bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspects Psychologiques De L'Utilisation Des Anovulants
Authors: Rouleau Y. , Gosselin J.Y. , Simard N. , Bury J. , Pomerleau G.
Published: April 2017

After a brief review of the literature, this paper presents the results of an experiment undertaken with women who were taking contraceptive pills. A questionnaire was given to them and an attempt was made to correlate the answers with the clinical hypothesis.

Two main areas were studied, 1) consequences in sexual adjustment, and 2) the secondary psychological effects of the pills. At the sexual adjustment level an improvement was observed: satisfaction is better, frequency and desire are increased. This improvement is particularly marked with women considered to be frigid and with those who had limited sexual relations before. This is in contradiction with the initial hypothesis. Symptoms such as irritability, depression, fatigue and somnolence were found at the psychological level; these were related to dissatisfaction with the pills.
Expérience Re Thérapie Analytique De Groupe Chez Des Préadolescentes
Authors: Gagnon Jacques
Published: April 2017

The basic criteria of psychoanalysis can be found in group psychotherapy of analytical origin. The neutral attitude of the psychotherapist, his attention oriented towards the search for unconscious phantasm and his position as an interpreter of the transfer promote the production of a vertical attachment beyond lateral transfers.

Just before puberty the pulsional drive is poorly differentiated. Physical and intellectual inferiority is compensated by the spontaneous formation of the group. Pathologies observed are also poorly differentiated: they take the form of behaviour disorders and neuroses.

Child therapists have adapted several formulas deriving from their ecological training: therapies based on attitudes, abreaction or transfer interpretation.

Whatever method is used, group therapy appears to satisfy the social appetite of preadolescents. They show certain difficulties in conceptualizing. For that reason we favour an approach allowing the use of play, drawing and other non-verbal methods of expression.

The therapist impresses his tastes and his personality upon the technique, thus bringing him satisfaction and making him more efficient.
A Comprehensive Emergency Psychiatric Service in a General Hospital
Authors: Straker M. , Yung C. , Weiss L.
Published: April 2017

Rapid developments in general hospital outpatient psychiatry reflect increasing demands from the community for such setvices. Combining the outpatient caseload and Emergency Room psychiatric patients, nearly 2,500 patients per year were under care.

To provide better care a new emergency intake service has been established, with a 72-hour limit of stay. This is a valuable therapeutic resource, and has made it possible to better study and treat selected acutely-ill patients. It is also a dynamic teaching setting.

The establishment of this intensive-care unit has relieved pressure on the existing services. Suicidal patients, those with transient deliria and acutely disturbed patients have been accommodated. About 20 per cent of the casualty caseload has been admitted to the Short Stay Service, and nearly 50 per cent of such patients were able to return to their homes and community living within three days.

These clinical experiences confirm the description of this unit as a ‘comprehensive emergency psychiatric service’ in a general hospital setting. The survival of the service is assured and encourages the establishment of similar units in other centres.
The Electroencephalogram in Cannabis Associated Psychosis
Authors: Campbell D. R.
Published: April 2017

Comparison was made among the electroencephalograms of eleven patients with psychotic reactions after the use of cannabis, twenty-nine patients admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, ten for neurological consultations and eleven cannabis users with no apparent psychiatric implications. It was found that there was a greater increase in the EEG abnormalities of cannabis users than in the rest. It is therefore suggested that the drug may be a factor in creating the EEG abnormalities as well as contributing to the psychotic reactions observed, especially when the other factors which could create similar EEG abnormalities have been ruled out.
Concentration Camp Survival: A Pilot Study of Effects on the Second Generation
Authors: Sigal John J. , Rakoff Vivian
Published: April 2017

Clinical observations of the families of concentration camp survivors presenting at a psychiatric outpatient department in a general hospital suggested that they manifested certain common characteristics distinguishing them from the general clinical population. These observations were subjected to a more systematic study.

All the case material used in this study was taken from intake histories and diagnostic summaries. In the concentration camp families at least one parent had been in concentration camps during the war or had, up to the time of forced separation, been in close personal contact with members of his immediate family who eventually perished in the camps. All these families were Jewish. The control group consisted of families in which the parents were Jews of Central and Eastern European origin who did not have either of the two experiences listed as criteria for inclusion in the concentration camp group.

As compared to the control families, the concentration camp parents manifested greater difficulties in self-control and in being able to control their children, and they showed a greater degree of overvaluation of the child. In families with more than one child, the children displayed a significantly greater degree of rivalry. No significant difference was found in the rate of occurrence of school problems but these tended to be less frequent in the concentration camp families. Examination of subgroups within the concentration camp group revealed that the most significant effects appeared to be attributable to the insurmountable process of mourning and the emotionally depleted state of the parents.

The effects of concentration camps may conceivably manifest themselves in psychologically disturbed functioning of future generations.
La Communication Dans un Centre de Formation Pedopsychiatrique
Authors: Houde Laurent
Published: April 2017

This paper indicates the special needs for communication of information in a Hospital Department of Child Psychiatry, where the main activities are: clinical services, consultation with the community, teaching, training and research. In the organization of information three areas must be considered: orientations and policies of the Department, the community and its facilities and the scientific data necessary for clinical teaching and research activities.

The importance for scientific information being made easily available to users is stressed, as well as the necessity to develop motivation for an active search for information. Emphasis is also placed on the quality which must determine the choice of technical means to deal with this information. Finally, certain specialized means of information in the Department of Psychiatry of Hôpital Sainte-Justine are briefly described.
Étude De La Fantasmatique De Patients Soumis À La Greffe Renale
Authors: Crombez J. C. , Lefebvre P.
Published: April 2017

This paper is part of an ongoing study of the psychiatric aspects of renal transplantation at Notre-Dame Hospital in Montreal, and deals specifically with the clinical significance of the patient's fantasies concerning the acquisition of a kidney.

Fantasy material concerning the issues of life and death, the fantasies linking the acquired organ to libidinal drives and those concerning the impact of transplantation upon body image are examined.

Patients defend against anxieties concerning living and dying by denial. Fantasies are described which suggest that transplantation is experienced on the genital level as a rephallicisation of doubtful outcome, following the castrative effect of the illness and hemodialysis. It was confirmed also that the archaic mental representation of the kidney was far more encompassing than that of a mere excretory organ, and thus the vicissitudes of the process of acceptance of the grafted body part appear as very complex phenomena which can have a bearing on clinical outcome.
Survival Rates and Causes of Death in Geriatric Psychiatric Patients: A Six-Year Follow-up Study.
Authors: Varsamis J. , Zuchowski T. , Maini K. K.
Published: April 2017

This is a six-year follow-up study of one hundred and thirty geriatric psychiatric patients admitted to the Winnipeg Psychiatric Institute in 1964. The main findings were:

1) Survival rates were lowest in senile patients with arteriosclerotic dementias. Those with other dementias and confusional states and male paranoid patients did somewhat better. Female paranoid patients and those with affective disorders did not differ significantly from the general population.

2) The survival rate of patients with senile dementia supports the view that the short-term prognosis has improved in recent years.

3) No significant difference was found between the survival rate of those with senile and arteriosclerotic dementia.

4) The high mortality rate of male paranoid patients was probably due to the high incidence of serious physical illness and alcoholism. It is suggested that a sizeable proportion of these cases were secondary to extracerebral somatic disease.

5) The commonest primary causes of death were:

a) Bronchopneumonia in the group with dementias.

b) Myocardial infarction in those with confusional states.

c) Heart disease and other causes in those in the paranoid group.

d) Malignant disease and suicide in those with affective disorders.

6) The frequent occurrence of malignant disease in affective disorders is noted.
Psychiatric Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Waring E. M.
Published: April 2017

Psychiatric symptoms in association with S.L.E. have been reviewed, and their incidence, classification, pathology and psycho-dynamics have been discussed.

The most useful classification is into, a) functional illness, usually depression, and b) toxic-organic illness. The incidence of the ‘functional disorders’ varies widely; it has been reported in up to 50 per cent of patients with S.L.E. In contrast, ‘toxic-organic illness’ shows remarkable consistency from study to study (four authors report an incidence of 29 per cent) in patients with S.L.E. The few pathological studies suggest the underlying etiology in the toxic-organic group may be, a) cerebrovasclar disease or, b) toxic states secondary to complications of S.L.E. such as uremia or, c) steroid treatment.

This classification is of practical significance in that the natural history and prognosis differ in these two groups. The ‘toxic-organic’ group shows a higher incidence of cardiovascular and renal-vascular disease and increased morbidity.

The dynamics of the ‘functional’ group have been discussed, particularly with reference to ego psychology.

Finally, a case is presented which is one of the few reported of the presentation of psychiatric symptoms leading to the diagnosis of S.L.E. and demonstrating a response to empirical forms of treatment.
Crises of Later Adolescence and Early Adult Life
Authors: Boyce Murray
Published: April 2017

The records of two hundred and twenty patients aged 16 to 25 who were seen during the years 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968 reveal that those aged 20 to 21 were most frequently seen, and there was almost equal distribution as to sex. The crisis situation in each case was defined and classified with the following major categories emerging: 1) difficulty in separating from original home and parents, 2) difficulty in attaining, keeping or tolerating a courting partner, a mate, a pregnancy or children, 3) difficulty in working at any job or as a student, 4) difficulty in establishing an identity, 5) difficulty in handling loss, hostility or gross rejection. The largest group was made up of those having difficulties with respect to a courting partner and establishing a satisfying relationship with a mate. There was a very high proportion of females within this group.

Repeatedly, the need to influence parents became obvious, crossing over many of the categories and underscoring the desirability of more meaningful family life and interaction.
Chromosomal Studies of Prison Inmates with Relationship to Offence Characteristics
Authors: Joneja M. G. , Travill A. A. , Scott G. D.
Published: April 2017

This study of sixty-five volunteers has again shown that the XYY constitution exists in some prisoners but there are no other logical deductions to be made. The subject of this study has no characteristics (apart from height) in common with the more than three hundred persons described in the literature who have the XYY chromosome.
Article
Authors: Lamontagne Yves
Published: April 2017

This is a report of recent developments in behaviour therapy in the treatment of phobias, observed while studying at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, England from July 1971 to May 1972. The modified flooding technique as practised by Marks and his team is less extreme than that employed by Stampfl. Furthermore it is more rapid and practical than Wolpe's systematic desensitization, while it is as efficient as this method in the treatment of specific phobias and surpasses it in the treatment of agoraphobia.

In specific phobias flooding in practice gives better results than flooding in imagination. In agoraphobia the superiority of one part of the treatment over the other has not yet been demonstrated. The importance of prolonged exposure to the phobic situation is now obvious.

This technique is not time consuming, the treatment is active, generally well accepted by the patients and improvement, both subjective and objective, is remarkable.
The Speed User: Social and Psychological Factors in Amphetamine Abuse
Authors: Levine Saul V. , Lloyd David D. , Longdon William H.
Published: April 2017

Two hundred and eighteen chronic amphetamine users, ranging in age from thirteen to thirty years were interviewed to ascertain if common factors in backgrounds, life styles, and personalities exist. They were divided into six groups based on locale and sex, and important differences were noted. This essentially middle-class phenomenon is extremely destructive to these young people but it was quite obvious that the socio-psychological disturbance in most of them pre-dated the heavy drug use.
Lowering the Cost of Psychiatric Care
Authors: Smith Stuart L.
Published: April 2017

This paper reports a four-year experience and includes follow-up data from the operation of a novel inpatient general hospital unit. The two main features of the unit are: a relatively brief duration of hospitalization; and the employment of nursing staff as therapists in exactly the way residents are usually used.

The inpatient stay is considered to be a special opportunity for organizing important changes in the life styles and living arrangements of patients. It is also a time for making careful observations of behaviours and treatment trials. Daily interviews are conducted, including family members and other relevant persons.

The nurse-therapists are trained to perform individual and family therapy as well as to organize all the social and environmental contacts. They conduct groups and behaviour therapies and are in charge of the planning for discharge.

The patients here differ little from those in other general hospital units and the follow-up data show results to be at least as good as those reported anywhere else.

The shortened hospital stay represents a considerable saving, and the use of the nurse-therapist has important implications for economies in the health care system. There are some problems with the role changes required to make this system work but it is felt that the benefits far outweigh the disadvantages.
Effect of Chlorpromazine on Rem Rebound in Normal Volunteers
Authors: Naiman J. , Poitras R. , Engelsmann F.
Published: April 2017

The effect of chlorpromazine on the REM deprivation rebound was studied. Five normal subjects participated in the experiment which consisted of three periods of nine nights each. The first period was without medication, the second with medication and the third again without medication. Four dependent variables — Total Sleep Time, REM latency, REM time and REM percentage — were measured in each period as follows: baseline — three nights, REM deprivation — two nights and recovery — four nights.

Analysis of variance (three-way classification) was computed in order to evaluate both the main effects as well as the interaction between medication and sleep conditions. The results showed significant difference over the three conditions of sleep — baseline, REM deprivation and recovery. While there were no significant differences due to medication the replication of the measurements in the same subjects proved to be a slightly significant source of the variance of the scores in all variables except REM latency.
Denial of Death and the Unconscious Longing for Indestructability and Immortality in the Terminal Phase of Adolescence
Authors: Gerald J. Sarwer-Foner
Published: April 2017

This paper is an attempt to delineate some specific factors in the terminal phase of adolescence in the current social scene which act as impediments to becoming adult and accepting adult roles and responsibilities.

Part of the problem is the adolescent's fear of dying and nothingness, which leads him to reject adulthood and its responsibilities as compromises indicating that one has accepted death and (if God does not exist) eventual nothingness. They long for and yet intellectually cannot believe in indestructibility and immortality. Their physical sense of well-being, their bodily development, their bursting with vigor and life only accents their fear of decrepitude, decay and death. They turn to their peer group for solace, to control loneliness and to love people like themselves.

The role religion used to play in helping bridge this kind of impasse by offering hope for an on-going future — an afterlife — is discussed. The formerly valued role of adulthood, of elders, of acquired experience and wisdom has also been discussed in this framework.

The ways in which anxiety, depressive feelings, guilt and hypochondriasis break through has been delineated, as have the denials and some of the defensive preoccupations with ‘goodness’ or ‘badness’, including food fads, physical well-being, fear of poisons, pollution and preservatives.

The intense rage and frustration which adolescents can feel against parents who treated them, when children, as central to all, and who can no longer protect them from the ravages of a threatening and thus ‘bad’ world, has been discussed.
Psychiatrists' Characteristics and Polypharmacy
Authors: Merlis Sidney , Sheppard Charles , Fracchia John
Published: April 2017

A questionnaire which included a case history designed to elicit treatment preferences in psychiatric disease was distributed to psychiatrists on the staffs of seventeen state mental hospitals in New York State. Results of the survey, based upon a 45 per cent return, indicate that two of every five respondents selected polypharmacy as the preferred initial treatment regimen for the hypothetical patient described in the questionnaire. Recency of training (residency completion) and fewer private agency affiliations appeared to be the major characteristic of the psychiatrists in this sample, who tended to employ drug combinations. These data are interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that polypharmacy may currently be ‘in vogue’ as a therapeutic modality despite the lack of a clear cut rationale for its use or proof of its efficacy.
Physical Health and Illness in a Psychiatric Outpatient Department Population
Authors: Koranyi Erwin K.
Published: April 2017

The physical assessment by psychiatric teams of one hundred consecutive patients in the adult psychiatric outpatient department revealed: 1) That half these patients were suffering from some kind of significant physical illness. 2) That two-thirds of the physically ill were not sufficiently diagnosed and that half were not diagnosed at all before referral to psychiatry. 3) That the efficiency in diagnosing physical illnesses was poor among both general and psychiatric practitioners. 4) That the medical supervision of patients with organic illnesses treated for psychiatric disturbance by allied health professionals and parapsychiatric personnel was insufficient. 5) That in many instances the unsuspected physical illness was the exclusive cause of the patient's emotional condition. 6) That psychiatric referral is frequently a chance occurrence — those who were physically ill were often characterized in this sample by less education and lower intelligence, were older, predominantly female and had inadequate personalities or passive-aggressive personality disorders. 7) That physical illnesses were often masked by the patient's manner of presenting his complaints and further ‘involuntarily’ disguised by the referring source.
Comparative Therapeutic Factors in Schizophrenia
Authors: Gauthier R. , Panaccio L. , Kekhwa G. , Lefebvre G. , Tetreault L. , Bordeleau J. M.
Published: April 2017

A comparative psychiatric study which evaluated the effects of milieu, group psychotherapy and occupational therapy on sixty-four chronic schizophrenic female patients has been described. These patients had been hospitalized for a mean period of seventeen years, eight months. Two of the factors, milieu and occupational therapy, did not significantly affect the patients' psychiatric condition as assessed by the three rating scales. The third factor, group psychotherapy, did significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the degree of anxiety without modifying the mental state or the behaviour.

A fourth factor, repetition of the experiment, has been statistically analysed indicating that some elements deriving from the milieu may have been responsible for the higher degree of anxiety in the first group of patients.
Declining-Dose Drug Desensitization for Phobias
Authors: Mccormick W.O.
Published: April 2017

In this paper the theoretical basis and technique of Declining-Dose Drug Desensitization are described. Encouraging results from an unselected series of 14 patients are reported, and the applicability of the treatment and the low cost in both patient and therapist time are examined.

The contribution of the drug element to the acceptability and pleasantness of this treatment are discussed, with illustrations from psychophysiological investigations.
General Papers
Authors: Amyot Arthur , Messier Michel
Published: April 2017

Following a brief review of the literature the article describes the deployment of psychiatric teams in isolated, deprived, rural areas. The visiting teams were put into operation according to the principles of community psychiatry and were acting mostly as consultants to the local resources.

In a little more than a year, 1608 files were started, 25 percent of this number were for children. The number of adults requiring hospitalization outside the region was reduced from 170 to 47. Local hospitalizations were also studied, and conditions which resulted in the findings in this paper were examined.

The usefulness and value of travelling teams in isolated rural areas is emphasized.
Mental Illness and Cultural Beliefs in a Southern Italian Immigrant Family: A Case Report
Authors: Goetzl Ugo
Published: April 2017

Culture has a profound effect upon the manifestation of mental disorders.

Unusual cultural beliefs are usually inadequate explanations for symptoms, no matter how bizarre the belief may be. Other parameters — genetic, family interaction, role expectation and so on — must be considered.

Cultural beliefs can mask anxiety-laden intrapsychic dysfunction as well as maladaptive family behavioural patterns.

Fulfilment of role expectation is a significant determinant of psychological functioning.

Persistent awareness of psychopathology, together with a thorough familiarity with cultural aspects of an individual's background, is of utmost diagnostic importance. The absence of the latter leads to the danger of labeling and misunderstanding ‘symptoms’; the absence of the former can lead to the situation described in this case report.

Therapeutic endeavours must be multi-variant, and cultural consideration is but one important aspect.
Family Placement — in France
Authors: Palframan David S.
Published: April 2017

A family placement service program wherein stabilized mental patients are placed with families to whom they are not related is described. The service is located south of Paris, France, and is likely to be adaptable to the areas adjacent to any large city.

Family recruitment and patient selection criteria are described and the role of the social worker-psychiatrist team is reviewed.

The families and patients appear to function best when a situation of mutual need exists.

The patient population and the therapeutic results over a brief follow-up period are described statistically.
Clomipramine HCL — A Double-Blind Study of a New Antidepressant Drug
Authors: Mcclure D.J. , Low G.L. , Gent M.
Published: April 2017

A double-blind study was carried out comparing the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of clomipramine HCL (a new antidepressant) and imipramine on a group of 24 subjects suffering from psychotic depression. The patients were divided into two groups of twelve by random sampling. Clinical assessments were made by two independent psychiatrists using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, and also by a psychologist using the Welsh Anxiety Index of the MMPI and IPAT scales. The assessments were carried out one day prior to treatment and on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 22nd and 44th day after treatment commenced.

Clomipramine HCL was found to be as effective as imipramine in the treatment of depression, and it also showed similar anxiolytic properties.

There were no significant changes in the laboratory tests carried out before and after the treatment program was completed in both treatment groups.
Symbol and Symptom in Childhood
Authors: Lester Eva P.
Published: April 2017

Symbolic behaviour in the young child is closely related to the symbolic thought of this age. This thought is based on the early types of mental representation or imagery, with its particular characteristics. Dysfunctional types of this behaviour, despite their symbolism, should not be taken as indications of neurotic illness. Such an illness should be diagnosed on the basis of developmental as well as clinical findings. It is proposed that the establishment of conceptual thinking (secondary process) may be a necessary precondition for the development of the neurotic symptom, which is a highly composite and structured behaviour.
Paranoid-Depressive Relationships
Authors: Hoaken Paul C.S.
Published: April 2017

Recent theories have ascribed the development of paranoid disorders to the use of denial and defensive projection of blame in some patients who have underlying feelings of poor self-esteem and inadequacy. The author proposes that the failure of other significant people in the patient's environment to provide the help he believes he needs accounts for the development of frank persecutory ideas; whereas the failure of denial and projection results in depression. Four cases of sequential or mixed paranoid-depressive illness are presented to support this proposition. Other relationships between paranoid and affective illnesses are suggested.
Depression and Mania Associated with Kleine-Levin-Critchley Syndrome
Authors: Jeffries J. Joel , Lefebvre Arlette
Published: April 2017

This is the fortieth reported case of K-L-C syndrome in the world and the second case reported in Canada. A study of this particular case, together with a review of the literature, is presented to clarify the phenomenology of this syndrome. Three aspects are emphasized:

a) The presence of this syndrome in women is confirmed although the male-female ratio is 9:1.

b) Rather than occurring in schizoid persons, as previously suggested, the syndrome is in fact an affective disorder which is closely related to manic-depressive psychosis, which may also have periods of delirium or pre-delirium associated with the hypersomnia spells.

c) The occasional temporal association of a disorder of sleeping and eating, with menstruation and often accompanied by evidence of organicity, suggests a diencephalic problem. The further association of this disorder with affective changes suggests that manic-depressive psychosis should be considered as a possible disease of the diencephalon, rather than as a ‘functional’ psychosis with diencephalic signs.
Etude D'Un Cas De Transsexuel Male
Authors: Martel Pierre G.
Published: April 2017

The case reported illustrates the sexual behaviour pattern described briefly in category No. 6 of Benjamin's Sex Orientation Scale.

Neither observation of the patient nor the material reported revealed any sign of castration anxiety. The identification of the patient appears in all respects to be a real and complete identification as a female.

The indications for conversion intervention are those already reported in the literature.

The post-operative course of this patient for the last year has been uneventful. Signs of depression, suicidal gestures or wishes, and hysterical features have all disappeared. ‘His’ beard has been destroyed by electrolysis. He is happier, strives for something more, particularly a better husband, and is generally more relaxed and behaves in a more acceptable way.
Psychiatric Status of the Marihuana User
Authors: Marcus Anthony M. , Klonoff Harry , Low Morton
Published: April 2017

This paper is concerned with the psychiatric evaluation of 81 volunteers in a marihuana project.

The psychiatric status has been evaluated in a standard manner and the drug history, both prescribed and non-prescribed, has been determined.

A method of classification of the non-adverse and adverse drug effects is suggested. Observations are made with respect to the subjective responses of the volunteers in regard to their drug intake, and these are compared to the hard data obtained in the neurophysiological and neuropsychological parts of the study and from fifteen key papers reviewed. The serious lack of precise methodological design and the need for more accurate information with respect to placebo effects, suggestibility and the social set in the area of marihuana use are noted.
The Relationships between Measures of General Depression and the Endogenous versus Reactive Classification
Authors: Costello C. G. , Christensen S. J. , Rogers T. B.
Published: April 2017

The Pilowsky Questionnaire and a number of self-report measures of general depression were administered to 95 patients, mostly consecutive admissions to the psychiatric unit of a general hospital.

There were high correlations (mean = .72) between the scores on the measures of general depression and the scores on the reactive and endogenous scales of the Pilowsky Questionnaire. The correlations between the scores on the measures of general depression and the classification score from the Pilowsky Questionnaire were generally low (mean = .33).

The implications of these findings for the issue concerning the unitary or binary nature of depression are discussed .
Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenic and Nonschizophrenic Adolescents by Tests Based on Interference Theory
Authors: MacCrimmon D. J. , Sigal J. J. , Streiner D. L.
Published: April 2017

Interference theory is proposed as one of the better current constructs that may explain schizophrenic deficits. A battery of psychological tests that embody competing stimuli was created.

Consecutive adolescent patients admitted to a general hospital psychiatric inpatient service were tested. The patients were diagnosed as schizophrenic or nonschizophrenic, based on classical symptomatology. Both groups were comparable in terms of age, years of schooling, and medications given.

The results showed that although all group mean differences were in the predicted direction, only one measure, the Competing Voices Task, significantly differentiated between the two groups. A discriminant function and classification analysis showed that a function could be derived which correctly classified 8 of the 9 subjects in the nonschizophrenic group, and 9 out of the 12 in the schizophrenic group, solely on the basis of their scores on two of the measures. Adding the other variables did not increase the discriminating ability of the test battery as a whole.

A general hypothesis was proposed relating to sufficient conditions for the evocation of a schizophrenic deficit, and the difficulties of applying current theories were underlined.
The Introduction of a Crisis Unit in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Voineskos George , Morrison M. F. , Jain R. C.
Published: April 2017

A community oriented Crisis Unit was introduced in a mental hospital as an integral part of a comprehensive Clinical Service. The unit is doing crisis assessment and intervention for patients referred to this Clinical Service and a 72-hour inpatient or day-care crisis oriented therapy.

The locale, the organization of the team and the work of the unit are described. Data are given regarding the number of patients seen during the first six months, of those admitted and of those discharged within 72 hours or transferred to another unit of the service. Additional data referring to the patients admitted to the Crisis Unit and during a corresponding six-month period of the previous year when the Unit was not operating are also given. The reduction of the inpatient population of the service and the associated financial savings are outlined.

The management of the Unit on an open-door policy is described. The impact of the Unit on the treatment programs of the other units of the service is discussed.

It is suggested that crisis therapy oriented units should be considered an essential and integral component of the psychiatric services offered by mental or general hospitals. Comparative studies of patient populations before and after the introduction of such units and long-term follow-up evaluative studies are required.
Four Types of Hyperkinesis
Authors: Ney Philip G.
Published: April 2017

Although the prevalence of hyperactive children in schools and in physicians' offices is high, there is little agreement regarding etiology and treatment. This study predicted the characteristics of four types: constitutional, conditioned, chemical and chaotic. Hyperactivity was the common feature but these groups were different with respect to: sex ratio, family history, type of parenting, learning disability and response to treatment. These groups are sufficiently distinct to warrant specific diagnosing and treating. The chemical type respond best to medication.
The Psychological Implications of Organ Transplantation — A Selective Review
Authors: Freebury D. R.
Published: April 2017

Organ transplantation presents society with a number of ethical and legal problems such as the validity of removing healthy organs from healthy donors, and implanting them into recipients who cannot be guaranteed success, the competence of living donors to give their consent, and the problems of timing of death where cadaver organs are used.

The selection of recipients is primarily a medical one with surprisingly few psychiatric contraindications. This is similarly true for living donors, but in both recipients and donors there are psychological issues which have been subject to considerable debate. Some workers have observed that almost exclusively positive effects in donors lead to the suggestion that growth by crisis resolution is the expected outcome, but other workers contradict this, noting that depression, resentment and hostility with an increase in psychiatric referral is the rule.

Innovative surgery, particularly where it is dramatic and appealing to the information media, and also where it is accompanied by high risk always seems initially to be associated with undesirable psychological sequelae which diminishes in severity and frequency as the surgery becomes an accepted practice. No doubt several factors are involved, not the least of which is the psychiatric contribution to the prediction, prophylaxis and treatment of such sequelae. Organ transplantation provides an opportunity to learn more about some very early psychic phenomena such as introjection and incorporation, and what part psychic events have to play in the process of organ rejection. It is clear there is a continuing role for the psychiatrist both as a member of the treatment team and as a researcher in this field.
Suicide and Abnormalities of Consciousness
Authors: Chuaqui Constantino
Published: April 2017

This paper postulates that abnormalities of consciousness can play an important role in the psychopathology of suicide and also as major factors leading to self destruction.

Five cases, chosen both from the literature and from personal clinical experience, are presented to illustrate how consciousness disturbances can lead to suicide.

The concept of passive attention of William James is considered as highly relevant, not only during sleep mentation but also during consciousness abnormalities. It would appear that this mechanism produces a substantial restriction in the capacity to see alternatives other than suicide as a solution to solve conflict situations.

It is suggested that further clinical investigation should be devoted to this aspect of the psychopathology and phenomenology of suicide.
Psychiatric Problems of the Deaf Child
Authors: Goldberg Benjamin , Lobb Harold , Kroll Hilda
Published: April 2017

The presence of deafness in children creates a higher risk for emotional maladjustment. In a group of 172 deaf children seen at CPRI over 70 percent had an additional central nervous system disorder. Specialized audiometric and psychometric testing must be used to differentiate deaf children from other psychiatric disorders in children. There is a void in our knowledge regarding the cause of brain damage in a significant number of deaf children, despite early diagnosis. Familial type deafness, although a significant cause of deafness in some studies was not significant at a children's mental health setting. Mental retardation and severity of deafness are not related and care must be taken not to mislabel each handicap because of their different needs, despite the fact that the conditions do merge.

Deafness does not produce any specific psychiatric syndrome, although more hyperkinetic and immature deaf children were seen in this study. ‘Pathological’ homes are associated with antisocial disorders in deaf children, as they are with normal hearing, delinquent children. So-called ‘good’ homes err on the side of protectiveness, resulting in dependent, immature, anxious deaf children. The presence of mental retardation and deafness reduced the perplexity of mothers but will more likely lead to separation from the family. There is a tightening of parenting bonds to healthy siblings of a deaf child with possible exclusion of the deaf child. Some staff in a mental health setting should be trained in ‘manualisms’ but all can reach out to the deaf child. Further studies of this kind can lead to better understanding of psychological problems in the deaf child, which in turn can lead to improved parenting and serve as a base to the development of preventive mental health programs.
LA Psychiatrie Familiale, Les Systemes Transactionnels, Et Les Frontieres De La Pedopsychiatrie
Authors: Solomon Martin L.
Published: April 2017

Family therapists, seen as emphasizing interventions leading to change in family structure and in sequences of behaviour, have been searching for an integrated concept which transactional systems theory seems to offer. It takes into account small group theory, social role theory, communications theory, and general system theory, which are linked to psychic, somatic, socio-cultural, politico-economic, and ecological factors. This idea of interlinked, open systems which influence each other is used as a viewpoint for examining the frontiers of child psychiatry. Adult patients often have children who are affected by their parents’ treatment, and child psychiatrists often intervene with adults. Similarly, the boundaries between psychiatry and the paramedical professions have grown less distinct as we have become aware of more elements to assess in each case, and as the number of therapeutic techniques and possible interventions increase. The problem of defining child psychiatry is discussed, as is psychiatric training, in terms of the difficulty in integrating the many theoretical and practical levels.
Manic-Depressive Psychosis and DRug Abuse
Authors: El-Guebaly N.
Published: April 2017

Many publications explore the causal relationship between psychiatric illness and drug abuse, but less information is available regarding the complications encountered in the diagnoses and management.

Manic-depressive psychoses are reported by several authors to be underdiagnosed, and some cases may actually present a picture of alcoholism. The presence of manic-depressives among drug abusers is demonstrated in this report, and case summaries of manic-depressive patients with variable patterns of drug abuse are presented. Patterns of drug abuse as self-medication or as part of an identification process are observed; however, a controlled experimentation independent of the cyclic pattern of the illness is possible. Availability appears to be the important social determinant as to the type of drug taken.
L-Dopa and Schizophrenia
Authors: Garfinkel Paul E. , Stancer Harvey C.
Published: April 2017

Previous reports have emphasized the deterioration of schizophrenic patients when given L-Dopa. The authors described a patient with long-standing catatonic schizophrenia who was not helped by conventional therapies but initially responded dramatically to L-Dopa. Placebo substitution resulted in worsening of her condition but restarting the L-Dopa did not bring about any change, in spite of combining this with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. The authors postulate that the effects seen in this patient may be related to the general activating effect of increased brain dopamine.
Utilizing Reflected Countertransference: Applying the Reflection Process as a Teaching Tool in Supervision
Authors: Nadler Raoul P.
Published: April 2017

There are times when teaching cannot proceed through the abstract presentation of content and must progress by the demonstration of what is to be taught. This is true whenever a student is unable, for whatever reason, to appropriately apply such abstract material to the concrete task before him. This may be due to a number of factors, one of the most common of which is the lack of qualitatively similar experiences to which to refer. The teaching of complicated processes such as psychotherapy is an example, especially when the trainee is relatively unsophisticated and/or seems unable to abstract from discussion of blocking phenomena, where it may become necessary to ‘act in’ the feeling tones which are to be the cues for the behaviour to be learned, instead of persisting with abstract interpretations.

When, in supervision, a supervisee recreates the conditions existing in the therapeutic situation, this procedural behaviour is called the ‘Reflection Process’. This process often appears to be unconsciously motivated by the need of the supervisee to solicit from the supervisor a practical demonstration which he does not know how to solicit otherwise.

Even if the Reflection Process is due mainly to unresolved, unconscious conflicts of the supervisee, it can be a useful clue as to what transference-countertransference problems he is having difficulties with. The fact that such behaviour on the part of the supervisee may arise out of unresolved unconscious conflictual material should not become a reason for dismissing it. Instead, supervisors should become proficient at recognizing the countertransferential feelings in themselves, which can be an accurate reflection of the feelings troubling the supervisee in his dealings with this patient; and they should recognize the distress signal on the part of the supervisee, which can often be responded to constructively. In the supervision, the supervisor at times can, almost unwittingly, come to play the role which the supervised therapist plays in the supervised therapy and, if not aware of the Reflection Process, he may not realize that the countertransferential feelings which underly his assuming that role may not be primarily a response to the character of the therapist he is supervising but rather to that of the patient. They may also be a reflection of the process problem in the supervised therapy.

It is not essential that this process be labeled in the supervision; what is essential is that its ramifications be recognized by the supervisor.
Combined Approaches in the Treatment of Latency Children and their Families
Authors: Ney Philip G.
Published: April 2017

For conflicted children and their families, there are many advantages to using a combination of behaviour modification and a dynamic understanding of the meaning of behaviour to modify transactions (10). Unless fact is incompatible with fact, there are no irreconcilable differences between dynamic and behaviouristic therapy. When the behaviour is well understood, insight can be given and techniques directed to changing that key behaviour to unhappy transactions.

There is always the possibility that parents will use these techniques to terrorize and restrict their children, but experience has shown that parents gain confidence and, as they gain confidence, they become much more relaxed with their children, and their children then blossom. Children in consistent, ordered environments are less anxious and more cooperative. As the relationship improves, the child tries harder to please his parents and eventually what was once an alien technique becomes a natural way of responding to children.
The Relationship between Abo Blood Groups and Schizophrenia: A Report of Negative Findings
Authors: Peterfy George , Solyom Leslie , Kendall Alan G. , Turcan Maja
Published: April 2017

It is less than a decade since the first scientifically valid study of a possible link between blood groups and schizophrenia was published. The results of the few articles which have appeared since then are contradictory and do not clarify the original problem. This might be due to insufficient evidence for diagnosing schizophrenia and to a lack of homogeneity in the patient population. To remedy this situation in the present study only those patients whose symptoms were characteristic of schizophrenia according to the criteria of either E. Bleuler or K. Schneider were accepted. Our results indicate no correlation between blood group and schizophrenia. Until schizophrenia can be diagnosed with the same certainty as can ABO blood groups, the relationship between them cannot be scientifically established.
Outcome of Hospitalizaron of Geriatric Patients in Public Psychiatric Wards in New York and London
Authors:   U.S.A. Team, Gurland B. J. , Sharpe L. , Simon R. , Kuriansky J. , Stiller P. , Fleiss J.L. ,   U.K. Team, Copeland J. R. M. , Kelleher M. J. , Kellett J. M. , Gourlay A. J. , Barron G. , Cowan D.W.
Published: April 2017

This paper has demonstrated a method of making a cross-national comparison of the outcome of hospitalization of psychiatric geriatic patients and has presented some findings from such a comparison. Further steps needed to improve this method have been indicated. The substantive results, (mainly that there is a faster discharge rate in New York than in London for psychogeriatric patients suffering from a functional disorder), cannot presently be generalized beyond the limited samples studied, but the need for further studies in this area is suggested.