bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of High Mobility Group Box 1 and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in the Periodontal Disease Pathogenesis- A Review
Authors: Ramya R , Appukuttan Devapriya , Subramanian Sangeetha , Prakash PSG
Published: September 2022

Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased secretion of several proinflammatory mediators such as Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Prostaglandins (PGs) in response to increased bacterial load on the tooth surface and within the gingival sulcus leading to the destruction of both hard and soft tissue of the periodontium. The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) binds multiple ligands, has a transmembrane configuration and is a part of the immunoglobulin receptor family. In healthy individuals RAGE is expressed at lower levels when compared to those with periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Binding of RAGE to its ligands plays a key role in the inflammatory reactions that lead to disruption of a multitude of cellular processes. One such RAGE ligand involved in inducing hyperinflammatory phenotype is High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 is a chromatin binding protein predominantly localised in the nucleus and is associated with multiple functions such as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) repair, nuclear homeostasis, genome stability. In the presence of stressors, it migrates extracellularly and behaves like a Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP), has chemokine and cytokine activity. Extracellular HMGB1 binds to Toll Like Receptors (TLR)- 2,4 and RAGE, the HMGB1-RAGE interaction in particular has been associated with hyper inflammatory responses and currently hypothesised to be a bigger player in the pathogenesis of periodontitis as well as diabetes associated periodontitis. Therefore, understanding thoroughly the molecular mechanisms driving the tissue destruction in periodontal disease will effectively enable novel therapeutic drug based interventions based on interrupting the HMGB1-RAGE axis which in turn could mitigate the inflammation mediated tissue destruction.
Cryptococcus Laurentii Sepsis Presenting as Purpura Fulminans in a Two-Year-Old Child
Authors: Anu Nagar , Neha Bansal , Ranjit Ghuliani , Supriya Mahajan
Published: September 2022

We report a case of sepsis caused by Cryptococcus laurentii, a rare human pathogen [1], presenting as purpura fulminans. Cryptococcus laurentii was isolated in blood culture and identified by Vitek -2 yeast identification system. The patient was successfully treated with standard management protocols, including amphotericin B.
Effects of Mucuna Milk (Mucuna pruriens L.) on Body Weight and Serum Biochemistry in Rats Fed Hyperlipidaemic Diet
Authors: Thérèse Bidja Abena Marie , Dimitry Mang Yannick , Edith Djiogue Manejo Josiane , Armand Abdou Bouba , Nicolas Njintang Yanou
Published: September 2022

Aims: to investigate the potential of Mucuna milk to influence weight gain, blood lipid levels and redox status in a rat model on a high-fat diet.

Study Design: 42 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats. Group I received a standard diet; Group II was fed a high fat diet only; Group III was fed a high fat diet and treated with Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg per day) orally for 4 weeks; Group IV, V, VI and VII were tests groups fed a high fat diet and given orally 20 mL of vegetable milk.

Methodology: Mucuna milks were produced from two varieties of Mucuna seeds. Three controls (I, II, III) made of normal rats fed with standard diet, rats fed with high fat diet and rats fed with high fat diet received orally atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day). In addition, four test groups (IV, V, VI, VII) consisting of rats fed a high fat diet received oral administration of 20 mL of vegetable milk per day (10 mL at morning and 10 mL in the afternoon).

Results: After four weeks, rats on a high-fat diet had an increase in their initial body weight of about 224%, with higher abdominal fat. A significant increase (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the liver and heart was also observed. However, oral administration of Mucuna milk inhibited weight gain (about 66% reduction) and abdominal fat (54.53 – 55.60% reduction). The reduction of LDL, VLDL, Triglycerides and Total cholesterol was remarkable in the groups of rats treated with vegetable milk, as about 67% of reduction was observed with dehulled Mucuna milks (DCM, DVM) and 69 % of reduction with whole Mucuna milks (WCM, WVM). The hyperlipidaemic group of rats had higher levels of ASAT (134.17 UI/L) and ALAT (101.72 UI/L). However, Mucuna milks improved the ASAT and ALAT levels in rats. The reduction of MDA (70-50%) was related to phenolic content of Mucuna milks. Moreover, significant and negative correlations was observed between catalase and MDA (r= -0.86; P =0.05); MDA and SOD (r= - 0.60; P=0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that treatment with Mucuna milks has anti-hyperlipidaemia properties and can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes.
Studies on Genetic Variability, Divergence and Characters Associated with Yield Components in Rice
Authors: Yadav Ettagunta Karthik , Pitha Chetariya Chana
Published: September 2022

The current study was carried out to evaluate genetic factors such as  Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability and genetic advance (GA) along with correlations, path coefficients and Genetic divergence from data collected on 22 rice genotypes. The results demonstrated significantly significant mean squares owing to genotypes for all variables investigated, demonstrating that there is adequate variation among genotypes and thus ample possibility for successful selection. Only seed yield per plant showed a high Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV). Moderate phenotypic coefficient of variation and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) observed for number of tillers/plant, number of  spikelets/panicle, flag leaf  length,  flag  leaf  width, number of filled grains/panicle,1000-grain weight and biological yield. High heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of tillers/plant, number of spikelets/panicle, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, number of filled grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and seed yield per plant, indicating the effectiveness of direct selection for improvement of these traits.  Panicle  length,1000-grain  weight  and  biological  yield  had  recorded  positive  and significant association with seed yield per plant. The results on path analysis also revealed high and positive direct effect for biological yield followed by harvest index, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length and number of spikelets/panicle and hence, these traits were identified as the most effective selection criteria for improvement of seed yield per plant in rice genotypes. The results on divergence analysis revealed that the genotypes were grouped into five clusters. Cluster I constituted maximum number of (10) genotypes. Maximum differences among the genotypes within the same cluster (intra-cluster) were shown by cluster IV (18.33) followed by cluster I, II, III. Cluster V showed zero intra -cluster distance. The genotypes contained in Clusters IV and V (20.20) displayed the greatest intercluster distance, indicating that they might be employed as parents in a future hybridization experiment.
Chemotherapeutic Propensity of Africa Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Seed on Lipid Profile against Potassium Bromate-induced Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Ugwu C. N. , Iwuoha C. E. , Chika-Igwenyi N. M. , Onyeaghala C. A. , Orji S. F. , Igwenyi C. , Uche C. L. , Onyekachi O. I. N. , Nwobodo M. U. , Abali I. O. , Airaodion A. I.
Published: September 2022

Background: Cardiovascular disease cases are on the increase despite many standard medical practices. Some disorders have been successfully treated by medicinal plants.

Aim: The current study was designed to assess the chemotherapeutic propensity of Parkia biglobosa against potassium bromate-induced cardiotoxicity.

Methodology: Using a soxhlet extractor with ethanol as the solvent, P. biglobosa was extracted. Twenty-four mature male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups A, B, C, and D after being acclimated in the lab. Oral distilled water was administered to Group A. Although groups C and D likewise received 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of P. biglobosa, respectively, the animals in groups B, C, and D received 100 mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate (KBrO3). Rats received daily doses of freshly prepared potassium bromate and P. biglobosa extract by oral gavage. After receiving the therapy for 28 days, the animals were slaughtered 24 hours after the last treatment ended while being lightly sedated with diethyl ether. Through a heart puncture, blood was taken. Additionally, the animals' hearts were removed and homogenized. Standard techniques were used to measure the lipid profile parameters.

Results: When compared to the untreated group, the plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and the CHD risk ratio were significantly higher in the study's animals treated with KBrO3, while HDL and the HDL/LDL ratio were significantly lower. Compared to the control group, administration of KBrO3 significantly decreased cardiac levels of total cholesterol, HDL and HDL/LDL ratio, while increasing levels of triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL, as well as the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk ratio. P. biglobosa attenuated these perturbations in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion: Potassium bromate caused increase in the levels of triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and a reduction in HDL and HDL/LDL ratio and this effect was found to be attenuated by intake of P. biglobosa. This effect will result in the reduction of CHD risk factors induced by potassium bromate.
A brief overview of the registration system of radiation exposure doses for decontamination workers and their occupational health management
Authors: Fukunaga Hisanori , Asano Tomohiro
Published: September 2022

Following the Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011, decontamination and related works have been carried out over a wide area, mainly in Fukushima Prefecture. In November 2013, the Radiation Dose Registration and Management System for Decontamination Workers was established to manage the occupational exposure doses of workers engaged in such work. The Radiation Effects Association mainly operates the registration system. This paper summarizes existing reports on this system and occupational health issues among decontamination workers. We collected previous reports and related regulatory laws on occupational health management for decontamination workers working in Fukushima Prefecture, summarized the outline of the radiation dose registration and management system for these decontamination workers, and discussed future issues related to their health management. Approximately 100 000 decontamination workers were registered in the system as of 2020, but none showed radiation doses that exceeded the dose limit. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of decontamination workers presenting physical symptoms suspected to be related to radiation exposure. On the other hand, heatstroke countermeasures and anxiety about radiation exposure have been reported as possible issues in the occupational health management of decontamination workers. Although decontamination workers are unlikely to experience biological effects from radiation exposure, epidemiological studies are needed to examine this evidence. Further analysis is also needed on non-radiation effects, which pose occupational health concerns for decontamination workers. The registration system would allow for tracking decontamination workers, providing data for analyzing radiological and non-radiological effects.
Exceptionally High‐Performance Reversible Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells with Ultrathin and Defect‐Free Sm0.075Nd0.075Ce0.85O2‐δ Interlayers
Authors: Yu Hyeongmin , Im Ha‐Ni , Lee Kang Taek
Published: September 2022

Solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs) are promising energy conversion and storage systems owing to their high efficiency and low environmental impact. To lower operating temperatures, the state‐of‐the‐art SOCs with highly active cobaltite‐based oxygen electrodes essentially require doped‐ceria interlayers to avoid undesirable reactions with commercially available zirconia electrolytes. However, the inherent cation interdiffusion between ceria and zirconia materials at high temperatures (>1300 °C) has retarded the construction of highly dense and stoichiometric ceria/zirconia bilayers. This study reports the fabrication of a highly conductive, ultra‐thin (250 nm), and defect‐free Sm0.075Nd0.075Ce0.85O2‐δ (SNDC) interlayer via readily processable gelatin‐assisted deposition. The SOC with the gelatin‐derived SNDC interlayer achieved exceptionally high electrochemical performances both in the fuel cell (≈3.34 W cm‐2) and electrolysis mode (≈2.1 A cm‐2 at 1.3 V) at 750 °C—one of the best records for SOCs with similar configuration to date—along with excellent long‐term durability (1500 h). Mechanistic analysis reveals that the ultra‐thin and dense structure of the SNDC interlayer provides a faster route for oxygen‐ion conduction and more active sites for both oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions at the oxygen electrode/electrolyte interface. The findings suggest that the thin and dense gelatin‐derived SNDC interlayer has great potential for use in high‐performance reversible SOCs.
Van der Waals Epitaxial Trilayer MoS2 Crystals for High‐Speed Electronics
Authors: Li Xuefei , Zhang Zhenfeng , Gao Tingting , Shi Xinhang , Gu Chengru , Wu Yanqing
Published: September 2022

Two‐dimensional MoS2 field‐effect transistors (FETs) have great potential for next‐generation electronics due to their excellent electronic properties with an atomic thin channel. However, multiple challenges exist for the monolayer MoS2 channel, including interface scattering and ohmic contact. In this work, well‐controlled trilayer MoS2 with high mobility and large single crystals is successfully grown on soda‐lime glass substrates using chemical vapor deposition, with a lateral size of up to 148 µm, which is the largest reported size to date. A record high on/off ratio of ≈1012 and a high carrier mobility of 62 cm2 V−1 s−1 of trilayer MoS2 FETs are demonstrated, showing notable advantages compared with the monolayer counterpart. The long‐standing issue of monolayer MoS2 performance degradation from physical vapor deposited metal contact can be mitigated by the trilayer MoS2 channel, achieving the lowest contact resistance of 350 Ω µm using the common method of e‐beam evaporated Ni. Moreover, 40‐nm channel‐length trilayer MoS2 FETs using ultrathin HfLaO dielectrics exhibit a high current of 589 µA µm−1 at a supply voltage of 1 V at room temperature, which increases to 1162 µA µm−1 at 4.3 K, the highest among those using commonly evaporated metal. Record high electron saturation velocity of 4.2 × 106 cm s−1 can be achieved at room temperature.
High‐Energy and Long‐Lifespan Potassium–Sulfur Batteries Enabled by Concentrated Electrolyte
Authors: Lee Suyeong , Park Hyeona , Rizell Josef , Kim Un‐Hyuck , Liu Yangyang , Xu Xieyu , Xiong Shizhao , Matic Aleksandar , Zikri Adi Tiara , Kang Hyokyeong , Sun Yang‐Kook , Kim Jaekook , Hwang Jang‐Yeon
Published: September 2022

Potassium–sulfur (K–S) batteries are emerging as low‐cost and high‐capacity energy‐storage technology. However, conventional K–S batteries suffer from two critical issues that have not yet been successfully resolved: the dissolution of potassium polysulfides (KPS) into the liquid electrolyte and the formation of K dendrites on the K metal anode, which lead to inadequate cycling efficiencies with a low reversible capacity. Herein, a high‐capacity and long cycle‐life K–S battery consisting of a highly concentrated electrolyte (HCE) (4.34 mol kg−1 potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in a 1,2‐Dimethoxyethane) and a sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) cathode is presented The application of a HCE efficiently suppresses the dendritic growth of K, as evidenced by operando optical imaging and phase field modeling, owing to the reduced K‐ion depletion on the electrode surface and a uniform Faradaic current density over the K metal anode surface. Additionally, because S is covalently bonded to the C backbone of PAN in the SPAN structure, the SPAN cathode inhibits the dissolution of KPS. These features generate synergy that the proposed K–S battery can provide a practical areal capacity of 2.5 mAh cm−2 and unprecedented lifetimes with high Coulombic efficiencies over 700 cycles.
Triple‐Function Electrolyte Regulation toward Advanced Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hao Junnan , Yuan Libei , Zhu Yilong , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: September 2022

The poor Zn reversibility has been criticized for limiting applications of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs); however, its behavior in aqueous media is not fully uncovered yet. Here, this knowledge gap is addressed, indicating that Zn electrodes face a O2‐involving corrosion, besides H2evolution and dendrite growth. Differing from aqueous Li/Na batteries, removing O2cannot enhance ZIB performance because of the aggravated competing H2evolution. To address Zn issues, a one‐off electrolyte strategy is reported by introducing the triple‐function C3H7Na2O6P, which can take effects during the shelf time of battery. It regulates H+concentration and reduces free‐water activity, inhibiting H2evolution. A self‐healing solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI) can be triggered before battery operation, which suppresses O2adsorption corrosion and dendritic deposition. Consequently, a high Zn reversibility of 99.6% is achieved under a high discharge depth of 85%. The pouch full‐cell with a lean electrolyte displays a record lifespan with capacity retention of 95.5% after 500 cycles. This study not only looks deeply into Zn behavior in aqueous media but also underscores rules for the design of active metal anodes, including Zn and Li metals, during shelf time toward real applications.
Porous‐Structure‐Promoted Tribo‐Induced High‐Performance Self‐Powered Tactile Sensor toward Remote Human‐Machine Interaction
Authors: Su Li , Xiong Quan , Wang Haoyu , Zi Yunlong
Published: September 2022

Self‐powered tactile sensor with versatile functions plays a significant role in the development of an intelligent human‐machine interaction (HMI) system. Herein, a hybrid self‐powered porous‐structured tactile sensor (SPTS) is proposed by monolithically integrating a porous triboelectrification‐induced electroluminescence (TIEL) component and a single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator with the high charge generation in the bulk volume. At a low pressure of 10 kPa, TIEL intensity can be significantly improved by three times, which is superior to that in previous reports, with enhanced triboelectricity. Based on the enhancement brought by the porous structure and optimized parameters, the SPTS achieves significant sensing performance in both optical and electrical modes. To demonstrate the potential of practical applications, a programmable optical and electrical dual‐mode HMI system is established based on SPTS to remotely control an intelligent vehicle and operate a computer game through identifying finger touch trajectories. This work not only contributes a new economical‐effective methodology toward a high‐performance tribo‐induced self‐powered tactile sensor but also facilitates the remote control of HMI with dual‐mode functionality, which has broad potential applications in the fields of intelligent robots, augmented reality, flexible wearable electronics, and smart home.
A tale of two fields: Management legacy, soil health, and productivity
Authors: Svedin Jeffrey , Kitchen Newell R. , Ransom Curtis J. , Veum Kristen S. , Myers Robert L.
Published: September 2022

Adjacent fields with contrasting histories present an opportunity to evaluate the legacy of management on soil health (SH) and grain productivity. In 2011, two fields transitioned to no‐till grain production. During the previous 25 yr, one was pasture (pasture‐to‐grain; PTG), whereas the other was annually tilled for grain cropping (long‐term grain; LTG). The study objectives were to contrast these two fields relative to SH and productivity. Yield data was collected from 2011 to 2021 and SH sampled in 2021. The PTG out‐yielded LTG each year, with an average 46% yield increase. 2021 SH metrics demonstrated similar trends, with PTG 62% higher than LTG. Contrasting across fields (2020–2021), SH metrics were related to yield (r2 = .46–.78), but these relationships weakened when assessed within each field. These findings affirm SH indicators are sensitive to the legacy of management and are meaningful indicators of productivity across sites but less informative for within‐field variability.
Predatory fish diets shift towards an invasive mullet in a traditional Hawaiian aquaculture system
Authors: Akiona Anela K. , Popp Brian N. , Toonen Robert J. , Siple Margaret C. , Kotubetey Keliʻi , Kawelo Hiʻilei , Franklin Erik C.
Published: September 2022

Traditional Hawaiian fishponds, called loko iʻa, are a low‐impact and culturally important aquaculture system that historically produced significant fish yields. To better understand the structure of the contemporary food web of the restored Heʻeia fishpond, a mark‐recapture experiment was conducted to estimate the population abundance of the three dominant predatory fishes, and gut content, genetic barcoding, and stable isotope analyses were used to assess their diets. Great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda had the largest estimated population at 190 individuals, followed by 89 giant trevally Caranx ignobilis and 19 bluefin trevally Caranx melampygus. The three species were caught throughout the pond, with C. ignobilis concentrated in the deeper northwest area near a mangrove island. Diets of the three species consisted mainly of nearshore, estuarine fishes, and crustaceans. Prey taxonomic resolution was greatly improved with the use of genetic barcoding since most fish were too degraded to be visually identified. Trophic level calculations and isotopic niche breadth comparisons indicated that C. ignobilis and S. barracuda occupied similar ecological niches in the fishpond, and stable isotope mixing models revealed that their long‐term diets were mostly comprised glass shrimp (Palaemon sp.), mangrove swimming crab (Thalamita crenata), and an invasive Australian mullet (Osteomugil engeli). The native mullet (Mugil cephalus), a primary food fish species from the fishpond, was not identified in the diets of the predatory fishes in this study nor in a previous diet study decades ago prior to the introduction of Australian mullet. The inclusion of the invasive Australian mullet in the contemporary diets of the predatory fishes demonstrates a shift towards the newly available prey which may benefit the native mullet populations. These findings improve the understanding of food web dynamics in contemporary Hawaiian fishponds and provide an example of native predatory fishes consuming an invasive species as part of their diets.
Nitrogen rate and harvest date effects on energy cane yield, quality parameters, nutrient uptake and biomass chemical composition
Authors: Dalen Marilyn Sebial , Tubana Brenda S. , Kwakye Samuel , Han Kun‐Jun
Published: September 2022

Enhancing energy cane biomass production can increase feedstock supply for lignocellulosic‐based ethanol production. This study was conducted at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center (LSU AgCenter) Sugar Research Station in St. Gabriel, LA, from 2013 to 2015 to evaluate yield, fiber composition, and nutrient removal rate of energy cane harvested at different dates. The treatments included two energy cane cultivars (‘Ho 02‐113’ and ‘Ho 72‐114’) and four N rates (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg N ha–1), arranged in split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fifteen plants were collected once a month beginning 2 mo prior to the harvest date and then separated into leaves and stalks and analyzed for fiber and nutrient composition. Harvest date, cultivar, and N rate significantly affected energy cane yield (stalk and leaves), quality components, lignocellulosic composition, and nutrient removal rate (p < .05). On average, harvesting energy cane 1 and 2 mo earlier than the scheduled harvest date reduced stalk yield by 4% and 20% and leaf yield by 3% and 15%. Minimal changes on stalk fiber content and lignocellulosic composition in response to the treatments were documented but no specific and consistent trend was established. With leaf included, energy cane biomass production was increased by 32%; however, this can result in significant removal of plant essential nutrients, particularly N (105 kg ha–1), P (16 kg ha–1), and K (116 kg ha–1). The long‐term impact of complete removal of energy cane biomass from the field could result in decline in soil fertility and productivity.
Short‐term corn yield response associated with nitrogen dynamics from fall‐seeded cover crops under no‐till dryland conditions
Authors: Chim Bee Khim , Osborne Shannon L. , Lehman R. Michael
Published: September 2022

The availability of in‐season N to corn (Zea maysL.) following fall‐seeded cover crops depends on seasonal patterns of nitrogen (N) transformations that are site‐ and year‐dependent and resist prediction. Our objectives were to evaluate N dynamics following different cover crops (legume, nonlegume, none) and their relationship with subsequent corn yields within an established no‐till winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)–cover crop/corn–soybean (Glycine max) rotation over two site‐years in the U.S. Northern Plains. Spring cover crop biomass and N uptake, in‐situ soil N mineralization following cover crop termination, and corn grain yield and N uptake were measured. Legume cover crops were associated with higher corn yields, whereas rye (Secale cereale) did not significantly decrease corn yields despite N immobilization by a large rye cover crop in one year. Legume cover crops produced the highest rates of N mineralization during periods of high N demand by corn (V6–R3) and the highest seasonal amounts of mineralized N compared with rye or no cover crops. In‐situ N mineralization measurements better predicted yields across all treatments compared with approaches using cover crop biomass and N content. In situ N mineralization rates during corn growth stages V6–R3 provided a superior prediction (r = .83) of corn yields compared with all seasonal estimates of N provided by cover crops. Lower apparent N use efficiency calculated with contributions of in‐season N mineralization indicated that less fertilizer N can be applied in the growing season following legume cover crops.
Tunable Phase Retarder of 1D Layered Photonic Structure Combining Nonlinear Kerr Dielectric Defect Layers and Magnetized Plasma Materials
Authors: Rao Sisi , Fu Hao , Zhang Jiatao , Zhang Dan , Zhang Haifeng
Published: September 2022

In this article, through the optimized arrangement of the magnetized plasma, dielectric, and nonlinear Kerr dielectric, a tunable reflection phase retarder with a certain bandwidth is investigated. When the electric field of the incident electromagnetic wave is parallel to the xoy plane and has an angle of 45° with the x‐axis, the electric field can be further decomposed into Ex and Ey along the x‐ and y‐axes, indicating TM and TE waves, respectively. The results show that under reasonable parameters, the 180° or −180° phase delay of the reflected wave of the proposed structure is obtained and adjusted. In particular, the nonlinear bistable response at this performance is also demonstrated. Furthermore, to verify the superiority of the obtained bandwidth of the phase retarder, the influences of the incident angle, the plasma frequency, the external magnetic field, and the nonlinear light intensity on the bandwidth of the phase retarder have been studied. It is observed that the total phase retarder bandwidth can reach 2.6 GHz by appropriately optimizing those parameters. Additionally, this work provides constructive suggestions for tunable broadband phase blockers and half‐wave plates, and it still holds some potential significance in the radome.
Boosting Bismuth(III) Complexation for Targeted α‐Therapy (TAT) Applications with the Mesocyclic Chelating Agent AAZTA**
Authors: Horváth Dávid , Vágner Adrienn , Szikra Dezsö , Trencsényi György , Demitri Nicola , Guidolin Nicol , Maiocchi Alessandro , Ghiani Simona , Travagin Fabio , Giovenzana Giovanni B. , Baranyai Zsolt
Published: September 2022

Targeted α therapy (TAT) is a promising tool in the therapy of cancer. The radionuclide 213BiIII shows favourable physical properties for this application, but the fast and stable chelation of this metal ion remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate that the mesocyclic chelator AAZTA quickly coordinates BiIII at room temperature, leading to a robust complex. A comprehensive study of the structural, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of [Bi(AAZTA)]− is reported, along with bifunctional [Bi(AAZTA‐C4‐COO−)]2− and the targeted agent [Bi(AAZTA‐C4‐TATE)]−, which incorporates the SSR agonist Tyr3‐octreotate. An unexpected increase in the stability and kinetic inertness of the metal chelate was observed for the bifunctional derivative and was maintained for the peptide conjugate. A cyclotron‐produced 205/206Bi mixture was used as a model of 213Bi in labelling, stability, and biodistribution experiments, allowing the efficiency of [213Bi(AAZTA‐C4‐TATE)]− to be estimated. High accumulation in AR42J tumours and reduced kidney uptake were observed with respect to the macrocyclic chelate [213Bi(DOTA‐TATE)]−.
Direct Acquisition of the Gap Height of Biological Tissue‐Electronic Chemical Sensor Interfaces
Authors: Zhang Xin‐Wei , Hatamie Amir , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: September 2022

Interfacing biological tissues with electronic sensors offers the exciting opportunity to accurately investigate multiple biological processes. Accurate signal collection and application are the foundation of these measurements, but a long‐term issue is the signal distortion resulting from the interface gap. The height of the gap is the key characteristic needed to evaluate or model the distortion, but it is difficult to measure. By integrating a pair of nanopores at the electronic sensor plane and measuring the ion conductance between them, we developed a versatile and straightforward strategy to realize the direct cooperative evaluation of the gap height during exocytotic release from adrenal gland tissues. The signaling distortion of this gap has been theoretically evaluated and shows almost no influence on the amperometric recording of exocytosis in a classic “semi‐artificial synapse” configuration. This strategy should benefit research concerning various bio/chemical/machine interfaces.
Iron‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Alkyl Bromides via a Two‐Electron Transfer Process
Authors: Ai Han‐Jun , Leidecker Benedict N. , Dam Phong , Kubis Christoph , Rabeah Jabor , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: September 2022

Transition metal‐catalyzed carbonylative cross‐coupling reactions are some of the most widely used methods in organic synthesis. However, despite the obvious advantages of iron as an abundant and low toxicity transition metal catalyst, its practical application in carbonylation reaction remains largely unexplored. Here we report our recent study on Fe‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of alkyl halides. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction is catalyzed by an in situ generated Fe2−complex. This low‐valent iron species activates alkyl bromides via a distinctive two‐electron transfer (TET) process, whereas it proceeds via a single electron transfer (SET) process for alkyl iodides which is consistent with literature.
Orthogonal Charge Transfer by Precise Positioning of Silver Single Atoms and Clusters on Carbon Nitride for Efficient Piezocatalytic Pure Water Splitting
Authors: Hu Cheng , Hu Jingcong , Zhu Zijian , Lu Yue , Chu Shengqi , Ma Tianyi , Zhang Yihe , Huang Hongwei
Published: September 2022

Developing efficient piezocatalytic systems for two‐electron water splitting (TEWS) with producing H2 and H2O2 shows great promise to meet the industrial demand. Herein, Ag single atoms (SAs) and clusters are co‐anchored on carbon nitride (AgSA+C−CN) to serve as the multifunctional sites for efficient TEWS. The Ag SAs enhance the in‐plane piezoelectric polarization of CN that is intimately modulated by the atomic coordination induced charge redistribution, and Ag clusters afford strong interfacial electric field to remarkably promote the out‐of‐plane migration of piezoelectrons from CN. Moreover, AgSA+C−CN yields a larger piezoresistive effect that elevates carrier mobility under strain. Consequently, a superior H2 and H2O2 evolution rate of 7.90 mmol g−1 h−1 and 5.84 mmol g−1 h−1 is delivered by AgSA+C−CN, respectively, far exceeding that of the previously reported piezocatalysts. This work not only presents the SAs decoration as an available polarization enhancement strategy, but also sheds light on the superiority of multi‐sites engineering in piezocatalysis.
Luminous LaAlO3:Dy3+ perovskite nanomaterials: Synthesis, structural, and luminescence characteristics for white light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Singh Sitender , Gupta Isha , Kumar Vinod , Singh Devender
Published: September 2022

A single‐phase perovskite LaAlO3:Dy3+ phosphor was synthesized using a gel‐combustion method at 600°C utilization with hexamethylenetetramine as a fuel. Further calcination of the samples was carried out (800 and 1000°C) to investigate the resultant effect on the crystalline and luminescence behaviour. The crystal structure had a cubic unit cell (space group Pm3̅m) and was examined using the Rietveld refinement and X‐ray diffraction data. Additionally, Debye–Scherrer and Williamson–Hall equations were applied to determine other structural features. The particle size and morphology of phosphors were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Diffraction measurements were supported by the various metal–oxygen vibration modes studied with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis verified the chemical composition of synthesized sample. Luminescence spectra of the LaAlO3:Dy3+ phosphors exhibited intense bands for 4F9/2→6H15/2 (482 nm, bluish region) and 4F9/2→6H13/2 (574 nm, yellowish region) transitions. Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage and correlated colour temperature data confirmed the cool‐white emission of the samples under ultraviolet light excitation. The interesting and advantageous luminescence characteristics of LaAlO3:Dy3+ phosphors make them potential materials for white light‐emitting diodes.
Applying resonance Rayleigh scattering and spectrofluorimetric techniques for the selective determination of neomycin sulfate using Congo red as a probe: Applications for wastewater analysis
Authors: Jia Yang , Chen Yangyang , Zhang Dan , Zhang Fanfan , Meng Junsheng , Jiang Lirong , Yang Shengke
Published: September 2022

Two simple, sensitive, and low‐cost fluorescence spectroscopy methods for neomycin (NEO) detection were developed. Both methods were based on the interaction between NEO and Congo red (CR) in acidic buffer medium to form an ion‐association complex. The quenching effect of the formed ion‐association complex on the fluorescence of CR at 421 nm is a basic principle of fluorescence analysis, whilst the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) method was used to enhance the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrum at 384 nm by adding NEO. Experimental conditions such as pH, temperature, reaction time, CR concentration, and the ionic strength of the two methods were investigated and optimized. In addition, the effect of common coexisting substances on the method was tested and the results showed good selectivity. The composition of ion‐association complexes, the reaction mechanism, and reasons for the enhanced intensity of RRS are discussed. Under optimum conditions, the responses of the fluorescence spectrophotometry and RRS methods showed good linearity with NEO concentrations in the range 0.2–3.0 μg ml−1 and 0.1–3.0 μg ml−1, respectively. The detection limits of fluorescence spectrophotometry and RRS spectroscopy techniques were 0.02 μg ml−1 and 0.01 μg ml−1, respectively. Finally, the two methods were applied to the analysis of wastewater and the results were satisfactory.
Analyzing protein conjugation reactions for antibody‐drug conjugate synthesis using polarized excitation emission matrix spectroscopy
Authors: de Faria e Silva Ana L. , Ryder Alan G.
Published: September 2022

Antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer therapeutics, which offer important advantages compared to more classical therapies. There are a variety of ADC critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as the protein structure, aggregation, and drug‐to‐antibody ratio (DAR), which all impact on potency, stability, and toxicity. Production processes can destabilize antibodies via a variety of physical and chemical stresses, and or by increased aggregation after conjugation of hydrophobic drugs. Thus, a proper control strategy for handling, production, and storage is necessary to maintain CQA levels, which requires the use of in‐process quality measurements to first identify, then understand, and control the variables which adversely affect ADC CQAs during manufacturing. Here, we show how polarized excitation emission matrix (pEEM) spectroscopy, a sensitive, nondestructive, and potentially fast technique, can be used for rapidly assessing aggregation and DAR in a single measurement. pEEM provides several sources of information for protein analysis: Rayleigh scatter for identifying aggregate/particle formation and fluorescence emission to assess chemical and structural changes induced by attachment of a linker and/or a small molecule drug payload. Here, we used a nontoxic ADC mimic (monoclonal antibody with linker molecule) to demonstrate efficacy of the measurement method. Emission changes caused via light absorption by the attached linker, allowed us to predict DAR with good accuracy using fluorescence signal from the final purified products (6% relative error of prediction [REP]) and also from unpurified alkylation intermediates (11% REP). pEEM changes could also be correlated with size (hydrodynamic radius, Rh) and aggregate content parameters obtained from dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). For the starting material and purified product samples, pEEM correlated better with Rh (R2 = 0.99, 6% REP) than SEC determined aggregate content (18% REP). Combining both fluorescence and light scatter signals also enabled in‐process size quantification (6% REP). Overall, combining polarized measurements with EEM and Rayleigh scatter provides a single measurement, multi‐attribute test method for ADC manufacturing.
Incidence and outcomes of cardiogenic shock among women with spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Authors: Osman Mohammed , Syed Moinuddin , Simpson Timothy F. , Bhardwaj Bhaskar , Kheiri Babikir , Divanji Punag , Golwala Harsh , Zahr Firas , Cigarroa Joaquin E.
Published: September 2022

Background

There is a paucity of data on cardiogenic shock (CS) incidence and outcomes among patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).

Methods

Women admitted to the hospital for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with and without SCAD were identified from the United States National Readmission Database from October 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018. We calculated the incidence of CS among women with AMI with and without SCAD and odds for developing CS after adjusting for baseline characteristics. In addition, we report the utilization of percutaneous coronary intervention, mechanical circulatory support, severe disability surrogates, and 30‐day readmission rates.

Results

A total of 664,292 patients admitted for AMI were eligible for analysis, including 6643 patients with SCAD and 657,649 without SCAD. Patients with SCAD were younger (57 years [interquartile range, IQR 48–68] vs. 71 years [IQR 60–81], p < 0.01) and had fewer comorbidities yet had a higher incidence of CS as compared to patients without SCAD (9% vs. 5%, p < 0.01) and remained at elevated risk after adjusting for baseline comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio 1.5 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.2–1.7]). Among patients who developed CS, those with SCAD had lower in‐hospital mortality than non‐SCAD (31% vs. 39%, p < 0.01), and were more likely to receive mechanical circulatory support.

Conclusions

In a nationally representative sample of women admitted for AMI, we found that patients with SCAD had a higher risk of developing CS and required more frequent use of mechanical circulatory support but were more likely to survive to discharge than women suffering AMI from causes other than SCAD.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock during COVID‐19
Authors: Ahlers Michael J. , Srivastava Pratyaksh K. , Basir Mir B. , O'Neill William W. , Hacala Michael , Ammar Kareem , Khalil Suzan , Hollowed John , Nsair Ali
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To evaluate characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMICS) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has created challenges in delivering acute cardiovascular care. Quality measures and outcomes of patients presenting with AMICS during COVID‐19 in the United States have not been well described.

Methods

We identified 406 patients from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative (NCSI) with AMICS and divided them into those presenting before (N = 346, 5/9/2016−2/29/2020) and those presenting during the COVID‐19 pandemic (N = 60, 3/1/2020−11/10/2020). We compared baseline clinical data, admission characteristics, and outcomes.

Results

The median age of the cohort was 64 years, and 23.7% of the group was female. There were no significant differences in age, sex, and medical comorbidities between the two groups. Patients presenting during the pandemic were less likely to be Black compared to those presenting prior. Median door to balloon (90 vs. 88 min, p = 0.38), door to support (88 vs. 78 min, p = 0.13), and the onset of shock to support (74 vs. 62 min, p = 0.15) times were not significantly different between the two groups. Patients presented with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction more often during the COVID‐19 period (95.0% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.005). In adjusted logistic regression models, COVID‐19 period did not significantly associate with survival to discharge (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54−2.19, p = 0.81) or with 1‐month survival (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.42−1.61, p = 0.56).

Conclusions

Care of patients presenting with AMICS has remained robust among hospitals participating in the NCSI during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Synthesis of Dihydropyrazoles via Pd‐Catalyzed Heterocyclization/Carbonylation Reaction: Development and Parameterization Studies
Authors: Barboza Amanda A. , Dantas Juliana A. , Jardim Guilherme A. M. , Neto Attilio C. , Oliveira Willian X. C. , Gensch Tobias , Ferreira Marco A. B.
Published: September 2022

A Pd‐catalyzed heterocyclization/carbonylation cascade reaction encompassing the formation of 3 new bonds, affording dihydropyrazole‐esters in moderate to excellent yields and good functional group tolerance is described, comprising a new methodology for direct access to esterified heterocycles using alcohols as readily available feedstock. Optimization was carried out along with a phosphine/base parameterization study, providing important structure‐reactivity insights for pyridine‐bases, mono‐ and bisphosphines.
Labile Base‐Stabilized Silyliumylidene Ions. Non‐Metallic Species Capable of Activating Multiple Small Molecules
Authors: Nougué Raphaël , Takahashi Shintaro , Dajnak Aymeric , Maerten Eddy , Baceiredo Antoine , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Branchadell Vicenç , Kato Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2022

Several base‐stabilized silyliumylidene ions (2 and 3) with different ligands were synthesized. Their behaviour appeared strongly dependent on the nature of ligand. Indeed, in contrast to the poorly reactive silyliumylidene ions 3 c,d stabilized by strongly donating ligands (DMAP, NHC), the silylene‐ and sulfide‐supported one (2‐H and 3 a) exhibits higher reactivity toward various small molecules. Furthermore, their capability to successively activate multiple small molecules was clearly demonstrated by processes involving successive reactions with silane/formamide, CO2 and H2. Moreover, HBPin adduct of 3 a (8‐C) catalyzes the hydroboration of pyridine. Of particular interest, silylene‐supported silyliumylidene complex 2‐H is one of the rare species able to activate two H2 molecules.
Development of an Ontology for Biocatalysis
Authors: Menke Marian J. , Behr Alexander S. , Rosenthal Katrin , Linke David , Kockmann Norbert , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Dörr Mark
Published: September 2022

Enzyme activity data for biocatalytic applications are currently often not annotated with standardized conditions and terms. This makes it extremely hard to retrieve, compare, and reuse enzymatic data. With advances in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), the automated usability of data in the form of machine‐readable annotations will play a crucial role for their success. It is becoming increasingly easy to retrieve complex data sets and extract relevant information; however, standardized data readability is a current limitation. In this contribution, we outline an iterative approach to develop standardized terms and create semantic relations (ontologies) to achieve this highly desirable goal of improving the discoverability, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse of digital resources in the field of biocatalysis.
Chemical engineering for the Anthropocene
Authors: Horio Masayuki , Clift Roland
Published: September 2022

The environmental and resource crises that confront human life on earth demand changes to the whole socio‐economic metabolic system. The changes will affect all aspects of life, including the practice of chemical engineering. The historical association of the profession with the fossil carbon economy means that the expertise that makes up chemical engineering must be re‐examined and repurposed urgently if the discipline is to play a full role in the socio‐economic transition. In this article, we review the historical development of chemical engineering to identify its unique features and find ways in which it can change to meet the challenge. A pattern of 30‐year cycles in the development of the discipline is revealed, showing the way it has built up by incorporating approaches from other disciplines and also developing a unique set of skills and knowledge. Chemical engineering as taught needs to prepare graduates to operate under the kind of social contract embodied in declarations by professional bodies. We propose ways in which the expertise comprising chemical engineering can be applied in the ‘just transition’ to a less unsustainable society, including new approaches to plant and process design and also applications ‘outside the pipe’ to environmental modelling and industrial ecology. The unsustainability crisis results from a history of poor public and private decisions, so examination of the different types of decisions is timely. Specific roles for chemical engineers in deliberative decision processes are identified, including enhanced emphasis on risk and precaution.