bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central projections of lagenar primary neurons in the chick
Authors: Mahmoud Amany , Reed Caitlyn , Maklad Adel
Published: June 2013

Perception of linear acceleration and head position is the function of the utricle and saccule in mammals. Nonmammalian vertebrates possess a third otolith endorgan, the macula lagena. Different functions have been ascribed to the lagena in arboreal birds, including hearing, equilibrium, homing behavior, and magnetoreception. However, no conclusive evidence on the function of the lagena in birds is currently available. The present study is aimed at providing a neuroanatomical substrate for the function of the lagena in the chicken as an example of terrestrial birds. The afferents from the lagena of chick embryos (E19) to the brainstem and cerebellum were investigated by the sensitive lipophilic tracer Neuro Vue Red in postfixed ears. The results revealed that all the main vestibular nuclei, including the tangential nucleus, received lagenar projections. No lagenar terminals were found in auditory centers, including the cochlear nuclei. In the cerebellum, the labeled terminals were found variably in all of the cerebellar nuclei. In the cerebellar cortex, the labeled fibers were found mostly in the uvula, with fewer afferents in the flocculus and paraflocculus. None was seen in the nodulus. The absence of lagenar afferent projections in auditory nuclei and the presence of a projection pattern in the vestibular nuclei and cerebellum similar to that of the utricle and saccule suggest that the primary role of the lagena in the chick lies in the processing of vestibular information related to linear acceleration and static head position. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3524‐3540, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuronal and nonneuronal cholinergic structures in the mouse gastrointestinal tract and spleen
Authors: Gautron Laurent , Rutkowski Joseph M. , Burton Michael D. , Wei Wei , Wan Yihong , Elmquist Joel K.
Published: June 2013

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that acetylcholine can directly modulate immune function in peripheral tissues including the spleen and gastrointestinal tract. However, the anatomical relationships between the peripheral cholinergic system and immune cells located in these lymphoid tissues remain unclear due to inherent technical difficulties with currently available neuroanatomical methods. In this study, mice with specific expression of the tdTomato fluorescent protein in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐expressing cells were used to label preganglionic and postganglionic cholinergic neurons and their projections to lymphoid tissues. Notably, our anatomical observations revealed an abundant innervation in the intestinal lamina propria of the entire gastrointestinal tract principally originating from cholinergic enteric neurons. The aforementioned innervation frequently approached macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes located in the lamina propria and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes in the interfollicular areas of Peyer's patches. In addition to the above innervation, we observed labeled epithelial cells in the gallbladder and lower intestines, as well as Microfold cells and T‐cells within Peyer's patches. In contrast, we found only a sparse innervation in the spleen consisting of neuronal fibers of spinal origin present around arterioles and in lymphocyte‐containing areas of the white pulp. Lastly, a small population of ChAT‐expressing lymphocytes was identified in the spleen including both T‐ and B‐cells. In summary, this study describes the variety of cholinergic neuronal and nonneuronal cells in a position to modulate gastrointestinal and splenic immunity in the mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3741–3767, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortical connections to single digit representations in area 3b of somatosensory cortex in squirrel monkeys and prosimian galagos
Authors: Liao Chia‐Chi , Gharbawie Omar A. , Qi Huixin , Kaas Jon H.
Published: June 2013

The ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus sends highly segregated inputs into each digit representation in area 3b of primary somatosensory cortex. However, the spatial organization of the connections that link digit representations of areas 3b with other somatosensory areas is less understood. Here we examined the cortical inputs to individual digit representations of area 3b in four squirrel monkeys and one prosimian galago. Retrograde tracers were injected into neurophysiologically defined representations of individual digits of area 3b. Cortical tissues were cut parallel to the surface in some cases and showed that feedback projections to individual digits overlapped extensively in the hand representations of areas 3b, 1, and parietal ventral (PV) and second somatosensory (S2) areas. Other regions with overlapping populations of labeled cells included area 3a and primary motor cortex (M1). The results were confirmed in other cases in which the cortical tissues were cut in the coronal plane. The same cases also showed that cells were primarily labeled in the infragranular and supragranular layers. Thus, feedback projections to individual digit representations in area 3b mainly originate from multiple digits and other portions of hand representations of areas 3b, 1, PV, and S2. This organization is in stark contrast to the segregated thalamocortical inputs, which originate in single digit representations and terminate in the matching digit representation in the cortex. The organization of feedback connections could provide a substrate for the integration of information across the representations of adjacent digits in area 3b. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3768–3790, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensory neuroanatomy of stick insects highlights the evolutionary diversity of the orthopteroid subgenual organ complex
Authors: Strauß Johannes , Lakes‐Harlan Reinhard
Published: June 2013

The subgenual organ is a scolopidial sense organ located in the tibia of many insects. In this study the neuroanatomy of the subgenual organ complex of stick insects is clarified for two species, Carausius morosus and Siyploidea sipylus. Neuronal tracing shows a subgenual organ complex that consists of a subgenual organ and a distal organ. There are no differences in neuroanatomy between the three thoracic leg pairs, and the sensory structures are highly similar in both species. A comparison of the neuroanatomy with other orthopteroid insects highlights two features unique in Phasmatodea. The subgenual organ contains a set of densely arranged sensory neurons in the anterior‐ventral part of the organ, and a distal organ with 16–17 scolopidial sensilla in C. morosus and 20–22 scolopidial sensilla in S. sipylus. The somata of sensory neurons in the distal organ are organized in a linear array extending distally into the tibia, with only a few exceptions of closely associated neurons. The stick insect sense organs show a case of an elaborate scolopidial sense organ that evolved in addition to the subgenual organ. The neuroanatomy of stick insects is compared to that studied in other orthopteroid taxa (cockroaches, locusts, crickets, tettigoniids). The comparison of sensory structures indicates that elaborate scolopidial organs have evolved repeatedly among orthopteroids. The distal organ in stick insects has the highest number of sensory neurons known for distal organs so far. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3791–3803, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel variant of neuronal intranuclear rodlet immunoreactive for 40 kDa huntingtin associated protein and ubiquitin in the mouse brain
Authors: Milman Pavel , Woulfe John
Published: June 2013

Intranuclear rodlets (INRs), also known as rodlets of Roncoroni, are poorly understood intranuclear bodies originally identified within neuronal nuclei on the basis of their unique morphology. The mechanisms of their formation, their biochemical composition and their physiological significance remain unknown. Using double immunofluorescence staining of mouse brain sections, we identified a novel variant of INR that is immunoreactive for the 40 kDa huntingtin associated protein (Hap40) and ubiquitin, and provide evidence for the existence of additional INR subtypes sharing ubiquitin immunoreactivity as a common feature. We describe a selective association of these INRs with melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons of the hypothalamus and the locus coeruleus, respectively. We also demonstrate for the first time that biochemically distinct INR subtypes can coexist within a single nucleus where they engage in nonrandom spatial interactions. Our findings highlight the biochemical diversity and cell type‐specific expression of these enigmatic intranuclear structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3832–3846, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The expanding role of cytopathology in the diagnosis of HPV‐related squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Holmes Brittany J. , Westra William H.
Published: June 2013

Confirmation of human papillomavirus (HPV) as a causative agent for a subset of biologically and clinically distinct squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) has resulted in a growing need and expectation for HPV testing of head and neck cancers. At the same time, opportunities to obtain tissue samples for HPV testing are diminishing: The sensitivity of HPV‐related HNSCC to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation has limited the role of surgical resection, and diagnostic tissue biopsies/resections may not be available in a substantial portion of patients with small or occult primaries. Into this quandary steps the cytopathologist. Fine needle aspirates of metastatic HNSCCs and brushes of oropharyngeal cancers provide a valuable substrate for HPV analysis. These cytologic specimens are suitable for standard tissue‐based methods of HPV detection such as immunoperoxidase and in situ hybridization, but the expanding demands for biomarker analysis of these limited samples is driving the development of alternative assays that eliminate the requirement for high cellularity and complex specimen processing. Various liquid phase assays already in widespread use for HPV analysis of cervical cancer risk may be directly transferrable to the head and neck context. Implementation of these assays may abrogate the current need for tissue acquisition of HNSCCs via a more aggressive surgical procedure. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:85–93. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A speed‐up method of light RDBMS SQLite for stream processing utilizing multicore CPU configurations
Authors: Yamamoto Moriki
Published: June 2013

The data generated at a very high rate by sensors and RFIDs must be handled by continuous queries that respond in real time. Because of its purpose, DSMSs are used in several cases in these large‐scale systems. On the other hand, sensor terminal systems include a light RDBMS generally in many cases. Thus, if a light RDBMS can handle the high‐rate data directly, it is convenient for several applications. This paper proposes a method for speeding up stream processing by using a light RDBMS, SQLite, without any special modifications. If DSMSs are categorized by performance such as large‐, medium‐, and small‐scale, this method aims at one with small‐ or medium‐scale performance. The database performance mainly depends on storage access time, so the proposed method adopts a memory database, a bulk storage records technique, and parallel processing while taking advantage of the multicore CPU configurations of terminal systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(7): 19–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11424
Serum protein fractionation using supported molecular matrix electrophoresis
Authors: Dong Weijie , Matsuno Yu‐ki , Kameyama Akihiko
Published: June 2013

Supported molecular matrix electrophoresis (SMME), in which a hydrophilic polymer such as PVA serves as a support within a porous PVDF membrane, was recently developed. This method is similar to cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis but differs in the compatibility to glycan analysis of the separated bands. In this report, we describe the first instance of the application of SMME to human serum fractionation, and demonstrate the differences with serum fractionation by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. The SMME membrane exhibited almost no EOF during electrophoresis, unlike the cellulose acetate membrane, but afforded comparative results for serum fractionation. The visualization of each fraction was achieved by conventional staining with dye such as Direct Blue‐71, and objective quantification was obtained by densitometry after inducing membrane transparency with 1‐nonene. Immunostaining was also achieved. Moreover, mass spectrometric analysis of both N‐linked and O‐linked glycans from the separated bands was demonstrated. Serum fractionation and glycan profiling of each fraction using SMME will enable novel insights into the relationships between various glycosylation profiles and disease states.
Investigation of the effect of thermal insulation for a model house in cold regions: A case study of Turkey
Authors: Dombaycı O. Altan
Published: June 2013

This article conducts energy consumption and CO2 emission estimations on an example house with outer walls and ceiling insulations using Degree‐Day method (DDM). It is assumed that the example house is a simple single floor with 150 m2. Two cases have been taken into account: The first one is only insulation on the walls with a thickness of 5 cm and the second one is insulation on both ceilings and walls with a thickness of 5 cm using the insulation material polystyrene. To make a DDM analysis, four type of fuel used are selected as heating energy since there are commonly consumed in selected regions. Results showed that energy consumption and CO2 emissions of an example house with walls and ceiling insulation is achieved by about 55% decrease when coal is used. Energy consumption and CO2 emission in base temperature tb= 15.5°C for all types of fuel in example house is about 43% less than at 23°C base temperature. Similarly, for a base temperature of 21°C, energy consumption and CO2 emission with outer wall insulation is about 50% less than without insulation. Energy consumption and CO2 emission improvement with ceiling insulation is about 11%. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 527–537, 2014
Simplified mantle architecture and distribution of radiogenic power
Authors: Arevalo Ricardo , McDonough William F. , Stracke Andreas , Willbold Matthias , Ireland Thomas J. , Walker Richard J.
Published: June 2013

The mantle components that represent the source region of ocean island basalts (OIB) and feed hotspot volcanism are predicted to contain 160 ± 20 (2σm) ng/g Th, a heat‐producing element. This critical model composition indicates that the OIB source region (OSR) comprises a significant amount of recycled oceanic crust and constitutes 19+3−2 (2σm)% of the mantle by mass. The mass fraction of this reservoir supports a mantle architecture with a basal thermochemical layering at an average depth of 2000 ± 100 (2σm) km or two thermochemical piles that extend up to midmantle levels. The hotspot source described here generates 10 pW/kg of radiogenic heat and supplies 7.3 TW to the planet's total surface heat flux. Given that the silicate portion of the Earth produces some 20.4 TW of radiogenic power, with 7.2 TW derived from the continental crust, the mantle source responsible for mid‐ocean ridge volcanism provides only 5.9 TW of radiogenic power (or <2 pW/kg). As a result, the source of hotspots generates >5x more radiogenic heat than the source of mid‐ocean ridges, thus contributing to the energetics that drive mantle convection and potentially the formation of long‐lived plumes via bottom heating of the modern mantle. The potential for a sequestered or unsampled mantle reservoir would impact the relative mass fractions of the source regions of OIB and mid‐ocean ridge volcanism but not the compositional model of the OSR presented here.
Norwegian seiches from the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Bondevik Stein , Gjevik Bjørn , Sørensen Mathilde B.
Published: June 2013

Seismic waves of the giant 2011 Tohoku earthquake triggered seiches in western Norwegian fjords. The seiching began a half hour after the earthquake origin time. The oscillations were noted by eyewitnesses and recorded by surveillance and cell phone cameras. The observations show maximum trough‐to‐peak amplitudes of 1.0–1.5 m and periods of 67–100 s. The water waves were not triggered from the arrival of the surface waves, the timing inferred for other seiches. Instead, the seiching began during the passage of horizontal S waves. We reproduced the S wave trigger by means of a shallow‐water wave model calibrated previously to Norwegian tides and storm surges. The simulations, which used the observed earthquake motion as forcing, show water waves with periods and amplitudes similar to those in the film clips. However, the strongest horizontal ground oscillations with shorter periods (20–30 s) did not contribute much to the formation of the seiches.
Strong relationship between dimethyl sulfide and net community production in the western subarctic Pacific
Authors: Kameyama Sohiko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Inomata Satoshi , Yoshikawa‐Inoue Hisayuki , Tsunogai Urumu , Tsuda Atsushi , Uematsu Mitsuo , Ishii Masao , Sasano Daisuke , Suzuki Koji , Nosaka Yuichi
Published: June 2013

Although much attention has been paid to describing the distribution of oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations, establishing robust relationships between DMS concentrations and biological, physical, and chemical variables is still challenging. Previous studies have proposed semiempirical parameterizations by combining multiple physical and biogeochemical parameters to better understand and reproduce the global distribution of sea surface DMS. However, none of these parameterization schemes could reconcile regionally elevated DMS peaks found in high‐resolution DMS measurements made in the western subarctic Pacific. Here we found that DMS concentrations are highly correlated with the net community production, a parameter that integrates biological activity over time. We anticipate that this relationship may be exportable to other regions with high primary productivity, such as the Southern Ocean or upwelling regions, and can be used as an important parameterization scheme, combined with solar radiation dose relationship.
GRACE satellite monitoring of large depletion in water storage in response to the 2011 drought in Texas
Authors: Long Di , Scanlon Bridget R. , Longuevergne Laurent , Sun Alexander Y. , Fernando D. Nelun , Save Himanshu
Published: June 2013

Texas experienced the most extreme one‐year drought on record in 2011 with precipitation at 40% of long‐term mean and agricultural losses of ~$7.6 billion. We assess the value of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite‐derived total water storage (TWS) change as an alternative remote sensing‐based drought indicator, independent of traditional drought indicators based on in situ monitoring. GRACE shows depletion in TWS of 62.3 ± 17.7 km3 during the 2011 drought. Large uncertainties in simulated soil moisture storage depletion (14–83 km3) from six land surface models indicate that GRACE TWS is a more reliable drought indicator than disaggregated soil moisture or groundwater storage. Groundwater use and groundwater level data indicate that depletion is dominated by changes in soil moisture storage, consistent with high correlation between GRACE TWS and the Palmer Drought Severity Index. GRACE provides a valuable tool for monitoring statewide water storage depletion, linking meteorological and hydrological droughts.
Salivary duct carcinoma responding to trastuzumab‐based therapy: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Krishnamurthy Jairam , Krishnamurty Devi Mukkai , Baker John J. , Zhen Weining , Lydiatt Daniel , Ganti Apar Kishor
Published: June 2013

Background

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (Her‐2/neu) is overexpressed in SDC and, hence, HER‐2/neu targeted therapy could be an option.

Methods

A 72‐year‐old man presented with parotid swelling and cervical lymphadenopathy. He underwent a parotidectomy, modified radical neck dissection, and postoperative chemoradiation with cisplatin. A year later, he developed metastatic disease in the contralateral neck that was treated surgically with right axillary lymphadenopathy. He received radiation to both sites, concurrent with carboplatin. Two years later, he underwent resection of a lung metastasis. He then had progression in the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes and received 5 cycles of docetaxel and trastuzumab followed by maintenance trastuzumab.

Results

The patient had a partial response and restaging studies 9 months after therapy discontinuation did not show progression.

Conclusion

Trastuzumab‐based therapy is a potential therapeutic option for patients with SDC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: E372–E375, 2013
Representations of recent and remote autobiographical memories in hippocampal subfields
Authors: Bonnici Heidi M. , Chadwick Martin J. , Maguire Eleanor A.
Published: June 2013

The hippocampus has long been implicated in supporting autobiographical memories, but little is known about how they are instantiated in hippocampal subfields. Using high‐resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with multivoxel pattern analysis we found that it was possible to detect representations of specific autobiographical memories in individual hippocampal subfields. Moreover, while subfields in the anterior hippocampus contained information about both recent (2 weeks old) and remote (10 years old) autobiographical memories, posterior CA3 and DG only contained information about the remote memories. Thus, the hippocampal subfields are differentially involved in the representation of recent and remote autobiographical memories during vivid recall. © 2013 The Authors. Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental study on the behavior of primary human osteoblasts on laser‐cused pure titanium surfaces
Authors: Markwardt Jutta , Friedrichs Jens , Werner Carsten , Davids Andreas , Weise Hartmut , Lesche Raoul , Weber Anke , Range Ursula , Meißner Heike , Lauer Günther , Reitemeier Bernd
Published: June 2013

Mandibular tumor resection can lead to a mandibular segmental defect. LaserCUSING® is used to produce a mandibular implant, designed to be identical to the shape of the mandibular defect. Novel microrough surfaces result from this generative technology. In the current study, the behavior of human osteoblasts on untreated laser‐cused titanium specimens or on specimens conditioned with different blasting agents was analyzed. The conditioning of these specimens resulted in surfaces with graded roughness. White light confocal microscopy and single‐cell force spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface of the specimens and to quantify the initial adhesion of primary human osteoblasts to the specimens, respectively. Furthermore, cell growth, viability, apoptosis as well as mineralization of the specimens were analyzed over a time‐period of 2 months. Compared to specimens that were treated with blasting agents, untreated specimens had the highest surface roughness. Quantitative SCFS measurements demonstrated that the adhesion of human primary osteoblasts was the highest on these specimens. Additionally, the untreated specimens allowed the highest number of osteoblasts to colonize. Mineralization studies showed increasing calcium and phosphor elemental composition for all specimen series. It can be concluded that untreated laser‐cused titanium specimens are superior to promote the initial adhesion and subsequent colonization by osteoblast cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1422–1430, 2014.
Therapeutic red cell exchange for severe carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Zengin Suat , Yılmaz Mehmet , Al Behcet , Yildirim Cuma , Yavuz Erdal , Akcali Aycan
Published: June 2013

Background and Objective

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most common cause of fatal poisoning worldwide. Therapeutic red cell exchange (TREX) has been used in the treatment of many different diseases. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TREX on the clinical status, outcome, and discharge of patients with severe CO poisoning. Methods: Demographic data, clinical status, and outcomes of 12 patients that were treated with TREX for severe CO poisoning after referral to the Emergency and Hematology Departments of Gaziantep University between November 2011 and April 2012 were evaluated. Results: Mean carboxyhemoglobin level decreased from (59.7 ± 12.7)% (38–79%) to (17 ± 9.4)% (8–43%), and mean Glasgow Coma Scale score increased from 4 ± 1.6 (3–8) to 9.4 ± 3.5 (3–14) after TREX therapy. Five patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. Rhabdomyolysis developed in one case. Of the 12 patients, 11 were discharged alive, and one patient died. Conclusion: TREX may be an alternative treatment method for reducing mortality and morbidity in cases of severe CO poisoning. J. Clin. Apheresis 28:337–340, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triscyclometalated Iridium(III) Fluoro‐Substituted Carbene Complexes: Character of Emitting Triplet States and Excited State Dynamics
Authors: Chen Chien‐Yu , Tsai Huei‐Ru , Lu Kun‐Yi , Yao Husan‐Hsiao , Yang Yu‐Han Ou , Cheng Chien‐Hong , Chen I‐Chia
Published: June 2013

We report the spectra of UV‐vis absorption, emission and excitation for fluoro‐substituted triscarbene iridium complexes fac‐tris(1‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐methylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene‐C,C2′) iridium(III), fac‐Ir(fpmi)3, and fac‐tris(1‐(2,4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐methyl imidazolin‐2‐ylidene‐C,C2′ ) iridium(III), fac‐Ir(dfpmi)3. The decay of emission and transient absorption curves at 266‐nm excitation in the singlet metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) band region are recorded. Using quantum chemical calculations‐density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) method B3LYP, we obtained their optimized geometries, electronic structures, energies of vertical transitions and oscillator strengths. Both complexes emit in deep blue/near UV which has the highest emission energy for iridium complexes. These emission bands display vibronic structure and a small rigidochromic shift in the low‐temperature. From the measured lifetime data and the emission quantum yield, we obtain a radiative rate constant kr 2.2‐2.4 × 104 s−1 for the emitting state and assign the emitting state to 3π‐π* for these complexes. In subpicosecond transient absorption, we observed an ultrafast rise implying that crossing rate from 1MLCT to this ligand‐centered T1/T2 3π‐π* state is faster than our temporal resolution (300 fs)−1. Two components appear with time constants 0.7‐1.5 ps and 15‐47 ps and are assigned to vibrational cooling/solvation and geometry relaxation, respectively.
Energetic aspects of Enceladus' magnetospheric interaction
Authors: Simon Sven , Kriegel Hendrik , Saur Joachim , Wennmacher Alexandre
Published: June 2013

We present an analytical model of the Poynting flux that is generated by the interaction between the plume of Enceladus and Saturn's magnetospheric plasma. Our purpose is to analyze the influence of two key elements of Enceladus' magnetospheric interaction on the electromagnetic energy radiated away in the moon's Alfvén wings. First, the north‐south asymmetry of the obstacle generates a system of hemisphere coupling currents which allows a transport of electromagnetic energy into Saturn's northern hemisphere, even if the field‐aligned currents connecting to the plume are completely blocked at the non‐conducting icy crust of Enceladus. Second, the presence of electron‐absorbing dust grains within the plume was recently found to drastically modify the electromagnetic field configuration within Enceladus' Alfvén wings (anti‐Hall effect), thereby also altering the energy flux radiated away from the interaction region. By systematically studying the impact of varying strengths of the hemisphere coupling currents and varying electron absorption fractions on the energy flux, we come to the following conclusions: (1) The integrated Poynting flux into Saturn's southern hemisphere always exceeds the integrated flux into the northern hemisphere. In particular, the power transmitted towards the south may become several orders of magnitude larger than the power transmitted towards the north. (2) The search for Enceladus' auroral footprint has so far mainly focused on Saturn's northern hemisphere. However, based on the Poynting fluxes radiated away by the interaction, detections of the footprint should occur more likely in the giant planet's southern hemisphere, if no other far‐field effects play a role. (3) Electron absorption by the dust grains within the plume makes a measurable contribution to the energy flux.
Three‐dimensional multi‐fluid simulations of Titan's interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere: Comparisons with Cassini's T55 flyby
Authors: Snowden D. , Winglee R.
Published: June 2013

We describe a new multi‐fluid model of Titan's interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere that includes finer resolution in Titan's ionosphere, photoionization, electron‐impact ionization, dissociative recombination, and ion‐neutral coupling in the momentum and energy equations. We compare simulation results to data from Cassini's T55 flyby to show that including magnetospheric electron‐impact ionization in Titan's nightside ionosphere is necessary to calculate electron densities, electron temperatures, and ion velocities that are consistent with Cassini observations. However, similar to other studies, we find that the electron‐impact ionization rate calculated by the model needs to be significantly reduced to produce an electron density that is in agreement with the observations. We also find that an upstream plasma flow with significant components northward and radially outward from Saturn is needed to reproduce the gradual increase in electron density observed during the ingress portion of T55. This suggests that Titan was in a nonideal environment with a plasma flow oriented away from the direction of corotation during T55 and likely during the subsequent flybys T56, T57, T58, and T59 when similar electron density enhancements were seen on the inbound portion of Cassini's trajectory.
Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the exceptional Greenland ice sheet surface melt in summer 2012
Authors: Hanna Edward , Fettweis Xavier , Mernild Sebastian H. , Cappelen John , Ribergaard Mads H. , Shuman Christopher A. , Steffen Konrad , Wood Len , Mote Thomas L.
Published: June 2013

The NASA announcement of record surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet in July 2012 led us to examine the atmospheric and oceanic climatic anomalies that are likely to have contributed to these exceptional conditions and also to ask the question of how unusual these anomalies were compared to available records. Our analysis allows us to assess the relative contributions of these two key influences to both the extreme melt event and ongoing climate change. In 2012, as in recent warm summers since 2007, a blocking high pressure feature, associated with negative NAO conditions, was present in the mid‐troposphere over Greenland for much of the summer. This circulation pattern advected relatively warm southerly winds over the western flank of the ice sheet, forming a ‘heat dome’ over Greenland that led to the widespread surface melting. Both sea‐surface temperature and sea‐ice cover anomalies seem to have played a minimal role in this record melt, relative to atmospheric circulation. Two representative coastal climatological station averages and several individual stations in south, west and north‐west Greenland set new surface air temperature records for May, June, July and the whole (JJA) summer. The unusually warm summer 2012 conditions extended to the top of the ice sheet at Summit, where our reanalysed (1994–2012) DMI Summit weather station summer (JJA) temperature series set new record high mean and extreme temperatures in 2012; 3‐hourly instantaneous 2‐m temperatures reached an exceptional value of 2.2°C at Summit on 11 July 2012. These conditions translated into the record observed ice‐sheet wide melt during summer 2012. However, 2012 seems not to be climatically representative of future ‘average’ summers projected this century.
Effect of water‐soluble fraction of cherry tomatoes on the adhesion of probiotics and Salmonella to intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Koh Jong Ho , Kim Narae , Hwang Dahyun , Lim Young‐Hee
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Tomato is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world and contains many valuable nutritional components. Here we investigate the prebiotic effects of cherry tomatoes for improving gut health.

RESULTS

Water‐soluble dietary fiber was prepared from fresh and processed (heat treatment at 80 °C for 15 min) cherry tomato samples, each with and without Viscozyme L treatment. In the adhesion assays, all water‐soluble dietary fiber samples improved adhesion of probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) to intestinal epithelial cells (Caco‐2 cells). Heat treatment in the preparation of juice from cherry tomatoes showed no significant effect on the adhesion of probiotics to Caco‐2 cells. The oligofructose content of samples affected the intestinal adhesion of probiotic bacteria, with higher oligosaccharide concentrations associated with greater adhesion of probiotics and more inhibition of the adhesion of pathogens to Caco‐2 cells.

CONCLUSION

The present results suggest that cherry tomato can act as a prebiotic, with oligofructose potentially being one of its major prebiotic components. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)
Authors: Jung EunKyung , Kim YoungJun , Joo Nami
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The therapeutic action of a plant depends on its chemical constituents. In this study, experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of extraction conditions on the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.).

RESULTS

Roselle was found to be rich in malic acid, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and minerals, especially Ca and Fe, but low in glucose. More than 18 volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This herb, which is rich in phenolic compounds and displays DPPH radical scavenging activity, could be a good source of natural antioxidants. The antimicrobial activity of the Roselle water and ethanol extracts was tested with Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739). The inhibition of the Roselle ethanol extract against B. subtilis and S. aureus was slightly higher than that of water extract but this difference was not significant. However, E. coli was strongly inhibited by the Roselle water extract at concentrations of 25 and 50 mg mL−1 as determined by a paper disc method.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results indicated that antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was related to different methods of extraction and Roselle extracts could be a source of therapeutically useful products. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetic resonance susceptibility weighted phase imaging for the assessment of reperfusion intramyocardial hemorrhage
Authors: Goldfarb James W. , Hasan Usama , Zhao Wenguo , Han Jing
Published: June 2013

Purpose

To quantitatively investigate myocardial phase in multiple‐gradient‐echo images to determine normal phase angle ranges as a function of echo time and anatomical position and then compare phase values from patients with myocardial infarction with those normal ranges to determine the feasibility of intramyocardial hemorrhage detection.

Methods

Fifteen normal control and 11 patients with reperfused myocardial infarction participated in this prospective study. A 1.5 T magnetic resonance system was used to perform volumetric CINE, high‐pass filtered (HPF) phase, T2‐weighted, T2*‐weighted and late gadolinium‐enhanced infarct imaging at four times points after myocardial infarction. HPF‐phase analyzed using a 16‐segment model was compared with late gadolinium‐enhanced infarct imaging and T2* measurements.

Results

Myocardial HPF‐phase angle in the normal control group was small (−0.008 ± 0.027 radians). There was a difference between anatomical segments, with less variation in septal segments compared with cyclic variations in non‐septal segments. Abnormal phase was only shown in myocardial segments with transmural late gadolinium‐enhanced and microvascular obstruction consistent with intramyocardial hemorrhage. There were six studies from three patients (seven segments at 3 days, five segments at follow‐up) with HPF‐phase outside of normal range indicative of intramyocardial hemorrhage.

Conclusion

Myocardial HPF‐phase angle is normally small and varies by anatomical myocardial segment. intramyocardial hemorrhage causes a phase decrease beyond normal variations. Magn Reson Med 71:1210–1220, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylnaltrexone for Opioid‐Induced Constipation in Pediatric Oncology Patients
Authors: Rodrigues Amelia , Wong Cherie , Mattiussi Andrea , Alexander Sarah , Lau Elaine , Dupuis L. Lee
Published: June 2013

Background

Pediatric oncology patients can experience opioid‐induced constipation, which may not respond to laxative treatment. Methylnaltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist that can reverse opioid‐induced constipation without affecting analgesia. Published literature on the use of methylnaltrexone in children is very limited. This retrospective review describes the effectiveness and safety of methylnaltrexone for opioid‐induced constipation in pediatric oncology patients.

Procedure

A retrospective review of health records was conducted for pediatric oncology in‐patients who were prescribed methylnaltrexone between May 2008 and September 2012 at The Hospital for Sick Children. Demographic, clinical, efficacy, and safety data were collected, including; opioid, laxative, and methylnatrexone dosing and frequency.

Results

Fifteen patients (median age: 14 years, range: 4–17 years) received methylnaltrexone; 12 received a single dose while three received multiple doses. At the time of methylnaltrexone administration, patients were receiving a median oral morphine dose equivalent of 5.7 mg/kg/day (range: 1.5–29.2 mg/kg/day) and had not had any bowel movements for several days despite treatment with multiple laxatives. Methylnaltrexone was given at a mean dose of 0.15 ± 0.02 mg/kg/dose (range: 3–12 mg/dose) as a subcutaneous injection. After 14 of 19 doses administered, patients had a bowel movement within 4 hours. Three patients had documented mild gastrointestinal upset following methylnaltrexone administration. None reported a reduction of pain control or opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Conclusion

This case series suggests that methylnaltrexone is safe and may be effective when given subcutaneously as a 0.15 mg/kg single dose to pediatric oncology patients with opioid‐induced constipation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1667–1670. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic variability of prenatally presenting Gaucher's disease
Authors: Beaujot Juliette , Joriot Sylvie , Dieux Anne , Vaast Pascal , Franquet‐Ansart Hélène , Valat Anne‐Sylvie , Deruelle Philippe , Holder‐Espinasse Muriel , Devisme Louise
Published: June 2013

What's already known about this topic?

Recently, a new subgroup of Gaucher's disease type 2 with early manifestations during fetal life has been reported.

What does this study add?

This report illustrates the diversity of fetal malformations observed in this entity, also called perinatal lethal Gaucher's disease, and, because of phenotypic variability, the autopsy with histological examination is useful to discuss this diagnosis.
Beyond seizures: understanding cognitive deficits in epilepsy
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: June 2013

Cognitive impairment can pose lifelong problems for people with epilepsy. However, researchers are now beginning to understand the nature of these impairments, which may ultimately lead to new management approaches. Mark Greener reports.
Preparation of a solution‐processable, nanostructured ionic polyacetylene
Authors: Ringstrand Bryan , Seifert Sönke , Firestone Millicent A.
Published: June 2013

Polymerization of a self‐assembled 1‐dodecyl‐3‐propargylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid (IL) yields a nanostructured ionic polyacetylene. A 1:1 aqueous mixture of the amphiphilic IL produces an ordered lyotropic mesophase that adopts a hexagonal perforated lamellar structure. Rh (I)‐mediated polymerization of the assembled mixture yields a hexagonal modulated lamellar structured polymer. FTIR spectroscopy reveals that the polymer was self n‐doped. The polymer was fractioned into three components with the majority product, possessing an intermediate molecular weight that is soluble in polar organic solvents. In methanol, the optical band gap of the main fraction was determined to be 2.38 eV and was nonemissive. The solution‐processable polymer was airbrush sprayed onto glass substrates to give a liquid‐crystalline, lamellar structured semiconductive film (7.02 × 10−5 S cm−1). The polymer resisted oxidation (degradation) upon storage in air as monitored by vibrational spectroscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1215–1227
Modification of polyisoprene‐block‐poly(vinyl trimethylsilane) block copolymers via hydrosilylation and hydrogenation, and their gas transport properties
Authors: Gacal Bahadir N. , Filiz Volkan , Shishatskiy Sergey , Rangou Sofia , Neumann Silvio , Abetz Volker
Published: June 2013

Polyisoprene‐block‐poly(vinyl trimethylsilane) (PI‐b‐PVTMS) block copolymers having different isoprene contents are successfully chemically modified and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Gas transport properties of the initial block copolymers and their derivatives modified via hydrosilylation and hydrogenation are measured. The modified block copolymers show higher permeabilities for O2 and H2 than the unmodified block copolymers while maintaining similar O2/N2 and H2/N2 selectivities. Hydrosilylation and hydrogenation of block copolymers with a low isoprene content result in a permeability increase for O2 and H2 of 15 to 40%, respectively. Similarly, for block copolymers with high isoprene contents, increases in permeabilities up to 125% are observed compared to initial PI‐b‐PVTMS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1252–1261
The linker between the D3 and A1 domains of vWF suppresses A1‐GPIbα catch bonds by site‐specific binding to the A1 domain
Authors: Tischer Alexander , Cruz Miguel A. , Auton Matthew
Published: June 2013

Platelet attachment to von Willebrand factor (vWF) requires the interaction between the platelet GP1bα and exposed vWF‐A1 domains. Structural insights into the mechanism of the A1‐GP1bα interaction have been limited to an N‐terminally truncated A1 domain that lacks residues Q1238 − E1260 that make up the linker between the D3 and A1 domains of vWF. We have demonstrated that removal of these residues destabilizes quaternary interactions in the A1A2A3 tridomain and contributes to platelet activation under high shear (Auton et al., J Biol Chem 2012;287:14579–14585). In this study, we demonstrate that removal of these residues from the single A1 domain enhances platelet pause times on immobilized A1 under rheological shear. A rigorous comparison between the truncated A1‐1261 and full length A1‐1238 domains demonstrates a kinetic stabilization of the A1 domain induced by these N‐terminal residues as evident in the enthalpy of the unfolding transition. This stabilization occurs through site and sequence‐specific binding of the N‐terminal peptide to A1. Binding of free N‐terminal peptide to A1‐1261 has an affinity
and this binding although free to dissociate is sufficient to suppress the platelet pause times to levels comparable to A1‐1238 under shear stress. Our results support a dual‐structure/function role for this linker region involving a conformational equilibria that maintains quaternary A domain associations in the inactive state of vWF at low shear and an intra‐A1‐domain conformation that regulates the strength of platelet GP1bα‐vWF A1 domain associations in the active state of vWF at high shear.
Evaluation of candidate systems for mass trapping against Ceratitis spp. on La Réunion island
Authors: Peñarrubia‐María I Esther , Quilici Serge , Schmitt Chloé , Escudero‐Colomar L Adriana
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Two Ceratitis spp. coexist on the island of La Réunion, Ceratitis rosa (Karsch) and C. capitata (Wiedemann). The effectiveness of candidate systems based on attractants and traps to control both species was evaluated through comparative studies of trap types, attractants, insecticides and commercial complete systems.

RESULTS

The Ceratitis spp. most captured in all trials was C. rosa. Captures of C. rosa and C. capitata were not significantly different when Maxitrap® or Tephri‐trap® were used. Captures with the Easy‐trap® were lower for both species. The BioLure® Med Fly lure showed higher catches of C. rosa than Ferag® CC D TM. The proportion of dead C. rosa did not differ significantly when deltamethrin or dichlorvos was used. There were no significant differences in the capture of C. rosa and C. capitata between commercial systems composed of the lure Ferag® CC D TM, the Maxitrap® and dichlorvos and the BioLure® Unipak, the Tephri‐trap® and dichlorvos. The Cera Trap® system performed less effectively.

CONCLUSION

The most effective traps for the capture of C. rosa and C. capitata were Maxitrap® and Tephri‐trap®; the most effective attractants were BioLure® Med Fly for C. rosa and BioLure® Med Fly, BioLure® Unipak and Ferag® CC D TM for C. capitata. However, for both species the most effective commercial combinations of trap and attractant were Maxitrap® with Ferag® CC D TM and Tephri‐trap® with BioLure® Unipak, both using dichlorvos. The insecticide deltamethrin showed good efficacy when used inside traps. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparing the Economic Effectiveness of Various Adaptive Schemes for the c Chart
Authors: Lupo Toni
Published: June 2013

In an attempt to improve the effectiveness of statistical process control (SPC) procedures, a variety of adaptive schemes has been developed in the last decades. However, considering control charts for attributes, relatively few works about adaptive schemes have been proposed, and most of them were proposed only recently. The common characteristic of those schemes is that one or more chart parameters are allowed to adaptively vary during the SPC operations according to the sampling information history, typically the current point plotted on the chart. In this way, the adaptive schemes are smarter than the related static ones, but they are also more complicated in terms of implementation. The purpose of the present work is to evaluate and compare the economic performance of the main adaptive schemes of a control chart for attributes, in order to derive conclusions on their relative effectiveness. In particular, the analysis is focused on the c chart that is used to monitor the total nonconformities number in an inspection unit. A numerical comparative study, based on a fractional factorial design scheme, to investigate on the influence of several operating and costs parameters, is carried out, and the related considerations are given. The obtained results show that the chart parameter having the most impact on the economic performance is the sampling interval. Therefore, in most cases, the use of a c chart with adaptive sampling intervals is the better choice than other adaptive schemes, which are also more complicated in terms of implementation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.