bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjustment of self‐formed bankfull channel geometry of meandering rivers: modelling study
Authors: Naito Kensuke , Parker Gary
Published: July 2020

We consider the evolution of the hydraulic geometry of sand‐bed meandering rivers. We study the difference between the timescale of longitudinal river profile adjustment and that of channel width and depth adjustment. We also study the effect of hydrological regime alteration on the evolution of bankfull channel geometry. To achieve this, a previously developed model for the spatiotemporal co‐evolution of bankfull channel characteristics, including bankfull discharge, bankfull width, bankfull depth and down‐channel bed slope, is used. In our modelling framework, flow variability is considered in terms of a specified flow duration curve. Taking advantage of this unique feature, we identify the flow range responsible for long‐term bankfull channel change within the specified flow duration curve. That is, the relative importance of extremely high short‐duration flows compared to moderately high longer duration flows is examined. The Minnesota River, MN, USA, an actively meandering sand‐bed stream, is selected for a case study. The longitudinal profile of the study reach has been in adjustment toward equilibrium since the end of the last glaciation, while its bankfull cross‐section is rapidly widening due to hydrological regime change in the last several decades. We use the model to demonstrate that the timescale for longitudinal channel profile adjustment is much greater than the timescale for cross‐sectional profile adjustment due to a lateral channel shift. We also show that hydrological regime shift is responsible for the recent rapid widening of the Minnesota River. Our analysis suggests that increases in the 5–25% exceedance flows play a more significant role in recent bankfull channel enlargement of the Minnesota River than increase in either the 0.1% exceedance flow or the 90% exceedance flow. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjusting for allometric scaling in ABIDE I challenges subcortical volume differences in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Williams Camille Michèle , Peyre Hugo , Toro Roberto , Beggiato Anita , Ramus Franck
Published: July 2020

Inconsistencies across studies investigating subcortical correlates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may stem from small sample size, sample heterogeneity, and omitting or linearly adjusting for total brain volume (TBV). To properly adjust for TBV, brain allometry—the nonlinear scaling relationship between regional volumes and TBV—was considered when examining subcortical volumetric differences between typically developing (TD) and ASD individuals. Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I (ABIDE I; N = 654) data was analyzed with two methodological approaches: univariate linear mixed effects models and multivariate multiple group confirmatory factor analyses. Analyses were conducted on the entire sample and in subsamples based on age, sex, and full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ). A similar ABIDE I study was replicated and the impact of different TBV adjustments on neuroanatomical group differences was investigated. No robust subcortical allometric or volumetric group differences were observed in the entire sample across methods. Exploratory analyses suggested that allometric scaling and volume group differences may exist in certain subgroups defined by age, sex, and/or FSIQ. The type of TBV adjustment influenced some reported volumetric and scaling group differences. This study supports the absence of robust volumetric differences between ASD and TD individuals in the investigated volumes when adjusting for brain allometry, expands the literature by finding no group difference in allometric scaling, and further suggests that differing TBV adjustments contribute to the variability of reported neuroanatomical differences in ASD.
The intimate relationship between coalescent generators in very premature human newborn brains: Quantifying the coupling of nested endogenous oscillations
Authors: Moghimi Sahar , Shadkam Azadeh , Mahmoudzadeh Mahdi , Calipe Olivia , Panzani Marine , Edalati Mohammadreza , Ghorbani Maryam , Routier Laura , Wallois Fabrice
Published: July 2020

Temporal theta slow‐wave activity (TTA‐SW) in premature infants is a specific neurobiomarker of the early neurodevelopment of perisylvian networks observed as early as 24 weeks of gestational age (wGA). It is present at the turning point between non‐sensory driven spontaneous networks and cortical network functioning. Despite its clinical importance, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this spontaneous nested activity and its functional role have not yet been determined. The coupling between neural oscillations at different timescales is a key feature of ongoing neural activity, the characteristics of which are determined by the network structure and dynamics. The underlying mechanisms of cross‐frequency coupling (CFC) are associated with several putative functions in adults. In order to show that this generic mechanism is already in place early in the course of development, we analyzed electroencephalography recordings from sleeping preterm newborns (24–27 wGA). Employing cross‐frequency phase–amplitude coupling analyses, we found that TTAs were orchestrated by the SWs defined by a precise temporal relationship. Notably, TTAs were synchronized to the SW trough, and were suppressed during the SW peak. Spontaneous endogenous TTA‐SWs constitute one of the very early signatures of the developing temporal neural networks with key functions, such as language and communication. The presence of a fine‐tuned relationship between the slow activity and the TTA in premature neonates emphasizes the complexity and relative maturity of the intimate mechanisms that shape the CFC, the disruption of which can have severe neurodevelopmental consequences.
Erdosteine salvages cardiac necrosis: Novel effect through modulation of MAPK and Nrf‐2/HO‐1 pathway
Authors: Mutneja Ekta , Verma Vipin K. , Malik Salma , Sahu Anil K. , Ray Ruma , Bhatia Jagriti , Arya Dharamvir S.
Published: July 2020

Isoproterenol (ISO) induced oxidative stress and inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial necrosis. To optimize the effect of erdosteine against myocardial necrosis, male albino Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n = 6), that is, normal, ISO‐control, erdosteine pretreatment with ISO. Rats were administered erdosteine orally for 28 days. Two doses of ISO (85 mg/kg), s.c. were given to ISO‐C and erdosteine treatment groups on the 27th and 28th day. On the 29th day, hemodynamic parameters were recorded and the heart was excised for further parameters. In ISO‐C rats, significantly increased levels of inflammatory markers, pro‐oxidants, and structural damage were observed as compared with normal group. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling revealed an increased expression of apoptotic proteins. Erdosteine at 80 mg/kg reversed the deleterious effects of ISO and normalized myocardium. Erdosteine showed anti‐inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant activities through inhibition of MAPK and Nrf‐2/HO‐1 pathways. To conclude, erdosteine was found protective in ISO‐induced myocardial necrosis through MAPK and Nrf‐2/HO‐1 pathway.
Neuronal and synaptic morphological alterations in the hippocampus of cannabinoid receptor type 1 knockout mice
Authors: Soriano Delia , Vacotto Marina , Brusco Alicia , Caltana Laura
Published: July 2020

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) modulates synaptic activity and is widely distributed in brain areas such as the hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and striatum, among others. CB1R is involved in processes such as memory, learning, motor coordination, and mood. Genetic deletion of CB1R causes behavioral alterations. In this work, we evaluated neuronal morphology and synaptic structure in the hippocampus of adult male CB1R knockout mice (CB1R−/−). Morphological changes in the CB1R−/− hippocampus evidenced a decrease in the expression of cytoskeletal proteins neurofilaments 160 KDa, neurofilaments 200 KDa, and microtubule‐associated protein 2. CA1 neurons showed decreased arborization and changes in synaptic structure such as lower thickness of postsynaptic density and a reduction in synaptophysin levels. Results obtained in the present work provide evidence of the participation of CB1R in the establishment of neuronal structure and networks that could have an important role in neuronal plasticity. In addition, these changes observed in CB1R−/− could be correlated with behavioral alterations reported.
Bone loss around implants—is it metallosis?
Authors: Wilson Thomas G.
Published: July 2020

Most would agree that the etiology of dental implant failure is related to oral biofilm. At present one group of scientists and clinicians feel that biofilm is solely responsible for bone loss around the devices. However, there is strong evidence that particles and ions of titanium released into the surrounding tissues by the action of biofilm and/or mechanical forces, a process termed metallosis, can be responsible for bone loss around some dental implants. These findings are reinforced by similar responses found around failed metal on metal joint prostheses. Both possible etiologies are discussed in detail in this commentary.
Acellular dermal matrix for root coverage procedures: 9‐year assessment of treated isolated gingival recessions and their adjacent untreated sites
Authors: Barootchi Shayan , Tavelli Lorenzo , Gianfilippo Riccardo Di , Eber Robert , Stefanini Martina , Zucchelli Giovanni , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: July 2020

Background

The long‐term outcomes of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) for the treatment of isolated gingival recessions has not yet been evaluated. Thus, the aim of this study was to observe the root coverage outcomes of coronally advanced flap with ADM over time, and compare them with their adjacent untreated sites.

Methods

Twelve patients (from 20) were available at the 9‐year recall. Clinical parameters (recession depth, mean root coverage [mRC], keratinized tissue width [KTW], and gingival thickness) were evaluated and compared with the 1‐year results, and the ADM‐adjacent untreated sites (on mesial and distal) via mixed‐modeling regression analyses.

Results

From 1 to 9 years, the ADM‐treated isolated recessions showed a relapse from 77% to 62% mRC (P <0.05). A similar pattern toward apical shift of the gingival margin was noticed for the ADM‐adjacent untreated sites without baseline recession. However, ADM‐adjacent untreated sites which had presented with recession at baseline but were not treated showed a significantly more apical shift of the gingival margin (almost two‐fold). A significant increase in KTW was noted for all sites. Baseline KTW ≥2 mm was a significant predictor for the stability of the gingival margin at the ADM‐treated, and the ADM‐adjacent sites with baseline recession.

Conclusions

ADM‐treated sites displayed recession relapse from 1 to 9 years. The untreated adjacent sites with a recession at baseline, showed a higher apical displacement of the gingival margin compared with the ADM‐treated sites, and ADM‐adjacent sites without a recession at baseline.
Effects of variety, storage container, and duration on the physical properties, oil content, germination capacity, and seed loss due to Plodia interpunctella infestation of Ethiopian sesame
Authors: Neme Kumera , Tola Yetenayet B , Mohammed Ali , Tadesse Eneyew , Astatkie Tess
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Owing to fluctuations of international market prices and excess supply during peak harvesting seasons, farmers and traders often suffer from a low market price of sesame. Such a negative impact can be ameliorated by taking advantage of times with a better market price during the off season. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different storage containers on gravimetric properties and germination capacities of five different sesame varieties as well as their impact on Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella).

RESULTS

There were differences among the types of storage containers in terms of moisture content, oil content, thousand seed weight, and germination capacity with the storage duration. However, in terms of bulk density, true density, and porosity, the results were consistent. On average, a few losses in thousand seed weight for varieties stored in Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags (1.7%), metal silos (2.4%), and GrainPro bags (3.4%) were observed during 12 months’ storage compared with polypropylene bags (17%). The difference among sesame varieties in terms of weight loss and loss of webbing due to P. interpunctella varied with storage duration. On average, about 9.4% weight loss and 5.7% loss due to webbing was measured for seed stored in polypropylene bags due to the natural infestation of P. interpunctella. No pest was found in hermetic containers.

CONCLUSION

In general, to fetch better market prices, the use of hermetic storage is more efficient to maintain the desired gravimetric properties and to prevent losses due to P. interpunctella infestation compared with the commonly used woven polypropylene bags. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of lactic fermentation on soy protein digestive pattern assessed by an in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal digestion model and the influence on human faecal microbiota
Authors: Zhang Ziyu , Fu Yumeng , Liu Qi , Simpson Benjamin K , Azarpazhooh Elham , Dong Mingsheng , Rui Xin
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic fermentation on soy protein gastrointestinal digestive pattern and the influence of protein digesta on human faecal microbiota. Soymilk and soy yogurt were prepared in this study and a novel in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal model was employed to simulate gastric and duodenum digestions. Particle size, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and peptide content were monitored at the end of duodenum tract.

RESULTS

Ingestion of soy yogurt allowed a rapid drop in pH from 7.0 to 5.0 at simulated duodenal digestion (0–30 min), and resulted in a loss in soluble protein content compared to that of soymilk. The electrophoretic pattern between soymilk and soy yogurt exerted distinctive differences at early stages of duodenal digestion (0–60 min) and resulted in different peptide contents (180 min). Soy yogurt duodenal digesta collected at 180 min (D180), by co‐fermentation with human intestinal flora distribution, allowed a higher population in Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus/Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus/Lactococcus spp., whereas soy yogurt D30 resulted in lower population in Clostridium and Escherichia coli compared to samples co‐fermented with soymilk digesta.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrated lactic fermentation of soy protein modulated human intestinal microflora and might relate to the different protein digestive behaviours. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Separation of five flavonoids with similar polarity from Caragana korshinskii Kom. by preparative high speed counter‐current chromatography with recycling and heart cut mode
Authors: Ma Yumei , Yang Xue , Chen Jilin , Zhao Jingyang , Yang Li , Yan Shuping , Li Hongmei , Shen Cheng , Wei Yangfei , Wang Shuo , Chen Tao , Chen Zhi , Li Yulin
Published: July 2020

Five flavonoids with similar polarity were obtained from Caragana korshinskii Kom. by preparative high speed counter‐current chromatography. Due to their similar polarity, it is difficult to select a suitable solvent system for one‐step separation. Three fractions including one pure compound were only obtained with a relatively suitable solvent system of ethyl acetate: n‐butanol:water (0.5% glacial acetic acid) (4:6:10, v:v:v). In order to improve the separation efficiency, recycling and heart cut modes were introduced. As a result, two flavonoids with separation factor value at 1.13 and the other two with separation factor value at 1.20 were successfully separated. Finally, five flavonoids with purity higher than 98% were obtained. Fortunately, a new compound named myricetin 3′‐methyl ether 3‐O‐glucoside‐7‐O‐rhamnoside was obtained. The results indicated that the recycling combined with heart‐cut mode could be effective for the preparation of natural compounds with similar polarity.
Role of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signaling pathway in radiation‐induced liver injury
Authors: Xiao Lei , Zhang Hua , Yang Xin , Mahati Shaya , Wu Ge , Xiaheding Yiliyaer , Bao Yong‐Xing , Xiao Hui
Published: July 2020

Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) is one of critical cytokines in radiation‐induced liver injury. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated in the early stage of radiation‐induced liver injury. However, it is currently unclear whether phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway is activated in radiation‐induced liver injury. Herein, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were irradiated with 6 MV X‐rays (30 Gy) on the right liver. Next, Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining, and electron microscopy were performed to examine pathological changes. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expression of TGF‐β1, α‐SMA, and p‐Akt (S473) in liver tissues. In vitro, rat HSC cell line HSC‐T6 cells were given different doses of 6 MV X‐ray irradiation (10 and 20 Gy) and treated with LY294002. The expression of α‐SMA and p‐Akt in mRNA and protein levels were measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reactioin (RT‐PCR) and Western blot. TGF‐β1 expression was detected by enzyme‐linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). After irradiation, the liver tissues showed obvious pathological changes, indicating the establishment of the radiation‐induced liver injury. Expression levels of TGF‐β1, α‐SMA, and p‐Akt (S473) protein in liver tissues were significantly increased after irradiation, and this increase was in a time‐dependent manner, suggesting the activation of HSC and PI3K/Akt signal pathway. in vitro experiments showed that the TGF‐β1 secreted by HSCs, and the expression of Akt and α‐SMA at mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in irradiation groups. However, the expression of TGF‐β1, Akt, and α‐SMA were significantly decreased in PI3K/Akt signal pathway inhibitor LY294002‐treated group. Our results suggest that during radiation‐induced liver injury, HSCs are activated by TGF‐β1‐mediated PI3K/Akt signal pathway.
Comparing the impacts of wildfire and meteorological variability on hydrological and erosion responses in a Mediterranean catchment
Authors: Wu Jinfeng , Baartman Jantiene E. M. , Nunes João Pedro
Published: July 2020

Land degradation and water resources pollution caused by catastrophic wildfires is of growing concern in fire‐prone regions. Studies on the effects of wildfire on hydrology and erosion have mostly been conducted at plot or hillslope scale, while relatively few studies investigated post‐wildfire hydrological responses and erosion at the meso‐catchment scale (~ > 10 km2) in the Mediterranean. This study used measured discharge and suspended sediment at the outlet of a burnt catchment in southern Portugal, before and after a wildfire, to investigate post‐wildfire changes in hydrological and erosion responses to rainfall. Hydrological and sediment connectivity patterns were derived to investigate changing dynamics induced by the fire within the catchment. The main findings were: (a) although a large part of the catchment experienced moderate to high severity burning, post‐wildfire hydro‐sedimentary response was considerably limited; (b) meteorological variability determined hydrological responses and erosion more strongly than wildfire effects; and (c) during the post‐wildfire vegetation recovery period, only rainfall events with a high return period (~ 2 years) enhanced the hydrological and erosion responses. This can be explained by the spatial scale dependency of these processes and limited fine sediment supply, or relatively low connectivity in the study catchment. While connectivity is only an indicator, this implies that, at the meso‐catchment scale, pollution of downstream water bodies by contaminated soil and ash may not occur immediately. Rather, because sediments and associated ashes and contaminants are first being transported to the areas around the stream networks, they only reach the outlet during heavy events which do connect the entire catchment. Thus, dynamic indices of connectivity that take rainfall event characteristics into consideration need to be further tested to assess and manage post‐wildfire soil and water contamination risk.
The Next 100 Years of Polymer Science
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Antonietti Markus , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Binder Wolfgang H. , Böker Alexander , Boyer Cyrille , Buchmeiser Michael R. , Cheng Stephen Z. D. , D’Agosto Franck , Floudas George , Frey Holger , Galli Giancarlo , Genzer Jan , Hartmann Laura , Hoogenboom Richard , Ishizone Takashi , Kaplan David L. , Leclerc Mario , Lendlein Andreas , Liu Bin , Long Timothy E. , Ludwigs Sabine , Lutz Jean‐François , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Meier Michael A. R. , Müllen Klaus , Müllner Markus , Rieger Bernhard , Russell Thomas P. , Savin Daniel A. , Schlüter A. Dieter , Schubert Ulrich S. , Seiffert Sebastian , Severing Kirsten , Soares João B. P. , Staffilani Mara , Sumerlin Brent S. , Sun Yanming , Tang Ben Zhong , Tang Chuanbing , Théato Patrick , Tirelli Nicola , Tsui Ophelia K. C. , Unterlass Miriam M. , Vana Philipp , Voit Brigitte , Vyazovkin Sergey , Weder Christoph , Wiesner Ulrich , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Wu Chi , Yagci Yusuf , Yuan Jiayin , Zhang Guangzhao
Published: July 2020

The year 2020 marks the 100th anniversary of the first article on polymerization, published by Hermann Staudinger. It is Staudinger who realized that polymers consist of long chains of covalently linked building blocks. Polymers have had a tremendous impact on the society ever since this initial publication. People live in a world that is almost impossible to imagine without synthetic polymers. But what does the future hold for polymer science? In this article, the editors and advisory board of Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics reflect on this question.
When is escalation of commitment unstoppable in group settings? An iterative economic modeling approach to unveil the dark side of group decision‐making
Authors: Montecinos‐Pearce Alejandro , Rodrigo Pablo , Duran Ignacio J.
Published: July 2020

Escalation of commitment (EOC) has been usually studied from a psychological lens, and only recently have scholars approached EOC from an economic perspective. We contribute to this by focusing on iterative decision‐making in group settings with a game theory approach. We study how the group members' strategic interaction may result in continuing failing courses of action. Drawing on the Byzantine generals' problem, our model considers an iterative decision‐making process where committee participants vote based on private information to escalate or not. Our article demonstrates that if decision‐makers reset their beliefs based on the committee's previous decision, then EOC becomes perpetual.
Poplar Propolis Ethanolic Extract Reduces Body Weight Gain and Glucose Metabolism Disruption in High‐Fat Diet‐Fed Mice
Authors: Cardinault Nicolas , Tourniaire Franck , Astier Julien , Couturier Charlène , Perrin Estelle , Dalifard Julie , Seipelt Eva , Mounien Lourdes , Letullier Claire , Bonnet Lauriane , Karkeni Esma , Dlalah Naïma , Georgé Stéphane , Landrier Jean‐François
Published: July 2020

Scope

Current evidence supports the beneficial effect of polyphenols on the management of obesity and associated comorbidities. This is the case for propolis, a polyphenol‐rich substance produced by bees. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of a poplar propolis ethanolic extract (PPEE) on obesity and glucose homeostasis, and to unveil its putative molecular mechanisms of action.

Methods and results

Male high‐fat (HF) diet‐fed mice are administered PPEE for 12 weeks. PPEE supplementation reduces the HF‐mediated adiposity index, adipocyte hypertrophy, and body weight gain. It also improves HOMA‐IR and fasting glucose levels. Gene expression profiling of adipose tissue (AT) shows an induction of mRNA related to lipid catabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibition of mRNA coding for inflammatory markers. Interestingly, several Nrf2‐target genes are induced in AT following administration of PPEE. The ability of PPEE to induce the expression of Nrf2‐target genes is studied in adipocytes. PPEE is found to transactivate the Nrf2 response element and the Nrf2 DNA‐binding, suggesting that part of the effect of PPEE can be mediated by Nrf2.

Conclusion

PPEE supplementation may represent an interesting preventive strategy to tackle the onset of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
Humanism and professionalism training for pediatric hematology‐oncology fellows: Results of a multicenter randomized trial
Authors: Kesselheim Jennifer , Baker Justin N. , Kersun Leslie , Lee‐Miller Cathy , Moerdler Scott , Snaman Jennifer M. , Warwick Ann , Weng Shicheng , Zhang Zilu ,   The Collaborative Network of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Fellowship Program Directors
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Although humanism and professionalism are central tenets to the practice of medicine, few formal curricula exist for medical trainees. Following a national needs assessment among pediatric hematology‐oncology (PHO) fellows, we created a novel curriculum entitled “Humanism and Professionalism for Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology” (HP‐PHO). In this study, we measure outcomes of this curricular intervention.

Method

We cluster‐randomized 20 PHO fellowship programs to deliver usual training in humanism and professionalism (UT) or the novel curriculum (intervention) during the 2016‐2017 academic year. The primary outcome measure was the Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Self‐Assessment in Humanism (PHOSAH). Secondary measures included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Patient‐Provider Orientation Scale, Empowerment at Work Scale, and a 5‐point satisfaction scale. Participating fellows completed pre‐ and posttests at the beginning and end of the academic year, respectively, and we calculated change scores for each study instrument.

Results

Cluster randomization yielded 59 intervention and 41 UT fellows. The nine intervention sites administered 33 of 36 modules. Change scores on the PHOSAH were not significantly different between the UT and intervention arms. However, fellows on the intervention arm gave significantly higher ratings on several items within the satisfaction scale related to physician burnout, physician depression, balancing professional duties and personal life, and humanism overall.

Conclusions

Exposure to the HP‐PHO curriculum did not alter fellows’ self‐assessed humanism and professionalism skills. However, intervention fellows expressed significantly higher levels of satisfaction in their humanism training, indicating the curriculum's potential for positive impact on the fellows’ perceived learning environment.
VEGFR2 as a target for CAR T cell therapy of Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Englisch Alexander , Altvater Bianca , Kailayangiri Sareetha , Hartmann Wolfgang , Rossig Claudia
Published: July 2020

Background

T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a novel modality to treat refractory cancers. The development of CAR T cells against Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is limited by a lack of targetable surface antigens. We investigated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expressed on tumor‐associated blood vessels as potential CAR target in this cancer.

Methods

Expression of VEGFR2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in human EwS biopsies and in murine xenografts and by flow cytometry in EwS cell lines. CARs with short, medium, and long hinge domains against either human or murine VEGFR2 were generated and expressed in human T cells by retroviral gene transfer. The capacity of the individual CARs to activate T cells in response to VEGFR2‐expressing cells was compared in vitro.

Results

Tumor‐associated endothelial cells in human EwS biopsies and in xenografts expressed VEGFR2. Tumor cells in the majority of EwS biopsies were also VEGFR2‐positive. Following modification with anti‐mouse or anti‐human VEGFR2‐specific CAR genes, T cells specifically lysed VEGFR2‐expressing target cells of the respective species. CAR T cells with short‐length or medium‐length hinge domains were functionally superior over those with the long hinge region by in vitro parameters, including antigen‐specific degranulation responses, lysis of tumor spheroids, tumor necrosis factor α secretion, sequential killing, and proliferation.

Conclusions

VEGFR2 is consistently expressed on endothelial cells of the tumor stroma in EwS and thus is a candidate target for CAR T cells in this cancer. Among various VEGFR2‐specific CARs, a construct with a short hinge domain was chosen to be further developed toward clinical translation.
Is high‐risk neuroblastoma induction chemotherapy possible without G‐CSF? A pilot study of safety and treatment delays in the absence of primary prophylactic hematopoietic growth factors
Authors: Whittle Sarah B. , Smith Valeria , Silverstein Allison , Parmeter Margaret , Minard Charles G. , Bernhardt M. Brooke , Zage Peter E. , Venkatramani Rajkumar , Nuchtern Jed G. , Heczey Andras , Russell Heidi V. , Shohet Jason M. , Foster Jennifer H.
Published: July 2020

Background/Objectives

Standard supportive care during induction therapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma (HR‐NBL) includes primary prophylactic granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) aimed at limiting duration of neutropenia, reducing infection risk, and minimizing treatment delays. Preclinical models suggest that G‐CSF promotes maintenance of neuroblastoma cancer stem cells and may reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy. This study's objective was to determine the safety and feasibility of administering induction chemotherapy without routine use of prophylactic G‐CSF.

Design/Methods

Children with newly diagnosed HR‐NBL received six‐cycle induction chemotherapy regimen without prophylactic G‐CSF in four cycles. G‐CSF was administered for stem cell mobilization after cycle 3 and granulocyte‐monocyte colony‐stimulating factor after cycle 5 prior to surgical resection of primary disease. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of grade 3 or higher infection. We hypothesized that the per patient infection rate would be comparable to our institutional baseline rate of 58% in patients with HR‐NBL receiving induction chemotherapy with prophylactic growth factor support. The trial used an A'Hern single‐stage design.

Results

Twelve patients with HR‐NBL received 58 cycles of chemotherapy on study. Three patients completed the entire six‐cycle regimen with no infections. Nine patients experienced grade 3 infections (bacteremia four, urinary tract infection two, skin/soft tissue infection three). No patients experienced grade 4 infections or required intensive care treatment for infection.

Conclusion

A greater than expected number of serious bacterial infections were observed during administration of induction chemotherapy for HR‐NBL without primary prophylactic G‐CSF. These results support continued prophylactic administration growth factor during induction chemotherapy.
Network toughening of additively manufactured, high glass transition temperature materials via sequentially cured, interpenetrating polymers
Authors: Bassett Alexander W , Honnig Amy E , La Scala John J , Stanzione Joseph F
Published: July 2020

Vinyl ester and epoxy–amine resins are used to produce polymeric materials for numerous commercial and military applications due to their relatively high moduli (>2 GPa), glass transition temperatures (Tgs) (≥120 °C) and adequate fracture toughness (G1C ≈ 200–250 J m−2). Most commercially available vinyl ester and epoxy–amine resins are typically cured into polymeric materials via traditional manufacturing techniques, such as resin transfer molding and thermal curing. However, additive manufacturing (AM) has gained significant traction as a favorable manufacturing technique over traditional methods due to the ability to create customizable parts with complex geometries on‐demand. Manipulation of polymer network connectivity using a dual‐cure mechanism of methacrylate free radical cure via stereolithography (SLA) and epoxy–amine thermal cure for the in situ creation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) for AM was investigated. Resins and formulations of individual monomers bearing both vinyl ester and epoxy functionality were either synthesized or formulated to elucidate the effect of interconnecting the two networks at the molecular level. The formation of a multi‐mechanistic, interconnected, sequentially cured IPN via SLA yielded polymeric materials with glass transition temperatures that exceeded 120 °C. Polymer network connectivity was shown to have a minimal impact on thermomechanical and thermogravimetric properties. IPN formation was shown to afford materials with high storage moduli (E′ values as high as 3.2 GPa), tensile strengths (as high as 51 MPa), Young's moduli (exceeding 3.5 GPa) and fracture energies (as high as 790 J m−2). © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry
Temperature‐dependent current–voltage and admittance spectroscopy analysis on cesium‐treated Cu (In1 − x,Gax)Se2 solar cell before and after heat‐light soaking and subsequent heat‐soaking treatments
Authors: Khatri Ishwor , Lin Tzu‐Ying , Yashiro Takahiko , Sugiyama Mutsumi
Published: July 2020

Recently, we demonstrated the positive effects of heat‐light soaking (HLS) and subsequent heat‐soaking (HS) on cesium fluoride (CsF) treated Cu(In1‐x,Gax)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. However, the role of defects formation and its influence on the electronic properties have not been analyzed. With this motivation, here, we analyzed the electronic properties of CsF‐free and CsF‐treated CIGS solar cells before and after HLS and subsequent HS treatments using temperature‐dependent current–voltage (J–V–T), admittance and low‐temperature capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. We noticed that CsF‐treated CIGS solar cells form a minority carrier trap level after HLS. The subsequent HS treatment was found to be beneficial to compensate this defect level. The admittance measurement showed a shift of the shallow energy position to a higher value after HLS and subsequent HS treatments, irrespective of Cs incorporation. This is expected to be due to the formation of a secondary diode toward the CIGS/molybdenum contact. The positive and negative effects of HLS and subsequent HS treatments on CsF‐treated CIGS solar cell are discussed using low‐temperature C–V measurements. By optimizing the HLS and HS processes, CsF‐treated CIGS solar cells yielded total efficiencies of over 20%.
Larvicidal activity of substituted chalcones against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and non‐target organisms
Authors: Targanski Sabrina K , Sousa Janaína R , de Pádua Geilly MS , de Sousa Jéssica M , Vieira Lucas CC , Soares Marcos A
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

The expansion of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) population has increased the number of cases of arboviruses, in part due to the inefficiency and toxicity of the chemical control methods available to control this vector. We synthesized 19 chalcone derivatives and examined their activity against Ae. aegypti larvae in order to select larvicidal compounds that are non‐toxic to other organisms.

RESULTS

Seven chalcone derivatives (3a, 3e, 3f, 6a, 6c, 6d, and 6f) had lethal concentrations of substituted chalcones capable of killing 50% (LC50) values lower than 100 mg mL−1 at 24 h post‐treatment, which is the dose that the World Health Organization recommends for the selection of promising larvicides. The type of substituent added to (E)‐1,3‐diphenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one (3a) markedly affected the larvicidal activity. Addition of chlorine, bromine and methoxy groups to the aromatic rings reduced the larvicidal activity, while replacement of the B‐ring (phenyl) by a furan ring significantly increased the larvicidal activity. The furan‐chalcone (E)‐3‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐(furan‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (6c) killed Ae. aegypti larvae (LC50 = 6.66 mg mL−1; LC90 = 9.97 mg mL−1) more effectively than the non‐substituted chalcone (3a) (LC50 = 14.43 mg mL−1; LC90 = 20.96 mg mL−1), and was not toxic to the insect Galleria mellonella, to the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, and to the algae Chorella vulgaris.

CONCLUSIONS

The substitution pattern of chalcones influenced their larvicidal activity. In the set of compounds tested, (E)‐3‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐(furan‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (6c) was the most effective larvicide against Ae. aegypti, with no clear signs of toxicity to other animal models. Its mechanism of action and effectiveness under field conditions remain to be determined.
Eosinophilic airway inflammation and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis during nivolumab and ipilimumab
Authors: Watanabe Hirofumi , Asada Kazuhiro , Shirai Toshihiro , Torii Hiroko , Yoshimura Koji , Kusafuka Kimihide
Published: July 2020

Immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) are induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) which are administered for many cancers. There are many irAEs such as endocrine abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, and colitis. However, irAEs associated with type 2 (T2) inflammation are less known. We herein report a 71‐year‐old woman who developed eosinophilic airway inflammation and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) simultaneously during combination therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab for renal cell carcinoma. After two cycles of therapy, she developed cough and nasal congestion with high level of fractioned exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophil count, and nasal polyps with eosinophil infiltration in bilateral nasal cavities. She was diagnosed with eosinophilic airway inflammation and ECRS, and treated with corticosteroid inhalation, steroid nasal spray, and nasal irrigation, resulting in symptom reduction. Although they are relatively rare irAEs of ICIs, clinicians should consider these diseases associated with T2 inflammation and treat appropriately.
Optimized Synthesis of Ag‐Modified Al‐Doped SrTiO3 Photocatalyst for the Conversion of CO2 Using H2O as an Electron Donor
Authors: Wang Shuying , Teramura Kentaro , Hisatomi Takashi , Domen Kazunari , Asakura Hiroyuki , Hosokawa Saburo , Tanaka Tsunehiro
Published: July 2020

Ag‐modified Al‐doped SrTiO3 (Ag/Al‐SrTiO3) was fabricated via a flux method and was found to exhibit high efficiency and selectivity toward CO evolution using H2O as an electron donor under photoirradiation at wavelengths greater than 300 nm. The fabrication conditions, such as calcination temperature and time, were optimized in this study because these factors had obvious effects on the crystallinity, microstructure, and degree of Al doping of the Al‐SrTiO3 photocatalysts. The 1.0‐wt.% Ag/Al‐SrTiO3 photocatalyst fabricated by chemical reduction showed a good rate (5.5 μmol h−1) of CO formation. Moreover, excellent selectivity (98.8%) was achieved. Importantly, the O2 formation rate was 2.7 μmol h−1, which indicates that the number of estimated holes was equivalent to the number of electrons estimated from the CO formation rate. Thus, H2O is the electron donor in this case. In addition, the charge separation in SrTiO3 was significantly promoted after Ag modification and Al doping, and the Ag cocatalyst particle size and dispersion, as well as the chemical state of Ag, affected the photocatalytic activity.
First Report on the Synthesis of Antipyrine Crowned Siloxy Framework: Optical Recognition of Fe2+and Hg2+Ions
Authors: Singh Gurjaspreet , Satija Pinky , Singh Akshpreet , Sushma  , Sharma Geetika , Mohit  , Pawan  , Suman  , Priyanka
Published: July 2020

The present work explores the synthesis and characterization of antipyrine crowned Organosilatranes from a condensation reaction between antipyrine and amino silane followed by transesterification reaction with tripodal ligand. A highly selective chemosensor based on the prepared antipyrine crowned Organosilatrane exhibited remarkable selectivity and sensitivity towards Fe2+and Hg2+ions. The sensor binds to these ions at 1 : 1 stoichiometry and with high affinity as determined by Jobs plot and apparent from binding constant values of 4.05 ×105 M−1and 3.79 ×105 M−1respectively. The structure of newly synthesized silanes and Organosilatranes were corroborated by numerous spectroscopic techniques.
Potassium Iodide as a New Nucleophilic Catalyst for the Novel Synthesis of Ionic Vinyl Compounds: Experimental and Theoretical Kinetic Approaches
Authors: Shahbakhsh Yaser , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Shahraki Mehdi
Published: July 2020

In this work, for the first time, we introduce potassium iodide as a green, inexpensive, and widely available nucleophilic catalyst for the successful synthesis of an ionic vinyl compound. FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), C, H, N elemental analysis and mass spectroscopy were used for the product characterization. The reaction mechanism investigated experimentally employing the UV‐vis method and theoretically at the M06‐2x/6‐31+G(d,p)‐dgdzvp levels of theory. Pure water and step5 ‐ in which vinylic bond appears ‐ were kinetically recognized as the best solvent and R.D.S, respectively.
Selective Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Alkenes to Epoxides with Pd/ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Hosseini‐Sarvari Mona , Bazyar Zahra
Published: July 2020

One of the old challenges for the selective synthesis of epoxides is the epoxidation of different alkenes via molecular oxygen (air) under moderate conditions. Herein, we report that Pd/ZnO nanoparticles as a photocatalyst could be catalyzed the aerobic epoxidation of a broad range of alkenes by molecular oxygen (air) under visible light irradiation at room temperature. Besides, to show the applicability and benefit of the medicinal chemistry of the present method, the epoxidation of selected pharma agents is shown.
Photoelectrochemical Catalysis of Fluorine‐Doped Amorphous TiO2 Nanotube Array for Water Splitting
Authors: Guo Zhongqin , Zhang Haizhou , Ma Xiaochun , Zhou Xiaoming , Liang Dong , Mao Jianfeng , Yu Jiemei , Wang Gang , Huang Taizhong
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we report a fluorine‐doped amorphous titanium dioxide nano‐tube‐array (a‐TNT−F) catalyst for photo‐electrochemical water splitting. The a‐TNT−F can be activated by the full‐spectrum sunlight with the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, easily prepared and rich natural sources. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and other tests confirm the nano‐tube array structure of the a‐TNT−F. The photo‐electrochemical water splitting tests of a‐TNT−F are conducted under the condition of dark, visible light and modulated sunlight. Results show that the water can be split into hydrogen and oxygen with the electrolysis voltage of 1.2 V under the irradiation of modulated sunlight, which is even lower than the theoretical voltage (1.23 V) of water splitting. The amorphous structure and doped fluorine greatly decrease the polarization of oxygen evolution on the electrode. The catalytic performance of the annealed a‐TNT−F surpasses that of RuO2. We also ascertain the feasibility of combining a‐TNT−F with solar cell for water splitting in natural environment. The a‐TNT−F has great potential to be high performance catalyst for water splitting and has a bright future for large scale applications.
Recent Advances in Pyridine‐Based Organocatalysis and its Application towards Valuable Chemical Transformations
Authors: Gujjarappa Raghuram , Vodnala Nagaraju , Malakar C. C.
Published: July 2020

The role of pyridine scaffolds in the field of synthetic organic and medicinal chemistry is impeccable and irreplaceable due to its wide spectrum of applications. Pyridines are well known for their usage as bases and to some extent they have been employed as ligands. In recent times, pyridine scaffolds are explored as organocatalysts to accomplish various novel chemical transformations. Here in this review, we have focused on highlighting the protocols available to accomplish wide range of chemical modulations employing different pyridine moieties as organocatalysts for various reactions such as reductive borylation, acylation, heterocyclization and additions to carbonyl derivatives. The application of organocatalysis in the fields of kinetic resolution and desymmetrization are also been presented
Introduction
Authors: Ogbebor Binakuromo
Published: July 2020

As a consequence of the News of the World phone hacking scandal, the UK press became the focus of a heated public debate. Many questions were asked, and several answers offered. The press had behaved badly and needed to be tamed (Leveson 2012a, p. 195, para. 1.1–1.4). But how? Who guards the guardian? These were some of the questions asked, as politicians, journalists, the police, the judiciary and other citizens deliberated on how to ensure an accountable press. Thus, the media became an arena for a heated debate on how to make the press more accountable. This book analyses how this debate was represented by the press. It argues that the way debates about media policy are covered is partly responsible for the emergence of weak press reforms. The chapter presents an overview of the book, making it easy for readers to locate their subject of interest.
Minimisation: The Pizza Charter
Authors: Ogbebor Binakuromo
Published: July 2020

Media scholars have observed that mainstream newspapers trivialise and denigrate efforts at ensuring press accountability, in a bid to protect their self-interest (McChesney, The political economy of media: Enduring issues, emerging dilemmas. New York: NYU Press, 2008, p. 451). It is this trivialisation and denigration of attempts at reforming media policy that is referred to as the strategy of minimisation (Thomas and Finneman, Who watches the watchdog? Journalism Studies, 15(2), 172–186, 2014). In the media reform debate that arose from the News of the World phone hacking scandal and the Leveson Inquiry, the strategy of minimisation manifested in a number of ways: (1) playing down the cross-party Royal Charter on press regulation, (2) playing down the Leveson Inquiry, (3) playing down the scandal, (4) in a discourse of “unfair” treatment of the press and (5) critiquing critics of the press’ position. All these were geared towards protecting the neoliberal interpretation of press freedom.
Symmetries in B → D∗ℓν angular observables
Authors: Algueró Marcel , Descotes-Genon Sébastien , Matias Joaquim , Novoa-Brunet Martín
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We apply the formalism of amplitude symmetries to the angular distribution of the decays B → D

∗

ℓν for ℓ = e, μ, τ . We show that the angular observables used to describe the distribution of this class of decays are not independent in absence of New Physics contributing to tensor operators. We derive sets of relations among the angular coefficients of the decay distribution for the massless and massive lepton cases which can be used to probe in a very general way the consistency among the angular observables and the underlying New Physics at work. We use these relations to access the longitudinal polarisation fraction of the D

∗
using different angular coefficients from the ones used by Belle experiment. This in the near future can provide an alternative strategy to measure

$$ {F}_L^{D\ast } $$

F
L

D
∗

in B → D

∗

τν and to understand the relatively high value measured by the Belle experiment. Using the same symmetries, we identify three observables which may exhibit a tension if the experimental value of

$$ {F}_L^{D\ast } $$

F
L

D
∗

remains high. We discuss how these relations can be exploited for binned measurements. We also propose a new observable that could test for specific scenarios of New Physics generated by light right-handed neutrinos. Finally we study the prospects of testing these relations based on the projected experimental sensitivity of new experiments.