bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studi Evaluasi Efek Samping Penggunaan Vaksin COVID-19 Terhadap Masyarakat Sebatik Timur
Authors: Nisak Lutfiatun , Suparningtyas Juniza Firdha , Kuncoro Hadi
Published: February 2022

Vaccination is an effective prevention of disease transmission and an obligation to ensure the availability of vaccines, especially during this COVID-19 pandemic where the availability of vaccines has an Emergency Use Approvel (EUA) permit so that further research is needed on the effects. This study aims to see the effect of using the COVID-19 vaccine on people in East Sebatik. The research design used was a prospective non-experimental method with data collection techniques, namely purposive sampling. The subjects of this study were 100 people who were vaccinated against COVID-19 stage 1 and stage 2 in East Sebatik, especially those carried out by the East Sebatik Health Center. The result of this research is that the majority of respondents based on gender characteristics are women as many as 68 respondents (68%). The majority of respondents based on age characteristics are in the adult age group (26-45 years) as many as 54 respondents (54%). The majority of respondents based on the characteristics of the history of the disease were non-complicated as many as 67 respondents (67%). COVID-19 vaccine is currently restricted to age ? 18 years. The majority respondents based on side effect after the COVID-19 vaccine dose 1 was pain in the area of the injection site, which was 39 respondents (39%). And the majority of respondents based on side effect after COVID-19 vaccine dose 2 were 17 respondents (17%).
Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Authors: Zumaro Masrurotin , Rija’i Hifdzur Rashif , Narsa Angga Cipta , Sulistiarini Riski , Helmi Helmi
Published: February 2022

Indonesia is a country with abundant natural wealth and almost all types of plants can grow in the territory of this country. One of them is oil palm leaf (Elaeis guineenis Jacq.) containing terpenoid compounds, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins and also this plant among the community has benefits that can be used for the treatment of skin infections. Purpose of this study was to determine the  yield obtained as well as the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of oil palm leaves. Oil palm leaves were extracted using 96% ethanol as solvents and using the maceration method. Testing the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of oil palm leaves was carried out using the DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), where the absorbance was measured at max 515 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the yield of oil palm leaf ethanol extract obtained as much as 5.44 % and obtained that the ethanolic extract of oil palm leaves had antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 133.58 ppm. It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of oil palm leaves (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) had antioxidant activity in the moderate category because the IC50 value was between 100- 150 ppm.
Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Formulasi Minuman Serbuk Instan dari Sari Daun Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida)
Authors: Ningrum Meilina Purnama , Suparningtyas Juniza Firdha , Indriyanti Niken
Published: February 2022

Suruhan leaves empirically been used as medicine, because has an antioxidant activity that can counteract free radicals that cause various diseases. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of instant powder drinks. This research method was carried out by filtering extract, test the characteristics and antioxidant activity of extracts, formulation and evaluation of instant powder drink used the foam mat drying method, and test the antioxidant activity of the preparations used the 1,1-Diphenyl-2picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The results showed that the extract of Suruhan Leaf contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polyphenols. The extract has a very strong IC50 of 8.8 ppm. The research used the 20% concentration of extract to be formulated as the instant powder drink. The results of the evaluation of physical properties showed that the formulation has green color, in powder form, odorless, pH 5,84, humidity 6,84%, ash content 0,49%, flow rate 3,98 g/s, angle of repose 25,22?, compressibility 26,07%, and dissolving time 68 seconds. Only some of the physical properties of powder have met the requirements of a good powder. IC50 of instant powdered drink preparation is 387,265 ppm, indicating that the preparations antioxidant activity is in the very weak category.
Optimisasi Carbopol Sebagai Basis Gel pada Gel Antiseptik Berbasis Alkohol
Authors: Febrianie Noor Linda
Published: February 2022

Alcohol-based antiseptic gels are considered to be able to replace washing hands with soap and can inhibit the growth of viruses. Alcohol-based gels have the disadvantage of being difficult to mix with gel-based ingredients. Carbopol as an alcohol-soluble gel base was chosen to be the base for this alcohol-based antiseptic gel. The concentrations used were 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2%. The physical test of the gel was carried out to see the optimum carbopol gel base for alcohol-based antiseptic gel. Physical test includes organoleptic observation, pH value, viscosity determination spreadability test and homogeneity test. The results obtained from organoleptic observation showed that the gel was clear, smelled antiseptic, two concentrations had a slightly sticky and sticky consistency. The pH value yields a pH range of 4.65 - 6.06. The viscosity results showed a viscosity range of 10.48725 - 21.18107 Pa.S. The Spreadability test shows the spreadability range of 6.07 - 7.03 cm. The homogeneity test resulted in an alcohol-based antiseptic gel without coarse particles. Hedonic organoleptic test produced the most preferred antiseptic gel was the antiseptic gel with a carbopol concentration of 1.25%. The results showed that the optimal carbopol was used as a gel base in an alcohol-based antiseptic gel 1.25% carbopol.
Karakteristik Pasien Terkonfirmasi Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) di RS X Samarinda Periode Maret-Desember 2020
Authors: Ruhama Ridha Siti , Mahmudah Febrina , Sastyarina Yurika
Published: February 2022

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a virus that has become a world pandemic including Indonesia. East Kalimantan is a province with a total of 71,092 confirmed cases of covid-19 as of March 28, 2020. The RS X Samarinda has 660 confirmed cases covid-19 during march - December period in 2020. This research aims to identify characteristics of patients covid-19 at RS X Samarinda in March - December 2020. This research is descriptive by retrospective methods. Data collection is conducted quantitatively with a sampling technique. Research instruments are 100 data inclusions of patient medical records. The results of this research show that the dominant 51% are male and 49% are female. The most age groups 34% in the early aged (46-55 years old), with further treatments >7 days as much as 65%. Patients who have 31% komorbides and without comorbidity as much as 69% in the category 87.09% diabetes mellitus. Patients data of 58,82% experienced one of the clinical symptoms of coughing/sniffles/throat pain.
Kajian Konsentrasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum L) dalam Sediaan Krim terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan
Authors: Rohani Rohani , Mayasari Dewi , Rijai Laode
Published: February 2022

Karamunting leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L) have been widely used in traditional medicine due to various pharmacological activities related to its secondary metabolites, namely, flavonoids and tannins. The general objective of this research is to obtain the concentration of ethanol extract of karamunting leaves in a cream formulation that gives excellent physical properties and has antioxidant activity. The result showed extract antioxidant activity was in a very strong category with an IC50 value of 6,927 ppm. Cream with the best antioxidant activity in this study was F3 (3%) because it had the highest antioxidant activity in a strong category with an IC50 value of 60.38 ppm and had the best physical properties compared to F0 (negative control), F1 (1%), F2 (2%), and F4 (vitamin E). The freeze-thaw physical stability test showed that all formulas F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4 had good physical stability, namely, the physical properties did not differ significantly between before and after freeze-thaw for 5 cycles (p>0.05).
Kajian Literatur Tanaman Sirih Merah, Binahong, Dan Pegagan Sebagai Penyembuh Luka Insisi
Authors: Septiani Salinding Irene , Mayasari Dewi , Prasetya Fajar
Published: February 2022

Injury is a condition where tissue function and structure of the body are damaged. Incision wounds can occur intentionally or unintentionally by sharp or blunt instrument. Red betel plants, binahong, and gotu kola are plants that can heal an incisioun wound. The results are obtained by the method of collecting data which related to the study that being studied and analyzed descriptively. The results obtained indicate the secondary metabolites that play a role in incision wound healing process are flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids.
Analisa Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Masyarakat Terhadap Penggunaan Antibiotik di Kelurahan Dawi-Dawi, Kecamatan Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara
Authors: Mahdiyah Devitha Farah , Mayasari Dewi , Kuncoro Hadi
Published: February 2022

Antibiotics are an effective therapy diseases caused by bacteria so that patients or the public sometimes use them as self-medication drugs. Due to the lack of knowledge and behavior of the community this can lead to cases of antibiotic resistance. The purpose was to determine the level of knowledge and behavior of the community towards the use of antibiotics in Kelurahan Dawi-Dawi, Southeast Sulawesi province. The knowledge and behavior of the community was obtained using a simple descriptive method, cross sectional, with an instrument in the form of a questionnaire that could be distributed to the community to be analyzed regarding the level of knowledge and behavior. This research has involved 196 test respondents. The results showed that the profile of the characteristics of the respondents were mostly female, 35-44 years old, last graduated from high school and worked as a housewife. For the overall results of Kelurahan Dawi-Dawi, Southeast Sulawesi province, having sufficient knowledge 42.9% and sufficient behavior 49.0%. The results of the test of the relationship between knowledge and people's behavior were obtained for the correlation coefficient value using the Spearman formula is Has a moderate correlation of 0.357, a significance of 0.000 with the direction (+).
Formulasi Sediaan Blush on Cream Dengan Pewarna Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdarifa)
Authors: Agustina Dwi , Prabowo Wisnu Cahyo , Rusli Rolan
Published: February 2022

Blush is a type of decorative cosmetic used to give red color in the cheeks area so that the face looks prettier, fresh and dimensional. Currently there are many blush on in the market that contain hazardous chemicals. Then a blush on made from Rosella flower extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa) containing anthocyanin pigments uses as a safer dye alternative. This blush on cream formula made using Rosella flower extract with concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% with the resulting color of pale pink, pink and purplish pink. Evaluations test undertaken include organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, pH test, viscosity test and stability test. The results obtained based on organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, pH test, viscosity test shows that all three formulas entered into the required range of values.
Propuesta de innovación pedagógica en el Centro Docente San José del municipio de Aipe, Huila
Authors: Lozada Pinto Ana Elizabeth , Castro Aldana Lorena Marcela , Medina Rojas Tania Lorena
Published: February 2022

El artículo de investigación muestra la experiencia que se originó en la década de los años ochenta en el Centro Docente San José en el municipio de Aipe (Huila), producto de un colectivo de maestros inspirados y motivados por el auge del movimiento pedagógico como respuesta a las reformas educativas del gobierno, que pretendían convertir al maestro en un simple administrador del currículo y reproductor de contenidos. De esta manera se empezó a generar una propuesta alternativa de innovación educativa, inspirada en la pedagogía crítica y la educación popular, abriendo caminos a través de proyectos investigativos, teniendo en cuenta su entorno social y cultural. El objetivo es sistematizar a través de las voces de la comunidad educativa la experiencia. A través de los enfoques cualitativo y crítico-social se busca reconstruir, interpretar y generar nuevas categorías que emergen y que son vitales para potenciar una innovación educativa. Los principales hallazgos de la experiencia superaban la simple reproducción de contenidos que ya vienen definidos y empezaba con el protagonismo de los niños a investigar temas que el contexto demandaba en los entornos de sus barrios, la comunidad, el río, las huertas y situaciones que a cualquier momento podían despertar el interés de los estudiantes con un acompañamiento permanente y reflexivo de los docentes y las familias.
Cuerpo (camino-aula) para comprender-resignificar la crisis del habitar desde la escucha de músicas populares
Authors: Ruiz Méndez José Leonardo , Chacón Ramírez Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2022

Esta investigación es canto de cuerpo sintiente, manifestación de sentires presentes en la escucha de las músicas populares de los cuerpos-jóvenes-universitarios; exposición de una crisis del habitar que nos des-cubre en medio de la trama, en el aula de la vida.

Es construcción de una propuesta que, desde el sentir pretende des-cifrar la relación cotidiana entre cuerpo y habitar reivindicando la vida sensible como hecho fundante de ser humano. En este sentido comprende que, al construirse mundo simbólico desde las palabras y la relación con las cosas, se define lo estético y lo poético del habitar entramado en las urdimbres de la naturaleza ecosistémica, de la naturaleza cultural y de la naturaleza afectiva.

La escucha de las músicas populares revelada en forma de cuerpos embelesados, despechados y sometidos que cantan sin saberlo la crisis civilizatoria, devela la crisis profunda, la del sentir, la que pide dejar las cifras, los porcentajes, las estadísticas, para escuchar el cuerpo y así volver a la tierra natal. Cuerpo donde reside la crisis de la totalidad de los símbolos (Noguera, 2012, p. 10), crisis de una escucha que evidencia un habitar relacionado con las lógicas del capital, del desarrollo, del progreso.

Métodoestésis-Paidagoestésis, encuentro con el sentir como camino y aula de la vida.
El contexto de la pandemia, una oportunidad pedagógica para fortalecer la biodiversidad y la cultura
Authors: Rincón Ariza Delia
Published: February 2022

Este documento considera la biodiversidad y la cultura como una oportunidad pedagógica para fortalecerse en tiempos de pandemia. Por ello se propone una estrategia pedagógica alternativa comunitaria que permita avanzar en la construcción de una cultura ambiental, teniendo como ejes para su desarrollo: la biodiversidad como ambiente de aprendizaje, la biodiversidad como ambiente de investigación, la biodiversidad como sistema alternativo ecosocial. Así mismo, aborda la cultura y la biodiversidad como industria a cargo de las diversas organizaciones o instituciones, y la mirada cultural desde las etnias.
A review on most important poisonous plants and their medicinal properties
Authors: Boddupalli Raghava S.
Published: February 2022

Plants produce poisons to protect themselves, sometimes at levels toxic enough to kill human or livestock. Through trial and error, our forebears established which plants were edible and which caused harm. They then avoided the harmful species or in some cases also knowingly used them as weapons to kill rivals, criminals and animals, or as drugs to evoke hallucinations or subject victims to trial by ordeal. While knowledge of poisonous plants may have been lost among the majority of us who now buy our food in shops, scientific understanding of plant toxins and their effects has increased greatly. Poisonous plants which cause serious problems or even death are considered as ‘Plant Biological Weapons’. In this review article, 12 poisonous angiosperm plant species belonging to eight different families are discussed. The general characteristics of plant species, its distribution, etymology, its toxic nature, symptoms and medicinal uses/properties are systematically deliberated.
El turismo es la guerra por otros medios. La biopolítica y geopolítica del destino Canaria
Authors:   Escuela Superior Tomás Iriarte (España), Estévez Hernández Pablo
Published: February 2022

The history of the Canary Islands reflects a past where the inclusión in the project of modernity caused a spatial articulation that recreates spaces in a tension between the local and the global, or, in other words, between the biopolitical and geopolitical tropes that generate that space. As a validation of that instance in modernity, the Canary Islands has gone through different socioeconomic stages, culminating with the tourism industry, which conceives space not autonomously, but following new nomenclatures that engage with a colonial and exotic imaginary, though highly regulated.
Tourism, education and women’s empowerment. The case of the women weavers of Chinchero (Cusco, Peru)
Authors:   Université de Lausanne (Suiza), Terry Cristian
Published: February 2022

This article studies the relationship between tourism, education, and women’s empowerment through ethnographic research in the rural town of Chinchero (Cusco, Peru). The participant observation and interviews with Quechua-speaking women weavers working in textile centers show the importance of tourism as an economic resource and educational resource for them and their children. Beyond the investment in education through tourism income, it is argued that interaction with tourists offers weavers a platform to acquire, practice, and improve their language (English and Spanish) and public speaking skills. This second little-studied aspect allows us to understand how economic and educational elements favor female empowerment in the rural Andes, taking into account its possibilities and limitations.
Activación y puesta en valor de bienes culturales/patrimoniales de la península de Punta del Este, Uruguay: producción de materiales multimedia con fines turísticos
Authors:   Universidad de la República (Uruguay), Campodónico Gabriela , Zorzi Mariciana ,   Universidad de la República (Uruguay), Bianchi Facundo ,   Universidad de la República (Uruguay)
Published: February 2022

This work aims to present the results of a project intended to activate and enhance cultural assets and memory, conducted in the Municipality of Punta del Este, Uruguay. The research began in 2016, based on the joint work of teachers and students from the Tourism Studies Area of the Eastern Regional University Center and the Municipality’s Culture and Heritage Commission. In the year 2020 we were able to produce materials for the diffusion of cultural assets and their memories, through the creation of a multimedia map containing fragments of audio records, texts and short films that allude to the identified assets. This work is expected to contribute to diversifying the offer of leisure activities.
Distopía y maculinidad hegemónica. Lecciones feministas desde el fin del mundo
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna (España), Jatib Mejías Santiago Karim
Published: February 2022

Scientific community has been for decades giving alert about the negative outcome to be expected from the development models set up globally following the patterns dictated by the Western side of the world. Nevertheless, those analysis and projections have remarkably ignored the gender aspects of coexistence that endanger as well the human existence on the planet. This exercise will take as reference the cinematographic production regarding dystopia to diagnose the disfunctionalities that affect the sexual/identitary organization of human communities and their asociation with civilizatory abyss scenarios.
Twitter y el debate sobre la responsabilidad social empresarial: analizando el posicionamiento público de Nike contra el racismo estructural
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna (España), Santana González Coraima
Published: February 2022

In recent decades, network analysis has become an important element in understanding social dynamics. In this sense, the research aims to understand to what extent Nike’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices are reflected in the conversational structures of virtual social networks. The main finding refers to the structural and conversational differences that the Nike and Adidas networks present on Twitter. This methodological application is a novelty, as it allows a qualitative and quantitative leap in the sociological studies of consumption.
Kripto Paralarda Fiyat Balonu Keşfi: COVID-19 Pandemi Dönemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: YILMAZ Tayfun
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 pandemi döneminde kripto para fiyatlarında balon oluşup oluşmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla piyasa değeri en yüksek 3 kripto para olan Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH) ve Binance Coin (BNB) fiyatlarına ilişkin, 10/03/2020-06/07/2021 tarihlerini kapsayan veri seti GSADF testiyle analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda incelenen her üç kripto paranın da fiyatlarında balon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak verileri analiz edilen kripto paralarda tespit edilen fiyat balonlarının dönemlerinin benzer olması, balon tespit edilen dönemlerde piyasanın tamamını etkileyen fiyat hareketleri olduğu yönünde güçlü kanıtlar sunmuştur. Çalışmanın düzenleyici otoriteler ve yatırımcılar açısından önemli sonuçlar ortaya koyduğu düşünülmektedir. COVID-19 pandemisi ya da piyasalar üzerinde benzer etkiler yapabilecek finansal kriz ortamlarında yatırımcılar oluşabilecek fiyat balonlarına dikkat etmeli ve yatırım kararlarında bu durumu göz önünde bulundurmalıdır. Son olarak finansal piyasaları düzenleyici taraflar söz konusu dönemlerde yatırımcıları oluşabilecek olumsuz durumlardan korumak adına gerekli adımları atmalıdırlar.
Current state of prevalence and dynamics of alcohol-associated narcopathology: a retrospective study
Authors: Alekseenko S. N. , Gubarev S. V. , Lyubchenko D. A. , Redko A. N.
Published: February 2022

Background. The population prevalence of alcohol abuse-associated drug-related diseases bears high social impact. This indicator holds special value both as a potential indirect estimator of the quality of life, availability and efﬁciency of drug addiction treatment, a well as parameter for qualitative prognostic models of social and economic development. The burden of alcohol-associated drug diseases is typically ambiguous in prevalence estimation, both across Russian Federation and worldwide.

Objectives. A study of the alcohol abuse-associated drug-related morbidity prevalence in Krasnodar Krai for period 2000–2020.

Methods. A retrospective descriptive study included legal-paper data of the “Information on Drug-Related Disorders” federal statistics survey (Form 11) of Krasnodar Krai, years 2000-2020, describing the re-registration rate of alcohol use-associated drug disorders. The inclusion criterion was an established drug-related disease among all age cohorts. The main study indicators were regional prevalence values of alcoholic psychosis, alcohol dependence syndrome and harmful alcohol use relative to gender, area and age.

Results. Prevalence trends in alcohol use-related drug pathology were more favourable in Krasnodar Krai over Southern Federal District and country-wide. The decline rate among males was signiﬁcantly higher (22.1-fold) vs. the female population (3.0-fold). The prevalence of alcohol use-related drug pathology remained higher in urban vs. rural areas, with higher rural vs. urban decline rates. Over the entire study period, the 40–59 years-age population was leading by the incidence of overall alcohol use-related drug pathology and, separately, of alcoholic psychosis and alcohol dependence syndrome. Highest harmful alcohol use values were registered for 20–39-year population.

Conclusion. The revealed dynamics of legal-registered alcoholic drug pathology prevalence has a multifactorial origin. The changes are conditioned by improvement in the narcological aid institutional regulation within the state guarantee programme, federal and regional preventive measures, current progress in drug therapy, regional demography, as well as underreporting of alcohol-associated drug diseases due to a missing strict vertical statistic registration at the level of any-type medical institutions.
Impact of bispectral index monitoring on critical incidents rate in high-risk patients: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Trembach N. V.
Published: February 2022

Background. The likelihood of intraoperative critical incidents depends largely on reﬂex control of the cardiorespiratory system that is often susceptible to chronic pathology. The reﬂex suppression may link to the depth of anaesthesia, making the latter monitoring particularly important at higher hypotension risks and their patient predisposition.

Objectives. A study of the effect of bispectral index anaesthesia monitoring on critical incidents (CIs) rate in high-risk abdominal surgery patients.

Methods. A randomised controlled trial enrolled 80 high-risk and 80 low-risk patients. Each cohort randomly allocated patients between subcohorts (by 40 people): 1 — anaesthesia rendered to maintain a 40–60 bispectral index (treatment cohort), 2 — by clinical values and anaesthetic level control in exhaled gas (control cohort), intraoperative control of anaesthetic requirement, bispectral index and critical incidents.

Results. A critical incidents rate analysis in high-risk patients showed a lower rate in the bispectral index anaesthesia control cohort. Total 127 critical incidents were registered in 53 patients. The analysis revealed fewer CIs for objective sedation depth monitoring, 45% patients of treatment cohort vs. 87.5% in control. Signiﬁcantly fewer (by half) patients exhibited hypotension in the treatment cohort, with lower (4-fold) rates of arrhythmia, bradycardia and general respiratory CIs. Anaesthetic doses and bispectral indices at anaesthesia stages were signiﬁcantly lower in the treatment cohort as well.

Conclusion. Objective anaesthesia depth monitoring in high-risk patients reduces the rates of haemodynamic incidents during anaesthesia maintenance and respiratory incidents at arousal due to prevention of excessive anaesthetic depth.
Digital Rock Reconstruction Using Wasserstein GANs with Gradient Penalty
Authors: Li Yiteng , He Xupeng , Zhu Weiwei , AlSinan Marwa , Kwak Hyung , Hoteit Hussein
Published: February 2022

Due to the scarcity and vulnerability of physical rock samples, digital rock reconstruction plays an important role in the numerical study of reservoir rock properties and fluid flow behaviors. With the rapid development of deep learning technologies, generative adversarial networks (GANs) have become a promising alternative to reconstruct complex pore structures. Numerous GAN models have been applied in this field, but many of them suffer the unstable training issue. In this study, we apply the Wasserstin GAN with gradient penalty, also known as the WGAN-GP network, to reconstruct Berea sandstone and Ketton limestone. Unlike many other GANs using the Jesnen-Shannon divergence, the WGAN-GP network exhibits a stable training performance by using the Wasserstin distance to measure the difference between generated and real data distributions. Moreover, the generated image quality correlates with the discriminator loss. This provides us an indicator of the training state instead of frequently subjective assessments in the training of deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN) based models. An integrated framework is presented to automate the entire workflow, including training set generation, network setup, model training and synthetic rock validation. Numerical results show that the WGAN-GP network accurately reconstructs both Berea sandstone and Ketton limestone in terms of two-point correlation and morphological properties.
Quantitatively Evaluating Far-Field Fractures by Analyzing Azimuthal Acoustic Waveforms: Case Studies in Vertical and Horizontal Wells
Authors: Chen Yanyan , Rui Yun , Huang Zheyuan , Li Junjun , Wang Yue , Liu Fei , Bennett Nicholas , Mo Jing
Published: February 2022

To understand formation structures extending away from the wellbore, azimuthal acoustic waveforms are acquired with longer recording length compared to conventional sonic logging. Advanced acoustic waveform processing algorithms such as 3D slowness time coherence (3D STC) and ray tracing applied to the reflection waveforms allow for quantitatively determining the true dip, azimuth, and position of the reflectors in 3D space, especially for far-field reflectors that can't be detected or located by conventional logging methods.

In this paper we discuss two case studies of fracture evaluation. For the first one, experiences indicated that natural fractures bring operation risk for horizontal wells in shale gas play of Middle Yangtze Basin, such as casing deformation or screenout. Therefore, it was of great importance to evaluate natural fractures before completion and fracturing design. The borehole resistivity image log provided fracture assessment at the wellbore but cannot assess far-field fractures. The surface seismic ant track depicted fracture distribution on a large scale, yet with limited resolution. Azimuthal borehole acoustic reflection imaging filled the gap in between by identifying fractures as far as tens of meters from the wellbore. In the cased-hole horizontal well, the natural fracture results from azimuthal borehole acoustic reflection imaging confirmed the mud losses encountered while drilling. The operator used the results to optimize the completion design by placing perforation cluster about 15 m away from the natural fractures, and to change the fracturing design by adjusting slurry rate and fluid volume accordingly.

For the second case, azimuthal borehole acoustic waveforms were acquired twice with the first run along an interval of Longmaxi shale gas in the vertical section of a 12.25-in. hole and the second run in a deviated section of an 8.5-in. hole. The result of the first run revealed a layer boundary between shale and carbonate. For the second run, high-dip-angle fractures in carbonate formations were identified with a maximum distance of 32 m from the wellbore. The dip and azimuth agreed with the few conductive fractures identified by the borehole resistivity image, yet the former identified more fractures than the latter.

The two case studies clearly illustrate that azimuthal borehole acoustic imaging can quantitatively evaluate far-field fractures away from the wellbore, e.g., the true dip and azimuth, as well as position in 3D space. This helps not only provide a better reservoir characterization, but also allows optimization of the completion and fracturing design.
Geochemical and Petrographic Characteristics of Lithofacies from Upper Cretaceous Organic-Rich Source Rocks, Jordan
Authors: Abu-Mahfouz Israa S. , Ardila Maria , Vahrenkamp Volker
Published: February 2022

The Upper Cretaceous source rocks of Jordan are organic-rich carbonate mudrocks that represent excellent source rocks but are essentially still immature to just entering the oil window. Therefore, they offer a unique opportunity to study lithology, source rock composition, and geochemistry prior to the onset of maturation and expulsion of hydrocarbons. Our study aims to examine the lithological and geochemical characteristics of these high-quality source rocks. The study utilizes an integrated petrographic and geochemical approach to define the different microfacies in the studied source rock sequence and understand their intrinsic variability. Representative subsurface samples were collected from 13 vertical cores drilled in the Upper Cretaceous interval across Jordan for bulk elemental geochemistry and microfacies analysis. To define the different microfacies and examine the mineralogical and geochemical changes, the samples were investigated for their composition, texture and lithofacies (using both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS)), mineralogy (XRD/XRF), and geochemistry (total organic carbon, (TOC) and total Sulphur content using a LECO elemental analyzer, and maturity using Rock-Eval).

Five laminated and non-laminated carbonate and siliceous lithofacies associations were identified, all containing significant organic content (TOC varies from 7 to 29 wt.%) and Sulphur contents (2-7.5 wt.%). The rocks are of type II-S kerogen with high HI (Hydrogen Index) values of >600 mg HC/g TOC. XRD results show that the rocks are mainly composed of calcite (15-94%, 75% on average) and quartz (0-53%, 10.47% on average). Minor amounts of apatite (average 5.9%, range 0 to 27%), clay (< 7%), pyrite (up to 6%), gypsum (up to 4%) and dolomite (up to 2.7%) are also exist. Our results indicate a predominance of the organic-rich calcareous microfacies association, evidenced by the abundant foraminifera grains and the high preservation of organic matter as disseminated throughout the matrix and/or filling interparticle micropores and microfractures. This reflects the deposition in a restricted basin under anoxic conditions.

The integration of the data obtained through the different techniques used in this study together with the unique characteristics of these source rocks allowed the characterization of the geological and geochemical properties of the defined lithofacies associations in these immature, organic-rich Upper Cretaceous source rocks. This, in turn, helped to achieve a better evaluation of the occurrence and distribution of the different litho- and organic facies and estimation of hydrocarbon source potential.
Regional Mapping and Characterization of Upper Albian Shelf Reservoir Using Data Integration at Deepwater Gambia
Authors: Hasnan Hasnor Farhana , Kurniawan Trisakti , Ibrahim Chyril Anwwar
Published: February 2022

The upper Albian shelf reservoir at deepwater Gambia is modelled as deltaic and basin floor fan plays, identified based on seismic and well data characterization as well as sequence stratigraphy. There are recently proven Albian shelf reservoirs in the neighboring Senegal waters, the SNE field, which become the motivation for exploring the deepwater Gambia, and to spud the first well for offshore The Gambia in 40 years.

Recent discovery wells in the deepwater MSGBC basin have shown that the main geological risk in finding prospective leads in this region will depend on the understanding of reservoir presence and the distribution of reservoir effectiveness, where these are mainly influenced by the presence of quartz and calcite and their cementation rate.

This paper describes the effort in integrating geological information as a basis to develop the best geophysical approach as part of a derisking tool for exploration lead and prospect screening. The main objective is to develop a predictive tool which combines the benefit of understanding the rock properties under these geological circumstances with the elastic properties as a representative seismic response to enhance the reliability of the model in predicting reservoir effectiveness distribution. This analysis allows us to effectively reduce the uncertainty in the prediction of low contrast reservoir from the seismic data.
Analysis of Data Recorded in a Walk-Around VSP in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Beck Byron , Al-Enazi Falah
Published: February 2022

Two walk-around VSPs were recorded in an oil well in the Arabian Gulf: a deep setting with the aim of characterizing fractures within carbonate reservoirs, and a shallow setting designed to investigate the cause of a lost-circulation zone. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the walk-around VSP interpretation.

Fracture characterisation was achieved by analyzing shear-wave splitting from a sequence of shear-wave generators. The paper will give a brief outline of the theory and method of assessing azimuthal anisotropy through shear-wave splitting analysis, followed by a review of the processed VSP data submitted by the VSP contractor in the form of Excel data. The walk-around VSP data interpretation is then presented for both the target carbonate oil and gas reservoirs and a shallow lost-circulation zone. Several cores were taken across the reservoir interval and fracture analysis of the cores is compared to the results of the walk-around VSP interpretation.

Two fracture properties were defined: density and azimuth. The variation of fracture density with depth was interpreted from the walk-around VSP data using the ratio of transverse to radial shear wave amplitudes as a proxy for fracture density. Both seismic wave modes provided information on the fracture azimuth, obtained through measurement of the fast shear direction and the azimuth of P-wave first arrivals. Fracture analysis of cores from two discrete reservoir intervals confirmed the value of the deep setting walk-around VSP data as well as the accuracy of the interpretation. Strong azimuthal anisotropy in the shallow setting walk-around VSP data was interpreted to indicate a zone of high fracture density, in which the fractures were oriented parallel to the regional stress field and the fracture zone coincided precisely with the lost circulation layer.

The shear-wave splitting data recorded in these walk-around VSPs provided robust measurements of azimuthal anisotropy over a long well-bore interval. This could be interpreted in terms of natural fracture density and azimuth, both in the main producing reservoir and in a shallow lost circulation zone. The results corroborated and extended the fracture characterization interpretation available from more restricted core data.
Resin Systems as Evolving Solution Within the Industry to Replace the Conventional Remedial Cementing while Eliminating the Sustained Casing Pressure SCP
Authors: Ali Wajid , Al-Turki Faisal Abdullah , Abbas Athman , Al-Yami Abdullah Saleh , Wagle Vikrant , Dahmoush Abdullateef Ahmed
Published: February 2022

Sustained casing pressure (SCP) has been a major challenge in terms of well integrity management, all around the world. Cement is the main element that provides isolation and protection for the well. The cause for pressure build-up in most cases is a compromise of cement sheath integrity that allows fluids to migrate through micro-channels from the formation to the surface. This paper presents lab work and field application that support the efficiency and reliability of an innovative resin system in enhancing the wellbore integrity.

This paper presents the development for potential wellbore isolation issues for casings utilizing surface treatments. Due to the solids-free nature and enhanced bonding characteristics, the resin system was utilized. The preparation for this job was unique due to the extremely limited injectivity rate, it was not possible to perform the job by utilizing the conventional cementing equipment, hence a specialized high-pressure pump with-having a very low pump rate capability was utilized for this unique pumping methodology. Multiple treatments were mixed and pumped as planned to achieve the desired set of results. Lab testing included thickening time tests, rheology, contamination, and compatibility testing.

Globally, conventional cement systems are often ineffective in potential remedial operations because of the high concentration of solids present within these systems. Therefore, the resin system is the best choice for this kind of potential remediation. The carefully timed setting ensured the optimum penetration and placement before the resin cured up and ensured the potential channel got permanently sealed. The proposed solution in this paper can add great value to restore the well's integrity and to save the rig's operational cost globally.

The resin system is evolving as an emerging solution within the industry, replacing conventional cement in many potential crucial remedial applications. This paper highlights the necessary laboratory testing, field execution procedures, and treatment evaluation methods so that this technology can be a critical resource for such potential remedial operations in the future.
In-Situ Oil Carbon Density Characterization for Enhanced Reservoir Saturation Monitoring Using Carbon-Oxygen Logs
Authors: Eltaher Yahia , Ma Shouxiang
Published: February 2022

Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) log is the most commonly used measurement for reservoir saturation monitoring (RSM), especially in fresh water and mixed salinity environments. In interpreting C/O logs, oil carbon density (OCD) is a required input parameter, where a single averaging number from such as oil pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) tests is commonly used. An in-situ determined OCD, taking into account OCD variety areally as well as vertically across a reservoir, would improve the accuracy of CO RSM, the objective of this paper.

In a previously published work, regions of different OCDs are identified based on available crude oil PVT data across the reservoir, and each of the regions is assigned a corresponding average OCD. Although this coarse regioning can provide improvements in determinations of oil saturation (So) from C/O logs, it can be further enhanced by taking into account variations of OCD across each region. In this paper, we discuss a new approach intended to increase the accuracy of the calculated So from C/O logging data, through the integration of a continuous oil density curve into the C/O data processing workflow. The new approach utilizes oil viscosity acquired from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs, in addition to temperature logs and PVT data, to develop a localized relationship between oil viscosity and oil density. The application of the optimum correlation shall yield an accurate oil density log, which is then used as a modular dynamic input of OCD in C/O data processing.

The new workflow was applied to several wells across a heavy oil carbonate reservoir, with proven vertical change in oil properties. The comparison of the new with the original saturation profile, obtained by using the conventional C/O data interpretation workflow, showed a significant increase in accuracy. Where the new approach induced a better match to openhole – resistivity derived – water saturation log across heavy oil, with both good and moderate porosities, unperforated zones. Unlike the original data processing scheme which has usually over-estimated water saturation across the same zones, because of the lack of the required sensitivity towards the heavy hydrocarbon fraction. This new technique has been proven to closely capture the changes in reservoir oil properties, increasing the accuracy of water saturation profiling across reservoirs with varying oil properties, thus provides a means to maximize the benefit of C/O logging across reservoirs of varying hydrocarbon properties and optimize oilfield development.
Damage Mechanism of High-Density Mn3O4/ BaSO4 Based Workover Fluids in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Alotaibi Nouf , Lawson-Jack Awoye , Smith Kern , Olaoluwa Salako , Chinea Gonzalo
Published: February 2022

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the formation damage mechanisms on carbonate porous media due to the effect of solids (high-density Mn3O4 and BaSO4 weighting materials) and other particles dispersed in workover fluids. Barite (BaSO4) and Manganese Tetroxide (Mn3O4) are both highly dense compounds (4.5 – 4.8 g/cm3) with particle size of approximately 50 and 5 microns (μm) respectively, which can significantly impact permeability due to solids invasion.

A formation damage lab simulator was utilized to take selected core samples up to reservoir conditions. Initially, XRD/XRF and a baseline CT scan of the reservoir core plugs were conducted prior to core flooding. Differential pressures along core samples were measured at controlled flowrates during nitrogen gas flooding carried out before and after the workover fluid application and also, after removal of the filter cake formed by the workover fluid. Darcy's equation was used to calculate permeability values, and core plug CT scans post-floods were used to assist with the interpretation of the associated formation damage mechanism.

This study shows that the presence of solids inside the porous media physically plugging fluid pathways and a thick external filter cake due to high fluid filtration are the main mechanisms that contributed to the reduced return permeability observed on the core plug samples. The internal filter cake associated with the penetration of filtrate and solid particles into the pores had a greater effect on the observed permeability reduction compared to that of the external filter cake. The characteristics of the filter cake is strongly controlled by the mud particle type, size, and concentration. The combination of Manganese Tetroxide (Mn3O4) based workover fluid filter cake and the carbonate rock sample's face had low permeability causing a larger pressure drop and a lower productivity compared to the Barite (BaSO4) based filter cake in interaction with the same rock type. The permeability of the filter cake was lowered with decreased filtration.
Circular Economy Applied to Synthetic Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Giubertoni Matteo , Affede Luca , Carpineta Gabriele
Published: February 2022

Circular economy has become in the last decades one of the major subjects of debate for corporations around the globe. The ever-growing attention towards the environment and a more sustainable exploitation of the resources of the planet have led the major Oil Companies worldwide to reconsider their internal processes and approaches to business. In this context, the efforts aimed at identifying and implementing initiatives and operative processes pertinent to the concept of circular economy triggered to reconsider Synthetic (low-toxic) Oil-Based drilling fluids (muds) as one of the main actors in terms of successful operative circular initiatives in the oil business. Thanks to their inherent durability in time and scarce tendency to degrade, Synthetic Oil Based Muds unfold many opportunities of recycling and re-use which could not be possible with other drilling fluids systems. In this regard, a correct management of Oil Based drilling fluids which permits treatment, storage, and re-utilization in new wells of the same field or new projects, can significantly reduce the CO2 emissions related to drilling fluids life cycle.

The aim of this paper is to quantitatively show the results that can be achieved in terms of reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases by the recycling of Synthetic Oil Based drilling fluids thanks to a considerable volume requirement decrease in relation to drilling operations, and the correlated utilization of resources.