bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: New Directions in Policy History
Authors: Zelizer Julian E.
Published: May 2005

The state of policy history is good. This is a dramatic change from only four years ago, when I started an article in this very journal about the evolution of policy history by asserting: “The future of policy history remains unclear.” At the time, my statement reflected the sentiment shared by many fellow policy historians who did not feel that professional opportunities had fully caught up with the intellectual vitality of the subfield.
Accounting for the Self: Preliminary Generic-Historical Reflections on Early Modern Jewish Egodocuments
Authors: Chajes Jeffrey Howard
Published: May 2005

"Accounting for the Self" is a first attempt to discuss the ways in which Jews wrote about themselves before the modern period, i.e., before the influence of Rousseau gave rise to modern autobiographical writing among Jews. What did late medieval and early modern Jews think they were doing when they wrote about themselves? What generic forms were at their disposal and how did these forms lend themselves to different sorts of self-expression? As the terms "autobiography" or even "diary" were not yet in use, by what emic terms did pre-modern Jews refer to the egodocuments that they produced? One particular form of documentation, the pinkas or ledger-book used by individuals to track their personal finances and to enter memoranda seems also to have been deployed for what might be termed "religious self-chronicling" with increasing frequency in the early modern period, indicating perhaps a new attention to the significance and disciplining of the religious life of individuals.
How Not to (Re)Write World History: Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America
Authors: Finlay Robert
Published: May 2005

In 1421:The Year China Discovered America, Gavin Menzies claims that several Chinese fleets sailed around the world, charting sea coasts, founding colonies, and creating a global maritime empire. Moreover, he argues that these Chinese exploits shaped European map making, thereby inspiring Portuguese overseas discoveries and the rise of the West. The author's attempt to rewrite world history, however, is based on a hodgepodge of circular reasoning, bizarre speculation, distorted sources, and slapdash research. In reality, the voyages described did not take place, Chinese exploration did not influence European cartography, and there is no evidence of the Chinese fleets in the Americas.
Global Feminism and Postwar Reconstruction: The World YWCA Visitation to Occupied Japan, 1947
Authors: Garner Karen
Published: May 2005

This analysis of the World Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) as a leader among international women's organizations that sought to expand political roles for women in post-World War II reconstruction projects focuses on a delegation ofWestern women who visited Japan when it was occupied by the Allied Powers under the Supreme Command of the Allied Powers (SCAP) of General Douglas MacArthur in 1947. It examines the World YWCA organization and its long-running goals to promote the linked values of"Christian internationalism, civilization, and women's liberation" through women's participation in international politics and governance, as well as its shorter-term objectives to reconcile Chinese and Japanese YWCA women in the wake of World War II animosities, and contrasts their efforts with the postwar agenda for Japanese women's "liberation" as defined by SCAP occupation forces.
Appropriating a Continent: Geographical Categories, Scientific Metaphors, and the Construction of Nationalism in British North America and Mexico
Authors: Drake James David
Published: May 2005

On the eve of the American Revolution, Anglo-Americans had developed a conception of themselves as a continental society. This self-conception seems illogical by modern standards. After all, these colonists occupied only a narrow strip of land along the coast, a much smaller portion of America than New Spain. Nevertheless, the assumption of continental status helped unite Anglo-Americans in their struggle with Britain. They dealt with British tyranny by developing Continental Associations, a Continental Congress, and a Continental Army. This essay argues that the continental metaphor had its roots in an array of scientific theories and trends with origins on both sides of the Atlantic. It also argues that Anglo-Americans engaged these theories and trends as they did because of their unique social context and historical development. In a final section comparing the science of Thomas Jefferson with that of the protonationalist Mexican Francisco Clavigero, this essay shows how the historical memory of the two affected both scientific and political discourse. The result was that continents took on much greater importance in mainland British North America than in Mexico. In Anglo-America, scientific beliefs drew sustenance from history and fueled a sense of destiny.
Location in History: Argentina and South Africa in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Curtin Philip D
Published: May 2005

This essay points to residential location as an important source of group interest, alongside
the more familiar factors of race, class, and gender. This group interest is especially
strong among people living in or dependent upon a particular city. This phenomenon
is illustrated here through a variant of central-place theory applied to the history of
South Africa and the Argentine pampa from the mid-eighteenth to the late nineteenth
century, with particular attention to the play of rivalries between cities and conflict
between cities and their hinterlands.
Rethinking the Ottoman "Decline": Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Grant Jonathan A.
Published: May 2005

In the context of military technological developments in eastern Europe, the notion
of an Ottoman decline needs to be called into question. In this essay Keith Krause's
model for the spread of military technology as a diffusion wave that settles into a
three-tiered hierarchy of military producers is used to measure the Ottomans' capabilities
in manufacturing their own weaponry and naval systems. When placed on this
scale, the Ottomans started out as a third-tier producer in the fifteenth century and
remained so throughout the period. Thus, the Ottomans did not decline on the military
industrial scale.
From the World-Systems Perspective to Institutional World History: Culture and Economy in Global Theory
Authors: Benton Lauren A
Published: May 2005

Sympathetic critics of the world-systems perspective have emphasized the power of local conflict and culture to shape global structures. The critique has nevertheless left the main features of the global structural model intact. Two alternative approaches— institutional analysis and postcolonial cultural theory—offer important insights into how we might push the critique further. These alternative approaches, however, en-counter some similar theoretical problems: in particular, persistent analytical splits between global and local forces and between culture and economy. Analysis of these problems leads to an outline and discussion of a fourth approach: institutional world history.
Pseudo-Conversions and Patchwork Pedigrees: The Christianization of Muslim Princes and the Diplomacy of Holy War
Authors: Knobler Adam
Published: May 2005

A common theme in medieval and early modern Western literary responses to the Muslim world has been the assumption that Muslim rulers who appeared willing to enter into political alliance with the West, particularly in a crusading context, must somehow be secretly Christian, either through pedigree or through conversion. Stories of these genealogies and conversions often served to explain Christian-Muslim diplomacy to a broader public readership at a time when Islam was portrayed as the enemy of Christendom, but they were rarely if ever based on historical evidence or direct contact with the rulers in question.
The Pacific Age in World History
Authors: Korhonen Pekka
Published: May 2005

The idea of the world's economic, political, and cultural center moving from Europe to the Pacific region is already more than 100 years old. The term Pacific Age was coined in Japan in 1892, and around the turn of the century the idea was discussed in the United States and Australia. During the 1920s it became a catchword among Pacific liberal intellectuals, but the gloom of the 1930s ended the vision. In 1967 the idea reappeared in connection with the emerging Pacific integration process, and rapid economic development in east Asia has kept the optimistic vision alive since then.
Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands
Authors: Baud Michiel , Schendel Willem van
Published: May 2005

The historical study of borderlands has been unduly restricted by an emphasis on the legal, political, and geographical aspects of borders and by a state-centered approach. Too often, the question has been how states have dealt with their borderlands rather than how borderlands have dealt with their states—culturally, economically, and politically. This article outlines a comparative approach to the social dynamics (struggles, adaptations, and cross-border alliances) in regions bisected by borders, and it argues that borderland studies provide an indispensable corrective to historical narratives that accept the territoriality to which all modern states lay claim.
Remaking the Land: The Acclimatization Movement and Anglo Ideas of Nature
Authors: Dunlap Thomas R.
Published: May 2005

An enthusiasm for introducing animals and birds that could be hunted or that re-minded settlers of home swept over the Anglo settler colonies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century. The movement was much stronger in Australia and New Zealand than in Canada or the United States, for both biological and social reasons. It represented a generation's ideas about nature and the relationship of human beings to nature—ideas deeply rooted in Western culture. We have inherited the landscapes that they shaped and their ideas as well, though today we express them in very different form.
The Pilgrim Art: The Culture of Porcelain in World History
Authors: Finlay Robert
Published: May 2005

For more than a millennium Chinese porcelain was the most universally admired and
most widely imitated product in the world. It conveyed Chinese culture across vast distances,
penetrated societies in manifold ways, and reshaped ceramic traditions throughout
the Afro-Eurasian ecumene. As the principal material vehicle for the assimilation
and transmission of artistic themes and designs, porcelain provides the first and most
extensive material evidence for sustained cultural encounter on a worldwide scale, perhaps
even for intimations of truly global culture.
Europeans in Black Africa
Authors: Ranger T. O. (Terence O.)
Published: May 2005

It is difficult to separate the idea of Europeans in Africa from that of colonialism in
Africa. This conflation was a feature of the older imperial history, and it also characterizes
more recent schools, such as colonial discourse historiography. Nevertheless,
there were Europeans in Africa before colonization; many Europeans related to Africans
in informal ways even under colonialism; and there have been many thousands of Europeans
in Africa since the end of colonial rule. This article is an attempt to find ways of
writing a history of whites in Africa that is not also a history of colonialism.
The Link That Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571-1815
Authors: Bjork Katharine
Published: May 2005

World systems analyses of early modern trade have tended to relegate Latin America to a passive and peripheral role: producing the silver that fueled the growing trade between Asia and Europe. This article takes another look at the importance of silver in Pacific commercial networks linking Asia with the Americas, arguing that the interests of Mexican officials and merchants played a crucial role in sustaining the Philippines as Spain's only colony in Asia.
Koryo as an Independent Realm: The Emperor's Clothes?
Authors: Breuker Remco E
Published: May 2005

This article examines the status of the mid-Koryŏ polity as an independent realm. Often
ideological extremes are contrasted with one another, and one or the other is seen as
representing Koryŏ's deÃning quality, but this article argues the necessity of examining
Koryŏ from a pluralist point of view. Koryŏ's pluralist ideology is reÃected in the
way it looked at itself and its neighbors and in its policies. In order to clarify middle
Koryŏ's status as an independent realm, issues closely connected to Koryŏ identity, such
as the clothes of the ruler, state rituals, foreign policies, and ruling ideologies, are
scrutinized.
Prince Misahun: Silla's Hostage to Wa from the Late Fourth Century
Authors: Allen Chizuko T
Published: May 2005

Three of the oldest extant chronicles of Korea and Japan, the Samguk sagi, the Samguk
yusa, and the Nihon shoki, recount the story of the Silla prince Misahŭn's escape from
extended captivity in Wa. Regarding Wa as the early Yamato confederacy based in western.
Japan, this article clarifies the chronology and characteristics of the Misahŭn incident
in reference to the series of related events described by the inscription on the Koguryŏ
king Kwanggaet'o's stele. Between 391 and 399, Silla succumbed to Wa's military attacks
and sent Misahŭn to Wa as a means of appeasement. Silla, however, soon chose
to return to Koguryŏ's sphere of inÃuence to ward off further Wa assaults. After Koguryŏ
annihilated the Wa forces, Silla managed to retrieve the prince from Wa with a clever
scheme. Unlike Paekche's reciprocal relationship with Wa, Silla's relationship with Wa
was unilateral, based on the latter's incessant demands.
Explaining final obstruent voicing in Lezgian: Phonetics and history
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: May 2005

Abstract:
In Lezgian, a Nakh-Daghestanian language, final and preconsonantal ejectives and voiceless unaspirated obstruents are voiced in certain monosyllabic nouns. This article offers acoustic evidence confirming that the two coda-voicing series are indeed voiced in final position. Based on comparative evidence, it is demonstrated that this phonetically aberrant neutralization pattern is the result of a series of phonetically natural sound changes. Such ‘crazy rules’ () undermine any direct phonetic licensing approach to phonology, such as licensing by cue ().
Interrogative Constructions in Signed Languages: Crosslinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Zeshan Ulrike
Published: May 2005

This article reports on results from a broad crosslinguistic study based on data from thirty-five
signed languages around the world. The study is the first of its kind, and the typological generalizations
presented here cover the domain of interrogative structures as they appear across a wide
range of geographically and genetically distinct signed languages. Manual and nonmanual ways
of marking basic types of questions in signed languages are investigated. As a result, it becomes
clear that the range of crosslinguistic variation is extensive for some subparameters, such as the
structure of question-word paradigms, while other parameters, such as the use of nonmanual
expressions in questions, show more similarities across signed languages. Finally, it is instructive
to compare the findings from signed language typology to relevant data from spoken languages
at a more abstract, crossmodality level.
A Typology of Consonant Agreement as Correspondence
Authors: Rose Sharon , Walker Rachel
Published: May 2005

This article presents a typology of consonant harmony or LONG DISTANCE CONSONANT AGREEMENT
that is analyzed as arisingthroug h correspondence relations between consonants rather than feature
spreading. The model covers a range of agreement patterns (nasal, laryngeal, liquid, coronal,
dorsal) and offers several advantages. Similarity of agreeing consonants is central to the typology
and is incorporated directly into the constraints drivingcorrespondence. Agreement by correspondence
without feature spreadingcaptures the neutrality of interveningseg ments, which neither
block nor undergo. Case studies of laryngeal agreement and nasal agreement are presented, demonstratingthe
modelÕs capacity to capture varyingdeg rees of similarity crosslinguistically.
Knowledge of Grammar, Knowledge of Usage: Syntactic Probabilities Affect Pronunciation Variation
Authors: Gahl Susanne , Garnsey Susan Marie
Published: May 2005

Frequent words tend to shorten (see e.g. Schuchardt 1885, Hooper 1976), as do words that have a high probability of occurrence given a neighboring word (Jurafsky et al. 2001). This tendency has been cited in support of the claim that probabilities are an inherent part of grammar, and of syntax in particular. There is widespread consensus, however, that the syntax of natural languages cannot be captured in terms of item-to-item transitions (Chomsky 1957). Therefore, unless one considers probabilities of syntactic structures, rather than particular combinations of neighboring words, pronunciation variation cannot be said to reflect probabilistic effects in syntax. In this article, we report a case of pronunciation variation that reflects contextual probabilities of syntactic structures. The relevant probabilities are based on the probability of a given syntactic structure, given a particular verb. We showthat these probabilities affect American English /t,d/- deletion, as well as the durations of words and phrases. Our results are consistent with the notion that knowledge of grammar includes knowledge of probabilities of syntactic structures, and that this knowledge affects language production.
The Woman, the Gypsies, and England: Harriet Smith's National Role
Authors: Kramp Michael
Published: May 2005

Austen's Emma captures a culture in transition; Highbury may be a content society based upon traditional civic power structures, but it is also a community experiencing definite uncertainty as England becomes a modern state. Critics of Emma have traditionally viewed Harriet Smith as a mechanism for the heroine's growth and development, but Austen also presents the anonymous parlor boarder as an integral component of Highbury's growth. The novelist emphasizes the great concern of Knightley and Emma, Highbury's civic leaders, for Harriet; indeed, the narrative traces the efforts of Knightley and Emma to secure Harriet's position in England's shifting society. Austen highlights Harriet's significance to the nation following her encounter with a band of gypsies. This scene allows the novelist to place Harriet, an anonymous fair-skinned, blue-eyed young woman, in direct contact with the gypsies, whom English culture understands as the quintessential dark-skinned outsiders. In the chapters following this event, Emma and Knightley work to re-integrate Harriet into traditional English society; Knightley carefully instructs her in the ancestral agrarian culture of Donwell Abbey, and Emma arranges for Harriet to visit the nation's capital. Harriet eventually accepts a stable position in the England's national community and assumes an important role as the future reproducer of the nation's population.
Contextualizing Bridget Jones
Authors: Marsh Kelly A
Published: May 2005

Helen Fielding has been praised for the authentic narrative voice in Bridget Jones's Diary and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, but critics argue that the novels are anti-feminist because of Bridget's failure to remake herself and to control her life and her narrative. This argument rests on questionable premises: that the self can be remade, and that control is achievable. Bridget interrogates these assumptions, which she identifies as particularly American, recalls Jane Austen, who treats self-improvement ironically, and ultimately rejects the American dream of a perfected self and embraces the Blair-era British communitarianism that facilitates her success and the success of her narrative. Bridget's voice is authentic because it insists that the experience of being out of control and being forced into mutually dependent relationships is unavoidable. Fielding's preoccupation with these issues is echoed in the work of contemporary British novelists A. S. Byatt and Anita Brookner.
The Politics of Re-homing: Asian Diaspora Poetry in Canada
Authors: Zhang Benzi
Published: May 2005

This article examines the changing nature and meanings of home in diaspora, and discusses the complicated re-homing process among various cultural locations. Asian diaspora poetry in Canada represents a paradoxical feeling of both home-sickness and home-crisis, for the movement between multiple locations of cultures suggests a co-belonging dialogue which, by situating diasporans simultaneously inside and outside of a culture, intensifies both the desirability and the impossibility of a given home-place. In modern diaspora, to re-home is not to go home but to undergo a constructive process in which different cultural passages are convoluted to produce new senses of (in)dwelling around the "axis of a mobility."
Horror Film and the Historical Uncanny: The New Germany in Stefan Ruzowitzky's Anatomie
Authors: Hantke Steffen
Published: May 2005

Stefan Ruzowitzky's recent horror film Anatomie explores the fictional premise that underneath the democratic surface of contemporary Germany, and within its technocratic elites, traces of the country's fascist past still linger. However, Anatomie mobilizes this version of the historical uncanny only insofar as the film is marketed to an audience in the global marketplace, predominantly in the U. S. While the film plays to this audience's anxieties stemming from Germany's unsurmounted Nazi past, it articulates anxieties for its German audience that are specific to contemporary processes of socioeconomic restructuring and generational change. Central to these anxieties are the backlash against 1960s oppositional politics and its perceived mainstreaming, and the destabilization of social equality and middle-class prerogatives as a result of market deregulation.
Jerzy Kosinski's Being There, Novel and Film: Changes Not by Chance
Authors: Lazar Mary
Published: May 2005

Born to Jewish parents in Poland in 1933, Jerzy Kosinski survived the Holocaust and eventually succeeded as an American writer. Highly intelligent and trained to dissimulate, he saw strength rather than weakness in the revision of his works. One example of this artistic elasticity involves the novel Being There (1970) and the script he wrote for an award-winning film which appeared in 1979. Unlike most cinematic adaptations, Being There allows us to judge the writer's reconception of his own work for a different genre, or as Kosinski said, to "adapt [his] old wife to become a mistress." Although both pieces are consistent in tone, three thematic shifts reveal Kosinski's evolving attitude toward American culture: racial tensions receive more attention than Cold War politics; a minor character, Benjamin Rand, gains importance as a symbol of American capitalism, and the revised ending implies that the Fool may actually be a saint. Although both works deride the influence of television and the videot culture it promotes, the film provokes a deeper analysis and is artistically the stronger piece. Nonetheless, thematic differences do not culminate in certainty. Truth, which Kosinski once defined as, "the temporary resolution of various contradictions," remains elusive.
"Raising the Stigma": Black Womanhood and the Marked Body in Pauline Hopkins's Contending Forces
Authors: Putzi Jennifer
Published: May 2005

This article analyzes the marked black female body in Pauline Hopkins's Contending Forces (1900) using Hortense Spiller's claim that physical violence and sexual violence were crucial to the experience of the female slave. While most critics have focused on Hopkins's attention to rape in this novel, the use of the marked body indicates that Hopkins paid attention to physical violence as well, arguing ultimately that both play a role in the formation of black women's subjectivity. In doing so, she radically critiques and revises the portrayal of black women in abolitionist fiction, making embodiment, rather than transcendence of the body, key to African American survival. Ultimately, by using the rhetoric of Christianity, Hopkins transforms her heroine, Sappho Clark, into a magnificent female Christ-figure who bridges the corporeal and the spiritual, rather than transcending one for the other.
Sex Isn't Everything (But It Can be Anything): The Symbolic Function of Extremity in Modernism
Authors: Wexler Joyce Piell
Published: May 2005

The extremity in modernism signals indeterminate symbolic meanings. Now that the explicit sex and other forms of extremity that modernists used are no longer shocking, however, their symbolic function must be reconstructed. As Foucault, Freud, and Kandinsky argue, transgressive symbols evoke the immanence of non-empirical experience in empirical reality. Thus modernist extremity provides secular alternatives to materialism by symbolizing non-empirical experience that is not supernatural, not subjective, and not grounded in a particular belief. D. H. Lawrence's use of sex illustrates the symbolic indeterminacy of extremity. Although some critics argue that he regards sex as a new religion, Lawrence does not grant sex the stability of a creed or the efficacy of a ritual. In The Rainbow sex is an indeterminate symbol that accumulates contradictory meanings ranging from transcendence to degradation. By daring to write about the unspeakable, Lawrence and other modernists also represent the unsayable.
"Remember Wounded Knee": AIM's Use of Metonymy in 21st Century Protest
Authors: Rich Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

'Remember Wounded Knee': AIM's Use of Metonymy in 21st Century Protest" examines the American Indian Movement's call to remember the 1890 Big Foot massacre as a rhetorical move that produces a complex, multilayered palimpsest, as various incarnations of the words Wounded Knee function to define the course of protest for the American Indian Movement. Homi Bhabha's theory of metonymy playing an important role in "the social articulation of difference from the minority perspective" is especially useful for exploring how chance and contingency work in understanding American Indian history. Using as its primary source a collection of AIM's early 1970 documents, which are now available on the World Wide Web, along with the contemporary articulation of the American Indian Movement's purpose, this article traces the meaning of Wounded Knee as a pan-tribal generation of American Indian people attempt to recover an indigenous past while putting that past to work, defining the future.
"No more yielding than a dream": The Construction of Shakespeare in The Sandman
Authors: Castaldo Annalisa
Published: May 2005

Because Shakespeare does not fulfill the stereotype of the tortured genius, creating art out of suffering, there has been a tendency to mythologize his life, despite documentary evidence of its calmness. Neil Gaiman's award winning comic, The Sandman, links Shakespeare to the protagonist, Dream, the anthropomorphic essence of the unconscious mind. Dream gives Shakespeare the ability to channel "the great stories" so that they will be remembered throughout the age of man. But Shakespeare discovers that this dream separates him from his life, so that only the work is real. In this way he mirrors Dream, who guides the dreams of every living thing, but does not allow himself any. In the final issue, Dream returns to Shakespeare just as the latter finishes The Tempest, a play about a king who gives up his throne, a play written specifically for Dream, who believes he can never leave his island.
The Bard of Enron: From Shakespace to Noir Humanism
Authors: Hedrick Donald Keith
Published: May 2005

The recent surge of popular appropriations of Shakespeare's works for managerial workshops and book-length manuals for the business world foreshadows complex changes in the Bourdieuian "literary field." Analysis of several manuals reveals a trajectory of sophistication in using Shakespeare, paralleling Nietzsche's categories for uses of history. "Inspirational" manuals merely offer "universal" nuggets of conventional wisdom, on "Estate Managing" or "PR." "Professional managerial" manuals go further in literary-style analysis of characters and scenes, praising Petruchio or Claudius for a virtual war against workers and decisive downsizing as the greatest talent. A third kind of manual, one co-written by a CEO and a Shakespeare theater's artistic director, periodically enters "Shakespace," a place for the "transversal" movement of business subjectivity going outside itself. This manual verges on self-critique, acknowledging the increasing ruthlessness and corruption we know from contemporary corporate scandal, fearing corporate "Hamlets" most as potential revenger-terrorists, in effect questioning the morality of the entire corporate enterprise, explicitly described as anti-democratic. A newly implied, paradoxical role for the literary humanist in late capitalism is the complicit investigator, a film noir detective, perhaps fascinated by and even benefiting from and the commercial/criminal sphere under investigation, as Shakespeare becomes Los Angeles.
The Propaganda Imperative: Challenging Mass Media Representations in McKellen's Richard III
Authors: Johnson Jared
Published: May 2005

In 1995, director Richard Loncraine and actor Ian McKellen collaborated on a project to bring, like Laurence Olivier and others before them, Shakespeare's Richard III to film. In my analysis of McKellen's Richard III, I understand the film both as a continuance of and a reaction to Olivier's Shakespearean film tradition. In contrast to Olivier's stylized, theatrical film, McKellen abandons the Baroque aestheticism that elevated the film to the realm of "high culture." Instead, he assigns Shakespeare to a specific, though anachronistic, time period and appropriates one of the play's major themes—Richard's manipulation of the masses—to fit with a twentieth century recasting of the play, thus testing Shakespeare's timelessness. Furthermore, McKellen uses Shakespeare's play to comment on modern-day mass media's influence on contemporary culture. However, at the same time that McKellen issues a warning about the dangers of mass media in the hands of a tyrant, he subtly manipulates the viewer by taking advantage of the very media forms that he critiques, creating witty yet biting irony.
A Speck of Coal Dust: Vladimir Nabokov's Pnin and the Possibility of Translation
Authors: Casmier Stephen
Published: May 2005

Pnin foregrounds the agonies of translation through a thematic treatment of pain, which is the white noise of the novel, a constant pulse throbbing in the background. The ideas of Wittgenstein and Elaine Scarry suggest that pain is fundamentally resistant to language; Pnin, which invokes both personal and historical suffering, stages a critical response to contemporary theories of translation that have attempted to transform human "suffering" into an "inhuman" linguistic phenomenon. Through the novel's cavalier play with ontological and epistemological boundaries—recreating author as character while invoking physical suffering and the immutable tragedy of the Holocaust—Nabokov creates a character who also "leaves his creator's desk," despite attempts by the narrative to translate, limit, ridicule, and appropriate him. This discussion presents a response to recent questions regarding the role of suffering in Nabokov's work raised by Zoran Kuzmanovich and Elena Sommers.
Who's Who in the Sublimelight: "Suave John Ray" and Lolita's "Secret Points"
Authors: Ferger George
Published: May 2005

Dismissed by critics as unimportant, John Ray, Jr. emerges as a diabolical conspirator, appropriating Humbert's memoir for his own purposes. Nabokov's sly guidance in the afterword to Lolita directs the reader to ten focal images, "the subliminal co-ordinates by which the book is plotted," "secret points" strewn with covert clues to a surprising subtext. After resurrecting Quilty, Ray, as "surgeon of genius," operates on Humbert's language, thoughts, and fate. Humbert's theft of Lolita's body and life is thus mirrored by Ray's exploitation of Humbert. "Obscure indications," among them echoes of the Foreword, spectral "fingerprints," uncorrected solecisms such as Humbert's confused calendar, and "shadowgraphs" crediting Ray's contributions, taken together with Nabokov's teasing hints in interviews and repeated taunts in the novel urging close inspection of the text, lead the reader to the unmasking of Ray and the exposure of Humbert, once and for all, as false artist and insincere penitent.
Pariade: poesie et prose chez Rimbaud
Authors: Decarie David
Published: May 2005

This article studies the way in which Rimbaud's work is torn between important antinomies: fiction and reality, poetry and prose. In Rimbaud's first prose and poetry, antinomies are hybridized: reality and fiction meet, and poetry - well before Rimbaud gives up versification - becomes impregnated by prose. Une Saison en enfer establishes a kind of equilibrium: fighting a relentless war, reality and fiction, poetry and prose undergo �fission�, a word which renders well the release of a large amount of energy generated by the division and opposition of antinomies. The word also stresses the dynamic that opposes Une Saison and Illuminations which will succeed in establishing a fusion of antinomies. (in French) (DD)
Le "Portrait parlant" de Jean-Baptiste Belley
Authors: Bocquillon Michele
Published: May 2005

This essay focuses on the "construction" of masculinity in two of Anne-Louis Girodet's paintings: Portrait de Jean-Baptiste Belley (1797) and Portrait de Chateaubriand (1811). While the representation of Chateaubriand draws simply on an idealist classical model, which has never been challenged (indeed, at the time, Winckelmann's writings on the "beau id�al" were very influential), the realist representation of Belley allows the visibility of what was then the "irrepr�sentable." I argue that this is not a mere fixation on the sexuality of the black man, but rather a subtly representation of an unconscious "beau id�al," which could only appear/materialize via transgression of the classical model and transference on the exotic Other. (in French MB)
Prosper Merimee and the Subversive "Historical" Short Story
Authors: Cropper Corry
Published: May 2005

In December, 1829, M�rim�e wrote to Mme R�camier: "Etranger toute ma vie � la politique, dans mes liveres j'ai montr� (et peut �tre trop cr�ment) mon opinion. J'ai pens� que sous l'administration actuelle, accepter des fonctions quelque peu importantes qu'elles soient, serait n'�tre pas d'accord avec moi-m�me" (Correspondance g�n�rale1: 51). In his novel and short stories published in 1829, M�rim�e allegorically shows his political opinion and works to un-dermine the "administration actuelle," that is, the Restoration government of Charls x. He questions the regime's representation of history and reminds readers of the Revolution and its effects. Instead of literature written by a bureaucrat faithful to the ruling establishment, M�rim�e's fiction may be seen as an outlet for his frequent disgust with these regimes, as signs of his resistance to order, and as attacks targeting the dominant historical discourse of the nineteenth century.
Jouissance des vierges: La topique de la virginite dans deux romans de Marcelle Tinayre
Authors: Grenaudier-Klijn France
Published: May 2005

In both Avant l'amour (1897) and Hell� (1899), Marcelle Tinayre (1872-1948) investigates the discursive, narrative, and ideological extrapolations offered by female virginity. In both cases, virginity allows a discourse of opposition to normative patriarchal preconceptions, and a discourse of repossession of female sensuality, freedom and independence to emerge. Thus apprehended, the preserved hymen symbolizes the temporal, spatial, physical, and ideological threshold where the heroines stand. (in French FG-K)
The Legacy of a One-woman Show: A Performance History of Julie Candeille's Catherine, ou la belle fermiere
Authors: Letzter Jacqueline , Adelson Robert
Published: May 2005

Recent research has demonstrated that a central feature of many women's operatic creations from late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century France was a marked autobiographical element. Although this autobiographical style resulted in numerous box-office successes, it also limited the lifespan of these successes because it linked the works too closely with their authors. This article will discuss a work that appears to be an exception to this rule: Julie Candeille's Catherine, ou la belle fermi�re, a musical comedy that became the longest-running operatic work by a woman in history, playing virtually uninterruptedly between 1792 and 1839. In fact, the work and the title role remained intimately connected to the person of Candeille, who could never rid herself of the curiosity engendered by the public image she had earlier created for herself. (JL and RA)
Baudelaire's Canine Allegories: "Le Chien et le flacon" and "Les Bons Chiens"
Authors: Scott Maria C.
Published: May 2005

This piece argues that Baudelaire's two dog-centered prose poems covertly invite an allegorical reading of his collection. After briefly outlining the poet's understanding of allegory, it identifies, in both "Le Chien et le flacon" and "Les Bons Chiens," a network of allusions to Rabelais's Gargantua prologue and to Cynic philosophy. The hypothesis that these allusions point to the presence of hidden, ironic allegories in Le Spleen de Paris is then contextualized by reference to Baudelaire's interest in duplicitousness, to current criticism of the collec-tion, and to the poet's association of allegory and anamorphosis. (MS)
Givenness as a Ranking Criterion in Centering Theory: Evidence from Yapese
Authors: Ballantyne Keira Gebbie
Published: May 2005

Centering Theory ranks the discourse entities in a particular utterance based
on the likelihood that they will persist as centers of attention. Early versions
used grammatical relation as the criterion to rank discourse entities in
English, with some success. One study found givenness to be a more
efficient strategy in German. This study compares three possible strategies
that listeners might be using to rank the salience of discourse entities in
Yapese, an Oceanic language of Micronesia: grammatical relation, linear
order, and degree of givenness. It is found that information status, or the
degree of givenness of a particular discourse entity, is the most efficient ranking
criterion in this language, one that is fairly rigid in word order and lacks
case-manipulation techniques, so that speakers have limited ability to change
the grammatical relation of a particular discourse entity.
NP Versus DP Reflexives: Evidence from Malagasy
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: May 2005

This article examines the Malagasy anaphor tena 'body. It is shown that this anaphor is a bare noun (NP) and therefore has a highly restricted distribution. Tena is then contrasted with another anaphor-like element, ny tenany 'her/his body'. It is argued that ny tenany is not an anaphor, per se, but a complex nominal (DP) with a possessive pronoun that need not be bound.
*t to k: An Austronesian Sound Change Revisited
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: May 2005

Although the change of *t to k in Hawaiian has been known and commented on for over 150 years, the widespread driftlike character of this development within Austronesian as a whole has generally gone unappreciated. This paper examines 20 historically independent instances of a *t > k change in at least 43 languages. Twelve of these changes are confined to Oceanic languages, seven to languages of eastern Indonesia, and one to western Indonesia. Almost without exception, the change *t > k has followed the loss of *k. In four languages *t > k took place only word-finally, and in two others it appears to be dissimilatory. Both structural and perceptual motivations for the change are considered, and it is concluded that *t > k usually begins as free variation within an enlarged phonological space created by the loss of *k. A few instances are difficult to reconcile with this explanation, and continue to present a challenge to linguistic theory.
The Phonetics Of Paici Vowels
Authors: Gordon Matthew J , Maddieson Ian
Published: May 2005

This paper presents results of a phonetic study of the vowel system of Paicî, an Austronesian language of central New Caledonia. The Paicî vowel system is of phonetic interest for both its three-way lexical tone contrast, rare among Austronesian languages, and its relatively large inventory of both oral and nasalized vowels. The large number of nasalized vowels is rare not only from an Austronesian perspective, but also is typologically atypical throughout the world. This paper focuses on the analysis of qualitative aspects of both the oral and nasalized vowels of Paicî. It is shown that vowel qualities posited in previous research on Paicî are phonetically differentiated, with the contrast between certain nasalized vowels being more subtle than the contrast involving their oral counterparts. In addition, the phonetic realization of the three tones of Paicî is discussed.
The Efate-Erromango Problem in Vanuatu Subgrouping
Authors: Lynch John
Published: May 2005

While the languages of Erromango clearly belong to the Southern Vanuatu family, and the languages of Efate also clearly belong to the Central Vanuatu subgroup, there are quite a few nonlexical innovations shared by just these languages and none of their close relatives (and, remarkably, apparently very little evidence of lexical sharing). This paper investigates these innovations, and proposes a settlement pattern for central and southern Vanuatu that explains these changes while still recognizing the distinct identity of the two subgroups.
Linguists, Literacy, and the Law of Unintended Consequences
Authors: Rehg Kenneth L.
Published: May 2005

In 1970, the Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute of the University of Hawai'i launched a fourteen-year effort designed to document and support the languages of Micronesia. The first goal of this undertaking was to prepare grammars and dictionaries of these languages, the second was to train Micronesian educators in the principles and practices of bilingual education, and the third was to develop vernacular materials for use in Micronesian schools. This paper assesses the consequences of those endeavors, both intended and unintended. In particular, it focuses upon the concept of "standard orthography" and how that notion, in Micronesia and elsewhere, has sometimes impeded the development of vernacular language literacy. More contentiously, it considers the possibility that the conventional goals of vernacular literacy programs might, in some circumstances, be counter-productive; that is, rather than enhancing linguistic vitality, they might, in fact, diminish it.
Water Resource Planning in the Yakima River Basin: Development vs. Sustainability
Authors: Kent Christopher A
Published: May 2005

Water resource management in the agriculturally rich Yakima River Basin is at a crossroads. The vast majority of surface water withdrawals in the basin are used for irrigation, but current water supplies are frequently inadequate to meet this need. The recently proposed comprehensive Watershed Management Plan for the Yakima Basin relies on building major new water storage facilities, and $6.5 million in federal and state funding was secured in 2003 to study a huge new dam and reservoir. Yet local water users cannot pay for this $2 billion structure, and the national attitude toward water resource management is moving from a development paradigm to the recognition that water supplies have limits. Initiatives in the basin that are consistent with this latter approach include minimum instream flow targets, water use efficiency improvement programs, and making it easier to voluntarily transfer water rights. Future issues that have not yet been addressed will also affect water supply planning, but it is possible to set forth a recommended series of actions that can be taken now. The complex suite of water resource issues present in the Yakima Basin as of early 2004 should inform water resource management elsewhere in the West.
Before "Surfurbia": The Development of the South Bay Beach Cities through the 1930s
Authors: Davidson Ronald A
Published: May 2005

Few landscapes have been more trivialized for global consumption than the southern California beach. "Baywatch," "Beach Blanket Bingo," and Rayner Banham's coinage of the term "Surfurbia" are among the myriad examples of culture products that depict the shore as a homogeneous fun space lacking historical and cultural complexity. However, the South Bay communities from El Segundo to Torrance (essentially the cities that Banham called "Surfurbia") have long histories, examination of which reveals the richness and complexity of their geographies. The different cities emerged under the influence of a variety of developmental forces so that, despite the monolithic image of "Surfurbia," the rise of the South Bay is in fact many separate, incompatible stories.
Conceptions of the Self in the Zhuangzi : Conceptual Metaphor Analysis and Comparative Thought
Authors: Slingerland Edward G. (Edward Gilman)
Published: May 2005

The purpose here is to explore metaphorical conceptions of the self in a fourth century B.C.E. Chinese text, the Zhuangzi, from the perspective of cognitive linguistics and the contemporary theory of metaphor. It is argued that the contemporary theory of metaphor provides scholars with an exciting new theoretical grounding for the study of comparative thought, as well as a concrete methodology for undertaking the comparative project. What is seen when the Zhuangzi is examined from the perspective of metaphor theory is that conceptions of the self portrayed in this text are based on a relatively small set of interrelated conceptual metaphors, and that the metaphysics built into the Zhuangzi's classical Chinese metaphors resonates strongly with the (mostly unconscious) metaphysical assumptions built into the metaphors of modern American English. This should not be surprising, considering the claims of contemporary cognitive linguists that the metaphoric schemas making up the foundation of human abstract conceptual life are not arbitrarily created ex nihilo, but rather emerge from common embodied experience and are conceptual, rather than merely linguistic, in nature.
War and Ghosts in Mozi's Political Philosophy
Authors: Wong Benjamin , Loy Hui-Chieh
Published: May 2005

It is argued here that Mozi's critique of warfare in the chapter "Against Offensive War" ("Fei gong") cannot be fully understood without the arguments presented in the chapter "Explaining Ghosts" ("Ming gui"). For Mozi, the problem of war can only be resolved if the existence of providential ghosts can be proven. But he indicates in his arguments concerning the existence of ghosts that it is doubtful whether such a condition can be met. Consequently, despite the apparently optimistic tenor of chapters such as "Imperial Love" ("Jian ai"), Mozi's political thought reveals an implicit understanding of the rational limits of resolving fundamental problems of injustice in the world.