bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why People Who Inject Drugs Voluntarily Transition Off Methadone in Ukraine
Authors: Rozanova Julia , Marcus Ruthanne , Taxman Faye S. , Bojko Martha J. , Madden Lynn , Farnum Scott O. , Mazhnaya Alyona , Dvoriak Sergii , Altice Frederick L.
Published: September 2017

Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) treats opioid use disorder among people who inject drugs (PWID). To understand why PWID may voluntarily discontinue MMT, we analyzed data from 25 focus groups conducted in five Ukrainian cities from February to April 2013 with 199 participants who were currently, previously, or never on MMT. Using constant comparison method, we uncovered three themes explaining why PWID transition off MMT: (a) purposeful resistance to rigid social control associated with how MMT is delivered and to power asymmetries in provider–patient relationships, (b) self-management of a PWID’s “wounded identity” that is common in socially stigmatized and physically sick persons—MMT serves as a reminder of their illness, and (c) the quest for a “normal life” uninterrupted by daily MMT site visits, harassment, and time inefficiencies, resources, and social capital. Focusing on holistic principles of recovery would improve addiction treatment and HIV prevention in Ukraine and globally.
Comparison of the Original and Short Form Drinking Motives Questionnaire–Revised With High School and Underage College Student Drinkers
Authors: Harbke Colin R. , Laurent Jeff , Catanzaro Salvatore J.
Published: September 2017

Cooper developed and provided initial support for the Drinking Motives Questionnaire–Revised (DMQ-R). More recently, Kuntsche and Kuntsche introduced the briefer DMQ-R SF. Psychometric properties of the DMQ-R and the DMQ-R SF were examined in samples of high school ( n = 131) and underage college student drinkers ( n = 189). The original and short-form versions of the DMQ-R were similar with regard to composite score validity, concurrent validity, and internal consistency. Only the Enhancement Motives subscale showed slight decrements in reliability and validity for the short form. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the DMQ-R SF was associated with slightly better goodness-of-fit and invariant factor loadings between the high school and college student samples. Despite its briefer form and reduced task demands for participants, the DMQ-R SF appears to provide nearly equivalent, and in some instances slightly improved, measurement of drinking motives in underage drinkers as does the original DMQ-R.
Predictive Value of Traditional Measures of Executive Function on Broad Abilities of the Cattell–Horn–Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities
Authors: van Aken Loes , van der Heijden Paul T. , Oomens Wouter , Kessels Roy P. C. , Egger Jos I. M.
Published: September 2017

The neuropsychological construct of executive functions (EFs), and the psychometric Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities are both approaches that attempt to describe cognitive functioning. The coherence between EF and CHC abilities has been mainly studied using factor-analytical techniques. Through multivariate regression analysis, the current study now assesses the integration of these latent constructs in clinical assessment. The predictive power of six widely used executive tasks on five CHC measures (crystallized and fluid intelligence, visual processing, short-term memory, and processing speed) is examined. Results indicate that executive tasks—except for the Stroop and the Tower of London—predict overall performance on the intelligence tests. Differentiation in predicting performance between the CHC abilities is limited, due to a high shared variance between these abilities. It is concluded that executive processes such as planning and inhibition have a unique variance that is not well-represented in intelligence tests. Implications for the use of EF tests and operationalization of CHC measures in clinical practice are discussed.
Childhood ADHD and Involvement in Early Pregnancy: Mechanisms of Risk
Authors: Meinzer Michael C. , LeMoine Kaitlyn A. , Howard Andrea L. , Stehli Annamarie , Arnold L. Eugene , Hechtman Lily , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Molina Brooke S. G. , Murray Desiree W. , Sibley Margaret H. , Swanson James M. , Tamm Leanne , Chronis-Tuscano Andrea
Published: September 2017

Objective: ADHD is associated with risky sexual behavior and early pregnancy, but few studies have examined mechanisms of risk linking childhood ADHD to early pregnancy. The present study utilized data from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD to examine potential mechanisms that may account for the association between childhood ADHD and becoming pregnant or causing a pregnancy by age 18. Method: Participants were 579 children with ADHD and 289 comparison peers followed over 16 years. Results: Relative to the comparison group, those with childhood ADHD were at more than two times increased risk of early pregnancy. Univariately, persistence of ADHD symptoms, delinquency/substance use, and academic performance/achievement during adolescence each mediated the association between childhood ADHD and early pregnancy. When considered together, only delinquency/substance use remained a significant mediator of this relationship. Conclusion: Findings point toward specific targets of intervention for youth with ADHD to prevent early pregnancy.
Facing the sexual demon of colonial power: Decolonising sexual violence in South Africa
Authors: Coetzee Azille , du Toit Louise
Published: September 2017

In this article the authors discuss in broad strokes the work of two theorists, namely Nigerian sociologist Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí and Argentinian philosopher Maria Lugones to argue that a specific logic of sexualisation accompanied, permeated and coloured the colonial project of racialising the ‘native’. The sexual wound which to a great extent explains the abjection of the racialised body, is a key aspect of the colony and should therefore also be a central theme in any properly critical discourse on decolonisation in Africa. After drawing on Oyĕwùmí and Lugones to make their central argument, the authors apply this framework to the problem of sexual violence in South Africa. Understanding the nature of the sexual-racial wound of coloniality will not only ensure that the problem of sexual violence gets properly addressed as a central question of decolonisation, but will also suggest new ways of concretely addressing the problem. In particular, the dominant discourse needs to shift away from the ‘emasculated man’ trope and towards a critical feminist decoloniality which views the radical dehumanisation of native woman as key to colonial violence understood as a world-destructive.
Influential factors in lexical richness of young heritage speakers’ family language: Iranians in New Zealand
Authors: Gharibi Khadijeh , Boers Frank
Published: September 2017

Aims and objectives:

This study investigates the extent to which young heritage speakers’ oral narratives in their first language (L1) differ from monolinguals’ narratives with regard to lexical richness (lexical diversity and lexical sophistication). It also explores which demographic factors (age, age at emigration and length of emigration) and/or socio-linguistic factors (frequency of heritage language use and parental attitudes toward heritage language maintenance) account for the differences.

Data and analysis:

The participants were a group of 25 young speakers of Persian as a heritage language, who were either born in or emigrated to New Zealand, and a group of 25 monolingual counterparts in Iran. Demographic information about the heritage speakers as well as information about parental attitude and practices regarding heritage language acquisition and maintenance were collected through semi-structured interviews with their parents. A film-retelling task was used to elicit the oral narratives, and these were analyzed for lexical diversity (by means of the Measure of Textual Lexical Diversity) and for lexical sophistication (by counting the incidence of low-frequency words).

Findings and conclusion:

As expected, the monolinguals’ narratives tended to manifest greater lexical richness than the heritage speakers’, especially according to the measure of lexical sophistication. Against expectation, frequency of heritage language use and parental attitude toward heritage language acquisition and maintenance were not found to be significant predictors of the young heritage speakers’ results. For the heritage speakers who were born in New Zealand, the results were predicted best by their age, while for those who arrived in New Zealand at a later age, the best predictors were both their age and how old they were at the time of emigration. This suggests that the demographic factors overrode the potential influence of the socio-linguistic variables examined.

Originality:

This study sheds light on (factors that contribute to) young heritage speakers’ L1 lexical competence, a topic that has hitherto been under-investigated.

Significance and implications:

A major implication of this study is showing the association of age and heritage speakers’ lexical richness. Although the statistical analyses did not show the effect of socio-linguistic variables, this finding indirectly supports the effect of parental input on heritage language proficiency in young bilinguals.

Limitations:

Limitations of the study include the relatively small number of participants, the use of only one task to elicit speech samples and the reliance on parents’ self-reported family language habits.
Using internet data sources to achieve qualitative interviewing purposes: a research note
Authors: Lynch Meghan , Mah Catherine
Published: September 2017

In this research note, we examine the function, merits, and challenges of using internet data sources, namely, social media discussion analysis and email interviewing, alongside data collected for the same study from traditional face-to-face interviewing. This comparison opportunity arose from recruitment challenges in our study, which investigated kindergarten teachers’ perspectives and experiences with play-based teaching in kindergartens. Although we had planned to use only face-to-face interviewing, recruitment challenges prompted the use of other data to examine the same research objective, allowing us to analyze the data from each method side-by-side. We contend that social media analysis and email interviewing offer complementary benefits to approaches currently available for qualitative researchers, especially when recruitment attempts through traditional methods fail. This article focuses on practical and practice-based aspects, for qualitative researchers who are seeking alternative research methods to collect rich data about participants’ perspectives and experiences.
Twitter and Non-Elites: Interpreting Power Dynamics in the Life Story of the (#)BRCA Twitter Stream
Authors: Vicari Stefania
Published: September 2017

In May 2013 and March 2015, actress Angelina Jolie wrote in the New York Times about her choice to undergo preventive surgery. In her two op-eds, she explained that − as a carrier of the BRCA1 gene mutation − preventive surgery was the best way to lower her heightened risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. By applying a digital methods approach to BRCA-related tweets from 2013 and 2015, before, during, and after the exposure of Jolie’s story, this study maps and interprets Twitter discursive dynamics at two time points of the BRCA Twitter stream. Findings show an evolution in curation and framing dynamics occurring between 2013 and 2015, with individual patient advocates replacing advocacy organizations as top curators of BRCA content and coming to prominence as providers of specialist illness narratives. These results suggest that between 2013 and 2015, Twitter went from functioning primarily as an organization-centered news reporting mechanism, to working as a crowdsourced specialist awareness system. This article advances a twofold contribution. First, it points at Twitter’s fluid functionality for an issue public and suggests that by looking at the life story—rather than at a single time point—of an issue-based Twitter stream, we can track the evolution of power roles underlying discursive practices and better interpret the emergence of non-elite actors in the public arena. Second, the study provides evidence of the rise of activist cultures that rely on fluid, non-elite, collective, and individual social media engagement.
Detection of formation S-wave in a slow formation using a monopole acoustic logging-while-drilling tool
Authors: Fang Xinding , Cheng Arthur
Published: September 2017

Acoustic logging-while-drilling (LWD) is a technology that is used to measure formation elastic properties during drilling. When the formation shear slowness is smaller than the borehole fluid slowness (i.e., fast formation), monopole logging can be used to obtain formation compressional and shear slownesses by measuring the corresponding refracted waves. In a slow formation in which the shear slowness is larger than the borehole fluid slowness, other logging methods, such as quadrupole LWD, are used instead for shear slowness measurement due to the lack of a fully refracted S-wave. Through modeling analysis, we find that the transmitted S-wave generated by a monopole LWD tool in a slow formation can be detected and used to measure the formation shear slowness. This phenomenon can be explained by Huygens’ principle, which states that every point on a wavefront can be considered as a secondary source that induces particle motion. It is hard to discern the transmitted S-wave in monopole wireline data because it strongly interferes with the Stoneley mode in wireline logging. However, the transmitted S-wave decouples from the Stoneley in the LWD environment because the drill collar slows down the low-frequency part of the Stoneley mode. The nondispersive nature of the transmitted S-wave makes it suitable for shear slowness extraction using time semblance analysis, but sophisticated signal preprocessing might be needed because this wave is generally weak compared with the Stoneley wave. Moreover, our study helps us better understand how the Stoneley mode behaves and interferes with other modes in a slow formation under LWD conditions.
The E2A splice variant E47 regulates the differentiation of projection neurons via p57(KIP2) during cortical development
Authors: Pfurr Sabrina , Chu Yu-Hsuan , Bohrer Christian , Greulich Franziska , Beattie Robert , Mammadzada Könül , Hils Miriam , Arnold Sebastian J. , Taylor Verdon , Schachtrup Kristina , Uhlenhaut N. Henriette , Schachtrup Christian
Published: September 2017

During corticogenesis, distinct classes of neurons are born from progenitor cells located in the ventricular and subventricular zones, from where they migrate towards the pial surface to assemble into highly organized layer-specific circuits. However, the precise and coordinated transcriptional network activity defining neuronal identity is still not understood. Here, we show that genetic depletion of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor E2A splice variant E47 increased the number of Tbr1-positive deep layer and Satb2-positive upper layer neurons at E14.5, while depletion of the alternatively spliced E12 variant did not affect layer-specific neurogenesis. While ChIP-Seq identified a big overlap for E12- and E47-specific binding sites in embryonic NSCs, including sites at the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) Cdkn1c gene locus, RNA-Seq revealed a unique transcriptional regulation by each splice variant. E47 activated the expression of the CDKI Cdkn1c through binding to a distal enhancer. Finally, overexpression of E47 in embryonic NSCs in vitro impaired neurite outgrowth and E47 overexpression in vivo by in utero electroporation disturbed proper layer-specific neurogenesis and upregulated p57(KIP2) expression. Overall, this study identified E2A target genes in embryonic NSCs and demonstrates that E47 regulates neuronal differentiation via p57(KIP2).
Disentangling drivers of reproductive performance in urban great tits: a food supplementation experiment
Authors: Demeyrier Virginie , Charmantier Anne , Lambrechts Marcel M. , Grégoire Arnaud
Published: September 2017

Worldwide urban expansion induces degradation of the natural environment, resulting in new constraints in terms of breeding sites, anthropogenic disturbances as well as food resources. The alteration of resource abundance and type may induce non-adaptive investments in reproduction from urban dwellers. Food availability and quality have been identified as potential drivers of the decline in passerine body mass and fledging success in urbanized landscapes, particularly if birds misinterpret cues of food abundance used to adjust their reproductive investment. In a previous study, we demonstrated in urban great tits, Parus major that highly-preferred larger cavities have larger clutches with lower breeding success, leading to a maladaptive breeding investment. Previous studies also showed that urban great tits are smaller or thinner than rural ones, both at nestling and adult stages. Here we present the results of a food-supplementation experiment to examine whether food resources mediate this maladaptive breeding investment and constrain the reproductive performance of this urban bird population. We predicted higher performance in food-supplemented broods, especially in larger cavities, and stronger effects of the supplementation in more artificialized territories. Surprisingly, we found that food-supplemented nestlings and their parents had lower body mass and condition, especially in areas with more pedestrians. Supplementation was also associated with lower nestling survival until fledging in places presenting lower levels of naturalness, independently of cavity size. This work highlights a lack of knowledge on avian feeding behaviour in cities, a key element to understand how breeding performance is affected by human presence and habitat naturalness.
Microbiome symbionts and diet diversity incur costs on the immune system of insect larvae
Authors: Krams Indrikis A. , Kecko Sanita , Jõers Priit , Trakimas Giedrius , Elferts Didzis , Krams Ronalds , Luoto Severi , Rantala Markus J. , Inashkina Inna , Gudrā Dita , Fridmanis Dāvids , Contreras-Garduño Jorge , Grantiņa-Ieviņa Lelde , Krama Tatjana
Published: September 2017

Communities of symbiotic microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in food digestion and protection against opportunistic microbes. Diet diversity increases the number of symbionts in the intestines, a benefit that is considered to impose no cost for the host organism. However, less is known about the possible immunological investments that hosts have to make in order to control the infections caused by symbiont populations that increase due to diet diversity. By using taxonomical composition analysis of the 16S rRNA V3 region, we show that Enterococci are the dominating group of bacteria in the midgut of the larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). We found that the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterococci and expressions of certain immunity-related antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as Gallerimycin, Gloverin, 6-tox, Cecropin-D and Galiomicin increased in response to a more diverse diet, which in turn decreased the encapsulation response of the larvae. Treatment with antibiotics significantly lowered the expression of all AMP genes. Diet and antibiotic treatment interaction did not affect the expression of Gloverin and Galiomicin AMP genes, but significantly influenced the expression of Gallerimycin, 6-tox and Cecropin-D. Taken together, our results suggest that diet diversity influences microbiome diversity and AMP gene expression, ultimately affecting an organism's capacity to mount an immune response. Elevated basal levels of immunity-related genes (Gloverin and Galiomicin) might act as a prophylactic against opportunistic infections and as a mechanism that controls the gut symbionts. This would indicate that a diverse diet imposes higher immunity costs on organisms.
The 5′ region of Xist RNA has the potential to associate with chromatin through the A-repeat
Authors: Chigi Yuta , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Sado Takashi
Published: September 2017

X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) is a long noncoding RNA that plays an essential role in X chromosome inactivation. Although Xist RNA, like common protein-coding mRNAs, is transcribed by RNA polymerase II, spliced and polyadenylated, it is retained in the nucleus and associates with the X chromosome it originates from. It has been assumed that Xist RNA recruits proteins involved in epigenetic modifications and chromatin compaction to the X chromosome. One of the major proteins constituting the nuclear matrix, hnRNP U, has been shown to be required for the association of Xist RNA with the inactive X chromosome (Xi). In this study, we found that the first 950-nt sequence of Xist RNA had the potential to associate with chromatin in a manner independent of hnRNP U. Furthermore, its chromatin association is apparently dependent on the presence of an intact A-repeat sequence, which is one of the repeats in Xist/XIST RNA conserved among many mammalian species, and has been shown to be important for Xist RNA-mediated silencing. Taking this unexpected finding and a previous study demonstrating the effect of Xist RNA lacking the A-repeat on the formation of the silent heterochromatin domain together, we suggest that the A-repeat captures chromatin near the initial loading site of Xist RNA and relocates it into the core of the heterochromatin domain.
“On William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury”
Authors: Scott Evelyn
Published: September 2017

This chapter is an essay reviewing William Faulkner's novel, The Sound and the Fury, the tragic story of the fall of a house, the collapse of a provincial aristocracy in a final debacle of insanity, recklessness, psychological perversion. Book I is a statement of the tragedy as seen through the eyes of Benjy. Book II focuses on Quentin, who is contemplating suicide. In Book III we see the world in terms of the petty, sadistic lunacy of Jason, the last son of the family. The final Book is told in the third person by the author and primarily focuses on Dilsey, an old colored woman. The Sound and the Fury seems to answer the question of whether there exists for this age of disillusion with religion, dedication to the objective program of scientific inventiveness and general rejection of the teleology which placed man emotionally at the center of his universe, the spirit of which great tragedy is the expression.
Review of As I Lay Dying
Authors: Muir Edwin
Published: September 2017

This chapter is an essay which reviews William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying, the story of the corpse of a woman in late middle age. As I Lay Dying is concerned not with death, but merely with the chemical changes which happen in a dead body. The history Faulkner relates is the history of this body before it is finally buried. It may be said that the novel's most interesting character, or at least the character in which Faulkner shows most interest, is the corpse in its dead, or rather gruesomely alive, state. The effect that this story produces is one of self-indulgence, disgust rather than horror. The essay argues that there is nothing much to be said for As I Lay Dying except for a few isolated accounts of violent action.
Journal Entries
Authors: Wilder Thornton
Published: September 2017

This chapter contains a number of journal entries, written between April 10, 1940 and November 6, 1949. In them, Thornton Wilder talks about three of William Faulkner's novels: Light in August, The Hamlet, and Absalom, Absalom!. Wilder first comments on Light in August, the climax of which is the castration of the half-Negro demon-hero Joe Christmas. According to Wilder, Faulkner represents the humiliation of the once gallant South in sexual terms; the Negro's strength is perpetually before their eyes to remind them of their loss. He then turns to what he believes is Faulkner's fancy overwriting in The Hamlet before concluding with a discussion of Absalom, Absalom! and its motif that the institution of slavery set in motion its own retribution.
“Best Fiction of 1957”
Authors: Parker Dorothy
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, Dorothy Parker discusses William Faulkner's novel The Town, which she declares the best fiction of 1957. Parker says she wishes to sendThe Town to those she most loves and respects. According to Parker, she cannot consider The Town as Faulkner's finest work because his books are so variegated that comparisons among them are not possible. The Town comes after The Hamlet in Faulkner's triptych of the horrible, evil, greedy, irresistible Snopes family, on their way to taking over full power in Yoknapatawpha County. Parker once said that 1957 was no banner year for American novels, but admits that The Town made her a fool and a liar.
“Dark Laughter in the Towers”
Authors: Southern Terry
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews William Faulkner's 1929 novel As I Lay Dying, the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her family's journey to a cemetery in Jefferson, Mississippi. Addie's husband and five children, carrying her body in a coffin in a wagon, encounter various difficulties along the way. The chapter first discusses humor in existentialist literature before focusing on the absurd in As I Lay Dying. It also considers protagonists in English fiction who all possess candor and a sense of the absurd, including Jimmy Porter, Sebastian Dangerfield, Charles Lumley, Billy Liar, and Larry Vincent. It argues that the “grotesque” in Faulkner is not ordinarily read as humorous because the highly personalized style tends to obscure it.
“William Faulkner”
Authors: Golden Harry
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses William Faulkner's influence and popularity, especially among reporters. It suggests that the true test of the influence and genuine popularity of an American writer is whether a newspaper can publish his obituary and offer a literary assessment without hiring a literary expert. Faulkner, it claims, was one of those writers. He commanded the loyalty of a large body of working reporters. Long before he won the Nobel Prize there were newspapermen in Charlotte, North Carolina who considered every book of his an event. There are Southern school boys who write they wished they had died at Gettysburg just as there are Northerners who believe the South is composed of decaying mansions populated by decadent families. The chapter argues that Faulkner played an important role in bridging these conceptions and in a large sense, he can be compared to Charles Dickens.
“William Faulkner”
Authors: Tate Allen
Published: September 2017

This chapter is aimed as an obituary of William Faulkner. It describes Faulkner as an arrogant and ill-mannered individual in a way that is peculiarly “Southern”: in company he usually failed to reply when spoken to, or when he spoke there was something grandiose in the profusion with which he sprinkled his remarks with “Sirs” and “Ma'ms.” No matter how great a writer he may be, the public gets increasingly tired of Faulkner; his death seems to remove the obligation to read him. Nevertheless, the chapter regards Faulkner as the greatest American novelist after Henry James since the 1930s. It cites five masterpieces written by Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Sanctuary, Light in August, and The Hamlet.
“Lee Smith Talks about Southern Writing”
Authors: Smith Lee
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents an interview with Lee Smith, who shares her views on Southern writing and William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! in particular. According to Lee, she read Absalom, Absalom! like some people read the Bible. She recalls that she first read Faulkner when she was in college, claiming that she was blown away by the language. She reveals that she was drawn to it because like anybody who is from the South and who would write about it, she was also alienated from it. Later, as she was trying to write, she was interested in the writing itself and in the technique. She adds that Faulkner wrote each one of his novels with a diffrent narrative strategy. Lee concludes by declaring that “Faulkner is rewarding to read at whatever point you are in life”.
Hegemonic Whiteness
Authors: Hughey Matthew W.
Published: September 2017

To better understand how whiteness is continually constructed, research must highlight patterned sets of expectations, obligations, and accountabilities that govern the racial identity performances of whites across varying material resources, professed attitudes, and political sensibilities. Without such a move, recent sociological research may mask, mystify, or marginalize the social-psychological and cultural mechanisms that simultaneously constrain and enable the formations of white racial identity, and thus, white actions. As a resolution to this dilemma, I expand upon my previous work with a variety of data (white activist discourse, film reviews, historical events, etc.) to examine how whiteness is continually (re)crafted from an allegiant pursuit of an idealized and specific form of white racial identity.
Theorizing White Racial Trauma and its Remedies
Authors: Thompson Becky , Watson Veronica T.
Published: September 2017

In this paper we will be drawing upon historical work on race consciousness, contemporary work on trauma, and scholarship on activism and social change to offer a vision of what a critical white double consciousness might look like. We juxtapose this critical white consciousness with what Veronica Watson has termed a “white schizophrenic subjectivity” which has been explored by intellectuals like Du Bois, Charles Chesnutt, James Baldwin and Martin Luther King Jr. Each of these writers called attention to a whiteness that works to maintain disconnection from people of color and disassociation from their own moral selves, a white schizophrenic subjectivity that prevented white folks from acknowledging or challenging racism while still continuing to think of themselves as moral and upstanding citizens of their communities and nation.
Imagining a Collaborative Curatorial Relationship: A Reordering of Authority over Representation
Authors: Cadaval Olivia
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the involvement of participants in the curatorial process as it plays out—often in contestation among participants, program staff, and partner entities—in Festival–framed time and space. Drawing from programs involving Latino, Latin American, American Indian, and Caribbean communities, it explores different strategies and degrees of curatorial collaborations with the featured cultural groups and the effectiveness of the “re-ordering of power relationships,” if only during the Festival. The author reflects on the complexities that challenge collaboration in cultural production and argues for a shift from a strictly
performance framework to a more discursive practice that seeks to engage the featured communities and participants as central players in curatorial decision making.
The Smithsonian Folklife Festival: Many Auspicious Doors
Authors: Belanus Betty
Published: September 2017

This chapter uses the 2008 Bhutan program to examine visitor experience and the role of curators in crafting these experiences. Using the suggestive possibilities of a portable Buddhist shrine featured in the program and basing the analysis on 20 years of experience working with the Festival and its evaluation, the author lays out a framework for analyzing four levels of Festival visitor engagement: Level 1—Sensory Cultural Enlightenment/Being Present; Level 2—Choosing a Route/Moving Through; Level 3—Viewing and Taking part in the Live Performance/Active Experiencing; and Level 4—Revealing the Deeper Layers/Discovering More. The chapter concludes with observations about visitor studies relevant to museums as well as festivals.
Next Year in Washington: The Jerusalem Program—Postponement and Rebirth
Authors: Horowitz Amy
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes a program initiated in 1992 that brought together Muslim and Jewish researchers to document the cultural assets of their communities in Jerusalem. Though this work did not materialize into a Folklife Festival program, it laid the groundwork for several innovative and ongoing projects. The author chronicles the project’s ethnographic phase in the early 1990s, the cancellation of the Festival program in 1994, and the continuation of the project as a university course and study tour. She interrogates the notion of parallel self-determination as a methodology and demonstrates the complexity of curating in zones of conflict.
How Folklorists Changed the World: The Smithsonian Folklife Festival as a Catalyst for Change
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the influence of certain programmatic priorities, philosophies, and strategies on shaping the vision of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival and the ways in which certain Festival notions of art and cultural equity have since suffused American culture. Tracing the impact of the Festival from a personal vantage point, the author explores the Festival's history, suggesting the under-acknowledged contribution of folklorists to American culture and the way the Festival has become a model for other nationally acclaimed organizations such as City Lore in New York City and Story Corps, events such as the annual Cowboy Poetry Gathering in Elko, Nevada, and for media productions such as the Moth Radio Hour.
The Street Ran through Cities: Faulkner and the Early African American Migration Narrative
Authors: Smethurst James , Watson Jay
Published: September 2017

For the most part, when the topic of Faulkner and African American literature is discussed, the intellectual conversation is primarily concerned with the undeniable influence of Faulkner’s fiction on black novelists. However, this chapter focuses on the major impact of the African American migration novel in the early Jim Crow era on Faulkner’s work, particularly Light in August and Absolom, Absolom! While the peripatetic, rootless, and often mixed-race characters of such novels by black authors as Pauline Hopkins’s Contending Forces, Paul Laurence Dunbar’s The Sport of the Gods, James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, Jean Toomer’s Cane, and Nella Larsen’s Quicksand informs the creation of the protagonists/speakers of much modernist U.S. fiction and poetry; it is in Faulkner’s work, with possible exception of Gertrude Stein’s “Melanctha,” that one sees the clearest adaptation of the characters and cultural geography of the early black migration narrative.
“Go to Jail about This Spoonful”: Narcotic Determinism and Human Agency in “That Evening Sun” and “A Spoonful Blues”
Authors: Ryan Tim A. , Watson Jay
Published: September 2017

William Faulkner was a contemporary and neighbor of one of the leading Mississippi Delta blues singers before World War II, Charley Patton. The striking similarities between “That Evening Sun” (1931) and Patton’s “A Spoonful Blues” (1929) exemplify the numerous and significant thematic parallels between Faulkner’s fiction and the lyrics of the country blues tradition. Both of these texts feature black characters who seem to become destructive automations under the influence of cocaine—but each work simultaneously asserts the essential dignity and agency of African Americans in the face of social discourses and systems that were designed to suppress and to dehumanize them.
Contemporary Black Writing and Southern Social Belonging: Beyond the Faulknerian Shadow of Loss
Authors: Hinrichsen Lisa , Watson Jay
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Randall Kenan responds to both the force and inadequacy of Faulkner’s gothic representations of white southern loss which have arguably functioned to export—and perhaps exploit—a sense of the South as a “wound culture.” The chapter argues that in confronting how representations of white loss might have been used to legitimize or excuse pervasive forms of exclusion, racism, and homogeneity, contemporary black writers such as Kenan address the function of the gothic, as a genre of loss, in fostering a culture held in the grip of slavery. Specifically, Kenan’s queer appropriation of the gothic in A Visitation of Spirits signifies on the regulatory implications of the genre, calling into question the orthodoxies of white Renascence fiction.
“Headless Heroes of the Apocalypse”
Authors: Njoroge Njoroge
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the rise and development of calypso in Trinidad. Trinidad is a rich site to explore issues of diaspora and historical development in the Caribbean since the island has the dubious distinction of being subject to all the major imperial powers in the region. Calypso is quintessentially urban, developed in the late 19th century through the intermingling of the largely once-rural proletariat, unemployed and under-employed ex-slaves, and formerly indentured Africans and other Creoles in the burgeoning city of Port-of-Spain. The music emerged from and was developed in the barrack yards, stick-fights, carnival tents, and city streets, and became a national music and symbol. This period is also one in which the economic penetration of the British into the island was transformed into formal political and ideological control, thus illuminating inter-imperialist rivalries and transformations, and the complications of political transition in a “plural society.”
Conclusion
Authors: Njoroge Njoroge
Published: September 2017

What is funky is history, what comes goes.

—Amiri Baraka

The popular musics of the circum-Caribbean present us with a rich mosaic of the expressions and experiences of the people of the African diaspora. The music articulates history, memory, myth, and contemporary reality; its feelingfulness derives from its ability to simultaneously re-present the past and the present, and through rootwork and polyrhythm, the continuous innovation of the tradition. The music remembers Africa in diaspora, and listening to black music informs us of the dialectics of history and cultural memory, as well as the interpenetrations of sound, sentiment, movement, and pleasure: the politics of participation. “Because participation models style, reinforces the feel of the groove, strengthens the naturalness of it, keeps it from the realm of abstraction and keeps it in practice” (...
Forging the Past
Authors: Marrone Daniel
Published: September 2017

The work of Canadian cartoonist Seth positions itself between history and memory, and in doing so gives rise to a range of ambivalent impulses, chief among them an ambivalent longing for the past. Seth suggests that “the whole process of cartooning is dealing with memory,” and by consistently drawing attention to seams and borders, his comics invite the reader to examine the processes by which narratives of the past come to seem seamless.
Seth’s work exhibits a complicated nostalgia that is well aware of its own reactionary, restorative and nationalistic inclinations, and is able to channel them toward productive ends. His ironic, humorous, and metafictional approaches to memory, loss and longing for the past reveal that his attitude toward these closely related subjects is deeply ambivalent. Memory is here conceived not just as an invisible, ubiquitous mental phenomenon that reflects our experience of time and relation to the past, but as a medium, an art –one which is in many ways akin to cartooning.
The fundamental operation of comics as a visual medium initiates and makes space for narrative interpolations in a way that is not only comparable to but in a certain sense mimics the historical interpolations of memory; in both cases, longing is spurred by incompleteness. Seth turns the medium of memory on itself, using it as an instrument to examine the processes of remembrance and making history.
Style and the Appearance of Authenticity
Authors: Marrone Daniel
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the materiality and appearance of Seth’s work and attempts to determine how a sense of authenticity becomes visible to the reader. Particular attention is paid to the influence of New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno on Seth’s drawing style which strongly recalls a bygone era of cartooning.
Seth’s pages seem charged with the tension between authenticity and the artifice used to conjure it. This is understood as something of a double move on Seth’s part: because artifice is not “natural” or effortless, it can seem to slide away from authenticity; at the same time, however, the evidence of craft and effort reveals the reality of the human hand that must work to create the polished appearance.
Seth uses style as a historicizing discourse – in much the same way that art historians do – and his style ultimately becomes a meta-discourse that comments on the concept of style itself.
Universal Algebra I policy, access, and inequality: Findings from a national survey
Authors: Remillard Janine T. , Baker John Y. , Steele Michael D. , Hoe Nina D. , Traynor Anne
Published: September 2017

Many in the US view algebra as a gatekeeper to advanced study of mathematics, and increasing enrollment in algebra courses as a strategy to address unequal access to educational opportunity. As a result, universal enrollment policies, which require all students to complete Algebra I by grade 8 or 9, have garnered attention in school districts or states. Based on a view that school districts are the primary implementers of state and national policy in the US, this study surveyed a nationally representative sample of districts to investigate the prevalence of such policies and their relationship to algebra enrollment. Districts reported substantial increases in Algebra I enrollments in eighth grade, although ninth grade remains the most common year students enroll. Only 26% of districts reported having universal enrollment policies; in these districts, linear regression indicated that an association with higher eighth grade Algebra I enrollment was moderated by poverty level (measured by FRL). As a result, universal policies, while decreasing within-district disparities, may increase disparities between districts. These disparities may be explained by maximally maintained inequality (Raftery & Hout, 1993) and effectively maintained inequality theories (Lucas, 2001), which posit that more affluent groups take deliberate action to perpetuate inequalities.
NGARUAT CAI : SEBUAH PENGIKAT KEBERSAMAAN DI CIRATEUN
Authors: Mardotillah Mila , S. Soemarwotob Rini
Published: September 2017

Cultural society lasted for revival by community. The symbolic meaning of a behavior that is reflected in a culture understood for generations. Water is one of the essential human needs for survival. Society used a symbol of water maintained as an effort conservation with the knowledge limitation of society itself. Ngaruat cai is a Sundanese traditional ceremony with the intention of thanksgiving and reinforcement refused for its society. This activity was conducted in order to maintain and grateful for the water received by Cirateun’s community as a cultural heritage. There is symbolic meaning from that’s activity with expectation that the same water need can bind society to participate actively. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the meaning of ritual symbols and social changes in Sundanese. Methode of this paper is qualitative ethnography to describe the activity of Cirateun community to maintain Coblong’s river through Ngaruat Cai’s symbolic. Conclusion that the common perception in the symbolic ritual Ngaruat Cai can be a way to improve people's knowledge, people's needs not only maintain a water cleans but also how to keep clean water used and waste water must still be maintained and managed so as not to pollute other environment.
Structure Results for Semilinear Elliptic Equations with Hardy Potentials
Authors: Franca Matteo , Garrione Maurizio
Published: September 2017

We prove structure results for the radial solutions of the semilinear problem

Δ
⁢
u

+

λ
⁢

(

|
x
|

)

|
x
|

2

⁢
u

+

f
⁢

(

u
⁢

(
x
)

,

|
x
|

)

=
0

,

\Delta u+\frac{\lambda(|x|)}{|x|^{2}}u+f(u(x),|x|)=0,

where λ is a function and f is superlinear in the u-variable. As particular cases, we are able to deal with Matukuma potentials and with nonlinearities f having different polynomial behaviors at zero and at infinity. We give the complete picture for the subcritical, critical and supercritical cases. The technique relies on the Fowler transformation, allowing to deal with a dynamical system in

ℝ
3

{{\mathbb{R}}^{3}}

, for which elementary invariant manifold theory allows to draw the conclusions involving regular/singular and fast/slow-decay solutions.
Application of the Undifferenced GNSS Precise Positioning in Determining Coordinates in National Reference Frames
Authors: Krzan Grzegorz , Stępniak Katarzyna
Published: September 2017

In high-accuracy positioning using GNSS, the most common solution is still relative positioning using double-difference observations of dual-frequency measurements. An increasingly popular alternative to relative positioning are undifferenced approaches, which are designed to make full use of modern satellite systems and signals. Positions referenced to global International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2008) obtained from Precise Point Positioning (PPP) or Undifferenced (UD) network solutions have to be transformed to national (regional) reference frame, which introduces additional bases related to the transformation process. In this paper, satellite observations from two test networks using different observation time series were processed. The first test concerns the positioning accuracy from processing one year of dual-frequency GPS observations from 14 EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) stations using NAPEOS 3.3.1 software. The results were transformed into a national reference frame (PL-ETRF2000) and compared to positions from an EPN cumulative solution, which was adopted as the true coordinates. Daily observations were processed using PPP and UD multi-station solutions to determine the final accuracy resulting from satellite positioning, the transformation to national coordinate systems and Eurasian intraplate plate velocities. The second numerical test involved similar processing strategies of post-processing carried out using different observation time series (30 min., 1 hour, 2 hours, daily) and different classes of GNSS receivers. The centimeter accuracy of results presented in the national coordinate system satisfies the requirements of many surveying and engineering applications.