bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth effects of fiscal policy: an application of the unobserved common factor model
Authors: Kostarakos Ilias , Varthalitis Petros
Published: November 2024

We study the long-run effects of fiscal policy on growth in a panel of twenty-eight European countries using annual data over the last 25 years. We draw on recent developments from the panel time series econometrics literature and introduce the unobserved common factor framework for the estimation of the growth effects of fiscal policy. This approach accounts for the country-specific impact of global macroeconomic shocks and other sources of unobserved time-varying heterogeneity. Our results indicate that fiscal policy has a significant impact on growth and highlight the importance of tax policy instruments. We furthermore demonstrate that the commonly used estimation approaches lead to a significant underestimation of the effects of fiscal policy changes on growth in our sample. Lastly, our empirical results are robust to substantial changes to the sample.
Overview of the Types of Problem-Solving Courts (with Mia A. Holbrook and Mary Dhondt)
Authors: Holbrook Mia A. , Dhondt Mary
Published: November 2024

Over time, the US judicial system has transformed beyond its original adversarial framework. This transformation has been seen worldwide, with court systems adapting and adjusting from their original, more traditional structures. This evolution has seen courts becoming more specialized and integrating approaches that focus on addressing specific issues or specialties to address the needs of the current population. There are many types of problem-solving courts in the United States and around the world. This chapter will discuss the most common types of problem-solving courts, detailing the history, operations, scope of adoption and culture, and science of the court. The problem-solving courts examined include drug courts, DWI/DUI courts, mental health courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, human trafficking courts, gambling courts, prostitution courts, veterans’ treatment courts, Aboriginal courts, child support courts, family dependency treatment courts, reentry courts, animal courts, gun courts, homelessness courts, US tribal courts, and elder protection courts.
The Psychology of Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie
Published: November 2024

This chapter includes the discussion of psychological concepts associated with problem-solving courts, specifically, the rational actor model, the psychological legal decision-making model, anticipated emotion, operant conditioning, social support, social norms, authority, and the moralizing nature of the courts. These theories are not necessarily used as the guidelines for problem-solving courts, but they are often used to explain how and why certain court programs are successful while others are not. Moreover, these psychological theories provide foundations for understanding the potential causes and effects of human behavior related to these courts and their participants. Psychological theories also guide and direct scientific research and technological innovations applied to problem-solving courts. By understanding some of the core psychological principles in problem-solving courts, court personnel, community stakeholders, and treatment providers might be better able to predict participants’ compliance and success to help improve their programs.
Why Some Countries Do Not Have Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie
Published: November 2024

Although problem-solving courts are becoming more commonplace in the United States and beyond, some countries do not have the means, values, or desires to incorporate them. Some factors that might explain why some countries have not adopted problem-solving courts include (1) a lack of case demand or resources; (2) fear of negative outcomes; (3) beliefs that maintaining equality prohibits specialized courts for only some offenders; (4) the legal requirement for all courts to provide rehabilitation; (5) beliefs that it is not the court’s role to help offenders; and (6) current, broader social issues that require more of the country’s attention. This chapter adds an additional factor, which is added to the former typology as (7) community demands. Included interviews from citizens in these countries highlight why the described countries might have not adopted problem-solving courts.
We Wish to Tweet Our Own Cause—Theorizing Black Twitter
Authors: Clark Meredith D.
Published: November 2024

Every bit of Black Twitter’s construction has a larger significance in digital discourses about Black life, from usernames and avatars to hashtags and private-in-public conversations. Using a series of case studies from the early 2010s (#PaulasBestDishes, Juror B37, #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen), this chapter details the multistage process of Black Digital Resistance and discusses the ways that Black Twitter coupled the platform’s affordances with cultural references to create new worlds and counter harmful messages. Analysis of these case studies contributes to a grounded-theory explication of Black Digital Resistance as enacted by Black Twitter, a six-stages process of positively self-identifying as Black; self-selecting into conversations on topics about issues of concern to Black people and communities; signaling participation through the use of key, culturally resonant hashtags and phrases; affirming other speakers in the culturally bound conversation; reaffirming the online messages of resistance in offline spaces, and pursuing vindication for the collective through a series of protest acts and demands.
Arbitrating Debt
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

This chapter demonstrates how the United States used arbitration to secure special economic protections for US nationals in Mexico during the first decades of mass foreign investments in Latin America. In 1868, the United States and Mexico established by treaty an arbitral tribunal designed to settle outstanding diplomatic grievances by awarding monetary compensation for any instance in which either state was found to have violated international legal norms in its treatment of the other’s nationals. Tracing how the resultant United States–Mexico Claims Commission recast definitions of “forced dispossession” from a concept previously interpreted to concern wartime confiscations of property to one that characterized peacetime legislation that limited the profits of foreign corporations as forms of dispossession for which states could be help financially liable, the chapter argues that the decisions of the Claims Commission positioned the United States to invoke arbitration as mechanism through which to secure increasing economic power in the Americas during the final decades of the nineteenth century.
The World’s Easement
Authors: Powers Allison
Published: November 2024

This chapter traces how the United States repurposed the institution of international arbitration in 1903 to facilitate a novel mechanism of imperial intervention: international eminent domain. Drawing on the logic of domestic “takings” through which national, state, and municipal governments claimed private property in the public interest, the United States declared eminent domain power over the Panama Canal Zone in the interest of global commerce. Analyzing the international arbitral tribunal tasked with awarding monetary compensation to property owners whose lands the United States expropriated, the chapter argues that the US-controlled Canal Zone government did not simply invoke arbitration to facilitate the transfer of territory; its administrators sought to use eminent domain as an ongoing tool of colonial governance.
Nonlinear Waves & Hamiltonian Systems
Authors: Carretero-González Ricardo , Frantzeskakis Dimitrios J. , Kevrekidis Panayotis G.
Published: November 2024

Wave phenomena are ubiquitous in the world around us, from art (e.g. the “Great Wave off Kanagawa” of K. Hokusai) to science (e.g. arterial pressure in our veins) and from the world around us (the Draupner wave off the coast of Norway, to the Morning Glory cloud in the Gulf of Carpentaria in Australia) to planetary (Giant Red Spot of Jupiter) or quantum (ultracold atoms) and even cosmological scales. Therefore, the study of waves has an intrinsic and broad scientific interest in many diverse contexts, ranging from mathematics and physics to engineering, biosciences, chemistry and finance just to name a few. The aim of this book is to provide a self-contained introduction to the continuously developing field of nonlinear waves, that offers the background, the basic ideas and mathematical, as well as computational methods, while also presenting an overview of associated physical applications. This book summarizes some of the central models (such as the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Nonlinear Shrödinger equation and Klein-Gordon equations) that describe such waves, including solitons, kinks, breathers, and vortices, in their continuum (partial differential equations) and in their discrete (differential-difference equations) form. Although the primary purpose of this book is to serve as a textbook, the selection and exposition of the material should also be useful to anyone who wishes to be introduced in the field of nonlinear waves.
Inverse Scattering Transform I – the KdV Equation*
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we introduce one of the most important contributions to the theory of nonlinear waves and solitons: the Inverse Scattering Transform (IST). The central idea of the IST is to take an analogous approach to solving linear PDEs using Fourier transforms, but taking it a step further so as to tackle nonlinear wave equations. In a way, we can dub the IST as the nonlinear analogue of the Fourier transform. Its name derives from the idea of reverse-engineering the time evolution of a scattering potential from the time evolution of its scattered wave. Namely, the IST works in the inverse direction of the standard process whereby one usually wants to obtain the scattered wave given a scattering barrier (or potential). This elegant method will allow us to explicitly write one- and two-soliton solutions for the KdV and even extend it to the general case of N-solitons.
The Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) Equation
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

The nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is a universal, lowest order (normal form) model for the evolution of modulated envelope waves in nonlinear media. As such, it is a fundamental model appearing at the heart of an extremely wide variety of physical contexts. This chapter is devoted to introducing the NLS equation and its basic solutions: the bright and the dark solitons for, respectively, focusing and defocusing nonlinearity. We start with a derivation of the NLS from considering the dispersion of modulated envelope waves. We then note that in the case of focusing nonlinearity, a homogeneous steady state becomes modulationally unstable and eventually produces a series on “bright” humps. Motivated by the appearance of these coherent structures, we present the derivation of the quintessential bright and dark solitons of the NLS for, respectively, the focusing and defocusing nonlinearity.
NLS to KdV Connection – Dark Solitons as KdV Solitons
Authors: Carretero-González R. , Frantzeskakis D.J. , Kevrekidis P.G.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter we establish an asymptotic connection between the defocusing NLS and the KdV. We employ multiscale expansion techniques to derive the KdV equation from the defocusing NLS equation. Key to our study is the use of the Madelung transformation, which reduces the NLS to a hydrodynamic form, namely to a set of coupled PDEs corresponding to the continuity equation and Euler equation. Then, asymptotic analysis is used to derive evolution equations describing nonlinear waves on top of a plane wave background. These models turn out to be a Boussinesq equation in the intermediate stage of the asymptotic analysis and its far field, namely a KdV equation. Finally, relying on the formal connection between the NLS and KdV equations, we will also show that, indeed, shallow dark solitons of the NLS equation are identical to KdV solitons.
Jurisdiction, Scope, and Termination
Authors: Sorabji John
Published: November 2024

This Part codifies the civil court’s jurisdiction over parties to litigation in respect of both the jurisdiction to adjudicate and to promote settlement. It specifies that parties must identify themselves to the court and other parties: parties cannot litigate in secret, although the court may grant a party anonymity. It also gives effect to party autonomy through defining the process by which the scope of the court’s jurisdiction is defined, limited, and may be amended. It sets out the general approach to commencing proceedings, to commencing judicial review proceedings, and commencing proceedings on agreed facts. Proceedings on agreed facts encompasses both the approach taken under CPR Pt 8 proceedings and that taken to party agreement on facts derived from the French Civil Procedure Code and the ELI-UNIDROIT Model European Rules of Civil Procedure. It also makes provision for termination of proceedings by the parties either with or without court consent.
Fourth Movement
Authors: Simpson Barbara
Published: November 2024

This movement is an extension of the dialogical dynamics presented in the third movement. It is comprised of an Intermezzo that examines Pragmatist thinking on emotions, feelings, and aesthetics as communicative expressions, and an Étude that focusses on the feelings quality of dialogue in the senior management team of an arts-based company. The Intermezzo draws primarily on the writings of John Dewey and George Herbert Mead, with a short introduction to William James. The Étude analyses one of the same dialogues that is presented in the Third Movement, but now attending to the unspoken, but nevertheless powerfully present, effects of emotional and aesthetic differencings.
Getting Better
Authors: Russell David
Published: November 2024

This chapter opens with the question of what art and psychoanalysis might have to do with each other, by looking at Milner’s interest in Cézanne. It then turns to Milner’s work as a therapist and psychoanalyst, and it brings together the reflections on attention and mediation from the previous chapters in order to who how she developed a clinical practice from them. It situates Milner’s originality in the context of her peers like D.W. Winnicott and Michael Balint, in order to focus on Milner’s question about the way a creative life makes ‘use’ of the world – and also addresses a question that many people who come to psychoanalysis ask: ‘what’s the use’ in living? These questions are explored directly via some of Milner’s most significant case histories of her therapeutic work. Particular attention is paid to the uses of drawing in Milner’s book-length account of a lengthy psychoanalytic treatment, The Hands of the Living God (1969).
Anger, Intentionality, and the View from Within
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: November 2024

The chapter considers a recent debate between Martha Nussbaum and Agnes Callard about the justifiability of anger as a response to perceived mistreatment: Nussbaum argues that anger involves a desire for “payback” that is fundamentally irrational, whereas Callard, while admitting that anger involves a desire for payback, defends this response as rational in its context. The author argues that, rather than taking sides in this dispute, we should recognize the positions taken by Callard and Nussbaum as giving reflective expressions to two standpoints on anger that are necessarily available to anyone capable of experiencing anger. He goes on to suggest—drawing on some thoughts from Sartre—that standpoints analogous to those of Callard and Nussbaum are possible for a range of human emotions, and that recognizing the possibility of this double standpoint can teach us important lessons about the validity of emotional responses and the limits of such validity.
Embodied Radical Freedom
Authors: Marušić Berislav
Published: November 2024

This paper offers an analytic reconstruction of Sartre’s theory of radical freedom. On the proposed interpretation, freedom is radical, because the freely chosen act and the reasons for choice are codependent: the freely chosen act grounds reasons by being based on them. Nonetheless, since freedom is embodied, there can be constraint on choice. Such constraint becomes intelligible once we properly understand the temporality of freedom. The chapter illustrates this through a close reading of Sartre’s example of the gambler and argues that it is part of the gambler’s mistake to think that all resolutions have to be remade at every instant ex nihilo.
Authorial Freedom
Authors: Schroeder Mark
Published: November 2024

Umbhali is writing a serial novel. Her first seven chapters have already gone to press, and have been widely read and generated a lot of interest. But now she must write chapter eight. She has a lot of freedom—authorial freedom—in what she writes in chapter eight. What she writes may conform to a prior plan, but it need not—she could discover a new plan for her novel as she goes along. She doesn’t get to decide which interpretation of her novel is correct, but she does get to write the text that is to be interpreted. She is stuck with the first seven chapters and can’t change their text, but what she writes next can give new meaning to what happened in those pages. Let’s see what we can learn about existentialist freedom by thinking through Umbhali’s case in more detail.
Syllabification and related phonological processes
Authors: Özçelik Öner
Published: November 2024

This chapter overviews syllable structure and syllabification processes in Turkish, detailing all major constituents of the syllable (e.g. onset, rhyme, nucleus, coda), as well as sketching out the various constraints that hold on them. As many phonological processes are essentially syllable repair processes, they find an in-depth coverage and explanation in this chapter, and novel analyses are proposed in accounting for their behavior. Among the many phonological processes covered are: vowel epenthesis (e.g. to repair complex onsets or SSP violations in complex codas), vowel deletion (e.g. to satisfy the maximally binary nature of Turkish rhymes), ambisyllabicity (especially of soft-g /ɰ/, a consonant that never appears in word-initial position), hiatus (along with its avoidance and inevitability), and compensatory lengthening. The last two are analyzed as a result of glide deletion, which is argued to be the primary motivation in Turkish for compensatory lengthening, as opposed to e.g. mora preservation. Processes that attracted much attention in previous literature, such as the famous k/Ø alternation and final devoicing, are also discussed, crucially along with exceptions to expected patterns, which are demonstrated to have a systematic behavior. Additionally, syllable structure is extended, proposing that /s/ functions as an appendix at word edges.
Higher-level prosody and its interface with syntax
Authors: Özçelik Öner
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides an analysis of higher-level prosody in Turkish and its interface with syntax, first sketching out the various constituents of the Prosodic Hierarchy, in particular formally defining the Phonological Phrase (PPh) and the Intonational Phrase (IPh) in Turkish. It is demonstrated that while the head of a PPh is the leftmost PWd within the PPh, the head of an IPh is the rightmost PPh within the IPh, thereby informing the debate on phrasal and sentential prominence in Turkish. In addition, it is explained that most cases of apparent “exceptions” to the Turkish sentential prominence rules are because of variations in the underlying syntax, and thus, with the right analysis of syntax, these are no longer exceptions. Rather, most of these have syntactic motivation, such as the prosodic dichotomy observed between sentences with definite vs. indefinite subjects in unaccusatives, and the loss of this contrast in unergatives and existentials, where only the prosody associated with definite and indefinite representations respectively surfaces due to their underlying syntax. The role of contrastive focus, as well as lower-level prosody, in informing higher-level prosody are also considered, arguing that the mapping between syntax and prosody is indirect.
Dams, Power, and State-Led Development
Authors: Lavers Tom
Published: November 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the central arguments of the book, including that Ethiopia’s dams boom is symbolic of the successes and failures of Ethiopia’s ‘developmental state’. The chapter also situates the Ethiopian case within the context of three existing literatures, namely those on state-led development and the governance of the electricity sector; twenty-first-century dam building; and the political economy of energy transitions. In turn, the discussion draws on this existing literature to elaborate the multi-scalar analytical framework that guides the remainder of the book. In particular, this framework focuses on the material and ideational factors that underpin the elite cohesion, technical capacity, and financial resources required to plan and implement large dam construction. Moreover, the ability to secure these three factors is dependent on alignment of political dynamics across multiple scales from the global and regional to the national, sub-national, and local.
Modernization, State-Building, and the Hydraulic Mission in Imperial and Revolutionary Ethiopia
Authors: Lavers Tom
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines Ethiopia’s dam-building ambitions during the Imperial era and under the military-Marxist Derg regime. The chapter examines why the two regimes’ common ambition of building dams to expand the reach of the state and transform the economy led to a pattern of dam construction dominated by Ethiopia’s least advantageous river basins, while the river basins with the most hydroelectric potential—including the Blue Nile—remained relatively untapped until after the fall of the Derg. Although Haile Selassie’s government and the Derg were inspired by sharply divergent ideologies, they shared a common desire to modernize Ethiopia, with water infrastructure playing a central symbolic and material role. Yet, both regimes faced similar technological, and international and domestic political economy constraints that limited dam building to comparatively low potential sites and, particularly, prevented exploitation of the river with the greatest hydropower potential—the Blue Nile.
Salini
Authors: Fantini Emanuele , Puddu Luca , Woldegebrael Edegilign Hailu , Lavers Tom
Published: November 2024

The history of Ethiopian dam building is deeply interwoven with the story of Salini Costruttori. Salini has been building dams in Ethiopia since the 1960s, navigating different political regimes to become a key partner of the Ethiopian Government in the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. This chapter examines Salini projects across three different political regimes: the Legadadi Dam built under the Imperial regime (1964–1970); the Tana-Beles multipurpose project started in 1986 under the Derg; and the Gilgel Gibe cascade of three dams and four power stations in the Gibe-Omo Basin. The chapter argues that Salini is not simply another multinational corporation but is also an Ethiopian company that works in Ethiopia to stay in the country. Moreover, the partnership with Salini has provided the government with the technical capacity required to undertake a series of increasingly complex engineering projects, while demonstrating the commitment to persist with politically controversial projects amidst financial uncertainty.
Upending the Hydropolitics of the Nile
Authors: Lavers Tom
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) Government’s efforts to challenge Egypt’s so-called ‘hydro-hegemony’ in the Nile Basin, first through cooperation and second through unilateralism. Given Egypt’s dominance, the EPRDF initially sought a collaborative approach through participation with Egypt, Sudan, and other Nile riparians in the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). However, the NBI process ultimately collapsed with an inability to align river basin planning with the balance of political power in the basin. Unlike under past regimes, however, Ethiopia by 2011 had greatly strengthened its own economic position, as well as its capacity to build and finance major dam projects. The result was that the government was able to unilaterally launch the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). This experience shows that Egypt was only a partial fit for the hydro-hegemony label. Egypt’s dominance of the Nile Basin was reliant on Ethiopia’s continued internal political fragmentation and was therefore vulnerable.
Beyond the ‘Developmental State’
Authors: Lavers Tom , Terrefe Biruk , Gebresenbet Fana
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the unravelling of the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front’s (EPRDF’s) state-hydro model and the foreign policy that underpinned Ethiopia’s Nile ambitions. Popular protests gathered pace from 2015, eventually forcing the EPRDF into reform by 2018, while the failure of the EPRDF’s megaprojects to deliver economically led to an increasingly unsustainable debt burden. The result has been severe political instability within Ethiopia, leading to the outbreak of civil war in 2020, and a greatly weakened position from which to negotiate the operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Construction of the final megaprojects of the EPRDF era—the GERD and Koysha—has continued, but at a slow pace as financial and capacity constraints have become apparent. Furthermore, the debt crisis and regime change led the new government to abandon the state-hydro model of the past, with Western donors instead pressing for private investment and renewable technologies to expand electricity generation.
Hermits and their meanings
Authors: Hackett Helen
Published: November 2024

The British Library holds two manuscripts associated with Sir Henry Lee, Elizabeth I’s champion at her Accession Day tilts. One, containing parts of Sidney’s Old Arcadia, has a vellum wrapper inscribed ‘delivered to my lord cumberland’. The other, known as the Ditchley Manuscript, contains devices for tournaments and other court entertainments. Henry Woudhuysen has suggested that the wrapper of the Arcadia manuscript may have originally belonged to the Ditchley Manuscript, and relates to Lee’s handover of his role as Queen’s champion to George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland. This essay will set these manuscript materials in the context of the court literature of retirement that was promulgated in the early 1590s by both Lee and William Cecil, Lord Burghley, in entertainments identifying them with hermits and old knights. It will demonstrate that such retirement pageants, while plangently extolling the contemplative life, were also strongly concerned with succession. In practice neither Lee nor Burghley withdrew from public life; indeed, Lee, born in the same year as Elizabeth I, would outlive her by nearly a decade and serve her successor. The essay reveals the political subtext to mythologizations of retirement in the context of the late Elizabethan succession crisis.
Do Tests of Implicit Memory Challenge Survival Processing Accounts?
Authors: Wilck Allison M. , Altarriba Jeanette
Published: November 2024

For a memory phenomenon based on adaptation, it would seem advantageous to have a bias towards focusing cognitive resources on survival-related information. Indeed, support for the survival processing effect has been robustly found across various explicit (i.e. conscious, effortful) memory tasks. However, evidence has yet to be identified using implicit (i.e. unconscious, automatic) memory tasks. Such tasks include stem-cued completion, concreteness judgements, category production, and perceptual identification. This chapter examines the methodology and findings of the empirical studies published (to date) that employ variants of the survival paradigm using implicit memory tasks. The counter-intuitive nature surrounding the failure to identify a survival processing advantage under implicit retrieval, but not explicit retrieval conditions, is couched in terms of frequently proposed theoretical and alternative explanations for the survival memory effect. The active and resource-demanding nature of survival processing are emphasized as key assumptions of the effect.
Natural Ecology and Comparative Approaches to Human Memory
Authors: Schwartz Bennett L. , Kurdoglu-Ersoy Pinar , Hess Kelsey L. , Pournaghdali Ali
Published: November 2024

This chapter propose a comparative approach based on natural ecology to the study of the evolutionary origins of human memory. This approach starts with the fact that it is difficult to describe human natural ecology given the nature of cultural evolution in humans. Much of what is described as cognition evolved culturally rather than through natural selection (e.g. the processes that underlie writing, cooking, and driving). The argument here is the best way to understand the likely path of human cognitive evolution is to examine comparative approaches to cognition in nonhuman primates that make use of the primates’ natural ecology. Literature is reviewed on how natural ecology predicts spatial learning and memory performance in birds and monkeys. This chapter examine if the primate work helps us to understand the pathway of human cognitive evolution, with attention to developing tasks that allow us to examine the survival processing effect across species.
Is the Survival Processing Advantage a Possible Explanation for Remembering Criminal Events?
Authors: Mangiulli Ivan , Jelicic Marko , Otgaar Henry
Published: November 2024

Research indicates that enhancing memory retention through the processing of information for its survival relevance is a well-established phenomenon. Two experiments investigated whether contemplating crime-related scenarios could trigger ancestral feelings in participants akin to those in survival situations. In the first experiment, compared with traditional survival-themed scenarios, the crime-related condition failed to significantly improve memory retention. The second experiment examined whether the congruity between stimuli and processing tasks might explain a potential memory advantage for crime-related content. However, we found no evidence supporting congruity’s role in crime contexts. Collectively, our research consistently demonstrated the enhanced memory retention associated with survival processing across both experiments. Yet we did not observe a parallel mnemonic improvement in crime contexts when following the conventional survival processing paradigm (Experiment 1) or manipulating stimuli congruency (Experiment 2). Nevertheless, we encourage future investigations to explore specific crime-related situations (e.g. victimization), which may share certain commonalities with survival processing.
Adaptive Memory Research in Forensic Face Matching and Memory
Authors: Weatherford Dawn R. , Moore Kara
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, we explain the adaptive nature of face processing through the lens of security screenings and the search for missing/wanted persons. Under such circumstances, identification tasks are challenging, and mistakes can be costly. Research has produced a growing body of work exploring the cognitive mechanisms underpinning successes and pitfalls by law enforcement, security personnel, and everyday citizens. After reviewing the state of that literature, our chapter will identify areas for advancement and future research questions that must be resolved in order to optimize adaptive memory and decision-making performance in forensic face matching and memory.
A Fuzzy Trace Theory Account of Survival Processing
Authors: Bialer Daniel M. , Chang Minyu , Brainerd C. J. , Reyna Valerie F.
Published: November 2024

When a person processes a list of items in a survival context, true and false memory for the items increase. We propose a theoretical explanation for these findings using fuzzy trace theory (FTT). According to FTT, memories are stored in parallel as verbatim and gist traces where verbatim traces represent surface details and gist traces represent semantic content. Verbatim traces support true memories, while gist traces support both true and false memories. FTT predicts that deep processing creates stronger gist traces than shallow processing. This is because deep processing emphasizes the shared meaning of the items in a list. Hence, survival processing likely strengthens gist traces because it requires meaningful processing of how much items adhere to the shared function of aiding survival. Therefore, that survival processing increases true and false memory is consistent with FTT. We also discuss FTT’s predictions of developmental differences in survival processing.
Alternate Endings
Authors: Shilina-Conte Tanya
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6 brings the book to a close by exploring the use of black or white screens across the post-cinematic terrain, drawing on post-Deleuzian third-image interventions and broader scholarship on cinema in the digital age. As in chapter 1 of this book, the present chapter draws on a comparison between Paul Virilio’s account of integrative accident and technological progress, on the one hand, and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s theory of creative malfunction and abstract machining, on the other. Once the essence of analog cinema, black or white screens now take on different roles, as the architecture of the cinematic apparatus has been reconfigured into various post-cinematic assemblages. In line with the cartographic and diagrammatic inquiry undertaken in the book, this chapter approaches black or white screens as post-non-images, analyzing them in relation to spatiality, multiplicity, film installations, and participatory aesthetics. The computing and streaming culture has also introduced new ways of image interruption in our cinematic experience, such as the monochrome blue, white, or red “screens of death” combined with other error screens—indicating buffering, denial of access, or image erasure on the internet. As the chapter shows, in the context of media art practices, these error screens can be approached as new interface interstitials. Additionally, we have now notably shifted from the light-suffused white cinema screens to the black (screen) mirrors of electronic light-emitting devices: TV monitors, computers, tablets, and smartphones. As the cineplex went over to the “dark side” during the Covid-19 lockdowns, the black (screen) mirrors became our new digital darkness, giving rise to what the chapter conceptualizes as “co-vid cinema.”
Love, Human and Divine in the Hebrew Bible and Judaic Tradition
Authors: Goodman Lenn E.
Published: November 2024

Love is the Torah’s theme from the start: God gratuitously creates this world and sees that it is good. He sees that it is not good for a man to live alone and gives Adam the counterpart he has been seeking, flesh of his flesh—for the sexes are not opposites, and the first loyalty of any human is to that partner, ally, and friend. Polygamy may be real, but monogamy is the ideal, and the Torah finds no higher metaphor for God’s bond with Israel than the intimacy and exclusivity of marriage—and no higher poetic expression of that bond than the Song of Songs. Creation is an act of love, and no response to God’s love is more fitting than to share its fruits with fellow creatures: the moral lesson prompted by God’s love leads on to the intellectual love of God, fostered by close study and appreciation of the wisdom and grace manifest in nature.
Love in Islamic Philosophy
Authors: Chittick William C.
Published: November 2024

Muslim philosophers who spoke of love identified it with the Necessary Existence. They considered it the motive force both for creation and for the return of all things to the origin. The Necessary Existence, they said, loves the sheer good and the absolutely beautiful, which is itself. By loving itself, it loves all possible things, which are nothing but its own radiance. Human beings for their part innately love the good and the beautiful and strive to achieve it. Sufi teachers who employed the same language agreed with the philosophical conclusions but insisted that people needed to follow in the footsteps of the prophets in order to actualize the goal of love, which is union with the Real Beloved.
“Created in us by the decrees of Providence”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

In Chapter Six, Dickinson’s concerns about British legislation become reality with the passage of the Stamp Act. He then stepped up to become the leader of the resistance, first writing the resolves of the Pennsylvania Assembly against the Stamp Act and then the instructions of that body to the Stamp Act Congress that was to meet in New York in October. As one of the delegates, he brought draft resolves that became the basis for the Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress, and he drafted the petition to the king that accompanied it. Alarmed by the riots sweeping the colonies, later that fall, he wrote a broadside to “Friends and Countrymen” that gave Americans the first practical advice for how to resist the British. Dickinson advocated the old Quaker technique of civil disobedience for peaceful and effective resistance. He also authored a treatise on economic theory, as well as a fuller justification for peaceful resistance, declaring that rights came not from paper bills of rights but from God.
“From the Mist of Doubts to the Sunshine of Belief”
Authors: Calvert Jane E.
Published: November 2024

Chapter Eleven shows Dickinson retreating inward to his family, feeling Quakerism more fully, and seeking to do more good in the world. In 1779, Delaware eventually prevailed on him to accept a seat in Congress, where he worked hard to solve the intractable problems of the new nation. Delaware itself needed more help. With all major institutions failing and overrun with Loyalists, the state was unable to prevent Dickinson’s home in Dover from being plundered. Dickinson liberated unconditionally some of his slaves and then intended to return to Philadelphia. But instead, he was unanimously elected president of the state, a position he did not want, for a three-year term. Nevertheless, he served for one year, during which time he entirely reformed Delaware’s major institutions and systems, transforming it from a failing state to a model one. Before the end of that year, he was elected president of Pennsylvania.
A Man on Fire
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

“He was a man on fire,” one editor wrote in his 1911, obituary of Thomas Wentworth Higginson. A descendant of the first families of Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Harvard-educated Higginson devoted his life to helping the poor, oppressed, and enslaved. Higginson was also a dedicated feminist, and late in life embraced the radical term “socialist.” If there was a just cause to be fought for, he was ever the willing ally. Higginson largely devoted his pen to the cause of antislavery, but he also devoted his sword. A disunionist, Higginson became an early Free Soil Party member. He also found time during these years to advocate for temperance and to agitate for better conditions and wages for cotton textile workers in Newburyport. He joined the Boston Vigilance Society and in 1854 took part in the assault on the federal courthouse in a failed attempt to free Anthony Burns. Higginson also helped to organize the New England Emigration Aid Society, a group dedicated to funding and arming free soil settlers in Kansas Territory. In the months after Sumter, joined the Fifty-first Massachusetts Infantry at the rank of captain, but at the request of General Saxton, he took command of the First South Carolina Volunteers, a regiment of lowcountry freedmen. He later wrote of his years as colonel in 1870’s Army Life In a Black Regiment. Higginson was finally mustered out after a cannonball grazed his side, cracking several ribs and leaving him weak and in a military hospital for several months.
“Launched upon the world”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 covers Higginson’s birth in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to an old but impoverished New England family. The chapter backtracks to demonstrate the Higginson family’s ties to the region, the father’s improvident ways and death, and Thomas Wentworth’s childhood as the favored youngest child of Louisa, his father’s second wife. The chapter concludes with Higginson’s graduation from Harvard College at a very young age, as he began to ponder the next steps in life.
“We all need action”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Unemployed at the age of twenty-five, Higginson turned his attentions to reform, especially as the Mexican War had opened up the possibility of slavery’s expansion into the Southwest. As a pragmatic abolitionist, Higginson endorsed the 1848 Free Soil Party and in 1850 unsuccessfully ran for Congress on that party’s ticket. But ever ready to put his principles into action, Higginson took part in the failed attempts to liberate captured runaways Thomas Sims and Anthony Burns. The latter effort left him with a sabre scar on his chin, which he forever wore as a point of pride, and led to futile attempts by the federal government to charge him with breaking the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act.
From Byzantium to Constantinople
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

The chapter surveys the city of Byzantium from its foundation as a Greek colony, and its growth through the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods, to its restoration by the Severan emperors after its unsuccessful support of a usurper. Emphasizing its significance in the earlier Graeco-Roman period, the survey provides context for Constantine’s appraisal of Byzantium as a potential capital city, with an account of the circumstances of its dedication and consecration as Constantinople. The account is set in the context of Constantine’s relations with the city of Rome and the purported connections, alleged by his opponents, of the foundation of Constantinople with political crises in the emperor’s family and their religious consequences.
From the New World
Authors: Matthews John
Published: November 2024

The final chapter is an attempt to broaden the focus on the population of the city as it has appeared through its social institutions and housing conditions in Chapter 10, and to extend the discussion from the relatively formal nature of what has preceded, by evoking the texture of life in the streets of the city and by adding certain topics, such as the recruitment and function of the senatorial class of the city, the public ceremony attending the deaths of emperors, and the character of its religious life, that were incompletely discussed in earlier chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Maler Anabel
Published: November 2024

This introductory chapter begins by demonstrating how the senses of sight, touch, taste, and smell might be foregrounded in a musical experience. Following from this notion, there may be music that does not involve sound at all, such as music produced in a signed language. In order to conceptualize sign language music as music, this chapter elaborates a definition of music that does not rely on sound. After surveying both historical and biological evidence indicating that music and movement are closely linked, the chapter submits that music can be broadly defined as organized movement. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented, followed by a proposal that music, like language, is resilient.
Music and Deafness in America, 1820–1965
Authors: Maler Anabel
Published: November 2024

This chapter traces the history of Deaf musical practices in nineteenth- and twentieth-century America, revealing how institutional knowledge about music came to exclude deafness as a critical concept. The chapter argues that Deaf musical knowledge became excluded from music-theoretical systems of thought as a result of a battle between two competing philosophies of deaf education in the nineteenth century: the manualist school and the oralist school. Ideas about morality, authenticity, and technology also shaped and colored American views of deaf musicality, shaping the reception of deaf music-making to the present day. Ultimately, the chapter argues that nineteenth-century views on musicality as belonging exclusively to the domain of sound and “normal” or normalized hearing led to the exclusion of deaf ways of thinking and knowing about music.
Valley Paths to Native Lands
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter highlights that the American expansion suggests settler colonialism spreading across the continent. When Scotch-Irish and other settler colonists arrived, they brought people into conflict as they competed for fertile valley lands. Internal population growth in the eighteenth century occurred less by natural causes than by massive immigration from Europe. Moreover, Pennsylvania quickly became a magnet for Scotch-Irish emigrants and the center for Scotch-Irish settlement and growth in America. Thus, by the eve of the American Revolution, Scotch-Irish colonists had established communities in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and along the Great Wagon Road through Virginia and the Carolinas.
Indian-Killers to Patriots
Authors: Calloway Colin G.
Published: November 2024

This chapter tackles the transition from Indian-killers to patriots. The American Revolution was a key event in making the Scotch-Irish into Americans, either to assert political power or commercial opportunities. Although Scotch-Irish people in the backcountry embraced the goals of the Revolution and supported American conceptions of liberty, they looked to the new government to provide security, stability, and access to land. The Revolution depicted all Indians as enemies of American independence and turned Indian-killing into a patriotic duty. The chapter then explains that the Revolution in the backcountry unleashed violence between neighbors with bloody histories and scores to settle.
What Is Rumination Syndrome?
Authors: Burton-Murray Helen , Juarascio Adrienne S. , Thomas Jennifer J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter describes the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and prevalence of rumination syndrome (RS).
Symptom-Based Assessment of Rumination Syndrome
Authors: Burton-Murray Helen , Juarascio Adrienne S. , Thomas Jennifer J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews assessment and diagnostic tools for rumination syndrome (RS), as well as the factors that can maintain RS symptoms.
Basics of Gastrointestinal Assessment for Complex Presentations
Authors: Vélez Christopher D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides a high-yield review of basic anatomic structure and common diseases impacting the stomach and the esophagus that may mimic rumination syndrome (RS).
Step 2: Reconditioning Training with Diaphragmatic Breathing
Authors: Burton-Murray Helen , Juarascio Adrienne S. , Thomas Jennifer J.
Published: November 2024

This chapter details Step 2, which is the most prominent focus of Sessions 2 and 3 and involves implementation of diaphragmatic breathing as a habit-reversal strategy in the treatment of rumination syndrome (RS).