bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational Challenges and Strategic Responses of Retail TNCs in Post‐WTO‐Entry China
Authors: Tacconelli Wance , Wrigley Neil
Published: August 2010

abstract

In the context of a market characterized by the enduring legacy of socialism through governmental ownership of retail businesses, the continued presence of domestic retailers, and increasing levels of competition, this article examines the organizational challenges faced by, and the strategic responses adopted by, a group of leading food and general merchandise retail transnational corporations (TNCs) in developing networks of stores in the post‐WTO‐entry Chinese market. On the basis of extensive interview‐based fieldwork conducted in China from 2006 to 2008, the article details the attempts of these retail TNCs to embed their operations in Chinese logistics and supply networks, real estate markets, and consumer cultures—three dimensions that are fundamental to the achievement of market competitiveness by the retail TNCs. The article illustrates how this process of territorial embeddedness presents major challenges for the retail TNCs and how their strategic responses vary substantially, indicating different routes to the achievement of organizational legitimacy in China. The article concludes by offering an analysis of the various strategic responses of the retail TNCs and by suggesting some future research propositions on the globalization of the retail industry.
Evolutionary Economic Geography, Institutions, and Political Economy
Authors: Essletzbichler Jürgen
Published: August 2010

abstract

In this response to MacKinnon et al. (2009), I argue that the theoretical development of evolutionary economic geographies is necessary in order to evaluate its unique contribution to an understanding of the uneven development of the space economy; that the distinction between evolutionary and institutional economic geographies is overdrawn; that the neglect of class, power, and the state reflect empirical rather than theoretical shortcomings of the evolutionary approach; and that there is significant potential overlap between evolutionary and political economy approaches.
Bimodules and branes in deformation quantization
Authors: Calaque Damien , Felder Giovanni , Ferrario Andrea , Rossi Carlo A.
Published: August 2010

We prove a version of Kontsevich’s formality theorem for two subspaces (branes) of a vector space X. The result implies, in particular, that the Kontsevich deformation quantizations of S(X*) and ∧(X) associated with a quadratic Poisson structure are Koszul dual. This answers an open question in Shoikhet’s recent paper on Koszul duality in deformation quantization.
The Morphology of Machining Chips Formed During Low Speed Quasi-Orthogonal Machining of CA 360 Brass and a Model for Their Formation
Authors: Stevenson R.
Published: August 2010

In a previous study of orthogonal machining of CA 360 brass, periodic load fluctuations were related to geometric features observed on the machining chip. In this study, the metallography of these machining chips was examined using both optical and scanning electron microscopy with the goal of better understanding the cutting mechanism and the origin of the load fluctuations. It was determined that the load variations were associated with periodic variations in chip thickness, implying a periodic variation in shear angle. It is difficult to detect such a variation in shear angle using an etch to identify deformation patterns, but shear angle variations could be inferred from the chip morphology and from the distortion of the lead particles in the machining chip. A simple model is presented which exhibits periodic shear angle variations if deformation is assumed to occur in a shear zone of finite thickness and if the material’s workhardening capacity is exhausted at strains comparable with those developed during machining. Computations incorporating the features of this model are shown to accurately reproduce the pattern of the experimental observations.
Application of Finite Element Method to the Design of Superplastic Forming Processes
Authors: Chandra N. , Rama S. C.
Published: August 2010

Finite element method is used as a design tool in the prediction of process parameters for superplastic metal forming processes. The method is used in the design of various plane strain and axisymmetric components. The effect of varying die radii and die friction are studied in the forming characteristics of a simple pan. The cone test used for the mechanical characterization of superplastic materials is simulated. A complex component typically used in the aerospace industry is analyzed and the output pressure-time loading and the resulting thickness distributions are determined.
Dendritic Discrimination of Temporal Input Sequences in Cortical Neurons
Authors: Branco Tiago , Clark Beverley A. , Häusser Michael
Published: August 2010

Discriminating Dendrites

Can dendrites read out spatiotemporal input sequences? Combining two-photon glutamate uncaging and two-photon calcium imaging, electrophysiology, and computational modeling,

Branco
et al.

(p.
1671
, published online 12 August; see the Perspective by

Destexhe

) discovered that single dendrites were indeed sensitive to both the direction and velocity of synaptic inputs. This direction- and velocity-sensitivity was measurable with only a few inputs and should thus be engaged frequently during normal brain function.
Does a gating policy for ANCA overlook patients with ANCA associated vasculitis? An audit of 263 patients
Authors: Arnold D F , Timms A , Luqmani R , Misbah S A
Published: August 2010

Background

Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) are used as diagnostic markers for small-vessel vasculitis of the Wegener Granulomatosis-microscopic polyangiitis (WG-MPA) spectrum, but if testing is applied indiscriminately, its value is diminished. The authors measured the effect of a targeted ANCA testing policy introduced in our institution in an attempt to improve the diagnostic value of testing in patients with suspected vasculitis.

Methods

The authors measured the rate of ANCA requests at a single regional centre in the year prior to and following the introduction of clinical guidelines to ensure appropriate test usage. The authors also audited clinical outcomes in patients in whom ANCA testing was declined.

Result

Following implementation of the antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) gating policy, the number of monthly ANCA tests carried out fell from 287±30 to 143±18 (p<0.0001) and was associated with an increased rate of positivity, from 18.5% (95% CI 17.0 to 20.1%) to 30.3% (27.5 to 33.1%; p<0.0001). The authors undertook a careful review of the case records from 263 patients in whom testing was declined according to the gating policy over an 8-month period. After 6 months' follow-up, no diagnoses of small-vessel vasculitis of the WG-MPA spectrum were reached.

Conclusions

The rational use of ANCA testing to aid in the diagnosis of vasculitis should include a clinical gating policy to improve diagnostic performance. Adherence to a gating policy for ANCA testing coupled with close liaison between clinician and laboratory does not result in either a missed or delayed diagnosis of small-vessel vasculitis belonging to the WG-MPA spectrum.
Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathological study of 34 cases
Authors: Lindberg Matthew R , Fisher Cyril , Thway Khin , Cao Dengfeng , Cheville John C , Folpe Andrew L
Published: August 2010

Background

Leiomyosarcomas of the urinary bladder (LMS-UB) are rare, usually aggressive neoplasms. Owing to their rarity, only a limited number of cases with clinical follow-up information have been published. There is no current consensus on LMS-UB grading, and it is unknown whether the widely accepted Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) and National Cancer Institute (NCI) grading systems of soft-tissue sarcomas are applicable to LMS-UB.

Methods

The authors studied 34 well-characterised LMS-UB and compared the prognostic power of the FNCLCC and NCI systems with that of one published grading scheme for LMS-UB (Mayo). All available slides from 34 LMS-UB were retrieved and evaluated with regards to degree of differentiation, mitotic rate/10 high-powered fields (HPF), and % necrosis. Cases were graded using published criteria for the FNCLCC, NCI and Mayo schemes. Follow-up information was obtained.

Results

The tumours occurred in 17 females and 17 males, ranging from 31 to 91 years (median 65), and measured 2–12 cm in size. One tumour was well differentiated, 17 tumours were moderately differentiated, and 16 tumours were poorly differentiated. Mitotic rates ranged from 1 to >30/10 HPF (median 12/10 HPF), and tumours showed 0–60% necrosis (median 25%). FNCLCC grades were 1 (3), 2 (12) and 3 (19). NCI grades were 1 (2), 2 (11) and 3 (21). Mayo grades were low (7) and high (27). FNCLCC and NCI grades were identical in 23/34 cases (68%). Four cases were FNCLCC/NCI grade 2 or 3 and Mayo low-grade. Clinical follow-up was available for 25 of 34 patients (74%). Clinical follow-up of ≥12 months was available for 17 of these 25 cases (68%) with a median follow-up duration of 52 months (range 12–120 months). Adverse outcome was seen in nine of these 17 patients (53%). Seven of the eight cases (88%) with a clinical follow-up duration of <12 months died of their disease. Overall, adverse outcome was documented in 16 of 25 (64%) cases. Metastatic disease was seen in 13 of 25 (52%) cases, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis (62%). Adverse outcome was noted in 15 of 23 (65%) of FNCLCC grade 2 or 3 LMS-UB, as compared with zero of two (0%) FNCLCC grade 1 tumours (p=0.15), in 15 of 23 (65%) NCI grade 2 or 3 LMS-UB, versus zero of two (0%) NCI grade 1 sarcomas (p=0.17) and in 13 of 20 (65%) Mayo high grade LMS-UB, as opposed to two of five (40%) low-grade lesions (all results not statistically significant).

Conclusions

The authors conclude that LMS-UB occurs in older adults of either sex and is characterised by aggressive behaviour, with adverse outcome in >60% of cases. Certain advantages of the FNCLCC system may support its more widespread adoption for future studies.
Lyophilised plasma: evaluation of clotting factor activity over 6 days after reconstitution for transfusion
Authors: Schoenfeld Helge , Pruss Axel , Keller Mareike , Schuster Michael , Meinck Kristian , Neuner Bruno , von Heymann Christian
Published: August 2010

Aims

Little is known about long-term stability of clotting factors in dissolved human lyophilised plasma. This study evaluated clotting factor and inhibitor activity in reconstituted lyophilised plasma after storage for up to 6 days at 4°C.

Methods

Five samples from different lots of pooled lyophilised plasma (LyoPlas; German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service West) were reconstituted. The activity of fibrinogen, factor II (FII), FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII, antithrombin, plasmin inhibitor, von Willebrand factor antigen, free protein S and protein C were determined immediately and at 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h after reconstitution. Tests for bacterial contamination were performed after 12, 72 and 144 h from each plasma bottle.

Results

Storage at 4°C for 6 h led to a decrease in the activity of FVIII (Δ −14.9%), FIX (Δ −6.9%) and FXI (Δ −6.3%), and an increase in the activity of plasmin inhibitor (Δ +10.2%). Storage for up to 6 days resulted in a further decrease in activity of FVIII (Δ −24.3%), FIX (Δ −13.4%) and FXI (Δ −22.9%), and, additionally, a decrease in the activity of FV (Δ −15.0%), fibrinogen (Δ −6.9%) and plasmin inhibitor (Δ −17.5%). Other factors and inhibitors, with exception of protein C (Δ +8.2%), remained almost unchanged over time. Blood cultures were sterile and showed no bacterial growth.

Conclusions

The activity of all measured coagulation factors and inhibitors in a time course of up to 6 days met required quality standards. Further in vivo testing is required to demonstrate safety and efficacy of extended clinical use of refrigerated reconstituted lyophilised plasma.
Chronic viral hepatitis and chronic kidney disease
Authors: Chacko Elias C , Surrun Soondal Koomar , Mubarack Sani T P , Pappachan Joseph M
Published: August 2010

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major public health problem worldwide over the past few decades because of the increasing prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and elderly individuals in most countries. Chronic viral hepatitis (due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)) also poses significant morbidity and mortality globally. Both these viruses can cause CKD and these infections can occur as a consequence of CKD management. CKD patients acquiring HBV or HCV infection have higher morbidity and mortality rates, and the management of these infections among CKD patients with antiviral agents is associated with high rates of adverse effects. The optimal management of CKD associated with HBV and HCV is not well defined because of insufficient data from clinical trials. This review discusses the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics and management issues related to chronic viral hepatitis and CKD.
ON n-DEFICIENCY OF GROUPS
Authors: JO JANG HYUN
Published: August 2010

Let G be a group of type Fn with n ≥ 2, i.e. G admits a finite n-dimensional (n - 1)-aspherical CW-complex X such that π1(X) is isomorphic to G. We introduce the notion of the n-deficiency dn(G) which is a generalized notion of deficiency of G and present various results about the relation between dn(G) and the L2-Betti numbers of G. We also give some partial results about the Eilenberg–Ganea conjecture and the Whitehead conjecture. These results correspond to a generalization of several earlier results [Quart. J. Math. Oxford (2)38 (1987) 35–44; J. Pure Appl. Algebra7 (1976) 241–248; Quart. J. Math. Oxford (2)32 (1981) 45–55; 2-Knots and Their Groups (Cambridge University Press, 1989)].
SCALING, VORONOI TESSELLATION, AND KJMA: THE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN THIN SOLID FILMS
Authors: TOMELLINI M. , FANFONI M.
Published: August 2010

Among several aspects concerning the growth of thin films on solid surfaces, we focus our discussion on the physical observable known as the island size distribution function (SDF). Since this is a subject large enough to require a full review, even a whole book, we have limited our survey to the scaling properties of the distribution function and to some of its possible shapes. In particular, we discuss the fast and slow nucleation processes in diffusional growth and the KJMA (Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami) distributions. Space has been given to the mathematical demonstration of the principal equations, in order to render the paper usable also to neophytes of thin film growth. Experimental particle (SDFs) are also reported and discussed.
An information-theoretic analysis of quantum-dot cellular automata for defect tolerance
Authors: Dai Jianwei , Wang Lei , Lombardi Fabrizio
Published: August 2010

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) has been advocated as a promising emerging nanotechnology for designing future nanocomputing systems. However, at device level, the large number of expected defects represents a significant hurdle for reliable computation in QCA-based systems. In this paper, we present an information-theoretic approach to investigate the relationship between defect tolerance and redundancy in QCA devices. By modeling defect-prone QCA devices as unreliable information processing media, we determine the information transfer capacity, as bound on the reliability that QCA devices can achieve. The proposed method allows to evaluate the effectiveness of redundancy-based defect tolerance in an effective and quantitative manner.
Age-dependent cardiopulmonary interaction during airway obstruction: a simulation model
Authors: Goldman Ernesto
Published: August 2010

Inspiratory fall in arterial blood pressure (Pa) during airway obstruction was ascribed to ventricular interdependence, afterload, and transmission of intrathoracic pressure swings. We have shown this effect significantly reduced in the elderly, but the underlying reasons remain unclear. Here we compare the results of inspiratory loading in young and older subjects with a mathematical model that simulated beat-by-beat fluctuations in cardiopulmonary variables. By increasing arterial and left ventricular elastance parameters in the older group, simulations strongly correlated with the experimental Pa and identified a linear increase of left ventricular transmural pressures with negative intrathoracic pressure that was nearly 38% larger than that in the younger group. The apparent perfusion preservation by less Pa decline with obstruction in the elderly could be misleading, since it reflects an increased afterload and diastolic dysfunction.
Exercise training restores impaired dilator responses of cerebral arterioles during chronic exposure to nicotine
Authors: Mayhan William G. , Arrick Denise M. , Sun Hong , Patel Kaushik P.
Published: August 2010

Our goal was to determine whether exercise training (ExT) alleviates impaired nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent dilation of pial arterioles during chronic exposure to nicotine. We measured dilation of cerebral (pial) arterioles in sedentary and exercised control and nicotine-treated (2 mg·kg−1·day−1for 4 wk via an osmotic minipump) rats to an endothelial NOS (eNOS)-dependent (ADP), a neuronal NOS (nNOS)-dependent [ N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)], and a NOS-independent (nitroglycerin) agonist. In addition, we harvested brain tissue from sedentary and exercised control and nicotine-treated rats to measure the production of superoxide anion and measured superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) protein in cerebral microvessels using Western blot. We found that eNOS-and nNOS-dependent, but not NOS-independent, vasodilation was impaired in nicotine-treated compared with control rats. In addition, the production of superoxide anion (lucigenin chemiluminescence) was increased, and SOD-1 protein decreased, in rats treated with nicotine compared with control rats. Further, although ExT did not significantly affect eNOS- or nNOS-dependent vasodilation in control rats, ExT restored impaired eNOS- and nNOS-dependent responses in nicotine-treated rats. In addition, the increase in superoxide anion production observed in nicotine-treated rats was reduced by ExT, and SOD-1 protein was increased in nicotine-treated rats by ExT. We suggest that ExT restores impaired NOS-dependent dilation of pial arterioles during chronic exposure to nicotine by a mechanism related to the formation of superoxide anion.
Incidental Detection of Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis Secondary to Undiagnosed Benign Substernal Goiter
Authors: Lønnebakken Mai Tone , Pedersen Ole Martin , Andersen Knut Sverre , Varhaug Jan Erik
Published: August 2010

Internal jugular vein thrombosis is a serious event with potentially fatal outcome, where the clinical symptoms may be vague or absent. This paper refers to a rare case where routine carotid Doppler ultrasound prior to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and aortic valve replacement (AVR) in a 76-year-old man, incidentally revealed thrombosis of the right internal jugular vein. Thoracic CT demonstrated an underlying, large, benign substernal multinodular goiter, mainly involving the right lobe, causing compression and displacement of the great vessels. A successful, one-stage operation including ligation of the internal jugular vein to avoid pulmonary embolism and hemithyroidectomy, combined with the scheduled CABG and AVR, was performed. This case illustrates that benign substernal goiter may be associated with asymptomatic internal jugular vein thrombosis. Carotid Doppler ultrasound should involve evaluation of the internal jugular vein concerning thrombosis as its presence may reveal space-occupying lesions in the thorax.
Bilateral Pneumothorax and Subcutaneous Emphysema following Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Rare Complication
Authors: Sampaziotis Fotios , Wiles Alan , Shaukat Syed , Dickinson Richard J.
Published: August 2010

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a widely used diagnostic and therapeutic modality in the management of biliary and pancreatic disease. Some of the complications of the procedure, although rare, may carry significant morbidity and mortality risks. We describe the case of a 68-year-old female who underwent elective ERCP for ductal stone clearance. Immediately postprocedure, the patient developed subcutaneous emphysema and bilateral pneumothoraces. Further imaging revealed the presence of free intra-abdominal air. The patient made a very quick recovery after bilateral chest drain insertion and no further intervention was required.
We propose that pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and subcutaneous emphysema during ERCP, in the absence of duodenal perforation may be explained by leakage of air from a site of low resistance such as the sphincterotomy site, or as a result of copious Valsalva manoeuvres performed by a patient tolerating the procedure poorly.
Large-Scale Synthesis and Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Spherical TiO2Nanocrystals
Authors: Kong Wei , Chen Chao , Mai Kaiguang , Shi Xinchao , Hu Rong , Wang Zhiyu
Published: August 2010

The spherical titanium dioxide nanocrystals were successfully synthesized in a new system through a solvothermal method. Prolonged reaction time can contribute to the improvement of the morphology and self-assembly behavior ofTiO2nanocrystals. The central features of our approach are the use of rapid heating process and the use of both oleic acid and dodecylamine as two different capping surfactants to synthesize monodisperseTiO2nanocrystals.The morphologies and self-assembly behavior ofTiO2nanocrystals are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses.
Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics of Intact Tissue: A Biotechnological Tool in Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment Evaluation
Authors: Bathen Tone F. , Sitter Beathe , Sjøbakk Torill E. , Tessem May-Britt , Gribbestad Ingrid S.
Published: August 2010

Personalized medicine is increasingly important in cancer treatment for its role in staging and its potential to improve stratification of patients. Different types of molecules, genes, proteins, and metabolites are being extensively explored as potential biomarkers. This review discusses the major findings and potential of tissue metabolites determined by high-resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy for cancer detection, characterization, and treatment monitoring. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6692–6. ©2010 AACR.
Patterns of Expression of DNA Repair Genes and Relapse From Melanoma
Authors: Jewell Rosalyn , Conway Caroline , Mitra Angana , Randerson-Moor Juliette , Lobo Samira , Nsengimana Jérémie , Harland Mark , Marples Maria , Edward Sara , Cook Martin , Powell Barry , Boon Andy , de Kort Floor , Parker Katharine A. , Cree Ian A. , Barrett Jennifer H. , Knowles Margaret A. , Bishop D. Timothy , Newton-Bishop Julia
Published: August 2010

Purpose: To use gene expression profiling of formalin-fixed primary melanoma samples to detect expression patterns that are predictive of relapse and response to chemotherapy.

Experimental Design: Gene expression profiles were identified in samples from two studies (472 tumors). Gene expression data for 502 cancer-related genes from these studies were combined for analysis.

Results: Increased expression of DNA repair genes most strongly predicted relapse and was associated with thicker tumors. Increased expression of RAD51 was the most predictive of relapse-free survival in unadjusted analysis (hazard ratio, 2.98; P = 8.80 × 10−6). RAD52 (hazard ratio, 4.73; P = 0.0004) and TOP2A (hazard ratio, 3.06; P = 0.009) were independent predictors of relapse-free survival in multivariable analysis. These associations persisted when the analysis was further adjusted for demographic and histologic features of prognostic importance (RAD52 P = 0.01; TOP2A P = 0.02). Using principal component analysis, expression of DNA repair genes was summarized into one variable. Genes whose expression correlated with this variable were predominantly associated with the cell cycle and DNA repair. In 42 patients treated with chemotherapy, DNA repair gene expression was greater in tumors from patients who progressed on treatment. Further data supportive of a role for increased expression of DNA repair genes as predictive biomarkers are reported, which were generated using multiplex PCR.

Conclusions: Overexpression of DNA repair genes (predominantly those involved in double-strand break repair) was associated with relapse. These data support the hypothesis that melanoma progression requires maintenance of genetic stability and give insight into mechanisms of melanoma drug resistance and potential therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 16(21); 5211–21. ©2010 AACR.
Occurence and Clinical Predictors of Spasticity After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Urban Peter P. , Wolf Thomas , Uebele Michael , Marx Jürgen J. , Vogt Thomas , Stoeter Peter , Bauermann Thomas , Weibrich Carsten , Vucurevic Goran D. , Schneider Astrid , Wissel Jörg
Published: August 2010

Background and Purpose—

There is currently no consensus on (1) the percentage of patients who develop spasticity after ischemic stroke, (2) the relation between spasticity and initial clinical findings after acute stroke, and (3) the impact of spasticity on activities of daily living and health-related quality of life.

Methods—

In a prospective cohort study, 301 consecutive patients with clinical signs of central paresis due to a first-ever ischemic stroke were examined in the acute stage and 6 months later. At both times, the degree and pattern of paresis and muscle tone, the Barthel Index, and the EQ-5D score, a standardized instrument of health-related quality of life, were evaluated. Spasticity was assessed on the Modified Ashworth Scale and defined as Modified Ashworth Scale >1 in any of the examined joints.

Results—

Two hundred eleven patients (70.1%) were reassessed after 6 months. Of these, 42.6% (n=90) had developed spasticity. A more severe degree of spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale ≥3) was observed in 15.6% of all patients. The prevalence of spasticity did not differ between upper and lower limbs, but in the upper limb muscles, higher degrees of spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale ≥3) were more frequently (18.9%) observed than in the lower limbs (5.5%). Regression analysis used to test the differences between upper and lower limbs showed that patients with more severe paresis in the proximal and distal limb muscles had a higher risk for developing spasticity (
P
≤0.001). Spasticity of the upper and lower limb was more frequent in patients with hemihypesthesia than in patients without sensory deficits (
P
≤0.001). Patients with spasticity showed a lower Barthel Index and EQ-5D score compared with the group without spasticity.

Conclusions—

Spasticity was present in 42.6% of patients with initial central paresis. However, severe spasticity was relatively rare. Predictors for the development of spasticity were a severe degree of paresis and hemihypesthesia at stroke onset.
Culture—A Post-Concept?
Authors: Gillison Gillian
Published: August 2010

Explaining Culture Scientifically, edited by Melissa J. Brown, attempts to rehabilitate the concept of culture from the depravations of postmodernism by reestablishing the relevance of evolutionary science. But it does not attempt to explain postmodernism's phenomenal success in anthropology, history, and other disciplines in which the study of culture is forefront. “Evolutionary science” includes cognitivism, which, like postmodernism and the rest of “the linguistic turn,” has roots in the structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss. Like structuralism (which the authors barely mention) and postmodernism (which they explicitly shun), the “science” deployed in this collection comes across mainly as a brand of creationism unconnected to the legacy of Charles Darwin. Darwin's revolutionary opus inspired a number of brilliant works that pointed toward a science of culture—those of Sigmund Freud, for example—but the promise of those early years remains largely unfulfilled.
A new genus and three new species of Oriental Oxycerini (Diptera: Stratiomyidae: Stratiomyinae) with notes on new generic synonyms in two other stratiomyine genera
Authors: Woodley Norman , Rozkošný Rudolf
Published: August 2010

Oxycerina gen.n. (Stratiomyidae: Stratiomyinae), including three new species, O. hauseri sp.n., O. merzi sp.n. and O. sabaha sp.n., is described from the Oriental Region and compared with related genera of Stratiomyinae and Raphiocerinae. The monotypic genus Scapanocnema Enderlein, 1914 is considered to be a synonym of Odontomyia Meigen, 1803; S. spathulipes Enderlein, 1914 and O. latitibia Rozkošný & Kovac, 1994 are considered to be new synonyms of O. luteiceps de Meijere, 1911. Cyrtopus Bigot, 1883, is also proposed as a synonym of Odontomyia, resulting in new or resurrected combinations for the species O. fastuosa (Bigot, 1883), O. magnifica Lachaise & Lindner, 1973, and O. smaragdifera (Lindner, 1938). Timorimyia Frey, 1934 is proposed as a new synonym of Acanthasargus White, 1914, resulting in A. bidentatus (Frey, 1934), comb.n. A key to the genera of the Oriental Stratiomyinae and Raphiocerinae is presented.
The systematic position of Diopsina Curran, 1928 (Diptera: Diopsidae) inferred from DNA sequence data
Authors: Carr Martin , Balke Michael , Kotrba Marion
Published: August 2010

The placement of Diopsina in a monophyletic clade with Diopsis and Eurydiopsis is confirmed and a sister group relationship between Diopsina and Diopsis recovered with moderate support. The clarification of the phylogenetic position of Diopsina nested deeply within Diopsini is of crucial importance for the understanding of the relationships and the evolution of various morphological characters within the family.
A Short Account of My Education, Career Choice, and Research Motivation
Authors: Reed Richard J.
Published: August 2010

No Abstract available.
Back to Frontogenesis
Authors: Hoskins Brian
Published: August 2010

No Abstract available.
The Role of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Stratospheric Dehydration
Authors: Holton James R.
Published: August 2010

No Abstract available.
Modeling of Stress Development During Thermal Damage Healing in Fiber-reinforced Composite Materials Containing Embedded Shape Memory Alloy Wires
Authors: Bor T.C. , Warnet L. , Akkerman R. , de Boer A.
Published: August 2010

Fiber-reinforced composite materials are susceptible to damage development through matrix cracking and delamination. This article concerns the use of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires embedded in a composite material to support healing of damage through a local heat treatment. The composite material contains a thermoplastic matrix that allows healing at elevated temperatures. The woven in SMA wires, oriented in the out-of-plane direction of the composite material, are used to close the delamination upon heating. Several case studies were performed. The influence of the SMA wire fraction, the degree of prestraining of the SMA wires, the glass transition temperature of the amorphous thermoplastic matrix, and the healing temperature have been considered. The delamination is compacted while heating up to the healing temperature. The thermal expansion coefficient of the thermoplastic matrix is much larger than that of the SMA wires causing a compressive thermal stress in the composite material upon heating. Prestraining of the SMA wires is not a priori required to obtain a compressive stress at the delamination interfaces at the healing temperature. After cooling to room temperature residual stresses occur in the composite material and SMA wires if the SMA wire composition at the start of the heat treatment differs from that at the end. The conditions under which no residual stresses develop have been determined. SMA wire fractions have been calculated to achieve a preset stress level in the composite material at the healing temperature and a stress-free state after healing. Finally, the use of high strength wires to replace SMA wires has been considered and shown to be a worthwhile alternative.
Coadministration With Lopinavir and Ritonavir Decreases Exposure to BILR 355, a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Huang Fenglei , Scholl Paul , Huang David B. , MacGregor Thomas R. , Vinisko Richard , Castles Mark A. , Berger Frank , Robinson Patrick
Published: August 2010

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) with BILR 355. In group A, 26 healthy participants were administered LPV/r (400mg/100mg) twice daily for 14 days, followed by coadministration of BILR 355, 150 mg twice daily for an additional 7 days. Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed on days 14 and 21. In group B, 8 healthy participants were given BILR 355/ritonavir (BILR 355/r, 150mg/100mg) twice daily for 7 days. The pharmacokinetic data from group B (BILR 355/r‐alone group) were also pooled with group B subjects from 3 similar phase I drug‐drug interaction trials performed in parallel to this study. Coadministration with LPV/r resulted in a 51% decrease in steady‐state area under plasma concentration‐time curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC0–12, ss) and steady‐state maximum measured plasma concentration over a dosing interval (Cmax, ss) and a 50% decrease in steady‐state plasma concentration 12 hours post last dosing (C12, ss) for BILR 355. Exposure to LPV was not changed after coadministration. BILR 355/r was well tolerated in this study. There was no evidence of increased risk of lopinavir or ritonavir toxicity upon coadministration with BILR 355.
Ethnic Minority Labeling, Multiculturalism, and the Attitude of Majority Group Members
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Thijs Jochem
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of single (e.g., “Turks”) and dual ethnic minority labels (“Turkish Dutch”) on the attitude of (Dutch) majority group members. Following the dual identity version of the common in-group identity model, it was predicted that attitudes will be more positive toward minority groups that are described with dual labels compared with single labels. In addition, it was expected that the effect of labeling on out-group attitudes will be stronger for participants who endorse multiculturalism.The findings are in agreement with these different predictions, but alternative interpretations are discussed. The results show the importance of labeling in interethnic relations.
The People Doth Protest Too Much: Explaining Away Subtle Racism
Authors: Reid Landon D. , Birchard Kristen E.
Published: August 2010

The present study examined whether the length of an individual’s written explanation for an instance of subtle, attributionally ambiguous racism related to their perception of racism, levels of prejudice, and social dominance orientation. Individuals ( n = 51) read a brief vignette describing an instance of subtle racism and then wrote a description explaining what they believed was happening in the situation. Individuals higher in prejudice and social dominance orientation wrote longer situational explanations. Individuals who wrote longer situational explanations were less likely to perceive the situation as racist and more likely to attribute that situation to a chance happening. Finally, longer explanations also contained more situational attributions unrelated to race. As the number of attributions unrelated to race increased, the perception of racism decreased. The present results suggest that longer explanations helped individuals explain away subtle racism.
Dexamphetamine-induced reduction of P3a and P3b in healthy participants
Authors: Albrecht Matthew A , Martin-Iverson Mathew T , Price Greg , Lee Joseph , Iyyalol Rajan
Published: August 2010

The reduced P3 is one of the most robust deficits involved in schizophrenia. Previous research with catecholaminergic agonists or releasers such as amphetamines have used doses too small to adequately demonstrate an effect on P3. In this study, we gave 0.45 mg/kg dexamphetamine to healthy volunteers (final n = 18) using both auditory and visual three-stimulus P3 procedures. Dexamphetamine significantly reduced P3 amplitudes to auditory target, rare non-target and standard stimulus amplitudes. The reduction in auditory P3 induced by dexamphetamine was proportional across stimulus types to placebo P3 values. There were no effects of dexamphetamine on visual P3. We demonstrate a reduced auditory P3 similar to that seen in schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses. This possibly reflects a common pathology which is hypothesized within the P3 literature to be related to attention and working memory. Differences between auditory and visual P3 modulation may be related to regional variations in catecholamine or specifically dopamine receptor densities. One specific auditory P3 generator is the superior temporal cortex, an area with dopamine D2 receptor enriched bands. This is contrasted with visual specific generators, such as the inferior temporal cortex and superior parietal cortex, which do not have these enriched bands.
Cell Therapy in Tendon Disorders
Authors: Obaid Haron , Connell David
Published: August 2010

Background

Various types of tissue-derived cells are being experimented with for the treatment of tendinopathy, tendon repair, and use in tissue engineering.

Purpose

The aim of this systematic review is to explore the current evidence with a view to evaluate the potential of this therapeutic intervention.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

A review of the literature was conducted using PubMed. Search criteria included keywords “tendinopathy,” “tendinitis,” “tendinosis,” “epicondylitis,” “stem cell,” and “cell therapy.” Articles not written in English language were excluded.

Results

A total number of 379 articles were identified and a critical appraisal of the relevant articles was undertaken, which encompassed human and animal research. The review included articles related to various tissue-derived cells such as tendon progenitors, adipose tissue, synovium, muscle, bone marrow, and skin. The utility of cell therapy in tissue engineering and rotator cuff repair was also assessed.

Conclusion

With the limitation of the available evidence, the literature suggests that cell therapy is applicable and may be effective for the treatment of tendinopathy. However, further research into the precise biological mechanisms, long-term implications, and cost-effectiveness is needed.
Life cycle assessment of solid waste management strategies in a chlor-alkali production facility
Authors: Muñoz Edmundo , Navia Rodrigo
Published: August 2010

The waste management of a chlor-alkali and calcium chloride industrial facility from southern Chile was the object of this study. The main solid waste materials generated in these processes are brine sediments and calcium chloride sediments, respectively. Both residues are mixed in the liquid phase and filtered in a press filter, obtaining a final low humidity solid waste, called ‘mixed sediments’, which is disposed of in an industrial landfill as non-hazardous waste. The aim of the present study was to compare by means of LCA, the current waste management option of the studied chlor-alkali facility, namely landfill disposal, with two new possible options: the reuse of the mixed sediments as mineral additive in compost and the use of brine sediments as an unconventional sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The functional unit was defined as 1 tonne of waste being managed. To perform this evaluation, software SimaPro 7.0 was used, selecting the Ecoindicator 99 and CML 2000 methodologies for impact evaluation. The obtained results indicate that the use of brine sediments as a novel material for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater (scenario 3) presented environmental benefits when compared with the waste management option of sediments landfilling (scenario 1). The avoided environmental loads, generated by the substitution of activated granular carbon and the removal of Cu and Zn from wastewater in the treatment process generated positive environmental impacts, enhancing the environmental performance of scenario 3.
Thermal decomposition of pyrometallurgical copper slag by oxidation in synthetic air
Authors: Gyurov Stoyko , Kostova Yoanna , Klitcheva Galina , Ilinkina Anna
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of separating pyrometallurgical copper (fayalite) slag by oxidation in a synthetic air atmosphere into ferrous and silicate phases suitable for resources to be recovered from them. Isothermal oxidation kinetics and the most probable reaction models are studied in the temperature range of 773 to 1173 K using thermogravimetric analysis data and the classical Johnson—Mehl—Avrami—Yerofeev—Kolmogorov (JMAYK) equation. Depending on the model applied, the activation energies of fayalite slag oxidation in the temperature range of 773—973 K were: D1: 37.55 kJ mol-1; D2: 43.27 kJ mol-1; D3: 50.52 kJ mol-1; and D4: 45.65 kJ mol-1. Depending on the model applied, the activation energies of fayalite slag oxidation in the temperature range of 1073—1173 K were: F1: 20.48 kJ mol-1; R2: 20.45 kJ mol-1; R3: 20.18 kJ mol-1; A2: 21.54 kJ mol -1 and A3: 22.34 kJ mol-1. The transformation of fayalite to hematite and amorphous silica was completed after 1435, 1350 and 1080 s at temperatures of 1073, 1123 and 1173 K, respectively. The following oxidation products were identified by X-ray diffraction: (1) fayalite, hematite and magnesioferrite (Fe2MgO4) in the temperature range 773 to 973 K; and (2) hematite and magnesium iron oxide (Mg1.55Fe 1.6O4) in the temperature range of 1073 to 1173 K.
Factors influencing municipal solid waste generation in China: A multiple statistical analysis study
Authors: Chen Liu  , Wu Xin-wu
Published: August 2010

A relationship between the waste production and socio-economic factors is essential in waste management. In the present study, the factors influencing municipal solid waste generation in China were investigated by multiple statistical analysis. Twelve items were chosen for investigation: GDP, per capita GDP, urban population, the proportion of urban population, the area of urban construction, the area of paved roads, the area of urban gardens and green areas, the number of the large cities, annual per capita disposable income of urban households, annual per capita consumption expenditure of urban households, total energy consumption and annual per capital consumption for households. Two methodologies from multiple statistical analysis were selected; specifically principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Three new dimensions were identified by PCA: component 1: economy and urban development; component 2: energy consumption; and component 3: urban scale. The three components together accounted for 99.1% of the initial variance. The results show that economy and urban development are important items influencing MSW generation. The proportion of urban population and urban population had the highest loadings in all factors. The relationship between growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and production of MSW was not as clear-cut as often assumed in China, a situation that is more likely to apply to developed countries. Energy consumption was another factor considered in our study of MSW generation. In addition, the annual MSW quantity variation was investigated by cluster analysis.
Book Review: Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease
Authors: Ireton‐Jones Carol
Published: August 2010

Coulston AM Boushey CJ (editors). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. 2nd ed. Elsevier Academic Press; 2008. Restruture page‐count as size[@units=“page”] 912 pp. ISBN 13:978‐012‐374118‐9.
Book Review: Food and Nutrients in Disease Management
Authors: Ireton‐Jones Carol
Published: August 2010

Kohlstadt I (editor). Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis (CRC Press); 2009. Restruture page‐count as size[@units=“page”] 717 pp; $149.95. ISBN: 978‐1‐4200‐6762.
Article Commentary: Diagnostic Work‐Up of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children: The Role of Calprotectin Assay
Authors: Mullin Gerard E.
Published: August 2010

Diagnostic Work‐Up of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children: The Role of Calprotectin Assay Diamanti A Panetta F Basso MS et al published online ahead of print March 22, 2010. Inflamm Bowel Dis.
Research on Accounting in Family Firms: Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges
Authors: Salvato Carlo , Moores Ken
Published: August 2010

Accounting practices in family firms, although displaying evident unique features, have received relatively little attention as distinct from their equivalents in publicly held firms. This may have hampered conceptual advancements in both the accounting and the family business literatures. In this article the authors first assess accounting areas in which the “family entity” plays a distinct role and elaborate on important characteristics of these phenomena. They also report evidence suggesting that additional research efforts may illuminate both unresolved issues in the accounting literature and so-far-neglected dimensions of the family business entity. Finally, the authors examine several different avenues for research at the accounting—family business interface and identify common themes among them.
Emotion in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kring Ann M. , Caponigro Janelle M.
Published: August 2010

Our understanding of the nature of emotional difficulties in schizophrenia has been greatly enhanced by translational research over the past two decades. By incorporating methods and theories from affective science, researchers have been able to discover that people with schizophrenia exhibit very few outward displays of emotion but report experiencing strong feelings in the presence of emotionally evocative stimuli or events. Recent behavioral, psychophysiological, and brain imaging research has pointed to the importance of considering the time course of emotion in schizophrenia. This work has shown that people with schizophrenia have the ability to experience emotion in the moment; however, they appear to have difficulties when anticipating future pleasurable experiences, and this perhaps affects their motivation to have such experiences. While advancements in our understanding of emotional experience and expression in individuals with schizophrenia have been made, these developments have led to a new collection of research questions directed at understanding the time course of emotion in schizophrenia, including the role of memory and anticipation in motivated behavior, translating laboratory findings to the development of new assessment tools and new treatments targeting emotional impairments in people with this disorder.
Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia
Authors: Karlsgodt Katherine H. , Sun Daqiang , Cannon Tyrone D.
Published: August 2010

Schizophrenia is associated with changes in the structure and functioning of a number of key brain systems, including prefrontal and medial temporal lobe regions involved in working memory and declarative memory, respectively. Imaging techniques provide an unparalleled window into these changes, allowing repeated assessments across pre- and post-onset stages of the disorder and in relation to critical periods of brain development. Here we review recent directions in structural and functional neuroimaging research on schizophrenia. The view emerging from this work is that schizophrenia is fundamentally a disorder of disrupted neural connectivity, the sources of which appear to be genetic and environmental risk factors influencing brain development both prenatally and during adolescence.