bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of influence of the locality, the vintage year, wine variety and fermentation process on volume of cooper and lead in wine
Authors: Jedlička Jaroslav , Novotná Beáta , Valší­ková Magdaléna
Published: November 2014

We have focused on the influence evaluation of the locality, the vintage year and fermentation process on the volume of copper and lead into grape must and wine. First of all copper and lead volume was assessed into fresh grape musts. Subsequently the musts were fermented. During the wines analyses we found great decrease of copper by the fermentation process. Assessed Cu2+ values vary from 0.07 to 0.2 mg.L-1 and represent a decrease of the original copper volume from 90 to 97%. On the copper content into grape has probably the significant influence also the precipitation amount, which falling in the second part of the vegetation half a year. Total rainfall in the period before the grape harvesting (the months of August - September) was for the first year 153 mm and for second year 137,5 mm. During both observed vintage years it was concerning to the above average values. Copper is not possible to eliminate totally in the protection of the vine against fungal diseases, because against it does not come into existence resistance into a pathogen. For resolution of this problem it is suitable to combine the copper and organic products. Fermentation affect as a biological filter and influence also lead volume. Into analysed wines we found the decrease of the lead volume from 25 to 94%. Maximal assessed Pb2+ value into wine was 0.09 mg.L-1. The linear relationship between lead and copper into grape must in relationship to the lead and copper into wine was not statistically demonstrated. We found the statistically significant relationship in lead content into grape must by the influence of the vintage year, which as we supposed, it was connected with the atmospheric precipitation quantity and distribution during the vegetation.   On the base of the assessed results of the lead and copper volume into wine, we state that by using of the faultless material and appropriate technological equipment during the wine production, it is possible to eliminate almost completely the problems with these heavy metals content into our wines and it is from the view of technological as well as hygienic.
An empirical study on Mobile Advertisement
Authors: Jahanzaib Muhammad , Sukheera Mujeeb , Razzaq Umair , Zameer Amir
Published: November 2014

The rationale of our study is the practices of mobile phones for commercial in organize to save the time and price. We consider that in future mobile advertisement will be the best way to talk and advertised the company’s produce directly to target market or target consumer. We have used suggestive study skill to judge the suitability of mobile phone as a means of advertisement. So extreme that we have taken 200 samples of students and used regression analysis skill to compute the effectiveness of our variables influence mobile advertisement. We have found all of our variables as well as institutional purchase intention, advertisement value, permission, attitude toward mobile advertisement are having important and optimistic relationship with mobile advertisement. These variables are main variable of our subject and also these are special for mobile advertisement. All the hypothesis are well support no one is useless. We associate that the relation between these variable with mobile advertisement are positive. We conclude the result after realistic study that mobile advertisement plays a major responsibility to move any information as regards news, information, horoscope, instructions and any information to the people.
The vulnerable blood
Authors: Hess K.
Published: November 2014

Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While arteriosclerotic lesions have long been recognized as the underlying cause more recent studies suggest that alterations of the blood are also critically involved. Following plaque rupture, adherence of platelets is followed by the formation of a cross-linked fibrin clot. Patients with diabetes exhibit a prothrombotic milieu consisting of hyper reactive platelets, a tight and rigid clot structure which is due to up-regulation of coagulation factors and prolongation of clot lysis. Metabolic alterations as well as inflammatory processes, which are up–regulated in diabetes, are thought to be the main underlying causes. More recently, the complement cascade has emerged as a potential new player in this context with several complement components directly influencing both platelet function and coagulation.

This review provides an overview concerning the changes that lead to alterations of platelet function and clot structure in diabetes.
Concurrent upper and lower urinary tract robotic surgery: A case series
Authors: Pisipati Sailaja , Bach Christian , Daneshwar Datesh , Rowe Edward W , Koupparis Anthony J
Published: November 2014

The da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc.) continues to develop as a platform in urological surgery. Synchronous upper and lower urinary tract tumours requiring extirpative surgery are not uncommon. We report the first case robotic series of combined complex upper and lower urinary tract surgery. Six high-risk anaesthetic patients with a median age of 71 years and apparent synchronous upper and lower urinary tract pathologies underwent concurrent robotic surgery. Five underwent robotic nephroureterectomyand robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC); 1 had combined robotic nephroureterectomy and robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RALP). The mean length of stay was 10 days, with an average blood loss of 416.7 mL. The median console time for nephroureterectomy, RALP and RARC was 90, 90 and 210 minutes, respectively. Four patients had intra-corporeal ileal conduit urinary diversion. There were no Clavien grade 3, 4, or 5 complications. In all patients, 30- and 90-day mortality was nil. Margins were clear in the entire cohort. We concluded that combined upper and lower urinary tract robotic surgery is safe and technically feasible with acceptable complications and oncological outcomes.
Prostate cancer screening characteristics in men with BRCA1/2 mutations attending a high-risk prevention clinic
Authors: Walker Richard , Louis Alyssa , Berlin Alejandro , Horsburgh Sheri , Bristow Robert G. , Trachtenberg John
Published: November 2014

Introduction: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era and resultant early detection of prostate cancer has presented clinicians with the challenge of distinguishing indolent from aggressive tumours. Mutations in the BRCA1/2 genes have been associated with prostate cancer risk and prognosis. We describe the prostate cancer screening characteristics of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, who may be classified as genetically-defined high risk, as compared to another high-risk cohort of men with a family history of prostate cancer to evaluate the utility of a targeted screening approach for these men.Methods: We reviewed patient demographics, clinical screening characteristics, pathological features, and treatment outcomes between a group of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers and age-matched men with a family history of prostate cancer followed at our institutional Prostate Cancer Prevention Clinic from 1995 to 2012.Results: Screening characteristics were similar between the mutation carriers (n = 53) and the family history group (n = 53). Some cancers would be missed in both groups by using a PSA cut-off of >4 ug/L. While cancer detection was higher in the family history group (21% vs. 15%), the mutation carrier group was more likely to have intermediate- or high-risk disease (88% vs. 36%). BRCA2 mutation carriers were more likely to have aggressive disease, biological recurrence, and distant metastasis.Conclusions: In our cohort, regular screening appears justified for detecting prostate cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers and other high-risk populations. Lowering PSA cut-offs and defining monitoring of PSA velocity as part of the screening protocol may be useful. BRCA2 is associated with more aggressive disease, while the outcome for BRCA1 mutation carriers requires further study. Large multinational studies will be important to define screening techniques for this unique high-risk population.
Intraperitoneal marsupialization of a giant para-pelvic renal cyst: A case report
Authors: Rehman Abdul , Awais Muhammad , Baloch Noor Ul-Ain , Ather Hammad M
Published: November 2014

Simple renal cysts are among the most common cystic lesions of the kidney. Renal cysts most often remain asymptomatic, but rarely these cysts may become huge in size and result in significant symptoms. Giant renal cysts present a technical challenge in terms of surgical management. Although laparoscopic procedures have been performed successfully at experienced centres, intraperitoneal marsupialization via open approach may be a feasible option at less experienced centres. We report a case of a young female with a giant (24 × 18 cm) renal cyst of Bosniak type-II variety. De-roofing and intraperitoneal marsupialization of the cyst was performed. At the 1-year follow-up, she was asymptomatic, with no residual cyst.
An unusual presentation of colon perforation following percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Authors: Chubak Barbara , Stern Joshua M
Published: November 2014

Colon perforation is a rare but serious complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), meriting particular attention to its signs and symptoms for prompt diagnosis and treatment. We report an unusual presentation of colon perforation following tubeless PCNL, characterized by sore throat, pneumomediastinum, and neck and shoulder crepitus. In addition to the details of this case, we review the current literature on bowel injury during PCNL and its management.
Knowledge of genetic testing for hereditary kidney cancer in Canada is lacking: The results of the Canadian national hereditary kidney cancer needs assessment survey
Authors: Violette Philippe Denis , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Graham Gail E , Reaume M Neil , Jewett Michael A , Care Melanie , Basiuk Joan , Pautler Stephen E
Published: November 2014

Introduction: Treatment of hereditary renal cell carcinoma (HRCC) requires a multidisciplinary approach that may involve medical oncologists, geneticists, genetic counsellors, and urologists. The objective of our survey was to obtain current and representative information about the use and perceived importance of genetic testing for HRCC in Canada.Methods: A self-administered web-based survey was provided to Canadian medical oncologists, geneticists, genetic counsellors, and urologists in collaboration with their respective associations. The survey was created through an iterative process in consultation with the Kidney Cancer Research Network of Canada and contained both quantitative and qualitative components. The survey was designed to be exploratory and results were compared across regions.Results: The overall response was low (6.6%). Of the respondents, 42%, 33%, 19%, 5% were genetic counsellors, urologists, medical oncologists and medical geneticists, respectively. Of the respondents, 62.7% described their practice as academic, and 37.3% described it as non-academic. Non-academic respondents tended to refer for genetic counselling less frequently than academic (48.6% vs. 67.2%). Most respondents believed that genetic testing for HRCC was available (82.8%), although 47.7% did not know which tests were available. This observation was consistent across provinces. Testing for Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome was given the highest priority among respondents. Limited provider knowledge, clinical guidelines, institutional funding, access, and poor coordination between disciplines were cited as barriers to testing.Interpretation: There is a need to increase provider knowledge of genetic testing for HRCC. These findings support the development of practice guidelines and national strategies to improve coordination of specialists and access to genetics services. Limitations of the present study include low survey response which did not allow for inferential analysis by geographic region or respondent specialty.
The U.S. Dollar Exchange Rate and the Demand for Oil
Authors: Schryder Selien De , Peersman Gert
Published: November 2014

Using recent advances in panel data estimation techniques, we find that an appreciation of the U.S. dollar exchange rate leads to a significant decline in oil demand for a sample of 65 oil-importing countries. The estimated effect turns out to be considerably larger than the impact of a shift in the global crude oil price expressed in U.S. dollar. This finding appears to be the consequence of a stronger pass-through of changes in the U.S. dollar exchange rate to domestic end-user oil products prices relative to changes in the global crude oil price. Furthermore, we demonstrate the relevance of U.S. dollar fluctuations for global oil price dynamics.
Crowdfunding, mede mogelijk gemaakt door de wetgever?
Authors: van Poelgeest J.M.
Published: November 2014

Crowdfunding, mede mogelijk gemaakt door de wetgever?

Dit artikel gaat in op het fenomeen crowdfunding en het wettelijk kader. Hierbij wordt ingegaan op de Europese en nationale ontwikkelingen op het gebied van crowdfunding en wordt gekeken naar de mogelijkheden voor de toekomst, waarbij enkele suggesties worden gedaan. Wordt crowdfunding de nieuwe standaard voor financieren?
Emulating Upper Limb Disorder for Therapy Education
Authors: Zakaria Noor Ayuni binti Che , Komeda Takashi , Yee Low Cheng , Inoue Kaoru
Published: November 2014

Robotics not only contributes to the invention of rehabilitation devices, it can also enhance the quality of medical education. In recent years, the use of patient simulators and part-task trainers in the medical education field has brought meaningful improvements in the training of medical practitioners. Nevertheless, in the context of therapy training for upper limb disorders, trainee therapists still have to engage directly with the patients to gain experience of the rehabilitation of physical diseases. In this work, a high-fidelity part-task trainer that is able to reproduce the stiffness of spasticity and rigidity symptoms of the upper limb, such as those observed in post-stroke patients and Parkinson's disease patients, has been developed. Based on the evaluation carried out by two experienced therapists, the developed part-task trainer is able to simulate different patient cases and help trainee therapists gain pre-clinical experience in a safe and intuitive learning environment.
Three Lessons on Parabolas—What, Where, Why
Authors: Ceyanes Ben , Lockwood Pamela , Gill Kristina
Published: November 2014

Using The Geometer's Sketchpad, this sequence of algebra lessons introduces quadratic functions as the product of two linear functions.
The Association of Genetic Polymorphisms of TNFα, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 and Lung Cancer Chemotherapy Response
Authors: Yi Zheng  , Ji-Ye Yin  , Ying Wang  , Xiang-Ping Li  , Juan Chen  , Chen-Yue Qian  , Xiao-Ke Wen  , Wei Zhang  , Hong-Hao Zhou  , Zhao-Qian Liu
Published: November 2014

Platinum-based therapy is commonly used for the treatment of lung cancer and has been widely accepted by clinicians, but the chemotherapy responses differ greatly among individuals. TNF/TNF-R1/R2 signal pathway can trigger the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis after DNA damage was caused by platinum-based treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of TNF -308 A/G, TNF-R1 -383A>C, -609T>G and TNF-R2 +676 T>G and the response of platinum-based chemotherapy in 313 Chinese advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. MassARRAY was used to detect these four SNPs in three apoptosis-related genes. TNF -308 A/G was significantly correlated with better clinical benefit. Patients carrying A allele tended to have a favorable prognosis after treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (P=0.043, OR=0.488, 95%CI=0.244-0.979). The patients with CA genotype have significantly reduced risk of platinum resistance compared with wild-type homozygotes CC genotype (P=0.025, OR=0.447, 95% CI=0.220-0.906). No association was found in other polymorphisms. In conclusion, our data suggest that TNF-308 A/G polymorphism may serve as the indicator of platinum-based chemotherapy response in NSCLC patients.
Increasing Early Awareness of Hazard of Children with ADHD’s ODD and Aggression by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Authors: Tzang Ruu-Fen , Chang Chuan-Hsin , Chang Yue-Cune
Published: November 2014

Background: The hazard of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) occurring Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (shorten as ADHD’s ODD) and aggression is not well understood. This study employs structural equation modeling (SEM) to operationalize aggression as joined symptoms on children with ADHD’s ODD by analyzing how aggression symptom transact the symptom severity of ADHD’s ODD.
Methods: ADHD children and adolescents received clinical diagnosis and inattention (ADHD-I), hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD-H/I), and ODD subscale of Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale (SNAP-IV-C) and child behaviour check list (CBCL). SEM was applied to associate ADHD-I, ADHD-H/I, and ODD subscale toaggression.
Results: Significantly aggressive symptom on CBCL interact with symptom of ADHD, ODD on SNAP; the standardized direct effect of ADHD symptom by SNAP on behavior symptom by CBCL is 0.57 and the standardized total (direct and indirect) effect of ODD symptom on behavior symptom is 0.34. Children with ADHD’s ODD symptom share similar characteristic symptom as symptom of ADHD children with deficient emotional self-regulation (DESR). The aggression is highly correlated with ODD (0.607).
Conclusions: On ADHD symptom, the likelihood of symptom severity is predicted by the symptom of ADHD-I, ADHD-H/I, and ODD. On ODD symptom, ODD is associated with aggression and anxiety/depression symptom. There is a need to regard child with symptom of ADHD’s ODD and aggression as a child with heavy genetic loading and predictor of disruptive behavior disorder.
El populismo como voluntad democrática
Authors: De Mendonça Daniel
Published: November 2014

This paper reflects on populism in the context of contemporary liberal democracies. This model can be understood through theories of democratic elitism in the 20th-century (Schumpeter 1984) which, in practice, had an influence on the model of representative democracies, or polyarchies (Dahl 1997). The article begins with two introductory elements on populism, within the context of representative democracy. In particular, attention is given to what is understood to be its essence; namely, populism as a political discourse which sets the public antagonistically against the political elite. The paper then considers the populist reasoning of Ernesto Laclau which, in spite of revisions and critiques of his work, has demonstrated the most sophisticated approach to the topic. Finally, the central idea of the populist phenomenon is discussed, based on the triad democracy-institution-populism.
Los tiempos del populismo. Devenir de una categoría polisémica
Authors: Melo Julián
Published: November 2014

The objective in this paper is, firstly, to examine the elements which have contributed to the image of populism as a polysemic category. One of the bases for this reconstruction is understanding the ways in which the word ‘populism’ itself has functioned as a synonym for other conceptualizations, such as cesarism or bonapartism, for example. At the same time, there are examples where populism has been looked at from a less pejorative perspective, above all in the writing of Ernesto Laclau, who uses less derogatory synonyms such as ‘emancipation’ or ‘the expansion of citizenship.’ Secondly, and without entering into a discussion about the validity of the condemnation or vindication of populism, we will try to establish exactly what this polysemy is, and the respective value implications which have led to the survival of populism as a theoretical and descriptive category of political realities in Latin America since the mid-20th century.
Cell cycle constraints on capsulation and bacteriophage susceptibility
Authors: Ardissone Silvia , Fumeaux Coralie , Bergé Matthieu , Beaussart Audrey , Théraulaz Laurence , Radhakrishnan Sunish Kumar , Dufrêne Yves F , Viollier Patrick H
Published: November 2014

Despite the crucial role of bacterial capsules in pathogenesis, it is still unknown if systemic cues such as the cell cycle can control capsule biogenesis. In this study, we show that the capsule of the synchronizable model bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is cell cycle regulated and we unearth a bacterial transglutaminase homolog, HvyA, as restriction factor that prevents capsulation in G1-phase cells. This capsule protects cells from infection by a generalized transducing Caulobacter phage (φCr30), and the loss of HvyA confers insensitivity towards φCr30. Control of capsulation during the cell cycle could serve as a simple means to prevent steric hindrance of flagellar motility or to ensure that phage-mediated genetic exchange happens before the onset of DNA replication. Moreover, the multi-layered regulatory circuitry directing HvyA expression to G1-phase is conserved during evolution, and HvyA orthologues from related Sinorhizobia can prevent capsulation in Caulobacter, indicating that alpha-proteobacteria have retained HvyA activity.
Antibacterial gene transfer across the tree of life
Authors: Metcalf Jason A , Funkhouser-Jones Lisa J , Brileya Kristen , Reysenbach Anna-Louise , Bordenstein Seth R
Published: November 2014

Though horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is widespread, genes and taxa experience biased rates of transferability. Curiously, independent transmission of homologous DNA to archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses is extremely rare and often defies ecological and functional explanations. Here, we demonstrate that a bacterial lysozyme family integrated independently in all domains of life across diverse environments, generating the only glycosyl hydrolase 25 muramidases in plants and archaea. During coculture of a hydrothermal vent archaeon with a bacterial competitor, muramidase transcription is upregulated. Moreover, recombinant lysozyme exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial action in a dose-dependent manner. Similar to bacterial transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, transfer of a potent antibacterial gene across the universal tree seemingly bestows a niche-transcending adaptation that trumps the barriers against parallel HGT to all domains. The discoveries also comprise the first characterization of an antibacterial gene in archaea and support the pursuit of antibiotics in this underexplored group.
CALIPSO observations of near‐cloud aerosol properties as a function of cloud fraction
Authors: Yang Weidong , Marshak Alexander , Várnai Tamás , Wood Robert
Published: November 2014

This paper uses spaceborne lidar data to study how near‐cloud aerosol statistics of attenuated backscatter depend on cloud fraction. The results for a large region around the Azores show that (1) far‐from‐cloud aerosol statistics are dominated by samples from scenes with lower cloud fractions, while near‐cloud aerosol statistics are dominated by samples from scenes with higher cloud fractions; (2) near‐cloud enhancements of attenuated backscatter occur for any cloud fraction but are most pronounced for higher cloud fractions; (3) the difference in the enhancements for different cloud fractions is most significant within 5 km from clouds; (4) near‐cloud enhancements can be well approximated by logarithmic functions of cloud fraction and distance to clouds. These findings demonstrate that if variability in cloud fraction across the scenes used for composite aerosol statistics is not considered, a sampling artifact will affect these statistics calculated as a function of distance to clouds. For the Azores region data set examined here, this artifact occurs mostly within 5 km from clouds and exaggerates the near‐cloud enhancements of lidar backscatter and color ratio by about 30%. This shows that for accurate characterization of the changes in aerosol properties with distance to clouds, it is important to account for the impact of changes in cloud fraction.
Felt seismicity associated with shale gas hydraulic fracturing: The first documented example in Europe
Authors: Clarke Huw , Eisner Leo , Styles Peter , Turner Peter
Published: November 2014

We describe the origin of felt seismicity during the hydraulic fracturing of the Carboniferous Bowland Shale at the Preese Hall 1 exploration well near Blackpool in the UK during 2011. The seismicity resulted from the interaction of hydraulic fracturing and a fault, the location of which was unknown at the time but has subsequently been located and does not intersect the well borehole. Waveform cross correlation is used to detect 50 events in the sequence. A representative hypocenter and strike‐slip focal mechanism is calculated using the best recorded seismic event. The hypocenter is calculated to lie 300–400 m east, and 330–360 m below the injection point and shown to lie on a fault imaged using 3‐D seismic at a depth of about 2930 m. The 3‐D survey shows that not only the event hypocenter but also the focal mechanism correlates strongly with a subsequently identifiable transpressional fault formed during the Late Carboniferous (Variscan) basin inversion.
Assimilation of next generation geostationary aerosol optical depth retrievals to improve air quality simulations
Authors: Saide Pablo E. , Kim Jhoon , Song Chul H. , Choi Myungje , Cheng Yafang , Carmichael Gregory R.
Published: November 2014

Planned geostationary satellites will provide aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals at high temporal and spatial resolution which will be incorporated into current assimilation systems that use low‐Earth orbiting (e.g., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)) AOD. The impacts of such additions are explored in a real case scenario using AOD from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) on board of the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorology Satellite, a geostationary satellite observing northeast Asia. The addition of GOCI AOD into the assimilation system generated positive impacts, which were found to be substantial in comparison to only assimilating MODIS AOD. We found that GOCI AOD can help significantly to improve surface air quality simulations in Korea for dust, biomass burning smoke, and anthropogenic pollution episodes when the model represents the extent of the pollution episodes and retrievals are not contaminated by clouds. We anticipate future geostationary missions to considerably contribute to air quality forecasting and provide better reanalyses for health assessments and climate studies.
Burst of intracloud current pulses during the initial continuous current in a rocket‐triggered lightning flash
Authors: Lu Gaopeng , Jiang Rubin , Qie Xiushu , Zhang Hongbo , Sun Zhuling , Liu Mingyuan , Wang Zhichao , Liu Kun
Published: November 2014

For a rocket‐triggered lightning flash on 2 August 2013, the measurement with one pair of broadband low‐frequency (20–400 kHz) magnetic induction coils registered a long sequence of over 600 intermittent pulses during the initial continuous current. The timescale of these pulses is about 3‐8 µs, and the typical interpulse interval is about 30 µs. The source discharges of these pulses, which are not readily detectable in the frequency range (140–300 MHz) of a short‐baseline very high frequency (VHF) lightning imaging system, are attributed to the stepping processes when the positive leader propagated into the cloud region. The reversals in the polarity of magnetic pulses are related to the variation in the vertical direction of positive leader propagation as resolved by the VHF imaging system.
Discrepancy between ionopause and photoelectron boundary determined from Mars Express measurements
Authors: Han X. , Fraenz M. , Dubinin E. , Wei Y. , Andrews D. J. , Wan W. , He M. , Rong Z. J. , Chai L. , Zhong J. , Li K. , Barabash S.
Published: November 2014

The Martian ionosphere directly interacts with the solar wind due to lack of a significant intrinsic magnetic field, and an interface is formed in between. The interface is usually recognized by two kinds of indicators: the ionopause identified from ionospheric density profiles and the photoelectron boundary (PEB) determined from the electron energy spectrum at higher energies. However, the difference between them remains unclear. We have determined the locations of crossings of the ionopause and PEB from Mars Express observations during 2005–2013 and found that the average position of the PEB appears to be ~200 km higher than that of the ionopause, which corresponds to 103 cm–3 in the electron density profile. The discrepancy can be explained by cross‐field transport of photoelectrons.
Estuary‐enhanced upwelling of marine nutrients fuels coastal productivity in the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Davis Kristen A. , Banas Neil S. , Giddings Sarah N. , Siedlecki Samantha A. , MacCready Parker , Lessard Evelyn J. , Kudela Raphael M. , Hickey Barbara M.
Published: November 2014

The Pacific Northwest (PNW) shelf is the most biologically productive region in the California Current System. A coupled physical‐biogeochemical model is used to investigate the influence of freshwater inputs on the productivity of PNW shelf waters using realistic hindcasts and model experiments that omit outflow from the Columbia River and Strait of Juan de Fuca (outlet for the Salish Sea estuary). Outflow from the Strait represents a critical source of nitrogen to the PNW shelf‐accounting for almost half of the primary productivity on the Vancouver Island shelf, a third of productivity on the Washington shelf, and a fifth of productivity on the Oregon shelf during the upwelling season. The Columbia River has regional effects on the redistribution of phytoplankton, but does not affect PNW productivity as strongly as does the Salish Sea. A regional nutrient budget shows that nitrogen exiting the Strait is almost entirely (98%) of ocean‐origin—upwelled into the Strait at depth, mixed into surface waters by tidal mixing, and returned to the coastal ocean. From the standpoint of nitrogen availability in the coastal euphotic zone, the estuarine circulation driven by freshwater inputs to the Salish Sea is more important than the supply of terrigenous nitrogen by rivers. Nitrogen‐rich surface waters exiting the Strait follow two primary pathways—to the northwest in the Vancouver Island Coastal Current and southward toward the Washington and Oregon shelves. Nitrogen flux from the Juan de Fuca Strait and Eddy Region to these shelves is comparable to flux from local wind‐driven upwelling.
Preferential burial of permafrost‐derived organic carbon in Siberian‐Arctic shelf waters
Authors: Vonk Jorien E. , Semiletov Igor P. , Dudarev Oleg V. , Eglinton Timothy I. , Andersson August , Shakhova Natalia , Charkin Alexander , Heim Birgit , Gustafsson Örjan
Published: November 2014

The rapidly changing East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) receives large amounts of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) from coastal erosion and Russian‐Arctic rivers. Climate warming increases thawing of coastal Ice Complex Deposits (ICD) and can change both the amount of released OC, as well as its propensity to be converted to greenhouse gases (fueling further global warming) or to be buried in coastal sediments. This study aimed to unravel the susceptibility to degradation, and transport and dispersal patterns of OC delivered to the ESAS. Bulk and molecular radiocarbon analyses on surface particulate matter (PM), sinking PM and underlying surface sediments illustrate the active release of old OC from coastal permafrost. Molecular tracers for recalcitrant soil OC showed ages of 3.4–13 14C‐ky in surface PM and 5.5–18 14C‐ky in surface sediments. The age difference of these markers between surface PM and surface sediments is larger (i) in regions with low OC accumulation rates, suggesting a weaker exchange between water column and sediments, and (ii) with increasing distance from the Lena River, suggesting preferential settling of fluvially derived old OC nearshore. A dual‐carbon end‐member mixing model showed that (i) contemporary terrestrial OC is dispersed mainly by horizontal transport while being subject to active degradation, (ii) marine OC is most affected by vertical transport and also actively degraded in the water column, and (iii) OC from ICD settles rapidly and dominates surface sediments. Preferential burial of ICD‐OC released into ESAS coastal waters might therefore lower the suggested carbon cycle climate feedback from thawing ICD permafrost.
Interparental violence and maternal mood disorders as predictors of adolescent physical aggression within the family
Authors: Narayan Angela J. , Chen Muzi , Martinez Pedro P. , Gold Philip W. , Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie
Published: November 2014

Although a wealth of research has examined the effects of parental mood disorders on offspring maladjustment, studies have not identified whether elevated interparental violence (IPV) may be an exacerbating influence in this pathway. This study examined levels of physical IPV perpetration and victimization in mothers with unipolar depression or Bipolar Disorder (BD) and the processes by which maternal physical IPV moderated adolescents' physical aggression in families with maternal mood disorders. Mothers with lifetime mood disorders were predicted to have elevated IPV compared to well mothers, and maternal IPV was expected to moderate the association between lifetime mood disorders and adolescent aggression. Participants included 61 intact families with maternal depression (n = 24), BD (n = 13), or well mothers (n = 24) and two siblings (ages 10 to 18 years). Using the Conflict Tactics Scale, mothers reported on IPV perpetration and victimization, and adolescents reported on physical aggression. Mothers with BD reported significantly higher IPV perpetration, but not victimization, than depressed or well mothers. An interaction between maternal BD and IPV perpetration was a significant predictor of adolescent aggression. Main effects of maternal IPV victimization and interaction effects of maternal depression and either type of IPV on adolescent aggression were not significant. Adolescents of mothers who have BD and perpetrate IPV may be particularly vulnerable to being aggressive. Prevention and policy efforts to deter transmission of aggression in high‐risk families should target families with maternal BD and intervene at the level of conflict resolution within the family. Aggr. Behav. 41:253–266, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Porous Materials as Tunable Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Ledendecker Marc , Clavel Guylhaine , Antonietti Markus , Shalom Menny
Published: November 2014

The facile preparation of highly porous, manganese doped, sponge‐like nickel materials by salt melt synthesis embedded into nitrogen doped carbon for electrocatalytic applications is shown. The incorporation of manganese into the porous structure enhances the nickel catalyst's activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution. The best catalyst demonstrates low onset overpotential (0.15 V) for the hydrogen evolution reaction along with high current densities at higher potentials. In addition, the possibility to alter the electrocatalytic properties of the materials from the hydrogen to oxygen evolution reaction by simple surface oxidation is shown. The surface area increases up to 1200 m2g−1 after mild oxidation accompanied by the formation of nickel oxide on the surface. A detailed analysis shows a synergetic effect of the oxide formation and the material's surface area on the catalytic performance in the oxygen evolution reaction. In addition, the synthesis of cobalt doped sponge‐like nickel materials is also delineated, demonstrating the generality of the synthesis. The facile salt melt synthesis of such highly porous metal based materials opens new possibilities for the fabrication of diverse electrode nanostructures for electrochemical applications.
Tailored Porphyrin Assembly at the Oil–Aqueous Interface Based on the Receding of Three‐Phase Contact Line of Droplet Template
Authors: Cai Jinhua , Chen Shuoran , Cui Liying , Chen Chuncheng , Su Bin , Dong Xia , Chen Penglei , Wang Jingxia , Wang Dujin , Song Yanlin , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2014

A novel and robust approach to controllable porphyrin assembly is developed at the oil–aqueous interface by tuning the receding of three‐phase contact line of droplet template. The assembled morphologies (ring–, wheel–, and hole–shell shape), aggregate modes and crystal states of porphyrin molecules can be effectively tailored by modulating the receding behavior of three‐phase contact line, which can be realized by varying the hysteresis behavior of substrate or solvent ratios. The developed method for tailored porphyrin assembly will offer an important insight for the design and creation of novel structures.
Plasma‐Induced Hetero‐Nanostructures on a Polymer with Selective Metal Co‐Deposition
Authors: Ko Tae‐Jun , Oh Kyu Hwan , Moon Myoung‐Woon
Published: November 2014

Plasma‐induced pattern formation is explored on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using an oxygen plasma glow discharge. The nanostructures on PET are formed through preferential etching directed by the co‐deposition of metallic elements, such as Cr or Fe, sputtered from a stainless‐steel cathode. The local islands formed by metal co‐deposition have significantly slower etching rates than those of the pristine regions on PET, generating anisotropic nanostructures in pillar‐ or hair‐like form during plasma etching. By covering the cathode with the appropriate material, the desired metallic or polymeric elements can be co‐deposited onto the target surfaces. When the cathode is covered by a relatively soft material composed of only carbon and hydrogen, such as polystyrene, nanostructures typically induced by preferential etching are not observed on the PET surface, and the surfaces are uniformly etched. A variety of metals, such as Ag, Cu, Pt, or Si, can be successfully co‐deposited onto the PET surfaces by simply using a cathode covered in the desired metal; high‐aspect‐ratio nanostructures coated with the co‐deposited metal are subsequently formed. Therefore this simple single‐step method for forming hetero‐nanostructures—that is, nanoscale hair‐like polymer structures decorated with metals—can be used to produce nanostructures for various applications, such as catalysts, sensors, or energy devices.
High‐Volume Processed, ITO‐Free Superstrates and Substrates for Roll‐to‐Roll Development of Organic Electronics
Authors: Hösel Markus , Angmo Dechan , Søndergaard Roar R. , dos Reis Benatto Gisele A. , Carlé Jon E. , Jørgensen Mikkel , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: November 2014

The fabrication of substrates and superstrates prepared by scalable roll‐to‐roll methods is reviewed. The substrates and superstrates that act as the flexible carrier for the processing of functional organic electronic devices are an essential component, and proposals are made about how the general availability of various forms of these materials is needed to accelerate the development of the field of organic electronics. The initial development of the replacement of indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) for the flexible carrier materials is described and a description of how roll‐to‐roll processing development led to simplification from an initially complex make‐up to higher performing materials through a more simple process is also presented. This process intensification through process simplification is viewed as a central strategy for upscaling, increasing throughput, performance, and cost reduction.
Ethanedithiol Treatment of Solution‐Processed ZnO Thin Films: Controlling the Intragap States of Electron Transporting Interlayers for Efficient and Stable Inverted Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Bai Sai , Jin Yizheng , Liang Xiaoyong , Ye Zhizhen , Wu Zhongwei , Sun Baoquan , Ma Zaifei , Tang Zheng , Wang Jianpu , Würfel Uli , Gao Feng , Zhang Fengling
Published: November 2014

The surface defects of solution‐processed ZnO films lead to various intragap states. When the solution‐processed ZnO films are used as electron transport interlayers (ETLs) in inverted organic solar cells, the intragap states act as interfacial recombination centers for photogenerated charges and thereby degrade the device performance. Here, a simple passivation method based on ethanedithiol (EDT) treatment is demonstrated, which effectively removes the surface defects of the ZnO nanocrystal films by forming zinc ethanedithiolates. The passivation by EDT treatment modulates the intragap states of the ZnO films and introduces a new intragap band. When the EDT‐treated ZnO nanocrystal films are used as ETLs in inverted organic solar cells, both the power conversion efficiency and stability of the devices are improved. The control studies show that the solar cells with EDT‐treated ZnO films exhibit reduced charge recombination rates and enhanced charge extraction properties. These features are consistent with the fact that the modulation of the intragap states results in reduction of interfacial recombination as well as the improved charge selectivity and electron transport properties of the ETLs. It is further demonstrated that the EDT treatment‐based passivation method can be extended to ZnO films deposited from sol–gel precursors.
Three‐Phase Multiscale Modeling of a LiCoO2 Cathode: Combining the Advantages of FIB–SEM Imaging and X‐Ray Tomography
Authors: Zielke Lukas , Hutzenlaub Tobias , Wheeler Dean R. , Chao Chien‐Wei , Manke Ingo , Hilger André , Paust Nils , Zengerle Roland , Thiele Simon
Published: November 2014

LiCoO2 electrodes contain three phases, or domains, each having specific‐intended functions: ion‐conducting pore space, lithium‐ion‐reacting active material, and electron conducting carbon‐binder domain (CBD). Transport processes take place in all domains on different characteristic length scales: from the micrometer scale in the active material grains through to the nanopores in the carbon‐binder phase. Consequently, more than one imaging approach must be utilized to obtain a hierarchical geometric representation of the electrode. An approach incorporating information from the micro‐ and nanoscale to calculate 3D transport‐relevant properties in a large‐reconstructed active domain is presented. Advantages of focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy imaging and X‐ray tomography combined by a spatial stochastic model, validated with an artificially produced reference structure are used. This novel approach leads to significantly different transport relevant properties compared with previous tomographic approaches: nanoporosity of the CBD leads to up to 42% additional contact area between active material and pore space and increases ionic conduction by a factor of up to 3.6. The results show that nanoporosity within the CBD cannot be neglected.
Asymmetric Rate Behavior of Si Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Ultrafast De‐Lithiation versus Sluggish Lithiation at High Current Densities
Authors: Li Juchuan , Dudney Nancy J. , Xiao Xingcheng , Cheng Yang‐Tse , Liang Chengdu , Verbrugge Mark W.
Published: November 2014

The combined effect of lithium‐ion diffusion, potential‐concentration gradient, and stress plays a critical role in the rate capability and cycle life of Si‐based anodes of lithium‐ion batteries. In this work, Si nanofilm anodes are shown to exhibit an asymmetric rate performance: around 72% of the total available capacity can be delivered during de‐lithiation under a high current density of 420 A g‐1 (100C where C is the charge‐rate) in 22 s; in striking contrast, only 1% capacity can be delivered during lithiation. A mathematical model of single‐ion diffusion is established to elucidate the asymmetric rate performance, which can be mainly attributed to the potential‐concentration profile associated with the active material and the ohmic voltage shift under high currents; the difference in chemical diffusion coefficients during lithiation and de‐lithiation also plays a role. This clarifies that the charge and discharge rates of lithium‐ion‐battery electrodes should be evaluated separately due to the asymmetric effect in the electrochemical system.
Concatenated Logic Circuits Based on a Three‐Way DNA Junction: A Keypad‐Lock Security System with Visible Readout and an Automatic Reset Function
Authors: Chen Junhua , Zhou Shungui , Wen Junlin
Published: November 2014

Concatenated logic circuits operating as a biocomputing keypad‐lock security system with an automatic reset function have been successfully constructed on the basis of toehold‐mediated strand displacement and three‐way‐DNA‐junction architecture. In comparison with previously reported keypad locks, the distinctive advantage of the proposed security system is that it can be reset and cycled spontaneously a large number of times without an external stimulus, thus making practical applications possible. By the use of a split‐G‐quadruplex DNAzyme as the signal reporter, the output of the keypad lock can be recognized readily by the naked eye. The “lock” is opened only when the inputs are introduced in an exact order. This requirement provides defense against illegal invasion to protect information at the molecular scale.
Surface grafting of carbon fibers with artificial silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated graphene oxide for high‐speed electrical actuation of shape‐memory polymers
Authors: Lu Haibao , Zhu Shipeng , Yang Yunhua , Huang Wei Min , Leng Jinsong , Du Shanyi
Published: November 2014

Poor heat conduction in the interface between the carbon fiber and polymer matrix is a problem in the actuation of shape‐memory polymer (SMP) composites by Joule heating. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of grafting silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated graphene oxide (GO) onto carbon fibers to improve the electrothermal properties and Joule‐heating‐activated shape recovery of SMP composites. Self‐assembled GO was grafted onto carbon fibers to enhance the bonding of the carbon fibers with the polymeric matrix via van der Waal's forces and covalent crosslinking, respectively. Silver nanoparticles were further self‐assembled and deposited to decorate the GO assembly, which was used to decrease the thermal dissimilarity and facilitate heat transfer from the carbon fiber to the polymer matrix. The carbon fiber was incorporated with SMP to achieve the shape recovery induced by Joule heating. We found that the silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated GO helped us achieve a more uniform temperature distribution in the SMP composites compared to those without decoration. Furthermore, the shape‐recovery behavior and temperature profile during the Joule heating of the SMP composites were characterized and compared. A unique synergistic effect of the carbon fibers and silver‐nanoparticle‐decorated GO was achieved to enhance the heat transfer and a higher speed of actuation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41673.
Preparation of water‐compatible antifungal polyurethane with grafted benzimidazole as the antifungal agent
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Kim Ha Youn , Choi Jae Won , Chun Byoung Chul
Published: November 2014

We compared two series of benzimidazole (BI)‐grafted polyurethane (PU), one of which was water‐compatible, to compare their antifungal activities. The water‐compatible PU series had an additional 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid group in the PU backbone. The water‐compatible PU series had a lower crosslinking density and tensile strength compared to the other PU series with increasing BI content. Although ordinary PU did not suppress fungal growth (Chaetomium globosum), the water‐compatible PU completely suppressed the growth even though it contained half as many BI groups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41676.