bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LTE Mobility Solutions at Network Level for Global Convergence
Authors: Titus-Constantin Balan , Florin Sandu
Published: May 2010

One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global seamless roaming among various access technologies. Since Mobile IPv6 is considered a mature protocol, mobility management at the network layer is the frequent approach for heterogeneous networks. The tendency of future convergent scalable architectures is splitting the mobility management in two domains, global mobility and localized mobility management. This chapter presents the advantages of MIPv6, a global mobility protocol, and its enhancements. A case study based on MIPv6 for UMTS and WiFi convergence is also presented. Proxy MIPv6, the newest protocol of the MIPv6 family, already included in the roadmap of future 4G networks, will be analyzed as a solution for localized mobility management. The main goal of the chapter is describing the way mobility protocols (MIPv6 and PMIPv6) will be implemented for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution architecture. The chapter ends with the presentation of the interoperation between different network technologies using global and localized mobility management protocols, which provide flexibility, scalability and independence between mobility domains.
Handover Optimization for 4G Wireless Networks
Authors: Kim Dongwook , Lee Hanjin , Yoon Hyunsoo , Kim Namgi
Published: May 2010

The authors present a velocity-based bicasting handover scheme to optimize link layer handover performance for 4G wireless networks. Before presenting their scheme, as related works, they firstly describe general handover protocols which have been proposed in the previous research, in terms of the layers of network protocol stack. Then, they introduce state-of-the-art trends for handover protocols in three representative standardization groups of IEEE 802.16, 3GPP LTE, and 3GPP2. Finally, they present the proposed bicasting handover scheme. Original bicasting handover scheme enables all potential target base stations for a mobile station (MS) which prepares for handover to keep bicasted data, in advance before the MS actually performs handover. This scheme minimizes the packet transmission delay caused by handover, which achieves the seamless connectivity. However, it leads to an aggressive consumption of backhaul network resources. Moreover, if this scheme gets widely adopted for high data rate services and the demand for these services grows, it is expected that the amount of backhaul network resources consumed by the scheme will significantly increase. Therefore, the authors propose a novel bicasting handover scheme which not only minimizes link layer handover delay but also reduces the consumption of backhaul network resources in 4G wireless networks. For the proposed scheme, they exploit the velocity parameter of MS and a novel concept of bicasting threshold is specified for the proposed mobile speed groups. Simulations prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme over the original one in reducing the amount of consumed backhaul network resources without inducing any service quality degradation.
Video Streaming Based Services over 4G Networks
Authors: Suarez Alvaro
Published: May 2010

4G networks must not only show high bandwidth but also provide an excellent user experience, especially for video streaming, which is a key technique for multimedia services on 4G networks like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Television over IP (TvIP), broadcatching, interactive digital television, and Video on Demand (VoD). These services are challenging because of the well-known problems of the radio channel. Efficient solutions are designed by considering cross layer techniques. In this chapter the authors firstly review a number of video streaming based services, and then they present the basic operation of the video streaming and its problems in 4G networks, emphasizing Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) technology. In order to solve these problems they propose two cross layer strategies (one for access networks and another for ad hoc networks) and integrate the first one into two application level solutions. The authors test the user experience that accesses a Web portal including a VoD with a mobile telephone equipped with WiFi and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Wireless Network Card Interfaces (WNIC). Results invite them to be optimistic.
The Use of Orthogonal Frequency Code Division (OFCD) Multiplexing in Wireless Mesh Network (WMN)
Authors: Rizvi Syed S. , Elleithy Khaled M. , Riasat Aasia
Published: May 2010

In the present scenario, improvement in the data rate, network capacity, scalability, and the network throughput are some of the most serious issues in wireless mesh networks (WMN). Specifically, a major obstacle that hinders the widespread adoption of WMN is the severe limits on throughput and the network capacity. This chapter presents a discussion on the potential use of a combined orthogonal-frequency code-division (OFCD) multiple access scheme in a WMN. The OFCD is the combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and the code division multiple access (CDMA). Since ODFM is one of the popular multi-access schemes that provide high data rates, combining the OFDM with the CDMA may yield a significant improvement in a WMN in terms of a comparatively high network throughput with the least error ration. However, these benefits demand for more sophisticated design of transmitter and receiver for WMN that can use OFCD as an underlying multiple access scheme. In order to demonstrate the potential use of OFCD scheme with the WMN, this chapter presents a new transmitter and receiver model along with a comprehensive discussion on the performance of WMN under the new OFCD multiple access scheme. The purpose of this analysis and experimental verification is to observe the performance of new transceiver with the OFCD scheme in WMN with respect to the overall network throughput, bit error rate (BER) performance, and network capacity. Moreover, in this chapter, the authors provide an analysis and comparison of different multiple access schemes such as FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDM, and the new OFCD.
The Next Generation CDMA Technology for Futuristic Wireless Communications
Authors: Chen Hsiao-Hwa
Published: May 2010

This chapter addresses the issues on the architecture of next generation CDMA (NG-CDMA) systems, which should offer a much better performance in terms of its capacity and transmission rate, etc., than that possible in all current 2-3G systems based on CDMA technology. The ultimate goal is to engineer a CDMA system, whose performance will no longer be interference-limited, for its application in futuristic wireless communications. To achieve this, many challenging issues should be tackled, such as innovated design approaches for CDMA codes, multi-dimensional spreading techniques, suitable CDMA signaling format for high-speed bursty traffic, and so forth. This chapter will review the author’s ongoing research activities on the NG-CDMA technology, which can offer a performance never inferior to that of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology. In particular, the author will briefly introduce a new CDMA code design method, called Real Environment Adapted Linearization (REAL) approach, which can be used to generate CDMA code sets with inherent immunity against multipath interference and multiple access interference for both uplink and downlink transmissions. The chapter will also illustrate that an interference-free CDMA can only be made possible with the application of orthogonal complementary codes (OCCs). The use of traditional CDMA codes, such as Gold, Kasami, Walsh-Hadamard and OVSF codes, all working on an one-code-per-channel basis, will never help in this sense. Several other topics related to the NG-CDMA technology will also be addressed, such as system performance issues, other properties of the NG-CDMA technology, and so on.
Configurable and Scalable Turbo Decoder for 4G Wireless Receivers
Authors: Sun Yang , Cavallaro Joseph R. , Zhu Yuming , Goel Manish
Published: May 2010

The increasing requirements of high data rates and quality of service (QoS) in fourth-generation (4G) wireless communication require the implementation of practical capacity approaching codes. In this chapter, the application of Turbo coding schemes that have recently been adopted in the IEEE 802.16e WiMax standard and 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard are reviewed. In order to process several 4G wireless standards with a common hardware module, a reconfigurable and scalable Turbo decoder architecture is presented. A parallel Turbo decoding scheme with scalable parallelism tailored to the target throughput is applied to support high data rates in 4G applications. High-level decoding parallelism is achieved by employing contention-free interleavers. A multi-banked memory structure and routing network among memories and MAP decoders are designed to operate at full speed with parallel interleavers. A new on-line address generation technique is introduced to support multiple Turbo interleaving patterns, which avoids the interleaver address memory that is typically necessary in the traditional designs. Design trade-offs in terms of area and power efficiency are analyzed for different parallelism and clock frequency goals.
Capacity Estimation of OFDMA-Based Wireless Cellular Networks
Authors: Guedes de Caralho Reis André Carlos , de Lira Gondim Paulo Roberto
Published: May 2010

The usage of wireless cellular network architecture increases the capacity of a wireless system, by combining cells into clusters in which channels are uniquely assigned per cell and reusing such clusters throughout the network. Unfortunately, a cellular network system may become interference limited regarding its capacity instead of noise/range limited due to intensive resources reuse like time, frequency and space. Using as input the physical layer parameters and deployment scenario, an analytical approach is proposed for capacity estimation of networks based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology whose subchannels are composed of distributed subcarriers. This innovative approach is based on a new analytical method for SINR calculation based on a proposed subcarrier collision probability model. The usage of such method is exemplified for a single-hop sectorized Mobile WiMAX cellular network and the results are validated against published works.
Interpretation of Computer Based Interaction Analysis Indicators
Authors: Bratitsis Tharrenos , Dimitracopoulou Angélique
Published: May 2010

DIAS is an Asynchronous Discussion Forum Platform, mainly developed in order to offer extended monitoring and interaction analysis support, by providing a wide range of indicators jointly used in various situations, to all discussion forae users (individual students, groups, moderators/teachers or even researchers/observers), appropriate for their various roles in different activities. This chapter focuses on the explanatory and interpretation issues that arise when the integrated Interaction Analysis (IA) features are used by teachers – moderators. The importance of applying additional interpretative value to seemingly simple quantitative measurements is highlighted through several implemented case studies. This research indicates that the teachers’ tasks can be supported using such approaches. More complex diagrams, with potentially increased underlying interpretation power, provide a more insightful examination of the status and evolvement of a discussion, as well as the contribution and performance of the participants (as individuals or as groups). Students cooperate more fruitfully, by utilizing IA indicators for assessing and selfregulating their actions, thus facilitating the moderator’s tasks. It relies upon the moderator to manage this aspect of such tools to his/her benefit. Core objective of this chapter is to outline the importance of appropriate Interpretation of the IA indicators, thus enhancing collaboration in multiple levels. The notion of Interpretative Schemas is deployed and their potential exploitation is thoroughly explored, using examples from real teaching settings. In fact, the significance of interpreting visualization data in a combined way and from different perspectives is designated, leading to the conclusion that this issue needs to be further researched.
Quantifying Operator Benefits of Wireless Load Distribution
Authors: Lincke S. J. , Brandner J.
Published: May 2010

Although simulation studies show performance increases when load sharing wireless integrated networks, these studies assume a limited, defined configuration. Simulation examples of load sharing consider only performance of specific scenarios, and do not estimate capacity or other benefits for a generic network. This study discusses other potential benefits of a load shared network, such as flexibility, survivability, modularity, service focus, quality of service, and auto-reconfigurability. We evaluate these other benefits by developing mathematical models and measurements to quantify a set of potential benefits of load sharing. In addition, we consider capacity considerations against a best-case model. Varied overflow algorithms are then simulated assuming standard HSPA+ and WLAN data rates. The results are compared to the estimated and best-case performance metrics.
User Based Call Admission Control Algorithms for Cellular Mobile Systems
Authors: Beigy Hamid , Meybodi M. R.
Published: May 2010

Call admission control in mobile cellular networks has become a high priority in network design research due to the rapid growth of popularity of wireless networks. Dozens of various call admission policies have been proposed for mobile cellular networks. This chapter proposes a classification of user based call admission policies in mobile cellular networks. The proposed classification not only provides a coherent framework for comparative studies of existing approaches, but also helps future researches and developments of new call admission policies.
Quality of Service Provisioning in the IP Multimedia Subsystem
Authors: Good Richard , Waiting David , Ventura Neco
Published: May 2010

The 3GPP IMS defines a network architecture that allows rapid provisioning of rich multimedia services. While standardization of the IMS core architecture is largely complete, there are several areas that are still to be addressed before effective deployment can be realized. In particular a QoS framework is required that efficiently manages scarce network resources, ensures reliability and differentiates IMS services from web-based services. This chapter reviews the most promising candidate resource management frameworks, performs architectural alignment and defines a set of generic terms and elements to provide a convenient point of departure for future research. This harmonization of standardized architectures is critical to avoid interoperability concerns that could cripple deployment. Further challenges are discussed, in particular the vertical and horizontal co-ordination of resources, and current research works that address these challenges are presented.
Quality of Service (QoS) Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Asokan R. , Natarajan A. M.
Published: May 2010

A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) consists of a collection of mobile nodes. They communicate in a multi-hop way without a formal infrastructure. Owing to the uniqueness such as easy deployment and self-organizing ability, MANET has shown great potential in several civil and military applications. As MANETs are gaining popularity day-by-day, new developments in the area of real time and multimedia applications are increasing as well. Such applications require Quality of Service (QoS) evolving with respect to bandwidth, end-to-end delay, jitter, energy etc. Consequently, it becomes necessary for MANETs to have an efficient routing and a QoS mechanism to support new applications. QoS provisioning for MANET can be achieved over different layers, starting from the physical layer up to the application layer. This chapter mainly concentrates on the problem of QoS provisioning in the perception of network layer. QoS routing aims at finding a feasible path, which satisfies QoS considering bandwidth, end-to-end delay, jitter, energy etc. This chapter provides a detailed survey of major contributions in QoS routing in MANETs. A few proposals on the QoS routing using optimization techniques and inter-layer approaches have also been addressed. Finally, it concludes with a discussion on the future directions and challenges in QoS routing support in MANETs.
Certificate-Based Trust Establishment in eEnabled Airplane Applications
Authors: Li Mingyan , Sampigethaya Krishna , Poovendran Radha
Published: May 2010

This chapter describes potential roles of trust in future aviation information systems. The next-generation air transportation systems are envisioned to be a highly networked environment with aircraft digitally linked with ground systems and wireless technologies allowing real-time continuous sensing, collection and distribution of aircraft information assets. The resulting enhancements promise to revolutionize manufacturing, operation and maintenance of commercial airplanes. Safe and dependable aircraft operation as well as public well-being in these complex system-of-systems with multiple stakeholders, demands that the distributed information assets can be trusted to be correct and that the level of trustworthiness in systems can be established. This chapter considers two recent abstractions of such aviation systems – an electronic distribution system connecting aircraft with ground components for exchanging updates and data of onboard software, and a radio frequency identification (RFID) system for logistics and maintenance of aircraft – which use digital certificates to establish trust in integrity and authenticity of information assets as well as in authorized components handling these assets. The chapter presents unique challenges of aviation, such as regulations and business models, which can complicate implementation of certificate-based trust and further warrant trustworthiness proofs.
Formalizing and Managing Activity-Aware Trust in Collaborative Environments
Authors: Dionysiou Ioanna , Bakken David E.
Published: May 2010

Trust is an abstraction of individual beliefs that an entity has for specific situations and interactions. An entity’s beliefs are not static but they change as time progresses and new information is processed into knowledge. Trust must evolve in a consistent manner so that it still abstracts the entity’s beliefs accurately. In this way, an entity continuously makes informed decisions based on its current beliefs. This chapter presents and discusses a conceptual trust framework that models an entity’s trust as a relation whose state gets updated as relevant conditions that affect trust change. The model allows entities to reason about the specification and adaptation of trust that is placed in an entity. An intuitive and practical approach is proposed to manage end-to-end trust assessment for a particular activity, where multiple trust relationships are examined in a bottom-up evaluation manner to derive the overall trust for the activity.
A Context-Aware Model of Trust for Facilitating Secure Ad Hoc Collaborations
Authors: Ray Indrajit , Ray Indrakshi , Chakraborty Sudip
Published: May 2010

Ad hoc collaborations often necessitate impromptu sharing of sensitive information or resources between member organizations. Each member of resulting collaboration needs to carefully assess and tradeoff the requirements of protecting its own sensitive information against the requirements of sharing some or all of them. The challenge is that no policies have been previously arrived at for such secure sharing (since the collaboration has been formed in an ad hoc manner). Thus, it needs to be done based on an evaluation of the trustworthiness of the recipient of the information or resources. In this chapter, the authors discuss some previously proposed trust models to determine if they can be effectively used to compute trustworthiness for such sharing purposes in ad hoc collaborations. Unfortunately, none of these models appear to be completely satisfactory. Almost all of them fail to satisfy one or more of the following requirements: (i) well defined techniques and procedures to evaluate and/or measure trust relationships, (ii) techniques to compare and compose trust values which are needed in the formation of collaborations, and (iii) techniques to evaluate trust in the face of incomplete information. This prompts the authors to propose a new vector (we use the term “vector” loosely; vector in this work means a tuple) model of trust that is suitable for reasoning about the trustworthiness of systems built from the integration of multiple subsystems, such as ad hoc collaborations. They identify three parameters on which trust depends and formulate how to evaluate trust relationships. The trust relationship between a truster and a trustee is associated with a context and depends on the experience, knowledge, and recommendation that the truster has with respect to the trustee in the given context. The authors show how their model can measure trust in a given context. Sometimes enough information is not available about a given context to calculate the trust value. Towards this end the authors show how the relationships between different contexts can be captured using a context graph. Formalizing the relationships between contexts allows us to extrapolate values from related contexts to approximate a trust value of an entity even when all the information needed to calculate the trust value is not available. Finally, the authors develop formalisms to compare two trust relationships and to compose two or more of the same – features that are invaluable in ad hoc collaborations.
Observation-Based Trust Management for Services in Mobile Networks
Authors: Paul André , Jacob Carsten , Pfeffer Heiko , Steglich Stephan
Published: May 2010

The growing availability of well-equipped handheld devices and the increasing mobility of users influence the way today’s services can be used. In the future, services provided by different devices can be used on an ad-hoc basis to fulfill user-specified tasks. This chapter proposes an infrastructure for mobile networks that allows for the rating of nodes with respect to their provided functionalities. Thus, it is possible to create reputation relationships and trust assessments between service requesters and service providers. One means for making use of trust relationships is in the reduction and the prevention of interactions with misbehaving or inaccurate nodes. The authors’ work also factors in the subjectivity of users by allowing different service quality perceptions for each user. Thus, each user can base his or her cooperation behavior on their own service behavior preferences instead on the aggregated preferences of all users.
Trust and Stability in Heterogeneous Multimedia Networks
Authors: Koukopoulos Dimitrios
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, the author views trust as the confidence in the association of a stable network execution to the efficient distribution of multimedia products in the final user. A network is stable under a greedy protocol (or a composition of protocols) if, for any adversary of injection rate less than 1, the number of packets in the network remains bounded at all times. The author focuses on a basic adversarial model for packet arrival and path determination for which the time-averaged arrival rate of packets requiring a single edge is no more than 1. Within this framework, the author studies the property of stability under various compositions of contention-resolution protocols and different packet trajectories trying to characterize this property in terms of network topologies. Furthermore, the author enhances the adversary allowing the monitoring of network link capacities/slowdowns. Within this context, the author shows how the stability properties of network topologies change when network link slowdowns/capacities can change dynamically. Interestingly, his results indicate that a composition of protocols leads to worst stability behaviour than having a single unstable protocol for contention-resolution. This suggests that the potential for instability incurred by the composition of protocols may be worse than that of some single protocol. Consequently, this study could help on the design and maintainance of trustworthy heterogeneous multimedia systems.
The Role of Trust in Social Life
Authors: Dong Yan
Published: May 2010

This chapter reviews the literature of trust in sociology and psychology. By introducing the conception, theory model and measurement of trust, we discuss trust in three important social contexts: interpersonal situation, organizational settings and Internet life. Furthermore, the author proposes a synthetic trust model with a multi-disciplinary approach as a future research direction and described its implications for trust study.
Rethinking Realistic Wireless Network Mobility
Authors: Yan Lu
Published: May 2010

With recent advances of wireless ad hoc networking, especially opportunistic forwarding and cognitive radio, there is an increasing concern that existing mobility models are insufficient to represent network mobility in real world settings. In this chapter, the author discusses his proposal for a more realistic mobility model which captures key features of human movements in pervasive markets. His findings lead to a non-traditional mobility model which can be used to reconstruct the statistical patterns commonly observed in the literature, and facilitate the study of mobile communication and software engineering design problems under the context of pervasive computing for markets.
A Similarity Measure for Process Mining in Service Oriented Architecture
Authors: Bae Joonsoo , Liu Ling , Caverlee James , Zhang Liang-Jie , Bae Hyerim
Published: May 2010

Business processes continue to play an important role in today’s service-oriented enterprise computing systems. Mining, discovering, and integrating process-oriented services has attracted growing attention in the recent years. This chapter presents a quantitative approach to modeling and capturing the similarity and dissimilarity between different process designs. The authors derive the similarity measures by analyzing the process dependency graphs of the participating workflow processes. They first convert each process dependency graph into a normalized process matrix. Then they calculate the metric space distance between the normalized matrices. This distance measure can be used as a quantitative and qualitative tool in process mining, process merging, and process clustering, and ultimately it can reduce or minimize the costs involved in design, analysis, and evolution of workflow systems.
A Reengineering Approach for Ensuring Transactional Reliability of Composite Services
Authors: Bhiri Sami , Gaaloul Walid , Godart Claude
Published: May 2010

Different from traditional software applications, Web services are defined independently from any execution context. Their consequent inherent autonomy and heterogeneity fostered by a continuous evolution in business context and requirements make ensuring the execution of a composite service as intended a challenging task. This chapter presents a reengineering approach to ensure transactional reliability of composite services. Contrary to previous approaches which check correctness properties based on the composition model, the authors start from executions’ log to improve services’ recovery mechanisms. Basically, the chapter proposes a set of mining techniques to discover the transactional behavior from an event based log. Then, based on this mining step, the authors use a set of rules in order to improve services’ reliability.
An Access Control Framework for WS-BPEL processes
Authors: Paci Federica , Bertino Elisa , Crampton Jason
Published: May 2010

Business processes –the next generation workflows- have attracted considerable research interest in the last fifteen years. More recently, several XML-based languages have been proposed for specifying and orchestrating business processes, resulting in the WS-BPEL language. Even if WS-BPEL has been developed to specify automated business processes that orchestrate activities of multiple Web services, there are many applications and situations requiring that people be considered as additional participants that can influence the execution of a process. Significant omissions from WS-BPEL are the specification of activities that require interactions with humans to be completed, called human activities, and the specification of authorization information associating users with human activities in a WS-BPEL business process and authorization constraints, such as separation of duty, on the execution of human activities. In this chapter, we address these deficiencies by introducing a new type of WS-BPEL activity to model human activities and by developing RBAC-WS-BPEL, a role based access control model for WS-BPEL and BPCL, a language to specify authorization constraints.
A Survey of Peer-to-Peer Architectures for Service Oriented Computing
Authors: Hughes Danny , Coulson Geof , Walkerdine James
Published: May 2010

Peer-to-peer file sharing has become popular for many kinds of resource location and distribution applications including file sharing, distributed computation, multi-media messaging and content distribution. Peer-to-peer approaches also have significant potential for supporting large scale, decentralised service oriented computing. This chapter discusses each class of contemporary P2P architecture in turn and discusses the suitability of each architecture class for supporting service oriented computing. Future trends in peer-to-peer architectures are then discussed and multi-layer peer-to-peer architectures are highlighted as a promising platform for supporting service oriented computing. This chapter then concludes with a discussion of outstanding issues that must be addressed before peer-to-peer architectures can offer adequate support for service oriented computing.
Business Grids, Infrastructuring the Future of ICT
Authors: Ragusa Carmelo
Published: May 2010

Over the past years we have witnessed a shift in the market towards service orientation. Companies in the coming service market need to be extremely agile. This agility is needed at all levels from business to low level ICT in order to reflect the changes in business needs. Particularly, at application level the adoption of the SOA paradigm is already a reality. Software frameworks allowing creation, composition and orchestration of business processes enabling intra and inter collaborations are already available. Obviously, this has given a boost towards the widespread adoption of this approach. Old software vendors have service-enabled their offers, while new opportunities have been filled by new players and more will come in the future. On the other hand, at infrastructure level agility needs to be enforced. However, the infrastructure on which this market has grown so far is not able to fully leverage its potential. Business Grids are envisaged to become the infrastructure backbone for the future of ICT. This will have a relevant impact on the economy and will give support for the emergence of new services and applications. Composition and orchestration of resources is already offered by Grid, although towards more science-oriented goals. Specifically, high performance computing resources are shared among Grid participants, mainly executing stateless batch jobs. As opposite, Business Grids aim to provide support for general business applications, usually multi-tier solutions made of application servers and databases. Data consistency in business transactions is fundamental. This chapter discusses the role of Business Grids in the coming service market, analyzing relevant scenarios and providing a roadmap towards full development and adoption of this technology within the commercial arena. (See appendix for acronym guide).
P2P in Scalable Cross-Layer Control Planes of Next Generation Networks
Authors: Ribeiro Moisés R.N. , Fardin Marconi P. , Waldman Helio
Published: May 2010

The data transport structure of the modern networks is moving toward a model of high-speed packet/frame/timeslot capable routers/switches/cross-connects interconnected by automatically configured lambda switch capable optical core networks. One of the main challenges today is the engineering of scalable and resilient automated control planes to encompass these diverse technologies in order to dynamically perform the task of bandwidth provisioning, under quality of service (QoS) constraints, for large and multi-layered networks. In this context, a considerable number of parameters concerning resource state (i.e., not only link state) must be frequently updated across the network for distributed decision taking concerning traffic routing; and flooding may no longer be the best strategy for disseminating this information in order to synchronize these distributed databases used in scalable approaches. This chapter presents a proposal for an overlay service-oriented information plane based on distributed hash tables (DHT) for resource discovery and sharing using content-addressable networks (CAN). It also investigates deterministic reconfigurations over CAN topology for taking advantage of the small-world effect in order to reduce the number of hops needed per control plane functionalities. Analytical results indicate significant reduction in routing traffic information over the physical layer of large networks but the latency for information retrieval and updating should be a concern for future investigations.
Exploiting P2P and Grid Computing Technologies for Resource Sharing to Support High Performance Distributed System
Authors: Han Liangxiu
Published: May 2010

This chapter identifies challenges and requirements for resource sharing to support high performance distributed Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) systems. The chapter draws attention to two popular and important design paradigms: Grid and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing systems, which are evolving as two practical solutions to supporting wide-area resource sharing over the Internet. As a fundamental task of resource sharing, the efficient resource discovery is playing an important role in the context of the SOC setting. The chapter presents the resource discovery in Grid and P2P environments through an overview of related systems, both historical and emerging. The chapter then discusses the exploitation of both technologies for facilitating the resource discovery within large-scale distributed computing systems in a flexible, scalable, fault-tolerant, interoperable and security fashion.
Data Replication in P2P Systems
Authors: Dimakopoulos Vassilios V. , Margariti Spiridoula , Ntetsika Mirto , Pitoura Evaggelia
Published: May 2010

Maintaining multiple copies of data items is a commonly used mechanism for improving the performance and fault-tolerance of any distributed system. By placing copies of data items closer to their requesters, the response time of queries can be improved. An additional reason for replication is load balancing. For instance, by allocating many copies to popular data items, the query load can be evenly distributed among the servers that hold these copies. Similarly, by eliminating hotspots, replication can lead to a better distribution of the communication load over the network links. Besides performance-related reasons, replication improves system availability, since the larger the number of copies of an item, the more site failures can be tolerated. In this chapter we survey replication methods applicable to p2p systems. Although there exist some general techniques, methodologies are distinguished according to the overlay organization (structured and unstructured) they are aimed at. After replicas are created and distributed, a major issue is their maintenance. We present strategies that have been proposed for keeping replicas up to date so as to achieve a desired level of consistency.
Trust Calculation and Management in P2P and Grid Systems
Authors: Konstantinos Karaoglanoglou , Karatza Helen
Published: May 2010

The significance of efficient security mechanisms in P2P and Grid systems is unquestionable, since security is considered to be a quality of service factor for such systems. Traditional security mechanisms in P2P and Grid systems include encryption, sand-boxing and other access control and authentication mechanisms. Unfortunately these techniques incur additional overhead. By using trust and reputation-based mechanisms, the additional overhead is minimized. The deployment of efficient trust mechanisms results to a safer communication between P2P or Grid nodes, increasing the quality of service and making P2P and Grid technology more appealing. The aim of this book chapter is to lay the theoretical background of concepts such as trust, reputation, trust graphs and trust functions. Furthermore it presents classification schemes for trust functions, discussing the characteristics and differences of each classification. Finally, it analyses popular trust and reputation-based management mechanisms that have been implemented in both P2P and Grid systems.
Service Providers Indexing Using P2P Systems
Authors: Marchetto G. , Manzillo M. Papa , Torrero L. , Ciminiera L. , Risso F.
Published: May 2010

The idea of sharing resources across the network has become very popular during the last few years, leading to a diversified scenario in which shared resources include not only files and videos but also storage and CPU cycles. A new trend is to extend this paradigm toward a distributed architecture in which multiple network nodes cooperate to provide services in a distributed fashion, thus ensuring robustness and scalability. Peer-to-peer (P2P) overlays are the natural solution to achieve this goal as, thanks to their simplicity and flexibility, they can change their topology in order to fit the needs of the different kinds of services that can be provided on top of them. This chapter focuses on the indexing of nodes (i.e., the service providers) in these P2P systems, presenting the state-of-the-art solutions concerning the P2P-based indexing architectures and a taxonomy of possible services that can be built upon different overlay structures. Finally, emphasis is given to mechanisms implementing service selection based on some cost parameters (e.g., topological proximity) in order to introduce some mechanism based on optimality in case multiple service providers exist.
Industrial Informatics
Authors: Holmström Jonny , Wiberg Mikael , Lund Andreas
Published: May 2010

This book investigates information technology in the context of the process industry. When this context is examined, the implications of information technology go far beyond the contemporary accounts of IT in manufacturing processes – it also includes after-market sales, service production, sourcing, e-maintenance and so on. The sum effects of these changes are rapidly transforming the process industry.
Industrial Informatics and the Ecology of Innovation
Authors: Levén Per
Published: May 2010

The chapter provides an integrated view of value creation in the development of new products and services related to ICT. The authors argue that innovation ecologies are key aspects for enhanced innovation processes. Building on early experiences from a project focused on the innovation ecologies of its wide range of R&D projects the authors ask how such a focus can help organizations utilize important resources in an open innovation system and guide universities – as driving engines in R&D activity systems – to become key players in open innovation systems and simultaneusly radically improve milieus for research and education. Exploring the outcome from the project and how customers are integrated into value creation processes during the course of design and use, we argue that innovation systems management and customer integration are important assets not only to increased efficiency and quality, but also for enhanced innovation. The authors coin the term ‘ecology of innovation’ to sum up the potentials related to innovation and value creation.
Coping with Complexity
Authors: Sandberg Johan
Published: May 2010

This chapter explores issues associated with the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in process industries and the inherent tension between control and flexibility in IT infrastructures. A qualitative case study of the alignment between organizational elements and the ERP system was conducted. The study illustrates the complexities involved with IT infrastructure adaptation and the extensive organizational consequences accompanying process and data standardization. The main contribution to the body of knowledge on IT infrastructure is a suggestion that fit between the inherent standardization an ERP system conveys and processes in the host organization are key aspects, hence implementation is more likely to contribute with desired effects in relation to stable and universal processes. A prerequisite for accomplishing limitation of the scope of ERP systems to these processes is a truly modular system.
Organizational Effects of Information Technology
Authors: Tetzlaff Johan , Holmström Jonny
Published: May 2010

The aim of this chapter is to better understand the enabling and inhibiting impacts IT has on lean manufacturing. This chapter provides a rich picture of a paper mill producing liner reels and the impact of a reel administration system on the manufacturing process. It is important that an IT tool supporting lean manufacturing reflects its organization. When it does the IT tool can act as an enabler of organizational change that in turn increase productivity and the production quality, when it fails to do so it inhibits organizational change and hampers the quality of production. The conclusion is that framing the definition of high production quality regarding product and process is important and that teambuilding would be a contribution to this end by enhancing perspective taking among the employees.
Green IS
Authors: Holmström Jonny , Mathiassen Lars , Sandberg Johan , Wimelius Henrik
Published: May 2010

In this chapter, the authors investigate the role of ICT in dealing with environmental challenges facing contemporary industrial organizations. Green IS research can essentially be divided into two groups, focusing on technology per se or on providing tools that decreases environmental impact. Building on a planned research project the authors propose innovation of ICT-based services, and especially collaborative services, as useful strategies for providing firms with sense and respond capabilities in relation to environmental challenges. They also argue research that research relevance and multi-disciplinary competencies are key themes that IS researcher needs to acknowledge in order to contribute to practitioners efforts.
Information Technology and the Learning Society
Authors: Torres-Coronas Teresa , Arias-Oliva Mario , Vidal-Blasco M. Arántzazu
Published: May 2010

This chapter provides a conceptual discussion about the interaction between information and communication technologies (ICT) and the learning society. It focuses on the importance of knowledge and social capital building as key stones of the connected learning society, which is built upon online networks. This chapter also highlights the role of lifelong learning in the connected learning society as an instrument which can support flexicurity policies in the labor market. This work follows the common argumentation logic that the introduction of ICT usually leads to a change in lifelong learning opportunities, which are playing an especial role in achieving economic, employment and social goals. In the connected learning society, how technology is being used will ensure the continual adaptability and employability of workers.
Joint Link Scheduling and Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks with SINR Constraints
Authors: Hua Qiang-Sheng , Lau Francis
Published: May 2010

This chapter studies the joint link scheduling and topology control problems in wireless sensor networks. Given arbitrarily located sensor nodes on a plane, the task is to schedule all the wireless links (each representing a wireless transmission) between adjacent sensors using a minimum number of timeslots. There are two requirements for these problems: first, all the links must satisfy a certain property, such as that the wireless links form a data gathering tree towards the sink node; second, all the links simultaneously scheduled in the same timeslot must satisfy the SINR constraints. This chapter focuses on various scheduling algorithms for both arbitrarily constructed link topologies and the data gathering tree topology. We also discuss possible research directions.
Resource Management
Authors: Cristea Valentin , Dobre Ciprian , Stratan Corina , Pop Florin
Published: May 2010

The resource management is an important component in LSDS implemented for a variety of architectures and services. This chapter considers the management of distributed resources, virtual resources and provides the requirements for resource management in large scale distributed system. A resource management system is defined as a service that is provided by a distributed network component system that manages a pool of named resources that is available such that a system- centric or job-centric performance metric is optimized. Due to issues such as extensibility, adaptability, site autonomy, QoS, and co-allocation, resource management systems is more challenging in large scale distributed computing environments. The taxonomy of resource management systems (RMS) for very large-scale network computing systems presents the variety of requirements for this tool. The taxonomy could be used to identify architectural approaches and issues that have not been fully explored in the research. The resource management system could support different users constrains, so the multiple policies is provided. In general, requiring the RMS to support multiple policies can compel the scheduling mechanisms to solve a multi-criteria optimization problem. An important subject presented in this chapter is Agents Frameworks for resource management that offer a mechanism for distributes resources management. The chapter ends with presentation of WSRF (Web Services Resource Framework) that is the new solution for resources management based on SOA (OGSA – Open Grid Service Architecture). Resource management in Grid implies a quite large number of functionalities, from resource discovery to scheduling, execution management, status monitoring and accounting. In this section, we shall focus on scheduling systems, and we shall present the monitoring functionalities and the Grid information systems in a further section. We shall introduce here some general issues, and then we shall present taxonomy of the scheduling systems and some details regarding the scheduling mechanisms used in the most important current Grid projects.