bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMERGENCE, HOST ATTACK, AND OVERWINTERING BEHAVIOR OF THE EASTERN LARCH BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS SIMPLEX LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Langor David W. , Raske Arthur G.
Published: November 2009

Overwintered adults of Dendroctonus simplex LeConte emerged in May and June. One generation and two broods were produced in both 1983 and 1984. Females initiated attacks and males arrived within 2 days. One to four pairs of beetles used each entrance hole but each pair constructed a separate egg gallery.

Emergence, host attack, and re-emergence occurred between 1030 and 1700 hours NDT and at mean air temperatures above 4°C. Peaks of attack, which reflect flight peaks, occurred at temperatures above 10°C. About 90% of all parents re-emerged from first brood trees and 61% from second brood trees.

Only adults overwintered. Freezing temperatures caused complete mortality of immature stages. Thirty-five percent of new brood adults emerged in the fall and re-entered galleries at the base of trees for hibernation. Adult tolerance to cold increased from early fall to mid-winter.
A TEMPERATURE- AND AGE-DEPENDENT SIMULATION MODEL OF REPRODUCTION FOR THE NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA BARBERI SMITH AND LAWRENCE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Naranjo Steven E. , Sawyer Alan J.
Published: November 2009

Based on data collected at seven constant temperatures, a temperature- and age-dependent model for reproductive development and oviposition by Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence was developed. The model couples temperature-dependent rate and temperature-independent distribution models to represent the observed variability in developmental times for pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive females. Using a cohort approach to maintain a physiological age structure, development was coupled with a temperature- and age-dependent model of oviposition. The model was validated at one constant-temperature and three variable-temperature regimes in the laboratory. The time spent in the pre-reproductive stage was slightly underestimated by the model, but the development of mature females and both the timing and magnitude of oviposition under fluctuating-temperature regimes were accurately predicted. The model was relatively insensitive to errors in estimation of the rate of development in the pre-reproductive stage but sensitive to errors in estimation of developmental rate of the reproductive stage and fecundity. Errors in input temperatures were found to be very important, stressing the need for accurately measuring temperature, The major driving variable. The model should be a valuable aid toward understanding oviposition by D. barberi in the field.
EVALUATION OF MASS TRAPPING FOR CONTROLLING THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Hagley E.A.C.
Published: November 2009

Mass trapping for control of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), was evaluated during 1986 in one experimental orchard near Jordan Station, Ont., and in three commercial orchards in Norfolk County, Ont. Multi-Pher II® traps were used to trap adult males, and Vineland traps were used to monitor adult activity and to obtain a measure of the effect of mass trapping on adult male abundance. In the experimental orchard, Vineland trap catches were similar in the trapped and control plots. In two of the three commercial orchards Vineland trap catches were significantly smaller in the trapped plots during one of the three yearly activity periods. Pre-adult leafminer density was significantly lower in the trapped than in the control plots on three of the seven sample dates in the experimental orchard whereas in the commerical orchards, where up to 91 times as many adult males were trapped per plot per activity period, pre-adult density was significantly lower in the trapped plots only in one orchard on one sample date.
A LIST OF DREPANOSIPHINE APHIDS FROM THE SOVIET FAR EAST, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDOIDEA)
Authors: Quednau F.W. , Shaposhnikov G.Ch.
Published: November 2009

A list is given for 45 species of drepanosiphine aphids occurring in the Soviet Far East (South Primorye). Descriptions ofIziphya mordvilkoisp. nov.,Subsaltusaphis pulchrasp. nov.,S.primoriensissp. nov.,Symydobius minutussp. nov., andSinochaitophorus mordvilkoisp. nov. are presented. A new subgenusPrimoriaphissubg. nov. for the speciesS.pulchraandS.primoriensisis proposed. The taxonomic relationships of the new species are discussed. The following new synonyms are established:Thripsaphis caricis(Mordvilko, 1921) =T.productaGillette, 1917;Tiliaphis mordvilkoiPashtshenko, 1984 =T.coreanaQuednau, 1979;Tinocallis hemipteleaeZhang and Zhong, 1980 =T.takashihoensisHiguchi, 1972; andSappocallisMatsumura, 1919 =TinocallisMatsumura, 1919.
EVIDENCE FOR SEXUAL ATTRACTION BY THE TWOLINED CHESTNUT BORER, AGRILUS BILINEATUS (WEBER) (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)
Authors: Dunn James P. , Potter Daniel A.
Published: November 2009

In the eastern deciduous forests of North America, oaks (Quercus spp.) that have been weakened by stress are often attacked and killed by the twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) (Dunn et al. 1986a). This borer attacks stressed and dying trees but does not attack healthy or dead trees (Haack and Benjamin 1982; Dunn et al. 1986a, 1987).
AGAPETA ZOEGANA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), A SUITABLE PROSPECT FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPOTTED AND DIFFUSE KNAPWEED, CENTAUREA MACULOSA MONNET DE LA MARCK AND CENTAUREA DIFFUSA MONNET DE LA MARCK (COMPOSITAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Müller H. , Schroeder D. , Gassmann A.
Published: November 2009

The taxonomy, distribution, life history, and host plant relationships of the cochylid moth Agapeta zoegana (L.), an oligophagous, facultatively multivoltine root feeder, are discussed. The results of oviposition and larval feeding tests with 56 plant species in five families are presented and show that A. zoegana is restricted to a few closely related species of Centaurea. In Europe the moth is widely distributed and abundant in the majority of the root-feeding guilds of Centaurea maculosa Monnet de la Marck studied, with densities of 23.6 larvae per 100 roots in eastern Austria/northwestern Hungary and less than 8 larvae per 100 roots in central Hungary and the Alsace. The acceptance of target North American species (the tetraploid form of C. maculosa and the diploid Centaurea diffusa Monnet de la Marck), the damage caused, and the active searching ability rate A. zoegana as a potentially effective natural enemy of spotted and diffuse knapweed in North America. Agapeta zoegana will be especially promising as it predominantly attacks the rosette, which is, according to a recently developed population model for diffuse knapweed in Canada, the most sensitive stage determining equilibrium knapweed density. Agapeta zoegana is compatible with Pelochrista medullana Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), another knapweed root feeder recently introduced into North America, and will complement the seed-feeding species already established. The moth was approved for release in Canada and the USA and has been established in British Columbia since 1984 on C. diffusa.
SAMPLING OVERWINTERING JACK PINE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA PINUS PINUS FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AND TWO OF ITS PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Lysyk T.J.
Published: November 2009

Data on the distribution of overwintering jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Free.) collected between 1985 and 1987 in northern Ontario are used to develop guidelines for sampling this stage of the budworm. Two alternative methods of expressing budworm density are considered: counting the number of budworms per metre of branch and counting the number per square metre of branch bark surface area. Estimates of budworm density for three levels in the tree’s crown are given for 4 site-years.

Entire branches are recommended as the sample units as the use of 60-cm branch-tip sections resulted in consistent underestimation of actual density per branch. Jack pine budworm density did not vary among cardinal compass directions and was generally highest at mid-crown levels.

The distributions of two parasitoids, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. and Glypta fumiferanae (Vier.), which overwinter as an egg or first-instar larva within the jack pine budworm, also were considered. Apanteles was the most abundant parasitoid at all crown levels at all sites examined. Percentage parasitism by Apanteles was highest and that by Glypta was lowest on the branch-tip sections in relation to the branch-basal section, but total percentage parasitism was relatively constant over the entire branch, throughout the tree crown, and from tree to tree. Consequently, the sampling method for jack pine budworm is easily extended for estimating the rate of parasitism and therefore for providing a prediction of mortality that results from these two common parasitoids.
EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON MORTALITY OF GRASSHOPPER EGGS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M.K. , Braun M.P.
Published: November 2009

Mortality of grasshopper eggs on the Canadian prairies is brought about by many factors, including winter temperatures. Although several authors (Parker 1930; Pickford 1966, 1976; Riegert 1967) have reported that winter temperatures can affect the mortality of grasshopper eggs, no quantitative data have been presented. This note reports the relationship between low temperatures and grasshopper egg mortality
MONITORING SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATION DENSITY WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Sanders C.J.
Published: November 2009

Annual catches of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) in sex pheromone traps over a 21-year period in northwestern Ontario were well correlated with larval population densities in each subsequent year (r2 = 81%). On the basis of the criterion of 3 successive years of increasing catches or a threshold of 50 moths per trap, warning of extensive defoliation could have been given 6 years in advance. In 18 plots in northwestern Ontario and 35 plots distributed throughout the province, coefficients of determination (r2) between catch and population density in the same generation ranged from 40 to 74% in 1982 and 1983, but fell below 23% in 1984 when population densities in many plots were high. Coefficients of determination between catch and population densities in the following generation (eggs or larvae) ranged from 41 to 62%. On the basis of several years of cooperative research, sex pheromone traps are now in operational use in eastern North America for monitoring spruce budworm populations.
BODY SIZE VARIATION AND OPTIMAL BODY SIZE OF BUMBLE BEE QUEENS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Owen Robin E.
Published: November 2009

Body size and mass variation of queen bumble bees (Bombus Latr. spp.) were analyzed in relationship to hibernation survival and optimal body size. Body mass and size (measured by radial cell length) were significantly correlated in six of eight species. Also, spring queens of B. occidentalis Greene were, on average, significantly larger yet lighter than young fall queens. These observations were consistent with weight loss known to occur during hibernation coupled with greater mortality of small queens over the winter. Thus large queens may be at an advantage for this and other reasons (e.g. foraging efficiency, usurpation). However, an optimality model showed that an intermediate body size was optimal if the reproductive success of a colony (foundress queen and workers) was considered. The assumptions were that fitness did not increase linearly with body size but was a convex function, and that colonies only had a fixed amount of energy to invest in reproductive offspring leading to a trade-off between size and number.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LOW- AND HIGH-GLUCOSINOLATE OILSEED RAPES TO DAMAGE BY FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Lamb R. J.
Published: November 2009

The oilseed rape crop, Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L., has undergone a significant chemical transformation during the last 15 years. Plant breeders produced cultivars with only trace levels of erucic acid in the oil compared with 40-50% in early cultivars, and with 18 μmol/g of glucosinolates or less in the oil-free meal compared with 62-1 15 μmol/g (Daun 1983). The new “Canola” cultivars were developed because erucic acid was a suspected health hazard for humans and glucosinolates caused the meal to be unpalatable or toxic to farm animals.
ADDITIONS TO THE PHORID CHAPTER IN THE “MANUAL OF NEARCTIC DIPTERA, VOLUME 2” (DIPTERA: PHORIDAE)
Authors: Brown B. V.
Published: November 2009

The Phoridae chapter in the "Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 2" is updated to include newly collected material. Genera new to North America are as follows: Dacnophora Borgmeier, represented by D. pectinatus nov. sp. from Arizona; Ecitoptera Borgmeier and Schmitz, represented by a single badly damaged, undescribed, female specimen from Arizona; Kerophara gen. nov., represented by the type species K. ferruginea sp. nov. from Alberta, K. brunnea sp. nov. from Alberta, and K. sicula sp. nov. from Virginia; Mennoziola Schmitz, represented by a single, undescribed female specimen from Florida; and Styletta Borgmeier, represented by the widespread species S. camponoti sp. nov. The monobasic Borgmeieria Prado is shown to be congeneric with Neodohrniphora Borgmeier (syn. nov.) based on examination of the previously unknown female, and the names are synonymized. Also, the undescribed female of Abaristophora Schmitz is briefly diagnosed; species of the genus Bactropalpus Borgmeier are known to be the males of Trophodeinus Borgmeier; the genus Gymnophora Macquart has recently been revised; Lecanocerus Borgmeier probably does not belong to the Beckerinini; and Microselia Schmitz and Rhyncophoromyia Malloch are included in the Manual key. Corrections, additional couplets, and illustrations for the Manual key reflect this new knowledge.
IMPROVED PHEROMONE TRAP EXCLUSION OF THE BRUCE SPANWORM OPEROPHTERA BRUCEATA (HULST) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) WHEN MONITORING WINTER MOTH OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (L.) POPULATIONS
Authors: Pivnick Kenneth A. , Barton Dennis L. , Millar Jocelyn G. , Underhill Edward W.
Published: November 2009

(Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Nonadecatetraene is a sex pheromone that attracts males of both the winter moth Operophtera brumata (L.) and the Bruce spanworm O. bruceata (Hulst). Tests were run to maximize the specificity of a pheromone trap for the winter moth by the addition of a previously discovered Bruce spanworm male inhibitor (BSMI), (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene. Trap capture inhibition of O. bruceata would facilitate monitoring of winter moth as males of the two species are difficult to distinguish without dissection. Wind tunnel tests with O. bruceata males responding to the pheromone indicated that BSMI has a more potent inhibitory effect if males physically contact the compound. Field tests in an area where only O. bruceata was found demonstrated that pheromone-baited traps caught fewer O. bruceata with BSMI placed on the outside of the entrance holes than when it was placed on the inside of the trap, catching respectively 97 and 82% fewer males than traps baited with the pheromone alone. In an area where O. brumata predominated, BSMI, whether inside or outside the trap, did not affect O. brumata captures. However, O. brumata trap captures were reduced when BSMI was placed on rubber rings glued to the outside of the entrance holes to the traps even though control rings did not affect O. brumata captures. Evidence is presented indicating that hybridization is taking place between these two species where O. brumata has recently been introduced and that the response of the hybrids to the BSMI is intermediate between the two species.
LIFE HISTORY PARAMETERS IN MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) IN TWO CRESTED WHEATGRASS PASTURES
Authors: Sanchez Norma E. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: November 2009

A combination of published techniques provided point estimates of life history parameters for two natural field populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) in crested wheatgrass pastures. Stage-specific survival rates averaged 0.4798, 0.2261, 0.7628, and 0.6903 for egg, instars I–III combined, instar IV, and instar V, respectively. Daily survival rates of adults averaged 0.9702, but were slightly lower for females than for males. Estimated duration of nymphal instars averaged 8.4 days, the adult preoviposition period averaged 13.3 days, and adult longevity averaged 26.7 and 36.3 days in the two populations. Oviposition rates were estimated for up to four successive ovipositions, and net replacement rates of populations also were estimated. Neither population replaced itself, indicating that potential capacities for increase were not approached under conditions of these studies.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITIES OF FONOFOS AND PHORATE TO DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF MELANOTUS COMMUNIS (GYLLENHAL) (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA
Authors: Jansson Richard K. , Lecrone Scott H. , Cherry Ronald H.
Published: November 2009

The toxicities of two commonly used soil insecticides, fonofos and phorate, were compared among one larval population of the corn wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal), from sugarcane fields and three populations from potato fields in southern Florida. Fonofos toxicity did not differ among most populations; however, phorate toxicity did. Phorate was consistently less toxic to one population from potato fields. The toxicities of these two compounds to the population from sugarcane fields did not differ from those from potato fields, despite differences in insecticide pressure between the two crops.
DIETS OF THREE COMMON GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) INHABITING DESERT GRASSLAND
Authors: Pfadt R. E. , Lockwood J. A. , Foppe T. M.
Published: November 2009

Examination of crop contents of three species of grasshoppers in outbreak densities on desert grassland of eastern Arizona revealed that all three were ingesting a mixed diet of plants. Crops of nymphal and adult Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) contained an average of 67 and 93% dry weight of grass, respectively, placing this species in both the mixed graminivorous and the graminivorous categories. The preferred host plant of A. elliotti was Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. but it was not an essential item, as a large population developed in a site where this grass was virtually lacking but other perennial grasses were present. Crops of nymphs and adults of both Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) and M. cuneatus Scudder contained chiefly forbs (88–100% of dry weight). The principal host plants were Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér., Lupinus brevicaulis Wats., Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene, and Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult. Both species of Melanoplus fit into the forbivorous category and evidence indicated they were in competition with each other for food. All three grasshopper species showed preferences for particular plant species and as a consequence had significantly different frequencies of plant taxa in their crop contents from what were present in the field.
REVIEW OF CRICOTOPUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) OF THE NEARCTIC ARCTIC ZONE WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES
Authors: Oliver D. R. , Dillon M. E.
Published: November 2009

The genus Cricotopus of the arctic zone of the Nearctic region, represented by 14 species in seven species groups, is reviewed. Descriptive notes on 11 species supplement those given by Hirvenoja (1973), with addition of descriptions of immature stages of C. lestralis (Edwards) and larva of C. tristis Hirvenoja. Two new species names, C. beringensis and C. trilobus, are proposed. New species names synonymies are Chironomus basalis Staeger and Chironomus holmgreni Kieffer with Chironomus tibialis (Meigen) (= C. tibialis). Several undetermined individuals are assigned to the fuscus group. Eleven species are Holarctic in distribution, of which C. bicinctus (Meigen) and C. sylvestris (Fabricius) are circumboreal. Seven species are restricted to the arctic zone, two are wide-ranging in both arctic and temperate zones, and four temperate species barely extend into the arctic zone. Keys to all known life-history stages and some ecological data, primarily of larvae, are given.
WITHIN-CROWN DISTRIBUIONS OF MALE AND FEMALE BAGWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE) PUPAE ON JUNIPER AS AFFECTED BY HOST DEFOLIATION
Authors: Cox David L. , Potter Daniel A.
Published: November 2009

We examined the within-crown distributions of male and female bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth), pupae on Juniperus virginiana L. as a function of prior defoliation. This was to evaluate the hypothesis that the differential movement of females to the upper crown before pupation would be strongest on heavily defoliated trees. Differential stratification of the sexes occurred irrespective of degree of defoliation, and despite the fact that competition, as evidenced by higher mortality of pupae and reduced weight of egg masses, was apparently greatest at the top of moderately and severely defoliated hosts. There was no relationship between height of pupation and risk of parasitism for either sex. Female larvae were ca. 4-fold more likely than males to abandon a low-lying host upon which they had fed and to ascend the trunks of nearby trees before pupating. Enhancement of larval dispersal by females is the most plausible explanation for the stratified distribution of bagworm pupae within trees.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF UROLEUCON (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Robinson A.G.
Published: November 2009

Two new species of aphids are described from Pennsylvania, Uroleucon (Lambersius) stoetzelae sp. nov. from Achillea millefolium L., and Uroleucon (Uroleucon) floricola sp. nov. from Aster sp.
HOST SPECIFICITY OF LIRIOMYZA SONCHI HENDEL (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE), A POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL AGENT FOR THE CONTROL OF WEEDY SOW-THISTLES, SONCHUS SPP., IN CANADA
Authors: Peschken Diether P. , Derby Jo-Anne L.
Published: November 2009

Liriomyza sonchi Hendel was screened for its host specificity as a potential biological control agent against sow-thistles (Sonchus spp.). Recent literature indicated that L. sonchi is recorded frequently from Sonchus spp., but also from Arnoseris minima Schweigger and Koerte and Reichardia arabicum Hochstetter and Steudel. A total of 78 plant species were tested, including 37 species in the Cichorieae (Compositae). In no-choice tests, feeding punctures were observed on species in the closely related genera Aetheorrhiza, Crepis, Lactuca, and Taraxacum, and such distantly related species as Helichrysum bracteatum Andrews var. monstrosum Hortorum (Inuleae tribe, Compositae) and Pisum sativum L. (Leguminosae). From 0.04 to 0.67 adults per female were produced on Aetheorrhiza bulbosa (L.), Crepis dioscordis L., C. rubra L., Leontodon hispidus L., and Taraxacum officinale Weber as compared with about 23 per female on its host, Sonchus arvensis L. No species in these genera other than Sonchus are reported as hosts in the field in Europe and they are therefore considered to be cage-induced hosts. Because of its economic importance, 10 cultivars of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., were exposed to a total of 837 females in no-choice tests. One puparium and one adult (0.006 per female) were produced. In one replicated choice test with 150 females, no mines were produced on lettuce. It is concluded that the field host range of L. sonchi is restricted to Sonchus spp.
A MODEL OF PREDATION BY PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) ON MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE, EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS MULSANT, IN SOYBEANS
Authors: O’Neil Robert J.
Published: November 2009

A model of predation by Podisus maculiventris (Say) on Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, larvae in soybeans is presented. The attack equation described the number of prey attacked as a function of the number of prey, soybean leaf area, and the search behavior of the predator. The area searched by P. maculiventris was related to the amount of leaf area and the number of prey. Predictions of the number of Mexican bean beetles attacked per predator were compared with an independent field data set. The relevance of the predation model to studies of predation in other agricultural systems is discussed.
MELANIZATION OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE PARASITOID, EPIDINOCARSIS LOPEZI (DE SANTIS) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), BY THE CASSAVA MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI MATILE-FERRERO (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)
Authors: Sullivan Daniel J. , Neuenschwander Peter
Published: November 2009

The encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) has been introduced into Africa as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. This host has a defense reaction against the immature parasitoid that involves encapsulation and melanization. Under laboratory conditions, 37.5% of once-stung cassava mealybugs had been parasitized, as indicated by eggs and larvae of the parasitoid in dissected hosts. Of these parasitized cassava mealybugs, 89.6% contained melanized particles (egg, partially melanized larva, internal host tissues, exoskeleton wound scars). Some of the parasitoid larvae were only partially melanized, and either freed themselves from the melanized capsule or else shed it at the next molt. By the 3rd day of their development only 12.5% were completely melanized. In cassava mealybugs with melanized host tissue but no living parasitoid, the survival of the host was not affected by the melanization. The mealybug itself sometimes shed black particles at the next molt and these were found attached to the cast skins. When superparasitized in the laboratory, 68.6% of twice-stung cassava mealybugs contained parasitoids. Mummies collected from a field experiment showed that melanization rates of mummies increased with increasing parasitization rates. Thus, melanization in the cassava mealybug was commonly triggered when E. lopezi oviposited, but this defense reaction was mostly ineffective, permitting the introduced parasitoid to be a successful biological control agent in Africa against the cassava mealybug, a major pest on this important food crop.
SPERMATOPHORE NUMBER IN THE CODLING MOTH CYDIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Howell J Franklin
Published: November 2009

Wild codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), females were trapped from May through September in the upper (Yakima) and lower (White Swan) Yakima River Basin, WA, using 10 bait traps and 4 and 19 blacklight traps, respectively, for 2 and 5 years in abandoned apple orchards. The average spermatophore count per female at Yakima was 1.08; at White Swan it was 1.76. The spermatophore count was similar in both first (0.97 and 1.79) and second (1.00 and 1.70) generations at both locations. Regression analysis of field data and laboratory tests showed that cool temperatures reduced the number of spermatophores, which reflect reduced mating. There was a high correlation between the number of small spermatophores and females with multiple spermatophores. Usually females with a large spermatophore mated only once. Females usually mated on the 1st day following emergence. Once mated, even females with small spermatophores seldom mated again on subsequent days.
OCCURRENCE OF TWO GALL WASPS OF THE GENUSDIPLOLEPIS(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) ON THE DOMESTIC SHRUB ROSE,ROSA RUGOSATHUNB. (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Shorthouse J.D.
Published: November 2009

Stem galls ofDiplolepis spinosa(Ashmead), usually found on the endemic roseRosa blandaAit., and root galls ofD.radicum(Osten Sacken), usually found on the endemic roseR.acicularisLindl., have become established on the cultivated roseR.rugosaThunb. in Canada. Adults and galls ofD.spinosaandD.radicumare described and compared with those of closely related species. Host records, damage, and distribution of both species are discussed as is the suitability ofR.rugosaas a host. It is suggested that galls in urban habitats are being established by adults flying into cities from surrounding patches of endemic roses.
THE LIFE CYCLE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MALAMEBA LOCUSTAE (KING AND TAYLOR) (AMOEBIDAE) IN THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) (ACRIDIDAE),
Authors: Braun Lorraine , Ewen Al B. , Gillott Cedric
Published: November 2009

The life history and ultrastructure of the protozoan Malameba locustae (King and Taylor) were studied in the migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) using feeding and injection studies. Insects fed cysts developed infection in the Malpighian tubules 5–6 days later; no trophozoites were observed in haemolymph samples taken 2–20 days post-feeding. After excystment, a few trophozoites entered the midgut epithelium and many were located near the basement membrane of the epithelial cells, where they appeared to degenerate. Trophozoites were not seen to divide in the midgut epithelium, and apparently did not damage this tissue. Trophozoites injected directly into the haemocoel could not be recovered even 4 h after injection, and the Malpighian tubules did not become infected. It was concluded that trophozoites did not penetrate the midgut to enter the haemocoel or move through the haemocoel to infect the Malpighian tubules, but instead probably entered the tubules directly from the gut. Trophozoite ultrastructure in midgut and Malpighian tubules, and cyst wall deposition were described.
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF ADULT COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA L. IN WHEAT FIELDS
Authors: Iperti G. , Lapchin L. , Ferran A. , Rabasse J.-M. , Lyon J.-P.
Published: November 2009

A sequential sampling program was designed for Coccinella septempunctata L. adults in wheat fields, based on a rapid visual counting method. This program takes into account the spatial heterogeneity of coccinellids and the efficiency of the counting method. The relationship between the mean and variance of the numbers sampled was described by Taylor’s power law.
REDEFINITION OF ZACHVATKINIBATES (ACARI: MYCOBATIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND IMMATURES OF Z. MARITIMUS SHALDYBINA 1973
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

The oribatid mite genus Zachvatkinibates, found in both littoral and forest litter habitats in North America and the Soviet Union, is redefined. Its systematic relationship to other genera in the Mycobatidae is discussed. A new species, Z. tetrasklerosis, is proposed, and Z. maritimus Shaldybina, 1973, is redescribed. Immatures of both species are described; none was previously known for the genus. Sexual dimorphism is displayed in the notogastral porose areas of adults of Z. maritimus, but not of Z. tetrasklerosis.
THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) IN CANOLA CROPS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Burgess L. , Weegar H.H.
Published: November 2009

Adults of nine species of thrips were collected from canola fields:Aeolothrips fasciatus(L.),Anaphothrips obscurus(Müller),Frankliniella occidentalis(Perg.),Frankliniella tritici(Fitch),Limothrips denticornisHaliday,Odontothrips loti(Haliday),Thripsnr.fuscipennisHaliday,Thrips tabaciLindeman, andThrips vulgatissimusHaliday. Of these,F.triticiwas the most abundant in the collections and appears to have the greatest potential to be a significant canola pest, followed byT.tabaciandT.vulgatissimus.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ABAMECTIN ON LIRIOMYZA TRIFOLII (BURGESS) (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Parrella M.P. , Robb K.L. , Virzi J.K. , Dybas R.A.
Published: November 2009

The effect of abamectin on the leafminer, Liromyza trifolii (Burgess), was investigated using topical applications, leaf dips, and repellency bioassays. Topical application of technical material in acetone to susceptible adult females provides an LD50 value of 0.404 ppm. Leaf-dip assays using abamectin formulated in water with third-instar larvae gave an LC50 value of 0.386 ppm. These data provide baseline information on the toxicity of this material to L. trifolii and are important in the development of resistance management programs. Adult female leaf miners were repelled from feeding and ovipositing on chrysanthemum plants treated with formulated abamectin up to 7 days after foliar application in choice and no-choice assays. The implications of these data in managing populations of L. trifolii are discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF ATTACKS ON SPRUCE STUMPS BY THE SPRUCE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), AND EFFECTS ON THE LENGTH OF EGG GALLERIES
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A.
Published: November 2009

The distribution of spruce beetle attacks and length of associated egg galleries were investigated on 21 spruce stumps over a 4-year period in central British Columbia. Attack density formed a distinct vertical gradient which peaked near the duff line at about one-third stump height above the mineral soil. The proportion of attacks on the stumps that were located below the duff was linearly related to the ratio of stump height below duff and total stump height above mineral soil. Attack density was significantly higher below the duff than above. A three-parameter exponential function gave satisfactory fit to the attack density gradient on normalized stump height. A discrete-step theoretical model was also developed based on assumptions regarding beetle behavior during landing and imitation of the egg gallery and the physical characteristics of the host. This model gave an excellent fit to the attack density gradient as an average process over all stumps. Average egg gallery length was a curvilinear function of attack density with maximum average egg gallery length occurring at about 0.33 attacks per 100 cm2.
A NEW SPECIES OFCRABROFROM ARCTIC YUKON (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECOIDEA: CRABRONIDAE)
Authors: Finnamore Albert T.
Published: November 2009

A new species of crabronine wasp,Crabro canningsi, is described from the Yukon. Its relationships with other species are discussed and additional records ofCrabrospecies in the Yukon are presented.
PERSISTENCE AND DISPERSAL OF THE NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS OF NEODIPRION SERTIFER (GEOFFROY) (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN A VIRUS-FREE LODGEPOLE PINE PLANTATION IN SWEDEN
Authors: Olofsson Einar
Published: November 2009

An outbreak of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) was studied in a lodgepole pine plantation. It was the first tree generation on a 60-ha peatland area. The nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of N. sertifer was not found in the larval population or in the soil. Within a 1.7-ha experimental plot, a 0.35-ha block was treated with NPV and the ensuing epizootic was studied during three successive summers. The treatment caused 50% mortality of fourth- and fifth-instar larvae. The NPV persisted in the treated block and gradually dispersed into the adjacent blocks. After 2 years, larval mortality was 78% in the treated block and 21% at a distance of 110–125 m from it. The larval population remained at a high level and the outbreak expanded from the experimental plot to the entire 60-ha area in the years following the virus treatment, but few virus-diseased colonies were observed outside the experimental plot. Thus, the capability of this NPV to persist and spread was not sufficient to control and contain the sawfly outbreak.
A REVISION OF THE LASIONYCTA SKRAELINGIA (HERRICH-SCHÄFFER) SPECIES COMPLEX (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. , Kononenko V.S.
Published: November 2009

The Lasionycta skraelingia (H.-S.) species complex, formerly considered to include only one species, is shown to consist of six species. Three species (Lasionycta buraetica Kononenko, from the Sayan Mountains, USSR; L. corax Kononenko from the Upper Kolyma River area, USSR; and L. taigata Lafontaine from northern Canada) are described as new. The name L. alpicola, proposed by Hampson as an aberration of L. skraelingia, is validated as a species. The taxon Lasionycta phaea (Hampson), currently treated as a subspecies of L. impingens (Walker), is shown to be a distinct species in the L. skraelingia complex; a lectotype is designated for Anarta phaea Hampson. Adults and genitalia are illustrated for the six species; a key to species and distribution maps are also included. Lasionycta membrosa (Morrison, 1875) is placed in synonymy with L. subdita (Möschler, 1860).
WOOLLY-BEAR CATERPILLARS OFGRAMMIA BLAKEI(GRT.) (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE) — AN OCCASIONAL PEST OF NATIVE RANGE PASTURES AND ADJACENT CROPS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Byers J.R.
Published: November 2009

The woolly-bear caterpillars ofGrammia(=Apantesis)blakei(Grt.) are sometimes abundant on native range pastures in the short-grass region of southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan and occasionally cause early season damage to adjacent cultivated crops. The larvae overwinter as mid- to late-instars in protected sites on the soil surface and begin feeding in the spring as soon as new plant growth is available. They are general feeders on both mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Larval densities exceeding 10/m2were found at several locations from 1982 to 1985 and historical records indicate that densities sometimes exceed 50/m2. The moths are present in late May through June but are rarely observed or collected. In Canada the species is univoltine with a mid-larval summer diapause.
DISTRIBUTION OF CHRYSOLINA SPP. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN EASTERN ONTARIO, 18 YEARS AFTER THEIR INITIAL RELEASE
Authors: Fields Paul G. , Arnason John T. , Philogène Bernard J.R.
Published: November 2009

Hypericum perforatum L., St. John's - wort (Hypericaceae), is a cosmopolitan weed that, when eaten by livestock, causes photodermatitis, reduced weight gain, and, in extreme cases, death (Giese 1980). Chrysolina hyperici (Forester) and Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) dramatically reduced populations of H. perforatum when introduced into Australia (Clark 1953) and the United States (Holloway and Huffaker 1951; Holloway 1957). These species also have served as effective biocontrol agents when introduced into central British Columbia (Smith 1958), Ontario, and Nova Scotia (Harris and Maw 1984). This paper surveys the distribution of Chrysolina spp. in eastern Ontario, 18 years after initial release of both species.
ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MANDIBLE AS A DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTER IN THE TAXONOMY OF PENICILLATE DIPLOPODS (DIPLOPODA: POLYXENIDAE)
Authors: Ishii Kiyoshi
Published: November 2009

Mandibles of four species and three subspecies of penicillate diplopods inhabiting Japan, and two species from outside Japan, were studied to clarify their taxonomic significance. The mandibular structure showed distinct differences both between genera and between species, indicating its usefulness in the taxonomy of penicillate diplopods.
THE BUMBLE BEES OF EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Laverty Terence M. , Harder Lawrence D.
Published: November 2009

We provide keys for identifying the 26 bumble bee species (Bombus and Psithyrus) found in Canada east of Manitoba, and information on their ecology and distribution. The keys are designed for field use and rely primarily on colour patterns rather than on microscopic features.
SPIDERS (ARANEAE) IN CORN FIELDS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Provencher Louis , Coderre Daniel , Dondale Charles D.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine spider species composition and their temporal and vertical distributions in corn in southern Quebec. We sampled 30 corn plants weekly for 12 weeks from 9 July to 23 September in 1985. We found nine families, 14 genera, and 12 identifiable species. Web-building spiders were more abundant than hunting spiders. The dominant species was Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz (Tetragnathidae). Web-builders were generally found under the ear of the plant, whereas the vertical distribution of hunting spiders was more even.
DAMAGE AND ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE), ON APPLE IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY
Authors: Thistlewood H.M.A. , McMullen R.D. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

First-generation mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), nymphs damaged four major cultivars of apple in commercial and research orchards from 1982 to 1984. In commercial orchards, C. verbasci was ranked among the top three pests in 22 of 40 samples collected at harvest, and its damage exceeded the economic injury level of 1% culled apples in 17 of the samples. Injury was greatest in "Delicious" cultivars, for which a linear relationship was derived between population density and damage at harvest. Economic injury levels of one and four nymphs per tap are proposed for cvs. Golden and Red Delicious, respectively, in British Columbia.
SIMULATION OF PREDATION BY ANTS BASED ON DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF ATTACKS ON GYPSY MOTH LARVAE
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: November 2009

Predation of gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), by ants was observed by placing caterpillars on the forest floor and waiting for ants to find them or by placing caterpillars very close to foraging ants. Over 80% of contacts with caterpillars were made by Formica spp. The rate of successful capture varied with caterpillar instar, generally becoming lower as larvae became larger. However, neonates were successfully attacked by ants less often than first-instar larvae that had fed. Neonates probably have developed defenses that prevent excessive predation because many fall to the forest floor when dispersing. The distribution of time intervals between encounters of ants with larvae was adequately fit by an exponential distribution having a mean waiting time of 20 min. This distribution was used to construct a simulation model of gypsy moth larval predation by ants. Based on the model results, ant success rate, ant foraging density, and residence time of larvae on the forest floor were important determinants of mortality caused by ants.
A SYSTEM FOR QUANTIFYING BEHAVIOR OF NEONATE CATERPILLARS AND OTHER SMALL, SLOW-MOVING ANIMALS
Authors: Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Barnard John , Shelton Anthony M.
Published: November 2009

We have developed a system for recording and quantifying animal behavior on artificial or natural substrates. The system is designed for subjects such as insects and mites with movement rates as high as 4 cm/min. The principle is the same as in automatic stage or sphere centering devices (Berg 1971; Kramer 1976; Thiery and Visser 1986), but the compensations are made manually by an observer who may also simultaneously enter codes for specific behaviors on a microcomputer keypad. Data files produced are analyzed or plotted using programs in SAS® (SAS Institute 1985a) or similar data analysis packages.
EGG PARASITOIDS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG,LYGUS LINEOLARIS(P. de B.) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: Sohati P.H. , Stewart R.K. , Boivin G.
Published: November 2009

The tarnished plant bug,Lygus lineolaris(P. de B.), is the dominant mirid in crops grown in eastern North America (Strong 1968; Bariola 1969).Lygus lineolarisis an ubiquitous species found on a wide range of wild plants and cultivated crops (Knight 1941).

All previously known egg parasitoids ofLygusspp. were mymarids in the generaAnaphes,Erythmelus, andPolynema(CIBC 1979). The mymaridAnaphes ioleGirault is the principal egg parasitoid ofLygusspp. in the United States (Debolt 1987). It has been reported from British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories(Huber and Rajakulendran 1988).
DIAPAUSE INTENSITY IN A FRENCH UNIVOLTINE AND A SASKATCHEWAN COMMERCIAL STRAIN OF MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (FAB.)
Authors: Rank G.H. , Rank F.P.
Published: November 2009

The relative diapause intensity of a French univoltine and Saskatchewan commercial strain of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.), was evaluated over a 3-year period. Prepupae from both strains underwent diapause development at 10 °C for different time periods. Diapause intensity was estimated by scoring days to emergence after initiating incubation at three different times in each of the 3 years: fall incubation (immediate post harvest); winter incubation; and spring incubation. In all comparisons made, the univoltine strain had a significantly increased diapause intensity compared with the commercial strain. We concluded that diapause intensity was heritable and that this stable difference between strains could provide the basis for a selected line with increased univoltinism under field conditions.
HOST EFFECTS ON THE PHENOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND MORTALITY OF FIELD POPULATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Langor David W.
Published: November 2009

Phenology, fecundity, development, and mortality were studied for co-occurring, declining populations of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in limber pine and lodgepole pine at two sites in the Porcupine Hills of southwestern Alberta in 1985–1986. Beetles reared in lodgepole pine emerged and attacked new hosts 7–8 days earlier than those in limber pine in 1985. Beetles were able to utilize over two-thirds of the length of each limber pine bole but only about one-third of the length of each lodgepole pine bole. Also, beetles infesting limber pine had significantly higher fecundity, produced more eggs per centimetre of gallery length, and their progeny developed faster and survived better than beetles infesting lodgepole pine. There was no apparent phenological or other barrier that might inhibit gene flow between D. ponderosae populations in limber pine and lodgepole pine. In the area studied, limber pine was a better host for D. ponderosae reproduction, development, and survival than was lodgepole pine. Thus, beetle populations may be able to increase much more quickly in limber pine, arguing for regular monitoring of these populations.
AERIAL APPLICATION OF TWO BACULOVIRUSES AGAINST THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Otvos I.S. , Cunningham J.C. , Kaupp W.J.
Published: November 2009

Two viruses, one a nuclear polyhedrosis virus and the other a granulosis virus, were applied in an attempt to initiate epizootics in populations of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, on Douglas-fir trees, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, in southeastern British Columbia. Two 172-ha plots were aerially treated in 1982 with 9.0 kg of lyophilized, virus-infected larval powder that was formulated in an emulsifiable oil tank mix and applied at 9.4 L per hectare. Each plot was treated when larval populations were at the peak of the fourth instar. The nuclear polyhedrosis virus was applied at 5.4 × 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies per hectare and the granulosis virus at 1.7 × 1014 capsules per hectare. Results showed that the granulosis virus treatment caused 34.6% population reduction (Abbott’s formula) and the nuclear polyhedrosis virus 51.8%. Larvae from treated and check plots were reared individually in the laboratory and the incidence of viruses, parasitoids, and successful adult emergence was recorded. Studies m these plots continued in 1983 and 1984. Although vertical transmission of both viruses was evident, their impact on budworm mortality was less than in 1982. Consequently, the epizootics were not sufficiently intense to control the target insect population.
PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA FOERSTER (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE), AND SYNERGISM OF PYRETHROIDS WITH PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
Authors: Burts Everett C. , van de Baan Hugo E. , Croft Brian A.
Published: November 2009

Adult pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, from commercial pear orchards near Wenatchee, WA, were tested using a slide-dip technique for susceptibility to fenvalerate over a 5-year period from 1984 to 1988. Results were compared with those from similar tests using psyllids from an unexposed population near Corvallis, OR. During 5 years, resistance of adults to fenvalerate increased by 16- to 32-fold at Wenatchee while that of the Corvallis population did not change. In 1988, tests with five pyrethroids and pyrethroid – piperonyl butoxide combinations indicated that pear psylla adults also were resistant to permethrin and flucythrinate but not to fenpropathrin or cyfluthrin which contain a cyano group that reduces their susceptibility to oxidase metabolism. Piperonyl butoxide synergism was proportional to the level of resistance, indicating that resistance is probably due to increased mixed function oxidase activity. Implications of this study to control of post-diapause winter form adults in commercial pear orchards is discussed.