bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heritability and familiality of neurological soft signs: evidence from healthy twins, patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic first-degree relatives
Authors: Xu T. , Wang Y. , Li Z. , Huang J. , Lui S. S. Y. , Tan S.-P. , Yu X. , Cheung E. F. C. , He M.-G. , Ott J. , Gur R. E. , Gur R. C. , Chan R. C. K.
Published: September 2015

Background.

Neurological soft signs (NSS) have long been considered potential endophenotypes for schizophrenia. However, few studies have investigated the heritability and familiality of NSS. The present study examined the heritability and familiality of NSS in healthy twins and patient–relative pairs.

Method.

The abridged version of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory was administered to 267 pairs of monozygotic twins, 124 pairs of dizygotic twins, and 75 pairs of patients with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic first-degree relatives.

Results.

NSS were found to have moderate but significant heritability in the healthy twin sample. Moreover, patients with schizophrenia correlated closely with their first-degree relatives on NSS.

Conclusions.

Taken together, the findings provide evidence on the heritability and familiality of NSS in the Han Chinese population.
Structural basis underlying CAC RNA recognition by the RRM domain of dimeric RNA-binding protein RBPMS
Authors: Teplova Marianna , Farazi Thalia A. , Tuschl Thomas , Patel Dinshaw J.
Published: September 2015

RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (designated RBPMS) is a higher vertebrate mRNA-binding protein containing a single RNA recognition motif (RRM). RBPMS has been shown to be involved in mRNA transport, localization and stability, with key roles in axon guidance, smooth muscle plasticity, as well as regulation of cancer cell proliferation and migration. We report on structure-function studies of the RRM domain of RBPMS bound to a CAC-containing single-stranded RNA. These results provide insights into potential topologies of complexes formed by the RBPMS RRM domain and the tandem CAC repeat binding sites as detected by photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation. These studies establish that the RRM domain of RBPMS forms a symmetrical dimer in the free state, with each monomer binding sequence-specifically to all three nucleotides of a CAC segment in the RNA bound state. Structure-guided mutations within the dimerization and RNA-binding interfaces of RBPMS RRM on RNA complex formation resulted in both disruption of dimerization and a decrease in RNA-binding affinity as observed by size exclusion chromatography and isothermal titration calorimetry. As anticipated from biochemical binding studies, over-expression of dimerization or RNA-binding mutants of Flag-HA-tagged RBPMS were no longer able to track with stress granules in HEK293 cells, thereby documenting the deleterious effects of such mutations in vivo.
Liberals and conservatives: Non-convertible currencies
Authors: Hibbing John R. , Smith Kevin B. , Alford John R.
Published: September 2015

Duarte et al. are correct that the social science enterprise would improve on several fronts if the number of politically conservative researchers were to increase; however, because they misunderstand the degree to which liberals and conservatives are dispositionally different, they fail to appreciate the full range of reasons that conservatives are reluctant to enter the modern social sciences.
Conservatism is not the missing viewpoint for true diversity
Authors: Seibt Beate , Waldzus Sven , Schubert Thomas W. , Brito Rodrigo
Published: September 2015

The target article diagnoses a dominance of liberal viewpoints with little evidence, promotes a conservative viewpoint without defining it, and wrongly projects the U.S. liberal-conservative spectrum to the whole field of social psychology. Instead, we propose to anticipate and reduce mixing of theorizing and ideology by using definitions that acknowledge divergence in perspective, and promote representative sampling and observation of the field, as well as dialogical publication.
Decomposed: a political ecology of music
Authors: Devine Kyle
Published: September 2015

This article is about what recordings are made of, and about what happens to those recordings when they are disposed of. It inscribes a history of recorded music in three main materials: shellac, plastic and data. These materials constitute the five most prevalent recording formats since 1900: 78s, LPs, cassettes, CDs and MP3s. The goal is to forge a political ecology of the evolving relationship between popular music and sound technology, which accounts not only for human production and consumption but also material manufacture and disposal. Such an orientation is useful for developing an analytical framework that is adequate to the complexities of the global material–cultural flows in which the recorded music commodity is constituted and deconstituted. It also strives towards a more responsible way of thinking about the relationship between popular music's cultural and economic value, on the one hand, and its environmental cost, on the other.
In quest of truth: the meaning of message making in Israeli rap
Authors: Dorchin Uri
Published: September 2015

This article explores the meaning of ‘message’ in rap made in Israel. I suggest that since Israeli rappers perceive rap not just as music but as an instrument for the articulation of one's true self, they invest heavily in the notion of truth, rendering the making-of-a-message a message in its own right. I draw on two different analytical methods to explore the meaning of truth in this context: text analysis, based on a ‘word-system approach’, and ethnography of performance. The analysis of speech strategies exposes the different aspects attached to the idea of truth, and this is complemented by my fieldwork experiences, which illustrate how these aspects and perceptions are being practised during performance. I argue that for Israeli rappers the ideals of message making and ‘keeping things real’ draw simultaneously on the global stylistic capital of hip-hop and on local traditions of straightforward verbal expression.
Tutorial computer-assisted language learning
Authors: Heift Trude , Schulze Mathias
Published: September 2015

‘Sometimes maligned for its allegedly behaviorist connotations but critical for success in many fields from music to sport to mathematics and language learning, practice is undergoing something of a revival in the applied linguistics literature’ (Long & Richards 2007, p. xi). This research timeline provides a systematic overview of the contributions of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) to the role, nature, and development of individual practice in language learning. We focus on written language practice in Tutorial CALL, corrective feedback and language awareness-raising in Intelligent CALL (ICALL), and individualization of the learning process through tailoring of learning sequences and contingent guidance.
Research into practice: The influence of discourse studies on language descriptions and task design in published ELT materials
Authors: Gilmore Alex
Published: September 2015

Discourse studies is a vast, multidisciplinary, and rapidly expanding area of research, embracing a range of approaches including discourse analysis, corpus analysis, conversation analysis, interactional sociolinguistics, critical discourse analysis, genre analysis and multimodal discourse analysis. Each approach offers its own unique perspective on discourse, focusing variably on text, context or a range of semiotic modes. Together, they provide foreign language teachers and material designers with new insights into language, and are beginning to have an observable impact on published English Language Teaching (ELT) materials. This paper examines the ways in which the four approaches with the strongest links to the ELT profession (corpus analysis, conversation analysis, discourse analysis and genre analysis) have found their way into language learning materials, and offers some suggestions on how discourse studies may influence ELT classrooms in the future.
Unethical Consumption and Obligations to Signal
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly
Published: September 2015

There are many different ways to try to bring about an end to the harms involved in the production of consumer goods. In this article I will start at the bottom, with the individual whose ordinary choices about how to travel, what to eat, what to wear, where to shop, and which policies to support all cause her to confront the possibility of involvement in these harms to the environment, nonhuman animals, and persons.

Having dismissed the claim that an individual has a straightforward duty of justice not to consume unethically produced goods, in the second section I map out a few different approaches, all of which I take to be promising avenues for generating duties in individuals to consume ethically. I argue that the last approach is the most promising and spend the third section of this article developing it. Specifically, I argue that as a first step in collectivizing to act against unjust global labor practices, an individual ought to signal to others her commitments to ethical consumption. In section four I ask whether some signals are too cheap to function as a step toward collectivization, and defend the deliberate consumption of only ethically produced goods as a moderately costly and therefore reliable signal. In the last section I consider a challenge to the proposal in terms of whether it imposes unacceptable costs on consumers.
Preface
Authors: HOWISON SAM , KING JOHN , LACEY ANDREW , WARD MICHAEL
Published: September 2015

In this special issue of the European Journal of Applied Mathematics we celebrate the 75th birthday of its founding editor, Professor John Ockendon.

John started his research career with his D.Phil., awarded in 1965, working with Alan Tayler at the University of Oxford. John's background was in fluid mechanics, covering a wide range of topics, including, lubrication flows, flows in porous media, hypersonic aerodynamics, sloshing phenomena, and flow separation. He soon became involved in industrial research which led, in particular, to his interest in the field of free boundary problems, an area in which he became a driving force, through papers, conferences, and particularly through the fostering of regular international meetings and personal interactions. His pioneering work in the field was particularly concentrated in diffusion-controlled moving boundary problems that arise in various applications, such as in phase change problems, elastic-contact problems and the fundamental Hele-Shaw free boundary problem. The industrial collaborations also led to mathematical studies of lens design, fibre extrusion, fluidised beds, glass manufacture and semiconductor devices, to name but a few, and to problems in scattering and wave theory, non-linear wave propagation and non-linear oscillations, as well as mechanics and heat and mass transfer. He continues to work on PDEs and asymptotics applied to new well-founded models from the real world, with a particular focus in the physical and earth sciences.
Sum of Many Dilates
Authors: SHAKAN GEORGE
Published: September 2015

We show that for any coprime integers λ1, . . ., λkand any finiteA⊂$\mathbb{Z}$, one has|\lambda_1 \cdot A + \cdots + \lambda_k \cdot A| \geq (|\lambda_1| + \cdots + |\lambda_k|)|A|- C,whereConly depends on λ1, . . ., λk.
CHD associated with syndromic diagnoses: peri-operative risk factors and early outcomes
Authors: Landis Benjamin J. , Cooper David S. , Hinton Robert B.
Published: September 2015

CHD is frequently associated with a genetic syndrome. These syndromes often present specific cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular co-morbidities that confer significant peri-operative risks affecting multiple organ systems. Although surgical outcomes have improved over time, these co-morbidities continue to contribute substantially to poor peri-operative mortality and morbidity outcomes. Peri-operative morbidity may have long-standing ramifications on neurodevelopment and overall health. Recognising the cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular risks associated with specific syndromic diagnoses will facilitate expectant management, early detection of clinical problems, and improved outcomes – for example, the development of syndrome-based protocols for peri-operative evaluation and prophylactic actions may improve outcomes for the more frequently encountered syndromes such as 22q11 deletion syndrome.
The risk associated with concomitant procedures performed during adult congenital heart surgery
Authors: Mori Makoto , Rosenblum Joshua M. , Book Wendy , Oster Matt , Kogon Brian
Published: September 2015

Background

Adult patients with CHD often require complex operations, and indications for particular aspects of the operation are sometimes unclear. The aims of our study were as follows: to characterise concomitant procedures performed during adult congenital cardiac surgery, and to better define the risk involved with performing concomitant procedures during a single operation.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 458 adult congenital cardiac surgical patients. Major procedures were characterised as aortic, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid, septal defect, single ventricle, transplant, and others. We constructed logistic regression models to assess the risk for mortality, major adverse event, and prolonged length of stay.

Results

A total of 362 operations involved a single major procedure, whereas 96 involved concomitant procedures. Performing concomitant procedures increased mortality (7.3 versus 2.5%), major adverse events (21.8 versus 14.9%), and prolonged length of stay (29.2 versus 17.1%). The added risks of concomitant procedures on mortality, major adverse event, and prolonged length of stay were 2.9 (95% CI 1.0–8.5, p=0.05), 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.3, p=0.02), and 2.4 (95% CI 1.4–4.1, p=0.003), respectively. There were 200 patients with conotruncal anomalies who underwent pulmonary valve surgery. In this subset, the added risks of concomitant procedures in addition to pulmonary valve surgery on mortality, major adverse events, and prolonged length of stay were 6.6 (95% CI 1.2–37.3, p=0.03), 2.8 (95% CI 1.2–6.6, p=0.03), and 3.3 (95% CI 1.5–7.4, p=0.005), respectively.

Conclusion

Concomitant procedures performed during adult congenital heart surgery increase risk. Awareness of this risk may improve surgical decision making and outcomes.
Bilateral diaphragmatic palsy after congenital heart surgery: management options
Authors: Bhaskar Pradeep , Lone Reyaz A. , Sallehuddin Ahmad , John Jiju , Bhat Akhlaque N. , Rahmath Muhammed R. K.
Published: September 2015

Diaphragmatic paralysis following phrenic nerve injury is a major complication following congenital cardiac surgery. In contrast to unilateral paralysis, patients with bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis present a higher risk group, require different management methods, and have poorer prognosis. We retrospectively analysed seven patients who had bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following congenital heart surgery during the period from July, 2006 to July, 2014. Considerations were given to the time to diagnosis of diaphragm paralysis, total ventilator days, interval after plication, and lengths of ICU and hospital stays. The incidence of bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis was 0.68% with a median age of 2 months (0.6–12 months). There was one neonate and six infants with a median weight of 4 kg (3–7 kg); five patients underwent unilateral plication of the paradoxical diaphragm following recovery of the other side, whereas the remaining two patients who did not demonstrate a paradoxical movement were successfully weaned from the ventilator following recovery of function in one of the diaphragms. The median ventilation time for the whole group was 48 days (20–90 days). The median length of ICU stay was 46 days (24–110 days), and the median length of hospital stay was 50 days (30–116 days). None of the patients required tracheostomy for respiratory support and there were no mortalities, although all the patients except one developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. The outcome of different management options for bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis following surgery for CHD is discussed.
A new vascular access route for balloon angioplasty in extremely low birth weight infants
Authors: Kanagawa Nao , Inamura Noboru , Tominaga Yuji
Published: September 2015

In this study, we present the case of an extremely low birth weight infant with severe coarctation of the aorta after ductus ligation. We treated the patient with balloon angioplasty using the descending aorta as a new access route. This method reduced many complications typically observed during the intervention for extremely low birth weight infants, which may expand the available treatment options for extremely low birth weight infants.
Psychosocial adjustment and quality of life in children undergoing screening in a specialist paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinic
Authors: Spanaki Adriani , O’Curry Sara , Winter-Beatty Jasmine , Mead-Regan Sarah , Hawkins Kate , English Jennifer , Head Catherine , Ridout Deborah , Tome-Esteban Maria T. , Elliott Perry , Kaski Juan P.
Published: September 2015

Objective

This study aimed to assess the psychological well-being and quality of life in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the potential psychosocial impact of screening.

Methods

A total of 152 children (aged 3–18 years) attending a specialist paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy clinic, and their parents completed the Generic Core Scales and Cardiac Module of the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) questionnaire as well as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; 21 patients (14%) had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (group A); 23 children (15%) harboured hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing sarcomeric mutations with normal echocardiograms (group G); and 108 children (71%) had a family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with normal investigations and attended for clinical cardiological screening (group S).

Results

In group A, mean PedsQLTM total scores reported by children and parents were lower than those reported by unaffected children (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between unaffected and gene-positive patients. Mean Cardiac module PedsQLTM total scores by children and parents were lower in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy compared with unaffected patients [mean child-reported total score 86.4 in group S versus 72.3 in group A (p<0.001) and 80.2 in group G (p=0.25); mean parent-reported total score 91.6 in group S versus 71.4 in group A (p<0.001) and 87 in group G (p=0.4)]. There was no significant difference between group S and group G on any of the scales, or between the three groups of patients in the mean Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores.

Conclusions

Children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a significantly reduced quality of life. Importantly, Quality-of-Life scores among unaffected children attending for screening were not different compared with scores from a normative UK population.
Cigarette smoking in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)
Authors: Dell’Osso Bernardo , Nicolini Humberto , Lanzagorta Nuria , Benatti Beatrice , Spagnolin Gregorio , Palazzo M. Carlotta , Marazziti Donatella , Hollander Eric , Fineberg Naomi , Stein Dan J. , Pallanti Stefano , Van Ameringen Michael , Lochner Christine , Hranov Georgi , Karamustafalioglu Oguz , Hranov Luchezar , Zohar Joseph , Denys Damiaan , Altamura A. Carlo , Menchon Jose M.
Published: September 2015

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) showed a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking compared to other psychiatric disorders in previous and recent reports. We assessed the prevalence and clinical correlates of the phenomenon in an international sample of 504 OCD patients recruited through the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) network.

Cigarette smoking showed a cross-sectional prevalence of 24.4% in the sample, with significant differences across countries. Females were more represented among smoking patients (16% vs 7%; p<.001). Patients with comorbid Tourette’s syndrome (p<.05) and tic disorder (p<.05) were also more represented among smoking subjects. Former smokers reported a higher number of suicide attempts (p<.05).

We found a lower cross-sectional prevalence of smoking among OCD patients compared to findings from previous studies in patients with other psychiatric disorders but higher compared to previous and more recent OCD studies. Geographic differences were found and smoking was more common in females and comorbid Tourette’s syndrome/tic disorder.
Do Old Errors Always Lead to New Truths? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Errorless Goal Management Training in Brain-Injured Patients
Authors: Bertens Dirk , Kessels Roy P.C. , Fiorenzato Eleonora , Boelen Danielle H. E. , Fasotti Luciano
Published: September 2015

Both errorless learning (EL) and Goal Management Training (GMT) have been shown effective cognitive rehabilitation methods aimed at optimizing the performance on everyday skills after brain injury. We examine whether a combination of EL and GMT is superior to traditional GMT for training complex daily tasks in brain-injured patients with executive dysfunction. This was an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial conducted in 67 patients with executive impairments due to brain injury of non-progressive nature (minimal post-onset time: 3 months), referred for outpatient rehabilitation. Individually selected everyday tasks were trained using 8 sessions of an experimental combination of EL and GMT or via conventional GMT, which follows a trial-and-error approach. Primary outcome measure was everyday task performance assessed after treatment compared to baseline. Goal attainment scaling, rated by both trainers and patients, was used as secondary outcome measure. EL-GMT improved everyday task performance significantly more than conventional GMT (adjusted difference 15.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] [4.52, 26.35]; Cohen’s d=0.74). Goal attainment, as scored by the trainers, was significantly higher after EL-GMT compared to conventional GMT (mean difference 7.34, 95% CI [2.99, 11.68]; Cohen’s d=0.87). The patients’ goal attainment scores did not differ between the two treatment arms (mean difference 3.51, 95% CI [−1.41, 8.44]). Our study is the first to show that preventing the occurrence of errors during executive strategy training enhances the acquisition of everyday activities. A combined EL-GMT intervention is a valuable contribution to cognitive rehabilitation in clinical practice. (JINS, 2015, 21, 639–649)
Metabolic syndrome and its associated early-life factors in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Wang Jiao , Zhu Yanna , Cai Li , Jing Jin , Chen Yajun , Mai Jincheng , Ma Lu , Ma Yinghua , Ma Jun
Published: September 2015

Objective

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 7- to 17-year-old children and adolescents in China and to examine the relationship between MetS and its associated early-life factors.

Design

Data were collected using a standard parent/guardian questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. Each participant underwent a complete anthropometric evaluation. MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF; 2007) for children and adolescents.

Setting

Guangzhou, a large city in South China, September 2013.

Subjects

A total of 1770 children and adolescents were enrolled in the study, including 913 girls (51·6 %) and 857 boys (48·4 %).

Results

The overall prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents was 1·1 % (n19), which was higher in boys (1·4 %) than in girls (0·8 %). Multivariate analysis indicated that high birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity (OR=2·86; 95 % CI 1·62, 5·06) and MetS (OR=3·61; 95 % CI 1·33, 9·82). Furthermore, >6 months of maternal breast-feeding was inversely associated with MetS (OR=0·39; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·98).

Conclusion

Based on IDF criteria, the prevalence of MetS among southern Chinese children was significantly lower than that in other populations. High birth weight was significantly associated with abdominal obesity and MetS, and breast-feeding for longer than 6 months was inversely associated with MetS in South China.
Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with a healthy dietary pattern in New Zealand adolescents
Authors: Howe Anna S , Skidmore Paula ML , Parnell Winsome R , Wong Jyh Eiin , Lubransky Alexandra C , Black Katherine E
Published: September 2015

Objective

To examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary patterns in adolescents.

Design

Food choice was assessed using the validated New Zealand Adolescent FFQ. Principal components analysis was used to determine dietary patterns. Trained research assistants measured participants’ height and body mass. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed in a subset of participants using the multistage 20 m shuttle run. The level and stage were recorded, and the corresponding VO2max was calculated. Differences in mean VO2max according to sex and BMI were assessed using t tests, while associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and dietary patterns were examined using linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, school attended, socio-economic deprivation and BMI.

Setting

Secondary schools in Otago, New Zealand.

Subjects

Students (n 279) aged 14–18 years who completed an online lifestyle survey during a class period.

Results

Principal components analysis produced three dietary patterns: ‘Treat Foods’, ‘Fruits and Vegetables’ and ‘Basic Foods’. The 279 participants who provided questionnaire data and completed cardiorespiratory fitness testing had a mean age of 15·7 (sd 0·9) years. Mean VO2max was 45·8 (sd 6·9) ml/kg per min. The ‘Fruits and Vegetables’ pattern was positively associated with VO2max in the total sample (β=0·04; 95 %CI 0·02, 0·07), girls (β=0·06; 95 % CI 0·03, 0·10) and boys (β=0·03; 95 % CI 0·01, 0·05).

Conclusions

These results indicate that increase in cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with a healthier dietary pattern, suggesting both should be targeted as part of a global lifestyle approach. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this association in relation to health outcomes in New Zealand adolescents.
Coalition oversight and blame avoidance in Greece
Authors: Tzelgov Eitan
Published: September 2015

This article examines the behavior of Greek political parties before, as well as during, the recent austerity period. Drawing on coalition oversight and blame avoidance literature, it argues that the unpopularity of austerity governments leads to extreme levels of dissent within the coalition. I operationalize this ‘intra-coalition opposition’ behavior using parliamentary questions, a legislative institution that has not been studied in the context of coalition politics. The analysis demonstrates that junior members in unpopular austerity governments increase their use of parliamentary questions to a degree that matches or even exceeds the formal opposition. However, intra-coalition dissent is conditional on the type of unpopular government policies, and on the ideology of coalition members. Specifically, using a new method of text analysis, I show that while the socialist Panhellenic Socialist Movement uses its parliamentary questions to avoid or minimize the blame associated with austerity policies, the conservative New Democracy does not, because left-leaning parties are electorally vulnerable to austerity measures. The results have implications for studying dissent in coalition politics in general, and the politics of austerity in particular.
Major depressive disorder, suicidal behaviour, bipolar disorder, and generalised anxiety disorder among emerging adults with and without chronic health conditions
Authors: Ferro M. A.
Published: September 2015

Background.

Despite the considerable physical, emotional and social change that occurs during emerging adulthood, there is little research that examines the association between having a chronic health condition and mental disorder during this developmental period. The aims of this study were to examine the sex-specific prevalence of lifetime mental disorder in an epidemiological sample of emerging adults aged 15–30 years with and without chronic health conditions; quantify the association between chronic health conditions and mental disorder, adjusting for sociodemographic and health factors; and, examine potential moderating and mediating effects of sex, level of disability and pain.

Method.

Data come from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health. Respondents were 15–30 years of age (n= 5947) and self-reported whether they had a chronic health condition. Chronic health conditions were classified as: respiratory, musculoskeletal/connective tissue, cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine/digestive. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 was used to assess the presence of mental disorder (major depressive disorder, suicidal behaviour, bipolar disorder and generalised anxiety disorder).

Results.

Lifetime prevalence of mental disorder was significantly higher for individuals with chronic health conditions compared with healthy controls. Substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence of mental disorder was found in males, but not in females. Logistic regression models adjusting for several sociodemographic and health factors showed that the individuals with chronic health conditions were at elevated risk for mental disorder. There was no evidence that the level of disability or pain moderated the associations between chronic health conditions and mental disorder. Sex was found to moderate the association between musculoskeletal/connective tissue conditions and bipolar disorder (β= 1.71,p= 0.002). Exploratory analyses suggest that the levels of disability and pain mediate the association between chronic health conditions and mental disorder.

Conclusions.

Physical and mental comorbidity is prevalent among emerging adults and this relationship is not augmented, but may be mediated, by the level of disability or pain. Findings point to the integration and coordination of public sectors – health, education and social services – to facilitate the prevention and reduction of mental disorder among emerging adults with chronic health conditions.
Is cross-breeding of cattle beneficial for the environment? The case of mixed farming systems in Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Widi T.S.M. , Udo H.M.J. , Oldenbroek K. , Budisatria I.G.S. , Baliarti E. , Viets T.C. , van der Zijpp A.J.
Published: September 2015

Cross-breeding with European beef breeds has become a standard approach for the intensification of smallholder cattle production in Indonesia. This study assessed the environmental impact of cross-breeding, in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and land use. We sampled 90 local Ongole and 162 cross-bred (Simmental × Ongole) cattle farms in four study areas. Expressed per kilogram of live weight of young stock produced, GWP (26.9 kg CO2–equivalents) and land use (34.2 m2) of farms with Ongole breeding stock were not significantly different from the GWP (28.9 kg CO2–equivalents) and land use (37.4 m2) of cross-bred farms. Cross-bred young stock grew faster, but in general cross-bred cattle required more feed. In the current smallholder production system, the dominant cross-breeding practice of using Simmental semen on Ongole andF1cross-bred cows does not result in lower greenhouse gas emissions or land use per kilogram of live weight produced compared with farms with Ongole cows. The advantage from the faster growth of cross-breds is counteracted by the higher emissions from feed production for cross-breds.
Assessing the risk status of livestock breeds: a multi-indicator method applied to 178 French local breeds belonging to ten species
Authors: Verrier E. , Audiot A. , Bertrand C. , Chapuis H. , Charvolin E. , Danchin-Burge C. , Danvy S. , Gourdine J.L. , Gaultier P. , Guémené D. , Laloë D. , Lenoir H. , Leroy G. , Naves M. , Patin S. , Sabbagh M.
Published: September 2015

Breed risk status assessment methods are key components of country-based early warning and response systems. In this study, a multi-indicator method was developed to assess the risk status of livestock populations. Six indicators were used: (i) the current number of breeding females; (ii) the change in the number of breeding females over the last 5 years or generations (depending on the species); (iii) percentage of cross-breeding; (iv) effective population size; (v) breeders organization and technical support; and (vi) socio-economic context. To make these indicators comparable, observed values were converted into scores on a six-point scale (from 0 = no threat to 5 = maximum threat); a specific conversion method was used for each indicator. For each breed, the different scores were analysed graphically and an overall score was calculated by averaging the six separate indicator scores. This approach was applied to 178 French local breeds, belonging to ten different species: horse, donkey, goat, pig, chicken, turkey, goose and Pekin duck. A large percentage of local breeds were found to be at risk to be lost for farming, although the results were species dependent. All local equine and pig breeds, as well as almost all local poultry breeds appeared to be endangered. About 80 percent of local goat and cattle breeds, and half local sheep breeds were also found to be at risk. The usefulness of this method with regards to conservation strategies and public policy is discussed.
Multilevel animal societies can emerge from cultural transmission
Authors: Cantor Maurício , Shoemaker Lauren G. , Cabral Reniel B. , Flores César O. , Varga Melinda , Whitehead Hal
Published: September 2015

Multilevel societies, containing hierarchically nested social levels, are remarkable social structures whose origins are unclear. The social relationships of sperm whales are organized in a multilevel society with an upper level composed of clans of individuals communicating using similar patterns of clicks (codas). Using agent-based models informed by an 18-year empirical study, we show that clans are unlikely products of stochastic processes (genetic or cultural drift) but likely originate from cultural transmission via biased social learning of codas. Distinct clusters of individuals with similar acoustic repertoires, mirroring the empirical clans, emerge when whales learn preferentially the most common codas (conformism) from behaviourally similar individuals (homophily). Cultural transmission seems key in the partitioning of sperm whales into sympatric clans. These findings suggest that processes similar to those that generate complex human cultures could not only be at play in non-human societies but also create multilevel social structures in the wild.
A quantitative description of Ndc80 complex linkage to human kinetochores
Authors: Suzuki Aussie , Badger Benjamin L. , Salmon Edward D.
Published: September 2015

The Ndc80 complex, which mediates end-on attachment of spindle microtubules, is linked to centromeric chromatin in human cells by two inner kinetochore proteins, CENP-T and CENP-C. Here to quantify their relative contributions to Ndc80 recruitment, we combine measurements of kinetochore protein copy number with selective protein depletion assays. This approach reveals about 244 Ndc80 complexes per human kinetochore (∼14 per kinetochore microtubule), 215 CENP-C, 72 CENP-T and only 151 Ndc80s as part of the KMN protein network (1:1:1 Knl1, Mis12 and Ndc80 complexes). Each CENP-T molecule recruits ∼2 Ndc80 complexes; one as part of a KMN network. In contrast, ∼40% of CENP-C recruits only a KMN network. Replacing the CENP-C domain that binds KMN with the CENP-T domain that recruits both an Ndc80 complex and KMN network yielded functional kinetochores. These results provide a quantitative picture of the linkages between centromeric chromatin and the microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex at the human kinetochore.
Combined operando X-ray diffraction–electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detecting solid solution reactions of LiFePO4 in batteries
Authors: Hess Michael , Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Villevieille Claire , Novák Petr
Published: September 2015

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used for portable applications today; however, often suffer from limited recharge rates. One reason for such limitation can be a reduced active surface area during phase separation. Here we report a technique combining high-resolution operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to directly track non-equilibrium intermediate phases in lithium-ion battery materials. LiFePO4, for example, is known to undergo phase separation when cycled under low-current-density conditions. However, operando X-ray diffraction under ultra-high-rate alternating current and direct current excitation reveal a continuous but current-dependent, solid solution reaction between LiFePO4 and FePO4 which is consistent with previous experiments and calculations. In addition, the formation of a preferred phase with a composition similar to the eutectoid composition, Li0.625FePO4, is evident. Even at a low rate of 0.1C, ∼20% of the X-ray diffractogram can be attributed to non-equilibrium phases, which changes our understanding of the intercalation dynamics in LiFePO4.
Defining the relationship between infection prevalence and clinical incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Authors: Cameron Ewan , Battle Katherine E. , Bhatt Samir , Weiss Daniel J. , Bisanzio Donal , Mappin Bonnie , Dalrymple Ursula , Hay Simon I. , Smith David L. , Griffin Jamie T. , Wenger Edward A. , Eckhoff Philip A. , Smith Thomas A. , Penny Melissa A. , Gething Peter W.
Published: September 2015

In many countries health system data remain too weak to accurately enumerate Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases. In response, cartographic approaches have been developed that link maps of infection prevalence with mathematical relationships to predict the incidence rate of clinical malaria. Microsimulation (or ‘agent-based’) models represent a powerful new paradigm for defining such relationships; however, differences in model structure and calibration data mean that no consensus yet exists on the optimal form for use in disease-burden estimation. Here we develop a Bayesian statistical procedure combining functional regression-based model emulation with Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling to calibrate three selected microsimulation models against a purpose-built data set of age-structured prevalence and incidence counts. This allows the generation of ensemble forecasts of the prevalence–incidence relationship stratified by age, transmission seasonality, treatment level and exposure history, from which we predict accelerating returns on investments in large-scale intervention campaigns as transmission and prevalence are progressively reduced.
Borromean three-body FRET in frozen Rydberg gases
Authors: Faoro R. , Pelle B. , Zuliani A. , Cheinet P. , Arimondo E. , Pillet P.
Published: September 2015

Controlling the interactions between ultracold atoms is crucial for quantum simulation and computation purposes. Highly excited Rydberg atoms are considered in this prospect for their strong and controllable interactions known in the dipole-dipole case to induce non-radiative energy transfers between atom pairs, similarly to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in biological systems. Here we predict few-body FRET processes in Rydberg atoms and observe the first three-body resonance energy transfer in cold Rydberg atoms using cold caesium atoms. In these resonances, additional relay atoms carry away an energy excess preventing the two-body resonance, leading thus to a Borromean type of energy transfer. These few-body processes present strong similarities with multistep FRET between chromophores sometimes called donor-bridge-acceptor or superexchange. Most importantly, they generalize to any Rydberg atom and could lead to new implementations of few-body quantum gates or entanglement.
Modular pathway rewiring of Saccharomyces cerevisiae enables high-level production of L-ornithine
Authors: Qin Jiufu , Zhou Yongjin J. , Krivoruchko Anastasia , Huang Mingtao , Liu Lifang , Khoomrung Sakda , Siewers Verena , Jiang Bo , Nielsen Jens
Published: September 2015

Baker’s yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis an attractive cell factory for production of chemicals and biofuels. Many different products have been produced in this cell factory by reconstruction of heterologous biosynthetic pathways; however, endogenous metabolism by itself involves many metabolites of industrial interest, and de-regulation of endogenous pathways to ensure efficient carbon channelling to such metabolites is therefore of high interest. Furthermore, many of these may serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of complex natural products, and hence strains overproducing certain pathway intermediates can serve as platform cell factories for production of such products. Here we implement a modular pathway rewiring (MPR) strategy and demonstrate its use for pathway optimization resulting in high-level production ofL-ornithine, an intermediate ofL-arginine biosynthesis and a precursor metabolite for a range of different natural products. The MPR strategy involves rewiring of the urea cycle, subcellular trafficking engineering and pathway re-localization, and improving precursor supply either through attenuation of the Crabtree effect or through the use of controlled fed-batch fermentations, leading to anL-ornithine titre of 1,041±47 mg l−1with a yield of 67 mg (g glucose)−1in shake-flask cultures and a titre of 5.1 g l−1in fed-batch cultivations. Our study represents the first comprehensive study on overproducing an amino-acid intermediate in yeast, and our results demonstrate the potential to use yeast more extensively for low-cost production of many high-value amino-acid-derived chemicals.
Quadruple-junction lattice coherency and phase separation in a binary-phase system
Authors: Chung Sung-Yoon , Choi Si-Young , Kim Jin-Gyu , Kim Young-Min
Published: September 2015

If each phase has an identical crystal structure and small misfit in the lattice parameters in a binary-phase crystalline system, coherent phase boundaries usually form during separation. Although there have been numerous studies on the effect of coherency elastic energy, no attempt has been made to demonstrate how the phase-separation behaviour varies when multiple interfaces meet at a junction. Here we show that a comprehensively different phase-separation morphology is induced, to release the high coherency strain confined to quadruple junctions. High-temperature in-situ transmission electron microscopy reveals that phase boundaries with a new crystallographic orientation emerge over twinned crystals to provide strain relaxation at quadruple junctions. The high coherency strain and the formation of different phase boundaries can be understood in terms of the force equilibrium between interface tensions at a junction point. Visualizing the quadruple points at atomic resolution, our observations emphasize the impact of multiple junctions on the morphology evolution during phase separation.
Erratum: Steady-state cross-correlations for live two-colour super-resolution localization data sets
Authors: Stone Matthew B. , Veatch Sarah L.
Published: September 2015

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 7347 (2015); Published 12 June 2015; Updated 8 September 2015 This Article contains an error in Fig. 1 that was introduced during the production process. The inset in panel a should appear on top of the green and magenta dots, not beneath them. The correct version of the figure appears below.
Twisted complex superfluids in optical lattices
Authors: Jürgensen Ole , Sengstock Klaus , Lühmann Dirk-Sören
Published: September 2015

We show that correlated pair tunneling drives a phase transition to a twisted superfluid with a complex order parameter. This unconventional superfluid phase spontaneously breaks the time-reversal symmetry and is characterized by a twisting of the complex phase angle between adjacent lattice sites. We discuss the entire phase diagram of the extended Bose—Hubbard model for a honeycomb optical lattice showing a multitude of quantum phases including twisted superfluids, pair superfluids, supersolids and twisted supersolids. Furthermore, we show that the nearest-neighbor interactions lead to a spontaneous breaking of the inversion symmetry of the lattice and give rise to dimerized density-wave insulators, where particles are delocalized on dimers. For two components, we find twisted superfluid phases with strong correlations between the species already for surprisingly small pair-tunneling amplitudes. Interestingly, this ground state shows an infinite degeneracy ranging continuously from a supersolid to a twisted superfluid.
Self-assembly formation of hollow Ni-Fe-O nanocage architectures by metal-organic frameworks with high-performance lithium storage
Authors: Guo Hong , Li Tingting , Chen Weiwei , Liu Lixiang , Qiao Jinli , Zhang Jiujun
Published: September 2015

A hollow hybrid Ni-Fe-O nanomaterial (NiFe2O4) is synthesized using a precursor of metal-organic frameworks through a simple and cost-effective method. The unique hollow nanocage structures shorten the length of Li-ion diffusion. The hollow structure offers a sufficient void space, which sufficiently alleviates the mechanical stress caused by volume change. Besides, the hybrid elements allow the volume change to take place in a stepwise manner during electrochemical cycle. And thus, the hierarchical hollow NiFe2O4 nanocage electrode exhibits extraordinary electrochemical performance. The stable cyclic performance is obtained for all rates from 1 C to 10 C. Even when the current reaches 10 C, the capacity can also arrive at 652 mAhg−1. Subsequently, a specific capacity of ca. 975 mAhg−1 is recovered when the current rate reduces back to 1 C after 200 cycles. This strategy that derived from NMOFs may shed light on a new route for large-scale synthesis of hollow porous hybrid nanocages for energy storage, environmental remediation and other novel applications.
Martian outflow channels: How did their source aquifers form and why did they drain so rapidly?
Authors: Rodriguez J. Alexis P. , Kargel Jeffrey S. , Baker Victor R. , Gulick Virginia C. , Berman Daniel C. , Fairén Alberto G. , Linares Rogelio , Zarroca Mario , Yan Jianguo , Miyamoto Hideaki , Glines Natalie
Published: September 2015

Catastrophic floods generated ~3.2 Ga by rapid groundwater evacuation scoured the Solar System’s most voluminous channels, the southern circum-Chryse outflow channels. Based on Viking Orbiter data analysis, it was hypothesized that these outflows emanated from a global Hesperian cryosphere-confined aquifer that was infused by south polar meltwater infiltration into the planet’s upper crust. In this model, the outflow channels formed along zones of superlithostatic pressure generated by pronounced elevation differences around the Highland-Lowland Dichotomy Boundary. However, the restricted geographic location of the channels indicates that these conditions were not uniform. Furthermore, some outflow channel sources are too high to have been fed by south polar basal melting. Using more recent mission data, we argue that during the Late Noachian fluvial and glacial sediments were deposited into a clastic wedge within a paleo-basin located in the southern circum-Chryse region, which at the time was completely submerged under a primordial northern plains ocean. Subsequent Late Hesperian outflow channels were sourced from within these geologic materials and formed by gigantic groundwater outbursts driven by an elevated hydraulic head from the Valles Marineris region. Thus, our findings link the formation of the southern circum-Chryse outflow channels to ancient marine, glacial and fluvial erosion and sedimentation.