bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Living with Nature in the City:
Authors: Suk Eun Bin
Published: June 2023

This paper seeks to do an ecocritical reading of Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon. Most slave narratives and African American novels have characters that move from the South to the North in order to escape slavery as well as make a better living. However, this novel is unique because Milkman undergoes a process of reverse migration – journeying from the North to the South. Also, the main character achieves a different kind of liberation. Although he is already a free man living in the 1950-60s America, Milkman is alienated from his historical roots because of the influence from his father Macon. The one who guides Milkman toward his ancestry is Pilate, his aunt, who lives in a totally opposite way from Milkman’s father Macon. In this paper, I focus on Pilate’s relationship to the environment – an ecocritical reading of the character. Pilate is important because she is the only guide for Milkman to achieve liberation. It is interesting that she, who is without a navel, lives in the Northern city, an urban environment, without any use of electricity and gas. Many studies on Pilate have already focused on her relationship to the physical environment, exemplified by her rural living style in the urban space; however, an ecocritical reading will provide various other aspects about Pilate. Pilate’s Afrocentric way of living, exemplified by her natural way of living, is significant due to the fact that she reclaims the space that African Americans were exempt from. Black people in America could not claim a space for themselves other than living like the mainstream whites or like a radical extremist. Pilate’s relationship to the environment is very unique she is able to have the agency to claim a space for herself as well as be rooted to her ancestry in the urban environment of the North.
Not Winnin’ Anymore:
Authors: Brooker Joseph
Published: June 2023

This article addresses representations of working-class life in Britain during the 1980s; specifically, experiences of recession, unemployment, and difficulty in the workplace. The primary text considered is the television drama series Boys from the Blackstuff (1982), written by Alan Bleasdale; more briefly this is linked to James Kelman’s novel The Busconductor Hines (1984), and to the post-industrial landscape of the poetry of Sean O’Brien. In the wake of the socialist criticism of Raymond Williams, the article explores how the “Industrial Novel” of the 1840s may be succeeded, in the Thatcher years, by the literature of recession and deindustrialization.
The Woman/Poet Wife:
Authors: Rahman Arifa Ghani
Published: June 2023

The influence of Elizabeth Barrett Browning on Emily Dickinson’s poetry has been the subject of much speculation. The thematic similarities between the poetry of these two women and, sometimes, the use of similar or exact words have led some critics to accuse Dickinson of plagiarism. This paper considers this accusation in terms of Harold Bloom’s idea of the “anxiety of influence” to show how Barrett Browning inspired Dickinson to become at once a part of a strong female tradition as well as a deviant. The image of the wife as presented by Dickinson in her “bridal” poems has been compared with that presented in Barrett Browning’s famous “Sonnets from the Portuguese.” Barrett Browning’s sonnet sequence, written for her husband, has been valued more for the romance behind the poems than for their literary value. These poems have ultimately placed Barrett Browning securely in the place of woman/wife rather than poet. But where Barrett Browning never questioned the overlapping of these roles, Dickinson, in her poetry, is often troubled by the implications. This paper examines Dickinson’s poems as an assertion of the conflicts between the woman/poet/wife compared to Barrett Browning’s poetry which shows her complacency with her position as woman/wife as she had already established herself as a poet in the man’s world before she ever met Robert Browning.
Errors in Writing:
Authors: Shayeekh-Us-Saleheen Md.
Published: June 2023

With regard to written composition, students often want to focus on grammar when they first seek help with writing. Most have problems with structure and organization. But the study of second/foreign language teaching reveals that making errors is universal and natural. When teachers complain about errors of structure or syntax, they are usually responding to the symptom, not the cause – which is often unclear thinking. Although teachers are familiar with the types and sources of errors usually made by students, the non-availability of proper instruction, emphasis on fluency, and communicative practice rather than on explanation and understanding of grammatical rules result in written work that abounds in errors. This study identifies fifteen types of errors in writing usually made by students. These are categorized under the sources of interlingual and intra lingual errors. Therefore, this paper aims to look not at each and every error in writing, but will attempt to analyze some recurrent and systematic errors which will help students to write socially acceptable and academically correct English in Bangladesh.
Sonnets of Shakespeare:
Authors: Winter Joe
Published: June 2023

Shakespeare’s Sonnets remain at the edge of the public’s awareness of the works of the poetdramatist and also, to an extent, on the border of the academic world’s engagement with the oeuvre. Every now and then a new edition comes out, or a more general book, to assist students and the “ordinary readers” come to grips, as best they…
Do I Dare … Disturb the Fan(atic)?
Authors: Rashid Mohammed Mizanur
Published: June 2023

The ability to intuitively focus on ideas of sports and the fandom that it entails has not been the strongest subject of research throughout the countries of South Asia, and to understand the psychology that comes with it has been an even more farfetched notion. There is no denying that a gap subsists in the current literature that is accessible on matters such as sports fandom or identity formation apropos sports entities, teams or even franchises. Obviously, it is better to have an understanding of what sports fanaticism is, how it is related to individual identity and, more importantly, how it creates fan identity and also, to what extent the influences of such fandom operate in the context of our country. My paper, therefore, will primarily provide an account of sports fandom and fanaticism which will lead to the discussion of the present condition of sports fanaticism in Bangladesh focusing on the most popular sports of football. The paper will also put forward a theory about how sports fandom can accommodate itself as a perfect venue for identity creation and at the same time depict that, personal and psychological characteristics, contributing to the most basic determining factors of human psychology, have an immense part to play in the making of a sports fan. Finally, the paper will discuss the sociocultural effects and consumerist attitudes of sports fandom in our country. The research is based both on qualitative and quantitative approaches and is discussed in terms of social factors
Reading Baraka against the Grain
Authors: Al Zayed Hasan
Published: June 2023

Discussions about African-American poet and playwright Amiri Baraka’s work often center on his relation to the American nation and its literary canon. There seem to be deliberate efforts from Baraka critics to inscribe him within the homogeneous landscape of the nation, although Baraka has been one of the staunchest critics of the American nation and confronted its imperialist ambition through politics and work. This paper proposes to read Amiri Baraka through a different set of aesthetic and political relations: through his proximity to the Third World’s oppositional literary traditions. Placing Baraka within the vicinity of canonical American writers is certainly productive and important but, as this paper argues, reading the African American poet through his Third World oppositional lineage allows for a more dialectical understanding of his work.
ELT:
Authors: Amin Rumana
Published: June 2023

English language, the language of development, scientific advancement, information, opportunity, employment, power, and prestige in Bangladesh, has become the synonym of all progresses in recent years. English language teaching has acquired new dimensions in as much as it has crept into diverse methods of ELT at various levels of education. The Western paradigm of English teaching has occupied a prestigious position in the educational system of Bangladesh for decades. It is a well-known fact to all that language teaching and learning is affected by a host of factors ranging from the macro political and cultural environments of a country or region to the micro perceptions and practices of individual teachers or learners. Hence, the demand for different methodologies for different learners or learning situations arises gradually. The changes in the classrooms, ruled by traditional methodologies for years, regarding the adaptation of communicative language teaching, can be seen to be a direct result of the paradigm shift in the realm of English language teaching and learning. This article attempts to explain the shift in practice and reality of English language teaching by taking a close look at various features that affected the choice of the varieties of English taught and learned.
New Lines in Bangladeshi Writing in English:
Authors: Dhar Subir , Biswas Tapu
Published: June 2023

For a country like Bangladesh, which emerged as an independent nation only in 1971, the coming into being of a fully definable national literature in English may understandably take a little more time. Nevertheless, Bangladesh does have a significant number of new writers even in the field of poetry written in English. The first Bangladeshi English poetic voices began to be heard in the mid-1970s with Feroz Ahmeduddin’s Handful of Dust (1975), Razia Khan’s Argus Under Anaesthesia (1976) and Cruel April (1977), and Kaiser Haq’s Collected Poems: 1966-2006 being early productions (Askari). Other poets who published their poetry in English were Nadeem Rahman (with Politically Incorrect Poems, 2004), Rumana Siddique (Five Faces of Eve:Poems, 2007), and Syed Najmuddin Hashim (Hopefully the Pomegranate, 2007) (Shook). Monica Ali, with her 2003 debut novel Brick Lane, put Bangladeshi writing in English on the map of the New English Literatures, and, in this light, it may be appropriate to read and appreciate the output of Shamsad Mortuza who is a comparatively new talent in the field of Bangladeshi English poetry.
On Jane Austen, Very Briefly
Authors: Choudhury Serajul Islam
Published: June 2023

Jane Austen was great, quietly great; and gently mischievous. Her greatness is known to the world, and the greatness is added to by her sense of humor and irony which she makes use of to hold the supercilious and the dull up to ridicule, and more importantly, to question, the adequacy of the patriarchy under which she was obliged to live and write.
Diaspora and Identity in Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth:
Authors: Islam Rama
Published: June 2023

Women in Jhumpa Lahiri’s works are often found isolated in a diasporic world. They fall into a complicated situation when they begin their life in a new country. They are mostly identified as complex, intelligent, and questioning women who are not happy with the status quo and turn rebels against the established order. Lahiri presents women’s subjugation, motherhood, quest for identity, cultural and generational conflicts, marital tension, and the lack of communication between people in Unaccustomed Earth. Indian women immigrants in America are caught between the Indian traditions they left behind and the different alien world that they have to face. They are subjugated under patriarchy and are forced to adopt diasporic culture. In a new diasporic culture, they form a new identity – their daughters, who represent the second generation, experience the same hurdles as their mothers. This paper seeks to explore the status of Indian immigrant women’s identity in America, the identity crisis of their daughters, and the uncertainty of American women
To the Lighthouse:
Authors: Husain Adrian A.
Published: June 2023

The study, diverging from current critical discourse on Virginia Woolf as eccentric author, sets out expressly to look at Woolf as enigmatic text. In so doing, it explores largely untapped Woolf terrain. Its broad focus is on Woolf’s two major novels, Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse though it concerns itself more particularly with the latter – and more mature – work. It takes in Woolf’s distinctive angle on modernism, as evinced by her first short story, “The Mark on the Wall,” besides considering her unique aesthetic, as laid out in her quasi-memoir, “A Sketch of the Past.” The discussion likewise engages with Woolf’s understanding of the tensions and disjunctions inherent within fiction and the nature of fiction as a deconstructive mode. Principally, it engages with Woolf’s individual understanding of time and her ostensible resolution of the conundrum of time’s slippage. Equally significantly, the essay looks at the impact of the revolution in pictorial art, especially Picasso, on the shape of fiction, as conceived of by Woolf. It considers the possibility, in the light of this revolution, understood as pivotal to modernist thought, of a transition from theme to form taking place, for instance, in To the Lighthouse.
Translating Drama:
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Shahadat
Published: June 2023

A play is meant for stage performance. Translating a dramatic work is, in many ways, different from translating the other genres of literature, for the language spoken in a play is colloquial and not necessarily formal. It is not simply an act of transferring linguistic or verbal rhetoric per se; it is an act of cultural shift and remaking, involving cross-cultural interaction of homogeneity, and adaptation of cultural heterogeneity. It is both a linguistic and cultural exchange of conversations and dialogues. Drama translation involves actability of the characters, performativity of the roles, clarity of thoughts, and brevity of speeches. Time, place and action, as well as the stage and the audience, are to receive special consideration as far as drama translation is concerned. The paper investigates the extent to which translation theory gives rise to the strategy of “intentional betrayal” to attain the “translatability” of the “untranslatability.” The paper again attempts to validate the analogical dichotomy between theory and practice in translation studies, focusing on the dynamics of translation based on a translational process of loss and gain.
Nawab Faizunnesa Chowdhurani’s Rupjalal:
Authors: Islam Sonika
Published: June 2023

Rupjalal (1876) is considered to be the first novel by any Muslim woman. Reading this one hundred and forty-one year old novel reveals many buried expressions of women’s sexuality. This paper tries to read Nawab Faizunnesa Chowdhurani’s Rupjalal in the context of the then Bengal and tries to explore how the author boldly, yet subtly, portrays female sexuality through the aesthetic quality of her craft. Chowdhurani brings in almost every possible sphere of women’s sexuality in her narration through the love story of Jalal and Rupbanu. In a time when the Victorian morality imposed on Indians was trying to ban frank sexual expression in literature, Chowdhurani writes about female sexuality, desire, female gaze, and even raises a voice against the patriarchal notion of chastity in women. Chowdhurani also plays with narrative technique and incorporates many genres in her fiction. This paper shows how Rupjalal is a feminist text in many ways. However, the paper does not aim to place Chowdhurani or her text in favor or in opposition to patriarchal or colonial contexts. It tries, instead, to unearth the expression of women’s sexuality which is buried by the intervention of Victorian imperialist and reformist culture of the nineteenth century.
Love, Sex and the Body in The Bell Jar and My Story:
Authors: Mozumder Subrata Chandra
Published: June 2023

This paper seeks to explore the themes of love, sex, and the body in The Bell Jar and My Story, two much-read autobiographical texts by Sylvia Plath and Kamala Das respectively, which reveal the writers’ feminist “self.” These books were published in the mid-twentieth century when women started fighting for their individual freedom by interrogating patriarchal hegemony responsible for delimiting women’s familial, social, economic, educational, industrial, and political rights. Both Plath and Das possess unconventional approaches towards love, sex, and the body. Their texts come out as threats to the patriarchal practice which pushes women to “stay at home, cook meals, clean house and bear children” (Lamb 1). For these poets, the woman’s body, which patriarchy mostly considers an object of sexual pleasure, is a significant tool for transgressing the dictums of patriarchy. The present study, therefore, aims at showing the themes of love, sex, and the body in the above mentioned texts as a means for the poets to interrogate patriarchal restraints and to create a new identity with self-esteem and self-worth. In this way, they refuse to accept the hegemonic role of oppression and assert their gender identity.
Tess in Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles:
Authors: Nuruzzaman Md.
Published: June 2023

Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles exhibits the life of Tess, a representative of the Victorian woman, who discovers herself in the midst of nature. She concurs with nature both physically and psychologically. Almost all the momentous incidents of her life have a close association with nature. The natural atmosphere, the landscape, the cycle of seasons, and the nocturnal animals introduced in the novel echo the inner rhythms of Tess. She, in fact, acts and reacts in a way that one can metaphorically relate her to nature. Her association with nature raises the question of whether she is a distinguished human being or a part of nature or just another self of nature. This paper, therefore, aims at addressing the metaphorical identity of Tess and reconsidering the relationship between nature and Tess in the light of ecocriticism.
Establishing Sisterhood:
Authors: Sultana Rajia
Published: June 2023

This paper attempts to study Esperenza, the Chicana protagonist of Sandra Cisneros’s novel The House on Mango Street, who desires to establish her identity as a woman and a poet to represent the marginalized women of her community. She believes that she needs to come out of the role imposed on her by society to establish herself as a writer and to proclaim her true female identity. Esperanza searches for self-respect. In doing so, she discovers the reasons behind women’s confinement and the sources of patriarchy’s hold over women. She understands that social conditioning plays a vital role in holding women back. In her quest for identity as a Mexican American, she also tries to create a space in literary tradition as she feels a strong desire to speak out for those women of her community who cannot come out of their social imprisonment. She realizes that she must do something for them and finds that writing their untold stories could be a way of paying tribute to them. She has intensely observed their pain, suppression, and unfulfilled desires. So she takes the initiative to break the barriers of patriarchal control to ensure women’s rights in her society. Thus she feels the necessity of establishing a sisterhood to break the patriarchal web and to give due credit to women’s contributions to society, which would allow her and her fellow women to come out of internment and find the route to freedom.
Perceptions of Teachers about Differentiated Instruction for English Language Teaching at the Tertiary Level in Bangladesh
Authors: Ferdousy Sakiba
Published: June 2023

Differentiated Instruction (DI) has become a very in fluential approach for the last few decades in the various arenas of education where teachers, instead of lecturing students or instructing in a one-size-fits-all approach, tailor their teaching strategies based on individual learner needs. This unique approach seems to be immensely beneficial as it makes learners independent, confident, enthusiastic, involved, and ultimately better achievers in examinations. The present paper explores the perceptions of tertiary level teachers of Bangladesh regarding DI and the use of this approach in teaching English. Data were collected from 33 English teachers from three private universities using a Likert-scale questionnaire followed by a semi-structured interview with 10 participants. The findings reveal that teachers are aware of DI and its benefits, but their classroom strategies are not congruent with the DI principles to a great extent. Although they create a friendly and non-threatening environment and allow students to choose classroom activities, they cannot differentiate the learning goals, the content, assessment tools, and evaluation for each learner. The paper ends with suggestions for creating a more conducive environment for learning by implementing Differentiated Instruction strategies in higher education in Bangladesh.
Academic Language across Disciplines
Authors: Shaila Mahmuda Yasmin
Published: June 2023

Building Academic Language: Meeting COMMON CORE Standards across Disciplines, Grades 5-12Jeff ZwiersSan Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2014 (2nd ed.). 336 pp.ISBN-13: 978-1118744857, ISBN-10: 11187

Building Academic Language: Meeting COMMON CORE Standards across Disciplines, Grades 5-12 by Jeff Zwiers is a much needed addition in the field of teaching and learning. In this text, the author reveals the importance of academic language and portrays the ways through which teachers in the classroom ...
Petro-culture as an Oppressor of Women and Nature:
Authors: Mahzabeen Bushra
Published: June 2023

Oil, arguably a crucial natural resource for the development of human civilization, has often been treated in petrofiction as a representation of male power and consequently an apparatus for repression of women. Historically, nature and women have been dominated at the hands of the petro-capitalist male societies. In Egyptian author Nawal El Saadawi’s novel Love in the Kingdom of Oil, it is found that the question of dominance over environment and suppression of women are inextricably linked. Oil is a commodity in the narrative which is used in an Islamic Gulf state as an agent to confine women in stereotypical roles and strip them of their unique identities as individuals. The petro-capitalism in the novel also works against creating a sustainable environment for the future generations. The female protagonist here fights for her dignity and right to freedom while facing the harsh realities of her social condition. This paper analyzes the text in order to expose the degeneration of oil societies and offers a view of how petro-cultural capitalism and politics, using religion as a shield, arguably work as key influencers behind the exploitation of women and nature.
“Talking like Men”:
Authors: Rahman Rumana
Published: June 2023

Myths unravel an overwhelmingly patriarchal order in society and consequently validate the androcentrism of language. As cultural texts, they show and legitimize the victimization of women. “Revisionist mythmaking” is a process, suggested by Alicia Ostriker, which tends to subvert the patriarchal structure of the cultural elements and “correct” the gender stereotypes of women. Carol Ann Duffy’s The World’s Wife is a remarkable addition to the tradition of revisionist mythmaking in English literature. Almost all the poems focus on hitherto invisible and “silenced” female counterparts of mythical and quasi-mythical characters. The ending of the stories remains unchanged, but the perspectives change as Duffy subverts the male-subject position into a female one. This paper argues that here the female speakers attain superiority mainly through speech and considers it the main strength of the process of revisionist mythmaking. Duffy’s use of dramatic monologue, as the dominant genre in this collection, helps to capture the essence of “performance” through the speech in a brilliant way. The female-subject speakers give commands which are meant to be executed; they narrate acts of violence, stories of victimization, and experience of motherhood. They adopt colloquial language and masculine expressions which make the subversion more effective. Austin’s speech-act theory has been used to explain the locutionary effect of the speeches. The paper also draws upon Judith Butler’s notion of performativity, as it helps to theorize the revision of myth that occurs through subversion of the masculine discourse.
The Language Debate:
Authors: Zobaer Sheikh
Published: June 2023

Thiong’o’s groundbreaking book Decolonising the Mind: the Politics of Language in African Literature is one of the most discussed and critically acclaimed postcolonial works. The book has four essays; “The Quest for Relevance” is the last essay which discusses the importance of prioritizing African literature in the academia. According to Thiong’o, the only way African students can benefit from studying literature is by prioritizing the study of their own literature in their own language. In fact, Thiong’o has taken his view to such an extreme that he has declared this book to be his “farewell to English” as a means of any of his writings (1). In contrast, Chinua Achebe embraced English as a medium of his writings which not only made him famous, but also earned him a permanent place in the pantheon of the greatest postcolonial authors and scholars. Like Thiong’o, Achebe was also a strong proponent of promoting African literature and African experience; but unlike Thiong’o, he did not shun the use of English. This paper examines Achebe in light of Thiong’o’s essay “The Quest for Relevance” and explores Achebe’s success as an author in Things Fall Apart.
Culture, Constrictions, and Subversion in Caryl Churchill’s Cloud Nine
Authors: Sengupta Mamata
Published: June 2023

Right from its very inception, both society and culture require man to adhere strictly to a set of norms in order to get accommodated into its protective fold. Such a prerequisite, however, robs man of his freedom of thought, action, and expression. The present paper seeks to re-read famous British playwright Caryl Churchill’s much celebrated play Cloud Nine (1979) with a view to highlighting how society frustrates man’s rights on their own bodies and beings by levelling every act of defiance or deviance as abnormality, sickness, possession and/or corruption. Efforts will also be made to trace how the marginalized characters of the play like Betty, Joshua, Edward, and Victoria break free from the shackles of “normative” and then therefore “normal” existence, and how they brave the dangers inherent in such acts of utter defiance and try to articulate their long-silenced tales of forbidden and potentially disruptive experiences.
Front Matter
Authors: Front Matter
Published: June 2023

CROSSINGSA Journal of English StudiesDepartment of English and HumanitiesUniversity of Liberal Arts BangladeshVolume 9 | 2018 | ISSN 2071–1107
Note to Contributors
Authors: Note to contributors
Published: June 2023

CROSSINGSA Journal of English StudiesDepartment of English and HumanitiesUniversity of Liberal Arts BangladeshVolume 9 | 2018 | ISSN 2071–1107
Revision of the Administrative Litigation Act and the Subject of Appeal Litigation
Authors:   Korean Administrative Law Association, Park Hyun Jung
Published: June 2023

The revision of the Administrative Litigation Act is a goal that is long overdue for the effectiveness of administrative litigation and the provision of workable relief against administrative activities. The Supreme Court’s opinion on revising the Administrative Litigation Act, prepared for four years and proposed in 2006, is significant in that it has sought a fundamental change in the administrative litigation system by expanding the subject of appeals litigation. To this end, two solutions have been recommended: one to introduce the concept of “administrative action” in place of the “administrative disposition”; the other to include secondary legislation as the subject of appeals litigation. While this attempt faced much opposition and was excluded in the later bills made by the Ministry of Justice, it remains a starting point for the discussion on the reform of the administrative litigation system.
As a precursor to the discussion, this paper examines the gradual expansion of the scope of administrative disposition witnessed in the Supreme Court’s judgments that began in the 2000s and the current situation concerning the constitutional complaints on subordinate legislation. This paper then focuses on the two solutions discussed above. The nature of the appeals litigation, and the cancellation litigation, in particular, is analyzed to support the arguments. Also analysed are the aspects specific to appeals litigation against secondary legislation. Finally, this paper emphasizes the necessity to develop theories to harmonize the concepts of administrative disposition under the three central Acts: the Administrative Litigation Act, the General Act on Public Administration, and the Administrative Procedure Act.
The Supreme Court should keep and expand its judicial precedent to widen the scope of administrative dispositions. Meanwhile, when the constitutional complaint has taken root as a primary remedy for secondary legislation, the issue of introducing appeals litigation against secondary legislation seems less viable in practice than in theory. Acknowledging this reality, the first step the judiciary has to take is to abandon its reluctance to declare the illegality of secondary legislation.
Also needed is the courts' change of attitude toward the overall interpretation of the Administrative Litigation Act. When the public attention to the revision of the Act is unfortunately lacking, and when it seems less likely to change the administrative system by legislative means, the Supreme Court may need to try and change the system through the change in the interpretation. It might well serve as a driving force for revising the Act in the long run.
Administrative Hearing for the Due Process of Law in Korea
Authors:   Korean Administrative Law Association, Chae Young-Geun
Published: June 2023

Under the Administrative Procedure Act(APA), as a due process for intrusive administrative measures, we require the interested parties to be given prior notice of the disposition and an opportunity to submit their opinions, and to hold hearings in exceptional cases where other statutes stipulate that hearings be held. An administrative hearing is understood as a trial-type fact-finding process. However, more often in Korea, it is operated as mere an oral-opinion-submission procedure rather than a trial-type fact-finding procedure. As a result, administrative agencies do not show much interest in guaranteeing the independence of the hearing examiners in the operation of the administrative hearing. Recently in the increasing number of cases a hearing examiner is selected from among experts such as lawyers or professors. However, Korea’s APA still permits the selection of hearing examiners among general administrative officials or former public officials. Even if the civil servants selected as the presiding officer of the hearing belong to a different department from the adjudicating department, it is difficult to expect independence from the adjudicating department due to frequent rotation within the office. In addition, even in the case of selecting a hearing examiner from among external lawyers, the adjudicating department often intervenes in the selection process, and there is a risk of conflict of interest, making it difficult to expect independence. The most important thing in the administrative hearing is to have an independent hearing examiner listen to statements from both the agency staff and the interested party, collect evidence, check the facts, judge the applicability of the relevant laws, and present an opinion on whether to issue orders. To secure the independence of the hearing examiner, it is necessary to hire a full-time hearing officer selected from among those with certain legal experience. The hearing officer needs to be exclusively responsible for presiding over the hearing and protected from interference from the head of the disposition department or administrative agency. The recent revision of the Administrative Procedure Act not only expanded the subject of the administrative hearing but also introduced the hearing committee system. As a result, the burden of time and cost to pay for the administrative disposition procedure became much greater. However, the reality of administrative hearing in Korea is insufficient to guarantee the Principle of due process of law.
Research on Institutional Improvement for Personal Information Collection and Use in the public sector: Use of Video Information collected by Public area CCTV
Authors:   Korean Administrative Law Association, kim beop yeon
Published: June 2023

In recent years, artificial intelligence technology, which enables new technologies to be deployed, has expanded the scope and methods of data collection and utilization of government agencies. Data analysis and AI technology are deployed to enhance the intelligent and accurate use of Closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras for crime prevention, security, and public safety purposes. The use of facial recognition technology enables an individual to be identified by processing images captured on CCTV, the suspects to be tracked on the CCTV footage, and crime scenes to be monitored in real time. Amidst this expansion, there is an increasing need for discussions to protect privacy. The need for privacy control is emphasized as data collection, retention, and utilization capabilities resulting in losing control over individual’s own information. The value and importance of personal data have been changed from the previous, and government surveillance issues arises as vast quantities of personal data being stored and easily shared. The need for government data access for various purposes and storage of data on a large scale may lead to the privacy right and the infringement of informational self-determination. In a situation where the use of CCTV information is allowed and gradually expanding, it is difficult to evaluate that legal grounds for controlling the actions of government agencies or guaranteeing the rights of individual subjects are sufficient. This paper aims to examine the current status of data collection by government institutions, especially the institutional basis for the use of CCTV and video information collection by government agencies, and problems with the system regarding personal data protection.
The judicial review and burden of proof in appeal proceedings regarding development permission
Authors:   Korean Administrative Law Association, Jeong Hae Young
Published: June 2023

The burden of proof is a matter of which of the parties to the lawsuit is to be disadvantaged if the court cannot obtain certainty about the existence of essential facts in the final stage of the lawsuit. Furthermore, the burden of proof becomes the standard of action for the court and the parties throughout the entire process of litigation, and becomes an indicator of litigation command by the court and a goal of proof activities for the parties.
Recently, the Supreme Court did Judgement that the broad deference should given to the legal requirement of environmental impact having prospective character and that the complainant should the burden of proof for the abuse of discretion. In environmental litigation, it is difficult to prove the causal relationship of environmental pollution, and protection is not sufficient with follow-up measures for environmental damage. In consideration of such points, it is persuasive to first respect the administrative judgment on environmental damage, and to judge that the decision is illegal only when it is unreasonable. However, when the burden of proof is heavy on one party, the possibility of remedies may be excessively limited.
In the refusal of beneficial administrative acts corresponding to permits such as development permits, it is necessary to fairly distribute the burden of proof by considering the specificity of the appeal suit, the difficulty of proof, and the probability of factual existence.
On the premise of the distinction between discretion and margin of judgment, the determination of whether or not the standards for permitting development activities are satisfied is a matter of judgment of a certain indeterminate concept among the action requirements.
It is appropriate for the administrative agency to bear the burden of proof in cases where the margin for judgment is recognized as an area of professional and technical judgment. However, the planning act aspects of development permission should be considered. In terms of procedural legal control of planning discretion, the object of proof should be limited to the logical and technical validity of the judgment process or judgment method of disapproval decision.
Dynamic Properties of the Aircraft’s Full-scale Component Test Setup and its Vibration-based System of Structural Health Assessment
Authors:   , Ņevskis Aleksandrs
Published: June 2023

Several problems of experimental investigation of strength and lifetime of the full-scale components of aircraft are considered: computer aided designing, static and dynamic stress state simulation of test setup, structural health monitoring (SHM) of equipment and tested structural component. Vibration-based damage detection is accepted as a basic means of SHM, and main attention is focused on a low-cost solution that would be attractive for practice. The index of correlation coefficient deviation was used for extraction of the features due to the actual structural damage or pseudo damage. It is shown that the problem of vibration-based detection of a small damage in the large-scale structure at low-frequency excitation can be solved successfully.
Learning the language of pathogens
Authors: Rossi Izadora Volpato , Ramirez Marcel Ivan
Published: June 2023

Parasites can use extracellular vesicles and cellular projections called cytonemes to communicate with one another.
Effects of Tillage Depth and Tractor Speed on Implement Speed for Three Tillage Implements on a Clay Loam Soil
Authors: Okoko Paul , Akpankpuk Samuel Nditoi
Published: June 2023

The utilization of agricultural machinery represents the main aspect contributing to the total energy input in the agricultural system. The trials were achieved using five tractor speeds(3.6, 5.4, 7.2, 9.0 and 10.8 km/hr) and five tillage depths(10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm)  to determine implement speed at different tillage depths for 3-bottom disc plough, spring tine cultivator and offset disc harrow on a clay loam soil. The design of the experiment used were two factors, five levels factorial of Central Composite Rotatable Design of Response Surface Method. The implement speed for 3-bottom disc plough, spring tine cultivator and offset disc harrow ranged from 0.78 to 1.95, 0.67 to 2.19 and 0.70 to 2.11 m/s, respectively. The effects of tillage depths and tractor speeds on implement speed for the three tillage implements were assessed. The results indicated that increasing the tillage depth decreased the implement speed for all the tested implements but increasing the tractor speed increased the implement speed. The tractor speed had more pronounced effect on the implement speed than the tillage depth. This study therefore recommends that the availability of time and implement width should be used in determining the speed required to finish the work on time.
Effect of Tree Species Composition and Food Selectivity on the Population Density of Sclater’s Guenon (Cercopithecus sclateri Pocock 1904) in Forest Patches of Lagwa, Aboh-Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ovat O. I. , Egwumah P. O. , Orsar T. J. , Tyowua B. T.
Published: June 2023

Aims: Effect of tree species composition and food selectivity on the population density of the Sclater’s guenon was carried out to determine how habitat composition and food preferences affect population density of the Sclater’s monkeys in the study area.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in forest patches of Lagwa community in Aboh-Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo State (December 2019-November 2021).

Study Design: The point centered quarter method was used to collect data on trees species, while the visual observation and line transect methods was used to collect data on food preference and population density of the monkeys.

Methodology: The research was carried out within the wet and dry season. Faecal examination was used for collecting information on plant and fruit species consumed.

Results: The most dominant tree species were Khaya ivorensis and Treculia africana with important value index (IVI) of 35.13 and 26.73 respectively, while Bosqueia angolensis was the least dominant species with IVI of 0.99. Tree species with diameter at breast height class of 41cm and above were absent in Eziudo, Obo and Umunekere communities. Dacryodes edulis, Elaeis guinensis, Mangifera indica and Musa balbisiana were the most consumed plant species. The mean troop sizes were 3.21±1.42 for the dry season and 2.78±1.25 for the wet season, with troop density for both seasons as 0.03±0.02.

Conclusion: The findings presents the relationship between the Sclater’s monkey’s diet and their habitat, and how habitat changes can cause changes in the feeding pattern, type of food and meals consumed. Sensitization campaigns and provision of alternative food sources for humans can reduce disturbance of the habitat and further sustain the population of the monkeys.
Assessment of the Hematopoietic Potential of Telfairia occidentalis Leaf Extract of on Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Ibezute Albert C. , Eshogba Reuben Oberhiri
Published: June 2023

Aims: This study assess the haematopeotic potentials of Telfairia occidentalis (TO) leaf extract on male wistar rat.

Methodology: A total of 20 wistar rats randomly distributed into four groups A to D were acclimatized for two weeks; group A served as control, while groups B C and D were gavaged 100 mg/kg b/w (UGU 1), 150 mg/kg b/w (UGU 2), 250 mg/kg b/w (UGU 3) of aqueous extract of TO respectively, once every 48 hours for 30 consecutive days. After the exposure period, the surviving rats were examined and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for full blood count and blood film preparation.

Results: The result of the study showed that TO casued an increase in white blood cell count (17.50±0.10 - 25.48±1.28 ×109cells/L), lymphocyte (2.45±1.35 - 15.86±2.66 ×109cells/L), mid-sized cell (3.38±0.42 – 4.61±0.60 ×109cells/L) and granulocyte (1.67±0.80 – 5.11±0.80 ×109cells/L) when compared to the Control. There was equally an increase in the platelet count (420.50±56.50 - 810.95±43.05× 109 cells/L) and platetocrit (0.33±0.05 – 0.58±0.03 ×109cells/L) when compared to the Control. However, there was a reduction in the red blood count (7.76.±0.06 - 6.28±0.25 ×109cells/L), haemoglobin (16.67±0.37 – 12.18±0.58 ×109cells/L) and hematocrit (41.47±0.27 – 33.55±1.25 ×109cells/L) of rats in treated group), (6.92±0.34 ×109cells/L) and when compared with the Control.

Conclusion: This present study have validated the haematopeotic potential of Telfairia occidentalis leaf extract as it improved the haematological parameters of male wistar rats. The antioxidants exerted a multitude of beneficial effect on cellular functions of both innate and adaptive immune system.
Quantum Neural Networks: Bridging Quantum Computing and Machine Learning
Authors: Thomas Reji Kurien
Published: June 2023

The usage of QNNs is one approach that might be used to close the knowledge gap that exists between the domains of machine learning and quantum computing. As a result of this research, a full analysis of QNNs has been offered, covering a wide range of issues including their theoretical underpinnings, training techniques, benefits, limits, applications, and assessment methodologies. Quantum neural networks, also known as QNNs, are a type of artificial neural network that makes use of the power of quantum computing. These networks provide the promise for a significant improvement in processing speed as well as greater representation capabilities. On the other hand, in order to make full advantage of the benefits that QNNs give, obstacles such as scalability concerns and hardware restrictions need to be addressed and fixed. The fact that QNNs have the potential to be applied in such a broad range of different sectors is evidence of both the adaptability and the significance of this rapidly developing field of study. It will be necessary to do more study and investigation if there is to be any hope of making headway in the field of quantum machine learning with regard to the creation of QNNs and of realizing their full potential.
Experimental Characterization of Influential Parameters of Cow Dung Substrates in Biogas Production
Authors: Bagaya Noufou , Ou´edraogo Issaka , Koumbem Wind´e Nongu´e Daniel , Bald´e Younoussa Moussa , Sandwidi Gwladys Wendwaoga , Diop Sette , Kam Si´e
Published: June 2023

The present work on the production of biogas from cow dung substrates was carried out at the Laboratory of Renewable Thermal Energy (L.E.T.RE) of the Joseph KI-ZERBO University in collaboration with the National Program of Biodigester of Burkina Faso (PNB-BF). We focus in this work on the determination of the physicochemical characteristics of the substrates allowing the follow-up of the biogas production. We experimented with anaerobic digestion for 100 days each at mesophilic temperature, i.e. a hermetic enclosure included between 27 and 38\(^{\circ}\)C. The average flow of biogas is Q = 2.5 m3 d -1, and that of methane is 1.9 m3 d -1. This methane-rich gas CH4 with a flow rate of 1.9 m3 d -1, i.e. a rate of 60% in the biogas, has a high energy capacity of 23kJm-3 and can be used for cooking and lighting especially in rural areas. The following physicochemical characteristics were observed for cow dung: dry matter 11.85%, volatile matter 58.83%, hydrogen potential 7.01, density 731 kg.m-3, carbon content 33.32%, nitrogen content 1.46%, nitrogen-carbon ratio 24.70, acids are around 0.18 kgCODm-3, and the average chemical oxygen demand 30 kgCODm-3. This characterization was performed on a 4m3 pilot bioreactor with daily substrates loading ranging from 20 to 30 kg. The temperature of the reaction medium remained around 35\(^{\circ}\) C, optimal for the mesophilic operation of the bioreactor. The results obtained making it possible to demonstrate the possibility of producing a large quantity of flammable biogas in a continuous manner are in agreement with the literature on methanization.