bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erosão dentária em paciente atleta: artigo de revisão
Authors: Souza Bárbara Capitanio de
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: discutir a erosão dentária, sua prevalência e fatores de risco, ressaltando a responsabilidade do cirurgião-dentista diante deste quadro patológico, principalmente frente ao atendimento de atletas. Material e Métodos: a pesquisa incluiu os artigos indexados na base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed. Foram considerados apenas os artigos publicados a partir do ano 2000. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando as seguintes palavras e possíveis combinações: erosão dentária (dental erosion); erosão dentária, prevalência (dental erosion, prevalence); erosão dentária, atleta (dental erosion, athlete). Resultados: a erosão dentária é um processo químico multifatorial que resulta na perda de tecido dentário. A correta avaliação é fundamental para o diagnóstico da patologia e dos seus fatores causais. O paciente atleta está sujeito a um maior número de fatores de risco, indicando a necessidade de conceitos odontológicos preventivos adaptados ao campo da odontologia esportiva. Conclusão: é importante para o cirurgião-dentista reconhecer os sinais clínicos e os sintomas da erosão dentária, para restabelecer a saúde bucal do paciente atleta.
La equidad como elemento fundamental de los procesos de delimitación marítima en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia
Authors: Robayo Galvis Wilfredo
Published: June 2017

La Corte Internacional de Justicia, con ocasión del ejercicio de su función contenciosa, ha tenido que abordar numerosas controversias internacionales sobre delimitaciones territoriales y marítimas en prácticamente todos los continentes del mundo. Lo anterior le ha permitido desarrollar, en el ámbito de derecho internacional del mar, normas consuetudinarias de delimitación basadas en la equidad infra legem, que tiene como objetivo y fin la equidad de resultados.
CONTABILIDADE TRIBUTÁRIA: OS EFEITOS DA DESONERAÇÃO DE CONTRIBUIÇÕES PREVIDENCIÁRIAS SOBRE AS TARIFAS DE TRANSPORTE INTERMUNICIPAL DE PASSAGEIROS NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Barth Victor Scur , Souza Angela Rozane Leal de , De Oliveira Letíca
Published: June 2017

A partir de 2011, por meio do “Plano Brasil Maior” o Brasil adotou medidas, dentre estas a criação da contribuição previdenciária sobre a receita bruta, em substituição ao INSS patronal sobre a folha de pagamentos, incluindo o transporte público nessa desoneração a partir de 2013. O objetivo foi analisar a influência da desoneração tributária no cálculo das tarifas de transportes intermunicipais, avaliando questões relativas ao equilíbrio econômico-financeiro dos prestadores de serviços públicos, nos anos de 2013 e 2014. Os dados foram coletados dos relatórios disponibilizados no website da AGERGS, elaborados para tais anos. Os principais resultados da pesquisa apontam que houve redução no valor do coeficiente tarifário de todos os sistemas de transporte regulados pela agência, dando destaque para o sistema da aglomeração urbana do sul. Essa modificação afetou a estrutura das empresas, influenciando no ponto de equilíbrio contábil e no giro de ativos.
UM NOVO MODELO DE PREVISÃO DE INSOLVÊNCIA PARA O SETOR DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL
Authors: Perim Pablo Pulhese , Monte-Mor Danilo Soares , Sanfins Marco Aurélio dos Santos , Tardin Neyla
Published: June 2017

Este artigo objetivou propor um modelo de cálculo do risco insolvência para empresas do segmento da construção civil por meio de uma abordagem que considere, além da qualidade dos ativos, o grau de severidade dos descasamentos entre ativos e passivos, bem como os riscos inerentes a este setor. A partir de simulações de Monte Carlo e de exemplos hipotéticos, verificou-se que a nova medida foi capaz de capturar os efeitos dos descasamentos entre ativos e passivos bem como os efeitos da variação das medidas de risco de crédito, risco de liquidez e risco de engenharia. Além disso, nossos resultados sugerem que a ausência de uma distribuição harmoniosa entre ativos e passivos pode acarretar em um aumento do risco de insolvência, ainda que o total de ativos a valor presente seja superior ao total de passivos.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TECHNOSTRESS CREATORS FACTORS AND THE PERCEIVED QUALITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES (A RELAÇÃO ENTRE OS FATORES CRIADORES DO TECHNOSTRESS E A QUALIDADE PERCEBIDA DE SERVIÇOS DE TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO)
Authors: Marchiori Danilo Magno , Mainardes Emerson Wagner
Published: June 2017

Esta pesquisa apresenta a relação entre os fatores criadores do technosstress e a qualidade percebida de serviços prestados por departamentos internos de tecnologia da informação. Para tanto, foram realizadas regressões lineares múltiplas, a partir de uma amostra contendo 927 respostas de usuários de serviços de TI. Os participantes trabalham em 14 diferentes instituições públicas brasileiras, distribuídas entre as 5 regiões do país e fortemente dependentes de tecnologia da informação para seus processos de negócio. Os resultados mostraram que a entrega do serviço, o produto do serviço e o ambiente do serviço possuem poder explicativo sobre a qualidade geral dos serviços. Adicionalmente, os dados revelaram que a tecnoinvasão, fator criador do technostress referente ao sentimento dos usuários de que sua vida pessoal está sendo invadida pela tecnologia da informação, mostrou-se negativamente relacionada à qualidade geral do serviço.
ANALISANDO A SUBSTITUTIBILIDADE NO MERCADO MUNDIAL DE ÓLEOS VEGETAIS VIA TRANSMISSÃO DE PREÇOS
Authors: De Castro Lucas Siqueira
Published: June 2017

Este trabalho analisou a elasticidade da transmissão de preços no mercado de óleo de soja para os óleos de palma, girassol e canola entre outubro de 1997 a setembro de 2014. A partir dos conceitos das teorias do mercado relevante e da integração de mercado, estimou-se modelos de correção de erros (VEC) para o óleo de girassol e modelos VAR (Auto Regressivo) para os óleos de palma e canola. Os resultados mostraram que, no longo prazo, apenas os mercados dos óleos de soja e girassol são integrados, sendo desta maneira substitutos, confirmando a teoria do Mercado Relevante. As funções de impulso resposta indicaram que variações não antecipadas no preço do óleo de soja não são dissipadas para os demais óleos vegetais. A decomposição da variância do óleo de girassol mostrou que no último mês analisado o óleo de soja é responsável por explicar 79,78% do preço do mesmo.
M-COMMERCE: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA FOCADA NOS OFERTANTES DO SERVIÇO
Authors: Schneider Wilnei Aldir , Tezza Rafael
Published: June 2017

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de identificar vantagens e desafios que as organizações encontram ao oferecerem o serviço de m-commerce. Foi realizada busca sistemática na literatura, bibliometria, classificando os 16 trabalhos encontrados, e análise descritiva de conteúdo, apresentando e discutindo os resultados reportados nestes artigos. Quanto aos resultados deste estudo, podem ser elencados os seguintes: há poucos estudos que analisam os ofertantes do serviço de m-commerce; não existe uma revista específica que publica estudos com o foco aqui tratado; as pesquisas não são focadas em um setor empresarial específico; há diversos benefícios que uma empresa pode obter ao oferecer o serviço de m-commerce, entretanto, também há barreiras que necessitam ser superadas; e algumas diretrizes devem ser seguidas para que se obtenha sucesso no mercado de m-commerce.
CHARACTERISATION OF INCLUSION COMPLEXES BETWEEN BIFONAZOLE AND DIFFERENT CYCLODEXTRINS IN SOLID AND SOLUTION STATE
Authors: Kelemen Hajnal , Csillag Angella , Hancu Gabriel , Székely-Szentmiklósi Blanka , Fülöp Ibolya , Varga Erzsébet , Grama Lavinia , Orgován Gábor
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study is to confirm the formation of inclusion complexes between bifonazole (BFZ) and different cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. Bifonazole, an imidazole antifungal derivative,is a very hydrophobic compound, which is a major drawback in obtaining topical pharmaceutical formulations with optimal bioavailability. Cyclodextrins may increase local drug delivery by enhancing the drug release and/or permeation. The binary systems between bifonazole and cyclodextrins were prepared in two molar ratios by physical-mixture methods.The physicochemical properties of these complexes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods. Results showed favourable molecular interaction between the components, in solid state and in solution. 1H NMR -CD titrations and molecular modelling study showed that the most stable complex was obtained when using γ-CD. The Job’s method and 2D NMR spectroscopy sustain the 2:1 stoichiometry of the BFZ:γ-CD complex.
A National Dietary Assessment Reference Database (NDARD) for the Dutch population: rationale behind the design
Authors: Brouwer-Brolsma Elske , Streppel Martinette , van Lee Linde , Geelen Anouk , Sluik Diewertje , van de Wiel Anne , De Vries Jeanne , van 't Veer Pieter , Feskens Edith J.M.
Published: June 2017

The development of reliable Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) requires detailed information about the level and variation of dietary food intake of the target population. However, these data are often limited. To facilitate the development of new high quality FFQs and validation of existing FFQs, we developed a comprehensive National Dietary Assessment Reference Database (NDARD) detailing information about the level and variation in dietary food intake of people 20-70 years old in the general Dutch population. This paper describes the methods and characteristics of the population included in the NDARD database. 1063 men and 985 women agreed to participate in this research. Dietary intake data were collected using different FFQs, web-based and telephone-based 24-hour recalls, as well as blood and urine-based biomarkers. The baseline FFQ was completed by 1647 participants whose mean BMI was 26±4 kg/m2; 1117 participants completed telephone-based recalls and 1781 participants completed web-based recalls. According to the baseline FFQ, the mean energy intake was 2051±605 kcal/day. The percentage of total energy intake from protein was 15±2 En%, from carbohydrates was 43±6 En%, and from fat was 36±5 En%. This database will enable researchers to validate existing FFQs and to develop new high quality dietary assessment methods.
APLIKASI METABOLOMIK BERBASIS HPLC UNTUK MENGIDENTIFIKASI WAKTU RETENSI KOMPONEN ANTIBAKTERI Stapylococcus aureus PADA EKSTRAK BUNGA KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior)
Authors: Maser Wahyu Haryati , Yuliana Nancy Dewi
Published: June 2017

Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dikenal sebagai tanaman herbal di Indonesia yang umumnya digunakan untuk obat tradisional dan pemberi aroma pada masakan daerah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi waktu retensi yang merupakan komponen antibakteri Stapylococcus aureus yang berasal dari ekstrak bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dengan menggunakan metode metabolomik berbasis HPLC. Aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol, fraksi kloroform, dan fraksi air telah diuji dengan metode difusi sumur terhadap pertumbuhan Stapylococcus aureus. Hanya pada fraksi kloroform yang menunjukkan adanya penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Profil kimia dari fraksi yang dianalisis dengan HPLC telah dikorelasikan dengan profil aktivitas antibakteri dengan menggunakan analisis Orthogonal Projection to Latent Sructure (OPLS). Area puncak pada waktu retensi 0,96-1,12 menit dari fraksi kloroform pada panjang gelombang 250 nm ditemukan berkorelasi signifikan dengan aktivitas antibakteri (nilai Y related coefficient sebesar 0,73). Untuk identifikasi lebih lanjut komponen aktif tersebut, analisis LC-MS atau GC-MS dari fraksi yang mengandung puncak tertinggi diperlukan.
Chain of Command: A Sustainable Supply Chain Management Serious Game
Authors: Cuesta Victor ,   Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University Kyosei Building, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8526, Japan, Nakano Masaru
Published: June 2017

There is increasing concern regarding sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). This paper defines SSCM in terms of environmental, economic, and social dimensions, also known as triple bottom line plus risk management. Prior to the SSCM serious game (SG) “Chain of Command (CoC)” there were no board-based SGs that incorporated the three dimensions of SSCM. Prior research has only managed to incorporate one or two dimensions of sustainability. “CoC” serves as a tool to bring about discussion, awareness, raise questions, and even identify a player’s preference towards the three dimensions of sustainability. The research results reveal that “CoC” does bring about awareness of SSCM. While encouraging players to carry out green activities and design a lean and efficient supply chain (SC), it also considers social implications and risk management.
Damage of Enterprises and Their Business Continuity in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
Authors: Maruya Hiroaki ,   International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan, Torayashiki Tetsuya
Published: June 2017

Serious damages to enterprises as well as residences and infrastructure resulted from the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Important factories of the automobile, information technology, chemical, and other industries were located in the affected area. The nature of the damage was that there was significant damages to the building of enterprises located near the fault that caused the strong Earthquake. The geographical scope of damage to the enterprises was not very wide.

The authors performed continuous research on the public announcements posted on the websites of the affected enterprises for several months, following up with news reports on damaged enterprises and on-site interviews. We found that a considerable number of enterprises supplied their products to their important customers from substitute sites to achieve their business continuity. On the other hand, many enterprises attained early on-the-spot recovery, which might be explained partly by the fact that recovery of essential utilities, particularly electricity and telecommunications, was relatively quick.

The authors found many examples of effective utilization of the lessons learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE). For example, some enterprises adopted the substitution strategy of business continuity management (BCM) that fulfills the responsibility to maintain supplies to the customers. Other enterprises that had experienced the GEJE avoided serious direct damage by having installed adequate earthquake countermeasures to their buildings and facilities.
Oncogenic Osteomalacia Secondary to a Metastatic Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor in the Talus
Authors: Aziz Keith T. , McCarthy Edward F. , Morris Carol D.
Published: June 2017

Case:

We report the case of a 50-year-old woman with oncogenic osteomalacia secondary to a metastatic phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) that presented, to our knowledge, with the first reported lesion in the talus.

Conclusion:

Oncogenic osteomalacia is a rare condition with a unique serum biochemical profile that requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. A PMT is a rare neoplasm that can lead to oncogenic osteomalacia through secretion of fibroblast growth factor 23. Symptoms can be debilitating, and diagnostic delays are extremely common. This case report emphasizes the importance of comprehensive anatomic assessment and the need for fastidious postoperative monitoring.
The Western accounts on early Albanian-Serbian interactions and the Kosovo myth
Authors: Salihu MA. Arben
Published: June 2017

For most of the last millennium, the Balkan region, has been associated with conflicts, wars and instability. Indeed, even today, the situation is very tense. Finding the causes of it, is imperative, but that still does not resolve the deep divisions that are ingrained. The aim of this study is to explore what the Western literature reveals about Balkan enmities, more specifically Albanian-Serbian hostilities throughout past centuries, by focusing at certain periods or events that had a great impact in historical context. The study focuses extensively on Kosovo myth, but also on other specific episodes of Albanian- Serbian interaction, namely Serbian Empire, 1389 Kosovo battle, the description event of Murat I death, and 1806 Serbian Revolution among others. One must bear in mind that Albanians and Serbs presented a united front in certain battles and fights (namely in 1389 and 1806), but later turned guns against each other, resulting in thousands unnecessary deaths. This occurred not because their respective citizens wanted so, but was largely incited through government myths and insincere propaganda. Taking exclusively the Western perspective in this context, whose exploration of events in the Balkans is pretty detailed, only enriches the quality of this study. This research concludes that the region should and must learn from past mistakes that living with myths, wars and propaganda leads to nowhere. The Balkan more than ever needs proactive and creative leaders that shift the minds of Balkan people towards elimination, or at least diminishing, of both physical and mental boundaries against each other.
Participatory Research for Systems Analysis: Prototyping for a Costa Rican Banana Plantation
Authors: Stoorvogel Jetse J. , Bouma Johan , Orlich Romano A.
Published: June 2017

Agricultural research deals with an extremely complex production system. Although a large variety of tools for the analysis of such systems have been developed, agricultural science has only been partially successful in providing solutions to farmers. Systems analysis often has been a synonym for quantitative, modeling exercises. Although these have led to a number of technological solutions for agricultural problems, the level of adoption of these solutions has been low because socioeconomic factors were lacking in the analysis. Farming systems approaches, on the other hand, included these socioeconomic conditions but failed to systematically apply the more technological tools. In this paper, we review the prototyping methodology that integrates participatory, socioeconomic approaches with a more technological approach. This prototyping methodology is composed of four major steps: (i) a thorough analysis of the farming system in close discussion with the farmer, (ii) the identification and execution of necessary biophysical and agronomic research, (iii) feedback of research results to the farmer and discussions on the implementation of the results, and (iv) the extension of the different solutions to other farms. This methodology has been applied for a Costa Rican banana (Musa spp.) plantation. Problems identified by the farmer were related to productivity, fertilization, and nematode control. Research made use of different approaches varying from monitoring of systems, analysis of problems related to productivity, experimentation to address fertility issues, and mechanistic simulation modeling for nematocide leaching. Research resulted in new prototypes of techniques to map banana yields, soil‐specific fertilization, and nematode control.
In Vitro Analysis of Cotton Pollen Germination
Authors: Burke John J. , Velten Jeff , Oliver Melvin J.
Published: June 2017

Crops with economically valuable reproductive structures show the greatest negative discrepancy between average and record yields. To alleviate environmental stress–related yield reductions, a better understanding of the relative sensitivities of pollen development, dehiscence, pollen germination, pollen tube growth, fertilization, and subsequent boll development is needed. Progress in identifying the sensitivities of these developmental stress responses has been hampered in part by the lack of a rapid and reliable method of germinating cotton (Gossypium spp.) pollen in vitro. The present study describes the development of an in vitro cotton pollen germination system that provides improved pollen germination levels and pollen tube growth over existing methods. This procedure was used to evaluate the temperature sensitivity of pollen from greenhouse and field‐grown cotton. The medium comprises 10% (w/v) agarose (pH 7.6), 25% (w/v) sucrose, 0.52 mM KNO3, 3.06 mM MnSO4, 1.66 mM H3BO3, 0.42 mM MgS04·7H20, and 1.0 μM A3 gibberellic acid. The medium is overlayed with a layer of 1.5% agarose before use. Optimum pollen germination and rapid tube elongation occurred between 28 and 31°C under 80% relative humidity. Decreased pollen germination occurred at temperatures above 37°C, and decreased tube elongation occurred at temperatures above 32°C. Evaluation of pollen, taken at 1400 h from field‐grown cotton plants, showed that pollen from flowers exposed to direct sunlight had reduced viability compared with pollen from flowers inside the canopy. This could be attributed to the fact that flowers from field‐grown irrigated cotton plants exposed to full sunlight experienced internal temperatures as high as 39°C, well above the 28 to 31°C optimum for pollen germination.
Evaluation of Solar Radiation Prediction Models in North America
Authors: Ball Rosalind A. , Purcell Larry C. , Carey Sean K.
Published: June 2017

Solar radiation data at the earth's surface (Rs, MJ m−2 d−1) are not typically recorded at weather stations, but they may be predicted from other meteorological measurements. For one location, Keiser, AR, we developed an empirical equation for predicting Rs. The mechanistic models of Hargreaves–Samani (HS) and two forms of the Bristow–Campbell model, described by Thornton and Running (TR) and Weiss et al. (WS), were also evaluated for predicting Rs at 13 sites, covering a 23° range in latitude and a 42° range in longitude. For the HS, TR, and WS models, we used coefficients as they were originally published, and for the HS model, a site‐specific coefficient (HS‐SS) was derived and evaluated for each site. Regression of predicted vs. observed Rs values using the empirical equation for Keiser gave r2 values (0.77) similar to the best of the mechanistic models. The HS‐SS model had the lowest root mean square error of 3.50 MJ m−2 d−1, followed by the TR (3.56), the HS (3.86), and the WS (4.33) models. Predicted vs. observed values gave r2 values ranging from 0.72 (TR model) to 0.56 (WS model). There was a slight superiority of the TR model over the HS‐SS and HS models. Similar fits (r2 > 0.87) and errors were found among the TR, HS‐SS, and HS models when Rs values were averaged over a 7‐d period, and it was concluded that these three models provided accurate and precise Rs estimations for our sites without further model modification.
Shading and Thinning Effects on Seed and Shoot Dry Matter Increase in Determinate Soybean during the Seed‐Filling Period
Authors: Kakiuchi Jin , Kobata Tohru
Published: June 2017

The relationship between seed and shoot dry matter increase (RS/W) during the seed‐filling period (SFP) can reflect the balance between the assimilate supply and the sink capacity of harvest organs. In a 2‐yr experiment, the RS/W in determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] during SFP was investigated under various growing conditions induced by shading and thinning for plants grown under both standard and reduced densities. The RS/W approximated a positive linear regression in both experiments. Slopes of the lines were less than 0.5 and did not vary within the same year even if plant density was reduced. The shoot dry matter increase (W) hence seemed to directly determine seed dry matter increase (S). A positive relationship between total pod number and W or S was observed in both years. Only minimal changes in seed numbers per pod and individual seed weight were observed, regardless of the treatment applied. A positive relationship also existed between total pod number and the number of branch nodes, and hence W increased S via increase in the number of branch node bearing pods. Half the current assimilate product during SFP appeared to be used for increase of vegetative plant parts. This determined total pod number and hence potential S. Determinate soybean is thus very different from cereal crops, in which almost all the current assimilate during the SFP is appropriated to S. The stability of the harvest index in soybean reflects the important effect of the W on pod establishment during SFP.
Residual Effects of Manure and Compost Applications on Corn Production and Soil Properties
Authors: Eghball Bahman , Ginting Daniel , Gilley John E.
Published: June 2017

Residual effects of manure or compost application on crop production and soil properties can last for several years. This study was conducted to evaluate residual effects of annual or biennial applications of N‐ and P‐based composted and noncomposted beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure, chemical fertilizer, and no‐treatment check on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil properties. Manure and compost were applied from 1992 to 1995, and the residual effects were determined from 1997 to 1999. Residual effects of N‐ and P‐based manure and compost applications on corn grain yield and N uptake lasted for at least one growing season while the effects on soil properties were longer lasting. Soil P can contribute to crop P uptake for >4 yr after N‐based manure or compost application had ceased. The residual effects of manure and compost applications significantly increased soil electrical conductivity and pH levels and plant‐available P and NO3–N concentrations. Four years after the last application, P leaching to a soil depth of 45 to 60 cm was observed with N‐based manure or compost application. No residual effects of manure and compost applications on soil NH4–N were observed. Averaged across years, soil total C concentrations or quantities were not different among the treatments, indicating that total C was not a sensitive indicator. Residual effects of N‐ or P‐based manure or compost application increased crop production for one year and influenced soil properties for several years.
Crop–Livestock Interactions in the West African Drylands
Authors: Powell J. Mark , Pearson R. Anne , Hiernaux Pierre H.
Published: June 2017

Many semiarid regions of Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) are experiencing vast increases in human population pressure and urbanization. These augment the demand for agricultural products and have led to the expansion, intensification, and often closer integration of crop and livestock production systems. The transition of crop and livestock production from the current relatively extensive, low input/output modes of production to more intensive, higher input/output modes of production presents numerous challenges to the achievement of required long‐term production increases from these farming systems. This paper provides an overview of the challenges facing agricultural production in semiarid SSA with a focus on West Africa. A description of mixed crop–livestock farming systems and their evolution is followed by an overview of the principal linkages between crops and livestock: income, animal power, feed, and manure. The most detailed discussions relate to nutrient cycling in these farming systems. Most livestock derive their feed almost exclusively from natural rangeland and crop residues, and livestock manure is a precious soil fertility amendment. However, most farmers have insufficient livestock and therefore manure to sustain food production. Nutrient harvests from cropland often exceed nutrient inputs, and soil nutrient depletion is a principal concern. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies that may improve the productive capacity of these mixed farming systems.
Nutrient Uptake by Warm‐Season Perennial Grasses in a Swine Effluent Spray Field
Authors: McLaughlin M. R. , Fairbrother T. E. , Rowe D. E.
Published: June 2017

Haying removes soil nutrients in manured fields. Grass hays were compared for nutrient removal in an effluent spray field. Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.), indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.], switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and common and ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] were grown on a Brooksville silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Aquic Chromuderts) in Mississippi. The field produced johnsongrass hay and received swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) effluent (estimated 371, 61, and 629 kg ha−1 yr−1 of N, P, and K, respectively) for 8 yr before the study. In the 3‐yr study, common bermudagrass produced 4.6 to 15.0 Mg dry matter (DM) ha−1 yr−1 and was not different from Coastal bermudagrass (5.2 to 13.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Highest annual DM yields of johnsongrass, eastern gamagrass, switchgrass, and indiangrass were 9.7, 9.5, 9.1, and 5.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Highest annual uptakes of N by common and Coastal bermudagrass, johnsongrass, eastern gamagrass, switchgrass, and indiangrass were 314, 280, 188, 181, 167, and 106 kg ha−1, respectively. Respective highest annual uptakes of P were 44, 35, 23, 21, 19, and 14 kg ha−1. Uptakes of Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were as high or higher in common bermudagrass as in the other grasses. Dry matter yield of common bermudagrass was correlated (r = 0.99, P = 0.0001) with uptakes of N, P, and K. Replacing johnsongrass with bermudagrass would increase annual DM yield in the field 155 to 249% and P uptake 194 to 259%.
Tillage and Compost Affect Yield of Corn, Soybean, and Wheat and Soil Fertility
Authors: Singer J. W. , Kohler K. A. , Liebman M. , Richard T. L. , Cambardella C. A. , Buhler D. D.
Published: June 2017

Applying organic matter (OM) amendments to cropland reduces requirements for synthetic fertilizer and may eliminate yield differences between conventional and minimum tillage. The objectives of this research were to determine how tillage and composted swine (Sus scrofa L.) manure affected yield of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr], and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soil concentrations of OM, P, and K. A corn–soybean–wheat/clover (Trifolium spp.) rotation, in all phases, was initiated in 1998 in plots that had been managed with moldboard plow (MP), chisel plow, or no‐till since 1988. Moldboard and chisel plow increased corn yield in the first year of the study vs. no‐till. Thereafter, tillage did not affect yield on plots that received compost. Tillage × compost interactions during the last 2 yr of the study increased no‐till compost yield 11% vs. no compost. Soybean yield was similar in no‐till and chisel compost plots during the study period and between MP and no‐till in 3 of 4 yr. Tillage × compost interactions were observed in 2 of 4 yr that increased no‐till compost yield 9% vs. no compost. Averaged across all crops and tillage, compost‐amended soil had 63 g kg−1 OM and 164 mg kg−1 P vs. 56 and 55 in no compost. Corn and soybean producers can enhance yield with multiple compost applications and eliminate yield differences between conventional and no‐till systems. Nevertheless, compost application for soil OM enhancement must be balanced with P input to minimize the potential for excessive soil P accumulation.
Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in Elementary Schools Using the SIR Model
Authors: Furushima Daisuke , Kawano Shoko , Ohno Yuko , Kakehashi Masayuki
Published: June 2017

Background:

The novel influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (A/H1N1pdm) pandemic of 2009-2010 had a great impact on society.

Objective:

We analyzed data from the absentee survey, conducted in elementary schools of Oita City, to evaluate the A/H1N1pdm pandemic and to estimate the basic reproductive number (R0) of this novel strain.

Method:

We summarized the overall absentee data and calculated the cumulative infection rate. Then, we classified the data into 3 groups according to school size: small (<300 students), medium (300–600 students), and large (>600 students). Last, we estimated the R0value by using the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) mathematical model.

Results:

Data from 60 schools and 27,403 students were analyzed. The overall cumulative infection rate was 44.4%. There were no significant differences among the grades, but the cumulative infection rate increased as the school size increased, being 37.7%, 44.4%, and 46.6% in the small, medium, and large school groups, respectively. The optimal R0value was 1.33, comparable with that previously reported. The data from the absentee survey were reliable, with no missing values. Hence, the R0derived from the SIR model closely reflected the observed R0. The findings support previous reports that school children are most susceptible to A/H1N1pdm virus infection and suggest that the scale of an outbreak is associated with the size of the school.

Conclusion:

Our results provide further information about the A/H1N1pdm pandemic. We propose that an absentee survey should be implemented in the early stages of an epidemic, to prevent a pandemic.
Editorial de Lançamento
Authors: Editorial Corpo , FMIt Diretoria da , AISI Diretoria da
Published: June 2017

A Faculdade de Medicina de Itajubá vêm oferecendo, há mais de quatro décadas, um ensino médico de alta qualidade. Como essa instituição sempre contou com professores altamente capacitados e principalmente comprometidos com a ciência e o ensino, a criação de um periódico científico na área de Ciências da Saúde, há muitos anos vem sendo um sonho que povoa a mente de seus diretores e professores. Dessa forma, é importante mencionar a marcante contribuição dada ao longo desses anos, pela querida e saudosa Dra Maria Christina Anna Grieger, uma colega muito especial, que lutou incansavelmente, apresentando inúmeros projetos e alternativas para que hoje pudéssemos chegar ao lançamento de nossa tão sonhada revista.
Infecções do trato respiratório superior e treinos de alta intensidade: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Upper respiratory tract infections and high intensity training: an integrative literature review
Authors: Coelho Boaes Drucila , Da Silva Miranda Rosangela Maria , Fragata Mariney Bruce , Pinto Carol Gonçalves , Borges Grasiely Faccin
Published: June 2017

Este trabalho trata-se de uma revisão de literatura integrativa com o objetivo de discutir os principais achados na literatura envolvendo o comportamento do sistema imunológico frente ao estímulo de treino intenso. Foram utilizados os seguintes termos de busca: “infecção”, “inflamação”, “exercício”, “infecção do trato respiratório superior”. Foram revisados 70 estudos para a seleção inicial, dos quais selecionaram-se 19 publicações que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. O treino intenso induz alterações transitórias no sistema imunológico, gerando reorganização das respostas fisiológicas entre seus componentes, tais como: citocinas, células natural killer, receptores como toll like, monócitos e linfócitos T e B. O treinamento intenso causa elevação de glicocorticóides e catecolaminas, bem como temporário e inapropriado desenvolvimento da resposta de imunidade adaptativa, especificamente relacionada a uma resposta das células T tipo 1 e 2, aumentando o risco de infecções do trato respiratório superior. Palavras-Chave: Infecção; Imunologia; Exercício; Infecções respiratóriasABSTRACTThis review aimed to present a discussion on recent scientific findings that correlated extenuating training and immunological response in human samples. Seventy stud-ies were initially chosen according to the following search terms: "infection", "in-flammation", "exercise" and "upper respir-atory tract infection". Eventually, nineteen investigations met the inclusion criteria and therefore were chosen to compose this article. The literature has shown that intense training is associated with transi-ent changes in the immune system, induc-ing reorganization of physiological re-sponses involving cytokines, natural killer cells, toll-like receptors, monocytes and T and B cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that training at extenuating rates is associated to elevated plasmatic levels of glucocorticoids and catechola-mines. It has also been reported a tempo-rary and inappropriate development of the adaptive immunity response, particularly those mechanisms related to T1 and T2 lymphosite, hence increasing the risk of upper respiratory tract infections. Keywords: Infection; Immunology; Exercise; Respiratory tract infections
QUANTIFICATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT OF EXTRACTS OF TAGETES ERECTA FLOWERS
Authors: N Siddhu , J Saxena
Published: June 2017

Objective: Tagetes erecta, marigold, has various ethnomedicinal uses. It has a wide variety of bioactive components such as polyphenols and flavonoids which show different bioactivities. The aim of the present study is to quantitatively estimate total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts of T. erecta flowers.Methods: Extraction was done by maceration process, sequentially from non-polar to polar. Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of T. erecta flowers were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The extracts were analyzed for TPC and TFC using gallic acid and rutin as standard, respectively.Result: Phytochemical screening of different extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolics, fats, and oils. TPC and TFC in extracts of T. erecta varies with solvents. The study revealed that methanolic extract possesses the highest phenolic content, 49.76±0.29 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract, and also maximum flavonoid content, 13.43±0.43 mg RE/g extract, among the three extracts.Conclusion: Higher value of phenolics and flavonoid indicates higher antioxidant activity. The present study revealed that methanolic extract has the highest phenolic and flavonoid content. This indicates that the flowers may possess a good antioxidant property and further research could be carried out.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MENARCHE AGE AND MENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: R Muharam , Ikhsan Muhammad , Rizkinya Herdinda Erudite
Published: June 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the association between menarche age and menopausal symptoms.Methods: A cross-sectional study with 100 perimenopause subjects. Every subject was assessed of their menopausal symptoms with validated menopause rating scale (MRS) questionnaire. Menopause symptoms were classified into somato-vegetative, psychological, and urogenital symptoms. Statistical analysis was used to assess menarche age and menopause symptoms associations.Results: Out of 100 subjects, somato-vegetative, psychological, and urogenital symptoms were found in 46%, 68%, and 74% cases, respectively. Menarche age was varied between 10 and 17-year-old. There was a significant correlation between menarche age and psychological symptoms (p=0.034). However, there was no significant correlation between menarche age and somato-vegetative as well as urogenital symptoms (p=0.257; p=0.093).Conclusion: There was a significant association between menarche age and psychological symptoms in perimenopause women. However, there was no association between menarche age and somato-vegetative as well as urogenital symptoms in perimenopause women.
EFFECT OF FACETAL JOINT MOBILIZATION IN LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS.
Authors: Bhanushali Vivek , Jagtap Vaishali , Devi T Poovishnu
Published: June 2017

Objectives: Lumbar spondylosis is described as a degenerative condition whose symptoms recur over a period of time. Hence, the objective of this study is to find out the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and mechanical intermittent lumbar traction (MILT) (conventional therapy) with or without facetal joint mobilization in lumbar spondylosis for speedy and long-term recovery.Method: A total of 60 subjects clinically diagnosed with lumbar spondylosis of age between 40 and 60 years were recruited and divided into two groups (Groups A and B) with baseline treatment of TENS and MILT given to both groups and facetal joint mobilization along with baseline treatment given to the study group. Pre- and post-intervention outcome were measured using visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and modified Schobers test (MST) for a range of motion.Result: Results showed extremely significant improvement in VAS and MST score in Group A.Conclusion: Facetal joint mobilization along with TENS and MILT is effective in relieving pain and improving range of motion in lumbar spondylosis.
FICUS CARICA AND ITS CONSTITUENTS ROLE IN MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES
Authors: Rahmani Arshad H , Aldebasi Yousef H
Published: June 2017

Alternative medicines or formulation based on natural sources are good option in diseases cure and prevention. Ficus carica is member of Moraceae family and its health management properties have been mentioned in religious books and traditional medicines. It holds various constituents including phenolic compounds, minerals and vitamins and such ingredient shows role in disease cure. Studies based on in vivo and in vitro reported that figs fruits, stem, leaves, and latex have health management effect through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, an inverse correlation between figs use and development of disease has been noticed. Despite its implications in disease management, little is known about their mechanism of action. In this review, efforts are made based on in vivo and in vitro studies to illuminate the role of F. carica leaves and fruits in the prevention of diseases.
POLYMORPHISM OF CYTOCHROME P450, SUPERFAMILY19, POLYPEPTIDE 1 GENE AND RELATED TO AROMATASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN ACROMEGALY IRAQI PATIENTS
Authors: Dhefer Iqbal Hanash , Abbas Salma Abdul Rudha , Ahmed Najwa Sh
Published: June 2017

Objective: The objective of the present work was to investigate the association between aromatase enzyme activity and polymorphisms, rs2236722, in exon 2 of cytochrome P450 (CYP), superfamily19, polypeptide 1 (CYP19A1gene) in patients with active acromegaly.Methods: A total of 120 males and females (age 20-60 years) were enrolled in this study, 60 patients with active acromegaly who have attended the National Diabetes Centre and and Specialist Center for endocrinology and diabetes, Baghdad, from December 2015 to June 2016 and 60 healthy individuals with matches as a control group. From the whole blood, genomic DNA was extracted to perform genotyping analysis and single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs2236722, in the CYP19A1 gene using multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique, and serum aromatase levels were determined using a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on sandwich method.Results: The results show that the aromatase activity levels of patients were a highly significant decrease when contrasted with healthy control groups in both sexes (p≤0.01), and there were summarized positive results of an allele in single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs2236722, were highly significant in TT allele when contrasted with healthy control groups. While revealed that there was non-significant difference in TC allele when contrasted with healthy control groups (p>0.01).Conclusion: we conclude that there was associated between CYP19A1 gene polymorphism (rs2236722) with aromatase activity and related to acromegaly patients.
POLYMER GRAFTING AND APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS - A BRIEF REVIEW
Authors: Sakhare Mahesh S , Rajput Hrishikesh H
Published: June 2017

Selection of proper polymer system is a critical step involved in the formulation of dosage form. Type of polymer/s incorporated in pharmaceutical formulation majorly decides the stability of formulation and drug itself, mechanism, and rate of drug release. Pharmaceutical and biological therapeutics are suffered from disadvantages such as short half-lives, poor bioavailability, and physical and chemical instability. Delivery of drugs to target site at a specific concentration for a specific time can be successfully achieved by the use of suitable polymer/s. Thus, it is not necessary that available polymer till the date should have all ideal properties with respect to above. This makes a demand of tailored polymers with desired features and introduces concept of grafting for making new polymers to be used in dosage forms. Grafting can be achieved by various techniques described herein and can be analyzed by various modern analytical techniques including infrared, NMR, X-ray diffractometer, and differential scanning calorimeter. These grafted polymers offer many applications in terms of site drug/biological carrying capacity, tailored physicochemical properties based dosage form modifications and with desired features, and also to deliver therapeutics at specific sites. Considering these advantages, a number of applications of grafted polymers developed and many patents were filed in this area till the date. This review highlights the basic concept of grafting and its various techniques and their significant pharmaceutical applications.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY SPECTRA OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT FROM SPERMACOSE HISPIDA L. SEED
Authors: Anantharaman Gokula Krishnan , Krishnamoorthy Gayathri
Published: June 2017

Objectives: Globally, scientific evaluation of traditional uses of herbal medicine, isolation, and characterization of bioactive constituents from herbs are some of the leading research areas. Spermacoce hispida (SH) is well known for its hypolipidemic and anti-obesity activity. The aim of this study is to qualitatively analyze the presence of primary and secondary metabolites in various extracts of SH seeds and to examine the presence of bioactive principles of chloroform extract from SH seeds.Methods: Physicochemical analysis such as ash content, acid-soluble ash, water-soluble ash, moisture content, fiber content, ethanol soluble extractive value, and water-soluble extractive value for seeds of SH was determined as per WHO guidelines. Cold percolative extracts of seeds of SH with different solvents were carried out. Preliminary phytochemical analysis for the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites in extracts was determined. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of chloroform extract was carried out.Results: Physicochemical analysis values were found to be present in permissible level (<5%). Yield of ethyl acetate (4.9/100 g), ethanolic (4.2/100 g), and hydroalcoholic extract (4.0/100 g) of seeds of SH was found to be higher than that of extract obtained by soaking with different low polar solvents. Secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoid, and tannin are present in ethyl acetate, ethanolic, hydroalcoholic extract. Fat and alkaloid are present in chloroform extract. GC-MS spectra show the presence of 30 different bioactive constituents. Among them, n-hexadecanoic acid was found to constitute (5.83%) highest peak area than the remaining compounds.Conclusion: Seeds of SH is a rich source of primary and secondary metabolites and various bioactive phytoconstituents.
Study of causality between civil aviation sector and economic development in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshammary Meshaal
Published: June 2017

Recently, Saudi Arabia is undergoing major privatization and Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects, as guided by the Saudi National Transformation Program (NTP) 2020 and the Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, attempting to shift the oil-based economy toward more diverse and sustainable economy. The main purpose of the paper is to empirically examine the aviation-led growth hypothesis for Saudi Arabia by testing causality between civil aviation and economic development, applying econometric tests such as Granger causality tests for the time period from 1975 to 2011. Empirical results reveal the existence of the Civil aviation Led-Economic growth hypothesis (economic expansion causing the civil aviation sector to grow) for a developing country like Saudi Arabia. As guided by both the NTP 2020 and Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, policy makers should consider updating civil aviation infrastructure, nation-wide airport privatization programs, increase the number of airports in major cities and establish long term partnerships with international airlines and carriers. This will strengthen the private sector and diversify the oil-based economy toward a sustainable economy.