bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
StylePortraitVideo: Editing Portrait Videos with Expression Optimization
Authors: Seo Kwanggyoon , Oh Seoung Wug , Lu Jingwan , Lee Joon‐Young , Kim Seonghyeon , Noh Junyong
Published: March 2023

High‐quality portrait image editing has been made easier by recent advances in GANs (e.g., StyleGAN) and GAN inversion methods that project images onto a pre‐trained GAN's latent space. However, extending the existing image editing methods, it is hard to edit videos to produce temporally coherent and natural‐looking videos. We find challenges in reproducing diverse video frames and preserving the natural motion after editing. In this work, we propose solutions for these challenges. First, we propose a video adaptation method that enables the generator to reconstruct the original input identity, unusual poses, and expressions in the video. Second, we propose an expression dynamics optimization that tweaks the latent codes to maintain the meaningful motion in the original video. Based on these methods, we build a StyleGAN‐based high‐quality portrait video editing system that can edit videos in the wild in a temporally coherent way at up to 4K resolution.
Real‐Time Video Deblurring via Lightweight Motion Compensation
Authors: Son Hyeongseok , Lee Junyong , Cho Sunghyun , Lee Seungyong
Published: March 2023

While motion compensation greatly improves video deblurring quality, separately performing motion compensation and video deblurring demands huge computational overhead. This paper proposes a real‐time video deblurring framework consisting of a lightweight multi‐task unit that supports both video deblurring and motion compensation in an efficient way. The multi‐task unit is specifically designed to handle large portions of the two tasks using a single shared network and consists of a multi‐task detail network and simple networks for deblurring and motion compensation. The multi‐task unit minimizes the cost of incorporating motion compensation into video deblurring and enables real‐time deblurring. Moreover, by stacking multiple multi‐task units, our framework provides flexible control between the cost and deblurring quality. We experimentally validate the state‐of‐the‐art deblurring quality of our approach, which runs at a much faster speed compared to previous methods and show practical real‐time performance (30.99dB@30fps measured on the DVD dataset).
A Drone Video Clip Dataset and its Applications in Automated Cinematography
Authors: Ashtari Amirsaman , Jung Raehyuk , Li Mingxiao , Noh Junyong
Published: March 2023

Drones became popular video capturing tools. Drone videos in the wild are first captured and then edited by humans to contain aesthetically pleasing camera motions and scenes. Therefore, edited drone videos have extremely useful information for cinematography and for applications such as camera path planning to capture aesthetically pleasing shots. To design intelligent camera path planners, learning drone camera motions from these edited videos is essential. However, first, this requires to filter drone clips and extract their camera motions out of these edited videos that commonly contain both drone and non‐drone content. Moreover, existing video search engines return the whole edited video as a semantic search result and cannot return only drone clips inside an edited video. To address this problem, we proposed the first approach that can automatically retrieve drone clips from an unlabeled video collection using high‐level search queries, such as “drone clips captured outdoor in daytime from rural places”. The retrieved clips also contain camera motions, camera view, and 3D reconstruction of a scene that can help develop intelligent camera path planners. To train our approach, we needed numerous examples of edited drone videos. To this end, we introduced the first large‐scale dataset composed of edited drone videos. This dataset is also used for training and validating our drone video filtering algorithm. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations have confirmed the validity of our method.
Classifier Guided Temporal Supersampling for Real‐time Rendering
Authors: Guo Yu‐Xiao , Chen Guojun , Dong Yue , Tong Xin
Published: March 2023

We present a learning based temporal supersampling algorithm for real‐time rendering. Different from existing learning‐based approaches that adopt an end‐to‐end training of a ‘black‐box’ neural network, we design a ‘white‐box’ solution that first classifies the pixels into different categories and then generates the supersampling result based on classification. Our key observation is that the core problem in temporal supersampling for rendering is to distinguish the pixels that consist of occlusion, aliasing, or shading changes. Samples from these pixels exhibit similar temporal radiance change but require different composition strategies to produce the correct supersampling result. Based on this observation, our method first classifies the pixels into several classes. Based on the classification results, our method then blends the current frame with the warped last frame via a learned weight map to get the supersampling results. We design compact neural networks for each step and develop dedicated loss functions for pixels belonging to different classes. Compared to existing learning based methods, our classifier‐based supersampling scheme takes less computational and memory cost for real‐time supersampling and generates visually compelling temporal supersampling results with fewer flickering artifacts. We evaluate the performance and generality of our method on several rendered game sequences and our method can upsample the rendered frames from 1080P to 2160P in just 13.39ms on a single Nvidia 3090GPU.
Real‐Time Rendering of Eclipses without Incorporation of Atmospheric Effects
Authors: Schneegans S. , Gilg J. , Ahlers V. , Gerndt A.
Published: March 2023

In this paper, we present a novel approach for real‐time rendering of soft eclipse shadows cast by spherical, atmosphereless bodies. While this problem may seem simple at first, it is complicated by several factors. First, the extreme scale differences and huge mutual distances of the involved celestial bodies cause rendering artifacts in practice. Second, the surface of the Sun does not emit light evenly in all directions (an effect which is known as limb darkening). This makes it impossible to model the Sun as a uniform spherical light source. Finally, our intended applications include real‐time rendering of solar eclipses in virtual reality, which require very high frame rates. As a solution to these problems, we precompute the amount of shadowing into an eclipse shadow map, which is parametrized so that it is independent of the position and size of the occluder. Hence, a single shadow map can be used for all spherical occluders in the Solar System. We assess the errors introduced by various simplifications and compare multiple approaches in terms of performance and precision. Last but not least, we compare our approaches to the state‐of‐the‐art and to reference images. The implementation has been published under the MIT license.
Learning Multi‐Scale Deep Image Prior for High‐Quality Unsupervised Image Denoising
Authors: Jiang Hao , Zhang Qing , Nie Yongwei , Zhu Lei , Zheng Wei‐Shi
Published: March 2023

Recent methods on image denoising have achieved remarkable progress, benefiting mostly from supervised learning on massive noisy/clean image pairs and unsupervised learning on external noisy images. However, due to the domain gap between the training and testing images, these methods typically have limited applicability on unseen images. Although several attempts have been made to avoid the domain gap issue by learning denoising from singe noisy image itself, they are less effective in handling real‐world noise because of assuming the noise corruptions are independent and zero mean. In this paper, we go step further beyond prior work by presenting a novel unsupervised image denoising framework trained from single noisy image without making any explicit assumptions on the noise statistics. Our approach is built upon the deep image prior (DIP), which enables diverse image restoration tasks. However, as is, the denoising performance of DIP will significantly deteriorate on nonzero‐mean noise and is sensitive to the number of iterations. To overcome this problem, we propose to utilize multi‐scale deep image prior by imposing DIP across different image scales under the constraint of a scale consistency. Experiments on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate that our method performs favorably against the state‐of‐the‐art methods for image denoising.
Fine‐Grained Scene Graph Generation with Overlap Region and Geometrical Center
Authors: Zhao Y. Q. , Jin Z. , Zhao H. Y. , Zhang F. , Tao Z. W. , Dou C. F. , Xu X. H. , Liu D. H.
Published: March 2023

Scene graph generation refers to the task of identifying the objects and specifically the relationships between the objects from an image. Existing scene graph generation methods generally use the bounding boxes region features of objects to identify the relationships between objects. However, we feel that the overlap region features of two objects may play an important role in fine‐grained relationship identification. In fact, some fine‐grained relationships can only be obtained from the overlap region features of two objects. Therefore, we propose the Multi‐Branch Feature Combination (MFC) module and Overlap Region Transformer (ORT) module to comprehensively obtain the visual features contained in the overlap regions of two objects. Concretely, the MFC module uses deconvolution and multi‐branch dilation convolution to obtain high‐pixels and multi‐receptive field features in the overlap regions. The ORT module uses the vision transformer to obtain the self‐attention of the overlap regions. The joint use of these two modules achieves the mutual complementation of local connectivity properties of convolution and the global connectivity properties of attention. We also design a Geometrical Center Augmented (GCA) module to obtain the relative position information of the geometric centers between two objects, to prevent the problem that only relying on the scale of the overlap region cannot accurately capture the relationship between two objects. Experiments show that our model ORGC (Overlap Region and Geometrical Center), the combination of the MFC module, the ORT module, and the GCA module, can enhance the performance of fine‐grained relation identification. On the Visual Genome dataset, our model outperforms the current state‐of‐the‐art model by 4.4% on the R@50 evaluation metric, reaching a state‐of‐the‐art result of 33.88.
NSTO: Neural Synthesizing Topology Optimization for Modulated Structure Generation
Authors: Zhong Shengze , Punpongsanon Parinya , Iwai Daisuke , Sato Kosuke
Published: March 2023

Nature evolves structures like honeycombs at optimized performance with limited material. These efficient structures can be artificially created with the collaboration of structural topology optimization and additive manufacturing. However, the extensive computation cost of topology optimization causes low mesh resolution, long solving time, and rough boundaries that fail to match the requirements for meeting the growing personal fabrication demands and printing capability. Therefore, we propose the neural synthesizing topology optimization that leverages a self‐supervised coordinate‐based network to optimize structures with significantly shorter computation time, where the network encodes the structural material layout as an implicit function of coordinates. Continuous solution space is further generated from optimization tasks under varying boundary conditions or constraints for users' instant inference of novel solutions. We demonstrate the system's efficacy for a broad usage scenario through numerical experiments and 3D printing.
Digital image enhancement may improve sensitivity of cholesteatoma detection during endoscopic ear surgery
Authors: Ragonesi Talisa , Niederhauser Laura , Fernandez Ignacio Javier , Molinari Giulia , Caversaccio Marco , Presutti Livio , Anschuetz Lukas
Published: March 2023

Objectives

This study investigates the possible benefits and limitations of the digital image enhancement systems provided by Storz Professional Image Enhancement System (SPIES) during endoscopic ear surgery (EES) for cholesteatoma. An increased detection of cholesteatoma residuals during the final steps of endoscopic surgery using DIE technology was hypothesized.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary referral hospital.

Methods

A total of 10 questionnaires of 18 intraoperative pictures with equal numbers of cholesteatoma and non‐cholesteatoma images, each presented in three different image‐enhancing modalities (Clara, Spectra A, Spectra B), were generated. Fifty‐one experienced ear surgeons participated to the survey and were randomly assigned to a questionnaire and completed it at two time points. The experts were asked to rate for each picture whether cholesteatoma was present or not. The answers were compared with the histopathological reports.

Results

Clara showed the highest accuracy in cholesteatoma detection, followed by Spectra A and lastly Spectra B. In contrast, Spectra B showed the highest sensitivity and Clara the highest specificity, while Spectra A was placed in the middle for both values. Using the Spectra B modality, most responses agreed across the two time points. Ear surgeons assessed the usefulness, as well as preference among image modalities for cholesteatoma surgery, in the following order: Clara, Spectra B, Spectra A.

Conclusion

Digital enhancement technologies are applicable to EES. After complete cholesteatoma removal, Spectra B showed the highest sensitivity in the detection of cholesteatoma residuals as compared with Clara and Spectra A. Thus, Spectra B may be recommended to avoid missing any cholesteatoma residuals during EES.
Board characteristics and firm resilience: Evidence from disruptive events
Authors: Croci Ettore , Hertig Gerard , Khoja Layla , Lan Luh Luh
Published: March 2023

Research Question/Issue

We study the contribution of board characteristics such as independence, size, busyness, and CEO duality, to firm resilience at times of firm‐specific crises.

Research Findings/Insights

Based on manually collected US data, we document that board‐related variables affect the short‐term market reactions around disruptive events. Board independence exacerbates the negative share price effect, whereas the converse is true for director busyness and board size. However, the negative impact of board independence is attenuated in complex firms. We do not find that CEO duality affects market reactions. By contrast, in the long run, we do not observe stable and significant relationships between board‐related variables and firm performance with the exception of a negative impact of board independence.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our paper contributes to different strands of the literature. First, it contributes to the literature on the effects of board characteristics by showing how they affect stock price reactions at the time of firm‐specific crises. Second, our results on board attributes provide a new take on the two monitoring and advisory functions of the board. Third, we add to the literature that measures the value of directors. More generally, the paper contributes to the literature on the role of corporate governance, and in particular the board of directors, in crises situations.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

We show that three board‐related attributes affect market reactions at the time of a firm‐specific shock. Board independence exacerbates the negative share price effect of disruptive events, whereas the reverse is true for director busyness and board size. These reactions imply that, in times of crisis, advice‐oriented boards fare better than monitoring‐oriented boards. More specifically, information flows less easily within independent boards. In addition, busy directors and large boards are more talented, respectively more effective in complex situations. However, these results do not hold for industry‐wide shocks.
Post‐hospitalization rehabilitation alleviates long‐term immune repertoire alteration in COVID‐19 convalescent patients
Authors: Feng Bing , Zheng Danwen , Yang Laijun , Su Zuqing , Tang Lipeng , Zhu Ying , Xu Xiaohua , Wang Qian , Lin Qiaoli , Hu Jiajun , Lin Meixuan , Huang Liqun , Zhou Xin , Liu Han , Li Song , Pan Wenjing , Shi Rongdong , Lu Yanjing , Wu Bin , Ding Banghan , Wang Zhe , Guo Jianwen , Zhang Zhongde , Zheng Guangjuan , Liu Yuntao
Published: March 2023

The global pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is an once‐in‐a‐lifetime public health crisis. Among hundreds of millions of people who have contracted with or are being infected with COVID‐19, the question of whether COVID‐19 infection may cause long‐term health concern, even being completely recovered from the disease clinically, especially immune system damage, needs to be addressed. Here, we performed seven‐chain adaptome immune repertoire analyses on convalescent COVID‐19 patients who have been discharged from hospitals for at least 6 months. Surprisingly, we discovered lymphopenia, reduced number of unique CDR3s, and reduced diversity of the TCR/BCR immune repertoire in convalescent COVID‐19 patients. In addition, the BCR repertoire appears to be activated, which is consistent with the protective antibody titres, but serological experiments reveal significantly lower IL‐4 and IL‐7 levels in convalescent patients compared to those in healthy controls. Finally, in comparison with convalescent patients who did not receive post‐hospitalization rehabilitation, the convalescent patients who received post‐hospitalization rehabilitation had attenuated immune repertoire abnormality, almost back to the level of healthy control, despite no detectable clinic demographic difference. Overall, we report the potential long‐term immunological impairment for COVID‐19 infection, and correction of this impairment via post‐hospitalization rehabilitation may offer a new prospect for COVID‐19 recovery strategy.
Embracing the experiential knowledge of pediatric stroke survivors
Authors: Hanes Julia Ersilia
Published: March 2023

This commentary is on the original article by Champigny et al. on pages 1357–1365 of this issue.
Real‐time quaking‐induced conversion assays for prions: Applying a sensitive but imperfect test in clinical practice
Authors: Jones Samuel M. , Lazar Evelyn B. , Porter Amanda L. , Prusinski Christian C. , Brier Matthew R. , Bucelli Robert C. , Day Gregory S.
Published: March 2023

Background and purpose

Real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) assays offer a sensitive and specific means for detection of prions, although false negative results are recognized in clinical practice. We profile the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features associated with false negative RT‐QuIC assays and extend these to frame the diagnostic approach to patients with suspected prion disease.

Methods

A total of 113 patients with probable or definite prion disease were assessed at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN; Jacksonville, FL; Scottsdale, AZ) or Washington University School of Medicine (Saint Louis, MO) from 2013 to 2021. RT‐QuIC testing for prions was performed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (Cleveland, OH).

Results

Initial RT‐QuIC testing was negative in 13 of 113 patients (sensitivity = 88.5%). RT‐QuIC negative patients were younger (median = 52.0 years vs. 66.1 years, p < 0.001). Other demographic and presenting features, and CSF cell count, protein, and glucose levels were similar in RT‐QuIC negative and positive patients. Frequency of 14‐3‐3 positivity (4/13 vs. 77/94, p < 0.001) and median CSF total tau levels were lower in RT‐QuIC negative patients (2517 vs. 4001 pg/mL, p = 0.020), and time from symptom onset to first presentation (153 vs. 47 days, p = 0.001) and symptomatic duration (710 vs. 148 days, p = 0.001) were longer.

Conclusions

RT‐QuIC is a sensitive yet imperfect measure necessitating incorporation of other test results when evaluating patients with suspected prion disease. Patients with negative RT‐QuIC had lower markers of neuronal damage (CSF total tau and protein 14‐3‐3) and longer symptomatic duration of disease, suggesting that false negative RT‐QuIC testing associates with a more indolent course.
Symbolic laws, de facto abolitions and path dependence: When death penalty policies remain stable
Authors: Dudai Ron
Published: March 2023

There is a growing tendency to perceive the death penalty as always ‘on the move’, often in a teleological trajectory inevitably leading to universal abolition. This article aims to question this tendency, noting that in many cases death penalty policies remain stable, especially in cases of de facto abolition. Such cases are overlooked in the literature, treated as brief interludes towards full abolition, though in fact they can be enduring and serve important symbolic functions. Informed by the historical‐institutional approach, which rejects teleology in favour of path dependence and contingency, the article focuses on the Israeli case, where since 1967 the death penalty remained a lawful option in military courts with jurisdiction over Palestinians, but never applied. I argue that such remarkable stability is not due to inertia, but an unanticipated result of contingent events and processes leading over time to entrenchment of a ‘limbo’ arrangement, which constitute intentional, functional, policy.
The palimpsest of outdoor penal labour in California, 1915–2000
Authors: Goodman Philip , Quinn Kaitlyn
Published: March 2023

In this article we examine the curious stability of outdoor penal labour in California in the 20th century against a shifting social and penal field. Analysing state archival data on prison highway and forestry camps between 1915 and 2000, we frame the persistence of these practices as evidence of a penal labour palimpsest. We demonstrate how the agency and interpretive innovation of penal administrators – as the architects and interpreters of this palimpsest – served as a stabilising mechanism akin to, but distinct from, existing theories of path dependence. Zooming out from the intricacies of the historical record, we position this case as revealing some of the limits of strict theories of path dependence and, instead, as offering a more dynamic understanding of the complex, intersecting and malleable ways in which history matters.
Explaining penal momentum: Path dependence, prison population forecasting and the persistence of high incarceration rates in England and Wales
Authors: Guiney Thomas , Yeomans Henry
Published: March 2023

This article seeks to explain the persistence of high incarceration rates in England and Wales. Building upon recent theoretical work on path dependence, we identify prison population forecasting as a poorly understood positive feedback mechanism that helps to determine the overall scale, scope and reach of the prison estate by connecting capital expenditure decisions with ‘business as usual’ planning cycles that assume considerable policy continuity with the past. We illustrate this point with reference to recent controversies over women's imprisonment where the everyday, routinised working practices of the penal system have played an important role in sustaining prison expansionism long after the initial conditions that fuelled the mid‐1990s prison boom have faded. Disrupting these self‐fulfilling logics will not be easy and we conclude this article with a call for a more deliberative democratic politics that confronts penal momentum and invites greater consideration of the many possible futures of penal policy.
A developmental model of sentencing evolution: The emergence of the politics of probation in Chile
Authors: Wilenmann Javier , Gambardella Maite
Published: March 2023

This article builds a developmental model of probation evolution based on the dynamics generated by its feedback effects, illustrating its claims through a case study of Chile's recent probation politics. The article posits that probation emerges out of the negative infrastructural and political feedback effects of the prison. As probation generalises, it creates its own growing negative political feedback. In time, the field can enter a state that we label the politics of probation, providing for substantial political conflict and fluctuance. The article shows how different actors mediate in the conflict around the politics of probation.
Diabetes mellitus is an independent predictor of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients presenting with atrial fibrillation and elevated troponin
Authors: Fahey James K. , Prosser Hamish , Lescai Prue , Sajeev Jithin K. , Yao Harrison , Roberts Louise , Buntine Paul , Teh Andrew W.
Published: March 2023

Atrial fibrillation can present with symptoms of myocardial infarction and elevated troponin, even in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to determine the characteristics that predict underlying obstructive CAD. Obstructive CAD was far more likely in those with troponin elevation. In those with elevated troponin, diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of obstructive CAD.
Pathways to dental fear from childhood to adolescence: A 10‐year cohort study
Authors: Godois Leonardo da Silva , Knorst Jessica Klöckner , Noronha Thaís Gioda , Emmanuelli Bruno , Ardenghi Thiago Machado , Tomazoni Fernanda
Published: March 2023

Background

Dental fear affects children's oral health; there is, however, no evidence regarding the pathways linking possible predictors for its occurrence.

Aim

This study aimed at exploring the direct and indirect effects of sociodemographic, clinical, behavioural and psychosocial factors on the development of dental fear in schoolchildren over time.

Design

This is a prospective cohort study, with 10 years of follow‐up. The first assessment started in 2010 (T1) with a sample of 639 children aged 1–5 years from Southern Brazil. For this study, the follow‐up (T2) of these individuals was performed in 2020. Dental fear was assessed at T2 using the Brazilian version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale (CFSS–DS). Socio‐economic, demographic, psychosocial and oral health measures were collected in both assessments. A structural equation model was performed to assess the direct and indirect pathways among variables at T1 and T2 to predict the CFSS–DS scores at T2.

Results

Of the 639 children, 429 were re‐evaluated at T2. Higher levels of untreated dental caries, younger individuals, dental visits for nonroutine reasons and low sense of coherence at T2 directly impacted dental fear at T2. Considering the indirect effects, the presence of dental caries and low household income at T1 indirectly impacted higher levels of dental fear over 10 years via dental caries at follow‐up.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that socio‐economic, demographic, clinical, psychosocial and behavioural conditions can influence dental fear from childhood to adolescence.
Association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and respiratory diseases: Consensus report of the Joint Workshop by the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the European arm of the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA Europe)
Authors: Herrera David , Sanz Mariano , Shapira Lior , Brotons Carlos , Chapple Iain , Frese Thomas , Graziani Filippo , Hobbs F. D. Richard , Huck Olivier , Hummers Eva , Jepsen Søren , Kravtchenko Oleg , Madianos Phoebus , Molina Ana , Ungan Mehmet , Vilaseca Josep , Windak Adam , Vinker Shlomo
Published: March 2023

Aim

To explore the implications for dentists and family doctors of the association between periodontal and systemic diseases and the role of dentists and family doctors in managing non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) and promoting healthy lifestyles.

Materials and Methods

The consensus reports of the previous Focused Workshops on the associations between periodontitis and diabetes (2017) and periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases (2019) formed the technical reviews to underpin discussions on both topics. For the association with respiratory diseases, a systematic review was specifically commissioned for the Workshop discussions. Working groups prepared proposals independently, and then the proposals were discussed and approved at plenary meetings.

Results

Periodontitis is independently associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea and COVID‐19 complications. Dentists and family doctors should collaborate in managing NCDs, implementing strategies for early detection of periodontitis in primary care centres and of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes in dental settings. Family doctors should be informed about periodontal diseases and their consequences, and oral health professionals (OHPs) should be informed about the relevance of NCDs and the associated risk factors.

Conclusions

Closer collaboration between OHPs and family doctors is important in the early detection and management of NCDs and in promoting healthy lifestyles. Pathways for early case detection of periodontitis in family medicine practices and of NCDs in dental practices should be developed and evaluated.
Activation of PGC‐1α‐dependent mitochondrial biogenesis supports therapeutic effects of silibinin against type I diabetic periodontitis
Authors: Sun Xiaoyu , Ping Yifan , Li Xumin , Mao Yixin , Chen Yang , Shi Lixi , Hong Xinhua , Chen Liang , Chen Shuhong , Cao Zelin , Chen Pan , Song Zhongchen , Wismeijer Daniel , Wu Gang , Ji Yinhui , Huang Shengbin
Published: March 2023

Aim

To investigate whether silibinin impacts diabetic periodontitis (DP) via mitochondrial regulation.

Materials and Methods

In vivo, rats were divided into control, diabetes, DP and DP combined with silibinin groups. Diabetes and periodontitis were induced by streptozocin and silk ligation, respectively. Bone turnover was evaluated by microcomputed tomography, histology and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with or without silibinin. Osteogenic function was analysed by Alizarin Red and alkaline phosphatase staining. Mitochondrial function and biogenesis were investigated by mitochondrial imaging assays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Activator and lentivirus‐mediated knockdown of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma‐coactivator 1‐alpha (PGC‐1α), a critical regulator of mitochondria biogenesis, was used to explore the mitochondrial mechanisms.

Results

Silibinin attenuated periodontal destruction and mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and PGC‐1α expression in rats with DP. Meanwhile, silibinin promoted cell proliferation, osteogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis and increased the PGC‐1α level in hPDLCs exposed to H2O2. Silibinin also protected PGC‐1α from proteolysis in hPDLCs. Furthermore, both silibinin and activator of PGC‐1α ameliorated cellular injury and mitochondrial abnormalities in hPDLCs, while knockdown of PGC‐1α abolished the beneficial effect of silibinin.

Conclusions

Silibinin attenuated DP through the promotion of PGC‐1α‐dependent mitochondrial biogenesis.
National quality standards for neuro rehabilitation in a community setting: Do they achieve their purpose?
Authors: Hodgson Alisa , Jones Jacky , Campbell Heather , Carolan Jodie , Powell John
Published: March 2023

Rationale

There is known variation in neuro‐rehabilitation service provision, however, the extent of service variation and impact on people who experience an acquired brain injury (ABI) is not articulated in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess and determine the extent to which neuro‐rehabilitation services in one part of the United Kingdom (UK) are meeting national quality standards.

Method

A mixed method design, across five community neuro‐rehabilitation providers and six districts in South London, comprised of ABI population incidence data, web‐based surveys to determine compliance with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Head Injury Quality Standard, and focus groups to understand the patient perspective of community neuro‐rehabilitation service provision.

Results

The population incidence of ABI amongst districts demonstrated differences between the datasets analyzed, resulting in an inability to determine whether service variation was based on population need. The web‐based surveys revealed that five community neuro‐rehabilitation providers have variations between the models of care provided, including clinical referral criteria, duration, intensity of therapy interventions, and overall cost per patient, which was correlated with workforce capacity and patient waiting times. Focus group discussion highlighted current key challenges of service restraints, disconnect between services and limited professional support, as well as improvement opportunities pertaining to access, flexible, local and timely health and social care services.

Conclusion

This study indicates that despite the publication of the NICE Head Injury Quality Standard, there is variation in the local provision of community neuro‐rehabilitation across six districts in South London. Each district partly meets the recommendations, highlighting variability in the model of care delivered, that impacts consumers/carers accessing quality neuro‐rehabilitation services. A disconnect remains between evidence‐based quality standards and implementation. No standardized ABI data set is available in the UK, which impacts planning for future clinical service delivery.
Care transitions from the specialty to the primary care setting: A scoping literature review of potential barriers and facilitators with implications for mental health care
Authors: Kim Bo , Benzer Justin K. , Afable Melissa K. , Fletcher Terri L. , Yusuf Zenab , Smith Tracey L.
Published: March 2023

Background, Aims and Objectives

This scoping review aimed to understand potential barriers and facilitators in transitioning patients from specialty to primary care settings, to inform the implementation of an intervention to promote active consideration of psychiatrically stable patients for transition from the specialty mental health setting back to primary care.

Methods

Guided by Levac and colleagues' six‐stage methodological framework for conducting scoping studies, we systematically searched electronic article databases for peer‐reviewed literature from January 2000 to May 2016. We included identified articles that discuss findings related to potential barriers and facilitators in transitioning patients from specialty to primary care settings. We performed descriptive and thematic analyses of results to generate emergent codes and their categorizations.

Results

Our database search yielded 906 unique articles, 23 of which we included in our scoping review. All but one of the included studies were conducted in North America. Identified potential barriers and facilitators spanned eight emergent themes—(i) primary care accessibility, especially in terms of timely availability of appointments, (ii) clarity in respective roles of specialty care and primary care in managing a patient, (iii) timely exchange of information, (iv) transition process management, (v) perceived ability of primary care providers to manage specialty conditions, (vi) perceived ability of patients to self‐manage, (vii) leadership support and (viii) support for implementing initiatives to promote transitions.

Conclusions

Findings from this scoping review enable an increased understanding of current practices and considerations regarding care transitions from specialty to primary care settings. The importance of role clarification, shared clinical information systems, confidence in care competency, and adequate organizational support to promote appropriate transitions were themes most widely reported across the reviewed studies. Few studies specifically examined the transition from specialty mental health to primary care. Future studies should account for mental health‐specific symptomatic patterns and recovery trajectories, such as prevalent chronicity and frequency of relapse, in planning and conducting transitions from specialty mental health back to primary care.
Women's Birth Beliefs During Pregnancy and Postpartum in the Netherlands: A Quantitative Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Vogels‐Broeke Maaike , Daemers Darie , Budé Luc , de Vries Raymond , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Women and care providers increasingly regard childbirth as a medical process, resulting in high use of medical interventions, which could negatively affect a woman's childbirth experience. Women's birth beliefs may be key to understanding the decisions they make and the acceptance of medical interventions in childbirth. In this study we explore women's beliefs about birth as a natural and medical process and the factors that are associated with women's birth beliefs.

Methods

Data were obtained from a cross‐sectional survey of women living in the Netherlands asking them about their experiences during pregnancy and childbirth, including their beliefs about birth as a natural and medical process.

Results

A total of 3494 women were included in this study. Mean scores of natural birth beliefs ranged between 3.73 and 4.01 points, and medical birth belief scores ranged between 2.92 and 3.12 points. There were significant but very small changes between prenatal and postnatal birth beliefs. Regression analyses showed that (previous) childbirth experiences were the most consistent predictor of women's birth beliefs.

Discussion

Women's high scores on natural birth beliefs and lower scores on medical birth beliefs correspond with the philosophy of Dutch perinatal care that considers pregnancy and childbirth to be natural processes. Perinatal care providers must be aware of women's birth beliefs and recognize that they as professionals influence women's birth beliefs. They make an important contribution to women's perinatal experiences, which affects both women's natural and medical birth beliefs.
Is Red or Blue More Likely to Narrow the Gap? The Effect of CEO Political Ideology on CEO‐Employee Pay Disparity
Authors: Weng David H. , Yang Haibin
Published: March 2023

How does CEO political ideology influence the pay disparity between a CEO and typical firm employees? Drawing on the upper echelons theory, we postulate that politically liberal CEOs are more inclined to address within‐firm vertical pay disparity versus conservative or neutral CEOs, because liberals attend more closely to potential inequality issues and are more open to social changes. We furthermore contend that the effect of CEO political ideology varies across certain contextual factors. Results based on a sample of United States public firms support our arguments. Our study contributes to the literature on income inequality by highlighting CEO political ideology as a crucial determinant and investigating the boundary conditions.
Baseline white matter function predicts short‐term treatment response in first‐episode schizophrenia
Authors: Wu Xu‐Sha , Kang Xiao‐Wei , Li Xuan , Bai Li‐Jun , Xi Yi‐Bin , Li Yan , Xu Yong‐Qiang , Hu Wen‐Zhong , Yin Hong , Lv Ya‐Li
Published: March 2023

Background and Purpose

The detection and characterization of functional activities in the gray matter of schizophrenia (SZ) have been widely explored. However, the relationship between resting‐state functional signals in the white matter of first‐episode SZ and short‐term treatment response remains unclear.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients with first‐episode SZ and 44 matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. Patients were classified as nonresponders and responders based on response to antipsychotic medication during a single hospitalization. The fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC) of white matter were calculated. The relationships between functional changes and clinical features were analyzed. In addition, voxel‐based morphometry was performed to analyze the white matter volume.

Results

One‐way analysis of variance showed significant differences of fALFF and ReHo in the left posterior thalamic radiation and left cingulum (hippocampus) in the patient group, and the areas were regarded as seeds. The FC was calculated between seeds and other white matter networks. Compared with responders, nonresponders showed significantly increased FC between the left cingulum (hippocampus) and left posterior thalamic radiation, splenium of corpus callosum, and left tapetum, and were associated with the changes of clinical assessment. However, there was no difference in white matter volume between groups.

Conclusion

Our work provides a novel insight that psycho‐neuroimaging‐based white matter function holds promise for influencing the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SZ.
Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in seniors
Authors: Rauch Angelika , Nitschke Ina , Hahnel Sebastian , Weber Sophia , Zenthöfer Andreas , Schierz Oliver
Published: March 2023

Background

Information on the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) or possible/probable bruxism in seniors is heterogeneous and sparse.

Objectives

To elucidate the prevalence of TMD and possible/probable bruxism in German adults aged 60 years and older.

Methods

Participants of the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging (ILSE) born between 1950–1952 (C1) and 1930–1932 (C2) were examined in 2014–2016 (fourth wave). The participants were surveyed and clinically examined by one calibrated examiner. Two questions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) were utilised to evaluate self‐reported bruxism. The clinical examination included signs of probable bruxism and the RDC/TMD examination protocol.

Results

Data from 191 participants were available. No RDC/TMD diagnosis was made in 83.2%. Of the participants, 15.2% received a single diagnosis and 1.6% multiple diagnoses that included disc displacements (9.4%) and degenerative joint diseases (8.9%). A total of 24.7% reported bruxism that included self‐reported awake bruxism in 11.9% and sleep bruxism in 16.2%. Wear was clinically identified in 27.2% of the participants. No sex‐related differences were observed. Significant differences were detected for probable bruxism between C1 (14.1%) and C2 (54.3%).

Conclusion

In the German population aged 60 years and older, the prevalence of TMD is 16.8%. TMD is characterised by temporomandibular joint disorders, including disc displacements and degenerative joint disorders. Bruxism was observed in a quarter of the old population.
TRIM21 promotes inflammation by ubiquitylating NF‐κB in T cells of oral lichen planus
Authors: Yao Yilin , Pan Lei , Wei Ye , Feng Minghua , Li Xiye , Sun Lei , Tang Guoyao , Wang Yufeng
Published: March 2023

Background

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a mucocutaneous inflammatory disease affecting 1% general population. Tripartite motif‐containing protein 21 (TRIM21) shows a significant role in OLP. This study aimed to explore the function and mechanism of TRIM21 in T cells of OLP.

Methods

Differential gene expression profile in OLP versus healthy controls (HCs) was constructed by RNA sequencing. Protein expression level and infiltration sites of TRIM21 in OLP were detected by immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL‐6, TNF‐α, ICAM1, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in CD3+TRIM21hi T cells were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Downstream pathways and substrates of TRIM21 were explored by immunoblot and immunoprecipitation. Whether TRIM21 ubiquitination its substrate and ubiquitination form were tested by ubiquitination assay in vitro.

Results

Compared with HCs, TRIM21 exhibited a higher level in OLP, which expressed mainly in CD3+ T lymphocytes in OLP tissues. Overexpressed TRIM21 enhanced the expression of IL‐6, TNF‐α, CXCL1, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in CD3+ T cell line through ubiquitinating nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) via a lysine 63 (K63) linkage, which eventually activating NF‐κB signaling pathway.

Conclusions

In OLP, TRIM21 promoted inflammation through ubiquitylating NF‐κB and activating NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Cheating to benefit others? On the relation between Honesty‐Humility and prosocial lies
Authors: Thielmann Isabel , Hilbig Benjamin E. , Klein Sina A. , Seidl Alicia , Heck Daniel W.
Published: March 2023

Objective

Among basic personality traits, Honesty‐Humility yields the most consistent, negative link with dishonest behavior. The theoretical conceptualization of Honesty‐Humility, however, suggests a potential boundary condition of this relation, namely, when lying is prosocial. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the association between Honesty‐Humility and dishonesty weakens once lying benefits someone else, particularly so if this other is needy.

Methods

In two online studies (Study 1: N = 775 in Germany; Study 2: N = 737 in the UK, preregistered), we measured self‐reported Honesty‐Humility and dishonest behavior in incentivized cheating paradigms in which the beneficiary of participants' dishonesty was either the participants themselves, a “non‐needy” other (e.g., another participant), or a “needy” other (e.g., a charity).

Results

We found support for the robustness of the negative association between Honesty‐Humility and dishonesty, even if lying was prosocial.

Conclusion

Individuals high in Honesty‐Humility largely prioritize honesty, even if there is a strong moral imperative to lie; those low in Honesty‐Humility, by contrast, tend to lie habitually and thus even if they themselves do not directly profit monetarily. This suggests that (un)truthfulness may be an absolute rather than a relative aspect of Honesty‐Humility, although further systematic tests of this proposition are needed.
Regulating the marketing of foods for infants and young children: Lessons from assessment of gaps in monitoring and enforcement in Thailand
Authors: Cetthakrikul Nisachol , Banwell Cathy , Kelly Matthew , Baker Phillip , Smith Julie
Published: March 2023

Breast milk substitute (BMS) marketing harms breastfeeding and public health. To control BMS marketing, the Member States of the World Health Organization is called upon to adopt all provisions of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code) into national law. In 2017, Thailand adopted many provisions of the Code through the Control of Marketing Promotion of Infant and Young Child Food Act B.E. 2560 (the Act), including the establishment of a compliance monitoring system and enforcement mechanisms. Nevertheless, recent research showed widespread violations. This study aims to assess gaps in the monitoring system and the Act's enforcement in its first three years of operation. This qualitative research study employed in‐depth interviews between April and June 2020 with 34 key informants (KIs) from the Thai government, academia and civil society organisations. KIs identified gaps in six areas that could be mitigated to increase compliance with the Act. These gaps are unclear provisions on coverage of the Act; communications with retailers and the public; lack of strong direction and processes; inadequate budget allocations; skilled and confident human resources; and external factors which facilitate BMS marketing. Recommendations may be relevant for other countries and include revising and clarifying the Act, developing targeted communication strategies; providing clear monitoring direction including through setting key performance indicators related to the Act; and providing sufficient budget and training for authorised and support officers. Strengthening the health system and workplace support for breastfeeding and social marketing would also help address wider structural factors.