bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Achilles Heel of Wild Life Preservation
Authors: Edwards R. Y.
Published: September 2009

This paper deals with two ideas that are not new but which are too often forgotten. The writer can speak only from North American experience, but these ideas have worldwide importance. They are that wild life preservation is complete only when the species concerned are maintained in their natural surroundings; and that preservation efforts often fail because of blind faith in reserves while the importance of environment is ignored.
Flora and Fauna on Stewart Island, New Zealand
Authors: Usher George A.
Published: September 2009

Stewart Island lies below the southernmost bluff of South Island, from which it is separated by the deceptive Foveaux Strait. In shape it is an irregular isosceles triangle with a base extending north-west and south-east along the Foveaux Strait. Having an area of only 665 square miles it is by far the smallest of the three main islands of New Zealand. It is interesting to note that the forty-seventh parallel of latitude south passes through the middle of Stewart Island; the forty-seventh parallel north cuts Switzerland in half.
The Problems of a Close Season for Deer
Authors: Whitehead G. Kenneth
Published: September 2009

In April, 1952, the Poaching of Deer (Scotland) Bill was discussed and had a second reading in the House of Lords. Although the Bill provided for penalties of £20 for a first offence on summary conviction and a fine of £100, or two years' imprisonment, or both, in cases of conviction on indictment, there were two apparent weaknesses to which attention was called—namely that the powers to arrest poachers were given only to policemen, and secondly that the Bill did not include a close season for deer. Unfortunately this Bill was among the four Government Bills which were crowded out before the summer session ended, and since then, so far as I am aware, has not been included in any subsequent projected legislation.
Can The Whooping Crane be Saved?
Authors: Davies Freda
Published: September 2009

In the autumn of 1952 two wounded birds were flown to the Aransas Wildlife Refuge in Texas, U.S.A. Both were whooping cranes (Grus americana) and were suffering from shotgun wounds. Both subsequently died despite the best efforts of ornithologists.
The Fauna of the Monte Bello Islands
Authors: Wedd G.
Published: September 2009

The present condition of those parts of the Islands affected by the explosion, particularly of those parts with evidence of radioactive contamination, is still a secret even if fully known. Furthermore, it will be many years before the final effects of delayed radiation can be assessed; so any speculations that can be made about the survival of animal species must be very tentative ones.
Tweedsmuir Park, British Columbia: A Plea for Preservation
Authors: Barteaux Genevieve
Published: September 2009

To understand the interior of British Columbia the reader must realize that the white man's history there is short, for Alex Mackenzie was the first white man to make his way overland to the Bella Coola Valley in 1793. Three years later, on his journey to the Pacific Ocean, he followed the Mackenzie River to Mackenzie Bay on the Beaufert Sea.
Nature Protection in Indonesia
Authors: Hoogerwerf A.
Published: September 2009

The period from 1942 till 1950.—During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, the damage to the protected fauna and flora was not catastrophic. The capture of animals for export came to a standstill and the possession of fire-arms was prohibited. Before the war, in Java alone, there were more than 60,000 registered hunting rifles, not to mention un-registered rifles. On the other hand illegal clearing of forest ran riot during the occupation and unlawful hunting without firearms became common. Nevertheless more damage to fauna and flora was done from 1945 till the end of 1949—that is after the Japanese occupation. But even this period of chaos and lack of the slightest spark of interest in nature conservation, did not lead to irreparable damage to game reserves or to wild life.
Down River by Car
Authors: Cowie Mervyn
Published: September 2009

Seldom would one think of going down a river by car, but it all depends on the river and on the car. “Bush-busting” with two four-wheel drive cars for 20 miles from Kimathena brought us to the palm-fringed banks of the Tiva—a dry water-course with a wide expanse of gleaming sand, washed white by successive rainy seasons.
Caribou, Reindeer and Moose in Alaska
Authors: Darling F. Fraser
Published: September 2009

(In 1953 Dr. Darling and Dr. A. S. Leopold conducted an investigation in Alaska on behalf of the Conservation Foundation and the New York Zoological Society. Their full report is reviewed on p. 334.)
The Nyika Plateau, Nyasaland
Authors: Cater J. C.
Published: September 2009

So little is known about the Nyika plateau that even the observations of an amateur may be of use in reaching a better understanding of this wonderful stretch of mountain country. I first visited the Nyika in 1950 and returned the following year with two colleagues, to investigate forestry possibilities. In July, 1952, we opened a camp and started a forestry pilot scheme. Our work has given us an exceptional opportunity to watch the game and study the flora and climate. Our camp, some 3½ miles south-east of Kaulime Pond, is at an altitude of 7,700 feet and stands in typical short-grass country near the headwaters of Chelinda River.
Nature Protection and Tourism: With particular reference to Austria
Authors: Machura Lothar
Published: September 2009

Man is dependent on his natural environment, and not all the modern developments of science can alter this fact. This, the ecology of mankind, may be considered in three ways: the economic, which is the use of the soil and mineral wealth; habitation, which is living space; and recreation. Modern man, during a short time each year travels and becomes a nomad as his ancestors were. Sometimes he wishes to be at one with nature, to visit mountains, valleys or the sea shore, and this is the only aspect of his travels with which “nature protection and tourism” is concerned. To what extent then can nature protection co-operate with tourism and, where they seem incompatible, how can their difficulties be resolved ?

Nature protection depends upon the knowledge and love of nature in contemporary mankind and finding this rather meagre, acknowledges in tourism a means of arousing it.
Otter Research
Authors: Stephens Marie
Published: September 2009

In Oryx, Vol. 2, No. 3, there was a brief account of the Otter Committee and how and why it was formed. There are many problems which it has been endeavouring to solve, particularly in connection with the otters' breeding and feeding habits. One important question is whether this delightful animal is a menace to fishing and in need of control, as some people believe, or whether in fact it is a harmless, beneficial creature, which deserves peace and protection from mankind.
The Vicuña
Authors: de la Tour G. Dennler
Published: September 2009

In form the vicuna resembles the guanaco, but it is smaller and slenderer. Its colour is not easy to describe and in South America people simply refer to “vicuña colour” which varies from pale fawn, through vermilion and golden to strongly fulvous. The vicuña has no black on its face as has the guanaco. From the throat to the knees there is a pure white tuft, the belly and inner sides of the limbs are white also. The vicuña stands from 28 to 35 inches (70 to 90 cm.) high at the shoulder, its average size decreasing from south to north. Its wool is shorter but much finer than that of the guanaco and is probably the finest and lightest wool in the world.
National Parks—The Citizen's Responsibility
Authors: Packard Fred M.
Published: September 2009

America's magnificent system of national parks and monuments is a tribute to one of the salient characteristics of the American people—a consciousness of civic responsibility to each other. In a culture often accused of being dollar-mad, some twenty-four million acres of the finest primeval land available has been reserved at the insistence of the people, to be protected inviolate for the benefit of future generations. In addition, fourteen million acres in the national forests have been set aside as Wild and Wilderness Areas, where no roads may be built, seventeen and a half million acres are devoted to federal wildlife protection and management, and many millions of acres are protected as state parks and privately owned sanctuaries. This is a proud achievement, attained because the people as a whole recognize that the wisest use of these lands is the perpetuation of their aboriginal condition, as representative of the once vast wilderness that clothed the continent.
Nature Protection in Denmark
Authors: Boyle A. M. V.
Published: September 2009

Nature protection in the scientific sense began in Denmark in 1844 when a peat bog to the north of Copenhagen was protected by royal edict. Throughout the nineteenth century many other areas ranging from dune and heathland to single trees, were acquired by the government for protection. The Danish Association for Nature Protection was founded in 1911, followed in 1917 by the passing of the first nature protection act.
British Mammals: The Atlantic Grey Seal
Authors: Lockley R. M.
Published: September 2009

In the preparation of a book on the Atlantic grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, some rough figures of its population were obtained. These show an alarming decrease everywhere, except in British waters where numbers have been maintained and even increased in the last decade.
Red Deer in Scotland: The Problem of Protective Legislation
Authors: R. E. F.
Published: September 2009

The serious situation of the Red Deer in Scotland is at last becoming known to the public and, with legislation for the protection of the deer now being drafted, it is an opportune moment to consider what aspects such legislation should cover.
King George V National Park, Malaya: Nature Notes for 1950
Authors: Fetherstonhaugh A. H.
Published: September 2009

The following notes are compiled from the Superintendent's field diaries and refer to the valley of the Tembeling river and its tributaries lying within the National Park.
“The ‘Prairie Chicken’ has Gone”
Authors: Paynter E. L.
Published: September 2009

History records the Pinnated Grouse, or prairie chicken (Tympanchus cupido). as known to the early American settlers who referred to the bird as the Minnesota Grouse. The demand for land in the United States quickly extirpated the bird from most of its former range as early as 1870. It appeared to enter Saskatchewan from the south-east in about 1900. No doubt the wealth of unsettled Canadian prairies was responsible for the extension of its range in Saskatchewan—south of highway No. 5 and east of the elbow of the South Saskatchewan River.
Wild Life Protection in Jamaica
Authors: March E. W.
Published: September 2009

In Jamaica the responsibility of administering the Wild Life Protection Law rests with the Forest Department. The Department is assisted and directed by the Wild Life Protection Committee, a body nominated by His Excellency the Governor and consisting of legislators, scientists, sportsmen and Government officials. The policy of this Committee and the Forest Department is to ensure the protection of all forms of wild life consistent with the interests of legitimate sportsmen and with the control of pests.
Notes on the Fauna of British Guiana
Authors: Smith Kenneth
Published: September 2009

In 1950, from January to July, I was in British Guiana making a collection of live zoological specimens, which went to certain zoological gardens in Britain. During those months I gained some impressions of the status of wild life in the Colony. It was not possible in such a short period to conduct any very thorough investigation, but my work allowed me excellent opportunities to make personal observations and inquiries into matters connected with fauna preservation in Guiana.
Monkeys in Europe, Past and Present
Authors: Zeuner F. E.
Published: September 2009

It will come as a surprise to some readers that monkeys were contemporaries of prehistoric man in Europe north of the Alps. Finds are few, yet sufficient to make this statement and also to say that they belonged to the genus Macaca, of which the modern “Gibraltar Ape” is a member.
Below the Murchison Falls
Authors: Tomkinson Robin
Published: September 2009

For any one interested in birds and beasts, an expedition to the Murchison Falls in Uganda is a truly thrilling experience. On either side of the Victoria Nile, from. Lake Albert to the Falls, is the Bunyoro and Gulu game reserve where, from a boat going up and down the river, one can see an amazing number and variety of African fauna. It is a perfect example of the intense pleasure to be had from watching wild animals in a place where they can live undisturbed by man.
Uganda's National Parks
Authors: Pitman C. R. S.
Published: September 2009

The Uganda Government has long been subject to much adverse criticism for its apparent reluctance to fulfil its share of the obligations towards wild life which were agreed upon by Great Britain in 1933, at the international conference held in London for the better protection of the African fauna. The world however was then in the throes of a disastrous financial depression, from which recovery was slow, and it was scarcely the time for the small Uganda Protectorate, with its limited resources, to embark on a costly scheme for creating national parks. Moreover, ever since the proclamation of the Protectorate in 1894 Uganda has suffered more severely from rinderpest, that terrible scourge of cattle, than any other British territory in Africa. The direct loss in livestock has been appalling, but the indirect loss, which can be assessed as the measure of the preventive effort on the part of the Veterinary Department, has been positively staggering. Rinderpest has for long been endemic in the regions of Ethiopia to the north-east and never a year has passed without the dread disease appearing on Uganda's northern and eastern frontiers. The wild ungulates introduced, harboured and transmitted the disease—the cattle could be controlled, not so the wild animals except possibly by the repugnant method of destruction. Outside the limits of Uganda few have realized the grim and costly struggle which continued relentlessly year by year, and still fewer have ever appreciated that little Uganda with its gallant band of veterinary workers has again and again staved off disaster from reaching the territories lying to the south and south-west. Rinderpest was no respecter of game reserves in which the disease-stricken ungulates suffered as heavily as anywhere else and therefore there were economic factors of considerable gravity involved in the question of alienation of relatively large areas as national parks. It seemed preferable and wiser to endeavour to free Uganda from the ravages of rinderpest, before setting aside as national parks areas which could function as reservoirs of the disease.
Kenya Game Department Report, 1950
Authors: Hunter J. A.
Published: September 2009

For very many years the areas west of the railway line comprising Kibwezi, Makindu, Kiboko and Simba have been the mecca for numbers of the native poaching fraternity. A change exists. Now that game preservation has been strictly enforced, these skilled Wakamba hunters and experts in the use of bow and poisoned arrow have taken badly to existing conditions. Game animals ranging from elephant to dikdik in the past went through bad times in a grim endeavour to survive. Their drinking places during periods of excessive drought had their quota of poachers' hides, either hollowed out in mother earth or built on adjacent trees. Twang of bowstring had brought about in the minds of wild creatures a note inherited, conveying fear and alarm. Nothing on four legs was spared—females and young—easy food.
The Protection of British Insects
Authors: Jackson R. A.
Published: September 2009

For over a quarter of a century the Royal Entomological Society of London has been greatly concerned to ensure the existence of rare indigenous insects, whose continuance in this country appeared to be threatened. Originally, the Protection Committee set up by the Society was concerned mainly with the activities of certain unscrupulous collectors, which were actually threatening the very existence of beautiful and interesting species. This danger has now been very largely overcome, but in its place has sprung up a new threat, arising from modern agricultural practices, the heavy programmes of forestry, the development of housing estates, and in certain cases the activities of local authorities.
The President's Report on his Visit to Canada and the United States, Summer, 1952
Authors: Willingdon
Published: September 2009

At the suggestion of the National Parks Association of the United States and on the invitation of the National Parks Service, I was privileged, as representing your Society, to visit two of America's most beautiful national parks, Olympic and Mount Rainier. They are both situated in Washington State, known as the Evergreen State, in the north-west of the U.S.A. They consist of rain forests, colossal cedars, firs, and snowcapped mountains.
The Topi Herd
Authors: Vesey-FitzGerald Desmond Foster
Published: September 2009

Although during these enlightened times the welfare of the wild life of Africa is discussed internationally on a par with development, there is still great lack of information on the habits, ecological requirements and population densities of even the more common animals. This contribution attempts partly to fill this gap by recording the result of a years' observation on a herd of topi in the Rukwa valley of south-western Tanganyika.
Preserve or Destroy?
Authors: Cowie Mervyn
Published: September 2009

Why do we try to preserve wild animals? Why do we set aside delightful scenes of nature? Why do we establish open spaces and national parks? Would it not be better to accept here and now that man in his dominion over all the lesser creatures has every right to divest the land of animals, trees, or anything else which may stand in his way, or hinder him in exploiting the earth for the alleged well-being of mankind? Vast sums are spent in the larger continents to control domestic animal diseases; greater sums are spent in denuding the face of the earth of its natural cover, so that there can be more room for cattle, crops, factories and cities, in an attempt to meet the insatiable clamour of millions of human beings. Should we not pause to assess what irreplaceable assets are being endangered by this scramble and to what extent those assets contribute to men's peace of mind?
The Declining Red Lechwe
Authors: Ansell W. F. H.
Published: September 2009

There are two forms of lechwe, the typical Red Lechwe (Onotragus leche leche. Gray) and the Black (O.l. smithemani. Lyd.), while a few surviving in the Mweru area to the north-west of the smithemani race, are of doubtful status. The present paper considers the red lechwe only, and that within Northern Rhodesia proper. The author has no knowledge of the animal outside the territory, nor in the Barotse province.
The Plight of the Chinese Sikas
Authors: Glover Richard
Published: September 2009

Some readers may be surprised to find Oryx printing an article on the sika deer. They know the animal so well as an ornament of many British parks, and as an escaped immigrant which has established itself with remarkable success in many English, Scottish, and Irish woodlands. But the animal of which they are thinking is the Japanese sika. This is only one, and that the smallest and least impressive, of a number of deer which, perhaps mistakenly, are usually regarded as local races of a single, very variable species. For China, as well as Japan, is the home of sika. The Chinese sikas range from the forests of tropical Formosa to the northern snows of East Siberia, beyond China's own boundaries. Among them are found by far the finest deer of the sika type and there is not one of them whose present status should not cause anxiety.
Northumberland Mammals
Authors: Ennion E. A. R.
Published: September 2009

There is little in Tyneside to attract a naturalist in search of mammals however much it may appeal to students of the Industrial North. The “denes”, steep thickly-wooded clefts enclosing the streams, right up to the outskirts of Newcastle itself, still harbour a few red squirrels: the grey is absent. It has crossed the Wear into County Durham from liberation areas in Yorkshire but so far it has failed to cross the Tyne. Tyneside with its busy shipyards and its grimy ring of coalmines is, however, only one small corner of Northumberland. It is true that opencast operations have extended the black area: they certainly make a sorry mess of the countryside. But away beyond all this in a vast sector between north and west stretches the real Northumberland, the fifth largest county in England, a land of hills and moors, woods and farms, still much as it was before the industrial ravaging of Tyneside.
Seals of the Pack Ice
Authors: Lillie Harry R.
Published: September 2009

Around the seas of the far northern Atlantic coming under the influence of Arctic conditions lives, frequently on the wander, one of the most delightful of creatures, the harp seal or saddleback, Phoca groenlandica. Large communities migrate in the Newfoundland, Labrador, Baffin Land, Greenland sector; others through the area of Jan Mayen Island towards Spitzbergen. Gregarious for much of the time, they share their world of ice with the occasional bearded seal and ringed seal, walrus, and polar bear. The White Sea in northern European Russia is a great harp seal nursery, for an eastern community in the area of the Barents Sea.
Wild Life Preservation in Burma
Authors: Yin U Tun
Published: September 2009

The Legal Position.—The Wild Life Protection Act of 1936 is still in force. Section 6 affords complete protection to rhinoceros, tapir, peafowl, Argus pheasant and masked finfoot. But the provision to the said section reads as follows:—

“Provided that it shall not be an offence for any physician or druggist to possess or sell, or for any person to possess for private medical purposes rhinoceros blood or any preparation thereof.”
The Mammals of Devon
Authors: Hurrell H. G.
Published: September 2009

Devon has had the honour of being the venue for the first Annual Conference of the Mammal Society of the British Isles. Exeter, its county town, housed the conference and though it is not centrally placed for the country as a whole, it deserved consideration because Devon provided the Society with more members in its first year than any other county.
The Long-Tailed Field Mouse
Authors: Sankey John
Published: September 2009

The long-tailed field mouse or wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, is found over nearly the whole of the British Isles. It is a variable species, and scientists have divided it into a number of sub-species, of which the type is very common in the Box Hill region of Surrey where I live. Another mouse which some specialists regard as a sub-species and which is known as the yellow-necked field mouse, A. flavicollis, is said to occur in the district though I have never seen one. It would be interesting to know more about the distribution of these mice and amateur naturalists could make useful observations on their ecology.
Katmai—America's Largest Nature Reserve
Authors: Cahalane Victor H.
Published: September 2009

At the base of the Alaska Peninsula, in south-western Alaska, is a remarkable nature sanctuary. It is by far the largest park in United States' territory and among the dozen largest in the world. It is the only completely roadless park in America. It is the site of one of history's mightiest volcanic eruptions. It has magnificent scenery—mountains, smoking volcanos, glaciers, picture-book lakes, a rugged marine coast with colourful fiords and, in a near-aboriginal fauna, the largest carnivore in the world. Many persons—even Americans—have never heard the name of this park: Katmai National Monument.
The African Wild Dog
Authors: Bere R. M.
Published: September 2009

The African Wild Dog, or Hunting Dog, Lycaon pictus, is a distinct species and is neither related to any domestic breed nor does it appear to be the forerunner of any known type of domestic dog: there are in fact certain structural differences, such as the absence of dew-claws. The dogs stand about twenty-six inches at the shoulder and measure about four feet from nose to tip of bushy tail. The colour is variable but is similar to that of a normal Alsatian, covered to a greater or lesser degree with black, yellow or white blotches. A notable feature is the large upstanding, rounded ears. There are recorded cases of the wild dog having been successfully tamed, but an objectionable smell renders them somewhat unpleasant as household pets.
A Lion and His Prey
Authors: Gee E. P.
Published: September 2009

It was two o'clock in the afternoon in the Serengeti National Park, Tanganyika. Two magnificent maned lions were in front of us, some Thomson's gazelles were grazing around, while sandgrouse and Egyptian geese were drinking at a pool nearby.
Hydro-Electric Works and Nature
Authors: Hurcomb Lord
Published: September 2009

The most striking and perhaps far-reaching of all the human interferences with Nature witnessed in the present century is that represented by the widespread lowering of water-tables, the correction and regulation of the regime of rivers and the construction of large dams and new artificial lakes, most of which are constructed for the purpose of generating electricity.
Mammals in Hampshire
Authors: Carne P. H.
Published: September 2009

In the New Forest alone, Hampshire possesses what is potentially one of the finest mammal sanctuaries in the southern half of Britain. Hampshire as a whole contains a greater proportion of woodland, acre for acre, than any other English county except neighbouring Sussex. Since woodland is, perhaps, the most important single ecological factor controlling the incidence and abundance of mammals in Great Britain, it is not altogether surprising that Hampshire's mammals are many in number and varied in species.
The Polar Bear and its Protection
Authors: Loughrey Alan G.
Published: September 2009

The polar bear, Thalarctos maritimus, (Phipps) enjoys such colloquial names as: “ice-bear,” “sea-bear,” “ice-tiger” and “ice-king.” In view of its large size and its supremacy over the other beasts of the ice-floes it well deserves these epithets. Primarily the polar bear is an animal of the broken arctic pack ice and is found in greatest numbers along the southern edge of the pack. It avoids large expanses of open water or frozen sea ice. The movements of the pack ice to a large degree determine its distribution and movements. Polar bears are carried southward with the pack ice in the spring and summer. In August and September when the ice begins to break up they generally come ashore and make their way north. At this time of year they may be found in considerable numbers along certain coasts where the sea ice has been brought by the winds, tides and currents. An Eskimo from Southampton Island, in northern Hudson Bay, informed me that in August, 1948, he and a companion counted over 180 of these bears along the east coast of that island.
Elephants and Electric Fences
Authors: Hislop J. A.
Published: September 2009

Although the electric fence has been proved a successful deterrent to crop-raiding deer, pig, gaur and other wild animals, I hesitate to sing its praises against elephant.
The Mountain Gorilla and its Habitat in the Birunga Volcanoes
Authors: Blower John
Published: September 2009

In about 500 b.c. the Carthaginian navigator Hanno brought back the first reports of the existence of gorillas in the forests of West Africa. They were doubtless known also to the early Portuguese and other voyagers along the Guinea coast and in 1590, Battel, who called them “pongos” to distinguish them from the smaller “engeco” or chimpanzee, described them with fair accuracy:—“exactly proportioned like a man, but he is more like a giant in stature for he is very tall and hath a man's face, hollow eyed, with long hair upon his brows…they sleep in the trees and build shelters from the rain. They feed upon fruit that they find in the woods and upon nuts for they eat no kind of flesh.”
What of the Serengeti?
Authors: Boyle C. L.
Published: September 2009

Near the northern border of Tanganyika lies the Serengeti National Park—an area of 4,480 square miles and one of the most important nature reserves of the world. It may be considered in three parts: the Western Serengeti, a corridor between the Grumeti and Mbalageti rivers which approaches Lake Victoria but does not quite reach it: the Central Plains: the Crater Highlands, including Ngorongoro.
Domestic Cattle and Aurochs
Authors: Zeuner F. E.
Published: September 2009

The true domesticated cattle are the descendants of a group of races of Bos primigenius, the Urus or Aurochs, as this species is commonly called in Europe. Their economic importance has increased in the course of time as civilization advanced and to-day they are perhaps the most important of all domesticated animals, as producers of meat, milk and hides. It is certain that domestication was undertaken long before 3000 b.c., but nothing is known about its actual beginnings. Many theories have been developed to explain the differences of present-day breeds by deriving them from various types of wild cattle. It is possible also that interspecific crossing has played a part in the development of some of the eastern breeds.
Poaching in the Jipe Area of the Tsavo Royal National Park, Kenya
Authors: Jenkins Peter
Published: September 2009

This report is based on two and a half months' work along the western boundary of the park from Ziwani to Lake Jipe and in the adjoining area.

The Poachers.—The tribes reponsible for the poaching in this area are: Mtaveta, Wakamba, Wapore, Wanyasa, Teita. These people are found along the entire western boundary of the Jipe area. During eight months of the year there is not a drop of water inside this part of the park, and every animal must leave it to drink. Poachers are then able to kill game on their doorsteps with little danger of being caught, and the meat can be cut up and removed at once leaving no trace. During the rains, when waterholes are full and game scattered, small gangs operate far afield into the park.
Nature Protection in the U.S.S.R
Authors: Dementiev G. P.
Published: September 2009

From earliest times man has taken an interest in animals, but our ancestors were mainly concerned with hunting them. The oldest documents dealing with hunting laws date from the eleventh century. In Russia hunting was never a privilege, the prerogative of princes or state, but the state was always concerned with the products of the chase. One of the first reserves was made in the seventeenth century to protect the eyries of the gyr falcon, much in demand for falconry. An early government monopoly in fur trading guaranteed some measure of protection for fur-bearing animals.
The Mammals of Lakeland
Authors: Blezard Ernest
Published: September 2009

The Faunal Area of Lakeland comprises Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire North of the Sands. Relatively well defined, mainly by sea coast and lengthily by the Pennines, it originates in the central mountain mass cradling many broad waters, which is the Lake District of universal appeal. This lake and fell region and its surroundings extending to about two-thirds of the whole area, is the Lake District National Park, the first park to be designated by the National Parks Commission. During the present century, the National Trust has acquired many properties with a view to preserving their natural amenities. On the other hand, towns and villages have spread apace, following upon all those human enterprises which, through the ages, have transformed the land into its present state. Besides agriculture there are, for example, the sheep-rearing industry, with its effect on hill vegetation and bygone mining activities to which so much of the native tree growth was sacrificed. Now the work of the Forestry Commission is bringing a new aspect to parts high and low between the northern and southern limits of the area. Some older features remaining to be considered in relation to the wild animal life are the varied tree plantations on the landed estates, together with well wooded river valleys and still extensive birch and pine-fringed peat mosses. Sweeping though they have been down the centuries, the surface changes in Lakeland have had far from a completely adverse effect on the native mammals. While for some the fells have perhaps meant salvation, there are two of the most ancient residents which, from mere survival, have rather astonishingly increased and spread.
Management of Nature Reserves in the U.S.A.
Authors: Gabrielson Ira M.
Published: September 2009

In the United States there are the following principal categories of nature reserves: national parks, national forests, national wildlife refuges and Taylor Grazing Act districts.

In national parks nature is left to her own devices, unless interference is essential, to control, for example, a superabundance of grazing animals which are ravaging their food supply. Trees are not cut, nor dead ones removed. Roads and buildings are made as inconspicuous as possible. Wildlife refuges are managed for the benefit of the species for which they have been established, usually upland or water birds. National forests were originally established for watershed protection and timber supply.
The Future of Reindeer in Scotland
Authors: Utsi M. N. P.
Published: September 2009

When the current reindeer experiment in Scotland is discussed I am sometimes asked: “Why try to introduce, or reintroduce, reindeer when there are probably as many red deer as the ground can carry and certainly more than the black-faced-sheep farmers want ?”

On my first visit to Scotland, nearly ten years ago, I was very proud to catch a glimpse of red deer grazing in the Spey valley. “The monarch of the glen” on a crag is a stately sight, or a herd galloping with heads held high. After the rut, on the other hand, stags become “lean as herons”, to quote David Stephen.
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Authors: Boyle A. M. V.
Published: September 2009

Hydro-electric schemes and their effect on landscape and habitat loom large in the view of nature conservators to-day. During the latest meeting of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature at Edinburgh in June, 1956, those attending were able to see something of the work of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, and to judge for themselves its effect on the countryside.
The Sea Otter
Authors: Kenyon Karl W.
Published: September 2009

In general form the sea otter, Enhydra lutris resembles the weasel and river otter, of which animals it is a large relative. The male attains a weight of 85 pounds, the female about 65 pounds; the young at birth weigh from 3 to 5 pounds. It is peculiar among members of its family, the Mustelidae, in having deserted dry land and fresh water to take up a marine life. Among marine mammals it is peculiar in its adaptation to the sea. It does not possess an insulating layer of blubber but is protected from the chill of North Pacific waters by a blanket of air trapped among the fine and closely packed fibres of its inch-long delicate fur. Unlike the river otter and fur seal, the sea otter has but little protective coating of guard hair. The fine guard hairs present add to its beauty but do not offer much protection to the soft under-fur. Unlike other maring mammals, the sea otter has never taken to the open sea. It usually feeds in shallow water from 5 to 50 feet in depth. Its food consist primarily of such sedentary forms as sea urchins, rock oysters, mussels, a variety of snail-like molluscs and, in California, abalones. Occasionally fish and octopus are eaten.
The National Parks and Reserves of Argentina
Authors: de La Tour G. Dennler
Published: September 2009

The idea of national parks in Argentina started in 1903 with the gift of 7,500 hectares to the Argentine nation by Francisco P. Moreno, one of the earliest Argentine naturalists. But even this area, since greatly enlarged, did not receive legislative guarantee until 1934, after the late Dr. Hugo Salomon had repeatedly insisted that the integrity of national parks and reserves could only be assured by legal enactment. Fourteen areas, including three still only projected, are set aside as national parks or other forms of nature reserves in Argentina. Of the six northerly reserves all but Iguazú and Finca El Rey belong to the Chaco formation. All the southern reserves lie in the Cordillera of the Andes, except for Laguna Blanca in the Precordillera and the national monument Los Bosques Petri-ficados in the Patagonian plateau. Los Alerces, Nahuel Huapi, Lanin and Iguazú conform more or less to the requirements of national parks laid down by the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere 1940; this the Argentine Government has signed.
Gough Island—A Possible Sanctuary
Authors: Holdgate M. W.
Published: September 2009

The Tristan da Cunha group includes four islands; Tristan itself with its near neighbours Nightingale and Inaccessible, and Gough Island which lies 230 miles to the S.S.E. The group was discovered by Portuguese seamen in the early sixteenth century, but permanent occupation did not begin until 1810, when a small settlement was founded on Tristan. The Tristan Islanders, who now number over 250, have visited Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands regularly,% but Gough remained little visited and practically unknown until the South African Tristan da Cunha Expedition went there in 1948. As a result of this expedition the Tristan da Cunha Development Company was founded and a few years later they commenced regular exploitation of the crawfish around the coasts. In 1955 the Gough Island Scientific Survey took up residence in The Glen, Gough Island, and their hut now forms the nucleus of a South African Weather Station.
The New Outlook in Ecology
Authors: Nicholson E. M.
Published: September 2009

Ecology may be called the science of the relations of animals and plants to their environment and to one another. But this is only true if we remember that the word “animals” includes man.

We like to think of man as in a class by himself, spiritually or intellectually. But as an influence on the earth, man's role is that of an animal that has managed to multiply enormously, both in numbers and in capacity to affect other parts of nature, usually for the worse, and usually without noticing it.
The African Hunting Dog: A Wild Life Management Incident
Authors: Attwell R. I. G.
Published: September 2009

The 1957 dry season in the Luangwa Valley was an extended one and the rains were almost a month overdue, when at the end of November a visit was paid to a salt pan in the Nsefu Game Reserve. Because the pan provided the only water, over approximately 20 square miles of arid country, there should have been as in former seasons, a constant coming and going of various species, such as impala, hartebeeste, zebra and warthog. But although there were signs of these, only the larger animals such as buffalo, elephant and rhino appeared to be visiting the pan in their usual numbers. The reason for the lack of smaller ungulates was obvious: a pack of twenty-four hunting dogs was in residence—three adult females, four adult males and seventeen young—all of which were capable of hunting.
HETEROSKEDASTIC TIME SERIES WITH A UNIT ROOT
Authors: Cavaliere Giuseppe , Taylor A.M. Robert
Published: September 2009

In this paper we provide a unified theory, and associated invariance principle, for the large-sample distributions of the Dickey–Fuller class of statistics when applied to unit root processes driven by innovations displaying nonstationary stochastic volatility of a very general form. These distributions are shown to depend on both the spot volatility and the integrated variation associated with the innovation process. We propose a partial solution (requiring any leverage effects to be asymptotically negligible) to the identified inference problem using a wild bootstrap–based approach. Results are initially presented in the context of martingale differences and are later generalized to allow for weak dependence. Monte Carlo evidence is also provided that suggests that our proposed bootstrap tests perform very well in finite samples in the presence of a range of innovation processes displaying nonstationary volatility and/or weak dependence.
GMM ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE IN DYNAMIC PANEL DATA MODELS WITH PERSISTENT DATA
Authors: Kruiniger Hugo
Published: September 2009

In this paper we consider generalized method of moments–based (GMM-based) estimation and inference for the panel AR(1) model when the data are persistent and the time dimension of the panel is fixed. We find that the nature of the weak instruments problem of the Arellano–Bond (Arellano and Bond, 1991,Review of Economic Studies58, 277–297) estimator depends on the distributional properties of the initial observations. Subsequently, we derive local asymptotic approximations to the finite-sample distributions of the Arellano–Bond estimator and the System estimator, respectively, under a variety of distributional assumptions about the initial observations and discuss the implications of the results we obtain for doing inference. We also propose two Lagrange multiplier–type (LM-type) panel unit root tests.
Visceral adipose tissue in children and adolescents: a review
Authors: Suliga Edyta
Published: September 2009

Research conducted among adults has mainly shown that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is strongly linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, leading to increased risk of CVD or the metabolic syndrome. However, little is known about the aetiology, determinants and consequences of VAT in children. The present article reviews the current literature relating to the factors influencing visceral fat accumulation in children and adolescents. The literature used in the present study was collected by searching a PubMed database, in which studies up to 2008 exploring the factors influencing accumulation of visceral fat among children and youth were found on the basis of appropriate keywords. Further studies concerning different factors influencing deposition of VAT among children and youth should first of all concentrate on: carrying out long-term analyses among children of different ethnical groups, which should begin in the period of prepuberty and which should cover the whole period of puberty till adulthood; drawing up norms specifying the amount of VAT among healthy children; identification of anthropometric indicators which will help to determine the VAT:subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio in the most precise way; broader studies of the influence of eating habits on developing VAT deposit among children and youth.
Re(gion)alizing Women's Human Rights in Latin America
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2009

Between 1993 and 2000, nearly every democracy in Latin America passed a law prohibiting domestic violence. Between 2001 and 2006, five countries strengthened their legislation, and Brazil passed its first law. What explains these advances with respect to women's rights? While other work has focused on domestic or international factors, this article brings to light the role of the region. It reveals that the two inter-American women's rights organizations have been active in both establishing regional norms and promoting their national adoption and implementation. While this suggests that regional governance can promote women's social rights, there is no automatic institutionalization of these norms. Case studies on Chile and Brazil illustrate the impact of national context.
The Numbers Do(n't) Always Add Up: Dilemmas in Using Quantitative Research Methods in Feminist IR Scholarship
Authors: Parisi Laura
Published: September 2009

How might one reconcile feminist international relations theorizing with quantitative methods, if they can be reconciled at all? This question has occupied a central place in the field of feminist international relations theory since its inception, and while it is not my intention to rehash it in its entirety here, my story sheds light on the difficulties that feminist IR scholars may face in choosing the quantitative route. My essay highlights these conundrums from different stages of the research process: formulation of the research question, selection of a research method, usage of quantitative methods, and the dissemination of the findings. I conclude with questions for further consideration.
Overcoming Obstacles in Quantitative Feminist Research
Authors: Apodaca Clair
Published: September 2009

Feminist research is motivated by and concerned with social justice, equality, and the empowerment of women and other marginalized groups. The method I have chosen to further my feminist-inspired research is merely an analytical tool. Feminist principles apply to the act of research, the questions asked, and the data to be collected. Thus, the intersection of feminism and quantitative analysis offers a new method of knowledge production for the study of international relations. Yet my research design is traditional: Based on theory, testable hypotheses are formulated, data gathered, and findings reported. The purpose of this feminist-oriented quantitative research is to produce a body of knowledge that can explain, predict, or help elucidate empirical phenomena relevant to women's lives and issues.
Observation‐based global biospheric excess radiocarbon inventory 1963–2005
Authors: Naegler Tobias , Levin Ingeborg
Published: September 2009

For the very first time, we present an observation‐based estimate of the temporal development of the biospheric excess radiocarbon (14C) inventory IB14,E, i.e., the change in the biospheric 14C inventory relative to prebomb times (1940s). IB14,E was calculated for the period 1963–2005 with a simple budget approach as the difference between the accumulated excess 14C production by atmospheric nuclear bomb tests and the nuclear industry and observation‐based reconstructions of the excess 14C inventories in the atmosphere and the ocean. IB14,E increased from the late 1950s onward to maximum values between 126 and 177 × 1026 atoms 14C between 1981 and 1985. In the early 1980s, the biosphere turned from a sink to a source of excess 14C. Consequently, IB14,E decreased to values of 108–167 × 1026 atoms 14C in 2005. The uncertainty of IB14,E is dominated by uncertainties in the total bomb 14C production and the oceanic excess 14C inventory. Unfortunately, atmospheric Δ14CO2 from the early 1980s lack the necessary precision to reveal the expected small change in the amplitude and phase of atmospheric Δ14C seasonal cycle due to the sign flip in the biospheric net 14C flux during that time.