bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis of Heater Length in a Porous Annulus - Part B
Authors: Al-Rashed Abdullah A.A.A. , Ahmed S.N.J. , Quadir Ghulam Abdul , Khaleed H.M.T. , Badruddin I.A. , Khan Y.T.M. , Kamangar S.
Published: August 2015

The present study is undertaken to investigate the effect of geometrical and physical parameters on discrete heating of an annular vertical porous cylinder heated isothermally at center portion of inner radius. Finite element method is employed to convert the governing partial differential equations into matrix form of equations by employing 3 noded triangular elements. Darcy model is assumed to represent the flow behavior inside the porous medium. Two temperature model is used to describe energy flow in the medium. The study is conducted for different lengths of heater corresponding to 20%, 35% and 50% of the total height of the cylinder. It is found that the flow pattern for aspect ratio 1 is smoother than that of the 0.5.
Numerical Simulation for the Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with Two Different Rotors Having Movable Vanes
Authors: Kadhim H.S. , Quadir G.A. , Farhan A.K. , Ryspek U. , Ismail K.A.
Published: August 2015

Wind energy has seen a rapid growth worldwide. Wind turbines are typical devices that convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity. Researches in the past have proved that Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) are more suitable for urban areas than Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs). In the present design of the VAWT, the power prodused depends on the drag force generated by the individual blades and interactions between them in a rotating configuration. Numerical simulation for the aerodynamics of VAWT with tow different rotors (Three and Foure blades ) having movable vanes are curred out. The For numerical simulation, commercially available computational fluid dynamic (CFD) softwares GAMBIT and FLUENT are used. In this work the Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model was used which is better than the other turbulence models available as suggested by some researchers. The predicted results show agreement with those reported in the literature for VAWT having different blades designs.
Scaled down Design of a Cold and Hot Flow Model Based on a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Pilot Plant Gasifier
Authors: Eslami Afrooz Iman , Sinnathambi Chandra Mohan , Karuppanan Saravanan , Ling Chuan Ching Dennis
Published: August 2015

Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) is a vital equipment in many applications in the energy, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals process industries due to its numerous advantages such as large heat capacity inside a bed, and rapid heat and mass transfer rate. In spite of numerous research activities, achieving high fluidization performances in BFB process is still a challenge of science. This research is being conducted to study the hydrodynamic regime of a BFB pilot plant gasifier. To this end, a lab-scale cold model was first designed based on the empirical equations and scaling laws. The scaling laws was used to scale down the Tenaga Nasional Berhad-PETRONAS (TNBR-PETRONAS) pilot plant gasifier into a small scale laboratory model. Moreover, the empirical equations were utilized to determine the critical parameters such as bed pressure drop, height of the bed, number of orifices of the distributor plate and the pitch size. Finally a lab-scale hot flow model will be designed based on the cold model geometric dimensions but under a real operating conditions as that of a pilot plant.
Thermal Analysis of Cup-Shaped Object and Experiment for Flash-Less Cold Forging Using FEM
Authors: Khaleed H.M.T. , Quadir Ghulam Abdul , Addas M.F. , Al-Rashed Abdullah A.A.A. , Ahmed N.J.S , Badruddin I.A. , Khan T.M.Y. , Kamangar S.
Published: August 2015

In this paper, thermal analysis of cup shaped article using finite element method for flash-less cold forging is presented. The work-piece specifications are calculated by developing mathematical relations between volumes of die cavity and work-piece. The three dimensional FE simulation is made by DEFORM F3 V 6.0 and geometrical modeling for the die and the work-piece is performed by SOLIDWORKS 2007 4.0. The work-piece used is of AISI 1045 steel and the die material is steel (AISI D2). The results of numerical simulation and analytical calculations are found in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.
Study on Wing Aspect Ratio on the Performance of a Gliding Robotic Fish
Authors: Muhammad Yasar Javaid , Mark Ovinis , Nagarajan T. , Ali Syed Saad Azhar , Barkat Ullah
Published: August 2015

In this paper, the performance of a gliding robotic fish with different wing aspect ratio is investigated. The gliding robotic fish, developed by Michigan State University, has the energy efficient locomotion of an underwater glider and high maneuverability of a robotic fish. ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics turbulence model was used to determine lift and drag coefficients for various wing aspect ratios at different angle of attack. Subsequently, the corresponding glide angle and velocity were determined analytically based on its dynamic model. The simulation results compare well with published experimental data and shows that the drag and lift coefficients are inversely proportional to the wing aspect ratio. As such, a gliding robotic fish with a low wing aspect ratio is suitable for shallow waters only, due to the high lift forces generated for a given angle of attack, requiring greater energy to sustain the glide velocity and vice versa.
Development of Articular Cartilage Scaffold Design Selection System
Authors: Maidin S. , Shaari S.E.
Published: August 2015

Ostheochondral defects are a lesion on the articular cartilage which happened due to severe twisted knee or a sudden direct impact on the knee during sporting activities. Since, the treatments for this type of injuries which is replacing the articular cartilage with Titanium Alloy has too many disadvantages had caused researchers to develop alternative treatment of scaffolding application. The method of layered manufacturing has allowed AM to be used to produce the scaffold in varying layer of characteristics. Since the injuries of Osteochondral defect have affected many athletes, the scaffold of the articular cartilage has been widely used. However, as the result, there were too many scaffold designs without a clear conscious on what kind of design suits the best. Therefore, a simple program to assist in determining the scaffold design has been developed. It was found that the program was useful to suggest the suitable scaffold design based on the health condition of a patient.
A Review on Valuable Trends of Product Data Management (PDM) Occupied in New Product Development (NPD)
Authors: Nallusamy S. , Balakannan K. , Rekha R. Suganthini , K Balasubramanian
Published: August 2015

Presently the prime task of manufacturing engineers is to make products within a short span by maintaining the best quality at minimum cost. Recent market trends confirm the continuation of New Product Development (NPD) as a change agent for many more years to come with a focus on high product variety and shorter product life cycles. The effective introduction of new products is critical to the performance of manufacturing industries in more industrial sectors. It is a measure of an industry's strength in innovation and competitiveness in NPD. Manufacturing industries are forced to accept that the focus on NPD is on increasing product variety and shorter product life cycle. For many manufacturing industries, mass customization with "voice of customer", agility and leanness are some of the vital prerequisites to survive in the current global competitive environment. NPD is no longer an isolated process; it requires close integration between all active members within the supply chain such as customers, suppliers, manufacturers, etc. and must be viewed as an integrated business process. The proper use of advanced IT has enhanced NPD in manufacturing enterprises. It facilitates shorter product lead-times and increases responsiveness to changes in the market along with improved product quality, as well as maintaining low product cost.
Analysis and Optimization of ‘Y’ Wheel Stair Climbing Mechanism
Authors: Kamble N.P. , Sujatha Srinivasan
Published: August 2015

This work analyses a ‘Y’ wheel configuration for stair climbing and optimizes the mechanism for a dedicated staircase configuration. This stair climbing mechanism consists of a ‘Y’ shaped wheel with a gear system which changes its mode of operation from a simple gear train to an epicyclic gear train whenever it encounters step. The analysis consists of understanding the mechanics as the ‘Y’ wheel encounters a step, why the ‘Y’ wheel tends to climb the step and how it climbs the step and starts rolling. Each case is analysed by considering governing factors like the ‘Y’ wheel link length, end wheel radius, and weight and staircase configurations, and studied to show the variation in torque requirement and reaction forces. The stair climbing mechanism is optimized using graphical method and verified using linear programing in Matlab.
Comparative Study of Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) between Conventional and Machine Assisted Napier Grass Harvest Works
Authors: Abd Rahman Mohd Khairul Faizi , Shahriman A.B. , Desa Hazry , Daud Ruslizam , Razlan Zuradzman Mohamad , Khairunizam Wan , Cheng E.M. , Afendi Mohd
Published: August 2015

Most of Napier grass industry in Malaysia is labored in small and medium scale. Therefore, the harvesting works are done manually by man power using conventional equipment such as sickle and machete. However, there are some efforts made to design the low cost equipment in assisting this Napier grass harvesting works. The aim of this study is to compare the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) performance in order to evaluate the certain body parts condition during harvesting works by using conventional equipment and innovation machine assisted. Based on survey, conventional harvesting method might increase the risk of low back pain (LBP) due to repetitive stooping posture. Furthermore, the back biomechanical load and force impact were also not handling wisely. The objective of this study is to prove that the usage of machine during harvesting works might improve the body posture especially on stoop level condition. Based on results, the overall RULA and REBA score are excellently improved as well as trunk position which is depicts the stooped level condition. Hence, the innovation of harvest machine could contribute to the Napier grass industry especially on small and medium entrepreneur.
Effects of Temperatures on the Compressive Strength of Napier Grass Filler-Filled Unsaturated Polyester Resin
Authors: Fartini M.S. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Afendi Mohd , Mohamad Azizul
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the effect of weight contents of fillers on the compression properties of the Napier grass filler-filled polyester resin. Unsaturated polyester resins with 0, 1, 3, 5 wt% Napier fibre based fillers were prepared through manually mixing process in accordance with ASTM D695 for compressive test. The static unaxial compressive tests were conducted using a Shimadzu Universal Testing Machine with a thermostatic chamber at temperatures ranging from room temperature (RT) to the temperature close to its glass transition temperature Tg (RT, 35, 55, 75 °C). The result shows that the elastic modulus and compressive strength of the modified resin were significantly affected by Napier fibre based filler contents and temperatures. It was found that the specimens showed reductions in compressive strength with increases in temperatures.
Conceptual Design for Oil Palm Evacuation to Improve Ergonomics Issues of Collecting Fresh Fruit Bunch
Authors: Muhammad Luthfi Norzan , Shahriman A.B. , Shamsul B.M.T. , Deros Baba M. , Rambely Azmin Sham , Ng Y.G. , Zuradzman Mohamad Razlan , Khairunizam Wan , Desa Hazry , Cheng E.M. , Afendi M.
Published: August 2015

Oil palm evacuation are still labour dependent and room for mechanisation may still exist. With the importance of this industry as one of nation’s economic contribution the efforts are still considered viable. In order to reduce, improve and empower labours a new concept design was developed. A mock-up interaction was done in virtual environment in order to assess the ergonomic aspect of the design in order to determine the pros and cons of the concept design. The findings had led to a conclusion for a requirement of a more thorough assessment to assess human machine interaction in terms of biomechanical effects.
Design and Analysis of Hand and Wrist Support Device
Authors: Maidin Shajahan , Nazrin M.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a study to redesign the hand and wrist support device with improved ergonomics and comfort to the patient by using Reverse Engineering (RE) methods And Additive Manufacturing (AM) process. An initial survey was conducted through a questionnaire for early response on hand and wrist support device. CAD software to facilitate data and redesign the hand and wrist support device was used. For the scanning process, a digitiser was used to obtain the hand shapes using fake statue and hand shape made ​​of wax. Then the CAD model of the hand and wrist support device was build with the Fused Deposition Modeling machine to produce the prototype. The results of the simulation analysis indicates that the design pressure of the hand and wrist support produced with the FDM machine are safe to use based on the safety factor which is higher than 1. The study also shows that by using RE and AM, product development cycle time and manufacturing cost of hand and wrist support device can be significantly reduced.
The Effect of Loading Mode on Fracture Toughness of Arcan Adhesive Joint
Authors: Prakash Kevin , Basaruddin Khairul Salleh , Rojan Mohd Afendi , Idrus Haftirman
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the experimental investigation on adhesive joint under three loading angles using a modified Arcan jig. Fracture test was performed using the fabricated Arcan specimens and Araldite adhesive with loading angle of 0°, 90° and 45° to represent Mode I, Mode II and mixed Mode loading, respectively. Eighteen specimens were prepared with adhesive thickness of 6 mm and nine of them with interface crack length of 5 mm. The result shows the stress intensity factor, K is influenced by the loading angle and the initial crack-line directions. KI was found greater than KII .
Design and Manufacture of Recurve Bow Riser Using Fused Deposition Modeling and Fibre-Reinforced Composite Material
Authors: Maidin Shajahan , Jaafar M.H.
Published: August 2015

This research redesigned and manufactured the archery recurve bow riser using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) system to improve its design, weight and strength. Available design of bow riser was surveyed to get inspiration for new design. Final design of the bow riser design was developed with a CAD software. Prototype of the final design of the bow riser was produced by FDM system with ABS material. Coating the prototype with carbon fibre was made. Vacuum bagging process and mechanical compression process was applied to bond the multiple layers of carbon fibre composite material. The multiple layers were tested using Universal Testing Machine to test the flexural property of the redesigned carbon fibre composite coated bow riser prototype. It is found that the multiple layer of composite can withstand up to 0.1 KN of load. Thus, the study shows that reinforcing the redesigned bow riser prototype using carbon fibre composite is suitable for it is light, easy to shape and strong properties.
Direct Modelling CAD Technology Comparative Review in Efficiency and Productivity for Product Development Process
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Qadafie , Hassim Nurulhalim , Yusof Ahmad Anas , Abdul Mutalib Siti Zulaikha
Published: August 2015

Direct modelling is a new CAD technology that enables model geometry construction by pushing, pulling or twisting which emphasis to solve the constraint issues made by the current technology. Ideally it is more efficient and productive in accomplishing a part of product design process. This study is about comparing productivity and efficiency of both modelling by mean of counting mouse button clicks as representing speed for accomplishing the task. Parametric modelling is set as the benchmark. The review also taking into account several qualitative aspects during the process. Accordingly, direct modelling is proven better from the parametric modelling for this scenario.
Response Surface Methodology Modeling of Drill Exiting Damage Factor in High Speed Drilling of GFRP Using HSS Twist Drill Bit
Authors: Woo Tze Keong , Ahmad Faiz , Sharif Safian
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a research on experimental and response surface methodology (RSM) approach in evaluating the damage factor of the drilled holes in high speed drilling of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). From the experiment, the influences of drilling parameters toward damage factor are more prominent in thicker GFRP; where high speed drilling using high speed steel twist drill bit produces lower damage factor in thicker GFRP. Lastly an optimized set of drilling parameters was generated for the use of high speed steel twist drill bit in high speed drilling.
Elasto-Plastic Deformation of Colony Boundaries in Pearlite Microstructure by Finite Element Analyses
Authors: Roslan L. , Ohashi Tetsuya , Yasuda Yohei , Suruga Chikara
Published: August 2015

Elasto-plastic tensile deformations in multi-colony structures are studied by finite element analyses to investigate how the deformation in multi-colony structures influence the strain concentration around colony boundary. The results obtained from plastic strain distributions show that plastic strain concentrates around colony boundary when there is a large difference of deformation between adjacent colonies and around the point where boundaries of differently aligned colonies meet.
Scheduling Optimization Cell Formation Problem for Cellular Manufacturing System Using Meta-Heuristic Methods
Authors: Saravanan M. , Karthikeyan S.
Published: August 2015

In Cellular manufacturing industries are producing similar products using cells, or groups of team members, workstations, or equipment, to make easy operations by eliminating setup and unnecessary costs between operations, Cells might be designed for a specific process, part, or a complete product. There is a strong propensity towards the effectiveness of manufacturing system, proper scheduling (determining the sequence of operations is to be performed) of jobs is essential for the flourishing operation of a shop. Group technology has become a more and more popular concept in manufacturing, which is designed to take advantage of mass production layout and techniques in smaller batch production system. Since the conventional scheduling methods need more computation time. In this paper, an effort has been made in two parts from the first part of this work is to optimize scheduling in different types of products in the job-shop environment are identified and grouping of cells is performed using Rank Order Clustering Method. In the second part, optimization procedure has been developed for the scheduling problem for processing in the machine cells. Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm are used in this paper for explore the optimum schedule by minimizing the total penalty cost due to the delay in meeting the due date. Better scheduling is obtained by comparing the two methods.
Study of Impact Behavior of Aluminum Thin Plate
Authors: Siregar Rakhmad Arief , Khan Shah Fenner , T. Foo Cheah
Published: August 2015

The behavior of thin plate subjected to impact loading is still an interesting field to study. This paper studies about Aluminum thin plate perforation. It focused on the experimental result of thin plate perforation. The thin plates are tested using blunt and conical strikers on a instrumented impact testing machine. Two different thicknesses of was used to observed the maximum work done with four impact velocities. The result indicated that the maximum work done increased proportionally with impact velocities. In addition, an elastic FEM analysis is carried out to confirm the experimental result by using ANSYS software. Both experimental and numerical results showed a close agreement.
Application of Parallel Flow Line Scheduling Using GA
Authors: Rajendran S. , Balasubramanian K. , Rajeswari N.
Published: August 2015

— A metaheuristic is an iterative process that guides and updates the operations of subordinate heuristics to efficiently produce better quality solutions. It is used in cases where exact methods are not sufficient to provide a solution so that the method of manipulation of a single solution or a collection of solutions at each iteration is deployed. This paper addresses the application of generic algorithm for a parallel machine flow line scheduling problem using the algorithm proposed for minimizing the makespan. Makespan is an important requirement to achieve effective production from process planning. As the problem chosen is NP-hard, genetic algorithm is adopted as it is one of the proven methods to search for a feasible optimal solution to the chosen objective function. The methodology is based on creating a group of random solutions for the randomly generated samples and applying the operators of cross over and mutation to improve the solutions till an acceptable fitness level is reached. The computational experiments deployed indicate that the proposed methodology and procedures are helping to arriving at better solutions faster.Keywords: Scheduling-Parallel machine – Flow shop scheduling– GA.
Indirect Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Apatite-Wollastonite (A-W) Glass-Ceramic for Medical Implants
Authors: Khan Shah Fenner , W. Dalgarno Kenneth , Siregar Rakhmad Arief
Published: August 2015

Bone replacements for congenital defects, cancer resections, and traumas are typically performed using bone grafting. However, due to scarcity of the source material, synthetic materials for bone replacements are sometimes used instead. Unfortunately, the ability to engineer anatomically correct pieces of viable and functional human bone are difficult and time-consuming through conventional manufacturing methods. This paper proposes an alternative route which incorporates the use of AM technology for fabricating patient-specific implants. The implants were computer-aided design (CAD) from a stereolithography (STL) file of a mandible. AM method was combined with lost wax casting (LWC) technology to produce the customised A-W glass-ceramic implants. An initial study of sintered A-W was performed on cylindrical samples show on average 19.8% porous with on average 75% of the porosity being open and an average flexural strength of 82.6 MPa. The A-W scaffolds display a degree of macro-and micro porosity. The geometrical shape of the A-W implants shows a close resemblance to the required implant. Additive manufacturing assisted fabrication of A-W glass-ceramic provides a promising method for manufacturing customised medical implants.
FSI Analysis of the Effect of Aspect Ratio of Stacked Chip in Encapsulation Process of Moulded Underfill Packaging
Authors: Ishak Mohammad Hafifi Hafiz , Abdullah Mohd Zulkifly , Abdullah Muhammad Khalil , Abdul Aziz A. , Loh W.K. , Ooi R.C. , Ooi C.K.
Published: August 2015

Finite volume method (FVM) based simulation of 3D fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of stacked chip package during the encapsulation process of moulded underfill (MUF) in different aspect ratio is presented in this paper. The 3D model of flip chip package is built and meshed using ANSYS ICEM, and simulated by FLUENT software. Castro–Macosko viscosity model and volume of fluid (VOF) technique are applied for flow front tracking of the encapsulant. Curing kinetics is taken into consideration in the simulation using Kamal’s equation. To solve the Castro–Macosko and Kamal models, suitable user defined functions (UDFs) are developed using MS VISUAL STUDIO.NET software and incorporated into the FLUENT. The parameter such as different aspect ratio of stacked die of mold cavity on the flow front behaviour is mainly studied. Mechanical stresses experienced by the silicon die will also be monitored for risk of die cracking. The visualisation of the 3D stacking-chip package encapsulation process was presented at different filling times. The encapsulation model aided a clear visualisation and improved fundamental understanding of the design of a 3D integrated circuit encapsulation. The proposed analysis is expected to be a reference and guide in the design and improvement of 3D integration packages.
PLC Trainer Kit Simulator: An Improvement for Automation Study in Polimas
Authors: Mahadi Muffili , Mohd Amin Nasrul Amri , Ab Rahim Muhajir , Abdul Majid M.S.
Published: August 2015

Programmable logic controller (PLC) is a basic and essential element in the engineering of industrial automation. Therefore, basic knowledge of the early stages of PLC plays an important role, especially for mechatronics and manufacturing engineering students. However, due to limited equipment available, high cost equipment, high trainer student ratios, and low reliability of existing equipment, many educational institutions do cannot provide the sufficient resources necessary to help students to become proficient with PLC technology. To alleviate these main problems, the PLC Trainer Kit Simulator is to be developed and used in the Automation Lab at Polytechnic of Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah (POLIMAS). The PLC Trainer Kit Simulator will be used to help student on PLC applications for basic course in JF506 Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. This study is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Evaluation will be determined based on pre-test and post-test. This paper reviews the necessity of the simulation kit prior to its implementation. It is expected that, the teaching and learning processes could become more effective thus contribute to positive impacts on students’ interest in learning PLC.
Finite Element Analysis on Robotic Arm for Waste Management Application
Authors: Zol Bahri Razali , Nurul Atikah Datu Derin
Published: August 2015

Articulated robotic arm is used for handling and separating waste in waste management facility. In the proses of designing the robotic arm, an analysis such as simulation of finite element analysis would very helpful in the early stage of the design. The result of the analysis will show the strength or weakness of the design before the stage of redesign and fabrication. This project focuses on thorough analysis on the design project of robotic arm for waste management application. The CAD software, SolidWorks is used to model the detail design of the robotic arm, and to simulate the motion of the device. The analysis included force analysis on the structure of the robotic arm and motion simulation on the robotic arm. The robotic arm used four servomotors for overall operation; three for its joints, and one for the gripping mechanism. The gripper was designed and fabricated using aluminium sheet due to the high strength-to-density ratio of the material. Based on the results, a better design of robotic arm with different gripping mechanism is proposed. The difference between two designs is clearly brought a large development where the ability of the robotic arm to lift up a larger weight of object is considered as a success. The method and materials of the project is detailed in the paper.
Implementation of Gesture Control in Robotic Arm Using Kinect Module
Authors: Rajesh Kannan Megalingam , Deepansh Menon , Nitin Ajithkumar , Nihil Saboo
Published: August 2015

This research work is targeted at building and analyzing a robotic arm which mimics the motion of the human arm of the user. The propsed system monitors the motion of the user’s arm using a Kinect. Using the “Kinect Skeletal Image” project of Kinect SDK, a skeletal image of the arm is obtained which consists of 3 joints and links connecting them. 3-D Coordinate Geometry techniques are used to compute the angles obtained between the links. This corresponds to the angles made by the different segments of the human arm. In this work we present the capturing of human hand gestures by Kinect and analyzing it with suitable algorithms to identify the joints and angles. Also the arduino based microcontroller used for processing Kinect data is presented.
Study on Dynamic Behaviour of Grass Trimmer Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Zaman Izzuddin Bin , Abdurasad Mohd Rajim , Manshoor Bukhari , Khalid Amir , Sani M.S.M.
Published: August 2015

Nowadays, research on dynamic behavior of structural components is becoming one of the important parts in the design process for any mechanical system. In order to determine the dynamic behavior of a vibrating structure, measurements of the dynamic properties of structure are essential. Free vibration analysis is one of the approaches that apply the finite element method in determining the structure modes of vibration. Each mode is defined by its natural frequency and mode shape. In this paper, the free vibration analysis of grass trimmer was performed using commercial finite element software, such as Ansys®. The importance of determining these vibration characteristics are crucial as grass trimmer is a common machine that exposed to the dynamic and static forces coming from the engine and rotating blade. A long term exposure of grass trimmer's operator may or potentially suffering a risk of hand arm vibration syndrome. The preliminary results of free vibration analysis demonstrated that the grass trimmer experienced a global first bending mode for 1st natural frequency, a global second bending mode for 2nd natural frequency, a local first torsion mode for third natural frequency, and a combination of global and local bending mode for 4th natural frequency. Later, the analyses were further carried out on the modification of the grass trimmer.
Kinematics of Foot during Running: A Review
Authors: Abdul Yamin N.A.A. , Rusli W.M.R. , Basaruddin Khairul Salleh , Abd Razak Norazian , Bin Salleh Ahmad Faizal
Published: August 2015

Running can be considered as an important movement since it can be categorized as one of daily activities. However, running movement may contribute to injuries for example, subject to plantar fasciitis. The objective of this review is to summarize the information of published articles related to kinematics aspect, which is one of key factors that can cause injury in running movement. The search strategy was carried out from Science Direct database. The variability of methodological protocol due to different running mode and condition influenced the foot kinematics which has been proved by the findings from the experiments. In future, research on investigating the suitable speed and condition to standardized running methodological protocol should be done in order to obtain a reliable result.
Analysis of Bending Behavior of Laminated Composite Beam
Authors: Arravind R. , Saravanan M. , Balasubramanian K.
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses about the impact of fiber volume fraction on the bending behavior of a laminated composite beam. A two layered composite beam with upper layer made of glass fiber epoxy resin and reinforced with Kevlar at the bottom side of the beam is modeled and structural analysis is carried out. The analysis shows that the tensile strength increases with increase in fiber volume fraction. The compression strength decreases with increase in fiber volume fraction in the upper fiber where as increases in the bottom fiber and the obtained results are correlating with the experimental and analytical studies.
Failure Investigation of Tubular Adhesive Dissimilar Joint
Authors: Faizi M. , Syafiq W.M. , Afendi M. , Chuen N.G. , Shahriman Abu Bakar
Published: August 2015

Automotive industries are looking for new implementation to deliver a good finishing product to their customer. By using adhesive material, joining against two steel can replace normal technique which is welding process. However, the strength produced by this method must be investigated. The failure investigation of ductile adhesive intended for use in automotive tubular frame chassis has been assessed using simple tubular lap shear joint. There are two different overlap lengths of tubular adhesive joint considered in this test, i.e., 15 mm and 45 mm. The materials used for the adherents were stainless steel and mild steel, while adhesive used in the experiments was Araldite Standard 90 minutes epoxy resin. Tensile test by utilizing universal testing machine (UTM) was carried out to determine the shear strength of the adhesive joint in different overlap length. Fatigue tests were also conducted. From the results it is found that longer overlap length of the adhesive is preferable for use in automotive tubular frame chassis due to higher failure load it can withstand and better fatigue life.
Fatigue Performance of Hybrid Adhesive Dissimilar Joint
Authors: Hafizan Ku , Afendi Mohd , Logashanmugam A.
Published: August 2015

A research study on the fatigue performance of hybrid adhesive joints was carried out to investigate the fatigue performance of adhesive joint and hybrid adhesive joint using dissimilar material. A 3 mm thin plate of aluminium A7075 and stainless steel 304 are used as the adherend material for experimental test and the adhesive used was high performance Araldite epoxy adhesive. Maximum fatigue life was achieved for the hybrid adhesive joint with an optimum overlap length of 59 mm and the adhesive thickness of 0.2 mm. The fatigue damaged occurs on the adherend surface for adhesive joint and adherend crack for hybrid adhesive joint. Results showed an increment of fatigue life with shear stress reduction.
Finite Element Stress Analysis of Adhesive T-Joint with Crack in Fluidization Bed
Authors: Nor A. , Afendi Mohd , Abdul Majid M.S. , Izzawati Basirom , Nurhashima S. , Abdullah A.R.
Published: August 2015

In this study, adhesive T-joint with crack in urea granulator fluidization bed was analyzed by finite element (FE) analysis. Objectives of this project were to examine a series of adhesively bonded T- joints with crack under mode I loading, to evaluate stress analysis of adhesive T-joint with crack at top and bottom and to identify the effective bond thickness. The path was drawn in ANSYS at the top and bottom of adhesive from side view to find which part has higher stress. The result of both paths top and bottom analysis shows the stress distribution always higher at both edges. So, the crack was inserted at interface edges and the stress distribution was evaluated. From interface edges stress distribution result of top and bottom, it shows that bottom edge has higher stress compare with top edge. The failure load analysis will compare with other analysis and experiment result. It is found that adhesive T-joint with 1.5mm is the best thickness for granulator fluidization bed application because always has higher failure load.
Hot Set Characterization of Electron Beam Irradiated-Copper (II) Oxide Added LDPE Composites under Acidic Aging
Authors: Tee Tiam Ting , Bee Soo Tueen , Sin Lee Tin , Ratnam Chantara Thevy , Jogindar Singh Haraveen Kaur
Published: August 2015

In this research study, the effect of aging duration time and electron beam irradiation dosages on the hot set results of copper (II) oxide added LDPE composites have been investigated. The addition of copper (II) oxide particles in LDPE matrix has significantly reduced the formation of crosslinking networks in LDPE matrix by blocking the mobility of free radicals generated by electron beam irradiation. At lower irradiation dosages (< 100 kGy), all the copper (II) oxide added LDPE composites were immediately failed the hot set test when subjected to static load of 20 N/cm2 under high temperature. Besides, the occurrence of copper (II) oxide particles in LDPE matrix also reduced the matrix continuities of copper (II) oxide added LDPE composites and caused the matrix resistance ability of LDPE matrix to be decreased. The increasing of irradiation dosages has significantly delayed the failing time of all LDPE composites when under static load at high temperature. This is because the increasing of electron beam irradiation could further induce the generation of free radicals to form higher degree of crosslinking networks in LDPE matrix. At higher irradiation dosage up to 250 kGy, the pristine LDPE was observed able to withstand the applied static load under high temperature more than 15 minutes. This is due to higher degree of crosslinking networks formed in LDPE matrix could effectively restrict the mobility of LDPE chains under static load and thus delay the failing of sampels. When the aging duration time increased from 4 days to 14 days, the resistance ability of all LDPE has been significantly weakened due to the occurrence of chain scissioning process in LDPE matrix by delaying the failing time of samples.
Influence of Heat Treatment and Surface Roughing to the Adherent Surface and Adhesion Strength: A Review
Authors: Atikah Nurul , Afendi Mohd , Amira Nurul , Mohd Noor Mazlee
Published: August 2015

This paper presents a literature review on the influence of heat treatment and surface roughness to the adherent surface and its effect on adhesion strength and covers some article published from 1992 to 2013. The paper is divided into several related topics such as types of adhesive bonding failure, effect of surface roughness, and effects of heat treatment. The objective of this paper is to reveal the underlying scientific phenomena, relationships, and arguements on the related topics. The paper is concluded by highlighting the significant topics that drives future research.
Interfacial Shear Stress in Kenaf/Polyethylene Terephthalate Fiber Reinforced Polyoxymethylene Composite
Authors: Dan-Mallam Yakubu , Abdul Majid M.S. , Abdullah Mohamad Zaki
Published: August 2015

The mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer composites strongly depend on the interfacial bonding between fibre and matrix. The main objective of this paper is to compare the interfacial bonding between kenaf fibre reinforced POM with that of PET fibre reinforced POM in a hybrid composite. Continuous twisted kenaf, and PET yarn were used for the investigation. Each fibre yarn was half embedded in POM by compression moulding. The yarns were extracted from the matrix by single fibre pull out test method. The result of the investigation revealed that the interfacial shear strength of approximately 31.4 MPa between kenaf and POM is higher compared to 24.3 MPa obtained between PET fibre and POM. This may be due to higher surface energy of kenaf fibre with respect to POM in the composite The FESEM micrograph further demonstrates good interfacial adhesion between kenaf and POM in the composite.
Effect of Aging in Acidic Condition on Mechanical Properties of Copper (II) Oxide Added LDPE Composites
Authors: Tee Tiam Ting , Bee Soo Tueen , Sin Lee Tin , Ratnam Chantara Thevy , Jogindar Singh Haraveen Kaur , Low Chong Yu
Published: August 2015

In this work, the effect of aging duration time and copper (II) oxide loading level on the physico-mechanical properties of copper (II) oxide added LDPE composites have been investigated. The addition of copper (II) oxide particles in LDPE matrix has significantly decreased the tensile strength of LDPE composites. The occurrence of copper (II) oxide particles in LDPE matrix could reduce the matrix continuities of copper (II) oxide added LDPE composites by the agglomeration of copper (II) oxide particles. This could further cause the applied straining stress unable to be effectively transferred throughout the whole polymer matrix. The increasing of aging time duration up to 8 days has slightly reduced the tensile strength of all copper (II) oxide added LDPE composites. The increasing of copper (II) oxide loading level has significantly decreased the elongation at break of LDPE composites. This is due to poor interfacial adhesion between copper (II) oxide particles and LDPE matrix could further restrict the mobility of LDPE chains under straining stress and thus decrease the elongation at break.
Failure Stress Analysis of Adhesive T-Joint under Moisture Condition
Authors: Nurhashima S. , Afendi Mohd , Izzawati Basirom , Nor A. , Abdullah Abdul Rahman , Amin N.A.M. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Daud Ruslizam
Published: August 2015

The use of adhesive structural in joining application offers the great demand due to its many advantages such as lightweight structures and flexible design. However, moisture provides significant problem and adverse effect on degrading the adhesive. The strength of the adhesive reduces because mechanical properties are known to reduce also with moisture environment. Therefore, this paper discusses about the adhesive T-joint test on specimen within moisture condition and specimen without moisture, at room temperature. Additionally, this study also analyses the failure stress when load is applied for both exposed conditions. Bulk specimens are compressed at room temperature, specimen without immersing in hot water, RT and specimen with immersing in three hot water conditions 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C at a constant time of 15 minutes. The adhesive of a 1.0mm thickness has been set for T-joint tensile test. Compression test revealed that mechanical properties of Young’s modulus decreased with the increase of water temperature. Experimental results indicated that the failure stress of adhesive T-joint at room temperature and 90°C was higher compared to that of specimen soaked in 80°C and 100°C of hot water. The behaviour of adhesive joint tests under static loading analysis of experiments and the finite element analysis using ANSYS 14.0 software have shown good agreement.
Aluminum-Carbon Metal Matrix Composites: Effect of Carbon Fiber and Aspect Ratio on the Mechanical Properties
Authors: Junaedi Harri , Abdo Hany S. , Khalil Khalil A. , Almajid Abdulhakim A.
Published: August 2015

Aluminum-Carbon composites with different weight ratio of carbon fiber were fabricated using powder metallurgy route. The mixture powders were consolidated using heat induction furnace under vacuum at temperature of 600°C and pressure 50MPa. Two different aspect ratio of carbon fiber were used in this study; namely 12 and 20. The mechanical properties of composites were evaluated by compression and hardness tests. The SEM was used to analyze the structure of the composites which showed a very good dispersion.
Magneto-Conductance Effect of Natural Porphyrin Thin Films Fabricated by Spin Coated Method
Authors: Utari Utari , Musta’in Muhammad , Purnama Budi , Mudasir Mudasir , Abraha Kamsul
Published: August 2015

We present magneto conductivity measurements in natural porphyrin thin films in magnetic fields of 100 Oe at room-temperature. The films used in this experiment were isolated from natural spirulina sp by chromatography procedure with n-hexane. Each layer fabricated by spin coater methods with rotation speed of 2500 rpm for 60 second is followed post heating at temperature of 60°C for 300 second. The procedure is repeated N times. Magneto-conductance effect is presented at room temperature with induce magnetic field in plane of films. The results show that ratio magneto-conductance decreases with the increase of voltage provided. The magneto-conductance ratio increase with the increase of N repetition number. Finally, both the results indicate that magneto-conductance effect could be realized due to annihilation of carrier charge.
The Effect of Mixing Time on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Imperata cylindrica Cellulose
Authors: Wuryanti Sri , Poertadji Suhardjo , Soegijono Bambang
Published: August 2015

One application of cellulose is for the isolation of steam distribution pipe. Many researchers on cellulose for isolation have been conducted due to a popular issue of energy saving with its fairly cheap treatment cost. Cellulose is produced from imperata cylindrica reed by an extraction process. The results of extraction were in a form of cellulose fibers. To make the test easier, the cellulose fibers were made in a form of sheets by adding 3.5 % Na-CMC (Sodium Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose). The sheets are produced by blending for 30, 45, and 60 minutes and then put it into the oven with temperature of 40°C for 36 hours. Tests were conducted for four parameters, namely, density, tensile strength, elasticity modulus, and morphology. The density was measured by picnometer, while the tensile strength and elasticity modulus was measured by UCT-5T Model UTM, and the morphology was measured by optical microscope from Nikon Ephipot. The test showed : minimal and maximal densities were 166.7 kg/m3 and 550.2 kg/m3, respectively; minimal and maximal average tensile strengths were 9.16 MPa and 10.5 MPa, respectively; minimal and maximal elasticity modulus were 79.948 MPa and 113.09 MPa, respectively; and minimal and maximal specific tensile strengths were 0.01665 MPa/(kg/m3) and 0.06289 MPa/(kg/m3).
The Effect of Glycerol and Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Microcrystalline Cellulose Loading on Tensile Properties and Water Absorption of Cassava Starch Composite
Authors: Hairani Novie , Harahap H. , Herawan T. , Taslim Taslim
Published: August 2015

The development and the utilization of starch as packaging materials that were eco-friendly, renewable and biodegradable had increased in recent years. In this study, cassava starch was modified into composite by adding glycerol as plasticizer and oil palm empty fruit bunches microcrystalline cellulose (OPEFBMCC) as fillers. The MCC was prepared via the pulping process of OPEFB and acid hydrolysis. The composites were cast into films by variations in glycerol and MCC composition. The effect of glycerol andOPEFBMCC loading on tensile properties and water absorption of composite were investigated. Results showed that MCC content at 10% created denser composite surface and enhanced the interfacial adhesion which led the tensile strength increased but the elongation at break decreased. The filler loading also reduced the diffusion of water molecules and water absorption. However, the addition of glycerol in cassava starch composite to any of MCC composition lowered the tensile strength but increased the water absorption. SEM images revealed that the addition of MCC in composite constructed the linkages among starch, glycerol, and MCC.
Chitosan Membrane with Blending of Rice Hull Ash Silica and Polyethylene Glycol for Cu(II) Adsorption in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Mahatmanti F. Widhi , Nuryono Nuryono , Narsito Narsito
Published: August 2015

In this research, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and rice hull ash silica were blended to modify chitosan membrane to improve the adsorption capability of copper ion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water affinity were performed to characterize membranes. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted with various contact time and Cu (II) concentrations to evaluate the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics. Results show that adsorption fitted to Langmuir model and followed a kinetic model of pseudo-second-order.