bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“You’ve Got to Be Carefully Taught”
Authors: Symonds Dominic
Published: June 2014

This chapter explores some of the influence Sondheim’s mentor Oscar Hammerstein II may have had on the composer. With close analysis of the ways in which lyric patterning guided the structure of the music in several Rodgers and Hammerstein shows, the chapter suggests that one of their primary contributions to musical theater was to structure the dramatic dynamic of a show into the score through a use of extended song-form. I note in particular the way this works inCarousel(1945),Allegro(1947), andSouth Pacific(1949). The chapter then speculates about how Sondheim has developed this technique through a modular montaging of scenes and through the creation of palindromic trajectories within a whole show inA Little Night Music(1973) andSunday in the Park with George(1984).
“Old Situations, New Complications”
Authors: Gordon Robert
Published: June 2014

Forumrepresents an idiosyncratic attempt to reconcile the principles of musical comedy with Sondheim’s avowed preference for writing integrated musical drama. The sources of its plot in Roman farce become a pretext for a camp pastiche of the vulgar clichés of American burlesque and vaudeville. By analyzing the dramaturgical function of the individual songs, the chapter illustrates the various ways in which their evocation of the thought processes of type characters motivates the causal logic of the plot. The ingenuity of their placement and form is shown to shape the mood and pace of the action, while their stylistic cleverness is revealed as an enhancement of the metatheatricality of Shevelove and Gelbart’s book, producing a play of self-reflexive ironies that foreshadows Sondheim’s later experiments with the nonlinear structure of the postmodern musical.
“Growing Pains”
Authors: Buchman Andrew
Published: June 2014

Revised drastically while in production in 1981, cast with actors aged sixteen to twenty-six, the tuneful, experimental musicalMerrily We Roll Along, adapted from an unsuccessful play by Kaufman and Hart from 1934, closed after fifty-two previews and sixteen performances. Major revisions and fine-tunings madeMerrilymore accessible, but less avant-garde. Early revisions to the Faustian central character in the original opening scene (here examined via archival scripts, scores, and video) were not sufficient to solve the show’s dramaturgical conundrums, and the scene was reworked into a choral prologue. The latest version examined here is a well-cast 2002 revival archived on video. The tour de force (and largely unaltered) scena “Opening Doors,” the only song Sondheim has acknowledged as autobiographical, illuminates the complex, yet often hummable songs and ensembles that constituteMerrily’s enduring glories.
“It Takes Two”
Authors: Jubin Olaf
Published: June 2014

Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine’sSunday in the Park with Georgeis divided into two acts that take place in different centuries and feature two sets of seemingly different characters. A close reading of the musical demonstrates, however, that most of the characters in act 2 either present another facet of the parallel character in act 1 or reveal another side to these characters’ functions in the overall scheme of the show. Through the use of a system of doubling, whereby actors played parallel characters in acts 1 and 2, the original New York production enhanced the work’s exploration of the role art and the artist play in society and of how this role has changed in the century between 1884 and 1984.
“And One for Mahler”
Authors: Warner Keith
Published: June 2014

The chapter gives an outline of Sondheim’s shows performed in the subsidized theater in Europe and their history up until 2010. Government-funded theaters were once a natural place for experiment, now lack of subsidy prompts the question: are Sondheim’s shows being exploited to be “respectable” crowd pleasers by the up-market venues, or can they retain some of their challenging, conceptual origins? Should they be performed by opera houses at all? (If not there, then where should they be performed?) Is Sondheim’s work a barometer for our theatrical times? In the future, how can theaters retain the real artistic quest of these works by delving more deeply, more challengingly into their conceptual framework? Will the values of commercial theater and financial conservatism dictate how these pieces are produced?
From Screen to Stage
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: June 2014

Stephen Sondheim, in collaboration first with director Hal Prince and librettist Hugh Wheeler and later with director–librettist James Lapine, adapted two films to the musical stage. The first isA Little Night Music(1973), a musical based on Ingmar Bergman’s comic Swedish film masterpieceSmiles of a Summer Night(1955); the second isPassion(1994), described by Sondheim as “the world’s only epistolary musical,” based on the Italian filmPassione d’Amore(1981), adapted by director Ettore Scola from Iginio Ugo Tarchetti’s epistolary novelFosca(1869). InNight MusicSondheim offers a musical counterpart to the diversity of love explored inSmiles of a Summer Night, while inPassion, he musically captures the obsessive love of the ugly and sickly Fosca, and demonstrates that obsessive and altruistic love can triumph over a more conventional romantic love based on sexual attraction.
More Sondheim
Authors: Hickman Roger
Published: June 2014

Sondheim provided original music for five movies: one or more songs forThe Seven-Per-Cent Solution(1976),Dick Tracy(1990), andThe Birdcage(1996), and scores forStavisky(1974) andReds(1981). The two scores reflect divergent trends in this era. Warren Beatty’sRedsuses music sparingly, and Alain Resnais’sStaviskycontains a complicated score that reflects compositional trends of the 1930s. Sondheim’s songs for the other films are crafted to entertain and to further their respective stories. ForDick Tracy, Sondheim composed five songs; several accompany montages, others crosscut with live action, and two, both performed by Madonna, have multiple reprises. Among the latter is the Oscar-winning “Sooner or Later.”
Croaks into Song
Authors: McDonald Marianne
Published: June 2014

“Croaks into Song” puts Sondheim’sFrogsinto the context of his other work. His music adds informed commentary. Sondheim is the most modern and insightful of present-day composers of musicals, skillfully reflecting not only the blackness of the times, but adding doubts about the future. Sondheim often turns to the classics, so Aristophanes’sThe Frogs, with its descent into Hades, was a natural choice. His work concludes with a hymn to death and praise for the way of life in Hades. There is political criticism, like the Aristophanic original: disparaging the insanity of war and know-nothing politicians, along with their followers who, like frogs, sing repetitious choruses. Rather than Aeschylus competing against Euripides, as in Aristophane’ play, here Shakespeare debates Shaw, yet some of the same artistic issues are raised.
“Careful the Spell You Cast”
Authors: Francis Ben
Published: June 2014

WithInto the Woodswe enter an enchanted landscape that is beset, however, by lengthening shadows. The show, which starts as an ingenious retelling of some familiar children’s stories, darkens in tone as the characters face up to difficult decisions and sudden death. In this show Sondheim and Lapine do not just retell fairy tales; instead they examine why we tell stories and how they can be used to bring the listener to moral maturity, which means—and this is a recurring theme in Sondheim’s work—accepting the necessity of choice and learning not to rely on the world to provide you with a happy ending.
Narratives of Progress and Tragedy in
Authors: Filmer Paul
Published: June 2014

When it was first produced in 1976,Pacific Overturesattracted praise and opprobrium in almost equal measure. It was characterized by critics as both the supreme intellectual, as well as musical theatrical achievement of the Sondheim–Prince collaborations, and as the most cynical betrayal of the authentic vernacular American tradition of the musical. At a number of levels, both formal and substantive, it is a reflexive exploration of the tension between the national and global conditions of late twentieth-century American cultural identity and ambitions and their relation to the legacy of the Enlightenment origins of American society. The two levels discussed in detail are those of the relations between and modes of representation of the principal characters, and the processes of transition between traditional and modern societies. The chapter argues that the binary structure of the theatrical organization ofPacific Overturesin two sequential parts raises issues of the inevitability of the inversion of progress into tragedy.
Queer Sondheim
Authors: Stoddart Scott F.
Published: June 2014

Road Showmarked the acknowledgement of a gay sensibility in Sondheim’s work: not only do the homosexual couple, Addison Mizner and Hollis Bessemer, represent the show’s only functional relationship, the lovers sing its one duet, “The Best Thing that Ever Has Happened.” How do the queer instances that have always permeated Sondheim’s work resonate for gay audiences? While some critics attest that Sondheim must be read as a closeted writer, this is true only if you read his work superficially, focusing on questions regarding the relationships in his works: from Bobby’s chosen isolation inCompanythrough Sweeney’s villainous rampage inSweeney Todd(1979) to Fosca’s destructive behavior patterns inPassion(1994). The chapter reveals how, in dismantling the heteronormative structure of the traditional musical, Sondheim “queered” the form in a variety of ways.
The Political Economy of Regulation of Biotechnology in Agriculture
Authors: Graff Gregory D. , Hochman Gal , Zilberman David
Published: June 2014

In Europe and in many developing countries, genetically modified (GM) crops are effectively banned. Some countries limit the direct use of such crops as food for human consumption to a few niche agricultural products, such as papaya, sweet corn, and squash. These restrictions can be traced to public decision-making processes reflecting the interplay of sometimes conflicting economic interests of different groups within society. This chapter examines the political economy underlying the regulation of biotechnology in agriculture. It begins with a review of the literature on the politics and political economy of agricultural biotechnology policies, followed by a discussion of how political choices regarding GM crops have evolved over time. It then considers the agricultural economics literature regarding the distributional impacts of the adoption of GM crops, focusing on the impact of the introduction of GM crop varieties on the economic welfare of different groups in society. It also assesses the formation and evolution of agricultural biotechnology policies in Europe and their effects on salient interest groups such as consumers, farmers, environmental interest groups, and industrial sectors.
Relations Between Local and National Governments
Authors: Agranoff Robert
Published: June 2014

This chapter reviews the literature on relations between local governments and their national governments. The author explores the expansion of partnerships between national government and local governments with a particular focus on fiscal federalism, revenue dependence, shared governance, and intergovernmental lobbying. Intergovernmental relations in other countries are compared to the U.S. Gaps in the existing literature are discussed along with directions for future research.
State Political Participation
Authors: Tolbert Caroline , Franko William W.
Published: June 2014

In this article the authors explore the literature on political participation in the states and argue that research on state political participation has provided the most theoretical and empirical innovation gains for the overall study of participation in the past few decades. The authors focus on the impact of political institutions (election laws), political environments (electoral competition), and inequality in participation rates, or class bias, across the states. Future research directions are explored and the authors emphasize on some of the ways that the American states matter for participation in our democracy
Nobility
Authors: Smith Jay M.
Published: June 2014

The nobility became a widely despised target of French revolutionaries despite its own lack of unity and its general openness to reform. The strength of the antipathy toward nobility is explained in part by the debates about noble identity that had coursed through French culture for much of the eighteenth century. Those debates brought forth conflicting perspectives, as some sought to revive and expand while others sought to attenuate noble power, standing, and influence. Perhaps the most important consequence of these debates, however, was to reveal the uncertain and contested foundations of noble pre-eminence—a cultural ambiguity that contrasted sharply, and troublingly, with noble assertions of political solidarity in 1788–9.
Books, Philosophy, Enlightenment
Authors: Burrows Simon
Published: June 2014

Books enjoy a privileged position in many accounts of the enlightenment and its links to revolutionary causation. However, historians have struggled to delineate convincingly and reach agreement about what those links actually were. This chapter attempts to use the freshest evidence to establish the place of the book in enlightenment and revolutionary print culture and politics. This involves a wide-ranging exploration of historical, methodological and definitional dilemmas such as: What is a ‘book’ and what place did books occupy in eighteenth-century culture? What sorts of printed texts were influential in the final years of the ancien régime and during the Revolution? Who read them and how did they understand and respond to them? And how do the answers to these questions revise understandings of the links between French enlightenment and Revolution?
The View from Below
Authors: Beaurepaire Pierre‐Yves
Published: June 2014

The cahiers or registers of grievances composed by every community in France for the Estates-General of 1789 have long been recognized as an unparalleled historical resource. But by their very immense nature they have proved susceptible to a wide range of interpretations, and it is only in recent years that new methods have established incontrovertibly some of the key messages they present about French opinion on the eve of the Revolution. Detailed study shows that the burdens of the unjust and illogical tax system were felt far and wide, and that the privileges of the nobility and the Church occupied many writers; but also that the very local nature of the individual documents produced a kaleidoscopic array of views and priorities. Thus, it is clear that continued work on this mass of evidence will yield further insights into the multiple dimensions of historical experience locked in these texts.
Politics and Insurrection
Authors: Andress David
Published: June 2014

The image of the sans-culotte as a popular archetype and a political movement has dominated discussion of insurrectionary crowd action for many decades. Yet historiography now shows a much more complex picture of (especially Parisian) pre-revolutionary attitudes and activities, while as yet this has not been comprehensively translated into a re-evaluation of popular action from 1789 onwards. Tendencies to assume a natural association between ‘radical’ and ‘popular’ identities and objectives may obscure the real textures of ordinary Parisians’ responses to revolutionary events. A re-evaluation of some classic accounts shows that there remains considerable space for rethinking how and why the image of popular militancy was so important, yet also perhaps at least partly illusory, in the struggles to control the politics of the revolutionary capital.
From Faction to Revolt
Authors: Hanson Paul
Published: June 2014

In August 1792 Louis XVI abdicated, leading to the election of the National Convention and the declaration of the first French Republic. Divisions quickly emerged, however, caused in part by the prison massacres in Paris in September 1792 and by disagreement regarding the fate of the king. Factions developed in the National Convention and eight months of acrimony ended with the 2 June 1793 proscription of the leading Girondin deputies, which in turn ignited revolt in the provinces, very nearly plunging France into civil war. To understand these events one must consider national politics alongside local politics, placing both in the context of an increasingly complicated and precarious international situation. The fall of the monarchy brought the adoption of universal manhood suffrage, and the debate over sovereignty in the ensuing months, at both the national and local levels, played a central role in leading the country from faction to revolt.
Napoleon, The Revolution, and The Empire
Authors: Dwyer Philip
Published: June 2014

In the face of the long line of political failures that was the Revolution, the foundation of the Empire in 1804 was an attempt to create a new polity, a third way between radical republicanism and royalism. The regime created by Napoleon was a curious mixture of the modern and the traditional, a new social and political fusion between the old and the new France. The Empire, and the reforms that emanated from it, had its roots in the Revolution. Despite the opposition that they sometimes encountered, they were all conceived as instruments of social and political cohesion. The imperial regime represented a new polity that both broke with the past and relied on ancien régime institutions and people to help implant the new order.
The of Ibn ʿAqīl (d. 513/1119) and the Ibn al-Qushayrī (d. 514/1120)
Authors: Holtzman Livnat
Published: June 2014

Themiḥnaof Ibn ʿAqīl (d. 513/1119) and thefitnatIbn al-Qushayrī (d. 514/1120)—two major events that took place in eleventh-century Baghdad—mark the victory of traditionalist Islam over rationalist Islam, and as such are considered as part of ‘the Sunni Revival’. The chapter unfolds the political, social, and doctrinal factors that led to these events, while focusing on the role of the leader of the Baghdadian Ḥanbalīs, thesharīfAbū Jaʿfar al-Hāshimī (d. 470/1077–8) in orchestrating the events. The first section of the chapter summarizes Ibn ʿAqīl’smiḥnabased on George Makdisi’s scholarly work, and also provides a limited-scale reading in the primary sources. The second section offers new insights on thefitnatIbn al-Qushayrī based on a close reading of the primary sources, and a survey of recently published researches.
Being Green in Late Medieval English Literature
Authors: Rudd Gillian
Published: June 2014

This article traces links between late medieval English literature and the 20th century ecology movement. It suggests that the medievalists consider the question of how animals appear in a text as being linked to how allegory works and contends that continuities and discontinuities in medieval texts mark the perceived relations between our current ecologically informed outlook and that of earlier periods. This article also explores the medieval conception of the word green based on an analysis of several works including Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, “The Wife of Bath’s Tale” and “Friar’s Tales.”
Romanticism and Ecocriticism
Authors: Rigby Kate
Published: June 2014

This article examines the relevance of romanticism to ecocriticism. It analyzes some cases of contradictory trends and tendencies that can be traced in the thought and literature of the romantic period and considers some of the ways in which romanticism was taken up in the “new world.” It explores romantic conception of Nature and Freedom and the contrapuntal movement of secularization and resacralization. While the article emphasises the diversity of Romantic thought and writing, it suggests that some strands anticipate contemporary postequilibrum ecology.
Queer Life? Ecocriticism After the Fire
Authors: Sandilands Catriona
Published: June 2014

This article examines the relevance of queer theory and “queer ecological” trajectories to ecocriticism. It analyzes Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner’s formative thoughts in “Sex in Public” and proposes some “radical aspirations” of queer nature building. It outlines a “queer life” for ecocriticism and provides a reading of Jane Rule’s novel After the Fire, which engages directly with both the ontological and the political dimensions of queer ecological thinking.
Extinctions
Authors: Paravisini-Gebert Lisa
Published: June 2014

This article examines the extinction of some animals in colonial and postcolonial Caribbean region, including the Caribbean monk seal and the Creole pig, which became victims of human predatory behavior, unchecked coastal development, and the ecological changes unleashed by colonialism and postcolonial tourism development in the Caribbean basin. This article also discusses the ecological revolution measured in terms of biodiversity losses that have led to the disappearance of thousands of flora and fauna species in the region, some dating back to the earliest decades of the colonization and conquest of the Indies.
Green Banjo
Authors: Knickerbocker Scott
Published: June 2014

This article explores the ecoformalism of country music and the so-called old-time music. It explains that country music, especially in its traditional and alternative forms, offers rich soil for the growth of environmentalist sensibilities that transcend stereotypes of style and taste that people habitually associate with political positions. Like country music, old-time music also exudes a sense of place, long considered an important starting place in thinking and behaving ecologically. This article also discusses some lyrics in old-time music that express environmental sentiments.
The Contemporary English Novel and its Challenges to Ecocriticism
Authors: Bracke Astrid
Published: June 2014

This article analyzes the challenges of contemporary English novel to ecocriticism. It explains that the novel has often been considered to be unsuitable or at least problematic for ecocritical analysis and argues that a broadening of ecocriticism is needed if it wants to develop as a critical practice and continue to raise awareness about environmental concerns. It examines several relevant novels including David Mitchell’s Cloud Atlas, Jon McGregor’s If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things, and Ian McEwan’s Solar.
Chinese Ecocriticism in the Last Ten Years
Authors: Wei Qingqi
Published: June 2014

This article examines the state of Chinese ecocriticism. It describes the main characters of Chinese ecocriticism and provides an account of its history of which appeared at the beginning to be concerned with ecologies rather than ecology. It describes the works of major Chinese ecocritics including Lu Shuyuan and Zeng Fanren and highlights the limitations or inadequacy of Chinese ecocriticism. This article also highlights the need to establish a practical and open Chinese ecocriticism which can help facilitate exchange and complementarity between China and the West and provide a new paradigm in the dialogue between Chinese and Western literary theory.
Emergence of the Unmarked in Indian Englishes with Different Substrates
Authors: Wiltshire Caroline R.
Published: June 2014

This study uses data from Indian English as a second language, spoken by speakers of five first languages, to illustrate and evaluate the role of the emergence of the unmarked (TETU) in phonological theory. The analysis focusses on word-final consonant devoicing and cluster reduction, for which the five Indian first languages have various constraints, while Indian English is relatively unrestricted. Variation in L2 Indian Englishes results from both transfer of L1 phonotactics and the emergence of the unmarked, accounted for within Optimality Theory. The use of a learning algorithm also allows us to test the relative importance of markedness and frequency and to evaluate the relative markedness of various clusters. Thus, data from Indian Englishes provides insight into the form and function of markedness constraints, as well as the mechanisms of Second Language Acquisition (SLA).
The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles
Authors: Corrigan Karen P.
Published: June 2014

This chapter discusses contact between English and other languages in the British Isles from the fifth century to the present. Census data and other evidence are examined to assess the impact of migrants on historical and contemporary English dialects in the Celtic regions and elsewhere. As regards the latter, these would include svarabhakti phenomena and fronting devices typical of the syntactic/discourse strategies commonly associated with Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. Consideration is also given to the extent to which Celtic Englishes retain relic features representing earlier stages of English. Of particular interest is the retention of historical /r/ post-vocalically as well as negative concord and the grammaticality of double modal constructions. There is also some discussion of linguistic innovations in dialects of the British Isles that have been brought about by more recent contacts with newer ethnic minority migrants in large urban areas of this region like Dublin and London.
World Englishes and Dialectology
Authors: Anderwald Lieselotte
Published: June 2014

This chapter summarizes new approaches to the study of traditional dialects, in particular in Britain and the United States, and discusses how new methods, new results, and new topics of investigation may inform and enrich the study of World Englishes, too. Of particular importance may be the acknowledgement of widespread variability in the ‘homeland’ that is increasingly also historically attested and sociolinguistically described, the study of morphosyntactic variation as an area of language that seems to remain quite stable under settlement conditions, and the comparative study of present-day variability that indicates the breadth (and limits) of variability. In return, results from the comparative study of World Englishes also have the potential to enrich modern dialectology and sociolinguistics.
Retention and Innovation in Settler Englishes
Authors: Hickey Raymond
Published: June 2014

The transportation of English overseas in the colonial period, between approximately 1600 and 1900, from different parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland led to the rise of diverse varieties of English depending on the source area from which most of the founder generation originated from as well as on the mixture of dialects at the overseas locations and the ecologies of these sites. This study is concerned with the extent to which features of English input to new overseas varieties were retained and what factors were instrumental in this process (e.g., whether the areas are relic or diaspora locations). Further issues in this complex are considered, for example, focusing, reanalysis of variation, internal dialect patterning, and the refunctionalization and reallocation of features. Innovation, as the reverse process of retention, is then considered, specifically the internal and external motivation for this. In addition, shared innovations across the Anglophone world are looked at. Finally, the various models for accounting for the genesis of new varieties of English are examined.
Paradigms and Theories
Authors: Scheib John W.
Published: June 2014

This chapter provides an overview of theoretical frameworks utilized in published music education qualitative research. Due to the appearance of a somewhat inconsistent view on the role, use, and definition of theoretical frameworks in qualitative research, this chapter also investigates commonly referenced research methodology texts and ultimately frames the discussion using a model based on the congruent arguments provided by Anfara and Mertz (2006) and Ravitch and Raggan (2012), separating paradigms and orientations from empirical/quasi-empirical theoretical constructs. The purpose of this chapter is not only to try to clear away the silt from the murky waters surrounding understandings of what constitutes a theoretical framework, but also, equally important, to provide readers with potentially useful theories, frameworks, and their applications toward helping readers in their own scholarly pursuits.
Community Music Education
Authors: Kruse Nathan B. , Hansen Erin M.
Published: June 2014

This chapter provides a collection of qualitative studies that exemplify diverse and successful community music (CM) models for youths and adults. It illustrates the common musical, social, instructional, and administrative qualities researchers have identified as contributing to the successes of these models and explores the growing relevancy of community-based music activities in the United States and its relationship to school music education. Categories include band, choral, and orchestral music-making activities; community music schools and summer music programs; cultural connections made through vernacular, folk, and online music experiences; and community music opportunities as social justice. This chapter serves as a collective foray into the qualitative nature of CM education as well as a platform for sustaining conversation regarding lifelong music learning and the use of qualitative designs in the study of CM programs.
The Politics of PublicationVoices, Venues, and Ethics
Authors: Robinson Mitchell
Published: June 2014

For music and music education researchers, notions of what constitutes scholarship, or creative activity, are too often contentious and confusing. Questions have come from colleagues outside of music as to what forms of activity “count” as research, and queries regarding the boundaries between research, teaching, and service. For qualitative scholars in music education, these challenges have come from both outside the discipline and from within, as colleagues who hold different assumptions about the nature and structure of research in music education have questioned the very tenets of qualitative inquiry. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the issues surrounding the publication enterprise in music education, with particular attention to the dissemination of scholarship to the multiple constituent audiences. The first section will discuss the issue of finding and developing a scholarly “voice,” and suggest new forms of delivering and presenting research findings. The second section will address how authors can choose the appropriate venues to present their work and make the case for a broader conceptualization of what constitutes the dissemination of scholarly work. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of ethical considerations in respect to the publication of qualitative work.
Landmarks in the Study of Improvisation
Authors: Nettl Bruno
Published: June 2014

Historically, research on improvisation has been related to the discovery of non-Western musics, folk music, and jazz, and has depended on the development of recording techniques for its principal kinds of data. The concept of improvisation is not unitary, but includes many vastly different kinds of un-notated music-making, which casts some doubt on the efficacy of the term itself. In the history of Western art music, improvisation was originally ignored or seen as craft rather than art, but since ca. 1980 it has occupied increased attention. The association of improvisation with oral transmission has sometimes been misunderstood. The most successful standard research study has been the comparison of performances based on a single model, for example, raga in India, maqam and dastgah in the Middle East, or a series of chord changes or a tune in jazz. Improvisation as a concept—for example, as a metaphor of freedom—has been important in recent research.
What’s “Left” in Schmitt?
Authors: Specter Matthew G.
Published: June 2014

Since the mid-1980s, the Western Left has split on how to evaluate the political and constitutional theory of Carl Schmitt. The analysis traces and historicizes a movement from aversion to appropriation of Schmitt’s writings in contemporary political theory. In the first half of the chapter Habermas is presented as developing his own positions in part through deep engagements with Schmitt’s thought. In the second half of the chapter, three contemporary political philosophers who are grouped under the label “left-Schmittian” are profiled. Contemporary left-Schmittians try to circumvent the Schmitt compromised by the “Third Reich,” but sometimes by diluting him beyond recognition. Close readings of Gopal Balakrishnan, Andreas Kalyvas, and Chantal Mouffe support the argument that contemporary left-Schmittians create a theory of domestic and international politics that are either normatively or institutionally deficient.
States of Emergency
Authors: Scheuerman William E.
Published: June 2014

Carl Schmitt’s theory of emergency powers has garnered substantial attention in the aftermath of terrorist attacks on the US, UK, and Spain. Against those who underscore apparent discontinuities in Schmitt’s view of emergency government, or see him as advocating law-based and/or a constitutional model of emergency government, this chapter revisits three key historical and intellectual contexts—the First World War, the Weimar debate about Article 48, and the disintegration of Weimar democracy after 1930— to offer an alternative interpretation. The radical anti-legal character of Schmitt’s position, along with its underlying continuities, is emphasized. Three recent post 9/11 employments of Schmitt’s ideas about emergency power are then examined. Each is found inadequate, in part because each accepts too much of the underlying logic of Schmitt’s theory and thus becomes vulnerable to its normative and political frailties.
W. D. Muhammad’s Hermeneutics of the Second Resurrection
Authors: Adhami Zaid
Published: June 2014

The majority of the earlier literature dealing with the history of the Nation of Islam (NOI) has represented the transition to Warith Deen Muhammad’s leadership as a rupture with the past, characterized by a disavowal and repudiation of Elijah Muhammad’s legacy and African American religious traditions in general. Taking more recent developments in the field as a point of departure, however, this chapter emphasizes the continuities in that transition by illustrating W. D. Muhammad’s multifaceted hermeneutical approach to understanding the legacy of the NOI. By paying attention to this hermeneutical framework, we can see the continuities between Elijah Muhammad’s and Warith Deen Muhammad’s leadership tenures in two ways: First, this hermeneutical approach itself is a form of continuity with past hermeneutical practices in the NOI and African American biblical interpretation. Second, and more important, W. D. Muhammad’s keen attention to hermeneutics served as the epistemic grounds that made possible his community’s experience of religious continuity with the NOI.
An observing system simulation for Southern Ocean carbon dioxide uptake
Authors: Majkut Joseph D. , Carter Brendan R. , Frölicher Thomas L. , Dufour Carolina O. , Rodgers Keith B. , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: June 2014

The Southern Ocean is critically important to the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO
2
. Up to half of the excess CO
2
currently in the ocean entered through the Southern Ocean. That uptake helps to maintain the global carbon balance and buffers transient climate change from fossil fuel emissions. However, the future evolution of the uptake is uncertain, because our understanding of the dynamics that govern the Southern Ocean CO
2
uptake is incomplete. Sparse observations and incomplete model formulations limit our ability to constrain the monthly and annual uptake, interannual variability and long-term trends. Float-based sampling of ocean biogeochemistry provides an opportunity for transforming our understanding of the Southern Ocean CO
2
flux. In this work, we review current estimates of the CO
2
uptake in the Southern Ocean and projections of its response to climate change. We then show, via an observational system simulation experiment, that float-based sampling provides a significant opportunity for measuring the mean fluxes and monitoring the mean uptake over decadal scales.
Does the sensitivity of Southern Ocean circulation depend upon bathymetric details?
Authors: Hogg Andrew McC. , Munday David R.
Published: June 2014

The response of the major ocean currents to changes in wind stress forcing is investigated with a series of idealized, but eddy-permitting, model simulations. Previously, ostensibly similar models have shown considerable variation in the oceanic response to changing wind stress forcing. Here, it is shown that a major reason for these differences in model sensitivity is subtle modification of the idealized bathymetry. The key bathymetric parameter is the extent to which the strong eddy field generated in the circumpolar current can interact with the bottom water formation process. The addition of an embayment, which insulates bottom water formation from meridional eddy fluxes, acts to stabilize the deep ocean density and enhances the sensitivity of the circumpolar current. The degree of interaction between Southern Ocean eddies and Antarctic shelf processes may thereby control the sensitivity of the Southern Ocean to change.
Cotyledon-Generated Auxin Is Required for Shade-Induced Hypocotyl Growth in Brassica rapa
Authors: Procko Carl , Crenshaw Charisse Michelle , Ljung Karin , Noel Joseph Patrick , Chory Joanne
Published: June 2014

Plant architecture is optimized for the local light environment. In response to foliar shade or neighbor proximity (low red to far-red light), some plant species exhibit shade-avoiding phenotypes, including increased stem and hypocotyl growth, which increases the likelihood of outgrowing competitor plants. If shade persists, early flowering and the reallocation of growth resources to stem elongation ultimately affect the yield of harvestable tissues in crop species. Previous studies have shown that hypocotyl growth in low red to far-red shade is largely dependent on the photoreceptor phytochrome B and the phytohormone auxin. However, where shade is perceived in the plant and how auxin regulates growth spatially are less well understood. Using the oilseed and vegetable crop species Brassica rapa, we show that the perception of low red to far-red shade by the cotyledons triggers hypocotyl cell elongation and auxin target gene expression. Furthermore, we find that following shade perception, elevated auxin levels occur in a basipetal gradient away from the cotyledons and that this is coincident with a gradient of auxin target gene induction. These results show that cotyledon-generated auxin regulates hypocotyl elongation. In addition, we find in mature B. rapa plants that simulated shade does not affect seed oil composition but may affect seed yield. This suggests that in field settings where mutual shading between plants may occur, a balance between plant density and seed yield per plant needs to be achieved for maximum oil yield, while oil composition might remain constant.
Demand for milk quantity and safety in urban China: evidence from Beijing and Harbin
Authors: Cheng Leilei , Yin Changbin , Chien Hsiaoping
Published: June 2014

Urban households account for most of the milk consumption in China, but their consumption is hampered by safety concerns. Using survey data collected in Beijing and Harbin in 2010, this paper simultaneously analyses urban households' milk consumption using a multiple linear model and their willingness‐to‐pay for milk safety using an ordered choice model. The results of this study show that as income increases, urban households consume more milk and are willing to pay a higher premium for milk safety. Modern food marketing channels play a positive role in stimulating milk consumption and building consumers' confidence in milk safety. The growth in the elderly population influences milk consumption positively, but their demand for milk safety is negatively affected by higher price. The combined analysis of households' demand for milk quantity and safety may be useful to the Chinese government in promoting the development of the domestic milk industry and to dairy firms in exploring the milk market in China.
Stigma, deviance and morality in young adults' accounts of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Saunders Benjamin
Published: June 2014

For young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), perceived stigma has been found to be a salient concern. Drawing on interviews with individuals withIBDaged 18–29 (n= 16), this article uses rhetorical discourse analysis to explore how stigma is discursively constructed by young adults, with a focus on the moral underpinnings of the participants' talk. Their representations showed both felt stigma and enacted stigma; principally related to the perceived taboo surrounding the symptoms of their condition, which often led to the non‐disclosure or concealment of the condition. The different ways in which stigma is manifested in the accounts present a challenge to recent arguments questioning the relevance of this concept in chronic illness research, though it was found that it is not adequate to look at stigma alone and, given the unstable nature ofIBD, negotiating stigma in relation to possible charges of deviance is a pertinent issue for these young adults. For instance, non‐disclosure because of shame could result in individuals experiencing blame. Accounts were constructed through a range of discursive strategies, allowing the participants to present themselves in morally appropriate ways throughout. Suggestions are made about future directions in addressing stigma and deviance in relation to this cohort.
The Role of Stigma in Access to Health Care for the Poor
Authors: ALLEN HEIDI , WRIGHT BILL J. , HARDING KRISTIN , BROFFMAN LAUREN
Published: June 2014

Context

The Affordable Care Act provides new Medicaid coverage to an estimated 12 million low‐income adults. Barriers to access or quality could hamper the program's success. One of these barriers might be the stigma associated with Medicaid or poverty.

Methods

Our mixed‐methods study involved 574 low‐income adults and included data from an in‐person survey and follow‐up interviews. Our analysis of the interviews showed that many participants who were on Medicaid or uninsured described a perception or fear of being treated poorly in the health care setting. We defined this experience as stigma and merged our qualitative interviews coded for stigma with our quantitative survey data to see whether stigma was related to other sociodemographic characteristics. We also examined whether stigma was associated with access to care, quality of care, and self‐reported health.

Findings

We were unable to identify other sociodemographic characteristics associated with stigma in this low‐income sample. The qualitative interviews suggested that stigma was most often the result of a provider‐patient interaction that felt demeaning, rather than an internalized sense of shame related to receiving public insurance or charity care. An experience of stigma was associated with unmet health needs, poorer perceptions of quality of care, and worse health across several self‐reported measures.

Conclusions

Because a stigmatizing experience in the health system might interfere with the delivery of high‐quality care to new Medicaid enrollees, further research and policy interventions that target stigma are warranted.
Identification Method for Digital Image Forgery and Filtering Region through Interpolation
Authors: Hwang Min Gu , Har Dong Hwan
Published: June 2014

Because of the rapidly increasing use of digital composite images, recent studies have identified digital forgery and filtering regions. This research has shown that interpolation, which is used to edit digital images, is an effective way to analyze digital images for composite regions. Interpolation is widely used to adjust the size of the image of a composite target, making the composite image seem natural by rotating or deforming. As a result, many algorithms have been developed to identify composite regions by detecting a trace of interpolation. However, many limitations have been found in detection maps developed to identify composite regions. In this study, we analyze the pixel patterns of noninterpolation and interpolation regions. We propose a detection map algorithm to separate the two regions. To identify composite regions, we have developed an improved algorithm using minimum filer, Laplacian operation and maximum filters. Finally, filtering regions that used the interpolation operation are analyzed using the proposed algorithm.
Endothelial cell loss and refractive predictability in femtosecond laser‐assisted cataract surgery compared with conventional cataract surgery
Authors: Krarup Therese , Morten Holm Lars , la Cour Morten , Kjaerbo Hadi
Published: June 2014

Purpose

To investigate the amount of endothelial cell loss (ECL) and refractive predictability by femtosecond laser‐assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) compared to conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery (CPS).

Methods

Forty‐seven patients had one eye operated by FLACS and the contralateral eye operated by CPS (stop and chop technique). Both eyes had intraocular aspheric lenses implanted. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), central corneal endothelial cell count and hexagonality with a non‐contact specular microscope were assessed preoperatively, 1–3 days postoperatively and 3 months postoperatively.

Results

Three days postoperatively, mean ECL was 249 cells/mm2 (SD ± 744) (9.1%) by FLACS and 235 cells/mm2 (SD ± 681) (8.2%) by CPS (p = 0.87). Three months postoperatively, mean ECL was 274 cells/mm2 (SD ± 358) (11.4%) by FLACS compared with 333 cells/mm2 (SD ± 422) (13.9%) by CPS, (p = 0.30) 3 months postoperatively, hexagonality was decreased by 1.8% (SD ± 30) by FLACS and by 1.4% (SD ± 13) by CPS, (p = 0.84). The mean absolute difference from the attempted refraction was 0.37 dioptres (D) (SD ± 0.33) by FLACS and 0.41 D (SD ± 0.42) by CPS (p = 0.56). Mean CDVA was 0.89 (0.3; 1.25) by FLACS and 0.93 (0.4; 1.25) by CPS at 3 months postoperatively (p = 0.36). Within both groups, 70% gained a CDVA of 6/6. Mean surgery time was 9.3 min (SD ± 1.9) by FLACS and 8.0 min (SD ± 1.9) by CPS, (p = 0.0018). Mean phaco energy was 3.78 U/S (SD ± 5.1) and 5.45 U/S (SD ± 4.6) (p < 0.0001) by FLACS and CPS, respectively.

Conclusion

We found no significant difference in ECL and refractive predictability between FLACS and CPS 3 months postoperatively.