Principles of Neuronavigation
Authors:   Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Seddighi Amir Saied , Seddighi Afsoun ,   Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Ghadirian Mahsa ,   Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Zali Alireza ,   Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Ommi Davood ,   Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Tabatabaei Far Seyed Mahmoud ,   Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran, Azizi Faresani Hamid Reza ,   Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Masoudian Nooshin ,   Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Published: January 2023

Background and Aim: Numerous efforts have been made over the past century. Various innovation techniques are increasingly gaining attention and gradually establishing the foundation of recent significant developments in the world of neurosurgery, among which varied stereotactic neuro-navigation designs and other novel emerging systems are being developed every day. This narrative review aims to describe basic concepts in frameless stereotaxy and summarize the primary principles of neuronavigation and clarify basic characteristics, such as the accuracy of this technique (frameless navigation), and emphasize the importance of designing phantom. Methods and Materials/Patients: The application of brain images to steer the surgeon to a target in the brain by utilizing the stereotactic principle of co-registration of the patient with an imaging study that permits brain surgery to be fulfilled with greater safety and smaller incisions by providing precise surgical guidance of the location of intracranial pathology is highly noticeable. General uses of frameless stereotaxy are explained and common benefits are highlighted. It is genuinely inevitable to estimate the accuracy of these systems and discover sources of error. Results: The findings have provided considerable insight into recent findings on principles of frameless stereotactic surgery and novel developments for image-guidance systems. Conclusion: The unprecedented development of image guidance has been much discussed. As a concluding note, several determinants, including updated imaging/registration, ease of use, robotic instruments, automated registration of increased accuracy, and the program’s potential for expansion to other disciplines, are all under development for image guidance.