bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Background and the Value of Self‐Employment Experience: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment*
Authors: Aldén Lina , Bastani Spencer , Hammarstedt Mats
Published: August 2021

We use a randomized field experiment in Sweden to investigate how self‐employment experience is valued in the labour market. Our results show that self‐employment experience negatively impacts the likelihood of receiving a positive response from employers. For male applicants, this holds regardless of ethnic background, and independently of whether we consider applicants with experience solely from self‐employment, or applicants with combined experience from wage employment and self‐employment. For female applicants, the results are less clear‐cut. Our findings provide input into the discussion about the impact of self‐employment on the chances for individuals with different ethnic background to obtain wage employment.
Potential benefits of melatonin to control pain in ventilated preterm newborns: An updated review
Authors: Cannavò Laura , Perrone Serafina , Marseglia Lucia , Viola Valeria , Di Rosa Gabriella , Gitto Eloisa
Published: August 2021

Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units are repeatedly stimulated by painful events, especially if intubated. Preterm infants are known to have greater pain perception than full term infants due to immaturity of descending inhibitory circuits and poor noxious inhibitory modulation. Newborns exposed to repetitive painful stimuli are at high risk of impairments in brain development and cognition. Chronic pain is induced and supported by proinflammatory cytokines, free radicals, and reactive oxygen species creating a self‐ sustaining vicious circle. Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory functions. This review describes the in‐depth beneficial effects of melatonin for pain control in ventilated preterm newborns. As yet, a minimal amount of literature has been undertaken to consider all its promising bioactivities. The rationale behind the use of melatonin for pain control has also been taken into account in this review. Besides, this review addresses safety concerns and dosages. The potential benefits of melatonin have been assessed against neurological disorders, respiratory distress, microbial infections, and as analgesic adjuvant during ventilation. Additionally, a possible approach for the use of melatonin in ventilated newborns will be discussed.
Faith and Philosophy: Richard Swinburne and the Analytic Philosophy of Religion – An Interview
Authors: Migliorini Damiano
Published: August 2021

Richard Swinburne is one of the best‐known names in the international philosophical scene. His apologetic project is considered one of the largest and most impactful and profound of the last century. The interview conducted here explores many biographical and theoretical issues (Omniscience, Eternity, God’s existence, Free will, Analogy, Relational ontology and Powers ontology, Soul‐Body relation, Trinity, Evil), and it aims to trace a broad (albeit necessarily partial) path through his numerous works. The interview took place in 2016, in Oxford, at Swinburne’s home. Today, Swinburne’s thought is discussed in monographs and doctoral theses, witnessing to an influence that will undoubtedly be lasting.
Temporal and spatial propagule deposition patterns of the emerging fungal pathogen of chestnut Gnomoniopsis castaneae in orchards of north‐western Italy
Authors: Lione Guglielmo , Giordano Luana , Sillo Fabiano , Brescia Francesca , Gonthier Paolo
Published: August 2021

Two chestnut (Castanea sativa) orchards of north‐western Italy were sampled with passive spore traps 35 times over 24 months. Samples were analysed through a newly developed quantitative PCR assay to quantify propagule loads of the emerging fungal pathogen Gnomoniopsis castaneae. Average propagule deposition patterns were assessed along with temporal and climatic variables, including sampling month and season, temperatures, relative humidity, precipitations, and wind. Machine learning algorithms combining information theory, fractal analysis, unbiased recursive partitioning, ordinary least squares and logistic regressions, were used to model propagule deposition patterns. The trained models were validated on independent data gathered from 24 samplings conducted in a third chestnut orchard during the same timeframe. Results showed that propagule deposition rate (DR) was variable within and among sites, with a site average ranging from 173 to 765 spores ⋅m−2 ⋅h−1. Propagule deposition was observed across all seasons, although the DR dropped substantially during wintertime (p < 0.05). Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures, the growing degree days at 0 and 5℃ thresholds, and wind gust were all positively correlated (p < 0.05) with DR of G. castaneae. The trained models were all significant (p < 0.05), as well as their validation (p < 0.05). Fluctuations of propagule deposition throughout the year were consistent among sites and proved to be driven by temperatures. Wind gust was associated with the overall amount of propagules deposited at site level. In future, the increase in temperatures and strong winds as a result of climate change may boost the spread of G. castaneae.
Preformed aerenchyma determines the differential tolerance response under partial submergence imposed by fresh and saline water flooding in rice
Authors: Chakraborty Koushik , Ray Soham , Vijayan Joshitha , Molla Kutubuddin A. , Nagar Ramawatar , Jena Priyanka , Mondal Subhankar , Panda Binay B. , Shaw Birendra Prasad , Swain Padmini , Chattopadhyay Krishnendu , Sarkar Ramani K.
Published: August 2021

Plant's response to fresh‐ and saline‐water flooding and the resulting partial submergence, seems different due to the added complexities of element toxicity of salinity. We identified a few rice genotypes which can tolerate combined stresses of partial submergence and salinity during saline water flooding. To gain mechanistic insights, we compared two rice genotypes: Varshadhan (freshwater‐flooding tolerant) and Rashpanjor (both fresh‐ and saline‐water flooding tolerant). We found greater ethylene production and increased “respiratory burst oxidase homolog” (RBOH)‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production led to well‐developed constitutive aerenchyma formation in Rashpanjor, which makes it preadapted to withstand fresh‐ and saline‐water flooding. On the contrary, an induced aerenchyma formation‐dependent tolerance mechanism of Varshadhan worked well for freshwater flooding but failed to provide tolerance to saline‐water flooding. Additional salt stress was found to significantly inhibit the induced aerenchyma formation process due to the dampening of ROS signaling by the action of metallothionein in Varshadhan. Besides, inconspicuous changes in ionic regulation processes in these two genotypes under saline‐water flooding suggest preadapted constitutive aerenchyma formation plays a more significant role than elemental toxicity per se in tolerating combined stresses encountered during saline water flooding in rice. Overall, our study indicated that well‐developed constitutive aerenchyma provide an adaptive advantage during partial submergence due to saline water flooding in rice as the key process of induced aerenchyma formation is hampered in the presence of salinity stress coupled with partial submergence.
The effect of lexical status on prosodic processing in infants learning a fixed stress language
Authors: Ragó Anett , Varga Zsuzsanna , Garami Linda , Honbolygó Ferenc , Csépe Valéria
Published: August 2021

In speech processing, in the first year of life, prosody and phoneme‐relevant aspects serve different functions. Recent studies have assumed that the two aspects become integrated at around 9 months of age. The present study investigates the effect of lexical status on stress processing in a fixed stress language. We hypothesize that lexicality modulates stress processing, and where the stress cue is in conflict with the lexical status (legal deviant condition), we will observe differences in age indicating the stage of integration. We tested 69 6 and 10 month‐old infants in an acoustic oddball event‐related potential paradigm. A frequent word stimulus (baba) and a pseudoword (bebe) were used with legal versus illegal stress. We systematically swapped the standard and deviant roles of the different stress variants in two conditions. In the illegal deviant condition in the case of the word stimulus, the response pattern typical for the pseudoword (an MMR to the absence of the stress cue) was missing. This implies the suppression effect of lexicality. In the legal deviant condition, negative MMR (N‐MMR) in the second time window indicated a facilitation effect of lexicality in both age groups. As only the 6‐month‐olds produced an N‐MMR in the first time window, we concluded that in a fixed stress language, integration starts at 6 months but is only completed by the age of 10 months. Our results show that lexical status modulates stress processing at word level in a highly regularly stressed language in which stable, long‐term language‐specific stress representation exists from early infancy.
Does the quality of institutions matter for foreign investment concentration in Africa? Understanding the controversial role of international aid
Authors: Feulefack Kemmanang Ludovic , Dongmo Zamké Jonas Juleo
Published: August 2021

This article investigates how the quality of institutions shapes foreign direct investment (FDI) concentration and assesses the impact on African attractiveness, controlling the effect of bilateral aid. Based on data from 37 African countries over the period 2009–2018 and using the generalized method of moments, the paper finds that FDI concentration crowds out FDI inflows from countries other than the former colonizer, causing Africa to lose nearly three‐quarters of its potential. In contrast, investors from the old metropolis exhibit an accommodation effect on their former colonies' characteristics. Our study also finds that there is an inverse relationship between the quality of institutions and FDI concentration. Besides, bilateral aid from countries other than the former metropolis reduces FDI concentration, while bilateral aid from the former colonizer strengthens FDI concentration. Finally, the study shows that bilateral aid modulates the impact of the quality of institutions, such as aid from the former colonizer reduces the impact of the quality of institutions, while aid from other countries reinforces its marginal effect. Therefore, African countries should consider undertaking reforms to build institutions strong enough to improve their attractiveness and divest from the grip of international aid.
On being moved: Black joy and mobilities in (extra)ordinary times
Authors: Hirsch Lioba
Published: August 2021

This piece reflects on the twofold iteration of being moved both emotionally and geographically while Black in inner‐city London. Based on the description of a brief autoethnographic moment taken during the first government‐mandated COVID‐19 lockdown in the UK, the contribution explores the intimate and embodied meaning of restrictions on Black movement and their impact on the experience of Black joy.
Evaluation of a new multiple regression model based on biochemical parameters for the distinction of canine exudates and transudates
Authors: Alonso Flavio H. , Mattoso Claudio R. S. , Leme Fabiola O. P. , Paes Paulo R. O.
Published: August 2021

Background

The classification of effusions in human medicine currently uses biochemical parameters of verified analytical accuracy, while veterinary medicine is traditionally guided by protein content (TP) and total nucleated cell count (TNCC) in the effusion, without solid scientific support.

Objective

We aimed to assess the accuracy of the current veterinary classification system to distinguish transudates from exudates and create new tools involving biochemical parameters that better classify canine cavitary effusions.

Methods

Clinical, laboratory, and imaging data from 250 canine pleural and peritoneal effusions were retrospectively and prospectively collected, organized, and statistically evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using biochemical and cellular parameters.

Results

For identifying exudates, the accuracy (87.7%, n = 204) of the best traditional classification system (TNCC > 3000 cells/μL) was similar to that of the individual biochemical cutoff values with the greatest accuracy in the abdominal cavity (eg, cholesterol, CHO‐E > 40.1 mg/dL, 87.3%, n = 55). The accuracy of albumin (ALB‐E > 0.8 g/dL) in the pleural cavity was nonetheless higher (100%, n = 23). The best multiple predictive models for any cavity used the percentage of neutrophils and CHO‐E (n = 72), presenting an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the diagnosis of exudate of 88%, 96%, and 67%, respectively.

Conclusions

Biochemical classification of pleural effusions has a higher accuracy than the traditional system (based on TP and TNCC). Utility and cutoff of analytes are different for each cavity. Implementing a multiple regression model or establishing ratios or gradients with concurrent serum values adds no significant improvement in the diagnostic potential of distinguishing transudate and exudates in dogs.
Assessment of the impact of age and of blood‐derived inflammatory markers in horses with colitis
Authors: Sage Sophie E. , Bedenice Daniela , McKinney Caroline A. , Long Alicia E. , Pacheco Ana , Wagner Bettina , Mazan Melissa R. , Paradis Mary Rose
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To determine the impact of age on survival in horses with colitis and to elucidate whether a lower type‐1/type‐2 cytokine ratio or an exaggerated inflammatory state contribute to reduced survival in aged horses.

Design

Part 1: Retrospective cohort analysis. Part 2: Analytic observational study.

Animals

Part 1: One hundred twenty‐four adult horses with colitis. Part 2: Twenty‐nine adult horses with new diarrhea onset while hospitalized.

Measurements and main results

Part 1: Patient signalment, select clinicopathological data, diagnoses, treatment, hospitalization length, and invoice were compared between survivors (n = 101) and nonsurvivors (n = 23). Only age and plasma transfusion retained statistical significance in the final multivariate outcome model, with 8.5 times lower odds of survival in transfused horses (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6‐27.2%). Additionally, the likelihood of nonsurvival increased by 11.8% (95% CI, 4‐20.2%) for every year the horse aged (P = 0.002). Similarly, geriatric horses (≥20 years) were 15.2 times more likely to die than young‐adults (2‐12 years,P = 0.03), independent of financial investment, documented comorbidities, and duration of hospitalization. Part 2: Select cytokine analyses were performed on serum collected from hospitalized horses within 1 hour of diarrhea onset (T0) and 6 hours later. At T0, all recorded clinicopathological variables were comparable between geriatric and young‐adult horses, suggesting a similar degree of systemic illness. The median concentration of type‐2 cytokines interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐10, and type‐1 cytokine interferon‐γ did not differ between age groups. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α were significantly higher in geriatric compared to young‐adult horses at both sampling time points.

Conclusions

Outcome of colitis was less favorable in aging horses and patients receiving a plasma transfusion. Although an exaggerated inflammatory state, based on increased interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α concentrations, in geriatric horses may contribute to reduced survival, a lower type‐1/type‐2 cytokines ratio was not identified in our geriatric population.
The prognostic value of admission point‐of‐care testing and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injuries (2007–2010): 212 cases
Authors: Cameron Starr , Weltman Joel G. , Fletcher Daniel J.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To investigate the association between admission point‐of‐care parameters and survival to discharge in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design

Retrospective study 2007–2010.

Setting

A rural university teaching hospital and an urban private practice teaching hospital.

Animals

One hundred thirty‐one dogs and 81 cats admitted to the emergency service with evidence of head injury based on history from the owner or physical exam.

Measurements and Main Results

In dogs, nonsurvivors had significantly higher glucose concentrations at admission than survivors (median = 8.49 mmol/L [153 mg/dl] vs 6.83 mmol/L [123 mg/dl], p = 0.039). In cats, there was no significant difference in admission glucose between survivors and nonsurvivors (median = 10.21 mmol/L [184 mg/dl] vs 10.93 mmol/L [197 mg/dl], p = 0.17). Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score was available for 105 of the 131 dogs (80%) and was significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (median = 16 vs 11, p < 0.0001). MGCS was available for 45 of the 81 cats (56%) and was significantly higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors (median = 17 vs 14, p = 0.0005). The relative prognostic value of the admission point‐of‐care testing parameters and MGCS were assessed using a stepwise linear regression model, which included admission glucose, pH, base excess, sodium, and MGCS. In dogs, only admission glucose was an independent predictor of survival (odds ratio = 1.027, 95% confidence interval, 1.0042–1.05, p = 0.019).

Conclusions

These results suggest that, as in people with TBI, increased blood glucose concentrations may have prognostic significance in dogs with TBI but not in cats. In addition, MGCS score may be predictive of survival in both dogs and cats with TBI.
Implementation of a postarrest debriefing tool in a veterinary university hospital
Authors: Timothy Clare L. , Brown Andrew J. , Thomas Emily K.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To describe the use of a postarrest debriefing tool (DBT) within a university teaching hospital and to evaluate user perceptions of the tool.

Design

Observational study over a 1‐year period and associated hospital clinical personnel survey.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Interventions

Qualitative data surrounding the use and utility of the DBT were analyzed, as well as survey results.

Measurements and Main Results

Forty‐four arrests occurred during the study period. Debriefing was performed after 26 of 44 (59%) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events, of which 22 of 26 (85%) were recorded using the DBT and four without the DBT. Return of spontaneous circulation did not significantly affect the use of the DBT (p = 0.753). Most events in which debriefing was not performed occurred outside of business hours (13/18; 72%). The most frequent positive debriefing comments related to cooperation/coordination within the team (22/167; 13%). The most frequent negative debriefing comments concerned equipment issues (36/167; 22%). Of the action points generated, 57% (34/60) were directed at equipment use/availability. Teams reported that emergency drugs were appropriately administered in 21 of 22 (95%) cases. In contrast, closed loop communication was reportedly only used during 6 of 22 (27%) events.

The hospital survey response rate was 56 of 338 (17%) clinical staff, of whom 37 of 56 (66%) agreed or strongly agreed that debriefing had improved team performance during CPR. Overall, 33 of 56 (60%) staff felt that the DBT had improved the debriefing process at the hospital. However, 3 of 56 (5%) staff members felt that they were unable to state their opinions in a blame‐free environment during debriefing.

Conclusions

Implementation of a DBT enabled formal identification of strengths and training needs of resuscitation teams, and its implementation was viewed positively by the majority of hospital staff. However, further refinement of the tool and prospective studies evaluating its efficacy in improving outcome are warranted.
Induction of emesis with apomorphine using a novel gingival administration method in dogs
Authors: Eurell Terri E. , Peacock Rachel E.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To describe a novel method of inducing emesis in the dog using gingival administration of apomorphine, compare the efficacy of inducing emesis with gingival apomorphine to conjunctival apomorphine, and describe adverse effects associated with the gingival route.

Design

Retrospective study from January 2017 to September 2018.

Setting

Independent all‐hours primary and secondary emergency and critical care referral center.

Animals

Five hundred fifty‐eight client‐owned dogs.

Measurements and Main Results

The medical records of dogs presenting for induction of emesis were searched. Dogs receiving either gingival or conjunctival apomorphine were included in the study. A short online survey was sent to clients whose dogs received gingival apomorphine. Apomorphine was administered conjunctivally in 430 (77.1%) dogs and gingivally in 128 (22.9%) dogs. There was no difference between route of administration and success of emesis (p = 0.29). A total of 14 clients responded to the survey, and diarrhea, lethargy, hyperactivity, and sedation were reported as adverse effects of gingival apomorphine administration. No clients sought veterinary attention for any of the adverse effects reported.

Conclusions

Gingival administration of apomorphine is easy, appears to be safe, and is an effective method of inducing emesis in the dog. Gingival administration of apomorphine may be considered in cases where parenteral administration is not feasible and could replace conjunctival administration in compliant dogs.
THE NATURE OF TIME AS A PUZZLE FOR NATURALISM
Authors: Saulson Peter
Published: August 2021

Time can only be understood within physics as a special dimension of a four‐dimensional reality given “all at once” in its totality. There seems to be no way that a special moment (“now”) can be distinguished. Within human experience, however, the feel of time is vivid: now is intensely present, and time flows from one now to another. This dramatic difference, between the realm of personal experience and the realm of material existence, raises doubt about the unity of the concept of nature and thus about the attraction of naturalism. Following the thought of Abraham Joshua Heschel, I explore whether a solely physical universe can serve as an appropriate whole of an existence that also includes persons. Heschel argues that the whole of existence needs to have a personal character as well, in other words God.
Design and Fabrication of Leadless Package Structure for Pressure Sensors
Authors: Tian Junwang , Jin Zhong , Tang Xin , Peng Wenxian , Liu Junfu , Liu Yunpeng , Chen Taotao , Xiao Jinqing , Li Junhui
Published: August 2021

Silicon piezoresistive pressure sensors can only operate below 125 °C due to the leakage current of the PN junction. However, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) high-temperature pressure sensors use SiO2 for total dielectric isolation to solve this problem. At present, SOI high-temperature pressure sensors mostly use lead bonding package structure, with gold wire to lead the electrical signal and silicone oil as the protection medium, but the working temperature of silicone oil is limited to about 150 °C. In this paper, the leadless package structure is designed using pressure conduction on the backside of the chip and replacing the gold wire with sintered silver paste. The materials and dimensions of the leadless package structure are determined and then obtained a complete package structure through manufacturing. The reliability of the leadless package structure after silver paste sintering was verified by finite element analysis, and the results showed that the thermal stress caused by high and low-temperature cycles in the leadless package is minimal and does not affect the sensitivity of the pressure-sensitive chip. The size of the leadless package structure was optimized by Taguchi orthogonal method, and the maximum thermal stress was effectively reduced. Also, the key factors affecting the thermal stress of the leadless package in the package structure were identified by the variance number analysis method. The optimized leadless package structure size was remanufactured, and the sintered package structure was tested. The data show that the sensitivity of the pressure sensor is 30.82 mV/MPa with a nonlinearity of less than 0.4% full-scale (FS).
An Experimental Investigation of In Situ Combustion in High Permeability Contrast Systems
Authors: Deniz-Paker Melek , Cinar Murat
Published: August 2021

A significant portion of world oil reserves reside in naturally fractured reservoirs and a considerable amount of these resources includes heavy oil and bitumen. Thermal enhanced oil recovery methods (EOR) are mostly applied in heavy oil reservoirs to improve oil recovery. In situ combustion (ISC) is one of the thermal EOR methods that could be applicable in a variety of reservoirs. Unlike steam, heat is generated in situ due to the injection of air or oxygen enriched air into a reservoir. Energy is provided by multi-step reactions between oxygen and the fuel at particular temperatures underground. This method upgrades the oil in situ while the heaviest fraction of the oil is burned during the process. The application of ISC in fractured reservoirs is challenging since the injected air would flow through the fracture and a small portion of oil in the/near fracture would react with the injected air. Only a few researchers have studied ISC in fractured or high permeability contrast systems experimentally. For in situ combustion to be applied in fractured systems in an efficient way, the underlying mechanism needs to be understood. In this study, the major focus is permeability variation that is the most prominent feature of fractured systems. The effect of orientation and width of the region with higher permeability on the sustainability of front propagation are studied. The contrast in permeability was experimentally simulated with sand of different particle size. These higher permeability regions are analogous to fractures within a naturally fractured rock. Several ISC tests with sand-pack were carried out to obtain a better understanding of the effect of horizontal, vertical, and combined (both vertical and horizontal) orientation of the high permeability region with respect to air flow to investigate the conditions that are required for a self-sustained front propagation and to understand the fundamental behavior. Within the experimental conditions of the study, the test results showed that combustion front propagated faster in the higher permeability region. In addition, horizontal orientation almost had no effect on the sustainability of the front; however, it affected oxygen consumption, temperature, and velocity of the front. On the contrary, the vertical orientation of the higher permeability region had a profound effect on the sustainability of the combustion front. The combustion behavior was poorer for the tests with vertical orientation, yet the produced oil API gravity was higher. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism has been proposed to explain the behavior of combustion front in systems with high permeability contrast.
Differences in Formation Mechanism of Static Pressure Circumferential Distribution of Centrifugal Compressor Under Different Operating Conditions
Authors: Su Botai , Yang Ce , Zhang Hanzhi , Shi Xin , Fu Li
Published: August 2021

The casing-wall static pressure of the centrifugal compressor behaves the double-peak distribution in the circumference at small flow rates (SM) but the single-peak distribution at large flow rates (LM). A previous study shows that the double-peak distribution is induced by the redistribution of impeller outlet flow rates. In this paper, by using the similar simplified method of directly imposing pressure boundary to the diffuser outlet, the original reason for the formation process difference of pressure distribution in the circumference at different operating conditions is further investigated. The results show that at LM, under the combined action of the specific downstream pressure distribution and the flow performance of the compressor itself, alternating low/high velocity airflow zones similar to those at SM cannot be established in the diffuser when the impeller outlet flow rates are redistributed. Therefore, the static pressure can only express the single-peak distribution in the circumference. In fact, whether the static pressure exhibits the double-peak or single-peak distribution in the circumference depends on whether the impeller outlet flow mutation can destroy the original flow balance. When the flow mutation is dominant, the double-peak distribution is created, whereas when the original flow balance is prevailing, the single-peak distribution is formed.
New species of oribatid mites of the family Galumnidae (Acari, Oribatida) from Peru
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Subías Luis S. , Shtanchaeva Umukusum Ya. , Friedrich Stefan
Published: August 2021

Descriptions of three new species of oribatid mites (Oribatida) of the family Galumnidae—Galumna (Galumna) panguanaensis sp. nov., G. (Neogalumna) moroi sp. nov. and Pergalumna (Pergalumna) neryae sp. nov.—are presented, based on materials collected from upper soil and leaf litter in the primary evergreen lowland rainforest of Amazonian Peru.
Chirality-induced zigzag domain wall in in-plane magnetized ultrathin films
Authors: Chen Gong , Robertson MacCallum , Kwon Heeyoung , Won Changyeon , Schmid Andreas K. , Liu Kai
Published: August 2021

The domain structure in in-plane magnetized Fe/Ni/W(110) films is investigated using spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy. A novel transition of the domain wall shape from a zigzaglike pattern to straight is observed as a function of the film thickness, which is triggered by the transition of the domain wall type from the out-of-plane chiral wall to the in-plane Néel wall. The contribution of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction to the wall energy is proposed to explain the transition of the domain wall shape, which is supported by Monte Carlo simulations.
High-amplitude time reversal focusing of airborne ultrasound to generate a focused nonlinear difference frequency
Authors: Wallace Carla B. , Anderson Brian E.
Published: August 2021

Time reversal (TR) focusing of airborne ultrasound in a room is demonstrated. Various methods are employed to increase the amplitude of the focus. These methods include creating a small wooden box (or chamber) to act as a miniature reverberation chamber, using multiple sources, and using the clipping processing method. The use of a beam blocker to make the sources more omnidirectional is also examined, and it is found that for most source/microphone orientations, the use of a beam blocker increases the amplitude of the focus. A high-amplitude focus of 134 dB peak re 20 μPa sound pressure level with a center frequency of about 38 kHz is generated using TR. Using four sources centered at 36.1 kHz and another four sources centered at 39.6 kHz, nonlinear difference frequency content centered at 3.5 kHz is observed in the focus signal. The difference frequency amplitude grows quadratically with increasing primary frequency amplitude. When using beam blockers, the difference frequency content propagates away from the focal location with higher amplitude than when beam blockers are not used. This is likely due to the differences in the directionality of the converging waves during TR focusing.
Physical Activity Among People With Lower Limb Amputation in Brazil
Authors: Luza Lisiane Piazza , da Silva Diego Rodrigues Pimentel , Ferreira Elizandra Gonçalves , Pires Greicy Kelly Wosniak , Filho Paulo José Barbosa Gutierres , da Silva Rudney
Published: August 2021

Background: Limb loss affects quality of life, well-being, and autonomy. The World Health Organization has launched a global action plan to reduce physical inactivity and presented recommendations of physical activity for people living with disability. Knowledge of the characteristics of people with lower limb amputation regarding physical activity is important. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the quantity and type of physical activity done by people with lower limb amputation. Methods: The sample (N = 149) included adults aged 53.08 (17.24) years old with lower limb loss. Data collection was performed through the application of a sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data sheet and the Brazilian version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities. Results: The total Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities score was between 0 and 65.79 metabolic equivalents of task per hour per day, which suggests low practice of physical activities. The most frequently practiced activities (79.9%) were those that involved stationary behavior. Women carried out more domestic activities, and subjects who used lower limb prosthesis and those with traumatic amputation reported higher practice of physical activity. Conclusions: People living with lower limb amputation, from different regions of Brazil, have low levels of physical activity and mainly carry out activities of stationary behavior.
“Replanning” a Statewide Walking Program Through the Iterative Use of the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance Framework
Authors: Balis Laura E. , Harden Samantha M.
Published: August 2021

Background: Interventions undergo adaptations when moving from efficacy to effectiveness trials. What happens beyond these initial steps—that is, when the “research” is over—is often unknown. The degree to which implementation quality remains high and impacts remain robust is underreported as these data are often less valued by community entities. Comprehensive and iterative evaluation is recommended to ensure robust outcomes over time. Methods: The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance framework was used within an assess, plan, do, evaluate, report process to determine the degree to which a statewide physical activity promotion program aligned with evidence-based core components, assess who was reached and impacts on physical activity behaviors, and make decisions for future iterations. Results: Walk Across Arkansas was adopted by a majority of delivery agents and was effective at increasing physical activity levels postprogram, but those effects were not maintained after 6 months. Future decisions included recruitment strategies to reach a more diverse population and a blueprint document to reduce program drift. Conclusions: This article details the process of “replanning” a community-based physical activity intervention to understand public health impact and make decisions for future iterations. Pragmatic reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance questions were useful throughout the assess, plan, do, evaluate, report process.
Developing Principles of Practice for Implementing Models-Based Practice: A Self-Study of Physical Education Teacher Education Practice
Authors: Baker Kellie
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Models-Based Practice (MBP) has been suggested as one possible physical education future. However, there are few examples that consider the challenges faced implementing MBP. The purpose of this research is to develop and articulate principles of practice for implementing MBP in physical education teacher education. Method: Self-Study of Teacher Education Practice methodology guided collection of teacher educator and preservice teacher (n = 9) data. Results: Principles of practice are identified: (a) providing opportunities for beginning teachers to analyze their learning about and through MBP provides unique insights into using MBP, (b) experiencing and examining alternatives to MBP provides preservice teachers with opportunities to practice pedagogical decision making, and (c) individual and group meetings support teacher educators and preservice teachers in crystallizing understandings of MBP implementation. Conclusion: The articulation of principles of practice offers insights into how teacher educator practice might be examined, developed, and shared for use by others.
Traditional Asian Games, Doing Critical Pedagogy and the Knowledge That Actually Counts in Australian Physical Education Teacher Education
Authors: Williams John , Pill Shane
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Self-study is used to report Author 1’s attempts at introducing Asian games in teaching a new unit as part of physical education teacher education at an Australian university. Method: Author 1’s diary and reflective journal extracts as well as contemporary and historical documents were our data sources. Critical incidents were identified from Author 1’s accounts and analyzed using the extant literature and figurational sociology. The authors’ documents were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Limited information uncovered about these games in initial unit planning, subsequent searches for this paper and possible misrepresentation of one game, all served to reinforce normative knowledge. Such reinforcement simultaneously obstructs the decolonization of physical education curricula. Conclusion: Eurocentric knowledge appears to prevail as the knowledge that most matters in the physical education context we studied. Over the course of several deliveries of the unit described here, Author 1 experienced a shift in his pedagogy from “telling” students they should do critical pedagogy, to explaining how he does it in his own teaching.
Caring Climate, Emotions, and Engagement in High School Physical Education
Authors: Simonton Kelly L. , Garn Alex C. , Washburn Nicholas
Published: August 2021

Purpose: This study evaluated relationships among students’ views of the caring climate, emotions, and engagement in high school physical education (PE) classes utilizing Control-Value Theory of Achievement Emotions. Method: Structural education modeling tested the direct and mediating roles of the caring climate and emotions on engagement in high school PE students (N = 638). Results: The caring climate predicted enjoyment (β = 0.45), boredom (β = −0.44), and shame (β = −0.31), while enjoyment (β = 0.71) and shame (β = 0.12) predicted student engagement, supporting Control-Value Theory of Achievement Emotions assumptions. However, caring climate also predicted student engagement directly, aligning with study hypotheses. Discussion/Conclusion: The findings suggest that a caring climate relates to student emotions and engagement in PE and supports the value of emotions in PE. This highlights the need for training high school PE teachers to facilitate a caring climate in the interest of maximizing optimal student emotions and engagement.
Cryo-EM structure of PepT2 reveals structural basis for proton-coupled peptide and prodrug transport in mammals
Authors: Parker Joanne L. , Deme Justin C. , Wu Zhiyi , Kuteyi Gabriel , Huo Jiandong , Owens Raymond J. , Biggin Philip C. , Lea Susan M. , Newstead Simon
Published: August 2021

Structure of PepT2 reveals binding model for peptide recognition and enables a more rationalized approach to prodrug design.
Dynamic changes in genomic and social structures in third millennium BCE central Europe
Authors: Papac Luka , Ernée Michal , Dobeš Miroslav , Langová Michaela , Rohrlach Adam B. , Aron Franziska , Neumann Gunnar U. , Spyrou Maria A. , Rohland Nadin , Velemínský Petr , Kuna Martin , Brzobohatá Hana , Culleton Brendan , Daněček David , Danielisová Alžběta , Dobisíková Miluše , Hložek Josef , Kennett Douglas J. , Klementová Jana , Kostka Michal , Krištuf Petr , Kuchařík Milan , Hlavová Jana Kuljavceva , Limburský Petr , Malyková Drahomíra , Mattiello Lucia , Pecinovská Monika , Petriščáková Katarína , Průchová Erika , Stránská Petra , Smejtek Lubor , Špaček Jaroslav , Šumberová Radka , Švejcar Ondřej , Trefný Martin , Vávra Miloš , Kolář Jan , Heyd Volker , Krause Johannes , Pinhasi Ron , Reich David , Schiffels Stephan , Haak Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

Archaeogenetic time transect in Europe unravels genetic and social changes before and after the arrival of “steppe” ancestry.
Body-powered variable impedance: An approach to augmenting humans with a passive device by reshaping lifting posture
Authors: Yun Sung-Sik , Kim Keewon , Ahn Jooeun , Cho Kyu-Jin
Published: August 2021

By adding impedance to human joints via a soft and passive exosuit, we changed human motor patterns in intended ways.
Electrospun liquid crystal elastomer microfiber actuator
Authors: He Qiguang , Wang Zhijian , Wang Yang , Wang Zijun , Li Chenghai , Annapooranan Raja , Zeng Jian , Chen Renkun , Cai Shengqiang
Published: August 2021

An electrospun liquid crystal elastomer microfiber actuator can generate large actuation with high power density.
Immunotherapy combinations overcome resistance to bispecific T cell engager treatment in T cell–cold solid tumors
Authors: Belmontes Brian , Sawant Deepali V. , Zhong Wendy , Tan Hong , Kaul Anupurna , Aeffner Famke , O’Brien Sarah A. , Chun Matthew , Noubade Rajkumar , Eng Jason , Ma Hayley , Muenz Markus , Li Peng , Alba Benjamin M. , Thomas Melissa , Cook Kevin , Wang Xiaoting , DeVoss Jason , Egen Jackson G. , Nolan-Stevaux Olivier
Published: August 2021

Immune checkpoint blockade and 4-1BB agonism overcome primary resistance to bispecific T cell engager therapy in T cell–cold solid tumors.
Neuropeptide S receptor 1 is a nonhormonal treatment target in endometriosis
Authors: Tapmeier Thomas T. , Rahmioglu Nilufer , Lin Jianghai , De Leo Bianca , Obendorf Maik , Raveendran Muthuswamy , Fischer Oliver M. , Bafligil Cemsel , Guo Manman , Harris Ronald Alan , Hess-Stumpp Holger , Laux-Biehlmann Alexis , Lowy Ernesto , Lunter Gerton , Malzahn Jessica , Martin Nicholas G. , Martinez Fernando O. , Manek Sanjiv , Mesch Stefanie , Montgomery Grant W. , Morris Andrew P. , Nagel Jens , Simmons Heather A. , Brocklebank Denise , Shang Catherine , Treloar Susan , Wells Graham , Becker Christian M. , Oppermann Udo , Zollner Thomas M. , Kennedy Stephen H. , Kemnitz Joseph W. , Rogers Jeffrey , Zondervan Krina T.
Published: August 2021

Genetic analyses in humans and macaques followed by cellular and mouse studies demonstrate NPSR1 as a nonhormonal drug target in endometriosis.
LAG-3 expression on peripheral blood cells identifies patients with poorer outcomes after immune checkpoint blockade
Authors: Shen Ronglai , Postow Michael A. , Adamow Matthew , Arora Arshi , Hannum Margaret , Maher Colleen , Wong Phillip , Curran Michael A. , Hollmann Travis J. , Jia Liwei , Al-Ahmadie Hikmat , Keegan Niamh , Funt Samuel A. , Iyer Gopa , Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Bajorin Dean F. , Chapman Paul B. , Shoushtari Alexander N. , Betof Allison S. , Momtaz Parisa , Merghoub Taha , Wolchok Jedd D. , Panageas Katherine S. , Callahan Margaret K.
Published: August 2021

Peripheral blood LAG
+
CD8
+
T cells are more commonly identified in immunotherapy-treated patients with cancer who have less favorable outcomes.
Deciphering Microbial Metal Toxicity Responses via Random Bar Code Transposon Site Sequencing and Activity-Based Metabolomics
Authors: Thorgersen Michael P. , Xue Jingchuan , Majumder Erica L. W. , Trotter Valentine V. , Ge Xiaoxuan , Poole Farris L. , Owens Trenton K. , Lui Lauren M. , Nielsen Torben N. , Arkin Adam P. , Deutschbauer Adam M. , Siuzdak Gary , Adams Michael W. W.
Published: August 2021

Studying microbial interactions with their environment can lead to a deeper understanding of biological molecular mechanisms. In the manuscript, two global techniques, RB-TnSeq and activity metabolomics, were successfully used to probe the interactions between a metal-resistant microorganism,
Pantoea
sp. strain MT58, and metals contaminating a site where the organism can be located.
The Five Ds of Outpatient Antibiotic Stewardship for Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Goebel Melanie C. , Trautner Barbara W. , Grigoryan Larissa
Published: August 2021

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common indications for antibiotic prescriptions in the outpatient setting. Given rising rates of antibiotic resistance among uropathogens, antibiotic stewardship is critically needed to improve outpatient antibiotic use, including in outpatient clinics (primary care and specialty clinics) and emergency departments.
Isolation of Reconstructed Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complexes of Machupo Virus
Authors: Pyle Jesse D. , Whelan Sean P. J.
Published: August 2021

Arenaviruses are rodent-borne pathogens that can cause severe disease in humans. All arenaviruses begin the infection cycle with delivery of the virus replication machinery into the cytoplasm of the host cell.
Specific Bacterial Cell Wall Components Influence the Stability of Coxsackievirus B3
Authors: Dhalech Adeeba H. , Fuller Tara D. , Robinson Christopher M.
Published: August 2021

Previous data indicate that several enteric viruses utilize bacteria to promote intestinal infection and viral stability. Here, we show that specific bacteria and bacterial cell wall components are required to enhance infectivity and stability of coxsackievirus B3
in vitro
.
Machine Learning of Bacterial Transcriptomes Reveals Responses Underlying Differential Antibiotic Susceptibility
Authors: Sastry Anand V. , Dillon Nicholas , Anand Amitesh , Poudel Saugat , Hefner Ying , Xu Sibei , Szubin Richard , Feist Adam M. , Nizet Victor , Palsson Bernhard
Published: August 2021

Antibiotic resistance is an imminent threat to global health. Patient treatment regimens are often selected based on results from standardized antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) in the clinical microbiology lab, but these
in vitro
tests frequently misclassify drug effectiveness due to their poor resemblance to actual host conditions.
A Single Bacterium Capable of Oxidation and Reduction of Iron at Circumneutral pH
Authors: Kato Shingo , Ohkuma Moriya
Published: August 2021

The biogeochemical cycle of iron (Fe) via reactions of oxidation, reduction, precipitation, and dissolution is involved in the cycle of other ecologically relevant elements, such as C, N, P, S, As, Co, Ni, and Pb. The Fe cycle on the Earth’s surface is driven by a variety of Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms and Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms.
How to use Donath-Landsteiner test to diagnose paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH)
Authors: Williams Jennifer Delun , Jayaprakash Ram K , Kithany Heena , Tighe Mark Peter
Published: August 2021

Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH) accounts for around a third of cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in children. PCH is caused by an autoantibody that fixes complement to red cells at low temperatures and dissociates at warmer temperatures (a biphasic haemolysin), triggering complement-mediated intravascular haemolysis. Named the Donath-Landsteiner (D-L) antibody after its discoverers, it is usually formed in response to infection and demonstrates specificity for the ubiquitous red cell P-antigen. A D-L test can be used to detect the presence of the D-L autoantibody in the patients’ serum. Here we discuss the use of the D-L test in identifying PCH in a 2-year-old boy who presented with haemolytic anaemia. A summary of the key information can be found in the infographic.