bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and eating disorders in primary care
Authors: Goodwin Renee D. , Hoven Christina W. , Spitzer Robert L.
Published: December 2002

Objective

To determine the relationship between diabetes and eating disorders among primary care patients.

Method

Data on 3,000 patients were obtained from eight primary care and family practice settings, including the PRIME‐MD Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), self‐reported physical illness, and social functioning information. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between diabetes and eating disorders.

Results

Diabetes was associated with an increased likelihood of eating disorders [OR=2.3 (1.4, 3.9)], after adjusting for differences in demographic characteristics and comorbid mental disorders. This effect was specific to diabetes. Eating disorder was the only mental disorder associated with a significantly increased risk of diabetes, odds ratio (OR) =2.4 (1.4, 4.0), after adjusting for demographic characteristics and comorbid mental and physical disorders. Patients with both diabetes and eating disorders had significantly higher levels of comorbid anxiety, panic attacks, and alcohol use disorders, compared with those with one but not both.

Discussion

Consistent with reports from community‐based samples, these data suggest that diabetes may be associated with an increased likelihood of eating disorders among patients in primary care. Clinicians who treat patients with diabetes, a common condition in primary care, should screen for eating disorders. In addition, patients with eating disorders may be at risk for the development of diabetes. Further work is needed to determine the generalizability of these findings and to understand the mechanism of this association. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 85–91, 2003.
Seasonal variations in eating disorder subtypes in Japan
Authors: Yamatsuji Masaki , Yamashita Tatsuhisa , Arii Ichiro , Taga Chiaki , Tatara Naoki , Fukui Kenji
Published: December 2002

Objective

This study estimated the degree of seasonal changes in eating disorder subtypes in Japan.

Method

A Japanese version of the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) was mailed to 228 outpatients with eating disorders in Kyoto (latitude 35° 01′ N). Ninety responses were analyzed. The mean of the global seasonality score (GSS) in the SPAQ and the comorbidity rate of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal‐SAD in each subtype were used as indices of seasonality.

Results

The mean (8.2) of the GSS of the bulimia nervosa (BN) group and the sum (43%) of the comorbidity rates of SAD and subsyndromal‐SAD in the BN group were significantly higher than those in the nonclinical comparison group.

Discussion

The seasonality of BN in Kyoto is the highest among eating disorder subtypes, although lower than that in North America. This finding suggests that light therapy could be useful for Japanese BN patients. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 71–77, 2003.
Healthy weight control and dissonance‐based eating disorder prevention programs: Results from a controlled trial
Authors: Stice Eric , Trost Ariel , Chase Allison
Published: December 2002

Objective

Because universal psychoeducational eating disorder prevention programs have had little success, we developed and evaluated two interventions for high‐risk populations: a healthy weight control intervention and a dissonance‐based intervention.

Method

Adolescent girls (N = 148) with body image concerns were randomized to one of these interventions or to a waitlist control group. Participants completed baseline, termination, and 1, 3, and 6‐month follow‐up surveys.

Results

Participants in both interventions reported decreased thin‐ideal internalization, negative affect, and bulimic symptoms at termination and follow‐up relative to controls. However, no effects were observed for body dissatisfaction or dieting and effects diminished over time.

Discussion

Results provide evidence that both interventions effectively reduce bulimic pathology and risk factors for eating disturbances. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 10–21, 2003.
Brain tissue volume segmentation in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight normalization
Authors: Swayze Victor W. , Andersen Arnold E. , Andreasen Nancy C. , Arndt Stephan , Sato Yutaka , Ziebell Steve
Published: December 2002

Objective

To examine whether gray and white matter volumes are preferentially reduced and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) increased with starvation in patients with anorexia nervosa compared with healthy controls and to determine what changes occur with weight normalization.

Method

Whole intracranial volumes of patients and controls were segmented into gray matter, white matter, and CSF volumes and results compared. A subgroup of patients were rescanned after weight normalization.

Results

Total white matter and several regional white matter volumes were significantly reduced and total and regional CSF volumes were significantly increased in patients versus controls whereas gray matter was not significantly reduced. Total and regional CSF volumes were significantly decreased in patients upon weight normalization whereas white and gray matter volumes increased.

Discussion

These changes in brain tissue may be related to a variety of pathophysio logic mechanisms. We hypothesize that insulin‐like growth factor‐1 may be involved. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 33–44, 2003.
Substance use and weight loss tactics among middle school youth
Authors: Garry Joseph P. , Morrissey Susan L. , Whetstone Lauren M.
Published: December 2002

Objective

Diet pills (DP) and vomiting or laxative (VL) use as weight loss tactics are associated with substance use in older adolescent populations. This study examined the association of weight loss tactics and substance use among middle school students.

Methods

A Youth Risk Behavior Survey was administered to 6,957 middle school students in eastern North Carolina. Multiple logistic regression examined substance use as predictors of DP and VL use.

Results

DP and VL use was reported by 6.0% and 7.1% of students, respectively, with each reported more frequently by females and White students. Regression analysis demonstrated alcohol, cigarette, or marijuana use as predictors for individual race/gender groups whereas steroid use was a predictor for all race/gender groups. We found a clustering effect of alcohol and cigarette use with both DP and VL use.

Discussion

Substance use is associated with weight loss tactics as early as middle school. More research in the areas of clustering of behaviors and age at onset is needed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 55–63, 2003.
Assessment of eating disorders in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: Self‐report questionnaire versus interview
Authors: Passi Vandana A. , Bryson Susan W. , Lock James
Published: December 2002

Objective

To compare the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) with the self‐report version (EDE‐Q) in a population of adolescents with anorexia nervosa.

Method

Twenty‐eight adolescent women meeting criteria for anorexia nervosa were assessed using both measures. The self‐report version (EDE‐Q) was given both before and (Time 1) after (Time 2) administration of the interview‐based version (EDE).

Results

The results comparing the EDE with the EDE‐Q at Time 1 were consistent with previous studies. Specifically, high correlations were generated on each of the four subscales (Dietary Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, Weight Concern) where the EDE‐Q consistently overestimated the EDE. However, significant differences between the two measures were found on all subscales except Dietary Restraint. Agreement was best for the Weight Concern subscale and worst for the Eating Concern subscales. Comparing the EDE with the EDE‐Q at Time 2, agreement improved for all subscales whereas significant differences were found on only two of the four subscales (Eating Concern and Shape Concern).

Discussion

Adolescents with anorexia nervosa report information on the EDE‐Q as well as any of the other populations that have been studied. The results suggest that providing information to participants before they complete the self‐report measure could improve scores on the EDE‐Q. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 45–54, 2003.
Pneumomediastinum simulating a panic attack in a patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Karim Anita , Ahmed Shahid , Rossoff Leonard
Published: December 2002

Objective

Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of anorexia nervosa. Although the mechanism is unknown, severe malnutrition may affect lung mechanics by altering the connective tissue, predisposing to pneumomediastinum.

Method

We describe a young male with anorexia nervosa and panic disorder who presented with symptoms similar to those of a panic attack and was diagnosed with spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

Results

This case illustrates the importance of considering pneumomediastinum in the differential diagnosis of panic attack in patients with eating disorders.

Discussion

Although spontaneous pneumomediastinum has a generally benign course, it must be differentiated from the potentially life‐threatening secondary pneumomediastinum due to an esophageal tear. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 104–107, 2003.
Olanzapine use as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized children with anorexia nervosa: Case reports
Authors: Boachie Ahmed , Goldfield Gary S. , Spettigue Wendy
Published: December 2002

Objective

A recent case report suggested that olanzapine resulted in improved weight gain and maintenance, as well as decreased anxiety and agitation, for two hospitalized inpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, a subsequent larger case study did not show a relationship between the use of olanzapine and rate of weight gain among a primarily adult population. The aim of this case report was to clinically examine the therapeutic benefit and tolerability of olanzapine as an adjunctive treatment for four children with AN in a pediatric inpatient setting.

Results

Olanzapine use was associated with considerable weight gain and maintenance, with an average rate of weight gain during hospitalization of 0.99 kg per week. In addition to weight gain, olanzapine was associated with a clinically notable decrease in levels of agitation and premeal anxiety and almost immediate improvement in sleep, general functioning, and overall compliance with treatment. Olanzapine was also well tolerated in these young patients.

Discussion

These case report findings warrant more controlled research, including randomized controlled studies, to better determine the therapeutic benefits and safety of olanzapine use in children with AN. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 98–103, 2003.
Non‐linear additive Schwarz preconditioners and application in computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Cai Xiao‐Chuan , Keyes David E. , Marcinkowski Leszek
Published: December 2002

The focus of this paper is on the numerical solution of large sparse non‐linear systems of algebraic equations on parallel computers. Such non‐linear systems often arise from the discretization of non‐linear partial differential equations, such as the Navier–Stokes equations for fluid flows, using finite element or finite difference methods. A traditional inexact Newton method, applied directly to the discretized system, does not work well when the non‐linearities in the algebraic system become unbalanced. In this paper, we study some preconditioned inexact Newton algorithms, including the single‐level and multilevel non‐linear additive Schwarz preconditioners. Some results for solving the high Reynolds number incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are reported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis induced by cryo‐injury in human colorectal cancer cells is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Yang Weng‐Lang , Addona Tommaso , Nair Deepak G. , Qi Lixin , Ravikumar T. S.
Published: December 2002

Cryotherapy, a method of in situ ablation, is used in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases with variable results. During the treatment, the central area of treated tumor undergoes necrotic destruction by lethal cryo‐injury; however, the cellular response of tumor exposed to sublethal cryo‐injury at the peripheral zone is unclear. In our study, we have identified the induction of apoptosis by cryo‐injury at −10°C in 4 colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29, HCT116, KM12C and KM12SM). The apoptosis was characterized by chromatin condensation, transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) staining, proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and cytokeratin 18, and activation of caspase‐3. The occurrence and intensity of cryo‐induced apoptosis did not correlate with the functional status of p53 in the cell lines studied. The expression of anti‐apoptotic proteins (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL) and pro‐apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl‐XS, Bad, and Bak) in response to cryo‐injury varied in this cell line panel. The basal level of Bcl‐2/Bax protein ratio correlated inversely to the apoptotic rate. We further demonstrated that Bax level decreased in cytosol and increased in mitochondria, followed by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after cryo‐injury in HT29 cells. These findings indicate that cryo‐injury induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via disruption of mitochondrial integrity. The cryo‐induced apoptosis was also identified in a nude mouse tumor xenograft model. Our elucidation of the apoptosis pathway induced by cryo‐injury implies that synergistic combination of cryosurgery with pharmacological agents that augment of apoptosis induction may have clinical relevance in treating colorectal liver metastasis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stochastic volatility in mean model: empirical evidence from international stock markets
Authors: Koopman Siem Jan , Hol Uspensky Eugenie
Published: December 2002

In this paper we present an exact maximum likelihood treatment for the estimation of a Stochastic Volatility in Mean (SVM) model based on Monte Carlo simulation methods. The SVM model incorporates the unobserved volatility as an explanatory variable in the mean equation. The same extension is developed elsewhere for Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (ARCH) models, known as the ARCH in Mean (ARCH‐M) model. The estimation of ARCH models is relatively easy compared with that of the Stochastic Volatility (SV) model. However, efficient Monte Carlo simulation methods for SV models have been developed to overcome some of these problems. The details of modifications required for estimating the volatility‐in‐mean effect are presented in this paper together with a Monte Carlo study to investigate the finite sample properties of the SVM estimators. Taking these developments of estimation methods into account, we regard SV and SVM models as practical alternatives to their ARCH counterparts and therefore it is of interest to study and compare the two classes of volatility models. We present an empirical study of the intertemporal relationship between stock index returns and their volatility for the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan. This phenomenon has been discussed in the financial economic literature but has proved hard to find empirically. We provide evidence of a negative but weak relationship between returns and contemporaneous volatility which is indirect evidence of a positive relation between the expected components of the return and the volatility process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocompatibility investigation and urea removal from blood by urease‐immobilized HEMA incorporated poly(ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) microbeads
Authors: Ayhan F. , Yousefi Rad A. , Ayhan H.
Published: December 2002

The biocompatibility of modified and urease‐immobilized poly(ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate/2‐hydroxyethylmetacrylate) [poly(EGDMA/HEMA)] microbeads was tested through blood compatibility tests. Twelve percent HEMA incorporated nonporous particles of 105–125 μm were used in the research. Hydroxyl groups on microbeads were chemically modified by following a three‐step procedure that is composed of activation, spacer‐arm incorporation (hexamethylene diamine) and, finally, glutaraldehyde bounding. Enzyme urease was immobilized on microbead surfaces, and adsorption of blood proteins in serum and plasma, blood coagulation time, and leukocyte and platelet adhesion were tested. Incubation of 1.5 cc of biological fluid with 100 mg of urease‐immobilized poly(EGDMA/HEMA) microbeads at room temperature shows that protein adsorption on surfaces occurs, but protein content after treatment was in the range of healthy people. Adsorbed albumin and total globulin amounts per gram of microbeads is much greater than fibrinogen. Immobilization of urease reduced the protein adsorption and blood coagulation times compared with those of modified microbeads. Prothrombin time (PT) was not altered much, whereas poly(EGDMA/HEMA) microbeads induced a significant increase of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The platelet and leukocyte adhesion slightly increased with the modification of poly(EGDMA/HEMA) and decreased with the introduction of urease. When blood samples were treated with urease‐immobilized microbeads, BUN values of patients were lowered to almost acceptable amounts. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 13–18, 2003
Shear bond strength between titanium alloys and composite resin: Sandblasting versus fluoride‐gel treatment
Authors: Lim Bum‐Soon , Heo Seok‐Mo , Lee Yong‐Keun , Kim Cheol‐We
Published: December 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fluoride gel treatment on the bond strength between titanium alloys and composite resin, and the effect of NaF solution on the bond strength of titanium alloys. Five titanium alloys and one Co‐Cr‐Mo alloy were tested. Surface of the alloys were treated with three different methods; SiC polishing paper (No. 2000), sandblasting (50‐μm Al2O3), and commercially available acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (F− = 1.23%, pH 3.0). After treatment, surfaces of alloy were analyzed by SEM/EDXA. A cylindrical gelatin capsule was filled with a light‐curable composite resin. The composite resin capsule was placed on the alloy surface after the application of bonding agent, and the composite resin was light cured for 30 s in four different directions. Shear bond strength was measured with the use of an Instron. Fluoride gel did not affect the surface properties of Co‐Cr‐Mo alloy and Ni‐Ti alloy, but other titanium alloys were strongly affected. Alloys treated with the fluoride gel showed similar bond strengths to the alloys treated with sandblasting. Shear bond strength did not show a significant difference (p < 0.05) regardless of treatment time (5, 10, and 20 min) of fluoride gel. After the ultrasonic cleaning subsequent to the fluoride‐gel treatment, residues of fluoride ion or any other titanium‐fluoride complexes were not detected. NaF solution did not reduce the shear bond strength of titanium alloys. To enhance the bond strength of composite resin to titanium alloys, fluoride‐gel treatment may be used as an alternative technique to the sandblasting treatment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 38–43, 2003
A radiopaque polymeric matrix for acrylic bone cements
Authors: Artola A. , Goñi I. , Gil J. , Ginebra P. , Manero J. M. , Gurruchaga M.
Published: December 2002

As part of the search for an alternative to inorganic radiopaque agents, this work studies the possibility of modifying bone cement formulations by incorporating a radiopaque monomer, that is, 4‐iodophenol methacrylate (IPMA), in the liquid phase. The monomer was synthesized in the laboratory, and cements were prepared by the standard method. The influence on the different cement characteristics of various monomer concentrations was studied. It was seen that the setting time decreased as the percentage of monomer increased. The radiopacity attained in the 15 vol.% IPMA formulations was about the same as that for a cement containing 10 wt.% barium sulphate. Dynamic and static mechanical properties were measured. The materials did not show significant differences in the glass transition temperature. However, static mechanical properties showed enhanced compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus with respect to conventional cements formulated with barium sulphate. Histological studies showed a good response of muscular tissue to implanted specimens. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 44–55, 2003
Ultrastructure of the placentae of the natricine snake, virginia striatula (reptilia: squamata)
Authors: Stewart James R. , Brasch Klaus R.
Published: December 2002

Virginia striatula is a viviparous snake with a complex pattern of embryonic nutrition. Nutrients for embryonic development are provided by large, yolked eggs, supplemented by placental transfer. Placentation in this species is surprisingly elaborate for a predominantly lecithotrophic squamate reptile. The embryonic–maternal interface consists of three structurally distinct areas, an omphalallantoic placenta and a regionally diversified chorioallantoic placenta. The chorioallantoic placenta over the embryonic hemisphere (paramesometrial region) of the egg, features close apposition of embryonic and uterine blood vessels because of the attenuate form of the interceding epithelial cells. The periphery of the chorioallantoic placenta, which is adjacent to the omphalallantoic placenta, is characterized by a simple cuboidal uterine epithelium apposed to a stratified cuboidal chorionic epithelium. There are no sites with attenuate epithelial cells and close vascular apposition. The morphology of the omphalallantoic placenta is similar to that of the peripheral chorioallantoic placenta, except that the height of uterine epithelial cells is greater and allantoic blood vessels are not associated with the embryonic epithelium. The functional capabilities of the three placental regions are not known, but structural characteristics suggest that the omphalallantoic placenta and peripheral zone of the chorioallantoic placenta are sites of nutritional provision via histotrophy. The paramesometrial region of the chorioallantoic placenta is also nutritive, in addition to functioning as the primary embryonic respiratory system. The structure of the chorioallantoic placenta of V. striatula is a new placental morphotype for squamate reptiles that is not represented by a classic model for the evolution of reptilian placentation. J. Morphol. 255:177–201, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of a hemiramphid pharyngeal mill with reference to arrhamphus sclerolepis krefftii (steindachner) (teleostei: hemiramphidae)
Authors: Tibbetts Ian R. , Carseldine Lee
Published: December 2002

The structure and function of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) and postpharyngeal alimentary tract of Arrhamphus sclerolepis krefftii, an herbivorous hemiramphid, were investigated by dissection, light and scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray analysis of live specimens. A simple model of PJA operation is proposed, consisting of an adductive power stroke of the third pharyngobranchial that draws it posteriorly while the fifth ceratobranchial is adducted, and a return stroke in which the third pharyngobranchial bone is drawn anteriorly during abduction of the fifth ceratobranchial. Teeth in the posteromedial region of the PJA are eroded into an occlusion zone where the teeth of the third pharyngobranchial are spatulate incisiform and face posteriorly in opposition to the rostrally oriented spatulate incisiform teeth in the wear zone of the fifth ceratobranchial. The shape of the teeth and their pedestals (bone of attachment) is consistent with the model and with the forces likely to operate on the elements of the PJA during mastication. The role of pharyngeal tooth replacement in maintaining the occlusal surfaces in the PJA during growth is described. The postpharyngeal alimentary tract of A. sclerolepis krefftii comprises a stomachless cylinder that attenuates gradually as it passes straight to the anus, interrupted only by a rectal valve. The ratio of gut length to standard length is about 0.5. Despite superficial similarities to the cichlid PJA (Stiassny and Jensen [1987] Bull Mus Comp Zool 151:269–319), the hemiramphid PJA differs in the fusion of the third pharyngobranchial bones, teeth in the second pharyngobranchials and the fifth ceratobranchial face anteriorly, the presence of a slide‐like diarthroses between the heads of the fourth epibranchials and the third pharyngobranchial, the occlusion zone of constantly wearing teeth, and the unusual form of the muscularis craniopharyngobranchialis. The functional relationship between these structures is explained and the consequence for the fish of a complex PJA and a simple gut is discussed. J. Morphol. 255:228–243, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of specific normal modes during non‐Born–Oppenheimer dynamics: the S1–S0 internal conversion of β‐carotene interrogated on a femtosecond time‐scale with coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Siebert T. , Maksimenka R. , Materny A. , Engel V. , Kiefer W. , Schmitt M.
Published: December 2002

The population flow from the first excited singlet state (S1) to the electronic ground state (S0), facilitated through the S1–S0 internal conversion, and the subsequent internal vibrational energy redistribution and vibrational cooling processes are monitored selectively with respect to the different forms of nuclear motion in all‐trans‐β‐carotene. This is realized by exciting the molecule into the second excited singlet state (S2) with an auxiliary pump laser pulse and interrogating the population recovery into the electronic ground state by means of a time‐delayed, coherent anti‐Stokes Raman (CARS) process. This spectroscopic scheme is referred to as a pump‐CARS scheme in analogy to the classical pump–probe scheme in time‐resolved spectroscopy. Here, the profound enhancement of the CARS signal intensity in the case of a Raman resonance to a specific vibrational mode is utilized as an intensity filter that amplifies the signal from the vibrational modes of interest, making the contributions from other vibrational modes negligible. This filter allows for the population flow in a specific vibrational mode to be monitored as the radiationless electronic transition between the S1 and S0 state takes place. This spectroscopic scheme opens up the possibility of identifying the vibrational motion with a large‐amplitude motion in the CC double bond symmetric stretch as the primary acceptor of population from the S1 state. A mechanism with which the other normal modes are populated is postulated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual–pump CARS for the simultaneous detection of N2, O2 and CO in CH4 flames
Authors: Beyrau F. , Datta A. , Seeger T. , Leipertz A.
Published: December 2002

The application of a modified dual‐pump CARS set‐up for the simultaneous determination of temperature and N2, O2 and CO concentration is demonstrated. This technique offers numerous advantages, which are discussed in detail and presented for the investigation of a partially premixed flame. In comparison with a standard vibrational CARS set‐up, consisting of one Nd:YAG laser and one broadband dye laser together with a single spectrometer and camera, only one additional narrowband dye laser is needed. By shifting the spectral profile of the broadband dye laser providing the excitation profile, N2 and CO were excited simultaneously from a single narrowband–broadband laser combination as in an usual CARS set‐up with degenerate pump wavenumbers. Additionally, oxygen was excited using the same broadband laser but another narrowband laser in a dual‐pump CARS configuration. The technique presented is not limited to the three species investigated here. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CARS temperature mapping in a cryogenic LOX–H2 rocket combustion chamber under supercritical conditions
Authors: Klimenko D. N. , Clauss W. , Oschwald M. , Smith J. , Mayer W.
Published: December 2002

Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) was applied for temperature measurements in a high‐pressure cryogenic liquid oxygen–hydrogen rocket model combustor. The combustor was operated at 6 MPa, above the supercritical pressure of the propellants. H2 and H2O molecules were probed simultaneously using a dual‐broadband CARS setup and degenerate CARS setup with a single dye laser. The diagnostic set‐up at the test site was adapted to the high level of vibrations experienced during tests by several measures: the laser system was positioned in a separate room next to the test cell, a heavy‐duty tri‐axial translation stage for positioning the beam guiding optics and focusing lenses in the test cell was specially designed to be insensitive to vibrational excitation. The combustor was operated at two hydrogen injection temperatures, 65 and 117 K. In the low hydrogen temperature tests no CARS signal could be obtained. At a higher hydrogen temperature (∼117 K), successful temperature mapping of the flame was performed at two cross‐sections, 50 and 80 mm downstream of the injector. Bimodal temperature distributions were observed at the 80 mm position, indicating strong flame and flow oscillations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femtosecond degenerate four‐wave mixing of pyridine and its biologically relevant derivatives
Authors: Frey H. M. , Müller A. , Leutwyler Samuel
Published: December 2002

Time‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing experiments in the femtosecond time domain were employed to record the rotational ground‐state dynamics of the N‐heteroaromatic molecules pyridine, pyrimidine and pyrazine in the gas phase. Pyrimidine is an important molecular building block of several nucleic acid bases. The method records the time‐dependent change in third‐order polarization of a sample after coherent excitation. All three molecules are asymmetric tops in the oblate limit. From the analysis of the transients we obtained highly accurate averages of the two larger ground‐state rotational constants A and B. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On far‐wing Raman profiles by CO2
Authors: Benec'h S. , Rachet F. , Chrysos M. , Buldyreva J. , Bonamy L.
Published: December 2002

The anisotropic scattering spectrum of the symmetric stretching ν1 band by CO2 was recorded up to the far Stokes wing, and its theoretical analysis was attempted through the non‐Markovian energy‐corrected sudden approximation—a useful approach which has thus far been successfully applied to the anisotropic scattering spectrum by N2, up to the far wing. Despite the excellent agreement observed in N2 here, a substantial inconsistency between theory and experiment was found in the wing of the spectrum. Although the influence of other missing processes or neighboring bands cannot be totally excluded, our findings rather suggest that highly anisotropic perturbers, such as CO2, are improperly described when they are handled as point‐like molecules, a cornerstone hypothesis in the approach employed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Femtosecond degenerate four‐wave mixing study of benzene in the gas phase
Authors: Matylitsky V. V. , Jarzȩba W. , Riehn C. , Brutschy B.
Published: December 2002

We report on time‐resolved rotational spectroscopy of benzene molecules both in a gas cell at room temperature (298 K) and in a supersonic expansion (30 K) by femtosecond degenerate four‐wave mixing (fs‐DFWM). A detailed study of the time‐dependent structure of the rotational recurrences for the gas cell is presented. Moreover, for the first time, the fs‐DFWM technique has been applied to a medium‐sized molecule in the collision‐free environment of a seeded supersonic expansion up to a time delay of 4 ns. From these data, by fitting of the experimental spectra, a rotational constant B = 5688.95 ± 0.55 MHz was obtained for benzene in the gas cell and B = 5689.25 ± 0.11 MHz for benzene in the supersonic expansion. The combination of gas cell and supersonic jet investigations by fs‐DWFM provides a means for the structural study of large and more complex molecules. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of polariton propagation on spectra of CARS from polaritons
Authors: Orlov S. N. , Polivanov Yu. N.
Published: December 2002

We analyzed the features of CARS from polaritons caused by the ability of polaritons to propagate over macroscopic distances in a crystal. The polariton propagation is taken into account by retaining both a driven and a free polariton wave in complete solution of the wave equation for polaritons. It is shown that the polariton propagation can broaden CARS spectra. This broadening originates from the fact that polaritons can escape from the excitation region and the value of the broadening depends on the ratio Lθ/Lp of the dimension Lθ of the excitation region along the coherently excited polariton direction and the mean path of coherent polaritons Lp. We also find that when the phase‐matching Δka = 0 for the overall anti‐Stokes generation process is not fulfilled, an additional peak in the spectrum of CARS may appear even when the polariton damping is appreciable. These predictions are corroborated by our experimental investigations of CARS from polaritons in a BeO crystal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of concentrations in ternary and quaternary molecular gas mixtures using femtosecond Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Tran H. , Lavorel B. , Faucher O. , Saint‐Loup R. , Joubert P.
Published: December 2002

Measurements of concentrations in gas mixtures of three and four molecular components are presented. They rely on a femtosecond time‐resolved pump–probe technique based on Raman‐induced polarization spectroscopy. The rotational time response of the molecular gas mixture is measured as a function of the pump–probe time delay. No selective frequency tunability is needed as the molecular rotational spectra are excited within the laser bandwidth. The results obtained from experiments performed at room temperature in N2O–CO2–N2 and N2O–CO2–O2–N2 mixtures are presented and the accuracy of the method is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of collisional line broadening coefficients with femtosecond time‐resolved CARS
Authors: Skenderović H. , Buckup T. , Wohlleben W. , Motzkus M.
Published: December 2002

The potential of femtosecond time‐resolved CARS for the determination of J‐dependent line broadening coefficients is demonstrated. With the well‐developed femtosecond technique the line broadening coefficients of the H2 Q‐branch ro‐vibrational transitions are measured in pure H2 and in H2 + He and H2 + N2 mixtures. The results for pure H2 show excellent agreement with the values obtained by other groups using high‐resolution CARS in the wavenumber domain. The dependence of the experimental broadening on perturber density also shows good agreement with the behavior of broadening found in the literature: a linear dependence in the case of hydrogen and helium as perturber and explicit non‐linear behavior in the case of nitrogen. The role of inhomogeneous broadening in time domain CARS is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining soil permeability from pressuremeter tests
Authors: Rangeard D. , Y. Hicher P. , Zentar R.
Published: December 2002

This paper presents a methodology for identifying soil permeability from pressuremeter test. On the first part we present a numerical analysis of the permeability effects on the test results. We demonstrate that different drainage conditions arise during test, as a function of the loading rate and the soil permeability. We also studied the pore pressure dissipation during strain holding stages. Based on this analysis of these tests, we propose a general procedure to identify simultaneously mechanical parameters and permeability from pressuremeter tests with strain holding test stages. This procedure was applied on tests performed on natural Saint–Herblain clay. An apparatus called pressio‐triax was developed for this purpose. The values of the mechanical parameters as well as of the permeability value were found to agree very well with the values of the same parameters obtained from conventional laboratory tests. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mohr–Coulomb MiniCLoE model Uniqueness and localization studies, links with normality rule
Authors: Chambon R. , Roger V.
Published: December 2002

This paper is devoted to a parametric study of a plane Mohr–Coulomb CLoE model. As CLoE models are designed with a consistency condition, it is possible to define a normality condition and to study its consequences. The positiveness of the second order work which implies the uniqueness of the solution of a small strain boundary value problem is studied firstly. Then the localization criterion is also studied. It is proved that normality has consequences similar to those for classical elasto plastic models. However if induced anisotropy is introduced in the hypoplastic CLoE model, some conclusions are no longer true. Finally plane strain experimental data are used to identify the parameters of the model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An explicit representation of steady state response of a beam on an elastic foundation to moving harmonic line loads
Authors: Sun Lu
Published: December 2002

A closed‐form deflection response of a beam rest is presented in this paper using the integral transform method. The theory of linear partial differential equations is used to represent the deflection of beam subjected to a moving harmonic line load in integration form. The solution is finally carried out using the inverse Fourier transform. To evaluate the integration analytically, poles of the integrand are identified with the help of algebraic equation theory. Residue theorem is then utilized to represent the integration as a contour integral in the complex plane. Closed‐form deflections and numerical results are provided for different combinations of load frequency and velocity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cribriform‐morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a pathological and molecular genetic study with evidence of frequent somatic mutations in exon 3 of the β‐catenin gene
Authors: Xu Bing , Yoshimoto Katsuhiko , Miyauchi Akira , Kuma Seiji , Mizusawa Noriko , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Sano Toshiaki
Published: December 2002

The cribriform‐morular variant (C‐MV), an unusual and peculiar subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), has been observed frequently in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)‐associated thyroid carcinoma and also in sporadic thyroid carcinoma. In this paper, five young women with the C‐MV of PTC, aged 22–34 years at cancer diagnosis, are reported; two of them had attenuated FAP. Grossly, one FAP‐associated tumour and one sporadic tumour were multicentric and the others were solitary. Histologically, the tumours were encapsulated and exhibited a combination of cribriform, follicular, trabecular, solid, and papillary patterns of growth, with morular areas. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells showed cytoplasmic expression of thyroglobulin, neuron‐specific enolase, epithelial membrane antigen, high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight cytokeratins, vimentin, and bcl‐2 protein; nuclear expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and retinoblastoma protein; and cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin. Germline mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene were investigated using the protein truncation test in four subjects, including two FAP individuals. Germline APC mutation was identified in only one FAP patient with the multicentric C‐MV of PTC, who had a thymidine deletion at codon 512, resulting in a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon. No loss of heterozygosity of loci close to the APC gene was detected in tumour tissues from these four patients. Somatic mutation analysis of exon 3 of the β‐catenin gene (CTNNB1) revealed alterations in seven tumours from all five individuals: one at a serine residue (codon 29), three at amino acids adjacent to serine or threonine residues (codons 22, 39, and 44), and three at other amino acids (codons 49, 54, and 56). Moreover, each of two different tumours examined from two patients with the multicentric C‐MV of PTC, had different somatic mutations of the CTNNB1 gene. Taken together, these data suggest that accumulation of mutant β‐catenin contributes to the development of the C‐MV of PTC. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of intestine‐specific transcription factors, CDX1 and CDX2, in intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinomas
Authors: Almeida Raquel , Silva Elisabete , Santos‐Silva Filipe , Silberg Debra G , Wang Jiangfu , De Bolós Carmen , David Leonor
Published: December 2002

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is part of a stepwise sequence of alterations of the gastric mucosa, leading ultimately to gastric cancer, and is strongly associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. The molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of IM remain elusive. The aim of this study was to assess the putative involvement of two intestine‐specific transcription factors, CDX1 and CDX2, in the pathogenesis of gastric IM and gastric carcinoma. Eighteen foci of IM and 46 cases of gastric carcinoma were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for CDX1 and CDX2 expression. CDX1 was expressed in all foci of IM and in 41% of gastric carcinomas; CDX2 was expressed in 17/18 foci of IM and in 54% of gastric carcinomas. In gastric carcinomas, a strong association was observed between the expression of CDX1 and CDX2, as well as between the intestinal mucin MUC2 and CDX1 and CDX2. No association was observed between the expression of CDX1 and CDX2 and the histological type of gastric carcinoma. In conclusion, these results show that aberrant expression of CDX1 and CDX2 is consistently observed in IM and in a subset of gastric carcinomas. The association of CDX1 and CDX2 with expression of the intestinal mucin MUC2, both in IM and in gastric carcinoma, indirectly implies that CDX1 and CDX2 may be involved in intestinal differentiation along the gastric carcinogenesis pathway. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin protein in Wilms' tumours†
Authors: Koesters Robert , Niggli Felix , von Knebel Doeberitz Magnus , Stallmach Thomas
Published: December 2002

The wnt‐signalling pathway plays an important role during both normal kidney development and Wilms' tumourigenesis. Activation of this pathway involves stabilization, intracellular accumulation, and nuclear translocation of the β‐catenin protein and may be caused by specific mutations in the β‐catenin gene itself. Such mutations have been found in about 15% of Wilms' tumours. This study has analysed the intracellular levels and subcellular distribution of β‐catenin protein in 36 primary Wilms' tumour specimens and has correlated these results with the mutational status of the β‐catenin gene. Immunohistochemistry detected faint cytoplasmic and strong membranous expression of β‐catenin protein in the epithelial compartment of all tumours examined. In contrast, nuclear immunoreactivity for β‐catenin was detected in 9 of 9 Wilms' tumours containing a mutation of the β‐catenin gene and in 15 of 27 Wilms' tumours without detectable β‐catenin mutation. Nuclear positivity, in each case, was found to be very strong, but was usually present only in a fraction of cells ranging from 5% to 10%. Among the different histological subcompartments, blastemal and mesenchymal cell nuclei preferentially stained positive, whereas cells of epithelial differentiation displayed nuclear localization of β‐catenin protein in only a single case. Furthermore, nuclear positive cells were found in Wilms' tumours of all stages and in tumours of both favourable and unfavourable histology. These data support the idea that activation of the wnt‐signalling pathway is a key oncogenic step in Wilms' tumourigenesis and that it probably involves transcriptional activation of critical target genes, carried out by β‐catenin protein in the nucleus. The fact that nuclear immunoreactivity specific for β‐catenin was detected in a significant number of Wilms' tumours in the absence of β‐catenin mutations suggests that genetic defects affecting other members of the wnt‐signalling pathway may contribute to the development of Wilms' tumours in those cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Albrecht Ester WJA , Stegeman Coen A , Heeringa Peter , Henning Rob H , van Goor Harry
Published: December 2002

Nitric oxide is a versatile molecule, with its actions ranging from haemodynamic regulation to anti‐proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide is produced by the nitric oxide synthases, endothelial NOS (eNOS), neural NOS (nNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Constitutively expressed eNOS produces low concentrations of NO, which is necessary for a good endothelial function and integrity. Endothelial derived NO is often seen as a protective agent in a variety of diseases.

This review will focus on the potential protective role of eNOS. We will discuss recent data derived from studies in eNOS knockout mice and other experimental models. Furthermore, the role of eNOS in human diseases is described and possible therapeutic intervention strategies will be discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uroplakin gene expression in normal human tissues and locally advanced bladder cancer
Authors: Olsburgh Jonathon , Harnden Patricia , Weeks Robert , Smith Barbara , Joyce Adrian , Hall Geoffrey , Poulsom Richard , Selby Peter , Southgate Jennifer
Published: December 2002

The uroplakins are widely regarded as urothelium‐specific markers of terminal urothelial cytodifferentiation. This study investigated the expression of the four uroplakin genes, UPIa, UPIb, UPII and UPIII, in a wide range of normal human tissues to determine tissue specificity and in advanced transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) to examine gene expression in primary and metastatic disease. In the urinary tract, all four uroplakins were expressed by urothelium and UPIII was also expressed by prostatic glandular epithelium. UPIa and UPII appeared to be urothelium‐specific, but UPIb was detected in several non‐urothelial tissues, including the respiratory tract, where it was associated with squamous metaplasia of tracheal and bronchial epithelia. The ten cases of primary TCC and corresponding lymph node metastases demonstrated that each uroplakin gene could be expressed at the mRNA level. No single uroplakin gene was expressed in all primary tumours or metastases, but 80% of the primary tumours and 70% of the lymph node metastases expressed at least one uroplakin gene. UPIII mRNA was often expressed in the absence of UPIII protein. These results confirm that in human tissues the expression of UPIa and UPII genes is highly specific to urothelium and suggest that the tight differentiation‐restricted expression of uroplakin genes in normal urothelium is lost following malignant transformation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.