bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring dual-lidar mean and turbulence measurements over Perdigão's complex terrain
Authors: Coimbra Isadora L. , Mann Jakob , Palma José M. L. M. , Batista Vasco T. P.
Published: January 2025

Abstract. To assess the accuracy of lidars in measuring mean wind speed and turbulence at large distances above the ground as an alternative to tall and expensive meteorological towers, we evaluated three dual-lidar measurements in virtual-mast (VM) mode over the complex terrain of the Perdigão-2017 campaign. The VMs were obtained by overlapping two coordinated range height indicator scans, prioritising continuous vertical measurements at multiple heights at the expense of high temporal and spatial synchronisation. Forty-six days of results from three VMs (VM1 on the SW ridge, VM2 in the valley, and VM3 on the NE ridge) were compared against sonic readings (at 80 and 100 m a.g.l.) in terms of 10 min means and variances to assess accuracy and the influence of atmospheric stability, vertical velocity, and sampling rate on VM measurements. For mean flow quantities – wind speed (Vh) and u and v velocity components – the r2 values were close to 1 at all VMs, with the lowest equal to 0.948, whereas in the case of turbulence measurements (u′u′ and v′v′), the lowest was 0.809. Concerning differences between ridge and valley measurements, the average RMSE for the wind variances was 0.295 m2 s−2 at the VMs on the ridges. In the valley, under a more complex and turbulent flow, smaller between-beam angle, and lower lidars' synchronisation, VM2 presented the highest variance RMSE, 0.600 m2 s−2 for u′u′. The impact of atmospheric stability on VM measurements also varied by location, especially for the turbulence variables. VM1 and VM3 exhibited better statistical metrics of the mean and turbulent wind under stable conditions, whereas at VM2, the better results with a stable atmosphere were restricted to the wind variances. We suspect that with a stable and less turbulent atmosphere, the scan synchronisation in the dual-lidar systems had a lower impact on the measurement accuracy. The impact of the zero vertical velocity assumption on dual-lidar retrievals at 80 and 100 m a.g.l. in Perdigão was minimal, confirming the validity of the VM results at these heights. Lastly, the VMs' low sampling rate contributed to 33 % of the overall RMSE for mean quantities and 78 % for variances at 100 m a.g.l., under the assumption of a linear influence of the sampling rate on the dual-lidar error. Overall, the VM results showed the ability of this measurement methodology to capture mean and turbulent wind characteristics under different flow conditions and over mountainous terrain. Upon appraisal of the VM accuracy based on sonic anemometer measurements at 80 and 100 m a.g.l., we obtained vertical profiles of the wind up to 430 m a.g.l. To ensure dual-lidar measurement reliability, we recommend a 90° angle between beams and a sampling rate of at least 0.05 Hz for mean and 0.2 Hz for turbulent flow variables.
High-resolution mapping of global winter-triticeae crops using a sample-free identification method
Authors: Fu Yangyang , Chen Xiuzhi , Song Chaoqing , Huang Xiaojuan , Dong Jie , Peng Qiongyan , Yuan Wenping
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Winter-triticeae crops, such as winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and triticale, are important in human diets and are planted worldwide, and thus accurate spatial distribution information on winter-triticeae crops is crucial for monitoring crop production and food security. However, there is still a lack of global high-resolution maps of winter-triticeae crops because of the reliance of existing crop mapping methods on training samples, which limits their application at the global scale. In this study, we propose a new method based on the Winter-Triticeae Crops Index (WTCI) for global winter-triticeae crop mapping. This is a new sample-free method for identifying winter-triticeae crops based on differences in their normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) characteristics from the heading to harvesting stages and those of other types of vegetation. We considered state (or province) or country to be an identification unit and employed the WTCI to produce the first global 30 m resolution distribution maps of winter-triticeae crops from 2017 to 2022 using Landsat and Sentinel images. Validation using field survey samples and visual interpretation samples from Google Earth images indicated that the method exhibited satisfying performance and stable spatiotemporal transferability, with producer's accuracy, user's accuracy and overall accuracy values of 81.12 %, 87.85 % and 87.7 %, respectively. Moreover, compared with the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) and EuroCrops datasets, the overall accuracy and F1 score in most regions of the United States and Europe were more than 80 % and 75 %, respectively. The identified area of winter-triticeae crops was consistent with the agricultural statistical area in almost all the investigated countries or regions, and the correlation coefficient (R2) between the identified area and the statistical area was over 0.6, while the relative mean absolute error (RMAE) was less than 30 % in all 6 years. Overall, this study provides a reliable and automatic identification method for winter-triticeae crops without any training samples. The high-resolution distribution maps of global winter-triticeae crops are expected to support multiple agricultural applications. The distribution maps can be obtained at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.12361 (Fu et al., 2023a).
The role of antecedent conditions in translating precipitation events into extreme floods at the catchment scale and in a large-basin context
Authors: Staudinger Maria , Kauzlaric Martina , Mas Alexandre , Evin Guillaume , Hingray Benoit , Viviroli Daniel
Published: January 2025

Abstract. In this study, we analyze how precipitation, antecedent conditions, and their spatial patterns and interactions lead to extreme floods in a large catchment. The analysis is based on 10 000 years of continuous simulations from a hydro-meteorological modelling chain for a large catchment, the Aare River basin, Switzerland. To account for different flood-generating processes, we based our work on simulations with hourly time resolution. The hydro-meteorological modelling chain consisted of a stochastic weather generator (GWEX), a bucket-type hydrological model (HBV), and a routing system (RS MINERVE), providing the hydrological basis for flood protection management in the Aare River basin. From the long continuous simulations of runoff, snow, soil moisture, and dynamic storage, we were able to assess which combinations of antecedent conditions and triggering precipitation lead to extreme floods in the sub-basins of the Aare catchment. We found that only about 18 % to 44 % (depending on the sub-catchment) of annual maximum precipitation (AMP) and simulated annual maximum flood (AMF) events occurred simultaneously, highlighting the importance of antecedent conditions for the generation of large floods. For most sub-catchments in the 200–500 km2 range, after return periods greater than 500 years we found only AMF caused by triggering AMP, which is notably higher than the return periods typically used for design floods. Spatial organization within a larger area is complicated. After routing the simulated runoff, we analyzed the important patterns and drivers of extreme flooding at the outlet of the Aare River basin using a random forest. The different return period classes had distinct key predictors and showed specific spatial patterns of antecedent conditions in the sub-catchments, leading to different degrees of extreme flooding. While precipitation and soil moisture conditions from almost all sub-catchments were important for more frequent floods, for rarer events only the conditions in specific sub-catchments were important. Snow conditions were important only from specific sub-catchments and for more frequent events.
Modified Simpson’s method of disc in the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur- 680 651, Sajeendran Athira , Rajan Sindhu K. , Unny Madhavan , V.R Ambily , Ramankutty Soumya
Published: January 2025

Dilated cardiomyopathy, the second most common canine acquired heart disease, is one of the leading cause
morbidity and mortality in middle to old aged large breed dogs. The cases presented with signs suggestive of cardiac
diseases were screened for DCM with the aid of standard B mode and one dimentional M-mode echocardiography.
Totally eight confirmed cases of DCM were selected for the present study and subjected to modified Simpson’s method
of discs for LV volume measurement and biplanar EF. All the parameters under study were repeated in six healthy control
dogs also. The data was analysed statistically by paired t-test. The results showed a statistically significant increase
in LV EDVI and ESVI and significant reduction in EF BP, compared to control. This study demonstrated that the twodimensional
modified Simpson’s method of discs as a superior alternative to M-mode measurements for assessing left
ventricular (LV) volume. Since, M-mode relied on a one-dimensional approach based on LV geometry, which might lead
to inaccuracies, especially in cases of LV dyssynchrony in diseased heart. In contrast, the Simpson’s method accurately
captures the complex three-dimensional shape of the LV by summing elliptical discs, providing a more precise assessment
of LV volume. This improved accuracy is essential for diagnosing the chamber enlargement and volume and managing
conditions like DCM, making the 2D modified Simpson’s method the preferred choice in veterinary cardiology.
Keywords: Dilated cardiomyopathy, Simpson’s method of discs, Simpson’s rule, echocardiography, end-diastolic volume, end systolic volume
Effect of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on production performance of breeder Japanese quails
Authors:   Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur- 680 651, Indur Dilishma , Suja C. S. , Chacko Binoj , Muttathettu Vimal Antony , Shamna T. P. , Sahib Lasna
Published: January 2025

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation of
breeder Japanese quails. A total of 240 birds (180 females and 60 males) were distributed into five dietary treatments
using a completely randomized design, with each treatment consisting of four replicates, each replicate comprising
9 females and 3 males (3 female: 1 male). The birds fed with the basal diet, consisting of maize and soybean meal,
provided 22 per cent of crude protein and 2650 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. The treatments were: T1 (0 % GAA), T2
(0.05 % GAA), T3 (0.10 % GAA), T4 (0.15 % GAA) and T5 (0.20 % GAA). The results revealed that supplementation of
GAA had no significant (P> 0.05) impact on body weight, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency. Dietary level of 0.15
% GAA had significant (P < 0.05) improvement in egg production during 15 to 18 weeks of age compared to control. Egg
quality traits remained similar among the different treatment groups. The study suggests that supplementation of 0.15 %
GAA in the diet improves egg production without compromising the growth performance of the birds.
Keywords: Guanidinoacetic acid, Japanese quail, production, egg quality
Histomorphology of sweat glands in different breeds of dogs
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Sumena K.B. , Lucy K.M. , Ashok N. , Leena C. , Tresamol P.V. , Radhika G.
Published: January 2025

This study examined the histomorphology of sweat glands across various dog breeds, focusing on their
structural characteristics and adaptations to environmental needs. Skin samples from 48 dogs representing indigenous
and seven breeds (German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, Dachshund, Beagle, Doberman Pinscher, German Spitz and
Pug) were collected from the ventral abdominal region. Using standard histological techniques, histology and the size
and distribution of sweat glands were analysed. The results revealed significant variations in gland size and number
among different breeds. Breeds like the German Spitz, German Shepherd and Dachshund had the largest sweat gland
diameters, suggesting a better capacity for thermoregulation. In contrast, the Pug, Doberman Pinscher and Labrador
Retriever had fewer and smaller glands. Dachshund stood out for possessing both the highest number and large-sized
glands, while German Spitz had fewer but larger glands, compensating for the lesser number. The types of sweat glands
predominating in ventral abdominal regions in dogs were apocrine glands. It was concluded that significant differences
existed in the number and size of the sweat glands among different breeds which play a key role in thermoregulation.
Keywords: Sweat glands, dogs, breed comparison
Clinical, haemato-biochemical, ultrasonographic and radiological findings in septic effusions in cats caused by Klebsiella spp.
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur- 680 65, Raina Varghese , Vinodkumar K. , Tresamol P.V. , Davis K. Justin , Thankachan Ancy , Priya P.M.
Published: January 2025

Feline patients presenting with body cavity effusions are frequently encountered in veterinary clinical practice.
Klebsiella spp. were isolated and identified from the septic effusions of three out of 23 cats with body cavity effusions.
The morphological and biochemical identification was further confirmed through genus-specific PCR. Sequencing of
the PCR products revealed the organism to be Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling of the organism
indicated maximum susceptibility to doxycycline and enrofloxacin, while amoxicillin-clavulanate was the least effective.
Haematological analysis revealed elevated total leukocyte count, with a marked increase in both the absolute neutrophil
count and neutrophil percentage in all three cases of septic effusion. Thrombocytopenia was evident, while total erythrocyte
count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit levels remained relatively unchanged. Biochemical analysis revealed significant
increase in AST (3/3), increase in BUN (3/3), increased ALP (1/3) and elevated TP (2/3), with hypoalbuminemia in one
case. The total nucleated cell count (TNCC) in all samples exceeded 100,000 cells/μL, indicating a robust inflammatory
response characteristic of septic effusions.
Keywords: Klebsiella spp., amoxicillin-clavulanate, septic effusions
Development of finger millet incorporated chicken meat biscuits
Authors:   Department of Livestock Products Technology, College Veterinary Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, Thomas Jophil , Irshad A. , Vasudevan V. N. , Sathu T. , Harikrishnan S. , Rajagopal Kavitha
Published: January 2025

Meat-based snacks enhanced with finger millet provide a healthy and creative option for convenient, readyto-
eat food. This study examines chicken meat biscuits formulated with varying levels of finger millet flour, replacing
refined wheat flour by 20% (T1), 30% (T2) and 40% (T3) to enhance nutritional content. Significant differences (p<0.01)
were found in cooking yields and pH among the groups, with T3 achieving the highest yield. Water activity complied with
FSSAI standards, with the control at 0.55 and T1 at 0.405. Lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values also
varied significantly, with the control showing the highest L* value. T1 exhibited the highest moisture content and T3 had the
greatest ash content (2.6%). In sensory evaluation, appearance and colour scores differed significantly, with the control
scoring the highest (7.57), while T2 excelled in crispiness and overall acceptability. Incorporating 30% finger millet flour
resulted in the optimal value addition of meat, creating a delicious and healthful snack.
Keywords: Meat-based snack, meat biscuits, finger millet, value addition, fibre, chicken meat powder
Perineal urethrostomy for management of congenital and acquired stenosed urethral orifice in two domestic short-hair cats
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad- 673 576 , Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Kerala, India, kumar N. S. Jinesh , Krishnakanth K. , Remya V. , Sooryadas S. , Dinesh P. T. , Lakshmi S. S Sree , Anu D. , Kumar M. Praveen , Akhila T. R , Anoop S.
Published: January 2025

Two domestic short-haired cats two- and four-month-old were presented with a history of dribbling of urine. Both
the animals were hyporectic and one animal showed vomiting. Physical examination revealed a distended urinary bladder
in both cases. The urethral orifice was found to be very small with urine dribbling upon abdominal compression. From
the history and physical examination the condition was diagnosed as a stenotic urethral orifice. Perineal urethrostomy
under general anaesthesia was resorted to. The animals were stabilised with fluid therapy and antibiotics before surgery.
An elliptical incision was made including scrotum and prepuce. Blunt and sharp dissection was employed to free the
penile urethra from underlying structures. The urethra was split longitudinally to expose the lumen. Urethral mucosa was
apposed to the skin using PDS 5-0 in an interrupted manner. Post-operatively antibiotic therapy was advised for 5 days.
Diuretics and anti-inflammatory therapy were administered for 3 days. A review after 10 days revealed intact sutures, a
patent perineal stoma and an active patient.
Keywords: Perineal urethrostomy, stenotic urethra, urethral obstruction
Microbiological quality assessment of ice cream marketed in Thrissur city with special reference to Salmonella spp.
Authors:   1Department of Dairy Science, Vikraman Amritha , Radha K. , Thomas Marykutty , Geetha R. , Vasudevan V.N.
Published: January 2025

The research was undertaken to determine the microbiological quality of ice cream sold in retail shops in Thrissur
city. The study aimed to evaluate the safety and hygiene of ice cream, sold in the retail market. Ten samples of ice cream
each from six different brands were meticulously collected and microbiological parameters like Total viable count (TVC),
coliform count and presence of Salmonella spp. were investigated. The mean TVC varied from 2.29 ±0.06 to 4.55 ±0.03
log10 CFU/g indicating the overall microbial load present in the ice cream, while mean coliform count ranged from 2.0 to
2.83±0.04 log10 CFU/g which served as an indicator of faecal contamination. Total viable counts of all the sixty samples
analysed were within the standards set by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). However, coliform count
of one brand exceeded FSSAI guidelines. Presence of Salmonella spp. was not identified in any of the samples analysed.
While the majority of the samples analysed complied with the established safety standards, the elevated coliform count
in one brand indicates a need for improved quality control measures. This finding highlights the relevance of continuous
monitoring and compliance to food safety standards to ensure consumer health and safety. Ongoing surveillance and
adherence to food safety regulations are essential to maintain the microbiological quality of ice cream and protect public
health.
Keywords: Ice cream, total viable count, coliform count, Salmonella
Age estimation using mandibular third molars in Chilean individuals
Authors:   Applied Morphology Research Center (CIMA), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Alves Nilton ,   Department of Integral Adults, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Lopez Claudia ,   Master Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6098-170X, Ceballos Francisco ,   Applied Morphology Research Center (CIMA), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Master Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile., Garay Ivonne ,   Private Clinic, Temuco, Chile, Figueiredo Deana Naira ,   Center for Research in Epidemiology, Economics and Oral Public Health (CIEESPO), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Student of Doctoral Program in Sciences in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to determine differences in maturation stages of the mandibular third molars (MTM) of Chilean individuals by age, sex, and side. The maturation stage of 930 lower third molar teeth were analysed, in patients aged between 9 and 24 years (432 males and 498 females), by panoramic radiography. The stage of maturity of the MTM was classified from A to H, following the method established by Demirjian. Multinomial logistic regression was performed for maturation stage by age.
The lowest age of complete maturity of the MTM was 16 years in both sexes (Stage H). The correlation between maturation stage and sex was significant, positive, and high for both sexes, in both tooth 48 and tooth 38, showing that increasing age and maturation stage are correlated. In both males and females, maturation Stage H of the MTM was associated with the age of 18 years. The fit of the model was significant, showing that it has a greater predictive power than the null model. Nagelkerke’s pseudo R2 explained 73.5% of the variations of the model. In the contemporary Chilean population, if the maturity of the MTM is at a stage prior to complete calcification of the crown (Stage D), it is very unlikely that the individual is aged 18 years or over. It is highly probable that a Chilean individual with complete root formation of the MTM is legally of age, regardless of side or sex.
Índices e iconografía política en el traslado de Guernica: del Casón del Buen Retiro al Museo Reina Sofía, julio del 1992
Authors: Robles-Tardío Rocío
Published: January 2025

Este artículo propone una aproximación al complejo por plural estudio de la obra de Pablo Picasso: Guernica (1937). No obstante, en lugar de estudiar el lienzo como tal, se ocupa de un episodio de su biografía: el traslado del cuadro del Museo Nacional del Prado- Casón del Buen Retiro al Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, ocurrido el 26 de julio de 1992, a partir del análisis de las imágenes que se generaron durante dicho traslado y que fueron difundidas en los medios de comunicación en su mayoría. Empleando para ello la perspectiva de la iconografía política, se quiere señalar, por un lado, la capacidad de esta obra para conectar con el tiempo que atraviesa y, en este caso concreto, con el cambio de ciclo político nacional e internacional al que se asiste a finales de la década de 1980. Por otro, reflexionar acerca del potencial del análisis de las imágenes (fotográficas) en cuanto soportes de prácticas simbólicas.
Gene Expression Profiles of Wild Type and DSPP Knockout Mouse Teeth
Authors: Wu Ko-Chien , Ritchie Helena H
Published: January 2025

DSPP knock-out mice exhibited hypomineralized teeth, thin dentin and a large dental pulp chamber, similar to teeth from human patients with dentinogenesis imperfecta III. Systematical examination of teeth from wild-type (wt) and DSPP KO mice revealed developmental abnormalities, such as circular dentin formation within dental pulp cells and altered odontoblast differentiation in DSPP KO mice, even as early as one day after birth. In addition, chondrocyte-like cells were identified in the dental pulp from DSPP KO mice teeth. These studies suggest that the expression of DSPP precursor protein is required for normal odontoblast lineage differentiation and that the absence of DSPP results in the appearance of chondrocyte-like cells. To further understand the undermining mechanisms for the characters of DSPP KO mice, we examined and compared the gene expression profiles between wt and DSPP KO mice via Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical images. In DSPP KO mouse incisors at 21-day old, there was no DSPP expression and major odontoblast lineage markers (Dmp1 and Osx) were down-regulated. Runx2 expression was down regulated in differentiated odontoblasts in wt incisors but RT-PCR analyses of DSPP KO mice showed up regulation of Runx2 expression. Furthermore, in DSPP KO incisors, expressing increased amounts of chondrocyte lineage transcription factors Sox9 and Runx2. Immunochemical studies with Runx2 expression and Osx expression support RT-PCR data. Therefore, gene expression profiles support the phenotypes of wt and DSPP KO mice. These findings support that DSPP is required for maintaining normal odontoblast lineage and absence of DSPP promote the development of chondrocyte cell fate.
Airway Management Incidences in Facial Trauma Cases. Did Tracheostomy Indicated?
Authors: Ghanim Khalid , Al-Rawee Rawaa Y , Alsabee Waleed MB , Tawfeeq Bashar Abdul-Ghani
Published: January 2025

Aim: Analyse the patients records which is the most commonly used method in airway management and how many cases of tracheostomy are done?. Exploring potential methods for managing airways in patients with craniofacial trauma. Methodology: (387) patient’s case sheath analysed. Demographical information’s include (age, gender, cause of injury) and site of trauma with method of airway management recorded.

Result: Fighting are the most common cause of injuries in age group (31-40 years) male patients. Zygomatic bone is the highest injured single bone, maxillary and nasal bones are both injuried forming the highest percent. Tracheostomy forming the least percent to be used as emergency airway managements.

Conclusion: Patients who have suffered maxillofacial injuries present a difficult challenge for airway management. The clinical situation, trauma characteristics, and a series of other factors determine the strategy for securing the airway. In order to provide the best possible care for a patient, it is essential to have knowledge of the specific characteristics of the difficult airway, experience with the proper procedures for managing it.
Rare Congenital Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries: A Series of Three Cases
Authors: Barbosa Roberto Ramos , Carretta Lucca Tamara Alves , Leite Dallisy Falcão , Reis Lima Sarah , Ramos Fernando Mauro , Tomaz de Andrade Arthur , Teixeira Pedro Rodrigues , Sylvestre Rodolfo Costa , Crespo de Barros Lucas , Barbosa Luiz Fernando Machado
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Congenital coronary anomalies are found in 0.3% to 5.6% of the population and can be classified according to alterations in origin, distribution or course. Although benign in most cases, they can be associated with sudden death in young adults, especially after strenuous physical exercise. We report three rare cases of anomalous coronary arteries found incidentally by coronary angiography.

Case Report: The first case refers to a 79-year-old man who underwent cardiac catheterization for etiological investigation of heart failure, showing a non-obstructive interruption of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) after the origin of the first diagonal branch, with the continuation of its middle and distal segments from the right coronary artery (RCA), which crosses to the left side at the atrial level and reaches the apex cordis. The second case is a 56-year-old woman with stable angina and a treadmill exercise test suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Coronary angiography revealed an anomalous origin of the RCA from the distal segment of the left circumflex artery (LCxA). The third and last case is a 64-year-old woman in whom coronary angiography revealed an anomalous origin of the LCxA from the proximal third of the RCA.

Discussion: Coronary artery anomalies are a heterogeneous group whose diagnosis mostly occurs incidentally. They differ from anatomical variations in their rarity and greater association with adverse events, such as myocardial ischemia and sudden death. The cases presented address different anomalous origins: a LAD with duplicated origin, a single coronary artery with the emergence of the RCA in the distal third of the LCxA, and the anomalous origin of the LCxA from the RCA, one of the most common coronary anomalies. The three cases reported were patients over 50 years old, which shows the need to individualize cases and risks as regarding to anomalous origins of the coronary arteries.
Ética na pesquisa em educação: os limites e desafios ante a Inteligência Artificial
Authors: Helena Schlesener Anita
Published: January 2025

Neste artigo, desenvolvem-se algumas reflexões sobre a ética no campo da pesquisa em educação, indagando tanto sobre a regulamentação quanto sobre as novas dimensões que o problema assume com a inserção das novas tecnologias digitais, basicamente a Inteligência Artificial (IA). O pressuposto teórico-metodológico funda-se no pensamento crítico, de modo que a questão ética apresenta uma dimensão política que procede das condições sociais e históricas. Retomam-se dados da situação atual dos debates sobre a IA na pesquisa em educação e questiona-se sobre a necessidade de marcos regulatórios institucionais que ordenem a pesquisa científica na área de Ciências Humanas e, especificamente, na área de Educação.
Evolution of Studies on the Connection between Economic Growth and Structural Reforms
Authors: PETROSYAN NARINE
Published: January 2025

In the modern world, structural reforms' role in all spheres of economic and social
life is impossible to underestimate. The years following the multifaceted crises that hit
the world economy in different periods of human history continuously proved that many
countries, even with developed economies, could not independently return to the precrisis level of the main macroeconomic indicators. As a result, many leading nations of
the world considered the implementation of structural reforms as the main factor for
promoting growth, which spread to many countries with a domino effect. As a result, in
the modern world, structural reforms are considered the main stimulus to ensure
economic growth in the conditions of scarce resources and ongoing geopolitical
uncertainties. In this context, the analysis and consolidation of the evolution of theories
regarding the nature of structural reforms, their economic significance, and the
connection between the latter and the main macroeconomic variables (in particular,
economic growth) becomes a prerequisite for studying the chain of reforms, which is the
basis of this article.
Impact of CRM on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in Armenian Banks
Authors: HARUTYUNYAN GOR
Published: January 2025

The main purpose of this research is to investigate and identify the potential
impact of CRM on customer loyalty and satisfaction in the local market. Many studies
have demonstrated the strong relationship between the three, but this research focuses
specifically on understanding it in the context of the Armenian market. In addition, the
research seeks to provide analysis and empirical evidence to enhance the existing
knowledge about CRM in the banking sector, particularly in developing markets like
Armenia. To examine the hypothesis presented in the article, a quantitative analysis was
organized to collect data from B2C customers in Armenia. Respondents came from
almost every Armenian bank, totaling 397 participants.
We conducted regression, correlation, and comparative analysis on the collected
data to identify patterns and relationships between CRM, customer satisfaction, and
customer loyalty. Results reveal a medium level dependence between CRM, customer
satisfaction, and customer loyalty in Armenian banks, and the change of one affects the
others. Armenian banks are one of the most important sectors of the RA economy,
providing financial services to individuals, legal entities, and other institutions. CRM
strategies are becoming increasingly important for businesses, including banks, in
today's competitive market. Understanding how banks adapt to rapidly changing
customer demands and market dynamics is crucial. Maintaining a high level of
customer satisfaction and loyalty in the banking industry is a cornerstone for long-term
success and sustainability. Therefore, identifying the factors that influence customer satisfaction and loyalty is important for strategic decision-making and improving
customer-oriented approach.
Բժշկության «առևտրայնացումը» և Հիպոկրատի սկզբունքների կորուստը / "COMMERCIALIZATION" OF MEDICINE AND THE LOSS OF HIPPOCRATIC PRINCIPLES
Authors: AGHAJANYAN Susanna
Published: January 2025

The sphere of health care is developing worldwide. Very soon, in some countries, it will be
possible to restore even some lost functions with the help of stem cells or bioprostheses, increase brain
productivity with the help of neurocognitive technologies, treat previously incurable diseases, slow
down the aging process, and more..
The process of technological development in medicine is accompanied by "commercialization",
where a specific type of medical care from an economic perspective turns into a product that can be
commercialized for profit. In this regard, the work of medical institutions begins to be built on the
business model of a special service provider in the healthcare system. Under the influence of short-term
commercial interests, and in order to increase income, the moral and ethical principles of healthcare
workers are often compromised. There is a shift from prioritizing patients' health to pursuing
mercantile goals, from the question "how to treat" to "how to earn".
Հայաստանի Հանրապետության տնտեսական անվտանգության գնահատման արդյունքները / RESULTS OF ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
Authors: MATEVOSYAN Elyanora , MARKOSYAN Meruzhan
Published: January 2025

Ensuring the national security of the state has always been and continues to be the primary function
of any government, especially in the complex and contradictory period of the modern world, when the
old world order is leaving the historical arena and a new one has not yet been developed.
The concept of national security, being a multi-layered and multi-content socio-economic phenomenon, consists of several components, among which economic security holds a leading place and importance. This circumstance is due to the fact that the best expression of a country's national interests
is economic security; if a country has a high degree of economic security, then the country's national
interests are better protected.
Among the problems of economic security, approaches to its assessment (measurement) are important, since only through accurate measurement does it become possible to form and implement a
sound and effective economic security policy.
The paper calculates the level of economic security for various time frames over an extended period in the Republic of Armenia. Two methods were used to assess the level of economic security: the
scoring method and the matrix method.
Ներդրումային քաղաքականության անվտանգային չափումները / SECURITY DIMENSIONS OF INVESTMENT POLICIES
Authors: Movsisyan Shushan
Published: January 2025

The recent geopolitical tensions have significantly influenced the management of foreign direct
investment (FDI) flows. While the global economy was actively removing barriers to FDI flows before
the COVID-19 pandemic, new investment screening mechanisms (ISM) have been introduced in recent
years. The mechanisms are mostly related to the security implications of foreign investment. This trend
is especially characteristic of developed countries. Developing countries are cautious about applying
restrictions related to security issues due to concerns that they may negatively affect FDI inflows.
Տնտեսական աճի գլուխկոտրուկը. առևտրի ոլորտի հետքերով / PUZZLE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: IN THE TRAILS OF TRADE SECTOR
Authors: PETROSYAN Narine
Published: January 2025

Armenia's economic developments are so sharp and, very often, sudden that even in the short term
significant shifts can be found in this fluctuating chain of economic growth.
While the papers in the previous 2 issues were devoted to revealing the dark corners of industry and
services, this time it is the turn of the trade. This sector, which is related to the service sector, continues
to register quite promising growth. However, the following question remains on the agenda: how long
can we expect this trend to continue?
In this paper we will look at this and similar questions, trying to bring clarity to this node of growth
uncertainty.
Համայն հայության նվիրատվությունները «կորուսյալ» Արցախին… /
PAN-ARMENIAN DONATIONS TO "LOST" ARTSAKH...
Authors: PAKHLYAN Anna
Published: January 2025

As a result of the 44-day war of 2020 and the subsequent aggressive actions, the capital investments
made in the region are part of the remaining material resources in forcibly depopulated Artsakh. In
particular, during the fundraising campaigns of the Hayastan All-Armenian Fund, significant investments were made from the funds collected by Armenians from all over the world in the infrastructures
of various regions of Artsakh, covering community development, education, health care, culture and
other fields. The paper inventoried and presented the investment programs implemented in Artsakh
from 1992 until the recent tragic events all funded by Hayastan All-Armenian Fund.
This is our modest attempt to contribute to the protection of the rights of Artsakh Armenians and
the formation of grounds for future compensation claims for damages incurred.
Տնտեսական աճի գլուխկոտրուկը. գյուղատնտեսության հետքերով / PUZZLE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: IN THE TRAILS OF AGRICULTURE
Authors: PETROSYAN Narine
Published: January 2025

Armenia's economic developments are so sharp and, very often, sudden that even in the short term
significant shifts can be found in this fluctuating chain of economic growth.
While the papers in the previous 2 issues were devoted to revealing the dark corners of industry and
services, this time it is the turn of the trade. This sector, which is related to the service sector, continues
to register quite promising growth. However, the following question remains on the agenda: how long
can we expect this trend to continue?
In this paper we will look at this and similar questions, trying to bring clarity to this node of growth
uncertainty.
Կենտրոնական բանկի թվային արժույթներ. վճարային համակարգերի փոխակերպվող ապագան / CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCIES: A TRANSFORMED FUTURE OF PAYMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: HAYRAPETYAN Albert , GURURYAN Greta
Published: January 2025

How will the introduction of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) influence financial stability
and the execution of monetary policy? What risks will arise for the banking sector? Will CBDCs become
a 'sword of Damocles' for traditional payment methods, or will they serve as an alternative to cryptocurrencies? These are some of the questions that have recently captured the attention of economic
analysts. As a digital form of currency regulated by a central bank, CBDCs differ substantially from
traditional currencies. Yet, they present a remarkable hybrid — acting as a fusion of fiat and digital
currencies, reinforcing the central bank's role in the evolving digital economy. In an era marked by globalization and digitization, the development of innovative payment systems necessitates central banks
to modernize monetary and payment systems. This paper seeks to explore the practical and realistic
implications of CBDCs in the context of growing digitalization.
Կանաչ տեքստիլ. երկրի տեքստիլ արդյունաբերության միջազգային վարկանիշի բարձրացման հիմքերը / GREEN TEXTILE: FOUNDATIONS FOR INCREASING THE INTERNATIONAL RANKING
OF THE COUNTRY'S TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Authors: SHAHRIMANYAN Tereza
Published: January 2025

One of the essential prerequisites for the economic growth of the country is the development of
a strong and stable textile industry. However, the textile industry is an active contributor to environmental problems, the effective solution of which requires a coordinated cooperation of countries and
international organizations. In this regard, the most systematic way of cooperation for the development
of green technologies in the textile industry involves creating appropriate clusters that connect developed countries, already actively using green technologies, with those aspiring to introduce such technologies. The RA cannot develop its textile industry without being part of these global trends, where
the development of green technologies plays a vital role. Taking into account the growing consumer
awareness of sustainability issues, the demand for green and sustainable textile products is expected
to rise. Countries adopting green technologies in their textile sectors will enhance their international
reputation, which will contribute to the formation of a positive international reputation of the country,
increase in the number of consumers, trust of partners and other market participants.
Թվային նորաձևություն. վիրտուալ գործվածքներ և ոճի նոր հորիզոններ վիրտուալ իրականության մեջ / DIGITAL FASHION: VIRTUAL FABRICS AND NEW HORIZONS OF STYLE IN VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: SHAHRIMANYAN Tereza
Published: January 2025

Virtual fashion is a more sustainable alternative to physical clothing, as it requires fewer resources,
helps reduce waste and minimize the negative impact on the environment, while shortenong the time to
develop collections and speeding up the process of bringing a product to market. It also allows designers to experiment with new shapes, textures and colors that may be difficult or impossible in physical
production. Virtual fashion makes collections more accessible to a wider audience, allowing people to
try on and wear clothes without needing to physically purchase them. All this opens up new markets
and increases the opportunity for niche brands and independent designers to enter the market. Digital fashion allows users to share their looks on social media, creating new forms of interaction and
self-expression. Virtual events, shows and collaborations with influencers create new ways to engage
audiences and promote brands.
Նոր ինտենսիվ տեխնոլոգիաները՝ Հայաստանում լճակային ձկնաբուծության զարգացման համար / NEW INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF POND FISHERIES IN ARMENIA
Authors: AVETISYAN Samvel
Published: January 2025

It is enough to review the "National Food Balances" published by the RA State Committee on Food
Security and Poverty to that fish has the highest level of self-sufficiency. In 2021-2023 alone, this figure
was 143.7% in 2021, 148.4% in 2022 and 136% in 2023. A closer look reveals that during these years
57.9% 62.0%, and 45%t of the fish produced were exported, respectively. This raises an important
question: how does Armenia, with its limited water resources, achieve such high indicators? We think
that there is no secret here, it is due to the successful development of aquaculture , that enables the
production of large quantities of fish with minimum water resources. Another question arises: is it
possible to reach higher indicators and new horizons? The author of thi paper tries to answer these
questions and point out international experience and innovative technologies that will contribute to the
further intensive development of fish farming.
Ե՞րբ և ի՞նչ պայմաններում տեղահանությունը կարող է համարվել բռնի. Արցախի դեպքի քննություն / WHEN AND UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS CAN DEPORTATION BE CONSIDERED FORCED?
A CASE STUDY OF ARTSAKH
Authors: TIGRANYAN Armine
Published: January 2025

Forced displacement is a deliberate military strategy and one of today's most pressing global challenges. Many experts consider forced displacement a continuation of war, as the humanitarian and
socio-economic issues it causes often surpass the horrors of military actions.
As a result of the 44-day war in 2020, the blockade of the Lachin Corridor, and the military operations on September 19, 2023, approximately 121,600 Armenians from Artsakh were forcibly displaced
by Azerbaijan. This displacement resulted from fear for their lives, the inability to live in their homeland, threats, war crimes, aggression, torture, racial hatred, and other actions.
This paper examines the definitions of forced displacement within the framework of international
judicial bodies, analyzing the specific conditions under which displacement is classified as “forced.”
Reviewing documents from international humanitarian law and judicial decisions, the paper highlights
the characteristics distinguishing forced displacement from other forms of population movement.
Frequently, both internationally and nationally, the displacement of Armenians from Artsakh is
described using terms other than "forced displacement," such as "displacement," "emigration," or simply "eviction." This paper aims to analyze the processes of forced displacement based on international
legal documents, emphasizing the nature and application of the element of "force" in the context of the
forced displacement of Armenians from Artsakh.
Խորհրդային Ադրբեջանում ապրող հայերի թվաքանակի առեղծվածը / The Mystery of the Number of Armenians Living in Soviet
Azerbaijan
Authors: MKRTCHYAN TATUL , MOVSISYAN MANUK , KARAPETYAN LUSINE , KARAPETYAN NAREK , PETROSYAN NARINE
Published: January 2025

The paper examines the gap in statistical and
archival data regarding the number of Armenian inhabitants living
in Soviet Azerbaijan before their forced displacement, as well as
the number of Armenians forcibly displaced due to massacres.
Even the official information regarding the number of the
Armenian population forcibly displaced from Azerbaijan during
the years 1988-1992 is not accurate, as there is a significant
discrepancy between the official data and the data found in other
archival sources relating to the Armenian population lived in
Azerbaijan before their displacement. Hence, a reasonable doubt
emerges that especially during the last all-union censuses of the
Soviet Union Azerbaijani authorities deliberately reduced the
number of Armenian inhabitants. The doubt is supported by the
observation that the number of forcibly displaced persons, who
moved to Armenia is bigger than the number of the Armenian
population living in Azerbaijan before the displacement in the case
when quite a big number of Armenian families forcibly migrated
to third countries from Azerbaijan.
Moreover, with the connivance of Azerbaijani authorities, the
displacement was accompanied by violence against Armenians.
The last all-union census of 1989 was held when Armenian
massacres and displacement of the Armenian population had
already taken place in some regions and cities. Therefore,
Azerbaijani authorities had at least visible reasons to distort the
information regarding the Armenian population.
ՀՀ-ում կենսամակարդակը բնութագրող և դրա վրա ազդող գործոնների վերլուծություն / Analysis of Factors Characterizing and Influencing the
Standard of Living in RA.
Authors: MELKUMYAN HOVHANNES , SARAFYAN LOUISA , NAVASARDYAN MICHAEL , DAVTYAN KAMO
Published: January 2025

To accurately assess the possibilities
for raising the standard of living and to develop effective social
and economic policies, it is essential to have clear and reliable
information about the current situation. However, in recent years,
uncertainty has grown globally and in Armenia due to the
pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war, and environmental and
ecological crises. The unfavorable political and military situation
inside the country and the ever-increasing instabilities add to to
the external influencing factors, which create a worrying picture
in terms of limiting the possibilities of raising the country's
standard of living. However, such challenges are not new,
uncertainties and unexpected events have always accompanied the
development of civilization, so it is important to look for ways to
overcome them and identify opportunities for implementation. In
this context, the urgency of assessing the standard of living
becomes even more evident.
Changes in macroeconomic indicators, social-economic
reforms significantly change the standard of living. This paper
analyzes trends in these macroeconomic indicators, identifies
factors that contribute to improving the standard of living, and
highlights key obstacles and challenges that have constrained−or
may constrain−current and future opportunities for improvement.