bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Tumult among the Nations’ (Psalm 2:1)
Authors: Márkus Gilbert
Published: September 2018

Following the collapse of Roman imperial rule in Britain, a considerable amount of romanitas remained in the local communities: there was some Latin writing and a degree of spoken Latin in some parts of Scotland; a sense among a now Christian society that their faith made them Romani. It is during this period that various polities begin to appear with more clarity. Bede – a hugely important source for our period – offers a picture of Gaels, Britons, Picts and Angles with their own languages and political structures, which he seeks to explain by reference to a ‘migration-and-settlement’ view of ethnogenesis. But closer examination reveals a much more complex, fragmentary and fluid pattern of ethnic and political identity. The chapter traces some of the key conflicts and alliances, defeats and conquests, and the political processes out of which early national entities emerged, and how some of these nations (particularly the Picts) identified themselves. Chief among the transformations of this period is the gradual Gaelicisation of eastern Scotland or Pictland.
‘Justice and Peace have embraced’ (Psalm 84: 11)
Authors: Márkus Gilbert
Published: September 2018

It is possible to identify and compare elements of laws from Gaelic, British and Anglo-Saxon traditions - though the laws themselves are not all from Scotland itself, the legal traditions were all represented here to varying degrees. (Nothing survives of Pictish law.) The nature of these early medieval laws is discussed – laws created in the absence of a legislature, and where enforcement is worked out through the negotiations of a community. Legal processes and their rationales are described, including compensation and its variation according to gravity of offence and the status of the victim of crime. Hierarchy and status are key to understanding the lives of communities, and are discussed in the different legal traditions, examining the range of status from lordship to slavery. Laws rooted in kinship and inheritance are also important, and kinship (both natural and artificial) is discussed. Finally, while women are very poorly represented in most historical sources of our period, the laws enable us to form some picture of their lives and their place in society.
Introduction
Authors: Holtzman Livnat
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the corpus of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt and its role in shaping the traditionalistic definition of anthropomorphism through the case-study of an anthropomorphic tradition attributed to Mujahid, one of the earliest Quran exegetes. According to this tradition, the ‘honourable station’ (maqām maḥmūd) which is mentioned in Quran 17:79, denotes that the Prophet Muhammad will sit on the heavenly throne with God. This marginal tradition which was rejected by the majority of the traditionalists became an iconic text due the relentless efforts of the Baghdadian Hanbalites of the ninth and tenth centuries. The Hanbalites toiled to prove the antiquity and the authenticity of the text, while using an array of rhetorical devices to promote this text and sanctify it. Thus, Abu Bakr al-Marwazi (d. 888), who was Ahmad ibn Hanbal’s (d. 855) foremost disciple, used to illustrate Muhammad’s sitting on the throne by standing up and sitting down. This gesture conveyed the Hanbalite creed that Muhammad’s sitting on the throne was actual rather than metaphoric. The political events that accompanied this anthropomorphic text are also surveyed in this chapter.
Claude Chabrol's Aesthetics of Opacity
Authors: Dousteyssier-Khoze Catherine
Published: September 2018

Chabrol's cinema, which started (with) the Nouvelle Vague, is generally associated with a type of psychological thriller, set in the French provinces and marked by a fascination with evil, incest, fragmented families, and inscrutable female characters. This first reappraisal of his filmography (1958-2009) seeks to explore a brand new Chabrol, influenced not only by the usual suspects (Renoir, Lang and Hitchcock) but, more intriguingly, by Kubrick (in Le Boucher) and also, more conceptually and beyond film, by Balzac (the œuvre as mosaic) and Magritte (the œuvre as trompe-l’œil). An aesthetic of opacity is brought to the fore, which deconstructs the apparent clarity and ‘comfort’ of the genre film. Chabrol's films, are indeed both deceptively-accessible and deeply reflexive, to the point of opacity. His ‘crystal-images’ (Deleuze) and unstable, fantastic/Gothic spaces or heterotopias (Foucault), ultimately encourage the viewer to reflect on the relationship between illusion and ‘reality’, the process of theatricalisation and the status of the film image. Case studies include a detailed analysis of some of his latest, little studied films (La Fleur du mal; La Demoiselle d’honneur; La Fille coupée en deux and Bellamy). Through the critical fortunes of the adjective ‘Chabrolean’, the book also provides a survey of Chabrol’s lasting influence and legacy on the contemporary French thriller (with specific reference to Anne Fontaine and Denis Dercourt).
Introduction
Authors: Dousteyssier-Khoze Catherine
Published: September 2018

Claude Chabrol famously said that one of his key priorities was ‘ne pas emmerder le public’ (‘not to bore the audience stiff’).1 It is therefore slightly provocative to apply the label of ‘opacity’ to a director who always prided himself on the accessibility and entertainment value of his films. Yet, his overtly anti-elitist and popular approach to cinema was by no means achieved at the expense of creativity, artistic standards and depth of meaning, and one can get some precious insight into the ‘Chabrol paradox’ through another light-mooded yet revealing quotation of his: ‘Ce qui est drôle, c’est de faire des plans avec deux ou trois strates de lecture’ (‘Making shots with two or three reading grids, that’s what’s fun’)....
Through the Looking Glass: Chabrol’s Mirrors and the ‘Crystal-image’
Authors: Dousteyssier-Khoze Catherine
Published: September 2018

In close conversation with the previous chapter, Deleuze’s concept of ‘crystal-image’ is used here to explore various reflexive structures and show how pivotal they are to the construction of an aesthetic of opacity. Mises en abyme, mirror images, widespread theatricality help interrogate the fluid and playful relationship between illusion and reality. Like Magritte and Renoir, Chabrol excels at subverting the representation of reality by making it look oneiric or uncanny, sometimes through a mere detail. Through the key examples of La Fille coupée en deux as ‘crystal-film’ and L’Enfer as paranoid narrative, this chapter examines how and to what extent Chabrol challenges the status of the image and the reception process.
Tradition and Hybridity in Shi Zhecun and Mu Shiying
Authors: Rosenmeier Christopher
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the 1930s New Sensationist (xinganjuepai) writers Shi Zhecun and Mu Shiying, whose works are shown in later chapters to have influenced the subsequent literary scene. They are seen here as an avant-garde group that wrote works in opposition to the overall direction of the contemporary literary field. Through close analysis of a number of short stories, the chapter demonstrates how these authors constructed hybrid works that incorporated tropes and stereotypes from popular literature, legend, tradition, literature and myth. By combining the real with the otherworldly and the imagined, these authors rejected realism and the politicisation of literature promoted at the time by the League of Left-wing Writers. The chapter also establishes aspects of these writers’ works that are used for later comparison.
Wumingshi and the Wartime Romances
Authors: Rosenmeier Christopher
Published: September 2018

Wumingshi wrote several bestselling novels in the 1940s and these are covered in this chapter, including The Woman in the Tower (Tali de nüren) and North Pole Landscape Painting (Beiji fengqinghua). Both works are principally tragic love stories between stunningly beautiful women and accomplished, patriotic, intellectual men, but they also feature distinctive narrative styles and story frameworks that cross the boundaries between the real and the imagined. Wumingshi worked for the anti-Japanese Korean resistance movement in China, and this influenced several of his works. It is shown that, much like Xu Xu, Wumingshi’s work was initially modernist and highly concerned with narrative style, but it eventually transitioned to the popular romances that became hugely popular. Wumingshi’s multivolume grand opus, The Nameless Book (Wumingshu) is also considered here. In this work, he rejected nationalism and ideology and showed a return to narrative experimentation. The early volumes of this were his last published writings before the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.
Opposition, Imitation, Adaptation and Diffusion in Popular Chinese Literature
Authors: Rosenmeier Christopher
Published: September 2018

The popular literature of the 1940s often crossed boundaries between the popular and the elite as well as between modernism and romanticism. New positions became possible in the literary field, and writers like Xu Xu and Wumingshi exemplify these trends. They appropriated styles and tropes from earlier modernist writings in Chinese literature, thereby creating hybrid works that were among the most popular of the age. This chapter compares the writers covered in this study in terms of their depiction of modernity, narrative style, representation of the supernatural, and position in the literary field. Overall, the differences are found to outweigh the similarities, but the comparison highlights how various themes were adopted and adapted into popular literature of the 1940s from the New Sensationist writers of the preceding decade, showing their lasting impact.
Premises and Arguments
Authors: Diamantides Marinos , Schütz Anton
Published: September 2018

The big news on the global horizon at the end of the second decade of the 21st century concerns the promise of politics. At stake is no political promise in particular; that would barely be news — the presence of some such promise has been Western humankind's invariable self-endowment throughout modernity. The news is that the emancipatory promise proposed by political discourse sounds hollow to most. The equality of human lives appears to be at an all-time low just at the moment in which politics, the site at which such a state of things encounters objections and oppositions, has fallen into silence, but for the noise of populist fake news and regardless of the continuing enjoyment of its theatrical side. Declared king only a few centuries ago, politics, in the age of "function systems" has fallen far below the rank of others, including the economy and the media, which appear today perfectly able to outdo politics in energies, powers, deeds. Take the vast academic success of Political Theology during the past fifty years: what is at stake here, if not the disaster inflicted, first, upon religious devotion by the triumph of ‘glorious’ secular politics and secondly, by the self-inflicted disaster of the latter?
The New Left: The American Impress
Authors: Rossinow Doug
Published: September 2018

1968 was a climactic year of the New Left’s struggle against the political establishment across a range of countries. This essay reconsiders the American New Left, locating its appearance in both national and transnational contexts and delineating its regional variations and its turbulent shifts in emphasis. It takes 1968 as a hinge point in the New Left’s development, not as its end date, and examines each of the several paths that New Left radicals took after 1968. The chapter addresses the plural quality of the American New Left, its coherence as a movement, and its existence as part of a global upsurge of youth protest and its distinctively American qualities. It also examines the New Left’s legacy in American life fifty years after 1968.
The Irony of Protest: Vietnam and The Path to Permanent War
Authors: Preston Andrew
Published: September 2018

The Vietnam War was one of the most controversial issues in 1968. The intense and polarised debate between anti-war demonstrators and defenders of the Vietnam War cast a shadow on US foreign policy, engendering what came to be termed the “Vietnam Syndrome” amongst policy-makers and the public. This chapter assesses the legacies of pro- and anti-war activism, arguing that the debates that took place during the late 1960s remained relevant long after US troops had left Indochina. Yet the possibility that direct action could prevent or divert American military intervention diminished over time due to two fundamental adjustments made in the wake of the turmoil of Vietnam: the end of the draft and the shift to an all-volunteer military; and a revolution in military affairs that used advanced technology to wage aerial warfare in place of the mass deployment of ground troops. Resistance to the Vietnam War thus had an ironic long-term effect: the US government found a way both to intervene militarily and blunt the effectiveness of popular antiwar protest.
Centring The Yard: Student Protest on Campus in 1968
Authors: Bradley Stefan M.
Published: September 2018

The campus became the quintessential space of protest in the late 1960s. This was a transnational phenomenon, but it exploded into life at campuses like the University of California, Berkeley and at Columbia University, New York, and often with mixed agendas. Race was a key element of these campus protests, suggesting that the activism had a strong socially-progressive trajectory. However, in 1968 schisms could be detected in the until-recently unified SDS, in which a belief in participatory democracy clashed with more radical and separatist agendas. The university campus thus became a site of confrontation between students and authority figures, but also between student factions with different agendas. This chapter examines the historical, sociological and racial factors that shaped these demonstrations and considers the ways in which the campus continued to be the stage for confrontation.
The Ceremony is about to Begin: Performance and 1968
Authors: Halliwell Martin
Published: September 2018

Cultural visibility was one of its most effective mechanisms of protest in the late 1960s via posters, slogans, songs and images that gave collective purpose to ideas and campaigns. This chapter looks at performance of protest, looking specifically at the way that protest was “staged” as musical and theatrical spectacle in 1968. It focuses on three case studies: the musical spectacle of the Los Angeles rock group The Doors and the folk singer Phil Ochs who performed at the Chicago Democratic National Convention in August 1968; the theatrical experimentation of The Living Theatre’s radical play Paradise Now which was honed in Paris and performed first in New Haven, Connecticut in September 1968; and the British filmmaker Peter Whitehead’s ambivalent take on New York City in his 1969 film The Fall, the third part of which focuses on the student sit-in at Columbia University in April 1968.
The Memory of 1968
Authors: Whitfield Stephen J.
Published: September 2018

The conclusion to Reframing 1968, by one of the leading historians of the twentieth-century United States, Stephen J. Whitfield, re-examines the historical experiences and cultural myths of the 1968. The chapter argues that many of the defining features of this tumultuous year – from electoral politics, to anti-war protests, to civil rights activism, and other forms of grassroots protest – are often misremembered. The conclusion focuses on how the experience of 1968 is sometimes in tension with how the historical record characterises its key moments and protest activities.
The Making and Unmaking of Francoist Kitsch Cinema
Authors: Yarza Alejandro
Published: September 2018

In Fascist Spain, Francoism—like German and Italian fascism—produced its own particular brand of kitsch. Deploying religious and historical iconography drawn from Spain´s centuries-long struggle against Islam, Francoist ideologues created a kitsch interpretation of Spain´s past designed to replace more complex and nuanced accounts. In this representation religious and historical iconography combined with kitsch aesthetics to project a picturesque, clichéd image of Spain. The ultimate goal of this vast production of kitsch was to create a submissive subject who, by identifying with Francoist aesthetics, would identify with state ideology. This book examines the role of kitsch aesthetics in advancing Francoist totalitarian ideology and in its subsequent undoing. It explores the intersection between aesthetics and politics through the lens of kitsch and its relation to violence in the context of Spanish and European history. More specifically, it engages the making and unmaking of Francoist kitsch aesthetics through the analysis of Spanish cinema by examining eight influential films ranging from 1938 to 2010; five Francoist films and three oppositional films by critically acclaimed directors Luis Buñuel, Alex de la Iglesia and Guillermo del Toro who, by re-imagining Francoist aesthetics’ visual an narrative clichés, dismantled the fascist project.
Shining a Light on Slavery?
Authors: Brace Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the problems of defining slavery, and asks what makes a slave a slave? It focuses on powers of ownership and relations of domination, and critically examines Patterson’s constituent elements of slavery and his transhistorical definition of slavery as fundamentally about violence and slaves’ lack of legitimacy. It goes on to explore how Patterson’s emphasis on mortality and social death has been contested by others and what these debates over definition mean for the codification of persons as property and for the category of the human. This chapter argues for the importance of the role of labour in the volatile space between race and the human, and insists that transforming humans into moral beings was (and is) a gendered and racialized process that requires us to rethink the relation between pasts, presents and futures. This is not about a rupture between past and present, but about the afterlives of slavery and about putting slavery at the centre of political thought and narratives of modernity. This approach to defining slavery reveals the limitations of modern slavery discourse, of knowing and not-knowing and the rhetoric of misery, and the risks of taking the slave outside of history.
Humanity, Hegel and Freedom
Authors: Brace Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that is not enough to tell a story of humanity that takes personhood and autonomy as already accomplished. The process of transforming humanity into moral beings, and of distinguishing between humanity and the status of personhood, was never straightforward, but full of disruptions, ruptures, contradictions and repetitions. The mobility of the border between person and thing, and the intermediate statuses of Hegel’s bondsman and the fugitive slave were inseparable from the development of ideas about epidermalization, colour and inferiority. This chapter examines slavery as part of the forwardness of modernity, of stories that we think of as about progress, freedom and humanity. The drawing of boundaries within humanity, the sense of partitions that became permanent, was contested, and the line between human beings, sub-persons and rational, moral agents was not easily drawn, despite Kant’s insistence on its solidity. In this chapter, the symbiosis of race and the moral-political discourse of Kant and Hegel and the inextricable coupling of freedom and slavery are shown to work together to undermine the possibility of taking autonomy for granted, and of holding the historical past firmly in place.
Incarceration and Rupture: The Past in the Present
Authors: Brace Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the prison industrial complex in the United States to ask again about what gets remembered and how, to take us back to the question of what happens to a manumitted slave, and to revisit the figure of the slave as an uncanny object in the blind spot of modernity. It contests the sharp divide between past and present that lies behind the discourse of new slavery and focuses not on rupture, but on the continuities and persistent connections between the racial slavery of the past and the incarceration of the present. It looks at a past that refuses to pass away by exploring the meanings of imprisonment, the prison itself, the border regime and the status of felons and prisoners as outsiders, shut out of civil society.
Apoetic Life: Perec, Poetry, Pneumatology
Authors: Clemens Justin
Published: September 2018

For much of his life, it seems Georges Perec spurned poetry, identifying it with the sort of bourgeois sentimentalism that his own writing was constitutionally against. Once, however, he had been convinced by friends such as Harry Mathews that poetry was also exemplary of forms of compositional constraint, he returned to it with a vengeance — to the extent that his later work can even be seen to have received a new and decisive impetus from this realization. This chapter examines fragments from Shakespeare’s King Lear, Raymond Queneau’s oeuvre, and several works of Perec’s in order to identify key sets of operational constraints across their work. The differences and similarities between these operations are discussed, and consequences are drawn for contemporary poetry.
Georges Perec and the Significance of the Insignificant
Authors: Highmore Ben
Published: September 2018

Georges Perec died in 1982 at the age of forty-five. What is he for us now, thirty-three years later, in the second decade of the twenty-first century? How do we make him our contemporary? To make Perec’s work part of our present-day involves (perhaps counter-intuitively) grasping his project in its historical specificity. It isn’t by cherry-picking useable aspects of the work that we will ensure some relevance to its afterlife: rather, it will be by recognising his larger project as a response to a particular historical situation. While Perec’s situation in the 1960s and 1970s in France is not ours, it still has a relation to our world. Perec becomes our contemporary in the act of seeing these relations, how a continuity of feeling and mood percolates through historical ruptures, and how changes in mood and feeling activate historical continuities. The central claim of this chapter is that a central aspect of Perec’s project was the latter’s attempt to register actuality, that is, that this project was a form of realism. Moreover, like many forms of realism, it was a quest and a question rather than an answer or solution.
American Gothic Culture
Authors: Faflak Joel
Published: September 2018

This Companion surveys the traditions and conventions of the dark side of American culture - its repressed memories, its anxieties and panics, its fears and horrors, its obsessions and paranoias. Featuring new critical essays by established and emerging academics from a range of national backgrounds, this collection offers new discussions and analyses of canonical and lesser-known literary and other works. Its scope ranges from the earliest manifestations of American Gothic traditions in frontier narratives and colonial myths, to its recent responses to contemporary global events. Moving from analyses of eighteenth-century literature to twenty-first century video games, and touching upon visual art, film, and television, serial killers, monsters, education and cityscapes, this Companion aims to demonstrate the centrality of the gothic to American culture writ large through four key sections: Gothic Histories, Gothic Identities; Gothic Genres, Gothic Sites; Gothic Media; and American Creatures.
Slavery and American Gothic: The Ghost of the Future
Authors: Haslam Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with a structural analysis of the relation between slavery and American gothic, examined through current approaches in American gothic criticism. It then explores an understudied figure: the uncanny spectre of freedom that haunts representations of slavery, but that also reframes these gothic portrayals as forward-looking agents of change and healing which respond generatively to the otherwise endless repetition of slavery as America’s primal scene. Among the works discussed are Harriet Jacobs’ slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) and Octavia Butler’s Kindred (1979).
Ethno-gothic: Repurposing Genre in Contemporary American Literature
Authors: Redding Arthur
Published: September 2018

This chapter notes how traditional American gothic literature has been largely motivated by racial dread and fears of miscegenation. It then argues that many contemporary ethno-fiction writers repurpose gothic tropes and idioms to two ends. The first is to critique anxieties of American gothic in order to expose the racialism embedded in the assimiliationist and hegemonic narrative of upward mobility defined by the ethnic ‘melting pot’. The second is to use these gothic redeployments imaginatively to disinter the voices of those legions who have died and disappeared, un-mourned.
Joyce Carol Oates Revisits the Schoolhouse Gothic
Authors: Truffin Sherry R.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Oates’s exploration of the political and economic implications of Schoolhouse Gothic. This subgenre takes up schooling through gothic preoccupations with the tyranny of history, terrors of physical or mental confinement, reification, and miscreation. Schools are haunted or cursed by persistent power inequities (of race, gender, class), even by the Enlightenment itself which, in its attempt to rescue Western civilization from its dark past, betrayed an even darker compulsion to dissect, define, and dominate nature and humanity alike.
American Vampires
Authors: Weinstock Jeffrey Andrew
Published: September 2018

This chapter charts the American vampire narrative through four stages: 1) a ‘pre-history’ of its American origins; 2) the legacy of Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) in early twentieth-century American literary and cinematic adaptations; 3) the proliferation of vampire narratives via their increasing celebration of the vampire as hero liberated from social convention and embodying post-Watergate scepticism of authority; and 4) twenty-first-century representations whose ironic humanization of the vampire contest hegemonic structures of race, gender, and sexuality.
All That Jazz: The Diegetic Soundtrack in Melodrama
Authors: Wilkins Heidi
Published: September 2018

As modern film audiences, we are well aware of the capacity of music soundtracks to perform a multitude of functions in film. Music, whether diegetic (a part of the world of the film) or non-diegetic (outside of the world of the film), has the capacity to create emotion or humour; to be narrative or symbolic; to create atmosphere or provide information about a setting; and in its various forms, music is integral in creating meaning about film characters. This chapter looks at the use of music in melodramas of the 1940s and the 1950s. Melodrama is a film genre that notoriously makes use of music for its emotional capacity and for its ability to generate meaning about female protagonists in film texts that have been historically labelled as ‘women’s films’ or ‘female weepies’. In this discussion, I am interested in the use of diegetic music in melodrama, the function of which appears more difficult to outline. Diegetic music is also crucial in providing semantic information about characters and in establishing time and place. Yet what links can be drawn between diegetic music and the representation of gender in melodrama?
The Alienated Male: Silence and the Soundtrack in New Hollywood
Authors: Wilkins Heidi
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, I explore the audible link between masculinity, silence and soundtrack by focusing on a selection of silent, alienated male characters from renowned New Hollywood films. In this discussion, the ‘type’ of silence I often refer to is that described by Paul Théberge as ‘a kind of silence that is produced when, for example, music is allowed to dominate the soundtrack while dialogue and sound effects – the primary sonic modes of the diegetic world – are muted’. I explore the specific use of silence in these texts as well as the ways in which non diegetic music and diegetic sound are used to express meanings not divulged by the male characters, due to their limited dialogue. I argue that this acoustic construction contributes to a projected sense of alienation of male characters and that it can also be linked to the blurring of gender boundaries often accounted for by the counter-culture movements taking place in America throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
Introduction
Authors: Hirschler Konrad
Published: September 2018

The introduction sets the scene by reviewing our knowledge of medieval Arabic libraries and the ways in which they have been studied. On the one hand it provides a historiographical discussion and on the other hand it places the Ashrafiya into the wider picture of Middle Eastern book collections.
Curious Intricacies: Some Versions of City Writing at the Fin de Siècle
Authors: Freeman Nick
Published: September 2018

This Chapter surveys the range of writing about the city, and particularly about London at the time. It explains why the metropolis became such an important subject for writers, as well as showing how it consistently eluded and challenged perception, except in partial or fragmentary ways. Attention is given to the variety of writing about the city, there being, it is argued, no single or dominant urban vision.
Gothic Aesthetics
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century gothic, the sensation fiction of the middle decades of the nineteenth century, fin-de-siècle gothic works and modernism. It argues that in the late nineteenth century a distinctive, but implicit, gothic aesthetic developed which was characterised by a concern with divided selves, fragmented narratives and science. It also shows that this aesthetic was distinguished by optimistic narratives about adaptability and the presence of a mystical or spiritual world.
Providing an Ideal Home: Paternalism and Persuasion at Bournville 1895–1914
Authors: Ponsonby Margaret
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the construction of Bournville Village near Birmingham by the Cadbury family, opening a new window into our understanding of what constituted an ‘ideal home’ at this time. It outlines the role of Quakerism in informing the Cadburys’ ideas about domestic life, and the element of control that was exercised over the residents of the village. The chapter brings into focus the concerns of a group of the population, the more prosperous working and lower-middle classes, who are often overlooked in accounts of fin-de-siècle culture.
‘As Hewers of Wood, and Drawers of Water’? Scotland as an Emigrant Nation, c. 1600 to c. 1800
Authors: Mackillop Andrew
Published: September 2018

This attempt to rethink how early modern Scottish emigration might be conceptualised began life as part of a conference which explored the theme of whether the movement overseas of its people worked to Scotland’s profit or to its loss. Leaving aside for a moment the entirely legitimate concern that such a complex human phenomenon cannot be so easily reduced to a simple dichotomy, there is little doubt that contemporaries understood the significance of the migrations which seemed such a recurrent feature of Scottish society between the 1603 and 1801 unions. If many commentators at the time wrestled with what to make of the propensity of Scots for mobility, it is unsurprising that some chose to emphasise the positive or negative consequences. In this sense at least, framing the topic in terms of ‘profit’ or ‘loss’ is perhaps less anachronistic than might at first seem the case. Take, for example, the sentiments expressed in a pamphlet published in Edinburgh in 1695. Ostensibly, the tract concerned itself with recent trends in the lucrative Europe-to-Asia trades. In explaining Scotland’s international standing, the author offered a blunt assessment of the kingdom’s experience of emigration since the uniting of the Scottish and English crowns. The conclusion was unequivocal. Despite the migration since the early 1600s of tens of thousands to Ulster, the Scandinavian kingdoms, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Dutch Republic, England and her Atlantic colonies, Scotland had not prospered – the opposite in fact. The pamphlet’s preface concluded: ‘we had some who raised their fortunes . . . yet still we have been hitherto advancing our neighbours, but securing no colonies, or settlement for ourselves . . . as hewers of wood, and drawers of water.
The Importance of Scottish Origins in the Nineteenth Century: James Taylor and Ceylon Tea
Authors: McCarthy Angela
Published: September 2018

James Taylor is renowned as the ‘father of the Ceylon tea enterprise’. But how important were his Scottish origins in the successes he achieved in Ceylon’s tea economy? This chapter illuminates the social, cultural and economic world of Scotland especially developments in education, agriculture and engineering. The strong networking component of Scottish migration to Ceylon also proved influential as did Taylor’s personal attributes. The chapter argues that migrant backgrounds – as well as influences in new destinations – must be considered when assessing issues of adjustment abroad.
‘Part of my Heritage’: Ladies’ Pipe Bands, Associational Culture and ‘Homeland’ Identities in the Scottish Diaspora
Authors: Grant Erin C. M.
Published: September 2018

Throughout the imperial and non-imperial destinations to which Scots gravitated, they expressed their ethnic identities in various ways. To date, scholars have generally focused on either one particular aspect of Scottish expressions of identity, such as ethnic societies, or provided fleeting mentions of individual elements, such as pipe bands, without sustained analysis. Since most Scottish migrants did not join a Scottish association, it was their personal sense of Scottishness, which overshadowed their ethnic affiliations. This chapter will build on current scholarship by surveying Scottish ethnic identities through two new approaches: public group expressions of Scottishness as revealed by ladies’ pipe bands and their various connections to other forms of Scottish associational culture; and in the personal expressions of individual band members and their audience members across the diaspora. Further, this chapter sheds light on a glaring gap in scholarship regarding ethnic identities: the sense of identity held by multi-generational descent groups, as well as the extent to which these were articulated and reinvented.
Growth: Ode; Then, a Year; and Travis
Authors: Hall E. Dawn
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses all three of Reichardt’s experimental short films. Each contain elements of feminist ideology highlighting a mixture of social and cultural tensions pulled from news headlines. All three short films share a haptic sensibility via form and content. Ode based on Bobbie Gentry’s song “Ode to Billie Joe” follows an adolescent boy’s struggle with his sexuality, ending in suicide, set in the rural south. Ode is a 48 minute narrative shot on Super-8 and mixes the tension between homosexuality and extreme religious ideologies. Then, A Year is a collage of images with voice-overs discussing real life news stories: the statutory rape case perpetrated by Mary Kay Letourneau and the murder of a woman by her husband. Travis is based on a National Public Radio interview with a mother struggling to understand the loss of her son during the Iraq war. This chapter connects the influence of documentary style realism in all of these early films to her later narrative features as she explores social and cultural issues.
Culture and the Modern Woman: Introduction
Authors: Clay Catherine
Published: September 2018

TO DATE, MOST research in the expanded field of modern periodical studies has remained ‘conceptually framed by aesthetic modernism’ and ‘continues to treat modernist literature and art as the central touchstones of the period’ (Collier 2015: 95). In the history of modernism the interwar decades are very significant; the year 1922 saw the publication of two landmark modernist texts – James Joyce’s ...
‘The Magazine Short Story and the Real Short Story’: Consuming Fiction in the Feminist Weekly Time and Tide
Authors: Clay Catherine
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the short fiction content of the feminist weekly Time and Tide alongside readers’ letters printed in the periodical’s correspondence columns. A basic unit of magazine production the short story is also ‘definitional to modernism’ (Armstrong 2005: 52), and during the interwar period its status as commodity or art became the subject of increasing scrutiny and debate. Drawing on examples from amateur writers and well-known figures such as E. M. Delafield, the chapter explores how Time and Tide negotiated readers’ expectations for short fiction amongst its core target audience of women readers. Building on Fionnuala Dillane’s application of affect theory to periodical studies (2016), the chapter uses her concept of ‘discursive disruption’ to consider moments of conflict between Time and Tide and its readers over the short stories it published as moments of opportunity for the periodical to expand its scope, readership and brow, and renegotiate its position in the literary marketplace.
‘Dear Cinema Girls’: Girlhood, Picture-going, and the Interwar Film Magazine
Authors: Stead Lisa
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the role of the interwar British fan magazine in mediating ideas about modern British girlhood. Film periodicals invited readers into a complex and unstable network of film-inflected girlhoods in a period during which youthful femininity was defined more closely in relation to class and marital status than age, and in which representations of unmarried working girls and young wives had complex roles to play in defining national culture. The chapter suggests that reading the interwar film magazine is a distinct new way to re-read the narrative of ‘home and duty’, complicating a domestic ideal by offsetting more glamorous images and alternative possibilities of modern femininity against more conservative discourses on female identity. It argues that print cultures of film affected ideas about girlhood, class, and mass culture in this way, allowing their readers to simultaneously assign, test out, and in some ways re-write girls’ culturally ascribed domestic roles.
Reimagining Homes, Housewives, and Domesticity: Introduction
Authors: Hackney Fiona
Published: September 2018

A HOME OF ONE’S own, one of the most compelling dreams of the period, was becoming a reality for increasing numbers of people in the interwar years. The interwar generation, social historian John Burnett observed, ‘was perhaps the most family-oriented and home-centred one in history’ (1978: 265). Over four million new houses, an unprecedented expansion in the state and private sectors, coupled with cheap mortgages, easy credit, and the mass manufacture of household consumer goods, underpinned the domestic focus of magazines aimed at women across a wide range of sectors including the commercial, political, religious, and literary magazines, and women’s pages in newspapers examined here. The essays in ...
‘Many More Worlds to Conquer’: The Feminist Press Beyond Suffrage
Authors: DiCenzo Maria , Eustance Claire
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines periodicals representing two major organisations that made the transition from the pre-war suffrage campaign and survived into the interwar era, the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship (NUSEC) and the Women’s Freedom League, and their official organs, the Woman’s Leader and the Vote. The chapter offers a comparative analysis of some key controversies related to discourses of equality (in the campaign for equal franchise rights) and the politics of empire to illustrate the importance of accounting for the strategic functions of these media and how publications might operate as sites of struggle within and between competing organizations. The chapter explores debates about old and new feminisms, drawing on other feminist periodicals such as Time and Tide, and points to other interwar organisations such as the Six Point Group.
Woman’s Outlook 1919–39: An Educational Space for Co-operative Women
Authors: Bradbury Natalie
Published: September 2018

WOMAN’S OUTLOOK was first published in 1919 as a magazine for the women of the co-operative movement. Despite extensive scholarship on the Women’s Co-operative Guild (WCG), both within the organisation and in relation to the British women’s movement, this publication has received only limited attention. This chapter examines Woman’s Outlook as part of the interwar co-operative women’s movement, arguing that it functioned at a variety of levels to bring women together into a co-operative community. Woman’s Outlook represented a group of women who were not captured in other publications, and who shared particular concerns as working class women committed to co-operative ideas and trading. While it promoted the co-operative movement more widely, within the movement it served as a means of sharing information with and from its readers on effective home management (thereby responding to women’s immediate lives and needs) and aimed to extend women’s interests beyond the home. In these ways, it proved both educational and aspirational, expanding women’s horizons at a time when opportunities for women were changing, by showing what other women had and could achieve. The most sustained analysis of Woman’s Outlook to date is Rachel Ritchie’s study of Woman’s Outlook and Home and Country, the magazine produced by the Women’s Institute (WI). While Ritchie focuses on the 1950s, the goal here is to revisit Woman’s Outlook and its place in informing and educating a community of co-operative women from its inception in the interwar years.
‘The Sheep and the Goats’: Interwar Women Journalists, the Society of Women Journalists, and the Woman Journalist
Authors: Lonsdale Sarah
Published: September 2018

By the outbreak of the Second World War, women made up approximately 20 per cent of journalists in Britain, doubling their participation in mainstream journalism since the turn of the twentieth century. They were mostly employed by women’s magazines, were precariously freelance or confined to the newspaper ‘women’s page’, and faced resistance from the powerful National Union of Journalists, which imposed limitations on women’s access to newspaper newsrooms. Women journalists had emerged from the First World War with prominent bylines on popular newspaper leader pages; however, many women struggled to maintain their elevated status through the interwar years and either retreated into, or were pushed back into, the women’s sections. Using content from the Woman Journalist, newspaper and magazine articles, and memoirs, this chapter will examine the role, status, and professional associations of interwar women journalists to piece together their lives and attitudes to work. There is no doubt that, as members of a subjugated group, women journalists faced many struggles, but this chapter will ask whether these struggles were outweighed by the opportunities for adventure and financial independence that journalism offered them. It will also examine whether female journalists’ contributions to interwar newspapers and magazines reinforced media messages limiting women’s lives to ‘hearth and home’, thus contributing to women’s ‘symbolic annihilation’ from the public sphere.1 It will also ask whether the professional organisation, the Society of Women Journalists (SWJ), and its organ, the Woman Journalist, helped women journalists challenge gender barriers or encouraged gender stereotyping in their work.
Rethinking Reflective Judgment as Embodied
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: September 2018

This chapter challenges the separation between thinking and feeling in judgment, which we find in Arendt’s idea of judgment. It brings Arendt in conversation with Adorno to theorize an embodied form of reflective judgment that acknowledges that thinking and feeling are deeply enmeshed in making critical judgments, and exposes that the suppression of feelings of guilt leads to poor judgment. It shows that individuals and nations must confront guilt feelings that pertain to the nation’s past (and current) crimes to foster an embodied form of judgment. Embodied reflective judgment is necessary to take responsibility for the crimes of our forefathers and mothers, to show solidarity with the victims of crimes and their descendants, and to make sure that such crimes are not repeated.
An Austrian Haus der Geschichte?: The Drama Continues
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: September 2018

This chapter exposes the defense mechanisms in the heated public debates about establishing a house of history in Vienna, from the time period from 2015 until the present, because such a museum would also display Austria’s Nazi past. The defense mechanisms underline the continuing inability of contemporary Austrians to live up to guilt, and that they advance any reason, no matter how ridiculous, to keep unconscious guilt feelings repressed. As a result, we are confronted with flawed judgments and the continuing failure of Austrians to work through their past. The debate around establishing a house of history in which scientists, university professors and politicians participate exposes that we find the lack of embodied reflective judgment particularly in the educated class.
Conclusion: Towards a Politics of Feelings of Guilt
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the ways in which over-identification with the collective was the deciding moment when individual perpetrators fully committed to Nazi crimes, and has been a critical factor in fending off feelings of guilt today. It shows how dehumanizing classifications, scientific rationality, as well as the psychological cycle of denial, attack, and the reversal of roles of perpetrator and victim connects the ways in which individual guilt was fended of in past court cases with the ways in which political guilt is fended off in current debates around Austria’s involvement in Nazi atrocities. Finally, it explains that Austrians need psychoanalytic theory, the idea of the subject-in-outline, and “embodied reflective spaces” to work through their past and make sure that what happened does not happen again.
Woolf, De Quincey and the Legacy of ‘Impassioned Prose’
Authors: Högberg Elsa
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Elsa Högberg illuminates Woolf’s sensual, lyrical writing in light of its contact with Thomas De Quincey’s ‘impassioned prose’, drawing out the erotic and political dimensions of the book as a gift to Sackville-West. Examining the dream-like, visual and musical aspects of a long sentence at the end of Chapter V, Högberg considers the gender politics involved in Woolf’s appropriation of De Quincey’s prose style. In Högberg’s reading, the lyricism of Orlando unravels the time of the legal sentence, and thereby the logic by which aesthetic and material property is passed down an exclusively male line of inheritance.
Sir Thomas Browne and the Reading of Remains in Orlando
Authors: Hagen Benjamin D.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Benjamin Hagen explores the ways in which Woolf encourages and teaches us to become ‘more agile, creative and discerning readers’. Examining a sentence that is also a scene of reading, Hagen addresses some persistent ethical and political questions triggered by Woolf’s notion of ‘a reader’s part’ (O 52). He takes on the sentence’s challenge to confront issues of colonial violence as it relates to practices of reading and writing, and turns particular focus on the role of Sir Thomas Browne in Orlando, whose presence provides a key to Woolf’s fascination with ruins and remains.