bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick
Published: November 2024

Love is often seen by lovers as a concept that resists analysis—something we feel in our hearts, not something we think in our heads. Yet the very vastness and intensity of love render it impossible for us not to consider it philosophically, insofar as this vastness and intensity bring love into all spheres of our lives: ethical, political, spiritual, and physical. Love then is impossible for philosophers to ignore—which explains, at least in part, why love has been so central a concept of philosophical inquiry over the last several millennia, in the West and beyond. The aim of this volume is to bring to the fore, and thereby tell the story, of some of the most significant moments in the history of how philosophers have thought about love over the course of this period.
“The rearing of a reformer”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 chronicles Higginson’s first job as a teacher at a boys’ academy, his decision to return to Harvard for a period of further study, and his courtship of and eventual marriage to Mary Thatcher, a distant kinswoman several years his senior. After briefly considering a career in the law, Higginson opted instead to become a minister and accepted the pulpit at Newburyport’s Unitarian First Society Church. As Higginson’s sermons grew ever more radical and critical of the businessmen who filled his pews, the church elders asked for his resignation.
“Is there no such thing as honor among Confederates?”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

Already infamous in the eyes of federal authorities and Southern whites for his role in the Anthony Burns case, Higginson’s aid for John Brown, who was awaiting trial in western Virginia, earned him the reputation as the second most radical white man in America. Alone among the “secret six,” Higginson refused to flee the country or go into hiding and patiently waited to be arrested for complicity in the failed raid on Harpers Ferry. At the Brown family’s request, Higginson attempted to take Mary Ann Brown to Charlestown to see her husband before his hanging. The chapter ends with Higginson’s reluctant endorsement of Free Soiler Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party in 1860, a practical decision that won him the criticism of some immediatist abolitionists.
“The women’s hour”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R.
Published: November 2024

After regaining his health and resigning his commission, Higginson returned to the convention circuit, this time devoting all of his time to women’s rights. Following a fight with Susan B. Anthony, Higginson and his old friend Lucy Stone organized the American Women’s Suffrage Association. With Stone, he coedited the Woman’s Journal. Higginson briefly traveled throughout Britain, speaking on women’s rights and dining with celebrities such as Charles Darwin. He returned home due to Mary’s failing health, and the chapter ends with the death of his first wife.
Supply and Demand for Innovation
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

The chapter reviews the determinants of innovation from an economics supply–demand perspective, recognizing that this view neglects the importance of luck and chance, factors that are less amenable to policy. Supply factors reviewed are technological opportunity, availability of inventors, absorptive capacity, appropriability of returns, and financing costs. Demand factors include market size, consumer taste, regulatory mandates, and the needs for defense and war. Similar factors determine the direction of innovation. We illustrate the role of these factors with some examples: the development of COVID-19 vaccines, human flight, and the CRISPR technology. The chapter also discusses the frequency of simultaneous invention and reasons why this is a common occurrence.
Strategic Patenting, Patent Portfolio Races, and Patent Thickets
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the strategic use of patents, that is, the use of patents to gain competitive advantage beyond the exclusivity granted by a patent. The chapter explains how strategic patenting allows firms to extract additional value from treating patents as business assets. Strategic patenting is particularly important in information and communication technologies, and the chapter presents evidence for this fact. The many motives for strategic patenting such as bargaining and defensive blocking are discussed along with their consequences in the form of ownership fragmentation and patent thickets. A final section reviews the impact of ownership fragmentation and thickets on litigation cost, entry, and innovation.
Antiblackness in the Policies of Policing
Authors: Davis Kenneth
Published: November 2024

The essay “Antiblackness in the Policies of Policing” examines the historical ties between American policing and its origins in slave patrols and Jim Crow laws, illustrating how these roots have shaped discriminatory practices against Black communities. It outlines the evolution of policing, noting the influence of historical legislation and judicial decisions in reinforcing racial biases. Despite civil rights progress, systemic discrimination persists within law enforcement strategies, highlighting a continuous cycle of racial injustice. The chapter argues for significant reforms in policing policies to address these deep-rooted issues. By examining the legacy of slavery and its impact on modern policing, the essay emphasizes the urgent need for change to dismantle the lasting effects of anti-Blackness, advocating for a society that prioritizes equity and justice in its policing practices.
The Right to Be Here but Still Marginalized
Authors: Evans Renée
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses how too many times African Americans exhibit sound competencies and expertise in their areas of focus only to be marginalized in a way that screams that they do not belong or don’t deserve to be in their positions or work settings. Equally, qualified people of color are oftentimes not afforded opportunities for upward mobility in their careers as a result of being marginalized, although they have the right to be in those workspaces. This chapter, “The Right to Be Here But Still Marginalized,” discusses ways in which being marginalized still impacts people of color in the workplace. Stanley (2006) discussed the necessity for faculty of color to create coping skills as a result of varied experiences in being marginalized in their university settings. Too many times African Americans exhibit sound competencies and expertise, in their areas of focus, to only be marginalized in a way that screams that they do not belong, or deserve to be in their positions or work settings. Equally, qualified people of color are often times not afforded opportunities for upward mobility in their careers as a result of being marginalized although they have the right to be in those work spaces. This chapter will discuss ways in which being marginalized still impacts people of color in the workplace.
Food Justice
Authors: Watson Karen E.
Published: November 2024

“Food Justice: At the Intersection of Policy and Culture” explains the link between policy on nutrition and the role of culture in shaping people’s behaviors. Public health policies can fail when policymakers do not understand consumer behavior in the populations those policies are intended to serve. In the United States, Black and Brown communities are targeted by predatory marketing while being failed by local, state, and national policymakers. In this chapter, communications strategist Karen E. Watson makes use of vibrant first-hand accounts, compelling new research, and entertaining anecdotes to argue for a market data-driven approach to nutrition equity. She draws the conclusion that to put the “public” back into “public health” and the “justice” back into “food justice” requires using consumer data, the latest research, and proven approaches borrowed from marketing and behavioral psychology.
Environmental Racism in Rural America
Authors: Jones Shannon Z.
Published: November 2024

The chapter “Environmental Racism in Rural America” explores the environmental inequities experienced by African Americans and other people of color living in rural America. People of color are often disproportionately impacted by pollution and are more likely to live near polluting industries. This holds true in both urban and rural regions around the country. The chapter focuses on the personal experiences of the author, as they were raised near a heavily polluting industry and recognized Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site. These lived experiences have stimulated the author’s research interest in toxicology and environmental justice. The chapter also examines the biological, physical, and psychological impacts of living in regions with polluted air, soil, and water.
Authentic Allyship
Authors: Fuller Mazella
Published: November 2024

“Authentic Allyship: A Call to Action” examines how authentic allyship has manifested in the contributor’s life. This chapter explores how during her formative years in a predominately Black community, the author’s family attempted to prepare her for the systemic racism she was destined to encounter in the wider society. The author proclaims that but for the persons related to her by birth and the Black and White persons who shared a communal identity with her, she would have been less prepared to perform professional roles traditionally held by Whites particularly by White males. For this reason alone, this chapter includes the narratives of two White allies who describe how they center Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Because authentic allies are action-driven advocates who fight for diversity, equity, and inclusion, the contributors to this chapter issue a call to action to authentic allies and those who are considering allyship.
Authentic Allyship Through Cross-Cultural Mentoring
Authors: Neal Crutcher Betty
Published: November 2024

In the chapter “Authentic Allyship Through Cross-Cultural Mentoring,” the author, who has served as presidential spouse at two majority White universities, shares personal experiences. A Black educator’s comment, “I see more in you than you see in yourself,” inspired her to challenge those who expect less. The author was inspired by Patricia Harris, the first Black female cabinet member, who became a distant role model. Through a best practice later named “the three Vs,” Black and White mentors give examples on listening, belonging, building trust, and serving others. All of this developing strength is used to help find allies to support the descendants of Black men in the infamous U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study in Tuskegee and Macon County. This outreach leads to work in fighting health care disparities through mentoring underrepresented students for careers in medicine and health care, helping to create conditions for the community.
Our Path to Authentic Allyship
Authors: Acle Ashley , Davis Alyssa , John Claire St.
Published: November 2024

“Our Path to Authentic Allyship: Examining Beliefs and Actions to Provide Client Care” demonstrates how reflexivity and positionality shape authentic allyship in health care, told through the narratives of a Black dietitian, a Multiracial therapist, and a White dietitian. The contributors delve into the complexity of antiracist identity, citing nuance, intersectionality, and context as critical factors in developing self-awareness and a sense of self. They offer their lived experiences to illustrate how trust, tension, comfort, and voice impact allyship in helping relationships. The authors encourage health care professionals to approach allyship in an intimately personal and relational way, adopting antiracism as a way of being, to take on the struggle of disadvantage. The chapter also discusses opportunities for authentic allyship within provider–client and supervisor–supervisee relationships and the importance of persistence in effecting change.
The First Wartime President
Authors: Stagg J. C. A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter reflects on the Second Inaugural Address of James Madison. The president’s immediate problem was: how to justify continuing a war under such unpromising circumstances, and how might the United States emerge victorious? There is no evidence that Madison ever considered ending the war; his goal remained to obtain a peace treaty that addressed all the grievances he had outlined in June 1812. Ultimately, much of his Second Inaugural was devoted to justifying the war on the grounds that it was essential to protect all American mariners from impressment, regardless of their country of origin, and particularly to safeguard British subjects who had enlisted in the American armed forces and had become prisoners of war from the threat of treason trials. Otherwise, the address said little else about the grievances Madison had cited in his June 1, 1812, message.
Andrew Johnson’s Address upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Andrew Johnson’s Inaugural Address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. It mentions the notion of rebellion that must be regarded as a guarantee of the future. The speech includes Johnson’s determination to establish and perpetuate the principles of free government, which is the foundation of his political creed. Johnson believes that the government, in passing through its present perils, will settle down upon principles consonant with popular rights more permanent and enduring. In his address, Johnson also asked listeners to rely on oneself and others in carrying the government through its present perils.
On Opposite Ends
Authors: Benedict Michael Les
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines Andrew Johnson’s Inaugural Address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. It explains that the speech was delivered when Vice President Andrew Johnson took over the presidential office after Abraham Lincoln was shot the night before. Regardless of how short the notice and how unprepared he was, Johnson harkened the basic myths of American political identity concerning free government and popular rights. The chapter notes that Republicans, who broke with him, violated the principle undergirding popular government. According to Johnson, keeping Southern states out of the Union in a fanatic effort to protect the rights of freed slaves was a flagrant violation of constitutional democracy.
“Errors of Judgement, Not of Intent”
Authors: Marszalek John F.
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyzes the Second Inaugural Address of Ulysses S. Grant, who was simultaneously the commanding general of the Union Army and the president of the United States. After Abraham Lincoln’s assassination and Andrew Johnson’s impeachment, Grant was the only American for nearly a century to hold two terms in office as president. Grant had to deal with numerous post–Civil War problems and was often cited as being corrupt and running a corrupt administration. In the Second Inaugural Address, Grant highlighted the major problem of the nation's suffering as Black people did not yet enjoy their rightful social equality. The chapter notes that the Second Inaugural Address indicated Grant’s willingness to serve another term in office and continue his good work for the nation's benefit.
The Imperial Presidency
Authors: Nichols Christopher McKnight
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the Second Inaugural Address of William McKinley. It explains that McKinley was mostly consumed with foreign relations, even though currency, the economy, and tariffs were significant during his first term. McKinley’s second inaugural speech focused largely on foreign policy successes and areas remaining to be not simply addressed but resolved, while also touching on the major economic and revenue progress made in his first term. However, he could not see the conclusion to his reform changes after his assassination in September 1901. The chapter mentions that the McKinley assassination helped to consolidate federal power and propelled anti-radical sentiment and police action.
The Bully Pulpit
Authors: Yarbrough Jean M.
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides an overview of Theodore Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address. It explains that Roosevelt rose to the presidency following the assassination of McKinley. During his first term, Roosevelt was determined not to antagonize the Republican party power brokers to prevent jeopardizing his nomination for a second term. The chapter considers the theme of American exceptionalism, foreign affairs, domestic affairs, and the novelty of problems confronting his generation. Moreover, Roosevelt’s speech sought to turn Americans away from their preoccupation with rights. The chapter mentions that Roosevelt inveighed against the crass vulgarity of the Gilded Age, as he insisted that American ideals rested on nobler grounds, rather than mere business expediency.
Between Giants
Authors: Lurie Jonathan
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores the Inaugural Address of William Howard Taft. During the inaugural speech, Taft immediately distanced himself from Theodore Roosevelt even though he repeatedly lauded the former president’s accomplishments. Taft promised to call Congress into a special session specifically to confront the tariff issue. The chapter details how Taft revealed his innate racial bias. It notes that Taft’s inaugural address reflected the prejudices of his time and the potential for change within its context, referencing that the results of the Taft administration were barely hinted at in the address. The address reflected some aspects of progressive thought, but its remainder revealed more conservative nuances.
Woodrow Wilson’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the Second Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson. It reviews Wilson's previous administration before acknowledging the inevitability of war. According to Wilson, the war inevitably set its mark, from the beginning, upon the people’s minds, industries, commerce, politics, and social action. The address indicates that Wilson stood firm with armed neutrality to demonstrate what the nation can do and what it cannot forget. Before urging the people to stand together, Wilson assured them that all nations are equally interested in the peace of the world and in the political stability of free peoples, and equally responsible for their maintenance.
Calvin Coolidge’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge acknowledges that America extended its domain over distant islands in order to safeguard their interests and accepted the consequent obligation to bestow justice and liberty upon less favored peoples. According to Coolidge, the nation believes thoroughly in an honorable peace under which the rights of its citizens are to be everywhere protected. The chapter explains that the result of economic dissipation to a nation is always moral decay. It also considers how the policies of better international understanding, greater economy, and lower taxes have contributed largely to peaceful and prosperous industrial relations.
Pathbreaker
Authors: Kazin Michael
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Third Inaugural Address, which seemed to strike familiar chords of congratulatory patriotism. It discusses how Roosevelt invoked the examples of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln and lauded the democratic spirit instilled in iconic documents from the Mayflower Compact to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution to the Gettysburg Address. Roosevelt’s moral urgency and his knack for dramatic pacing helped make him one of the greatest presidential orators. The chapter considers Roosevelt’s speech as more of a call to defend the ideals of a system faced with great perils never before encountered than an anodyne hymn to the nation’s past achievements. It looks at Roosevelt’s bold statement that the world could be made secure only if it were founded upon four essential human freedoms.
The Price of Peace
Authors: Galambos Louis Paul
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the Second Inaugural Address of Dwight D. Eisenhower for his second term as president of the United States. Eisenhower’s Second Inaugural Address offered a vision of America’s time of trial as much of the world experienced want, discord, and danger. The breakup of the old empires and the socialist- and communist-leaning new governments of Africa and Asia were at the forefront of the Eisenhower’s mind. The chapter discusses how Eisenhower found broad transition to be difficult to understand and confront, but in his Second Inaugural Address, he stamped the struggle in stark, moral terms. The chapter notes the abundant evidence of International Communism’s bondage in Europe. For Eisenhower, America needed its Cold War allies to continue their opposition to the divisive force of International Communism and the power that it controlled.
George W. Bush’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents George W. Bush’s Second Inaugural Address, which opens by establishing the historic context of the times, from the United States fighting a long Cold War for freedom to a day of fire on 9/11. Bush notes that America stood tall and victorious after the collapse of communism but now seems vulnerable to an ideology of hate that poses a mortal threat. Bush proclaims that only the force of human freedom around the world can break this threat. Bush calls for the United States to lead the worldwide quest for human freedom and liberty as a necessary means to protect America. For Bush, the survival of liberty in America depends on the success of liberty in other countries, and the best hope for peace in the country is the expansion of freedom in all the world.
Faith in America’s Future
Authors: Kloppenberg James T.
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyzes the Second Inaugural Address of Barack Obama, which invoked Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural in support of principles and policies. Obama contends that freedom, consistent with the tradition of ordered liberty central to American political thought since the seventeenth century, is always bounded by law. It discusses how Obama considers freedom as an empty promise when individuals lack the means to develop their capacities. Obama insisted that the United States cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it. The chapter describes Obama’s argument that the economy thrives for all only when it rewards the effort and determination of every single American.
We Need Allies
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6 describes how the Project ACT partners engaged with allies from diverse societal sectors to champion sexual and gender minority issues and engaged them in advocacy to address local barriers to care. This chapter characterizes the motivations for allyship and the role that allies play in making advocacy possible. It will also detail the consequences of being unable to secure allyship and successfully manage partnerships. The chapter highlights allyship experiences and obstacles to collaboration from Cote d’Ivoire, Cameroon, and Zimbabwe. It also shows how collaboration and allyship are fundamental to advocacy practice.
The Therapeutic Frame
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the definition of the therapeutic frame and discusses challenges to maintain it. Topics covered include the in-person office versus the virtual office, and the office as a health care setting. Also discussed is how to manage attendance policies, including client no-shows, cancellations, or showing up late. Irregular attendance is addressed, as well as possible causes for it. Case examples illustrate therapeutic approaches to these problems. Suggestions are provided for tactful wording to address these therapeutic challenges. Issues regarding virtual sessions are addressed. Also, the chapter covers psychotherapist cancellations, vacations, and coverage in the therapist’s absence. Fee issues are discussed briefly.
Boundary Considerations
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses special boundary considerations that may arise in psychotherapy: touching the client, hugging the client, gifts from the client, invitations to client personal events, seeing the client in a public place, and the client criticizing other health care professionals. The reader is encouraged to explore their own feelings on these matters since they will occur unexpectedly at some future date. Various attributes of gifts are discussed to assist the psychotherapist in making their own determination of whether the gift is appropriate or not. The reader is encouraged to consider setting their own policies about whether they will ever attend client personal events and, if so, under what circumstances.
Psychotherapist Self-Disclosure
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the topic of psychotherapist self-disclosure. This includes when and how to self-disclose and when not to. Considerations include whether the topic that is disclosed is still very emotional for the psychotherapist and whether it is a current issue for the psychotherapist. Benefits to self-disclosure include instilling hope, reducing shame, and reducing feelings of isolation. Topics addressed include how to cope when the client asks the psychotherapist a personal question, when the psychotherapist and the client share a stressor, the psychotherapist’s mental health history, the psychotherapist’s chronic illness or disability, the psychotherapist’s sudden or serious medical issue, and the psychotherapist’s pregnancy.
Making a Diagnosis
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

The two major systems of diagnosis, DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and ICD (International Classification of Diseases) are introduced. Interview formats vary by training site, so the trainee is encouraged to discuss this with the supervisor. Structured interviews for making diagnoses are introduced. The reader is introduced to Mental Status Exams and associated resources. Key topics to discuss with a client when making a diagnosis include sleep, family history, collateral information, medical issues, and substance abuse. The reader is encouraged to be aware that comorbid diagnoses are common and cautioned about the possibility of unconscious bias in diagnosis.
Measuring Interactions
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Statistical interaction describes deviations from the underlying form of a mathematical model, and it does not necessarily correspond to a description of nature. In contrast, biologic interaction describes the participation of two or more interacting factors in the same causal mechanism, and ideally does describe a state of nature. With biologic interaction between two causes, the effect of one is partially or wholly dependent on the presence of the other. To measure interaction between two causes, A and B, one starts by measuring the occurrence of disease among those who have both A and B. Some of this occurrence would stem from causal mechanisms that involve A but not B, and some from mechanisms that involve B but not A. Yet another component of the overall occurrence comes from causal mechanisms that do not involve either A or B. Subtracting all these components gives an estimate of the occurrence of disease from causal mechanisms in which both A and B play a causal role.
An Introduction to Some Advanced Topics
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Many topics in epidemiology are too specialized for an introductory text. In this final chapter, a few such topics are introduced, providing an on-ramp to further study for those wishing to pursue a deeper knowledge of epidemiologic methods. Since every dataset has some missing data, the chapter starts by outlining approaches to handling missing data in an analysis. Second, it describes how causal diagrams can be helpful to distinguish causal and noncausal relations between study variables and to identify variables that should be accounted for in the analyses. Third, it briefly explains why novel approaches, g-methods, are needed to account for time-varying confounding, which results from a feedback loop between exposure and confounders. Fourth, instrumental variables are introduced as an approach that can theoretically control for confounding even if some confounders remain unmeasured. Finally, quantitative bias analyses offer a structured approach to quantifying the potential impact of systematic errors on study findings.
Leadership with Impact 2.0
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1, “Leadership with Impact 2.0: Preparing Health and Human Service Practitioners in the Age of Innovation and Diversity,” explores the purpose and essence of innovative leadership and how successful leaders become social architects to design and implement organizational and social change. The chapter describes the conceptual model that propels the five elements of the IDDEA (Innovation, Design, Diversity, Execution, and Assessment) Leadership Framework. The main purpose of the IDDEA Leadership Framework is for leaders to apply these comprehensive and structured leadership and management concepts to achieve successful programs, projects, or initiatives that aim to improve people’s lives. This chapter also briefly describes the book’s content and key features.
Avoiding Burnout and Promoting Job Engagement
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 17, “Avoiding Burnout and Promoting Job Engagement,” highlights the need for health and human service professionals to understand their limits and capacities and recognize issues related to fatigue. Burnout is a significant problem in the workplace, especially among health and human service team members. Innovative leaders are always thinking and working to support others. This constant use of emotional energy can lead to stress and exhaustion. It is very important to recognize the symptoms of work stress and burnout and take care of oneself and team members accordingly. This chapter examines this problem from a theoretical and practical perspective, highlighting a few evidence-based interventions and solutions that address the elements of burnout in the workplace.
Ordering the Collection
Authors: Martelli Francesca K. A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 considers the narrative significance of plotting letters and letter books into linear sequence, and the ironies that emerge from this unique mode of historical narrative, as the collection’s later editors capitalize on their superior hindsight when assembling the original letters into sequence. This effect is especially apparent in the narrative unit of Fam. 10, 11, and 12, books that narrate from a different set of epistolary perspectives the ‘same’ set of events (namely, the Battle of Mutina, its build-up, and its aftermath), and which showcase particularly starkly the ironies that open up in the gap between the (limited) foresight of the letters’ writers and the superior hindsight of their editors because the events that they deal with directly precipitate the fall of Republic. This chapter argues that these different viewpoints generate competing historical narratives across the three books, as the narrative of sovereign power that the editors understand, which sees monarchy prevailing over the Republic, is set against a counter-history of this period, written by the letters’ authors, whose letters express a desire for a different historical outcome to that which would eventually emerge. Fam. 10 stages the process whereby alternative paths of history swap over with one another in the story of its protagonists’ vacillations (actualized and potential) from one side to the other, while Fam. 11 and 12 allow us to glimpse the counter-historical perspectives of those outside this story’s central power play.
Understanding Historical Trauma and Scarcity Mindsets
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

The chapter begins with a poignant experience from the author’s own childhood to provide a grounding framework for how historical trauma experiences may contribute to scarcity mindsets and a lack of communication among Asian American families. A brief overview of Asian American history is provided to contextualize how scarcity mentalities and other forms of inter-ethnic competition can be traced back to the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad as well as the 1965 Hart-Cellar Act. Next, the chapter describes how migration histories to the United States, experiences of discrimination, and other culturally embedded stressors may lead to historical trauma narratives in ways that impact families, worldviews, and unhelpful cultural scripts. Finally, readers will explore how present-day values, unhelpful cultural scripts, and family narratives may have evolved from historical forms of anti-Asian discrimination.
Decarceration
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, the authors pose the question, what can be done for the long haul? The chapter discusses the differences between crime control and punishment and how incarceration does not deter criminal behavior and prisons don’t create prosocial citizens. In the first edition of this book, the authors used theories from sociology and macro social work to orchestrate strategies that might reinvent the justice system. In this second edition, the authors note that some of their proposals, as well as others, seem to have initiated a new era of decarceration and desistance. The chapter provides information on the importance of using clinical assessments to provide individualized plans for offenders in community supervision because one-size-fits-all programs are not effective. The chapter ends with a discussion on the seven proposals to prevent crime and to create prosocial citizens.
Making the case for the AfCFTA
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

The first chapter provides an overview of the book, and summarizes the broad arguments about why the AfCFTA is needed. Despite its name, the AfCFTA is much more than a free trade area—it is about creating a continental market. The scale of ambition is large, and inevitably it will proceed by a process of two steps forward, one step back. Yet the chapter argues that the continent no longer has any viable strategic alternatives to the AfCFTA. Contrary to some critics who claim that it is a neoliberal project, the book argues that the AfCFTA is firmly grounded in longstanding pan-African ideas around how to achieve greater unity among African countries. This goes beyond the usual names associated with pan-Africanism (e.g. the post-independence political leaders like Nkrumah, Nyerere, Senghor, etc.) In this sense, the book builds heavily on insights from two academics/intellectuals that were deeply committed to pan-African ideals: Adebayo Adedeji and Thandika Mkandawire. Just as Jean Monnet and Robert Schumann are widely venerated as the founding fathers of the European Union, the chapter argues that the ideas of African intellectuals and academics like Adedeji and Mkandawire can help guide the implementation of the AfCFTA.
The Heart of the Matter
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 discusses one of the key developmental challenges of the African continent—the lack of economic diversification. The continent’s continued dependence on commodity exports—which still in 2022 represented around 80% of Africa’s total exports—is a legacy of the colonial period. The price that the continent paid became apparent in the 1980s and 1990s, when commodity prices fell to such an extent that by the mid-1990s “tropical Africa’s share of world trade probably fell to its lowest point in a thousand years”. The situation was aggravated by the policies pursued under structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) leading to a a surge in consumer imports and sharp cutbacks in foreign exchange, provoking a devastating collapse in industrial output and employment. In essence, the continent became increasingly marginalized from the global economy because it was trading the “wrong things” and was excessively dependent on commodities. The chapter reviews the extensive literature on the long-term impact of the “commodity curse”.
The Economic Significance of Intra-African Trade
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter rebutts the common perception that intra-African trade is “dismally” low compared to other regions. There are several elements in this argument. When comparing levels of intra-regional trade in Africa with other regions, by some metrics parts of Africa display a stronger degree of trade integration than comparable regions elsewhere in the world—including South Asia and Latin America. The heavy preponderance of fuel and mineral exports in a handful of African countries distorts the aggregate figure of intra-African trade, and the prevalence of informal cross-border trade also leads us to underestimate the economic significance of intra-African trade. For non-oil resource-intensive and landlocked countries, the average share of exports destined to the African market is as high as 38-42 percent of total trade. African trade strategies need to reflect these realities—and, above all, not underappreciate the importance of the continental market. The chapter concludes by arguing that, as AfCFTA implementation begins, it is time to change the narrative and to start to "talk up" intra-African trade.
Across the Nilgiris
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand
Published: November 2024

This chapter challenges the historiographical assumption that the Bhāgavata Purāṇa was exclusively a Vaiṣṇava text by tracking its reception in medieval Kerala. The chapter focuses on the work of three Śaiva Advaitin scholars—Lakṣmīdhara, Pūrṇasarasvatī, and Rāghavānanda—who found in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa the perfect place to bring together their interests in Vaiṣṇava poetry, Śaiva and Śākta theology, Sanskrit poetics, and Advaita philosophy. It also argues that in Kerala, the Bhāgavata became the public face of private, esoteric, initiation-based practices. For the poetry and scholarship produced by the Kerala ascetics also betrayed the influence of regional contestations over temple space, caste prerogatives, and antinomian spirituality. Their writings reflected the structural correspondences and conflicts between Brahmanical and Tantric religion that cut across the caste-configured social order in medieval Kerala.
Secretary General
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter recounts Ismay’s five-years as NATO’s Secretary General. It describes his reorganization of NATO headquarters, his focus on building Alliance cohesion and his emphasis on strategic communications. It details his work to achieve German membership of NATO, his attitude towards the European Defence Community, his emphasis on the continuing Soviet threat, and the need for Alliance unity in countering it. It describes how Ismay used his high-level contacts, notably Churchill and Eisenhower, to achieve his goals within NATO and recounts the impact within the Alliance of the 1956 Suez Crisis and Ismay’s efforts at damage limitation. The chapter ends with an assessment of his contribution and legacy as Secretary General.
Epilogue
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews Ismay’s personality and character, provides a word portrait of him and assesses his major achievements and legacy. It details his strong leadership skills and describes the affection in which he was held by superiors, colleagues and subordinates alike; other attributes noted include his intelligence, tact, diplomacy, moral courage and sense of duty. Criticisms of him include his occasional naivety, over-hastiness in decision making and the taking of loyalty to extremes—the cases of Mountbatten and Churchill are cited. Also noted is that his outward appearance of a robust, calm, imperturbable extrovert sometimes belied the reality beneath. The chapter assesses his legacy as including an example of the establishment and maintenance of good civil-military relations, the laying of the foundations of NATO and the creation and development of the Ministry of Defence.
Conclusion
Authors: Blake David Haven
Published: November 2024

The conclusion situates the book’s interest in power, Islam, and dismemberment in the context of the song “Bob Dylan’s 115th Dream.” The song recounts the surrealistic adventures of a Captain A-rab who finds himself in contemporary New York. The discussion examines Dylan’s decision to frame this dream around Moby-Dick, while also eliminating the character of Fedallah. After connecting the song to the book’s exploration of disability and prostheses, the conclusion describes Moby-Dick as a story of American democracy as Melville imagined it in 1851. Using insights from Toni Morrison, Juliet Hooker, and Wendy Brown, it draws parallels between Ahab’s rise to power and the rise of authoritarianism and white aggrievement in the twenty-first century.
Legitimising Violence in the British Attack on the French Fleet at Mers-El-KÉbir
Authors: Varley Karine
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores the motivations and justifications behind the British attack on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir in Algeria during the Second World War. The July 1940 operation contravened the accepted use of military violence in war and displayed a ruthlessness seemingly at odds with Britain’s status as a liberal democratic pillar of the international community. The strategic use of violence was central to the planning and execution of the attack. The British government justified it by invoking notions of a supreme emergency and the wider moral imperatives of defeating Nazism. However, its actions were also driven by desires to send a political signal to the United States and the wider world of a determination to pursue victory at any cost.
The Rising Dominance of the Tactical Defense?
Authors: Hammes T.X.
Published: November 2024

The balance between the tactical offense and the tactical defense has varied throughout history. On World War I's Western Front, the combination of magazine fed rifles, machine guns, and rapid-fire artillery made the defense tactically dominant in land warfare. It was not until each side developed new tactics tied to new technologies that movement was restored. By adopting new technologies developed between the wars, the offense became dominant on land in 1940. Today, tactics built around the technology of pervasive surveillance, precision weapons in mass, and C2 systems that can exploit the two provide the tactical defense in land, air, and sea domains with major advantages. This chapter explores the question whether land warfare is again entering a period of defense dominance.
Terrorists and Their Beliefs
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 introduces my approach, embeds it in the existing literature, and argues that in order to understand what drove young men and women in the Netherlands and Indonesia to become terrorists in the last decade, we need to take their beliefs seriously. It therefore advocates a first-person perspective approach to extreme belief and behavior. In addition, the chapter explains the hybrid approach of combining history, religious studies, and social psychology in developing a design for identifying narratives of radical redemption. Finally, it presents my main research question: To what extent does the radical redemption narrative shape radicalization toward terrorism? This question can be divided in three subquestions: (1) How does terrorism manifest itself as a praxis of radical redemption? (2) How does the redemption narrative offer individuals a framework within which they can give their lives meaning? (3) At what point and why does this narrative lose its appeal?
The First Panel
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice
Published: November 2024

Chapter 4 focuses primarily on the moment when the interviewed (ex-)detainees began to form images of and to dream about the fight against injustice and to compare those dreams to the reality of their daily lives. Their sense of social and moral deficit and feelings of frustration became increasingly linked to a desire for purification and action. The radical redemption model can be seen as a triptych: sense of deficit, dedication and fight, and validation. Chapter 4 outlines the first panel. Terrorists believe their country or group is in a state of absolute, radical evil and injustice. They then see themselves as part of that situation, living in a state of moral deficit, and believe that they are responsible for stopping that evil and injustice. What they have been doing so far is not enough: they come to believe they should radically change the course of their lives.
Radical Redemption Narratives in Other Contexts
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice
Published: November 2024

To place this study of radical redemption as both a personal motive and a group narrative in perspective, chapter 7 discusses various radicals and convicted terrorists with other ideological leanings and in other contexts. In doing so, it brings together a number of control narratives closely related in time and place to the stories of the jihadists described in this book. This allows us to compare the motives of religious radical redemption with the motives of members of armed militias in Syria, and the individual radicalization processes of Dutch and Indonesian jihadists with the background of Boko Haram members. Lastly, the chapter looks at the accounts of how extreme right-wing terrorists seek meaning in their lives, and explores whether the model of radical redemption is also applicable to such secular terrorists.
Reflexive and reciprocal marking in Bantu
Authors: Sikuku Justine Mukhwana
Published: November 2024

Bantu languages, like most other languages of the world, show great variation in coding anaphoric relations. These relations often include reflexive and reciprocal marking. This chapter discusses different reflexive and reciprocal marking patterns as manifested in various Bantu languages. The chapter shows that the anaphoric patterns are derived from a typology of strategies which include both verbal and nominal strategies. The former is concerned with inherent verbal reflexives/reciprocals and affixal markers. The latter focuses on numerous pronouns, nouns, and noun phrases. The strategies further display variation in form, distribution, and antecedent selection requirements. Based on this variation, the chapter develops Bantu reflexive and reciprocal parameters that seek to account for the different anaphoric patterns.
Morphosyntactic properties of object marking in Nyakyusa
Authors: Lusekelo Amani
Published: November 2024

This chapter contributes to the morphosyntactic properties of object marking in Nyakyusa (M31). It also contributes to the division of verbs based on their inherent semantic content. The division is of verbs which require mandatory object marking, and the ones which require optional object marking on definiteness grounds. Based on the refined criteria of parametric variations, Nyakyusa allows both object prefixation and object encliticization in a verb. The language behaves typically like symmetric ones with regard to passivization and the adjacency condition. The lexical semantic content of verbs in Nyakyusa allows the division of some verbs, e.g. aga ‘find’, bona ‘see’, and bʊʊla ‘tell, inform’, that invoke compulsory object marking regardless of (in)definiteness, and other verbs, e.g. piija ‘cook’, fʊʊla ‘undress’, and buumba ‘mould’, that attract optional object marking to indicate definiteness. The former group of verbs is labelled neutral verbs, and the latter non-neutral verbs.