bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Standard and SEBS Modified Asphalts in BUR Membranes
Authors: Chernotowich AK , Brzozowski KJ , Sanicky PJ
Published: March 2009

Results of a laboratory study comparing built-up roofing (BUR) membranes constructed with standard and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) modified asphalts are discussed. In addition to the two asphalts, variants include several ASTM standard reinforcements as well as a number of standard membrane configurations. Testing of these membranes will focus on load-strain testing at -18°C (0°F), with particular emphasis on the determination of how these variables impact several load-strain and strain energy physical properties. An adjunct to this work includes a comparison of the aforementioned asphalts with room temperature T-peel adhesion testing. This work concentrated on three polyester reinforcement combinations. Efforts to incorporate standard glass reinforcements proved futile as the glass fiber based products failed prematurely in all T-peel efforts.
Automated Soil Particle Specific Gravity Analysis Using Bulk Flow and Helium Pycnometry
Authors: Vitton SJ , Lehman MA , Van Dam TJ
Published: March 2009

Determining the apparent and bulk specific gravity of soil and aggregate has widespread applications in civil engineering. Current ASTM standards for attaining these values are available, but several drawbacks exists such as the time involved in testing and inconsistency between laboratory technicians. Automated specific gravity measurements for both soil and aggregate can be economically determined using a helium pycnometer, while automated bulk specific gravity can be found using an envelope density analyzer. An evaluation of these instruments resulted in the following observations. Very good agreement was found for apparent specific gravity measurements between the helium pycnometer and measurements made following ASTM standards. For bulk specific gravity measurements, good agreement was found between measurements made with an envelope density analyzer and ASTM standards for coarse aggregate particles larger than 2.38 mm. However, for particles smaller than 2.38 mm the agreement decreases with decreasing particle size.
Active and Passive Acoustic Imaging Inside a Large-Scale Polyaxial Hydraulic Fracture Test
Authors: Glaser SD , Dudley JW , Shlyapobersky J
Published: March 2009

An automated laboratory hydraulic fracture experiment has been assembled to determine what rock and treatment parameters are crucial to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of field hydraulic fractures. To this end a large (460 mm cubic sample) polyaxial cell, with servo-controlled X, Y, Z, pore pressure, crack-mouth-opening-displacement, and bottom hole pressure, was built. Active imaging with embedded seismic diffraction arrays images the geometry of the fracture. Preliminary tests indicate fracture extent can be imaged to within 5%. Unique embeddible high-fidelity particle velocity AE sensors were designed and calibrated to allow determination of fracture source kinematics.
Nondestructive Laboratory Measurement of Geotechnical and Geoacoustic Properties Through Intact Core-Liner
Authors: Kayen RE , Edwards BD , Lee HJ
Published: March 2009

High-resolution automated measurement of the geotechnical and geoacoustic properties of soil at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is performed with a state-of-the-art multi-sensor whole-core logging device. The device takes measurements, directly through intact sample-tube wall, of p-wave acoustic velocity, of soil wet bulk density, and magnetic susceptibility. This paper summarizes our methodology for determining soil-sound speed and wet-bulk density for material encased in an unsplit liner. Our methodology for nondestructive measurement allows for rapid, accurate, and high-resolution (1 cm-spaced) mapping of the mass physical properties of soil prior to sample extrusion.
Nondestructive Analysis of Fine-Grained Soils Utilizing Medical Imaging
Authors: Moo-Young HK , LaPlante C
Published: March 2009

X-radiology and other forms of imaging have long played an important role in medical diagnosis. Recent developments in the past two decades of new and more powerful modalities for human imaging coupled with the explosive growth in the power of digital computers have dramatically changed the nature of radiological science. Applications of these new technologies present a new avenue of research in geotechnical and environmental engineering.

This study illustrates an example of the utilization of medical imaging techniques in geotechnical engineering for the examination of soil macro structure. X-ray radiography was utilized to study the changes in the macrostructure of fine-grained soils that resulted from freeze and thaw cycling. Freeze-and-thaw cycling changes the engineering properties of fine-grained soils (e.g., the hydraulic conductivity increases by one to three orders of magnitude.) In this study, laboratory compacted clay samples were examined using medical imaging before and after freeze and thaw cycling.

To evaluate the effects of freezing and thawing on the macrostructure of fine-grained soils, thin sections of frozen soil were also prepared at various freeze/thaw cycles and compared with unfrozen thin sections that were medically imaged. Thin sections of frozen fine grained soil were prepared using a milling machine in an environmental room. Macrostructure analyses of the thin sections were conducted by using back lighting which revealed details of the ice structures.
Measurements and Modeling of Surface Waves in Drilled Shafts in Rock
Authors: Kalinski ME , Stokoe KH , Roesset JM , Cheng D-S
Published: March 2009

Surface wave measurements were made in horizontal drilled shafts in rock salt to characterize the stiffness of the rock around the shafts. The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method was used to determine dispersion curves of surface wave velocity versus wavelength. Dispersion curves were measured for surface waves propagating axially and circumferentially in the shafts. Surface wave velocities determined from axial testing increased slightly with increasing wavelength due to the cylindrical geometry of the shafts. On the other hand, surface wave velocities determined from circumferential testing exhibited a completely different type of geometry-induced dispersion. In both instances, finite-element forward modeling of the experimental dispersion curves revealed the presence of a thin, slightly softer disturbed rock zone (DRZ) around the shafts. This phenomenon has been previously confirmed by crosshole and other seismic measurements and is generally associated with relaxation of the individual salt crystals after confining stress is relieved by excavation.
Survey of Automation Practices in Geotechnical Laboratories
Authors: Marr WA
Published: March 2009

There has been considerable interest in automation of geotechnical laboratory testing over the past 20 years, particularly since the introduction of the personal computer. Several papers have been written describing various systems for automating different tests. However, it is not clear how this interest and the research results are being implemented in practice. There is little but anecdotal information on the experiences of those who have automated their geotechnical testing.

Subcommittee D18.95 of ASTM conducted a survey of automation practice in geotechnical laboratories. This survey was performed in 1996–1997 by publishing a questionnaire in the Geotechnical Testing Journal and mailing a copy of the questionnaire to lab managers asking them to summarize and quantify their experience with automated testing equipment.

This paper summarizes the results of that survey. It describes what types of tests laboratories have automated. It examines the types of automation equipment people have used and their experiences with that equipment. It also considers people's experience with important considerations like hardware reliability, software maintenance and vendor support. The paper provides useful information for those considering the purchase or development of automated geotechnical testing equipment.
State of the Art: Automated Laboratory Stress-Strain-Strength Testing of Soils
Authors: Sheahan TC , DeGroot DJ , Mitchell TJ
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the current state of the art in automated laboratory testing used to evaluate the stress-strain-strength properties of soils. The authors draw on their own experience in automated testing, as well as summarizing the results of a literature search. The paper first presents the basic principles of automating laboratory soils testing, including information concerning approaches to each component of a typical automated system. There is a review of instrumentation and its role in the automated system, as well as principles of data acquisition for the laboratory. This includes a description of hardware and software options and data management techniques. The components used for applying stresses and deformations to the soil specimen are described, including electro-mechanical hardware developments related to automating the device. In addition, fundamental control software algorithms are reviewed and examples given of how algorithms are implemented in different testing device applications. Literature is summarized concerning automation of specific devices. The paper is intended to bring both the practitioner and the researcher up to date on the current state of automated soils testing for determining stress-strain-strength properties. It concludes by discussing future trends in this area, and argues that a new generation of automated equipment is imminent and necessary, as new technologies and a new wave of megaprojects force laboratories to upgrade older systems.
Advanced Control Techniques for Direct Shear Testing of Jointed Rock Specimens
Authors: Blümel M , Bezat FA
Published: March 2009

Advanced control techniques and a test setup designed for direct shear testing allow new types of test procedures, adjusted to specific problems, to be performed. Digitally controlled shear tests like multiple failure tests or tests with constant normal stiffness conditions open up a wide range of test procedures to determine shear parameters. Some test procedures and test results are presented in this paper.
Innovative Developments for Major EIFS Repairs
Authors: O'Connor JP , McElvain JR
Published: March 2009

A mid-rise hotel building was five years old when widespread water leakage was discovered through its exterior insulation finish system (EIFS) façade. During the assessment it was discovered that the EIFS attachment to the exterior gypsum wallboard substrate had been compromised by the water infiltration. The decision was made to mechanically fasten the existing lamina to the metal stud backup and install a new lamina over the existing lamina. This paper describes processes used in assessing the cause and extent of the problem and the innovations developed for the repair process.
Design and Renovation of a High-Rise Retrofit EIFS Cladding: A Case Study
Authors: French WR
Published: March 2009

A high-rise apartment project located in Minneapolis, Minnesota was originally constructed in the 1970's with site-fabricated concrete spandrel panels and column covers. Due to structural concerns, panel cracking and water leakage problems, the building was retrofitted with a polymer modified (PM) Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS) in 1984. Within a few years, noticeable cracks had developed and significant changes in the cladding appearance became manifest. Extensive investigation and analysis revealed specific material defects that were particular to the EIFS manufacturer, as well as poor detailing and improper workmanship related to several key areas of the building envelope. The EIFS wall cladding suffered progressive deterioration until early in 1993, when a severe wind storm removed a section of the cladding from an upper floor at one end of the building. Renovation of the exterior cladding involved utilization of specific design concepts developed in response to the experience of this author pertaining to numerous investigations of poorly performing wall systems. Retrofit application of the new PB EIFS utilized several innovative details developed for the renovation of this building, including special details required around the 960 punched windows of this 21 story, multi-family, residential facility. Specifications for the retrofit work stipulated use of PB EIFS materials, mix proportions and application methods, which based on the latest research and field experience, will produce the highest degree of success in achieving a cladding system that is as long-lasting and serviceable as possible. In addition, exterior sheathing materials used as a substrate for the EIFS at this project were composed of new, silicone-treated, glass-fiber-faced, gypsum board.
Lessons Learned from the Investigation and Repair of a High-Rise, EIFS-Clad Residential Building
Authors: Reese RR
Published: March 2009

A high-rise, EIFS-clad residential building in Georgia was experiencing water infiltration problems involving the EIFS, the aluminum windows, and the sliding glass and hinged balcony doors. The infiltration had been occurring since construction was completed in 1991. An investigation conducted in late 1992 discovered that the leakage was occurring through EIFS terminations, penetrations and joints, through cracks in the EIFS, through the non-weeped aluminum windows, and at the thresholds of the sliding glass and hinged balcony doors. Design, manufacture and construction issues all contributed to causing the water-infiltration problems. The investigation techniques used included document review, a visual evaluation of the entire facade from swing stages, test cuts, borescope evaluations and leak testing. The repairs involved rebuilding and resealing the EIFS at all terminations and expansion joints, surface sealing and overcoating other problem areas in the EIFS, wet sealing the windows, and sealing and modifying the hinged and sliding glass door thresholds.
Case Histories of Building Material Problems Caused by Condensation at an Enclosed Swimming Pool and an Enclosed Ice Rink
Authors: VanGeem MG , Farahmandpour K , Gajda J
Published: March 2009

Enclosed swimming pools and ice rinks in winter climates have the potential for high indoor relative humidities and cold building materials. These elements can contribute to condensation and premature deterioration of building materials. Case histories are provided for an enclosed swimming pool and an enclosed ice rink with condensation problems.

An evaluation was performed after roof leaks were reported at a recently constructed indoor swimming pool in a Chicago suburb. After a preliminary inspection, it was evident that the reported leaks were related to building moisture problems rather than a roof leak. Exterior brick masonry exhibited heavy efflorescence in the area of the swimming pool, and water streaks were visible on the exterior walls below the eaves. The evaluation included laboratory testing, a visual inspection, field tests and measurements, and analyses for condensation potential. Results of the evaluation indicated the presence of condensed moisture as a direct cause of the observed water stains, and masonry efflorescence. Recommended corrective actions developed.

A 54-year-old enclosed ice rink in New England was under investigation to determine the cause of a deteriorated wood deck roof. The building did not have dehumidification or air handling systems, and was heated only when occupied. The evaluation included visual inspection and analyses for condensation potential. Results of the evaluation indicated condensation within the wood decking and insulation during winter months, and high relative humidities that prohibited drying during the spring, summer, and fall. These conditions, over an extended number of years, resulted in decay of the wood decking.
A New Concept in Preventing Water Leakage Through Single-Wythe Concrete Masonry Walls
Authors: Sauve D , Sroka K , Nmai C
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the details of a unique patented, water-repellent concrete block design that prevents moisture that enters the core area from reaching interior surfaces are presented. The subject water leakage-controlling concrete masonry unit (WLC CMU) employs a three stage water leakage prevention process, as follows: 1) the use of water- repellent admixtures and performance-optimized mix designs to resist the passage of wind- driven rain through the block and mortar itself; 2) a horizontal beveled edge, and chamfered vertical sides of the block's face shell that provide improved access for proper joint tooling and facilitates water drainage away from bed joint areas; and, 3) a series of grooves and channels that prevent moisture migration across the block web surfaces, and directs it to the flashed courses where it can be effectively drained from the building envelope. Wind- driven rain tests performed by the National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) clearly showed the benefits of WLC CMU technology. Using identical materials, mix design, and block manufacturing equipment, a 99% reduction of moisture penetration to the core area was witnessed twice after 72 hours of ASTM E 514 testing.
Envelope Analysis of Exterior Load Bearing Single-Wythe Partially Reinforced Hollow Clay Masonry Wall Systems for Residential Applications
Authors: McGinley WM , van der Hoeven RSK
Published: March 2009

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the movement of water vapor and liquid water (permeance from driving rain), and their effect on the transient moisture characteristics exhibited by single-wythe residential clay masonry exterior load-bearing wall systems. The wall system evaluated was constructed of standard 6 in. hollow (ASTM C 652) units and used a variety of insulation configurations. These wall systems were evaluated for water penetration performance using ASTM E 514 water penetration tests. The transient thermal and vapor transmission characteristics of each configuration were also evaluated using a one-dimensional finite difference analysis (the MOIST analysis program).

The results of this investigation indicate that if properly designed and constructed, the wall system provides excellent resistance to wind-driven rain. However, the investigation also indicated that interstitial condensation may occur in the insulation and interior sheathing layers if the system is not properly designed for the prevailing climate.
Replacement Steel Windows
Authors: Brown MA , Condren SJ
Published: March 2009

This paper presents our experiences in the investigation, design, and installation of replacement steel windows for two renovation projects at a major university in the northeast: a student residential complex and the law school. We review the construction of the existing walls (cast-in-place concrete barrier wall at the student residential complex and brick and stone masonry barrier wall at the law school), and the construction and performance of the original steel windows. To maintain the appearance of these architecturally significant buildings, the university elected to install replacement steel windows. We discuss special design considerations for steel windows (versus the more prevalent aluminum replacement window), including available window section profiles, corrosion protection, frame fabrication, and glazing design. We also review window flashing concepts we employed for the barrier wall construction, which has no drainage cavity. We summarize lessons learned during the window selection, design, fabrication, testing, and installation phases of the projects, and present recommendations for improved durability and water penetration resistance of steel windows.
Simulating Design Storms with Water Chamber Testing
Authors: Galitz CL , Whitlock AR
Published: March 2009

The most commonly-used standard method of testing a masonry wall's leakage performance in the laboratory is the ASTM Standard Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry (C 1389) water chamber test. The apparatus from this test has been modified for field use by various individuals but no standard provisions for field use have yet been developed. ASTM is currently considering such a standard test method for field water chamber testing. The purpose, interpretation of results, significance, and procedures of the field test have been questioned and criticized in the past. It is the purpose of this paper to address wind-driven rainfall simulation using the chamber test in the field or laboratory.

Water intrusion into and through a masonry facade is affected by air pressure, momentum, gravity, capillary action, and other basic scientific principles. Analysis of the driving forces behind water penetration is presented to show the relationship between these phenomena and testing variables.

Water testing may be designed to simulate wind-driven rainfall. It is therefore appropriate that the parameters of testing be varied, depending upon the realistic weather conditions of the geographical area in which the test is being conducted. Or, if a “standard” set of conditions is used, an analysis of local weather data should be made so that a statement of severity can be given. The use of site-specific or area-specific weather data can provide information for more accurate storm simulation when testing the water resistance of a particular wall. This paper discusses the various types of data available for selection of parameters for water chamber testing. Emphasis is placed on more realistic testing so that more meaningful results may be obtained. Classic parameters, such as the Driving Rain Index, local rainfall intensity, time of concentration, recurrence period, and similar wind storm statistics as well as real-time data from weather stations, are examined for adaptation to this test method.

Through the use of the concepts and procedures presented in this paper, a more thorough understanding of realistic water testing of masonry structures and a more accurate determination of a building's performance with regard to water penetration using the water chamber test method will be available.
Overcladding Repairs to Water Leakage Problems: Case Studies
Authors: Kaskel BS , Searls CL
Published: March 2009

Two case studies are examined where water leakage problems are corrected by overcladding the exterior building walls with new wall panels. As compared to removal and replacement of deficient portions of the exterior wall system, overcladding can be less disruptive, more economical and result in a more efficient wall design. The two case studies will explore the significant design issues that were addressed and resolved in order to make overcladding repair feasible.
Repair and Retrofit of a Modern High-Rise Curtain Wall
Authors: Weinstein JS , Del Rosso AL
Published: March 2009

Study has revealed that metal and glass exterior curtain walls constructed between the late 1960's and early 1980's can perform poorly and become very ineffective in preventing water infiltration. One such high-rise commercial office building demonstrates that wall performance against water infiltration is compromised due to cyclic wind loads, poor performance of gaskets and sealed joints and poor performance of fasteners and welds used to connect aluminum wall components. Failures and restoration methods at sealant joints and mechanical connections of the curtain wall are illustrated at eight major joint conditions. Methods and approaches used to restore weather resistance and structural integrity are discussed. Use of structural and non-structural silicone sealants as well as unique methods of mechanical anchorage are highlighted. Criteria driving the restoration design are presented, including: minimal disturbance to tenants, no disturbance of asbestos materials, a pleasing visual solution and providing for future long-term wall performance.
The Slope Parameter Approach to Marine Cathodic Protection Design and its Application to Impressed Current Systems
Authors: Hartt WH
Published: March 2009

The recently developed slope parameter approach to design of galvanic anode cathodic protection (cp) systems for marine structures constitutes an advancement in this technology compared to current practice, primarily because the former is first principles based and the latter is an empirical algorithm. In this paper, the slope parameter approach is reviewed; and related applications for which it can be utilized, including 1) design of new and retrofit cp systems, 2) evaluation of potential survey data, and 3) cp system design for complex geometries, are mentioned. The design current density is identified as the single remaining parameter for which values must be projected solely by experience or experimentation. In addition, the slope parameter approach is applied to the results of impressed current cp experiments, and it is shown how parameters for this can be interrelated with those of galvanic anode cp. Advantages of this capability are identified and discussed.
Cathodic Protection Requirements for Deepwater Systems
Authors: Menendez CM , Hanson HR , Kane RD , Farquhar GB
Published: March 2009

Field and laboratory experience related to requirements for cathodic protection (CP) in deep water are reviewed with emphasis on identification of the major variables that need to be specified for successful deepwater CP designs for offshore structures. The subject is addressed based on the historical development of cathodic protection design methodologies for offshore structures focusing on sacrificial anode systems and trends that have resulted in specific changes in design requirements. Three main subjects are discussed: (1) application of existing industry standards such as NACE RP0176; (2) environmental factors — dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, pH, water velocity and fouling; and (3) calcareous deposits — difference between shallow and deep waters. Current practice of design criteria and systems for deepwater applications is assessed, including initial polarization, use of coatings and anode materials. The results from laboratory tests are compared with available documented service experiences and field tests results.
Cathodic Protection Deployment on Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters
Authors: Zook LM
Published: March 2009

Corrosion protection of the space shuttle solid rocket boosters incorporates the use of cathodic protection (anodes) in concert with several coatings systems. The SRB design has large carbon/carbon composite (motor nozzle) electrically connected to an aluminum alloy structure. Early in the STS program, the aluminum structures incurred tremendous corrosive attack at coating damage locations due primarily to galvanic coupling with the carbon/carbon nozzle. Also contributing to the galvanic corrosion problem were stainless steel and titanium alloy components housed within the aluminum structures and electrically connected to the aluminum structures. This paper highlights the evolution in the protection of the aluminum structures, providing historical information and summary data from the operation of the corrosion protection systems. Also, data and information are included regarding the evaluation and application of inorganic zinc rich primers to provide anode area on the aluminum structures.
Options for ASTM's Role — Ideas for Planning
Authors: Hall JR
Published: March 2009

Performance-based codes and standards are a growing reality around the world. With state-of-the-art guides for fire modeling and guides to the writing of fire hazard assessment standards and fire risk assessment standards, ASTM E-5 has played an essential role and has been one of the earliest major players in this activity. But now the landscape has changed. Groups from SFPE to NFPA to ICC, from ISO to IEC to CIB, and others are all active, and each brings a special focus and a special skill to the activity. ASTM E-5 needs to decide what its special role can and should be. This paper will discuss some of the options, based on the traditional scope and areas of traditional strength and emphasis for ASTM.
ISO Quality Standards for Participants in Performance-Based Regulation
Authors: Brannigan VM , Spivak SM
Published: March 2009

Performance-based codes impose novel burdens on regulators. Instead of one-time approval based on statutory criteria, performance-based analyses attempt to describe and control hazards on a building specific basis. As a result it will be necessary to control many aspects of building operations for the lifetime of the building. One approach to the issues of complexity and “cradle to grave” regulation could be third party certification of compliance with an appropriate safety management plan. ISO 9000 and 14000 provide possible models for such a third party certification of compliance. These programs are recognized around the world for quality control and environmental management systems. Under appropriate controls they may even be used for original performance-based approvals.
The Role of ASTM Subcommittee E5.33, ‘Fire Safety Engineering,’ in Performance-Based Fire Codes
Authors: Alpert RL
Published: March 2009

ASTM Subcommittee E05.33 is the result of a recent merger between E05.35 on fire risk and hazard assessment and E5.39 on fire modeling. As such, E05.33 sees its scope as including not only standard guides for the calculation methods and logic used in performance-based codes and standards but also the infrastructure that will allow regulatory officials to evaluate performance-based designs or product risk analyses more easily in the future. Any group in ASTM with an interest in performance-based codes or standards related to fire safety should be able to develop their code or standard, with the help of E05.33. This paper reviews the plans for activities within E05.33, which, it is hoped, will make this promise a reality.
What I Have Learned While Writing Draft Fire Hazard Assessment Standards and Guides for ASTM E5
Authors: Hirschler MM
Published: March 2009

Since ASTM adopted its guide to the writing of fire hazard assessment standards, there have been several initiatives aimed at producing an actual standard for a specific product class and occupancy. I have been the leader in several of them, from a draft for fire safety in rail cars to a draft on upholstered furniture in health care facilities. So far, none of them has become an ASTM standard. Part of the reason is that this is an entirely new type of document that is technically very challenging. But there are also other reasons that go to fundamental questions about what types of standards and guides people want to use in the built environment. This paper will be an overview of what I have seen and heard while pursuing draft fire hazard assessment standards and guides, and my own opinions and sense of what it all means for the direction of performance-based fire safety documents at ASTM.
Fire Test Data for Design Fires: A Perspective from One Practitioner
Authors: Gemeny DF , Wittasek NB
Published: March 2009

Performance-based codes and standards, like performance-based design and analysis, depend critically on fire scenarios and associated design fire specifications. These need to be as real and relevant as they can possibly be. But they also need to be built from fire test data, and that typically means adapting the fire tests from their traditional purposes. This paper will discuss principles and procedures for applying fire test data to the specification of design fires, drawing in part on what the authors have learned in a number of real-life design projects.
Adaptation of Cone Calorimeter (ASTM E1354) Data for Use in Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis
Authors: Lattimer BY
Published: March 2009

Performance-based fire codes and standards are being developed to augment or replace existing prescriptive fire codes and standards. In performance-based analysis, designers often use computerized fire models to evaluate proposed systems, but input data for these models is difficult to find in the literature. Bench scale test methods are a cost effective, time efficient way for developing such data; however, output data from standard test methods are not always adequate or in a form usable for analysis. This paper focuses on determining the necessary input data for fire growth and room fire models used in predicting fire development inside a building. ASTM E1354 Cone Calorimeter is one of the more common test methods used for determining material fire properties, and was used here to develop most of the input data. Recommendations are provided for additional calculations and test procedures that make standard output data from ASTM E1354 more usable in performance-based analysis.
SFPE's Fire Model Evaluation Initiative: How ASTM has Helped And Can Help
Authors: Hurley MJ
Published: March 2009

SFPE is nearing completion of its first computer model evaluation: DETACT-QS. DETACT-QS was chosen because of the model's simplicity, limited scope of application and widespread usage. The product of this review will be an evaluation report for use by users of the model, and reviewers of designs and submissions that are based on the model. The evaluation of DETACT was guided by the ASTM Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models (E 1355). This paper discusses the evaluation of DETACT in accordance with ASTM E1355, how ASTM has facilitated this effort, and identifies areas where ASTM could assist with future evaluation efforts.
The SFPE Design Guide for Performance-Based Design: A Key Element in Performance-Based Fire Codes and Standards
Authors: Rosenbaum ER
Published: March 2009

Performance-based codes are currently a part of the regulatory landscape. In order to develop a methodology to perform performance-based designs (PBD), the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) with the assistance of a grant from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed The SFPE Design Guide for Performance-Based Design. The following issues will be addressed as they relate to the SFPE Design Guide: (1) the status of performance-based codes, (2) the status and content of the SFPE Design Guide, (3) the interrelation of the SFPE Design Guide and ASTM Standards, and (4) areas that need to be addressed further in order to assist the fire protection engineers in PBD. The model building codes and NFPA all required PBD for certain areas and allow PBD as a viable alternative to prescriptive codes. In an effort to standardize an approach to PBD, the SFPE has developed a Design Guide. ASTM Standards correlate with the design guide. In addition, ASTM Standards provide tests that allow the collection of data for input into the PBD process. The most important advancement for ASTM Standards is to further develop, standardize, and increase the amount of information available from small, intermediate, and large scale tests and to coordinate the data with criteria demanded in the PBD process and approaches recommended by fire protection engineers.
The ICC Performance Code Effort and Its Relationship to ASTM
Authors: Tubbs BA
Published: March 2009

The International Code Council is working to develop a performance-based code system that will start with a clear definition of the intent of the code, followed by approved methodologies that allow the use of prescriptive codes and performance-based design. Standardized approaches to performance-based designs are lacking and many code officials are reluctant to allow the use of such a design; e.g. a design using a computer fire model for analysis. Groups like ASTM can play a vital role in formalizing the performance-based design process as it relates to fire. ASTM 1591, Guide for Data for Fire Models, provides a standardized methodology to evaluate data appropriateness for use in modeling. In the future, ASTM 1546, Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard Assessment Standards, may provide a similar sense of security regarding fire-hazardassessment methodologies.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Twelfth Volume
Authors: Johnson RJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Provides information concerning winter sports trauma -including alpine, cross country, and back country skiing, and snowboarding- and the means of its prevention. 16 peer-reviewed papers in 4 sections
Water Problems in Building Exterior Walls: Evaluation, Prevention, and Repair
Authors: Boyd JM , Scheffler MJ
Published: March 2009

Description

A unique publication featuring a comprehensive overview of the ways water impacts building envelopes. A diverse range of professionals in related fields have written 22 peer-reviewed papers focusing on the following key areas:

Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems -- 5 papers examine theoretical, modeling and system design perspectives as well as new system approaches and retrofit alternatives.

Moisture Migration, Modeling and Condensation -- numerous issues such as moisture evaluation and analysis methods and condensation problems in an enclosed swimming pool and ice rink are explored in 4 papers.

Masonry Systems -- 7 papers address masonry concerns including mortar bond, foam insulation, alternative water control mechanisms, prefabricated assemblies and flashing and alternative system detailing.

Detailing, Testing and Case Studies -- An informative and practical view of 6 specific project case studies are presented here.

This is an invaluable resource for materials engineers and researchers, design specialists, waterproofing contractors, and building contractors.
Advances in the Production and Use of Steel with Improved Internal Cleanliness
Authors: Mahaney JK
Published: March 2009

Description

Examines state-of-the-art technological innovations in inclusion identification and prevention, and their applications to steel production.

Seven comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from leading experts in the United States, Europe and Asia examine the following key topics:

Bearing Steels -- Methods for determining internal cleanliness; the impact of inclusions on bearing hardness or strength; and how production and processing methods effect internal cleanliness and bearing life are explored in three papers.

Stainless Steels -- One paper presents inclusion problems associated with stainless steel medical implants.

Steel Castings -- Alternative processing modifications and methodologies applicable to the casting industry that would minimize macroinclusions in the final product are reviewed in one paper.

Steel for Plates -- Optimum production variables to improve the way structural steel plates are made are discussed in one paper; while another examines a new technique for determining the tendency of materials used for pressure vessel applications to crack internally during spin forming.

For quality control and metallurgical personnel.
Designing Cathodic Protection Systems for Marine Structures and Vehicles
Authors: Hack HP
Published: March 2009

Description

This significant new ASTM publication is specifically aimed at cathodic protection in seawater. It summarizes the latest criteria and philosophies for designing both sacrificial and impressed cathodic protection systems for structures vehicles in seawater.

Seven peer-reviewed papers cover:

• A new approach that allows for the formation of calcareous deposits in a more accurate fashion than older, traditional methods

• Physical scale modeling of ICCP systems used by the U.S. Navy and how the results are translated into actual ship design

• Formulation and performance of aluminum anodes in various environments

• A protection design example for a geometrically complex warf structure

• Practical experiences involving deep water structures, such as offshore oil platforms

• Boundary Element computer modeling--latest technology for predicting cathodic protection current distribution and magnitude

• Preventing corrosion of space shuttle solid rocket boosters during ocean recovery

This volume is a valuable technical reference tool for designers of marine cathodic protection systems and evaluators of designs performed by others.
An Experiment on Internet Material Database Service with MOOD-SX
Authors: Ono N
Published: March 2009

MOOD, materials object-oriented database, is a research project in which the realization of a new kind of material database service is attempted on the basis of the recent object-oriented database paradigm. MOOD-SX is the latest of a series of experimental database systems developed and made public in this project. It inherits fidelity in material data expression and precise data discrimination in data retrieval from its predecessors. Further, it consists of a server part and a client part which respectively operate on different UNIX hosts and communicate with each other through the Internet. The client process provides a user interface necessary for the user to manipulate complex expressions of both input data and query. The server process supports this by supplying information on class hierarchy and data structure, and also by performing database query processing on requests from clients. With experiments where these processes were respectively placed on hosts at Tsukuba and Sendai 250 km apart, it has been found that this kind of material database service is feasible.
Towards a Flexible and General Computer-Based Representation of Experimental Data
Authors: King TM , Over HH , Webster GA
Published: March 2009

A previous paper described the material state and process path model (MSAPPM) [1]. The MSAPPM specifies the elements and relationships necessary for the flexible storage of data from materials experiments. The current paper shows that three different forms of low-cycle fatigue tests have a similar pattern of description by the MSAPPM. Modern analysis procedures can benefit from this similarity because data access becomes consistent across all other possible configurations of such tests.

The MSAPPM is not yet fully mature. The current paper reveals that a separate storage hierarchy is necessary to model the test environment, and a special representation of time ensures that the physical reality of the experimental procedure is fully apparent. Further issues may demand extensions to the model. However, along with other solutions for the flexible representation of materials information, the MSAPPM attempts to achieve a sufficiently rich and accurate description of data. Global sharing of information will depend heavily on such descriptive capabilities.
STEP—Present and Future
Authors: Hiraoka H
Published: March 2009

Initial release of ISO 10303 or STEP has been published. STEP is the first attempt to standardize the representation of whole product model data including geometry, product configuration, drawing, material, and other aspects. Its status and future tasks are discussed in this paper. First, the models of STEP and its methods are explained. Its main features are: • Aspects of product data are represented in an integrated way. • Detailed definitions are provided using computer-interpretable description language. • Definitions of product are provided hierarchically as integrated Resources and Application Protocols. • The method of the conformance testing is provided as a part of the standard. Several issues still remain to be resolved, including he cooperative use of standards, the grand design of STEP, new features, and the method of good modeling.
Multimedia Database System KIND Featuring Amorphous Factual Database by Object-Oriented Method
Authors: Kawazoe Y , Ohno K , Tsai A-P , Yu J-Z , Aihara T , Mizuseki H , Ishihara M , Ikeda M , Kojima M , Nakanomyo T , Akiyama Y , Itoh T , Wada S , Mori N
Published: March 2009

A large-scale materials database including literature and factual data, which is under construction at the Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University is introduced featuring the collections of ternary amorphous formation phase diagrams. The database is arranged as a multimedia type, including both text and images, which is especially important in materials research. The object-oriented method is also applied to construct the database so it can predict new compositions to form an amorphous phase from existing data.
Object-Orientation for Fusion of Corrosion Data
Authors: Roberge PR , Trethewey KR
Published: March 2009

The complexity of many materials engineering problems can be drastically reduced by regrouping concepts and facts into a natural human representation provided by object-oriented models. One of the main advantages of using the principles of object orientation (OO) to structure a knowledge based system (KBS) is the compatibility of OO with natural cognitive operations such as classifying, instantiating, and measuring. But knowledge representation goes much beyond conventional data representation and must rely on facts that often possess a halo of fuzziness. In this project, the OO structure was used to organize the complex world of materials degradation and lifetime prediction. A system developed with this principle was found to be able to incorporate the fundamental knowledge derived from failure analysis or from other fields of materials engineering. Such a framework could also constitute the crucible to achieve the data fusion necessary to blend various sources of expertise. This paper describes the key elements of the framework and illustrates its flexibility by providing a guiding structure during the analysis of the results of a computerized search of modern engineering literature.
A Corrosion Database System for Exposure Tests
Authors: Yamamoto M , Kato C , Nogami A , Matsuoka A
Published: March 2009

A computerized corrosion database system for exposure tests has been designed and developed. This system was developed to help researchers carry out each experimental procedure in exposure tests. The system includes a function to manage not only the experimental data but also the timetable of exposure tests and the environmental factors of exposure sites. An easily used graphical user interface (GUI) and graph plot software are provided for users to help analyze exposure test results from various viewpoints. The data accumulated in this system are measurements of past exposure tests and exposure tests in progress. The analyses of past exposure tests using the present database system caused several ideas on atmospheric corrosion different from the conventional ideas on atmospheric corrosion. If the data of exposure tests in progress are compared with past data, the relationships between atmospheric corrosion and environmental factors will be more clarified.
Strength Characteristic Analysis Using the “Database for Mechanical Properties of P/M Alloys”
Authors: Nakayama H , Isonishi K , Sakaida A , Ueno A , Sawayama T , Shibue K
Published: March 2009

The database for powder metallurgy (P/M) alloys, “Database for Mechanical Properties of P/M Alloys,” is under construction by the task force of the New Materials Center of Osaka Science and Technology Center. The first issue of this database contains strength data for a variety of structural P/M alloys, and the data for Fe- and Al-base alloys occupy the majority of the database. In order to demonstrate the engineering utility of the database, some analyses were tried based on the data compiled in the database. We picked up the data for Fe-and Al-base alloys and analyzed distribution characteristics of their static and fatigue strengths. The main analytical result is an estimation method of the fatigue strength of pure Fe compacts proposed from the statistical evaluation of the fatigue life distribution. This estimation method gives P-S-N characteristics of pure Fe compacts when the densities of the compacts are given.