bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender, Health and Stress in English University Staff—Exposure or Vulnerability?
Authors: Tytherleigh M.Y. , Jacobs P.A. , Webb C. , Ricketts C. , Cooper C.
Published: February 2007

In May 2002, a national benchmarking exercise of occupational stress in English Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) was carried out using the ASSET (an organisational stress screening tool), with a stratified random sample of all categories of staff. This paper presents a secondary analysis of these data by gender for full‐time, permanent staff only. Results show that when differences in age and job exposure (i.e. type of university; category of employee; salary level; hours worked per week; and additional responsibilities) were accounted for, men and women reported similar levels of stress for work relationships, work–life balance, overload, job security, control, resources and communication, and job overall. They also reported similar levels of commitment. In contrast, however, men were more troubled by pay and benefits and women reported higher levels of physical and psychological (ill) health outcomes of stress. Interpreted in accordance with the differential vulnerability and exposure hypotheses, our results show that men are more vulnerable to the negative effects of stressors associated with pay and benefits, and women are more vulnerable to the negative outcomes of health, and not by differential exposure to them.

En mai 2002, on a réalisé une évaluation nationale du stress professionnel dans les institutions britanniques d’enseignement de haut niveau (HEI) en utilisant l’ASSET (un outil de dépistage du stress professionnel), avec un échantillon stratifié aléatoire de toutes les catégories d’équipes. On expose dans cet article une analyse secondaire par genre des données recueillies, uniquement pour les groupes permanents travaillant à plein‐temps. Il est apparu que si l’on tenait compte des différences d’âge et de situations professionnelles (type d’université, catégorie de salarié, niveau de revenu, nombre d’heures travaillées par semaine et autres responsabilités), les deux sexes faisaient part de niveaux analogues de stress en ce qui concerne les relations de travail, l’équilibre entre les vies de travail—hors travail, le surmenage, la sécurité professionnelle, la maîtrise des situations, les ressources et la communication, et le travail en général. Ils ont aussi manifesté des niveaux d’implication comparables. Par contre, les hommes étaient davantage indisposés par le salaire et autres avantages, et les femmes rapportaient des retombées plus fréquentes du stress sur leur santé physique et mentale. Interprétés à partir des hypothèses d’exposition et de vulnérabilité différentielles, nos résultats montrent que les hommes sont plus vulnérables à l’impact négatif des facteurs de stress liés au salaire et autres avantages matériels, tandis que les femmes sont plus sensibles aux éléments nuisant à leur santé indépendamment des différences d’exposition.
Workaholism as Discretionary Time Investment at Work: An Experience‐Sampling Study
Authors: Snir Raphael , Zohar Dov
Published: February 2007

Adopting an operational definition of workaholism as discretionary investment of considerable time at work, the purpose of the present study was to test hypotheses regarding the cognitive aspect of workaholism, as well as the positive and negative/addictive views of this construct. The study employed an experience‐sampling method (ESM), using a sample of 65 full‐time employees who completed the ESM forms at four random times during the day for one week. Results indicated that workaholism was associated with continued cognitive engagement with work, accompanied by a preference for work over leisure activity and higher positive affect during work activity than during leisure activity. No significant differences were found between workaholics and non‐workaholics with regard to the likelihood of performing work‐related activities during leisure activity, or in the levels of physical discomfort and negative affect during the weekend. These results highlight the utility of an operational framework for studying the variety of workaholism correlates. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.

A partir d’une définition opérationnelle de l’addiction au travail comme étant un investissement sans contrôle d’un temps considérable consacré au travail, cette recherche s’est donné comme objectif de mettre à l’épreuve des hypothèses relatives à la dimension cognitive de l’addiction au travail, ainsi que les aspects positifs et négatifs (addictifs) de ce concept. Cette recherche a exploité la méthode de l’échantillonnage des expériences (ESM) à partir d’un échantillon composé de 65 salariés à plein‐temps qui ont rempli la feuille de recueil des données quatre fois par jour au hasard pendant une semaine. Les résultats ont montré que l’addiction au travail était liée à un engagement cognitif permanent vis‐à‐vis du travail, associéà une plus forte attirance pour le travail que pour les loisirs et à un état affectif plus fortement positif lors du travail qu’à l’occasion des activités de loisirs. On n’a pas trouvé de différences significatives entre les drogués du travail et les autres en ce qui concerne la probabilité de réaliser des activités relevant du travail pendant les loisirs, ou dans le niveau d’inconfort physique et le poids des affects négatifs pendant le week‐end. Ces résultats montrent l’utilité d’un schéma opérationnel dans l’étude de la diversité des phénomènes reliés à l’addiction au travail. Les implications théoriques et pratiques sont examinées.
The effect of maturation and age on oestrogen‐induced functional hypertrophy of the female rabbit bladder
Authors: Onal Bulent , Levin Robert M. , Kogan Barry A. , Whitbeck Catherine , Chichester Paul , Walebowa Oteng , Mannikarottu Anita S.
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of maturation and ageing on oestrogen‐induced functional hypertrophy of the female rabbit bladder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty female rabbits were separated into two groups of 10 each by age, young (immature) and old rabbits and each age group was subdivided into three subgroups. The rabbits in subgroup 1 were controls, subgroup 2 were ovariectomized (Ovx) and subgroup 3 were Ovx and received 17‐β oestradiol (1 mg/kg/day) by a subcutaneous slow‐release tablet implant. After 15 days of treatment, the rabbits were killed, the bladder was excised, and the body and base separated; two full‐thickness longitudinal strips from the ventral surface of the bladder body, and one full‐thickness strip from the base, were prepared for contractile studies. The contractile responses to electrical‐field stimulation, carbachol, ATP and KCl were determined for both the bladder body and base strips. In addition, full‐thickness strips of bladder body and base were fixed in formalin for histological and immunohistological studies.

RESULTS

Ovx plus oestradiol resulted in significant increases in bladder weight and responses to all forms of stimulation in young and old rabbits (except for the response to KCl). Vascular density and the smooth muscle (SM)/collagen ratio significantly increased after oestradiol replacement. Interestingly, the increase in vascular density was greater in the young than in the old rabbits.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study shows that oestrogen supplementation mediates a functional hypertrophy characterized by increased contractile responses to all forms of stimulation in both young and old rabbits. The increased contractile responses might be explained by the increases in vascular density and SM/collagen ratio.
Influence of blood sampling on protein profiling and pattern analysis using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Pelzer Alexandre E. , Feuerstein Isabel , Fuchsberger Christian , Ongarello Stefano , Bektic Jasmin , Schwentner Christian , Klocker Helmut , Bartsch George , Bonn Guenther K.
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE

To describe the influence of blood sampling/sampling tubes on mass spectrometric and clustering results, and on clinical blood variables, in blood samples collected from healthy volunteers and patients with prostate cancer.

PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Two venous blood samples were taken from 12 healthy volunteers and 12 patients with localized prostate cancer. Two blood samples were taken from each participant using two different venepuncture systems (group A and group B). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to identify the peaks distinguishing the different groups. In a 10‐fold cross‐validation study, decision trees for identifying discriminatory peaks that separate the benign from the malignant were constructed.

RESULTS

The decision tree separated samples measured by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) from healthy volunteers from those of patients with prostate cancer, with a sensitivity of 93.6% and a specificity of 91.6%. Of special interest is that one peak at 6941 m/z was produced during blood sample preparation and had a very powerful influence on the results of the classification.

CONCLUSION

The results clearly showed that blood‐sampling systems have a great influence on the recorded MALDI MS traces, and thus can markedly influence and confound the results of the MS analysis, whereas clinical variables might remain unchanged. MS profiling is a promising method of marker discovery, but as it could be shown well‐designed studies are critical to allow proper interpretation for the identification of key variables as well as for the clinical use.
Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Lee Benjamin C. , Rodin David M. , Shah Ketul K. , Dahl Douglas M.
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE

To describe our experience of simultaneous laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) with a non‐absorbable mesh, as there are few reports of simultaneous herniorrhaphy during LRP.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Forty patients who had simultaneous LIHR and LRP were retrospectively reviewed. All operations were completed via antegrade techniques using a non‐absorbable mesh for the LIHR, as the results with absorbable mesh were disappointing.

RESULTS

In all, 48 clinically apparent hernias were repaired in 40 patients (mean age 60 years). Of these, 13 were left‐sided, 23 right‐sided, and six bilateral; 19 were direct, 14 indirect, two pantaloon, three femoral, and in 10 the type was not recorded. The mean operative duration was 172 min and the mean hospital stay was 1.5 days. Two patients had a urine leak after surgery, which resolved with no further intervention, and two developed a pelvic lymphocele, one at 4 months and the other at 2 months after surgery. Two patients required urinary catheter re‐insertion for retention after surgical catheter removal at 9 and 10 days after surgery, respectively. One patient developed a deep venous thrombosis 19 days after surgery. Of the 40 patients, 36 (90%) were followed for a mean of 10 months; none had a hernia recurrence on the repaired side, while two developed a new symptomatic contralateral hernia.

CONCLUSIONS

LIHR is a successful and reliable way to treat symptomatic patients who are treated surgically for prostate cancer.
Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis
Authors: Fischer Joern , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: February 2007

Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation are key drivers of global species loss. Their effects may be understood by focusing on: (1) individual species and the processes threatening them, and (2) human‐perceived landscape patterns and their correlation with species and assemblages. Individual species may decline as a result of interacting exogenous and endogenous threats, including habitat loss, habitat degradation, habitat isolation, changes in the biology, behaviour, and interactions of species, as well as additional, stochastic threats. Human‐perceived landscape patterns that are frequently correlated with species assemblages include the amount and structure of native vegetation, the prevalence of anthropogenic edges, the degree of landscape connectivity, and the structure and heterogeneity of modified areas. Extinction cascades are particularly likely to occur in landscapes with low native vegetation cover, low landscape connectivity, degraded native vegetation and intensive land use in modified areas, especially if keystone species or entire functional groups of species are lost. This review (1) demonstrates that species‐oriented and pattern‐oriented approaches to understanding the ecology of modified landscapes are highly complementary, (2) clarifies the links between a wide range of interconnected themes, and (3) provides clear and consistent terminology. Tangible research and management priorities are outlined that are likely to benefit the conservation of native species in modified landscapes around the world.
On the p‐coverage problem on the real line
Authors: Van Hoesel Stan P. M. , Wagelmans Albert P. M.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we consider the p‐coverage problem on the real line. We first give a detailed description of an algorithm to solve the coverage problem without the upper bound p on the number of open facilities. Then we analyze how the structure of the optimal solution changes if the setup costs of the facilities are all decreased by the same amount. This result is used to develop a parametric approach to the p‐coverage problem which runs in O (pn logn) time, n being the number of clients.
Heuristic estimates in shortest path algorithms
Authors: Pijls Wim
Published: February 2007

Shortest path problems occupy an important position in operations research as well as in artificial intelligence. In this paper we study shortest path algorithms that exploit heuristic estimates. The well‐known algorithms are put into one framework. Besides, we present an interesting application of binary numbers in the shortest path theory.
Disruption management in flight gate scheduling
Authors: Dorndorf Ulrich , Jaehn Florian , Lin Chen , Ma Hui , Pesch Erwin
Published: February 2007

This paper introduces models of robustness in flight gate assignments at airports. We briefly repeat the general flight gate assignment problem and disruptions occurring in airline scheduling. Recovery strategies and robust scheduling are surveyed as the main methods in disruption management. We present a non‐robust flight gate assignment model and incorporate two approaches of robustness.
Technical Efficiency in a Semi‐Formal Financial Sector: The Case of Mexico*
Authors: Paxton Julia
Published: February 2007

The semi‐formal financial sector in Mexico is playing an increasingly important role in serving a largely poor, rural clientele. A stochastic frontier with non‐monotonic marginal effects [Wang, Journal of Productivity Analysis (2002), Vol. 18, pp. 241–253] reveals a wide disparity in technical efficiency levels among 190 Mexican semi‐formal financial intermediaries. The results show that technology, average loan size, rural outreach and institutional age are all positively associated with technical efficiency. The marginal effects vary widely and, in some cases, the effects are non‐monotonic over percentile groups. The results indicate that strengthening younger, technologically undeveloped financial institutions will have the strongest marginal benefit in revitalizing the rural financial sector.
OMITTED VARIABLES, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, AND THE PRODUCTIVITY OF EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Leightner Jonathan E.
Published: February 2007

Abstract.  A new analytical technique, named ‘Bi‐Directional Reiterative Truncated Projected Least Squares’ (BD‐RTPLS), produces reduced form estimations and less than half the error of OLS when there are omitted variables that interact with included variables. This paper develops confidence intervals for BD‐RTPLS and uses BD‐RTPLS to estimate the relationship between the exchange rate (e) and gross domestic product (GDP) using annual data from 1984 to 2000 for 23 developing Asian and Pacific countries. BD‐RTPLS produces estimates for the exchange rate multiplier (dGDP/de) for these countries and shows how omitted variables affected these multipliers across countries and over time.
CAN PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS IN CHINA HURT THE USA? SAMUELSON'S EXAMPLE EXTENDED
Authors: Cheng Wen‐li , Zhang Ding‐sheng
Published: February 2007

Abstract.  This paper develops a general equilibrium three‐goods Ricardian model that extends Samuelson's example on the impact of productivity progress. Our model highlights Samuelson's insight that productivity progress can change the pattern of trade and in turn can have dramatic welfare implications. It also shows that while Samuelson is correct that productivity growth in one country can hurt another, the loss is not as permanent as his example appears to suggest. Continuing productivity growth in one country is likely to benefit all trading countries in the long run.
The familial risk of acne vulgaris in Chinese Hans – a case‐control study
Authors: Xu SX , Wang HL , Fan X , Sun LD , Yang S , Wang PG , Xiao FL , Gao M , Cui Y , Ren YQ , Du WH , Quan C , Zhang XJ
Published: February 2007

Background  Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous follicles. Recent studies bring us increasing evidences that hereditary factors play an important but indirect role in acne.

Objective  To investigate the possible role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris in Chinese Han ethnic group.

Parients and methods  Volunteers of 975 acne cases and 580 controls were included, contributing 3009 and 1825 first‐degree relatives, respectively. One thousand and eighty‐five first‐degree relatives of acne cases were affected with facial acne. This compared with 223 first‐degree relatives of non‐acne controls. The odds ratio was used to estimate the relative risk for acne vulgaris associated with having an affected first‐degree relative.

Results  The risk of acne vulgaris occurring in a relative of a patient with acne vulgaris was significantly greater than for the relative of an unaffected individual (odds ratio 4.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.45–4.76, P < 0.001).

Conclusion  Our study suggests that familial factors are important in determining individual susceptibility to acne vulgaris.
The Politics of CAP Reform: Trade Negotiations, Institutional Settings and Blame Avoidance*
Authors: DAUGBJERG CARSTEN , SWINBANK ALAN
Published: February 2007

In this article we argue that the conclusion of the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture and the subsequent role of the WTO has changed the international context of CAP policy‐making. However, comparing the three latest CAP reforms, we demonstrate that pressures on the CAP arising from international trade negotiations cannot alone account for the way in which the EU responds in terms of CAP reform. The institutional setting within which the reform package was determined also played a crucial role. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the CoAM seems to be a more conducive setting than the European Council for undertaking substantial reform of the CAP. We suggest that the choice of institutional setting is influenced by the desire of farm ministers and of heads of state or government to avoid blame for unpopular decisions. When CAP reform is an integral part of a broader package, farm ministers pass the final decision to the European Council and when CAP reform is defined as a separate issue the European Council avoids involvement.
Segmented Europeanization: Exploring the Legitimacy of the European Union from a Public Discourse Perspective*
Authors: SIFFT STEFANIE , BRÜGGEMANN MICHAEL , KÖNIGSLÖW KATHARINA KLEINEN‐V. , PETERS BERNHARD , WIMMEL ANDREAS
Published: February 2007

The article presents the results of a longitudinal newspaper analysis on the Europeanization of public discourses in five EU countries. It shows that European governance is increasingly subject to public scrutiny, but neither has a common discourse in Europe developed nor has the communication lag of the EU disappeared. Therefore the EU remains largely dependent on domestic processes of legitimation.
Plurilateral Governance in the Enlarged European Union*
Authors: ZIELONKA JAN
Published: February 2007

This article examines the impact of the recent EU enlargement on European governance. Enlargement is treated as a kind of external shock to the existing governance system, broadening and diversifying the European public space. The prevalent hierarchical mode of governance is increasingly inadequate under these new circumstances and the Union will have to embrace more flexible, decentralized and soft modes of governance.
Ontogenetic relationships betweenin vivostrain environment, bone histomorphometry and growth in the goat radius
Authors: Main Russell P.
Published: February 2007

Vertebrate long bone form, at both the gross and the microstructural level, is the result of many interrelated influences. One factor that is considered to have a significant effect on bone form is the mechanical environment experienced by the bone during growth. The work presented here examines the possible relationships betweenin vivobone strains, bone geometry and histomorphology in the radii of three age/size groups of domestic goats.In vivobone strain data were collected from the radii of galloping goats, and the regional cortical distribution of peak axial strain magnitudes, radial and circumferential strain gradients, and longitudinal strain rates related to regional patterns in cortical growth, porosity, remodelling and collagen fibre orientation. Although porosity and remodelling decreased and increased with age, respectively, these features showed no significant regional differences and did not correspond to regional patterns in the mechanical environment. Thicker regions of the radius's cortex were significantly related to high strain levels and higher rates of periosteal, but not endosteal, growth. However, cortical growth and strain environment were not significantly related. Collagen fibre orientation varied regionally, with a higher percentage of transverse fibres in the caudal region of the radius and primarily longitudinal fibres elsewhere, and, although consistent through growth, also did not generally correspond to regional strain patterns. Although strain magnitudes increased during ontogeny and regional strain patterns were variable over the course of a stride, mean regional strain patterns were generally consistent with growth, suggesting that regional growth patterns and histomorphology, in combination with external loads, may play some role in producing a relatively ‘predictable’ strain environment within the radius. It is further hypothesized that the absence of correlation between regional histomorphometric patterns and the measured strain environments is the result of the variable mechanical environment. However, the potential effects of other physiological and mechanical factors, such as skeletal metabolism and adjacent muscle insertions, that can influence the gross and microstructural morphology of the radius during ontogeny, cannot be ignored.
Zinc in plants
Authors: Broadley Martin R. , White Philip J. , Hammond John P. , Zelko Ivan , Lux Alexander
Published: February 2007

Zinc (Zn) is an essential component of thousands of proteins in plants, although it is toxic in excess. In this review, the dominant fluxes of Zn in the soil–root–shoot continuum are described, including Zn inputs to soils, the plant availability of soluble Zn2+ at the root surface, and plant uptake and accumulation of Zn. Knowledge of these fluxes can inform agronomic and genetic strategies to address the widespread problem of Zn‐limited crop growth. Substantial within‐species genetic variation in Zn composition is being used to alleviate human dietary Zn deficiencies through biofortification. Intriguingly, a meta‐analysis of data from an extensive literature survey indicates that a small proportion of the genetic variation in shoot Zn concentration can be attributed to evolutionary processes whose effects manifest above the family level. Remarkable insights into the evolutionary potential of plants to respond to elevated soil Zn have recently been made through detailed anatomical, physiological, chemical, genetic and molecular characterizations of the brassicaceous Zn hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri.

Contents

Summary
677

I.
Physical and chemical properties of zinc
678

II.
Biochemical properties of zinc
678

III.
Proteins interacting with zinc
678

IV.
Zinc fluxes in the soil–root–shoot continuum
679

V.
Zinc in plants
684

VI.
Plant responses to elevated soil Zn
686

Acknowledgements
695

References
696
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase protects neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress mediated by garlic derivatives
Authors: Aquilano Katia , Filomeni Giuseppe , Baldelli Sara , Piccirillo Sara , De Martino Angelo , Rotilio Giuseppe , Ciriolo Maria Rosa
Published: February 2007

In this study, we further examined the effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the major components of oil‐soluble garlic extracts (GE) and of raw water GE on SH‐SY5Y and NSC34 neuronal cell lines. Both treatments with DADS and GE were able to induce growth arrest and apoptosis, and we observed an increased flux of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as early signs of cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that the content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) increased as early as 1 h of treatment demonstrating to be a very early sensor of DADS and GE cytotoxicity. Treatments with l‐nitropropyl‐arginine, an inhibitor of nNOS, increased the rate of apoptosis whereas the overexpression of nNOS significantly reduced cell death by inhibiting DNA damage, protein oxidation, and the activation of the JNK/c‐Jun apoptotic signaling cascade. Overall these results demonstrate that garlic derivatives may modulate nNOS and suggest an important contribution of nitric oxide in counteracting their reactive oxygen species‐mediated cytotoxicity.
(‐)Epicatechin stimulates ERK‐dependent cyclic AMP response element activity and up‐regulates GluR2 in cortical neurons
Authors: Schroeter Hagen , Bahia Parmvir , Spencer Jeremy P. E. , Sheppard Olivia , Rattray Marcus , Cadenas Enrique , Rice‐Evans Catherine , Williams Robert J.
Published: February 2007

Emerging evidence suggests that the cellular actions of flavonoids relate not simply to their antioxidant potential but also to the modulation of protein kinase signalling pathways. We investigated in primary cortical neurons, the ability of the flavan‐3‐ol, (‐)epicatechin, and its human metabolites at physiologically relevant concentrations, to stimulate phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP‐response element binding protein (CREB), a regulator of neuronal viability and synaptic plasticity. (‐)Epicatechin at 100–300 nmol/L stimulated a rapid, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐ and PI3K‐dependent, increase in CREB phosphorylation. At micromolar concentrations, stimulation was no longer apparent and at the highest concentration tested (30 μmol/L) (‐)epicatechin was inhibitory. (‐)Epicatechin also stimulated ERK and Akt phosphorylation with similar bell‐shaped concentration‐response characteristics. The human metabolite 3′‐O‐methyl‐(‐)epicatechin was as effective as (‐)epicatechin at stimulating ERK phosphorylation, but (‐)epicatechin glucuronide was inactive. (‐)Epicatechin and 3′‐O‐methyl‐(‐)epicatechin treatments (100 nmol/L) increased CRE‐luciferase activity in cortical neurons in a partially ERK‐dependent manner, suggesting the potential to increase CREB‐mediated gene expression. mRNA levels of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 increased by 60%, measured 18 h after a 15 min exposure to (‐)epicatechin and this translated into an increase in GluR2 protein. Thus, (‐)epicatechin has the potential to increase CREB‐regulated gene expression and increase GluR2 levels and thus modulate neurotransmission, plasticity and synaptogenesis.
How to deal with multiple treatment or dose groups in randomized clinical trials?
Authors: Hothorn L.A.
Published: February 2007

Multiplicity adjustment in general is currently a controversial topic. This review focuses on the proof of efficacy in randomized clinical trials. The ICH guidelines mandate control of the familywise error rate. Confidence intervals are clinically more appropriate than P‐values or yes/no decisions. Therefore, simultaneous confidence intervals are proposed for several designs and aims in clinical trials. The computation of simultaneous confidence intervals for the difference or the ratio is demonstrated by means of real data examples using the R‐packages multcomp and mratios. A special problem is the evaluation of dose‐finding trials with and without the assumption that the effects increase with increasing doses. Simultaneous intervals are presented not only for one‐way layouts and normal distributed endpoints, but also for higher way layouts, generalized linear models, and mixed models. Under importance ordering, the conditional testing of all hypotheses at level α will be shown using the intersection–union test principle. Other multiplicity issues (i.e. multiple endpoints, multiple analyses, and subgroup analyses) are discussed.
Technical Note: Pre‐surgical anisometropia influences post‐LASIK binocular mesopic contrast sensitivity function
Authors: Anera Rosario G. , Jiménez José R. , Villa César , Rodríguez‐Marín Francisco , Gutiérrez Ramón
Published: February 2007

Purpose:  To investigate if pre‐surgical anisometropia influences the post‐LASIK binocular mesopic contrast sensitivity function (CSF).

Methods:  Pre‐ and post‐surgical binocular CSF was measured for 54 patients under mesopic conditions. Data on visual acuity and corneal topography were also obtained.

Results:  The binocular contrast sensitivity declined significantly (r = 0.86; p < 0.001) with increasing pre‐surgical anisometropia. Post‐surgical interocular differences in corneal asphericity were also associated with increasing pre‐surgical anisometropia.

Conclusions:  Pre‐surgical anisometropia may be indicative of a possible significant deterioration of post‐surgical mesopic binocular CSF, and therefore should be taken into account before surgery in analysing the possible disadvantages and limitations of refractive surgery.
Dismissal Costs and Their Impact on Employment: Evidence from Australian Small and Medium Enterprises*
Authors: FREYENS BENOIT , OSLINGTON PAUL
Published: February 2007

The influence of labour market regulation on employment is intensely debated across the OECD. In Australia, the focus is currently on the employment impact of recent changes to unfair dismissal provisions. There is surprisingly little research on the magnitude and structure of dismissal costs, and this paper presents new data from a major survey of small‐ and medium‐sized Australian enterprises. Dismissal costs are compared for different types of separations, including redundancy, uncontested fires and complex fires. Using the data and a simple labour demand model, we estimate the direct employment impact of Australia's changes to unfair dismissal protection. The impact is found to be modest.
Health Assimilation Patterns Amongst Australian Immigrants*
Authors: BIDDLE NICHOLAS , KENNEDY STEVEN , MCDONALD JAMES TED
Published: February 2007

This paper compares the health of Australian immigrants with that of the Australian‐born population and examines the extent to which differences vary with time since migration. Health is measured using self‐reports of chronic diseases from three national health surveys. Probit models are used to estimate the health effects of immigrant arrival cohorts, years since migration and country of birth. We find that the health of Australian immigrants is better than the Australian‐born population, but the longer immigrants spend in Australia, the closer their health approximates that of the Australian‐born population. There are variations for different immigrant groups and for particular chronic diseases.
An Error Component Logit Analysis of Corporate Bankruptcy and Insolvency Risk in Australia
Authors: HENSHER DAVID A. , JONES STEWART , GREENE WILLIAM H.
Published: February 2007

This paper introduces a four‐state failure model to depict a wider range of distress scenarios that public companies typically face in the real world. We use a multinomial error component logit model to analyse firm failure, a major advance on the modelling techniques used in previous research. The error component logit model, being an extension of the more familiar mixed logit model, relaxes several questionable statistical assumptions associated with standard models. Using a sample of Australian firms we provide an interpretative illustration of the error component logit model and contrast its behavioural performance with the standard logit model widely used in previous research.
The Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Associated Lifestyles in Japanese Workingmen
Authors: Kawada Tomoyuki , Okada Kyoji
Published: February 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the relation of lifestyle to the metabolic syndrome in Japanese male workers. The association of 6 lifestyle factors with the metabolic syndrome and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by the modified International Diabetes Federation criteria for Japanese people, were evaluated in 4941 men at a workplace participating in the annual health examination mandated by law; the subjects ranged in age from 36 to 60 years. The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the sample was 9.1%. The prevalence was the highest in subjects aged 46–50 years. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of the metabolic syndrome in current smokers and ex‐smokers compared with non‐smokers were 1.381 (1.088–1.752) (P=.008) and 1.812 (1.365–2.407) (P<.001), respectively. In contrast, no preventive effect of alcohol on the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome was noted.
The Pacemaker Current: From Basics to the Clinics
Authors: BARBUTI ANDREA , BARUSCOTTI MIRKO , DIFRANCESCO DARIO
Published: February 2007

Activation of the pacemaker (“funny,” If) current during diastole is the main process underlying generation of the diastolic depolarization and spontaneous activity of cardiac pacemaker cells. If modulation by autonomic transmitters is responsible for the chronotropic regulation of heart rate. Given its role in pacemaking, If has been a major target of investigation aimed to exploit its rate‐controlling function in a clinical perspective. In this short review, we describe some of the most recent clinically relevant applications of the concept of If‐based pacemaking.
Monophasic Action Potential Recordings in Humans
Authors: MOORE HANS J. , FRANZ MICHAEL R.
Published: February 2007

Bridging basic and clinical electrophysiology has been facilitated by monophasic action potential recordings. The electrocardiogram is a useful clinical approach in detecting abnormal repolarization, but falls short in depicting local repolarization details. The MAP waveform is a reflection of local transmembrane action potentials. We hope to convey a basic understanding of monophasic action potential recording and highlight the clinical utility in both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias.
Effects of Psoralen‐UV‐A‐Turban in Alopecia Areata
Authors: Grazyna Broniarczyk‐Dyta , Anna Wawrzycka‐Kaflik , Matgorzata Dubla‐Berner , Magdalena Prusinska‐Bratos
Published: February 2007

Background. Psoralen‐UV‐A (PUVA)‐turban is a modification of PUVA‐bath therapy used in alopecia areata.

Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of PUVA‐turban in different forms of alopecia areata. Twenty patients completed the study: nine with alopecia areata vulgaris and 11 with alopecia areata totalis or universalis.

Methods. 8‐methoxypsoralen in a dilution of 0.0001% (1 mg/L) was administered to the scalp for 20 minutes using a cotton towel as a turban. The application was followed by UV‐A radiation. Treatments were performed two or three times weekly. The cumulative doses ranged from 48.2–253.4 J/cm2, and single fractions ranged from 0.3–6.5 J/cm2.

Results. Hair regrowth was observed in 15 patients (total regrowth in six patients and partial regrowth in nine patients). Five patients did not respond to the therapy.

Conclusions. PUVA‐turban was significantly more effective in alopecia areata vulgaris than in alopecia areata totalis or universalis and proved to be a safe, well tolerated method without the systemic side effects of PUVA.
Facial Skin Myiasis Associated With Advanced Skin Cancer: Failure of Early Detection
Authors: Alex De Souza , Paul Clancy
Published: February 2007

A 58‐year‐old Caucasian man with Fitzpatrick skin type I presented to the emergency department with an ulcer at the periauricular area. Despite ulceration and chronic inflammatory changes of the border, there was no cellulitis, abscess formation, or gross infection. The center of the wound presented with more than two dozen small maggots (Figures 1 and Figures 2). After diagnosis at the emergency department, the patient was admitted for surgical treatment. One extensive area of the soft tissue was removed. The resection included soft tissue of the preauricular area down to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system, occipital areas in full thickness down to the mastoid bone, and amputation of the inferior one third of the ear (Figure 3). Due to the extension of the resection, multiple flaps were used for reconstruction. A combination of three fasciocutaneous flaps was used to close the defect and reconstruct the ear. The entire procedure was performed in a single operation. Multiple specimens were adequately identified and sent to pathology for histologic diagnosis and evaluation of the margins of resection. The pathology report confirmed a basal cell carcinoma with perineural invasion, no cartilage involvement, and presence of maggots. The postoperative time was unremarkable, and the flaps healed without complication. The patient was referred to oncology for follow‐up and possible radiation therapy due to the depth and advanced invasion of the soft tissue by the tumor. The patient responded very well to the treatment, and the reconstruction offered a good cosmetic and functional result (Figure 4).

View of the ulcerated lesion with the presence of myiasis

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Close view of the ulcerated lesion with multiple foreign bodies (larvae)

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Local view after extensive resection. Note the partial amputation of the ear and a complete resection of the ulcerated tumor.

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View of the facial area after reconstruction of the ear and face with posterior and anterior fasciocutaneous flaps

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The Role of Helicobacter pylori in Urticaria and Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Galadari Ibrahim H. , Sheriff Mohamed Omar
Published: February 2007

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori, a common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer, has been associated with several extragastrointestinal diseases. Many studies have shown a positive relation between H. pylori infection and both chronic idiopathic urticaria and atopic dermatitis.

Methods: The study included 20 patients diagnosed with chronic idiopathic urticaria and 20 with atopic dermatitis. A randomized sample of 20 healthy individuals was selected as a control group. H. pylori infection was assessed using the C‐urea breath test, and anti‐H. pylori IgG antibody titers were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: In the chronic idiopathic urticaria group, the urea breath test titer was positive in 75% of patients, and anti‐IgG antibodies were also detected in 75% of patients. In the atopic dermatitis group, titer was positive in 70% and antibodies were detected in 65% of patients, while in the control group, the urea breath test titer was positive in 55% and antibodies were seen in 20% of patients. This difference was statistically highly significant (p<0.001) in the case of anti‐H. pylori antibodies in relation to chronic idiopathic urticaria and significant (p<0.05) in the case of atopic dermatitis.

Conclusions: These results provide some evidence of a relationship between H. pylori infection and both chronic idiopathic urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Treatment of infection demonstrated by reduction in C‐urea breath test and anti‐H. pylori antibody titers resulted in partial improvement of clinical symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Adverse Reactions to Food and Clinical Expressions of Food Allergy
Authors: Paštar Zrinjka , Lipozencic Jasna
Published: February 2007

Adverse reactions to foods are frequent in everyday life. They are divided into toxic and immunologic food reactions. The awareness of toxic food reactions among adverse reactions to food is essential for correct diagnosis. Enzymatic food intolerance, adverse reactions to food or food additives, pharmacologic food intolerance, psychosomatic factors, food allergy with classic symptoms (anaphylaxis, urticaria‐angioedema), atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis (protein), upper and lower respiratory symptoms like rhinitis or asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders (oral allergy syndrome, colic, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain) are discussed. Target organs throughout the body—ear, eye, pharynx, skin, lung, joints, and muscles—can be involved. The gold standard in diagnosis is a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge test. The diagnostic tools available for most food‐related disorders are the skin‐prick test and radioallergosorbent test. The treatment of food‐induced urticaria consists of elimination of the offending food or substance from the diet, use of antihistamines, and immunotherapy.
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis: A Retrospective Analysis Showing a Clear Predilection for Women
Authors: Tamir Einat , Wohl Yonit , Mashiah Jacob , Brenner Sarah
Published: February 2007

The clinical reaction pattern acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is increasingly recognized today as drug intake details are more meticulously recorded and diagnostic guidelines are formulated. Nevertheless, the diagnosis and etiology remain unclear. This examination of the clinical and histologic features of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, undertaken in a retrospective study of 13 patients in an urban medical center, was aimed at determining the underlying mechanism of the etiology of the disease. Findings include a female predominance and the overwhelming prevalence of acetaminophen as the culprit agent, adding two more components to what is known about acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. The possible mechanisms of the disease are discussed, enlightened by its appearance in two women in the study who were pregnant when the reaction first erupted.
Diagnosis and Management of a Changing Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Authors: Hoffman Daniel , Ratner Désirée
Published: February 2007

A 70‐year‐old man presented with a birthmark on the right upper arm that had been present for as long as he could remember (Figure). His physician had referred him for a dermatology consultation because the lesion had become larger and darker over the past year. What are the next steps in the evaluation and management of this patient? The authors discuss the diagnosis and management of a changing congenital melanocytic nevus. The epidemiology and risk of transformation into melanoma are reviewed. Techniques of biopsy and indications for follow‐up are discussed. A brief review of giant congenital melanocytic nevi in the newborn is also included.

This congenital melanocytic nevus found on the right upper arm of the patient had become larger and darker over the past year. The recent change and the irregular borders rendered the lesion suspicious. An excisional biopsy with 2‐mm borders was performed to exclude the possibility of melanoma.

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Retapamulin Ointment Twice Daily for 5 Days vs Oral Cephalexin Twice Daily for 10 Days for Empiric Treatment of Secondarily Infected Traumatic Lesions of the Skin
Authors: Free Almena , Roth Eli , Dalessandro Marybeth , Hirman Joseph , Scangarella Nicole , Shawar Ribhi , White Scott ,   on behalf of the SB275833/030 Study Group
Published: February 2007

Introduction: Retapamulin is a novel, topical antibacterial of the pleuromutilin class in development for the treatment of secondarily infected traumatic lesions of the skin.

Methods: The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topical retapamulin ointment, 1% for 5 days twice daily was evaluated in 2 identical, randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, multicenter studies vs oral cephalexin, 500 mg twice daily for 10 days, in 1904 patients with secondarily infected traumatic lesions.

Results: Clinical success rates were 89.5% in protocol‐adherent patients receiving retapamulin compared with 91.9% for cephalexin (treatment difference, −2.5% [95% confidence interval, −5.4% to 0.5%]). In patients with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes at baseline, clinical success was 89.2% (365/409) for retapamulin and 92.6% (63/68) for cephalexin. Safety and tolerability were similar between treatments. Noncompliance (defined as using or taking <80% of doses) was recorded in 8.0% (51/636) of patients taking cephalexin compared with 0.39% (5/1268) of patients receiving retapamulin.

Conclusions: Retapamulin offers a novel, effective, and convenient topical treatment for secondarily infected traumatic lesions.
Preparation of Fully Cubic Calcium‐Stabilized Zirconia With 10 mol% Calcium Oxide Dopant Concentration by Microwave Processing
Authors: Singh Anirudh P. , Kaur Navdeep , Kumar Ajay , Singh Kanchan L.
Published: February 2007

A novel, fast, and cheaper method has been developed for the synthesis of fully cubic calcium‐stabilized zirconia (ZrO2) of composition Ca0.1Zr0.9O1.9 by dissolution of calcium oxide in monoclinic ZrO2 for the first time using microwave energy. In this process, the precursors have been prepared by the mixed‐oxide method taking the constituents in their stoichiometric ratio. The samples have been allowed to absorb microwave radiation in the presence of a polymeric susceptor. The susceptor absorbs the microwave radiation at room temperature and increases the temperature of the sample, where it starts interacting with microwave radiation. The susceptor burns off at a higher temperature without reacting with the sample. The cubic Ca0.1Zr0.9O1.9 has been prepared at a temperature of 1100°C within 5 min.
Crystallization of a Rare Earth‐Rich Aluminoborosilicate Glass With Varying CaO/Na2O Ratio
Authors: Quintas Arnaud , Majérus Odile , Caurant Daniel , Dussossoy Jean‐Luc , Vermaut Philippe
Published: February 2007

The effect of varying R=[CaO]/([CaO]+[Na2O]) ratio on the crystallization of a rare earth‐rich aluminoborosilicate glass (16 wt% RE2O3, RE=Nd or La) is investigated. The crystallization of a silicate apatite with Ca2+xRE8−x(SiO4)6O2−0.5x composition (x≈0.4–0.7), is responsible for a drop of the rare earth solubility in the melt. When successive nucleation and growth stages are performed, crystallization processes change across the glass series as a consequence of glass‐in‐glass phase separation. An exotic phase of composition close to Ca10Nd7Si20.75O62 grows at the expense of silicate apatite.
Reinforcement of Calcium Phosphate Cement by Bio‐Mineralized Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Wang Xiupeng , Ye Jiandong , Wang Yingjun , Chen Ling
Published: February 2007

Bio‐mineralized carbon natotubes (CNTs) were prepared by soaking carboxyl functionalized CNTs in a simulating body fluid (SBF). A uniform hydroxyapatite layer was precipitated on the outer walls of CNTs after 7 days of soaking. The results showed that, by addition of the as‐received CNTs and bio‐mineralized CNTs, the compressive strength of the calcium phosphate cement (CPC) increased by 24% and 120%, respectively. The modified interfacial bonding between the bio‐mineralized CNTs and CPC accounted for the significant improvement in the mechanical property by addition of the bio‐mineralized CNTs as compared with the as‐received CNTs.