bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Sex and Locus of Control in Predicting Self-Esteem
Authors: Seidner Constance J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the interactive effects of sex and locus of control in predicting the self-esteem of 83 sixth grade boys and girls in a suburban elementary school. Boys and girls did not differ significantly on the Intellectual-Academic Responsibility Scale, the indicator of locus of control. Boys scored higher than girls on two indicators of self-esteem. With specification as a mode of elaboration, an analysis of variance indicated that locus of control seemed to function as an intervening variable which mediated the effect of sex on the self-esteem of girls. Girls with high internal locus of control did not see themselves any less favorably, on the average, than did boys with a similar internal orientation. For subjects with an external orientation, the difference in mean self-esteem scores between boys and girls was magnified, with boys scoring higher than girls.
A Proposal to Substitute Formalized Information Feedback for Fee Payment in Socialized Medicine Systems
Authors: Datel William E.
Published: September 2011

Analyses of the resource flow, of the dynamics of social exchange in the health care delivery process, and of the attendant reinforcement contingencies acting on the provider—each of these, in turn, compel the conclusion that the omission of fees-for-service, as in military medicine, is responsible for the deleterious effects that have come to be associated with applications of socialized medicine. Substituting systematized evaluative information feedback for fees-for-service may be a way to compensate for the inherent structural weakness in the socialized medicine model and thus to improve health care delivery in military and other socialized medicine systems.
Early Recollections, Present Crises, and Future Plans in Psychotic Patients
Authors: Hafner James L. , Fakouri M. Ebrahim
Published: September 2011

To assess relationships among early recollections, present crises, and future goals 118 hospitalized patients with different psychiatric diagnoses were interviewed about problems, plans and two early childhood recollections. Relationships among these recollections, present crises, and future plans were identified and recorded for each patient by two psychologists. There was a greater frequency of relationships between early childhood recollections and present crises than between such recollections and future goals or present crises and future goals (χ3 = 34.91, df 1, p < .001).
Towards Quick Identification of Students with Problems
Authors: McClure Robert F.
Published: September 2011

This study tested simple screening devices for university students to predict use of a counseling center, being on academic probation, or having problems with the police. Acknowledgement of problems and number of stresses were significantly related to use but not to probation or problems with police. This information could be helpful in counseling programs.
Personality Traits Affecting Vocational Rehabilitation Success in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Fix A. James , Daughton David , Kass Irving , Patil Kashinath D. , Kass Mark , Polenz Douglas
Published: September 2011

Item analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory responses of 147 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease produced 48 items associated with three levels of post-hospital vocational adjustment, and with death. A subgroup of vocational rehabilitation candidates provided insights to the psychological processes underlying successful outcome. Those who worked more than six months following hospitalization were more gregarious and used more denial than other patients. Those who did not work at all were more anxious and had lower self-confidence. Patients who died within a year had shown a charitable philosophical orientation'.
Components of Test Anxiety Measured in and Out of Explicitly Defined Situational Contexts
Authors: Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined two different ways of operationally defining the component of worry of the test anxiety construct. It was hypothesized that worry explicitly embedded in an interpersonal context provided a more valid empirical representation than when context is not taken explicitly into account. This prediction was supported by data from both sexes. Also, somewhat different evaluative contexts may operate for the two sexes within an achievement setting.
Some Antecedents and Personality Correlates of Health Locus of Control
Authors: Tolor Alexander
Published: September 2011

The study addressed the question of whether the history of early childhood illnesses and accidents is a determinant of internal-external expectancy in the health area. In addition, it tested the hypotheses that internal health locus of control would be related to good adjustment and to low death anxiety. Ratings of the intensity and frequency of illnesses and accidents experienced during childhood were made by 86 subjects. Subjects were also administered the Health Locus of Control Scale, the Death Anxiety Scale, and the Bell Adjustment Inventory. Female subjects showed a significant relationship between number of reported childhood illnesses and externality in the health area. For males there was a low order, non-significant ( r = .20) trend for adjustment to correlate with internality. Death anxiety was not related to health locus of control. Results were interpreted within the context of differential cultural role expectations for the sexes, the importance of the reinforcement value in predicting area-specific behavior, and by considering different defenses against death anxiety as may affect the performance on the health scale.
Extrapolated General Cognitive Indexes on the McCarthy Scales for Gifted and Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Harrison Patti L. , Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2011

Although extrapolated IQs are available for Wechsler's intelligence scales, extrapolated values for the General Cognitive Index of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities have not been presented. This study derived regression equations from the normative sample data and computed estimated composite raw scores corresponding to the indexes above 150 and below 50. Extrapolated values are useful for estimating a child's present level of functioning; however, because extrapolated values are not based on empirical data, they should be viewed as estimates and used with caution.
Psychology of Scientist: XXXIX. Samuel B. Lyerly (1920–1978)
Authors: Ross Sherman , Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

Contributions of the late S. B. Lyerly to psychology are briefly summarized.
Self-Esteem of Students in Regular and Special Classes
Authors: Battle James
Published: September 2011

134 boys and 53 girls enrolled in Grades 1 to 7 in the Edmonton Public School System participated in a study designed to determine the self-esteem and perception of ability of academically successful and unsuccessful students. Subsidiary purposes were to determine the relationship between self-esteem and perception of ability and to describe the effects of special class placement on self-esteem. Academically successful students scored significantly higher than academically unsuccessful students in self-esteem and perception of ability as well. The correlation of .70 between self-esteem and perception of ability for all students was significant: special class placement enhanced self-esteem.
Further Research into Antecedents and Correlates of Androgyny
Authors: De Fronzo James , Boudreau Frances
Published: September 2011

243 male and 367 female college students were administered the Bern Sex-role Inventory and research instruments designed to measure the student's level of identification with parents, parental task distribution in the subject's family, the subject's mother's participation in the labor force, and the subject's self-concept characteristics, plans for forming a family, and social and political attitudes. The findings indicated that level of identification of males with their mothers was positively related to their femininity while for females mother's participation in the labor force had a positive effect on masculinity. Furthermore, sex-role traits were significantly related to self-concept factors and plans for formation of a family of both the males and females and to the social and political attitudes of males.
Effects of Unequal Power on Cooperation in Conflict
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Okun Morris
Published: September 2011

Participants were randomly assigned to be high or low power and interacted with another who consistently cooperated, or consistently competed, or alternatively cooperated and competed. Results indicate that low power participants acted more cooperatively, were more attracted to, and wanted to facilitate the other's outcomes to the extent the other had cooperated; the cooperativeness of the high power participants was unaffected by the low power person's actions.
Social Psychology of Psychologists: Volunteer vs Nonvolunteer Therapists
Authors: Macdonald Marian L.
Published: September 2011

External validity is questionable whenever generalizations are made over any facet sampled selectively in a design, including experimenters. Sampling experimenters selectively is particularly common in research on outcome of therapy in which typically only volunteer therapists are included. Using archival data capturing a 6-mo. period, the present study yielded differences between therapists who did ( n = 5) and did not ( n = 9) volunteer to serve as experimenters in a study of outcome on three variables, number of “no show” clients, average total number of sessions clients were seen, and age of experimenter. These findings suggest the importance of considering hidden interactions between therapist volunteer status and experimental treatments, interactions which would limit the external validity of results of study of outcome.
Correlations between the Quick Test Forms 1 and 3 and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for Children and Youth with Learning Problems
Authors: Vance Hubert Booney , Singer Marc G.
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test, Forms 1 and 3 and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were administered to 94 children and youth (58 boys and 36 girls) who were referred to a clinic for suspected learning problems. Chronological ages for the sample ranged from 7–4 to 14–5, with a mean of 12–8. Analysis showed no significant differences between the means of the boys and girls on the scores of Quick Test 1 and 3. A pervasive pattern of strong positive correlations was found between the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Quick Test, Forms 1 and 3; and between the two forms of the Quick Test. The findings indicate that the Quick Test provides a reasonable estimate of conventional verbal intelligence as well as being very stable even with populations whose intelligence test performance is often highly variable.
Life Stress, Organizational Stress, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Sarason Irwin G. , Johnson James H.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between changes, experienced both within the personal lives of individuals and within the work environment, and job satisfaction. Results suggest that negative life changes experienced within one's personal life are related to lower levels of satisfaction while both positive and negative changes experienced within the work environment are correlated with satisfaction, positive changes being related to higher levels and negative changes being related to lower levels of satisfaction. The implications of these findings for assessing organizational stress and for the prediction of attrition from organizations are discussed.
Relationship between Psychosocial Maturity and Performance in a Self-Paced Course
Authors: Goldman Jeffrey A. , Keller John M. , Sutterer James R.
Published: September 2011

Erik Erikson's concept of psychosocial maturity assessed by scores on the Inventory of Psychosocial Development, was related to performance indices in a self-paced course. A significant inverse relationship was found between psychosocial maturity and the number of pauses as well as the number of weeks of no examination providing some evidence for the construct validity of the Inventory of Psychosocial Development.
Socio-Economic Factors Which Influence Labeling of Mental Illness
Authors: Goldenberg Edward , Macey Terri , Sata Lindbergh S.
Published: September 2011

Labeling mental illness is explored, utilizing sociological concepts. An exploratory study assessed psychiatric diagnosis, hospital days, and prescribed medication. Data are presented on relation of age to days hospitalized, socio-economic status, status to psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric diagnosis to prior hospitalization, and percentage of community referrals. Findings regarding these relationships are specific to the patient population and support sociological concepts.
Behavioral Change in a Short-Term, Intensive Multi-Modal Alcoholism Treatment Program
Authors: Freedberg Edmund J. , Johnston William E.
Published: September 2011

Self-ratings of behavioral and attitude change by a group of 433 employed alcoholics who had experienced an intensive 3-wk. residential treatment program were compared with self-ratings from a 55-subject delayed-treatment control group. The treated group showed significant improvement on the 7 dimensions measured: employment (job satisfaction), under-assertion, over-assertion, communication, interpersonal relations, depression, and relaxation. The delayed-treatment control subjects showed a decrement on the employment subscale, and no change on the other 6 subscales. When the controls did enter treatment, they showed improvement on all seven dimensions, and the improvement was significant on under-assertion, depression, and relaxation.
Common Factors in Sex and Race Discrimination
Authors: Bell Margaret E. , Dolly John P. , Helsley Terry
Published: September 2011

The attitudes of white males, white females, black males, and black females toward changing roles for women and blacks were determined using a Likert scale. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotations was used to identify items that loaded at least .40 on the factors. Significant differences at the .001 level ( df — 3/82) were found for the total instrument, Factor I, Factor II, and the subscales on role change for blacks and females. The strongest bias was expressed by blacks on the total scale and Factor I (Changes in the Status Quo) and by white females on role change for blacks and Factor II (Strategies for Equalization).
Decreasing Adolescents' Fear of Mental Patients by Means of Demythologizing
Authors: Morrison James K. , Becker Robert E. , Bourgeois Christine A.
Published: September 2011

After participating in a brief, demythologizing seminar, 24 high school juniors reported significantly changed attitudes toward mental illness on a paper-and-pencil measure. These new attitudes reflected a rejection of the “mental illness” metaphor and, generally, less acceptance of the traditional medical model approach. Demythologizing also appeared to reduce significantly the students' ratings of fear of an hypothesized mental patient neighbor. A 5-wk. followup confirmed the stability of the changes in reported attitudes and fear ratings. Results are discussed within the context of their implications for community psychology. Replication is needed.
Personality Characteristics of Art Students
Authors: Shelton Jeffrey , Harris Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate art students were administered the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF). Significant personality differences were found on the basis of sex and degree sought. Art students scored more sensitive, self-sufficient, imaginative, liberal, and forthright when compared with non-art college students.
Shyness as Anxious Self-Preoccupation
Authors: Crozier Ray
Published: September 2011

Theories of shyness have not shown why social anxieties result in reticence and self-consciousness. Conceptualizing shyness as anxious self-preoccupation enables specific predictions to be made about the shy person's reactions to evaluative social situations and points to our ignorance about the role of attentional processes in social interaction.
Improving Measurement of Death Anxiety
Authors: McMordie William R.
Published: September 2011

Two Likert versions of Templet's death anxiety scale were constructed. Three death-anxiety scales were administered to 320 college subjects along with the Marlowe-Crowne Scale and a self-perceived religiosity checklist. 281 subjects were retested on the death anxiety measures. A Likert version of the Templer scale increased the internal consistency of the scale and its discriminability. Females scored higher than males on the three death-anxiety measures for both testing periods. The results of the present study suggest that the Templer/McMordie scale offers advantages over Templer's original scale.
Piagetian Task Performance of Black Adolescents
Authors: Protinsky Howard O. , Hughston George A.
Published: September 2011

49 black, lower-socioeconomic, adolescents who ranged in age from 12 to 17 yr. were tested for their ability to conserve mass, weight, and volume. 67% or 33 were able to conserve mass while 71% or 35 conserved weight. However, only 24% ( n = 12) passed the volume conservation test. These results support other findings which question Piaget's assertion that adolescents are able to perform the abstract task of conserving volume.
Comparison of Attachment Behaviors in Home and Laboratory
Authors: Klein Robert P. , Durfee Joan T.
Published: September 2011

The attachment behaviors of 40 infants were assessed in the home and laboratory by means of time-sampled observations. Of the four attachment behaviors analyzed three, looking at mother, vocalizing to mother, and being within reach of the mother, occurred significantly more frequently in the home than in the laboratory. When amount of maternal behavior directed toward the infant was used as a covariate, these differences were no longer significant. These results are discussed in connection with the issue of the representativeness of laboratory observations.
Social Anxiety and Social Facilitation
Authors: Fouts Gregory T.
Published: September 2011

A measure of social anxiety was used to predict whether 40 college students' performance on a simple task would be socially facilitated or impaired by the presence of an audience.
Self-Report Assessment of Life Change and Disorders
Authors: Cooley Eric J. , Miller Adam W. , Keesey James C. , Levenspiel Mary J. , Sisson Carol F.
Published: September 2011

Frequency and severity of life changes were compared to frequency and severity of physical and psychological disorders for a sample of 90 college students. Four scores for life changes were, calculated from a life events questionnaire. A subject's score was the sum of his life change events when each item was weighted for the amount of social readjustment caused by the event by: (1) the mean ratings of all subjects, (2) the mean rating of only the subjects who experienced the item-event in the last 12 mo., and (3) the subject's own rating. (4) The final score was the number of events marked. Two scores for disorders were computed from the Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale. They were (1) the total for items marked when each item was weighted for severity and (2) the number of items marked. The largest correlation between life changes and disorders was between number of events and number of disorders (r = .34). Weighting life change scores with experiences' means provided the largest correlations with disorder scores while weighting with individual weights provided the smallest correlations with disorders. No differences were found between the two measures of disorder.
The Dilemma of Membership in Recovery, Inc., a Self-Help Ex-Mental Patients' Organization
Authors: Omark Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Organizational beliefs and group processes in meetings of Recovery tend to “trap” members in the organization indefinitely. Although the stated goal of the organization is to reduce “nervousness” and solve emotional problems of members, there is no recognition of successful termination of membership. Many members joined the organization years ago and still attend sporadically. The “power of positive thinking” about the success of the Recovery method discourages contact by members with other kinds of community mental health facilities, so that Recovery groups are isolated in the community. This further traps members within the organization.
Astrology and Science: A Critical Examination
Authors: Kelly I. W.
Published: September 2011

Empirical literature is reviewed that addresses the belief in a relationship between astrological tenets and human characteristics. Studies are examined relating sign of zodiac, moon sign, ascendent, and aspects of the planets to various psychological variables. The majority of studies conducted do not confirm astrological claims and the few studies that are positive need additional clarification.
Latent Learning in Satiated and Food-Deprived Rats
Authors: Goldberger Lawrence I.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that qualitatively different learning occurs during exploration by satiated and food-deprived rats was tested in a latent learning paradigm. Satiated and 48-hr. food-deprived rats were allowed unrewarded exploration in one of two complex mazes—one maze with and one without blind alleys. Later, these four groups ( ns =12) were compared with four groups ( ns = 12) of similarly deprived controls in learning a path to a food reward in the mazes. The satiated rats showed a latent learning effect in both mazes, but only in the later trials. The food-deprived rats showed a latent learning effect only in the non-blind alley maze. The results are interpreted as indicating only a general adaptation effect by the deprived rats but some specific maze learning by the satiated rats.
Single-Alternation Patterning with Sucrose Reinforcement and Varied Intertrial Intervals in the Rat
Authors: Nicholls Richard J. , Duch Victor
Published: September 2011

Four groups of rats were given single-alternation training in a runway using sucrose reward and then extinguished. Only subjects given training with a short interval (10 sec.) between rewarded and nonrewarded trials and a long interval (40 min.) between nonrewarded and rewarded trials learned patterned responding. This duplicated the results found in classical conditioning with a similar manipulation. The acquisition and extinction data led to the conclusion that intertrial interval cues can be made more important than aftereffects in producing patterning with sucrose reinforcement.
Relationships between Certain MMPI Factors and Psychotherapeutic Preferences
Authors: Baird Pryor
Published: September 2011

50 undergraduate students completed the MMPI, described a personal problem, then indicated their preferences for one of five psychotherapeutic approaches. Subjects with relatively more neurotic profiles chose therapist-directed therapies, and those with more characterological profiles preferred patient-directed approaches, as predicted. Subjects provided illuminating reasons for their choices and rejections.
Views of Deviants by Female and Male Runners
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

76 male and 24 female middle-distance runners completed a questionnaire measuring views of various deviants. In this sample, the females were statistically significantly younger. Females were also more liberal, viewing motorcycle riders, college professors, U. S. Senators, and male athletes significantly more favorably than did the male runners.
Maintaining Stability of Achievement in an Individualized Instructional System
Authors: Langer Philip
Published: September 2011

The development of a modularized/individualized educational/adolescent psychology course has been based on commercially available texts and films. In spite of frequent changes in materials, students' achievement has been maintained by use of integrated study guides, frequent testing, and immediate feedback. A tightly structured program can overcome conceptual and format differences in commercial materials.
Effects of an Anabolic Steroid on Sexual Performance in Male Albino Rats
Authors: Young Michael , Ponder Leonard , Reed Jane
Published: September 2011

48 male albino rats were assigned to six drug-activity treatment groups. At the end of the 8-wk. training period data indicated that the drug, nandrolone decanoate, did not affect measures of sexual performance.
Latency and Reproduction of a Response in a Successive Word-Association Test
Authors: Pons Louis , Baudet Monique
Published: September 2011

Using three samples of French subjects ( ns = 101, 49 and 51) in a single-word free-association experiment, the reproduction of responses has been related to latency at the first presentation of the stimulus. If no consideration is given to the hierarchy of responses, a significant variation exists between the latencies of responses which are reproduced and those which are not. This variation is assumed to be related to a strength in acquisition of the response by subjects, whereas the number of different responses to the same stimulus and associative frequency reflect associative strength in two different ways.
Workers' Apprehensions Due to Plant Relocation
Authors: Fox Shaul
Published: September 2011

The research examined the impact of a planned relocation of a firm in Israel on the apprehensions of its employees. 134 workers were given a 12-item questionnaire which dealt with worries they had concerning their positions after the relocation. Factor analysis of the items indicated two factors, apprehensions relating to the greater distance from home and apprehensions regarding the possible changes in the job situation. Women in non-managerial positions were more apprehensive than men holding similar positions regarding the first factor, while less so regarding the second factor. The only factor which significantly correlated with the workers' intention of leaving the organization after the transfer was the distance from home.
Utilization of an Experimenter-Controlled Manikin in Analysis of Social Stimuli Maintaining Behavior of an Autistic-like Child
Authors: Van Dercar D. H. , Powell S. , Sandler Jack , Van Dercar C. M.
Published: September 2011

A two-part exploratory study was conducted to determine the feasibility of utilizing an experimenter-controlled human-like manikin in analyzing the social stimuli maintaining and controlling the behavior of a 10-yr.-old nonverbal, autistic-like child. In Phase I the frequency and duration of 7 behaviors emitted in the presence of a male, female, or manikin were recorded. Phase II involved measurements of 8 behaviors emitted during 6 conditions in which the social stimulus properties of the manikin were systematically varied with respect to the extent to which the manikin appeared “human-like.” The behaviors emitted by this particular child in the presence of the manikin, during Phase I, were similar to those observed in the presence of humans. In Phase II various behaviors emitted by the child were systematically varied as a function of the degree to which the manikin resembled and behaved like a human. The potential utility of utilizing an experimenter-controlled manikin in the analysis and possible modification of behavior is discussed.
Blacks and Mormonism: A Social Distance Change
Authors: Kunz Phillip R.
Published: September 2011

84 students in 1975 and 132 students in 1979 completed the Bogardus Social Distance Scale for 30 ethnic groups. Scores for 27 ethnic groups decreased over 3 yr., while that for Negroes showed greatest decrease for these 2 groups of Mormon students.
Effects of Task Instructions and Passage Difficulty on Semantic and Non-Semantic Processing of Linguistic Ideas
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

An active role in learning was assumed by the 80 volunteers in this experiment. Three independent variables were manipulated, knowledge of a recognition test, voicing an opinion about the passage, and the difficulty of passage. Three factorial analyses of variance showed significant main effects for knowledge of a recognition test and difficulty of passage on the nonsemantic section of the recognition task; significant three-way interactions of knowledge of the recognition task and voicing of an opinion and difficulty of the passage on the combined questions and on the semantic questions. The results fall within the depth of processing framework of Craik and Lockhart (1972).
Sucrose Preference as a Function of Water Deprivation and Prepreference Training
Authors: Cohen Jerome S. , Burtt Brian
Published: September 2011

Highly (23.5-hr.) as well as moderately (18-hr.) water-deprived animals preferred a location containing a 10% sucrose solution to one containing water after experiencing a series of forced-choice trials to each reward. Reliable incentive preferences were either eliminated or their development considerably retarded in highly water-deprived animals, however, when they experienced only sucrose at both positions prior to preference tests. These findings help explain discrepant results on the relationship of drive and incentive choice previously obtained in our laboratory from those in Beck's laboratory.
Relationships between Sex-Role Orientation and Attitudes toward Women as Managers
Authors: Collins Michael , Waters L. K. , Waters Carrie Wherry
Published: September 2011

The relationship between attitudes toward women performing in managerial roles and sex-role orientation was examined by correlating scores on subscales of the Women as Managers Scale with scores derived from the Bern Sex-role Inventory within homogeneous biological sex samples of 117 males and 222 females. Within each sex sample there were modest, but significant, relationships between sex-role orientation and attitudes toward women as managers; the direction of the relationships was significantly different for males and females. Those males and females who were more sex-stereotyped toward their own biological sex were less favorable about women performing in managerial roles.
Use and Evaluation of the Quick Test (QT): Partial Summary through October, 1979: I. Published Papers
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

96 substantial published references to the Quick Test are listed, originating from a literature search and replies to letters sent to 2634 users of record in 1979.
Gender Wording, Sex, and Response to Items on Achievement Value
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd B.
Published: September 2011

Research on the effects of question-wording in survey research has shown that response patterns are affected by minor changes in wording. A special case of wording effects on perception and response occurs in sex-role research where evidence indicates that generic “man” is perceived as gender “man.” Contrary to these findings, a 1977 experiment with 437 college students responding to items from Rosen and Strodtbeck's scale for achievement value showed that variation in gender-wording had little effect on response patterns.
Mood States and Acquiescence
Authors: Lorr Maurice , Wunderlich Richard A.
Published: September 2011

The study sought to evaluate the influence of extreme response style on mood state factors isolated. The factors obtained after partialling out response bias from intercorrelations of adjectives were compared with those obtained from the original set. A sample of the 349 high school students were administered a 63-adjective feeling-and-mood inventory. A principal axis analysis of the adjective intercorrelations disclosed seven mood states, all monopolar. After extreme response-bias score was partialled out of the intercorrelations the matrix of partial correlations was analyzed and seven factors were identified. Three of the mood states identified were bipolar and four were monopolar.
Correlational vs Experimental Research Strategies in Psychology
Authors: Miller Howard L. , O'Bannon R. Michael , Melvin Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

The issue of manipulation versus selection as a research strategy still seems to generate confusion. Present usage and past analyses of the issue are discussed. It is pointed out that the two approaches involve inferential problems at different points in the process of scientific generalization. Therefore, the strategies are complementary. Taken together, they can allow conclusions which neither alone could logically support.
Impact of Lecture Size on Student-Based Ratings of Instruction
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The study compared “small” and “large” size lecture classes on 35 ratings of instructional effectiveness. Group Interaction/Intimacy items were rated lower in classes with enrollments of 50 or more students.
Evidence for Validity of “Your Style of Learning and Thinking”
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Responses of 124 subjects to Your Style of Learning and Thinking, using What Kind of Person Are You, Personal-Social Motivation Inventory, Something About Myself and the Preconscious Activity Scale as criteria, show subjects who have a right-hemispheric-specialization score above median also have a significantly higher mean than those who score below the median on three of the four criteria ( ns = 62).
Word Association: Rehearsal Effects
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

A one-day retest of Kent-Rosanoff items embedded in lists used for another purpose showed over 5 days for the blocks of repeated 20 items each day a turn from personal to public dictionary, but not for the new block of 25 on that day.
Biofeedback-Regulated Asymmetries in Facial Skin Temperature
Authors: Bennett Catherine E. , Suter Steve
Published: September 2011

Although 5 of 7 subjects regulated asymmetries in skin temperature, differences between right and left temperatures were small. No relationship between hemisphere-specialized cognitions and asymmetries in facial skin temperature was demonstrated.
Child-Care Attitudes and Development of Young Children of Mentally ILL and Well Mothers
Authors: Cohler Bertram J. , Grunebaum Henry U. , Gallant David H. , Weiss Justin L. , Gamer Enid
Published: September 2011

Young children of mentally ill mothers and well mothers were administered the WPPSI. Mother and child were observed in the test situation and mothers were administered the Maternal Attitude Scale and a measure of intelligence. Even partialling out mothers' IQ, scores of mothers who believe in encouraging the child's interaction with the environment correlated with child's IQ. Lower birth weight and greater birth complications were related to maternal attitudes reflecting continuation of the mother-child symbiosis and, among well mothers, more intrusive behavior in the test situation was also related to the belief in the importance of continuing the symbiosis as well as to greater denial of child-rearing concerns.
Death Anxiety among the Elderly
Authors: Sanders James F. , Poole Thomas E. , Rivero W. T.
Published: September 2011

On the Death Anxiety Scale 31 blacks scored higher than 31 whites; but black and white males scored similarly. Females scored higher than men. No good explanations were noted.
Use of Moral Discussion as an Intervention with Delinquents
Authors: Rosenkoetter Lawrence I. , Landman Stephen , Mazak Stephen G.
Published: September 2011

Delinquents participated in 7 weekly small group discussions of their judgments in response to Kohlberg-type moral dilemmas. 13 boys' and 6 girls' stages of moral reasoning were assessed before and after these discussions. Premoral thought was reduced; most subjects either achieved or were in transition to stage 3 reasoning. Groups who stimulated strong participant involvement produced the most change in moral judgment. Data did not confirm the expectation that high levels of participation would lead to above average gains by individual subjects.
Career Preference of Medical Students and Their Attitudes about Themselves and Medical Specialists
Authors: Linn Bernard S. , Zeppa Robert
Published: September 2011

Junior medical students choosing surgery, internal medicine, or family practice as careers were studied in regard to whether their concepts of themselves as physicians were correlated with their attitudes toward professionals in these three careers. Those who chose surgery and family practice had significant correlations between Me-As-A-Doctor and attitudes about professionals in those fields. This was not true for students choosing internal medicine and may reflect a diversity of roles in that profession.
Developmental Changes in the Structure of Semantic Memory
Authors: Oka Naoki , Fukada Seiko , Mori Toshiaki
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to examine the developmental change in the structure of semantic memory by using multidimensional scaling. Preschool children (4-yr.-old and 5-yr.-old) performed 56 sorting tasks with 56 possible combinations of 3 words from 8 familiar words. A three-dimensional solution of the data showed (1) dimension I may be interpreted as a taxonomic category and the combination of Dimensions II and III as a complementary relationship. (2) Also, younger children put more weight on Dimensions II and III than older children, whereas older children put more weight on Dimension I.
Preference for Noncontingent Reinforcement by Children in Work and Play Situations
Authors: Winefield Anthony H. , Manglaras Nick
Published: September 2011

A group of 7- to 9-yr.-old children were given the choice between contingent reward (“work”) and noncontingent reward (“play”). For half the subjects the activity involved resembled work (doing sums) and for half the activity resembled play (playing with toy building blocks). Over-all, subjects preferred noncontingent reward particularly when the activity involved playing with building blocks. It was concluded that any activity which permits interaction with and control of the environment will be engaged in (so long as the consequences are not painful) and that studies purporting to show preference for “work” over “play” have generally failed to control for this variable.
Emotional, Intellectual and Physiological Predictors of Vocational Outcome of Pulmonary Rehabilitation Patients
Authors: Fix A. James , Daughton David , Kass Irving , Bell C. William , Golden Charles J.
Published: September 2011

Previous researchers have independently shown that pulmonary function measures, intelligence test scores, and a recently developed MMPI-derived scale can predict post-hospital employment among rehabilitation patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study compared the effectiveness of the three variables in predicting employment among a group of vocational rehabilitation candidates with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Only the MMPI-derived scale (COPD-VR) identified the non-working patients significantly above base rate. While this finding does not necessarily mean that personality, or attitudinal, factors are more important than physiological or intellectual variables in vocational rehabilitation success among such patients, it gives further support to the validity of the COPD-VR scale.
Delay of Reinforcement: The Role of Extended Training
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the role of extended training of rats given various parameters of delayed reinforcement. There were no differences in terminal acquisition goal speeds among groups given 0-, 5-, 10-, and 20-sec. delayed reinforcement. In run speeds, similar results occurred for the first three groups, the 20-sec. group being in disagreement only with respect to asymptotic performance. It is proposed these late acquisition effects have not been considered in most learning models.
Reservation versus Nonreservation American Indians' Loci of Control and Consumption of Alcohol
Authors: Whitley Gary P.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale was administered to 85 adult American Indians. The reservation group included 44 subjects, 18 of whom were heavy drinkers. The nonreservation group was composed of 41 subjects, 15 of whom were heavy drinkers. Subjects living on the reservation had scores more internal than subjects living outside the reservation. Heavy drinkers were more internal than light drinkers.
Mail Survey Response Rates: Effects of Questionnaire Topic and Length and Recipients' Community
Authors: Rudd Nancy M. , Maxwell Nan L.
Published: September 2011

A three-factor analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of topic and length of questionnaire and recipients' community on rates of response to a mail survey. Four topics, two questionnaire lengths and three types of communities were studied; each cell (topic × length × city) contained data for 50 households. Large city dwellers were more likely to respond than small town dwellers, and the response rate of an allegedly over-sampled city was not significantly different from that of another city of similar size. Questionnaire's topic and length did not affect return rates, and there were no interactions.
Marital Communication or Marital Adjustment? A Brief Report on the Marital Communication Inventory
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Jackson Robert W.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of clinical data from 17 middle-aged couples suggests that the Marital Communication Inventory, as a global measure, primarily assesses the perceived supportiveness of one's spouse. Previous reports of substantial correlations between self-report measures of marital adjustment and total scores on the inventory may be reinterpreted as artifacts of a general evaluative component common to the measures. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between marital communication and marital adjustment.
Job Involvement, Central Life Interest, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Ben-Porat A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the correlations between Job Involvement, Central Life Interest, and Job Satisfaction. It was expected that both Central Life Interest and Job Involvement have stable correlations with job satisfaction, and thus both scales are equally valid measurements of job behavior. 108 blue-collar employees rated their job involvement, central life interest, and job satisfaction. Both scales showed a moderate correlation with job satisfaction, and Job Involvement emerged as a relatively better measure of the job behavior.
Incidental Cue Utilization as a Function of its Incentive-Produced Validity under Two Levels of Water Deprivation
Authors: Cohen Jerome S. , Burtt Brian , Gates Robert
Published: September 2011

Moderately (18 hr.) water-deprived rats were able to utilize an incidental cue of floor-texture following learning of brightness of a goal door better than highly water-deprived (23.5 hr.) animals only when water and sucrose liquids were paired with attributes of the new cue. These findings along with results from three subsidiary experiments indicate that drive level influences utilization of incidental cues by determining the differential incentive value of rewards predicted by attributes of those cues. This formulation is contrary to the drive level-focus of attention model of Tolman (1948) and Easter-brook (1959).
Teachers' Perceptions and Classroom Interactions
Authors: Sherry Lee , Armstrong Stephen W. , Algozzine Bob
Published: September 2011

Classroom interactions with teachers have been shown to be differentially distributed as a function of a variety of students' characteristics. This study examined the extent to which teachers interacted differently with children they perceived to be bright or dull. Analysis indicated that the children teachers perceived as bright received more positive interactions than children rated as dull by their teachers. No differences were indicated for neutral or negative interactions. The results are discussed with regard to their implications within the field of teacher education.
Developmental Aspects of Adolescent Sexuality as Reflected in Reactions to Sexually Explicit Humor
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: September 2011

Male and female appreciation of sexual humor was assessed at the stages of early, middle, and late adolescence. 30 males and 30 females from Catholic schools served in each age group. Age, sex of subject, and sexual content explicitness of humor material were significant factors affecting enjoyment of sexual humor. Convergence in the appreciation of sexual humor between males and females occurred in middle adolescence, but dissimilar patterns of appreciation divergence appeared in early and late adolescence. The differential patterns of appreciation evidenced by the males and females of different ages was discussed in terms of the current patterns of sex-role restraints on the expression of sexuality during adolescent years and how these restraints have changed from those in preceding generations.
Immigrant and Native-Born American Attitudes toward Aged
Authors: Perry James S. , Cowburn Jean C.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes of 56 adults toward a person 25 to 35 yr. old and toward a person 70 to 78 yr. old were studied. Italian immigrants, Polish immigrants, Scottish immigrants, and native-born Americans rated 21 questions. Data were subjected to a 2 × 4 analysis of variance with age as a repeated measure. The Italian and Polish groups viewed the older person as being active, happy, and leading a full life. The Scottish and native-born American groups viewed the older person as more inactive but not necessarily unhappy. The native-born American group did not indicate a strong negative attitude toward the aged as had been predicted.
Use of Brief Intelligence Tests Administered in Pediatric Practice
Authors: Eich W. Foster
Published: September 2011

The author reviews his experience with the use of brief psychological intelligence tests in a pediatric clinic. Tests used were the Human Figure drawing, Bender-Gestalt, Ammons' Quick Test, Kent Emergency Scales, and Slosson Intelligence Test. Scores on all tests correlated moderately with a full-scale IQ as determined by a clinical psychologist. There were no statistically significant differences between the brief tests studied, but the Ammons' Quick Test and the Slosson Intelligence Test seemed to have slight advantages. Several cases were presented showing how these and other tests can be helpful to the developmental pediatrician.
Relationship between the Templer Death Anxiety Scale and the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale
Authors: Go Marc Var
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between the Templer Death Anxiety Scale and the four subscales of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. Product-moment correlations computed between 72 undergraduate nursing students' scores on these measures indicated that the two death anxiety scales were significantly correlated. Moreover, the Templer Death Anxiety Scale was most highly correlated with those Collett-Lester subscales which purportedly measure fears of one's own death and dying ( rs = .61, .51). The Templer scale appears to be not only a measure of death anxiety in general but also one of fears concerning personal demise in particular. Significant correlations between scales support their concurrent validity.
Therapists' Perceptions of the Psychotherapeutic Process: Development of a Psychotherapy Process Inventory
Authors: Baer Paul E. , Dunbar Philip W. , Hamilton Joseph E. , Beutler Larry E.
Published: September 2011

A psychotherapeutic process inventory of 74 items rated by therapists over an “average” of a series of therapy sessions was developed. Following initial determination of the inventory's reliability, the ratings of 99 patients were factor analyzed. The analysis yielded four meaningful psychotherapeutic process factors, characterized as therapeutic participation, resistance, directive support, and dysphoric concerns. Factor scores were highly reliable and were significantly related to individual differences among therapists, sex differences among patients, outcome of treatment, and pre-treatment MMPI scores.