bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioethical Principles Involved in the Informed Consent
Authors: Donoso Claudia , Plana Sergio
Published: October 2018

The socio-political transformations occurred during modern times generated a radical shift in self-perception of individuals. They no longer see themselves as subjects. Religious and political paternalism have become extinct, and now people demand to be recognized as autonomous individuals capable of deliberation. The term, citizen, becomes stronger and they themselves ask to be heard and respected as active participants in shaping social reality. The practice of medicine is not indifferent to these processes and the atavistic model (the genetic condition that is inherited from past generations) which applies to the paternalistic, clinical relationship, where the professional, due to their qualifications and based on welfare, decided what was best for the patient, started to crumble. Now, the patient requires an active recognition of their autonomy, which entails a new way of exercising the clinical setting through dialogue and deliberation. This new patient-citizen initiative, which is subject to rights and duties, requires self-judgment in various medical scenarios that determine one’s health. In this scenario, informed consent arises, and although autonomy is often stated to be the principle behind it, which states that decision- making related to health must respect the subjectivity of the patient, it needs, as an integral process of other principals, generators of early duties in the other protagonist of the clinical setting: the clinician. Non-maleficence and justice constitute the framework that determines the limitations of the range of decisions to make, between professional and patient.
Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation for Dental Implants: Revision Results of Research Oriented to Bone Regeneration
Authors: Olate Sergio
Published: October 2018

Research oriented to bone regeneration and reconstruction has been growing and national and international research teams have complied with the development of sustained and sustainable research criteria. The aim of this work is to present the results of investigations realized by different centers to which the author is affiliated, making an analysis of maxillary sinus reconstruction for dental implants. We revised research during the last 6 years related to the surgical technique, anatomical analyses, and definition, as well as choice of bone graft. We determined the main conclusions of the analyses, innovative research to optimize efficiency in major sinus reconstruction was established, as was the technique modification for different cases.
Basic Concepts in Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Roa Ignacio
Published: October 2018

The transformation of normal cells into cancer encompasses a complex series of events, such as genetic disorders, aberrant cell cycles, changes in the phenotype and in cell adhesion, inhibition of apoptosis and generation of new blood vessels. This process is controlled by factors that promote and which factors inhibit it, and the balance between these factors determines their advancement, aggressiveness and prognosis. This review shows basics in the process of tumor angiogenesis.
Embryology of the Female Genital System
Authors: Rojas Mariana , Prieto Ruth
Published: October 2018

Until the seventh week of human embryonic development of both sexes have very similar primordia of genitalia represented by two undifferentiated gonads two mesonephric ducts, which originate the male genital tract and two paramesonephric ducts develop the female genital tract. Genital tubercle, two labiouretrales folds and two labioscrotal folds: Externally the same basic elements that are distinguished in both sexes. From SRY gene expression that occurs during the eighth week a series of morphophysiological events leading establishing a clear sexual dimorphism starts. If the resulting gonad is a testis produced hormones induce masculinization of internal and external genitalia, as well as outline the breast. However, if an ovary is formed or not formed gonads, internal and external genitalia develop in female sense. Genetic sex is not always related to the differentiation of external genitalia or genital tract that is why we consider separately each. This article explores the morphological differentiation into male and female connection, as well as the molecular regulation of the gonads, genital tract and external genitalia.
Anatomy of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Ultrasonographic Assessment and its Application as a Guide in Nerve Blocks
Authors: Algieri Rubén , Ferrante María , Fernández Juan , Ugartemendia Juan , Bernadou Maria
Published: October 2018

The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) is the anatomical space between the internal oblique and transversus extends throughout the abdominal wall ending in the aponeurosis of rectus muscles. Anesthetic block of this plane has proven useful in reducing pain and analgesic requirements in abdominal wall surgery. The identification of anatomical structures by ultrasound images simplifies the procedure by correctly and safely blocking innervation of the abdominal wall with the use of local anesthetics. The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of anatomical knowledge, and correlation of anatomical-clinical-surgical and ultrasound information in the interpretation of images obtained by ultrasonography. Further, to evaluate the effects of nerve block of the anterolateral abdominal wall by echo-guided puncture in reference to the need for postoperative analgesia in abdominal surgery. During the period January / 2012 to June / 2013, we conducted training for surgeons through practical observation of normal anatomy on cadavers, ultrasound and observation of the anterolateral abdominal wall with portable ultrasound and 7 MHz linear transducer in patients with, and without known pathology, and then interpreted and compared these for a period of 6 months. Puncture sites for blocking nerve plexus were identified and located by ultrasonography. Following training we considered patients with comorbid conditions that were surgically treated. We included 60 patients underwent surgery for abdominal wall pathology. They were classified considering surgery performed: 14 (23.34) umbilical hernioplasties, 33 (55%) inguinal hernioplasties, 6 (10%), epigastric hernioplasties, 4 (6.66%) femoral hernioplasties and 3 (5%) other hernias. We were able to identify anatomical structures and nerve block in 30 (90.91%) patients underwent surgery for inguinal hernias and 3 (75%) femoral hernioplasties. In the remaining patients block could not be performed due to physical characteristics and when ultrasound equipment was not available: 1 (25%) with femoral hernia and in 3 (9.09%) inguinal hernias. No post-puncture complications were detected. A reduced need for analgesics was observed in all patients during the immediate and midrange post-operative period. Thorough knowledge of anatomical structures and nerve endings, as well as the use of this complementary approach, significantly improve the management of postoperative pain and reduce the need for analgesics. Training in ultrasound and surgical anatomical-clinical correlation to identify these structures should be considered to improve the quality of care in patients with abdominal surgical pathologies.
Cicatricial Ectropion Correction in the Inferior Eyelid with Cartilaginous Tissue Graft: Case Report
Authors: Sebastiani Aline , Trento Guilherme , Antonini Fernando , Kluppel Leandro , Scariot Rafaela , Da Costa Delson , Rebellato Nelson
Published: October 2018

Transcutaneous approaches of the lower eyelid are commonly used to provide adequate exposure of the orbital floor and zygomaticomaxillary suture during treatment of facial fractures. Cicatricial ectropion is a rare complication that results in a shortened eyelid. This condition can be temporary in some cases but when it is permanent it must be surgically corrected, aiming to restore function, improve the aesthetical outcomes and to prevent ophthalmological disorders such as epiphora and corneal ulceration. The present study describes a novel surgical approach, associated with a concomitant cartilaginous graft, to treat severe lower eyelid ectropion resultant from a previously performed subtarsal incision.
Segmental Osteotomy with Interpositional Graft in Posterior Maxilla Area
Authors: Sigua Eder , Olate Sergio , Cavalieri-Pereira Lucas , Cabral Valdir , Pozzer Leandro , De Albergaria-Barbosa Jose
Published: October 2018

A variety of techniques have been documented for the recovery of bone loss in areas where rehabilitation with dental implants is planned. The loss of teeth is followed by the loss of height and thickness of the bone too, precluding the installation of dental implants. The premature bone loss in this region can also cause pneumatization of the maxillary sinuses. So, the corrections of these defects are a real challenge for dentists and oral surgeons. The technique of segmental osteotomy with bone interposition graft has proven to be a viable option to solve this problem. This clinical case report describes the successful application of the technique in the treatment of decreased vertical dimension in the posterior area of the maxilla, where 7 months later 4 dental implants were installed. Two dental implants of 13 mm, and two dental implants of 11 mm, demonstrating success with bone height that was achieved in the case, making the use of this technique very sustainable in bone loss of posterior area of the maxilla with pneumatized maxillary sinuses.
Sinus Dermoide
Authors: Bahamondes Francisca , Yaikin Pabla , Saint-Pierre Gustavo , Flores Estefanía
Published: October 2018

The dermoid sinus (DS) is a congenital malformation described in humans and canines, due to a development defect of the embryo, in which the skin does not completely separate from the ectodermic neural tube during the embryonic development. The lesion locates along the dorsal midline and manifests as a tubular pouch, which extends from the skin covering advancing through underlying tissues, being able to reach depths from the subcutaneous to the spinal cord. Most important in addressing the DS in humans is the early detection of skin abnormalities; prevention is crucial in infants, as it can prevent future neurological and orthopedic abnormalities. In the Rhodesian Ridgeback breed, breeders assign greater value to dogs that have a hard lock of hair labeled in reverse on the back line, as desirable characteristics in the race, when in fact it is a birth defect.
SMAS Plication in Superficial Plane & Bichectomy in Facial Lifting
Authors: Olate Sergio , De Moraes Márcio
Published: October 2018

The facial lifting show a favorable evolution in the last years; some technical modifications and the mixture with another procedures can make a more favorable results, with predictability and low morbidity. The aim of this paper is to show a mixture of two surgical techniques to obtain complimentary results in facial lifting. The technique of facial lifting with SMAS plication and bichectomy are frequently used in facial plastic surgery; the combined work of both procedures allow a reduction in the adipose tissue in the lateral and middle side of the buccal area, showing better esthetical results with a low morbidity.
Is it Necessary to Accurately Know the Response of Facial Soft Tissues to Bone Movement in Orthognatic/Orthofacial Surgery?
Authors: Olate Sergio , De Moraes Márcio , Palmieri Celso
Published: October 2018

Orthognatic and orthofacial surgery contains procedures designed to correct skeletal facial anomalies, presenting clear aesthetic and functional orientations. Outcomes have demonstrated that the technique is efficient in the short and long terms; nowadays, orthognatic surgery is common in facial surgical practice. Nevertheless, the aesthetic aspects of the indication and results of the surgery make accurate planning a challenge, raising doubts in terms of recognizing the real soft tissue response to the movement produced at bone level. A prospective, multicenter study will be necessary to define this clinical situation? This brief review is an example of how necessary to study new methodologies about the response of soft tissue to bone movements.
Ultrasonography as a Tool for Identifying the Correct Placement of the Endotracheal Tube
Authors: Algieri Rubén , Ferrante María , Duarte Miguel , Bodner Guillermo , Fernández Juan
Published: October 2018

The ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic method and gained increasing importance in the plane of the emergency. Their usefulness for the recognition of anatomical structures and detection of a difficult airway. This method increases the quality of care in the emergency room. The objective of the study was to evaluate the ultrasound ́ training for the identification of normal and variation in the anatomic airway, and their usefulness during tracheal intubation. There were two periods of training. First period: 2013- February/2013 July, learning of normal human anatomy in cadaveric material corpses (in formaldehyde 10%) and the identification of normal anatomic structures. Training in the use of ultrasound (transdutor 7.5 MHz). Second period: August/2013- December/2013, case of patients that requiring emergency intubation were analyzed in which airway ultrasound were performed. The anatomo-clinical-surgical/ultrasonographic correlation was analyzed during placement of the endotracheal tube and its identification in the airway. Two hundred twenty ultrasound examinations were performed during tracheal intubation. 134 (60.91%) were made during surgery, 110 (82.09%) were programmed surgery and 24 (17.91%) emergency surgery; and 86 (39.09%) required intubation in shock room. Two groups were classified: Group 1: surgically treated patients (Group A: programed surgery: 104 (94.54%) correctly identified intubation, and in 6 (5.46%) esophageal intubation was detected, and Group B emergency surgery: in 23 (95.83%) correct placement was identified and 1 (4.17%) was esophageal intubation. Group 2: patients intubated in the shock room: 80 (93.03%) were correctly intubated and, 6 (6.97%) had esophageal intubation. In all groups, esophageal intubation was detected only in 13 patients (5.91%), using ultrasound during the procedure. The use of ultrasound for the recognition of the airway, is useful to favor the correct intubation and management of difficult airway. The ultrasound training and anatomo-clinical-surgical application is critical because it would improve the quality of care and decreasing the risk of adverse events.
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human subjects. Reviewing the Latest Version
Authors: Cantín Mario
Published: October 2018

The World Medical Association (WMA) has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, including research on identifiable human material and data. It has undergone numerous revisions and amendments, the most recent being in Fortaleza–Brazil (2013). This new version includes various improvements and modifications which substantially easier to read, with a greater number of subsections. It is emphasized that the research ethics committee is recognized as a fundamental part of the research, the importance of disseminating research and compulsory informed consent. The Declaration of Helsinki is constantly evolving, and is arguably a document that provides the basis for the undertaking of any research. His knowledge and reading, is mandatory for all health professionals.
Ulnar Nerve Neuropathy Caused by Anconeous epitrochlearis Muscle: A Case Report
Authors: Bianchi Homero , Ottone Nicolás
Published: October 2018

The anatomy applied to health sciences, and especially to surgical practice, in any of its branches, is fundamental for a correct approach to the affected area and a better resolution of the pathology. We present in this case report the case of a patient, a professional writer, with weakness in his right hand due to the subsequent discovery of anconeous epitrochlearis muscle. The case study describes the anatomical variation found and its subsequent resolution, stressing the need to keep in mind a possible morphological variation, to achieve an adequate clinical diagnosis and subsequent surgical correction.
Adverse Events and Malpractice Claims in Endodontics
Authors: Fonseca Gabriel , Mira Karina , Beltrán Héctor , Peña Katherine , Yendreka Violeta
Published: October 2018

An "adverse event" has defined as a non-intentional complication result of health care treatment, and although it can have different causes, always involves the providing care, but not the complications inherent to the patient’s disease itself. Adverse events, iatrogenic complications and malpractice have been clearly differentiated because only malpractice causes liability: while iatrogenic events can be result of a well-performed procedure, malpractice involves damage caused by negligence or lack of knowledge, and it is a potential for complaint and liability claim. In dentistry, endodontics is one of the specialties of greatest challenge where adverse events and malpractice claims have been reported with significant frequency. We present a literature review searching the main causes and results of malpractice claims in endodontics. Three articles from Italy, Israel and Denmark were selected, where the most claimed adverse events were root perforations, inappropriate drug therapies, defective root fillings and instrument fracture. One of the articles referred to malpractice verdicts in 97.5 % of claims. Since endodontics leads dental malpractice claims in Chile, strategies of risk management for these procedures are discussed; the adherence to strict protocols is proposed and measures to minimize the negative effects of these events are recommended.
Nervous System Embriology
Authors: Rodríguez Ángel , Domínguez Susana , Cantín Mario , Rojas Mariana
Published: October 2018

This study briefly reviews the main events and processes that lead to the formation of the nervous system in mammals. At the end of gastrulation, they begin a series of fundamental morphogenetic processes with the formation of the neural plate (start of neurulation) culminating in the attainment of a normal nervous system. Embryological ectodermal primordia involved in the formation of the nervous system are the neuroectoblast, the neural crest cells and placodes that will evolve based on inductive phenomena, mainly from the notochord, prechordal plate and ectoderm. During the embryonic period consolidates the final development plan of the nervous system: 1) it comes complete neural tube formation when closing the rostral and caudal neuropores, 2) the different placodes invaginate to help form the organs of senses and sensory ganglia of the head, 3) the neural crest cells migrate to give rise to sensory and autonomic constituents of the peripheral nervous system and 4) developing brain vesicles, which will derive all the constituents of the brain. In the fetal period nervous system increases its mass and ultimately strengthens their functional organization.
Use of Occlusal Splints in Patients with Deep Bite and Bruxism
Authors: Lozano Paulina
Published: October 2018

The occlusal splints are most commonly used devices for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders and bruxism. A case report of a male patient with deep bite and bruxism, indicating two flat occlusal splints presents full coverage made up of rigid acrylic and permanent use for five months is described. Using both intraoral devices allowed restoring lost vertical dimension and protect teeth attrition, deprogram the musculature and establish a new mandibular positioning prior to treatment of oral rehabilitation.
Surgical Treatments and Immediate Denture Prior to Comprehensive Oral Rehabilitation
Authors: Salazar Paulina
Published: October 2018

Commonly after the early loss of teeth, extractions, presence of periodontal disease, or pneumatization of the sinus cavities, bone resorption occurs leading to atrophy of the alveolar ridge. This presents several challenges from the point of view of implant and rehabilitation when planning implant placement and rehabilitation. However at present the procedures for the solution of these problems with the use of bone graft, either autologous or xenograft allow predictable results. The aim of this case report is to describe the surgical procedures prior to the comprehensive rehabilitation treatment of female patient, 53 years old, partially toothed jaw and mandibular teeth overall. The extraction of all the upper teeth along the jaw ridge preservation using autogenous graft and xenograft bone tissue, besides the left maxillary sinus lift, culminating with the insertion of an immediate acrylic maxillary prosthesis was performed.
Urinary Tract Development
Authors: Lemus David , Fuenzalida Marcela , Rosas Carlos
Published: October 2018

The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. In the evolution of vertebrates, including humans, has been differentiated three types of kidneys, each of which is an improvement over the previous. This review focuses on some topics concerning the embryological development of the kidney and urinary tract, as well as molecules associated with its development and finally the phylogeny of the kidney in vertebrates.
Repositioning Implants Through Sandwich Osteotomy with the Interposition of Lyophilized Bovine Bone
Authors: Nóia Claudio , Ortega-Lopes Rafael , Martins de Sá Bruno , Do Vale Hugo , de Oliveira-Júnior Hélio , Silveira Catarina
Published: October 2018

The satisfactory positioning of an implant during dental surgery is essential to the success of the treatment. However, accidents can occur during the period of osseointegration, leading to implant movements that hinder or may even prevent prosthetic rehabilitation. Implants can be repositioned through sandwich osteotomy, which has been labeled a versatile, viable and predictable technique in the literature. The aim of the present study was to report a case involving the esthetic displacement of an implant, caused by a sports accident, which was repositioned using sandwich osteotomy, with the interposition of lyophilized bovine bone between the osteotomized segments. In order to adequately perform this repositioning, the authors devised a guide to assist with the positioning process.
Knowledge of Dental Students in Relation to Local Anesthetics and Associated Complications
Authors: Felipe Bianca , Chane Sofia , De Mello Antonio , Mayrink Gabriela
Published: October 2018

Local anesthesia is the most frequently performed procedure for all dentists and, despite their possible complications, often aspects such as dosage, contraindications and systemic effects are neglected. The objectives of this study are to evaluate prospectively the knowledge of undergraduate students for the technical, dosage and indication of local anesthetics in daily dental practice, in addition to clinical observation of possible complications from anesthesia. Questionnaires were distributed to students asking about the procedure undertaken, anesthetic volume used, because of the choice of the anesthetic, anesthetic dosage calculation, habit of relating the patient's weight dosage with the dosage being applied, habit of observing the reflux in cartridge in the anesthetic infiltration act and adverse effects on patients, type of anesthetic technique performed and expected time to onset of action of the drug. At the end of this study, we intend to be a greater awareness of students (undergraduates) about the systemic effects of local anesthetics in patients, and possibly decrease the expenses of the institution with excessive use of anesthetic cartridges arising from incorrect anesthetic technique. The vast majority of undergraduate students have no knowledge about the type of anesthesia to be used, the amount to be administered and the anesthetic action time. The awareness of students about the dosage of anesthetics and their systemic problems, reduces waste and the cost of the institution by the indiscriminate use of anesthetics, therebycontributing to improve the clinical management of students at graduation.
Sandwich Osteotomy With Interposition Of A Bovine Block Bone Graft for Vertical Ridge Augmentation
Authors: Ferreira Claudio , Ortega-Lopes Rafael , Martins Bruno , Ferreira Claudinei , Coelho Fábio , Olate Sergio
Published: October 2018

The aim of the present study was to report the clinical case of a patient with a vertical defect of the alveolar ridge, which prevented the installation of dental implants without first treating the defect in question. A 32-year old female patient with a height defect of approximately 6 mm in the region of the missing absent teeth (13 and 14). The patient was treated using the sandwich osteotomy technique, with the interposition of a block bone graft of bovine origin. No complications were reported in the post- operative period. After seven months, two dental implants were installed in the relevant region. The bovine bone graft was incorporated into the relevant area. The bovine bone block graft used in this clinical case was shown to be a viable option for interposition between bone segments that have been osteotomized via sandwich osteotomy.
Therapeutic Approach in Oral Rehabilitation of Patients Diagnosed with Thrombophilia, Protein C Deficiency
Authors: Sánchez Isaac
Published: October 2018

Thrombophilia is defined as any alteration, either congenital or acquired, which promotes and/or facilitates the presentation of a thrombotic phenomenon. Drug treatment of this condition is to prevent (prophylaxis) other thrombotic event by anticoagulant therapy and hemostasis is affected, taking this great implication in the therapeutic approach in oral rehabilitation, leaning realize treatments with prosthetic structures on implants, teeth or tissue-borne. The aim of this case report is to present therapeutic alternatives in patients diagnosed with thrombophilia with protein C deficiency.
miRNAs in the Odontogenesis Process
Authors: Roa Ignacio
Published: October 2018

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules noncoding to proteins, which regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level by binding to specific sequences within target genes. miRNAs have been recognized as important regulatory factors in the body development and expression of certain diseases. Some miRNAs regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells and tissues during odontogenesis.
ProTaper Universal Manual Technique in Premolar with Two Roots and Three Root Canals
Authors: Aracena Angella
Published: October 2018

The high morphological complexity of premolars, has led to propose different techniques for successful endodontic therapy. The purpose of this report is to describe the ProTaper manual technique in a second mandibular premolar showing a high anatomical complexity. A patient of 19 years old co- mes to the clinic of endodontic in the Regional Hospi- tal (Temuco), diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis on tooth 35. Radiographic examination found that the tooth has two roots. For clinical suspicion of the presence of a third canal a Cone Beam computed tomography was requested, which confirmed the existence of a distolingual canal. Because it is a complex case, the increased taper endodontic technique was performed, allowing us to complete the endodontic therapy in less time and with less difficulty.
Estimation of Real and Estimated Height by Mesial Distal Diameters of Central and Lateral Incisors, Lower Canines of Arequipa Youth According to Carrea Method
Authors: De los Ríos Enrique , Barriga María
Published: October 2018

In identification, odontometry is one of the techniques used since human beings have measurable characteristics such as height, and it is of great importance for the identification of skeletonized remains. The main objective of this study was estimating the actual height estimated according to method Carrea from the mesial distal diameters of the central and lateral incisors and lower canines in adolescents of both sexes. The study was conducted on 200 subjects, with actual height taken by the measuring board and subsequent impressions made of their lower jaw to work on models obtained. These were were assigned a codeaccordingtowhichweworkedestimationbyapplyingthe Carreaformula,andthendeterminedwhether the estimation of the estimated actual height had some variation By examining 200 cases of both it sexes was determined that the actual height of the estimated height differed 0.005 variance, this means that Carrea method is effective for our population.
Oral Mucosal Melanoma: The Natural History of the Disease a Case Report
Authors: Cortés-Caballero Daniel , Cortés Pablo , Avendaño Carlos , Velásquez Humberto , Segovia Daniel
Published: October 2018

Oral Mucosal Melanoma is a very aggressive disease that requires early detection by biopsy suspicious lesions, characteristics and surgical treatment resection with wide margins, cervical lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapies aimed at eradicating systemically neoplastic cells. The aim of this report is to show the evolution of this disease in a case where the patient did not accept treatment and thus understanding its earlier stage, the subsequent invasion of adjacent tissues and finally as it spread to the cervical lymph nodes and vital organs remote triggering systemic failure.
Tridimensional Plates in Mandibular Symphysis Fracture
Authors: Olate Sergio
Published: October 2018

Trauma and fractures in mandibular symphysis are prevalent in our population. Surgical options used in this treatment are related to differences in osteosynthesis systems, anatomical implications, risk and cost; tridimensional plates (3D) as unique system, show a validated condition for application. this revision make an analysis of the recent studies and the application of the 3D plate in symphysis fracture.
Apoptosis in Spermiogenesis of Multiple Robertsonian Heterozygotes of Mus musculus domesticus
Authors: González Marisel , Fernández-Donoso Raúl , Berríos Soledad
Published: October 2018

Mus musculus domesticus is a species that is characterized by a diploid number of 40 chromosomes, all telocentrics (acrocentrics). In natural populations of Mus with high frequency Robertsonian chromosome translocations (RBs), a fusion at centromere-level between two autosomal telocentric, producing metacentric Rb chromosomes and a variety of natural subspecies with diploid chromosome numbers below 40. Rb chromosomes do not affect the viability of individuals but mainly fertility of Rb heterozygotes. In their meiosis the metacentric Rb and the homologous telocentrics form trivalents that have problems in synapsis and segregation. This paper presents a comparative analysis of spermatogenesis considering the stages of the epithelium and the number of germ cells loss by apoptosis comparing heterozygote males 2n=32, carriers 8 trivalents, and homozygotes 2n=40 and 2n=24. It was found that the number of spermatocytes in first prophase was similar in the different seminiferous epithelium stages in all the chromosome constitutions. In the 2n=32 heterozygotes a significant decreased number of spermatids was reflected in the proportion of spermatocytes and spermatids that was 1:1.7. In the homozygote males rare germ cell in apoptosis (positive for caspase 3) were observed, which were mainly concentrated in the XII stage of the seminiferous epithelium. In heterozygote spermatocytes apoptotic germ cell number was significantly higher than that registered in homozygote males, and generally correspond to spermatocytes in meiotic divisions. This selective removal of cells possibly carrying anomalies, either in chromosome alignment or segregation, is consistent with the smaller number of spermatids and the relative sub-fertility observed in 2n=32 Rb heterozygotes.
Cancer Stem Cells in Human Prostate Cancer. Role in Drug Resistance and Metastasis
Authors: Castellón Enrique , Contreras Héctor
Published: October 2018

Prostate cancer is one of the most important causes of oncologic death in men, and Chile has also reached that level. Prostate cancer mortality is mostly associated with metastatic disease where the cancer is usually resistant to available treatments, particularly hormone- therapy and chemotherapy. It has been suggested that the existence of cancer stem cells could account for the metastatic capacity and treatment resistance in most cancers. Recently, cells with stem characteristics have been identified in established cell lines and animal models of prostate cancer. We have isolated and characterized this kind of cells from patient tumors. This finding opens the possibility to manipulate them as potential therapeutic targets.
Pterygoid Implants, A Treatment Option
Authors: Gatica Jorge , Fonfach Rodolfo
Published: October 2018

The partially edentulous in the posterior maxilla bone is produced mainly by the loss of molars due to caries, periodontal disease and excessive force supported by the teeth of this sector. Dental implants greater than 10 mm, are rarely placed in this area due to a higher probability of failure for the low bone volume and bone quality poor. In the skull, in the post jawbone relationship, we find a pterygomaxillary buttress. This allows, in some situations, the rehabilitation of atrophic jaws by placing implants with a parasinusal angulation, avoiding surgical techniques or more complex procedure. The pterygoid implant is a possible treatment to rehabilitate the atrophic posterior maxilla, anchored in cortical bone of the pterygoid process. A case of placement of pterygoid implants in a woman 58 years old with a large pneumatization in both maxillary sinuses, with a remaining alveolar bone 1-2 mm is reported.
Success Rate of Zygomatic Implants for Rehabilitation of Severely Atrophied Maxillae: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Cid Felipe , Soto Bárbara
Published: October 2018

Severe resorption in the posterior maxilla sectors as a result of tooth loss along with the process of pneumatization of the maxillary sinus, difficult the prosthetic rehabilitation supported by conventional implants due to the shortage of vertical bone availability. So that over the years they have designed therapeutic alternatives to help overcome these drawbacks. The zygomatic implant was introduced in 1988 by Branemark. This implant has a design which allows it to be positioned over the ridge to the height of the first molar, reducing vestibular cantilever up to 20 % and reducing complications of peri-implant inflammation, infection and gingival hyperplasia, which may lead to perforation horizontal process of the palatine bone. The purpose of this review is to determine the success rate of zygomatic implants for rehabilitation of severely atrophied maxillae. A total of 1410 zygomatic implants and 1673 Traditional implants were included in selected articles. Of these 1410 zygomatic Implants, 365 were conventional loading and 1045 were immediately and early loading, these had a success rate of 98.3 % and 98.7 %, respectively. Of these 1673 Traditional Implants, 463 were conventional loading and 1210 were immediately and early loading, they had a success rate of 93.9 % and 97.8 %, respectively. The overall success rate of zygomatic implants and Conventional implants was 98.6 % and 96.8%, respectively. The rehabilitation of severely atrophied maxilla with fixed prosthesis immediately and conventional loaded by zygomatic implants gives excellent results in the medium term. When comparing traditional treatment modalities, proposals for prosthetic reconstruction of severely atrophied maxilla, the zygomatico implant has the highest success rate over conventional treatments.
Esthetic Rehabilitation with Lithium Disilicate Veneers
Authors: Adriazola Yuri
Published: October 2018

Because the aesthetic results and preservation of tooth structure, lithium disilicate veneers are indicated for the aesthetic treatment of anterior teeth with abnormal shape, size and color. The aim of this report was to demonstrate the steps in oral rehabilitation using lithium disilicate veneers. The patient had teeth diastemas from 15 to 25; gene- ral and oral clinical examination was performed, and study models were obtained. waxed diagnosis was made based on the DSD and Mockup was drawn with addition silicone; the laboratory fabricate veneers lithium disilicate were cemented by adhesive technique. Veneers allowed a conservative, functional and aesthetic rehabilitation treatment of our patient.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Manterola Carlos
Published: October 2018

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most frequent causes of consultation in primary care and gastroenterology. Over 40 % of the general population experiences occasional heartburn and regurgitation due to GERD. It is a complex disease and physiology and pathogenesis are not yet completely defined. However, abnormalities in the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal motility or gastric emptying can cause or worsen GERD. There are various diagnostic and therapeutic approaches; however, the use of proton-pump inhibitor fundoplication permanence and (antireflux surgery), are the most effective options.
Clinical and Surgical Implications of the Radial Artery High Origin
Authors: Medina Blás , Mena Carlos , Romano Silvia , Pérez Rocío , Izcurdia Clara , Ottone Nicolás
Published: October 2018

The upper limb arterial variations are justified by the embryological origin of all the limb. The birth of the radial artery above the joint line of the elbow is one of the most frequent anomalies and its importance is increasing in percutaneous procedures on the radial artery, in coronary catheterizations and the increasingly used of the ra- dial flap in reconstructive surgery. Its superficial way favors injuries and the possibility of confusion with veins that can cause accidental drug performing injections in these arteries with serious consequences. Knowledge of arterial variations of the upper limb, especially the radial artery presented in this research, is essential when planning clinical and surgical approaches that involves them.
Calculation of Effective Structural Number Using Simple Neural Network for Some Road Links in Indonesia
Authors: Syafier Siegfried
Published: October 2018

In the pavement maintenance system, the parameter of effective structural number (SNeff) would be a considered factor in deciding whether a road link would be repaired or not. To calculate this parameter, it is required the testing of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and information of layer composition and thicknesses. The combination of these information and using the method of AASHTOâ€™93, it can be calculated the SNeff. These two information generally would be gained through the testings of core drill and test pit which would take time and cost. To overcome these problems, the neural network method or precisely the artificial neural network is developed for analysis of pavement structure. From the analysis, it can be said that the neural network of single perceptron can be used for predicting the SNeff with an acceptable error. In general the value of SNeff obtained from neural network calculation is lower than that of AASHTOâ€™93. In this paper it is also recommended to develop the neural network using multi layer perceptron for the use on pavement system analysis that might be decreasing the error.
Selection of Pick Up Freight Fleet in CV. Sehati Transport
Authors: Nurjaman Risris
Published: October 2018

CV. Sehati Transport is a business entity engaged in the delivery of goods (expedition). Delivery of goods by order from a company to another company. of course, the fleet is used differently according to the specification of the goods. The categories of goods consist of hazardous and toxic goods (B3), fragile goods, other items lightly categorized. Sending the size of the delivery consists of large parties, medium parties, and small parties. Currently, the fleet that requires attention is for the delivery of goods with small parties. The freight fleet for this party is a pickup type. With high mobility and long service life (over 5 years), the company plans to replace it with a new fleet. The number of automotive manufacturers provides an alternative with various advantages and disadvantages. The company, in this case, the assistant general manager is responsible for providing the freight. There are three manufacturers that provide this type of pickup vehicles are â€œZâ€, â€œHâ€, and â€œBâ€. Due to the shortcomings and advantages of both technical and non-technical, the company wants a better way to determine which vehicle to choose. The method used for the alternative selection approach is considered appropriate, ie, process hierarchy analysis (AHP). AHP involves both measurable and non-measurable criteria. In practice, the AHP method is performed by paired comparison assessment among criteria one with other criteria. Assessment is also done on each criterion of decision alternatives. The result obtained based on the global weight of 0.458 is on the â€œZâ€ freight vehicle. This indicates that â€œZâ€ is preferred compared to â€œHâ€ and â€œBâ€. Another thing to consider is the consistency ratio that indicates the consistency of the appraiser in providing an assessment of the criteria and alternatives. Consistency value is -0.0107 or smaller than 0.1. The final conclusion that â€œZâ€ can be made better fleet than â€œHâ€ and â€œBâ€.
Contingent economic valuation of hill Amancaes – Bella Durmiente to promote its conservation, Independencia – Lima
Authors: Huaman Angie , Valverde Flores Jhonny
Published: October 2018

The present research has as fundamental base to promote the conservation of the Loma de Amancaes – Bella Durmiente which is being affected mainly by the urban population growth. In order to promote the conservation of this coastal ecosystem, it was determined the availability of the inhabitants of the Independencia district to promote the conservation of hill Amancaes-Bella Durmiente, Independence District - Lima, it was taken a sample of 383 inhabitants for  a population of 119677 of the district mentioned.The obtained results by the contingent valuation, allowed to determine that the maximum Willingness To Pay (WTP) to promote the conservation of hill Amancaes-Bella Durmiente by the settlers is 20 soles while the minimum Willingness To Pay (WTP) is 5 soles. Therefore, it has been concluded that there is a high availability to pay for the promotion of the conservation of hill Amancaes -  Bella Durmiente
Removal of Lead wastewater from the thermal stabilizer industry by chemical precipitation
Authors: Curo Kandy , Valverde Flores Jhonny
Published: October 2018

This research pretend to show the remove the lead present in the wastewater of a thermal stabilizer industry. The chemical precipitation method was used, using a natural coagulant such as the nopal mucilage. The sample was obtained from the outskirts of the wastewater of the industry located 20 meters outside its facilities. The preliminary characterization analysis of the industrial process effluent was carried out to confirm lead contamination, which contained a lead concentration of 51.68 mg / L, followed by laboratory tests using a natural coagulant the mucilage of cactus, until achieving a considerable reduction, of 1.76 mg/L of lead in the residual water.
Reduction of metals in production plant's effluents by applying air Micro-Nanobubbles in a factory of Lead Acid Batteries of the district of Puente Piedra, Lima
Authors: Garcia Priscila , Valverde Flores Jhonny
Published: October 2018

The Lima city has industrial areas that generate many industrial effluents that affect the public health and environment. The problem studied in a factory of Lead Acid Batteries located in Puente Piedra, Lima is, that it generates and discharges acidic wastewater (pH = 1.52). The research was experimental, at the laboratory level, to apply the treatment with Micro-Nanobubbles of air to these industrial waters, which contain metals such as Aluminum (14.967 mg / L) and Lead (4.227 mg / L), strongly acidic (pH 0.55). Then the pH was adjusted into two samples with Sodium Hydroxide 1 M until obtain acid (6.01) and basic (8.92) pH media in order to apply the Micro-Nanobubbles ( MNBs) into these samples. Micro-Nanobubbles were then generated by a device for Micro-Nanobubbles generation patented by PhD. Jhonny Valverde Flores. The air pressure was 90 PSI, the size of the MNB was 7 μm, the water flow was 4.67 L / min. Three samples (S1, S2, and S3) were dosed in 1 L each one. The volume ratio of water effluent / water with MNBs for S1 was 3/7, for S2 was 6/4 and for S3 was 7/3. The treatment lasted 8 minutes and as results of the research after applying MNBs, the Aluminum’s concentration in S1 decreased to 1,176 mg / L, in S2 decreased to 1,421 mg / L and in S3 decreased to 11,996 mg / L, achieving an efficiency of 92.14 %, 90.51% and 19.85%, respectively; And the Lead's concentration in S1 decreased to 0.264 mg / L, in S2 decreased to 0.065 mg/L and in S3 decreased to 0.116 mg / L, achieving an efficiency of 93.75%, 98.46% and 97.26%, respectively.
Reduction of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of the water samples from the lower basin of the Chillon River by means of Air-Ozone MicroNanobubbles, Ventanilla - Callao
Authors: Salguero Jazmin , Valverde Flores Jhonny
Published: October 2018

The dumping of domestic and industrial wastewater is one of the major problems facing rivers, the high level of pollution directly affects aquatic and plant life. Producers living near to the Chillon River use these waters to irrigate their farms, many of the food products are taken to shopping centers in the city and then consumed by the population. Due to this reason, this research aims to reduce or eliminate pollutants by measuring the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); since it is considered as a test of great value in the analysis of sewage effluent or highly contaminated. The results show that the mean initial sample was 173 mg/L. after treatment at 15 minutes with air Micro Nanobubbles was obtained 53 mg/L and with ozone Micro Nanobubbles was obtained 53 mg/L. The best obtained efficiency was 69.36%
Reduction of Chemical Demand of Oxygen and Organic Material from water contaminated with Amoxicillin through application of Air Micro-Nanobubbles
Authors: Mendez Rossana , Valverde Flores Jhonny
Published: October 2018

Amoxicillin is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia; bronchitis; gonorrhea; and infections of the ears, nose, throat, urinary tract and skin. The purpose of this research was to reduce the concentration of chemical demand of oxygen and organic material from water contaminated with amoxicillin at the laboratory level through the application of air micro-nanobubbles. The method used was pre-experimental. Three samples were elaborated with 3 different concentrations of amoxicillin per liter within deionized water. Amoxicillin concentrations were 0.5 g/L, 1 g/L and 2.5 g/L. Three treatments were done in the periods of 15 minutes (T1), 30 minutes (T2) and 45 minutes (T3).The elaborated samples had COD initial concentrations of 508.6 mg/L (S1), 711.8 mg/L (S2) y 1582.6 mg/L (S3) and organic matter initial concentrations of 531.7 mg/L O2 (S1), 703.4 mg/L O2 (S2) y 752.6 mg/L O2 (S3), which are considered by their concentrations as contaminated samples. Results of reduction were obtained to COD 6.9% (S1), 56.3% (S2), 68.6% (S3) and to organic matter 65.8% (S1), 55.7% (S2), 40.9% (S3) after the treatments. Therefore it was demonstrated that the micro-nano bubbles reduce the COD and organic matter in water.