bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage between Westport and Greymouth
Authors: Smith A. D.
Published: February 2021

Except for the adjoining coal-mining townships of Runanga and Dunollie, five miles north of Greymouth, buildings in the fifty mile long stretch of coast between Westport and Greymouth occur only in small groupings widely scattered along the coastal highway, Runanga and Dunollie are located two miles inland, and are situated partly on soft and saturated soil.
Damage in Christchurch and Canterbury
Authors: Moss P. J.
Published: February 2021

For many people in Christchurch and other parts of Canterbury, the earthquake which occurred in the early hours of 24th May was marked by considerable shaking which lasted for about 35 seconds. In many cases the shaking was accompanied by some noise as the house moved with the earthquake. However, later conversation indicated that some people, at least, claimed that they were not woken at all by the earthquake and so showed that the earthquake was not very severe.
Damage from Greymouth to Hokitika
Authors: Anderson P. D. , Osborne T. W. J.
Published: February 2021

Greymouth is approximately 100 km from the epicentre and Hokitika approximately 130 km. The intensity of damage changed significantly over this distance, there being considerable damage at Greymouth but only slight damage at Hokitika. Some Hokitika commercial buildings of construction similar to buildings which suffered moderate damage in Greymouth had virtually no damage at all.
A builder's observations and views at Greymouth
Authors: Williams J. E.
Published: February 2021

From my observations of earthquake damage in Greymouth, the main contributing cause was the age of the buildings the lack of maintenance and poor sub-soil on which many buildings have been erected. Over the years there appears to have been little or no thought to appropriate building design, or to rectifying the position in which the area now finds itself.
Engineering seismology
Authors: Stephenson W. R.
Published: February 2021

The aftershock that occurred at 12:45 GMT on June 5 gave the first direct comparison of a 3-component time base accelerograph (M01) with the simpler scratch-plate horizontal accelerograph (SP 1) developed at Physics and Engineering Laboratory.
Inangahua earthquake 1968
Authors: Douglas J. S.
Published: February 2021

Many years of difficult and costly work on improving and sealing the state highway system in the Inangahua and Buller Gorge areas was virtually ruined in a few seconds by the earthquake of 24 May 1968.
Damage to railway track
Authors: Duckworth W. J. H.
Published: February 2021

The Inangahua earthquake brought to a standstill all train operations on the West Coast. The first concern was to inspect the track and bridges to determine whether they were safe for a resumption of train services.
Damage to railway bridging
Authors: Wilson J. B.
Published: February 2021

The distance between Reefton and Westport on the Stillwater-Westport railway is 46 miles and there are fifty railway bridges of various types with ages ranging from recently completed to sixty years old.
The 1968 Inangahua earthquake and  electricity services
Authors: Hitchcock H. C.
Published: February 2021

Electric power is carried into the area by the N.Z. Electricity Department over 66kV transmission lines as shown in Pig. 1, and supplied to the Electric Power Boards at Substations as indicated. Figure 1 also shows the estimated location of the epicentre of the main shock and its distance from the principle installations.
Damage, operation and reinstatement of post office communications services
Authors: Eddy D. C. A. , Hands B. B. , Preston D. S. G.
Published: February 2021

The area of the West Coast affected by the earthquake lies within the Greymouth Post Office Engineering District controlled by a District Engineer at Greymouth and within the districts controlled by the Chief Postmasters at Greymouth and Vestport.
Initial appraisal of building damage in Inangahua
Authors: Falconer B. H.
Published: February 2021

From aerial reconnaissance late on the morning of the earthquake, it was clear that severe damage to buildings had occurred at the township comprising Inangahua Camp and Inangahua Junction; and in farmland within a radius of five to eight miles.
Survey and approach to restoration of damaged buildings
Authors: Yeatman H. W.
Published: February 2021

One of the major problems confronting any Authority after devastation by fire flood, storm or earthquake, is the restoration of buildings back to their normal functional use as quickly and efficiently as permissible under prevailing circumstances so that undue hardship, frustration and inconvenience are minimised and alleviated as soon as is humanly possible.
Restoration in the Inangahua area
Authors: Hamblett S. G. , Yeatman H. W.
Published: February 2021

The Inangahua "Disaster Area” included twelve miles of the Duller River Valley from Lyell down to Berlin's and five miles of the Inangahua River Valley up to the Landing. The area contained about 50 single story buildings at Inangahua Camp, 20 at Inangahua Junction as well as  about 30 farm dwellings with their outbuildings spread along the valleys.
Earthquake engineering research at  the University of Canterbury
Authors: Shepherd R.
Published: February 2021

In February 1960 the University of Canterbury Engineering School moved to its new buildings at Ilam, thereby gaining  greatly improved facilities for research work. Subsequently the implementation of a very successful post-graduate scholarship scheme gave much needed encouragernent to graduate student activity.
Reinforced concrete seismic design
Authors: Hollings J. P.
Published: February 2021

This paper is reproduced from the proceedings of a seminar on "Seismic Problems in Structural Engineering" arranged by the Departments of Civil Engineering and Extension Studies of the University of Canterbury, and held in Christchurch from May 13 to 16, 1968. Reinforced concrete, as customarily designed and detailed, and in contrast to structural steel, is essentially a brittle construction material. Brittleness can be a danger  in regions prone to earthquakes. However, with due care in design and detailing, reinforced concrete structures can be made adequately ductile for good performance in earthquakes. This paper presents a rational design procedure to achieve ductility of reinforced concrete structures.
Prestressed concrete seismic design
Authors: Williamson K. E.
Published: February 2021

This paper is reproduced from the proceedings of a seminar on "Seismic Problems in Structural Engineering" arranged by the Departments of Civil Engineering and Extension Studies of the University of Canterbury, and held in Christchurch from May 13  to 16, 1968. Another paper from that seminar, also published  in this issue of the Bulletin, discusses requirements for ductility in reinforced concrete structures. The present  paper makes a comparison of prestressed concrete with reinforced concrete, and discusses the factors to be considered  in the design of prestressed structures for earthquake resistance.
A message from the Standards Association of New Zealand
Authors: Edwards G. H.
Published: February 2021

The Standards Association has a distinguished ancestry. All closely associated with a national building code.

The Standards Institution, formed in 1932 under the wing of NZIE (then the NZ Society of Civil Engineers), started the development of the first code, NZS 95. This was extended and developed by the NZ Standards Institute (part of DSIR and later a division of the Department of Industries & Commerce), and was developed further as NZS 1900. This independent Standards Association (SANZ), formed in 1966, is proud to continue this work.
A note about N.Z.S. 1900 building codes and changes
Authors: Hitchcock E. H.
Published: February 2021

New Zealand has a unique system of establishing its national building code through a system of voluntary committees, public consultation, statutory declaration and voluntary adoption of the product of general agreement.

The mechanism of agreement is provided by the Standards Association, in the form of the committee table, wide circulation of drafts for comment, and the drafting committee - sectional committee - Ministerial - Standards Council - chain of approval.
Codes for seismic design of prestressed concrete
Authors: Williamson K. E.
Published: February 2021

The seismic resistance of prestressed concrete is receiving attention frcm code writers as a result of the research being done on this subject both overseas and in New Zealand.

Of particular interest are the activities of the Seismic Commission of the Federation International de Precontrainte (F.I.P.) which reviews information collected from the various parts of the world. The Commission's document "General Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures” was presented at the Vth Congress of the F.I.P. (Paris, 1966). It is at present being revised for presentation at the VIth F.I.P, Congress, Prague 1970. Drafts of this report are currently being circulated to F.I.P. Seismic Commission members for comment.
D.S.I.R. microzoning programme
Authors: Adams R. D.
Published: February 2021

It has long been known that variations in soil type can produce differences of several steps of intensity on the Modified Mercalli scale in different parts of an area experiencing the same basic earthquake vibration. Some magnification of the amplitude of earthquake vibration is caused by the lower acoustic impedance of poor soil, and further effects can arise from resonances in layers of differing composition.
Some limitations of modal analysis in seismic design
Authors: Shepherd R.
Published: February 2021

In the normal-mode, response-spectrum approach to earthquake resistant design of multistorey buildings the extended elastic seismic design loads are frequently calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of the modal responses. The individual member forces are then determined using these seismic design loads. Previous research workers have examined the limitations of this technique and it is accepted as being generally applicable in practical design procedures. Recent computer analyses of projected New Zealand high-rise buildings have illustrated two conditions in which the “square root of the sum of the modal responses squared” rule is inapplicable. In this note these situations are described and suggestions are made of an alternative approach which may be adopted when deriving design loads in such cases.
Earthquake recording instrument
Authors: Bunce G. K.
Published: February 2021

Recognising that the only practical method for obtaining the primary data on earthquake resistance in large structures is to measure their behaviour during earthquakes, the Department of Scientific & Industrial Research realised there was a need both in New Zealand and overseas, for a low-cost, strong motion earthquake recording instrument suitable for use in multi-storey buildings and other important civil engineering structures.
Civil Defence at  No. 1 Sub-Region level Auckland Regional Authority
Authors: Blenkinsopp J. G.
Published: February 2021

Civil Defence in Northern Region
Civil Defence at the local body level
Authors: Armstrong F. N.
Published: February 2021

Civil Defence in Northern Region
Seismic design of public buildings
Authors: Shephard R. B. , Glogau O. A.
Published: February 2021

This paper is in two sections.

The senior author discusses in the first section the reasons for some of the revised provisions in the current Ministry of Works, Structural Design Office, Code of Practice for the design of buildings, while the junior author deals in the second part with the application of these provisions to a reinforced concrete shear core building. He presents methods of designing and detailing a core for ductility and the effect of incremental damage to the spandrels in a coupled shear wall are examined.
A reinforced concrete building in Wellington
Authors: Hollings J. P.
Published: February 2021

The building which is to be studied is an apartment building on a one acre site in Wellington's Oriental Bay. It was a design and build venture of Wilkins and Davies Development Co. Ltd. Registered Architects were employed for the design and the author's firm as consulting engineers with normal professional responsibilities for design and supervision of the structure and of the site works. In order to achieve the best financial return on the venture the maximum possible number of flats had to be fitted on to the site. With the town planning requirements for separation distance and the need for adequate car parking, this meant  a tall building with 15 floors of flats (4 and 5 flats per floor) over  a ground floor of parking.
Geophysics at the  Victoria University of Wellington
Authors: Evison F. F.
Published: February 2021

New Zealand’s first chair of geophysics was inaugurated at Victoria University of Wellington in 1967. This established geophysics - the quantitative study of the earth's physical properties and processes - as a major specialisation in the University, although research and teaching in several branches of the subject had already been in progress for many years. In the Department of Physics, geophysics has been one of the principal research interests since the mid 19501s; in the Department of Geology a lectureship in applied geophysics was set up in 1965; and in the Department of Mathematics research on geothermal systems has been carried out, and more recently another important branch of geophysics was introduced with the establishment in 1968 of a senior lectureship in meteorology.

These developments reflect the broad relevance of geophysics to  New Zealand as a country which is affected by earthquakes and volcanic activity, where a special contribution can be made to the study of global phenomena such as geomagnetism, where studies of the atmosphere and oceans are important to many aspects of life, and where economic development demands not only a persistent research for minerals but the construction of many power stations and other large structures requiring intensive site investigation.
Building research in the school of architecture
Authors: Thompson R. M.
Published: February 2021

The first anniversary of the construction of a temporary and very modest laboratory building, and the appointment of its first laboratory technician, recently passed unnoticed in the School of Architecture,  but in fact, was being celebrated by construction of an even more modest extension to house a temperature and humidity controlled room for storage and possible longer term testing of timber and plywood components.
Earthquake engineering research at the University of Auckland
Authors: Martin G. R.
Published: February 2021

Earthquake Engineering Research at the University of Auckland Engineering School was initiated by Professor N. A. Mowbray in 1960. Since this date a number of research projects have been completed, the results of which have been published in M.E. or Ph.D theses, or summarised in published papers. Many of the more recent theses are available from the school in report form.

This report gives a brief outline of completed and current  research projects, the projects being grouped under headings representing particular fields of interest. More detailed information on any of the projects listed, may be obtained by writing to the associated or supervising members of staff. In addition, the report is supplemented by a brief review of lectures or coursework related to earthquake engineering, which are at present introduced into undergraduate or postgraduate course.
Earthquake engineering research  at The Papua and New Guinea  Institute of Higher Technical Education
Authors: Boyce W. H.
Published: February 2021

The Papua and New Guinea Institute of Higher Technical Education enrolled its first students in 1967 and moved to Lae at the beginning of 1968. An active building programme is underway.

At the suggestion of Professor J.H. Lavery, University of Queensland, the first project undertaken by the writer on taking up his appointment in February 1968 was research on earthquake engineering problems. Two accelerographs were purchased from New Zealand and installed on the campus in November, 1968.
Comments on some earthquake damaged buildings in New Zealand
Authors: Kerswill F. E.
Published: February 2021

These comments are derived from experience in inspecting buildings damaged by earthquakes in New Zealand spread over a period of some sixteen years. This work has mostly been done in association with assessors and other professional colleagues. Their views and guidance have been a valuable help in keeping attention mainly directed at the task of finding out what damage has been caused by the particular incident, and thus arriving at a fair evaluation of the claim on an indemnity basis. This has left little time for pursuing studies which might have been more interesting from the technological aspect, and such comment as is offered below must be accepted as a by-product of a professional activity.
Earthquakes and tall buildings
Authors: Jennings Paul C.
Published: February 2021

Editor’s Note: Professor Jennings' contribution is, he says, "relatively non-technical, and is aimed primarily at laymen and engineers not directly engaged in structural engineering". Papers of this sort are so rare that we are delighted to offer this one from so respected an authority as Professor Jennings, not only for those of our members that the Professor intended should benefit, but also for structural engineers. All of us, deeply involved with technical detail, tend to lose something of our appreciation of the overall problem.
Steel seismic design
Authors: Butcher G. W.
Published: February 2021

This paper is a revision of a paper from the proceedings of a Seminar on "Seismic Problems in Structural Engineering" arranged by the Departments of Civil Engineering and Extension Studies of the University of Canterbury held in Christchurch from 13 - 16 May 1968.
Discussion
Authors: Shepherd R.
Published: February 2021

Editor's Note: Written contributions relating to material published in the Bulletin will generally appear in the Discussion Section of the Bulletin. Occasionally individuals may be invited to offer discussion for printing with the original paper, article or note. In this instance, Mr. Shepherd, whose paper was referred to by Mr. McKenzie, was invited. His comment and Mr. McKenzie's response appear below. Others may contribute for publication in later issues.
Formidable echo
Authors: Savarensky E. F.
Published: February 2021

The USSR Council of Ministers has adopted the decision on adjustments in construction in the country‘s seismic areas. E. F. Savarensky, Chairman  of the Council on Seismology and Earthquake Proof Construction, corresponding member, USSR Academy of Sciences, comments this decision.
Seminar on geotechnical aspects of earthquake engineering
Authors: Editor
Published: February 2021

Over eighty civil engineers and scientists participated in the Seminar. The general interest was shown by the lively discussion which took place after every lecture, or panel discussion.

Speakers at about half the sessions were Visiting Lecturers. Mr. P. W. Taylor and Dr. G. R, Martin of the Civil Engineering department gave the remainder and have supplied the following resume of their contributions.
Design loads
Authors: Williamson K. E. , Andrews A. L.
Published: February 2021

In our last issue was an announcement from SANZ about review of NZS 1900 Chapter 8 and an invitation to readers to offer their views for publication in the Bulletin. The first two contributions received appear below.
Elastic and non-elastic surface deformation in New Zealand
Authors: Lensen G. J.
Published: February 2021

Over the last decade it has become evident that not all surface deformation takes place during earthquakes. Deformation associated with earthquakes and their aftershocks appears to be non-elastic in nature, while in between earthquakes deformation appears to be elastic.
The shear strength of shear walls
Authors: Paulay T.
Published: February 2021

To enable a comparison between the shear strength of shear walls and that of reinforced concrete beams to be made, the behaviour of the latter is briefly reviewed.

The findings of research projects, related to deep beams and the effects of repeated cyclic loading, are summarised. More detailed information on the shear strength of deep beams, tested at the University of Canterbury, is presented, Particular problems associated with four classes of typical shear walls of multi-storey structures are briefly highlighted. The current recommendation of the  SEAOC code, as applied to shear walls, are critically examined and certain anomalies, which may ensue from their interpretation, are illustrated. Areas of research, related to the full evaluation of reinforced concrete shear wall  behaviour, are suggested. The paper concludes with a number of design recommendations which suggest themselves from this review.
Treatment of earthquake accelerograms
Authors: Boyce W. H.
Published: February 2021

Engineers involved in structural design in earthquake areas are interested in the forces exerted on a structure during strong earthquakes. To evaluate these forces it is necessary to have records of ground motion during such earthquakes. The most convenient motion to record as far as further processing is concerned is ground acceleration. This motion is obtained by using short period pendulums which function as accelerometers.
An application of spectral techniques
Authors: Shepherd R. , McConnel R. E.
Published: February 2021

Techniques of seismic load prediction using response spectra have been in general used for many years and the normal mode-response spectrum approach forms the background to a majority of modern earthquake resistant design codes. It is widely appreciated that in the general case of multi-degree of freedom systems, extension of the approach to the prediction of structural response in the post-elastic range is invalid. Consequently analyses based on the system, using a time history of ground acceleration as the excitation, have been developed.

However, some structures may be modelled reasonably accurately by a single degree of freedom system and in these circumstances spectral techniques may be applied justifiably to post-elastic seismic response calculations.

Predictions of the post-elastic response of a viaduct pier, making use of earthquake response spectra, are described in this paper.

A simple method involving consideration of conservation of energy and a second approach based on the reserve energy technique are reviewed and the behaviour predicted by applying each to the proposed pier is compared with the response determined from a computer analysis involving numerical integration of the equations of motion of the system.

It is shown that in the case of the particular structure examined the results of the spectral technique considerations are of the same order as those obtained from more complex analyses, thereby supporting the contention that, at least for some structures, estimates of post-elastic seismic behaviour based on response spectra applications may be of value, particularly at the initial design stage when a full computer based analysis may not be warranted.
Confined columns
Authors: Glogau O. A.
Published: February 2021

Why confined columns in building frames designed for beam hinging mechanisms?
Aspects of the analysis of frame-panel interaction
Authors: Moss P. J. , Carr A. J.
Published: February 2021

Some of the aspects involved in modelling frame-panel interaction by computer methods are discussed. These include the different types of infill and their strength and failure properties, the forces of interaction, and methods for handling material nonlinearity.  The use of the finite element method to implement the analysis is described and examples are presented to illustrate the application of the method.
A philosophy of seismic zoning
Authors: Eilby G. A.
Published: February 2021

Seismic zoning involves both economic questions, and questions of public safety. If it is accepted that the latter are more important, little justification for differing structural codes in different parts of New Zealand can be found. Consideration of the economic importance of the varying incidence of smaller earthquakes is hampered by the absence of properly costed engineering studies. Microzoning and the study of foundation conditions are of high importance.
Strong motion earthquake recording in New Zealand
Authors: Skinner R. I. , Stephenson W. R. , Hefford R. T.
Published: February 2021

An extensive network of strong-motion accelerographs is installed on the ground throughout New Zealand and also in major structures. At present this system contains 77 three-component recorders and 74 two-component non-timebase recorders. Since severe earthquakes are rare, and their violence may be very different at nearby positions, the strong-motion earthquake records must be supplemented by seismological, geological and geophysical data in order to obtain adequate information for the design of earthquake-resistant structures.
Seismic microzoning in New Zealand
Authors: Stephenson W. R.
Published: February 2021

"Seismic Microzoning" means many different things to different people. There is always included the element of different damage in nearby areas, but how the differences arise, how we should study them, and how we should apply the results of our studies, are still uncertain.

To some people, microzoning refers to structural damage due to ground failure; faulting, slumping and liquefaction all belong in this category. To others, microzoning is the effects of the focussing of seismic waves by boundaries, resulting in modified ground damage and building damage.

A third very popular view of microzoning holds that it concerns multiple reflection of seismic waves in layers, with interference of the wave trains giving rise to maxima, where ground and structural damage will be accentuated.

Microzoning can be defined as the division of land areas into small regions of differing local geology for which differences in earthquake attack on structures are specified.

This paper is an attempt to set down aspects of microzoning in a logical manner, and to relate them. It also discusses activities here and overseas, and considers where microzoning and microzoning research in New Zealand should head.
Earthquake resistant design of cohesive earth slopes
Authors: Martin G. R. , Taylor P. W.
Published: February 2021

As many major slope failures have occurred  during medium and strong earthquakes, the  assessment of the seismic stability of slopes in earthquake-prone areas is of great concern to engineers. Prior to 1964, little attention was given to the development of rational aseismic  design methods for earth slopes. Most design  methods were based on a static analysis used  in conjunction with an arbitrarily selected  lateral force acting on the slope with soil  strengths determined by conventional laboratory  tests. However, the catastrophic slope failures  which occurred during the Alaskan earthquake of 1964, resulted in a considerable reappraisal of  such static design methods. In recent years  significant progress has been made in developing  new methods of laboratory testing to determine dynamic soil properties, improved techniques of analysing the dynamic response of slopes and embankments to earthquakes, and new concepts of aseismic design methods for earth slopes. Although research has yet to provide all the answers, the current state of knowledge at least provides an improved guide to engineering judgement in the assessment of the stability of earth slopes during earthquakes.
Effect of soil properties on earthquake response
Authors: Parton I. M. , Smith R. W. Melville
Published: February 2021

It is recognized that the nature of Earthquake motions, and hence their effect on structures is dependent to a large degree on the subsoils through which they pass, This paper presents the results of a computer investigation into the effects of surface layering at the site of a proposed motorway bridge. Dynamic strain controlled triaxial tests were conducted to determine the stress-strain relationships of the soils encountered. It is concluded that the site characteristics determine the seismic response and thus control the shape of the surface motion response  spectrum.
The economics of earthquake engineering
Authors: Hollings J. P.
Published: February 2021

This paper attempts to provide the designer of large scale engineering works with a rational method for judging how much capital it is proper to spend on earthquake engineering for the project in question. It does this by setting up the concept of a hypothetical disaster fund maintained by capital contributions from each new project built. A variety of examples is given to illustrate the argument and the application of the method.
Ductility considerations in seismic design of high rise buildings
Authors: McKenzie G. H. F.
Published: February 2021

Design measures for providing earthquake resistance in high rise buildings are set out. It is essential that any building designed to code seismic coefficients should have adequate ductility, since its structure will be forced well into the yield range in a major earthquake.

Methods of assessing the ductility requirements in individual members of building frames are presented, together with procedures for determining the values of ϕu /ϕy at individual hinge points, under seismic deflections into the plastic range. Conditions which give rise to large values of ϕu / ϕy are pointed out. Design problems involved in the formation of column hinge s are dealt with. Considerations affecting the use of dynamic analysis for elasto-plastic response in determining values of ϕu /ϕy at hinges are pointed out. Design procedures for satisfying ductility demands in individual members are discussed.
Earthquake damage to roads and bridges
Authors: Ellison B. K.
Published: February 2021

This report endeavours to illustrate the damage to roads and bridges that occurred during the Madang Earthquake of 1st November, 1970. It is not proposed to interpret the damage in detail or to offer firm recommendations for future designs.
Full-strength butt welds of reinforcing bars by the pressure - gas process
Authors: Armstrong I. C.
Published: February 2021

The paper defines full-strength butt welded bar splices and recognises their suitability  for earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete structures detailed for ductility. Aspects of the successful use of the pressure-gas process on an eight-storey shear core building are reported. Essential features  of a pressure-gas technique developed for making full-strength butt welds on site are described. The significance of a band of  decarburised steel occurring at the weld interface is discussed, and provisions for its control are indicated. The paper gives test methods and criteria for quality control and acceptance purposes, with reference to a detailed Specification and "Statement of Technique and Equipment” under which the technique is now in principle accepted by the New Zealand Ministry of Works. Proving tests using the technique are reported, and a metallurgical report by R. M. Robb on the test welds, including micro-photographs, is appended. The paper concludes by indicating the practicability of making full-strength butt welds of HY60 bars by the pressure-gas process.
Earthquake design of structures with brittle members and heavy artificial damping by the method of direct integration
Authors: Winthrop D. A. , Hitchcock H. C.
Published: February 2021

This paper outlines an investigation by the New Zealand Electricity Department into possible methods of increasing the seismic strength of  220kV airblast circuit breakers. The circuit breaker was idealised as a two mass vibrating system whose behaviour in different earthquakes was examined by the method of direct integration of the equations of motion.
Behaviour of reinforced masonry shear walls under cyclic loading
Authors: Scrivener J. C. , Williams D.
Published: February 2021

A series of tests on reinforced brick and concrete block walls subjected to cyclic static loading applied in the plane of the walls is described. The parameters varied were the magnitude of bearing loads, wall aspect ratios and reinforcing percentages and distribution. The hysteresis loops from several cycles of load-deflection obtained by cycling at constant deformation, normally a multiple of the deformation at maximum load, were obtained and the walls loaded to failure. In particular, the ductility capability, stiffness degradation, load deterioration and the ductility requirements as determined by dynamic analyses are discussed in relation to the aseismic design of load bearing masonry walls.
Damage to freeway structures in the San Fernando earthquake
Authors: Wood J. H. , Jennings P. C.
Published: February 2021

The extensive freeway system of the Los Angeles basin utilizes a very large number of modern bridge structures to distribute traffic at freeway interchanges and to carry the freeways over and under the city street systems. Most of the bridges are of prestressed concrete or reinforced concrete design and commonly box girder construction is used although some arch and girder type bridges are employed. In general bridges are the major structures on  the freeway system and high earth retaining structures and tunnels are not common. Retaining walls are used on some of the older sections in the central area of Los Angeles City.
Experimental study on five-story full size apartment house of reinforced concrete walled frames
Authors: Ohsaki Yorihiko , Watabe Makoto , Matsushima Yutaka
Published: February 2021

This report is concerned with the experiment of 5-story full size apartment house of reinforced concrete walled frames, conducted by Building Research Institute entrusted by Japan Housing Corporation. The purpose of this experiment is to examine the characteristics of this type of structure under the seismic loading and to improve its structural design.

The special feature of this specimen lies in, in a word, its economic design which is considered to be close to the structural and working criteria - the thickness and the length of the wall are 15cm and 12cm/m2 over the story, respectively, which are less than the limitations given by the requirements of Architectural Institute of Japan.

Tests are divided into two parts. One is the horizontal static loading test carried out until the specimen collapsed, and the other is the dynamic test to investigate vibration properties in both elastic and plastic zones.

The outline and results of these tests are presented together with the analyses of the test results.
Decisions theory in earthquake engineering
Authors: Rosenblueth E.
Published: February 2021

Let us choose to be rational. As designers we shall aim to produce the best designs possible - to optimize. To optimize from whose point of view? Ours, of course. This does not mean we should ignore society, the tenants, or the owner, nor even the architect and the contractor; their interests mould our own. For the sake of simplicity I shall assume that our values coincide with those of society. If the owner’s, the architect’s, or the contractor’s do not, why too bad for them, or for us. The present treatment should serve as a guide to take the compromise decisions that real situations force upon us; and it is directly applicable when we are employed by a branch of a government that represents the people.
Standards association of New Zealand
Authors: Garden R. J. P.
Published: February 2021

Prompted by the Editorial in Vol. 4 No. 1 of the Bulletin, I comment on some items of Table 5B of Amendment No. 3 to Chapter 8 of N.Z.S.S. 1900.
Microzoning for earthquake effects in the Wellington city area
Authors: Adams R. D.
Published: February 2021

A report with the above title is now being prepared for publication by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. The work embodied in the report was carried out by representatives of four divisions of D.S.I.R., who have been collaborating as a Microzoning Committee since 1968. A smaller report on microzoning in the Pauatahanui area was issued in 1970, but the Wellington study is the first in a major urban area to have been undertaken in New Zealand. It is hoped to extend this type of work to other parts of New Zealand as time, permits.
Some aspects of shear wall design
Authors: Paulay T.
Published: February 2021

The usefulness of certain walls in the structural planning of multistorey buildings in particular has long been recognised. When external or internal walls are situated in advantageous positions they can be very efficient in resisting lateral loads originating from wind or earthquakes. In addition to the potential strength, which shear walls possess, they offer considerable lateral stiffness and thus can protect a building against non-structural damage that arises when lateral displacement or sway becomes excessive during a moderate seismic disturbance. Only in the last few years did the  subject receive more attention and many aspects of the behaviour of shear walls are still  being studied and evaluated. Because of necessary space limitations relevant features, which have been treated in well known publications, will be mentioned very briefly here, but reference to the appropriate source will be made. Other aspects, which are now understood a little better because of more recent research efforts, are presented in more detail. Emphasis is placed on features of behaviour relevant to loading of seismic origin rather than on design recipes.
The design of public buildings
Authors: Glogau O. A.
Published: February 2021

This paper may be regarded as complementing that by Mr. I. C. Armstrong elsewhere in this volume. The author discusses in general the present attitude of his office towards aseismic design, the changes and developments since a report on the same subject at a symposium in 1968.
Capacity design of reinforced concrete frames for ductile earthquake performance
Authors: Armstrong I. C.
Published: February 2021

The basis of the design of reinforced concrete frames for fully ductile earthquake performance, applicable to low buildings as well as to major structures, is outlined in terms of capacity design criteria now considered essential to prevent non-ductile failures and enable the building to survive earthquake attack.
Reinforced masonry
Authors: Scrivener J. C.
Published: February 2021

It is interesting to recall I. L. Holmes’ comment from the Seminar on Seismic Problems in Structural Engineering 1968 - "reinforced masonry can be designed by the same rules as reinforced concrete". This is really the theme of this paper. What Holmes said in 1968, on scant evidence, has been shown in the testing which has been conducted since then to be completely correct.
Prestressed concrete seismic design
Authors: Blakeley R. W. G.
Published: February 2021

The approach of design and research engineers to the use of prestressed concrete in primary seismic resistant structural elements is reviewed. Some results of recent research into the ductility of prestressed concrete members and the inelastic seismic response of prestressed concrete frames are presented. Also, the principles and recommendations of the FIP-CEB and others for seismic resistant design are given and current New Zealand design practice is summarised. Finally, the question of suitable load factors for pre-stressed concrete structures is discussed.
Engineering features of the San Fernando earthquake
Authors: Jennings Paul C. , Wood John H.
Published: February 2021

This paper was received for publication in May 1971. Apologies are extended to the authors for the delays in publication.
Microtremor recording techniques
Authors: Parton I. M. , Taylor P. W.
Published: February 2021

For some years seismologists and engineers have been recording and measuring microtremors. In this paper a review of earlier micotremor investigations is presented and microtremor recording apparatus developed at Auckland University Engineering School is described. Two distinct methods of recording have been developed. One uses a conventional low-cost tape recorder operating at reduced speed to record the low frequency signals. The other uses a frequency modulation methods and a high quality instrumentation tape recorder to accurately record signal levels. This paper is the first of a series of three. In the second, method of analysing microtremor records, with particular emphasis on their frequency content will be presented, while in the last of the series the application of microtremor measurement to the design of earthquake resistant structures will be critically examined.
The statistical estimation of earthquake risk
Authors: Vere-Jones D.
Published: February 2021

The concept of Earthquake Risk is considered from three points of view: the geophysical  risk, referring to the probability of occurence of a damaging earthquake in a specified region; the engineering risk, referring to the probability of structural failure; and the insurance risk, referring to the probability of claims being lodged to a specified amount. In each case a general discussion is given of some practical and technical difficulties involved in estimating the risk.
Analysis of microtremor records
Authors: Parton I. M. , Taylor P. W.
Published: February 2021

A previous paper  described two techniques developed at the University of Auckland, School of Engineering for recording microtremors. In this paper, various possible methods of analysing such records, with emphasis on the discernment  of frequency content, are outlined. Those which were found most useful in microtremor analysis are described in more detail and examples of their use are given.
Strong motion earthquake records
Authors: Taylor P. W.
Published: February 2021

This article reviews, at an elementary level, the ways in which information from strong-motion earthquake records may be presented. The various methods of presentation are illustrated with reference to the strong-motion records obtained at Pacoima Dam, in the San Fernando earthquake of 1971. As acceleration response spectra from the basis of most codes for the design of earthquake resistant structures, the historical development of response spectra is traced from the initial concept. Simplification of presentation by the use of 'pseudo' response spectra, and the use of spectra to define earthquake intensity are outlined.
A philosophy for improving old buildings to resist earthquakes
Authors: Hollings J. P.
Published: February 2021

The following papers were presented at a Seminar on High Earthquake Risk Buildings held in Wellington on 6 October, 1973. They form part of the published proceedings, copies of which may be obtained from the Administrative Secretary.
The local authority engineer and high earthquake risk buildings
Authors: Grigg A. N.
Published: February 2021

The following papers were presented at a Seminar on High Earthquake Risk Buildings held in Wellington on 6 October, 1973. They form part of the published proceedings, copies of which may be obtained from the Administrative Secretary.
Cyclic  tests  on  masonry piers
Authors: Mayes R. L. , Mostaghel N. M. , Clough R. W. , Dickey W. L.
Published: February 2021

The paper describes the preliminary phase of an experimental investigation into the behaviour of reinforced masonry shear wall elements subjected to high speed cyclic loading. The three specimens tested in the preliminary phase were full scale wall panels about 4 meters square, each consisting of two piers connected by a top and bottom spandrel; each panel was made from a different material. The results of the tests on the three specimens are presented in the form of dynamic force deflection relationships.

The test equipment designed for the program is described in detail, and the next phase of the test program is outlined.
The Dunedin earthquake, 9 April 1974
Authors: Adams R. D. , Kean R. J.
Published: February 2021

The Dunedin earthquake of 9 April, 1974 was of magnitude 5.0, and is the largest known to have originated in eastern Otago. The shock was centred about 10 km south of the city centre, with a shallow focus, probably about 20 km deep. Damage to a value of about $250,000 occurred, and many brick chimneys were broken or damaged in the worst affected areas, where the intensity reached MM VII. The areas of greatest damage were the southern suburbs, on alluvial soils, where results from a survey of natural seismic noise show strong amplification effects due to the unconsolidated nature of the ground.
The Dunedin earthquake, 9 April, 1974
Authors: Bishop D. G.
Published: February 2021

The earthquake of 9 April, 1974 was the strongest experienced in the Dunedin area in historic times. It was centred at sea about 10 km south of the city and had a magnitude of 5.0. The felt intensity reached MMVII in the St. Clair area, where a ground acceleration of 0.27 g was recorded.

Variations in felt intensity were determined from a survey of grocery stores. The intensity decreased rapidly away from a maximum on the alluvial ground of the southern suburbs and correlated strongly with the underlying rock type.

The number of claims received by the Earthquake and War Damage Commission was extraordinarily large for an earthquake of this magnitude. Damage, generally of a rather minor nature, was reported from all parts of the city, but was greatly concentrated in the South Dunedin - St. Clair area. About half of the 3000 claims received included chimney damage.

The effects of the earthquake highlight the need to assess the safety of public buildings in Dunedin, particularly those sited on areas of thick alluvium.
A review of the code provisions for separation of elements & buildings
Authors: Blakeley R. W. G.
Published: February 2021

This paper provides background information on the provisions of the proposed New Zealand Standard Code of Practice for General Structural Design and Design Loadings relating to the separation of non-structural elements from the structure, and the separation of buildings from adjacent buildings. The degree of protection afforded by these provisions is indicated for various levels of earthquake attack, and designers are warned of the implications of possible non-structural damage under severe seismic loading.
Earthquake induced resonant motion of alluvium
Authors: Stephenson W. R.
Published: February 2021

Earthquake accelerograms at two separated sites are spectrum analysed. Resonant motion is observed which is unidirectional at each site and correlated between sites. The directions of the resonant motions together with their coherence require a new dynamic model for alluvial regions.
Seismic resistance of brick masonry walls
Authors: Priestley M. J. N. , Bridgeman D. O.
Published: February 2021

This paper summarises the results obtained from testing 18 reinforced masonry wall panels under racking load. The programme included tests on both RBM and Hollow Cell types of brick construction under slow cyclic loading. It is shown that satisfactory ductility can be obtained from brick masonry walls if sufficient horizontal steel is provided to carry the full shear load, and if the critical compression zones at the bottom corners of the wall are confined by the use of thin reinforcing plates in the bottom few mortar courses. Without these precautions severe load degradation occurs under successive load reversals.