bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim on thyroid function in dogs
Authors: Frank Linda A. , Hnilica Keith A. , May Elizabeth R. , Sargent Sandra J. , Davis Jacqueline A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (T/SMX) on thyroid function in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy euthyroid dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were administered T/SMX (14.1 to 16 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 3 weeks. Blood was collected weekly for 6 weeks for determination of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), and canine thyroid- stimulating hormone (cTSH) concentrations. Schirmer tear tests were performed weekly. Blood was collected for CBC prior to antimicrobial treatment and at 3 and 6 weeks.

Results—5 dogs had serum TT4concentrations equal to or less than the lower reference limit, and 4 dogs had serum fT4less than the lower reference limit after 3 weeks of T/SMX administration; cTSH concentrations were greater than the upper reference limit in 4 dogs. All dogs had TT4and fT4concentrations greater than the lower reference limit after T/SMX administration was discontinued for 1 week, and cTSH concentrations were less than reference range after T/SMX administration was discontinued for 2 weeks. Two dogs developed decreased tear production, which returned to normal after discontinuing administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that administration of T/SMX at a dosage of 14.1 to 16 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours for 3 weeks caused decreased TT4and fT4concentrations and increased cTSH concentration, conditions that would be compatible with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Therefore, dogs should not have thyroid function evaluated while receiving this dosage of T/SMX for > 2 weeks. These results are in contrast to those of a previous study of trimethoprim- sulfadiazine. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:256–259)
Evaluation of glucose metabolism in three horses with lower motor neuron degeneration
Authors: van der Kolk Johannes H. , Rijnen Kim E. P. M. , Rey Françoise , Graaf-Roelfsema Ellen de , Grinwis Guy C. M. , Wijnberg Inge D.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine whether increased glucose metabolism is the potential cause of the decreased plasma glucose curve determined after oral glucose tolerance testing in horses with lower motor neuron degeneration.

Animals—3 horses with signs suggestive of lower motor neuron degeneration, 1 horse with malignant melanoma with multiple metastases, and an obese but otherwise healthy horse.

Procedures—Glucose metabolism was assessed by use of the hyperglycemic clamp and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp techniques.

Results—Mean rate of glucose metabolism of horses with lower motor neuron degeneration was significantly greater (mean, 3.7 times greater than control horses; range, 2.1 to 4.8 times greater) than that reported in 5 healthy control horses (41 ± 13 µmol/kg/min vs 11 ± 4.5 µmol/kg/min, respectively). In addition, one of the affected horses, an 8-year-old warmblood gelding, had a 5.6- times increased sensitivity to exogenously administered insulin, compared with that reported in 5 healthy control horses. Pancreatic insulin secretion was not insufficient in horses with lower motor neuron degeneration. Findings in the 2 diseased control horses were unremarkable.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased glucose metabolism in horses with lower motor neuron degeneration may be the cause of the decreased plasma glucose curve detected after oral glucose tolerance testing. This finding could aid in developing supportive treatments with respect to adequate glucose and vitamin E supplementation. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:271–276)
Evaluation of flow cytometric and automated methods for detection of activated platelets in dogs with inflammatory disease
Authors: Moritz Andreas , Walcheck Bruce K. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate platelet surface-associated P-selectin, mean platelet component concentration (MPC), mean platelet component distribution width (MPCDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) for detection of activated platelets in dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory disease.

Animals—20 healthy dogs and 20 dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory disease.

Procedures—Platelet surface-associated P-selectin (expressed as the median fluorescence intensity [MFI] of the platelet population), MPC, MPCDW, MPV, and PDW were determined in 20 healthy adult dogs, and reference ranges were calculated. These parameters were also determined in 11 dogs with nonseptic and 9 dogs with septic inflammatory disease and evaluated to determine which parameters were useful for detection of activated platelets.

Results—12 dogs with inflammatory disease had Pselectin greater than the upper limit of the reference range, whereas 16 dogs with inflammatory disease had MPC lower than the lower limit of the reference range. All dogs in which P-selectin was greater than the upper limit of the reference range had MPC lower than the lower limit of the reference range. The correlation coefficient for P-selectin and MPC was 0.62. Differences in the MPCDW, MPV, and PDW in most dogs with inflammatory disease (compared with healthy dogs) were found; however, the correlation coefficients for P-selectin and MPCDW, MPV, and PDW were low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Platelet surface- associated P-selectin and MPC appeared to be useful to detect activated platelets in most dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory disease. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:325–329)
Prevalence of serum thyroid hormone autoantibodies in dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism
Authors: Nachreiner Raymond F. , Refsal Kent R. , Graham Peter A. , Bowman Mark M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence of thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) in serum of dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism.

Design—Cohort study.

Sample Population—287,948 serum samples from dogs with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism.

Procedure—Serum THAA were detected by use of a radiometric assay. Correlation andX2analyses were used to determine whether prevalence varied with breed, age, sex, or body weight. Only breeds for which ≥ 50 samples had been submitted were used for analysis of breed prevalence.

Results—Thyroid hormone autoantibodies were detected in 18,135 (6.3%) samples. The 10 breeds with the highest prevalence of THAA were the Pointer, English Setter, English Pointer, Skye Terrier, German Wirehaired Pointer, Old English Sheepdog, Boxer, Maltese, Kuvasz, and Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen. Prevalence was significantly correlated with body weight and was highest in dogs between 2 and 4 years old. Females were significantly more likely to have THAA than were males.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Thyroid hormone autoantibodies may falsely increase measured triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations in dogs; results suggest that T3concentration may be falsely increased in approximately 57 of 1,000 dogs with hypothyroidism and that T4concentration may be falsely increased in approximately 17 of 1,000 dogs with hypothyroidism. Results also suggested that dogs of certain breeds were significantly more or less likely to have THAA than were dogs in general. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;220:466–471)
Isolation of Staphylococcus schleiferi from dogs with pyoderma
Authors: Frank Linda A. , Kania Stephen A. , Hnilica Keith A. , Wilkes Rebecca P. , Bemis David A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine frequency with whichStaphylococcus schleifericould be isolated from dogs with pyoderma and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates that were obtained.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—54 dogs with a first (n = 14) or recurrent (40) episode of pyoderma.

Procedure—Specimens were obtained and submitted for bacterial culture. Isolates were identified asS schleiferion the basis of growth and biochemical characteristics. Two isolates were submitted for DNA sequencing to confirm identification. Methicillin susceptibility was determined by means of disk diffusion with oxacillin-impregnated disks.

Results—3 of 14 dogs examined because of a first episode of pyoderma and 12 of 40 dogs examined because of a recurrent episode of pyoderma were receiving antimicrobials at the time of specimen collection.Staphylococcus schleiferiwas not isolated from any dog with first-time pyoderma but was isolated from 5 dogs with recurrent pyoderma that were not receiving antimicrobials at the time of specimen collection and 10 dogs with recurrent pyoderma that were receiving antimicrobials. Nine isolates were identified asS schleiferisubspschleiferi, and 6 were identified asS schleiferisubspcoagulans. AllS schleiferisubspschleiferiisolates were resistant to methicillin, but only 2S schleiferisubspcoagulansisolates were. Two methicillin-resistant isolates were also resistant to fluoroquinolones, and 1 isolate had intermediate susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest thatS schleiferisubspschleiferiandS schleiferisubspcoagulansmay be isolated from dogs with recurrent pyoderma. Although isolates from dogs with pyoderma were frequently resistant to methicillin, multiple drug resistance was uncommon. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:451–454)
Evaluation of equine breeding farm characteristics as risk factors for development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals
Authors: Chaffin M. Keith , Cohen Noah D. , Martens Ronald J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify farm characteristics as risk factors for the development ofRhodococcus equipneumonia in foals.

Design—Prospective matched case-control study.

Animals—2,764 foals on 64 equine breeding farms with 9,991 horses.

Procedure—During 1997, participating veterinarians completed paired data collection forms, 1 for a farm with ≥ 1 foal withR equipneumonia and 1 for an unaffected control farm. Matched data were compared by use of conditional logistic regression analysis.

Results—Farm characteristics found in bivariate analyses to be associated with increased risk for pneumonia caused byR equiin foals included > 200 farm acres, ≥ 60 acres used in the husbandry of horses, > 160 horses, ≥ 10 mares housed permanently on the farm (resident mares), > 17 foals, > 0.25 foals/acre, and the presence of transient mares (mares brought temporarily to the farm for breeding or foaling) and their foals. Affected farms were significantly more likely to be > 200 acres in size and have ≥ 10 resident dam-foal pairs, whereas control farms were significantly more likely to have ≥ 75% of their dam-foal pairs housed permanently on the farm.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Breeding farms with large acreage, a large number of mares and foals, high foal density, and a population of transient mares and foals are at high risk for foals developing pneumonia caused byR equi.(J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:467–475)
Demographic, clinical, and radiographic features of bronchiectasis in dogs: 316 cases (1988–2000)
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Basseches Jessica , Berry Clifford R. , Stebbins Martha E. , Ferris Kelly K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine demographic, clinical, and
radiographic features of bronchiectasis in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—289 dogs identified through the Veterinary
Medical Database (VMDB) and 27 dogs examined at
the North Carolina State University Veterinary
Teaching Hospital.

Procedure—Demographic characteristics of dogs
identified through the VMDB were compared with
characteristics of the entire population of dogs
entered in the VMDB. Medical records of dogs examined
at the teaching hospital were reviewed; the diagnosis
was confirmed through review of thoracic radiographs.

Results—Analysis of data from the VMDB indicated
that American Cocker Spaniels, West Highland White
Terriers, Miniature Poodles, Siberian Huskies, English
Springer Spaniels, and dogs > 10 years old had an
increased risk of bronchiectasis. Among dogs examined
at the teaching hospital, coughing was the most
common clinical sign. There was evidence for excessive
airway mucus but not hemorrhage. A variety of
bacterial organisms were isolated from tracheal wash
and bronchoalveolar lavage samples. On thoracic radiographs,
cylindrical bronchiectasis, generalized disease,
and right cranial lung lobe involvement were
most common. Seven of 14 dogs for which follow-up
radiographs were available did not have any progression
of radiographic lesions. Median duration of clinical
signs prior to diagnosis of bronchiectasis was 9
months (range, 1 day to 10 years). Median survival
time was 16 months (range, 2 days to 72 months).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that despite substantial clinical abnormalities,
dogs with bronchiectasis may survive for years.
Certain purebred dogs and older dogs may have an
increased risk of developing bronchiectasis. (J Am Vet
Med Assoc 2003;223:1628–1635)
Association of breed with the diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs: 2,400 cases (1980–2002)
Authors: Tobias Karen M. , Rohrbach Barton W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the annual and overall proportion of diagnoses of congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) in dogs and identify breeds at increased risk for CPSS.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—2,400 dogs with CPSS from veterinary teaching hospitals that reported to the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB) from January 1, 1980 to February 28, 2002.

Procedure—The proportion of diagnoses of CPSS was calculated for all dogs and each breed recorded in the VMDB annually and for the 22.2-year period. Odds ratios and adjusted confidence intervals were calculated for breeds with at least 100 accessions by comparing odds of each breed with a diagnosis of CPSS with that of mixed-breed dogs.

Results—Congenital portosystemic shunts were reported in 0.18% of all dogs and 0.05% of mixedbreed dogs. The proportion of diagnoses of CPSS increased from 5 in 10,000 dogs in 1980 to 5 in 1,000 dogs in 2001. Yorkshire Terriers had the greatest total number of diagnoses of CPSS. Thirty-three breeds were significantly more likely to have a diagnosis of CPSS, compared with mixed-breed dogs. The greatest proportions of diagnoses were found in Havanese (3.2%), Yorkshire Terriers (2.9%), Maltese (1.6%), Dandie Dinmont Terriers (1.6%), and Pugs (1.3%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Certain breeds appear to be at increased risk for CPSS, compared with mixed-breed dogs. The increased odds ratios among specific breeds support the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition for CPSS. Clients and veterinarians should consider appropriate diagnostic tests for dogs with clinical signs and those used for breeding from breeds with increased risk of CPSS. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1636–1639)
In vitro study of heat production during power reduction of equine mandibular teeth
Authors: Allen Martin L. , Baker Gordon J. , Freeman David E. , Holmes Kenneth R. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Scoggins R. Dean , Constable Peter
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure the amount of heat generated during 3 methods of equine dental reduction with power instruments.

Design—In vitro study.

Sample Population—30 premolar and molar teeth removed from mandibles of 8 equine heads collected at an abbatoir.

Procedure—38-gauge copper-constantan thermocouples were inserted into the lingual side of each tooth 15 mm (proximal) and 25 mm (distal) from the occlusal surface, at a depth of 5 mm, which placed the tip close to the pulp chamber. Group-NC1 (n = 10) teeth were ground for 1 minute without coolant, group-NC2 (10) teeth were ground for 2 minutes without coolant, and group-C2 (10) teeth were ground for 2 minutes with water for coolant.

Results—Mean temperature increase was 1.2°C at the distal thermocouple and 6.6°C at the proximal thermocouple for group-NC1 teeth, 4.1°C at the distal thermocouple and 24.3°C at the proximal thermocouple for group-NC2 teeth, and 0.8°C at the distal thermocouple and –0.1°C at the proximal thermocouple for group-C2 teeth.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In general, an increase of 5°C in human teeth is considered the maximum increase before there is permanent damage to tooth pulp. In group-NC2 teeth, temperature increased above this limit by several degrees, whereas in group-C2 teeth, there was little or no temperature increase. Our results suggest that major reduction of equine teeth by use of power instruments causes thermal changes that may cause irreversible pulp damage unless water cooling is used. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1128–1132)
Economic considerations for diagnostic and control options for Neospora caninum-induced abortions in endemically infected herds of beef cattle
Authors: Larson Robert L. , Hardin David K. , Pierce Vern L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare economic outcome for herds not exposed toNeospora caninumwith that for herds with various seroprevalences ofN caninuminfection and evaluate 3 control strategies.

Design—Economic simulation model.

Sample Population—Beef herds with various seroprevalences ofN caninuminfection.

Procedure—A 5-year simulation model was used. Control strategies that were evaluated included culling females that fail to calve, selling seropositive females and purchasing seronegative replacements, and excluding the daughters of seropositive dams as potential replacements.

Results—For a 5-year period with low prices for feeder calves, endemicN caninuminfection decreased mean return to fixed assets by 22.2% when true seroprevalence was 10% and by 29.9% when true seroprevalence was 70%. Percentage decrease in return to fixed assets was less dramatic when a 5-year period with high prices for feeder calves was evaluated. Analysis indicated that 2 control strategies (culling females that fail to give birth to a calf and selling seropositive female cattle and purchasing seronegative replacement female cattle) were not likely to be economically beneficial. The third control strategy (testing the entire herd forN caninuminfection and excluding the female offspring of seropositive dams as replacements) appeared to be a reasonable control strategy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For the assumptions in the model, endemicN caninuminfection decreases return to fixed assets for cow-calf herds. Of the potential control strategies evaluated, testing the entire herd forN caninuminfection and excluding the daughters of seropositive dams as potential replacements provided the best economic return. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1597–1604)
Efficacy of ceftiofur hydrochloride sterile suspension administered parenterally for the treatment of acute postpartum metritis in dairy cows
Authors: Chenault John R. , McAllister Joseph F. , Chester S. Theodore , Dame Kenneth J. , Kausche Fabian M. , Robb Edward J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of ceftiofur
hydrochloride sterile suspension administered parenterally
for treatment of acute postpartum metritis
(APM) in dairy cows.

Design—Multilocation, randomized block, field trial.

Animals—406 cows in the first 14 days postpartum.

Procedure—Cows with rectal temperatures ≥
39.5°C (103.1°F) without clinical signs of respiratory
or gastrointestinal tract disease and with a fetid
vaginal discharge were allocated randomly in
blocks of 3 to 3 treatment groups: sterile saline
(0.9% NaCl) solution administered at a dosage of 2
mL/45.4 kg (2 mL/100 lb), SC or IM, once daily for
5 days (control); or ceftiofur hydrochloride administered
at a dosage of 1.1 or 2.2 mg of ceftiofur
equivalents (CE)/kg (0.5 or 1 mg/lb, respectively),
SC or IM, once daily for 5 days. Cows were evaluated
on days 6, 10, and 14, and clinical cure or failure
to cure was determined. Clinical cure was
defined as no additional antimicrobial treatment
administered, rectal temperature < 39.5°C, and
absence of a fetid vaginal discharge.

Results—On day 14, clinical cure rates were 77%,
65%, and 62% for the 2.2 mg of CE/kg, 1.1 mg of
CE/kg, and control groups, respectively. No significant
differences were detected in clinical cure
rates between control and treatment groups on day
10 or 6.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ceftiofur
hydrochloride administered at a dosage of 2.2 mg of
CE/kg, SC or IM, once daily for 5 days was efficacious for
treatment of APM in dairy cows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2004;224:1634–1639)
Incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infection among dogs in a small animal intensive care unit
Authors: Smarick Sean D. , Haskins Steve C. , Aldrich Janet , Foley Janet E. , Kass Philip H. , Fudge Mack , Ling Gerald V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine incidence of and possible risk
factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection
(UTI) among dogs hospitalized in an intensive care unit
and compare results of bacterial culture of urine samples
with results of bacterial culture of catheter tips.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—39 dogs.

Procedure—A standard protocol for aseptic catheter
placement and maintenance was used. Urine samples
were obtained daily and submitted for bacterial
culture. When possible, the urinary catheter tip was
collected aseptically at the time of catheter removal
and submitted for bacterial culture. Bacteria that were
obtained were identified and tested for antimicrobial
susceptibility.

Results—4 of the 39 (10.3%) dogs developed a UTI.
The probability of remaining free from UTI after 1 day
in the intensive care unit was 94.9%, and the probability
of remaining free from UTI after 4 days was
63.3%. Bacteria isolates were generally common urinary
tract pathogens and were susceptible to most
antimicrobials. Specific risk factors for catheter-associated
UTI, beyond a lack of antimicrobial administration,
were not identified. Positive predictive value of bacterial
culture of urinary catheter tips was only 25%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that placement of an indwelling urinary catheter in
dogs is associated with a low risk of catheter-associated
UTI during the first 3 days after catheter placement,
provided that adequate precautions are taken for aseptic
catheter placement and maintenance. Results of
bacterial culture of urinary catheter tips should not be
used to predict whether dogs developed catheter-associated
UTI. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1936–1940)
Evaluation of risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Lester Guy D. , Sanchez L. Chris , Merritt Alfred M. , Roussel Allen J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine factors associated with development of postoperative ileus (POI) in horses undergoing surgery for colic.

Design—Prospective case-control study.

Animals—251 horses undergoing colic surgery, of which 47 developed POI.

Procedure—Signalment, history, clinicopathologic data, pre- and postoperative treatments, lesions, complications, costs, and outcome were recorded for all horses during hospitalization.

Results—Variables associated with increased odds of POI included small intestinal lesion, high PCV, and increased duration of anesthesia. There was modest evidence that pelvic flexure enterotomy and intraoperative administration of lidocaine may have reduced the odds of developing POI.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings during the preoperative and intraoperative periods can be used to identify horses at increased risk of POI. Reducing surgical and anesthetic duration should decrease the incidence of POI. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225: 1070–1078)
Massive hepatocellular carcinoma in dogs: 48 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Liptak Julius M. , Dernell William S. , Monnet Eric , Powers Barbara E. , Bachand Annette M. , Kenney Juanita G. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical signs, diagnostic
findings, outcome, and prognostic factors in dogs
treated surgically for massive hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC) and compare survival times of surgically
and conservatively treated dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—48 dogs.

Procedure—Medical records were examined for clinical
signs, diagnostic and surgical findings, and postoperative
outcome. Dogs were allocated into surgery
and nonsurgery groups depending on whether curative-
intent liver lobectomy was performed. Data from
the surgical and nonsurgical groups were analyzed to
identify prognostic factors and determine and compare
rates of tumor control and survival time.

Results—42 dogs were treated surgically, and 6 were
managed conservatively. In the surgery group, intraoperative
mortality rate was 4.8% with no local recurrence,
metastatic rate was 4.8%, and median survival
time was > 1,460 days (range, 1 to 1,460 days). High
alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase
activities were associated with poor prognosis.
Median survival time for the nonsurgery group was
270 days (range, 0 to 415 days), which was significantly
less than that of surgically treated dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Liver lobectomy
is recommended for dogs with massive HCC
because tumor-related mortality rate was 15.4 times
higher in dogs in the nonsurgery group, compared
with the surgery group. Tumor control was excellent
after surgical resection with no local recurrence and a
low metastatic rate. Prognostic factors were identified,
but their clinical relevance was uncertain
because only 9.5% of dogs in the surgery group died
as a result of their disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2004;225:1225–1230)
Use of low molecular weight heparin in cats: 57 cases (1999–2003)
Authors: Smith Caren E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Freeman Lisa M. , Brown Donald J. , Goodman Jennifer S. , Rush John E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine duration of administration, complications, and frequency of aortic thromboembolism associated with administration of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) in cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—57 cats treated with dalteparin.

Procedure—Data were recorded from the medical records of cats treated with dalteparin, and owners were contacted by telephone for information regarding ease of administration and possible adverse effects.

Results—Dalteparin was easily administered by owners. Median dose was 99 U/kg (45 U/lb) once or twice daily. Bleeding complications were infrequent. Of 43 cats with cardiomyopathy that received owner-administered dalteparin for a median follow-up time of 172 days, 8 cats developed documented or possible arterial thromboembolism.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dalteparin was easily administered by owners and was well tolerated by cats. Whether dalteparin administration can reduce the frequency or severity of arterial thromboembolism is not yet known. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1237–1241)
Sensitivities of three county health department surveillance systems for child-related dog bites: 261 cases (2000)
Authors: Tan Regina L. , Powell Kenneth E. , Lindemer Kristen M. , Clay Molly M. , Davidson Steven C.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine incidence of child-related
dog bites and sensitivities of 3 county health department
dog-bite surveillance systems.

Design—Retrospective study.

Study Population—Child-related dog-bite data obtained
from surveillance systems of 3 counties in Georgia in the
year 2000.

Procedure—To characterize the sensitivity of health
department dog-bite surveillance systems, 9 other
potential sources of dog-bite records that matched
records by victim name, age, gender, and incident
date were evaluated. The number of reported bites
and the most productive sources for identifying additional
cases were determined. The Chandra Sekar-
Deming capture-recapture method was used to estimate
the number of unreported bites, and estimates
of dog-bite incidence rates were made.

Results—40, 36, and 185 dog bites were reported in
the 3 counties, respectively. Capture-recapture calculations
estimated an additional 9, 5, and 128 dog bites in
these counties, respectively. Local health departments
recorded 45.5% to 82.5% of dog bites. Local hospital
emergency departments, police departments, and a
rabies-testing laboratory received additional reports.
Among these data sources, local hospital emergency
department records were the best source for identifying
additional cases.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dog bites are
a preventable cause of childhood injuries, and surveillance
is a critical tool for tracking childhood dog bites
in the community. Counties should use combined
data from local health departments, local hospital
emergency departments, and police departments to
implement or revise dog-bite prevention programs
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1680–1683)
Clinicopathologic features of an unusual outbreak of cryptococcosis in dogs, cats, ferrets, and a bird: 38 cases (January to July 2003)
Authors: Lester Sally J. , Kowalewich Natalie J. , Bartlett Karen H. , Krockenberger Mark B. , Fairfax Theyne M. , Malik Richard
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical and pathologic findings associated with an outbreak of cryptococcosis in an unusual geographic location (British Columbia, Canada).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—1 pink-fronted cockatoo, 2 ferrets, 20 cats, and 15 dogs.

Procedure—A presumptive diagnosis of cryptococcosis was made on the basis of serologic, histopathologic, or cytologic findings, and a definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of culture or immunohistochemical staining.

Results—No breed or sex predilections were detected in affected dogs or cats. Eleven cats had neurologic signs, 7 had skin lesions, and 5 had respiratory tract signs. None of 17 cats tested serologically for FeLV yielded positive results; 1 of 17 cats yielded positive results for FIV (western blot). Nine of 15 dogs had neurologic signs, 2 had periorbital swellings, and only 3 had respiratory tract signs initially. Microbiologic culture in 15 cases yielded 2 isolates ofCryptococcus neoformansvargrubii(serotype A) and 13 isolates ofC neoformansvargattii(serotype B); all organisms were susceptible to amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Serologic testing had sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 98%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serologic titers were beneficial in identifying infection in animals with nonspecific signs, but routine serum biochemical or hematologic parameters were of little value in diagnosis. Most animals had nonspecific CNS signs and represented a diagnostic challenge. Animals that travel to or live in this region and have nonspecific malaise or unusual neurologic signs should be evaluated for cryptococcosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1716–1722)
Effects of treatment with and without adjuvant radiation therapy on recurrence of ocular and adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: 157 cases (1985–2002)
Authors: Mosunic Cory B. , Moore Phillip A. , Carmicheal K. Paige , Chandler Matthew J. , Vidyashankar Anand , Zhao Ying , Roberts Royce E. , Dietrich Ursula M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effects of treatment with and without adjuvant radiation therapy on recurrence of ocular and adnexal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at specific anatomic locations in horses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—91 horses.

Procedures—Medical records of horses with histologically confirmed ocular and adnexal SCC evaluated from 1985 to 2002 were reviewed. Sex, breed, age, type of treatment, location, and recurrence of SCC were recorded. Two treatment groups determined by recurrence of SCCs treated with and without adjuvant radiation therapy were established.

Results—The anatomic site with the highest recurrence rate was the limbus (junction of the cornea and sclera) or bulbar conjunctiva (47.7%), independent of treatment group. There was a significant difference in recurrence rates of ocular and adnexal SCCs between the 2 treatment groups, independent of anatomic location. Recurrence rates of SCCs treated with and without adjuvant radiation therapy were 11.9% and 44.1%, respectively. Recurrence rates for SCCs of the eyelid, limbus or bulbar conjunctiva, and cornea treated with adjuvant radiation therapy were significantly different from those for SCCs treated without adjuvant radiation therapy. The most frequently represented anatomic site for ocular and adnexal SCCs was the eyelid (28.7%). Coat color, breed, and the interaction of age and breed had a significant effect on tumor recurrence regardless of treatment type and anatomic location.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that ocular and adnexal SCCs treated with adjuvant radiation therapy had a significantly lower recurrence rate, compared with SCCs treated without adjuvant radiation therapy, independent of anatomic location. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1733–1738)
Funduscopic findings following cataract extraction by means of phacoemulsification in diabetic dogs: 52 cases (1993–2003)
Authors: Landry Matthew P. , Herring Ian P. , Panciera David L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence of retinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms in dogs with diabetes mellitus following cataract extraction by means of phacoemulsification and identify potential risk factors.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—52 dogs with diabetes mellitus and 174 dogs without.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification between 1993 and 2003 were reviewed, and information was recorded on signalment, history, physical examination findings, ophthalmic examination findings, results of laboratory testing, electroretinographic findings, and surgical findings. Glycemic control was classified as poor, intermediate, or good on the basis of baseline blood glucose concentration, perioperative body weight loss, daily insulin dosage, and presence of glucosuria and ketonuria. Data from diabetic and nondiabetic dogs were analyzed to determine prevalence and risk factors for development of retinal hemorrhages or microaneurysms following phacoemulsification.

Results—11 of the 52 (21%) dogs with diabetes mellitus developed ophthalmoscopic signs of retinal hemorrhages or microaneurysms, compared with 1 of the 174 (0.6%) nondiabetic dogs. Median time from onset of diabetes mellitus to diagnosis of retinopathy was 1.4 years (range, 0.5 to 3.2 years). No risk factors for development of retinopathy were identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that retinal hemorrhages and microaneurysms may be more common and develop earlier in diabetic dogs than previously reported. This may affect treatment, as diabetic dogs survive longer with improved glycemic control. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225: 709–716)
Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot
Authors: Plummer Paul J. , Rohrbach Barton W. , Daugherty Richard A. , Daugherty R. Andrew , Thomas Kathy V. , Wilkes Rebecca P. , Duggan Florence E. , Kennedy Melissa A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure antibody titers against bovine coronavirus (BCV), determine frequency of BCV in nasal swab specimens, and compare calves treated for bovine respiratory tract disease (BRD) between those given an intranasally administered vaccine and control calves.

Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—414 heifer calves.

Procedure—Intranasal BCV antigen concentration and antibody titer against BCV were measured on entry to a feedlot. Calves were randomly assigned to receive 3.0 mL of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine enteric coronavirus and rotavirus or 3.0 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Calves were confined to 1 of 2 pens, depending on vaccination status, for a minimum of 17 days of observation (range, 17 to 99). Selection of calves for treatment of BRD and scoring for severity of disease were done by veterinarians unaware of treatment status.

Results—Intranasal BCV (125/407 [31%]) and serum antibody titers ≥ 20 against BCV (246/396 [62%]) were identified in calves entering the feedlot. Vaccination was associated with significant decrease in risk of treatment for BRD; intranasal BCV on entry to the feedlot was associated with increased risk of treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that control calves with intranasal BRD on entry to the feedlot and those with antibody titer < 20 were significantly more likely to be treated for BRD.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data provide further evidence of an association between BCV and respiratory tract disease in feedlot calves. An intranasally administered vaccine appeared to reduce risk of treatment for BRD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:726–731)
Aerobic Cycle Exercising in a Rehabilitation Program with a Wider Choice of Intensity
Authors: Mertesdorf Frank L. , Schmitz Kurt
Published: December 2005

When patients in rehabilitation programs use cycle ergometers for aerobic fitness training, the exercise intensity is often restricted to a small range of heart rate. In this study, a wider choice of intensities was left to the patients without giving up the potential to reduce cardiac risks factors. 24 patients in 3-wk. rehabilitation programs could choose the exercise intensity up to a workload limit preset by the physical therapist. 20 of them exercised at an intensity covering the full range between the aerobic and anaerobic lactate threshold and 4 a little above. The opportunity to vary the workload was frequently used by 67%. In 75% of the exercise sessions, the patients' average heart rates exceeded moderate heart-rate targets recommended in rehabilitation and health promotion for people with moderate cardiac risks without a graded exercise test. In 72% of these sessions, the anaerobic lactate threshold at 4 mmol/L was not exceeded. But a tendency of 33% of the patients to exercise at higher blood lactate or blood pressure levels underlined the necessity of limiting the exercise intensity.
Relationships among Eysenck's Extraversion, Rorschach's Erlebnistypus, and Tolerance of Experimental Tonic Pain (Cold Water Pressor Test)
Authors: Ferracuti Stefano , De Carolis Antonella
Published: December 2005

In a group of 42 healthy volunteers the correlations between the concept of Extraversion-Introversion as defined by Eysenck and Erlebnistypus as defined by Rorschach were analysed to relate these with the tolerance of an experimentally induced tonic pain. We conducted an experimental procedure comprising a test and retest. At test the subjects were administered the Rorschach, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Cold Water Pressor Test, a nongraduated Visual Analogue Scale, and the Italian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. At retest the experimental induction of pain was measured again. At test subjects who scored higher on the EPI Extraversion scale tolerated pain longer and did not modify their performance at retest. Also, the concepts of Extroversion defined by the Rorschach test and by the Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory shared some psychophysiological features of higher tolerance to pain. These personality features did not influence how subjects qualitatively describe the immediate painful experience.
Inhibitory Function in the Stimulus-Response Compatibility Task
Authors: Tsuchida Noriaki
Published: December 2005

Changes of a location-based inhibitory function were investigated by performing a Stimulus-Response Compatibility task under two conditions. This task allows study of the efficiency of the inhibitory function by analyzing differences in error rates and in response time under various conditions of stimulus and response compatibility. In Exp. 1, with 28 college students, the effect of a dual task on the Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect was examined. In a dual-task, a predetermined stimulus such as a color is identified and the number of times a color is displayed is counted. In this experiment, under a dual task using visual stimuli, a decline in error responses and reduction of the Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect were observed. In Exp. 2, 29 college students participated in an identical experiment with the exception that an auditory stimulus was presented as the dual task. Similar to Exp. 1, there was a significant reduction in the number of error responses in the dual-task condition. Conversely, there was no significant change in Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect as estimated by response time. These results suggest that the two visual pathways as proposed by Goodale (1995) and the evocation of intentional attention may affect the Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect.
Lateralization of Squamous Cell Carcinomas in the Head-Neck Region
Authors: Dane Şenol , Karaşen Murat , Şahin Önder , Öztop Emre
Published: December 2005

Earlier studies have shown the lateralization of several immune disorders, including herpes zoster infection and breast cancer. We investigated whether there is lateralization of squamous cell carcinomas in the head-neck region and a relation of handedness with this cancer. Analysis showed right-sided lateralization of head-heck cancers in right-handed patients and vice versa in left-handed ones and a higher rate of left-handedness in patients with squamous cell cancer. Associations among left-handedness, squamous cell carcinoma, and its lateralization may result from a genetic togetherness.
Autonomous Motivation: Involvement in Physical Activity, and Perceived Sport Competence: Structural and Mediator Models
Authors: Bagøien Tor Egil , Halvari Hallgeir
Published: December 2005

Students in upper secondary school ( N = 231, M = 16.6 yr., SD = 1.6) were tested on involvement in physical activity, perceived sport competence, using the Perceived Competence Scale of Harter, and motivational regulation on the Self-regulation Questionnaire of Ryan and Connell. Correlations were positive among involvement in physical activity, autonomous motivation, and perceived sport competence. A hypothetical model indicated that autonomous motivation mediates the relation between perceived sport competence and involvement in physical activity. Although LISREL analysis supported this mediation, the best model fit of the data supported a structural model with involvement in physical activity ( R2 = .63) to mediate between autonomous motivation and perceived competence ( R2 = .47). Results are interpreted and discussed in terms of self-determination theory.
Assessing Whether Black Uniforms Affect the Decisions of Turkish Soccer Referees: Is Finding of Frank and Gilovich's Study Valid for Turkish Culture?
Authors: Tiryaki M. Şefik
Published: December 2005

Frank and Gilovich (1988) found that teams with black uniforms were penalized by referees more than other teams that did not wear black uniforms in the U.S. National Football League (NFL), and the U.S. National Hockey League (NHL). This finding was examined for the referees in the Turkish Premier Soccer League (TPSL) for the soccer teams wearing or not wearing black uniforms during actual games. 30 male referees' (ages 22–45 years, M = 34.8) decisions were analyzed in a total of 2,142 Turkish premier soccer league games played in 7 seasons. Using the number of red and yellow cards and penalty kicks teams drew as a penalty decision criteria, no significant differences were found between Turkish soccer teams wearing black uniforms or those not and the number of penalty kicks. This result, which was different from that of Frank and Gilovich's work, was discussed in relation to the social psychological point of view of different cultures and societies.
Does the Contextual Interference Effect Last over Extended Transfer Trials?
Authors: Perez Carlos Rey , Meira Cassio M. , Tani Go
Published: December 2005

The contextual interference effect (random practice yields better transfer and retention compared to blocked practice) detected in a study of 24 boys and 33 girls randomly selected ( M age = 10.5 yr., SD = .6) performing a linear positioning motor task seemed to dissipate in extended transfer trials.
Effect of Intermittent Exercise on Multiple-Choice Reaction Times of Soccer Players
Authors: Lemmink Koen A. P. M. , Visscher Chris
Published: December 2005

The influence of intermittent exercise on a choice-response time task was investigated. Two groups of 8 male soccer players ( M age = 20.9, SD = 2.0) participated. They spent 4.4 ( SD = 1.3) weekly hours on soccer training and had been playing soccer for 13 ( SD = 3.3) years. Multiple-choice reaction speed and response accuracy were measured four times. Between measurements, one group performed 8-min. blocks of intermittent exercise on a bicycle ergometer and one group rested. Analysis showed that reaction speed and response accuracy were not significantly different between the two groups. Furthermore, there were significant faster reaction times and a larger number of correct reactions through Block 2 in both the exercise and control group ( p<.05), probably a result of learning processes and familiarization with the task procedures. Further research towards the specific influence of mode of exercise, intensity, work-rest ratio and duration of intermittent exercise, and the sensitivity of reaction time tasks will be necessary to clarify the relationship between intermittent exercise and cognitive performance.
Body Mass Index in Female Spanish Olympic Athletes
Authors: Capdevila Lluís , Niñerola Jordi , Toro Josep
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the Body Mass Index of 180 female Spanish Olympic athletes ( M age = 27.1 yr., SD = 5.9 yr.) who participate in presentation sports and nonpresentation sports, in comparison with 114 female nonathletes ( M age = 20.7, SD = 1.5 yr.). Presentation sports athletes have a profile similar to that of a university student but by age with a lower Body Mass Index. In particular, rhythmic gymnasts have a lower weight and Body Mass Index than other athletes and nonathletes.
Oriental Approaches to Masculine and Feminine Subtle Energy Principles
Authors: Telles Shirley
Published: December 2005

According to ancient Indian and Chinese texts the subtle energy ( prana or chi) flows through several thousand anatomically indistinguishable channels or meridians ( nadis). Three channels are especially important ( ida, pingala, and sushumna). The ida and pingala channels correlate with left and right uninostril breathing, respectively. Like yin and yang, they are considered to represent the masculine and feminine principles present in all creation irrespective of sex. From this perspective these principles are assumed to be present simultaneously in persons of both sexes. This suggests that any sex-specific effects of uninostril breathing may be associated with sex-based physiological differences, not with ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ attributes of the channels (and the corresponding nostrils).
From Randomness to Stability
Authors: Rimoldi Horacio J. A. , Lagoutte Fabian E. , de Libonatti Elsa Bei
Published: December 2005

The present study describes how the association between randomly chosen variables changes at the successive steps of temporal processes to converge into stable values as suggested by I. Prigogine. To generalize the results to any specific area so results may be applied to concrete problems in different sciences, randomly chosen matrices of random numbers were successively multiplied to generate temporal sequences that before reaching stability had different number of steps. Our results indicate that the obtained poliphasic stability is irreversible.
Motion as Input: A Functional Explanation of Movement Effects on Cognitive Processes
Authors: Raab Markus , Green Nikos
Published: December 2005

Motion is often thought of as the result of perceptual and higher cognitive processes. Although this idea has been investigated in myriad ways, the understanding of how movements tune cognitive processes is still in its infancy. The present study examined the nonaffective tuning of movements (arm extension and arm flexion) on heuristic and systematic processes. In a departure from recent cognitive tuning models, a model was derived that defines the tuning effect based on the movement goal and not on the movement position. In the experiment, participants moved toward an extension or flexion position with a movement goal which connected the movement with either an avoidance or an approach function. Analysis indicated that cognitive tuning is a product of the movement goal rather than the movement position. Implications for models of motor control as well as for cognitive tuning models are presented.