bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review on Phase Change Material Storage in Solar Energy Application
Authors: Zhang Ye , Chen Chao , Qi Dian Wei
Published: July 2014

Use solar energy as a complement of building heating energy, not only the building consumption will be reduced but also the air pollution problem during winter can be improved. However, the sparseness, discontinuity and instability of the solar energy are bottleneck of solar energy utilization technology. Thus the thermal storage technology becomes the most important part in solar energy system. Phase change thermal storage technology is more efficient then water, and it can charge the surplus solar energy for cloudy days to improve the utilization rate of solar energy. The performance of solar system can be improved by using phase change material storage technology. This review summarizes the previous study on phase change materials storage in solar energy application; the content of this paper can provide a reference for relative studies.
The Ways Assessment of Direct Production Electricity and Heat from Hydrogenous Fuel Based on Biogas for Autonomous Consumers
Authors: Zubkova Marina Yu. , Maslikov Vladimir I. , Molodtsov Dmitry V. , Chusov Alexander N.
Published: July 2014

Based on the research of the fuel cell in the direct supply of hydrogen fuel with residual methane content (2-7%) confirmed the possibility of the fuel system operation in an efficient mode. The possibility of using a considerable potential "weak" biogas with a relatively low concentration of organic ingredients to produce electricity and heat in autonomous power engineering is shown. Energy potential reserve the purged fuel markedly increases with the content of methane in the original fuel and increases the role of the thermal component of the divided energy flow to about 20-26%. Integrated use of fuel energy potential with residual methane content allows to provide total effective efficiency ~ 40%. Possibility of electricity generation on the basis of complex use of organic and hydrogen fuel at creation of objects of distributive systems of power supply will approach energy sources to the consumer, having increased energy-economic indicators and efficiency of fuel use.
Sea Water Heat Pump Technology Development Review and Prospective Application
Authors: Miao Ying Xia , Wang Shu Xun , Zhao Jin , Wang Jing
Published: July 2014

Sea water heat pump, which is an emerging ocean energy utilization technology with advantages of energy saving and environmental friendly, has great development potential in costal and islands areas. This article analyze the global development status, technologies and application prospects of sea water heat pump to give reference for its developments in costal and islands areas.
The Applications for Electrical Energy Saving in Engineering Design
Authors: Li Yan Chao
Published: July 2014

the content focuses on the principle that electrical energy saving design should follow, which discusses the technical measures of architecture electrical energy saving and its reasonable applications in engineering design by various aspects and terms such as transformer selection, supply and distribution system and line design, system power factor improvement, lighting energy saving, motor energy saving, power saving type LV electronics selection, etc.
Analysis on Exterior Wall Conformation of Low-Rise Light Steel Structure Residence Based on Thermal Theory
Authors: Lu Mei Jun , Zheng Ling Ling
Published: July 2014

Light steel structure residence is an optimum selection for the realization of building energy-saving and meeting of green building evaluation standards. Two kinds of system of light steel structure are analyzed and construction method for lightweight combination wall and infilled outer walls of low-rise light steel are summed up. Analysis on exterior wall conformation in low-rise light steel structure is put forward. Results indicate that special construct of light steel structure is equivalent to set closed air space, and thermal performance of infilled external wall of light steel structure is superior to that of traditional structure. And thermal performance of using aerated concrete wall panels as filled outer wall of light steel structure is better than that of aerated concrete blocks and thermal stability of filled external wall of light steel structure is better than lightweight combination external wall. The conclusions provide a theoretical foundation for building energy-saving in light steel structure residence and optimal design of residential environment.
The Agglomeration Effect of Chinese Wind Power Industry and Empirical Study
Authors: Song Min , Ji Xiao Yu , Lu Yin
Published: July 2014

Wind power industry development is one focus of clean energy. From the perspective of industrial agglomeration effect, this paper studied the development of Chinese wind power industry chain. The location quotient (LQ) was used to research the wind power industry agglomeration in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Jiangsu coastal areas, and it proves that wind power industry agglomeration is existented in the four regions. The concentration ratio (CR) was used to research the market concertration in these regions, and it proves that the different industial agglomeration degree may lead to different characteristics of wind power industry. The result is that we should connect wind power industry chains in China to promote national industrial development, like the power transmission from west to east.
Study on Energy-Saving of Industrial Buildings in China
Authors: Sheng Bao Zhu
Published: July 2014

Along with the development of economic and the acceleration of urbanization,the construction is in rapid development.World energy is shortage,but building energy is rising.Now, people pay more and more attention to energy saving of building and do a lot of work for it.The energy consumption of industrial buildings covers a big share in total social energy consumption. By now,Chinese criteria and standards for energy saving design of industrial buildings are still morbid.More andmore attentions are paid to energy saving and discharge reducing nowadays.
Research on Architecture Interior Design Using Traditional Decorative Elements
Authors: Wei Tian De , Zhang Chao , Zhu Xiao Jun
Published: July 2014

This paper analyzes the features of traditional decorative elements in color, pattern and technology, and shows the decorative, nationality and cultural characteristics of them. The ways of architecture interior design are proposed. Put forward the feasibility to Mawei patterns used in interior design, and summarizes the applied regional interior space in a way and method, shows the significance and value of traditional decorative elements in the development and practical application.
Factors for Improve the Summer Microclimate of Guangfu Dwellings and its Modern Applications
Authors: Zhang Shi Yang , Zhang Nan
Published: July 2014

Guangfu dwellings affected by high temperature in summer daytime have derived a lot factors to improve indoor microclimate. Like dwellings near the water and use the layout of roadway and architectural cracks to form ventilation; high windows to form a cold air exchange; use oyster shells, creeper and overhang plants on facade to insulate heat, etc. Two cases were mentioned that used of the above factors to improved microclimate. Combined the experience of ancient buildings with modern technology and materials can improve indoor microclimate of architecture is concluded.
Research on Design of Indoor Light Environment in Modern Architecture
Authors: Chen Shuang
Published: July 2014

Light environment design is very important for the indoor environment of architecture. Create excellent light environment conducive to better access to outside information. This paper shows light environment design of indoor environment in modern architecture. Light environment design should keep up with the pace of the trend of indoor lighting, from the basic needs of the original pure satisfaction, development to the pursuit of a comfortable lighting environment, then rose to have aesthetic value of light environment art. Promote the use of green environmental protection way to create a warm indoor light environment.
Rural Community Environmental Health Evaluation Empirical Study
Authors: Xia Hong Jia , Wang Bao Gang , Wang Shuai
Published: July 2014

Ecological civilization is the development and evolution of civilization as the solution of the tense relationship between human activities and nature, the rural community construction is one of the important areas of ecological civilization, so the rural community environmental health evaluation will help to reflect the concept of ecological civilization. Take Fanggan community in Laiwu city of Shandong province for example, by interpreting the community environment health evaluation index, to explore the feasibility of the rural community environment evaluation model and index, to provide a certain reference for similar community construction.
Application of Natural Zeolites for Aquatic and Air Medium Purification
Authors: Vatin Nikolay , Chechevichkin Viktor N. , Chechevichkin Aleksey V. , Shilova Yekaterina , Yakunin Leonid A.
Published: July 2014

One of the factors that determine the humankind existence and development is the environment. Man as a biological system is a part of nature, however the cooperation between them is quite complex [1]. On the one hand, men need permanent protection against it’s negative impact, on the other hand, they are the source of these impacts themselves [1, 2].Thanks to their unique characteristics, natural zeolites (NZ) are widely applied for solution of different ecological problems as cheap and available sorbing agents and also as basics for catalytical materials that are used for aquatic and air medium purification [3, 4]. The most frequently applied NZ are clinoptilolites that are widespread on the territory of Russia [5, 6].
Numerical Simulation of Dissolved Oxygen Transfer in an Aerated Pond
Authors: Wu Guang Lin , Zhu Liang Sheng , Li Fang Cheng
Published: July 2014

Dissolved oxygen transfer in an aeration pond was studied by numerical method in this paper. 2d water pond current induced by water-wheel aerators and oxygen transfer process was simulated by finite volume method. In order to verify the relationships between current and dissolved oxygen transfer, we set 4 layout styles with 4 aerators in a water pond. It is proved that different layout styles induce different flow structures and dissolved oxygen distribution. Traditional layout (style a) is not the best way for oxygen transfer, and other styles (style b, c &d) are all superior to the traditional layout. But water flow structures are not the same results. Water circulation performance is style a, c, b, d in sequence. Style c (flow to corners along pond wall) is the best way by comprehensive consideration of both water circulation performances and dissolved oxygen distribution.
Electrochemical Oxidation of the Effluent from Coking Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Ti/RuO2-IrO2 Electrode
Authors: Wang Jian Bing , Yang Chun Li , Duan Xue Jiao , Wang Tian Yue , Wang Ya Hua , Wang Yu Chen
Published: July 2014

This paper explored the electrochemical oxidation of coking wastewater with Ti/RuO2-IrO2 anode. The effects of electrodes connections, area-volume ratio and aeration on the removal efficiency were studied and the ammonia removal mechanism was investigated. The results show that the highest NH4+-N and COD removal efficiency and current efficiency are achieved at the area-volume ratio of 14.44m2/m3 and electrode distance of 0.5cm. Unipolar connection is better than bipolar connection. For electrochemical oxidation of ammonia, the chloride ion is the main factor affecting nitrogen removal. NH4+-N is removed mainly by the oxidation of hypochlorous.
Analysis of Water Quality Assessment Model Based on the SPA Theory
Authors: Gao Su Di , Luo Qing Lin , Wei Yan Jun , Chen Qian Qian
Published: July 2014

The comprehensive evaluation of water quality is an important foundation work for environmental planning and management.Because of the characteristics of fuzziness and impreciseness of river water system, the water quality assessment model based on the set pair analysis theory (WQA-SPA) for evaluating water quality of the river mainstream is proposed. The WQA-SPA model couples fuzzy logic theory and set pair analysis theory, combining identity、discrepancy and contrary (IDC). According to this model, the water level recognition results and the membership of various levels can be calculated by using the river water quality data. Research shows that the evaluation result is accurate, credible. It has a certain value in the comprehensive evaluation of various types of known systems.
Analysis of Landscape Space Meta-Structure in Regional Settlement
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Gui Wen
Published: July 2014

The regional settlement has close relationship with the environment of specific terrain, and formed integrated and vivid human settlement landscape system through human’s social living and practice. Taking the analysis view of studying space structure of landscape form, this paper is trying to find out a new study clue for traditional settlement configuration in specific region – the element of landscape space structure - the meta structure as the object, and aim to provide a practical theory and method for regional traditional settlement study.
Analysis of Problems of Online Monitoring about Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Source through Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Gao Xue , You Kun , Fu Jin Xiang
Published: July 2014

The analytic hierarchy process is a comprehensive evaluation method, which is a combination of qualitative analysis method and quantitative analysis method, it can simplify the complex problems; this article mainly introduces the features and specific algorithm,carry out a comprehensive evaluation concerning about analysis of problems of on line monitoring about liaohe rive basin water pollution source through layers analyzing method, and compare the rankings to provide thinking for the improvement and optimization of the on line monitoring about liaohe rive basin water pollution source.
Comparisons and Decisions on Construction Methods from an Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Perspective
Authors: Mao Yi Hua , Han Bing Xi
Published: July 2014

This paper established a evaluation model of construction methods aiming at the key indexes including energy consumption, carbon emission and cost. The model disassembles the energy consumption and carbon emission into four parts, i.e. labor, material, transportation, and manufacture construction. The corresponding module calculation method is proposed. A calculation example is presented. It is about a comparison among five typical foundation treatments. With this evaluation model, the performance ranking is yielded, which is cement-flyash-gravle pile, vibroflotation, high-pressure jet grouting, cement deep mixing, sand-gravle pile.
Diffusion Model of Atmospheric Fine Particles PM2.5 under the Direction of the Wind
Authors: Li Jia Yang , Guo Feng , Li Ya Nan
Published: July 2014

The causes of atmospheric fine particles PM2.5 are complicated and are influenced by multiple factors conditions. Considering the analysis of the diffusion problem under the direction of the wind change, this paper proposes a gray theory and a new way of combining Gaussian plume model, namely the MGM - Gaussian plume diffusion model. Draw the diffusion area of PM2.5 under the influence of the wind.
The Influence of Coastal Development on Ecological Environmental in Hebei Province
Authors: Li Zhi Wei , Cui Li Tuo
Published: July 2014

Based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and relavant references,the the evaluation index system,the evaluation method and the grading criteria of ecological environment effect were established.Using this evaluation system,the influence of Hebei coastal development activities onecological environmental was analysed.The results show that the influence of coastal development on ecological environment in Hebei Province showed the trend of smaller→general→greater from 1984 to 2010 and acceptance degree evolved from the acceptable to unacceptable level.The main reason for this change is reclamation activities,the development of marine industry and population growth.The influence of development activity on ecological environment also show some difference in space,of which Qinhuangdao is smaller,followed by Cangzhou and Tangshan is greater.Moreover,the influence on ecological environment of Cangzhou and Tangshan reaches unacceptable level and need to further strengthen the restoration and protection of ecological environment.
The Influence of Estimated Pollution Range on the Groundwater Pollution Source Identification Method Based on the Simple Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Long Yu Qiao , Wu Chun Yong , Wang Jian Ping
Published: July 2014

The optimization approach is common approach to solve complex PSI issues. Most researches on the optimization approach focus on the solution method of the optimization model and improving modeling efficiency. In this paper, we give our effort on the influence of estimated pollution range on the groundwater PSI problem and discuss the efficiency and accuracy of 1D and 2D PSI problems. The estimated pollution range of PSI problem could affect how much calculated time would be consumed. The bigger the estimated range is, the more time is consumed. Increasing the dimension of the PSI problem will increase the estimated range greatly, and leads to a great time consuming. A slight movement of the estimated source in the direction perpendicular to the major migrate direction leads to big bias between the calculated source location and the real location. The chance that optimization model falls into the local optimum location is growing in the major migration direction.
The Summarized Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in the City Soil
Authors: Lu Ting , Xu Chang Chun , Pan Guang Wei , Qin Yan , Tang Hong
Published: July 2014

Summarized the advance of research on biological effects of heavy metal pollution sources, city content in the soil, chemical forms of distribution, accumulation and pollution restoration in recent years, in order to provide reference for the related research, environmental decision-making and environmental management.
Field Study of Improvement Mechanism of Geogrid-Reinforced and Pile-Supported Embankment
Authors: Lian Feng , Liu Zhi , Xu Jie , Wang Qiang , Hu Xian Hu , Wu Hao
Published: July 2014

Two experimental areas in a highway soft soil ground treatment project in Guangdong Province were designed to investigate the improvement mechanism of geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported embankment(GRPS).The experimental results showed: In End-bearing Pile Area,the differential settlement between pile and soil was bigger than that of Floating Pile Area,so the bearing capacity of soil was exerted to a certain extent in Floating Pile Area. The bearing efficacy of soil below the pile cap was little, so the replacement ratio of composite foundation could be calculated according to the pile cap dimension. The load transfer efficacy of the geogrid was better than that of the soil arch. Five kinds of methods were used to evaluate the soil arch in the fill and it was indicated that the results calculated by the BS8006 method and Carlsson method was close to the experimental data which was smaller than results calculated by Hewlett method and Terzaghi method, bigger than Guido method. Through the analysis of the pile-soil stress ratio, the improvement mechanism of the two types of GRPS were revealed.
The Analysis of the Thickness of the Layers Influence on Graded Broken Stone Stress State
Authors: Ma Shi Jie , Wang Xiao Yan , Hu Zong Wen
Published: July 2014

Graded broken stone has good road performance and it gradually began to adopt in strengthening the domestic old road or the new road design, because it is the repose of aggregate materials ,can effectively prevent the occurrence of reflection cracking and has good bearing capacity. Graded broken stone material has obvious stress dependent characteristics and the stress strain curve is nonlinear variation. Stress state and its place in the structure of pavement layer, layer thickness and modulus of the structure are directly related. Therefore, the paper has analyzed the thickness of each layer in the design of reinforcement structure impacting on the grading macadam stress state.
Construction Technology Urumqi Outer Ring Expressway Road Reconstruction Project Expansion
Authors: Cheng Yu Lan
Published: July 2014

With the continued rapid economic development in recent years, Urumqi, vehicle scale continues to expand, prompting the city traffic was a rapid growth trend, Outer Ring Road as a fast loop only existing within the city limits, borne traffic has far exceeded the original design prediction traffic volume and the actual capacity, resulting in a number of sections, interchange nodes, often made of ramp entrances become congested road, the outer ring road to solve the congestion problem, and it needs to be rebuilt to meet the expansion needs of the new era. Urumqi City East Outer Ring Expressway road expansion reconstruction project, for example, to explore the elevated expansion of the project construction methods, summarize experience in construction, hoping to provide a reference for future similar projects.
Research on Ice-Broken Effect of Granulated Rubber Asphalt Mixture High-Elastic Deck Pavement on Bridge
Authors: Yang Yong Shou
Published: July 2014

They are researched about the influence of ice-broken performance of granulated crumb rubber amount of admixture, thickness of pavement layer, thickness of ice layer and temperature to granulated crumb rubber asphalt mixture by the method of laboratory simulation test. From the research it is indicated that the closer the granulated crumb rubber approach to upper surface of mixture, the larger the amount of admixture is, the more thickness the surface of granulated crumb rubber asphalt mixture is, the better effect of wiping ice off will be. With the reduction of temperature and increase of ice layer thickness, the effect of wiping ice off through granulated crumb rubber asphalt mixture will weaken gradually.
Study of Static Mechanical Properties of Aeolian Sand
Authors: Zhang Hong , Wang Zhi Yuan , Liu Rong Xing , Li Liang
Published: July 2014

Pavement performance of aeolian sand as roadbed filling in the desert area has its particularity which is different from ordinary fill. Based on the analysis of the basic physical properties of aeolian sand by laboratory test,the influence laws of resilient modulus and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) static indexes of the aeolian sand are studied by moisture content, dry density, degree of compaction according to engineering in desert area of Khorchin of Inner Mongolia. The results benefit to the similar engineering construction in this area.
Safety Design on Small Radius Curve of Mountain Road
Authors: You Run Wei
Published: July 2014

Bend of small radius curve is accident-prone locations. Taking small radius curve as research object, by researching on traveling track and design of widening small radius curve, super elevation, center line as well as security problems of traffic facilities, puts forward measures on safety design on small radius curve of mountain road.
Universal and targeted early home visiting: perspectives of public health nurses, managers and mothers
Authors: Aston Megan , Price Sheri , Etowa Josephine , Vukic Adele , Young Linda , Hart Christine , MacLeod Emily , Randel Patricia
Published: July 2014

Early home visits provided by public health nurses (PHNs) around the world have been proven to positively impact physical, social, emotional and mental health outcomes of mothers and babies. Most of the research has focused on home visiting programs delivered by public health nurses and lay home visitors to support at risk or targeted mothers. Little research has been conducted to examine universal home visiting programs for mothers who are perceived to be lower-risk. The purpose of this research was to explore how universal and targeted early home visiting programs for mothers and babies were organized, delivered and experienced through the everyday practices of PHNs, mothers, and managers in one city in Atlantic Canada. Feminist post-structuralism was used to collect and analyze data through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with 16 PHNs, 16 mothers and 4 managers. Personal, social and institutional discourses of program delivery were examined using discourse analysis. Four main themes of the study include: i) understanding targeted and universal programming; ii) health outcomes; iii) building relationships; and iv) exploring a new surveillance. This article will discuss the first theme; understanding targeted and universal programming.
Tele-nuclear medicine
Authors: Sabbah Nathanael , Wynchank Sinclair
Published: July 2014

This article presents a description of tele-nuclear medicine and, after outlining its history, a wide, representative range of its applications. Tele-nuclear medicine has benefited greatly from technological progress, which for several decades has provided greater data transfer rates and storage capacity at steadily decreasing cost. Differences in the practice of nuclear medicine between developed and developing countries arise mainly from disparities in their available infrastructure, funding and education levels of personnel involved. Consequently there are different emphases in their tele-nuclear medicine, which are elaborated. It is concluded that tele-nuclear medicine is important for all countries, but the emphasis on its application may differ between developed and developing nations, with an emphasis on distance learning in the latter.
Instructional architectures and electronic technology – A multidisciplinary imperative for Nigeria
Authors: Ngozi AB , Okafor G
Published: July 2014

Innovative practices in education continue to pose some serious challenges to teachers who want to discharge their chore to the satisfaction of all   stakeholders in education. A significant innovation needed in the Nigerian classrooms is the teacher re-envisioning of self and job. This implies and includes the forging of interdisciplinary relationships that enhance instructional architectures that would amplify and situate electronic technology in the Nigerian classroomsKey words: instruction, electronic devices, multidisciplinary.
Comparative study of the influence of lecture and demonstration methods on the teaching of Agricultural Science in Senior Secondary Schools in Bende Local Government Area
Authors: Obunadike JC , Omeye CC
Published: July 2014

Teaching methods are teacher’s skills and manipulations on the subject matter and the desired responses from the learner. With the application of effective method, the teaching of agricultural science will be facilitated. The study compared the influence of lecture method and demonstration  method on the teaching of agricultural science. One research question and one null hypothesis guided the study. The design of the study was  descriptive survey design. 266 senior secondary school students from 6 schools in Bende Local Government Area formed the sample. A  questionnaire structured by the researchers on 4 point response scale was used for data collection. The reliability of the instrument was calculated to be 0.60 using Cronbach alpha. Mean ratings were used in answering the research question while correlation was used to analyse the null hypothesis at P<0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that demonstration is one of the best methods used in the teaching of agricultural science in senior secondary schools. The findings equally revealed that demonstration method exposes students more to all the practicals in agriculture and equally enhances understanding. Based on the findings, recommendations were made among which are that government should ensure that all the practical facilities, machineries and tools needed for the teaching of agricultural science are provided in schools. Student teachers should be employed in schools.
Blending critical thinking skills with the teaching of subject matter: Case of a geography lesson in a Malawi School
Authors: Mgomezulu VY , Shawa LB , Wamba NG
Published: July 2014

Critical thinking skills are essential in education. Unfortunately, education policymakers and curriculum developers in Malawi have not given a   concerted effort to promoting critical thinking skills in schools. OSISA has indicated that there is no clear evidence in the Malawi primary and   secondary school curricula that promoting critical thinking is considered   important. In this paper, we examine the definitions of critical thinking,   creative thinking, reflective thinking and we are of the view that there is a level of overlap amongst them. We also look at how the behaviours of   egocentrism and sociocentrism can undermine critical thinking. The study draws on Piaget and Vygotsky’s theory of (social) constructivism to advance approaches and practices that teachers can employ to promote critical   thinking in learners. We develop a lesson plan that incorporates critical  thinking skills and show how teachers can correct egocentric and    sociocentric tendencies that might impede critical thinking in learners. We  claim that students equipped with critical thinking skills can contribute   intellectually, socially, culturally and economically to society.Key words: critical thinking, social constructivism, lesson plan, egocentric, sociocentric
Enhancing chemistry teaching in secondary schools: An alternative teaching approach
Authors: Nbina JB , Mmaduka OA
Published: July 2014

This study adopted the quasi-experimental research design to examine the alterative teaching methods in secondary chemistry using the cooperative instructional strategy dimension. The sample consists of two hundred and thirty (230) Senior Secondary two (SS II) chemistry students were drawn from three out of ten (10) public secondary schools in Tai Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Two research instruments were developed for the study: Researcher’s Instructional Packages for solving Chemistry Problems (RIP) and Chemistry Performance Test (CPT). The instrument was validated and its reliability of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula value of 0.62. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The instrument was  administered on both the experimental group and Control group. The  results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the performance of chemistry students exposed to cooperative instructional  strategy and conventional teaching method. The cooperative instructional  strategy was found to be more effective in enhancing better performance of the learners. Some recommendations were also made among which were  that the current prevailing teaching and learning approach should be  restructured. Key Words: Teaching Approach, chemistry, Cooperative  Instructional Strategy, Secondary school, Performance and Students.
Evaluation of Marginal Bone Level around Platform-Switched Implants
Authors: Kapoor Karan , Singh Raj Gaurav , Puri Aanchal , Mittal Rohit
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The long-term success of an implant depends on the stability of bone support for the implant. Most crestal bone loss occurs in the first year of implant placement. Platform-switching is an approach which can be clinically applied to preserve the crestal bone. The concept of ‘platform switching’ refers to the use of a smaller-diameter abutment on a larger-diameter implant collar. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate crestal bone level around platform-switched implants.

Materials and methods

Twenty implants with 5 mm diameter were placed in mandibular molar region. All implants had been placed at the crestal level at the time of surgery. Radiographs with grid were obtained 3, 6 and 12 months after loading and were evaluated by screen caliper software measuring the location of the crestal bone level relative to the implant platform.

Results

The implants showed a mean bone loss of 0.76 ± 0.1265 mm on mesial side and 0.72 ± 0.1481 mm on distal side after 1 year.

Conclusion

The findings of the current trial indicated that the use platform-switched implants lead to better preservation of crestal bone.

How to cite this article

Kapoor K, Singh RG, Puri A, Sharma A, Mittal R. Evaluation of Marginal Bone Level around Platform- Switched Implants. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(1): 6-10.
Muslim Societies in West Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives in Digital Form
Authors: Robinson David
Published: July 2014

Over the past decade, Matrix, the Center for Digital Humanities and Social Sciences at Michigan State University, has developed digital galleries blending text, sound, and image to portray the history of islamization and the practice of Islam in West Africa with support from NSF, TICFIA, and the NEH. The featured areas have been Ghana (as a Muslim minority country), and Senegal (as a Muslim majority area), as well as Gambia and Mauritania. The emphasis has been on the diversity, tolerance, and pluralism of Islamic practice in historical and contemporary terms, on female and male practitioners, and on laypeople as well as clergy. We have used European archives, Arabic and ajami documents, interviews, and a range of other sources to tell stories and show practices. The portal for this material is www.aodl.org. This article outlines some of the galleries that we have built; others will be added over the next two years. The authors of the galleries are faculty at Indiana University, Michigan State, Harvard, Boston University, and James Madison University. The designer of the galleries has been Catherine Foley, Director of Digital Library and Archive Projects at MATRIX, and the author of “Developing Materials for a Digital Library Gallery” in this issue of Islamic Africa.
The climate impact of ship NOx emissions: an improved estimate accounting for plume chemistry
Authors: Holmes C. D. , Prather M. J. , Vinken G. C. M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from maritime shipping produce ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which in turn destroy methane (CH4). The balance between this warming (due to O3) and cooling (due to CH4) determines the net effect of ship NOx on climate. Previous estimates of the chemical impact and radiative forcing (RF) of ship NOx have generally assumed that plumes of ship exhaust are instantly diluted into model grid cells spanning hundreds of kilometers, even though this is known to produce biased results. Here we improve the parametric representation of exhaust-gas chemistry developed in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM) to provide the first estimate of RF from shipping that accounts for sub-grid-scale ship plume chemistry. The CTM now calculates O3 production and CH4 loss both within and outside the exhaust plumes and also accounts for the effect of wind speed. With the improved modeling of plumes, ship NOx perturbations are smaller than suggested by the ensemble of past global modeling studies, but if we assume instant dilution of ship NOx on the grid scale, the CTM reproduces previous model results. Our best estimates of the RF components from increasing ship NOx emissions by 1 Tg(N) yr−1 are smaller than that given in the past literature: + 3.4 ± 0.85 mW m−2 (1σ confidence interval) from the short-lived ozone increase, −5.7 ± 1.3 mW m−2 from the CH4 decrease, and −1.7 ± 0.7 mW m−2 from the long-lived O3 decrease that accompanies the CH4 change. The resulting net RF is −4.0 ± 2.0 mW m−2 for emissions of 1 Tg(N) yr−1. Due to non-linearity in O3 production as a function of background NOx, RF from large changes in ship NOx emissions, such as the increase since preindustrial times, is about 20% larger than this RF value for small marginal emission changes. Using sensitivity tests in one CTM, we quantify sources of uncertainty in the RF components and causes of the ±30% spread in past model results; the main source of uncertainty is the composition of the background atmosphere in the CTM, which is driven by model formulation (±10 to 20%) and the plausible range of anthropogenic emissions (±10%).
Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space-based measurements during the past decade
Authors: Yoon J. , Burrows J. P. , Vountas M. , von Hoyningen-Huene W. , Chang D. Y. , Richter A. , Hilboll A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The role and potential management of short-lived atmospheric pollutants such as aerosols are currently a topic of scientific and public debates. Our limited knowledge of atmospheric aerosol and its influence on the Earth's radiation balance has a significant impact on the accuracy and error of current predictions of future climate change. In the last few years, there have been several accounts of the changes in atmospheric aerosol derived from satellite observations, but no study considering the uncertainty caused by different/limited temporal sampling of polar-orbiting satellites and cloud disturbance in the trend estimates of cloud-free aerosol optical thickness (AOT). This study presents an approach to minimize the uncertainties by use of weighted least-squares regression and multiple satellite-derived AOTs from the space-born instruments, MODIS (onboard Terra from 2000 to 2009 and Aqua form 2003 to 2008), MISR (Terra from 2000 to 2010), and SeaWiFS (OrbView-2 from 1998 to 2007) and thereby provides more convincing trend estimates for atmospheric aerosols during the past decade. The AOT decreases over western Europe (i.e., by up to about −40% from 2003 to 2008). In contrast, a statistically significant increase (about +34% in the same period) over eastern China is observed and can be attributed to the increase in both industrial output and Asian desert dust.
Forest canopy interactions with nucleation mode particles
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Hornsby K. E. , Novick K. A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Forests play a key role in removal of particles from the atmosphere but may also significantly contribute to formation and growth of ultrafine particles. Ultrafine particle size distributions through a deciduous forest canopy indicate substantial capture of nucleation mode particles by the foliage. Concentrations decline with depth into the canopy, such that nucleation mode number concentrations at the bottom of the canopy are an average of 16% lower than those at the top. However, growth rates of nucleation mode particles (diameters 6–30 nm) are invariant with height within the canopy, which implies that the semi-volatile gases contributing to their growth are comparatively well-mixed through the canopy. Growth rates of nucleation mode particles during a meteorological drought year (2012) were substantially lower than during a meteorologically normal year with high soil water potential (2013). This may reflect suppression of actual BVOC emissions by drought and thus reduced production of condensable products (and thus particle growth) during the drought-affected vegetation season. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that growth rates during the normal year exhibit a positive correlation with emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) modeled based on observed forest composition, leaf area index, temperature and PAR, but particle growth rates during the drought-affected vegetation season are not correlated with modeled BVOC emissions. These data thus provide direct evidence for the importance of canopy capture in atmospheric particle budgets and indirect evidence that drought-stress in forests may reduce BVOC emissions and limit growth of nucleation mode particles to climate-relevant sizes.
Aerosol microphysical retrievals from precision filter radiometer direct solar radiation measurements and comparison with AERONET
Authors: Kazadzis S. , Veselovskii I. , Amiridis V. , Gröbner J. , Suvorina A. , Nyeki S. , Gerasopoulos E. , Kouremeti N. , Taylor M. , Tsekeri A. , Wehrli C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Synchronized sun-photometric measurements from the AERONET-CIMEL (AErosol RObotic NETwork) and GAW-PFR (Global Atmospheric Watch–Precision Filter Radiometer) aerosol networks are used to compare retrievals of the aerosol optical depth (AOD), effective radius, and volume concentration during a high-temporal-resolution measurement campaign at the Athens site in the Mediterranean Basin from 14 to 22 July 2009. During this period, direct-sun AOD retrievals from both instruments exhibited small differences in the range 0.01–0.02. The AODs measured with CIMEL and PFR instruments were inverted to retrieve particle microphysical properties using the linear estimation (LE) technique. For low aerosol loads (AOD < 0.2), measurements of the effective radius by the PFR were found to be −20% to +30% different from CIMEL values for both direct-sun data and inversion data. At higher loads (AOD > 0.4), measurements of the effective radius by the PFR are consistently 20 % lower than CIMEL for both direct-sun and inversion data. Volume concentrations at low aerosol loads from the PFR are up to 80% higher than the CIMEL for direct-sun data but are up to 20% lower when derived from inversion data under these same conditions. At higher loads, the percentage difference in volume concentrations from the PFR and CIMEL is systematically negative, with inversion data predicting differences 30% lower than those obtained from direct-sun data. An assessment of the effect of errors in the AOD retrieval on the estimation of PFR bulk parameters was performed and demonstrates that it is possible to estimate the particle volume concentration and effective radius with an uncertainty < 65% when AOD < 0.2 and when input errors are as high as 10%.
MIPAS temperature from the stratosphere to the lower thermosphere: comparison of version vM21 with ACE-FTS, MLS, OSIRIS, SABER, SOFIE and lidar measurements
Authors: García-Comas M. , Funke B. , Gardini A. , López-Puertas M. , Jurado-Navarro A. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. , Kiefer M. , Boone C. D. , Leblanc T. , Marshall B. T. , Schwartz M. J. , Sheese P. E.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We present vM21 MIPAS temperatures from the lower stratosphere to the lower thermosphere, which cover all optimized resolution measurements performed by MIPAS in the Middle Atmosphere, Upper Atmosphere and NoctiLucent Cloud modes during its lifetime. i.e., from January 2005 to March 2012. The main upgrades with respect to the previous version of MIPAS temperatures (vM11) are the update of the spectroscopic database, the use of a different climatology of atomic oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the improvement of important technical aspects of the retrieval setup (temperature gradient along the line of sight and offset regularizations, apodization accuracy). Additionally, an updated version of ESA calibrated L1b spectra (5.02/5.06) is used. The vM21 temperatures correct the main systematic errors of the previous version because they on average provide a 1–2 K warmer stratopause and middle mesosphere, and a 6–10 K colder mesopause (except in high latitude summers) and lower thermosphere. These lead to a remarkable improvement of MIPAS comparisons with ACE-FTS, MLS, OSIRIS, SABER, SOFIE and the two Rayleigh lidars at Mauna Loa and Table Mountain, that, with few specific exceptions, typically exhibit differences smaller than 1 K below 50 km and than 2 K at 50–80 km in spring, autumn, winter at all latitudes, and summer at low to mid-latitudes. Differences in the high latitude summers are typically smaller than 1 K below 50 km, smaller than 2 K at 50–65 km and 5 K at 65–80 km. Differences with the other instruments in the mid-mesosphere are generally negative. MIPAS mesopause is within 4 K of the other instruments measurements, except in the high latitude summers, where it is within 5–10 K of the other instruments, being warmer than SABER, MLS and OSIRIS and colder than ACE-FTS and SOFIE. The agreement in the lower thermosphere is typically better than 5 K, except for high latitudes during spring and summer, where MIPAS usually exhibits larger vertical gradients.
Multidecadal time series of satellite-detected accumulations of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Kahru M. , Elmgren R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Cyanobacteria, primarily of the species \\textit{Nodularia spumigena}, form extensive surface accumulations in the Baltic Sea in July and August, ranging from diffuse flakes to dense surface scums. The area of these accumulations can reach ~ 200 000 km2. We describe the compilation of a 35-year-long time series (1979–2013) of cyanobacteria surface accumulations in the Baltic Sea using multiple satellite sensors. This appears to be one of the longest satellite-based time series in biological oceanography. The satellite algorithm is based on remote sensing reflectance of the water in the red band, a measure of turbidity. Validation of the satellite algorithm using horizontal transects from a ship of opportunity showed the strongest relationship with phycocyanin fluorescence (an indicator of cyanobacteria), followed by turbidity and then by chlorophyll a fluorescence. The areal fraction with cyanobacteria accumulations (FCA) and the total accumulated area affected (TA) were used to characterize the intensity and extent of the accumulations. The fraction with cyanobacteria accumulations was calculated as the ratio of the number of detected accumulations to the number of cloud-free sea-surface views per pixel during the season (July–August). The total accumulated area affected was calculated by adding the area of pixels where accumulations were detected at least once during the season. The fraction with cyanobacteria accumulations and TA were correlated (R2 = 0.55) and both showed large interannual and decadal-scale variations. The average FCA was significantly higher for the second half of the time series (13.8%, 1997–2013) than for the first half (8.6%, 1979–1996). However, that does not seem to represent a long-term trend but decadal-scale oscillations. Cyanobacteria accumulations were common in the 1970s and early 1980s (FCA between 11–17%), but rare (FCA below 4%) during 1985–1990; they increased again starting in 1991 and particularly in 1999, reaching maxima in FCA (~ 25%) and TA (~ 210 000 km2) in 2005 and 2008. After 2008, FCA declined to more moderate levels (6–17%). The timing of the accumulations has become earlier in the season, at a mean rate of 0.6 days per year, resulting in approximately 20 days advancement during the study period. The interannual variations in FCA are positively correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll a during July–August sampled at the depth of ~ 5 m by a ship of opportunity, but interannual variations in FCA are more pronounced as the coefficient of variation is over 5 times higher.