bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTİKÇAĞ FARMAKOLOJİSİNİN TEMELLERİ: ESKİ YUNAN TIBBINDA MATERIA MEDICA GELENEĞİ
Authors: YALAZI Esra
Published: June 2023

Günümüzde koruyucu tıp uygulamaları ya da yeni ilaçların üretilmesi amacıyla geçmişte kullanılan doğal tıbbî malzemeler (materia medica) ve bunlarla ilişkili geleneksel tıp uygulamaları giderek artan bir ilgiyle karşı karşıyadır. Böylece ilaç bilgisi bağlamında sunduğu eşsiz miras sebebiyle antik kaynakların modern dillerde okunması gündeme gelmektedir. Ancak hangi kaynaklara odaklanılması gerektiğini bilebilmek ve karşılaştırmalı okumalar yapabilmek için geleneksel tıp uygulamaları ile bir arada gelişen farmasötik ve farmokoloji tarihine vakıf olmak gerekmektedir. Nitekim bu tarih hılt teorisi ve Hippokrates’in kişiliğinin ekolden ekole binyıllar boyunca hekimler tarafından nasıl ele alındığı ile ilişkilidir. Ancak birbirlerine etnosentrik veya anakronistik olarak yaklaşan bu ekoller ve bunların farmakolojik yaklaşımları bu tarih için bir üst anlatı (metanarrative) olarak da görülebilir. Bu çalışmada Mısır tıbbından Hippokrates’e, Hippokrates ve sonrası Hellenistik ve Roma Çağlarında ve son olarak Galenos’da hılt teorisinin nasıl ele alındığı ve birbirlerini takip eden bu ekollerin birbirlerine nasıl yaklaştığı incelenmiştir. Ancak özellikle bu yaklaşımların farmasötik katkıları incelenerek tutarlı bir Materia Medica tarihi oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bununla birlikte daha ziyade geleneksel tıp içerisindeki Materia Medica ve inanç sistemi ilişkisi de ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır.
Engineering prototype based on the study of extremophiles
Authors: Hauser Adrian David
Published: June 2023

This paper discusses engineering options for understanding how extremophile organisms might shed light on the possibilities of life on other planets.  The study of extremophiles is responsible for the life that can exist in highly hostile environments on Earth, such as volcanoes, arid deserts, or domains with high salt concentrations. Engineering could be the essential tool to know unexpected life scenarios so that developments in this sense are proposed.  The proposed prototype is generated from the analysis of extremophiles so that an engineering development suitable for adaptation to complex environments and valuable for the best human living conditions is possible. The main results show that a design with these characteristics presents more advantages than other technologies.
Modern Çek Cumhuriyeti’nin Öncüsü Olarak IX - XIV. Yüzyıllar Arasındaki Çek Devleti
Authors: DEMİR Hakan
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmada IX-XIV. yüzyıllar arasındaki Çek devletinin tarihi anlatılacaktır. Ortaçağ Çek devletinin tarihi XIX. yüzyılda Çek milliyetçileri tarafından Çek uluslaşma sürecinin bir parçası haline getirilmiştir. Ortaçağ’da Çeklerin bir devlete sahip oldukları düşüncesi Habsburg Monarşisi yönetimi altındaki kaldıkları dönem boyunca Çekler tarafından canlı tutulmuştur. Ortaçağ Çek devleti IX. yüzyılda Přemyslid hanedanı tarafından kurulan ve 400 yıl boyunca varlığını sürdüren bir devletti. Bu devlet dönemin diğer devletleri ile ilişkilerini sürdürmüş ve Kutsal Roma İmparatoru’nu seçen yedi seçiciden birisi olmuştur. Çek devlet geleneğinin tarihsel olarak bir sürekliliğe sahip olduğu düşüncesi Çek devletinin Orta Çağ'daki tarihine dayanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Modern dönemde Çekler, devlet kuran bir ulus oldukları fikrini geçmişteki Çek devletinin varlığına ve tarihine dayanarak inşa etmişlerdir.
Tasarım Atölye Eğitiminde Disiplinlerarası Uygulamalar
Authors: Kartopu Seçil , Duran Sare Şeyma
Published: June 2023

Sanat ve tasarım alanındaki yeni yaklaşımlar öğrencilerin çok yönlü ve bütüncül bir biçimde düşünebilmesini destekler niteliktedir. Teorik ve uygulamanın ağırlıklı olduğu tasarım atölye derslerinin üniversitelerdeki eğitim sürecindeki öneminden hareketle yürütülen bu araştırmanın amacı, öğrenci merkezli öğrenimi destekleyen, yenilikçi teknolojiler ve materyallerle zenginleştirilmiş disiplinlerarası alanda bir “Tasarım Atölye Dersi Etkinliği” tasarlamak ve öğrenciler üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Tasarlanan etkinlik kapsamında gruplar halinde çalışan öğrenciler, belirledikleri problemlere disiplinlerarası farklı bakış açılarıyla çözüm yolları getirmiş, fotoğraf çekmiş, karakter oluşturmuş, senaryo yazmış, dijital afiş çalışması ve maket çalışması yapmışlardır. Geleneksel ve dijital sanatları bir arada kullanmışlardır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından biri olan olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak öğrencilerin görüşlerini almak amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış “Görüşme Formu” kullanılmış ve elde edilen veriler içerik analizi tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir. Bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören görsel iletişim tasarımı bölümünün ikinci sınıfında okuyan 50 öğrenci ile yürütülen bu araştırmada alınan öğrenci görüşlerine göre veriler elde edilerek bulgu kısmı oluşturulmuştur. Burada öğrencilerden; projenin hazırlık süreci, proje süreci ve proje sonucunun beklentileri karşılama durumu, öğrenciler açısından grup çalışmalarının avantajları ve sınırlılıkları, tasarım çalışmasının öğrenciye katkıları, bireysel olarak iyi yaptıkları ve zorlandıkları konular, grup olarak iyi yaptıkları ve zorlandıkları konular hakkındaki değerlendirmeleri alınmıştır. Bu verilerin analiz edilerek gruplara ayrılan öğrencilerin eğitimde karşılaştıkları sorunlar ve sağladıkları faydalar ayrıntılı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonunda tasarım alanında disiplinlerarası grup çalışmalarının alanda daha çok araştırılması üzerine öneriler getirilmiştir.
Elusive Colonialism in the Age of
Bandung : Portugal, Timor-Leste and
Indonesia, c. 1947–1974
Authors: Oliveira Pedro Aires
Published: June 2023

In the aftermath of WWII, Portugal’s colonial structure endured several
blows, the first pieces collapsing after India’s decision to take Goa (1961).
Unexpectedly, Portuguese colonial presence ended up outlasting some
of its European counterparts. This chapter takes a look at the Portuguese
predicament in Asia and discusses the reasons that allowed for the retention
of Portuguese sovereignty in Timor until 1974, arguing that such an
“anachronism” can only be understood with reference to the political
conveniences of Indonesia, as well as to Lisbon’s willingness to adjust its
policies to the new balance of power in that part of the world. Retaining
the façade of colonial sovereignty (essential for the preservation of its
“imperial mystique” in Africa and elsewhere), at the cost of adopting a
deferential attitude towards Jakarta, was the paramount goal of Lisbon.
“Nations-of-Intent” : Competing
Ideological Views of Nationalism in
Timor-Leste, 1974–1999
Authors: Leach Michael
Published: June 2023

In the wake of Portugal’s Carnation Revolution on April 25 1974, several
East Timorese political parties emerged as Portugal’s Armed Forces Movement
(Movimento das Forças Armadas) announced a rapid decolonisation
agenda. Each bore a distinct “nation-of-intent” or ideological vision of
nationalism. The clashes between these nations-of-intent would define
the fault lines within early East Timorese nationalism. This chapter applies
the concept of “nation-of-intent” to the case of Timor-Leste. It examines
these competing conceptions of the nation in Timor-Leste, their evolution
over time and the ways these nations-of-intent informed the strategies
and organisational evolution of the resistance from 1974 to 1999.
Return to Fronteira Norte: Rebuilding
Resistance in Timor-Leste’s Western
Districts, 1990–1995
Authors: Bowles Edith
Published: June 2023

The re-establishment of civilian and armed resistance in Timor-Leste’s five
western districts was a key accomplishment of the Timorese resistance
during the 1990s. Proximity to Indonesian West Timor meant that those
districts saw the highest levels of fighting and violence against civilians.
High mortality, food scarcity and a leadership vacuum contributed to
the near absence of resistance activities in the west during the second
decade of the occupation. Under the leadership of Xanana Gusmão,
the Conselho Nacional da Resistência Maubere (National Council of the
Maubere Resistance, CNRM) reorganised resistance in the west in the
1990s. By 1995 both civilian cadres and armed units had wide reach and
influence. This regional rebuilding played a significant role in delivering
the vote for independence in the 1999 referendum. This chapter explores
the shifting geography of the Resistance. It examines why resistance
activity in the west dramatically decreased in the 1980s, how CNRM/
FALINTIL was able to rebuild it in the 1990s and the impact of resurgence
in the west on the Resistance as a whole.
Introduction
Authors: Pereira Zélia , Feijó Rui Graça
Published: June 2023

The first part discusses the self-determination of Timor, underlying the
features that singularise it in the context of Portuguese decolonisation
and late-twentieth-century national emancipation. It calls attention
to its transnational character. It stresses the “golden triangle” of armed
struggle, clandestine activity and diplomatic efforts during the period
of Indonesian occupation and the importance of the emerging Timorese
Catholic Church in the formation of a plural form of nationalism. The
second part offers comments on all the chapters in the collection.
Evaluation of the School Literacy Movement in Primary Schools
Authors: Meri Meri , Sofyan Sofyan , Yanto Yanto
Published: June 2023

This research aims to evaluate the implementation of a literacy program based on predetermined indicators, with the expectation that the findings will benefit future policy formulation. The research used a qualitative approach, specifically the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation. Data collection involved interviews and observations. The School Literacy Movement is a government initiative aimed at improving literacy levels in Indonesia. In the Muaro Jambi District, a primary school serving as an implementer of the School Literacy Movement experienced a decline in literacy education based on educational report card scores. After conducting the research, it was found that the school already had clear goals in the context, but it required additional inputs such as integrating the vision and mission to motivate teachers and students, establishing a School Literacy Team (TLS), implementing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), and optimizing the use of facilities and resources. In the process, academic supervision and creativity in finding appropriate learning media were still needed, along with personalized guidance for students to identify their learning styles to ensure that the outcomes aligned with the intended goals. The research highlights the importance of various factors in implementing the literacy program, and the findings can contribute to improving future literacy policies in schools.
Development of Science Learning Media Klanimal Android-Based for Elementary School Students
Authors: Saadah Fadhilah Nur Lailatus , Hasanah Fitria Nur
Published: June 2023

The difficulties students face in understanding the concepts of Science are due to their abstract nature, making it difficult to retain long-term memory. The research objective is to develop an interactive Android-based media to visualize Science learning, specifically the concept of animal classification based on their types of food, to facilitate its retention in students' long-term memory. The "Klanimal" media is an Android-based platform that includes content menus, learning objectives menus, animal guessing menus, and quiz menus. The research methodology employed in this study is the Research and Development (R&D) approach. The development model used is the ADDIE development model, which consists of the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. Media experts and subject matter experts validated the Klanimal media. Subsequently, it was tested on 6th-grade students. The test results showed a percentage of 89.8, indicating a highly suitable category. Pretest and post-test scores improved, and the N Gain analysis indicated a value of 0.70, indicating a significant increase in understanding. The research findings suggest that the effective use of Android-based Science learning media enhances the understanding of 5th-grade students at SDN Candibinangun IV Sukorejo, specifically regarding the topic of animal classification based on their types of food.
Формування мовного етикету у військовослужбовців Збройних сил України (на прикладі використання фемінітивів)
Authors: Тарасенко Оксана
Published: June 2023

У статті проаналізовано праці історичного та сучасного періоду щодо утворення та використання у мовленні фемінітивів. Звернено увагу на особливості утворення фемінітиви у військовій лексиці. Доведено, що військові фемінітиви є невід’ємною складовою культури мовлення представників Збройних сил України.
The development of modern diagnostic methods and means of controlling the initiation of microcracks in metal structures that are in a stress-deformed state
Authors: Hablovska Nadiia , Kononenko Maryna , Pavlenko Tetiana , Nykolyn Uliana
Published: June 2023

The possibility of detecting the depth of a micro defect in metals has been proved at the moment of its formation under the action of a load based on the results of simultaneous monitoring of temperature changes on the opposite surfaces of the object of control. Taking into account the fact that in the case of the formation of a defect at a depth other than ½ the sample thickness along its central axis, there will be a time delay in the observation of the maximum temperature on the opposite surfaces of the object of study. The research results are the basis for improving the existing method and system for controlling the moment of microcrack initiation.
The 2019 Raikoke eruption as a testbed for rapid assessment of volcanic atmospheric impacts by the Volcano Response group
Authors: Vernier Jean-Paul , Aubry Thomas , Timmreck Claudia , Schmidt Anja , Clarisse Lieven , Prata Fred , Theys Nicolas , Prata Andrew , Mann Graham , Choi Hyundeok , Carn Simon , Rigby Richard , Loughlin Susan , Stevenson John
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The 21st June 2019 Raikoke eruption (48° N,153° E) generated one of the largest amounts of sulfur emission to the stratosphere since the 1991 Mt Pinatubo eruption. Satellite measurements indicate a consensus best estimate of 1.5 Tg for the sulfur dioxide (SO2) injected at an altitude of around 14–15 km. The peak northern hemisphere mean 525 nm Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth (SAOD) increased to 0.025, a factor of three higher than background levels. The Volcano Response (VolRes) initiative provided a platform for the community to share information about this eruption, which significantly enhanced coordination efforts in the days after the eruption. A multi-platform satellite observation sub-group formed to prepare an initial report to present eruption parameters including SO2 emissions and their vertical distribution for the modelling community. It allowed to make the first estimate of what would be the peak in SAOD one week after the eruption using a simple volcanic aerosol model. In this retrospective analysis, we show that revised volcanic SO2 injection profiles yield a higher peak injection of the SO2 mass. This highlights difficulties in accurately representing the vertical distribution for moderate SO2 explosive eruptions in the lowermost stratosphere due to limited vertical sensitivity of current satellite sensors (+/- 2 km accuracy) and low horizontal resolution of lidar observations. We also show that the SO2 lifetime initially assumed in the simple aerosol model was overestimated by 66 %, pointing to challenges for simple models to capture how the life cycle of volcanic gases and aerosols depends on the SO2 injection magnitude, latitude and height. Using revised injection profile, modelling results indicate a peak northern hemisphere monthly mean SAOD at 525 nm of 0.024, in excellent agreement with observations, associated with a global monthly mean radiative forcing of -0.17 W/m2 resulting in an annual global mean surface temperature anomalies of -0.028 K. Given the relatively small magnitude of the forcing, it is unlikely that the surface response can be dissociated from surface temperature variability.
Quantifying the effects of the microphysical properties of black carbon on the determination of brown carbon using measurements at multiple wavelengths
Authors: Luo Jie , Li Dan , Wang Yuanyuan , Sun Dandan , Hou Weizhen , Ren Jinghe , Wu Hailing , Zhou Peng , Qiu Jibing
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE)-based methods are widely used to estimate brown carbon (BrC) absorption, and the estimated BrC absorption can be significantly different from 0 even for pure black carbon (BC). However, few studies have systematically quantified the effects of BC microphysical properties. Moreover, it is still unclear under which conditions the AAE-based method is applicable. In this work, we used BC models partially coated with non-absorbing materials to calculate the total absorption. Since the total absorption is entirely from BC, the estimated BrC absorption should be 0 if the retrieval methods are accurate. Thus, the estimated BrC absorption (ABSBrC) should be the absorption from BC that is incorrectly attributed to BrC. The results show that a BC AAE of 1 can generally provide reasonable estimates for freshly emitted BC, since at this time ABSBrC is generally in the range of -3 % to 4.5 %. However, when BC aerosols are aged, ABSBrC of about 35 % could be observed. The WDA method does not necessarily improve the estimates, sometimes a negative ABSBrC of -40 % can be found for partially coated BC. By combining simulations of a global chemical transport model, this work also quantified the effects of BC microphysical properties on BrC global optical absorption aerosol depth (AAOD) estimates. The AAE = 1 method could sometimes lead to a misassigned global mean AAOD of about -0.4 – 0.5 × 10-3 if BC aerosols have a complex morphology, leading to a global mean direct radiation factor (DRF) of about -0.068 ± 0.0172 to +0.085 ± 0.0215 W/m2 from BC, which is incorrectly assigned to BrC. The WDA method does not necessarily improve the estimates. In our cases, the WDA methods based on the spherical models can lead to a range of about -0.9 – 0.05 × 10-3 of misassigned AAOD, which could lead to a global mean DRF error range of -0.153 ± 0.0387 to +0.0085 ± 0.0022 W/m2. At the regional scale, the AAE = 1 method in East Asia sometimes leads to a distributed AAOD of over 3 × 10-3, resulting in a BC DRF of about +0.51 ± 0.129 W/m2, which is incorrectly attributed to BrC. Mie theory-based WDA methods would lead to an estimated AAOD error of more than 6 × 10-3 in some regions (e.g., East Asia), resulting in an estimated misattributed DRF of +1.0 ± 0.258 W/m2.
Global Marine Gravity Gradient Tensor Inverted from Altimetry-derived Deflection of the Vertical: CUGB2023GRAD
Authors: Annan Richard Fiifi , Wan Xiaoyun , Hao Ruijie , Wang Fei
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Geodetic applications of altimetry have largely been inversions of gravity anomaly. Literatures wherein Earth’s gravity gradient tensor has been studied mostly presented only the vertical gravity gradient. However, there are six unique signals that constitute the gravity gradient tensor. Gravity gradients are signals suitable for detecting short-wavelength topographic and tectonic features. They are derived from double differentiation of the geoid (or disturbing potential); and hence, are susceptible to noise amplification which was exacerbated by low across-track resolution of altimetry data in the past. However, current generation of altimetry observations have improved spatial resolutions, with some better than 5 km. Therefore, this study takes advantage of current high-resolution altimetry datasets to present CUGB2023GRAD, a global (latitudinal limits of ±80º) 1 arc-minute model of Earth’s gravity gradient tensor over the oceans using deflection of the vertical as inputs in the wavenumber domain. The results are first assessed via Laplace’s equation; whereby the resultant residual gradient is virtually zero everywhere except at high latitudes – icy environments known for contaminating altimetry observations. Due to the absence of similar models from other institutions, the results are further assessed by comparing the vertical tensor component, Tzz, with equivalent models from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) and Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The DTU equivalents were derived by multiplying their gravity anomalies by 2 πk in the wavenumber domain. Analysis showed that the inverted Tzz averagely deviates from the DTU and SIO equivalents by 0.09 and 0.18 E with corresponding standard deviations of 3.55 and 6.96 E, respectively. Bathymetric coherence analysis of Tzz over a section of the western Pacific showed comparable results with the reference models. This study proves that current generation of altimetry geodetic missions can effectively resolve Earth’s gravity gradient tensor. The CUGB2023GRAD model data can be freely accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7710254 (Annan et al., 2023).
CREATION OF A 3D REFERENCE MODEL OF AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FROM A LARGE SET OF GROUND AND UAV IMAGES
Authors: Alby E. , Dellarovere T.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The archaeological site of the monastery of Saint Hilarion, in the Gaza Strip, concentrates important social and scientific issues. Its geopolitical context puts into tension the importance of setting up a pilot project for archaeological site management and the possibility of offering stable working conditions to many people. The impossibility for us to access the site requires us to delegate the acquisition work and leads to an increase in the complexity of data processing, while maintaining a requirement for the quality of photogrammetry products for archaeology. A large site implies a large amount of data to manage, delegated acquisition increases the volume even more and the impossibility of controlling the support points imposes the control of the data set based on the orientation results. These constraints imply important computational phases influencing the processing method.
DUNHUANG MOGAO CAVES IMPACT ON ADOLESCENT CULTURAL HERITAGE EDUCATION WITH NEW MEDIA – A CASE STUDY ON THE DEER AND THE SNITCH
Authors: Du J. , Zhang W. Q.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. As a key role in reflecting local diversity and identity, cultural heritage is of significant value to the living and well-being of a region and its people. Additionally, cultural heritage education serves to further enrich the values, core literacy, and cultural identity of future decision-makers. Even though countries are paying increased attention to these various aspects of education and research on cultural heritage obstacles to engagement exist. The obstacles addressed here include passive or minimal participation, and the lack of research surrounding methods for engaging adolescents with cultural heritage. However, the Dunhuang Academy's animated short, The Deer and the Snitch, featured on WeChat’s mini-programs, presents an example of novel methods used to educate and engage the adolescent demographic with cultural heritage through new media technology. Set in the Dunhuang Mogao Caves, the world’s oldest, richest, and most exquisite site for Buddhist art, this animated drama breathes life into the Dunhuang frescoes through its professional use of new media technology and strengthens their philosophical themes of truth, kindness, and beauty. With increased accessibility due to the mobile nature of WeChat mini programs, combined with an integrated mechanism for viewer participation, this animated drama constructs a bridge between individuals and cultural heritage. The planning and production ideas behind The Deer and the Snitch provide an innovative perspective for the use of new media technology in cultural heritage education.
THE DYNAMIC-STATIC METHOD (DSM) FOR STRUCTURAL DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS USING THE EXAMPLE OF A WOODEN CHURCH IN DOMACHOWO (POLAND)
Authors: Marciniak P. , Pawlak Z. , Wyczałek I.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Medieval architecture in Poland is not widely represented in the tangible cultural heritage. A preserved structure with traces of medieval architecture is the parish church in Domachowo in southern Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). Due to numerous alterations and modernisations, it is now a complex structure showing clear signs of a damaged original geometry.For this reason, a project was initiated to measure the stability of the structure, especially under the influence of extreme external factors: mainly gusts of wind and uneven sun illumination. The implementation of the project required using two methods of measurement: static, at fixed time intervals, and dynamic, recorded on an ongoing basis during the operation of variable loads. The outcomes consisting of a combination of both methods and the unconventional use of precise inclinometers for measuring wooden structures, opens up new possibilities for real-time analysis of structural deformations and ongoing monitoring of technical conditions.The subject of this paper is to present the methodology of the conducted static-dynamic measurements (DSM) and the interpretation of their results, mainly in the context of assessing accuracy, stability of long-term readings with inertial sensors, and basic structural assessment.
REPRESENTING INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF HUMANITY: FROM THE DEEP ABYSS OF THE PAST TO DIGITAL TWIN AND XR OF THE NEANDERTHAL MAN AND LAMALUNGA CAVE (ALTAMURA, APULIA)
Authors: Banfi F. , Dellù E. , Stanga C. , Mandelli A. , Roncoroni F. , Sivilli S. , Pepe G. , Cacudi G.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The Altamura Man and the paleontological remains are situated within a complex context encompassing logistical, geological, paleoenvironmental, and cultural perspectives. This context is exceptionally well-preserved but also fragile, requiring its preservation due to its unique nature. Unresolved inquiries exist in various disciplines, such as archaeology, biocultural studies, ecology, and geology, pertaining to karst formation, taphonomic dynamics, and the cultural and ecological context of the Neanderthal individual found in the cave. Interdisciplinary research was necessary to address these complex questions and understand the broader context of the Lamalunga Cave. Climate change also necessitated attention to preserving the cave’s microclimate and monitoring potential biodegradation. Digital technologies, including photogrammetry and laser scanning, were crucial for monitoring and safeguarding the cave’s cultural heritage. Digital representation, 3D modelling and Digital Twin were essential for managing the cave’s intricacies, analysing its values, and enhancing visual communication. The management of the Lamalunga cave aimed to promote scientific interpretation, safeguard the cave, and provide tools for understanding, storytelling, and further investigation. It was essential to utilise available methodologies and technologies while avoiding destructive interventions. Contemporary technologies have revolutionised the archaeological and paleoanthropological domains, enabling remote study and preservation. Protecting and comprehending the cultural heritage of the cave is linked to its usability, which can be enhanced through digital documentation methodologies to inform visitors about the karst context and promote social and economic development.
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE HIGH RESOLUTION UAS PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY OF A HISTORIC URBAN AREA: UNESCO SITE OF SABBIONETA
Authors: Adami A. , Treccani D. , Fregonese L.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. In view of the increasing development of the smart city concept and the generation of 3d city models, it becomes essential to have an up-to-date, high-detail 3D survey of urban areas. There are several technologies that enable the development of a geometric survey of urban areas, including the use of aerial laser scanning, remote sensing, mobile mapping systems, and Unmanned Aerial Sistems (UAS) photogrammetry. Of these, the last mentioned, when developed with high-resolution cameras and flight plans with appropriate elevations, allows point clouds to be obtained at a high level of detail and orthophotos with great resolution. This technique may be the preferable choice when the object of the survey is a historic urban area, which has some special features, which might make surveying difficult with other surveying techniques. This paper presents the survey with UAS photogrammetry of a historic urban area: the city of Sabbioneta, in northern Italy. The UAS flight planning is discussed in details, specifically referring to european UAS flight regulations. The survey was developed with DJI Matrice 300 RTK, equipped with a flight terminator and parachute, and coupled with a high precision GNSS Mobile Station DJI D-RTK 2. Ground control points and check points were measured with GNSS receiver Leica GS18. Images were processed with Agisoft Metashape following a photogrammetric workflow. The resulting orthophoto has a pixel size of 1 cm. The obtained dense point cloud is suitable for future use for its segmentation by testing existing machine learning and deep learning methods and for future urban analysis.
VREA PROJECT - A DIGITAL CURATOR FOR ARCHITECTURE AND DIGITAL PERSPECTIVES FOR HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND ENHANCEMENT
Authors: Borucka J. , Parrinello S.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Thinking about architectural education, one must face the challenges of the ever-changing and digital world and bear in mind the figure of the architect of the future - the curator of digital data. Nowadays the aim is to train specialists who know how to manage the production of digital products and are able to face the challenges of digital change in the field of architecture and architectural heritage management. Virtual Reality Engineering and Game Design for Architecture and Cultural Heritage (VREA) will be a new Master’s degree course designed to generate a new professional figure in charge of the technological evolution and at the same time having critical sensitivity towards the architectural heritage, its conservation, and enhancement. These objectives received funding as part of the call of European Erasmus Mundus Design Measures (ERASMUS-EDU-2021-EMJM-DESIGN) for the development of new, innovative, high-level integrated transnational study programmes at the Master level. VREA project aims to create a basis for a new international joint Master level course to create a new generation of architects and engineers equipped with the cultural and technical knowledge for managing Digital Twins in the field of Cultural Heritage, outlining at the same time the future course of study for architects and engineers. The result of the work is an innovative, international and comprehensive programme, strengthening the competences of all project participants and aimed at educating architects and engineers of the future, prepared for the challenges of the 21st century.
THE POTENTIAL OF REVERSE ENGINEERING AND DIGITAL FABRICATION FOR THE REPAIR OF HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Brenner M. , Vandenabeele L. , Langenberg S.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Novel façade constructions and innovative load-bearing structures of the second half of the 20th century pose new challenges for maintenance and repair. The use of advanced technology, especially in High-Tech architecture, calls for the development of specific repair methods adapted to specific building materials and construction techniques. The conservation of these aging facades, often composed of custom-made metal components, requires the production of intricate spare parts to avoid unduly replacements. Digital fabrication presents a possible solution as it allows for the resource-efficient production of complex and non-planar geometries in small numbers while remaining cost-effective. The paper explores the use of photogrammetry and laser scanning to reverse engineer spare parts, as original plans are often missing or incomplete. A complete workflow for the fabrication of bespoke metal components is described using two examples of Swiss High-Tech architecture featuring challenging structural nodes and planar aluminum panels. Finally, the feasibility of remanufacturing spare parts is demonstrated with 3d-printed models.
DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS. NEW DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO THE BURIALS IN SANT’ANDREA IN MOMBASIGLIO
Authors: Bruschi G. , Amadio D.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Archaeological site activities are extremely destructive. To understand how civilizations have developed, archaeologists have to remove layers and layers of land to find evidences of their theories. An important task for researchers is to accurately document every single detail of the site before the definitive removal of precious information. Position, orientation and the context where findings are located could represent important data to be stored and compared many months after excavation process. Survey operations during site activities has to be considered extremely important, since they have to immortalize a particular moment of past human activities before its destruction. Despite this, most of the time archaeological records consist of two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional subjects. In recent years, the spreading of techniques to digitally document heritage assets have allowed to tested new approaches also in archaeological fields. Using digital cameras, drones and laser scanners it is possible to collect a multitude of details, such as textures, materials, decay phenomena, and to collect all these data inside 3D models. Digital techniques for documenting archaeological site has been tested during excavation campaigns in Sant’Andrea in Mombasiglio church, in the northern of Italy. The site has been documented along many years and in different excavation progresses, to be able to digitally recreate multiple stages of site evolution. 4D stored information can be used by archaeologist for scientific purpose, as in the museums through VR and AR applications.
INTEGRATED AIRBORNE LIDAR-UAV METHODS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN VEGETATION-COVERED AREAS
Authors: Cappellazzo M. , Baldo M. , Sammartano G. , Spanò A.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The research focuses on using 3D digitization in Landscape Heritage conservation processes, specifically in the context of the Spina Verde Park in Como, Italy. The aim of the research is to improve knowledge of the proto-urban archaeological sites of the park and its network of trails, which represent a significant heritage of the area. The study employs low-altitude airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and terrestrial survey methods to obtain high-resolution data, which are structured into a 3D geospatial database in a GIS environment. The integration and harmonization of multisensory 3D data, both airborne and terrestrial originated, and available cartographic datasets, allows for a flexible monitoring tool and supports the interpretation of the archaeological sites and landscape context. The research proposes a methodological approach that has applications in different built and natural heritage contexts and can monitor the conservation status of both archaeological heritage and natural components of the territorial context. The research focuses on testing automated classification algorithms that are useful for identifying and classifying archaeological sites and features within landscapes. By analysing the high-resolution raster generated from the airborne LiDAR point cloud, the research inquiries about the detecting, identifying, and mapping proto-historic archaeological traces efficiently and accurately, leading to better preservation and conservation of built and landscape heritage.
3D PHOTOGRAMMETRY MODELING FOR SAFETY MONITORING OF FORTRESS WALLS
Authors: Choi S. J. , Lee J. Y. , Yoo S. J. , Kim S. H.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. In the monitoring to prevent collapse or tipping in the structure of linear-shaped fortress walls, the record of shapes like slope or protrusion is very important(Jo and Hong, 2019). As the way to record the shapes, laser scan or photogrammetric technology is employed. A laser scan that has to install several points of measurement has a limitation in recording them if the terrain is undulating, or the structure becomes huge. Photogrammetry has a shortening effect in terms of cost and process (Kim, 2020) compared to that.This study examined a measure for producing a 3D mesh model with aerial and ground photography for fortress walls. In addition, this study tested if it would be possible to monitor the slope and protrusion, etc. of fortress walls. This study tested the accuracy of the model produced with photogrammetry to use in the diagnosis and monitoring of the structural safety of fortress walls.The research subject was Korea’s cultural heritage, Seosan Haemieupseong Fortress, and a model was produced for the section about 100m of the fortress walls.The positional accuracy, elevation/section accuracy, LOD, and texture joint precision of two models (Model A & Model B) produced with photogrammetry and laser scan were compared.This study revealed that the model produced at LOD Level 4 would be effective for monitoring the displacement since it could measure the shape, curvature, and slope of stones of the fortress walls.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A 2D/3D BIM-GIS WEB PLATFORM FOR PLANNED MAINTENANCE OF BUILT AND CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE MAIN10ANCE PROJECT
Authors: Colucci E. , Iacono E. , Matrone F. , Ventura G. M.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM), or Historic BIM (HBIM), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has assumed a crucial role not only in the management of smart cities or urban districts, as well as in the construction sector or infrastructures but also in the management, conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage. This integration opens up new opportunities for decision-makers to assess the impact of interventions on heritage sites, evaluate preservation strategies, and facilitate informed decision-making processes. This contribution presents and describes the open-source web platform developed within the Interreg MAIN10ANCE project. The project aims to promote a common methodology for the cooperation and collaboration of the various stakeholders involved in the restoration, management and maintenance activities of built and cultural heritage sites. This objective has been pursued by creating a BIM-GIS database, focused on the definition of planned maintenance activities, whose data has been made available to professionals and management bodies by means of a shared web platform, usable directly in situ on a tablet or portable devices. The paper highlights the key components of the web platform, including the BIM, GIS, and artifact Viewers, the Planner, and the overall Dashboard. The platform's multiscale and multi-source approach makes it extensible to various cultural assets, whether environmental, architectural, or movable. By integrating historical and geometric information and planning maintenance activities, the web platform thus supports public administrations and professionals, amending existing state-of-the-art solutions.
CULTURAL HERITAGE DISSEMINATION: BIM MODELLING AND AR APPLICATION FOR A DIACHRONIC TALE
Authors: Fiorillo F. , Bolognesi C. M.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. The research purpose is to present a project of cultural dissemination and enhancement of the “Madonna della Pace” Sanctuary at Rocchetta di Airuno (Lecco - Italy), based on an immersive experience of knowledge of the history and places that characterize not only the sanctuary but also the “Cammino di Sant’Agostino” (of which it is one of the stages). The research goal focuses on the direct employment and exploitation of HBIM models for the digital fruition project. An integrated digital survey based on a terrestrial laser scanner and photogrammetry was conducted to provide a complete geometrical representation of the sanctuary and its surroundings. Both output point clouds were employed as metric and geometric references to create the reality-based parametric model. Specifically, the work focuses on creating a three-dimensional chronological model of the sanctuary, which not only represents the current state of the cultural asset but is also enriched through the definition of different evolutionary phases of the architectural artifact based on an indepth study of the photographic and bibliographic documentations. Four Project Phasing has been identified to represent the most significant transformations of the building and were managed using the time parameter in the same BIM project. The sanctuary geometric and parametric models were displayed and navigable thanks to the aid of Virtual and Augmented Reality applications. A VR environment was defined to display in the first person the textured model. Finally, an AR smartphone app prototype was developed to show tourists the sanctuary’s historical transformation over time.
THE STONE ROOF OF THE THOLOS OF ATHENA PRONAIA IN DELPHI: STRUCTURAL HYPOTHESES STARTING FROM FRAGMENTS OF MARBLE TILES
Authors: Aita D. , Beatini V. , Garavaglia E. , Paris V. , Pizzigoni A. , Sgambi L.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. This contribution is the first step of a multi-disciplinary research project, aimed at studying the roof of the tholos of Athena Pronaia in Delphi, dating back to the first decades of the 4th century BC. The starting point of this research is the fascination exerted by the tectonic quality of the temple, comprising some complex fragments of marble tiles belonging to the roof of the tholos. Despite the number of studies on this sanctuary, the poor state of preservation and lack of original material did not allow archaeologists to perform concluding research on its original configuration, in particular with reference to the reconstruction of the roof. Aware of the complexity of this topic, this contribution aims at exploring two possibilities, namely, on the one hand, that the fragments of tiles constitute elements supported by a wooden structure, and on the other hand, that they are structural elements of a stone system subjected to compressive stresses. Our contribution intends to serve as food for thought on the need for archaeological studies to be accompanied not only by advanced surveys in the field, aimed at the precise definition of the geometry of the finds, but also by architectural and structural investigations which make it possible to verify the feasibility of the hypothetical reconstructions of the architectural elements aware of the construction techniques used in the past.
DIGITAL PARTICIPATION AND HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION: AN INTERFACE FOR SURVEYING ATTRIBUTES AND VALUES OF ARCHITECTURAL RUINS IN LARANJEIRAS, SERGIPE, BRAZIL
Authors: Freitas P. , Galvão P. , Doria D.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. In the 21st century, participation is a key factor for ensure effectiveness of safeguarding culturally significant buildings. Integration of local communities in the process of architectural conservation is seen as complex task, but also an excellent strategy to avoid top-bottom processes – “made by experts” – that tend to fail more often. Recording heritage buildings often need some level of expertise but also tend to support biases, in which the “expert” operator might reproduce his perception away from the values acknowledged by the different communities that live and support the heritage itself. This paper presents a prototype of a digital interface designed to record the values’ perception of derelict buildings of Laranjeiras’ heritage site, an 18th century urban settlement classified since 1996 and valued as a Brazilian national heritage by its architecture and historical significance in the Cotinguiba river basin in the State of Sergipe. The project used as a case study the ancient “Cinema Iris”, a popular building in the main street (“calçadão”). The methodology adopted the following procedures: 1) Survey; 2) Pre-selection of material attributes; 3) Integration; 4) Data collection; 5) Evaluation. As a primary product, yet to be perfected, the creation and application of the digital interface gave attention to the need for an integrated survey database of Laranjeiras’ ruins as perceived by the local community. Turning them into a collection of balanced values, the interface proved to be a positive tool to support the development of further conservation actions (design, management, and monitoring) in the heritage site.
REDISCOVERING CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES BY INTERACTIVE 3D EXPLORATION: A PRACTICAL REVIEW OF OPEN-SOURCE WEBGL TOOLS
Authors: Gaspari F. , Ioli F. , Barbieri F. , Rivieri C. , Dondi M. , Pinto L.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Georeferenced reconstructions can help understand the dynamic evolution of the urban context surrounding a historical site, supporting decision-making processes in the field of urban planning. The development of web applications that allow the interaction between 2D and 3D products, as well as their exploration, can facilitate virtual inspections and foster collaboration in digitization of interventions and site evolutions over time. The article discusses how virtual scene reconstructions and visits can provide alternatives to traditional in-situ tourism promotion, through digital storytelling solutions for the exploration of sites. The article also describes how 3D storytelling technologies are currently being used for dissemination cultural heritage sites. The case study of the Castello Farnese, an old XVI century heritage site in Piacenza (Italy), test the adoption of two distinct free and open-source JavaScript WebGL, Potree and Cesium, for the rendering of photogrammetric and laser scanning georeferenced scaled products and for the integration of narrative features such as annotations, camera animations, texts, and other multimedia contents. Potentials and limitations of both tools are discussed in detail, highlighting how they can be implemented for enhancing user experience in virtual tour and exploration of 3D products. In order to guarantee replicability for other case studies, source code of the implemented application is shared on GitHub along with its documentation for contributions.
ECHOES OF DECLASSIFIED INTELLIGENCE SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHS: THEIR ROLE AND APPLICATION IN THE RESEARCH AND PRESERVATION OF CHINA’S BUILT VERNACULAR HERITAGE
Authors: Jiang P. , Liu Y.
Published: June 2023

Abstract. Vernacular architecture is constructed spontaneously and used by ordinary people, and they have been subject to constant modifications by changes in ownership, functions, and constructions according to people’s living demands. In the last two decades, many cases which were constructed in the traditional way and survived China’s overwhelming urbanization process have been listed in the preservation list with the increasing interest in cultural heritage. Regarding this type of heritage that is a result of multiple modifications, many restorations aim to recover the changed architecture to traditional formal integrity. Due to the rarity of detailed written or image references, some restorations become a kind of “creation” and fall into the cliché of stylistic restoration, which is posing an artificial risk to their historical values. Facing this difficulty, the authors turn to an important historical record - the DISP (declassified intelligence satellite photographs): since 1995, the US has declassified three batches of satellite photographs that were taken from the 1960s to the 1980s, before China’s great change in Reform and Opening Up, almost covering all of China. These photographs are an important historical photographic record of the territory as well as the vernacular architecture scattered on it. This paper uses two cases to illustrate the important role of these photographs in China’s built vernacular heritage: both as a reference to restoration and as a valuable source for historical research. The authors also discuss the prospect and limitations of this source.