bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Partial View of Contemporary Anthropology
Authors: BRENNEIS DON
Published: November 2004

This address considers ethnographically a range of sites and practices central to sustaining the intellectual, pedagogical, professional, and public life of anthropology and related disciplines: research funding, human subjects review, scholarly publishing, program and personnel assessment, and intellectual property among them. The talk points to current practices of knowledge production and circulation in the United States and to the increasingly complex intersections among scholarly knowledge, managerialist language and practice, and private capital, intellectual and otherwise. It is meant to encourage serious ethnographic examination of the contexts within which anthropologists work, consideration of the potential consequences of these contemporary changes, and creative thought about the kinds of collegial and collective action that might be pursued to help sustain what we find to be of real value in the discipline and in our professional practice.
John Marshall's Kalahari Family
Authors: DURINGTON MATTHEW
Published: November 2004

Throughout his career and through his films, John Marshall has embodied many representational debates in anthropology and ethnographic media production. With A Kalahari Family, Marshall has provided his most reflexive film to date as well as a comprehensive visual record of 50 years of transition among the Ju'hoansi, from lingering, hunter‐gatherer subsistence to problematic and often tragic contemporary living conditions. A Kalahari Family bears witness to the negative effects a racist ideology and varied development agendas have had on an indigenous group of people, and the transformative effects they continue to have. In the film, the audience also witnesses the evolution of John Marshall himself, from naïve, inexperienced teenager engaging an exotic other, with all the inherent cultural baggage of a Western perspective, to his eventual emergence as a filmmaker and a dedicated advocate for the people with whom he has become so involved.
It's Not All Sex and Violence: Integrated Anthropology and the Role of Cooperation and Social Complexity in Human Evolution
Authors: FUENTES AGUSTIN
Published: November 2004

Social scientists, especially anthropologists, have long endeavored to understand the evolution of “human nature.” This investigation frequently focuses on the relative importance of competition versus cooperation in human evolutionary trajectories and usually results in a primary emphasis on competition, aggression, and even war in attempting to understand humanity. This perspective conflicts with long‐standing perspectives in anthropology and some emerging trends and theory in evolutionary biology and ecology. Cooperation and competition are not mutually exclusive in an evolutionary context. As anthropologists, we have demonstrated that humans can–and usually do–get along. Evolution is complex with multiple processes and patterns, not all of which involve competition and conflict. In this article, I summarize elements of modern ecological and evolutionary theory in the context of human cooperative patterns in an attempt to illustrate the valuable role of evolutionary theory and cooperative patterns in integrative anthropological approaches to the human condition.
Knowing Woman: A Feminine Psychology
Authors: Hall Lea
Published: November 2004

Irene Claremont de Castillejo. Knowing Woman:. Feminine Psychology. Boston: Shambhala, 1990. ISBN 0‐87773‐527'1. Paper, $9.95. Pp. 188.
Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations
Authors: Salamone Frank A.
Published: November 2004

Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations. Barbara Tedlock. ed. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 1992. 297 pp. $15.95 (paper).
Structure and Anti‐Structure in Monasticism and Anthropology: Epistemological Parallels and Adaptive Models
Authors: Reidhead Van A.
Published: November 2004

While complementarity has been a major force in the epistemology the physical sciences, its role in die human sciences has been metaphorical at best. We argue that this state of affairs is in large measure due to particular way complementarity has been specified: As presently specified, complementarity is incompatible with human science research, and it is radically transformed in its articulation, cannot play a major role human science understanding. Based on the idea of recursivity, we present an alternate specification which we suggest is compatible with human science and illustrate our thesis with examples from ecology, interpretation, and human consciousness.
Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge
Authors: Bonde Kirsten
Published: November 2004

Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge. Terence McKenna. New York: Bantam Books, 1992. vii. 313Pp. ISBN 0‐553‐07868‐2. $21.50 (cloth).
Science in the New Age: The Paranormal, Its Defenders and Debunkers, and American Culture
Authors: Winkelman Michael
Published: November 2004

Science in the New Age: The Paranormal, Its Defenders and Debunkers, and American Culture. David Hess. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. ISBN 0‐299‐13824‐0 (p) 0‐299‐13820‐8 (c) $42.50 (cloth), $17.95 (paper).
The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History.
Authors: Wautischer Helmut
Published: November 2004

The Fate of Place:. Philosophical History. Edward S. Casey. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 495 pages. 45.00 (cloth);. 19.95 (paper).
Reburying the Dead: The Effects of NAGPRA on our Relationships and Obligations to the Deceased
Authors: Colquhoun Justin
Published: November 2004

A theoretical analysis of our contemporary society's relationships to the dead, specifically the dead of Native Americans, as affected by the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. Until recently, our contemporary culture has often only dealt with the relationships with the dead on a subconscious and superficial level. With the advent of N AGPRA, we must now explicitly address issues regarding obligations and relations to the dead. For the first time, these issues are institutionalized by federal legislation. Although now written into law, the regulations have yet to be tested, and thus upheld, in federal court. In addition, the parameters of NAGPRA are vague. To minimize conflict we must eliminate vagaries. Clear definitions of how, why and under what circumstances we are (at least legally) obligated to the dead and what do our obligations reflect or say about the dominant culture may be thought of as defining our "death consciousness."
marriage, alliance, and warfare: a view from the New Guinea Highlands1
Authors: HAYANO DAVID M.
Published: November 2004

Political alliances formed by marital exchange and the intensity of warfare are examined with data from the New Guinea Highlands. It is found in this study that extravillage alliance bonds are tenuous and impermant because of symbolic, demographic, and political factors which make the defense of intravillage security a more valued alternative. These factors have comparative Implications for the study of intergroup conflict management.
acculturation and assimilation: a clarification
Authors: TESKE RAYMOND H. C. , NELSON BARDIN H.
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to provide a clarification of the relationship between acculturation and assimilation through the development of a conceptual framework. By means of a careful review of theoretically relevant literature prevalent characteristics related to each concept are delineated and discussed in order to identify and synthesize common, as well as contrasting, elements. A comparison of these elements or characteristics is then undertaken pursuant to proffering a clarification. In short, then, this paper seeks to compare and contrast salient characteristics of the concepts of acculturation and assimilation in order to clarify and delineate the relationship between them.
sibling typology: beyond Nerlove and Romney1
Authors: KRONENFELD DAVID B.
Published: November 2004

Nerlove and Romney (1967), using assumptions about conjunctivity and markedness, identified a set of necessary conditions which any existent terminological arrangement of true siblings must fulfill. The present paper generalizes and extends their assumptions, explores the psychological bases of these assumptions, and investigates the degree to which these revised assumptions represent a set of conditions such that (given enough cases) any terminological arrangement that meets them should be expected to occur in some natural system.
nomadism as a political adaptation: the case of the Yomut Turkmen1
Authors: IRONS WILLIAM
Published: November 2004

An examination of the economy and political system of the Yomut Turkmen indicates that for this group nomadism was not an adaptation to economic conditions, but rather was a means of increasing military effectiveness. A broader implication discussed briefly is that among the Yomut the pressure of endemic warfare led to a harsh form of natural selection favoring all patterns of behavior which increased military prowess.
intra‐cultural variability in the structure of the subjective color lexicon in Buganda1
Authors: POLLNAC RICHARD B.
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between variability in the structure of the Luganda color lexicon and other sociocultural variables. The distribution of color in the physical and sociocultural environment in Buganda is described first in order to provide a context for the description of the color lexicon. Several psycholinguistic techniques are used to determine the range and extent of cognitive variability with respect to the color lexicon, and this variability is systematically related to other sociocultural variables.
Himalayan polyandry and the domestic cycle1
Authors: BERREMAN GERALD D.
Published: November 2004

The fraternal polyandry of Jaunsar Bawar in the western Himalayas of India is described by examining the domestic groups it creates. The form and composition of these groups vary within the society so that structures commonly associated with the terms monogamy, polygyny, and group marriage, as well as polyandry and polygynandry, occur simultaneously in any community and, over time, in many families. All are manifestations of a single set of principles and beliefs about the nature of marriage, family, and the domestic group. The variations are the result of changes in family composition during its life cycle (the developmental cycle) and in response to circumstantial and optional factors. Generalizations about polyandry, its causes and consequences, can only apply to this society if they encompass the temporal and situational diversity of the domestic group. The developmental cycle of the domestic group explains most of the intra‐cultural variation in the Pahari family.
a multidimensional representation of role terms
Authors: BURTON MICHAEL L. , ROMNEY A. KIMBALL
Published: November 2004

This article discusses a sorting task which has wide applications in anthropology. The task is illustrated with a study of English role terms. Several interesting dimensions emerge through multidimensional and hierarchical analyses of the sorting data.
property relations and productive strategies in pastoral societies
Authors: DOWLING JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

Barth has argued from his analysis of Basseri data that pastoral societies face demographic problems which require making animals private property, a problem non‐pastoral societies do not face. In fact, Barth's theory fits some gardening societies better than the Basseri. The reason is that Basseri private property seems to be a response to market opportunities. In non‐market pastoral societies, animals are commonly personal property, not private property.
sex and symbol in the treatment of women: the wedding rite in a Libyan oasis community1
Authors: MASON JOHN P.
Published: November 2004

The position of women in a Libyan oasis community is considered in relation to thirteen hundred years of Muslim Arab influence. The focus is the treatment of women in the ritual context of the wedding and wedding dance, where ambivalence, contradiction, and accommodation between the two sexual worlds are highlighted in action and symbol. There is an illusive quality in both the symbolic content of the wedding rite and the male‐oriented ideology of female inferiority.
birds, words, and a requiem for the omniscient informant1
Authors: GARDNER PETER M.
Published: November 2004

Through the use of ethnosemantic elicitation procedures and stratified sampling, features of the variation in bird domain shape of forty‐five northern Dene adults are shown tentatively to be modal. An approach to the study of the causes of cognitive sharing is suggested.
the economy of a Lisu village1
Authors: DURRENBERGER E. PAUL
Published: November 2004

I describe the economic inputs and outputs in this Northern Thai hill village in terms of three spheres: subsistence, consumption, and reciprocity. I examine in detail the place of markets for opium, tabor, and consumer goods, and the relations among the three spheres. I develop a set of path models to test certain assertions against statistical data from the village and conclude that the political and social form of the village is in part a consequence of the availability of labor for hire, the market for opium, and the availability of lowland goods. I further conclude that interactions with these markets are shaped by internal ideological and political aspects of the village.
social classification in Creole Louisiana
Authors: DOMÍNGUEZ VIRGINIA R.
Published: November 2004

Synchronic and diachronic variation in the definition and composition of the Creole population presents theoretical problems. Neither a strictly empirical historical analysis of social groups nor a strictly paradigmatic analysis of social categories renders a satisfactory explanation of semantic and empirical variation. Suggested in this paper as a more adequate alternative is a syntagmatic analysis of social classification that is at once structural and diachronic.
analogic kinship: a Daribi example
Authors: WAGNER ROY
Published: November 2004

Kin relationship may be approached in the traditional manner as the classification or the sociopolitical “relating” of genealogically differentiated relatives, or it may be seen as the purposive differentiation of relational categories to compel a “flow” of analogical “relatedness” among them. Analysis of a New Guinea relational system in the latter terms, beginning with the “interdict” on relations with the wife's mother, reveals a set of operant concepts for the understanding of kinship in symbolic terms, as well as a set of general conclusions as to the nature of kinship.
the Akamba domestic cycle as Markovian process
Authors: FJELLMAN STEPHEN M.
Published: November 2004

This paper presents a Markov chain process as a model of the change in the domestic position over time of a group of Kenyan Akamba women. A simple explanation of the Markovian process is presented. The suggestion is made that such processes may aid an ethnographer in describing and understanding social change. A brief description of changes in household composition is included.
sex roles, power, and illness in an Egyptian village
Authors: MORSY SOHEIR
Published: November 2004

Some recent studies have reintroduced women into the arena of anthropology as social actors engaged in the manipulation of their environment and the exercise of choice. The purpose of this paper is to question the utility of approaching the study of sex roles in terms of individual strategies and competition for power. This is pursued within the context of the study of health‐related behavior. The incidence of a folk illness and symptomatology derived from the Cornell Medical Index are utilized as indices of patterned power differentials associated with sex role expectations in an Egyptian village.
do Mfantse fish sellers estimate probabilities in their heads?
Authors: QUINN NAOMI
Published: November 2004

This paper describes how Mfantse fish sellers deal with choice under uncertainty. An alternative is offered to economists' cognitively unrealistic assumption that decision makers calculate probability distributions to assess the riskiness of uncertain outcomes. Fish sellers appear to minimize risks not by refusing to take risks above a minimum acceptable probability of loss, but by refusing to market their fish if any one of several discrete tests indicates unfavorable market conditions, a “multiple check” strategy derived from sellers' verbal reports.
African bridewealth and women's status
Authors: OGBU JOHN U.
Published: November 2004

Three shortcomings of previous studies of African bridewealth and its relation to the status of African women are: they are based on a limited number of societies, they usually consider bridewealth mainly in terms of the interests of the male members of African societies, and they are essentially etic models that cannot adequately account for many important features of bridewealth payment. These inadequacies have led to conflicting results and ungeneralizable conclusions. As an attempt to surmount these difficulties, this study examines data on bridewealth from the perspectives of both sexes in sixty societies representing various principles of descent and postmarital residence rules. The study finds little evidence to support previous conclusions about the functions of bridewealth and women's status in Africa. It suggests that the one function of bridewealth common to African societies is the legitimation of marriage, a function that enhances rather than diminishes the status of women in the African context.
Protestantism and modernization in two Guatemalan towns
Authors: SEXTON JAMES D.
Published: November 2004

Qualitative and quantitative data are used to analyze Protestantism and modernization in two differentially developed and exposed towns lying on opposite shores of Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. San Juan, the less developed and relatively isolated town, is inhabited predominantly by Tzutuhil Maya; Panajachel, the more developed and exposed town is inhabited by mainly Cakchiquel Maya but includes about one‐third Ladinos. Reasons are sought for the growing number of converts to Protestantism despite the dominance of Catholicism. Differences between Catholics and Protestants in both towns are examined with respect to: (1) social and economic variables, (2) traditional and modern variables, (3) psychological variables, and (4) environmental variables.
Dependence in a Micronesian economy
Authors: PEOPLES JAMES G.
Published: November 2004

The inadequacy of the assumptions and implied policies of the modernization paradigm has led to a reaction against it by dependency theorists. Two major weaknesses of dependency theory are that it assumes a single kind of exploitative relation between rich and poor nations and that it fails to analyze the economic strategies of village people in dependent areas. Micronesia represents a form of dependency in which exploitation by capitalist powers is insignificant, but the population is dependent upon wages earned by employees of the United States government. Through an examination of Kosrae Island, the processes through which stagnation is exacerbated by the influence of these wages on economic choices are identified.
Growth and development of folk botanical life forms in the Mayan language family
Authors: BROWN CECIL H.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the growth of folk botanical life‐form categories I for example, “tree,” “vine”) in the Mayan language family of Mesoamerica. Reconstruction of life‐form systems for protostages in Mayan language history indicates that the addition of life‐form terms to Mayan vocabularies has conformed to an earlier proposal of a botanical life‐form encoding sequence (Brown 1977a). In addition, the vast majority of Mayan botanical life forms have been added in very recent times. Apparently, global life‐form growth has taken place primarily during the last few thousand years of human history. An explanation of this phenomenon is proposed. Principles underlying botanical nomenclatural development are also formulated and discussed.
time, person, and gender in Sinhalese astrology
Authors: KEMPER STEVEN
Published: November 2004

Astrology of various traditions is practiced throughout South Asia. Among the Sinhalese, concern with the influence of heavenly bodies and their agents is an ancient kind of theoretical knowledge—like Chinese geomancy—of great popular appeal. But horoscopy as a technique for reading the heavens and making predictions is a relatively new mass phenomenon and something of a technology reserved to a few skilled practitioners. This paper develops the contrast to consider what constitutes astrology and the ways by which astrological knowledge resonates with other Sinhalese notions of person and gender. By so doing, several issues are raised concerning the relationship of traditional knowledge and culture, understood as a system of meanings, [traditional knowledge, culture theory, social change, South Asian ethnography, philosophy and anthropology]
network structure and the kinship perspective
Authors: FOSTER BRIAN L. , SEIDMAN STEPHEN B.
Published: November 2004

Structural kinship analysis in the Radcliffe‐Brown tradition shares many important features with much contemporary formal social network analysis in anthropology and other disciplines. Although the kinship studies lack the mathematical formalism of other approaches, substantive results are of a high order. Using Fortes's Tallensi analysis as a representative of these works, the kinship method is formalized and generalized; the results help clarify some unresolved problems in Fortes's studies and illuminate the close relationship between this kind of kinship work and contemporary network analysis. [social structure, kinship, social network, Tallensi, Fortes, mathematical anthropology]
optimal foragers or political actors? ecological analyses of a New Jersey fishery
Authors: MCCAY BONNIE J.
Published: November 2004

Recent trends in ecological anthropology are described and applied in an analysis of a New Jersey fishery. The difficulty of identifying environmental problems becomes apparent when trying to describe the temporal variability, pollution, restrictions on access, and depletion that characterize the marine environment of “Shoal Harbor,” a diversified community of bay men and inshore fishermen not far from New York City. A set of hypotheses derived from optimization theories in evolutionary ecology proves helpful in suggesting the ecological rationale for certain aspects of the Shoal Harbor fishery; but practical, methodological, and theoretical qualifications limit its usefulness. Another ecological approach, the “economics of flexibility,” is used to open the analysis to the political dimensions of one aspect of Shoal Harbor behavior—illegal fishing. A concluding discussion of the problem of overfishing indicates the importance of balancing ecological approaches with just consideration of social, cultural, and political reality. [ecological anthropology, evolutionary theory, anthropological theory, maritime communities, foraging strategies]
phases in human perception/conception/symbolization processes: cognitive anthropology and symbolic classification
Authors: OHNUKI‐TIERNEY EMIKO
Published: November 2004

The immediate goal of this paper is to compare and contrast two approaches in anthropology that are concerned with the role of culture in ordering a people's universe – cognitive anthropology and symbolic classification. A larger aim is to propose a schema of human perception, conception, and symbolization, delineating different phases in these processes that represent distinct levels of abstraction in our concept formation. I argue that cognitive anthropology focuses upon the phases in which memory codes are established, whereas symbolic classification deals with the phases in which analogy codes are formulated. Each may thereby be seen to complement the other in our effort to understand the role of culture in the ordering of the universe. [symbolic anthropology, cognitive anthropology, culture and classification, anthropological theory, memory versus analogy codes]
the rhetorical management of dangerous knowledge in Kpelle brokerage
Authors: MURPHY WILLIAM P.
Published: November 2004

This paper argues that Kpelle brokers draw upon the key cultural idea of danger inherent in privileged knowledge to contrive a broker role and to construe its indispensability and threatening power in local politics. Both traditional religious brokers, who mediate between the village and the mystical world, as well as modern brokers, who mediate between the local community and the wider national institutions, use this idiom to persuade the local community that their knowledge of unfamiliar domains is exclusive, critically important, and dangerously powerful. The Kpelle case supports the notion that the broker role is not simply the result of a structural need to link patrons and clients of two different sociocultural domains. It shows that the role emerges as well from individuals' purposive use of cultural meanings to shape and manage those needs and their political significance. [West Africa, political management of meaning, brokerage, knowledge/secrecy, center‐periphery relations]
new perspectives on Tibetan fertility and population decline
Authors: GOLDSTEIN MELVYN C.
Published: November 2004

The paper addresses the claim that traditional Tibetan society is anomalous among peasant preindustrial societies in that it has experienced population decline since the 7th century A.D. Even though Tibet was a relatively affluent society, psychological and social factors are claimed to have substantially reduced fertility levels. The paper challenges this position and argues instead that Tibetan fertility was/is moderately high. It also suggests that very high levels of fertility were not necessary in preindustrial peasant societies to balance high mortality and produce homeostasis or slight growth. [demographic anthropology, peasant fertility, demographic transition theory, Tibet, Nepal]
being “Maasai”; being “people‐of‐cattle”: ethnic shifters in East Africa
Authors: GALATY JOHN G.
Published: November 2004

Conventional notions of ethnicity are similar to Maasai ideology, which asserts that the term Maasai refers to a nonproblematical, unitary, and given social entity. The term serves not as a simple ethnic marker, however, but as a pragmatic shifter. Its sense and reference vary across the ethnosociological context, signifying economic practice, the social margin, and the pastoral division of labor. The semiotic process, then, generates, rather than simply represents, the social order [ethnicity, semiotics, East African pastoralism, ideology, symbolic classification, economics]
trance, initiation, and psychotherapy in Tamang shamanism
Authors: PETERS LARRY G.
Published: November 2004

The “calling” that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a “creative illness” reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism]
menstruation and the power of Yurok women: methods in cultural reconstruction
Authors: BUCKLEY THOMAS
Published: November 2004

Consideration of Yurok Indian women's attitudes towards menstruation and of the ritual observances surrounding it enhance our understanding of the position of women in Yurok society and of the aboriginal role of menstruation in the temporal structuring of village life. This paper exemplifies a methodology for investigating this and other topics incompletely reported in received ethnographies of now much‐changed cultures. The specific ethnographic case to which this methodology is applied, viewed in light of current biological research, generates general hypotheses for testing in viable hunter‐gatherer societies, [gender, menstruation, methodology, time, Yurok Indians]
theory and method in social anthropology: on the structures of systems of kin classification
Authors: SCHEFFLER HAROLD W.
Published: November 2004

This essay exposes the “logic” underlying six rules formulated by Sol Tax as characteristic of the structures of systems of kin classification in general, and it clarifies the domain of relevance of the rules. The rules follow logically from more fundamental structural features of systems of kin classification, especially from the symmetry of genealogical relationship; they may not properly be used to “predict” much of anything about “kinterm applications.” Many apparent exceptions to Tax's rules are not genuine exceptions and are readily understandable as products of structural features, especially covert categories and rules of subclassification, often left undetected in analyses of the structures of systems of kin classification. In other cases, data that fail to conform to Tax's rules have been produced by inappropriate and inadequate methods, and therefore those data cannot reasonably be used to challenge any of Tax's rules. [systems of kin classification, structural semantic analysis, theory, method]
Leveling peasants? the maintenance of equality in a Swiss Alpine community
Authors: McGUIRE RANDALL , NETTING ROBERT McC.
Published: November 2004

This quantitative examination of economic stratification in a Swiss Alpine village is based on data of individually owned farm land and building valuations for the period 1851–1915. Comparisons with other societies and with European peasant communities indicate a relatively low degree of inequality and the possibility of considerable intergenerational mobility in wealth. Demographic factors appear to have little influence on wealth. The egalitarian nature of the community results less from systematic wealth leveling mechanisms than from a limited production base, partible inheritance, the low returns on investment in farmland, communal credit facilities, and a democratic local political structure. [peasants, Switzerland, stratification, inequality, leveling, mobility]
the socialist transformation of agriculture in a Romanian commune, 1945‐62
Authors: KIDECKEL DAVID A.
Published: November 2004

The Romanian socialist transformation of agriculture is analyzed as a sociopolitical process typical of complex society. Its specific character results from the interaction of national policy and local organization within a framework of regional power relations. National policy is transformed by community class relations, land use, and intracommunity variation as expressed in regional political economy. Local deviations promote change at national levels, thereby countering those who see collectivization solely as a function of state power, [cooperative and collective agriculture, national integration, complex society, sociocultural change, Eastern Europe]
bloody time and bloody scarcity: capitalism, authority, and the transformation of temporal experience in a Papua New Guinea village
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL FRENCH
Published: November 2004

This article argues that the development of perceptions that time is scarce is not simply the result of increases in the quantity of demand for a finite supply of time. Rather, in Koragur Village, Papua New Guinea, it is part of the larger process of incorporation into a capitalist political economy. The imposition of authoritative control over temporal conduct by external authorities and by new kinds of local leaders, together with the spread of the idea that time is scarce, are seen as mutually determining moments of this process of incorporation. Villagers who retain indigenous temporal orientations see the unwelcome imposition of authority where a Western observer would see “time scarcity.” These perceptions by villagers are, in a sense, more accurate than those of more acculturated individuals. Moreover, the process of acquiring industrial capitalist modes of thinking about, and experiencing, time is inseparable from struggles over the acceptance of new kinds of relations of authority. [temporal orientations, scarcity, economizing, leadership, peripheral capitalism]
domestic economy: land, labor, and wealth in a San Blas community
Authors: STIER FRANCES
Published: November 2004

This paper discusses household organization and subsistence agriculture in a Cuna community of the Comarca de San Blas, Panama. Sahlins's adaptations of models from Chayanov are commonly used to analyze the relationship between household demographic characteristics, land use, and the labor intensity of agriculture. Several technical difficulties arise in this analysis, however, and it fails explicitly to incorporate information on the social organization of the community. A multiple regression approach is offered that eliminates the technical difficulties, shows a way to incorporate additional information, and introduces a path model of the relationship between household composition, economic status, and farming strategy. [subsistence agriculture, Chayanov, San Blas Cuna, Panama, demographic change]
the troubled seas of Spanish fishermen: marine policy and the economy of change
Authors: MELTZOFF SARAH KEENE , LIPUMA EDWARD
Published: November 2004

In tracing the evolution of the Spanish‐Moroccan fishery, this paper seeks to illuminate the ways in which the social economy of Spanish fishermen structures its response to the industrialization and internationalization of fisheries. The paper makes two connected arguments. First, it argues that the investigation of change must relate the structural principles that have produced the social economy to the structural conditions and demands in which the social economy seeks to reproduce itself. Second, in analyzing the interplay between local and international forces, it argues that the analysis of modern Mediterranean societies—as exemplified by fisheries—entails a vertically integrated description that transcends the mutual isolation of ethnographic and geopolitical perspectives.
is homo hierarchicus?
Authors: APPADURAI ARJUN
Published: November 2004

Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way. E. VALENTINE DANIEL.

The Untouchable as Himself: Ideology, Identity and Pragmatism among the Lucknow Chamars. RAVINDRA S. KHARE.

The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism. ASHIS NANDY.
the validating role of humoral theory in traditional Spanish‐American therapeutics
Authors: FOSTER GEORGE M.
Published: November 2004

In conventional interpretations of humoral theory in Spanish‐American popular medicine, the “principle of opposites” model (a Hot remedy for a cold illness, and vice versa) is viewed as prescriptive, that is, as a guide to therapy. Anomalous ethnomedical data from Tzintzuntzan, Mexico, suggest the opposite, that the role of theory is to validate empirical remedies administered with little or no thought given to theoretical dictates. It is further suggested that validation of prevailing curing practices is a special case of a broader principle, that the role of many cultural institutions is validation rather than prescription, as often described. [humoral theory, popular therapies, anomalous data, prescription, validation]
meaning, agency and colonial history: Navosavakadua and the Tuka movement in Fiji
Authors: KAPLAN MARTHA
Published: November 2004

How are we to understand the agency of “others” in colonial encounters? Analyses of indigenous history making and of colonial hegemony can be harmonized: in colonial societies multiple cultural articulations are formed, contested, and rou‐tinized. This essay reconsiders Navosavakadua, a 19th‐century Fijian oracle priest, and his Tuka movement, once considered a paradigmatic “cargo cult.” Navosa‐vakadua's project contested a developing colonial orthodoxy; both were articulations of Fijian ritual‐politics, colonial authority, and the Christian god. Colonizers try to routinize articulations that privilege them, but “others” also make history with their own powers to articulate. [history, colonialism, agency, ritual‐politics, cargo cults, Fiji]
Visions and revisions: Toraja culture and the tourist gaze
Authors: VOLKMAN TOBY ALICE
Published: November 2004

Ethnic tourism, a consummate form of “collection,” presupposes processes of ob‐jectification that extend to “culture” itself. Such processes are not simply imposed by the demands of the international tourism industry; actors include indigenous peoples who are both “tourist objects” and reflective critics, whose cultural visions (and revisions) are shaped in part by a distinctive “tourist gaze” and in part by a dialogue with the state. These processes are explored in the Toraja highlands of Sulawesi, Indonesia, where indigenous media (houses, effigies, and ceremonies) are being recomposed, using a range of new media, as obyek turis. [tourism, representation, public culture, art, ritual, Indonesia]
Mapping reeds and reading maps: the politics of representation in Lake Titicaca
Authors: ORLOVE BENJAMIN S.
Published: November 2004

A dispute between government ministries and peasant communities over control of the reed beds in Lake Titicaca, Peru, in the 1970s led to a state of irresolution, with each side believing that the conflict had been resolved in its favor. In this article, maps drawn by both sides are examined in order to analyze the understandings that each side had of the conflict and to discuss the lack of resolution. The article elaborates a framework for the analysis of maps and other representations, and discusses other theories about the role of representations in political encounters.
Forbidden friends: cultural veils of female friendship in Andalusia
Authors: UHL SARAH
Published: November 2004

Friendship in southern European societies has been recognized theoretically and empirically as a male‐oriented institution. Women are supposedly prohibited from forming friendships, primarily because of moral restrictions on “place” and the constrictions of ties to the domestic group after marriage. Data collected in an Andalusian (southern Spain) town challenge these assumptions, showing that the female dilemma of balancing acceptable domestic decorum with the apparent need for friendship is resolved by the cognitive and behavioral “veiling” of friendship in an appropriate domestic context.
the canonic formula of myth and nonmyth
Authors: MOSKO MARK S.
Published: November 2004

Lévi‐Strauss's canonic formula for the structure of myth, fx(a): fy(b) ≅ fx(b): fa‐1(y), was boldly intended to bring a “kind of order to what was previously chaos” (1963a [1955]:202, 228). Rarely, however, has Lévi‐Strauss or have others systematically examined the formula's suitability for interpreting authentic mythic texts or—more puzzling, perhaps, given myth's centrality—seriously considered the potentially homologous structuring of nonmythical ethnographic data. In this article I attempt a detailed reinterpretation of the canonic formula and, after appropriately modifying it for the analysis of nonmythical materials, illustrate its empirical suitability with respect to diverse sociocultural contexts of North Mekeo (Papua New Guinea) tradition: notions and practices regarding the human body (eating, excretion, health, illness, sexuality, reproduction), space and time, social classification, political organization, and, finally, myth. By means of these controlled comparisons of nonmyth and myth internal to a single sociocultural system, I show that the revised canonic formula increases the empirical and methodological precision of Lévi‐Straussian structural analyses. The structure of myth, therefore, is not restricted to myths. [dualism (recursion/inversion), myth, social classification, structural analysis, ethnographic method, Melanesia]
public discourse on sacredness: the transfer of Ayers Rock to Aboriginal ownership
Authors: WHITTAKER ELVI
Published: November 2004

In October 1985, the Australian Labor Government transferred one of the country's leading tourist locations, Ayers Rock and the Olgas (Uluru and Katatjuta), to Pitjantjatjara‐Yankuntjatjara ownership. The event triggered a media debate presenting and representing discourses that organized existing knowledge and created new realities around claims to sacredness, equality, restitution, human rights, and the contributions of anthropology. [tourism, land claims, media, discourse analysis, property, Australian Aborigines]
population regulation, ecology, and political economy in preindustrial Iceland
Authors: VASEY DANIEL E.
Published: November 2004

Social controls on sex and marriage, rooted in the political economy, regulated population in preindustrial Iceland. Married women had high fertility, offset by low illegitimacy and a means prerequisite for marriage. The number of married householders in their childbearing years responded to changes in population pressure, adjusting fertility and moving the population toward about 50,000, a level determined by both the sub‐Arctic environment and the political economy, which discouraged full use of available technology. [population regulation, population and agriculture, population and environment, population and political economy, preindustrial Iceland]
Greek Cypriot Narratives of History and Collective Identity: Nationalism as a Contested Process
Authors: Papadakis Yiannis
Published: November 2004

In this article I consider the appeal of "grand" historical narratives of nationalism by focusing on the ways in which history and identity are contested in the context of Greek Cypriot society. I pay particular attention to diverse expressions of nationalism formulated by the state, political parties, and individual social actors. By examining how nationalism is articulated on these different levels, I propose an understanding of the dialectical process between "above" and "below" that accounts for the appeal of specific constructions of nationalism. I investigate this process by looking at how individual social actors discuss the past in ways that blend elements of personal, local, and national political history. Such an approach provides an alternative to theories that hold that nationalism's appeal lies in proposing a new kind of community as the local community collapses under the dislocating impact of the forces of modernity. In contrast, theories of nationalism phrased in terms of broad cultural ontologies are problematic for explaining the presence of multiple models of nationalism within a community, and the ways in which nationalisms can be internally contested, [nationalism, history, identity, narrative, Cyprus]
Transnationalism in the Caribbean: Formal and Informal
Authors: Robotham Don
Published: November 2004

Comparing the effects of transnationalism in Central Europe with its effects in the English‐speaking Caribbean reveals the unique features of the Caribbean: it is an area that has for centuries been both rooted in strong African ethnicities and deeply penetrated by global capitalism. This means that while the task of global capitalism in Central Europe is radical rupture, its task in the Caribbean is one of realignment. Complex interrelations between international and national economic forces are producing critical changes in identity, class, and political orientation in the Caribbean. Despite deep economic and cultural penetration and significant economic and political shifts toward globalization, transnational symbols have been appropriated by informal transnational activities and popular culture to reinforce nationalism and to carve out a space from which resistance can be maintained. [transnationalism, structural adjustment, ethnic contract, class, culture, Englishspeaking Caribbean]
The Seneca World of Ga‐No‐Say‐Yeh
Authors: Boxberger Daniel L.
Published: November 2004

Francello, Joseph A. The Seneca World of Ga‐No‐ Say‐Yeh. American University, Series IX History, v. 61. New York: Peter Lang, 1989. 225 pp. $37.50 (cloth).
The Beringian Crossroads
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: November 2004

William W. Fitzhugh and Aron Crowell. eds. Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska. Washington, D. C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. 360 pp. $45.00 (cloth); $24.95 (paper).
Carnival Unmasked: Transformations of Performance in Venice
Authors: Rubenstein Joseph
Published: November 2004

No city in the world prides itself more on its unchanging character than Venice. It is a place both larger and smaller than civilized life, and the stories it tells serve to bind citizen and visitor alike to a myth of fairytale serenity. This paper will describe the performance of Venetian carnival as observed in 1987. It will illustrate how decreasing popular participation in the festival is due to an increasing manipulation of carnival through an alliance of political and touristic interests.
Whatever Happened to Primitive Art?
Authors: D' Azevedo Warren L.
Published: November 2004

This article posits a relation between the demise of “primitive art” and the revival of individual creativity as a subject of anthropological inquiry. Scarcely 100 years have passed since the “discovery” of non‐Western art by anthropologists. At the very outset it promised to embellish the drama of human technological and cognitive evolution. But as the script became unwieldy and the stage too large it was stored away as a prop of past productions, an artifact of “primitive cultures.” Meanwhile, back from the field, the art of the other is entering as player rather than object in the works of a discipline bemused by reflection upon itself, its own unavoidable humanity, and its intrinsic artistry.
On the Periphery of the Modern World: Village Life in Guatemala and Argentina
Authors: Neugebauer Rhonda L.
Published: November 2004

Beatriz Manz. Refugees of. Hidden War: The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency in Guatemala. Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1988. 282 pp. $49.00 (cloth); $16.95 (paper).

Kirstin Hoffman Ruggiero. And Here the World Ends: The Life of an Argentine Village. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988. xvii. 226 pp. $32.50 (cloth).
Freud and the Anthropologists
Authors: Francello Joseph A.
Published: November 2004

George W. Stocking, Jr. ed. Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. viii. 257 pp.
American/Indian
Authors: Murray D. W.
Published: November 2004

Understanding Native Americans is beset with symbolic difficulties. One of these is the fact of their being embedded within the social and political structures of the United States, with whose history their own stories are often coeval. They are neither “subcultures” nor fully “Others.” Neither American folk models of the “Indian” nor social science models of “Natives” capture their circumstance. By recounting a personal tragedy encountered during Navajo fieldwork, I examine the peculiar and ambivalent “marginality” of Native lives, and contrast their lived dilemma with the intellectualized one of the anthropologist.
Solomon Fry, Survivor
Authors: Hill Benjamin
Published: November 2004

Solomon Fry survived the Holocaust. Decades after liberation, he continues to survive the Holocaust day by day. In this brief ethnographic life history I explore cultural aspects of Solomon's survival, including strategies for enduring both immediacies and memories of Nazi oppression. For Solomon Fry, and perhaps for all of us, there is more to survival than staying alive.
The Changing Face of China
Authors: Beaver Patricia
Published: November 2004

Huang Shu‐min. The Spiral Road: Change in. Chinese Village Through the Eyes of. Communist Party Leader. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. xiv. 222 pp. $35.00 (cloth); $15.95 (paper).