bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Biosensors and Bioanalytical Devices
Authors: Ruan Xiaofan , Wang Yijia , Cheng Nan , Niu Xiangheng , Chang Yu‐Chung , Li Lei , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe
Published: June 2020

The progress of additive manufacturing (AM), known as 3D‐printing, has initiated a revolution in the new generation of biosensors and bioanalytical devices in recent years. The advancement in the resolution of AM has enabled the microfabrication of the architectures of electrodes and sensing layers for high‐performance sensing. Diversiform printable materials, including biocompatible materials, polymers, various gels and metals, have enormously broadened the horizon in sensors and analytical devices for both research and commercial purposes. The considerable shortening of time and cost in sensor prototyping and fabrication has been reported and various highly customizable biosensing platforms and devices are under development. Herein, the most recent studies on the applications of AM in biosensors and bioanalytical devices are summarized with the aim to provide a panorama of emerging 3D‐printing strategies for sensor design and bioanalytical device fabrication.
One‐Step Fabrication of Nanocrystalline Nanonetwork SnO2 Gas Sensors by Integrated Multilaser Processing
Authors: Lei Jincheng , Zhang Qi , Zhao Zeyu , Chen Yizheng , Gao Jennifer , Tong Jianhua , Peng Fei , Xiao Hai
Published: June 2020

An integrated multilaser process is developed to fabricate nanocrystalline nanonetwork SnO2 gas sensors in one integrated procedure, which combines electrodes fabrication, nanomaterials deposition, and postannealing. Interdigit electrodes are fabricated on an Au‐coated fused silica substrate using a picosecond (ps) laser, which ablates the Au coating from the back of the substrate to pattern the electrodes. A novel transmitted Ps laser deposition (TPLD) process is designed to deposit SnO2 nanonetwork on the interdigit electrodes with precise deposition area control under a close target‐to‐substrate distance. The obtained SnO2 nanonetwork is in situ postannealed by a CO2 laser to improve the crystallinity, while the nano morphology and grain size keep intact. To investigate the morphology and formation process of the nanonetwork, the microstructure of the laser‐deposited SnO2 layer is characterized. The crystallization control of CO2 laser annealing is investigated through analyzing the Raman spectrum, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, and lattice structures of the samples. By exposed to H2 atmosphere, the fabricated gas sensor is demonstrated for H2 monitoring.
Chiral Dinuclear Benzyliminobinaphthoxy‐Palladium Catalyst for Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Aldimines and Isatin‐Derived Ketimines with Alkylmalononitriles
Authors: Nakamura Ayu , Kuwano Satoru , Sun Junchuan , Araseki Kensuke , Ogino Eri , Arai Takayoshi
Published: June 2020

A newly developed dinuclear bis(benzylimino)binaphthol (BIB)−Pd complex showed good catalytic activity for the Mannich reaction of aldimines and isatin‐derived ketimines with alkylmalononitriles to give the products in a highly enantioselective manner.

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Catalyst‐Free Preparation of Perfluoroalkyl‐Phosphoryl Substituted Furans from 1‐Perfluoroalkyl 1,3‐Diketones in Two Steps
Authors: Lozovskiy Stanislav V. , Vasilyev Aleksander V.
Published: June 2020

A two‐step catalyst‐free procedure for the construction of 3‐perfluoroalkyl‐2‐(phosphoryl)methyl furans from commercially available 1‐perfluoroalkyl 1,3‐diketones is reported. Propargylic alcohols, prepared by direct alkynylation of the diketones, react with PCl3 via [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement – enolate cyclization sequence, leading to multifunctional furans. The reaction mechanism is supported by DFT study. In addition, the bioactivity modifying effect of phosphoryl group on 3‐perfluoroalkyl furans is depicted.

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Electron Transfer Photoredox Catalysis: Development of a Photoactivated Reductive Desulfonylation of an Aza‐Heteroaromatic Ring
Authors: Qiang‐Liu  , Liu Yu‐Xiu , Song Hong‐Jian , Wang Qing‐Min
Published: June 2020

Herein, we report a protocol for desulfonylation of aza‐heteroaromatic rings via photoinduced electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer. This general protocol has a wide substrate range and moderate to good yields. The utility of the method was demonstrated by the chemoselective desulfonylation of a molecule containing both an aliphatic and an aromatic sulfonamide.

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Preparation of Oxindoles via Visible‐Light‐Induced Amination/Cyclization of Arylacrylamides with Alkyl Amines
Authors: Wang Yu‐Zhao , Lin Wu‐Jie , Zou Jian‐Yu , Yu Wei , Liu Xue‐Yuan
Published: June 2020

The cascade amination/cyclization of N‐arylacrylamides with alkyl amines under visible‐light photoredox catalysis is realized via intermediacy of aminium radicals. The aminium radicals are generated by a two‐step sequence which involves N‐chlorination of alkyl amines and subsequent reductive N−Cl cleavage. This method provides a convenient access to aminated oxindoles.

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Heme Oxygenase 1‐Targeted Hybrid Nanoparticle for Chemo‐ and Immuno‐Combination Therapy in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Yong Seok‐Beom , Kim Jaehyun , Chung Jee Young , Ra Sehee , kim Seong Su , Kim Yong‐Hee
Published: June 2020

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a fatal blood cancer with high patient mortality. Daunorubicin and cytarabine are first‐line chemotherapy for AML, with bone marrow transplantation in most cases. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has been challenged in AML and leukemia‐niche myeloid cells are promising targets for the AML immunotherapy. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) is an antioxidative and cytoprotective enzyme inducing chemo‐resistant AML and has been focused as an immune checkpoint molecule in tumor microenvironments. Herein, lipid‐polymer hybrid nanoparticle (hNP) is loaded with tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a HO1‐inhibitor, and non‐covalently modified with an engineered antibody for leukemic cell‐targeted delivery. HO1‐inhibiting T‐hNP (T‐hNP/SnMP) enhances chemo‐sensitivity in human leukemia cells. In a human AML‐bearing orthotopic mouse model, intravenously injected T‐hNP not only actively targets to human leukemia cells but passively targets to CD11b+ myeloid cells in a bone marrow niche. The T‐hNP/SnMP enhances the chemo‐therapeutic effect of daunorubicin and boosts immune response by reprogramming bone marrow myeloid cells resulting from the recruitment of the monocyte‐lineage and induction of inflammatory genes. The ex vivo study demonstrates an enhanced immune response of HO1‐inhibited bone marrow CD11b+ myeloid cells against apoptotic leukemia cells. Collectively, HO1‐inhibiting dual cell‐targeted T‐hNP/SnMP has a strong potential as a novel therapeutic in AML.
Hierarchically Structured Porous Piezoelectric Polymer Nanofibers for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Abolhasani Mohammad Mahdi , Naebe Minoo , Hassanpour Amiri Morteza , Shirvanimoghaddam Kamyar , Anwar Saleem , Michels Jasper J. , Asadi Kamal
Published: June 2020

Hierarchically porous piezoelectric polymer nanofibers are prepared through precise control over the thermodynamics and kinetics of liquid–liquid phase separation of nonsolvent (water) in poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) solution. Hierarchy is achieved by fabricating fibers with pores only on the surface of the fiber, or pores only inside the fiber with a closed surface, or pores that are homogeneously distributed in both the volume and surface of the nanofiber. For the fabrication of hierarchically porous nanofibers, guidelines are formulated. A detailed experimental and simulation study of the influence of different porosities on the electrical output of piezoelectric nanogenerators is presented. It is shown that bulk porosity significantly increases the power output of the comprising nanogenerator, whereas surface porosity deteriorates electrical performance. Finite element method simulations attribute the better performance to increased volumetric strain in bulk porous nanofibers.
Mapping carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of fingernails to demonstrate a rural–urban nutrition transition in theCenter‐West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil
Authors: Nardoto Gabriela B. , da Silva Rodrigo J. , Schor Tatiana , Garavello Maria Elisa P. E. , da Silva Marcia Regina F. , Rodrigues Lívia P. F. , Murrieta Rui Sergio S. , Camilo Ellen A. , Reinaldo Emanoella D. F. , de Aquino Fernanda C. , da Silva Estéfano A. , de Camargo Plinio B. , Moreira Marcelo Z. , Mazzi Edmar A. , Duarte‐Neto Paulo José , Martinelli Luiz Antonio
Published: June 2020

Objective

The main objective of this study is to investigate diet patterns among rural and urban populations of the Center‐West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil through the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of fingernails, recognizing that the extent of market integration is a key driver of food consumption.

Materials and methods

In the Center‐West, Northeast, and Amazon regions of Brazil, fingernails were sampled in clusters encompassing a major city, town, and rural village. A total of 2,133 fingernails were analyzed. Fingernails were clipped by donors using fingernail clippers. In the laboratory, samples were cleaned then weighed in small tin capsules before being isotopically analyzed for carbon and nitrogen.

Results

The overall meanδ13C andδ15N were −19.7 ± 2.8‰ and 10.6 ± 1.1‰, respectively. In the more remote villages, where access to food markets is more challenging, lowerδ13C prevails, suggesting that Brazilian staple foods (rice, beans, andfarinha) still dominate. In areas with easier access to food markets,δ13C values were higher, suggesting a change to a diet based on C4plants, typical of a Brazilian supermarket diet. The variability among inhabitants in the same location expressed by a significant inverse correlation betweenδ13C andδ15N fingernail values suggested that “market integration” does not affect everyone equally in each community.

Discussion and Conclusion

The nutrition transition has not yet reached some remote villages in these regions of Brazil or that the nutrition transition has not yet reached all residents of these remote villages. On the other hand, in several villages there is a considerable adherence to the supermarket diet or that some residents of these villages are already favoring processed food.
Sequences of cognitive decline in typical Alzheimer's disease and posterior cortical atrophy estimated using a novel event‐based model of disease progression
Authors: Firth Nicholas C. , Primativo Silvia , Brotherhood Emilie , Young Alexandra L. , Yong Keir X.X. , Crutch Sebastian J. , Alexander Daniel C. , Oxtoby Neil P.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

This work aims to characterize the sequence in which cognitive deficits appear in two dementia syndromes.

Methods

Event‐based modeling estimated fine‐grained sequences of cognitive decline in clinically‐diagnosed posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) () and typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD) () at the UCL Dementia Research Centre. Our neuropsychological battery assessed memory, vision, arithmetic, and general cognition. We adapted the event‐based model to handle highly non‐Gaussian data such as cognitive test scores where ceiling/floor effects are common.

Results

Experiments revealed differences and similarities in the fine‐grained ordering of cognitive decline in PCA (vision first) and tAD (memory first). Simulation experiments reveal that our new model equals or exceeds performance of the classic event‐based model, especially for highly non‐Gaussian data.

Discussion

Our model recovered realistic, phenotypical progression signatures that may be applied in dementia clinical trials for enrichment, and as a data‐driven composite cognitive end‐point.
Initial joint bleed volume in a delayed on‐demand treatment setup correlates with subsequent synovial changes in hemophilic mice
Authors: Vøls Kåre Kryger , Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads , Ley Carsten Dan , Hansen Axel Kornerup , Petersen Maj
Published: June 2020

Background

Hemophilic arthropathy is a debilitating morbidity of hemophilia caused by recurrent joint bleeds. We investigated if the joint bleed volume, before initiation of treatment, was linked to the subsequent degree of histopathological changes and the development of bone pathology in a mouse model of hemophilic arthropathy.

Methods

FVIII knock‐out (F8‐KO) mice were dosed with a micro‐CT blood pool agent prior to induction of hemarthrosis. Eight hours after induction, the bleed volume was quantified with micro computed tomography (micro‐CT) and recombinant FVIII treatment initiated. On Day 8, inflammation in the knees was characterized by fluorescence molecular tomography. On Day 14, knee pathology was characterized by micro‐CT and histopathology. In a second study, contrast agent was injected into the knee of wild‐type (WT) mice, followed by histopathological evaluation on Day 14.

Results

The average joint bleed volume before treatment was 3.9 mm3. The inflammation‐related fluorescent intensities in the injured knees were significantly increased on Day 8. The injured knees had significantly increased synovitis scores, vessel counts, and areas of hemosiderin compared to un‐injured knees. However, no cartilage‐ or bone pathology was observed. The bleed volume before initiation of treatment correlated with the degree of synovitis and was associated with high fluorescent intensity on Day 8. In F8‐KO and WT mice, persistence of contrast agent in the joint elicited morphological changes.

Conclusion

When applying a delayed on‐demand treatment regimen to hemophilic mice subjected to an induced knee hemarthrosis, the degree of histopathological changes on Day 14 reflected the bleed volume prior to initiation of treatment.
Diagnosis and prediction of prognosis for Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis using auditory brainstem response: a case report
Authors: Kurihara Toru , Igarashi Yutaka , Kobai Kaori , Mizobuchi Taiki , Ishii Hiromoto , Matsumoto Noriko , Yokobori Shoji , Yokota Hiroyuki
Published: June 2020

Background

It is difficult to diagnose Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis (BBE) in the acute phase, and emergency physicians could diagnose BBE as an unknown cause of consciousness disturbance.

Case presentation

A 75‐year‐old woman presented with dizziness and weakness in both arms 1 week after an upper respiratory infection. She experienced gradual worsening of consciousness, had dilated pupils and no light reflex. She was suspected of brainstem dysfunction at the upper part of the brainstem; however, there were not significant findings on magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, or electroencephalography. The auditory brainstem response demonstrated a low voltage, but there was no prolonged latency. At a later date, she was diagnosed with BBE based on serum immunoglobulin G anti‐GQ1b antibody. She was discharged home without any neurological sequelae.

Conclusion

It is necessary to analyze serum immunoglobulin G anti‐GQ1b antibodies to diagnose BBE. Auditory brainstem response would be helpful in detecting lesions and predicting functional recovery.
Facile Fabrication of Cu‐doped Carbon Aerogels as Catalysts for the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Zhou Qian , Jin Bo , Chen Junjie , Xiao Yiyi , Chu Shijin , Peng Rufang
Published: June 2020

We report a simple and effective method to produce copper‐doped carbon aerogel (Cu‐CA) using sodium alginate as a carbon precursor through ion crosslinking and high‐temperature carbonization. Results indicate that Cu‐alginate has a 3D scaffold structure with pores. The effect of using different metal salt mass ratios of Cu‐CA on the catalytic thermal decomposition of AP is also investigated. The thermal decomposition temperature of AP decreases by 94.24 °C, and the activation energy of the decomposition reaction is reduced by 45.7 kJ/mol. These results demonstrate that the composite exhibits superior catalytic performance compared with a single‐component transition metal salt.
Scaling up the Bioconversion of Cheese Whey Permeate into Fungal Oil by Mucor circinelloides
Authors: Chan Lauryn G. , Dias Fernanda F. G. , Saarni Andrew , Cohen Joshua , Block David , Taha Ameer Y. , de Moura Bell Juliana M. L. N.
Published: June 2020

The bioconversion of hydrolyzed whey permeate into an oil‐rich biomass by Mucor circinelloides was scaled up from 250 mL to 4 L with the use of an aerated stirred tank bioreactor. Biomass production and oil accumulation were strongly influenced by agitation speed (99–451 rpm) and aeration rate (0.29–1.70 vvm). Higher agitation and aeration rates (e.g., >400 rpm, >1 vvm), resulted in significantly higher biomass yield due to increased oxygen transfer capabilities and better mixing. Additionally, oil accumulation in the fungal biomass was related to high agitation (>400 rpm), while aeration (0.5–1.5 vvm) had no significant effect within the range evaluated. The predictive model was validated at the optimal conditions of 450 rpm and 1 vvm. Maximum biomass yield of 10.7 g L−1 and lipid content of 32% dry biomass were achieved during 120 hours of fermentation. Simultaneous optimization of agitation and aeration in a bioreactor was found to not only improve fungal growth but also lipid content (24% vs. 32%), lipid yield (2.2 vs. 3.1 g L−1) and γ‐linoleic production (73–464 mg L−1) compared to that of shake‐flask. This study resulted in a scaled‐up and optimized fermentation process that increased production of M. circinelloides biomass for subsequent use as raw material for food, feed, and fuel applications. This signifies a starting point for further studies aimed at assessing the development of a fully functioning fungi‐to‐food/fuel system on an industrial scale for several agricultural streams.
Effect of degree of deprotonation of maleic anhydride‐allyl polyethoxy carboxylic acid copolymer on calcium scale
Authors: Wang Liang‐Chen , Zhao Wei‐Dong , Che Yao , Gou Rui‐Kun , Liu Hong‐Bin , Zhu Chen‐Guo , Wang Liang‐Bi , Guan Zhi
Published: June 2020

A hydrophilic copolymer (MA‐APEA) containing carboxylic acid group and ethylene oxide group is synthesized from maleic anhydride (MA) and allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylic acid (APEA) in free radical polymerization and its structure is characterized using FT‐IR,1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer and gel permeation chromatographic techniques. Seven polymer solutions with different degrees of deprotonation are prepared by adding caustic solution to the polymer solution. Effects of the degree of deprotonation of the polymer on curbing calcium scale and the corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel are studied. Influences of the operating conditions on inhibition against CaCO3scale by the polymer with different degrees of deprotonation are also investigated. Effects of the degree of deprotonation on CaCO3deposits/precipitate are analyzed using scanning electronic microscope and X‐ray diffraction. The results show that different degrees of deprotonation of the polymer have different influences on different calcium scale and corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel. The performance of the polymer to withstand high alkalinity and high hardness and high temperature decreases with increase in the degree of deprotonation. The change in the degree of deprotonation influences the conversion of aragonite and vaterite to calcite, and hardly impacts the crystal morphology of CaCO3crystals. MA‐APEA has proven to be an excellent calcium scale inhibitor.
Biowaste Orange Peel‐Derived Mesoporous Carbon as a Cost‐Effective Anode Material with Ultra‐Stable Cyclability for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Verma Rakesh , Singhbabu Yashabanta N. , Didwal Pravin N. , Nguyen An‐Giang , Kim Jaekook , Park Chan‐Jin
Published: June 2020

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are promising alternative to Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their economic merits. However, the PIBs have not met suitable anode materials comparable to graphite in LIBs. We synthesised an orange peel‐derived mesoporous carbon (OPDMC) as a potential anode material for high performance PIBs via facile one‐step carbonisation with self‐activation from waste orange peel. The OPDMC‐1000, which were carbonised at 1000 °C, exhibited impressive initial discharge/charge capacities of 408/224 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1 and retained the reversible capacity of 208.57 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles. Even after 2000 and 3000 cycles at specific currents of 200 and 500 mA g−1, it maintained the reversible capacities of 150.37 and 112 mAh g−1, respectively. A full cell employing the OPDMC exhibited an initial reversible discharge capacity of 185.32 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 with capacity retention of 71.60 % after 50 cycles, indicating its practical applicability.
New near‐infrared emissions and energy transfer in Er3+‐doped MgAl layered double hydroxides
Authors: Chen Yufeng , Zhang Yajiao , Zhang Jiwan , Wang Li
Published: June 2020

A series of Er3+‐doped magnesium aluminium layered double hydroxides (Er3+‐doped, MgAl‐LDHs) with different Mg2+/(Al3++Er3+) molar ratios were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Compositional and structural analyses suggest that the Er3+‐doped MgAl‐LDHs kept a hexagonal structure while the Mg2+/(Al3++Er3+) molar ratio was at 1.0–4.1. The downconverted emission spectra of the Er3+‐doped MgAl‐LDHs showed a red emission at 650 nm and strong infrared emissions at 720, 780, and 850 nm. These infrared emissions were hardly observed in previous downconverted emission spectra of Er3+‐doped materials. In the analysis of the Er3+ energy levels and in relevant published literature, the energy transfer diagram for Er3+‐doped in MgAl‐LDHs is described, and infrared emissions at 720, 780, and 850 nm may be attributed to 4F7/2→4I13/2, 2H11/2→4I13/2, and 4S3/2→4I13/2 transitions of Er3+, respectively. Er3+‐doped MgAl‐LDHs could have potential application as marking and targeting agents in the processes for drug delivery in consideration of the strong near‐infrared Er3+emissions, as well as the special layered structure of MgAl‐LDH.
Lenalidomide plus rituximab Vs rituximab alone in relapsed or refractory indolent lymphoma: A cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Zhang Peng‐Fei , Xie Dan , Wen Feng , Li Qiu
Published: June 2020

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of lenalidomide plus rituximab vs rituximab alone in patients with relapsed or refractory indolent lymphoma.

Methods

A Markov decision model was established to carry out the cost‐effectiveness analysis. Three discrete health states, progression‐free survival (PFS), progressive disease (PD), and death, were included. Cycle length was set at 1 month, and utility scores were derived from previously published literature. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) was defined as the primary endpoint, and the willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) threshold was set at $29,306.43 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY). Both cost and effectiveness were determined using a 3% annual discount rate. Furthermore, one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to check the robustness of the model.

Results

Lenalidomide plus rituximab gained 6.08 QALYs at a cost of $120,979.62 while rituximab alone gained 4.84 QALYs at a cost of $48,052.11. The ICER of lenalidomide plus rituximab vs rituximab alone was $58,812.51/QALY. The parameters most significantly influenced the model were the utility values for the PFS state, the duration of the PFS state in the lenalidomide plus rituximab group, and the cost of lenalidomide. The probability of lenalidomide plus rituximab or rituximab alone being the most cost‐effective option was 0% and 100%, respectively, at a WTP threshold of $29,306.43/QALY.

Conclusions

Lenalidomide plus rituximab is not a cost‐effective strategy compared with rituximab monotherapy for relapsed or refractory indolent lymphoma from a Chinese societal perspective.
A case of antisynthetase syndrome
Authors: Mavragani Clio P. , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M.
Published: June 2020

Respiratory complaints alone or in association with musculoskeletal complaints can be the predominant presenting feature of antisynthetase syndrome. Therefore, antibodies to cellular antigens should be evaluated in such clinical settings.
Amperometric Biosensor for Brucella Testing through Molecular Orientation Technology in Combination with Signal Amplification Technology
Authors: Chen Hongshuo , Cui Chuanjin , Ma Xuegang , Yang Wei , Zuo Yueming
Published: June 2020

Brucellosis is a global zoonotic disease causing abortion and infertility in animals. Based on an oriented immobilization technique of using a biomolecule in combination with a signal amplification technology, a novel biosensor for Brucella detection was designed. Graphene oxide/polypyrrole nanohybrids (GO/Ppy) modified a screen‐printed gold electrode through co‐electrodeposition for the oriented immobilization of a primary antibody (Ab1). Ab1 was successfully immobilized by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). A new second antibody nanoprobe GO/Fe3O4/MB/Ab2 (graphene oxide/nano‐iron oxide/methylene blue/Ab2) was accomplished by using physical and chemical methods to amplify the electrical signal. The successful fabrication of the biosensor was characterized by using SEM, AFM, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy. The prepared biosensor was also tested in the Brucella solution by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results showed that the corresponding current was positively correlated with the logarithm of Brucella concentration, with a low detection limit of 2.2×102 CFU/mL. Moreover, the results of the biosensor‘s reproducibility, repeatability, specificity and standard recovery were satisfactory. New methodologies in fabricating the biosensor may be applied to detect other harmful microorganisms.
Component based finite element design of steel joints
Authors: Wald František , Vild Martin , Kuříková Marta , Kabeláč Jaromír , Sekal David , Maier Nadine , Da Silva Seco Laura , Couchaux Maël
Published: June 2020

This paper describes the principles of multi‐level Finite Element modeling for design of structural steel joints. The integral part of the design by Finite Elements is the Validation and Verification of the model and its results. For models by shell and solid elements it is mesh sensitivity study. In component bases finite element method (CBFEM), the steel plates are considered by materially nonlinear analysis (MNA). Their resistance in plastic stage is limited by strains. The behavior of components, for example, of bolts, anchor bolts, welds etc., is treated by introducing nonlinear springs representing its behavior in terms of initial stiffness, ultimate resistance and deformation capacity. To show this process a contribution is prepared, which summarizes the history of achievements of Finite Element Analyses (FEA) in structural steel joints. This paper shows differences between the research‐oriented and design‐oriented models and the current trends in modeling of connection components. Both have their roles in advanced analyses. The Validation and Verification are demonstrated on model of block shear during potential failure mode for gusset plate connection and for the base plates loaded by bending moments around both axes. The summary shows the potential in design of elements including their joints.
Evaluation of thiencarbazone‐methyl for use in acetolactate synthase‐resistant soybean
Authors: Lancaster Zachary D. , Norsworthy Jason K.
Published: June 2020

To combat herbicide‐resistant weeds, new options are needed to effectively rotate herbicide modes of action and slow the development of additional herbicide resistance.  Thiencarbazone‐methyl (TCM), an acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicide, is currently being evaluated for preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) activity on many troublesome summer annual and perennial weeds.  Multiple experiments were conducted to assess the utility of this product in soybean (Glycine max) production systems.  Field experiments were conducted across Arkansas in 2016 and 2017 to determine the tolerance of ALS‐resistant soybean varieties to PRE and POST applications of TCM at either 0.03 or 0.06 lb acre–1.  For all locations, no significant interactions or main effects were observed for any parameters evaluated.  Overall, soybean injury remained consistently low, with <3% injury at 21 days after treatment (DAT) on all ALS‐resistant varieties.  However, the ALS‐susceptible variety showed high levels of injury for both PRE (75%) and POST (98%) applications at 21 DAT.  Two additional experiments were conducted in 2016, 2017, and 2018 to evaluate the efficacy of PRE and POST applications of TCM in ALS/glufosinate‐resistant soybean.  For PRE applications, residual activity of TCM, imazethapyr, chlorimuron, nicosulfuron, halosulfuron, and flumetsulam at labeled rates for soybean or corn were evaluated.  TCM at 0.06 lb acre–1was effective in controlling ivyleaf morningglory (91 %) and broadleaf signalgrass (97%) at 21 DAT, but was not effective in controlling ALS‐resistant Palmer amaranth (58%).  In the POST experiment, TCM at 0.03 or 0.06 lb acre–1was compared to imazethapyr, chlorimuron, nicosulfuron, and halosulfuron with and without glufosinate (0.5 lb acre–1).  Alone, TCM produced higher control of ivyleaf morningglory (99 to 100%) and broadleaf signalgrass (94 to 99%) at 21 DAT compared to all other ALS‐inhibiting herbicides.  However, TCM alone was not effective in controlling ALS‐resistant Palmer amaranth (55 to 61%) at 21 DAT, but when combined with glufosinate control increased to 95 to 99%.  The results from this research suggest that TCM could have utility in soybean weed control systems due to the high level of resistance exhibited by ALS‐resistant soybean varieties and the efficacy of TCM on common soybean weed species at both the PRE and POST application timings.
On theWell‐Posednessof Branched Transportation
Authors: Colombo Maria , De Rosa Antonio , Marchese Andrea
Published: June 2020

We show in full generality the stability of optimal transport paths in branched transport: namely, we prove that any limit of optimal transport paths is optimal as well. This solves an open problem in the field (cf. Open problem 1 in the bookOptimal transportation networksby Bernot, Caselles, and Morel), which has been addressed up to now only under restrictive assumptions. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Effect of the Investigational Anticancer Agent Sapanisertib on the QTc Interval in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Patel Chirag , Goel Sanjay , Patel Manish R. , Rangachari Lakshmi , Wilbur Jayson D. , Shou Yaping , Venkatakrishnan Karthik , Lockhart A. Craig
Published: June 2020

The aim of this phase 1 study was to determine the effects of sapanisertib on the heart rate–corrected QT (QTc) interval in patients with advanced solid tumors. Adult patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled to receive a single sapanisertib 40‐mg dose. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected and electrocardiogram readings were recorded at baseline and up to 48 hours after dosing. Patients could continue to receive sapanisertib 30 mg once weekly in 28‐day cycles for up to 12 months. The primary objective was to characterize the effect of a single dose of sapanisertib (40 mg) on the QT interval. Secondary objectives were to evaluate safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics. Following a single sapanisertib 40‐mg dose in 44 patients, the maximum least squares mean (upper bound of 1‐sided 95% confidence interval) changes from time‐matched baseline were 7.1 milliseconds (11.4 milliseconds) for individual rate‐corrected QT interval at 24 hours after dosing, and 1.8 milliseconds (5.6 milliseconds) for Fridericia‐corrected QTc at 1 hour post‐dose. There was no sapanisertib plasma concentration‐dependent increase in the change from time‐matched baseline individual rate‐corrected QTc interval or Fridericia‐corrected QTc. The most common adverse events following sapanisertib 30 mg once‐weekly dosing were nausea (80%), fatigue (61%), vomiting (57%), and decreased appetite (45%). A single sapanisertib 40 mg dose did not produce clinically relevant effects on QTc interval in patients with advanced solid tumors. The safety profile of sapanisertib 30 mg once weekly was favorable, and no new safety signals were observed (NCT02197572, clinicaltrials.gov).
Flexible scene text recognition based on dual attention mechanism
Authors: Tian Zhiqiang , Wang Chunhui , Xiao Youzi , Lin Yuping
Published: June 2020

Scene text recognition (STR) is a very popular topic in the field of computer vision, which can extract text from complex natural scenes. In this article, we propose an end‐to‐end trainable and flexible STR method based on a dual attention mechanism. The proposed method consists of four modules: a thin plate spline transformer for normalizing the original image, a Channel‐Att feature extractor for obtaining representative features, a bidirectional long short‐term memory encoder for encoding sequential context features, and a Self‐Att based decoder for predicting text labels. The results on seven different benchmark datasets IIIT, SVT, IC03, IC13, IC15, SVTP, and CUTE, show that the proposed method is comparable to 13 existing methods. Especially, the average text recognition accuracy of the proposed method is about 1.4% higher than the state‐of‐the‐art method.
SQM/COSMO Scoring Function: Reliable Quantum‐Mechanical Tool for Sampling and Ranking in Structure‐Based Drug Design
Authors: Pecina Adam , Eyrilmez Saltuk M. , Köprülüoğlu Cemal , Miriyala Vijay Madhav , Lepšík Martin , Fanfrlík Jindřich , Řezáč Jan , Hobza Pavel
Published: June 2020

Quantum mechanical (QM) methods have been gaining importance in structure‐based drug design where a reliable description of protein‐ligand interactions is of utmost significance. However, strategies i. e. QM/MM, fragmentation or semiempirical (SQM) methods had to be pursued to overcome the unfavorable scaling of QM methods. Various SQM‐based approaches have significantly contributed to the accuracy of docking and improvement of lead compounds. Parametrizations of SQM and implicit solvent methods in our laboratory have been instrumental to obtain a reliable SQM‐based scoring function. The experience gained in its application for activity ranking of ligands binding to tens of protein targets resulted in setting up a faster SQM/COSMO scoring approach, which outperforms standard scoring methods in native pose identification for two dozen protein targets with ten thousand poses. Recently, SQM/COSMO was effectively applied in a proof‐of‐concept study of enrichment in virtual screening. Due to its superior performance, feasibility and chemical generality, we propose the SQM/COSMO approach as an efficient tool in structure‐based drug design.
Structure‐Activity Relationship in a Cobalt Aluminate Nanoparticle Cocatalyst with a Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst for Visible‐Light Water Oxidation
Authors: Kanazawa Tomoki , Yamaguchi Ryusei , Uchiyama Tomoki , Lu Daling , Nozawa Shunsuke , Uchimoto Yoshiharu , Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: June 2020

Development of a visible‐light‐driven water oxidation system utilizing a photocatalyst that consists only of earth‐abundant elements is a challenge in artificial photosynthesis. Here the structure of nanoparticulate cobalt aluminate spinel (CoAl2O4) dispersed on a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) photocatalyst was studied by electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy. The CoAl2O4 nanoparticle, which is a good cocatalyst for visible‐light water oxidation on the g‐C3N4 photocatalyst, was loaded onto the photocatalyst by a reverse micelle method using Co(NO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O and Al(NO)3 ⋅ 9H2O as precursors, followed by heating at elevated temperatures in air. The O2 evolution activity was enhanced with increasing the heating temperature, reaching a plateau at 573–673 K, beyond which it decreased. Physicochemical analyses indicated that the formation of CoAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles with a minimal extent of aggregation was the key factor to obtain high water oxidation activity.
Forest restoration treatments in a ponderosa pine forest enhance physiological activity and growth under climatic stress
Authors: Tepley Alan J. , Hood Sharon M. , Keyes Christopher R. , Sala Anna
Published: June 2020

As the climate warms, drought will increasingly occur under elevated temperatures, placing forest ecosystems at growing risk of extensive dieback and mortality. In some cases, increases in tree density following early 20th‐century fire suppression may exacerbate this risk. Treatments designed to restore historical stand structure and enhance resistance to high‐severity fire might also alleviate drought stress by reducing competition, but the duration of these effects and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To elucidate these mechanisms, we evaluate tree growth, mortality, and tree‐ring stable‐carbon isotope responses to stand‐density reduction treatments with and without prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine forest of western Montana. Moderate and heavier cutting experiments (basal area reductions of 35% and 56%, respectively) were initiated in 1992, followed by prescribed burning in a subset of the thinned units. All treatments led to a growth release that persisted to the time of resampling. The treatments had little effect on climate–growth relationships, but they markedly altered seasonal carbon isotope signals and their relationship to climate. In burned and unburned treatments, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) increased in the earlywood (EW) and decreased in the latewood (LW) relative to the control. The sensitivity of LW Δ13C to late‐summer climate also increased in all treatments, but not in the control. Such increased sensitivity indicates that the reduction in competition enabled trees to continue to fix carbon for new stem growth, even when the climate became sufficiently stressful to stop new assimilation in slower‐growing trees in untreated units. These findings would have been masked had we not separated EW and LW. The importance of faster growth and enhanced carbon assimilation under late‐summer climatic stress became evident in the second decade post‐treatment, when mountain pine beetle activity increased locally, and tree mortality rates in the controls of both experiments increased to more than twice those in their respective treatments. These findings highlight that, when thinning is used to restore historical forest structure or increase resistance to high‐severity fire, there will likely be additional benefits of enhanced growth and physiological activity under climatic stress, and the effects may persist for more than two decades.
Treatment interventions for Severe and Enduring Eating Disorders: Systematic review
Authors: Kotilahti Emilia , West Madeline , Isomaa Rasmus , Karhunen Leila , Rocks Tetyana , Ruusunen Anu
Published: June 2020

Objective

Approximately 20% of people with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and 10% with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) will eventually develop a long‐standing illness. Although there is no set definition for Severe and Enduring eating Disorder (SE‐ED), the common criteria relate to a long duration of the disorder and a number of unsuccessful treatment attempts. Research evidence for treatment of SE‐ED remains limited, thus the objective of this systematic review was to describe different treatment interventions and their effects on SE‐ED‐related outcomes.

Method

A systematic search for quantitative treatment studies of adult participants with SE‐ED was conducted in June 2019 (PROSPERO, CRD42018115802) with no restriction on eating disorder type. Altogether, 2,938 studies were included for title and abstract screening.

Results

After systematic searches and article screening, 23 studies (3 randomized controlled trials, 3 open‐label studies, 8 naturalistic follow‐up studies, 8 case series and case studies, and 1 partially blinded pilot study) were included in the analysis and data extraction. Methodological quality of the included studies was generally low. Inpatient treatment programs (n = 5) were effective in short‐term symptom reduction, but long‐term results were inconsistent. Outpatient and day‐hospital treatment programs (n = 5) seemed promising for symptom reduction. Drug interventions (n = 5) showed some benefits, especially as adjuvant therapies. Brain stimulation (n = 6) led to improvements in depressive symptoms. Other treatments (n = 2) produced mixed results.

Discussion

This is the first systematic review to examine all of the different treatment interventions that have been studied in SE‐ED. The results will inform future interventions in research and clinical practice.
Performance, genomic rearrangements, and signatures of adaptive evolution: Lessons from fermentative yeasts
Authors: Nespolo Roberto F. , Solano‐Iguaran Jaiber J. , Paleo‐López Rocío , Quintero‐Galvis Julian F. , Cubillos Francisco A. , Bozinovic Francisco
Published: June 2020

The capacity of some yeasts to extract energy from single sugars, generating CO2and ethanol (=fermentation), even in the presence of oxygen, is known as the Crabtree effect. This phenomenon represents an important adaptation as it allowed the utilization of the ecological niche given by modern fruits, an abundant source of food that emerged in the terrestrial environment in the Cretaceous. However, identifying the evolutionary events that triggered fermentative capacity in Crabtree‐positive species is challenging, as microorganisms do not leave fossil evidence. Thus, key innovations should be inferred based only on traits measured under culture conditions. Here, we reanalyzed data from a common garden experiment where several proxies of fermentative capacity were recorded in Crabtree‐positive and Crabtree‐negative species, representing yeast phylogenetic diversity. In particular, we applied the “lasso‐OU” algorithm which detects points of adaptive shifts, using traits that are proxies of fermentative performance. We tested whether multiple events or a single event explains the actual fermentative capacity of yeasts. According to the lasso‐OU procedure, evolutionary changes in the three proxies of fermentative capacity that we considered (i.e., glycerol production, ethanol yield, and respiratory quotient) are consistent with a single evolutionary episode (a whole‐genomic duplication, WGD), instead of a series of small genomic rearrangements. Thus, the WGD appears as the key event behind the diversification of fermentative yeasts, which by increasing gene dosage, and maximized their capacity of energy extraction for exploiting the new ecological niche provided by single sugars.
Perovskite Test: A High Throughput Method to Screen Ambient Encapsulation Conditions
Authors: Booker Edward , Boutin Jean-Baptiste , Roux Carine , Manceau Matthieu , Berson Solenn , Cros Stéphane
Published: June 2020

Over the past decade, the power conversion efficiency of lead halide perovskite‐based solar cells has increased at an unprecedented rate such that it is now over 25%. Nevertheless, water facilitates one of the prominent degradation mechanisms of perovskites requiring strong encapsulation. To evaluate rapidly the effectiveness of encapsulation materials and design, an optical test of encapsulation procedures with simple sample fabrication in air is developed. The glass–glass samples of perovskite layers sealed with different thicknesses of a UV‐curing adhesive are fabricated. The analysis of the test data allows identification of gas permeation mechanisms from the edge of the device and it is found that one of the major permeation pathways is on the interfaces between the adhesive and the glass substrate and it depends on the adhesive thickness.
Geochronology, geochemistry, origin, and tectonic implications of high‐pressure mafic granulites of the Amdo region, Central Tibet
Authors: Xie Chaoming , Song Yuhang , Duan Menglong , Su Li , Hao Yujie
Published: June 2020

The Amdo Terrane, Central Tibet, was previously located in the middle of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean (BNO), and is key to understanding the subduction history of the BNO. However, the high‐pressure (HP) mafic granulites of the Amdo Terrane remain poorly studied. Here, we report the petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U–Pb geochronology of the Amdo HP mafic granulites. The granulites occur mainly as enclaves or deformed dikes in granitic gneisses of the Amdo Terrane. Zircons from the granulites yield two clusters of ages, at 193–192 and 180 Ma. The former represents the best estimate of the age of peak metamorphism, and the latter represents the age of retrograde amphibolite‐facies metamorphism. Although the contents of mobile elements in the granulites, including the large‐ion lithophile elements (Rb, Sr, Cs, Pb, K), were significantly altered during metamorphism, the contents of the high‐field‐strength elements (HFSEs; Th, Nb, Zr, Ti) and rare earth elements (REEs) remained largely unchanged. The granulites belong to the tholeiitic basalt series, with SiO2contents of 47.05–51.03% and Mg# of 35–50. The REE contents of the granulites are characterised by flat chondrite‐normalised patterns (LaN/YbN= 0.96–1.92; LaN/SmN= 1.0–1.59) and weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.84–0.99). Most of the granulite samples have high TiO2contents, clear negative Nb and Ta anomalies, and high Pb enrichment, with positive zirconεHf(t) values (+8.14 to +16.02). The granulites exhibit both normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (N‐MORB) and island‐arc basalt (IAB) characteristics. Using the data presented here and previous data, we suggest that the protolith of the granulites were back‐arc basin basalts derived from high‐degree partial melting of depleted mantle in the spinel stability field, which records the early evolution of the BNO. Northward subduction of the BNO oceanic plate led to back‐arc spreading and the formation of back‐arc basin basalts on the northern margin of the Amdo Terrane. The back‐arc basin extended further to form an ocean basin, which separated the Amdo Terrane and the Southern Qiangtang–Baoshan (SQB) Terrane, resulting in the Amdo Terrane becoming an isolated microcontinent in the BNO.
Undisturbed climbing fiber pruning in the cerebellar cortex of CX3CR1‐deficient mice
Authors: Kaiser Nicole , Pätz Christina , Brachtendorf Simone , Eilers Jens , Bechmann Ingo
Published: June 2020

Pruning, the elimination of excess synapses is a phenomenon of fundamental importance for correct wiring of the central nervous system. The establishment of the cerebellar climbing fiber (CF)‐to‐Purkinje cell (PC) synapse provides a suitable model to study pruning and pruning‐relevant processes during early postnatal development. Until now, the role of microglia in pruning remains under intense investigation. Here, we analyzed migration of microglia into the cerebellar cortex during early postnatal development and their possible contribution to the elimination of CF‐to‐PC synapses. Microglia enrich in the PC layer at pruning‐relevant time points giving rise to the possibility that microglia are actively involved in synaptic pruning. We investigated the contribution of microglial fractalkine (CX3CR1) signaling during postnatal development using genetic ablation of the CX3CR1 receptor and an in‐depth histological analysis of the cerebellar cortex. We found an aberrant migration of microglia into the granule and the molecular layer. By electrophysiological analysis, we show that defective fractalkine signaling and the associated migration deficits neither affect the pruning of excess CFs nor the development of functional parallel fiber and inhibitory synapses with PCs. These findings indicate that CX3CR1 signaling is not mandatory for correct cerebellar circuit formation.

Main Points

Ablation of CX3CR1 results in a transient migration defect in cerebellar microglia.

CX3CR1 is not required for functional pruning of cerebellar climbing fibers.

Functional inhibitory and parallel fiber synapse development with Purkinje cells is undisturbed in CX3CR1‐deficient mice.