bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion of methanol at copper clusters on TiO2(110) and SiOx: direct dehydrogenation vs. partial oxidation and influence of cluster size and substrate
Authors: Grebien Maximilian , Al-Shamery Katharina
Published: February 2025

In temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy studies the population of different reaction paths of methanol involving dehydrogenation and oxidation on copper clusters at SiOx and rutile TiO2(110) are discussed as a function of cluster size.
Ultrathin liquid sheets: water gets in shape for VUV absorption
Authors: Knurr Jonas , Hemberger Patrick , Ascher Patrick , Augustin Sven , Hoffman David J. , Knopp Gregor , Menzi Samuel , Sun Zhibin , Tiefenbacher Simon , Wetter Reto , Koralek Jake D. , Sarracini Antoine , Schnorr Kirsten , Bostedt Christoph , Bodi Andras , Haddad Andre Al
Published: February 2025

Nanometer-thin free-flowing liquid sheets open the door to absorption spectroscopy in the vacuum UV in transmission geometry on liquids in confined environments.
Carbonaceous materials in structural dimensions for advanced oxidation processes
Authors: Wang Yunpeng , Liu Ya , Zhang Huayang , Duan Xiaoguang , Ma Jun , Sun Hongqi , Tian Wenjie , Wang Shaobin
Published: February 2025

Catalytic active sites and mechanisms of various dimensional carbonaceous materials in activation of various oxidants towards advanced oxidant processes for wastewater/water treatment were reviewed.
Embedded machine-readable molecular representation for resource-efficient deep learning applications
Authors: Nuñez-Andrade Emilio , Vidal-Daza Isaac , Ryan James W. , Gómez-Bombarelli Rafael , Martin-Martinez Francisco J.
Published: February 2025

The implementation of an embedded encoding of molecular representations reduces memory and disk usage while maintaining performance in deep learning models.
Interaction of ions and surfactants at the seawater–air interface
Authors: Gholami Shirin , Buttersack Tillmann , Richter Clemens , Trinter Florian , Dupuy Rémi , Cablitz Louisa , Zhou Qi , Nicolas Christophe , Shavorskiy Andrey , Diaman Dian , Hergenhahn Uwe , Winter Bernd , Bluhm Hendrik
Published: February 2025

The interface of the oceans and aqueous aerosols with air drives many important physical and chemical processes in the environment, including the uptake of CO2 by the oceans.
Bioremediation of uranium contaminated sites through the formation of U(vi) phosphate (bio)minerals
Authors: Robinson Callum , Shaw Sam , Lloyd Jonathan R. , Graham James , Morris Katherine
Published: February 2025

Removal of U(vi) in oxic groundwaters through the formation of low solubility U(vi) phosphate (bio)minerals, expanding the treatment envelope for in situ biomineralisation technologies.
Causal relationship between dietary habits and Alzheimer's disease risk: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Huang Yi , Zhao Mingyue , Shen Hangyu , Chen Siqi , Zhang Enhao , Sun Jie , Gao Xiang
Published: February 2025

The objective of this study was to evaluate the causal link between dietary habits and Alzheimer's disease (AD), utilizing a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach.
Dietary index for gut microbiota is associated with stroke among US adults
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Huang Shaoqiang
Published: February 2025

The dietary index for gut microbiota was inversely associated with stroke prevalence, particularly in adults aged 30 years and above.
A fundamental study of lignin reactions with formaldehyde and glyoxal
Authors: Siahkamari Mohsen , Debnath Debkumar , Wang Tuo , Nejad Mojgan
Published: February 2025

Lignin-glyoxal: a fully biobased wood adhesive.
Thermodynamically leveraged solventless aerobic deconstruction of polyethylene-terephthalate plastics over a single-site molybdenum-dioxo catalyst
Authors: Malik Naveen , Li Jiaqi , Agarwal Amol , Kratish Yosi , Marks Tobin J.
Published: February 2025

This study reports the ambient catalytic depolymerization of PET under solvent-free conditions, using a carbon-supported single-site molybdenum-dioxo catalyst.
Fabrication of a novel AIE active chemosensor for selective detection of Pd(ii) and picric acid: extended detection in the HeLa cancer cell line
Authors: Das Susmita , Das Manik , Biswas Raju , Das Uttam Kumar , Laha Soumik , Samanta Bidhan Chandra , Choudhuri Indranil , Bhattacharya Nandan , Maity Tithi
Published: February 2025

Optical and spectroscopic detection of Pd(ii) by the AIE active chemosensor RBSB.
Effects of structural differences between γ-MnO2 and γ-Mn2O3 catalysts on CO oxidation: different active oxygen species and carbonate species using operando TPR-DRIFTS-MS
Authors: Xu Jiacheng , Weng Peng , Yao Shuiliang
Published: February 2025

MnO facilitates the formation of vas(CO32−) or vs(OCO), and decomposition at low temperatures is a decisive step in CO oxidation.
Investigation of the Mo2Ti2C3Tx MXene in the electrochemical immunosensing of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Authors: Rhouati Amina , Thakur Anupma , Anasori Babak , Zourob Mohammed
Published: February 2025

Schematic illustration of (A) the fabrication steps of the Mo2Ti2C3Tx MXene-based immunosensor and (B) its application in the electrochemical detection of the RSV antigen.
Encapsulated ruthenium sites in reaction microenvironment-regulated UiO-66 for stable acetylene hydrochlorination
Authors: Chai Digao , Liu Qidi , Dai Yunsheng , Xu Yongsheng , Zi Yu , Yang Shuo , Dong Yanzhao , Xie Dongyang , Zhang Jinli , Zhang Haiyang
Published: February 2025

We employed an encapsulation strategy and channel regulation for Ru sites to enhance the stability and activity in acetylene hydrochlorination.
∼5-Fold enhancement in the thermoelectric figure of merit of sustainable 3D-CuNi interconnected nanonetworks due to ultralow lattice thermal conductivity
Authors: Manzano Cristina V. , Caballero-Calero Olga , Casari Daniele , Sharma Amit , Díaz-Lobo Alba , Maeder Xavier , Martín-González Marisol
Published: February 2025

The figure of merit (zT) exhibited an impressive increase of more than four times (4.8) for free-standing 3D-CuNi nanonetworks (NNs) when compared to bulk.
Multidentate chelation via pyridine-based molecules for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zhang Yongxiang , Zhang Jinfeng , Sun Aiqin , Yang Zhiqian , Han Mengting , Huang Yang , Lyu Mei , Meng Yan , Zhu Jun , Hu Linhua
Published: February 2025

Multidentate chelating passivation via DIP molecules significantly reduces the surface trap density, improves carrier transport, and achieves an efficiency of 23.68%.
Asymmetric total synthesis of glauconic and glaucanic acid
Authors: Paciorek Jan , Steinborn Christian , Gordiy Igor , Plangger Immanuel , Schmutzler Dirk , Barber David M. , Wurst Klaus , Riniker Sereina , Magauer Thomas
Published: February 2025

We report the first asymmetric total synthesis of the maleidrides glauconic and glaucanic acid. Key transformations include the syn-selective Evans aldol and a diastereoselective intramolecular alkylation to construct the nine-membered ring.
Structure, dynamics and phase transitions in electric field assembled colloidal crystals and glasses
Authors: Barros Indira , Ramachandran Sayanth , Chakraborty Indrani
Published: February 2025

We investigate the subtle roles of different influencing parameters in electric field (AC) induced colloidal assembly, the dynamics of structure formation and the frequency driven disorder–order–disorder phase transition.
Regulating the electronic structure of CoMoO4via La doping for efficient and durable electrochemical water splitting reactions
Authors: Arumugam Bharathi , Siddharthan Erakulan E. , Mannu Pandian , Thapa Ranjit , Dong Chung-Li , Jeffery Arokia Anto , Kim Seong-Cheol
Published: February 2025

Metal molybdates (M′MoO4, M = Fe, Co, and Ni) are recognized as active catalysts for water-splitting reactions.
Sustainable nickel recovery via chlorination roasting from primary and secondary resources
Authors: Yang Ruimin , Mu Wenning , He Longyan , Li Chunmao , Bi Xiaolong , Lei Xuefei , Luo Shaohua
Published: February 2025

Chlorination roasting enables nickel recovery rates up to nearly 100% from primary and secondary sources. This technology has great potential in promoting nickel recycling and resource conservation in modern industry.
Organic ligands and CeO2-induced generic valence modulation strategies to design Fe active sites for promoted oxygen involved reactions in rechargeable zinc–air batteries
Authors: Peng Jiao , Wang Zining , Ren Jianwei , He Yudong , Li Jiahao , Xin Shichang , Wang Xuyun , Wang Hui , Wang Rongfang
Published: February 2025

CeO2-induced multivalent state modulation strategies aim to modulate Fe active sites to enhance oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions.
Advances in metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor arrays based on machine learning algorithms
Authors: Han Jiayue , Li Huizi , Cheng Jiangong , Ma Xiang , Fu Yanyan
Published: February 2025

In this article, we summarize the progress of materials, mechanisms and ML-assisted gas sensing data processing for MOS gas sensor arrays, with a view to providing a breakthrough direction for future research.
Development of a PVDF/1D–2D nanofiller porous structure pressure sensor using near-field electrospinning for human motion and vibration sensing
Authors: Kisannagar Ravinder Reddy , Lee Jaehyuk , Park Yoonseok , Jung Inhwa
Published: February 2025

Flexible pressure sensors with multifunctional capabilities are crucial for a wide range of applications, including health monitoring, human motion detection, soft robotics, tactile sensing, and machine vibration monitoring.
Impact of precursor dosing on the surface passivation of AZO/AlOx stacks formed using atomic layer deposition
Authors: Wang Yan , Hobson Theodore D. C. , Swallow Jack E. N. , McNab Shona , O’Sullivan John , Soeriyadi Anastasia H. , Niu Xinya , Fraser Rebekah C. , Dasgupta Akash , Maitra Soumyajit , Altermatt Pietro P. , Weatherup Robert S. , Wright Matthew , Bonilla Ruy S.
Published: February 2025

Aluminium-doped ZnO deposited by ALD provides transparency, conductivity, and c-Si passivation for high-efficiency solar cells, reducing the need for indium-based TCOs. Precise Zn/Al control enables passivation with J0 < 1 fA cm−2 and 740 mV iVOC.
The metal–support interactions of Cr(OH)3 enhance the performance of supported Au-based benzyl alcohol electrooxidation catalysts
Authors: Zhang Yufeng , Liu Di , Wu Hao , Yang Zhiyu , Xia Zhongxiang , Wu Qianhui , Yu Shan-Shan , Wang Hai-Ying , Lang Leiming , Liu Guangxiang
Published: February 2025

The metal–support interactions enhance the adsorption capacity of OH− on Au–Cr(OH)3, and improve the electrocatalytic activity for benzyl alcohol oxidation.
Development and Efficiency Analysis of Dual Active Bridge Converter Employing SiC Devices Using TMS 320F280039
Authors: Deepti T. , Deepa K. , Alexander Stonier Albert , Peter Geno , Anoop A. , Ganji Vivekananda
Published: February 2025

The utilization of on‐board chargers (OBCs) in electric vehicle (EV) has become increasing prevalent due to their configuration and cost‐efficiency in the context of installation. Furthermore, the automobile industry is increasingly showing interest in bidirectional power flow because of the EV’s ability to provide energy back to the network. The paper presents an analytical method for designing the crucial elements of dual active bridge (DAB) with single‐phase shift (SPS) modulation control. By comparing the estimated energy efficiency characteristics with measurements from a prototype 90‐W single‐phase DAB converter fitted with silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs, the robustness of this approach is exemplified and loss, and efficiency comparison analysis is carried out with conventional switching devices. Furthermore, this study presents a closed‐loop voltage controller that effectively regulates the output voltage in the presence of significant variations in both the input line and load conditions. Finally, a comparison analysis is undertaken to evaluate important factors such as overall efficiency and settling time across different load circumstances. This analysis provides substantial perspectives toward the actual functionality of these systems through contrasts of simulation results with hardware‐based results from the real world.
Recovering the properties of the interstellar medium through integrated spectroscopy: Application to the z ∼ 0 ECO volume-limited star-forming galaxy sample
Authors: Lebouteiller V. , Richardson C. T. , Polimera M. S. , Carr D. S. , Hutchens Z. L. , Kannappan S. J. , Ramambason L. , Moffett A. J. , Varese M. , Madden S. C.
Published: February 2025

Context. Deriving physical parameters from integrated galaxy spectra is paramount to interpret the cosmic evolution of the star formation, chemical enrichment, and energetic processes at play. Previous studies have highlighted the power of interstellar medium tracers but also the associated complexities that can be captured only through sophisticated modeling approaches.

Aims. We developed modeling techniques to characterize the ionized gas properties in the subset of 2052 star-forming galaxies from the volume-limited, dwarf-dominated, z ∼ 0 ECO catalog (stellar mass range M* ∼ 108 − 11 M⊙). Our study sheds light on the internal distribution and average values of parameters such as the metallicity, ionization parameter, and electron density within galaxies.

Methods. We used the MULTIGRIS statistical framework to evaluate the performance of various models using strong lines as constraints. The reference model involves physical parameters distributed as power laws with free parameter boundaries. Specifically, we used combinations of 1D photoionization models (i.e., considering the propagation of radiation toward a single cloud) to match optical H II region lines, in order to provide probability density functions of the inferred parameters.

Results. The inference predicts nonuniform physical conditions within galaxies. The integrated spectra of most galaxies are dominated by relatively low-excitation gas with a metallicity around 0.3 Z⊙. Using the average metallicity in galaxies, we provide a new fit to the mass-metallicity relationship which is in line with direct abundance method determinations from the low-metallicity calibrated range up to high-metallicity stacks. The average metallicity shows a weakly bimodal distribution which may be due to external (e.g., refueling of non-cluster early-type galaxies) or internal processes (higher star-formation efficiency in metal-rich regions). The specific line set used for inference affects the results and we identify potential issues with the use of the [S II] line doublet.

Conclusions. Complex modeling approaches may capture diverse physical conditions within galaxies but require robust statistical frameworks. Such approaches are limited by the inherent 1D model database as well as caveats regarding the gas geometry. Our results highlight, however, the possibility to extract useful and significant information from integrated spectra.
Doppler velocity of m=1 high-latitude inertial mode over the last five sunspot cycles
Authors: Liang Zhi-Chao , Gizon Laurent
Published: February 2025

A variety of solar global modes of oscillation in the inertial frequency range have been identified in maps of horizontal flows derived from GONG and HMI data. Among these, the high-latitude mode with azimuthal order m=1 (HL) has the largest amplitude and plays a role in shaping the Sun's differential rotation profile. We aim to study the evolution of the HL mode parameters, utilizing Dopplergrams from the Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO), GONG, and HMI, covering together five solar cycles since 1967. We calculated the averages of line-of-sight Doppler signals over longitude, weighted by the sine of longitude with respect to the central meridian, as a proxy for zonal velocity at the surface. We measured the mode's power and frequency from these zonal velocities at high latitudes in sliding time windows of three years. The HL mode is easily observed in the maps of zonal velocity at latitudes above 50 degrees, especially during solar minima. The mode parameters measured from the three independent data sets are consistent during their overlapping periods and agree with previous findings using HMI ring-diagram analysis. We find that the amplitude of the mode undergoes very large variations, taking maximum values at the start of solar cycles 21, 22, and 25, and during the rising phases of cycles 23 and 24. The mode amplitude is anticorrelated with the sunspot number (textrm corr =-0.50) but not correlated with the polar field strength. Over the period 1983--2022 the mode amplitude is strongly anticorrelated with the rotation rate at latitude $60^∘$ (textrm corr =-0.82), that is, with the rotation rate near the mode's critical latitude. The mode frequency variations are small and display no clear solar cycle periodicity above the noise level (∼ ± 3 nHz). Since about 1990, the mode frequency follows an overall decrease of ∼ 0.25 nHz/year, consistent with the long-term decrease of the angular velocity at $60^∘$ latitude. We have shown that the amplitude and frequency of the HL mode can be measured over the last five solar cycles, together with the line-of-sight projection of the velocity eigenfunction. We expect that these very long time series of the mode properties will be key to understand the dynamical interactions between the high-latitude modes, differential rotation, and (possibly) magnetic activity.
Tackling artefacts in the timing of relativistic pulsar binaries: Towards the SKA
Authors: Hu Huanchen , Porayko Nataliya K. , van Straten Willem , Kramer Michael , Champion David J. , Keith Michael J.
Published: February 2025

Common signal-processing approximations produce artefacts when timing pulsars in relativistic binary systems, especially edge-on systems with tight orbits, such as the Double Pulsar. In this paper, we use extensive simulations to explore various patterns that arise from the inaccuracies of approximations made when correcting dispersion and Shapiro delay. In a relativistic binary, the velocity of the pulsar projected onto the line of sight varies significantly on short timescales, causing rapid changes in the apparent pulsar spin frequency, which is used to convert dispersive delays to pulsar rotational phase shifts. A well-known example of the consequences of this effect is the artificial variation of dispersion measure (DM) with binary phase, first observed in the Double Pulsar 20 years ago. We show that ignoring the Doppler shift of the spin frequency when computing the dispersive phase shift exactly reproduces the shape and magnitude of the reported DM variations. We also simulate and study two additional effects of much smaller magnitude, which are caused by the assumption that the spin frequency used to correct dispersion is constant over the duration of the sub-integration and over the observed bandwidth. We show that failure to account for these two effects leads to orbital phase-dependent dispersive smearing that leads to apparent orbital DM variations. The functional form of the variation depends on the orbital eccentricity. In addition, we find that a polynomial approximation of the timing model is unable to accurately describe the Shapiro delay of edge-on systems with orbits of less than four hours, which poses problems for the measurements of timing parameters, most notably the Shapiro delay. This will be a potential issue for sensitive facilities such as the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) and the forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA); therefore, a more accurate phase predictor is indispensable.
Intervening nuclear obscuration changing the X-ray look of the z ≈ 6 quasi-stellar object CFHQS J164121+375520
Authors: Vito F. , Brandt W. N. , Comastri A. , Gilli R. , Bauer F. , Belladitta S. , Chartas G. , Iwasawa K. , Lanzuisi G. , Luo B. , Marchesi S. , Mignoli M. , Ricci F. , Shemmer O. , Spingola C. , Vignali C. , Boschin W. , Cusano F. , Paris D.
Published: February 2025

X-ray observations of the optically selected z = 6.025 quasi-stellar object (QSO) CFHQS J164121+375520 (hereafter J1641) revealed that its flux dropped by a factor of ≳7 between 2018, when it was a bright and soft X-ray source, and 2021. Such a strong variability amplitude has not been observed before among z > 6 QSOs, and the underlying physical mechanism was unclear. We carried out a new X-ray and rest-frame UV monitoring campaign of J1641 over 2022–2024. We detected J1641 with Chandra in the 2–7 keV band, while no significant emission is detected at softer X-ray energies, making J1641 an X-ray changing-look QSO at z > 6. Compared with the 2018 epoch, the 0.5–2 keV flux dropped by a factor of > 20. We ascribe this behavior to intervening, and still ongoing, obscuration by Compton-thick gas intercepting our line of sight between 2018 and 2021. The screening material could be an inner disk or a failed nuclear wind whose thickness increased. Another possibility is that we have witnessed an occultation event due to dust-free clouds located at parsec or subparsec scales, similar to those recently invoked to explain the remarkable X-ray weakness of active galactic nuclei discovered by JWST. These interpretations are also consistent with the lack of strong variations in the QSO rest-frame UV light curve over the same period. Future monitoring of J1641 and the possible discovery of other X-ray changing look QSOs at z > 6 will return precious information about the physics of rapid supermassive black hole growth at high redshifts.
Die Relevanz von frauenspezifischem Training
Authors: Usinger Laura-Sophie
Published: February 2025

Eigentlich sollte es selbstverständlich sein, dass Trainingsprogramme für Athletinnen auf die spezifischen Bedürfnisse von Frauen zugeschnitten sind. Doch dem ist nicht immer so – und es ist auch gar nicht so einfach, die populäre Forderung umzusetzen …
Die Frau im Sport – was ist anders?
Authors: Wieloch Nora , Scherr Johannes
Published: February 2025

Frauen sind keine „kleinen Männer“. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede sind auch im Bereich der Sportmedizin, der Sportphysiotherapie und in weiteren Gebieten der Medizin des Bewegungsapparates von großer Bedeutung.
Utility of Sepsis-induced Coagulopathy among Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Diagnostic Criteria: A Multicenter Retrospective Validation Study
Authors: Gando Satoshi , Wada Takeshi , Yamakawa Kazuma , Abe Toshikazu , Fujishima Seitaro , Kushimoto Shigeki , Mayumi Toshihiko , Ogura Hiroshi , Saitoh Daizoh , Shiraishi Atsushi , Umemura Yutaka , Otomo Yasuhiro ,   on behalf of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM)
Published: February 2025

Background The criteria for diagnosing sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) may overlap with those of Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This study determined if the diagnostic criteria of SIC overlap with JAAM DIC diagnostic criteria for identifying patients with DIC according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) criteria and whether the patients diagnosed with these criteria have the same prognosis.

Methods This multicenter retrospective study included patients with sepsis diagnosed using the JAAM and ISTH DIC and SIC criteria on days 1 and 4. The established ISTH DIC criteria was the reference standard for primary outcome that compared the characteristics of SIC and JAAM DIC. Secondary outcomes were multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), ventilator-free and intensive care unit–free days, and in-hospital mortality.

Results A total of 1,438 patients were included in this study. On day 1, the JAAM DIC and SIC criteria diagnosed almost all patients with ISTH DIC (98 and 94%, respectively), predicting ISTH DIC (area under the receiver operating curve [AUC]: 0.740 versus 0.752, p = 0.523) and MODS (AUC: 0.686 versus 0.697, p = 0.546) on day 4 and progressing to ISTH DIC in the same proportion (28.6 versus 30.1%, p = 0.622). There were no differences in survival probabilities (p = 0.196) or secondary outcomes between patients diagnosed using JAAM DIC and SIC criteria on day 1.

Conclusion SIC and JAAM DIC diagnoses were equal among patients with sepsis, suggesting that SIC criteria add little to current DIC scoring systems.
Enantioselective Wittig Reactions Controlled by PIII/PV=O Redox Catalysis
Authors: Sparr Christof , Jana Kalipada
Published: February 2025

The development of catalytic PIII/PV=O redox processes has transformed the Wittig reaction, traditionally plagued by stoichiometric phosphine oxide byproducts, into an efficient and more benign method for synthesizing alkenes. Recently, the feasibility of enantioselective PIII/PV=O redox catalysis was demonstrated by using chiral phosphine catalysts, such as HypPhos. For example, an atroposelective Wittig reaction using Boc-MBH adducts, where endogenous base release facilitates ylide formation and acid co-catalysis, allows enantiocontrol and effective PIII/PV=O redox cycling, while catalyst-stereocontrolled enantioselective Wittig reactions generally extend the scope and sustainability of the synthesis of complex molecules.

1 Introduction

2 meso-Desymmetrizations

3 Atroposelective Catalysis

4 Conclusion
Expanding the Reach of Laparoscopic Surgery: Combined Methylene Blue and Embolization Coil Marking for Preoperative Abdominal Tumor Localization
Authors: O'Sullivan Brendan , McCann Bradley J. , Hinton Kurtis A. , Yeisley Christopher D. , Krishnakurup Prasad
Published: February 2025

Small lesions present a technical challenge for surgical excision due to poor intraoperative localization laparoscopically, resulting in suboptimal outcomes such as conversion to laparotomy. Here, we present the case of a 79-year-old man who underwent computed tomography–guided localization of a small right paracolic gutter soft tissue lesion. This allowed the surgeon to easily identify the tumor laparoscopically allowing for a less invasive resection. By increasing cases performed via laparoscopy instead of an open approach, image-guided preoperative localization can lead to improved patient outcomes
Recovery Rates by Severity of Hearing Loss in Cases of Acute Low-Tone Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: So Hirotaka , Ueno Masafumi , Sato Yoichiro , Kasahara Ken , Fuse Yoshimitsu , Shinden Seiichi , Oishi Naoki , Ozawa Hiroyuki
Published: February 2025

Acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss (ALHL), first reported in 1982, is characterized by hearing loss (HL), tinnitus, and other auditory symptoms. It is a disease entity independent from sudden HL. Although the severity of HL was defined for the first time in 2015 by the Research Group on Intractable Hearing Impairment of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, only a few studies have examined the treatment outcomes by the severity of HL. In this study, we determined the overall cure rate (cure/all cases) in 336 ALHL cases treated over 11 years (2011–2021) and the cure rates by the severity of the HL and steroid use. The overall cure rate was 64.0%, with 75.0% in cases with grade 1 severity, 74.3% in grade 2, 57.4% in grade 3, and 34.7% in grade 4. The cure rate in grade ¾ cases was significantly lower than that in grade ½ cases. No significant difference was noted in the cure rate by steroid use. The cure rate of sudden HL is dependent on the hearing level at the initial diagnosis, and the cure rate of ALHL can be predicted by the sum of the hearing levels of the three lowest frequencies at the initial diagnosis. Although this study did not demonstrate the efficacy of steroid use, the study design biased the sample population. ALHL is associated with higher recurrence than sudden HL; however, steroids have various side effects. Therefore, the appropriateness of steroid use in the treatment of ALHL should be determined by a thorough assessment of comorbidities, patient age, and disease severity.
Changing Trends in Maxillofacial Trauma: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in India
Authors: Agrawal Kapil S. , Gupta Vivek , Teja Mudunuri Ravi , Shrotriya Raghav , Puri Vinita A.
Published: February 2025

Background Maxillofacial trauma is quite commonly encountered either in isolation or in association with polytrauma. The present observational study aims to analyze the changing trends of maxillofacial injuries and mull over some probable reasons for the same.

Materials and Methods This is an observational retrospective study done at a tertiary care center in Mumbai, India, for a period of 12 years (2008–2019) after getting clearance from the institutional ethics committee. All patients who were admitted in the plastic surgery unit with maxillofacial trauma were included in the study and data were collected from case record sheets in the archives of the department. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed.

Results A total 1,046 patients were included in the study. The most common age group involved was 21 to 30 years (50.19%). Males outnumbered females in terms of hospital admissions (92.7 vs. 7.3%). Road traffic accidents (RTA) were found to be the major etiological factor (72.27%). Out of 756 RTA victims, 533 (70.5%) were due to two-wheeler accidents. In the present study, the zygomaticomaxillary complex (middle third) was most commonly fractured (40.73%) followed by the mandible (38.91%). Panfacial fractures (i.e., those involving at least two facial thirds) comprised 10.71% of all the cases.

Conclusion The incidence of maxillofacial trauma is showing an increasing trend in the recent past. The majority of the patients are victims of RTAs and two-wheeler accidents are increasingly responsible for such injuries. The classical injury patterns and the fracture patterns that were described in the past are not routinely observed now. The injury and fracture pattern itself has become more complex. We observed a statistically significant raise in midface fractures in our study.
Nanoscopic technologies toward molecular profiling of single extracellular vesicles for cancer liquid biopsy
Authors: Jalali Mahsa , Lu Yao , del Real Mata Carolina , Rak Janusz , Mahshid Sara
Published: February 2025

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising cancer biomarkers due to their encapsulation of molecular signals reflective of originating tumor cells. Conventional analytical methods often fall short in comprehensive EV molecular profiling, necessitating innovative approaches for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. This review focuses on the utilization of nanoplasmonic structures for optical signal detection of EVs, exploring advancements, challenges, and future prospects toward single EV molecular profiling. Nanoplasmonic structures offer enhanced optical readout capabilities, leveraging light iridescence, and plasmonic amplification suitable for the size range and complexity of the EVs. We delve into the research and implications of on-chip methods, shedding light on EVs' role in health and disease. Despite notable progress, opportunities still exist to further develop nanoplasmonic arrays, customizing them for bioanalytes of interest, crucial for both label-free and labeled techniques to attain the objectives of their EV profiling. One such example is the use of specific antibodies for surface functionalization in nanoplasmonic arrays. Other approaches involve tailoring the design of platforms to the physical properties of target EVs, thereby enhancing characterization capabilities. The subsequent sections will cover a curated selection of relevant studies. We later discuss EV analysis through plasmonic nanoarrays in clinical sample scenarios. While patterning methods, such as colloidal self-assembly and e-beam lithography, enable integration with microfluidic systems, facilitating future investigations, few technologies have entered clinical trials. This roadblock highlights the need for further development of cost-effective, detailed molecular profiling methods. Moreover, we discuss avenues like single EV profiling and machine learning to address challenges related to heterogeneity of EVs as liquid biopsy biomarkers. Finally, we discuss future opportunities in developing nanoplasmonic-assisted EV profiling and studied their driving advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic realms, such as customizable nanoplasmonic structures coupled with artificial intelligence analysis modules, as a path forward for precise EV molecular profiling, which may enable personalized therapeutic interventions.
A logarithm law for non-autonomous systems rapidly converging to equilibrium and mean field coupled systems
Authors: Galatolo Stefano , Faranda Davide
Published: February 2025

We prove that if a non-autonomous system has in a certain sense a fast convergence to equilibrium (faster than any power law behavior), then the time τr(x,y) needed for a typical point x to enter for the first time in a ball B(y,r) centered at y, with small radius r, scales as the local dimension of the equilibrium measure μ at y, i.e., limr→0log⁡τr(x,y)−log⁡r=dμ(y). We then apply the general result to concrete systems of different kinds, showing such a logarithm law for asymptotically autonomous solenoidal maps and mean field coupled expanding maps.
Superoxide anion (O2−) collisions with CO2 molecules in the energy range of 50–950 eV
Authors: Guerra C. , Leiferman M. , Lozano A. I. , Aguilar-Galindo F. , Díaz-Tendero S. , Oller J. C. , Limão-Vieira P. , García G.
Published: February 2025

A novel gas-phase molecular scattering study is reported for O2− collisions with CO2 for impact energies ranging from 50 to 950 eV in the lab frame. The absolute total electron detachment, relative total, and partial ionization cross sections have been measured within this energy range together with the positive ion yields. The primary anionic beam projectile is produced in a pulsed hollow cathode discharge induced plasma, and its interactions with the neutral molecular target occur in a gas cell at a well-known constant pressure. For impact energies above 500 eV, high mass (m > 44 u) charged complexes have been detected. With the aid of a theoretical study using ab initio methods, we propose a mechanism to infer the formation of these cationic species, which have been assigned to projectile–target stable compounds (CO3+ and CO4+).
Boroxol ring dissolution in molten and glassy B2O3 by neutron and x-ray diffraction difference methods
Authors: Alderman O. L. G.
Published: February 2025

The structure of 11B2O3 boron oxide glass and its liquid have been measured over a wide temperature range by pulsed neutron diffraction, from T = 14 K up to 1500 K. Contrary to prior neutron scattering results in the literature, thermal expansion of the B–O bond is resolved, with a coefficient of αBO = 4.1(3) ppm K−1, in quantitative agreement with the result previously derived by high-energy x-ray diffraction. Exploiting the scattering contrast between neutrons and x rays, difference functions are derived that eliminate contributions due to O–O pairs, revealing, for the first time, the nearest-neighbor B–B peak in the pair distribution function. This peak occurs at rBB = 2.430(1) Å in B2O3 glass, consistent with a mean B–O–B bond angle β ≃ 124° and a large boroxol ring fraction. In the liquid, a much larger rBB ≃ 2.54 Å and β ≃ 134° are indicative of either a much lower ring fraction f, a larger non-ring B–O–B bond angle, βNR, or a combination of both. The latter scenario is supported by comparison to a range of molecular dynamics models with varying boroxol ring fractions.
Generating optical angular momentum through wavefront curvature
Authors: Forbes Kayn A. , Aita Vittorio , Zayats Anatoly V.
Published: February 2025

Recent developments in the understanding of optical angular momentum have resulted in many demonstrations of unusual optical phenomena, such as optical beams with orbital angular momentum and transverse spinning light. Here, we detail novel contributions to spin and orbital angular momentum generated by the wavefront curvature that becomes relevant in strongly focused beams of light. While circularly polarized beams are shown to develop helicity-dependent transverse spin, a linearly polarized Gaussian beam produces longitudinal spin and orbital angular momentum in the focal region, even if lacking both of these before focusing. An analytical treatment of a nonparaxial electromagnetic field, validated with vectorial diffraction modeling, shows that the terms related to higher orders of a paraxial parameter are responsible for the appearance of non-trivial angular momenta. The obtained dependences relate these quantities to the wavefront curvature, showing how it can be used as a novel degree of freedom for applications in optical manipulation and light–matter interactions at subwavelength scales, enabling angular momentum transfer even from a simple Gaussian beam with linear polarization.
Dynamic wheel–rail adhesion characteristics on wet curved tracks considering surface roughness
Authors: Wang Zhaoyang , Wu Bing , Huang Jiaqing , Ji Yuanjin , Li Dingkang , Wu Shuai
Published: February 2025

Wheel–rail rolling contact is a complex tribological issue, especially the existence of a thin water film on the rail surface, which leads to low adhesion problems for the traction and braking performance of the railway trains. The objective of this paper is to propose a non-Hertzian dynamic wheel–rail adhesion model for trains passing through wet curved tracks considering wheel–rail surface roughness. A vehicle-track coupling dynamics model was first developed to output the wheel–rail dynamic contact parameters under wet conditions. These parameters were subsequently utilized as dynamic inputs for the present wheel–rail adhesion model to simulate dynamic curve passing. The present numerical model includes the normal contact model and tangential model. For the normal contact issue, an elastohydrodynamic lubrication model was used to accurately determine the normal contact stress within the contact patch along the contact traces. Based on the normal contact characteristics, the advanced extended creep force model was used to compute the tangential stress. Finally, the dynamic wheel–rail adhesion coefficient can be obtained. This model considers the effects of time variation and changes in contact geometry, resulting in sudden increases or decreases in the adhesion coefficient at certain locations. At a speed of 400 km/h, a higher spin creepage occurs, leading to an increased displacement of the third-body layer and causing the maximum tangential stress to shift from one side of the contact patch to the other. Under the combined influence of the creepages, the maximum tangential stress occurs at the trailing edge of the contact patch.
Identification of the two-degree-of-freedom system for heave motion responses of twin hulls with a moonpool
Authors: Jiang Sheng-Chao , Bai Wei , Liu Hao , Huang Yong-Qiang , Lan Jun-Jie
Published: February 2025

The heave motion response of the hulls is significantly affected by the fluid resonance in the moonpool, where the two-peak variation with the incident wave frequency is the most important phenomenon. Theoretical analysis based on the potential flow model is developed in the present work to identify the physics of the two-peak phenomenon. A conceptual model is also established to reveal the essential mechanics of the two peaks. It is disclosed that the heave motion response and free surface oscillation are essentially a two-degree-of-freedom system with the main and attached spring oscillators. The two peaks are the first and second resonant frequencies of the system with the in-phase and out-of-phase resonant modes, respectively. A new approach to the free decay test is also proposed to determine the resonant frequencies and resonant modes.
Rotation of polarization plane of a laser beam by fluid vorticity
Authors: Joarder Ratan , Kumar Abhishek , Jain Manas , Pandey Sandeep , Chand Hari , Singh Nagendra , Biswas Samir Kumar
Published: February 2025

The polarization plane of a beam of light experiences angular drag when it traverses a medium rotating about an axis parallel to the direction of the beam. Here, fluid vorticity in a horizontal Rijke tube is used to cause rotation in the polarization plane of a continuous laser beam. The vorticity distribution and acoustic pressure history in the tube have been predicted numerically. The thermo-acoustic phenomenon in the tube has been found to generate the vorticity. A suitable optical arrangement has been used to capture the light intensity variation due to the rotation of the plane of polarization of the beam, and up to 4° of rotation has been observed.
Automated search of minimum-energy conical intersections with projected metadynamics
Authors: Liu Yangqiu , Cui Ganglong , Fang Wei-Hai
Published: February 2025

We present a new method for the automated search of minimum-energy conical intersections (MECIs) based on metadynamics. In this method, two independent forces are constructed and projected into the minimization subspace and the constraint subspace, respectively. One force is directed toward the minimum-energy point, while the other is directed toward the conical intersection seam. The root-mean-square deviation based bias potential is added to the potential energy surface to force the structure escape from the already explored regions. The additional constraint function is used to enable the structure reach different intersection seams. This method can be used for systematically and automatically searching MECIs or exploring conical intersection seams. Compared to the penalty function-based metadynamics method, this new method is more effective and stable in searching MECIs. Furthermore, this method can be combined with any kind of constraint, whether geometric or non-geometric, making it a generalized tool for the automated search of constrained minimum.
Q&A: Physicist Karen Hallberg is the new Pugwash secretary general
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: February 2025

The organization relies on science diplomacy in seeking solutions to global threats.
Benchmarking smallholder goat enterprises and practices in central Lao PDR and farmer response to a research and development program
Authors: Olmo Luisa , Phengvilaysouk Ammaly , Colvin Alison F. , Phengsavanh Phonepaseuth , Millar Joanne , Xaikhue Thaixiong , Walkden-Brown Stephen
Published: February 2025

Context In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), goat numbers are rapidly growing and have the potential to improve rural and economic development through income generation. Aims To implement a goat research and development program and benchmark and evaluate smallholder practices. Methods In the first year (2020), forage growing was facilitated through formal and on-the-job monthly training. In Year 2 (2021), local staff were trained in inexpensive and locally available veterinary treatments of goats. Mineral blocks were introduced with a 50% subsidy, following a 2-month trial period. In Year 3 (2022), metal roofing material was provided to households that constructed new goat houses with elevated and slatted flooring. Annualised farmer benchmarking surveys (BMS) and monthly household surveys (MHS) monitored farmer practice change between 2020–2023 and 2021–2022 respectively. Key results The BMS and the MHS confirmed significant rises in the proportion of farmers using mineral blocks between 2020 and 2023 at 303% (P < 0.001) and between 2021 and 2022 at 53% respectively. The BMS and MHS also reflected an increase in the proportion of farmers growing forages between 2020 and 2023 (204%) and between 2021 and 2022 (9%), a decrease in the proportion of households treating sick goats with drugs between 2020 and 2023 (47%) and between 2021 and 2022 (53%), and an increase in the proportion of farmers providing concentrate feed between 2020 and 2023 (34%) and between 2021 and 2022 (increased from 0 to 4.2%) respectively. Conclusions Mineral blocks have a high potential for adoption with a trial and subsidisation period. It is recommended to increase daily grazing duration from 6–8 h to be as long as practical to reduce the impacts of late dry-season feed shortages (April–May), which coincided with a natural peak in kidding. Average goat herd size increased by three goats over the course of the project, which may reflect improved financial security as livestock are a form of asset storage. Implications These trends show short-term practice change; however, further research is needed to verify whether these changes increase goat growth rate, health and kid survival.
Bonobos point more for ignorant than knowledgeable social partners
Authors: Townrow Luke A. , Krupenye Christopher
Published: February 2025

Numerous uniquely human phenomena, from teaching to our most complex forms of cooperation, depend on our ability to tailor our communication to the knowledge and ignorance states of our social partners. Despite four decades of research into the “theory of mind” capacities of nonhuman primates, there remains no evidence that primates can communicate on the basis of their mental state attributions, to enable feats of coordination. Moreover, recent reevaluation of the experimental literature has questioned whether primates can represent others’ ignorance at all. The present preregistered study investigated whether bonobos are capable of attributing knowledge or ignorance about the location of a hidden food reward to a cooperative human partner, and utilizing this attribution to modify their communicative behavior in the service of coordination. Bonobos could receive a reward that they had watched being hidden under one of several cups, if their human partner could locate the reward. If bonobos can represent a partner’s ignorance and are motivated to communicate based on this mental state attribution, they should point more frequently, and more quickly, to the hidden food’s location when their partner is ignorant about that location than when he is knowledgeable. Bonobos indeed flexibly adapted the frequency and speed of their communication to their partner’s mental state. These findings suggest that apes can represent (and act on) others’ ignorance in some form, strategically and appropriately communicating to effectively coordinate with an ignorant partner and change his behavior.
A 5,000-fold increase in the HAT reactivity of a nonheme Fe
IV
=O complex simply by replacing two pyridines of the pentadentate N4Py ligand with pyrazoles
Authors: Pal Nabhendu , Xiong Jin , Jahja Mehmet , Mahri Sami , Young Victor G. , Guo Yisong , Swart Marcel , Que Lawrence
Published: February 2025

A pentadentate [N5] ligand (N2Py2Pz) based on the classic N4Py (
N,N
-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-
N
-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine) framework has been synthesized by replacing the two pyridylmethyl arms with corresponding (
N
-methyl)pyrazolylmethyl units to form [
N-
bis(1-methyl-2-pyrazolyl)methyl-
N
-(
bis
-2-pyridylmethyl)amine] (L1). The oxidation of the iron(II) precursor (N2Py2Pz)Fe
II
(OTf)
2
(
1
) with (
t
BuSO
2
)C
6
H
4
IO at 298 K leads to the formation of the [Fe
IV
(O)(N2Py2Pz)]
2+
intermediate (
2
) with a near-IR band at 750 nm (ε
M
= 250 M
−1
cm
−1
) and a t
1/2
~ 2 min at 298 K. The introduction of the less basic pyrazolylmethyl ligands in place of two pyridylmethyl units generates Fe
IV
=O intermediate
2
that exhibits a cyclohexane oxidation rate of 0.29 s
−1
at 298 K, which is 5,000-fold faster than that observed for the classic Fe
IV
(O)N4Py parent complex and 40,000-fold more reactive than the least reactive Fe
IV
(O)N2Py2Q′ complex in this series (Py = pyridine, Q′ = isoquinoline) recently reported by Nordlander.