bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytoliths: Persistence & Release of Silicon in Soil and Plants – A Review
Authors: Senthilkumar A. , Saliha B. Bhakiyathu , Pandian P. Saravana , Vendan R. Thamizh , Gurusamy A. , Mahendran P. P.
Published: November 2021

Phytoliths are formed from silica carried up from groundwater and some plants. The weathering of silicate minerals at the Earth’s surface provides large amounts of soluble silica, some of which is absorbed by growing plants. In solution, silica exists as mono silicic acid Si (OH4) with pH values of 2–9. It is carried upward in the vascular system and becomes concentrated during transpiration around the leaf stomata. The supersaturated solution begins to polymerize or gel then solidifies and forms solid opaline silica (SiO2:nH2O) bodies (phytoliths) within and between some of the plant cells. Phytoliths were extracted from the 7.4 meter loess core and analyzed morphologically and isotopically from the occluded carbon. Rates of isotopic fractionation between plant and phytolith were determined by measurements from many modern tree, fern, and grass species. The use of phytolith biochar as a Si fertilizer offers the undeniable potential to mitigate desilication and to enhance Si ecological services due to soil weathering and biomass removal. Silicon is accumulated at levels equal to or greater than essential nutrients in plant species belonging to the families Poaceae, Equisetaceae, and Cyperaceae. However, the abundance of silicon in soils is not an indication that sufficient supplies of soluble silicon are available for plant uptake.
Blood Profile and Selected Organ Histopathology of Balami Sheep Fed Shea Cake (Vitellaria paradoxa) Meal
Authors: Okunlola D. O. , Shittu M. D. , Olatunji O. O. , Amuda A. J. , Olateju B. O. , Fasola A. A. , Alao A. J.
Published: November 2021

The blood profile and histology of selected tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) of Balami Sheep fed Shea Cake meal supplement was investigated. A total of thirty-two (32) sheep of the average weight range of 11.75-14.75kg comprising an equal number (16) of males and females were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized experimental design with eight sheep per treatment for twelve weeks duration. Treatment 1 (T1) was a control diet and had zero inclusion level of Shea cake meal (SCM), while treatments 2,3, and 4 had 10%,15%, and 20%  inclusion of SCM, respectively. At the twelfth week of the experiment, two blood samples of 5ml each were taken from each animal from the jugular vein. The first set was preserved in Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) bottle for haematological parameters, while the second samples were preserved without EDTA for serum examination. Representative samples of tissues were randomly selected and slaughtered for gross microscopic examination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) at various levels of inclusion for parameters investigated. The white blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and Packed cell volume (PCV) recorded the highest values at T3 (15% inclusion level) (13.42 x109/L), 2.92x1012/L, 3.75%, respectively). The serum parameters were significantly(p <0.05)different among the treatments. Total protein ranges from 54.78(mg/dl) (T1) - 60.51(mg/dl) (T2), Cholesterol70.15(mg/dl) (T1) - 78.00(mg/dl) (T4). Iron ranges from 58.15(ug/dl) (T1) - 62.88(ug/dl) (T3).The histopathology of tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) showed no alteration across the treatments (P= .05) in the gross microscopic examinations. No lesion was observed in the lungs, kidney, epididymis, and intestine. The results showed that shea cake meal posed no health risk to Balami sheep and as such recommended as a good supplement in the diets of the sheep.
Cerebroplacental Ratio on Doppler as a Predictor of Fetuses at Risk of Perinatal Complications
Authors: Elraey Salwa Abdelmaged , Elnamoury Mohammed Mohsen , Othman Ahmed Mohammed , Awara Ahmed Mahmoud
Published: November 2021

Background: Doppler velocimetry is the best method of surveillance for fetal hypoxemia during pregnancy. Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), has been suggested as a useful clinical simplification. It is believed that the CPR better predicts adverse perinatal outcomes than its individual components and better than conventional anthropometric models. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of the cerebroplacental 10th centile threshold measured weekly from 36 weeks of gestation till delivery as a screening test for prediction of need for Cesarean section for intrapartum fetal compromise and the adverse neonatal outcome in women with normally grown fetuses and uncomplicated pregnancy.

Methods: This study was carried out on 40 pregnant women uncomplicated, singleton pregnancy with appropriately grown fetuses on clinical assessment. The last Doppler indices including cerebroplacental ratio measurement obtained before labor was reported. CPR values below 1.1 were reported as abnormal. Various studies have variably defined the threshold of abnormal CPR ratio as <1.08.

Results: There was significant decrease in the Mean of CPR among patients who had anemia compared to those without anemia. In addition, there was no significant association seen between low CPR and having previous history of abortion or IUGR as well as being a smoker. There was no significant difference between cases who had normal and abnormal CPR regarding gestational age at delivery. There was no difference between cases who had normal and abnormal cerebroplacental ratio regarding mode of delivery. there was significant decrease in the prevalence of low birth weight among group who had CPR≥1.08. CPR <1.08 was significantly associated with neonatal complication like NICU admission, and neonatal death. There was no statistically significant relationship between cerebroplacental ratio and neonatal complication like IUFD, and neonatal sepsis. There was no statistically significant association between the mean cerebroplacental ratio and IUFD. There was statistically significant association between the mean cerebroplacental ratio and NICU. There was no statistically significant association between the mean cerebroplacental ratio and neonatal sepsis. The mean cerebroplacental ratio of 0.93± 0.22 has a significant association with neonatal death.

Conclusion: A low cerebroplacental ratio reflects redistribution of the cardiac output to the cerebral circulation and has been shown to improve accuracy in predicting adverse outcome compared with Middle cerebral artery (MCA) or Umbilical artery (UA) Doppler alone. Therefore, integrating CPR in clinical management may help to better identify fetuses at risk for adverse perinatal events, since abnormal CPR has been associated with an increased risk of perinatal complications.
Brazilian Version of the Dental Environment Stress Questionnaire
Authors: D. Presoto Cristina , Silva Ingrid Mertens , Wajngarten Danielle , Pimenta Filipa , A. D. B. Campos Juliana , M. Pazos Júlia , A. S. Domingos Patrícia , P. N. S. Garcia Patrícia
Published: November 2021

Aims: To perform cross-cultural adaptation of the Dental Environment Stress Questionnaire (DES) for use in Portuguese-speaking populations, evaluate its psychometric properties, and determine the effects of gender and educational level in the perception of stress sources in dental students.

Methodology: An observational cross-sectional study design was implemented to examine face and content validity. 466 Brazilian students participated in the study in 2015 (UNESP students response rate=79.2%; UNIARA students response rate=82.4%). Construct validity was assessed via the determination of factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's α, and composite reliability. A model was designed using structural equation modeling, to verify the effects of gender and educational level on the perception of stress sources.

Results: The complete model purposed was not a good fit to the sample (λs=0.358–0.955, ꭙ2/df=3.36, CFI=0.881, TLI=0.870, RMSEA=0.071, r=0.426–0.664, AVE=0.366–0.856).  After the removal of item 12 and insertion of a correlation between the errors for items 1 and 2 (LM=399.154) and Items 14 and 16 (LM=146.216) the model fitted the sample (λs=0.411–0.955, ꭙ2/df=2.54, CFI=0.926, TLI=0.919, RMSEA=0.058, AVE=0.363–0.850).  Adequate content validity ratios were observed for 23 items. Gender affected all DES factors, and educational level influenced four factors.

Conclusion: Cross-cultural adaptation process provided an instrument that was easy to understand, with adequate idiomatic and cultural equivalence. The Portuguese version of the DES showed good psychometric properties and reliability in the study sample. Gender and educational level exerted significant effects on seven and four factors, respectively.
Analysis of Combustion Characteristics and Emission Characteristics of Alternative Fuels Worldwide
Authors: Da Xu , Fei Qin , Xiangyang Li
Published: November 2021

The combustion characteristics and emission characteristics of the commonly used alternative fuels in the fuel process are reviewed, the three types of alternative fuels are: Alcohols alternative fuel, biological alternative fuel and gas alternative fuel. The three alternative fuels have their own advantages and disadvantages in combustion characteristics and emission characteristics. The dual fuel blended with alcohols has a higher burning rate than pure diesel or gasoline, and emits fewer soot particles. When biofuel is blended into traditional fuel, the thermal efficiency is improved, and the particle diameter of the emitted particles is smaller than that of pure diesel. The use of hydrogen fuel increases the power of the engine, and significantly reduces the content of CO and CO2 in the emissions. With the increase of the proportion of hydrogen, the amount of soot emitted becomes less, but the amount of nitrogen oxide emissions increases. Each of the three types of alternative fuels has its own characteristics and advantages.
Long Term Behavior of Ultra High-Performance Concrete
Authors: A. Etman Zeinab , M. Soliman Noha , M. Abou Raia Mahmoud
Published: November 2021

Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) is one of the important types of concrete technology breakthroughs in the 21st century. It achieved high results of mechanical properties, durability (resistance fire) and bonding strength. The aim of paper is to evaluate the long-time behavior of UHPC. The main variables were finesse modulus of sand, crushed quartz powder, fly ash and metakaolin and methods of curing (water& hot).The sand with different fineness modulus(3.2, 2.36 and 1.9) were used, Crushed quartz powder with ratio (10%, 20% and 30%) as a replacement of sand was used. Fly ash and metakaolin, with of (10%, 20%, 30 and 40%) and (5%, 10% and 15%) as a replacement of cement; respectively. The effect of these variables on the mechanical properties (compressive, tensile, flexural strength) at different ages. Also, the drying shrinkage strain was evaluated. The results showed that using and with fineness modulus (1.9), 20% ratio of crushed quartz powder to fine sand (CQ/S), 20% of fly ash to cement (FA/C) and 5% of metakaolin to cement (MK/C) give the best proportions of UHPC. The compressive strength for this mix was 900 kg/ cm2 .
Assessing Perceptions and Practices of Environmental Problems: Bahir Dar City, in Ethiopia, in Focus
Authors: Chanie Birhanu Simegn
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of this study was to see the level of environmental perception and perceived environmental practices. It also addressed the correlations among demographic factors, awareness and perceived behaviors. Besides, how gender difference, if any, revealed on people’s perception and practice was checked. Fifty participants selected randomly from different working sites (such as football field, shopping centers, and public library) were administered a likert scale questionnaire on perceptions and practices of environmental issues. The descriptive statistics revealed fairly higher level of environmental perception and practices. Correlation coefficients revealed little sign of connection between what the participants perceived about environmental problems and what environmental activities they reported. Besides, insignificant differences between men and women were observed on both their perceptions and pro-environmental behaviors. Therefore, the role background and gender related variables play for pro-environmental issues seemed to be re-examined for a more elaborated explanation on environmental perception and behaviors.
Finding a Balance between Mood and Energy Level in a Rotational Work System
Authors: Okeke Uloaku , Nwaichi Eucharia Oluchi , Stanley Princewill Chukwuemeka
Published: November 2021

The impact of rotational work system on the mood and energy level among Oil and Gas workers was evaluated. The design was set in Port Harcourt metropolis Nigeria and questionnaire, cohort session and interviews were the instruments deployed. Questionnaires were administered to randomly selected workers from international Oil and Gas Companies located in Port Harcourt, Questions that bothered on the effect of rotational work on the mood and energy level of Oil and Gas workers were posed. It was observed that 38.8% and 41.2% agree and strongly agree that their mood is affected on site while 13.8% remained neutral. Interestingly, over 80% of Oil and Gas workers agreed to feeling of anxiety from the interview and cohort sessions. 40% and 43.8% of workers agree and strongly agree respectively that rotational work does affect their energy on site. Obtained median of 4 means that over 50% of the response belongs to the category that agree strongly agree while a mode of 5 has more responses in the category of strongly agree which is in agreement with results from the percentage frequency. Rotational workers were affected by absence from family and loved ones, social isolation and constant reminder of hazard and working in hazardous environment with work pressures and unrealistic deadlines. These cause depression and general dissatisfaction with life. Results from interviews revealed neglect of mental wellness of workers. The Oil and Gas workers are willing to face these hazards because of the economic gains arising from their work, however provision of recreational amenities and making policies that bring the Oil and Gas workers back home every seven days forbidding the schedule of trainings and workshops during time off duty will make rotational work more bearable.
Mapping of Celiac Disease Research Literature: A Scientometric Approach
Authors: Clarance M. Mercy , Raja S.
Published: November 2021

The study aims to evaluate the celiac disease research publications in the Web of Science database from the years 2015 to 2018. The keyword used the term "Celiac Disease" from the Web of Science database collects the records. A total of 4147 records were collected from this study of Celiac disease. The highest productive year is 2017 with 1062 records (25.61%) and the last position of papers was published 1016(24.50%) in the year is 2016. The table provides the value of the average RGR of publications, which decreased from 6.93537 in 2015 to -0.01997 in 2018. At the same time, the value of doubling time (DT) of publications increased from 0.099923 (2015) to -34.6983 (2018). It has shown that the degree of collaboration range from zero to 0.95. The most prolific author Lebwohl B occupied in first position 107(2.58%) records. The most productive country USA placed in the topmost position with 1149(27.71%) records. The authorship pattern of celiac disease research this table notes that the majority of the articles were contributed by four authors 549(13.24%). These three authors were contributed 538(12.97%) second position of papers in this study. The first position of the journal is Gastroenterology published records with 260(6.27%). The language-wise distributions of published records in Celiac disease research in this present study. The most productive language is English with 4032(97.23%), and the last productivity language is Icelandic with 1(0.02%) publications. The Study concludes that Celiac Disease Research lags in this research, so come forward with financial institutions to encourage researchers and scientists to develop celiac research.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Leaves of Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Against Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats
Authors: K. Yadav Anil , Singh Anoop
Published: November 2021

Aim: To study the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of 50% aqueous-alcoholic leaves extract of Morinda tinctoria (Rubiaceae) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Study Design: All experiments involving animals complies with the ethical standards of animal handling and approved by institutional animal ethical and welfare committee of the Institute of Pharmacy, PSIT (1273/AC/09/ CPCSEA) and plant were collected from Ranan Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India and was authenticated by Dr. Navin K. Ambasht, Head and Associate Professor, Botany Department, Christ Church College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Institute of Pharmacy, PSIT, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, during 2018-21.

Methodology: The hepatoprotective potential of Morinda tinctoria leaves extract (MTLE) 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight was studied on Methionine and Choline deficient diet, High Fat Diet, Cholesterol and Cholate diet, and Streptozotocin + HFD induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. At the end of the treatment blood sample was collected from direct cardiac puncture and analysed for various parameter like alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acid and malondialdehyde.

Results: The phytochemical investigation of extract showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acid, saponin, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate and for the first time the present study showed that Morinda tinctoria leaves extract reduced level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, free fatty acid, malondialdehyde and enhance the level of Superoxide dismutase, High Density Lipoprotein and it also returned hepatic damage towards normal which further supports hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of M. tinctoria. leaves extracts.

Conclusions: M. tinctoria leaves extract showed maximum curation in the dose 300 mg/kg body weight against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Severity of Extrinsic Black Stain and prevalence of Dental Caries
Authors: B. Almotairy Mishary , M. Albukhitan Abdulrahman , Abduldaiem Yousif O. , A. Alsemrani Tariq , A. Alhameed Moayed , S. Alqeshtaini Ihsan
Published: November 2021

Background: Teeth discoloration is one of the most common problems among individuals nowadays. It can be caused by a variety of circumstances and can result in cosmetic problems as well as low self-esteem and dental caries. Hence the present was conducted to investigate the correlation between the severity of Black stains and the prevalence of caries, number of missing teeth, crowns, restorations, and Endodontically-treated teeth in adult patients at Riyadh Elm University Dental Clinics.

Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 84 participants with age ranging from 18 to 60 years, with no gender preference. The subjects included in the study had not received any professional teeth scaling and polishing at least 6 months prior to the examination. Participants with an anterior fixed partial denture or any kind of restoration anteriorly with more than two incisors crowns or more than two missing incisors for each quadrant were excluded. Clinical examination was done by the single investigator who was calibrated by practicing it on 5 patients.

Results: In the present study majority 64 (76.2%) of the participants aged between   18-32yrs, more than half 50 (59.5%) of them were male and the rest of them were female 34 (40.5%). A high percentage of subjects 34 (40.5%) were having a university level of education. Age, gender showed significant association with Intensity, extensity and composite scores of stains (p<0.05). Income was associated statistically significantly with extensity of stains (p<0.05). A correlation was found between the patient decayed teeth number and stains; however, this relation wasn’t statistically significant. The study found that endodontically treated teeth had a statistically significant link between its number increase and the extent and intensity of stains.

Conclusion: From the present study it was concluded that age and gender was statistically associated with intensity, extensity and composite scores and income also had an impact on extensity of stains. More investigation is recommended to gain more understanding of the correlations of dark stains.
Chromatographic Method for Quantification of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Comparison with Spectrophotometric Method
Authors: Akbel Erten , Bulduk Ibrahim
Published: November 2021

Aims: An efficient therapeutic drug or antiviral agent to treat Covid-19 is still not available. But, previously licensed pharmaceuticals to treat other virus infections are usedon an off-label basis either alone or in combination. Tenofovir emerged as a promising treatment for Covid-19 in September 2020. It is an antiretroviral drug that is active against many viruses. This study explains the development and asessment of liquid chromatographic and UV spectrophotometric methods to quantify tenofovir in raw materials and tablets.

Methods: HPLC analyzes were performed using a C18 column and a mobile phase composed of 20 mM KH2PO4, with a flow rate of 0.8 mLmin-1 and UV detection at 260 nm. For the spectrophotometric analyzes, ultra-pure water was used as a solvent. UV spectrum of standard and sample solution were recorded between 200 and400 nm and Tenofovir was detected using a wavelength of 260 nm. Both methods have been validated according to the procedures described in ICH guidelines Q2(R1) for the validation of analytical methods.

Results: The results showed that both spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic methods were linear, precise, accurate, rugged and robust with relative standard deviation R.S.D.% values less than 1%, and the recovery percentage was within standard limits (98-102%). Then a statistical comparison of these two analytical methods was performed, and the results of both methods showed no significant difference. It was found that both methods were not statistically significant with respect to each other in the 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). As a result, the proposed methods were found to be highly effective and could be used for routine analysis of tenofovir in pharmaceutical formulations.
Impact of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (Ohrqol)-A Literature Review
Authors: Jabin Zohra , Nasim Iffat , Priya V. Vishnu
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has emerged as an effective agent for arresting and preventing caries. It offers an immediate inhibition of caries process thereby reducing pain and suffering in those who lack access to quick restorative /prosthetic rehabilitation. It may impact oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Aim: This literature review is aimed at reviewing the SDF versus other standard care therapies and exploring their impact on OHRQoL.

Methodology: Literature was searched by two independent reviewers to recognise the English language papers in the four most commonly used databases: Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Search included 11 randomised controlled trials that used SDF as an intervention either alone or with comparative agent/treatment for caries arrest and studies that considered oral health-related quality of life as an associating factor.

Results: Two studies used application of SDF solution or placebo as intervention, few adopted use of comparator agent or/and alternative treatment and some adopted single sample pre-post designs with isolated SDF use. Different versions of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was used by most studies for assessment of oral health-related quality of life. While two studies (Ruff et al, Hiremath et al) used the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP).

Conclusion: SDF application may increase the quality of life of children as perceived by their parents and SDF staining is not a concern for both of them.
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Reproductive Health among Adolescent Girls in Selected Higher Secondary Schools in Kollam, District
Authors: Sindhu S. , Linson C. C.
Published: November 2021

The adolescent stage of life marks the transition from childhood to maturity. These are the formative years, when the most physical, psychological, and behavioural changes occur. The primary goal of the current study was to examine the effects of PTP on knowledge of sex education among teenage females. The study's objectives are to examine adolescent girls' awareness of specific elements of sex. To create and carry out a structured teaching programme on certain parts of sex education for teenage females. To assess the efficacy of the intended educational programme. To determine the relationship between pre-test knowledge scores and specified demographic characteristics. The study used an evaluative research technique with a one-group pretest-post-test design. The study's sample size was set at 50 teenage females. The study's sample approach was simple random sampling, which is a sort of probability sampling. A standardised questionnaire on sex education knowledge was utilised to collect pertinent data. Following the administration of PTP, there was a noticeable rise in knowledge scores in all categories considered in the research. Thus, it was proved that PTP was effective teaching method for creating awareness on importance of sex education and STI, STD and HIV/ AIDS transmission and focusing the reproductive health hazards like preventing sexual violence among youths.
The Hazardous Effects of Dental Amalgam Fillings in Human Body: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alanazi Laila Mohammed , Helal Alqallaf Zahra , Alghamdi Waad Mohammad , Alanazi Ahmed Mufadhi , Alqarni Salihah Muslih , Alfozan Mohammed , Ghabban Sara Ibrahim , AlZahrani Lujain Salem , Alturaif Dalal jumah , Elmarakby Ahmed Mohamed , Sultana Fatima
Published: November 2021

The Dental amalgam used in the dental fillings is basically an alloy of mercury (Hg). The amalgam is one of the most commonly used and versatile restorative material. Since more than 150 years this alloy of mercury, that is amalgam is used for it been economical, easy to use, durable, high strength and bacterio-static characteristics. Due to environmental pollution, detrimental health its use is decreasing in recent times. Also its not so appealing like the other materials used that resemble the tooth color. The tooth coloured restorative materials are recommended by both the doctor and the patient. Many researchers suggested that over the period of time the mercury from the filling might leach into the mouth. Thus in this study a detailed review of all the literature available online is done to understand the hazardous effects of dental amalgam fillings in the human body. The systematic literature search using Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science electronic databases was done using PRISMA. The experiments conducted in Sheep and monkey suggested the penetration of amalgam into the jaw bone of the patient with dental restorations. Constant exposure of mercury at lower levels can also lead to multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Most commonly reported renal dysfunction due to the dental amalgams are Tubular and Glomerular damage of the kidneys.
Modern Solutions in the Treatment of HIV: From Antiretroviral Drug Therapy to Human Genome Editing
Authors: Sebaeva Milana Ruslanovna , Gelogaeva Iman Vladimirovna , Suleymanova Naida Ramizovna , Balaeva Kamila Umarovna , Dauletova Aishat Arslanovna , Zakoroeva Zuhra Magomedovna , Kasheshova Saida Hanbertovna , Kozmov Takis Albertovich , Minatulaeva Madina Muslimovna , Maslova Alina Yuryevna
Published: November 2021

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to a group of anthroponotic viral diseases that cause HIV infection in the human body, apotheosely transforming into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection, in people without adequate treatment, can lead to serious damage to the immune system (hereinafter referred to as IS), which leads to a sharp decrease in resistance to conditionally pathogenic microbes, as well as to the prevalence of oncological pathologies that may lead to death. Due to its simplicity, convenience, efficiency and cost-effectiveness, CRISPR/Cas has found application in a short period of time in a wide variety of fields of fundamental and applied medicine and biotechnology.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on the Knowledge of Mothers Regarding the use of Zinc Supplementation in the Management of Diarrhea among the under Five Children in Selected Rural Areas of Indore, MP
Authors: Patel Rakhi , Linson C. C.
Published: November 2021

The present study was semi exploratory survey type of study. The data was gathered using a pretest and post test approach. Subjects or mothers were selected using purposive sampling technique method. 40 samples were selected for the present study. The survey was done by the researcher to evaluate the information especially with respect to the advantages of zinc supplementation and to get organized information and to provide a structured teaching program regarding the benefits of zinc in the diarrheal disease. The mean pre test score of the study was around 11.95 which were increased to 20.33 in the posttest. This reveals the effectiveness of structured teaching programme. The difference between the pre test and post test was found to be very highly significant, which was evident by the paired t test value 13.60. The chi square was test also done to find out the significant association between the socio demographic characteristics and the knowledge score. There was no significant association between the demographic characteristics and the knowledge score when compared with age, number of kids, occupation, monthly family income, and religion. Significant association was found especially between the instructive status of mothers and the knowledge score 9.95. The findings of the present study concludes that the structured teaching programme with respect to the zinc supplementation in the pre test was very less which was improved drastically in the posttest. Structured teaching programme was found to be really very effective which is evident by the post test score. The findings of the data also reveals that the structured teaching programme is viable system of providing data and helps in the improvement in the knowledge of the mothers.
Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women and Impact on in Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: M. Al-Hawiti Reham , Al-Qahtani Sarah H. , Bedaiwi Abdullah , A. Alharbi Asma
Published: November 2021

Background: Periodontal disease is amongst the top ten most common diseases to affect humans and the leading cause of tooth loss for adults, so it’s important to be aware of the condition and how it can develop.Periodontitis is an inflammatory process initiated by bacterial plaque involving the supporting structures of the tooth which include the gingiva, the junctional epithelium, root cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using a self-managed questionnaire conducted among 127 pregnant women in King Salman Armed Forces Hospital in Tabuk region, Saudi Arabia            (2020).

Results: the study found that 69.3% of cases had symptoms of periodontitis. Also, the study found that there were no significant correlations betweensymptoms of periodontitis and all variables like; age group, marital status, educational level, employment, number of children, brushing daily, and visiting dental clinic during pregnancy (p>0.05). As regards symptoms of periodontitisassociated with pregnancy, our study reported that 56.7% had Bleeding per gum, 44.9% had gum swelling and 40.9% had an offensive odor from the mouth.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pregnant women cases had periodontitis and there was no significant association found with different variables like age, educational level, marital status. Also, there was good practice and attitude toward pregnancy-associated periodontitis.
Formulation and Quality Control Tests for Nanoemulsion of Tofacitinib: A Novel Approach
Authors: Nishal Suchitra , Jhawat Vikas , Phaugat Parmita , Dutt Rohit
Published: November 2021

Background: Tofacitinib (TFB) is a pioneer JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor mainly employed to treat rheumatoid arthritis. It has proven efficacy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the oral dosage form. Oral TFB exhibited several toxic effects. Current research aims to develop a topical formulation of TFB to achieve effective treatment without any adverse effects.

Study Design: Ultrsonication Methods.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Swami Dayanand Postgraduate Institute of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak; 2020-2021.

Methods: Oleic acid, tween 80, and propylene glycol were selected as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The ratio of oil:surfactant:co-surfactant was selected based on a ternary phase diagram using the aqueous titration method. The selected ratio was employed to develop eight formulations of TFB by ultra-sonication. The formulations (F1-F8) were characterized using several physicochemical methods like pH, viscosity, particle size distribution, zeta potential, drug content, and in vitro release.

Results: The formulations (F1-F8) were formulated by using the ultrasonication (high energy) method. The optimized formulation selected on the basis of characterization methods for instance, F8 possessed particle size 127.4 nm, and -18.4 (mV) zeta potential. The in vitro release of F8 was found to be 88.1 ± 2.5% at 24 hours. It also passed the thermodynamic stability tests.

Conclusion:  The current investigations conclude that tofacitinib-nanoemulsion (TFB-NE) can be used as an alternative to the oral route of TFB and is also useful in reducing the adverse effects associated with oral TFB.
Effectiveness of Visual Intervention Tool in Improving LATCH Score in Mothers
Authors: Pramodita S. , Sudarsanan Harish , Asha A. , Benazer H , Kumutha J.
Published: November 2021

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast feeding for at least 6 months and thereafter until the child is 2 years of age which has largely been achieved by Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative put forth by WHO. The vital role played by mother in breastfeeding delivers passive immunity and nutrients to the child and for it to be practiced in an effective way, counselling and education is neededfor postpartum mothers. For an objective evaluation of effectiveness of breastfeeding counselling with visual aids in our unit, LATCH scoring was used to assess breastfeeding quality.

Materials and Methods: Breastfeeding education was given to postpartum mothersin the form of video assisted teaching as intervention. Pre and post intervention LATCH score were done to assess the quality of breastfeeding. Score for Latching (L), Audible swallowing (A), Type of nipple (T), Mother comfort (C), Help needed (H) were scored as 0,1 or 2. The total maximum score was 10 and minimum was 0. Maternal and neonatal demographic data and LATCH scores were collected and analyzed.

Results: The difference between pre intervention and post intervention mean LATCH score was statistically significant.

Conclusion: The visual intervention helped the mothers to understand breastfeeding techniques and lactate effectively.
Assessment of Knowledge on Hemodialysis among Renal Patients
Authors: Oriel Abha Adlina , Linson C. C.
Published: November 2021

Patient knowledge about hemodialysis is important for effective self-management behaviors. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge on hemodialysis among renal patients in selected hospitals of Bhopal. The research design selected for this study was descriptive in nature. The target population for this study was renal patients and the method of sampling was purposive sampling. The sample size was 50. A self-structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and the study findings revealed that knowledge of renal patients regarding hemodialysis was inadequate.
Utility of Microvessel Density (MVD) by CD34 in Different Histological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Singh Ayushi , Jagtap Miheer , Shukla Samarth , Vagha Sunita
Published: November 2021

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer related death and is preventable. Different grade at which a carcinoma presents determines the treatment modality and prognosis of the disease. Microvessel density measures formation of new vessels around tumor mass and is very important criteria for tumor metastasis and disease spread. Immunohistochemistry provide very definitive measures to determine the micro vessel density. Our study showed a positive correlation between Microvessel density and tumor size and dysplasia.
Prevalence, Causes and Management of Encephalitis
Authors: Ajwah Ibrahim Mahmoud H. , Alrashidi Samirah Nawaf Naif , Mutairi Nouf Zayed Omer Al , Almazroa Ahmad Mazroa , Almutairi Abdulrahman Jaser F. , Alsakran Bushra Saad , Alzhrani Mujeb Mosfer Mujeb , Alhashim Maryam Jafar , Alsakran Sara Mohammed , Alhakeem Wejdan Hani , Salamh Abdulaziz Fahad , Almanaah Mubarak Ali M. , Alqahtani Wa’ad Massoud Almonser
Published: November 2021

Encephalitis is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and permanent neurological disability in both adults and children. The term "encephalitis" literally means inflammation of part or all of the "brain" or the brain parenchyma. Encephalitis affects people of all ages; however, the incidence is higher in the pediatric population. Although both genders are affected, most studies showed slight dominance in men. There are two main types with different causes: primary or infectious encephalitis can develop when a fungus, virus, or bacteria infects the brain and accounts for approximately 70% of confirmed cases of encephalitis, and secondary or post-infectious encephalitis when the immune system is active and reacts. to a previous infection and mistakenly attacks the brain. The clinical manifestations depend on whether the brain parenchyma or the meninges are predominantly involved and cause an encephalitic or meningitis syndrome. Diagnostic tests should include a lumbar puncture, an MRI of the brain, and an EEG for suspected  encephalitis. In encephalitis, a broad differential diagnosis, both infectious and non-infectious, should be considered. These alternatives include malignancy, autoimmune or paraneoplastic diseases (eg, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis), brain abscess, drug-induced tuberculosis or delirium, neurosyphilis, or bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or helminthic encephalitis. Antiviral medications, such as intravenous acyclovir, are often given at the initial diagnosis of encephalitis before the cause is known. Acyclovir is the best treatment for herpes simplex encephalitis. If medication can be started soon after symptoms appear, the chance of a full recovery is much higher.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Number of Research and Publications-A Review
Authors: Kohale Mangesh , Dhobale Anupama , Noman Obaid , Bhatt Neha , Bahadure Shweta , Dawande Pratibha
Published: November 2021

COVID-19 is having a major effect not only on healthcare delivery systems but also on the science and research sector. The pandemic of COVID-19 immediately closed universities as well as colleges all over the world, amid government orders to adopt social distance, which could help to flatten the transmission curve and decrease the total mortality from the pandemic. Fundamental scientific studies have been especially difficult hit as a result of statewide lockdown restrictions, whilst clinical researchers have encountered similar difficulties as a result of the cessation of medical care and a sudden return to full-time clinical tasks. The number of publications on COVID-19 has rapidly and dramatically increased. This emphasizes the importance of collaborating with other medical research facilities in addition to intra-institute cooperation and collaboration. One method to modify the picture of clinical research is to incorporate additional innovation into the study's design.
Antidiabetic Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants: A Literature Review
Authors: Altalhi Abdulrahman , Alsufyani Mashhour , Alqurashi Khalid , Alshalwi Hussain , Althobaiti Abdullah , Alzahrani Khames
Published: November 2021

Aims: To investigated for any scientific evidence indicating traditional use of different plant species in the management of diabetes.

Study Design: Review Article.

Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Saudi Arabia from December 2020 to August 2021.

Methodology: The literature was thoroughly investigated for any scientific evidence indicating traditional use of different plant species in the management of diabetes. The search was done in databases of Google Scholar, Saudi Digital Library and PubMed. Accordingly, the used plant species are classified into six groups. These are: Plants with antidiabetic activity, Plants with hypoglycemic activity, plants with alpha-glucosidase activity, Plants with alpha-amylase activity, Plants with glucose tolerance test, Plants with hypolipemic, anti-cholesterol, LDL and HDL activity.

Conclusion: We have done in vitro and in vivo evaluation of M. arvensis L. for antidiabetic activity.  The leaves extracts of M. arvensis L. showed significant antioxidant potential and significantly inhibited protein glycation, which correlated well with its phenolics along with other phytoconstituents. the methanolic extract of M. arvensis L.
An Overview on Pressure Ulcers: Prevention and Management
Authors: Al Shibli Nasib Kasem , N. Albilasi Bader Menwer , Y. Alruwaili Talal Tuwayjir , D. Alazmi Dalal Ali , D. Alazmi Yazeed Mayah , A. Almadi Khaled Bassam , A. Alhassan Omar abdulaziz , A. Alhassan Osama Abdulaziz , H. Alsharari Bander Daher , S. Alruwaili Ali Nuwaysir , S. Alsharari Khalid Ahmed
Published: November 2021

Pressure ulcers are significant and painful side effects that might indicate a lack of care. The formation of a pressure ulcer is a major complication of reduced mobility. And since over 65-year-olds are the fastest-growing sector of the population in many developed countries, it imposes the risk of increasing disease incidences. There are also higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, which also increase the risk. There are many causes that can contribute to the formation of pressure ulcers; tissue ischemia is the most prevalent route to ulceration. Pressure ulcer prevention generally begins with an examination to determine who is most vulnerable to pressure ulcers, such as the elderly, the immobile, or individuals with a spinal cord injury. Wound dressings, debridement, physical therapy, antibiotics, and antimicrobials are all possible therapeutic options for pressure ulcers. Interventions such as mobilization, positioning, and repositioning, as well as support surfaces, are utilized in conjunction with other wound care methods. In this review we’ll be looking at prevention and management of pressure ulcers.
Diagonistic Value of ARFI in Breast Lesions
Authors: Jayapriya J. , Murugan S. Arul
Published: November 2021

Breast cancer became the most prominent cancer type in women worldwide. Its prevalence increased in recent years due to changes in life style and relapse among the patients seemed to be higher. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging in based on the principle of the ultrasonic elasticity and the elestography accurately predict and measure the changes in breast cancer tissue compared to the normal tissue. It is a technical alternative to the palpation and able to measure lesser than 10 mm size. In contrast to biopsy, where the reduced deformability would occur and lead to biopsy failing. In fibroadenoma, due to its complications, many false positives could be detected and the ARFI elastography serve as an effective alternative method for breast cancer confirmation. The tissue stiffness index value is used to differentiate the benign and malignant tissue samples. ARFI further, use B- mode elasticity and help in recommending the biopsy confirmation.
Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness about Eating, Sleeping, Weight, Diet and Other Lifestyle Changes during COVID Pandemic
Authors: Immanuel Jeswin , Devi R. Gayatri , Priya A. Jothi
Published: November 2021

Background and Aim: COVID pandemic lockdown has been constantly associated with psychological changes which have resulted in an increase in stress level and other diseases. So the main aim of this study is to create knowledge about the lifestyle, sleeping and other changes happening during pandemic situations.

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among the dental population with a sample size of 100 to 150. The survey was done in an online questionnaire pattern through Google forms and circulated. The statistics were done using SPSS software, chi square test was used to check the association and P value of 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.

Results: 36.63% responded to intake of vegetables as slight increases and 36.63% responded to significant increase of fruits and vegetables. There were many positive as well as negative changes were observed like increase in screen time and low physical activity were considered to be negative and positive changes like decrease in smoking and drinking alcohol. COVID-19 marginally improved the eating behavior, yet one-third of participants gained weight as physical activity declined significantly coupled with an increase in screen and sitting time. Mental health was also adversely affected. Intake of a balanced diet was significantly increased in females than males. Nearly 42% of them significantly increased their sleeping hours.

Conclusion: The increase of COVID virus all over the world at a faster rate may distract people from attention over lifestyle, physical and mental health. The mental issues may result in severe consequences. People must be aware that a healthy lifestyle change may cause severe health issues. A detailed understanding of these factors can help to develop interventions to mitigate the negative lifestyle behaviors that have manifested during COVID-19.
Factors Increasing Noncompliance of Psychiatric Patients Undergoing for Psychotropic Therapy
Authors: Bharathi A. R.
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The positive result of the treatment regimen mainly depends on the adherence of the patients towards the instruction given by the physician and termed as the noncompliance or incomplete adherence to treatment.

Methods: The present study aimed to descriptively analyze and identify the reasons that increasing the incomplete adherence for psychotropic therapy based on information retrieved from the patient and their relatives in Institute of Mental Hospital (IMH), Chennai.90 participants were interrogated using a structured questioner by purposive-sampling procedure after receiving their informed consent.

Results: The present study showed the involvement of different factors such as pre – mature stopping the drug regimen (28.8%), buying lesser quantity of the drugs than prescribed by physicians (24.4%), and irregular drug consuming (23.3%). The present study importance of creating the awareness regarding the optimal follow- ups and emphasized the advices regarding the changing the mental health service regimes.  The patients and relatives should be given the psychological based awareness for reducing the noncompliance on the psychotropic regimes.