bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [2 + 2] versus [4 + 2]‐Cycloadditions of 3‐Styrylindoles with N‐Allenamides: Observation of Interesting Substituent Effects.
Authors: Wang Yidong , Zhang Peichao , Liu Yuan , Xia Fei , Zhang Junliang
Published: January 2016

When the substituents on the nitrogen of indoles are hydrogen or electron‐donating groups, such as methyl [e.g. (I)], benzyl, allyl groups, [2 + 2]‐cycloaddition takes place to give the products [e.g. (III)] as (Z)‐isomers with excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Decarboxylative C—H Arylation of Benzoxazoles with 2‐Nitrobenzoic Acids.
Authors: Chen Lijun , Ju Lin , Bustin Katelyn A. , Hoover Jessica M.
Published: January 2016

A protocol for the oxidative decarboxylative arylation reaction under relatively mild conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Benzoxazole in Bis‐Ionic Liquid [BDBDIm]Br.
Authors: Nikpassand Mohammad , Zare Fekri Leila , Farokhian Pegah
Published: January 2016

The title ionic liquid (IMB) is an effective catalyst for the synthesis of benzoxazoles from 2‐hydroxybenzoic acid and 2‐aminophenol derivatives by a solvent‐free and simple method under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Aryne Precursor: A Step Beyond the Boundary of Traditional Aryne Chemistry.
Authors: Qiu Dachuan , Shi Jiarong , Li Yang
Published: January 2016

Aryne precursors bearing an additional ortho‐OTf group react with benzothioamides to give 2,4‐disubstituted benzothiazoles [e.g. (III)].
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Trifluoroacetic Acid‐Immobilized Fe3O4@SiO2—APTES Nanocatalyst for Synthesis of Quinolines.
Authors: Jafarzadeh Mohammad , Soleimani Ebrahim , Norouzi Parastoo , Adnan Rohana , Sepahvand Heshmatollah
Published: January 2016

Quinolines are synthesized through Friedlaender synthesis starting from various cyclic and acyclic carbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Multicomponent, Catalyst‐Free, One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4‐Dihydroquinolines and Their Antimicrobial Studies.
Authors: Chidurala Praveen , Jetti Venkateshwarlu , Pagadala Ramakanth , Meshram Jyotsna S. , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B.
Published: January 2016

The four‐component, catalyst‐free, one‐pot synthesis of quinoline derivatives (IV) gives considerably higher yields with shorter reaction times when conducted under microwave irradiation compared to conventional heating.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Cyclopentadienyl Iridium(III) Complexes Promote Enantioselective Cycloisomerizations Giving Fused Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Dieckmann Michael , Jang Yun‐Suk , Cramer Nicolai
Published: January 2016

A library of atropchiral cyclopentadienyl Ir(III) complexes are synthesized and used in highly selective enyne cycloisomerization reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient, Catalyst‐Free, Three‐Component Synthesis of Fused Tetrahydropyridines in Water.
Authors: Vinoth Perumal , Prasad P. S. Ram , Vivekanand Thavaraj , Maheswari C. Uma , Nagarajan Subbiah , Menendez J. Carlos , Sridharan Vellaisamy
Published: January 2016

Amino alcohols, α,β‐unsaturated aryl aldehydes and dicarbonyl compounds react via domino enamine formation, Michael addition, intramolecular cyclization, and iminium ion cyclization to furnish fused tetrahydropyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Dichotomous Reaction Pathways for the Oxidative Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Acyloxylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Louafi Fadila , Lorion Melanie M. , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni
Published: January 2016

The oxidative cyclization of alkenoic acids [e.g. (I)] gives different lactones [e.g. (II) or (IV)] following either an allylic C—H activation or an oxypalladation pathway.
ChemInform Abstract: Terpenoids from Ligularia virgaurea Collected in China: The First Example of Two Bakkane Derivatives with an Anhydride‐Type Ring C and Nineteen New Chemical Constituents.
Authors: Saito Yoshinori , Iga Saori , Nakashima Katsuyuki , Okamoto Yasuko , Gong Xun , Kuroda Chiaki , Tori Motoo
Published: January 2016

21 new compounds are isolated, two of them are bakkane‐type sesquiterpenoids bearing an anhydride‐type ring C [(I,II) named virgaureno‐anhydride A and B] which is a previously unknown partial structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Triazolylethyl‐2,3‐unsaturated‐O‐glycoside Derivatives.
Authors: Mangsang Wadchara , Sirion Uthaiwan , Saeeng Rungnapha
Published: January 2016

A high‐yielding sequential one‐pot glycosylation‐azidation‐CuAAc reaction between D‐glucal, bromoethanol, sodium azide, and various alkynyl alcohols, aryl alkynes, or propargyl ether derivatives is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in High‐Capacity Li2MSiO4 (M: Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, ...) Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Girish H.‐N. , Shao G.‐Q.
Published: January 2016

Review: recent research progress; 268 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge Transport and Mobility Engineering in Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Chalcogenide Semiconductors
Authors: Li Song‐Lin , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Orgiu Emanuele , Samori Paolo
Published: January 2016

Review: 299 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Distortion Pathways of Transition Metal Coordination Polyhedra Induced by Chelating Topology
Authors: Alvarez Santiago
Published: January 2016

Review: 212 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylation Polycondensation of Thienothiophenes with Various Dibromoarylenes
Authors: Kumada Tatsuya , Nohara Yuta , Kuwabara Junpei , Kanbara Takaki
Published: January 2016

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Products Containing Hydrogen Sulfide Releasing Moieties
Authors: Pluth Michael D. , Bailey T. Spencer , Hammers Matthew D. , Hartle Matthew D. , Henthorn Hillary A. , Steiger Andrea K.
Published: January 2016

Review: [59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Woodward—Hoffmann′s Stereochemistry of Electrocyclic Reactions: From Day 1 to the JACS Receipt Date (May 5, 1964 to November 30, 1964)
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: January 2016

Review: [182 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Heptagons in Aromatics: From Monocyclic to Polycyclic
Authors: Miao Qian
Published: January 2016

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pivotal Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3: A Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Maqbool Mudasir , Mobashir Mohammad , Hoda Nasimul
Published: January 2016

Review: 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fungal Phytases: Characteristics and Amelioration of Nutritional Quality and Growth of Non‐ruminants
Authors: Singh B. , Satyanarayana T.
Published: January 2016

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lignin‐Derived Advanced Carbon Materials
Authors: Chatterjee Sabornie , Saito Tomonori
Published: January 2016

Review: [55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Fuel Additives from Glycerol by Etherification with Isobutene: Structure‐Performance Relationships in Solid Catalysts
Authors: Bozkurt Ozge D. , Tunc F. Meliz , Baglar Nur , Celebi Serdar , Gunbas I. Dogan , Uzun Alper
Published: January 2016

Review: 154 refs.
Was uns Isotopenklumpen in fossilen Eierschalen über die Körpertemperatur von Dinosauriern verraten
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: January 2016

Nach welchem Wärmehaushalt die Dinosaurier lebten, darüber gibt es plausible Spekulationen, Berechnungen und – seit 2010 – ein von amerikanischen Wissenschaftlern entwickeltes indirektes Thermometer. Dieses Thermometer stützt sich auf die Häufigkeit von bestimmten Isotopenzusammensetzungen in mineralisierten Materialien. Auf immer mehr Probenarten versucht man jetzt die Methode anzuwenden, um erstaunliche, direkte Aussagen über den Wärmehaushalt von verschiedenen Arten der Urzeitechsen zu erhalten.
Decoupled genomic elements and the evolution of partner quality in nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia
Authors: Gordon Benjamin R. , Klinger Christie R. , Weese Dylan J. , Lau Jennifer A. , Burke Patricia V. , Dentinger Bryn T. M. , Heath Katy D.
Published: January 2016

Understanding how mutualisms evolve in response to a changing environment will be critical for predicting the long‐term impacts of global changes, such as increased N (nitrogen) deposition. Bacterial mutualists in particular might evolve quickly, thanks to short generation times and the potential for independent evolution of plasmids through recombination and/or HGT (horizontal gene transfer). In a previous work using the legume/rhizobia mutualism, we demonstrated that long‐term nitrogen fertilization caused the evolution of less‐mutualistic rhizobia. Here, we use our 63 previously isolated rhizobium strains in comparative phylogenetic and quantitative genetic analyses to determine the degree to which variation in partner quality is attributable to phylogenetic relationships among strains versus recent genetic changes in response to N fertilization. We find evidence of distinct evolutionary relationships between chromosomal and pSym genes, and broad similarity between pSym genes. We also find that nifD has a unique evolutionary history that explains much of the variation in partner quality, and suggest MoFe subunit interaction sites in the evolution of less‐mutualistic rhizobia. These results provide insight into the mechanisms behind the evolutionary response of rhizobia to long‐term N fertilization, and we discuss the implications of our results for the evolution of the mutualism.
Nesiritide in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: does timing matter? Implication for future acute heart failure trials
Authors: Wong Yee Weng , Mentz Robert J. , Felker G.Michael , Ezekowitz Justin , Pieper Karen , Heizer Gretchen , Hasselblad Vic , Metra Marco , O'Connor Christopher M. , Armstrong Paul W. , Starling Randall C. , Hernandez Adrian F.
Published: January 2016

Aims

It remains unclear if early administration of i.v. nesiritide in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF) is associated with improved clinical outcomes.

Methods and results

We analysed data from 7007 patients enrolled in ASCEND‐HF to examine the associations between time to treatment with study medication (nesiritide or placebo) and clinical endpoints: (i) moderate to marked dyspnoea relief on a 7‐point Likert scale at 6 h; (ii) 30‐day all‐cause mortality or re‐hospitalization; and (iii) 30‐day all‐cause mortality. The median time to study drug administration was 16.7 h (25th, 75th percentiles = 6.5, 23.1), with significant regional variation (e.g. median of 13.0 h in Asia‐Pacific vs. 18.4 h in North America). After risk adjustment, each hour delay in study medication after the first 10 h from initial hospital presentation was associated with modestly reduced odds of dyspnoea relief [(adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–0.99; P < 0.0001]. Every hour delay in study medication was associated with modestly higher all‐cause mortality or re‐hospitalization (unadjusted OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01–1.02; P < 0.001) due to pre‐randomization therapies and known predictors of 30‐day outcomes (adjusted P = 0.12). There was no significant association between time to study drug and all‐cause mortality (P > 0.08).

Conclusion

In a large international AHF trial, time to treatment with study medication varied markedly across regions. Earlier administration of study medication was associated with modestly better dyspnoea relief, but not 30‐day clinical outcomes. The association between timing of treatment with study medication and study endpoints may have implications for the interpretation of AHF studies and future trial design.
Selective organic carbon losses from soils by sheet erosion and main controls
Authors: Müller‐Nedebock Daniel , Chivenge Pauline , Chaplot Vincent
Published: January 2016

Although the impact of sheet erosion on the selective transportation of mineral soil particles has been widely investigated, little is yet known about the specific mechanisms of organic carbon (OC) erosion, which constitutes an important link in the global carbon cycle. The present study was conducted to quantify the impact of sheet erosion on OC losses from soils. Erosion plots with the lengths of 1‐ and 5‐m were installed at different topographic positions along a hillslope in a mountainous South African region. A total of 32 rainfall events from a three years period (November 2010 up to February 2013), were studied and evaluated for runoff (R), particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POCL and DOCL). In comparison to the 0–0·05 m bulk soil, the sediments from the 1‐m plots were enriched in OC by a factor 2·6 and those from the 5‐m long plots by a factor of 2·2, respectively. These findings suggest a preferential erosion of OC. In addition, total organic carbon losses (TOCL) were incurred mainly in particulate form (~94%) and the increase in TOCL from 14·09 ± 0·68 g C m−1 yr−1 on 1‐m plots to 50·03 ± 2·89 g C m−1 yr−1 on 5‐m plots illustrated an increase in sheet erosion efficiency with increasing slope length. Both TOCL and sediment enrichment in OC correspondingly increased with a decrease in soil basal grass cover. The characteristics of rainstorms had no significant impact on the selectivity of OC erosion. The results accrued in this study investigating the links between sheet erosion and OC losses, are expected to be of future value in the generation of carbon specific erosion models, which can further help to inform and improve climate change mitigation measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene Avulsions of the Euphrates River in the Najaf Area of Western Mesopotamia: Impacts on Human Settlement Patterns
Authors: Jotheri Jaafar , Allen Mark B. , Wilkinson Tony J.
Published: January 2016

We present a study that reconstructs the ancient courses of the Euphrates in part of the Mesopotamian floodplain west and southwest of the ancient site of Babylon. The focus is on tracing paleochannel courses, determining when these paleochannels were active, and understanding the patterns of avulsion. The research was carried out using a combination of geological, geomorphological, remote sensing, historical, and archaeological approaches. Fieldwork included “ground truthing” of the remote sensing work, manually drilling boreholes (up to 7 m in depth), sedimentary and geomorphological documentation and sample collection for radiocarbon dating. As a result, five main courses of the Euphrates in five different periods have been mapped in this area, including four previously unidentified and/or unlocated migrations that linked the different periods. The main courses are the Purattum Course (before 3100–1000 BC), the Arahtum Course (1000–125 BC), the Sura Course (125 BC to AD 1258), the Hilla Course (13th to 19th century AD), and the Hindiya Course (19th to 20th century AD). There has been an overall migration of the main channel from east to west across the study area over time. The location of avulsion nodes changed along the length of the river, mainly downstream over time, but with a cluster of avulsion events near Babylon and a notable man‐made interference in the 20th century at the Hindiya Barrage.
Sex differences in amygdala shape: Insights from Turner syndrome
Authors: Green Tamar , Fierro Kyle C. , Raman Mira M. , Foland‐Ross Lara , Hong David S. , Reiss Allan L.
Published: January 2016

Objective

Sex differences in the manifestation of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders, are among the most prominent findings in psychiatry. The study of Turner syndrome (TS), caused by X‐monosomy, has the potential to reveal mechanisms that underline male/female differences in neuropsychiatric disorders. The amygdala has been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies suggest an effect of TS on amygdala volume as well as on amygdala‐related behaviors such as anxiety. Our objective is to investigate the amygdala shape in TS. Specifically, we tested whether amygdala enlargements in TS are localized to specific nuclei implicated in anxiety, such as the basomedial nucleus.

Experimental design: We use a surface‐based analytical modeling approach to contrast 41 pre‐estrogen treatment girls with TS (mean age 8.6 ± 2.4) with 34 age‐and sex‐matched typically developing (TD) controls (mean age 8.0 ± 2.8). Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale ‐ 2 (RCMAS‐2) in both groups.

Principal observations: TS was associated with anomalous enlargement of the amygdala. Surface‐based modeling revealed shape differences (increased radial‐distances) in bilateral basal and basomedial nuclei within the basolateral complex. RCMAS‐2 Total Anxiety t‐score was significantly higher in participants with TS compared with TD controls (P = 0.012).

Conclusions

Group differences in global amygdala volumes were driven by local morphological increases in areas that are critically involved in face emotion processing and anxiety. In the context of increased amygdala volumes in TS, our results also showed increased worry and social anxiety in young girls with TS compared with TD. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1593‐1601, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Narcissistic personality and risk perception among Chinese aviators: The mediating role of promotion focus
Authors: Ju Chengting , Ji Ming , Lan Jijun , You Xuqun
Published: January 2016

Optimism bias is a crucial feature of risk perception that leads to increased risk‐taking behaviour, which is a particularly salient issue among pilots in aviation settings due to the high‐stakes nature of flight. The current study sought to address the roles of narcissism and promotion focus on optimism bias in risk perception in aviation context. Participants were 239 male flight cadets from the Civil Aviation Flight University of China who completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory‐13, the Work Regulatory Focus Scale, and an indirect measure of unrealistic optimism in risk perception, which measured risk perception for the individual and the risk assumed by other individuals performing the same task. Higher narcissism increased the likelihood of underestimating personal risks, an effect that was mediated by high promotion focus motivation, such that high narcissism led to high promotion focus motivation. The findings have important implications for improving the accuracy of risk perception in aviation risks among aviators.
Numerical Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics Under Stationary Sprinkler Irrigation With Mohid‐Land
Authors: Simionesei Lucian , Ramos Tiago B. , Brito David , Jauch Eduardo , Leitão Pedro C. , Almeida Carina , Neves Ramiro
Published: January 2016

Water distribution in sprinkler irrigation systems remains one of the most challenging problems in irrigation water management. Due to lack of water distribution uniformity, parts of a field may be over‐irrigated while others may be under‐irrigated, thus affecting root water and nutrient uptake and crop yield. The objective of this paper was to show the capabilities of the MOHID‐Land model in simulating soil water dynamics and maize growth under a stationary sprinkler irrigation system with low water distribution uniformity (56%). A 3D simulation domain (28 × 26 × 1 m) was defined to consider different water application rates at the soil surface and the variability of the soil hydraulic properties (two soil types). The model was able to take into account the effect of water distribution and soil variability on soil water content and fluxes, root water uptake reductions due to water stress, soil evaporation, leaf area index and total dry biomass. The resulting soil water balance revealed that irrigation inputs were lower (329 mm) than those theoretically defined to fulfil crop water requirements when the variable‐rate application of water was not considered (540 mm). Consequently, the range of variation of soil water stress in the simulation domain was relatively large (between 1 and 64%). MOHID‐Land has thus the potential of becoming an important tool for precision irrigation by focusing on site‐specific irrigation and crop management rather than the current field unit approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microarchitecture and Peripheral BMD are Impaired in Postmenopausal White Women With Fracture Independently of Total HipT-Score: An International Multicenter Study
Authors: Boutroy Stephanie , Khosla Sundeep , Sornay-Rendu Elisabeth , Zanchetta Maria Belen , McMahon Donald J , Zhang Chiyuan A , Chapurlat Roland D , Zanchetta Jose , Stein Emily M , Bogado Cesar , Majumdar Sharmila , Burghardt Andrew J , Shane Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

Because single-center studies have reported conflicting associations between microarchitecture and fracture prevalence, we included high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) data from five centers worldwide into a large multicenter analysis of postmenopausal women with and without fracture. Volumetric BMD (vBMD) and microarchitecture were assessed at the distal radius and tibia in 1379 white postmenopausal women (age 67 ± 8 years); 470 (34%) had at least one fracture including 349 with a major fragility fracture. Age, height, weight, and total hip T-score differed across centers and were employed as covariates in analyses. Women with fracture had higher BMI, were older, and had lower total hip T-score, but lumbar spine T-score was similar between groups. At the radius, total and trabecular vBMD and cortical thickness were significantly lower in fractured women in three out of five centers, and trabecular number in two centers. Similar results were found at the tibia. When data from five centers were combined, however, women with fracture had significantly lower total, trabecular, and cortical vBMD (2% to 7%), lower trabecular number (4% to 5%), and thinner cortices (5% to 6%) than women without fracture after adjustment for covariates. Results were similar at the radius and tibia. Similar results were observed with analysis restricted to major fragility fracture, vertebral and hip fractures, and peripheral fracture (at the radius). When focusing on osteopenic women, each SD decrease of total and trabecular vBMD was associated with a significantly increased risk of major fragility fracture (OR = 1.55 to 1.88, p < 0.01) after adjustment for covariates. Moreover, trabecular architecture modestly improved fracture discrimination beyond peripheral total vBMD. In conclusion, we observed differences by center in the magnitude of fracture/nonfracture differences at both the distal radius and tibia. However, when data were pooled across centers and the sample size increased, we observed significant and consistent deficits in vBMD and microarchitecture independent of total hip T-score in all postmenopausal white women with fracture and in the subgroup of osteopenic women, compared to women who never had a fracture. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Experiences of older adults in a group physiotherapy program at a rehabilitation hospital: A qualitative study
Authors: Raymond Melissa J. , Burge Angela T. , Soh Sze‐Ee , Jeffs Kimberley J. , Winter Adele , Holland Anne E.
Published: January 2016

Physiotherapy delivered in a group setting has been shown to be effective in a variety of populations. However, little is known about the attitudes of older adults toward participating in group physiotherapy. The objectives of this study were to explore older inpatients' perceptions and experiences of group physiotherapy using qualitative methods. Twelve hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years who were involved in a larger randomized controlled trial undertook individual semistructured interviews regarding their experiences in group physiotherapy. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and line by line, iterative thematic analysis was undertaken. Descriptive codes were developed, compared, and grouped together to create themes. Analysis revealed 6 major themes and 10 subthemes. All participants reported feeling happy to attend group sessions, a satisfactory alternative to individual physiotherapy. Participants described physical benefits that increased their motivation, and comparisons with their peers either motivated them or made them feel gratitude for their own health. Perceived attentiveness of group instructors contributed to participants reporting that treatment was individualized and similar to individual physiotherapy. Motivation and camaraderie with peers contributed to their enjoyment of group physiotherapy. Hospitalized older adults enjoyed exercising with their peers and valued the physical and social benefits of group physiotherapy. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:358–362. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Sunitinib treatment reduces tumor growth and limits changes in microvascular properties after minor surgical intervention in an in vivo model of secondary breast cancer growth in bone
Authors: Schroeder Malte , Viezens Lennart , Wellbrock Jasmin , Fiedler Walter , Rüther Wolfgang , Algenstaedt Petra , Hansen‐Algenstaedt Nils , Schaefer Christian
Published: January 2016

Background and Objectives

Surgical interventions can alter the balance between pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic growth factors and thereby modulate tumor growth. Since the microcirculatory properties of tumors underlie organ‐specific differences, the microhemodynamic characteristics of bone metastasis have not yet been fully described. Angiogenesis inhibitors are increasingly being used to treat advanced stages of cancer. We hypothesized that the anti‐angiogenic drug sunitinib abrogates alterations in microvascular properties following a minor surgical intervention in an in vivo model of secondary breast cancer growth in the bone.

Methods

Intravital microscopy was performed over 25 days using a xenograft model of breast cancer tumor growth in the bone to determine changes in microvascular properties during sunitinib treatment. Mastectomy was performed on day 5 to evaluate the effect of a minor surgical trauma on tumor growth and microvascular properties.

Results

Anti‐angiogenic therapy resulted in reduced tumor growth, decreased vascular density, and increased vascular diameters. Blood flow velocity remained constant while microvascular permeability temporarily increased after the surgical intervention.

Conclusions

Administration of sunitinib reduced tumor growth and altered microcirculatory properties in a time‐dependent manner. The observed dramatic increase in microvascular permeability after the surgical intervention may have implications for local tumor growth, and metastatic dissemination. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:515–521. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corrosion behavior of low‐alloy steel used for pipeline at vapor‐saturated CO2 and CO2‐saturated brine conditions
Authors: Liu Z.‐G. , Gao X‐H. , Du L‐X. , Li J.‐P. , Li P.
Published: January 2016

Immersion experiment was carried out to investigate the CO2 corrosion behavior of low‐alloy steel used for pipeline at vapor‐saturated CO2 and CO2‐saturated brine conditions by revealing microstructure, corrosion rate, corrosion phases, surface/cross‐section morphology, and elements distribution. The results demonstrate that mass losses at both conditions are approximately linear to corrosion time with log scale, and the corrosion rate at vapor‐saturated CO2 condition is greatly lower than that at CO2‐saturated brine condition. The main corrosion phases consisting of inner layer and outer layer are Cr‐rich compounds and FeCO3 crystals, respectively. Corrosion products on the coupon surface produced at vapor‐saturated CO2 condition are formed locally, while the ones produced at CO2‐saturated brine condition deposit on the coupons surface homogeneously. That distinction is caused by the difference of formation process of corrosive solution. According to the experimental results, corrosion mechanisms of low‐alloy steel at both conditions are discussed to illustrate CO2 corrosion behavior.
Effects of norspermidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication
Authors: Qu Lin , She Pengfei , Wang Yangxia , Liu Fengxia , Zhang Di , Chen Lihua , Luo Zhen , Xu Huan , Qi Yong , Wu Yong
Published: January 2016

Biofilms are defined as aggregation of single cell microorganisms and associated with over 80% of all the microbial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram‐negative opportunistic pathogen capable of leading to various infections in immunocompromised people. Recent studies showed that norspermidine, a kind of polyamine, prevented and disrupted biofilm formation by some Gram‐negative bacterium. In this study, the effects of norspermidine on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and eradication were tested. Microtiter plate combined with crystal violet staining was used to study the effects of norspermidine on P. aeruginosa initial attachment, then we employed SEM (scanning electron microscope), qRT‐PCR, and QS‐related virulence factor assays to investigate how norspermidine prevent biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa. We reported that high‐dose norspermidine had bactericide effect on P. aeruginosa, and norspermidine began to inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate 24‐h mature biofilm at concentration of 0.1 and 1 mmol/L, respectively, probably by preventing cell‐surface attachment, inhibiting swimming motility, and downregulating QS‐related genes expression. To investigate the potential utility of norspermidine in preventing device‐related infections, we found that catheters immersed with norspermidine were effective in eradicating mature biofilm. These results suggest that norspermidine could be a potent antibiofilm agent for formulating strategies against P. aeruginosa biofilm.
Modelling landslides in unsaturated slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration using material point method
Authors: Bandara Samila , Ferrari Alessio , Laloui Lyesse
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a dynamic fully coupled formulation for saturated and unsaturated soils that undergo large deformations based on material point method. Governing equations are applied to porous material while considering it as a continuum in which the pores of the solid skeleton are filled with water and air. The accuracy of the developed method is tested with available experimental and numerical results. The developed method has been applied to investigate the failure and post‐failure behaviour of rapid landslides in unsaturated slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration using two different bedrock geometries that lie below the top soil. The models show different failure and post‐failure mechanisms depending on the bedrock geometry and highlight the negative effects of continuous rain infiltrations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of cortical damage in early multiple sclerosis with quantitative T2 relaxometry
Authors: Gracien René‐Maxime , Reitz Sarah C. , Hof Stephanie‐Michelle , Fleischer Vinzenz , Zimmermann Hilga , Droby Amgad , Steinmetz Helmuth , Zipp Frauke , Deichmann Ralf , Klein Johannes C.
Published: January 2016

T2 relaxation time is a quantitative MRI in vivo surrogate of cerebral tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Cortical T2 prolongation is a known feature in later disease stages, but has not been demonstrated in the cortical normal appearing gray matter (NAGM) in early MS.

This study centers on the quantitative evaluation of the tissue parameter T2 in cortical NAGM in a collective of early MS and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients, hypothesizing that T2 prolongation is already present at early disease stages and variable over space, in line with global and focal inflammatory processes in MS. Additionally, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) mapping was performed for further characterization of the expected cortical T2 alteration.

Quantitative T2 and MTR maps were acquired from 12 patients with CIS and early MS, and 12 matched healthy controls. The lesion‐free part of the cortical volume was identified, and the mean T2 and MTR values and their standard deviations within the cortical volume were determined. For evaluation of spatial specificity, cortical lobar subregions were tested separately for differences of mean T2 and T2 standard deviation.

We detected significantly prolonged T2 in cortical NAGM in patients. T2 prolongation was found across the whole cerebral cortex and in all individual lobar subregions. Significantly higher standard deviations across the respective region of interest were found for the whole cerebral cortex and all subregions, suggesting the occurrence of spatially inhomogeneous cortical damage in all regions studied. A trend was observed for MTR reduction and increased MTR variability across the whole cortex in the MS group, suggesting demyelination.

In conclusion, our results suggest that cortical damage in early MS is evidenced by spatially inhomogeneous T2 prolongation which goes beyond demyelination. Iron deposition, which is known to decrease T2, seems less prominent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of diameter and aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes on crystalline and electrical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites
Authors: Ding Changkun , Liu Keyan , Guo Chengyue , Jia Di , Cheng Bowen
Published: January 2016

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites containing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) of different diameters and aspect ratios were prepared by coagulation method. The diameter and aspect ratio MWNT with the same mass percent shows substantial effects on crystallization behavior and electrical conductivity of PET. FESEM observations show that the diameter of MWNT could affect their interactions with the surrounding PET and the thickness of interfacial PET layer. High aspect ratio of MWNT can facilitate the overlapping of MWNT and the formation of conductive networks. The electrical performance of PET/MWNT nanocomposites can be tuned by controlling the thickness of interfacial polymer layer and the aspect ratios of MWNT. The smallest diameter MWNT possesses the strongest interfacial interactions with the PET chains, leading to the most noticeable increase in nucleating effect and crystal growth rate. Moreover, MWNT with high aspect ratio can facilitate the growth and development of PET crystals due to the greater nucleating efficiency and less restricted effect to PET crystallization. However, MWNT with small aspect ratio owns much more nucleation sites than MWNT with high aspect ratio at the same loadings, which may enhance nucleation density and nucleation rate of PET crystallization, but result in slower PET crystal growth and broader crystal size distributions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:408–417, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
COLLABORATION FOR A CURRICULUM OF CARING: THE ZEITGEIST IS RIGHT
Authors: Smith Emily R. , Gill Lopez Paula
Published: January 2016

Recent catastrophic school shootings have drawn worldwide attention to issues of gun control and mental health. In the wake of these tragedies, more and more schools have begun to adopt school‐wide social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. However, we have few examples of what it looks like to integrate SEL skills into content curricula. What's more, teachers and support professionals are ill‐equipped to engage in the collaborative work necessary to effectively integrate the teaching of SEL into academic content. The collaboration described herein highlights an interdisciplinary collaboration among university faculty and graduate students from school psychology and English education to collaboratively design and evaluate standards‐based secondary English curricula that foreground SEL and themes of care.
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, LEARNING GOALS, ENGAGEMENT, AND ACHIEVEMENT IN A DIVERSE HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Froiland John Mark , Worrell Frank C.
Published: January 2016

Using structural equation models, with gender, parent education, and prior grade point average (GPA) as control variables, we examined the relationships among intrinsic motivation to learn, learning goals, behavioral engagement at school, and academic performance (measured by GPA) in 1,575 students in an ethnically and racially diverse high school. Intrinsic motivation to learn was indirectly and positively related to academic performance via classroom engagement. Seventy‐five percent of the variance in engagement and 33% of the variance in GPA were explained by variables in the study. Results were generally replicated when the model was tested separately with the 336 African American students and the 311 Latin@ students. The significant indirect effect of intrinsic motivation to learn on GPA via engagement, as well as the positive direct association between learning goals and academic performance, suggest that students will benefit from schools fostering intrinsic motivation to learn and learning goals.
WHAT GOOD IS GRATITUDE IN YOUTH AND SCHOOLS? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS OF CORRELATES AND INTERVENTION OUTCOMES
Authors: Renshaw Tyler L. , Olinger Steeves Rachel M.
Published: January 2016

The development of gratitude in youth has received increasing attention during the past several years, and gratitude‐based interventions have often been recommended for use in schools. Yet, the empirical status of the correlates of gratitude and the effects of gratitude‐based interventions on youths’ outcomes remains unclear. The present study addressed this ambiguity by systematically reviewing and meta‐analyzing original empirical journal articles investigating gratitude in youth through September 2014 (N = 20). Findings from the meta‐analysis of correlates indicate small‐to‐moderate convergent and discriminant evidence for gratitude as a subjective well‐being indicator in youth, yet other results indicate that gratitude measures have relatively poor test–retest reliability and/or predictive validity and that they have questionable concurrent validity with other gratitude measures. Moreover, findings from the meta‐analysis of intervention outcomes indicate that gratitude‐based interventions are, as a whole, generally ineffective and that much more intervention research is warranted. Implications of these findings for theory, future research, and the practice of school psychology are discussed.
Spatial proximity statistics suggest a regulatory role of protein phosphorylation on compound binding
Authors: Korkuć Paula , Walther Dirk
Published: January 2016

Phosphorylation is an important post‐translational modification that regulates protein function by the attachment of negatively charged phosphate groups to phosphorylatable amino acid residues. As a mode of action, an influence of phosphorylation on the binding of compounds to proteins has been discussed and described for a number of proteins in the literature. However, a systematic statistical survey probing for enriched phosphorylation sites close to compound binding sites in support of this notion and with properly chosen random reference distributions has not been presented yet. Using high‐resolution protein structures from the Protein Data Bank including their co‐crystallized non‐covalently bound compounds and experimentally determined phosphorylation sites, we analyzed the pairwise distance distributions of phosphorylation and compound binding sites on protein surfaces. We found that phosphorylation sites are indeed located at significantly closer distances to compounds than expected by chance holding true specifically also for the subset of compound binding sites serving as catalytic sites of metabolic reactions. This tendency was particularly evident when treating phosphorylation sites as collective sets supporting the relevance of phosphorylation hotspots. Interestingly, phosphorylation sites were found to be closer to negatively charged than to positively charged compounds suggesting a stronger modulation of the binding of negatively charged compounds in dependence on phosphorylation status than on positively charged compounds. The enrichment of phosphorylation sites near compound binding sites confirms a regulatory role of phosphorylation in compound binding and provides a solid statistical basis for the literature‐reported selected events. Proteins 2016; 84:565–579. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Material selection for hybrid floating gate NAND memory applications
Authors: Lisoni Judit G. , Breuil Laurent , Blomme Pieter , Meersschaut Johan , Bergmaier Andreas , Dollinger Günther , Van den bosch Geert , Van Houdt Jan
Published: January 2016

This article discusses the materials aspects involved in the successful integration of hybrid floating gate (HFG) devices for NAND applications. In HFG, a Si(n type)\metal(p type) stack replaces the standard poly‐Si FG. The high work function metal helps to enlarge the program window by limiting the leakage through the high‐k intergate dielectric (IGD); the use of high‐k IGD enables to scale the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the HFG cell. Our recent progresses in the understanding of the materials characteristics (IGD crystallinity and HFG‐IGD thermal stability) that influence memory performance have allowed to demonstrate that HFG can be a solution to scale planar flash beyond the 20 nm node with the best preferable hybrid floating gate structure being a Ru‐based HFG and a 3‐layers IGD stack of HfAlO\Al2O3\HfAlO. Indeed, through the correct selection and combination of materials for process conditions that are relevant in flash memory fabrication flows, we will show that program windows can be suitably engineered. Finally, the materials challenges for keeping acceptable memory retention characteristics are also highlighted.
Double robust estimator of average causal treatment effect for censored medical cost data
Authors: Wang Xuan , Beste Lauren A. , Maier Marissa M. , Zhou Xiao‐Hua
Published: January 2016

In observational studies, estimation of average causal treatment effect on a patient's response should adjust for confounders that are associated with both treatment exposure and response. In addition, the response, such as medical cost, may have incomplete follow‐up. In this article, a double robust estimator is proposed for average causal treatment effect for right censored medical cost data. The estimator is double robust in the sense that it remains consistent when either the model for the treatment assignment or the regression model for the response is correctly specified. Double robust estimators increase the likelihood the results will represent a valid inference. Asymptotic normality is obtained for the proposed estimator, and an estimator for the asymptotic variance is also derived. Simulation studies show good finite sample performance of the proposed estimator and a real data analysis using the proposed method is provided as illustration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Economic Performance Predict Pediatric Surgical Capacity in Sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Okoye Mekam T. , Nguyen Evelyn T. , Kushner Adam L. , Ameh Emmanuel A. , Nwomeh Benedict C.
Published: January 2016

Background

The relationship between economic status and pediatric surgical capacity in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) is poorly understood. In sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), Nigeria accounts for 20 % of the population and has the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but whether this economic advantage translates to increased pediatric surgical capacity is unknown. This study compares the pediatric surgical capacity between Nigeria and other countries within the region.

Methods

The Pediatric Personnel, Infrastructure, Procedures, Equipment and Supplies (PediPIPES) survey, a recent tool that is useful in assessing and comparing the capacity of health facilities to deliver essential and emergency surgical care (EESC) to children in LMICs, was used for this evaluation.

Results

Data from hospitals in Nigeria (n = 24) and hospitals in 17 other sub‐Saharan African countries (n = 25) were compared. The GDP of Nigeria was approximately twenty‐five times the average GDP of the 17 other countries represented in our survey. Running water was unavailable in 58 % of the hospitals in Nigeria compared to 20 % of the hospitals in the other countries. Most hospitals in Nigeria and in the other countries did not have a CT scan (67 and 60 %, respectively). Endoscopes were unavailable in 58 % of the hospitals in Nigeria and 44 % of the hospitals in the other countries.

Conclusions

Despite better economic indicators in Nigeria, there were no distinct advantages over the other countries in the ability to deliver EESC to children. Our findings highlighted the urgent need for specific allocation of more resources to pediatric surgical capacity building efforts across the entire region.
Anesthesia Care Capacity at Health Facilities in 22 Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Hadler Rachel A. , Chawla Sagar , Stewart Barclay T. , McCunn Maureen C. , Kushner Adam L.
Published: January 2016

Background

Globally, an estimated 2 billion people lack access to surgical and anesthesia care. We sought to pool results of anesthesia care capacity assessments in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) to identify patterns of deficits and provide useful targets for advocacy and intervention.

Methods

A systematic review of PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar identified reports that documented anesthesia care capacity from LMICs. When multiple assessments from one country were identified, only the study with the most facilities assessed was included. Patterns of availability or deficit were described.

Results

We identified 22 LMICs (15 low‐ and 8 middle‐income countries) with anesthesia care capacity assessments (614 facilities assessed). Anesthesia care resources were often unavailable, including relatively low‐cost ones (e.g., oxygen and airway supplies). Capacity varied markedly between and within countries, regardless of the national income. The availability of fundamental resources for safe anesthesia, such as airway supplies and functional pulse oximeters, was often not reported (72 and 36 % of hospitals assessed, respectively). Anesthesia machines and the capability to perform general anesthesia were unavailable in 43 % (132/307 hospitals) and 56 % (202/361) of hospitals, respectively.

Conclusion

We identified a pattern of critical deficiencies in anesthesia care capacity in LMICs, including some low‐cost, high‐value added resources. The global health community should advocate for improvements in anesthesia care capacity and the potential benefits of doing so to health system planners. In addition, better quality data on anesthesia care capacity can improve advocacy, as well as the monitoring and evaluation of changes over time and the impact of capacity improvement interventions.
Physicochemical and Rheological Characterization of Roll‐in Shortenings
Authors: Macias‐Rodriguez Braulio , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: January 2016

The composition and physical properties of roll‐in shortenings, commonly rich in trans and saturated fatty acids, were investigated and compared to other specialty fats, to provide insights into the physico‐chemical origins of their functionality. Triacylglycerols and fatty acid composition, polymorphic and melting behavior, solid fat content and large deformation rheological properties were determined. Roll‐in shortenings contained higher amounts of trisaturated and unsaturated triacylglycerols (12–27 %; 47–62 %) than other shortenings (9–11 %; 6–44 %). However, all exhibited high levels of saturates and trans fatty acids and similar crystal characteristics: β′ or mixed β′ and β, irrespective of their end use. Roll‐in shortenings had comparable melting peaks (42–52 °C) but sharper melting endotherms with higher enthalpies (38.6–43.3 J/g) than other bakery fats (18.7–25.4 J/g). This was in accordance with their well‐defined short spacings, indicative of smaller crystallites with more‐ordered packing. Solid fat profiles of roll‐in shortenings were akin to all purpose and cake interesterified shortenings, but not to all‐purpose and icing shortenings which displayed substantial melting as temperature rises. Differences in large deformation rheology (yield stress: σ*, apparent Young modulus: Eapp, yield value: C) were marginal and inconsistent with their solid fat content. Roll‐in shortenings exhibited Eapp, σ and C in the order of 1–2 × 106, 4–7 × 104, and 7–29 × 104 Pa, respectively. Particularly, the σ*and C, previously established as major parameters to specify the functionality of roll‐in shortenings, were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Overall, roll‐in shortening differed from other samples in regard to molecular makeup but not greatly in their physical parameters, suggesting that triacylglycerol composition has important implications on their functionality.