bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Syphilis: Immunoglobulins Reactive in Immunofluorescence and other Serologic Tests
Authors: Julian Alfredo J. , Logan Leslie C. , Norins Leslie C.
Published: December 2022

Sera and serum fractions from 41 patients with darkfield-positive untreated primary and secondary syphilis were studied to reveal the immunoglobulins that are reactive in immunogluorescence and other serologic tests for syphilis.

A monospecific indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay revealed that IgG is the major immunoglobulin class reactive with Treponema pallidum, and that smaller amounts of IgM and IgA antibodies may also react. IgG is the principal immunoglobulin operative in the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test, and in its predecessor tests, the fluorescent treponemal antibody 1:5 (FTA-1:5), and the fluorescent treponemal antibody-200 (FTA-200).

“Sorbent,” or a sonicate of Reiter treponemes, which is used in the FTA-ABS test to distinguish syphilitic from nonsyphilitic sera, operationally acts mainly to prevent “natural” IgG antibodies in nonsyphilitic serum from reacting with T. pallidum. It does not prevent syphilitic IgG antibodies from reacting, and apparently it enhances their role relative to IgM and IgA antibodies.

Reactivity in the Treponema pallidum immobilization (TPI) test and the Reiter protein complement-fixation (RPCF) test was found mainly in the 7 S fractions of sera as compared to the 19 S fractions.

Absorbing a syphilitic serum with T. pallidum did not produce a measurable decrease in total levels of IgG, IgM, or IgA.

Antilipoidal antibodies detectable in the VDRL slide test were found in both the 19 S and 7 S fractions of sera; the antibodies associated with primary syphilis were not confined to the IgM class.

In the course of these studies, 19 S and 3.5 S IgG-related substances were noted to possess anti-T. pallidum reactivity, and IgA in the 7 S fraction of serum was observed to be functionally silent in contrast to IgA of higher weight.
Induction of Immunity and Immunologic Paralysis in Mice against Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone
Authors: Andersson Birger
Published: December 2022

Immunity against polyvinyl pyrrolidone in mice was demonstrated by serologic methods and by the immune elimination technique. Preparations with molecular weights of 24,000, 40,000 and 360,000 were immunogenic. The serologic reactions could be inhibited by the non-immunogenic monomer and by a non-immunogenic preparation with a molecular weight of 10,000. Immunologic paralysis could be easily obtained in adult mice. Dose ranges for the induction of immunity and paralysis are described.
Evaluation of Human Rabies Immune Globulin and Homologous and Heterologous Antibody
Authors: Winkler William G. , Schmidt Robert C. , Sikes R. Keith
Published: December 2022

A safe, effective rabies immune globulin of human origin (HRIG) is needed for rabies post-exposure treatment. Several lots of HRIG were prepared and evaluated. The results indicate that although the three lots of HRIG used in this study did not pass the National Institutes of Health's minimum potency requirements, the manufacture of an acceptable HRIG is feasible. In comparative protection tests in three species, rabies antibody of human origin was shown to be as effective as equine antibody. A comparison of homologous and heterologous rabies antisera revealed that homologous serum used for post-challenge treatment appeared to be more effective than heterologous serum in dogs, but not in mice. Although large doses of equine antibody given to dogs caused marked interference with active immunization, smaller doses of homologous antibody caused no interference whatever.
Studies on Antibody Class and Avidity and Their Effects on the Fixation and Transfer of C′la
Authors: Linscott W. D.
Published: December 2022

Separated 7 S and 19 S rabbit antibodies against boiled stromata of sheep erythrocytes were tested for their ability to bind to intact sheep erythrocytes, by washing sensitized cells at different temperatures and ionic strengths and measuring the number of C′1a-fixing sites before and after washing. It was found that 7 S antibodies were of very low avidity for several weeks after the start of immunization, since a high proportion of such antibodies could be removed from sensitized cells by a single wash at room temperature. After 8 to 15 weeks the avidity was much higher, but some losses still occurred. With 19 S antibodies the avidity was relatively high even as soon as 6 days after the start of immunization, and increased thereafter. Antibodies of low avidity were best retained on sensitized cells by washing at 0°C, ionic strength 0.037.

Using procedures which allowed maximal retention of antibody on sensitized cells, the effects of antibody class on C′1a fixation and transfer were studied.
Separation and Function of the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Shimada K. , Sekine T. , Mayumi M. , Miyakawa Y.
Published: December 2022

Various methods of purification of C′4 have been reported; however, hemolytic activity of C′4 was occasionally lost during purification and it was difficult to separate C′4 from the C′1 inactivator. The following new method of purification of C′4 was then developed: By salting out serum with sodium sulfate, C′4 activity was separated from the C′1 inactivator; loss of C′4 activity was prevented by blocking the action of C′4 inactivating substances with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate. Further purification was achieved by chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)- and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose columns, and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200.

Guinea pig, human and rat C′4 were separated by this new process and the effects of C′4 sites on the formation of C′3 sites and C′5 sites were investigated.

Human C′3 was more reactive with EAC′1gp4hu2gp than with EAC′1gp4gp2gp as detected by immune adherence; guinea pig C′3 was equally reactive with the two kinds of cells.
Chemical and Biological Studies of the Reactions of Complement Components C′2, C′3 and C′5
Authors: Mayer M. M. , Shin H. S. , Miller J. A.
Published: December 2022

During the past 6 years it has been learned that activated C′1 acts enzymatically on C′4 and C′2, cleaving the latter molecule and producing a complex, C′42a, which is a new enzyme possessing the capacity to cleave the C′3 molecule. One of the fragments of C′3 becomes fixed at or near the cell-bound C′42a to yield the complex C′42a3 which possesses the capacity to react with C′5. Another fragment, molecular weight ca. 10,000, is spasmogenic for guinea pig ileum. The C′42a3 complex cleaves C′5. One of the fragments becomes fixed to the cell-bound C′42a. Another fragment, molecular weight ca. 15,000, is spasmogenic for guinea pig ileum and chemotactic for rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

At ionic strength 0.15, the cell-bound C′5 will dissociate from EAC′42a35 in active form and can be transferred to EAC′42a3. The dissociated C′5 is extremely unstable in the fluid phase.
Differential Leakage of Enzymes from Escherichia coli During Immune Bacteriolysis
Authors: Inoue K. , Yonemasu K. , Takamizawa A. , Amano T.
Published: December 2022

Escherichia coli B and its mutants were converted to BAC′ cells by lysozyme-free antiserum and lysozyme-free complement. BAC′ cells had normal morphologic rod shape, and lost little β-d-galactosidase, an intracellular enzyme.

With lysozyme BAC′ cells were converted to serum spheroplasts and lost β-d-galactosidase. The liberation of the enzyme was inhibited in hypertonic medium. In contrast, plakin, a phospholipase A from rabbit blood platelets, converted BAC′ cells to non-stainable rod-shaped ghosts and liberated β-d-galactosidase even in hypertonic sucrose medium.

Alkaline phosphatase, a surface-bound enzyme, was released from bacteria during the formation of BAC′. The release was accelerated by addition of either lysozyme or plakin.

It was also demonstrated that lysozyme could act on its substrate to form serum spheroplasts only after BAC′1a42a356789 had formed.
Effect of Complement Upon Viral Neutralization
Authors: Yoshino K. , Taniguchi S.
Published: December 2022

Viral neutralization tests are usually performed without paying attention to the effect of complement upon viral neutralization. An exceptional case was the use of unheated normal human serum for the potentiation of human anti-dengue antibody. Several workers indicated that the use of unheated sera may enhance virus-neutralizing action of antibody to some extent, but the degree of enhancement was in general too small to necessitate the change of the neutralization test procedure. We found in 1964 that early immune sera of rabbits infected or immunized with herpes simplex virus contained a neutralizing antibody (CRN antibody) that could be detected only in the presence of complement. The same phenomenon was also found in cases of human infections with herpes virus. Other workers found a similar effect in the case of rabbits immunized with vaccina virus. We also found that neutralization of virus by CRN antibody required C′1, C′2, C′3 complex, and C′4.
The Preparation of a Reagent for the Titration of Human Complement Components C′8 and C′9
Authors: Zarco R. M. , Schultz D. R. , Cort R. A. , Grasselli E. D. , Geffen R. M.
Published: December 2022

When applied to human serum, the methods previously described by Nelson, Rommel and Stolfi for the preparation of a mixture of complement (C′) components from guinea pig serum suitable for the titration of C′8 and C′9 proved unsatisfactory. The reagents so obtained were contaminated with considerable quantities of C′8 and C′9 and were deficient in C′2. Three methods have been developed to separate a suitable human complement reagent mixture, using serum essentially free of C′1 as starting material. 1) Column chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)-cellulose at 0.07 M relative salt concentration (RSC), pH 5.0, followed by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose at 0.16 M RSC, pH 7.5; 2) hydroxylapatite chromatography at 0.10 M PO4, pH 6.9, followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration; 3) DEAE-cellulose chromatography at 0.035 M RSC, pH 7.0, followed by G-200 gel filtration.

These methods have yielded reagents containing sufficient C′4, C′2, C′3, C′5, C′6 and C′7 for the generation of the stable cellular intermediate (EAC 1423567).
Studies on Mouse Complement
Authors: Fujii G. , Goto S. , Ishibashi Y.
Published: December 2022

Mouse complement titrations require large amounts of rabbit antibody. Mouse complement activity can be measured easily by the use of mouse anti-sheep erythrocyte antiserum lacking Forssman type antibody. With this antibody, however, guinea pig complement was less effective.

Based on these observations, non-Forssman and Forssman rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte anti-sera were compared in mouse complement titrations. C3H/He mouse serum with non-Forssman type antibody contained 147 C′H50 units, whereas no hemolysis was observed at 1:20 dilution with Forssman type antibody.

Fixation of mouse C′1 by EA or EAC′4gp did not show a significant difference between non-Forssman and Forssman type antibodies. Generation of EAC′1m4m proceeded with non-Forssman antibody and was virtually lacking with Forssman type antibody.

These observations suggest that the low reactivity of Forssman type antibody in measurement of mouse complement is due to failure of generation of EAC′1m4m and not due to failure of fixation of C′1.
Auto-Antibodies to Leukemic Cells Detected by Immune Adherence
Authors: Yoshida T. O. , Imai K. , Sugiyama T.
Published: December 2022

Sixteen Long-Evans rats with leukemias induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene were studied for evidence of naturally occurring immunologic responses to their own leukemic cells using an immune adherence hemagglutination technique which was designed to detect fresh serum auto-antibodies to the membrane of the leukemic cells. Auto-antibodies to the cell membranes were found in 14 out of 16 rats, but were not demonstrable in the other two rats. Autochthonous thymus cells used as controls did not show positive immune adherence hemagglutination reactions with their own sera, nor did the leukemic cells show positive reactions with the pooled normal rat serum. These findings suggest a possibility that the leukemic rats are able to produce humoral antibodies against membrane-specific antigens of autochthonous leukemic cells.

The demonstration of auto-antibody to human leukemic cells was attempted in 23 patients with leukemia using the immune adherence hemagglutination technique.
Studies on Thyroglobulin Immunity
Authors: Margherita S. S. , Premachandra B. N.
Published: December 2022

Inhibition of rabbit antibovine thyroglobulin-bovine thyroglobulin interaction was examined by immunodiffusion and quantitative precipitin techniques with compounds structurally related to thyroxine. In addition, a sensitive electrophoretic technique has been described for studying inhibition of antithyroglobulin by compounds with serologic similarity to thyroxine. In this method equilibration of antisera with small amounts of the test inhibitor (100 µg or less/ml), prior to the addition of radiothyroxine, prevented or reduced the binding of radioactivity at the γ globulin region as seen in the paper electrophoretogram: the extent of displacement of γ globulin-bound radioactivity in comparison to the control indicated the degree of inhibition. Thyroglobulin antibody inhibition by T4 and T2 was demonstrable by both serologic and electrophoretic techniques. Besides, in the more sensitive electrophoretic method, minor degrees of inhibition were noted with various mono- and diiodinated thyronines as well as with analogs, the only exception being 3,3′-diiodothyronine which showed a significant inhibitory activity. No inhibition was noted with l-thyronine. Diiodotyrosine was inhibitory in two of the sera tested, suggesting that it may also partially contribute to the specificity of thyroglobulin under certain circumstances. The findings suggest that the iodinated thyronines make up a portion of a determinant group in thyroglobulin and evidence is presented to show the greater importance of the iodine-substituted phenolic ring of the thyronine structure for the inhibition, as studied in active thyroglobulin immunity. The significance of these observations in relation to the occurrence of thyroglobulin and thyroxine antibodies in active and natural thyroid immunity is briefly discussed.
Reactivity of Human Lymphocytes to Autologous and Homologous Serum
Authors: Bredt Allen B. , Mardiney Michael R.
Published: December 2022

The mixed lymphocyte reaction initially described by Bain et al. (1) and Hirschhorn et al. (2) is currently being evaluated as a tool in many laboratories for histocompatibility testing. Johnson and Russell (3) have demonstrated that fetal calf serum, penicillin and streptomycin—substances routinely part of the culture media used in this reaction—may be stimulatory to lymphocytes. Such stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction may mask fine differences which are essential in choosing a suitable donor for tissue transplantation.

The present experiments were designed to investigate whether pooled human serum might also be a factor responsible for increased proliferative activity of human peripheral white blood cells. Heparinized blood (1000 units/60 ml of whole blood) drawn by venipuncture from normal human donors was allowed to sediment at room temperature for 2.5 hr. The leukocyte-rich plasma was aspirated and cell counts were carried out with cetrimide diluent (Fisher Scientific) in a model B Coulter Counter.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and Inhibition of Macrophage Spreading: In Vivo and in Vitro Studies of Tuberculin and Streptococcal Hypersensitivities in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dekaris Dragan , Fauve Robert M. , Raynaud Marcel
Published: December 2022

In Hartley guinea pigs sensitized with killed highly virulent group A type 24 Streptococcus pyogenes in Freund's complete adjuvant it was found that there was no marked difference in the cellular composition of peritoneal washings from normal and sensitized guinea pigs, and that macrophage spreading was inhibited in vitro by adding tuberculin and antigenic material from the streptococcus. In contrast, melitin or antigenic material from heterologous streptococci caused only slight inhibition of macrophage spreading. A very significant positive correlation was found between intensity of the cutaneous reaction and the degree of inhibition of macrophage spreading.
“Sandwich” Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for the Quantitative Deteriminaton of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Salmon Sydney E. , Mackey Gail , Hugh Fudenberg H.
Published: December 2022

This report describes a sensitive, relatively simple solid-phase “sandwich” radioimmunoassay and its application to the quantitative measurement, and antigenic analysis, of immunoglobulin components, using antisera to the heavy chains of IgG, IgA and IgM. With this technique, the solid-phase, consisting of disposable plastic tubes or commercial isothiocyanate-substituted plastic discs, is sensitized by sequential binding of pure antigen to the plastic polymer, antibody to the antigen, and unlabeled or labeled antigen to the antibody. The quantitative binding of labeled antigen by the sandwich-sensitized solid-phase is greatly enhanced as compared with tracer binding by solid-phase polymer coated only with antibody. The sandwich technique allows quantitation of immunoglobulins in the nanogram to microgram range, and is applicable to a variety of immunologic studies where this range of sensitivity is required.
Specific antisera to C̄1̄s̄: Detection of different electrophoretic species of C1s
Authors: Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Stroud Robert M.
Published: December 2022

We have recently developed specific antisera to a highly homogeneous form of active C1 esterase (C1̄s̄)2 from human sera, and have shown by immunoelectrophoresis that three electrophoretic positions of C1s can be detected, changing with various experimental conditions. As the results are compatible with the macromolecular nature of the first component of complement, C1(1), and with the hypothesized structural alteration that occurs when C1s is activated from its proesterase form (2), we believe that these findings are of sufficient importance to be described in this communication.

Highly purified C1̄s̄, prepared by the method described recently (3), was emulsified in Freund's adjuvant, and 50 µg was injected directly into popliteal nodes of adult rabbits. Three weeks later a second injection of 30 µg was given i.m. and the rabbits were bled one week later.
Development of Human Complement System
Authors: Fireman Philip , Zuchowski Dolores A. , Taylor Paul M.
Published: December 2022

The development of the human C′ system was studied by quantitation of total serum hemolytic C′ activity (C′H50) and the individual serum protein C′ components, C′3, C′4 and C′5, in premature and term neonates. It was found that term and premature newborns were deficient in C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5 as compared with their mothers and normal adults. In only one instance the neonatal concentrations of C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5 were greater than those in the maternal serum; in this instance mother had a marked deficiency of serum C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5. The ratios of term neonatal-to-maternal serum concentrations were: C′H50, 0.53; C′3, 0.54; C′4, 0.56; C′5, 0.61. The calculated maternal-neonatal correlation coefficients (r) were: C′H50, 0.61; C′3, 0.32; C′4, 0.50; C′5, 0.31. Serum concentrations of C′H50, C′3, C′4 and C′5 increased proportionally with gestational neonatal age and reached adult concentrations within 3 to 6 months of age. In general, the synthesis of C′3, C′4 and C′5 appeared to develop simultaneously and in sequence with total hemolytic activity (C′H50).
Identification of an Antigen and Specific Antibody in the Sera of Chickens Infected with Plasmodium Gallinaceum
Authors: Smith A. R. , Lykins J. D. , Voss E. W. , Ristic M.
Published: December 2022

A study based on a double diffusion gel assay of pre- and post-infection sera with a standard antisoluble antigen serum pool demonstrated antigens in chicken sera during the acute phase of infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum. In a single chicken experiment, an antigen and specific antibody were demonstrated in one individual during the acute and convalescent phases of infection, respectively.

The antigen, designated soluble antigen one (SA 1), was a specific molecular entity associated with the descending portion of the macroglobulin peak. After Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, the purity of the antigen was ascertained by immuno- and disc-electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of SA 1 was estimated at 500,000 to 700,000 on the basis of molecular sieve chromatography, ultracentrifugation and observations with disc-electrophoresis.

Specific antibody which reacted with SA 1 was precipitated from convalescent serum with 12.5% sodium sulfate and then eluted from DEAE in the 0.02 M and 0.10 M phosphate fractions. This antibody was identified as IgG.
Lymphocyte In Vitro Cytotoxicity: Correlation of Derepression with Release of Lymphotoxin from Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Williams Terry W. , Granger Gale A.
Published: December 2022

The release of lymphotoxin by PHA-activated normal human lymphocytes in vitro has the following characteristics: release begins within 2 to 3 hr after derepression, long before any evidence of morphologic alteration; initiation occurs rapidly upon exposure to PHA; once initiated, release continues for long periods in culture; and LT release requires lymphocyte energy metabolism and protein synthesis, but is independent of cellular DNA synthesis. Immune and normal lymphocytes from several animal species can be induced in vitro to release LT-like materials by a variety of agents. It appears that all these reagents react to some degree with structures (receptors) present on the lymphocyte surface, indicating that a common mechanism may operate in cellular responses involving tissue destruction. The relationship between LT release and lymphocyte transformation is discussed, as well as a postulated role for LT as an effector molecule in cellular immune responses.
Human IgG and IgA Diphtheria Antitoxins in Serum, Nasal Fluids and Saliva
Authors: Newcomb Richard W. , Ishizaka Kimishige , DeVald Bonita L.
Published: December 2022

The site of production of γA and γG in human nasal fluids was investigated by measuring antibody responses to diphtheria toxoid injected parenterally or given topically as nose drops. The amount of radioactive toxoid combined with γA or γG was measured separately by precipitating the immonoglobulin from serum or exocrine fluids with rabbit antisera specific for each immunoglobulin class. That this measurement reflected the amount of each class of antibody present was shown by its correlation with neutralization titers and by measurements of antibody avidities. The bulk of γA antitoxin in nasal fluids was demonstrated to be 11 S, exocrine γA by its elution characteristics from Sephadex G-200 and by its reaction with antibody to secretory piece.

Comparisons of γA and γG antibody levels found in serum, nasal fluids, saliva and sputum after parenteral or topical administration of toxoid indicated that most nasal fluid γA and some of the nasal fluid γG were made locally in response to local antigenic stimulation.
Immunochemical Studies of the Phytohemagglutinin, Concanavalin A
Authors: Person Donald A. , Markowitz Harold
Published: December 2022

Concanavalin A (Con A) has been demonstrated to be antigenic in goats and methods have been described for separating the nonspecific reaction of Con A with polysaccharides from the specific antigen-antibody reaction. Specific precipitating antibody was found to be associated with IgG in the animals studied, and isolated IgG also fixed C′ in the antigen-antibody reaction. The partial inhibition of IgG precipitation of Con A by methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside provides further evidence for the heterogeneity of the immune IgG studied.
The Production of Tolerance to Human Erythrocytes in the Rat with Cytosine Arabinoside or Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Gordon Robert O. , Wade Maclyn E. , Mitchell Malcolm S.
Published: December 2022

Selective immunologic tolerance to human O, Rh positive, erythrocytes was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats with cytosine arabinoside or cyclophosphamide. One method consisted of administering a suppressive course of drug and a high dose of antigen (1.7 × 1010 cells) after which intraperitoneal injections of antigen (1.7 × 109 cells) were given every 5 days. Alternatively, complete and long-lasting tolerance may be induced simply by suppressing the immune response to the high dose of the antigen three times at monthly intervals. Repeated stimulation in the presence of profound inhibition of DNA synthesis may have eliminated the specific clones capable of responding to the antigen, including memory cells provoked into DNA synthesis. Besides measurement of serum hemagglutinins, tolerance was confirmed by examining individual spleen cells using the immunocytoadherence (ICA) method. Specificity of the unresponsiveness was demonstrated by a normal response to sheep red blood cells. Tolerance to a strong cellular antigen can thus be achieved regularly with an antimetabolite or an alkylating agent.
Complement (C′3)-Coated Red Blood Cells Following Infection with the Virus of Equine Infectious Anemia
Authors: McGuire T. C. , Henson J. B. , Burger D.
Published: December 2022

The pathogenesis of the anemia in 17 horses experimentally infected with the virus of equine infectious anemia (EIA) was investigated. It was demonstrated by direct Coombs' tests that 15 of the animals had C′3 but no IgG, IgM or IgG(T) on their RBC surfaces. Red blood cells from 8 of 10 horses with a positive anti-C′3 Coombs' test were more osmotically fragile than normal. The RBC life spans of 7 horses with C′3 coated RBC ranged from 18 to 90 days (normal 136 ± 17 days). It was concluded that the hemolysis in this virus disease was associated with C′3 coating of RBC.
The Effect of Dose of Antigen on Protein and DNA Synthesis in Antibody-Forming Cells
Authors: Shinka Sohei , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: December 2022

The effect of dose of antigen on the rate of protein synthesis and on the proliferation of antibody-producing cells (APC) isolated from rats secondarily immunized with Salmonella paratyphi B flagella was studied using autoradiographic techniques. One hundred or two micrograms of flagella were used for secondary immunization because these doses stimulate rapid and slow kinetics of serum antibody increase, respectively. On days 3 to 6 after “booster,” the extent of incorporation of 3H-leucine into APC and the proportion of 3H-thymidine labeled APC were determined. The results indicate that booster with 100 µg flagella in comparison to that of 2 µg resulted in larger numbers of APC, incorporation of 3H-leucine into APC at a higher rate, and a greater proportion of APC which incorporated 3H-thymidine. The possible mechanisms underlying this regulatory role of antigen are discussed.
Leukemia L 1210 Homograft in Swiss Mice: Immunologic, Cellular and Chemotherapeutic Responses
Authors: Prince Herbert N. , Grunberg E.
Published: December 2022

Leukemia L 1210 cells from BDF1 mice were implanted as a solid homograft into Swiss mice (CD-1). Peak tumor size was reached at 7 days after which time the tumor was rejected in a steady manner. Coincident with rejection was the appearance in the serum of agglutinating and cytotoxic antibodies at 2 weeks, the latter being complement-dependent, as well as the appearance of transplantation immunity. Lymph node cells from animals that had rejected the tumor homograft were incapable of causing a cytotoxic reaction in vitro when incubated with the donor leukemic cells.

Hematograms of recipient mice remained essentially normal throughout a 4-week period of growth and rejection, except for an increase in the granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio at 7 days after implantation.

Histologic examination of tumor sections at various intervals revealed a mild inflammatory response with limited participation of host leukocytes. Necrosis and hemorrhage were seen as early as 5 days and proceeded in a manner suggestive of lysis from the periphery of the tumor inward. Tumor cell lysis preceded host leukocyte infiltration.

When the effects of organ ablation, x-irradiation and selected chemotherapeutic agents on rejection of the homograft were studied, three types of response were observed: suppression of both the rejection mechanism and the titer of agglutinins (x-irradiation and amethopterin); suppression of the graft rejection mechanism (thymectomy); and suppression of the humoral agglutinin titer only (Imuran, cyclophosphamide, cortisone acetate). Splenectomy, FUDR, 6-MP, actinomycin D and anthramycin were without effect as immunosuppressive agents in this experimental model.
Characterization of the Serum and Secretory Immune Systems of the Cow and Sheep
Authors: Sullivan Albert L. , Prendergast Robert A. , Antunes Lucyrn Jones , Silverstein Arthur M. , Tomasi Thomas B.
Published: December 2022

The secretory immune systems of the cow and sheep were found to be strikingly similar. The principal immunoglobulin in the saliva and colostrum of both species is a “fast” 7 S γ G1 protein which is low in carbohydrate. Although suggestive evidence was obtained for a 10 S secretory immunoglobulin, proof of its existence must await isolation and complete separation from the major 7 S γ G1 component. The secretory 7 S γ G1 is immunologically identical to the γ G1 of serum and in this study no evidence of a component analogous to the human secretory “piece” was detected.
Antibody Formation Against 2,4-Dinitrophenyl-Hapten at the Cellular Level
Authors: Yamada Hisashi , Yamada Atsuko
Published: December 2022

Specific immune hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes coupled with highly substituted 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin by means of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide was shown. Following one intraperitoneal immunization of BALB/c mice with 2,4-dinitrophenylated human γ globulin, plaque-forming cells were detected in spleens by the hemolytic plaque-in-gel assay. Simultaneous increase of direct and indirect plaques was observed as early as 4 days after immunization. The direct plaques reached a peak on the 5th day (50 to 150 plaque-forming cells/106 spleen cells) and a sharp decrease followed. The indirect plaques reached a peak on the 7th day (300 to 1500 PFC/106) and the decrease was gradual. About 10 indirect plaques/106 spleen cells were found before immunization.
Susceptibility of Chincoteague Ponies to Antigenically Dissimilar Strains of Human Type A2 Influenza Virus
Authors: Kasel Julius A. , Fulk Robert V. , Harvey Edward W.
Published: December 2022

Antigenically related strains of type A influenza viruses have been recovered from horses and man. The equine type 2 virus has been shown to share surface antigens with representative strains of human type A2 virus (1–4). However, a reciprocal relationship was found to be limited to A2/Hong Kong/68, a strain which is known to be immunologically dissimilar from others belonging to the same antigenic subtype (5, 6).

These observations raise questions regarding the role of human type A2 influenza viruses in equine influenza. Information regarding both the origin of equine influenza viruses and the clinical significance of human influenza viruses in equine influenza is lacking. Genetic recombination has been suggested as a mechanism by which antigenically related strains of virus isolated from different host species might occur in nature. Hybridization of equine and human type A virus was reported recently to result in viral progeny possessing envelope antigens of both parental strains (7).
The Effect of Decomplementation and Neutrophil Depletion on the Reactivity of a Heat-Stable Homocytotropic Antibody in the Rabbit
Authors: Lindqvist K. J. , Osterland C. K.
Published: December 2022

Immunologic reactions may produce increased vascular permeability through different mechanisms. These differences depend to a large degree on immunoglobulin classes involved, individual species differences, and whether the reactions are carried out in homologous or heterologous systems. Homocytotropic sensitization (1) is dependent upon a special affinity of the antibody for cells of the homologous species. The permeability changes observed in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) experiments with homocytotropic antibodies are mainly due to histamine release from mast cells and basophils. Decomplementation or neutrophil depletion of the recipient animals appear to have no effect on PCA reactions produced by such antibodies (2). The homocytotropic antibodies of most but not all species (3) are heat-labile, including the one reported in rabbits by Zvaifler and Becker (4). Recently, Lindqvist (5) described the production of a heatstable homocytotropic antibody in rabbits immunized with tetanus toxoid. This antibody appeared on day 6 and persisted in the serum of immunized animals for at least 133 days.
The Effect of the Amount of Mycobacterial Adjuvants on the Immune Response of Strain 2, Strain 13 and Hartley Strain Guinea Pigs to DNP-PLL and DNP-GL
Authors: Green Ira , Benacerraf Baruj , Stone Sanford H.
Published: December 2022

The effect of the concentration of mycobacterial adjuvants on the immune response of strain 2, strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs to DNP-PLL and DNP-GL was investigated. The ability to respond to these antigens in guinea pigs is controlled by a dominant autosomal gene. A small number of non-responder strain 13 animals or Hartley non-responder animals produced low serum levels of anti-DNP antibodies following prolonged immunization with DNP-PLL and 0.5 mg/ml Mycobacterium butyricum. These antibodies were detected by a modified Farr technique using high specific activity 3H DNP-EACA. However, none of the non-responder guinea pigs similarly immunized with DNP-GL produced detectable antibodies. When the amount of mycobacteria in the adjuvant was increased to 10 mg/ml Mycobacterium tuberculosis, all non-responder animals immunized with DNP-PLL produced measurable concentrations of anti-DNP antibodies late in immunization, but these levels were much lower than those observed in genetic responder animals. Furthermore, strain 13 guinea pigs immunized with DNP-GL and large amounts of mycobacteria failed to produce detectable concentrations of anti-DNP antibodies. All non-responder guinea pigs lacking the PLL gene, immunized with these antigens in adjuvants containing either low or high amounts of mycobacteria, failed to show delayed sensitivity to these antigens. In addition, lymph node cells from these immunized animals were not stimulated in vitro by DNP-PLL. The experimental data suggest that in non-responder guinea pigs the positively charged DNP-PLL molecule behaves as a hapten and that mycobacterial antigens, when present in large amounts, act as an immunologic carrier or “Schlepper” molecule.
The Immunoglobulins of Equine Colostrum and Parotid Fluid
Authors: Genco Robert J. , Yecies Lewis , Karush Fred
Published: December 2022

Chemical fractionation and antigenic analysis have shown equine parotid fluid and equine colostrum to contain γG, γG(T) and γM immunoglobulins. The immunoglobulins found in the secretions were comparable in size and electrophoretic mobility to the corresponding serum immunoglobulins. Parotid fluid γG(a,b,c) and γG(T) were purified by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Purified parotid fluid γG(a,b,c) obtained from a hyperimmunized horse was found to contain precipitating antibodies directed to proteins used in the immunization of the horse. The ratio of γG(a,b,c) to γG(T) immunoglobulins of parotid fluid and colostrum was close to the ratio of these immunoglobulins found in the donor horse's serum. There appears to be little or no secretory γA immunoglobulin in equine parotid fluid or colostrum that is comparable in size and antigenicity to that found in some other mammals.
Immunoglobulin E in the Monkey
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Tada Tomio
Published: December 2022

An immunoglobulin reacting with anti-human γE antibodies was detected in the sera of monkeys immunized with Ascaris antigen or infested with parasitic mites. The monkey protein gave a precipitin band with antiserum specific for the Fc portion of human γE, but failed to react with any of the antisera specific for the other human immunoglobulin classes. The human γE precipitin band showed a spur over the precipitin band formed between the monkey protein and anti-human γE. The monkey protein reacted with anti-light chains, indicating that it is an immunoglobulin. The physicochemical properties of the protein, i.e., electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation coefficient and chromatographic characteristics, were similar to those of human γE. It was also found that monkey homocytotropic antibodies against Ascaris antigen resided in the protein. These findings indicate that the monkey protein represents a distinct immunoglobulin class, corresponding to human γE. γE-forming cells were found in the lungs and regional lymph nodes of the animals infested with mites.
The Specificity of the Early Immune Response
Authors: Henney Christopher S.
Published: December 2022

The specificity of circulating antibody and delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) was studied in both normal and Fab, Fc tolerant guinea pigs immunized with human γG globulin (HGG). During the first 2 weeks after immunization, between 88% and 100% of the circulating antibody in both normal and Fab, Fc tolerant animals was found to be specific for the intact HGG molecule and did not react with Fab or Fc fragments. By the 6th week, antibody of this specificity accounted for about 60% of the total antibody in the tolerant animals but only about 15% in normal animals. Such antibody was not associated with any particular immunoglobulin class, activity being demonstrated by radioimmunoelectrophoretic and antigen-binding studies to occur in both γ1 and γ2 globulin fractions. Antibody against Fab and Fc fragments was not demonstrable in sera from normal animals until the 3rd week following immunization, but in later sera accounted for about 80% of the total antibody production. Little or no antibody against such fragments was demonstrable in the sera of the tolerant animals. Skin testing with HGG, Fab and Fc fragments elicited comparable areas of erythema in normal animals over a wide range of antigen doses on several occasions following immunization. Fab, Fc tolerant animals on the other hand, gave DHS reactions only with the intact HGG molecule. There thus appears to be a difference in the specificity of humoral and cell mediated responses to HGG, particularly in the first 2 weeks after immunization. It is considered possible that the earliest humoral response might, as a general phenomenon, have a specificity directed against the intact configurational form of an antigen.
Factors in Delayed Sensitivity: Lymphocyte and Macrophage Cytotoxins in the Tuberculin Reaction
Authors: Heise E. R. , Weiser R. S.
Published: December 2022

Highly purified lymph node and spleen lymphocytes and lung macrophages obtained from normal and tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs were cultured in vitro with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). After 24 hr of incubation, the cell-free culture supernatants were tested for a) mouse L cell cytotoxicity, b) inhibition of macrophage migration, and c) capacity to elicit skin reaction in the skin of non-sensitized guinea pigs. Purified lymphocytes from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pig cultured with PPD yielded culture supernatants which inhibited the growth of L cells. In contrast, purified macrophages from both normal and sensitive animals cultured with PPD released a factor(s) which was cytotoxic for L cells. Macrophage and lymphocyte cytotoxins could not be distinguished by gel filtration, antibody neutralization, heat sensitivity or by the biologic assays employed.
Immunoglobulins of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lakin James D. , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J.
Published: December 2022

The immune response of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine γ globulin (BGG) has been examined by simultaneous injection of the two antigens isotopically labeled with 125I and 131I, respectively. The kinetics of both antigen elimination and antibody synthesis varied widely within the group of animals studied. BSA was exponentially eliminated from the circulation with a half-life of 7.5 ± 0.7 days and BGG with a half-life of 2.7 ± 0.6 days. Circulating anti-BSA antibody was initially detectable 17.0 ± 3.2 days after injection of antigen in the primary response and 10.2 ± 3.8 days after injection of antigen in the secondary response. Anti-BGG antibody was first detected at 16.4 ± 5.3 days in the primary response and at 10.3 ± 2.1 days in the secondary response. A frequent lack of correlation was observed between anti-BSA hemagglutination titers and ammonium sulfate binding measurements even though only IgG-type antibody was demonstrable in most instances. This was interpreted to indicate an intra-class heterogeneity of IgG antibody with respect to hemagglutinating activity. Primary anti-BSA and anti-BGG antibody responses of both the IgG and mixed IgG-IgM types were detected. In the latter type of response, IgG and IgM antibody appeared simultaneously. IgM-type antibody was observed for only the first 6 to 8 days of the response, only IgG antibody being present thereafter. In the secondary response to both antigens, all monkeys produced IgG antibody alone, except for one animal in which an immunoglobulin thought to be IgA exhibited anti-BSA binding activity for a period of 9 days.
Differentiation of Human IgM Subclasses by the Ability to Interact with a Factor Resembling the First Component of Complement
Authors: Mackenzie Malcolm R. , Warner Noel L. , Linscott William D. , Fudenberg H. Hugh
Published: December 2022

Two groups of human IgM proteins are described. One group interacts with a heat-labile component of rabbit or human serum which has characteristics similar to C′1q. The second group fails to interact with this factor. This grouping is not related to κ or λ chains or to previously described differences in human IgM molecules. Such a division may provide a tool for the identification of µ chain genetic markers.
Allotype Suppression with Anti-b5 Antiserum in b5b5 Homozygous Rabbits Fostered in Uteri of b4b4 Homozygous Mothers: Compensation by Allotypes at Other Loci
Authors: Vice John L. , Hunt William L. , Dray Sheldon
Published: December 2022

Sera of b5c7 and b5c7c21 rabbits injected at birth with anti-b5 antiserum after being fostered in uteri of b4b4 homozygous mothers were analyzed for b4γG, b5γG, c7γG, c21γG and total γG immunoglobulin concentrations by radial diffusion analysis and by precipitation of 125I-labeled γG immunoglobulins with anti-allotype antisera.

A single injection of 4.5 mg of anti-b5 antibody resulted in a marked suppression of the appearance of the b5 allotype in b5b5 homozygotes for periods up to 14 weeks.

The b5c7c21 offspring suppressed with a single injection of anti-b5 had no detectable b5 allotype until 12 weeks of age, but instead had relatively high compensatory levels of the c7 and c21 allotypes. Thereafter the relative level of b5γG increased until by 60 weeks of age the b5γG constituted over 90% of the total γG. Essentially 100% of the 125IγG immunoglobulins of the b5c7c21 rabbits could be precipitated with anti-b5, anti-c7 and anti-c21.

The b5 suppressed b5c7 offspring had no detectable b5γG until 12 weeks of age, and increased levels of c7γG again were evident. Up to 60% of the 125IγG immunoglobulins could be shown to lack both the b5 and c7 allotypes in the b5c7 rabbits.

A subsequent injection of 4.5 mg of anti-b5 antibody given at 12 weeks of age resulted in a marked suppression of the appearance of the b5 allotype. No b5γG has been detected in the sera of these rabbits for at least 7 months.
Gamma Globulin Synthesis in Mixed Cultures of Allogeneic Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Petrov R. V. , Mikhailova A. A.
Published: December 2022

The synthesis of γ globulins and other water-soluble proteins in cultures of spleen cells has been studied by a quantitative radioisotopic method with the use of immunosorbents in four inbred strains of mice (CBA, CC57BR, C57BL and A). Strain differences in the intensity of immunoglobulin synthesis by lymphoid cells of different genotypes were established. It has been shown that the stimulation of γ globulin synthesis and synthesis of other water-soluble proteins occurs in mixed cultures of genetically foreign spleen cells. The magnitude of the effect was dependent upon the mixture of cell genotypes.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction
Authors: Goldstein I. J. , So Lucy L. , Yang Yvonne , Callies Q. C.
Published: December 2022

The specific interaction of concanavalin A, the phytohemagglutinin of the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), with several glycoproteins has been studied. It is demonstrated that concanavalin A forms precipitates with purified monoclonal IgM and the glycoprotein phytohemagglutinins (lectins) from waxbean and soybean. It is suggested that the carbohydrate residues reactive with concanavalin A are situated on the surface of these glycoproteins.
Effect of 2-Mercaptoethanol on 7S Rabbit Antibodies to Various Homologous and Heterologous Antigens
Authors: Brinckerhoff Constance E. , Brown Robert C. , Rose Noel R.
Published: December 2022

7 S rabbit antibodies to tissue antigens and to serum antigens were compared. The 7 S antibody fraction was isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and the antibodies were treated with mercaptoethanol and iodoacetate. Following reduction and alkylation, the antisera were tested for serologic activity using the techniques of complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), indirect hemagglutination, and precipitation in gel. After reduction and alkylation, antibodies to pancreas, thyroid or gastrointestinal tract antigens suffered a complete loss of complementfixing ability, and a marked destruction of PCA activity. Mild reduction alone, and alkylation alone, had no effect on antibody activity. The precipitating capacity of the antibody seemed to diminish in most instances, but the hemagglutination titers remained the same. The ability of the γ globulins to act as antigen in immunoelectrophoresis remained unaffected. In contrast, the serologic activity of 7 S antibodies to foreign serum was, for the most part, not affected by mercaptoethanol and iodoacetate treatment.
Impaired Activation of Thymus Lymphocytes by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Forsdyke D. R.
Published: December 2022

Activation of lymphocytes was assessed by measuring the enhanced labeling with 5-3H-uridine of cell suspensions from various rat lymphoid organs produced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in a 4-hr period. No evidence was obtained for reduced function of thymus cells when compared with cells from other lymphoid organs over this time period. Suspensions from lymph nodes were more strongly activated by PHA than were suspensions from spleen. Suspensions from the thymus either failed to be activated or were only weakly activated. The results indicate that the widely reported failure of the majority of thymus lymphocytes to be transformed by PHA reflects a failure of cell activation rather than of cell survival in vitro.
Studies on the Neutralization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Kumagai Keiko
Published: December 2022

The ability of two strains of JEV to react to antibody changed during passage of the virus in PS cell cultures. The amount of virus neutralized was much smaller with low passage than with high passage virus even when plaque-purified strains were used. The antibody titer of a given antiserum measured with high passage virus was always higher than that obtained with low passage virus. This phenomenon may possibly be based on differences in the avidity of virus for antibody and should be investigated further. The results suggest that antigenic characterization of isolates of JEV should be performed with virus which has been passaged at least eight times in PS cell cultures, if PS cell cultures are employed in the assay system.