bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neues Gerät zur paramagnetischen Sauerstoff‐Messung
Authors: Luft K. F. , Mohrmann D.
Published: December 2004

Es wird ein neues Gerät beschrieben, das auf der Messung der Differenz der paramagnetischen Suszeptibilität zweier Gase durch die zwischen ihnen in einem starken Magnetfeld entstehenden Strömung beruht. Damit können nicht nur kleine Unterschiede im Sauerstoff‐Gehalt von Luft oder anderen Gasen bis herab zu wenigen ppm gemessen werden, sondern die Methode bietet auch Vorteile bei der Absolutmessung des Sauerstoff‐Gehaltes in Gasgemischen stark schwankender Zusammensetzung, bei denen die Anwendung der bekannten thermomagnetischen Verfahren auf Schwierigkeiten stößt.
Eine neue IR‐Küvette zur Spektroskopie adsorbierter Moleküle
Authors: Knözinger H. , Stolz H. , Bühl H. , Clement G. , Meye W.
Published: December 2004

Für die IR‐Spektroskopie adsorbierter Moleküle wurde eine neue Küvette entwickelt. Die Möglichkeit der Verwendung von Preßlingen garantiert eine reproduzierbare Halterung der Proben und verringert die Streuung im Vergleich zu Pulverproben wodurch das Auflösungsvermögen wesentlich erhöht wird. Die Küvette ist evakuierbar und bis über 300 °C vakuumdicht. Ferner können durch Verringerung des dampferfüllten Totvolumens störende Überlagerungen von Dampfspektren über die Spektren der Adsorptionsschicht vermieden und die Adsorbentien im Küvettenraum bei erhöhter Temperatur (800 bis 1 000 °C) vorbehandelt werden.
Zur Reaktionskinetik der Methan‐Oxidation
Authors: Cremer Helmut
Published: December 2004

Die Methan‐Oxidation wurde mit einem umfangreichen Reaktionsmechanismus (homogenes System, 44 Elementarreaktionen, 20 Komponenten) rechnerisch untersucht. Der Vergleich der Methan‐Oxidation mit reinem Sauerstoff und mit Luft unter Einbeziehung der Stickstoff‐Reaktionen bzw. mit inertem Stickstoff zeigt die Beeinflussung des Reaktiosablaufes durch die Stickstoff‐Reaktionen. Die Stickoxid‐Bildung konkurriert im gesamten Reaktionsbereich mit den übrigen chemischen Prozessen. Zur befriedigenden Vorausberechnung von Stickoxid‐Konzentrationen ist eine größere Zahl von Elementarreaktionen zu berücksichtigen.
Die Berechnung von Zyklonabscheidern für Gase
Authors: Muschelknautz Edgar
Published: December 2004

Die genauere Kenntnis der Strömung und Staubbewegung im Zyklon erlaubt heute zuverlässige Berechnungen des Druckverlusts und der Abscheideleistung bei allen vorkommenden Beladungen und Gaszuständen. Dabei werden die Einflüsse der Einlaufeinschnürung oder Abbremsung, der Wandreibung und des Produkt‐Luftwiderstands sowie der Impulsverluste im Tauchrohr gesondert erfaßt und die Abscheidung aufgeteilt in die des Einlaufbogens und die des Wirbels. Das Optimaldiagramm der volumenbezogenen Kennzahlen ermöglicht den Vergeich und die Klassifizierung beliebiger Abscheidertypen. Man kann mit seiner Hilfe und mit Iterationen auch optimal angepaßte Zyklone auslegen. Besser führt man dies aber mit einem Rechenprogramm oder mit speziellen Auslegungsblättern aus. Bei der theoretischen Berechnung müssen auch die wesentlichen praktischen Gesichtspunkte berücksichtigt werden.
Herstellung von semipermeablen Membranen und ihre Anwendung in Reversosmose‐ und Ultrafiltrations‐Anlagen
Authors: Hochscherf Ernst , Mandre Georg
Published: December 2004

Mit der zunehmenden Anwendung der Reversosmose und Ultrafiltration z. B. zur Wasserreinigung, zur Süßwassergewinnung aus Brack‐ und Meerwasser, zur Aufkonzentrierung wäßriger Lösungen usw. rücken auch die Herstellung semipermeable Membranen und ihr Einsatz in geeigneten Anlagen immer mehr in den Brennpunkt des Interesses. In diesem Beitrag wird, ausgehend von der Membran‐Struktur und dem Membran‐Bildungsprozeß, ein Überblick über die verschiedenen Membran‐Typen und ihre technisch genutzten Herstellungsverfahren gegeben. Die in der Praxis verwendeten Membran‐Trenneinheiten werden erläutert und beurteilt. Eine kritische Stellungnahme soll die Aussichten dieses Trennverfahrens aufzeigen.
Gestaltung horizontaler Rohrbündel in Gas‐Wirbelschichtreaktoren nach wärmetechnischen Gesichtspunkten
Authors: Neukirchen B. , Blenke H.
Published: December 2004

In Wirbelschichtreaktoren mit hoher kalorischer Leistung werden häufig Rohrbündel zur Wärmeübertragung eingebaut. Die Form verschieden angeordneter horizontaler Rohre beeinflußt die Ausnutzung des Reaktorvolumens, die Kosten der Rohre und die Wämeübertragung. Eine wirtschaftliche Bewertung von Bündeln aus runden Rohren und Flossenrohren wurde nach wärmetechnischen Gesichtspunkten vorgenommen. Hierzu waren eigene experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Wärmeübergang an Rohrbündeln notwendig. Rohranordnung und ‐teilung, Rohroberfläche und ‐form und der fluidisierte Feststoff wurden variiert. Die Auswirkungen einiger Parameter auf die vergleichende wirtschaftliche Bewertung der runden Rohre und der verschiedenen Flossenrohre werden durch beispielhafte Kostenrechnungen aufgezeigt.
Über Grenzflächenvorgänge in der Agglomerationstechnik
Authors: Schubert Helmar
Published: December 2004

Die Grundverfahren der technischen Agglomerierung werden in Form einer systematischen Übersicht zusammengestellt und im Hinblick auf Grenzflächenvorgänge diskutiert. Nicht nur die Agglomeratherstellung, sondern auch die Eigenschaften von Agglomeraten werden von den Vorgängen an den Feststoffoberflächen entscheidend geprägt. Als Beispiel hierzu werden die physikalischen Vorgänge des Rekonstitutionsprozesses von Instantagglomeraten unter neuen Gesichtspunkten dargelegt. Mit Hilfe von vereinfachenden Annahmen gelingt es, eine für das Eindringen von Flüssigkeit optimale Agglomeratgröße abzuschätzen. Auf die Vorteile der zweistufigen Agglomeration wird hierbei hingewiesen. Die Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Agglomeraten, die hinsichtlich der Rekonstitution optimale Eigenschaften besitzen, werden diskutiert und die Existenz einer kritischen, möglichst nicht zu überschreitenden Porosität nachgewiesen.
Die Vorausberechnung von Dampf/Flüssigkeits‐Gleichgewichten
Authors: Onken Ulfert , Gmehling Jürgen
Published: December 2004

Zur Auslegung von Trennprozessen, die wie die Destillation und die Partialkondensation auf Dampf/Flüssigkeits‐Gleichgewichten beruhen, liegen sehr oft die erforderlichen Gleichgewichtsdaten nur unvollständig vor oder fehlen ganz. Insbesondere stehen für Stoffsysteme mit mehr als zwei Komponenten meist keine experimentellen Werte zur Verfügung. Soweit alle beteiligten Zweistoffsysteme gemessen sind, läßt sich heute das Dampf/Flüssigkeits‐Gleichgewicht der Vielstoffgemische durch Beziehungen für die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Aktivitätskoeffizienten beschreiben, in denen nur binäre Parameter enthalten sind. Wenn nicht für alle Zweistoffsysteme Meßwerte vorliegen, müssen die fehlenden binären Parameter vorausberechnet werden. Dazu gibt es heute Methoden, die darauf beruhen, daß flüssige Mehrstoffsysteme als Gemische von Strukturgruppen betrachtet werden. Dadurch wird die Zahl der erforderlichen binären Wechselwirkungsparameter eingeschränkt. Am weitesten fortgeschritten ist die UNIFAC‐Methode; ihre Vorhersagegenauigkeit konnte durch zusätzliche Differenzierungen in den Strukturgruppen unter Verwendung der Dortmunder Datenbank für Dampf/Flüssigkeits‐Gleichgewichte (DDB) weiter verbessert werden.
Bestimmung von Transportkenngrößen bei Mehrphasenströmungen mit Hilfe der Korrelationsmeßtechnik
Authors: Kipphan Helmut
Published: December 2004

Zur Erforschung von Mehrphasenströmungen sowie zur Auslegung, Überwachung und Regelung von verfahrenstechnischen und chemischen Apparaten ist die Messung von Transportkenngrößen notwendig. Diese Messungen sollten möglichst ohne Störung des Transportvorganges erfolgen. Es wird gezeigt, wie sich dies auf der Basis der Korrelationsmeßtechnik realisieren läßt. Hierbei erfolgt die Bestimmung von Geschwindigkeit, Massenstrom, Turbulenzgrad etc. indirekt über die Messung der stochastischen Konzentrationsschwankungen der dispergierten Phase. Den Meßverfahren liegen theoretische Strömungsmodelle zugrunde. Gerätetechnische Realisierung und automatische Anpassung an den realen Transportprozeß führen auf Meßeinrichtungen, die sich als Labor‐ und Betriebsmeßgeräte einsetzen lassen. Die Anpassung der Verfahren an unterschiedliche Mehrphasenströmungen geschieht über geeignete Meßfühler. Je nach spezieller Meßfühlergeometrie und Anordnung kann die Messung entweder lokal oder integral erfolgen, ebenso ist die Untersuchung instationärer Strömungsvorgänge möglich. Die Erprobung der Meßverfahren wird für Gas/Feststoff‐Blasenströmungen und den hydraulischen Feststofftransport beschrieben.
Festbettelektrolyse — ein Verfahren zur Reinigung metallhaltiger Abwässer
Authors: Kreysa Gerhard
Published: December 2004

Fixed‐bed electrolysis – a process for purifying waste water contaminated with metals. In an effort to combine the purification of metal‐containing electroplating wastes with the recovery of valuable materials and a recycling of the wash water greater substitution of the hydroxide precipitation will be necessary in the future. The electrochemical separation of dissolved metals represents an interesting alternative if material transport is intensified by use of a fixed‐bed electrode and the specific surface area of the electrode is so increased that high yields of recovery are achievable from low concentrations. The separation of various metals and the influence of operating parameters have been investigated on a pilot‐plant scale, and separations of down to less than one 1000th of the initial concentration and final concentrations below 0.1 ppm are currently being achieved. On the basis of these investigations an automated full‐scale plant has been developed in collaboration with an industrial firm for the treatment of copper‐containing electroplating wash waters. The first results obtained in a trial run are given.
Entwicklung und Projektierung von Anlagen zur Hochdruck‐Extraktion von Naturstoffen
Authors: Eggers Rudolf , Tschiersch Rolf
Published: December 2004

Development and planning of plant for the high‐pressure extraction of natural products. Important criteria in the designing of plant for the recovery of carrier or extract are reviewed, especially for the extraction of natural products with supercritical CO2. The quantities to be determined in the planning of a large‐scale plant are outlined and a typical process, the extraction of spices, is discussed in detail. The plant components and assemblies are presented together with their particular process engineering and construction characteristics. Finally, the thermodynamic aspects are dealt with in more detail and ways of optimizing a large‐scale plant and reducing the power consumption are outlined. Particular attention is paid to the question of optimization regarding the most economic method of operation of such a plant in the future.
Nutzen und Risiken der Chemie
Authors: Peine Hans Georg
Published: December 2004

Benefits and risks of chemistry. The benefits of chemistry for mankind are undisputed. Without the discovery and invention of artificial fertilizers the rapidly growing population of the world could not be fed. A fourth of our foodstuffs is currently preserved and improved by crop protection. Besides, an agricultural worker now produces thirty times the amount of agricultural products than was usual fifty years ago. Many developments, such as synthetic fibers and numerous dyes have been made possible only by advances in chemistry; there was a time when dyes were worth their weight in platinum. But what are the risks which chemistry introduces? The basis of chemistry is the conversion of materials. The use of chemical products can lead to interactions with nature, and excessive or uncontrolled usage can in turn endanger life. This biological aspect is the major reason for a wide section of the population being apprehensive about the increasing use of chemical products. An isolated accident involving an explosion leads to a feeling of uncertainty among the populace. One feels that one might be involved oneself at some future date. Thus one of the chief aims in the chemical industry, compared to other branches of industry, is to ensure a very high standard of safety. But the citizen must also be kept well‐informed. There is always room for improvement in this direction, and false notions and allegations should be repeatedly corrected. Reasonable legislation which allows chemistry to play its important and positive role in the service of mankind will always be welcomed.
Die Rolle des Experiments in der Verfahrensentwicklung
Authors: Krekel Jörg , Siekmann Gerd
Published: December 2004

Experiments in process development. Design data for the improvement of existing plants or for the development of new chemical processes are determined by experiments in laboratories or pilot plants. These frequently expensive testruns should lower the scaling‐up risk for industrial plant and should ensure its long‐term functioning and its economy. The various methods of scaling‐up and the influence of errors are discussed. Some examples will show how an exact planning of the experiments can minimize the costs of development and product.
Die Adsorptionstechnik – ein Gebiet mit Zukunft
Authors: Brauer Heinz
Published: December 2004

Adsorption technology – an area with potential for the future. Adsorption offers considerable industrial potential for separation of individual components or mixtures of components from gases and liquids. Since the separation process occurs at ambient temperatures or only slightly raised temperatures it offers the advantage of energetically favourable conditions. Adsorption is also particularly good for isolation of components present in very low concentrations. It therefore plays a significant role in the development of trace technology. Future possibilities depend on both the development of high performance adsorbents and on the development of adsorption devices of high specific performance. Solution of physicochemical and of engineering problems are of comparable importance. The present article describes general fundamentals of adsorption, the principal properties of adsorbents, and some technical adsorption processes. Contemporary adsorber designs are presented and some developmental trends addressed.
Staubarme Pulver durch Sprühtrocknen – Erfahrungen mit neueren Techniken
Authors: Herbener Rainer
Published: December 2004

Dustless powders by spray drying – Experience with new techniques. Old drying plant with rotary‐ or nozzle‐atomizer of conventional construction produce more or less fine, dusty powder. Increasingly, there is a demand for dustless powders. A knowledge of the parameters which influence the size of the particles and the experience gained in the drying of various products was the basis for the evolution of a new spray dryer capable of producing even dustless powder. Many trials in this new spray dryer, called the FSD (Fluidized Spray Dryer) show that the powder meets all requirements. Moreover, this spray dryer will save energy and is more gently to the product by working at lower outlet temperatures.
Extraktive Stofftrennverfahren in der Biotechnologie
Authors: Hauer Edgar , Marr Rolf
Published: December 2004

Separation processes employing extraction in biotechnology. This publication describes separation processes involving extraction used in biotechnology, such as are being studied at the Institute for Thermal Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Graz, Austria. It is shown that research in this area is also on the increase due to the rapidly growing need for processes. Reactive extraction and liquid membrane permeation are powerful tools for the separation, concentration, and purification of polar organic compounds such as carboxylic and hydroxycarboxylic acids. High pressure extraction has the advantage that no contamination of the desired materials takes place with carbon dioxide; however, this is offset by the high price of the process. In certain cases, when only low partitioning can be achieved by conventional extraction whereas enrichment is a predominant criterion, salting out could provide an answer.
Numerische Methoden zur Simulation verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse
Authors: Dieterich Erwin , Sorescu Gheorge , Eigenberger Gerhart
Published: December 2004

Numerical Methods for Simulation of Chemical Engineering Processes. Essential fundamentals and the current state of the art in simulating the dynamic and the steady state behaviour of chemical engineering processes are discussed. It is shown that discretization of the spatial derivatives in the balance equations leads to a system of so‐called DAE (differential algebraic equations), consisting of ordinary differential equations in time and algebraic equations. The paper discusses necessary steps to solve the DAE and mentions approved standard software for these steps as well as for the solution of the DAE as a whole.
Bei welcher Übersättigung soll man kristallisieren?
Authors: Mersmann Alfons
Published: December 2004

Ausgehend von physikalischen Modellvorstellungen wird versucht, Angaben über die optimale Übersättigung bei der Kristallisation aus Lösungen beliebiger reiner Stoffsysteme zu machen. Die Empfehlungen stützen sich auf zahlreiche experimentelle Ergebnisse, gewonnen in Kristallisatoren verschiedener Bauart und Betriebsweise für viele reine Stoffe und sind unabhängig vom Maßstab des Apparates und seinen Betriebsbedingungen.
Sicherheitstechnik am Beispiel eines erdgedeckten Tanklagers
Authors: Kupper Hans Joachim , Fürst Herbert , Ertel Bernhard
Published: December 2004

Safety Engineering Illustrated for the Example of a Subterranean Tank Farm. The twelfth ordinance for implementation of the Federal German Immission law requires that plant according to Annex II of this ordinance must be built in compliance with the current state of the art. An overall safety engineering concept will be considered for the example of a subterranean tank farm. The technical complexity, and also the high standards of safety are demonstrated on the basis of the requirements of the pressure vessel ordinance, the water resources law, the accident ordinance, the demands of the German technical inspectorate (TÜV), company‐specific conditions, and accident scenarios. The main objective is to minimise the remaining risk, and thus to assure public acceptance, through careful construction and inspection procedures.
Anwendung von Tensiden bei der mechanischen Flüssigkeitsabtrennung
Authors: Kaiser Manfred , Burg Birgit , Köster Rita , Schreck Berthold
Published: December 2004

Use of Surfactants for Mechanical Liquid Separation. Mechanical dewatering of finegrained solid materials can be improved by the addition of surfactants. As interface‐active substances surfactants reduce surface tension and consequently the capillary forces within the bed of solid particles. A hydrophobization of the solid surface due to the adsorption of surfactants may contribute to further reduction of moisture as well. The development of non‐foaming surfactants enables the use without distrubing other ongoing processes by the formation of foam. Investigations on the interaction between the adsorption behaviour, type of material surface, and contact time during dewatering processes support the optimization of dewatering agents. The use of surfactants is an attractive means of improving or replacing other methods of mechanical dewatering.
Grundlagen und Anwendungen – Über das schwierige Verhältnis zwischen Forschung, Entwicklung und Politik
Authors: Mittelstraß Jürgen
Published: December 2004

Fundamentals and Applications – The Difficult Relationship between Research, Development and Politics. The modern world is the product of the scientific and technical mind. Science and technology in the tradition of the schools and the workshops, respectively, came together at the beginning of this modern world, and their increasing interdependence has essentially determined its more recent developments. Technology is no longer merely applied science, and science itself moves forward in the form of technology. At the same time pure basic research, application‐oriented basic research, and product‐oriented applied research form a research continuum. Against the background of this continuum, growing demands are placed on a new kind of transdisciplinarity and on the responsibilities of science and technology for the future of a “Leonardo World”.
Anlagensicherung mit Mitteln der Prozeßleittechnik
Authors: Netter Pirmin
Published: December 2004

Plant Securing by Means of the Process Control Engineering. The Process control engineering contributes in an important way to the environmental protection and to the plant security in the chemical industry. Due to their historical evolution and the different forms of organization the enterprises have different, but equivalent safety conceptions by process control engineering. These different procedures have been synchronized and the results have been formulated in a NAMUR recommendation. The contribution gives an information about the most important results of this work.
Elektromembranverfahren Teil 1: Grundlagen und Modellbildung
Authors: Kuppinger Franz‐Felix , Neubrand Wolfgang , Rapp Hans‐Jürgen , Eigenberger Gerhart
Published: December 2004

Electromembrane Process – Part 1: Fundamentals and Mathematical Modelling. In electromembrane processes the cation or anion selectivity of polymeric ion exchange membranes can be used for various applications. Industrially important examples are membrane electrolysis and its reversal, the fuel cell or several electrodialytic processes with mono‐ and bipolar membranes. The electrochemical equilibrium which is responsible for membrane selectivity is discussed together with the relevant transport mechanisms within and outside the membrane. The present status and open questions of modelling electromembrane processes are considered and the efficient combination of the different phenomena into an overall model of an electrodialytic process will be addressed. Applications and a comparison of model simulations and experiments will follow as Part 2 of this survey.
Effects of infantile handling on morphological development of the rat brain: An exploratory study
Authors: Altman Joseph , Das Gopal D. , Anderson William J.
Published: January 2005

Rats were handled daily from day 2 to 11 after birth, inclusive. These animals and unhandled controls were injected on day 11 with a radioactively‐labeled precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and killed either 6 hr, 3 or 30 days later. In a subsequent experiment, uninjected rats were likewise permitted to survive until 11, 14, 41, or 101 days of age. Brain weight measurements were taken in all animals, and the brains from the rats of the first experiment prepared for histology and autoradiography, and evaluated quantitatively.

The following differences were established: (1) The brains of the handled rats were consistently lighter than controls at 11 and 14 days; (2) These differences were not associated with differences in body weight; (3) Planimetric measurements of sampled regions showed that brain weight differences were correlated with areal size differences; (4) Autoradiographic cell counting indicated that cell proliferation and the formation of new microneurons were higher after injection in the handled than unhandled rats; (5) No differences attributable to the treatment were obtained between relative areas occupied in cortex by perikarya and neuropil. We concluded that handling leads to prolongation of brain maturation and hypothesized that it represents environmentally‐induced “infantilization.”
Electromyographic evaluation of the moro reflex in preterm, term, and small‐for‐dates newborn infants
Authors: Schulte F. J. , Linke Ilona , Michaelis R. , Nolte Renate
Published: January 2005

The Moro reflex motor response was studied by electromyographic analysis of extensor and flexor activity in normal fullterm, preterm, and small‐for‐dates fullterm infants. Flexor motoneuron activity increased significantly with maturation, whereas duration and amount of extensor motoneuron activity remained constant. The triceps/biceps Moro response activity quotient decreased with conceptional age. Rhythmic Moro response activity occurred in normal fullterm, small‐for‐dates, and preterm newborn infants above 34 weeks conceptional age. A special type of Moro response with delayed flexor activity was found more often in preterm than in fullterm newborn infants. The Moro response was not found suitable for an exact estimation of conceptional age. Particularly in small‐for‐dates infants, the Moro response pattern was influenced more by pathophysiological factors than by age differences.
The photic sneeze reflex in the human newborn: A preliminary report
Authors: Anderson Rebecca B. , Rosenblith Judy F.
Published: January 2005

In an ongoing, comprehensive study of newborn infants, visual following was tested by moving a shiny bicycle bell across the horizontal and vertical planes in front of the infant's eyes. During the course of this test, it was noted that many of the babies sneezed at the time the test object was presented. The race‐sex distribution of this sneeze response in the infant population stuided was recorded and the phenomenon discussed as an early indicator of visual sensitivity.
Programming life histories: Effects of maternal and environmental variables upon open‐field behavior
Authors: Denenberg Victor H. , Rosenberg Kenneth M.
Published: January 2005

Open‐field behavior was studied as a function of three classes of variables: maternal characteristics, rearing environment, and sexual experience. Mothers of experimental subjects were either handled or nonhandled in infancy. Subjects were born and reared to weaning either in maternit cages or in Hebb‐type free environments and were placed after weaning into either a laboratory cage or free enviroment. Sexual experience consisted either of bearing and raising a litter or no sexual experience. The results confirmed previous findings that offspring of mothers handled in infancy arc significantly less active in the open field than the offspring of nonhandled mothers. The maternal handling variable also interacted significantly with breeding experience: for rats which had not been bred, those raised by nonhandled mothers were more active than those raised by handled mothers; for females with breeding experience the reverse was true. Overall, thosc femalcs which had reared a litter were more active and defecated more than their nonbred littermates.
Development of open‐field behavior in mice: Effects of age and experience
Authors: Dixon Linda K. , Defries J. C.
Published: January 2005

Offspring from each of two inbred strains of mice (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) and their reciprocal crosses were tested in an open‐field apparatus at 10 ages, from 15 to 120 days. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed to assess separately the effects of age and prior test experience on open‐field activity and defecation. Increased activity was associated with increased age in both strains and their F1 reciprocal hybrids; however, the magnitude of this effect was a function of the genotype. Defecation also increased initially in all groups as a function of age; but, at later ages, different groups exhibited rather dissimilar defecation patterns. Prior experience was found to decrease activity in the open field in inbred strains and their reciprocal hybrids. The effect of prior experience on defecation was more complex: Within the two inbred strains, prior experience had relatively little effect on the pattern of defecation; for the F1 hybrids, however, prior experience led to a significant increase in defecation at most ages. It was suggested that the differential effect of test experience on open‐field activity and defecation represents a separation of two components of open‐field behavior, “exploration” and “emotionality.”
Development of abnormal setereotyped behaviors
Authors: Berkson Gershon
Published: January 2005

Groups of five crabeating macaques were separated from their mothers at 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 months of age and observed during their first year of life. Abnormal stereotyped behaviors developed in all groups, but the frequencies of different patterns were modified by age at isolation. Self‐sucking, crouching, and self‐grasping developed almost immediately after birth, while body rocking and repetitive locomotion began later. Animals separated at a later age were more active and aggressive in a novel environment than were those separated early. Social development in the first 6 months was similar to that of other macaques.
Effect of chronic undernutrition and/or visual deprivation upon the visual evoked potential from the developing rat brain
Authors: Callison David A. , Spencer John W.
Published: January 2005

Maturation of the visual evoked potential and the response of the visual cortex to increasing frequencies of light stimulation were studied across seven ages (12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 30, and 45 days) in the albino rat. The age groups were further divided into four treatment groups: control (C), undernourished (U), visually deprived (VD), and visually deprived/undernourished (VD/U). The younger ages (12–16 days) differed from the older ones (20–45 days) as to latency time for the first positive, first negative, and second positive wave components. Control rats differed from U and VD/U through 16 days for the first negative wave and through 14 days for the first positive and second positive waves. No differences were seen after 20 days. All C animals responded to rapid frequency of flash stimulation by 30 days; VD responded by 45 days. No significant changes in the ECoG were seen in any environmental group after 20 days. Histology (dendrite, Nissl, and myelin) revealed little supportive evidence as to gross changes in the visual cortex, suggesting that subcortical visual structures were more affected by environmental manipulation. Results are discussed in the terms of various physiological defects.
Incubator rearing of infant rats without the mother: Effects on adult emotionality and learning
Authors: Thoman Evelyn B. , Arnold William J.
Published: January 2005

Eight newborn rats, from 3 litters, were separated from the mother and reared during the usual 3‐week nursing period in an artificial environment which included an incubator, a warm, moist, pulsating surrogate mother, and special feeding procedures. The incubator animals showed some superiority over mother‐reared littermates in performance on the Hebb‐Williams test; and, on measures taken in the open field, the incubator animals showed a greater change over trials. Contrary to previous experimental results, our findings indicate that, at least in the rat, maternal deprivation may affect behavioral patterns but does not necessarily and inevitably result in a deficit in adult behavior.
Effect of age and condition‐test interval (days) on an audio‐conditioned convulsive response in CF#1 mice
Authors: Iturrian W. B. , Fink G. B.
Published: January 2005

The initial exposure to sound provokes seizures in genetically audio‐sensitive mice. In a stock (e.g., CF#1) generally considered audio‐resistant, repeated sound exposure will under certain conditions induce seizure susceptibility. Susceptibility is dramatically influenced by age and interval (days) between initial and subsequent exposure to sound. Previous auditory stimulation is absolutely essential for the genesis of convulsions. Selection of age and condition‐test interval produced seizures of predictable incidence and severity. Incidence in 12‐ or 45‐day‐old mice was about 5% at any interval. However, 18‐day‐old mice subjected to brief auditory stimulation (60 sec at 95 db) and tested at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days resulted in a high incidence of convulsions. Clonic‐tonic convulsions characterized the seizures at the 2‐ or 3‐day interval; but at 5 days only clonus was seen. Without further sound stimulation mice show a transitory audio‐sensitivity lasting about 5 days. Sound‐induced convulsions or repeated auditory stimulation prolong sensitivity. Important characteristics of the genetically controlled audiogenic crisis in contrast with other sound‐induced convulsions include: the essential prior auditory stimulation, the brief duration of susceptibility, and the adaptation to chronic noise.
Eye movement during sleep and waking in infant monkeys (Macaca mulatta) deprived of patterned vision
Authors: Berger Ralph J. , Meier Gilbert W.
Published: January 2005

Five newborn rhesus monkeys deprived of patterned vision and 4 normal‐sighted controls were reared until 18 months of age. There was a significant decrease in frequency of rapid eye movement (REM) in both groups with increasing age. Frequency of REM tended to be lower in experimental monkeys than in controls. Asymmetries in velocity of waking, horizontal eye movement were evident in experimental monkeys, and the velocity of REMs was less in pattern‐deprived monkeys than in controls. Nonsequential interval histograms between REMs at 18 months of age differed significantly from a random exponential distribution in both groups. Pattern‐deprived monkeys had significantly fewer short intervals between REMs than controls. Visual tests showed the pattern‐deprived monkeys to be behaviorally blind on removal of their eye occluders at 18 months of age.
Primiparous and multiparous monkey mothers in a mildly stressful social situation: First three months
Authors: Mitchell G. , Stevens C. W.
Published: January 2005

Eight primiparous rhesus monkey mothers were matched with 8 multiparous rhesus monkey mothers with regard to date of delivery and sex of infant. Each mother was housed and tested individually with her infant to preclude the compensating effects of peer experience. The test situation involved transporting each mother‐infant pair from the home cage to a test cage of similar size where the pair was visually exposed to a strange mother‐infant pair and human observers. The primiparous mothers looked at, threatened, fear grimaced, and lip‐smacked to these social stimuli significantly more frequently than did the multiparous females. In addition, the inexperienced mothers stroked or petted their infants significantly more frequently than the experienced mothers. The results support the idea that primiparous mothers are more “anxious” or concerned for their infants' welfare than are multiparous mothers.
The orb web during the life of Argiope aurantia (lucas)
Authors: Reed Charles F. , Witt Peter N. , Scarboro Mabel B.
Published: January 2005

Changes in size, quantity, and regularity of detail were followed in the orb webs of Argiope aurantia Lucas for 8 laboratory‐born females reared under controlled environmental conditions. Mesh width and the number of radii decreased steadily from the 3rd month of life to death. Thread length and area of web reached peaks around the time of the last molt and sexual maturation, and decreased thereafter. Leg length, weight, and molt, while related to web characteristics, do not account entirely for changes in dimensions. Furthermore, after several months under similarly controlled conditions, 6 females that had been caught outdoors built unusually large webs. The characteristic changes of Argiope aurantia webs in the laboratory appear to reflect not only physiological maturation and declinc, but may be related to early experience with the efficiency of the web as a trap.
An entropy model of the developing brain
Authors: Bergström R. M.
Published: January 2005

From experimental work on fetal development of neural processes, a qualitative entropy model of the brain is derived. The developing brain is structurally organized in a primitive core with a random geometry, surrounded by more highly developed shells with increasing structural order in the connections between neuronal units. Paralleling this development, the sensory‐motor transfer function of the brain changes from a transfer of low‐grade to high‐grade energy. In proportion to the entropy content of their input and output energies, the core and shells exhibit in their signalling functions different degrees of randomness, with negative entropy of the neural process increasing from the core to the peripheral shells. This implies that the genetic span in the brain is represented as a nonstable domain, which extends structurally from the reticular core to the cerebral cortex, and functionally from the maximum entropy to the maximum negentropy of the system. The nonstable domain, measurable as the difference between the maximum equilibrium and non‐equilibrium of the system, represents the information capacity of the brain and increases with the developmental stage of the system.
Effects of psychotropic drugs on the sleep—wakefulness cycle of the developing kitten
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Himwich Harold E.
Published: January 2005

The effects of psychotropic drugs on the sleep‐wakefulness cycle were studied in 70 kittens during their growth period from 1 to 28 days of age. Recordings of EEG, EMG of posterior neck muscles, and respiration were made as well as observations of behavior. Neither imipramine nor chlorpromazine decreased percent time of wakefulness in kittens until they were 16 to 18 days of age when decreases first occurred as in mature cats. These two drugs also depressed the percent time of activated sleep and increased that of slow‐wave sleep, both actions being least prominent in newborn kittens 1 to 3 days old and becoming more marked thereafter. Propericiazine diminished activated sleep time and increased slow‐wave sleep time, these changes being least marked in newborn kittens. This is the only drug that did not decrease the percent time of wakefulness. Haloperidol is the only drug that did not diminish activated sleep time; slow‐wave sleep time, however, was increased and the percent time of wakefulness decreased. These effects were not observed until 16 to 18 days of age. In general, for all drugs studied, the effects were less marked in the younger subjects. Moreover, the drug effects on activated sleep were established earlier than those on wakefulness.
Differential reinforcement of latency (DRL) in phenylketonuric monkeys
Authors: Chamove Arnold S. , Davenport John W.
Published: January 2005

Fifteen rhesus monkeys with induced phenylketonuria (PKU) were compared with 12 controls in a 6‐sec DRL task that was preceded by continuously reinforced (CRF) training in half of each group and followed by reward magnitude variations. No differences were found in the acquisition of the CRF or DRL behavior in the subgroups having no prior training, but PKUs that were shifted from CRF to DRL conditions persisted in making incorrect short‐latency responses on the early trials of DRL sessions. This effect and a subsequent finding of inferior DRL performance by PKUs when reward magnitude was reduced were interpreted in terms of current frustration theory.
Early behaviors in hand‐reared, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: King James E. , King Priscilla A.
Published: January 2005

The development of behaviors during the first 50 days of life was observed in four squirrel monkeys who had been separated from their mothers shortly after birth. Behaviors observed included those related to nursing and maternal contact as well as sensory development, locomotion, and eating. Those behaviors closely related to maternal contact and nursing were particularly strong and persistent as compared to similar behaviors in rhesus monkeys, a result consistent with the differences in the maternal behaviors of these two species. Two of the monkeys who survived to adulthood developed a stereotyped thumb sucking and resultant malocclusions of the front deciduous teeth, whereas the third surviving monkey displayed stereotyped in‐place rocking.
Development of responsiveness to a social releaser in the dog: Effects of age and hunger
Authors: Fox M. W. , Weisman R.
Published: January 2005

The reaction of dogs toward a monochrome painting of an adult conspecific were evaluated developmentally at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Highest frequencies of interaction toward the head and inguinal regions of the model occurred at 6 and 8 wk and increased at these ages following food deprivation. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of social behavior in the dog.
Maternal behavior: Differences between mother and virgin mice as a function of the testing procedure
Authors: Gandelman R. , Zarrow M. X. , Denenberg Victor H.
Published: January 2005

Retrieval by lactating and virgin mice was compared in a straight alley and a T‐maze. In both test situations the retrieval performance of the lactating mouse was superior to that of the virgin animal. No discrimination was seen between a live pup and a dead pup; a rubber toy, however, was retrieved least by both the lactating and virgin mice. Contrary to previous results, these experiments demonstrate a significant difference in maternal behavior between lactating and virgin mice.
Simply produced closed‐head, focal lesions for study of repair in immature rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Geller Lester M. , Cowen David , Wolf Abner
Published: January 2005

Multiple electroconvulsive shocks consistently and rapidly produce uniform, bilaterally symmetrical lesions in the immature rat's cerebral cortex, without the incidental damage that accompanies other experimental injuries to the central nervous system. The terminal lesion, devoid of nerve cells, is a narrow, laminar band of numerous myelinated axons, unaccompanied by a glial scar. Insofar as the initially damaged area becomes occupied by nerve fibers, the healing process may be thought of as involving a regeneration. A variety of studies for which the electroshock lesions might be used is suggested.
Early nutrition and the activity and feeding of rats in an artificial environment
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Smart J. L. , Widdowson E. M.
Published: January 2005

Male hooded rats were divided into 3 equal groups: (1) controls were given a complete diet ad libitum at all times; (2) for 8 weeks from the age of 28 days, undernourished (UN) rats received the complete diet in restricted amounts; (3) low protein (LP) rats received a low‐protein, high‐carbohydrate diet for the same period. From 12 weeks all rats were given the complete diet ad libitum, until tested at 35 weeks. Each rat was then put alone, for 12 days, in a residential “plus‐maze” with a central nest box and 4 arms radiating from it; food was supplied at the end of one arm, water in the nest box. On Days 4 to 9 each rat had access to the arms for only 1 hr daily. Entries into the arms, and duration of stay, were recorded automatically. All arms were regularly visited by rats of all classes, even when access was only for 1 hr. Visits per day to the 3 nonfood arms combined were usually higher than visits to the food arm, but duration of stay in the food arm was higher than the total duration in the other 3 arms. LP rats made most visits to the arms and were especially active after the 6 days of restriction; but they were less adaptable than the control and UN rats in adjusting food intake during the period of restricted access. In contrast, the UN rats spent most time in the arms.
Environmentally induced changes in the dimensions of the rat cerebrum
Authors: Walsh Roger N. , Budtz‐Olsen Otto E. , Torok Amelia , Cummins Robert A.
Published: January 2005

Two groups of rats were reared under conditions of environmental complexity while their littermates were reared in isolation. Cerebral length and width were measured following 30 and 80 days of differential rearing. In the 30‐day group differences in neither cerebral length nor width reached significant levels but the product of the 2 parameters was 2.1 % (p < .02) greater in the stimulated animals. In the 80‐day group cerebral length was significantly greater (p < .001) in the stimulated animals than in their isolated littermates, but no significant differences in cerebral width were detected.
Reactions by differentially raised rhesus monkeys to noxious stimulation
Authors: Lichstein Lawrence , Sackett Gene P.
Published: January 2005

Adult monkeys reared in social‐sensory isolation were compared with socially raised controls in 2 studies assessing aversive reactions to electric shock. In Experiment 1, the procedure involved competition between self‐paced thirst and shock avoidance, presenting the monkey with a situation in which it had to absorb 2‐sec of mouth‐shock on a drinking tube to obtain water. When the monkey went through a response cycle by overcoming a given shock level, taking a variable number of unshocked drinks, and going 3 min without touching the drinking tube, the current was increased one step in a range from 0.1–2.5 mA. On measures of fluid intake and time per response cycle isolate monkeys did not differ from controls, suggesting that thirst motivation did not differ between groups. On shock trials isolates tolerated higher levels of shock than controls, even though they were initially more reactive to very low current levels. Isolates also showed more negative generalized effects of shock on nonshocked drinking tube contacts at a time when controls showed almost no generalized effects. In Experiment 2, neither isolates nor controls preferred to drink from a shocked over a nonshocked tube in a 2‐choice free drinking situation, indicating that shock was a noxious stimulus for both groups. Thus, as in rats and dogs, stimulus deprivation during rearing produced anomalous reactions to noxious stimulation in monkeys.
The effect of imprinting training on hyperstriatal EEG in young domestic chicks, (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Schulman Allan H.
Published: January 2005

Duration of low amplitude (< 50 μV) hyperstriatal EEG activity is both a treatment and stimulus‐specific indicator of imprinting training in domestic chicks. Trained birds exhibited sustained EEG arousal in the presence of the imprinted stimulus whereas both they and control birds evinced temporary desynchronization when presented with a strange stimulus. The EEG pattern observed in the chicks was virtually identical to that obtained in domestic turkeys tested under similar conditions.
Social preferences of mother and infant squirrel monkeys following different rearing experiences
Authors: Kaplan Joel , Schusterman Ronald J.
Published: January 2005

Mother and infant squirrel monkeys that were previously housed together in either a social or restricted environment were given the opportunity to select each other, an unfamiliar female, an unfamiliar infant, or an empty cage, in a free‐choice situation. The time spent with the different choices was used as an index of the animal's preference. Five of the six socially reared infants clearly preferred their mother to the other choices, whereas only one (the youngest) of the six infants reared alone with its mother showed a preference for her. Most of the mothers in both groups did not show any preference among the four choices, although two mothers from the social group and two from the restricted group did spend considerably more time with their own infant. The differences between the two groups of infants is discussed in terms of differences in the environmental characteristics and mother‐infant relationship of the two rearing environments.
An experimental investigation of the possible role of tactile and proprioceptive stimulation in certain aspects of embryonic behavior in the chick
Authors: Oppenheim Ronald W.
Published: January 2005

Tactile and proprioceptive stimulation designed to approximate natural sources of stimulation was administered to chick embryos from the 5th to the 16th day of incubation in the first 3 of 5 separate experiments. Such stimulation produced few modifications in the frequency, periodicity or qualitative aspects of embryos' movements at any age. In experiment IV, stimulation, considered to be atypical with regard to the frequency and intensity of administration, was found to modify the periodic but not the frequency aspects of embryonic behavior on Day 10 of incubation. The final experiment (V) provided partial support for the hypothesis that the general lack of effect of tactile‐proprioceptive stimulation in undisturbed chick embryos is due to a rather rapid cessation of responding. It was concluded that these 5 experiments support the contention that spontaneous activity is an important aspect of the normal embryonic behavior of the chick.