bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3‐D uncertainty‐based topographic change detection with structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry: precision maps for ground control and directly georeferenced surveys
Authors: James Mike R. , Robson Stuart , Smith Mark W.
Published: February 2017

Structure‐from‐motion (SfM) photogrammetry is revolutionising the collection of detailed topographic data, but insight into geomorphological processes is currently restricted by our limited understanding of SfM survey uncertainties. Here, we present an approach that, for the first time, specifically accounts for the spatially variable precision inherent to photo‐based surveys, and enables confidence‐bounded quantification of 3D topographic change. The method uses novel 3D precision maps that describe the 3D photogrammetric and georeferencing uncertainty, and determines change through an adapted state‐of‐the‐art fully 3D point‐cloud comparison (M3C2), which is particularly valuable for complex topography. We introduce this method by: (1) using simulated UAV surveys, processed in photogrammetric software, to illustrate the spatial variability of precision and the relative influences of photogrammetric (e.g. image network geometry, tie point quality) and georeferencing (e.g. control measurement) considerations; (2) we then present a new Monte Carlo procedure for deriving this information using standard SfM software and integrate it into confidence‐bounded change detection; before (3) demonstrating geomorphological application in which we use benchmark TLS data for validation and then estimate sediment budgets through differencing annual SfM surveys of an eroding badland. We show how 3D precision maps enable more probable erosion patterns to be identified than existing analyses, and how a similar overall survey precision could have been achieved with direct survey georeferencing for camera position data with precision half as good as the GCPs'. Where precision is limited by weak georeferencing (e.g. camera positions with multi‐metre precision, such as from a consumer UAV), then overall survey precision can scale as n‐½ of the control precision (n = number of images). Our method also provides variance–covariance information for all parameters. Thus, we now open the door for SfM practitioners to use the comprehensive analyses that have underpinned rigorous photogrammetric approaches over the last half‐century. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Galectin‐9: Diverse roles in hepatic immune homeostasis and inflammation
Authors: Golden‐Mason Lucy , Rosen Hugo R.
Published: February 2017

Glycan‐binding proteins, which include galectins, are involved at all stages of immunity and inflammation, from initiation through resolution. Galectin‐9 (Gal‐9) is highly expressed in the liver and has a wide variety of biological functions in innate and adaptive immunity that are instrumental in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis. In the setting of viral hepatitis, increased expression of Gal‐9 drives the expansion of regulatory T cells and contraction of effector T cells, thereby favoring viral persistence. The dichotomous nature of Gal‐9 is evident in hepatocellular carcinoma, where loss of expression in hepatocytes promotes tumor growth and metastasis, whereas overexpression by Kupffer cells and endothelial cells inhibits the antitumor immune response. In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Gal‐9 is involved indirectly in the expansion of protective natural killer T‐cell populations. In ischemic liver injury, hepatocyte‐derived Gal‐9 is both diagnostic and cytoprotective. In drug‐induced acute liver failure, plasma levels correlate with outcome. Here, we offer a synthesis of recent and emerging findings on Gal‐9 in the regulation of hepatic inflammation. Ongoing studies are warranted to better elucidate the pathophysiology of hepatic immune‐mediated diseases and to develop new therapeutic interventions using glycan‐binding proteins. (Hepatology 2017;66:271–279).
Liver fibrosis scores predict liver disease mortality in the United States population
Authors: Unalp‐Arida Aynur , Ruhl Constance E.
Published: February 2017

Fatty liver disease is common in the United States and worldwide due to changing lifestyles and can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis contributing to premature death. We examined whether liver fibrosis scores were associated with increased overall and disease‐specific mortality in a United States population–based prospective survey with up to 23 years of linked‐mortality data. Data were analyzed from 14,841 viral hepatitis–negative adult participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988‐1994. Liver fibrosis was predicted using the aspartate aminotransferase–to‐platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) score, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS), and Forns score. Participants were passively followed for mortality, identified by death certificate underlying or contributing causes, by linkage to National Death Index records through 2011. Hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression to adjust for mortality risk factors. During follow‐up, cumulative mortality was 28.0% from all causes and 0.82% with liver disease, including primary liver cancer. Elevated liver disease mortality was found with an intermediate to high APRI (HR, 9.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.02‐17.73), intermediate (HR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.33‐7.44) or high (HR, 25.14; 95% CI, 8.38‐75.40) FIB‐4 score, high NFS (HR, 6.52; 95% CI, 2.30‐18.50), and intermediate (HR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.78‐7.18) or high (HR, 63.13; 95% CI, 22.16‐179.78) Forns score. Overall mortality was also greater with higher fibrosis scores. Conclusion: In the United States population, higher liver fibrosis scores were associated with increased liver disease and overall mortality. Liver health management with common clinical measures of fibrosis risk stratification merits further investigation. (Hepatology 2017;66:84–95).
Risk of end‐stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver‐related death by fibrosis stage in the hepatitis C Alaska Cohort
Authors: Bruden Dana J.T. , McMahon Brian J. , Townshend‐Bulson Lisa , Gounder Prabhu , Gove Jim , Plotnik Julia , Homan Chriss , Hewitt Annette , Barbour Youssef , Spradling Philip R. , Simons Brenna C. , McArdle Susan , Bruce Michael
Published: February 2017

Long‐term prospective studies of the outcomes associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are rare and critical for assessing the potential impact of HCV treatment. Using liver biopsy as a starting point, we analyzed the development of end‐stage liver disease (ESLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver‐related death (LRD) according to fibrosis stage among a cohort of American Indian/Alaska Native persons in Alaska. Persons were classified as having no/mild (Ishak = 0,1), moderate (Ishak = 2), or severe (Ishak = 3,4) fibrosis or cirrhosis (Ishak = 5,6). We examined time until development of ESLD, HCC, and LRD and report survival probabilities at 3, 5, 7, and 10 years. Of 407 persons, 39% (n = 150) had no/mild fibrosis, 32% (n = 131) had moderate fibrosis, 22% (n = 88) had severe fibrosis, and 9% (n = 38) had cirrhosis. The average time of follow‐up was 7.3 years. Within 5 years of biopsy, 1.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4‐6.8) of persons with no/mild fibrosis developed ESLD compared with 7.9% (95% CI, 4.0‐15.2), 16.4% (95% CI, 9.6‐27.2), and 49.0% (95% CI, 33.0‐67.7) with moderate, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis, respectively (P < 0.01). The 5‐year outcome of HCC was 1.0% (95% CI, 0.1‐7.0), 1.0% (95% CI, 0.1‐6.6), 1.1% (95% CI, 0.2‐7.7), and 13.4% (95% CI, 4.4‐36.7) among persons with no/mild fibrosis, moderate fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis, respectively (P < 0.01). Five years after biopsy, 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0‐14.8) of persons with no/mild fibrosis had suffered an LRD compared with 1.0% (95% CI, 0.2‐7.5) of persons with moderate fibrosis, 4.7% (95% CI, 1.5‐14.1) with severe fibrosis, and 16.3% (95% CI, 7.0‐35.1) with cirrhosis (P < 0.01). Conclusion: For prevention of HCC, LRD, and ESLD in the short term, HCV therapy should target individuals who have more than mild fibrosis. (Hepatology 2017;66:37–45).
Water requirements and drinking rates of homing pigeons: A consideration for exposure risk of migratory birds
Authors: Perez Cristina R , Moye John K , Pritsos Chris A
Published: February 2017

Access to water along a bird's migratory flyway is essential during the vital process of migration. Because of the scarcity of water in some environments, there is potential for migratory birds to encounter and drink from contaminated bodies of water. Ingestion of contaminated water may cause injury and compromise flying ability, leading to a disruption of migration. To determine injury to birds from potential exposure, it is essential to know not only the concentration of a given contaminant in the water but also the quantity and rate of water consumption by the birds. Homing pigeons (Columba livia) were used in a series of experiments to determine differences in drinking behavior after various flights and after periods of resting. Results from the present study demonstrate that homing pigeons’ water consumption is dramatically different when assessed according to activity, flight distance, and time elapsed after flight. This suggests that the drinking rates of birds during migration are extremely important and much greater than estimated using traditional exposure assessment procedures. Thus, exposure to contaminants via drinking water may be greatly underestimated, and the rate of water consumption should be considered when estimating potential exposure risk to avian species. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:870–876. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points

Homing pigeon drinking water rates are greater during periods of flight than during periods of inactivity. Drinking rates increase with flight distance, and the highest rates of water consumption were observed during the first 30 minutes immediately after flight. Migratory birds are likely to encounter contaminated sources of water along their migratory flyway, and the ability of birds to consume large amounts of water in a short time period creates increased potential for exposure, subsequent injury, and compromised flying ability, likely disrupting migration. Assessing risk exposure of bird species from contaminated water bodies based on current methods likely underestimates this injury.
Reversal of tumor acidosis by systemic buffering reactivates NK cells to express IFN‐γ and induces NK cell‐dependent lymphoma control without other immunotherapies
Authors: Pötzl Johann , Roser David , Bankel Lorenz , Hömberg Nadine , Geishauser Albert , Brenner Christoph D. , Weigand Michael , Röcken Martin , Mocikat Ralph
Published: February 2017

Like other immune cells, natural killer (NK) cells show impaired effector functions in the microenvironment of tumors, but little is known on the underlying mechanisms. Since lactate acidosis, a hallmark of malignant tissue, was shown to contribute to suppression of effective antitumor immune responses, we investigated the impact of tissue pH and lactate concentration on NK‐cell functions in an aggressive model of endogenously arising B‐cell lymphoma. The progressive loss of IFN‐γ production by NK cells observed during development of this disease could be ascribed to decreased pH values and lactate accumulation in the microenvironment of growing tumors. Interestingly, IFN‐γ expression by lymphoma‐derived NK cells could be restored by transfer of these cells into a normal micromilieu. Likewise, systemic alkalization by oral delivery of bicarbonate to lymphoma‐developing mice was capable of enhancing IFN‐γ expression in NK cells and increasing the NK‐cell numbers in the lymphoid organs where tumors were growing. By contrast, NK‐cell cytotoxicity was dampenedin vivoby tumor‐dependent mechanisms that seemed to be different from lactate acidosis and could not be restored in a normal milieu. Most importantly, alkalization and the concomitant IFN‐γ upregulation in NK cells were sufficient to significantly delay tumor growth without any other immunotherapy. This effect was strictly dependent on NK cells.
Factor VII and incidence of myocardial infarction in a Japanese population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study
Authors: Shiraishi Takuya , Ishikawa Shizukiyo , Kario Kazuomi , Kayaba Kazunori , Kajii Eiji
Published: February 2017

Background

The role of factor VII (FVII) as a risk factor in myocardial infarction (MI) has been the subject of numerous studies. However, it remains uncertain whether the FVII levels are associated with development of MI.

Methods

The subjects were 4142 men and women whose activated FVII (FVIIa) and FVII coagulant (FVIIc) levels were measured in the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. Subjects were divided into tertiles by FVIIa and FVIIc levels, and Cox's proportional hazard model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for MI.

Results

The multivariate‐adjusted HRs (95% confidential interval [CI]) for FVIIa in men were 0.67 (0.67‐1.78) in tertile 2 (T2), and 0.52 (0.17‐1.60) in T3. In women, the multivariate‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 0.18 (0.02‐1.60) in T2, and 0.39 (0.07‐2.20) in T3. The multivariate‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) for FVIIc in men were 0.54 (0.21‐1.36) in T2, and 0.20 (0.04‐0.91) in T3. In women, the multivariate‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 0.44 (0.07‐2.85) in T2, and 0.35 (0.06‐2.22) in T3. We used T1 as a reference for all measures.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed a significant association between low FVIIc level and incidence of MI in men. The FVIIa and FVIIc levels were inversely related to increased MI risk, but did not reach statistical significance. Future studies are needed to confirm this association.
Mammary alveolar epithelial cells convert to brown adipocytes in post‐lactating mice
Authors: Giordano Antonio , Perugini Jessica , Kristensen David M. , Sartini Loris , Frontini Andrea , Kajimura Shingo , Kristiansen Karsten , Cinti Saverio
Published: February 2017

During pregnancy and lactation, subcutaneous white adipocytes in the mouse mammary gland transdifferentiate reversibly to milk‐secreting epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate by transmission electron microscopy that in the post‐lactating mammary gland interscapular multilocular adipocytes found close to the mammary alveoli contain milk protein granules. Use of the Cre‐loxP recombination system allowed showing that the involuting mammary gland of whey acidic protein‐Cre/R26R mice, whose secretory alveolar cells express the lacZ gene during pregnancy, contains some X‐Gal‐stained and uncoupling protein 1‐positive interscapular multilocular adipocytes. These data suggest that during mammary gland involution some milk‐secreting epithelial cells in the anterior subcutaneous depot may transdifferentiate to brown adipocytes, highlighting a hitherto unappreciated feature of mouse adipose organ plasticity.
From Public Relations to Brand Activation: Integrating Today's Communications Tools to Move Business Forward
Authors: Gendron Mary
Published: February 2017

Time was when the practice of public relations (PR) was focused on media relations—getting an organization's message out to the right audience through newspapers, magazines, and broadcast outlets. PR's evolution into the relatively new marketing discipline of brand activation centers on content marketing and social media whose messages are geared to engaging consumers and inspiring them to take action. A review of the evolution of PR and the experiences of companies that are currently implementing successful multifaceted PR campaigns, such as Labatt USA, Freightliner, and Domtar, points to a dynamic future for both the PR industry and the clients it serves. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employee Involvement and the Knowledge Creation Process: An Empirical Study of Pakistani Banks
Authors: Bashir Memon Salman , Syed Sumaiya , Arain Ghulam Ali
Published: February 2017

Employee involvement has long been recognized as an important factor in effective human resources and knowledge management. Yet, studies have not provided evidence to directly support the existence of a relationship between employee involvement and the process of knowledge creation. A theoretical framework based on previous research and tested via an analysis of data collected from 235 banking employees in Karachi, Pakistan, shows how a culture of employee involvement relates to knowledge on the job. The findings indicate that three aspects of a culture of employee involvement—empowerment, capability development, and team orientation—are positively correlated with the process of knowledge creation. Additional observations concerning the current state of knowledge creation in Pakistani banks yield practical insights. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive and negative aspects of green coffee consumption – antioxidant activity versus mycotoxins
Authors: Jeszka‐Skowron Magdalena , Zgoła‐Grześkowiak Agnieszka , Waśkiewicz Agnieszka , Stępień Łukasz , Stanisz Ewa
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The quality of coffee depends not only on the contents of healthy compounds but also on its contamination with microorganisms that can produce mycotoxins during development, harvesting, preparation, transport and storage.

RESULTS

The antioxidant activity of green coffee brews measured in this study by ABTS, DPPH and Folin–Ciocalteu assays showed that coffee extracts from Robusta beans possessed higher activity in all assays than extracts from Arabica beans. The occurrence of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in green coffee beans was studied using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Apart from mycotoxins, the content of ergosterol as a marker indicating fungal occurrence was also determined. Among aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 was the dominant mycotoxin in coffee bean samples, with the highest level at 17.45 ng g−1. Ochratoxin A was detected in four samples at levels ranging from 1.27 to 4.34 ng g−1, and fungi potentially producing this toxin, namely Aspergillus oryzae, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus tamarii and Penicillium citrinum, were isolated.

CONCLUSION

Steaming and decaffeination of coffee beans increased antioxidant activities of brews in comparison with those prepared from unprocessed beans. Although toxins can be quantified in green coffee beans and novel fungi were isolated, their concentrations are acceptable according to legal limits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Testis sparing surgery for treatment of small testicular lesions: Is it feasible even in germ cell tumors?
Authors: Bojanic Nebojsa , Bumbasirevic Uros , Bojanic Gordana , Vukovic Ivan , Milojevic Bogomir , Pekmezovic Tatjana
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives

To evaluate the results of testis‐sparing surgery (TSS) in patients, with small testicular lesions and a normal contralateral testicle.

Methods

In all, 28 patients were treated with TSS for small testicular lesions and a normal contralateral testicle. TSS was considered in patients with testicular lesions smaller than 2 cm and no evidence of metastatic disease.

Results

The mean age of patients was 35.3 ± 7.3 years, while the mean diameter of the testicular lesions was 11.4 ± 3.7 mm. After pathological examination, 18 patients (64.3%) were diagnosed with stromal tumors and miscellaneous lesions, while 10 (35.7%) had a germ cell tumor. The median follow‐up time for the former group was 33 months and no recurrences were observed. In one patient with germ cell tumor, immediate orchiectomy was performed, while the remaining nine were followed‐up (median time, 45 months). One patient developed local recurrence after 39 months.

Conclusions

Excellent outcomes for benign lesions could be achieved using TSS. TSS could be offered safely in highly selected patients with germ cell tumors, specifically within a clinical trial but there is more data needed regarding the potential risks and benefits. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:287–290. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Colorectal cancer—global burden, trends, and geographical variations
Authors: Douaiher Jeffrey , Ravipati Advaitaa , Grams Benjamin , Chowdhury Sanjib , Alatise Olusegun , Are Chandrakanth
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to describe the trends and variations in the global burden of colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

Data (2012‐2030) relating to CRC was extracted from GLOBOCAN 2012 database and analyzed.

RESULTS

The results of our study demonstrate a rising global burden of colorectal cancer which persists until the year 2035 and likely beyond. The rise in the global burden is not uniform with significant variations influenced by geographic location, socio‐economic status, age, and gender. Although the EURO region has the highest burden, Asia as a continent continues to bear the heaviest brunt of the disease. Although the burden of disease is higher in more developed regions, mortality is considerably higher in less developed regions and this gap widens over the next two decades. The disease predominantly affects the male gender across all regions of the world. Age has a complex relation with the burden of CRC and is affected by the cross‐influences relating to socio‐economic status.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of our study demonstrate a rising global burden of CRC with some unique variations. Knowledge of this data can increase awareness and help strategic targeting of efforts and resources.
Magnetic N‐doped mesoporous carbon as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid‐phase extraction of phthalate esters from soft drinks
Authors: Li Menghua , Jiao Caina , Yang Xiumin , Wang Chun , Wu Qiuhua , Wang Zhi
Published: February 2017

A new kind of magnetic N‐doped mesoporous carbon was prepared by the one‐step carbonization of a hybrid precursor (glucose, melamine, and iron chloride) in a N2 atmosphere with a eutectic salt (KCl/ZnCl2) as the porogen. The obtained magnetic N‐doped mesoporous carbon showed excellent characteristics, such as strong magnetic response, high surface area, large pore volume, and abundant π‐electron system, which endow it with a great potential as a magnetic solid‐phase extraction adsorbent. To evaluate its adsorption performance, the magnetic N‐doped mesoporous carbon was used for the extraction of three phthalate esters from soft drink samples followed by high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the developed method showed a good linearity (1.0–120.0 ng/mL), low limit of detection (0.1–0.3 ng/mL, S/N = 3), and good recoveries (83.2–119.0%) in soft drink samples. The results indicated that the magnetic N‐doped mesoporous carbon has an excellent adsorption capacity for phthalate esters and the present method is simple, accurate, and highly efficient for the extraction and determination of phthalate esters in complex matrix samples.
Knowledge management in the era of digital medicine: A programmatic approach to optimize patient care in an academic medical center
Authors: Shellum Jane L. , Nishimura Rick A. , Milliner Dawn S. , Harper Charles M. , Noseworthy John H.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

The pace of medical discovery is accelerating to the point where caregivers can no longer keep up with the latest diagnosis or treatment recommendations. At the same time, sophisticated and complex electronic medical records and clinical systems are generating increasing volumes of patient data, making it difficult to find the important information required for patient care. To address these challenges, Mayo Clinic established a knowledge management program to curate, store, and disseminate clinical knowledge.

Methods

The authors describe AskMayoExpert, a point‐of‐care knowledge delivery system, and discuss the process by which the clinical knowledge is captured, vetted by clinicians, annotated, and stored in a knowledge content management system. The content generated for AskMayoExpert is considered to be core clinical content and serves as the basis for knowledge diffusion to clinicians through order sets and clinical decision support rules, as well as to patients and consumers through patient education materials and internet content. The authors evaluate alternative approaches for better integration of knowledge into the clinical workflow through development of computer‐interpretable care process models.

Results

Each of the modeling approaches evaluated has shown promise. However, because each of them addresses the problem from a different perspective, there have been challenges in coming to a common model. Given the current state of guideline modeling and the need for a near‐term solution, Mayo Clinic will likely focus on breaking down care process models into components and on standardization of those components, deferring, for now, the orchestration.

Conclusion

A point‐of‐care knowledge resource developed to support an individualized approach to patient care has grown into a formal knowledge management program. Translation of the textual knowledge into machine executable knowledge will allow integration of the knowledge with specific patient data and truly serve as a colleague and mentor for the physicians taking care of the patient.
Consumer Preference for Status Symbolism of Clothing: The Case of the Czech Republic
Authors: Millan Elena , Mittal Banwari
Published: February 2017

During the past three decades, consumer demand for luxury goods has been growing on a global scale. The luxury and status market base has expanded beyond the traditional affluent consumer segment to include an increasingly heterogeneous group of consumers. Despite the substantial size, greater reach, and significant growth of the luxury goods market, status consumption has been treated as an atypical and peripheral subject in consumer research. The authors develop a conceptual model of psychological determinants of status seeking through consumption. The model considers the effects of three general traits (namely, status concern (SC), public self‐consciousness (PSC), and self‐esteem (SE)) and one consumption‐related consumer trait (namely, susceptibility to normative social influence (SNSI)) on preference for status meaning, which in turn influences consumer interest in the product. The conceptual model is tested with data from a survey of 1000+ respondents drawn from the Czech Republic, a country where the recent market liberalization has unleashed an inflow of luxury goods from marketers from the West. Face‐to‐face home‐based structured interviews were conducted by an international market research agency. The hypothesized causal relationships are all supported. The effects of SC, PSC, and SE on SNSI and preference for status meaning (PSM) are significant and in the expected direction. Additionally, SNSI is found to exert a significant positive influence on PSM, and these two constructs, in turn, have significant positive effects on consumer interest in clothing. The conceptual model and empirical evidence enhance the existing knowledge of the antecedents and outcomes of status consumption. The study advances a better understanding of the psychology of consumer adoption of status consumption; equally important, it also highlights the value of extending consumer theories from established to emerging market economies and back again from still‐evolving to long‐standing marketplaces.
Effects of Matching and Mismatching Messages on Purchase Avoidance Behavior following Major Disasters
Authors: Kudo Daisuke , Nagaya Kazuhisa
Published: February 2017

Following major disasters, purchase avoidance behavior toward products that are caused by stigma often results. For example, after the Tohoku Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, consumers have avoided products from Fukushima. Attempts have been made to diminish this purchase avoidance behavior, but they have been found to be ineffective. The reasons for ineffectiveness of strategies within this context were empirically examined based on matching and mismatching effects of messages. In two studies (Study 1, N = 113; Study 2, N = 364), the effects of affective messages and cognitive messages were compared, and the effectiveness of affective messages was found to be consistently weaker than that of cognitive messages. Message producers often present affective messages with the expectation of observing the matching effect. However, findings suggest that these presentation strategies will fail, and that the mismatching effect should be used instead. The best method of message presentation to reduce purchase avoidance behavior in a disaster area is discussed.
Reversible Parkinsonism and Rapidly Progressive Dementia Due to Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Lai Joshua , Heran Manraj K.S. , Stoessl A. Jon , Gooderham Peter A.
Published: February 2017

Background

Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) rarely presents with a syndrome of reversible parkinsonism and rapidly progressive dementia, which has been described in 19 patients to date. However, its presenting features, pathophysiology, and response to treatment have not been reviewed.

Methods

We report the clinical course and treatment of two novel patients with this syndrome.

Results

Despite severe presentations, both patients recovered fully after fistula obliteration.

Conclusions

Atypical parkinsonism with early cognitive changes and other focal neurological signs, along with features such as pulsatile tinnitus or worsening headache, should raise the possibility of dAVF. When treated, this syndrome is nearly always reversible, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis.
A time‐efficient acquisition protocol for multipurpose diffusion‐weighted microstructural imaging at 7 Tesla
Authors: Sepehrband Farshid , O'Brien Kieran , Barth Markus
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Several diffusion‐weighted MRI techniques have been developed and validated during the past 2 decades. While offering various neuroanatomical inferences, these techniques differ in their proposed optimal acquisition design, preventing clinicians and researchers benefiting from all potential inference methods, particularly when limited time is available. This study reports an optimal design that enables for a time‐efficient diffusion‐weighted MRI acquisition scheme at 7 Tesla. The primary audience of this article is the typical end user, interested in diffusion‐weighted microstructural imaging at 7 Tesla.

Methods

We tested b‐values in the range of 700 to 3000 s/mm2 with different number of angular diffusion‐encoding samples, against a data‐driven “gold standard.”

Results

The suggested design is a protocol with b‐values of 1000 and 2500 s/mm2, with 25 and 50 samples, uniformly distributed over two shells. We also report a range of protocols in which the results of fitting microstructural models to the diffusion‐weighted data had high correlation with the gold standard.

Conclusion

We estimated minimum acquisition requirements that enable diffusion tensor imaging, higher angular resolution diffusion‐weighted imaging, neurite orientation dispersion, and density imaging and white matter tract integrity across whole brain with isotropic resolution of 1.8 mm in less than 11 min. Magn Reson Med 78:2170–2184, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Zone‐based tariff design in public transportation networks
Authors: Otto Benjamin , Boysen Nils
Published: February 2017

Tariff design is among the most elementary decision problems to be solved in every public transportation network. This article focuses on alternative zone‐based tariffs, which vary in the way zones are cut (ring structure vs. connected zones) and fares are calculated (counting zones, cumulative pricing, and maximum pricing), and compares their ability to exploit the customers’ willingness to pay. For this purpose, we formulate six versions of the tariff design problem, investigate their computational complexity, and develop suited mixed‐integer models. Our comprehensive computational study reveals that tariffs based on cumulative pricing outperform traditional distance‐based tariffs and are best suited to exploit the customers’ willingness to pay. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 69(4), 349–366 2017
TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION TO LEARNERS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: PREDICTORS OF TEACHER SELF‐EFFICACY AND OUTCOME EXPECTANCY
Authors: Accardo Amy L. , Finnegan Elizabeth G. , Gulkus Steven P. , Papay Clare K.
Published: February 2017

Learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit difficulty in the area of reading comprehension. Research connecting the learning needs of individuals with ASD, existing effective practices, teacher training, and teacher perceptions of their own ability to teach reading comprehension is scarce. Quantitative survey methodology and hierarchical regression analysis were utilized to investigate teacher preparedness to use effective practices, along with the job‐related factors of experience, administrator support, learner verbal ability, and instructional setting, as predictors of (1) teacher perceived self‐efficacy and (2) teacher perceived outcome expectancy teaching reading comprehension to learners with ASD. Study findings, based on 112 teacher participants, indicate that teachers with a higher confidence in using effective practices have both a higher perception of their own ability to teach comprehension (self‐efficacy), and a higher expectation of their own ability to increase instructional outcomes in learners with ASD (outcome expectancy). Implications for practice include professional development recommendations and provision of ongoing support from principals and administrators.
SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS AS MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDERS: THE IMPACT OF STAFFING RATIOS AND MEDICAID ON SERVICE PROVISIONS
Authors: Eklund Katie , Meyer Lauren , Way Samara , Mclean Deija
Published: February 2017

As one out of five children in the United States demonstrate some type of mental or behavioral health concern warranting additional intervention, federal policies have emphasized the need for school‐based mental health (SBMH) services and an expansion of Medicaid reimbursement for eligible children and families. Most youth access mental health services at school; therefore, it is important to evaluate how staffing ratios, credentialing, and state Medicaid policies may influence school psychologists’ involvement in the delivery of SBMH services. A survey of 192 school psychologists found that as practitioner to student ratios increased, the availability and provision of SBMH services decreased. As state Medicaid policies have been found to influence the provision of mental health services at school, current study results demonstrate an association between state level Medicaid policies and the number of school psychologists qualified to bill for Medicaid‐reimbursable services. Implications for service delivery and policy development are discussed.
EXAMINING SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS’ PERSPECTIVES ABOUT SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Authors: Cottrell Joseph M. , Barrett Courtenay A.
Published: February 2017

Debate regarding the causes of specific learning disabilities (SLDs), precise definitions of SLDs, and the most effective identification methods has persisted for over 50 years. Two prominent schools of thought regarding SLDs exist: (1) biological perspectives and (2) environmental perspectives. Three identification methods are outlined in the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act of 2004 (IDEA, 2004) and align themselves to the different perspectives: (1) the IQ‐Achievement discrepancy method, (2) the response‐to‐intervention method, and (3) alternative research based procedures (e.g., evaluation of a student's pattern of strengths and weaknesses; PSW). This study used survey methodology (N= 471) and found that school psychologists’ perspectives about SLDs were significantly correlated with preferred identification methods. Preferred identification methods impacted practice even after controlling for individual‐ and school‐level variables. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Goniothalamin and Celecoxib Effects During Aging: Targeting Pro‐Inflammatory Mediators in Chemoprevention of Prostatic Disorders
Authors: Kido Larissa Akemi , Montico Fabio , Vendramini‐Costa Débora Barbosa , Pilli Ronaldo Aloise , Cagnon Valeria Helena Alves
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Prostate is highly affected by aging, which lead to inflammatory disorders that can predispose to cancer development. Chemoprevention has emerged as a new therapeutic approach, intensifying studies evaluating the biological properties of new compounds. The aim of this study was to characterize the inflammatory responses in the prostate ventral lobe from senile mice treated with Goniothalamin (GTN), a promising natural compound with anti‐inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. Its activity was compared to Celecoxib, an established nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID).

METHODS

The animals were divided into: Control groups; Young (18‐week‐old FVB), Senile (52‐week‐old FVB). Treated groups: Senile‐Goniothalamin (150 mg/kg orally), Senile‐Celecoxib (10 mg/kg orally). The ventral lobe was collected after 4 weeks for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

Both treatments were efficient in controlling the inflammatory process in the prostate from senile mice, maintaining the glandular morphology integrity. GTN reduced all inflammatory mediators evaluated (TNF‐α, COX‐2, iNOS) and different from Celecoxib, it also decreased the protein levels of NF‐kB and p‐NF‐kB.

CONCLUSIONS

Finally, GTN and Celecoxib controlled inflammation in the prostate, and sensitized the senescent microenvironment to anti‐inflammatory stimuli. Thus, both treatments are indicated as potential drugs in the prostatic diseases prevention during senescence. Prostate 77:838–848, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Double‐stranded RNA delivery through soaking mediates silencing of the muscle protein 20 and increases mortality to the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
Authors: Yu Xiudao , Gowda Siddarame , Killiny Nabil
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most important economic pest of citrus because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB). Silencing genes by RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising approach for controlling D. citri. RNAi‐based insect management strategies depend on the selection of suitable target genes.

RESULTS

The muscle protein 20 gene DcMP20 was characterized from D. citri in an effort to impair proper muscle development through RNAi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DcMP20 was more closely related to MP20 from Drosophila compared with its counterpart from other insect species. Developmental expression analysis revealed that transcription of DcMP20 was development dependent and reached a maximum level in the last instar (fourth–fifth) of the nymphal stage. The extent of RNAi in D. citri was dose dependent, with dsRNA‐DcMP20 at 75 ng µL−1 being sufficient to knock down endogenous DcMP20 expression, which resulted in significant mortality and reduced body weight that positively correlated with the silencing of DcMP20. No effect was found when dsRNA‐GFP or water was used, indicating the specific effect of dsRNA‐DcMP20.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that dsRNA can be delivered to D. citri through soaking, and DcMP20 is an effective RNAi target to be used in the management of D. citri. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Biochemical evaluation of interactions between synergistic molecules and phase I enzymes involved in insecticide resistance in B‐ and Q‐type Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Panini Michela , Tozzi Francesco , Zimmer Christoph T , Bass Chris , Field Linda , Borzatta Valerio , Mazzoni Emanuele , Moores Graham
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Metabolic resistance is an important consideration in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, where an esterase‐based mechanism has been attributed to pyrethroid resistance and over‐expression of the cytochrome P450, CYP6CM1, has been correlated to resistance to imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids.

RESULTS

In vitro interactions between putative synergists and CYP6CM1, B and Q‐type esterases were investigated, and structure–activity relationship analyses allowed the identification of chemical structures capable of acting as inhibitors of esterase and oxidase activities. Specifically, methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP) moieties with a polyether chain were preferable for optimum inhibition of B‐type esterase, whilst corresponding dihydrobenzofuran structures were potent for the Q‐esterase variation. Potent inhibition of CYP6CM1 resulted from structures which contained an alkynyl chain with a terminal methyl group.

CONCLUSIONS

Synergist candidates could be considered for field control of B. tabaci, especially to abrogate neonicotinoid resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
A three‐minute method for high‐throughput quantitative metabolomics and quantitative tracing experiments of central carbon and nitrogen pathways
Authors: Nemkov Travis , Hansen Kirk C. , D'Alessandro Angelo
Published: February 2017

Rationale

The implementation of mass spectrometry (MS)‐based metabolomics is advancing many areas of biomedical research. The time associated with traditional chromatographic methods for resolving metabolites prior to mass analysis has limited the potential to perform large‐scale, highly powered metabolomics studies and clinical applications.

Methods

Here we describe a three‐minute method for the rapid profiling of central metabolic pathways through UHPLC/MS, tracing experiments in vitro and in vivo, and targeted quantification of compounds of interest using spiked in heavy labeled standards.

Results

This method has shown to be linear, reproducible, selective, sensitive, and robust for the semi‐targeted analysis of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Isotopically labeled internal standards are used for absolute quantitation of steady‐state metabolite levels and de novo synthesized metabolites in tracing studies. We further propose exploratory applications to biofluids, cell and tissue extracts derived from relevant biomedical/clinical samples.

Conclusions

While limited to the analysis of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, this method enables the analysis of hundreds of samples per day derived from diverse biological matrices. This approach makes it possible to analyze samples from large patient populations for translational research, personalized medicine, and clinical metabolomics applications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanotubes Disrupt Iron Homeostasis and Induce Anemia of Inflammation through Inflammatory Pathway as a Secondary Effect Distant to Their Portal‐of‐Entry
Authors: Ma Juan , Li Ruibin , Liu Yin , Qu Guangbo , Liu Jing , Guo Wenli , Song Haoyang , Li Xinghong , Liu Yajun , Xia Tian , Yan Bing , Liu Sijin
Published: February 2017

Although numerous toxicological studies have been performed on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a few studies have investigated their secondary and indirect effects beyond the primary target tissues/organs. Here, a cascade of events are investigated: the initiating event and the subsequent key events necessary for the development of phenotypes, namely CNT‐induced pro‐inflammatory effects on iron homeostasis and red blood cell formation, which are linked to anemia of inflammation (AI). A panel of CNTs are prepared including pristine multiwall CNTs (P‐MWCNTs), aminated MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐NH2), polyethylene glycol MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐PEG), polyethyleneimine MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐PEI), and carboxylated MWCNTs (MWCNTs‐COOH). It has been demonstrated that all CNT materials provoke inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production and stimulate hepcidin induction, associated with disordered iron homeostasis, irrespective of exposure routes including intratracheal, intravenous, and intraperitoneal administration. Meanwhile, PEG and COOH modifications can ameliorate the activation of IL‐6‐hepcidin signaling. Long‐term exposure of MWCNTs results in AI and extramedullary erythropoiesis. Thus, an adverse outcome pathway is identified: MWCNT exposure leads to inflammation, hepatic hepcidin induction, and disordered iron metabolism. Together, the combined data depict the hazardous secondary toxicity of CNTs in incurring anemia through inflammatory pathway. This study will also open a new avenue for future investigations on CNT‐induced indirect and secondary adverse effects.
Purpose and Passion: The Rationales of Public Alternative Educators
Authors: Jordan Adam W. , Jordan Kasey H. , Hawley Todd S.
Published: February 2017

Alternative schools are popular interventions for marginalized students, including students with disabilities, but little research has focused on professionals in these settings. Today, close to 11,000 public alternative schools or programs are believed to exist in the United States education system (Foley & Pang, 2006) and as many as one million students are currently attending alternative learning programs in the United States (Lehr, Tan, & Ysseldyke, 2009). While public alternative schools can vary from one another in many ways, they exist to serve youth marginalized in traditional public settings.

In this study, we explore the ways teachers, administrators, and nurses in alternative settings collaborate to support mentally healthy school environments for marginalized student populations. Drawing on the process of rationale development ( Hawley & Crowe, 2016 ; Hawley & Jordan, 2014 ; Shaver, 1977 ; Shaver & Strong, 1982) as rooted in social studies education, we explore the perceived purposes of these professionals as they work with some of the nation's most marginalized children. Through focus groups and one-on-one interviews, the data bridge social studies themes rooted in democracy and equity with special education themes of inclusiveness. This work offers insight into the rationales of teachers and professionals engaged in critical work, and provides a platform for helping professionals undergo the rationale development process.
Anxiety and Depression Among Sexual Minority Women and Men in Sweden: Is the Risk Equally Spread Within the Sexual Minority Population?
Authors: Björkenstam Charlotte , Björkenstam Emma , Andersson Gunnar , Cochran Susan , Kosidou Kyriaki
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Sexual minority individuals have a higher risk of anxiety and depression compared with heterosexuals. However, whether the higher risk is spread equally across the sexual minority population is not clear.

Aim

To investigate the association between sexual orientation and self-reported current anxiety and a history of diagnosis of depression, paying particular attention to possible subgroup differences in risks within the sexual minority population, stratified by sex and to examine participants' history of medical care for anxiety disorders and depression.

Methods

We conducted a population-based study of 874 lesbians and gays, 841 bisexuals, and 67,980 heterosexuals recruited in 2010 in Stockholm County. Data were obtained from self-administered surveys that were linked to nationwide registers.

Main Outcome Measures

By using logistic regression, we compared risks of current anxiety, histories of diagnosed depression, and register-based medical care for anxiety and/or depression in lesbian and gay, bisexual, and heterosexual individuals.

Results

Bisexual women and gay men were more likely to report anxiety compared with their heterosexual peers. Bisexual individuals and gay men also were more likely to report a past diagnosis of depression. All sexual minority groups had an increased risk of having used medical care for anxiety and depression compared with heterosexuals, with bisexual women having the highest risk.

Conclusion

Bisexual women appear to be a particularly vulnerable sexual minority group. Advocating for non-discrimination and protections for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people is a logical extension of the effort to lower the prevalence of mental illness.