bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postface : Le territoire libanais à l’épreuve de la guerre
Authors: Verdeil Éric , Faour Ghaleb , Velut Sébastien
Published: October 2016

En juillet 2006, au moment où nous achevions la rédaction du texte de cet atlas, Israël, répondant à la capture par le Hezbollah de deux de ses soldats, lançait une opération de très vaste envergure au Liban, appelée désormais la guerre des trente-trois jours (12 juillet-14 août 2006), dont les conséquences dramatiques rendent nécessaire l’ajout de cette postface. À sa façon, ce conflit est un révélateur des dynamiques spatiales du Liban et des problèmes présentés dans le corps de l’ouvrage, par-delà les circonstances de l’événement qui ont retenu plus immédiatement l’attention des médias. Cette nouvelle confrontation entre Israël, le Hezbollah et, par effet si l’on peut dire collatéral, le Liban, a eu pour prétexte immédiat le sort des prisonniers libanais détenus en Israël et la question toujours pendante des fermes de Chebaa. Mais la guerre prend sens dans un contexte de tensions régionales plus larges et singulièrement accrues durant les dernières années.
La politique extérieure de la principauté de Damas (468-549 H / 1076-1154)
Authors: Yared-Riachi Mariam
Published: October 2016

L'analyse des sources arabes, manuscrites comme éditées, permet de reconstituer l'histoire de la principauté de Damas, de 1076 (date de sa constitution au départ des troupes fatimides qui occupaient la ville) jusqu'en 1154 (prise de la cite par le prince zankide Nur al-Din et, ainsi, formation d'un grand État de Syrie et Gazira).Cette étude s'attache a suivre la politique extérieure des maitres successifs de Damas, face aux Fatimides, aux Salguqides, puis aux Francs et petites principautés de Syrie intérieure. On peut noter qu'en général (surtout après la mort de Tutus en 1095), le choix des princes se porta sur des objectifs limites et une politique de bon voisinage. Toutefois, la montée du sentiment anti-croise parmi les élites urbaines sunnites, la pression des 'Abbasides, et l'absence de sens politique de la part de certains responsables de Terre Sainte comme des croises fraichement débarques, rendaient la position des souverains de Damas particulièrement périlleuse. Enfin, la situation intérieure, aux niveaux politique et économique, se traduisit par une série de crises difficiles à gérer.
Les éditions du Komintern, 1919-1943
Authors: Bouju Marie-Cécile
Published: October 2016

Les éditions du Komintern apparurent dès 1919 ; elles furent intégrées au service de l’agit-prop. Elles étaient organisées en zones linguistiques avec pour mission de publier des livres et des brochures à destination du monde extérieur, l’Europe occidentale en premier lieu. Il s’agissait de promouvoir la cause de la Révolution, en franchissant le « bouclier sanitaire » mis en place autour de la jeune Union soviétique. En France, l’action de Boris Souvarine fut décisive, notamment par la création de la « Bibliothèque communiste », en 1921. Le flou relatif du fonctionnement des éditions du Komintern, à ses débuts, fit place à partir du « tournant de la bolchevisation », en 1925-1926, à une stabilisation, sous la direction de Mikhaël Krebs. Cependant, la réorganisation des éditions du Komintern en quatre sections (léniniste, internationale, instruction politique, popularisation de l’URSS) ne changea pas, dans les faits, son fonctionnement par zone linguistique.L’activité du service des éditions du Komintern se développa dans seize pays. En France, à travers l’action de deux maisons d’édition, le Bureau d’édition, de diffusion et de publicité (BEDP) et les Éditions internationales (ESI), qui remplacèrent la Librairie de l’Humanité. La langue la plus employée par les maisons d’édition se rattachant au Komintern était l’allemand, l’anglais puis le français. À partir des années 1930 se développa une certaine autonomie des sections nationales, sur la recommandation du Centre, en même temps que les nécessités de la lutte politique amenèrent à une prise en charge des sections affaiblies dans leurs pays respectifs par un affrontement inégal avec leurs adversaires politiques, par les sections d’autres pays. C’est ainsi que l’appareil du Parti communiste français vint en aide aux sections italiennes, espagnoles, polonaises et de langue yiddish.
Souvenirs des Îles Marquises, 1887-1888
Authors: Testard de Marans Alfred
Published: October 2016

Le témoignage que nous livre, ici, Alfred Testard de Marans date de 1889, peu après son séjour entre 1887 et 1888 en qualité de vice-résident. Il est capital pour ceux qu’intéressent les îles Marquises, qu’ils y résident, y aient séjourné ou souhaitent tout simplement les connaître. C’est le récit d’un homme de qualité tel qu’on l’entendait dans la deuxième partie du xixe siècle. Il est curieux et intéressé par ce qu’il découvre. Il sert dans la Marine nationale et, à ce titre, a déjà connu des pays lointains et considérés comme exotiques, c’est-à-dire caractérisés par l’archaïsme du mode de vie. C’est en érudit et en homme instruit qu’il observe cette population marquisienne. Il livre à notre curiosité une époque postérieure à la deuxième conquête qui eut lieu en 1880, époque qui n’apparaît pas vieillie au regard des écrits rapportés un siècle plus tôt par Cook.
Hybrid and Multiplicative Overlapping Schwarz Algorithms with Standard Coarse Spaces for Mixed Linear Elasticity and Stokes Problems
Authors: Cai Mingchao , Pavarino Luca F.
Published: October 2016

The goal of this work is to construct and study hybrid and multiplicative two-level overlapping Schwarz algorithms with standard coarse spaces for the almost incompressible linear elasticity and Stokes systems, discretized by mixed finite and spectral element methods with discontinuous pressures. Two different approaches are considered to solve the resulting saddle point systems: a) a preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method applied to the symmetric positive definite reformulation of the almost incompressible linear elasticity system obtained by eliminating the pressure unknowns; b) a GMRES method with indefinite overlapping Schwarz preconditioner applied directly to the saddle point formulation of both the elasticity and Stokes systems. Condition number estimates and convergence properties of the proposed hybrid and multiplicative overlapping Schwarz algorithms are proven for the positive definite reformulation of almost incompressible elasticity. These results are based on our previous study [8] where only additive Schwarz preconditioners were considered for almost incompressible elasticity. Extensive numerical experiments with both finite and spectral elements show that the proposed overlapping Schwarz preconditioners are scalable, quasi-optimal in the number of unknowns across individual subdomains and robust with respect to discontinuities of the material parameters across subdomains interfaces. The results indicate that the proposed preconditioners retain a good performance also when the quasi-monotonicity assumption, required by the available theory, does not hold.
Estimation of Impacts of Removing Arbitrarily Constrained Domain Details to the Analysis of Incompressible Fluid Flows
Authors: Zhang Kai , Li Ming , Li Jingzhi
Published: October 2016

Removing geometric details from the computational domain can significantly reduce the complexity of downstream task of meshing and simulation computation, and increase their stability. Proper estimation of the sensitivity analysis error induced by removing such domain details, called defeaturing errors, can ensure that the sensitivity analysis fidelity can still be met after simplification. In this paper, estimation of impacts of removing arbitrarily constrained domain details to the analysis of incompressible fluid flows is studied with applications to fast analysis of incompressible fluid flows in complex environments. The derived error estimator is applicable to geometric details constrained by either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, and has no special requirements on the outer boundary conditions. Extensive numerical examples were presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed error estimator.
Reynolds-number dependence of turbulence enhancement on collision growth
Authors: Onishi Ryo , Seifert Axel
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This study investigates the Reynolds-number dependence of turbulence enhancement on the collision growth of cloud droplets. The Onishi turbulent coagulation kernel proposed in Onishi et al. (2015) is updated by using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) results for the Taylor-microscale-based Reynolds number (Reλ) up to 1140. The DNS results for particles with a small Stokes number (St) show a consistent Reynolds-number dependence of the so-called clustering effect with the locality theory proposed by Onishi et al. (2015). It is confirmed that the present Onishi kernel is more robust for a wider St range and has better agreement with the Reynolds-number dependence shown by the DNS results. The present Onishi kernel is then compared with the Ayala–Wang kernel (Ayala et al., 2008a; Wang et al., 2008). At low and moderate Reynolds numbers, both kernels show similar values except for r2 ∼ r1, for which the Ayala–Wang kernel shows much larger values due to its large turbulence enhancement on collision efficiency. A large difference is observed for the Reynolds-number dependences between the two kernels. The Ayala–Wang kernel increases for the autoconversion region (r1, r2 < 40 µm) and for the accretion region (r1 < 40 and r2 > 40 µm; r1 > 40 and r2 < 40 µm) as Reλ increases. In contrast, the Onishi kernel decreases for the autoconversion region and increases for the rain–rain self-collection region (r1, r2 > 40 µm). Stochastic collision–coalescence equation (SCE) simulations are also conducted to investigate the turbulence enhancement on particle size evolutions. The SCE with the Ayala–Wang kernel (SCE-Ayala) and that with the present Onishi kernel (SCE-Onishi) are compared with results from the Lagrangian Cloud Simulator (LCS; Onishi et al., 2015), which tracks individual particle motions and size evolutions in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The SCE-Ayala and SCE-Onishi kernels show consistent results with the LCS results for small Reλ. The two SCE simulations, however, show different Reynolds-number dependences, indicating possible large differences in atmospheric turbulent clouds with large Reλ.
Global tropospheric hydroxyl distribution, budget and reactivity
Authors: Lelieveld Jos , Gromov Sergey , Pozzer Andrea , Taraborrelli Domenico
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The self-cleaning or oxidation capacity of the atmosphere is principally controlled by hydroxyl (OH) radicals in the troposphere. Hydroxyl has primary (P) and secondary (S) sources, the former mainly through the photodissociation of ozone, the latter through OH recycling in radical reaction chains. We used the recent Mainz Organics Mechanism (MOM) to advance volatile organic carbon (VOC) chemistry in the general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) and show that S is larger than previously assumed. By including emissions of a large number of primary VOC, and accounting for their complete breakdown and intermediate products, MOM is mass-conserving and calculates substantially higher OH reactivity from VOC oxidation compared to predecessor models. Whereas previously P and S were found to be of similar magnitude, the present work indicates that S may be twice as large, mostly due to OH recycling in the free troposphere. Further, we find that nighttime OH formation may be significant in the polluted subtropical boundary layer in summer. With a mean OH recycling probability of about 67 %, global OH is buffered and not sensitive to perturbations by natural or anthropogenic emission changes. Complementary primary and secondary OH formation mechanisms in pristine and polluted environments in the continental and marine troposphere, connected through long-range transport of O3, can maintain stable global OH levels.
Sensitivity of formaldehyde (HCHO) column measurements from a geostationary satellite to aerosol temporal variation in East Asia
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-Ahn , Park Rokjin J. , Jeong Jaein I. , Lee Seungun , González Abad Gonzalo , Kurosu Thomas P. , Palmer Paul I. , Chance Kelly
Published: October 2016

Abstract. We examine upcoming geostationary satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns in East Asia and the retrieval sensitivity to the temporal variation of air mass factor (AMF) considering the presence of aerosols. Observation system simulation experiments (OSSE) were conducted using a combination of a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), a radiative transfer model (VLIDORT), and a HCHO retrieval algorithm developed for Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), which will be launched in 2019. Application of the retrieval algorithm to simulated hourly radiances yields the retrieved HCHO column concentrations, which are then compared with the GEOS-Chem HCHO columns as a true value for the evaluation of the retrieval algorithm. In order to examine the retrieval sensitivity to the temporal variation of AMF, we compare the retrieved HCHO columns using monthly versus hourly AMF values and find that the HCHO vertical columns with hourly AMF are in better agreement with the true values, relative to those with monthly AMF. The differences between hourly and monthly AMF range from −0.70 to 0.73 in absolute value and are mainly caused by temporal changes of aerosol chemical composition: scattering aerosol enhances AMF, whereas absorbing aerosol reduces it. The temporal variations of AMF caused by aerosols increase and decrease HCHO VCDs by 84 % and 34 %, respectively, compared to HCHO VCDs using monthly AMF. We apply our calculated AMF with the aerosol effects to OMI HCHO products in March, 2006 when Asian dust storms occurred and find −18 %–33 % changes in the retrieved HCHO columns in East Asia. The impact of aerosols cannot be neglected for future geostationary observations.
Impact of biogenic very short-lived bromine on the Antarctic ozone
hole during the 21st century
Authors: Fernandez Rafael P. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tilmes Simone , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Active bromine released from the photochemical decomposition of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons (VSLBr) enhances stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on a dual set of 1960–2100 coupled chemistry-climate simulations (i.e. with and without VSLBr), we show that the maximum Antarctic ozone hole depletion increases by up to 14 % when natural VSLBr are considered, in better agreement with ozone observations. The impact of the additional 5 pptv VSLBr on Antarctic ozone is most evident in the periphery of the ozone hole, producing an expansion of the ozone hole area of ~5 million km2, which is equivalent in magnitude to the recently estimated Antarctic ozone healing due to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. We find that the inclusion of VSLBr in CAM-Chem does not introduce a significant delay of the modelled ozone return date to 1980 October levels, but instead affect the depth and duration of the simulated ozone hole. Our analysis further shows that total bromine-catalysed ozone destruction in the lower stratosphere surpasses that of chlorine by year 2070, and indicates that natural VSLBr chemistry would dominate Antarctic ozone seasonality before the end of the 21st century. This work suggests a large influence of biogenic bromine on the future Antarctic ozone layer.
Feedbacks between earlywood anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates affect
spring phenology and wood production in ring-porous oaks
Authors: Pérez-de-Lis Gonzalo , García-González Ignacio , Rozas Vicente , Olano José Miguel
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a central role in the construction and maintenance of a tree's vascular system, but feedbacks between the NSC status of trees and wood formation are not fully understood. We aimed to evaluate multiple dependencies among wood anatomy, winter NSC, and phenology for coexisting temperate (Quercus robur) and sub-Mediterranean (Q. pyrenaica) oaks along a water-availability gradient in the NW Iberian Peninsula. Sapwood NSC concentrations were quantified at three sites in December 2012 (N =  240). Leaf phenology and wood anatomy were surveyed in 2013. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the interplay among hydraulic diameter (Dh), winter NSC, budburst date, and earlywood vessel production (EVP), while the effect of Dh and EVP on latewood width was assessed by using a mixed-effects model. NSC and wood production increased under drier conditions for both species. Q. robur showed a narrower Dh and lower soluble sugar (SS) concentration (3.88–5.08 % dry matter) than Q. pyrenaica (4.06–5.57 % dry matter), but Q. robur exhibited larger EVP and wider latewood (1403 µm) than Q. pyrenaica (667 µm). Stem diameter and Dh had a positive effect on SS concentrations, which were related to an earlier leaf flushing in both species. Sapwood sugar content appeared to limit EVP exclusively in Q. pyrenaica. In turn, Dh and EVP were found to be key predictors of latewood growth. Our results confirm that sapwood SS concentrations are involved in modulating growth resumption and xylem production in spring. Q. pyrenaica exhibited a tighter control of carbohydrate allocation to wood formation than Q. robur, which would play a role in protecting against environmental stress in the sub-Mediterranean area.
The Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), phase 1:
Experimental and analytical protocols
Authors: Rabin Sam S. , Melton Joe R. , Lasslop Gitta , Bachelet Dominique , Forrest Matthew , Hantson Stijn , Li Fang , Mangeon Stéphane , Yue Chao , Arora Vivek K. , Hickler Thomas , Kloster Silvia , Knorr Wolfgang , Nieradzik Lars , Spessa Allan , Folberth Gerd A. , Sheehan Tim , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Prentice I. Colin , Sitch Stephen , Kaplan Jed O. , Harrison Sandy , Arneth Almut
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The important role of fire in regulating vegetation community composition and contributions to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols make it a critical component of dynamic global vegetation models and Earth system models. Over two decades of development, a wide variety of model structures and mechanisms have been designed and incorporated into global fire models, which have been linked to different vegetation models. However, there has not yet been a systematic examination of how these different strategies contribute to model performance. Here we describe the structure of the first phase of the Fire Model Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), which for the first time seeks to systematically compare a number of models. By combining a standardized set of input data and model experiments with a rigorous comparison of model outputs to each other and to observations, we will improve the understanding of what drives vegetation fire, how it can best be simulated, and what new or improved observational data could allow better constraints on model behavior. Here we introduce the fire models used in the first phase of FireMIP, the simulation protocols applied, and the benchmarking system used to evaluate the models.
Technical Note: Advances in flash flood monitoring using unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs)
Authors: Perks Matthew T. , Russell Andrew J. , Large Andrew R. G.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to capture information about the earth's surface in dangerous and previously inaccessible locations. Through image acquisition of flash flood events and subsequent object-based analysis, highly dynamic and oft-immeasurable hydraulic phenomena may be quantified at previously unattainable spatial and temporal resolutions. The potential for this approach to provide valuable information about the hydraulic conditions present during dynamic, high-energy flash floods has until now not been explored. In this paper we adopt a novel approach, utilizing the Kande–Lucas–Tomasi (KLT) algorithm to track features present on the water surface which are related to the free-surface velocity. Following the successful tracking of features, a method analogous to the vector correction method has enabled accurate geometric rectification of velocity vectors. Uncertainties associated with the rectification process induced by unsteady camera movements are subsequently explored. Geo-registration errors are relatively stable and occur as a result of persistent residual distortion effects following image correction. The apparent ground movement of immobile control points between measurement intervals ranges from 0.05 to 0.13 m. The application of this approach to assess the hydraulic conditions present in the Alyth Burn, Scotland, during a 1 : 200 year flash flood resulted in the generation of an average 4.2 at a rate of 508 measurements s−1. Analysis of these vectors provides a rare insight into the complexity of channel–overbank interactions during flash floods. The uncertainty attached to the calculated velocities is relatively low, with a spatial average across the area of ±0.15 m s−1. Little difference is observed in the uncertainty attached to out-of-bank velocities (±0.15 m s−1), and within-channel velocities (±0.16 m s−1), illustrating the consistency of the approach.
Examining regional groundwater-surface water dynamics using an integrated hydrologic model of the San Joaquin River basin
Authors: Gilbert James M. , Maxwell Reed M.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Widespread irrigated agriculture and a growing population depend on the complex hydrology of the San Joaquin River basin in California. The challenge of managing this complex hydrology hinges, in part, on understanding and quantifying how processes interact to support the groundwater and surface water systems. Here, we use the integrated hydrologic platform ParFlow-CLM to simulate hourly 1-km gridded hydrology over one year to study unimpacted groundwater-surface water dynamics in the basin. Comparisons of simulated results to observations show the model accurately captures important regional-scale partitioning of water among streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), snow, and subsurface storage. Analysis of this simulated Central Valley groundwater system reveals the seasonal cycle of recharge and discharge as well as the role of the small but temporally constant portion of groundwater recharge that comes from the mountain block. Considering uncertainty in mountain block hydraulic conductivity, model results suggest this component accounts for 7 %–23 % of total Central Valley recharge. A simulated surface water budget guides a hydrograph decomposition that quantifies the temporally variable contribution of local runoff, valley rim inflows, storage, and groundwater to streamflow across the Central Valley. Power spectra of hydrograph components suggest interactions with groundwater across the valley act to increase long-term correlation in San Joaquin River outflows. Finally, model results reveal hysteresis in the relationship between basin streamflow and groundwater contributions to flow. Using hourly model results, we interpret the hysteretic cycle to be a result of daily-scale fluctuations from precipitation and ET superimposed on seasonal and basin-scale recharge and discharge.
SMART POINT CLOUD: DEFINITION AND REMAINING CHALLENGES
Authors: Poux F. , Hallot P. , Neuville R. , Billen R.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Dealing with coloured point cloud acquired from terrestrial laser scanner, this paper identifies remaining challenges for a new data structure: the smart point cloud. This concept arises with the statement that massive and discretized spatial information from active remote sensing technology is often underused due to data mining limitations. The generalisation of point cloud data associated with the heterogeneity and temporality of such datasets is the main issue regarding structure, segmentation, classification, and interaction for an immediate understanding. We propose to use both point cloud properties and human knowledge through machine learning to rapidly extract pertinent information, using user-centered information (smart data) rather than raw data. A review of feature detection, machine learning frameworks and database systems indexed both for mining queries and data visualisation is studied. Based on existing approaches, we propose a new 3-block flexible framework around device expertise, analytic expertise and domain base reflexion. This contribution serves as the first step for the realisation of a comprehensive smart point cloud data structure.
TOWARDS A NORMALISED 3D GEOVISUALISATION:
THE VIEWPOINT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Neuville R. , Poux F. , Hallot P. , Billen R.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This paper deals with the viewpoint management in 3D environments considering an allocentric environment. The recent advances in computer sciences and the growing number of affordable remote sensors lead to impressive improvements in the 3D visualisation. Despite some research relating to the analysis of visual variables used in 3D environments, we notice that it lacks a real standardisation of 3D representation rules. In this paper we study the “viewpoint” as being the first considered parameter for a normalised visualisation of 3D data. Unlike in a 2D environment, the viewing direction is not only fixed in a top down direction in 3D. A non-optimal camera location means a poor 3D representation in terms of relayed information. Based on this statement we propose a model based on the analysis of the computational display pixels that determines a viewpoint maximising the relayed information according to one kind of query. We developed an OpenGL prototype working on screen pixels that allows to determine the optimal camera location based on a screen pixels colour algorithm. The viewpoint management constitutes a first step towards a normalised 3D geovisualisation.
TOUCH INTERACTION WITH 3D GEOGRAPHICAL VISUALIZATION ON WEB: SELECTED TECHNOLOGICAL AND USER ISSUES
Authors: Herman L. , Stachoň Z. , Stuchlík R. , Hladík J. , Kubíček P.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The use of both 3D visualization and devices with touch displays is increasing. In this paper, we focused on the Web technologies for 3D visualization of spatial data and its interaction via touch screen gestures. At the first stage, we compared the support of touch interaction in selected JavaScript libraries on different hardware (desktop PCs with touch screens, tablets, and smartphones) and software platforms. Afterward, we realized simple empiric test (within-subject design, 6 participants, 2 simple tasks, LCD touch monitor Acer and digital terrain models as stimuli) focusing on the ability of users to solve simple spatial tasks via touch screens. An in-house testing web tool was developed and used based on JavaScript, PHP, and X3DOM languages and Hammer.js libraries. The correctness of answers, speed of users’ performances, used gestures, and a simple gesture metric was recorded and analysed. Preliminary results revealed that the pan gesture is most frequently used by test participants and it is also supported by the majority of 3D libraries. Possible gesture metrics and future developments including the interpersonal differences are discussed in the conclusion.
Indicadores de processo para prevenção da infecção do sítio cirúrgico sob a ótica da segurança do paciente
Authors: Gebrim Cyanéa Ferreira Lima , Dos Santos Júlio César Carvalho , Barreto Regiane Aparecida Santos Soares , Barbosa Maria Alves , Do Prado Marinésia Aparecida
Published: October 2016

En 2008, la Organización Mundial de la Salud lanzó el Segundo Desafío Global de la Alianza Mundial para la Seguridad del Paciente, llamado "Cirugías Seguras Salvan Vidas". Este desafío motivó la realización de este estudio con el objetivo de evaluar la adherencia de los indicadores de proceso para la prevención de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en el período perioperatorio de pacientes sometidos a cirugías limpias en un hospital clínico brasileño.

Método: Estudio transversal analítico, retrospectivo, realizado por médio de la revisión de 700 historiales de pacientes mayores de 18 años, sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos limpios, entre los años 2008 y 2010. Se utilizó un formulario estructurado según las directrices nacionales. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó el programa SPSS v. 15 for  Windows.

Resultados: Se verificó cumplimiento en el 35,4% de los indicadores evaluados, siendo estos el tiempo de realización de la tricotomía, la profilaxis antimicrobiana previa a la cirugía, y la antisepsia del campo operatorio. Hubo 64,6% de incumplimiento, en lo relativo al tiempo de ingreso preoperatorio, método usado para tricotomía, duración de la profilaxis antimicrobiana, control térmico y glucémico en diabéticos, y registros de inspección de cajas de instrumental quirúrgico.

Consideraciones finales: El estudio indica la necesidad de revisión del modelo de gestión y más inversión en el cumplimiento de indicadores, como parte de un sistema organizativo, en favor de una cultura de calidad y seguridad en la atención al paciente quirúrgico.
Efecto de un programa de capacitación en competencias de investigación en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud
Authors: Hueso-Montoro César , Aguilar-Ferrándiz M. Encarnación , Cambil-Martín Jacobo , García-Martínez Olga , Serrano-Guzmán María , Cañadas-De la Fuente Guillermo A.
Published: October 2016

El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior implica un cambio en la formación universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud en España. El sistema universitario debe promover desde el grado la adquisición de competencias básicas en investigación, como la gestión de información y la comunicación científica. Este artículo presenta los hallazgos de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue evaluar el nivel de eficacia y satisfacción de un programa de capacitación educativa en competencias de investigación dirigido a estudiantes de Ciencias de  la Salud. Se diseñó un estudio cuasiexperimental en el que participaron ciento ocho estudiantes de grado de Fisioterapia, Terapia ocupacional y Enfermería. En una primera fase se detectaron las necesidades educativas en competencias de investigación a través de un cuestionario; a continuación se implementó un programa de capacitación semipresencial y se evaluó el efecto alcanzado en las necesidades antes detectadas.  Este programa mejoró significativamente la percepción de los participantes en relación a su conocimiento y habilidad en competencias de investigación. Del mismo modo, las destrezas cognitivas y prácticas mejoraron considerablemente tras el programa. Estos hallazgos evidencian que la puesta en marcha de programas específicos de capacitación en investigación es efectiva para mejorar la adquisición de competencias a este respecto en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud.
Efetividade da ultrassonagrafia na puncao venosa periferica: revisão integrativa
Authors: Danski Mitzy Tannia Reichembach , Oliveira Andrey Maciel de , Meier Marineli Joaquim , Pedrolo Edivane
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: Identificar las evidencias producidas en la literatura sobre la efectividad de la ultrasonografía para el éxito en la punción venosa con relación al método tradicional de punción.

Método: Se realizó una revisión integradora de literatura en las bases de datos Lilacs y PubMed, en el período de enero de 2009 a febrero de 2015. Fueron incluidas publicaciones en portugués, inglés o español, que contemplaron los objetivos y/o el tema de la investigación en el título o resumen y que utilizaron revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos o estudios observacionales como metodología.

Resultados: Compuesto por 16 artículos, con alto nivel de evidencia, que refuerzan la efectividad de la ultrasonografía para la punción venosa periférica difícil. Hubo reducción del número de intentos de punción cuando se usó la ultrasonografía. La tasa de éxito con el uso de la ultrasonografía quedó entre 70% y 99% y varió de acuerdo con características demográficas (sexo, edad y color de la piel), clínicas (diámetro y profundidad de la vena) y operacionales (elección del catéter y habilidad del profesional que realiza el procedimiento).

Conclusión: La ultrasonografía puede aumentar el éxito de este procedimiento, pero es necesario obtener más evidencias sobre el tiempo gastado y el número de intentos para lograr el éxito. La habilidad del operador del equipo ultrasonográfico, así como las características clínicas, técnicas y operacionales se revelaron como factores importantes que deben ser tenidos en cuenta para una punción venosa más efectiva y segura.
Antibiotic resistance: current issues and future strategies
Authors: Scarafile Giancarlo
Published: October 2016

The antibiotic resistance (antimicrobial resistance – AMR) and the particular emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains, is a problem of clinical relevance involving serious threats to public health worldwide. From early this decade, a lot of studies have demonstrated a significant increase in the rates of antibiotic resistance by bacterial pathogens responsible for nosocomial and community infections all over the world. The AMR leads to a reduced drug efficacy in the treatment options available and therefore, to an increase in mortality rates. The original causes of the phenomenon are: environmental factors which favor a mutation of the genetic bacterial inheritance, thereby inhibiting the active ingredient of the antibiotics; unsuitable administering of antibiotics in veterinary, incorrect taking both in hospitals and at home and, lately, lack of investments in the development of new drugs. The alarming epidemiological data prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 to coin the slogan "No action today, no cure tomorrow" in order to immediately implement a new strategy to improve the use of available drugs and to accelerate the introduction of new ones through a new phase of research involving private and public institutions. The European Union has stressed that the surveillance is considered an essential factor for an effective response to this problem but it has also highlighted that the results produced have been lower than expectations because of serious shortcomings such as lack of methodological standards, insufficient data sharing and no coordination among European countries. In Italy the situation is much more troubling; in fact, according to the Ministry of Health, 5000-7000 yearly deaths are deemed due to nosocomial infections, with an annual cost of more than 100 million €.These figures explain how the fight against infections is far from being won. The purpose of this review is to analyze the basic causes of the recurrence of the phenomenon, to explain the steps taken by the most important international organizations to face AMR and finally to suggest a possible way to search for new classes of antibiotics.
Ball milling effects for induced carriers and reduced grain size on thermoelectric properties in Bi1−
xSrxCuSeO
Authors: Mizuno Shu , Ishizawa Mamoru , Fujishiro Hiroyuki , Naito Tomoyuki , Katsui Hirokazu , Goto Takashi
Published: October 2016

We have investigated the ball milling effects for thermoelectric Bi1−

x
Sr
x
CuSeO

materials. The characteristic rotation speed R for the ball milling exists, at which the crystallite size of the starting powder suddenly decreased. The grain size in the bulks sintered using ball-milled powders also decreased and thermoelectric properties were enhanced mainly by the induced carriers, rather than by the reduction in thermal conductivity. The ball milling effects of carrier doping on thermoelectricity are discussed.
A new hynobiid-like salamander (Amphibia, Urodela) from Inner Mongolia, China, provides a rare case study of developmental features in an Early Cretaceous fossil urodele
Authors: Jia Jia , Gao Ke-Qin
Published: October 2016

A new fossil salamander,Nuominerpeton aquilonaris(gen. et sp. nov.), is named and described based on specimens from the Lower Cretaceous Guanghua Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. The new discovery documents a far northern occurrence of Early Cretaceous salamanders in China, extending the geographic distribution for the Mesozoic fossil record of the group from the Jehol area (40th–45th parallel north) to near the 49th parallel north. The new salamander is characterized by having the orbitosphenoid semicircular in shape; coracoid plate of the scapulocoracoid greatly expanded with a convex ventral and posterior border; ossification of two centralia in carpus and tarsus; and first digit being about half the length of the second digit in both manus and pes. The new salamander appears to be closely related to hynobiids, although this inferred relationship awaits confirmation by research in progress by us on a morphological and molecular combined analysis of cryptobranchoid relationships. Comparison of adult with larval and postmetamorphic juvenile specimens provides insights into developmental patterns of cranial and postcranial skeletons in this fossil species, especially resorption of the palatine and anterior portions of the palatopterygoid in the palate and the coronoid in the mandible during metamorphosis, and postmetamorphic ossification of the mesopodium in both manus and pes. Thus, this study provides a rare case study of developmental features in a Mesozoic salamander.
A transcriptomic scan for potential candidate genes involved in osmoregulation in an obligate freshwater palaemonid prawn (Macrobrachium australiense)
Authors: Moshtaghi Azam , Rahi Md. Lifat , Nguyen Viet Tuan , Mather Peter B. , Hurwood David A.
Published: October 2016

Background

Understanding the genomic basis of osmoregulation (candidate genes and/or molecular mechanisms controlling the phenotype) addresses one of the fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology. Species distributions and adaptive radiations are thought to be controlled by environmental salinity levels, and efficient osmoregulatory (ionic balance) ability is the main mechanism to overcome the problems related to environmental salinity gradients.

Methods

To better understand how osmoregulatory performance in freshwater (FW) crustaceans allow individuals to acclimate and adapt to raised salinity conditions, here we (i), reviewed the literature on genes that have been identified to be associated with osmoregulation in FW crustaceans, and (ii), performed a transcriptomic analysis using cDNA libraries developed from mRNA isolated from three important osmoregulatory tissues (gill, antennal gland, hepatopancreas) and total mRNA from post larvae taken from the freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium australienseusing Illumina deep sequencing technology. This species was targeted because it can complete its life cycle totally in freshwater but, like manyMacrobrachiumsp., can also tolerate brackish water conditions and hence should have genes associated with tolerance of both FW and saline conditions.

Results

We obtained between 55.4 and 65.2 million Illumina read pairs from four cDNA libraries. Overall, paired end sequences assembled into a total of 125,196 non-redundant contigs (≥200 bp) with an N50 length of 2,282 bp and an average contig length of 968 bp. Transcriptomic analysis ofM. australienseidentified 32 different gene families that were potentially involved with osmoregulatory capacity. A total of 32,597 transcripts were specified with gene ontology (GO) terms identified on the basis of GO categories. Abundance estimation of expressed genes based on TPM (transcript per million) ≥20 showed 1625 transcripts commonly expressed in all four libraries. Among the top 10 genes expressed in four tissue libraries associated with osmoregulation, arginine kinase and Na+/K+- ATPase showed the highest transcript copy number with 7098 and 660, respectively in gill which is considered to be the most important organ involved in osmoregulation.

Discussion

The current study provides the first broad transcriptome fromM. australienseusing next generation sequencing and identifies potential candidate genes involved in salinity tolerance and osmoregulation that can provide a foundation for investigating osmoregulatory capacity in a wide variety of freshwater crustaceans.
Mitochondrial DNA hyperdiversity and its potential causes in the marine periwinkleMelarhaphe neritoides(Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Authors: Fourdrilis Séverine , Mardulyn Patrick , Hardy Olivier J. , Jordaens Kurt , de Frias Martins António Manuel , Backeljau Thierry
Published: October 2016

We report the presence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hyperdiversity in the marine periwinkleMelarhaphe neritoides(Linnaeus, 1758), the first such case among marine gastropods. Our dataset consisted of concatenated 16S-COI-Cytbgene fragments. We used Bayesian analyses to investigate three putative causes underlying genetic variation, and estimated the mtDNA mutation rate, possible signatures of selection and the effective population size of the species in the Azores archipelago. The mtDNA hyperdiversity inM. neritoidesis characterized by extremely high haplotype diversity (Hd= 0.999 ± 0.001), high nucleotide diversity (π= 0.013 ± 0.001), and neutral nucleotide diversity above the threshold of 5% (πsyn= 0.0677). Haplotype richness is very high even at spatial scales as small as 100m2. Yet, mtDNA hyperdiversity does not affect the ability of DNA barcoding to identifyM. neritoides. The mtDNA hyperdiversity inM. neritoidesis best explained by the remarkably high mutation rate at the COI locus (μ= 5.82 × 10−5per site per yearorμ= 1.99 × 10−4mutations per nucleotide site per generation), whereas the effective population size of this planktonic-dispersing species is surprisingly small (Ne= 5, 256; CI = 1,312–3,7495) probably due to the putative influence of selection. Comparison with COI nucleotide diversity values in other organisms suggests that mtDNA hyperdiversity may be more frequently linked to highμvalues and that mtDNA hyperdiversity may be more common across other phyla than currently appreciated.
Race and Sex Disparities Among Emergency Medicine Chief Residents
Authors: Tsai Jennifer W. , Nguyen Mytien , Dudgeon Sarah N. , McDade William , Kim Jung G. , Agrawal Pooja , Boatright Dowin
Published: September 2024

Importance

Physicians who belong to minoritized racial and ethnic groups remain underrepresented and underpromoted. Serving as a chief resident is an important position of leadership and prestige, and indicates a benchmark for future professional success. However, it is unknown if disparities in race and/or sex exist in the chief resident selection process.

Objective

To describe race, ethnicity, and sex of emergency medicine (EM) chief residents and determine the association of racial identity and the intersectionality of race and sex for selecting chief residents in US emergency medicine departments.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study analyzed data collected from the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Electronic Residency Application Service in the graduating classes of 2017 and 2018. Data were analyzed between December 2021 and January 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Relative risk (RR) of selection for chief residency for Black, Asian, and Hispanic EM residents in comparison with White counterparts.

Results

Among 3408 studied residents, 738 (21.7%) served as chief resident (2253 male [66.1%]; 451 Asian [13.2%], 144 Black [4.2%], 158 Hispanic [4.6%], 239 more than 1 race [7.0%], 46 other [1.3%], and 2370 White [69.5%]). Of chiefs, 81 (11.0%) identified as Asian, 17 (2.3%) as Black, and 26 (3.5%) Hispanic. Asian residents were 78% (95% CI, 63%-96%) as likely to be promoted to chief resident compared with White peers, and Black residents were 51% (95% CI, 32%-80%) as likely as White residents. In our fully adjusted model, racial differences remained significant for Black residents, who were half as likely as white residents to be selected for chief residency (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.36-0.82). Overall, White women were most likely to be selected for chief residency and 20% more likely to be selected than White men counterparts (aRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.39). In comparison, women underrepresented in medicine (a category that included residents identified as Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander) were least likely to be selected for chief promotion, and 50% as likely to be selected for chief resident compared with White men (aRR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.06-0.66).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this 2024 nationally representative study of EM residents, chief promotion was lower among residents identifying as Asian or Black, and in particular, women underrepresented in medicine. This study’s findings suggest further review of chief resident selection process by residency programs and accreditation bodies is needed to ensure workforce equity for promotion and opportunities for leadership.
Rural-Urban Disparities in Hospital Services and Outcomes for Children With Medical Complexity
Authors: Leyenaar JoAnna K. , Freyleue Seneca D. , Arakelyan Mary , Schaefer Andrew P. , Moen Erika L. , Austin Andrea M. , Goodman David C. , O’Malley A. James
Published: September 2024

Importance

Limited availability of inpatient pediatric services in rural regions has raised concerns about access, safety, and quality of hospital-based care for children. This may be particularly important for children with medical complexity (CMC).

Objectives

To describe differences in the availability of pediatric services at acute care hospitals where rural- and urban-residing CMC presented for hospitalization; identify rural-urban disparities in health care quality and in-hospital mortality; and determine whether the availability of pediatric services at index hospitals or the experience of interfacility transfer modified rural-urban differences in outcomes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study examined all-payer claims data from Colorado, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire from 2012 to 2017. Analysis was conducted from May 2023 to July 2024. Participants included CMC younger than 18 years residing in these states and hospitalized during the study period.

Exposures

Rural or urban residence was determined using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes. Hospitals were categorized as children’s hospitals or general hospitals with comprehensive, limited, or no dedicated pediatric services using American Hospital Association survey data. Interfacility transfers between index and definitive care hospitals were identified using health care claims.

Main Outcomes and Measures

In-hospital mortality, all-cause 30-day readmission, medical-surgical safety events, and surgical safety events were operationalized using Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality measure specifications.

Results

Among 36 943 CMC who experienced 79 906 hospitalizations, 16 525 (44.7%) were female, 26 034 (70.5%) were Medicaid-insured, and 34 008 (92.1%) were urban-residing. Rural-residing CMC were 6.55 times more likely to present to hospitals without dedicated pediatric services (rate ratio [RR], 6.55 [95% CI, 5.86-7.33]) and 2.03 times more likely to present to hospitals without pediatric beds (RR, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.88-2.21]) than urban-residing CMC, with no significant differences in interfacility transfer rates. In unadjusted analysis, rural-residing CMC had a 44% increased risk of in-hospital mortality (RR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.02]) with no significant differences in other outcomes. Adjusting for clinical characteristics, the difference in in-hospital mortality was no longer significant. Index hospital type was not a significant modifier of observed rural-urban outcomes, but interfacility transfer was a significant modifier of rural-urban differences in surgical safety events.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, rural-residing CMC were significantly more likely to present to hospitals without dedicated pediatric services. These findings suggest that efforts are justified to ensure that all hospital types are prepared to care for CMC.