bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kant e a liberdade prática na Crítica da Razão Pura
Authors: Eduardo Bonella Alcino
Published: September 2012

Kant estruturou sua filosofia de modo a manter a possibilidade de afirmarmos que somos seres pertencentes ao mundo sensível e, enquanto tais, termos todos os nossos comportamentos explicados de um modo natural; todavia, ele também sustentou que somos seres com uma capacidade racional de representação de um dever ser do mundo, capacidade que nos permite termos todas as nossas decisões avaliadas de uma maneira que independe de como o mundo realmente é. Neste trabalho, examinaremos a posição de Kant em alguns textos da primeira Crítica em que se diferencia a liberdade transcendental, ou liberdade como espontaneidade, da liberdade prática entendida como livre-arbítrio, que pode se determinar por representações da razão. Com base nos textos e em comentários de Allison (1982), veremos que a liberdade em sentido práticoé diferenciada da liberdade em sentido cosmológico, sendo, por um lado, compatívelcom o determinismo das causas naturais, que opera com a explicação dos fenômenos(e o livre-arbítrio humano não deixa de ser também um arbítrio sensitivo); mas, por outro lado, a concepção de Kant mantém ou subsume uma noção comum de liberdade humana, aquela da deliberação e decisão responsável, já que o livre-arbítrio não será patologicamente determinado por motivos sensíveis imediatos. “A questão em torno da liberdade transcendental concerne unicamente ao saber especulativo, e podemos pô-la de lado como totalmente indiferente quando estamos à volta com o [problema] prático”(CRP B 831-832)
Aesthetics, ethics, and the role of Teleology in the third Critique
Authors: De Oliveira Nythamar
Published: September 2012

Kant’s dualism in anthropology and morality is said to be bridged only by means of a teleologywhich seems to betray the historical constitution of its subjectivity. And yet the Kantianarticulation of problems of theoretical and practical reason can be explored only insofar asthey help us understand the correlated problems of the unity of reason, the relation of aestheticsand ethics in the light of the three Critiques, and the teleological conception of history.In this paper, I argue for a teleological reading of the systematic architectonic so as tomake sense of the concept of purposiveness as the a priori principle of judgment in its logical,aesthetic, and teleological reflection and of the unifying, a priori principles of each faculty–namely, conformity to law, final purpose, and conformity to purpose or purposiveness(Gesetzmäßigkeit, Endzweck, Zweckmäßigkeit) – respectively dealt with in the three Critiques.
Notas sobre o conceito de sociabilidade legal em Kant
Authors: Schaefer Kalsing Rejane , Volpato Dutra Delamar José
Published: September 2012

Para Kant, humanidade signi!ca o universal sentimento de participação e a faculdade de comunicação íntima e universal, sendo o que distingue o homem do animal. Dessa formulação, surge o conceito de sociabilidade legal, pelo qual um povo constitui uma coletividade duradoura, capaz de conciliar liberdade, igualdade e coação. Rohden sustentou que esse conceito, apesar de se relacionar com o contexto estético, não se restringiria a este, implicando uma compreensão ampliada do conceito de humanidade. A partir de tal hipótese, poder-se-ia entender também a sociabilidade legal como um pré-requisito para uma constituição política, no sentido de uma capacidade e disposição para se deixar guiar por princípios do direito. Nesse sentido, o direito constituir-se-ia na forma da sociabilidade legal e na possibilidade de expressá-la concretamente. O objetivo deste texto é examinar em que sentido essa interpretação do conceito de sociabilidade legal sugerida por Rohden pode ou não corresponder ao texto kantiano.
Foucault como kantiano: acerca de um pensamento do homem desde sua própria finitude
Authors: Perez Daniel Omar
Published: September 2012

Eu irei me limitar à leitura cuidadosa e austera da monogra"a sobre a Antropologia pragmática de Kant, de autoria de M. Foucault. Minha intenção é empreender um trabalho de crítica no interior dos estudos kantianos, diante dos quais tratarei Foucault como kantiano, como estudioso de Kant, como um acadêmico que procura apresentar uma exegese interpretativa do texto kantiano e pretende, com isso, a legitimidade do seu trabalho. Isto irá me permitir avaliar a interpretação foucaultiana de Kant com o intuito de reconsiderar o lugar e o alcance da Antropologia Pragmática na constituição da "gura do homem como objeto das ciências.
A dignidade da humanidade e os deveres em Kant1
Authors: Consenso Tonetto Milene
Published: September 2012

Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a plausibilidade de duas críticas endereçadas à ética de Kant. A primeira é que a Ética de Kant é puramente formalista, e a segunda é que, justamente por esse formalismo, a Ética de Kant negligencia o papel das virtudes. Dentro do pensamento Ético, é possível partir do princípio de que a dignidade da humanidade fornece conteúdo para a fundamentação dos direitos humanos e para a elaboração de uma doutrina de virtudes (ethica, no sentido de Kant). Desse modo, sustenta-se que o próprio projeto de uma Metafísica dos Costumes de Kant pode responder as objeções anteriormente mencionadas.
A lei natural e a lei escrita: uma leitura à luz do pensamento de Nietzsche
Authors: Miranda de Almeida Rogério
Published: September 2012

Este texto tem dois objetivos principais: apresentar o conceito de “lei natural” e aquilo que seria a sua expressão como “lei escrita” e, depois, reinterpretar este conceito a partir de uma perspectiva nietzschiana. Para alcançar este duplo objetivo urge, pois, em primeiro lugar, traçar, nas suas grandes linhas, as vicissitudes que atravessou a teoria da “lei natural” ao longo da tradição #losó#ca até a sua culminância naquelas correntes do direito natural, típicas dos tempos modernos. Convém também assinalar que este conceito encerra no seu bojo, como derivações, as noções de necessidade, de #nalidade e providência. Eis por que, para interpretá-lo e criticá-lo, são utilizadas algumas intui- ções e análises de Nietzsche que, ao longo de sua obra, não cessa de se referir, direta ou indiretamente, a estas questões e, também, àquela de acaso. Não se trata, portanto, de simplesmente apresentar uma crítica de Nietzsche aos conceitos de “lei natural” e “lei escrita”, mas, principalmente, de examiná-los à luz de seu pensamento.
Foucault, O Sobrinho de Rameau e a parrhesía: da verdade da loucura à loucura da verdade
Authors: Sales Márcio
Published: September 2012

Em seus últimos cursos no Collège de France, Foucault dedica uma atenção especial ao conceito de parrhesía. Trata-se de uma experiência viva na cultura greco-romana, que ele analisa em meios às técnicas de produção dos modos de subjetivação. No ensaio de si, como forma de cuidado de si, os antigos submetiam a vida à prova por meio do exercício corajoso da verdade. A parrhesía é, pois, o dizer-verdadeiro que faz da vida um campo de experimentação. No contexto dessas análises, Foucault não cessa de se referir às suas obras anteriores e de situá-las a partir dos problemas que se ocupa na presente ocasião. É assim que inscreve seus outros trabalhos na temática da subjetividade e da verdade. Acompanhando esta releitura, arrisco aqui uma aproximação, bastante pontual, entre a noção de parrhesía e o livro O Sobrinho de Rameau, de Denis Diderot, a partir da abordagem deste texto feita por Foucault em História da loucura.
“[...] que o valor da vida não pode ser estimado”: uma interpretação contextual do aforismo 2 do capítulo “O problema de Sócrates”, no Crepúsculo dos Ídolos, de Nietzsche1
Authors: Viesenteiner Jorge Luiz
Published: September 2012

O objetivo do artigo é analisar, contextualmente, a fórmula de Nietzsche “[...] que o valor da vida não pode ser estimado” no capítulo “O problema de Sócrates” d’O Crepúsculo dos Ídolos. Trata-se de mostrar a trajetória teórica que Nietzsche opera, deslocando o horizonte teórico da tradição do ‘consensus sapientium’ – que supostamente teria condi- ções de estimar o valor da vida a partir de uma posição externa à vida mesma –, a fim de situar no horizonte que denominamos de sintomático-semiológico. Esse deslocamento ocorre na medida em que Nietzsche se serve da figura de Sócrates como uma semiótica para exprimir seu próprio pensamento.
La noción de armonía de Plotino a Jámblico1
Authors: Zamora Calvo José María
Published: September 2012

En la Sentencia 18 Por!rio se inspira en un pasaje plotiniano de En. III 6 [26] 4, 41-52, donde trata precisamente sobre la sensación, pero introduciendo dos innovaciones relevantes: 1) la noción de ser vivo, donde Plotino menciona solo la parte pasiva del alma y la materia – lo que constituye una manera de insistir en la relación íntima que se da entre el alma y el cuerpo en el compuesto–; y 2) las nociones de “armonía no separada” y de “armonía separada”, donde Plotino alude solo a una armonía que hace vibrar ella misma las cuerdas y que dicta su regla al músico. La armonía separada puede intensi!carse con la relación armónica que existe en sí, independiente del instrumento y de la interpretación musical. Asimismo, para trazar un paralelismo entre la armonía de la lira y el estado de inherencia del alma, Jámblico se re!ere a la concepción plotiniano-por!riana del ser vivo: el animal es el cuerpo que posee una naturaleza particular y que ha sido vivificada no por el alma, sino por una especie de derivado del alma que denomina “huella” o “luz” del alma, por lo que el alma misma no se une al cuerpo.
Staining Proteins in Gels
Authors: Gallagher Sean R. , Sasse Joachim
Published: September 2012

This unit describes protocols for detecting proteins in SDS‐polyacrylamide gels. It describes methods for Coomassie blue and silver staining, as well as the fluorescent stains SYPRO Orange and Red. Staining with Coomassie blue is easier and more rapid; however, silver staining methods are considerably more sensitive and can thus be used to detect smaller amounts of protein. Alternative rapid staining procedures are provided for each method. Fluorescent staining is a popular alternative to the traditional staining procedures, mainly because it is more sensitive than Coomassie staining, and often as sensitive as silver staining. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 6:7.4.1‐7.4.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Step‐Wise Approach for Dual Nanoparticle Patterning via Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly
Authors: Horechyy Andriy , Nandan Bhanu , Zafeiropoulos Nikolaos E. , Formanek Petr , Oertel Ulrich , Bigall Nadja C. , Eychmüller Alexander , Stamm Manfred
Published: September 2012

A novel step‐wise approach for fabrication of periodic arrays of two different types of nanoparticles (NPs), selectively localized at different block copolymer phases is demonstrated. In the first step, pre‐synthesized ≈12 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), stabilized with thiol‐terminated polystyrene, are mixed with poly(styrene‐block‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐PVP) block copolymer in a common solvent. After film casting and consequent solvent vapor annealing the AgNPs are selectively localized within the PS phase of the block copolymer matrix due to the interaction with PS shell of the nanoparticles. In the second step, ≈2–5 nm gold, platinum, or palladium nanoparticles are directly deposited from their aqueous dispersion on the PVP domains of the self‐assembled block copolymer thin films. In such a way, thin films of nanostructured block copolymer with two types of nanoparticles, separated by the two distinct block copolymer phases, are prepared in a step‐wise manner. The presented method is very simple and can be applied for various combinations of pre‐synthesized nanoparticles where the characteristics of either type of nanoparticles are tuned accordingly in advance, which is more difficult to achieve for in situ synthesized nanoparticles.
Auditory Memory in Monkeys: Costs and Benefits of Proactive Interference
Authors: BIGELOW JAMES , POREMBA AMY
Published: September 2012

Proactive interference (PI) has traditionally been understood as an adverse consequence of stimulus repetition during memory tasks. Herein, we present data that emphasize costs as well as benefits of PI for monkeys performing an auditory delayed matching‐to‐sample (DMTS) task. The animals made same/different judgments for a variety of simple and complex sounds separated by a 5‐s memory delay. Each session used a stimulus set that included eight sounds; thus, each sound was repeated multiple times per session for match trials and for nonmatch trials as the sample (Cue 1) or test (Cue 2) stimulus. For nonmatch trials, performance was substantially diminished when the test stimulus had been previously presented on a recent trial. However, when the sample stimulus had been recently presented, performance was significantly improved. We also observed a marginal performance benefit when stimuli for match trials had been recently presented. The costs of PI for nonmatch test stimuli were greater than the combined benefits of PI for nonmatch sample stimuli and match trials, indicating that the net influence of PI is detrimental. For all three manifestations of PI, the effects are shown to extend beyond the immediately subsequent trial. Our data suggest that PI in auditory DMTS is best understood as an enduring influence that can be both detrimental and beneficial to memory‐task performance. Am. J. Primatol. 75:425‐434, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Children Caught in Conflicts: Assessing the Psychosocial Impact of Armed Conflict on Children in the Philippines
Authors: Castro Elizabeth De , Camacho Agnes Zenaida V. , Balanon Faye A. G. , Galang Marie Therese
Published: September 2012

This article discusses the results of a study on the psychosocial impact of armed conflict on children and families in the Philippines employing a multi‐method inquiry on the subject. Results showed that fear affected the children and their families' and was central in most of their choices and decisions. The effects discussed focused on how everyday life and social relations were disrupted and how this contributed to the overall atmosphere of fear and mistrust as violence became the norm.

The article also stresses that in the midst of continuing conflict the community learned to cope. Some coped in positive ways, others did not. To cope with the socio‐economic impact of the armed conflict, some got involved in criminal activity. To survive in the midst of armed conflict, safe places were identified, some converting to Islam, checkpoints were established and armed vigilante groups were formed, and the people imposed restrictions upon themselves. Lastly, in order to overcome grief and loss, the people continued to observe religious rituals and rites and they did all they could to keep the family and community together.

In 2005, UNICEF EAPRO initiated a regional study on “Children Caught in Conflicts: Assessing the impact of armed conflict on children in East Asia and the Pacific.” The objective of the study was three‐fold: to improve the knowledge base on children affected by armed conflict, to devise protection strategies for children in situations of low‐intensity conflict, and to involve participation of children and young people. Three countries participated: Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. This article focuses on the results of the study conducted in the Philippines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a transfer‐cost‐based logit assignment model for the Beijing rail transit network using automated fare collection data
Authors: Si Bingfeng , Zhong Ming , Liu Jianfeng , Gao Ziyou , Wu Jianjun
Published: September 2012

Literature review indicates that little is known about traveler behavior, such as transfer and route choices, in large transit systems because of the number of alternative routes involved and lack of empirical data. Even though many transit route assignment models have been developed and ample automated fare collection data have been collected, nearly no study has quantified how accurate resulting flow assignments are, especially for transfer flows. However, as a multi‐stakeholder system, it is essential to estimate passenger flows over the Beijing rail transit network for revenue sharing and daily management/operation purpose. In this paper, major factors (including total travel time and transfer cost) that influence passenger flow pattern in the Beijing rail transit network are considered in a logit‐based network flow assignment model. Specifically, a full transfer cost function, including transfer walking time, vehicle waiting time, and a penalty to additional transfers, is proposed to better simulate passengers' transfer behaviors. A generalized cost function for urban rail transit network is presented, and the corresponding route choice behavior of travelers is analyzed. An improved logit‐based model is then presented for solving this network flow assignment problem. The depth‐first method is used to search for “effective paths” among all O–D pairs. The average errors of estimated transfer flows from the proposed assignment model, which is proven to be more realistic in searching a set of effective paths, are below 20%. The results indicate that the models being developed in this study are capable of reasonably reproducing passengers' transfer and route choices and thus helpful for understanding the transfer behaviors of passengers of large rail transit networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wetland Network Design for Mitigation of Saltwater Intrusion by Replenishing Freshwater in an Estuary
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Cui Baoshan , Fan Xiaoyun , Zhang Kejiang , Zhao Hui , Zhang Honggang
Published: September 2012

In this paper, a wetland network is designed to mitigate saltwater intrusion based on the relationship between river discharge and salinity in Modaomen waterway (MDMW), the Pearl River estuary (PRE) of southern China. The designed network consists of existing and expanded wetlands, river channels and their tributaries. The freshwater stored in wetlands can be diverted into river channels to adjust salinity gradients when saltwater intrusion reaches the predefined locations. In the MDMW, two exponential regression models are established between the freshwater discharge and the saltwater intrusion length at both high water slack (HWS) and low water slack (LWS), respectively. The wetland network can effectively mitigate the saltwater intrusion when the freshwater is diverted from wetlands into river channels according to the regressive models. The method of wetland network can save over 50% more freshwater (varying from 46.1 to 56.4% at HWS and from 53.4 to 61.8% at LWS) than the emergent water allocation schedule (EWAS) implemented in 2005 to protect against saltwater intrusion in the same area. Wetland network design facilitates water resource management in the PRE and can also be easily generalized to other estuaries.
Tunable Dual Fluorescence of 3‐(2,2′‐Bipyridyl)‐Substituted Iminocoumarin
Authors: Younes Ali H. , Zhu Lei
Published: September 2012

3‐(2,2′‐Bipyridyl)‐substituted iminocoumarin molecules (compounds 1 and 2) exhibit dual fluorescence. Each molecule has one electron donor and two electron acceptors that are in conjugation, which leads to fluorescence from two independent charge transfer (CT) states. To account for the dual fluorescence, we subscribe to a kinetic model in which both CT states form after rapid decays from the directly accessed S1 and S2 excited states. Due to the slow internal conversion from S2 to S1, or more likely the slow interconversion between the two subsequently formed CT states, dual emission is allowed to occur. This hypothesis is supported by the following evidence: 1) the emission at short and long ends of the spectrum originates from two different excitation spectra, which eliminates the possibility that dual emission occurs after an adiabatic reaction at the S1 level. 2) The fluorescence quantum yield of compound 2 grows with increasing excitation wavelength, which indicates that the high‐energy excitation elevates the molecule to a weakly emissive state that does not internally convert to the low‐energy, highly emissive state. The intensity of the two emission bands of 1 is tunable through the specific interactions between either of the two electron acceptors with another species, such as Zn2+ in the current demonstration. Therefore, the development of ratiometric fluorescent indicators based on the dual‐emitting iminocoumarin system is conceivable. Further fundamental studies on this series of compounds using time‐resolved spectroscopic techniques, and explorations of their applications will be carried out in the near future.
Nonmuscle myosin II regulation of lung epithelial morphology
Authors: Plosa Erin J. , Gooding Kimberly A. , Zent Roy , Prince Lawrence S.
Published: September 2012

Background: The regulation of epithelial cell shape and orientation during lung branching morphogenesis is not clearly understood. Nonmuscle myosins regulate cell size, morphology, and planar cell polarity. Here, we test the hypothesis that nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) regulates lung epithelial morphology in a spatially restricted manner. Results: Epithelial cell orientation at airway tips in fetal mouse lungs underwent a significant transformation at embryonic day (E) E17. Treatment of E15 lung explants with the NM II inhibitor blebbistatin increased airway branching, epithelial cell size, and the degree of anisotropy in epithelial cells lining the airway stalks. In cultured MLE‐12 lung epithelial cells, blebbistatin increased cell velocity, but left the migratory response to FGF‐10 unchanged. Conclusions: In the developing lung, NM II acts to constrain cell morphology and orientation, but may be suppressed at sites of branching and cell migration. The regulation of epithelial orientation may therefore undergo dynamic variations from E15 to E17. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of reforestation on near‐surface saturated hydraulic conductivity in a managed forest landscape, southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Greenwood W. J. , Buttle J. M.
Published: September 2012

Reforestation of previously deforested landscapes often increases soil organic matter content and porosity as the plantation forest ages, leading to increased soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (KH). However, the time required for a reforested soil's KH to recover to that of the original forest differs considerably between locations because of variations in forest, climatic and soil properties. We examined a chronosequence of sites on similar soils in a managed forest landscape in southern Ontario, Canada, ranging from open fields deforested in the late 19th century, through red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands of varying age, to 100+ year‐old mixed conifer–hardwoods. Soil texture, organic matter content, bulk density, KH, and overstory and understory forest characteristics were measured. For sites with similar soil textures, there was a general increase in KH in the following sequence: open fields → red pine plantations → mixed conifer–hardwood stands. There were no significant changes in near‐surface organic matter contents or soil bulk densities with forest age, and neither factor was related to temporal changes in KH. Temporal trends in KH were associated with increased understory density with forest age, suggesting that increases in KH were driven by understory root development and greater macroporosity. It may take ~25 years before reforestation begins to affect soil infiltration characteristics at the stand scale and at least 40 years following planting before the KH of soils under red pine plantations begins to equal that for undisturbed mixed conifer–hardwood stands. This recovery may be assisted by management activities such as thinning of red pine stands, which promotes understory development.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[2.2]Paracyclophanediyldiphosphane Complexes of Gold
Authors: Sarcher Christian , Lühl Anja , Falk Florian C. , Lebedkin Sergei , Kühn Michael , Wang Cong , Paradies Jan , Kappes Manfred M. , Klopper Wim , Roesky Peter W.
Published: September 2012

We have prepared digold(I) complexes with the rigid‐backbone diphosphane ligands PhanePhos, xyl‐PhanePhos, and Ph2‐GemPhos. All complexes were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR, IR, Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. [PhanePhos(AuCl)2] and [GemPhos(AuCl)2] show a very similar ligand scaffold, but different (aurophilic vs. nonaurophilic) intramolecular Au–Au distances. Absorption and PL spectra of both compounds are quite similar. Theoretical investigations reveal that the excited states are of different character (i.e., influenced by the Au–Au contacts). The respective transition energies, however, lie close to each other, thus resulting in similar experimental spectra. The gold atoms appear to produce a significant heavy‐atom effect in the electronic relaxation dynamics. Thus, [PhanePhos(AuCl)2] and [GemPhos(AuCl)2] both show bright‐green millisecond‐long phosphorescence at low temperatures, although the latter is quenched at ambient temperature. [PhanePhos(AuCl)2] and [GemPhos(AuCl)2] were also used as catalysts in the intra‐ and intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes. Good to quantitative conversions on a reasonable time scale were observed. The overall performance of these catalysts in the studied reactions was similar, showing that Au–Au contacts do not have a major influence on the catalytic performance.
Spatial interaction between collapsed pipes and landslides in hilly regions with loess‐derived soils
Authors: Verachtert E. , Van Den Eeckhaut M. , Poesen J. , Deckers J.
Published: September 2012

While most studies focus on the effect of soil pipes on hillslope stability, this present study investigates the impact of landsliding on pipe development. It is hypothesized that poorly drained active and dormant landslides change the hillslope hydrology through (i) surface flow obstruction, by changing topography, as well as (ii) subsurface flow obstruction by tilting less‐permeable clay‐rich substrates. Hence, new preferential flow paths are created at reverse slopes within the landslide zone and at the boundary of the landslide, enhancing pipe formation. This study aims at a better understanding of the interaction between collapsed pipe (CP) occurrence and landslide (LS) occurrence in the Flemish Ardennes (Belgium) by comparing their respective spatial patterns. At least 24.5% of the 139 sites with CP were related to the occurrence of an observed LS. Poorly drained LS may create favourable conditions for pipe development. Outside LS, natural and anthropogenic (e.g. broken field drains, road drainage) causes may result in concentrated subsurface flow, resulting in pipe development. No evidence was found that pipe development enhanced LS, probably because the subsurface drainage discharge generated upslope of the LS is too low. Even when pipes become blocked, it is more likely that new pipes develop and new collapses occur than they trigger or reactivate LS. A conceptual model is presented summarizing all elements that influence piping erosion in the Flemish Ardennes, including the role of LS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disturbance regimes at the interface of geomorphology and ecology
Authors: Rice Stephen , Stoffel Markus , Turowski Jens M. , Wolf Annett
Published: September 2012

Geomorphological processes are an integral part of ecosystem functioning and ecosystem functioning affects geomorphological processes. Increasingly widespread acknowledgement of this simple idea is manifest in a vigorous research community engaged with questions that address the two‐way interaction between biota and geomorphology, at a range of scales and in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic environments. Geomorphological disturbances are a core element of biogeomorphological interest, and although the disciplines of geomorphology and ecology have each developed languages and theories that help to explore, model and understand disturbance events, little attempt has been made to draw together these approaches. Following a brief review of these issues, we introduce thirteen papers that investigate the interactions and feedbacks between geomorphological disturbance regimes and ecosystem functions. These papers reveal the singularity of wildfire impacts, the importance of landsliding for carbon budgeting and of vegetation accumulation for landsliding, the zoogeomorphic role of iconic and ‘Cinderella’ animals in fluvial geomorphology, biophysical interactions in aeolian, fluvial and torrential environments and the utility of living ecosystems as archives of geomorphic events. Most of these papers were first presented in a conference session at the European Geoscience Union General Assembly in 2010 and several others are from recent volumes of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A random access algorithm for LTE systems
Authors: Sanguinetti L. , Morelli M. , Marchetti L.
Published: September 2012

The random access procedure is a contention‐based synchronisation process specified by long‐term evolution standards by which uplink signals can arrive at the eNodeB synchronously and with approximately the same power level. In this work, a novel random access algorithm for initial synchronisation in long‐term evolution systems is derived on the basis of a generalised likelihood ratio test. In contrast to existing methods, our approach provides better results by properly taking into account the frequency selectivity of the channel. This is achieved at the price of an increase of the system complexity. Computer simulations are employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed solution and to make comparisons with existing alternatives. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SNP Set Association Analysis for Familial Data
Authors: Schifano Elizabeth D. , Epstein Michael P. , Bielak Lawrence F. , Jhun Min A. , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Peyser Patricia A. , Lin Xihong
Published: September 2012

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) are a popular approach for identifying common genetic variants and epistatic effects associated with a disease phenotype. The traditional statistical analysis of such GWAS attempts to assess the association between each individual single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and the observed phenotype. Recently, kernel machine‐based tests for association between a SNP set (e.g., SNPs in a gene) and the disease phenotype have been proposed as a useful alternative to the traditional individual‐SNP approach, and allow for flexible modeling of the potentially complicated joint SNP effects in a SNP set while adjusting for covariates. We extend the kernel machine framework to accommodate related subjects from multiple independent families, and provide a score‐based variance component test for assessing the association of a given SNP set with a continuous phenotype, while adjusting for additional covariates and accounting for within‐family correlation. We illustrate the proposed method using simulation studies and an application to genetic data from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study.
A novel composite porous coating approach for bioactive titanium‐based orthopedic implants
Authors: Qiu Dong , Zhang Mingxing , Grøndahl Lisbeth
Published: September 2012

Surface modification of titanium‐based implants is considered a highly effective solution to enhance osseointegration. This study describes a novel Ti/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite porous coating produced using a cold spraying technique. Experimental results indicate desirable open‐cell structure with 50–150 μm pore size and 60–65% macroporosity. In particular, the reinforced HA particles are exposed to the surface of the coating resulting in enhanced mineralization ability in simulated body fluid. None of the coatings displayed a cytotoxic response in SaOS‐2 cells cultured in vitro for up to 48 h. The bond strength between the porous coating and the Ti substrate was found to be 20 MPa. These properties are comparative to or better than products currently on the market and thus this novel coating has potential use in orthopedics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 862–872, 2013.
The efficacy of using gridded data to examine extreme rainfall characteristics: a case study for Australia
Authors: King Andrew D. , Alexander Lisa V. , Donat Markus G.
Published: September 2012

A 0.05° × 0.05° gridded dataset of daily observed rainfall is compared with high‐quality station data at 119 sites across Australia for performance in capturing extreme rainfall characteristics. A range of statistics was calculated and analysed for a selection of extreme indices representing the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, and their contribution to total rainfall. As is often found for interpolated data, we show that the gridded dataset tends to underestimate the intensity of extreme heavy rainfall events and the contribution of these events to total annual rainfall as well as overestimating the frequency and intensity of very low rainfall events. The interpolated dataset captures the interannual variability in extreme indices. The spatial extent of significant trends in the frequency of extreme rainfall events is also reproduced to some degree. An investigation into the performance of this gridded dataset in remote areas reveals issues, such as the appearance of spurious trends, when stations come in and out of use. We recommend masking over areas of low station density for this particular gridded data. It is likely that in areas of low station density, gridded datasets will, in general, not perform as well. Therefore, caution should be exercised when examining trends and variability in these regions. We conclude that this gridded product is suitable for use in studies on trends and variability in rainfall extremes across much of Australia. The methodology employed in this study, to examine extreme rainfall over Australia in a gridded dataset, may be applied to other areas of the world. While our study indicates that, in general, gridded datasets can be used to investigate extreme rainfall trends and variability, the data should first be subjected to tests similar to those employed here.
Cognitive Lock‐In Effects on Consumer Purchase Intentions in the Context of B2C Web Sites
Authors: Shih Hung‐Pin
Published: September 2012

The perspective of power law of practice and human capital model asserts that cognitive search costs, cognitive transaction costs, and cognitive switching costs are three lock‐in mechanisms that a business‐to‐consumer (B2C) Web site holds to retain customers. Whether the ability of customer value or the lock‐in mechanism is more dominant for retaining online shoppers has received recent attention, but remains unresolved in the literature. This study sheds light on perceived value and cognitive lock‐in to develop a research model to predict consumer purchase intentions. Empirical results obtained from a survey of customers of a B2C Web site are used to examine the proposed model. Implications of cognitive lock‐in and product cues for increasing purchase intentions are also discussed.
Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl‐ACP reductase and implications on drug discovery
Authors: Lindert Steffen , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: September 2012

Enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) is a crucial enzyme in the type II fatty acid synthesis pathway of many pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Because of its essential function of fatty acid double bond reduction and the absence of a human homologue, PfENR is an interesting drug target. Although extensive knowledge of the protein structure has been gathered over the last decade, comparatively little remains known about the dynamics of this crucial enzyme. Here, we perform extensive molecular dynamics simulations of tetrameric PfENR in different states of cofactor and ligand binding, and with a variety of different ligands bound. A pocket‐volume analysis is also performed, and virtual screening is used to identify potential druggable hotspots. The implications of the results for future drug‐discovery projects are discussed.
Biting deterrence and insecticidal activity of hydrazide‐hydrazones and their corresponding 3‐acetyl‐2,5‐disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles against Aedes aegypti
Authors: Tabanca Nurhayat , Ali Abbas , Bernier Ulrich R , Khan Ikhlas A , Kocyigit‐Kaymakcioglu Bedia , Oruç‐Emre Emine E , Unsalan Seda , Rollas Sevim
Published: September 2012

Background

Taking into account the improvement in insecticidal activity by the inclusion of fluorine in the hydrazone moiety, the authors synthesized new 4‐fluorobenzoic acid hydrazides and 3‐acetyl‐2,5‐disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles, substituting a phenyl group or a heteroaryl ring carrying one or two atoms of F, Cl and Br, and investigated their biting deterrent and larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti for the first time.

Results

The compound 3‐acetyl‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (17) produced the highest biting deterrent activity (BDI = 1.025) against Ae. Aegypti, followed by 4‐fluorobenzoic acid [(phenyl)methylene] hydrazide (1). These activity results were similar to those of N,N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide (DEET), which showed a proportion not biting of 0.8–0.92. When compounds 1 and 17 were tested on cloth worn on human volunteers, compound 1 was not repellent for some volunteers until present in excess of 500 nmol cm−2, while compound 17 was not repellent at the highest concentration tested (1685 nmol cm−2). In the larvicidal screening bioassays, only compounds 10, 11, 12 and 17 showed 100% mortality at the highest screening dose of 100 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae. Compounds 11 and 12 with LD50 values of 24.1 and 30.9 ppm showed significantly higher mortality than 10 (80.3 ppm) and 17 (58.7 ppm) at 24‐h post‐treatment.

Conclusion

The insecticidal and biting deterrent activities were correlated with the presence of a halogen atom on the phenyl or heteroaryl substituent of the hydrazone moiety.
The insect peptide CopA3 inhibits lipopolysaccharide‐induced macrophage activation
Authors: Nam Hyo Jung , Oh Ah Reum , Nam Seung Taek , Kang Jin Ku , Chang Jong Soo , Kim Dae Hong , Lee Ji Hye , Hwang Jae Sam , Shong Ko Eun , Park Mi Jung , Seok Heon , Kim Ho
Published: September 2012

We recently demonstrated that the insect peptide CopA3 (LLCIALRKK), a disulfide‐linked dimeric peptide, exerts antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory activities in a mouse colitis model. Here, we examined whether CopA3 inhibited activation of macrophages by LPS. Exposure of an unseparated mouse peritoneal cell population or isolated peritoneal macrophages to LPS markedly increased secretion of IL‐6 and TNF‐α; these effects were significantly inhibited by CopA3 treatment. The inhibitory effect of CopA3 was also evident in murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Western blotting revealed that LPS‐induced activation of STAT1 and STAT5 in macrophages was significantly inhibited by CopA3. Inhibition of JAK (STAT1/STAT5 kinase) with AG490 markedly reduced the production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in macrophages. Collectively, these observations suggest that CopA3 inhibits macrophage activation by inhibiting activating phosphorylations of the transcription factors, STAT1 and STAT5, and blocking subsequent production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α and indicate that CopA3 may be useful as an immune‐modulating agent. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who Changes Course? The Role of Domain Knowledge and Novel Framing in Making Technology Changes
Authors: Furr Nathan R. , Cavarretta Fabrice , Garg Sam
Published: September 2012

The foundations of established firms are laid when, early in life, venture executives explore dynamic landscapes in search of opportunities. During this search, the executive team processes information that might signal the need to change, and their cognitive flexibility in processing this information affects the likelihood of such changes. While executive backgrounds affect this information processing, current literature does not identify how executive backgrounds impact the extent of change a firm undertakes. Therefore, we compare the effects of teams dominated by domain insiders, domain outsiders, and complementary teams (blending insiders and outsiders) on the likelihood of different degrees of technology change. In an examination of the population ofU.S. solar photovoltaic manufacturing ventures from 1992 to 2007, we find that teams with extra‐domain expertise, particularly at theCEOlevel, undertake more significant technology change. By contrast, intra‐domain expertise has an inertial effect on change: even when combined in complementary team configurations, domain expertise reduces chances of significant technology change. These findings expand the discussion of types and antecedents of organization change, top management team composition, and the psychological foundations of strategy. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Returnees Versus Locals: Who Perform Better in China's Technology Entrepreneurship?
Authors: Li Haiyang , Zhang Yan , Li Yu , Zhou Li‐An , Zhang Weiying
Published: September 2012

We examine performance differences between new ventures led by returnees and those led by their local counterparts in China. We argue that while, compared with locals, returnees have the advantages of higher education and overseas experience, they also have disadvantages in their home country in terms of lack of both local connections and local knowledge. Since returnees' effect on venture performance is the net effect of their advantages and disadvantages, contextual factors that can help them overcome their disadvantages should improve their ventures' performance. With a sample of new technology ventures in China, we find strong support for this argument. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Are You Experienced or Are You Talented?: When Does Innate Talent versus Experience Explain Entrepreneurial Performance?
Authors: Eesley Charles E. , Roberts Edward B.
Published: September 2012

We explore whether entrepreneurial performance is due to innate talent or the accumulation of entrepreneurial experience. Using a novel data set with multiple observations of founding attempts per individual, we generate a unique measure of entrepreneurial talent. In contrast to prior findings, the relative importance of experience versus talent changes with the context. When the current market or technology is familiar, experience dominates. However, when the venture context is unfamiliar, talent is more important. Individuals with experience and talent handle both familiar and unfamiliar aspects and may extract more from a given level of experience. The findings advance our understanding of how the drivers of venture performance shift with the broader technological and industry environment and places limits on when experience aids performance. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Hypertension Increases With Aging and Obesity in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Ely John J. , Zavaskis Tony , Lammey Michael L.
Published: September 2012

Cardiovascular disease is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in captive chimpanzees. Four years of blood pressure (BP) data were analyzed from a captive former laboratory population of 201 healthy adult chimpanzees with assessment of age and obesity on elevated BP. Five different measures of obesity were compared: abdominal girth, basal metabolic rate, body‐mass index (BMI), body weight, and surface area. Systolic BP varied by sex. Obesity did not influence male BP. For females, obesity was a significant determinant of BP. The best measure of female obesity was basal metabolic rate and the worst was BMI. Median systolic BP of healthy weight females (<54.5 kg) was significantly lower (128 mmHg) than overweight or obese females (140 mmHg), but both were lower than all males (147 mmHg). For diastolic BP, neither sex nor any of the five obesity measures was significant. But age was highly significant, with geriatric chimpanzees (>30 years) having higher median diastolic BP (74 mmHg) than young adults of 10–29 years of age (65 mmHg). By these criteria, 80% of this population is normotensive, 7% prehypertensive, and 13% hypertensive. In summary, systolic BP intervals required adjustment for obesity among females but not males. Diastolic BP required adjustment for advanced age (≥30 years). Use of these reference intervals can facilitate timely clinical care of captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biol. 32:79‐87, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Graft Quality on Non‐Urgent Liver Retransplantation Survival: Should We Avoid High‐Risk Donors?
Authors: Marti Josep , Fuster Josep , Navasa Miquel , Ferrer Joana , Rimola Antoni , Pelegrina Amalia , Fondevila Constantino , Garcia‐Valdecasas Juan Carlos
Published: September 2012

Background

Few studies have studied the effects of graft quality on non‐urgent liver retransplantation (ReLT) outcomes. We aimed to analyze graft characteristics and survival in non‐urgent ReLT and the effect of using grafts with extended criteria on survival.

Methods

Eighty non‐urgent ReLT were performed from June 1988 to June 2010. The whole series was divided by identical time periods to study time‐related effects. We assessed graft quality with donor risk index (DRI) and Briceño scores and recipient status with the Model for End‐stage Liver Diseases and Rosen scores. Low and high‐risk grafts were defined by a DRI cutoff of 1.8.

Results

Graft survival was similar in both periods (1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year graft survivals: 73.5, 46.9, and 40.8 versus 71, 47.7, and 47.7%, p = 0.935) although donor quality was worse in the second period (DRI: 1.35 ± 0.32 vs. 1.66 ± 0.34, p < 0.001). In the first period high‐risk grafts did worse than low‐risk grafts (5‐year survival: 0 vs. 54.5%, p = 0.002) while in the second period outcomes were similar (5‐year survival: 48.6 vs. 56.7 %, p = 0.660). Donor age was the only independent donor factor for graft survival, with lower survival when using grafts from donors over 60‐years‐old.

Conclusions

Graft quality in ReLT has worsened with time mainly because of older donors but nowadays the use of high‐risk grafts in non‐urgent ReLT is not associated with worse graft survival because of better perioperative management. Moreover of being selective on recipient conditions, care should be taken when using grafts from donors over 60‐years‐old for non‐urgent ReLT.
Editorial
Authors: Stone Ian R.
Published: September 2012

Attentive readers of Polar Record will have noticed that, since the issue for October 2011 (Volume 47 Issue 4), no book reviews have appeared in the journal's issues. The reason for this is simply that not only has the journal been receiving a large number of high-quality submissions in the form of articles and notes but it has also published two special themed issues in the last few months. This meant there was simply no space for book reviews and obituaries taking into consideration the space limitations of the hard copy issues. This problem is alleviated somewhat by the fact that all contributions are published online in FirstView (http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=POL) before appearing in an issue, and book reviews and obituaries published in Polar Record have been free to view online since 2010. Furthermore contributions published in FirstView may be cited in exactly the same manner as contributions published in an issue, but using the doi number rather than volume and page numbers. To rationalise the situation, it has been decided that articles and notes will continue to appear in hard copy, albeit at some remove from their publication in FirstView, while book reviews, obituaries, etc will only appear in the online version of the issue.