bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operational planning of distributed energy generation for a semiconductor fabrication plant
Authors: Poemsl Tobias F. , Siddiqui Afzal S.
Published: October 2022

The semiconductor industry is well known for its high resource consumption due to its clean room usage and power-intensive manufacturing technology. This is a significant financial burden for semiconductor fabrication plant owners who wish to minimize the cost needed to cover the electricity and gas loads for their daily operations. From a historical perspective, those electricity and gas cost reductions have been enabled by more energy-efficient manufacturing technologies. Due to the complexity of factors influencing the energy system of a semiconductor plant, other aspects have often been neglected and also not been studied intensively in the academic literature so far. One possibility for reducing energy costs is the integration of a microgrid as on-site distributed energy resources (DER) may offer a less cost-intensive way to supply the energy needed. Therefore, this paper seeks to answer the following research question: How much expected cost can be saved and risk mitigated at a semiconductor fabrication plant via DER? More precisely, in this paper, a microgrid at a semiconductor fabrication plant that has installed DER with combined heat and power (CHP) applications and demand response (DR) is used to simulate the expected annual energy costs under given uncertain electricity and gas prices at different installed capacity levels. A simulation-based approach is used to evaluate several DER capacity sizes. The results of the simulation show that installations of DER at a semiconductor microgrid can dominate the base case of doing nothing, considering the expected minimized cost, the expected CO2 emissions, and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). In fact, DER can reduce the expected annual energy bill by up to 6%, whereas annual expected CO2 emissions can even be reduced by up to 22%. Moreover, with DER, a microgrid’s risk is reduced as it can react to market conditions and local demand. Additionally, the true potential of microgrid cost savings can only be enabled when DR is allowed and proves particularly effective when energy prices are more volatile.
“You really need a whole community”: a qualitative study of mothers’ need for and experiences with childcare support during cancer treatment and recovery
Authors: Pritlove Cheryl , Dias Lisa V.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

A cancer diagnosis poses unique challenges for moms with young children who must balance illness-management alongside existing paid (e.g., employment) and unpaid (e.g., domestic/caregiving) work. The goal of this study was to improve understanding of the support needs of mothers living with cancer and their experiences receiving psychosocial and childcare support from a community organization, the Nanny Angel Network (NAN).

Methods

Mothers who accessed NAN services during their cancer treatment and/or recovery (N = 20) participated in qualitative semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to inductively and deductively identify emerging patterns in the data and theoretical abduction was applied to further interpret participants’ accounts using a feminist political economy framework.

Results

Participants expressed how balancing the demands of patienthood and parenthood was challenging and how cancer treatment created new needs for support with care work. Mothers explained that NAN offered indispensable family-centered support largely missing from the health care system, promoting improved physical, psychosocial, and relational health for them and their families. While accessible from a cost-perspective, participants identified different pathways, including awareness, cross-system collaboration, and stable funding, that limited timely access to NAN.

Conclusion

Access to family-centered care, such as that offered through NAN, was vital to the health and healing of the study participants and their families. Improved collaboration with and investment in community organizations like NAN that have a strong infrastructure to support moms living with cancer offers a practical, feasible, and immediate solution to help address some of the distinct challenges this population faces.
ZD6474 attenuates TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in human Tenon fibroblasts and inhibits neovascularization via AKT-mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Wenting , Chen Yaying , Song Xiangyuan , Xue Yiwen , Zhang Yuyan
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of ZD6474 (a novel inhibitor of VEGF and EGF) in TGF-β1 stimulated human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) and the anti-angiogenetic role in HUVECs, compared to that of mitomycin C (MMC).

Methods

The effects of ZD6474 on cell proliferation or migration in TGF-β1-stimulated HTFs and HUVECs were determined, using CCK8 or wound healing assay, respectively. The typical markers of fibrosis in TGF-β1-stimuated HTFs were detected, vimentin by immunofluorescence, α-SMA and snail by western blot. Tube formation was applied to validate the anti-angiogenesis effect in HUVECs following ZD6474 treatment. Furthermore, phosphorylated AKT and mTOR (p-AKT and p-mTOR) were evaluated, compared to the standardized total AKT and mTOR, using western blot.

Results

There was almost no decreased cell viability in HTFs following ZD6474 (≤ 1 μM/mL) treatment, but MMC (> 50 μg/mL) significantly impaired cell viability. ZD6474 significantly inhibited TGF-β1-stimulated proliferation and migration in HTFs, compared to control group (**P < 0.01). ZD6474 also significantly attenuated the TGF-β1-stimulated expression of vimentin, α-SMA and snail in HTFs. Tube formation was notably interrupted in HUVECs following ZD6474 treatment (**P < 0.01). P-AKT and p-mTOR were significantly decreased in response to ZD6474 treatment in TGF-β1- induced HTFs and HUVECs.

Conclusions

ZD6474 exerts anti-proliferation and anti-fibrotic effects in TGF-β1-stimulated HTFs perhaps via regulating AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. ZD6474 also inhibited proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs via the same signaling pathway. We concluded that ZD6474 may be potentially a novel agent in preventing bleb dysfunction following glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS).
Role of Melatonin in the Management of Sleep and Circadian Disorders in the Context of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Moon Eunsoo , Kim Kyungwon , Partonen Timo , Linnaranta Outi
Published: October 2022

Purpose of Review

We present a review of research on the role of melatonin in the management of sleep and circadian disorders, stressing current overall view of the knowledge across psychiatric disorders.

Recent Findings

Dysregulation of sleep and circadian rhythms has been established in several psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders for long. Recent research confirms this finding consistently across disorders. The secretion of melatonin in schizophrenia and neurocognitive disorders is reduced due to a smaller volume and enlarged calcification of the pineal gland. On the other hand, melatonin dysregulation in bipolar disorder may be more dynamic and caused by light-sensitive melatonin suppression and delayed melatonin secretion. In both cases, exogenous melatonin seems indicated to correct the dysfunction. However, a very limited number of well-designed trials with melatonin to correct sleep and circadian rhythms exist in psychiatric disorders, and the evidence for efficacy is robust only in autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and neurocognitive disorders. This topic has mainly not been of interest for recent work and well-designed trials with objective circadian parameters are few. Overall, recent studies in psychiatric disorders reported that melatonin can be effective in improving sleep parameters such as sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality. Recent meta-analysis suggests that optimal dosage and dosing time might be important to maximize the efficacy of melatonin. The knowledge base is sufficient to propose well-designed, larger trials with circadian parameters as inclusion and outcome criteria. Based on the partly fragmentary information, we propose testing efficacy in disorders with neurocognitive etiopathology with later and higher dosing, and affective and anxiety disorders with lower and earlier dosing of melatonin.

Melatonin is promising for the correction of sleep and circadian abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. However, research results on its effect are still few and need to be accumulated. For effective use of melatonin, it is necessary to consider the appropriate dosage and administration time, depending on the individual abnormality of sleep and circadian rhythms.
Chemical characterization and biological activities of ulvan extracted from Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta)
Authors: Barakat Khouloud M. , Ismail Mona M. , Abou El Hassayeb Hala E. , El Sersy Nermeen A. , Elshobary Mostafa E.
Published: October 2022

Ulvan is a sulfated heteropolysaccharide present in the cell wall of Ulva species with a unique structure and biological potential used in various fields. Chemical characterization was carried out to determine the structure of ulvan from Ulva fasciata Delile collected from Eastern Harbor, Alexandria coast, Egypt. Ulva contains 31.5% carbohydrate with a total ulvan content of 43.66% of total carbohydrate (13.75 g/100 g DW) and sulfate content of 20.45% of ulvan. FTIR spectrum presented signals of the sulfate ester (C–O–S) and sulfate groups (S=O), typical for ulvan. GC–MS revealed that ulvan was mainly composed of rhamnose and fucose. 1H-NMR spectra of ulvan showed identical behavior of monosaccharides nature with peaks characteristic of sulfated polysaccharides at 3.2–5.3 ppm region. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) demonstrated amorphous architecture, and the sulfated nature of polysaccharides was emphasized by EDX analysis. The extracted ulvan showed significant antimicrobial activity against human and fish pathogens as well as antifouling bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 8 µg/mL. The extracted ulvan exhibited potent antioxidant activity with a scavenging effect of 84.93% for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy free radical (DPPH). Moreover, it showed anti-arthritic properties for the first time with a maximum inhibition of 86.04% with IC50 of 43.21%, indicating their potential value for the health and food industry.
The Political Thought of the English Free State, 1649–1653
Authors: Peltonen Markku
Published: October 2022

English republicanism has long been a major theme in the history of political thought, but the years of the English free state are often overlooked. Drawing on a wide range of sources, including the vast political pamphlet literature of the era, The Political Thought of the English Free State, 1649–1653 offers a provocative reassessment of the English Revolution and an original new perspective on English republicanism. Markku Peltonen explores the arguments in defence of the English free state and demonstrates the profound importance of the republican period. The pamphleteers who defended the free state maintained that the people, or their representatives, could alter the form of government whenever they deemed it advantageous, put forward powerful anti-monarchical arguments and widely shared the republican conviction that individual freedom could only materialise in a free state. Peltonen also highlights the unprecedented debate over whether the free state was an aristocracy or democracy and shows how, for the first time in English history, democracy was not only robustly defended but understood as representative.
Catullan Questions Revisited
Authors: Wiseman T. P.
Published: October 2022

Catullan Questions Revisited offers a new insight into the brilliant poet who loved an aristocratic girl, attacked Julius Caesar and became a satirical playwright. Insisting on scrupulous use of the primary sources, Peter Wiseman combines textual, historical and even archaeological evidence to explode the orthodox view of Catullus' life and work. 'Lesbia' was not a woman in her thirties, as has been believed for 150 years, but a girl only recently married; Catullus' poems were written for performance, private or public, and it was only in 54 BC, at what he saw as the turning-point of his life, that he collected their texts into a sequence of probably seven volumes. His subsequent literary career, equally successful but much less well attested, was as a 'mime'-dramatist. This book is intended for everyone who is interested in poetry and history, and who does not believe that literary texts exist in a vacuum.
Orientation in European Romanticism
Authors: Hamilton Paul
Published: October 2022

Exploring the experiments in individual and national self-consciousness conducted during the Romantic period, this essential comparative study of European literature, philosophy and politics makes original and often surprising connections and contrasts to reveal how personal and social identities were re-orientated and disorientated from the French Revolution onwards. Reviving a contested moment in the history of aesthetic theory, this study shows how the growing awareness of irresolution in Kant's third Kritik allowed Romantic writers to put the aesthetic to radical uses not envisaged by its parent philosophy. It also recounts how they would go on to force philosophy to revise received notions of authority, empowering women and subordinated ethnic groups to re-orientate existing hierarchies. The sheer range and variety of writers covered is testament both to the breadth of writing that Kant's philosophy so rashly legitimated and to the wider importance of philosophy to the understanding of Romantic literature.
Eurypterids from the Price Formation of Virginia: First Eurypterids from the Mississippian of North America
Authors: Plotnick Roy E. , Lamsdell James C.
Published: October 2022

A new hibbertopterid eurypterid,Cyrtoctenus bambachin. sp., is described from the Early Mississippian (Tournaisian) Price Formation of western Virginia. The same unit yields an unidentifiable stylonurine eurypterid. These are the first eurypterids documented from the Mississippian of North America, and only the fourth locality of this age anywhere in the world to yield eurypterids.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/5c84d3a2-ea5a-402c-970d-9b0d867f52c7
A novel method to solve the quartic equation
Authors: Missa Abdel , Youssfi Chrif
Published: October 2022

The first solution to the quartic equation is attributed to Lodovico Ferrari, a student of Geralamo Cardano. The solution was published alongside the solution of the cubic in Cardano’s book Ars Magna [1]. In this Article, we introduce a new canonical form to simplify the derivation of the roots of the equation
(1)
$${z^4} + {z^3} + f{z^2} + g = 0\quad \textrm{with}\quad f,g \in \mathbb{R}.$$
Polynomial null solutions to bosonic Laplacians, bosonic Bergman and Hardy spaces
Authors: Ding Chao , Nguyen Phuoc-Tai , Ryan John
Published: October 2022

A bosonic Laplacian, which is a generalization of Laplacian, is constructed as a second-order conformally invariant differential operator acting on functions taking values in irreducible representations of the special orthogonal group, hence of the spin group. In this paper, we firstly introduce some properties for homogeneous polynomial null solutions to bosonic Laplacians, which give us some important results, such as an orthogonal decomposition of the space of polynomials in terms of homogeneous polynomial null solutions to bosonic Laplacians, etc. This work helps us to introduce Bergman spaces related to bosonic Laplacians, named as bosonic Bergman spaces, in higher spin spaces. Reproducing kernels for bosonic Bergman spaces in the unit ball and a description of bosonic Bergman projection are given as well. At the end, we investigate bosonic Hardy spaces, which are considered as generalizations of harmonic Hardy spaces. Analogs of some well-known results for harmonic Hardy spaces are provided here. For instance, connections to certain complex Borel measure spaces, growth estimates for functions in the bosonic Hardy spaces, etc.
Outcrop scale mixing enhanced by permeability variations: the role of stationary and travelling waves of high saturation indices
Authors: Koehn Daniel , Kelka Ulrich , Toussaint Renaud , Siegel Coralie , Mullen Gary , Boyce Adrian , Piazolo Sandra
Published: October 2022

To study the ore mineralization at the outcrop scale we merge an advection–diffusion simulation with the geochemical software iphreeqc to model the mixing of two realistic fluids. We simulate the infiltration of a metal-rich fluid into a rock that is saturated with pore fluid. We test the feedback effects with a number of scenarios based on an outcrop-scale 5 × 5 m model consisting of two high-permeable vertical faults within a low-permeable host rock that lead into a permeable layer. The hot metal-rich fluid enters the model through the faults from below. We solve the advection–diffusion equation for 12 chemical species and temperature, and use iphreeqc to determine the resulting properties of local fluid domains as well as related saturation indices for minerals. The faults in the model act as pathways for the metal-rich fluid, with the infiltrating fluid displacing the pore fluid. Mixing in the model takes place as a function of advection along permeable faults coupled with diffusion of chemical species at the interface between two fluids, while heat diffusion is fast enough (103 times faster) to equilibrate temperature. Simulations show a high saturation index of mixing-derived minerals such as barite at the interface between the two fluids as a result of fluid mixing. Fast fluid pathways (i.e. faults) show travelling waves of high saturation indices of barite, while low-permeability zones such as fault walls and areas below less permeable layers experience stationary waves of high saturation indices. Our results show that, depending on the dominant transport process (advection or diffusion), mineralization will localize next to permeability contrasts in zones where local diffusion dominates.
Costly Concealment: Secret Foreign Policymaking, Transparency, and Credible Reassurance
Authors: Yoder Brandon K. , Spaniel William
Published: October 2022

This article presents a formal model that shows how states can credibly reassure each other simply by maintaining a cooperative outward narrative. The reassurance literature to date has focused largely on costly signaling, whereby benign states must distinguish themselves by taking specific actions that hostile types would not. The mere lack of overtly expressed hostilitywithoutcostly signals has been considered “cheap talk,” on the assumption that this behavior is costless for hostile states and thus uninformative. In contrast, this paper argues that maintaining a cooperative façade while secretly formulating and executing exploitative policies carries inherent trade-offs, and thus constitutes a credible reassurance signal. Foreign policy planning and implementation requires communication among various individuals, groups, and organizations, which has some probability of being observed and punished by outside actors. Yet efforts to conceal the policymaking process and reduce this probability are costly—they require investments in internal monitoring and restrictions on internal communication that can substantially degrade policy outcomes. Thus, to the extent that a state's foreign policymaking process is transparent—that is, that concealing internal communications is difficult—the absence of positive signals of hostility is a credible signal of its benign intentions. The argument is illustrated with a case study of German reassurance signals during the July Crisis preceding World War I.
The effect of different socio-economic and working conditions on body size and proportions: A case study on adults from Samsun, Turkey
Authors: Sönmez Gamze , Erdal Yılmaz Selim
Published: October 2022

Conditions in the early stages of life shape body size and proportions. This study includes individuals who came from different socio-economic conditions and worked in physically demanding jobs in childhood. By determining the body sizes of these individuals and evaluating the proportional relationships between several groups, the goal was to understand the effect levels of socio-economic levels and working conditions on the body. For this purpose, an anthropometric study was conducted on 623 males and females between the ages of 20 and 45 living in Samsun, Turkey. The study sample consisted of four different groups. It was divided into two main groups of high and low socio-economic level, and the low socio-economic group was divided into two subgroups of heavy-worker and nonheavy-worker. The results demonstrated that socio-economic differences in the size and proportions of the individuals were statistically significant (p<0.05). The high socio-economic group had the highest values in all measures. External factors affected the lower limbs more than the upper limbs. The measurement most affected by these factors was leg length. Longer legs characterized the high socio-economic group, while longer arms characterized both low socio-economic groups. The relative differences observed can be said to derive from the distal limbs. This finding was valid for both sexes. The average values were close to each other in the low socio-economic group, for which the aim was to comprehend the effects of heavy working conditions. However, differences in proportional relationships were more significant. In this context, it was seen that heavy labour also affected growth, in addition to the well-known factors encountered during the growth period, such as nutrition, health, and illness. The observed changes were more significant in males than in females. Thus, it can be said that males were more affected by physiological and physical conditions.
Reshaping The Urban Core: The Politics of Housing in Authoritarian Uruguay
Authors: Benton Lauren A.
Published: October 2022

The problem of squatter settlements in Latin American cities has received far greater attention than any other theme in Latin American urban studies in the last fifteen years. The issues and debates at the heart of the field—the definition of the culture of poverty, the question of the marginality of the poor, and the concept of the urban informal sector—all have evolved out of and centered on discussing the plight of urban squatters. The sheer magnitude of the phenomenon of squatting in urban Latin America no doubt justifies this degree of attention. In addition, pursuit of the topic has provided a rich source of data for theorists interested in reinterpreting Latin American urban development from a Marxist perspective. The emphasis on squatting has also had some negative consequences, however. One result is that other important themes and other areas outside the urban periphery have received only superficial treatment; another is that the general applicability of the insights derived from the analysis of squatting has remained in doubt.
The Braga Brothers Collection at the University of Florida
Authors: Van Ness Carl
Published: October 2022

The Braga Brothers Collection is a recent addition to the University of Florida's Latin American Library and is one of the principal sources for the study of late colonial Cuba and Republican Cuba before Castro. It is by far the best single source available in the United States for the study of the Cuban sugar industry in the twentieth century. The collection was donated to the University of Florida on 24 November 1981 as a gift from B. Rionda Braga and the late George A. Braga, and it occupies some seven hundred linear feet of shelf space. The essential arrangement of the collection was completed in the summer of 1985, and the collection is now open to qualified researchers. A finding guide will be published by the University of Florida Library in 1986.
The Contours of the Post-1810 Depression in Mexico: A Reappraisal from a Regional Perspective
Authors: Chowning Margaret
Published: October 2022

Scholars generally agree that after 1810 the Mexican economy, shattered by destruction of property and flight of population and capital during the long wars for independence, entered a severe depression. It has usually been assumed that this depression persisted well beyond mid-century, exacerbated by political instability, banditry, and intermittent civil warfare. This assumption was given shape and substance by John Coatsworth's influential 1978 article, which presented a picture of not merely miserable but deteriorating economic conditions for at least a half-century after 1810. Coatsworth calculated that per capita and total income fell until “sometime after 1860” and that a solid recovery was delayed until after 1880.
Apuntes de la Produccion Literaria Sobre la Era Del Salitre
Authors: Bravo-Elizondo Pedro
Published: October 2022

La Era del Salitre en Chile, cuyas fechas los expertos han fijado convencionalmente entre 1880 y 1930, se identifica con la toma del territorio nortino y el comienzo de la crisis mundial. La última fecha se relaciona con el traspaso de la industria salitrera a capitales norteamericanos. Numerosos estudios, principalmente en Estados Unidos, han abordado la Era del Salitre desde distintos puntos de vista y perspectivas. En lo literario, destaca el trabajo de Yerko Moretic y la investigación llevada a cabo por Mario Bahamonde y un equipo de estudiosos de la Universidad de Chile en Antofagasta.
Democracy Without Peace: The Cultural Politics of Terror in Peru
Authors: Bourque Susan C. , Warren Kay B.
Published: October 2022

The twelve years of military rule in Peru between 1968 and 1980 witnessed few abuses of human rights, in marked contrast to the activities of military governments in Southern Cone countries like Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Yet paradoxically, the return to democracy in Peru, with the election of Fernando Belaúnde in 1980 and Alan García in 1985, has brought sharp escalations in political violence and terror. Guerrilla activity by the Sendero Luminoso (“Shining Path”) in the highlands, urban terrorism, and a severe economic crisis have combined to pose a serious challenge to the authority of the state. Thus it is problematic to speak of a “return to democracy” while Peruvians are being subjected to expanding military control and repression.
The Decline and Fall of Brazil's Cruzado
Authors: Baer Werner , Beckerman Paul
Published: October 2022

On 28 February 1986, the Brazilian government announced a “heterodox” inflation stabilization program that rapidly came to be called the Plano Cruzado. It was intended to halt an inflation that appeared to be escaping control and untamable through orthodox stabilization policies. Although at first the Plano Cruzado seemed to succeed dramatically in eliminating inflation without recessionary side effects, it failed by the end of 1986, as inflation revived, external accounts collapsed, and real growth sagged.
The Economic Viability of Sugar Production Based on Slave Labor in Cuba, 1859–1878
Authors: Bergad Laird W.
Published: October 2022

During the two decades preceding the abolition law of 1880, Cuban sugar planters pursued two parallel goals. The first undertaking was a concerted effort to increase the efficiency of agricultural and industrial production. A sophisticated railroad network was constructed to the interior from the ports of Havana, Matanzas, Cárdenas, and Cienfuegos in the 1840s and 1850s. Railroads opened high-yielding virgin land in frontier regions to production, and in the 1860s and 1870s, planters attempted to further the transportation revolution by developing rail systems within their estates to carry cane from fields to mills. Because the sucrose content of cane begins to drop immediately after the cane is cut, internal railway lines had the potential to revolutionize sugar production by moving cane quickly to the processing phase. Railroads also helped to resolve the recurring problem of roads washed out by heavy rains, which often precluded transporting harvested cane to mills for refining. In addition to revolutionizing transportation, planters also sought to raise industrial yields by installing modern milling equipment with greater processing capacity. The Jamaican trains of the early nineteenth century were replaced by vacuum-pan evaporators and centrifuges on the most modern mills by the 1860s and 1870s, a change that produced higher grades of sugar more efficiently.
Union Democratization in the Mexican Automobile Industry: A Reappraisal
Authors: Middlebrook Kevin J.
Published: October 2022

The Mexican automobile manufacturing industry experienced rapid sociopolitical change in the 1960s and 1970s as workers in several firms overthrew entrenched labor leaders and instituted democratic forms of union governance. These reform movements sought increased participation by the rank and file in union affairs and heightened worker control over different aspects of the production process. For many workers, democratic unionism promised increased leadership responsiveness in resolving workplace conflicts and more effective representation of worker interests in a changing industrial environment. Specific measures of democratic unionism included the election of key union officers and their accountability to members, regularly held general assemblies, an enhanced role for the general assembly in internal decision making, procedural safeguards of workers' union rights, and opportunities for the emergence of identifiable and relatively stable internal opposition factions. By 1975 workers in five of the seven major terminal firms (those manufacturing vehicles) had won control over the selection of union leaders and other phases of internal union decision making.
The Policy Capabilities of Democratic Regimes in Latin America
Authors: Sloan John W.
Published: October 2022

The present trend toward democratic regimes in Latin American countries raises the issue of their regime-determined capabilities. Democracy is generally defined in procedural terms and supported on moral rather than policy grounds (Schumpeter 1950, 242). Consequently, very little is known about the policy consequences, if any, of the adoption of democratic forms and procedures by Latin American political systems. One way to examine this question is to analyze the policy performance of the three democratic regimes in Latin America that are the most institutionalized: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela. These three nations, unlike Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, were able to withstand the authoritarian trends of the 1960s and early 1970s. They have been democratic long enough (well over two decades) during a period when development issues were salient to indicate the policy-performance capabilities of democratic regimes operating within the cultural, economic, and political context of Latin America.
Technology Transfers and Managerial-Professional Employment: Brazilian Manufacturing, 1960-1975
Authors: de Aragão Paulo Ortiz Rocha , Vanneman Reeve
Published: October 2022

In recent years, much of the discussion of North-South dependency relations has shifted from the role of capital flows and trade patterns to the importance of technology transfers. As in the earlier debate, two seemingly opposed positions have emerged, contesting in this case the long-range effects of technology transfers on the receiving countries in the developing world.
Rural Women in Latin America: Directions for Future Research
Authors: Phillips Lynne
Published: October 2022

The issue to be addressed in this article is the limited exploration thus far of how rural women in Latin America themselves define and interpret the world around them and what meaning, if any, they attach to key terms employed by researchers concerned with development issues. A review of the literature reveals that despite the great strides made in the last two decades in understanding Latin American women as rural producers, research to date has dealt with the questions of gender ideology and identity in an extremely limited way. Two potential directions for future research will be suggested here: a critical reassessment of some of the analytical categories that have been taken as givens, and a focus on the social-political construction of gender identity and experience from the point of view of rural women. To explore the possibilities of these suggestions, the phrase “division of labor by sex” will be analyzed in light of recent anthropological and feminist contributions to other (primarily non-Latin American) areas of the literature. A second point that will be discussed is how life stories, when collected self-critically, can reveal the potential tension between the active negotiation of meaning by analysts and by the rural women they interview. I will argue that these new directions in research are essential if scholars are to appreciate varying interpretations of development.
Population and Ethnicity in Early Republican Peru: Some Revisions
Authors: Gootenberg Paul
Published: October 2022

All numbers on the makeup of Peru's republican population are wrong, the one point on which historians can agree. Peruvian governments had neither the capacity nor the will to mount thorough surveys of their scattered and elusive Andean subjects. Between the late viceregal census of 1791 (reporting a population of 1,076,000) and the first modern effort of 1876 (yielding a count of 2,699,000) lies a century of demographic no man's land, despite partial surveys claimed for 1812, 1836, 1850, and 1862. Unfortunately, historians cannot fly back in time and redo the head counts missed or mismanaged by successive governments, although this miracle has seemingly been worked for the older Incan and conquest periods.1The best scholars can attempt at this point is to untangle the confusions of existing census documents and bring new evidence to bear on their strengths and weaknesses.
The Political Technocrat in Mexico and the Survival of the Political System
Authors: Camp Roderic A.
Published: October 2022

No issue in Mexican politics received more attention in selecting the 1982 presidential candidate than the role of the technocrat. The technocrat's influence on the Mexican state has had widespread consequences, such as changing political recruitment patterns, altering the socialization of political leaders, shifting career channels essential to advancement within the political system, and most significantly, causing adjustments in the stability of the political system. Crucial to any discussion of the changing role played by the technocrat in Mexican politics is a clear understanding of the term technocrat. This essay therefore will discuss conceptualizations of the technocrat, attempt a working definition of the term in the Mexican context, provide empirical evidence as to the presence of technocrats in Mexican politics, and suggest possible consequences for the political system.
Material Life, Continuities, and Periodization: A Comment
Authors: MacLeod Murdo J.
Published: October 2022

Professor Carmagnani's essay consists of two parts. In the first three-quarters of the essay, he rapidly reviews historical writing on colonial Mexico from about 1970 until 1981, identifying major topics, tendencies, and prospects for the future. In the second part of the essay, Carmagnani turns to some of what he believes to be the shortcomings of this decade or more of writing, especially what he views as its failure to establish a new periodization for the Mexican colonial centuries. In discussing this “inertia” in the new generation of social historians, he proposes a periodization that he believes more accurately “fits” the general findings of this recent historical corpus.
Regional Sources of Economic and Social Information on Central America
Authors: Bloch Thomas
Published: October 2022

The following survey assesses the major periodical publications originating in Central America that contain data and information on the economic and social conditions of the countries of the region. The publications are categorized as statistics, newsletters, economic and political reports, journals, and bibliography. The number following each title refers to the publishing organization listed at the end of the text.
Coffee Planters, Politics, and Development in Brazil
Authors: Font Mauricio A.
Published: October 2022

By 1920 the state of São Paulo boasted the largest coffee economy in the world and was leading Brazil's transition from export expansion to industrialization and “dependent development.” The state was well on the way to becoming a showcase of socioeconomic development in Latin America. This essay explores the role played by the São Paulo coffee elite in the politics of this development process, particularly with respect to the demise of the regime known as the Old Republic in the Revolution of 1930.
Cuba's Free-Market Experiment: Los Mercados Libres Campesinos, 1980–1986
Authors: Rosenberg Jonathan
Published: October 2022

In 1970, as part of a comprehensive program of institutionalization, new economic policies were introduced in Cuba emphasizing more extensive use of material incentives, wage differentials, and piece rates to stimulate productivity. Those policies raised the incomes of Cuban workers and created new demands for a better diet and more consumer goods. Yet problems in the state-run domestic food sector made it difficult for Cubans to secure the higher standard of living promised by their increased salaries and wages. In May 1980, themercados libres campesinos(MLCs) were introduced as part of a strategy aimed at harnessing the productive capacities of the peasant sector to help satisfy the resulting pent-up demand. The MLCs provided sites where agricultural producers (free peasants, cooperativists, workers on state enterprises, and owners of small plots and gardens) could sell their surplus production directly to consumers. The law governing the MLCs contained several significant restrictions, but the markets were “free” in regard to prices and quantities sold.
Protestantism in El Salvador: Conventional Wisdom versus Survey Evidence
Authors: Aguilar Edwin Eloy , Sandoval José Miguel , Steigenga Timothy J. , Coleman Kenneth M.
Published: October 2022

Protestantism has grown strikingly throughout Latin America in the last two decades. Estimating such growth is hazardous in the absence of firm national survey data, but the phenomenon is clearly embracing sizable segments of national populations. In Guatemala, estimates of Protestants in the national population ranged from 20 to 25 percent by the early 1980s, with more recent estimates approaching 30 percent.
Racial Distance and Region in Brazil: Intermarriage in Brazilian Urban Areas
Authors: Telles Edward E.
Published: October 2022

Interracial marriage is common in Brazil today despite an overall preference for racial endogamy. Fully one-fifth of all Brazilian unions in 1980 were racially exogenous (Silva 1987), although only a small portion of those marriages involved persons of widely differing colors. Indeed, 93 percent of interracial unions in 1980 were between whites and browns (pardos—persons of mixed race or mulattos) or between browns and blacks; only the remaining 7 percent (1.3 percent of all unions) took place between whites and blacks (Silva 1987, 73). Because intermarriage is the ultimate indicator of social distance or assimilation, these rates suggest little or moderate social distance between persons who are proximate in color but greater social distance between persons at the extremes ends of the color spectrum.
From Collaboration to Resistance: The Family Dynamic in Autism Literature in Contemporary France
Authors: Briggs Jonathyne
Published: October 2022

The divergence concerning the treatment of autism in France developed out of the different narratives within autism literature. Psychoanalytic texts defined the treatment of autism beginning in the 1950s, with the participation of parents in the treatment of their children a central aspect of the narrative. These examples identified the parents as culprits in the appearance of autism, which was an accepted convention. However, by the late 1960s, new examples of autism literature reformulated assumptions, putting parents at odds with the medical establishment. The parent-centred examples inaugurated a new era of conflict between families and the French medical establishment, manifest in a changed approach of advocacy from associations. In each of these examples, the role of parents in their children's disability came into question, with analysts emphasising their participation in its origins and parents suggesting their role in mitigating the impact of disability for their children. This article examines the development of autism literature to show a shift in the role of families, from one of collaboration with medical professionals, to one of resistance against them.
Sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices may induce chronic constrictive pericarditis in children
Authors: Bichali Saïd , Uguen Justine , Giroux Nathan , Romefort Bénédicte , Feildel-Fournial Cécile , Dumortier Morgane , Habes Dalila , Caldari Dominique
Published: October 2022

Constrictive pericarditis is rare in children and can be difficult to diagnose. It has been described in adults after sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices but not in children. We report two cases of chronic constrictive pericarditis after sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices in children with portal cavernoma. Constrictive pericarditis should be considered as a cause of refractory ascites.
Impact of exercise training in patients after CHD surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: He Mengyuan , Wang Qiang , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2022

Background:

The goal of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of exercise training on long-term health and cardiorespiratory fitness in participants with CHD after surgery and to investigate the optimal type of exercise training for post-operative patients and how to improve adherence to it.

Methods:

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science from the date of the inception of the database through August 2021.

Results:

Altogether, 1424 records were identified in the literature search. Studies evaluating outcomes between exercise training and usual care among post-operative patients with CHD were included. The assessed outcomes were quality of life and cardiorespiratory fitness. We analysed heterogeneity by using the I2 statistic and evaluated the evidence quality according to the recommendation by the Cochrane Collaboration. Nine randomised controlled trials were included. The evidence showed that exercise interventions increased peak oxygen consumption (mean difference = 2.29 [95% CI 0.43, 4.15]; p = 0.02, I2 = 0%). However, no differences in scores of health-related quality of life and pulmonary function were observed between the experimental and control groups.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, participation in a physical exercise training programme was safe and improved fitness in patients after surgery for CHD. We recommend that post-operative patients with CHD participate in physical exercise training. Additional research is needed to study the various forms of exercise training and their impact on quality of life.
Stratigraphic architecture of the Cenozoic Dugong Supersequence: implications for the late post-breakup development of the Eucla Basin, southern Australian continental margin
Authors: STOKER Martyn S. , HOLFORD Simon P. , TOTTERDELL Jennifer M.
Published: October 2022

This study presents an appraisal of the Middle Eocene–Quaternary Dugong Supersequence of the Eucla Basin, offshore southern Australia. It combines details of the rock record with seismic-stratigraphical information, and the resulting stratigraphic framework provides constraints on the nature of the late post-breakup development of the southern Australian continental margin. It is well established that the onshore-to-mid-shelf succession comprises a predominantly aggrading-to-prograding unconformity-bounded succession of carbonate platform deposits; however, our analysis of the outer shelf–upper slope section challenges the widely held view that this shelf-margin wedge represents a distally steepened prograding carbonate ramp primarily modulated by global eustasy. Instead, our results show that the Middle Eocene–Quaternary succession is punctuated by a series of unconformities that reflect a persistent tectonic instability and differential vertical movements throughout the late post-breakup period, the genesis of which is most closely related to tectonic events. Moreover, the upper slope clinoform succession was constructed and shaped predominantly by alongslope processes, and four different contourite drift types are recognised based on their seismic-stratigraphic expression: elongate mounded drift (Quaternary); infill drift (Pliocene); plastered drift (Oligocene); and separated drift (Middle–Upper Eocene). The Quaternary drift – herein termed the ‘Eyre Terrace Drift’ – is a spectacular basin-scale deposit, over 500 m thick and traced for up to 200 km along the upper slope Eyre Terrace. Upslope-migrating sediment waves are associated with this drift. Key sedimentary attributes consistent with a contourite origin include fine-grained sediment, multi-scale gradational bed contacts and pervasive bioturbation. There is also evidence of episodic downslope mass-movement processes ranging from the large-scale Late Neogene Slide, which extends downslope for 15–20 km, to sporadic slumped beds and turbidites recovered in boreholes. The interaction of alongslope and downslope processes indicates a more dynamic sedimentary setting than previously assumed along the outer margin of the Eucla Basin.
Two concepts of constitutional legitimacy
Authors: Harel Alon , Shinar Adam
Published: October 2022

What legitimates constitutions? One standard answer is that constitutions are legitimate only if they represent the people they govern. This article identifies two different conceptions of representation. Representation can be grounded either in the consent or the will of the citizens or when the constitution reflects the ‘real’ identity of the members of the nation. Alternatively, it is sometimes stated that the constitution is legitimate because it promotes justice or, more generally, is grounded in reason. While constitutions are typically grounded both in claims to represent the people and in claims concerning the justness and wisdom of the constitutional provisions, we establish that there are two types of constitutions: constitutions that are primarily representational (e.g. the US Constitution) and constitutions that are primarily reason-based (e.g. the German Constitution). We also show that this distinction has important ramifications for how constitutions are drafted and ratified, and how they operate. One central implication is that the legitimacy of constitutions that make weak claims to representation – for example, constitutions that are imposed by foreign powers – can still be defended on reason-based grounds.