bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial Ageing Behaviour of Al-4Zr Micro Sheets
Authors: von Bargen Roland , von Hehl Axel , Zoch Hans Werner
Published: July 2013

The continuous miniaturization of products needed e.g. in the automotive or the microelectronics sector requires process chains, which allow the manufacturing of microscopically small components in high quantities. The development of the required processes and technologies is the aim of the Collaborative Research Centre 747 “Micro Cold Forming” of the German Research Foundation. As a necessary step in the manufacturing process chain heat treatment enables the adjustment of the semi-finished micro components to cold forming. Finally, the in-service characteristics of the aluminium components have to be adjusted by precipitation hardening that increases the strength values beyond those which can be achieved by strain hardening. To provide high strength aluminium alloys with an improved thermal stability new alloy concepts and advanced production processes have been developed within the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC). Besides the scandium containing foils made of alloy Al-2Sc, foils of a novel alloy Al-4Zr with approximately 4 mass-% Zirconium has been produced by means of physical vapour deposition (PVD). In contrast to conventional strip casting techniques the PVD process operates with low temperatures, which should suppress premature precipitation during the foil production and ensure the supersaturated solid solution that is a prerequisite for precipitation hardening. Samples of this material were subsequently artificially aged and characterized by ultra micro hardness measurements (UMH), transmission electron microscopical (TEM) analysis and differential power scanning calorimetry (DPSC) to evaluate the applied aging parameters.
Acoustic Emission Study of Mg-Mn Extruded Alloys with Prospective Mechanical Properties
Authors: Illková Kseniya , Chmelík František , Dobron Patrik , Bohlen Jan , Letzig Dietmar , Kainer Karl Ulrich
Published: July 2013

This paper focuses on the analysis of the deformation behaviour with respect to the acoustic emission response and mechanical properties of differently extruded magnesium Mg-Mn alloys. Six types of Mg-Mn alloys (with Al, Ca, Ce, Y, Nd additions) were processed by indirect extrusion with two different speeds. Alloys with addition of Ca, Al and Nd were selected and presented in this manuscript due to their prospective mechanical properties. Additions of Ca and Al had significant influence on the microstructure refinement and texture of the Mg-Mn alloy, whereas addition of Nd led to the absence of the tension-compression asymmetry. Measurements of the acoustic emission were done during the uniaxial tension and compression tests. The results are discussed with respect to the influence of alloying elements on the deformation behaviour in terms of the activation of dislocation glide and twinning.
Modelling Creep Induced by Machining Residual Stresses in Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Spence Timothy , Makhlouf Makhlouf M.
Published: July 2013

Aluminium alloy precision components such as those used in optical systems often experience distortion of their shape during service. This distortion occurs because of residual stresses that are introduced into the surface of the component during machining and lead to creeping of the material when the component is subjected to an elevated temperature for a long time. In this paper, a creep model is developed and used to describe how the residual surface stresses created by milling and by fly cutting affect the geometry of an aluminium alloy component as it creeps. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing its predictions to measurements made on components manufactured from 4032-O and 6061-T6 aluminium alloys.
Development of Non Chromate Conversion Coatings on AZ31 Alloy: Effect of Nickel Overcoat
Authors: Hazan Josef , Bamberger Menachem
Published: July 2013

Permanganate-based conversion coating, using nitric acid as an oxidative additive has been performed and analysis shows the reduction products of permanganate mainly MnO2, and oxidation products of magnesium (MgO and Mg(OH)2). Stannates-based coating has also been obtained in high basic medium using acetate- pyrophosphate additives. Isolated grains formed having a quasi-spherical form which have been identified as mixed magnesium and tin oxides. Particles very rich in tin are observed and discussed in terms of standard reduction potentials E0red.
Influence of Microstructure on the Corrosion Resistance of AZ91D after EB Surface Alloying
Authors: Fritzsch Katja , Buchwalder Anja , Zenker Rolf , Klemm Marco
Published: July 2013

This paper focuses on liquid phase surface treatment of the Mg alloy AZ91D by electron beam alloying (EBA) using Al-based additives to improve, primarily, the materials corrosion resistance, as well as its hardness. By variation of EB energy input, layer depths between 0.7 and 2.5 mm were generated. As a result, layers with different Al contents were produced, and were categorized into three different types of microstructure. A correlation could be observed between these three types of microstructure and hardness, as well as between microstructure and corrosion behaviour. Hardness was improved by approximately 2 to 4 times from 67 HV0.1 (base material) up to 140-250 HV0.1 (EBA layer). For high Al contents, the corrosion potential could be increased by about 400 mV compared to the base material. Moreover, it is shown that, after a homogenization process, a corrosion potential of 450 mV above the corrosion potential of the base material was achieved even for low Al contents.
Improving Corrosion Resistance of AA2014 Welds with Micro Arc Oxidation
Authors: Jacob Roshan , Srinivasan S.A. , Sivaprasad K. , Muthupandi V.
Published: July 2013

Autogenous single pass full penetration welds of 2.8 mm thick AA 2014 plates were produced by un-pulsed and pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. In pulsed current mode, two levels of pulsing viz., 3 and 6 Hz were employed. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of weld metals, micro arc oxidation (MAO) treatment was given in aqueous silicate solution containing either borax or tungstate. The MAO treatment was carried out for 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Irrespective of the electrolyte composition, surface roughness increased with increasing treatment duration. However, the effect was observed to be significant with borax addition. X-ray diffraction studies showed that γ-Al2O3 content in the coating continued to increase up to 20 minutes and for the coating produced with 30 minutes duration the α-Al2O3 content was found to be more than γ-Al2O3. The coating treated for 30 minutes exhibited relatively poorer corrosion resistance than the other coated specimens. The better corrosion resistance offered by the coating obtained after 20 minutes, compared with the other coatings, could be attributed to the nature of the oxide and its content. Even though tungstate addition improved hardness of the coating, borax addition was found to enhance the corrosion resistance.
Corrosion Resistance of Al-12Si Coatings on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Prepared through Flame Spray
Authors: Gao Pei Hu , Li Jian Ping , Yang Zhong , Guo Yong Chun , Wang Yan Rong
Published: July 2013

In this study, Al-12Si alloy coatings with different thickness were prepared through flame spray on the surface of the AZ91 magnesium alloy to improve its corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance was characterized through corrosion potential using electrochemical methods. The Al-12Si alloy coatings were heat treated at 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. The effects of heat treatment temperature and time on the coatings’ corrosion resistance were discussed. It was found that there were no phase changes during the deposition of Al-12Si coatings through flame spray and heat treatment. The greater the coating thickness was, the higher the corrosion potential was. After annealing, the inner microstructure of the Al-12Si coating was densified furtherly and the annealed coatings had higher corrosion potential and better corrosion resistance. The coating annealed at 100 °C for 18 hours had the highest corrosion potential and the best corrosion resistance in the same coating thickness.
Galvanic Corrosion between Magnesium Alloys and Steel
Authors: Janiec-Anwar Justyna , Thompson George E. , Zhou Xiao Rong , Curioni Michele , Turski Mark , Wilks Tim
Published: July 2013

The corrosion behaviour of pure magnesium, cast Elektron 21-T6, and extruded Elektron 43-T5, galvanically coupled to mild steel, has been investigated. The coupling current and potential were measured in selected concentrations of sodium chloride solutions in order to establish the effects of the environment and the alloy type on the galvanic corrosion behaviour. The time evolution of the galvanic currents was related to the results of potentiodynamic polarisation and to the corrosion morphologies revealed on specimens comprising a steel bolt and washer after salt spray testing.
During the galvanic coupling, the measured current for pure magnesium was less than that for Elektron 21; the highest current was measured for Elektron 43, suggesting the highest corrosion rate. These results were in agreement with the behaviour expected from the individual potentiodynamic polarisation curves. Concerning the corrosion morphology of the galvanic couple, for Elektron 43, the corrosion close to the washer was relatively deep but extended only about 10 mm. For Elektron 21, the corrosion was shallower but advanced further (up to 15 mm). For pure magnesium, a relatively deep and laterally spread attack (approximately 20 mm around the bolt) was developed. These results suggest differences between observed corrosion in galvanically coupled assemblies and corrosion rates expected based on coupling currents alone.
Formation of Intermetallic Compounds in Dissimilar Friction Spot Weld of Al to Mg Alloys
Authors: Suhuddin Uceu , Fischer Vanessa , dos Santos Jorge
Published: July 2013

In the present study, friction spot welding has been used for joining dissimilar AA5754 aluminum to AZ31 magnesium alloys. To get more insight into the microstructure, stop-action experimentation was employed. The welding cycle was forced to stop during the dwell time, and subsequently, the weld was quenched by pouring a mixed solution of ice and water to freeze the microstructure. Formation of the liquid phase leading to a formation of brittle intermetallic compound has been studied. Microstructural analyses reveal that formation of intercalated layers and a high density of grain boundaries induced by plastic deformation enhance the formation of eutectic structure during the welding process.
Disbonding Technology for Adhesive Reversible Assembly in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Rodrigues David D. , Winfield Patricia H. , Morrey Denise
Published: July 2013

Development of the automotive industry is currently driven by three fundamental considerations, i.e. environment, safety and cost, within a strong legislative framework. The reduction of material waste, production stages and weight have become key factors within this scope in the design of vehicles. Therefore, it is important to make greater use of non-conventional materials to take advantage of their recyclability, light weight and mechanical properties, for example new alloys and reinforced polymeric matrix composites (PMC). The dissimilar nature of the materials makes adhesive bonding the principal assembly technique for structural and semi-structural applications. Despite the enhanced performance and durability provided by the use of adhesives compared to that of more conventional joining technologies, bonded materials are very difficult to separate for recycling or reusing components at end of life. Currently, disassembly of adhesive bonded structures is conducted ineffectively by mechanical force, heat, and solvent or acid immersion. Previous research, to overcome these limitations has been mostly for applications other than automotive. Normally, reversible adhesive bonding is obtained through the development of engineered thermoplastic and/or thermosetting resins or incorporation of functional additives into commercial formulations. These technologies generally result in adhesive bonded joints with limited reliability, decreased adhesion strength and reduced resistance to higher temperature. Therefore, no effective disbonding technology has been developed for structural and semi-structural applications for the automotive industry. A comprehensive review will be presented on the adhesive disbonding technology which is currently or intended to be used by industry. This will highlight the advantages and limitations of the various techniques in order to develop an effective disbonding method for the next generation of vehicles at the end of life cycle (ELC).
Rheological Inactivity of AIMgSi Conductors (AAAC) in Trend of Negative Stress Gradients
Authors: Smyrak Beata , Knych Tadeusz , Mamala Andrzej , Korzeń Kinga
Published: July 2013

The authors of this paper present the research results of low temperature creep of AlMgSi (6101) wires and AAAC - All Aluminium Alloy Conductor. The conductor is made from AlMgSi wires (diameter 2.99 mm). Based on theoretical analysis it was proved that creep of an overhead conductors depends on the relation between stress and temperature of conductor and the span geometry. Thus the objective of the paper is to determine the wire and conductor creep under the conditions of stress drop. On the basis of the research it has been observed that the creep of both the AAAC conductor and the AlMgSi wires temporarily stopped.
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation and Characterization of Spark Plasma Sintered Magnesium/Hydroxyapatite Composites
Authors: Viswanathan R. , Rameshbabu N. , Kennedy Sarangapani , Sreekanth D. , Venkateswarlu K. , Sandhya Rani M. , Muthupandi V.
Published: July 2013

Magnesium (Mg)/hydroxyapatite (HA) (10 wt.% and 20 wt.%) composites were prepared by using pure Mg and as synthesized HA powders using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. The objective of the present study is to improve the corrosion resistance of spark plasma sintered Mg/HA composites and to ensure that the degradation time of these composites match with that of bone remodeling. Mg and HA powders were ball milled for 2 h and spark plasma sintered at a temperature of 475 °C and pressure of 40 MPa in vacuum. The sintered compacts were further treated by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in order to improve the corrosion resistance. The structural, microstructural and morphological studies were done using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The corrosion resistance of as-sintered and PEO treated Mg/HA composites was studied by potentiodynamic polarization test in a 7.4 pH simulated body fluid (SBF) environment. The corrosion test results of as-sintered composites showed that the corrosion resistance decreases with the increase in percentage of HA in the composite. However, the PEO treated Mg/HA composites have shown delayed onset of degradation. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the PEO treated Mg/HA composites would serve as bioactive and biodegradable orthopedic implant materials with low corrosion rates.
Refinement of the Microstructure of an Al-Mg2Si Hypereutectic Alloy by Intensive Melt Shearing
Authors: Li Hu Tian , Scamans Geoff , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: July 2013

Attention has been given to the microstructural refinement by high shear processing of hypereutectic Al-Mg2Si alloys as a potential in-situ composite for high-performance structural applications. The results demonstrate that intensive melt shearing promotes the formation of a refined compact polyhedral morphology of primary Mg2Si and refines both the eutectic cell size and the lamellar spacing of Al-Mg2Si pseudo eutectic structures. The refinement mechanisms are discussed.
Application of Artificial Neural Network for the Prediction of Surface Roughness in Drilling GFRP Composites
Authors: Palanikumar K. , Latha B. , Senthilkumar V.S. , Davim J. Paulo
Published: July 2013

Composite materials are used in different fields, due to their excellent properties. Glass fiber reinforced composite materials are used in aerospace, automobile, sport goods, etc. Joining by drilling operation is necessary for this composite to perform assembly. Surface roughness of the holes plays an important role in mechanical joints. Good surface leads to the precision fits and efficient joints. The present article discusses the use of artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of surface roughness in drilling glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites. The experiments are carried out on computer numeric control machining center. The results indicated that the well-trained ANN model could able to predict the surface roughness in drilling of GFRP composites.
Fuzzy Modeling and Analysis on the Turning Parameters for Machining Force and Specific Cutting Pressure in CFRP Composites
Authors: Rajasekaran T. , Gaitonde V.N. , Davim J. Paulo
Published: July 2013

Analysis of the cutting force and specific cutting pressure play vital roles in machining of the composite materials. The present experimental work describes the modeling of machining parameters using one of the soft computing techniques i.e. fuzzy logic for machining force and specific cutting pressure. The basic idea is to machine the carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite materials and measuring the cutting forces and then determining the machining force and specific cutting pressure. 27 experiments based on Taguchis L27 orthogonal array were carried out involving three machining parameters, namely, cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, each defined at three levels. Subsequently the prediction models were developed using three different fuzzy logic membership functions, namely, triangular, trapezoidal and bell shape. It is found that the predicted values of proposed responses such as machining force and specific cutting pressure are very close to the experimental values within the chosen ranges of the process parameters. The statistical analysis using ANOVA on machining parameters are also presented and discussed. The machined surface analyzed through SEM images revealed the damages encountered during turning process.
Numerical Study on the Influence of Different Anvils on Explosive Welding
Authors: Feng Jian Rui , Chen Peng Wan , Dai Kai Da , An Er Feng , Yuan Yuan
Published: July 2013

Explosive welding is an efficient method for metals welding. However, in explosive welding, the shock wave generated by the explosion can not only damage the sensitive structure in the area of the process, but also can actually destroy a welded joint immediately after its creation. By placing an additional structure (anvil) can reduce the influence of shock waves. The influence of different anvil on the explosive welding of aluminum and magnesium plates has been investigated by using AUTODYN Software in this paper. The results show that the steel anvil is much more appropriate than sand and magnesium.
Study on the Effects of Shock Wave Propagation on Explosive Forming
Authors: Iyama Hirofumi , Higa Yoshikazu , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

Explosive forming is one of the unconventional techniques, in which, most commonly, the water is used as the pressure transmission medium. The explosive is set at the top of the pressure vessel filled with water, and is detonated by an electric detonator. The underwater shock wave propagates through the water medium and impinges on the metal plate, which in turn, deforms. There is another pressure pulse acting on the metal plate as the secondary by product of the expansion of the gas generated by detonation of explosive. The secondary pressure pulse duration is longer and the peak pressure is lower than the primary shock pressure. However, the intensity of these pressure pulse is based also on the conditions of a pressure vessel. In order to understand the effects of the configuration of the pressure vessel on the deformation of a metal plate, numerical simulation was performed. This paper reports those results.
Explosive Metalworking: Experimental and Numerical Modeling Aspects
Authors: Szalay Andras , Mamalis Athanasios G. , Zador István , Vortselas Achilleas K. , Lukacs Laszlo
Published: July 2013

The application of the High Energy Rate Forming (HERF) represents a new paradigm in the field of production of knowledge-based more components materials: furthermore, joining by plastic deformation of the materials is carried out directly, by high speed, high energy shock waves, without using energy transforming equipment as hydraulic presses etc.
The energy sources of the HERF processes are either the electrical energy stored in capacitors or chemical energy stored in the high explosives. High explosives can be utilized for many metalworking techniques; however the three main types of explosive metalworking are:
Explosive welding and cladding
Explosive tubeforming
Explosive compaction of powders and granulates.
The present work briefly introduces the principles and practices of the three main types of the explosive metalworking techniques mentioned above and discusses aspects of their numerical simulation.
Estimation of Crater in Reinforced Concrete Wall Caused by Mini-Blasting
Authors: Nishino Kana , Kubota Shiro , Wada Yuji , Ogata Yuji , Ito Norio , Nagano Masayuki , Nakamura Satoki , Taguchi Takuya , Fukuda Atsuya
Published: July 2013

The crack on the reinforced concrete wall generated by the explosion of several grams of Composition C4 explosive was investigated. A series of the single-shot blast experiment were conducted. The structural specimens for the reinforced concrete wall () were used for estimation of the crater size. The diameter of the borehole was fixed 16 mm, and the depth was varied to generate the various size of crater. The amount of explosive was also varied from 2.0 to 3.5 g. The effect of the depth of the borehole to the crater depth was examined, and the optimum charge condition for making the large crater at borehole side was clarified. For the case in which the fragmentation at the back side was allowed, the optimum charge condition was also found. High-speed photography was used to observe the growth process of the surface cracks. As the results, it was predicted that the crater was generated at 2 ms after explosion at least. The strain measurements were also conducted.
Consolidation of Mg2Si Powder Using Shockwave Generated by Projectile Impact
Authors: Kishimura Hiroaki , Yano Yuki , Matsumoto Hitoshi
Published: July 2013

A series of shock compaction experiments on as-received and ball-milled Mg2Si powder were conducted. The crystalline size in the shocked compacts obtained from the ball-milled powder was equivalent to that of the compacts obtained from the as-received powder. Although the shock pressure was higher than the phase transition pressure, the crystal structure reverted to its original structure under ambient conditions. For the shocked compact obtained from the ball-milled powder, a MgO peak appeared in the X-ray diffraction pattern.
Improvement Effect of Discharge Circuit for the Underwater Shock Wave
Authors: Higa Osamu , Matsui Takumi , Matsubara Ryo , Higa Katsuya , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this research is to examine the improvement effect of discharge circuit impedances. In this research, we decreased the inductive impedance of discharge circuit, and shorted the current peak time, and increased the current peak as well. As a result, the peak pressure increased to 135 %.
Promotion of Thawing Frozen Soil by Shock Wave Loading
Authors: Watanabe Toshiaki , Hamashima Hideki , Maehara Hironori , Hokamoto Kazuyuki , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

The aim of study is to confirm a new technique that can crush the frozen soil and/or ice block using underwater shock wave generated by the underwater explosion of explosive. This technique can lead to the earlier sowing, which can have the larger harvest because the duration of sunshine increases. Especially, in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan, if the sowing is carried out in April, we can expect to have 150% of harvest in the ordinary season. This technique is effective against the cold regions, for example, Russia, Norway, and Sweden, etc. In order to check about that influence we tried to give an actual frozen soil a shock wave. We could get a result that existence of water layer serves an important role in promotion of thawing by the shock loading to the frozen soil. That role was confirmed from the result of numerical simulation.
Calculation of Explosion Performance of Pyrotechnic Mixtures by Minimum Free Energy Principle
Authors: Liu Zhi Yue , Xu Ru Yan , Wang Li Qiong
Published: July 2013

Pyrotechnic mixtures commonly present fast combustible and even detonable reaction. The process of the reaction produces huge heat and gases, featuring the origin of explosion. Therefore, in the practical situations, some catastrophic disasters usually occur in the storage houses and production factories related to those materials. For the safety consideration, the assessment on the explosive performance of pyrotechnic mixtures becomes necessary. In the paper, the pressure, temperature, and amount of gases from reaction of pyrotechnic compositions are obtained by establishing an analytic procedure based on the minimum Gibbs free energy principle. The results provide an initial condition for the hydrodynamic computation on the blast effects coming from explosion of some specific accidents.
Development of a Power Supply for the Food Processing Device, Using High Pressure due to Evaporation of Aluminum Wire by Discharging High Current
Authors: Hanashiro Soichiro , Higa Katsuya , Matsui Takumi , Matsubara Ryo , Higa Osamu , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

We have developed the food processing device which uses underwater shock waves generated by gap discharging and electrical sparking. This method is dangerous due to the fact that it requires a very high voltage. Thus, we have focused on evaporation of aluminum wires occurred by the instantaneous high current and low voltage from a charged capacitor. When instantaneous high current flows through the aluminum wire is anchored between electrodes, a shock wave is generated by the evaporation of the aluminum wire. In this research, we have developed a power supply module for the food processing device using high pressure of shock wave due to evaporation of aluminum wire by instantaneous discharge of high current. In the present stage, the evaporation of aluminum wire can generate 70% of pressure compared to the gap discharge, and as for the electric power, it reached 22.5% of the gap discharge. It has been understood that the number of the aluminum wires are important to obtain a high pressure, when the charged capacitor discharged the charge. We found that evaporation of aluminum wire can generate high pressure with low voltage, which is more effective than the gap discharging in terms of safety.
Development and Improvement of the Experimental Apparatus Using the Underwater Shock Wave
Authors: Omine Yukimasa , Gushi Takashi , Higa Osamu , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

The underwater shock wave has been studied in the various fields. The application of this method can be used for a molding machining, a welding and an embossing in the metal processing [. Moreover, this processing method can be used for a pulverizing, a softening, and a sterilization in the food processing. The aim of this research is to make the rice powder using by the underwater shock wave without generating of heat [. Although the underwater shock wave is generated using an explosive, the handling of the explosive is extremely accompanied by danger. Therefore, we developed the electric discharging device made to generate the underwater shock wave. It is easier to carry on the experiment using this device than the experiment of an explosive. We developed a pressure vessel for generating the underwater shock wave in various fields. The developed pressure vessel has been improved by our research group. The pressure vessel made to generate the shock wave is manufactured from a new concept, and the coaxial cable is used for wiring of the device.
Experimental Study on Food Seasoning Treatment by High Voltage Electrical Discharge with Shock Wave Food Processor
Authors: Maehara Hironori , Iwasa Seisaku , Watanabe Toshiaki , Hokamoto Kazuyuki , Itoh Shigeru
Published: July 2013

In recent years, a method of food processing using underwater shock wave has been investigated. The underwater shock wave is generated by high voltage and large current gap discharge in water, and it is used for food processing in the present investigation. When the underwater shock wave is loaded on the food, the food cells are momentarily broken. Therefore, the food becomes soft, and possible to squeeze water easily. Also, seasonings can be penetrated inside of the food. The improvement of absorbing seasonings for the shock processed foods mainly on Japanese radish is reported in this paper.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Afterburning Effect of TNT
Authors: Cao Wei , He Zhong Qi , Chen Wang Hua
Published: July 2013

In order to investigate the afterburning effect of TNT in an open space, a double-layer container (DLC) which can be filled with different gases and enhance the afterburning effect of underoxidized explosives was designed. The charges were located in the inner container, and the outer container was filled with different gases (air, oxygen or nitrogen). The experiments were conducted under water. After initiation, the DLC cracks and provides gas for the detonation products. Underwater static pressure transducer was the main diagnostic. It is shown that pressure and impulse histories for explosions in oxygen and air are greater than those recorded for explosions in nitrogen. Moreover, the afterburning energy was calculated. Results show that the afterburning energy increases with the increase of the amount of oxygen, but cannot reach the theoretically maximum value even though there is excessive oxygen. Finally, two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed by the explicit finite element program ANSYS AUTODYN. The Miller energy release model was used to describe the afterburning process. Results demonstrate that computed pressure histories agreed with measured pressure histories well in terms of initial peak pressure, waveforms and total impulse.
Concomitant fungal and Mycobacterium bovis infections in beef cattle in Kenya
Authors: Kuria Joseph N. , Gathogo Stephen M.
Published: July 2013

Bovine tuberculosis is an important zoonosis and accurate diagnosis is important for its surveillance. Post-mortem diagnosis may, however, be compromised by lesions caused by other pathogens. In an investigation on its prevalence in slaughter cattle in Kenya, Mycobacterium bovis and dimorphic fungi were inadvertently identified separately or concurrently in tuberculous lesions. Beef carcasses were inspected for lesions in two abattoirs in Nairobi. Tissues with lesions were collected and transported to the laboratory. Smears of lesions were stained by acid-fast procedure and examined microscopically. Lesions were cultured in Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and in BBL TM Mycobacterium growth indicator tubes (MGIT) media. Mycobacteria isolates in LJ medium were identified by DNA typing. Smears of BBLTM MGIT cultures were acid-fast stained and examined microscopically. Tissue sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff reagent before examination. Of the 929 carcasses examined, 176 had granulomatous lesions. Dimorphic fungi were detected as acid-fast negative cells in 58 (32.9; 33.5%) of the lesion smears, either alone (29.0; 16.4%) or concurrently with acid-fast bacilli (29.0; 16.4%). The fungi were also detected in some BBL TM MGIT-culturesmears and lesioned tissue sections. The fungi were identified, by means of cellular morphology, as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Blastomyces dermatitidis. A total of 64 isolates of mycobacteria were recovered in LJ medium, 19 of which were identified as M. bovis. The present report documents native P. brasiliensis infections outside the presumed endemic region and B. dermatitidis infections in a livestock animal. The findings further indicate the importance of dimorphic fungi as a differential diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in the region.
Effects of long-term simulated microgravity on tomato seedlings
Authors: Xu Dongqian , Guo Shuangsheng , Liu Min
Published: July 2013

Xu, D., Guo, S. and Liu, M. 2014. Effects of long-term simulated microgravity on tomato seedlings. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 273–280. Whether plants can adapt to a long-term microgravity environment is crucial to their reproduction in bioregenerative life-support systems in space. This research investigated the effects of simulated microgravity on Lycopersivon esculentum Mill. (cv. Dwarf Red-bell). Several indicators, namely germination ratio, percentage of cell membrane damage, malondialdehyde content (MDA), superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) content, and mininucleolus, were observed 10, 20, 30, and 40 d after planting (DAP). Simulated microgravity [random positioning machine (RPM) treatment] barely had any effect on germination ratio, but it increased MDA, an index indicating membrane lipid peroxidation. Random positioning machine-treated samples had significantly higher [Formula: see text] content until 16 DAP, but these differences ceased after 21 DAP. Simulated microgravity damaged cell membranes, and the damage severity was positively related to the duration of the simulated microgravity treatment. Mininucleoli were more common in RPM-treated root tips than in the 1×g ones. In conclusion, simulated microgravity seriously disturbed tomato seedling growth by damaging cell membrane integrity, causing the accumulation of hazardous substances, and affecting the cell nucleus structure.
Populations, diversity and identities of bacterial endophytes in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cropping systems
Authors: Pageni Binod B. , Lupwayi Newton Z. , Larney Francis J. , Kawchuk Lawrence M. , Gan Yantai
Published: July 2013

Pageni, B. B., Lupwayi, N. Z., Larney, F. J., Kawchuk, L. M. and Gan, Y. 2013. Populations, diversity and identities of bacterial endophytes in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cropping systems. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1125–1142. Most plants host endophytic bacteria, but their identities and functions are usually unknown. Bacterial endophytes associated with potato grown after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were isolated, quantified and identified in a field study that compared crop rotations (3 to 6 yr in length) and soil management (CONV, conventional; CONS, conservation) for dry bean, potato, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and spring wheat. Populations of culturable endophytes ranged from 2.83×103 to 7.65×103 colony-forming units g−1 of root dry matter. The populations and diversity of the endophytes were greater with CONS than CONV soil management, and tended to be greater in longer than shorter rotations. The community structures of the endophytes were different between CONV and CONS soil management. A terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene, and its sequencing, showed that CONS management systems contained more Proteobacteria than CONV management systems, and vice-versa for Acidobacteria. Bacteriodetes were found only in long CONS rotations. This phylogenetic characterization of potato endophytes is important for further studies on their effects on the host plants.
Where did all the markup kids go?
Authors: Patterson Matt
Published: July 2013

When I began developing with XML technologies, there were a multitude of toolkits and implementations of XML parsers, multiple DOM (and DOM-like) implementations outside web browsers, and XSLT implementations everywhere. My current development environments seems impoverished in comparison. What happened? The population of web development tools, by contrast, has grown by leaps and bounds. Why is the one ecosystem contracting and the other growing? One should never underestimate the power of making things more accessible to the casual user.
Invisible XML
Authors: Pemberton Steven
Published: July 2013

What if you could see everything as XML? XML has many strengths for data exchange, strengths both inherent in the nature of XML markup and strengths that derive from the ubiquity of tools that can process XML. For authoring, however, other forms are preferred: no one writes CSS or Javascript in XML. It does not follow, however, that there is no value in representing such information in XML. Invisible XML is a method for treating non-XML documents as if they were XML, enabling authors to write in a format they prefer while providing XML for processes that are more effective with XML content. There is really no reason why XML cannot be more ubiquitous than it is.
Indexing Queries in Lux
Authors: Sokolov Michael
Published: July 2013

Query optimizers often mystify database users: sometimes queries run quickly and sometimes they don’t. An intuitive grasp of what will work well in an optimizer is often gained only after trial, error, inductive logic (i.e. educated guessing), and sometimes propitiatory sacrifice. This paper tries to lift the veil by describing work on Lux, a new indexed XQuery search engine built using Saxon and Lucene, which is freely available under an open-source license. Lux optimizes queries by rewriting them as equivalent (but usually faster) indexed queries, so its results are easier for a user to understand than the abstract query plans produced by some optimizers. Lucene-based QName and path indexes prove useful in speeding up XQuery execution by Saxon.
The Allure of Gothic Markup
Authors: St.Laurent Simon
Published: July 2013

XML inherited and worsened SGML's legalistic tendencies, promoting a world of markup built to industrial standards. The sad reality of schemas is that they offer a defective transformation, one so crippled that it dehumanizes people working with them while giving us a broken impression of the world. We can still escape, but need to openly shift from falsely static globals to a world of local adaptation and transformation.
Generating Schema-Aware XML Editors in XForms
Authors: Maalej Mustapha , Brüggemann-Klein Anne
Published: July 2013

From XForms, it is possible to provide simple user interfaces for editing XML documents. From an XSD schema, it is possible to see which elements and attributes may occur in valid documents and in which combinations. The XFGen system brings these together. XFGen builds an XForm from an XSD schema. That XForm can load, edit, and save any XML instance conforming to the schema. XFGen guarantees that every user interaction with the editor will preserve the validity of the instance. XForms makes it easy to edit structurally fixed XML-encoded forms; XFGen’s editors go beyond this simple case to allow arbitrary structural changes to the document.
Developing Software to “Track and Catch” Missed Follow-up of Abnormal Test Results in a Complex Sociotechnical Environment
Authors: Smith M. , Murphy D. , Laxmisan A. , Sittig D. , Reis B. , Esquivel A. , Singh H.
Published: July 2013

Background: Abnormal test results do not always receive timely follow-up, even when providers are notified through electronic health record (EHR)-based alerts. High workload, alert fatigue, and other demands on attention disrupt a provider’s prospective memory for tasks required to initiate follow-up. Thus, EHR-based tracking and reminding functionalities are needed to improve follow-up.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop a decision-support software prototype enabling individual and system-wide tracking of abnormal test result alerts lacking follow-up, and to conduct formative evaluations, including usability testing.

Methods: We developed a working prototype software system, the Alert Watch And Response Engine (AWARE), to detect abnormal test result alerts lacking documented follow-up, and to present context-specific reminders to providers. Development and testing took place within the VA’s EHR and focused on four cancer-related abnormal test results. Design concepts emphasized mitigating the effects of high workload and alert fatigue while being minimally intrusive. We conducted a multifaceted formative evaluation of the software, addressing fit within the larger socio-technical system. Evaluations included usability testing with the prototype and interview questions about organizational and workflow factors. Participants included 23 physicians, 9 clinical information technology specialists, and 8 quality/safety managers.

Results: Evaluation results indicated that our software prototype fit within the technical environment and clinical workflow, and physicians were able to use it successfully. Quality/safety managers reported that the tool would be useful in future quality assurance activities to detect patients who lack documented follow-up. Additionally, we successfully installed the software on the local facility’s “test” EHR system, thus demonstrating technical compatibility.

Conclusion: To address the factors involved in missed test results, we developed a software prototype to account for technical, usability, organizational, and workflow needs. Our evaluation has shown the feasibility of the prototype as a means of facilitating better follow-up for cancer-related abnormal test results.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC EXPLOITATION OF HDR IMAGES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION
Authors:   Ntregka,   Georgopoulos,   Quintero
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Basic goal of this project is to investigate and therefore highlight the usefulness of High Dynamic Range Images for photogrammetric applications in the field of Cultural Heritage Documentation. Scenes with High Dynamic range – difference between the brightest and the darkest parts – is impossible to be recorded without loss of details and texture in dark areas (due to underexposure) and in bright areas (due to overexposure) because of digital sensor's limitation in high dynamic range recording. In digital recording, the most recent and effective solution is High Dynamic Range Images (HDRI). These images are created by merging multiple images of the same scene, each of which has been taken with different shutter speed and thus providing a better range of images with different exposures. An HDR image alone is overcoming the loss of information caused by unfavorable lighting conditions. In photogrammetric applications, images have to be of high quality and represent faithfully the scene they depict. For applications of Cultural Heritage Documentation, where during image acquisition lighting conditions might be difficult, HDR technology can positively contribute to the acquisition of images of better quality and, consequently, to the creation of orthophotos with no radiometric problems. In this paper, a detailed reference to HDRI technology is made and also the geometric reliability and photogrammetric applicability of HDR images is examined and confirmed. In addition, an example of photogrammetric application in Cultural Heritage Documentation is presented and evaluated.
3D MAPPING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND BEST PRACTICES IN EXTREME CASE-STUDIES
Authors: Patias P. , Kaimaris D. , Georgiadis Ch. , Stamnas A. , Antoniadis D. , Papadimitrakis D.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Photogrammetrey has a long successful history in the area of 3D modelling and documentation of cultural heritage monuments. In some cases an extensive study, preparation and the application of novel solutions is required for the successful documentation and 3D modelling of monuments. In most of the cases the problem that we have to face is difficulties regarding accessing, photographing, and measuring the monument from the optimal distance, in combination with the need for a high spatial resolution mapping. This paper is highlighting the special problems and the novel solutions, performed during mapping of two significant cultural heritage monuments in Greece. The Roussanou monastery (1527–1529 A.C., Meteora, Center Greece) and its underlying rock, had to be photographed and measured from a far distance and measured with various spatial resolutions. In the lakeside Neolithic settlement of Dispilio (6.000 B.C., western Greece) the enclosure which is covered with vegetation above a height of 3 m, had to be measured with high spatial resolution. The combined use of a laser scanner, a digital camera equipped with a telephoto lens and UAV allowed the successful mapping and the production of orthophotomaps in each case.
Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on Cationic Gold- Palladium Clusters
Authors: Chen Yang-Mei , Kuang Xiao-Yu , Sheng Xiao-Wei , Wang Huai-Qian , Shao Peng , Zhong Min-Ming
Published: July 2013

Density functional calculations have been performed for the carbon monoxide molecule adsorption on Au
n
Pd+
m
(n+m ≤ 6) clusters. In the process of CO adsorption, small Au clusters and Pd clusters tend to be an Au atom and three Pd atoms adsorption, respectively. For the mixed Au-Pd clusters, an Au atom, a Pd atom, two atoms consisted of an Au atom and a Pd atom, two Pd atoms, and three Pd atoms adsorption structures are displayed. The highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gaps and natural bond orbital charge population are calculated. Moreover, CO adsorption energy, CO stretching frequency, and CO bond length (upon adsorption) are also analysed in detail. The results predict that the adsorption strength of Au clusters with CO and the C-O vibration strength is enhanced and reduced after doping of Pd in the Au
n
Pd
m
CO+ complexes, respectively
Deep Rivers: Selected Writings on Tamil Literature. By François Gros. Translated by M. P. Boseman. Edited by Kannan M. and Jennifer Clare
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: July 2013

Deep Rivers: Selected Writings on Tamil Literature. By François Gros. Translated by M. P. Boseman. Edited by Kannan M. and Jennifer Clare. Institut Français de Pondichéry Publications Hors Série, vol. 10. Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry and Tamil Chair, Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 2009. Pp. xxxviii + 519.
Dharma Pātañjala, a Śaiva Scripture from Ancient Java, Studied in the Light of Related Old Javanese and Sanskrit Texts. By Andrea Acri
Authors: Hunter Tom
Published: July 2013

Dharma Pātañjala, a Śaiva Scripture from Ancient Java, Studied in the Light of Related Old Javanese and Sanskrit Texts. Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 16. By Andrea Acri. Pp. xviii + 706. Gronin- gen: Egbert Forsten, 2012. €170.
Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison
Authors: Yamauchi Edwin
Published: July 2013

Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2011. Pp. xviii + 493, illus. $79.50.
L’Arabie marchande: État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen (626–858/1229–1454). By Éric Vallet
Authors: Varisco Daniel Martin
Published: July 2013

L’Arabie marchande: État et commerce sous les sultans rasūlides du Yémen (626–858/1229–1454). By Éric Vallet. Bibliothèque historique des pays d’Islam, vol. 1. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2010. Pp. 872. €90.
Knowledge in Later Islamic Philosophy: Mullā Ṣadrā on Existence, Intellect and Intuition. By Ibrahim Kalin
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad
Published: July 2013

Knowledge in Later Islamic Philosophy: Mullā Ṣadrā on Existence, Intellect and Intuition. By Ibrahim Kalin. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Pp. xxii + 315. $74, £45.
Beyond Death: The Mystical Teachings of ʿAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadhānī. By Firoozeh Papan-Matin
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Asghar
Published: July 2013

Beyond Death: The Mystical Teachings of ʿAyn al-Quḍāt al-Hamadhānī. By Firoozeh Papan-Matin. Islamic History and Civilization, vol. 75. Leiden: Brill, 2010. Pp. x + 242. $150.
Sacred Tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qurʾan as Literature and Culture. Edited by Roberta Sterman Sabbath
Authors: Cox Harvey
Published: July 2013

Sacred Tropes: Tanakh, New Testament, and Qurʾan as Literature and Culture. Edited by Roberta Sterman Sabbath. Biblical Interpretation Series, vol. 98. Leiden: Brill, 2010. Pp. xxii + 534. $241