bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culturing Haematobia exigua de Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae) in the Laboratory
Authors: ANDERSON J. M. E.
Published: April 2007

Methods to establish buffalo fly Haematobia exigua in the laboratory without access to a bovine host are described. Adult flies were kept at 32 ± 1° and 70‐80% RH in cardboard cylinders with netted tops, the cylinder base resting on a damp cloth‐covered tray. Flies were fed abattoir‐collected bovine blood (containing sodium citrate and an antibiotic) on cotton pads via the netting. A food supplement and sugar were provided. Eggs were laid on the cloth base or directly onto dung or dung‐based medium. Eggs/larvae were washed off the cloth and filtered onto organdie, numbers estimated and put on medium stored at 25 ± 1° on sand. Pupae weighed 2.45‐4.22 mg and were washed from both sand and medium 8‐9 d after egg lay. the life cycle took 18‐21 d from adult to adult and 11‐14 d from egg to adult. Successful emergence of adults from pupae increased from 10% in initial trials to 87% in the fifth generation (F5) and egg fertility reached 57% (F3). Adults lived for 2‐3 weeks and continued to lay eggs from the 4th day after commencement of blood feeding until death.
Herbivory of Eremophila R. Br. (Myoporaceae) by Pulvinaria dodonaeae Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the Arid Shrublands of Western Australia
Authors: RICHMOND GUY
Published: April 2007

Pulvinaria dodonaeae are recorded as feeding on Eremophila R. Br. (Myoporaceae) within the arid shrublands of Western Australia. Ten percent of the E. margarethae population (i.e. 90 plants/ha) were killed by this scale. E. fraseri subsp. galeata appears hardier with minimal affects on plant vitality.
Effects of Formalin Treatment and Dung Consistency on Hatching and Establishment of Larvae of Onthophagus taurus (Schreber), Bubas bison (L.) and Onitis belial (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: STEINBAUER M. J. , WARDHAUGH K. G.
Published: April 2007

As part of a program concerned with the introduction of exotic dung beetles to Australia, eggs of three species of dung beetle (Onthophagus taurus, Bubas bison and Onitis belial) were immersed for 3 min in 1% formaldehyde (ca 3% formalin), followed by rinsing in ammonium carbonate and/or reverse osmosis water to neutralise or remove formaldehyde‐residues. In all three species, formaldehyde treatment had no adverse effects on either egg survival or larval establishment, irrespective of the type of post‐immersion rinse. Species effects and effects associated with the nature of the dung on which the eggs were placed after treatment were the main factors determining egg and larval survival. O. taurus was the most robust species, with 82.5% of individuals reaching pupation regardless of treatment. This compared with 18.5% for B. bison and 0% for O. belial. an alternative method of satisfying requirements for release from quarantine is suggested for species such as O. belial.
Movement of Larvae of Inopus rubriceps (Macquart) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Into Rows of Sugarcane
Authors: SAMSON P. R. , HARRIS W. J.
Published: April 2007

Larvae of sugarcane soldier fly, Inopus rubriceps, began aggregating near sugarcane plants in troughs within 1 week of planting. By 6 weeks, almost 80% of larvae were found within 13 cm of the plants and only 5% were found 25‐50 cm distant.
Xenoencyrtus hemipterus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an Egg Parasitoid of Coreidae (Hemiptera) in Tasmania
Authors: STEINBAUER M. J. , CLARKE A. R.
Published: April 2007

Eggs of Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) and Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are reported for the first time as being parasitised by the encyrtid parasitoid Xenoencyrtus hemipterus (Girault). This is the first record of an egg parasitoid attacking these species and is also the first record of the genus Xenoencyrtus Riek from Tasmania. Brief notes on parasitism under laboratory conditions are provided.
New Records of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from South Australia and Western Australia
Authors: FITT G. P. , GREGG P. C. , ZALUCKI M. P. , MURRAY D. A. H.
Published: April 2007

Records of Helicoverpa armigera. from pheromone and light traps are presented for areas of South Australia and Western Australia where this agricultural pest has not previously been recognised. Although considerably less abundant than H. punctigera, H. armigera. was recorded at all trap locations in the two states, many of which were in arid inland areas devoid of agricultural crops. A better definition of the distribution of this species may assist in understanding the dynamics of pesticide resistance in populations within the cropping areas.
Effect of Host Plant on Parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Hyposoter didymator Thunberg (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Cotesia kazak (Telenga) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: MURRAY D. A. H. , RYNNE K. P. , WINTERTON S. L. , BEAN J. A. , LLOYD R. J.
Published: April 2007

The effect of host plant on parasitism of second‐instar Helicoverpa armigera by two introduced larval parasitoids, Hyposoter didymator and Cotesia kazak, was investigated in glasshouse experiments. Parasitism was lowest on chickpea (5.4% for H. didymator and 11.8% for C. kazak). Higher levels of parasitism (50.1‐85.0% for H. didymator and 25.7‐55.3% for C. kazak) were recorded on sorghum, sunflower, cotton, soybean and pigeonpea. This suggests that the parasitoids should be released against Helicoverpa spp. infestations on the major summer crops—sorghum, sunflower, cotton and soybean—rather than against the first spring generation infesting chickpea. Sorghum and sunflower are preferred release crops because parasitism levels are high and disruption by insecticide sprays is less likely.
Jacotia Faure (Phlaeothripidae), a Second Genus of Thysanoptera with Disjunct Distribution Between Australia and South Africa
Authors: MOUND L. A.
Published: April 2007

The genus Jacotia has been known from a single species, J. elegiae Faure, described from Cape Province, South Africa. Three new species of this genus are described from Australia: J. glyptus sp.n. from Canberra, J. idaeus sp.n. from eastern New South Wales and Queensland, and J. palmerae sp.n. from the south‐western area of the Simpson Desert in South Australia. These are small, fungus‐feeding species living at ground level. Two species vibrate their anal tube vigorously when disturbed.
Psilopsocus mimulus Smithers (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae), the First Known Wood‐Boring Psocopteran
Authors: SMITHERS C. N.
Published: April 2007

Examination of the nymph of Psilopsocus mimulus suggested that it might be a wood borer, a habit unknown in the order. Recent observations have confirmed this, making it the first known wood‐boring member of the Psocoptera. an augmented description of the nymph is given and adaptations to its unusual habit discussed.
Formalin Treatment of Pupae of Copris hispanus L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) as a Basis for Release from Quarantine
Authors: STEINBAUER M. J. , WARDHAUGH K. G.
Published: April 2007

The effects of dipping Copris hispanus pupae in reverse osmosis (RO) water, 1% formaldehyde (about 3% formalin), 1% formaldehyde + 1% Tego 51® detergent mixture, and 1% glutaraldehyde (Wavicide®), each for 3 min, followed by serial rinsing in RO water were investigated as a basis for the release of insects from quarantine. of the pupae dipped in water, 70.8% survived to be fully pigmented adult beetles as opposed to 62.5% of those dipped in 1% formaldehyde. All pupae dipped in either 1% glutaraldehyde, or 1% formaldehyde + 1% Tego 51® detergent mixture failed to eclose. Survival of pupae dipped in water or 1% formaldehyde appears to be greater in those pupae dipped after having completed more than about 50% of their development. There was no evidence of delayed mortality associated with dipping in 1% formaldehyde, although time to eclosion was reduced and the frequency of deformed beetles was higher. Severely deformed beetles only survived for a few days after eclosion.
New Species of Colpochila Erichson from Western Australia II (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Liparetrini)
Authors: SZITO A.
Published: April 2007

Colpochila cylindrica, C. diabolica, C. flava and C. testacea are described from Western Australia. Keys to identify the species are included.
Status and Distribution of Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse and Lyell) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) at Redland Bay, Southeastern Queensland, and a New Plant‐association Record
Authors: BEALE J. P. , ZALUCKI M. P.
Published: April 2007

A study of the spatial distribution of the rare, myrmecophagous Illidge's ant‐blue butterfly, Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse and Lyell) was made in a mangrove habitat and adjacent landward areas at Redland Bay, southeastern Queensland, Australia. A smaller, similar study was made at Mary River Heads, east of Maryborough, Queensland. At Redland Bay a single dead, bored‐out branch (stub) containing the host ant Crematogaster sp. (laeviceps F. Smith group) was taken from each of 100 grey mangrove trees, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae). Live A. illidgei immatures were found in 2% of ant nests at Redland Bay, while a further 3% showed evidence of previous occupancy. of seven trees at Mary River Heads, one contained A. illidgei larvae. the majority of stubs (80%, from four trees) from a landward tree, Allocasuarina glauca (Sieber ex Sprengel) (Casuarinaceae), occupied by the host ant contained immature stages of A. illidgei and another ant‐attended lycaenid, Ogyris amaryllis Hewitson.
Induced Insecticide Tolerance in Larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Following Dietary Phenobarbital Treatment
Authors: KOTZE A. C.
Published: April 2007

Insecticide tolerance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, was examined using an enzyme‐induction approach. the effects of dietary phenobarbital administration on detoxification‐enzyme activities and insecticide tolerances were measured using first and second instars. the LC50 of butacarb to blowfly larvae increased 85‐fold following phenobarbital treatment. Tolerance to diazinon and diflubenzuron also increased considerably, with LC50s 12‐ and 8‐fold higher, respectively. Tolerance to deltamethrin only increased slightly (1.4‐fold). the degrees of tolerance towards butacarb and diazinon increased with increasing concentrations of phenobarbital in the larval diet. Phenobarbital‐treated larvae showed significantly enhanced cytochrome P450 levels relative to controls. Aldrin epoxidase, P450 reductase and glutathione transferase activities were enhanced 168‐, 1.7‐ and 2.2‐fold, respectively, in treated larvae. the induced monooxygenase and glutathione transferase systems appear to equip the larvae with the ability to degrade increased amounts of various types of insecticides.
A New Genus, Steata (Coleopetra: Cerambycidae), From Australia
Authors: WANG QIAO
Published: April 2007

A New Genus, Steata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), From Australia

Steata, a new genus of Cerambycidae (Cerambycinae: Phoracanthini) from Australia, is proposed and described. the type species, Atesta tatei Blackburn, is redescribed.
Comparison of CDC and EVS Light Traps Baited with Carbon Dioxide and Octenol for Trapping Mosquitoes in Brisbane, Queensland (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: RITCHIE SCOTT A. , KLINE DANIEL L.
Published: April 2007

Studies were conducted in Brisbane, Australia to test the efficacy of encephalitis virus surveillance (EVS) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) mosquito light traps. Additionally, the relative attractiveness of different combinations of light, carbon dioxide (dry ice) and l‐octen‐3‐ol (octenol) was assessed. the CDC light trap consistently collected more mosquitoes than the comparably baited EVS trap. Octenol, supplemented with dry ice, significantly increased collections of Aedes vigilax, Aedes procax and Culex annulirostris but not Aedes notoscriptus.
Effect of an Artificial Diet on Carmenta mimosa Eichlin and Passoa (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), a Biological Control Agent for Mimosa pigra L. in Australia
Authors: SMITH CAREY S. , WILSON COLIN G.
Published: April 2007

A diet was adapted to rear mid to late instar larvae of Carmerila mimosa, a stem‐boring moth imported into Australia as a hiological control agent for giant sensitive plant, Mimosa pigra. The diet enabled synchronous emergence of adult males and females to be manipulated using refrigeration, provided a useful larval transport medium and afforded significant savings in handling time and space utilised. Survival, development, sex ratio and pupal weights of insects reared on artificial diet did not significantly differ from thore of insects reared entirely on potted host plants.
Effect of Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin Applications on Non‐Target Invertebrates in a Conservation‐Tillage Crop
Authors: CURTIS J. E. , HORNE P. A.
Published: April 2007

The short‐term impact of two commonly used insecticides (chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) on predatory species of invertebrates, including carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae), Labidura truncata Kirby (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) and a pest beetle, Gonocephalum adelaidae Blackburn (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), was assessed in a faba bean crop (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) grown under conservation‐tillage. the project aimed to identify which, if any, of the key beneficial or pest invertebrates that are active on the soil surface were affected by foliar applications of insecticides. the activity of some species, reflected by numbers of pit fall trapped individuals, was affected within 24 h. There was a brief (1‐d) increase, followed by a reduction in the number of G. adelaidae, L. truncata and carabids captured in the cypermethrin sprayed plots when compared to the control and chlorpyrifos treatments. the numbers of carabids captured declined in both insecticide treatments for the remainder of the study period, but neither treatment had any observed effect on G. adelaidae, L. truncata or lycosid spiders.
Tachyphron, a New Genus of Australian Thynninae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)
Authors: BROWN G. R.
Published: April 2007

Tachyphron gen.n. is erected for T. subtriangularus, T. triangularus and T. trispinosus spp.n. from the Northern Territory, and T. armidalensis sp.n. from New South Wales.
Host Plant Relationships of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australia
Authors: WOOL DAVID , HALES DINAH , SUNNUCKS PAUL
Published: April 2007

Aphis gossypii Glover is morphologically variable and polyphagous, and is a vector of many plant viruses. We investigated the ability of A. gossypii from different host plants and geographical areas within Australia to colonise a range of host plants in the laboratory. Samples differed in their success rates on particular laboratory hosts, but there was no absolute host specificity. Colonisation was significantly more likely if the previous host was of the same species, but hosts of the same plant family were not equally suitable. the success rate of colonisation increased when aphids were repeatedly transferred to plants of the same species, suggesting that conditioning was occurring. When aphids were placed on “poor” hosts, such as broad bean, or on stressed plants, they gave birth to offspring which developed into very small “yellow dwarf” adults. While some populations showed variant alleles, allozyme electrophoresis did not group aphids from different geographic or host plant sources, nor indicate the presence of sibling species.
Relationships Between Morphology and Feeding Behaviour in the Syntopic Scorpions Urodacus armatus Pocock and Urodacus novaehollandiae Peters (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae)
Authors: QUINLAN T. G. , SMITH G. T. , CALVER M. C.
Published: April 2007

Adults of the syntopic scorpions Urodacus novaehollandiae and U. armatus were separated by factors of 1.59 (males) and 1.67 (females) in the length of the hand and fixed finger, the structures used to grasp the prey, and by 2.00 (males) and 2.77 (females) in the wet weight of muscle dissected from the hand, which bears directly on the strength of the grip. When capturing prey, the larger U. novaehollandiae used its sting on only 37% of occasions, while U. armatus stung 75% of its prey and both species mainly ate prey head‐first. Prey remains retrieved from burrows in the field showed that both species took a similar range of prey taxa, but that U. novaehollandiae took significantly larger prey.
A Technique for Measuring Intraspecific Variation in Oviposition Preference in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: JALLOW M. F. A. , ZALUCKI M. P.
Published: April 2007

Intra‐population variation in oviposition preference of Helicoverpa armigera was examined using two testing techniques; oviposition choice experiments with free flying females in cages of two sizes, and a novel technique in which tethered insects were brought in contact with the test leaf discs by the experimenter. Though individual females differed in oviposition preference, most ranked maize, sorghum and tobacco highest, followed by cotton. the least preferred plants were cowpea and lucerne. However, a few of the females had quite different preferences both from the majority and between each other. Individual females consistently ranked plants in the same order within a test across days and across tests, regardless of the order in which testing procedures were used. the use of the tethered insect technique in assessing host preference of H. armigera is discussed.
Distribution and Seasonal Movements of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at the Southern Limits of its Distribution in New South Wales and their Correlation with Arboviruses Affecting Livestock
Authors: BISHOP A. L. , KIRKLAND P. D. , McKENZIE H. J. , SPOHR L. J. , BARCHIA I. M. , MULLER M. J.
Published: April 2007

The distribution and seasonal movements of C. brevitarsis and the viruses it transmits were studied at the southern limits of the distribution of the vector in the seasons 1990 to 1993. Distinct patterns of spread of the vector from the Manning region to the Hunter Valley and down the southern coastal plain were observed each season. All adult stages of C. brevitarsis apparently were involved in these movements. Distributions were compared by averaging data from sites within six zones (starting at 1 with the Manning Region) separated by the month that C. brevitarsis was recorded at a site for the first time. the species was most abundant in autumn and numbers were progressively lower away from the Manning. the number of generations in each zone ranged from seven (zone 1) to zero (zone 6) and was dependent on the month that the species was first recorded in a zone. Average generation time was 4.13 ± 0.71 weeks ranging from 5 weeks (November‐December) to 3 weeks (March‐April). Fewer males than females were recorded, although, within zones, sex ratios were constant. Differences in sex ratios were recorded between the zones. Parous ratios were related to temperature and an increase in parous ratio in summer preceded maximum numbers in autumn. Temperature affected population growth and was suitable for C. brevitarsis activity for varying periods. Wind patterns that were consistent with the observed direction of spread occurred during most of the season. There were no clearly defined effects of rainfall on spread although, once established, numbers increased in autumn following the summer rains. A high incidence of infection of cattle with Akabane and Palyam viruses was recorded in 1990/91 and 1992/93. Initial levels of seroconversions were related to the population size of vectors which ranged from 2 to > 2,000 (as recorded by light traps) in the month prior to infection. the first occurrence of the virus was positively related to the time of first occurrence of the vector with delays in the appearance of the virus of 4 and 3 months in 1990/91 and 1992/93, respectively.
In‐vivo Synergism of Cypermethrin by Piperonyl Butoxide in Bovicola ovis (L.) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae)
Authors: LEVOT GARRY W.
Published: April 2007

Mixtures of existing formulations of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and cypermethrin were poorly suited for use as sheep dips. Mixture ratios of up to 10:1 PBO:cypermethrin did not offer a significant advantage over cypermethrin alone. A novel formulation of PBO and cypermethrin (5:1) which contained 49% wetting agent provided a much greater degree of control in small scale field trials using sheep infested with highly pyrethroid‐resistant lice. At 10 weeks after treatment, lice numbers on sheep treated with cypermethrin alone had returned to pretreatment levels, whereas a greater than 80% reduction in lice numbers was recorded on sheep dipped in the PBO:cypermethrin mixture. Although impressive, this improvement in efficacy is not sufficient to make PBO:cypermethrin mixtures a realistic proposition for controlling highly pyrethroid‐resistant sheep lice. At present, when highly resistant strains of lice need to be controlled the most cost‐effective option available to Australian woolgrowers is to dip with an organophosphate product.
The Changa Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille), a New World Pest Established in Australia (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Authors: RENTZ D. C. F.
Published: April 2007

The Changa mole cricket, Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille), has been discovered in the Newcastle area, N.S.W. Careful check of government insect conditions revealed that it has been present in Australia since at least 1982. It is suspected that it was introduced through commerce, probably by ship. the cricket naturally occurs in northeastern South America, and Caribbean islands. It is a pest species of considerable note, causing damage to turf, pasture, rice and crops such as capsicum by feeding on seedlings above ground as well as on the roots of the plants. Its burrowing activities are a major problem on golf courses. Details on identification of the Changa, discussion of its potential as a pest and suggested procedures leading to its control and possible eradication are presented.
Temporal Incidence and Sexual Maturation of Austracris guttulosa (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Queensland, Australia
Authors: ELDER R. J.
Published: April 2007

Life history data for the cyrtacanthacrid locust Austracris guttulosa in Queensland were compiled from field observations over the period 1971‐1976. Nymphs were present from November to April inclusive and adults throughout the year, with adults from overlapping generations present in January and February. A. gurtulosa was univoltine, adults remaining sexually immature throughout the dry season (April to October). Sexual maturation was related to the higher temperatures, humidities and day lengths from September/October onwards and resulted in depletion of fat body. Sexually mature adults died out by February.
Interactions between Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus and Three Larval Parasitoids of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: MURRAY D. A. H. , MONSOUR C. J. , TEAKLE R. E. , RYNNE K. P. , BEAN J. A.
Published: April 2007

Interactions between a Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and three larval parasitoids of H. armigera were recorded in laboratory studies. the parasitoids Microplitis demolitor, Cotesia kazak and Hyposoter didymator required a time advantage of at least 3 d at 25°C before the host was exposed to NPV to ensure successful completion of development. Helicoverpa larvae parasitised by C. kazak died from NPV after the parasitoids emerged from the host, and thus could provide a source of virus inoculum for secondary spread of the disease. On the other hand, as the interval between parasitisation and host exposure to NPV increased, the proportion of hosts parasitised by M. demolitor which died from NPV after emergence of the parasitoid decreased. It was also shown that as the time interval between host parasitisation by M. demolitor and exposure to virus increased, higher virus doses were required to kill parasitised hosts than were required for nonparasitised hosts of the same age.
Lectotype Designation and Characterisation of the Australian Blowflies Calliphora pubescens Macquart and Calliphora testaceifacies Macquart (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: NORRIS K. R.
Published: April 2007

tectotypes are designated forCailiphora pubescensMacquart 1851 andCalliphora testaceifaciesMacquart 1851. Matching populations are identified for both, in eastern mainland Australia and in Tasmania, respectively. Full descriptions and illustrations of the terminalia of the male and female ofC. pubescensand of the male of C.testaceifaciesare given. In an appendix attention is drawn to errors in earlier publications regarding the Australian sojourn of J. P. Verreaw, the collector of Macquart's specimens.
Procedures for Mass Rearing the Buffalo Fly, Haematobia irritans exigua De Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: STEGEMAN D. A. , TOZER R. S. , SUTHERST R. W.
Published: April 2007

Procedures are described for mass rearing the buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua. Adult flies are fed on bulls in a controlled environment room. The eggs are laid on the dung which is incubated for 2 d and then reconstituted into 2–3 L pads in a room at 30°C 80% R.H. Average daily production was 3,700 pupae (maximum 17,000) for each bull over a 6–month period, while over 7 years the number of flies on each bull averaged 1,000–2,000 with the introduction of 200 puparia/bull/day.
Snow‐Melt Alpine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in New South Wales
Authors: RUSSELL RICHARD C. , BRUST REINHART A.
Published: April 2007

Snow‐melt pools at a number of localities in the upper altitudes of the Kosciusko National Park were searched for mosquito larvae during October through December 1994. The only species found in pools above 1,600 m was Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nivalis Edwards. Dry‐ice‐baited light traps were used to sample adult mosquitoes in the same areas but no Aedes species other than Ae. nivalis were collected. Both larvae and adults showed minor morphological variation from published descriptions.
Confirmation of Host Plant of Cave‐Dwelling Cixiid Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) by Histological Sectioning of Fig Roots
Authors: TAYLOR G. S. , WEINSTEIN P.
Published: April 2007

The food sources of cave‐dwelling insects are difficult to document, and those of root‐feeding cixiid nymphs (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) particularly so because of their tendency to jump from their substrates upon the slightest disturbance. By histologically staining the stylet sheath left by Oliarus sp. feeding on Ficus roots, we establish the host association beyond doubt. Histological sections also demonstrate that Oliarus feeds in the cells of the endoderm and within the xylem vessels. The technique we describe can be used to determine host relationships for cave‐dwelling Cixiidae in general, providing an additional angle for the study of the evolutionary history of cave adaptation in this group.
Revision of Australian Glyptotermes Froggatt (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)
Authors: ELDRIDGE R. H.
Published: April 2007

The Australian species of Glyptotermes Froggatt are revised and two new species, G. barretti and G. finniganensis, from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, are described. The following new synonymy is proposed: G. eucalypti Froggatt (=G. neotuberculatus (Hill)). The revision was based on a morphometric analysis of all available full series collections of Glyptotermes spp. held in Australian institutions. In addition to the above, the Australian species include G. brevicornis Froggatt, G. iridipennis Froggatt and G. tuberculatus Froggatt. Keys to the alate and soldier castes of the six Australian species now included in Glyptotermes are provided.
A Method for Sampling Lucerne Flea, Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola: Sminthuridae), in Annual Medic Pastures
Authors: TAVERNER P. D. , HOPKINS D. C. , HENRY K. R.
Published: April 2007

A simple sticky‐trap method suitable for estimating the abundance of Srninthurus viridis on annual medic pastures was developed and compared to a standard coring method. The sticky‐trap was developed for sampling in newly established medic pastures when cores cannot be removed intact due to insufficient plant material, particularly on dry or sandy soils. This method provides a quick estimate of S. viridis population density in the field.
Tumidihesma, A New Genus of Australian Bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae)
Authors: EXLEY ELIZABETH M.
Published: April 2007

Tumidihesma is erected in the subfamily Euryglossinae. Two new species, T. tridentata and T. flaviceps, are described and illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. A key to the species is given.
Toxicological and Oviposition Suppression Responses of Field Populations of the Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to the Pyrethroid Cypermethrin
Authors: SALES N. , SHIVAS M. , LEVOT G.
Published: April 2007

Pyrethroid oviposition suppressants are an alternative to cyromazine for the prevention of flystrike on sheep by organophosphate resistant sheep blowflies. Laboratory bioassays were used to determine the relationships between toxicological responses to, and oviposition suppression by, cypermethrin in Australian field populations of L. cuprina, which might indicate pre‐selection for resistance. There was no correlation between the toxicological responses of adult and larval blowflies to cypermethrin in over 100 populations sampled. Toxicological responses of field larvae were substantially different from that of the susceptible strain LS but the oviposition suppression response and adult toxicological response of LS was within the range of field responses. As well, larval responses to cypermethrin were significantly correlated with those to diazinon. This suggests a low‐level cross‐resistance between the two compounds. Although organophosphate resistance is widespread in field populations, and despite 13 years of pyrethroid use on sheep, the low‐level cross‐resistance to cypermethrin has not interfered with susceptibility to oviposition suppression by cypermethrin.
Book Review
Authors: AUSTIN A. D.
Published: April 2007

Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR. Volume III Hymenoptera. Part V Braconidae. V. I. Tobias, A. B. Jakimavicius and I. G. Kiriyak
Sampling Bias in Determining the Parous Rate of Collections of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer and C. wadai Kitaoka (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: BELLIS G. A. , REID D. J.
Published: April 2007

Culicoides brevitarsis and C. wadai were collected using two updraught light traps which were run simultaneously for 107 nights. One trap, termed + cattle, was set next to a pen containing 10 cattle. The other trap, termed ‐ cattle, was set 40 m away from the pen. Sweep‐net collections of both species were also made. The parous rates of C. wadai from ‐ cattle and + cattle collections and from + cattle and sweep‐net collections were similar suggesting that light traps provide collections that are as representative of the biting population as that provided by sweep‐net collections and that the proximity of cattle to the light trap has little effect on the parous rate of collections. This means that light traps are suitable for use in survival rate studies of this species and are not affected by the proximity of cattle. For C. brevitarsis, however, ‐ cattle collections had higher parous rates than + cattle collections which in turn had higher parous rates than sweep‐net collections of this species. This suggests that light traps are prone to bias and that estimates of survival of C. brevitarsis based on the parous rate of light‐trap collections are likely to be more accurate when traps are placed in close proximity to cattle. The mean parous rate of C. brevitarsis from light‐trap collections in the presence of cattle (0.461) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of C. wadai (0.313), suggesting that the former species has a higher rate of survival and is therefore likely to be a more important vector than the latter.
Biological Control Potential of Three Species of Nymphal Odonates against Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse), a Nuisance Midge (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: ARENA J. , CALVER M. C.
Published: April 2007

The predation rates of nymphs from three odonatan species attacking larvae of the nuisance midge Polypedilum nubifer were determined in the laboratory. The dragonfly Hemicordulia tau was the most voracious, consuming up to 55 midge larvae/day at a prey density of 10,000/m2 after 48 h starvation. Under similar conditions, the dragonfly Orthetrum caledonicum consumed up to 29 midge larvae/day, and the damselfly Xanthagrion erythroneurum took up to 43 midge larvae/day. However, on the third successive trial these figures fell considerably to 12, 10 and 2 midge larvae/day, respectively. Overall, the laboratory trials show sufficient promise to justify field studies of these predators to assess their potential for containing midge larvae numbers in natural wetlands, in conjunction with procedures to control nutrient enrichment.
Taxonomic Review ofCreontiadesDistant in Australia (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
Authors: MALIPATIL M. B. , CASSIS G.
Published: April 2007

The two species ofCreontiadesDistant occurring in Australia,C. dilutus(Stål) (Australian endemic) andC. pacificus(Stål) (China, several countries in the Oriental and Australian regions including Tahiti and Micronesian islands) are redescribed, illustrated and their distributions are mapped.Megacoelum modestum(Distant) andC. virescensReuter are synonymised withC. dilutus, andC. pallidifer(Walker) withC. pacificus.Available host plant information is provided for both species.C. dilutus, commonly known as green mirid, is a pest of cotton, potato, stone fruit, lucerne and other crops in certain parts of Australia. the generic limits ofCreontiadesand the closely related, world‐wide distributedMegaceolumFieber are reviewed based on examination of Australian species and the type species.
Book Review
Authors: ANDERSEN ALAN N.
Published: April 2007

A Bibliography of Ant Systematics. Philip S. Ward, Barry Bolton, Steven O. Shattuck and William L. Brown, Jr.
Bionomics of Austracris guttulosa (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) During the 1970‐75 Outbreak in Queensland, Australia
Authors: ELDER R. J.
Published: April 2007

Studies of Austracris guttulosa (Walker) showed that oviposition was dispersed and never aggregated and that the nymphs were solitary rather than gregarious. Swarms consisted of overwintering adults in a state of reproductive diapause. Swarms dispersed once sexual maturation commenced in spring. Local and long distance movements resulted in outbreak expansion from arid to coastal and subcoastal districts of Queensland. Parasites, parasitoids and predators are listed and their distribution and effect on locust populations discussed.
Treated Filter Paper Bioassay for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Haematobia irritans exigua de Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: FARNSWORTH W. R.
Published: April 2007

This paper reports on the standardisation of an assay, whereby buffalo flies Haematobia irritans exigua de Meijere from a laboratory population which had not been exposed to insecticides for 8 years were confined in Petri dishes containing filter paper treated with known concentrations of insecticide. Mortality was assessed after 2 and 4 h and mean LC50 and LC99 values for each of 11 insecticides were calculated. the bioassay technique had acceptable repeatability and was simple to perform. Field populations of northern Queensland buffalo fly were assayed using the technique and were found to have high levels of pyrethroid resistance and little or no organophosphate resistance.
A Non‐destructive Sampling Technique for Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turf
Authors: WARD A. L.
Published: April 2007

Experiments were conducted using chemical irritants to develop a non‐destructive sampling technique for pests of high quality turf and lawn. POW detergent at a concentration of 35 mL in 3.5 L of water applied to an area of 1,600 cm2 was the most effective for sampling Spodoptera mauritia and Herpetogramma licarsisalis and resulted in 84% of S. mauritia larvae surfacing within 4 min of application. No larvae surfaced after 4 min. Kendon pyrethrin SF applied at a concentration of 0.46 mL in 3.5 L of water resulted in similar numbers of larvae surfacing relative to 35 mL POW detergent. However, larvae took up to 20 min to surface. Formaldehyde and the pyrethroid, Mavrik® AF did not cause S. mauritia and H. licarsisalis larvae to surface.
First Record of Pseudoheteronyx Blackburn (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from Tasmania, with Description of Pseudoheteronyx littoralis sp.n. from Sandy Beaches
Authors: McQUILLAN P. B. , MICHAELS K.
Published: April 2007

Pseudoheteronyx, a genus of flightless scarab beetles, is recorded from Tasmania for the first time on the basis of P. littoralis sp.n., collected from sand dunes on the coast of Bass Strait, where it is active in late winter and early spring. This represents a southerly extension for the genus of more than 300 km and a novel ecological niche for the genus. It is the smallest and most setose member of the genus and most closely related to P. creber from alpine herbfields on Mount Kosciusko, N.S.W. This brings to nine the number of scarabaeid genera known from coastal dunes in Tasmania.
Multiple Allelic Variation in a Sodium Channel Gene from Populations of Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Detected via Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: STOKES NICOLA H. , McKECHNIE STEPHEN W. , FORRESTER NEIL W.
Published: April 2007

Helicoverpa armigera, the cotton bollworm; is a significant pest of Australian field and vegetable crops and has a widespread incidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Naturally occurring variation in the para sodium channel gene was assayed in H. armigera. the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify part of the gene and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) used to detect differences in the melting properties of the amplified DNA fragments. A gene fragment of approximately 890 bp was characterised in a total of 66 individuals, comprising four sample groups: untreated controls and fenvalerate‐treated individuals from both the Namoi valley, NSW and the St. George irrigation area, Qld. At least sixteen alleles were detected for the 3′‐end, 250 bp, Hpall digest fragment of the amplified part of the gene. the Namoi and St. George allele distributions were significantly heterogeneous, making this locus a suitable marker for use, with others, in migratory studies among H. armigera populations. Since this gene is a candidate for pyrethroid resistance in the related American pest Heliothis virescens (F.) we looked for a difference in allele distributions between insecticide treated and untreated groups. No association between molecular variation in this gene and fenvalerate resistance was detected.
A New Method for Mounting Thrips (Thysanoptera) on Slides
Authors: BISEVAC L.
Published: April 2007

Entomologists that frequently work with thrips often find mounting of their material by well known methods too complicated and slow. A new method is described here that is the shortest possible, and is still very reliable and safe in everyday work.
Oviposition by Comperiella lemniscata Compere and Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: ELDER R. J. , GULTZOW D. , SMITH D. , BELL K. L.
Published: April 2007

Both sexes of oriental scale, Aonidiella orientalis, were exposed to the parasitoid Comperiella lemniscata at the beginning of the first, second and third female instars. the parasitoid successfully oviposited and developed in second‐ and third‐instar female scales, but male scales were used as hosts only in their second instar and at low levels. When given a choice, C. lemniscata oviposited only in third‐instar female scales.
A New Species of Jarra Marsh and Austin (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with Comments on Other Parasitoids Associated with the Eucalypt Longicorn Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: AUSTIN A. D. , DANGERFIELD P. C.
Published: April 2007

Jarra painei sp.n. is described from Victoria and South Australia, reared from larvae of Phoracantha semipunctata (Cerambycidae). This beetle has become an exotic pest on eucalypt trees in California, South America, Africa and the Mediterranean region. J. painei is the fourth species of Jarra to be associated with Phoracantha, and it is described to support assessment of its biological control potential in California. the relationships of J. painei are discussed and a key presented to separate it from other described Jarra species. Information is presented on other parasitoids associated with Phoracantha in southeastern Australia. Xorides australiensis (Szépligeti) (Ichneumonidae) is reared from P. semipunctata for the first time.
Giant females and bird‐of‐paradise flies: Notes on the biology ofCallipappusGuérin‐Méneville (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
Authors: Gullian PJ , Brookes HM
Published: April 2007

Aspects of the life‐history, distribution and behaviour of the Australian genusCallipappus(Hemiptera: Margarodidae) are reported for the first time. Adult males and females of most species emerge in autumn and immediately mate, after which females attach to aerial vegetation and invaginate their posterior abdomen to form a marsupium in which their eggs develop. First‐instar nymphs exit the marsupium and enter the soil for nymphal development, which takes place within a waxy cyst. Nymphs feed attached by their stylets to the roots of heathland, woodland and mallee plants, includingBanksiaspecies and probablyXanthorrhoeaspecies. the timing of their life cycle means that populations ofCallipappusseem particularly vulnerable to autumn fuel‐reduction burns.
Efficacy of insecticides against the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), and other arthropods in lucerne
Authors: Bishop AL , McKenzie HJ , Barchia IM , Spohr LJ
Published: April 2007

Nine insecticides were evaluated in lucerne for control of the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis. Carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, omethoate and isofenphos were the most effective. Each gave immediate control and the highest levels of persistence. Efficacy data of the insecticides against aphids, leafhoppers, earth mites and total numbers of predators are also given. Omethoate and chlorpyrifos were the most effective chemicals overall, although further information on their effects on the predator complex is required to support their recommendation. Carbaryl and fenvalerate showed promise for differentiating between damage by three major pests.
Effects of tillage on pest and beneficial beetles in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Horne PA , Edward CL
Published: April 2007

The seasonality and relative abundance of several pest and predatory beetle species were studied in conservation‐tilled and conventionally tilled sites in Wimmera croplands. Maximum numbers of adult Gonocephalum adelaidae (Blackburn) and Pterohelaeus nr darlingensis Carter (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) occurred at the same time of the year in each year of the study. Predatory Carabidae, particularly Rhytisternus liopleurus, were more abundant in conservation‐tilled than in conventionally tilled crops. There was no difference in tenebrionid numbers between, but large differences within, tillage regimens.
An improved technique for rearing the red cedar tip moth,Hypsipyla robustaMoore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Mo J , Tanton MT , Bygrave FL
Published: April 2007

Hypsipyla robusta, a significant pest of a number of economically important species of Meliaceae in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia, was successfully reared in the laboratory for 23 generations on a synthetic diet. Two major modifications were made to the original rearing technique: (i) confining the newly hatched larvae close to the diet; and (ii) introducing a current of air through the mating cage. The modified technique reduced the mortality of newly hatched larvae to acceptable levels and effectively solved the problem of mating difficulty in indoor cages. Mortality of newly hatched larvae due to non‐feeding may be further reduced by incorporating host‐plant tissue or host‐plant extract to the diet. Performance of the colony as compared with other artificial colonies of the insect in terms of pupal weight, fecundity and generation time is discussed.
Methods for collecting and rearing thrips (Thysanoptera) and their natural enemies
Authors: Steiner Marilyn Y , Goodwin Stephen
Published: April 2007

Potential predators and parasitoids of thrips were collected as part of a project to evaluate and develop Australian native arthropod species as biological control agents against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Eleven species of phytoseiid mites, the eulophid Ceranisus menes (Walker), and various anthocorid bugs were reared in the laboratory, together with F. occidentalis and the tomato thrips, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom. Methods for collecting, processing, and small‐scale rearing of both thrips and natural enemies are described. Laboratory and field‐rearing units were designed that are simple to construct, compact, escape‐proof, adaptable to a range of predators and parasitoids, and allow experimentation with various foodstuffs.
The Australian species of Neozavrelia Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanytarsini)
Authors: Cranston PS
Published: April 2007

The genus Neozavrelia Goetghebuer (Chironomidae: Diptera) is represented in Australia by two species, described here for the first time. the species conform well in all life‐history stages to diagnoses based on Holarctic congeners. an associated female allows provision of a modern description of the female genitalia for the first time. In the larval and pupal stages, both Australian species form tough silk tubes within sandgrain cases in the hygropetric zone of seepages across rock surfaces. One species, N. optoputealis sp.n., was found on a limestone seepage in a road cutting in the Blue Mountains, north‐west of Sydney. the second species, N. bowmani sp.n., came from a seepage on a vertical rock face in a sandstone canyon in an unusual gorge area of central Arnhemland, Northern Territory, where some gondwanan refugial taxa co‐occur in a monsoonal/relictual rainforest habitat. the biology of Neozavrelia is reviewed, with a suggestion that the hygropetric and perhaps more eurythermic habit appears to be more common than lotic and cool stenothermic habitats.
Significance of mite prey in the diet of the onion thrips Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Milne M , Walter GH
Published: April 2007

Second‐instar larvae of the phytophagous thrips, Thrips tabaci, consumed significantly more spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) eggs than did any other T.tabaci life stage. We supplemented two plant diets with mite eggs to assess whether the inclusion of prey could make up completely for dietary deficiencies in the host plant. Therefore, turnip weed (Rapistrumrugosum L.) floral tissue (a major breeding host of T.tabaci) and cotton vegetative tissue (a host on which T.tabaci populations dwindle) were compared. In both cases, prey in the diet reduced the developmental time from egg to adult and increased fecundity over that achieved on a host‐plant diet alone, but had no effect on immature mortality or adult life span. Females on turnip weed plus mite eggs produced more eggs than those on cotton cotyledons plus mite eggs. We discuss the role of facultative predation (or opportunism) in the ecology of T. tabaci.