bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical Considerations In The Measurement Of Hrqol In Child/Adolescent Clinical Trials
Authors: Landgraf Jeanne M
Published: November 2023

Compared to adults, children and youth have historically been considered ‘healthy and resilient ‘. The tacit implication of this perception and the inherent complexities of engaging minor aged subjects in medical research often led to their exclusion from many health-related quality of life studies and randomized clinical trials. Increasingly, however, studies are specifically targeting children and youth. This increased activity may be due in part to the convergence of a number of independent factors, including an intellectual shift in how health is defined. It is now largely accepted that ‘health ‘ is not simply the absence of physical disease, but also includes positive social and emotional functioning and well-being.
Developing Disease-Targeted Hrqol Measures For Neurologic Conditions
Authors: Vickrey Barbara G
Published: November 2023

The ‘Decade of the Brain ‘ in the 1990s ushered in the development of an unprecedented number and variety of new neurotherapeutics. Research efforts focused on basic neuroscience and translation of those findings into novel drugs, devices, and procedures. For the first time, therapies directly targeting the primary disease process were developed for conditions like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer ‘s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and migraines; a new wave of medical and surgical therapies became available for epilepsy, stroke, and Parkinson ‘s disease. Future advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying neural growth and regeneration should lead to breakthroughs in treatment of spinal cord injury and many neurodegenerative conditions.
Dealing with strong emotions and difficult personalities
Authors: Maguire Peter , Pitceathly Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Doctors tend to use strategies to distance themselves from patients and relatives who manifest strong emotions. This chapter examines the reasons for this distancing behaviour and its effect on patients. Strategies are discussed that can help deal with patients who are angry, distressed or withdrawn. When doctors are faced with patients whom they perceive have difficult personalities there is a danger they will react negatively and dismiss the patient as unreasonable, and uncooperative. Techniques are discussed that can help manage those difficult patients who manifest dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, obsessional-compulsive or borderline personalities.
Communication in a multiprofessional setting
Authors: Heaven Cathy
Published: November 2023

The chapter is written in three parts. First, it will look at how and why doctors’ conversations with patients may differ from those of other colleagues. Secondly, it will focus on how working with colleagues may help make difficult conversations easier, through using other expertise, and also through sharing different perspectives. The third section looks at how difficult conversations with colleagues, for example disagreements, may be managed more effectively, and how communication within teams can be improved.
Work with bereaved children
Authors: Willis Sarah
Published: November 2023

Every day in the United Kingdom, around 50 children are bereaved of a parent (Stokes 2004). This is a sad and shocking statistic because it reveals the existence of a largely unac- knowledged group of vulnerable children and young people who are coping every day with a profound experience of personal loss. Moreover this statistic does not include children who are bereaved of a sister or brother, a grandparent or other close relative, or a neighbour, friend, or teacher. If it did these figures would be far higher.
Helping the Family Following Suicide
Authors: Dyregrov Kari , Dyregrov Atle
Published: November 2023

Even if someone had dropped an atom bomb in the middle of our community centre, we could not have been more affected (A father speaking 11/2 years after losing his 14-year-old son by suicide) The following chapter describes how the life of parents and children, and the family as a whole, is affected by the suicide of a parent or sibling. There is also discussion of what support bereaved family members themselves want. The next section examines how family, friends, and colleagues may assist. Finally, suggestions about professional assistance to the family bereaved by suicide will be provided, paying special attention to information and care for children.
Early intervention teamsOrigins of early intervention teams
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: November 2023

For several decades psychotic illnesses have been understood mainly as episodes of positive symptoms, followed by full or partial recovery for variable periods. In schizophrenia this recovery was often associated with disabilities and the development of negative symptoms. The first contact with mental health services followed from the patient’s first ‘breakdown’. Functioning prior to the breakdown was recognized as important - for instance in schizophrenia the existence of a premorbid ‘schizoid personality ’ (withdrawn, shy, aloof, a bit odd) implied a poorer outcome.
The wider context and the research and development agenda
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: November 2023

The move from large mental hospitals as the cornerstone of care to local and community based services is an international phenomenon. It is all too easy to view it as a discrete historical episode with a beginning and an end, starting from one event, or from one centre, with its effects diffusing across time and geography. Organizing the untidy and variable changes that have characterized this movement into some form of narrative helps make sense of it (for simplicity one must start somewhere). There is, however, a risk in this of producing a ‘March of Progress ’ caricature of reality
Antimicrobial agent
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J
Published: November 2023

The management of infection is an important element of clinical dentistry, and antimicobial drugs frequently play a role in the treatment of both purulent and mucosal infections in the head and neck region. Antimicrobial agents may also be used prophylactically, for example in the prevention of infective endocarditis among susceptible patients receiving dental treatment. An understanding of the principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy is, therefore, essential for dental surgeons. More specific information on prescribing of antibiotics in clinical dentistry is provided in Chapter 29.
Defence mechanisms of the mouth
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J
Published: November 2023

The general aspects of host defences have already been described in Chapter 8. In this short chapter, attention will be drawn to some of the specific aspects relating to immunity in the mouth. The key factors responsible for maintaining oral health are listed in Fig. 22.1. Oral health is dependent on the integrity of the oral mucosa, which normally functions as an effective barrier against micro-organisms. If this barrier becomes compromised, for example in cancer patients with mucositis following chemotherapy, then infectious complications may ensue, including the risk of systemic infection. In addition, the oral mucosa is in continuity with a number of anatomical structures, such as the pharynx, which are vulnerable if the oral defences break down. A major area of risk is the junction between the gingiva and the tooth and the various forms of periodontal disease encountered at this site are described in Chapter 24.
Cancer biotherapy—an introduction
Authors: Young Annie , Rowett Lewis , Kerr David
Published: November 2023

An introduction of this kind, in this kind of book, is where the editors get to claim that the book you have in your hands is the book they set out to produce. Through a winning combination of intelligent choices, hard work, and thoughtful editing, the goals they set for themselves at the outset have all been reached, if not surpassed. Perhaps we will get to that introduction shortly, but first let’s talk about Singin in the rain (bear with us, we hope to make a serious point).
An introduction to the cell biology of cancer
Authors: Rowett Lewis , Young Annie
Published: November 2023

As you certainly know, and if not it will become apparent from a reading of the subsequent chapters of this book, cancer is a genetic disease and a disease of cells. Commonly, cancer is described as a disease of unregulated, or dysregulated, cell growth. Significantly, we will see that cancer is a disease of cellular control systems. Before we look at these systems in more detail, it may be useful to consider what cells are.
The RAS pathway-a target for anticancer therapy
Authors: Mita Monica M , Rowinsky Eric K
Published: November 2023

Cellular signalling is critical for embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and cellular response to the environment. The complex signalling network is initiated in large part by extracellular ligands, including growth factors and other various stimuli, which interact with membrane receptors and then activate a cascade of intracellular molecules known as secondary messengers that ultimately are responsible for the cellular response. De-regulated cellular signalling is a common feature of cancer cells, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation and increased survival. Identification of the molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, particularly key proteins that play a role in abnormal cell proliferation, have led to the development of anticancer strategies that disrupt the synthesis or function of these proteins. As a large body of data about the cellular signalling network is accumulating, the complexities related to these strategies are being recognised and it is becoming increasingly clear that the redundancies in cellular signalling are very important in cancer cells, making approaches to therapy that involve any single pathway more challenging.
Inhibitors of invasion and angiogenesis
Authors: Laurent Dirk
Published: November 2023

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an elaborate network of macromolecules that surrounds the cells of the body. Ultrastructurally, it consists of two identifiable domains, one that envelops cell sheets and the interstitial matrix, and a second, more condensed layer, termed the basement membrane, which is formed adjacent to the epithelial cells (Bosman & Stamenkovic 2003). The ECM is intricate and adaptable, serving both as structural support for tissues and as a complex microenvironment critical for modulating a wide variety of cell behaviours, from cell signalling, adhesion, and migration, to cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The architecture of the ECM is characterised by a three-dimensional collagen scaffold to which numerous specialised macromolecules adhere. It is a dynamic structure, subject to constant remodelling through the actions of different secreted and cell-associated proteolytic enzymes. This remodelling process allows tissues to respond to physiological changes such as development, pregnancy, growth, and wound repair.
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with diseases of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. Most of these conditions are managed by hepatologists and hepatobiliary surgeons.
Bone, joint, and soft tissue disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila
Published: November 2023

Bone, joint, and soft tissue diseases are very common, particularly in primary care. In hospitals, these diseases are treated by rheumatologists and orthopaedic surgeons. This chapter will concentrate on common and important conditions seen in both primary and secondary care.
Experiments with CAMiLLe
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we turn to the results of applying the computational simu lation of CAMiLLe to actual corpora of natural language input to the learner. We tested CAMiLLe by running experiments on the following issues.
German Spelling
Authors: Buck Timothy
Published: November 2023

German spelling was standardized as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, a strong impetus towards orthographical unity having been pro vided by the political union of 1871.
Grammatical Terms
Authors: Buck Timothy
Published: November 2023

Terms used in these definitions which are defined in the glossary are asterisked. Accusative. A *case that is used chiefly to identify the *direct object of a *finite verb. Adjectival Noun. An adjective used as a noun. In the sentence the rich pay higher taxes, the word rich is an adjectival noun (with the *definite article).
Case and Gender
Authors: Buck Timothy
Published: November 2023

German And English: A Historical Note. German and English are cousins in the Germanic family of languages, and the similarities between them, resulting from their common origin, are obvious to anyone studying German. With the passage of time, however, they have grown further apart: phonetically, lexically, and, to a very significant degree, grammatically.
A Note on Dictionaries
Authors: Buck Timothy
Published: November 2023

With its impressively extensive coverage of the German and English vocabularies and rich documentation of contemporary usage, this dictionary might seem the ideal tool for the student of German. Its authors have, however, shown a disturbing indifference to the need for accuracy—to such an extent that it can only be regarded as seriously flawed.
Introduction: The Long Search for Legitimacy
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: November 2023

In 1833, the first in a succession of civil wars broke out in Spain, setting a pattern of internecine conflict that persisted for well over a hundred years. The last and most significant of these civil wars, that of 1936–9, was played out on a world stage and the cleavages it created were only finally resolved after the 1970s. Political violence became such a durable feature of Spanish history that scholars and commentators alike saw it as a structural problem, often depicted in terms of Spanish character.
Public Law and the Scientific Quest
Authors: Loughlin Martin
Published: November 2023

AT present, the study of public law is in a curiously unsatisfactory condition. Insofar as we can lay claim to a tradition of public law thought in this country, it is founded on the idea that we lack a distinctive system of public law. This tradition is based on the idea that legality is a singular and universal concept and the state and its officers are subject to the ordinary processes of law in much the same manner as all other persons are governed by law. Public authorities, therefore, hold no special status in the legal ordering of our society and there is nothing peculiar in the application of legal method to disputes involving public bodies. Our constitution is a product of the ordinary law of the land and the position of the state and its emanations is determined by general principles of private law.
The Future of Law
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

This edition makes Susskind’s highly-acclaimed and best-selling book available in paperback, and includes a new and substantial preface by the author. His book demonstrates why the future of the law is digital. It shows why and how IT is radically altering and will alter further the practice of law and the administration of justice. Beyond automating and streamlining traditional ways of providing legal advice, IT is re-engineering the entire legal process, resulting in legal products and information services focused on dispute pre-emption rather than dispute resolution, and legal risk management rather than legal problem solving. With easy and inexpensive access available, IT will help to integrate the law with business and domestic life. This book explores the implications, opportunities, and challenges presented by the information society as it irrevocably changes how law will be practised and justice administered. In this paperback edition, the author provides a substantial new preface which develops many of his central themes and takes account of likely developments in technology. The message for lawyers remains a stark one: in order to guarantee a stake in the legal system of the future, lawyers must adapt their working practices or die. The message for everyone else is an empowering one: they can now demand radically improved legal services, and if lawyers cannot provide this, many others will. From the reviews of the hardback: ‘A work of considerable scholarship and significance ... The Future of Law maps out a way forward in uncertain, but exciting, times. This ought to beand in due course will becompulsory reading for civil servants in the Lord Chancellors Department. This is not simply a book for computer enthusiasts. The general reader will gain particular benefit from this book. As just such a one, but with aspirations to be otherwise, I benefited enormously.‘ The ObserverR ‘The book’s style is welcoming and describes a convincing scenario which law firms must address or discount if they wish to survive the onset of the virtual community. This work is strongly recommended to all persons involved, however tangential, in the provision of legal services and for those who seek to make use of them.’ New Law Journal ‘There are 40 pages of practical advice for solicitors practices of all sizes offering gravy-soaked chunks of prime consultancy that are worth the price of the book. You should read this book if you are at all interested in the development of legal practice to enable you to make sufficiently informed decisions for securing the future you would wish for your practice.' Law Society Gazette
Law’s Future
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

And so we come now to look to the future-of law, lawyers, and legal service. It is hard to know where to begin when thinking ahead about the future of law. What might our legal institutions look like in, say, one hundred years’ time? In other aspects of our life, we perhaps feel more comfortable about guessing. Manufacturing, we tend to hazard, will be dominated by advanced robotics. Travel will become quicker, smoother, and sleeker no doubt, relying on less offensive energy sources than are used today. Education and learning will be transformed by hugely enhanced information flow and distance learning, dominated we suspect by simulated experiences delivered through virtual reality. Remote diagnosis in medicine seems inevitable as does on-line domestic purchasing without crossing the physical threshold of a shop or store. Above all perhaps, we anticipate that technology will release our descendants from many of the excesses of work to enable fulfilment in a society where leisure activities will play a more prominent role. And so we could go on.
Regulation in the European Community and its Impact on the UK
Authors: Mcgowan Francis , Seabright Paul
Published: November 2023

The 1980s (and the second half of that decade in particular) saw a striking increase in the extent to which regulatory activity in the European Community impinged upon the United Kingdom. This is ironic in view of the deregulatory philosophy widely espoused during the decade (and particularly so as this philosophy was embraced by the UK and the European Commission much more strongly then elsewhere in the Community). Such a development has raised in a stark form the question what the respective spheres of competence of the UK’s and the EC’s regulatory institutions should be, and whether the evolving division of powers is likely to make economic sense. Regulatory sovereignty can admit of many degrees, and considerable regulatory powers have been effectively transferred from the UK to the EC while in no way leaving the UK itself powerless in regulatory matters.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

Development policy is such a broad subject that radical exclusions must be made if a coherent body of material is to be both carefully treated and crammed within a single pair of covers. The corset is provided by two central questions in public economics, namely, how to raise and spend revenues well, in the specific sense of promoting development.
International Trade: Theory
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

In Capital and Growth,Hicks (1965) writes, “Underdevelopment economics is a [... ] practical subject which must expect to call upon any branch of theory [... ] which has any relevance to it. If there is any branch of theory which is especially relevant to it, it is the Theory of International Trade” (pp. 3-4)-authority indeed to begin with a chapter on trade in a book dealing with development policy.
Risk and Uncertainty
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

Thus far, we have proceeded as if everything relevant to a project”s profitability were known with perfect certainty, even into the far future. A little reflection suggests that this involves an unusually strong “willing suspension of disbelief; for experience tells us that things rarely work out exactly as expected. On the technical side, a factory may not function with the productivity claimed by the consulting engineers, especially if the process is new and untried. Prices also have a disconcerting habit of changing unexpectedly. Indeed, some think that world prices are especially given to springing surprises.
Large Projects
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

Apart from a brief excursion in Chapter 11, we have thus far carefully avoided cases in which market prices change in response to projects. This was ensured by the assumptions that: (i) there are no quantitative restrictions on international trade; and (ii) there are constant returns to scale (CRS) and constant costs in the production of non-tradables.
Temporal Aggregation of GARCH Processes
Authors: Drost Feike C , Numan Theo E
Published: November 2023

We derive low frequency, say weekly, models implied by high frequency, say daily, ARMA models with symmetric GARCH errors. Both stock and flow variable cases are considered. We show that low frequency models exhibit conditional heteroskedasticity of the GARCH form as well. The parameters in the conditional variance equation of the low frequency model depend upon mean, variance, and kurtosis parameters of the corresponding high frequency model. Moreover, strongly consistent estimators of the parameters in the high frequency model can be derived from low frequency data in many interesting cases. The common assumption in applications that rescaled innovations are independent is disputable, since it depends upon the available data frequency.
The Organization of Industry
Authors: Richardson G B
Published: November 2023

I was once in the habit of telling pupils that firms might be envisaged as islands of planned co-ordination in a sea of market relations. This now seems to me a highly misleading account of the way in which industry is in fact organized. The underlying idea, of course, was of the existence of two ways in which economic activity could be co-ordinated, the one, conscious planning, holding sway within firms, the other, the price mechanism, operating spontaneously on the relations between firms and between firms and their customers. The theory of the firm, I argued, had as its central core an elaboration of the logic of this conscious planning; the theory of markets analysed the working of the price mechanism under a variety of alternative structural arrangements.
Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization
Authors: Alchian Armen A , Demsetz Harold
Published: November 2023

The mark of a capitalistic society is that resources are owned and allocated by such nongovernmental organizations as firms, households, and markets. Resource owners increase productivity through cooperative specialization and this leads to the demand for economic organizations which facilitate co-operation. When a lumber mill employs a cabinetmaker, co-operation between specialists is achieved within a firm, and when a cabinetmaker purchases wood from a lumberman, the co-operation takes place across markets (or between firms). Two important problems face a theory of economic organization-to explain the conditions that determine whether the gains from specialization and cooperative production can better be obtained within an organization like the firm, or across markets, and to explain the structure of the organization.
Transaction-Cost Economics Governance of Contractual Relations
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

The new institutional economics is preoccupied with the origins, incidence, and ramifications of transaction costs. Indeed, if transaction costs are negligible, the organization of economic activity is irrelevant, since any advantages one mode of organization appears to hold over another will simply be eliminated by costless contracting. But despite the growing realization that transaction costs are central to the study of economics,1 skeptics remain. Stanley Fischer’s complaint is typical: ‘Transaction costs have a well-deserved bad name as a theoretical device . . . [partly] because there is a suspicion that almost anything can be rationalized by invoking suitably specified transaction costs.’ Put differently, there are too many degrees of freedom; the concept wants for definition.
Corporate Culture and Economic Theory
Authors: Kreps David M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I explore how an economic theorist might explain or model a concept such as corporate culture. While the theoretical construction that is given is far from inclusive (which is to say that many aspects of corporate culture are not covered), I conclude that economic theory is moving in the direction of what seems a reasonable story. But before that story can be considered told, we must employ tools that are currently missing from the economist’s tool kit. In particular, we require a framework for dealing with the unforeseen.
Interpenetration Of Organization and Market: Japan’s Firm and Market in Comparison with the US
Authors: Imai Ken-ichi , Itami Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

We have two purposes in this paper. One is to present a general conceptual framework of resource allocation mechanisms which will enable us to analyse resource allocation both in the market and in the organization (i.e., the firm here) from a common vantage point. Our emphasis is on the mixture of market principles and organization principles in allocating resources either in the market or in the organization. Market principles penetrate resource allocation in the organization and organization principles creep into resource allocation in the market. This mixing phenomenon which we call interpenetration is essential to understanding various resource allocation patterns in the real world.
Joint Ventures and lnterorganizational Interdependence
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey , Nowak Phillip
Published: November 2023

There are many varieties of interorganizational linkage. Corporations interlock their boards of directors (Dooley, 1969; Levine, 1972; Pfeffer, 1972a); there is movement of personnel from one organization to another (Baty, Evan, and Rothermel, 1971; Pfeffer and Leblebici, 1973); forms of contractual and noncontractual relations develop (Macaulay, 1963); and, at times, organizations absorb other organizations through merger (Pfeffer, 1972b). The varieties of linkage have been discussed by Thompson and McEwen (1958), who noted that goals and actions of organizations inevitably are constrained by their environments. Interorganizational linkages enable the organization to manage some of its environmental constraints and control some of the contingencies it confronts. Thompson and McEwen wrote that organizations face a dilemma in dealing with their environments.
The Social Shaping of Technology
Authors: Williams Robin , Edge David
Published: November 2023

Studies of the Social Shaping of Technology (SST) emerged in the 1980s through a critique of the prevailing ‘technological determinism’ tradition, which had limited its scope of enquiry to monitoring the social adjustments required by technological progress.1 In contrast, SST researchers ‘problematized’ technological change by showing that it is patterned by the conditions of its creation and use, rather than developing solely according to an inner technical logic.
Technologies as Cultural Artefacts
Authors: Woolgar Steve
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to say that technology has ”social dimensions’? Answers to this question vary widely. One view—typified by the general injunction to ”take the human element into account’—supports the idea that the design, development, and use of ICTs are driven, on the whole, by the ‘actual’ characteristics of the technology. It admits the involvement of ‘humans’, for example through their participation in economic and political decisions affecting the adoption and implementation of ICTs. But this involvement is generally regarded as having no bearing upon the hardware and software which make up the core of the technology. Such a restricted conception of ‘the social’ also supports a version of ‘technological determinism’—the belief that new technology emerges as an extrapolation of previous technologies, with the characteristics of a technology having a direct impact on social arrangements.
Computer Power and Human Limits
Authors: Peltu Malcolm , Mackenzie Donald , Shapiro, Stuart , Dutton William H
Published: November 2023

Disasters involving ICTs loom large in the public mind, with the computer often featuring as a major culprit. Some public anxieties may be exaggerated because of fictional dramas like 2001: A Space Odyssey and Jurassic Park. However, their fears have been reflected in the analyses of experts since the 1960s, for example in warning about a software crisis’ causing many operational problems, ranging from annoying ”bugs’ to catastrophic failures.
Introduction
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Cooperative strategy is the attempt by organizations to realize their objectives through cooperation with other organizations, rather than in competition with them. It focuses on the benefits that can be gained through cooperation and how to manage the cooperation so as to realize them. A cooperative strategy can offer significant advantages for companies which are lacking in particular competences or resources to secure these through links with others possessing complementary skills or assets; it may also offer easier access to new markets, and opportunities for mutual synergy and learning.
Control
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Control is widely regarded as a critical issue for the successful management and performance of strategic alliances. It might appear strange that it generates so much concern in the case of organizations founded on collaboration. This is because the formation of an alliance requires each partner to share some control, which introduces an additional dimension of uncertainty. As Geringer and Hebert (1989: 236) have put it rather graphically with reference to international joint ventures, ‘although each partner must, by definition, relinquish some control over an IJV’s activities, such a move is often accompanied by great consternation’.
Emerging Economies
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Developing countries contain almost Bo per cent of the world’s consumers, and almost all of the world’s population-based market growth will occur in them during the twenty-first century. From an economic point of view, the most significant developing countries are those whose economies are ‘emerging’ both in terms of market opportunity and in the sense that they are coming out from the constraints of state administration and restrictions on foreign trade. These economies are now seeking to modernize rapidly with the assistance of foreign governments and companies.
Applied Macroeconometrics
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

This text provides graduate students of macroeconomics, econometrics, and monetary economics with discussion and practical illustrations of the techniques used in applied macroeconometrics. Until the 1970s, there was consensus regarding both the theoretical foundations and the empirical specification of applied macroeconometric modelling, commonly known as the Cowles Commission approach. This is no longer the case: the Cowles Commission approach broke down in the 1970s, to be replaced by a number of prominent competing methods--the LSE (London School of Economics) approach, the VAR approach, and the intertemporal optimization/Real Business Cycle approach. Applied Macroeconometrics examines the empirical research strategy of these alternatives by interpreting them as attempts to solve the problems observed in the Cowles Commission approach. The different research strategies are illustrated with specific reference to real-world examples, particularly with respect to the monetary transmission mechanism. A common US dataset is used in these examples, thus allowing the reader easy comparisons. The presentation is based on the view that identification, a central concept in econometrics, provides a natural framework in which to discuss the alternative strategies currently dominating research. The first part of the book introduces time-series models and details the importance of their identification. The second part illustrates, chapter by chapter, the alternative approaches, providing detailed applications of each methodology. Data used in the applications are available in a variety of formats from the author's web site, and will be supplemented by exercises for the reader to perform.
Var Approach
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

The LSE methodology has interpreted the failure of the traditional Cowles Commission approach, heralded by the critiques of Lucas (1976) and Sims (1980a), as the result of using mis-specified and ill-identified models. The LSE methodology, however, does not question the potential of macroeconometric modelling for simulation and econometric policy evaluation. In fact, at the stage of simulation and policy evaluation, there is no difference between the traditional Cowles Commission approach and the LSE approach. The LSE solution to the problems of traditional macroeconometric modelling concentrates on the stages of identification and specification. The importance of estimation is de-emphasized, in that congruency of the specification is considered as a much higher priority than the choice of the most appropriate estimator. No innovation is proposed at the stage of simulation and policy evaluation: the traditional methods are applied, after having tested, tested, and tested.
The Treatise on General Sociology
Authors: Pareto Vilfredo
Published: November 2023

Among the various complex phenomena observable in a society, the regime or system of government is of very great importance, for it is intimately associated with the character of the governing class, and both of them are in a relationship of interdependence with other social phenomena. Those for whom the form of government is of highest importance are much exercised by the question: ‘What is the best form of governmental system? ‘ But this question has little or no meaning unless the particular society is indicated to which the system is to be applied, and unless the term ‘best ‘ is explained, for it refers in a very indefinite way to the various individual and social utilities. Although now and then this has sometimes been discerned intuitively, consideration of forms of governmental system has begotten endless numbers of derivations which ultimately appear as various myths. Both myths and derivations are worth nothing at all from the logico-experimental viewpoint, but both of them (or rather the sentiments they manifest) may have effects of great significance in motivating human behaviour.
Top Management Styles 1n Europe: Implications for Business and Cross-National Teams
Authors: Kakabadse A , Myers A , McMahon, T , Spony G
Published: November 2023

At an individual level, Eurobarometer (CEC 1991), which assesses public opinion in the European Community (now the European Union), posed the question in its survey ‘how frequently does one feel European? ‘ In the European Community only 15 per cent of citizens said they thought of themselves as not only their nationality but also European ‘often ‘, 33 per cent ‘sometimes ‘, and 49 per cent ‘never ‘. A positive shift in opinion is likely to take time, perhaps a number of years. At an organizational level, based on the number of mergers and acquisitions that have taken place in recent times, a large number of multinationals are now operating inside the European Community: for example, Sumitomo ‘s acquisition of Dunlop ‘s European operation, Rhone-Poulenc ‘s full integration with May and Baker, Tryghansa‘s expansion throughout Europe. As a result, some commentators believe that the emergence of a European management style is a distinct possibility.
Sexual Static
Authors: Rosener Judy B
Published: November 2023

Whatever their fundamental origin, gender differences give rise to a subtle phenomenon seldom taken into account in discussions of women in the workplace. I call this phenomenon ‘sexual static ‘. Sexual static is like snow on the television set or noise on the radio-it causes interference with messages being communicated. In the workplace, messages sent between men and women are difficult to understand because of sexual static in the air. Both men and women experience sexual static. It causes frustration for women and discomfort for men. Women are frustrated because they feel the static could be minimized if men understood gender differences. Men just want the static to go away. They feel working with women means walking on eggshells, and although they ‘re not sure what causes the static, they know it ‘s associated with the presence of women.
Voicing Seduction to Silence Leadership
Authors: Calás Marta B , Smircich Linda
Published: November 2023

Everything is seduction and nothing but seduction. They wanted us to believe that everything was production. The leitmotive of world transformation, the play of productive forces is to regulate the flow of things. Seduction is merely an immoral, frivolous, superficial, and superfluous process; one within the realm of signs and appearances; one that is devoted to pleasure and to the usufruct of useless bodies. What if everything, contrary to appearances-in fact according to the secret rule of appearances-operated by (the principle of) seduction? (Baudrillard 1988: 162) ‘... If you cannot give something up for something of like value, if you consider it non substitutable, then you do not possess it any more than it possesses you.
Understanding self-harm
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

For the purposes of our discussion, we are defining self-harm as deliberate behaviours intended to do physical harm to the body with-out intent to die, that serve a short-term function but have negative long-term consequences. We have deliberately not outlined the specific behaviours of self-harm as we wish to focus attention rather on alternative solutions to the feelings that precipitate self-harm behaviour. Common short-term functions of self-harm can be divided into two broad groups:
Is treatment effective?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Treatment can be effective! Expert agreement is that psychotherapy is the primary treatment for BPD with medication to assisty.

Of course if you are engaged in an effective treatment you are likely to recover more fully and faster than you would just with the passage of time. When science explores whether a treatment is effective, all the outcomes are pooled (joined) together. This means that science will report an analysis of the averages of all outcomes. So, when we write about an effective treatment, it means that if you are involved in this treatment there is a statistically similar chance of you achieving the same outcome. However, as in any group some people will have better and worse outcomes than others, which affect the averages reported.
What to expect from treatment
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Treatment for BPD is generally a relatively long-term commitment, both on your part, and the part of your clinicians. The average frequency of therapy sessions if you are seeing a therapist might be one hour/week, with some people being seen more often and some less often. Change is a process that does not work in a straight line, so do not be disappointed if you feel like you are taking two steps forward and one back. From every clinician you should expect respect, clear limits/boundaries, knowledge, hope, a relatively long-term view, collaboration, and confidentiality. If you have been in the mental health system for a long time and have only recently been given a BPD diagnosis, do not despair, this could represent a major turning point in your recovery.
Support network
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Getting support from family and/or friends could be important for you and for your recovery; however, relationships may have become strained. Initially you may only have a few people in your support system. This is OK, as you can build your network as you go along. Family and friends can have a huge role in your recovery. They may be the people who know you best and may be the people who walk your journey most closely with you. It is important that you nurture and look after your support relationships. One way to help willing people in your support system is to help them understand the BPD condition.
Taking charge of your recovery
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Taking charge of your role in your therapy might sound scary; how-ever, it will have a major impact on your recovery. When you achieve small steps towards your recovery, you can enjoy the credit for making this happen. Small tasks achieved will have been created by you and will be able to be claimed by you.
Preparing for crises
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Steps to take in preparing for crises: accept that crises will occur in earlier stages of recovery; make commitment to working on improving crises; take action—prepare for next crisis. Role of crises in your recovery
Is it what we do with emotions of anger, guilt, and regret that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

We do not necessarily have to act on our feelings and urges. We all feel anger at times. Anger may arise in response to feeling threatened or used. To be able to deal with our anger skilfully, we first have to identify that we are angry. Often the guilt we experience comes directly from our self-talk and the messages we were given as vulnerable children. Many people’s lives have turned around when they were able to stop blaming themselves for damaging things others have done to them, such as sexual assault.
Is it how we relate to others that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

As you heal and develop awareness of yourself and the world around you, you will be able to influence your relationships becoming more effective.

Relationships tend to work best when we come together from positions of clarity about who we are and what we want.

The desired levels of connection will vary over time and with different people.

Starting relationships slowly is generally wise.

People are more likely to be genuinely generous with us if we express our needs in an assertive but not demanding way.
Strategic management and human resources: the pursuit of productivity, flexibility, and legitimacy
Authors: Boxall Peter , Purcell John
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the role that human resources play in strategic management and the ethical issues involved in this relationship. It begins by defining what we mean by strategy and then sets up our model of the strategic goals of HRM. Our contention is that three broad goal domains are important in the strategic management of people in firms: labour productivity, organizational flexibility, and social legitimacy (Boxall and Purcell 2003). While many business analysts would readily accept that the first two of these are fundamental to organizational effectiveness, we argue that the pursuit of legitimacy is also vital because firms are always ‘embedded in structures of social relations’ (Granovetter 1985: 481).
The Dimensions of Quotation
Authors: Potts Christopher
Published: November 2023

This paper is geared towards compiling and motivating the objects and principles we need for a semantic analysis of subclausal quotations such as (1), in which the quoted expressions pick out linguistic objects but also have the usual semantics of their quotation-free counterparts (here, apricot).
The Global Environment of Business
Authors: Guy Frederick
Published: November 2023

Frederick Guy’s The Global Environment of Business offers a multi-dimensional analysis of the environment in which international business operates. International: How do multi-national corporations, nation states, regional trade blocs, markets, and global institutions interact to shape the international economic system? Who wins and who loses when the economy internationalizes? Is internationalization leading to a global world, or a regional one? How will efforts to curtail and adapt to climate change affect international business? Technological and historical: How has the business environment been shaped by production systems, new methods of business organization, information and communication technology, transport, and the process of technological change itself? Comparative: How do institutional differences affect national specialization and economic performance? How do the business systems of Europe differ from that of the United States, or those of East Asia from those of Latin America? Why do location and face-to-face contact matter in an age of high-speed communication and cheap long-distance transportation? Why have some countries grown so fast while others remain poor? The Global Environment of Business draws on extensive research by economists, political scientists, sociologists, geographers, and business historians. There is more theory and academic debate here than in most books on the subject, but it is presented and explained clearly, and illustrated with lots of examples.
The Politics of International Trade
Authors: Guy Frederick
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, I outlined an explanation for increased international economic integration, based on changes in technology – transport, information, and in particular production systems and the management of technology within corporations. It is time now to consider some other explanations. These will be clearest if we look back in history to an earlier episode of international market liberalization, and its gradual collapse.
The Future: Regional Rivalries, Environmental Limits, and the Likely Retreat of the Global Corporation
Authors: Guy Frederick
Published: November 2023

I have tried, in this book, to share with you an understanding of the world in which we make our livings. It is a short and foolish step from thinking that you understand something to trying to predict its future. Will both coordinated and liberal market economiessurvive in a world of global competition, or will they converge to a single model? Will the newly industrialized countries (NICs) overcome their dependence on low-wage assembly and high levels of inequality, and join the ranks of the world’s rich countries? I don’t know the answers to such questions, and I don’t believe that anybody does.