bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kierkegaard and Socrates
Authors: Howland Jacob
Published: February 2010

This volume is a study of the relationship between philosophy and faith in Søren Kierkegaard's Philosophical Fragments. It is also the first book to examine the role of Socrates in this body of writings, illuminating the significance of Socrates for Kierkegaard's thought. Jacob Howland argues that in the Fragments, philosophy and faith are closely related passions. A careful examination of the role of Socrates demonstrates that Socratic, philosophical eros opens up a path to faith. At the same time, the work of faith - which holds the self together with that which transcends it - is essentially erotic in the Socratic sense of the term. Chapters on Kierkegaard's Johannes Climacus and on Plato's Apology shed light on the Socratic character of the pseudonymous author of the Fragments and the role of 'the god' in Socrates' pursuit of wisdom. Howland also analyzes the Concluding Unscientific Postscript and Kierkegaard's reflections on Socrates and Christ.
Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation
Authors: Chapman Chris
Published: February 2010

Fundamentals of Seismic Wave Propagation, published in 2004, presents a comprehensive introduction to the propagation of high-frequency body-waves in elastodynamics. The theory of seismic wave propagation in acoustic, elastic and anisotropic media is developed to allow seismic waves to be modelled in complex, realistic three-dimensional Earth models. This book provides a consistent and thorough development of modelling methods widely used in elastic wave propagation ranging from the whole Earth, through regional and crustal seismology, exploration seismics to borehole seismics, sonics and ultrasonics. Particular emphasis is placed on developing a consistent notation and approach throughout, which highlights similarities and allows more complicated methods and extensions to be developed without difficulty. This book is intended as a text for graduate courses in theoretical seismology, and as a reference for all academic and industrial seismologists using numerical modelling methods. Exercises and suggestions for further reading are included in each chapter.
Knowledge, Scale and Transactions in the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Morroni Mario
Published: February 2010

Firms in market economies vary enormously in size, nature and competitiveness. In this important contribution to the literature on the theory of the firm, Mario Morroni provides a fresh analytical framework which improves our understanding of the causes of this diversity in organisational design and performance. The relations between internal and external basic conditions, decision-making mechanisms and organisational co-ordination are addressed, as are the circumstances in which capabilities, transactions and scale-scope considerations interact. With the emergence of the knowledge-based economy and the increasing pressure of global competition, the development of capabilities is acquiring ever greater importance in boosting competitiveness. Morroni shows that long-term relational agreements enhance learning processes and offer powerful tools for improving competitiveness in a context of conflicting interests, incomplete knowledge and uncertainty.
Truth, Error, and Criminal Law
Authors: Laudan Larry
Published: February 2010

Beginning with the premise that the principal function of a criminal trial is to find out the truth about a crime, Larry Laudan examines the rules of evidence and procedure that would be appropriate if the discovery of the truth were, as higher courts routinely claim, the overriding aim of the criminal justice system. Laudan mounts a systematic critique of existing rules and procedures that are obstacles to that quest. He also examines issues of error distribution by offering the first integrated analysis of the various mechanisms - the standard of proof, the benefit of the doubt, the presumption of innocence and the burden of proof - for implementing society's view about the relative importance of the errors that can occur in a trial.
Writing Scientific Software
Authors: Oliveira Suely , Stewart David E.
Published: February 2010

The core of scientific computing is designing, writing, testing, debugging and modifying numerical software for application to a vast range of areas: from graphics, meteorology and chemistry to engineering, biology and finance. Scientists, engineers and computer scientists need to write good code, for speed, clarity, flexibility and ease of re-use. Oliveira and Stewart's style guide for numerical software points out good practices to follow, and pitfalls to avoid. By following their advice, readers will learn how to write efficient software, and how to test it for bugs, accuracy and performance. Techniques are explained with a variety of programming languages, and illustrated with two extensive design examples, one in Fortran 90 and one in C++: other examples in C, C++, Fortran 90 and Java are scattered throughout the book. This manual of scientific computing style will be an essential addition to the bookshelf and lab of everyone who writes numerical software.
International Environmental Law
Authors: Louka Elli
Published: February 2010

This book analyzes the law and policy for the management of global common resources. As competing demands on the global commons are increasing, the protection of environment and the pursuit of growth give rise to all sorts of conflicts. It also analyzes issues in the protection of the global commons from a fairness, effectiveness and world order perspective. The author examines whether policymaking and trends point to a fair allocation of global common resources that is effective in protecting the environment and the pursuit of sustainable development. The author looks at the cost-effectiveness of international environmental law and applies theories of national environmental law to international environmental problems. Chapters include analysis on areas such as marine pollution, air pollution, fisheries management, transboundary water resources, biodiversity, hazardous and radioactive waste management, state responsibility and liability.
Origins and Revolutions
Authors: Gamble Clive
Published: February 2010

In this study Clive Gamble presents and questions two of the most famous descriptions of change in prehistory. The first is the 'human revolution', when evidence for art, music, religion and language first appears. The second is the economic and social revolution of the Neolithic period. Gamble identifies the historical agendas behind 'origins research' and presents a bold alternative to these established frameworks, relating the study of change to the material basis of human identity. He examines, through artefact proxies, how changing identities can be understood using embodied material metaphors and in two major case-studies charts the prehistory of innovations, asking, did agriculture really change the social world? This is an important and challenging book that will be essential reading for every student and scholar of prehistory.
Neurolinguistics
Authors: Ingram John C. L.
Published: February 2010

What biological factors make human communication possible? How do we process and understand language? How does brain damage affect these mechanisms, and what can this tell us about how language is organized in the brain? The field of neurolinguistics seeks to answer these questions, which are crucial to linguistics, psychology and speech pathology alike. This textbook, first published in 2007, introduces the central topics in neurolinguistics: speech recognition, word and sentence structure, meaning, and discourse - in both 'normal' speakers and those with language disorders. It moves on to provide a balanced discussion of key areas of debate such as modularity and the 'language areas' of the brain, 'connectionist' versus 'symbolic' modelling of language processing, and the nature of linguistic and mental representations. Making accessible over half a century of scientific and linguistic research, and containing extensive study questions, it will be welcomed by all those interested in the relationship between language and the brain.
The VAT in Developing and Transitional Countries
Authors: Bird Richard , Gendron Pierre-Pascal
Published: February 2010

Value-added tax (VAT) dominates tax systems around the world. But should every country have a VAT? Is VAT always as good as it could be in economic, equity and administrative terms? In developing and transitional countries the answers to such questions are critical to stability, growth and development. VAT is a critical fiscal tool in most countries. But VAT can sometimes be better designed and almost always better administered. The key questions that must be answered in designing and implementing VAT are essentially the same in all countries. But different tax designs may best suit different countries facing different circumstances. This book reviews experiences with VATs around the world and assesses how the choice of particular design features may affect outcomes in particular contexts.
Regional Monetary Integration
Authors: Kenen Peter B. , Meade Ellen E.
Published: February 2010

This book surveys the prospects for regional monetary integration in various parts of the world. Beginning with a brief review of the theory of optimal currency areas, it goes on to examine the structure and functioning of the European Monetary Union, then turns to the prospects for monetary integration elsewhere in the world - North America, South America, and East Asia. Such cooperation may take the form of full-fledged monetary unions or looser forms of monetary cooperation. The book emphasizes the economic and institutional requirements for successful monetary integration, including the need for a single central bank in the case of a full-fledged monetary union, and the corresponding need for multinational institutions to safeguard its independence and assure its accountability. The book concludes with a chapter on the implications of monetary integration for the United States and the US dollar.
The Syntax of Icelandic
Authors: Thráinsson Höskuldur
Published: February 2010

Icelandic is a syntactically interesting language, with aspects of its word order, clause structure, agreement patterns and case system arousing much theoretical interest and debate in recent years. This is an informative and accessible guide to the structure of Icelandic, focusing in particular on those characteristics that have contributed greatly to syntactic research. Each chapter is divided into two main sections - providing both a descriptive overview and a discussion of the theoretical and comparative issues involved - and a wide range of topics are covered, including case, agreement, grammatical relations, thematic roles, word order, clause structure, fronting, extraposition, complement, adjuncts, pronouns, and inflection. Also explored in detail are the similarities and differences between Icelandic and other related languages. Presupposing only a basic knowledge of syntax and complete with an extensive bibliography, this comprehensive survey will be an important tool for all those working on the structure of Scandinavian and Germanic languages.
Sibelius: Symphony No. 5
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: February 2010

Sibelius's Fifth is one of the great late-Romantic symphonies. In this searching account, based on a wealth of new information, James Hepokoski takes a fresh look at the work and its composer. His findings have implications beyond Sibelius himself into the entire repertory of Post-Wagnerian symphonic composition. The early chapters place the Fifth Symphony squarely within the general culture of European musical 'modernism' and focus in particular on the problem of the clash of that culture with the more radical 'New-Music' experiments of an emerging younger generation of composers. Subsequent chapters include a probing consideration of Sibelius's style and meditative aesthetic; an account of how the symphony was composed; and a descriptive analysis of the final, familiar version. The book concludes with a discussion of the composer's own prescribed tempos for the Fifth Symphony, along with a comparison of several different recordings.
Scott: Waverley
Authors: Humphrey Richard
Published: February 2010

Scott's Waverley (1814), set in and around the Jacobite Rising in the Scotland of 1745–6, was the first historical novel in world literature. Innovative and humane in its plot, rich in social detail, and truly international in popularity, it not only launched a genre, but also became a landmark in literary realism, in historiography and in bookselling. In this study, Richard Humphrey traces and accounts for the text's impact on historical fiction and shows its originality in tackling the manifold issues of rebellion and warfare, separatism and union, prejudice and cultural tolerance. He sets Waverley in its social and literary context, provides detailed analysis of key portions of the text, and offers guidance on further reading.
Jesus according to Paul
Authors: Furnish Victor Paul
Published: February 2010

Paul's letters are the earliest surviving Christian writings and therefore the earliest documentary evidence for what Jesus's followers knew and said about him. The present volume deals with questions frequently asked about Paul. Did he know Jesus personally? If not, then how much did Paul know about Jesus, and how did this information come to him? Where in his letters does Paul make use of Jesus's teachings, how does he employ them, and what kind of authority does he accord them? Above all, why does Paul place so much emphasis on Jesus' death and resurrection? How is he able to proclaim these as saving events? Finally, a closing chapter considers how several writings in the Pauline tradition variously continued and altered the apostle's own interpretation of Jesus. Because these Pauline understandings of Jesus have remained so influential across twenty centuries, the more fully they are appreciated the more one is helped in understanding Jesus today.
Photography in Archaeology and Conservation
Authors: Dorrell Peter G.
Published: February 2010

In this revised and updated edition of his 1989 book, Peter Dorrell provides a comprehensive guide to the uses of photography in archaeology. Drawing on thirty-five years of experience, he examines the use of photography in field archaeology, in surveys, in archaeological laboratories, and in conservation. He offers a clear and well-illustrated explanation of the techniques involved, with sections on equipment and materials, survey and site photography, architectural photography, the recording of different types of artifacts, registration and storage, the use of ultra-violet and infra-red, and photography for publication. He also covers the growing use of video and electronic recording systems.
Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations Between States
Authors: Hinsley F. H.
Published: February 2010

In the last years of the nineteenth century peace proposals were first stimulated by fear of the danger of war rather than in consequence of its outbreak. In this study of the nature and history of international relations Mr Hinsley presents his conclusions about the causes of war and the development of men's efforts to avoid it. In the first part he examines international theories from the end of the middle ages to the establishment of the League of Nations in their historical setting. This enables him to show how far modern peace proposals are merely copies or elaborations of earlier schemes. He believes there has been a marked reluctance to test these theories not only against the formidable criticisms of men like Rousseau, Kant and Bentham, but also against what we have learned about the nature of international relations and the history of the practice of states. This leads him to the second part of his study - an analysis of the origins of the modern states' system and of its evolution between the eighteenth century and the First World War.
The Laplacian on a Riemannian Manifold
Authors: Rosenberg Steven
Published: February 2010

This text on analysis of Riemannian manifolds is a thorough introduction to topics covered in advanced research monographs on Atiyah-Singer index theory. The main theme is the study of heat flow associated to the Laplacians on differential forms. This provides a unified treatment of Hodge theory and the supersymmetric proof of the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem. In particular, there is a careful treatment of the heat kernel for the Laplacian on functions. The Atiyah-Singer index theorem and its applications are developed (without complete proofs) via the heat equation method. Zeta functions for Laplacians and analytic torsion are also treated, and the recently uncovered relation between index theory and analytic torsion is laid out. The text is aimed at students who have had a first course in differentiable manifolds, and the Riemannian geometry used is developed from the beginning. There are over 100 exercises with hints.
Perspectives of Nonlinear Dynamics
Authors: Jackson E. Atlee
Published: February 2010

The dynamics of physical, chemical, biological, or fluid systems generally must be described by nonlinear models, whose detailed mathematical solutions are not obtainable. To understand some aspects of such dynamics, various complementary methods and viewpoints are of crucial importance. In this book the perspectives generated by analytical, topological and computational methods, and interplays between them, are developed in a variety of contexts. This book is a comprehensive introduction to this field, suited to a broad readership, and reflecting a wide range of applications. Some of the concepts considered are: topological equivalence; embeddings; dimensions and fractals; Poincaré maps and map-dynamics; empirical computational sciences vis-á-vis mathematics; Ulam's synergetics; Turing's instability and dissipative structures; chaos; dynamic entropies; Lorenz and Rossler models; predator-prey and replicator models; FPU and KAM phenomena; solitons and nonsolitons; coupled maps and pattern dynamics; cellular automata.
The B-Book
Authors: Abrial J. R. , Hoare A. , Chapron Pierre
Published: February 2010

The B Method is a means for specifying, designing and coding software systems. The long-awaited B-Book is the standard reference for everything concerning this method. It contains the mathematical basis on which it is founded, the precise definitions of the notations used, and a large number of examples illustrating its use in practice. J.-R. Abrial, the inventor of B, has written the book in such a way that it can be used for self-study or for reference. It is in four parts, the first dealing with the mathematical foundations and the definition of the various mathematical structures that are needed to formalise software systems; special emphasis is placed on the notion of proof. The second part contains a presentation of the Generalised Substitution Language and of the Abstract Machine Notation; examples are given to show how large specifications can be constructed systematically. The next part introduces the two basic programming features of sequencing and loop. The last part covers the very important notion of refinement. It shows how to construct large software systems by means of layered architectures of modules. With the appearance of The B-Book, formal methods practitioners, computer scientists, and systems developers at last will have access to the definitive account of what will become one of the standard approaches to the construction of software systems.
A Practical Handbook for Software Development
Authors: Birrell N. D. , Ould M. A.
Published: February 2010

The designer of a software system, like the architect of a building, needs to be aware of the construction techniques available and to choose the ones that are the most appropriate. This book provides the implementer of software systems with a guide to 25 different techniques for the complete development processes, from system definition through design and into production. The techniques are described against a common background of the traditional development path, its activities and deliverable items. In addition the concepts of metrics and indicators are introduced as tools for both technical and managerial monitoring and control of progress and quality. The book is intended to widen the mental toolkit of system developers and their managers, and will also introduce students of computer science to the practical side of software development. With its wide-ranging treatment of the techniques available and the practical guidance it offers, it will prove an important and valuable work.
A User's Guide to Spectral Sequences
Authors: McCleary John
Published: February 2010

Spectral sequences are among the most elegant, most powerful, and most complicated methods of computation in mathematics. This book describes some of the most important examples of spectral sequences and some of their most spectacular applications. The first third of the book treats the algebraic foundations for this sort of homological algebra, starting from informal calculations, to give the novice a familiarity with the range of applications possible. The heart of the book is an exposition of the classical examples from homotopy theory, with chapters on the Leray-Serre spectral sequence, the Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence, the Adams spectral sequence, and, in this new edition, the Bockstein spectral sequence. The last part of the book treats applications throughout mathematics, including the theory of knots and links, algebraic geometry, differential geometry and algebra. This is an excellent reference for students and researchers in geometry, topology, and algebra.
An Introduction to Symbolic Dynamics and Coding
Authors: Lind Douglas , Marcus Brian
Published: February 2010

Symbolic dynamics is a rapidly growing area of dynamical systems. Although it originated as a method to study general dynamical systems, it has found significant uses in coding for data storage and transmission as well as in linear algebra. This book is the first general textbook on symbolic dynamics and its applications to coding. It will serve as an introduction to symbolic dynamics for both mathematics and electrical engineering students. Mathematical prerequisites are relatively modest (mainly linear algebra at the undergraduate level) especially for the first half of the book. Topics are carefully developed and motivated with many examples. There are over 500 exercises to test the reader's understanding. The last chapter contains a survey of more advanced topics, and there is a comprehensive bibliography.
Theories of Programming Languages
Authors: Reynolds John C.
Published: February 2010

First published in 1998, this textbook is a broad but rigourous survey of the theoretical basis for the design, definition and implementation of programming languages and of systems for specifying and proving programme behaviour. Both imperative and functional programming are covered, as well as the ways of integrating these aspects into more general languages. Recognising a unity of technique beneath the diversity of research in programming languages, the author presents an integrated treatment of the basic principles of the subject. He identifies the relatively small number of concepts, such as compositional semantics, binding structure, domains, transition systems and inference rules, that serve as the foundation of the field. Assuming only knowledge of elementary programming and mathematics, this text is perfect for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in programming language theory and also will appeal to researchers and professionals in designing or implementing computer languages.
Soviet Workers and De-Stalinization
Authors: Filtzer Donald
Published: February 2010

This 1992 book is a comprehensive study of the position of Soviet industrial workers during the Khrushchev period. Dr Filtzer examines the main features of labour policy, shop-floor relations between workers and managers, and the position of women workers. He argues that the main concern of labour policy was to remotivate an industrial population left demoralized by the Stalinist terror. This 'de-Stalinization' had to be carried out without undermining the power and property relations on which the Stalinist system had been built. The author convincingly demonstrates how labour policy was thus limited to superficial gestures of liberalization and tinkering with incentive schemes. Rather than achieving any lasting effects, the Khrushchev period saw the consolidation of a long-term decline into economic stagnation. The labour problems under Khrushchev are shown to be the same as those which confronted Mikhail Gorbachev and his ill-fated perestroika, thus helping to explain the failures of Gorbachev's policies.
People of the Great Ocean
Authors: Houghton Philip
Published: February 2010

Human settlement of the western fringes of the Pacific began at least 40,000 years ago. Long, hazardous sea voyages were the only way of reaching the tiny islands scattered through this vast expanse of ocean. Food and shelter were hard to come by, even on land. This book, first published in 1996, documents how these settlers adapted culturally and biologically to the distinctive Pacific environment, and how they evolved into the large-bodied, muscular people seen today in New Zealand, Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. Philip Houghton considers studies of DNA, patterns of health and disease, and computer simulations of human survival at sea based on the likely routes through the Pacific. People of the Great Ocean is a unique work based on extensive research and careful analysis. Philip Houghton's text presents detailed technical information, but remains highly readable and persuasive.
Topics in the Theory of Group Presentations
Authors: Johnson D. L.
Published: February 2010

These notes comprise an introduction to combinatorial group theory and represent an extensive revision of the author's earlier book in this series, which arose from lectures to final-year undergraduates and first-year graduates at the University of Nottingham. Many new examples and exercises have been added and the treatment of a number of topics has been improved and expanded. In addition, there are new chapters on the triangle groups, small cancellation theory and groups from topology. The connections between the theory of group presentations and other areas of mathematics are emphasized throughout. The book can be used as a text for beginning research students and, for specialists in other fields, serves as an introduction both to the subject and to more advanced treatises.
Rhetorical Exercises from Late Antiquity
Authors: Choricius  , Amato Eugenio , Heath Malcolm , Kennedy George A. , Papillon Terry L. , Reader William R. , Russell D. A. , Swain Simon
Published: February 2010

The first translation, produced by a team of eight scholars, of the Declamations and Preliminary Talks of the sixth-century sophist Choricius of Gaza. Declamations, deliberative or judicial orations on fictitious themes, were the fundamental advanced exercises of the rhetorical schools of the Roman Empire, of interest also to audiences outside the schools. Some of Choricius' declamations are on generic themes (e.g. a tyrannicide, a war-hero), while others are based on specific motifs from Homeric times or from classical Greek history. The Preliminary Talks were typical prefaces to orations of all kinds. This volume also contains a detailed study of Choricius' reception in Byzantium and Renaissance Italy. It will be of interest to students of late antiquity, ancient rhetoric, and ancient education.
The Forgotten Kin
Authors: Milardo Robert M.
Published: February 2010

Although much is written about contemporary families, the focus is typically limited to marriage and parenting. In this path-breaking assessment of families sociologist Robert M. Milardo demonstrates how aunts and uncles contribute to the daily lives of parents and their children. Aunts and uncles complement the work of parents, sometimes act as second parents, and sometimes form entirely unique brands of intimacy grounded in a lifetime of shared experiences. The Forgotten Kin explores how aunts and uncles support parents, buffer the relationships of parents and children, act as family historians, and develop lifelong friendships with parents and their children. The book details the routine activities of aunts and uncles, the features of families that encourage closeness, how aunts and uncles go about mentoring nieces and nephews, and how adults are mentored by the very children for whom they are responsible. This book aims to change the public discourse on families and the involvement of the forgotten kin across generations and households.
Practice in a Second Language
Authors: DeKeyser Robert
Published: February 2010

Practice as a necessity for learning a second language has been a tacit assumption among language teachers for quite some time; however, the concept has not been widely considered from a theoretical perspective until now. This volume of twelve original articles focuses on the topic, with attention to the four skill areas of reading, writing, listening and speaking. The contributors explore a number of questions including what kind of practice is most effective, in what contexts, and for what kinds of learners. This text will serve as a valuable resource and reference for second-language educators and researchers alike.
LASSO with cross-validation for genomic selection
Authors: USAI M. GRAZIANO , GODDARD MIKE E. , HAYES BEN J.
Published: February 2010

We used a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach to estimate marker effects for genomic selection. The least angle regression (LARS) algorithm and cross-validation were used to define the best subset of markers to include in the model. The LASSO–LARS approach was tested on two data sets: a simulated data set with 5865 individuals and 6000 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs); and a mouse data set with 1885 individuals genotyped for 10 656 SNPs and phenotyped for a number of quantitative traits. In the simulated data, three approaches were used to split the reference population into training and validation subsets for cross-validation: random splitting across the whole population; random sampling of validation set from the last generation only, either within or across families. The highest accuracy was obtained by random splitting across the whole population. The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) in the candidate population obtained by LASSO–LARS was 0·89 with 156 explanatory SNPs. This value was higher than those obtained by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) and a Bayesian method (BayesA), which were 0·75 and 0·84, respectively. In the mouse data, 1600 individuals were randomly allocated to the reference population. The GEBVs for the remaining 285 individuals estimated by LASSO–LARS were more accurate than those obtained by BLUP and BayesA for weight at six weeks and slightly lower for growth rate and body length. It was concluded that LASSO–LARS approach is a good alternative method to estimate marker effects for genomic selection, particularly when the cost of genotyping can be reduced by using a limited subset of markers.
A novel predictor of multilocus haplotype homozygosity: comparison with existing predictors
Authors: MacLEOD I. M. , MEUWISSEN T. H. E. , HAYES B. J. , GODDARD M. E.
Published: February 2010

The patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between dense polymorphic markers are shaped by the ancestral population history. It is therefore possible to use multilocus predictors of LD to infer past population history and to infer sharing of identical alleles in quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies. We develop a multilocus predictor of LD for pairs of haplotypes, which we term haplotype homozygosity (HHn): the probability that any two haplotypes share a given number ofnadjacent identical markers or ‘runs of homozygosity’. Our method, based on simplified coalescence theory, accounts for recombination and mutation. We compare ourHHnpredictions, withHHnin simulated populations and with two published predictors ofHHn. Our method performs consistently better across a range of population parameters, including populations with a severe bottleneck followed by expansion, compared to two published methods. We demonstrate that we can predict the pattern ofHHnobserved in dense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in a cattle population, given appropriate historical changes in population size. Our method is practical for use with very large numbers of individuals and dense genome wide polymorphic DNA data. It has potential applications in inferring ancestral population history and QTL mapping studies.
LUCAS, KEYNES, AND THE CRISIS
Authors: LAIDLER DAVID
Published: February 2010

The article contrasts an intellectual history perspective on the transition from classical to neo-classical economics with doctrinal accounts of the marginal revolution. Marshall's opinions on the mixture of theoretical, methodological, and moral and political elements involved in the generational divide shows that more was at stake than accounts in which theory alone is stressed suggest. It is also argued that in other respects less was at stake: drawing a sharp dividing line between pre- and post-marginal treatments of policy issues does not do justice to underlying continuities in the empirical utilitarian tradition. The article is dedicated to the memory of R. D. C. (Bob) Black, whose work on Jevons illustrates the benefits of an intellectual historian's approach to this significant transition in economic thinking.
Proteoglycans in host–pathogen interactions: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications
Authors: Bartlett Allison H. , Park Pyong Woo
Published: February 2010

Many microbial pathogens subvert proteoglycans for their adhesion to host tissues, invasion of host cells, infection of neighbouring cells, dissemination into the systemic circulation, and evasion of host defence mechanisms. Where studied, specific virulence factors mediate these proteoglycan–pathogen interactions, which are thus thought to affect the onset, progression and outcome of infection. Proteoglycans are composites of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached covalently to specific core proteins. Proteoglycans are expressed ubiquitously on the cell surface, in intracellular compartments, and in the extracellular matrix. GAGs mediate the majority of ligand-binding activities of proteoglycans, and many microbial pathogens elaborate cell-surface and secreted factors that interact with GAGs. Some pathogens also modulate the expression and function of proteoglycans through known virulence factors. Several GAG-binding pathogens can no longer attach to and invade host cells whose GAG expression has been reduced by mutagenesis or enzymatic treatment. Furthermore, GAG antagonists have been shown to inhibit microbial attachment and host cell entry in vitro and reduce virulence in vivo. Together, these observations underscore the biological significance of proteoglycan–pathogen interactions in infectious diseases.
Upper crustal seismic structure along the Southeast Indian Ridge: Evolution from 0 to 550 ka and variation with axial morphology
Authors: Baran Janet M. , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Cochran James R. , Nedimović Mladen R.
Published: February 2010

The seismic structure of uppermost crust evolves after crustal formation with precipitation of alteration minerals during ridge‐flank hydrothermal circulation. However, key parameters of crustal evolution including depth extent and rates of change in crustal properties, and factors contributing to this evolution remain poorly understood. Here, long‐offset multichannel seismic data are used to study the evolution of seismic layer 2A and uppermost 2B from 0 to 550 ka at three segments of the intermediate spreading rate Southeast Indian Ridge. The segments differ in on‐axis morphology and structure with crustal magma bodies imaged at axial high and rifted high segments P1 and P2, but not at axial valley segment S1 and marked differences in thermal conditions within the upper crust are inferred. One‐dimensional travel time modeling of common midpoint supergathers is used to determine the thickness and velocity of layer 2A and velocity of uppermost 2B. At all three segments, layer 2A velocities are higher in 550 ka crust than on‐axis (by 7–14%) with the largest increases at segments P1 and P2. Velocities increase more rapidly (by 125 ka) at P1 with spatial variations in velocity gradients linked to location of the underlying crustal magma body. We attribute these differences in crustal evolution to higher rates of fluid flow and temperatures of reaction at these ridge segments where crustal magma bodies are present. Layer 2A thickens off‐axis at segments P1 and P2 but not at S1; both off‐axis volcanic thickening and downward propagation of a cracking front linked to the vigor of axial hydrothermal activity could contribute to these differences. In zero‐age crust, layer 2B velocities are significantly lower at segments P1 and P2 than S1 (5.0, 5.4, and 5.8 km/s respectively), whereas similar velocities are measured off‐axis at all segments (5.7–5.9 km/s). Lower on‐axis 2B velocities at segments P1 and P2 can be partly attributed to thinner layer 2A, with lower overburden pressures leading to higher porosities in shallowest 2B. However, other factors must also contribute. Likely candidates include subaxial deformation due to magmatic processes and enhanced cracking with axial hydrothermal activity at these segments with crustal magma bodies.
High‐precision U‐Pb zircon age calibration of the global Carboniferous time scale and Milankovitch band cyclicity in the Donets Basin, eastern Ukraine
Authors: Davydov Vladimir I. , Crowley James L. , Schmitz Mark D. , Poletaev Vladislav I.
Published: February 2010

High‐precision ID‐TIMS U‐Pb zircon ages for 12 interstratified tuffs and tonsteins are used to radiometrically calibrate the detailed lithostratigraphic, cyclostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic framework of the Carboniferous Donets Basin of eastern Europe. Chemical abrasion of zircons, use of the internationally calibrated EARTHTIME mixed U‐Pb isotope dilution tracer, and improved mass spectrometry guided by detailed error analysis have resulted in an age resolution of <0.05%, or ∼100 ka, for these Carboniferous volcanics. This precision allows the resolution of time in the Milankovitch band and confirms the long‐standing hypothesis that individual high‐frequency Pennsylvanian cyclothems and bundles of cyclothems into fourth‐order sequences are the eustatic response to orbital eccentricity (∼100 and 400 ka) forcing. Tuning of the fourth‐order sequences in the Donets Basin to the long‐period eccentricity cycle results in a continuous age model for the Middle to Late Pennsylvanian (Moscovian‐Kasimovian‐Ghzelian) strata of the basin and their record of biological and climatic changes through the latter portion of the late Paleozoic Ice Age. Detailed fusulinid and conodont zonations allow the export of this age model to sections throughout Euramerica. Additional ages for Mississippian strata provide among the first robust radiometric calibration points within this subperiod and result in variable lowering of the base ages of its constituent stages compared to recent global time scale compilations.
Nitrogen sources and recycling at subduction zones: Insights from the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana arc
Authors: Mitchell Euan C. , Fischer Tobias P. , Hilton David R. , Hauri Erik H. , Shaw Alison M. , de Moor J. Maarten , Sharp Zachary D. , Kazahaya Kohei
Published: February 2010

We report new chemical and nitrogen isotopic data from 29 volcanic and hydrothermal gas samples covering eight centers in the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM) arc to investigate the sources, flux, and mass balance of nitrogen at a “cool” convergent margin. The majority of samples have high N2/He (1217–17,300) and low CO2/N2,exc. (78–937), implying addition of nitrogen from the subducting slab. This inference is supported by positive (i.e., sediment‐like) δ15N values (up to 5.5‰) in most samples. The exception to these trends is Agrigan in the Mariana arc, with low N2/He (∼200), high CO2/N2,exc. (∼1500), and negative δ15N. Mixing calculations suggest an average of 34% of the nitrogen in our samples is derived from subducted sediment, or 75% after correction for atmospheric contamination. Sediment‐derived N2 fluxes estimated by three different methods range from 0.25 × 108 to 1.11 × 108 mol yr−1 N2, representing 4%–17% of the total nitrogen input flux or 11%–51% of the sedimentary nitrogen input flux. The altered oceanic crust is identified as an important contributor to the arc nitrogen budget, and the δ15N of the residual nitrogen subducted into the mantle is estimated at approximately −1.9‰. Despite similarities in gas chemistry and δ15N values, our conclusions regarding nitrogen recycling for IBM are markedly different than those for the Nicaraguan segment of the Central American arc, and we suggest that thermal regime is the major control on nitrogen recycling within subduction zones. The global nitrogen cycle is estimated to be in steady state, suggesting either that subducted sediments are an unlikely source for heavy nitrogen in plume‐related rocks or secular variation in the isotopic composition of subducted sediments. Better constraints on nitrogen recycling at other arcs are required to test these conclusions.
A conceptual model for the temporal spectrum of oceanic oxygen variability
Authors: Ito Taka , Deutsch Curtis
Published: February 2010

Changes in dissolved O2 observed across the world oceans in recent decades have been interpreted as a response of marine biogeochemistry to climate change. Little is known however about the spectrum of oceanic O2 variability. Using an idealized model, we illustrate how fluctuations in ocean circulation and biological respiration lead to low‐frequency variability of thermocline oxygen. Because the ventilation of the thermocline naturally integrates the effects of anomalous respiration and advection over decadal timescales, short‐lived O2 perturbations are strongly damped, producing a red spectrum, even in a randomly varying oceanic environment. This background red spectrum of O2 suggests a new interpretation of the ubiquitous strength of decadal oxygen variability and provides a null hypothesis for the detection of climate change influence on oceanic oxygen. We find a statistically significant spectral peak at a 15–20 year timescale in the subpolar North Pacific, but the mechanisms connecting to climate variability remain uncertain.
Heterogeneous clasts as windows into magma mingling at Soufrière Hills volcano
Authors: Genareau K. , Clarke A. B.
Published: February 2010

A clast erupted from Soufrière Hills volcano during the syn‐collapse Vulcanian explosions of July 2003 reveals several incorporated silicic zones within a more mafic host. These incorporated silicics display variable microlite contents that reflect different stages of magma crystallization. One (zone A) shows evidence of heating in several mineralogical features, including completely pseudomorphed hornblende crystals that broke down over a minimum time period of 37–78 days. The lower limit of this time period roughly correlates with the onset of hybrid seismic swarms prior to the 2003 dome collapse. Element X‐ray maps reveal percolation of Ca‐rich melt into the incorporated silicic margins, suggesting sustained contact that allowed isolation of portions of the resident magma. These characteristics suggest that magma mixing at Soufrière Hills may not only result from disaggregation of mafic inclusions, but also from disaggregation and incorporation of the resident magma into the mafic intrusion.
Imaging the rupture of the Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 L'Aquila, Italy earthquake using back‐projection of teleseismic P‐waves
Authors: D'Amico Sebastiano , Koper Keith D. , Herrmann Robert B. , Akinci Aybige , Malagnini Luca
Published: February 2010

We present rupture details of the Mw 6.3 April 6, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake derived by back‐projecting teleseismic P waves. This technique has previously been applied to large magnitude earthquakes, but this is the first application to a moderate size event. We processed vertical‐component seismograms for 60 broadband stations obtained from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) data center. The traces were aligned and normalized using a multi‐channel cross‐correlation algorithm and 4th root stacking was used to image the rupture. We found that the L'Aquila earthquake ruptured towards the south and that a second discrete pulse of energy occurred 20–25 km east of the epicenter about 17–18 s after the nominal origin time. The spatial extent of the rupture image correlates well with a post‐seismic survey of damage in the region. Because the technique is potentially very fast (images can be produced within 20–30 minutes of the origin time), it may be useful to governmental agencies tasked with emergency response and rescue.
Impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport in the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Ploeger F. , Konopka P. , Günther G. , Grooß J.‐U. , Müller R.
Published: February 2010

To assess the impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), 3 month backward trajectories are initialized in the TTL for boreal winter and summer 2002. The calculations are done in either a kinematic scenario with pressure tendency as the vertical velocity or in a diabatic scenario with cross‐isentropic velocity deduced from various diabatic heating rates due to radiation (clear sky, all sky) and latent, diffusive and turbulent heating. This work provides a guideline for assessing the sensitivity of trajectory and chemical transport model (CTM) results on the choice of the vertical velocity scheme. We find that many transport characteristics, such as time scales, pathways and dispersion, crucially depend on the vertical velocity scheme. The strongest tropical upwelling results from the operational European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts kinematic scenario with the time scale for ascending from 340 to 400 K of 1 month. For the ERA‐Interim kinematic and total diabatic scenarios, this time scale is about 2 months, and for the all‐sky scenario it is as long as 2.5 months. In a diabatic scenario, the whole TTL exhibits mean upward motion, whereas in a kinematic scenario, regions of subsidence occur in the upper TTL. However, some transport characteristics robustly emerge from the different scenarios, such as an enhancement of residence times between 350 and 380 K and a strong impact of meridional in‐mixing from the extratropics on the composition of the TTL. Moreover, an increase of meridionally transported air from the summer hemisphere into the TTL (maximum for boreal summer) is found as an invariant feature among all the scenarios.
Perfect time or perfect crime?
Authors: Danchin Antoine
Published: February 2010

Do we need to be afraid of synthetic biology? Not yet, Antoine Danchin argues: we still need more knowledge before we are able to reconstruct life.
Hitting the right spot
Authors: Hunter Philip
Published: February 2010

Philip Hunter explores how recent technological and conceptual developments are helping clinicians improve the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy against obstinate cancers.