bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of the Management Strategies of Chronic Urticaria
Authors: Nochaiwong Surapon , Chuamanochan Mati , Ruengorn Chidchanok , Awiphan Ratanaporn , Bernstein Jonathan A. , Thavorn Kednapa
Published: August 2024

Importance

Although treatment for chronic urticaria (CU) has improved over the past decades, evidence regarding costs and net benefits associated with these treatment strategies have yet to be comprehensively characterized and synthesized.

Objective

To summarize the cost and cost-effectiveness of CU management strategies.

Evidence Review

An extensive systematic literature search of 6 databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed Cochrane, Scopus, and CINAHL) and gray literature sources, without language restriction, was conducted and updated to March 23, 2024. Articles that performed cost analysis or full economic evaluation among patients with CU were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data, such as annual costs of health care services or incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). All monetary values were converted and inflated to 2023 US dollars. Evidence-based synthesis for health benefit was judged using the Evidence Rating Matrix by the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review.

Findings

Seventeen unique studies (11 cost analysis studies and 6 full economic evaluations) were included. With the wide variation in health care resources, services that included biologic omalizumab utilization had higher annual health care cost estimations for CU management than services that did not include omalizumab prescription (median [IQR] cost, $6933 [$5988-$8717] vs $5621 [$2488-$8754]). The biologic omalizumab, 300 mg, for H1 antihistamine–refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) (3 studies) was found to have a median (IQR) ICER of $89 005 ($36 058-$145 694) per QALY (evidence rating as incremental or better; moderate certainty with substantial net health benefit). Routine laboratory testing among patients with CSU with otherwise normal histories and physical examination findings (1 study) had ICERs ranging from $1 427 928 to $1 950 524 per QALY (evidence rating as comparable or inferior; moderate certainty that the net health benefit is inferior).

Conclusions and Relevance

With limited evidence of cost-effectiveness, biologic omalizumab, 300 mg, for H1 antihistamine–refractory CSU was found to be cost-effective in US health care services at the willingness to pay threshold of $150 000 per QALY. Meanwhile, routine laboratory testing among patients with CSU without compelling indication was not cost-effective. Future studies in more diverse CU populations and resource settings are needed to fill evidence gaps.
Intersection of Poverty and Rurality for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Survival
Authors: Tsai Meng-Han , Coughlin Steven S. , Cortes Jorge , Thompson Caroline A.
Published: August 2024

This cross-sectional study examines poverty, rurality, and the intersection of persistent poverty and rurality on early-onset colorectal cancer survival among adults aged 18 to 49 years.
Psychiatric Symptoms, Cognition, and Symptom Severity in Children
Authors: Pines Adam , Tozzi Leonardo , Bertrand Claire , Keller Arielle S. , Zhang Xue , Whitfield-Gabrieli Susan , Hastie Trevor , Larsen Bart , Leikauf John , Williams Leanne M.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Mental illnesses are a leading cause of disability globally, and functional disability is often in part caused by cognitive impairments across psychiatric disorders. However, studies have consistently reported seemingly opposite findings regarding the association between cognition and psychiatric symptoms.

Objective

To determine if the association between general cognition and mental health symptoms diverges at different symptom severities in children.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A total of 5175 children with complete data at 2 time points assessed 2 years apart (aged 9 to 11 years at the first assessment) from the ongoing Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were evaluated for a general cognition factor and mental health symptoms from September 2016 to August 2020 at 21 sites across the US. Polynomial and generalized additive models afforded derivation of continuous associations between cognition and psychiatric symptoms across different ranges of symptom severity. Data were analyzed from December 2022 to April 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Aggregate cognitive test scores (general cognition) were primarily evaluated in relation to total and subscale-specific symptoms reported from the Child Behavioral Checklist.

Results

The sample included 5175 children (2713 male [52.4%] and 2462 female [47.6%]; mean [SD] age, 10.9 [1.18] years). Previously reported mixed findings regarding the association between general cognition and symptoms may consist of several underlying, opposed associations that depend on the class and severity of symptoms. Linear models recovered differing associations between general cognition and mental health symptoms, depending on the range of symptom severities queried. Nonlinear models confirm that internalizing symptoms were significantly positively associated with cognition at low symptom burdens higher cognition = more symptoms) and significantly negatively associated with cognition at high symptom burdens.

Conclusions and Relevance

The association between mental health symptoms and general cognition in this study was nonlinear. Internalizing symptoms were both positively and negatively associated with general cognition at a significant level, depending on the range of symptom severities queried in the analysis sample. These results appear to reconcile mixed findings in prior studies, which implicitly assume that symptom severity tracks linearly with cognitive ability across the entire spectrum of mental health. As the association between cognition and symptoms may be opposite in low vs high symptom severity samples, these results reveal the necessity of clinical enrichment in studies of cognitive impairment.
A Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conductor Interphase Enhances Interfacial Stability for Aluminium‐Metal Anode
Authors: Xie Chen , Wu Feng , Lv Zekai , Zhang Yixin , Mei Yang , Ma Wenwen , Sun Wenbin , Zhou Jiahui , Xie Man
Published: August 2024

Metallic aluminium (Al) anodes are considered to be a promising alternative for large‐scale energy storage due to their inherent low cost, high safety and ideal weight/volume capacity (2980 mAh g−1/8040 mAh cm−3). However, aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) based on room‐temperature ionic liquid electrolytes have encountered challenges in practical applications, such as side reactions and slow sluggish kinetics. The anode/electrolyte interface has attracted considerable attention for addressing the aforementioned challenges. Here, an AlCl3/Sn‐based mixed ionic/electronic conductor interface (MCI) is designed through a facile displacement reaction. The stability of the modified Al metal anode has been significantly enhance by superior charge transfer, excellent corrosion resistance and dense deposition morphology. Consequently, in symmetric cell, the Al@Sn electrode with MCI offers a lifespan for about 700 h (350 cycles) at 0.1 mA cm−2. Moreover, combined with the graphite cathode, the pouch cells based on this novel anode present outstanding cycling performance, demonstrating a maintained capacity of 87.1 mAh g−1 after 450 cycles. This research presents an innovative Al‐metal anode for ionic liquid‐based Al‐ion batteries.
Origins of Giant Anisotropic Phonon Heat Transfer in True‐1D van der Waals Material
Authors: Ma Jing , Chang Zheng , Yang Lin , Xia Yi , Jiang Bo , Zhang Xiaoliang , Tang Dawei
Published: August 2024

Thermal rectification devices, which facilitate preferential heat flow in a singular direction, stands as pivotal tools in the realization of solid‐state thermal circuits. 1D atomic chains, exhibit heightened thermal rectification efficiency owing to their exceptional directional heat conduction properties. These will find widespread utility in many applications, encompassing areas such as cooling, energy harvesting, and thermal isolation systems. However, unlike quasi‐1D materials, the intrinsic anisotropic heat transport in true‐1D atomic chains is yet to be systematically studied. Herein, the origins of the anisotropic heat transfer in three representative 1D structures (TaSe3 and BaTiS3 marked as quasi‐1D, MoI3 labeled as true‐1D) is first investigated by integrating a first‐principles density functional theory‐based framework of two‐channel heat conduction model. In contrast to quasi‐1D, MoI3 exhibits a giant anisotropy of lattice thermal conductivity (κL) in chain‐ and cross chain‐directions with a high ratio up to ≈20, which far exceeds the previous report for HfTe5 and ZrTe5. Such unique heat transfer reveals comprehensively by charge‐sharing and transferred charges, p‐‐d orbital hybridization and Young's modulus changes, induces an exceptionally large anisotropy. This study presents a high‐performance implementation of thermal rectification designed to regulate directional heat current, demonstrating its potential applicability in solid‐state thermal circuits.
A Transparent, Patternable, and Stretchable Conducting Polymer Solid Electrode for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Kim Eunyoung , Lai Jian‐Cheng , Michalek Lukas , Wang Weichen , Xu Chengyi , Lyu Hao , Yu Weilai , Park Hyunchang , Tomo Yoko , Root Samuel E. , Lee Byeongmoon , Park Jaeho , Park Byeonghak , Wei Shiyuan , Zhao Chuanzhen , Bao Zhenan
Published: August 2024

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) offer versatile applications including haptics, soft robotics and smart lenses. However, due to the lack of conductive electrodes with low modulus and high stretchability, their use is limited by nonsolid electrodes, hindering integration with other systems. In this study, transparent and patternable solid electrodes, achieving actuation performance comparable to a commonly used non‐solid counterpart (e.g., carbon grease), with a stretchable and patternable conducting polymer composed of PEDOT:PSS and PEG‐PPG‐PEG diacrylate (P123DA) are reported. Varying the ratio of P123DA to PEDOT:PSS enables optimization of electrical and mechanical properties to achieve compliant solid electrodes in static and dynamic actuation. The ratio of P123DA to PEDOT:PSS is found to impact PEDOT:PSS nanofiber formation and the associated electrical and mechanical properties. Moreover, the resulting P123DA/PEDOT:PSS‐based solid electrode shows excellent optical transmittance exceeding 95%. This work highlights the potential of tuning different solid electrode properties to realize transparent, patternable, and stretchable solid electrodes, enhancing their applicability in diverse fields.
Charge Transfer‐Induced SERS Enhancement of MoS2/Dopants Dependent on their Interaction Difference
Authors: Chen Lei , Merino Juan Pedro , Torrent‐Sucarrat Miquel , Hou Hui‐Lei , Prato Maurizio
Published: August 2024

2D transition metal dichalcogenide materials have attracted increasing attention as active surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms. In this study, the influence of n‐ and p‐type doping of exfoliated MoS2 (exMoS2) hybrids on the SERS performance is investigated, employing Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a probe molecule. It is demonstrated that n‐doped exMoS2 hybrids (exMoS2 mixed with C60, graphene, and sodium dodecyl sulfate) exhibit enhanced SERS intensities, while p‐doping (exMoS2 mixed with TCNQ) resulted in inhibited SERS enhancement. A key discovery is the linear relationship between Raman enhancement of MoS2/dopant hybrids and the difference in their LUMO energy levels, which dictate the degree and direction of charge transfer. Interestingly, MC60‐4, a C60‐doped hybrid, deviates from the linear relationship, displaying remarkable SERS enhancement owing to its chemical interaction and unique Raman scattering activity. The findings provide critical insights into the SERS enhancement behavior of doped MoS2, facilitating precise tuning of SERS intensities by manipulating the MoS2 doping state.
Magnetically Activated Ingestible Pill with Archimedes Screw for On‐Demand Sampling of Intestinal Microbiome
Authors: Sadeqi Aydin , Del‐Rio‐Ruiz Ruben , Rezaei Nejad Hojatollah , Resnick‐Sousa Jessica , Creasey Hannah , Goss Olivia , Asci Cihan , Widmer Giovanni , Sonkusale Sameer R.
Published: August 2024

Technologies capable of noninvasively sampling different locations in the gut upstream of the colon will enable new insights into the role of organ‐specific microbiomes on human health. Herein, an ingestible pill for the sampling of gut lumen based on one of the earliest hydraulic machines known as an Archimedes screw is reported. The design contains twisted wires as Archimedes screw driven by a motor, wirelessly activated using a magnet. The sampling performance of the screw‐pump pill is characterized using realistic in vitro models and validated in vitro using E. coli expressing different fluorescent proteins. The use of the Archimedes screw enables the pill to sample the dense GI environment. The pill is also tested ex vivo in the pig intestine and in vivo in pigs. Herein, the results show that the bacterial populations recovered from the pill's chamber closely resemble the targeted bacterial population of the microenvironment to which the pill is exposed. Such ingestible devices have the potential to revolutionize the understanding of the spatial diversity of the gut microbiome and its response to medical conditions and treatments.
A Dual‐Mode, Scalable, Machine‐Learning‐Enhanced Wearable Sensing System for Synergetic Muscular Activity Monitoring
Authors: Wang Tiantong , Jiang Dongjie , Lu Yuwen , Xu Nuo , Wang Zilu , Zheng Enhao , Wang Rongli , Zhao Yunbiao , Wang Qining
Published: August 2024

Simultaneously detecting muscular deformation and biopotential signals provides comprehensive insights of the muscle activity. However, the substantial size and weight of detecting equipment result in reduced wearer benefits and comfort. It remains a challenge to establish a flexible and lightweight wearable system for mapping muscular morphological parameters while collecting biopotentials. Herein, a fully integrated dual‐mode wearable system for monitoring lower‐extremity muscular activity is introduced. The system utilizes an iontronic pressure sensing matrix (16 channels) for precise mapping of force myography (FMG) within a single muscle, while simultaneously capturing the muscular electrophysiological signals using a self‐customized electromyography (EMG) sensing module. Experimental results show that the bimodal sensing system is capable of capturing complementary and comprehensive aspects of muscular activity, which reflect activation and architectural changes of the muscle. By leveraging machine learning techniques, the integrated system significantly (p < 0.05) enhances the average gait phase recognition accuracy to 96.35%, and reduces the average ankle joint angle estimation error to 1.44°. This work establishes a foundation for lightweight and bimodal muscular sensing front‐ends, which is promising in applications of human–machine interfaces and wearable robotics.
On the Physical Consistency of an Open Quantum Region with a Classical Reservoir in Molecular Simulation
Authors: Panahian Jand Sara , Kühne Thomas D. , Delle Site Luigi
Published: August 2024

The possibility of treating a molecular liquid in an open region at ab initio electronic resolution embedded in a classical reservoir of energy and particles, is investigated. Because of its challenging properties and its relevance in many field of current research, the system chosen as prototype of molecular liquid is water at room conditions. A numerical protocol based on the mathematical model of open particle system is applied and the results are compared with results of a full ab initio simulation of reference. The key conclusion is that one can claim the existence of a mandatory minimal size of the quantum region in which structural and electronic properties reproduce those of reference and, at the same time, the exchange of molecules with the environment takes place as expected. This work provides a proof of concept about the possibility to systematically define a physically well founded open quantum system embedded in a classical environment. In turn, the proof of concept is a key information for the design of numerically efficient algorithms for ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of open systems.
Genetic Regulatory Perturbation of Gene Expression Impacted by Genomic Introgression in Fiber Development of Allotetraploid Cotton
Authors: Chen Xinyuan , Hu Xiubao , Li Guo , Grover Corrinne E. , You Jiaqi , Wang Ruipeng , Liu Zhenping , Qi Zhengyang , Luo Xuanxuan , Peng Yabin , Zhu Mengmeng , Zhang Yuqi , Lu Sifan , Zhang Yuan‐ming , Lin Zhongxu , Wendel Jonathan F. , Zhang Xianlong , Wang Maojun
Published: August 2024

Interspecific genomic introgression is an important evolutionary process with respect to the generation of novel phenotypic diversity and adaptation. A key question is how gene flow perturbs gene expression networks and regulatory interactions. Here, an introgression population of two species of allopolyploid cotton (Gossypium) to delineate the regulatory perturbations of gene expression regarding fiber development accompanying fiber quality change is utilized. De novo assembly of the recipient parent (G. hirsutum Emian22) genome allowed the identification of genomic variation and introgression segments (ISs) in 323 introgression lines (ILs) from the donor parent (G. barbadense 3–79). It documented gene expression dynamics by sequencing 1,284 transcriptomes of developing fibers and characterized genetic regulatory perturbations mediated by genomic introgression using a multi‐locus model. Introgression of individual homoeologous genes exhibiting extreme low or high expression bias can lead to a parallel expression bias in their non‐introgressed duplicates, implying a shared yet divergent regulatory fate of duplicated genes following allopolyploidy. Additionally, the IL N182 with improved fiber quality is characterized, and the candidate gene GhFLAP1 related to fiber length is validated. This study outlines a framework for understanding introgression‐mediated regulatory perturbations in polyploids, and provides insights for targeted breeding of superior upland cotton fiber.
Giant Piezoelectric Effect Induced by Porosity in Inclined ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Pelayo Garcia Manuel , Saddik Karim Ben , Baghini Mahdieh Shojaei , Hughes Dave Allan , Gibson Des , García Basilio Javier , García Nuñez Carlos
Published: August 2024

Piezoceramics have been the common choice for sensing applications, however their integration with other electronics is limited due to their large size. Also, environmental concerns have been limiting the use of ceramics due to their lead content, toxic for humans. Piezoelectric crystalline thin films have arisen as alternative materials offering compatibility with miniaturization and integrated processes, though their piezoelectric properties are low (d33 < 15 pC N−1) compared to ceramics (d33 > 300 pC N−1), hindering their applicability. Several methods have been studied aiming to improve the piezoelectric output of thin films, including doping or the less investigated inclusion of porosity. However, they all require complex techniques that increase the cost. In this work, a giant electromechanical d33 coefficient of 115.6 pC N−1 has been obtained inducing porosity in inclined ZnO thin films via oblique angle deposition, which is beyond record values reported for doped ZnO thin films and an order of magnitude higher than standard ZnO thin films (11.6 pC N−1). Morphology, composition, crystal structure, porosity, and piezoelectricity are reported for standard and inclined films. Finite element simulations have been carried out to investigate the performance of the piezoelectric‐enhanced thin films in an ultrasonic pulse‐echo setup.
s‐Tetrazine‐Bridged 2,2′‐Bipyrimidine as Superior Atom‐Economic Multi‐Charge Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xiao Shengqiang , Zhang Jie , Ren Tianlu , Xiang Zhipeng , Piao Jinhua , Wan Kai , Fu Zhiyong , Liang Zhenxing
Published: August 2024

Nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic molecules feature metal resource‐independence, flexible conjugation structure and fast charge storage kinetics, making them promising to be used as the electrode material in lithium‐ion batteries. However, an insufficiently high capacity (<400 mAh g−1) seriously threatens their practical application. Herein, a novel molecule, viz. 3,6‐bis(2‐pyrimidinyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (DPmT), is developed by inserting an electron‐withdrawing π‐bridge unit of s‐tetrazine between two pyrimidine rings, in which a dense assembly of multiple active sites is realized. The DTmP exhibits a remarkable atom economy of 40 g (mol e)−1, which refers to the molecule mass per unit of charge transferred. The cathode material of DPmT yields a high capacity of 653 mAh g−1 and an energy density of 1188 Wh kg−1 at 50 mA g−1 at 70 °C. And 80% capacity retention is achieved after 500 cycles at 500 mA g−1, confirming its superior cyclability. Spectroscopy studies and theoretical calculations are performed to investigate the charge storage process. First, the C═N and N═N are claimed as plausible binding sites for the lithium ions. Second, the introduction of s‐tetrazine significantly enhances molecular planarity, thereby promoting charge delocalization and molecular stability. This work provides a novel strategy for designing atom‐economic multi‐charge electrode materials with high capacity.
Mechanistically Understanding the Correlation Between Dynamic Interface Variation and Stability of Surface Coating on the NMC811 Materials
Authors: Lyu Siqi , Yu Jian , Guo Xiao‐Hua , Bu Xudong , Sun Lei , Li Na , Chen Hao‐Sen , Song Wei‐Li , Yu Xiqian , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: August 2024

LiNi0.8Co0.1‐Mn0.1O2 (NMC811) is widely used in high energy density lithium‐ion batteries, while dynamic variation of liquid‐solid interface induced by oxygen release/evolution results in unexpected performance decay. Surface coating is an effective strategy in promoting the stability of NMC811 materials, and both coating composition and nanostructure arrangement would substantially impact the dynamic variation of liquid‐solid interfaces. To understand such dynamic variation, here evolution and stability of two selected NMC811 materials coated with oxides (the same oxide composition but different nanostructure arrangements) are compared, i.e., concentration uniform core‐shell NMC811 (CUCS811) and concentration gradient core‐shell NMC811 (CGCS811). The gas evolution from the home‐setup operando gas monitors (at 45 and 65 °C) implies that CUCS811 presents more operation and thermal stability because of less amount of CO2 and CH4 along with prolonged interval time in gas production. Composition variation of interfaces indicates that CUCS811 presents more stable interfacial evolution behaviors since more F‐ and P‐rich species for stabilizing the solid‐electrolyte interfaces are detected. The stability analysis suggests that uniform arrangement of Al2O3 and boride in the coating is prone to prevent the interface from degradation upon dynamic interface variation, which is useful in promoting the performance stability of NMC811 positive electrode materials.
Cobalt Phthalocyanine‐Based Photo/Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Balogun Sheriff A. , Thole Dina , Masekela Daniel , Modibane Kwena D.
Published: August 2024

Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc)‐based catalysts have garnered significant interest as efficient materials for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) due to their abundant availability, low cost, tunable electronic structures, and unique light absorption performance. This review offers a thorough examination of the latest developments in CoPc‐based catalysts for HER. It entails a wide range of synthesis approaches, intrinsic characteristics, and catalytic mechanisms associated with these catalysts for HER. We also compare the photo/electrocatalytic performance of these catalysts using parameters like Tafel slope, exchange current density, overpotential, hydrogen yield, turnover frequency, stability, specific surface area, etc. The review shows that the commonly used electrolytes for electrocatalytic HER are KOH, LiClO4/PBS, and H2SO4, while for photocatalytic HER, triethylamine, water, and triethanolamine are frequently used. Among all the electrocatalysts understudied, poly[CoOTPc]‐KB and GO/4N‐CoPc are the best, owing to their lowest overpotentials and Tafel slopes. In terms of photocatalytic hydrogen production, CoPc/TiO2/Pt has better photocatalytic HER performance compared to its counterparts. This review also highlights the effects of incorporating CoPc with different materials on the photo/electrocatalytic HER performance. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and prospects, emphasizing the chances for improving and incorporating CoPc‐based catalysts as a viable option for hydrogen production in the future.
Are interns prepared? A summary of current transition to residency preparation courses content
Authors: Davis Mallory , Okoli Donna , House Joseph , Santen Sally
Published: August 2024

Background

The transition from medical student to emergency medicine resident is a critical point in training. Medical students start residency with different levels of understanding and some are not meeting the emergency medicine (EM) Level 1 milestones. Residency preparation courses (RPCs) were created to fill this gap and prepare medical students for residency.

Objectives

The objective was to review content from current RPC curricula to determine the content that should be included in an EM‐specific transition to residency preparation course.

Methods

We collected curricula from RPC course directors at different institutions and reviewed and coded the topics into categories: (1) didactics, (2) procedures, and (3) unique topics (defined as nontraditional topics that did not fit squarely into didactics or procedures).

Results

We obtained content from 13 different RPC curricula. Length of the courses ranged from one to 8 weeks with the mean being three weeks. Most courses were taught within a larger medical school course and were not specific to EM (62%). The most frequently taught didactic topics were airway interventions (85%), critical care (69%), and chest pain/shortness of breath (62%). Most programs included a simulation component (92%) and the most common procedures included airway interventions (69%); lines—central, arterial, and Cordis (69%); lumbar puncture (62%); and ultrasound (62%). Many of the courses had unique or special features taught within the curriculum. The most frequently taught unique content were sessions on self‐awareness and self‐regulation (85%) and advanced communication (69%).

Conclusions

After multiple RPC curricula content was reviewed, a set of basic curriculum has been determined and supported by the content analysis. By including a standardized curriculum within RPC's, this will help better prepare medical students and create a standard for medical students entering EM residency and may allow intern orientations to focus on higher level skills.
The non‐flowering plants of a near‐polar forest in East Gondwana, Tasmania, Australia, during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum
Authors: Slodownik Miriam A.
Published: August 2024

Premise

The Cenozoic Macquarie Harbour Formation (MHF) hosts one of the oldest and southernmost post‐Cretaceous fossil plant assemblages in Australia. Coinciding with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) and predating the breakup of Australia from Antarctica, it offers critical data to study the diversity and extent of the Austral Polar Forest Biome, and the floristic divergence between Australasia and South America resulting from the Gondwana breakup.

Methods

The micromorphology and macromorphology of new fossil plant compressions from the MHF were described and systematically analyzed. Previously published non‐flowering plant records were reviewed and revised. Macrofossil abundance data were provided. The flora was compared with other early Paleogene assemblages from across the Southern Hemisphere.

Results

Twelve species of non‐flowering plants were identified from the macrofossil record. Conifers include Araucariaceae (Araucaria macrophylla, A. readiae, A. timkarikensis sp. nov., and Araucarioides linearis), Podocarpaceae (Acmopyle glabra, Dacrycarpus mucronatus, Podocarpus paralungatikensis sp. nov., and Retrophyllum sp.), and Cupressaceae (Libocedrus microformis). Dacrycarpus linifolius was designated a junior synonym of D. mucronatus. Further components include a cycad (Bowenia johnsonii, Zamiaceae), a pteridosperm (Komlopteris cenozoicus, Umkomasiaceae), and a fern (Lygodium dinmorphyllum, Schizaeaceae).

Conclusions

The fossil assemblage represents a mixed near‐polar forest with a high diversity of conifers. The morphology and preservation of several species indicate adaptations to life at high latitudes. The coexistence of large‐ and small‐leaved conifers implies complex, possibly open forest structures. Comparisons with contemporaneous assemblages from Argentina support a circumpolar biome during the EECO, reaching from southern Australia across Antarctica to southern South America.
P‐doped RuSe2 on Porous N‐Doped Carbon Matrix as Catalysts for Accelerated Sulfur Redox Reactions
Authors: Li Bin , Wang Peng , Yuan Jia , Song Ning , Feng Jinkui , Xiong Shenglin , Xi Baojuan
Published: August 2024

Monocomponent catalysts exhibit the limited catalytic conversion of polysulfides due to their intrinsic electronic structure, but their catalytic activity can be improved by introducing heteroatoms to regulate its electronic structure. However, the rational selection principles of doping elements remain unclear. Here, we are guided by theoretical calculations to select the suitable doping elements based on the balanced relationship between the adsorption strength of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and catalytic activity of lithium sulfide. We apply the screening method to develop a new catalyst of phosphorus doped RuSe2, manifesting the further enhanced conductivity compared with original RuSe2, facilitating charge transfer and further modulating the d‐band center of RuSe2, thereby augmenting its effectiveness in interacting with LiPSs. Consequently, the assembled cell exhibits an areal capacity of 7.7 mAh cm−2, even under high sulfur loading of 8.0 mg cm−2 and a lean electrolyte condition (5.0 μL mg−1). This rational screening strategy offers a robust solution for the design of advanced catalysts in the field of lithium‐sulfur batteries and potentially other domains as well.
S−S Bond Strategy at Sulfide Heterointerface: Reversing Charge Transfer and Constructing Hydrogen Spillover for Boosted Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yue Haoyu , Guo Zhongnan , Zhou Ziwen , Zhang Xuemeng , Guo Wenjing , Zhen Shuang , Wang Pu , Wang Kang , Yuan Wenxia
Published: August 2024

Developing efficient electrocatalyst in sulfides for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) still poses challenges due to the lack of understanding the role of sulfide heterointerface. Here, we report a sulfide heterostructure RuSx/NbS2, which is composed of 3R‐type NbS2 loaded by amorphous RuSx nanoparticles with S−S bonds formed at the interface. As HER electrocatalyst, the RuSx/NbS2 shows remarkable low overpotential of 38 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in acid, and also low Tafel slope of 51.05 mV dec−1. The intrinsic activity of RuSx/NbS2 is much higher than that of Ru/NbS2 reference as well as the commercial Pt/C. Both experiments and theoretical calculations unveil a reversed charge transfer at the interface from NbS2 to RuSx that driven by the formation of S−S bonds, resulting in electron‐rich Ru configuration for strong hydrogen adsorption. Meanwhile, electronic redistribution induced by the sulfide heterostructure facilitates hydrogen spillover (HSo) effect in this system, leading to accelerated hydrogen desorption at the basal plane of NbS2. This study provides an effective S−S bond strategy in sulfide heterostructure to synergistically modulate the charge transfer and adsorption thermodynamics, which is very valuable for the development of efficient electrocatalysts in practical applications.
Solution Versus On‐Surface Synthesis of Peripherally Oxygen‐Annulated Porphyrins through C−O Bond Formation
Authors: Deyerling Joel , Berionni Berna Beatrice , Biloborodov Dmytro , Haag Felix , Tömekce Sena , Cuxart Marc G. , Li Conghui , Auwärter Willi , Bonifazi Davide
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the synthesis of tetra‐ and octa‐O‐fused porphyrinoids employing an oxidative O‐annulation approach through C−H activation. Despite encountering challenges such as overoxidation and instability in conventional solution protocols, successful synthesis was achieved on Au(111) surfaces under ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) conditions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and non‐contact atomic force microscopy elucidated the preferential formation of pyran moieties via C−O bond formation and subsequent self‐assembly driven by C−H⋅⋅⋅O interactions. Furthermore, the O‐annulation process was found to reduce the HOMO–LUMO gap by lifting the HOMO energy level, with the effect rising upon increasing the number of embedded O‐atoms.
Ni‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Cyclization/Amidation and Amination of 1,6‐Enynes and 1,7‐Enynes
Authors: Hu Shengwei , Wang Xiaoqin , Wu Tianbao , Ding Zhengtian , Wang Minyan , Kong Wangqing
Published: August 2024

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydroamination of unsaturated hydrocarbons is an appealing synthetic tool for the construction of high value‐added chiral amines. Despite significant progress in the asymmetric hydroamination of alkenes, allenes, and 1,3‐dienes, asymmetric hydroamination of 1,6‐enynes or 1,7‐enynes remains rather limited due to the enormous challenges in controlling the chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity of the reaction. Herein, we report a Ni‐catalyzed chemo‐ and enantioselective reductive cyclization/amidation and amination of 1,6‐enynes and 1,7‐enynes using dioxazolones or anthranils as nitrene‐transfer reagents. This mild, modular, and practical protocol provides rapid access to a variety of enantioenriched 2‐pyrrolidone and 2‐piperidone derivatives bearing an aminomethylene group at the 4‐position in good yields (up to 83 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (46 examples, up to 99 % ee). Mechanistic experiments and density functional theory calculations indicate that the reaction is initiated by hydronickelation of alkynes followed by migratory insertion into alkenes, rather than by a [2+2+1] oxidative addition process of nickel to alkenes and alkynes.
Coronene‐Based 2D Networks by On‐Surface Skeletal Rearrangement of Sumanene Precursors
Authors: Pérez‐Elvira Elena , Barragán Ana , Gallardo Aurelio , Santos José , Martín‐Fuentes Cristina , Lauwaet Koen , Gallego José M. , Miranda Rodolfo , Sakurai Hidehiro , Urgel José I. , Björk Jonas , Martín Nazario , Écija David
Published: August 2024

The design of novel low‐dimensional carbon materials is at the forefront of modern chemistry. Recently, on‐surface covalent synthesis has emerged as a powerful strategy to synthesize previously precluded compounds and polymers. Here, we report a scanning probe microscopy study, complemented by theoretical calculations, on the sequential skeletal rearrangement of sumanene‐based precursors into a coronene‐based organometallic network by stepwise intra‐ and inter‐molecular reactions on Au(111). Interestingly, upon higher annealing, the formed organometallic networks evolve into two‐dimensional coronene‐based covalently linked patches through intermolecular homocoupling reactions. A new reaction mechanism is proposed based on the role of C−Au−C motifs to promote two stepwise carbon‐carbon couplings to form cyclobutadiene bridges. Our results pave avenues for the conversion of molecular precursors on surfaces, affording the design of unexplored two‐dimensional organometallic and covalent materials.
Experimental studies on mechanism whereby premixed chamber length and equivalence ratio collaboratively influence self‐excited thermoacoustic instability
Authors: Zhang Yuanhang , Du Yongbo , Zhang Jingkun , Che Defu
Published: August 2024

Self‐excited thermoacoustic instability (SETAI) is a dangerous phenomenon in combustion equipment. While it is widely acknowledged that SETAI behavior is determined by the couple between pressure and heat release oscillation, their phase difference is difficult to predict, which impedes the development of SETAI control technology. With the aim of passive control technology development, this paper conducted experiment on a premixed hedge combustor to explore the mechanism whereby premixed chamber length (LP) and equivalence ratio (φ) collaboratively influence SETAI behavior. Results showed LP mainly affects the pressure mode shape within premixed chamber and consequently alters the phase difference between pressure and flowrate oscillation at combustion chamber inlet. Changing φ gives rise to different reaction time‐lag (τ), thus altering the phase difference between flowrate and reaction heat release oscillation. By introducing this flowrate oscillation, how LP and φ collaboratively determine phase difference between pressure oscillation and heat release oscillation was clarified. The mechanisms identified in this study are consistent with the emerging rationalization of the factors contributing to SETAI, and also provides better understanding on Rayleigh criterion and guidance for SETAI control. With further work on heat release and flow rate measurement, as well as the development on τ description, SETAI can be better predicted and controlled.
Neural canal ridges: A novel osteological correlate of postcranial neuroanatomy in dinosaurs
Authors: Atterholt Jessie , Wedel Mathew J. , Tykoski Ron , Fiorillo Anthony R. , Holwerda Femke , Nalley Thierra K. , Lepore Taormina , Yasmer John
Published: August 2024

In this article, we document the widespread presence of bony ridges in the neural canals of non‐avian dinosaurs, including a wide diversity of sauropods, two theropods, a thyreophoran, and a hadrosaur. These structures are present only in the caudal vertebrae. They are anteroposteriorly elongate, found on the lateral walls of the canal, and vary in size and position both taxonomically and serially. Similar bony projections into the neural canal have been identified in extant teleosts, dipnoans, and urodelans, in which they are recognized as bony spinal cord supports. In most non‐mammals, the dura mater that surrounds the spinal cord is fused to the periosteum of the neural canal, and the denticulate ligaments that support the spinal cord can pass through the dura and periosteum to anchor directly to bone. The function of these structures in dinosaurs remains uncertain, but in sauropods they might have stabilized the spinal cord during bilateral movement of the tail and use of the tail as a weapon. Of broader significance, this study emphasizes that important new discoveries at the gross anatomical level can continue to be made in part by closely examining previously overlooked features of known specimens.
Partially substituting alfalfa hay with hemp forage promotes the health and well‐being of goats via altering ruminal and plasma metabolites and metabolic pathways
Authors: Ran Tao , Luo Guowang , Yue Yipeng , Xu Zhipeng , Shi Zunji , Lei Zhaomin , Yang Wenzhu , Wu Duanqin
Published: August 2024

Hemp forage (HF) seems a suitable forage for ruminants for its high nutritional value and rich phytochemicals that exert health and growth‐promoting activities. We investigated the effects of hemp‐related phytochemicals on rumen and plasma metabolism using metabolome when partially substituting alfalfa hay with HF in goat diets. Numbers of differential metabolites linearly increased with increasing HF substituting rate, approximately 50% of which were phytochemicals. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inclusion of HF greatly promoted steroid hormone biosynthesis, one carbon pool by folate, and retinol metabolism pathways in both rumen and plasma, which are beneficial for promoting animal health and well‐being and enhancing the quality of animal products. Some phytochemicals showed inhibitory activities on the growth of certain ruminal bacteria; meanwhile, the detected intermediate metabolites indicated degradation of the phytochemicals by ruminal microbes. These phytochemicals work individually and synergistically to alter ruminal and plasma metabolic pathways, thus exerting benefits in promoting the health and well‐being of animals.
Investigation of the expression of Cis P‐tau and Pin1 proteins following air pollution induction in the brain tissue of C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Shahpasand Sheyda , Khatami Seyyed Hossein , Ehtiati Sajad , Salmani Farzaneh , Zarei Tayebe , Shahpasand Kourosh , Ghobeh Maryam , Karima Saeed
Published: August 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental factors play a role. Among environmental factors, air pollution is a vital issue in modern life. Despite extensive considerations, it remains uncertain how pollution mediates neurodegeneration in AD. Beta‐amyloids and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are the two main pathological markers that have been studied in AD so far. Tau protein is basically a phosphoprotein whose functions are controlled by phosphorylation. The function of tau protein is to be located on the surface of microtubules and stabilize them. Studies have shown that phosphorylated tau protein (p‐tau) exists in cis and trans conformations at Thr231, among which cis is highly neurotoxic. The Pin1 enzyme performs the conversion of cis to trans or vice versa. In this study, an experimental mouse model was designed to investigate the formation of cis p‐tau by inducing air pollution. In this way, mice were randomly exposed to pollution at 2‐week, 1‐month, and 2‐month intervals. We investigated the formation of phosphorylated cis tau form during air pollution on mouse brains using Western blots and immunofluorescence. The fluorescent imaging results and Western blotting analysis of mouse brains revealed a significant accumulation of cis p‐tau in pollution‐treated mice models compared to the healthy control mice. According to Western blot results, air pollution induction caused a significant decrease in Pin1 protein. The results clearly show that the tauopathy observed during air pollution is mediated through the formation of cis tau. Our findings unravel tauopathy mysteries upon pollution and would help find a possible therapeutic target to fight the devastating disorder caused by modern life.
Three‐dimensional stem cell models of mammalian gastrulation
Authors: Turner David A. , Martinez Arias Alfonso
Published: August 2024

Gastrulation is a key milestone in the development of an organism. It is a period of cell proliferation and coordinated cellular rearrangement, that creates an outline of the body plan. Our current understanding of mammalian gastrulation has been improved by embryo culture, but there are still many open questions that are difficult to address because of the intrauterine development of the embryos and the low number of specimens. In the case of humans, there are additional difficulties associated with technical and ethical challenges. Over the last few years, pluripotent stem cell models are being developed that have the potential to become useful tools to understand the mammalian gastrulation. Here we review these models with a special emphasis on gastruloids and provide a survey of the methods to produce them robustly, their uses, relationship to embryos, and their prospects as well as their limitations.
Manifesting the multi‐stimuli‐responsive behaviour of triazole‐substituted triphenylamine
Authors: Pandey Dilip , Samarth Trivedi , Kharabe Laxman Sarjerao , Mishra Anrudh , Mishra Anupam , Raghuvanshi Abhinav
Published: August 2024

The development of multi‐stimuli‐responsive (MSR) materials is a tempting yet intriguing challenge due to the absence of a defined design approach. In this study, we designed and synthesised two compounds based on triphenylamine, namely, TPA‐Tz1 and TPA‐Tz2. The photoluminescent investigations reveal the MSR behaviour of both compounds. TPA‐Tz1 shows reversible mechanochromism with a blue‐shifted emission due to changes in intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, both compounds exhibit solvatochromism in solvents of varying polarity. Detailed studies suggest that solvatochromism in TPA‐Tz1 can be attributed to twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT), while in TPA‐Tz2, it is due to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Additionally, both compounds display acidochromic properties in solution as well as in the solid state due to the protonation of the triazole ring. All changes in emissions are corroborated through theoretical calculations. The results provide insights into the intricate interplay of molecular interactions and structural rearrangements that contribute to the compound's multifaceted responsiveness.
Active surveillance vs. surgery in low‐risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients and the risk of loss to follow‐up
Authors: Saito Yoshiyuki , Matsuzu Kenichi , Takami Hiroshi , Matsui Ai , Kuga Yoko , Ohara Ryoji , Yoshioka Kana , Masaki Chie , Akaishi Junko , Hames Kiyomi Y. , Okamura Ritsuko , Tomoda Chisato , Suzuki Akifumi , Kitagawa Wataru , Nagahama Mitsuji , Sugino Kiminori , Ito Koichi
Published: August 2024

Background

Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) management has evolved, with active surveillance (AS) gaining prominence as a management option. However, a key concern for both clinicians and patients is the potential for patient loss to follow‐up during AS.

Aims

This study aimed to determine adherence and loss‐to‐follow‐up rates in low‐risk PTMC patients undergoing AS versus surgical intervention, in order to gain insights into clinical pathways and safety profiles.

Materials and Methods

This cohort study analyzed the 2016 data from a single registered institution of Japan's public National Cancer Registry.

Results

We identified and retrospectively analyzed the cases of 327 patients diagnosed with low‐risk PTMC; 227 patients chose to undergo AS while the other 100 underwent PTMC surgery. Main outcomes were the adherence rate and loss‐to‐follow‐up rate of each group, factors influencing discontinuation, and safety considerations. The rate of AS adoption was substantial in the complete series of 327 low‐risk PTMC patients (69.4%). There was a significantly higher loss‐to‐follow‐up rate at 5 years in the AS group (28.6%) compared to the Surgery group (17.8%) (HR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.01–2.61; p = 0.046). Both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed the significantly higher loss‐to‐follow‐up rate in the AS group as well as in older patients. No deaths due to PTMC progression were observed in the cases lost to follow‐up.

Conclusion

Despite concerns about loss to follow‐up, active surveillance remains a safe option for low‐risk PTMCs. Consistent follow‐up strategies are crucial, and further research is needed to enhance patient counseling and care for the management of patients with PTMC.