bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationships among phenological growing season, time‐integrated normalized difference vegetation index and climate forcing in the temperate region of eastern China
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiu , Pan Weifeng
Published: November 2002

Phenological, meteorological, and time‐integrated normalized difference vegetation index (TI NDVI) data from 1982 to 1993, at three sample stations, were used to investigate the response of the growing season of local plant communities to climate change and the linkage of satellite sensor‐derived greenness to the surface growing season. Results suggest that mean air temperature and growing degree days (GDDs) above 5 °C during late winter and spring, and precipitation in autumn, are the most important controls on the beginning and end dates of the growing season (BGS and EGS). In contrast, annual mean air temperature, annual GDD totals, mean air temperature during late winter and spring, and growing season TI NDVI are the most important controls on length of the growing season (LGS).

Using correlation and regression analysis, simple and multiple linear regression models were developed for individual and all stations. Since the standard error of the estimates (SE) of the BGS models for all stations are smaller than those of the EGS models, estimates of the beginning date of the growing season are probably more reliable than estimates of the end date. On average, if the mean air temperature in late winter and spring increases by 1° C, then the beginning date of the growing season will advance 5–6 days, and the end date will be 5 days later. Moreover, if autumn precipitation increases 100 mm, then the end date will advance 6–8 days. In terms of the LGS models, mean air temperature in late winter and spring, annual mean air temperature, and annual GDD totals have significant positive correlations with growing season duration, whereas growing season TI NDVI has a negative relationship. Comparing the SE of different LGS models, those developed with each of the three temperature variables fit the observed growing season duration data much better than those using growing season TI NDVI. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
A drought climatology for Europe
Authors: Lloyd‐Hughes Benjamin , Saunders Mark A.
Published: November 2002

We present a high spatial resolution, multi‐temporal climatology for the incidence of 20th century European drought. The climatology provides, for a given location or region, the time series of drought strength, the number, the mean duration, and the maximum duration of droughts of a given intensity, and the trend in drought incidence. The drought climatology is based on monthly standardized precipitation indices (SPIs) calculated on a 0.5° grid over the European region 35–70 °N and 35 °E–10 °W at time scales of 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months for the period 1901–99. The standardized property facilitates the quantitative comparison of drought incidence at different locations and over different time scales. The standardization procedure (probability transformation) has been tested rigorously assuming normal, log–normal, and gamma statistics for precipitation. Near equivalence is demonstrated between the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and SPIs on time scales of 9 to 12 months. The mean number and duration by grid cell of extreme European drought events (SPI ≤ −2) on a time scale of 12 months is 6 ± 2 months and 27 ± 8 months respectively. The mean maximum drought duration is 48 ± 17 months. Trends in SPI and PDSI values indicate that the proportion of Europe experiencing extreme and/or moderate drought conditions has changed insignificantly during the 20th century. We hope the climatology will provide a useful resource for assessing both the regional vulnerability to drought and the seasonal predictability of the phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Remote sensing and climate change: the role of earth observation, edited by Arthur P. Cracknell (ed.), Springer, Berlin, published in association with Praxis Publishing, Chichester, UK, 2001. No. of pages: xxxii + 301. ISBN 1‐85233‐321‐9.
Authors: New Mark
Published: November 2002

No Asbtract.
Consumer knowledge structures: Background issues and introduction
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: November 2002

Consumer researchers have long assumed that consumers' knowledge about product concepts is organized in an associative network structure. Recent advances in conceptual cognition have raised issues beyond the classical versus prototype or exemplar controversy by identifying theory‐based concepts. This article reviews the current issues in conceptual cognition of frame theory, conceptual functions other than categorization, domain‐specific kinds of concepts, feature centrality, and perceptual representation of concepts. In addition, the role of spatial diagrams is implicated in the problem of describing consumer knowledge structures. The articles in this special issue are introduced in this context. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Categorization bases and their influence on product category knowledge structures
Authors: Rosa José Antonio , Porac Joseph F.
Published: November 2002

This study examines the relationship between categorization bases and the persistent use of specific categories in the motorcycle industry. Categorization bases are distinguished from one another and classified based on their distance from embodied experience. The relationship between the different classes that emerge and the number of years that specific category labels remain part of the market conversation is subsequently explored. The fundamental proposition is that categorization bases that are close to embodied experience, such as perceptible properties and affordances, will give rise to shorter‐lived categories relative to categorization bases that are further removed from embodied experience, such as historical criteria and scientific authority. Market stories from published sources are content analyzed and coded, and used as sources of industry categories. Analysis reveals that four categorization bases—usage scripts, scientific authority, experiential wholes, and affordances—are associated with greater category persistence in the motorcycle market when used as the primary basis for categorization, whereas perceptible properties, metaphorical creations, and historical criteria were associated with lower‐persistence categories. The results were not perfectly aligned with a strict distance‐from‐embodied‐experience argument, and their implications for future research and theory are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“So that's what that is”: Examining the impact of analogy on consumers' knowledge development for really new products
Authors: Gregan‐Paxton Jennifer , Hibbard Jonathan D. , Brunel Frédéric F. , Azar Pablo
Published: November 2002

The ever‐accelerating pace of technological change has heralded an increasing number of new product introductions involving products that defy classification within existing categories. With the advent of these so‐called “really new products,” new questions about the influence of prior knowledge on consumer learning emerge. Chief among these is whether and to what extent prior knowledge plays a role in the comprehension of such products. Applying analogical learning theory to address this question, this investigation presents evidence indicating that analogy provides an effective link to the structural knowledge needed for consumers to learn about truly novel innovations. Reflecting this, subjects who engaged in analogical processing of new product information were more focused in their processing than subjects who processed the same information in the absence of analogy. Moreover, there was evidence to suggest that analogical processing itself results in the generation of positive affect. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons' behavior
Authors: Caldwell Clare , Hibbert Sally A.
Published: November 2002

The article reports research into the effect of music tempo and musical preference on consumer behavior in a restaurant. The research investigates the extent to which these two variables influence actual and perceived time spent dining, the amount of money spent, and outcomes in terms of enjoyment of the experience and future behavioral intentions. The results show that music preference provided a better explanation of actual time spent dining than tempo, although neither variable had a significant effect on perceived time. Time spent in the restaurant was the most powerful predictor of money spent in the restaurant. Finally, the outcomes of the restaurant encounter were found to be significantly related to musical preference, but the effects of music tempo were nonsignificant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to give and receive: An exploratory study of charitable hybrids
Authors: Brady Michael K. , Noble Charles H. , Utter Deborah J. , Smith Gerald E.
Published: November 2002

Most charitable organizations can only rely on appeals to purely philanthropic motivations in attempting to solicit donor contributions. The decision processes exhibited by the targets of charitable solicitations are very different from those the same individuals use in making daily purchase decisions. Although both charitable giving and purchase contexts have been studied extensively, there are numerous organizations that require targeted customers to use a decision process that merges elements of both domains. Charitable hybrids, such as museums and universities, are such organizations, supplementing traditional revenue streams by soliciting charitable contributions, thus evoking a complex consumer decision process. For these firms, giving good service may yield an added benefit of maximizing charitable contributions received. Drawing on both the services and charitable giving literatures, a model of the consumer decision process is developed in this hybrid situation. In an exploratory test of the model, initial evidence is found that both classes of effects have significant influence on donors' intentions to give. However, in charitable giving contexts, organizational identification appears to fill a central role in influencing decision outcomes, which diminishes the role of satisfaction. The findings provide provocative evidence that further research in this setting is warranted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New product decision making: How chance and size of loss influence what marketing managers see and do
Authors: Forlani David , Mullins John W. , Walker Orville C.
Published: November 2002

This article empirically examines, in a new‐product decision context, the relationships among risk propensity, perceived risk, and risky choice decisions, when risk is operationalized as the chance of loss and the size of loss. The results indicate that perceptions of chance of loss directly influence choice among alternatives possessing different chances of loss and gain, whereas risk propensity directly influences choice among alternatives that differ in their size of loss and gain. The findings extend previous research by identifying dimension‐specific effects (a) between who the decision maker is and the size of an investment's potential loss, and (b) between what the decision maker sees and the chance that an investment will experience a loss. These results not only contribute to theory, but also provide marketing managers with guidance for their risky choice decisions. The composition of a new product's risk has implications for the decisions marketing managers make, for the placement of managers in risk‐sensitive positions, and for the presentation of information to individuals with oversight responsibility for the firm's product strategy decisions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trusting souls: A segmentation of the voting public
Authors: Schiffman Leon G. , Sherman Elaine , Kirpalani Nicole
Published: November 2002

When a 30‐year decline in the American voters' trust of political office holders and the election process is contrasted to their enduring trust of the democratic form of government, there is strong confirmation of the need to take a multidimensional approach in measuring political trust. To this end, a segmentation scheme based on two well‐established political trust measures (i.e., incumbent‐based trust and regime‐based trust) is proposed. In particular how two specific trust segments differ in terms of the time they spend on various political and election‐related activities is examined. Among other things, the findings reveal that the dual‐trusting segment (i.e., those who were both regime and incumbent trusting) were substantially more likely than the regime‐only trusting segment (i.e., those who were regime trusting and incumbent untrusting) to watch television debates or speeches and have informal discussions with friends and co‐workers on topics related to the election. There were no meaningful differences between the two segments when it came to giving or raising funds, or campaigning for a candidate or political party. However, when it came to voting‐related decision making, the results suggest that dual‐trusting individuals were significantly more likely to spend more than a little time considering how they were going to vote for President, U.S. Senate, and on particular political issues. The article ends with suggestions for future research, as well as some thoughts on how politicians and their advisers might more fully embrace the relational marketing paradigm, especially as it pertains to the connection between elected officials and the voting public. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Elections and public polling: Will the media get online polling right?
Authors: Johnson Dennis W.
Published: November 2002

Public survey research came in for much criticism during the 2000 elections. The greatest controversy centered on the flawed data coming from the Voter News Service exit polls in Florida. For the long run, however, a more important issue concerned the validity and media reporting of surveys conducted online. Most online surveys are pseudo‐polls, whose findings have no merit and should not be reported by the media. Their value is entertainment only. The fundamental problems with online surveys are that the samples drawn are unrepresentative of the population as a whole and the participants are self‐selected. Two survey firms are trying to resolve the issue of sampling errors, using fundamentally different strategies, and spending enormous sums of money to create truly representative panels. The 2000 election results showed that online polling, done right, can be even more accurate than traditional telephone surveys. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A micromodel of voter choice: Understanding the dynamics of Australian voter characteristics in a federal election
Authors: O'Cass Aron
Published: November 2002

This study focuses on applying consumer‐behavior theory to understand voter characteristics and electoral behavior. The focus is on developing a micromodel that incorporates demographics, voter involvement, political opinion leadership, political knowledge, confidence, and satisfaction. The study was undertaken in an election in Australia for a Federal Lower House of Representatives Seat. Data were gathered from a sample of registered voters, with the results showing strong support for the theory developed. The results indicated strong influences for demographics on voter involvement, resulting in a significant influence of involvement on political opinion leadership. Political opinion leadership was also shown to influence subjective voter knowledge and knowledge impacting on voter decision confidence. The findings also confirmed a strong difference in voter satisfaction depending on voter involvement. The findings have significant implications for political marketing and voter‐behavior research. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Motives, perceptions and voting intention of voters in the 2000 U.S. presidential election
Authors: Ben‐Ur Joseph , Newman Bruce I.
Published: November 2002

The 2000 United States presidential election generated many speculations and predictions for its outcome. However, no one could have predicted the actual results and the events that followed the election. Nevertheless, it is critical to investigate and understand voter behavior in such a complex situation. This study analyzes voter motives, perceptions, and intention as reported 2 weeks before the election. With the use of principal‐components analysis and regression analysis, several components to explain voter intention in this election were found. The primary components were candidate and political party social imagery, the secondary component was political issues, and the tertiary components, candidate personality/morality and party traits/morality, significantly contributed to voter intention, though to a lesser degree. The final section of this article draws conclusions that may be useful to candidates and political party leadership. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Public symbols: Analysis of the Florida recount case
Authors: Murray Michael
Published: November 2002

Symbols are reductionist in nature. When used to influence thought and behavior, symbols cause the receiver to hold critical faculties in abeyance. In politics symbols cause the viewer or listener (the receiver) to acquiesce and to submit to the overpowering and diminishing nature of the symbol. In the field of public‐sector marketing, the manipulation of uniquely political symbols (words, ceremonies, objects, rituals) is emerging as an important subject for study. The manipulation of public symbols in the highly dramatized Florida recount case provides an important context for analyzing how public symbols were marketed to produce desired results. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toward an ethical framework for political marketing
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Nicholas
Published: November 2002

This article seeks to focus and organize the public and academic debate on the ethics of political marketing by soliciting answers in the application of ethical theory. Principal ethical theories of interest to marketing and the particular illumination they lend to political marketing are discussed. Often the answer they yield is ambivalent (not least because ethical propositions can only be argued, never resolved). It is concluded that, although utilitarians and others tip the balance in favor of political marketing practice, the strength of the contractarian critique means there is no closure in this debate. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The existence of gender‐specific promotion standards in the U.S.
Authors: Gjerde Kathy A. Paulson
Published: December 2002

This paper is motivated by the claim that promotion probabilities are lower for women than men. Using data from the 1984 and 1989 National Longitudinal Youth Surveys, this paper tests this claim and two related hypotheses concerning training and ability. It is found that females are less likely to be promoted than males, and females receive less training than males. The relationship between promotion and gender varies across occupations, however, suggesting that the alleged glass ceiling faced by women and other minorities in the workplace is not uniform across all labor markets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership development partnerships at Dow Corning Corporation
Authors: Houston‐Philpot Kimberly
Published: November 2002

With the support of its CEO, Dow Corning Corporation designed and implemented a year‐long program
matching individual senior managers with high‐potential leaders. The goal was to formally encourage the
leadership development of a diversity of employees, including women and employees from a range of geographical
locations worldwide in which Dow Corning operates. The program continued despite several severe workforce
reductions during its year of life, and it ultimately met its goals. In the course of the program, much was
learned not only by its participants but also by the organization for designing future, similar efforts.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Microsoft optimized its investment in people after the dot‐com era
Authors: Slade L. Allen , Davenport Thomas O. , Roberts Darryl R. , Shah Samir
Published: November 2002

Even after the dot‐com bubble burst and layoffs became the order of the day, Microsoft faced the
traditional challenge of attracting and retaining key talent. So the company embarked on a rigorous analysis of
what rewards most attracted and kept loyal the kind of people they need. And then they weighed the costs of
enhancing those rewards against the economic and other benefits of reduced turnover. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Nine approaches to organizational excellence
Authors: Hui Khoo Hsien , Chuan Tan Kay
Published: November 2002

This article describes various approaches used to promote organizational excellence and long‐term
business success. Nine national quality awards are presented to highlight the different emphases found in various
countries for instilling employee participation, motivation, management ethics and values, learning, innovation,
job commitment, and good working relations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eddie Bauer uses time as an employee benefit
Authors: Weiss Karl
Published: November 2002

Retailer Eddie Bauer sees the need to retain good people as a challenge even in difficult economic times. One way
to do that, they have found, is to save employees time—often seen as their most precious possession. And so
Eddie Bauer offers its employees a whole range of benefits tailored to specific individual and lifestyle needs.
© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Creative ways to empower action to change the organization: Cases in point
Authors: Kotter John P. , Cohen Dan S.
Published: November 2002

Change can take many forms—and so can obstacles to change. And just as effective change is a creative
force, so can be the ways to remove such obstacles. Obstacles to change range from bosses who disempower their
employees to lack of information from the wrong performance measurement and reward systems to lack of
self‐confidence. But creative solutions to the problem of such obstacles are being found every day. This
article presents case studies of organizations that have found some that work. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Revcor's Journey to Aligning Performance
Authors: Reichwein John
Published: November 2002

To improve performance, the Revcor manufacturing company began to experiment with peer reviews. They quickly
found that defining relevant peers was a more fundamental challenge—ultimately, of strategic organizational
alignment. It developed a process that puts the employee (associate) in the middle of two critical sets
of interdependencies: hierarchical (boss‐associate‐staff) and supply chain
(providers‐associate‐customers). And then they set business goals aligned with that
structure. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring the People Side of FedEx Express
Authors: Smith Scott M.
Published: November 2002

At FedEx Express—the Federal Express subsidiary of the FedEx Corporation—the guiding principle is
People‐Service‐Profit, whereby the company takes care of its people, who provide service to
customers, who return profit. That principle works as both management and employee actions are guided by a variety
of measured processes designed to ensure the performance that generates more than $15 billion in revenue by
delivering an average of 3.3 million packages a day. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Using Advanced Information Technology to Combat Insider Threats
Authors: Jonas Jeff , Pattak Paul Byron , Litchko James P.
Published: November 2002

Within the United States, fraud costs American companies approximately $400 billion a year. Companies
use all manner of security tools and techniques to protect their assets, but these can be rendered useless when
the perpetrators are an enterprise's own employees or trusted agents—insiders. When insiders start
using false identities and technology to facilitate their crimes, they become even tougher to detect. Therefore
organizations need extraordinary technology solutions to even the odds in their favor. Non‐Obvious
Relationship AwarenessTM, or NORATM, is such a
technology. But in the end, technology alone is not enough. There is no substitute for experienced security
professionals to protect an enterprise's assets. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
How Hewlett‐Packard Used Virtual Cross‐Functional Teams to Deliver Healthcare Industry Solutions
Authors: Legare Thomas L.
Published: November 2002

Cross‐functional work teaming has been around for decades. But only with modern communication technology
have come virtual cross‐functional teams—those separated by space, and usually also time. At
Hewlett‐Packard, such virtual teams—ultimately linked into a cross‐team set of 200
people—developed and launched a sophisticated medical care system that was not only commercially successful,
but cut the normal R&D time in half. Along the way, they learned many ways to optimize the
effectiveness of such teams. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TQM Breeds Success at STMicroelectronics
Authors: Pieranunzi Richard
Published: November 2002

The semiconductor industry is one of the fastest changing and most competitive in the world. STMicroelectronics
has successfully ridden those waves, and it largely credits its measureable success to a corporate TQM
culture. Their TQM effort permeates every level of their functioning—even extending to the
communities in which they operate. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How Companies Shift Organizational Behaviors to Improve Performance
Authors: Rieley James B. , Clarkson Ian
Published: November 2002

Too often, change management efforts focus solely on the new, desired end results—but ignore the
shaping of new behaviors that are implicitly required to reach them. There are some practical tools—used
by a business advisory firm and others—that can help make the implicit explicit. By using them, the
organization aligns its people's actions with their goals, increasing the likelihood of improved
performance. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Moving beyond the Baldrige: A Call for a Systems Award for Quality Improvement
Authors: Roth William F.
Published: November 2002

The Baldrige Award championed organizational improvement and became its symbol. But that award process is
limited in a variety of ways, and the author says it's time for a possible new award that goes the next
step—honoring systemic quality improvement. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Why‐and How‐to Systematize Performance Measurement
Authors: Hatten Kenneth J. , Rosenthal Stephen R.
Published: November 2002

Whether or not a company has a performance measurement system, managers can measure their group's
achievements. Here is a practical approach to analyzing such systems and determining the appropriate,
interrelated measures—along with caveats on how to uncover misleading ones. © 2001 by the
authors
Currents: Articles in Brief
Authors: Green Rachael
Published: November 2002

Give Employees the (Gentle) Boot

You Are Simply Average

Transforming Corner‐Office Strategy Into Frontline Action

Surviving Internet Speed

Making the Most of Online Benefits Administration: A Guide for Newcomers

The Creative Side of Supervision

Training: A Function, Profession, Calling, What?
Currents: Books in Brief
Authors: Lawton LaRoi
Published: November 2002

The Digital Enterprise: How to Reshape Your Business for a Connected World

Unchained Value: The New Logic of Digital Business

The E‐Aligned Enterprise: How to Map and Measure Your Company's Course in the New Economy

Quality Management Systems: A Practical Guide for Improvement

Managing Strategic Relationships: The Key to Business Success

Modern Project Management: Successfully Integrating Project Management Knowledge Areas and Processes

Longaberge: An American Success Story

Driving Digital: Microsoft and Its Customers Speak About Thriving In the E‐Business Era

Proven Strategies in Competitive Intelligence: Lessons from the Trenches

High Performance Manufacturing: Global Perspectives

The Nokia Revolution: The Story of an Extraordinary Company that Transformed an Industry

Mining the Middle Ground: Developing Mid‐Level Managers for Strategic Change
The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chatterjee Mahua , Scobie Ian
Published: November 2002

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is set to become a major global health problem. Its pathogenesis is based on an interplay between beta‐cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Defects of insulin secretion include loss of the first phase insulin response to a glucose load and a disruption of insulin pulsatility. Abnormal processing of insulin precursors within the beta cell and deposition of islet amyloid further compromise beta‐cell function. Hyperglycaemia itself reduces beta‐cell responsiveness. Insulin resistance is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. It is strongly linked to the presence of obesity. The precise genetic determinants of both insulin resistance and beta‐cell dysfunction remain to be elucidated as does the relative role of each metabolic abnormality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is digital retinal imaging alone sufficient as a screening tool for diabetic retinopathy?
Authors: Razvi FM , Illahi W , Ryder REJ
Published: November 2002

Aims.

To determine whether the addition of direct ophthalmoscopy to digital retinal imaging confers an advantage over imaging alone.

Method.

Cohort study in a DGH teaching hospital, Birmingham. Two hundred diabetic patients attending eye‐screening clinics were examined by digital retinal imaging and ophthalmoscopy.

Results.

In 115 (57.5%) patients the quality of the image was sufficient and no additional information was gained from also carrying out ophthalmoscopy. In a total of 76, representing 38% of patients examined, the addition of ophthalmoscopy improved detection of diabetic retinopathy.

Conclusion.

There is an advantage in combining digital imaging and ophthalmoscopy in eye screening, as opposed to using either method individually, to improve the detection of diabetic retinopathy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of metformin versus sulphonylurea in combination with daily NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on hypoglycaemic agents; median follow‐up“29 months
Authors: Furlong NJ , McNulty SJ , O'Brien SV , Hardy KJ
Published: November 2002

Objective

To compare the long‐term effect on glycaemic control and weight gain of metformin versus sulphonylurea combined with daily NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice.

Research design and methods

A single centre retrospective study of routine clinical care in a busy district general hospital. 208 patients with type 2 diabetes were initiated on combination therapy (bedtime NPH insulin plus an oral hypoglycaemic agent) following inadequate glycaemic control with oral agents alone. 137 were treated with insulin/sulphonylurea (gliclazide 160 mg b.i.d. (n = 135), glipizide 10 mg b.i.d. (n = 2)) and 71 with metformin 850–1000 mg t.i.d. (maximum tolerated dose). Patients were followed up after median (range) 29 (11–58) months therapy. We compared changes in HbA1c and weight, frequency of severe hypoglycaemia, ‘well‐being’ and ‘diabetes treatment satisfaction’ (using validated questionnaires).

Results

At baseline the groups were matched for glycaemic control, BMI and diabetes duration. The metformin group were heavier (median (range) weight 85 (62–162) versus 80 (43–144) (p = 0.01)), and younger ((mean ± SD) 58.6 ± 9 versus 64.3 ± 9.6 years (p < 0.0001)). Median (range) duration of follow‐up was 26.5 (11–54) months (insulin/metformin) versus 30 (15–58) months (insulin/sulphonylurea) (p = 0.1). Glycaemic control improved similarly with both regimens (mean ± SD—1.3 ± 1.7% (insulin/metformin) versus—1.4 ± 1.7% (insulin/sulphonylurea) (p = 0.5)); weight gain was less with insulin/metformin (4.0 ± 5.8 versus 6.1 ± 6.3 kg (p = 0.02)). Episodes of severe hypoglycaemia, ‘well‐being’ and ‘diabetes treatment satisfaction’ scores were similar.

Conclusion

For patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral agents, insulin/metformin combination therapy appears superior to insulin/sulphonylurea, producing similar highly significant sustained improvements in glycaemic control but with less weight gain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of diabetes related complications amongst the Turkish diabetes population attending a south London hospital
Authors: Mehmet Serife , Andrew Crook Martin , Worsely Andrew
Published: November 2002

There is a large Turkish population within London, and on basic observation type 2 diabetes seems to be prevalent. No one to date has formally looked at the diabetes control and complications present in the Turkish population within the UK. The aims of this study were to assess the metabolic control and prevalence of macrovascular and microvascular complications amongst the Turkish diabetes population attending the diabetes clinic at Lewisham hospital. 77 Turkish patients were identified (96.1% with type 2 diabetes, mean age 62.3 ± 9.7 years). Relevant cross‐sectional data were collected for all type 2 diabetes patients by retrospectively examining medical records. The results show that mean weight was 83.9 ± 16.2 kg, mean HbA1c was 7.8 ± 2.0% and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP) were 141.5 ± 19.7 mm Hg and 80.7 ± 8.4 mm Hg respectively. Mean BP was higher in females. The mean total cholesterol and triglycerides were 5.6 ± 1.2 mmol/L and 3.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L respectively. Complications (including hypertension, dyslipidaemia and microvascular and macrovascular disease) were present in 71.6% of all Turkish patients with type 2 diabetes. Females were more likely to have complications. Ischaemic heart disease and strokes were common, affecting 25.7% of all subjects, and approximately a third of all females were affected. In conclusion diabetes related complications are prevalent, affecting the majority of the Turkish diabetes population. Dyslipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease is a common occurrence, especially in females. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Night‐time only insulin pump therapy in young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Razeghi Stefan , Schubert Verena , Knerr Ina , Plank Christian , Zimmermann Theodor
Published: November 2002

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion via portable pumps has been developed to improve metabolic control in patients with diabetes mellitus by imitating physiological insulin secretion but is generally not recommended for children below the age of 12–14 years. Since especially young children with dawn phenomenon would benefit from continuous insulin application, we started night‐time only insulin pump therapy in four children aged 4–11 years. We retrospectively analysed these patients in regard to metabolic control and satisfaction with therapy. There were no ketoacidotic hyperglycemias or technical defects and the rate of severe hypoglycemia rose slightly from 0.0 to 0.063 per patient and year. Three out of four families reported high satisfaction with the new therapy and an increase in quality of life. Mean HbA1c fell from 7.2% to 6.6%, then rose again.

We conclude that night‐time only insulin pump therapy might be a safe way of controlling dawn phenomenon in young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of free volume in particulate‐filled epoxy resin by means of dynamic mechanical analysis and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Marzocca A J , Somoza A , Goyanes S N , Salgueiro W , König P
Published: December 2002

Dynamic mechanical measurements were carried out in composites made of quartz powder‐filled epoxy resin at frequencies between 7 and 600 Hz and temperatures between 290 and 460 K. Using the William–Landel–Ferry relationship, master curves of the dynamic moduli were obtained as a function of the frequency and the related coefficients, c01 and c02, were evaluated. The activation energy of the α relaxation was calculated and the influence of the filler content on the free volume was determined. The average free volumes were also measured in the composites by means of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Considering the constituent phases and the conditions of cure, the internal residual stresses in the matrix were evaluated and their influence on the free volume is discussed. Both DMA and PALS show similar results of the dependence of free volume with the filler content in the composite.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Light‐induced crosslinking polymerization
Authors: Decker Christian
Published: December 2002

Light‐induced polymerization of multifunctional monomers is a powerful method to transform a liquid resin into a solid polymer almost instantly, selectively in the illuminated areas. The reaction can conveniently be followed by real‐time infrared spectroscopy, a technique which records directly conversion versus time curves in photosensitive resins undergoing ultrafast curing upon UV or laser exposure. The photoinitiator was shown to play a key role in laser‐induced polymerization because of the monochromatic character of the emitted radiation. By using highly sensitive acrylate photoresists, relief images of micronic size were obtained by fast scanning with a focused laser beam. The laser direct imaging technology makes image transfer obsolete and eliminates the manufacture of photolithographic masks. Polymer networks of different architectures have been obtained by UV irradiation of various monomer blends: acrylate–epoxide, acrylate–vinyl ether, acrylate–polyene, vinyl ether–maleate and thiol–polyene. With monomers polymerizing by different mechanisms, ie radical and cationic types, interpenetrating polymer networks have been generated upon UV exposure in the presence of adequate photoinitiators. The crosslinking reaction was also performed in the solid state on polybutadiene which was plasticized with a multifunctional acrylate or thiol monomer. Thermoplastic elastomers were transformed within a fraction of a second into an insoluble material showing a greatly improved resistance to heat and chemicals, because of the tight polymer network formed.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The kinetics of reversal of pre‐sickled erythrocytes by the aqueous extract of Cajanus cajan seeds
Authors: Ogoda Onah Johnson , Akubue Paul I. , Okide George B.
Published: December 2002

The aqueous methanol extract (3:1, v/v) of the seeds of Cajanus cajan was investigated for antisickling properties. The extract possessed significant antisickling activity and was found to be concentration‐dependent. The kinetics of reversal of presickled erythrocyte (HbSS) cells using the extract at 0.5 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 1.5 mg/mL, 2.0 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL showed first‐order kinetics with rate constants of 5.833 × 10−3 min−1, 6.143 × 10−3 min−1, 5.957 × 10−3 min−1 6.00 × 10−3 min−1 and 6.046 × 10−3 min−1, respectively, and with an average half‐life 115.6 min. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of free amino acids, phenolic compounds, tannins, globulins and saponins. These results show that the extract has potential use in the management of painful episodes experienced by sickle cell patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention of experimental diabetic cataract by Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts
Authors: Rathi S. S. , Grover J. K. , Vikrant Vats , Biswas N. R.
Published: December 2002

The efficacy of Momordica charantia (MC), Eugenia jambolana (EJ), Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Mucuna pruriens (MP) was assessed in the prevention of murine alloxan dibetic cataract. Alloxan (120 mg/kg) was used as the diabetogenic agent. While controls and diabetic controls did not receive any plant extract, treated rats received lyophilized aqueous extract of MC and EJ (200 mg/kg p.o.), alcohol extract of TC (400 mg/kg) and MP (200 mg/kg p.o.) every day until 4 months. Serum glucose concentration was assessed and cataracts examined with both the naked eye and through a slit lamp. Of the eight animals in the diabetic control group, four developed cortical cataract (stage IV) by day 90 while the remaining four developed it by day 100. The incidence rate of cataract in MC, EJ, TC and MP treated groups at 120 days was only 0, 0, 1 and 2. Oral feeding of MC, EJ, TC and MP extracts for 1 month produced a fall of 64.33%, 55.62%, 38.01% and 40.17%, respectively, in the serum glucose levels in comparison with the 48 h level. After 2 months of treatment, the respective values were 66.96%, 59.85%, 40.41% and 45.63%. MC and EJ prevented the development of cataract while the protective effect was less with TC and MP along with a significant reduction of plasma glucose levels (p < 0.001). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effect against polymerase and ribonuclease activities of HIV‐reverse transcriptase of the aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia triflora
Authors: Martino V. S. , López P. , Martinez Irujo J. J. , Sanromán M. , Cuevas M. T. , Santiago E. , Lasarte J. J. , Font M. , Coussio J. D. , Monge A.
Published: December 2002

Dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts from the leaves of Terminalia triflora were investigated for their inhibitory effect on polymerase and ribonuclease activities of HIV reverse transcriptase.The most potent activity was found in the aqueous extract, which inhibited both polymerase and ribonuclease activities of the enzyme with an IC50 of 1.6 μg/mL and 1.8 μg/mL respectively. The antiinfective activity of the extract was demonstrated in HLT4LacZ‐IIIB cell culture with an IC50 of 1.0 μg/mL. The extract was submitted to a purification process by extractive and chromatographic methods. The activity remained in the hydrophillic fraction. Tannins present in this active purified fraction, as determined by TLC and HPLC methods, could account for the anti HIV‐RT activity found in the aqueous extract. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The measurement of corporate portfolio strategy: analysis of the content validity of related diversification indexes
Authors: Robins James A. , Wiersema Margarethe F.
Published: December 2002

Measures developed for the analysis of corporate diversification have become fundamental to a broad range of strategy research. This paper examines the content validity of the two most widely used continuous measures of related diversification—the related component of the entropy index and the concentric index—and raises fundamental questions about their validity as indicators of portfolio relatedness. These questions are not driven by the use of SIC data for estimation of the indexes; they involve validity problems intrinsic to the construction of the measures. The related component of entropy and the concentric index are sensitive to features of corporate portfolio composition that may not be directly linked to portfolio relatedness. These sensitivities can create important ambiguities in strategy research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U.S.–Mexican alliance negotiations: Impact of culture on authority, trust, and performance
Authors: Teegen Hildy J. , Doh Jonathan P.
Published: November 2002

In this article, we highlight the impact of culture on relationships of authority, trust, and performance in U.S.‐Mexican alliance negotiations. Using a sample of 55 Mexican firms with experience in alliances with U.S. counterparts, we propose cultural foundations to explain the outcomes of these negotiations in terms of governance structure (authority) and relationships (trust) in the alliance, and link these negotiation outcomes to Mexican partner perceptions of alliance performance. We find that Mexican managers view authority balance as a positive contributor to alliance performance, while authority advantage—even when benefiting the Mexican partner at the expense of the U.S. partner—is viewed as having a negative impact on performance. Trust also plays an important role in alliance performance. We highlight several examples of alliance negotiations between U.S. and Mexican corporations to illustrate these findings, and present other challenges and opportunities in cross‐cultural negotiations. We draw implications of our research for managers engaged in similar cross‐cultural negotiations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparing American and Chinese negotiating styles: The influence of logic paradigms
Authors: Palich Leslie E. , Carini Gary R. , Livingstone Linda P.
Published: November 2002

Effective cross‐cultural negotiations between firms in the United States and China have become
increasingly important as commerce between these two nations continues its rapid expansion. Previous research has
explored some of the cultural factors that shape Chinese negotiating styles, making comparisons with American
practices. However, scant attention has been paid to differences in perspectives that derive from fundamental
logic paradigms, which tend to vary greatly between individuals from the East and West. We outline the primary
features of two widely recognized logic frameworks—formal logic (which excludes contradictory notions
about a concept or entity) and dialectic logic (which emphasizes contradiction and acknowledges the
value of conflict between opposing ideas). Recognizing that formal logic is more common in the United States
and that dialectic logic tends to dominate thought in China, we outline hypothesized influences of each logic
paradigm on negotiating approaches in the two countries. Combining these insights with those derived from research
on other relevant factors, we offer practical suggestions for managing interactions between American and Chinese
negotiators. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personality and negotiation style: The moderating effects of cultural context
Authors: Mintu‐Wimsatt Alma
Published: November 2002

This article contends that although studies on the relationship of personality traits on negotiation styles
have generated mixed results, incorporating cultural context could provide some interesting results. Given this
premise, this study explores the moderating effects of cultural context on the personality and negotiation
relationship. The personality variables of conciliatory predisposition, trusting nature, and risk propensity, and
their interrelationship with the problem‐solving style of negotiation were investigated. The study utilized
a sample from two culturally diverse groups: American and Filipino industrial exporters. The results show that
personality variables had little direct impact on problem‐solving. As for the moderating effect of cultural
context, the findings suggest that context moderates the relationship between the negotiator's conciliatory
nature and problem‐solving. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of culture on negotiation styles of Asian managers: An empirical study of major cultural/ethnic groups in Singapore
Authors: Osman‐Gani AAhad M. , Tan Joo‐Seng
Published: November 2002

This article reports findings from a cross‐cultural study that systematically examined the relationship
between negotiation styles and cultures of Asian managers. In contrast to most of the prior studies, this study
examined negotiation styles of managers working in a multicultural, multiethnic environment within a national
entity. A validated instrument to measure negotiation styles was used on a group of 600 managers, and they
represented the major cultural/ethnic groups in Singapore: Chinese, Malays, and Indians. Descriptive,
univariate, and multivariate analyses were used to identify the negotiation styles used by each cultural group and
to capture the intercultural dimensions of the relationship. Empirical findings show that culture/ethnicity
significantly influences the negotiation styles of Asian managers from the major cultural groups. Interesting
differences were found among the Chinese, Indian, and Malay managers in their use of negotiation styles.
Implications for research and practice are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.