bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barthes and the Visibility Turn: For a Non-Mimetic Image
Authors: Marty Éric
Published: September 2020

With Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes (1975), Barthes broke with a taboo on the image shared by most Modern thinkers: a Marxist and structuralist puritanism closely associated with a violent critique of mimesis. The break Barthes introduced derived primarily from his uncoupling of mimesis from the regime of visibility particular to the image. The importance of Barthes’s little book will be explored by placing it in the context of Modernity. On the one hand, it will be read in relation to readings of the image associated with Barthes’s contemporaries (for example, Foucault on Velazquez’s Las Meninas); on the other, it will be read alongside his earlier and later proclamations relative to the image, from Mythologies to La Chambre claire. A shift will be traced from the rejection of mimesis in favour of non-figuration, to the emergence of a more fundamental visual paradigm for Barthes of animate/inanimate, initially accounting for his stated preference for photography over cinema, but ultimately neutralised, in the second part of La Chambre claire, through his discussion of the female automaton sequence in Fellini’s Casanova, and its fetishistic relation to the invisible/visible presence of the Winter Garden photo of Barthes’s mother as a child.
Barthes and Insignificant Music
Authors: Noudelmann François
Published: September 2020

Barthes kept music separate from semiology, refusing to regard sounds as signs. By analysing music from the perspective of his body, he made audible its discreet phenomenologies. Many experiences, mental, psychic, and corporal, are at stake in performing and listening to music, and they played a subtle role in Barthes's thought. His listening and his musical practice led him to favour a relationship to his piano that permitted an imaginary appropriation and erotic play. Musical pulsation develops an intimate resistance to the law, one that combines repetition and perversion. Barthes highlights obsessive rhythms such as accents, syncopations, and off-beat rhythms. His writings on music, alluding to the language of the solitary body, emphasise erections and back-and-forth movements. He frequently over-interprets the performative indications on musical scores, such as the rubato or fingering, choosing to hear in them the sexual power of desire which leads the pianist towards a disseminated jouissance. By recording himself playing the piano, he extends this pleasure to enjoyment of his own rhythm as in an onanistic practice. From a theoretical perspective, musical practice allowed Barthes to bid his farewell to semiology and to maintain a subjective resistance, both philosophical and psychological, to social language.
Barthes’s Menippean Moment: Creative Criticism 1966–70
Authors: Stafford Andy
Published: September 2020

Using an unpublished seminar that Roland Barthes delivered in 1966–7, this chapter considers the challenge to rewrite, re-use, and ‘re-cover’ other writers’ texts. It shows, first in Critique et vérité, then across the seminar ‘La linguistique du discours’, and finally in the 1970 essay S/Z, that Barthes was developing a creative, literary-critical, practice rather than promoting ‘la nouvelle critique’. In this spirit of creative criticism, using Kristeva, Bakhtin, and Menippus, Barthes designed his radical approach to Balzac in S/Z. An egregious reading of Barthes’s approach notwithstanding (Bremond and Pavel, 1998), three elements are identified in his essayistic rewriting of Balzac’s Sarrasine that point to creative criticism: digression, drama, and historiality. These techniques allow Barthes’s essay both to distance and bring nearer the ‘tutor-text’ Sarrasine which, written in 1830, raised important questions about the cusp of modernity, and how to write criticism as literature.
Silence Is Consent for the Modern Presidency
Authors: Farrier Jasmine
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the breadth of executive power expansion in the twentieth century. It does this by studying private litigation cases that challenged presidential firings by Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt; the landmark “Steel Seizure” case under Harry Truman; financial settlements related to the Iran hostage crisis; the post-9/11 cases of detainee treatment; and the most recent passport case on the U.S. policy toward Israel's capital. In almost all of these private litigation cases, the Supreme Court looked at congressional intention and action to guide their decisions. These precedents help one to understand the most recent legal controversies against President Donald Trump. Wherever federal courts can find Congress's delegation of power, presidents will likely win.
Lawful but Awful
Authors: Farrier Jasmine
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter assesses whether federal courts can stop the systemic dysfunction in the separation of powers by policing every allegedly egregious instance of presidential overreach and/or force members of the House and Senate to revive institutional ambition? This book answers no, while also acknowledging the deep and broad existential crisis that has led hundreds of members to seek relief outside of the chambers' vast arsenal of existing constitutional weapons. The twelve interviews conducted for this book explored the “awful” side of congressional delegation of power and executive expansion, which are more than theoretical constitutional arguments. The human consequences of executive branch unilateralism can be tragic, with ripple effects that last decades. These points were especially prominent among members and attorneys on specific foreign policies that have destabilized governments around the world and inflicted lasting harm to innocent civilians and, some argue, long-term U.S. national security. The “lawful” perspective of these conflicts is not necessarily a defense of these policies, nor a muscular executive branch in general. Rather, federal judges cannot take on the presidency in sustained and meaningful ways without Congress's support for its own prerogatives and powers—regardless of which party is in power and where.
Return to Cornell
Authors: Comstock Anna Botsford
Published: September 2020

This chapter recounts Anna Botsford and John Henry Comstock's return to Ithaca, as well as Henry's return to entomology at Cornell University. Henry was given a new laboratory on the second floor of McGraw Hall. In November of 1881, the University raised the salaries of the assistant professors, which allowed the Comstocks to pay the mortgage of their house. It was about this time that Henry began seriously to write a textbook for use in his classes. In March of 1882, he made an address before a Teachers' Institute held in Ithaca, asking teachers to interest the children in their natural environment. Listening to this address inspired Anna to pursue nature study work.
California and Stanford University
Authors: Comstock Anna Botsford
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how, on December 23, 1891, Anna Botsford and John Henry Comstock left Ithaca for Stanford University. Henry had very enthusiastic and fine students in all his classes. Meanwhile, Anna gave a lecture on wood engraving, as she had her work with her and plenty of illustrative material. It was her first university lecture and she was gratified at the interest in the art which she aroused. The Comstocks left Stanford at the end of the semester and returned to Cornell University in Ithaca. The chapter then looks at the publication of the Wilder Quarter Century Book in 1893, a memorial to Dr. Burt G. Wilder for his twenty-five years of teaching at Cornell, and the permanent establishment of the Comstock Publishing Company.
The Two hundred and Fiftieth-anniversary Celebration of the Royal Society and The International Entomological Congress
Authors: Comstock Anna Botsford
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes how John Henry Comstock was asked to represent Cornell University at the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the Royal Society of London in 1912. On the evening after the Comstocks' arrival in London, Henry went to the first informal meeting of the delegates to the Royal Society Celebration. On July 16, 1912, there was an impressive service in Westminster Abbey, which was attended by the delegates who were all in Academic dress. That evening, there was a great dinner in the Guild hall for the delegates. Eleven of the wives of delegates, including Anna Botsford Comstock, were entertained at dinner by Lady Bradford at her home in Manchester Square. The closing event of the celebration was the garden party at Windsor Castle. The delegates were received by their Majesties in the palace and were shown through it afterwards. Henry then attended the International Congress of Entomologists in Oxford in August of 1912.
Editor’s Epilogue
Authors: Comstock Anna Botsford
Published: September 2020

This epilogue focuses on the last two years of Anna Botsford and John Henry Comstock's lives. The summer after their return from Mentone, Mrs. Comstock amended her will, on July 2, 1926, to bequeath some special provisions to family friend William A. Slingerland, then Comstock Publishing Company (CPC) manager. The CPC was slated for reorganization in 1928, as part of the specifications from Professor Comstock's will, and Mrs. Comstock began making her preparations early to ensure Slingerland's success in the future. Almost one month after the amendment to Mrs. Comstock's will, in the late summer of 1926, Professor Comstock suffered his first paralytic shock. The epilogue then details the CPC scandal brought about by Slingerland. However, it was not until after Mr. Comstock's death in February of 1931 that Slingerland was dissolved of any association with CPC. Meanwhile, Mrs. Comstock taught her last course at Cornell University in the summer of 1930; she died on August 24 in her home.
German Buenos Aires Asunder
Authors: Kelz Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter contextualizes Argentina's thriving German theater scene in German emigration patterns to Argentina; the interplay between German emigrants and their Argentine hosts; and the tensions among local nationalist, antifascist, and Zionist German-language religious, educational, and media institutions. Primarily constituted by emigrants who arrived in the late nineteenth century and in the 1920s, the nationalist colony was characterized by nostalgia for the Wilhelmine monarchy, aversion to the Weimar Republic and, eventually, support for Hitler. The antifascists consisted of a minority of earlier emigrants who supported the Weimar Republic and mostly Jewish German-speaking refugees who fled to Argentina during Nazism. Nominally neutral until late 1944, Argentina permitted pro- and anti-Hitler German media, schools, and cultural centers to flourish, thus whetting extant hostilities among emigrants. Conflict also pervaded the refugee population, which was divided on issues of cultural identity, Jewish integration into the Argentine host society, and collective German guilt for the Shoah.
Theater on the Move
Authors: Kelz Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the journey of the German Theater's founder, Ludwig Ney, from Europe to Paraguay and, ultimately, Argentina. Shifting to Jewish actors, the chapter then reconstructs three Jewish thespian refugees' flights to South America and explores how their work onstage both exposed them to Nazi persecution and facilitated their escapes to an unlikely reunion in Argentina. This discussion emphasizes the interdependency between actors and audiences at theaters in times of crisis, casting dramatic performances as a laboratory for testing survival strategies amid the rise of European fascism. Another focus is the evolution of theater management during the 1930s. Bereft of state subventions, stages were compelled to upend the tradition of cultural theater, adopting instead a market-based approach to repertoire and advertising similar to popular entertainment venues, like the cinema. This controversial model became the blueprint for the Free German Stage in Buenos Aires.
Epilogue
Authors: Noggle James
Published: September 2020

This epilogue studies William Godwin's theory of ideology, assessing his book Enquiry concerning Political Justice (1796), which identifies unfelt and active forces holding humanity back from social happiness. The virtuality of feeling for Godwin is a potential menace. The very mechanism of the human mind perpetuates a tacit politics of nonconsciousness, a politics embedded in tacitness, and “it is this circumstance that constitutes the insensible empire of prejudice.” In the interaction between felt and unfelt, perceptible and imperceptible, lie the deepest roots of oppression. The many kinds of writing surveyed in this book that use the idiom of the insensible in some ways anticipate what must look to people now like Godwin's theory of ideology. What the writers discussed in this book—from the late seventeenth century onward—have treated as natural changes wrought by the slowness of time can be seen through Godwin's eyes as entailing a political dimension: an oppressively slow mode of acquired and reinforced beliefs that humanity is desperate to overcome. Beyond that, the four areas of eighteenth-century prose treated in this book's four chapters each employs the idiom to describe what could look like the basic components of an ideology of modern Western liberalism.
The Defense of Acarnania in 389
Authors: Blome David A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses the Defense of Acarnania in 389. It demonstrates that not only had the Acarnanians developed a sophisticated defensive strategy that predated the Spartan invasion of 389, but their collective capabilities were rooted in the pre-koinon era of their history. As events leading up to the invasion of 389 show, the Acarnanians were fully capable of attacking coastal settlements beyond their own borders. By the first quarter of the fourth century, the ethnos of the Acarnanians constituted a well-connected, well-organized, and efficient political entity that was thoroughly adapted to the broader geopolitical context of the Greek mainland. Ultimately, the Acarnanians' successful defense of 389 was possible without the structure of a formal federal state and the direction of a central power. The Defense of 389 certainly required leadership, and there is no question that Acarnanian generals were directing the individual contingents of slingers, javelineers, peltasts, and hoplites that attacked the Spartans and their allies. These individuals must have been leading figures within individual Acarnanian communities, and they may have constituted the Acarnanian congress at Stratos. Yet there are no grounds to conclude that they were also federal magistrates constituting or supervised by a standing, central government.
The Defense of Arcadia in 370
Authors: Blome David A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the Defense of Arcadia in 370. During the summer of 370, the Arcadians formed a formal koinon known as the Arcadian League. At the very interface of the transition from ethnos to koinon, the Arcadians had to face a Spartan-led invasion that threatened the existence of their nascent league. The Arcadians' response to this invasion—the Defense of Arcadia—was the first collective action of the Arcadian League documented in a contemporary source. But past scholarship has virtually ignored the dynamics and greater significance of this encounter, leaving a series of questions open for investigation. Was it the case that the founding of a formal league finally enabled widespread collective action in Arcadia? Was the organized force of Arcadians opposing the Spartan invasion of 370 a federal army? The chapter seeks to answer these questions by reconstructing the intricacies of the Arcadians' defense. Such an approach reveals that the Arcadians enacted a sophisticated defensive strategy that existed before the invasion of 370. This strategy made use of the basic infrastructure of the region, exploited a number of geographical and tactical advantages, and relied on the cooperation of civilian populations to observe, control, menace, attack, and ultimately drive off the invading army.
Producing the Frontier
Authors: Ballvé Teo
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how the main force behind the making of this frontier was the city of Medellín's neocolonial designs on the region. During the first half of the twentieth century, Medellín's urban elites, mostly white and famously conservative, set out to subjugate Urabá and its overwhelmingly Afro-Colombian population. The historical–geographical contours of Urabá's production as a frontier zone was driven by a profoundly racist set of cultural politics emanating from the city. Following a classic metropole–satellite relation, the frontier emerged via Medellín's attempt to bring the gulf region into the city's cultural, political, and economic orbit, and the construction of the Highway to the Sea was a central part of this process. The relationship turned into a form of uneven development: the accumulation of wealth by a small elite in Medellín was systematically linked to the accumulation of exploitation and poverty in Urabá. For locals, the violent relations between land, labor, and capital at the heart of this internal colonialism came to define the frontier as a lived experience.
Digital Organizing
Authors: Brescia Ray
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses the current social innovation moment, looking at the potential impact of digital communications tools on organizing. Digital communications tools help build weak ties, decentralize communication and engagement, help communicate norms (both good and bad), strengthen the ability of the members of a network to coordinate their efforts, offer new modes of engagement, increase and amplify network effects, and facilitate effective crowdsourcing. In theory at least, one can see that these digital tools, and the capacities they create, likely can enhance the ability to create social capital and solve collective action problems. The chapter then analyzes the West Virginia teachers' strike of 2018, examining it in light of the capacities that new tools—like the Internet, social media, and mobile technologies—offer for building and strengthening movements. The West Virginia teachers found social media an efficient tool for organizing rallies, protests, and other activities throughout the state. Thus, one of the greatest strengths of digital tools seems to be their capacity to assist their users to coordinate action.
Marriage Equality in Maine
Authors: Brescia Ray
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the campaign for marriage equality, focusing on an effort to pass a pro-marriage equality ballot referendum in Maine in 2012. The marriage equality coalition in Maine connected to the social change matrix primarily by harnessing the power of its message. By using the language of marriage equality, connecting to prospective voters, and developing trust on a personal level, the campaign seems to have perfected the art of messaging. A deeper look into the campaign shows that it seems to have harnessed the other components of the matrix as well: that of network and medium. Freedom to Marry formed as a national organization that connected to local organizations that worked at the state level to promote marriage equality through a number of legal mechanisms. They used tools such as conference calls and e-mail to communicate instantaneously throughout the country. Indeed, digital technology helped facilitate the work of the campaign in many ways. Canvassers had iPhones and iPads as they went door-to-door, using these devices to show video clips to prospective voters. In addition, the campaign was able to circulate the stories prospective voters had shared through social media.
A Living Wage in Long Beach
Authors: Brescia Ray
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes a campaign to raise the minimum wage for hotel workers in Long Beach, California, exploring the deft use of the social change matrix to address income inequality in a way that was adapted to local conditions. The Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy (LAANE) studied the tourism industry in Long Beach and highlighted both the role of tax breaks for this industry in the community as well as the low wages paid to workers in it. Teaming up with a local chapter of UNITE HERE Local 11—the union that represents workers in the hotel, food service, and gaming industries—LAANE began to advocate for higher wages for employees in hotels in Long Beach. The UNITE HERE–LAANE partnership did not do much in terms of social media to promote its message, although it had a Facebook page and used Twitter and other channels. Instead, it used the mails and, most important, the face-to-face, door-to-door canvassing to get its message out.
Conclusion
Authors: Trotter LaTonya J.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter argues that, although created as a solution to physician scarcity, the nurse practitioner (NP) is just as often working on the front lines of the care crisis. The Forest Grove Elder Services ostensibly hired its NPs for their medical expertise, but in practice, it deployed them as much more than substitute physicians. In addition to the mandates of medical work, the Grove held its NPs uniquely responsible for care coordination. Ultimately, the NPs' performance of organizational care work had become the cornerstone of the Grove's goal of comprehensive care provision. Yet it was equally clear that the work and expertise required to meet this goal were largely unacknowledged. Indeed, NPs' work often goes unrecognized, but their performance of it has the potential to transform how patients experience the health care encounter. The chapter then suggests that NPs are often not doing the same work as physicians. In this account, the aim is not only to reveal the hidden work of yet another location of feminized labor but also to shine a light on the central importance of that work for patients.
Taming and Reframing Buffalo Bill
Authors: Lupack Barbara Tepa
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies Ted Wharton's final film for Essanay: a historical epic, originally titled The Indian Wars (1914) and later released under various other titles. That film, one of the first to be made with historical preservation in mind, would reenact some of the major Indian battles. Few other producers were capable of managing such a massive and challenging project. Ted, however, had already demonstrated his ability to recreate a similar large-scale “splendid Historical Pageant.” The Indian Wars promised to be even more spectacular. The film was largely the creation of the legendary William Cody, a colorful and iconic figure known worldwide by his public persona of “Buffalo Bill.” Recognizing the broad impact of film, Cody determined to use the new medium as a vehicle for writing—or, in some cases, rewriting—his own history and shaping his legacy.
Asking Beatrice
Authors: Lupack Barbara Tepa
Published: September 2020

This chapter recounts how, soon after completing The Mysteries of Myra, the Wharton brothers undertook a new production, Beatrice Fairfax (1916). This serial was financed once again by William Randolph Hearst and distributed by his International Film Service through the Pathé Exchange. Originally titled Letters to Beatrice, it capitalized on the recent trend of real-life female reporters, who “became familiar, consistent personalities, much like serial queens” and who sought out “novel and thrilling experiences that extended the experiential sphere of women” by vivifying places and activities that were typically “out of reach to women, restricted by virtue of either their danger or their indelicacy.” The Whartons' serial, which reflected the strong real-life collaboration with newspapers that had made the serial genre so popular, was based on Fairfax's widely read “Advice to the Lovelorn” column syndicated by Hearst. But, in fact, there was no actual Beatrice Fairfax; that was a pseudonym used by Hearst employee Marie Manning.
Confronting the Barons
Authors: Zeidel Robert F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter evaluates how the fundamental question of whether business interests bore responsibility for attracting pernicious foreigners dominated the 1890s. Personal connections, such as the one between Andrew Carnegie and his steel empire, characterized the decade's labor disputes. Commercial growth and the trend toward consolidation had created large conglomerates, which seemed to signify the nation's coming of age. Even so, recurring class violence affected some of the nation's largest and most prominent businesses and cast a pall upon this glittery milieu. Here was the essence of the Gilded Age, incredible opulence coupled with unsightly social unrest. Against this backdrop, Americans of the 1890s struggled to understand why such incidents seemed to occur with increasing frequency. In the minds of angry workers, fault lay with the economic barons, but those barons and their supporters saw things differently, placing responsibility on the very immigrant employees upon whom their companies relied to meet their labor needs. Employers' only transgression seemed to be their unfortunate hiring of alien subversives.
Turmoil Amid Reform
Authors: Zeidel Robert F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses how Woodrow Wilson's candidacy, along with that of Theodore Roosevelt and Eugene Debs, signaled the height of the Progressive Era, a time beginning in the early 1900s when Americans believed that sufficient application of proper ways and means could alleviate virtually any social or economic malady. Progressives held contrasting ideas about how best to address immigrant-related issues, especially the extent to which their continued influx would exacerbate a host of problems. Some, like Wilson, saw immigrants as valuable additions to the United States, and emphasized the need to assimilate them properly so that they would come to embody “American” values and practices. Others believed that immigrants contributed disproportionately to social ills, a propensity that justified their exclusion. To these restrictionists, the imposition of more effective ways to reduce the number of immigrants and improve the quality of those allowed in would contribute to national rectification. Businesses in need of immigrant laborers sought ways to allay the restrictionists' fears, but new labor conflicts involving foreign-born women and men complicated their efforts. Two years after the 1912 election, the outbreak of war in Europe exacerbated domestic concerns about the loyalty of foreign-born residents, further complicating America's “immigration problem.”
The Strategy of Foreign Subversion
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the core theoretical argument of this book: states with incompatible policy interests subvert state authority in the pursuit of foreign policy objectives against their adversaries. This conflictual behavior weakens state authority and impedes state consolidation. The chapter then describes the use of subversion as an instrument of statecraft and the political benefits of delegating disruption to local proxies in the target state. It explores the strategic and operational advantages of subversion, and considers how this foreign policy lever can help states increase the probability that they will prevail in their disputes with adversaries. Because subversion is not costless, the chapter also examines the constraints that would-be sponsors face when considering this tool of statecraft. Finally, it introduces three mechanisms through which subversion undermines state authority, showing how foreign support plays a pivotal role in these processes. Target states are hardly passive victims of subversion, yet their efforts to respond to foreign subversion rarely recapture the authority losses imposed on them by the sponsor state.
Hostile Neighbors, Weak Peripheries
Authors: Lee Melissa M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers three different tests of implications from this book’s theory. It predicts a relationship between two key conditions—policy incompatibility and the availability of proxy groups—that make subversion likely, and the effects of subversion on state authority. To examine whether the evidence supported that prediction, the chapter draws on an original measure of state weakness that varies subnationally, which was previously introduced in the first chapter. This measure of state weakness is used in three ways. Taken together, these three analyses point to an important finding: rival neighboring states weaken state authority over territory in target countries when proxies are available. These rivals are states with severe policy incompatibilities with the target, and they are especially likely to pursue their policy interests using foreign subversion as an instrument of statecraft. The effect of subversion on state authority is large and important, and the consequences of these state authority deficits are considerable in human welfare terms.
Racialized Advantage
Authors: Rury John L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with changes in the Missouri suburbs, describing their consolidation and growth across the postwar period. Particular attention is devoted to several of these districts, which served as bellwethers of change across the period. They include North Kansas City, which grew rapidly through a process of annexation, eventually more than tripling in size geographically as smaller districts agreed to join it. The other districts are Raytown and Hickman Mills to the south, both of which had been consolidated many years earlier. These districts expanded in population during the postwar era, especially Hickman Mills, which registered the fastest growth rate in the region. They offer an interesting contrast, however, in efforts aimed at excluding blacks and other groups considered undesirable. In particular, Raytown may have represented the period's most active case of opportunity hoarding.
“I Have a HUD-Ache”
Authors: Kneeland Timothy W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on citizen frustration with the slow speed of federal and state response to Hurricane Agnes, which became simmering anger among those left homeless and unemployed by the 1972 floods. As members of the executive branch worked on the details of the proposed $3.1 billion in aid and Congress scrutinized the legislation, many victims of the storm found that government regulations and rules prevented them from gaining access to the promised loans, repairs, or housing assistance. Anger mounted in New York and Pennsylvania, spilling out in a singular moment in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, when storm victims angrily confronted Housing and Urban Development (HUD) secretary George Romney with accusations of government failure in the wake of Agnes. This confrontation, which was reported nationwide by print and broadcast media, encapsulates the tension between government officials and disaster victims. The disaster struck at a critical time in U.S. politics. Public antipathy was on the rise in the early 1970s, driven in part by the government's promises and a myriad of generous programs it had created. Perhaps, as scholars suggest, this was due to the rise of the administrative state, which empowered administrators by stressing science, rationality, and bureaucracy as a means of delivering on government promises, which meant there must be regulations, paperwork, and a methodical process for delivering on, and sometimes denying, people's claims.
The Disaster Relief Act of 1974
Authors: Kneeland Timothy W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies how, after his landslide reelection in 1972, Richard Nixon began his campaign to change the trajectory of American disaster policy and create a new era in which preparation and mitigation at the local level of government was a requirement to receive any assistance from the federal government. In signing the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 on May 22 of that year, Nixon remarked that this bill “truly brings the new federalism to our disaster preparedness and assistance activities.” The significance of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 is debatable; some analysts see it as a continuation of practices set into motion by the Disaster Relief Act of 1950, whereas others see it as a significant departure from prior disaster legislation. The Disaster Relief Act of 1974 marked the beginning of the regulatory phase of disaster assistance, an era in which the federal government limited federal costs and forced individuals and communities to assume some of the responsibility of living in disaster-prone areas. The legislation contained the provisions requiring states and localities to take steps to mitigate future disasters. Moreover, it required communities to have plans and contingencies for disaster, which laid the foundation of the professionalization of emergency management. The chapter then considers the creation of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
Rise of the Black Campus Movement
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the rise of the black campus movement. University of Michigan (UM) leaders were not ready for black campus activism; they took comfort in the fact that black activism was still something unfolding off campus. That all changed in the late 1960s. Black activism that took over buildings and shut down classes threatened university operations. The black campus activists also offered more radical visions of inclusion than federal bureaucrats had. They wanted to create an institution that saw racial justice as the driving force of its mission. A new president led the University of Michigan through these protests. Arriving at the university in January of 1968, Robben Fleming introduced a new managerial strategy to co-opt activism. His efforts worked briefly to stem the tide of black student protests in the late 1960s, but they ultimately failed when Fleming did not provide the types of policies and initiatives that would satisfy activists. By 1970, black student activists organized the most successful student strike in the university's history, calling into question whether UM leaders could retain control of the meaning and character of racial inclusion.
Controlling Inclusion
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses how the five-year period between 1970 and 1975 changed the University of Michigan (UM). The university implemented the most ambitious affirmative action admissions policies in its history, increased the number of black officials on campus, and redistributed millions of dollars to inclusion initiatives. At the same time, UM administrators deployed new and old techniques to co-opt black campus activism. They added new disciplinary codes to deter confrontational activism; expanded the inclusion bureaucracy; and fought against black, Asian American, Chicano, and Native American activists who tried to build on the Black Action Movement (BAM) concessions. By 1975, BAM's revolutionary vision that called for a new institutional mission was nowhere to be found. The university still had not reached the 10 percent black enrollment goal, and the racial climate was still creating obstacles for black students on campus. The fact that black campus activists were not able to mobilize a campus strike that rivaled BAM's in response to these failures signaled that executive administrators had a firm grasp on racial inclusion once again.
The University as Victim
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: September 2020

This epilogue details how, in 2006, Michigan voters approved an amendment to the state Constitution that banned affirmative action in public institutions. One way to read Proposal 2 is as the culmination of a conservative backlash to affirmative action at the University of Michigan (UM). There is no doubt that these anti-affirmative action efforts have made racial inclusion more difficult at UM. But UM officials have long crafted visions of inclusion that accommodated and defended racial inequality. Proposal 2 did not create racial disparities and a poor racial climate at UM—it simply exacerbated existing problems. In the wake of Proposal 2, black enrollment began to decline, and the racial climate worsened. Battles on campus since 2006 have revolved around the university's culpability in racial retrenchment. University officials have deployed racial innocence, blaming the constitutional amendment for any problems on campus. Black students, however, have tried to hold UM accountable for its part in the new era of retrenchment, despite Proposal 2.
Working in Japan
Authors: Liu-Farrer Gracia
Published: September 2020

This chapter maps the diverse patterns of immigrants' labor market participation and career mobility. Several characteristics stand out. First, immigrants in Japan occupy diverse roles in the Japanese economy. They provide low-wage casual or disposable labor in the secondary labor market as well as work as highly skilled professionals in global businesses. Second, different national or regional backgrounds have shown uneven potential for socioeconomic mobility. Finally, the chapter shows that immigrants are creatively engaged in the Japanese economy. Not only are they needed as supplemental labor, but immigrants in Japan are also forces for bridging the Japanese economy with markets outside the country. The chapter then highlights the strategies that immigrants employ to find their niche in Japan's economy—from occupational niching to transnational entrepreneurship. Through finding niches and bridging structural holes, immigrants utilize their unique capacity to not only survive and thrive in Japan's economy but also act as the agents of globalization.
High Modernism and the Development Decade
Authors: Scott-Smith Tom
Published: September 2020

This chapter concerns the period of high modernism, when expansive ambitions of scientific progress promised new foods from a variety of fantastical sources, including algae grown on sewage, fungi grown on oil, and inedible leaves that could be boiled into protein curd. These projects encapsulated the vision of a cheap, efficient, mass-produced famine treatment that could finally end starvation. Beginning with Leaf Protein Concentrate, which emerged from postwar investigations into food shortage, high modernist hopes soon moved to less appetizing foods made from algae and junk fish, driven by an even more futuristic and top-down vision of life emerging from primordial sources. After this initial burst of enthusiasm came a different high modernist concept: the complete nutritional wonder-product, which was meant to offer a balanced meal in a simple powder or sachet. After generating great interest in aid agencies, this ideology began to go into decline by the early 1970s, limited by expense, complexity, and fundamental impracticality.
The Beginning
Authors: Small Cathy A. , Kordosky Jason , Moore Ross
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses how the author first met Ross Moore, a homeless man in a dog park. Moore later became the author's friend; indeed, he co-authored this book on homelessness. Drawing heavily on Moore's experiences, as well as those of many other homeless people, this book studies the experience of homelessness, seen from a homeless point of view. The details of homelessness that the author glimpsed through her long-term relationship with Moore made her more aware of how her own perception of homelessness had been directed into the grooves of American narratives. It is not that these stories are untrue. It is simply that they represent a fragment of homeless life that fails to paint a portrait beyond a caricature.
The Stigma of Being Homeless
Authors: Small Cathy A. , Kordosky Jason , Moore Ross
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the stigma of being homeless. As demanding and unpleasant as the physical conditions of being homeless are, they are not, for many, the primary challenge of being without a residence. One of the most difficult transitions for individuals in becoming homeless is taking on the homeless identity. The chapter then identifies three discourses that people use to discuss and interpret homelessness: (1) sin-talk, in which homelessness is seen to arise from the character flaws or immorality of the homeless individual; (2) sick-talk, in which homelessness is framed as an illness that should be treated and cured; and (3) system-talk, in which homelessness is framed as the product of systemic injustice or instability. These narratives do not simply represent public perception; they enter, regionally and historically, into policy decisions. Indeed, they affect the homeless' view of themselves.
Home at Last
Authors: Small Cathy A. , Kordosky Jason , Moore Ross
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the overlap of being poor and being homeless. Both conditions are persistently plagued by little or variable disposable income. Both are immersed in an ongoing accounting and verification process with social, government, and legal agencies, and both depend on the same, often predatory businesses to conduct one's life. To illuminate this, the chapter recounts three trips with Ross Moore and/or his wife, Wendi: a visit to a pawnshop, a visit to a free food store, and a visit to a federal housing office. These three visits demonstrate that the line between being homeless and simply being poor is thin at best, maybe even imaginary, because, like Ross and Wendi, people go back and forth between the categories. They show that “living poor” shares the same qualities of vulnerability, uncertainty, and looming authority that shape the lives of the homeless.
Comparable behaviour of ring and little fingers due to an artificial reduction in thumb contribution to hold objects
Authors: Rajakumar Banuvathy , SKM Varadhan
Published: September 2020

Background

The human hand plays a crucial role in accomplishing activities of daily living. The contribution of each finger in the human hand is remarkably unique in establishing object stabilization. According to the mechanical advantage hypothesis, the little finger tends to exert a greater normal force than the ring finger during a supination moment production task to stabilize the object. Similarly, during pronation, the index finger produces more normal force when compared with the middle finger. Hence, the central nervous system employs the peripheral fingers for torque generation to establish the equilibrium as they have a mechanical advantage of longer moment arms for normal force. In our study, we tested whether the mechanical advantage hypothesis is supported in a task in which the contribution of thumb was artificially reduced. We also computed the safety margin of the individual fingers and thumb.

Methodology

Fifteen participants used five-finger prismatic precision grip to hold a custom-built handle with a vertical railing on the thumb side. A slider platform was placed on the railing such that the thumb sensor could move either up or down. There were two experimental conditions. In the “Fixed” condition, the slider was mechanically fixed, and hence the thumb sensor could not move. In the “Free” condition, the slider platform on which the thumb sensor was placed could freely move. In both conditions, the instruction was to grasp and hold the handle (and the platform) in static equilibrium. We recorded tangential and normal forces of all the fingers.

Results

The distribution of fingertip forces and moments changed depending on whether the thumb platform was movable (or not). In the free condition, the drop in the tangential force of thumb was counteracted by an increase in the normal force of the ring and little finger. Critically, the normal forces of the ring and little finger were statistically equivalent. The safety margin of the index and middle finger did not show a significant drop in the free condition when compared to fixed condition.

Conclusion

We conclude that our results does not support the mechanical advantage hypothesis at least for the specific mechanical task considered in our study. In the free condition, the normal force of little finger was comparable to the normal force of the ring finger. Also, the safety margin of the thumb and ring finger increased to prevent slipping of the thumb platform and to maintain the handle in static equilibrium during the free condition. However, the rise in the safety margin of the ring finger was not compensated by a drop in the safety margin of the index and middle finger.
Rho‐associated protein kinase‐dependent moesin phosphorylation is required for PD‐L1 stabilization in breast cancer
Authors: Meng Fanbiao , Su Yang , Xu Bo
Published: September 2020

Expression of programmed cell death ligand (PD‐L1) is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Understanding the regulation of PD‐L1 expression in breast cancer could provide a new strategy for breast cancer treatment. Here, we demonstrate that moesin (MSN) phosphorylation by Rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK) stabilizes PD‐L1 protein levels. Our results indicate that phosphorylated MSN may compete with the E3 ubiquitin ligase SPOP for binding PD‐L1. ROCK inhibition via the Y‐27632 inhibitor or MSN silencing decreased PD‐L1 expression, resulting in T‐cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. Administration of Y‐27632 into immunocompetent Balb/c mice bearing breast tumors suppressed tumor progression and enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell infiltration. RNA‐seq analysis of Y‐27632‐treated mouse tumors revealed that ROCK inhibition upregulated several immune response genes. However, the combination of Y‐27632 and an anti‐PD‐1 antibody did not show additive or synergistic effects due to reduced PD‐L1 in the presence of Y‐27632. Our study unravels a previously unappreciated mechanism of PD‐L1 regulation through the ROCK‐MSN pathway. Moreover, we found that ROCK inhibitors could be combined with breast cancer immunotherapy.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Techniques
Authors: Morten Michael J. , Reid Dylan A. , Rothenberg Eli
Published: September 2020

The past decade has been witnessed to exciting developments in advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques that rely on visualizing single emitting fluorophores. The proliferation of single‐molecule fluorescent imaging techniques and their application in biological research have the potential to revolutionize how research is performed and greatly increase our understanding of biological systems. Presently, these techniques are still relatively niche owing to technological barriers, but it is foreseeable that they will become an increasingly common way in which insights are sought in biology. Here, we review the basic principles of key single‐molecule techniques and their recent biological applications.
Defect Engineering to Achieve Wake‐up Free HfO2‐Based Ferroelectrics
Authors: Kashir Alireza , Oh Seungyeol , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: September 2020

Wake‐up effect is still an obstacle in the commercialization of hafnia‐based ferroelectric thin films. Herein, the effect of defects, controlled by ozone dosage, on the field cycling behavior of the atomic layer deposited Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) films is investigated. A nearly wake‐up free device is achieved after reduction of carbon contamination and oxygen defects by increasing the ozone dosage. The sample which is grown at 30 s ozone pulse duration shows about 97% of the woken‐up Pr at the pristine state whereas that grown below 5 s ozone pulse time shows a pinched hysteresis loop, that underwent a large wake‐up effect. This behavior is attributed to the increase in oxygen vacancy and carbon concentration in the films deposited at insufficient O3 dosage, which is confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) scan shows that the increase in ozone pulse time yields the reduction of tetragonal phase; therefore, the dielectric constant reduces. The I–V measurements reveal the increase in current density as the ozone dosage decreases, which might be due to the generation of oxygen vacancies in the deposited film. Finally, the dynamics of wake‐up effect is investigated, and it appears to be explained well by the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogoroff model, which is based on structural phase transformation.