bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of flow cytometry to rapid microbial analysis in food and drinks industries
Authors: Laplace‐Builhé C. , Hahne K. , Hunger W. , Tirilly Y. , Drocourt JL
Published: August 2004

Summary— In food and drinks industries, the time required for conventional tests can lead to substantial delays in product release to the market. Flow cytometry (FCM) has been used in conjunction with viability markers for rapid counting of yeast, mould and bacterial cells in food products. A single‐parameter flow cytometer has proved applicable to the rapid detection of low numbers of microbial contaminants in finished products. The excellent correlation between FCM results and product quality shelf‐life expiry date has allowed the establishment of realistic quality control criteria for rapid positive release of product. Used for the monitoring of microbial biomass during manufacturing processes, flow cytometry allowed a direct assessment of bacterial growth. The reproducibility of the results and the proven correlation with standard plate count method obtained in industrial conditions make FCM a good predictive method for product and process quality control.
African swine fever virus interaction with microtubules
Authors: de Matos Antonio Pedro Alves , Carvalho Zilda G.
Published: August 2004

Summary—

The role of microtubules in intracellular transport of African swine fever virus (ASFV) and virus‐induced inclusions was studied by immunofluorescence using anti‐ASFV and anti‐tubulin antibodies, by electron microscopy of infected Vero cells and by in vitro binding of virions to purified microtubules. MTC, a reversible colchicine analogue, was used to depolymerize microtubules. In cells treated with MTC multiple large inclusions containing ASFV antigens and particles were observed in the cytoplasm. Removal of the drug lead to migration and fusion of the inclusions at a perinuclear location. To study the effect of microtubule repolymerization on virus particle distribution, the particles were counted in thin sections of MTC treated cells and at different times after removal of the drug. In cells treated with MTC 6.8% and 3.6% of the virus particles were found respectively in the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane while 38% of the particles were located around the virosome. With reversal of the drug effect the number of virus particles around the virosomes progressively decreased to 10% at 2 h while the number of particles in the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane increased. At 2 h after removal of the drug 33.5% of the particles were found budding from the cell membrane. Virus particles were found closely associated with microtubules in cytoskeletons obtained by Triton X‐100 extraction of taxol treated cells. The association of virus particles with microtubules was also observed in vitro using purified microtubules and virus particles. The results show that microtubules are involved in the transport of African swine fever virus particles from the assembly site to the cell surface and in the movement and fusion of the virus inclusions.
State,institution building,and emerging stock markets in China
Authors: Tan Qingshan
Published: August 2004

This article studies the institutional creation of Chinese stock exchanges and their regulations. It argues that institution creation was largely a function of market forces,local initiatives, path-dependence,and a learning curve. What characterized this institutional transformation was a process in which the central government was first led by various market forces fueled by local political and economic initiatives,then was forced to react by legislating various administrative ordinances to suppress the chaotic and lawless market,and finally resorted to creating a centralized regulatory institution to rein in the fledging stock market.
Impact of Adolescents' Perceived Self-Regulatory Efficacy on Familial Communication and Antisocial Conduct
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Scabini Eugenia , Barbaranelli Claudio , Pastorelli Concetta , Regalia Camillo , Bandura Albert
Published: August 2004

The present study tested the hypothesis that perceived self-efficacy to resist peer pressure for high-risk activities is related to transgressive conduct, both directly and through the mediation of open familial communication. Adolescents rated their self-regulatory efficacy, openness of communication with parents, and their involvement in delinquent conduct and substance abuse. Results of structural equation modeling confirmed that a high sense of efficacy to ward off negative peer influences was accompanied by open communication with parents about activities outside the home and by low engagement in delinquent conduct and substance abuse. Both the posited direct and mediated paths of influences were replicated for males and females, although girls exhibited a slightly weaker direct relationship between self-regulatory efficacy and transgressive conduct. The combined influence of self-regulatory efficacy and supportive parental communication and monitoring accounted for a substantial share of the variance in delinquent conduct and substance abuse. A test of an alternative causal model, that engagement in transgressive activities undermines self-regulatory efficacy and familial communication and monitoring practices, provided a poor fit to the data.
A surface renewal model to analyze infrared image sequences of the ocean surface for the study of air‐sea heat and gas exchange
Authors: Garbe C. S. , Schimpf U. , Jähne B.
Published: August 2004

Thermographic techniques are presented that directly measure the temperature difference across the thermal boundary layer at the sea surface, the probability density function of surface renewal, the net heat flux, and the heat transfer velocity during nighttime. The techniques are based on a model of surface renewal. Through the use of digital image processing techniques, temporally and spatially highly resolved measurements are feasible, limited only by the thermal imager. We present laboratory measurements from the Heidelberg Aeolotron and field measurements from the GasExII cruise taken at a spatial resolution of 3 mm and temporal resolution of 10 ms. The net heat flux estimates of the thermographic techniques and micrometeorological methods agree with an error less than 5% for conditions in which the surface renewal model is applicable. Experimental evidence is presented for the probability density function of surface renewal to be best described by a logarithmic normal distribution. At moderate and high wind speeds when the influence of surface films is not significant, surface renewal seems to be an adequate model for air‐water heat exchange.
How mechanical layering affects local stresses, unrests, and eruptions of volcanoes
Authors: Gudmundsson Agust , Brenner Sonja L.
Published: August 2004

In most active volcanoes, unrest periods with dike injections are much more common than eruptions. While widely recognized, this simple observation has not been satisfactorily explained. Surface deformation in volcanoes is commonly attributed to dikes injected from shallow magma chambers that fail to reach the surface. Field observations of dike tips, many of which are blunt, indicate arrest that is primarily controlled by the local stresses in the layers through which the dikes propagate. Numerical models on the stress fields around magma chambers located in an anisotropic, heterogeneous (layered) crust indicate that, for uniform loading, a layered crust normally develops stress fields that are unfavorable for feeder‐dike formation. In particular, the models, together with the field observations, indicate that an essentially homogeneous stress field along the potential pathway of a dike is a necessary condition for its reaching the surface to supply magma to a volcanic eruption.
H3+ emissions in the Jovian sub‐auroral region and auroral activity
Authors: Morioka A. , Yaegashi S. , Nozawa H. , Misawa H. , Miyoshi Y. S. , Tsuchiya F. , Okano S.
Published: August 2004

The relationship between H3+ emissions in the Jovian sub‐auroral region and auroral activity inside the auroral oval was examined using 3.53‐μm image data from the IRTF Galileo support monitoring program of NASA. The sub‐auroral emission region of H3+ was defined as a diffusive and weak emission region surrounding the auroral oval with a gradual decrease in intensity at lower latitudes beyond 6 RJ. The size of this region was found to vary approximately in proportion to the Jovian auroral activity. We discuss some possible sub‐auroral emission mechanisms and suggest that the emission would be caused by precipitation from the inner magnetosphere associated with the higher latitude auroral activity, implying that the Jovian magnetospheric activity is tightly connected between the inner and middle magnetosphere.
Glaciers of the outer and inner tropics: A different behaviour but a common response to climatic forcing
Authors: Favier Vincent , Wagnon Patrick , Ribstein Pierre
Published: August 2004

We have compared the annual surface energy balance (SEB) of Zongo Glacier (16°S, Bolivia, outer tropics) and Antizana Glacier 15 (0°S, Ecuador, inner tropics). On annual time scale energy fluxes are very similar in the ablation zone: turbulent heat fluxes compensate each other and net short‐wave radiation dominates the SEB. Albedo is central in controlling the melting. Consequently solid precipitation occurrence manages the annual mass balance variability. In the outer tropics, the annual melting is directly related to the annual distribution of precipitation, the period December–February being crucial. However, in the inner tropics, liquid precipitation can occur on the ablation zone, and snowline altitude remains very sensitive to air temperature. Tropical glaciers react rapidly to El Niño events, mainly because of an induced precipitation deficit in the outer tropics and to a temperature increase in the inner tropics, both leading to a rise in snowline altitude.
Evidence of two independent modes of convection at intraseasonal timescale in the West African summer monsoon
Authors: Mounier Flore , Janicot Serge
Published: August 2004

Two main independent modes of convection at intraseasonal timescale in the West African summer monsoon are highlighted. One depicts a meridional dipole of convection over West Africa linked to a modulation of the latitude of the inter‐tropical convergence zone (ITCZ); it is associated with a westward propagative signal of the convection over the Sahel, and to a modulation of cyclonic vorticity at these latitudes. The other one is characterized by a stationary uniform modulation of convection in the ITCZ without any significant modulation of its latitudinal location; it is associated with a modulation of the zonal wind component over the eastern equatorial Atlantic. The dominant periodicity of these two modes is around 15 days. It is necessary to take into account the relative parts of these two modes in order to accurately analyze the mechanisms involved in intraseasonal variability of the African monsoon.
The Development of a Migration Model for England and Wales: Overview and Modelling Out-Migration
Authors: Fotheringham A Stewart , Rees Phil , Champion Tony , Kalogirou Stamatis , Tremayne Andy R
Published: August 2004

This paper reports the results of an extensive project to model interregional migration within England and Wales. The project took place over a two-year period and was sponsored by the UK Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (formerly the Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions). The results of the study are reported in three separate papers. In this paper we present an overview of the project and then describe in detail both the process of modelling out-migration rates from origins across England and Wales and the calibration results from this modelling stage. The results yield important information on the determinants of out-migration and population re-distribution within England and Wales. In paper 2 we describe the modelling of the destination choices of migrants and the calibration results from such models. In paper 3 we tie both the out-migration and the destination choice results together into a mapping and visualisation system (MIGMOD) which can be used to assess the impacts of various policies on population movements in England and Wales. The simple policy scenarios reported in this third paper are illustrative and indicative of the model's potential, rather than necessarily being a true reflection of the effects of policy changes. The three papers contribute substantially to the existing migration literature because they present the most exhaustive analysis of the determinants of both out-migration and destination choice that has ever been undertaken. The number of variables in both modelling processes is far larger than has ever been assembled before and the results therefore provide much greater insight into the role of various attributes in determining out-migration rates and in-migration rates than has previously been possible. The papers also provide an interesting lesson in a problem rarely encountered—that of having too much data.
The Choice of Park and Ride Facilities: An Analysis Using a Context-Dependent Hierarchical Choice Experiment
Authors: Bos Ilona D M , Van der Heijden Rob E C M , Molin Eric J E , Timmermans Harry J P
Published: August 2004

Park and ride (P&R) facilities have been proposed in several countries to alleviate the accessibility problems in cities. Despite growing accessibility problems, these facilities do not seem to attract the expected number of car drivers and are underused. In an attempt to measure consumer evaluations of the attributes of P&R facilities, a stated choice experiment, based on the method of hierarchical information integration, was conducted in the city of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. This paper documents the major results of this study, which differs from previous research in that a large range of attributes is examined, including accessibility of the facility, the quality of the facility, and the features of connecting transport. In addition, context variables affect the decisionmaking process of car drivers such as weather, having heavy luggage and travel purpose were incorporated in the study design. The results indicate that social safety, quality of the connecting public transport and relative travel times by transport modes are key attributes to the success of P&R facilities. Contextual variables seem to have only a minor impact.
Whose Vision? Conspiracy Theory and Land-Use Planning in Nevada County, California
Authors: Hurley Patrick T , Walker Peter A
Published: August 2004

In this paper we examine the role of claims of global conspiracy in undermining a local environmental planning process known as Natural Heritage 2020 (NH 2020) in Nevada County, California. County officials intended NH 2020 to mitigate the environmental impacts of rapid growth in this gentrifying rural community. This program illustrates the increasing use by land-use planners of landscape-scale approaches derived from conservation biology to protect biodiversity on private land. In Nevada County, this new planning vision met intense resistance. The ensuing struggle demonstrates the conflicts that can arise between social groups with competing visions for the future of the local environment in response to efforts to realize particular visions through land-use planning and policymaking. Opponents perceived a significant threat to their property rights from the use of a landscape-scale vision from conservation biology in county planning, which some depicted as part of a global environmental conspiracy. We explore the links between broader conservation science, ideology, and activism in the case of NH 2020, and suggest that quite real conceptual connections to global conservation politics potentially make local conservation planning efforts susceptible to claims of ‘outside’ interference. Although NH 2020 had no direct link (despite claims by some opponents) to global conservation efforts, the successful use of claims of global conspiracy in efforts to halt the program underscores social realities that planners and scholars need to consider when promoting what they often view as simply ‘good planning.’
Component-Based Approach in the Development of a Knowledge-Based Planning Support System. Part 2: The Model and Knowledge Management Systems of KBPSS
Authors: Yeh Anthony G O , Qiao Jimmy J
Published: August 2004

In part 1 of our paper on the architecture of a component-based knowledge-based planning support system (KBPSS), we briefly introduced the ModelObjects model-management component and the KBSAgents knowledge-management component of the system. In this part we further examine the issues of model management and knowledge development in the ModelObjects and KBSAgents components. Model generalization and representation of ModelObjects are defined according to object-oriented methods and techniques. These procedures allow users to understand how planning models are processed in the system environment; and how the models in the system libraries can be reused to build more flexible domain models based on the users' problem definition and the interaction with the system interface. The model-retrieval and model-execution functions in ModelObjects can be further enhanced by KBSAgents from which model knowledge is constructed and managed; and models can be easily retrieved and selected on the basis of the user's request and the input to the system. To support model and model-knowledge development in KBSAgents, a frame-type object-oriented model-knowledge representation scheme is defined and constructed in the system. We discuss knowledge-based model selection by developing an Intelligent Model Selection System, an application subsystem in KBPSS which combines the functions of ModelObjects and KBSAgents and can be applied to assist users to select appropriate models from the model library for their problems. Throughout the paper, spatial interaction models are used as an example to illustrate the procedures and processes proposed in the system.
Toll-Design Problem with Stochastic Route Choice
Authors: Chen Mei , Bernstein David H , Spasovic Lazar N
Published: August 2004

Congestion pricing has been regarded as an effective method of reducing network-wide travel cost. Previous work on the toll-design problem focused on the deterministic case, that is, it is assumed that travelers have perfect information on the cost of traveling on every route of the network and they always choose the one with the least cost. Limited literature is available on the stochastic case and most of it is focused on marginal social cost pricing with the underlying assumption that all links can be tolled. In this study, a toll-design problem based on stochastic route-choice behavior for multiple user groups is presented under a more realistic context—only a subset of links can be tolled. The methodology is tested with real-world network data. The performance of various algorithms is also discussed.
Land-Use Patterns in the Classification of Cities: The Israeli Case
Authors: Frenkel Amnon
Published: August 2004

The classification of cities is based in most studies on readily available socioeconomic databases. This paper introduces for the first time a classification of towns and cities with regard to the composition of land use in their built-up areas. The analysis used for this classification process is based on a large and unique land-use database gathered from a wide sample of towns and cities in Israel. A combination of two multivariate procedures served the classification process. A hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to define groups of cities with similar land-use patterns, and a discriminant analysis was conducted to test the intervalidity of the adopted cluster solution and the statistically significant differences among the clusters. The proposed typology does not derive from the socioeconomic characteristics of the population residing in these cities. Rather, it relates to the location of the city and the function that the city fulfills in the region.
Inter- and infraspecific relationships in the Gondwanan liverwort genus Hymenophyton (Hymenophytaceae, Hepaticophytina). Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes 23
Authors: Pfeiffer Tanja , Schaumann Friederike , Menéndez Gabriela G. Hässel de , Frey Wolfgang
Published: August 2004

Inter- and infraspecific relationships in Hymenophyton Dumort. were studied by sequencing of the cpDNA trnTUGU-trnLUAA 5′exon intergenic spacer, trnLUAA 5′exon and trnLUAA intron and nrDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and by morphological examination of representative specimens. Based on the molecular data, four taxa were recognised, comprising (i) Australasian H.�flabellatum (Labill.) Dumort. ex Trevis., (ii) Chilean specimens, (iii) New Zealand H.�leptopodum (Hook.f. & Taylor) A.Evans samples and (iv) a Tasmanian H. leptopodum specimen, respectively. The former three clades are supported by high bootstrap values, while the affinities of the latter specimen remain ambiguous in the calculated trnT-trnL and ITS2 trees. The observed sequence divergence supports the existence of a distinct Hymenophyton taxon in southern South America, delimitated from H. flabellatum and H. leptopodum on species level: H.�pedicellatum Steph. This reinstated species is described in detail; differentiating morphological and molecular characters are presented. Hymenophyton taxa have a basically palaeoaustral distribution pattern. Biogeography, dispersal biology and phylogeography of the taxa are discussed.
Provisioning by tourists affects the behaviour but not the body condition of Mareeba rock-wallabies (Petrogale mareeba)
Authors: Hodgson Amanda J. , Marsh Helene , Corkeron Peter J.
Published: August 2004

Feeding free-ranging native animals is a form of wildlife-based tourism that is particularly popular in Australia as a result of the cryptic nature of many native species. The colony of Mareeba rock-wallabies (Petrogale mareeba) at 'Granite Gorge', North Queensland, where tourists feed a spatially defined subset of animals daily, was studied to determine the effects of provisioning on their behaviour and body condition. Provisioned P. mareeba had higher activity levels, including higher aggression levels, and spent more time performing contact behaviours (including mutual and non-mutual allogrooming) than did non-provisioned animals. Possible explanations for increased aggression include competition over provisioned food and territorial defence. Increased contact behaviours may serve to reduce tension caused by provisioning. The diurnal activities of the provisioned rock-wallabies were dictated by the activities of tourists. Provisioned rock-wallabies emerged from their shelters to receive food much earlier each afternoon than did the unprovisioned animals. The level of autogrooming exhibited by the provisioned wallabies was much higher than that of the unprovisioned animals, presumably as a thermoregulatory response to the high afternoon temperatures. Although provisioned P. mareeba feed more, their higher activity levels explain the lack of difference in the body condition between the two groups.
Vaccination and the theory of games
Authors: Bauch Chris T. , Earn David J. D.
Published: August 2004

Voluntary vaccination policies for childhood diseases present parents with a subtle challenge: if a sufficient proportion of the population is already immune, either naturally or by vaccination, then even the slightest risk associated with vaccination will outweigh the risk from infection. As a result, individual self-interest might preclude complete eradication of a vaccine-preventable disease. We show that a formal game theoretical analysis of this problem leads to new insights that help to explain human decision-making with respect to vaccination. Increases in perceived vaccine risk will tend to induce larger declines in vaccine uptake for pathogens that cause more secondary infections (such as measles and pertussis). After a vaccine scare, even if perceived vaccine risk is greatly reduced, it will be relatively difficult to restore prescare vaccine coverage levels.
Inhibition of ghrelin actionin vitroandin vivoby an RNA-Spiegelmer
Authors: Helmling Steffen , Maasch Christian , Eulberg Dirk , Buchner Klaus , Schröder Werner , Lange Christian , Vonhoff Stefan , Wlotzka Britta , Tschöp Matthias H. , Rosewicz Stefan , Klussmann Sven
Published: August 2004

Employingin vitroselection techniques, we have generated biostable RNA-based compounds, so-called Spiegelmers, that specifically bindn-octanoyl ghrelin, the recently discovered endogenous ligand for the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor. Ghrelin is a potent stimulant of growth hormone release, food intake, and adiposity. We demonstrate that our lead compound,l-NOX-B11, binds ghrelin with low-nanomolar affinity and inhibits ghrelin-mediated GHS-receptor activation in cell culture with an IC50of 5 nM.l-NOX-B11 is highly specific for the bioactive,n-octanoylated form of ghrelin. Like the GHS receptor, it does not recognize the inactive unmodified peptide and requires only the N-terminal five amino acids for the interaction. The i.v. administration of polyethylene glycol modifiedl-NOX-B11 efficiently suppresses ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in rats. These results demonstrate that the neutralization of circulating bioactive ghrelin leads to inhibition of ghrelin's secretory effects in the CNS.
EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from “never smokers” and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib
Authors: Pao William , Miller Vincent , Zakowski Maureen , Doherty Jennifer , Politi Katerina , Sarkaria Inderpal , Singh Bhuvanesh , Heelan Robert , Rusch Valerie , Fulton Lucinda , Mardis Elaine , Kupfer Doris , Wilson Richard , Kris Mark , Varmus Harold
Published: August 2004

Somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are reportedly associated with sensitivity of lung cancers to gefitinib (Iressa), kinase inhibitor. In-frame deletions occur in exon 19, whereas point mutations occur frequently in codon 858 (exon 21). We found from sequencing the
EGFR
TK domain that 7 of 10 gefitinib-sensitive tumors had similar types of alterations; no mutations were found in eight gefitinib-refractory tumors (
P
= 0.004). Five of seven tumors sensitive to erlotinib (Tarceva), a related kinase inhibitor for which the clinically relevant target is undocumented, had analogous somatic mutations, as opposed to none of 10 erlotinib-refractory tumors (
P
= 0.003). Because most mutation-positive tumors were adenocarcinomas from patients who smoked <100 cigarettes in a lifetime (“never smokers”), we screened
EGFR
exons 2-28 in 15 adenocarcinomas resected from untreated never smokers. Seven tumors had TK domain mutations, in contrast to 4 of 81 non-small cell lung cancers resected from untreated former or current smokers (
P
= 0.0001). Immunoblotting of lysates from cells transiently transfected with various
EGFR
constructs demonstrated that, compared to wild-type protein, an exon 19 deletion mutant induced diminished levels of phosphotyrosine, whereas the phosphorylation at tyrosine 1092 of an exon 21 point mutant was inhibited at 10-fold lower concentrations of drug. Collectively, these data show that adenocarcinomas from never smokers comprise a distinct subset of lung cancers, frequently containing mutations within the TK domain of
EGFR
that are associated with gefitinib and erlotinib sensitivity.
A small CDC25 dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphatase isoform in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Landrieu Isabelle , da Costa Marco , De Veylder Lieven , Dewitte Frédérique , Vandepoele Klaas , Hassan Sahar , Wieruszeski Jean-Michel , Faure Jean-Denis , Van Montagu Marc , Inzé Dirk , Lippens Guy
Published: August 2004

The dual-specificity CDC25 phosphatases are critical positive regulators of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Even though an antagonistic
Arabidopsis thaliana
WEE1 kinase has been cloned and tyrosine phosphorylation of its CDKs has been demonstrated, no valid candidate for a CDC25 protein has been reported in higher plants. We identify a CDC25-related protein (Arath;CDC25) of
A. thaliana
, constituted by a sole catalytic domain. The protein has a tyrosine-phosphatase activity and stimulates the kinase activity of
Arabidopsis
CDKs. Its tertiary structure was obtained by NMR spectroscopy and confirms that Arath;CDC25 belongs structurally to the classical CDC25 superfamily with a central five-stranded β-sheet surrounded by helices. A particular feature of the protein, however, is the presence of an additional zinc-binding loop in the C-terminal part. NMR mapping studies revealed the interaction with phosphorylated peptidic models derived from the conserved CDK loop containing the phosphothreonine-14 and phosphotyrosine-15. We conclude that despite sequence divergence, Arath;CDC25 is structurally and functionally an isoform of the CDC25 superfamily, which is conserved in yeast and in plants, including
Arabidopsis
and rice.
Dimension product structure of hyperbolic sets
Authors: Hasselblatt Boris , Schmeling Jörg
Published: August 2004

We conjecture that the fractal dimension of hyperbolic sets can be computed by adding those of their stable and unstable slices. This would facilitate substantial progress in the calculation or estimation of these dimensions, which are related in deep ways to dynamical properties. We prove the conjecture in a model case of Smale solenoids.
Multiplicity-free products and restrictions of Weyl characters
Authors: Stembridge John
Published: August 2004

We classify all multiplicity-free products of Weyl characters, or equivalently, all multiplicity-free tensor products of irreducible representations of complex semisimple Lie algebras. As a corollary, we also obtain the classification of all multiplicity-free restrictions of irreducible representations to reductive subalgebras of parabolic type.
Elliptic central characters and blocks of finite dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Moura Adriano
Published: August 2004

The category of finite dimensional (type 1) representations of a quantum affine algebra

U
q

(

g

^

)

U_q(\widehat {{\mathfrak g}})

is not semisimple. However, as any abelian category with finite-length objects, it admits a unique decomposition in a direct sum of indecomposable subcategories (blocks). We define the elliptic central character of a finite dimensional (type 1) representation of

U
q

(

g

^

)

U_q(\widehat {{\mathfrak g}})

and show that the block decomposition of this category is parametrized by these elliptic central characters.
Subregular representations of 𝔰𝔩_{𝔫} and simple singularities of type 𝔄_{𝔫-1}. II
Authors: Gordon Iain , Rumynin Dmitriy
Published: August 2004

The aim of this paper is to show that the structures on

K
K

-theory used to formulate Lusztig’s conjecture for subregular nilpotent

s
l

n

\mathfrak {sl}_n

-representations are, in fact, natural in the McKay correspondence. The main result is a categorification of these structures. The no-cycle algebra plays the special role of a bridge between complex geometry and representation theory in positive characteristic.
Total positivity in the De Concini-Procesi Compactification
Authors: He Xuhua
Published: August 2004

We study the nonnegative part

G

>
0

¯

\overline {G_{>0}}

of the De Concini-Procesi compactification of a semisimple algebraic group

G
G

, as defined by Lusztig. Using positivity properties of the canonical basis and parametrization of flag varieties, we will give an explicit description of

G

>
0

¯

\overline {G_{>0}}

. This answers the question of Lusztig in Total positivity and canonical bases, Algebraic groups and Lie groups (ed. G.I. Lehrer), Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997, pp. 281-295. We will also prove that

G

>
0

¯

\overline {G_{>0}}

has a cell decomposition which was conjectured by Lusztig.
Character sheaves on disconnected groups, V
Authors: Lusztig G.
Published: August 2004

We prove orthogonality formulas for the characteristic functions of certain complexes on a connected component of a reductive group.
Targeted Disruption ofDrosophilaRoc1b Reveals Functional Differences in the Roc Subunit of Cullin-dependent E3 Ubiquitin Ligases
Authors: Donaldson Timothy D. , Noureddine Maher A. , Reynolds Patrick J. , Bradford William , Duronio Robert J.
Published: August 2004

Cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligases regulate a variety of cellular and developmental processes by recruiting specific proteins for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Cullin proteins form a scaffold for two functional modules: a catalytic module comprised of a small RING domain protein Roc1/Rbx1 and a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a substrate recruitment module containing one or more proteins that bind to and bring the substrate in proximity to the catalytic module. Here, we present evidence that the three Drosophila Roc proteins are not functionally equivalent. Mutation of Roc1a causes lethality that cannot be rescued by expression of Roc1b or Roc2 by using the Roc1a promoter. Roc1a mutant cells hyperaccumulate Cubitus interruptus, a transcription factor that mediates Hedgehog signaling. This phenotype is not rescued by expression of Roc2 and only partially by expression of Roc1b. Targeted disruption of Roc1b causes male sterility that is partially rescued by expression of Roc1a by using the Roc1b promoter, but not by similar expression of Roc2. These data indicate that Roc proteins play nonredundant roles during development. Coimmunoprecipitation followed by Western or mass spectrometric analysis indicate that the three Roc proteins preferentially bind certain Cullins, providing a possible explanation for the distinct biological activities of each Drosophila Roc/Rbx.
A Cyclingcis-Golgi Protein Mediates Endosome-to-Golgi Traffic
Authors: Natarajan Rajalaxmi , Linstedt Adam D.
Published: August 2004

Toxins can invade cells by using a direct endosome-to-Golgi endocytic pathway that bypasses late endosomes/prelysosomes. This is also a route used by endogenous proteins, including GPP130, which is an integral membrane protein retrieved via the bypass pathway from endosomes to its steady-state location in the cis-Golgi. An RNA interference-based test revealed that GPP130 was required for efficient exit of Shiga toxin B-fragment from endosomes en route to the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, two proteins whose Golgi targeting depends on endosome-to-Golgi retrieval in the bypass pathway accumulated in early/recycling endosomes in the absence of GPP130. GPP130 activity seemed specific to bypass pathway trafficking because the targeting of other tested proteins, including those retrieved to the Golgi via the more conventional late endosome route, was unaltered. Thus, a distally cycling Golgi protein mediates exit from endosomes and thereby underlies Shiga toxin invasion and retrieval-based targeting of other cycling Golgi proteins.
Epidermal Growth Factor Triggers an Original, Caspase-independent Pituitary Cell Death with Heterogeneous Phenotype
Authors: Fombonne Joanna , Reix Stéphanie , Rasolonjanahary Ramahefarizo , Danty Emmanuelle , Thirion Sylvie , Laforge-Anglade Geneviéve , Bosler Olivier , Mehlen Patrick , Enjalbert Alain , Krantic Slavica
Published: August 2004

Programmed cell death (PCD) is physiologically involved in the regulation of cell division and differentiation. It encompasses caspase-dependent mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial pathways. Additional caspase-independent pathways have been characterized in mitochondrial PCDs but remain hypothetical in nonmitochondrial PCDs. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to inhibit division of pituitary somato-lactotrope cells occurring in parallel with EGF-mediated differentiation of these precursors into lactotrope cells. We show here that in somato-lactotrope pituitary cell line GH4C1, EGF triggers a PCD characterized by an apoptosis-like DNA fragmentation, insensitivity to broad-range caspase inhibitors, and absence of either cytochrome c or apoptosis-inducing factor release from mitochondria. Dying cells display loose chromatin clustering and numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles, a fraction of which are autophagic, thus conferring a heterogeneous phenotype to this PCD. Moreover, overexpression of cell death inhibitor Bcl-2 prevented not only the EGF-induced PCD but also its prodifferentiation effects, thus pointing to a mechanistic relationship existing between these two phenomena. Overall, the characterized differentiation-linked cell death represents an original form of caspase-independent PCD. The mechanisms underlying this PCD involve combinatorial engagement of discrete death effectors leading to a heterogeneous death phenotype that might be evolutionary related to PCD seen during the differentiation of some unicellular organisms.
Goodbye Father
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A. , Yamane David
Published: August 2004

A single unavoidable fact looms large in the future of Catholicism – in the last half‐century the number of priests has plummeted by 40% while the number of Catholics has increased by 65%. The specter of a faith defined by full pews and empty altars confronts the church. The root cause of this priest shortage is the church's insistence on mandatory celibacy, a requirement in place since the 1100s. Today, one in three ordained American priests under the age of 35 says he would marry if permitted. Given the potential recruiting advantages of abandoning the celibacy requirement, Richard Schoenherr asks why the conservative coalition – headed by the Pope – is so adamantly opposed to a married clergy. The answer is that acceptance of married priests is but the first step toward a gender inclusivity that will result in ordained women – a move that will not only alter the structure of the Catholic church forever but also will destabilize patriarchy in the wider society. Combining demographic data, historical analysis, and theoretical reflection, Schoenherr argues that such change is not only necessary if the church is to thrive but unavoidable if it is to survive. Currently, the priesthood exercises sacramental, sacerdotal, male, celibate monopoly over the Catholic means of salvation, but of these four characteristics, only sacramental sacerdotalism constitutes the deep structure of the priesthood. Priest shortage is the ‘linchpin’ in a powerful matrix of forces for change – pluralism over dogmatism in worldviews, personalist over transcendentalist views of sexuality, egalitarianism over inequality in gender relations – that are driving the church toward abandoning the celibate male exclusivity that now threatens authentic ministry in the church. The book is arranged in five parts (I. Celibacy, patriarchy, and the priest shortage; II. Social change in organized religion; III. Conflict and paradox; IV. Coalitions in the Catholic Church; and V. Continuity and change), and has an introduction by the editor David Yamane, who prepared the book for publication after Schoenherr's death in 1996. It is a companion work to Full Pews And Empty Altars: Demographics of the Priest Shortage in United States Catholic Dioceses (Richard Schoenherr and Lawrence Young, 1993), an analysis of the drop‐off in numbers of priests in the USA dating from the 1960s.
Compulsory Celibacy and the Priest Shortage
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

Since the priest shortage in the Catholic Church is the core of the theoretical model of social change in organized religion presented in Part II of the book, this chapter summarizes the major findings of the author's demographic investigations of the diocesan priesthood population in the USA, and treats the major cause of priest shortage – mandatory celibacy. It reviews the empirical research on the issue and considers whether dissatisfaction with compulsory celibacy stems from short‐ or long‐term attitudinal (social) change. It also examines the impact of homosexuality in the priesthood on attitudes to mandatory celibacy.
Unity and Diversity
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

The first trend in the matrix of social forces affecting the Catholic Church is the decline in the priest population combined with growth in church membership, and this dual force bears a catalytic relationship to the other six trends, so must be treated separately – in effect, priest shortage is the key to understanding why other social forces are reaching a critical threshold simultaneously. Thus, in Chs. 7–9, it is first shown that each of the other trends is reaching a state of balanced tension and then, at the end of Ch. 9, that priest shortage is a catalyst creating convergence among them.

This chapter addresses the second and third trends in the matrix: the decline of dogmatism coupled with the rise of pluralism; and the decline of Eurocentrism (the Western Church) coupled with the emergence of the Church inculturated in six continents (world Church); these have a direct bearing on the tension between unity and diversity in the Catholic Church. First, it is shown that the increasing tensions between dogmatism and pluralism help account for changes in expressive social forces, i.e., the cultural and motivational transformations occurring in Catholicism. Then it is shown how conflict between organizational centrism and localism helps account for changes in utilitarian social forces, i.e., the internal political–economic transformations facing the Church.
Priestly Coalition
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter continues the discussion on coalitions in the Catholic Church by describing the conservative or priestly coalition. The strength of the conservative coalition is structurally determined by the centralized papacy, and to bolster its own structurally (hierarchically) based power, the current papacy is closely allied with the Roman curia, certain conservative segments of national hierarchies, and key theologians. In addition, organized lay groups such as Opus Dei, Comunione e Liberazione, and the Knights of Malta play an important role in the papal coalition. Thus, as the new millennium dawns, the papal coalition is dominant, priestly, conservative – and formidable. The chapter exemplifies this power by accounts of the aborted reforms of the Roman curia, the growing pains of the newly established Synod of Bishops, retrenchment in the appointment and promotion of bishops, and constraints on the autonomy of bishops, scholars, lower clergy, and nuns.
Prophetic Coalition
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter continues the discussion on coalitions in the Catholic Church started in Ch. 10, by describing the progressive or prophetic coalition – a coalition formed by charismatic leaders who draw mainly on hierophanic power. Vignettes are presented of two charismatic Church leaders in America who have attempted steps toward various reforms: Archbishop Rembert Weakland of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (who, among other things, advocates relaxation of celibacy for priests) and Bishop Kenneth Untener of Saginaw, Michigan (who has views on birth control, gender equality, and the ordination of women). The last part of the chapter discusses the joining of ranks by other bishops on these issues, the views of Catholic theologians, and those of the lower clergy, religious brothers and sisters, and the laity.
The Collapse of Celibate Exclusivity
Authors: Schoenherr Richard A.
Published: August 2004

This chapter contends that we are witnessing the collapse of celibate exclusivity in the Roman Catholic priesthood. Mandatory celibacy has already been identified as the major cause of decline in the priest population, and Catholic tradition is bound more deeply to sacerdotal sacramentalism than to male celibate exclusivity. The majority of Catholics would welcome a married (and gender‐inclusive) priesthood that would restore their rightful access to the sacraments, especially to the Eucharistic sacrifice of the Mass. It is argued that married men will be admitted to the priesthood during the lifetime of this generation of churchgoers, and a possible breakthrough scenario for this is presented.
Fixing God's Torah
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

The chapter is presented in two main parts. The first discusses the problem of whether or not it is possible to find or establish a letter‐perfect Torah text. The second looks at the subjection of scribal practices to halakhic determinations. It is pointed out at the end of the chapter that many rabbinic leaders over time (and now) have recognized the imperfection of the Torah, despite the insistence of many religious Jews that it is letter perfect. Furthermore, the halakhic literature continues to refine the text that has been transmitted through the ages.
Ibn Zimra's Responsum A: The Zohar, the Talmud, and Fixing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

This chapter and Chapters 3–5 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth‐century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The first responsum, which is covered in this chapter, discusses the propriety of changing a word in the Torah to conform with the spelling evidenced by the Zohar. Following the Zohar's midrashic exposition, several people had changed the spelling of the word ’tw (’oto ), ‘him’, to ’wtw in two places. .
Ibn Zimra's Responsum B: The Masorah and Fixing the Torah Text
Authors: Levy B. Barry
Published: August 2004

This chapter and Chapters 2 and 4–5 explore the principles that underlie medieval rankings of various types of halakhic evidence for deciding on a number of questionable spellings of the Torah text, including an important shift in ranking that received much support in the sixteenth century; they centre on a closely related group of four responsa (responses to questions) about the accuracy of the Bible text and closely related matters, by Rabbi David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (popularly known in English as Ibn Zimra, and in Hebrew as HaRaDBaZ). A careful look at Ibn Zimra's responses offers an important glimpse into how a leading sixteenth‐century rabbinic authority evaluated his predecessors’ treatments of textual questions and ranked the conflicting witnesses to the spellings or orthographic irregularities of certain biblical words; it also clarifies the halakhic literature's overall approach to fixing the Bible text and reveals what appears to be a major inconsistency in Ibn Zimra's attitude towards the Masorah (the collective textual notes and other additions to the text of the Torah itself). Translations of each responsum are given, and an analysis made of the sources and nuances of their author's arguments, with observations on the relationships between these documents and other issues and compositions of masoretic and halakhic importance. The second responsum, which is covered in this chapter, shares much with some well‐known medieval polemical literature, and is an important statement on the origin and authority of the Masorah and the extent to which it should be used to determine the correct spelling of biblical words.