bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Rules 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Rules 2014. It starts with the citation, commencement, application, and interpretation that apply to proceedings before the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal. The overriding objective of the Rules allows the Tribunal to deal with cases fairly and justly. The general powers and provisions of the rules include the delegation to staff, case management powers, application for directions, and failure to comply with rules. The chapter then details the proceedings before the tribunal, while also referencing the notice of appeal and special provision for imminent removal cases. It also includes the scope and interpretation of bail.
The Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008. It notes the citation, commencement, application, and interpretation of the rules within the Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008 that came into force on 3 November 2008. A person may apply to the Upper Tribunal for permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal against a decision of another tribunal if they made an application for permission to appeal or the application was refused. The chapter then explains the special procedure for providing notice of a refusal of permission to appeal in an asylum case. It also tackles the judicial review proceedings in the Upper Tribunal.
The Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) Order 2000
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the Immigration (Leave to Enter and Remain) Order 2000. Subject to Article 6(3), an entry clearance which complies with the requirements of Article 3 shall have effect as leave to enter the United Kingdom to the extent specified in Article 4, but subject to the conditions referred to in Article 5. The entry clearance must specify the purpose for which the holder wishes to enter the United Kingdom. An immigration officer, whether or not in the United Kingdom, may give or refuse a person leave to enter the United Kingdom at any time before their departure for, or in the course of their journey to, the United Kingdom. In order to determine whether or not to give leave to enter, an immigration officer may seek such information, and the production of such documents or copy documents, as an immigration officer would be entitled to obtain in an examination under paragraph 2 or 2A of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971.
The Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Services or Facilities) Regulations 2007
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Services or Facilities) Regulations 2007, which came into force on 31 January 2008. The Secretary of State may supply, or arrange for the supply of, facilities for travel for a qualifying journey to a supported person to receive healthcare treatment, provided that the supported person has provided evidence that the qualifying journey is necessary; or register a birth. The Secretary of State may also supply, or arrange for the supply of, facilities for travel for that qualifying journey to one or more dependants of that supported person; and in the case of a supported person who is a child, a parent or guardian. Moreover, the Secretary of State may arrange for the provision to a supported person of their child’s full birth certificate. The Secretary of State may also supply, or arrange for the supply of, telephone calls and stationery and postage for correspondence; vouchers redeemable for goods to the value of £250 in respect of each expected child to a pregnant woman; and vouchers redeemable for goods or services to the value of £3 per week to a pregnant woman.
The Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) Regulations 2012
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Immigration Appeals (Family Visitor) Regulations 2012. These Regulations came into force on 9 July 2012. A person is of a class or description prescribed for the purposes of section 88A(1)(a) of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (entry clearance), if the applicant for entry clearance is a member of their family and their circumstances match those specified in regulation 3. These circumstances are that the person is settled in the United Kingdom as defined in paragraph 6 of the immigration rules; has been granted asylum in the United Kingdom under paragraph 334 of the immigration rules; or has been granted humanitarian protection in the United Kingdom under paragraph 339C of the immigration rules. These Regulations apply only to an application for entry clearance made on or after the day on which they come in-to force.
The Immigration (Residential Accommodation) (Prescribed Requirements and Codes of Practice) Order 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter is about the Immigration (Residential Accommodation) (Prescribed Requirements and Codes of Practice) Order 2014. The text of the SI is not reproduced.
The Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Code of Practice) Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter is about the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (Code of Practice) Regulations 2016. The text of the SI is not reproduced.
The Illegal Working Compliance Orders Regulations 2016
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the regulations that may be cited as the Illegal Working Compliance Orders Regulations, which come into force on 1 December 2016. It defines the Positive Verification Notice as a document issued by the Home Office Employer Checking Service, which indicates that the person named in it is allowed to stay in the United Kingdom. It also highlights the illegal working compliance order that requires a person to carry out checks relating to the right to work and comply with their employees within the scope of the order. The chapter mentions the use of the home office online right to work checking service in respect of an employee. It requires relevant persons to take all reasonable steps to check the validity of a document and retain a record of the date on which any check was made.
The Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 (Consequential, Saving, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers regulations that may be cited as the Immigration and Social Security Coordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 (Consequential, Saving, Transitional and Transitory Provisions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, which come into force at the time and on the date when paragraph 2(2) of Schedule 1 to, the Immigration and Social Security Coordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020 comes into force. It discusses the amendment of Immigration Act 1971, which includes provisions on assisting unlawful immigration to member State. It also points out that Section 25B of the Immigration Act 1971 will continue to apply where an order is in force excluding an individual from the United Kingdom. The chapter considers a relevant national as a person who is not an Irish citizen. It describes a person who is entitled to enter or remain in the United Kingdom by virtue of an enforceable EU right.
State Aid and Exclusive Rights Agreements
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

Following on from the last chapter on competition policy, Chapter 9 examines the development of state aid law in relation to digital markets with a focus on public service broadcasting, broadband, and cultural subsidies. The Trade and Cooperation Agreement obliges the UK to adhere to a subsidy control agreement and an effective mechanism of recovery, oversight by an independent regulatory body, and enforceability in the courts. However, the chapter finds that, although the Commission has widened the scope of state aid again to include broadband, mobile phone networks, and digital connectivity projects, the UK is reining in state aid post-Brexit. The conclusion discusses the UK’s Subsidy Control Act 2022.
Brexit and Copyright
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

The EU has put a large number of copyright measures in place which enable cross-border trade in the digital market. Under the Digital Single Market Agenda, these included the 2014 Collective Rights Management Directive, 2017 Regulation on cross-border portability of online content services, 2017 Marrakesh Directive and Regulation, 2019 Online Broadcasting Directive, 2019 television and radio programmes Directive, and 2019 Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive. Most of this legislation no longer applies to the UK, including the 2019 Copyright Directive which regulates online platforms. This chapter explains EU copyright legislation and analyses how the UK has presented challenges to EU harmonisation. It then analyses potential regulatory divergence between the EU and the UK. The UK does not plan to diverge substantially from EU legislation given domestic pressure to maintain the status quo. However, divergence could result from decisions made in UK case law which could lead to considerable change.
Conclusion
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

Chapter 12 contextualises the book’s findings in the setting of the multiple streams framework. The book observed how the UK’s pro-market approach succeeded in many Digital Single Market policy areas against more protectionist proposals from other large EU member states. This occurred when windows of opportunity were created and the political architecture changed by focusing events which were conducive to policy change. The chapter outlines how the UK acted as a policy entrepreneur in pushing for a deregulatory framework by exploiting temporal events which changed the direction of EU policy formation. This is followed by examination of the consequences of Brexit for the UK post-Brexit. Finally, the new governance architecture of the EU and what this means for the direction of EU policy post-Brexit is examined.
Why Western Sicily?
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

Drawing upon the objects introduced in Chapter 1, this second chapter addresses the historical questions of why and how curse-writing rituals developed in western Sicily, focusing again upon the city of Selinous. After an overview of Selinous’s historical evolution from the seventh through fifth centuries bce, the following developments are examined in turn: (1) the proximity of Phoenician groups and potential Near Eastern antecedents for curse practice; (2) geopolitical, social, and economic factors, and especially developments in Selinous’s law courts; and (3) ritual and epigraphic phenomena that help contextualize the practice’s evolution in western Sicily. In addition to the fact that curse-writing rituals first emerged in Greek communities, with texts composed in the Greek language and script, much of what made the practice Greek was the legal contexts in which the earliest curse tablets were employed: these objects emerge firmly within the competitive, aristocratic ethos of the late Archaic polis, and it was the city’s elite Greek families who first deployed the practice in the courts of law.
Athenian Curse Practice
Authors: Lamont Jessica L.
Published: August 2023

Drawing upon recent discoveries from secure archaeological contexts, this chapter provides a historical overview of Athenian curse practice from the late fifth through early third centuries bce. It explores why Attic curse production emerged and intensified when it did, and surveys the language and themes invoked by Attic curse-writers, in addition to the contexts in which curse assemblages were deposited. A rich data set of over 500 curse tablets and a dozen curse effigies allows one to observe the scale and variability of the practice, and how it changed over time in a single polis between the Classical period and Late Antiquity.
“A Poor Dry Business”
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyzes Short’s diplomatic activity as charge d’affaires in France, Resident Minister in Holland, and seconded diplomat in Spain between 1789 and 1795. It argues that Short played a significant role in the negotiation of loans in Holland for the purpose of repaying the US debt to France. It discusses the background and consequences of Short’s decision to withhold debt repayments from France’s Jacobin ministry. It details the nature and significance of Short’s feud with Gouverneur Morris. It pictures Short being caught between two masters (Jefferson and Hamilton) and drawn into partisan politics in the United States via the Giles Resolutions of 1793. It describes Short’s frustration with Jefferson’s reluctance to exert influence on his behalf and contributes to an understanding of the emergence of a professional US diplomatic establishment.
The New Roman Empire
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This is the first comprehensive, single-author history of the eastern Roman empire (or Byzantium) to appear in over a generation. It begins with the foundation of Constantinople in 324 ad and ends with the fall of the empire to the Ottoman Turks in the fifteenth century, covering political and military history as well as all major changes in religion, society, demography, and economy. In recent decades, the study of Byzantium has been revolutionized by new approaches and sophisticated models for how its society and state operated. The book’s core is an accessible and lively narrative of events, free of jargon, which incorporates new findings, explains recent models, and presents well-known historical characters and events in new light. Two overarching themes shape the narrative. First, by projecting accountability the Roman state persuaded its subjects that it was working in their interests and thereby forestalled separatist movements. To do so, it had to restrain the tendency of elites to extract ever more resources from the labor-force. Second, the effort to sustain a common identity, both Roman and Christian, was subject to powerful forces of internal division and put under severe strain by western Europeans in the later Middle Ages. The book explains in detail the alternating periods of success and failure in the long history of this polity. It foregrounds the dynamics of Christian identity, asking why it tended to fracture along lines of doctrine, practice, and ultimately over Union with the Catholic West.
“Death Has Entered Our Gates” (540–565)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the downfall of Justinian's reign. The first setback happened when shah Khusrow ended the Endless Peace and invaded the Roman empire, whose eastern provinces, he knew, were defenseless. Meanwhile, the contagion, known today as Justinianic Plague, plagued the empire with its symptoms and social impacts. The chapter explains how Justinian played the game of international Realpolitik by deploying cash, diplomacy, patronage, alliances, and his army when necessary. It details the final years of Justinian's rule by referencing his legacy of codifying Roman law, rebuilding Hagia Sophia and other iconic churches, the silk industry, and the emergence of the separatist anti-Chalcedonian Churches of Egypt and Syria.
The Lion and the Dragon (717–775)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the reign of Leon III and his son Konstantinos V, who were among Rome's most capable and successful emperors. However, since both emperors tried to stop the use of worship icons and became forerunners of the Antichrist, little was known about the emperors due to the issue of religious icons despite their success. The chapter examines icons as two-dimensional representations of Christ, Mary, and the saints in public spaces of Constantinople and other cities. It highlights how images shape the logic of religious experience. It previews how the legacy of Konstantinos V fell because of a girl from Athens.
The End of Italy and the East (1048–1081)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers how Constantinople was squeezed between the rise of Turkish power on one side and the demands of papal supremacy and expansion of western lordships on the other. It explores the major changes across western Europe, which primarily consists of agricultural and demographic growth and increased social complexity. The Seljuk Turks most directly weakened the Roman empire and overturned the Arab order that had been dominant since the seventh century. The chapter explores the reign of Monomachos, which included the uprising of the Pechenegs, and the subsequent regimes of Konstantinos X and Isaakios I Komnenos. It notes the causes of decline in the eleventh century after Asia Minor was lost.
Romans West and Romans East (1204–1261)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the lives and responses of Romans after the fall of Constantinople. It mentions how the inequalities of the Komnenian system had alienated poor Romans from their formerly wealthy compatriots in the capital. Moreover, the sack of Constantinople further poisoned the relations between the Churches. The chapter also considers the reigns of Batatzes and Theodoros II Laskaris. It notes the work and effort of Michael Palaiologos that instigated the coup and became a basileus at Nymphaion. Moreover, Palaiologos was reaching out to the broken pieces of the Roman empire enough for Constantinople to be subject to the basileus of Romans.
Genetic susceptibility to peers
Authors: Schlomer Gabriel L. , Griffin Amanda M. , Cleveland H. Harrington , Vandenbergh David J.
Published: August 2023

Genetically informed research on peer relationships demonstrates that selection and socialization processes that drive peer similarity are influenced by genetic variance. Specifically, who adolescents choose to befriend and the degree to which peers influence their behavior have genetic (as well as environmental) underpinnings. This chapter provides a summary of the basic principles of gene-environment interplay and highlights the connection between early behavioral genetic studies and subsequent molecular genetic research. This historical backdrop informs a set of four gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) studies involving peer relations using data from the genetic extension of PROSPER (gPROSPER). Guided by differential susceptibility theory, the purpose of these four studies was to investigate if individual differences in susceptibility to peer influence were related to genetic variability. Implications of these studies are discussed as well as areas for future research and advancements in the GxE research field.
Tragedy or Irony
Authors: Henne Peter S. , Bettiza Gregorio
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents evidence of religious soft power’s impact in US foreign policy in two time periods. The first is the early Cold War, when the United States was trying to establish its international leadership and form a global coalition against the Soviet Union. The second is the post–Cold War era, when the United States has struggled against violent Islamist nonstate actors—like al-Qaeda and Daesh/ISIS—while also trying to define the nature of the international order. There are major differences between these periods, such as the specificity of US initiatives under different presidential administrations, but both indicate the presence and impact of religious soft power in American foreign policy.
Soft Power of the Catholic Papacy
Authors: Byrnes Timothy A.
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on how Catholic Popes, after their loss of temporal power in the nineteenth century, have wielded Papal resources to exercise soft power. This soft power has sought to achieve three closely related aims: to defend of the institutional interests of the Catholic Church; to advance Catholic tradition’s moral and social teachings both in and beyond the walls of the Church; and to influence political and social processes and structures across the globe in ways that support the realization of the Kingdom of God, as defined by the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City. This chapter also discusses the two channels through which Popes have historically exercised their soft power: the direct application of Papal preferences to political dynamics on the world stage, and the indirect path of speaking to, influencing, and “governing” the far-flung membership of their global Church.
Religious Soft Power
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio , Henne Peter S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter evaluates the Geopolitics of Religious Soft Power project, providing an overview of its contributions and shortcomings, while also identifying possible avenues for future research. The chapter begins by outlining the current volume and highlighting three of its main contributions to the field of international relations: its positioning of power analysis at the center of research on religion in world politics, its broadening of the typical approach to states–religion interactions in foreign policy, and its challenging of secularist assumptions about global politics. However, this volume is not without its limitations, which include a reductive approach to religion and an understanding of soft power that is at once conceptually broad and empirically narrow. Avenues for future research include considering religious power beyond the notion of soft power, identifying more systematically how different religions shape soft-power relations, and improving the measurement of religious soft power and influence.
All the Kingdoms of the World
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

According to a common narrative, the twentieth century spelled the end of faith-infused political movements. Their ideologies, like Catholic integralism, would soon be forgotten. Humans were finally learning to keep religion out of politics. Or were we? In the twenty-first century, nations as diverse as Russia, India, Poland, and Turkey have seen a revival of religious politics, and many religious movements in other countries have proved similarly resilient. A new generation of political theologians passionately reformulates ancient religious doctrines to revolutionize modern political life. They insist that states recognize the true religion, and they reject modern liberal ideals of universal religious freedom and church-state separation. In this book, philosopher Kevin Vallier explores these new doctrines, not as lurid oddities but as though they might be true. The anti-liberal doctrine known as Catholic integralism serves as Vallier’s test case. Yet his approach naturally extends to similar ideologies within Chinese Confucianism and Sunni Islam. Vallier treats anti-liberal thinkers with respect that liberals seldom afford them and offers more moderate skeptics of liberalism a clear account of the alternatives. Many liberals, by contrast, will find these doctrines frightening and strange but of enduring interest. Vallier invites all his readers on a unique intellectual adventure, encouraging them to explore unfamiliar ideals through the lenses of theology, philosophy, politics, economics, and history.
History
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a powerful argument for Catholic integralism: the history argument. The claim? Integralism fits the tradition and dogma of the Catholic Church better than alternatives. The argument is cumulative: once we review key historical events and teaching, we will see a solid case that integralism is the political theology that best fits the data. Subjects reviewed include the Investiture Contest and the Avignon Papacy, and church teaching reviewed includes the Fourth Lateran Council and the Council of Trent. The chapter also reviews the recent histories of Catholicism and American conservatism, which help explain the revival of integralism as a political movement.
Stability
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides the second argument against Catholic integralism, the stability argument. Integralists characterize their view as a moral order. More formally, integralism establishes a social equilibrium. The system must reach equilibrium chiefly because its citizens act morally, and not primarily due to legal coercion. Integralism must have a moral stability to count as a moral order. The chapter claims that integralist orders systematically destabilize owing to factors that integralists themselves emphasize. Sin will create moral disagreement, as will natural factors like errant human reason. Destabilizing forces outweigh the stabilizing forces of divine grace. Integralism is not a moral order, and so integralism is not true.
Confucian and Islamic Anti-Liberalisms
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

This chapter develops the anti-liberalism framework by generalizing Vallier’s critique of integralism to cover Sunni Islam and Chinese Confucianism. Their anti-liberal theologians use history and symmetry arguments. They are also more or less vulnerable to transition, stability, and justice arguments. This chapter focuses on Confucian Jiang Qing and Sunni Muslim Rached Ghannouchi by first situating them in their religious traditions. It outlines their respective political theologies—Jiang’s Way of Humane Authority and Ghannouchi’s Islamic Democracy. It then applies the anti-liberalism framework to their political views. Jiang must grapple with a powerful stability argument, whereas Ghannouchi must grapple with a powerful justice argument.
Epilogue
Authors: Vallier Kevin
Published: August 2023

Where does the anti-liberalism framework leave the conflict between liberals and non-liberals? This epilogue reviews the implications of the book for religious anti-liberal thought and addresses postliberalism as a broader intellectual movement. It also speaks to liberals struggling to answer new challenges to liberal political thought. Vallier proposes an alliance among liberals to protect liberal institutions. But he also argues that liberals must allow non-liberals a considerable measure of local political autonomy. Political autonomy could manifest as integralist charter cities. No matter the form, however, these micro-polities can fit within a federal liberal framework. All sides of the debate can be reconciled.
Reframing the Moral Lessons of the Labor Movement
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano
Published: August 2023

A close examination of the tenure of the Federal Council of Churches offers insight into the goals of the organization. On one hand, these ministers of the Social Gospel brought good publicity to strikes and publicly dignified workers’ demands for better wages and working conditions. On the other hand, clergy’s words and actions often undermined the authority of the radical labor movement to speak for themselves and grow their own moral authority in public space. Federal Council ministers claimed political neutrality, but they used the strategic sacrifices of wage earners to expand their own public influence and distract white Protestant attention away from actual labor leaders and their visions for social change.
Policing Empires
Authors: Go Julian
Published: August 2023

Policing Empires examines the militarization of the “civil police” in Britain and the United States. It tracks when, why, and how British and US police departments have adopted military tactics, tools, and technologies for domestic use. It reveals that police militarization has occurred since the very founding of modern policing in the nineteenth century and that militarization has long been an effect of the imperial boomerang. When militarizing their forces, police officials have drawn upon the tactics, tools, and technologies associated with imperialism and colonial conquests. Using the tools of comparative and postcolonial historical sociology, the book further shows that there have been distinct waves of militarization in Britain and the United States since the nineteenth century and that each of these waves has been triggered by the racialization of crime and disorder. Police have typically brought the imperial boomerang home to militarize police in response to perceived racialized threats from minority and immigrant populations. Police militarization results from the imperial state domesticating the methods and tools of its armies abroad to herd, contain, and thrash imagined barbarians who have dared flood through the gates of ostensible civilization.
Conclusions
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: August 2023

This chapter draws the narrative of the preceding chapters together, pointing out how they describe an arc of development over time. The contents of each chapter are summarized and connected. Taken together, they suggest that the crucial process affecting historical culture in Iron Age Italy was the rise of urban society. We can see how Italians’ historical culture shifted from an ancestral temporality to a civic one, impelled by the long-term emergence of cities in the region. As this confirms, social transformations and the structure of society have everything to do with the particular modes and forms their historical interests take.
Black Women and Ambition
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

Utilizing data from interviews with Black women elected officials across the country, this chapter argues that the key to making the decision to run for office is the unique socialization process of Black women. This process is shaped by generational examples of service, familial and community nurturing that encourages striving for excellence, and a sense of obligation to do work and not just hold a title. Black women at times initially doubt their ability to be successful in politics. They often overcome these doubts because of encouragement by peers and community members who remind them of the skills they developed from their community and political work. They are also motivated to work to meet the needs of their communities. These experiences provide further understanding of how Black women purposefully engage within their communities and develop a standing that allows for their potential success as candidates.
Black Women’s Leadership
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

This chapter confirms another area of ambition theory that is not applicable to Black women, which is the role careers play in candidate emergence. The scope of careers that Black women find themselves concentrated in are not within the narrow confines of business and legal professions. The fields that many of the women are situated in traditionally did not offer networks or resources that would facilitate a political career. But for Black women, they often bring with them skill sets and networks that allow them to navigate their career in a way they can gain new skills and understanding about policy implementation while also utilizing an equity lens to recognize policy inequities. The testimonials in this chapter also support the argument that the networks Black women engage in benefit them with opportunities to expand their network with political elites and potential mentors.
The Key to the Whole System
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the USSR’s entanglement in the international organizational system after Stalin’s death, providing an analysis of Soviet participation in UNESCO from when it joined the organization in 1954 until the end of the decade. It contextualizes this participation in Cold War crises (including the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Suez Crisis) as well as Nikita Khrushchev’s policies of “peaceful coexistence” and de-Stalinization. In the 1950s, a convergence of Soviet and UNESCO internationalisms made the country’s embrace of the agency not just possible but logical. The Soviet state thus created new bureaucratic machinery at home and abroad to mobilize its populace to take part in cultural diplomacy through UNESCO. Yet Soviet officials soon became disillusioned with the organization due to perceived Western biases in its activities and secretariat. Nonetheless, after a debate over whether to leave the organization transpired in 1958, the country remained in UNESCO for good.
Artificial Intelligence and Voice Interfaces
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), and how these algorithms are used to personalize music services though playlists, to identify promising new artists, and to ensure that your smart speaker plays the correct song when requested. In addition, it covers the various ways that AI will make it simpler to modify existing songs to improve engagement and ultimately to create new, commercially successful musical works. The chapter outlines the legal issues surrounding these new applications, including the licensing of copyrighted works used to “train” these new tools and how artists are reacting to these new capabilities.
The Great Revaluation
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The chapter summarizes the events leading to the OPEC oil crisis. The West did not expect either the crisis or surging oil prices. Full employment, low inflation, rising incomes, increasing wealth, both nationally and globally, and an economy unbounded by nature were all certainties of the 1960s. These certainties rested on two assumptions. First, oil would remain cheap. Second, what we now call the global south would be a silent partner in the business of endless northern growth and consumption. Events in the 1970s proved both assumptions spectacularly false. Following Egypt’s attack on Israel in the Yom Kippur War, OAPEC announced an oil embargo (until Israel withdrew from Arab lands). OPEC production cuts, again led by Saudi Arabia, resulted in a quadrupling of oil prices by the end of 1974; they stayed at that level for the rest of the decade and then surged again in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution. High oil prices would engender a permanent change in global capitalism and the place of migrant labor within it.
Expensive Oil, Cheap Goods
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The OPEC oil crisis permanently halved growth rates and stalled wages, but middle- and upper-middle-class standards of living have increased because the real price of goods—clothes, sports equipment, furniture—has fallen, at times dramatically. Food prices have, until the most recent bout of inflation, been stable or fallen. Both developments occurred because working-class wages collapsed. Lower wages are only possible if there are workers prepared to work for them, and, since the 1970s, firms have employed two strategies. The first was to shift capital to places where labor is cheap. The second strategy was to bring low-skilled immigrants to the US. In retail, meatpacking, agriculture, and construction, all sectors that, to various degrees, provided secure, well-paid jobs in the 1960s, the portion of low-skilled migrants has increased. This dynamic accounts for the great unexpected increase in migration to the United States after 1970.
Crowding out privacy
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Giving traditions have included invasive practices such as home visits to establish the genuineness of the recipient’s need and worthiness of receiving help. Online crowdfunding does not entail physical examination of the recipient and their living conditions, but crowdfunding campaigners are advised to be extremely open about their needs and private lives if they want to be successful in raising money. This openness includes sharing personal histories, photos, and videos and giving regular updates to potential donors, all of which are publicly accessible. While people campaigning on their own behalf can choose what information to disclose, such consultation is challenging when crowdfunding for others. This is particularly true when the recipient is a child or an adult experiencing cognitive limitations. Disclosure of personal information through crowdfunding campaigns can take place without consent, influenced by the asymmetric power between campaigners, recipients, donors, and crowdfunding platforms.
Who gets funded?
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Giving may help people in absolute terms but distribute this help inequitably. Direct giving has been criticized for often being haphazard, inefficient, and, as discussed in the previous chapter, based on problematic attitudes about the recipients’ deservingness. While giving through philanthropic organizations can be more systematic and focus on long-term benefits, these institutions may reflect the priorities and biases of their founders and supporters rather than principles of equity. Analyses of crowdfunding campaigns show that they also distribute support inequitably as factors such as age, race, education, and location affect their success. Campaigners often rely for donations on their local networks and communities which have varying ability to support these campaigns. In other cases, these fundraisers appeal to strangers in an attempt to raise larger sums of money. In these cases, their success is influenced by factors including the campaigner’s connections to influential people and public appeal.
Misinformation and hate
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Individuals and institutions have long supported causes that encourage and spread misinformation and hatred of other groups. Crowdfunding replicates this problem with giving and adds the potential to spread misinformation and hate to a wider audience through the viral effects of social media. Some crowdfunding campaigns raise money based on harmful misinformation, including scientifically unsupported medical procedures. Through these campaigns, they spread unsupported claims that these procedures work to donors and non-donors alike. Similarly, crowdfunding platforms have hosted campaigns for neo-Nazi and white nationalist groups among many other hate-driven causes. The potential of crowdfunding to spread these messages to a wide audience beyond the ranks of donors requires crowdfunding platforms to decide which campaigns they are willing to host.
Introduction
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

The introduction illustrates the prevalence of interest in the world’s religions and in conversion from one religion to another during the eighteenth century in New England, and it lays out the thesis of the book. It highlights the political reasons, coming from London, for changes in Protestant discourses of religions around the Revolution of 1688 and engages the relevant scholarly literature on the history of the study of the world’s religions. It compares and contrasts the central argument of the book to intellectual histories of the Enlightenment and the world’s religions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and to current works coming from the field of religious studies that stress an unchanging essence of Protestant critiques of other religions, imperial agendas, and racialization throughout the modern period and especially in America.
Indian Conversions
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This chapter turns to the impact of the developments discussed in Chapters 4 and 5 on the discourse of conversion and Protestant missions to Native Americans from 1725 to 1765. New ideas about the importance of moral liberty and noncoerciveness to Britain’s well-being led Protestants to redefine conversion as the willful and voluntary choice of one’s religious identity. As a result, Protestant missionaries to Indigenous people in New England, New York, and New Jersey attempted to persuade Indigenous people of the moral appeal of Christianity. They assumed accordingly that they shared concepts of moral reason—of the pains and perplexities of human life—with their Indigenous interlocutors even before Christianization. As a result, they jettisoned older civilizing or Anglicizing mandates and confirmed many aspects of Indigenous cultures as compatible with Christianity, apart from English modes of life and before conversion.
Foundations
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

This chapter sets out the ambitions of the project. It defines scope and terminology, and it outlines the overall ambitions and arguments of the book. This chapter explains why I have chosen to use the term ‘administration’ as a generic term for situations where a person holds legal powers but is not free to use them as they wish. The idea is that this term (unlike, for example, ‘fiduciary’) is neutral as between private law and public law, and as between common law and civil law. This chapter also aims to show both the unity of the subject matter—all the situations in which we hold legal powers for the benefit of others—and its diversity. In this regard, the chapter points out a range of features that exist in some, but not all, of the relationships that the book studies.
Foundations of Public Law Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

Chapter 9 introduces the idea of public law administration. All relationships are ones in which someone holds legal powers but not for their own benefit; in public law administration, unlike in private law administration, these powers are held for a public purpose rather than for the benefit of another person. The chapter begins by explaining the goals of this Part of the book and how it relates to certain debates in public law. It goes on to explain how the distinction is drawn between private law administration and public law administration for the purposes of this study, and it goes on to elucidate this distinction by exploring and discussing some borderline cases.
Spheres of Public Law Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

The goal of this chapter is to take an overview of the different spheres of public law administration and to assess to what extent there are legally enforceable norms that are founded on the same justificatory principles as those that apply in private law administration. These principles are the following: that powers must be used for the purpose for which they were granted; that they may not be used in conflict situations unless the conflict is properly managed; that unauthorized profits and relevant information cannot be retained but must be given up; and that reasonable care must be taken in administration. The argument is that ideas of ‘public trust’ are not solely relevant to political theory, because there are indeed legally enforceable norms of this kind in the public sphere. They are visible in relation to all branches of the State. However, there is inevitably considerable variation across contexts and across legal systems, which leads to reflection avenues for law reform.
Introduction
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: August 2023

The introduction argues for the importance of screen stories in relation to moral understanding, first discussing the fundamental role of storytelling in human cultures, then moving into the specific nature of moving-image narratives and the institutional contexts in which they are seen. The introduction also discusses the interdisciplinary nature of the book, with chapters coming from scholars representing various disciplines and their methodologies and terminologies. It identifies and discusses aesthetic cognitivism, the idea that one benefit of the arts is the cognitive benefits they provide. In this case the cognitive benefit in question is moral understanding. Last, the introduction surveys the outline of the book, with its sections on the nature of moral understanding, transfer and cultivation, affect, character engagement, and the reflective afterlife of screen stories.
Understanding (Mis)understanding: Sally Be a Lamb
Authors: Taylor Paul C.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues for a personalist perspective on ethical understanding and provides a survey of obstacles to understanding using the filmed version of Hamilton as an example. The film shows a limited feeling for female characters and an inability to see the rape of Sally Hemings by Thomas Jefferson as morally serious. The tone is wrong, suggesting a simultaneous failure of craft and ethical sensitivity. The chapter suggests that the problem here could be a difference between “forms of ethical life” and that personalism calls us to locate ourselves within a sociohistorical and ethical context. Screen stories can promote ethical understanding by exploiting teachable moments and current controversies and because film is a medium that reaches millions of people.
Moral Cultivation
Authors: Bilandzic Helena
Published: August 2023

This chapter surveys what we know about screen stories and moral cultivation. “Cultivation analysis” is “the long-term, cumulative shaping of the audience’s perceptions, expectations, and thinking about good and bad behavior.” The assumption is that moral development is a lifelong process shaped in large part by socialization in relation to parents and peers. Nonetheless, media narratives can contribute to this development through repeated, constant, and intensive exposures. Various moral cultivation outcomes include general estimates of norm violations (e.g., mean world syndrome), moral values, moral reasoning, moral judgment, and moral sensitivity. These long-term effects are made salient by contemporary patterns of viewing, including streaming, in which liking and effect are followed by more exposure to the same shows or genres.
Audiences’ Role in Generating Moral Understanding
Authors: Harold James
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the roles that audiences play in generating moral understanding in relation to screen stories. It first reviews Jacqueline Bobo’s study of Black women audience members’ response to the 1985 film The Color Purple. This is a case study in what bell hooks has called the “oppositional gaze.” It shows that we can learn from morally flawed movies. Next, the chapter considers the objection that viewers of such films cannot be said to have gained moral understanding from the movie. It discusses Noël Carroll’s concept of clarificationism and Peter Kivy’s notion of the “reflective afterlife” of films. Finally, the chapter considers the role of audiences as interpretative communities in making moral understandings together.
The Reflective Afterlife and the Ends of Imagining
Authors: Smith Murray
Published: August 2023

In the “mood-stance” approach to fiction and nonfiction, it is held that nonfiction invites viewers to take the states of affairs represented as asserted, while fiction invites viewers to take the represented states of affairs as presented for our imaginative consideration. The relevant distinction then is belief versus imagination. This chapter demonstrates that this distinction harbors important ambiguities in that both fiction and nonfiction elicit imagination and belief. The idea of fiction as a prompt to imagination also does not sufficiently account for the importance of fictions in human life. Imagination to what end? One of the primary functions of fiction, this chapter argues, is to scaffold our exploration of the space of possibilities, such that we are able to discover and formulate new hypotheses about moral understanding.