bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Correlation with Their Physical Properties
Authors: Ing Ling Yien , Zin Noraziah Mohamad , Sarwar Atif , Katas Haliza
Published: July 2012

The need of natural antimicrobials is paramount to avoid harmful synthetic chemicals. The study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of natural compound chitosan and its nanoparticles forms againstCandida albicans, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus niger. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared from low (LMW), high molecular weight (HMW) chitosan and its derivative, trimethyl chitosan (TMC). Particle size was increased when chitosan/TMC concentration was increased from 1 to 3 mg/mL. Their zeta potential ranged from +22 to +55 mV. Chitosan nanoparticles prepared from different concentrations of LMW and HMW were also found to serve a better inhibitory activity againstC.albicans(MICLMW=0.25–0.86 mg/mL andMICHMW=0.6–1.0 mg/mL) andF. solani(MICLMW=0.86–1.2 mg/mL andMICHMW=0.5–1.2 mg/mL) compared to the solution form (MIC=3 mg/mL for both MWs and species). This inhibitory effect was also influenced by particle size and zeta potential of chitosan nanoparticles. Besides,Aspergillus nigerwas found to be resistant to chitosan nanoparticles except for nanoparticles prepared from higher concentrations of HMW. Antifungal activity of nanoparticles prepared from TMC was negligible. The parent compound therefore could be formulated and applied as a natural antifungal agent into nanoparticles form to enhance its antifungal activity.
History of Cesarean Section Associated with Childhood Onset of T1DM in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Authors: Phillips J. , Gill N. , Sikdar K. , Penney S. , Newhook L. A.
Published: July 2012

Objectives. Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) has one of the highest incidences of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) worldwide. Rates of T1DM are increasing and the search for environmental factors that may be contributing to this increase is continuing.Methods. This was a population-based case control design involving the linkage of data from a diabetes database with live birth registration data. 266 children aged 0–15 years with T1DM were compared to age- and gender-matched controls. Chi-square analysis and multivariate conditional logistic regression were carried out to assess maternal and infant factors (including maternal age, marital status, education, T1DM, hypertension, birth order, delivery method, gestational age, size-for-gestational-age, and birth weight).Results. Cases of T1DM were more likely to be large-for-gestational-age (P=0.024) and delivered by C-section (P=0.009) as compared to controls. C-section delivery was associated with increased risk of T1DM (HR 1.41,P=0.015) when birth weight and gestational age were included in the model, but not when size-for-gestational-age was included (HR 1.3,P=0.076).Conclusions. Birth by C-section was found to be a risk factor for the development of T1DM in a region with high rates of T1DM and birth by C-section. These findings may have an impact on health practice, health care planning, and future research.
Quantum Character of Electromagnetic Langmuir Oscillations in Conventional Electron-Ion Plasma
Authors: Veklenko Boris Alexandrovich
Published: July 2012

It is shown that the low-temperature plasma near-thermodynamic equilibrium cannot be classical because of a quantum nature of the longitudinal electromagnetic field and electron interaction with Rayleigh-Jeans distribution of Langmuir waves. The theory requires introduction of a dimensionless quantum charge whose value is greater than unity leading to a liquid-like behavior of the plasma.
Hypofractionated Proton Boost Combined with External Beam Radiotherapy for Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Johansson Silvia , Åström Lennart , Sandin Fredrik , Isacsson Ulf , Montelius Anders , Turesson Ingela
Published: July 2012

Proton boost of 20 Gy in daily 5 Gy fractions followed by external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) of 50 Gy in daily 2 Gy fractions were given to 278 patients with prostate cancer with T1b to T4N0M0 disease. Fifty-three percent of the patients received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (N-ADT). The medium followup was 57 months. The 5-year PSA progression-free survival was 100%, 95%, and 74% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients, respectively. The toxicity evaluation was supported by a patient-reported questionnaire before every consultant visit. Cumulative probability and actuarial prevalence of genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities are presented according to the RTOG classification. N-ADT did not influence curability. Mild pretreatment GU-symptoms were found to be a strong predictive factor for GU-toxicity attributable to treatment. The actuarial prevalence declined over 3 to 5 years for both GU and GI toxicities, indicating slow resolution of epithelial damage to the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract. Bladder toxicities rather than gastrointestinal toxicities seem to be dose limiting. More than 5-year followup is necessary to reveal any sign of true progressive late side effects of the given treatment. Hypofractionated proton-boost combined with EBRT is associated with excellent curability of localized PC and acceptable frequencies of treatment toxicity.
Optimization of Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridges with Special Reference to Use of High-Strength Concrete Using AASHTO LRFD Method
Authors: Chang Byungik , Mirtalaei Kamal , Lee Seungyeol , Leitch Kenneth
Published: July 2012

With the Federal Highway Administration-mandated implementation of the LRFD specifications, many state departments of transportation (DOTs) have already started implementing LRFD specifications as developed by the AASHTO. Many aspects of the LRFD specifications are being investigated by DOTs and researchers in order for seamless implementation for design and analysis purposes. This paper presents the investigation on several design aspects of post-tensioned box girder bridges designed by LRFD Specifications using conventional or High-Strength Concrete (HSC). A computer spreadsheet application was specifically developed for this investigation. It is capable of analysis, design, and cost evaluation of the superstructure for a cast-in-place post-tensioned box girder bridge. Optimal design of a post-tensioned box girder is achievable by correct selection of design variables. Cost evaluation of superstructures with different geometrical and material configurations has led to the development of optimum design charts for these types of superstructures. Variables used to develop these charts include, among others, span length, section depth, web spacing, tendon profile, and concrete strength. It was observed that HSC enables the achievement of significantly longer span lengths and/or longer web spacing that is not achievable when using normal strength concrete.
Survival Analysis of a Nonautonomous Logistic Model with Stochastic Perturbation
Authors: Lu Chun , Ding Xiaohua
Published: July 2012

Taking white noise into account, a stochastic nonautonomous logistic model is proposed and investigated. Sufficient conditions for extinction, nonpersistence in the mean, weak persistence, stochastic permanence, and global asymptotic stability are established. Moreover, the threshold between weak persistence and extinction is obtained. Finally, we introduce some numerical simulink graphics to illustrate our main results.
Chronicle of a Pigmented Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Caucanas Marie , Piérard-Franchimont Claudine , Piérard Gérald E.
Published: July 2012

Dermoscopic patterns of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are well defined, but the dynamics of dermoscopic changes in time were apparently never described so far. In this paper, prominent changes were observed over a 8-week period, allowing to establish a close connection between spoke wheel areas and maple leaf-like aspects, through progressive thickening of the former ones. A chronobiological phenomenon ruling synchronous apoptosis in some of the most superficial BCC nests is suggested, leading to a wax and wane process of millimetric crusts, taking part in the spontaneous BCC regression/progression process.
Acute and Chronic Administrations ofRheum palmatumReduced the Bioavailability of Phenytoin in Rats: A New Herb-Drug Interaction
Authors: Chi Ying-Chang , Juang Shin-Hun , Chui Wai Keung , Hou Yu-Chi , Chao Pei-Dawn Lee
Published: July 2012

The rhizome ofRheum palmatum(RP) is a commonly used herb in clinical Chinese medicine. Phenytoin (PHT) is an antiepileptic with narrow therapeutic window. This study investigated the acute and chronic effects of RP on the pharmacokinetics of PHT in rat. Rats were orally administered with PHT (200 mg/kg) with and without RP decoction (single dose and seven doses of 2 g/kg) in a crossover design. The serum concentrations of PHT, PHT glucuronide (PHT-G), 4-hydroxyphenytoin (HPPH), and HPPH glucuronide (HPPH-G) were determined by HPLC method. Cell line models were used to identify the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that coadministration of single dose or multiple doses of RP significantly decreased theCmaxand AUC0-tas well as theK10of PHT, PHT-G, HPPH, and HPPH-G. Cell line studies revealed that RP significantly induced the P-gp-mediated efflux of PHT and inhibited the MRP-2-medicated transport of PHT and HPPH. In conclusion, acute and chronic coadministrations of RP markedly decreased the oral bioavailability of PHT via activation of P-gp, although the MRP-2-mediated excretion of PHT was inhibited. It is recommended that caution should be exercised during concurrent use of RP and PHT.
Characterization of Coal Reservoirs in Two Major Coal Fields in Northern China: Implications for Coalbed Methane Development
Authors: Fan Junjia , Ju Yiwen , Hou Quanlin , Wu Yudong , Li Xiaoshi
Published: July 2012

Based on the macroscopic and microscopic observation of coal structure, the vitrinite reflectance analysis, and the mercury injection testing of coal samples collected from Huaibei coalfield and Qinshui basin, the characterization of coal reservoir and its restriction on the development of coalbed methane are studied. The results indicate that coal reservoir in study area can be classified as five types according to the coal metamorphism and deformation degrees, and they are respectively high grade metamorphic and medium deformational to strongly deformation coal (I), high grade metamorphic and comparatively weakly deformational coal (II), medium grade metamorphic and comparatively strongly deformational coal (III), medium grade metamorphic and comparatively weakly deformational coal (IV), and low grade metamorphic and strongly deformational coal (V). Furthermore, the type II and type IV coal reservoirs are favorable for the development of the coalbed methane because of the well absorptive capability and good permeability. Thus, southern part of Qinshui basin and south-central of Huaibei coal field are potential areas for coalbed methane exploration and development.
Understanding the Pathogenesis of Angelman Syndrome through Animal Models
Authors: Jana Nihar Ranjan
Published: July 2012

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, lack of speech, ataxia, susceptibility to seizures, and unique behavioral features such as easily provoked smiling and laughter and autistic features. The disease is primarily caused by deletion or loss-of-function mutations of the maternally inheritedUBE3Agene located within chromosome 15q11-q13. TheUBE3Agene encodes a 100 kDa protein that functions as ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional coactivator. Emerging evidence now indicates that UBE3A plays a very important role in synaptic function and in regulation of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. A number of animal models for AS have been generated to understand the disease pathogenesis. The most widely used model is theUBE3A-maternal-deficient mouse that recapitulates most of the essential features of AS including cognitive and motor abnormalities. This paper mainly discusses various animal models of AS and how these models provide fundamental insight into understanding the disease biology for potential therapeutic intervention.
On Oscillations of Solutions of Third‐Order Dynamic Equation
Authors: Hovhannisyan Gro
Published: July 2012

We are proving the new oscillation theorems for the solutions of
third‐order linear nonautonomous differential equation with complex coefficients. In the case of real coefficients we derive the oscillation criterion that is invariant with respect to the adjoint transformation. Our main tool is a new
version of Levinson′s asymptotic theorem.
On Some Pursuit and Evasion Differential Game Problems for an Infinite Number of First‐Order Differential Equations
Authors: Ja′afaru Abbas Badakaya , Ibragimov Gafurjan
Published: July 2012

We study pursuit and evasion differential game problems described by infinite number of first‐order differential equations with function coefficients in Hilbert space l2. Problems involving integral, geometric, and mix constraints to the control functions of the players are considered. In each case, we give sufficient conditions for completion of pursuit and for which evasion is possible. Consequently, strategy of the pursuer and control function of the evader are constructed in an explicit form for every problem considered.
Computational Procedure of Performance Assessment of Lifetime Index of Products for the Weibull Distribution with the Progressive First‐Failure‐Censored Sampling Plan
Authors: Hong Ching-Wen , Lee Wen-Chuan , Wu Jong-Wuu
Published: July 2012

Process capability analysis has been widely applied in the field of quality control to monitor the performance of industrial processes. In practice, lifetime performance index CL is a popular means to assess the performance and potential of their processes, where L is the lower specification limit. This study will apply the large‐sample theory to construct a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of CL with the progressive first‐failure‐censored sampling plan under the Weibull distribution. The MLE of CL is then utilized to develop a new hypothesis testing procedure in the condition of known L.
Nafion Titania Nanotubes Nanocomposite Electrolytes for High‐Temperature Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Cele Nonhlanhla Precious , Sinha Ray Suprakas , Sikhwivhilu Lucky
Published: July 2012

Nafion‐based nanocomposite membranes containing various amounts of titania nanotubes (TNTs) as an inorganic filler have been prepared using melt‐mixing method and have been investigated for proton exchange membrane applications. The one‐dimensional TNTs have been prepared from potassium hydroxide using hydrothermal route and conventional heating. Nafion R1100 in a protonated form was used, and TNT contents were in a range of 0.5–2.0 wt%. The acid‐treated composite membranes, at lowest inorganic additive content, exhibited improved properties in terms of thermal stability and methanol (MeOH) permeability. The best performing nanocomposite was the membrane containing only 0.5 wt% TNTs showing ionic conductivity value of 7.2 × 10−2 S · cm−1 at 26°C and 100% of relative humidity.
Secure and Reliable IPTV Multimedia Transmission Using Forward Error Correction
Authors: Shih Chi-Huang , Xu Yeong-Yuh , Wang Yao-Tien
Published: July 2012

With the wide deployment of Internet Protocol (IP) infrastructure and rapid development of digital technologies, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has emerged as one of the major multimedia access techniques. A general IPTV transmission system employs both encryption and forward error correction (FEC) to provide the authorized subscriber with a high-quality perceptual experience. This two-layer processing, however, complicates the system design in terms of computational cost and management cost. In this paper, we propose a novel FEC scheme to ensure the secure and reliable transmission for IPTV multimedia content and services. The proposed secure FEC utilizes the characteristics of FEC including the FEC-encoded redundancies and the limitation of error correction capacity to protect the multimedia packets against the malicious attacks and data transmission errors/losses. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme obtains similar performance compared with the joint encryption and FEC scheme.
A New Stochastic Technique for Painlevé Equation-I Using Neural Network Optimized with Swarm Intelligence
Authors: Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , Khan Junaid Ali , Ahmad Siraj-ul-Islam , Qureshi Ijaz Mansoor
Published: July 2012

A methodology for solution of Painlevé equation-I is presented using computational intelligence technique based on neural networks and particle swarm optimization hybridized with active set algorithm. The mathematical model of the equation is developed with the help of linear combination of feed-forward artificial neural networks that define the unsupervised error of the model. This error is minimized subject to the availability of appropriate weights of the networks. The learning of the weights is carried out using particle swarm optimization algorithm used as a tool for viable global search method, hybridized with active set algorithm for rapid local convergence. The accuracy, convergence rate, and computational complexity of the scheme are analyzed based on large number of independents runs and their comprehensive statistical analysis. The comparative studies of the results obtained are made with MATHEMATICA solutions, as well as, with variational iteration method and homotopy perturbation method.
Caloric Restriction and the Nutrient-Sensing PGC-1αin Mitochondrial Homeostasis: New Perspectives in Neurodegeneration
Authors: Lettieri Barbato Daniele , Baldelli Sara , Pagliei Beatrice , Aquilano Katia , Ciriolo Maria Rosa
Published: July 2012

Mitochondrial activity progressively declines during ageing and in many neurodegenerative diseases. Caloric restriction (CR) has been suggested as a dietary intervention that is able to postpone the detrimental aspects of aging as it ameliorates mitochondrial performance. This effect is partially due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis. The nutrient-sensing PGC-1αis a transcriptional coactivator that promotes the expression of mitochondrial genes and is induced by CR. It is believed that many of the mitochondrial and metabolic benefits of CR are due to increased PGC-1αactivity. The increase of PGC-1αis also positively linked to neuroprotection and its decrement has been involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role of PGC-1αin neuronal homeostasis and the beneficial effects of CR on mitochondrial biogenesis and function. We also discuss how PGC-1α-governed pathways could be used as target for nutritional intervention to prevent neurodegeneration.
Modified Poisson Integral and Green Potential on a Half‐Space
Authors: Qiao Lei
Published: July 2012

We discuss the behavior at infinity of modified Poisson integral and Green potential on a half‐space of the n‐dimensional Euclidean space, which generalizes the growth properties of analytic functions, harmonic functions and superharmonic functions.
Variant Gradient Projection Methods for the Minimization Problems
Authors: Yao Yonghong , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Wen Ching-Feng
Published: July 2012

The gradient projection algorithm plays an important role in solving constrained convex minimization problems. In general, the gradient projection algorithm has only weak convergence in infinite‐dimensional Hilbert spaces. Recently, H. K. Xu (2011) provided two modified gradient projection algorithms which have strong convergence. Motivated by Xu’s work, in the present paper, we suggest three more simpler variant gradient projection methods so that strong convergence is guaranteed.
Response to Acute Psychophysical Stress and 24-Hour Glycemic Control in Healthy Older People
Authors: DiPietro Loretta , Yeckel Catherine W. , Gribok Andrei
Published: July 2012

We examined the relation between stress reactivity and 24 h glycemic control in 17 inactive, healthy older people (≥60 years) under both a novel psychophysical stress and a seated control condition. Plasma cortisol was measured over the course of the stress and recovery periods. Glycemic control was determined over the subsequent 3 h from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and over 24 hviacontinuous glucose monitoring (CGM). We observed significant (P<0.05) elevations in perceived stress, cardiovascular activity, and peak cortisol response at 30 min (10.6±3.1versus8.6±2.6 μg·dL−1, resp.) during the stress compared with the control condition; however, 3 h OGTT glucose and insulin responses were similar between conditions. The CGM data suggested a 30–40 min postchallenge delay in peak glucose response and attenuated glucose clearance over the 6 h following the stress condition, but these alterations were not statistically significant. Healthy older people may demonstrate minimal disruption in metabolic resiliency following everyday psychological stress.
Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Hepatitis C Virus-Induced B-Cell Lymphomagenesis
Authors: Forghieri Fabio , Luppi Mario , Barozzi Patrizia , Maffei Rossana , Potenza Leonardo , Narni Franco , Marasca Roberto
Published: July 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is probably the most common chronic viral infection and affects an estimated 180 million people worldwide, accounting for 3% of the global population. Although the liver is considered to be the primary target, extrahepatic manifestations are well recognized among patients with chronic HCV infection. Epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated a correlation between chronic HCV infection and occurrence of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL). The clinical evidence that antiviral therapy has a significant role in the treatment at least of some HCV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, especially indolent B-NHL, further supports the existence of an etiopathogenetic link. However, the mechanisms exploited by HCV to induce B-cell lymphoproliferation have so far not completely clarified. It is conceivable that different biological mechanisms, namely, chronic antigen stimulation, high-affinity interaction between HCV-E2 protein and its cellular receptors, direct HCV infection of B-cells, and “hit and run” transforming events, may be combined themselves and cooperate in a multifactorial model of HCV-associated lymphomagenesis.
Use of Fluorochrome-Labeled Inhibitors of Caspases to Detect Neuronal Apoptosis in the Whole-Mounted Lamprey Brain after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Barreiro-Iglesias Antón , Shifman Michael I.
Published: July 2012

Apoptosis is a major feature in neural development and important in traumatic diseases. The presence of active caspases is a widely accepted marker of apoptosis. We report here the development of a method to study neuronal apoptotic death in whole-mounted brain preparations using fluorochrome-labeled inhibitors of caspases (FLICA). As a model we used axotomy-induced retrograde neuronal death in the CNS of larval sea lampreys. Once inside the cell, the FLICA reagents bind covalently to active caspases causing apoptotic cells to fluoresce, whereas nonapoptotic cells remain unstained. The fluorescent probe, the poly caspase inhibitor FAM-VAD-FMK, was applied to whole-mounted brain preparations of larval sea lampreys 2 weeks after a complete spinal cord (SC) transection. Specific labeling occurred only in identifiable spinal-projecting neurons of the brainstem previously shown to undergo apoptotic neuronal death at later times after SC transection. These neurons also exhibited intense labeling 2 weeks after a complete SC transection when a specific caspase-8 inhibitor (FAM-LETD-FMK) served as the probe. In this study we show that FLICA reagents can be used to detect specific activated caspases in identified neurons of the whole-mounted lamprey brain. Our results suggest that axotomy may cause neuronal apoptosis by activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
Secrecy Transfer
Authors: Liu Zhihong , Ma Jianfeng , Zeng Yong , Yang Li , Park YoungHo
Published: July 2012

Suppose that n nodes with [Formula: see text] acquaintances per node are randomly deployed in a two-dimensional Euclidean space with the geographic restriction that each pair of nodes can exchange information between them directly only if the distance between them is at most r, the acquaintanceship between nodes forms a random graph, while the physical communication links constitute a random geometric graph. To get a fully connected and secure network, we introduce secrecy transfer which combines random graph and random geometric graph via the propagation of acquaintanceship to produce an acquaintanceship graph [Formula: see text], a kind of random geometric graph with each edge representing an acquaintanceship between two nodes. We find that components of graph [Formula: see text] that undergoes a phase transition from small components to a giant component when [Formula: see text] is larger than a threshold, the threshold for [Formula: see text] to be a connected graph is derived. In addition, we present its implementation method and applications in wireless sensor networks.
Pleomorphic Adenoma of Base of Tongue: Is Midline Mandibulotomy Necessary for Approaching Benign Base Tongue Lesions?
Authors: Bansal Sandeep , Kalsotra Gopika , Mohammed Abdul Wadood , Bahl Amanjit , Gupta Ashok K.
Published: July 2012

Objective. To report a rare presentation of pleomorphic adenoma, at base tongue, excised surgically by a transoral midline glossotomy technique without mandibulotomy.Case Report. Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary gland found rarely in the base of tongue. Surgery is the definitive treatment for this tumor, and different approaches have been mentioned in the literature. In our case we surgically excised the tumor by a transoral midline glossotomy technique without mandibulotomy where we combined the cosmetic advantage of transoral technique and the exposure advantage of a glossotomy technique.Discussion. We discuss the different approaches to oropharynx, their advantages and disadvantages. Primary transoral approach provides better cosmesis but less exposure whereas median labiomandibuloglossotomy approach provides more exposure but is cosmetically unacceptable.Conclusion. A transoral midline glossotomy approach without mandibulotomy provides wide exposure with acceptable cosmesis.
Focal Urethral Stricturing Following Intraurethral Mitomycin-C Gel and the Use of a Penile Clamp
Authors: Stanford Richard F. J. , Thomas Stephen A.
Published: July 2012

We present a case of a 51-year-old gentleman, previously diagnosed with high-grade superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and treated with intravesical mitomycin C and BCG, who developed serial recurrences in the prostatic urethra. This was resected and treated further with intraurethral mitomycin-C gel. He subsequently developed an almost impassable distal penile urethral stricture, corresponding to the site of penile clamp application which we hypothesise is secondary to a combination of the mitomycin-C gel and penile clamp pressure.
Plant Ethnoveterinary Practices in Two Pyrenean Territories of Catalonia (Iberian Peninsula) and in Two Areas of the Balearic Islands and Comparison with Ethnobotanical Uses in Human Medicine
Authors: Carrió Esperança , Rigat Montse , Garnatje Teresa , Mayans Marina , Parada Montse , Vallès Joan
Published: July 2012

This paper presents the results of an ethnobotanical study centred in veterinarian uses in two Catalan Pyrenean regions (Alt Empordà -AE- and High River Ter Valley -AT-, Iberian peninsula) and two Balearic Islands areas (Formentera -FO- and northeastern Mallorca -MA-). In the areas studied, 97 plant species have been claimed to be useful for veterinary purposes. A total of 306 veterinary use reports have been gathered and analysed. The ten most reported plants areTanacetum parthenium(24 use reports),Parietaria officinalis(15),Ranunculus parnassifolius(14),Meum athamanticum(13),Olea europaea(13),Quercus ilex(12),Ruta chalepensis(12),Sambucus nigra(10) andThymus vulgaris(10). According to comprehensive reviews, a high number of novelties for plant ethnoveterinary are contributed: 34 species and one subspecies, 11 genera, and three families have not been reported in previous works in this field, and 21 species had only been mentioned once. Several ethnoveterinary uses are coincidental with those in human medicine. Although ethnoveterinary practices are less relevant than in the past in the territories considered, as in all industrialised countries, the knowledge on plant properties and applications is still rich and constitutes a large pool of evidence for phytotherapy, both in domestic animals and humans.
Moral Development and Citizenship Education in Vocational Schools
Authors: Leenders Hélène , Veugelers Wiel , de Kat Ewoud
Published: July 2012

We investigate the objectives, practical application, and learning outcomes of moral education and citizenship education at three vocational schools in the Netherlands (VMBO). We explore teachers’ and students’ pedagogical, sociopolitical, and moral development objectives and how they deal with values, dialogue, and diversity. We continue with how the objectives get materialized in practice and teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the learning outcomes. The study shows that there is a strong agreement between teachers and students about the importance of objectives of moral education and citizenship education. Schools differ in how sharply they focus on social and political aspects, and in how reflective and dialogical their approaches are. The differences revealed in the moral education approaches can be largely linked with differences in their cultural environment.
Approximation of Common Fixed Points of a Sequence of Nearly Nonexpansive Mappings and Solutions of Variational Inequality Problems
Authors: Sahu D. R. , Kang Shin Min , Sagar Vidya
Published: July 2012

We introduce an explicit iterative scheme for computing a common fixed point of a sequence of nearly nonexpansive mappings defined on a closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space which is also a solution of a variational inequality problem. We prove a strong convergence theorem for a sequence generated by the considered iterative scheme under suitable conditions. Our strong convergence theorem extends and improves several corresponding results in the context of nearly nonexpansive mappings.
Lenalidomide in the Treatment of Young Patients with Multiple Myeloma: From Induction to Consolidation/Maintenance Therapy
Authors: Lupo Barbara , Palumbo Antonio
Published: July 2012

Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy. It accounts for 20,580 new cancer cases in the USA in 2009, including 11,680 cases in men, 8,900 cases in women, and 10,580 deaths overall. Although the disease remains still incurable, outcomes have improved substantially over recent years thanks to the use of high-dose therapy and the availability of novel agents, such as the immunomodulatory drugs thalidomide and lenalidomide, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Various trials have shown the advantages linked to the use of novel agents in the transplant and not-transplant settings. In particular, this paper will present an overview of the results achieved with lenalidomide-containing combinations in patients eligible for high-dose therapies, namely, young patients. The advantages obtained should always be outweighed with the toxicity profile associated with the regimen used. Therefore, here, we will also provide a description of the main adverse events associated with lenalidomide and its combination.
Investigation of Noble Metals Colloidal Systems Formed by Laser Synthesis at Air
Authors: Goncharov Victor , Kozadaev Konstantin , Shchehrykovich Dzmitry
Published: July 2012

The present work is dedicated to the development of formation and diagnostics methods of water colloids of noble metals (Au, Au, Pt). As anoble nanoparticles formation method, the laser synthesis at air conditions is proposed. By the implantation of noble nanoparticles into water media, the colloidal systems of noble metals can be obtained. For the aims of investigation of noble colloid parameters, the complex diagnostics method is used. Such approach deals with direct methods (scanning electron microscopy and the characteristic radiation registration) and indirect methods (absorption spectroscopy and extinction modeling by Mie theory).
Multiscale Investigation of Porosity Characteristic in Concrete Exposed to Acidic Environment
Authors: Fan Y. F. , Luan H. Y. , Zhang S. Y.
Published: July 2012

Porosity has a significant effect on the mechanical response of concrete. It is essential to well understand the relation between porosity characteristics inside the concrete with the damage process of concrete exposed to the aggressive environment. To simulate the acidic environment, the acid solutions with pH level of 1.5 and 2.5 were deposed by the mixture of the sulfate and nitric acid in the laboratory. Computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the microstructures of concrete exposed to the acidic solution for the scheduled periods. Pore distribution and porosity ratio of concrete specimens suffering various damage processes are obtained. The CT digital images were analyzed by Pro-Plus software. The threshold value is suggested to identify the pore. The developments of pore structure and porosity ratio of the concrete samples are examined. The relation between the porosity characteristic and mechanical response of concrete is discussed.
Conservative Management of Unusual Keratinising Squamous Metaplasia of the Bladder in a 28-Year-Old Female and Overview of the Literature
Authors: Vázquez Alonso Fernando , Berrio Campos Raquel , Puche Sanz Ignacio , Segura Sánchez Manuel , Molina Hernandez Jose Miguel , Flores Martin Jose Francisco , Cózar Olmo Jose Manuel
Published: July 2012

Keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder is rare and is usually associated with urinary tract infections and chronic irritation. It is considered a precancerous condition of squamous cell carcinoma, especially when more than 50% of the bladder surface is affected. Medical treatment cannot eradicate this lesion. When it is limited to a small area of the bladder, transurethral resection is possible. Annual cystoscopy with multiple biopsies as well as annual upper tract imaging is proposed in the follow up of these patients. We present a preliminary 2-year followup report of a keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder in a 28-year-old female patient with no previous risk factors.
An Efficient Genome Fragment Assembling Using GA with Neighborhood Aware Fitness Function
Authors: Kikuchi Satoko , Chakraborty Goutam
Published: July 2012

To decode a long genome sequence, shotgun sequencing is the state-of-the-art technique. It needs to properly sequence a very large number, sometimes as large as millions, of short partially readable strings (fragments). Arranging those fragments in correct sequence is known as fragment assembling, which is an NP-problem. Presently used methods require enormous computational cost. In this work, we have shown how our modified genetic algorithm (GA) could solve this problem efficiently. In the proposed GA, the length of the chromosome, which represents the volume of the search space, is reduced with advancing generations, and thereby improves search efficiency. We also introduced a greedy mutation, by swapping nearby fragments using some heuristics, to improve the fitness of chromosomes. We compared results with Parsons’ algorithm which is based on GA too. We used fragments with partial reads on both sides, mimicking fragments in real genome assembling process. In Parsons’ work base-pair array of the whole fragment is known. Even then, we could obtain much better results, and we succeeded in restructuring contigs covering 100% of the genome sequences.
Quadruple Fixed Point Theorems under Nonlinear Contractive Conditions in Partially Ordered Metric Spaces
Authors: Karapınar Erdal , Shatanawi Wasfi , Mustafa Zead
Published: July 2012

We prove a number of quadruple fixed point theorems under ϕ‐contractive conditions for a mapping F : X4 → X in ordered metric spaces. Also, we introduce an example to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Efficient Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel Nitro‐Schiff Bases and Their Complexes of Nickel(II) and Copper(II)
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Moradian Mohsen
Published: July 2012

Synthesis and characterization of some new Schiff base ligands derived from various diamines and nitrosalicylaldehyde and their complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) are reported. Several spectral techniques such as UV‐Vis, FT‐IR, and NMR spectra were used to identify the chemical structures of the reported ligands and their complexes. The ligands are found to be bound to the metal atom through the oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl groups and nitrogen atoms of imine groups, which is also supported by spectroscopic techniques. The results obtained by FT‐IR and NMR showed that the Schiff base complexes of transition metal (II) have square‐planar geometry.
Perspective on the Evolution of Cell-Based Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies
Authors: Jakob M. , Saxer F. , Scotti C. , Schreiner S. , Studer P. , Scherberich A. , Heberer M. , Martin I.
Published: July 2012

Despite the compelling clinical needs in enhancing bone regeneration and the potential offered by the field of tissue engineering, the adoption of cell-based bone graft substitutes in clinical practice is limited to date. In fact, no study has yet convincingly demonstrated reproducible clinical performance of tissue-engineered implants and at least equivalent cost-effectiveness compared to the current treatment standards. Here, we propose and discuss how tissue engineering strategies could be evolved towards more efficient solutions, depicting three different experimental paradigms: (i) bioreactor-based production; (ii) intraoperative manufacturing, and (iii) developmental engineering. The described approaches reflect the need to streamline graft manufacturing processes while maintaining the potency of osteoprogenitors and recapitulating the sequence of biological steps occurring during bone development, including vascularization. The need to combine the assessment of efficacy of the different strategies with the understanding of their mechanisms of action in the target regenerative processes is highlighted. This will be crucial to identify the necessary and sufficient set of signals that need to be delivered at the injury or defect site and should thus form the basis to define release criteria for reproducibly effective engineered bone graft substitutes.
Increased Ferritin Concentrations Correlate with Insulin Resistance in Female Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Yu Fung-Jung , Huang Meng-Chuan , Chang Wen-Tsan , Chung Hsin-Fang , Wu Chin-Yi , Shin Shyi-Jang , Hsu Chih-Cheng
Published: July 2012

Aims: Iron overload identified by elevated ferritin concentrations has been implicated in risks of altered glucose metabolism and diabetic complications. The relationship between ferritin and insulin resistance in different gender and ethnicities remains uncertain; this study aimed to investigate it using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and to explore whether it is gender-specific. Methods: A total of 524 type 2 diabetic patients were selected cross-sectionally from a cohort participating in a diabetic control study in Taiwan. Result: Overall, tertiles of ferritin were significantly and dose-dependently associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR levels as well as Western dietary pattern scores generated by factor analysis (all p trend <0.05). Stratified by gender, a 1-tertile ferritin increase significantly correlated with a 0.241-unit increase in HOMA-IR (beta = 0.241, p = 0.001) in female diabetes, but not in male diabetes (beta = 0.072, p = 0.232), after adjusting for demographic, dietary, clinical and inflammatory factors. Conclusion: Iron overload, which produces elevated levels of ferritin, may augment insulin resistance in female but not in male type 2 diabetes. Longitudinal studies are warranted to establish relationships between iron stores and diabetes development in men and women of different ethnicities.
New Strategies in Clinical Care of Skin Wound Healing
Authors: Günter C.I. , Machens H.-G.
Published: July 2012

The prevalence of chronic wounds is closely correlated to the aging population and so-called civilizational diseases. Therefore, they are causing morbidity and mortality of millions of patients worldwide, with an unbroken upward trend. As a consequence, chronic wounds induce enormous and rapidly growing costs for our health care systems and society in general. Thus, medically effective and cost-efficient treatment methods are urgently needed. Methods of ‘regenerative medicine’ might offer innovative scientific solutions, including the use of stem cells, growth factors and new bioactive materials. These tools are experimentally well described but clinically poorly performed. The main reasons for this are both legislative and economic. This review describes state-of-the-art techniques, up-to-date research projects, innovative preclinical and clinical approaches in wound care, and activities to translate these innovative techniques into clinical routine.
Trans
-Fatty Acid Consumption and Heart Rate Variability in 2 Separate Cohorts of Older and Younger Adults
Authors: Soares-Miranda Luisa , Stein Phyllis K. , Imamura Fumiaki , Sattelmair Jacob , Lemaitre Rozenn N. , Siscovick David S. , Mota Jorge , Mozaffarian Dariush
Published: July 2012

Background—

Trans
-fatty acid (TFA) consumption is associated with risk of coronary heart disease, and
trans
-18:2, but not
trans
-18:1, in red blood cell membranes has been associated with sudden cardiac arrest. Abnormal heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic dysfunction and predicts cardiac death. Relationships between TFA consumption and HRV remain understudied. We determined whether total TFA consumption, as well as
trans
-18:1 and
trans
-18:2 TFA consumption, was independently associated with HRV in 2 independent cohorts in the United States and Portugal.

Methods and Results—

In 2 independent cohorts of older US adults (Cardiovascular Health Study [CHS], age 72±5 years, 1989/1995) and young Portuguese adults (Porto, age 19±2 years, 2008/2010), we assessed habitual TFA intake by food frequency questionnaires in CHS (separately estimating
trans
-18:1 and
trans
-18:2) and multiple 24-hour recalls in Porto (estimating total TFA only, which in a subset correlated with circulating
trans
-18:2 but not
trans
-18:1, suggesting that we captured the former). HRV was assessed using 24-hour Holters in CHS (n=1076) and repeated short-term (5-minute) ECGs in Porto (n=160). We used multivariate-adjusted linear regression to relate TFA consumption to HRV cross-sectionally (CHS, Porto) and longitudinally (CHS). In CHS, higher
trans
-18:2 consumption was associated with lower 24-hour SD of all normal-to-normal intervals both cross-sectionally (−12%; 95% CI, –19% to –6%;
P
=0.001) and longitudinally (−15%; 95% CI, –25% to –4%;
P
= 0.009) and lower 24-hour SD of 5-minute average N-N intervals and mean of the 5-minute SD of N-N intervals calculated over 24 hours (
P
<0.05 each). Higher
trans
-18:1 consumption in CHS was associated with more favorable 24-hour HRV in particular time-domain indices (24-hour SD of all normal-to-normal intervals, SD of 5-minute average N-N intervals, mean of the 5-minute SD of N-N intervals calculated over 24 hours;
P
<0.05 each). In Porto, each higher SD TFA consumption was associated with 4% lower 5-minute 24-hour SD of all normal-to-normal intervals (95% CI, –8% to –1%;
P
=0.04) and 7% lower 5-minute square root of the mean of the squares of successive N-N differences (95% CI, –13% to –1%;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—

Trans
-18:2 consumption is associated with specific, less favorable indices of HRV in both older and young adults.
Trans
-18:1 consumption is associated with more favorable HRV indices in older adults. Our results support the need to investigate potential HRV-related mechanisms, whereby
trans
-18:2 may increase arrhythmic risk.
The Effect of Spironolactone on Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
Authors: Zarraga Ignatius Gerardo E. , Dougherty Cynthia M. , MacMurdy Karen S. , Raitt Merritt H.
Published: July 2012

Background—

Previous studies have suggested that aldosterone blockade can reduce the incidence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with heart failure. The SPIronolactone to Reduce ICD Therapy (SPIRIT) trial was designed to test the hypothesis that spironolactone reduces the incidence of VT/VF in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) who are at moderately high risk for recurrent VT/VF.

Methods and Results—

Ninety patients who had ICDs who were at moderately high risk for recurrent VT/VF and who were not candidates for spironolactone by current heart failure guidelines were randomized to receive spironolactone 25 mg daily or placebo in a double-blind fashion. All patients had previously received ICD therapy (shock or antitachycardia pacing) for VT/VF within 2 years of randomization or an ICD for secondary prevention of VT/VF within 6 months of randomization. The primary end point was time to first recurrence of VT/VF requiring ICD therapy. After a median follow-up of 35 months, the Kaplan–Meier probability estimates for VT/VF requiring ICD therapy were 68.7% in the placebo group and 84.7% in the spironolactone group. Compared with placebo, spironolactone was associated with a similar risk of VT/VF (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.64–1.83;
P
=0.71). There was no significant difference between the median times to first VT/VF recurrence requiring ICD therapy in the 2 groups.

Conclusions—

In patients with ICDs who were at moderately high risk for recurrent VT/VF on account of a recent VT/VF event that was either sustained or treated by the ICD and who were not candidates for spironolactone by current heart failure guidelines, spironolactone did not delay the first recurrence of VT/VF or reduce the risk of recurrent VT/VF.