bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Classification of the Strata between the Kimeridgian and Aptian
Authors: Pavlow Alexis P.
Published: October 2009

I. Schemes of Classification

In the paper on the Speeton fauna, forming a part of the work which I wrote in conjunction with Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, I attempted to correlate the Upper Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous horizons of Speeton with their equivalents in Russia and in different parts of Europe, and to give a general scheme of classification of these beds.This scheme may be briefly stated as follows.

The Kimeridgian zone of
Hoplites pseudomutabilis
and
Aspidoceras acanthicum
is common to different countries of Europe. Above this zone in the Meridional province repose the marine beds of the Tithonic stage, terminating the Jurassic.These beds comprise two substages—the Lower Tithonic, which contains two fossil-zones; and the Upper Tithonic, also containing two zones. To this Tithonic stage corresponds in Southern England the Portland stage
sensu lato
, including the Lower marine series (Portland,
sensu stricto
, or Bononian Series), and the Upper freshwater Portland or Purbeck. In Northern France and partly in Southern England three fossil-zones can be distinguished in the marine Portland, namely, the zone of
Ammonites portlandicus
and
Bleicheri
, the zone of
Virgati
, and the zone of
A. giganteus
. In Yorkshire the equivalents of this series are condensed, and moreover the freshwater Purbeck is replaced by marine beds with
Belemnites lateralis
, deposited in a separate boreal marine basin. To designate these uppermost horizons of the Jurassic in its marine development, I proposed the name ‘Aquilonian’ stage or substage, including in this term the zone or zones of
Ammonites fragilis
and nodiger
Glacial Deposits, Preglacial Valleys, and Interglacial Lake-Formations in Subalpine Switzerland
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In a paper which I had the honour of reading before the Society last session, as well as in another previously published in the Geological Magazine, I described in detail a variety of glacial deposits near the lakes of Constance, Zürich, Zug, and Thun, including several of those extensive and remarkable accumulations of glacio-fluviatile conglomerate which are the indirect product of land-ice and, together with intervening moraine and interglacial deposits, afford conclusive evidence of three separate and general glaciations not only of the Alps, but more or less of the Swiss. lowlands.

The numerous sections of which I exhibited diagrams, revealed the apparently singular phenomenon that in the Zürich district the older glacio-fluviatile conglomerates generally crown the ridges of the Subalpine Molasse hills, and the younger gravel-beds occur at lower levels; while in the Lorze valley near Zug, and in the Kander valley near Thun, the position is reversed—that is, the older gravels, resting in the former locality on glacial clay andMolasse, and in the latter on glacial clay and Triassic beds, appear at the bottom, and are, with intermediate alternations of moraine, overlain by the younger series. From this marked contrast, it might be inferred that at the time of the deposition of the older gravels, the principal valleys in the last-named districts—that is, the basins of the Reuss and Aare,—were already eroded approximately to their present depth, whereas the Zürich valley was as yet non-existent or, at any rate, very imperfectly formed; so much so,
The Kildare Inlier
Authors: Reynolds S. H. , Gardiner C. I.
Published: October 2009

I.Introduction. The Geological Survey of Ireland, in 1858, published a memoir describing the geology of the Kildare Hills and neighbouring country. In this memoir are given lists of fossils from the limestone and from an underlying ash-bed, attention is drawn to the resemblance which some of the igneous rocks bear to those of Lambay Island, and reference is made to the presence of a northand-south fault dividing the inlier into two portions.

In 1877 Messrs. Harkness and Nicholson, in their paper on the Strata between the Borrowdale Series and,Coniston Flags,’ give some account of the Kildare rocks. They mention that the limestone is in the direct line of strike of contemporaneous beds at Portraine, near Dublin, and also of the Coniston Limestone of the Lake District. Moreover they judge from the strike of the Kildare limestone that it is faulted against the rocks east of it, and note that the beds west of the north-and-south fault above mentioned are entirely dissimilar to those lying east of it.

The area has been repeatedly referred to by Mr. J. E. Marr in his various papers on the Coniston Limestone Series of the Lake District. In them he draws special attention to the resemblance between the Keisley Limestone and that of the Chair of Kildare. II. General. Description of the Area. The Carboniferous limestone to the south-west of Dublin has been thrown into a series of gentle undulations, and to the north and north-west of the town of Kildare the crest of one
On Foliated Granites and their Relations to the Crystalline Schists in Eastern Sutherland
Authors: Horne J. , Greenly E.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. The detailed mapping of the eastern portion of the County of Sutherland by the Geological Survey has shown that the crystalline schists of that region are extensively penetrated by granites, more or less foliated, which are apparently linked to some extent with the present crystalline characters of these schists. Some of the features presented by these foliated granites have already been described by previous observers.

In 1862 Prof. Harkness remarked that the mode of occurrence of the granites in the east of Sutherland rather tends to the conclusion that the sedimentary rocks were elevated, flexured, and contorted previous to the period when the granites made their appearance in the sedimentary rocks, and that these granites have conformed in their course to the strike of the previously elevated strata. He further observes that here are abundant features which would support the conclusion that granite is in this district rather the result of an excessive amount of metamorphic action than a plutonic rock as regards its origin.

In 1869 the Rev. Dr. Joass stated that he was inclined to regard the granites in the Kildonan region as partly intrusive and partly metamorphic. He further noted that in the most richly auriferous localities certain granitoid rocks, chiefly felspathic, are so intimately connected by interlamination with the flaggy quartzose strata that they almost appear to be the result of metamorphic action upon true sedimentary rocks of the quartzose series, or contemporaneous effusions of plutonic rock. This granitiform rock appears at least in
Dundry
1
Hill: its Upper Portion, or the Beds marked as Inferior Oolite (g 5) in the Maps of the Geological Survey.
Authors: Buckman S. S. , Wilson E.
Published: October 2009

The following facts and conclusions have been brought forward in this paper:—

1.

That at Dundry Hill the sequence of strata laid down during the Bathonian–Bajocian ages is incomplete, because there is no deposit to represent the time of the
niortensis
or
Humphriesiani
hemeræ; in fact, during these hemeræ denudation was in progress at Dundry.

2.

That all the strata of the Aalenian and Bajocian ages have been removed from the eastern end of the hill, so that strata of Bathonian date (
Garantianæ
hemera) rest non-sequentially upon deposits laid down during the Dumortieriæ hemera.

3.

That this removal has been effected by denudation in Bajocian and even post–Bajocian time.

4.

That strata equivalent to what are called elsewhere Midford Sands, Upper Lias, and Middle Lias (Marlstone) are present in the hill, the two former attaining a maximum thickness of more than 60 feet, while the Marlstone crops out at many points along the flanks of the range.

5.

That the officers of the Geological Survey have apparently confounded the Marlstone Rock (an ironshot oolite of the date of the
spinati
hemera) with the well-known Ironshot Oolite (of the date of the
Sauzei
hemera), a bed nearly 100 feet higher up.

6.

That in consequence of this mistake they have, round the greater part of the hill, drawn the base of the Inferior Oolite as far below the Marlstone as this base ought to have been drawn if
On the Pliocene Deposits of Holland and their Relation to the English and Belgian Crags, with a Suggestion for the Establishment of a New Zone, ‘Amstelien,’ and some Remarks on the Geographical Conditions of the Pliocene Epoch in Northern Europe
Authors: Harmer F. W.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

While engaged in the study of the conditions under which the English Crag–beds were deposited, I was fortunate enough to receive from Dr. J. Lorié, of Utrecht, two important papers on the strata met with in some deep borings in different parts of Holland.
1
These borings reveal the remarkable fact that the Newer Pliocene beds which underlie that country not only attain the great thickness of nearly 500 feet, but have been depressed at one point more than 1000 feet below their original position. The enquiry suggested itself whether this subsidence was connected with the series of earthmovements by which the Older Pliocene deposits of the South of England, of the North-east of France, and of Belgium have been raised to a height of between 500 and 600 feet above the level of the sea, how far the influence of these disturbances could be traced in East Anglia, and in what manner the deposition of the Cragdeposits was affected by them.

The facts I have now to submit show that these movements of upheaval and subsidence have this in common, that they were not confined to one period, but went on, though not continuously, from the Pliocene until late in the Pleistocene epoch. The central portion of the area has not been affected by them to any large extent, and seems to have formed the pivot of the disturbance, while depression has increased progressively in a northerly direction, and elevation has been greatest in the south. For the
Additional Note on the Sections near the Summit of the Furka Pass (Switzerland)
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

In 1894 I gave an account of certain sections in the valley of the Reuss (Switzerland) where a somewhat schistose white marble is associated with phyllites and limestone of Jurassic age. But of that on the Furka Pass. as then stated, the description was incomplete, as I had been compelled, owing to unfavourable weather, to be content with a hurried glance at that part of the infold which is on the western side of the summit. Here the road, curving round from a W.S.W. to W.N.W. direction, cuts across the apparent strike of the sedimentary rocks, and then quits them to run over the gneiss. It was the western end of the triangle thus formed a piece measuring perhaps 400 yards in length by 250 at the widest part. which I had been unable to examine. But in the summer of 1895 I walked up to the top of the pass from the valley of the Rhone, in company with my friend the Rev. E. Hill, whose kind help I gladly acknowledge, and completed the examination of the western side. besides going over parts of the area which I had visited on the former occasion. A few additional facts were obtained, which may be worth bringing to the notice of the Society, for, although they are not conclusive as to the relation of the marble to the Jurassic rock, they throw, I think, some light upon the question.

On the western side of the pass, to speak first of the
The Fauna of the Keisley Limestone.—Part II. Conclusion.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: October 2009

Ostracoda

Of the rich fauna of ostracods which Prof. T. Rupert Jones has described from Kildare I have, after careful search, been able to determine only the following two at Keisley:—

Primitia m'coyi, Salter

This is the form which many previous observers have recorded as
Cythere phaseolus
(His.), but it is a mistaken identification, as Prof. Rupert Jones (
loc. cir.
) has shown. The species is as abundant at Keisley as it is at Kildare.

Cythere wrightiana, Jones

This is a rare form at Keisley, only two or three specimens having so far been found.

Brachiopoda

Obolella
cf.
Nitens, Hisinger

A small transversely-oval shell, with a longitudinal groove from the beak to the anterior margin, appears to belong to this Swedish species. The shell is very thin, and marked with only a few concentric lines of growth; the braehial valve, which here is alone preserved, is much flattened, has a small pointed beak near the margin, an almost straight hinge-line, and a distinct lon~tudinal groove running from the beak to the front edge. The brachial valve of this species figured by Lindstrtöm corresponds very closely in shape and other characters with our Keisley specimen, but the pedicle-valves there delineated are subcircular, and described as shield-shaped, though the breadth is given as twice the length. The species is found in the
Trinucleus
-schists of Sweden. Our specimen measures 2 millim, in length and 3 in breadth.

Orbiculoidea sp

A small circular pedicle-valve, ornamented with rather coarse concentric striæ. and possessing a central elevated
Another Possible Cause of the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

In the introductory portion of the paper the Author gives an account of the submarine topography of the area east of North America, and summarizes Dr. J. W. Spencer's work upon a submerged Antillean continent; he then deals with the effects which would be produced upon the Gulf Stream by the uprising of this continent in the Glacial Period, and maintains that, as the current could not pass into the Gulf of Mexico (being debarred by a coast of high continental land), it would flow directly northwards into the North Atlantic, and thereby be deprived of about 10° (Fahr.) of heat: the effects of which may be practically illustrated by supposing the isothermal line of 32° to take the place of that of 42° in the northern hemisphere. He argues that the increased snowfall which would thus be caused over certain areas would tend to intensify the cold through all the adjoining tracts.

To the effects produced in this way must be added those due to the elevation of the land of Eastern North America and to an elevation of North-western Europe, which is supposed to have occurred at the end of Pliocene times. These elevations would intensify the glaciation caused by the difference of direction taken by the Gulf Stream.
On the Affinities of the Echinothuridæ; and on Pedinothuria and Helikodiadema, two new Genera of Echinoidea
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: October 2009

The genus
Echinothuria
was founded by S. P. Woodward in 1863 to include two Chalk fossils in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The specimen first discovered was found at Rochester, and it was regarded as a fossil cirripede until Darwin refused to accept it as a member of that class. Ed. Forbes then proposed to describe it as an holothurian, but finally declined this responsibility. It was not till the second specimen was found at Charlton by the Rev. J. N. Glass that the two fossils were recognized as probably fragments of an abnormal echinid. S. P. Woodward discussed the possibility of the fossils being holothurians or allied to Palæozoic echinids, such as
Protoechinus
; but he rejected both ideas, and cautiously described the specimens as belonging to a new genus of echinoderm, of which the affinities ‘are still matter for conjecture.’ He remarked that ‘the disciples of von Baer may regard it it as a “generalized form” of echinoderm’; but he shows that he realized one strong objection to this view, by pointing out the fact of the fossil ‘coming, however, rather late in the geological day.’

The importance of the genus
Echinothuria
was not fully appreciated until 1873. In that year Sir Wyville Thomson published an account of some recent echinids with flexible tests: for one series of these he proposed the name
Calveria
, but this has since made way for that of
Asthenosoma
, which had been given by Grube in 1868. Thomson recognized the affinity of the deep-sea
On Glacial Phenomena of Palæozoic Age in the Varanger Fiord
Authors: Strahan Aubrey
Published: October 2009

An expedition to Vadsö in the
Norse King
having been organized to observe the total eclipse of the sun in 1896, I took advantage of it for the purpose of examining as much of the Varanger Fiord as time would permit. I had two objects more especially in view: firstly, a visit to a section described by Dr. Reusch as showing a conglomerate of glacial origin intercalated in rocks of reputed Palæozoic age; and, secondly, an examination of the raised beaches and glacial phenomena of the region. The remoteness of the fiord probably accounts for the fact that the remarkable section discovered by Dr. Reusch had remained unvisited by any other geologist, and for the rejection of his conclusions in the face of most convincing evidence.

The section in question lies about 26 miles farther up the Fiord than Vadsö, where the
Norse King
lay, and for my opportunities of visiting it I was indebted to Mr. R. R. Pirrie, who most generously allowed me the use of one of his small steamers for that purpose. I had also the advantage of the assistance of Mr. Charles Upton and Mr. E. Dickson, .F.G.S., in examining the section.

The Varanger Fiord runs nearly east and west, and is about 50 miles long, with a breath of 12 miles at Vadsö, and of 3 to 7 miles west of that town. At its western extremity it divides into a northern branch, known as the Mœsk Fiord, and a southern branch, at the
On the Pembroke Earthquakes of August, 1892, and November, 1893
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: October 2009

The Essex earthquake, one of the strongest ever recorded in this country, occurred on April 22nd, 1884. Since that time the most important shocks are those which were felt, principally in Pembrokeshire and the surrounding counties, on August 18th, 1892, and November 2nd, 1893. I propose in this paper to give a brief account of the nature and probable origin of these earthquakes, as well as of the slighter shocks which preceded and followed them. Owing to the large number of observations (nearly 2000) which I have collected, it is impossible for me to quote the authority for every statement here made, or to present the evidence in any detail. But, in offering my hearty thanks collectively to the numerous ladies and gentlemen who by their kindness have made this investigation possible, I should like to mention how indebtedly I am indebted to Prof. Lapworth for frequent advice and assistance; to Mr. Marr and Mr. Teall for information with regard to the geology of the epicentral district; and to Mr. T. Mann Jones, F.G.S., Mr. H. Cecil Moore, Mr. Harold J. E. Peake, Mr. O. M. Prouse, F.G.S., Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., and especially to the Rev. W. M. Morris, formerly of Cresswell Quay, near Pembroke, for valued aid in collecting additional records.My obligations to the last-named gentleman will be obvious when I state that he visited for this purpose nearly all parts of Pembrokeshire, and by his skill in cross-examining observers extracted details which could not have been
On the Structure of the Skull of a Pliosaur
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: October 2009

In the present communication I propose to give a short account of the cranial structure of the Plesiosaurian reptile known as
Pliosaurus ferox
(Sauvage), a very fine skull of which has recently been acquired by the British Museum. Like so many other reptilian fossils from the Oxford Clay, this specimen was obtained in the neighbourhood of Peterborough by A. N. Leeds, Esq., F.G.S., who has expended much time, patience, and skill in fitting together the numerous fragments into which the bones were found broken. The result, however, is well worth the trouble taken, and the specimen is now perhaps the finest Pliosaur skull known. The extreme length from the occipital condyle to the anterior extremity is 112 cm., while the width at the quadrate region, perhaps somewhat exaggerated by crushing, is 50 cm.

The desription of this skull is facilitated by the great similarity which exists between it and that of
Peloneustes philarchus
, of which an account has already appeared. This similarity is so striking that it seemed not impossible that the present specimen might be merely the skull of an old individual of
Peloneustes
: but there are a number of differences which tend to show that such is not the case. In the first place, the total number of teeth in the upper jaw of
Peloneustes
is greater, and there are six instead of five in the premaxilla; it is, however, possible that a premaxillary tooth might be lost in growth, since this actually occurs in
Crocodilus porosus
, so
On some Superficial Deposits in Cutch
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: October 2009

During a recent visit to Cutch for the purpose of studying the Jurassic rocks there exposed, my attention was naturally attracted to a number of superficial deposits, which in some cases concealed, and in others were associated with, the solid rocks beneath. I cannot pretend to have made an exhaustive study of them, as I have only examined such parts as may be found in the Jurassic area; but these have suggested certain theories of their origin, which I have not seen proposed elsewhere, and as these theories depend on observations which I do not find recorded, it may at least be hoped that an account of such observations may throw light on the origin of the deposits. The matters with which I propose to deal may be classed under the following heads:—

(1)

Subrecent concrete.

(2)

The boulder-beds associated with this concrete.

(3)

Infratrappean grits.

(4)

Laterite.

(5)

Alluvium and Ran.

Of all these, except No. 2, there are to be found brief descriptions in Mr. A. B. Wynne's memoir on the geology of Cutch, but, as a rule, that author does not venture on any suggestion as to their origin, and in no case does he appeal to the particular causes to which I have been led to refer them.

Of all these, except No. 2, there are to be found brief descriptions in Mr. A. B. Wynne's
memoir on the geology of Cutch
The Red Rocks near Bunmahon on the Coast of Co. Waterford
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: October 2009

There are a few patches of red sandstone, shale, and conglomerate on the coast of Co. Waterford whose age has been the subject of much divergence of opinion, owing to the obscurity of their stratigraphical relations and isolated positions. A recent visit which I paid to these parts enabled me to collect evidence which seems to my mind to settle their age conclusively.

The earliest description of these rocks with which I am acquainted was published by Mr. J. Hodgson Holdsworth in 1833. He maintained the view that they were of the same age as the ‘great conglomerate-formation’ of the Monovoulagh or Comeragh Mountains, which he rightly ascribed to the Old Red Sandstone. He pointed out also the fact that they rest unconformably on the ‘Silurian’ rocks.

The next mention of these beds is by Mr. T. Weaver in 1835, when he described a gradual passage from the greenstone rocks into the red sandstone ‘through the medium of a compound conglomerate’ of greenstone with red sandstone-fragments and of red sandstone with greenstone-fragments. Thus he apparently favoured the view of their ‘Silurian’ age.

Mr. J. Beete Jukes in 1852 put forward the view that these patches were blocks of Old Red Sandstone let into the ‘Silurian’ rocks of the coast by complicated faults.

In 1860 Messrs. W. B. Brownrigg and Theo. Cooke, in a brief description of the coast, accepted the view that these patches are faulted masses of Old Red Sandstone.

In the Geological Survey memoir of this district
On the Association of Sigillaria and Glossopteris in South Africa
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: October 2009

The fossil plants which form the subject of this paper were forwarded to me by Mr. David Draper, of Johannesburg, and my thanks are due to him for affording me the opportunity of making the following contribution to the palæeobotany of the Southern Hemisphere.

The localities from which the specimens were obtained are briefly described in the foregoing communication by Mr. Draper, who expresses the view that the beds of each horizon are probably of the same geological age, namely, the lower portion of the Stormberg Beds of Dunn. The evidence afforded by the plants is, however, strongly in favour of a lower horizon; it points to a Permo-Carboniferous rather than a Triassic age. The interesting association of genera brought to light by Mr. Draper's discoveries, and its significance from the point of view of geological age and plant-distribution, will be best discussed after a description of the individual species.

The following are the principal localities from which the plants were obtained:— (1) Boschmans Fontein and Maggies Mine in the: Middelburg district, Transvaal; (2) Casey's Township (Francis), 2 miles south of Johannesburg; and (3) Vereeniging, about 30 miles south of Johannesburg. In a paper by Schmeisser on South African minerals there is a reference to the occurrence of
Glossopteris
and
Schizoneura
in the Middelburg district at the: Holfontein Colliery. The rocks are spoken of as belonging to the Stormberg Series. From the second locality, under the name of ‘Francis,’ M. Zeiller has recently described the following species:—
Glossopteris Browniana
, Brongn.,
G.
The Glacio-Marine Drift of the Vale of Clwyd
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: October 2009

(1) Boulder Clay from Craig, west of Llaudulas, to the Vale of Clwyd, south-east of Abergele.

Immediately east of Craig, between Llandulas and Colwyn Bay (No. 1 in the Map) the Boulder Clay stands out in vertical cliffs about 30 feet high, and so compact that it is undercut by the waves, in a manner similar to that often seen in rock-cliffs. A closer examination shows that it is very full of angular fragments of limestone, derived from the Carboniferous Limestone-rock against which it lies. Several large blocks of Welsh felstone and blocks of slate-rock—showing banding or original bedding—occur on the shore, and I found a small boulder of Eskdale granite in the clay. At one place the clay appears to be foliated in a vertical direction. It does not appear that there are many shell-fragments in the clay, as I found only one example. All the Boulder Clay described in this paper is of a brown or reddish-brown colour, containing northern erratics, and is similar to the low-level Boulder Clays of Lancashire and Cheshire, excepting where it is mixed with the waste of the hills against which it may happen to lie.

A microscopic examination of a specimen of the clay by Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S., for foraminifera yielded negative results. The following is a mechanical analysis showing the coust, itution of the clay ; specimen taken about 5 feet above the shore :—

This leaves 50 per cent. of clay, if we count as clay all the material
On the Morte Slates, and Associated Beds, in North Devon and West Somerset.—Part II
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

S
ince
the first part of this paper was published (May, 1896) I have had another opportunity of visiting North Devon and West Somerset, the former district as one of the Directors of the Excursion of the Geologists' Association in July 1896, and the latter district in company with the Rev. G. F. Whidborne, M.A., F.G.S., the Rev. H. H. Winwood, M.A., F.G.S., Mr. J. G. Hamling, F.G.S., Mr. R. S. Herries, M.A., F.G.S., and Mr. Upfield Green, F.G.S. The only addition to the fauna in North Devon was the discovery near Barrieane, in Morte :Bay, of a portion of an
Orthoceras
(by Dr. Barrois, F.M.G.S.); but in West Somerset some forms not previously known to occur in that area were obtained.

The faunas so far discovered in West Somerset differ very markedly from those found in the Morte Slates in hTorth Devon, and belong to higher horizons in the succession ; but it must be understood that there are still large areas which have been but imperfectly explored. In so great a thickness also, occupying an average width in West Somerset of from 5 to 6 miles, it is only natural to suppose that several other faunas must occur, especially as in the faunas already described there appear to be few, if any, fossils in common. As many parts of this district are very inaccessible, and the exposures comparatively few, much time will have to be spent before anything like a complete examination can be made. The evidence so tar
Pleistocene Plants from Casewick, Shacklewell, and Grays
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: October 2009

In the year 1888, during a visit to Sir J. Prestwich, I had the opportunity of examining his Pleistocene collection. I saw among the specimens two lumps of clay which had been collected at Casewick and at Shacklewell, to illustrate papers by Morris and by himself. These he kindly permitted me to take away and examine, and out of them I obtained the plants mentioned below. In Prestwich's collection I observed also a number of plant-remains from Grays, which had been partially determined in 1861 by Gaudin and Heer. These, however, I was unable at the time to study, for Prestwich informed me that he was then engaged on a paper in which the deposits at Grays would be described. He died without completing the work, and his collection was given to the Natural History Museum, Lady Prestwich informing Dr. Woodward and myself that it was Sir Joseph's request that I should complete the examination of his Pleistocene plants. In this manner it happens that I am now writing a botanical supplement to papers which were read before the Society at such distant dates as 1853, 1855, and 1869.

Casewick (Lincolnshire.)

The alluvial deposit at this locality was described by the late Prof. John Morris, who gave to Prestwich the lump of clay from which I obtained the plants. There is nothing in the list to throw any light on the age of the deposit, and so far as the flora shows it may be of extremely recent date :—
Notes on a Collection of Rocks and Fossils from Franz Josef Land, made by the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition during 1894–1896
Authors: Newton E. T. , Teall J. J. H.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
steamship
Windward
, which has now paid two visits to Franz Josef Land, brought back last year (1896) a series of rocks and fossils, collected by the Jackson-tIarmsworth Expedition. This collection, by far the most important which has reached this country from Franz Josef Land, was forwarded to the Geological Survey, and at the request of the Director-General, Sir Archibald Geikie, we have undertaken its examination. Although the full results of the geological observations recorded by Dr. Kcettlitz cannot be made known until the return of the expedition, it has been thought desirable that a preliminary account of the district , based on the specimens already received, should be published.

II. P
revious
W
ork on the
G
eology of
F
ranz
J
osef
L
and
.

The geological literature relating to Franz Josef Land, though small in amount, is sufficient to prove that those portions of the district which have as yet been visited possess a comparatively simple geological structure. Scattered observations have now been made over more than two degrees of latitude by Payer, Leigh Smith, Jackson, and Nansen, and everywhere the features observed appear to be essentially of the same character. It is a region of plateau-basalts comparable, not only in its main features, but also in many of its minor details, to portions of the western coast of Scotland. Vast flows of basaltic lava, associated in all probability with intrusive sills of the same type of rock, form the greater portion of the district. Sometimes the basalt descends to the level
The Geology of Rotuma
Authors: Gardiner J. Stanley
Published: October 2009

I. I
introduction
.

Nothing of a detailed character has, so far as I am aware, been published on the geology of Rotuma. J. D. Dana mentions it as a high island with encircling reefs in ‘Corals and Coral Islands.’ Darwin, in ‘The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,’ says that it possesses a fringing-reef only, and that it has an extinct volcano.

My notes were made in the months of September to December, 1896, which I spent on the island; I am indebted to Capt. Field and the officers of H.M.S.
Penguin
for their kindness, which enabled me to visit the island. I am further greatly indebted to Mr. J. E. Marr for his kindly advice and for reading through the accompanying paper, and also to Mr. H. Woods, who has examined the rocks which I obtained.

II. T
opography.

The island of Rotuma is situated in lat. 12° 30' S. and long. ]77° 1' E. ; it is thus about 260 miles almost due north of the Yasawas, the nearest islands in the Fijian group. According to the
Challenger's
charts it lies in a general depth of 2000 fathoms, on a plateau which includes the Fijian, Tongan, Samoan, and Ellice Islands. The soundings of H.M.S.
Penguin
: 2438, 2715 fathoms, etc. in 1896, show that the Ellice Islands must be removed, while the most recently published chart of Samoa to Fiji shows that the former is separated from all neighbouring groups by a depth of at least 2200 fathoms.

Thus there is
Notes on the Rotuman Rocks collected by Mr. Stanley Gardiner
Authors: Woods Henry
Published: October 2009

1. Olivine-Dolerite from Kugoi.

This is a light-greyish, moderately coarse-grained dolerite, containing much felspar. The rock is quite fresh, and consists of plagioclase-felspar, augite, olivine, magnetite, and apatite. Two generations of felspar are very distinct—the crystals belonging to lhe earlier showing good contours. It is probable that this is an intrusive rock.

2. Basalts from Tarasua Point, Mafiri Cave, and An Hufhuf.

These are very vesicular basalts, black or grey in colour. The specimen from Tarasua Point was found by Dr. W. Pollard to contain 48·86 per cent. of silica; the rock is dark in colour and consists of minute, but long, plagioclase-felspars (with a few larger crystals of the same mineral), augite, and magnetite. The small felspars have a parallel arrangement. The specimen from Mafiri is a fine-grained rock, in which the felspars have no regular arrangement.

3. Olivine-Basalts from Savelei Point, base of Hoi, and base of Yavasse (opposite Sol Kopi).

The specimen from Hoi is a greyish compact rock with light green crystals of olivine. Microscopic examination shows that it is fine-grained and not decomposed; it consists mainly of a mass of small, lath-shaped, plagioclase-felspars and augite, with larger crystals of augite and olivine. Magnetite is abundant. The felspars have a fairly well-marked parallel arrangement.

The rock from Savelei Point is darker and somewhat vesicular, resembling in general appearance the specimen from Tarasua Point, but containing olivine.

4. Ashes from Sol Kopi, Afaga, Howa, Kugoi, Kiliga Point, and Sororoa.

These are light-coloured rocks, varying in texture and
An Explanation of the Claxheugh Section (Co. Durham)
Authors: Woolacott D.
Published: October 2009

abstract

The section of which an explanation is offered in this communication occurs about 2 miles west of Sunderland, and has been noticed by Messrs. King & Howse, and Prof. Lebour. The base shows the Permian Yellow Sands, which are succeeded at the western end of the section by the Marl Slate, thin-bedded limestones, and at the top crystalline limestones without any trace of bedding. At the eastern end the Marl Slate and thin-bedded limestones are absent, and except when a breccia intervenes the crystalline limestones rest on the Yellow Sands, though the thin-bedded limestones and Marl Slate show no signs of thinning out. There are also minor complications. The Author suggests that the section may be explained by supposing that denudation occurred in a cavern, the roof of which afterwards fell in, and that disturbances were also produced by ‘creep’-movements.
A Contribution to the Palæontology of the Decapod Crustacea of England
Authors: Carter James
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
N
ote
.

The following memoir deals mainly with the Brachyura. It contains descriptions of several new forms, and gives much fresh information with regard to the morphology, affinities, and distribution of species previously described. The author bequeathed his collection of Crustacea, together with his scientific library, to the Woodwardian Museum, where both are now accessible to palæontologists. This work has been edited by Mr. Henry Woods, M.A., F.G.S., at the request of the author's daughter, Mrs. J. E. Foster.—T. McK. H.

I. M
acrura
.

Family Astacomorpha.

Genus N
ephrops
, Leach.

N
ephrops
R
eedi
, sp. nov. (Pl. I, fig. 1.)

Description
.—Chelse elongate; basal portion of propodite—“hand” —more than twice as long as wide; a double row of large bluntlyconical tubercles, the apices of which are directed forward, runs along both the outer and inner borders as far as the base of the fingers. On the dorsal surface a series of 10 to 12 tubercles, larger than those on the border, and placed upon a broad ridge, extends from the carpal end to the base of the fixed finger; the spaces between the median and the marginal rows are slightly concave and nearly smooth. The paimar surface also bears a median series of large tubercles of unequal size, which are arranged on the proximal two-thirds of the hand in two rows, which coalesce and terminate as a single row at the base of the fixed finger. Fingers imperfect, rather slender, half(?) as long as the hand when perfect. Length of hand from carpal to dactylopodal
Observations on the Genus Aclisina, De Koninck, with Descriptions of British Species and of some other Carboniferous Gasteropoda
Authors: Donald J.
Published: October 2009

In 1881 De Koninck, in his ‘Faune Calc. Carb. Belg.’ Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. vol. vi, pt. iii, p. 86, created the genus
Aclisina
to include some small shells which had previously been placed in one or other of the genera
Murchisonia, Loxonema, Aclis, Turbonilla
or
Turritella
, and he thus defines it: ‘Petite coquille allongée, conique, à tours convexes, striés en spirale; ouverture ovale; bord externe mince, entier et non saillant: columelle non arquée, légèrement épaissie; axe non perforé.’

Three species are described as belonging to this genus, but none is especially regarded as the type. I have examined the shells labelled as the types in the Brussels Museum, and find that they are severally quite distinct from one another in character, so much so, indeed, that each must form the type of a separate genus. It remains, therefore, to be decided which should be regarded as most typical of De Koninck's definition of
Aclisina
. The first-mentioned,
Murchisonia striatula
, was referred by De Koninck in a former work to the genus
Murchisonia
, but he here removes it to
Aclisina
, because he states there is no slit (‘fente’) in the outer lip.

The surface of the specimen from Vis6 in the Brussels Museum, marked as the type of this species, is much worn, but it is sufficiently preserved to prove its identity with other individuals from the same locality in the Brussels Museum, in the Museum and in the Collection of M. Destinez at Liége, and also with two
A Geological Survey of the Witwatersrand and other Districts in the Southern Transvaal
Authors: Hatch Frederick H.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The importance of the Witwatersrand as a gold-producing area has given an impetus to geological enquiry in this part of South Africa. The result has been the appearance of numerous books, pamphlets, and papers. My apology for adding to their number by the present communication is a five-years' residence in the Transvaal, during which time I have had perhaps unusual opportunities and facilities for closely studying the geology of the Southern Transvaal, or more correctly the region lying between the Magaliesberg Range and the Vaal River. Having in the course of professional duties to journey backward and forward through this country, I gradually became acquainted with its geological structure; and as a means of crystallizing and correlating the information thus obtained, I began to lay it down on a map and have continued to do so until now. The survey of some 8000 square miles of country, embracing the districts of the Witwatersrand, Potchefstroom, and Heidelberg, and a portion of those of Rustenburg and Pretoria, being now completed, I desire to lay the results before the Geological Society.

The difficulties of geological mapping in a sparsely-inhabited country, and where the inhabitants since the Jameson raid have not been particularly disposed to welcome the Uitlander, may be easily imagined. I do not claim for my map that accuracy in detail which can only be obtained by leisurely work on a large scale; still, the main geological boundaries have been drawn with as near an approximation to correctness as was
The Bala Beds and Associated Igneous Rocks of Lambay Island, Co. Dublin
Authors: Gardiner C. I. , Reynolds S. H.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

Lambay Island lies off the East Coast of Ireland, some 10 miles north of Dublin, the nearest point on the mainland being in the district of Portraine, where there occurs an inlier of Bala rocks which we have already described.

The name of Lambay is probably familiar to geologists from the occurrence there of the ‘Lambay porphyry,’ a very handsome and striking rock, described in detail by Von Lasaulx and mentioned in many geological and petrological works.

It was with the intention of investigating the occurrence of this rock in the field, and at the same time of seeing whether the other rocks exposed on the island were of a similar nature to those at Portraine, that we visited the island.

The only detailed account of the geology of Lambay appears to be in the explanatory memoir to Sheet 102 of the Geological Map of Ireland, published in 1861. Homogeneous and porphyritie trap-rocks are mentioned, catching up in places masses of slates and grits which they have baked and hardened. Ashes were also found, while limestone and graptolitic shales gave evidence that some of the rocks of the island were of Bala age.

On looking at the map of the island it will be seen that a large part of it is drift-covered, but from the exposures which occur it is obvious that the greater part of Lambay is formed of igneous rocks, the sedimentaries occurring in detached masses of no very great extent, and, except in the case of
On the Occurrence of Chloritoid in Kincardineshire
Authors: Barrow George
Published: October 2009

In the neighbourhood of Drumtochty, near Fordun, I found numerous fragments of a green schist, which are characterized by white or yellowish spots. On closer examination these specimens disclose numerous minute, dark, glistening crystals, which are fairly evenly distributed. Several of these were picked out with the point of a knife, when they proved to be hard and brittle. Placed on a sheet of white paper, the crystals were seen to be rudely hexagonal and dark green by transmitted light. Their characters and mode of occurrence suggested that they were chloritoid, or ‘brittle-mica’ and subsequent investigation has proved that this is their true nature.

The rock containing them was first met with
in situ
, at the entrtmce to the little gully at the head of Friar Glen Burn, near Drumtochty Castle. The section here shows a highly chloritic green grauwacke, becoming gradually finer in texture, and passing into the spotted green schist containing the chloritoid, which may be conveniently called the ‘chloritoid-rock.’ A few inches of grey, almost metallic-looking schist succeeds this, and farther on is a rather yellow schist, with small crystals of brown mica. This passes gradually into a schistose pebbly grit of the arkose type: that is, the pebbles are embedded in what was originally a fine arkose matrix, as distinguished from the chloritic matrix of the green grauwacke. This sequence of rocks is easily recognized, and we have now succeeded in finding it in a number of localities along a narrow belt of ground nearly 22
Sections along the Lancashire, Derbyshire, and East Coast Railway between Lincoln and Chesterfield
Authors: Fox-Strangways C.
Published: October 2009

The portion of this railway between Lincoln and Chesterfield, which has lately been opened for traffic, traverses the country in a nearly east-and-west direction; and, consequently, crosses at right angles to the strike all the formations from the Lias to the Coal Measures in succession. At its eastern end, owing to the general flatness of the country, there are not many deep cuttings; the strata are, therefore, not well exposed, and a considerable thickness of beds is not seen at all. West of the Trent the ground is more hilly, and cuttings are numerous; but the finest exposures are in the higher ground, along the outcrop of the Magnesian Limestone and Coal Measures near Bolsover and Chesterfield, where some very interesting sections occur.

Commencing at the junction with the Great Northern Railway, about 1 1/2 mile west of Lincoln, the new railway crosses the level ground covered by the alluvium and gravels of the little rivers Till and Witham, which, according to a boring at the junction, have a thickness of about 20 feet. They appear to be rather more extensive than shown on the Geological Survey map, reaching about a mile westward to the foot of the slightly rising ground on which Skellingthorpe stands.

At the station here about 6 feet of gravel (composed of pebbles and flints)is seen resting on Liassic clay; but the latter has not been excavated, and no fossils were found to indicate to what horizon in the Lias this clay belongs.
On a Quartz-rock in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The object of this paper is to give a detailed description of a rock consisting essentially of quartz, which occurs in the Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire. It is not a quartzite in the ordinary meaning of the word—that is, a sandstone indurated by the deposit of interstitial quartz or by the recrystallization of the detrital grains into a clear mosaic, though sometimes a specimen may be found simulating the latter structure. It belongs rather to the second division of quartzite suggested by Mr. Rutley, namely, that of an infiltration or metasomatic quartzite; in other words, it is a silicified limestone. The term ‘quartz-rock’ will, therefore, be applied to it in this paper.

Often associated with the quartz-rock is a quartzose limestone. This is a fossiliferous limestone containing a large number of quartz-crystals, which may be easily seen with a lens when the rock is wet.

I first noticed the quartz-rock when commencing my study of the Toadstone some years ago. Near the village of Bonsall, the footpath from Ember Lane to Pounder Lane passes a bold outcrop of hard rock, locally known as the ‘Top Lift.’ A thin section from it was prepared, and on examination was found to consist of quartzgrains. Until about 2 years ago it lay in my cabinet. Since 1894 I have been engaged during my spare time in re-mapping the Toadstone and in trying to differentiate successive horizons in the limestone in order to decipher, if possible, the history of the volcanic eruptions