bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimativas de parâmetros e tendências genéticas para algumas características de importância econômica em linhagem paterna de frangos de corte sob seleção
Authors: Vayego Stela Adami , Dionello Nelson José Laurino , Figueiredo Elsio Antonio Pereira de
Published: July 2008

Estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos de algumas características produtivas em linhagem paterna de matrizes de frango de corte foram obtidas utilizando-se a metodologia de modelos mistos. Utilizaram-se dados de aproximadamente 46.000 aves, originados de 12 gerações no período de 1992 a 2003, fornecidos pela EMBRAPA Suínos e aves. Nos machos foram avaliadas as características peso corporal aos 42 dias de idade (P42), comprimento de peito (CPeito), largura maior do peito (Larg1) e largura menor do peito (Larg2) aos 42 dias de idade. Os componentes de variância e co-variância foram estimados utilizando-se o programa DFREML. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas foram moderadas e variaram de 0,29 a 0,53. As correlações genéticas foram: 0,68 entre P42 e CPeito; 0,65 entre P42 e Larg1; 0,48 entre P42 e Larg2. O estudo da tendência genética das características indicou que progresso genético está sendo obtido.
Manejo de novilhas prenhes aos 13/15 meses de idade em sistemas a pasto
Authors: Pilau Alcides , Lobato José Fernando Piva
Published: July 2008

O trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o desenvolvimento de 32 novilhas primíparas gestantes Aberdeen Angus e mestiças Angus recriadas e acasaladas dos 13 aos 15 meses de idade. O experimento teve início no diagnóstico de gestação pela técnica de ultra-sonografia, realizado 28 dias após o término do período reprodutivo. O peso vivo (PV) inicial médio foi de 288 kg e a condição corporal (CC) inicial média de 3,2 pontos. Nesta ocasião, as novilhas foram distribuídas uniformemente por grupo genético, peso e ordem de concepção em dois sistemas de pastejo. Os sistemas de pastejo foram: PMI - novilhas prenhes mantidas na fase inicial de gestação em pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum, L.); PNA - novilhas prenhes mantidas na fase inicial de gestação em pastagem natural. O pastejo em milheto foi mantido por 67 dias. Ao fim dos tratamentos, as novilhas foram manejadas em grupo único: no pré-parto em pastagem natural, no pós-parto em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum, Lam) e no segundo período reprodutivo em pastagem natural. Na fase inicial da gestação, o ganho médio diário (GMD), de 0,899 kg, e o ganho de condição corporal (GCC), de 0,34 pontos das PMI, foram superiores ao GMD de 0,377 kg e à perda de -0,15 de CC das PNA. As novilhas PMI tiveram peso vivo pós-parto (PVP) e condição corporal pós-parto (CCP) de 301 kg e de 2,9 pontos, valores superiores aos das PNA, de 267 kg e 2,7 pontos, respectivamente. As taxas de parição, distocia, natalidade e desmame não diferiram entre os tratamentos alimentares. As novilhas PMI chegaram ao início do segundo período reprodutivo com peso (31 kg a mais) e condição corporal (0,30 ponto a mais) superiores. A taxa de prenhez e as estimativas de eficiência produtiva ao parto (EPVP) e ao desmame dos bezerros aos 100 dias de idade (EPVD) não foram alteradas pelo tratamento alimentar. A TP média foi de 77%, a EPVP média de 30,3 e a EPVD de 28,1 kg de bezerro desmamado/100 kg de vaca.
Generalização baseada nas relações implicacionais obtida pelo modelo "ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas"
Authors: Barberena Luciana da Silva , Keske-Soares Márcia , Mota Helena Bolli
Published: July 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar a generalização baseada nas relações implicacionais obtida pelo Modelo "ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas" em crianças com diferentes graus de severidade de desvio fonológico. MÉTODOS: Análise dos dados de fala de oito sujeitos com desvios fonológicos. Foram realizadas avaliações da linguagem compreensiva e expressiva, do sistema sensório-motor oral, da psicomotricidade, da discriminação auditiva e avaliação fonológica, além de avaliações complementares (otorrinolaringológica audiológica e neurológica). A seguir, foi determinado o grau de severidade do desvio fonológico, para então iniciar o tratamento, em que foi aplicado o Modelo "ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas". RESULTADOS: Foram observadas generalizações baseadas em relações implicacionais. CONCLUSÕES: O Modelo "ABAB-Retirada e Provas Múltiplas" foi eficaz no tratamento dos sujeitos com desvio fonológico. A generalização baseada em relações implicacionais concordou, em parte, com o Modelo Implicacional de Complexidade de Traços (MICT).
Relação entre desempenho em consciência fonológica e a variável sexo: um estudo com crianças pré-escolares
Authors: Andreazza-Balestrin Carla , Cielo Carla Aparecida , Lazzarotto Cristiane
Published: July 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desempenho em tarefas de Consciência Fonológica (CF), de acordo com o sexo e com a hipótese de escrita. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 43 pré-escolares, 19 do sexo masculino e 24 do feminino, por meio de triagem fonoaudiológica completa, avaliação do nível de escrita, e das habilidades em CF. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se os testes estatísticos ANOVA, de Duas Vias e Uma Via. RESULTADOS: Como resultados, encontrou-se relação estatisticamente significativa entre CF e sexo nos sujeitos com níveis de escrita silábico-alfabético e alfabético, nos quais a consciência de palavras mostrou-se mais desenvolvida no sexo masculino. Em tarefas de segmentação silábica com trissílabos, houve desempenho significativamente melhor no sexo feminino, evidenciando maior facilidade em lidar com a análise das sílabas. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que as meninas apresentam maior habilidade em analisar unidades menores, em palavras de maior extensão, o que pode ser sugestivo da possível relação entre o baixo índice de desvios fonológicos no sexo feminino e seu melhor desempenho em CF.
A exposição ao chumbo como fator de risco para alterações no desenvolvimento da linguagem
Authors: Jorge Mariana San , Vitto Luciana Maximiliano de , Lamônica Dionísia Aparecida Cusin , Hage Simone Rocha de Vasconcellos
Published: July 2008

OBJETIVO: Verificar a ocorrência de alterações no desenvolvimento, em particular, o desenvolvimento da linguagem, em crianças com histórico de exposição ao metal chumbo, e a existência ou não de correlação entre índice de contaminação e desenvolvimento de linguagem. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e oito crianças entre 12 e 36 meses foram submetidas à triagem fonoaudiológica; destas, 15 compareceram para avaliação específica por meio da Escala de Desenvolvimento Comportamental de Gesell e Amatruda por terem falhado na triagem. A correlação entre índice de chumbo e o grau de defasagem na linguagem foi verificada. RESULTADOS: Seis crianças apresentaram defasagem na área da linguagem da Escala, sendo que, uma delas apresentou defasagem em todos os campos. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada correlação negativa significante entre a concentração de chumbo e o grau de defasagem no desenvolvimento de linguagem dos indivíduos participantes, entretanto, o estudo sugere que a contaminação pelo chumbo tornou-se fator de risco para alterações no desenvolvimento da linguagem destas crianças. Dessa forma, mais estudos são necessários para verificar o grau de prejuízo que este metal pode ocasionar às pessoas, principalmente quando estão em desenvolvimento.
Distúrbios de leitura e escrita em portadora do vírus da imunodeficiência humana: estudo de caso
Authors: Frias Vivian Alvina de Camargo , Cárnio Maria Silvia , Matas Carla Gentile , Leite Renata Aparecida , Carvallo Renata Mota Mamede , Neves Ivone Ferreira
Published: July 2008

Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever o caso de uma criança soropositiva para o para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana com distúrbios de leitura e escrita, analisando as estratégias mais funcionais e os resultados obtidos nas avaliações pré e pós-terapia fonoaudiológica. Foi aplicado um programa terapêutico fonoaudiológico fechado (15 sessões), com duração de 50 minutos, semanalmente, em uma criança do sexo feminino com 11 anos de idade, paciente do Laboratório de Investigação Fonoaudiológica em Leitura e Escrita. Foram utilizadas estratégias variadas enfocando as áreas de processamento auditivo, consciência fonológica e fonêmica, leitura e escrita. Ao início e término do referido programa, foram realizadas avaliações de linguagem escrita e exames audiológicos. Após as 15 sessões, verificou-se melhora tanto na decodificação de palavras e produção escrita de pequenos textos (adequados do ponto de vista da competência genérica) como no processamento da informação auditiva. As estratégias mais motivadoras foram: atividades com poemas infantis, atividades no computador, palavras cruzadas, caça-palavras e jogo de histórias escritas para complementação. No caso em questão, trabalhar com estratégias dentro do foco de interesse da criança e balancear o novo com o desconhecido contribuíram para o sucesso funcional do processo terapêutico em leitura e escrita. A avaliação audiológica (comportamental, eletroacústica e eletrofisiológica), antes e após um programa terapêutico fechado, é importante, pois é fundamental para monitorar a evolução terapêutica, bem como para avaliar a relevância desse programa.
Apraxia da fala adquirida e desenvolvimental: semelhanças e diferenças
Authors: Souza Thaís Nobre Uchôa , Payão Luzia Miscow da Cruz
Published: July 2008

A apraxia da fala é um distúrbio de comunicação em que ocorre uma incapacidade na programação dos movimentos musculares, necessários para a produção e seqüência de fonemas. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a apraxia da fala adquirida e desenvolvimental, buscando semelhanças e diferenças em suas características gerais, métodos de avaliação e intervenção fonoaudiológica. Os resultados demonstraram: um número grande de trabalhos sobre as características gerais da apraxia; as atuais pesquisas genéticas com o intuito de descobrir o foco do problema, dentre as quais se destacam os estudos sobre o FOXP2, os estudos de translocação e os estudos neurodesenvolvimentais; a variabilidade dos sintomas na fala, tanto no adulto como na criança; a utilização de protocolos de análise clínica e da análise acústica no diagnóstico. As informações coletadas demonstram que, apesar de as crianças com apraxia da fala desenvolvimental apresentarem comprometimentos práxicos semelhantes aos apresentados em adultos com apraxia da fala adquirida, ambas possuem características próprias, que vão desde sua etiologia até o prognóstico, o que as torna entidades clínicas distintas. Assim, sugere-se a necessidade de maiores investimentos em pesquisas nacionais com objetivos diagnósticos e reabilitadores, considerando parâmetros que possam fornecer subsídios para o diagnóstico diferencial e procedimentos terapêuticos direcionados aos distúrbios motores apráxicos da fala.
Practical New Strategies for Immobilising Ruthenium Alkylidene Complexes: Part II
Authors: Dragutan Ileana , Dragutan Valerian
Published: July 2008

Following Part I, previously published in this Journal (1), the present paper discusses new routes for immobilisation of ruthenium alkylidene complexes through their ligands. Systematically addressed as suitable participants for immobilisation are Schiff bases, arenes, anionic ligands
and specifically tagged (ionic liquid tag, fluoro tag) substituents.
Novel Lipophilic Platinum(II) Compounds of Salicylate Derivatives
Authors: Liu Wei-Ping , Ye Qing-Song , Yu Yao , Chen Xi-Zhu , Hou Shu-Qian , Lou Li-Guang , Yang Yong-Ping , Wang Yi-Ming , Su Qiang
Published: July 2008

A series of novel lipophilic platinum(II) compounds containing salicylate derivatives as the leaving group have been designed, synthesised and characterised. Most of the platinum compounds exhibit high solubility and have a partition coefficient suited to liposomal encapsulation. Some
of the compounds are more pharmacologically active and/or less toxic than carboplatin and oxaliplatin. The liposomal formulation of the most promising compound has been successfully prepared with long stability and high encapsulation rate, showing great potential to be developed as a new tumour-target
drug.
Assessing the risks of persistent organic pollutants to top predators: A review of approaches
Authors: Leonards Pim EG , van Hattum Bert , Leslie Heather
Published: July 2008

Accurate risk assessment of secondary poisoning by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in top predators is possible but requires multidisciplinary input from wildlife ecology, ecotoxicology, and analytical chemistry. Because of the transfer of POPs up the food chain, traditional approaches to exposure assessment based on POPs in abiotic compartments or organisms low in the food chain can make the assessment of risk to top predators complicated. For more direct, accurate, and site-specific methods of assessing the risks of secondary poisoning of top predator by POPs, we classify 2 main approaches: diet based and tissue based. Exposure assessment via the diet-based approach requires samples of the predator's diet and measured concentrations in the prey items, realistic estimates of dietary composition, and ingestion rates. The even more direct, tissue-based approach uses measured POP concentrations in tissues of top predators to determine internal exposure coupled with tissue-based effect concentrations (or biological responses measured via biomarkers) to determine risk. The advantage of these methods is that uncertain estimates of POPs transfer to top predators from lower trophic levels are avoided. In practice, the availability of dose-response data and internal exposure-response relationships for POPs in top predators is limited, so these may have to be extrapolated from surrogate species. In this paper we illustrate and evaluate the potential of diet-based and tissue-based risk assessment approaches with case studies and demonstrate that appropriate methodologies significantly reduce the uncertainty in risk assessments of POPs.
Mental Health in Sumatra After the Tsunami
Authors: Frankenberg Elizabeth , Friedman Jed , Gillespie Thomas , Ingwersen Nicholas , Pynoos Robert , Rifai Iip Umar , Sikoki Bondan , Steinberg Alan , Sumantri Cecep , Suriastini Wayan , Thomas Duncan
Published: July 2008

Objectives. We assessed the levels and correlates of posttraumatic stress reactivity (PTSR) of more than 20000 adult tsunami survivors by analyzing survey data from coastal Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia.

Methods. A population-representative sample of individuals interviewed before the tsunami was traced in 2005 to 2006. We constructed 2 scales measuring PTSR by using 7 symptom items from the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist–Civilian Version. One scale measured PTSR at the time of interview, and the other measured PTSR at the point of maximum intensity since the disaster.

Results. PTSR scores were highest for respondents from heavily damaged areas. In all areas, scores declined over time. Gender and age were significant predictors of PTSR; markers of socioeconomic status before the tsunami were not. Exposure to traumatic events, loss of kin, and property damage were significantly associated with higher PTSR scores.

Conclusions. The tsunami produced posttraumatic stress reactions across a wide region of Aceh and North Sumatra. Public health will be enhanced by the provision of counseling services that reach not only people directly affected by the tsunami but also those living beyond the area of immediate impact.
Process Is the Point
Authors: Gruskin Sofia , Daniels Norman
Published: July 2008

Most people responsible for setting priorities in health have considerable expertise relevant to deciding how to use resources effectively and the kinds of improvements that should be emphasized. Most are also concerned with distributing improvements equitably. Accordingly, they often invoke human rights or principles of distributive justice to legitimize choices that create winners and losers.

We propose an approach that draws on the strengths of both perspectives as a way to add legitimacy to efforts to set priorities in health. Our proposal provides a process for setting priorities but is not a formula or an algorithm for generating particular priorities. We propose an approach that would do away with the process through which priorities are set and decisions made, and suggest the value of a focus on the process of legitimizing these decisions.
Legal and Public Health Considerations Affecting the Success, Reach, and Impact of Menu-Labeling Laws
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. , Brownell Kelly D.
Published: July 2008

Because the rate of consumption of away-from-home meals has increased dramatically, the distinction between requiring nutrition information for packaged but not restaurant products is no longer reasonable.

Public health necessitates that nutrition labels must be included with restaurant menus as a strategy to educate consumers and address the escalation of obesity. Menu-labeling laws are being considered at the local, state, and federal levels, but the restaurant industry opposes such action.

We discuss the public health rationale and set forth the government’s legal authority for the enactment of menu-labeling laws. We further aim to educate the public health community of the potential legal challenges to such laws, and we set forth methods for governments to survive these challenges by drafting laws according to current legal standards.
Waking a Sleeping Giant: The Tobacco Industry’s Response to the Polonium-210 Issue
Authors: Muggli Monique E. , Ebbert Jon O. , Robertson Channing , Hurt Richard D.
Published: July 2008

The major tobacco manufacturers discovered that polonium was part of tobacco and tobacco smoke more than 40 years ago and attempted, but failed, to remove this radioactive substance from their products. Internal tobacco industry documents reveal that the companies suppressed publication of their own internal research to avoid heightening the public’s awareness of radioactivity in cigarettes. Tobacco companies continue to minimize their knowledge about polonium-210 in cigarettes in smoking and health litigation. Cigarette packs should carry a radiation-exposure warning label.
Building and Sustaining a Multiuniversity and Multicampus Program or School of Public Health
Authors: Greenberg Michael R. , Gotsch Audrey , Rhoads George , Schneider Dona
Published: July 2008

Drawing from New Jersey’s successful efforts and from other less successful efforts, we offer lessons learned for those who will consider a multiuniversity and multi-campus program or school of public health. These lessons include building a faculty collaboration, senior administrative support, and external constituencies and developing a set of documents that institutionalize processes, logistics, and other operations.

In our experience, building and sustaining faculty support is the greatest challenge, followed by protecting existing resources and securing additional resources when administrators in the host universities change.
Children Online: Learning in a Virtual Community of Practice
Authors: Thomas Angela
Published: July 2008

This article argues that children in a particular virtual community are learning through their participation in the discursive and social practices of the community. Using Wenger's model of ‘communities of practice’ the article illuminates examples of children's learning that were a direct result of collaboration towards a common goal. Children regularly puzzled out problems together to find the answers, motivated by the desire to be successful and to gain status in the community. This type of learning is rarely attributed to children, as the field of education often relies upon a Vygotskian theorisation of learning through interaction with expert others. In this study, children often learned without an expert, using strategies such as trial and error, and discussion, and through the construction and transformation of their identities, both in and out of the fictional role-playing context.
New Media in the Humanities: From Inevitability to Possibility
Authors: Braley Susan
Published: July 2008

The study ‘New Media in the Humanities: from metaphors of inevitability to metaphors of possibility,’ argues that using digital technologies in humanities classrooms (at the post-secondary level) is transformative for both students and professors. It begins by identifying and then allaying the fears that scholars in the humanities harbour: the computer reduces literacy, diminishes knowledge to mere information, annihilates the metaphysical in the academy, and disconnects the student from his/her humanity. The second section of the article outlines in detail the exciting possibilities of engaging electronic media in the classroom, which include moving beyond a single literacy to multiple ones (post-/polyliteracy), recognizing digital technologies as potential cognitive systems parallel to our own (post-humanity), evolving from notions of a single subjectivity to global interconnectedness (post-identity/ post-nation), transcending one's chosen discipline in order to discover new interdisciplines via the Web (post-/transdiscipline), and exploding the confines of print in order to discover new e-discourses (post-symbolic). The study also provides case studies of Canadian and international scholars in the humanities who are putting these novel ideas into practice in the classroom.
Time Series Analysis of Spontaneous Upper-Extremity Movements of Premature Infants With Brain Injuries
Authors: Ohgi Shohei , Morita Satoru , Loo Kek Khee , Mizuike Chihiro
Published: July 2008

Background and Purpose

Comparisons of spontaneous movements of premature infants with brain injuries and those without brain injuries can provide insights into normal and abnormal processes in the ontogeny of motor development. In this study, the characteristics of spontaneous upper-extremity movements of premature infants with brain injuries and those without brain injuries were examined with time series analysis.

Subjects

Participants were 7 premature infants with brain injuries and 7 matched, low-risk, premature infants at the age of 1 month after term.

Methods

A triaxial accelerometer was used to measure upper-extremity limb acceleration in 3-dimensional space. Acceleration signals were recorded from the right wrist when the infant was in an active, alert state and lying in the supine position. The recording time was 200 seconds. The acceleration signal was sampled at a rate of 200 Hz. The acceleration time series data were analyzed by nonlinear analysis as well as linear analysis.

Results

The nonlinear time series analysis indicated that spontaneous movements of premature infants have nonlinear, chaotic, dynamic characteristics. The movements of the infants with brain injuries were characterized by larger dimensionality, and they were more unstable and unpredictable than those of infants without brain injuries.

Discussion and Conclusion

As determined by nonlinear analysis, the spontaneous movements of the premature infants with brain injuries had the characteristics of increased disorganization compared with those of the infants without brain injuries. Infants with brain injuries may manifest problems with self-organization as a function of the coordination of subsystems. Physical therapists should be able to support interactions among the subsystems and promote self-organization of motor learning through the individualized provision of various sensorimotor experiences for infants.
Thick and Thin Filament Gene Mutations in Striated Muscle Diseases
Authors: Tajsharghi Homa
Published: July 2008

The sarcomere is the fundamental unit of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. During the last ten years, there has been growing awareness of the etiology of skeletal and cardiac muscle diseases originating in the sarcomere, an important evolving field. Many sarcomeric diseases affect newborn children, i. e. are congenital myopathies. The discovery and characterization of several myopathies caused by mutations in myosin heavy chain genes, coding for the major component of skeletal muscle thick filaments, has led to the introduction of a new entity in the field of neuromuscular disorders: myosin myopathies. Recently, mutations in genes coding for skeletal muscle thin filaments, associated with various clinical features, have been identified. These mutations evoke distinct structural changes within the sarcomeric thin filament. Current knowledge regarding contractile protein dysfunction as it relates to disease pathogenesis has failed to decipher the mechanistic links between mutations identified in sarcomeric proteins and skeletal myopathies, which will no doubt require an integrated physiological approach. The discovery of additional genes associated with myopathies and the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis will lead to improved and more accurate diagnosis, including prenatally, and to enhanced potential for prognosis, genetic counseling and developing possible treatments for these diseases. The goal of this review is to present recent progress in the identification of gene mutations from each of the major structural components of the sarcomere, the thick and thin filaments, related to skeletal muscle disease. The genetics and clinical manifestations of these disorders will be discussed.
Hepatitis B virus‐specific human stem cell memory T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells and eradicate HBV‐infected hepatocytes in mice
Authors: Abe‐Chayama Hiromi , Kawase Takakazu , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Ishida Yuji , Tateno Chise , Hijikata Makoto , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: April 2024

Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces progressive hepatic impairment. Achieving complete eradication of the virus remains a formidable challenge. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, specific to viral antigens, either exhibit a numerical deficiency or succumb to an exhausted state in individuals chronically afflicted with HBV. The comprehension of the genesis and dissemination of stem cell memory T cells (TSCMs) targeting HBV remains inadequately elucidated. We identified TSCMs in subjects with chronic HBV infection and scrutinized their efficacy in a murine model with human hepatocyte transplants, specifically the TK‐NOG mice. TSCMs were discerned in all subjects under examination. Introduction of TSCMs into the HBV mouse model precipitated a severe necro‐inflammatory response, resulting in the elimination of human hepatocytes. TSCMs may constitute a valuable tool in the pursuit of a remedial therapy for HBV infection.
Effect of Bonding Time, Composition of Interlayer, and Postbond Heat Treatment on Transient Liquid Phase Joints of Inconel 718 Superalloy
Authors: Chen Shiqi , Liu Guangyin , Li Hanbing , Yang Liu , Zhang Xiankun , Shen Jun
Published: April 2024

The investigation aims to explore the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase‐bonded joints of Inconel 718 (IN718) nickel‐based superalloy, utilizing BNi‐1 and BNi‐2 interlayers with a thickness of 50 μm, produced at 1150 °C for varying durations. Microstructural analysis, facilitated by scanning electron microscopy, and phase analysis, utilizing energy‐dispersive spectrometer, reveal a diverse range of microstructures, including continuous eutectic intermetallic phases and eutectic‐free configurations under different bonding conditions. Additionally, the interfacial diffusion of IN718/BNi‐2 is simulated by molecular dynamics. Notably, higher mass fractions of Cr in the interlayer are found to prolong the time of isothermal solidification. The use of BNi‐2 interlayers, 50 μm in thickness, results in joints achieving isothermal solidification within a remarkably brief 10 min, a significantly shorter duration compared to previous studies. Mechanical tests, encompassing microhardness and uniaxial tensile experiments, are carried out on all samples. The microhardness of the isothermally solidified zone decreases with increasing bonding time. The tensile strength of bonded joints increases with extended bonding time before isothermal solidification completion, followed by a subsequent decline. The highest tensile strength (893.3 MPa) is observed in joints using BNi‐2 interlayer after applying postbond heat treatment, representing approximately 88.5% of the base metal tensile strength.
Activating *CO by Strengthening Fe–CO π‐Backbonding to Enhance Two‐Carbon Products Formation toward CO2 Electroreduction on Fe–N4 Sites
Authors: Zhu Weiwei , Liu Suqin , Zhao Kuangmin , Su Yuke , Yang Yuliang , Huang Kui , He Zhen
Published: April 2024

Many non‐precious metal‐nitrogen (M–Nx)‐containing catalysts are highly efficient for electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO and yet encounter challenges in further converting CO to more valuable two‐carbon products (C2), such as ethanol and acetic acid. The ambiguous structure‐activity relationship of the M–Nx moieties toward CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) results in difficulties in regulating the CO2RR product selectivity on the M–Nx‐containing catalysts. Herein, by using fluorinated iron phthalocyanines with axial‐coordinated ligands (L–FePc–F) as an M–N4‐based model electrocatalyst for CO2RR, a correlation between the electronic structure and C2 selectivity of Fe–N4 is revealed and a comprehensive descriptor based on the Fe–CO π‐backbonding is proposed for guiding the regulation of M–N4 toward higher C2 selectivity. Based on the regulation principle, the Br‐axial‐coordinated FePc–F (Br–FePc–F) remarkably increases the Faradic efficiency (FE) of C2 products from 0% (i.e., the FEC2 of FePc–F) to 34% due to the strengthened Fe–CO π‐backbonding stemming from the elevated 3dxz/dyz orbital energy and enhanced electron‐donating ability of the Fe centers of Fe–N4. This work provides a strategy and mechanism insights on the regulation of the C2 selectivity of CO2RR on the Fe–N4 moieties, which may be inspiring for precise construction and regulation of the M–Nx‐containing catalysts for specific CO2RR products.
An Electron Donor–Acceptor Structured Rhenium(I) Complex Photo‐Sensitizer Evokes Mutually Reinforcing "Closed‐Loop" Ferroptosis and Immunotherapy
Authors: Ren Qingyan , Wang Haobing , Li Dan , Dao Anyi , Luo Jiajun , Wang Deliang , Zhang Pingyu , Huang Huaiyi
Published: April 2024

The hypoxic microenvironment of solid tumors severely lowers the efficacy of oxygen‐dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT). The development of hypoxia‐tolerant photosensitizers for PDT is an urgent requirement. In this study, a novel rhenium complex (Re‐TTPY) to develop a “closed‐loop” therapy based on PDT‐induced ferroptosis and immune therapy is reported. Due to its electron donor–acceptor (D–A) structure, Re‐TTPY undergoes energy transfer and electron transfer processes under 550 nm light irradiation and displays hypoxia‐tolerant type I/II combined PDT capability, which can generate 1O2, O2−, and ·OH simultaneously. Further, the reactive oxygen species (ROSs) leads to the depletion of 1,4‐dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and glutathione (GSH). As a result, ferroptosis occurs in cells, simultaneously triggers immunogenic cell death (ICD), and promotes the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and infiltration of T cells. The release of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) by CD8+ T cells downregulates the expression of GPX4, further enhancing the occurrence of ferroptosis, and thereby, forming a mutually reinforcing “closed‐loop” therapeutic approach.
Tailoring Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics of Fe−N−C Catalyst via Spin Manipulation for Efficient Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Zhang Huiwen , Chen Hsiao‐Chien , Feizpoor Solmaz , Li Linfeng , Zhang Xia , Xu Xuefei , Zhuang Zechao , Li Zhishan , Hu Wenyu , Snyders Rony , Wang Dingsheng , Wang Chundong
Published: April 2024

The interaction between oxygen species and metal sites of various orbitals exhibits intimate correlation with the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. Herein, a new approach for boosting the inherent ORR activity of atomically dispersed Fe−N−C matrix is represented by implanting Fe atomic clusters nearby. The as‐prepared catalyst delivers excellent ORR activity with half‐wave potentials of 0.78 and 0.90 V in acidic and alkaline solutions, respectively. The decent ORR activity can also be validated from the high‐performance rechargeable Zn–air battery. The experiments and density functional theory calculations reveal that the electron spin‐state of monodispersed Fe active sites is transferred from the low spin (LS, t2g6 eg0) to the medium spin (MS, t2g5 eg1) due to the involvement of Fe atomic clusters, leading to the spin electron filling in σ∗ orbit, by which it favors OH− desorption and in turn boosts the reaction kinetics of the rate‐determining step. This work paves a solid way for rational design of high‐performance Fe‐based single atom catalysts through spin manipulation.
Toward Ultrahigh Rate and Cycling Performance of Cathode Materials of Sodium Ion Battery by Introducing a Bicontinuous Porous Structure
Authors: Tang Chen , Lu Wei , Zhang Yixiao , Zhang Wenwei , Cui Congcong , Liu Pan , Han Lu , Qian Xiaoshi , Chen Liwei , Xu Fugui , Mai Yiyong
Published: April 2024

The emerging sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most promising candidates expected to complement lithium‐ion batteries and diversify the battery market. However, the exploitation of cathode materials with high‐rate performance and long‐cycle stability for SIBs has remained one of the major challenges. To this end, an efficient approach to enhance rate and cycling performance by introducing an ordered bicontinuous porous structure into cathode materials of SIBs is demonstrated. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are selected because they are recognized as a type of most promising SIB cathode materials. Thanks to the presence of 3D continuous channels enabling fast Na+ ions diffusion as well as the intrinsic mechanical stability of bicontinuous architecture, the resultant PBAs exhibit excellent rate capability (80 mAh g−1 at 2.5 A g−1) and ultralong cycling life (>3000 circulations at 0.5 A g−1), reaching the top performance of the reported PBA‐based cathode materials. This study opens a new avenue for boosting sluggish ion diffusion kinetics in electrodes of rechargeable batteries and also provides a new paradigm for solving the dilemma that electrodes’ failure due to high‐stress concentration upon ion storage.
Titanium Substitution Facilitating Oxygen and Manganese Redox in Sodium Layered Oxide Cathode
Authors: Zhou Junhua , Hu Huimin , Wang Jiaqi , Shi Qitao , Lian Xueyu , Liu Lijun , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Sun Jingyu , Yang Ruizhi , Choi Jin‐Ho , Rümmeli Mark H.
Published: April 2024

Sodium layered oxide with anion redox activity (SLO‐A) stands out as a promising cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries due to its impressive capacity and high voltage resulting from Mn‐ and O‐redox processes. However, the SLO‐A faces significant challenges in cycling stability and rate performance, primarily due to the poor reversibility and sluggish kinetics of the O‐redox. In this study,a novel Ti‐doped material, Na2/3Li2/9Mn53/72Ti1/24O2 (NLMTO), exhibiting remarkable characteristics such as a notable rate capacity (130 mAh g−1 at 3C, where 1C equals 200 mA g−1) and excellent cycling retention (85.4% after 100 cycles at 0.5C) is introduced. Employing electrochemical differential analyses, the contributions to the superior performance arising from the Mn‐ and O‐redox processes are quantitatively delineated. The optimized performance of NLMTO is attributed, in part, to the enhanced stability of both bulk and interface structures. The introduction of Ti through substitution not only contributes to this stability but also allows for the fine‐tuning of the material's electron configurations. This is achieved by augmenting the density of states near the Fermi energy level, as well as elevating the O 2p and Mn 3d orbits. This research advances sodium‐ion battery technology.
Photocatalyzed Formation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes Using Oxime Esters
Authors: Geniller Lilian , Taillefer Marc , Clot Eric , Jaroschik Florian , Prieto Alexis
Published: April 2024

In this manuscript a general photocatalytic approach for the synthesis of alkyl‐substituted gem‐difluoroalkenes using readily available oxime esters and 1‐bromo‐1,1‐difluoroprop‐2‐ene (BDFP) has been established. This strategy involving a radical bromo elimination provides access to a large variety of value‐added fluorinated molecules. The mild reaction conditions are compatible with many functional groups including complex natural products or drug molecules. Experimental and theoretical mechanistic investigations indicate that the efficiency of the process relies on the crucial role of imine radical, which is formed after photoexcitation via energy transfert (EnT) and decarboxylation of the oxime ester. Indeed, the imine radical would either behave as a bromine radical scavenger or an XAT promoter in this reaction.
Artificial intelligence based on falling in older people: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Yenişehir Semiha
Published: April 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to analyze publications on artificial intelligence (AI) for falls in older people from a bibliometric perspective.

Methods

The Web of Science database was searched for titles of English‐language articles containing the words “artificial intelligence,” “deep learning,” “machine learning,” “natural language processing,”, “neural artificial network,” “fall,” “geriatric,” “elderly,” “aging,” “older,” and “old age.” An R‐based application (Biblioshiny for bibliometrics) and VOSviewer software were used for analysis.

Results

Thirty‐seven English articles published between 2018 and 2024 were included. The year 2023 is the year with the most publications with 16 articles. The most productive research field was “Engineering Electrical Electronic” with seven articles. The most productive country was the United States, followed by China. The most common words were “injuries,” “people,” and “risk factors.”

Conclusion

Publications on AI and falls in the elderly are both few in number and the number of publications has increased in recent years. Future research should include relevant analyses in scientific databases, such as Scopus and PubMed.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanosilica by Deep Learning‐Designed Peptides and Its Anti‐UV Application
Authors: Shu Yuexuan , Chen Jiwei , Xu Beibei , Liu Zhengchang , Zheng Hao , Zhang Fan , Fu Weiqi
Published: April 2024

The silicifying peptide R5 (H‐SSKKSGSYSGSKGSKRRIL‐OH) derived from diatoms is extensively investigated, but the mechanism underlying silica synthesis by R5 or R5‐alike peptides is still poorly understood, limiting the design of silicifying peptides Herein, machine learning techniques are used to design peptides with silicifying functionality. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset of peptides and their corresponding silicification outcomes, a deep learning model based on antimicrobial peptide migration learning is created. This model exhibits the remarkable capability to accurately predict peptide sequences with a high potential for facilitating silica formation. A selection of artificially designed peptides can catalyze the biomimetic synthesis of nanosilica, some of which demonstrate better catalytic activity with a wider pH range and faster reaction rate compared with the peptide R5. Additionally, the designed peptide is used to wrap the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum with nanosilica coatings, resulting in a significant enhancement in the UV resistance of cells. The new silicified peptides are highly significant for advancing the understanding of the silica synthesis mechanism in diatoms, and the encapsulation of P. tricornutum has potential benefits in the development of new biosensors.
An urgent call to address work‐related psychosocial hazards and improve worker well‐being
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Sauter Steven L. , Pandalai Sudha P. , Tiesman Hope M. , Chosewood Lewis C. , Cunningham Thomas R. , Wurzelbacher Steven J. , Pana‐Cryan Rene , Swanson Naomi G. , Chang Chia‐Chia , Nigam Jeannie A. S. , Reissman Dori B. , Ray Tapas K. , Howard John
Published: April 2024

Work‐related psychosocial hazards are on the verge of surpassing many other occupational hazards in their contribution to ill‐health, injury, disability, direct and indirect costs, and impact on business and national productivity. The risks associated with exposure to psychosocial hazards at work are compounded by the increasing background prevalence of mental health disorders in the working‐age population. The extensive and cumulative impacts of these exposures represent an alarming public health problem that merits immediate, increased attention. In this paper, we review the linkage between work‐related psychosocial hazards and adverse effects, their economic burden, and interventions to prevent and control these hazards. We identify six crucial societal actions: (1) increase awareness of this critical issue through a comprehensive public campaign; (2) increase etiologic, intervention, and implementation research; (3) initiate or augment surveillance efforts; (4) increase translation of research findings into guidance for employers and workers; (5) increase the number and diversity of professionals skilled in preventing and addressing psychosocial hazards; and (6) develop a national regulatory or consensus standard to prevent and control work‐related psychosocial hazards.
Atomic Ruthenium‐Promoted Cadmium Sulfide for Photocatalytic Production of Amino Acids from Biomass Derivatives
Authors: Li Wulin , Zheng Xiuhui , Xu Bei‐Bei , Yang Yue , Zhang Yifei , Cai Lingchao , Wang Zhu‐Jun , Yao Ye‐Feng , Nan Bing , Li Lina , Wang Xue‐Lu , Feng Xiang , Antonietti Markus , Chen Zupeng
Published: April 2024

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are widely used as important ingredients for other nitrogen‐containing molecules. Here, we report the sustainable production of amino acids from biomass‐derived hydroxy acids with high activity under visible‐light irradiation and mild conditions, using atomic ruthenium‐promoted cadmium sulfide (Ru1/CdS). On a metal basis, the optimized Ru1/CdS exhibits a maximal alanine formation rate of 26.0 molAla ⋅ gRu−1 ⋅ h−1, which is 1.7 times and more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of its nanoparticle counterpart and the conventional thermocatalytic process, respectively. Integrated spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculations attribute the high performance of Ru1/CdS to the facilitated charge separation and O−H bond dissociation of the α‐hydroxy group, here of lactic acid. The operando nuclear magnetic resonance further infers a unique “double activation” mechanism of both the CH−OH and CH3−CH−OH structures in lactic acid, which significantly accelerates its photocatalytic amination toward alanine.
Silica Confinement for Stable and Magnetic Co−Cu Alloy Nanoparticles in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wan Chao , Li Rong , Wang Jiapei , Cheng Dang‐guo , Chen Fengqiu , Xu Lixin , Gao Mingbin , Kang Yunqing , Eguchi Miharu , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: April 2024

Ammonia borane (AB) with 19.6 wt % H2 content is widely considered a safe and efficient medium for H2 storage and release. Co‐based nanocatalysts present strong contenders for replacing precious metal‐based catalysts in AB hydrolysis due to their high activity and cost‐effectiveness. However, precisely adjusting the active centers and surface properties of Co‐based nanomaterials to enhance their activity, as well as suppressing the migration and loss of metal atoms to improve their stability, presents many challenges. In this study, mesoporous‐silica‐confined bimetallic Co−Cu nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen‐doped carbon (CoxCu1−x@NC@mSiO2) were synthesized using a facile mSiO2‐confined thermal pyrolysis strategy. The obtained product, an optimized Co0.8Cu0.2@NC@mSiO2 catalyst, exhibits enhanced performance with a turnover frequency of 240.9 molH2 ⋅ molmetal ⋅ min−1 for AB hydrolysis at 298 K, surpassing most noble‐metal‐free catalysts. Moreover, Co0.8Cu0.2@NC@mSiO2 demonstrates magnetic recyclability and extraordinary stability, with a negligible decline of only 0.8 % over 30 cycles of use. This enhanced performance was attributed to the synergistic effect between Co and Cu, as well as silica confinement. This work proposes a promising method for constructing noble‐metal‐free catalysts for AB hydrolysis.
Adaptations to sociality in the mimetic and auricular musculature of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
Authors: Smith Heather F. , Felix Mia A. , Rocco Felicia A. , Lynch Leigha M. , Valdez Dominik
Published: April 2024

The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is a highly social canid that engages in sophisticated, coordinated group hunting tactics to procure large game. It is one of the most effective hunters of the African savannah, due to its highly developed communication methods. It also has large, mobile ears which enhance its auditory capabilities while hunting and assist with thermoregulation. Recent research suggested that certain muscles of facial expression, particularly those involved with expressive eyebrow movement, evolved solely in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to facilitate communication with their human owners. However, it is unclear whether highly social wild canid species may also employ similar expressive eye communication. We performed detailed dissections of an adult male L. pictus to evaluate and describe its mimetic and auricular musculature. Overall, L. pictus has well‐developed facial and ear muscles. Musculi levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) and retractor anguli oculi lateralis (RAOL), mimetic muscles of hypothesized importance in domestic dog‐human non‐verbal communication, are enlarged in L. pictus, comparable in size to those of domestic dogs, as is m. orbicularis oculi. This morphology suggests that ocular facial expressions contribute to within‐pack communication in wild dogs and are not unique to domestic dogs. The auricular muscles of L. pictus are well‐developed, supporting greater leverage and fine manipulation of its large, mobile ears. These muscular adaptations facilitate the highly social ecology of African wild dogs and challenge current interpretations about the unique nature of domestic dog facial expressions.
Who was the real sabertooth predator: Thylacosmilus or Thylacoleo?
Authors: Janis Christine M.
Published: April 2024

Sabertoothed mammalian predators, all now extinct, were almost exclusively feloid carnivorans (Eutheria, Placentalia): here a couple of extinct metatherian predators are considered in comparison with the placental sabertooths. Thylacosmilus (the “marsupial sabertooth”) and Thylacoleo (the “marsupial lion”) were both relatively large (puma‐sized) carnivores of the Plio‐Pleistocene in the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina and Australia, respectively). Both carnivores have captured the public imagination, especially as predators that were somehow analogous to northern placental forms. But a more detailed consideration of their morphology shows that neither can be simply analogized with its supposed placental counterpart. While Thylacosmilus did indeed have saber‐like canines, many aspects of its anatomy show that it could not have killed prey in the manner proposed for the sabertoothed felids such as Smilodon. Rather than being an active predator, it may have been a specialized scavenger, using the hypertrophied canines to open carcasses, and perhaps deployed a large tongue to extract the innards. Thylacoleo lacked canines, and its supposedly “caniniform” incisors could not have acted like a felid's canines. Nevertheless, while its mode of dispatching its prey remains a subject for debate, it was clearly a powerful predator, likely to be capable of bringing down prey bigger than itself while hunting alone. In that regard, it may have filled the ecomorphological role proposed for placental sabertooths, and so despite the lack of canines can be nominated as the true “marsupial sabertooth” out of the two extinct taxa.