bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Monsieur Prokofieff”
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina
Published: March 2020

Composers’ national identities, as we perceive them, tend to act as a constraint on the type of questions we ask about them. Prokofiev research is a clear example of this, since it has been focused either on his early years or on his return to Soviet Russia. His two decades abroad have usually been treated as transitional, unsettled, and of limited significance. This chapter reimagines Prokofiev in Paris, not as a fleeting Russian émigré but as a fixture in Parisian musical life. It assesses both how important Prokofiev was for Paris and how important Paris was for Prokofiev. The materials for this task are now abundant: Prokofiev’s own diaries and much of his personal and professional correspondence have been published; and a multitude of French press reviews are available online. The impact of the Paris years well into Prokofiev’s Soviet period is also examined—an influence not generally recognized by either Soviet or Western commentators.
Sergei Prokofiev and Levon Atovmian
Authors: Kravetz Nelly , McAllister Rita , Brown Laura
Published: March 2020

The name of Levon Atovmian is largely unknown. Yet he was a most important and influential figure in the development of Soviet culture: a musical impresario, company director, bureaucrat, publisher, editor, and arranger, as well as close friend and confidant of many distinguished Soviet composers. His role in Prokofiev’s later life cannot be overestimated. He played a leading, practical part in the composer’s return home in 1936. He promoted the commissioning of some of the most significant of Prokofiev’s later works, and arranged for piano all of his Soviet-period operas, oratorios, and ballets. He and Prokofiev exchanged an extensive professional and increasingly personal correspondence for over twenty years. The chapter is based on unique materials, including his memoirs, given to the author by Atovmian’s daughter. It explores their correspondence, and reveals the circumstances surrounding the discovery of Atovmian’s arrangement of an oratorio based on Prokofiev’s music for Ivan the Terrible.
Drama, Theater, and Gesture in the Operas of Sergei Prokofiev
Authors: Guillaumier Christina
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores Prokofiev’s processes, compositional strategies, and theatrical instinct as evident in his operatic works. Each of the eight operas discussed tells a different story about Prokofiev’s context, aesthetic, and compositional procedures; in each, he explores different musical, dramaturgical, and artistic possibilities. While the soundscapes of the earlier operas are different from those of his Soviet period, his musical voice remains distinctive. He was passionate about the stage and had much to say about opera in the twentieth century, but his innovative and radical ideas were often obscured by political and social contexts. Prokofiev’s operatic vision centered on characterization, visualization, and textual emancipation. His most significant contribution to the twentieth century’s operatic stage was dramatic realism, based on what he called “theatrical rhythm,” with his use of declamation to replace set pieces and ensembles.
Toward an Analysis of the Music of Prokofiev’s Middle Period
Authors: Harley Konrad
Published: March 2020

Prokofiev’s music is so individual that it is not uncommon for analysts to come up with new terms and concepts to describe it. Many of his devices have their origin in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century practices, but he reinvents them in a personal way. This chapter focuses on four topics of particular relevance to the analysis of music from Prokofiev’s middle period: first, the integration of set-theoretic relationships in tonality and the importance of listening to harmonic function even in works that have simplistically been described as atonal; second, the question of how Prokofiev’s harmonic material begins to change throughout the 1930s in his search for “new simplicity”; third, the idea of multiple meanings in harmony and the related notions of branching paths and decisive moments; and finally, the tonal significance of chromatic displacement, a technique that proves central to at least a few works in each period of his life.
Prokofiev, Soviet Influence, and the Music World in Stalinist Central Europe
Authors: Tompkins David G.
Published: March 2020

In the aftermath of World War II, the Red Army as a symbol of power was supported in many other arenas so as to counteract the rival influence of the United States on Central Europe. The Soviet Union brought new urgency to these efforts from 1948, with music—and culture more broadly—providing a case for Russia’s attractiveness and superiority with respect to the West. This chapter discusses the nature and scope of Soviet influence in the Central European music world through the examples of East Germany and Poland, and through the prism of the music and persona of Sergei Prokofiev. After his return to the USSR in 1936, Prokofiev, along with Shostakovich, became associated with the very definition of what made music Soviet and thus worthy of emulation. And even more than Shostakovich, Prokofiev and his music functioned as powerful but malleable symbols that could be appropriated by all Soviet actors for their own ends.
Adolescents on Music
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Adolescents on Music foregrounds the voices of 30 American adolescent musicians, ages 12–18. Adolescent singer-songwriters, studio and solo musicians, rappers, composers and arrangers, and band, choir, and orchestra members tell about their musical development and what it is like to make music by themselves and others. Situated in these 30 adolescents’ experiences is a theory of adolescent musical development—a theory that will help music educators support adolescents in their lives. The book is structured in three parts: Part I focuses on “who I am” with an in-depth look at musical identities; Part II explores “the social self” by investigating adolescent experiences of belonging, community, and social identity; Part III looks toward “a future vision” focusing on adolescent perspectives on their future and their advice for music educators. In the last chapter, Parker proposes one philosophy of adolescent music-making. Throughout the book, research from the arts, social and natural sciences, humanities, and education dimensionalize adolescent perspectives. Special features of this book include “Step Back” locations, reflective spaces for the reader to draw connections with adolescents’ experience and their own experiences. At the end of each chapter, the “Wrap Up” allows additional spaces for topics, questions, and possibilities for effective teaching interactions. Between each chapter are “Interludes” written by one or more of the 30 adolescent contributors.
Why Music Matters to Adolescents
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Chapter 10 proposes one philosophical perspective on why adolescents make music. Using Ellen Dissanayake’s writings, five intersections are described that connect art and the adolescent experience, namely, (1) mutuality, (2) belonging and acceptance, (3) finding and making meaning, (4) acquiring a sense of competence, and (5) elaboration. Each intersection weaves adolescents words and understandings to form a philosophy of adolescent music-making. At the end of the chapter, ritualization is introduced to explain how adolescents make their music-making special. Adolescents tell about annual traditions and special events that evoke powerful memories At the end of the chapter, a figure is presented for realizing relationships between and among music-makers.
Central Asian Insecurities
Authors: Markey Daniel S.
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses the intersection of Chinese, Russian, and Central Asian interests in the context of China’s expanding Eurasian presence. It introduces a brief history of China’s relations with Central Asia and Russia. It describes how China has deepened its economic ties, especially with respect to the energy (oil and gas) trade and overland transportation infrastructure. It explains how Kazakhstan’s political economy is defined by illiberal strongman rule, patronage politics, and ethnic cleavages influences, and is likely to be influenced by China’s involvement. It describes how China and Russia share similar global aims, not least in resisting aspects of US leadership, which has contributed to the unusually close ties between presidents Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin. However, it also finds that the increasing power asymmetry between China and Russia, along with Moscow’s reduced influence in Central Asia, will likely introduce tensions between them over time.
Contagion
Authors: Davis Mark , Lohm Davina
Published: March 2020

Contagion is an age-old method of signifying infectious diseases like influenza and is a rich metaphor with strong biopolitical connotations for understandings of social distance, that is, the self as distinct from the other in the sense of space and identity. Contagion is therefore an important metaphor for the social distancing approaches recommended by experts during a pandemic, as was the case in 2009. This chapter, therefore, examines how research participants enacted social distancing as a method for reducing risk. It reflects on how these narratives reflected the meanings of contagion linked with distance, in particular, the notion that threat emerges elsewhere and in the figure of the other.
“The Original Treaty in Arabic”
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: March 2020

This chapter details Thomas Jefferson’s use of covert methods of communication in his engagements with Muslim Africa. In 1785, Jefferson dispatched Thomas Barclay, America’s Consul in Paris, to North Africa to secure a U.S. treaty with Morocco, the nation often known as “America’s oldest ally” in the Muslim world. Jefferson saw secrecy in Muslim lands as essential, with not only personal safety, but national security, at stake. However, little did Jefferson know that his encoded letter concerning Barclay would lead to illegible responses returned from Barclay back to Jefferson. Just one year later, it would be Jefferson who confronted an indecipherable document, staring at unreadable lines sent from North Africa—thin lines that defied his literacy, but which potentially upheld American peace.
“His name is ‘Usman”
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on a slave named ‘Usman. Born in 18th-century Futa Jallon—“in the interior part of Guinea”—‘Usman was raised in a Muslim region famed for scholarship, but also soldiery, regularly waging war against neighboring states. Educated in Islamic traditions, ‘Usman was trained not merely to recite Qur’anic text orally, but to write in elegant lines. Such literary skills would comprise a rare continuity in a life of jarring interruption, linking ‘Usman’s studies in Africa with his slavery in America. Surviving the Middle Passage horrors crossing the Atlantic, ‘Usman was settled near Midway, a West African exile enslaved near an itinerant church, itself a refugee in Georgia. Transitioning between cultures, ‘Usman was surrounded by contending lines of succession, lines which seem to bleed into his own ink, receiving expression from ‘Usman’s pen.
“The Prayer of the Poorest Slave of God”
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: March 2020

This chapter details events following the arrival in Washington of Sulaimān Mellimelni, the first Muslim envoy to the United States, on November 30, 1805. On his arrival, Mellimelni was greeted with holiday fanfare. In December 1805, he was fêted at a dinner at the President’s House; by New Year’s Day, 1806, Mellimelni was acclaimed “the lion of the season” by socialite Margaret Bayard Smith. However, Mellimelni’s novelty soon wore off, and so did his welcome. As spring neared, the Tunisian Ambassador was still attracting attention—and animal analogies. But rather than a majestic lion, he was labeled instead “bestial” and “barbarous.”
“Conquest is Close”
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on Ira P. Nash, who wrote a letter to President Jefferson about two Muslim fugitives in western Kentucky. The unusual aspects of Nash’s career and character made him an apt conduit that could link two Muslims jailed in Kentucky with Thomas Jefferson, wielding power as the President in D.C. There was another quirk in Nash’s personality, however, that may have prompted him to intervene in this improbable story—a quirk he shared with the President. Among his many oddities was Nash’s fascination with encoded identities and words difficult to decipher. Like Jefferson, Nash was a devotee of “the secret art of writing,” and like the President, Nash was adept too at retaining his own anonymity, enciphering even his own family’s name.
“Humanity certainly Pleads Loud”
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: March 2020

This chapter describes Jefferson’s encounter with a strange new writing device for copying called the “Stylograph.” Cutting into “Carbonated paper” with “glass brought to a point like a pencil,” this instrument “provided an exact copy of an author’s original.” Jefferson experimented with his new toy, making literary duplicates by cutting across layers with his stylograph on October 5, 1807—the same day he also started to search for a translator to decipher the layered Arabic documents which had cut their way across the country, carried by Ira P. Nash. Canvassing the capital, Jefferson eventually sent his plea for help to Philadelphia on October 18th, even as he experimented with his new stylograph, ensuring that copies of his own letters were preserved. By the time October came to an end, however, Jefferson would discover that he was not alone in reproducing pivotal texts.
Our Spirit Is Not Narrow Bigotry
Authors: McClain Linda C.
Published: March 2020

This chapter studies how arguments about bigotry, conscience, and legislating morality featured in legislative debate over the Civil Rights Act of 1964, particularly the public accommodations provision (Title II). President Lyndon B. Johnson urged clergy to support the act and help the United States overcome bigotry. Religious leaders testified for and against the law. Lawmakers and witnesses supporting the law insisted that the nation’s conscience demanded that Congress pass a law to end bigotry and racial discrimination. Opponents referred to bigotry in multiple ways: they argued that segregation reflected natural difference and God’s plan, not bigotry; that people had a right to be bigoted; and that the act’s supporters were the real bigots. The chapter concludes with two Supreme Court cases upholding Title II relevant to later constitutional challenges to civil rights laws protecting LGBTQ persons: Heart of Atlanta v. United States and Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises.
Prejudice, Moral Progress, and Not Being on the Wrong Side of History
Authors: McClain Linda C.
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that evaluating the arguments the parties made in Loving v. Virginia (1967), the iconic case in which the Supreme Court struck down Virginia’s anti-miscegenation law, aids in understanding puzzles about bigotry. Virginia attempted a modern, sociological defense of its racist law. Loving illustrates the role of generational moral progress in constitutional interpretation: laws justified by appeals to nature, God’s plan for the races, and children’s well-being were repudiated as rooted in racial prejudice, intolerance, and white supremacy. The chapter then considers Loving’s crucial (but contested) role in constitutional challenges to bars on same-sex marriage, first analyzing the successful challenge to Virginia’s defense of marriage law. It then analyzes the majority opinion in Obergefell v. Hodges, holding that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry; the dissenters argued Loving was inapt. The chapter concludes by discussing the role of moral progress and new insight in constitutional interpretation.
This Isn’t 1964 Anymore—Or Is It?
Authors: McClain Linda C.
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyzes Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, which held that the Colorado Civil Rights Commission showed animosity and hostility toward the religion of baker Jack Phillips. This case shows that rhetoric matters: the commissioners drew criticism for their comments about appealing to religion to justify discrimination. The chapter analyzes the arguments made in Masterpiece, highlighting competing appeals to Obergefell and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kennedy’s majority opinion enlisted civil rights precedent Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises on the general rule that religious objections to gay marriage do not allow business owners to deny service to customers protected by public accommodations law. Masterpiece indicated guidelines for resolving future cases. The concurring opinion by Justice Bosson in Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock provides a valuable model: it speaks respectfully about religious beliefs, while also explaining what tolerance demands in the public square as the “price of citizenship.”
Brains as Engines of Association
Authors: Purves Dale
Published: March 2020

Brains as Engines of Association seeks an operating principle of the human brain and is divided into four parts. The first part (“What Nervous Systems Do for Animals”) is intended to set the stage for understanding the emergence of neural systems as promoting what all organisms must accomplish: survival and reproduction. The second part (“Neural Systems as Engines of Association”) lays out the general argument that biological sensing systems face a daunting problem: they cannot measure the parameters of the world in the way physical instruments can. As a result, nervous systems must make and update associations (synaptic connections) on the basis of empirical success or failure over both evolutionary and individual time. The third part (“Evidence that Neural Systems Operate Empirically”) reviews evidence accumulated over the past 20 years that supports this interpretation in vision and audition, the sensory systems that have been most studied from this or any other perspective. Finally, the fourth part (“Alternative Concepts of Neural Function”) considers the pros and cons of other interpretations of how brains operate. The overarching theme is that the nervous systems of humans and every other animal operate on the basis associations between stimuli and behavior made by trial and error over species and lifetime experience.
Organisms Without Nervous Systems
Authors: Purves Dale
Published: March 2020

According to current estimates, the kingdoms of life on Earth comprise at least 8.7 million eukaryotic species (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) and many more prokaryotic species (eubacteria and archaebacteria). The fuzziness of these numbers is understandable: new species are being discovered daily, and extant species are going extinct, as they always have. Whatever the number may actually be, the great majority of past and present species don’t have nervous systems. Thus, before asking what function or functions nervous systems add to animal biology, an obvious question is how organisms without them get along so well. This chapter explores the answer.
Evidence from Geometry
Authors: Purves Dale
Published: March 2020

Dealing successfully with objects and conditions in the world entails another basic visual category: the geometry of objects. This domain is also rich in perceptual phenomenology that needs to be explained. The problem in understanding perceived geometry is much the same as the problem of understanding lightness values and colors: biological vision lacks the tools—in this case rulers, protractors, radar guns, laser range scanners—needed to measure geometrical reality. As a result, the geometries we see always differ from the measured parameters of the physical world. The aim of this chapter is to consider geometrical examples that further support the conclusion that vision operates by ranking perceptual values according to the frequency of occurrence of biologically useful stimulus patterns.
What Is a Memory That It Can Be Changed?
Authors: Nadel Lynn
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides an overview of current thinking about certain aspects of memory, in particular, those most relevant in the clinic. It briefly sketches some early history and then discusses those features of memory that are important in understanding what is going on when one changes one’s mind. Major conclusions include (a) there are multiple forms of memory, governed by unique rules—some forms are relatively easy to change; others, less so; (b) reactivating a memory can enable change in that memory, but the conditions governing this remain unclear; (c) memory and emotion interact, affecting the likelihood of a memory being formed, or reformed, after reactivation; and (d) prediction is at the core of what all forms of memory do.
The Role of Language in the Construction of Emotion and Memory
Authors: Satpute Ajay B. , Nook Erik C. , Cakar Melis E.
Published: March 2020

Language is known to play an important role in communicating our thoughts, memories, and emotions. This chapter proposes that the role of language extends much more deeply to further shape and constitutively create these mental phenomena. Research on emotion has shown that language can powerfully influence experiences and perceptions that are affective or emotional. Research on memory, too, has also shown that language can be used to shape autobiographical experiences. The authors organize this work by the many forms and aspects that language may take such as rich narratives, specific emotion words, words that focus on the situation versus words that focus on the body, and even words that convey psychological distance from grammatical tense and pronoun usage. They describe a constructionist theoretical model to understand how language shapes emotion and memory in terms of psychological and neural mechanisms. Their model integrates with recent predictive coding models of neural processing. Finally, the chapter relates this work to clinical and translational models of therapeutic change.
Emotion–Memory Interactions
Authors: Dunsmoor Joseph E. , Kroes Marijn C. W.
Published: March 2020

Emotional events are better remembered with more vividness and confidence than everyday occurrences. This prioritization of emotional events in memory can be helpful by ensuring that we remember important information associated with meaningful events. But persistent and intrusive memories of negative experiences presents a burden to daily life, exemplified in anxiety and stress disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Here, we describe emerging cognitive neuroscience research detailing how emotion shapes learning and memory. This research is framed in a historical context of pioneering studies in laboratory animals on Pavlovian fear conditioning and the role of stress and arousal on memory formation. Translating advances in the neuroscience of learning and memory from rodents to humans has opened the way for several lines of research that may ultimately lead to a better understanding and innovative treatments for mental health disorders. This includes new insights on how memory might be persistently attenuated so as to diminish the psychological and physiological effects of unwanted emotional memories.
Autobiographical Memory and the Self-Concept
Authors: Grilli Matthew D. , Ryan Lee
Published: March 2020

Autobiographical memory plays a central role in one’s conceptualization of the self. It does so not only by storing the content of one’s life history, but also by providing the memories that are used to construct who we are and what we hope to become. Based on theories and evidence from cognitive neuroscience, the authors of this chapter discuss the contents and organization of autobiographical memory and the neural mechanisms that support the retrieval of autobiographical memories. They also cover core self-related functions served by this type of memory. The chapter closes by considering how the cognitive neuroscience of autobiographical memory and its self-related functions can provide insight into mechanisms of enduring change.
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Authors: Pascual-Leone Antonio , Greenberg Leslie
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the theory and practice of emotion-focused therapy (EFT), while giving special attention to the neuropsychological perspectives that help explain this approach to treatment. The authors elaborate how emotion theory is a fundamental part of the approach and discuss how this theory informs the treatment principles or ways of understanding emotional processing. They discuss how EFT focuses on accessing and utilizing adaptive emotions to promote transformation of maladaptive emotion structures and show how this promotes changing painful memories from the past by a process of memory reconsolidation. In addition, they refer to the outcome and process research of this approach and outline the principles of clinical practice.
CBT for Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Huppert Jonathan D. , Fradkin Isaac , Cahill Shawn P.
Published: March 2020

Although exposure is considered one of the most effective treatments for the anxiety disorders, theories underlying the efficacy of the treatments vary. This chapter examines various forms of exposure in terms of emotional processing theory, the inhibitory learning model, and cognitive theory. The authors discuss how each relates to current literature on memory reconsolidation. They suggest that, ultimately, all three models have strengths and weaknesses that can be improved upon via their integration and raise questions for further research in terms of each theory as well as their relationship to memory reconsolidation. In addition, some proposals for integrating these theories via consideration of the brain as a Bayesian predictive coding processor and use of computational modeling are suggested.
Erasing Problematic Emotional Learnings
Authors: Ecker Bruce
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines how the effectiveness and unification of psychotherapy are advanced by neuroscientists’ findings on memory reconsolidation, the brain’s innate mechanism for profound unlearning. Research relevant to psychotherapy is reviewed and mapped unambiguously into a clinical methodology of transformational change, the therapeutic reconsolidation process (TRP), applicable to all symptoms arising from memory contents. The TRP is defined as a set of experiences required by the brain, allowing implementation by any suitable experiential techniques, without dictating particular forms of therapy. Detection of TRP fulfillment in published case studies from diverse therapy systems suggests that the TRP provides psychotherapy unification and, functioning as both a specific and a common factor, may be responsible for transformational change occurring in any therapy sessions, which would confirm and advance the “corrective experience” paradigm. A coherence therapy case example serves to demonstrate TRP implementation, and research priorities are suggested.
Viewing Psychodynamic/Interpersonal Theory and Practice Through the Lens of Memory Reconsolidation
Authors: Levenson Hanna , Angus Lynne , Pool Erica
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, the case is made that the procedure for memory reconsolidation (MR) is compatible with the strategies and interventions of modern psychodynamic psychotherapy. In particular the concept of the corrective emotional experience (CEE) is seen as integral to the MR process. A measure (the Narrative-Emotional Processing Coding System [NEPCS]) was used to code transcripts from a case being seen in Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy. Results indicate that the NEPCS was able to track key shifts consistent with the MR process and CEE. One implication of this work is that psychodynamic therapists might be able to use an MR framework intentionally to foster enduring change more effectively and efficiently.
The Affective Origin and Treatment of Recurrent Maladaptive Patterns
Authors: Lane Richard D.
Published: March 2020

Recurrent maladaptive patterns (RMPs) have been a foundational concept in psychodynamic therapy (PDT) and psychoanalysis for over a century. Typically associated with character pathology (i.e., personality disorders), they highlight the remarkable correspondences frequently observed between relationship patterns in a person’s family of origin, their current adult relationships, and the transference relationship with the therapist. These patterns can be understood as an expression of schemas and therefore share a common conceptual foundation with other major psychotherapy modalities. Yet, the centrality of affect in the origin/development of these maladaptive patterns and their treatment may not be widely appreciated among practitioners of PDT or any other modality. The basic thesis of this chapter is that RMPs as described in the PDT literature could potentially become more widely recognized, understood, and treated in an integrated manner if their developmental and affective origin were more generally appreciated. Doing so would not only improve interpersonal functioning but could also alter the affective dysfunction that predisposes to the development of symptoms that are a common reason for seeking treatment. Consistent with newer developments in psychodynamic theory grounded in observations from early childhood development, this chapter briefly reconsiders the fundamental elements of RMPs, including unconscious processes, development, conflict, defenses, and mechanisms of change from the perspective of affective science and computational neuroscience. In so doing, the goals are to broaden appreciation of the importance and ubiquity of RMPs by explaining them in nonclinical language, to increase the likelihood of enduring change by promoting an integrative approach to their treatment focusing on new emotional experiences in meaningful contexts and to facilitate research that can potentially establish the benefits of such an approach.
Grandstanding and Respect
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

This chapter presents several ways that moral grandstanding can involve a failure to show appropriate respect for persons. Grandstanders often use the putative moral failings of others as opportunities to showcase their own moral qualities. This phenomenon is common in cases of viral outrage and online shaming. Grandstanders also deceive other people by encouraging inaccurate impressions of their own moral credentials, thus gaining trust they do not deserve, and sometimes greater leeway to behave immorally. Grandstanding is also presented as a form of free-riding. If everyone engaged in grandstanding all the time, it would not impress anyone, and moral talk would not work. Grandstanders get the best of both worlds, while others restrain themselves to avoid abusing moral talk.
Would a Virtuous Person Grandstand?
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses moral grandstanding from the standpoint of virtue ethics. Three common approaches to virtue ethics are considered. A virtuous person would not grandstand according to the classical conception of virtue, on which virtue is doing the right thing for the right reason. People would be disappointed if they found out that a widely admired, historic speech turned out to be grandstanding. Vanity, the general character trait most closely associated with grandstanding, is not plausibly a virtue according to virtue consequentialism. Finally, grandstanding is an abuse of morality, like the one Nietzsche labels the slave revolt in morals, as grandstanders use moral talk as an underhanded shortcut to satisfy their will to power.
What to Do About Grandstanding
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

How can we cut down on grandstanding and all the damage it causes? Drawing from empirical research in psychology, this chapter explains how individuals can avoid grandstanding and help change social norms so others grandstand less, too. People can reduce their grandstanding by altering their situations, forming implementation intentions about how to talk about morality and politics, and satisfying their desires for moral recognition with activities that are more likely to do good. One tempting and obvious way to get others to stop grandstanding is to call them out and criticize them. But this is a bad idea for moral, epistemic, and practical reasons. A more promising route is to change social norms so that grandstanding becomes embarrassing. This can be done by correcting peoples’ beliefs about grandstanding and moral talk, setting a good example in public discourse, and withholding from suspected grandstanders the praise and attention they seek.
Earth Space, Planetary Geopolitics, and World Governments
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: March 2020

Contrary to expansionist views, space around Earth, dominated by its gravitational attraction, is part of the planet, its astrosphere. While solar space is vast, the practical geography of Earth space is small because effective distances are so small. Analogies with terrestrial oceans and frontiers are very misleading. Space activities have amplified, not reduced, global closure. The applied propositions of geopolitics indicate the superiority of Clarke-Sagan over von Braun programs for achieving security. The deployment of ballistic missile space weapons has increased the probability of catastrophic nuclear war. Escaping nuclear vulnerability with a vast orbital Earth Net is unlikely to be successful. Orbital space is an axial region with integral tendencies, but realizing planetary military dominance is unlikely. Building Orbita of large orbital civil infrastructures will probably require or produce hierarchical world government. Anticipations of Earth identity-formation remain unrealized. Information satellites support a repressive planetary panopticon, but intensive expansion in microspace enables continued growth.
Pathways to Success Through Career and Technical Education
Authors: Eyster Lauren
Published: March 2020

Career pathways has become a popular career and technical education strategy, especially among the nation’s community colleges. This chapter discusses how community colleges have built career pathways programs during the past two decades, with the support of the federal government and foundations, and the evidence on how well they work to improve educational and employment outcomes. Early evidence shows that community college career pathways help individuals succeed in completing an initial step in their education and the workforce. However, more needs to be known about what works for their students, how community colleges can scale their current efforts, and supporting advancement along a career pathway. Policymakers and community college leadership should consider how successful programs can be sustained and scaled and better support advancement to middle- to higher skill jobs.
The Interplay Between Career Support and Career Pathways
Authors: Bimrose Jenny , Brown Alan
Published: March 2020

Much has been written about the impacts of labor market volatility on societies, organizations, and individuals. One example relates to career transitions. Multiple career transitions into, and through, labor markets are now experienced by citizens throughout the world, across lifetimes, with the shape of these career transitions transformed from the stereotypically one-off to those that are various and complex. This chapter focuses on the nature of support required by individuals to navigate increasingly volatile labor markets by examining the interplay between career practice and career pathways in the 21st century. In particular, the chapter considers how career practice is adapting to new challenges and how social justice is being accommodated. The chapter also examines the pivotal role of labor market information and explores the impact of occupational identity transformation on career development, where individuals are confronted with unavoidable change to their work processes within organizations.
Connecting College and the Workplace Through Pathway Development in Kansas
Authors: Staklis Sandra , Rasmussen Foster Laura , Mikulka Debra , Smith Christa
Published: March 2020

To meet the high demand for skilled workers in health care and advanced manufacturing, three higher education institutions in Kansas recently strengthened their training in these fields through a U.S. Department of Labor’s Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training program. From 2013 to 2018, the Washburn Institute of Technology, Washburn University, and the Wichita State University Campus of Applied Sciences and Technology partnered with employers to develop industry-aligned career pathways by introducing new specialties, upgrading curricula and equipment, and introducing new credentials and options for further education. This chapter describes the changes that the institutions made to equip their students with the skills needed to meet critical workforce needs.
How to Steer Your Career?
Authors: Koen Jessie , Sijbom Roy B. L.
Published: March 2020

Today’s world of work is rapidly changing. The on-demand economy is on the rise, the number of temporary contracts is increasing, major industries are being disrupted by the latest wave of digital innovation, and increasingly more jobs are being replaced by machines. As a result of these labor market developments, people’s careers have become more dynamic and more uncertain. With regard to fostering career progress in this dynamic career landscape, however, existing perspectives still draw heavily on linear frameworks that involve the development of a clear set of career goals and plans. Such approaches to career progress are at odds with the reality of today’s world of work. That is, contemporary careers rarely unfold as intended or imagined: No matter how much people analyze their aspirations and opportunities while planning their careers, unexpected developments can bring unforeseen changes. Drawing on the career pathways framework, this chapter proposes a proactive approach to career pathways and discusses the key factors that can contribute to career progress in today’s dynamic work context. This framework also encapsulates the dialogical dynamics between one’s “internal” and “external” career management. Such a framework can be helpful for workers to successfully steer their careers in today’s world of work.
Career Pathways Case Study
Authors: Bruskiewicz Kenneth T. , Mach Sherer Lindsay
Published: March 2020

This chapter presents results from a recent effort conducted by Advance Auto Parts and PDRI to develop and implement career paths and developmental tools for employees. Advance Auto Parts was going through a cultural transformation, and there was a need to build capabilities and reduce turnover. Career paths and the associated development tools were viewed as critical to achieving this cultural transformation. This chapter discusses the catalyst behind the project, as well as the processes used to develop the career paths and associated developmental tools for several different functional areas within Advance Auto Parts. All of these tools can be used by both associates and leaders in a variety of ways to support Advance Auto Parts’ efforts to provide employees with job and career developmental opportunities.
Career Pathways as a Strategic Human Capital Management Program
Authors: McGonigle Tim , Butler Shelly
Published: March 2020

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) developed the MyCareer@VA program to attract and retain high-quality VA employees by providing transparent occupational information to support career development. MyCareer@VA provided a suite of customizable career planning tools—including job fit, career planning, career mapping, and job search tools, a federal resume builder, and an interview simulation—to support career planning and employee development. VA subject matter experts developed and validated more than 600 occupational profiles, each at five career levels, over the course of 3 years that depicted the work performed by more than 90% of all VA positions. Ultimately, the MyCareer@VA website attracted more than 2.5 million site visits from non-VA users (i.e., job candidates), more than 70,000 of whom demonstrated an ongoing commitment to applying for VA jobs. In addition, more than 12,000 VA employees used MyCareer@VA to explore new VA jobs and complete developmental activities. This chapter describes the MyCareer@VA program and its results.
Big Data, Data Science, and Career Pathways
Authors: Dorsey David W.
Published: March 2020

With the rise of the internet and the related explosion in the amount of data that are available, the field of data science has expanded rapidly, and analytic techniques designed for use in “big data” contexts have become popular. These include techniques for analyzing both structured and unstructured data. This chapter explores the application of these techniques to the development and evaluation of career pathways. For example, data scientists can analyze online job listings and resumes to examine changes in skill requirements and careers over time and to examine job progressions across an enormous number of people. Similarly, analysts can evaluate whether information on career pathways accurately captures realistic job progressions. Within organizations, the increasing amount of data make it possible to pinpoint the specific skills, behaviors, and attributes that maximize performance in specific roles. The chapter concludes with ideas for the future application of big data to career pathways.
Career Pathways for Late Career Workers
Authors: Rineer Jennifer R.
Published: March 2020

Today, individuals work later in life than ever before in an ever-changing world of work. Thus, late career workers now have different needs, experiences, and preferences, and their transitions into retirement are much more varied (and far less linear) than those for workers in previous decades. This chapter provides evidence-based recommendations on supportive career pathways systems for late career workers. It begins with an overview of research-based theories and constructs about work-related aging, followed by human resource management policies and practices to support career pathways systems for older workers. It then provides practical guidance on how career pathways systems can promote successful work engagement throughout the life span and directions for future research to advance the field of aging and career pathways.
Using O*NET to Identify and Design Career Pathways
Authors: Craven Denise E. , Rivkin David
Published: March 2020

Current, reliable occupational information is critical to the identification and design of pathways to and through careers. Data on more than 200 worker- and job-oriented descriptors in the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database provide the foundation for career pathway construction by a variety of users. This chapter describes ways in which the O*NET database, products, and tools may be used on their own to identify and refine career pathways, as well as ways that workforce agencies, education systems, and federally sponsored programs have integrated the O*NET Content Model, database, and taxonomy in their career pathway systems, tools, and programs. The chapter concludes by describing planned efforts to enhance the value of the O*NET program for career pathway development.
What the Framers Got Right and What They Got Wrong
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses how James Madison, considered the Father of the Constitution, thought the best way to preserve political stability was to divide factions so that none could ever form a permanent majority. Indeed, Madison and the Framers feared political parties, and thought they had devised a political system that would prevent parties from ever forming. They were wrong: As they quickly found out, political parties were necessary for modern mass democracy to function. However, they were also right: Above all, they feared just two parties, one of which would be a majority. Majorities, they understood, have a tendency to oppress minorities. Ultimately, their prescient warnings about a doom loop of toxic two-party politics resonate today. Today, America faces the same toxic partisanship the Framers understood would be fatal to democracy-the partisanship where every single policy confrontation collapses into one single irresolvable partisan conflict, where trust breaks down, and where political disagreement becomes about domination and victory over the other.
The Great Reordering of the Parties
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter details how the parties went from being loose, incoherent coalitions of state and local parties to distinct national parties with very different visions for the country. Parties at mid-century were incoherent bottom-up confederation of state and local parties, where state and local "bosses" held most of the power. Their national brands were more indistinct. However, as issues nationalized, particularly civil rights, the parties became more nationalized as well. Labor unions, which had once been a powerful force for economic voting, declined. And blue-collar whites, who had once voted Democratic for economic reasons, began voting Republican for cultural reasons. No one factor alone explains the re-alignment and re-ordering of American politics. Complex interacting and reinforcing trends separated the party coalitions into distinct camps over many years. As the new coalitions unified around cultural issues, economic concerns took a secondary role in partisanship. This elevation of culture-war politics, more than anything else, created the distinct and charged divisions that now define the two-party coalitions. This divide is driving the toxic politics of today.
The Collapse of the Four-Party System and the Rise of Zero-Sum Politics
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter explains the role that America’s political institutions had in separating the party coalitions and raising the stakes. In an earlier era, when parties were looser coalitions, America had a hidden four-party system-with Liberal Democrats, Conservative Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and Conservative Republicans. This created space for more fluid and flexible coalitions that differed on an issue by issue basis. Especially from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s, this allowed for broadly responsive policymaking. However, as politics nationalized around "culture war" questions, conservative Democrats and liberal Republicans began to go extinct. Given the winner-take-all nature of elections, parties shrunk to their separate geographic cores, becoming much more distinct. The close balance of power nationally turned national partisan competition into trench warfare, with an increasingly dysfunctional Congress as ground zero.
All Politics Is Conflict; Not All Conflict Is Toxic
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This chapter assesses why the binary conflict over national identity is so destructive, and why it is so hard to escape from inside the two-party system. A conflict over identity leads to increasing inequality in a two-party system: because it crowds out economic voting, and makes it harder for voters to signal their dissatisfaction with economics separate from their cultural preferences. The chapter then explains why people cannot get rid of "identity politics"-group identities are the building blocks of political life. However, identity politics can be made less toxic by fostering a party system where important identities are cross-cutting instead of cumulative, and where people experience more uncertainty and complexity. A fully sorted two-party system collapses people’s thinking into dangerous binaries.