bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire regime of the Kruger National Park for the period 1980 -1992
Authors: Trollope W.S.W.
Published: August 2012

Fire regime refers to the type and intensity of fire and the season and frequency of burning. In the Kruger National Park it varies according to the source of ignition of the fires. Since 1985 the different ignition sources have been controlled bums (47), refugees (23), others (20) and lightning (10). The data showed that anthropogenic fires were the most common fires and evidence on a global scale would suggest that the status quo will be maintained even if controlled burning is discontinued as is currently being considered by the National Parks Board. The most common type of fires that occur in the park are surface head fires burning with the wind but back fires and crown fires do also occur. The intensity of the fires is primarily a function of the grass fuel load which is dependent on the rainfall and consequently varies enormously from year to year. The type of fire also influences the intensity and research conducted during 1992 showed that head fires burning under similar environmental conditions were on average 36 times more intense than back fires. Anthropogenic fires generally occurred during the dry, dormant, winter period while lightning fires were more associated with the spring and summer period when dry lightning storms occur. The frequency of burning varied significantly between sourveld and sweetveld. The mean frequency of burning in sourveld areas was triennial and in the sweetveld areas octennial. Finally the general conclusion that can be drawn about the fire regime of the Kruger National Park is that it is highly variable and will continue to be so in the future. This is a very positive feature that ensures a wide diversity of habitat types.
A simple index of habitat suitability for Cape mountain zebras
Authors: Novellie P. , Winkle A.
Published: August 2012

An index of habitat suitability for Cape mountain zebras was calculated using two parameters: acceptability indices for different grass species, and the aerial cover of the grass species in the habitat. The index was tested by calculating its value for a range of different habitat patches and comparing this with the frequency of use of the patches by zebras. The close relationship between the index and the observed frequency of use verified that the index could be used as a guide to habitat suitability. Two methods were used to determine the frequency of use of the patches: counts of faecal pellet groups and frequency of sightings. Both methods yielded similar results but the pellet group counts were less time- consuming and expensive. It is recommended that the index of habitat suitability be used (i) as a parameter for monitoring of long-term changes in habitat suitability in the Mountain Zebra National Park and (ii) as a guide for selecting appropriate areas to re- introduce mountain zebras.
A first list of plant-parasitic nematodes from the Wilderness National Park, with a description of Ogma sekgwaum spec. nov.
Authors: Van den Berg Esther
Published: August 2012

Ogma sekgwaum spec. nov. is described and figured from the Wilderness National Park. Females of this species are characterized by having one lip annulus with smooth, wavy margin, no submedian lobes, 53-59 body annuli, not strongly retrorse anteriorly, but becoming more so posteriorly with 12-14 longitudinal rows of projections at midbody, gradually lengthening and attenuating towards posterior end of body, longer on post-vulval ventral side of body, not branched or bifurcate with small protuberances on extreme tips which become hair-like on post-vulval projections and a 64-81 (im long stylet. Ogma coronatum Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938 is described and figured with notes on the juvenile. Additional measure^ ments and SEM photographs are given for Criconema duplicivestitum (Andrassy, 1963) Raski & Luc, 1985 and measurements for Ogma naomiae Van den Berg, 1992. A list is given of the other known plant-parasitic nematodes also found. Neolobocriconema palaniense Muthukrishnan, 1987 is transferred to Ogma palaniense (Muthukrishnan, 1987) comb. nov.
Lethal copper concentration levels for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) @ a preliminary study
Authors: Van der Merwe Marinda , Van Vuren J.H.J. , Du Preez H.H.
Published: August 2012

Lethal copper concentrations were determined for both adult and juvenile Clarias gariepinus at representative mean summer and winter temperatures. Fish were exposed to copper for 96 hours in an experimental system and mortalities monitored. Toxicity curves of percentage mortality versus actual copper concentration were drawn, and the LC50 calculated for winter and summer temperatures. The lethal copper concentrations, expressed as LC50, found in laboratory exposures, ranged for adults from 1,29 mg/1 during summer to 1,38 mg/1 in winter. These values are considerably higher than the levels of copper in the water of the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park during summer (0,055 @ 0,016 mg/1) and winter (0,085 @ 0,032 mg/1). The derived LC50 values predict the level of copper which should be prevented at all cost. The fish in the Olifants River are already exposed to sublethal concentrations (40 of LC50) of copper. The results can be used as an indication of what the safe concentrations of copper should be.
GPS-corrected and GIS-based remapping of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park and the adjacent area in Botswana
Authors: Bothma J. Du P. , Van Hoven S. , Le Riche E.A.N.
Published: August 2012

GPS-equipment was used to map the interior roads, major pans and the location of all windmills and solar-equipped boreholes in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park and the adjacent areas of Botswana. The final map was generated with GIS-equipment, and supplies managers and planners with the first error-free map of the area. The major errors of previous maps are indicated.
Notes on the economic use of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Engelbrecht W.G. , Van der Walt P.T.
Published: August 2012

In an economic analysis the present use of the most important national park in South Africa, (Kruger National Park) is compared with the use of the same land for agricultural purposes. The present use of the Kruger National Park creates substantially more net social benefits to society than agricultural use. The question remains whether these benefits are equitably distributed at various levels of the South African society.
The vegetation of the Boskop Dam Nature Reserve, Potchefstroom
Authors: Bredenkamp G.J. , Bezuidenhout H. , Joubert H. , Naude C.
Published: August 2012

The Braun-Blanquet technique, complimented by TWINSPAN, was used for a phytosociological classification of the study area. Thirteen plant communities were recognised and described. A hierarchical classification is suggested and each community is related to its particular environmental characteristics.
A revision of the Afrotropical species of the genus Tibellus Simon (Araneae: Philodromidae)
Authors: Van den Berg A. , Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S.
Published: August 2012

The Afrotropical species of the genus Tibellus Simon, 1875, are revised. Of the 10 previously recognised species of long-bodied grss spiders from this region, eight are redescribed and figured. Two species, T. punctifasciatus Strand, 1906, and T. robustus Simon, 1886, are considered nomina dubia. Five new species, T. cobusi, T. gerhardi, T. nimbaensis, T. somaliensis and T. sunetae, are described and three previously recognised subspecies of T. vossioni Simon, 1884, namely T. v. armatus Lessert, 1928, T. v. flavipes Caporiacco, 1941, and T. v. minor Lessert, 1919, are given species status. The genus Tibellinus Simon, 1910, is a junior synonym of Tibellus. Tibellinus australis is transferred to the genus Tibellus. The males of T. armatus stat. nov. and T. hollidayi Lawrence, 1952, are described for the first time. A key to 17 recognised species is given. Distributional data are provided for all species.
Repatriation and translocation of ungulates into South African national parks: an assessment of past attempts
Authors: Novellie P.A. , Knight M.
Published: August 2012

The results of 36 attempts to repatriate or translocate ungulates into South African national parks are examined. Habitat suitability appeared to be an important factor influencing the success rate. Of six cases in which individuals were translocated outside the range occupied by the species in historical times, only one succeeded. Of 10 cases where the park was within the historical range of the species but the habitat was rated as unsuitable (little or none of the required habitat present in the park) only one succeeded. In contrast 17 out of 20 cases in which the habitat was classified as adequate resulted in success. The repatriation and translocation attempts were poorly documented and this hampered identification of the factors associated with success.
Comments on national parks and future relations with neighbouring communities
Authors: Fourie J.
Published: August 2012

Considering the success of South Africa's conservation history, the question is asked why this achievement has failed to impress the major portion of the South African population. Reasons for this failure are discussed and in order to rectify the situation, key strategies of the National Parks Board for addressing the problem are dealt with. The process of stereotyping and the role that it played in establishing an unequal experience of the conservation history is investigated. This is followed by arguments why conservation agencies should get involved in the development of rural communities. The ability of conservation areas to act as engines of development in rural areas is highlighted. The conclusion is drawn that neighbouring communities need to be involved in joint decision-making and shared responsibility, and it is suggested that this process should be handled in a dialogic way. Lastly a broad view of affirmative action is advanced, which will allow for meaningful integration of community relations with an affirmative action programme. Proposals are made for an affirmative action programme for the National Parks Board.
An ecological study of the major vegetation communities of the Vaalbos National Park, Northern Cape. 1. The Than-Droogeveld section
Authors: Bezuidenhout H.
Published: August 2012

A detailed classification, description and mapping of the Than-Droogeveld section of the Vaalbos National Park, Northern Cape Province, were initiated. This classification is intended to serve as an ecological basis for the establishment of an efficient wildlife management programme as well as conservation policies for the Vaalbos National Park. Using a numerical classification technique (TWINSPAN) as a first approximation, the classification was refined by applying Braun-Blanquet procedures. A hierarchical classification, as well as description, ecological interpretation and a vegetation map are presented. In the phytosociological table 11 major plant communities are recognised.
Description of Longidoroides wiesae spec. nov. from the Kruger National Park (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Heyns J.
Published: August 2012

Longidoroides wiesae spec. nov. is described from South Africa. The new species is characterised by body length of about 4,5 mm; a spiral body posture; bluntly rounded, confluent lip region; small slit-like amphid aperture; bilobed amphidial fovea; bluntly rounded tail; and stylet length about 172 pm. It is compared with L. costatus Jacobs & Heyns, 1987, L. pulcher Jacobs & Heyns, 1982, L. pint Jacobs & Heyns, 1987 and an unnamed Longidoroides species described from Brazil by Rashid, Coomans & Sharma (1986).
The nutritive value of veld as indicated by faecal phosphorous and nitrogen and its relation to the condition and movement of prominent ruminants during the 1992-1993 drought in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Grant C.C. , Meissner H.H. , Schultheiss W.A.
Published: August 2012

Faecal N and P were used as primary indicators of nutritive quality of the veld in relation to migratory movements of major grazers, browsers and selective feeders. Faecal concentrations of these nutrients were shown to be different between species, land- scapes, grass, browse and grass plus browse, between seasons and between soil types, i.e. granite vs. basalt. Faecal N concentrations w/ere well correlated with the condition of the animals, and because nutritive quality of the southern Combretum veld on granite was apparently better than other areas in 1992-1993, also with influx of buffalo, blue wildebeest and kudu into these areas.
A proposed procedure for the analysis of large phytosociological data sets in the classification of South African grasslands
Authors: Bredenkamp G.J. , Bezuidenhout H.
Published: August 2012

A procedure for the effective classification of large phytosociological data sets, and the combination of many data sets from various parts of the South African grasslands is demonstrated. The procedure suggests a region by region or project by project treatment of the data. The analyses are performed step by step to effectively bring together all releves of similar or related plant communities. The first step involves a separate numerical classification of each subset (region), and subsequent refinement by Braun- Blanquet procedures. The resulting plant communities are summarised in a single synoptic table, by calculating a synoptic value for each species in each community. In the second step all communities in the synoptic table are classified by numerical analysis, to bring related communities from different regions or studies together in a single cluster. After refinement of these clusters by Braun-Blanquet procedures, broad vegetation types are identified. As a third step phytosociological tables are compiled for each iden- tified broad vegetation type, and a comprehensive abstract hierarchy constructed.
New azonal syntaxa from the hills and river banks of the Manyeleti Game Reserve, Northern Transvaal Province, South Africa
Authors: Bredenkamp G.J. , Deutschlander M.S.
Published: August 2012

As part of a vegetation survey programme for nature conservation areas in South Africa, surveys of the plant communities of the rocky outcrops and river banks in the Manyeleti Game Reserve were undertaken. The Cardiospermo corindii-Acacietalia nigricentis are restricted to quartz and gabbro hills, mainly on shallow, soils, whereas the Spirostachyo africanae-Diospyretalia mespiliformis occur on the banks of small dry rivers. From a Braun-Blanquet analysis of the vegetation of the rocky outcrops and the riparian vegetation, two new orders, two new alliances and six new associations were identified and described. Additionally a quantitative assessment of the woody component of each association is presented. Ordinations based on floristic data revealed the position of the syntaxa on an environmental gradient.
Habitat utilisation by Cape mountain zebras in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa
Authors: Winkler A. , Owen-Smith N.
Published: August 2012

This study investigated the seasonal patterns of vegetation community use by the Cape mountain zebra within the Mountain Zebra National Park over one seasonal cycle. Day-time censuses revealed that the zebras utilised all the different vegetation commu- nities that were defined in the park, with the exception of the riparian bush community. Year-round the zebras made greatest use of the grassland vegetation communities, together with those shrubland and dwarf shrubland communities that offered high grass biomasses. Selectivity for vegetation communities was greatest during the wet season, when the zebras favoured those grassland communities on the plateaus over other vegetation communities on the mountain slopes and in the ravines. During the dry season the zebras showed a greater diversity in their use of vegetation communities, and made greater use of those vegetation communities on the mountain slopes and in the ravines. The results suggest that the seasonal variations in vegetation community use by the zebras were in response to changes in the annual rainfall pattern.
An ecological study of the major vegetation communities of the Vaalbos National Park, Northern Cape. 2. The Graspan-Holpan section
Authors: Bezuidenhout H.
Published: August 2012

Detailed classification, description and mapping of the Graspan-Holpan section of the Vaalbos National Park, Northern Cape, were initiated. This classification is intended to serve as a basis for the establishment of an efficient wildlife management programme as well as conservation policies for the Vaalbos National Park. Using a numerical classification technique (TWINSPAN) as a first approximation, the classification was refined by applying Braun-Blanquet procedures. A hierarchical plant community clas- sification, description, ecological interpretation and a vegetation map are presented. In the phytosociological table nine major plant communities are recognised.
The influence of the 1991/92 drought on the woody vegetation of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Viljoen A.J.
Published: August 2012

All observations and data related to the impact of the 1991/92 drought on the woody vegetation, excluding the riverine vegetation of major rivers, are summarised. This includes data from a visual estimate of damage from aerial photographs, surveys on selected sites, and general observations. Despite lower rainfall, the area north of the Olifants River (excluding the far-northern part) was less affected than the area south of it, suggesting that the woody vegetation in the north is more adapted to drought. A characteristic of the drought was the localised distribution pattern and variable intensity of damage to the same species in the same general area. Information on 31 species are presented briefly. Although a large number of woody species was to some extent damaged, when the woody vegetation is considered as a whole, the influence of the drought was not very severe.
New morphological information on the parasitic copepod Lernanthropus sarbae Kensley & Grindley, 1973 (Copepoda: Lernanthropidae) from Lake St. Lucia, South Africa, using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Olivier P.A.S. , Van Niekerk J.P.
Published: August 2012

New and additional morphological information on both sexes of Lernanthropus sarbae Kensley & Grindley is given. The morphology of a postantennal process, a new discovery from the family Lernanthropidae, is given. Material examined was sampled from the gills of three host species, Acanthopagrus berda Forsskal, Rhabdosargus holubi Steindachner and Rhabdosargus sarba Forsskal, collected from Lake St. Lucia, South Africa. Observations were made with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
A comparison of some methods used to estimate the grazing capacity of a game ranch in Northern Province, South Africa
Authors: Schmidt A.G. , Theron G.K. , Van Hoven W.
Published: August 2012

The grazing capacity of a game ranch in Northern Province was estimated in a number of different ways using rainfall and herbaceous composition and phytomass data. The results indicate that the grazing capacity under the present environmental conditions should be approximately 50 of the recommended agricultural grazer stocking rate. This is in agreement with recent literature, indicating that the methods used should be suitable for determining a first approximation of grazing capacity in the mixed bushveld of Northern Province.
The phytosociology of the northern section of the Borakalalo Nature Reserve
Authors: Brown L.R. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Van Rooyen N.
Published: August 2012

After classifications and descriptions of the southern and western sections of the Borakalalo Nature Reserve were published, a study on the phytosociology of the northern part was initiated. The study is aimed at providing an ecological basis for establishing an efficient wildlife management programme for the reserve. From a TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, 15 plant communities, which can be grouped into six major plant communities, were identified. Descriptions of the various plant communities, include diagnostic species, prominent species and less conspicuous species of the tree, shrub, forb and grass strata. A hierarchical classification, description of the plant communities and a vegetation map are presented.
The vegetation and identification of management units of the Honnet Nature Reserve, Northern Province, South Africa
Authors: Visser N. , Van Hoven W. , Theron G.K.
Published: August 2012

An analysis of the vegetation of the Honnet Nature Reserve, Northern Province is presented. Releves were compiled in 56 stratified random sample plots. The Braun- Blanquet procedure revealed 12 distinct plant communities and four sub-communities. The Variable Quadrant Plot Method was used in the structural analysis of the communities and management units. The data were ordinated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA) to determine possible relations and gradients between and in the plant communities. Six management units were identified by means of the vegetation ordination, plant communities and the physical environment. A hierarchical classification, description and ecological interpretation of the vegetation units and a descrip- tion of the management units are presented.
A first list of plant-parasitic nematodes from the Tsitsikamma National Park, with descriptions of two new species of the subfamily Criconematinae
Authors: Van den Berg Esther
Published: August 2012

Plant nematodes recorded during surveys in the Tsitsikamma National Park are listed and two new Criconematinae species are described. Females of Criconemoides silvicola spec. nov. have the first three or four annuli separated from the following annuli by a discontinuity, dorsally and ventrally fused submedian lobes which are connected by a ridge laterally, 106-127 smooth, retrorse annuli with numerous irregularities and three to 11 anastomoses, a sharp-pointed tail with last few annuli extended and a 41-49 Urn-long stylet. Ogma tuberculatum spec. nov. females have 53-59 retrorse, tuberculate annuli with six longitudinal rows of broad tuberculate scales, two lip annuli, first with greater diameter than second and a 84-102 urn-long stylet. Males without stylet, with four lines in each lateral field. Juveniles with 61- 68 retrorse annuli, bearing 12 to 14 longitudinal rows of large, broad, rounded, minutely tuberculate, overlapping scales.
The conservation status of the Saldanha-Langebaan lizard fauna
Authors: Cordes I.G. , Mouton P. Le F.N.
Published: August 2012

The conservation status of relic melanistic lizard species occurring in the Saldanha- Langebaan area has been investigated. A contact zone between one melanistic form and a closely related non-melanistic form has been examined in detail. Apart from melanis- tic populations of the girdled lizards, Cordylus niger and C. polywnus, a melanistic morphotype of the Cape legless skink, Acontias meleagris meleagris also occurs in the area. The taxonomic status of this morphotype needs to be investigated. At Mauritz Bay, north of Saldanha, the ranges of C niger and the non-melanistic C cordylus are in contact over a distance of approximately 240 m, with maximum overlap of 70 m. The melanistic populations of C. polyz.onus and A. m. meleagris have relatively large ranges in the Saldanha-Langebaan area and are not threatened by urban development. The C niger population, however, is fragmented into several subpopulations, and those in the Saldanha area, including the contact zone, will be affected if urban development is allowed to continue in the area. As relic populations of other cool-adapted, melanistic invertebrate and lower vertebrate species may also occur in the area, the key areas demarcated by C. niger should be preserved.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of two southern African elephant populations
Authors: Essop M.F. , Hall-Martin A.J. , Harley E.H.
Published: August 2012

The modern view is that there are at most only two valid forms of the African elephant namely Loxodonta qfricana africana, the bush elephant, and L.a. cyclotis, the forest elephant (Ansell 1974; Meester et al. 1986). The Knysna elephant which was also described as a separate sub-species is now almost extinct. Plans to augment the remnant population by introducing other animals must take into account the taxonomic questions and issue of conserving elephant gene pools (Greig 1982a). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment-size comparisons were performed on specimens from the Kruger National Park and the Addo Elephant National Park. If the Addo population's results are extrapolated to the Knysna population, it may be concluded that there is no genetic evidence for the Kruger and Knysna elephant populations to be considered as different sub-species.
An annotated check list of the birds of Qwaqwa National Park
Authors: De Swardt D.H. , Van Niekerk D.J.
Published: August 2012

This paper presents a check list of 179 bird species occuring in the Qwaqwa National Park which borders the eastern part of Golden Gate Highlands National Park. Data on the distribution, status, habitat preferences and breeding were obtained during several visits between December 1992 and March 1995. The following habitats were preferred: grassland, montane grassland, woodland, rocky hillsides, mountain slopes and riverine areas with Phragmites reedbeds. The conservation of waterbirds, raptors and other localised species such as Orangebreasted Rockjumper, Palecrowned Cisticola, Mountain Pipit and Gurney's Sugarbird is important as these species occur in specialised habitats.
The physical environment and major plant communities of the Karoo National Park, South Africa
Authors: Rubin Francine , Palmer A.R.
Published: August 2012

The major plant communities of the Karoo National Park are described using the methods of the Zurich-Montpellier school of phytosociology, to assist with the formulation of a management strategy for the park. The vegetation physiognomy consists of Montane Karoo grassy shrublands. Karoo grassy dwarf shrublands. Karoo succulent dwarf shrublands and riparian thicket. Steep elevation and precipitation gradients within the study area have a direct impact on gradients in the vegetation. High elevation (1 800 m), and relatively high rainfall (406 mm) montane grasslands occupy communities dominated by grasses (Merxmuellera disticha, Themeda triandra) and woody species (Diospyros austro-africana, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euryops annae, Passerina montana). The increasing aridity away from the escarpment edge in a northerly direction is steep, and Montane Karoo dwarf shrublands replace these mesic communities. Species such as Eriocephalus ericoides, Rosenia oppositifolia and Pteronia tricephala dominate. At lower elevation (800 m) the precipitation is very low (175 mm) and uncertain (coefficient of variation of 78 ). The substrata influence the vegetation, with the sandy substrata of the drainage lines supporting more woody taxa (Acacia karroo, Lycium cinereum) and grasses (Hyparrhenia hirta, Stipagrostis namaquensis, Cenchrus ciliaris). Moving away from the mesic environment of the riparian zone, rapid desiccation occurs and the most xeric communities are encountered, dominated by Stipagrostis obtusa, S. ciliata and Pent-da incana. This document provides descriptions of the general communities and their associated landscape, lithology and soils.
Anuran fauna of the Lesotho Highlands in the Khatse Dam catchment area and Jorodane River region
Authors: Van Dijk D.E.
Published: August 2012

Surveys were made of the anuran fauna of the Khatse Dam catchment area in the Lesotho Highlands, and of the region between the Central Mountains and the Thaba Putsoa Range which would be affected by Phase 1B of the Lesotho Highlands Water Scheme, if implemented. The Khatse Dam is at present filling. Seven species of anurans were encountered in the Khatse Dam catchment, and five of them also in the valley to the south-west. Four taxa occur all around central Lesotho, but one, the Gariep toad, has its south-eastern limit on the Drakensberg Escarpment, and another. Gray's frog, shows indications in Lesotho, as elsewhere, of being distinct from the typical taxon. Two taxa are endemic to the mountains of the Lesotho region, the one being more rheophilic and more wide-spread. The remaining anuran, previously unknown in Lesotho, is now recorded from the highly characteristic, strongly rheophilic tadpoles, as Heleophryne. The various available habitats and the associated anurans are reviewed. Features of the reproductive cycles, are noted. Dispersal and isolation are outlined. Reference is made to the most probable additions to the anuran fauna which further collecting might reveal. The probable impact of the Khatse Dam is discussed.
A transmission electron microscopic study of impala (Aepyceros melampus) sperm from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Ackerman D.J. , Reinecke A.J. , Els H.J.
Published: August 2012

Since knowledge of sperm morphology can play an important role in semen evaluation and fertilisation, baseline data are required. Live spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis of 64 impala rams in the Kruger National Park and studied by trans- mission electron microscopy. The morphology of normal sperm was documented. The impala sperm shares characteristics with other members of the Bovidae. The occurrence of appendages on the cytoplasmic droplet of the flagellum of impala sperm is described for the first time. A total of 31 micrographs, showing typical features of impala sperm, in sections through various planes of the sperm, are presented.
Transmission electron microscopic observations of flagellum abnormalities in impala (Aepyceros melampus) sperm from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Ackerman D.J. , Reinecke A.J. , Els H.J.
Published: August 2012

Sperm must remain motile in order to reach and penetrate the ovum and defects in the ultrastructure of the tail can have an adverse influence on motility. Live spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis of 64 impala rams in the Kruger National Park and studied by transmission electron microscopy to document sperm abnormalities. The following abnormalities of the flagellum were documented from micrographs: abnormal baseplate and neck attachments; neck vacuoles and displaced organelles; double or short flagella; bent flagella; principal-piece vacuoles; displaced axoneme and the Dag defect. The implications of these abnormalities for sperm motility are discussed.
Transmission electron microscopic observations of acrosome and head abnormalities in impala (Aepyceros melampus) sperm from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Ackerman D.J. , Reinecke A.J. , Els H.J.
Published: August 2012

Sperm morphological features play an important role in semen evaluation. Exposure to a variety of chemical compounds, especially environmental endocrine disrupters, elicit abnormalities in sperm of certain species. Baseline data on ultrastructure of normal sperm as well as abnormalities observed concomitantly, are required before causal links between such substances and abnormalities can be established. Live spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis of 64 impala rams in the Kruger National Park and studied by transmission electron microscopy to document normal sperm features and abnormalities. The following abnormalities of the acrosome and sperm head were documented from micrographs: Loose acrosome in various stages of disintegration, lip forming of the acrosome; bizarre head, crater defect, poor condensation of the nucleus and the Dag defect. The observed abnormalities were very similar to those reported for other members of the Bovidae. Different forms of a hollow sphere, formed by the nucleus and covered by an abnormal acrosome have not previously been described for other species.
Mammals recorded in the QwaQwa National Park (1994-1995)
Authors: Avenant N.L.
Published: August 2012

Distribution, relative abundance, and habitat preferences of mammals were studied in the newly proclaimed QwaQwa National Park (QQNP) and compared with those of the adjacent 33 year-old Golden Gate Highlands National Park, a nearby protected area in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, Lesotho, and the rest of the Free State Province. In total, 53 mammal species were recorded inside the park and the probability of another 14 likely inhabitants, discussed. The fact that the QQNP contains ca. 70 of mammalian fauna recorded in the Free State and between five and 10 Red Data species stresses the importance of this park and the necessity for correct management of this ca. 21 000 ha conservation area. The low small mammal numbers, variety, and mean diversity found on 17 transects in the QQNP is attributed to previous human habitation and activities@some of which are still present in the park.
Plant communities of the forests, woodlands and thickets in northern KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Eckhardt H.C. , Van Rooyen N. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

An analysis of the woody vegetation of northern KwaZulu-Natal is presented. Releves were compiled in 102 stratified random sample plots. A TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, revealed 24 plant communities, also referred to as vegetation units. For each of these vegetation units, the species richness was determined. Four associations were identified which have a conservation importance. An ordination (DECORANA), based on floristic data, revealed the position of the syntaxa on environmental gradients.
Spatial variation in the structure of fish assemblages in the Vaalbos National Park, South Africa
Authors: Russell I.A.
Published: August 2012

Fish assemblages were sampled at nine sites in the lower Vaal River in the Vaalbos National Park and adjacent properties. A total of 1543 fish from 10 species was recorded. Ordination revealed spatial variation in assemblage structure, with the distinction primarily between communities in rapids and deep pools. Flow velocity, depth and percentage cover were important determinants offish assemblage structure. The length frequency distribution of abundant species indicated successful recruitment. Several differences in the species compliment compared to earlier studies were evident, including high abundance of Barbus paludinosus and Austro^lanis sclateri, and the absence of Barbus anoplus. The length-mass relationships of large cyprmids indicated long-term declines in the physical condition of fish.
Age structure of elephants in Liwonde National Park, Malawi
Authors: Bhima R. , Bothma J. Du P.
Published: August 2012

The age structure of the elephant population in Liwonde National Park, Malawi was determined for the first time in 1993 and again in 1995 using the photogrammetric method. Sampling was done during a four year-long severe drought from 1991/92 to 1994/95. The drought reached its highest intensity in the first year. Therefore, the study also attempted to assess the impact of the drought on the population. The results show that the population consisted of mostly young animals <5 years old (52.6 and 44.8 in 1993 and 1995, respectively). The other age cohorts were as follows: 6-10 years old - 16.1 and 21.7 ; 11-15 years old - 7.8 and 9.2 ; 16-20 years old - 5.2 and 4.7 ; and >20 years old - 18.3 and 20.5 . The population is young and growing. The prolonged drought did not have any significant impact on the population.
Shore-angling catches in the Tsitsikamma National Park, 1989-1995
Authors: Hanekom N. , Mann-Lang J.B. , Mann B.Q. , Carinus T.V.Z.
Published: August 2012

Catch card returns completed by visitors and locals angling in the fishing area of the Tsitsikamma National Park between 1991 and 1995, as well as results of scientific fishing in the whole park between 1989 and 1991 were analysed. Species composition, catch per unit effort (cpue) and seasonality were determined. Seventy-six percent of the 1 147 catch cards suitable for analysis were submitted by visiting anglers, who caught a total of 1 638 fish weighing approximately 1 522 kg during 4 654 angler-hours. This was almost double the 948 fish, weighing about 611 kg, landed during 1 863 angler-hours by local anglers. A total of 709 fish weighing 774 kg was recorded during the 461 scientific fishing angler- hours. The mean annual cpue of visitors was lower than that of locals (35 @ 1 SE vs. 55 @ 3 SE fish/I 00 angler-hours), while the cpue recorded during the sci- entific fishing throughout the park was 154 fish/100 angler-hours. Species most frequently caught by visitors were Sarpa salpa (22.6 ), Amblyrhynchotes honckenii (19.6 ) and Diplodus sargus capensis (6.7 ), while the catches of locals were dominated by S. salpa (36.7 ), Boopsoidea inornata (21.8 ) and Pomatomus saltatrix (10.4 ). Outside the open fishing area scientific catches were dominated by D. sargus capensis (20 ), Cheimerius nufar (13 ), Pachymetopon grande (9 ) and Dichistius capensis (6 ). Fewer than 2.5 of the bony fish caught in the fishing area weighed more than 3 kg. Catch rates of most species varied seasonally, with the overall cpue of both visitors and locals peaking between October and April. The cpue in the fishing area of the park was at least 2.5 times lower than that recorded in the De Hoop Nature Reserve and Terrace Bay in the Skeleton Coast National Park. However, the cpue recorded during scientific fishing throughout the Tsitsikamma National Park compared favourably with that recorded in other protected areas.
The genus Eupodes Koch, 1835 (Acari: Prostigmata: Eupodidae) from southern African soil and vegetation. Part 1. Characterisation of the genus, designation of the type species and descriptions of three new species
Authors: Olivier P.A.S. , Theron P.D.
Published: August 2012

Based on a study of the Eupodoidea of southern Africa, the genus Eupodes is redefined, with the incorporation of additional features, to distinguish it from other genera. E. striola Koch, 1835 is conceived as type species for the genus. Three new species, E. lutatus, E. indentatus and E. hamatus are described and figured. Special attention is contributed to the shape and position of dorsal idiosomal setae, chaetotaxy of the palp, leg chaetotaxy and solenidiotaxy. Both species are compared with their nearest congeners.
Vegetation of the Witbank Nature Reserve and its importance for conservation of threatened Rocky Highveld Grassland
Authors: Smit C.M. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Van Rooyen N. , Van Wyk A.E. , Combrinck J.M.
Published: August 2012

A vegetation survey of the Witbank Nature Reserve, comprising 847 hectares, was conducted. Phytosociological data were used to identify plant communities, as well as to determine alpha and beta diversities. Eleven plant communities were recognised, two of these are subdivided into sub- communities, resulting in 14 vegetation units. These communities represent four main vegetation types, namely grassland, woodland, wetland and disturbed vegetation. Grassland communities have the highest plant diversity and wetland vegetation the lowest. Floristic composition indicates that the vegetation of the Rocky Highveld Grassland has affinities to the grassland and savanna biomes and also to the Afromontane vegetation of the Great Escarpment. An ordination scatter diagram shows the distribution of the 14 plant communities or sub-communities along a soil moisture gradient, as well as along a soil depth/surface rock gradient. The sequence of communities along the soil moisture gradient is used for calculating beta-diversity indices. It is concluded that the relatively small size of the Witbank Nature Reserve is unlikely to have significant negative effects on the phytodiversity of the various plant communities. This nature reserve is therefore of considerable importance in conserving a representative sample of the Rocky Highveld Grassland.
New records of flowering plants and ferns from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Van Rooyen N. , Bezuidenhout H.
Published: August 2012

A supplementary list of 101 new records of plant species, as well as an updated alphabetical check list comprising a total of 489 plant species, were compiled for the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. The area covers approximately 9 593 km2. These species rep- resent 214 genera and 55 families. The Pteridophyta is represented by two species (0.4 of the total number of species), the Monocotyledonae by 116 species (23.7 ) and the Dicotyledonae by 371 species (75.9 ).
Power and precision of replicated helicopter surveys in mixed bushveld
Authors: Reilly B.K. , Emslie R.H.
Published: August 2012

It is well known that aerial game counts in South Africa are often applied in a non-standardised, unreplicated fashion. They contribute to poor management decisions based on their results as they may be subject to large statistical Type I and II errors. Replicate counts of large herbivores were conducted in a 8 500 ha sample site in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve in July 1991. These data were used to estimate precision of the counts and estimate statistical power to detect population changes for different combinations of replications and significance levels.
Influence of natural silt on the survival of Oreochromis mossambicus yolk sac larvae
Authors: Smit L. , Du Preez H.H. , Steyn G.J.
Published: August 2012

This study investigates the tolerance of Oreochromis mossambicus yolk sac larvae to natural silt from the Phalaborwa Barrage. Larvae survived silt concentrations lower than 13.2 g silt/I, but were highly active, indicating sublethal stress effects. When silt concentrations exceeded 29 g silt/I, stress reactions such as floating at the surface, gulping air, reduced fin and opercular movements and partial and complete loss of equilibrium were observed. Fish that succumbed exhibited darker pigmentation, and silt and mucus covered bodies. LC,() values were derived as 53.4 g silt/I, 31.7 g silt/I and 19.1 g silt/I for 1 hour, 24 hour and 48 hour exposure periods, respectively. Since these concentrations are much lower than the silt released from the Phalaborwa Barrage during flushing, it can be concluded that the release of high silt concentrations can severely impact the larval fish populations in the Olifants River below the Barrage.
Fire management and research in the Kruger National Park, with suggestions on the detection of thresholds of potential concern
Authors: Van Wilgen B.W. , Biggs H.C. , Potgieter A.L.F.
Published: August 2012

This paper reviews the options for management of the savanna ecosystems of the Kruger National Park using fire. The major goals of management have shifted from attempts to use fire to achieve a stable vegetation composition, to one of recognising that savanna ecosystems are in constant flux. Fire is a major form of disturbance that helps to maintain a state of flux, and thus to conserve biodiversity. Three candidate approaches for fire management have been put forward@the lightning fire approach, the patch mosaic burning approach, and an approach based on the assessment of ecological criteria. These approaches differ in their underlying philosophies, but not necessarily in their outcomes, although this cannot be predicted with confidence. We propose, therefore, that patterns of fire frequency, season, intensity and spatial distribution be recorded and monitored, and that these patterns should serve as surrogate measures of biodiversity. Guidelines for the definition of thresholds of potential concern with regard to these patterns are discussed. The monitoring of both fire patterns and trends in plant and animal populations can be used to identify interactions between fire and the components of the ecosystem, and these in turn can be used to define a relevant research agenda. The role of management in monitoring and assessing fire patterns (previously regarded as a research responsibility) is emphasised. Convergence in the patterns of fire that result from the different management approaches could also serve as a basis for merging some or all of these approaches in order to simplify management.
Use of veld condition assessment to set objectives and targets for an ISO 14001 environmental management system for Vaalbos National Park
Authors: Bancroft C.M. , Bezuidenhout H. , Nel J.G.
Published: August 2012

ISO 14001 is a procedural approach to environmental management, based on a philosophy of continual improvement. The planning element of ISO 14001, requires that environmental objectives and environmental targets are set to achieve the goals of the environmental policy. The stocking of game in Vaalbos National Park, is an aspect which impacts on the environment. Veld condition assessment, is essential to set objectives and targets for the management of the stocking rates in the park. Regular monitoring and a flexible management style is necessary to accommodate the fluctuation in veld condition caused by varying climatic conditions and other factors. This ties in well with the requirements of ISO 14001, an environmental management system, which requires that short and long term objectives and targets be set for managing an environmental aspects (e.g. veld utilisation) and environmental impacts (e.g. loss of biodiversity) that these targets are regularly monitored and improved upon.
A further investigation into the bioaccumulation of lead and zinc in the organs and tissues of the African sharptooth catfish, Glorias gariepinus from two localities in the Olifants River, Kruger National Park
Authors: Marx H.M. , Avenant-Oldewage A.
Published: August 2012

The bioaccumulation of lead and zinc in the gills, liver, muscle and skin of Glorias gariepinus from two locations, Mamba and Balule, on the Olifants River within the Kruger National Park is reported here. Over a one year period (1994), four surveys (February, May, July and November) were undertaken. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentrations of both metals in the tissues. The gills were the major route of uptake, with the liver accumulating high lead and zinc concentrations. The concentration of metals in the fish found at Mamba and Balule were found to be significantly different from each other. However, it could not be established at which location the greatest amount of bioaccumulation had taken place. The influences of temperature, alkalinity, salinity and pH on metal toxicity, bioavailability and bioaccumulation rates are discussed in detail. It is imperative that pollution levels in the Olifants River and its effect on fish is continually monitored and captured, so as to main- tain and conserve this river and the biota dependant on it.
The physical environment and major plant communities of the Tankwa- Karoo National Park
Authors: Rubin Francine
Published: August 2012

Apart from Acocks (1988) there are no published descriptions of the vegetation of the greater Tanqua and Doring River drainage basin (Bayer et al. 1993). A botanical and physical description of the Tankwa- Karoo National Park (TKRNP) which occurs in Veldtype 31b (Acocks 1988) is provided. The three dominant geological formations, older glacigenic deposits of the Dwyka Group, followed by the succession of siliciclas-

tic sediments of the Permian Ecca Group, with flat dolerite sills and dykes, underlie eight distinct plant communities. The plant communities can be divided into large open plains dominated by Galenia africana and Tripteris sp. in the erosion rills, Malephora luteola and Augea capensis common in the low lying areas and Zygophyllum microcarpum, Brownanthus ciliatus and Galenia crystallina common on the more shaly concave plains and low shale hills. Slightly elevated rocky areas are dominated by Ruschia cf. robusta, Ruschia spinosa communities, while crusts of stemless mesembs such as Rhinephyllum macra denium, Hereroa fimbriata and Cheiridopsis acuminata are found on the desert paved areas. Annual Asteraceae covers all the denuded and sparsely vegetated areas after good winter rains while annual mesembs colonise on the more sodic sites. A total of 259 plant species were collected sporadically over a period of eight years, this includes 65 succulents and seven species endemic to the Tanqua Karoo and immediate adjacent area of the Roggeveld Mountain Range and Sutherland. Four Tanqua Karoo endemic species were found in the park.