bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total progeny in the near-critical multi-type Galton-Watson processes with immigration
Authors: Lysetskyi T. B.
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we study Galton-Watson branching processes with immigration. These processes are an extension of the classical Galton-Watson model, incorporating an additional mechanism where new individuals, called immigrants, enter the population independently of the reproduction dynamics of existing individuals. We focus on the multi-type case, where individuals are classified into several distinct types, and the reproduction law depends on the type.A crucial role in the study of multi-type Galton-Watson processes is played by the matrix $M$, which represents the expected number of descendants of different particle types, and its largest positive eigenvalue, $\rho$. Sequences of branching processes with primitive matrices $M$ and eigenvalues $\rho$ converging to $1$ are referred to as near-critical.
Our focus is on the random vector $Y_n$, representing the total number of particles across all generations up to generation $n$, commonly called the total progeny, in near-critical multi-type Galton-Watson processes with immigration. Assuming the double limit $n(\rho - 1)$ exists as $n \to \infty$ and $\rho \to 1$, we establish the limiting distribution of the properly normalized vector~$Y_n$. This result is derived under standard conditions imposed on the probability generating functions of the offspring and immigration component.
Artificial Intelligence Software to Accelerate Screening for Living Systematic Reviews
Authors: Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Jones Allan , Vasa Rajesh , Russell Fiona , Grbin Lisa , Macdonald Jacqui A , Deane Camille , Samuel Delyth , Evans-Whipp Tracy , Olsson Craig
Published: December 2024

Background: Systematic and meta-analytic reviews provide gold-standard evidence but are static and outdate quickly. Here we provide performance data on a new software platform that uses artificial intelligence technologies to (1) accelerate screening of titles and abstracts from library literature searches, and (2) provide a software solution for enabling Living Systematic Reviews by maintaining a saved AI algorithm for updated searches. Methods: Performance testing was based on Living Review System (LRS) data from seven systematic reviews. LRS efficiency was estimated as the proportion (%) of the total yield of an initial literature search (titles/abstracts) that needed human screening prior to reaching the in-built stop threshold. LRS algorithm performance was measured as work saved over sampling (WSS) for a certain recall. LRS accuracy was estimated as the proportion of incorrectly classified papers in the rejected pool, as determined by two independent human raters. Results: On average, around 36% of the total yield of a literature search needed to be human screened prior to reaching the stop-point. However, this ranged from 22-53% depending on the complexity of language structure across papers included in specific reviews. Accuracy was 99% at an interrater reliability of 95%, and 0% of titles/abstracts were incorrectly assigned. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the LRS can be a cost-effective and time-efficient solution to supporting living systematic reviews, particularly for rapidly developing areas of science. Further development of the LRS is planned, including facilitated full-text data extraction and community-of-practice access to living systematic review finding.
Hierarchical Behavioral Entropy Mapping for Autonomous Ransomware Detection
Authors: Aqazi Joseph , Kravetsky Eleanora , Featherington Conrad , Rutherforth Valentina
Published: December 2024

The detection of modern ransomware threats presents an ongoing challenge as attackers continue to deploy advanced obfuscation, polymorphism, and behavioral evasion techniques. Traditional approaches relying on static analysis and signature-based detection often fail when confronted with previously unseen ransomware variants that manipulate code structures and evade heuristic models. To address these limitations, a novel detection framework called Hierarchical Behavioral Entropy Mapping (HBEM) has been proposed to autonomously identify ransomware through entropy-based analysis of file system operations, memory behaviors, and network communications. Entropy deviations within behavioral layers are quantified and aggregated through a hierarchical mapping mechanism, enabling precise differentiation between malicious and benign activities. Experimental evaluations conducted across multiple modern ransomware families demonstrated superior detection accuracy, with minimal false positive rates and high adaptability to obfuscated ransomware behaviors. By integrating multi-layered entropy calculations, the HBEM framework achieves comprehensive real-time monitoring without reliance on manual configurations or predefined rules. Scalability was validated through its computational efficiency, as the framework maintained low resource consumption while effectively detecting ransomware across systems of varying complexity. Comparative analyses with traditional and state-of-the-art methods highlighted the significant performance gains achieved through hierarchical entropy aggregation. These results highlight the effectiveness of entropy-driven behavioral analysis in addressing challenges posed through modern ransomware techniques and present a robust solution for proactive cybersecurity defenses in dynamic environments.
Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS): Analysis of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in patients with major depressive disorder using data from the CAN-BIND-1 study
Authors: Sachdeva Shiny , Li Victor W. , Chakrabarty Trisha , Frey Benicio , Hassel Stefanie , Ho Keith , Kennedy Sidney H. , Milev Roumen , Mueller Daniel J. , Parikh Sagar V. , Rotzinger Susan , Soares Claudio N. , Taylor Valerie H. , Uher Rudolf , Lam Raymond W.
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVES: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with significant impairment in occupational functioning. The Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) is a self-report questionnaire validated for the assessment of work productivity and absenteeism in patients with MDD. Our study objective was to establish a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the LEAPS.METHODS: Data from the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (CAN-BIND)-1 study was used. CAN-BIND-1 involved participants with MDD treated with escitalopram for 8 weeks (n=138). Assessments included the LEAPS, Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Rated (QIDS-SR). The MCID for the LEAPS was calculated using both distribution (value equivalent to half the standard deviation for LEAPS baseline scores) and anchor-based (comparing to the SDS work item) methods. RESULTS: The LEAPS total score was significantly correlated (p<0.01) with other measures including SDS work item (r=0.598), SDS total score (r=0.609), and QIDS-SR (r=0.678). Using the distribution-based method, the MCID value for LEAPS total score was 3.0 and MCID for LEAPS productivity subscale score was 1.5. Using the anchor-based method, the MCID value for the LEAPS total score was shown to lie between 2.7 and 3.5 and for the LEAPS productivity subscale score between 0.9 and 1.4. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing an MCID is important for determining clinically relevant change in the LEAPS, both for treatment studies and for individual patients in clinical care. For clinical use, the proposed MCID is 3 points for the LEAPS total score and 2 points for the LEAPS productivity subscale score.
Robots vs. AI – How Attitudes, Familiarity, Anthropomorphism, Knowledge, and Risk-Opportunity Perception Influence Users’ Preference for Robots and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Said Nadia , Wagner Julia , Potinteu Andreea Elena
Published: December 2024

In recent years the fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technology has led to tremendous growth in various industries, especially in the medical and transportation sectors. While AI and (humanoid) robots are often viewed as promising technology for the future, there is also an increase in concern about the negative impact of those developments on society. Even though AI and robots could be used interchangeably in many application areas, they fundamentally differ in that robots have a physical presence as opposed to AI being more abstract algorithms running in thebackground of an application. That poses the question of whether people differ in their preferences regarding robots or AI and what cognitive factors influence people’s preferences. Our study investigated the preference for robots or AI in 15 different interaction contexts for a sample of N = 526 of the German population (representative for age and gender). To identify the most important factors influencing participants’ preferences for robots or AI, attitudes, perceived anthropomorphism, knowledge, familiarity, and risk-opportunity perception were measured. Results show that attitudes and risk-opportunity perception are the most important predictors for participants’ preferences. Furthermore, differences in perception of robots and AI are discussed.
Internal Oscillations in Tropical Mesoscale Convective Clusters
Authors: Yang Bolei , Boos William , Nie Ji
Published: December 2024

In real-world observations, long-lived tropical mesoscale convective clusters (TMCCs) often exhibit quasi-periodic oscillations. Previous studies have suggested that these oscillations can be induced by external forcings. However, many idealized simulations provided evidence that TMCCs can display quasi-periodic behavior even without external forcings. Through this study, it is demonstrated that all TMCCs possess an inherent internal oscillation, and the physics behind is a convectively coupled inertia-gravity oscillation. When deep convection within a TMCC decays, the stratiform heating within the system triggers an inertia-gravity oscillation. This oscillation induces upward motion at lower levels of the disturbance, which facilitates the recovery of low-level buoyancy and initiates new convection. Notably, in this oscillation, diabatic heating serves not only as a consequence of the preceding oscillation but also as the source for the subsequent oscillation. The internal oscillation acts as a fundamental component in the life cycle of long-lived TMCCs, providing clearer physical intuition for understanding the variation of TMCCs in real-world scenarios.
Inconclusive prospective effect of dispositional mindfulness on looming: A simulated reanalysis and comment on Prieto-Fidalgo and Calvete (2024)
Authors: Sorjonen Kimmo , Melin Bo
Published: December 2024

Based on findings from analyses with cross-lagged panel models, Prieto-Fidalgo and Calvete (2024) concluded that non-judging and non-reactivity, two facets of dispositional mindfulness, protect against looming. Here, we simulated data to resemble the data used by Prieto-Fidalgo and Calvete. We used triangulation and fitted complementary models to the simulated data and found contradicting decreasing, increasing, and null effects of initial dispositional mindfulness on subsequent change in looming. These divergent findings suggest that it is premature to assume a protective effect of dispositional mindfulness on looming and the conclusions by Prieto-Fidalgo and Calvete in this regard can be challenged. It is important for researchers to be aware that correlations, including adjusted cross-lagged effects, do not prove causality in order not to overinterpret findings, something that appears to have happened to Prieto-Fidalgo and Calvete. We recommend researchers to triangulate by fitting complementary models to their data in order to evaluate if observed effects may be due to true causal effects or if they appear to be spurious.
Prospective effect of family recognition of work on meaningful work experience appears to be spurious: A simulated reanalysis and comment on Hwang et al. (2025)
Authors: Sorjonen Kimmo , Melin Bo
Published: December 2024

Based on findings from analyses with cross-lagged panel models, Hwang et al. (2025) concluded that family recognition of work facilitates an individual’s meaningful work experience. Here, we simulated data to resemble the data used by Hwang et al. We used triangulation and fitted complementary models to the simulated data and found contradicting increasing, decreasing, and null effects of initial family recognition of work on subsequent change in meaningful work experience. These divergent findings suggest that it is premature to assume a facilitating effect of family recognition of work on meaningful work experience and the conclusions by Hwang et al. in this regard can be challenged. It is important for researchers to be aware that correlations, including adjusted cross-lagged effects, do not prove causality in order not to overinterpret findings, something that appears to have happened to Hwang et al. We recommend researchers to triangulate by fitting complementary models to their data in order to evaluate if observed effects may be due to true causal effects or if they appear to be spurious.
Energy and Experience: A New Psychophysical Framework for Measuring Mental States of Material Systems
Authors: Pepperell Robert C
Published: December 2024

This paper introduces a scientific framework for experimentally studying the psychological states of physical systems. The framework is an updated version of the psychophysical model of mind–matter relations that flourished in Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as endorsed by figures like Gustav Fechner, Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein. This updated framework proposes a set of ‘psychological properties’ of matter that parallel established physical properties such as energy, force and mass. Presented alongside these newly defined properties are a set of provisional principles and laws that may govern the behaviour of material systems from their internal or intrinsic perspective. These may parallel the familiar laws and principles governing the behaviour of systems from an external or extrinsic perspective. The framework provided here aims to promote a unified model of mind and matter of the kind envisaged by the original proponents of psychophysics in which energy and experience are parallel aspects of all natural processes.
The function of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) request forms in the Australian context
Authors: Bowman-Smart Hilary , Johnston Molly , Taylor-Sands Michelle , Hui Lisa , Mills Catherine
Published: December 2024

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is offered on a user-pays basis in Australia, with a range of providers and services. A key concern that has been raised in the context of NIPT provision is possible routinization of testing and impacts on informed consent. Given these concerns, a key consideration is the use of documents, such as forms, in the clinical encounter. These forms are frequently used in NIPT provision in Australia, but there is a lack of substantial information or clarity about the function or role that these forms can play in the clinician-patient interaction; some are labelled as “request forms”, others as “consent forms”, others as neither. In this study, our aim was to assess the range of functions that these forms may serve. We performed an online search for forms available from Australian providers, and applied a modified version of the Evaluative Linguistic Framework to a final list of nine forms. Our findings suggest a significant degree of ambiguity in the function of these forms in the context of the clinical encounter, and their role in the performance of informed consent as a clinical ritual. Future research with an ethnographic approach would be beneficial to expand on the findings from this study. These findings can inform the way the clinicians and other (healthcare) professionals approach the clinical encounter in the context of NIPT provision.
Families, households, networks: Rethinking the relational structure of families through large-scale network data
Authors: Soler Nicolás , Emery Tom , Kanas Agnieszka
Published: December 2024

Families are important sources of social support, yet this support is not available to everyone. Support availability partly depends on the relationships that bind family members together into a family structure. Researchers increasingly analyze such relational structure through a network rather than a household perspective. We identify two issues with this approach: an inattention to the importance of co-residence for support availability and an assumption that family networks do not overlap. We tackle these issues by conceptualizing families as a network of households interconnected at a population scale. Our approach efficiently captures both co-residence patterns and the intergenerational structure of families up to four degrees of separation from a central household. We illustrate the potential of our approach by constructing the ego-networks of 668,190 households with children ages 0-4 using register data from the Netherlands. Through descriptive analysis we reveal significant heterogeneity in family network characteristics, including size, density, relationship composition, and network overlap. Our approach provides a promising framework for studying family structures beyond traditional household and network perspectives.
Comparison of Welding Results Using Oxy Acetylene Welding (OAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on Brass Leaf Propeller Repair
Authors: Mochamad Yusuf Afandi  , Dwisetiono
Published: December 2024

Propeller is one of the means of producing thrust to propel ships. In sailing in sea or river waters, ship propellers often hit foreign objects floating or floating in the waters which cause damage to the propeller in the form of bent, cracked or broken propeller blades. The purpose of this study is how to compare the results of welding Oxy Acetylene Welding (OAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) against testing on the repair results of propeller blades made of Brass (Brass). To find out the results of welding Material testing Destructive Test (DT) Results of the maximum tensile strength (ultimate tensile strength) in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) welding of 342,368 MPa, Results of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) hardness strength of 101 HB, Results from Impact Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) of 0.850 j/mm2 and the Non-Destructive Test (NDT) results from metallographic observations of the finer grains, the grande size looks small, then the composition is homogeneous, so the structure is stronger and more ductile.
Characteristics of Ketapang Leaf Extract and PVA Nano Fibers Using the Electrospinning Method
Authors: Sela Melinia , Anida Chairatunnisa  , Rina Aprilia  , Rahmanita  , Ida Sriyanti  , Leni Marlina
Published: December 2024

The electrospinning method is a method of making nanofibers using the influence of an electric field to produce a jet of electrically charged polymer solution. In this experiment, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers and ketapang leaf extract with various viscosities were made using electrospinning equipment with a static collector. Scanning using an electron microscope (SEM) shows that the morphology of the nanofibers formed looks homogeneous, continuous, and without beads (beads free). The SEM results were analyzed using ImageJ software, which was then carried out using Origin software to determine the fiber diameter. Diameter size distribution with fiber diameter size distribution ranging from 2000 to 8000 nm.
The Effectiveness of Two-Stage Adsorption Using Adsorbents Activated with Strong Acid and Base Solutions on Biogas
Authors: Tira Hendry Sakke , Padang Yesung Allo , Arifin Muh Samsul
Published: December 2024

This study discusses the development of a two-stage adsorption application to enhance methane content in biogas. The adsorption process utilizes zeolite sourced from Lombok Island. To achieve this objective, the zeolite is activated using HCl and KOH solutions, each with concentrations of 3 Molar and 20%, respectively. Additionally, the zeolite is physically activated by heating it in a furnace at 300°C for 3 hours, followed by chemical activation. Research findings indicate that activation of zeolite with these compounds yields a significant increase in methane content compared to adsorption using non-activated zeolite. The improvement in methane content reaches at least 45%. These results demonstrate substantial potential in enhancing biogas production efficiency through two-stage adsorption using chemically activated zeolite. Additionally, this outcome underscores the understanding that without activation, zeolite from Lombok cannot function optimally as an adsorbent.
Strength Analysis of Crusher Construction in Nyamplung Seed Peeling Machine Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Nandang Imam Santosa  , Asep Dharmanto  , Asep Saepudin  , Wilarso
Published: December 2024

The nyamplung seed peeling machine uses a single roll crusher as its operating principle to automatically separate the nyamplung fruit's shell. One of the crucial parts of this apparatus that breaks down the nyamplung fruit shells is the crusher. The issue arises from the fact that the strength of the material utilized to construct the crusher is still unknown. This raises questions regarding how well the Nyamplung bean peeling machine crusher will function if it is used constantly. The purpose of this study is to identify the kind of material that works well for a nyamplung seed peeling machine crusher. An analysis will be conducted to ascertain the strength of the Nyamplung seed peeling machine crusher to follow up on this issue. The finite element method was used to conduct the testing. ASTM A36 and AISI 304 are the two materials that are compared in this analysis. In addition, it can be used to compare two different types of materials in terms of their strength, cost, and degree of safety. Following analysis for manual shaft calculations utilizing AISI 304 and ASTM A36 materials. With a yield strength of 250 N/mm², a safety factor of 9, a displacement of 0.022 mm, and von Mises stress readings of 29.044 N/mm² were achieved from the crusher simulation utilizing ASTM A36 material. Von Mises stress for the AISI 304 material was 28.471 N/mm², displacement was 0.023 mm, safety factor was 7, and yield strength was 206.804 N/mm².
Wing Simulation Using Naca 0018 and 0024 and Aluminum Alloy 7075 T6-SN and 7050-T7451 Materials for Lift and Drag
Authors: Pane Medyawanti
Published: December 2024

Analysis of the airfoil's shape on an airplane wing is essential because geometry can determine aerodynamic performance and the forces at work, such as lift and drag. In this research, two types of aluminum materials, namely Aluminum Alloy 7075 T6-SN and Aluminum Alloy 7050-T7451, will be tested to find out which one can produce the highest lifting force and drag force on NACA 0018 and 0024 as well as look at the pressure contour and speed Contour of each type of material using ANSYS Fluent software at a speed of 200 m/s. From the simulation and calculation results, it was obtained that the highest lift coefficient and drag coefficient on the NACA 0018 Airfoil were using Aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 SN material, namely 6.83 N and 6.89 N. Meanwhile, in the NACA 0024 Airfoil simulation, the highest lift coefficient and thrust coefficient were obtained. It also uses aluminum Alloy 7075-T6 SN, namely 3.23 N and 4.64 N.
Design of Distillation Equipment for Extracting Atsiri Oils from Serai Wangi Leaves Using the Steam and Water Method
Authors: Syafrizal Muhammad , Irwansyah  , Siswo Pranoto  , Idris Muhammad , Darianto Darianto , Indra Hermawan
Published: December 2024

Distillation is a technique for extracting Atsiri oils from various plants, one notable example being the Serai Wangi plant (Cymbopogon nardus), a type of herb commonly used in medicine, beauty products, and even as an additive to fuel. Atsiri oils from Serai Wangi can be produced through various methods, such as extraction. The advantage of this method is that it does not require high temperatures, thereby preventing the oil from degrading easily. Consequently, this distillation equipment design was developed to assist farming communities in acquiring an efficient distillation machine. The design process began with a literature study related to the design of distillation equipment. It involved calculating the design of the device and testing the functionality of the distillation equipment. The parameters observed were the effective capacity of the device, its performance, and the yield results. The outcome of this Serai Wangi oil distillation equipment design, featuring an evaporation tank, is that the evaporation process, where the burning furnace heats the water in the tank and steam is directed to the condenser through a connecting pipe, operates efficiently and can produce Atsiri oils of high quality and quantity.
Analysis of Land Use Changes and Their Impact on Environmental Quality in Kembaran Subdistrict (2016�2022)
Authors: Akilah Fitrian Bilqist , Junarto Rohmat , Suharno Suharno
Published: December 2024

The conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural use in Kembaran District, prompted by the development of Purwokerto, has resulted in multiple environmental impacts. This study seeks to analyze land changes and their effects on environmental quality from 2016 to 2022, employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates both quantitative and qualitative data within a spatial framework. The analysis identifies six categories of land use changes. Mixed Gardens are transformed into Rare Villages (1,954 ha) and Rare Housing (0.156 ha); Irrigated Rice Fields are converted into Small Industries (5,838 ha), Road Networks (0.270 ha), Rare Villages (3,374 ha), and Sparse Housing (2,642 ha). The alterations impact the quality of the residential environment, categorized into good (131,758 ha), medium (311,003 ha), and poor (310,903 ha) classifications. High-quality settlements exhibit low to medium density, abundant shade trees, and significant distance from pollution sources. In contrast, the medium category is characterized by medium density and a moderate presence of shade trees. Poor-quality settlements exhibit high density, a scarcity of shade trees, and closeness to pollution sources. The findings indicate that agricultural land conversion diminishes productive land and exacerbates environmental quality, particularly in densely populated areas with limited vegetation and proximity to pollution sources.
The Enforceability of Wa‘d Mulzim (Binding Promise) from a Fiqh Perspective: A Critical Analysis of Wa‘d Application in Sukūk Contracts
Authors: Md. Sawari Mohd Fuad , Nik Abdullah Nik Azizu , Mat Jubri Shamsuddin Mustafa , Abd. Aziz Akhtarzaite
Published: December 2024

Wa‘d (promise) is a concept that is frequently applied in various Islamic financial products.  Although this concept has been used widely in Islamic financial products, as a result of the arising Sharī‘ah issues, wa‘d especially wa‘d mulzim (binding promise) in some contemporary practices towards contracts of Islamic financial products, remains a debatable practice among some Sharī‘ah scholars. This research aims to analyse some Sharī‘ah issues pertaining to the application of the wa‘d mulzim in the Islamic finance industry, especially the issue of wa‘d mulzim in sukūk contracts, particularly in partnership-based contracts which are sukūk muḍārabah, and sukūk mushārakah concepts. Two aspects are particularly emphasized. First, wa‘d can be binding in certain conditions, but to legally enforce this concept, there remain disputes and controversial discussions among scholars. Second, this study also discusses the issues of “promise to buy” or “promise to sell” (the asset) at a certain “price” i.e. the price at the same nominal value at which the bond was issued. Hence, this research will try to analyse the opinions of the scholars, certain related fatwas, Sharī‘ah resolutions and guidelines to understand the applicability of the binding promise towards Islamic financial products and ensure that the application of the binding promise is in line with the Sharī‘ah requirements.
Keywords: Wa‘d, Sukūk, Muḍārabah, Mushārakah, Fiqh
المساواة بين الجنسين مفهومها والانحراف الفكري فيها وآثاره السلبية: الميراث والدية أنموذجا
Authors: AlKharousi Ahmad Salim
Published: December 2024

هذا البحث يعالج إشكالية طالما شاع خبرها بين الفينة والأخرى، ذلك أن ضابط المساواة بين الذكر والأنثى في توجيه الحكم الشرعي، وضبط تجاذباته المختلفة بين الجنسين مطلب يعاود الكرة للساحة أحيانا، لذا كان من الضرورة بمكان بحث الجانب التشريعي لهذا الخط الفاصل بين الجنسين، وفهم حيثياته التشريعية ومنطلقات تأكيده من حيث الحكمة التشريعية والحكم الشرعي. وقد قام منهج البحث على رسم خارطة الطريق الأولى من حيث بيان الألفاظ ومدلولاتها، منطلقا بها إلى بيان الشبهات الطارئة على الموضوع، مع عدم إغفال فلسفة التشريع في حال اختلاف الأحكام وتباينها بين الجنسين، مع رد كل ذلك إلى حكم الشارع نصا ودلالة من الأصلين الواسعين الكتاب والسنة المطهرة، مع سبر أغوار الآثار الناتجة عن إغفال الجوانب التشريعية ومنطلقاتها المنهجية حالة السلب لا حالة الإيجاب، وقد خلصت الورقة إلى ضرورة معالجة المنحى الفكري للأمة قبل بيان الحكم الشرعي، سواء في جوانبها الإعلامية أو في ساحات العلم والمعارف، مع ضرورة معالجة المنهاج التربوي الساري في واقع المؤسسات العلمية وساحات البحث والدراسة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: المساواة، الانحراف الفكري، الآثار السلبية، الميراث، الدية
أخذ الأجرة على الصلاة والإمامة حكمه، وضوابطه: ماليزيا نموذجا
Authors: Ismail Abdul Manan , Abdul Razzaq Muhd Rashid
Published: December 2024

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة الضوابط التي تناولها الفقهاء حول جواز أخذ الأجرة على العبادات المحضة وغيرها، وذلك باعتبار تعدي نفعها وعدمه في الصلاة والإمامة نموذجا؛ وسيتم ذلك من خلال الإجابة عن سؤالين رئيسين، هما: ما مفهوم العبادات المحضة وغيرها، وما مدى اعتبار تعدي نفعها وعدمه في جواز أخذ الأجرة عليهما؟. وقد اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي، ثم التطبيقي على ما يجري اليوم في دولة ماليزيا كنموذج. وتوصل الباحث إلى جملة من النتائج التي تتعلق بصحة أخذ الأجرة على الإمامة دون الصلاة، وأن الضوابط التي قررها الفقهاء منطبقة مع الإمامة دون الصلاة، وأن التطبيقات التي جرت في دولة ماليزيا حول أخذ الأجرة على الإمامة صحيحة؛ لتوفر شروطه وضوابطه؛ مما أدى إلى اعتبار دولة ماليزيا دولة مهتمة بشؤون الدين الإسلامي مع ما تواجهها من التحديات داخليا وخارجيا.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الأجرة، الضوابط، الإمامة، النموذج، التعدي
المصادر الأصولية المناسبة في بناء فقه الأقلِّيات المسلمة
Authors: Merzouqi Halim
Published: December 2024

يسعى هذا البحث إلى دراسة أهم المصادر الأصولية التي من المناسب العمل بها في فقه الأقلِّيات المسلمة، مع بيان دليل حجيتها وترتيبها وتطبيقاتها، كما أنه يكشف عن المصادر الأصولية التي لا يعتمد عليها في هذا الفقه الخاص، سواء أكانت مصادر يعوّل عليها في الفقه الإسلامي العام أم لا. ولقد استعمل الباحث المنهج الاستقرائي والمنهج التحليلي. وتوصل إلى عدة نتائج لعل من أبرزها أن العرف من أهم المصادر الأصولية التي يعتمد عليها في تأسيس فقه الأقلِّيات المسلمة، وأنه مقدم على القياس والاستحسان.
الكلمات المفتاحية: المصادر الأصولية، فقه الأقلِّيات المسلمة، القرآن الكريم، السنة النبوية، العرف، التطبيقات الفقهية
حقوق المؤلف بين الفقه الإسلامي واتفاقيات منظمة التجارة العالمية
Authors: Al-Kubaysi Abdel Aziz Shakir Hamdan
Published: December 2024

قد تبدو قضية حقوق المؤلف لأول وهلة حديثة الظهور، لأنها وليدة هذا العصر الذي نعيشه، ولكن المتتبع لتلك القضية يجد أنها تضرب بجذورها في أعماق بعيدة في تاريخ حضارتنا الإسلامية. وعلى الرغم من أن المسلمين آنذاك لم يستخدموا مصطلح حقوق الـتأليف الذي ذاع صيته أخيرا، إلا انهم تنبهوا إلى جوهر هذه القضية. وقد عرف فقهاؤنا رحمهم الله تعالى منذ وقت مبكر كثيراً من المفاهيم المرتبطة بالملكية الفكرية والإنتاج الذهني. وقعّدوا الكثير من القواعد والضوابط التي تحكم ذلك النوع من الملكية، وتكفل المحافظة على الإنتاج الفكري وحمايته على هدي من كتاب الله تعالى، وسنة رسوله ﷺ. وقد أراد الباحث من خلال هذه الدراسة المتواضعة إبراز تلك المفاهيم والقواعد والضوابط المتعلقة بالملكية الفكرية، ولا سيما في مجال الحقوق المتعلقة بالمؤلف، ومقارنتها بما جاء في اتفاقية منظمة التجارة العالمية الواردة في هذا الشأن.
الكلمات المفتاحية: حقوق المؤلف، الفقه، منظمة التجارة العالمية، القواعد
الشروط الجزائية في عقد الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك
Authors: Al-Sinani Said Salim , Zakaria Mohamad Sabri , Mohd Sawari Mohd Fuad
Published: December 2024

تعد دراسة الشروط الجزائية من أهم المباحث التي ينبغي دراستها وتسليط الضوء عليها فقهيا؛ وذلك لأن معظم المصارف الإسلامية أصبحت عقودها تنص على كثير من الشروط الجزائية التي تحفظ لها حقوقها المالية، وتحقق لها كثيرا من الضمانات، وتقلل لديها كثيرا من المخاطر في تعاملاتها مع العملاء، وتعالج مشكلة المماطلة في الديون، والالتزامات المالية، فلا تجد عقدا من العقود إلا وفيه جملة من الشروط الجزائية، كشرط غرامة التأخير في حال التأخر في السداد، وكاشتراط أن تكون نفقات الدعوى القضائية على العميل المماطل، وغير ذلك من الشروط. فالحاجة ماسة لدراسة هذه الشروط الجزائية، ومعرفة مدى توافقها مع أحكام الشريعة أو مخالفتها لها؛ وذلك حتى تكون تعاملات المصارف الإسلامية خالية من التعاملات المحظورة أو المشبوهة، لا سيما تلك التي يكون فيها ربا أو شبهة ربا. وتأتي هذه الورقة البحثية كإسهام لإبراز الموقف الشرعي من الشروط الجزائية المطبقة في عقد الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الشروط الجزائية، عقد الإجارة المنتهية بالتمليك، فقه المعاملات.
Maqāṣid al-SharīꜤah and Effects of Their Negligence on Religious Extremism: A Case Study of Boko Haram of Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Jamiu Otuyo
Published: December 2024

It is imperative to know that Allah didn’t create man except for specific goals and aims, nor did He send down His prophets except for performing special duties and functions. Likewise, for the rulings of the Shariah, there are aimed objectives and noble goals. Knowing these objectives will certainly aid the human beings to understand and implement the Shariah rulings, while being ignorant of them will cause the misunderstanding and violation of them. Maqāsid al-Shari’āh, are the aims and objectives behind the legislation of Islamic rulings. Scholars in the past and present discussed these objectives in their books, which will always remain as an important heritage for Islamic Shariah. It has also been proven that religious extremism and worldwide terrorism, which mankind observes in the present times could be linked to the ignorance or negligence of the higher objectives of Islamic law. The Boko Harām sect in Nigeria suffices as a case study on this claim. This paper discusses the concept, kinds, areas and examples of the Maqāsid as discussed by classical and modern scholars of the field. And at the end, it will discuss the effects of neglecting these objectives that have been occurring in the sect of Boko Haram. The research methods employed in this research are historical and analytical. Some recommendations are given in concluding the work.
Keywords: Maqasid al- Sharī'ah, Al-Daruriyyat, Al-Hajiyyat, Al-Tahsiniyyat, Boko-Haram.
Google and Segmentation of the Islamic Finance Body of Knowledge
Authors: Hamour Mohamed , Mansour Mohammed Saad eldin
Published: December 2024

The study sets out to make evident the existences of segmentation of the Islamic finance body of knowledge (BOK). The segmentation results from the combination of dependency of Islamic finance researchers on google and using Islamic finance terms (IFTs) as search keywords. The study defines Islamic finance terminology as the Arabic/Islamic terms unique to Islamic finance literature written in English, e.g. Shariah.  A distinctive feature of Islamic finance terms is that a single term can have many spelling variations.  Firstly, to validate the presence of BOK segmentation, we investigated spelling variation among IFTs through a variation analysis among a sample of chosen terms. Secondly, we established the dependency of producers and users of Islamic finance literature on online resources and especially Google and Google Scholar using a survey. Lastly, we observed segmentation in the BOK by examining the absence of search results that overlap for IFTs and their variations. The spelling variations among our samples ranged from zero to eight with an average of (4.8) spelling variations per IFT. The dependency rate on online resources among our respondents was (99%) on Google, while Google Scholar scored (98%). The search results’ analysis yielded zero overlaps between the search results confirming the actuality of segmentation.
Keywords: Segmentation, Islamic Finance Terms, Google, Body of Knowledge, Spelling Variation.
Unreliable Issues in the Book of “Al-Fiqh al-Manhajī”: A Case Study of the Chapter on Prayer
Authors: Mohamad Sabari Mohamad Firdaus , Mohd Sawari Mohd Fuad
Published: December 2024

The book "Al-Fiqh al-Manhajī ʿAlā Madhhab al-ʾImām al-Shāfiʿi" (Systematic Jurisprudence on the Islamic Legal School of Imam Al-Shafiʿi) by Muṣṭafā al-Khin, Muṣṭafā al-BughÉ and ‘Ali al-Sharbajī, is among the most famous books of contemporary Islamic jurisprudence in accordance with the Shāfiʿi school of law. Given the popularity of this book and its frequent circulation among Muslims, it is of great importance to study it. By reviewing its contents, teachers and readers of this book can be aware of unreliable opinions which may be unknown to them. The research aims to study this book by collecting the opinions that are not reliable in the madhhab, and for this article the research is limited to the chapter on prayer (ṣalāh). The research focuses first on explaining the concept of the ‘reliable opinion’ for Shafi‘ites, and secondly on discussing these unreliable issues in the chapter of prayer in this book. In this study, the researchers used descriptive, inductive and analytical approaches. The search ended with finding seven places in the chapter on prayer where the authors mentioned statements that are not reliable in the Shāfiʿi School.
Being Moderate in Consumption and its Effect on Investment, Production and Societal Development, in the Context of Islam
Authors: Sulaiman al-Jahdhami Ali , Amanullah Muhammad
Published: December 2024

The research seeks to clarify the effect of moderation in consumer behaviour, and the extent to which moderation affects other economic activities. The economic activities are linked to each other, and this link can be seen in the effect of moderate consumption in them. This research aims to explain consumption from an Islamic perspective, and its difference from the conventional perspective, and to show the economic effects of moderation in consumption from an Islamic perspective. The researchers relied on the descriptive approach for explaining consumer behaviour from an Islamic perspective and its difference from the conventional perspective, then they analysed and studied this behaviour so that the effect of moderation in other economic activities becomes clear. The researchers concluded that consumption from an Islamic perspective, which is regulated by Islamic rulings, shows positive impact on the economy, with the increase in the aggregate demand for consumption and the higher marginal tendency to consume more than the conventional man-made perspective. This leads to increase the investment in the market as a result of transferring part of the income of the rich to the poor with various expenses, including zakāh, whose amount increases due to moderation. This results in raising the level of sufficiency in society, allocating resources, increasing employment and job opportunities, and protecting the economy from business cycles. It encourages thoughtful and bold investment and motivates the rich to choose the best alternative investment opportunity. The effect of moderation in consumption also appears in the development of consumption control in a way that it creates surpluses that increase investment, leads to improving the production in quantity and quality, and directs it towards considering the order of priorities.
Secret Marriage Among Ethnic Somalians In Kenya: A Juristic Field Study
Authors: Hamdi Gure Halima , Bouhedda Ghalia , Ibrahim el-Sayfi Hossam el-Din
Published: December 2024

This research aims to shed lights on the different types of marriage prevalent among the ethnic Somalians living in Kenya and describe their concepts to understand the extent of their conformity or non-conformity with the terms and conditions of a valid marriage in Sharīʽah. Additionally, it discusses the related views and proofs of the jurists. The problem lies in the increase of the phenomenon of secret marriage among the Somalian community in Kenya recently and lack of focus on the importance of legal marriage. This problem needs scientific research, to protect the marital relationship from disintegration. The research adopts the inductive approach, the analytical method, and the field study for collecting all information and data relevant to the topic and for explaining the types of secret marriage. The research concludes with several results, the most important of which is that any type of secret marriage will not be considered as legally valid, except if it conforms to the terms and conditions of the Sharīʽah, established by the jurists based on the texts of the Holy Qur’ān and Sunnah; and wherever, these conditions are missed, the marriage will not be considered as legally valid.
Separation Due to Harm Between Spouses in Afghan Law: A Juristic Analytical Study
Authors: Azizi Abdul Basir , Ummat Abdul Basir
Published: December 2024

The article includes the issue of separation due to harm between spouses in Afghan law. It aims to illustrate the harms that cause separation between spouses. There are many types of modern harms that we hear and see in the courts of Badakhshan, a province of Afghanistan which are reasons of the separation between spouses, and they have a significant impact on the marital relationship. Therefore, it is important to investigate what is the position of Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan law regarding this issue, and what judicial procedures should be followed when the dispute occurs between the spouses?  The study relies on the inductive approach, by tracking and extrapolating the juristic sources and the opinions of jurists, in addition to the Afghan law; and the analytical approach, by interpreting legal information related to harms, clarifying the civil law, and explaining the Islamic rulings related to the subject. The study reaches to several results, the most important of them are the Afghan law neither specified a clear definition for the concept of harm and its conditions, nor explained its guiding principles, rather it left those aspects to the court’s discretion and judgment of the cases of harms and harmful deeds. Likewise, some people see defects as one of the causes of separation (due to harm(, and others think that one of the reasons of separation is (husband’s) absence and non-payment of living expenses (of his wife). Therefore, the researchers propose the revision of the legal articles, especially the articles related to separation due to harm.
The Renewal of Islamic Jurisprudence Between Originality and Modernity: A Comparative Study
Authors: Baba Awat Mohamed Agha , Samara Ihsan Abdulmonem Abdulhadi
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the topic of ‘renewal’ within Islamic jurisprudence. Currently, the discourse is broadly categorized into two main methods: the first method relies on the original internal mechanisms (contained within the science of Uṣūl al-Fiqh) to renew Islamic jurisprudence. The second method adopts the tenets of modernity and applies principles of historicity to contextualize the divine rules and revealed texts to a particular time and place. Consequently, solutions contained within revelation are confined to a specific historical context and are not intended to be universal. Within this second method, revelation is not deemed to be a valid source to solve contemporary issues unless they are subordinate to modernist interpretations. The first method is posed with the following challenge: is the Islamic jurisprudence that addressed problems in the past capable of providing solutions to new problems without needing to make any changes? This paper utilizes a comparative and analytical approach to compare the following two claims: the claim that the original method of Islamic jurisprudence is capable of renewal and the claim that Islamic jurisprudence is contingent upon modernity for reform. We conclude that the renewal is not dependent on displacing Islamic jurisprudence by subjecting it to modernist reinterpretations. Additionally, the doors for renewing Islamic jurisprudence cannot be opened free of parameters. The second claim rests upon the assumption that the renewal represents progress whereas tradition represents backwardness or decadence. The right approach must not trivialize solutions simply on the merit of them being old. Rather, the true renewal is to tackle any novel situation and provide its solution that is in accordance with the divine revelation and cognizant of the reality at hand. Applying rules to relevant scenarios which lack an explicit text relating to them must involve the use of sound ijtihād (i.e. following steps and requirements of ijtihād).
Application of Ḥiyal (Legal Devices (LD)) in Murābaḥāh Transaction and Its Sharīʿah Perspective
Authors: Zakaria Mohamad Sabri , Thabith Muhammed Buhary Muhammed , Jailabdeen Muhammed Samrin
Published: December 2024

At present, Murābaḥāh is the most widely used mode for investments among financial institutions worldwide. Similarly, this mode has been generally applied in Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in Sri Lanka. However, some scholars said that the contemporary Murābaḥāh practices are not Islamic because it relies heavily on the element of Ḥiyal (legal devices). Thus, this investigation explores the doctrine of legal devices (LD) in classical Islamic jurisprudence and its application in modern Islamic finance. Legal devices (LD) are normally used for some modifications which led to the reasons for the criticism. Hence, the validity of these LDs is analyzed through classical and modern literature. This study found that using LD alone does not invalidate a contract. In addition, there are conditions and restrictions that should be applied on the use of LD. This research utilizes a doctrinal analysis, which involves both primary and secondary sources of information, such as statutes, practices, and reports. This study recommends the spheres of acceptable LD and suggests that the innovations should only be attempted within these spheres. Also, it suggests that in emerging financial products, Maṣlaḥah should be given major consideration; otherwise, the adoption of Islamic finance in non-Muslim countries such as Sri Lanka will be a challenge.