bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post‐pollination barriers and their role in asymmetric hybridization in Rhinanthus (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Natalis Laurent C. , Wesselingh Renate A.
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Several barriers against hybrid formation exist, and their combined action can affect the evolutionary outcomes of hybridization. To explain the asymmetrical introgression observed between two bumblebee‐pollinated plant species (Rhinanthus angustifolius and R. minor), we focused on post‐pollination barriers and ethological isolation of hybrids.

• Methods: We studied pollen competition in conspecific and heterospecific crosses on both species and analyzed germination rates of hybrid and pure seeds. We also measured bumblebee visitation rates to hybrids relative to their parents using potted Rhinanthus placed in populations of each parental species.

• Key results: In mixed pollinations, there was a conspecific siring advantage in both species, but no difference in pollen tube growth rates in either cross type. F1 seeds with a R. angustifolius maternal plant germinated poorly, while those with R. minor as the maternal parent germinated better than pure seeds. Interestingly, bumblebees treated hybrids almost as equal to the background species and more often rejected the nonresident Rhinanthus. In a R. angustifolius background, bumblebees preferred R. angustifolius, but visited hybrids more often than R. minor. In contrast, visitation rates were similar on a R. minor background.

• Conclusions: Our results suggest that hybridization rates in Rhinanthus remain low because of several leaky barriers that make R. minor the maternal parent of most F1 offspring. Preference for R. angustifolius and the equal treatment of F1 and background species by bumblebees induce a visitation pattern that directs gene flow toward R. angustifolius when this species predominates.
Neogene‐dominated diversification in neotropical montane lichens: Dating divergence events in the lichen‐forming fungal genus Oropogon (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Esslinger Theodore L. , Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Diversification in neotropical regions has been attributed to both Tertiary geological events and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. However, the timing and processes driving speciation in these regions remain unexplored in many important groups. Here, we address the timing of diversification in the neotropical lichenized fungal genus Oropogon (Ascomycota) and assess traditional species boundaries.

• Methods: We analyzed sequence data from three loci to assess phenotypically circumscribed Oropogon species from the Oaxacan Highlands, Mexico. We provide a comparison of dated divergence estimates between concatenated gene trees and a calibrated multilocus species‐tree using substitution rates for two DNA regions. We also compare estimates from a data set excluding ambiguously aligned regions and a data set including the hyper‐variable regions in two ribosomal markers.

• Key results: Phylogenetic reconstructions were characterized by well‐supported monophyletic clades corresponding to traditionally circumscribed species, with the exception of a single taxon. Divergence estimates indicate that most diversification of the sampled Oropogon species occurred throughout the Oligocene and Miocene, although diversification of a single closely related clade appears to have occurred during the late Pliocene and into the Pleistocene. Divergence estimates calculated from a data set with ambiguously aligned regions removed were much more recent than those from the full data set.

• Conclusions: Overall, our analyses place the majority of divergence events of Oropogon species from the Oaxacan Highlands within the Neogene and provide strong evidence that climatic changes during the Pleistocene were not a major factor driving speciation in the lichenized genus Oropogon in neotropical highlands.
The complex leaves of the monkey's comb (Amphilophium crucigerum, Bignoniaceae): A climbing strategy without glue
Authors: Seidelmann Katrin , Melzer Björn , Speck Thomas
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Monkey's comb (Amphilophium crucigerum) is a widely spread neotropical leaf climber that develops attachment pads for anchorage. A single complex leaf of the species comprises a basal pair of foliate, assimilating leaflets and apical, attaching leaflet tendrils. This study aims to analyze these leaves and their ontogenetic development for a better understanding of the attachment process, the form–structure–function relationships involved, and the overall maturation of the leaves.

• Methods: Thorough morphometrical, morphological, and anatomical analyses incorporated high‐resolution microscopy, various staining techniques, SEM, and photographic recordings over the entire ontogenetic course of leaf development.

• Key results: The foliate, assimilating leaflets and the anchorage of the more apical leaflet tendrils acted independently of each other. Attachment was achieved by coiling of the leaflet tendrils and/or development of attachment pads at the tendril apices that grow opportunistically into gaps and fissures of the substrate. In contact zones with the substrate, the cells of the pads differentiate into a vessel element‐like tissue. During the entire attachment process of the plant, no glue was excreted.

• Conclusion: The complex leaves of monkey's comb are highly differentiated organs with specialized leaf parts whose functions—photosynthesis or attachment—work independently of each other. The function of attachment includes coiling and maturation process of the leaflet tendrils and the formation of attachment pads, resulting in a biomechanically sound and persistent anchorage of the plant without the need of glue excretion. This kind of glue‐less attachment is not only of interest in the framework of analyzing the functional variety of attachment structures evolved in climbing plants, but also for the development of innovative biomimetic attachment structures for manifold technical applications.
L'émergence de goûts de classe chez les enfants de migrants
Authors: Tichit Christine
Published: October 2012

Résumé L’enjeu de cet article est d’explorer la dimension sociale de l’acculturation alimentaire en situation de migration, en privilégiant le point de vue des enfants par rapport à celui des adultes qui est habituellement recueilli. L’enquête, menée en milieu scolaire, combine des temps d’observation et de recueil déclaratif par questionnaire et par entretiens collectifs, ménageant à la fois des espaces de réponses individuelles et d’échanges entre les élèves. Nous présentons ici quelques questions débattues en classe sur l’alimentation, qui montrent que les âges biologiques et sociaux se conjuguent différemment selon l’appartenance sociale des élèves. Les résultats relatifs aux préférences alimentaires des enfants par rapport à la cuisine familiale révèlent aussi l’émergence de goûts de classe chez les enfants de migrants. Les goûts exprimés individuellement et commentés en classe par les élèves, traduisent d’abord l’appartenance sociale de leurs familles. Ces goûts sont manifestement tendus par des logiques de distinction plus sociales que culturelles.
L'expérience des enfants des classes populaires au prisme des récits personnels
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Cho Grace , Bracey Jeana , Lignier Wilfried
Published: October 2012

Résumé En s’appuyant sur des développements récents dans le domaine de la théorie des genres de discours, cet article s’intéresse aux récits personnels tels qu’ils sont pratiqués par des enfants issus de classes populaires, ainsi que par leurs parents. Bien que les enfants des classes populaires et les enfants issus de milieux plus favorisés soient également exposés à des versions de récits oraux promouvant l’expression personnelle, ces versions ne privilégient pas les mêmes points de vue sur l’expérience. À partir d’un programme de recherche s’étendant sur plusieurs décennies et concernant deux quartiers euro-américains populaires, nous cherchons à caractériser le point de vue populaire dans des termes qui lui soient propres, et pas seulement en le rapportant à la norme définie par des groupes sociaux plus favorisés. Nous montrons que le point de vue populaire encourage les enfants à considérer qu’ils ont le droit et les moyens de raconter leurs propres expériences, en usant de techniques de dramatisation ; mais aussi que leur possibilité d’être effectivement entendus et de voir leur point de vue pris en compte est loin d’être garantie.
La cause de mon enfant
Authors: Morel Stanislas
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article étudie les mobilisations individuelles de parents en faveur de leur enfant en échec au cours des premières années de sa scolarité. L’accent est mis sur la confrontation entre les parents et une série de professionnels (enseignants, médecins, professions paramédicales, « psys ») qui se posent aujourd’hui en « réparateurs » légitimes de l’échec scolaire. Le développement d’un champ d’intervention professionnelle tend à exercer des effets contradictoires, souvent anxiogènes, sur les parents : il leur impose une délégation, au moins partielle, de leur « problème », mais il les oblige aussi à acquérir les compétences nécessaires pour se mouvoir entre ces spécialistes aux savoirs non unifiés. La professionnalisation du traitement de l’échec scolaire souligne également le caractère profane des mobilisations parentales. Fortement contraints, les parents disposent néanmoins, y compris pour les moins dotés d’entre eux, de marges de manœuvre : dans les interstices du pouvoir des « experts » se donnent à voir des manières socialement différenciées et relativement autonomes de se représenter les difficultés de l’enfant et les manières les plus efficaces de les résoudre.
« Enfants en danger » et « enfants dangereux »
Authors: Fourchard Laurent
Published: October 2012

Résumé Dans la seconde moitié des années 1930, l’Afrique du Sud adopta une nouvelle loi sur l’enfance qui visait à réhabiliter davantage qu’à punir les enfants. Cet article s’interroge sur le rôle de nouveaux cercles d’experts dans la fabrique de cette loi et sur les effets de son application sur la différenciation sociale et raciale des enfants. Il analyse le sens du changement d’une action publique initialement libérale dans un contexte dominé par une discrimination raciale croissante. Alors que la loi créa les conditions pour une intervention plus systématique de l’État dans la vie des familles pauvres, les gouvernements successifs favorisèrent une individualisation des traitements pour les enfants blancs et une collectivisation de la sanction pour la majorité noire. Ce changement fut consolidé sous l’apartheid par un dispositif disciplinaire coercitif et par le triomphe d’une version localisée de la théorie de la désorganisation sociale de l’École de Chicago. Il contribua largement à la banalisation de l’usage de la violence chez les enfants noirs en les socialisant aux dures conditions de l’univers carcéral ou semi-carcéral des institutions de protection de l’enfance.
Dry sand as a specialized layer to improve the acoustic insulation between rooms one above another
Authors: Díaz C. , Caballol D. , Díaz A. , Rodríguez A.
Published: October 2012

This work presents and analyses the experimental field results of the sound insulation from airborne and impact noise of the horizontal separating elements commonly used in the past, in which a uniform layer of sand was placed on top of the floor construction to serve as a base for the ceramic tiling.
The results of the acoustic measurements show that when there is an intermediate layer of sand in the horizontal separating element between rooms, the sound insulation is greater than would be obtained with other construction systems with equal mass per unit area, where the floor is joined rigidly to the floor construction. The effect on the sound insulation between the rooms produced by this layer of sand placed between the floor construction and the tiling is that of a cushioning layer, and demonstrates that this type of structure acts as a floating floor.
Antibodies to a Superantigenic Glycoprotein 120 Epitope as the Basis for Developing an HIV Vaccine
Authors: Planque Stephanie A. , Mitsuda Yukie , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Karle Sangeeta , Boivin Stephane , Salas Maria , Morris Mary-Kate , Hara Mariko , Liao Guangling , Massey Richard J. , Hanson Carl V. , Paul Sudhir
Published: October 2012

Failure to induce synthesis of neutralizing Abs to the CD4 binding determinant (CD4BD) of gp120, a central objective in HIV vaccine research, has been alternately ascribed to insufficient immunogen binding to Abs in their germline V region configuration expressed as BCRs, insufficient adaptive mutations in Ab V regions, and conformational instability of gp120. We employed peptide analogs of gp120 residues 421–433 within the CD4BD (CD4BDcore) to identify Abs produced without prior exposure to HIV (constitutive Abs). The CD4BDcore peptide was recognized by single-chain Fv fragments from noninfected humans with lupus that neutralized genetically diverse strains belonging to various HIV subtypes. Replacing the framework region (FR) of a VH4-family single-chain Fv with the corresponding VH3-family FRs from single-chain Fv JL427 improved the CD4BDcore peptide-binding activity, suggesting a CD4BDcore binding site outside the pocket formed by the CDRs. Replacement mutations in the FR site vicinity suggested the potential for adaptive improvement. A very small subset of serum CD4BDcore-specific serum IgAs from noninfected humans without autoimmune disease isolated by epitope-specific chromatography neutralized the virus potently. A CD4BDcore-specific, HIV neutralizing murine IgM with H and L chain V regions (VH and VL regions) free of immunogen-driven somatic mutations was induced by immunization with a CD4BDcore peptide analog containing an electrophilic group that binds B cells covalently. The studies indicate broad and potent HIV neutralization by constitutive Abs as an innate, germline-encoded activity directed to the superantigenic CD4BDcore epitope that is available for amplification for vaccination against HIV.
Local Complement-Targeted Intervention in Periodontitis: Proof-of-Concept Using a C5a Receptor (CD88) Antagonist
Authors: Abe Toshiharu , Hosur Kavita B. , Hajishengallis Evlambia , Reis Edimara S. , Ricklin Daniel , Lambris John D. , Hajishengallis George
Published: October 2012

When excessively activated or deregulated, complement becomes a major link between infection and inflammatory pathology including periodontitis. This oral inflammatory disease is associated with a dysbiotic microbiota, leads to the destruction of bone and other tooth-supporting structures, and exerts an adverse impact on systemic health. We have previously shown that mice deficient either in complement C5a receptor (C5aR; CD88) or TLR2 are highly and similarly resistant to periodontitis, suggesting that a cross-talk between the two receptors may be involved in the disease process. In this paper, we show that C5aR and TLR2 indeed synergize for maximal inflammatory responses in the periodontal tissue and uncover a novel pharmacological target to abrogate periodontitis. Using two different mouse models of periodontitis, we show that local treatments with a C5aR antagonist inhibited periodontal inflammation through downregulation of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 and further protected against bone loss, regardless of the presence of TLR2. These findings not only reveal a crucial cooperation between C5aR and TLR2 in periodontal inflammation but also provide proof-of-concept for local targeting of C5aR as a powerful candidate for the treatment of human periodontitis.
Compound Heterozygous SCN5A Gene Mutations in Aasymptomatic Brugada Syndrome Child
Authors: Sommariva Elena , Vatta Matteo , Xi Yutao , Sala Simone , Ai Tomohiko , Cheng Jie , Pappone Carlo , Ferrari Maurizio , Benedetti Sara
Published: October 2012

Loss-of-function mutations in the SCN5A gene, encoding the cardiac Nav1.5 sodium channel, have been previously associated with Brugada syndrome (BrS). Despite the low prevalence of the disease, we identified a patient carrying two SCN5A mutations. We aimed at establishing a correlation between genotype, clinical phenotype and in vitro sodium current. A 3-year-old boy presented with right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation. Genetic analysis and electrophysiology studies in transfected HEK293 cells were performed to identify possibly disease-causing variants and assess their effect on sodium channel function. Two SCN5A variants were identified: a new frameshift deletion causing premature truncation of the putative protein (c.3258_3261del4) and a missense substitution (p.F1293S). In vitro studies revealed that the truncated mutant did not produce functional channels and decreased total sodium current when co-expressed with p.F1293S channels compared to p.F1293S alone. In addition, p.F1293S channels presented with a steep slope of steady-state activation voltagedependency, which was shifted towards more positive potentials by the co-expression with the truncated channel. p.F1293S channels also showed shift towards more positive potentials of the steady-state inactivation both alone and co-expressed with the deletion mutant. Our data identified a severe reduction of sodium channel current associated with two distinct SCN5A changes. However, all mutation carriers were asymptomatic and BrS electrocardiogram was observed only transiently in the compound heterozygous subject. These observations underline the difficulty of genotype/ phenotype correlations in BrS patients and support the idea of a polygenic disorder, where different mutations and variants can contribute to the clinical phenotype.
Jakobus Marthinus Vorster’s ecclesio-political philosophy: A critical interpretation
Authors: Mbamalu Williams O.
Published: October 2012

This article is a critical interpretation and commendation of Jakobus M. Vorster’s scholarly contribution to the field of ecclesiastical sciences, ethics and political philosophy. It shows that the imago Dei is a human creation of the image of God, a unifying concept in Vorster’s scholarly writing. What was implied is that Vorster’s ethico-biblical anthropology is the controlling thought in interpreting his ecclesio-political philosophy in this article. This is a proposed limitation of the essay rather than a limitation of Vorster as a person or his scholarly works in general.Jakobus Marthinus Vorster se ecclesio-politiese filosofie: 'n Kritiese interpretasie. Hierdie artikel is ‘n kritiese interpretasie en huldiging van Jakobus M. Vorster se navorsingsbydrae tot die geestelike wetenskappe, etiek en politieke filosofie. Dit openbaar die eenvormige konsep in Vorster se navorsing, naamlik dat die imago Dei ‘n menslike skepping van God se beeld is. Die implikasie van hierdie artikel is dat Vorster se eties-bybelse antropologie die hoofoorweging is in die interpretasie van sy geestelik-politiese filosofie. Hierdie artikel is slegs ‘n beperkte aanbieding wat nie ‘n beperking op Vorster as persoon of sy navorsing impliseer nie.
Biblical principles as an answer to the African people�s questioning of witchcraft
Authors: Semenya David K. , Letsosa Rantoa
Published: October 2012

Witchcraft is still an enormous and serious issue in African culture. The media, including the entertainment component (e.g. African Magic programmes on satellite television), portray witchcraft as an issue that needs to be addressed. Witchcraft has in a sense been integrated into the system and context of the Nigerian community because most of the programming originates from this country. The same can be said of the South African milieu. It would be remarkable to read a tabloid such as the Daily Sun without at least one reference to witchcraft. Between 1994 and 1996 several hundred people were killed in the Limpopo Province on suspicion of witchcraft, to which the response from the Christian sector was diverse and varied. De Vries (2010:35) argues that Christians believe that upon becoming a member of this faith, witchcraft is powerless; yet there are indeed Christians who consider bewitchment possible, despite a belief in God. This being the case, the question that arises is, �What does the Bible teach in this regard�? The most compelling evidence for the existence of witchcraft is its mention in both the Old Testament (OT) and the New Testament (NT). Although all Christians read the same Bible, the interpretation of its teachings on witchcraft differ greatly. This article has attempted to identify, from a historical-grammatical exegetical point of view, a number of biblical principles on witchcraft that could be set as guidelines for addressing witchcraft-related matters and to obtain a clearer picture on Scripture�s teachings regarding witchcraft. (This topic has also been explored from a meta-theoretical perspective in a follow-up article.)
Unemployment Insurance and the Business Cycle: What Adjustments are Needed?
Authors: Schwartz Jeremy
Published: October 2012

During the 2007–2011 economic downturn, the duration that one could collect unemployment insurance (UI) in the United States increased to an unprecedented 99 weeks, and the UI benefit amount increased by $25. This article explores the policy of increasing the generosity of UI during recessions using a model that accounts for the insurance and moral hazard implications of UI as well as the program's impact on job creation. When limited to adjusting the duration of benefits, a more generous UI system is optimal. However, due to UI's negative impact on job creation and the increased cost of providing benefits when unemployment is high, the optimal extension is just 1.3 months. When the government adjusts both the benefit amount and its duration, the optimal policy during downturns is a reduction in the replacement rate. This mitigates the decline in job creation and funds a UI extension of 4.3 months.
Innovation and Productivity Advances in British Agriculture: 1620–1850
Authors: Ang James B. , Banerjee Rajabrata , Madsen Jakob B.
Published: October 2012

Theory, historiography, and empirical evidence suggest that agriculture is the key to economic development. This article examines the extent to which productivity advances in British agriculture during the period 1620–1850 were driven by technological progress. Measuring technology by patents and new book titles on agricultural methods, the results are consistent with endogenous growth theory, indicating that technological progress has played a significant role in agricultural productivity advances.
Party Politics, Governors, and Economic Policy
Authors: Fredriksson Per G. , Wang Le , Warren Patrick L
Published: October 2012

In this article, we evaluate the role of elections in governors' state tax policy making. Does it matter for state taxes whether the governor is a Democrat or Republican and whether she is eligible for re‐election or faces a binding term limit? Using a Regression Discontinuity Design and a panel of U.S. states, we find that the manner in which governors of different parties implement different tax policies turns crucially on the incumbent's eligibility for re‐election. Re‐electable Democratic governors increase income taxes relative to similarly situated Republicans, yielding divergence between party policy positions. However, governors facing a binding term limit exhibit the reverse policy difference, resulting in a movement of policy back together.
Rate and apparent quantum yield of photodissolution of sedimentary organic matter
Authors: Estapa Margaret L. , Mayer Lawrence M. , Boss Emmanuel
Published: October 2012

We quantified rates of photochemical dissolution (photodissolution) of organic carbon in coastal Louisiana suspended sediments, conducting experiments under well‐defined conditions of irradiance and temperature. Optical properties of the suspended sediments were characterized and used in a radiative transfer model to compute irradiances within turbid suspensions. Photodissolution rate increased with temperature (T), with activation energy of 32 ± 7 kJ mol−1, which implicates indirect (non‐photochemical) steps in the net reaction. In most samples, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased approximately linearly with time over the first 4 h of irradiation under broadband simulated sunlight, after higher rates in the initial hour of irradiation. Four‐hour rates ranged from 2.3 µmol DOC m−3 s−1 to 3.2 µmol DOC m−3 s−1, but showed no relation to sample origin within the study area, organic carbon or reducible iron content, or mass‐specific absorption coefficient. First‐hour rates were higher—from 3.5 µmol DOC m−3 s−1 to 7.8 µmol DOC m−3 s−1—and correlated well with sediment reducible iron (itself often associated with organic matter). The spectral apparent quantum yield (AQY) for photodissolution was computed by fitting DOC photoproduction rates under different spectral irradiance distributions to corresponding rates of light absorption by particles. The photodissolution AQY magnitude is similar to most published dissolved‐phase AQY spectra for dissolved inorganic carbon photoproduction, which suggests that in turbid coastal waters where particles dominate light absorption, DOC photoproduction from particles exceeds photooxidation of DOC.
Thermal effects of tissue optics in symbiont‐bearing reef‐building corals
Authors: Jimenez Isabel M. , Larkum Anthony W. D. , Ralph Peter J. , KÜhl Michael
Published: October 2012

Reflectance spectroscopy and microscale temperature measurements were used to investigate links between optical and thermal properties of corals. Coral tissue heating showed a species‐specific linear correlation to the absorptance of incident irradiance. Heat budgets estimated from absorptance and thermal boundary layer measurements indicated differences in the relative contribution of convection and conduction to heat loss in Porites lobata and Stylophora pistillata, and a higher heat conduction into the skeleton of the thin‐tissued branching S. pistillata as compared to the massive thick‐tissued P. lobata. Decreasing absorptance associated with bleaching resulted in decreased surface warming of coral tissue. Action spectra of coral tissue heating showed elevated efficiency of heating at wavelengths corresponding to absorption maxima of major zooxanthellae photopigments. Generally, energy‐rich radiation (< 500 nm) showed the highest heating efficiency. Species‐specific relationships between coral tissue heating and absorptance can be strongly affected by differences in the thermal properties of the skeleton and/or tissue arrangement within the skeletal matrix, indicating a yet unresolved potential for coral shape, size, and tissue thickness to affect heat dissipation and especially the conduction of heat into the coral skeleton.
Mitochondrial sequence variation suggests extensive cryptic diversity within the Western Palearctic Daphnia longispina complex
Authors: Petrusek Adam , Thielsch Anne , Schwenk Klaus
Published: October 2012

We report on a discovery of six divergent lineages within the European Daphnia longispina complex from various localities in central to northeast Europe. The levels of divergence from well‐known species of the complex suggest that they represent as yet unrecognized distinct taxa. These newly recognized lineages always coexisted in syntopy with widespread species of the complex. Particularly rich in cryptic diversity (with four of the six lineages present) was the delta of the River Pechora in northern European Russia, a region not covered by an ice sheet during most of the last glacial period. We suggest that ice‐free regions of northeastern Europe may have been important refugia for planktonic species, and still are overlooked hot spots of diversity. Our findings confirm that the real diversity within widespread crustacean planktonic taxa is much higher than presently recognized. The potential presence of cryptic species should be considered in ecological studies.
The False Security of Blind Dates
Authors: Cimino J.J.
Published: October 2012

Background: The reuse of clinical data for research purposes requires methods for the protection of personal privacy. One general approach is the removal of personal identifiers from the data. A frequent part of this anonymization process is the removal of times and dates, which we refer to as “chrononymization.” While this step can make the association with identified data (such as public information or a small sample of patient information) more difficult, it comes at a cost to the usefulness of the data for research.

Objectives: We sought to determine whether removal of dates from common laboratory test panels offers any advantage in protecting such data from re-identification.

Methods: We obtained a set of results for 5.9 million laboratory panels from the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) Biomedical Translational Research Information System (BTRIS), selected a random set of 20,000 panels from the larger source sets, and then identified all matches between the sets.

Results: We found that while removal of dates could hinder the re-identification of a single test result, such removal had almost no effect when entire panels were used.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that reliance on chrononymization provides a false sense of security for the protection of laboratory test results. As a result of this study, the NIH has chosen to rely on policy solutions, such as strong data use agreements, rather than removal of dates when reusing clinical data for research purposes.

Citation: Cimino J.J. The false security of blind dates: Chrononymization’s lack of impact on data privacy of laboratory data. Appl Clin Inf 2012; 3: 392–403

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-07-RA-0028
Discrimination of biomass burning smoke and clouds in MAIAC algorithm
Authors: Lyapustin A. , Korkin S. , Wang Y. , Quayle B. , Laszlo I.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. The Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the "smoke test" to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 μm as compared to 0.47–0.67 μm due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.
Characterization of wind power resource in the United States
Authors: Gunturu U. B. , Schlosser C. A.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Wind resource in the continental and offshore United States has been reconstructed and characterized using metrics that describe, apart from abundance, its availability, persistence and intermittency. The Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) boundary layer flux data has been used to construct wind profile at 50 m, 80 m, 100 m, 120 m turbine hub heights. The wind power density (WPD) estimates at 50 m are qualitatively similar to those in the US wind atlas developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), but quantitatively a class less in some regions, but are within the limits of uncertainty. The wind speeds at 80 m were quantitatively and qualitatively close to the NREL wind map. The possible reasons for overestimation by NREL have been discussed. For long tailed distributions like those of the WPD, the mean is an overestimation and median is suggested for summary representation of the wind resource. The impact of raising the wind turbine hub height on metrics of abundance, persistence, variability and intermittency is analyzed. There is a general increase in availability and abundance of wind resource but there is an increase in intermittency in terms of level crossing rate in low resource regions.
Comparison of different real time VOC measurement techniques in a ponderosa pine forest
Authors: Kaser L. , Karl T. , Schnitzhofer R. , Graus M. , Herdlinger-Blatt I. S. , DiGangi J. P. , Sive B. , Turnipseed A. , Hornbrook R. S. , Zheng W. , Flocke F. M. , Guenther A. , Keutsch F. N. , Apel E. , Hansel A.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios measured by five independent instruments are compared at a forested site dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus Ponderosa) during the BEACHON-ROCS field study in summer 2010. The instruments included a Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS), a Proton Transfer Reaction Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), a Fast Online Gas-Chromatograph coupled to a Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS; TOGA), a Thermal Dissociation Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (PAN-CIMS) and a Fiber Laser-Induced Fluorescence Instrument (FILIF). The species discussed in this comparison include the most important biogenic VOCs and a selected suite of oxygenated VOCs that are thought to dominate the VOC reactivity at this particular site as well as typical anthropogenic VOCs that showed low mixing ratios at this site. Good agreement was observed for methanol, the sum of the oxygenated hemiterpene 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) and the hemiterpene isoprene, acetaldehyde, the sum of acetone and propanal, benzene and the sum of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and butanal. Measurements of the above VOCs conducted by different instruments agree within 20%. The ability to differentiate the presence of toluene and cymene by PTR-TOF-MS is tested based on a comparison with GC-MS measurements, suggesting a study-average relative contribution of 74% for toluene and 26% for cymene. Similarly, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanal (HMPR) is found to interfere with the sum of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK+MAC) using PTR-(TOF)-MS at this site. A study-average relative contribution of 85% for MVK+MAC and 15% for HMPR was determined. The sum of monoterpenes measured by PTR-MS and PTR-TOF-MS was generally 20–25% higher than the sum of speciated monoterpenes measured by TOGA, which included α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, carene, myrcene, limonene, cineole as well as other terpenes. However, this difference is consistent throughout the study, and likely points to an offset in calibration, rather than a difference in the ability to measure the sum of terpenes. The contribution of isoprene relative to MBO inferred from PTR-MS and PTR-TOF-MS was smaller than 12% while GC-MS data suggested an average of 21% of isoprene relative to MBO. This comparison demonstrates that the current capability of VOC measurements to account for OH reactivity associated with the measured VOCs is within 20%.
A Fourier transform infrared trace gas and isotope analyser for atmospheric applications
Authors: Griffith D. W. T. , Deutscher N. M. , Caldow C. , Kettlewell G. , Riggenbach M. , Hammer S.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Concern in recent decades about human impacts on Earth's climate has led to the need for improved and expanded measurement capabilities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this paper we describe in detail an in situ trace gas analyser based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy that is capable of simultaneous and continuous measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and 13C in CO2 in air with high precision. High accuracy is established by reference to measurements of standard reference gases. Stable water isotopes can also be measured in undried airstreams. The analyser is automated and allows unattended operation with minimal operator intervention. Precision and accuracy meet and exceed the compatibility targets set by the World Meteorological Organisation – Global Atmosphere Watch for baseline measurements in the unpolluted troposphere for all species except 13C in CO2. The analyser is mobile and well suited to fixed sites, tower measurements, mobile platforms and campaign-based measurements. The isotopic specificity of the optically-based technique and analysis allows its application in isotopic tracer experiments, for example in tracing variations of 13C in CO2 and 15N in N2O. We review a number of applications illustrating use of the analyser in clean air monitoring, micrometeorological flux and tower measurements, mobile measurements on a train, and soil flux chamber measurements.
Critical evaluation of the MODIS Deep Blue aerosol optical depth product for data assimilation over North Africa
Authors: Shi Y. , Zhang J. , Reid J. S. , Hyer E. J. , Hsu N. C.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. A total of eight years of Terra (2000–2007) and Aqua (2002–2009) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue (DB) collection 5.1 (c5.1) data were examined for their potential usage in aerosol assimilation. Uncertainties in the DB Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) were identified and studied. Empirical corrections and quality assurance procedures were developed for North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. After applying quality assurance and quality check procedures, the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) in the MODIS Terra and Aqua AOD are reduced by 18.1 and 18.2% to 0.16 and 0.17, respectively, with respect to AERONET data. These procedures were also applied to two months of DB collection 6 (c6) AOD data and reductions in RMSE were found, indicating that the algorithms developed for c5.1 data are applicable to c6 data to some extent. A new quality-assured DB level 3 AOD product was developed for future implementations in both aerosol data assimilation and climate related applications.
High-precision measurement of satellite velocity using the EISCAT radar
Authors: Nygrén T. , Markkanen J. , Aikio A. , Voiculescu M.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. This paper presents a method of measuring the velocity of a hard target using radar pulses reflected from the target flying through the radar beam. The method has two stages. First, the Doppler shifts of the echo pulses are calculated at a high accuracy with an algorithm which largely improves the accuracy given by the Fourier transform. The algorithm also calculates the standard deviations of the Doppler frequencies with Monte Carlo simulation. The second step is to fit the results from a sequence of radar pulses to a velocity model allowing linear variation of the second time derivative of target range. The achieved accuracies are demonstrated using radio pulses reflected by a satellite passing through the beam of the EISCAT UHF radar working at 930-MHz frequency. At high SNR levels, the standard deviations of the frequency from a single pulse reach typically down to 0.2 Hz. The best standard deviations of velocity fit are below 5 mm s−1 while those of the second time derivative of range are below 1 cm s−2.
Intra-aggregate CO2 enrichment: a modelling approach for aerobic soils
Authors: Schlotter D. , Schack-Kirchner H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. CO2 concentration gradients inside soil aggregates, caused by the respiration of soil microorganisms and fungal hyphae, might lead to variations in the soil solution chemistry on a mm-scale, and to an underestimation of the CO2 storage. But, up to now, there seems to be no feasible method for measuring CO2 inside natural aggregates with sufficient spatial resolution. We combined a one-dimensional model for gas diffusion in the inter-aggregate pore-space with a cylinder diffusion model, simulating the consumption/production and diffusion of O2 and CO2 inside soil aggregates with air- and water-filled pores. Our model predicts that for aerobic respiration (respiratory quotient = 1) the intra-aggregate increase in the CO2 partial pressure can never be higher than 0.9 kPa for siliceous, and 0.08 kPa for calcaric aggregates, independent of the level of water-saturation. This suggests that only for siliceous aggregates CO2 produced by aerobic respiration might cause a high small-scale spatial variability in the soil solution chemistry. In calcaric aggregates, however, the contribution of carbonate species to the CO2 transport should lead to secondary carbonates on the aggregate surfaces. As regards the total CO2 storage in aerobic soils, both siliceous and calcaric, the effect of intra-aggregate CO2 gradients seems to be negligible. To assess the effect of anaerobic respiration on the intra-aggregate CO2 gradients, the development of a device for measuring CO2 on a mm-scale in soils is indispensable.
Interpreting muon radiographic data in a fault zone: possible application to geothermal reservoir detection and monitoring
Authors: Tanaka H. K. M. , Muraoka H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Rainfall-triggered fluid flow in a mechanical fracture zone associated with a seismic fault has been estimated (Tanaka et al., 2011) using muon radiography by measuring the water position over time in response to rainfall events. In this report, the data taken by Tanaka et al. (2011) are reanalyzed to estimate the porosity distribution as a function of a distance from the fault gauge. The result shows a similar pattern of the porosity distribution as measured by borehole sampling at Nojima fault. There is a low porosity shear zone axis surrounded by porous damaged-areas with density increasing with the distance from the fault gauge. The dynamic muon radiography (Tanaka et al., 2011) provides a new method to delineate both the recharge and discharge zones along the fault segment, an entire hydrothermal circulation system. This might dramatically raise the success rate for drilling of geothermal exploration wells and it might open a new horizon in the geothermal exploration and monitoring.
HydroViz: design and evaluation of a Web-based tool for improving hydrology education
Authors: Habib E. , Ma Y. , Williams D. , Sharif H. O. , Hossain F.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. HydroViz is a Web-based, student-centered, educational tool designed to support active learning in the field of Engineering Hydrology. The design of HydroViz is guided by a learning model that is based on learning with data and simulations, using real-world natural hydrologic systems to convey theoretical concepts, and using Web-based technologies for dissemination of the hydrologic education developments. This model, while being used in a hydrologic education context, can be adapted in other engineering educational settings. HydroViz leverages the free Google Earth resources to enable presentation of geospatial data layers and embed them in web pages that have the same look and feel of Google Earth. These design features significantly facilitate the dissemination and adoption of HydroViz by any interested educational institutions regardless of their access to data or computer models. To facilitate classroom usage, HydroViz is populated with a set of course modules that can be used incrementally within different stages of an engineering hydrology curriculum. A pilot evaluation study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the HydroViz tool in delivering its educational content, to examine the buy-in of the program by faculty and students, and to identify specific project components that need to be further pursued and improved. A total of 182 students from seven freshmen and senior-level undergraduate classes in three universities participated in the study. HydroViz was effective in facilitating students' learning and understanding of hydrologic concepts and increasing related skills. Students had positive perceptions of various features of HydroViz and they believe that HydroViz fits well in the curriculum. In general, HydroViz tend to be more effective with students in senior-level classes than students in freshmen classes. Lessons gained from this pilot study provide guidance for future adaptation and expansion studies to scale-up the application and utility of HydroViz and other similar systems into various hydrology and water-resource engineering curriculum settings. The paper presents a set of design principles that contribute to the development of other active hydrology educational systems.
Sea ice inertial oscillations in the Arctic Basin
Authors: Gimbert F. , Marsan D. , Weiss J. , Jourdain N. C. , Barnier B.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. An original method to quantify the amplitude of inertial motion of oceanic and ice drifters, through the introduction of a non-dimensional parameter M defined from a spectral analysis, is presented. A strong seasonal dependence of the magnitude of sea ice inertial oscillations is revealed, in agreement with the corresponding annual cycles of sea ice extent, concentration, thickness, advection velocity, and deformation rates. The spatial pattern of the magnitude of the sea ice inertial oscillations over the Arctic Basin is also in agreement with the sea ice thickness and concentration patterns. This argues for a strong interaction between the magnitude of inertial motion on one hand, the dissipation of energy through mechanical processes, and the cohesiveness of the cover on the other hand. Finally, a significant multi-annual evolution towards greater magnitudes of inertial oscillations in recent years, in both summer and winter, is reported, thus concomitant with reduced sea ice thickness, concentration and spatial extent.
Efficacy of Core Decompression as Treatment for Osteonecrosis of the Hip: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rajagopal Manoj , Samora Julie Balch , Ellis Thomas J.
Published: October 2012

Core decompression (CD) for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip has been a surgical option since the 1960s. We performed a systematic review to evaluate CD with regard to pain relief, need for total hip arthroplasty (THA), and lesion size and Ficat stage. Only four articles of level IV evidence (139 total cases) met inclusion criteria. Three reported improvement in outcomes. Overall average outcomes were only “good” in one study and either “fair” or “poor” in the others. One-fourth (25.8%) of patients required THA. Patients with necrotic lesion size <50% had best outcomes with CD. Although CD may become a standard treatment option to prevent THA in early stages of ON, there are not currently rigorous studies that provide long-term outcome measures.
A Comparison of Two Resurfacing Arthroplasty Implants: Medium-Term Clinical and Radiographic Results
Authors: Nam Denis , Maher Patrick , Rebolledo Brian J. , Su Edwin P.
Published: October 2012

The objective of this study was to perform a medium-term analysis comparing the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the CONSERVE®Plus (C+) and Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) arthroplasty systems. 137 hips were included in each cohort, with a mean follow-up of 60.0 ± 14.2 months and 63.3 ± 3.5 months in the C+ and BHR cohorts respectively. Latest review UCLA and HHS scores showed statistically significant improvements when compared with preoperative scores for both cohorts. UCLA and SF-12 physical component outcome scores were significantly different (p<0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). Median serum chromium and cobalt levels were significantly increased in the BHR cohort (p = 0.001). Both cohorts demonstrated excellent Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival rates (96.9% in the C+ cohort, and 96.4% in the BHR cohort). Overall both implants appear to perform well in the medium term.