bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La société thasienne et l'Empire sous les Julio-Claudiens : deux inscriptions inédites
Authors: Fournier Julien
Published: November 2016

Since the 1970s, the excavations on Thasos have brought to light two inscriptions relating to the imperial family. The first, dated between 14 and 29 AD, is owed to Komis, the priestess of Livia. Engraved on the back face of the north-west portico, it was the dedication of the exedra in the west part of the agora. The second, completed by a fragment discovered in 2006, is the dedication of a statue for Agrippa Postumus, adoptive son of Augustus honoured as a benefactor in the ancestral tradition. The two texts attest to the transformations in monumentality and in Thasian society at the beginning of the Empire.
De nouveaux notables dans la colonie de Philippes
Authors: Brélaz Cédric , Frei-Stolba Regula , Rizakis Athanassios , Zannis Angelos G.
Published: November 2016

Les auteurs présentent la publication préliminaire de sept inscriptions inédites provenant de la colonie romaine de Philippes dans la province de Macédoine. Ces inscriptions font connaître de nouveaux notables locaux actifs dans la colonie au cours du Ier et du IIe siècles apr. J.-C. On note parmi eux un soldat originaire de Philippes ayant fait carrière dans les cohortes de vigiles à Rome, ainsi que plusieurs magistrats municipaux et sévirs augustaux philippiens. Toutes les inscriptions ayant trait aux institutions de la colonie, en même temps que celles mentionnant des membres des ordres sénatorial et équestre ainsi que des soldats, seront reprises prochainement dans le premier volume du Corpus des inscriptions grecques et latines de Philippes. Le rassemblement du matériel épigraphique relatif à l'administration municipale et impériale à Philippes, enrichi de nombreux inédits, permettra de renouveler notre connaissance des structures sociales et politiques de la colonie.
Le lotissement de terres à Delphes au IIe siècle après. J.-C. Du texte au terrain
Authors: Rousset Denis , Tirologos Georges , Fadin Lionel
Published: November 2016

A law of Delphi dating from the 2nd c. AD demonstrates that in the imperial period the city made two successive redistributions of land on part of its territory. It has been suggested that the area so redistributed could have been the plateau of Desphina in Mount Kirphis. Is this deduction based on the literary sources confirmed by examination of the terrain? The present article suggests an answer that bears at once on the history of Delphi and on methods of research into ancient cadastral records. In order to discover the fossilised remains of a land division, orthogonal grids were investigated on an {orthophotoplan}, after which an attempt was made through inspection in the field to identify and even to date the lines that could be seen in this way. The method, applied in accordance with expressly defined criteria and limits, does not make it possible with due rigour to affirm the existence of material remains of an ancient redistribution of land on the Desphina plateau.
Factors Moderating and Mediating Visitors' Perceptions About Local Foods in Tanzania
Authors: Mgonja John T. , Backman Kenneth F. , Backman Sheila J. , Moore Dewayne D. , Hallo Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2016

Although Tanzania is well known for the quality of its natural and cultural resources, its food tourism linkages has largely remained unknown and unexplored. In recent years, the use of local foods in tourism has grown considerably and has become one of the most dynamic and creative
segments of the tourism industry in the world. Most studies on food tourism networks have focused on the economic, environmental, and sociocultural impacts, while relatively little research has examined factors moderating and mediating international visitors' perceptions on local foods in
destinations they visit. The study population consisted of international tourists departing from Kilimanjaro International Airport (n = ;520, response rate = 1;88.8%). Data were analyzed using general linear model (GLM) univariate from SPSS software and confirmatory factor analysis
(CFA). The results demonstrated that knowledge on sustainability mediate the relationships between visitors' education and total perception about local foods in Tanzania. Further results illustrated that gender of the respondents moderate the relationship between individuals' income and their
total perception about local foods in Tanzania. This research not only highlights some key factors regarding perception of local foods but may also help explore how existing policy options should be polished to encourage food tourism linkages.
Local Cuisine as a Potential Tourism Attractor and Marker of National Identity in Botswana
Authors: Mahachi-Chatibura Delly
Published: November 2016

Contemporary gastronomic studies acknowledge the importance of local cuisine as a fundamental component of a destination's attributes, qualifying its status as a tourist attraction. However, this status in Botswana is presently underdeveloped, despite the huge untapped potential presented
by the local Setswana cuisine as an option for tourism diversification. Using the cultural capital theory, this study assessed two main symbolisms of food consumption in tourism: the acceptance of local cuisine (hence tourism potential) and its role as a marker of national identity. An expert
opinion survey incorporating the views of a typical case purposive sample of 63 food and beverage managers, tourism administrators, and academics in Gaborone was used to assess these two forms of symbolisms. From a list of 28 cuisine types compiled through literature review, experts highly
regarded seswaa (pound boiled beef), both in terms of tourism potential and as a marker of national identity. A fourgrid tourism potential national identity matrix developed from this study also identified 12 cuisine types that could receive high priority in the development of cuisine
tourism in Botswana. However, despite this recognition, there is limited culinary infrastructure and cultural capital that could be used to transform or create a culinary staging that could move this potential into touristic value. Therefore, the study recommends increased appreciation of
traditional cuisine as tourism resources, through the creation of appropriate touristic add-ons and continued research in identifying the specific attributes of such cuisine that could be used as unique selling points.
Between Tradition and Innovation: The Case of El Celler De Can Roca
Authors: Aulet Sílvia , Mundet Lluís , Roca Josep
Published: November 2016

El Celler de Can Roca restaurant in Girona, which is run by the three Roca brothers and was awarded three Michelin stars in November 2009, was named the best restaurant in the world in 2013 and 2015 by the British publication The Restaurant Magazine. However, the history of this
restaurant dates back much further. Joan, Josep, and Jordi were raised in a family dedicated to the restaurant business. The three brothers grew up in the kitchen of the family-owned restaurant their parents still run today, learning the wide range of traditional Catalan recipes from their
mother. This article presents the creative process followed by the three brothers and how this links tradition and innovation on the basis of 13 key elements: academia, memory, tradition, contrast, landscape, wine, chromaticism, product, audacity, magic, transversality, idealism, and sense
of humor. The article demonstrates how the brothers articulate the discourse of the Celler de Can Roca menu, a veritable declaration of principles and philosophy rooted in the local region.
NEOSURVEY 1: INITIAL RESULTS FROM THE WARM SPITZER EXPLORATION SCIENCE SURVEY OF NEAR-EARTH OBJECT PROPERTIES
Authors: Trilling David E. , Mommert Michael , Hora Joseph , Chesley Steve , Emery Joshua , Fazio Giovanni , Harris Alan , Mueller Michael , Smith Howard
Published: November 2016

Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are small solar system bodies whose orbits bring them close to the Earth’s orbit. We are carrying out a Warm Spitzer Cycle 11 Exploration Science program entitled NEOSurvey—a fast and efficient flux-limited survey of 597 known NEOs in which we derive a diameter and albedo for each target. The vast majority of our targets are too faint to be observed by NEOWISE, though a small sample has been or will be observed by both observatories, which allows for a cross-check of our mutual results. Our primary goal is to create a large and uniform catalog of NEO properties. We present here the first results from this new program: fluxes and derived diameters and albedos for 80 NEOs, together with a description of the overall program and approach, including several updates to our thermal model. The largest source of error in our diameter and albedo solutions, which derive from our single-band thermal emission measurements, is uncertainty in η, the beaming parameter used in our thermal modeling; for albedos, improvements in solar system absolute magnitudes would also help significantly. All data and derived diameters and albedos from this entire program are being posted on a publicly accessible Web page at nearearthobjects.nau.edu.
CLUSTER GLIMPSES WITH RAVEN: AO-CORRECTED NEAR AND MID-INFRARED IMAGES OF GLIMPSE C01 AND GLIMPSE C02∗

†
Authors: Davidge T. J. , Andersen D. R. , Lardière O. , Bradley C. , Blain C. , Oya S. , Terada H. , Hayano Y. , Lamb M. , Akiyama M. , Ono Y. H. , Suzuki G.
Published: November 2016

We discuss images of the star clusters GLIMPSE C01 (GC01) and GLIMPSE C02 (GC02) that were recorded with the Subaru IRCS. Distortions in the wavefront were corrected with the RAVEN adaptive optics (AO) science demonstrator, allowing individual stars in the central regions of both clusters—where the fractional contamination from non-cluster objects is lowest—to be imaged. In addition to J, H, and K′ images, both clusters were observed through a narrow-band filter centered near 3.05 μm; GC01 was also observed through two other narrow-band filters that sample longer wavelengths. Stars in the narrow-band images have an FWHM that is close to the telescope diffraction limit, demonstrating that open-loop AO systems like RAVEN can deliver exceptional image quality. The near-infrared color–magnitude diagram of GC01 is smeared by non-uniform extinction with a 1σ dispersion ΔA

K
 = ±0.13 mag. Spatial variations in A

K
are not related in a systematic way to location in the field. The Red Clump is identified in the K luminosity function (LF) of GC01, and a distance modulus of 13.6 is found. The K LF of GC01 is consistent with a system that is dominated by stars with an age >1 Gyr. As for GC02, the K LF is flat for K > 16, and the absence of a sub-giant branch argues against an old age if the cluster is at a distance of ∼7 kpc. Archival SPITZER [3.6] and [4.5] images of the clusters are also examined, and the red giant branch-tip is identified. It is demonstrated in the Appendix that the [3.6] surface brightness profiles of both clusters can be traced out to radii of at least 100 arcsec.
DYNAMICAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE ORIGIN OF HOT AND WARM JUPITERS WITH CLOSE FRIENDS
Authors: Antonini Fabio , Hamers Adrian S. , Lithwick Yoram
Published: November 2016

Gas giants orbiting their host star within the ice line are thought to have migrated to their current locations from farther out. Here we consider the origin and dynamical evolution of observed Jupiters, focusing on hot and warm Jupiters with outer friends. We show that the majority of the observed Jupiter pairs (20 out of 24) are dynamically unstable if the inner planet is placed at ≳1 au distance from the stellar host. This finding is at odds with formation theories that invoke the migration of such planets from semimajor axes ≳1 au due to secular dynamical processes (e.g., secular chaos, Lidov–Kozai [LK] oscillations) coupled with tidal dissipation. In fact, the results of N-body integrations show that the evolution of dynamically unstable systems does not lead to tidal migration but rather to planet ejections and collisions with the host star. This and other arguments lead us to suggest that most of the observed planets with a companion could not have been transported from farther out through secular migration processes. More generally, by using a combination of numerical and analytic techniques, we show that the high-e LK migration scenario can only account for less than 10% of all gas giants observed between 0.1 and 1 au. Simulations of multiplanet systems support this result. Our study indicates that rather than starting on highly eccentric orbits with orbital periods above 1 yr, these “warm” Jupiters are more likely to have reached the region where they are observed today without having experienced significant tidal dissipation.
DYNAMICAL MASS MEASUREMENT OF THE YOUNG SPECTROSCOPIC BINARY V343 NORMAE AaAb RESOLVED WITH THE GEMINI PLANET IMAGER
Authors: Nielsen Eric L. , Rosa Robert J. De , Wang Jason , Rameau Julien , Song Inseok , Graham James R. , Macintosh Bruce , Ammons Mark , Bailey Vanessa P. , Barman Travis S. , Bulger Joanna , Chilcote Jeffrey K. , Cotten Tara , Doyon Rene , Duchêne Gaspard , Fitzgerald Michael P. , Follette Katherine B. , Greenbaum Alexandra Z. , Hibon Pascale , Hung Li-Wei , Ingraham Patrick , Kalas Paul , Konopacky Quinn M. , Larkin James E. , Maire Jérôme , Marchis Franck , Marley Mark S. , Marois Christian , Metchev Stanimir , Millar-Blanchaer Maxwell A. , Oppenheimer Rebecca , Palmer David W. , Patience Jenny , Perrin Marshall D. , Poyneer Lisa A. , Pueyo Laurent , Rajan Abhijith , Rantakyrö Fredrik T. , Savransky Dmitry , Schneider Adam C. , Sivaramakrishnan Anand , Soummer Remi , Thomas Sandrine , Wallace J. Kent , Ward-Duong Kimberly , Wiktorowicz Sloane J. , Wolff Schuyler G.
Published: November 2016

We present new spatially resolved astrometry and photometry from the Gemini Planet Imager of the inner binary of the young multiple star system V343 Normae, which is a member of the β Pictoris (β Pic) moving group. V343 Normae comprises a K0 and mid-M star in a ∼4.5 year orbit (AaAb) and a wide 10″ M5 companion (B). By combining these data with archival astrometry and radial velocities we fit the orbit and measure individual masses for both components of

and

. Comparing to theoretical isochrones, we find good agreement for the measured masses and JHK band magnitudes of the two components consistent with the age of the β Pic moving group. We derive a model-dependent age for the β Pic moving group of 26 ± 3 Myr by combining our results for V343 Normae with literature measurements for GJ 3305, which is another group member with resolved binary components and dynamical masses.
MASS-TO-LIGHT VERSUS COLOR RELATIONS FOR DWARF IRREGULAR GALAXIES
Authors: Herrmann Kimberly A. , Hunter Deidre A. , Zhang Hong-Xin , Elmegreen Bruce G.
Published: November 2016

We have determined new relations between UBV colors and mass-to-light ratios (M/L) for dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies, as well as for transformed g′ − r′. These M/L to color relations (MLCRs) are based on stellar mass density profiles determined for 34 LITTLE THINGS dwarfs from spectral energy distribution fitting to multi-wavelength surface photometry in passbands from the FUV to the NIR. These relations can be used to determine stellar masses in dIrr galaxies for situations where other determinations of stellar mass are not possible. Our MLCRs are shallower than comparable MLCRs in the literature determined for spiral galaxies. We divided our dwarf data into four metallicity bins and found indications of a steepening of the MLCR with increased oxygen abundance, perhaps due to more line blanketing occurring at higher metallicity.
SUBMILLIMETER OBSERVATION OF JUPITER’S STRATOSPHERIC COMPOSITION: DETECTION OF CARBON MONOSULFIDE (J = 7 − 6) 19 YEARS AFTER THE COMETARY IMPACT
Authors: Iino T. , Ohyama H. , Hirahara Y. , Takahashi T. , Tsukagoshi T.
Published: November 2016

In Jupiter's stratosphere, gaseous carbon monosulfide (CS) was first discovered in 1994 by millimeter and ultraviolet observations as a product induced by the collision of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (SL9). To constrain sulfur chemistry, in 2013, 19 years after the SL9 event, we observed Jupiter's stratospheric CS J = 7 − 6 rotational transition at 0.8 mm wavelength by using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment 10 m single-dish telescope. The CS molecular line was successfully detected with 120 mK intensity in the antenna temperature scale. The obtained CS total mass shows ∼90% decrease relative to that observed in 1998. From the line shape analysis, CS is suggested to be present above the

mbar pressure level, which is comparable to that determined in 1998.
ECLIPSING BINARY STARS AS BENCHMARKS FOR TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES IN THE GAIA ERA
Authors: Stassun Keivan G. , Torres Guillermo
Published: November 2016

We present fits to the broadband photometric spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 158 eclipsing binaries (EBs) in the Tycho-2 catalog. These EBs were selected because they have highly precise stellar radii, effective temperatures, and in many cases metallicities previously determined in the literature, and thus have bolometric luminosities that are typically good to ≲10%. In most cases the available broadband photometry spans a wavelength range 0.4–10 μm, and in many cases spans 0.15–22 μm. The resulting SED fits, which have only extinction as a free parameter, provide a virtually model-independent measure of the bolometric flux at Earth. The SED fits are satisfactory for 156 of the EBs, for which we achieve typical precisions in the bolometric flux of ≈3%. Combined with the accurately known bolometric luminosity, the result for each EB is a predicted parallax that is typically precise to ≲5%. These predicted parallaxes—with typical uncertainties of 200 μas—are 4–5 times more precise than those determined by Hipparcos for 99 of the EBs in our sample, with which we find excellent agreement. There is no evidence among this sample for significant systematics in the Hipparcos parallaxes of the sort that notoriously afflicted the Pleiades measurement. The EBs are distributed over the entire sky, span more than 10 mag in brightness, reach distances of more than 5 kpc, and in many cases our predicted parallaxes should also be more precise than those expected from the Gaia first data release. The EBs studied here can thus serve as empirical, independent benchmarks for these upcoming fundamental parallax measurements.
SETI OBSERVATIONS OF EXOPLANETS WITH THE ALLEN TELESCOPE ARRAY
Authors: Harp G. R. , Richards Jon , Tarter Jill C. , Dreher John , Jordan Jane , Shostak Seth , Smolek Ken , Kilsdonk Tom , Wilcox Bethany R. , Wimberly M. K. R. , Ross John , Barott W. C. , Ackermann R. F. , Blair Samantha
Published: November 2016

We report radio SETI observations on a large number of known exoplanets and other nearby star systems using the Allen Telescope Array (ATA). Observations were made over about 19000 hr from 2009 May to 2015 December. This search focused on narrowband radio signals from a set totaling 9293 stars, including 2015 exoplanet stars and Kepler objects of interest and an additional 65 whose planets may be close to their habitable zones. The ATA observations were made using multiple synthesized beams and an anticoincidence filter to help identify terrestrial radio interference. Stars were observed over frequencies from 1 to 9 GHz in multiple bands that avoid strong terrestrial communication frequencies. Data were processed in near-real time for narrowband (0.7–100 Hz) continuous and pulsed signals with transmitter/receiver relative accelerations from −0.3 to 0.3 m s−2. A total of 1.9 × 108 unique signals requiring immediate follow-up were detected in observations covering more than 8 × 106 star-MHz. We detected no persistent signals from extraterrestrial technology exceeding our frequency-dependent sensitivity threshold of 180–310 × 10−26 W m−2.
THE COUPLED PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF GAS AND DUST IN THE IM Lup PROTOPLANETARY DISK
Authors: Cleeves L. Ilsedore , Öberg Karin I. , Wilner David J. , Huang Jane , Loomis Ryan A. , Andrews Sean M. , Czekala Ian
Published: November 2016

The spatial distribution of gas and solids in protoplanetary disks determines the composition and formation efficiency of planetary systems. A number of disks show starkly different distributions for the gas and small grains compared to millimeter–centimeter-sized dust. We present new Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array observations of the dust continuum, CO, 13CO, and C18O in the IM Lup protoplanetary disk, one of the first systems where this dust–gas dichotomy was clearly seen. The 12CO is detected out to a radius of 970 au, while the millimeter continuum emission is truncated at just 313 au. Based upon these data, we have built a comprehensive physical and chemical model for the disk structure, which takes into account the complex, coupled nature of the gas and dust and the interplay between the local and external environment. We constrain the distributions of gas and dust, the gas temperatures, the CO abundances, the CO optical depths, and the incident external radiation field. We find that the reduction/removal of dust from the outer disk exposes this region to higher stellar and external radiation and decreases the rate of freeze-out, allowing CO to remain in the gas out to large radial distances. We estimate a gas-phase CO abundance of 5% of the interstellar medium value and a low external radiation field (G
0 ≲ 4). The latter is consistent with that expected from the local stellar population. We additionally find tentative evidence for ring-like continuum substructure, suggestions of isotope-selective photodissociation, and a diffuse gas halo.
BAYESIAN EVOLUTION MODELS FOR JUPITER WITH HELIUM RAIN AND DOUBLE-DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION
Authors: Mankovich Christopher , Fortney Jonathan J. , Moore Kevin L.
Published: November 2016

Hydrogen and helium demix when sufficiently cool, and this bears on the evolution of all giant planets at large separations at or below roughly a Jupiter mass. We model the thermal evolution of Jupiter, including its evolving helium distribution following results of ab initio simulations for helium immiscibility in metallic hydrogen. After 4 Gyr of homogeneous evolution, differentiation establishes a thin helium gradient below 1 Mbar that dynamically stabilizes the fluid to convection. The region undergoes overstable double-diffusive convection (ODDC), whose weak heat transport maintains a superadiabatic temperature gradient. With a generic parameterization for the ODDC efficiency, the models can reconcile Jupiter’s intrinsix flux, atmospheric helium content, and radius at the age of the solar system if the Lorenzen et al. H–He phase diagram is translated to lower temperatures. We cast the evolutionary models in an MCMC framework to explore tens of thousands of evolutionary sequences, retrieving probability distributions for the total heavy-element mass, the superadiabaticity of the temperature gradient due to ODDC, and the phase diagram perturbation. The adopted SCvH-I equation of state (EOS) favors inefficient ODDC such that a thermal boundary layer is formed, allowing the molecular envelope to cool rapidly while the deeper interior actually heats up over time. If the overall cooling time is modulated with an additional free parameter to imitate the effect of a colder or warmer EOS, the models favor those that are colder than SCvH-I. In this case the superadiabaticity is modest and warming and cooling deep interiors are equally likely.
LATITUDE, ENERGY, AND TIME VARIATIONS IN THE ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOM SPECTRAL INDICES MEASURED BY THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER (IBEX)
Authors: Desai M. I. , Dayeh M. A. , Allegrini F. , McComas D. J. , Funsten H. , Heerikhuisen J. , Fuselier S. A. , Pogorelov N. , Schwadron N. A. , Zank G. P. , Zirnstein E. J. , Janzen P. , Reisenfeld D. B.
Published: November 2016

We investigate the latitude, energy, and temporal variations of the ∼0.5–6 keV energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes and spectral indices measured by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) outside of the Ribbon from 2009 to 2013. By combining all-sky maps for years 1–3 and years 4–5, we find that the >1.2 keV globally distributed (GD) ENA fluxes at all latitudes decrease by ∼25% from years 1–3 to years 4–5, but there is no change (<5%) in the corresponding spectral indices. We also show that the latitudinal profile and energy-dependence of the ≥1 keV ENA spectral indices outside the Ribbon exhibit no significant time differences between years 1–3 and 4–5, lending strong support for the notion that the highly organized, persistent energy dependence and latitudinal pattern of the ENA spectral indices during 2009–2014 are determined by that of the solar wind (SW) speed observed in the inner heliosphere during the deep solar minimum conditions of 2006–2010. In contrast, the ∼25% decrease in the >1.2 keV ENA fluxes at all latitudes from years 1–3 to years 4–5 occurs because the magnitude of the driving SW parameters (SW density or dynamic pressure) diminished significantly from 2006 to 2010. Based on the reconstructed latitudinal and temporal profiles of SW parameters from 2011 to 2014, i.e., during the rising phase of solar cycle 24, we suggest that the GD ENA fluxes in years 2014–2017, i.e., in maps 6–9, will either stabilize or increase and the latitudinal pattern and energy dependence of the corresponding spectral indices will be disrupted.
DECIPHERING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EXTRAGALACTIC GAMMA-RAY BACKGROUND FROM 2 GeV TO 2 TeV
Authors: Lisanti Mariangela , Mishra-Sharma Siddharth , Necib Lina , Safdi Benjamin R.
Published: November 2016

Astrophysical sources outside the Milky Way, such as active galactic nuclei and star-forming galaxies, leave their imprint on the gamma-ray sky as nearly isotropic emission referred to as the extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB). While the brightest of these sources may be individually resolved, their fainter counterparts contribute diffusely. In this work, we use a recently developed analysis method, called the Non-Poissonian Template Fit, on up to 93 months of publicly available data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope to determine the properties of the point sources (PSs) that comprise the EGB. This analysis takes advantage of photon-count statistics to probe the aggregate properties of these source populations below the sensitivity threshold of published catalogs. We measure the source-count distributions and PS intensities, as a function of energy, from ∼2 GeV to 2 TeV. We find that the EGB is dominated by PSs, likely blazars, in all seven energy sub-bins considered. These results have implications for the interpretation of IceCube’s PeV neutrinos, which may originate from sources that contribute to the non-blazar component of the EGB. Additionally, we comment on implications for future TeV observatories such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array. We provide sky maps showing locations most likely to contain these new sources at both low (≲50 GeV) and high (≳50 GeV) energies for use in future observations and cross-correlation studies.
TESTING A DYNAMICAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL OF THE EXTRAPLANAR DIFFUSE IONIZED GAS IN NGC 891
Authors: Boettcher Erin , Zweibel Ellen G. , Gallagher III J. S. , Benjamin Robert A.
Published: November 2016

The observed scale heights of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas (eDIG) layers exceed their thermal scale heights by a factor of a few in the Milky Way and other nearby edge-on disk galaxies. Here, we test a dynamical equilibrium model of the eDIG layer in NGC 891, where we ask whether the thermal, turbulent, magnetic field, and cosmic-ray pressure gradients are sufficient to support the layer. In optical emission-line spectroscopy from the SparsePak integral field unit on the WIYN 3.5 m telescope, the Hα emission in position–velocity space suggests that the eDIG is found in a ring between galactocentric radii of

, where

. We find that the thermal (

km s−1) and turbulent (

km s−1) velocity dispersions are insufficient to satisfy the hydrostatic equilibrium equation given an exponential electron scale height of

. Using a literature analysis of radio continuum observations from the CHANG-ES survey, we demonstrate that the magnetic field and cosmic-ray pressure gradients are sufficient to stably support the gas at

kpc if the cosmic rays are sufficiently coupled to the system (

). Thus, a stable dynamical equilibrium model is viable only if the eDIG is found in a thin ring around R = 8 kpc, and nonequilibrium models such as a galactic fountain flow are of interest for further study.
MID-INFRARED COLORS OF DWARF GALAXIES: YOUNG STARBURSTS MIMICKING ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
Authors: Hainline Kevin N. , Reines Amy E. , Greene Jenny E. , Stern Daniel
Published: November 2016

Searching for active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in dwarf galaxies is important for our understanding of the seed black holes that formed in the early universe. Here, we test infrared selection methods for AGN activity at low galaxy masses. Our parent sample consists of ∼18,000 nearby dwarf galaxies (M
* < 3 × 109
M
☉, z < 0.055) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey with significant detections in the first three bands of the AllWISE data release from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). First, we demonstrate that the majority of optically selected AGNs in dwarf galaxies are not selected as AGNs using WISE infrared color diagnostics and that the infrared emission is dominated by the host galaxies. We then investigate the infrared properties of optically selected star-forming dwarf galaxies, finding that the galaxies with the reddest infrared colors are the most compact, with blue optical colors, young stellar ages, and large specific star formation rates. These results indicate that great care must be taken when selecting AGNs in dwarf galaxies using infrared colors, as star-forming dwarf galaxies are capable of heating dust in such a way that mimics the infrared colors of more luminous AGNs. In particular, a simple

color cut alone should not be used to select AGNs in dwarf galaxies. With these complications in mind, we present a sample of 41 dwarf galaxies that fall in the WISE infrared color space typically occupied by more luminous AGNs and that are worthy of follow-up observations.
TESTING THE ASTEROSEISMIC SCALING RELATIONS FOR RED GIANTS WITH ECLIPSING BINARIES OBSERVED BY KEPLER
Authors: Gaulme P. , McKeever J. , Jackiewicz J. , Rawls M. L. , Corsaro E. , Mosser B. , Southworth J. , Mahadevan S. , Bender C. , Deshpande R.
Published: November 2016

Given the potential of ensemble asteroseismology for understanding fundamental properties of large numbers of stars, it is critical to determine the accuracy of the scaling relations on which these measurements are based. From several powerful validation techniques, all indications so far show that stellar radius estimates from the asteroseismic scaling relations are accurate to within a few percent. Eclipsing binary systems hosting at least one star with detectable solar-like oscillations constitute the ideal test objects for validating asteroseismic radius and mass inferences. By combining radial velocity (RV) measurements and photometric time series of eclipses, it is possible to determine the masses and radii of each component of a double-lined spectroscopic binary. We report the results of a four-year RV survey performed with the échelle spectrometer of the Astrophysical Research Consortium’s 3.5 m telescope and the APOGEE spectrometer at Apache Point Observatory. We compare the masses and radii of 10 red giants (RGs) obtained by combining radial velocities and eclipse photometry with the estimates from the asteroseismic scaling relations. We find that the asteroseismic scaling relations overestimate RG radii by about 5% on average and masses by about 15% for stars at various stages of RG evolution. Systematic overestimation of mass leads to underestimation of stellar age, which can have important implications for ensemble asteroseismology used for Galactic studies. As part of a second objective, where asteroseismology is used for understanding binary systems, we confirm that oscillations of RGs in close binaries can be suppressed enough to be undetectable, a hypothesis that was proposed in a previous work.
ON THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE BOUND ZONE PECULIAR VELOCITY PROFILE
Authors: Lee Jounghun
Published: November 2016

Numerical evidence for the universality of the bound-zone peculiar velocity profile in a “Λ+Cold Dark Matter” (ΛCDM) universe is presented. Analyzing the dark matter halo catalogs from the Millennium-II simulation, we determine the average peculiar velocity profiles of the objects located in the bound zones around massive group-size halos at various redshifts and compare them to an analytic formula characterized by two parameters, the amplitude and slope of the profile. The best-fit values of the two parameters are found to be robust against the changes of the mass scales and the key cosmological parameters. It is also found that the amplitude and slope parameters of the bound-zone peculiar velocity profile are constant, but only in the limited ranges of redshifts. In the dark matter dominated epoch corresponding to z > 0.6, the two parameters have constant values. In the transition period corresponding to 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 0.6, when the density of Λ begins to exceed that of dark matter, the two parameters grow almost linearly with redshifts. At later epochs with z < 0.2, when the Λ-domination prevails, the two parameters regain constancy, settling upon higher constant values. Noting that the length of the transition period depends on the amount of Λ, and speculating that the linear evolution of the profile, with redshifts in the transition period, is a unique feature of the Λ-dominated universe, we suggest that the redshift evolution of the bound-zone peculiar velocity profile should be a powerful local discriminator of dark energy candidates.
THERMAL TOMOGRAPHY OF ASTEROID SURFACE STRUCTURE
Authors: Harris Alan W. , Drube Line
Published: November 2016

Knowledge of the surface thermal inertia of an asteroid can provide insight into its surface structure: porous material has a lower thermal inertia than rock. We develop a means to estimate thermal inertia values of asteroids and use it to show that thermal inertia appears to increase with spin period in the case of main-belt asteroids (MBAs). Similar behavior is found on the basis of thermophysical modeling for near-Earth objects (NEOs). We interpret our results in terms of rapidly increasing material density and thermal conductivity with depth, and provide evidence that thermal inertia increases by factors of 10 (MBAs) to 20 (NEOs) within a depth of just 10 cm. Our results are consistent with a very general picture of rapidly changing material properties in the topmost regolith layers of asteroids and have important implications for calculations of the Yarkovsky effect, including its perturbation of the orbits of potentially hazardous objects and those of asteroid family members after the break-up event. Evidence of a rapid increase of thermal inertia with depth is also an important result for studies of the ejecta-enhanced momentum transfer of impacting vehicles (“kinetic impactors”) in planetary defense.
FLARE VERSUS SHOCK ACCELERATION OF HIGH-ENERGY PROTONS IN SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS
Authors: Cliver E. W.
Published: November 2016

Recent studies have presented evidence for a significant to dominant role for a flare-resident acceleration process for high-energy protons in large (“gradual”) solar energetic particle (SEP) events, contrary to the more generally held view that such protons are primarily accelerated at shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The new support for this flare-centric view is provided by correlations between the sizes of X-ray and/or microwave bursts and associated SEP events. For one such study that considered >100 MeV proton events, we present evidence based on CME speeds and widths, shock associations, and electron-to-proton ratios that indicates that events omitted from that investigation’s analysis should have been included. Inclusion of these outlying events reverses the study’s qualitative result and supports shock acceleration of >100 MeV protons. Examination of the ratios of 0.5 MeV electron intensities to >100 MeV proton intensities for the Grechnev et al. event sample provides additional support for shock acceleration of high-energy protons. Simply scaling up a classic “impulsive” SEP event to produce a large >100 MeV proton event implies the existence of prompt 0.5 MeV electron events that are approximately two orders of magnitude larger than are observed. While classic “impulsive” SEP events attributed to flares have high electron-to-proton ratios (≳5 × 105) due to a near absence of >100 MeV protons, large poorly connected (≥W120) gradual SEP events, attributed to widespread shock acceleration, have electron-to-proton ratios of ∼2 × 103, similar to those of comparably sized well-connected (W20–W90) SEP events.
44 GHZ CLASS I METHANOL (CH3OH) MASER SURVEY IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Authors: McEwen Bridget C. , Sjouwerman Loránt O. , Pihlström Ylva M.
Published: November 2016

We report on a large 44 GHz (70–61
A
+) methanol (CH3OH) maser survey of the Galactic Center. The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array was used to search for CH3OH maser emission covering a large fraction of the region around Sgr A. In 25 pointings, over 300 CH3OH maser sources (>10σ) were detected. The majority of the maser sources have a single peak emission spectrum with line of sight velocities that range from about −13 to 72 km s−1. Most maser sources were found to have velocities around 35−55 km s−1, closely following velocities of neighboring interacting molecular clouds (MCs). The full width at half-maximum of each individual spectral feature is very narrow (∼0.85 km s−1 on average). In the north, where Sgr A East is known to be interacting with the 50 km s−1 MC, more than 100 44 GHz CH3OH masers were detected. In addition, three other distinct concentrations of masers were found, which appear to be located closer to the interior of the interacting MCs. It is possible that a subset of masers is associated with star formation, although conclusive evidence is lacking.
La naissance des mouvements de femmes au Levant
Authors: Mansour Sandrine
Published: November 2016

Souvent méconnus et ignorés, les mouvements de femmes au Levant ont commencé au début du XX e  siècle, à la faveur de la scolarisation des filles et d’une ouverture culturelle qui contribuent à fournir aux femmes les moyens de leur émancipation face aux puissances occidentales et à la domination des hommes. Le Levant passe d’un espace sans frontières, sous autorité ottomane, à sa décomposition en de nouveaux États aux frontières imposées par les Français et les Britanniques. Dans ce contexte qui produit une montée des revendications nationalistes arabes, le nationalisme et les droits des femmes sont deux luttes que les femmes arabes mènent de front : leur libération et leur indépendance sont intimement liées à celles de leurs pays en pleine reconstruction. L’article présente nombre d’associations, de personnalités et de figures féminines qui se sont mobilisées pour mener ce double combat. Le Congrès féministe arabe qui se tient au Caire en 1944, réunissant des représentantes d’Égypte, de Syrie, du Liban, de Palestine, de Transjordanie et d’Irak, constitue un moment crucial pour le mouvement des femmes arabes et son aspiration à trouver sa place dans le mouvement international des femmes.
L’invisibilisation du féminisme dans la lutte révolutionnaire de la gauche radicale égyptienne
Authors: Beblawi Dina
Published: November 2016

La révolution égyptienne a mis en évidence la présence des femmes et leurs résistances dans l’espace public, sans cependant aboutir à une réflexion systématique sur la domination masculine. L’auteure montre que ce paradoxe persiste grâce à une invisibilisation du féminisme face à la lutte dite politique. L’analyse du cas de la gauche radicale égyptienne dévoile comment le discours sur le genre est modulé par le processus révolutionnaire dans lequel la combativité féminine est présentée comme indistinctement incorporée. Ce contexte rend suspecte la mise en place d’une lutte autonome des femmes. Les sensibilités féministes sont freinées par une dépolitisation de l’oppression spécifique des femmes et par la hiérarchisation des luttes qui en découle.
Daily ingestion of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 decreases Vaccinia virus dissemination and lethality in a mouse model
Authors: dos Santos Pereira Andrade A.C. , Lima M. Teixeira , Oliveira G. Pereira , Calixto R. Silva , de Sales e Souza É.Lorenna , da Glória de Souza D. , de Almeida Leite C.M. , Ferreira J.M. Siqueira , Kroon E.G. , de Oliveira D. Bretas , dos Santos Martins F. , Abrahão J.S.
Published: November 2016

Vaccinia virus (VACV) is an important pathogen. Although studies have shown relationships between probiotics and viruses, the effect of probiotics on VACV infection is unknown. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the probiotics effects on VACV infection. Mice were divided into four groups, two non-infected groups, one receiving the probiotic, the other one not receiving it, and two groups infected intranasally with VACV Western Reserve (VACV-WR) receiving or not receiving the probiotic. Viral titres in organs and cytokine production in the lungs were analysed. Lung samples were also subjected to histological analysis. The intake of probiotic results in reduction in viral spread with a significant decrease of VACV titer on lung, liver and brain of treated group. In addition,treatment with the probiotic results in attenuated mice lung inflammation showing fewer lesions on histological findings and decreased lethality in mice infected with VACV. The ingestion of Lactobacillus paracasei ST11 (LPST11) after VACV infection resulted in 2/9 animal lethality compared with 4/9 in the VACV group. This is the first study on probiotics and VACV interactions, providing not only information about this interaction, but also proposing a model for future studies involving probiotics and other poxvirus.
Outcomes of ACL Reconstruction With Fixed Versus Variable Loop Button Fixation
Authors: Wise Brent T. , Patel Nick N. , Wier Garrison , Labib Sameh A.
Published: November 2016

Suspensory femoral fixation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts with fixed loop button and variable loop button devices has gained popularity for ACL reconstruction. This study examined these 2 methods of fixation to determine their effect on graft laxity and patient-reported outcome scores. A database search was performed to identify patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction with either a fixed loop or a variable loop button technique performed by the primary surgeon. Lysholm, Tegner, and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey scores were obtained, and KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometer (MEDmetric, San Diego, California) mechanical knee testing was performed. Results were compared with the uninjured knee. Of the 112 patients who were identified, 91 met the study criteria. Of these patients, 57 completed KT-1000 knee testing, 33 in the variable group and 24 in the fixed group. The average KT-1000 value for the variable group was 0.38 mm, and the average for the closed group was 0.92 mm (
P
=.19; 95% confidence interval, −0.28 to 1.35). Among the 19 patients in the variable group and the 13 in the closed group who completed the subjective outcomes questionnaires, no statistically significant difference was found. Clinically lax knees (KT-1000>3 mm) were found in 6.1% and 12.5% of patients in the variable group and the fixed group, respectively (
P
=.2). The variable group had a rerupture rate of 4.7%, whereas the fixed group had a rerupture rate of 8.7% (
P
=.21). The study found no statistical difference in ACL graft laxity or postoperative functional outcomes between grafts fixed with the variable loop or fixed loop button technique. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(2):e275–e280.]
Le verdict de Tombouctou : Le prix des remords
Authors: Nicolas Marie
Published: November 2016

Le 27 septembre 2016, la Cour pénale internationale a rendu une décision historique car, pour la première fois depuis sa création en 2002, le crime contre le patrimoine culturel de l’humanité a été fermement sanctionné. De plus, l’accusé a activement contribué au procès en reconnaissant sa culpabilité, ce qui selon les juges est de nature à favoriser la paix et la réconciliation dans le Nord du Mali. En cela, l’affaire Procureur c. Al Faqi Al Mahdi constitue un véritable tournant pour la justice pénale internationale.
Integrating Multiple Channels of Engagement in Democratic Innovations
Authors: Spada Paolo , Allegretti Giovanni
Published: November 2016

This chapter explores the advantages and disadvantages of integrating multiple channels of engagement within a democratic innovation. Using examples and case studies of recent face-to-face and online multichannel democratic innovations the authors challenge the emerging consensus that redundancy and diversification of venues of participation are always positively correlated with the success of democratic innovations. The chapter concludes by providing ten guidelines for the optimal integration of multiple channels of engagement.
Social Media and Public Participation
Authors: Toscano James Patrick
Published: November 2016

This chapter presents social media as a legitimate form of citizen participation in government decision making. The chapter details the power of social media and the opportunity it presents for citizens to inform government decision making as well as for public agencies that require citizen input. The chapter also details barriers to social media legitimacy in participation, including current laws and public organization behaviors. Using Arnstein's ladder of participation as a theoretical foundation, this chapter proposes a new evaluative framework of public participation – a Social Media Participation Range. The framework offers a new evaluative tool for researchers and practitioners to analyze citizen participation via social media.
A Comparative View of Citizen Engagement in Social Media of Local Governments from North American Countries
Authors: del Mar Gálvez-Rodríhuez María , Haro-de-Rosario Arturo , Caba-Pérez María del Carmen
Published: November 2016

Taking into consideration the growing popularity of social media in North American countries, this chapter aims to perform a comparative analysis of the use of Facebook as a communication strategy for encouraging citizen engagement among local governments in The United States, Canada and Mexico. With regards to the three dimensions used in all regions to measure online citizen engagement, in general terms, the “popularity” and “virality” dimensions are the most common, while the “commitment” dimension is still underutilized. With respect to the significant differences found, Mexican citizens are those that make the best use of the tool “like” to express their support of the information supplied by local governments. Furthermore, in relation to the citizens that are fans of the Facebook pages of local governments, we can observe that Canadian citizens show a greater interest in participating more actively in dialogue building while U.S. citizens are the most willing to disseminate information from their local governments.
A Comparative View of Censored and Uncensored Political Discussion
Authors: Ji Qihao
Published: November 2016

Through a content analysis on Chinese online dissidents' social media discourses, this study examines the impact of Internet censorship on Chinese dissidents' political discourse in two social media platforms: Weibo and Twitter. Data was collected during a time period when China's Internet censorship was tightened. Results revealed that Chinese online dissidents are more likely to post critical opinions and direct criticism towards the Chinese government on Twitter. In addition, dissidents on Twitter are more likely to engage in discussing with others, while Weibo dissidents tend to adopt linguistic skills more often to bypass censorship. No difference was found in terms of dissidents' civility and rationality across the two platforms. Implications and future research are discussed in detail.