bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Family, and Migration
Authors: Brettell Caroline B.
Published: February 2013

This article begins with three stories that represent intersectionality in women's experiences of migration, in relation not only to national origin, class, educational background, and age, but also to broader social and cultural issues as well as individual life experiences. It explores this intersectional diversity further while considering the significance of the analytic concept of gender to a more complete understanding of the migration process. First it discusses what has been labeled the “feminization of migration”, touching briefly on the importance of considering gender in relation to the governance of migration as well as on how the “culture of migration” that is in place in many sending societies is itself gendered. It then turns to an analysis of the gendered immigrant workplace, and finally to a discussion of the impact of migration on the family, particularly the nature of transnational families.
Regions and Regionalism
Authors: Geddes Andrew
Published: February 2013

This article seeks to identify the scope of, limits on, and potential for international migration in its various forms to become a component of interstate regionalism. The analysis is presented in five sections. The first section defines interstate regionalism and explores the place of regional organizations in the institutional architecture of world politics after World War II. The second section presents an overview of the economic effects of regionalism. The third explores the renewed interest in regionalism after the end of the Cold War. The fourth section provides an overview of extant regional organizations. The fifth analyzes European integration, with the question posed of whether regionalism in Europe is an exception rather than a model. The conclusion highlights the challenges posed by existing forms of regional organization and identifies some directions for future enquiry.
Poles Apart: The Politics of Illegal Immigration in America
Authors: Tichenor Daniel J. , Rosenblum Marc R.
Published: February 2013

This article analyzes the contemporary U.S. immigration policy debate. To understand why U.S. policymakers have struggled to address the nation's most significant immigration problems while immigration control measures have intensified, it identifies and examines five daunting barriers to broad reform. It considers immigration reform politics under Obama's two most immediate predecessors, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. These presidents ultimately made markedly different strategic choices on this combustible issue, with contrasting long-term implications. The article concludes by reviewing the politics of immigration policy during the first three years of the Obama administration and identifying persistent obstacles to comprehensive immigration reform.
Introduction: The Evolution of Oral History
Authors: Ritchie Donald A.
Published: February 2013

Oral history is as old as the first recorded history and as new as the latest digital recorder. Long before the practice acquired a name and standard procedures, historians conducted interviews to gain insight into great events, beginning at least as early as Thucydides, who used oral history for his account of the Peloponnesian wars. In the eighteenth century, Samuel Johnson commented that “all history was at first oral,” but the term “oral history” was first used in reference to troubadours and oral traditions. However, the study of oral history was taken up seriously only during the twentieth century. Oral history did not attach itself to interviewing until an article appeared in the New Yorker in 1942 about Joe Gould, a Greenwich Village bohemian who claimed to be compiling “An Oral History of Our Time”. This article further discusses the importance of oral history projects and oral historians at the same time.
Those Who Prevailed and Those Who Were Replaced: Interviewing on Both Sides of a Conflict
Authors: Vaněk Miroslav
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the ideas of interviewing on both sides of a conflict, those who prevailed and those who were replaced. It traces the political upheavals that raged Czechoslovakia after the Second World War to understand and analyze interviewing on both sides of a conflict. Czech historians who are investigating our country's contemporary history using oral history methodology have made research into the development of society during the Communist era, including the period of normalization, one of our top priorities. This article also refers to how Czech historians recorded one hundred student revolutionaries. They recorded the narratives of approximately one hundred young people who, as university students during the crucial November days of 1989, had been a driving force in the popular uprisings that swept through Czechoslovakia in the first few days of the revolution. This article winds up by analyzing ways of interviewing ex-communist functionaries.
Interviewing in Cross-Cultural Settings
Authors: Schneider William
Published: February 2013

The essence of this article is interviewing in cross-cultural settings. Cross-cultural interviews involve an interviewer and an interviewee who come from different backgrounds and have different experiences. They may not share common assumptions about meaning and both must work to establish understanding of what they mean by what they say. Usually, the person interviewing comes from a literate tradition and is conducting the interview to create a record that they or others will analyze and reference in their work. The person interviewed often is from a group whose primary reference is their oral tradition and narratives based on personal experience. In cross-cultural settings the interviewee or narrator is creating narrative from his or her oral tradition and personal experiences, while the interviewer is working to make a record for reference after the recording session. This article also discusses the ways of communicating in cross-cultural context. An analysis of cross-cultural interviews concludes this article.
Can Memory Be Collective?
Authors: Green Anna
Published: February 2013

This article explains the collectivity of memory. Memory, in all its guises, has been at the heart of historical inquiry over the past three decades. Cultural and social historians, sociologists, social psychologists, and those working in cultural studies and literary criticism have generated a significant body of work exploring both individual autobiographical memory and collective, public memory. Interest in the subject of collective remembrance, initially focusing upon the social and cultural forms through which the violent and repressive history of the twentieth century were recalled and commemorated, has developed over time into a broader, interdisciplinary field focusing upon memory. The term “memory” has now expanded to encompass all these forms of historical consciousness, a development that has received a less-than-enthusiastic response from those historians who define conventional history by its goals of objectivity and truth, as opposed to the subjectivity and partiality of memory. Discussion on personal and collective memory and social identities conclude this article.
Case Study: Field Notes on Catastrophe: Reflections on the September 11, 2001, Oral History Memory and Narrative Project
Authors: Clark Mary Marshall
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the catastrophe of September 11, 2001; its memory sustained through oral history and captured in narratives. The purpose of this article is twofold: to explore the natural capacity of oral history, an ethical practice, for supporting the active process of historical remembrance even in its most nascent stages; and to use the September 11, 2001, Oral History Narrative and Memory Project as a means of defining a possible approach to documenting historical trauma through oral history. Psychologists who study the impact of massive catastrophic events, from genocide and war to natural catastrophes, define this range of work as “trauma mental health.” Oral history has demonstrated its value in recording traumatic and catastrophic events, whether natural or human-made. This article further traces the case studies conducted weeks after the attacks. One records trauma in the immediate context and the other records the aftermath of trauma followed by a reflection on the same.
Case Study: Between the Raw and the Cooked in Oral History: Notes from the Kitchen
Authors: Frisch Michael , Lambert Douglas
Published: February 2013

For a long time, oral history documents have been encountered and understood in two polar dimensions, not inaccurately described as “raw” and “cooked.” Considering oral history as primary source material, many discussions focus on the conducting, collecting, preserving, transcribing, and organizing of interviews as the basic “stuff” of work in the field. Alternatively, oral history has been often been approached from the vantage of its use—as selectively “cooked” and presented as History—in or as an exhibit, a film, a book, an article, a website, a text sidebar, and so on. These dimensions are each vitally important, of course, and much of the discourse of the field has been oriented to one or the other of these poles. This article further discusses the method of intra-interview passage in recording oral history. Importance of history makers in recording oral history and making them accessible is demonstrated in this article.
The Legal Ramifications of Oral History
Authors: Neuenschwander John A.
Published: February 2013

Oral history has become a research tool in virtually every country in the world. While the vast majority of oral history programs have not and likely never will be confronted with a lawsuit, the implementation of legally and ethically sound procedures are the best ways to insure that this does not happen. All oral historians should make themselves familiar with the legal issues that relate to the practice of oral history, such as legal release agreements, challenges to interview restrictions, defamation, the privacy torts, copyright, the Internet, and institutional review board. The focus of this article is American law, but the issues discussed is relevant to oral historians from other nations and encourage practitioners to consider how their own legal systems address them. The memories that an interviewer records begin as the intellectual property of the interviewee. People own the copyright to their words. The importance of various legal documents pertaining to oral history is presented in detail.
Ethical Challenges in the Oral History of Medicine
Authors: Winslow Michelle , Smith Graham
Published: February 2013

Ethical challenges in the oral history of medicine are the essence of this article. It is a mark of the contribution of oral history to the history of medicine that studies located within living memory are open to criticism if they fail to include oral history. However, oral history's contribution to the history of medicine is a complex one, and this is highlighted in an exploration of the history of professionals in medicine and medical professions, and in the emergence of the patient's story. Problems of “shared authority” are considered: working with professionals when interviewee “power” is a factor and, conversely, our relationships with “patients” who may be viewed as “vulnerable” oral history subjects. Interwoven throughout this discussion is the question of ethics, and this article raises some of the ethical challenges that arise within the history of medicine. Oral history in medicine gives insight into past actions that allows their consideration in their contemporary circumstances.
Toward a Public Oral History
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: February 2013

The focus of this article is public oral history. Public history is a “slippery concept.” Perhaps the simplest definition of public history is that it describes a set of procedures undertaken by historians who are not employed in academic institutions. Within this definition, at least for some, funding is an important element that distinguishes public from academic history. Public history, Valerie Yow has argued, is “commissioned research in special communities,” so that “the targeted audience is the commissioner or the commissioner's chosen readers—not necessarily other scholars.” Public history might therefore describe the production of historical interpretations that are intended for consumption by particular audiences. It has been argued that this is an important difference: while academic historians write for one another, public historians are interpreting the past for a wider audience. Across the globe there are differences in the ways that public history is understood as unfolded in this article.
Mendelssohn on the Road: Music, Travel, and the Anglo-German Symbiosis
Authors: Applegate Celia
Published: February 2013

This article centers on certain elements of Felix Mendelssohn's and others' lives as musicians. It considers the question of what cultural work travel accomplishes, which was to consolidate what it meant to be German musically. It states that the Anglo-German symbiosis or exchange was important in the creation and maintenance of something beyond German and English musical traditions and national traits. It was also just one relationship in a series of intersecting and interlocking relationships among composers and performers, as well as people who traveled to listen and study serious music. The concept of a cosmopolitan patriot is introduced as well.
Ernani Hats: Italian Opera as a Repertoire of Political Symbols during the Risorgimento
Authors: Sorba Carlotta
Published: February 2013

This article looks at the myth of Risorgimento, which was inscribed within a more complicated process of cultural nation building. It explores the Risorgimento as a nationalist movement, and considers the relationship between romantic opera and the events that marked the Risorgimento. It observes that the distinction between text and subtext, and stage and reality became more blurred as the revolutionary triennium approached. It also shows that examples of street politics were best reflected and represented in romantic operas, which became the most successful theatrical genre. The article also discusses the ritual and symbolic mechanisms that helped in the creation of a national “imagined community”, politicization, and the Ernani hat.
Personality, Disease, and Self-healing
Authors: Friedman Howard S.
Published: February 2013

Individuals vary significantly in disease-proneness, recuperation, health, and longevity. Some of this variability can be predicted from personality, which captures biopsychosocial patterns that unfold across the lifespan. This is especially true when considering how personality interacts with psychosocial contexts. This chapter presents conceptual models of and reviews research linking core personality traits to health and longevity. Conscientiousness predicts better physical health and longevity, for a variety of reasons. The influences of extraversion, sociability, and agreeableness depend on a variety of situations and lifestyles tied to particular social groups. Neuroticism and negative affectivity are often conceptualized as negative traits that lead to illness, but the evidence is mixed; in light of certain social stresses, realistic pessimism and worrying may be health protective. Studying deeper and more sophisticated models of links between personality and health leads to an enhanced understanding of individual differences in life pathways toward health or illness.
Aging and Health
Authors: Rook Karen S. , Charles Susan Turk , Heckhausen Jutta
Published: February 2013

The biopsychosocial model of health views health and illness in old age as resulting not only from biological and physical factors but also from the cumulative effects of a lifetime of psychological, social, and behavioral processes. This model recognizes the biological trajectory of decline throughout the adult lifespan and the fact that physical changes increase older adults’ susceptibility to acute and chronic conditions. In addition, this model acknowledges that psychological and social processes interact over time with biological changes to influence physical functioning, onset and progression of disease, and adaptation to illness. The chapter is organized in three main sections. The first section emphasizes the biological component of the model, discussing trajectories of physical functioning and health in old age, including physical decline, morbidity, and mortality. The second section focuses on the psychosocial component of the biopsychosocial model, emphasizing psychosocial factors that influence physical health and functioning in old age. The chapter concludes by discussing two very different scenarios that researchers have projected for the health of future cohorts of older adults.
Coping with Cancer
Authors: Malcarne Vanessa L.
Published: February 2013

This chapter addresses coping within the context of the adult cancer experience. It does not provide a comprehensive overview of the enormous literature on coping with cancer, but rather considers a range of relevant issues that have challenged coping researchers in the past, and are expected to do so in the future. The chapter first describes how coping has been conceptualized and measured in relation to both appraisals and outcomes, then discusses methodological concerns about research to date. Next, the efficacy of coping interventions and potential underlying mechanisms are considered. The challenge of translating research to practice, including whether interventions are cost-effective and relevant, is addressed, followed by a discussion of the provocative question of whether coping interventions can impact survival parameters. The chapter concludes by presenting specific coping strategies that will likely be the focus of future research, and key issues to be addressed by future cancer coping researchers.
Community Health
Authors: Lacruz Marta Gil
Published: February 2013

The social function of health psychology is the promotion of well-being and quality-of-life improvements, concepts that only become meaningful when they are analyzed in the real-life context of our communities. For social and community psychology, community health has always been a primary area for research and intervention, and the wide range of applications and theoretical frameworks that have been employed is a defining characteristic. This chapter discusses two such research models from the disciplines of mental health and community development: the ecological model and a model of empowerment and competence. Their origin and evolution encompass different geographical and epistemological circumstances and highlight the importance of cultural respect, risk prevention, and the optimization of community resources, with special emphasis placed on community participation.
Conclusion: The Achievements and Promise of Health Psychology
Authors: Friedman Howard S.
Published: February 2013

The preceding chapters in this handbook reveal that the influences that fostered the emergence of health psychology could become a threat to health psychology if psychologists abandon the unconventional ideas that led to the field’s successful development. Health, recovery, and longevity are best approached with a science-based biopsychosocial model that often goes well beyond the traditional biomedical approach to disease. Hugely important are social relations, individual differences in reactions and behavior patterns across time, and interactions between biological predispositions and psychosocial environments. Improving population health and minimizing health disparities will likely require changes and improvements that go well beyond anything possible within the traditional biomedical health care system. Sophisticated research methods and sound measurements are a critical challenge of the complex biopsychosocial model but also a hallmark of excellent health psychology research.
Behavioral Observations
Authors: Leichtman Martin
Published: February 2013

Introductory sections of test reports devoted to “Behavioral Observations” are among the most neglected and poorly handled aspects of psychological testing. To highlight the contributions these paragraphs can make to reports and provide a framework for presenting them, this article examines ways of conceptualizing the behavior in psychological test situations to which they are devoted. It also discusses the role of behavior observations in the inference process through which psychologists can seek answers to diagnostic questions, the function these paragraphs serve in reports, the Test Situation Apperception Test (TSAT), and the value of subjectivity.
Issues in Clinical Assessment with Women
Authors: Worell Judith , Robinson Damon Ann
Published: February 2013

This article provides a framework for integrating gender-relevant issues with practical procedures for the psychological assessment of women in clinical practice. It reviews some historical and current approaches to gender in the clinical-assessment process, and offers suggestions for information-collection strategies that acknowledge the influence of gender-related variables on women's psychological health and well-being. The article discusses some of the concerns and research associated with gender bias in assessment, evidence for the influence of bias in the diagnostic process, and the important role of gender in selected clinically relevant topics. Finally, it describes assessment strategies with women clients based on five themes, one of which is that women in all groups are at risk for repeated experiences of interpersonal violence and sexual abuse, which have significant and specific effects on their psychological health. The article deals primarily with assessment for the purposes of intervention and treatment, but many of the concepts presented are of importance in the consideration of gender variables in forensic and other types of evaluations.
Assessing Couples
Authors: Snyder Douglas K. , Heyman Richard E. , Haynes Stephen N.
Published: February 2013

Couple distress has a high prevalence as well as high comorbidity with a broad range of emotional, behavioral, and physical health problems. Marriage and relationship problems also influence individuals' response to treatment for a wide range of psychological disorders. Hence, clinicians need to be skilled in conducting clinical assessment involving relationships in order to provide effective interventions, whether working primarily with individuals, couples, or the broader family system. This article first introduces brief screening measures and clinical methods for diagnosing couple distress in clinical as well as research applications. It then conceptualizes and assesses couple distress for the purpose of planning and evaluating treatment. The article also reviews empirical findings regarding behavioral, cognitive, and affective components of couple distress, and specific techniques derived from clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and self-reports. Finally, it considers emerging technologies for assessing intimate relationships and makes recommendations for future research.
Use of Self-Report Measures in Assessing Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Authors: Banken Joseph A. , Greene Roger L.
Published: February 2013

This article provides a conceptual framework for the use of self-report measures in assessing alcohol and drug abuse. It reviews the use of self-report measures for assessing a number of different issues, including screening for substance abuse; traditional scales used to identify drug or alcohol abuse; timing of clinical assessment within an alcohol/drug treatment program; specific psychological tests that have particular utility within the area; and identification of patients with dual disorders. The article highlights the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), but the results can be generalized to other self-report measures such as the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised, Addiction Admission Scale, Addiction Potential Scale, Alcohol Use Inventory, and Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory.
Clinical Personality Assessment in the Employment Context
Authors: Butcher James N. , Gucker Donald K. , Hellervik Lowell W.
Published: February 2013

Clinical personality assessment is not widely used in industrial/organizational psychology for employment selection. The assessment of personality and mental health problems in employment settings is primarily used in evaluating applicants for law enforcement, fire department, nuclear power plant, and airline pilot positions, in which high emotional stability, successful stress skills, and high responsibility are considered important to the performance of a high-risk job. The clinical personality assessment is characteristically conducted post hire and seen as analogous to the pre-employment medical examination. The most widely used psychological test in this application is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) which has a substantial research base (more than 600 studies) supporting its use. This article provides interpretive guidelines for the MMPI-2 in personnel screening and suggests an effective strategy (retest method) for dealing with defensive applicants.
Anticipating Ethical and Legal Challenges in Personality Assessments
Authors: Weiner Irving B.
Published: February 2013

Despite their best intentions, practitioners of personality assessment sometimes painfully discover they have paid insufficient attention to what they should or should not have done. This article addresses ways in which personality assessors can anticipate ethical and legal challenges, and, by so doing, avoid them. The American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct is an ethics code that rests on the fundamental requirement for psychologists to be knowledgeable and responsible professionals who respect the rights and dignity of others, show concern for the welfare of their clients and colleagues, and present themselves fairly and honestly to their patients and their communities. Five sequential phases of clinical personality assessment, in each of which lurk some ethical and legal hazards, must be considered: accepting a referral; selecting the test battery; conducting the psychological testing; preparing and presenting a report; and managing case records.
Overview and Future Directions Chapter
Authors: Butcher James N.
Published: February 2013

Personality assessment emerged during the early twentieth century largely through two avenues: development of personality questionnaires for assessing characteristics considered pertinent to screening draftees in the military in World War I, and early experiments with inkblot perception. It broadened into other areas of applied and research psychology including clinical, forensic, and personnel applications as psychologists' professional roles expanded during the twentieth century. An increasing variety of personality inventories and behavioral assessment strategies are now available for use in clinical assessment, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. This book has explored personality-assessment techniques and instruments and highlighted current challenges for personality assessment, while also discussing its potential to contribute further to understanding of personality and adjustment by various approaches. It has also suggested new directions for personality assessment and described the international expansion or globalization of Western-based personality-assessment methodology. Moreover, the book has noted an increasingly broadened and effective cross-cultural collaborative environment for the study of personality and psychopathology with the growing development of personality psychology worldwide.
Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Kendall Philip C. , Comer Jonathan S.
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes methodological and design considerations central to the scientific evaluation of treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Matters of design, procedure, measurement, data analysis, and reporting are examined and discussed. The authors consider key concepts of controlled comparisons, random assignment, the use of treatment manuals, integrity and adherence checks, sample and setting selection, treatment transportability, handling missing data, assessing clinical significance, identifying mechanisms of change, and consolidated standards for communicating study findings to the scientific community. Examples from the treatment outcome literature are offered, and guidelines are suggested for conducting treatment evaluations that maximize both scientific rigor and clinical relevance.
Interviewing and Case Formulation
Authors: Koerner Naomi , Hood Heather K. , Antony Martin M.
Published: February 2013

The main objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of clinical interviewing. Although clinical interviewing is often referred to as an art (Shea, 2007), the information in this chapter highlights the science of clinical interviewing as well. The chapter opens with a discussion of the general structure and content of clinical interviews that are typically conducted in mental health contexts. The reader is introduced to a variety of interviews that are used in the assessment of Axis I and Axis II conditions, including their psychometric properties; guidelines for the assessment of suicidality are also presented. This is followed by an overview of interviewing skills. Specifically discussed are ways in which information processing limitations, verbal and nonverbal cues, and style of questions can influence the clinical interview. We then turn to a discussion of case formulation, a core component of the clinical interview. Empirical research on the impact of training on quality of case conceptualization and on the association between case formulation and treatment outcome is summarized. The chapter closes with a brief overview of issues that may arise when interviewing certain populations, in particular, couples, individuals from diverse populations, and young individuals.
Trauma, Dissociation, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Keane Terence M. , Marx Brian P. , Sloan Denise M. , DePrince Anne
Published: February 2013

Worldwide, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is among the most common psychological disorders; over the past three decades researchers have made considerable progress in understanding the prevalence of PTSD and its psychological and biological underpinnings, while developing methods for its assessment and treatment. Only included in the diagnostic nomenclature since 1980, the history of PTSD extends as far back as the oldest literature in Western civilization. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey capture the impact of war on combatants and civilians, as do many of the works of writers and artists across the centuries. The focus of this chapter is on the integration of contemporary work on traumatic stress exposure, psychological dissociation, and the development of PTSD, a disorder characterized by concurrent high levels of anxiety and depression and, in many instances, considerable chronicity and disability. More than 50 randomized controlled treatment outcome studies suggest that cognitive-behavioral treatments are especially effective, and support the use of exposure therapy, stress management therapy, cognitive therapy, cognitive processing therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating PTSD. All these approaches constitute key evidence-based psychological treatments for PTSD. Future work will determine which treatments used by which therapists are best for patients with specific symptoms and concomitant conditions.
Disorders of Impulse Control and Self-Harm
Authors: Nock Matthew K. , Cha Christine B. , Dour Halina J.
Published: February 2013

Disorders of impulse-control and self-harm are dangerous clinical problems that often present significant challenges for scientists and clinicians. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of each disorder on the impulse-control spectrum. We begin by describing the clinical presentation and epidemiology of each disorder. Next, we discuss what is currently known about the etiology of these disorders, summarizing recent research on genetic/neurobiological factors, environmental factors, and psychological factors that appear to influence these disorders. The assessment and treatment of disorders of impulse-control and self-harm is complicated by the relatively low base-rate of these disorders, as well as by their dangerous and sensitive nature. Nevertheless, several evidence-based approaches to assessment and treatment have been developed and also are reviewed here. We conclude with recommendations for future scientific and clinical efforts aimed at better understanding, predicting, and preventing disorders of impulse-control and self-harm.
Clinical Interventions with Children and Adolescents: Current Status, Future Directions
Authors: Ollendick Thomas H. , Shirk Stephen R.
Published: February 2013

This chapter on clinical interventions with children and adolescents has four primary goals: (1) to review early efforts to identify evidence-based psychosocial treatments for youth and their families; (2) to provide an overview of current evidentiary support for the treatment of the four most prevalent psychiatric disorders in youth: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, attentional disorders, and oppositional/conduct disorders; (3) to examine relational and developmental factors that qualify and potentially moderate these efficacious treatments; and (4) to speculate on the future of psychotherapy research and practice with youth. Our review indicates that several evidence-based interventions are available, although with few exceptions they are cognitive-behavioral ones. However, we conclude that the evidence base even for these interventions is not overly robust at this time, and that we must evaluate other commonly practiced interventions such as play therapy, family systems therapy, and psychodynamic-based therapies before their routine use can be endorsed. We also identify important developmental, contextual, and relationship variables that qualify these efficacious findings and encourage the pursuit of additional process and outcome research. We conclude our discourse by suggesting that we must move beyond reliance upon manual-based treatments to the development of principle-based interventions that draw upon these specific evidence-based interventions but move beyond and unify them. Although much progress has occurred in the past 50 years, much work remains to be done. This is an exciting time in the child and adolescent psychotherapy arena.
Race, Science, and Eugenics in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Turda Marius
Published: February 2013

This article aims to go beyond the existing scholarship on eugenics and to point out the complex intertwining of visions of racial improvement with eugenic hybrids during the twentieth century. It offers an insight into the convoluted relationship between race and eugenics. It contributes to the increasingly polarized current discussion about the eternal return of eugenics. It evaluates the degree and nature of conceptual transfers of eugenic knowledge and ideas and addresses eugenics' key components. Race is a central component in the eugenic imagination and this centrality provides an insight into a larger debate, known as the nature-nurture debate. The examples of eugenic thinking on race are provided in this article. It illustrates that the study of twentieth-century eugenics is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation and contributes in new and refreshing ways to our understanding of eugenics and race.
South Asia's Eugenic Past
Authors: Hodges Sarah
Published: February 2013

The strong continuities between colonial eugenics agendas and postcolonial population control efforts are striking elements in the history of eugenics in South Asia. This article discusses the role of different strands within colonial eugenics—particularly neo-Malthusianism—at different points in time and in the region's different postcolonial nations. It mentions that eugenics in a poverty-stricken colonial context provides a powerful and enduring template for connecting reproductive behavior to the task of revitalizing the nation as a whole. This article relates the history of eugenics in colonial India with the history of birth control advocacy. It discusses in detail the eugenics associations that held public meetings and advocated contraceptive use. It provides an understanding of the relative insignificance of heredity to Indian eugenics in light of the conditions for the development of eugenic science in India.
German Eugenics and the Wider World: Beyond the Racial State
Authors: Weindling Paul
Published: February 2013

This article discusses German eugenics as being incorporated of two strands, one racially oriented and the other welfare oriented. Eugenics in Germany was also characterized by its intention to reach out to a wider world of German colonies and German ethnic groups beyond the frontiers of the state. Key issues such as rapid industrialization and urban growth and associated changes in morbidity, family size and structure, and sexuality are addressed. The article outlines a system of public health in which eugenically-trained physicians served the race and nation rather than merely the individual. It provides an understanding of racial hygiene within the context of German imperialism, but the postwar loss of colonies, of territories to the new Polish state, creates a shift of focus within the new welfare state.
The First-Wave Eugenic Revolution in Southern Europe: Science sans frontières
Authors: Quine Maria Sophia
Published: February 2013

This article focuses largely on Italy as a case study of eugenics in Catholic southern Europe. It shows the extent of transnational linkages and interconnectedness within eugenics, not only at the level of international science congresses, but also, through the formation of a “Latin” federation of eugenic organizations, spanning Europe and Latin America. It also examines Catholic responses to eugenics within a comparative context. Italian culture probably plays a large part in encouraging Italian eugenicists to question the absolute certainties and collectivist ambitions of some of their colleagues abroad. This article further discusses “social eugenics” used by social eugenicists to describe their aims and to distinguish their movement from those with a more hereditarian, selectionist, or eliminationist orientation.
Eugenics in Russia and the Soviet Union
Authors: Krementsov Nikolai
Published: February 2013

The history of eugenics in Russia has attracted relatively little scholarly attention. Eugenics garnered a warm reception among Russian hygienists and public health doctors. This article is concerned with the rise and fall of medical genetics in Soviet Russia and identifies three key components of eugenics. It further proceeds with the discussion of eugenics in revolutionary society and mentions that Russian eugenics' life span, institutional and disciplinary composition, patronage pattern, and research foci differed substantially from those in other countries. It discusses the relative weight of structures and historic contingencies in shaping the history of eugenics during the three distinct periods of its existence in Russia. It also mentions the relative role of international contacts and local traditions in molding Russian eugenics' institutions and activities.
Eugenics Policy and Practice in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico
Authors: Schell Patience A.
Published: February 2013

This article shows a range of influences and eugenics measures in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. In this comparison of the history of eugenics in these countries it is readily evident how adaptable eugenic concepts were to local political, social, and cultural contexts. Because of the importance of the Cuban concept of homiculture on the Latin American movement, this article begins with a discussion of that country. It then focuses on Puerto Rico, in which colonial and domestic modernizing eugenics interacted. Eugenics appealed to some Puerto Ricans because of the potential for reform and improvement of the island's population, through healthy reproduction. Finally, this article examines the influence of eugenics on Mexico after the triumph of a socially progressive revolution and mentions that rejecting the Cuban approach Latin Americans sought to offer alternative understandings of eugenics and solutions to eugenic problems; understandings that depicted their heterogeneous populations as able to contribute to national development.
Controversies and Questions in Current Evaluation, Treatment, and Research Related to Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders
Authors: Lock James
Published: February 2013

This chapter addresses specific diagnostic, treatment, and research issues related to child and adolescent eating disorders. Current diagnostic formulations are inadequate for diagnosing eating disorders such as selective eating, food avoidance emotional disorders, and food phobias in children. Classification schemes for anorexia and bulimia nervosa are not developmentally sensitive, leading to overuse of “eating disorder not otherwise specified” as a diagnosis. Treatment studies in children and adolescents are few; however, those available suggest that certain guidelines are generally applicable. Adolescents with eating disorders should be treated as early as possible in an outpatient setting utilizing parents as resources. Medications, if used, should address comorbid conditions. Data hopefully forthcoming in the next 5 to 10 years will shed light on how best to classify and treat these disorders. Future research should integrate neuropsychological and neurofunctional findings related to brain development, cognitive functioning, and eating disorder symptom development in this age group.
Pharmacotherapy of the Eating Disorders
Authors: McElroy Susan L. , Guerdjikova Anna I. , O’Melia Anne M. , Mori Nicole , Keck Paul E.
Published: February 2013

Many persons with eating disorders (EDs) receive pharmacotherapy, but pharmacotherapy research for EDs has lagged behind that for other major mental disorders. In this chapter, we first provide a brief rationale for using medications in the treatment of EDs. We then review the data supporting the effectiveness of specific medications or medication classes in treating patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder (BED), and other potentially important EDs, such as night eating syndrome (NES) and sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). We conclude by summarizing these data and suggesting future areas for research in the pharmacotherapy of EDs.
Collective Action: Balancing Public and Particularistic Interests
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: February 2013

This article explores important motivations for urban planning, focusing on legitimation, the concept of public interest, and the communicative (collaborative) mode of planning. It offers a brief account of planning as uncertainty reduction, and discusses the contemporary planning debate on the public interest and related themes. The article identifies extensive dialogue as communicative planning theory's solution to the problem of public interest and highlights the role of planning in helping to legitimize political decisions.
Access
Authors: Krizek Kevin J. , Levinson David M.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the access objective of urban planning. It aims to articulate a clear role for measures of metropolitan accessibility, and to demonstrate the utility of these measures in informing and influencing policy. The article describes the use and measurement of accessibility for metropolitan areas, evaluates the current state of knowledge and literature, and identifies important issues about measurement. It suggests that problem definitions should be reformed to bring them in line with current transportation goals and argues that the concept of accessibility may offer a compelling, attractive, and alternative basis for policies related to the built environment when operationalized using cumulative-opportunities measures.
Planning for Improved Air Quality and Environmental Health
Authors: Schweitzer Lisa , Marr Linsey
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the issue of improving air quality and environmental health in urban planning. It suggests that the planning assumptions about emissions reductions, air quality, and climate change may reflect more wishful thinking and project marketing than effective air quality and climate planning, and argues that the goal of planning analysis in air quality seldom, if ever, considers neighborhoods or people. The article also compares and contrasts current planning and regulatory approaches with how community and environmental justice advocates frame air-quality issues.
City Abandonment
Authors: Dewar Margaret , Weber Matthew D.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the state of knowledge about how urban planning can comprehend and address the issues facing cities with extensive residential disinvestment and abandonment. It analyses why planning rarely addresses issues facing the most abandoned areas of cities, except to encourage growth and redevelopment, and how planners can think about or understand the causes of widespread urban abandonment. The article suggests that the principles of efficiency and equity can provide guidance for planners' interventions, and discusses the future of planning in the context of abandonment.
The Land and Peoples of Anatolia through Ancient Eyes
Authors: McMahon Gregory
Published: February 2013

This article offers an overview of some of the earliest evidence of a perspective both Anatolian and foreign on the diversity of places, people, and languages in first millennium Anatolia. It discusses the Greek texts of Homer and Herodotus as a source for the peoples of Anatolia. Both Homer's Iliad and Herodotus's Historia were composed by Greeks from Anatolia. The article argues that these authors, separated by three centuries, provide us with unique evidence of the Greek perspective on the geographical/linguistic/ethnic makeup of parts of Anatolia in their respective periods.
Anatolian Chronology and Terminology
Authors: Yakar Jak
Published: February 2013

This article discusses dating techniques and the necessity of working with both material and textual evidence to develop secure chronologies for the rather daunting range of Anatolian peoples and sites. It analyzes the comparative dates and phases of Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, Modern Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, and Iron Age sites.
The Chalcolithic of Southeast Anatolia
Authors: Özbal Rana
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of both local and Mesopotamian-influenced styles and traditions in the Chalcolithic of southeast Anatolia, focusing on general characteristics and a few key settlements. The discussion of the Chalcolithic is chronologically divided into millennia, based on calibrated dates. The sixth, fifth, and fourth millennia BCE, respectively, roughly refer to the Early, Middle, and Late Chalcolithic, in which Halaf-, Ubaid-, and Uruk-type materials are correspondingly prevalent. Overall, the Chalcolithic of Anatolia has come a long way from the “dark age” that it was labeled three decades ago. In particular, the Upper Euphrates Valley in southeast Anatolia has been intensively researched since the late 1970s as surveys and excavations have focused on regions affected by dam lakes, and as many Mesopotamian archaeologists have set up research projects in Turkey following the Gulf Wars.