bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5-aminolevulinic Acid and Surgical Margin Analysis in Calvarial Metastasis with Pericranium or Dural Extension: Technical Note
Authors: da Silva Junior Erasmo Barros , Silva Joseph Franklin Chenisz da , Coelho Neto Maurício , Cavalcanti Marcella Santos , Ramina Ricardo
Published: June 2020

Metastasis to the calvarium with direct pericranium or dural infiltration may be treated with radical surgical removal in selected cases. We describe microsurgical resection of calvarial metastases with fluorescence-guided technique using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in two female patients with breast cancer. Fluorescence findings were positive in both cases. Margins in the scalp and dural layer were 5-ALA negative at the end of surgical removal. Intraoperative pathology was performed in all cases to confirm if oncological limits were free of disease. One case was 5-ALA positive in the outer layer of the dura-mater and another in the pericranium. At the end of the removal in both cases, the surgical margins were 5-ALA fluorescence-free. Intraoperative pathology confirmed oncological limits of the resection. 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence-guided surgery for calvarial metastases with pericranium and/or dural extension seems to be a safe and reliable method to aid the surgical margins for complete removal, possibly delaying or avoiding adjuvant irradiation for progression control.
Comparative Assessment of Predictive Performance of PRECISE-DAPT, CRUSADE, and ACUITY Scores in Risk Stratifying 30-Day Bleeding Events
Authors: Kawashima Hideyuki , Gao Chao , Takahashi Kuniaki , Tomaniak Mariusz , Ono Masafumi , Hara Hironori , Wang Rutao , Chichareon Ply , Suryapranata Harry , Walsh Simon , Cotton James , Koning Rene , Rensing Benno , Wykrzykowska Joanna , de Winter Robbert J. , Garg Scot , Anderson Richard , Hamm Christian , Steg Philippe Gabriel , Onuma Yoshinobu , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: June 2020

Background The utility of the PRECISE-DAPT score in predicting short-term major bleeding, either alone, or in comparison with the CRUSADE and ACUITY scores, has not been investigated. This analysis compared the predictive performances of the three bleeding scores in stratifying the risk of 30-day major bleeding postpercutaneous coronary intervention in patients with dual-antiplatelet therapy.

Methods In this post hoc subanalysis of the GLOBAL LEADERS trial, the primary safety objective (bleeding according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium [BARC] criteria [type 3 or 5]) was assessed at 30 days according to the three scores in the overall population, and in patients with acute (ACS) and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS).

Results In a total of 15,968 patients, we calculated all three scores in 14,709 (92.1%). Irrespective of clinical presentation, the PRECISE-DAPT (c-statistics: 0.648, 0.653, and 0.641, respectively), CRUSADE (c-statistics: 0.641, 0.639, and 0.644, respectively), and ACUITY (c-statistics: 0.633, 0.638, and 0.623, respectively) scores were no significant between-score differences in discriminatory performance for BARC 3 or 5 bleeding up to 30 days, and similarly the PRECISE-DAPT score had a comparable discriminative capacity according to the integrated discrimination improvement when compared with the other scores. In ACS, the CRUSADE score had a poor calibration ability (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit [GOF] chi-square = 15.561, p = 0.049), whereas in CCS, the PRECISE-DAPT score had poor calibration (GOF chi-square = 15.758, p = 0.046).

Conclusion The PRECISE-DAPT score might be clinically useful in the overall population and ACS patients for the prediction of short-term major bleeding considering its discriminative and calibration abilities.
Adult Perfomance on the Sustained Auditory Attention Skill Test
Authors: José Maria Renata , Mondelli Maria Fernanda Capoani Garcia , Correia Jordana Batista , Bohn Vanessa , Lauris José Roberto Pereira , Zeigelboim Bianca Simone , Feniman Mariza Ribeiro
Published: June 2020

Introduction The Sustained Auditory Attention Ability Test (SAAAT) is an instrument used to assess sustained auditory attention in children. Difficulties related to this ability are not unique to children alone, as adults have been observed to present with the same deficits. Therefore, there is a need to adapt instruments like the SAAAT and provide reference values for adults.

Objective To assess adult performance on the SAAAT.

Methods Approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee under n° 034/2011. The sample consisted of 30 participants aged between 18 and 30 years old (average age = 24.2 years old), female and male. The inclusion criteria were: peripheral hearing within normal limits, type A tympanometric curve, and no attention-related complaints. The participants were submitted to Tonal Audiometry, Logoaudiometry, Immitanciometry and to the SAAAT.

Results The following mean values and standard deviations (SD) were observed: inattention = 1.7 (SD = 2.2) and impulsivity = 0.8 (SD = 0.9) error types. For the SAAAT, the mean value for the total error score was 2.4 (SD = 2.6), and for the decrease in vigilance, it was 0.3 (SD = 0.5). When comparing the performance of adults and children, a statistically significant difference was observed for inattention (p = 0.000) and impulsivity (p = 0.001) error types, as well as in the total error score (p = 0.000) and in decreased vigilance (p = 0.0003).

Conclusion The performance of adults in the SAAAT differed from the children's parameters, since adults showed lower scores in all variables of the instrument.
Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis
Authors: Ramadan Doaa Elsayed , Hariyani Ninuk , Indrawati Retno , Ridwan Rini Devijanti , Diyatri Indeswati
Published: June 2020

Periodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinﬂammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2 trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.
Zuma Modified Maneuver as a Treatment to Geotropic Lateral Semicircular Canal Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: Ramos Bernardo Faria , Cal Renato , Brock Camila Martins , Mangabeira Albernaz Pedro Luiz , Zuma e Maia Francisco
Published: June 2020

Introduction Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is the most common vestibular disorder, resulting from detached otoliths that migrate to one of the semicircular canals – canalolithiasis – or one of the cupulas – cupulolithiasis. The present study is related to lateral canal BPPVs, which may be either geotropic or apogeotropic. The geotropic variant of lateral semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (LC-BPPV) is attributed to free floating particles in the posterior arm of the lateral semicircular canal.

Objectives To verify the possibility of employing the Zuma repositioning maneuver, with a brief modification, as an alternative treatment for geotropic LC-BPPV.

Methods Seven patients with geotropic LC-BPPV were enrolled and treated with the Zuma modified maneuver. Patients were reevaluated 1 hour after a single maneuver, to confirm the resolution of vertigo and positional nystagmus.

Results All seven patients achieved immediate resolution of vertigo and positional nystagmus as measured 1 hour after the application of the maneuver.

Conclusion The Zuma modified maneuver was effective for geotropic LC-BPPV after a single application. The use of the Zuma maneuver for both apogeotropic and geotropic LC-BPPV may simplify the treatment of these patients.
Comprehensive Blood Coagulation Profiling in Patients Using iCoagLab: Comparison Against Thromboelastography
Authors: Tripathi Markandey M. , Tshikudi Diane M. , Hajjarian Zeinab , Hack Dallas C. , Van Cott Elizabeth M. , Nadkarni Seemantini K.
Published: June 2020

Delayed identification of coagulopathy and bleeding increases the risk of organ failure and death in hospitalized patients. Timely and accurate identification of impaired coagulation at the point-of-care can proactively identify bleeding risk and guide resuscitation, resulting in improved outcomes for patients. We test the accuracy of a novel optical coagulation sensing approach, termed iCoagLab, for comprehensive whole blood coagulation profiling and investigate its diagnostic accuracy in identifying patients at elevated bleeding risk. Whole blood samples from patients (N = 270) undergoing conventional coagulation testing were measured using the iCoagLab device. Recalcified and kaolin-activated blood samples were loaded in disposable cartridges and time-varying intensity fluctuation of laser speckle patterns were measured to quantify the clot viscoelastic modulus during coagulation. Coagulation parameters including the reaction time (R), clot progression time (K), clot progression rate (α), and maximum clot strength (MA) were derived from clot viscoelasticity traces and compared with mechanical thromboelastography (TEG). In all patients, a good correlation between iCoagLab- and TEG-derived parameters was observed (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that iCoagLab-derived parameters identified bleeding risk with sensitivity (94%) identical to, and diagnostic accuracy (89%) higher than TEG (87%). The diagnostic specificity of iCoagLab (77%) was significantly higher than TEG (69%). By rapidly and comprehensively permitting blood coagulation profiling the iCoagLab innovation is likely to advance the capability to identify patients with elevated risk for bleeding, with the ultimate goal of preventing life-threatening hemorrhage.
Patellar Morphology and Osteoarthritis: A Cadaveric Analysis
Authors: Shah Nihar S. , Wang David M. , Weinberg Douglas S. , Liu Raymond W.
Published: June 2020

Previous studies have attempted to characterize patellar morphology and its relation to patellofemoral osteoarthritis but have utilized relatively small samples. We designed a large-scale cadaveric analysis to elucidate any potential relationship. Patellar morphology in 1,032 patellae was characterized using patellar facet concavity patterns initially developed by Wiberg and using the ratio of the lateral and medial facet lengths. Patellofemoral arthritis grading for specimens was previously completed based primarily on osteophytic burden. The average age at time of death was 56 ± 10 years. Wiberg's grading returned kappa values of 0.43 for intrarelator reliability and 0.27 for interrelator reliability. Using multiple regression analysis, Wiberg's type II was found to be correlated with patellofemoral arthritis (p = 0.003). Lateral to medial facet ratio measurements returned intraclass coefficients of 0.91 for intrarelator reliability and 0.85 for interrelator reliability. There was no association between lateral to medial facet ratio and osteoarthritis. Regression analysis between Wiberg's typing and lateral-to-medial ratio (L:M) resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.14. To our knowledge, this is the largest study evaluating the relationship between patellar morphology and arthritis. Although there was a relationship between Wiberg's type II and patellofemoral arthritis, the Wiberg systems was not easily reproducible in our study and returned a correlation with arthritis different then anatomically expected. A more reproducible system of lateral to medial facet ratio was investigated but did not find an association with arthritic changes. Given these findings, we did not find a patella morphology grading system which is both reliable and valid in regard to association with patellofemoral arthritis.
Health capital: toward a conceptual framework for understanding the construction of individual health
Authors: Schneider-Kamp Anna
Published: June 2020

Emerging perspectives of health as individualized and privatized capital seem promising to shed light on the construction of individual health in the face of the growing individualization of healthcare. This article reviews extant perspectives of health as capital, reflecting upon how a conceptualization of health capital might be conceived by two of the main contrasting traditions: human capital theory affiliated with the Chicago School of Economics and Bourdieusian concepts of social field and capital. Arguing that a Bourdieusian perspective is potentially more fruitful to capture the importance of social and cultural dimensions in the construction of individual health, this article arrives at a conceptualization of health capital as the aggregate of the actual or potential resources possessed by a given agent that have the capacity to affect the position of agents in the social field of health. Drawing on Bourdieu’s conceptualization of forms of capital, this article discusses the efficacy, the legitimation, and the positioning of health capital, uncovering its potential for understanding contemporary trends in health practices and health discourse.
The Hybridity of Inclusive Innovation Narratives Between Theory and Practice: A Framing Analysis
Authors: Opola Felix Ouko , Klerkx Laurens , Leeuwis Cees , W. Kilelu Catherine
Published: June 2020

Inclusive innovation remains an under-conceptualised and ambiguous concept despite garnering political and academic interest in recent decades. This paper explores the narratives of inclusive innovation that exist in literature and how these are framed in practice, using a case study of the Kenyan agricultural sector. Findings indicate that while there is significant similarity between the theoretical and empirical framing of the concept, there are also stark differences. In addition, different actors such as the state, development agencies, the private sector or universities do not fully ascribe to any of the existing theoretical narratives on inclusive innovation. Instead, they frame it based on their own contexts, mandate and interests using concepts borrowed from existing theoretical narratives. This indicates that instead of a grand theory of inclusive innovation that applies universally, there are several ways of enacting inclusive innovation. This also limits the transferability of a one-size-fits-all model of inclusive innovation.
Analyzing the potential impact of BREXIT on the European research collaboration network
Authors: Bauzá F. , Ruiz-Manzanares G. , Pérez-Sienes L. , Tarancón A. , Íñiguez D. , Gómez-Gardeñes J.
Published: June 2020

In this work, we study the impact that the withdrawal of institutions from the United Kingdom caused by BREXIT has on the European research collaboration networks. To this aim, we consider BREXIT as a targeted attack to those graphs composed by the European institutions that have collaborated in research projects belonging to the three main H2020 programs (Excellent Science, Industrial Leadership, and Societal Challenges). The consequences of this attack are analyzed at the global, mesoscopic, and local scales and compared with the changes suffered by the same collaboration networks when a similar quantity of nodes is randomly removed from the network. Our results suggest that changes depend on the specific program, with Excellent Science being the most affected by BREXIT perturbation. However, the structure of the integrated collaboration network is not significantly affected by BREXIT compared to the variations observed after the random removal of institutions.
Determination of the dehydration pathway in a flexible metal–organic framework by dynamic in situ x-ray diffraction
Authors: Walton Ian M. , Cox Jordan M. , Myers Shea D. , Benson Cassidy A. , Mitchell Travis B. , Bateman Gage S. , Sylvester Eric D. , Chen Yu-Sheng , Benedict Jason B.
Published: June 2020

Understanding guest exchange processes in metal–organic frameworks is an important step toward the rational design of functional materials with tailor-made properties. The dehydration of the flexible metal-organic framework [Co(AIP)(bpy)0.5(H2O)]•2H2O was studied by novel in situ dynamic x-ray diffraction techniques. The complex mechanism of dehydration, along with the as-yet unreported metastable structures, was determined. The structural information obtained by the application of these techniques helps to elucidate the important guest–host interactions involved in shaping the structural landscape of the framework lattice and to highlight the importance of utilizing this technique in the characterization of functional framework materials.
Shielding of liquid metal targets in plasma of linear devices
Authors: Marenkov E. D. , Pshenov A. A. , Kukushkin A. S.
Published: June 2020

We apply a 0D model of shielding for simulations of liquid Li exposure experiments in He plasma of the Magnum-PSI linear device. The model accounts for all the most essential processes in the vapor cloud and plasma–surface interactions. The simulation results are in good agreement with the target surface temperature measurements. A factor of 10 increase in the erosion flux leads to a 100 °C decrease in the surface temperature, still giving a reasonable agreement with experiments. Therefore, the temperature measurements are inconclusive with respect to determining whether enhanced erosion takes place or not. We observe that only 10% of the eroded material is redeposited, while several other works suggest up to 99% redeposition. We show that low redeposition is a consequence of the low electron temperature, about 0.3 eV, in the vapor cloud and that the ratio of the ionization length to the transverse cloud size is the critical parameter to look at. Hence, the redeposition factor is not a universal quantity and can vary in quite a broad range depending on the plasma parameters and machine geometry.
Temporal large-eddy simulation based on direct deconvolution
Authors: Oberle Daniel , Pruett C. David , Jenny Patrick
Published: June 2020

In this work, we propose an approach for Temporal Large-Eddy Simulation (TLES) with direct deconvolution. In contrast to previous approaches such as the Temporal Approximate Deconvolution Model (TADM) by Pruett et al. [“A temporal approximate deconvolution model for large-eddy simulation,” Phys. Fluids 18, 028104 (2006)], the non-filtered velocity field is recovered using the differential form of the filter operation rather than from a truncated series expansion of the inverse filter operator. This direct deconvolution is used to obtain formal closure of an analytic evolution equation of the temporal residual-stress tensor. Thus, the Temporal Direct Deconvolution Model (TDDM) has advantages relative to the TADM in being both more accurate and requiring less computational effort. As for the TADM, a secondary regularization term based on selective frequency damping is employed. The TDDM was implemented in the spectral element code Nek5000 (Argonne National Laboratory, NEK5000 Version 17.0, 2019, https://nek5000.mcs.anl.gov) to simulate two canonical incompressible flows as three test cases: an a priori test case of Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence (HIT) at Reλ = 50, a greatly coarsened a posteriori HIT case at Reλ = 190, and an a posteriori highly anisotropic turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 180. Analyses of the energy spectrum, the mean flow, the root-mean-square of the velocity fluctuations, and the Reynolds stresses are presented. The results demonstrate a significant improvement compared to no-model solutions regarding the mean flow in the turbulent channel and the energy spectrum in the HIT case, while the computational cost is reduced dramatically compared to the direct numerical simulation.
Improving hole injection from p-EBL down to the end of active region by simply playing with polarization effect for AlGaN based DUV light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhang Danyang , Chu Chunshuang , Tian Kangkai , Kou Jianquan , Bi Wengang , Zhang Yonghui , Zhang Zi-Hui
Published: June 2020

In this work, we simply take advantage of the polarization effect to efficiently improve the hole injection from the p-type electron blocking layer (p-EBL) to the end of the active region for AlGaN based deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (DUV LEDs). By properly increasing the AlN composition of AlGaN quantum barriers, a smaller positive polarized charge density at the last quantum barrier/p-EBL interface can be obtained, which correspondingly leads to the suppressed hole depletion and the reduced hole blocking effect in the p-EBL. Meanwhile, we properly increase the quantum well thickness so that the polarized electric field can even more accelerate the holes, and this will homogenize the hole distribution more across the MQWs. Therefore, the external quantum efficiency for DUV LEDs can be enhanced.
Extreme learning machine and swarm-based support vector regression methods for predicting crystal lattice parameters of pseudo-cubic/cubic perovskites
Authors: Owolabi Taoreed O.
Published: June 2020

Lattice parameters of perovskite compounds play crucial roles in engineering of buffer layers and substrates for heteroepitaxial films. As a result, predictive models that can effectively estimate these lattice parameters are highly desired. Therefore, this work presents elegant methods of predicting lattice parameters of pseudo-cubic/cubic perovskite through the development of the extreme learning machine (ELM) based model and hybridization of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique with the support vector regression algorithm (SVRA). The generalization and predictive strengths of the proposed SVRA-PSO and ELM-based models are compared with existing methods such as the Ubic model and the recently developed Sidey model on the basis of root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and correlation coefficient. The developed SVRA-PSO model performs better than the ELM-based model, the Ubic model, and the Sidey model, with performance improvement of 20.99%, 29.29%, and 33.39%, respectively, on the basis of MAPE. Similarly, the SVRA-PSO, respectively, attains performance improvement of 24.74%, 34%, and 37.89% on the basis of RMSE. Furthermore, the developed ELM-based model outperforms the Ubic and Sidey models with performance improvement of 15.70% and 10.50%, respectively, on the basis of MAPE and percentage enhancement of 17.48% and 12.31% when compared on the basis of RMSE. Although the SVRA-PSO model has the best performance of all the compared models, the developed ELM-based model possesses the advantage of easy implementation in addition to its moderate performance.
Electroluminescence in perovskite oxide nanocrystals
Authors: Oshime Norihiro , Hakuta Yukiya , Takashima Hiroshi
Published: June 2020

Chemically stable and easily printable inorganic surface-emitting devices are essential for portable, disposable, outdoor-safe, and wearable information display devices. However, inorganic electroluminescent devices with both chemical stability and printability have never been realized. We present the first report of an oxide-nanocrystalline powder-type self-emitting device without both capping and dispersion treatments. The Ca0.6Sr0.4TiO3:Pr nanocrystal was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method under supercritical water conditions. The red light-emitting electroluminescence intensity increased with an increase in the driving voltage. The starting electric field for electroluminescence generation is sufficiently low (6.9 × 104 V cm−1). The proposed electroluminescent device is achieved by minimizing the voids into the inside of the light-emitting layer and the interface between the light-emitting and insulating layers by using nanometer-sized oxide-phosphor-crystals. The oxide-nanocrystal electroluminescent device will be developed into future powder-type surface-emitting devices that may contribute in inventing numerous applications, such as outdoor information displays and wearable information terminals.
Improvement of electroluminescent characteristics in quantum dot light-emitting diodes using ZnInP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots by mixing an electron transport material into the light-emitting layer
Authors: Motomura Genichi , Ogura Kei , Iwasaki Yukiko , Nagakubo Junki , Hirakawa Masaaki , Nishihashi Tsutomu , Tsuzuki Toshimitsu
Published: June 2020

Quantum dots (QDs) are expected to be applied to emitting materials used in wide-color-gamut displays. However, the development of low-toxic alternatives is necessary because QDs that exhibit high color purity and highly efficient emission contain toxic materials such as Cd. In the present study, quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) prepared using ZnInP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs as InP-based QDs were fabricated, and their electroluminescence (EL) properties were investigated. The synthesized QD dispersion showed a green photoluminescence (PL) spectrum with a peak wavelength of 509 nm, a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 41 nm, and a PL quantum yield of 59.8%. Tris[2,4,6-trimethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl]borane (3TPYMB), which is an electron-transporting material (ETM), was added to the emitting layer (EML) of the QD-LEDs. The QDs and the ETM were nonuniformly deposited, the density of QDs in the EML was reduced, and the process of injecting electrons and holes into the QDs was changed. 3TPYMB assisted in recombination in the QDs because the electron injection barrier from 3TPYMB to the QDs was sufficiently small and because the deep highest occupied molecular orbital level effectively blocked holes. As a result, the external quantum efficiency was improved from 0.24% to 1.01%, and stable EL spectra with a peak wavelength of 522 nm and an FWHM of 46 nm, similar to the PL spectrum of the QD film, were obtained without being dependent on luminance. A bright and stable green EL emission was achieved with an InP-based QD-LED blended with 3TPYMB.
The resistance of Cu nanowire–nanowire junctions and electro-optical modeling of Cu nanowire networks
Authors: Manning Hugh G. , Flowers Patrick F. , Cruz Mutya A. , Rocha Claudia Gomes da , Callaghan Colin O' , Ferreira Mauro S. , Wiley Benjamin J. , Boland John J.
Published: June 2020

Flexible transparent conductors made from networks of metallic nanowires are a potential replacement for conventional, non-flexible, and transparent conducting materials such as indium tin oxide. Cu nanowires are particularly interesting as cost-effective alternatives to Ag nanowires—the most investigated metallic nanowire to date. To optimize the conductivity of Cu nanowire networks, the resistance contributions from the material and nanowire junctions must be independently known. In this paper, we report the resistivity values (ρ) of individual solution-grown Cu nanowires ⟨ρ⟩ = 20.1 ± 1.3 nΩ m and the junction resistance (Rjxn) between two overlapping Cu nanowires ⟨Rjxn⟩ = 205.7 ± 57.7 Ω. These electrical data are incorporated into an electro-optical model that generates analogs for Cu nanowire networks, which accurately predict without the use of fitting factors the optical transmittance and sheet resistance of the transparent electrode. The model's predictions are validated using experimental data from the literature of Cu nanowire networks composed of a wide range of aspect ratios (nanowire length/diameter). The separation of the material resistance and the junction resistance allows the effectiveness of post-deposition processing methods to be evaluated, aiding research and industry groups in adopting a materials-by-design approach.
A review of current knowledge about the formation of native peridermal exocarp in fruit
Authors: Macnee Nikolai C. , Rebstock Ria , Hallett Ian C. , Schaffer Robert J. , Bulley Sean M.
Published: June 2020

The outer skin layer in any plant is essential in offering a protective barrier against water loss and pathogen attack. Within fleshy fruit, the skin supports internal cell layers and can provide the initial cues in attracting seed-dispersing animals. The skin of a fruit, termed the exocarp, is a key element of consumer preference and a target for many breeding programs. Across fruiting species there is a huge diversity of exocarp types and these range from a simple single living cell layer (epidermis) often covered with a waxy layer, to complex multicellular suberised and dead cell layers (periderm), with various intermediate russet forms in between. Each exocarp can be interspersed with other structures such as hairs or spines. The epidermis has been well characterised and remains pluripotent with the help of the cells immediately under the epidermis. The periderm, in contrast, is the result of secondary meristematic activity, which replaces the epidermal layers, and is not well characterised in fruits. In this review we explore the structure, composition and mechanisms that control the development of a periderm type fruit exocarp. We draw upon literature from non-fleshy fruit species that form periderm tissue, from which a considerable amount of research has been undertaken.
Age, ethnic and travel-related disparities in kissing and sexual practices among heterosexual men in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Charleson Finley J. , Fairley Christopher K. , Hocking Jane S. , Vodstrcil Lenka A. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Chow Eric P. F.
Published: June 2020

Background The kissing practices of heterosexual men are not well understood, despite the potential of kissing to be a significant risk factor for gonorrhoea transmission. This study aimed to explore kissing and sex practices among heterosexual men. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among heterosexual men attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in 2016–2017 was conducted. Men were asked to report their number of kissing-only (in the absence of sex), sex-only (in the absence of kissing) and kissing-with-sex partners in the last 3 months. The mean number of each partner type was calculated, and multivariable negative binomial regression was used to investigate associations between the number of different types of partners and demographic characteristics. Results: Of the 2351 heterosexual men, men reported a mean of 2.98 kissing-only, 0.54 sex-only and 2.64 kissing-with-sex partners in the last 3 months. Younger men had a mean higher number of kissing-only partners than older men (4.52 partners among men aged ≤24 years compared with 1.75 partners among men ≥35 years, P < 0.001). Men born in Europe had the most kissing-only partners (mean: 5.16 partners) and men born in Asia had the fewest kissing-only partners (mean: 1.61 partners). Men recently arrived in Australia, including travellers from overseas, had significantly more kissing-only partners (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): 1.53; 95% CI: 1.31–1.80) than local men. Conclusions: This study provides novel data about kissing practices of heterosexual men. Studies assessing oropharyngeal gonorrhoea should include measurements of kissing until studies can clarify its contribution to transmission risk.
HSF1 inhibition attenuates HIV-1 latency reversal mediated by several candidate LRAs In Vitro and Ex Vivo
Authors: Timmons Andrew , Fray Emily , Kumar Mithra , Wu Fengting , Dai Weiwei , Bullen Cynthia Korin , Kim Peggy , Hetzel Carrie , Yang Chao , Beg Subul , Lai Jun , Pomerantz Joel L. , Yukl Steven A. , Siliciano Janet D. , Siliciano Robert F.
Published: June 2020

Significance

The latent reservoir for HIV-1 is a major barrier to curing the infection. Current cure strategies are focused on eliminating the reservoir through a two-step “shock and kill” approach involving the use of small-molecule latency-reversing agents (LRAs) followed by immune interventions to kill infected cells. Numerous candidate LRAs have been identified in studies using in vitro models of latency, but none have been shown to reduce the reservoir in vivo. We show here that many candidate LRAs work through an unexpected pathway involving the transcription factor HSF1, a result with implications for developing effective combinations of LRAs for use in HIV cure strategies.
Pervasive changes of mRNA splicing in
upf1
-deficient zebrafish identify
rpl10a
as a regulator of T cell development
Authors: Lawir Divine-Fondzenyuy , Sikora Katarzyna , O’Meara Connor P. , Schorpp Michael , Boehm Thomas
Published: June 2020

Significance

Random errors and genetic lesions give rise to messenger RNAs encoding nonfunctional or toxic protein variants. An evolutionarily conserved cellular surveillance mechanism recognizes such aberrant transcripts and subjects them to destruction, a process known as nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). The UPF1 protein is an essential component of this NMD machinery. In a genetic screen aimed at identifying regulators of T cell development in zebrafish, we discovered a
upf1
mutation that causes widespread changes in the patterns of pre-mRNA splicing. Among the mRNA splicing regulators whose transcripts were affected by the mutation, the noncanonical splicing factor rpl10a was identified as a determinant of T cell development, exemplifying the advantages of examining NMD deficiency in the context of the whole vertebrate organism.
Lack of awareness despite complex visual processing: Evidence from event-related potentials in a case of selective metamorphopsia
Authors: Schubert Teresa M. , Rothlein David , Brothers Trevor , Coderre Emily L. , Ledoux Kerry , Gordon Barry , McCloskey Michael
Published: June 2020

Significance

How does the neural activity evoked by visual stimuli support visual awareness? In this paper we report on an individual with a rare type of neural degeneration as a window into the neural responses underlying visual awareness. When presented with stimuli containing faces and target words—regardless of whether the patient was aware of their presence—the neurophysiological responses were indistinguishable. These data support the possibility that extensive visual processing, up to and including activation of identity, can occur without resulting in visual awareness of the stimuli.
Genetic dominance governs the evolution and spread of mobile genetic elements in bacteria
Authors: Rodríguez-Beltrán Jerónimo , Sørum Vidar , Toll-Riera Macarena , de la Vega Carmen , Peña-Miller Rafael , San Millán Álvaro
Published: June 2020

Significance

The notion of genetic dominance was first introduced by Gregor Mendel and is defined as the relationship between alleles of the same gene in which one allele (dominant) masks the phenotypic contribution of a second allele (recessive). The effect of genetic dominance on bacterial evolution has generally been neglected because most bacteria of human interest carry a single copy of their chromosome. However, bacteria also carry mobile genetic elements (MGE), which produce local islands of polyploidy. This polyploidy arises both from the multicopy nature of MGE and from the allelic redundancy between MGE and chromosomal genes. Here we show that genetic dominance dictates both the evolution and successful spread of genes encoded on MGE, shaping horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.
Ex novo development of lead glassmaking in early Umayyad Spain
Authors: Schibille Nadine , De Juan Ares Jorge , Casal García María Teresa , Guerrot Catherine
Published: June 2020

Significance

The Islamic conquest of the Mediterranean has long been associated with fundamental geopolitical and economic transformations that sundered the medieval world from antiquity. An eighth- to ninth-century glass assemblage from Cordoba provides new insights into the processes of technological innovation, adaptation, and dissemination contingent on the specific historical environment. Its compositional characteristics reveal the mechanisms underlying the development of a new glassmaking tradition that, based on lead isotope analyses, can be attributed to a local production, using raw materials from nearby ore deposits. Our study illustrates that the second half of the eighth century and the ninth century was a period of considerable technological development in al-Andalus, triggered by a rupture in glass supplies from the eastern Mediterranean.
Electronically driven spin-reorientation transition of the correlated polar metal Ca
3
Ru
2
O
7
Authors: Marković Igor , Watson Matthew D. , Clark Oliver J. , Mazzola Federico , Abarca Morales Edgar , Hooley Chris A. , Rosner Helge , Polley Craig M. , Balasubramanian Thiagarajan , Mukherjee Saumya , Kikugawa Naoki , Sokolov Dmitry A. , Mackenzie Andrew P. , King Phil D. C.
Published: June 2020

Significance

Methods to stabilize and control magnetic ordering in solids are strongly desired both for fundamental studies and to realize new spintronic technologies. The orientation of ordered magnetic moments is typically set by details of the crystalline environment in which they reside. Here, we report the discovery of a form of magnetic anisotropy which is instead driven by a striking reconfiguration of the underlying fermiology of the system. We show for the oxide material

C
a

3

R
u

2

O

7

how this arises from the interplay of spin–orbit coupling, local polar distortions of the crystal structure, and pronounced electronic correlations. Our findings suggest materials design approaches for manipulating magnetic textures and open pathways to creating large magnetoelectric-type couplings in solids.
Population inversion X-ray laser oscillator
Authors: Halavanau Aliaksei , Benediktovitch Andrei , Lutman Alberto A. , DePonte Daniel , Cocco Daniele , Rohringer Nina , Bergmann Uwe , Pellegrini Claudio
Published: June 2020

Significance

An X-ray oscillator generating fully coherent pulses at the characteristic length and time scale of atomic and molecular phenomena, angstrom wavelength, and femtosecond time duration has been a dream of laser physics from the 1960s. The paper presents a study of an X-ray oscillator based on population inversion of

K
α

electrons in a transition-metal compound, generating fully coherent, transform-limited, high-power radiation pulses, in the 3- to <1-Å wavelength region, with a high-energy resolution, about 0.05 eV, showing that the dream can now become a reality. The X-ray laser oscillator will open experimental possibilities and research areas in quantum optics, chemical dynamics, imaging, spectroscopy, and interferometric measurements.
Turning the heart into a neighbour
Authors: Rasulić Katarina
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the role of conceptual metaphor and metonymy in the framing of Kosovo in the Serbian political discourse related to the EU-mediated negotiations on the normalization of Serbia–Kosovo relations. The analysis, set against the theoretical background of cognitive linguistics, shows that the Serbian political discourse under examination features conflicting metaphors for Kosovo and abounds in the toponymic capital for x metonymies in reference to the process participants. The findings concern the conceptual and evaluative nature of metaphors in political discourse, the discursive challenging of metaphor and metonymy appropriateness, the discursive emergence of alternative frames, the role of metaphor and metonymy in maintaining inequality in discourse, and the role of metonymy as an avoidance strategy in discourse.
The ‘transformative’ power of metaphor
Authors: Ferrari Federica
Published: June 2020

Given the centrality of bodily and emotional experience to the notion of conceptual metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 2003[1980]; Lakoff 1993; Gibbs 2006a and b; Kövecses 2000), this chapter investigates the ‘transformative power’ of metaphor in ‘talking cure’ practices, to face personal crisis and to produce strategic change.

Starting from the centrality of metaphor in the (-re)structuring of experience (Burns 2005; Loue 2008; Roffman 2008), its power as a ‘transformative’ tool is fostered on the basis of its language/thought and embodiment theoretical foundations to implement its application potential. An experimental method emerges, which adapts textual identification procedures (Steen 1999, 2010; Ferrari 2007, 2018; Pragglejaz 2007) to an integrated psychological approach (Rogers 2003[1951]; Perls, Hefferline and Goodman 1951). A psychometric test is presented to evaluate the transformative power of ‘integrated metaphor’ in counselling.
Co-constructing ‘crisis’ with metaphor
Authors: Tay Dennis
Published: June 2020

Mental health professionals and their patients often use figurative language like metaphors to depict complex cognitions and emotions that lie at the heart of personal crises during psychotherapy. While qualitative analysis of these metaphors is crucial, understanding usage patterns that develop over time requires complementary quantitative techniques. This chapter illustrates an exploratory log-linear analytic approach to the relationships between speakers, functions, targets, and phase of occurrence of metaphor vehicle terms over 29.5 hours of Chinese psychotherapy talk. The use of factor maps as a data visualization tool is also discussed. Variable associations are interpreted as usage patterns highlighting the nature of metaphor co-construction in psychotherapy. Key discussion points include interactions between time, institutional roles of speakers, and prevailing discussion topics.
Language documentation and revitalization as a feedback loop
Authors: Fitzgerald Colleen M.
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, I present an overview of language documentation and revitalization focused on the Amazonian context, drawing from several case studies. Prominent areas where language documentation in the Amazon has played and continues to play a significant role are in the innovative use of collaborative or participatory documentation models (i.e., Yamada, 2011, 2014; Stenzel, 2014). I use the case studies highlighted here to expand upon a model of documentation and revitalization that acts as a feedback loop (Fitzgerald, 2017a; Fitzgerald & Hinson, 2013, 2016). The resources produced through documentation, revitalization, training and analysis, especially when archived and accessible, will likely be invaluable resources for Amazonian communities engaged in revitalization, as is the case in North America.
Insights for contact linguistics and future investigations of Spanish in the Amazon region
Authors: Rodríguez-Mondonedo Miguel , Fafulas Stephen
Published: June 2020

This closing chapter summarizes the main contributions of this volume and highlights areas of interest for scholars investigating Spanish in the Amazon region. We aim to show what can be gained from the study of Spanish in the Amazon, including insights for general linguistic theory, syntactic theory, phonological theory, etc., as well as for the specific subfields of contact linguistics and bilingualism. We start with a brief review of the existing work on the different Varieties of Amazonian Spanish (VAS) and tie this to the chapters in the current manuscript. Finally, we conclude with some directions for future explorations of Spanish in Amazonia.
Spanish in the Amazon region
Authors: Fafulas Stephen
Published: June 2020

This opening chapter offers the reader an introduction to Spanish in the Amazon. The vast linguistic diversity found in this region of South America has received much scholarly interest. However, the Spanish varieties that have resulted from language contact and a myriad of sociolinguistic factors have only recently begun to be documented. The enclosed chapters in this volume explore these emerging linguistic features and add to what is known of variation and change in the Spanish-speaking world.
Threshold-switching
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a new, material analysis of medieval scribal colophons, the brief writings that scribes added to manuscript texts. Gérard Genette saw the scribal colophon as the ancestor of ‘paratext’, the ‘threshold’ (‘seuil’) to the printed text. Contributing to current modification of paratext theory, this chapter considers what Genette’s model reveals about manuscript culture. It proposes that the scribal colophon turns the spotlight on the graphic properties of the scribe’s work rather than simply or predominantly serving as a threshold to reading the text. The chapter proposes that threshold-switching, a term in digital electronics for a process that causes oscillation between one state and another, may be a more appropriate metaphor than the threshold for this important function of the medieval scribal colophon. The colophon is evidence that, as in digital media today, in manuscript culture writing was not regarded simply as a transparent medium that one looked through to access the meaning beyond.
Paratext and ideology in 17th-century news genres
Authors: Cecconi Elisabetta
Published: June 2020

This contribution examines the way in which ideology and the (changing) socio-cultural news values of the time can be mapped onto the news presentation strategies adopted in the paratext of 17th-century news broadside ballads and occasional news pamphlets. Based on Genette’s (1997) notion of paratext and on Hyland’s (2005) model of metadiscourse, the comparative discourse analysis focuses on the paratextual components found in the initial and terminal paratext of each news genre. The results show that the ideological imperatives of the Church along with people’s increasing interest in objective and fact-centered news had a determining role in the choice of the author’s and publisher’s metadiscourse resources across the century.
“I write not to expert practitioners, but to learners”
Authors: Salmi Hanna
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, I will examine metadiscursive comments on the intended audience and the accessibility of texts in early modern English printed books. This study demonstrates how different aspects of the work could be seen as increasing its suitability to a broad readership, and what strategies early modern book producers chose for marketing their works to non-specialists or readers new to the topic covered. However, many of these strategies also served the purpose of fending off potential criticism from more learned readers, who were not the intended beneficiaries of popular books. This chapter also examines the relationship between the concepts of paratextual communication and metadiscourse.
The scope of modal categories
Authors: Narrog Heiko
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates the scope of modal categories.
While it is hypothesized in many linguistic theories that different modal categories
have different scope, there are only very few systematic studies that show
differences. The language of investigation is Japanese, which has grammaticalized
all cross-linguistically relevant modal categories and has a strict and transparent
head-final structure, which is conducive to the study of scope. The results show
that different modal categories indeed have different scope. However the scope
properties of all modal categories do not all perfectly align to form a “clean”
hierarchy. These problems can be solved if one distinguishes between ‘active’ scope
(i.e. the categories some category can take scope over) and ‘passive’ scope (i.e.
the categories some category can take scope under), and separates volitional (mainly
deontic and boulomaic) from non-volitional (mainly epistemic and evidential) modal
categories.