bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of antioxidant activities with dried Gugija (Lycium chinensis Mill) extraction
Authors: Lee Gee-Dong
Published: March 2020

Thise study aimed to determine the optimum antioxidant extraction conditions of dried Gugija (Lycium chinensis Mill). To determine the operational parameters, including ethanol concentration (X1, 0~80%) and extraction time (X2, 1~5 hr), a response surface methodology was applied to monitor brown color intensity, total phenolic compounds, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and Fe2+ chelating activity. Coefficients of determinations (R2) of the models were 0.8486~0.9214 (p<0.05~0.1) in dependent parameters. Brown color intensity of Gugija extracts reached a maximum of 0.75 (OD in 420 nm) under extraction conditions of 2.88 hr in 78.10% ethanol. Total phenolic compounds reached a maximum of 2,355 μg under extraction conditions of 4.94 hr in 30.17% ethanol. ABTS radical scavenging activity was 13.83% at 4.61 hr and 16.21% ethanol. Fe2+ chelating activity showed a maximum of 58.54% under extraction conditions of 3.39 hr in 0.76% ethanol. Optimum extraction conditions (5 hr extraction in 15% ethanol) were obtained by superimposing the contour maps with regards to total phenolic compounds, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and Fe2+ chelating activity of dried Gugija. Maximum values of total phenolic compounds, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and Fe2+ chelating activity under optimum extraction condition were 2,397 μg, 15.62% and 54.78%, respectively.
HPLC analytical method validation of Aralia elata extract as a functional ingredients
Authors: Ahn Eun-Mi , Choi Song-Am , Choi Ji-Young
Published: March 2020

Aralia elata Seemann (AE) has long been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus, anti-arthritic, and anti-gastric ulcer agent in Korea, Japan, and China. This study was performed to establish a simple and reliable HPLC/UV analytical method for determination of most active anti-hypertensive compound, a 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosylester (HE) for the standardization of the shoot extract of AE as a health functional food ingredient. The quantitative analytical method of HE was optimized by HPLC analysis using reverse-phase C18 column at 40°C with H2O and acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) as an isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength of UV 205 nm. This HPLC/UV analytical method showed good specificity and high linearity in the tested range of 0.03125-2.0mg/ml with excellent coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 12.0 μg/mL and 36.5 μg/mL, respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of data from intra- and inter-day precision were less than 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. These results indicate that the established HPLC/UV analytical method is very simple, specific, precise, accurate, and reproducible and thus can be useful for the quantitative analysis of HE as a functional anti-hypertensive compound in AE extract.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ginger with aging and fermentation
Authors: Seo Young-Ho
Published: March 2020

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, commonly known as ginger, has long been used as a powerful health-promoting antioxidant that supports cellular health of the human body. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the samples with aging and fermentation. Antioxidant activities of the samples were compared using total phenol, flavonoid contents, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Antimicrobial activities were also examined using the paper disc method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Acidity of the fermented ginger (FG) with lactic acid bacteria showed a significantly higher value than that of the ginger (GG). The content of 6-gingerol, a bioactive component in ginger, decreased in all fermented gingers but 6-shogaol which is also one of the main valuable ingredients showed the increased content at ginger fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidphilus. Flavonoid contents of the FG and GG did not show significant differences. However, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity were 10-30% increased in the samples with fermentation (p<0.05), respectively. The samples of the disc showed an inhibitory effect on growth of gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Zinger with fermentation showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Thus, we conclude that aging and fermentation can be a helpful process to increase the functional effects of ginger.
Antioxidative and digestion enzyme inhibitory activity of Ganoderma lucidum depends on the extraction solvent
Authors: Joo Ok Soo , Hwang Chung Eun , Hong Su Young , Sin Eui Cheol , Nam Sang Hae , Cho Kye Man
Published: March 2020

This study investigated the nutritional properties and biological activities of Ganoderma lucidum (GL). The round type of GL contained higher carbohydrate content, while the Nokgak type of GL contained higher crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein content. The most abundant amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, and soluble vitamin observed were valine (round type: 11.90 mg/g and Nokgak type: 17.18 mg/g), linoleic acid (round type: 47.56% and Nokgak type: 75.68%), potassium (round type: 116.50 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 184.36 mg/100 g), and vitamin B3 (round type: 1.78 mg/100 g and Nokgak type: 1.81 mg/100 g), respectively. In addition, the β-glucan content were 34.15 g/100 g (round type) and 30.07 g/100 g (Nokgak type). The GL 70% ethanol extract at 40°C showed higher radical scavenging as well as carbohydrate and lipid enzyme inhibition than other conditions. At 1 mg/mL of treatment with the 70% ethanol extract at 40°C of round type GL, the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase inhibition activities obtained were approximately 92.85, 99.74, 58.09, 89.68, 44.68, and 67.56%, respectively.
Physicochemical properties, phytochemicals, and biological activities of heat-treated Elaeagnus multiflora juice and vinegar
Authors: Cho Kye Man , Hwang Chung Eun , Kim Su Cheol , Joo Ok Soo
Published: March 2020

In this study, vineger was produced after heat treatment of Elaeagnus multiflora juice and its fermentative characteristics were investigated. The heat-treated juice and vinegar of E. multiflora were similar in fruit color, with b values (redness) of 39.48 (juice) and 37.56 (vinegar). After 10 days of fermentation of E. multiflora fruit, the acetic acid bacteria viable cell number, pH, acidity, reducing sugar content, and alcohol content were 4.59-4.62 log CFU/mL, 3.14-3.45, 0.2-2.12%, 0.69-35.24 mg/mL, and 0.2%, respectively. The heat-treated juice and vinegar showed significantly higher radical scavenging and digestive enzyme inhibitory activities than untreated samples, and the levels of soluble phenolics, soluble flavonoids, flavan-3-ol derivatives, and phenolic and derivatives were increased. Additioinally, the heat-treated vinegar contained major organic acids, such as acetic acid (21.82 mg/mL), and major flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids, such as catechin (72.24 μg/mL), catechin gallate (273.36 μg/mL), epigallocatechin gallate (68.35 μg/mL), protocatechuic acid (12.84 μg/mL), and salicylic acid (42.29 μg/mL). At 25 μL/mL treatment, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities were 79.66%, 93.99%, 90.12%, and 64.85%, respectively. This result suggested that it is possible to produce new types of vinegar and beverages, using heat-treated E. multiflora juice.
Quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of jelly containing honeyberry powder
Authors: Lee Do Hee , Chung Hai-Jung
Published: March 2020

Honeyberry jelly was prepared by adding different amounts of honeyberry powder (0, 3, 6, and 9 g) to 15 g gelatin, 30 g sugar, 40 g oligosaccharide, and 400 mL of water. The quality characteristics, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activities of the resulting jelly were investigated. The pH value of the jelly decreased with increasing honeyberry powder content. The sweetness of the groups containing honeyberry powder was higher than that of the control group. The L value of the jelly decreased, while the a value increased with increasing honeyberry powder content. Texture analysis showed that the incorporation of honeyberry powder into the jelly decreased its hardness, chewiness, and brittleness. The total polyphenol content of the control group was 5.02 mg GAE/100 g and honeyberry powder added groups ranged from 9.26 to 33.93 mg GAE/100 g, with the value increasing proportionally to the honeyberry powder content. The antioxidant activity of the jelly measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing power was found to increase with increasing honeyberry powder concentration. In a consumer acceptance test, no significant differences were observed between the smell, taste, texture and overall acceptability of the control group and the honeyberry powder containing groups. In conclusion, it is suggested that honeyberry powder may be a useful ingredient for improving antioxidant activity of jelly without affecting its sensory potential.
Potentiating the anti-tumor response of tumor infiltrated T cells by NAD+supplementation
Authors: Wang Yuetong , Wang Fei , Wang Lihua , Qiu Shizhen , Yao Yufeng , Xiong Xuexue , Chen Xuyong , Ji Quanquan , Cao Jian , Li Dake , Zhang Liye , Wang Ruoning , Wang Haopeng , Fan Gaofeng
Published: March 2020

Tumor immunotherapies have provided clinical benefits, yet great potential remains for optimizing therapeutic effects. Here, we show that low NAD+levels restrict the function of tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs). TILs harvested from human ovarian tumor tissues showed decreased NAD+levels compared with T cells from paired peripheral blood samples. The combination of whole-genome CRISPR and large-scale metabolic inhibitor screens implicated the NAD+biosynthesis enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is required for T cell activation. Further isotopic labeling and LC-MS studies confirmed that NAD+depletion suppressed mitochondrial energy biosynthesis in T cells. Excitingly, NAD+supplementation significantly enhanced the tumor cell-killing efficacy of CAR-T cellsex vivo, and extended animal survive in both adoptive CAR-T model and immune checkpoint blockade treatment modelsin vivo. This study demonstrates an over-the-counter nutrient supplement NAD+could robustly boost the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy and provides insights into the cellular basis of T cell metabolic reprogramming in treating cancers.

One Sentence Summary

NAD+supplementation during cancer immunotherapies significantly enhances T cell activation and tumor killing capacity.
K-PAM: A unified platform to distinguishKlebsiellaspecies K- and O-antigen types, model antigen structures and identify hypervirulent strains
Authors: Prasad Patro L Ponoop , Sudhakar Karpagam Uma , Rathinavelan Thenmalarchelvi
Published: March 2020

A computational method has been developed to distinguish theKlebsiellaspecies serotypes to aid in outbreak surveillance. A reliability score (estimated based on the accuracy of a specific K-type prediction against the dataset of 141 distinct K-types) average(ARS) that reflects the specificity between theKlebsiellaspecies capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis and surface expression proteins, and their K-types has been established. ARS indicates the following order of potency in accurate serotyping: Wzx(ARS=98.5%),Wzy(ARS=97.5%),WbaP(ARS=97.2%),Wzc(ARS=96.4%),Wzb(ARS=9 4.3%),WcaJ(ARS=93.8%),Wza(ARS=79.9%) and Wzi(ARS=37.1%). Thus, Wzx, Wzy and WbaP can give more reliable K-typing compared with other proteins. A fragment-based approach has further increased the Wzi ARS from 37.1% to 80.8%. The efficacy of these 8 proteins in accurate K-typing has been confirmed by a rigorous testing and the method has been automated as K-PAM(www.iith.ac.in/K-PAM/). Testing also indicates that the use of multiple genes/proteins helps in reducing the K-type multiplicity, distinguishing the K-types that have identical K-locus(like KN3 and K35) and identifying the ancestral serotypes ofKlebsiellaspp. K-PAM has the facilities to O-type using Wzm(ARS=85.7%) and Wzt(ARS=85.7%) and identifies the hypervirulentKlebsiellaspecies by the use ofrmpA,rmpA2,iucABCD,iroBCDNandiutAmarker genes. Yet another highlight of the server is the repository of the modeled 11 O- and 79 K - antigen 3D structures.
Integrated metabolomics and proteomics of symptomatic and early pre-symptomatic states of colitis
Authors: Shimshoni Elee , Ghini Veronica , Solomonov Inna , Luchinat Claudio , Sagi Irit , Turano Paola
Published: March 2020

Two murine models for colitis were used to study multi-level changes and derive molecular signatures of colitis onset and development. By combining metabolomics data on tissues and fecal extracts with proteomics data on tissues, we provide a comprehensive picture of the metabolic profile of acute and chronic states of the disease, and most importantly, of two early pre-symptomatic states. We show that, increased anaerobic glycolysis, accompanied by altered TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, associates with inflammation-induced hypoxia taking place in colon tissues. We also demonstrate significant changes in the metabolomic profiles of fecal extracts in different colitis states, most likely associated with the dysbiosis characteristic of colitis, as well as the dysregulated tissue metabolism. Most remarkably, strong and distinctive tissue and fecal metabolomic signatures can be detected before onset of symptoms. These results highlight the diagnostic potential of global metabolomics for inflammatory diseases.
Perceptions of organizational justice and commitment of non-family employees in family and non-family firms
Authors: Pimentel Duarte , Serras Pires Juliana , Almeida Pedro L.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore differences between non-family employees of family and non-family firms regarding the perceptions of organizational justice and levels of organizational commitment. Moreover, focusing on non-family employees of family firms, the study assesses the relation between the perceptions of organizational justice and levels of organizational commitment. Finally, the study seeks to understand which dimension of organizational commitment (i.e. affective, continuance, or normative) is more associated with the perceptions of organizational justice of non-family employees working in family firms.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 205 Portuguese employees, 98 non-family employees of family firms, and 107 non-family firms' employees, who responded to a questionnaire that included organizational justice and commitment measures. All firms included in the sample are small-sized privately owned companies.

Findings

Results show that there are no differences between non-family employees of family and non-family firms regarding the perceptions of organizational justice. However, results reveal that there are significant differences regarding the levels of organizational commitment. Furthermore, it was found that, in family firms, non-family employees' perceptions of organizational justice are positively related to the levels of commitment, especially regarding the affective dimension.

Originality/value

This paper aims to contribute to the literature by addressing two classical organizational aspects, which are yet under-researched in the comparison between family and non-family firms, while pursuing to shed some light on the relationship between the perceptions of organizational justice and levels of organizational commitment of non-family employees working in family firms.
Collaborative consumption, social distance and the extended self
Authors: Frechette Michael , Arnold Mark , Kaikati Andrew , Singh Nitish
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to look at the exchange context of peer-to-peer (P2P) collaborative consumption (e.g. Uber and Airbnb). Specifically, the paper examines the effect that the sharing of a personal possession, such as a car or apartment, may have on the consumer.

Design/methodology/approach

Two studies were conducted via online surveys. The surveys used vignettes that asked participants to imagine service experiences in either a P2P or a business-to-consumer (B2C) context. The participants then answered questions, including their perceptions of social closeness to the service provider, as well as willingness to pay (Study 1) and expectations of satisfaction (Study 2). The analysis used bootstrapping regression models to examine the relationships.

Findings

In both studies, the participants in the P2P conditions reported significantly greater perceived social closeness to the service provider than did those in the B2C condition. The P2P condition also resulted in significant indirect effects (i.e. mediated by social closeness) on willingness to pay (Study 1) and expectations of satisfaction (Study 2).

Originality/value

This paper extends the work on social distance to show that the effects are activated by the P2P exchange context. Also demonstrated here is that social closeness acts as an important mediator in the P2P context, affecting outcomes in the consumption and pre-consumption stages. Finally, construal level effects are extended to show that trend interpretation can be influenced by social distance.
Pay-premium for green brands: evidence from an emerging country
Authors: Akturan Ulun
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This study aims to examine how green branding strategies affect pay-premium behaviour of consumers for high- vs low-involvement green products in an emerging country.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 500 consumers by survey method, and structural equation modelling was run to analyse the hypotheses.

Findings

Consequently, it was found that for involvement level consumers’ pay-premium behaviour was affected indirectly by perceived quality, and directly by green brand equity and brand credibility. Moreover, in addition to those factors, for low-involvement green products, performance risk and financial risk have an impact on willingness to pay more; however, for high-involvement green products, only performance risk influences the pay more behaviour of consumers.

Research limitations/implications

In the research, two involvement levels and two brands were used. Brand names in particular may have caused a bias in the measurement. And the findings are limited by the sample, which includes respondents from an emerging country.

Practical implications

Managers should focus on green brand equity, brand quality and credibility to support willingness to pay more for green products. Moreover, they should monitor performance risk and financial risk perceptions, which may differ according to the involvement levels.

Originality/value

There is no other study, at least to the best of the author’s knowledge, testing the effects of brand-related factors on consumers’ willingness to pay-premium for green brands.
Efficacy of acitretin in the treatment of reactive neutrophilic dermatoses in adult‐onset immunodeficiency due to interferon‐gamma autoantibody
Authors: Rujiwetpongstorn Rujira , Chuamanochan Mati , Tovanabutra Napatra , Chaiwarith Romanee , Chiewchanvit Siri
Published: March 2020

Reactive neutrophilic dermatoses in adult‐onset immunodeficiency due to interferon‐γ autoantibody (AOID) are usually associated with concomitant active opportunistic infections. Data focusing on the treatment of these dermatoses with non‐immunosuppressive drugs are still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of acitretin treatment of reactive neutrophilic dermatoses in AOID. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with AOID who had reactive neutrophilic dermatoses and had been treated with acitretin from January 2008 to December 2018. In total, 23 patients had been diagnosed with AOID, with 27 episodes of reactive neutrophilic dermatoses (20 episodes of Sweet syndrome and seven episodes of generalized pustular eruption) and treated with acitretin. The median effective dose of acitretin was 10 mg/day. The mean initial response was 5.6 ± 2.3 days. The rash had almost or completely cleared within 2 weeks in 70.4% of patients. One case had developed a reversible acitretin‐induced liver injury with hepatocellular pattern. The median total duration of treatment was 3 months. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential role of acitretin as one of the treatments of choice for reactive neutrophilic dermatoses in AOID, attributable to its favorable response and good tolerability.
Case series of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas treated with bexarotene‐based therapy
Authors: Fujimura Taku , Sato Yota , Tanita Kayo , Amagai Ryo , Shimauchi Takatoshi , Ogata Dai , Fukushima Satoshi , Miyashita Azusa , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Kambayashi Yumi , Aiba Setsuya
Published: March 2020

Bexarotene is useful for both early and advanced cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL), and is sometimes applied to ultraviolet‐tolerant early CTCL patients as one of the first‐line therapies in the real world. However, continuous administration of bexarotene is sometimes difficult because of its adverse events (AE). Development of an appropriate protocol for bexarotene that can induce a consistent response for CTCL without severe AE (SAE) is needed. We retrospectively investigated 29 Japanese cases of CTCL and evaluated the efficacy of treatment and incident ratios of all AE and SAE. Objective response rate (ORR) for the overall cohort was 65.5%. ORR of the 300 mg/m2 cohort (conventional dose) was 76.2%, while that of the 150–300 mg/body (low dose) with narrowband ultraviolet B light (NBUVB) cohort was 37.5%. Mean event‐free survival was 10.0 months for all patients, 6.7 months for the bexarotene conventional‐dose cohort and 19.1 months for the low‐dose with NBUVB cohort. The incident ratio of total SAE for all patients was 20.7%. The incident ratio of total SAE was 23.8% for the conventional‐dose cohort and 12.5% for the low‐dose with NBUVB cohort. Our present study suggests that low‐dose bexarotene plus NBUVB therapy is well‐tolerated and could be one of the optimal therapies for advanced CTCL.
Community gardens as third places
Authors: Dolley Joanne
Published: March 2020

Key insights

Community gardens can be third places that facilitate informal interactions between people of the neighbourhood. When community gardens are third places, coupled with their placemaking features, they help connect new residents to place, alleviating some of the challenges associated with population mobility, such as social isolation.
Comparative study on preoperative localization techniques using microcoil and hookwire by propensity score matching
Authors: Yang Feng , Zhao Hui , Sui Xizhao , Zhang Xugang , Sun Zewen , Zhao Xiaoyi , Wang Jun
Published: March 2020

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two preoperative pulmonary nodule localization techniques using microcoil and hookwire.

Methods

A total of 307 patients with 324 pulmonary nodules were included in the study from March 2012 to October 2016 in two medical centers. Baseline data, positioning operation data, success rate, complications, surgery and pathological results were statistically analyzed. Complications were used as the dependent variables, whereas others were used as covariates for the propensity score matching of the two groups. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the success rate and complication rate of the matched groups.

Results

There were 218 lesions in the microcoil group and 106 nodules in the hookwire group. There were no significant differences in gender, age and the location of nodules between the two groups. The diameters of the nodules were smaller (8.2 ± 3.5 mm vs. 10.7 ± 4.3 mm) and solid nodules were fewer (11.5% vs. 26.4%) in the microcoil group. The complication rate of the two groups was not statistically significant. After propensity score matching, 71 patients in each group were successfully matched. We found that the success rate was higher (97.2% vs. 94.4%) and the incidence of complications was lower (31% vs. 15.5%) in the microcoil group.

Conclusions

Both techniques have been shown to be effective in preoperative localization of tiny pulmonary nodules. The method of microcoil localization has more advantages in clinical application.

Key points

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of two methods in preoperative pulmonary nodule localization in order to determine the optimal method.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the association between diverticulosis of the appendix and neoplasia
Authors: Lim Christopher Seng Hong , Cheah Sarah Yi‐Lin , Kwok Allan Mun Fai , Ravindran Praveen , Chan Daniel Leonard
Published: March 2020

Background

Diverticula of the appendix (DA) are infrequent and their clinical implications are often overlooked. Several studies have found a significantly increased prevalence of neoplasms in appendiceal specimens with diverticula. Despite the potential clinical implications, there is a paucity of literature. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the prevalence of DA and its association with neoplasia.

Methods

A systematic search of literature (Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed and Medline) reporting the prevalence of DA and association with neoplasia was performed in November 2019. Relevant articles were assessed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias assessment was carried out using modified Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Meta‐analysis with risk ratio and random‐effects model was performed using RevMan.

Results

The initial search identified 1122 potential articles of which 11 were appropriate for quantitative analysis. The prevalence rate of DA was 1.74%. The mean age of patients with DA and those without DA was 41.2 and 33.9 years, respectively. The ratio of male to female was 1.8:1. The prevalence of neoplasia in specimens without DA versus those with DA was 1.28% and 26.94%, respectively. Only four studies addressed the prevalence of locoregional neoplasia in the setting of DA compared to control. Meta‐analysis with random‐effects model demonstrated that pooled risk ratio was 25.46 (95% confidence interval 12.77–50.75, P < 0.00001).

Conclusion

The strong association with neoplasia in this meta‐analysis reinforces the clinical significance of DA. Surgeons, pathologists and radiologists should be mindful of this uncommon pathology and consider individualized patient management, until further evidence can direct clinical guidelines for the management of patients with DA.
Children’s Intergroup Attitudes: Insights From Iran
Authors: Yazdi Haleh , Barner David , Heyman Gail D.
Published: March 2020

Children generally favor individuals in their own group over others, but it is unclear which dimensions of the out‐group affect this bias. This issue was investigated among 7‐ to 8‐year‐old and 11‐ to 12‐year‐old Iranian children (N = 71). Participants evaluated in‐group members and three different out‐groups: Iranian children from another school, Arab children, and children from the United States. Children’s evaluations closely aligned with the perceived social status of the groups, with Americans viewed as positively as in‐group members and Arabs viewed negatively. These patterns were evident on measures of affiliation, trust, and loyalty. These findings, which provide some of the first insights into the social cognition of Iranian children, point to the role of social status in the formation of intergroup attitudes.
Preschool Verbal and Nonverbal Ability Mediate the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and School Performance
Authors: von Stumm Sophie , Rimfeld Kaili , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert
Published: March 2020

We compared the extent to which the long‐term influence of family socioeconomic status (SES) on children's school performance from age 7 through 16 years was mediated by their preschool verbal and nonverbal ability. In 661 British children, who completed 17 researcher‐administered ability tests at age 4.5 years, SES correlated more strongly with verbal than nonverbal ability (.39 vs. .26). Verbal ability mediated about half of the association between SES and school performance at age 7, while nonverbal ability accounted for a third of the link. Only SES, but not verbal or nonverbal ability, was associated with changes in school performance from age 7 to 16. We found that SES‐related differences in school performance are only partly transmitted through children's preschool verbal abilities.
Design Education in the Post‐Digital Age
Authors: Maeda John
Published: March 2020

All the new materials and technologies of the digital age cannot and should not eclipse the role of creativity and the beauty of “making.”
Lack of evidence of a Pleistocene migratory switch in current bird long‐distance migrants between Eurasia and Africa
Authors: Ponti Raquel , Arcones Angel , Ferrer Xavier , Vieites David R.
Published: March 2020

Aim

During the Plio‐Pleistocene, glacial cycles shaped Northern Hemisphere species' distributions causing range contractions followed by interglacial expansions. In migratory bird species, climatic changes could result in a rapid reshaping of their ranges and/or migratory behaviour, given their dispersal capacity. In this context, it has been suggested that long‐distance North American migratory species could have lost their migratory condition during cold glacial periods, regaining it later in warmer periods. Here, we explored this hypothesis for extant Eurasian‐African migratory bird species.

Location

Eurasia and Africa.

Taxon

Migratory birds.

Methods

We used Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to infer the present and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) potential distribution of 81 Trans‐Saharan migratory bird species, and reviewed the available bird fossil record for the Plio‐Pleistocene covering Eurasia and Africa.

Results

SDMs predicted a reduction of the northern edges of the breeding ranges during the LGM compared to the present. However, the current wintering ranges were somewhat similar in the Pleistocene, with the Saharan desert belt gap being always present through time, not overlapping with their breeding ranges. The fossil record also supports the persistence of migration during the Pleistocene.

Main conclusions

The palaeo‐distributions and absence of medullary bone in Pleistocene fossils from wintering Euro‐African migratory species confirm that they were migratory, providing independent support for our models. The hypothesis of the loss of migratory behaviour in these species during the Pleistocene is not supported. Furthermore, the differences in migratory species from Eurasia‐Africa and the Americas can be influenced by geographical differences, the persistence of the Mediterranean basin as climatically suitable area during glaciations and the existence of the Saharan belt.
Action at a Distance: Geriatric Research during a Pandemic
Authors: Nicol Ginger E. , Piccirillo Jay F. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Lenze Eric J.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

“Action at a distance” may be the new norm for clinical researchers in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic that may require social distancing for the next 18 months. We must minimize face‐to‐face contact with vulnerable populations. But we must also persist, adapt, and help our older patients and study participants during the pandemic.

METHODS

Clinical researchers have an obligation to help, and we can. Recommendations for clinical researchers working with older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic are discussed.

RESULTS

Implement technology now: Minimize face‐to‐face contact with participants by utilizing digital tools, such as shifting to electronic informed consent and digital HIPAA‐compliant tools such as e‐mailed surveys or telehealth assessments.

Assess the psychological and social impact of COVID‐19: How are participants coping? What health or social behaviors have changed? How are they keeping up with current events? What are they doing to stay connected to their families, friends, and communities? Are their healthcare needs being met? Current studies should be adapted immediately to these ends.

Mobilize research platforms for patient needs: Leverage our relationships with participants and rapidly deploy novel clinical engagement techniques such as digital tools to intervene remotely and reduce the negative effects of social isolation on our participants. Equip research staff with tangible resources, and provide timely population‐specific health information to support patients and healthcare providers.

CONCLUSIONS

We have an opportunity to make an impact on our older adult patients now as this pandemic continues to unfold. Above all, clinical researchers need to continue working, to help as many people as possible through the crisis. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:922–925, 2020
Comprehensive report on the prevalence of root‐knot nematodes in the Poonch division of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Tariq‐Khan Muhammad , Mukhtar Tariq , Munir Anjum , Hallmann Johannes , Heuer Holger
Published: March 2020

The present study documents the root‐knot nematodes (RKN) fauna of the Poonch division in Azad Jammu and Kashmir infecting vegetables. An overall prevalence of 40% of RKN was recorded. Of the four districts investigated, maximum prevalence was recorded in district Poonch with 59%, followed by Sudhnuti with 58%. The lowest prevalence of RKN was found in districts Bagh (29%) and Haveli (33%). Out of 15 vegetables investigated, RKN was found on five crops. The highest prevalence of 37.8% was recorded on okra, followed by 31.3% on cucumber and 17.5% on tomato. RKN was less prevalent on eggplant (8.3%) and beans (7.7%). Three RKN species, that is Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne arenaria, were found infecting the hosts. M. javanica was found to be the most prevalent followed by M. incognita and M. arenaria. This trend was found in all the districts. Overall prevalence of M. javanica as sole population was 9% and that of M. incognita was 2%. Meloidogyne arenaria was not found in any of the fields as sole population. The prevalence of M. incognita with M. javanica or M. arenaria as mixed populations was 8% and 5%, respectively, and that of M. javanica with M. arenaria was 4%. Similarly, all the three species prevailed as mixed populations in 12% of the fields in the division. The severity of RKN infections, measured as galling index, was found to be variable within each infected field (GI 2–9). Identification of RKN species was based on the morphology of perineal patterns and confirmed by molecular SCAR and CO1 makers based identification. In conclusion, RKN were distributed in the Poonch division and M. javanica was predominant. Cucumber, okra, tomato and eggplant were severely attacked by these nematodes warranting the adoption of stringent control strategies for their management.
Dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation modifies significantly the liver transcriptomic profile in weaned piglets
Authors: Qiao Jiayun , Li Haihua , Li Yupeng
Published: March 2020

The addition of probiotics in swine nutrition is known to positively influence both health and growth. The current study investigates differences in the hepatic transcriptome profiles between weaned piglets supplemented with Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) and control animals that received no probiotic. The liver is an important metabolic organ that plays a critical role in oxidizing triglycerides for energy production, lipid synthesis and degradation, as well as immune regulation in animals. RNA‐Seq analysis was carried out on total RNA harvested from the liver of piglets fed with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) 5 × 105 C. butyricum CFU/g. Compared to the control piglets, 588 of the genes examined (352 up‐regulated and 236 down‐regulated) were significantly differentially expressed at a fold change > 2 and p < .05 in animals fed with C. butyricum. Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis was further used to validate the microarray expression results for 28 genes tested. The functional annotation analyses revealed several genes, processes and pathways with putative involvement in piglet growth and performance. Feeding swine with 5 × 105 C. butyricum CFU/g appears to reinforce their immune status as well as foster the cell cycle and improve the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. This study provides valuable information about the expression profiles of mRNAs in piglet liver and in‐depth functional investigations of these mRNAs that could provide new insights into the molecular networks of growth, immune responses and nutrient metabolism in the porcine liver.
Health outcomes of patients with dementia in acute care settings—A systematic review
Authors: Fox Amanda , MacAndrew Margaret , Ramis Mary‐Anne
Published: March 2020

Background

An ageing population has resulted in increased numbers of people with dementia attending acute care services; however, the impact of hospitalisation on this population is uncertain.

Purpose

This systematic review aimed to synthesise the available evidence on adverse health outcomes for people with dementia in acute care settings.

Methods

A systematic search of CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases for primary research articles in English language, published from 2000 to 2017, was conducted. A protocol for the review was registered on the PROSPERO database.

Results

The initial search identified 5,520 records. Following removal of duplicates and assessment against inclusion criteria, 13 studies were included in the final review. Findings identify associations between patients with dementia, longer length of hospital stay and higher mortality in some situations. Heterogeneity across studies in data reporting and outcomes prevented meta‐analysis; therefore, results are presented narratively.

Conclusions

Certainty of findings from this review is impacted by variation in patient condition and data reporting. Additional rigorous studies on health outcomes for people with dementia during acute hospitalisation will contribute to the evidence.

Implications for practice

These findings along with further research examining outcomes for patients with dementia in acute care settings will inform provision of safer, quality care and optimal health outcomes for this vulnerable population.
A Systematic Review of Field Experiments in Public Administration
Authors: Hansen Jesper Asring , Tummers Lars
Published: March 2020

Field experiments have become popular in public administration. By allowing for the identification of causal effects in realistic settings, field experiments may become central in several research agendas of relevance to the field. Conducting field experiments is difficult and problems often occur along the way. However, researchers new to the method have few resources in public administration to consider the problems that arise when conducting field experiments. This systematic review identifies 42 field experiments in public administration and serves as an introduction to field experiments in public administration. The article discusses how field experiments developed over time and highlights trends in field experimentation in public administration. It then discusses issues to consider when designing field experiments. Among these are costs, practicality, ethics, and validity. Finally, the authors suggest a future research agenda for public administration field experiments.
Inside the mysterious world of plasma: A process engineer’s perspective
Authors: Kanarik Keren J.
Published: March 2020

Plasma is found almost everywhere in the universe. Yet most people are not conscious of its presence, nor the role it plays in creating the electronic devices in our everyday lives. Virtually every semiconductor chip has been touched by plasma, which is used in nearly half of all semiconductor manufacturing steps today. These chips power our mobile phones, computers, automobiles, and are vital for making artificial intelligence a reality. With a reputation of mystery, the world of plasma processing has largely remained hidden from the consumer's view. What does plasma do in chipmaking? Why is it so critical? What does a process engineer do? To give the reader a sense of the importance that plasma plays in the electronics industry and how its energy has been harnessed into producing chips, this perspective aims to make this technology more relatable as it continues to change our everyday lives.
Methionine Availability in the Arthropod Intestine Is Elucidated through Identification of Vibrio cholerae Methionine Acquisition Systems
Authors: Vanhove Audrey S. , Jugder Bat-Erdene , Barraza Daniela , Watnick Paula I.
Published: March 2020

Methionine is an essential amino acid involved in both biosynthetic and regulatory processes in the bacterial cell. To ensure an adequate supply of methionine, bacteria have evolved multiple systems to synthesize, import, and recover this amino acid. To explore the importance of methionine synthesis, transport, and recovery in any environment, all of these systems must be identified and mutagenized. Here, we have mutagenized every high-affinity methionine uptake system and methionine sulfoxide reductase encoded in the genome of the diarrheal pathogen
V. cholerae
. We use this information to determine that high-affinity methionine uptake systems are sufficient to acquire methionine in the intestine of the model arthropod
Drosophila melanogaster
but are not involved in virulence and that the intestinal concentration of methionine must be between 0.05 mM and 0.5 mM.
EirA Is a Novel Protein Essential for Intracellular Replication of Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Kuba Miku , Neha Nitika , Newton Patrice , Lee Yi Wei , Bennett-Wood Vicki , Hachani Abderrahman , De Souza David P. , Nijagal Brunda , Dayalan Saravanan , Tull Dedreia , McConville Malcolm J. , Sansom Fiona M. , Newton Hayley J.
Published: March 2020

The zoonotic bacterial pathogen
Coxiella burnetii
is the causative agent of Q fever, a febrile illness which can cause a serious chronic infection.
C. burnetii
is a unique intracellular bacterium which replicates within host lysosome-derived vacuoles. The ability of
C. burnetii
to replicate within this normally hostile compartment is dependent on the activity of the Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system. In a previous study, a transposon mutagenesis screen suggested that the disruption of the gene encoding the novel protein CBU2072 rendered
C. burnetii
incapable of intracellular replication.
Double-Stranded-RNA-Binding Protein 2 Participates in Antiviral Defense
Authors: Fátyol Károly , Fekete Katalin Anna , Ludman Márta
Published: March 2020

Plants employ multiple defense mechanisms to restrict viral infections, among which RNA interference is the best understood. The activation of innate immunity often leads to both local and systemic necrotic responses, which confine the virus to the infected cells and can also provide resistance to distal, noninfected parts of the organism. Systemic necrosis, which is regarded as a special form of the local hypersensitive response, results in necrosis of the apical stem region, usually causing the death of the plant. Here, we provide evidence that the dsRNA-binding protein 2 of
Nicotiana benthamiana
plays an important role in virus-induced systemic necrosis. Our findings are not only compatible with the recent hypothesis that DRB proteins act as viral invasion sensors but also extends it by proposing that DRBs play a critical role in establishing the dominant antiviral measures that are triggered during virus infection.
A Lassa Virus Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Based on Rearrangement of the Intergenic Region
Authors: Cai Yingyun , Iwasaki Masaharu , Motooka Daisuke , Liu David X. , Yu Shuiqing , Cooper Kurt , Hart Randy , Adams Ricky , Burdette Tracey , Postnikova Elena N. , Kurtz Jonathan , St. Claire Marisa , Ye Chengjin , Kuhn Jens H. , Martínez-Sobrido Luis , de la Torre Juan Carlos
Published: March 2020

Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, infects several hundred thousand people in Western Africa, resulting in many lethal Lassa fever cases. No U.S. Food and Drug Administration-licensed countermeasures are available to prevent or treat LASV infection. We describe the generation of a novel LASV live-attenuated vaccine candidate rLASV(IGR/S-S), which is based on the replacement of the large genomic segment noncoding intergenic region (IGR) with that of the small genome segment. rLASV(IGR/S-S) is less fit in cell culture than wild-type virus and does not cause clinical signs in inoculated guinea pigs. Importantly, rLASV(IGR/S-S) protects immunized guinea pigs against an otherwise lethal exposure to LASV.
Magnaporthe oryzae Auxiliary Activity Protein MoAa91 Functions as Chitin-Binding Protein To Induce Appressorium Formation on Artificial Inductive Surfaces and Suppress Plant Immunity
Authors: Li Ying , Liu Xinyu , Liu Muxing , Wang Yang , Zou Yibin , You Yimei , Yang Lina , Hu Jiexiong , Zhang Haifeng , Zheng Xiaobo , Wang Ping , Zhang Zhengguang
Published: March 2020

The rice blast fungus
Magnaporthe oryzae
generates infection structure appressoria in response to surface cues largely due to functions of signaling molecules, including G-proteins, regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, cAMP signaling, and TOR signaling pathways.
M. oryzae
encodes eight RGS and RGS-like proteins (MoRgs1 to MoRgs8), and MoRgs1, MoRgs3, MoRgs4, and MoRgs7 were found to be particularly important in appressorium development. To explore the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate appressorium development, we have performed a comparative
in planta
transcriptomic study and identified an
a
uxiliary
a
ctivity family 9 protein (Aa9) homolog that we named MoAa91. We showed that MoAa91 was secreted from appressoria and that the recombinant MoAa91 could compete with a chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immunity. By identifying MoAa91 as a novel signaling molecule functioning in appressorium development and an effector in suppressing host immunity, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which RGS and RGS-like proteins regulate pathogen-host interactions.
Multicenter Hospital-Based Prospective Surveillance Study of Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis and Seroprevalence of Different Serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae Type b, and Streptococcus pneumoniae during 2015 to 2018 in Turkey
Authors: Ceyhan Mehmet , Ozsurekci Yasemin , Tanır Basaranoglu Sevgen , Gurler Nezahat , Sali Enes , Keser Emiroglu Melike , Oz Fatma Nur , Belet Nursen , Duman Murat , Ulusoy Emel , Kurugol Zafer , Tezer Hasan , Ozkaya Parlakay Aslinur , Dinleyici Ener Cagri , Celik Umit , Celebi Solmaz , Oner Ahmet Faik , Solmaz Mehmet Ali , Karbuz Adem , Hatipoglu Nevin , Devrim Ilker , Caglar Ilknur , Bozdemir Sefika Elmas , Kocabas Emine , Gundeslioglu Ozlem Ozgur , Sutcu Murat , Metin Akcan Ozge , Kuyucu Necdet , Aktar Fesih , Kara Soner Sertan , Altay Akisoglu Havva Ozlem , Tuygun Nilden , Tamburaci Uslu Zeynep Diyar , Karadag Oncel Eda , Bayhan Cihangul , Cengiz Ali Bulent
Published: March 2020

Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is one of the most common life-threatening infections in children. The incidence and prevalence of ABM vary both geographically and temporally; therefore, surveillance systems are necessary to determine the accurate burden of ABM. The Turkish Meningitis Surveillance Group has been performing a hospital-based meningitis surveillance study since 2005 across several regions in Turkey. Meningococcus was the major ABM-causing agent during the 2015-to-2018 period, during which MenB was the dominant serogroup.