bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Personality of Young Adult Couples and Wives' Work Patterns
Authors: Helson Ravenna , Roberts Brent
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The influence of personality in 63 couples at the time of family formation on wives' work patterns 15 years later was examined in variable‐centered and person/couple‐centered ways. Four factor dimensions on the Adjective Check List assessed personality. Work patterns were assessed with measures of type, amount, and status of work and with schematic work narratives describing characters and plots abstracted from wives' mid‐life data. Hierarchical regression analyses showed individuality of husbands to affect work outcomes after wives' college‐age goals, their young adult personality, and the duration of marriages were taken into account. Conjoint high‐low patterns of individuality in 34 couples were associated with different schematic work stories. These stories show distinctive personality and relational correlates at age 27. They flesh out and qualify hypotheses that individualistic partners would be open to women's careers and would show revealing strategies of combining self‐ and other interests in the transition to parenthood.
Affective Scripts as Organizers of Personal Experience
Authors: Demorest Amy P. , Alexander Irving E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Tomkins's “script theory” was employed for personological inquiry into the ways that individuals organize their experience. This theory posits that individuals' experiences are organized by ideo‐affective construals or “scripts.” This thesis was examined by first extracting emotional incidents or “scenes' from the autobiographical reports of 10 individuals, and then deriving from these scenes the abstract sequential rules or “scripts” for handling scenes. One month following this assessment, the individuals were asked to create stories to affective stimuli in order to assess whether the scripts derived from this source would be parallel to those generated in the autobiographical memories. A matching task determined that the individuals' ways of interpreting the affective stimuli indeed reflected the same scripts as those which appeared in their autobiographical memories. While particular script elements appeared to be person‐specific, the general parameters of scripts were sometimes shared by various individuals. Avenues for future methodological developments and theoretical inquiries are discussed.
Current Concerns and Electrodermal Reactivity: Responses to Words and Thoughts
Authors: Nikula Reiner , Klinger Eric , Larson‐Gutman Mary Katherine
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Previous research has found that subjects rate words that are closely related to their current concerns as affectively more arousing than other words. This investigation inquires whether a similar relationship occurs when arousal is measured electrodermally, and whether nonspecific (spontaneous) electrodermal activity is associated with self‐generated thoughts about current concerns. In the first experiment, subjects listened to audiotaped sequences of three‐word clusters associated with previously measured own current concerns or with concerns of others. Mean skin conductance responses were significantly larger for clusters related to subjects' own concerns than for those related to others' concerns, although many subjects contributing to this effect showed some awareness of the hypothesis. In the second experiment, thoughts that accompanied nonspecific skin conductance responses received significantly higher self‐ratings for concern‐relatedness and arousal than thoughts that occurred during electrodermal inactivity. In Experiment 3, they were rated higher for current‐concern content and anxiety and lower for mental imagery and dormant‐concern content than thoughts during electrodermal inactivity.
Being and Feeling Unique: Statistical Deviance and Psychological Marginality
Authors: Frable Deborrah E. S.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Two studies tested the hypothesis that people with culturally stigmatized and concealable conditions (e.g., gays, epileptics, juvenile delinquents, and incest victims) would be more likely to feel unique than people with culturally valued or conspicuous conditions (e.g., the physically attractive, the intellectually gifted, the obese, and the facially scarred). In Study 1, culturally stigmatized individuals with concealable conditions were least likely to perceive consensus between their personal preferences and those of others. In Study 2, they were most likely to describe themselves as unique and to make these self‐relevant decisions quickly. Marginality is a psychological reality, not just a statistical one, for those with stigmatized and concealable “master status” conditions.
Self‐Identity and Specific Vulnerability to Depressed Mood
Authors: Brewer Britton W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Four studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that experiencing a life event that disrupts the pursuit of self‐defining activities would be associated with depressed mood. Across all four studies, a strong and exclusive identification with the athlete role was related to subjects' affective response to both hypothetical and actual athletic injuries. The results highlight the importance of assessing the match between specific cognitive diatheses and specific life events in predicting depressive reactions.
Dependent and Self‐Critical Depressive Experiences among Inner‐City Adolescents
Authors: Luthar Suniya S. , Blatt Sidney J.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The Adolescent Depressive Experiences Questionnaire was administered to 142 inner‐city ninth graders. Based on theory, several potential correlates of dependency and self‐criticism were selected for study, including depression, aspects of anxiety, locus of control, and facets of social behavior. Self‐criticism showed stronger associations with depression and concerns about losing others' approval, while dependency showed stronger associations with diffuse tension and worry and sensitivity to others' behavior. The two depressive tendencies had comparable associations with physiological anxiety and external locus of control. These findings are discussed in terms of current perspectives on the symptomatic heterogeneity of depressive experiences.
Dominance and Friendliness: On the Interaction of Gender and Situation
Authors: Moskowitz D. S.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The present study examined the systematic effects of gender and situation on two personality characteristics: dominance and friendliness. Individuals were observed twice in each of three situations: with a familiar person of the same sex, with an unfamiliar person of the same sex, and with an unfamiliar person of the opposite sex. Observations by independent observers were collected using behavior counts and ratings. In addition, self‐reports about dominance and friendliness in different situations were collected. Results based on the independent observers generally indicated that sex differences are reduced in mixed‐sex groups and accentuated in same‐sex groups. There was also evidence of systematic errors in the self‐reports suggesting that men may overestimate their degree of friendliness and that women may overestimate their level of dominance.
Preliminary Validation of a Multidimensional Model of Wittiness
Authors: Feingold Alan , Mazzella Ronald
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Past research on wittiness has found that (a) self‐ratings and peer ratings of wittiness are highly correlated, but neither type of rating is appreciably correlated with measured humor production, and (b) sociability is correlated with both types of wittiness ratings but not with humor production. An interpretation of these findings was provided by a multidimensional model of wittiness that conceptualizes wittiness as a factorially complex dimension shaped by three component traits: humor motivation, humor cognition, and humor communication. We conducted three correlational studies to test the hypotheses, derived from the theory, that (a) wittiness ratings are influenced by humor motivation and humor communication, whereas humor production taps only humor cognition, and (b) sociability is positively correlated with humor motivation and humor communication but unrelated to humor cognition. Results were consistent across studies and generally confirmed the predictions.
Modeling Person‐Situation Correspondence over Time: A Study of 103 Evangelical Disciple‐Makers
Authors: Waller Niels G. , Benet Verónica , Farney Darrell L.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Recent Studies of person‐situation correspondence demonstrate that people actively select environments that are congruent with their personality, attitudes, motives, and goals (cf. Emmons, Diener, & Larsen, 1986). But do these individual difference variables also influence a person's propensity to remain in an environment over time? To answer this question, we administered the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982; Tellegen & Waller, 1990) and the Age Universal I‐E scale (Gorsuch & Venable, 1983) to a sample of 103 lay‐ministers from a large, evangelical church in the upper Midwest. Subjects were participants in a church‐sponsored disciple‐making program, and our dependent variable was length of involvement as a disciple‐maker. Results indicated that the lay‐ministers endorsed an intrinsic religious orientation and had high scores on the MPQ dimensions of Control, Harmavoidance, and Traditionalism. Using survival analysis, a statistical technique for modeling event durations, we found that disciple‐makers who were both low on Aggression and Harmavoidance remained in the program for the longest period. Our findings are discussed in terms of a temporally oriented model of person‐situation correspondence.
One Personality, Multiple Selves: Integrating Personality and Social Roles
Authors: Roberts Brent W. , Donahue Eileen M.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT How do people maintain multiple, role‐specific self‐conceptions as well as a consistent sense of self? In a sample of middle‐aged women, we examined three issues: (a) the ways in which people view themselves as both different and similar across social roles (e.g., parent, friend, worker), (b) how role‐specific self‐conceptions and general self‐conceptions are related, and (c) the merits of predicting role‐specific criteria from role‐specific and general self‐conceptions. Results showed that subjects' self‐conceptions were specific to role contexts, yet highly correlated across those same role contexts. In addition, role‐specific self‐conceptions were more similar to the general self‐concept for roles with which the individual was more satisfied. Finally, as predicted from the bandwidth‐fidelity trade‐off, ratings of the general self correlated moderately with outcomes across all role domains, whereas ratings of role‐specific self‐conceptions correlated strongly with outcomes for the same role, but not in other roles.
The Imaginary Audience, Self‐Consciousness, and Public Individuation in Adolescence
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Kuczkowski Rebecca
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the construct of the imaginary audience (Elkind & Bowen, 1979), presumably a precipitant of adolescent egocentrism, as it relates to public individuation and self‐consciousness. We hypothesized that the imaginary audience inhibits public individuation and represents a critical form of public self‐consciousness. We also argued that the imaginary audience is a normal aspect of early adolescent development that diminishes in the context of secure parental relationships by late adolescence but remains salient if these relationships are insecure. These hypotheses were examined in a cross‐sectional study of 850 adolescents in the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 12th grades. Support was generally found for the hypothesized relations. The validity and limitations of the imaginary audience and public individuation constructs are discussed, along with more general theoretical issues concerning adolescent self‐consciousness.
Naturalistic Conceptions of Morality: A Question‐Answering Approach
Authors: Quinn Robin A. , Houts Arthur C. , Graesser Arthur C.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Psychological research on morality has been based on researchers' definitions of morality or on philosophical theories. The present study examined naturally occurring conceptions of morality by using a knowledge‐structure methodology borrowed from cognitive psychology. Subjects generated statements in response to a question designed to expose generic knowledge about their concept of morality. Answer frequency and conceptual clustering results suggested that a variety of diverse concepts undergirded subjects' moral thinking and revealed a person‐based rather than a philosophy‐based pattern for commonly held conceptions of morality. A three‐dimensional scaling solution of the responses suggested that conceptions of morality were characterized by individual‐social, general‐specific, and absolute‐relative distinctions. These findings raise questions about assumptions underlying previous theories of morality. Moreover, the present methodology offers a basis for developing a more representative account of moral thought that depends less on the beliefs of researchers.
Associations between Major Domains of Personality and Health Behavior
Authors: Booth‐Kewley Stephanie , Vickers Ross R.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Broad personality traits may be important predictors of health behavior patterns. Two studies are reported which examined the associations between five major personality dimensions and four major health behavior dimensions. Prior associations between health behaviors and neurotic and extraverted personality tendencies generally were replicated. However, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, two domains of personality that have received little research attention, emerged as important personality predictors of health behaviors. The results indicate that personality is a reliable predictor of health behavior patterns. It is suggested that the importance of personality has been underestimated in past research by the failure to consider appropriate health behavior criteria and the omission of important personality dimensions, such as Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, when studying health behavior patterns.
Toward a Structure of Preschool Temperament: Factor Structure of the Temperament Assessment Battery for Children
Authors: Presley Rodney , Martin Roy P.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Much of the research and thinking in the area of childhood temperament has been guided by the structural and measurement model of Thomas, Chess, and colleagues. Recently, researchers have called into question this structural conception and have explored the factor structure of the instruments based on the Thomas and Chess model. A review of the literature indicates that there are few studies at any one age level, and that much of the research is limited by small samples. The results of a large sample factor analysis of parent and teacher ratings of preschool children are reported. A five‐factor solution was judged most appropriate for parent ratings, and a three‐factor solution seemed most appropriate for teacher ratings. Relations of these factors to the Big Five personality factors found in adult personality research are discussed.
Continulty in the Life Story: Self‐Defining Memories, Affect, and Approach/Avoidance Personal Strivings
Authors: Moffitt Kathie Halbach , Singer Jefferson A.
Published: April 2006

To study affective responses to memories and their relationship to personal strivings, 117 participants (65 males, 52 females) wrote selfdefining memories and indicated their affective responses to the memories. A week later they generated personal strivings, rated them along 10 dimensions, and indicated the relevance of their memories to the strivings. Participants who recalled more memories relevant to the attainment of their strivings felt more positively about their memories. Additionally, participants who listed greater percentages of avoidance strivings also recalled more memories related to the nonattainment of their strivings. Participants with higher percentages of avoidance strivings also recalled less positive memories. In an extension of Emmons's (1986) research, participants' feelings about personal strivings were linked to their affective responses to memories generated a week earlier. These results support a goal‐based theory of affect and a role for motivation in memory.
Conceptions of Ability, Achievement Goals, and Individual Differences in Self‐Handicapping Behavior: On the Application of Implicit Theories
Authors: Rhodewalt Frederick
Published: April 2006

This study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the tendency to engage in self‐handicapping were related to beliefs about the mutability of ability attributes and the pursuit of different achievement goals. Correlational data indicated that high self‐handicappers as defined by the Self‐handicapping Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982) believed that ability traits were more innately determined. They were mote likely to endorse performance goals (demonstration of ability) than were low self‐handicappers. Low self‐handicappers, in contrast, held a more incremental view of ability traits and pursued learning goals (increasing competence). Results are discussed in terms of the cognitive underpinnings of self‐protective behavior.
An Investigation of the Structural Validity of Loevinger's Model and Measure of Ego Development
Authors: Novy Diane M. , Frankiewicz Ronald G. , Francis David J. , Liberman Dov , Overall John E. , Vincent Ken R.
Published: April 2006

This study demonstrates the use of structural equation modeling for investigating a hierarchical model of personality based on Loevinger's (1976) conceptualization. This model was constructed to have a multifactorial and hierarchical structure in which the ego development construct served as the source of covariation for specific personality constructs of impulse control, interpersonal style, conscious preoccupations, and cognitive style. This model and three other conceivable models were investigated to determine which structure best represented the relations among specific personality constructs and ego development. The specific personality constructs were identified by measures chosen from the available pool of measures that were compatible with Loevinger's conceptualization. The four conceivable models were fitted to sample data from 267 adult subjects using confirmatory factor analysis and were compared with indices of model fit and methods for comparison of nested models. Results suggested that the four specific personality constructs and ego development are part of the same process. Although a hierarchical structure appeared tenable for this process, the role of ego development perhaps is not as dominant as envisioned by Loevinger. These results must be considered tentative due to measurement limitations.
Facilitating Internalization: The Self‐Determination Theory Perspective
Authors: Deci Edward L. , Eghrari Haleh , Patrick Brian C. , Leone Dean R.
Published: April 2006

Self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) posits that (a) people are inherently motivated to internalize the regulation of uninteresting though important activities; (b) there are two different processes through which such internalization can occur, resulting in qualitatively different styles of self‐regulation; and (c) the social context influences which internalization process and regulatory style occur. The two types of internalization are introjection, which entails taking in a value or regulatory process but not accepting it as one's own, and integration, through which the regulation is assimilated with one's core sense of self. Introjection results in internally controlling regulation, whereas integration results in self‐determination. An experiment supported our hypothesis that three facilitating contextual factors—namely, providing a meaningful rationale, acknowledging the behaver's feelings, and conveying choice—promote internalization, as evidenced by the subsequent self‐regulation of behavior. This experiment also supported our expectation that when the social context supports self‐determination, integration tends to occur, whereas when the context does not support self‐determination, introjection tends to occur.
Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness
Authors: Gabriel Marsha T. , Critelli Joseph W. , Ee Jullana S.
Published: April 2006

In this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self‐esteem to predict positive illusions in self‐evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self‐esteem predicted intelligence self‐illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.
A Quantitative Case Study of Longitudinal Changes in Identity, Intimacy, and Generativity
Authors: Franz Carol E.
Published: April 2006

A quantitative case study of one woman's development was conducted in order to explore psychosocial change in early adulthood. A contentanalytic coding system for identity, intimacy, and generativity themes derived from E. H. Erikson's writing was applied to letters and diaries of the British writer Vera Brittain written when she was 20 to 21 and 30 to 31 years old. Over time, Brittain used more intimacy and generativity themes and fewer identity themes. Even though Brittain used fewer total identity themes in her writing in her early 30s, her use of one identity subcategory—occupational role—increased in frequency, and the way in which she expressed her identity concerns indicated greater certainty about her identity.
Shyness and PublicSelf‐Consciousness: Additive orInteractive Relation withSocial Interaction?
Authors: Bruch Monroe A. , Hamer Ronald J. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: April 2006

Shy people are characterized as engaging in self‐derogatory thinking leading to anxiousness and inhibition, while people who are publicly self‐conscious are focused on the impression they create on others. In addition, public self‐consciousness has been described as an antecedent of shyness. In the present research, we tested additive versus interactive hypotheses about the association of shyness and public self‐consciousness with dysfunctional social interaction. Undergraduate men varying in shyness and public self‐consciousness engaged in a conversation with an unfamiliar woman confederate. Following the conversation, subjects completed self‐report measures focusing on their responses during the conversation. Only main effects for shyness and public self‐consciousness were found, supporting an additive hypothesis. Shyness was related to all dependent variables reflecting a negative self‐bias, while public self‐consciousness was not. In particular, shyness was inversely related to the balance of subjects' positive and negative thoughts and to reported use of protective as well as avoidance of acquisitive self‐presentation responses. Public self‐consciousness was positively related to use of protective self‐presentation responses but unrelated to acquisitive responses.
Do Obese Women Have Poorer Social Relationships Than Nonobese Women? Reports by Self, Friends, and Coworkers
Authors: Miller Carol T. , Rothblum Esther D. , Brand Pamela A. , Felicio Diane M.
Published: April 2006

Both theory and research suggest that obese women may have relatively poor social relationships even if their self‐reports about their relationships do not differ from the reports of nonobese women. Seventy‐seven obese and 78 nonobese women completed self‐report measures of social anxiety, social self‐esteem, social competence, social network size, and perceived social support from friends and family. Friends and coworkers also rated these women on the same measures. The self‐reports of obese and nonobese women did not differ significantly on any of these social measures, and ratings from friends and coworkers of obese women were not different from ratings of nonobese women by friends and coworkers. These results suggest that obese women may be able to overcome prejudice against obese people in their relationships with others.
A Naturalistic Test of Two Fundamental Propositions: Correspondence Bias and the Actor‐Observer Hypothesis
Authors: Lewis Paul T.
Published: April 2006

This research examines factors which influence the lay‐explainer in everyday life. Correspondence bias (cf. Gilbert & Jones, 1986) and Jones and Nisbett's (1971) actor‐observer hypothesis are reviewed. Descriptions and explanations of behavior were obtained in everyday life via experience sampling. Traits as explanations were accessed minimally. The only significant difference between actor and observer was that actors used the person explanation more than observers did. Whether actor or observer, situational explanations were preferred most, then person, and finally purpose. Actions were explained significantly more by purpose and somewhat less by situation than were emotions. Reasons for such findings are discussed, along with the importance of description (e.g., an action‐emotion descriptive contrast, cf. McArthur, 1972) and explanatory purpose, the purpose explanation, and everyday life for studies of correspondence bias and the actor‐observer hypothesis.
The Five‐Factor Model, Conscientiousness, and Driving Accident Involvement
Authors: Arthur Winfred , Graziano William G.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Personality researchers and theorists are approaching consensus on the basic structure and constructs of personality. Despite the apparent consensus on the emergent five‐factor model (Goldberg, 1992, 1993), less is known about external correlates of separate factors. This research examined the relations between Conscientiousness, one dimension of the model, and driving accident involvement. Using multiple measures in independent samples drawn from college students (N= 227) and a temporary employment agency (N= 250), the results generally demonstrate a significant inverse relation between Conscientiousness and driving accident involvement; individuals who rate themselves as more self‐disciplined, responsible, reliable, and dependable are less likely to be involved in driving accidents than those who rate themselves lower on these attributes. The findings are consistent with other research demonstrating the relations among Conscientiousness and other tasks and job performance. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Activity, Passivity, Self‐Denigration, and Self‐Promotion: Toward an Interactionist Model of Interpersonal Dependency
Authors: Bornstein Robert F. , Riggs Janet Morgan , Hill Erica L. , Calabrese Casey
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Although dependency in adults is inextricably linked with passivity and submissiveness in the minds of many theoreticians, clinicians, and researchers, evidence has accumulated which suggests that in certain situations, dependency is actually associated with high levels of activity and assertiveness. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that when a dependent person is concerned primarily with getting along with a peer, he or she will “self‐denigrate” (i.e., will utilize strategies that ensure that a peer will be evaluated more positively than he or she is on a laboratory task), but when a dependent person is concerned primarily with pleasing an authority figure, he or she will “self‐promote” (i.e., will adopt strategies that increase the likelihood that he or she will be evaluated more positively than a peer on a laboratory task). This hypothesis was supported in all three experiments. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, and an interactionist model of interpersonal dependency is briefly described.
Representations of Self and Other: A Semantic Space Model
Authors: Hart Daniel , Field Nigel P. , Garfinkle Jonathan R. , Singer Jerome L.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article describes a semantic space model of personality. According to the model, representations of facets of the self (e.g., actual self, self) and of others are arrayed in a semantic space, with proximities among representations predicted to be associated with mood, self‐evaluation, broad personality dimensions. The relation of proximities among pairs of representations to personality and mood measures was found to be mediated by spatial proximity of other representations, indicating that the representations constitute dynamic systems. Proximities among representations were shown predict self‐esteem and self‐evaluative moods even after controlling for the contribution of the personality dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness. Generally, the semantic space model led to better predictions did several related models concerning representations of self and other.
Children's feelings of school competence and perceptions of parents' work in four socio‐cultural contexts
Authors: Moorehouse Martha J. , Sanders Paul E.
Published: April 2006

Associations between perceived qualities of parents' work and children's sense of competence were examined in four dual‐earner family contexts differentiated by social class, ethnicity, and language background. Measures of perceived general academic and mathematical competence, knowledge of parents' work situations, and family background were group administered to 226 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. In three dual‐earner family contexts, as spillover models would predict, children who felt more academically competent described their mothers' and fathers' jobs as having more positive and fewer negative qualities. However, in the fourth (dual‐earner laboring‐class Spanish‐speaking) context, children who felt more academically competent described mothers' jobs in the least favorable terms. Findings underscore the need to consider whether developmental processes operate differently in different socio‐cultural contexts and to consider both the problems and positive possibilities that may arise from specific conditions of parents' work.
Children's perceptions of playfighting, playchasing and real fighting: a cross‐national interview study
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Hunter Thelma , Carvalho Ana M.A. , Costabile Angela
Published: April 2006

Playfighting and chasing can he distinguished from real fighting, hut their significance in children's development remains uncertain. This study examines playfighting and chasing from the child's, rather than the observer's, perspective, using a questionnaire given to 8 and 11 year olds in England and South Italy and 5 year olds in England. Findings were generally similar for English and Italian children. Most hoys and girls reported both liking, and taking part in, playchasing; liking and participation in playfighting was more divided, though more so for boys, with many children disliking the perceived risk of injury in playfighting. About half the children (more boys than girls) reported having been in a serious fight, often provoked by verbal abuse or accidental injury. Most children reported that they could tell playfighting from a serious fight; at 5 years, liking and taking part in playfights was a predictor of this ability, which approached ceiling by 8 and 10 years. A wide variety of cues were given which could distinguish playful and serious fighting. Findings were consistent with the practice hypothesis for playfighting. However, most children also thought that playfighting could lead to a serious fight, especially as a result of accidental injury; escalation of this kind was also thought to be more likely if the play partner was not a best friend. Both ‘honest mistakes’ and ‘cheating’ seem to be possible explanations for playfighting leading to serious fighting. Assertion or maintenance of dominance may be a function for cheating in playfighting.
Attachment status and complexity of infants' self‐ and other‐knowledge when tested with mother and father
Authors: Pipp Sandra , Easterbrooks M. Ann , Brown Scott R.
Published: April 2006

At 13 and 20 months, infants' featural knowledge of self and parent was assessed separately with mother and father. Infants' featural knowledge was measured by a scale that included tasks reflecting infants' knowledge of facial features, spatial location, name, possession and gender. No significant relation between attachment status and featural knowledge was obtained at 13 months when tested with either parent. At 20 months, in contrast, more complex featural knowledge of self and parent was demonstrated by infants who were securely attached than by those who were insecurely attached. Independent of age, however, infants' featural knowledge of their mothers was more complex than that of their fathers, although no differences in self‐knowledge were obtained as a function of parent gender. These data are understood in the context of cognitive development and the differences in interactional qualities assessed by attachment status and parent gender.
Family influences on adolescent male sexuality: the mediational role of self‐restraint
Authors: Feldman S. Shirley , Brown Nancy L.
Published: April 2006

To assess childhood family influences on adolescent sexual activity, 69 boys were studied in sixth grade and again in tenth grade. Boys' self‐restraint in sixth grade was hypothesized to mediate the effects of family influences on number of sexual partners four years later. Family scores included observed family interaction patterns, sons' reports of parents' child‐rearing practices (rejection, support, child‐centered/indulgence), and household composition. In different models, Time 1 family scores and sons' self‐restraint accounts for 34 and 48 percent of the variance in sons' subsequent sexuality. As predicted, regression analysis revealed that restraint mediated family influence at Time 1 on the number of sexual partners at Time 2. Notably, intact family, supportive family and child‐centred/indulgent parenting were associated with T1 restraint which in turn, was associated with sexual activity. Additionally, family/parenting scores were directly associated with adolescents' sexuality. In discriminant analyses, family scores predicted boys' status as virgins/nonvirgins four year later with greater than 70% success. Discussion focuses on the nature of the family influences and the mechanisms by which they relate to adolescent male sexuality.
Judgments about personal identity in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hart Daniel , Fegley Suzanne , Chan Yat Hung , Mulvey Debra , Fischer Luanne
Published: April 2006

Judgments concerning personal identity were studied in children and adolescents. Each subject was asked to imagine entering a hypothetical machine which simultaneously produced two persons, with each person receiving one of four sets of the subject's characteristics: physical, active, social, or psychological. Subjects were asked to judge which of the resulting persons was most nearly identical with the self. Results from the first study with middle‐class Americans demonstrated that the social characteristics are most frequently chosen by young adolescents. With age, the physical characteristics were less frequently selected and the psychological characteristics were more often selected. In Study 2, middle‐class American children between the ages of 6 to 7 judged the psychological characteristics of self most important in preserving identity, even though their self‐concepts as elicited by other methods appeared physicalistic. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for accounts of self‐concept development.
Girls' and boys' use of directives in pretend play
Authors: Lloyd Barbara , Goodwin Roger
Published: April 2006

Children, aged 4 to 5 years, were recorded in everyday classroom interaction at the beginning and the end of their first year at school. Their use of language in pretend play was analyzed from transcriptions of the video record. Although girls directed a greater proportion of their speech to controlling others, there were no consistent differences between girls and boys in the use of directives or instructions to pretend. On their entry to school these children displayed few distinct gender‐related patterns in their spontaneous speech.
Requests, refusals, and reasons in children's negotiations
Authors: Leonard Rosemary J.
Published: April 2006

Conflict situations were studied as indicators of children's socio‐cognitive knowledge and the transmission of values in relation to negotiation. Concepts and paradigms from studies of requests were combined with those from studies of refusals. Puppets were used to create situations that varied (a) as to whether the child makes a request and encounters opposition (requests) or receives a request and offers opposition (refusals), (b) whether the adult offers or does not offer a reason. Children aged 3–5 years (Sample 1, N = 24; Sample 2, N = 24) were encouraged to make a series of attempts at resolving the conflict. Their responses were scored for the level of politeness or strategic skill shown. Request situations elicited higher levels of politeness and strategic skill than did refusal situations. In contrast to disputes in which the other party did not use reasons, the use of a reason by the other party elicited higher level strategies and, when the children were refusing, greater politeness. Some children were able to improve on their first attempt. The improvement was most marked when children were requesting and the adult gave a reason.
The relationship between children's social concerns and their social interaction strategies: differences between rejected and accepted boys
Authors: Rabiner David L. , Gordon Logan V.
Published: April 2006

In this study involving 55 fourth and fifth grade boys, children's concerns in their peer interactions, their social interaction strategies, and the relationship between their concerns and strategies were examined. Compared to peer accepted boys, submissive rejected boys cared less about sustaining interactions with peers and aggressive rejected boys cared less about peers' feelings. Aggressive rejected boys, and rejected boys who were neither highly aggressive nor highly submissive, also suggested more aversive strategies for handling conflictual interpersonal situations than did accepted boys. Of particular interest is that this was true even when their concerns in those situations were similar to those of accepted boys. The implications of these findings for children's social competence are discussed.
Peer collaboration: conflict, cooperation, or both?
Authors: Kruger Ann Cale
Published: April 2006

The present study sought to characterize the mechanism of cognitive change during peer interaction. Forty‐eight focal subjects (8‐year‐old females) were paired with either their mother or their best friend for dyadic discussion of two socio‐moral dilemmas. The focal subjects were pretested and posttested to assess any change in their socio‐moral reasoning. The hypothesis tested was that subjects cooperatively co‐construct solutions to dilemmas; therefore, the discussions regarding solutions they eventually accept, as opposed to those they reject, will be positively related to posttest performance. Contrary to expectations, it was discovered that only the discussion of rejected solutions has a significant relation to cognitive outcome. Close analysis revealed that the consequence of a rejected solution discussion often is the focal's proposal of a more acceptable solution, and this also has a strong relation to outcome. A new conceptualization of collaboration is proposed, one that focuses on the importance of dyadic consideration of multiple perspectives. The consequence of such consideration is both critical analysis of ideas (socio‐cognitive conflict) and co‐construction of new understanding (cooperation).
Learning and interaction in groups with computers: when do ability and gender matter?
Authors: Pozzi Stefano , Healy Lulu , Hoyles Celia
Published: April 2006

In the research reported in this article, we attempt to identify the background and process factors influencing the effectiveness of groupwork with computers in terms of mathematics learning. The research used a multi‐site case study design in six schools and involved eight groups of six mixed‐sex, mixed‐ability pupils (aged 9–12) undertaking three research tasks – two using Logo and one a database. Our findings suggest that, contrary to other recent research, the pupil characteristics of gender and ability have no direct influence on progress in group tasks with computers. However, status effects – pupils' perceptions of gender and ability – do have an effect on the functioning of the group, which in turn can impede progress for all pupils concerned.
The child's entry into the symbolic order: a developmental‐societal interpretation of Jacques Lacan
Authors: Furth Hans G.
Published: April 2006

Lacan's psychoanalytic insights, as found primarily in his 1964 seminar “The four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis” are interpreted within a social‐developmental framework. Using Piaget's theory of a structural transition from action logic to object logic I recast (1) Lacan's signifying function as a new competence emerging around age two and (2) the “Other” as the general content/context of this newness, namely the child's grasp of a societal‐symbolic order. The child's entry into that order is described as inherently linked to sexuality, desire and the unconscious and as accompanied by feelings of alienation and separation. Insofar as the desire of the unconscious is toward the “Other” Lacan seems to support my claim of an endogenous origin of the societal order.
Interactive regulation without constraint
Authors: Tronick E.Z.
Published: April 2006

A Review ofDeveloping through Relationships, by Alan Fogel.
Children's reasoning about authority in home and school contexts
Authors: Laupa Marta
Published: April 2006

The study investigated the development of children's concepts of authority at home and at school. Subjects (35 m, 35 f) in grades 1–6 were asked to evaluate persons issuing two types of commands to children: one which resolves a turn‐taking dispute and one which enforces a conventional rule. Persons of varying ages and with varying positions in the family (parent, older/younger sibling, neighbor) were presented issuing commands at home and a parent was presented issuing commands at school. Results show that children's judgments of authority in the home are based more on authority position than adult status; younger siblings with delegated authority positions are accepted as authorities by more children than knowledgeable adults without delegated authority. Children's authority concepts become increasingly more differentiated with respect to the social‐organizational positions and functions of persons in authority across grades one to six.
Children's responses to angry adult behavior as a function of experimentally manipulated exposure to resolved and unresolved conflict
Authors: El‐Sheikh Mona , University Auburn , Cummings E. Mark
Published: April 2006

Children's past experiences with anger between adults are likely to affect their reactions to ongoing conflict episodes. Four‐ to ten‐year‐olds' responses to interadult anger were examined as a function of experimentally manipulated exposures to resolved and unresolved anger. To manipulate exposure histories, children were first presented with videotaped segments of both resolved and unresolved angry interactions. They were then presented with arguments between the two couples that were interrupted in progress; children were interviewed next. At the point of argument interruption, the couple with a history of unresolved anger was perceived by girls as more sad, expected by children to be more sad in the future, and expected to be less likely to either have a positive future outcome or to resolve their disputes, in comparison to the couple with a resolved anger history. Similarly, children tended to expect to feel sad themselves in the future, in response to the discordant versus the harmonious couple. Several age differences in affective responding were found.
Playing with conflict: a longitudinal study of varieties of spontaneous verbal conflict during mother‐child interaction at home
Authors: Haight Wendy , Garvey Catherine , Masiello Tracy
Published: April 2006

Although conflict is central to major developmental theories, relatively little is known about the ways in which young children and caregivers argue at home. The existing psychological research focuses narrowly on serious, ‘problem‐solving’ conflicts. In contrast, this in‐depth longitudinal study describes varieties of spontaneous conflict talk occurring at home between nine middle‐class Caucasian American mothers and their 2‐ to 4‐year‐old children. All dyads produced conflicts with nonse‐rious, imaginary and/or ritual markings for a mean of 31% (± 2.8%) of all mother‐child conflicts. Overall, most mother‐child marked conflicts were nonserious, but the percentage of marked conflicts that were imaginary increased with age. Mothers used marked conflicts to manage ongoing problematic interactions with their children, while children apparently introduced marked conflicts primarily during play. Available data on child‐child conflicts showed that some of these conflicts also were marked and were introduced primarily during play. Implications for how varieties of conflict may contribute to social competence within the family and peer group are discussed.
Affect, intersubjectivity and social‐cognition: Hobson's thoughts on autism and normal development.
Authors: Mundy Peter , Stella Jennifer
Published: April 2006

A review of Autism and the Development of Mind, by R. Peter Hobson.
The Ecology of Family Guidance in Low‐Income Mexican‐American and European‐American Families*
Authors: Azmitia Margarita , Cooper Catherine R. , García Eugene E. , Dunbar Nora D.
Published: April 2006

This two‐part study applied an ecocultural perspective to socialization of daily and long‐term goals in low‐income Mexican‐American and European‐American families with children in third, fifth, and seventh grades. The first part of the study examined family members' participation and parents' socialization goals and guidance strategies for their children's daily household chores and homework activities. The second part of the study examined parents' long‐term aspirations and guidance strategies for their children's educational, vocational, and moral development. For daily activities, results showed that in Mexican‐American families both parents and siblings played important roles, whereas in European‐American families parents were the primary socialization agents. As predicted, in both groups parents' expertise influenced their guidance strategies. Finally, Mexican‐American and European‐American parents differed in their relative endorsement of gender, relational, and self‐reliance goals for household chores. For long‐term goals, parents in both groups held high educational, vocational, and moral aspirations for their children. However, some parents of seventh‐graders had lower educational and vocational aspirations than those of fifth‐ and third‐graders. Although expertise consistently influenced Mexican‐American parents' guidance strategies, the pattern for European‐American parents was mixed. The discussion highlights between‐ and within‐group differences in daily and long‐term socialization practices with an emphasis on resources and vulnerabilities in the families.