bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance Training Reduces Skeletal Muscle Work Efficiency in Weight‐Reduced and Non–Weight‐Reduced Subjects
Authors: Rosenbaum Michael , Heaner Martica , Goldsmith Rochelle L. , Christian Schulze P. , Shukla Alpana , Shen Wei , Shane Elizabeth J. , Naor Elinor , Leibel Rudolph L. , Aronne Louis J.
Published: September 2018

Objective

The objective of this study is to determine whether resistance training is similarly effective in reducing skeletal muscle efficiency and increasing strength in weight‐reduced and maximal weight subjects.

Methods

This study examined the effects of supervised resistance exercise on skeletal muscle in 14 individuals with overweight and obesity sustaining a 10% or greater weight loss for over 6 months and a phenotypically similar group of 15 subjects who had not reduced weight and were weight stable at their maximal lifetime body weight. We assessed skeletal muscle work efficiency and fuel utilization (bicycle ergometry), strength (dynamometry), body composition (dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry), and resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) before and after 12 weeks of thrice‐weekly resistance training.

Results

Non–weight‐reduced subjects were significantly (10%‐20%) stronger before and after the intervention than reduced‐weight subjects and gained significantly more fat‐free mass with a greater decline in percentage of body fat than weight‐reduced subjects. Resistance training resulted in similar significant decreases (~10%) in skeletal muscle work efficiency at low‐level exercise and ~10% to 20% increases in leg strength in both weight‐reduced and non–weight‐reduced subjects.

Conclusions

Resistance training similarly increases muscle strength and decreases efficiency regardless of weight loss history. Increased resistance training could be an effective adjunct to reduced‐weight maintenance therapy.
Associations of Body Composition with Blood Pressure and Hypertension
Authors: Ye Sunyue , Zhu Chaonan , Wei Chen , Yang Min , Zheng Weifang , Gan Da , Zhu Shankuan
Published: September 2018

Objective

The present study investigated the associations of body composition, including skeletal muscle and fat mass, with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension.

Methods

Data from 3,130 participants aged 18 to 80 years were analyzed. Body composition and total skeletal muscle (TSM) were measured or calculated based on dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations of TSM, body fat percentage, android to gynoid fat ratio, and leg and arm lean body mass (LBM) with BP and hypertension. The Wald test was used to estimate the differences in the coefficients.

Results

TSM indices, body fat percentage, and android to gynoid fat ratio were significantly associated with higher odds ratio for prehypertension and hypertension, except for TSM/weight, after controlling for potential confounders. The standardized beta coefficients of arm LBM indices for systolic and diastolic BP were higher than relevant indices of leg LBM.

Conclusions

Different indices of TSM, especially in arm LBM, were all positively associated with elevated BP, prehypertension, and hypertension in Chinese adults, after considering potential confounding factors, including body fat and fat distribution. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Associations of Platelet Indices with Body Fat Mass and Fat Distribution
Authors: Han Shuang , Gan Da , Wang Guowei , Ru Yuan , Huang Chao , Lin Jie , Zhang Liang , Meng Zhuoxian , Zhu Shankuan
Published: September 2018

Objective

This study was undertaken to investigate the associations of platelet indices with body fat, including body fat mass and fat distribution.

Methods

A total of 3,327 individuals aged 18 to 80 were enrolled. Body fat was assessed by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were collected to measure platelet indices (platelet count [PLT], plateletcrit [PCT], mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, and platelet large cell ratio). Adjusted multivariate linear regression models were used to identify the associations of platelet indices with body fat.

Results

PLT was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, waist‐hip ratio, total fat mass percentage, trunk fat mass percentage, android fat mass percentage, and android to gynoid fat ratio but negatively associated with gynoid fat mass percentage, total lean mass percentage, and skeletal muscle mass index. Similar associations were found between PCT and body fat. However, no significant associations were found between the other three platelet indices and body fat.

Conclusions

Both PLT and PCT were associated with body fat, and the associations depended on fat location. Because PCT is mainly influenced by PLT, these associations suggest that platelet quantity is more closely related to body fat mass and fat distribution.
Separate Effects of Exercise Amount and Intensity on Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Adults with Abdominal Obesity
Authors: Cowan Theresa E. , Brennan Andrea M. , Stotz Paula J. , Clarke John , Lamarche Benoit , Ross Robert
Published: September 2018

Objective

To determine the effects of exercise amount (kilocalories per session) and intensity (percent of maximal oxygen consumption [% VO2peak]) on adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM) in adults with abdominal obesity.

Methods

Participants (n = 103; 52.7 ± 7.6 years) were randomized to the following groups: control; low‐amount, low‐intensity exercise (180 kcal/session [women] and 300 kcal/session [men] at 50% VO2peak); high‐amount, low‐intensity exercise (HALI; 360 kcal/session [women] and 600 kcal/session [men] at 50% VO2peak); or high‐amount, high‐intensity exercise (HAHI; 360 kcal/session [women] and 600 kcal/session [men] at 75% VO2peak) for 24 weeks. Activities of daily living were measured by accelerometry. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure tissue mass.

Results

Reduction in all AT depots was greater in the exercise groups compared with control (P < 0.002); however, there were no differences between exercise groups (P > 0.05). Visceral and abdominal subcutaneous AT reduction was uniform across the abdomen. Total SM mass did not change with exercise compared with control (P = 0.32). However, while lower‐body SM mass was maintained (P = 0.32), upper‐body SM mass in the high‐amount, high‐intensity and the high‐amount, low‐intensity groups was reduced compared with controls (P < 0.008).

Conclusions

In adults with abdominal obesity, substantial reductions in total, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral AT with a preservation of total SM mass were observed independent of exercise amount or intensity.
Identification of Moonlighting Proteins in Genomes Using Text Mining Techniques
Authors: Jain Aashish , Gali Hareesh , Kihara Daisuke
Published: September 2018

Moonlighting proteins is an emerging concept for considering protein functions, which indicate proteins with two or more independent and distinct functions. An increasing number of moonlighting proteins have been reported in the past years; however, a systematic study of the topic has been hindered because the secondary functions of proteins are usually found serendipitously by experiments. Toward systematic identification and study of moonlighting proteins, computational methods for identifying moonlighting proteins from several different information sources, database entries, literature, and large‐scale omics data have been developed. In this study, an overview for finding moonlighting proteins is discussed. Then, the literature‐mining method, DextMP, is applied to find new moonlighting proteins in three genomes, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster. Potential moonlighting proteins identified by DextMP are further examined by a two‐step manual literature checking procedure, which finally yielded 13 new moonlighting proteins. Identified moonlighting proteins are categorized into two classes based on the clarity of the distinctness of two functions of the proteins. A few cases of the identified moonlighting proteins are described in detail. Further direction for improving the DextMP algorithm is also discussed.
Unsettled: Brexit and European Union nationals' sense of belonging
Authors: Ranta Ronald , Nancheva Nevena
Published: September 2018

This article explores the dynamics of belonging of European Union (EU) nationals living in the United Kingdom (UK) in the context of UK's withdrawal from the EU. It uses a mixed‐methods study of prereferendum and postreferendum survey and interviews and focus groups to investigate patterns of belonging among EU nationals, shifts in the parameters of these patterns, and the overall impact of Brexit on them. The study identifies four patterns of belonging and argues that Brexit has significantly disrupted them, shifting them towards a new phase of rationalisation and reaction reliant on migrantness, Europeanness, and rights. In the aftermath of the referendum, EU nationals began to rethink their belonging, constituting themselves as a collectivity by making use of EU citizenship and a shared European identity. This constitutive dynamics is consequential for the status of EU nationals in the UK, for the boundaries of the political community of the British state, and also for Europe.
Population geography, scale, environment, and sex‐ratio imbalances: An appreciation of the contribution to population geography of Professor John Clarke (1929–2018)
Authors: Findlay Allan M. , Evans Ian
Published: September 2018

With John Clarke's death, population geography has lost a champion of the subdiscipline. His textbook Population Geography introduced the subject to a generation of human geographers around the world. His research advanced understanding of population and scale, whereas his lead role as Chair of the International Geographical Union Commission on Population Geography was used to promote pioneering research on population and the environment. He was well ahead of his time with research on geography and gender, reflected in his many publications on sex ratios and the gendered asymmetries of power.
Interface State Luminescence and Sub‐Bandgap Absorption Based on CuGaO2 Nanoplates/ZnO Nanowires Heterostructure Arrays
Authors: Xu Yingtian , Ma Guanghui , Wang Guanxin , Shi Linlin , Zhang He , Jin Liang , Ma Xiaohui , Zou Yonggang , Yin Jingzhi , Li Ying
Published: September 2018

In this paper, the vertical arrays of ZnO nanowires (NWs) are uniformly grown on the surface of hexagonal CuGaO2 (CGO) nanoplates (NPs) through the hydrothermal method, forming the high‐density p–n heterojunction. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of these hetero‐assembled structures are characterized, and an obvious ultraviolet (UV) emission centered at 392.32 nm has been observed. Compared with the PL spectra of pure ZnO NWs, the UV peak red‐shift occurred and the spectrum broadened almost 2.5 times. A new emission located at 398 nm is attributed to the interface recombination which has been found through the Gaussian fitting. Furthermore, a red‐shift also appears in the absorption spectra of CGO NPs/ZnO NWs heterostructure, and the variation of light absorption properties results from the sub‐bandgap absorption effect in the p–n junction region. The light emission and absorption mechanisms occurring at the heterojunction have been investigated in terms of energy band theory. This work offers a new insight to realize micro/nano optoelectronic devices based on p‐CGO NPs/n‐ZnO NWs hetero‐assembled structures.
Possible Origin of the Absence of Magnetic Order in LiOsO3: Spin–Orbit Coupling Controlled Ground State
Authors: Zhang Yu , Gong Jijun , Li Chuanfu , Lin Lin , Yan Zhibo , Dong Shuai , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: September 2018

LiOsO3 is the first experimentally confirmed polar metal with ferroelectric‐like distortion. One puzzling experimental fact is its paramagnetic state down to very low temperature with negligible magnetic moment, which is anomalous considering its 5d3 electron configuration since other osmium oxides (e.g., NaOsO3) with 5d3 Os ions are magnetic. Here the magnetic and electronic properties of LiOsO3 are re‐investigated carefully using the first‐principles density functional theory. The calculations reveal that the magnetic state of LiOsO3 can be completely suppressed by the spin–orbit coupling. The subtle balance between significant spin–orbit coupling and weak Hubbard U of 5d electrons can explain both the nonmagnetic LiOsO3 and magnetic NaOsO3. This work provides a reasonable understanding of the long‐standing puzzle of magnetism in some osmium oxides.
Nonparametric collective spectral density estimation with an application to clustering the brain signals
Authors: Maadooliat Mehdi , Sun Ying , Chen Tianbo
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we develop a method for the simultaneous estimation of spectral density functions (SDFs) for a collection of stationary time series that share some common features. Due to the similarities among the SDFs, the log‐SDF can be represented using a common set of basis functions. The basis shared by the collection of the log‐SDFs is estimated as a low‐dimensional manifold of a large space spanned by a prespecified rich basis. A collective estimation approach pools information and borrows strength across the SDFs to achieve better estimation efficiency. Moreover, each estimated spectral density has a concise representation using the coefficients of the basis expansion, and these coefficients can be used for visualization, clustering, and classification purposes. The Whittle pseudo‐maximum likelihood approach is used to fit the model and an alternating blockwise Newton‐type algorithm is developed for the computation. A web‐based shiny App found at “https://ncsde.shinyapps.io/NCSDE” is developed for visualization, training, and learning the SDFs collectively using the proposed technique. Finally, we apply our method to cluster similar brain signals recorded by the for identifying synchronized brain regions according to their spectral densities.
Respondent‐driven sampling and the homophily configuration graph
Authors: Fellows Ian E.
Published: September 2018

Respondent‐Driven Sampling (RDS) is a popular method for surveying hard‐to‐reach populations, especially in the public health domain. Adjusting for the complex sampling mechanism of the RDS procedure is challenging. We propose a new model for the RDS mechanism motivated by a graph model, which we call the Homophily Configuration Graph. Under this model, we develop a new estimator for population proportions that is robust to seed bias, differential activity, differential recruitment and short recruitment chains. We also connect it to existing RDS theory by showing that, if the sample fraction is small, our estimator limits to the popular Salganik‐Heckathorn estimator. We perform simulation studies on both empirically observed networks and networks with known statistical properties, suggesting that this new estimator has less bias than currently recommended estimators.
Potential Antileishmanial Activity of a Triazole‐Based Hybrid Peptide against Leishmania major
Authors: Maji Krishnendu , Abbasi Mazharul , Podder Debasish , Datta Rupak , Haldar Debasish
Published: September 2018

The dipeptides 1–4 with a triazole containing synthetic amino acid and Leu/ Phe/ Val/ Gly have been designed and synthesized as a potent antileishmanial agent. The 1‐(2‐Amino‐phenyl)‐1H‐[1, 2,3] triazole‐4‐carboxylic acid was synthesized using click chemistry approach. From X‐ray crystallography, the peptide 1 containing a Leu residue at C‐terminus adopts kink like structure but there is no intramolecular hydrogen bond. So, the hydrogen bonding sites are free and allowed for intermolecular interaction with the guests. The phenylalanine analogue 2 where the phenyl and triazole rings are perpendicular to each other also form supramolecular column‐like structure through π‐π stacking interaction. The incorporation of a triazole containing synthetic amino acid at the N‐terminus enhances its anti‐parasites activity. The properties such as lipophilicity and cytotoxicity, are relevant factors for the design of new antileishmanial agent. IC50 value were calculated for dipeptides 1–4 using normal growth inhibition strategy. For dipeptide 1, IC50 value is 11μg/ml and the Phe containing dipeptide 2 exhibits IC50 21.17μg/ml on Leishmania major promastigotes. But the Val and Gly containing dipeptides 3 and 4 have IC50 values 138.23 μg/ml and 21.75 μg/ml respectively. The higher lipophilicity of dipeptide 1 is likely to improve the chances of reaching this intracellular parasite. The experimental result show that the triazole‐based dipeptide 1 is promising as antileishmanial agent.
Synthesis and In Vitro Anti‐Tumor, Anti‐Mycobacterial and Anti‐HIV Activities of Diethylene‐Glycol‐Tethered Bis‐Isatin Derivatives
Authors: Li Wei , Zhao Shi‐Jia , Gao Feng , Lv Zao‐Sheng , Tu Jun‐Ying , Xu Zhi
Published: September 2018

A series of diethylene glycol tethered bis‐istain derivatives 4 a‐o were designed, synthesized and screened for their biological activities in this paper. Eight bis‐isatin derivatives displayed broad‐spectrum activities against all tested drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant cancer cells with IC50 in a range of 8.32 to 49.73 μM. The most active derivative 4 d was >2.5 folds more potent than etoposide against Hela, HCT‐116, A549 and drug‐resistant MCF‐7/DOX (Doxorubicin‐resistant MCF‐7) cells and was comparable to etoposide against DU145, SKOV3 and MCF‐7. Tubulin inhibitory results suggested that this kind of bis‐istain derivatives could exert their anti‐cancer activities through tubulin inhibition. The eight bis‐isatin derivatives with high anti‐tumor activity were selected for further screen to investigate their anti‐mycobacterial and anti‐HIV activities, but the majority of them only exhibited weak to moderate activities.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organosilicons: Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Pyridyldisilanes with a Donor‐Acceptor Linker
Authors: Tan Juan Juan , Gu Feng Long
Published: September 2018

As a novel kind of organosilicon complex, dipyridyldisilane and 1‐phenyl‐2‐pyridyl‐disilane with a donor‐ acceptor link by the σ‐π interaction and intramolecular charge transfer, has been investigated by the density functional theory. It is found that the phenyl replaced by the pyridy in diphenyldisilane can significantly narrow the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap, and enhance the electronic polarization, thus make the electronic distribution more diffuse. As a result, the static first hyperpolarizability (β0) of dipyridyldisilane is enhanced to the range of 10.365×10−30 esu ∼ 26.385×10−30esu. And in order to know the effect of the number of pyridyl ring and the position of pyridyl ring on NLO responses, we calculated the β0 values for 1‐phenyl‐2‐pyridyl‐disilane, they are in the range of 6.475×10−30 esu ∼ 1482.613×10−30esu. The smaller HOMO‐LUMO gap and the smaller transition energy make the larger value of β0. This kind of organosilicon complex is one of the potentially versatile and fascinating nonlinear optical materials.
High‐Surface‐Area Nitrogen/Phosphorus Dual‐Doped Hierarchical Porous Carbon Derived from Biochar for Sulfur Holder
Authors: Han Jianmei , Chen Xia , Xi Baojuan , Mao Hongzhi , Feng Jinkui , Xiong Shenglin
Published: September 2018

Biomass jellyfish umbrellas are used to prepare N,P‐codoped activated carbon (denoted as NPAC) through a soaking in NH4H2PO4 solution and activation process by potassium hydroxide. The key features of NPAC materials are the micro‐/mesopore coexistent structure and ultrahigh surface area (2307 m2 g−1), which displays the significance of carbon synthesis from biochars. When NPAC serves as the sulfur holder, it not only benefits the maximum encapsulation of sulfur in the pores but also restrains the dissolution of polysulfides through physisorption. Meanwhile, the N and P co‐doping is favorable for binding polysulfides by providing additional chemical adsorption sites via bonding with polysulfides. Relying on the synergistic effect of physi‐/chemisorption, the sulfur‐infiltrated NPAC material (NPAC−S) shows superior electrochemical performance to AC−S. After 300 cycles at a high current density of 1 C, the NPAC−S72 composite indicates a reversible capacity of 517 mAh g−1 with the capacity decay of 0.103% per cycle after 300 cycles. This work demonstrates that the biomass‐derived carbon route promises due to the unexpected textures of the as‐obtained carbon materials inherently from the special biological structures. The NPAC also shows a promising prospect in the application of absorbents, electrochemical catalysts, and capacitor materials, which inspires researcher to explore other new functional carbonaceous materials.
Enriched Ag Nanospecies Interspersed Nanoporous Siliceous Antibacterial Agent
Authors: Yang Fu , Song Yiyan , Cai Ling , Zhou Shijian , Chen Jin , Kong Yan
Published: September 2018

Bacterial inactivation by silver nanoparticles recieved increasing attention towards the treatment of multiple drug resistance (MDR). In this study, we developed an efficient Ag nanospecies interspersed nanoporous siliceous antimicrobial agent (Ag‐NSA) with the silver concentration of 9.26 wt%. The enriched Ag nanospecies interspersed on the reductive siliceous materials were in situ formed via surface organic modification methods through consecutively grafting functional organic groups. The achieved Ag‐NSA were characterized by physicochemical techniques and obviously exhibited the prolonged inhibitory effect on bacterial growth including gram‐negative Escherichia coli (72 h) and gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (72 h) compared with those incubated in the presence of silver particles without the dispersion effect of nanoporous silica at the same concentration. These results revealed that the high homogeneity of Ag nanospecies in nanopores could improve the antibacterial effect of silver particles which may be attributed to the inherent channelled silica framework favoring the releasing behavior of silver. Thus, the constructed Ag‐NSA with long‐lasting antibacterial properties hold the potential for medical applications.
Conductive Composite Materials Fabricated from Microbially Produced Protein Nanowires
Authors: Sun Yun‐Lu , Tang Hai‐Yan , Ribbe Alexander , Duzhko Volodimyr , Woodard Trevor L. , Ward Joy E. , Bai Ying , Nevin Kelly P. , Nonnenmann Stephen S. , Russell Thomas , Emrick Todd , Lovley Derek R.
Published: September 2018

Protein‐based electronic materials have numerous potential advantages with respect to sustainability and biocompatibility over electronic materials that are synthesized using harsh chemical processes and/or which contain toxic components. The microorganism Geobacter sulfurreducens synthesizes electrically conductive protein nanowires (e‐PNs) with high aspect ratios (3 nm × 10–30 µm) from renewable organic feedstocks. Here, the integration of G. Sulfurreducens e‐PNs into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a host polymer matrix is described. The resultant e‐PN/PVA composites exhibit conductivities comparable to PVA‐based composites containing synthetic nanowires. The relationship between e‐PN density and conductivity of the resultant composites is consistent with percolation theory. These e‐PNs confer conductivity to the composites even under extreme conditions, with the highest conductivities achieved from materials prepared at pH 1.5 and temperatures greater than 100 °C. These results demonstrate that e‐PNs represent viable and sustainable nanowire compositions for the fabrication of electrically conductive composite materials.
Rational Design of Transition Metal‐Based Materials for Highly Efficient Electrocatalysis
Authors: Dou Shuo , Wang Xin , Wang Shuangyin
Published: September 2018

Electrocatalysts play critical roles in the renewable electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. The conventional noble metal‐based electrocatalysts cannot satisfy the demand of large‐scale manufacturing due to their high‐price and scarce reserves in the earth. Therefore, rational designing of transition metal‐based materials to endow high activity, selectivity, stability, and low cost has been regarded as an alternative of noble metal‐based materials. Here, recent effective and facile strategies to rationally design transition metal‐based electrocatalysts, such as increasing the number active sties, improving the utilization of active sites (atomic‐scale catalysts), modulating the electron configurations, as well as controlling the lattice facets, for oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and CO2 reduction reaction, are summarized. It is believed that based on the understanding of fundamental design principles, well‐designed non‐noble metal and even metal free electrocatalysts would further make the electrochemical energy conversion and storage great promise in the future.
Forming Atom–Vacancy Interface on the MoS2 Catalyst for Efficient Hydrodeoxygenation Reactions
Authors: Li Qiang , Bai Xiaowan , Ling Chongyi , Zhou Qionghua , Yuan Shijun , Chen Qian , Wang Jinlan
Published: September 2018

Atomically dispersed supported catalysts show superior catalytic activity and selectivity in diverse reactions, while the challenging part is identifying the active sites and revealing the reaction mechanisms, which play essential roles in rational design of efficient catalysts to massive energy consumption reduction. Herein, an atom vacancy interface (AVI) model is proposed, for the first time, based on a case study of atomically dispersed Co atoms distributed on 2H‐MoS2 surfaces as promising catalysts for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reactions. The results show that the reactive single Co atom promotes the H2 activation and leads to largely increased sulfur vacancies adjacent to the metals and the formation of metal vacancy interfaces on the MoS2 surface. Detailed reaction mechanism studies demonstrate that the AVI model is quite different from edge vacancy dominated unprompted MoS2 and traditionally prepared CoMoS2 catalysts. The novel structure results in a considerable reduction of energy barriers of three elementary steps including CO scission, hydrogenation processes, and catalytic center regeneration, and eventually boots the HDO reaction at low temperature.
Embryonic exposure to 4‐methylimidazole leads to zebrafish myofibril misalignment
Authors: Tsai Jen‐Ning , Sun Chiao‐Yin , Ding Yu‐Ju , Wang Yun‐Hsin , Lo Kang‐Chieh , Wen Chi‐Chung , Lin Jia‐Wei , Chang Chiung‐Fang , Hsu Li‐Sung , Chen Hui‐Min , Fong Tsorng‐Harn , Chen Yau‐Hung
Published: September 2018

4‐methylimidazole (4‐MI) is an imidazole‐derived organic chemical compound that can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of diverse chemicals and has been identified as an ingredient of caramel color in soybean sauce, beers, and other soft drinks. The aim of the present study was to investigate the teratogenic effects of 4‐MI during zebrafish embryogenesis. Zebrafish embryos were treated with different dosages of 4‐MI (0‐120 mM) for different exposure durations (12‐60 hours). The percentages of embryos with malformed phenotypes increased as the exposure dosages and duration time of 4‐MI increased. We also used immunofluorescence and transmission microscopy to evaluate the subtle changes in the myofibril alignment and ultrastructure of muscle organization. Our data showed that 4‐MI treatment disturbs muscle fiber alignment. Electron microscopy data indicated that Z‐lines were undetectable in the 4‐MI‐treated embryos. Although the thick and thin filaments were visible, they were all disorganized. In addition, zebrafish embryos treated by 4‐MI exhibited aberrant expression of 2 muscle‐specific genes, myod and myogenin. Taken together, we concluded that early exposure to 4‐MI affects zebrafish myogenesis, especially in myofibril alignment.
Aberrant methylation‐induced dysfunction of p16 is associated with osteoblast activation caused by fluoride
Authors: Wu Shouli , Yan Weimin , Qiu Bing , Liao Yongfang , Gu Junying , Wei Shaofeng , Zhang Aihua , Pan Xueli
Published: September 2018

Chronic exposure to fluoride continues to be a public health problem worldwide, affecting thousands of people. Fluoride can cause abnormal proliferation and activation of osteoblast and osteoclast, leading to skeletal fluorosis that can cause pain and harm to joints and bones and even lead to permanent disability. Nevertheless, there is no recognized mechanism to explain the bone lesions of fluorosis. In this work, we performed a population study and in vitro experiments to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of skeletal fluorosis in relation to methylation of the promoter of p16. The protein coded by the p16 gene inhibits cdk (cyclin‐dependent kinase) 4/cdk6‐mediated phosphorylation4 of retinoblastoma gene product and induces cell cycle arrest. The results showed that hypermethylation of p16 and reduced gene expression was evident in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with fluorosis and correlated with the level of fluoride exposure. Studies with cell cultures of osteoblasts revealed in response to sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment, there was an induction of p16 hypermethylation and decreased expression, leading to increased cell proliferation, a longer S‐phase of the cell cycle, and development of skeletal fluorosis. Further, the methylation inhibitor, 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine, reversed the p16 hypermethylation and expression in response to NaF. These results reveal a regulatory role of p16 gene methylation on osteoblasts activation during the development of skeletal fluorosis.
Homological classification of topological terms in sigma models on homogeneous spaces
Authors: Davighi Joe , Gripaios Ben
Published: September 2018

Abstract

We classify the topological terms (in a sense to be made precise) that may appear in a non-linear sigma model based on maps from an arbitrary worldvolume manifold to a homogeneous space G/H (where G is an arbitrary Lie group and H ⊂ G). We derive a new condition for G-invariance of topological terms, which is necessary and sufficient (at least when G is connected), and discuss a variety of examples in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. In the present work we discuss only terms that may be written in terms of (possibly only locally-defined) differential forms on G/H, leading to an action that is manifestly local. Such terms come in one of two types, with prototypical quantum-mechanical examples given by the Aharonov-Bohm effect and the Dirac monopole. The classification is based on the observation that, for topological terms, the maps from the worldvolume to G/H may be replaced by singular homology cycles on G/H. In a forthcoming paper we apply the results to phenomenological models in which the Higgs boson is composite.
$$ T\overline{T} $$ partition function from topological gravity
Authors: Dubovsky Sergei , Gorbenko Victor , Hernández-Chifflet Guzmán
Published: September 2018

Abstract

The

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

deformation of a relativistic two-dimensional theory results in a solvable gravitational theory. Deformed scattering amplitudes can be obtained from coupling the undeformed theory to the flat space Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity. We show that the JT description is applicable and useful also in finite volume. Namely, we calculate the torus partition function of an arbitrary matter theory coupled to the JT gravity, formulated in the first order (vielbein) formalism. The first order description provides a natural set of dynamical clocks and rods for this theory, analogous to the target space coordinates in string theory. These dynamical coordinates play the role of relational observables allowing to define a torus path integral for the JT gravity. The resulting partition function is one-loop exact and reproduces the

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

deformed finite volume spectrum.
The Sources and Diversity of Immigrant Population Change in Australia, 1981–2011
Authors: Raymer James , Shi Yanlin , Guan Qing , Baffour Bernard , Wilson Tom
Published: September 2018

Australia has one of the largest percentages of immigrant populations in the developed world with a highly regulated system of immigration control and regular censuses to track their changes over time. However, the ability to explain the population change through the demographic components of immigration, emigration, and death by age and sex is complicated because of differences in measurement and sources of information. In this article, we explore three methods for reconciling the demographic accounts from 1981 to 2011 for the Australia-born and 18 foreign-born population groups. We then describe how the immigrant populations have changed and what has contributed most to that change. We find that the sources of immigrant population change have varied considerably by age, sex, country of birth, and period of immigration. Immigrants from Europe are currently the oldest and slowest-growing populations, whereas those from elsewhere are growing rapidly and exhibit relatively young population age structures. Studying these patterns over time helps us to understand the nature of international migration and its long-term contributions to population change and composition.
Altered functional connectivity strength in informant‐reported subjective cognitive decline: A resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Dong Chao , Liu Tao , Wen Wei , Kochan Nicole A. , Jiang Jiyang , Li Qiongge , Liu Hao , Niu Haijun , Zhang Wei , Wang Yilong , Brodaty Henry , Sachdev Perminder S.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Informant‐reported subjective cognitive decline (iSCD) has been associated with a higher risk of conversion to dementia, but the findings of whole brain functional connectivity strength (FCS) changes in iSCD are limited.

Methods

The sample comprised 39 participants with iSCD and 39 age‐ and sex‐ matched healthy controls. The global absolute (aFCS) and relative functional connectivity strengths were estimated using weighted degree centrality and the z‐scores of the weighted degree centrality respectively. FreeSurfer was used for measuring cortical thickness.

Results

The aFCS was lower in iSCD primarily in left medial superior frontal, left precuneus, left parietal, right cuneus, and bilateral calcarine; while relative functional connectivity strength was higher in posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus compared with healthy controls. No significant differences in cortical thickness were observed.

Discussion

There are detectable changes of FCS in iSCD, with the precuneus possibly playing a compensatory role. FCS could therefore have a potential role to serve as one of the earliest neuroimaging markers of neurodegenerative disease.
Utility of perfusion PET measures to assess neuronal injury in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Joseph‐Mathurin Nelly , Su Yi , Blazey Tyler M. , Jasielec Mateusz , Vlassenko Andrei , Friedrichsen Karl , Gordon Brian A. , Hornbeck Russ C. , Cash Lisa , Ances Beau M. , Veale Thomas , Cash David M. , Brickman Adam M. , Buckles Virginia , Cairns Nigel J. , Cruchaga Carlos , Goate Alison , Jack Clifford R. , Karch Celeste , Klunk William , Koeppe Robert A. , Marcus Daniel S. , Mayeux Richard , McDade Eric , Noble James M. , Ringman John , Saykin Andrew J. , Thompson Paul M. , Xiong Chengjie , Morris John C. , Bateman Randall J. , Benzinger Tammie L.S. ,   Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network
Published: September 2018

Introduction

18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is commonly used to estimate neuronal injury in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we evaluate the utility of dynamic PET measures of perfusion using 11C‐Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) to estimate neuronal injury in comparison to FDG PET.

Methods

FDG, early frames of PiB images, and relative PiB delivery rate constants (PiB‐R1) were obtained from 110 participants from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network. Voxelwise, regional cross‐sectional, and longitudinal analyses were done to evaluate the correlation between images and estimate the relationship of the imaging biomarkers with estimated time to disease progression based on family history.

Results

Metabolism and perfusion images were spatially correlated. Regional PiB‐R1 values and FDG, but not early frames of PiB images, significantly decreased in the mutation carriers with estimated year to onset and with increasing dementia severity.

Discussion

Hypometabolism estimated by PiB‐R1 may provide a measure of brain perfusion without increasing radiation exposure.
The Transformation of the Rehabilitation Paradigm Across the Continuum of Care
Authors: Watanabe Thomas K. , Esquenazi Alberto , Flanagan Steven
Published: September 2018

As healthcare continues to evolve, there are changes in the delivery of care for patients with severe neurologic injuries. Although the acute hospital stay is shortening, physiatrists can play a key role in preparing patients for rehabilitation, minimizing longer‐term complications and helping to determine the most appropriate paths for further treatment. Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) continue to be an important part of the care continuum for patients with severe injuries, but the role of IRFs has also evolved as patients have been admitted with increasing medical and neurologic complexity and length of stay continues to be reduced. Skilled nursing facilities and subacute facilities continue to evolve, in part to fill the gaps that have developed for patients who are “not yet ready for rehabilitation” and for those whose recovery trajectory has been deemed too slow for IRF. Outpatient care is also changing, in part due to the availability of new rehabilitation interventions as highlighted in other sections of the supplement. Furthermore, telemedicine will provide additional options for expanding specialized care beyond prior geographical limitations. Physiatrists need to be aware of these ongoing changes and the roles that they can play outside of the traditional IRF model of care. This article will focus on the innovations in healthcare delivery and opportunities to maximize outcomes in the current and future models of care.
How robust is the renewable energy industry to political shocks? Evidence from the 2016 U.S. elections
Authors: Aklin Michaël
Published: September 2018

Climate change mitigation relies increasingly on clean technologies such as renewable energy. Despite widespread success, further deployment of renewables has been met with resistance from voters and governments in several countries. How resilient is the renewable energy industry to adverse political events? I use the unexpected election of Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential race to study this question. As a vocal critic of renewables and a supporter of fossil fuels, his election is a plausible negative shock to the renewable energy sector. I examine stock market data to gauge the reaction of investors. I find that renewable energy stocks were adversely affected by the election. Overall, they experienced a cumulative abnormal loss in share values of about 6 percent on average over the twenty days that followed the election. However, I find that the negative effect is concentrated among non-U.S. firms. U.S. firms, on average, emerged unscathed. Non-U.S. companies, on the other hand, lost over 14 percent of their value in the aftermath of the election. This suggests that markets are more concerned by increasing obstacles to international business than a decrease of federal support for renewables.
A dancer made a recusant: dance and evangelization in the Jacobean North East of England
Authors: Jakovac Gašper
Published: September 2018

In the summer of 1615, a newly discovered Catholic conspiracy prompted William James, bishop of Durham, to vigorously correspond with the archbishop of Canterbury. On 3 August, in the midst of the crisis, the bishop incarcerated a professional dancer, Robert Hindmers (b. 1585). Together with his wife Anne, Robert was associated with the Newcastle-based secular priest William Southerne and involved in Catholic evangelising in the diocese of Durham. This article discusses the biography and career of Robert Hindmers, and speculates about the role of dancing within the Durham Catholic community. It also analyses how the activities of the Hindmers were perceived by the ecclesiastical authorities. The case of Robert Hindmers traverses and links many related issues, such as Counter-Reformation culture, traditional festivity, religious politics, and the interconnectedness of elite and popular cultures. But above all, it expands our understanding of Catholic missionary strategies in post-Reformation England by suggesting that dance instruction might have been used by Catholics to access households and assist the mission.
Legislating intersex equality: building the resilience of intersex people through law
Authors: Garland Fae , Travis Mitchell
Published: September 2018

This paper presents the findings from the first qualitative study to consider the relationship between intersex experience and law, representing a significant contribution to a currently under-researched area of law. Since 2013 there has been a global move towards the legal recognition of intersex, with Australia, Germany and Malta all using different techniques to construct and regulate intersex embodiment. This paper is the first to compare and problematise these differing legal approaches in the legal literature. In doing so it demonstrates that many of these approaches are grounded in ideas of formal equality that lead to the entrenchment of vulnerability and fail to build resilience for the intersex community. Through engagement with the intersex community a more contextual account of substantive equality is enabled, encouraging new approaches to law and social justice. Our qualitative study revealed that prevention of non-therapeutic medical interventions on the bodies of children was understood to be the key method to achieving equality for intersex embodied people. Whilst this is the cornerstone of intersex-led legislative reform, such an approach necessitates support through a mixture of formal and substantive equality methods such as anti-discrimination law, education and enforcement procedures. This paper concludes by offering a series of recommendations to legislators capable of enabling substantive intersex equality.
When Reporting Undermines Performance: The Costs of Politically Constrained Organizational Autonomy in Foreign Aid Implementation
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: September 2018

Bureaucracies with field operations that cannot be easily supervised and monitored by managers are caught between two sources of dysfunction that may harm performance. The first source of dysfunction is straightforward: field workers can use operating slack and asymmetric information to their own advantage, thwarting an organization's objectives. The second source of dysfunction is often overlooked: attempts to limit workers’ autonomy may have deleterious effects, curbing agents’ ability to respond efficaciously to the environment. I find that the parliaments and executive boards to whom International Development Organizations (IDOs) are accountable differentially constrain IDO organizational autonomy, which in turn affects management's control of field agents. Tight management control of field agents has negative effects, particularly in more unpredictable environments. Attempts by politicians to constrain organizations in an effort to improve performance can sometimes be self-undermining, having net effects opposite those intended.
Investor Myopia and the Momentum Premium across International Equity Markets
Authors: Docherty Paul , Hurst Gareth
Published: September 2018

Myopic investors focus on short-run price changes rather than long-term fundamental value, resulting in an overweighting of public information and a slow diffusion of fundamental news. Such processing of information can produce price drifts similar to those seen in behavioral models of momentum. We explore the impact of myopia over an international sample, finding that momentum is stronger in more myopic countries, and this relationship is magnified where the proportion of funds under delegated management is high. We therefore argue that investor myopia, which arises due to agency issues in delegated funds management, is an important determinant of momentum.
Compressibility in turbulent magnetohydrodynamics and passive scalar transport: mean-field theory
Authors: Rogachevskii I. , Kleeorin N. , Brandenburg A.
Published: September 2018

We develop a mean-field theory of compressibility effects in turbulent magnetohydrodynamics and passive scalar transport using the quasi-linear approximation and the spectral$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$-approach. We find that compressibility decreases the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$effect and the turbulent magnetic diffusivity both at small and large magnetic Reynolds numbers,$Rm$. Similarly, compressibility decreases the turbulent diffusivity for passive scalars both at small and large Péclet numbers,$Pe$. On the other hand, compressibility does not affect the effective pumping velocity of the magnetic field for large$Rm$, but it decreases it for small$Rm$. Density stratification causes turbulent pumping of passive scalars, but it is found to become weaker with increasing compressibility. No such pumping effect exists for magnetic fields. However, compressibility results in a new passive scalar pumping effect from regions of low to high turbulent intensity both for small and large Péclet numbers. It can be interpreted as compressible turbophoresis of non-inertial particles and gaseous admixtures, while the classical turbophoresis effect exists only for inertial particles and causes them to be pumped to regions with lower turbulent intensity.
Ecological priming of artificial aquaculture structures: kelp farms as an example
Authors: Walls AM , Edwards MD , Firth LB , Johnson MP
Published: September 2018

The continued development of the aquaculture industry is contributing to the proliferation of artificial structures in the marine environment. Observations of seaweed farms (infrastructure and biomass) suggest they act as a habitat for associated species. Seaweed farms differ from other forms of artificial infrastructure as the material deployed already has marine organisms (i.e. culture species) growing on it. This ‘priming’ of ropes with juvenile sporophytes may affect future development of communities by facilitating colonizing species or suppressing competitors. We call this process ‘ecological priming’: the provision of a biological platform that influences the successional development of specific communities. The communities that developed on ropes primed with Alaria esculenta individuals were compared with unprimed ropes to assess the ecological priming effect, at a commercial kelp farm in south-west Ireland. Species richness increased over two cultivation seasons and species composition was consistent between years, with distinct communities developing on primed and unprimed treatments. Timing of species occurrence on primed ropes was predictable with no predictable pattern occurring on unprimed ropes. Multivariate tests indicated distinct communities between treatments, with suppression of other algal species and potential facilitation of some species that have a particular association with A. esculenta on primed ropes. Communities from primed holdfasts contained a lower diversity of algal species compared with unprimed communities. Cultivated kelp holdfasts represent a habitat for distinct assemblages that reflect ecological priming of the substratum.