bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability Using GIS and DRASTIC for Upper Palar River Basin, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Venkatesan G. , Pitchaikani S. , Saravanan Subbarayan
Published: October 2019

Groundwater is one of the valuable resources and due to increase in the population, industrialization and agriculture practices, the groundwater stress has increased to a greater extent. Once the groundwater gets contaminated, remediation is very difficult. The steps to measure the groundwater vulnerability must be taken for sustainable groundwater protection and management planning. In this paper, the DRASTIC model is applied to find out and generate a small-scale map of groundwater vulnerability to assess the contamination in the upper Palar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. A number of tanneries are located along the banks of the river basin. The quality of groundwater in and around river basin area has been affected very much due to the untreated effluent of the tanneries discharged directly to the river. The DRASTIC model consists of seven hydrogeological parameters including depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity; each factor is assigned by weight and rating which depends upon the influence of the seven hydrological layers of the river basin area. The ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to create the groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the seven layers, which is intended to show potential areas of groundwater contamination. The results of the study shows that, 50% of the study area falls under very high pollution potential zone, 20% under high pollution potential, 15% under moderate pollution potential, 10% under low pollution potential, and the remaining 5% of the area has no risk. The very high vulnerability class which is covered by the alluvium along the river course is most likely to pollution due to the very lower slope terrains in the direction of the central part, which allows better percolation of contaminants into the groundwater. The low vulnerability class lies in the area covered by the hard rock and clay loam soil in the upper reach of the Palar river which contains mountains and hard rock terrain.
Fossil Wood of Subfamily Detarioideae (family Fabaceae) from the Paleogene of the Indian Subcontinent: Origin and Palaeo-dispersal Pathways
Authors: Shukla Anumeha , Singh Hukam , Mehrotra R.C.
Published: October 2019

A new fossil wood of Hopeoxylon i.e. H. umarsarensis sp. nov. showing close resemblance with the modern wood of Sindora/Copaifera of the subfamily Detarioideae (family Fabaceae) is described from the Umarsar lignite mine of Kutch basin, Gujarat that belongs to the Naredi Formation of the early Eocene age. Detarioideae is one of the reinstated subfamilies of the Fabaceae with diversity much higher in tropical Africa than in South America or Asia. The relics of this subfamily are known from the Paleocene onwards from various horizons of America, Africa, Europe, India and Southeast Asia. This is the oldest fossil record of the genus Sindora/Copaifera which contributes towards the understanding of the origin and palaeo-dispersal pathways of this early-diverging subfamily within the early branching Fabaceae.
Soil P Storage Capacity in Agricultural Treatment Wetlands: Can a System Designed for N Reduction Also Retain P?
Authors: VanZomeren Christine M. , Berkowitz Jacob F. , Lemke A. Maria , Kirkham Krista G.
Published: October 2019

Increasing interest focuses on utilizing wetlands to reduce nutrient loading to surface waters. The current study examines soil P storage capacity in three treatment wetlands designed to decrease N loading from an agricultural tile drainage system in Illinois. Adjacent farm field and restored floodplain wetland soils were also evaluated. Results demonstrate that wetland soils sequestered P; however, the magnitude of P retention varied significantly across treatment systems and floodplain wetlands related to differences in soil properties. Soil P storage capacity increased in the direction of water flow, but varied across treatment wetlands; soils ranged from P sinks (5.8 ± 1.5 mg P kg−1) to potential P sources (−17.2 ± 2.0 mg P kg−1). Farm fields displayed the highest water soluble P levels (11.3 ± 1.5 mg P kg−1) and represented the largest potential source of P with a mean storage capacity of −48.6 ± 6.8 mg P kg−1. A phosphorus saturation ratio threshold value of 0.10 differentiated between potential P sources and sinks. Findings suggest wetlands receiving P loadings from tile drainage accumulate soil P over time, but maintaining P removal efficiency in treatment wetlands may require periodic management to decrease soil P concentrations via nutrient removal and/or soil amendments.
Synthesis and Adsorption Desulfurization Performance of Modified Mesoporous Silica Materials M-MCM-41 (M = Fe, Co, Zn)
Authors: Guo Yu-Hua , Pan Guo-Xiang , Xu Min-Hong , Wu Tao , Wang Yong-Ya
Published: October 2019

Adsorption desulfurization is a potential new method for deep desulfurization of fuel oil. The development of adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and selectivity is the core of deep adsorption desulfurization. The adsorption behavior of thiophene in MCM-41 mesoporous materials modified by various metal ions was studied in order to understand the adsorption desulfurization process of molecular sieves. The Fe-, Co-, and Zn-modified MCM-41 materials were prepared using a one-step in situ hydrothermal synthesis method. The modified MCM-41 molecular sieves maintained the mesoporous structure, and the metal ions had specific dispersion on the surface of the molecular sieves. Adsorption of thiophene on the surfaces of molecular sieves had both physical and chemical characteristics. The adsorption desulfurization performance of the modified molecular sieve was superior to that of the pure silica molecular sieve. In the simulated gasoline with sulfur content of 220 μg/g, when the amount of adsorbent used was 100 mg, the adsorptive desulfurization performance tended to be in equilibrium, and the optimum adsorption temperature was 30°C. Fe-MCM-41 and MCM-41 molecular sieves reached adsorption equilibrium after ~60 min, but the desulfurization rate of Co-MCM-41 and Zn-MCM-41 still increased slightly. The kinetic simulation results indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetics adsorption model described well the adsorption process of thiophene on molecular sieves. The molecular sieve Fe-MCM-41 had the best desulfurization performance with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 14.02 mg/g and the desulfurization rate was ~90%.
The Reciprocal Effects of Loneliness and Consumer Ethnocentrism in Online Behavior
Authors: Yii Huey , Tan “Daphane” , Hair Michael
Published: October 2019

This research investigates the interrelated effects of loneliness and consumer ethnocentrism (CE) on product choices. In Study 1, our results show loneliness predicts domestic-choice behavior via increased CE, and we rule out change-seeking behavior and nostalgia as alternative mediators. In Study 2, we examine a reciprocal relationship, wherein CE also worsens loneliness; our results find that Americans who chose all American Facebook posts experienced higher loneliness, while participants who chose to see an ethnic mixture of posts did not experience a similar increase in loneliness. Implications for consumers and managers are discussed.
Ultimate password: is voice the best biometric to beat hackers?
Authors: Vittori Piergiorgio
Published: October 2019

Citrix, a company that works with the likes of the FBI and US military, recently hit the headlines when it fell victim to hackers 1 . The cyber-criminals allegedly stole terabytes of sensitive documents including reports, blueprints and business papers, using a technique called password spraying. This approach, which exploits weak passwords, could be used to infiltrate many more companies like Citrix – and it's one more example of why the traditional username and password combination is no longer fit for purpose, in both our personal and business lives.
Verified fuselage section water impact modelling
Authors: Song Y. , Horton B. , Bayandor J.
Published: October 2019

Along many flight corridors, bodies of water serve as preferred emergency landing options. Thus, relevant scenarios must be investigated to improve aircraft crashworthiness in the event of an impact landing on water. Enhancing the damage tolerance of aircraft structures through repetitive experiments can, however, prove highly uneconomical. Such large-scale trials can be influenced by many factors of uncertainty adversely affecting the quality of the results. Therefore, the work presented in this study focuses in particular on evaluating a computational methodology perfected for aircraft water ditching using Coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian (CLE) that allows detailed prediction of structural response of a verified deformable fuselage section during such events. Validation of the fluid-structure interactive (FSI) strategy developed is conducted, thoroughly comparing the method against the analytical and experimental results of multiple wedge drop tests. Finally, the validated FSI strategy is applied to a high-fidelity fuselage section model impacting water to simulate and assess a realistic ditching scenario.
From spectator to spect-actor: The proactive involvement of chinese parents in their conflicts with adolescents through a forum theatre format
Authors: Leung Grace S.M. , Zhang Anna Y. , Yu Eddie H.K. , Cheung Johnson C.S.
Published: October 2019

Parent-adolescent conflict seems to be common when adolescents negotiate power with their parents. Forum theatre (FT), an interactive and participatory theatre form, is recommended as a community-based intervention to assist Chinese parents in managing the challenges of parent-adolescent interaction. FT proposes that solutions to daily struggles can be reached through concerted efforts of the participants. This article documents the impact of FT on parents who took on the role of ‘spect-actor’. The spect-actor is an active spectator who acts on stage to test solutions to a problem. The results indicate that parents gained more awareness of their children’s needs, which helped them to relax their control over their children. FT is recommended as a means of parent education in schools.
Conversion as a Communal System of the Protestant Atlantic World
Authors: Block Kristen
Published: October 2019

Katharine Gerbner's wide-ranging and provocative book connects a broad range of scholarship on religion and race in the Protestant Atlantic world prior to the Great Awakening. It is organized around her concept of an emerging ideology of “Protestant Supremacy,” which she argues was the first step toward White Supremacy. This ideology came out of evangelizing failures in the seventeenth-century colonial Americas as Protestant slaveholders reframed their own values on religious and secular freedom in the context of colonial settlement and the growth of African slavery. This argument is entirely convincing and innovative in its comparisons of sometimes separate denominational scholarship. In my comments, I hope to reflect on Gerbner's use of the wordconversion, a keyword in her book's title and one that many religious historians employ in their own work. Gerbner outlined her views in the introduction to her book (pages 6–12), but a fuller version of her arguments can also be found in her 2015 article published inHistory Compass, “Theorizing Conversion: Christianity, Colonization, and Consciousness in the Early Modern Atlantic World.” Her engagement with scholarly definitions rightly focuses on the malleability of what defined conversion in this eighteenth century Protestant Atlantic world—both when comparing different denominations and as a process that changed over time in conversation with things like slavery. She retains the word since the baptism and conversion of enslaved Africans prompted European Protestants to rethink their definition of Christianity, and particularly prompted them to find new ways to exclude non-whites. She also argues that using the term conversion helps to validate the actions and self-articulated changed identity of African-descendant converts as they engaged with majority white cultures hostile to their inclusion in the Christian community.
“Men Diggers and Women Carriers”: Gendered Work on Famine Public Works in Colonial North India
Authors: Jha Madhavi
Published: October 2019

The history of labour on public works construction is usually presented as a masculine experience, either because the workforce studied is mostly male, or because the labour of women remains unrecorded. Does the history of labour and wage on public works undergo change if we account for women labourers? This article examines this question in the context of famine public works in the second half of nineteenth-century India. State employment on public works was part of a famine relief programme and women, largely from agricultural labouring and small peasant families, worked on the construction of roads, railways, canals, and tanks. The article traces the development of task-gender association on famine public works both as a norm and in practice. Further, it analyses the evidence on negotiations made by women labourers themselves with the existing gendered notions of work and wage. This study contributes to the historiography of labour in a colonial context in two ways: first, it adds to the existing corpus on forms of labour extraction for construction work; and, second, it explores the question of women's work and remuneration outside factories, mills, and mines.
The Magic Lantern as a Lens for Observing the Eye in Tokugawa Japan: Technology, translation, and theRangakumovement
Authors: BREMNER LEWIS
Published: October 2019

This article explores the thoughts and ideas associated with magic-lantern technology in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Japan. Its primary focus is on trends in Japanese thought from the 1770s until the 1820s, with specific reference to theRangaku(‘Dutch Studies’) movement. The article examines connections between the magic lantern and a wider discourse within Japan on epistemology, knowledge about nature, and the study of the human body, centring upon the device's vital role in the endeavour to understand the workings of the human eye. Through this lens, a fresh perspective is offered on the role of critical analysis in the translation and interpretation of European texts in Tokugawa Japan, as well as on the shifting prominence of empiricism and deductive reasoning in Japanese epistemology. In this way, the history of the magic lantern is used to look beyond the prevailing West-centred narrative of global technological and intellectual development.
An overlapping pattern of cerebral cortical thinning is associated with both positive symptoms and aggression in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium
Authors: Wong Ting Yat , Radua Joaquim , Pomarol-Clotet Edith , Salvador Raymond , Albajes-Eizagirre Anton , Solanes Aleix , Canales-Rodriguez Erick J. , Guerrero-Pedraza Amalia , Sarro Salvador , Kircher Tilo , Nenadic Igor , Krug Axel , Grotegerd Dominik , Dannlowski Udo , Borgwardt Stefan , Riecher-Rössler Anita , Schmidt Andre , Andreou Christina , Huber Christian G. , Turner Jessica , Calhoun Vince , Jiang Wenhao , Clark Sarah , Walton Esther , Spalletta Gianfranco , Banaj Nerisa , Piras Fabrizio , Ciullo Valentina , Vecchio Daniela , Lebedeva Irina , Tomyshev Alexander S. , Kaleda Vasily , Klushnik Tatyana , Filho Geraldo Busatto , Zanetti Marcus Vinicius , Serpa Mauricio Henriques , Penteado Rosa Pedro Gomes , Hashimoto Ryota , Fukunaga Masaki , Richter Anja , Krämer Bernd , Gruber Oliver , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Dickie Erin W. , Tomecek David , Skoch Antonin , Spaniel Filip , Hoschl Cyril , Bertolino Alessandro , Bonvino Aurora , Di Giorgio Annabella , Holleran Laurena , Ciufolini Simone , Marques Tiago Reis , Dazzan Paola , Murray Robin , Lamsma Jelle , Cahn Wiepke , van Haren Neeltje , Díaz-Zuluaga Ana M. , Pineda-Zapata Julián A. , Vargas Cristian , López-Jaramillo Carlos , van Erp Theo G. M. , Gur Ruben C. , Nickl-Jockschat Thomas
Published: October 2019

Background

Positive symptoms are a useful predictor of aggression in schizophrenia. Although a similar pattern of abnormal brain structures related to both positive symptoms and aggression has been reported, this observation has not yet been confirmed in a single sample.

Method

To study the association between positive symptoms and aggression in schizophrenia on a neurobiological level, a prospective meta-analytic approach was employed to analyze harmonized structural neuroimaging data from 10 research centers worldwide. We analyzed brain MRI scans from 902 individuals with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia and 952 healthy controls.

Results

The result identified a widespread cortical thickness reduction in schizophrenia compared to their controls. Two separate meta-regression analyses revealed that a common pattern of reduced cortical gray matter thickness within the left lateral temporal lobe and right midcingulate cortex was significantly associated with both positive symptoms and aggression.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that positive symptoms such as formal thought disorder and auditory misperception, combined with cognitive impairments reflecting difficulties in deploying an adaptive control toward perceived threats, could escalate the likelihood of aggression in schizophrenia.
Using network analysis to examine links between individual depressive symptoms, inflammatory markers, and covariates
Authors: Fried E. I. , von Stockert S. , Haslbeck J. M. B. , Lamers F. , Schoevers R. A. , Penninx B. W. J. H.
Published: October 2019

Background

Studies investigating the link between depressive symptoms and inflammation have yielded inconsistent results, which may be due to two factors. First, studies differed regarding the specific inflammatory markers studied and covariates accounted for. Second, specific depressive symptoms may be differentially related to inflammation. We address both challenges using network psychometrics.

Methods

We estimated seven regularized Mixed Graphical Models in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) data (N = 2321) to explore shared variances among (1) depression severity, modeled via depression sum-score, nine DSM-5 symptoms, or 28 individual depressive symptoms; (2) inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); (3) before and after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), exercise, smoking, alcohol, and chronic diseases.

Results

The depression sum-score was related to both IL-6 and CRP before, and only to IL-6 after covariate adjustment. When modeling the DSM-5 symptoms and CRP in a conceptual replication of Jokela et al., CRP was associated with ‘sleep problems’, ‘energy level’, and ‘weight/appetite changes’; only the first two links survived covariate adjustment. In a conservative model with all 38 variables, symptoms and markers were unrelated. Following recent psychometric work, we re-estimated the full model without regularization: the depressive symptoms ‘insomnia’, ‘hypersomnia’, and ‘aches and pain’ showed unique positive relations to all inflammatory markers.

Conclusions

We found evidence for differential relations between markers, depressive symptoms, and covariates. Associations between symptoms and markers were attenuated after covariate adjustment; BMI and sex consistently showed strong relations with inflammatory markers.
Crosstalk between mitochondrial metabolism and oxidoreductive homeostasis: a new perspective for understanding the effects of bioactive dietary compounds
Authors: Di Giacomo Mariangela , Zara Vincenzo , Bergamo Paolo , Ferramosca Alessandra
Published: October 2019

Mitochondria play an important role in a number of fundamental cellular processes, including energy production, biosynthetic pathways and cellular oxidoreductive homeostasis (redox status), and their dysfunction can lead to numerous pathophysiological consequences. As the biochemical mechanisms orchestrating mitochondrial metabolism and redox homeostasis are functionally linked, mitochondria have been identified as a potential therapeutic target. Consequently, considerable effort has been made to evaluate the efficacy of natural compounds that modulate mitochondrial function. Molecules produced by plants (for example, polyphenols and isothiocyanates) have been shown to modulate mitochondrial metabolism/biogenesis and redox status; however, despite the existence of a functional link, few studies have considered the combined efficacy of these mitochondrial functions. The present review provides a complete overview of the molecular pathways involved in modulating mitochondrial metabolism/biogenesis and redox status. Crosstalk between these critical mechanisms is also discussed, whilst major data from the literature regarding their antioxidant abilities are described and critically analysed. We also provide a summary of recent evidence regarding the ability of several plant-derived compounds to target these mitochondrial functions. An in-depth understanding of the functional link between mitochondrial metabolism/biogenesis and redox status could facilitate the analysis of the biological effects of natural compounds as well as the development of new therapeutic approaches.
The politics of blame avoidance in complex delegation structures: the public transport crisis in Berlin
Authors: Bach Tobias , Wegrich Kai
Published: October 2019

The article analyses the public attribution of blame and the use of presentational strategies of blame avoidance in complex delegation structures. We theorize and empirically demonstrate that complex delegation structures result in the diffusion of blame to multiple actors so that a clear allocation of responsibility becomes more difficult. The article shows that public attribution of blame follows a distinct temporal pattern in which politicians only gradually move into the centre of the blame storm. We also find that blame-takers deploy sequential patterns of presentational management and use blame shifting to other actors as a dominant strategy. However, the analysis suggests that complex delegation structures impose limitations on blame-takers’ use of blame avoidance strategies, and that sequential presentational management becomes less useful over time. The article uses media content analysis to study blame games during a major crisis of the public transport system in Berlin, Germany.
Center frequency and bandwidth switchable substrate integrated waveguide filters
Authors: Cheng Fei , Lu Ping , Huang Kama
Published: October 2019

This paper presents center frequency and bandwidth switchable substrate integrated waveguide filters loaded with PIN diodes. The diodes are added in the slot on the surface of the resonators to switch the resonant frequencies and the coupling coefficients. Although the introduction of the slot causes extra radiation loss, it is small and acceptable. The proposed center frequency switchable filter has four center frequency switchable states of 1.78, 1.82, 1.88, and 1.91 GHz, while the bandwidth only changes ±0.64%. The bandwidth switchable filter has two states with 3 dB bandwidths of 70 and 103 MHz at a center frequency of 2.08/2.09 GHz. The measured performance of the fabricated filters shows good agreement with the simulation.
AN EARLY VERSION OF PETER LOMBARD'S LECTURES ON THESENTENCES
Authors: CLARK MARK J.
Published: October 2019

The discovery of a copy (in Lincoln MS 230) of Peter Lombard's lectures on theSentencesin three books (starting with the hexameral discussion that follows the treatise on the angels in the four-book version edited by Brady) makes possible for the first time investigating the development of the Lombard's theological teaching during his Parisian teaching career and thefortunaof that teaching outside of Paris. The fact that the Lombard began his early-career lectures on theSentencesin precisely the same place as he began his lectures on Genesis means that all of his teaching originated with Scripture. Moreover, the fact that Lincoln MS 230 is one of many early copies of the Lombard's Parisian teaching found in English cathedral libraries — Lincoln's Cathedral Library has another manuscript containing another copy of theSentences, Lincoln MS 31, this one on four books, almost certainly copied within the Lombard's lifetime — has revealed the inadequacy of Brady's edition for scholarly understanding of the Lombard's career and teaching. Until now, no scholar paid much attention to the fact that Brady's choice of manuscripts was largely arbitrary and that his edition reflected the state of the Lombard's text around the time of Bonaventure in the mid-thirteenth century. Thus this discovery makes clear that theSentences, like Gratian'sDecretumand Comestor'sHistory, developed over time. TheSentenceswere not, as so long assumed, a book written by the Lombard late in his career but rather the product of lectures delivered over the course of his career. The discovery of a treasure trove of English manuscripts preserving the Lombard's earliest extant Parisian teaching will enable scholars for the first time to trace the origins and development of the institutional practices of the cathedral school of Paris right up to the time of its transformation into the University of Paris.
Berufliche Gratifikationskrisen, arbeitsbezogene Erschöpfung und Frühberentung bei der Polizei
Authors: Georg Stephanie , Wolter Christine , Maria Andreas Santa , Kleiber Dieter , Renneberg Babette
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Wie hängen berufliche Gratifikationskrisen, arbeitsbezogene Erschöpfung und die Wahrscheinlichkeit gesundheitsbedingter Frühberentungen bei Polizisten zusammen? Anhand der Daten eines Gesundheitsmonitorings von N = 811 Polizisten wurde dieser Frage mittels hierarchischer linearer und ordinaler Regressionsanalysen nachgegangen. Die Polizisten gaben im Vergleich zur deutschen Erwerbsbevölkerung und auch zu anderen Polizeistichproben höhere Werte beruflicher Gratifikationskrisen an. Berufliche Gratifikationskrisen und die Subdimensionen Verausgabung, Wertschätzung, berufliche Entwicklung, Konstanz der Arbeitssituation sowie Verausgabungsbereitschaft leisteten signifikante Vorhersagebeiträge zur arbeitsbezogenen Erschöpfung und der subjektiven Wahrscheinlichkeit einer gesundheitsbedingten Frühberentung, auch unter Kontrolle weiterer beeinflussender Variablen (Alter, chronische Erkrankung, Einsatzbeteiligung, Beschäftigungsort). Die Ergebnisse geben Hinweise für mögliche Interventionen zur Verminderung beruflicher Gratifikationskrisen und zur Vorbeugung von Arbeitsausfällen aufgrund von Erschöpfung und Frühberentungen.
Laser Eye Protection and Color Recognition and Discrimination in	Aviation
Authors: Pierre Sherisse M. , Carstens Deborah S. , Deaton John E.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The number of reported laser strikes on aircraft has increased over the years. Laser strikes pose a threat to safety and pilot health. Laser eye protection (LEP) is one mitigation method available to pilots; however, LEP can affect a person’s color vision. This exploratory study investigated the effect of LEP on color recognition and discrimination of four colors – red, blue, green, and amber – using a sample of 90 participants. When using the LEP, most participants were still able to identify the correct color, but color discrimination between different shades of the same color proved to be less accurate. Of the investigated colors, results suggested that color recognition of amber was the most affected by LEP.
Splash of Solid Particles as a Stochastic Point Process
Authors: Sochan A. , Łagodowski Z. A. , Nieznaj E. , Beczek M. , Ryzak M. , Mazur R. , Bobrowski A. , Bieganowski A.
Published: October 2019

A splash experiment was carried out on a model soil–glass beads with a diameter of 425–600 μm using high‐speed cameras and sticky paper. Two different types of particles were involved in the process: droplets of water and glass beads. We argue that the result of splash of solid particles is best modeled as a stochastic point process, that is, a random number of randomly distributed points (beads) on a plane, and provide basic physical and statistical evidence that, in medium distance range (i.e., for our experiment, in the ranges of 29–64 mm), the splash may be modeled as the Poisson point process. We also argue that, in the range between 15 and 29 mm, a distribution different than Poisson is closer to reality. These two radically different types of distributions of numbers of beads in two regions reflect the fact that the solid phase of the splash involves two types of beads: those ejected in the early stage, traveling larger distances, and those ejected later, traveling shorter distances. Information on the distributions of and relations between the numbers of splashed particles in different regions may be instrumental in understanding mechanics and scale of the spread of pollutants/pathogens and plant diseases as a result of splash. Meanwhile, we describe the distributions of the total number of beads, the maximum range, and the average distance beads particles travel in a single experiment and discuss effectiveness of detection of beads by the cameras.
Magnetochronology of the Entire Chinle Formation (Norian Age) in a Scientific Drill Core From Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA) and Implications for Regional and Global Correlations in the Late Triassic
Authors: Kent Dennis V. , Olsen Paul E. , Lepre Christopher , Rasmussen Cornelia , Mundil Roland , Gehrels George E. , Giesler Dominique , Irmis Randall B. , Geissman John W. , Parker William G.
Published: October 2019

Building on an earlier study that confirmed the stability of the 405‐kyr eccentricity climate cycle and the timing of the Newark‐Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale back to 215 Ma, we extend the magnetochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation to its basal unconformity in scientific drill core PFNP‐1A from Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA). The 335‐m‐thick Chinle section is imprinted with paleomagnetic polarity zones PF1r to PF10n, which we correlate to chrons E17r to E9n (~209 to 224 Ma) of the Newark‐Hartford astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale. A sediment accumulation rate of ~34 m/Myr can be extended down to ~270 m, close to the base of the Sonsela Member and the base of magnetozone PF5n, which we correlate to chron E14n that onsets at 216.16 Ma. Magnetozones PF5r to PF10n in the underlying 65‐m‐thick section of the mudstone‐dominated Blue Mesa and Mesa Redondo members plausibly correlate to chrons E13r to E9n, indicating a sediment accumulation rate of only ~10 m/Myr. Published high‐precision U‐Pb detrital zircon dates from the lower Chinle tend to be several million years older than the magnetochronological age model. The source of this discrepancy is unclear but may be due to sporadic introduction of juvenile zircons that get recycled. The new magnetochronological constraint on the base of the Sonsela Member brings the apparent timing of the included Adamanian‐Revueltian land vertebrate faunal zone boundary and the Zone II to Zone III palynofloral transition closer to the temporal range of the ~215 Ma Manicouagan impact structure in Canada.
Spatiotemporal Reliability Ensemble Averaging of Multimodel Simulations
Authors: Tegegne Getachew , Kim Young‐Oh , Lee Jae‐Kyoung
Published: October 2019

Multimodel combining approaches can extract reliable climate information from a large number of climate projections by exploiting the strengths and discounting the weaknesses of each climate simulator; however, most of them (e.g., reliability ensemble averaging [REA]) assign weights to climate simulators without accounting for spatial and temporal variabilities in climate model skills. Here we tested several REAs and proposed a full version that reflects the spatiotemporal (ST) variability of climate model skills. Interperformance evaluations between REA versions showed that, on average, ST‐REA reduced the bias by 33.78% and the root mean square error by 11.61%. Therefore, spatial and temporal variabilities in climate model skills can enhance the overall reliability of precipitation projections. ST‐REA was applied to project future precipitations over South Korea by combining seven climate models: The spatially averaged projected changes were 2.77%, 8.15%, and 7.58% for the 2020–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099 periods, respectively.
Testing for Dynamical Dependence: Application to the Surface Mass Balance Over Antarctica
Authors: Vannitsem Stéphane , Dalaiden Quentin , Goosse Hugues
Published: October 2019

Dynamical dependence between key observables and the surface mass balance (SMB) over Antarctica is analyzed in two historical runs performed with the MPI‐ESM‐P and the CESM1‐CAM5 climate models. The approach used is a novel method allowing for evaluating the rate of information transfer between observables that goes beyond the classical correlation analysis and allows for directional characterization of dependence. It reveals that a large proportion of significant correlations do not lead to dependence. In addition, three coherent results concerning the dependence of SMB emerge from the analysis of both models: (i) The SMB over the Antarctic Plateau is mostly influenced by the surface temperature and sea ice concentration and not by large‐scale circulation changes; (ii) the SMB of the Weddell Sea and the Dronning Maud Land coasts are not influenced significantly by the surface temperature; and (iii) the Weddell Sea coast is not significantly influenced by the sea ice concentration.
Skillful Seasonal Prediction of Eurasian Winter Blocking and Extreme Temperature Frequency
Authors: Miller Douglas E. , Wang Zhuo
Published: October 2019

Atmospheric blocking is a major producer of extreme weather events in midlatitudes that have profound socioeconomic impacts. However, few strides toward seasonal prediction of atmospheric blocking have been made. Here, we developed a new statistical model for prediction of the winter seasonal blocking frequency over Eurasia 1 month in advance using sea surface temperature, geopotential height at 70‐hPa, and sea ice concentration as predictors, and the model captures more than 65% of the interannual variance. Furthermore, we applied the same predictors used for blocking prediction to predict the seasonal occurrence of winter extreme hot and cold days, and skillful prediction was achieved over Greenland and large portions of Eurasia. The predictive models provide insight into the seasonal predictability of atmospheric blocking and extreme temperature and also aide in valuable decisions across a variety of sectors.
Conjugate Observations of Dayside and Nightside VLF Chorus and QP Emissions Between Arase (ERG) and Kannuslehto, Finland
Authors: Martinez‐Calderon Claudia , Katoh Yuto , Manninen Jyrki , Kasahara Yoshiya , Matsuda Shoya , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Matsuoka Ayako , Shoji Masafumi , Teramoto Mariko , Shinohara Iku , Shiokawa Kazuo , Miyoshi Yoshizumi
Published: October 2019

We compare for the first time two conjugate events showing simultaneous very low frequency (VLF) wave observations between the same ground station and spacecraft, at different geomagnetic conditions and on opposite sides of the magnetosphere. Waves were observed at Kannuslehto (MLAT = 64.4°N, L=5.46), Finland, and on board Arase (Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace, ERG) in the inner magnetosphere. Case 1 on 28 March 2017 shows quasiperiodic (QP) emissions and chorus simultaneously observed on the postmidnight side during the recovery phase of a storm, with sustained high solar wind speed and AE index. Case 2 on 30 November 2017 shows clear one‐to‐one correspondence of QP elements on the noonside during geomagnetic quiet time (Dst>10 nT and AE<100 nT). We present the characteristics of both cases, focusing on coherence and spatial extent of the waves, electron density, and magnetic field variations. We report that the magnetic field gradient plays a role in the changes of spectral features of the waves.
Impact of Estimating Position Offsets on the Uncertainties of GNSS Site Velocity Estimates
Authors: Wang Lei , Herring Thomas
Published: October 2019

We study the impact of estimating offsets within GNSS position time series on the uncertainties of site velocity estimates. Site velocity uncertainties are estimated by assuming different observational noise types, including white noise, fractal white noise, flicker noise, first‐order Gauss‐Markov noise, random walk, fractal random walk, and mixture of flicker noise, and white noise. For each noise type, we assess the sensitivity of the velocity uncertainty to offsets numerically by computing the inflation rate of the uncertainty as the number of offset parameters increases. We show that the sensitivity reduces when the noise becomes more temporally correlated. For the mixture of flicker noise plus white noise, which has been concluded as an appropriate noise model for the majority of current GNSS position time series, the rate uncertainty increases by about 11% as the number of offset parameters doubles from 1 to 2 provided that the white noise does not dominate the flicker noise. Based on the analysis of the Plate Boundary Observatory position time series, we find that adding one additional offset parameter would increase the median velocity standard deviation by 14%, consistent with the result of the simulation study. Such increase is much smaller than the conclusion of a 40% by a previous study. Therefore, given the noise characteristics of current GNSS site position estimates, position offsets have limited impact on uncertainties of site velocity estimates. This result implies that improving instrumentation, even though may introduce position offsets, is the best approach for improving reference frame stability.
Seismicity and Velocity Structure of Lō'ihi Submarine Volcano and Southeastern Hawai'i
Authors: Merz D. K. , Caplan‐Auerbach J. , Thurber C. H.
Published: October 2019

Hundreds of earthquakes were recorded during a nine‐month ocean bottom seismometer deployment surrounding Lō'ihi submarine volcano, Hawai'i. The 12‐station ocean bottom seismometer network widened the aperture of earthquake detection around the Big Island, allowing better constraints on the location of seismicity offshore Hawai'i. Although this deployment occurred during a time of volcanic quiescence for Lō'ihi, it establishes an important basis for background seismicity of the volcano. Offshore seismicity during this study was dominated by events located in the mantle fault zone at depths of 25–40 km. These events reflect rupture on preexisting faults in the lower lithosphere caused by stresses induced by volcano loading and flexure of the Pacific Plate (Pritchard et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐246X.2006.03169.x; Wolfe et al., 2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000618). Tomography was performed using double‐difference seismic tomography and showed shallow velocities to be slower than the regional velocity model (HG50; Klein, 1981, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/71/5/1503/118231/A‐linear‐gradient‐crustal‐model‐for‐south‐Hawaii). A broad, low‐velocity anomaly was observed from 20–40‐km depth, and is suggestive of the central plume conduit that supplies magma to Lō'ihi and the active volcanoes of the Big Island. A localized high‐velocity body is observed 4–6‐km depth beneath Lō'ihi's summit, extending 10 km to the north and south. Following Lō'ihi's active rift zones and crossing the summit, this high‐velocity body is characteristic of intrusive material. Two low‐velocity anomalies are observed below the oceanic crust, interpreted as melt accumulation beneath Lō'ihi and magmatic underplating beneath Hawai'i Island.
The Observed Influence of Tropical Convection on the Saharan Dust Layer
Authors: Sauter Kathryn , L'Ecuyer Tristan S. , van den Heever Susan C. , Twohy Cynthia , Heidinger Andrew , Wanzong Steve , Wood Norm
Published: October 2019

Interactions between convection and the Saharan Air Layer in the tropical Atlantic Ocean are quantified using a novel compositing technique that leverages geostationary cloud observations to add temporal context to the polar orbiting CloudSat and the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellites allowing aerosol optical depth (AOD) changes to be tracked throughout a typical convective storm life cycle. Four years of CALIPSO observations suggests that approximately 20% of the dust mass in every 10° longitude band between 10°W and 80°W is deposited into the ocean. Combining a new convective identification algorithm based on hourly geostationary cloud products with AODdust profiles along the CALIPSO track reveals that wet scavenging by convection is responsible for a significant fraction of this deposition across the Atlantic. Composites of 4 years of convective systems reveal that, on average, convection accounts for 15% ± 7% of the dust deposition in each longitude band relative to preconvective amounts, implying that dry deposition and scavenging by nonconvective events are responsible for the remaining 85% of dust removal. In addition, dust layers are detrained at upper levels of the atmosphere between 8 and 12 km by convective storms across the Atlantic. The dust budget analysis presented here indicates that convection lofts 1.5% ± 0.6% of dust aerosol mass to altitudes greater than 6 km. This may have significant implications for cloud formation downstream of convection since lofted dust particles can act as effective ice nucleating particles, altering cloud microphysical and radiative properties, latent heating, and precipitation rates.
Seismic Analysis of the Detachment and Impact Phases of a Rockfall and Application for Estimating Rockfall Volume and Free‐Fall Height
Authors: Le Roy G. , Helmstetter A. , Amitrano D. , Guyoton F. , Le Roux‐Mallouf R.
Published: October 2019

We analyzed 21 rockfalls that occurred in limestone cliffs of the Chartreuse Massif (French Alps). These rockfalls were detected both by Terrestrial Laser Scanning or photogrammetry and by a local seismological network. The combination of these methods allowed us to study relations between rockfall properties (location of detachment and impacts areas, volume, geometry, and propagation) and the induced seismic signal. We observed events with different propagation modes (sliding, mass flow, and free fall) that could be determined from digital elevation models. We focused on events that experienced a free fall after their detachment. We analyzed the first parts of the seismic signals corresponding to the detachment phase and to the first impact. The detachment phase has a smaller amplitude than the impact phase, and its amplitude and duration increases with rockfall volume. By measuring the time delay between the detachment phase and the first impact, we can estimate the free‐fall height. We found a relation Es = aEpb between the potential energy of a rockfall Ep and the seismic energy Es generated during an impact, with a = 10−8 and b = 1.55 and with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.98. We can thus estimate both the potential energy of a block and its free‐fall height from the seismic signals. By combining these results, we obtain an accurate estimate of the rockfall volume. The relation between the Ep and Es was tested on different geological settings and for larger range of volumes using Yosemite, Mount Granier rockfalls, and with a data set of controlled releases of blocks (Hibert et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf‐5‐283‐2017, https://www.earth‐surf‐dynam.net/5/283/2017/).
Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Shell Carbonates of modern Land Snails in China and Their Relation to Environment Variables
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhai Jixuan , Cui Linlin , Zhang Shuhua , Ding Zhongli
Published: October 2019

Stable isotopes of land snail fossil shell carbonates (δ13Cshelland δ18Oshell) provide the opportunity to decipher paleodietary and paleoenvironmental changes. However, the environmental meanings of δ13Cshelland δ18Oshellremain elusive especially in the monsoonal climate region. To elucidate this, δ13Cshelland δ18Oshellof the two most common land snails in China,CathaicaandBradybaena, were analyzed in this study. Results show thatBradybaenahas a wider distribution thanCathaicaand provides considerable potential for use in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. In addition, δ13CshellofBradybaenaincreases with altitude and temperature, decreases with mean annual precipitation, and reflects the isotopic signal of C3plants. In contrast,Cathaicaδ13Cshelldocuments a C3/C4mixing signal and exhibits only a strong altitude effect. δ18OshellofBradybaenadecreases with mean annual precipitation in the Indian monsoon and westerlies regions but increases with mean annual temperature in the East Asian monsoon region; as a strong correlation exists between the two variables, they could thus potentially be used to reconstruct paleotemperatures. However, uncertainties should be recognized due to the complexity of the land‐snails' ecophysiological responses to environmental changes.Cathaicahas slightly lower δ18OshellthanBradybaena, which suggests that the two land snails have different ecophysiological traits, and the δ18OshellofCathaicafollows mean annual temperature in northeast China. This study lays a ground for explaining land snail stable isotopes in paleorecord in China and reasserts the importance of different ecophysiological traits of land snails in paleoclimatic research.
The splicing FK506-binding protein-51 isoform plays a role in glioblastoma resistance through programmed cell death ligand-1 expression regulation
Authors: D’Arrigo Paolo , Digregorio Marina , Romano Simona , Tufano Martina , Rea Anna , Hausch Felix , Dedobbeleer Matthias , Vigorito Vincenza , Russo Salvatore , Bauder Michael , Rogister Bernard , Romano Maria Fiammetta
Published: October 2019

Gliomas aberrantly express programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which has a pivotal role in immunoevasion. The splicing isoform of FKBP5, termed FKBP51s, is a PD-L1 foldase, assisting the immune checkpoint molecule in maturation and expression on the plasma membrane. The concept that PD-L1 supports tumor-intrinsic properties is increasingly emerging. The aim of the present work was to confirm the pro-tumoral effect of PD-L1 on human glioma cell survival, stemness capacity and resistance, and to address the issue of whether, by targeting its foldase either chemically or by silencing, the aggressive tumor features could be attenuated. PD-L1-depleted glioma cells have a reduced threshold for apoptosis, while PD-L1 forced expression increases resistance. Similar results were obtained with FKBP51s modulation. The ability of PD-L1 to counteract cell death was hampered by FKBP51s silencing. PD-L1 expression was particularly high in glioma cells with a cancer-stem-cell profile. Moreover, PD-L1 sustained the spheroid formation capability of glioma cells. Targeting of FKBP51s by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or the specific inhibitor SAFit2, reduced the number of formed spheroids, along with PD-L1 expression. Finally, in an orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma, daily treatment with SAFit2 significantly reduced tumor PD-L1 expression, and tumor growth. In treated mice, caspase-3 activation and reduced vimentin expression were observed in excised tumors. In conclusion, targeting of FKBP51s hampers PD-L1 and its pro-tumoral properties, thereby affecting the self-renewal and growth capacities of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo.