bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning Not to Curse: Swearing, Testimony, and Truth in Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative
Authors: Regan Shaun
Published: August 2013

This article addresses swearing and testimony in Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative (1789) by reading the work in the context of a broader contemporary discourse concerning profane swearing and cursing. Acts of profane enunciation inform a number of key episodes in Equiano’s life, and bear particular significance for his spiritual development and abolitionist witnessing. Within the Narrative, swearing is cast as a failure of piety, civility, and humanity, and shown to be actively avenged by a retributive deity. In Britain, profane swearing was also thought to undermine the validity of legal testimony; while, in the British West Indies, slaves were denied recourse to such testimony against their oppressors. By disavowing profane swearing and cursing, the essay argues, Equiano sought to assert both the validity of his oath and the truth of his testimony against the iniquities of the British slave trade.
Always to Be Blest
Authors: Chudgar Neil
Published: August 2013

A review of Vivasvan Soni’s Mourning Happiness: Narrative and the Politics of Modernity (Cornell University Press, 2010), a study of happiness as a narrative form, as it appeared in classical antiquity and disappeared from eighteenth-century European discourses, including novels, moral philosophy, and political rhetoric.
Swift and Mimetic Sickness
Authors: Mackie Erin
Published: August 2013

In his satire, Jonathan Swift identifies and redresses what twentieth-century critical theorists name the “repression of mimesis” attendant on the advent of modernity. Focusing on A Tale of a Tub , “A Modest Proposal,” and Gulliver’s Travels , this essay shows how Swift exploits the powers of mimesis in order to effect an antidote to the repression of mimesis those satires expose. Invoking Michael Taussig’s analysis of mimesis and alterity, this essay explores how Swift’s disenchantment of modernity’s fiction of its own a-fictionality affirms the power of representation over human bodies, lives, and histories.
Why No One Can Mend the Slough of Despond
Authors: Alff David
Published: August 2013

For all the critical attention to topography in Pilgrim’s Progress, little scholarship has addressed the futile efforts of “His Majesty’s surveyors” to repair the Slough of Despond. This essay argues that Bunyan’s portrayal of labor derives from early modern highway statutes that made road maintenance the manual responsibility of all the kingdom’s parishioners. At a time when Quakers, Presbyterians, and Baptists were routinely elected as highway surveyors, I suggest that the slough episode exemplifies the conflicting commitments of certain Restoration-era nonconformists who resisted the state liturgy of the Anglican church while making surprising contributions to English parochial governance.
A “Body Unfitt”: Daniel Defoe in the Pillory and the Resurrection of the Versifying Self
Authors: Mueller Andreas K. E.
Published: August 2013

This article explores Daniel Defoe’s poetic attempts at fashioning a new public literary identity for himself before and after his experience of the pillory in 1703. When his standing as a satirist and moral commentator came under attack as a consequence of publishing the controversial The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, Defoe used his poetry to counteract the disastrous consequences of his public punishment. This article suggests that, in order to recover his previously elevated position as the period’s leading verse satirist, Defoe tried to (re-)author an alternative, disembodied self. This process begins in A Hymn to the Pillory (1703) with an imagined merging of Defoe’s own body with that of the pillory to produce a monstrous symbol of governmental corruption and continues in An Elegy on the Author of the True-Born Englishman (1704) through the theme of compromised corporality and a metaphorical burial of the author’s tainted body. The process of Defoe’s authorial refashioning is then completed in the poem appended to An Elegy, ‘The Storm’, which describes the resurrection from its grave of an indignant but disembodied and therefore uncompromised versifying ‘walking Ghost’ that, having withdrawn itself from the gaze of the authoring other, could resume the function of national moral guardian.
Western Utopias, Missionary Economics, and the Chinese Village
Authors: Zanasi Margherita
Published: August 2013

This article explores the impact of Western economics on early twentieth-century Chinese economic thought by focusing on the work of Richard Tawney and John Bernard Tayler on the modernization of Chinese agriculture. Tawney’s and Tayler’s approaches differed considerably. An established economic historian from the London School of Economics, Tawney was committed to a purely social science approach. Tayler, a Protestant missionary and professor of economics at Yanjing University, was representative of what the emerging group of Western academic economists called “missionary economics,” which combined economic reforms with evangelical goals. Despite their differences, however, both Tawney and Tayler saw in the Chinese rural village an opportunity to create their own version of a social and economic utopia, a living critique of Western industrial modernity.
From Below and to the Left?: Human Rights and Liberation Politics in Africa’s Postcolonial Age
Authors: Terretta Meredith
Published: August 2013

During the 1950s, the African United Nations Trust Territories became pivotal sites where the human rights principles outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights played a complementary role to anticolonial nationalism. A transregional human rights network provided international support to African nationalists and rights activists, and the Trusteeship Agreements and the UN Charter that administering authorities had signed set the conditions for legally implementable human rights norms. But as the trusteeship system came to a close circa 1960, the UN no longer had the jurisdictional means to enforce rights principles, and the transatlantic network that activists throughout Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States had put in place began to disintegrate. In the 1960s, the human rights movement in the global North parted ways with liberation politics as it narrowly redefined human rights as negative protections for individuals. Yet, as this comparative analysis of human rights in Tanzania and Cameroon reveals, in some parts of (post)colonial Africa, particularly in the former UN trust territories where a 1950s-era conception of rights had become prevalent, human rights remained the expression of a political solidarity rooted in the liberatory practices of anticolonial struggle.
The Rise and Global Significance of the First “West”: The Medieval Islamic Maghrib
Authors: Lázaro Fabio López
Published: August 2013

Evidence exists that the first historically verifiable use of the term “West” as a self-ascriptive political construct occurred in the medieval Almohad Muslim empire that united al-Andalus (Iberia) and North Africa in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Known as the Maghrib in Arabic, this hegemonic label served successfully as a strategic synecdoche for the Almohads’ ideological reformulation of their African-European society. While surrounding polities admired and imitated the Almohad West, its philosophical underpinnings created an intellectual revolution that threatened both Islamic and Christian elites and ultimately undermined Islamic toleration of Christian and Jewish subjects. Comprehending the Maghrib’s complex role in the creation of Western civilization clarifies the dialectical relationship of its two political heirs, modern Islamic North Africa and Christian Europe.
Ages of Sail, Ocean Basins, and Southeast Asia
Authors: Gaynor Jennifer L.
Published: August 2013

The Age of Sail commonly refers to European endeavors after roughly 1450. However, two other examples of maritime efflorescence and decline occurred just before this. Early Ming imperial fleets and long-distance voyaging in Oceania relativize and throw into relief the contingency of the European accomplishment. After discussing these two examples, this article shows how they raise questions about the limits of an ocean basins framework and explores why Southeast Asia sits indistinctly between scholarly orientations that look predominantly westward across the Indian Ocean and eastward across the Pacific. In light of evidence that shows large oceangoing Southeast Asian ships were active in contemporaneous Indian Ocean networks, and in view of other features of the region’s maritime history, it suggests that attention to Southeast Asia’s connections with Oceania may merit further investigation.
Like Lambs in Japan and Devils outside Their Land: Diplomacy, Violence, and Japanese Merchants in Southeast Asia
Authors: Clulow Adam
Published: August 2013

Beginning in the first decade of the seventeenth century, Tokugawa Ieyasu, the effective ruler of Japan, sent dozens of letters to Cochinchina, Cambodia, Patani, the Philippines, and other states and colonies scattered across Southeast Asia. The dispatch of these documents marked a significant shift in Japanese diplomatic patterns. For the first time, Japan broke decisively from the confines of East Asia to connect with wider networks of trade and diplomacy. If the fact that such documents could be sent in the first place reveals new possibilities for engagement, their content highlights some of the problems created by the expansion of maritime trade routes in this period. Dispatched in response to a string of incidents in ports across the region, these letters provide clear evidence of the frequent violence that accompanied the Japanese push into Southeast Asia. In their willingness to shift easily between trade and violence, Japanese merchants bear a striking resemblance to their European rivals who appeared in the region at roughly the same time, and the last section of this article focuses on what these letters can tell us both about the similarities but also the key differences between these groups. In particular, it argues that these documents reveal a divergent attitude toward the relationship between state and subject that accounts in part for the relative success that Europeans enjoyed in early modern Asia.
Get in the Game: Encouraging Play and Game Creation to Develop New Literacies in the Library
Authors: Powell Annmarie
Published: August 2013

Play is a well-documented educational tool, but one that has begun to decline in schools and early childhood education due to the increased pressure for cognitive-based school readiness programs. Play such as pretend play and video games engages children and helps them to develop literacies and competencies outside of the classroom. Additionally, play is a hands-on approach to curriculum that creates deeper understandings and relationships with the subject matter. In this article, two programs are highlighted that combine elements of play to foster these kinds of connections. In live action video games, aspects of video gaming and pretend play bring children into the world of the video game and teach them collaboration, resource management, and creative problem solving. In a strategy game that was designed to replace a book discussion, teens connected more deeply to the story by discussing their own responses, the structure of the narrative, and their feelings about the protagonist’s choices. These programs are an attempt to bring play back into learning to encourage the development of new competencies and foster a love of learning.
The Fusion of Literacy and Games: A Case Study in Assessing the Goals of a Library Video Game Program
Authors: Brown Ron T. , Kasper Tamara
Published: August 2013

Recent developments suggest video games will be critical tools for engaging twenty-first-century learners. One indication of this shift is the growing number of video game clubs being instituted in libraries across the country. Participant observation was conducted on a library’s video game club to determine the impact it made in the lives of the youth and to evaluate how the program met its goals. Using a grounded theory framework, data were analyzed for dimensions and themes related to the program’s two primary goals: improved learning and improved behavior. Three overarching themes emerged from the data analysis: staff, game club members, and assessment. Staff had a positive impact on youth using their strengths to create an innovative game program. Game club members improved academic, life, and game skills through game club interactions. Library video game programs have unique opportunities as informal learning environments. These programs have the potential to reengage disinterested learners in the educational process through a reward-based system of play. In addition to tracking attendance information, newer assessment tools could explore reading, library anxiety, and information literacy. Video game programs might be improved with respect to measuring literacy and learning. This case study builds on the foundation of previous work by suggesting additional measures that programs might track.
Tales from Play It Loud
Authors: Maluck Thomas
Published: August 2013

This report describes my experience of introducing and managing the Play It Loud gaming program as the supervising young adult librarian at the Northeast Regional Branch of the Richland Library in Columbia, South Carolina. An assessment of the program’s effects against a number of The Search Institute’s “40 Developmental Assets” suggests that the program has had a positive impact on its participants. The success of the Play It Loud gaming program suggests that multiplayer games, both electronic and analog, have the potential to create positive links from player to player and from player to library and that there is great potential for future gaming programs to combine with other youth programs to form a clearly educational component to a library’s overall programs.
Bringing Them In: Developing a Gaming Program for the Library
Authors: Werner Kat
Published: August 2013

Children and teens are living in an increasingly digital world, and libraries struggle with ways to continue to be relevant to the younger generation. One way libraries can bring children and teen patrons in the doors is by offering gaming programs. These programs appeal to children and teens and can lead those patrons to become steady library users. This article includes information that any librarian can use to set up a gaming program at his or her library, including reviews of current video game systems and suggested video and board game purchases.
Brawling in the Library: Gaming Programs for Impactful Outreach and Instruction at an Academic Library
Authors: Elzen Angela M. Vanden , Roush Jacob
Published: August 2013

Academic libraries not only need to focus on instructing students about library resources but also need to actively reach out to them. One way to accomplish this is to integrate gaming into library programming and instruction. The staff of the Lawrence University Seeley G. Mudd Library has been successfully incorporating games into library outreach programming. This article explores the various ways academic libraries have been integrating games into instruction and programming and provides advice and anecdotal evidence from programming experiences at the Seeley G. Mudd Library.
No Muggles in the Library Tonight! Harry Potter Night at an Academic Library
Authors: Broussard Mary J. Snyder
Published: August 2013

This article describes how an annual Harry Potter Night program fits into a college library’s mission. The literature shows college and university libraries are already accustomed to supporting their campus communities’ academic and cocurricular needs. Harry Potter Night at Lycoming College is an engaging experience. For one Friday night a year, the college library transforms into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry through food, decorations, and music. The central events are variations of trivia games and two obstacle courses, one focusing on Voldemort’s horcruxes and the other focusing on the Sorcerer’s Stone. These games and simulations are critical to creating an emotionally immersive as well as a multisensory experience. The attendance for this program has ranged from 30 to 100 students (on a campus of approximately 1,400), and the enthusiasm has been immense. This program has led to positive attitudes toward the library and valuable publicity in campus publications and has strengthened the library’s relationship with the college Residential Life office.
Three Different Paths for Tabletop Gaming in School Libraries
Authors: Copeland Teresa , Henderson Brenda , Mayer Brian , Nicholson Scott
Published: August 2013

Three school library staff members explore how they have used tabletop games in different school library settings. Teresa Copeland (Tesseract School, Paradise Valley, Arizona, USA) explores how tabletop and role-playing games have been integrated into the curriculum across a wide variety of grade levels. Brenda Henderson (Trinity High School Learning Resources Centre, Redditch, UK) discusses how a board game club has made a difference in a high school library in the United Kingdom. Brian Mayer (School Library System, Genesee Valley Educational Partnership, LeRoy, New York, USA) supports multiple school libraries in finding matches between the curriculum and authentic games and runs game design workshops.
The Far West Coast: Points and Sounds of Loyalty and Remembrance
Authors: Sumner Ray
Published: August 2013

Charts made by great eighteenth century navigators, such as George Vancouver and James Cook, may seem flat and lifeless legacies, perpetuating the names of British nobility and Admiralty; but charts that reflect imperial aspirations can also reveal personal emotions. Behind the surveying, naming, and mapping of coastal features one can discern how the lives of these two men were geographically intertwined in a deeply personal way. Close reading of charts and journals reveals Vancouver’s profound personal regard for Cook, and the permanent sense of loss that marked Vancouver’s adult naval career. In the cartographic legacy, this obscure emotional bond still transcends time and space.
The Post-World War II Origin and Evolution of Mountain Snowshoes and Mountain Snowshoeing in North America
Authors: Lillquist Karl
Published: August 2013

The origins of mountain snowshoes can be traced back to the 1940s and 1950s, when small, maneuverable wooden frames were developed in the Adirondacks and Green Mountains. Fixed traction devices and forward hinge points originated in the Cascades in the late 1950s, enabling better access to steep terrain. The 1960s brought strong, lightweight aluminum-framed snowshoes from the Sierra Nevada. During this time, neoprene-coated nylon began to replace rawhide lacing and bindings in the Adirondacks, while neoprene-coated nylon decking was first used in the Cascades. Integrated plastic frame/decking snowshoes were a 1960s Rockies weight- and labor-saving innovation. From the Cascades in the early 1970s came hinged pivot bindings, with attached claws, that provided better traction and tracking. Integrated aluminum frame/decking snowshoes came from the Sierra Nevada in the 1980s. Fixed-pivot bindings and rear traction cleats for added maneuverability and stability originated in the Rockies and Sierra Nevada in the late 1980s and early 1990s. More substantial and user-friendly bindings also developed in the Green Mountains during this time. Further refined, integrated plastic frame/decking snowshoes from the Rockies came along in the 1990s. In the last decade, innovations from the Cascades and Rockies included integrated aluminum frame/traction snowshoes that further enhanced stability on steep slopes. Seventy years of research and development across North America has resulted in smaller, lighter, stronger, and more maneuverable mountain snowshoes. These innovations, and aggressive marketing initiated in the late 1980s, have helped snowshoeing become the fastest-growing winter sport in the U.S., with approximately five million participants.
The History and Geography of the Milwaukee Road in Eastern Washington
Authors: Ward John V.
Published: August 2013

This paper explores the history and geography of the Milwaukee Road corridor in eastern Washington state. The corridor was originally built for rail traffic in the early 1900s, and its history is a complex story full of visionaries, innovation, legal challenges, and financial misfortunes. For much of the twentieth century, the corridor served as an important transportation line between the upper Midwest and the Pacific Coast. Abandoned as a railroad in 1981, most of the corridor within its borders is now owned by the state of Washington and is essentially railbanked under state legislation. It is currently used as a nonmotorized recreational trail, providing a unique opportunity for hikers, bikers, skiers, wildlife watchers, equestrians, and wagon trail riders to travel across the state of Washington. Along the way, travelers encounter remnants of the historic built environment of the state. In addition, the Milwaukee Road traverses the unique and diverse physical geography of eastern Washington, extending from the Cascade Mountains across the Columbia Plateau to the Idaho border. A journey along the Milwaukee Road corridor tracks the evolution of land use in eastern Washington throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. As such, it serves as an important and unique pathway through the history and geography of eastern Washington.
Compressing Nature: The Development of the Export Hay Industry in the Western United States
Authors: Bowen John T. , Hultquist Nancy B.
Published: August 2013

Every day, dozens of trucks make two roundtrips apiece hauling hay from Washington’s Kittitas County to the Ports of Tacoma and Seattle, where the containerized feed will be loaded onto ships bound for Japan, China, and still-more-distant markets. The rapid growth of the export hay industry helps explain Washington’s membership in a group of just five states having trade surpluses with both China and Japan in 2011. In fact, the industry is robust in the interior not only of Washington but also Oregon, California, and even farther inland. In this article, the growth and significance of the hay industry in the U.S. West, and especially Kittitas County, are assessed. Drawing on interviews with hay growers and export-processors, the physical, economic, technological, and social factors that have favored the industry’s emergence are examined. While the hay industry is fundamentally rooted in the region’s seemingly natural advantages of soils and climate, a variety of forces at the global, regional, and local scales have augmented those benefits and propelled the industry’s rise. The article ends by looking toward the future opportunities and constraints the region’s hay industry faces—especially the growth of emerging markets and the concerns about the adequacy of water supplies, respectively.
Problematizing Beaver Habitat Identification Models for Reintroduction Application in the Western United States
Authors: Baldwin Jeff
Published: August 2013

Due to the beaver’s former role as a ubiquitous keystone species, there are increasing efforts in the American West to assist beaver in recolonization. Many interested in reintroduction are using two methods to identify optimal habitat: habitat suitability indexes/models (HSI), and historic occupation. This study details some of the problems inherent in HSIs applied to beaver habitat. The paper then interrogates historical occupation as a relocation tool, and finds that while more logically consistent, this method of habitat identification is also problematic. Historic range does not integrate past or present causes of extirpation and absence. I argue that, specifically in the case of beaver relocation but potentially for other species as well, causes of mortality are as important as are environmental amenities in identifying appropriate habitat.
Gray optimization of process parameters of surface modification of coconut sheath reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Siva Irullappasamy , Jappes Jebas Thangaih Winowlin , Pitchipoo Pandian , Amico Sandro Campos , Nagarajan Erumaipatty Rajagounder , Azhagesan Nainar
Published: August 2013

Surface modification of natural fiber may greatly enhance the mechanical interlocking between fiber and matrix. Although there are many reports on surface modification of natural fibers, little technical information is available to enable the selection of optimized surface modification conditions. In this work, treatment parameters, such as bath temperature, agent concentration, and treatment time, are optimized to achieve higher interfacial adhesion. The effect of these parameters on flexural and impact strength is investigated by applying gray relational techniques. Experimental results show that NaOH concentration and treatment time are significant variables which improve interfacial strength, while NaOH bath temperature appears less important.
Mediastinalis mellékpajzsmirigy-adenoma operált esete
Authors: Mészáros László , Kajdácsi Zita , Tóth Miklós , Révai Tamás , Vadász Pál
Published: August 2013

Absztrakt

A primer hyperparathyreosis esetén a mellékpajzsmirigyek ectopiás elhelyezkedésűek is lehetnek. Ezen esetek diagnosztizálása és kezelése számos kihívással jár. Jelen tanulmányunkban hypercalcaemiát okozó mediastinalis mellékpajzsmirigy-adenomás betegünk diagnosztikus útját és sikeresen operált esetét mutatjuk be.
Arteria suralis medialis perforator fasciocutan lebeny alkalmazása a nyelv és a szájfenék rekonstrukciójában
Authors: Lóderer Zoltán , Bognár Gábor , Novák András , Berki Csaba , Sándor Gábor , Bognár Gábor , Ondrejka Pál
Published: August 2013

Absztrakt

Bevezetés: A radiális alkari szabad lebeny gyakran az első választott eljárás a nyelv rekonstrukciójában, de hátránya az adóhely morbiditása. Egy másik, vékony, fasciocutan szabad lebeny iránti igény eredményezte az arteria suralis medialis perforator lebeny (MSAP) alkalmazását. Módszer: A nyelvgyöki és szájfenéki daganatok miatti radikális exstirpatiót követő helyreállításra három betegnél alkalmaztunk MSAP lebenyt. Eredmények: A lebenyt minden esetben egy domináns perforator látta el. A bőrlebenyek mérete 20 és 34 cm2 között volt, az értörzs hossza 8,2–11 cm, az átlagos lebenyvastagság 6,5 mm volt. Összefoglalás: A vékony MSAP lebeny kiváló alternatíva a szájfenék és a nyelv helyreállításában elenyésző adóhelyi morbiditás mellett.
Anxiogenic and depressogenic side-effects of non-psychiatric drugs
Authors: Kirilly Eszter , Gonda Xénia , Juhász Gabriella , Bagdy György
Published: August 2013

Although medications such as anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, neurological or hormonal therapies may have a negative impact on mood, adequate attention was not paid until the withdrawal of rimonabant in 2008. In the present study the authors review full spectrum of currently available medications discussing anxiety and depression as possible adverse effects of treatment. A relatively high risk of depression should always be considered when pharmacotherapy applied, especially if current depressive episodes, positive family history, or neurotic personality traits increasing susceptibility to depressogenic effects. Prior to start of medical treatment, the potential effectiveness of the given drug should be precisely evaluated, and alternative medical and non-medical treatment options should also be carefully considered. In addition, monitoring patients during treatment for signs of depressive or anxious symptoms is necessary. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1327–1336.
Comparative evaluation of left ventricular function by two-dimensional echocardiography and three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Results from the MAGYAR-Path Study
Authors: Kalapos Anita , Domsik Péter , Forster Tamás , Nemes Attila
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Noncompaction cardiomyopathy develops due to the absence of myocardial compaction, and is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate comparatively left ventricular dysfunction in patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy using two-dimensional echocardiography and three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Method: The present study comprised of 7 patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy (62.9±8.5 years, 3 males) and 10 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (60.7±7.7 years, 2 males). All patients were examined by two-dimensional echocardiography and three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography for the evaluation of left ventricular function. Results: Increased left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction were detected in patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy as compared to those measured in controls. All three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography-derived strain parameters of patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy were found to be reduced as compared to the values of controls. Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography-derived rotational parameters showed movements of the apical and basal segments in the same direction suggesting ’rigid body rotation’ in all noncompaction cardiomyopathy cases. Conclusions: Left ventricular function and contractility are severely reduced in patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Absence of left ventricular twist could be demonstrated in a series of noncompaction cardiomyopathy patients. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1352–1359.
The role of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of rectal cancers
Authors: Bor Renáta , Fábián Anna , Farkas Klaudia , Bálint Anita , Tiszlavicz László , Wittmann Tibor , Nagy Ferenc , Molnár Tamás , Szepes Zoltán
Published: August 2013

Introduction: The exact extent of rectal cancer and regional lymph node involvement are essential for providing the optimal treatment. Aim: The aim of the authors was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in routine clinical staging of rectal cancer. Method: Outcomes of endoscopic ultrasonography performed between 2006 and 2012 for rectal cancer staging were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation between the endoscopic and pathological stages was evaluated. Results: In patients without neoadjuvant chemotherapy the sensitivity (75% and 73%) and specificity (74% and 80%) of endoscopic ultrasonography for differentiating T1 and T2 stages (respectively) were high, however, it was significantly decreased in differentiation of T3 stage (58%). A weak association was found in different N stages (45–62%). The diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound was reduced significantly after the oncological treatment due to the overevaluation (27%) of the findings. After a relatively short learning curve (30 examinations) high correlation was detected between pT and uT stages. Conclusions: Endoscopic ultrasonography provides great help in staging early rectal cancers. Due to the lower sensitivity in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy, it is not a useful tool after down-staging. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1337–1344.
Colorectal carcinoma under the age of 50 years
Authors: Banai Zoltán , Bartók Ádám , Renteria-Delgádó Ricardo Zoltán
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer related death in Hungary. Aim: The authors examined retrospectively the ratio and the clinical course of patients under the age of 50 years operated by themselves between January, 2006 and May, 2012. Method: During this period of time 667 patients underwent surgery for colorectal carcinoma and 44 (6.6%) were less than 50 years old. 22.2% of the operations were performed for emergency reasons. The surgical technique, TNM stage, differentiation state and localization of the tumours were analyzed as well as the histological types with unfavourable prognosis. In order to analyse risk factors a questionnaire was sent to patients of young age group. Results: The majority of patients, including those under 50 years of age were diagnosed as having TNM stages III and IV. Only half of the patients returned the questionnaire. Conclusions: Due to a relatively low response rate, the importance of risk factors for colorectal carcinoma in patients under 50 years of age remains to be further investigated. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1345–1351.
Seasonal study of contamination by metal in water and sediment in a sub-basin in the southeast of Brazil
Authors: Chiba WAC. , Passerini MD. , Baio JAF. , Torres JC. , Tundisi JG.
Published: August 2013

The spatial and temporal occurrence of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in water and sediment samples was investigated in a sub-basin in the southeast of Brazil (São Carlos, SP). All samples were analysed using the USEPA adapted metal method and processed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The discriminant analysis demonstrated that there are significant seasonal differences of metal distribution in the water data, but there are no differences to sediment. The basin studied has high levels of contamination by toxic metals in superficial water and sediment. The superficial water, in the rainy season, presented high levels of Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd, while in the dry season it presented high levels of Zn and Ni. The Principal Component Analysis demonstrated that the season has a huge influence on the levels, types and distribution of metals found in water. The source of contamination was probably diffuse, due to products such as batteries and fluorescent lamps, whose dump discharge can contaminate the bodies of water in the region in the rainy season. Due to fires from the harvest of sugar cane, high levels of Zn were found into the environment, in the dry season.
The Evolution of High Density Pad Design and Work Flow in Shale Hydrocarbon Developments
Authors: DeMong Karl , Longmuir Karman , Affleck Brad , Elgar Tyler , Boulton Ken
Published: August 2013

The design of shale development pads with a high density of wells is driven out of a desire to become more efficient in the use of scarce infrastructure such as land, roads and pipelines and to more efficiently utilize drilling and completion resources. The pad designs and work flows for these hydraulically stimulated multistage horizontal wells have focused on reducing surface impacts while utilizing resources more efficiently by way of a manufacturing philosophy. These planning activities are significantly influenced by the team's perceptions of, versus the reality of, the reliability of equipment and processes demonstrated in the field operations.

In the Horn River, the remote location and challenging technical environment meant that early drilling and completions projects were costly. The immediate focus in the play was to boost efficiency to improve the project economics. Increases in efficiency have two main goals: improving the results (or productivity) and/or reducing the capital cost. Moving to multi-well pads and inventorying wells to allow the move to 24 hr. completions operations had a profound impact on the unit cost of adding production in the basin. An examination of the changes in pad design and execution in the Horn River Basin over the past few years will show the evolution from �reactive' designs meant to mitigate reliability problems to proactive pad execution designs that take advantage of efficient, reliable processes.

This paper will examine the original assumptions about technical and operational capability and initial thoughts about reliability and the resulting pad design and workflow decisions that followed. It will follow through several iterations in pad designs and site work flow in drilling, completions and logistical management. What the current experiences tell us about what the future may hold for these developments will also be discussed.
Dynamic Optimization of Capacity Management Under the Uncertainty of Reservoir Properties and Market Volatility
Authors: Bukhari A. , Shcherbakova A. , Ertekin T.
Published: August 2013

"We are running out of hydrocarbon", is what we have been hearing for the last few decades. This kind of information can pressure major hydrocarbon producers to invest more in exploration. Recently, exploration activities, especially for gas, have increased in the US and the Middle-East. Moreover, a significant amount of optimization research studies focus on field developments (i.e. well placements and configurations) that maximizes profits or recovery. It appears that most of the major hydrocarbon producers and researchers have not addressed the issue of Capacity Management (CM) and its potential of adding reserves with respect to time and delaying development projects without any significant additional cost. Managing production capacity across a portfolio of producing assets is a complex optimization problem. There are field level constraints including technical attributes (e.g. crude type and reservoir properties), facility limitations, and costs. Moreover, there are corporate level constraints (e.g. supply and spare capacity commitments). While complex, such a problem can be specified and solved deterministically; however, the presence of uncertainty, in reservoir performance and the hydrocarbon markets, makes the stochastic approach more realistic. This paper investigates this problem in three sections: (1) We specify an integrated stochastic optimization model that solves for the optimal production allocation for a portfolio of producing assets under the uncertainties of the markets and reservoir performances, (2) We then perform a sensitivity analysis for different market and reservoir models, and (3) We perform a value of information analysis to estimate the value of more accurate reservoir model.

CM can significantly affect the production allocation of a portfolio of producing assets and hence affect the profit; however, it is shocking that little research has addressed it. Here, we address this issue by specifying an integrated stochastic optimization model that simulates reservoir performance and decision-maker behavior. Using this model, we compare and contrast the various production allocation decisions that result from different economic and reservoir models with the goal of understanding the impact of these model assumptions on decision-making. The results show that the optimum production allocation is a function of market and reservoir (i.e. reservoir maturity, size, and quality) parameters.
An Evaluation of Zonal Isolation After Hydraulic Fracturing; Results From Horizontal Marcellus Shale Gas Wells at NETL's Greene County Test Site in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Hammack Richard , Zorn Erich , Harbert William , Capo Rosemary , Sharma Shikha , Siriwardane Hema
Published: August 2013

This field study employs multiple methods to detect the potential migration of natural gas and fluids from six hydraulically fractured, horizontal Marcellus Shale gas wells upward and into an overlying Upper Devonian gas field that is 3000-4000 ft above the Marcellus Shale but at least 3000 ft below underground sources of drinking water. Microseismic monitoring during the hydraulic fracturing of 56 stages located 10,288 events, including both event clusters and isolated events with maximum height above the Marcellus Shale of about 1900 ft and 2500 ft, respectively. Moment magnitudes ranged between -3.15 and -0.56. Assuming that the periphery of the microseismic event cloud represents the maximum possible extent of hydraulic fracture growth, the induced fractures do not extend to producing zones in the Upper Devonian gas field. This hypothesis is supported by pressure monitoring in the normally-pressured to under-pressured Upper Devonian gas reservoirs. No observed pressure increase in the Upper Devonian wells in the three-month period after hydraulic fracturing implies that there is no communication with the over-pressured Marcellus Formation below. Perfluorocarbon tracers were injected with hydraulic fracturing fluids into 10 stages (stages 5-14) of a 14-stage, horizontal Marcellus Shale gas well. For eight months after completion of the Marcellus Shale well, natural gas samples were collected from two vertical Upper Devonian wells that directly overlie the horizontal Marcellus Shale well where the tracers were injected. Perfluorocarbon tracers were not detected in sorbent tubes placed in the production lines from overlying wells (detection limit ≍ 1 femtoliter (fL)).

Samples of gas and produced water were collected from five Upper Devonian gas wells that overlie the hydraulically fractured, horizontal, Marcellus Shale wells. Monthly sampling at these wells commenced two months prior to and has continued for nine months after hydraulic fracturing. Produced water samples were analyzed for major and trace ions, and for isotopes of strontium and lithium; natural gas samples were analyzed for isotopes of carbon and hydrogen. Isotopic analysis of natural gas from the Upper Devonian wells has shown no evidence of communication with the hydraulically fractured Marcellus Shale. Isotopic analysis of produced water samples from Upper Devonian gas wells is currently in progress, but incomplete.
Suzuki Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Phenylboronic Acid Catalysed by an Amidoxime Fibres-Nickel(0) Complex
Authors: Wu Zhi-Chuan , Lu Ye-Neng , Ren Yi-Ming , Chen Zhi-Ming , Tao Ting-Xian
Published: August 2013

Amidoxime fibres–nickel(0) complexes [Ni(0)–AOFs] were synthesised by combining a Ni2+-solution with amidoxime fibres and reduced by NaH2PO2. The Ni(0)–AOFs are inexpensive phosphine-free recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki coupling reaction of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid to provide the corresponding biphenyls in high yields. The heterogeneous catalyst can be readily recovered by simple filtration and reused several times without significant loss of activity.
Reaction of Aryl Isothiocyanate with Pyridines and Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates to Afford Novel Heterocycles
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Zhiani Rahele
Published: August 2013

The reactive intermediate produced in the reaction between pyridines and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates was trapped by aryl isothiocyanates to afford 2-thioxo-1,9a-dihydro-2 H-pyrido [1,2, a]pyrimidine derivatives in good yields.
Potassium Thiocyanate as an Efficient Catalyst in One-Pot Reaction of Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates with Indane-1,3-Dione
Authors: Hassanabadi Alireza , Zhiani Rahele
Published: August 2013

The potassium thiocyanate-catalysed reaction of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates with indane-1,3-dione in acetone, led to dialkyl 4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2 H-indeno[1,2- b]furan-2,3-dicarboxylates in good yields. The presented one-pot method is simple and effective with mild conditions.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Magnetic Behaviour of Ionic Metalloporphyrins: Metal–Tetrakis(N-Octyl-4-Pyridinium)–Porphyrins with Tetrabromoferrate(III) Anions
Authors: Zhou Na , Sun Zhicheng , Zhou Qing , Lu Xingmei , Shao Huawu
Published: August 2013

A series of magnetic, ionic-substituted tetrapyridyl metalloporphyrins, [tetrakis(N-octyl-4-pyridinium)–metal–porphy-rin][tetrabromoferrate(III)]4 (metal=iron, cobalt, manganese, copper or zinc), have been synthesised. All compounds show weak ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature and respond to an external neodymium magnet.
A Facile and Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,4,6-Tri-O-Acetyl-2-Deoxy-2-Phthalimido-β-D-Glucopyranosyl Chloride
Authors: Cao Zhiling , Liu Wenjie , Qu Yingying , Yao Guowei , Gao Dachao , Liu Weiwei
Published: August 2013

Acetylation of D-glucosamine catalysed by sulfuric acid and N-phthaloylation of the glucosyl acetate yielded 1,3,4,6-tetra- O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α-D-glucopyranose. This gave the corresponding pure β-glucosyl chloride upon treatment with PCl5-BF3. An anomeric chlorination with thionyl chloride combined with the Lewis acids (ZnCl2, SnCl4 and BiCl3) resulted in an α/β anomer mixture.
Solvent-Free Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1H-1,2,3,4-Tetrazoles using FeCl3–SiO2 Catalysis under Conventional and Ultrasound Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Habibi Davood , Mostafaee Samaneh , Mehrabi Leila
Published: August 2013

1-Aryl-1 H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles were synthesised by the solvent-free reactions of aryl amines, sodium azide and triethyl orthoformate using FeCl3–SiO2 as an effective heterogeneous catalyst under conventional and ultrasound irradiation conditions. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology and easy work-up. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused delivering good yields.
Direct Amide Formation from N-Arylglycine Ethyl Esters and Carboxylic Acids Catalysed by Phenylboronic Acid
Authors: Huang Wenhua , Sha Wen-Bin
Published: August 2013

The phenylboronic acid-catalysed reaction of an N-arylglycine ethyl ester with various carboxylic acids, including N-acyl- N-phenylglycines, directly affords an amide or a dipeptide in 13–73% yields.
Palladium-Catalysed Addition of Potassium Phenyltrifluoroborate to Dinitriles: Synthesis of Diketone Compounds
Authors: Wang Xingyong , Wang Qingzong , Chen Jiuxi , Liu Miaochang , Ding Jinchang , Wu Huayue
Published: August 2013

Pd(OAc)2/1,10-phenanthroline-catalysed addition of potassium phenyltrifluoroborate to aliphatic dinitriles in 2-MeTHF has been developed, achieving diphenyl diones in moderate to excellent yields. The scope of the developed approach was successfully explored toward the addition of potassium phenyltrifluoroborate to aromatic dinitriles. Additionally, a plausible pathway for the formation of the diones has been proposed.
Extent of Nucleophilic Participation in the Solvolyses of an Aryl Chloromethyl Ether, α, p-Dichloroanisole
Authors: Park Byoung-Chun , Kevill Dennis N.
Published: August 2013

The specific rates of solvolysis of α, p-dichloroanisole (chloromethyl p-chlorophenyl ether, 1) have been measured conductimetrically in a variety of hydroxylic solvents. In three typical solvents, at 25.0 °C, the rate is 20–45 times greater than for the corresponding sulfide. In a comparison with the solvolysis of a substrate with an alkyl group replacing the aryl group, chloromethyl ethyl ether (2), at −10.0 °C in four typical solvents, 1 reacted considerably more slowly than 2, by a little over four orders of magnitude. An extended Grunwald–Winstein equation treatment of the specific rates of solvolyses in 24 solvents at 25.0 °C leads to an l value of 0.68 ± 0.04 and an m value of 0.59 ± 0.03 ( l/ m = 1.15). Appreciable nucleophilic assistance in the progress to the transition state is indicated and either nucleophilic solvation to an ionisation process or a loose SN2 transition state with extensive bond-breaking accompanied by a smaller degree of bond-making lead to an appropriate transition state.
Solvent Free Synthesis of 2-Acylpyrroles and its Derivatives Catalysed by Reuseable Zinc Oxide
Authors: Zhang Shuguang , Feng Chengliang , Cai Jin , Chen Junqing , Hu Huayou , Ji Min
Published: August 2013

A highly efficient procedure for preparing 2-acylpyrroles and its derivatives is described. The products were obtained through regioselective Friedel–Crafts reactions of pyrroles and its derivatives with alkyl or aryl acid chlorides catalysed by zinc oxide under solvent-free conditions. This method has the advantages of green chemistry, operational simplicity, solvent-free conditions, and recoverable catalyst.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel (1-Arylmethyl-3-Aryl-1H-Pyrazol-5-yl)(4-Arylpiperazin-1-yl)Methanone Derivatives
Authors: Lv Hong-Shui , Wang Li-Ying , Ding Xiao-Ling , Wang Xiu-Hua , Zhao Bao-Xiang , Zuo Hua
Published: August 2013

A series of novel (1-arylmethyl-3-aryl-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone derivatives were synthesised. Preliminary study of the structure–activity relationship revealed that 4-chlorophenyl, 4- tert-butylphenyl, 4-fluorophe-nyl and 3-methoxyphenyl had a promising effect on the antifungal activity.