bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Stimulated Morphological Features of Advanced High-Strength Medium-Mn TRIP Steel
Authors: Kozłowska Aleksandra , Grajcar Adam , Matus Krzysztof , Janik Aleksandra , Radwański Krzysztof , Pakieła Wojciech
Published: February 2022

Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSSs) are one of the most rapidly developing group of Fe-based metallic materials. Their excellent combination of high strength, ductility and formability is due to their complex microstructure and strain-induced martensitic transformation of metastable retained austenite (RA), which favors extra ductility of the sheet steels. A deformation temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the phase transformation behavior in these Fe–C–Mn–Al–Si systems. Therefore, the present study aimed at understanding the temperature-dependent phase transformations and structural phenomena in an advanced medium-Mn–Al-alloyed steel. The 3Mn steel was thermomechanically processed and subjected to tensile testing in a temperature range from 20°C to 200°C. The different extent of the strain-induced martensitic transformation and some softening phenomena of bainitic ferrite matrix were revealed using transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction techniques. It was found that the thermal stability of RA is strongly dependent on the deformation temperature. Moreover, the dynamic recovery and carbide precipitation play a key role when the deformation temperature is increased to 140°C and higher temperatures.
Swapping odes in a sacred language: the Kanshi exchange of Natsume Sōseki and Masaoka Shiki and its meaning
Authors: Keaveney Christopher T.
Published: February 2022

Natsume Sōseki and Masaoka Shiki, two of the towering figures in modern Japanese literature, exchanged kanshi poems for eleven years starting in 1889 when they were students. What Sōseki and Shiki enacted in their kanshi exchanges was not simply an admiration for Chinese culture, but rather a performance of literati cultural exchange. In the personae that these two writers adopted in these exchanges, and in the poetic voices that each writer meticulously honed, they were achieving a return to a cultural homeland and to an “imagined community” in the Sinosphere. Further, the exchange of poetry in a language that was simultaneously both foreign and hauntingly familiar demonstrated a performative quality that reflected their appreciation of the dynamics of poetic exchange in China but also of the yose theater and of the rakugo performances that they frequented as students in Tokyo. In fact, for Sōseki and Shiki, kanshi composition and exchange served two paradoxical purposes: it offered both the challenge of poetic expression in a foreign language and a return to an imagined community and to the familiar rhythms and conventions of a sacred language.
CPW-fed printed tapered slot antenna loaded by a wideband stacked artificial magnetic conductor with a progressed performance
Authors: Malekpoor Hossein , Hamidkhani Mehdi
Published: February 2022

A low profile printed slot antenna (PSA) backed by broadband stacked artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is introduced in this study. First, a suggested PSA with the radiating tapered slots excited by coplanar-waveguide (CPW) is used to expand the bandwidth in the measured range of 9.05–10.95 GHz (S11 ≤ −10 dB). Then, the suggested stacked AMC surface as the ground plane of the antenna is inserted into the PSA to gain improved radiation efficiency. The realized result from the PSA with the 11 × 17 stacked AMC array exhibits −10 dB measured impedance bandwidth from 6.97 to 13.34 GHz (62.73%). The suggested PSA with AMC compared to the PSA without AMC exhibits a size reduction of 52%, enhanced bandwidth of almost 44%, and excellent impedance matching with uni-directional radiation patterns. The novel AMC unit cell is realized based on the recognized method of stacked elements. The stacked AMC design operates at 10.63 GHz with an AMC bandwidth of 8–12.84 GHz (45.8%) for X-band operation. Besides, by introducing a specific method based on the reflection results of the equivalent waveguide feed, the number of AMC unit cells is investigated to obtain an optimal AMC array. In this approach, an equivalent waveguide feed corresponding to the center operating frequency is considered to choose the number of AMC array reflector.
Diagnose und Therapie des Analkarzinoms
Authors: Radke Alexander , Beyer Jörg
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Das Plattenepithelkarzinom des Anorektums, das Analkarzinom, ist selten und wird in Analkanal- und Analrandkarzinome differenziert. In fast allen Fällen besteht eine Assoziation zu einem persistierenden Infekt mit Hochrisiko-Typen des Humanen Papillomvirus. Daher ist die Inzidenz in Risikopopulationen deutlich höher, aber auch ausserhalb dieser Risikogruppen wird eine kontinuierliche Zunahme der Inzidenz beobachtet. Die Erstdiagnose erfolgt häufig im Rahmen einer Vorsorge oder als Zufallsbefund, da die Symptome unspezifischer Natur sind und in Zusammenhang mit vielen proktologischen Krankheitsbildern stehen können. Die Diagnosesicherung erfolgt histopathologisch als Biopsie oder Exzisionsbiopsie. Im Anschluss an eine Stadieneinteilung, bei der die klinische Untersuchung mit sorgfältiger Dokumentation des Lokalbefunds neben der Bildgebung eine zentrale Rolle einnimmt, erfolgt die Therapieplanung multidisziplinär im Rahmen eines Tumorboards. Die primäre Therapie ist in den meisten Fällen eine kombinierte Radio-Chemotherapie, wodurch die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate deutlich verbessert werden konnte. Der Stellenwert der Chirurgie liegt bei den Frühkarzinomen des Analrandes, der Anlage eines Deviationsstomas sowie bei Rezidiven oder Persistenz nach Radio-Chemotherapie als Salvage-Eingriffe. Die Kontrolle des Therapieerfolges und die Nachsorge sind zentral im Hinblick auf mögliche kurative Ansätze bei Rezidiv oder Persistenz des Analkarzinoms. Der Einfluss der Impfkampagnen gegen humane Papillomviren auf die Inzidenz des Analkarzinoms bleibt abzuwarten.
Validation of the CFOSAT Scatterometer Data With Buoy Observations and Tests of Operational Application to Extreme Weather Forecasts in Taiwan Strait
Authors: Zhu Benlu , Chen Jinrui , Xu Ying , Zheng Quanan , Li Xueding
Published: February 2022

The China‐France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) launched in 2018 is equipped with the Chinese Scatterometer (CSCAT), which is designed to measure high‐precision sea surface wind fields in the global ocean. This study aims to validate the CFOSAT wind fields with moored buoy‐measured ground truth data from August 2019 to July 2021. The test area was chosen as the Taiwan Strait, which is an important navigation channel and rich fishery grounds in the East Asia. It is also a high wind speed area particularly during typhoons and cold air passages. Thus, the accurate wind forecasts are crucially needed to avoid capsizing and casualties. The validation results give the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.92, the root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.75 m s−1, and the absolute deviation (AD) of 1.10 m s−1 for the wind speeds, and R2 of 0.96, the RMSE of 21.87°, and the AD of 1.17° for the wind directions. During cold air passages, the AD of wind speeds decreases to 1.03 m s−1, which is smaller than 1.17 m s−1 during typhoons. Using the CFOSAT wind as historical observation data for refining of forecast work was tested by model output statistics revised method. The test results show that the refined forecast results of wind fields are improved up to 4%–17%. Thus, the validation and test results obtained in this study indicate that updating satellite winds would have great contributions to refined forecasting of local sea surface winds.
Do Longer Dry Spells Associated With Warmer Years Compound the Stress on Global Water Resources?
Authors: Hettiarachchi Suresh , Wasko Conrad , Sharma Ashish
Published: February 2022

Availability of water resources is significantly affected by changes in seasonal rainfall, with water often in short supply when most needed. The majority of current research focuses on the impacts of multiyear drought, using monthly or annual average rainfall to investigate impacts to water resources. Here, we use daily rainfall to evaluate changes in dry spells lengths, defined as the continuous number of days without rain, and investigate how these changes may impart stresses on water resources in warmer summer seasons globally. We use over 100 years of precipitation and temperature data across the world, arranged into warm and cold groups of years on the basis of mean summer temperature. These warm and cold groups are then compared to demonstrate an overwhelming tendency for warmer summers to contain longer dry spells globally. This difference in dry spell length in warmer summer seasons is argued to have far reaching ramifications in warmer summers. For some of the largest cities in the world, vulnerability of water resources, which is a measure of the magnitude or severity of the water availability deficit, is shown to be on average 30% higher due to longer seasonal dry spells in warmer summers. Such an impact points to a need to reassess water resources plans and policies to include the impacts of seasonal dry spells, especially relating to large urban populations around the world.
Seasonal Changes in Hydrology and Permafrost Degradation Control Mineral Element‐Bound DOC Transport From Permafrost Soils to Streams
Authors: Hirst Catherine , Mauclet Elisabeth , Monhonval Arthur , Tihon Emeline , Ledman Justin , Schuur Edward A. G. , Opfergelt Sophie
Published: February 2022

Mineral elements bind to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in permafrost soils, and this may contribute to the stabilization or the degradation of organic carbon along the soil to river continuum. Permafrost thaw enlarges the pool of soil constituents available for soil to river transfer. The unknown is how changes in hydrology upon permafrost degradation affect the connection between soil‐derived mineral element‐bound DOC and headwater streams. Here, we study Al, Fe, Ca, and DOC concentrations in water from a headwater stream at Eight Mile Lake, Alaska, USA (colloidal [0.22 μm–1 kDa] and truly dissolved [<1 kDa] fractions) and in soil pore waters sampled across a gradient of permafrost degradation at the same location. We target the peak flow to base flow transition to show that there is a narrow window of mineral element‐bound DOC colloid transport from soils to streams. We show that during spring thaw and maximum thaw there is an enhanced lateral transfer of mineral element‐bound DOC colloids in extensively degraded sites compared to minimally degraded sites. This is explained by a more rapid response of hydrology at peak flow to base flow transition at degraded sites. Our results suggest that ongoing permafrost degradation and the associated response of soils to changing hydrology can be detected by targeting the composition and size of mineral element‐DOC associations in soil waters and headwater streams during peak flow‐baseflow transitions.
Active and Passive Seismic Imaging of the Central Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Larder Lake, Ontario
Authors: Naghizadeh Mostafa , Smith Richard , Rubingh Kate , Sherlock Ross , Ayer John , Lafrance Bruno , Cheraghi Saeid , Snyder David , Vergne Jérome , Hollis Dan , Mordret Aurélien
Published: February 2022

Passive seismic methods are considered cost‐effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to active (reflection) seismic methods. We have acquired colocated active and passive seismic surveys over a metal‐endowed Archean granite‐greenstone terrane in the Larder Lake area to investigate the reliability of estimated elastic properties using passive seismic methods. The passive seismic data were processed using two different data processing approaches, ambient noise surface‐wave tomography (ANSWT) and receiver function analysis, to generate shear‐wave velocity and P to S wave (P‐S) convertibility profiles of the subsurface, respectively. The Cadillac‐Larder Lake Fault (CLLF) was imaged as a south‐dipping subvertical zone of weak reflectivity in the reflection seismic profile. To the north of the CLLF, a package of north‐dipping reflections in the upper crust (at depths of 5–10 km) resides on the boundary of high (on the top) and low (on the bottom) shear‐wave velocity zones estimated using the ANSWT method. This package of reflections is most likely caused by overlaying mafic volcanic and underlying felsic intrusive rocks. The P‐S convertibility profile imaged the Moho boundary at ∼40‐km depth as well as a south‐dipping feature that penetrates the mantle, which is interpreted to be either caused by the delamination of the lower crust or a possible deeper extension of the Porcupine‐Destor Fault. Overall, the reflectivity, shear‐wave velocity, and P‐S convertibility profiles exhibit a good correlation and provided a detailed image of the subsurface lithological structure to a depth of 10 km.
Orbital Artifacts in Multi‐GNSS Precise Point Positioning Time Series
Authors: Zajdel Radosław , Kazmierski Kamil , Sośnica Krzysztof
Published: February 2022

The time series of station coordinates derived using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are affected by several technique errors, influencing the studies of the geophysical processes and phenomena. Using different GNSS constellations leads to the appearance of various artificial signals with amplitudes up to several millimeters. The presence of the GNSS system‐specific artifacts is demonstrated using the 2‐year long series of station coordinates and zenith total delay parameters for 15 stations using Precise Point Positioning algorithms. The most dominant orbital artifacts for Galileo appear with periods of 14.08 hr, 17.09 hr, 34.20 hr, 2.49 days, and ∼3.4 days. The corresponding signals for GLONASS appear with periods of 5.63 hr, 7.36 hr, 10.64 hr, 21.26 hr, 3.99 days, and ∼8 days. Moreover, when estimating discrete 24‐hr solutions from high‐rate GNSS data, high‐frequency signatures are under‐sampled, resulting in long‐term aliased periodic signals. Galileo is less vulnerable to the orbital signals than GPS or GLONASS. The difference is visible mainly for the East coordinate. The Galileo‐based daily estimates are up to 55% and 36% better than those delivered from GLONASS and GPS. The GPS orbital signals arise at the periods corresponding to the harmonics of the K1 tide, which leads to the inconsistency of the GPS‐based products with geophysical models reaching on average 12 mm for the K2 tidal term in the Up component. The magnitude of the orbital signals depends on the geographical location of the station and the geometry of the satellites' flybys. Finally, using a combination of GPS and Galileo increases the precision of estimates by 10% compared with the best‐case Galileo‐only solution.
Nonstationary Runoff Responses Can Interact With Climate Change to Increase Severe Outcomes for Freshwater Ecology
Authors: John Andrew , Nathan Rory , Horne Avril , Fowler Keirnan , Stewardson Michael
Published: February 2022

Climate change is projected to impact multiple components of the flow regime. However, changes in some ecologically important aspects of flow seasonality and variability are not well‐represented by global climate models. We used a stress testing method and global sensitivity analysis to investigate whether interactions between five different, but plausible, change “dimensions” (hydroclimatic variables or relationships) led to worse ecological outcomes than individual changes. The five dimensions include changes in long‐term average rainfall and temperature, low‐frequency variability of rainfall, seasonality of rainfall, and the rainfall‐runoff relationship. Our case study involved regulated and unregulated sections of the Goulburn River, Australia. We found that four different modeled ecological outcomes (condition of small bodied fish, large bodied fish, in‐channel vegetation, and floodplain vegetation) are most sensitive to changes in long‐term average rainfall. Sensitivity to changes in rainfall seasonality depends on river characteristics and appears to be heavily dampened by regulation and actively managed environmental water. Changes to the rainfall‐runoff relationship (which may be triggered by long‐term drying) were found to greatly influence ecological outcomes, but remain poorly understood. However, when considering the worst outcomes that are likely to present severe threats to ecological survival, all five dimensions were significant. These worst outcomes only manifest under certain combinations of changes with interactive effects. These joint interactions have implications for climate risk assessments that do not consider multiple dimensions of change, particularly those aimed at evaluating and mitigating severe threats or extinction probability.
Economic Sustainability of Irrigation‐Dependent Ecosystem Services Under Growing Water Scarcity. Insights From the Reno River in Italy
Authors: Pérez‐Blanco C. Dionisio , Sapino Francesco
Published: February 2022

As water scarcity grows, irrigators are adopting modern irrigation systems to increase the proportion of water use consumed by crops and mitigate impacts on production. This increased beneficial consumption is fundamentally sourced by lower return flows‐runoff and percolation‐back into the environment, which are critical to sustain wetlands and other irrigation‐dependent green infrastructures that supply valuable ecosystem services. We adopt an innovative multi‐model ensemble of mathematical programming models to assess irrigators' responses to pecuniary compensations designed to sustain irrigation‐dependent ecosystem services (Payments for Watershed Services‐PWS), under multiple scenarios. The upshot is a database of forecasts that represents the range of plausible future states, which is used to assess economic performance and identify a robust adaptation strategy to growing scarcity. Our analysis of the Reno River Land Reclamation and Irrigation Board in NE Italy shows that, under most models and scenarios, the conservationist strategy has a superior economic performance than the autonomous adaptation strategy where modern irrigation systems are adopted. The conservationist strategy is also found more robust than the autonomous strategy. However, unless sensible incentives are put in place, irrigators may adopt irrigation technologies nonetheless. Under mild to moderate climate change scenarios, removing existing subsidies to modern irrigation systems is sufficient to deter their adoption. Under severe climate change scenarios, additional PWS to irrigators will be necessary to ensure the sustainability of irrigation‐dependent ecosystem services.
First Chinese ultraviolet–visible hyperspectral satellite instrument implicating global air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020
Authors: Liu Cheng , Hu Qihou , Zhang Chengxin , Xia Congzi , Yin Hao , Su Wenjing , Wang Xiaohan , Xu Yizhou , Zhang Zhiguo
Published: February 2022

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide imposed lockdown measures in early 2020, resulting in notable reductions in air pollutant emissions. The changes in air quality during the pandemic have been investigated in numerous studies via satellite observations. Nevertheless, no relevant research has been gathered using Chinese satellite instruments, because the poor spectral quality makes it extremely difficult to retrieve data from the spectra of the Environmental Trace Gases Monitoring Instrument (EMI), the first Chinese satellite-based ultraviolet–visible spectrometer monitoring air pollutants. However, through a series of remote sensing algorithm optimizations from spectral calibration to retrieval, we successfully retrieved global gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO), from EMI during the pandemic. The abrupt drop in NO2 successfully captured the time for each city when effective measures were implemented to prevent the spread of the pandemic, for example, in January 2020 in Chinese cities, February in Seoul, and March in Tokyo and various cities across Europe and America. Furthermore, significant decreases in HCHO in Wuhan, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Seoul indicated that the majority of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions were anthropogenic. Contrastingly, the lack of evident reduction in Beijing and New Delhi suggested dominant natural sources of VOCs. By comparing the relative variation of NO2 to gross domestic product (GDP), we found that the COVID-19 pandemic had more influence on the secondary industry in China, while on the primary and tertiary industries in Korea and the countries across Europe and America.
Crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of the MbnBC holoenzyme required for methanobactin biosynthesis
Authors: Dou Chao , Long Zhaolin , Li Shoujie , Zhou Dan , Jin Ying , Zhang Li , Zhang Xuan , Zheng Yanhui , Li Lin , Zhu Xiaofeng , Liu Zheng , He Siyu , Yan Weizhu , Yang Lulu , Xiong Jie , Fu Xianghui , Qi Shiqian , Ren Haiyan , Chen She , Dai Lunzhi , Wang Binju , Cheng Wei
Published: February 2022

Methanobactins (Mbns) are a family of copper-binding peptides involved in copper uptake by methanotrophs, and are potential therapeutic agents for treating diseases characterized by disordered copper accumulation. Mbns are produced via modification of MbnA precursor peptides at cysteine residues catalyzed by the core biosynthetic machinery containing MbnB, an iron-dependent enzyme, and MbnC. However, mechanistic details underlying the catalysis of the MbnBC holoenzyme remain unclear. Here, we present crystal structures of MbnABC complexes from two distinct species, revealing that the leader peptide of the substrate MbnA binds MbnC for recruitment of the MbnBC holoenzyme, while the core peptide of MbnA resides in the catalytic cavity created by the MbnB–MbnC interaction which harbors a unique tri-iron cluster. Ligation of the substrate sulfhydryl group to the tri-iron center achieves a dioxygen-dependent reaction for oxazolone-thioamide installation. Structural analysis of the MbnABC complexes together with functional investigation of MbnB variants identified a conserved catalytic aspartate residue as a general base required for MbnBC-mediated MbnA modification. Together, our study reveals the similar architecture and function of MbnBC complexes from different species, demonstrating an evolutionarily conserved catalytic mechanism of the MbnBC holoenzymes.
Organocatalytic cycloaddition of alkynylindoles with azonaphthalenes for atroposelective construction of indole-based biaryls
Authors: Yang Hui , Sun Huai-Ri , He Rui-Qing , Yu Le , Hu Wei , Chen Jie , Yang Sen , Zhang Gong-Gu , Zhou Ling
Published: February 2022

The axially chiral indole-aryl motifs are present in natural products and biologically active compounds as well as in chiral ligands. Atroposelective indole formation is an efficient method to construct indole-based biaryls. We report herein the result of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric cycloaddition of 3-alkynylindoles with azonaphthalenes. A class of indole-based biaryls were prepared efficiently with excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 98% yield, 99% ee). Control experiment and DFT calculations illustrate a possible mechanism in which the reaction proceeds via a dearomatization of indole to generate an allene-iminium intermediate, followed by an intramolecular aza-Michael addition. This approach provides a convergent synthetic strategy for enantioselective construction of axially chiral heterobiaryl backbones.
Disparities in diabetes-related avoidable hospitalization among diabetes patients with disability using a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Youn Hin Moi , Choi Dong-Woo , Jang Sung-In , Park Eun-Cheol
Published: February 2022

Diabetes is an ambulatory care sensitive condition that quality of care can prevent complications development and hospitalization needs. However, diabetes patients with disability face greater challenges with receiving quality diabetes care than those without disabilities. This study examined diabetes-related avoidable hospitalizations (DRAH) focusing on the association with disability. We used nationally representative health insurance cohort data from 2002 to 2013. The study population is people who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. We measured the cumulated number of DRAH using the Prevention Quality Indicators (PQIs). The variables of interest were disability severity and type. We performed a recurrent events analysis using Cox proportional hazard regression model. Among 49,410 type 2 diabetes patients, 12,231 (24.8%) experienced DRAHs at least once during the follow-up period. Among the total population, 5924 (12.0%) diabetes patients were registered as disabled. The findings report that disability severity was significantly associated with higher risks for DRAH, where severely disabled diabetes patients showed the highest hazard ratio of 2.24 (95% CI 1.80–2.79). Among three DRAH indicators, severely disabled diabetes patients showed increased risks for long-term (AHR 2.21, 95% CI 1.89–2.60) and uncontrolled (AHR 2.28, 95% CI 1.80–2.88) DRAH. In addition, intellectual (AHR 5.52, 95% CI 3.78–8.05) and mental (AHR 3.97, 95% CI 2.29–6.89) disability showed higher risks than other types of disability. In conclusion, diabetes patients with disability are at higher risk for DRAH compared to those without disabilities, and those with intellectual and mental disabilities were more likely to experience DRAH compared to those with physical or other types of disability. These findings call for action to find the more appropriate interventions to improve targeted diabetes primary care for patients with disability. Further research is needed to better understand determinants of increasing risks of DRAH.
Dynamics of ethylene glycol-based graphene and molybdenum disulfide hybrid nanofluid over a stretchable surface with slip conditions
Authors: Hussain Syed M.
Published: February 2022

In this research study, numerical and statistical explorations are accomplished to capture the flow features of the dynamics of ethylene glycol-based hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretchable sheet with velocity and thermal slip conditions. Physical insight of viscous dissipation, heat absorption and thermal radiation on the flow-field is scrutinized by dissolving the nanoparticles of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphene into ethylene glycol. The governing mathematical model is transformed into the system of similarity equations by utilizing the apt similarity variables. The numerical solution of resulting similarity equations with associated conditions are obtained employing three-stages Lobatto-IIIa-bvp4c-solver based on a finite difference scheme in MATLAB. The effects of emerging flow parameters on the flow-field are enumerated through various graphical and tabulated results. Additionally, to comprehend the connection between heat transport rate and emerging flow parameters, a quadratic regression approximation analysis on the numerical entities of local Nusselt numbers and skin friction coefficients is accomplished. The findings disclose that the suction and thermal radiation have an adverse influence on the skin friction coefficients and heat transport rate. Further, a slight augmentation in the thermal slip factor causes a considerable variation in the heat transport rate in comparison to the radiation effect.
Dynamic Bayesian networks for prediction of health status and treatment effect in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Ladyzynski Piotr , Molik Maria , Foltynski Piotr
Published: February 2022

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common blood cancer in adults. The course of CLL and patients' response to treatment are varied. This variability makes it difficult to select the most appropriate treatment regimen and predict the progression of the disease. This work was aimed at developing and validating dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) to predict changes of the health status of patients with CLL and progression of the disease over time. Two DBNs were developed and implemented i.e. Health Status Network (HSN) and Treatment Effect Network (TEN). Based on the literature data and expert knowledge we identified relationships linking the most important factors influencing the health status and treatment effects in patients with CLL. The developed networks, and in particular TEN, were able to predict probability of survival in patients with CLL, which was in line with the survival data collected in large medical registries. The networks can be used to personalize the predictions, taking into account a priori knowledge concerning a particular patient with CLL. The proposed approach can serve as a basis for the development of artificial intelligence systems that facilitate the choice of treatment that maximizes the chances of survival in patients with CLL.
Species delimitation and mitonuclear discordance within a species complex of biting midges
Authors: Shults Phillip , Hopken Matthew , Eyer Pierre-Andre , Blumenfeld Alexander , Mateos Mariana , Cohnstaedt Lee W. , Vargo Edward L.
Published: February 2022

The inability to distinguish between species can be a serious problem in groups responsible for pathogen transmission. Culicoides biting midges transmit many pathogenic agents infecting wildlife and livestock. In North America, the C. variipennis species complex contains three currently recognized species, only one of which is a known vector, but limited species-specific characters have hindered vector surveillance. Here, genomic data were used to investigate population structure and genetic differentiation within this species complex. Single nucleotide polymorphism data were generated for 206 individuals originating from 17 locations throughout the United States and Canada. Clustering analyses suggest the occurrence of two additional cryptic species within this complex. All five species were significantly differentiated in both sympatry and allopatry. Evidence of hybridization was detected in three different species pairings indicating incomplete reproductive isolation. Additionally, COI sequences were used to identify the hybrid parentage of these individuals, which illuminated discordance between the divergence of the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets.
Perceptual judgments for the softness of materials under indentation
Authors: Ujitoko Yusuke , Kawabe Takahiro
Published: February 2022

Humans can judge the softness of elastic materials through only visual cues. However, factors contributing to the judgment of visual softness are not yet fully understood. We conducted a psychophysical experiment to determine which factors and motion features contribute to the apparent softness of materials. Observers watched video clips in which materials were indented from the top surface to a certain depth, and reported the apparent softness of the materials. The depth and speed of indentation were systematically manipulated. As physical characteristics of materials, compliance was also controlled. It was found that higher indentation speeds resulted in larger softness rating scores and the variation with the indentation speed was successfully explained by the image motion speed. The indentation depth had a powerful effect on the softness rating scores and the variation with the indentation depth was consistently explained by motion features related to overall deformation. Higher material compliance resulted in higher softness rating scores and these variation with the material compliance can be explained also by overall deformation. We conclude that the brain makes visual judgments about the softness of materials under indentation on the basis of the motion speed and deformation magnitude.
Transcriptome of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in response to 2B protein of enterovirus-A71
Authors: Suanpan Kittisak , Srimanote Potjanee , Tongtawe Pongsri , Khantisitthiporn Onruedee , Supasorn Oratai , Rattanakomol Patthaya , Thanongsaksrikul Jeeraphong
Published: February 2022

Infection with enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand-foot-mouth disease associated with fatal neurological complications. The host response to EV-A71 has not yet been fully elucidated, thus, hampering the development of a precise therapeutic approach. A nonstructural 2B protein of EV-A71 has been reported to involve with calcium dysregulation and apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. However, the molecular mechanism has not been delineated. To address this, comprehensive study of the gene expression from SH-SY5Y cells transfected with EV-A71 2B was carried out by RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. It was found that the signature of the upregulated genes of SH-SY5Y cells expressing EV-A71 2B involved the Ca2+-related signaling pathways participating gene expression, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and long-term potentiation of the neuron. Protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed that the products encoded by CCL2, RELB, BIRC3, and TNFRSF9 were the most significant hub proteins in the network. It indicated that EV-A71 2B protein might play a role in immunopathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) which probably associated with the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. The data suggest that transcriptomic profiling can provide novel information source for studying the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 infection leading to development of an effective therapeutic measure for CNS complications.
Lipophilic glucose monoesters and glycosides are potent human Mincle agonists
Authors: Braganza Chriselle D. , Kodar Kristel , Teunissen Thomas , Andreassend Sarah K. , Khan Ayesha , Timmer Mattie S. M. , Stocker Bridget L.
Published: February 2022

Docosyl α-glucopyranoside is a Mincle ligand that leads to high levels of IL-1β and IL-8 production by human monocytes.
MnSO4-promoted S–O bond cleavage for synthesizing functionalized sulfonium ylides from activated alkynes and sulfoxides
Authors: Chen Wei-Li , Liu Zhang-Wei , Wang Ying-Chun , Ma Xiao-Pan , Mo Dong-Liang
Published: February 2022

A practical Mn(ii)-promoted S–O bond cleavage through a selective [1,3]-rearrangement to prepare various functionalized sulfonium ylides in good yields was reported.
Readily accessible azido-alkyne-functionalized monomers for the synthesis of cyclodextrin analogues using click chemistry
Authors: Daher Grysette , Seoane Gustavo
Published: February 2022

Chemoenzymatically prepared conduritol derivatives were used to synthesize novel cyclodextrin analogues by click oligomerization.
Electron-impact single ionization of the nitrogen atom
Authors: Jonauskas Valdas
Published: February 2022

We study electron-impact single ionization for the nitrogen atom by performing level-to-level calculations. The present study includes direct and indirect processes for all levels of the ground configuration. We explain experimental data using the scaled distorted wave cross-sections. Cross-sections obtained for the highest level of the ground configuration are ~70% larger than the ground one. The contribution of the indirect process is equal to ~5% for the ground level, but this contribution reaches ~30% for the highest level of the ground configuration. Good agreement for the single ionization cross-sections is obtained with values calculated using the B-spline R-matrix with the pseudostates method. We compare our results with data from the standard R-matrix with pseudostates calculations. The cross-sections and Maxwellian rate coefficients are tabulated for the electron-impact collisional ionization and excitation-autoionization processes.
Rank-adaptive structure-preserving model order reduction of Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Hesthaven Jan S. , Pagliantini Cecilia , Ripamonti Nicolò
Published: February 2022

This work proposes an adaptive structure-preserving model order reduction method for finite-dimensional parametrized Hamiltonian systems modeling non-dissipative phenomena. To overcome the slowly decaying Kolmogorov width typical of transport problems, the full model is approximated on local reduced spaces that are adapted in time using dynamical low-rank approximation techniques. The reduced dynamics is prescribed by approximating the symplectic projection of the Hamiltonian vector field in the tangent space to the local reduced space. This ensures that the canonical symplectic structure of the Hamiltonian dynamics is preserved during the reduction. In addition, accurate approximations with low-rank reduced solutions are obtained by allowing the dimension of the reduced space to change during the time evolution. Whenever the quality of the reduced solution, assessed via an error indicator, is not satisfactory, the reduced basis is augmented in the parameter direction that is worst approximated by the current basis. Extensive numerical tests involving wave interactions, nonlinear transport problems, and the Vlasov equation demonstrate the superior stability properties and considerable runtime speedups of the proposed method as compared to global and traditional reduced basis approaches.
Novel Likely Pathogenic Variant in the A3 Domain of von Willebrand Factor Leading to a Collagen-Binding Defect
Authors: Fels Salome , Boeckelmann Doris , Glonnegger Hannah , Büchsel Martin , Zieger Barbara
Published: February 2022

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most prevalent congenital bleeding disorder. Diagnosis and classification of VWD is complex due to its heterogeneity regarding clinical manifestations and molecular genetic analysis. Genetic investigations became an inherent part of diagnosis and help distinguish different types/subtypes of VWD. Although many variants have been listed being causative for VWD, the genetic etiology remains undefined in a lot of patients. We report about two siblings with severely reduced values for von Willebrand factor collagen-binding activity (VWF:CB). Genetic analysis using panel sequencing identified a heterozygous non-synonymous single nucleotide variant in exon 30. At the protein level, the alteration (p.Ser1731Leu) is located in the A3 collagen-binding domain. The amino acid position is already known to be important for collagen binding because p.Ser1731Thr has been reported to affect the VWF:CB.
Rehabilitation des Sportlerellenbogens
Authors: Jones Val
Published: February 2022

Bei Verletzungen des Ellenbogens drohen schwerwiegende Konsequenzen. Folgt man den Anweisungen unserer Autorin, stehen die Chancen gut, dass Betroffene nach einer Verletzung wieder Sport treiben können.
Traumatische Ellenbogenverletzungen im Sport – Mechanismen und Therapie
Authors: Offerhaus Christoph , Hackl Michael
Published: February 2022

Traumatische Ellenbogenverletzungen im Sport sind selten, können aber schwerwiegende Folgen haben, wenn sie nicht adäquat therapiert werden. Ein Überblick.
Shock Index in COVID Era
Authors: Dey Souvik , Magoon Rohan , Kohli Jasvinder Kaur , Kashav Ramesh Chand , ItiShri ItiShri , Walian Ashish
Published: February 2022

The health care burden and risks to health care workers imposed by novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mandated the need for a simple, noninvasive, objective, and parsimonious risk stratification system predicting the level of care, need for definitive airway, and titration of the ongoing patient care. Shock index (SI = heart rate/systolic blood pressure) has been evaluated in emergency triage, sepsis, and trauma settings including different age group of patients. The ever accumulating girth of evidences demonstrated a superior predictive value of SI over other hemodynamic parameters. Inclusion of respiratory and/or neurological parameters and adjustment of the cutoffs appropriate to patient age increase the predictability in the trauma and sepsis scenario. Being reproducible, dynamic, and simple, SI can be a valuable patient risk stratification tool in this ongoing era of COVID-19 pandemic.
Acute Rupture of Sinus of Valsalva into Right Atrium: An Echocardiographic Halftone
Authors: Makhija Neeti , Das Devishree , Agarwal Sumit
Published: February 2022

A ruptured sinus of Valsalva is a rare and emergent cardiac abnormality, which can be acute and rapidly expanding to cause hemodynamic deterioration. Rupturing into right-sided heart chambers causes severe left-to-right shunt and sudden volume overload. Echocardiography especially transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the gold standard facility for early perioperative diagnosis and also to guide surgical technique. Medical stabilization followed by prompt surgical intervention is the treatment of choice.

We hereby report a case of sinus of Valsalva rupturing into right atrium leading to severe left-to-right shunt and the role of TEE in its perioperative management.
Use of Corticosteroids in Prenatal Treatment of Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation: Integrative Review
Authors: Fortes Isadora Macedo Lins Parentes , Junior João Renato Bennini
Published: February 2022

Objective To review data on the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of fetuses with high-risk congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation (CPAM).

Methods Integrative review based on the literature available on MEDLINE and LILACS, including articles published until November, 2020.

Results The initial search resulted in 87 articles, 4 of which were selected for analysis, with all of them being retrospective descriptive observational studies. In the group of fetuses that received only a single corticosteroid cycle, the hydrops resolution rate was 70%, and the survival rate was 83.8%. In fetuses treated with 2 or more cycles of corticosteroids, there was an improvement in the condition of hydrops or edema in a single body compartment in 47%, and survival of 81.8% of the fetuses.

Conclusion The use of corticosteroids for the prenatal treatment of high-risk CPAM appears to be associated with an improvement in perinatal outcomes.
Minimally Neural Retractive, Total Annular Resection, Transforaminal Endoscopic (TARTE) Approach for Severely Canal Compromising Lumbar Disk Herniation Accompanied by a Neurologic Deficit
Authors: Kim Hyeun Sung , Kim Ji Yeon , Lee Yeon Jin , Lee Jun Hyung , Jang Il-Tae
Published: February 2022

Objective Treatment of severely canal compromising lumbar disk herniations (LDH), occupying more than 50% of the canal area, are associated with technical difficulty and worse outcomes. This study aimed to describe new techniques of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar diskectomy (TELD) with less neural retraction, and total annular resection for broad-based severely canal compromising disk herniation. We also evaluated the feasibility and safety of the techniques, and analyzed the clinical and radiologic outcomes of 32 patients presenting with neurologic deficits.

Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed with 32 consecutive patients who underwent TELD for broad-based severely canal compromising LDH between January 2018 and January 2020. We removed the LDH using two novel techniques: (1) the “mobile outside-in” approach and total annular resection method and (2) internal decompression and subsequent pushdown method of the migrated fragment. The cross-sectional area (CSA) on magnetic resonance image was evaluated preoperatively and compared with the postoperative image within 7 days and between 6 months and 1 year. The visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, Oswestry disability index (ODI), MacNab's criteria, and motor power of the involved lower extremities were evaluated pre- and postoperatively.

Results A total of 32 patients, with an average age of 37.5 years (range: 17–66), underwent surgery. The mean VAS score for back pain improved from 7.84 ± 1.02 to 1.31 ± 0.54 and the ODI score improved from 74.3 ± 7.82 to 20.4 ± 3.71 at final follow-up. According to MacNab's criteria, 23 patients had excellent and 9 patients had good outcomes at final follow-up. All patients operated on at the L4–L5 level had great toe/ankle dorsiflexion and/or ankle plantar flexion weakness; knee extension weakness was found at the L2–L3 and L3–L4 levels. Motor function improved significantly; the mean values and range preoperatively, and at 1 month, 3 months, and final follow-up, were 3.41 ± 0.95 (1–4), 4.56 ± 0.56 (3–5), 4.88 ± 0.34 (4–5), and 4.97 ± 0.18 (4–5), respectively (p < 0.001, at all follow-up). The mean values and range of the preserved CSA proportion, preoperatively and within 1 week after surgery, and at final follow-up were 34.9 ± 10.9 (15–61), 81.06 ± 10.24 (63–97), and 93.03 ± 5.37 (76–99), respectively (p < 0.001, at all follow-up).

Conclusion The transforaminal endoscopic approach for broad-based severely canal compromising LDH can be considered a feasible surgical option for an experienced surgeon. With total annular resection and pushdown of migrated fragments, safe and complete removal of LDH was possible in patients with a neurologic deficit. Total annular resection may increase the overall but not the early recurrence rate.
Anaesthesia Challenges during Sternal Wound Debridement
Authors: Kritika K. G. , Kapoor Poonam Malhotra , Choudhury Minati
Published: February 2022

A 50-year-old female weighing 80 kg is posted for a deep sternal wound debridement, post mitral valve replacement (MVR), and post-CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) (left internal mammary artery (LIMA)→left anterior descending (LAD)). She had sternal osteomyelitis and had wound debridement thrice before. She had also history of cardiac injury repair during second wound debridement.

Her initial three tissue cultures showed Acinetobacter positive. Her fourth tissue culture shows Staphylococcus haemolyticus positive. Histopathology shows necrotizing granuloma. Two-dimensional Echocardiography (ECHO) shows post-MVR, no Mitral regurgitation (MR), mild Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) (right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP)-24 + Retrograde autologous priming (RAP)), Inferior Vena Cava #x0028;IVC) 1.6 cm with respiratory collapse, no pericardial effusion, no Left atrium (LA) clot/veg, and normal biventricular function.
Disambiguating Clinical Abbreviations Using a One-Fits-All Classifier Based on Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Jaber Areej , Martínez Paloma
Published: February 2022

Background Abbreviations are considered an essential part of the clinical narrative; they are used not only to save time and space but also to hide serious or incurable illnesses. Misreckoning interpretation of the clinical abbreviations could affect different aspects concerning patients themselves or other services like clinical support systems. There is no consensus in the scientific community to create new abbreviations, making it difficult to understand them. Disambiguate clinical abbreviations aim to predict the exact meaning of the abbreviation based on context, a crucial step in understanding clinical notes.

Objectives Disambiguating clinical abbreviations is an essential task in information extraction from medical texts. Deep contextualized representations models showed promising results in most word sense disambiguation tasks. In this work, we propose a one-fits-all classifier to disambiguate clinical abbreviations with deep contextualized representation from pretrained language models like Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT).

Methods A set of experiments with different pretrained clinical BERT models were performed to investigate fine-tuning methods on the disambiguation of clinical abbreviations. One-fits-all classifiers were used to improve disambiguating rare clinical abbreviations.

Results One-fits-all classifiers with deep contextualized representations from Bioclinical, BlueBERT, and MS_BERT pretrained models improved the accuracy using the University of Minnesota data set. The model achieved 98.99, 98.75, and 99.13%, respectively. All the models outperform the state-of-the-art in the previous work of around 98.39%, with the best accuracy using the MS_BERT model.

Conclusion Deep contextualized representations via fine-tuning of pretrained language modeling proved its sufficiency on disambiguating clinical abbreviations; it could be robust for rare and unseen abbreviations and has the advantage of avoiding building a separate classifier for each abbreviation. Transfer learning can improve the development of practical abbreviation disambiguation systems.