bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assay Sensitivity and the Epistemic Contexts of Clinical Trials
Authors: Hey Spencer Phillips , Weijer Charles
Published: June 2013

This article examines the concept of assay sensitivity in clinical research. Defined as the ability of a clinical trial to distinguish between an effective and ineffective treatment, the need for assay sensitivity has been taken to support the claim that placebos are methodologically superior to active control treatments. The demands of doing good clinical science must trump the physician-researcher’s ethical duty to provide all trial participants with nothing less than competent medical care. We argue that this supposed implication of assay sensitivity rests on (1) collapsing the distinction between biological efficacy and clinical effectiveness, and (2) conflating the epistemic contexts of a trial-as-designed and a trial-as-executed. Once these errors are corrected, it becomes clear that placebos grant no epistemological advantage over active controls, and there is therefore no longer a tension between the epistemic and ethical demands of research. We suggest that the legitimate worries behind assay sensitivity can be better understood as the need for researchers to articulate their experimental heuristics and to demonstrate a robust pattern of evidence across a series of trials.
Confidentiality, Electronic Health Records, and the Clinician
Authors: Graves Stuart
Published: June 2013

The advent of electronic health records (EHRs) to improve access and enable research in the everyday clinical world has simultaneously made medical information much more vulnerable to illicit, non-beneficent uses. This wealth of identified, aggregated data has and will attract attacks by domestic governments for surveillance and protection, foreign governments for espionage and sabotage, organized crime for illegal profits, and large corporations for “legal” profits. Against these powers with almost unlimited resources no security scheme is likely to prevail, so the design of such systems should include appropriate security measures. Unlike paper records, where the person maintaining and controlling the existence of the records also controls access to them, these two functions can be separated for EHRs. By giving physical control over access to individual records to their individual owners, the aggregate is dismantled, thereby protecting the nation’s identified health information from large-scale data mining or tampering. Control over the existence and integrity of all the records—yet without the ability to examine their contents—would be left with larger institutions. This article discusses the implications of all of the above for the role of the clinician in assuring confidentiality (a cornerstone of clinical practice), for research and everyday practice, and for current security designs.
Patient Preference Clinical Trials: Why and When They Will Sometimes Be Preferred
Authors: Kowalski Charles Joseph , Mrdjenovich Adam Joel
Published: June 2013

In a preference clinical trial (PCT), two or more health-care interventions are compared among several groups of patients, at least some of whom have purposefully chosen the intervention to be administered to them. This stands in contrast to the randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCT), where patients are randomly assigned to receive one of the available test interventions. This article argues that when comparing two interventions, A and B, when blinding (or masking) the interventions is difficult or impossible and at least some of the potential participants prefer one or the other of the interventions, then the use of a PCT merits consideration. PCTs can be designed in several different ways, and the selection should be driven by the clinical question posed. PCTs also fall towards the pragmatic endpoint of the explanatory/pragmatic clinical trial continuum, suggesting that they may more favorably influence clinical decision-making in real-world contexts. Researchers often want to know not what is the best treatment irrespective of choice and compliance, but whether an intervention can work for the patients who choose it. If we want to answer the latter question, we must let patients choose.
The Quagga and Science: What Does the Future Hold for This Extinct Zebra?
Authors: Heywood Peter
Published: June 2013

Quaggas, partially striped zebras from South Africa, have had major impacts on science. In the 19th century, the results of mating between a quagga stallion and a horse mare influenced thinking about mechanisms of inheritance for more than 70 years. In the 20th century, tissue from a quagga yielded the first DNA of an extinct organism to be cloned and sequenced. Selective breeding of plains zebras in South Africa has produced animals whose coat coloration resembles that of some quaggas. This raises the intriguing possibility that quaggas may once again be the focus of scientific investigations.
Embracing the Certainty of Uncertainty: Implications for Health Care and Research
Authors: Seely Andrew J. E.
Published: June 2013

“Uncertainty” is the ongoing realization that we cannot predict the future, and “surprise” reminds us lest we forget. Despite the fact that uncertainty is an undeniable fact of everyday experiences, in particular when providing care to patients, it is ignored and under-evaluated scientifically. Understandably and appropriately, medical science seeks knowledge, certainty, and prediction; however, the fundamental truth of intrinsic irreducible uncertainty remains neglected. The principal hypothesis of this article is that greater acceptance and understanding of intrinsic uncertainty offers valuable insights towards improving the delivery and management of health care, as well as the performance of clinical and basic science research. This review highlights the ubiquitous presence and acceptance of irreducible uncertainty in diverse domains of science, defines and classifies uncertainty arising from this awareness, and explores the insights and implications of this understanding with regard to health-care practice, health-care management, physician-patient communication, basic science research, and clinical research. It offers specific recommendations in each area of focus that are proposed to stimulate deliberation and investigation.
Work-Life Balance and Cultural Change: A Narrative of Eligibility
Authors: Lester Jaime
Published: June 2013

Using Schein's (1992) framework of cultural change, this study examined two institutions of higher education that have achieved or attempted a cultural change to understand if and how to develop a culture of work-life balance for faculty and staff. The results identified a narrative of eligibility that arose from the discourse of faculty recruitment/retention, defining work-life for tenured and tenure-track faculty only. Moreover, situating work-life in campus traditions and histories revealed the espoused beliefs of work-life as a gender issue and perpetuated the socio-historical connection of women, pregnancy, and work-life.
Marginalizing Merit?: Gender Differences in Black Faculty D/discourses on Tenure, Advancement, and Professional Success
Authors: Griffin Kimberly A. , Bennett Jessica C. , Harris Jessica
Published: June 2013

Little work has addressed the ways in which race and gender intersect and shape Black professors' experiences as they seek professional advancement. Framed by critical race theory, this qualitative study uses discourse analysis to analyze the narratives of 28 Black professors employed at two research universities. Findings suggest that faculty perceive race and gender influencing their evaluations for academic advancement , with key gender distinctions in discourses about teaching and service in relation to professional success. Black women appear to experience demands in these domains as more emotionally and physically taxing than their male counterparts, adding strain to the tenure and advancement process.
Documenting Attitudes toward Undocumented Immigrant Access to Public Education: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Herrera Felisha A. , Garibay Juan C. , Garcia Gina A. , Johnston Marc P.
Published: June 2013

This study investigates how students' views toward undocumented immigrants' access to public education change during college. A multilevel analysis among a national sample of 12,388 undergraduates, drawn from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program's (CIRP) Freshman Survey and College Senior Survey, revealed that significant predictors of senior-year views include various student characteristics and predispositions, political contexts, college experiences, and institutional contexts. Given the often-hostile debates over undocumented immigrants' participation in American education, the findings have broad implications for college access, campus climate, and the way institutions of higher education think about their role in shaping students' understanding of this compelling issue.
“What Phantom Shape, Implicit in the Figures?”: Liminal Monsters, Paranormal Places in Thomas Pynchon’s Mason & Dixon
Authors: Rozelle Lee
Published: June 2013

By interrogating geodetic surveying techniques in the New World, Thomas Pynchon’s Mason & Dixon produces a characteristic giddiness and mystical flux that reveals, uncharacteristically, the presence and purpose of anti-imperialist resistance. Pynchon’s vivification of monstrous bioregions keeps alive the contention that the U.S. has even now not reached its endgame, that there is still a chance for becoming a nation that embraces an environmental community of all life forms. Reading Mason & Dixon biocentrically challenges readers to see natural flora and fauna as beings analogous to hybrids or cyborgs, but within an evolutionary continuum that still leaves us time. The novel’s recasting of the celebrated surveyors for a contemporary audience challenges readers to look to America’s colonial past for not only environmental mistakes, but also strains of opposition that inform future policy and behavior. What emerges for natural environments unsettled by the boundary making of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon is not a melding of anthropocentric reason and the paranormal, but the creation of liminal zones that persist through mimicry until reclamation occurs to create entirely new spatial designs. Approaching plants, animals, and places in this novel as liminal makes possible a new Pynchonian paradigm for advancing the postcolonial Americas from impending crisis to ecological communitas .
When are the People?: Temporality, Popular Sovereignty, and the U.S. Settler State
Authors: Sizemore Michelle R.
Published: June 2013

This essay examines the subject of anti-imperialism through the lens of settler postcolonial studies, an approach that immediately confounds sure distinctions between pro- and anti- imperialism. In the mid-1790s, during the Whiskey Rebellion, farmers in western Pennsylvania revolted against a federal government that used them to advance the course of empire while simultaneously treating them as colonists within the empire they labored and risked to create. Even the briefest sketch of this historical episode hints at the complexity of settler subjects’ imperial affiliations and attitudes. Technically, the whiskey rebels were both: in favor of those policies and customs that sanctioned the appropriation of Indian lands and against those that positioned white settlers as subalterns. My contention is that this popular uprising against the imperialist dictates of the U.S. government clarifies two competing visions of empire much more than it reveals opposing stances for and against.

In this article I suggest that these competing visions of empire play out in the widespread debate over popular sovereignty, and my primary concern is how traditional notions of sovereignty were re-negotiated within the context of settler rights. Looking at the Whiskey Rebellion, including George Washington’s actual and symbolic role in suppressing the revolt, I argue that the last decade of the eighteenth century witnessed an uncomfortable shift from unitary to plural sovereignty. Made clear by documentary evidence from the rebellion, republican political culture shifted away from authority concentrated in a single individual to its anonymous dispersal far and wide. With this shift comes the dislocation of sovereign power, the diffusion of sovereignty in time as well as in space. This model of sovereignty, on which the decentralized settler model of empire thrived, would severely weaken the centralized federal model of empire.
Ernest Howard Crosby’s Swords and Plowshares : A Lost Anti-Imperialism, Anti-Militarism, and Anti-War Classic
Authors: Wachtell Cynthia
Published: June 2013

In November 1902 a volume of poetry was published simultaneously in New York and London that put forth the sharpest indictment of war, militarism, and imperialism ever penned by an American. The book was titled Swords and Plowshares . Its author was Ernest Howard Crosby. Today the work and the author are virtually unknown.

To say that Ernest Crosby is forgotten, verges on understatement. The last published essay to take Crosby as its focus appeared in 1973. The only published biography, a forty-page work titled Ernest Howard Crosby: A Valuation and a Tribute , appeared soon after his death in 1907. Yet, in addition to being the most prolific anti-imperialist writer of his era, Crosby was also the founding president of the New York Anti-Imperialist League and extremely active in both the American Peace Society and the American Anti-Imperialist League.

Crosby has been neglected, and even more thoroughly neglected has been his volume Swords and Plowshares. No study of the work has ever been published. Nonetheless, the book is one of the most radical volumes in American history and a key work of anti-imperialist writing. The volume melds Whitman’s poetic style with Thoreau’s call for civil disobedience, and it draws inspiration most directly from the Russian prophet of nonresistance Leo Tolstoy. This essay outlines Crosby’s work as a radical reformer and examines how he boldly attacked war, militarism, and imperialism – especially on the pages of Swords and Plowshares .

Though he may have been tilting at windmills in his efforts to demilitarize America and stop the course of imperialism, Crosby put forth the most extensive, radical, and potent literary attack against war and the war-makers of any writer of his day. Arguably, no author has yet surpassed him.
The Malcontent and the Hamlet Aftermath
Authors: Cordner Michael
Published: June 2013

Long before W. S. Gilbert's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (1891), Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966), or Lee Blessing's Fortinbras (1991), early modern playwrights wove their own variations on Shakespeare's masterpiece. Unlike their successors, however, they did not annex Hamlet's characters for appearances in revisionist narratives of their own. Instead, deploying different characters, they echoed aural and visual details from Shakespeare's script in ways which significantly inflected the experiences their own plays offered their audiences. This article focuses on one such play: John Marston's The Malcontent (c.1603), written for the Children of the Queen's Revels, and later performed by the King's Men, with Richard Burbage (Shakespeare's original Hamlet) in the lead role. In a departure from the cautious cataloguing of Hamlet's abundant presence in Marston's dialogue by the play's editors, this essay seeks to reposition The Malcontent as a play distinctively different in its central design from the conventional image of it: an image of a play first acted in a monochromatically parodic style of performance by the children's company, and later with less success by Shakespeare's adult troupe. Drawing on personal experiences of directing the play at the University of York in 2008, the essay blends rehearsal and performance experience with close textual analysis in order to draw attention to Marston's stylistic oscillations and his radical reinvention of revenge plotting, with a view to offering a revitalized impression of The Malcontent's distinctive energies in performance.
Bilingual Hamlet: Der Bestrafte Brudermord in the 21 st Century
Authors: Schmidle Christine
Published: June 2013

This essay takes a performance-based approach to the textual development of the plays of the English Comedians performing in Germany during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At the heart of the essay is the experimental bilingual production of Der Bestrafte Brudermord (the "German Hamlet ") I directed in Staunton, Virginia, in order to test the idea that surviving German playtexts of English plays feature a pattern of three major alterations: simplification, expansion of the comedic character, and added physicality.
Inhabiting the Icon: Shipping Containers and the New Imagination of Western Space
Authors: Hirsch Sarah
Published: June 2013

“Inhabiting the Icon” explores how the shipping container and containerization has redefined notions of the West as a transnational space through spectacle. The enormity of the container and its ability to conceal its contents has given the box a cultural cachet that is strange and unique to postmodern capitalism and the place of the West within a globalized economy. Through visual advertisements, Hollywood productions, and various contemporary artists who capture the container’s economic and mythic proportions, the essay chronicles how the container comes to evoke a new imagination of the West that regards the container integral to popular culture. Using Los Angeles as a case study, the author considers the city’s evolution from citrus culture to container culture, the rise of the new maritime cowboy, and the cultural iconography of the container to be the result of containerization’s reformulation of space and global trade. Building upon the concept of the rhizomatic West and the post-West, the container is the material representation of the rhizome that offers a new rendering of western space that is not only transnational but transgressive. The various routes, detours, destinations and utilizations of the shipping container—whether they be housing units or temporary vendor stations—contribute to a reconceptualization of western space and offer new innovative ways of approaching the postwestern narrative.
Critical Regionalism, the US-Mexican War, and Nineteenth-Century American Literary History
Authors: Tanglen Randi Lynn
Published: June 2013

Nineteenth-century American literature has always been part of the conversations that now comprise contemporary approaches to the field of western literary studies, specifically “critical regionalism” and the “New Western Criticism.” The very issues at the heart of critical regionalist approaches—such as hybrid identities, third-spaces, contact zones, and the relationship between the local and the global—were anticipated in and by the literature of the nineteenth century. This claim comes into better view when nineteenth-century American literature is conceptualized through the US-Mexican War rather than the US Civil War. Defining the literary history of the United States through its hemispheric and international, rather than its internal and domestic, boundaries encourages the comparative practices and transnational methodologies called for by critical regionalist approaches. This conceptual remapping can lead scholars in the field today to ask further questions about indigenous literacies and cultural production in the nineteenth century, which will move nineteenth-century study and western literary studies forward in new and needed directions. Placing an emphasis on pedagogy and classroom strategies, this essay offers several approaches, texts, and authors that meld critical regionalism and a revitalized exploration of nineteenth-century American literature through the US-Mexican War.
Narcocorridos and the Nostalgia of Violence: Postmodern Resistance en la Frontera
Authors: Muniz Chris
Published: June 2013

A musical derivation of the traditional polka-and waltz-like corrido , the narcocorrido is often dismissed and simplistically read as an archaic and ultraviolent form of the “classic” Mexican ballad, updated only in its replacement of revolutionary heroes with the glorified exploits of contemporary cross-border drug traffickers. While increased attention has been given to the genre from both scholarly and popular authors in the past decade, most notably Mark Cameron Edberg, Hermann Herlinghaus, Sam Quiñones, Stephen Tatum, and Elijah Wald, this essay will reveal how this iteration of the contemporary corrido not only operates as a narrative form of geopolitical intervention, reflection, and critique, but one that serves to illuminate the tragically perverse, historical paradoxes that have produced this musical form within the context of both the referential past and the present of its making. Specifically using Jean Baudrillard’s notion of simulations and simulacra as a framework, this essay seeks to deconstruct the narco performance, revealing how any grounding in a rational reality has long since been replaced by a world of spectacle and empty signifiers.
“Refusing to halt”: Mobility and the Quest for Spatial Justice in Helena María Viramontes’s Their Dogs Came with Them and Karen Tei Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange
Authors: Wald Sarah D.
Published: June 2013

Representations of Los Angeles’s freeways in Helena María Viramontes’s novel Their Dogs Came with Them (2007) and Karen Tei Yamashita’s novel Tropic of Orange (1997) expose the unevenness of contemporary mobility. The novels depict the power and possibility of mobility for some in the globalized economy alongside the violent consequences of socioeconomic immobility that these same venues of neoliberal economic development bring others. By representing the consequences of Los Angeles’s freeway system, the novels convey the unevenness of experiences of globalization, flows of migration, capital, goods and services across borders and within the unstated borders of specific communities. Through their focus on both displacement and mobility, the two works connect transportation geographies to older forms of conquest and colonization and to newer modes of neoliberal economic development. By emphasizing the ways these newer forms of economic control are haunted by violent colonial pasts, the texts attend to the relationship between older and newer forms of spatial control and the relations between both mundane and spectacular forms of oppression. They draw out the complexity and the consequences of transportation technologies by highlighting the physical and socioeconomic immobility that both shapes and produces the experiences of displaced Angelinos.
Shaking Awake the Memory: The Gothic Quest for Place in Sandra Cisneros’s Caramelo
Authors: Wickelson Paul
Published: June 2013

Gothic forms are often associated with the US East, where writers like Hawthorne, Faulkner, and Morrison explore haunting themes: witch-burnings, racism, and slavery. But the West, and particularly the conflicted US-Mexico borderlands, should haunt us too—especially in today’s disorienting context of global flows and inequality. The Texas-based Chicana writer Sandra Cisneros is rarely read in Gothic terms, but she should be. Her 2002 novel Caramelo is a phantasmagoric romp through one family’s transnational history, but it is also a ghost story. Its narrator Celaya is literally haunted by her Awful Grandmother’s ghost and fears that she will repeat her grandmother’s life, subjugated in a hierarchical society. Celaya’s only escape is through a gothic quest for place: a desperate attempt to orient herself through memory, imagination, and social engagement. (In particular, Celaya searches for free spaces in which she can connect with other women.) Ultimately, Cisneros takes what I call a critical regionalist path; she steers away from exclusive cultural nationalisms, but also away from the transnational flux induced by contemporary capitalism. Instead, she recognizes that especially in today’s globally connected world, we must create durable and nurturing institutions and practices—even if no purely safe space can be found.
Book Reviews
Authors: Beadling Laura L. , Daseler Graham , Johnson Martin L. , Kunze Peter C. , Lake Carolyn , Pendakur Manjunath , Riley John A. , Rush Zachariah
Published: June 2013

The Film Theory Reader: Debates and Arguments, Marc Furstenau, (2010) London: Routledge, 304 pp., ISBN: 415-49322-6 (pbk), $49.95, ISBN: 415-49317-X (hbk), $136.00

Reeling: Do the Movies Have a Future?, David Denby, (2012)New York: Simon & Schuster, 347 pp., ISBN
9781416599470 (hbk), $27.00

Cinema’s Alchemist: The Films of Péter Forgács, Bill Nichols and Michael Renov (eds), (2011) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, xxi + 271 pp., ISBN 9780816648757 (pbk), $27.50

New Zealand Film & Television: Institution,
Industry and Cultural Change, Trisha Dunleavy and Hester Joyce, (2011) Bristol and Chicago: Intellect, 250 pp., ISBN 4781841504575 (pbk), £29.95/$50.00

New Zealand Cinema: Interpreting the Past, Alistair Fox, Barry Keith Grant and Hilary Radner (eds), (2011) Bristol, UK and
Chicago: Intellect, 350 pp., ISBN 9781841504254 (pbk), £19.95/$40.00

Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry, Tejaswini Ganti (2012) Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 424 pp., ISBN 9780823352136 (pbk), $27.95

The Apu Trilogy: Satyajit
Ray and the Making of an Epic, Andrew Robinson, (2011) London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 212 pp., ISBN 9781848855158 (pbk), £12.99

A Social History of Iranian Cinema: Volume 3, The Islamicate Period, 1978–1984, Hamid Naficy, (2012) Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 288 pp.,
ISBN 9780822348771 (pbk), $24.95, ISBN 9780822348658 (hbk), $89.95
The trunk as a cinematic representation and as a metaphor in Matka
Authors: Lefebvre-Linetzky Jacques
Published: June 2013

The trunk the traveller drags along is shown in a variety of powerful shots as he makes his way uphill. It conjures up two familiar myths: Sisyphus and Pandora’s box, which provide interesting clues regarding the symbolic significance of such a voyage.
Sisyphus screams: The rift between sound and image in Matka
Authors: Duerfahrd Lance
Published: June 2013

Matka allegorizes cinematic voice. It denotes the distance crossed in order to scream and the distance separating character from scream. Editing desutures voice from (voice) box, scream from mouth and the character from his silent journey. Cinematically, Sisyphus encounters his body
as an absurd excess, a hollow armature to his voice.
Matka: Muteness, metaphor, metonymy
Authors: Quigley Paula
Published: June 2013

To say that Matka presents us with essential truths about the human condition may sound trite at best. Nonetheless, the film’s very resistance to a reductive reading along these lines suggests the possibility of a specifically ‘metaphoric’ treatment of these truths
that eludes articulation into language.
Cultural baggage – Pirjo Hokkanen’s Matka
Authors: Barton Ruth
Published: June 2013

Discussing the place of the short film within a national cinema, Martin McLoone asks whether this art form is uniquely placed to explore questions of the national. I ask the alternative question: how imperative is familiarity with a national cinema to an understanding of a short film
such as Matka?
The community of archetypical travellers
Authors: Andreescu Florentina , Shapiro Michael J.
Published: June 2013

Matka’s viewer is a witness to the archetypical journey each individual takes alone carrying his/her baggage but which nevertheless connects humans through its similarly experienced struggle. Through this witnessing, viewers are invited to realize that they are following an identical
path, searching for release atop a mountain.
Matka, a heterotopia of deviation
Authors: Puric Biljana
Published: June 2013

Described as the epoch of space, the twentieth century saw much of its cultural and film theory immersed in questions related to this phenomenon. Matka, with its careful spatial organization, encourages an interpretation that revisits and contests the familiar opposition between nature
and culture through the concept of heterotopia.
On a happy journey?
Authors: Kerner Aaron , Hart Rachel Mertz
Published: June 2013

Matka beautifully re-envisions Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus (1955), raising questions of burdens and fulfilment. Matka is an existential exploration of the human spirit, that here is contextualized by potential limits.
Suspense and humour in The Bloody Olive
Authors: Kau Edvin Vestergaard
Published: June 2013

In a film noir style, Bal presents not just a single joke, but a whole series of jokes about murder and duplicitous behaviour on the part of the characters. The article focuses on how the film manages to play on conventions of genre and style and the viewers’ expectations, repeatedly
requiring the audience to revise their hypotheses – all with the aim of making the plot twists successful and funny.
‘Play it Again, Sam’ – intertextuality, authorship and expectations in The Bloody Olive
Authors: Shaw Nathan
Published: June 2013

Whether early literary adaptations or postmodern, pop culture stuffed millennium movies, cinema has continually showcased its penchant for intertextuality. Simultaneously, genre films have constructed a network of paradigms allowing discerning audiences to expect the previously unexpected.
These interconnecting elements are prevalent, and toyed with, throughout short film noir pastiche The Bloody Olive.
Blanc/noir chess in The Bloody Olive
Authors: Dima Vlad
Published: June 2013

This article first explores the overall mise-en-scène of The Bloody Olive, and then shows that its narrative construction resembles a chess game played on two levels. There is a literal level produced by the lights, outfits, props, etc., and a metaphorical, lampooning level that
plays off the internalized tension normally found in the film noir.
Solar Water Disinfection Using NF-codoped TiO2 Photocatalysis: Estimation of Scaling-up Parameters
Authors: H. Castillo Jordana , Bueno Alba , Pelaez Miguel A. , Sanchez-Salas Jose Luis , Dionysiou Dionysios D. , Bandala Erick R.
Published: June 2013

In this work, the use of previously reported figures-of-merit is proposed for the comparison of solar-driven photocatalytic disinfection technologies using NF-codoped TiO2. These figures-of-merit are based on the solar collection area per order (ACO) through the understanding of the overall kinetic behavior of the disinfection process under the tested conditions: pH 7, four different catalyst concentrations (0.0, 0.10, 0.25 and 50 mgmL−
1) and two solar radiation types (UV+visible and visible radiation alone). The results provide a direct link to the accumulated energy efficiency (the lowest the value the highest the efficiency) of the inactivation process, allowing the comparison between the efficiencies of a broad range of processes evaluating different experimental conditions.
Crystal structure of (3R,4S)-4-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-oxopropyl)azetidin-2-one, C31H25F2NO3
Authors: Yang Zhao , Wang Zhi-Xiang
Published: June 2013

C31H25F2NO3, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 5.840(1) Å, b = 16.645(3) Å, c = 25.716(5) Å, V = 2499.8 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0672, wRref(F2) = 0.1072, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of 14-O-[(4-chlorobenzamide-2-methylpropane-2-yl)-thioacetate] mutilin diethanol solvate, C37H58ClNO7S
Authors: Zhao Fengwu , Wang Guirong
Published: June 2013

C37H58ClNO7S, orthorhombic, P212121 (no.19), a = 10.4285(2) Å, b = 11.0722(2) Å, c = 31.7312(6) Å, V = 3663.90 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0307, wRref(F2) = 0.0797, T = 100.00(10) K.
Affirmation as a type of modality: evidence from Serbian and English
Authors: Grygiel Marcin
Published: June 2013

The aim of the paper is to present modes of grammatical representation of affirmation in Serbian and English. I will explore the hypothesis that affirmation is a type of modality and its expression involves syntactic and morphological markers. The formal expression of strong types of affirmation modality is characte­rized by the preference for long, full and stressed variants of modal auxiliaries Alternatively, affirmative verb forms may be intensified by additional suprasegmental elements, such as intonation, or even para­linguistic tools, gestures and non-verbal ways of reinforcing a statement. This seems to confirm the general function-form isomorphism requiring the more complex mental events to be represented by more complex structures. I will argue that this requirement may initiate the process of auxiliation, perceived as a search to find a more adequate means for expressing affirmation modality.
Evolução da cardiopatia experimentalmente induzida em coelhos infectados com Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Figueiredo Florêncio , Rossi Marcos A. , Santos Ricardo R.
Published: June 2013

Coelhos jovens de ambos os sexos (1-2 meses de idade), outbred, inoculados com tripomastigotas da cepa Colômbia de Trypanosoma cruzi desenvolveram lesões cardíacas, macro e microscópicas, além de características parasitológicas e imunológicas, muito semelhantes às observadas na doença de Chagas humana, tanto na fase aguda como na fase crônica. Na fase aguda a síndrome cardíaca caracteriza-se macroscopicamente por discreta cardiomegalia, com dilatação de câmaras direitas, e miscroscopicamente por miocardite focal pouco acentuada; na fase crônica, por cardiomegalia moderada ou acentuada, com hipertrofia e dilatação de câmaras e adelgaçamento da ponta (aneurisma apical), predominantemente do ventrículo esquerdo, e por miocardite focal, cóm áreas de necrose miocitolítica e degeneração de miocélulas, associadas a infiltrado inflamatório, principalmente composto de linfócitos, e fibrose intersticial. Devido à reprodução de aspectos da doença cardíaca chagásica humana em tempo relativamente curto, à simplicidade, à disponibilidade para múltiplos pesquisadores e ao baixo custo, o modelo representado pelo coelho constitui uma alternativa para estudos dos mecanismos, patologia e tratamento da cardiopatia chagásica.
Avaliação do comportamento de diferentes cepas do Trypanosoma cruzi na infecção de seis linhagens isogênicas de camundongos
Authors: Andrade Virgínia , Andrade Sonia G. , Netto Manoel Barrai , Pontes Albélia L. , Castro Rosângela
Published: June 2013

O estudo da infecção de camundongos de seis diferentes linhagens isogênicas (A/J, AKR, Balb/c, C3H, C57BL/10 e DBA) pelas cepas do Trypanosoma cruzi- peruana (Tipo I), 21SF (Tipo II) e colombiana (Tipo III) demonstrou que as diferentes cepas do T. cruzi conservam os seus caracteres básicos na infecção das diversas linhagens de camundongos. O grau de resistência de cada linhagem varia conforme o tipo da cepa. Todas as linhagens mostraram alta susceptibilidade à infecção pela cepa peruana; em relação às cepas 21SF e colombiana, os padrões de resistência de cada linhagem variam de acordo com a cepa, formando um espectro, que difere entre as duas cepas citadas, sendo em geral mais reistentes as linhagens DBA e B-10 e menos resistentes as linhagens AKR e A/J. Os animais de todas as linhagens infectados com quaisquer das cepas apresentaram alterações das imunoglobulinas com diminuição precoce da IgG1 e elevação de IgG2a' IgG2b e IgM. Houve uma correlação entre o aumento de IgG2a e o grau de reação inflamatória. O infiltrado inflamatório variou de acordo com as linhagens de camundongo, sendo moderado e mononuclear nas mais susceptíveis e com predomínio de polimorfonucleares nas mais resistentes. Os resultados sugerem que as características do parasito são o fator determinante do padrão básico da infecção pelo T. cruzi
Supra-renalite em chagásicos crônicos
Authors: Teixeira Vicente de Paula Antunes , Gobbi Helenice , Almeida Hipoiito de Oliveira
Published: June 2013

O estudo das supra-renais de pacientes não chagásicos mostrou infiltrados linfocitários sempre discretos na cortical (30%) e na medular (50%). Nos chagásicos foram vistos infiltrados mononucleares no tecido perissupra-renálico em 83%, na cortical em 53% e na medular em 93%. Enquanto na cortical o exsudato foi sempre discreto ou moderado, na medular foi moderado em 30% e acentuado em 20%. Em 27% dos chagásicos na medular das supra-renais havia também fibrose fina. Estes dados mostram que nos chagásicos crônicos a medular das supra-renais é acometida preferencialmente à cortical. Épossível que o "parentesco" embriológico e funcional com o sistema nervoso autônomo esteja concorrendo para a existência de "caminhos patogenéticos" semelhantes para a ganglionite e medulite supra-renálica da tripanossomose crônica.
Estudos preliminares com bromoacetamida, um novo moluscicida
Authors: Katz Naftale , Souza Cecília P. de , Araújo Neusa
Published: June 2013

A bromoacetamida tem sido testada como moluscicida na República Popular da China, para tratamento de criadouros de Oncomelania, hospedeiro do Schistosoma japonicum, com bons resultados. O produto é solúvel em água, o que simplifica seu uso. Foram feitos ensaios biológicos preliminares deste produto em caramujos adultos (Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila e B. straminea), recém-eclodidos e desovas. Paralelamente foram feitos ensaios com o pentaclorofenol para avaliar a suscetibilidade dos caramujos. O produto foi testado também sobre peixes, Lebistes reticulatus. Os moluscos testados mediam 8-10 mm de diâmetro; os recém-eclodidos tinham 1-3 dias de idade e as desovas 0-1 dia de idade. A temperatura da água durante os experimentos variou de 24,3 a 27,0°C. O produto foi ativo para caramujos adultos, recém-eclodidos e desovas, em concentrações em tomo de 1 a 4 ppm. Para os peixes o produto foi menos tóxico do que para os caramujos (CLço 7,5 ppm). Estes resultados indicam que a bromoacetamida apresenta propriedades moluscicidas promissoras para o controle da Biomphalaria spp.
Estudo parasitológico e anátomo-patológico da fase aguda da doença de Chagas em cães inoculados com duas diferentes cepas do Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Castro Maria Alice Pedreira de , Brener Zigman
Published: June 2013

Cães jovens foram infectados com as cepas Y e CL do T. cruzi usando-se como inóculos 107 formas sangüíneas inoculadaspor via intraperitoneal e 2 x 10³ tripomastigotas metacíclicos obtidos do inseto vetor e inoculadospor via conjuntival. As cepas Ye CL induziram nos cães curvas deparasitemia totalmente distintas, confirmando dados parasitológicos obtidos em camundongos e coelhos. Com a cepa CL a parasitemia, com ambos os inóculos, foi gradualmente ascencional ao passo que com Y a parasitemia foi extremamente baixa, irregular e, com freqüência, subpatente. Com ambas as cepas o parasitismo e as lesões predominaram no miocárdio. Entretanto, com a cepa Y a miocardite foi sempre intensa desde as fases mais precoces da infecção, ao passo que com a cepa CL o processo inflamatório tomou-se acentuado somente a partir do 20.° dia. Freqüentemente a intensidade da miocardite observada em alguns animais não guardava relação com a parasitemia; em alguns cães com parasitemia subpatente, nos quais a infecção só foi diagnosticada pelo xenodiagnóstico, a intensidade da miocardite foi comparável àquela observada nos animais com parasitemia patente. Idêntica correlação também não foi assinalada em relação ao parasitismo tissular. Esses achados sugerem a participação de mecanismo imunológicos na gênese das lesões, ainda na fase aguda da infecção.
Características da morte súbita tida como não esperada na doença de Chagas
Authors: Prata Aluizio , Lopes Edison Reis , Chapadeiro Edmundo
Published: June 2013

Trinta e cinco indivíduos falecidos subitamente e de modo inesperado foram necropsiados em Serviços Médico-Legais em Uberaba e Uberlândia. A sorologia do líquido pericárdico e os achados anatomopatológicos estabeleceram o diagnóstico de doença de Chagas. Todos, exceto dois, eram do sexo masculino e tinham idade média de 38 anos. Resolvemos fazer uma investigação retrospectiva procurando obter de familiares e amigos e nos registros médicos informações sobre as circunstâncias do óbito e manifestações que pudessem constituir possíveis indícios de doença cardíaca e de comprometimento de outros órgãos. Em 31,2% não havia quaisquer sintomas ou suspeita de cardiopatia. Contudo, em 57,1% dos casos conseguimos detectar história de tonturas (42,8%), dispnéia de esforço (48%), perda de consciência (34,2%) e palpitações (31,4%). A disfagia e ou a obstipação estavam presentes em 38%. Não houve correlação entre a sintomatologia e a intensidade da miocardite. Em 56% o êxito letal surgiu enquanto desenvolviam esforço físico ou tinham emoção. Pelo modo como ocorreu o óbito pode-se concluir que a iminência deste não foi pressentida pelo paciente ou circunstantes em 43,8% dos casos; no restante, o óbito súbito foi precedido de indícios, tais como gestos, pedidos de ajuda, etc. Somente em 5 dos 35 casos o eletrocardiograma havia sido realizado meses ou anos antes do óbito: todos apresentavam alterações.
Hemoglobinopatias no Distrito Federal, Brasil
Authors: Tavares-Neto J. , Naoum Paulo C. , Adorno José , Azevêdo Paula , Brito Fátima , Caldas Márcia , Couto Márcia , Costa Karina , Martinelli Cláudio , Gonzalez Alberto , Assad Anna , Mortoza Luciana , Reis Fábio , Silva M.M.C. , Silva Paulo , Vieira Marta
Published: June 2013

Em uma amostra de 3137 pessoas, residentes no Distrito Federal, foram detectadas as seguintes hemoglobinas: em 3009(95,92%) HbAA; em 91 (2,90%) HbAS; em 20(0,64%) HbAC; em 8 (0,26%) talassemia beta minor; em 5(0,16%) HbAJ alfa; em 3 (0,09%) HbAM e em 1 (0,03%) talassemia major associada com HbAS. A HbAS têm as seguintes freqüências, quanto ao grupo racial: branco - 1,84%; mulato claro 2,55%; mulato médio-3,68%; mulato escuro - 6,80%; negro -10,43% e mestiço de índio -3,85%.
El método de cultivo "in vitro" como instrumento práctico en el diagnóstico y el aislamiento primário de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis I. Observaciones de laboratório
Authors: Netto Eduardo M. , Cuba Cesar C. , Marsden Philip D. , Barretto Air C.
Published: June 2013

Comparamos diferentes medios artificiales y procedimientos de cultivo in vitro de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis (Lbb) aislada de lesiones de hamsteres experimentalmente infectados. Observamos que la aspiración de material de la lesión, usando jeringa de 5 mlyaguja 22g(25 x 8mm), mostró resultados satisfactorios siendo un procedimiento conveniente de colecta. El medio de Agar Sangre Difco (DAB) es un medio eficiente para el aislamiento de Lbb. El medio de Evans demostro similares resultados al DAB, mientras que el medio líquido de Schneider y el químicamente definido AR-103 fueron nitidamente inferiores. En la propagación in vitro de Lbb, el medio de Schneider permitió un buen crecimiento del flagelado, alcanzando densidades de 0,21 - 2,57 x 10(8) promastigotes por ml ya, en el 5.° dia de cultivo. La adición de 5-fluorocytosine a los tubos de cultivo (150/jg/ml)para evitar la contaminación por hongos, no inhibió el crecimiento de Lbb.
Morbidade da doença de Chagas: estudo seccional em uma área endêmica, Virgem da Lapa, Minas Gerais
Authors: Pereira José Borges , Coura José Rodrigues
Published: June 2013

De janeiro a abril de 1982 foi desenvolvido um estudo seccional sobre a morbidade da doença de Chagas humana na área urbana do município de Virgem da Lapa, nordeste de Minas Gerais, Vale do Jequitinhonha. A prevalência da infecção chagásica avaliada através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta em sangue colhido em papel de filtro foi de 12,6%, em uma amostra de 2.787 pessoas residentes. O índice da infecção foi mais elevado no grupo de mulheres (p < 0,001) em relação ao de homens; aumentou progressivamente com a idade até a quinta década da vida, a partir da qual se estabilizou. Os exames clínico, eletrocardiográfico e radiológico de 255 chagásicos crônicos, pareados por idade e sexo com igual número de não chagásicos-controles, revelaram as formas clínicas da doença nas seguintes freqüências: 118 (46,3%) na forma indeterminada, 109 (42,7%) na cardíaca, 19 (7,5%) na mista (cardiopatia + megaesôfago) e 9 (3,5%) na digestiva (megaesôfago). A positividade global em 90 xenodiagnósticosfoi de 36,7%, com predomínio entre os pacientes do sexo masculino e na forma clínica indeterminada.
Estudo soroepidemiológico da cisticercose humana em Brasília, Distrito Federal
Authors: Vianna Lucy Gomes , Macêdo Vanize , Costa Júlia Maria , Mello Paulo , Souza Dalair de
Published: June 2013

Estudo soroepidemiológico realizado em Brasília evidenciou a presença de infecção pelo Cysticercus cellulosae, detectada pelos testes imunoenzimáticos Elisa e imunofluorescência indireta, em 5,2% dos 1122 indivíduos avaliados. Entre os 120 líquidos cefalorraqueanos examinados, provenientes de pacientes que apresentaram sinais sugestivos de neurocisticercose, 16,7% foram reagentes. A prevalência da sorologia reagentefoi 20,4% no grupo de doentes com a hipótese diagnostica de cisticercose, 3,5% no grupo de seus familiares, 5,5% e 0,6% naqueles constituídos de pacientes ambulatoriais com cefaléia e epilepsia, respectivamente; e 0% no grupo controle. A cisticercose prevaleceu nas faixas etárias mais avançadas, nâo havendo predominância de sexo. No diagnóstico imunológico detectaram-se índices de positividoâe que variaram entre os grupos naturais das diversas regiões do país, sendo encontrados 8,1% de indivíduos sororreagentes no Sudeste, 5,8% no Nordeste, 5,3% no Centro-Oeste e 3,5% no Sul do país. Dos fatores epidemiológicos, a ausência de condições sanitárias nas residências, o maior contato com suínos, e o uso de água de rio constituíram os maiores riscos para contrair a moléstia, sendo seu risco relativo de 3,1, 2,2 e 1,8, respectivamente.
Atividade colinesterásica no plasma e em eritrócitos de pacientes com as formas cardíaca e indeterminada da doença de Chagas
Authors: Gomes Roseli A.S. , Miziara Lineu J. , Gonçalves José Geraldo F. , Franchini Kleber G. , Hial Valdemar
Published: June 2013

A atividade colinesterásica foi determinada no plasma e em eritrócitos de 10 indivíduos normais e em 26 pacientes chagásicos crônicos, sendo 6 com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva compensada, 10 com cardiopatia sem insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e 10 com a forma indeterminada. Os valores enzimáticos encontrados foram (média ±sd): 2196 ± 442 UI/L no plasma e 19,4 ± 3,3 Ul/g Hb em eritrócitos do grupo controla; 2291 ± 317 UI/L no plasma e 19,2 ±3,7 Ul/g Hb em eritrócitos dos chagásicos com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva compensada; 2445 ± 357 UI/L no plasma e 18,3 + 3,0 Ul/g Hb em eritrócitos dos cardiopatas chagásicos sem insuficiência cardíaca congestiva; 2006 ± 327 UI/L no plasma e 17,8 ± 3,1 Ul/g Hb em eritrócitos de chagásicos com a forma indeterminada. Nossos dados mostram que o comprometimento neuronal que ocorre nos cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos não é suficiente para levar a alterações significativas (p > 0,05) das atividades colinesterásicas no plasma e em eritrócitos.
Megacólon chagásico congênito: relato de um caso
Authors: Almeida Marco Antonio Cardoso de , Barbosa Helenemarie Schaer
Published: June 2013

Os autores descrevem o caso de um recém-nascido anencéfalo com oito dias de vida, que à autópsia apresentava grande dilatação do cólon descendente, acompanhada de alterações degenerativas e inflamatórias dos plexos mioentéricos e parasitismo de células volumosas, de núcleos gigantes e vacuolados, por formas amastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi, exclusivamente no intestino grosso. As alterações colônicas foram as únicas manifestações da doença de Chagas.
Hipertensão pulmonar esquistossomotica persistente em paciente após reversão da forma hépato-esplênica: apresentação de um caso
Authors: Emanuel Antônio , Prata Aluizio , Bina J.C. , Guimarães Armênio
Published: June 2013

Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente masculino, de 24 anos, hépato-esplênico e com hipertensão pulmonar esquistossomótica (pressão média na artéria pulmonar de 27,5mm HG). Tratado com oxamniquine. Após 11 anos o exame mostrou reversão à hépato-intestinal, com persistência da hipertensão pulmonar, diagnosticada pelo cateterismo cardíaco (pressão média na artéria pulmonar de 20mm Hg) e ecocardiografia.