bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Dental Practice: A Review
Authors: Sana Bashir
Published: August 2020

Novel coronavirus outbreak which started in Wuhan in December 2019 has spread across the globe at a high pace. This infection can be transmitted through droplets, close contacts, aerosols and other forms. Both uninfected patients and healthcare professionals are hesitating in seeing each other being scared of catching this viral disease. To overcome this upcoming gap between healthcare professionals and patients, there is a need to find out a way to answer their concerns and reinforce their confidence. As no specific treatment for this pandemic exists, one can only rely on infection control measures to prevent further spread of this disease. The aim  of  this  review  is to focus on  specific guidelines in order to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission in dental clinics and hospitals.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Health Care Ethics Among Medical, Dental and Nursing Colleges Students and Faculty in Visakhapatnam: A Questionnaire Study
Authors: Pratyusha Chatti  , Vineela Parlapalli  , Siva Kumar Pydi  , Nagarjuna Pottem  , Karishma Janapareddy  , Adithya Teja Prasad Pallekonda
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND: Dental ethics revolves around the extent to which actions within the dental practice promote good and reduce harm.AIM: The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice among the medical, dental, and nursing college students and faculty Visakhapatnam.MATERIALS AND METHODS:  The 26-item questionnaire, self-administered, semi-structured, was designed to access the student's and faculty's knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the globe of healthcare ethics. With all the exclusion and inclusion criteria, the total sample derived as 1190. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS Software Version 21.0 with the significant p-value at ≤ 0.05. Descriptive statistics, chi-Square test and ANOVA test used to compare the knowledge attitude and practice of dental, medical, and nursing students and faculty.RESULTS: Out of 1,190 participants, 456 participants belonged to medical out of which 239 are females, and 217 are males, 424 participants are from the specialty dental, 248 are females, and 176 are 310 participants belong to nursing in which 230 females and 80 males. The knowledge and attitude of dental college interns and postgraduates showed no significant difference in the Hippocratic oath, Nuremberg code, ICMR guidelines, Helsinki declaration with p-value 0.971, 0.899, 0.506, and 0.768. The knowledge and attitude of medical college interns and postgraduates showed a significant difference in the Hippocratic oath, Nuremberg code, ICMR guidelines with p-values 0.002, 0.040 and 0.011, respectively. The knowledge and attitude of final years showed considerable differences from the third years of nursing. CONCLUSION: The knowledge and attitude of health care ethics are significantly more in medical postgraduates than the medical interns, showed no significant difference in dental interns and graduates, and showed significant differences in nursing students.
Streptococcus mutans Level Estimation in Saliva before and after Consumption of Chewable Probiotics among School Children
Authors: Shinjini Dey  , Chanchal Singh  , Ankit Natani  , Hemeshwari Laishram  , Aishwarya Senthilkumar
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) deemed probiotics to be the next most important immune defence system. Also known as the “friendly bacteria”, these lactobacilli-derived food supplements are the current trending weapons to fight against Streptococcus mutans, the prime causative organism for dental caries. AIM: To compare the levels of salivary mutans streptococci in children before and after short-term consumption of dental probiotic chewable containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus salivarius M18. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed on 10 healthy subjects in the age group of 6-12 years who were followed for 7 days. The assessment of S. mutans in saliva was done at baseline, 1 hour after consumption of probiotic chewable and after 7-day of intervention period using mitis salivarius bacitracin agar. The colonies of S. mutans were identified and counted using a digital colony counter.RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction of salivary S. mutans was recorded after consumption of the probiotic chewable on the 7th day in the probiotic group. Results were found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) when the differences in the reduction of mutans streptococci counts with probiotic chewable and plain chewable on the 7th day were compared. CONCLUSION: The following study, based on its observations, does conclude that short term consumption of probiotic chewable displays a significant reduction in the level of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children. Thus, keeping in mind the idea that prevention is always better than cure, the awareness regarding probiotics as a therapy to prevent dental caries should be made among both dental practitioners, especially paediatric dentists as well as parents.
Stepwise Reperfusion After Zone 1 REBOA: Is Repositioning to Zone 3 a Useful Maneuver?
Authors: Tibbits Emily M , Hoareau Guillaume L , Simon Meryl A , Davidson Anders J , DeSoucy Erik S , Faulconer E Robert , Neff Lucas P , Grayson J Kevin , Johnson M Austin , Williams Timothy K
Published: August 2020

Background: One limitation of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is hemodynamic instability upon balloon deflation due to distal hyperemia and washout of ischemic metabolites. We sought to determine whether stepwise reperfusion after supraceliac (Zone 1) REBOA by transitioning to infrarenal (Zone 3) occlusion would mitigate the physiologic consequences of balloon deflation and decrease hemodynamic instability.
Methods: Twelve anesthetized swine underwent controlled hemorrhage of 25% blood volume, 45 minutes of Zone 1 REBOA, then resuscitation with shed blood. Standardized critical care began with deflation of the Zone 1 balloon in all animals, and continued for six hours. Half of the animals were randomly assigned to Zone 3 REBOA for an additional 55 minutes following Zone 1 balloon deflation.
Results: There were no differences in physiology at baseline, during the initial 30 minutes of hypotension, or during the 45 minutes of Zone 1 occlusion. After Zone 1 balloon deflation, there was no difference in proximal mean arterial pressure (pMAP) with or without Zone 3 occlusion or percentage of critical care time spent within the target pMAP range between 65 and 75 mm Hg. There were also no significant differences in peak lactate concentration or resuscitation requirements.
Conclusions: In an animal model of hemorrhagic shock and Zone 1 REBOA, subsequent Zone 3 aortic occlusion did not add a significant ischemic burden, but it also did not provide significant hemodynamic support. The effect of this strategy on functional outcomes warrants further study. Continued investigation is necessary to determine optimal resuscitative support strategies during reperfusion following Zone 1 REBOA
Implementing a REBOA Program Outside Large Academic Trauma Centers: Initial Case Series and Lessons Learned at a Busy Community Trauma Program
Authors: Glaser Jacob , Czerwinski Adam , Alley Ashley , Keyes Michael , Piacentino Valentino , Pepe Antonio
Published: August 2020

Background: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has become an established adjunct to hemorrhage control. Prospective data sets are being collected, primarily from large high-volume trauma centers. There are limited data and guidelines, to direct the implementation and use of REBOA outside these highly resourced environments. Smaller centers interested in adopting a REBOA program could benefit from closing this knowledge gap. Methods: A clinical series of cases utilized REBOA at a busy community trauma center (ACS Level 2) from January 2017 to May 2018. Seven cases are identified and reported, including outcomes. Considerations and ‘lessons learned’ from this early institutional experience are discussed. Results: REBOA was performed by trauma and acute care surgeons for hemorrhage and shock (blunt trauma n = 3, penetrating trauma n = 2, no trauma n = 2). All were placed in Zone 1 (one was placed initially in Zone 3 then advanced). The mean (SD) systolic pressure (mmHg) before REBOA was 43 (30); post-REBOA pressure was 104 (19). Four of the patients were placed via an open approach, and three were percutaneous (n = 2 with ultrasound). All with arrest before placement expired (n = 3) and all others survived. Complications are described.Conclusions: REBOA can be a feasible adjunct for shock treatment in the community hospital environment, with outcomes comparable to large centers, and can be implemented by acute care and trauma surgeons. A rigorous process of improvement programs and critical appraisal are critical in maximizing the benefit in these centers.
Severe Venous Injury in Acute Trauma Setup – Is There a Role for Endovascular Treatment?
Authors: Heldenberg E , Daskal Y , DuBose J J , Sheizaf G , Aizer Z , Kessel B
Published: August 2020

Background: The role of endovascular treatment of acute traumatic venous injuries (ATVI) remains controversial. Endovascular resuscitation and hybrid trauma management (EVTM) concepts, which constitute the combination of conventional and endovascular capabilities in the treatment of vascular injuries continue to evolve, yet published reports of traumatic venous injuries treated by endovascular means remain confined to sporadic case reports.Methods: The medical literature from 1990 to 2017 using Pubmed and OVID Medline databases was reviewed to search for reports on the endovascular treatment of ATVI. No publications were excluded due to the small number of publications available. Sixteen reports were found. The manuscripts were analyzed regarding the mechanism, location, and type of injury; endovascular techniques utilized; and both clinical and radiographic outcomes.Results: Endovascular treatment was reported in only 16 patients with ATVI during the study period. Most cases (10/16; 62.5%) were secondary to blunt trauma, while the rest (6/16; 37.5%) were secondary to penetrating injuries equally divided between gunshot wounds and stab wounds. Endovascular stent or stent graft utilization was employed in 12 of these cases, 2 cases were treated by endovascular embolization and in 2 cases endovascular balloons were used for temporary hemorrhage control to facilitate open surgical exposure and intervention. No mortalities related to the endovascular interventions were reported.Conclusion: The experience with endovascular treatment of ATVI remains very limited. The results currently available, although very limited in numbers, appear promising. Additional study will prove essential in defining the optimal employment of EVTM concepts in the management of venous injuries, particularly as technology continues to advance and experience with these modalities increases.
Applications for Aid and Assistance in Respect of Foreign Insolvency Proceedings in New Zealand since the Enactment of the Insolvency (Cross-Border) Act 2006 (NZ)
Authors: Keeper Patricia
Published: August 2020

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Presentación: Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social | Presentation: Communication as a Value of Social Development
Authors: González-Morales Laura , López-López Guilebaldo
Published: August 2020

Presentación: Comunicación como valor de desarrollo socialPresentation: Communication as a Value of Social Development
Синтез, исследование и молекулярное моделирование возможных структур гетеролигандного комплекса стеарата гадолиния с ацетилацетоном
Authors:   Кубанский государственный университет, Краснодар, Россия, Иванин С.Н. , Панюшкин В.Т. , Бузько В.Ю. , Селивантьев Ю.М. , Костырина Т.В.
Published: August 2020

Синтезирован гетеролигандный комплекс стеарата гадолиния с ацетилацетоном, методами элементного анализа и энергодисперсионного анализа установлен его состав. Методом теории функционала плотности с функционалом B3LYP смоделирована структура наиболее устойчивой по энергетике конформации стеаратного аквакомплекса гадолиния с ацетилацетоном, рассчитан ее ИК спектр, который сравнивался с экспериментальным ИК спектром. Методом молекулярной механики с силовым полем ММ+ выполнено молекулярное моделирование возможных полимерных структур гетеролигандного комплекса стеарата гадолиния с ацетилацетоном.
Расчет термодинамических и структурных характеристик жидких углеводородов методом Монте-Карло
Authors:   Институт математических проблем биологии РАН (филиал ИПМ РАН им. М.В. Келдыша), Пущино, Россия, Теплухин А.В.
Published: August 2020

Методом компьютерного моделирования (Монте-Карло) проведено исследование полноатомных моделей жидких углеводородов (н-пентан, н-гексан, н-октан, неогексан, изооктан, циклогексан, циклогексен, толуол, бензол) при атмосферном давлении и комнатной температуре. Показано, что подход на основе упрощенного учета энергии деформации валентных связей и углов позволяет разработать высокоэффективные суперкомпьютерные программы для изучения биополимерных систем большого размера в рамках классической физики. Структурные и термодинамические характеристики углеводородов (молярная теплота испарения, плотность, удельная теплоемкость (cP), изотермическая сжимаемость, объемный коэффициент теплового расширения), рассчитанные в рамках этого подхода, вполне соответствуют экспериментальным значениям.
Rancang Bangun Media Pembelajaran Augmented Reality Mengenal Alat Musik Degung
Authors: Mulyana Yunita Agustin , Setiawan Iwan Rizal , Lelah Lelah
Published: August 2020

Augmented Reality is one of information technology that still exists and being developed till now. This technology can show up a not real object in the real background. As we know, we can use technology to help our work and help us to make everything simple and easier. Nowadays, everything got easier and easier to do because of technology, it’s because a lot of people try to make something useful to help them with their work. Therefore, this study uses one of the technologies, augmented reality, to introduce traditional musical instruments named Degung to all people who want to know about this instrument. They who want to show Degung to other but do not know an easy way, can use the result of this study using MDLC (multimedia development life cyle) method.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THREE CONTEXT FACTORS AND FOOD BEHAVIOR OF STUDENTS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN EDO STATE
Authors: Uwameiye B.E. , Uwameiye Raymond
Published: August 2020

This paper examined the relationship between three context factors and food behavior of students in public universities in Edo State, Nigeria.  The study was an ex-post facto research design adopting correlation approach. A sample of 956 students participated in the study. Three research questions and corresponding hypotheses guided the study. A self structured 43 item questionnaire was administered for data collection. The Mean, Standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to establish the relationship between the variables. Findings revealed that: there is a significant relationship between personal factors and eating behavior of students in public universities in Edo State (r.062; P<.05); there is a significant relationship between school environment factors and eating behavior of students in Edo State (r.078; P<.05); and  there is a significant relationship between peer factors and eating  behavior of students in Edo State (r.076: P<.05). This paper recommends that it is of essence to give nutrition education a place in the curriculum of the university school system amongst other recommendations.
RAINWATER HARVESTING ON GREENHOUSE ROOF AND USE IN IRRIGATION
Authors: Boyacı Sedat , Kartal Sinan
Published: August 2020

Rainwater collection systems are alternative water supply methods providing environmental and economic benefits compared to traditional water supply methods used in arid and semi-arid climates with water shortages. Rainwater harvested in greenhouse roof by rain gutters can be used to irrigate and grow the plants cultivated in greenhouses. However, rain gutters and storage tanks in greenhouses should be of sufficient size to collect rainwater. Water consumption of plants in the greenhouse should be calculated correctly to determine the storage size in greenhouses. The amount of annual irrigation water harvested from rainfall in Kirsehir province where total rainfall is 388.3 l/m2 was determined as 349.57 l/m2 based on rainfall factor of 0.9. Total amount of irrigation water needed by the plants in the unheated greenhouse between April and September for single crop cultivation was 568.33 l/m2. The results revealed that 61.49% of irrigation water needed for plants can be met by rainwater harvesting. In addition, 47.74% of the total water demand of plants in the heated greenhouse where crops are grown throughout a year can be met by rainwater harvesting. The storage capacities needed for unheated and heated greenhouses were determined as 0.21 m3/m2 and 0.30 m3/m2 depending on the amount of rainwater harvested. The results showed that rainwater harvesting may contribute to the improvement of agricultural activities in water-scarce regions.
EFFECT OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON KIDNEY FUNCTION IN FERAL DOMESTIC CATS (Felis catus)
Authors: Estopa Dionesio A.
Published: August 2020

This experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of unilateral nephrectomy on kidney function through hematological and urological values after surgery using feral domestic cats.  Four (4) apparently healthy stray male cats were caught and used as experimental animals in this study. The animals were grouped into two (2) with two cats in each group. Grouping of the animals was based according to age, the 1st group – ages one year and above (>1 year) and the 2nd group – ages one year and below (<1 year).  A split plot randomized complete block design was used in the experiment. The result shows that rectal temperature and packed cell volume have been affected on both age group of cats and other urological values like the presence of urobilinogen, protein, leukocytes, erythrocytes and crystals were elevated twenty four hours after surgery. A significant increase on the level of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen has been noted from the 3rd and 15th post – operative day. However, no significant difference was noted between experimental animals and the two age groups, all of which have similar result. The findings of the study revealed that the remaining kidney could not completely compensate the function of the other kidney up to the 15th post – operative day, it may take longer than fifteen days. Hence, proper supportive treatment, post-operative care & management of animals subjected to unilateral nephrectomy is a must and should continue beyond fifteen days.
DERIVATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE (LST) FROM LANDSAT 7 & 8 IMAGERIES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH TWO VEGETATION INDICES (NDVI AND GNDVI)
Authors: J. U. Richard , Abah Ibochi Andrew
Published: August 2020

Land surface temperature (LST) fluctuation is a global problem that is responsible for regional and global climate change. Abnormal LST causes drought, depletion of ozone layers, skin and lung diseases and also affect crops production. Spatial distribution of surface temperature has become an issue especially to less developed countries with little or absent of temperature stations to report daily or monthly temperature of the area. This study utilized remote sensing approach to estimate land surface temperature, NDVI and GNDVI of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study was conducted using Landsat imageries of two epochs (1990 and 2017) which was downloaded using path 188 and row 57. The images were converted from DN to TOA radiance using algorithm specified in the Landsat user’s guide. The highest estimated LST in 1990 and 2017 map was 28.77°C and 29.37°C. Also, in 1990 the highest LST was recorded in Diobu and part of Old Port Harcourt Township while in 2017 maximum temperature extended from Diobu to Trans-amadi. The increase LST was due to urbanization and industrialization in the city. The study observed mean difference between estimated LST of 1990 and 2017 and that observed by NIMET as 1.24°C and 2.91°C respectively. There was positive correlation coefficient of 0.09 and 0.4 between LST against NDVI in 1990 and in 2017 and between LST against GNDVI of 0.19 and 0.30 was also observed in both years. This study justified that remote sensing and GIS can be used to derive LST which can be used for environmental studies and research purposes. For further study, LST should be estimated in all the state and their values validate with in-situ observations.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING OF NEW PRODUCTS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Mukhamadeyeva Railya
Published: August 2020

The main goal of the project is to investigate the possible ways of introducing the additive technologies, to study the peculiarities of the layer wise synthesis process when producing foundry patterns and defining basic parameters which influence the quality of the produced parts. Based on the analysis of the results of activities aimed at the development of three-dimensional printing in Kazakhstan, highlighted the alleged problems of the successful implementation of additive technologies in the economy and in education particularly. In article the scheme of the existence and development of new technologies and the role of government’s support in the process is given. The results of data analysis from the Internet shows that there is a sufficient number of three-dimensional modeling laboratories, but it is mostly commercial service companies in the field of three-dimensional printing. The key factor in the growth of any economy is to organize an effective system of technology transfer and its further improvement.
ROLE OF GRAPHIC DESIGN FOR THE INNOVATION PROCESS OF AN EDUCATION PROJECT
Authors: Sanfins Marco Aurélio , Masuko Morgana Jesus , Santos Pablo Silva Machado Bispo dos , Figueiredo Paula dos Santos
Published: August 2020

Increasingly, society is faced with the need to acquire a great deal of educational and cultural information, which is constantly produced by science in a short time. This fact makes more and more the teaching system to walk in search of innovating its tools that, in an objective way and with the desired efficiency, aim to supply this demand. This article illustrates the importance of graphic design in the production of various support materials that help in the generation of content for the different courses that are offered and make up the core portfolio of transdisciplinary studies of the present university. The importance of the role of the graphic designer in the organizational structure of the nucleus has been shown to be of high relevance, including gaining a prominent role in making decisions about the process of creating a given course.
STOCK PRICE MOVEMENT AND VOLATILITY IN MUSCAT SECURITY MARKET (MSM)
Authors: Husain Uvesh , Javed Sarfaraz
Published: August 2020

This paper examines the stock price movement and volatility in listed financial Omani Companies in MSM. The study made use of secondary data. This study is an attempt to answer these important questions, is there an effect of the announcement of the dividend policy on the market value of the shares of the Omani companies listed in MSM? Moreover, Is there any effect for each of the announcement of the earnings per share and distribution of profits on the market value of the shares of the Omani companies listed in MS at the level of each year of the study? The analytical descriptive approach was used to investigate. This study mainly depends on secondary data. The event study methodology is intended to investigate the effect of an event on a specific dependent variable. An “event” is the public announcement of a (usually voluntary) corporate action. In this considered corporate action is the dividend announcement. The abnormal return is calculated form 10 days prior to the event and 10 days post to the event.
Human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Wina Nurtias Lia Yosaneri , Rahma Turista Dora Dayu , Puspitasari Eka
Published: August 2020

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection caused by a new type of Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19 then became a pandemic in various countries in early 2020. In this article it contains review that discusses the immune response in humans due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, using the narrative literature review method, a total of 36 articles (6 from Elsevier, 24 from PMC, and 6 from Springer). It is known that the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the manufacture of drugs and vaccines are still under investigation, but in infected patients, innate immune responses in the form of alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, airway epithelial cells, congenital lymphocytes, and neutrophils work together in the fight against infection. Next comes the adaptive immune response in the form of antibodies (immunoglobulins) which help in fighting infections due to SARS-CoV-2. These immune responses include increasing levels of cytokines, coagulation parameters, C-reactive protein, neutrophils, and decreasing total lymphocytes. It is also known that COVID-19 patients with severe disease often experience higher total antibody, IgM responses, and IgG responses than COVID-19 patients without congenital disease. IgG antibodies are present in the serum, so the serum in COVID-19 patients who have recovered can be used for therapy in COVID-19 patients who have not healed, as long as the drug and vaccine are under investigation.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAM QUIZ TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IV SDN 20 AMPENAN
Authors: Putri Dwi Desi Hariyani , Dewi Nurul Kemala , Rosyidah Awal Nur Kholifatur
Published: August 2020

This study aims to describe the influence of the cooperative learning model team quiz type on the mathematics learning outcomes of fourth-grade students of SD Negeri 20 Ampenan. This type of research is quantitative research. The research method used is Quasi Experiment with research design Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Learning outcomes taken in this study are in three domains, namely cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. The instrument in this study has passed two stages of testing, namely the expert validator test and field testing. The conclusion is drawn by the results of hypothesis testing with pretest and posttest giving questions after being treated with a cooperative learning model type team quiz. Before testing the hypothesis, a prerequisite or parametric test is carried out, namely the Normality Test and the Homogeneity Test. The results of hypothesis testing using the independent sample t-test with the help of SPSS version 16 show the t-count value of 6,979 ≥ t-table 2,021 at a significant level of 5% with df = 67, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, that is, there is an effect on student learning outcomes with the use of cooperative learning model type team quiz. Simple Linear regression test results of 86% with very good interpretation.
Ideologias, utopias e agir social segundo a Octogesima Adveniens
Authors: Alves Antonio Aparecido
Published: August 2020

Diante das grandes ideologias presentes e atuantes em seu tempo, que pretendiam responder plenamente ao anseio de unta vida verdadeiramente humana, Paulo VI propõe um outro caminho. Este artigo procura analisar a questão das ideologias na Octogesima Adveniens e as utopias, solução deixada por Paulo VI, relacionando-a com o agir social dos cristãos.Abstract: In face of the great ideologies present and active in his day that hoped to fully respond to the desires for a truly human life, Paul the 6h proposed anotherpath. This article attempts to analyse the question of the ideologies in the Octogesima Adveniens and the utopias, solution lelt by Paul the 6h, relating it to the social actions of Christians.
The pattern of crisis calls to a suicide telephone helpline service in Nigeria
Authors: Ogbolu RE , Oyatokun BO , Ogunsola K , Adegbite TA , Tade T , Olafisoye O , Aina OF
Published: August 2020

Background: Suicide is the deliberate killing of oneself. Although it is preventable, suicide accounts for over 800,000 global deaths annually. There is the need to scale-up prevention strategies, and one of these strategies is the provision of suicide telephone helplines. Objectives: To describe the pattern of calls received by a suicide telephone helpline and the types of intervention provided in a Nigerian facility. Methods: This was a descriptive study of the first 100 completed calls received on a 24-hour suicide telephone helpline service by trained responders. Results: All the calls emanated from 14 states of the federation, with the majority (83.0%) from the Southern parts of the country. The reasons for the telephone calls varied from crisis situations (47.0%) to telephone number-verification (27.0%), mental health information (20.0%), and others (6.0%). The mean age of the crisis -situation callers was 25.8 years, with a slight female preponderance (53.2%); most were single in marital status (68.1%) and unemployed (70.2%). A majority (72.3%) of the callers had an underlying mental condition, 68.1% had suicidal ideation while 12.8% had previously attempted suicide. All the crisis callers were offered interventions ranging from phone counselling to linkage to the nearest mental health services. Conclusion: A majority of the crisis callers were offered mental health services, raising the possibility that the availability of telephone helplines may play a role in suicide prevention in Nigeria.
Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected conventional antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
Authors: Okunye OL , Idowu PA , Kolade TT
Published: August 2020

Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates. Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin® (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with exception of isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml.  The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever.
Prevalence and determinants of current contraceptive use among married women in Jada Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Atinge S , Balogun M , Umahi E , Ejim C
Published: August 2020

Background: Family planning is a cost-effective intervention in the prevention of maternal, infant and child mortality. However, its uptake has been hamstrung by a myriad of factors in Northern Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. Objective: To determine the prevalence as well as determinants of current contraceptive use in Adamawa State, northern Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional in design. The participants were married women of reproductive age in Jada Local Government Area of Adamawa State. Participants were selected by multistage sampling technique. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Five hundred and eighty married women participated in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 30.9±6.6 years. Five hundred and eleven (88.4%) were aware of contraceptives. However, the current rate of contraceptive use was 31.4%. The predictors of contraceptive use included the level of education (p = 0.006) and discussion with husband (p<0.001). The commonest reason cited for non-use of contraceptives was the fear of side effects among 144 (41.6%) women. Conclusion: The prevalence of contraceptive use among married women was higher than the national average. High educational status and discussion of family planning with husband were the predictors of contraceptive use.
Bacterial flora of the genital tract in pregnancy and early labour
Authors: Sule-Odu AO , Akadiri AA , Oluwole AA , Osinupebi OA , Andu BA , Akiseku AK , Lawal AI , Oritogun KS
Published: August 2020

Background: Bacterial infections of the reproductive tract are common during pregnancy and have been associated with some pregnancy-related morbidities. There is limited information on the prevalence of bacterial infection of the reproductive tract during labour. Objective: To compare the prevalence of bacterial colonisation of the reproductive tract of pregnant women in early third trimester and early labour, and determine the associated foetal outcome. Methods: High vaginal swabs were collected from 201 pregnant women with gestational age from 26 to 32 weeks at the antenatal clinic of a Nigerian teaching hospital. The samples were processed to isolate bacterial organisms. Repeat samples were collected in early labour. The foetal outcome was assessed and recorded. Results: The prevalence of bacterial colonisation was 31.3% in early third trimester and 21.9% in early labour (p = 0.032). Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent organism isolated. Cefoxitin and imipenem were the most sensitive antibiotics. Women who had positive bacterial cultures in pregnancy had a slightly higher risk of low birth weight babies (RR 1.9, CI 0.9-3.7) and neonatal hospitalization (RR 1.8, CI 0.9-3.4) but without statistical significance (p = 0.05, and p = 0.06 respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial colonisation of the reproductive tract of pregnant women was significantly higher in early third trimester than in early labour. There was no significant difference in pregnancy outcome between women who had positive bacterial cultures and those with negative cultures.
Characteristics of HIV/ Malaria co-infected mothers who did not access early infant diagnosis for their HIV-exposed infants in Benin-City, Nigeria
Authors: Sadoh AE , Eki-Udoko FE
Published: August 2020

Background: Perinatally-acquired HIV infections rapidly lead to death within one to two years of life. Early infant diagnosis (EID) is the key to early identification with the prompt commencement of treatment. This has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. In Nigeria, only 21% of HIV-infected infants are on ARTs. Objective: To determine the characteristics of HIV/Malaria co-infected mothers who did not access EID for their HIV- exposed infants. Methods: HIV infected mothers were recruited from three hospitals during the last trimester of pregnancy and were tested for peripheral and placental malaria at delivery. Socio-demographic and some clinical characteristics were obtained using a proforma. Following delivery, the babies were commenced on the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) protocol for HIV including prophylactic Nevirapine therapy, infant feeding counselling and performance of DNA PCR at 6-8 weeks of life. Mothers whose infants did not have DNA PCR results were categorized as having not accessed EID services. Results: Of the 162 infants, only 101 (62.4%) had a DNA PCR test done. The mean age of mothers who did not access EID (31.84±4.8 years) was significantly higher than for mothers who accessed EID (30.58±3.09 years) (p<0.0001). Mothers with low levels of education (p = 0.006), cohabiting mothers (p = 0.0067) and HIV serodiscordant couples (p = 0.0029) were more likely not to access EID. Conclusion: Education, marital status and HIV serodiscordance are significant determinants of accessing EID services. Assessment of these factors at first contact with a pregnant HIV-infected woman allows risk categorisation for default from EID.
Relationship between bone markers and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Nigerian adults
Authors: Ale AO , Familoni OB , Ogunsemi OO , Afe TO , Adeleye OO , Adeyemo OL
Published: August 2020

Background: Osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases are global public health concerns. Both diseases have been linked through common risk factors and biological mechanisms. Objective: To evaluate the association between bone turnover markers (BTM) and some cardiovascular risk factors among healthy Nigerian adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational study of 80 healthy participants of less than 50 years of age. Clinical data were obtained through an interviewer-based questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were analysed for Osteocalcin (OC), Total Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHVitD), Calcium (Ca), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG). Two-hour postprandial blood glucose (2HPP) Calcium-phosphorus product calculated (CAP) and 24-hour urinary calcium excretion (CaE) were determined. Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.1±5.8 years, mean BMI was 26.3±4.0kg/m2 and the mean waist circumference (WC) was 79.6±16.0cm. OC was directly correlated with ALP (r = 0.4, p = 0.006) but not with CaE (p = 0.8). Serum OC was inversely correlated with age, BMI and WC. ALP was negatively correlated with FBG (r = - 0.3, p = 0.04), 2HPP (r = - 0.65, p = 0.000). Multivariate regression showed that BTMs-OC, ALP and CAE independently predicted BMI, 2HPP, DBP and FBG respectively. Conclusion: This study showed a relationship between bone markers and selected cardiovascular risk factors in Nigerian adults. Therefore, patients with cardiovascular disease may benefit from bone health screening or vice versa.
Histomorphological and Histochemical Investigation of The Vagina of Adult Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Al-Saffar F. J. , Al-bbadi Hazim N.H
Published: August 2020

This study was carried out to identify the morphological, histological and histochemical features of the vagina of the adult guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). To perform such project, 14 adult guinea pigs at their diestrous period were bought from the local breeders directly. Animals were euthanized, dissected and subsequently specimens from the cranial, middle and caudal portions of the vagina were collected and fixed. Fixation was implemented by using 10% neutral buffered formalin and Bouin’s solution. Post routine processing such as dehydration, clearing, embedding and blocks preparation, tissue sections of 6 μm were prepared and stained by using hematoxylin-eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, Alcian blue and Periodic acid shiff stains. Gross findings revealed that the vagina in the adult guinea pigs was characteristically very long tube-like structure with wide diameter. The vagina entirely was running ventral to the colon and then under the rectum in the pelvic cavity. It was terminated caudally by the vaginal orifice independent to the urethral orifice of the urinary system. Microscopic findings revealed mucous columnar lining epithelium which was folded at the vaginal fornix decreased caudally toward the external vaginal orifice where the epithelium changed into stratified squamous epithelium not keratinized. Thin dense lamina propria was continuous with loose connective tissue of the submucosa. Thickness of tunica muscularis was decreased which was surrounded with thick adventitia. Histochemically, the non-ciliated mucous columnar cells present in the lining epithelium of the cranial and middle regions of the vagina were positively stained with AB (pH 2.5) and PAS stains. The reaction with AB (pH 2.5) was more intense compared to the staining with PAS so that it indicated that mucin was more acidic than neutral in nature. Characteristic conclusions include that the vagina opening was U-shaped not circular and closed by transparent closure during the diestrous period. Histologically, the vagina also lined with mucoid lining and only the orifice and adjacent area lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Moreover, current study recorded differences in both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the vagina in the guinea pigs compared to other animal considered laboratory species.
Clinical and Ultrasonic Study for Detection of Pregnancy in Iraqi Buffaloes
Authors: M. AL-Sariy, S. , A. AL-Yasiri E. , M. AL-Hamedawi T.
Published: August 2020

The present study was conducted on 10 Iraqi pregnant buffaloes aged between 3-6 years at Al-Qasim district- Babylon province, Iraq from December 2018 to December 2019. Those animals diagnosed by rectal palpation and ultrasonography technique to estimate the reproduction status. The results of this study reported wandering of ovum in 10% of animals (1/10). While ultrasonography characterized by increasing placentomes measurement gradually with development of gestation, and the placentomes recorded 8.32±2.46 mm, 13.27±3.25 mm, 18.37±5.34 mm, 23.25±8.63 mm and 28.2±6.87 mm in the 2nd , 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th month, respectively. Also the total size was recorded by the crown rump length (CRL), which was 0.77±0.05 cm, 5.81±2.54 cm and 14.09±0.73 cm in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month, respectively. The heart beat and embryonic vesicle during the 1st and 2nd month were detectable by ultrasonography. In conclusions in the present study, rectal palpation and ultrasonography technique represented one of the most important methods to estimate the gestation period in different stages.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in Ostriches from Central and South Parts of Iraq
Authors: Hamza Al- Zubaidei H. , Hameed Kawan M.
Published: August 2020

The prevalence of ostrich’s cryptosporidiosis was determined for the first time in central and south parts of Iraq to study the effects of age, sex, and months on the infection rate and to record the morphological characterization of Cryptosporidium spp in ostriches. A total of 200 ostriches fecal samples were examined by traditional methods for the detection of the parasite. The total infection rate was 11% (22/200), and the highest infection rate was 12.26% (13/106) in chicks ( 9 months), while the lowest infection rate was 9.57% (9/94) recorded in the adult (> 9 months). The study included seven provinces in the central and south parts of Iraq, Wasit, Baghdad, Babylon, Diyala, Karbala, Al-Najaf, and Al-Qadisiyah. The highest infection rate was reported in Al-Najaf (23.53%) compared with the lowest rate (0%) in Wasit province. March reported an infection rate of 50%, while the lowest rate (0%) was registered during summer months (June, July, and August) with a significant difference (P≤0.05) among months of the study. Morphologically, the study indicated the widespread of Cryptosporidium parasites in ostriches in both central and south areas of Iraq.
Efficacy of Immune System Challenges with Tiny Enemy COVID-19
Authors: Jassim Huda S.
Published: August 2020

The objective of this review article was to discuss the interaction between virus effectiveness and host immune system challenges on the innate and adaptive on how the immune system able to defend against COVID-19 viral infections. Genetically, the COVID-19 is a virus that has genetic material coated by lipid with a crown of protein. The virus that causes COVID-19 is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-COV-2) and was first detected in humans last December 2019. Primarily, the COVID-19 virus spreads with droplets of saliva or nose discharge when an infected person sneezes or coughs. Most people with a healthy immune system those infected with the COVID-19 virus showed mild to moderate respiratory illness and recovered without needing special treatment. The aged people those had medical problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are most likely to develop serious illness. In-conclusion: Little is known about viral clearance, but regulation innate immune response associated with development of adaptive immunity neutralizing antibodies, memory T and B lymphocytes in convalescent patients raises hope for active immunization.
Empowerment Program Design in Edutourism Management Post Pandemic Covid 19
Authors: Sulaiman Adhi Iman , Chusmeru Chusmeru , Adi Tri Nugroho , Prawoto Jati P. Imam , Runtiko Agus Ganjar , Sutikna Nana
Published: August 2020

The agrotourism area not only provides attractions of natural beauty and agricultural products, but also local wisdom that can be used as an educational commodity or educational tourism, so that tourists get knowledge, experience and agricultural cultivation skills from the community or entrepreneurial groups. The Corona Virus 2019 (Covid 19) pandemic in Indonesia resulted in decreasing of tourist visit and income for entrepreneurial groups, so it was important to design an empowerment program in the management of covid 19 post-pandemic tourism development. The research process was carried out before the Covid 19 pandemic: January to mid-March 2020 therefore the researcher could use the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method. While data collection was taken by observation, documentation, interviews and discussions with research informants from the village government, tour operators, farmer groups, entrepreneurship groups based on horticultural products, practitioners and experts. And then through a questionnaire from business groups of 60 respondents in tourist locations, it used a survey method and the results are descriptive quantitative data. The research location was in the agro-tourism area of Serang Village, Karangreja District, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province. This research used community development analysis, then conducting clarification and data verification using online media due to Covid 19 pandemic. The result of the study was the design of gradual empowerment programs targeting the younger generation such as: (1) the stage of forming and enhancing the mindset, mental attitude and motivation for successful entrepreneurship, teamwork and edu-tourism management; (2) stage of increasing knowledge, awareness and skills, especially innovation in processing horticulture products, packaging, product brand labels and licensing and product standardization; (3) the stages of forming an educational tourism (edutourism) team with the support of stakeholder partnerships to provide edu-tourism management training courses, in terms of administration and financial, information and service teams, creative and entertainment teams, digital media teams, digital marketing and promotion teams.