bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Dependence and Psychopathology in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: EWUSI‐MENSAH ISAAC , SAUNDERS JOHN B. , JOHNSON RICHARD D. , WILLIAMS ROGER
Published: January 2006

The relationship between alcohol dependence and psychopathology in patients with alcoholic liver disease was studied, using an alcohol‐dependence screening questionnaire and a structured psychiatric interview schedule. Patients with evidence of psychopathology scored significantly higher on the alcohol dependence questionnaire than those without (median scores 14 versus 9; p<.05). The degree of alcohol dependence was more severe in males than females (median scores 16 versus 8; p<.005). Patients with more than one type of psychopathology were more likely to become dependent on alcohol than those with only a single disorder (median scores 35 versus 9; p<.01.

As a therapeutic goal, abstinence alone may often be enough to lead to substantial improvement in liver function in these patients, but this goal cannot be easily attained unless the underlying psychopathology is also identified and treated.
The Impact of Increased Availability of Wine in Grocery Stores on Consumption: four case histories
Authors: MACDONALD SCOTT
Published: January 2006

Regression analyses were performed on per capita wine consumption in four states of the U.S.A. where the availability of wines was increased. In three of four states, wine consumption was found to be significantly greater in the years of the changes than one would expect, based on the regression trends of the previous eight to thirteen years. Differences in findings were probably a reflection of differences in the nature and extent of the increased availability among the four stales. Consumption of beer and spirits was also analysed for the years in question, and substitution from beer or spirits to wine was not found. Finally, alternative explanations for the patterns of increases were examined and considered unlikely.
Change and Stability in Quantity and Frequency of Alcohol Use Among Aging Males: a 19–year follow‐up study
Authors: STALL RON
Published: January 2006

This report describes prospective data from a 19–year follow‐up of a general household sample of San Francisco (California) white males as these men moved towards ‘old age’. Only minor changes were noted in frequency of use while important decreases were discovered in the heavier quantity levels upon follow‐up. Men who changed consumption patterns over time were approximately twice as likely to decrease as increase at follow‐up. These findings are directly relevant to the interpretation of the consistent cross‐sectional finding of decrease in heavy drinking and associated alcohol‐related problems among older age strata when these strata are compared to younger cohorts.
The Impulsivist: a multi‐impulsive personality disorder
Authors: LACEY J. HUBERT , EVANS C. D. H.
Published: January 2006

The authors report a literature review of impulsivity in the substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, classical disorders of impulse control, self‐harm and personality disorders. They suggest that within each of these clinic populations there is a significant number of patients who have a very poor prognosis and are characterised not just by the specific presenting symptom but by multiple impulsive behaviours. It is suggested that this group, who place very large demands both on the psychiatric and emergency services, form a unitary ‘multi‐impulsive personality’ group and that they would repay detailed research which cuts across the boundaries of the specialist services.
Abstinent Opiate Abusers Exhibit Conditioned Craving, Conditioned Withdrawal and Reductions in both through Extinction
Authors: CHILDRESS ANNA ROSE , McLELLAN A. THOMAS , O'BRIEN CHARLES P.
Published: January 2006

Abstinent opiate abusers who have just completed a 30‐day treatment program in a Therapeutic Community setting experience intense drug craving and may even experience subjective withdrawal signs/symptoms when exposed to drug‐related stimuli. The described extinction procedures were effective in virtually eliminating conditioned craving and conditioned withdrawal signs/symptoms to drug‐related stimuli within 20 hour‐long treatment sessions (a 3‐week inpatient stay). These findings are discussed in terms of the need to address conditioned opiate‐related responses in the treatment of abstinent opiate abusers, as these responses may make the patient more vulnerable to relapse.
Platelet Monamine Receptor Binding in Alcoholics During Withdrawal
Authors: NUTT DAVID , GLUE PAUL , STEWART ANNE
Published: January 2006

The binding of 3H‐yohimbine (a measure of alpha‐2‐adrenoceptors) and 3H‐imipramine (a measure of the SHT transporter site) was assessed in whole platelets in a group of 12 recently detoxified male alcoholics. Comparison with age‐ and sex‐ matched control group revealed no differences in either binding capacity (B max) or affinity (Kd) for either ligand. These results suggest that platelet monoamine receptors may not be altered by alcohol or the experience of withdrawal. They are discussed in the light of reported alterations in brain monoamines in alcoholics.
Psychophysiological Indicators of Craving in Alcoholics: Effects of cue exposure
Authors: LABERG JON C. , ELLERTSEN BJØRN
Published: January 2006

Autonomic arousal, as indicated by Skin Conductance, and heart rate parameters, was evaluated in 16 detoxified male alcoholics before and after intake of a standard priming dose of alcohol/soft drink. After priming, patients were given cue exposure, i.e. presentations of preferred beverage bottles containing original content or non‐alcohol fluid of identical visual appearance. This was followed by response prevention training. All patients participated during six identical sessions. Patients given alcohol before cue exposure showed higher levels of arousal, throughout all sessions. Immediately after alcohol intake, increases in skin conductance level and number of spontaneous skin conductance responses were observed for all sessions. This pattern was most pronounced in the first session. Skin conductance parameters showed a decrease towards baseline levels over repeated cue exposure sessions. A similar pattern was also evident for the subjective indicators of arousal.
Saliva Cotinine as an Indicator of Cigarette Smoking in Adolescents
Authors: McNEILL A. D. , JARVIS M. J. , WEST R. , RUSSELL M. A. H. , BRYANT A.
Published: January 2006

Saliva cotinine and expired‐air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured in 508 girls aged 11–16 years attending an inner London comprehensive school. A saliva cotinine cut‐point of 14.7 ng/ml detected 99% of regular daily smokers and performed better than expired‐air CO (cut‐point 7 ppm) in identifying smoking (69% versus 54%). The mean saliva cotinine among the regular daily smokers was 200.8 ng/ml, and comparisons with adult smokers suggested that these adolescents were inhaling a similar dose of nicotine per cigarette. Within our sample no evidence was found for an increase in smoke inhalation per cigarette with increasing age suggesting that inhalation develops early in the smoking career.
The Dependence Syndrome Concept as a Psychological Theory of Relapse Behaviour: an empirical evaluation of alcoholic and opiate addicts
Authors: BABOR THOMAS F. , COONEY NED L. , LAUERMAN RICHARD J.
Published: January 2006

This paper examines the drug dependence syndrome (DSS) concept as a psychological theory of relapse to alcohol or opiate use following a period of abstinence from these substances. The results of several empirical studies of relapse in alcoholics and opiate users are described. Measures of the alcohol dependence syndrome provided good prediction of reinstatement in alcoholics, but severity of drug dependence did not predict reinstatement as consistently in opiate users. It is concluded that while the DDS concept may have merit as a psychological explanation of reinstatement, it should be subjected to a more rigorous program of research aimed at better operational measures and more intensive hypothesis testing, especially in samples of drug users.
Somatic and Psychological Health Implications of Heavy Caffeine Use
Authors: JAMES JACK E. , CROSBIE JOHN
Published: January 2006

Conflicting results have been reported as to whether habitual caffeine use is associated with symptoms of poorer health. The aim of the present study was to further examine the association between caffeine use and somatic and psychological symptomatology while controlling for potentially confounding influences such as concurrent substance use. Information was obtained on the somatic and psychological health, substance use, and biographic background of 96 individuals divided into three equal‐sized groups matched on age and sex. One group consisted of subjects who were chosen specifically because of their habitually high caffeine intake. The other two groups consisted of comparison subjects of psychiatric patients and university students who represented widely varying levels of somatic and psychological health. The results indicated that at high intake levels caffeine may have detrimental effects on somatic and psychological health.
Drinking for Health: the daily light drinker fiction
Authors: KNUPFER GENEVIEVE
Published: January 2006

There is a mistaken notion that some research supports the idea that taking a drink or two every day is good for health. Fifteen research reports were examined to ascertain exactly what questions were asked and what categories of drinkers were used in those studies. No daily light drinker categories were found. Some categories were averages from weekly or monthly estimates, some were ambiguous as to frequency and quantity. One was daily, with quantities between one and five drinks, and in that case there was no health risk advantage. It is concluded that the main health and mortality differences, when they do show up, are between drinkers and non‐drinkers. The causes for this require further investigation before any conclusions about recommended drinking can be drawn.
When Will We Have a Standard Concept of Alcohol Dependence?
Authors: CAETANO RAUL
Published: January 2006

The alcohol field has had a number of competing definitions of alcohol dependence. The simultaneous revision of the DSM‐III and the ICD‐10 provided an opportunity for creating a standard concept, but this opportunity has been lost. In spite of being closer than before, the new proposals retain important differences regarding operationalization, wording and coverage of the concept of alcohol dependence.
Children's Awareness of Cigarette Advertisements and Brand Imagery
Authors: AITKEN P. P. , LEATHAR D. S. , O'HAGAN F. J. , SQUAIR S. I.
Published: January 2006

Individual interviews were conducted with 726 Glasgow children aged between 6 and 17. Their responses to questions about a set of cigarette advertisements indicate that the majority of primary school children are well aware of cigarette advertising; and many can correctly identify cigarette brands in ‘puzzle’ advertisements which do not show brand names.

Previous qualitative research suggests that an adult‐like perception of the imagery in cigarette advertisements develops over the years 10 to 14. The present survey findings add to this by suggesting that many older primary school children have a rudimentary or marginal awareness of the ‘brand personalities’ projected in oblique cigarette advertisements permitted in the U.K.

Among the secondary school children, proportionally more smokers than non‐smokers said they had seen the advertisements; and proportionally more smokers identified the ‘puzzle’ advertisements. These findings suggest that cigarette advertising is getting through to young people, and to under‐age smokers in particular.
Impact of Changes in Distilled Spirits Availability on Apparent Consumption: a time series analysis of liquor‐by‐the‐drink
Authors: HOLDER HAROLD D. , BLOSE JAMES O.
Published: January 2006

The availability of distilled spirits for public consumption by the individual drink is taken for granted in Western Europe and most of the United States. However, little is known about the contribution of liquor‐by‐the‐drink (LBD) to overall consumption. A 1978 change in the state law in North Carolina (U.S.A.) permitting LBD for the first time since Prohibition provided an opportunity for a natural experiment. A quasi‐experimental study was undertaken to estimate the impact of LBD on apparent consumption of distilled spirits in North Carolina. Time series analysis for the period from January 1973 through December 1982 found that LBD resulted in statistically significant increases of from 6 to 7.4% in total distilled spirits sales in two groups of counties implementing LBD. No change in sales was found for a comparison group of non‐LBD counties.
Women's Drinking across the Adult Life Course as Compared to Men's
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON
Published: January 2006

The study of drinking differences by age and sex is extended by describing the prevalence, incidence and duration of multiple drinking patterns and problems in each decade of adult life for women as compared to men. A U. S. longitudinal general population sample with two measurement points, 7 years apart, is used. The incidence for drinking patterns putting persons at risk for serious problems is highest among men throughout most of the adult life course but the sex ratio converges in the 30's. Women are found to display higher rates of remission across all decades of the life course; women are more likely to report duration of the drinking patterns in the 30s. These results suggest that the emergence and persistence of some ‘at risk’ drinking patterns occupy a smaller “temporal space’ for women than for men. Selected findings from the longitudinal analysis for women are compared to cohort analysis using U. S. cross‐sectional data from the mid to late 20th century. The results suggest that the longitudinal findings can be generalized to these historical periods.
Unemployment and Drinking Behaviour: some data from a general population survey of alcohol use
Authors: CRAWFORD ALEX , PLANT MARTIN A. , KREITMAN NORMAN , LATCHAM RICHARD W.
Published: January 2006

The confusion in the alcohol‐unemployment literature may be partly explained by methodological considerations. A standard instrument for measuring alcohol consumption was used in this study which reports data drawn from a general population study. Results show that unemployed males were particularly likely to binge drink and to report adverse effects from consuming alcohol. It is suggested that (a) the choice of consumption variables may influence the outcome of research in this area, and (b) unemployed men may be exposed to greater risks from drinking alcohol.
Toward an Adult Developmental Conceptualization of Alcohol Abuse: a review of the literature
Authors: SCATURO DOUGLAS J.
Published: January 2006

Until very recently, a paucity of research and theory on adult development has existed in the areas of personality and psychosocial development in general and, more specifically, in the area of alcohol abuse and its etiology. A review of the literature in these two areas of human behavior is discussed, outlining the parallels which concern this emergent focus upon the developmental periods of adulthood and alcohol addiction. Clinical implications are outlined with particular consideration given to alcohol treatment. In addition, conclusions are drawn which have significance for the future of theory, research, and practice in this area.
The Reliability and Consistency of Self‐reports on Substance Use in a Longitudinal Study
Authors: BARNEA ZIPORA , RAHAV GIORA , TEICHMAN MEIR
Published: January 2006

The paper presents an evaluation of the stability and consistency of self‐reported adolescent drug use. The data were collected from 1900 high‐school students. Analyses included estimates of alternate forms reliability, non‐response rates, logical consistency in the responses, test‐retest reliability as well as estimates of exaggerated reports. The findings indicate a high rate of stability in self‐reporting of substance use, both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. These results are in agreement with other studies of self‐reported drug use and suggest that questionnaire may provide highly reliable data for research.
The Impact of Self‐presentation and Interviewer Bias Effects on Self‐reported Heroin Use
Authors: DAVIES JOHN BOOTH , BAKER ROGER
Published: January 2006

Two parallel forms of a questionnaire were individually administered to 20 adult male heroin users, administrations being separated by 10–14 days. The first questionnaire was administered by a locally‐known heroin user; the second questionnaire was administered by a ‘straight’ interviewer. The two forms were presented as belonging to two separate studies and as having no connection. Subjects consistently presented themselves as heavier users and as being more ‘addicted‘, when interviewed by the straight interviewer than by the known user. In addition, whilst there was no interviewer effect on a short scale of external attributions, scores on a scale of internal attributions were substantially modified between the two interviewers. For the most part, the differences found were substantial, and clear‐cut. It is apparent that the heroin users in this study presented themselves in markedly different ways to the two interviewers.
The Movies and the Wettening of America: the media as amplifiers of cultural change
Authors: ROOM ROBIN
Published: January 2006

By around 1930, the movies were a very ‘wet’ medium. The attractive picture they presented of drinking as part of a cosmopolitan, affluent lifestyle reflected and popularized a generational revolt against ‘Victorian morality’. In a kind of ‘pornography of drinking’, filmmakers reacted to code restrictions on showing drinking with increasingly bold teases, until some movies around 1930 appear to have been made with the idea that the audience will pay to watch people, and particularly women, drinking. After Repeal (1933), the movies continue to show much drinking, but without the self‐conscious symbolization of the preceding years. The movies amplified as they carried the new understandings of drinking.
State‐dependent Retrieval Effects with Social Drugs
Authors: LOWE GEOFF
Published: January 2006

The interactions between alcohol and social stimulants (e.g. caffeine and nicotine) are generally regarded as complex, with antagonistic, synergistic, and mixed effects being reported. These social drugs are frequently ingested in close temporal proximity, yet relatively little is known about the cognitive effects of such drug combinations. Several experiments are reported in which moderate doses of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine were administered to groups of subjects in a state‐dependent learning design. The results demonstrate the dissociative effects of alcohol‐caffeine and alcohol‐nicotine combinations on learning and recall. Hence a significant proportion of everyday forgetting could be due to state‐dependent learning effects, particularly since drug combinations offer an increased range of dissociation possibilities.
Abnormal Pattern of Cerebral Blood Flow Distribution in Young Alcohol Addicts
Authors: DALLY S. , LUFT A. , PONSIN J. C. , GIRRE C. , MAMO H. , FOURNIER E.
Published: January 2006

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was recorded in 32 young otherwise healthy alcoholics (less than 40years old) by the Xenon 133 method. The duration of the intoxication was less than 10 years in all patients. A psychometric evaluation was also performed (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Benton's visual retention test and Binois Pichot Vocabulary test). A hypofrontal flow distribution was found in all except two subjects. A significant heterogeneity of flow distribution was also found, rCBF was reduced by 20% to 47.1 (right) and 47.4 (left), compared to 57.7 and 60.3 in the control group. There were considerable abnormalities of cognitive functions in alcoholics, but only weak correlation was found between frontal blood flow and Benton's visual retention test.
Reliability of a Timeline Method: assessing normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations
Authors: SOBELL LINDA C. , SOBELL MARK B. , LEO GLORIA I. , CANCILLA ANTHONY
Published: January 2006

Since alcohol research involves both clinical and non‐clinical populations, it is important to evaluate drinking assessment methods across different subject populations. Over the past several years, the reliability of the timeline (TL) method of gathering retrospective reports of recent drinking has been evaluated in several studies, and this method has been shown to have generally high reliability with outpatient alcohol abusers, in‐patient chronic alcoholics, and normal drinker college students. The present study examined the reliability of the TL method with normal drinkers in the general population. Similar to other populations, the test‐retest reliability of male (n=31) and female (n=31) normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking behaviour was found to be generally high. Data gathered by the TL method were also compared to data gathered from the same subjects using a common quantity‐frequency (QF) method. Consistent with earlier reports, QF categorization provided a relatively insensitive measure of individual differences in drinking behaviour as compared to TL‐derived data. Since the TL method has now been shown to have fairly good reliability for assessing recent drinking across a broad range of drinkers, it can be used for comparative evaluations of drinking behaviour across studies with different subject populations.
Positive and Negative Experiences Related to Drinking as a Function of Annual Alcohol Intake
Authors: MÄKELÄ KLAUS , MUSTONEN HELI
Published: January 2006

Interview data on drinking and its consequences, representative of the population between IS and 69 years of age in Finland in 1984, were analysed by loglinear modelling. Most experiences related to drinking were predicted simply as functions of a suitable transformation of logarithmically classified annual alcohol intake (C). The transformation of C varied according to how common each experience was as well as to the nature of the experience. The logarithm of C provided the best prediction of the positive consequences of drinking. Reactions against drinking from institutional agents were most satisfactorily predicted by the square of C. With increasing consumption, problematic behaviour, negative consequences and social reactions against drinking increased more steeply than positive effects, but perceived benefits of drinking continued to increase also among those with the highest consumption levels.
Multi‐impulsive Personality Disorder and Multiple Substance Abuse: evidence from members of self‐help groups
Authors: McCOWN WILLIAM G.
Published: January 2006

Lacey & Evans (1986) suggest the presence of a subgroup of substance abusers characterized by disorders of impulse control. Utilizing S. B. G. Eysenck et al.s' Impulsivity Questionnaire (1‐7) members of a self‐help group with a history of multiple serial addictions were tested for the trait of impulsivity. It was predicted that impulsivity scores would be higher for this group than for similar individuals in the same self‐help group with histories of addiction to single substances. These results were found, suggesting support for Lacey & Evans' theory of a clinical core of impulsive persons being at high risk for multiple addictions.
The Minnesota Model in the Management of Drug and Alcohol Dependency: miracle, method or myth? Part II. Evidence and Conclusions*
Authors: COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H.
Published: January 2006

Claims of impressive outcome figures for the Minnesota Model find some support in published studies, with as many as two thirds of admissions apparently achieving a genuinely good outcome at 1‐year follow‐up. However, methodological criticisms of these studies indicate the need for further research incorporating control or comparison treatment groups, longer follow‐up, more rigorous assessment procedures, and clearly defined diagnostic/outcome criteria. The powerful ideology of the programme provokes criticism but is apparently central to its success. It incorporates a number of therapeutic elements known or suspected to be of value in the management of drug/alcohol dependence. While some clients or patients and professionals alike may react against this treatment model we all have much to learn from it, and many are undoubtedly helped by it.
Adult Children of Alcoholics: cognitive and psychomotor characteristics
Authors: WILSON JAMES R. , NAGOSHI CRAIG T.
Published: January 2006

A comparison of individuals who report alcohol abuse in one or both parents (family history positive: FHP) with those who do not (family history negative: PHN) on a number of metabolic, behavioral, and mood measures before and after alcohol dosing revealed marginally lower cognitive abilities, on average, in the FHP group. Most of the other hypothesized differences between groups (e.g. alcohol metabolism; differential alcohol sensitivity; differential alcohol tolerance; mood) were not found, except in two‐ and three‐way interactions among gender, age, and FH. It seems evident that the search for biological markers of increased risk for future alcohol abuse will need to take account of gender and age, in addition to familial alcohol abuse.
Maudsley Hospital Survey: prevalence of alcohol problems and other psychiatric disorders in a hospital population
Authors: GLASS ILANA B. , JACKSON PAUL
Published: January 2006

This study, the first of its kind in the United Kingdom, reports on the prevalence of alcohol problems and other psychiatric disorders in the Joint Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospital population over a 12 year period. The steady 9–11% of the total number of diagnoses that are alcoholic, forces home the realization of the significant contribution of drinking problems to the work load of the hospital. The consistency of the percentage of alcoholics who receive an additional diagnosis, 30–40%, has considerable implications for treatment, treatment service planning and the understanding of aetiological factors.
Epidemic Cocaine Abuse: America's present, Britain's future?*
Authors: KLEBER HERBERT D.
Published: January 2006

Epidemic cocaine abuse has become a major problem in America and may be spreading to England. The paper reviews the historical setting in which cocaine first became a problem in America at the turn of the century and its recent re‐emergence. Possible reasons for this are explained including myths as to its safety, relationship to prior marijuana use, celebrity endorsements and the role of the media, changes in the route of administration and the reinforcing effects of the drug itself. Since heavy cocaine use is now understood to cause a physiologic as well as a psychologic dependence, treatment may need to deal with neurochemical changes possibly involved in the persistent relapses. Pharmacologic approaches to remedy this, especially use of certain tricyclics, are discussed as are a variety of psychological treatments including behavioral, supportive and relapse prevention methods. The paper concludes by listing possible interventions that might lessen the problem if adopted including steps that can be taken in the realms of education, law enforcement, and treatment.
Role of Acetaldehyde in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: BARRY R. E.
Published: January 2006

Acetaldehyde is the primary metabolic product of alcohol metabolism in the liver and is highly reactive. High concentrations may be achieved locally in the liver during alcohol abuse. Like alcohol, acetaldehyde appears not to be directly toxic to the liver cell but it binds non‐enzymatically to free amino groups in the proteins of the liver cell. The product of this addition reaction, the adduct, can alter the surface charge and structural conformation of protein molecules to expose new antigenic sites. The highly variable susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease is compatible with an immunologically mediated liver damage. The acetaldehyde adduct is also pro inflammatory in its own right and will activate the complement sequence, recruit and cause degranulation of neutrophils and stimulate neutrophil superoxide anion production. Acetaldehyde is also a substrate for free radical production in the liver. There is increasing evidence of both free radical and immunologically mediated damage in alcoholic liver disease. Although there is a increasing body of evidence to suggest that acetaldehyde is capable of inducing liver damage by such mechanisms, there is as yet no evidence to confirm that this actually occurs in alcohol abuse and the role of acetaldehyde remains speculative.
Are Decreases in Liver Cirrhosis Rates a Result of Increased Treatment for Alcoholism?★
Authors: MANN ROBERT E. , SMART REGINALD G. , ANGLIN LISE , RUSH BRIAN R.
Published: January 2006

In Ontario, liver cirrhosis mortality and morbidity have decreased substantially in recent years. Over the corresponding period, substantial increases have occurred in the number of people receiving treatment for an alcohol problem. The potential contributions of both changes in alcoholism treatment and changes in per capita consumption of alcohol to declines in hospital discharges for liver cirrhosis were examined with regression analyses. The results indicate that, with the exception of one area of the province, increases in treatment were linearly related to decreases in cirrhosis discharges.
Alcohol Controls and Scotch Whisky Exports (1870–1939)
Authors: WEIR R. B.
Published: January 2006

Intense competition and low profitability in the home market provided a strong incentive for Scotch whisky producers to develop exports. By 1914 a world‐wide network of agencies existed. Exports developed without government assistance and faced few legislative impediments in recipient countries. Religious belief was a more potent barrier than tariffs. After 1918 the international spread of alcohol controls and tariffs forced the Scotch whisky industry to develop a collective response. The industry's response to prohibition in the United States, ‘the scheduled area’, reflected a concentrated industrial structure, lowered the risk of conducting business and simultaneously safeguarded quality. Scotch enhanced its reputation for quality and with repeal the industry was in a position to expand its market share, with government assistance.
Advice Versus Extended Treatment for Alcoholism: a controlled study
Authors: CHICK JONATHAN , RITSON BRUCE , CONNAUGHTON JENNI , STEWART ALEX , CHICK JO
Published: January 2006

One hundred and fifty‐two attenders at an alcohol problems clinic were randomly allocated to one session of advice or extended in or outpatient treatment. Two years later, the group who were offered extended treatment were functioning better, in that over the year prior to the independently conducted follow‐up interview they had accumulated less harm from their drinking than those only treated briefly. Abstinence was not, however, more common in patients offered extended treatment. In the group of 94 patients given advice only, no advantage in amplifying the session of advice could be demonstrated.
Relapse Prevention in Alcohol Aftercare: effects on drinking outcome, change process, and aftercare attendance
Authors: ITO JOANNE R. , DONOVAN DENNIS M. , HALL JUDY J.
Published: January 2006

Aftercare contributes to improved drinking outcome, yet maintenance has been overlooked as a point for intervention. This project evaluated the effect of cognitive‐behavioural relapse prevention (RP) and interpersonal process (IP) aftercare groups for recently hospitalized alcoholics, consisting of eight weekly 90 min sessions delivered by three co‐therapy teams conducting one group in each condition. Six cohorts of patients were assigned to conditions (N=39) and assessed at pretreatment, post‐treatment, and 6 month follow‐up. RP and IP resulted in comparable improvement/outcome on alcohol consumption, alcohol‐related impairment, cognitive coping, drinking days, time to first drink, abstinence, and aftercare attendance. In secondary analyses, improvement on temptation was attributed to RP, on behavioural coping to IP, and effects on self‐efficacy appeared marginally related to greater short term improvement for RP. The lack of differential outcome is discussed with respect to inadequate power, possible ceiling effects in outcome, the brevity of the follow‐up period, and the possibility that treatments may have been more similar in implementation than intended. Suggestions for improving aftercare and relapse prevention research are presented.
Long‐term Changes in Reported Alcohol Purchasing and Consumption Following an Increase in New York State's Purchase Age to 19
Authors: WILLIAMS TIMOTHY P. , LILLIS ROBERT P.
Published: January 2006

Utilizing survey data for one year before, one year after and 3 years after New York raised its purchase age from 18 to 19 years, this study examines the short‐term alcohol purchasing and long‐term purchasing and consumption patterns of 16‐ to 20‐year‐olds. The results indicate a short‐term, purchase‐age‐specific impact on alcohol purchasing. The long‐term analysis indicates that initial purchase‐age impacts are maintained for both purchasing and consumption up to 3 years later. These results provide evidence for the efficacy of purchase age increases and purchase age policy per se as well as evidence for the role of alcohol availability as a mediator for the effects of purchase age policy on highway crashes.
Participant Observation and its Place in the Study of Illicit Drug Abuse
Authors: POWER ROBERT
Published: January 2006

Participant observation has long been utilized as a valuable research methodology in the study of illicit drug abuse. It should not be viewed in isolation, but seen as an essential complement to the quantitative analysis of trends in drug use, such as epidemiological studies and the monitoring of services for drug users. Fieldwork conducted at the Drug Indicators Project and other relevant studies highlight the practical and ethical problems faced by the participant observer, including issues of access, co‐operation and confidentiality. This is particularly pertinent when working with drug users not in contact with services. When working with drug users in a treatment context, the need to be flexible and sensitive to the needs of agency staff is stressed, and the ways in which participant observers can operate as volunteers are explored. Contemporary concern about HIV infection, AIDS, and risk behaviour amongst drug users, raises the potential for an expansion and redefinition of the role of the participant observer to take on some of the functions of health educator, and two options are suggested.
Drinking in France 1965–1979. An Analysis of Household Consumption Data
Authors: SULKUNEN PEKKA
Published: January 2006

Alcohol consumption has diminished in France for three decades. In this France is an exception to other industrialized countries. However, in one respect France conforms to a regularity found in longitudinal time‐series studies comparing different countries: traditional beverages, in this case wine, have given place to new drinks–beer and imported spirits. In this sense, drinking patterns have become modernized and now resemble those found in other Western industrialized countries.

The article, based on a series of household consumption surveys that include purchases of alcoholic beverages by households, studies in what way this modernisation is taking place. A break‐down of the data by socio‐demographic groups shows that saturation as such does not explain the change. The groups that already have been at the lowest level of consumption–the middle classes–have diminished their consumption further and the other groups–the peasantry and the working class–have followed them. The same is true as regards drinking styles, as much as they are revealed by the beverage types. The already modern middle classes have continued to decrease their consumption of wine and the other groups have done likewise but later.

In contrast, the rural‐urban dimension is and has been weakly related to alcohol use. The development has been parallel both in big cities and rural areas. The analysis by region reveals that in France the use of alcohol and especially wine is no longer related to alcohol production, the way it is in international comparisons–producing countries being also the heaviest consumers. On the other hand, consumption patterns, as reflected in the beverage composition, have not levelled out between regions.

One conclusion of the study is that the culturally dominating social dimension in France if that of class. In so far as the lower social groups continue to follow the dominating ones, the development can be expected to continue still for a long time.
Diet and Opiate Addiction: a quantitative assessment of the diet of non‐institutionalized opiate addicts
Authors: MORABIA A. , FABRE J. , GHEE E. , ZEGER S. , ORSAT E. , ROBERT A.
Published: January 2006

The diet, weight and height of 38 non‐institutionalized chronic opiate addicts have been assessed and compared to those of a random sample of the 20–35 year old general population of Canton Geneva, Switzerland. A history questionnaire was administered by specially trained dietitians. Results show that, after adjustment for age and alcohol intake, male addicts have the same caloric intake as non‐addicts. However, addicts tend to replace foods that are rich in fat and proteins with foods rich in sucrose and relatively poor in vitamins and minerals. Beer is the major component of their much larger alcohol consumption. On the other hand, the body mass index (kg/m2) of the male addicts is within the normal range, suggesting this may not be a good indicator of their unbalanced diet. This study gives a quantitative assessment, in terms of nutrient intake, of the typical craving for sweet described by opiate addicts.
The Integration of an Educational Program into a Treatment Facility
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , BERGER FRED
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews the integration of an active teaching program into a busy treatment facility. All first and second year medical students at the University of California, San Diego take part in a series of didactic lectures and small group discussions, while third and fourth year students have the opportunity of joining a treatment team for 4 to 6 weeks. All psychiatric residents spend a minimum of 8 weeks working on the unit, and one fourth year resident is chosen to work with the staff for a year. The interactions between treatment teams and students in various stages of development help maximize enthusiasm and the commitment to the best patient care possible.
Is It Possible to Recommend Safe Drinking Levels Without Increasing Per Capita Consumption? Another Aspect of the Prevention Paradox ⋆
Authors: HAWKS DAVID
Published: January 2006

A number of countries have recently embarked on responsible drinking or safe drinking educational campaigns. The object of these campaigns is to discourage people from exceeding levels of alcohol consumption considered compatible with good health. One possible implication of the success of these campaigns is an increase in per capita alcohol consumption. Such increases are usually thought of as inimical to health and therefore present the health educator with a dilemma. Reference is made to Australian data in an examination of this paradox.
Pharmacology of Nicotine
Authors: GRENHOFF JOHAN , SVENSSON TORGNY H.
Published: January 2006

In recent years progress in basic neuropsychopharmacology and clinical addiction research have allowed the conclusion that tobacco smoking essentially represents an addiction to nicotine. Parallel to this work, experimental research in biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology has provided detailed descriptions of the structure and function of the nicotinic receptor, the biologic mediator of the many actions of nicotine. This article reviews current knowledge of nicotinic mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems as well as some implications for the notion of smoking as an addiction to nicotine. In particular this review will focus on the effects of nicotine on brain dopamine and noradrenaline systems since these neuronal systems appear to be crucially involved in the rewarding and stimulant effects of addictive drugs.
Changes in Public Support for Alcohol Policies Following a Community‐based Campaign
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , GILMORE LYNNETTE , MAGUIRE VIVIANE , RANSOM ROBIN
Published: January 2006

An evaluated community action project carried out in New Zealand provincial cities used a quasi‐experimental design which compared cities exposed to a mass media campaign, with and without community development, against reference cities. A major focus of the project was on alcohol policies, particularly alcohol advertising and availability. This emphasis is in keeping with an increased recognition that the appropriate role of alcohol education is to create a climate in which policies likely to shape appropriate drinking behaviours are accepted by the community. A range of complementary quantitative and qualitative evaluation techniques documented the community programme and indicated success in influencing the attitudes of the population.
Tranquillisers: prevalence, predictors and possible consequences. Data from a large United Kingdom survey
Authors: ASHTON HEATHER , GOLDING JOHN F.
Published: January 2006

Data related to tranquilliser/hypnotic use is presented from a large (n=9,003) random representative United Kingdom sample of adults (18+ years). On the day of interview 4.2% of females and 2.1% of males reported current use of tranquillisers. Increased probability of current use was significantly related to female sex, older age, increased symptoms of psychological malaise and physical ill‐health, elevated neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, current smoking in some groups, and less participation in active leisure pursuits. There was no convincing trend with standard geographical region.
The Use of Arcade Gambling Machines: demographic characteristics of users and patterns of use
Authors: BENTALL R. P. , FISHER D. , KELLY V. , BROMLEY E. , HAWKSWORTH K.
Published: January 2006

Despite public concern that young people may become addicted to gambling machines, little empirical data exists on the use of such machines. In the present study, machine users were selected from seven arcades in the Liverpool area and interviewed about their machine using behaviour. Users were of all age groups and came from all occupational classes, although a sizeable minority were young males. Multivariate analysis revealed a cluster of variables, including frequency of visiting arcades, time spent on each visit, amount spent, and overspending, which seemed to indicate habitual machine use. However, there was no clear dividing line between controlled and excessive machine use. Moreover, habitual machine use was not significantly related to length of history of use or perceived luck.
The Demand for Tobacco Products in Finland
Authors: PEKURINEN MARKKU
Published: January 2006

Four time‐series models are introduced for analysing the demand for addictive substances. The models are applied to estimate the demand for tobacco products in Finland. Separate models were found appropriate for different products. The price of cigarettes is the most important single determinant of the demand for tobacco products. The demand for cigarettes is twice as sensitive to falling prices (elasticity – 0.94) than to rising prices (elasticity – 0.49). The demand for cigarettes is also responsive to changes in real income. The most important factor influencing the demand for pipe tobacco is the price of cigarettes. The demand for cigars is adequately explained by changes in its price. The 1977 Tobacco Act and the anti‐smoking publicity preceding it appear to have reduced the cigarette demand permanently by 7%. The results imply that taxation would seem a powerful instrument for achieving the objectives of restricting consumption of tobacco products and raising government revenue. Yet, taxation together with extensive anti‐smoking publicity would have a more advantageous effect than either of them used in isolation.
The U.S. General Population's Experiences of Responding to Alcohol Problems
Authors: ROOM ROBIN
Published: January 2006

Respondents in a 1984 national adult sample report on the experiences of treatment for alcohol problems, of talking to someone about an alcohol problem of their own, and of others' suggestion that the respondent cut down. Most who have been treated (3.4% on a lifetime basis, 1.3% within the last year) have also encountered informal pressures. A majority of respondents have pressured others to cut down their drinking; such efforts do not appear to be clustered in a few ‘control specialists’, and heavier drinkers are about as likely as lighter drinkers to pressure others. Within the family, the flow of pressure is from older to younger generations, and from women to men, but a heavy‐drinking woman is as likely to be pressured as a heavy‐drinking man. Somewhat more men than women report applying pressure on friends.
Assessment of Alcohol Withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA‐Ar)
Authors: SULLIVAN JOHN T. , SYKORA KATHY , SCHNEIDERMAN JOYCE , NARANJO CLAUDIO A. , SELLERS EDWARD M.
Published: January 2006

A shortened 10‐item scale for clinical quantitation of the severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome has been developed. This scale offers an increase in efficiency while at the same time retaining clinical usefulness, validity and reliability. It can be incorporated into the usual clinical care of patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal and into clinical drug trials of alcohol withdrawal.
Cyclizine Abuse among a Group of Opiate Dependents Receiving Methadone
Authors: RUBEN SUSAN M. , MCLEAN P. C. , MELVILLE JOHN
Published: January 2006

Twenty opiate dependents receiving long‐term prescriptions of oral methadone, were identified as being habitual abusers of the anti‐emetic drug cyclizine. A semi‐structured interview elicited the dosage of cyclizine used, its effects, the reasons for starting and persisting with abuse of cyclizine and the attitudes of the patients to it. Cyclizine was taken in large doses intravenously with methadone. The effects initially were of intense stimulation, often with hallucinations, sometimes with aggressive behaviour, and occasionally with epileptic fits. Subsequent depressive mood changes occurred often accompanied by a craving for cyclizine. Tolerance to the drug occurred but no clear cut withdrawal syndrome is apparent. It seems that dependence upon cyclizine occurs. The significance of these findings for doctors, pharmacists and for drug treatment units is discussed. The paucity of information on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics is noted.
Trends in Drinking Habits Among Finnish Youth from 1973 to 1987
Authors: RAHKONEN OSSI , AHLSTRÖM SALME
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study has been to analyze the trends in drinking habits among Finnish youth from 1973 to 1987. The data were collected by questionnaires from representative nationwide samples of 14‐ to 18‐year‐olds in 1973, and from 1977, biennially. Response rates varied between 79% (1985) and 88% (1981). The use of alcohol was common among young people in the early 1970s, decreased until the beginning of the 1980s, and then increased again beginning in 1983. The use of alcohol had increased among young people in every sociodemographic group and school type in recent years. However, the increase, per capita, of alcohol consumption in Finland has grown in recent years after a long stable period due to an increase in the availability of alcoholic beverages and better economic conditions. The spending money available to young people for their leisure time activities, including alcohol consumption, increased markedly after 1983. The liberalization of alcohol policies in connection with fast economic development had a special effect on alcohol use among young people in the early 1970s and then again in the 1980s.