bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controllable electrical conduction at complex oxide interfaces
Authors: Tra Vu Thanh , Yang Jan‐Chi , Hsieh Ying‐Hui , Lin Jiunn‐Yuan , Chen Yi‐Chun , Chu Ying‐Hao
Published: May 2014

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Oxide interfaces have sparked considerable interest due to their fascinating physical properties and promising possibilities for next‐generation nanoelectronics. Three intriguing oxide interfaces, hetero‐, homo‐, and tubular interfaces, will be discussed in detail in this review. First, the development and fundamental properties of classical heterointerfaces will be elaborated. Using LaAlO3/SrTiO3 as a case study, we present the most generic approach to control the two‐dimensional electron conduction at the heterointerface. Secondly, several key issues based on interesting observations on ferroic homointerfaces will be addressed. Multiple controls of fascinating functionalities based on multiferroic BiFeO3 domain walls will be presented as a model system. Finally, as the most challenging task, we review a new type of complex oxide interfaces, the tubular interface. Further insights of recently emerged tubular interfaces in BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 system will be explored, which serve as one of the focal roles in developing new functional interfaces and potentially new type of nanostructures. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Near Infrared Organic Semiconducting Materials for Bulk Heterojunction and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Singh Surya Prakash , Sharma G. D.
Published: May 2014

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have been the subject of intensive academic interest over the past two decades, and significant commercial effort has been directed towards this area with the vison of developing the next generation of low cost solar cells. Materials development has played a vital role in the dramatic improvement of both DSSC and BHJ solar cell performance in the recent years. Organic conjugated polymers and small molecules that absorb solar light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions represent a class of emering materials and show a great potential for the use of different optoelectronic devices such as DSSCs and BHJ solar cells. This account describes the emering class of near infrared (NIR) organic polymers and small molecules having donor and acceptors units, and explores their potential applications in the DSSCs and BHJ solar cells.
1,4‐Cyclohexadienes—Easy Access to a Versatile Building Block via Transition‐Metal‐Catalysed Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Hilt Gerhard
Published: May 2014

1,4‐Cyclohexadiene derivatives are easily accessed via transition‐metal cycloadditions of 1,3‐dienes with alkynes. The mild reaction conditions of several transition‐metal‐catalysed reactions allows the incorporation of various functional groups to access functionalised 1,4‐cyclohexadienes. The control of the regiochemistry in the intermolecular cobalt‐catalysed Diels–Alder reaction is realised utilising different ligand designs. The functionalised 1,4‐cyclohexadiene derivatives are valuable building blocks in follow‐up transformations. Finally, the oxidation of the 1,4‐cyclohexadienes can be accomplished under mild conditions to generate the corresponding arene derivatives.
Protein–protein interaction network of the marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis: prediction and application for starch metabolism analysis
Authors: Ji Chaofan , Cao Xupeng , Yao Changhong , Xue Song , Xiu Zhilong
Published: May 2014

Under stressful conditions, the non-model marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis can accumulate a substantial amount of starch, making it a potential feedstock for the production of fuel ethanol. Investigating the interactions of the enzymes and the regulatory factors involved in starch metabolism will provide potential genetic manipulation targets for optimising the starch productivity of T. subcordiformis. For this reason, the proteome of T. subcordiformis was utilised to predict the first protein–protein interaction (PPI) network for this marine alga based on orthologous interactions, mainly from the general PPI repositories. Different methods were introduced to evaluate the credibility of the predicted interactome, including the confidence value of each PPI pair and Pfam-based and subcellular location-based enrichment analysis. Functional subnetworks analysis suggested that the two enzymes involved in starch metabolism, starch phosphorylase and trehalose-phosphate synthase may be the potential ideal genetic engineering targets.
Improving the thermostability of a mesophilic family 10 xylanase, AuXyn10A, from Aspergillus usamii by in silico design
Authors: Wang Junqing , Tan Zhongbiao , Wu Minchen , Li Jianfang , Wu Jing
Published: May 2014

To improve the thermostability of a mesophilic GH family 10 xylanase, AuXyn10A, from Aspergillus usamii E001, its modification was performed by in silico design. Based on the comparison of B-factor values, a mutant xylanase ATXyn10 was predicted by substituting a segment YP from Tyr25 to Pro34 of AuXyn10A with the corresponding one from Asn24 to Ala32 of TaXyn10, a thermophilic GH family 10 xylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus. Analysis of a TaXyn10 crystal structure indicated that there is a close interaction between segments YP and FP. For that reason, another mutant xylanase ATXyn10M was designed by mutating Ser286 and His288 of ATXyn10 into the corresponding Gly285 and Phe287 in the FP of TaXyn10. Then, two ATXyn10- and ATXyn10M-encoding genes, ATxyn10 and ATxyn10M, were expressed in Pichia pas toris GS115. The temperature optimum of recombinant (re) ATXyn10M was 60 °C, 10 °C higher than that of reAuXyn10A. Its thermal inactivation half-life (t  1/2) at 55 °C was 10.4-fold longer than that of reAuXyn10A. As compared with reAuXyn10A, reATXyn10M displayed a slight decrease in K  m value and a significant increase in V  max value from 6,267 to 8,870 U/mg.
Subclavius Posticus: An Anomalous Muscle in Association with Suprascapular Nerve Compression in an Athlete
Authors: Cogar Ashley C. , Johnsen Parker H. , Potter Hollis G. , Wolfe Scott W.
Published: May 2014

Subclavius posticus is a rare anomalous muscle that traverses from the costal cartilage of the first rib posterolaterally to the superior border of the scapula. We present an athlete who presented with incapacitating suprascapular nerve compression associated with a subclavius posticus diagnosed by MRI. Symptoms were relieved, and function was restored by decompression of the nerve and excision of the anomalous muscle. We present this case to bring awareness of the subclavius posticus as an anatomic variant and a potential additional source for compression in suprascapular neuropathy. We recommend high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cases of isolated suprascapular neuropathy.

Level of Evidence: V
Cloaking of a vertical cylinder in waves using variable bathymetry
Authors: Porter R. , Newman J. N.
Published: May 2014

The paper describes a process which allows a vertical circular cylinder subject to plane monochromatic surface gravity waves to appear invisible to the far-field observer. This is achieved by surrounding the cylinder with an annular region of variable bathymetry. Two approaches are taken to investigate this effect. First a mild-slope approximation is applied to the governing linearised three-dimensional water wave equations to formulate a depth-averaged two-dimensional wave equation with varying wavenumber over the variable bathmetry. This is then solved by formulating a domain integral equation, solved numerically by discretisation. For a given set of geometrical and wave parameters, the bathymetry is selected by a numerical optimisation process and it is shown that the scattering cross-section is reduced towards zero with increasing refinement of the bathymetry. A fully three-dimensional boundary-element method, based on the WAMIT solver (see www.wamit.com) but adapted here to allow for depressions in the bed, is used to assess the accuracy of the mild-slope results and then further numerically optimise the bathymetry towards a cloaking structure. Numerical results provide strong evidence that perfect cloaking is possible for the fully three-dimensional problem. One practical application of the results is that cloaking implies a reduced mean drift force on the cylinder.
Generating controllable velocity fluctuations using twin oscillating hydrofoils: experimental validation
Authors: Harding S. F. , Payne G. S. , Bryden I. G.
Published: May 2014

A method for generating controllable two-dimensional velocity fluctuations using two pitching foils was derived theoretically in a previous companion paper. The present work describes the experimental implementation of the method. The experiments are carried out in a re-circulating water channel optimised to provide low turbulence intensity in the incoming flow. Velocities are measured using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The pitching motions of the foils are position-controlled using a closed-loop control system. Two velocity fluctuation patterns are investigated. They consist of a combination of sinusoidal components. Theoretical predictions and experimental measurements are compared in the time and frequency domain. Although some discrepancies are observed, the agreement is generally good and therefore validates the theoretical method for the conditions investigated.
Direct numerical simulation of pattern formation in subaqueous sediment
Authors: Kidanemariam Aman G. , Uhlmann Markus
Published: May 2014

We present results of direct numerical simulation of incompressible fluid flow over a thick bed of mobile spherically shaped particles. The algorithm is based upon the immersed-boundary technique for fluid–solid coupling and uses a soft-sphere model for the solid–solid contact. Two parameter points in the laminar flow regime are chosen, leading to the emergence of sediment patterns classified as ‘small dunes’, while one case under turbulent flow conditions leads to ‘vortex dunes’ with significant flow separation on the lee side. The wavelength, amplitude and propagation speed of the patterns extracted from the spanwise-averaged fluid–bed interface are found to be consistent with available experimental data. The particle transport rates are well represented by available empirical models for flow over a plane sediment bed in both the laminar and the turbulent regimes.
Spillover Effects among Financial Institutions: A State-Dependent Sensitivity Value-at-Risk Approach
Authors: Adams Zeno , Füss Roland , Gropp Reint
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we develop a state-dependent sensitivity value-at-risk (SDSVaR) approach that enables us to quantify the direction, size, and duration of risk spillovers among financial institutions as a function of the state of financial markets (tranquil, normal, and volatile). For four sets of major financial institutions (commercial banks, investment banks, hedge funds, and insurance companies), we show that while small during normal times, equivalent shocks lead to considerable spillover effects in volatile market periods. Commercial banks and, especially, hedge funds appear to play a major role in the transmission of shocks to other financial institutions.
Association of synchronous medullary and papillary thyroid carcinomas with primary hyperparathyroidism: first case report and literature review
Authors: Cheung L , Howlett D , El Teraifi H , Kirkland P
Published: May 2014

Objective:

We report a case of a patient with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism who was found, through a thorough radiological investigation, to also have papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas.

Case report:

A 59-year-old female was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. A further radiological investigation found suspicious areas within both thyroid lobes that were later diagnosed as foci of papillary and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Appropriate treatment was commenced. Reports of similar occurrences of synchronous thyroid and parathyroid pathologies are discussed.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of two synchronous thyroid cancers occurring in the context of primary hyperparathyroidism. We strongly recommend a thorough radiological investigation of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism to prevent missing concurrent thyroid cancers.
Outcomes and cost benefits of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in severely asthmatic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Al Badaai Y , Valdés C J , Samaha M
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

To evaluate the outcomes (using validated outcome tools) and cost benefits of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in a population of severely asthmatic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Methods:

A prospective cohort study was conducted. The study comprised consecutive patients diagnosed with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis for whom medical treatment had failed and who were scheduled for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. General health and disease-specific outcome questionnaires were completed pre- and post-operatively. Costs associated with both functional endoscopic sinus surgery and out-patient visits to a comprehensive asthma clinic were calculated.

Results:

A total of 47 patients completed the surveys. The average improvement in Chronic Sinusitis Survey scores following functional endoscopic sinus surgery was 17 per cent. The average reduction in out-patient asthma clinic visits was 50 per cent, which translates to an average cost saving of $1035 Canadian dollars per patient per year.

Conclusion:

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a cost-effective treatment modality for asthmatic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. This information is important for: the distribution and planning of resources, prioritising health programmes, and establishing practice guidelines.
Oxidative stress, protein glycation and nutrition – interactions relevant to health and disease throughout the lifecycle
Authors: Vlassopoulos Antonis , Lean Michael E. J. , Combet Emilie
Published: May 2014

Protein glycation has been studied for over a century now and plays an important role in disease pathogenesis throughout the lifecycle. Strongly related to diabetic complications, glycation of Hb has become the gold standard method for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring. It is however attracting attention in normoglycaemia as well lately. Longitudinal studies increasingly suggest a positive relationship between glycation and the risk of chronic diseases in normoglycaemic individuals, but the mechanisms behind this association remain unclear. The interaction between glycation and oxidative stress may be particularly relevant in the normoglycaemic context, as suggested by recent epidemiological andin vitroevidence. In that context nutritional and lifestyle factors with an influence on redox status, such as smoking, fruit and vegetable and antioxidants consumption, may have the capacity to promote or inhibit glycation. However, experimental data from controlled trials are lacking the quality and rigour needed to reach firm conclusions. In the present review, we discuss the importance of glycation for health through the lifecycle and focus on the importance of oxidative stress as a driver for glycation. The importance of nutrition to modulate glycation is discussed, based on the evidence available and recommendations towards higher quality future research are made.
Of Pongo, palms and perceptions: a multidisciplinary assessment of Bornean orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus in an oil palm context
Authors: Ancrenaz Marc , Oram Felicity , Ambu Laurentius , Lackman Isabelle , Ahmad Eddie , Elahan Hamisah , Kler Harjinder , Abram Nicola K. , Meijaard Erik
Published: May 2014

The oil palm industry is blamed for the demise of iconic species such as the orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus in Borneo but production of, and demand for, this commodity continue to expand. Therefore, a better understanding of how the orang-utan is adapting to human-transformed environments is crucial for conserving the species. Results from a combination of repeated ground transects, aerial presence/absence surveys, and interviews of workers in mature plantations of the lower Kinabatangan River floodplain (eastern Sabah) provide an overall picture of the current status of orang-utans in an established agro-industrial oil palm landscape. Our results show that orang-utans disperse into mature plantations, use oil palm trees for nesting, and feed on mature fruits. Most oil palm workers report orang-utans of all age–sex classes within the estates but fail to report any negative effect of the animals on productivity of mature palms ≥5 years. Our surveys also show that orang-utan presence in the mature oil palm landscape is correlated with proximity to natural forest patches. These results suggest that forest patches, even when small, fragmented and degraded, are required to sustain the species in human-transformed landscapes. Homogenous oil palm plantations are incompatible with viable populations of orang-utans. The cessation of further forest conversion to agriculture and the enforcement of better management practices are needed to reduce the threat of oil palm development to orang-utan survival.
Neurodevelopmental origin of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
Authors: Bora E.
Published: May 2014

Cognitive impairment is a common feature of schizophrenia; however, its origin remains controversial. Neurodevelopmental abnormalities clearly play a role in pre-morbid cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, yet many authors believe that schizophrenia is characterized by illness-related cognitive decline before and after onset of the psychosis that can be the result of neurodegenerative changes. The main reasons behinds such arguments include, first, the evidence showing that effect sizes of the cognitive deficits in subjects who develop adult schizophrenia gradually increase in the first two decades of life and, second, the fact that there is functional decline in many patients with schizophrenia over the years. In this Editorial, I argue that current evidence suggests that illness-related cognitive impairment is neurodevelopmental in origin and characterized by slower gain (developmental lag) but not cognitive decline continuing throughout the first two decades of life. I introduce a model suggesting that neurodevelopmental abnormality can in fact explain the course of cognitive dysfunction and variations in the trajectory of functional decline throughout the life in individuals with schizophrenia. In this model, the severity of underlying neurodevelopmental abnormality determines the age that cognitive deficits first become apparent and contributes to the cognitive reserve of the individual. Interaction of neurodevelopmental abnormality with clinical symptoms, especially negative symptoms and aging, vascular changes, psychological and iatrogenic factors contributes to the heterogeneity of the functional trajectory observed in this disorder.
The Supply and Movement of Denarii in Roman Britain
Authors: Creighton John
Published: May 2014

Hoards of denarii are common in Britain and the number which have been recorded in detail means that it is now possible to suggest reasonably accurately what a ‘normal’ hoard of a particular date should look like. That being the case, we can then look for variation around that norm and both investigate and speculate what that variation means. A methodology is developed which suggests periods of faster and less rapid coin circulation which has implications for consideration of monetisation. The model also enables us to view where denarii entered circulation; unsurprisingly the army looms large in this picture. The methodology is directly transferable to other provinces and other periods where there are long-lived, relatively stable monetary systems.
THE EXPLOITATION OF SUBPHONEMIC ACOUSTIC DETAIL IN L2 SPEECH SEGMENTATION
Authors: Shoemaker Ellenor
Published: May 2014

The current study addresses an aspect of second language (L2) phonological acquisition that has received little attention to date—namely, the acquisition of allophonic variation as a word boundary cue. The role of subphonemic variation in the segmentation of speech by native speakers has been indisputably demonstrated; however, the acquisition of allophonic cues in L2 phonology remains underexplored. We examine here L2 learners’ acquisition and perception of noncontrastive acoustic differentiation at word boundaries in English. Fifty French-speaking students of English were tested on their ability to differentiate potentially ambiguous phrases in which word boundaries are marked by the word-initial aspiration of plosives (e.g.,Lou stopsvs.loose tops) or prevocalic glottal stops (e.g.,tea matvs.team at). Participants showed greater sensitivity to the presence of glottal stops than aspiration, suggesting that glottal stops may represent a more perceptually salient segmentation cue for learners than aspiration. We discuss the implications of these results regarding the role of first language transfer versus the universality of some segmentation cues.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN SENTENCE PROCESSING RESEARCH
Authors: Keating Gregory D. , Jegerski Jill
Published: May 2014

Since the publication of Clahsen and Felser’s (2006) keynote article on grammatical processing in language learners, the online study of sentence comprehension in adult second language (L2) learners has quickly grown into a vibrant and prolific subfield of SLA. As online methods begin to establish a foothold in SLA research, it is important that researchers in our field design sentence-comprehension experiments that adhere to the fundamental principles of research design typical of sentence processing studies published in related subfields of the language sciences. In this article, we discuss and review widely accepted principles of research design for sentence processing studies that are not always followed in L2 sentence processing research. Particular emphasis is placed on the design of experimental items and distractors, the choice and design of the poststimulus distractor task, procedures for presenting stimuli to participants, and methods for trimming and analyzing online data, among others.
Worldwide incidence of cervical lesions: a systematic review
Authors: TING J. , ROSITCH A. F. , TAYLOR S. M. , RAHANGDALE L. , SOETERS H. M. , SUN X. , SMITH J. S.
Published: May 2014

We conducted a systematic review summarizing data on incidence of high- and low-grade lesions in women with normal baseline cervical cytology, stratified by age (<30 and ⩾30 years), and baseline human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Incidence of high- and low-grade lesions in women aged ⩾30 years with a baseline HPV infection increased over follow-up time (5–127 months), although incidence generally remained <10%. Without baseline HPV infection, incidence of high-grade lesions remained low over follow-up time (<5% over 5–122 months). Incidence of high-grade lesions in women aged ⩾30 years with baseline HPV infection appeared similar to that in women aged <30 years. In some women aged <30 years, high-grade lesions can develop relatively shortly after initial HPV infection. We observed an increase in low-grade lesions over time in women aged ⩾30 years with baseline HPV infection, potentially indicative of an HPV infection that is potentially progressing to higher grade lesions.
Welche Faktoren beeinflussen Abbrüche in der Heimerziehung–welche Bedeutung haben limitierte prosoziale Fertigkeiten?
Authors: Schmid Marc , Dölitzsch Claudia , Pérez Tania , Jenkel Nils , Schmeck Klaus , Kölch Michael , Fegert Jörg M.
Published: May 2014

Über 20 % der stationären Jugendhilfemaßnahmen werden ungeplant beendet. Um Hilfe- und Beziehungsabbrüche vermeiden zu können, ist es wichtig, Jugendliche, welche die Jugendhilfe in besonderem Maße herausfordern, frühzeitig zu identifizieren, und besser zu verstehen, welche Faktoren das Risiko eines Abbruches erhöhen. Psychische Belastungen, Traumata, eine „Jugendhilfe-Karriere”, Delinquenz und psychopathische Persönlichkeitszüge gelten als Risikofaktoren für einen negativen Verlauf, weshalb sie in dieser Studie gezielt erfasst wurden. In einer Stichprobe von 497 Bewohnern Schweizer sozialpädagogischer Institutionen im Alter von 6 bis 26 Jahren wurden Teilnehmer mit und ohne irregulärem Maßnahmenende mittels uni- und multivariater Analyseverfahren miteinander verglichen. Sowohl univariate Analysen als auch eine binär logistische Regressionsanalyse ergaben, dass neben dem Alter vor allem psychopathische Persönlichkeitseigenschaften der zentrale Prädiktor für einen Abbruch der stationären Maßnahme sind. Das relative Risiko, die Maßnahme irregulär zu beenden, ist bei Teilnehmern mit auffällig hohen Werten auf Skalen, die psychopathische Eigenschaften erfassen, im Vergleich zu Teilnehmern mit durchweg unauffälligen Psychopathie-Werten um das Zwei- bis Dreifache erhöht. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse sollten spezifische pädagogische, milieu- und psychotherapeutische Konzepte für Jugendliche mit limitierten prosozialen Fertigkeiten entwickelt und evaluiert werden. Zudem sollten die Jugendlichen gezielt einem Screening unterzogen werden, um sicherzustellen, dass diese Persönlichkeitszüge im Rahmen der Hilfeplanung adäquat berücksichtigt werden können.
The Effects of Counterfactual Attacks on Social Judgments
Authors: Catellani Patrizia , Bertolotti Mauro
Published: May 2014

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of different styles of verbal criticism (factual vs. counterfactual) on the perceptions of target, source, and quality of the attack. Counterfactual attacks resulted in more negative overall judgment of the target and ratings of the target’s morality than either factual attacks or no attack. Counterfactual attacks were also rated more positively than factual attacks, and the source of the counterfactual attack was rated as being less biased against the target. Regression analyses confirmed that the observed effect on overall judgment was mediated by the perceived bias of the source. The greater effectiveness of counterfactual attacks was moderated by awareness of prior hostility of the source of the attack toward the target.
Liking More Means Doing More
Authors: Hepler Justin , Albarracin Dolores
Published: May 2014

Dispositional attitudes are an individual difference in the tendency to form positive versus negative attitudes. As positive (negative) attitudes promote active (inactive) responses to stimuli, we predicted that dispositional attitudes would be positively correlated with patterns of general action. In Study 1, participants reported all activities they engaged in during a 1-week period using a structured time use survey. Dispositional attitudes were positively correlated with the number of unique behaviors participants engaged in and with the total number of behaviors reported for the entire week. Study 2 replicated Study 1 using a free response time use survey. Overall, the results demonstrated that dispositional attitudes predict general action, such that the tendency to form positive (negative) attitudes predicts the tendency to engage in many (few) behaviors in daily life. This pattern occurred for both low effort and high effort behaviors. Implications for understanding activity patterns are discussed.
Zeptomole Detection of C-Reactive Protein in Serum by a Nanoparticle Amplified Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Aptasensor
Authors: Vance Stephen A. , Sandros Marinella G.
Published: May 2014

Diagnostic biomarkers (i.e. proteins) are often in low abundance in bodily fluids presenting many challenges for their detection. In order to extend the application of SPRi systems in detecting biomarkers at ultralow levels, we combine the advantage of aptamer technology with nanomaterials and microwave-assisted surface functionalization. By implementing a sandwich assay through the introduction of aptamer-modified quantum dots (QDs), it was possible to measure 7 zeptomole (at 5 fg/mL) of C-reactive protein (CRP) selectively in spiked human serum. It is expected that the proposed platform will provide new direction in designing ultrasensitive SPRi biosensors with multiplexing capabilities.
Secret lifestyles of Neurospora crassa
Authors: Kuo Hsiao-Che , Hui Sun , Choi Jaeyoung , Asiegbu Frederick O. , Valkonen Jari P. T. , Lee Yong-Hwan
Published: May 2014

Neurospora crassa has a long history as an excellent model for genetic, cellular and biochemical research. Although this fungus is known as a saprotroph, it normally appears on burned vegetations or trees after forest fires. However, due to a lack of experimental evidence, the nature of its association with living plants remains enigmatic. Here we report that Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is a host plant for N. crassa. The endophytic lifestyle of N. crassa was found in its interaction with Scots pine. Moreover, the fungus can switch to a pathogenic state when its balanced interaction with the host is disrupted. Our data reveal previously unknown lifestyles of N. crassa, which are likely controlled by both environmental and host factors. Switching among the endophytic, pathogenic and saprotrophic lifestyles confers upon fungi phenotypic plasticity in adapting to changing environments and drives the evolution of fungi and associated plants.
Anthropogenic reaction parameters – the missing link between chemical intuition and the available chemical space
Authors: Keserű György M. , Soós Tibor , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: May 2014

Anthropogenic factors limit reaction parameters and thus the scope of synthetic chemistry, nevertheless, their role is both advantageous and critical.
Self-assembly of pyrene derivatives on Au(111): substituent effects on intermolecular interactions
Authors: Pham Tuan Anh , Song Fei , Nguyen Manh-Thuong , Stöhr Meike
Published: May 2014

Halogen bonding-based self-assembly of pyrene derivatives on Au(111).
Template and surfactant free synthesis of hierarchical WO3·0.33H2O via a facile solvothermal route for photocatalytic RhB degradation
Authors: Zheng Yi , Chen Gang , Yu Yaoguang , Sun Jingxue , Zhou Yansong , Pei Jian
Published: May 2014

A template- and surfactant-free solvothermal method has been successfully developed for the controlled synthesis of 3D micro-dahlia WO3·0.33H2O hierarchical structures with single-crystalline petals for the first time.
Sputtering graphite coating to improve the elevated-temperature cycling ability of the LiMn2O4 electrode
Authors: Wang Jiexi , Zhang Qiaobao , Li Xinhai , Wang Zhixing , Guo Huajun , Xu Daguo , Zhang Kaili
Published: May 2014

The graphite layer acts as a barrier against HF corrosion to LiMn2O4, thus improving its high-temperature cycle performance.
Self-association of oligothiophenes in isotropic systems
Authors: Lima Carlos F. R. A. C. , Costa José C. S. , Galvão Tiago L. P. , Tavares Hilário R. , Silva Artur M. S. , Santos Luís M. N. B. F.
Published: May 2014

Self-association of oligothiophenes increases the liquid stability thus leading to lower melting temperatures.
Revealing the structure–property relationship of covalent organic frameworks for CO2 capture from postcombustion gas: a multi-scale computational study
Authors: Tong Minman , Yang Qingyuan , Xiao Yuanlong , Zhong Chongli
Published: May 2014

Formation of slit-like pores with suitable size by structural realignment of 2D-COFs will greatly enhance their CO2 capture capability.
Morphology control strategies for solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films
Authors: Diao Ying , Shaw Leo , Bao Zhenan , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B.
Published: May 2014

Solution-based deposition techniques and strategies to control the morphology of organic semiconductor thin films are reviewed and discussed.
Low melting mixtures based on β-cyclodextrin derivatives and N,N′-dimethylurea as solvents for sustainable catalytic processes
Authors: Jérôme François , Ferreira Michel , Bricout Hervé , Menuel Stéphane , Monflier Eric , Tilloy Sébastien
Published: May 2014

Hydroformylation and Tsuji–Trost reactions were efficiently performed in low melting mixtures (LMMs) allowing the easy recyclability of the catalytic system.
Highly sensitive p-nitrophenol chemical sensor based on crystalline α-MnO2 nanotubes
Authors: Wu Jingwen , Wang Qiang , Umar Ahmad , Sun Shihao , Huang Liang , Wang Junya , Gao Yanshan
Published: May 2014

Crystalline α-MnO2 nanotubes were synthesized and used as a potential scaffold for the efficient detection of p-nitrophenol.
Ground-state and excited-state multiple proton transfer via a hydrogen-bonded water wire for 3-hydroxypyridine
Authors: Wang Ye , Yin Hang , Shi Ying , Jin Mingxing , Ding Dajun
Published: May 2014

The multiple proton transfer reactions of 3-hydroxypyridine-(H2O)3have been demonstrated, and a perfect proton transfer cycle has been revealed in the ground and excited states.
Surface activation of cotton fiber by seeding silver nanoparticles and in situ synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Barani Hossein
Published: May 2014

Photocatalytic and antibacterial cotton fabric was produced by an in situ synthesis of zinc oxide–silver nanocomposites.
Vysotskite structured photoactive palladium sulphide thin films from dithiocarbamate derivatives
Authors: Ehsan Muhammad Ali , Ming Huang Nay , McKee Vickie , Peiris Thalge Anton Nirmal , Wijayantha-Kahagala-Gamage Upul , Arifin Zainudin , Mazhar Muhammad
Published: May 2014

Palladium dithiocarbamate precursors have been designed for the fabrication of palladium sulphide photoelectrode films using aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition.
High-yielding sequential one-pot synthesis of chiral and achiral α-substituted acrylates via a metal-free reductive coupling reaction
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Venkaiah Chintalapudi , Reddy Y. Vijayendar
Published: May 2014

A variety of chiral and achiral α-substituted acrylates were furnished in very good yields with excellent selectivity by using an organocatalytic reductive coupling reaction (TCRA) followed by an Eschenmoser methylenation.
Solid phase oxime ligations for the iterative synthesis of polypeptide conjugates
Authors: Decostaire Isidore E. , Lelièvre Dominique , Aucagne Vincent , Delmas Agnès F.
Published: May 2014

All on-resin! An efficient C-to-N iterative strategy for solid phase chemical ligations (SPCL).
Halide selective anion recognition by an amide-triazolium axle containing [2]rotaxane
Authors: White Nicholas G. , Colaço Ana R. , Marques Igor , Félix Vítor , Beer Paul D.
Published: May 2014

A [2]rotaxane incorporating the novel 3-amido-phenyl-triazolium motif exhibits unusually high selectivity for halide anions over larger more basic oxoanions. Computational studies offer insight into this selectivity preference.
Stabilizing Pd on the surface of amine-functionalized hollow Fe3O4 spheres: a highly active and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling and hydrogenation reactions
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhu Hangxiao , Liu Mengmeng , Niu Jianrui , Yuan Bing , Li Rong , Ma Jiantai
Published: May 2014

Preparation of palladium nanoparticles supported on amine-functionalized hollow Fe3O4.
Interfacial mechanisms in active emulsions
Authors: Herminghaus Stephan , Maass Corinna C. , Krüger Carsten , Thutupalli Shashi , Goehring Lucas , Bahr Christian
Published: May 2014

Active emulsions,i.e., emulsions whose droplets perform self-propelled motion, are of tremendous interest for mimicking collective phenomena in biological populations such as phytoplankton and bacterial colonies, but also for experimentally studying rheology, pattern formation, and phase transitions in systems far from thermal equilibrium.
Luminescent 3-hydroxyflavone nanocomposites with a tuneable refractive index for photonics and UV detection by plasma assisted vacuum deposition
Authors: Aparicio Francisco J. , Alcaire María , Borras Ana , Gonzalez Juan C. , López-Arbeloa Fernando , Blaszczyk-Lezak Iwona , González-Elipe Agustín R. , Barranco Angel
Published: May 2014

Green emitting and transparent films grown by a solvent-less method. Adjustable refractive index. The material is used as a visual UV photodetector.
Fluorine-free blue-green emitters for light-emitting electrochemical cells
Authors: Evariste Sloane , Sandroni Martina , Rees Thomas W. , Roldán-Carmona Cristina , Gil-Escrig Lidon , Bolink Henk J. , Baranoff Etienne , Zysman-Colman Eli
Published: May 2014

New fluorine-free iridium complexes were synthesized in the aim of improving the performance of blue-green emitting LEECs.
N-terminus of the protein kinase CLK1 induces SR protein hyperphosphorylation
Authors: Aubol Brandon E. , Plocinik Ryan M. , Keshwani Malik M. , McGlone Maria L. , Hagopian Jonathan C. , Ghosh Gourisankar , Fu Xiang-Dong , Adams Joseph A.
Published: May 2014

SR proteins are essential splicing factors that are regulated through multisite phosphorylation of their RS (arginine/serine-rich) domains by two major families of protein kinases. The SRPKs (SR-specific protein kinases) efficiently phosphorylate the arginine/serine dipeptides in the RS domain using a conserved docking groove in the kinase domain. In contrast, CLKs (Cdc2-like kinases) lack a docking groove and phosphorylate both arginine/serine and serine–proline dipeptides, modifications that generate a hyperphosphorylated state important for unique SR protein-dependent splicing activities. All CLKs contain long flexible N-terminal extensions (140–300 residues) that resemble the RS domains present in their substrate SR proteins. We showed that the N-terminus in CLK1 contacts both the kinase domain and the RS domain of the SR protein SRSF1 (SR protein splicing factor 1). This interaction not only is essential for facilitating hyperphosphorylation, but also induces co-operative binding of SRSF1 to RNA. The N-terminus of CLK1 enhances the total phosphoryl contents of a panel of physiological substrates including SRSF1, SRSF2, SRSF5 and Tra2β1 (transformer 2β1) by 2–3-fold. These findings suggest that CLK1-dependent hyperphosphorylation is the result of a general mechanism in which the N-terminus acts as a bridge connecting the kinase domain and the RS domain of the SR protein.
On‐chip Blumlein pulse generator
Authors: Sun Jiwei , Wang Pingshan
Published: May 2014

A CMOS Blumlein generator including a two‐stacked‐metal–oxide semiconductor field effect transistor high‐voltage switch, a Blumlein pulse‐forming‐line (PFL) network and an on‐chip Klophenstein taper is presented. The Klophenstein taper is used to convert the high‐impedance load to 50 Ω. The Blumlein pulse generator is fabricated in a 0.13 µm CMOS process. Gaussian‐like pulses of 725 mV peak‐to‐peak amplitude, ∼126 ps duration and 3.18 GHz bandwidth are measured on a 50 Ω load (including the losses of the probes, cables and pads). After de‐embedding the connection system and Klophenstein taper, the pulses of 1.88 V and 114 ps duration are obtained, which are higher than the rated operating power supply of the given process.
Cascaded three‐phase pulse‐width modulated switched voltage source inverter
Authors: Odeh Charles I. , Agu Vincent N. , Goshwe Nentawe
Published: May 2014

A cascaded three‐phase pulse‐width modulated (PWM) switched voltage source inverter topology is proposed. Each of the two cascaded units in a phase‐leg is an H‐bridge, whose switch legs are separated by a switched capacitor and a diode. Three upper H‐bridges in this inverter configuration have separate dc inputs; whereas the lower three H‐bridges share a common dc input. A single‐carrier, multilevel PWM scheme is employed to generate the gating signals for the power switches. The implemented modulation scheme is hybridised to enable the output voltage of the proposed inverter configuration inherit the features of switching‐loss reduction from fundamental PWM, and good harmonic performance from multiple sinusoidal PWM. A sequential switching scheme is embedded with the already employed hybrid modulation in order to overcome unequal switching losses. Furthermore, a simple base PWM circulation scheme is also introduced to get a resultant sequential switching hybrid PWM circulation that balances power dissipation among the two cascaded power modules. The proposed inverter configuration was subjected to an R–L load. Fast Fourier transform analyses of the output voltage waveforms gave total harmonic distortion value of 12.64%. Simulations and experiments are carried out on a 4.89 kW rated prototype of the proposed inverter.
Influence of Z‐Source output impedance on dynamic properties of single‐phase voltage source inverters for uninterrupted power supply
Authors: Rymarski Zbigniew , Bernacki Krzysztof
Published: May 2014

The study presents the problem of the influence of the Z‐Source circuit output impedance on the small signal control transfer function of a voltage source inverter (VSI). The previously published inverter design algorithms did not take into account the output impedance of the DC/DC voltage step‐up converters. The presented considerations should estimate the necessity of taking into account the Z‐Source output impedance when designing an efficient control system for a DC/AC voltage inverter. It will be shown that the influence of the Z‐Source storing energy in the inductances can be notable for low damping resistances and that it introduces two additional resonant frequencies to the nominator and denominator of the VSI control transfer function that are very close to each other. The magnitude Bode plots of the control transfer function of a VSI with a Z‐Source are presented. The breadboard verification is also included.
Enhanced Jahn-Teller response induced by low-dose 10 MeV I+ irradiation of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3−δ films
Authors: Harris V. G. , Chen Y. , Byers J. M. , Stroud R. M. , Browning V. M. , Fuller-Mora W. W. , Osofsky M. S. , Kim J. , Knies D. , Grabowski K. S.
Published: May 2014

The structural response of pulsed laser deposited La0.7Ca0.3Mn03−δ films to low-level 10 MeV I+ irradiation is correlated with magnetic and electronic properties. A series of annealed pulsed laser deposited films were subjected to ion irradiation at doses of 0.5–2.0 × 1013 10 MeV iodine ions/cm2. X-ray diffraction measurements show no measurable increase in the full width at half maximum values of major reflections before and after irradiation. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure analyses (EXAFS), employing both a model independent fitting using expanded cumulants as well as a nonlinear least squares multiple scattering model based on FEFF generated theoretical EXAFS data, were employed to measure local properties relative to the Mn ions. Increasing irradiation doses lead to an unambiguous evolution of MnO6 octahedra from highly symmetric (i.e., undistorted) to a clear bimodal structure in which the MnO6 octahedra are measured to undergo a c-axis stretching bearing resemblance to a Jahn-Teller distortion. Concomitantly, the metal to insulator transition temperature decreases more than 270 K and the magnetoresistance increases from 102% to 106%.
A novel von Hamos spectrometer for efficient X-ray emission spectroscopy in the laboratory
Authors: Anklamm Lars , Schlesiger Christopher , Malzer Wolfgang , Grötzsch Daniel , Neitzel Michael , Kanngießer Birgit
Published: May 2014

We present a novel, highly efficient von Hamos spectrometer for X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in the laboratory using highly annealed pyrolitic graphite crystals as the dispersive element. The spectrometer covers an energy range from 2.5 keV to 15 keV giving access to chemical speciation and information about the electronic configuration of 3d transition metals by means of the Kβ multiplet. XES spectra of Ti compounds are presented to demonstrate the speciation capabilities of the instrument. A spectral resolving power of E/ΔE = 2000 at 8 keV was achieved. Typical acquisition times range from 10 min for bulk material to hours for thin samples below 1 μm.
An atomic layer deposition chamber for in situ x-ray diffraction and scattering analysis
Authors: Geyer Scott M. , Methaapanon Rungthiwa , Johnson Richard W. , Kim Woo-Hee , Van Campen Douglas G. , Metha Apurva , Bent Stacey F.
Published: May 2014

The crystal structure of thin films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) will determine important performance properties such as conductivity, breakdown voltage, and catalytic activity. We report the design of an atomic layer deposition chamber for in situ x-ray analysis that can be used to monitor changes to the crystal structural during ALD. The application of the chamber is demonstrated for Pt ALD on amorphous SiO2 and SrTiO3 (001) using synchrotron-based high resolution x-ray diffraction, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, and grazing incidence small angle scattering.
The fundamental gap for a class of Schrödinger operators on path and hypercube graphs
Authors: Jarret Michael , Jordan Stephen P.
Published: May 2014

We consider the difference between the two lowest eigenvalues (the fundamental gap) of a Schrödinger operator acting on a class of graphs. In particular, we derive tight bounds for the gap of Schrödinger operators with convex potentials acting on the path graph. Additionally, for the hypercube graph, we derive a tight bound for the gap of Schrödinger operators with convex potentials dependent only upon vertex Hamming weight. Our proof makes use of tools from the literature of the fundamental gap theorem as proved in the continuum combined with techniques unique to the discrete case. We prove the tight bound for the hypercube graph as a corollary to our path graph results.
Spin- and valley-dependent commensurability oscillations and electric-field-induced quantum Hall plateaux in periodically modulated silicene
Authors: Shakouri Kh. , Vasilopoulos P. , Vargiamidis V. , Hai G.-Q. , Peeters F. M.
Published: May 2014

We study the commensurability oscillations in silicene subject to a perpendicular electric field Ez, a weak magnetic field B, and a weak periodic potential V=V0cos(Cy),C=2π/a0 with a0 its period. The field Ez and/or the modulation lift the spin degeneracy of the Landau levels and lead to spin and valley resolved Weiss oscillations. The spin resolution is maximal when the field Ez is replaced by a periodic one Ez=E0cos(Dy),D=2π/b0, while the valley one is maximal for b0 = a0. In certain ranges of B values, the current is fully spin or valley polarized. Additional quantum Hall conductivity plateaux arise due to spin and valley intra-Landau-level transitions.
Nonlinear structures of the Korteweg-de Vries and modified Korteweg-de Vries equations in non-Maxwellian electron-positron-ion plasma: Solitons collision and rogue waves
Authors: El-Tantawy S. A. , Moslem W. M.
Published: May 2014

Solitons (small-amplitude long-lived waves) collision and rogue waves (large-amplitude short-lived waves) in non-Maxwellian electron-positron-ion plasma have been investigated. For the solitons collision, the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo perturbation method is used to derive the coupled Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations with the quadratic nonlinearities and their corresponding phase shifts. The calculations reveal that both positive and negative polarity solitons can propagate in the present model. At critical value of plasma parameters, the coefficients of the quadratic nonlinearities disappear. Therefore, the coupled modified KdV (mKdV) equations with cubic nonlinearities and their corresponding phase shifts have been derived. The effects of the electron-to-positron temperature ratio, the ion-to-electron temperature ratio, the positron-to-ion concentration, and the nonextensive parameter on the colliding solitons profiles and their corresponding phase shifts are examined. Moreover, generation of ion-acoustic rogue waves from small-amplitude initial perturbations in plasmas is studied in the framework of the mKdV equation. The properties of the ion-acoustic rogue waves are examined within a nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) that has been derived from the mKdV equation. The dependence of the rogue wave profile on the relevant physical parameters has been investigated. Furthermore, it is found that the NLSE that has been derived from the KdV equation cannot support the propagation of rogue waves.