bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing and Forecasting International Tourist Arrivals in Nepal: Trends, Patterns, and Future Prospects
Authors: Pradhan Bijay Lal , Koirala Prabesh
Published: December 2024

This paper aims to analyze and forecast international tourist arrivals in Nepal, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and breathtaking natural landscapes. Using time series analysis and ARIMA modeling, the study investigates the data on tourist arrivals, highlighting the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel trends. Descriptive statistics were used to examine tourist demographics including gender, age groups, and the purpose of visit, revealing seasonal trends that influence arrival patterns. The findings indicate that international tourism plays a vital role in Nepal’s economy, while the pandemic has led to unprecedented decline in arrivals. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the tourism sector, emphasizing the need for sustainable tourism development and investment in infrastructure to recover and enhance the country’s tourism potential. By providing forecasts of future tourist arrivals, this research serves as a critical tool for strategic planning in the post-pandemic landscape.
Employee Performance in Nepalese Banks: The Influence of Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Kandel Madan
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study examines the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on employee outcomes in Nepalese commercial banks, focusing on key factors such as cultural integration, job stress, job security, and fairness in transfers and promotions. It further explores the role of operating efficiency after M&A in influencing employee performance.
Methods/Design: The research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to assess how these factors influence employee work outcomes during M&A transitions.
Findings: The results reveal that effective cultural integration, management of job stress, and assurances of job security positively impact employee outcomes. Perceptions of fairness in transfers and promotions are also crucial in maintaining employee satisfaction and performance.
Implications/Limitations: This study provides actionable insights for managing M&A transitions, emphasizing the importance of support systems for employee well-being. It addresses a gap in the literature by focusing on the human side of M&A in Nepalese banks, often overshadowed by financial aspects. However, the small sample size and potential employee response bias may limit the generalizability of the findings. The focus on commercial banks may also restrict the applicability to other sectors. Future research should include more industries and larger samples to better understand long-term employee outcomes post-M&A.
Are Beauty Brands Green or Green Washed? A Qualitative Study on Customers’ Perception
Authors: Acharya Nirmala , Pokhrel Laxman
Published: December 2024

With growing awareness of environmental issues such as global warming and pollution, consumers are increasingly shifting towards green products. In response, beauty brands are promoting their products as sustainable. However, consumers have recently begun questioning the authenticity of these green claims. Drawing from behavioral reasoning theory (BRT), this paper investigates customers' perceptions of green beauty brands in Nepal. A qualitative approach using a convenience sampling technique was employed to reach eight beauty green consumers. Data were collected and analyzed by using semi-structured interviews and Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis respectively. The authors explored the evaluation of green practices, perceived factors supporting green practices, and perceived challenges as overarching themes. Additionally, a new theme of greenwashing perception emerged from a lack of transparency, accountability, and third-party verification of green beauty brands. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the earliest qualitative studies to explore green practices among beauty brands in Nepal.
Transforming Human Resource Management for Common Good Agenda: An Outside-in Approach
Authors: Adhikari Dev , Shrestha Prakash
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to delineate the concept and challenges of sustainable human resource management (sustainable HRM) to manage people from an outside-in approach.
Methodology/Design: This paper is a very conceptual type and presents the views of authors drawn from the scholarly contributions of human-side enterprises in the context of business as usual, corporate social responsibility, triple bottom line, and sustainable development goals (SDGs-2030).
Findings: Since concepts and perspectives of sustainable HRM are emerging, there are challenges to designing and implementing it from an outside-in approach. Traditional organizational structure, inadequate reward, role conflict, ambiguity, and support from management and shareholders are some of the challenges. However, since sustainable HRM is an ethical responsibility to the survival and longevity of businesses/organizations through promoting environmental, economic, and social advantages in the long run, stakeholders could be interested and benefit from it.
Research limitations/Implications: Adequate scientific inquiry is required in the future to comprehend sustainable HRM concepts, practices, challenges, and outcomes in relation to SDGs to promote the common good.
Practice implications: Since Nepal has ratified the SDGs and incorporated these goals into the national development plan, it is the responsibility of private, public, and higher education institutions to act in accelerating the SDG movement to cope with economic, environmental, and social challenges at the organizational level through transforming HRM purposes.
Originality/value: This study highlights the need for a paradigm shift in management practices by framing HRM transformation within the "Common Good Agenda" and positioning HRM as a force for positive social change through an outside-in approach. Such an approach would be especially relevant in light of corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Adoption of Mobile Wallets in Nepal: Examining the Influence of Trust and the Mediating Role of Security and Privacy
Authors: Poudel Omkar , Khatri Bishnu , Rijal Umesh , Acharya Pradeep
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of trust on the intention of using mobile financial services, focusing on mobile payment platforms. It also explores how security andprivacy mediates this relationship.
Methodology: A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data from 384 respondents. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesized relationships between trust, security, privacy, and the intentionto use the mobile payment platform.
Findings: The results indicate that trust significantly influences users' intention to adopt the mobile payment platform whereas security and privacy concerns play crucial mediating roles. TheSEM analysis confirmed that the model fit indices were within acceptable ranges, supporting the robustness of the proposed model.
Implications: For service providers, enhancing security and privacy features is essential for fostering trust and encouraging user adoption of mobile financial services, and it can be a key driver in the growth of digital finance.
Originality/Value: The study contributes to the literature on digital finance by highlighting the intertwined roles of trust, security, and privacy in shaping consumer behavior, offering insights for both academia and industry practitioners.
Assessing the Influence of Investor Confidence on Economic Growth in Nepal: A Comprehensive Non-Granger Analysis
Authors: Phaju Rajan , Shrestha Devendra Prasad
Published: December 2024

Background: Nepal's economic growth is influenced by its capital market, with the Nepal Stock Exchange Index (NEPSE) and the ratio of market capitalization to paid-up capital (RMP) serving as indicators of investor confidence. Understanding how these indicators relate to GDP can clarify the stock market's role in shaping economic policies and investments.
Objectives: The study aims to assess causal relationships between GDP, NEPSE, and RMP in Nepal. It examines whether stock market performance predicts GDP changes and the extent of any feedback effect from GDP.
Method: Using annual data and the Toda-Yamamoto Granger non-causality test, the study examines interactions between GDP, NEPSE, and RMP without requiring adjustments for stationarity. The model tests for unidirectional or bidirectional causality among these variables.
Results: The results reveal a unidirectional causality from NEPSE to GDP, suggesting that stock market performance impacts economic growth in Nepal. Both NEPSE and RMP show predictive power over GDP, while GDP’s feedback effect on these indicators is weak.
Conclusion: The study concludes that Nepal’s stock market significantly influences economic growth, with NEPSE and RMP acting as leading indicators of GDP.
Implications: The findings suggest that the policymakers should prioritize market stability and accessibility to support economic growth. Enhanced regulation, transparency, and broader market participation could strengthen investor confidence and positively impact Nepal's economic trajectory.
Examining the Role of Financial Awareness, Attitude, and Knowledge in Personal Financial Planning: A Study in the Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Ghimire Binod , Dahal Rewan
Published: December 2024

Purpose. This study explores the relationship between financial literacy, including awareness, attitude, knowledge, and planning, among Nepalese individuals who reside in the Kathmandu Valley.
Design/methodology/approach. The study employed a descriptive and causal research design based on the primary data collected from 386 respondents who were actively engaged in financial transactions at the Nepalese Stock Market. It used a purposive selection approach to select participants, specifically those involved in financial transactions at stock broker centers located in Kathmandu Valley.
Findings. The study’s outcome indicates a modest positive relationship between financial awareness and individual financial planning (β = 0.143; p = 0.000), whereas financial attitude demonstrates a stronger positive association (β = 0.323; p = 0.000). Financial knowledge is the most influential component in individual financial planning (β = 0.501; p = 0.000).
Research implications. The results indicate that by implementing focused educational programs, individuals can enhance their financial literacy, enable them to make well- informed financial decisions, enhance their financial planning skills, and ultimately progress their long-term financial security.
Originality/value. This study underscores financial literacy's significance for individual and social well-being.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Buying Behavior of Organic Products in Surkhet Valley, Nepal
Authors: Rokaya Ammar , Pandey Akhilesh
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer buying behavior of organic products in Surkhet Valley, Nepal. It explores how various factors, including the pandemic phase, perceived health risk, income loss, governmental regulations, and media influence, have shaped purchasing patterns during the pandemic.
Methodology: A survey was conducted among 400 organic product consumers from Surkhet Valley, using a convenience sampling technique. Data collection took place between June and July 2024 and analysis was performed using Smart PLS software to test relationships and hypotheses. Cronbach’s Alpha was employed to assess validity and reliability.
Findings: Results show that pandemic phases, perceived health risks, and media influence significantly affected consumer behavior. Economic hardship and government regulations also played roles in limiting access to organic products. Consumers perceived organic products as safer during early pandemic phases but reverted to previous buying habits over time.
Limitations/ Implications: The study is limited to Surkhet Valley and convenience sampling, which may limit generalizability. Nevertheless, these insights are valuable for businesses and policymakers seeking to adapt strategies for the organic product market in post-pandemic settings, promoting resilience and sustainability.
Ethical Leadership and Employees' Innovative Behavior: Exploring the Mediating Role of Organizational Support
Authors: Subedi Dhruba , Bhandari Dilli
Published: December 2024

Purpose- The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and innovative behavior of employees in Nepalese commercial banks with the mediating role of organizational support.
Design/Methodology/Approach- To examine the relationship between ethical leadership and innovative behavior, with organizational support as a mediator, a descriptive and causal research design was employed. Data were collected from a sample of 287 employees at various capacity levels within Nepalese commercial banks, using a convenience sampling technique.
Findings- This study reveals that ethical leadership significantly fosters innovative behavior among employees in Nepalese commercial banks, with organizational support serving as a key mediating factor. Strong organizational support amplifies this relationship by offering essential resources, encouragement, and a secure environment that nurtures creativity and innovation.
Implications- The findings of the study indicate that prioritizing ethical leadership training and strengthening organizational support systems can substantially boost employee innovative behaviour. This, in turn, contributes to enhance organizational performance and strengthens competitive advantages of the business.
Originality/Value- This study provides new insights into the impact of ethical leadership and organizational support system on innovative behavior. Further it supports for fostering a culture of innovation, which is critical for enhancing competitiveness in the banking sector.
Moderating Role of Social Gender Norms between Institutional Support and Women Entrepreneurial Survivability in Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Radha
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to identify the moderating role of socially constructed gender-based norms in the relationship between institutional support and entrepreneurial survivability based on women entrepreneurs' perceptions.
Method/ Design: The study follows a causal research design. The population comprises all women entrepreneurs from all over Nepal with purposively selected 353 samples from conveniently selected four provinces. The moderation effect was tested with the application of Structural Equation Modeling based on the institution theory using SPSS with AMOS. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and moderation test were conducted to find the results in the three-step processes.
Findings: Findings showed that the moderating effect of gender-based norms weakened the relationship between institutional support and survivability.
Implications: A policy implication of the study requires consideration of gender norms while providing support to women entrepreneurs. Regarding the practical implications of the policies, women entrepreneurs should be made more knowledgeable about the socially constructed problems in their entrepreneurial journey.
Originality/Limitation of the Study: This study contributes to the growing literature and body of knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship especially in the context of Nepal. Conclusions are based on only the perception of women entrepreneurs. The study conclusions are unique and might not apply in the context of a developed economy. A comprehensive and detailed understanding can be obtained from the analysis of different perspectives on women's entrepreneurial survivability.
The Role of Social Media, Electronic Word-of-Mouth, and Sponsorship in Building Brand Awareness for Goldstar Shoes
Authors: Manandhar Raju , Chalise Mahanada , Dahal Aakriti
Published: December 2024

Purpose: In today’s competitive marketplace, brand awareness is crucial for a company’s success. It reflects the degree to which consumers recognize a brand’s unique characteristics and image, influencing customer acquisition, loyalty, and market presence. This study aims to identify factors affecting the brand awareness of Goldstar shoes in Nepal.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Using a descriptive and causal-comparative research design, the study targeted 204 Goldstar customers from different occupations in Kathmandu Valley, selected through convenience sampling. Data was collected via a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using correlation and regression techniques.
Findings: The study found a positive relationship between social media marketing, electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), and sponsorships with brand awareness. These factors significantly influence Goldstar’s brand awarenss.
Conclusion: Social media marketing, eWOM, and sponsorships are key drivers of brand awareness for Goldstar shoes. Investing in dynamic social media campaigns, encouraging online reviews, and leveraging strategic sponsorships can enhance brand visibility and market presence. An integrated approach combining these strategies is recommended.
Limitations/Implications: The study utilized only three independent variables: social media marketing, electronic word-of-mouth, and sponsorship, to examine their impact on brand awareness of Goldstar shoes within Kathmandu Valley. Hence, future researchers can study other factors impacting brand awareness of other brands in other cities with a larger sample size and with new analytical tools.
Originality/Value: This study applies the AIDAS Model (Lewis, 1898) to understand customer buying behavior for Goldstar shoes.
The Impact of Institutional Quality on Economic Growth in South Asia: A Panel Data Analysis from 2006 to 2023
Authors: Adhikari Gyan , Chhetri Santosh , Adhikari Gyanendra , Basnet Bhawana
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The study examines South Asia's institutional quality and highlights its role in addressing economic, social, and promoting sustainable development, poverty reduction, and social progress.
Method /Design: The study examines the impact of institutional quality on economic growth in seven South Asian economies, employing a fixed-effect model. It uses panel data from 2006-2023 and focuses on corruption control, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and WGI 2023 indicators.
Findings: The study reveals that institutional quality significantly impacts economic growth, despite limiting the positive effects of foreign direct investments and trade openness. However, improving institutional quality can mitigate competition from trade openness in areas where FDIs operate, optimizing their spill-over effects. The study concluded that institutional improvement impacts South Asian economic performance.
Practical Implications: The research reveals that understanding institutional quality's impact on economic growth aids in designing effective policies for sustainable development, particularly in South Asia, balancing growth with social inclusivity and environmental sustainability.
Originality/Limitation of the Study: The study explores the impact of governance, rule of law, corruption control, and bureaucratic efficiency on economic performance in countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. It uses recent data and region-specific factors, but data reliability and consistency need to be improved.
Structural Change and Diagnosis of Nepalese Stock Market Volatility
Authors: Shrestha Bishal
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This paper studies the volatility of the Nepalese stock market. It focuses on two aspects of volatility: persistence and leverage effects. It aims to evaluate whether the presence of deterministic structural shifts in volatility produces biased estimations of persistence and leverage parameters.
Design/Methodology: This study uses time-series econometric modeling. The family of asymmetric GARCH specifications has been used to capture the leverage effect and persistence in the longitudinal univariate time-series indices data. The study covers 13 subindices along with a composite NEPSE index covering the period from 2003 to 2023.
Findings: Findings suggested that the estimates of persistence and leverage parameters are biased when deterministic structural shifts are not considered. Result indicated the downward adjustment of the estimated parameters of leverage and persistence when such structural shifts are incorporated in the models.
Conclusions: Failure to incorporate deterministic structural shifts are expected to produce biased estimate of volatility attributes of high-frequency financial time series data. A downward shift in persistence parameters indicates that the impact of recent lagged conditional variance and information shocks have larger effect on expected volatility compared to that of distant conditiona variances. Decrease in leverage parameters in the presence of deterministic structural shifts suggested the reduction in asymmetry of the news impact (‘bad news’ vs ‘good news’).
Implications: Investors and researchers when analyzing the high-frequency univariate financial time-series shall incorporate deterministic structural shifts in their analysis to ensure more robust analysis. Understanding the adjusted persistence and leverage parameters allows decision-makers to make informed risk assessments and enables to recalibrate their strategies to respond more promptly to market changes.
Capital Structure and Profitability of Public and Government Banks in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sanjay
Published: December 2024

The study will examine how capital structure influences Nepalese public and government bank profitability. The study's statistical analysis utilizes secondary data. Descriptive and casual comparative analysis utilizing bank website data and correlations and multiple regression models for hypothesis testing was done using software. The study sampled 6 public banks and 2 governments from the population. The capital structure and profitability were examined as a cause-and-effect connection utilizing informal comparative study. This study uses NIM as a dependent variable and leverage ratio, bank size, liquidity ratio, and capital ratio as independent variables. Mean, standard deviation, correlation, multiple regression model, and hypothesis testing are statistical methods. Excel and SPSS assess such variables. Leverage Ratio boosts Public Bank NIM but not significantly. Bank Size negatively affects NIM somewhat. NIM and Liquidity Ratio are positively correlated. Public bank NIM is little affected by capital ratio. Leverage Ratio and bank size negatively affect Nepal's government banks' NIM. NIM positively and insignificantly impacts Liquidity Ratio. Capital ratio positively affects government bank NIM. Banks should recognise other variables' importance.
The Impact of Advertising on Consumer Brand Preference: A Focus on Soft-Drink Brands in Nepal
Authors: Thakur Binay Kumar , Singh Balgopal
Published: December 2024

In the soft drink sector in Nepal, this research investigates the influence that advertising has on the preferences of consumers regarding brand names. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways in which various advertising mediums, including television, social media, and print, influence the preferences of consumers for soft-drink companies. Additionally, the research explores the influence that advertising frequency and digital media have in moulding brand memory, especially among younger consumers. A technique that is quantitative was used, and data was gathered by means of a structured questionnaire that was sent to two hundred respondents in Nepal who came from a variety of age groups and socio-economic backgrounds throughout the country. For the purpose of determining the links between advertisement exposure, brand memory, and brand choice, the data was analysed using regression analysis, chi-square testing, and correlation analysis. The findings indicate that a greater advertising frequency is positively connected with enhanced brand memory. This suggests that frequent exposure to commercials plays a significant role in the maintenance of consumer awareness and brand loyalty. The research has important implications for businesses that sell soft drinks, highlighting the need of placing a strategic emphasis on digital and social media platforms in order to attract younger customers who are very knowledgeable about technology. It also advises that future research should investigate cross-national comparisons and the impact that digital advertising has on brand loyalty over the long term.
Impact of Corporate Governance on Performance of Public Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Hada Maheshwar Lal
Published: December 2024

With regard to non-performing loans in Nepal, this research study seeks to investigate the effect of corporate governance on the profitability of public commercial banks. While several studies have examined the "Impact of Corporate Governance on profitability of commercial banks in Nepal," publicly traded commercial banks in the country have been the subject of far less investigation. By focusing just on Nepal's banking sector, this research aimed to address that void. The non-performing loan (NPL) is used as a dependent variable to measure performance, while the percentage of female directors, audit committee size, audit committee independence, board diligence, and board size all serve as independent variables in corporate governance. The study examined the governance procedures and their influence on the performance of public commercial banks in Nepal using panel data analysis. The data was collected from 2017/018 to 2021/022, and statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, correlation, multiple regression, and t-test were employed. Board diligence (DB) significantly and positively affects nonperforming loans (NPL), according to the empirical findings. Other factors (BS, FD AC, BI, ACI) did not significantly affect the return on assets (ROA) of Nepal's public commercial banks, according to the results.
Strategic Management Practices and Performance of Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Agrawal Neha , Agrawal Niraj
Published: December 2024

The adoption of good strategic management strategies is crucial for banks to attain long-term success and maintain their competitiveness. Examining strategic management practices in Nepalese commercial banks is aim of this study. Four independent variables i.e., environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy execution, and strategy assessment control, as well as one dependent variable i.e., performance of Nepalese commercial banks, were primary focus of this study. This study is quantitative in nature. For the study, a causal comparative research design was chosen. To gather primary data on the factors and investigate their relationship, a survey was conducted. Simple random sampling was used to distribute self-administered questionnaires for this investigation. Data was collected from 216 respondents from among 10 commercial banks of Nepal. In the analytical section, both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. Data analysis was made using SPSS. With an R2 value of 0.685, the inferential analysis demonstrates that every aspect of strategic management techniques under investigation has a favourable and statistically significant effect on the operations of Nepal's commercial banks. Among the four dimensions of strategic management practices strategy formulation have the most influential role on performance of commercial banks in Nepal in financial and non-financial terms. Managers of Nepalese commercial banks should take steps to continuously apply the approaches of strategic management for long-term competitive advantage.
Cloud Computing and Data Security Challenges: A Nepal Case
Authors: Yadav Birendra Prasad
Published: December 2024

When it comes to storing and accessing data, cloud computing provides an alternative option for users of computers and mobile devices. Nepal has a lot of problems with cloud computing and protecting data. Data security in the cloud and cloud computing are topics the author is investigating. The investigation is carried out using the content analysis method. According to the research, cloud computing is crucial for the storage, regulation, and accessibility of data in Nepal. Additionally, Nepal is a developing nation. The data security issue is real because it has lacked the necessary technological know-how, financial resources, human resources with the necessary skills, and a large digital divide. Security in the cloud is mostly concerned with storage, virtualization, and networks. Users and providers of cloud services are primarily concerned in virtualization, which enables numerous users to share a single physical server. Data transmitted by remote virtual equipment is a prime target for assaults on cloud networks. Security, storage, data center operations, pricing, service level agreement, location, integrity, access, segregation, breaches, and confidentiality are just a few of the cloud computing issues that Nepal is clearly encountering. Nepal, like many other developing nations, should begin to make use of its own servers, satellites, and data centers or banks for communication and storage.
Impact of Credit Risk Management on Profitability of Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Kalwar Arjun K , Shrestha Binay
Published: December 2024

The research aims to assess commercial bank credit risk and profitability, analyze the link between credit risk and financial performance of sampled banks, and assess the influence of credit risk on financial performance. Descriptive, correlational, causal comparative study. Secondary data come from the sample bank. Three Nepalese commercial banks are sampled. Profitability, credit risk, liquidity, capital sufficiency, interest spread, and base rate are study factors. Financial and statistical analysis are based on objective achievement and raw facts. Financial analysis uses ratios and descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression. Using SPSS and Excel for analysis. Positive but not significant relationships exist between profitability, credit risk, and liquidity. The capital adequacy ratio and profitability are negative and insignificant. Profitability is positively correlated with interest spread. Base rate negatively impacts profitability and is considerable. Credit risk hurts profitability but not much. The liquidity ratio and capital sufficiency positively affect profitability but not significantly. Positive interest spread and negative base rate affect bank profitability. With a R square value of 0.783, the study found that independent factors explain 78.3% of the variation in the dependent variable and other variables 21.7%. The results indicated that ISR and BR significantly affect commercial bank ROE in Nepal, but CR, LR, and CAR do not.
Evolution of HR Analytics in India - a Detailed Analysis
Authors: Raj Rashmi , Lalhall Alka , Raj Shilpi
Published: December 2024

The technological domains and trends of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, business intelligence, big data and analytics, edge computing, hyper automation, Block chain, Democratization, Human Augmentation, and Multi experience are enabling mankind to innovate and create superhuman capabilities. This leaves human resources (HR) to fight the battle of replacing people-literate technology with people-literate people. With the developing trends, the propensity for analytics and intricate algorithms created a breakthrough into a creative zone that extended a manageable workforce. The purpose of this study is to review the earlier studies conducted based on evolution and emergence of HR analytics. It tries to investigate through prior works done on business analytics, big data, business intelligence and on HR Analytics a swell as literature concerning innovation and adoption of various models, tools and techniques.
Affect Heuristic and Influence of ‘Name’ in Investment Decisions of Nepalese Investors
Authors: Vaidya Rashesh , Chitrakar Bikram , Ghimire Sanjeev
Published: December 2024

The study aims to investigate the presence of affect heuristics in investment decisions and analyze the influence of company and financial tool names in investment decisions. The framework of the Affect Heuristic Model was adapted to measure perceived risk and perceived benefit. Besides the impact of fluency, association and familiar names were tested to discover the level of perceived risk and perceived benefit during the investment decision. The research was conducted among 150 investors who invest in the Nepal Stock Exchange through an online form. The study indicates that Nepalese investors tend to rely on heuristic shortcuts, such as fluency, familiarity, and association, when assessing investment opportunities. They are notably influenced by affect ‘name’ heuristics, shaping their perceptions of benefits. Moreover, their perception of risk and benefit is more influenced by trends and superficial factors like glitz than past performance and corporate character. Local companies and well-known brands are favored due to the familiarity heuristic.
A Study on Role of Government support schemes in the growth of MSMEs in India
Authors: Singh Ragini
Published: December 2024

This paper aims to explore the trends of budgetary allocation and utilization of MSMEs by Government and to know the various schemes launched by government of India for the growth of MSMEs. Tables and graphical methods have been used to know the trends of budgetary allocation by government for MSMEs. For these annual reports of MSMEs has been used hence, it is based on secondary data. The study finds that the government also allocated sufficient fund for MSME sector which shows increasing trend in the following year and the trend of utilisation was also increasing. The government has implemented several plans to encourage technology upgrades and modernization in infrastructure facilities as well as welfare of artisans and MSME workers. Enhancing the capacity of small and medium-sized businesses can propel economic growth through increased government budgetary allocation and usage for MSMEs. Innovation, increased competitiveness, and the development of jobs can all result from this help. Since MSMEs make up a large portion of the economy, they gain the most from additional finance, which boosts output and opens up new markets. This in turn creates a more dynamic and varied business climate, which benefits the economy as a whole Comprehending MSME programs guarantees that small and medium-sized businesses may effectively use accessible resources, financial assistance, and support services. MSMEs are now more equipped to expand, develop, and compete in the market thanks to this improved access.
Customer Perception on Adoption of Quick Response (QR) Code Payment in Nepal
Authors: Wagle Sudip
Published: December 2024

The Quick Response (QR) code payment system has grown popularity in recent years. This study aims to examine the impact of customer perception on adoption of QR code payment in Nepal. Descriptive and causal comparative research design has employed with structured questionnaire survey administered to 385 banks customers in Nepal. This study analyze the relationships and impact between the variables by using pearson correlation and regression analysis. The findings reveal positive and significant impact of Knowledge about QR Code Perceived Cost on adoption of QR code and Ease of Use while Trust and Security have insignificant impact on customer perception. The findings of this study may offer valuable insights to banks customers, policymakers, and the future researchers, aiding the value of QR code payment on cusomer satisfaction. This study offers a unique contribution by exploring how the QR code payment enhance banking transaction with customer satisfaction in the context of Nepal, where only the limited research has been conducted.
Exploring the Impact of Bank-Specific Internal Factors on the Profitability: A Study of the Banking Sector of Nepal
Authors: Dongol Padam , Shrestha Anuj
Published: December 2024

This study aims to investigate the impact of bank-specific internal factors on the profitability of the banks. The study, which employed an explanatory research technique, used secondary data from major sample merger commercial banks' annual reports for fiscal years 2014 to 2022. The population consists of 20 scheduled banks, with a sample of five merged banks selected purposefully. Bank size, liquidity ratio, dividend payout ratio, capital adequacy ratio and non-performing loans ratio are the five independent variables that the study uses to analyze the association between Return on asset, the dependent variable. The study used descriptive statistics, multiple regression models, and MS Excel for data analysis. The findings indicate that both BS and NPLR have a noteworthy detrimental impact on ROA, whereas LR has a considerable beneficial effect. However, the results revealed no statistical significance for CAR and DPR. The study concludes that among the internal factors analyzed, LR is the most influential factor on bank profitability. These findings provide valuable insights for regulators, bank management, and other stakeholders, highlighting areas for potential performance improvement. The inclusion of macroeconomic aspects with the potential to impact the profitability of Nepalese banks should be further examined.
Examining the Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on the NEPSE Index: VECM Approach
Authors: Sigdel Sahadev , Adhikari Gyan
Published: December 2024

NEPSE plays a pivotal role in Nepal’s financial ecosystem, fostering economic growth, corporate development, and investment opportunities. The study of macroeconomic variables’ impact on the NEPSE Index is significant as it provides insights for investors and policymakers to make informed decisions, enhancing market efficiency and economic stability. This study examines the impact of macroeconomic variables on the NEPSE Index using secondary data from 1994 to 2023 and the VECM approach, revealing a long-run equilibrium among variables with significant influences from GDP, WTI, IR, and M2. The analysis highlights rapid adjustments towards equilibrium, negligible effects from lagged GDP and IR changes, and asymmetric causal relationships observed in Engle-Granger tests. The regression analysis shows moderate explanatory power with significant model fit indicators and reveals no residual autocorrelation or serial correlation, suggesting robustness in modeling the NEPSE Index dynamics. Recommendations include leveraging these findings for targeted policy interventions to enhance market stability and investor confidence.
Du Point Method as Tool for Financial Performance Analysis
Authors: Aryal Rameshower , Bista Purushotam
Published: December 2024

This study undertakes a comprehensive financial performance analysis of Agricultur al Development Bank Limited (ADBL) over a specified period, employing the Du Pont method. Focusing on key financial metrics such as Net Profit Margin (NPM), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TATR), Equity Multiplier (EM), and Return on Equity (ROE), the study aims to provide a detailed examination of ADBL’s efficiency in translating revenue into profit, asset utilization, capital structure decisions, and overall profitability. By utilizing the Du Pont method, the analysis aims to break down ROE into its constituent parts, offering valuable insights into the sources of ADBL’s financial performance and shedding light on the interplay between profitability, efficiency, and financial leverage. The study adopts a case study research design with quantitative approach with ADBL as the focal point. This approach allows for an in-depth exploration of the relationships between variables that influence the financial decisions within the bank. Findings from the analysis highlight fluctuations in NPM, stable asset utilization as indicated by TATR, an increasing reliance on debt financing depicted by EM, and significant fluctuations in ROE. Correlational analysis underscores the influential role of profitability in achieving better ROE, along with a moderate negative correlation between NPM and EM. In conclusion, these insights empower stakeholders with valuable information for assessing ADBL’s financial strength, risk profiles, and strategic decision-making within the banking industry.
Efficient Service Delivery Practice at Local Government Administration of Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Rita , Rijal Madhu
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates administrative service delivery practices in Nepal’s local government and the relationship between governance, service delivery, and citizens. And, it emphasizes collaboration, people-centric social development, and engagement high lighting the need for policy interventions. Public administration aims to achieve efficiency at local levels providing necessary services without discrimination based on affordability. It is a historical perspective expected to influence local people significantly. Using a qualitative approach, it reveals the satisfaction of local people with the efficiency of administration, the vision of leadership for efficient administration, and interpersonal communication adopted by leadership for addressing silo mental problems. However, gaps exist in knowledge and perceptions among people and societies. To achieve efficiency at all levels, it is necessary to provide necessary public goods and services without discrimination based on affordability. Performance should not only be a cost-benefit analysis but also provide value to citizens. In a scarcely available world, understanding efficiency’s historical perspectives and future role is crucial.
Gender Equality in The Higher Education Workforce in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Narayan , Rijal Madhu
Published: December 2024

This article focuses on the challenges of achieving gender quality that led to gender well being in the workforce in the Higher Education sector in Nepal. Well-being by gender refers to the overall health and quality of life seen from a gender perspective. It includes physical and mental health, while from a quality-of-life perspective it includes social, psychological, cultural, political and environmental aspects. This principle says that everyone, regard less of their gender, should be treated fairly and equally in all aspects of their lives. This includes equal access to high-quality education, employment opportunities, and a role in politics and social life. In addition, gender equality in education means ensuring that men, women, marginalized community and LGBTQI+ have equal opportunities to obtain high quality education without facing any barriers or discrimination. Similarly, gender equality in employment requires that men, women, marginalized community and LGBTQI+ receive equal opportunities to work, receive equal pay and progress in their careers regardless of their gender. Gender equality in politics aims to ensure that men and women have the same right to be involved and contribute to the political process and decision-making. The involvement of women in employment must consider the implementation of strategies regard less of gender and must be fair in offering employment. Previously, women in the employment sector were quite marginalized from the current state of national development. The research method used is a qualitative study that uses document content analysis using secondary data, namely journals and scholarly writing, library research and previous research by previous researchers. This study found some challenges that women face to become leaders in the higher education sector. Including prejudice and stereotypes against women’s ability, gender-based pay disparities, occupational segregation and work-life balance
Association of Serum Creatinine and NT-ProBNP Levels with the Length of Hospital Stay in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Poudel Samir Kumar , Sherpa Kunjang , Gautam Binayak , Bogati Prakash , Ghimire Nirmal , Lamsal Sudip , Mishra Deepak Kumar , Koirala Prabha Chapagain , Poudel Lata Gautam
Published: December 2024

Background:Despite the increasing arsenals in the basket of heart failure armamentarium, the management of acute decompensated heart failure still remains a partly resolved mystery with high morbidity and mortality. This study seeking correlation between serum NT-ProBNP, and serum creatinine at presentation in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients with the length of hospital stay (LOS) will give an idea about prioritizing ADHF patients for further management and proper downstream resource utilization.Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective observational study conducted at National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The study duration was from August 2023 to July 2024. Seventy-three consecutive patients above 18 years of age with ADHF were enrolled in the study. Patients underwent NT=ProBNP and serum creatinine tests from the routine lab within 24 hours of presentation to emergency department. The correlation between LOS and NT-ProBNP/ serum creatinine was assessed by Spearman correlation.Results: Out of the 73 patients, females were higher in number (56.16%). The mean age of the population was (64.68 + 16.19) years and the mean hospital stay was (9.89 + 4.3) days. There was a moderately strong correlation between LOS and serum NT-ProBNP level (r = 0.419, p = 0.027). However, the correlation between LOS and serum creatinine was weak (r = 0.245, p = 0.037). Conclusion: Serum NT-ProBNP taken within first 24-hours of admission in ADHF patients has moderately strong correlation with LOS in hospital; however, serum creatinine is a weak predictor of LOS in this cohort of patients.
Intraoperative Hemodilution and Its Effect on Postoperative Renal Function in Adult Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Jaiswal Lokesh Shekher , Pandit Pramod , Sarraf Deependra Prasad
Published: December 2024

Background: Postoperative renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery is associated with morbidity and mortality. Many factors are responsible for renal dysfunction, including intraoperative hemodilution. In this study we have evaluated the effect of guided hemodilution on perioperative renal dysfunction.Methods: All adult patients requiring cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were included and their perioperative renal functions were evaluated in terms of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and creatinine clearance. They were further divided into two groups with <30% (Group A) and > 30% (Group B) rise in creatinine/creatinine clearance to evaluate the effect of hemodilution on postoperative renal function. Results: There was significant difference in preoperative and postoperative renal function between the groups. The preoperative creatinine and creatinine clearance in group A were 0.72±0.2 mg/dL and 97.2±56.5 ml/min respectively and in Group B were 1.1±0.3 mg/dL and 69.7±22.4 ml/min respectively. Postoperative creatinine and creatinine clearance in group A were 0.95±0.3 mg/dL and 78.4±37.7 ml/min respectively and in Group B were 1.35±0.6 mg/dL and 49.4±17.5 ml/min respectively. There were significantly lower mean arterial pressures in Group B (preoperative-72.1±8; postoperative- 71.2±11.4 mmHg) compared to Group A (preoperative- 77.8±10.7; postoperative-72.7±11.0 mmHg). There were significantly more use of packed cells in group B (Intraoperative- 141.2±75.5 ml; total- 297.3±175.4 ml) compared to Group A (intraoperative- 107.1±55.9 ml and total- 150.9±183.4 ml).Conclusion: Optimal hemodilution during cardiopulmonary bypass do not have significant impact on postoperative renal function; however perioperative MAP and perioperative use of PCV are important factors responsible for postoperative rise in serum creatinine and creatinine clearanc.