bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking Theoretically about Religiosity, Secularity and Pluralism in the Global East
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: October 2018

This paper addresses the religiosity, secularity and pluralism of the global East from a theoretical perspective. To do so it draws from work undertaken by the author within the International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP), paying particular attention to the material on religion, diversity and pluralism. The final section of the article demonstrates the rootedness of social scientific thinking in the European Enlightenment and the consequences of this heritage for the understanding of religion in other parts of the world including East Asia. There are no easy answers to the questions posed by the mismatch between theory and data; there are, however, pointers towards more constructive ways forward—ways which respond sensitively to the context under review, maintaining nonetheless a high degree of scientific rigour.
SMAP and CalCOFI Observe Freshening during the 2014–2016 Northeast Pacific Warm Anomaly
Authors: Vazquez-Cuervo Jorge , Gomez-Valdes Jose
Published: October 2018

Data from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission (SMAP) and from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) were used to examine the freshening that occurred during 2015–2016 in the Southern California Current System. Overall, the freshening was found to be related to the 2014–2016 Northeast Pacific Warm Anomaly. The primary goal was to determine the feasibility of using SMAP data to observe the surface salinity signal associated with the warming and its coastal impact. As a first step, direct comparisons were done with salinity from the CalCOFI data at one-meter depth. During 2015, SMAP was saltier than CalCOFI by 0.5 Practical Salinity Units (PSU), but biases were reduced to <0.1 PSU during 2016. South of 33°N, and nearer to the coast where upwelling dominates, SMAP was fresher in 2015 by almost 0.2 PSU. CalCOFI showed freshening of 0.1 PSU. North of 33°N, SMAP and CalCOFI saw significant freshening in 2016, SMAP by 0.4 PSU and CalCOFI by 0.2 PSU. Differences between SMAP and CalCOFI are consistent with the increased stratification in 2015 and changes in the mixed layer depth. SMAP observed freshening that reached the Baja California Coast.
Improving Land Cover Classifications with Multiangular Data: MISR Data in Mainland Spain
Authors: Novillo Carlos J. , Arrogante-Funes Patricia , Romero-Calcerrada Raúl
Published: October 2018

In this study, we deal with the application of multiangular data from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) sensor for studying the effect of surface anisotropy and directional information on the classification accuracy for different land covers with different rate of disaggregation classes (from four to 35 different classes) from a Mediterranean bioregion in Iberian, Spain. We used various MISR band groups from nadir to blue, green, red, and NIR channels at nadir and off-nadir. The MISR data utilized here were provided by the L1B2T product (275 m spatial resolution) and belonged to two different orbits. We performed 23 classifications with the k-means algorithm to test multiangular data, number of clusters, and iteration effects. Our findings confirmed that the multiangular information, in addition to the multispectral information used as the input of the k-means algorithm, improves the land cover classification accuracy, and this improvement increased with the level of disaggregation. A very large number of clusters produced even better improvements than multiangular data.
Rapid Coastal Forest Decline in Florida’s Big Bend
Authors: McCarthy Matthew J. , Dimmitt Benjamin , Muller-Karger Frank E.
Published: October 2018

Coastal ecosystems throughout the world are increasingly vulnerable to degradation as a result of accelerating sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion, more frequent and powerful extreme weather events, and anthropogenic impacts. Hardwood swamp forests in the Big Bend region of Florida’s Gulf of Mexico coast (USA) are largely devoid of the latter, but have degraded rapidly since the turn of the 21st Century. Photographs of the forest, collected on the ground since 2009, were used to guide an analysis of a 60 km2 study area using satellite images. The images confirm that the coastal forest area declined 0.60% from 1982 to 2003, but degraded rapidly, by 7.44%, from 2010 to 2017. The forest declined most rapidly along waterways and at the coastal marsh–forest boundary. Additional time series of aerial-photographs corroborated the onset of degradation in 2010. Degradation continued through 2017 with no apparent recovery. Previous research from the area has concluded that increased tidal flooding and saltwater intrusion, of the coastal plain, represent a chronic stress driving coastal forest decline in this region, but these drivers do not explain the abrupt acceleration in forest die-off. Local tide gage data indicate that sea-level rise is 2 mm yr−1 and accelerating, while meteorological data reveal at least two short-term cold snap events, with extreme temperatures exceeding the reported temperature threshold of local vegetation (−10 °C) between January 2010 and January 2011, followed by more extremes in 2016. The Big Bend hardwood forest experienced acute cold snap stress during the 2010–2017 period, of a magnitude not experienced in the previous 20 years, that compounded the chronic stress associated with sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion. This and other coastal forests can be expected to suffer further widespread and lasting degradation as these stresses are likely to be sustained.
Exploration in Mapping Kernel-Based Home Range Models from Remote Sensing Imagery with Conditional Adversarial Networks
Authors: Zheng Ruobing , Wu Guoqiang , Yan Chao , Zhang Renyu , Luo Ze , Yan Baoping
Published: October 2018

Kernel-based home range models are widely-used to estimate animal habitats and develop conservation strategies. They provide a probabilistic measure of animal space use instead of assuming the uniform utilization within an outside boundary. However, this type of models estimates the home ranges from animal relocations, and the inadequate locational data often prevents scientists from applying them in long-term and large-scale research. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning framework to simulate kernel home range models. We use the conditional adversarial network as a supervised model to learn the home range mapping from time-series remote sensing imagery. Our approach enables scientists to eliminate the persistent dependence on locational data in home range analysis. In experiments, we illustrate our approach by mapping the home ranges of Bar-headed Geese in Qinghai Lake area. The proposed framework outperforms all baselines in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, achieving visually recognizable results and high mapping accuracy. The experiment also shows that learning the mapping between images is a more effective way to map such complex targets than traditional pixel-based schemes.
Characterization of a Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy Prototype Using Low-Cost, Compact Single Photon Avalanche Detectors for Tissue Optics Applications
Authors: Alayed Mrwan , Palubiak Darek P. , Deen M. Jamal
Published: October 2018

Time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy (TR-DOS) is an increasingly used method to determine the optical properties of diffusive media, particularly for medical applications including functional brain, breast and muscle measurements. For medical imaging applications, important features of new generation TR-DOS systems are low-cost, small size and efficient inverse modeling. To address the issues of low-cost, compact size and high integration capabilities, we have developed free-running (FR) single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) using 130 nm silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and used it in a TR-DOS prototype. This prototype was validated using assessments from two known protocols for evaluating TR-DOS systems for tissue optics applications. Following the basic instrumental performance protocol, our prototype had sub-nanosecond total instrument response function and low differential non-linearity of a few percent. Also, using light with optical power lower than the maximum permissible exposure for human skin, this prototype can acquire raw data in reflectance geometry for phantoms with optical properties similar to human tissues. Following the MEDPHOT protocol, the absolute values of the optical properties for several homogeneous phantoms were retrieved with good accuracy and linearity using a best-fitting model based on the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Overall, the results of this study show that our silicon CMOS-based SPAD detectors can be used to build a multichannel TR-DOS prototype. Also, real-time functional monitoring of human tissue such as muscles, breasts and newborn heads will be possible by integrating this detector with a time-to-digital converter (TDC).
Loosening Monitoring of a Threaded Pipe Connection Using the Electro-Mechanical Impedance Technique—Experimental and Numerical Studies
Authors: Liang Yabin , Feng Qian , Li Dongsheng , Cai Sijia
Published: October 2018

Threaded connections are the most common pipe fittings used in oil and gas transportation systems. Due to external vibrations, cyclic loads, and pollution, the fitting parts may start getting loose, which could result in pipeline leaks and other environmental disasters. It is of great significance to develop a reliable technique that could provide real-time monitoring of the looseness of pipeline fittings. In this paper, a piezoceramic-based active sensing method combined with the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique was developed to monitor the health condition of threaded pipe connections in real time. Two pipe segments coupled with a threaded coupling fitting were assembled in the laboratory, and a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patch was surface bonded onto the coupling part. In the experiment, the PZT impedance signatures were measured at each simulated loosening condition. A root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) method was employed to build a looseness index from the measured impedance signatures. To verify the effectiveness of the developed EMI technique, the experimental results were compared with those computed from a numerical simulation. The good agreement from experimental and numerical results highlights that the developed piezoceramic-based EMI technique has great potential for determining early looseness, as well as for monitoring the health status of the pipeline fitting during its service life.
A Benchmark Dataset and Deep Learning-Based Image Reconstruction for Electrical Capacitance Tomography
Authors: Zheng Jin , Li Jinku , Li Yi , Peng Lihui
Published: October 2018

Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) image reconstruction has developed for decades and made great achievements, but there is still a need to find a new theoretical framework to make it better and faster. In recent years, machine learning theory has been introduced in the ECT area to solve the image reconstruction problem. However, there is still no public benchmark dataset in the ECT field for the training and testing of machine learning-based image reconstruction algorithms. On the other hand, a public benchmark dataset can provide a standard framework to evaluate and compare the results of different image reconstruction methods. In this paper, a benchmark dataset for ECT image reconstruction is presented. Like the great contribution of ImageNet that transformed machine learning research, this benchmark dataset is hoped to be helpful for society to investigate new image reconstruction algorithms since the relationship between permittivity distribution and capacitance can be better mapped. In addition, different machine learning-based image reconstruction algorithms can be trained and tested by the unified dataset, and the results can be evaluated and compared under the same standard, thus, making the ECT image reconstruction study more open and causing a breakthrough.
Highly Sensitive Room-Temperature Sensor Based on Nanostructured K2W7O22 for Application in the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Diabetes
Authors: Hossain Md Razuan , Zhang Qifeng , Johnson Michael , Wang Danling
Published: October 2018

Diabetes is one of the most rapidly-growing chronic diseases in the world. Acetone, a volatile organic compound in exhaled breath, shows a positive correlation with blood glucose and has proven to be a biomarker for type-1 diabetes. Measuring the level of acetone in exhaled breath can provide a non-invasive, low risk of infection, low cost, and convenient way to monitor the health condition of diabetics. There has been continuous demand for the improvement of this non-invasive, sensitive sensor system to provide a fast and real-time electronic readout of blood glucose levels. A novel nanostructured K2W7O22 has been recently used to test acetone with concentration from 0 parts-per-million (ppm) to 50 ppm at room temperature. The results revealed that a K2W7O22 sensor shows a sensitive response to acetone, but the detection limit is not ideal due to the limitations of the detection system of the device. In this paper, we report a K2W7O22 sensor with an improved sensitivity and detection limit by using an optimized circuit to minimize the electronic noise and increase the signal to noise ratio for the purpose of weak signal detection while the concentration of acetone is very low.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatible Non-Invasive Fibre-Optic Sensors Based on the Bragg Gratings and Interferometers in the Application of Monitoring Heart and Respiration Rate of the Human Body: A Comparative Study
Authors: Nedoma Jan , Kepak Stanislav , Fajkus Marcel , Cubik Jakub , Siska Petr , Martinek Radek , Krupa Petr
Published: October 2018

The publication presents a comparative study of two fibre-optic sensors in the application of heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) monitoring of the human body. After consultation with clinical practitioners, two types of non-invasive measuring and analysis systems based on fibre Bragg grating (FBG) and fibre-optic interferometer (FOI) have been designed and assembled. These systems use probes (both patent pending) that have been encapsulated in the bio-compatible polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS). The main advantage of PDMS is that it is electrically non-conductive and, as well as optical fibres, has low permeability. The initial verification measurement of the system designed was performed on four subjects in a harsh magnetic resonance (MR) environment under the supervision of a senior radiology assistant. A follow-up comparative study was conducted, upon a consent of twenty volunteers, in a laboratory environment with a minimum motion load and discussed with a head doctor of the Radiodiagnostic Institute. The goal of the laboratory study was to perform measurements that would simulate as closely as possible the environment of harsh MR or the environment of long-term health care facilities, hospitals and clinics. Conventional HR and RR measurement systems based on ECG measurements and changes in the thoracic circumference were used as references. The data acquired was compared by the objective Bland–Altman (B–A) method and discussed with practitioners. The results obtained confirmed the functionality of the designed probes, both in the case of RR and HR measurements (for both types of B–A, more than 95% of the values lie within the ±1.96 SD range), while demonstrating higher accuracy of the interferometric probe (in case of the RR determination, 95.66% for the FOI probe and 95.53% for the FBG probe, in case of the HR determination, 96.22% for the FOI probe and 95.23% for the FBG probe).
“I’ve Got to Succeed, So She Can Succeed, So We Can Succeed”: Empowered Mothering, Role Fluidity, and Competition in Incredible Parenting
Authors: Brydon Suzan G.
Published: October 2018

The social influence of Disney discourse is difficult to ignore, as is their repetitive matricide and positioning of the patriarchal and heteronormative family model in their bloc.kbuster animated films. Yet, through its Pixar Animation Studios subsidiary, Disney has pushed progressively at the boundaries, not only in terms of animation artistry but also through the social topics explored. This study builds on previous research of male mothering in Finding Nemo by visiting the subsequent 11 Pixar animated films, with in-depth exploration of their most recent release, Incredibles 2. Ultimately, I argue that Pixar has once again opened space by embracing empowered and collaborative parenting.
Impacts of Distance Education on Agricultural Performance and Household Income: Micro-Evidence from Peri-Urban Districts in Beijing
Authors: Guo Jianxin , Jin Songqing , Chen Lei , Zhao Jichun
Published: October 2018

Information communication technology (ICT) has changed the traditional agricultural extension service mode worldwide. This paper examines the effects of the Rural Distance Education Project (RDEP) on the household income, agricultural productivity, and off-farm employment of farmers in peri-urban areas in Beijing. Using the survey data of 783 randomly selected farm households from 54 villages in three Beijing peri-urban districts in 2014, and the propensity score matching method (PSM), we find that the RDEP has a significant and positive effect on agricultural productivity and input use. Meanwhile, the program’s effects are heterogeneous across districts and households. For example, the RDEP has significant impacts on several outcome indicators, such as agricultural labor productivity (at a 5% level of significance), agricultural land productivity (at a 10% level), and input use intensity (at a 1% level) in Tongzhou (an agriculturally more important district, with a more intensive RDEP usage), but none of these effects is significant in Pinggu district. Furthermore, the RDEP is found to have bigger, and statistically more significant effects, for households with junior high school education than for those with either lower or higher than junior high school education. Furthermore, the RDEP is more effective for households with more assets than those with fewer assets. These results point toward the importance of using a rural distance education program as an effective extension service, and the need to take community and individual characteristics into account in the implementation and design of future programs.
Identifying Risk Indicators of Building Damage Due to Typhoons: Focusing on Cases of South Korea
Authors: Kim Ji-Myong , Son Kiyoung , Yoo Youngmi , Lee Donghoon , Kim Dae Young
Published: October 2018

This study identifies the risk indicators of building damage from typhoons and determines the correlations among this damage, typhoon information, geographic vulnerability, construction environment, and socioeconomic vulnerability. This fundamental research aids the development of a typhoon loss prediction model for building construction projects in South Korea. Extreme weather events have become increasingly prevalent around the world, with subsequent increases in related damages. Early attempts to meet the growing demands for a loss prediction model have been insufficiently comprehensive, and specifically in South Korea, research on risk indicators is needed that considers the geographic, building, and socioeconomic features. This research used the regional typhoon loss records from the annual report of the Ministry of Public Safety and Security (MPSS) to define the dependent variable of building damage. The results and findings of this study will inform the development of a typhoon loss prediction model in South Korea.
Distant Interactions, Power, and Environmental Justice in Protected Area Governance: A Telecoupling Perspective
Authors: Boillat Sébastien , Gerber Jean-David , Oberlack Christoph , Zaehringer Julie , Ifejika Speranza Chinwe , Rist Stephan
Published: October 2018

Equity has become a major concern in efforts to conserve nature. However, in the Global South, inequitable social impacts of conservation usually prevail. We investigate barriers to equitable governance of four protected areas through an innovative approach linking the tri-dimensional framing of environmental justice with the notion of telecoupling. We conceptualize the creation, support, and implementation of protected areas as telecoupling processes that involve flows, actors, and action situations, and assess them based on a set of indicators of procedural justice, distributive justice, and recognition. We perform the analysis for parallel or competing telecoupling processes that affect the areas and we then investigate the scope and reach of resistance actions to attain more equitable outcomes. Identified barriers include dependence of the PAs on transnational financial flows, presence of competing extractive demands, negative narratives on local practices, wilderness and Malthusian framings, authoritarian rule, narrow development options, and socio-cultural discrimination. These combined barriers create multiple forms of exclusion. Resistance actions are likely to succeed when actors can mobilize alliances and resources across distance. We conclude that justice framings can make power relationships in telecouplings more visible, and that considering distant interactions can elucidate causes of (in)equity in conservation.
Reservoirs and Transmission Pathways of Resistant Indicator Bacteria in the Biotope Pig Stable and along the Food Chain: A Review from a One Health Perspective
Authors: Schmithausen Ricarda Maria , Schulze-Geisthoevel Sophia Veronika , Heinemann Céline , Bierbaum Gabriele , Exner Martin , Petersen Brigitte , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia
Published: October 2018

The holistic approach of “One Health” includes the consideration of possible links between animals, humans, and the environment. In this review, an effort was made to highlight knowledge gaps and various factors that contribute to the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between these three reservoirs. Due to the broad scope of this topic, we focused on pig production and selected “indicator bacteria”. In this context, the role of the bacteria livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) and extended spectrum beta-lactamases carrying Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) along the pig production was particularly addressed. Hotspots of their prevalence and transmission are, for example, pig stable air for MRSA, or wastewater and manure for ESBL-E, or even humans as vectors in close contact to pigs (farmers and veterinarians). Thus, this review focuses on the biotope “stable environment” where humans and animals are both affected, but also where the end of the food chain is not neglected. We provide basic background information about antibiotics in livestock, MRSA, and ESBL-bacteria. We further present studies (predominantly European studies) in tabular form regarding the risk potentials for the transmission of resistant bacteria for humans, animals, and meat differentiated according to biotopes. However, we cannot guarantee completeness as this was only intended to give a broad superficial overview. We point out sustainable biotope approaches to try to contribute to policy management as critical assessment points in pig housing conditions, environmental care, animal health, and food product safety and quality as well as consumer acceptance have already been defined.
The Impact of Late Holocene Flood Management on the Central Po Plain (Northern Italy)
Authors: Brandolini Filippo , Cremaschi Mauro
Published: October 2018

Fluvial environments have always played a crucial role in human history. The necessity of fertile land and fresh water for agriculture has led populations to settle in floodplains more frequently than in other environments. Floodplains are complex human–water systems in which the mutual interaction between anthropogenic activities and environment affected the landscape development. In this paper, we analyzed the evolution of the Central Po Plain (Italy) during the Medieval period through a multi-proxy record of geomorphological, archaeological and historical data. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD) coincided with a progressive waterlogging of large floodplain areas. The results obtained by this research shed new light on the consequences that Post-Roman land and water management activities had on landscape evolution. In particular, the exploitation of fluvial sediments through flood management practices had the effect of reclaiming the swamps, but also altered the natural geomorphological development of the area. Even so, the Medieval human activities were more in equilibrium with the natural system than with the later Renaissance large-scale land reclamation works that profoundly modified the landscape turning the wetland environment into the arable land visible today. The analysis of fluvial palaeoenvironments and their relation with past human activities can provide valuable indications for planning more sustainable urbanized alluvial landscapes in future.
Prediction of Life Cycle Carbon Emissions of Sponge City Projects: A Case Study in Shanghai, China
Authors: Lin Xiaohu , Ren Jie , Xu Jingcheng , Zheng Tao , Cheng Wei , Qiao Junlian , Huang Juwen , Li Guangming
Published: October 2018

In recent years, China has been vigorously carrying out the planning and implementation of Sponge City. Since the implementation of Sponge City projects involves substantial materials and energy consumption, it is significant to account corresponding carbon emissions and sinks. The existed studies about carbon emission of stormwater management measures, however, are not able to take the whole life cycle and different facilities into consideration. Therefore, this study develops a comprehensive accounting model based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and life cycle assessment (LCA) method to predict carbon emissions and carbon sinks of Sponge City projects more comprehensively and accurately. The model is applied to an actual residential community in Shanghai as a case study. Results show that the total indirect carbon emission is estimated to be 774,277 kg CO2 eq during a 30-year lifespan, among which carbon emissions from operation and maintenance phases are 2570 kg CO2 eq/year and 7309 kg CO2 eq/year, respectively, both directly proportional to the service life of the facilities. Three kinds of achievable carbon sinks are carbon sequestration in green space (5450 kg CO2 eq/year), carbon sink from rainwater utilization (15,379 kg CO2 eq/year) and carbon sink from runoff pollutant removal (19,552 kg CO2 eq/year). Carbon neutrality is expected to be reached after approximately 19 years. The established carbon emission accounting model can contribute to better planning and construction of Sponge City in China and enhance further energy conservation and carbon emission reduction.
The Effects of Boundary-Spanning Search, Network Ties, and Absorptive Capacity for Innovation: A Moderated Mediation Examination
Authors: Ze Ren , Kun Zhan , Boadu Francis , Yu Liu
Published: October 2018

Innovation is a key driver for organizations to survive and thrive in increasingly hyper-competitive markets. This study investigates the effects of boundary-spanning search on innovation capability. Specifically, it examines the mediating and moderating effects of network ties and absorptive capacity on boundary-spanning search and innovation in Chinese companies. We constructed a theoretical model of an organization’s boundary-spanning search and innovation capability and distributed a survey questionnaire to a sample of specific industries with upstream and downstream relations in Sichuan Province in China for their responses. Results from the study reveal that boundary-spanning search has a positive and significant impact on innovation capability as well as a positive moderating effect on absorptive capacity and innovation capability. This paper shows that enterprises need to continuously focus on exploring networking opportunities in direct and indirect ways to get access to effective flow and diffusion of resources, which in turn can enhance innovation capability.
Optimism Bias Evaluation and Decision-Making Risk Forecast on Bridge Project Cost Based on Reference Class Forecasting: Evidence from China
Authors: Liu Huimin , Jiang Canhui , Liu Yan , Hertogh Marcel , Lyu Xue
Published: October 2018

The high uncertainty of megaproject results in increasing complexity in the decision-making and ultimately leads to different degrees of cost overrun and project delays. One of the critical reasons for cost overrun and delay is the optimism bias of decision makers. Although the previous literature has analyzed the cost overrun distribution of bridges, roads and other infrastructure projects, there is still a lack of research on how to make more reasonable decisions according to the cost overrun risk and cost-benefit theory by considering the expectation of cost overrun. Therefore, this paper firstly measures optimism bias by conducting the field research and interviews regarding over 30 long bridges in China. On the basis of the optimism bias measure, a decision-making risk model of bridge projects with the expectation of cost overrun has been built. Then the paper takes Hangzhou Bay Bridge as an example to discuss the influence of cost overrun predication, implicit benefits and the project’s operation time on NPV results. Moreover, the probability of project unbuildability risk under different degrees of cost optimism bias has also been discussed. Finally, suggestions for risk forecast are provided for decision-makers to make more objective and comprehensive judgments.
Adapting Governance Incentives to Avoid Common Pool Resource Underuse: The Case of Swiss Summer Pastures
Authors: Baur Ivo , Nax Heinrich H.
Published: October 2018

The use of summer pastures in the European Alps provides much evidence against Hardin’s prediction of the tragedy of the commons. For centuries, farmers have kept summer pastures in communal tenure and avoided its overuse with self-designed regulations. During the past decades, however, summer pastures have become less intensely used, which has reduced its agronomic value and the by-production of public goods. However, very little is known about how the various governance incentives affect farmers’ use of summer pasture to result in below-sustainable activity. In this study, we develop an empirically informed game theoretical model of farmers’ land use decisions, which we validate with survey data from a case study in Switzerland. Our results reveal that farmers weigh the benefit of resource use against the costs of maintaining it and that all major sectoral developments, such as increasing livestock endowment, increasing opportunity costs, and decreasing land use intensity on private plots, result in the reduced use of summer pastures. Based on these insights, we suggest adapting the incentive structure at the local and federal governance levels to increase incentives for stocking at the margin. Our study shows how game theory combines with field validation to identify the contextual behavioral drivers in common pool resource dilemmas for informed and improved policy making.
Non-Coding RNAs and Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Plissonnier Marie-Laure , Herzog Katharina , Levrero Massimo , Zeisel Mirjam B.
Published: October 2018

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide health problem and is one of the main causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite recent improvements, effective treatments for HCC are still missing and new tools for early detection are needed. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and key players in human carcinogenesis, including HCC. Aberrant expression of ncRNAs is associated with HCC metastasis, invasion, dissemination, and recurrence. This review will focus on the recent advances in ncRNA expression profiles, their dysregulation in HCV-related HCC, and the clinical perspective of ncRNA signatures for the early detection of HCC.
Challenges and Opportunities Developing Mathematical Models of Shared Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals
Authors: Huyvaert Kathryn P. , Russell Robin E. , Patyk Kelly A. , Craft Meggan E. , Cross Paul C. , Garner M. Graeme , Martin Michael K. , Nol Pauline , Walsh Daniel P.
Published: October 2018

Diseases that affect both wild and domestic animals can be particularly difficult to prevent, predict, mitigate, and control. Such multi-host diseases can have devastating economic impacts on domestic animal producers and can present significant challenges to wildlife populations, particularly for populations of conservation concern. Few mathematical models exist that capture the complexities of these multi-host pathogens, yet the development of such models would allow us to estimate and compare the potential effectiveness of management actions for mitigating or suppressing disease in wildlife and/or livestock host populations. We conducted a workshop in March 2014 to identify the challenges associated with developing models of pathogen transmission across the wildlife-livestock interface. The development of mathematical models of pathogen transmission at this interface is hampered by the difficulties associated with describing the host-pathogen systems, including: (1) the identity of wildlife hosts, their distributions, and movement patterns; (2) the pathogen transmission pathways between wildlife and domestic animals; (3) the effects of the disease and concomitant mitigation efforts on wild and domestic animal populations; and (4) barriers to communication between sectors. To promote the development of mathematical models of transmission at this interface, we recommend further integration of modern quantitative techniques and improvement of communication among wildlife biologists, mathematical modelers, veterinary medicine professionals, producers, and other stakeholders concerned with the consequences of pathogen transmission at this important, yet poorly understood, interface.
Deep Learning with a Long Short-Term Memory Networks Approach for Rainfall-Runoff Simulation
Authors: Hu Caihong , Wu Qiang , Li Hui , Jian Shengqi , Li Nan , Lou Zhengzheng
Published: October 2018

Considering the high random and non-static property of the rainfall-runoff process, lots of models are being developed in order to learn about such a complex phenomenon. Recently, Machine learning techniques such as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and other networks have been extensively used by hydrologists for rainfall-runoff modelling as well as for other fields of hydrology. However, deep learning methods such as the state-of-the-art for LSTM networks are little studied in hydrological sequence time-series predictions. We deployed ANN and LSTM network models for simulating the rainfall-runoff process based on flood events from 1971 to 2013 in Fen River basin monitored through 14 rainfall stations and one hydrologic station in the catchment. The experimental data were from 98 rainfall-runoff events in this period. In between 86 rainfall-runoff events were used as training set, and the rest were used as test set. The results show that the two networks are all suitable for rainfall-runoff models and better than conceptual and physical based models. LSTM models outperform the ANN models with the values of R 2 and N S E beyond 0.9, respectively. Considering different lead time modelling the LSTM model is also more stable than ANN model holding better simulation performance. The special units of forget gate makes LSTM model better simulation and more intelligent than ANN model. In this study, we want to propose new data-driven methods for flood forecasting.
The Role of Moisture Sources and Climatic Teleconnections in Northeastern and South-Central Iran’s Hydro-Climatology
Authors: Heydarizad Mojtaba , Raeisi Ezzat , Sori Rogert , Gimeno Luis , Nieto Raquel
Published: October 2018

Iran faces climate disparities due to extreme topographic anomalies, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf water bodies, influences from diverse air masses and moisture sources, and its considerable area. FLEXPART model has been utilized to determine the main marine and continental moisture sources for south-central (Shiraz box) and northeastern (Mashhad box) parts of Iran. The marine moisture sources directly influenced extreme drought and wet conditions in Shiraz and Mashhad boxes during the wet period, while no correlation was observed during the dry period. In addition to local components, extreme drought and wet conditions have also been influenced by the climatic teleconnections. Extreme drought conditions mainly occurred during the La Niña phase, while wet conditions mainly occurred during the El Niño phase. Scrutinizing the effect of marine moisture sources on the hydrology of water resources demonstrated that the moisture contribution from the Arabian Sea directly influenced the discharges of Chenar-rahdar (in the Shiraz box) and Kardeh (in the Mashhad box) rivers during the wet period. However, the Red Sea inversely correlated with the discharges of both rivers during the dry period. Hydrogeologists, hydrologists, and meteorologists can utilize the outputs of this survey to develop climatology and hydrology models in the future.
Contribution à l'étude de quelques oxydes doubles que forme le tantale avec l'étain, l'uranium et le calcium. Application à la cassitérite et à la bétafite
Authors: Gasperin Madeleine
Published: October 2018

Le dosage par spectrographie X du niobium et du tantale dans les minéraux et plusieurs synthèses ont été appliqués à l'étude de deux espèces minérales :

Les cassitérites pour lesquelles on discute le rôle des trois impuretés principales : fer, niobium et tantale et les bétafites : l'auteur donne l'explication de leur diagramme de recristallisation et émet une hypothèse sur leur origine en liaison avec une étude sur la recristallisation de certains pyrochlores.

D'autre part, six composés nouveaux à base de tantale ont été obtenus au cours de ce travail : l'un d'eux s'apparente à l'oxyde U₃O₈, les autres sont soit du type pyrochlore, soit du type pérovskite et leur formule suggère quelques remarques d'ordre structural.
Nouvelle méthode de différenciation entre calcite et dolomite
Authors: Goñi Juan C.
Published: October 2018

On décrit une méthode nouvelle de différenciation entre la calcite et la dolomite, basée sur le fait que la calcite acquiert une vive fluorescence, lorsqu'elle est attaquée par une solution de sels d'uranium, après avoir été traitée avec une solution de phosphate d'ammonium. On compare ensuite cette méthode avec celle au chromate d'argent.
Transformations expérimentales des sulfures métalliques naturels, étude de leur mécanisme
Authors: Prouvost Jean
Published: October 2018

Dans la nature, les minéraux sulfurés, qui constituent une part importante des minerais métalliques, se présentent fréquemment sous forme d'assemblages visibles au microscope métallographique polarisant et auxquels on donne le nom de microstructure. Leur étude permet de retracer l'histoire des gisements métallifères et suggère la possibilité de remplacement d'un métal par un autre.

Par deux méthodes, chauffage et électrolyse, nous avons cherché à reproduire artificiellement de tels phénomènes. L'observation des résultats expérimentaux a nécessité la mise au point de méthodes d'observations très sensibles, en particulier mesure du pouvoir réflecteur, que nous décrivons. Les résultats présentés conduisent à diverses hypothèses qui sont examinées, le présent travail nous permettant de pencher vers l'idée d'une électrolyse en milieu solide.

Nous montrons enfin que dans la nature rien ne s'oppose à ce que les phénomènes se passent ainsi. Nous retrouvons d'ailleurs dans de grands gisements de cuivre mondiaux des transformations qui sont interprétées comme le résultat d'une élévation de température tandis que des traces d'électrolyse y sont aussi signalées.
Minéralogie d'une phonolite à grenat de l'île de Ua Pou (Marquises, Pacifique central)
Authors: Brousse Robert , Maury René Charles
Published: October 2018

A peralkaline phonolite from Hohoi Bay (Ua Pou Island, Marquesas archipelago) contains : yellow areas of centimetric size resembling the petals of a flower and containing many small Ti-andradite crystals ; microphenocrysts of pseudoleucite or pseudo-analcite, destabilized into sanidine + nepheline + analcite ; phenocrysts of nepheline ; aegirin augite, sanidine, nepheline, sodalite, analcite in the matrix. The compositions of all these phases are established by microprobe analysis. The yellow areas are considered as partially destabilized primary garnets, and their petrogenetic meaning is discussed. The primary nature of the pseudomorphs is also discussed in the light of their composition and of the position of the Ua Pou phonolites in the Residua System diagrams. Though no definitive argument can be proposed, the pseudoleucite hypothesis is tentatively preferred to the pseudo-analcite hypothesis ; the occurrence of (destabilized) leucite in the oceanic alkali basalt series of Ua Pou is therefore possible.
Application de la microscopie électronique à la minéralogie. II. Microscopie électronique à balayage et microanalyse associée par spectrométrie de rayons X dispersive d'énergie
Authors: Jeanrot Pierre , Remond Guy
Published: October 2018

On donne un bref rappel des principales caractéristiques des observations en microscopie d'électrons secondaires et rétrodiffusés traduisant simultanément les variations de topographie et de composition de l'échantillon. Quelques exemples d'examen, en microscopie de cathodoluminescence, sont rappelés et les variations observées sont comparées à celles illustrant la distribution spatiale des impuretés dans quelques minéraux. Une attention plus particulière est portée aux possibilités de l'analyse élémentaire par spectrométrie de rayons X dispersive d'énergie dans les conditions expérimentales et instrumentales du microscope à balayage. Quelques approches rapides d'identification et d'analyses rapides sont décrites et discutées en fonction des approximations faites. Ces approches reposent sur la possibilité d'analyse simultanée de la totalité du spectre d'émission X de l'échantillon. Il est alors possible d'obtenir une valeur relative des intensités des rayonnements sans faire appel à autant de références externes au spectre qu'il y a d'émissions analysées. Quelques exemples d'images numériques illustrent les possibilités d'exploitation quantitative des images de distribution des éléments.
Le métamorphisme progressif des formations d'origine pélitique du flanc sud du massif de l'Agout (Montagne Noire, France). II. Variation de la composition chimique des minéraux
Authors: Demange Michel
Published: October 2018

La composition chimique des minéraux de métamorphisme dépend des paragenèses où ils sont engagés et de l'intensité du métamorphisme. Sur le flanc sud du massif de l'Agout, les minéraux montrent les variations suivantes : à travers la mésozone : décroissance des teneurs en Na dans les micas, en Mn et Ca dans les grenats, en constituants phengitiques dans les phyllites ; les variations en Fe-Mg beaucoup plus complexes sont exposées à la figure 2. Le coefficient de partage Fe-Mg entre biotite et grenat apparaît comme une mesure de l'intensité du métamorphisme.
La phurcalite, Ca2 (UO2)3 (PO4)2 (OH)4 • 4H2O, nouveau minéral
Authors: Deliens Michel , Piret Paul
Published: October 2018

La phurcalite se présente en plaquettes jaunes. La dureté est voisine de 3 ; la densité calculée est de 4,26 g/cm3. Le minéral est biaxe (— ), ng — 1,749, nm = 1,730, nv = 1,690, 2 V = 68°. La phurcalite est orthorhombique avec : a = 17,426 À, b = 16,062 À et c = 13,592 Â, Z = 8. Le groupe spatial est Pbca. Les raies principales du diagramme de poudre sont : 8,05, 020 (100) ; 3,10, 521 et 214 (80) ; 3,09, 502 (80) et 2,878, 522 (70). La formule provenant de l'analyse chimique et de la détermination de la structure est : Ca2 [(UO2)3 (PO4)2 (OH)2] (OH)2 • 4H2O. Le minéral provient du gisement de Bergen an der Trieb, Saxe, R. D. A. Le nom rappelle la composition chimique.
Héritage structural dans les transformations hydrothermales des phyllosilicates
Authors: Kotov N. V. , Frank-Kamenetskii V. A.
Published: October 2018

L'étude des transformations structurales des phyllosilicates dans les conditions hydrothermales a une grande importance pour comprendre le mécanisme de la néoformation des phases qui se rencontrent dans les zones de métamorphisme. Les altérations effectuées en laboratoire montrent l'importance de l'héritage structural. Les caractéristiques des phases néoformées finales et intermédiaires dépendent non seulement du minéralisateur introduit et de la composition du minéral de départ, mais aussi de la structure de ce dernier, cette structure étant héritée par les phases néoformées au cours d'un processus de transformation à l'état solide.
Défauts de croissance produits durant des périodes de dissolution dans des cristaux synthétique et naturel
Authors: Gits Sylvie , Robert Marie-Claire , Zarka Albert
Published: October 2018

Des défauts de croissance dans des monocristaux d'alun de potassium ayant subi une période de dissolution au cours de la croissance ont été examinés par topographie aux rayons X. Ces défauts sont comparés à ceux observés dans un cristal de béryl naturel et des informations concernant la formation de ce cristal naturel sont données.
Déformations naturelles des cristaux de quartz dans un matériau granodioritique mylonitisé (Massif du Néouvielle, Pyrénées françaises)
Authors: Lamouroux Christian
Published: October 2018

In this paper was studied the behaviour of quartz in a polymineral rock (granodiorite from the Neouvielle Massif) under heterogenous strain. We analysed granulometry variation, the development of the preferred orientation of quartz and various intracrystalline deformation features (ondulose extinction deformations bands, deformation lamellae and neograins). Development of these various features is linked to the development of strain in this material.
Structure et géodynamique du manteau supérieur sous le Massif central (France) d'après l'étude des enclaves des basaltes
Authors: Coisy Philippe , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2018

Une cartographie de la déformation plastique dans le manteau sous le Massif central est réalisée par l'étude systématique des structures des lherzolites en enclaves dans 70 gisements volcaniques. L'estimation des quantités de déformation repose sur l'examen des types structuraux, celle des contraintes sur la mesure de la sous-structure de dislocation et des néoblastes. La température d'équilibre de ces enclaves dans le manteau et une estimation de leur profondeur d'origine sont données par un usage également systématique des géothermomètres et baromètres pyroxéniques. Les vitesses de déformation sont déduites de la loi de fluage de l'olivine en introduisant les paramètres (a, T, P) estimés par ailleurs. L'âge minimum du mouvement plastique est dérivé de l'âge du volcanisme ayant emprunté au manteau l'enclave considérée.

On propose un modèle de montée diapirique du manteau. Le diapir est circonscrit à l'intérieur de la zone à croûte amincie mise en évidence par Perrier et Ruegg (1973). L'ascension serait au minimum de 5 à 10 km ; elle fut initiée il y a 5 Ma et son mécanisme serait, pour une bonne part, dû à un cisaillement localisé le long des parois dans une zone dont l'épaisseur pourrait être de l'ordre du kilomètre.