased from 2.7 to 1.9 at the last visit ( p<0.001). During the follow-up the majority of patients remained free from MRI activity. Transient and mild clinical adverse events occurred in 20 patients. Mild hematological abnormalities occurred in seven patients. Anti-JCV antibodies were detected in 20/51 tested patients.

Conclusions:

NA was well tolerated in all patients. A strong suppression of disease activity was observed in the majority of patients during the follow-up.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in benign multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lange Alex P , Zhu Feng , Sayao Ana-Luiza , Sadjadi Reza , Alkabie Samir , Traboulsee Anthony L , Costello Fiona , Tremlett Helen
Published: February 2013

Background/objective:

Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness has been linked to brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, little is known about retinal atrophy in ‘benign’ MS. We compared RNFL thickness in benign MS with healthy controls.

Methods:

Patients with benign MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≤ 3; ≥15 years’ disease duration), identified through the British Columbia MS database, along with age-matched healthy controls, were recruited. RNFL thickness was measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare groups. The association between RNFL thickness and MS patient characteristics was examined via linear mixed-effects models (adjusting for within-patient inter-eye correlations and history of optic neuritis (ON), where appropriate).

Results:

Overall, 29 benign MS patients and 29 healthy controls were included, totaling 116 eyes. RNFL thickness was lowest for the benign MS eyes, with and then without a history of ON, followed by healthy controls (mean=73.2 µm, SD ± 0.4; 89.9 µm, SD ± 12.5; 96.7 µm, SD ± 10.4; p<0.02). RNFL thickness was associated with a history of ON ( p<0.0001), but not EDSS or disease duration ( p>0.1).

Conclusions:

RNFL thickness was lower in patients with benign MS than healthy controls, regardless of the previous history of ON. However, no association was found between RNFL values and disability or MS disease duration.
Low-velocity heavy mass impact response of singly curved composites
Authors: David-West Opukuro S , Nash David H , Banks William M
Published: February 2013

This article presents an extensive experimental investigation of singly curved fibre-reinforced composite structures subjected to low energy heavy mass impact. The objective of the study is to understand the contribution the surface ply orientation makes to the resistance of the impact strike and the impact behaviour of composite cylinders of different stacking configuration. Tests were conducted on laminate configurations suitable for various structural applications, using an instrumented drop-weight (30 kg) device. Impact studies conducted were on half single curved symmetrical composite panels of ( β2/452/−452/02/902)s stacking configuration, where β = 0, 30, 45, 60, 90 and also on fully single curve composite cylinders of stacking sequence (02/452/902/−452)s, (452/02/902/−452)s and (902/452/02/−452)s. The test samples were manufactured by the hand lay-up technique using unidirectional carbon fibre–epoxy matrix prepregs. The impact properties such as the absorbed energy, bending stiffness, saturation energy, damage degree and the contact period were obtained from the response data and interpreted to establish the impact effect on the composite structure. From this unique study, it was realised that surface ply orientation of half single curved composites significantly contributes to the energy absorption characteristics and that the damage effect was most severe for the (902/452/02/−452)s configuration of the composite cylinder.
Born Amid Bullets
Authors: Auyero Javier
Published: February 2013

Different forms of violence are enveloping territories of urban relegation in Latin America. Sociologist Javier Auyero examines how children and adolescents have become familiarized with diverse types of interpersonal brutality.
The Maquiladora Syndrome
Authors: González-López Gloria
Published: February 2013

Sociologist Gloria González-López offers her reflections about one of the most important lessons she learned about conducting sociological research inspired in feminism and intellectual activism in a Mexico-USA-Mexico transnational context.
Ye of Little Faith
Authors: Zuckerman Phil
Published: February 2013

Despite the proclamations of Republican senators, there are more secular Americans now then ever before; sociologist Phil Zuckerman argues that their growth warrants greater attention to secularity on the part of social science.
Easier Said Than Done
Authors: Bleakley David A. , Mangin Melinda M.
Published: February 2013

In this case, Mr. Phuture, a district administrator, attempts to lead a diverse team of educators and community members in an effort to develop a district-wide action plan for the integration of instructional technology in K-12 classrooms. Along the way, Mr. Phuture confronts ambiguities in the superintendent’s directives, passionate contradicting views about the value of technology use, and disagreement about who should be involved in the decision-making process. This case provides an opportunity for the reader to reflect on the process by which education leaders establish a vision for technology integration and build support for implementation. The teaching notes at the end of the case guide the reader in diagnosing and responding to the challenge of instructional technology integration.
Governing the workplace or the worker? Evolving dilemmas in chemical professionals’ discourse on occupational health and safety
Authors: Rasmussen Joel
Published: February 2013

This article analyses occupational health and safety discourse, bringing special attention to dilemmas that emerge as employees name and negotiate particular risks and safety measures. The study is based on 46 interviews conducted with employees in three chemical factories, and combines Michel Foucault’s conception of governmentality with a discursive psychology approach. The study demonstrates how dilemmas emerge when 1) respondents make others responsible for health and safety risks; 2) they personally assume responsibility as ‘risky’ workers; and 3) different rationalities – such as environmental and behavioural or hierarchical – appear in the same set of statements. Overall, occupational health and safety management tends to exclude egalitarian beliefs, which creates dilemmas that become visible as speakers find themselves compelled to excuse, ironize or systematically downplay discursive moves that may diminish or exclude themselves or others. Given that previous research suggests that behavioural approaches to health become increasingly widespread in working life, this article contributes by highlighting the presence of dilemmas that implies some flux and openness to change.
Image repair discourse of Chilean companies facing a scandal
Authors: Valdebenito Millaray Salas
Published: February 2013

This study examines the construction of a positive corporate image in public statements issued by 12 Chilean companies facing a crisis in the period January 2008 to July 2010. Drawing on repair image theory (Benoit, 1997), narrative theory (Labov and Waletsky, 1967), and argumentation theory (Aristotle), this article aims to investigate which discursive strategies and which linguistic structures have been instrumental in this construction. Three analytical categories were investigated in this study, namely, image repair strategies, construction of ethos, and narratives. In each of these categories, special attention is paid to lexico-grammatical features (e.g. active voice/passive voice, grammatical metaphor, etc.) and socio-pragmatic strategies (e.g. redundancy). The analysis shows that the core image repair strategy is denial, which is accomplished through a highly rhetorical language. It also demonstrates how the public statements create a secondary narrative of the companies’ good sense, good moral character, and goodwill, through the use and abuse of linguistic and pragmatic devices.