bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Risks and Potential Predictors of Fatigue and Sleepiness in Airline Cabin Crew
Authors: Wen Candice C. Y. , Nicholas Christian L. , Clarke-Errey Sandy , Howard Mark E. , Trinder John , Jordan Amy S.
Published: December 2020

Background: Aviation pilots and cabin crew regularly undertake shift work, and may experience circadian disruption, restricted sleep, sleepiness and impaired health. Research on aviation fatigue and sleepiness has focused on pilots, with less being known about cabin crew. This study aimed to identify likely predictors of fatigue, sleepiness, shift work disorder (SWD) and depression in cabin crew. Methods: An online anonymous survey was distributed to active cabin crew around the world. It measured sleepiness, fatigue, and screened for insomnia, depression and SWD. Information on individuals’ habits and work schedules were collected. Results: 930 valid responses were analysed. 63.5% of the sample had abnormal levels of fatigue and 46.9% experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. 68.0% were at risk for SWD, 57.7% screened positive for insomnia, and 40.0% for depression. Caffeine and use of alcohol and drugs for sleep were independently associated with insomnia and SWD (p < 0.05), whereas, type of route (international, domestic, both) and number of duty days per week predicted fatigue (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cabin crew had a high prevalence of fatigue, sleepiness and elevated risk for SWD, insomnia and depression. Many cabin crew engaged in behaviours detrimental to good sleep hygiene, highlighting targets for future interventional studies.
Lack of Pregraduate Teaching on the Associations between the Built Environment, Physical Activity and Health in Swiss Architecture and Urban Design Degree Programs
Authors: Zedi Matthias , Kayser Bengt
Published: December 2020

Background: Lack of physical activity (PA) is the fourth risk factor for all-cause mortality. Regular PA reduces noncommunicable disease (NCD) and mortality risk. The built environment (BE) is a determinant of spontaneous daily PA. Professionals who plan and build the BE therefore affect public health. We tested the hypothesis of a lack of formal pregraduate training about associations between the BE, PA and health in architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design academic degree programs (DPs) in Switzerland. Methods: We reached out to all DPs in Switzerland to ask if and how these associations are taught. For those declaring to teach the topic, the program syllabus and course material were inspected. Results and discussion: For 30 out of 33 identified programs, information for the analysis was obtained. A total of 18 declared teaching the BE, PA and health associations, but this could be confirmed for only 5 after verifying the course content. Teaching principles of building PA-promoting BE represents an underutilized potential for public health promotion. Conclusions: There is a need to introduce formal learning objectives in architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design DPs in Switzerland on the associations between BE, PA and health. It is likely that similar needs exist in other countries.
Leaky Gut and Autoimmunity: An Intricate Balance in Individuals Health and the Diseased State
Authors: Paray Bilal Ahmad , Albeshr Mohammed Fahad , Jan Arif Tasleem , Rather Irfan A.
Published: December 2020

Damage to the tissue and the ruining of functions characterize autoimmune syndromes. This review centers around leaky gut syndromes and how they stimulate autoimmune pathogenesis. Lymphoid tissue commonly associated with the gut, together with the neuroendocrine network, collaborates with the intestinal epithelial wall, with its paracellular tight junctions, to maintain the balance, tolerance, and resistance to foreign/neo-antigens. The physiological regulator of paracellular tight junctions plays a vital role in transferring macromolecules across the intestinal barrier and thereby maintains immune response equilibrium. A new paradigm has explained the intricacies of disease development and proposed that the processes can be prevented if the interaction between the genetic factor and environmental causes is barred by re-instituting the intestinal wall function. The latest clinical evidence and animal models reinforce this current thought and offer the basis for innovative methodologies to thwart and treat autoimmune syndromes.
TGFβ1 Suppressed Matrix Mineralization of Osteoblasts Differentiation by Regulating SMURF1–C/EBPβ–DKK1 Axis
Authors: Nam Bora , Park Hyosun , Lee Young Lim , Oh Younseo , Park Jinsung , Kim So Yeon , Weon Subin , Choi Sung Hoon , Yang Jae-Hyuk , Jo Sungsin , Kim Tae-Hwan
Published: December 2020

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a major mediator in the modulation of osteoblast differentiation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still not fully understood. Here, we show that TGFβ1 has a dual stage-dependent role in osteoblast differentiation; TGFβ1 induced matrix maturation but inhibited matrix mineralization. We discovered the underlying mechanism of the TGFβ1 inhibitory role in mineralization using human osteoprogenitors. In particular, the matrix mineralization-related genes of osteoblasts such as osteocalcin (OCN), Dickkopf 1 (DKK1), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) were dramatically suppressed by TGFβ1 treatment. The suppressive effects of TGFβ1 were reversed with anti-TGFβ1 treatment. Mechanically, TGFβ1 decreased protein levels of C/EBPβ without changing mRNA levels and reduced both mRNA and protein levels of DKK1. The degradation of the C/EBPβ protein by TGFβ1 was dependent on the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. TGFβ1 degraded the C/EBPβ protein by inducing the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1) at the transcript level, thereby reducing the C/EBPβ-DKK1 regulatory mechanism. Collectively, our findings suggest that TGFβ1 suppressed the matrix mineralization of osteoblast differentiation by regulating the SMURF1-C/EBPβ-DKK1 axis.
The Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation and Cancer Development by Type 2 Immune Responses
Authors: Gamez-Belmonte Reyes , Erkert Lena , Wirtz Stefan , Becker Christoph
Published: December 2020

The gut is among the most complex organs of the human body. It has to exert several functions including food and water absorption while setting up an efficient barrier to the outside world. Dysfunction of the gut can be life-threatening. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as inflammatory bowel disease, infections, or colorectal cancer, therefore, pose substantial challenges to clinical care. The intestinal epithelium plays an important role in intestinal disease development. It not only establishes an important barrier against the gut lumen but also constantly signals information about the gut lumen and its composition to immune cells in the bowel wall. Such signaling across the epithelial barrier also occurs in the other direction. Intestinal epithelial cells respond to cytokines and other mediators of immune cells in the lamina propria and shape the microbial community within the gut by producing various antimicrobial peptides. Thus, the epithelium can be considered as an interpreter between the microbiota and the mucosal immune system, safeguarding and moderating communication to the benefit of the host. Type 2 immune responses play important roles in immune-epithelial communication. They contribute to gut tissue homeostasis and protect the host against infections with helminths. However, they are also involved in pathogenic pathways in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. The current review provides an overview of current concepts regarding type 2 immune responses in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
Detection of Telomeric DNA:RNA Hybrids Using TeloDRIP-qPCR
Authors: Rosso Ilaria , d’Adda di Fagagna Fabrizio
Published: December 2020

Because of their intrinsic characteristics, telomeres are genomic loci that pose significant problems during the replication of the genome. In particular, it has been observed that telomeres that are maintained in cancer cells by the alternative mechanism of the lengthening of telomeres (ALT) harbor higher levels of replicative stress compared with telomerase-positive cancer cells. R-loops are three-stranded structures formed by a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced ssDNA. Emerging evidence suggests that controlling the levels of R-loops at ALT telomeres is critical for telomere maintenance. In fact, on the one hand, they favor telomere recombination, but on the other, they are a source of detrimental replicative stress. DRIP (DNA:RNA immunoprecipitation) is the main technique used for the detection of R-loops, and it is based on the use of the S9.6 antibody, which recognizes preferentially DNA:RNA hybrids in a sequence-independent manner. The detection of DNA:RNA hybrids in repetitive sequences such as telomeres requires some additional precautions as a result of their repetitive nature. Here, we share an optimized protocol for the detection of telomeric DNA:RNA hybrids, and we demonstrate its application in an ALT and in a telomerase-positive cell line. We demonstrate that ALT telomeres bear higher levels of DNA:RNA hybrids, and we propose this method as a reliable way to detect them in telomeres.
The Current Status of Drug Repositioning and Vaccine Developments for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Won Jung-Hyun , Lee Howard
Published: December 2020

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified, the world has vehemently worked to develop treatments and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at an unprecedented speed. Few of the repositioned drugs for COVID-19 have shown that they were efficacious and safe. In contrast, a couple of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will be ready for mass rollout early next year. Despite successful vaccine development for COVID-19, the world will face a whole new set of challenges including scale-up manufacturing, cold-chain logistics, long-term safety, and low vaccine acceptance. We highlighted the importance of knowledge sharing and collaboration to find innovative answers to these challenges and to prepare for newly emerging viruses.
Synthesis and Characterization of Store-Operated Calcium Entry Inhibitors Active in the Submicromolar Range
Authors: Le Guilcher Camille , Luyten Tomas , Parys Jan B. , Pucheault Mathieu , Dellis Olivier
Published: December 2020

The store-operated calcium entry, better known as SOCE, forms the main Ca2+ influx pathway in non-excitable cells, especially in leukocytes, where it is required for cell activation and the immune response. During the past decades, several inhibitors were developed, but they lack specificity or efficacy. From the non-specific SOCE inhibitor 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), we synthetized 16 new analogues by replacing/modifying the phenyl groups. Among them, our compound P11 showed the best inhibitory capacity with a Ki ≈ 75 nM. Furthermore, below 1 µM, P11 was devoid of any inhibitory activity on the two other main cellular targets of 2-APB, the IP3 receptors, and the SERCA pumps. Interestingly, Jurkat T cells secrete interleukin-2 under phytohemagglutinin stimulation but undergo cell death and stop IL-2 synthesis when stimulated in the presence of increasing P11 concentrations. Thus, P11 could represent the first member of a new and potent family of immunosuppressors.
MHCII3D—Robust Structure Based Prediction of MHC II Binding Peptides
Authors: Laimer Josef , Lackner Peter
Published: December 2020

Knowledge of MHC II binding peptides is highly desired in immunological research, particularly in the context of cancer, autoimmune diseases, or allergies. The most successful prediction methods are based on machine learning methods trained on sequences of experimentally characterized binding peptides. Here, we describe a complementary approach called MHCII3D, which is based on structural scaffolds of MHC II-peptide complexes and statistical scoring functions (SSFs). The MHC II alleles reported in the Immuno Polymorphism Database are processed in a dedicated 3D-modeling pipeline providing a set of scaffold complexes for each distinct allotype sequence. Antigen protein sequences are threaded through the scaffolds and evaluated by optimized SSFs. We compared the predictive power of MHCII3D with different sequence-based machine learning methods. The Pearson correlation to experimentally determine IC50 values for MHC II Automated Server Benchmarks data sets from IEDB (Immune Epitope Database) is 0.42, which is in the competitor methods range. We show that MHCII3D is quite robust in leaving one molecule out tests and is therefore not prone to overfitting. Finally, we provide evidence that MHCII3D can complement the current sequence-based methods and help to identify problematic entries in IEDB. Scaffolds and MHCII3D executables can be freely downloaded from our web pages.
Bioprocessing of Agricultural Residues as Substrates and Optimal Conditions for Phytase Production of Chestnut Mushroom, Pholiota adiposa, in Solid State Fermentation
Authors: Jatuwong Kritsana , Kumla Jaturong , Suwannarach Nakarin , Matsui Kenji , Lumyong Saisamorn
Published: December 2020

Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytates to release phosphorus in an available form. This enzyme plays an important role in animals, especially monogastric animals. It serves to improve phytate digestion along with phosphorus absorption, which are required for optimal growth performance and health. In this study, five mushroom species (Amauroderma rugosum SDBR-CMU-A83, Ganoderma mastoporum SDBR-CMU-NK0244, Marusmius sp.1 SDBR-CMU-NK0215, Pholiota adiposa SDBR-CMU-R32 and Piptoporellus triqueter SDBR-CMU-P234) out of 27 mushroom species displayed positive phytase production by agar plate assay. Consequently, these five mushroom species were selected for determination of their potential ability to produce phytase under solid-state fermentation using five agricultural residues (coffee parchment, oil palm empty fruit bunches, rice bran, sawdust, and water hyacinth) as substrates. The highest yield of phytase production (17.02 ± 0.92 units/gram dry substrate) was obtained after one week of fermentation. Optimization for phytase production was determined by statistical approaches using a Plackett–Burman design to screen ten parameters of relevant substrate components. Two significant parameters, the amount of water hyacinth and the moisture content, were found to affect the production process of phytase. Furthermore, the optimal temperature, pH value, and fermentation period were evaluated. The results indicated that the highest degree of phytase production at 53.66 ± 1.68 units/gram dry substrate (3.15-fold increase) was obtained in water hyacinth containing 85% moisture content by addition with a suitable basal liquid medium at a pH value of 6.5 after being incubated at 30 °C for seven days. The crude phytase of P. adiposa was precipitated and the precipitated extract was then used to determine partial characterizations. The precipitated extract displayed high activities after exposure to conditions of 42 °C and pH 5.0. Furthermore, Fe2+ enhanced phytase activity and precipitated extract displayed the best stability at a pH value of 8.0 and a temperature of 4 °C.
Diplomatic and Consular Protection with Special Reference to Article 46 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Authors: Eksteen Riaan
Published: December 2020

Central to EU law and policies is the protection of human rights. For the European Union (EU), these rights are sacrosanct. Over the years, more substance to the protection of fundamental rights emerged. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) is notably entrusted with the protection of human rights and has always deemed it imperative that fundamental rights must be protected within the scope of EU law. The Court has always relied on strong European traditions and values and is guided by the inalienable principle of the rule of law. In the human rights record of the EU, the Kadi cases occupy a special place. The scope of the application of Article 46 is limited, and the application of the Charter is still not used to its full potential, and too few citizens are even aware of it. The Commission intends to present a strategy that would improve the use and awareness of the Charter. By the middle of 2020, the UK’s withdrawal from the EU had become acrimonious. One issue that still begs the conclusion is the status of and protection available to EU citizens living in the UK beyond 31 December 2020. These basic rights of its citizens are not negotiable for the EU.
Alpha Spectrometry of Radon Short-Lived Progeny in Drinking Water and Assessment of the Public Effective Dose: Results from the Cilento Area, Province of Salerno, Southern Italy
Authors: Faella Enver , Mancini Simona , Guida Michele , Cuomo Albina , Guida Domenico
Published: December 2020

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas present in the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere abundantly. Its ionizing radiation provides the largest human internal exposure by inhalation and ingestion to natural sources, constituting a serious health hazard. The contribution to total exposure is mainly due to inhalation, as ingestion by food or drinking water is typically very small. However, because of public health concerns, the contributions from all these sources are limited by regulations and remedial action should be taken in the event that the defined threshold values are overcome. In this paper, the first campaign of measurements to control the radon activity concentration in drinking water from public water supplies in the province of Salerno, south Italy, is described. The results represent a main reference for the area, as it was never investigated before. The purpose of this survey was to contribute to data compilation concerning the presence of radon-222 in groundwater in the Campania region and to determine the associated risk for different age groups. The maximum radon activity concentrations and the related total annual public effective dose turned out to be lower than the threshold values (100 Bq/l and 0.1 mSv/y, respectively) indicated by international guidelines and the national regulation, showing that the health risks for public consumption can be considered negligible.
Novel Magnetic Nanohybrids: From Iron Oxide to Iron Carbide Nanoparticles Grown on Nanodiamonds
Authors: Ziogas Panagiotis , Bourlinos Athanasios B. , Tucek Jiri , Malina Ondrej , Douvalis Alexios P.
Published: December 2020

The synthesis and characterization of a new line of magnetic hybrid nanostructured materials composed of spinel-type iron oxide to iron carbide nanoparticles grown on nanodiamond nanotemplates is reported in this study. The realization of these nanohybrid structures is achieved through thermal processing under vacuum at different annealing temperatures of a chemical precursor, in which very fine maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles seeds were developed on the surface of the nanodiamond nanotemplates. It is seen that low annealing temperatures induce the growth of the maghemite nanoparticle seeds to fine dispersed spinel-type non-stoichiometric ~5 nm magnetite (Fe3−xO4) nanoparticles, while intermediate annealing temperatures lead to the formation of single phase ~10 nm cementite (Fe3C) iron carbide nanoparticles. Higher annealing temperatures produce a mixture of larger Fe3C and Fe5C2 iron carbides, triggering simultaneously the growth of large-sized carbon nanotubes partially filled with these carbides. The magnetic features of the synthesized hybrid nanomaterials reveal the properties of their bearing magnetic phases, which span from superparamagnetic to soft and hard ferromagnetic and reflect the intrinsic magnetic properties of the containing phases, as well as their size and interconnection, dictated by the morphology and nature of the nanodiamond nanotemplates. These nanohybrids are proposed as potential candidates for important technological applications in nano-biomedicine and catalysis, while their synthetic route could be further tuned for development of new magnetic nanohybrid materials.
Integrative and Conjugative Element ICETh1 Functions as a Pangenomic DNA Capture Module in Thermus thermophilus
Authors: Blesa Alba , Baquedano Ignacio , González-de la Fuente Sandra , Mencía Mario , Berenguer José
Published: December 2020

Transjugation is an unconventional conjugation mechanism in Thermus thermophilus (Tth) that involves the active participation of both mating partners, encompassing a DNA secretion system (DSS) in the donor and an active natural competence apparatus (NCA) in the recipient cells. DSS is encoded within an integrative and conjugative element (ICETh1) in the strain Tth HB27, whereas the NCA is constitutively expressed in both mates. Previous experiments suggested the presence of multiple origins of transfer along the genome, which could generate genomic mosaicity among the progeny. Here, we designed transjugation experiments between two closely related strains of Tth with highly syntenic genomes, containing enough single nucleotide polymorphisms to allow precise parenthood analysis. Individual clones from the progeny were sequenced, revealing their origin as derivatives of our ICETh1-containing intended “donor” strain (HB27), which had acquired separate fragments from the genome of the ICETh1-free HB8 cells, which are our intended recipient. Due to the bidirectional nature of transjugation, only assays employing competence-defective HB27 derivatives as donors allowed the recovery of HB8-derived progeny. These results show a preference for a retrotransfer mechanism in transjugation in ICETh1-bearing strains, supporting an inter-strain gene-capture function for ICETh1. This function could benefit the donor-capable host by facilitating the acquisition of adaptive traits from external sources, ultimately increasing the open pangenome of Thermus, maximizing the potential repertoire of physiological and phenotypical traits related to adaptation and speciation.
Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Chronic Infected Wounds in Rural Ghana
Authors: Wolters Manuel , Frickmann Hagen , Christner Martin , Both Anna , Rohde Holger , Oppong Kwabena , Akenten Charity Wiafe , May Jürgen , Dekker Denise
Published: December 2020

Background: Globally, Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen causing a wide range of community and hospital acquired infections. In Ghana, resistance of S. aureus to locally available antibiotics is increasing but the molecular basis of resistance and the population structure of S. aureus in particular in chronic wounds are poorly described. However, this information is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance and spread of resistant clones. We therefore subjected 28 S. aureus isolates from chronic infected wounds in a rural area of Ghana to whole genome sequencing. Results: Overall, resistance of S. aureus to locally available antibiotics was high and 29% were Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The most abundant sequence type was ST88 (29%, 8/28) followed by ST152 (18%, 5/28). All ST88 carried the mecA gene, which was associated with this sequence type only. Chloramphenicol resistance gene fexB was exclusively associated with the methicillin-resistant ST88 strains. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) carriage was associated with ST121 and ST152. Other detected mechanisms of resistance included dfrG, conferring resistance to trimethoprim. Conclusions: This study provides valuable information for understanding the population structure and resistance mechanisms of S. aureus isolated from chronic wound infections in rural Ghana.
Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescent Properties of PbSe Nanoplatelets
Authors: Skurlov Ivan , Sokolova Anastasiia , Galle Tom , Cherevkov Sergei , Ushakova Elena , Baranov Alexander , Lesnyak Vladimir , Fedorov Anatoly , Litvin Aleksandr
Published: December 2020

Semiconductor colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) are a promising new class of nanostructures that can bring much impact on lightning technologies, light-emitting diodes (LED), and laser fabrication. Indeed, great progress has been made in optimizing the optical properties of the NPLs for the visible spectral range, which has already made the implementation of a number of effective devices on their basis possible. To date, state-of-the-art near-infrared (NIR)-emitting NPLs are significantly inferior to their visible-range counterparts, although it would be fair to say that they received significantly less research attention so far. In this study, we report a comprehensive analysis of steady-state and time-dependent photoluminescence (PL) properties of four monolayered (ML) PbSe NPLs. The PL measurements are performed in a temperature range of 78–300 K, and their results are compared to those obtained for CdSe NPLs and PbSe quantum dots (QDs). We show that multiple emissive states, both band-edge and trap-related, are responsible for the formation of the NPLs’ PL band. We demonstrate that the widening of the PL band is caused by the inhomogeneous broadening rather than homogeneous one, and analyze the possible contributions to PL broadening.
Robustness of Empirical Vibration Correlation Techniques for Predicting the Instability of Unstiffened Cylindrical Composite Shells in Axial Compression
Authors: Skukis Eduards , Jekabsons Gints , Andersons Jānis , Ozolins Olgerts , Labans Edgars , Kalnins Kaspars
Published: December 2020

Thin-walled carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) shells are increasingly used in aerospace industry. Such shells are prone to the loss of stability under compressive loads. Furthermore, the instability onset of monocoque shells exhibits a pronounced imperfection sensitivity. The vibration correlation technique (VCT) is being developed as a nondestructive test method for evaluation of the buckling load of the shells. In this study, accuracy and robustness of an existing and a modified VCT method are evaluated. With this aim, more than 20 thin-walled unstiffened CFRP shells have been produced and tested. The results obtained suggest that the vibration response under loads exceeding 0.25 of the linear buckling load needs to be characterized for a successful application of the VCT. Then the largest unconservative discrepancy of prediction by the modified VCT method amounted to ca. 22% of the critical load. Applying loads exceeding 0.9 of the buckling load reduced the average relative discrepancy to 6.4%.
Mixing of Particles in a Rotating Drum with Inclined Axis of Rotation
Authors: Widhate Parag , Zhu Haiping , Zeng Qinghua , Dong Kejun
Published: December 2020

Various experimental and numerical studies have been carried out to study the mixing processes inside rotating drums with a horizontal axis of rotation in the past, but little effort has been made to investigate the rotating drums with an inclined axis of rotation, though such inclined drums exist in industrial waste management, food processing, power and pharmaceutical industries. To fill this gap, in this work, the discrete element method was used to study the mixing phenomena of a rotating drum for different angles of inclination from 0° to 15°. It was found that for inclined rotating drums, the whole bed Lacey mixing index is higher than that for the horizontal drum by 7.2% when the angle of inclination is 10°. The mixing index is related to the area ratio of the active region to the whole bed and volumetric fill. Increase in volumetric fill would lead to the decrease of the mixing index. The mixing index and area ratio exhibit similar patterns along the length of the drum for different angles of inclination.
Prototype of the Runway Monitoring Process at Smaller Airports: Edvard Rusjan Airport Maribor
Authors: Kovačič Boštjan , Želodec Damjan , Doler Damjan
Published: December 2020

The last 20-year announcement predicts a 3.5% increase in the number of yearly passengers which will result in the doubling of the number of passengers in air transport by 2037. Such anticipation indicates the need for efficient monitoring of airport infrastructure as the support of opportune and efficient maintenance works. The novelties of this article are a process model of maintenance and monitoring, suitable for smaller and less burdened airports, and the methodology of monitoring of runways by implementation of the geodetic and geomechanics falling weight deflectometer (FWD) method. In addition, the results confirm the assumption that a specific environment such as an airport allows for sufficiently reliable determination of deformation areas or areas of vertical deviations of runways in a relative short time period available for measurements by using geodetic methods only or by combining other methods; our research model includes the FWD method. With the research, we have also shown there is an interaction between deformations or areas of vertical deviations on the surface and anomalies in the runway lower constructure which will, hereinafter, allow the development of the prediction, creating a vertical deviations or deformation model.
Multispectral Remote Sensing of Wetlands in Semi-Arid and Arid Areas: A Review on Applications, Challenges and Possible Future Research Directions
Authors: Gxokwe Siyamthanda , Dube Timothy , Mazvimavi Dominic
Published: December 2020

Wetlands are ranked as very diverse ecosystems, covering about 4–6% of the global land surface. They occupy the transition zones between aquatic and terrestrial environments, and share characteristics of both zones. Wetlands play critical roles in the hydrological cycle, sustaining livelihoods and aquatic life, and biodiversity. Poor management of wetlands results in the loss of critical ecosystems goods and services. Globally, wetlands are degrading at a fast rate due to global environmental change and anthropogenic activities. This requires holistic monitoring, assessment, and management of wetlands to prevent further degradation and losses. Remote-sensing data offer an opportunity to assess changes in the status of wetlands including their spatial coverage. So far, a number of studies have been conducted using remotely sensed data to assess and monitor wetland status in semi-arid and arid regions. A literature search shows a significant increase in the number of papers published during the 2000–2020 period, with most of these studies being in semi-arid regions in Australia and China, and few in the sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews progress made in the use of remote sensing in detecting and monitoring of the semi-arid and arid wetlands, and focuses particularly on new insights in detection and monitoring of wetlands using freely available multispectral sensors. The paper firstly describes important characteristics of wetlands in semi-arid and arid regions that require monitoring in order to improve their management. Secondly, the use of freely available multispectral imagery for compiling wetland inventories is reviewed. Thirdly, the challenges of using freely available multispectral imagery in mapping and monitoring wetlands dynamics like inundation, vegetation cover and extent, are examined. Lastly, algorithms for image classification as well as challenges associated with their uses and possible future research are summarised. However, there are concerns regarding whether the spatial and temporal resolutions of some of the remote-sensing data enable accurate monitoring of wetlands of varying sizes. Furthermore, it was noted that there were challenges associated with the both spatial and spectral resolutions of data used when mapping and monitoring wetlands. However, advancements in remote-sensing and data analytics provides new opportunities for further research on wetland monitoring and assessment across various scales.
Feasibility of Volatile Biomarker-Based Detection of Pythium Leak in Postharvest Stored Potato Tubers Using Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Authors: Kothawade Gajanan S. , Sankaran Sindhuja , Bates Austin A. , Schroeder Brenda K. , Khot Lav R.
Published: December 2020

The study evaluates the suitability of a field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) system for early detection of the Pythium leak disease in potato tubers simulating bulk storage conditions. Tubers of Ranger Russet (RR) and Russet Burbank (RB) cultivars were inoculated with Pythium ultimum, the causal agent of Pythium leak (with negative control samples as well) and placed in glass jars. The headspace in sampling jars was scanned using the FAIMS system at regular intervals (in days up to 14 and 31 days for the tubers stored at 25 °C and 4 °C, respectively) to acquire ion mobility current profiles representing the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Principal component analysis plots revealed that VOCs ion peak profiles specific to Pythium ultimum were detected for the cultivars as early as one day after inoculation (DAI) at room temperature storage condition, while delayed detection was observed for tubers stored at 4 °C (RR: 5th DAI and RB: 10th DAI), possibly due to a slower disease progression at a lower temperature. There was also some overlap between control and inoculated samples at a lower temperature, which could be because of the limited volatile release. Additionally, data suggested that the RB cultivar might be less susceptible to Pythium ultimum under reduced temperature storage conditions. Disease symptom-specific critical compensation voltage (CV) and dispersion field (DF) from FAIMS responses were in the ranges of −0.58 to −2.97 V and 30–84% for the tubers stored at room temperature, and −0.31 to −2.97 V and 28–90% for reduced temperature, respectively. The ion current intensities at −1.31 V CV and 74% DF showed distinctive temporal progression associated with healthy control and infected tuber samples.
Scan Pattern Characterization of Velodyne VLP-16 Lidar Sensor for UAS Laser Scanning
Authors: Lassiter H. Andrew , Whitley Travis , Wilkinson Benjamin , Abd-Elrahman Amr
Published: December 2020

Many lightweight lidar sensors employed for UAS lidar mapping feature a fan-style laser emitter-detector configuration which results in a non-uniform pattern of laser pulse returns. As the role of UAS lidar mapping grows in both research and industry, it is imperative to understand the behavior of the fan-style lidar sensor to ensure proper mission planning. This study introduces sensor modeling software for scanning simulation and analytical equations developed in-house to characterize the non-uniform return density (i.e., scan pattern) of the fan-style sensor, with special focus given to a popular fan-style sensor, the Velodyne VLP-16 laser scanner. The results indicate that, despite the high pulse frequency of modern scanners, areas of poor laser pulse coverage are often present along the scanning path under typical mission parameters. These areas of poor coverage appear in a variety of shapes and sizes which do not necessarily correspond to the forward speed of the scanner or the height of the scanner above the ground, highlighting the importance of scan simulation for proper mission planning when using a fan-style sensor.
Interpretability of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Brain Processes Followed by Mindfulness Intervention in a Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Architecture
Authors: Doborjeh Zohreh , Doborjeh Maryam , Crook-Rumsey Mark , Taylor Tamasin , Wang Grace Y. , Moreau David , Krägeloh Christian , Wrapson Wendy , Siegert Richard J. , Kasabov Nikola , Searchfield Grant , Sumich Alexander
Published: December 2020

Mindfulness training is associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing and cognition, yet the specific underlying neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning these changes are uncertain. This study uses a novel brain-inspired artificial neural network to investigate the effect of mindfulness training on electroencephalographic function. Participants completed a 4-tone auditory oddball task (that included targets and physically similar distractors) at three assessment time points. In Group A (n = 10), these tasks were given immediately prior to 6-week mindfulness training, immediately after training and at a 3-week follow-up; in Group B (n = 10), these were during an intervention waitlist period (3 weeks prior to training), pre-mindfulness training and post-mindfulness training. Using a spiking neural network (SNN) model, we evaluated concurrent neural patterns generated across space and time from features of electroencephalographic data capturing the neural dynamics associated with the event-related potential (ERP). This technique capitalises on the temporal dynamics of the shifts in polarity throughout the ERP and spatially across electrodes. Findings support anteriorisation of connection weights in response to distractors relative to target stimuli. Right frontal connection weights to distractors were associated with trait mindfulness (positively) and depression (inversely). Moreover, mindfulness training was associated with an increase in connection weights to targets (bilateral frontal, left frontocentral, and temporal regions only) and distractors. SNN models were superior to other machine learning methods in the classification of brain states as a function of mindfulness training. Findings suggest SNN models can provide useful information that differentiates brain states based on distinct task demands and stimuli, as well as changes in brain states as a function of psychological intervention.
Mainstreaming Agricultural Biodiversity in Traditional Production Landscapes for Sustainable Development: The Indian Scenario
Authors: Bisht Ishwari Singh , Rana Jai Chand , Yadav Rashmi , Ahlawat Sudhir Pal
Published: December 2020

Mainstreaming biodiversity in production landscapes ensures conservation and sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity, the key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the projects supported by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Global Environment Facility (GEF). Mainstreaming integrates biodiversity in existing or new programs and policies, both cross-sectoral and sector-specific. The conventional model of agricultural production with limited diversity in production systems and use of high chemical input has taught us a valuable lesson as it is adversely impacting the environment, the essential ecosystem services, the soil health and the long term sustainability of our food systems. Using a qualitative participant observation approach, our study investigated four distinct traditional Indian production landscapes to gage (i) the farming communities’ response to institutional policies, programs and agricultural biodiversity-related activities in traditional Indian production landscapes and (ii) opportunities and challenges for sustainable development in smallholder traditional Indian farming systems. Results indicate that the top-down decision-making regime is the least effective towards achieving sustainable development in traditional Indian farming landscapes and that farmers’ experiential knowledge on participatory biodiversity management, maintenance and use for sustainable development are of critical importance to India’s agriculture and economy. Reclaiming agriculture’s spiritual roots through organic farming and locally grown food emerged as key, including the need for designing and implementing a more sovereign food system. Revisiting traditional smallholder farming under the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons learned for repurposing India’s agricultural policy are also highlighted.
How Green FinTech Can Alleviate the Impact of Climate Change—The Case of Switzerland
Authors: Puschmann Thomas , Hoffmann Christian Hugo , Khmarskyi Valentyn
Published: December 2020

The financial services industry is currently undergoing a major transformation, with digitization and sustainability being the core drivers. While both concepts have been researched in recent years, their intersection, often conceived as “green FinTech,” remains under-determined. Therefore, this paper contributes to this important discussion about green FinTech by, first, synthesizing the relevant literature systematically. Second, it shows the results of an empirical, in-depth analysis of the Swiss FinTech landscape both in terms of green FinTech startups as well as the services offered by the incumbents. The research results show that literature in this new domain has only emerged recently, is mostly characterized by a specific focus on isolated aspects of green FinTech and does not provide a comprehensive perspective on the topic yet. In addition, the results from the literature and the market analysis indicate that green FinTech has an impact along the whole value chain of financial services covering customer-to-customer (c2c), business-to-customer (b2c), and business-to-business (b2b) services. Today the field is predominantly captured by startup companies in contrast to the incumbents whose solutions are still rare.
Layered Temporalities – Between Modernism and Postmodernism - in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland
Authors: Stoican Adriana-Elena
Published: December 2020

The discussion approaches Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Lowland, aiming to trace the author’s positioning in relation to modern and postmodern assumptions. The argument follows the main character’s (Gauri) transnational trajectory, as she crosses frontiers in a journey that also spans large temporal dimensions. Gauri’s unconventional choices are to be interpreted in relation with her permanent interest in the nature of time that is also a part of her doctoral research in philosophy. Gauri’s professional goals and her personal destiny appear strongly conditioned by the political context of her pre-emigration days, i.e. the Naxalite movement. All the above suggest that The Lowland can be read as a novel with an implied message about the grand narrative of history in relation to time perception and the possibility of (female) identity formation. Whether Lahiri’s approach to these themes echoes a predominantly (post)modern outlook is the focus of the present analysis.
ЖАРОСТОЙКИЕ БЕТОНЫ НА ОСНОВЕ БАЗАЛЬТОВ
Authors:   Барпиев Б.Б., Усупова А.А.
Published: December 2020

В данной статье дана краткая информация и наиболее предпочтительная
блок схема получения жаростойких бетонов.
Measuring the complexity of general practice consultations: a Delphi and cross-sectional study in English primary care
Authors: Salisbury Chris , Lay-Flurrie Sarah , Bankhead Clare R , Fuller Alice , Murphy Mairead , Caddick Barbara , Ordóñez-Mena José M , Holt Tim , Nicholson Brian D , Perera Rafael , Hobbs FD Richard
Published: December 2020

Background

The complexity of general practice consultations may be increasing and varies in different settings. A measure of complexity is required to test these hypotheses.

Aim

To develop a valid measure of general practice consultation complexity applicable to routine medical records.

Design and setting

Delphi study to select potential indicators of complexity followed by a cross-sectional study in English general practices to develop and validate a complexity measure.

Method

The online Delphi study over two rounds identified potential indicators of consultation complexity. The cross-sectional study used an age–sex stratified random sample of patients and general practice face-to-face consultations from 2013/2014 in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The authors explored independent relationships between each indicator and consultation duration using mixed-effects regression models, and revalidated findings using data from 2017/2018. The proportion of complex consultations in different age–sex groups was assessed.

Results

A total of 32 GPs participated in the Delphi study. The Delphi panel endorsed 34 of 45 possible complexity indicators after two rounds. After excluding factors because of low prevalence or confounding, 17 indicators were retained in the cross-sectional study. The study used data from 173 130 patients and 725 616 face-to-face GP consultations. On defining complexity as the presence of any of these 17 factors, 308 370 consultations (42.5%) were found to be complex. Mean duration of complex consultations was 10.49 minutes, compared to 9.64 minutes for non-complex consultations. The proportion of complex consultations was similar in males and females but increased with age.

Conclusion

The present consultation complexity measure has face and construct validity. It may be useful for research, management and policy, and for informing decisions about the range of resources needed in different practices.
PARTISIPASI PEMUDA DALAM KONTESTASI POLITIK DI KABUPATEN MAROS (STUDI KASUS : PEMILIHAN CALON ANGGOTA LEGISLATIF TAHUN 2019)
Authors: Hikmah Amul
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi pemuda dalampemilihan calon anggota legislatif Kabupaten Maros tahun 2019. Partisipasi pemuda adalah sebagaipeserta pemilihan umum dari suatu partai politik. Berdasarkan data Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah(KPUD) Kabupaten Maros telah mencatat sebanyak 103 pemuda yang terlibat sebagai calon anggotalegislatif Kabupaten Maros pada tahun 2019. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metodekualitatif dengan model deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara,obeservasi,dan focus group discussion (fgd). Adapun informan berasal dari berbagai latar belakangpartai politik dan organisasi kepemudaan. Penentuan informan tersebut dipilih secara sengaja(Purpossive). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Maros, dari Desember 2019 hingga Februari2020. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi pemudadalam kontestasi pemilihan calon anggota legislatif terbagi atas tiga yaitu idealisme pemuda, kuasarelasi dan modal, serta pelengkap syarat administratif. 1) idealisme pemuda berkaitan denganpengalaman organisasi pemuda dan aktifitas selama menjadi mahasiswa di kampus. 2) Kuasa relasi danmodal, pemanfaatkan ketokohan dan modal besar orang tua pemuda tersebut untuk maju bertarung. 3)Pelengkap syarat administratif, berkaitan dengan regulasi pemilu yang memanfaatkan pemuda untukturut serta sebagai peserta pemilu dan dilakukan oleh elit partai politik
Passos de magia ao sol: do humano que habita em nós
Authors: Debus Eliane Santana Dias
Published: December 2020

Passos de magia ao sol: do humano que habita em nós
Leitura e produção escrita de contos maravilhosos por uma perspectiva crítica
Authors: Bartho Viviane Dinês De Oliveira Ribeiro
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho é um relato de experiência realizada em uma escola de ensino básico envolvendo alunos dessa escola e alunos de graduação em Letras que participavam do PIBID. Relatam-se procedimentos de elaboração e desenvolvimento de um projeto de leitura e escrita do gênero discursivo “contos maravilhosos”, orientado por mim, que, na ocasião, lecionava nas duas instituições envolvidas: a de ensino básico e superior. Apresentam-se sequências didáticas do projeto, até as etapas finais de confecção de um livro de contos maravilhosos modernos. O objetivo em relação aos alunos do ensino superior era o desenvolvimento de habilidades relacionadas à formação docente; e para os alunos do ensino básico era o desenvolvimento de habilidades de leitura crítica e produção escrita. O relato ancora-se em conceitos de língua, linguagem e gênero discursivo segundo a perspectiva bakhtiniana (2006, 2003); a concepção de ensino é baseada em Paulo Freire (2018); o planejamento de sequências didáticas em Tápias-Oliveira (2015) e em Dolz, Noverraz e Scheneuwly (2004). Resultados apontam para os benefícios da interação entre alunos de diferentes níveis de formação por meio de projetos didáticos, além de contribuições de programas institucionais como o PIBID para a formação docente.