bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the gonality of stable curves
Authors: Coelho Juliana , Sercio Frederico
Published: September 2019

In this paper we use admissible covers to investigate the gonality of a stable curve C over . If C is irreducible, we compare its gonality to that of its normalization. If C is reducible, we compare its gonality to that of its irreducible components. In both cases we obtain lower and upper bounds. Furthermore, we show that four admissible covers constructed give rise to generically injective maps between Hurwitz schemes. We show that the closures of the images of three of these maps are components of the boundary of the target Hurwitz schemes, and the closure of the image of the remaining map is a component of a certain codimension‐1 subscheme of the boundary of the target Hurwitz scheme.
Pathogenic effect of a TGFBR1 mutation in a family with Loeys–Dietz syndrome
Authors: Cozijnsen Luc , Plomp Astrid S. , Post Jan G. , Pals Gerard , Bogunovic Natalija , Yeung Kak K. , Niessen Hans W. M. , Goumans Marie‐José T. H. , Barge‐Schaapveld Daniela Q. C. M. , Micha Dimitra
Published: September 2019

Background

Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) may have a heritable cause in up to 20% of cases. We aimed to investigate the pathogenic effect of a TGFBR1 mutation in relation to TAAD.

Methods

Co‐segregation analysis was performed followed by functional investigations, including myogenic transdifferentiation.

Results

The c.1043G>A TGFBR1 mutation was found in the index patient, in a deceased brother, and in five presymptomatic family members. Evidence for pathogenicity was found by the predicted damaging effect of this mutation and the co‐segregation in the family. Functional analysis with myogenic transdifferentiation of dermal fibroblasts to smooth muscle‐like cells, revealed increased myogenic differentiation in patient cells with the TGFBR1 mutation, shown by a higher expression of myogenic markers ACTA2, MYH11 and CNN1 compared to cells from healthy controls.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm the pathogenic effect of the TGFBR1 mutation in causing TAAD in Loeys–Dietz syndrome and show increased myogenic differentiation of patient fibroblasts.
De novo pathogenic DNM1L variant in a patient diagnosed with atypical hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Tarailo‐Graovac Maja , Zahir Farah R. , Zivkovic Irena , Moksa Michelle , Selby Kathryn , Sinha Sunita , Nislow Corey , Stockler‐Ipsiroglu Sylvia G. , Sheffer Ruth , Saada‐Reisch Ann , Friedman Jan M. , van Karnebeek Clara D. M. , Horvath Gabriella A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Profiling the entire genome at base pair resolution in a single test offers novel insights into disease by means of dissection of genetic contributors to phenotypic features.

Methods

We performed genome sequencing for a patient who presented with atypical hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, severe epileptic encephalopathy, global developmental delay, and growth hormone deficiency.

Results

Assessment of the variants detected by mapped sequencing reads followed by Sanger confirmation revealed that the proband is a compound heterozygote for rare variants within RETREG1 (FAM134B), a gene associated with a recessive form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, but not with epileptic encephalopathy or global developmental delay. Further analysis of the data also revealed a heterozygous missense variant in DNM1L, a gene previously implicated in an autosomal dominant encephalopathy, epilepsy, and global developmental delay and confirmed by Sanger sequencing to be a de novo variant not present in parental genomes.

Conclusions

Our findings emphasize the importance of genome‐wide sequencing in patients with a well‐characterized genetic disease with atypical presentation. This approach reduces the potential for misdiagnoses.
Dynamics of a fishery system in a patchy environment with nonlinear harvesting
Authors: Rani Reenu , Gakkhar Sunita , Moussaoui Ali
Published: September 2019

In this paper, a stock‐effort dynamical model with two fishing zones is discussed. The nonlinear harvesting function is assumed depending upon stock size as well as fishing effort. The migration of fish is considered between two zones. The harvesting vessels also move between zones to increase their revenue. The movements of fish and fishing vessels between zones are assumed to take place at a faster time scale as compared with processes involving growth and harvesting occurring at a slow time scale. The aggregated model is obtained for total fish stock and fishing effort. This aggregated (reduced) model is analyzed analytically as well as numerically. Biological and bionomic equilibria of the system are obtained, and criteria for local stability or instability of the system are derived. The impact of levels of taxation T on the fish population and on the revenue earned by the fishery is investigated. An optimal harvesting policy is also discussed using the Pontryagin's maximum principle. The aggregated model also exhibits Hopf and transcritical bifurcation with respect to the bifurcation parameter tax T. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.
Wohin mit dem f‐Block?
Authors: Steinhauser Georg
Published: September 2019

Wenn man sich die zahlreichen Versionen des Periodensystems ansieht, bekommt man den Eindruck, dass der f‐Block dort platziert werden darf, wo gerade Platz ist oder es schön aussieht. Doch für den radiophilen Anorganiker gibt es nur eine richtige Position.
Licht und Leuchten bei 3d‐Metallen
Authors: Heinze Katja , Förster Christoph , Vöhringer Peter , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: September 2019

Komplexe von 3d‐Metallen wie Chrom, Eisen oder Kupfer haben ähnliche Eigenschaften wie photochemisch aktive Komplexe der Edelmetalle. Sie sind daher eine ökonomisch und ökologisch sinnvolle Alternative.
A convergence study of monolithic simulations of flow and deformation in fractured poroelastic media
Authors: Hageman Tim , de Borst René
Published: September 2019

A consistent linearisation has been carried out for a monolithic solution procedure of a poroelastic medium with fluid‐transporting fractures, including a comprehensive assessment of the convergence behaviour. The fracture has been modelled using a subgrid scale model with a continuous pressure across the fracture. The contributions to the tangential stiffness matrix of the fracture have been investigated to assess their impact on convergence. Simulations have been carried out for different interpolation orders and for Non‐Uniform Rational B‐Splines as interpolants vs Lagrangian polynomials. To increase the generality of the results, Newtonian as well as non‐Newtonian (power‐law) fluids have been considered. Unsurprisingly, a consistent linearisation invariably yields a quadratic convergence but comes at the expense of a loss of symmetry and recalculation of the contribution of the interface to the stiffness matrix at each iteration. When using a linear line search, however, the inclusion of only those terms of the interface stiffness that result in a symmetric and constant tangential stiffness matrix is sufficient to obtain a stable and convergent iterative process.
A concept for aortic dissection with fluid‐structure‐crack interaction
Authors: Schussnig Richard , Fries Thomas‐Peter
Published: September 2019

In aortic dissection, the layers composing the aorta rupture, allowing blood to enter the vessel wall. This process is modeled applying a monolithic fluid‐structure interaction framework, formulating the Navier‐Stokes equations for incompressible flows as well as the mixed finite strain elastodynamics equations in the Lagrangian frame of reference. Continuous test‐ and trial function spaces are employed in the whole domain, rendering the coupling straightforward. Within this contribution, a predefined function indicating failure is used to convert solid to fluid elements, thereby mimicing tissue rupture.
Space–time variational methods for Maxwell's equations
Authors: Hauser Julia I. M. , Steinbach Olaf
Published: September 2019

The efficient and accurate numerical solution of the time–dependent Maxwell equations is one of the most challenging tasks, see, e.g., [1]. Besides semi–discretization methods such as the method of lines and Laplace transformation approaches, space–time variational formulations became popular in recent years. Here the variational principle is applied simultaneously in space and time, which later requires the solution of the global linear system of algebraic equations. But this can be done in parallel, and the space–time formulation allows for an adaptive resolution of the solution in space and time simultaneously. Following previous work [3,5] on the acoustic wave equation we present two variational formulations for the solution of the electromagnetic wave equation.
Examining teachers’ perceptions of K‐11 students’ 21st century skills and student performance
Authors: Woods‐Groves Suzanne , Choi Taehoon , Bruhn Allison Leigh , Fernando Josephine
Published: September 2019

This study examined the relationship of teachers’ ratings of students’ 21st century skills (i.e., persistence, curiosity, externalizing and internalizing affect, and cognition) via the Human Behavior Rating Scale: Brief (HBRS: Brief; Eaves & Woods‐Groves, 2011) with student performance. Midwestern K‐11 teachers (n = 96) rated students (n = 1,689) via the HBRS: Brief and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997). Students’ academic (i.e., standardized tests) and behavioral (i.e., office discipline referrals [ODRs] and absences) performance was compared with HBRS: Brief ratings. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that teachers’ ratings of students’ 21st century skills were related to the following: (a) Persistence with SDQ conduct problems, academic performance, and absences; (b) curiosity with SDQ emotional symptoms; (c) externalizing affect with SDQ conduct problems, academic performance, and ODRs; (d) internalizing affect with SDQ emotional symptoms and academic performance, and (e) cognition with academics.
Riesenatome mit Dreh
Authors: Bergamini Andrea , Hannema Gwenael , Zemp Armin
Published: September 2019

Phononische Kristalle sind ein modernes Forschungsgebiet der Physik und der Ingenieurwissenschaften. Von der Festkörperphysik inspiriert verspricht man sich neuartige Metamaterialien, die als „Werkstoffe“ lasttragend und schwingungsisolierend sind. Entscheidend sind niederfrequente Bandlücken, welche die Ausbreitung langwelliger Schwingungen wegdämpfen. Dies ist aber je nach Anwendungsfall nur eingeschränkt möglich, solange die „Atome“ dieser periodischen Strukturen als Punktmassen in einem einfachen Masse‐Feder‐System behandelt werden. Man kann aber zusätzlich die Trägheit der makroskopischen und somit geometrisch ausgedehnten „Atome“ gezielt einsetzen. Das ermöglicht sehr leichte oder steife phononische Kristalle mit den erwünschten niederfrequenten Bandlücken.
Die Beute des Wanderfalken
Authors: Müller Thomas
Published: September 2019

Seit Juni 2018 untersucht die japanische Raumsonde Hayabusa 2 den Asteroiden Ryugu. Dieser nur 900 m große Körper besitzt eine scharfkantige, oktaederförmige Form. Die praktisch homogene Oberfläche mit einer Albedo von nicht einmal 5 % ist übersät mit Gesteinsbrocken. Spektren deuten auf Hydroxylionen, also chemisch im Gestein gebundenes Wasser, hin. Die sehr geringe Dichte spricht für eine hoch poröse Struktur und lässt sich am besten durch eine lose Geröllansammlung erklären. Es wurden zudem erfolgreich mehrere Landeeinheiten abgesetzt, unter anderem die kastenförmige Sonde MASCOT. Außerdem hat Hayabusa 2 Oberflächenmaterial entnommen, das im Dezember 2020 die Erde erreichen soll.
Charmante Teilchen, deren Antiteilchen und der kleine Unterschied
Authors: Stahl Sascha , Uwer Ulrich
Published: September 2019

Mit dem LHCb‐Experiment am Large Hadron Collider des CERN ist es kürzlich erstmals gelungen, die Verletzung der Teilchen‐Antiteilchen‐Symmetrie in sogenannten D0‐Mesonen nachzuweisen, die ein Charm‐Quark enthalten. D0‐Mesonen und ihre Antiteilchen zeigen also ein unterschiedliches Verhalten, was als CP‐Verletzung bezeichnet wird.
Rätsel der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
Authors: Bartelmann Matthias
Published: September 2019

Eine Meldung aus dem ersten Jahrgang von Physik in unserer Zeit ging auf Messungen der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung ein. Was wissen wir heute über sie?
Der Gourmet
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: September 2019

Eigentlich will er Rabbi werden. Doch dann stolpert er in den frühen 1960er Jahren über Neutrinos. Diese seltsamen Teilchen entstehen unter anderem in der Sonne, in Gegenden, in die niemand reingucken kann, und rasen dann zu Abermilliarden durch das Weltall. Die meiste Materie durchqueren sie ohne Aufenthalt. Auch die Erde.
Salt‐Treated Roots of Oryza australiensis Seedlings are Enriched with Proteins Involved in Energetics and Transport
Authors: Yichie Yoav , Hasan Mafruha T. , Tobias Peri A. , Pascovici Dana , Goold Hugh D. , Van Sluyter Steven C. , Roberts Thomas H. , Atwell Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Salinity is a major constraint on rice productivity worldwide. However, mechanisms of salt tolerance in wild rice relatives are unknown. Root microsomal proteins are extracted from two Oryza australiensis accessions contrasting in salt tolerance. Whole roots of 2‐week‐old seedlings are treated with 80 mM NaCl for 30 days to induce salt stress. Proteins are quantified by tandem mass tags (TMT) and triple‐stage Mass Spectrometry. More than 200 differentially expressed proteins between the salt‐treated and control samples in the two accessions (p‐value <0.05) are found. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis shows that proteins categorized as “metabolic process,” “transport,” and “transmembrane transporter” are highly responsive to salt treatment. In particular, mitochondrial ATPases and SNARE proteins are more abundant in roots of the salt‐tolerant accession and responded strongly when roots are exposed to salinity. mRNA quantification validated the elevated protein abundances of a monosaccharide transporter and an antiporter observed in the salt‐tolerant genotype. The importance of the upregulated monosaccharide transporter and a VAMP‐like protein by measuring salinity responses of two yeast knockout mutants for genes homologous to those encoding these proteins in rice are confirmed. Potential new mechanisms of salt tolerance in rice, with implications for breeding of elite cultivars are also discussed.
Self‐management interventions for cancer survivors: A systematic review and evaluation of intervention content and theories
Authors: Cuthbert Colleen A. , Farragher Janine F. , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. , Ding Qirui , McKinnon Geoffrey P. , Cheung Winson Y.
Published: September 2019

Objective

Self‐management has been proposed as a strategy to help cancer patients optimize their health and well‐being during survivorship. Previous reviews have shown variable effects of self‐management on outcomes. The theoretical basis and psychoeducational components of these interventions have not been evaluated in detail. We aimed to evaluate the evidence for self‐management and provide a description of the components of these interventions.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of self‐management interventions for adults who had completed primary cancer treatment by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry, and Cochrane CENTRAL Registry of Controlled Trials. We included experimental and quasiexperimental designs. Data synthesis included narrative and tabular summary of results; heterogeneity of interventions and outcomes precluded meta‐analysis. Study quality was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool or the risk of bias of nonrandomized studies tool.

Results

Forty‐one studies published between 1994 and 29 March 2018 were included. Studies were predominantly randomized controlled trials and targeted to breast cancer survivors. A variety of intervention designs, psychoeducational components, and outcomes were identified. Less than 50% of the studies included a theoretical framework. There was variability of effects across most outcomes. Risk of bias could not be fully assessed.

Conclusions

There are limitations in the design and research on self‐management interventions for cancer survivors that hinder their translation into clinical practice. Further research is needed to understand if these interventions are an important type of support for cancer survivors.
Understanding adherence to noninvasive ventilation in youth with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Pascoe John E. , Sawnani Hemant , Hater Brooke , Sketch Mark , Modi Avani C.
Published: September 2019

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X‐linked, progressive neuromuscular disorder that results in chronic respiratory insufficiency and subsequently failure requiring noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Adherence to NIV in neuromuscular disorders and related barriers are poorly described. The aim of the current study was to assess NIV adherence, adherence barriers, and identify psychosocial predictors of adherence in young boys with early DMD‐related sleep disordered breathing and recommended nocturnal NIV. This cross‐sectional study included 42 youth with DMD with prescribed nocturnal NIV, and their caregivers. Caregivers and youth completed questionnaires assessing adherence barriers, psychosocial symptoms (eg, anxiety and depressive symptoms), and stress. Medical information pertinent to cardiopulmonary health and neurologic status at both enrollment and initiation of NIV was reviewed. Adherence to NIV, defined as percent days used and days used ≥4 hours/day was 56.1 ± 38.7% and 46.2 ± 40.6%, respectively. Average duration of use on days worn was 5.61 ± 4.23 hours. NIV usage was correlated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea but not cardiopulmonary variables. Mask discomfort was the most commonly reported adherence barrier followed by behavioral barriers (eg, refusing to use). Multiple regression analyses revealed that internalizing behaviors (eg, anxiety and depressive symptoms) and total adherence barriers significantly predicted NIV adherence. Adherence to NIV in DMD is poor and similar to other pediatric chronic diseases. Our data suggest interventions targeting adherence barriers and patient internalizing symptoms may improve adherence to NIV in DMD.
Chest ultrasound compared to chest X‐ray for pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Heuvelings Charlotte C. , Bélard Sabine , Andronikou Savvas , Lederman Henrique , Moodley Halvani , Grobusch Martin P. , Zar Heather J.
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Chest ultrasound is increasingly used to radiologically diagnose childhood pneumonia, but there are limited data on its use for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

Aim

Compare chest ultrasound with a chest X‐ray (CXR) findings.

Methods

Children (up to 13 years) with suspected PTB were enrolled. Bedside chest ultrasound findings were compared to CXR. The analysis was stratified by PTB category: confirmed PTB (microbiologically confirmed), unconfirmed PTB (clinical diagnosis with negative microbiological tests), or unlikely PTB (other respiratory diseases with improvement without tuberculosis treatment).

Results

One hundred fifty‐nine children were enrolled (57% boys, median age 26.6 months [interquartile range 15.1‐59.3]). Ultrasound detected abnormalities in 72% (n = 114), CXR in 56% (n = 89), P < .001. Pleural effusion was detected on ultrasound in 15% (n = 24) compared 9% (n = 14) on CXR, P = .004, more in confirmed PTB (33%, n = 12 vs 8%, n = 4 unlikely PTB, P = .013). Ultrasound detected enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes more commonly (22%, n = 25) than CXR (6%, n = 10, P = .001); the size of lymph nodes in the unlikely category (1.0 cm) was smaller than the other two PTB categories (1.4 and 1.5 cm, P = .001). Inter‐reader agreement (kappa Cohen) was higher for ultrasound than CXR for several findings (consolidation 0.67 vs 0.47, pleural effusion 0.86 vs 0.56, enlarged lymph nodes 0.56 vs 0.27).

Conclusion

Ultrasound detected abnormalities more frequently than CXR with the higher inter‐reader agreement; ultrasound abnormalities were most common in children with confirmed PTB. Ultrasound is a promising modality for detecting abnormalities in PTB. Further studies should evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound against a gold standard.
Plasma extracellular vesicles as phenotypic biomarkers in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Joncas France‐Hélène , Lucien Fabrice , Rouleau Mélanie , Morin Fannie , Leong Hon Sing , Pouliot Frédéric , Fradet Yves , Gilbert Caroline , Toren Paul
Published: September 2019

Background

The development of phenotypic biomarkers to aid the selection of treatment for patients with castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an important priority. Plasma exosomes have excellent potential as real‐time biomarkers to characterize the tumor because they are easily accessible in the blood and contain DNA, RNA, and protein from the parent cell. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of putative prostate‐specific plasma extracellular vesicle (EV) markers and their relationship with clinical outcomes.

Methods and Patients

We investigated plasma EVs in a total of 89 patients with prostate cancer (PCa) at different stages of disease progression. EVs were isolated using both precipitation and ultracentrifugation methods; physical characterization was performed using dynamic light scattering, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and velocity gradients. An immunocapture method was developed for the evaluation of prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐positive exosomes. Exosomal messenger RNA (mRNA) was quantified using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for the expression of KLK3 and androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR‐V7) genes, which code prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and AR‐V7, respectively. Serum sex steroids were measured using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectroscopy.

Results

Isolated exosomes from patients with CRPC had a smaller hydrodynamic size than those isolated from localized patients with PCa, while AChE activity showed no difference. Moreover, no differences were observed after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy in serial patient samples. Velocity gradients identified that PSMA‐positive exosomes occupied a specific fraction of isolated EVs. A total of 35 patients with CRPC had mRNA analyzed from isolated plasma exosomes. Detectable exosomal KLK3 corresponded with higher concomitant serum PSA measurements, as expected (mean, 112.6 vs 26.61 ng/mL; P = .065). Furthermore, detectable levels of AR‐V7 mRNA were associated with a shorter time to progression (median, 16.0 vs 28.0 months; P = .0499). Furthermore, detectable exosomal AR‐V7 was significantly associated with testosterone levels below the lower limit of quantification (<0.1 nM).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that exosomal AR‐V7 is correlated with lower sex steroid levels in CRPC patients with a poorer prognosis. PSMA immunocapture does not appear sufficient to isolate PCa‐specific exosomes.
Tolerance‐based reliability and optimization design of switched‐mode power supply
Authors: Zeng Ying , Li Yan‐Feng , Li Xiang‐Yu , Huang Hong‐Zhong
Published: September 2019

Due to its high efficiency and low power consumption, switched‐mode power supply (SMPS) represents the development trend of the stabilized voltage power supply. However, tolerance has become one of the key factors in the design of SMPS because of the process fluctuation of electronic components, unstable input parameters of the circuit system, influence of working conditions and environment, and the effect of aging. In order to improve the reliability of SMPS and reduce the manufacturing cost, this paper proposes a reliability analysis and optimization design method based on the tolerance and sensitivity analysis. Finally, this method is applied to the tolerance design for the positive switching power supply of the SMPS circuits, and the optimal tolerance design scheme is obtained. Furthermore, the reliability and probability density curves are evaluated.
Optimal linear combination of sensors and actuators to enforce an interior conic open‐loop system
Authors: Caverly Ryan James
Published: September 2019

This paper presents techniques to linearly combine the sensor measurements and/or actuator inputs of a linear time‐invariant system to obtain a new system that is interior conic with prescribed bounds. In the optimal sensor combination problem, a desired system output is defined, and in the optimal actuator combination problem, a desired system input is defined, along with a frequency bandwidth in which the desired system input or output should be matched. The simultaneous optimal sensor and actuator combination problem includes desired system outputs and inputs. In all cases, the weighted
or
norm of the difference between the system with linearly combined sensors or actuators and the desired system is minimized while rendering the new system interior conic with prescribed bounds. The weighting transfer matrix used in the
‐ or
‐optimization problem is determined by the frequency bandwidth of interest. The individual sensor and actuator combination methods involve linear matrix inequality constraints and are posed as convex optimization problems, whereas the combined sensor and actuator method is an iterative procedure composed of convex optimization steps. Numerical examples illustrate superior tracking performance with the proposed sensor and actuator combination techniques over comparable techniques in the literature when implemented with a simple feedback controller. Robust asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system to plant uncertainty is demonstrated in the numerical examples.
Influence of a high‐head dam as a dispersal barrier to fish community structure of the Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Anderson Rebekah L. , Anderson Cory A. , Larson James H. , Knights Brent , Vallazza Jon , Jenkins Sean E. , Lamer James T.
Published: September 2019

In river systems, high‐head dams may increase the distance‐decay of fish community similarity by creating nearly impermeable dispersal barriers to certain species from upstream reaches. Substantial evidence suggests that migratory species are impacted by dams, and most previous studies in stream/river networks have focused on small streams and headwaters. Here, we assess whether a high‐head dam (Lock and Dam 19; LD 19) on a large river, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), substantially alters fish community structure relative to variability expected to occur independent of the dam's effect as a fish dispersal barrier. Using fish catch per unit effort data, we modelled the distance‐decay function for the UMR fish community and then estimated the similarity that would be expected to occur across LD19 and compared it with measured similarity. Measured similarity in the fish community above and below LD19 was close to the expected value based on the distance‐decay function, suggesting LD19 does not create an abrupt transition in the fish community. Although some migratory fish species no longer occur above LD19 (e.g., skipjack herring, Alosa chrysochloris), these species do not occur in high abundance below the dam and so do not drive variation in fish community structure. Instead, much of the variation in species structure is driven by the loss/gain of species across the latitudinal gradient. Lock and Dam 19 does not appear to be a clear transition point in the river's fish community, although it may function as a meaningful barrier for particular species (e.g., invasive species) and warrant future attention from a management perspective.
TiO2 films by sol‐gel spin‐coating deposition with microbial antiadhesion properties
Authors: Scrimieri Luigi , Serra Antonio , Manno Daniela , Alifano Pietro , Tredici Salvatore Maurizio , Calcagnile Matteo , Calcagnile Lucio
Published: September 2019

Intensive use of antibiotics induced adaptations in bacteria, which developed antibiotic resistance. This is becoming a serious health problem, particularly in the hospital, food industry, or public transport. It is also important to produce surfaces that not only are bactericidal but also prevent adhesion and the consequent biofilm formation, which can make the bacteria resistant to conventional disinfection methods. In this work, a simple and inexpensive method to obtain surfaces TiO2 film coated has been realized to prevent attachment and bacterial proliferation on surfaces. The synthesis and deposition procedure has been finalized to the realization of a uniform coating, whose physical, morphological, and structural features are suitable to inhibit the proliferation of the bacteria and in particular the adhesion of the biofilm. The suitability of the obtained coating has been attested by RBS, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, UV‐vis, and Raman techniques. The obtained coatings were homogeneous anatase titania films with an excellent adherence to the substrate and a transmittivity higher than 80% in the visible region. The results show that the TiO2 films considerably reduce microbial contamination on the surface (~98% reduction) feature that makes this coating suitable for antibacterial applications.
Burnout is associated with a depressive interpretation style
Authors: Bianchi Renzo , da Silva Nogueira Daniel
Published: September 2019

The aim of this 188‐participant study (65% female; mean age = 40.31) was to examine whether burnout and depression are associated with similar interpretation biases in the processing of emotional information. Burnout symptoms were assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey and depressive symptoms with the 9‐item depression module of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Interpretation bias toward emotional information was examined using an amended version of the Word‐Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP). In the WSAP, participants are asked to decide whether emotionally‐valenced words are related to ambiguous sentences. Burnout and depression were each associated with a higher endorsement of negative interpretations and a higher ratio of negative interpretations to positive interpretations. Negative word endorsement and positive word endorsement interacted in such a way that negative word endorsement was predictive of burnout and depression only when positive word endorsement levels were relatively low. Our findings suggest that burnout and depression are associated with similar alterations in the interpretation of ambiguous information. This study supports the view that burned out individuals perceive the world with “depressive glasses.” Cognitive bias modification techniques employed in the treatment of depressive conditions may constitute relevant therapeutic options for “burned out” individuals.
CUPS: Secure opportunistic cloud of things framework based on attribute‐based encryption scheme supporting access policy update
Authors: Belguith Sana , Kaaniche Nesrine , Russello Giovanni
Published: September 2019

The ever‐growing number of internet connected devices, coupled with the new computing trends, namely within emerging opportunistic networks, engenders several security concerns. Most of the exchanged data between the internet of things (IoT) devices are not adequately secured due to resource constraints on IoT devices. Attribute‐based encryption is a promising cryptographic mechanism suitable for distributed environments, providing flexible access control to encrypted data contents. However, it imposes high decryption costs, and does not support access policy update, for highly dynamic environments. This paper presents CUPS, an ABE‐based framework for opportunistic cloud of things applications, that securely outsources data decryption process to edge nodes in order to reduce the computation overhead on the user side. CUPS allows end‐users to offload most of the decryption overhead to an edge node and verify the correctness of the received partially decrypted data from the edge node. Moreover, CUPS provides the access policy update feature with neither involving a proxy‐server, nor re‐encrypting the enciphered data contents and re‐distributing the users' secret keys. The access policy update feature in CUPS does not affect the size of the message received by the end‐user, which reduces the bandwidth and the storage usage. Our comprehensive theoretical analysis proves that CUPS outperforms existing schemes in terms of functionality, communication and computation overheads.
Large‐scale chiral supercritical fluid chromatography of a key intermediate in the synthesis of two S1P1 final active pharmaceutical ingredients
Authors: Yip Shiuhang Henry , Wu Dauh‐Rurng , Kempson James , Hernandez Andres , Zhang Huiping , Li Peng , Sun Dawn , Mathur Arvind
Published: September 2019

Large‐scale preparation of two sphingosine‐1‐phosphate‐subtype 1 (S1P1) active pharmaceutical ingredients, BMS‐986166 and compound 2, was achieved through a scalable supercritical fluid chromatography separation of a key common diastereomeric intermediate. Multi‐gram scale chiral supercritical fluid chromatography of the final active pharmaceutical ingredients was time‐consuming and not economical due to low throughput and recovery. An efficient large‐scale chiral supercritical fluid chromatography method was developed to rapidly obtain multi‐gram quantities of a chirally pure (>99% de) common intermediate for the preparation of the two S1P1 active pharmaceutical ingredients in reduced time and cost. Extensive column screening was conducted on two shared chiral intermediates: a methyl ester and an alcohol derivative. The subsequent sample loading comparison of these two compounds indicated that the methyl ester was the preferred intermediate for large‐scale chiral purification. The finalized supercritical fluid chromatography method for the methyl ester was readily scaled up onto a 3 cm I. D. Chiralpak IC column at a total flow rate of 180 mL/min with 52% methanol as co‐solvent in CO2, resulting in a high throughput of 4 g/h, which was equivalent to 96 g/day. In total, 1 kg of the ester intermediate was purified with a recovery of >90%. This efficient chiral supercritical fluid chromatography purification enabled large‐scale preparation of the two S1P1 compounds to support toxicology studies in Discovery Chemistry.
Evaluation of microcracks in the interfacial transition zone of recycled rubber concrete
Authors: Wang Ruijun , He Xiaoying , Li Yang
Published: September 2019

This work focuses on the feasibility of recycling waste tire rubber aggregates into recycled concrete. The performance of interface transition zone (ITZ) is a key factor affecting the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The influence of rubber particle size (5–10, 10–20, 20–50, and 50–90 mesh) and volume fraction of rubber aggregate (0, 10, and 20%) on the ITZ of common and rubber aggregate‐cement pastes was studied. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the microstructure of recycled rubber concrete cured at constant temperature and humidity for 28 days. Moreover, the size of microcracks in the ITZ area was evaluated. Results showed that the crack width of the ITZ between the rubber and cement paste (ITZ‐R) and between the ordinary aggregate and cement paste (ITZ‐S) showed similar variation patterns. The addition of 50–90 mesh rubber powder improved the ITZ micro‐crack structure of rubber concrete. Increasing the rubber content and particle size also increased the microcrack width of ITZ. The size of rubber aggregate was the key factor affecting the crack width in ITZ. Finally, the addition of rubber inhibited the hydration degree of cement, reduced the formation of hydration products in ITZ and substantially affected ITZ‐R.
The framing of power in climate change adaptation research
Authors: Woroniecki Stephen , Krüger Ruth , Rau Anna‐Lena , Preuss Maren Stefanie , Baumgartner Nora , Raggers Sanne , Niessen Laura , Holländer Lars , Beyers Felix , Rathgens Julius , Wagner Kai Christian , Habigt Lisa , Krause Torsten , Wamsler Christine , von Wehrden Henrik , Abson David
Published: September 2019

Power mechanisms and structures shape climate change adaptation outcomes, the measures adopted, and who is identified as requiring adaptation support. But to what extent does research recognize such power‐adaptation linkages? Based on a systematic literature review, we enquire if and how the framing of power matters for adaptation research and what the implications may be for practice. Our enquiry is predicated on the relationship between the researcher and the research focus being itself a relationship of power. Since power is complex and a single definition is not desirable, different actor‐orientated frames of power were used for the data analysis. The results show that authors are more likely to work with issues of power to (i.e., agency), power over, and empowerment, rather than resistance or disempowerment. Demonstrating the effect of such frames, these proportions change according to whether the research focuses on equity, effectiveness, or participation. For instance, power to is strongly associated with effectiveness, while disempowerment is associated more with equity. Together with other identified patterns, our review shows that researchers frame power in adaptation in ways that constitute biases and blind spots. Attention to particular frames of power can limit attention to important dynamics within adaptation processes. Both the content and context to which the identified frames are applied suggest structural trends in adaptation research that require increased attention. Since researchers' frames of power influence both research outcomes and broader adaptation‐power relations, the results indicate that reflexivity is needed to improve both adaptation research and practice.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Bit threads and holographic entanglement of purification
Authors: Du Dong-Hui , Chen Chong-Bin , Shu Fu-Wen
Published: September 2019

Abstract

The entanglement of purification (EoP), which measures the classical correlations and entanglement of a given mixed state, has been conjectured to be dual to the area of the minimal cross section of the entanglement wedge in holography. Using the surface-state correspondence, we propose a “bit thread” formulation of the EoP. With this formulation, proofs of some known properties of the EoP are performed. Moreover, we show that the quantum advantage of dense code (QAoDC), which reflects the increase in the rate of classical information transmission through quantum channel due to entanglement, also admits a flow interpretation. In this picture, we can prove the monogamy relation of QAoDC with the EoP for tripartite states. We also derive a new lower bound for S(AB) in terms of QAoDC, which is tighter than the one given by the Araki-Lieb inequality.
From LCF to Isabelle/HOL
Authors: Paulson Lawrence C. , Nipkow Tobias , Wenzel Makarius
Published: September 2019

Interactive theorem provers have developed dramatically over the past four decades, from primitive beginnings to today’s powerful systems. Here, we focus on Isabelle/HOL and its distinctive strengths. They include automatic proof search, borrowing techniques from the world of first order theorem proving, but also the automatic search for counterexamples. They include a highly readable structured language of proofs and a unique interactive development environment for editing live proof documents. Everything rests on the foundation conceived by Robin Milner for Edinburgh LCF: a proof kernel, using abstract types to ensure soundness and eliminate the need to store proofs. Compared with the research prototypes of the 1970s, Isabelle is a practical and versatile tool. It is used by system designers, mathematicians and many others.
‘The Good Doctor’: the Making and Unmaking of the Physician Self in Contemporary South Africa
Authors: Pentecost Michelle , Cousins Thomas
Published: September 2019

In this article we examine the figure of the doctor in animated debates around public sector medicine in contemporary South Africa. The loss of health professionals from the South African public system is a key contributor to the present healthcare crisis. South African medical schools have revised curricula to engage trainee doctors with a broader set of social concerns, but the disjunctures between training, health systems failures, and a high disease burden call into question whether junior doctors are adequately prepared or whether conditions of care extend beyond medical training. A concern with 'resilience' suggests a correct ethical relation to a putative obligation to provide care in a struggling system. By examining the ways in which trainee doctors are expected to 'cope' with the demands of medical practice, to adopt the correct moral posture in relation to the urgency of care, and to enact a desirable ethical relation to the broader social and political context of medical practice, we examine the picture of humanist concern that animates the subjectivities and techniques of the self called for by this training, and advocate for endurance as an alternative framework for understanding the political and ethical relations between doctors, patients and health systems.
“How can we leave the traditions of ourBaab Daada” socio‐cultural structures and values driving menstrual hygiene management challenges in schools in Pakistan
Authors: Mumtaz Zubia , Sivananthajothy Priatharsini , Bhatti Afshan , Sommer Marni
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Despite the growing attention to the relationship between menstruation and girls schooling, there remain many challenges to addressing the issue. Current interventions, which mostly focus on developing WASH infrastructure and sanitary hygiene management products, while necessary, may not be sufficient. This paper aimed to identify the root causes of poorly maintained WASH infrastructure, and understand the deeply embedded socio‐cultural values around menstrual hygiene management that need to be addressed in order to provide truly supportive school environments for menstruating girls.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected in rural and urban sites in three provinces in Pakistan using participatory activities with 312 girls aged 16–19 years, observations of 7 School WASH facilities, 42 key informant interviews and a document review.

Results

Three key themes emerged from our data: (1) a poorly maintained, girls‐unfriendly School WASH infrastructure was a result of gender‐insensitive design, a cultural devaluation of toilet cleaners and inadequate governing practices; (2) the design of WASH facilities did not align with traditionally‐determined modes of disposal of rag‐pads, the most common used absorbents; (3) traditional menstrual management practices situate girls in an ‘alternate space’ characterised by withdrawal from many daily routines. These three socio‐culturally determined practices interacted in a complex manner, often leading to interrupted class engagement and attendance.

Conclusions

To be truly effective, current menstrual hygiene management strategies need to address the root causes of poor WASH infrastructure and ensure facility design is sensitive to the gendered and deeply embedded local socio‐cultural values and beliefs around menstrual hygiene management.
On the transport of Gaussian measures under the one-dimensional fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Forlano Justin , Trenberth William J.
Published: September 2019

Under certain regularity conditions, we establish quasi-invariance of Gaussian measures on periodic functions under the flow of cubic fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations on the one-dimensional torus.
Anejaculation: Relevance to Sexual Enjoyment in Men and Women
Authors: Shindel Alan W.
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Ejaculation and orgasm are important components of sexual response in men. Our understanding of both phenomena is limited. Anejaculation can be a source of substantial distress, even when procreation (ostensibly the only purpose of ejaculation itself) is not a priority.

Aim

To present an opinion on male perceptions of ejaculation disorders (specifically anejaculation) based on a variety of data sources, including peer-reviewed literature.

Methods

A non-systematic review of literature on anejaculation and other impairments of ejaculatory and orgasmic response was conducted. Relevant articles were critically analyzed and reported

Main Outcome Measure

An opinion is presented, based on existing data sources, on how and why ejaculation is deemed important to men and their sexual partners.

Results

The peer-reviewed literature on disorders of ejaculation is scant; existing reports oftentimes do not adequately distinguish between orgasm and ejaculation in assessment. Men’s perceptions of ejaculation quality appear to be positively associated with satisfaction with sexual response, particularly regarding orgasm. Based on very limited data, female sexual partners of men appear to often (but not always) value the orgasmic experience of their partner; only a minority prioritize actual ejaculation. There is evidence that disorders of ejaculation may be particularly troublesome for men who have sex with men.

Clinical Implications

The influence of medical conditions and treatments on ejaculation should be considered in the clinical context. Psychological adaptations and interventions may be of value in some cases.

Strengths & Limitations

Data on the clinical relevance of anejaculation outside the context of concomitant orgasmic dysfunction are sparse. Men’s experience of orgasm is at least partially associated with ejaculation-specific variables; whether this association is mediated by psychological, physical, or a combination of factors remains unclear.

Conclusions

Ejaculation, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction are closely intertwined but distinct phenomena.
Spencer's double: the decolonial afterlife of a postcolonial museum prop
Authors: KOWAL EMMA
Published: September 2019

In the mid-1990s, staff at Museum Victoria planned the new Melbourne Museum. The Indigenous gallery was a major focus at a time when many museums around the world forged new ways of displaying Indigenous heritage. Named Bunjilaka (a Woiwurrung word meaning ‘place of Bunjil', referring to the ancestral eaglehawk), the permanent Indigenous exhibit was a bold expression of community consultation and reflexive museum practice. At its heart was a life-size model of Baldwin Spencer, co-author of the classic anthropological monographThe Native Tribes of Central Australia(1899). When Bunjilaka was replaced with a wholly Indigenous-designed exhibit of Aboriginal Victoria in 2011, the model was informally retained by museum staff. Initially sitting awkwardly on a trolley in a narrow room where objects were processed for accession, Spencer himself remained unrecorded in any database. With no official existence but considerable gravity, he ended up housed in the secret/sacred room, surrounded by restricted objects that Spencer the man had collected. This article traces Spencer's journey from a post-colonial pedagogical tool to a transgressive pseudo-sacred object in an emerging era of decolonial museology. I argue that Spencer's fate indicates a distinct period of post-colonial museology (c.1990–2010) that has ended, and illustrates how the shifting historical legacies of science operate in the present.