bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled removal of micro/nanoscale particles in submillimeter-diameter area on a substrate
Authors: Liu Pengzhan , Hu Junhui
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a removal method of micro/nanoscale particles in a submillimeter-diameter area at the interface between an aqueous suspension droplet and silicon substrate surface around a selectable point is proposed and demonstrated. It employs the acoustic streaming generated by an ultrasonically vibrating micro manipulating probe (MMP). The operating frequency of the device is 124.5 kHz, at which the micro manipulating probe oscillates approximately linearly. The experiments show that microscale particles with a diameter of 3-5 μm and nanoscale particles with a diameter of 300-500 nm in submillimeter-diameter areas can be removed in about 1.5 min. The principle of the cleaning method is analyzed by measuring the device’s vibration mode and computing the 3D acoustic streaming field around the MMP. The diameter of cleaned area versus sonication time is clarified by experiments as well as the stable diameter of cleaned area versus vibration velocity. The dependency of the acoustic streaming field on the working parameters, which include the distance between the MMP’s tip and substrate, the angle between the MMP and substrate, and the ratio of the normal vibration components of the MMP, is also investigated by the FEM (finite element method) computation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to report a method for the removal of micro/nanoscale particles in a submillimeter range around a selectable point.
Isentropic magnetoelectric coupling in planar heterostructures
Authors: Herchig R. , Cuozzo J. , Lisenkov S. , Ponomareva I.
Published: October 2017

Thermodynamical expressions are derived to calculate isentropic magnetoelectric and electromagnetic couplings in ferroelectric/ferromagnetic heterostructures. The expressions predict that the isentropic magnetoelectric and electromagnetic effects are reversible and comparable in magnitude and can be tuned in different ways. The expressions are applied to estimate isentropic couplings in commonly grown planar heterostructures of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Ba1-xSrxTiO3 and La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/Ba1-xSrxTiO3 with x= 0.0, 0.1, and 0.5 using a combination of first-principles computational data and experimental data from the literature. The isentropic coupling coefficients of up to 10−9 s/m are predicted close to room temperature for La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/BaTiO3 heterostructures. Our findings show a way to tune the isentropic coupling coefficients in a particular temperature range by engineering heterostructures with favorable transition temperatures.
Generation recombination suppression via depletion engineered heterojunction for alternative substrate MWIR HgCdTe infrared photodetectors
Authors: Ozer Y. , Kocaman S.
Published: October 2017

We show suppression of generation-recombination dark current that leads to an increase in the operating temperature nearly 40 K (from ∼85 K to ∼125 K, τSRH = 200 ns) with diffusion limited performance of alternative substrate multiwafer infrared HgCdTe infrared photodetectors with a cut-off wavelength of 5 μm. Enhancement has been achieved by shifting the depletion region into an n type wide bandgap material. An in-house numerical model, which solves Poisson, continuity, and current equations for electrons and holes, is utilized for high precision in electrical and optical characterization of the detector. Composition and doping levels are optimized so that the collection of photo-generated carriers is not disturbed and the quantum efficiency is kept high.
Robust determination of the chemical potential in the pole expansion and selected inversion method for solving Kohn-Sham density functional theory
Authors: Jia Weile , Lin Lin
Published: October 2017

Fermi operator expansion (FOE) methods are powerful alternatives to diagonalization type methods for solving Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KSDFT). One example is the pole expansion and selected inversion (PEXSI) method, which approximates the Fermi operator by rational matrix functions and reduces the computational complexity to at most quadratic scaling for solving KSDFT. Unlike diagonalization type methods, the chemical potential often cannot be directly read off from the result of a single step of evaluation of the Fermi operator. Hence multiple evaluations are needed to be sequentially performed to compute the chemical potential to ensure the correct number of electrons within a given tolerance. This hinders the performance of FOE methods in practice. In this paper, we develop an efficient and robust strategy to determine the chemical potential in the context of the PEXSI method. The main idea of the new method is not to find the exact chemical potential at each self-consistent-field (SCF) iteration but to dynamically and rigorously update the upper and lower bounds for the true chemical potential, so that the chemical potential reaches its convergence along the SCF iteration. Instead of evaluating the Fermi operator for multiple times sequentially, our method uses a two-level strategy that evaluates the Fermi operators in parallel. In the regime of full parallelization, the wall clock time of each SCF iteration is always close to the time for one single evaluation of the Fermi operator, even when the initial guess is far away from the converged solution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method using examples with metallic and insulating characters, as well as results from ab initio molecular dynamics.
Chaotic one-dimensional domains induced by periodic potentials in normal-dispersion fiber lasers
Authors: Urzagasti Deterlino , Vargas Bryan A. , Quispe-Flores Luzmila A.
Published: October 2017

We investigate numerically the effects of external time-periodic potentials on time-localized perturbations to the amplitude of electromagnetic waves propagating in normal-dispersion fiber lasers which are described by the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation. Two main effects were found: The formation of domains enclosed by two maxima of the external periodic field and the generation of a chaotic behavior of these domains in the region of relatively high amplitudes and low frequencies of the external fields. Maps and bifurcation diagrams of the largest Lyapunov exponent and moments, such as energy and momentum, are also provided for different values of the amplitude and frequency of such external potentials.
Anticipated and zero-lag synchronization in motifs of delay-coupled systems
Authors: Mirasso Claudio R. , Carelli Pedro V. , Pereira Tiago , Matias Fernanda S. , Copelli Mauro
Published: October 2017

Anticipated and zero-lag synchronization have been observed in different scientific fields. In the brain, they might play a fundamental role in information processing, temporal coding and spatial attention. Recent numerical work on anticipated and zero-lag synchronization studied the role of delays. However, an analytical understanding of the conditions for these phenomena remains elusive. In this paper, we study both phenomena in systems with small delays. By performing a phase reduction and studying phase locked solutions, we uncover the functional relation between the delay, excitation and inhibition for the onset of anticipated synchronization in a sender-receiver-interneuron motif. In the case of zero-lag synchronization in a chain motif, we determine the stability conditions. These analytical solutions provide an excellent prediction of the phase-locked regimes of Hodgkin-Huxley models and Roessler oscillators.
The analysis of harmonic generation coefficients in the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Authors: Lu Yan , Fan Zhengfeng , Lu Xinpei , Ye Wenhua , Zou Changlin , Zhang Ziyun , Zhang Wen
Published: October 2017

In this research, we use the numerical simulation method to investigate the generation coefficients of the first three harmonics and the zeroth harmonic in the Ablative Rayleigh–Taylor Instability. It is shown that the interface shifts to the low temperature side during the ablation process. In consideration of the third-order perturbation theory, the first three harmonic amplitudes of the weakly nonlinear regime are calculated and then the harmonic generation coefficients are obtained by curve fitting. The simulation results show that the harmonic generation coefficients changed with time and wavelength. Using the higher-order perturbation theory, we find that more and more harmonics are generated in the later weakly nonlinear stage, which is caused by the negative feedback of the later higher harmonics. Furthermore, extending the third-order theory to the fifth-order theory, we find that the second and the third harmonics coefficients linearly depend on the wavelength, while the feedback coefficients are almost constant. Further analysis also shows that when the fifth-order theory is considered, the normalized effective amplitudes of second and third harmonics can reach about 25%–40%, which are only 15%–25% in the frame of the previous third-order theory. Therefore, the third order perturbation theory is needed to be modified by the higher-order theory when ηL reaches about 20% of the perturbation wavelength.
“Speaking base approbious words”
Authors: Walker Terry , Grund Peter J.
Published: October 2017

This paper explores the representation of speech in Early Modern English witness depositions. We demonstrate that Semino and Short’s (2004) framework of description, which has for the most part been used in explorations of present-day texts, is generally applicable to our historical data. Our study shows that factors such as the importance of the evidence cited and the clarity of the deposition narrative were crucial considerations in representing speech in different contexts.
Is variety as neutral as it seems?
Authors: Poon Vinton Wing Kin
Published: October 2017

This article discusses the conceptual difficulties that are involved in the understanding of several basic linguistic notions: namelylanguage,dialect,sociolect,register,style,genre, and in particular,variety. Using the definitions provided in various sources, particularly introductory textbooks and dictionaries of linguistics, I examine the ways in which these terms are explained, and discuss how there is actually no consensus on how they are understood and conceptualised. This is particularly true for the termvariety, which is regarded by many linguists as a neutral and ideology-free unit for research. In this article, I show that whether a set of linguistic features is regarded as a variety depends on three main factors; there is no absolute – and thus, ideologically neutral – way that linguists can refer to this concept when considering what is or is not a linguistic variety.
Increasing Dominance of Odd‐Year Returning Pink Salmon
Authors: Irvine J. R. , Michielsens C. J. G. , O'Brien M. , White B. A. , Folkes M.
Published: October 2017

The hypothesis that abundance patterns differ between even‐ and odd‐year returning Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha was examined using data from the eastern and western North Pacific Ocean, northern and southern British Columbia, and biologically based conservation units, which are Canadian groupings of salmon that are genetically and/or ecologically distinct from each other. Detailed data from (mostly) southern British Columbia were examined to test hypotheses that the differences between even‐ and odd‐year broodlines were due to fishing, broodline interactions, limitations in freshwater or the ocean, and/or density dependence. The odd‐year broodline has become increasingly predominate over the genetically distinct even‐year broodline on both sides of the Pacific and in five of six British Columbia regions. Five analytical approaches revealed abundances were generally increasing for odd‐year conservation units and declining or stable for even‐year conservation units. Recent increases in odd‐year spawner abundance in southern British Columbia were correlated with decreased fishery exploitation, but exploitation was higher for odd‐year than for even‐year salmon, refuting the hypothesis that differential exploitation is responsible for the changing dominance. Significant negative interactions between even‐ and odd‐year broodlines were found in several of the British Columbia regions tested, but there was little evidence of competition between broodlines in the marine environment. Odd‐year populations in the Fraser River increased despite density‐dependent reductions in freshwater production, while there was no indication of changes in marine productivity. Our results, combined with literature findings indicating a more southerly glacial refugium for odd‐year than for even‐year Pink Salmon and temperature‐related survival differences between these broodlines, suggest that recent climate conditions are benefiting odd‐year returning Pink Salmon more than even‐year salmon, especially in the southern part of their range.

Received July 6, 2013; accepted January 21, 2014
Stock‐Specific Size of Juvenile Sockeye Salmon in British Columbia Waters and the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Beacham Terry D. , Beamish Richard J. , Candy John R. , Wallace Colin , Tucker Strahan , Moss Jamal H. , Trudel Marc
Published: October 2017

The variation at 14 microsatellites was analyzed for 10,500 juvenile Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka obtained from coastal British Columbia and Gulf of Alaska surveys during 1996–2011. A 404‐population baseline was used to determine the individual identifications of the fish sampled, with individuals being identified to 47 populations or stocks of origin. Columbia River and Washington juveniles were consistently larger than those from British Columbia and Alaska. During July, larger individuals from the same Fraser River stock were observed in more northerly locations compared with those in the Strait of Georgia. There was a relationship between the timing of northward migration from the Strait of Georgia and juvenile body size, with individuals from larger populations or stocks migrating earlier than individuals from smaller stocks which remain resident for longer. There was a wide divergence among stocks in juvenile size and dispersion among sampling locations.

Received August 1, 2013; accepted January 21, 2014
Ecomorphological Diversity of Lake Trout at Isle Royale, Lake Superior
Authors: Muir A. M. , Bronte C. R. , Zimmerman M. S. , Quinlan H. R. , Glase J. D. , Krueger C. C.
Published: October 2017

Four Lake TroutSalvelinus namaycushmorphs were identified from Isle Royale, Lake Superior; the morphs differed in shape, traits linked to feeding and locomotion, buoyancy, and physical habitat use. Lean, humper, and siscowet Lake Trout generally conformed to previous descriptions, and we report, for the first time, quantitative evidence of a fourth morph, previously described anecdotally as the “redfin.” Jackknife classification of individuals to morphs based on body shape were 94% correct. High variation within and low variation among morphs led to moderately low percent agreement among visual identifications and high uncertainty in Bayesian model groupings of morphs. Eight linear measures of phenotypic traits linked to feeding (i.e., head and eyes) and locomotion (i.e., fin lengths and caudal peduncle shape) varied among morphs, consistent with specialized adaptations for trophic and physical resource use. Habitat differed among morphs with leans being most abundant in the 0–50‐m depth stratum and siscowets most abundant in two deeper strata (50–100 and 100–150 m). Differences in capture depth and percent buoyancy reflected physical habitat and known trophic resource partitioning among morphs. While the historical fingerprint of morphological and ecological diversity in Lake Superior Lake Trout persists, it is unknown whether the contemporary low level of differentiation is due to ecological release without subsequent reorganization or to a complete breakdown of differentiation.

Received July 11, 2013; accepted February 7, 2014
High Diet Overlap between Native Small‐Bodied Fishes and Nonnative Fathead Minnow in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: Seegert Sarah E. Zahn , Rosi‐Marshall Emma J. , Baxter Colden V. , Kennedy Theodore A. , Hall Robert O. , Cross Wyatt F.
Published: October 2017

River regulation may mediate the interactions among native and nonnative species, potentially favoring nonnative species and contributing to the decline of native populations. We examined food resource use and diet overlap among small‐bodied fishes in the Grand Canyon section of the Colorado River as a first step in evaluating potential resource competition. We compared the diets of the predominant small‐bodied fishes (native Speckled Dace Rhinichthys osculus, juvenile Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis, and juvenile Bluehead Sucker C. discobolus, and nonnative Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas) across seasons at four sites downstream of Glen Canyon Dam using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and Schoener's similarity index. The diets of these fishes included diatoms, amorphous detritus, aquatic invertebrates (especially simuliid and chironomid larvae), terrestrial invertebrates, and terrestrial vegetation. Diets varied with season and were affected by high turbidity. Fish consumed more amorphous detritus and terrestrial vegetation during the summer monsoon season (July–September), when turbidity was higher. The diets of all species overlapped, but there was large variation in the degree of overlap. The diets of juvenile suckers and Fathead Minnows were most similar, while Speckled Dace had relatively distinct diets. The differences took the form of higher proportions of diatoms and amorphous detritus in the diets of Bluehead Suckers and Fathead Minnows and higher proportions of simuliids and chironomids in those of Speckled Dace. If food resources are or become limiting, diet overlap suggests that competition may occur among native and nonnative species, which could have implications for the population dynamics of these fishes and for the management of the Colorado River ecosystem in Grand Canyon.

Received September 4, 2013; accepted February 11, 2014
Cluster Sampling: A Pervasive, Yet Little Recognized Survey Design in Fisheries Research
Authors: Nelson Gary A.
Published: October 2017

Cluster sampling is a common survey design used pervasively in fisheries research to sample fish populations, but it is not widely recognized by researchers. Because fish collected via cluster sampling are not independent of each other, standard simple random sampling estimators and statistical tests that assume independence cannot be used to make inferences about fish populations. If the clustered nature of fisheries data is ignored, the main consequence is that the type I error rate of common statistical tests will be severely inflated and significant differences will often be found in group comparisons where none exist. The goal of this paper is to provide an introduction to the estimation of population attributes and analysis of fisheries data collected via cluster sampling. This article addresses the nature of clustered fisheries data, reviews the random cluster sampling estimators of population attributes, explores the implications of violating the assumption of independence in hypothesis testing, and reviews current statistical approaches that can be used to analyze appropriately clustered data.

Received November 8, 2013; accepted February 27, 2014
Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of polyphenol oxidase 2 (VvPPO2) from “Shine Muscat” (Vitis labruscana Bailey × Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: Katayama-Ikegami Ayako , Suehiro Yuka , Katayama Takane , Jindo Kazushi , Itamura Hiroyuki , Esumi Tomoya
Published: October 2017

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze browning reactions in various plant organs, therefore controlling the reactions is important for the food industry. PPOs have been assumed to be involved in skin browning of white grape cultivars; however, the molecular mechanism underlying PPO-mediated browning process remains elusive. We have recently identified a new PPO gene named VvPPO2 from “Shine Muscat” (Vitis labruscana Bailey × V. vinifera L.), and have shown that the gene is transcribed at a higher level than the previously identified VvPPO1 in browning, physiologically disordered berry skins at the maturation stage. In this study, we expressed VvPPO2 in Escherichia coli and, using the purified preparation, revealed unique physicochemical characteristics of the enzyme. Our study opens up a way to not only understand the berry skin browning process but also to elucidate the enzymatic maturation process of grape PPOs.
Antioxidant effect of aromatic volatiles emitted by Lavandula dentata, Mentha spicata, and M. piperita on mouse subjected to low oxygen condition
Authors: Hu Zenghui , Wang Chunling , Shen Hong , Zhang Kezhong , Leng Pingsheng
Published: October 2017

This study aims to investigate the antioxidant effect of aromatic volatiles of three common aromatic plants, Lavandula dentata, Mentha spicata, and M. piperita. In this study, kunming mice subjected to low oxygen condition were treated with the volatiles emitted from these aromatic plants through inhalation administration. Then the blood cell counts, and the activities and gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes in different tissues were tested. The results showed that low oxygen increased the counts of red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets of mice, and aromatic volatiles decreased their counts. Exposure to aromatic volatiles resulted in decreases in the malonaldehyde contents, and increases in the activities and gene expressions of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in different tissues under low oxygen. In addition, as the main component of aromatic volatiles, eucalyptol was the potential source that imparted positive antioxidant effect.
An apicosome initiates self-organizing morphogenesis of human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Taniguchi Kenichiro , Shao Yue , Townshend Ryan F. , Cortez Chari L. , Harris Clair E. , Meshinchi Sasha , Kalantry Sundeep , Fu Jianping , O’Shea K. Sue , Gumucio Deborah L.
Published: October 2017

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) self-organize into apicobasally polarized cysts, reminiscent of the lumenal epiblast stage, providing a model to explore key morphogenic processes in early human embryos. Here, we show that apical polarization begins on the interior of single hPSCs through the dynamic formation of a highly organized perinuclear apicosome structure. The membrane surrounding the apicosome is enriched in apical markers and displays microvilli and a primary cilium; its lumenal space is rich in Ca2+. Time-lapse imaging of isolated hPSCs reveals that the apicosome forms de novo in interphase, retains its structure during mitosis, is asymmetrically inherited after mitosis, and relocates to the recently formed cytokinetic plane, where it establishes a fully polarized lumen. In a multicellular aggregate of hPSCs, intracellular apicosomes from multiple cells are trafficked to generate a common lumenal cavity. Thus, the apicosome is a unique preassembled apical structure that can be rapidly used in single or clustered hPSCs to initiate self-organized apical polarization and lumenogenesis.
The envenomation of general physiology throughout the last century
Authors: Sack Jon T.
Published: October 2017

Toxins are the poisonous products of organisms. Toxins serve vital defensive and offensive functions for those that harbor them: stinging scorpions, pesticidal plants, sanguinary snakes, fearless frogs, sliming snails, noxious newts, and smarting spiders. For physiologists, toxins are integral chemical tools that hijack life’s fundamental processes with remarkable molecular specificity. Our understanding of electrophysiological phenomena has been transformed time and time again with the help of some terrifying toxins. For this reason, studies of toxin mechanism are an important and enduring facet of The Journal of General Physiology (JGP). This Milestone in Physiology reflects on toxins studied in JGP over its first 100 years, what they have taught us, and what they have yet to reveal.
Parametric bootstrap estimators for hybrid inference in forest inventories
Authors: Fortin Mathieu , Manso Rubén , Schneider Robert
Published: October 2017

In forestry, the variable of interest is not always directly available from forest inventories. Consequently, practitioners have to rely on models to obtain predictions of this variable of interest. This context leads to hybrid inference, which is based on both the probability design and the model. Unfortunately, the current analytical hybrid estimators for the variance of the point estimator are mainly based on linear or nonlinear models and their use is limited when the model reaches a high level of complexity. An alternative consists of using a variance estimator based on resampling methods (Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse surveys. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA). However, it turns out that a parametric bootstrap (BS) estimator of the variance can be biased in contexts of hybrid inference. In this study, we designed and tested a corrected BS estimator for the variance of the point estimator, which can easily be implemented as long as all of the stochastic components of the model can be properly simulated. Like previous estimators, this corrected variance estimator also makes it possible to distinguish the contribution of the sampling and the model to the variance of the point estimator. The results of three simulation studies of increasing complexity showed no evidence of bias for this corrected variance estimator, which clearly outperformed the BS variance estimator used in previous studies. Since the implementation of this corrected variance estimator is not much more complicated, we recommend its use in contexts of hybrid inference based on complex models.
The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders
Authors: Kennedy Katherine A. , Barlow David H.
Published: October 2017

This chapter recounts the origins of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) as it developed over a period of several decades. The rationale for developing it was derived from research emerging over this period of time that highlighted commonalities among anxiety, depressive, and related disorders, focusing on emotional disruption and dysregulation, as well as research highlighting common underlying temperamental factors associated with all these disorders. With a particular emphasis on the temperament of neuroticism, transdiagnostic constructs in emotional disorders that are fundamental aspects of neuroticism, such as increased anxiety sensitivity, decreased mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and negative appraisals and attributions, were identified and became targets for treatment. After presentation of the core elements comprising the UP, research supporting its efficacy, including a recently completed large clinical trial, is presented.
The Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Authors: Weissman Myrna M. , Markowitz John C. , Klerman Gerald L.
Published: October 2017

This book is the definitive and most up-to-date guide to the elements and adaptations of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and has been written by its developers and trainers. Researchers who want to adopt or test this evidence-based psychotherapy treatment or clinicians who want to include it in their practice can use this book as their foundation. While the procedures are presented for adult depression, many adaptations to different populations and settings are discussed: for pregnancy and the postpartum period, adolescents, the elderly, medical patients, and patients with dysthymia, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder, eating disorders, anxiety disorder, trauma, and borderline personality disorder. Throughout, the same four problem areas are used: grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits (social isolation). A chapter on cross-cultural adaptations is provided. New formats, training, and research are described. Case examples are included throughout the book to illustrate the methods.
The Interpersonal Psychotherapy Platform
Authors: Weissman Myrna M. , Markowitz John C. , Klerman Gerald L.
Published: October 2017

This chapter introduces interpersonal psychotherapy, covers its increasing popularity, and defines the elements that make it unique. It discusses the extent to which IPT can be adapted for differing treatment populations, diagnostic groups, and treatment formats and still remain effective and authentic. The model described here has been the basis for the research that put IPT on the international map, and significantly altering that model would depart from the evidence base that gives it clinical validity. The techniques of IPT are outlined. Much of the work in IPT involves helping patients to see the relationship between environmental triggers and their symptoms, then encouraging them to find interpersonal responses to ameliorate the crisis. The chapter reviews the history, theory, and empirical basis of IPT. Highlighted are the extensive research trials that have confirmed the efficacy of this method of treatment.
Managing Disruptive Behavior
Authors: O’Dell Sean M. , Louloudis Lauren
Published: October 2017

The chapter “Managing Disruptive Behavior,” in School Mental Health Services for Adolescents, outlines identification and treatment concerns, evidence-based treatment recommendations, and service delivery considerations for behavior problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) in adolescence. Going beyond the psychiatric categories of ADHD, ODD, and CD, it uses a developmental psychopathology perspective to discuss the interrelationships of contextual factors throughout development that increase risk for disruptive behavior problems during adolescence. Next, it reviews recommendations for school mental health providers to facilitate linking assessment strategies to evidence-based intervention and outcome evaluation. Finally, it discusses strategies for working across systems to engage stakeholders in the service of improving home-school communication and family-school-medical partnership.
The Positive Perspective on Youth Development
Authors: Kern Margaret L. , Park Nansook , Romer Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers positive youth development, positive psychology, and positive education, which suggest that mental health is more than the absence of mental illness and involves proactively supporting the mental well-being of young people. The assets of youth that protect against problems and allow young people to do well include both individual psychological characteristics and aspects of their social context. Positive approaches aim to maximize the potential of young people by encouraging both personal and environmental assets. Research findings over the past three decades have brought empirical support for key premises of positive youth development and have provided important insights into individual and contextual factors that underlie youth thriving. Future studies will continue to refine measures, improve interventions, and use empirical findings to understand and influence the processes that give rise to positive development.
Basics of antimicrobials
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the basics of antimicrobial chemotherapy, including history, definitions, mechanisms of action, and resistance, as well as their use in specific situations.
Antivirals
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides a systematic summary of antiviral agents, grouped by class and mechanism of action. Each summary provides information on the mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacology, and clinical use.
Ectoparasites
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter provides an overview of ectoparasites, which are organisms that survive through interaction with the cutaneous surface of the host. The chapter includes sections on lice, scabies, myiasis, mites, and ticks, with details on their diagnosis and treatment.
Gastrointestinal infections
Authors: Török M. Estée , Cooke Fiona J. , Moran Ed
Published: October 2017

This chapter covers oesophagitis (which is inflammation of the oesophagus), peptic ulcer disease, infectious diarrhoea (including dysentery and enteric or typhoid fever), cholera, Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, acute cholecystitis which is an inflammation of the gall bladder, acute cholangitis (characterized by fever, jaundice, and abdominal pain), pancreatitis (which is inflammation of the pancreas), primary and secondary peritonitis (which is infection of the peritoneal cavity), peritoneal dialysis peritonitis, diverticulitis (sac-like protrusions of the colonic wall), intra-abdominal abscess, liver abscess, and acute and chronic hepatitis (which are inflammation of the liver).
Forensic Issues in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Chapman Alexander L. , Ivanoff André
Published: October 2017

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe, complex, and costly disorder requiring comprehensive treatment. Correctional settings commonly include mental health treatment and on-site mental health clinicians providing psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatment; however, the mandate of prison settings in particular often conflicts directly with providing clinical care to those with complex mental health needs. The necessary emphasis on security, safety, and, in some cases, retribution, can create invalidating environments that both elicit and reinforce the serious behavioral problems often observed among those with BPD, such as self-injury and suicidal behavior. When effective treatments are available, considerable challenges emerge with regard to the training and preparation of clinical staff to treat and line staff to manage inmates with BPD. This chapter discusses these and other issues and provides suggestions for continued work to better understand and treat individuals with BPD in forensic settings.
Three small transiting planets around the M-dwarf host star LP 358-499
Authors: Wells R , Poppenhaeger K , Watson C A
Published: October 2017

We report on the detection of three transiting small planets around the low-mass star LP 358-499 (K2-133), using photometric data from the Kepler-K2 mission. Using multiband photometry, we determine the host star to be an early M dwarf with an age likely older than a gigayear. The three detected planets K2-133 b, c and d have orbital periods of ca. 3, 4.9 and 11 d and transit depths of ca. 700, 1000 and 2000 ppm, respectively. We also report a planetary candidate EPIC 247887989.01 with a period of 26.6 d and a depth of ca. 1000 ppm, which may be at the inner edge of the stellar habitable zone, depending on the specific host star properties. Using the transit parameters and the stellar properties, we estimate that the innermost planet may be rocky. The system is suited for follow-up observations to measure planetary masses and JWST transmission spectra of planetary atmospheres.
Bioactive lipids in osteoarthritis: risk or benefit?
Authors: Ioan-Facsinay Andreea , Kloppenburg Margreet
Published: October 2017

Purpose of review

Lipids are bioactive molecules that can affect several biological functions. Technological developments allowing identification of novel lipid species and the study of their function have led to a significant advance in our understanding of lipid biology and their involvement in various diseases. This is particularly relevant for diseases associated with obesity in which lipid accumulation could be involved in pathogenesis. Here, we focus on osteoarthritis, a chronic joint disease aggravated by obesity, and will present the latest findings regarding the involvement of lipids in disease development and progression.

Recent findings

Recent studies indicate a possible involvement of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid and their anti-inflammatory and proresolving derivatives in osteoarthritis. These lipids were identified in the osteoarthritis joint, were found to have beneficial effects on cartilage in vitro and reduced pain in humans and animal models. Moreover, increased levels of cholesterol transport molecules, such as LDL particles, were recently associated with a higher risk of developing hand osteoarthritis in women and with more severe inflammation and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis animal models.

Together, these findings indicate that lipids are a promising target for future therapeutic intervention in osteoarthritis and open exciting possibilities for future research.
Percutaneous excision of difficult osteoid osteomas using intraoperative AIRO CT navigation: a preliminary report
Authors: Venkatadass K. , Rajasekaran S.
Published: October 2017

Osteoid osteomas are well known for intraoperative technical difficulties for localization and adequate excision, especially when they are not clearly visualized on plain radiographs or when they occur in difficult and inaccessible situations. Localization in the radiology suite and shifting the patient to the operating room can be cumbersome, and can result in errors because of lack of real-time imaging. In these scenarios, intraoperative navigation will be useful. We report a technique of intraoperative computed tomography (CT) navigation for localization and excision of osteoid osteomas of the long bones. Six patients (four femoral and two tibial lesions) with a radiological diagnosis of osteoid osteoma, in whom the nidus could not be visualized clearly on plain radiographs, were treated with this technique. Intraoperative CT navigation with AIRO was performed and the images were registered to the computer. The lesion was then localized and excised using a high-speed burr. All patients underwent postexcision on-table CT scans, which showed complete excision of the nidus. All patients became symptom free and are doing well at a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Intraoperative CT navigation helps to exactly localize the nidus and also helps to confirm complete excision of the nidus. This is a safe, effective and minimally invasive method to treat osteoid osteomas, particularly those that are not amenable to excision under C arm guidance.
The Impact of Metastatic Spinal Tumor Location on 30-Day Perioperative Mortality and Morbidity After Surgical Decompression
Authors: Hussain Awais K. , Vig Khushdeep S. , Cheung Zoe B. , Phan Kevin , Lima Mauricio C. , Kim Jun S. , Kaji Deepak A. , Arvind Varun , Cho Samuel Kang-Wook
Published: October 2017

Study Design.

A retrospective cohort study from 2011 to 2014 was performed using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

Objective.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tumor location in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbosacral spine on 30-day perioperative mortality and morbidity after surgical decompression of metastatic extradural spinal tumors.

Summary of Background Data.

Operative treatment of metastatic spinal tumors involves extensive procedures that are associated with significant complication rates and healthcare costs. Past studies have examined various risk factors for poor clinical outcomes after surgical decompression procedures for spinal tumors, but few studies have specifically investigated the impact of tumor location on perioperative mortality and morbidity.

Methods.

We identified 2238 patients in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database who underwent laminectomy for excision of metastatic extradural tumors in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbosacral spine. Baseline patient characteristics were collected from the database. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to examine the association between spinal tumor location and 30-day perioperative mortality and morbidity.

Results.

On univariate analysis, cervical spinal tumors were associated with the highest rate of pulmonary complications. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that cervical spinal tumors had the highest odds of multiple perioperative complications. However, thoracic spinal tumors were associated with the highest risk of intra- or postoperative blood transfusion. In contrast, patients with metastatic tumors in the lumbosacral spine had lower odds of perioperative mortality, pulmonary complications, and sepsis.

Conclusion.

Tumor location is an independent risk factor for perioperative mortality and morbidity after surgical decompression of metastatic spinal tumors. The addition of tumor location to existing prognostic scoring systems may help to improve their predictive accuracy.

Level of Evidence: 3
Modification of Tracheal Cuff Shape and Continuous Cuff Pressure Control to Prevent Microaspiration in an Ex Vivo Pig Tracheal Two-Lung Model
Authors: Monsel Antoine , Le Corre Marine , Deransy Romain , Brisson Hélène , Arbelot Charlotte , Lu Qin , Golmard Jean-Louis , Langeron Olivier , Rouby Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

Microaspiration of subglottic secretions plays a pivotal role in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Impact of endotracheal tube cuff material and shape on tracheal sealing performance remains debated. The primary objective was to compare the tracheal sealing performance of polyvinyl chloride tapered, cylindrical and spherical cuffs. Secondary objectives were to determine the impact of continuous cuff pressure control on sealing performance and pressure variability.

Design:

Prospective randomized ex vivo animal study.

Setting:

French research laboratory.

Subjects:

Seventy-two ex vivo pig tracheal two-lung blocks.

Interventions:

Blocks were randomly intubated with cylindrical (n = 26), tapered (n = 24), or spherical (n = 22) polyvinyl chloride endotracheal tube cuffs. Two milliliter of methylene blue were instilled above the cuff to quantify microaspirations, and lungs were ventilated for 2 hours. Continuous cuff pressure control was implemented in 33 blocks.

Measurements and Main Results:

Cuff pressures were continuously recorded, and after 2 hours, a microaspiration score was calculated. Tapered cuffs improved cuff sealing performance compared with spherical cuffs with or without continuous cuff pressure control. Compared with spherical cuffs, tapered cuffs reduced the microaspiration score without and with continuous pressure control by 65% and 72%, respectively. Continuous cuff pressure control did not impact sealing performance. Tapered cuffs generated higher cuff pressures and increased the time spent with overinflation compared with spherical cuffs (median [interquartile range], 77.9% [0–99.8] vs. 0% [0–0.5]; p = 0.03). Continuous cuff pressure control reduced the variability of tapered and spherical cuffs likewise the time spent with overinflation of tapered and cylindrical cuffs.

Conclusions:

Polyvinyl chloride tapered cuffs sealing enhanced performance at the cost of an increase in cuff pressure and in time spent with overinflation. Continuous cuff pressure control reduced the variability and normalized cuff pressures without impacting sealing performance.
Intermittent Versus Continuous and Intermittent Medications for Pain and Sedation After Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery; A Randomized Controlled Trial*
Authors: Penk Jamie S. , Lefaiver Cheryl A. , Brady Colleen M. , Steffensen Christine M. , Wittmayer Kimberly
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

Compare continuous infusions of morphine and midazolam in addition to intermittent doses with an intermittent only strategy for pain and sedation after pediatric cardiac surgery.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Advocate Children’s Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL.

Patients:

Sixty patients 3 months to 4 years old with early extubation after pediatric cardiac surgery.

Interventions:

Patients received a continuous infusion of morphine and midazolam or placebo for 24 hours. Both groups received intermittent morphine and midazolam doses as needed.

Measurements and Main Results:

Gender, age, bypass time, and surgical complexity were not different between groups. Scheduled ketorolac and acetaminophen were used in both groups and were not associated with adverse events. The mean, median, and maximum Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, And Consolability score were not different between groups. There was no significant difference in number of intermittent doses received between groups. The total morphine dose was higher in the continuous/intermittent group (0.90 vs 0.23 mg/kg; p < 0.01). The total midazolam dose was also higher in the continuous/intermittent group (0.90 vs 0.18 mg/kg; p < 0.01). The hospital length of stay was longer in the continuous/intermittent group (8.4 vs 4.9 d; p = 0.04).

Conclusions:

Pain was not better controlled with the addition of continuous infusions of morphine and midazolam when compared with intermittent dosing only. Use of continuous infusions resulted in a significantly higher total dosage of these medications and a longer length of stay.
Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling Analysis Predicts the Hemodynamic Response to Norepinephrine in Hypotensive Postoperative Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Guinot Pierre-Grégoire , Longrois Dan , Kamel Said , Lorne Emmanuel , Dupont Hervé
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate, in patients with persistent arterial hypotension in the immediate postcardiac surgery period, the effects of norepinephrine infusion on ventriculo-arterial coupling, its determinants: arterial elastance and end-systolic ventricular elastance, and to test the ability of arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio to predict stroke volume increases.

Design:

Prospective observational study.

Setting:

Cardiac-vascular surgical ICU.

Patients:

Twenty-eight postoperative cardiac surgery patients, in whom physicians decided to administer norepinephrine infusion, were included.

Measurements and Main Results:

Arterial pressure, stroke volume index, cardiac index, indexed total peripheral resistance, arterial compliance, arterial elastance, and end-systolic ventricular elastance, were measured before and after norepinephrine infusion. We estimated ventriculo-arterial coupling by the arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio and defined stroke volume responders by a stroke volume increase greater than or equal to 15%. Twenty-two of the 28 subjects had altered ventriculo-arterial coupling (1.87 [1.57–2.51] vs 1.1 [1–1.18]). Fifteen of the 28 subjects (54%) were stroke volume responders. At baseline, stroke volume responders had similar arterial pressure, higher indexed total peripheral resistance, arterial elastance, arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio (2.21 [1.69–2.89] vs 1.33 [1.1–1.56]; p < 0.05), and lower arterial compliance, indexed total peripheral resistance and cardiac index. Norepinephrine significantly increased arterial pressure in all subjects. In stroke volume responders, norepinephrine increased arterial elastance, end-systolic ventricular elastance, cardiac index, and improved arterial elastance/end-systolic ventricular elastance coupling. The baseline arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio predicted stroke volume responsiveness (area under the curve [95% CI], 0.87 [0.71−1]; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

In patients with arterial hypotension norepinephrine increased end-systolic ventricular elastance and arterial elastance. The effects of norepinephrine on stroke volume depend on baseline ventriculo-arterial coupling. Although norepinephrine infusion corrects arterial hypotension in all subjects, increase of stroke volume occurred only in subjects with altered ventriculo-arterial coupling.