bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning Catalytic Activity of Dimolybdenum Paddlewheel Complexes by Ligands:Mechanism Study on the Radical Addition Reaction of CCl4 to 1-Hexene
Authors: Wang Ling , Kang Lixia , Huo Suhong , Zhang Xueying , Li Xiaoyan
Published: April 2021

The detailed catalytic mechanism of a series of paddlewheel complexes [Mo2L4] featuring Mo-Mo quadruply-bond on radical addition of CCl4 to 1-hexene was studied using density functional theory. Different ligands of Mo-Mo bond are investigated to illustrate the ligand effect on the catalytic activity. The results show that the Mo-Mo quadruply-bond paddlewheel complexes have high catalytic activity on the title reaction. The whole reaction involves 4 steps. Firstly, the C-Cl bond of first CCl4 is activated by [Mo2L4] catalyst, [Mo2L3Cl] and CH3COOCCl3 are obtained; Then the second CCl4 adds to [Mo2L3Cl] to produce [Mo2L3Cl2] and CCl3 radical; CCl3 radical interacts with 1-hexene to get an addition, the addition product which reacts with one Cl atom of [Mo2L3Cl2] to get the last product nBuCHClCH2CCl3 and regenerate [Mo2L3Cl]. The addition of the first CCl4 to [Mo2L4] catalyst is the rate-determining step of the whole reaction. Because this step is not in the catalytic cycle, the reaction would speed up after a certain period of time. The catalytic activity of dimolybdenum paddlewheel complex is depended on the natural population analysis (NPA) charge of Mo and the redox potential E(Mo24+/Mo25+). The higher NPA of Mo atom and higher E(Mo24+/Mo25+) of the catalyst, the higher catalytic activity it has. Our calculated results provide an explanation for experimental observations and useful insights for further development of bimetallic catalysts in radical addition reactions.
Mechanical Characterization of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Yu Wenyan , Liu Tong , Mi Jianqing , Kwon hyock ju
Published: April 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Is rosuvastatin protective against sepsis associated encephalopathy? A secondary analysis of the SAILS trial
Authors: Yu Shiyuan , Ge Zengzheng , Gao Yanxia , Walline Joseph Harold , Zhu Huadong , Li Yi
Published: April 2021

Background

Sepsis is a common cause of death in emergency departments and sepsis associated encephalopathy is a major complication of sepsis. Rosuvastatin may have a cerebral protective role based on its vascular endothelial protective and anti-inflammatory functions. Our study aims to explore the potential for a protective function of rosuvastatin against sepsis associated encephalopathy.
Methods

Sepsis patients without any neurological dysfunction on admission were prospectively enrolled in the ‘Rosuvastatin for Sepsis-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome’ study (SAILS trial, ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00979121). Patients were divided into rosuvastatin and placebo groups. This is a secondary analysis of this dataset. Baseline characteristics, therapy outcomes and adverse drug events were reported between groups.
Outcomes:

86 patients were eligible for our study. 51 of them were treated with rosuvastatin. There were significantly fewer cases of sepsis associated encephalopathy in the rosuvastatin group than in the placebo group (32.1% vs 57.1%, p = 0.028). However, the highest CK level was significantly higher in the rosuvastatin group than in the placebo group (204.8 ± 425.31 vs 89.3 ± 78.29, p = 0.034).
Conclusions

Rosuvastatin is likely to have a protective role against sepsis associated encephalopathy, but may result in higher adverse events. Future large, multicenter randomized controlled trials are still needed to determine if rosuvastatin is appropriate for preventing sepsis associated encephalopathy.
Towards Automated Ligamentous Injury Evaluation in Syndesmotic Ankle Lesions
Authors: Peiffer Matthias , Burssens Arne , Mits Sophie De , Heintz Thibault , Waeyenberge Michiel Van , Buedts Kris , Victor Jan , Audenaert Emmanuel
Published: April 2021

PurposeForced external rotation is hypothesized as the key mechanism of syndesmotic ankle injuries. This complex trauma pattern ruptures the syndesmotic ligaments, inducing a three-dimensional deviation from the normal distal tibiofibular joint configuration. However, current diagnostic imaging modalities are impeded by a two-dimensionalassessment, without taking into account ligamentous stabilizers. Therefore, our aim is two-fold: (1) to construct an articulated statistical shape model of the normal ankle with inclusion of ligamentous morphometry and (2) to apply this model in the assement of a clinical cohort of paient with syndesmotic ankle injuries.Methods Three-dimensional models of the distal tibiofibular joint were analyzed in asymptomatic controls (N= 76; Mean age 63 +/- 19 years),patients with syndesmotic ankle injury (N = 13; Mean age 35 +/- 15 years), and their healthy contralateral equivalent (N = 13). Subsequently, the statiscal shape model was generated after aligning all ankles based on the distal tibia. The position of the syndesmotic ligaments was predicted based on previously validated iterative shortest path calculation methodology. Evaluation of the model was described by means of accuracy, compactness and generalization. Canonical Correlation Analysis was performed to assess the influence of syndesmotic lesions on the distal tibiofibular joint congruency.ResultsOur presented model contained an accuracy of 0.23 +/- 0.028 mm. Mean prediction accuracy of ligament insertions was 0.53 +/- 12 mm. A statistically significant difference in anterior syndesmotic distance was found between ankles with syndesmotic lesions and healthy controls (95% CI [ 0.32 , 3.29], p = 0.017). There was a significant correlation between presence of syndesmotic injury and the morphological distal tibiofibular configuration (r = 0.873, p <0,001). ConclusionIn this study, we constructed a bony and ligamentous statistical model representing the distal tibiofibular joint Furthermore, the presented model was able to detect an elongation injury of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament after traumatic syndesmotic lesions in a clinical patient cohort.
Linkage and Association Mapping Identifies Loci and Develops Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR Markers for Improving Wheat Grain Protein Content
Authors: Jiang Peng , Zhang Peng , Wu Lei , He Yi , Li Chang , Ma Hongxiang , Zhang Xu
Published: April 2021

Wheat grain protein content (GPC) is an important quality indicator. The GPC of wheat grown in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is often low. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an effective tool for improving quantitative traits; however, except Gpc-B1, most markers have not been effectively applied in GPC improvement, although many related loci have been identified. Linkage analysis using a recombinant inbred line population from the cross of core parents of Ningmai 9 and Yangmai 158 and association mapping using the local cultivated varieties were performed and nine candidate intervals were identified. The appropriate kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers associated with GPC were successfully developed and applied in 1163 F4 breeding lines. Three markers, Kgpc-2B, Kgpc-2D, and Kgpc-4A, were validated to be significantly related to GPC by large-scale association mapping, and they were combined to achieve the highest efficiency to enhance GPC. We applied these markers in 164 F6 breeding lines and obtained 15 lines with high GPC, indicating their high selective efficiency. Further, strategies for gene exploration in the three significant intervals were proposed. These results were expected to provide a novel route for improving GPC in wheat quality breeding.
Exploring Higher Rates of Breastfeeding Among Civilian Military Wives: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Ringo Nicole , Gephart Sheila M.
Published: April 2021

Background: As compared to the United States general postpartum population, civilian military wives encounter unique challenges that can impede their ability to breastfeed, including geographic replacement and physical and emotional challenges. Yet despite these challenges, civilian military wives demonstrate higher rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration in the United States postpartum population as a whole. The purpose of this study was to explore factors contributing to the high rate of breastfeeding initiation and duration among civilian military wives and to determine what might be learned from these factors for intervention design for the broader population of postpartum mothers. Methods: The sample consisted of 28 civilian military wives whose ages ranged from 18-45. The study was conducted online using a concurrent mixed-methods design. Results: Seven main themes with 16 subthemes emerged from the descriptions of the semi-structured interviews. The results of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form score was 55.2 (SD = 5.73). The results of the integrative analysis revealed that factors within the military environment influence a sense of community, thus supporting their breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE). Additionally, supportive and pro-breastfeeding healthcare facilitators (especially lactation consultants) throughout the prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum periods described by civilian military wives were associated with high levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy among civilian military wives. Moreover, high levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy related to breastfeeding skills and duration were associated with the accessibility of resources within the military environment, breastfeeding health and economic benefits, and setting of a breastfeeding goal. Conclusions: Using a concurrent mixed-methods design, this study identified facilitators from the descriptions of civilian military wives that they believed promote their higher rates of breastfeeding initiation and continuation, quantified their high level of breastfeeding self-efficacy, and identified descriptive factors that contributed to both areas lacking in the literature among this population.
Albino seedling lethality 4 ; chloroplast 30S ribosomal protein S1 required for chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and early chloroplast development in rice
Authors: Zhou Kunneng , Zhang Caijuan , Xia Jiafa , Yun Peng , Wang Yuanlei , Ma Tingchen , Li Zefu
Published: April 2021

Background : Ribosomes responsible for transcription and translation of plastid-encoded proteins in chloroplasts are essential for chloroplast development and plant growth. Although most ribosomal proteins in plastids have been identified, the molecular mechanisms regulating chloroplast biogenesis remain to be investigated. Results: Here, we identified albinic seedling mutant asl4 caused by disruption of 30S ribosomal protein S1 that is targeted to the chloroplast . The mutant was defective in early chloroplast development and chlorophyll biosynthesis . A 2,855-bp deletion in the ASL4 allele was verified as responsible for the mutant phenotype by complementation tests. Expression analysis revealed that the ASL4 allele was highly expressed in leaf 4 sections and newly expanded leaves during early leaf development. Expression levels were increased by exposure to light following darkness. Some genes involved in chloroplast biogenesis were up-regulated and others down-regulated in asl4 mutant tissues compared to wild type. PEP-dependent photosynthesis genes and NEP-dependent housekeeping genes were separately down-regulated and up-regulated, suggesting that plastid transcription was impaired in the mutant. Transcriptome and western blot analyses showed that levels of most plastid-encoded genes and proteins were reduced in the mutant. The decreased contents of chloroplast rRNAs and ribosomal proteins indicated that chloroplast ribosome biogenesis was impaired in the asl4 mutant. Conclusion: Rice ASL4 encodes 30S ribosomal protein S1, which is targeted to the chloroplast. ASL4 is essential for chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and early chloroplast development. These data will facilitate efforts to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of chloroplast biogenesis.
Lophiosilurus alexandri, a sedentary bottom fish, adjusts its physiological parameters to survive to hypoxia condition.
Authors: Porto Livia de Assis , Melo Rafael Magno Costa , Beier Suzane Lilian , Luz Ronald Kennedy , Favero Gisele Cristina
Published: April 2021

We investigated blood gas, hematological and biochemical parameters and gill morphology and morphometry of Lophiosilurus alexandri juveniles submitted to hypoxia for 48 hours followed by recovery for 48 hours. A total of 48 juveniles (360.0 ± 141.6 g) were distributed among eight tanks (120 L) and subjected to hypoxia condition (water with dissolved oxygen at 2.12 ± 0.90 mg L− 1) or normoxia (at 5.60 ± 0.31 mg L− 1). Blood gas values (pH, PvCO2, PvO2, sO2, HCO3−, stHCO3− and base excess) in hypoxia were significantly different from normoxia, while lactate and the electrolytes (K+, Na+, Cl−, Ca2+ and HCO3−) there was no significant change among treatments. The erythrocytes differed significantly between hypoxia and normoxia at 24 h of recovery, while for hemoglobin and hematocrit there were no significant differences. There was a significant difference in glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol for both normoxia and hypoxia, while plasma protein remained unchanged. All gill components (epithelial cells, erythrocytes, pillar cells, mucus cells, chloride cells, undifferentiated cells, and blood capillary lumen) differed significantly between hypoxia and normoxia. A reduction in the length of the primary lamella was observed in the hypoxia and recovery treatments, when compared to normoxia. The secondary branchial lamella showed no significant difference for both treatments. In general, juveniles of L. alexandri adapted well to hypoxia exposure for 48 h, as they were able to adjust most of their physiological variables to survive this stress condition and return to normoxia within 48 h.
Clinical Characteristics and MRI-based Prediction of the KLF4K409Q-mutation in Meningioma
Authors: von Spreckelsen Niklas , Waldt Natalie , Timmer Marco , Goertz Lukas , Reinecke David , Laukamp Kai , Pennig Lenhard , Grau Stefan , Deckert Martina , Kirches Elmar , Stavrinou Pantelis , Mawrin Christian , Goldbrunner Roland
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. In recent years, several non-NF2 mutations, i.e. AKT1, SMO, TRAF7, and KLF4 mutations, specific for meningioma have been identified. This study aims to analyze the clinical impact and imaging characteristics of the KLF4K409Q mutation in meningioma. Methods: Clinical, neuropathological, and imaging data of 170 patients who underwent meningioma resection between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively collected and tumors were analyzed for the presence of the KLF4K409Q mutation. We collected imaging characteristics, performed semiautomatic volumetric analysis of tumor size and peritumoral edema (PTBE), and calculated the edema index (EI, i.e. ratio of PTBE to tumor volume). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to identify cut-off EI values to predict the mutational status of KLF4.Results: Eighteen (10.6%) of the meningiomas carried the KLF4K409Qmutation; these were significantly associated with a secretory subtype (p<0.001) and sphenoid wing location (p=0.029). Small tumor size (p=0.007), an increased PTBE (p=0.012), and an increased EI (p=0.001) proved to be significantly associated with the KLF4K409Q mutation. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, EI predicted the KLF4K409Q mutation with an AUC of 0.728 (p=0.0016). Conclusion: The KLF4K409Q mutation is associated with a distinct small tumor subtype, prone to substantial PTBE. EI is a reliable parameter to predict the KLF4K409Q mutation in meningioma, thus providing a tool for improvement of pre- and perioperative medical management.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase of Bacillus cereus is involved in biofilm formation
Authors: Zhao Linlin , Liu Qing , Huang Qiubin , Liu Fengying , Liu Huiping , Wang Gang
Published: April 2021

Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) is a central carbon metabolism pathway in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and involved in matter metabolism and energy production. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), which is a key enzyme in the TCA cycle, participates in the formation of biofilms in Staphylococcus aureus by regulating the redox state inside the cell. At present, it remains to be clarified whether IDH is involved in the formation of Bacillus cereus biofilms. In this study, we found a gene icdH annotated as encoding IDH in the B. cereus genome, and cloned and expressed the protein encoded by this gene. The enzyme activity assay showed that the protein had IDH activity dependent on NADP+, indicating that this gene encoded an IDH. The mutant ΔicdH was obtained by gene knockout. Phenotypic analysis showed that the biofilm yield and sporulation rate of the mutant ΔicdH decreased. To reveal the role of IDH in biofilm formation, extracellular pH and citric acid content were measured. The results showed that a B.cereus 0–9 strain that lacked IDH exhibited accumulation of citric acid and acidification of the extracellular matrix. Given that citric acid is a metal chelator, the accumulation of citric acid may lead to a lack of metal ions in cells, resulting in reduced cell viability and affecting biofilm formation. Consistent with this hypothesis, the addition of excess Fe3+ restored biofilm formation in the mutant. These results suggest that IDH in B.cereus may regulate biofilm formation by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis. In addition, we found that the icdH deletion of B. cereus 0–9 resulted in the destruction of the stage I of sporulation process, and thus resulted in a reduced sporulation rate, which was significantly different from sporulation in B. subtilis caused by interruption of the stage I sporulation process due to icdH loss.
Reconstruction algorithm for tunneling ionization with a perturbation for the time-domain observation of an electric-field
Authors: Cho Wosik , Shin Jeong-uk , Kim Kyung Taec
Published: April 2021

We present a reconstruction algorithm developed for the temporal characterization method called tunneling ionization with a perturbation for the time-domain observation of an electric field (TIPTOE). The reconstruction algorithm considers the high-order contribution of an additional laser pulse to ionization, enabling the use of an intense additional laser pulse. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the TIPTOE measurement is improved by at least one order of magnitude compared to the first-order approximation. In addition, the high-order contribution provides additional information regarding the pulse envelope. The reconstruction algorithm was tested with ionization yields obtained by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The optimal conditions for accurate reconstruction were analyzed. The reconstruction algorithm was also tested using experimental data obtained using few-cycle laser pulses. The reconstructed pulses obtained under different dispersion conditions exhibited good consistency. These results confirmed the validity and accuracy of the reconstruction process.
Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Platelet Rich Plasma Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing by Modulating Notch Pathway
Authors: Ebrahim Nesrine , Dessouky Arigue , Mostafa Ola , Yousef Mohamed , Seleem Yasmin , Gebaly Eman El , Allam Mona , Farid Ayman , Saffaf Bayan , Sabry Dina , Hassouna Amira , Nawar Ahmed , Shoulah Ahmed , Abdalla Sami , El-Sherbiny Mohamed , Elsherbiny Nehal , Salim Rabab
Published: April 2021

Background Diabetic foot ulceration is a serious chronic complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by high disability, mortality and morbidity. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used for diabetic wound healing due to its high content of growth factors. However, its application is limited due to rapid degradation of growth factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and PRP therapy in promoting diabetic wound healing in relation to the Notch signaling pathway. Methods Albino rats were allocated into 6 groups (control, sham, diabetic, PRP-treated, ADSCs-treated and PRP+ADSCs-treated groups). The effect of individual and combined therapy was evaluated by assessing wound closure rate, epidermal thickness, dermal collagen and angiogenesis. Moreover, gene and protein expression of key elements of Notch signaling pathway (Notch1, Delta like canonical Notch ligand 4 (DLL4), Hairy Enhancer of Split-1 (Hes1), Hey1, Jagged-1), gene expression of angiogenic marker (Vascular endothelial growth factor & stromal cell-derived factor 1) and epidermal stem cells (EPSCs) related gene (ß1 Integrin) were assessed. Results Our data showed a strong wound-healing effect of PRP+ADSCs compared to their individual use after 7 and 14 days. Combined therapy caused marked increase in area percentage of collagen, epidermal thickness and angiogenesis. Moreover, Notch signaling was significantly down-regulated, EPSCs proliferation and recruitment was enhanced compared to other treated groups and diabetic group. Conclusions These data demonstrated that PRP and ADSCs combined therapy significantly accelerated healing of diabetic wounds induced experimentally in rats via modulating Notch pathway, promoting angiogenesis and EPSCs proliferation.
Pathogenicity of three genetically distinct and highly pathogenic Egyptian H5N8 avian influenza viruses in chickens
Authors: Yehia Nahed , Erfan Ahmed M , adel amany , abdelmagid marwa , Hassan Wafaa M M , Samy Ahmed
Published: April 2021

In late 2016, Egypt was subjected to multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) subtype H5N8. In a previous study, we reported three distinct genotypes during the first wave of infection represented by CAO285, SS19, and F446 viruses that were isolated from wild birds, backyard, and a commercial farm, respectively. F466 has subsequently become the predominant genotype currently circulating in Egypt and has been implicated in the emerging of the H5N2 virus. In the present study, we investigated the difference in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the three genotypes. The intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ranged from 2.68 to 2.9. With the natural route of infection, all these strains took longer to cause mortality in comparison to S75 (HPAI-H5N1). When compared the H5N8 viruses to each other showed that F446 had high mortality rate after inoculation from original concentration of 106 and 104 EID50 of virus. Chickens inoculated with F446 showed the highest viral titer with significant differnt in all tested samples (H5N8 and H5N1 viruses) in experimental and sentinel contact chicken with more efficient transmission to sentinel contact birds and spread from contact to other birds. Histopathological findings revealed the H5N1 and H5N8 viruses affect all organs examined (lung, trachea, brain, spleen) with relatively different affect the S75 cauterized by early marked respiratory adverse effect and F446 & SS19 were characterized by early systematic pathological alteration with mild respiratory pathological changes. The efficient viral replication and transmissibility in the main bird species, like chicken in case of Egypt, represent a key element for the spread and maintains of certain influenza genotypes of H5N8 virus and decrease the incidence of H5N1.
Usefulness of a No-Reference Metric for Evaluation of Images in Nuclear Medicine -A Comparative Study with Visual Assessment
Authors: Higashiyama Shigeaki , Katayama Yutaka , Yoshida Atsushi , Inoue Nahoko , Yamanaga Takashi , Kawahata Hideki , Ichida Takao , Miki Yukio , Kawabe Joji
Published: April 2021

Purpose The normalized mean square error (NMSE) method is widely used to evaluate images in nuclear medicine. However, its use in clinical practice requires creating target images over a long time, which is difficult. It also requires standard images and reference teacher data that can be used at facilities worldwide because methods and doses in nuclear medicine imaging are yet to be standardized. This study examined the validity of perception-based image quality evaluator (PIQE), a no-reference metric that does not require a target image for image evaluation in nuclear medicine.Methods The Hoffman brain phantom with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) was imaged and evaluated on slices in which the frontal and temporal lobes, bilateral lateral ventricles, and basal ganglia were drawn. Sixteen images with different pixel numbers and acquisition times were created and evaluated from the same slice. For the images obtained, visual evaluation criteria were developed for two endpoints: separation of white and gray matter boundaries, and uniformity of accumulation. Five evaluators assessed all the images using a paired comparison method, and then scored and ranked them. The images were also physically evaluated by the PIQE and a natural image quality evaluator (NIQE). The rankings obtained from the visual and physical evaluations were statistically compared.Results Based on Spearman's test of significance, visual evaluation rankings showed a strong correlation with those obtained with PIQE (rs = 0.9559, p < 0.0001) and no correlation with those obtained with NIQE (rs = 0.2324 and p = 0.3865).Conclusions Evaluation of images by PIQE is as effective as visual evaluation.
In Search of the Last Malaria Cases: Ethnographic Methods for Community and Private-sector Engagement in Malaria Elimination in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Authors: Masunaga Yoriko , Ribera Joan Muela , Nguyen Thuan Thi , Tesfazghi Kemi , Grietens Koen Peeters
Published: April 2021

Background Despite significant strides made in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality in the Greater Mekong Subregion, malaria transmission continues amongst the most ‘hard-to-reach’ such as forest-goers and mobile and migrant populations, who face access obstacles to malaria diagnosis and treatment. As such, regional malaria elimination strategies endeavour to incorporate the private sector and local communities in improving surveillance and detection of the last malaria cases in remote forested areas. The question remains, however, whether such strategies can reach these hard-to-reach populations and effectively reduce their disproportionate burden of malaria. This paper evaluates the strategy of community and private sector engagement in a malaria elimination project in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.Methods Ethnographic research, incorporating in-depth interviews, participant observation with informal discussions, and group discussions were conducted in Bu Gia Map commune, Binh Phuc province of Vietnam; in Phouvong district, Attapeu province of Laos; and, in nine newly established and informal communities in the provinces of Mondul Kiri, Steung Treng, Kratie, Kampong Thom, and Prah Vihear of Cambodia. Results Different types of factors limited or enhanced the effectiveness of the participatory approaches in the different settings. In Vietnam, inter-ethnic tensions and sensitivity around forest-work negatively affected local population’s health seeking behaviour and consequent uptake of malaria testing and treatment. In Laos, the location of the project collaborative pharmacies in the district-centre were a mismatch for reaching hard-to-reach populations in remote villages. In Cambodia, the strategy of recruiting community malaria-workers, elected by the community members, did manage to reach the remote forested areas where people visited or stayed. Conclusions ‘Hard-to-reach’ populations remain hard to reach without proper research identifying the socio-economic-political environment and the key dynamics determining uptake in involved communities and populations. We emphasise the need for solid implementation research with a strong ethnographic component in order to tailor malaria elimination strategies to local contexts.
The characteristics of proteome and metabolome associated with contrasting sperm motility in goat seminal plasma
Authors: Jia Baoyu , Liang Jiangchong , Lv Chunrong , Memon Sameeullah , Fang Yi , Wu Guoquan , Quan Guobo
Published: April 2021

Sperm motility is an index tightly associated with male fertility. A close relationship between seminal plasma and sperm motility has been confirmed. This study was to assess the protein and metabolite profiles of seminal plasma obtained from adult goats with high or low sperm motility using the proteomic and metabolomic strategies. In total, 2098 proteins were found. 449 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, and 175 DEPs were enriched in the high motility group. The obtained DEPs primarily exist in cytoplasma and extra-cellular portion. The Gene Ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated the main functional roles of these DEPs in regulating biological process, metabolic process of organic substances, cellular-metabolic process, primary-metabolic process, metabolic process of nitrogen compounds, etc. Additionally, the Kyoto-Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that these DEPs were primarily involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling system, salivary secretion, proteasome, apoptosis, mitophagy-animal, etc. Aided by the parallel reaction monitoring technology, the abundance changing pattern of 19 selected DEPs was consistent with that of the corresponding proteins obtained by TMT. A total of 4603 metabolites were identified in seminal plasma. 1857 differential metabolites were found between the high motility group and the low motility group, and 999 metabolites were up-regulated in the high motility group. The KEGG analysis demonstrated the primary involvement of the differential metabolites in metabolic and synthetic activities. In conclusion, we first established the proteome and metabolome databank of goat seminal plasma, detecting some proteins and metabolites which may affect sperm motility. This study will be valuable for understanding mechanisms leading to poor sperm motility.
Astheno-association: hard tick species new association type identified during the summer season 2019 on cattle in Jijel area, Algeria
Authors: Lotfi Derradj
Published: April 2021

To this date, ticks remain the major problem in the livestock sector because of their role as vectors for serious agents of disease propagation. Given the scarcity of studies on ticks in Algeria, associations of species were mentioned in only one document and were not well detailed in another. This paper is a synoptic review of seven tick species associations related to host biotic factors in Algeria. The aim is to better understand the behaviour and biology of ticks to propose a new control method based on the association index. A total of 53 infested cattle were detected and 1,214 ticks were manually collected and identified based on their morphology during the summer of 2019 (June to August). Seven tick species were identified: viz. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma scupense, and Hyalomma anatolicum. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used as an analytical tool to visualize similarities and correlations between cattle and females, males of tick species, according to three biotic factors (age, sex and breed of cattle). The results show that there is a relationship between the number of associated species and biotic factors (age of livestock). In addition, the degree of association is influenced by the host and other tick species and a new type of "astheno-association" is emerging that limits the number of associated species to two or three.
Affinity maturation of cross-reactive CR3022 antibody against the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 via in silico site-directed mutagenesis
Authors: Saini Samvedna , Agarwal Manusmriti , Pradhan Amartya , Pareek Savitha , Singh Ashish K , Dhawan Gagan , Kumar Yatender
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Computational antibody engineering, affinity maturation, and screening greatly aid in vaccine and therapeutic antibody development by increasing the speed and accuracy of predictions. This study presents a protocol for designing affinity enhancing mutants of antibodies through in silico mutagenesis. A SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive neutralizing antibody, CR3022, is considered as a case study.Methods: Our study aimed at generating antibody candidates from the human antibody CR3022 (derived from convalescent SARS patient) against the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 via in silico affinity maturation using site-directed mutagenesis in mutation hotspots. We optimized the paratope of the CR3022 antibody towards the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 for better binding affinity and stability, employing molecular modeling, docking, dynamics simulations, and molecular mechanics energies combined with generalized Born and surface area (MM-GBSA). Results: Nine antibody candidates were generated post in silico site-directed mutagenesis followed by preliminary screening. Molecular dynamics simulation of 100 nanoseconds and MM-GBSA analysis confirmed L-K45S as a lead antibody with the highest binding affinity against the RBD compared to wild-type and mutant counterparts. Three out of the remaining mutants were also found to have distinct epitopes and binding, possessing a potential to be developed against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the use of an integrative antibody engineering protocol for enhancing affinity and neutralization potential through mutagenesis using robust open-source computational tools and predictors. This study highlights unique scoring and ranking methods for evaluating docking efficiency. It also underscores the importance of framework mutations for developing broadly neutralizing antibodies.
Review/Reseña: Paulsrud, BethAnne, Tian, Zhongfeng, & Toth, Jeanette (Eds.). (2021). English-medium instruction and translanguaging. Multilingual Matters.
Authors: Soriano Flórez Irene
Published: April 2021

This text reviews English-Medium Instruction and Translanguaging, edited by Paulsrud, Tian, and Toth, published this year (2021) by Multilingual Matters. The book comprises eleven empirical studies from across the globe, by different authors, raising awareness of the multiple possibilities, challenges, and considerations that emerge when addressing translanguaging in English-medium instruction (EMI) today. The authors of this volume inspire new research paths towards translanguaging theory, practice, and policy.
ABC of Questionnaire Development and Validation for Survey Research
Authors: Yusoff Muhamad Saiful Bahri , Arifin Wan Nor , Hadie Siti Nurma Hanim
Published: April 2021

Survey-based studies are ubiquitous in medical, social, economic, psychological and behavioural research, where questionnaires are often used as the main research tool to collect various information from respondents. Given the importance of questionnaires to research, ensuring the validity of the questionnaires is critical to producing high quality survey research. Therefore, this article describes a step-by-step systematic approach to questionnaire development and validation for research purposes.
Analysis of factors affecting the market capitalization of the largest oil companies in Russia
Authors:   Ural State Mining University, Ekaterinburg, Russia, PODKORYTOV Vladimir Nikolaevich , MOCHALOVA Lyudmila Anatol’evna ,   Ural State Mining University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Published: April 2021

Relevance. The stock exchange prices of shares reflect the view from the market position of the value of a particular public company: the market capitalization of the issuing company acts as a value indicator. The volatility of stock prices, on the other hand, determines the dynamics of market capitalization. In this regard, the problem of market capitalization management and its forecasting in the future becomes urgent. Taking into account the raw materials orientation of the Russian economy, enterprises of the mineral raw materials complex are of particular interest from the point of view of value management. The purpose of the study is to identify the most significant external and internal cost factors affecting the market capitalization of the largest oil companies in Russia, and to calculate promising cost management models. Research methods. In the process of studying value factors on the basis of retrospective statistical data and methods of correlation analysis were used. Results. The correlation analysis of the following variables was carried out: price per 1 share of an oil company observed on the Moscow Exchange; the price of Brent crude oil; revenues from sales; operating profit; net profit; company assets; equity capital of the company. Based on the analysis, the factors with the highest correlation coefficients were selected in relation to the dependent variable “price per 1 share of an oil company observed on the Moscow Exchange”, as well as with relatively low values of pair correlation coefficients directly with each other in order to avoid the effect of multicollinearity. The variables included in the model are: the price of Brent crude; revenues from sales; operating profit; company assets; equity capital of the company. Linear regression models have been constructed for PAO Rosneft, PAO Lukoil, and PAO Tatneft. Conclusions. A detailed analysis of the obtained linear regression models taking into account the correlation coefficients, t-statistics, significance level values (P-values), determination coefficients R2, calculated values of F-criteria showed generally conflicting results. The most significant models are single-factor price models, in which sales revenue acts as an independent variable. Other models require their refinement through careful analysis and more observations. It is planned to continue research and search for cost factors that affect the change in market capitalization not only for oil companies but for other enterprises of the mineral resource complex as well.
Determination and quality classification of rock mass of the Diatomite mine, Algeria
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia, LAMAMRA Abdessattar , NEGURITSA Dmitriy Leonidovich ,   Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State Geological Prospecting University, Moscow, Russia, BEDR Samir ,   National Center for Applied Research in Earthquake Engineering Algiers, Algeria, REKA Ariant A. ,   University of Tetovo, Tetovo, Republic of North Macedonia
Published: April 2021

Reserch relaevance. Most ground movements are generally due to rock instability, this natural phenomenon poses a risk to humanity. The properties of the rock mass directly influence the type of movement especially in underground structures. Research aim. Our goal is to characterize and classify the rock mass of diatomite from the sig mine using geomechanical classification systems such as the RQD and RMR in order to determine the quality of the rocks in the sig mine Western Algeria from the determination of the physical and mechanical properties. Methodology. In this article, the characterization analysis of the diatomite rock mass of the sig mine was carried out. First, determinations of the physical properties and carried out the triaxial test to determine the mechanical properties (young’s modulus, the friction angle, the dilatancy angle, the cohesion, the poisson’s ratio). Secondly to classify the deposit and give a recommendation to avoid stability problems. Research results. The results from physical and mechanical analyzes, it can be said that the nature of the rock present in the diatomite (underground mine) does not have enough resistance. Conclusion. Our study definitively proves that the rock mass of sig diatomite is of very low quality and it will be very dangerous for the underground mining work of the mine especially in places where the mineralized layer is very deep. And we suggest to replace the mining technique room and pillar currently used in the diatomite mine and put another mining method which includes roof support system to ensure the safety both of the miners and the equipment.
On the relationships between the Al2SiO5 polymorphs during formation of blastomylonites (North Yenisei Ridge)
Authors:   The Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of the Ural Branch of RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia, KOZLOV Pavel Sergeevich
Published: April 2021

Relevance. When mapping the vast areas of the Precambrian polymetamorphic complexes in the North Yenisei Ridge, there is a problem of metamorphism interpretation and phasing of geological development of a particular area along with thrust tectonics. The solution of these issues is also of great importance for the purposes of areas delineation of metamorphic rocks that are favorable for the detection of high-alumina (andalusite, kyanite, sillimanite) schists. Purpose of the work: to substantiate and itemize some geological prospecting, mineralogical and petrological indicator criteria for the development of high-alumina garnet-kyanite-staurolite blastomylonites of dislocation metamorphism formed by andalusite-bearing rocks of regional metamorphism. Research methodology: detailed mapping of structural-metamorphic zoning of dislocation (collisional) metamorphism in the Mayakon key area with sampling of polymetamorphic rocks for petrographic studies of mineral parageneses. Investigation of polished thin sections of polymetamorphic rocks by microprobe analysis with elucidation of minerals zoning, their chemical composition, calculation of the Р–Т paths of metamorphism and determination of the absolute age of blastomylonite formation based on the 40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite. Analysis and generalization of the results obtained for the Mayakon area and their comparison with other key areas of the North Yenisei Ridge. Results. At the Mayakon potential area, a progressive metamorphic zoning of kyanite-bearing blastomylonites has been identified, and the transitional I, outer II, middle III, and inner zones are determined as the dislocation metamorphism intensifies towards the Panimba thrust fault. Based on the compositions of garnets, biotite, and plagioclase, the P–T paths of the early regional metamorphism of andalusite-sillimanite type and late local kyanitesillimanite type were calculated. A list of geological prospecting, petrological and isotope-geochronological criteria for recognizing blastomylonites among rocks of regional metamorphism in thrust zones has been substantiated and itemized. Conclusions. Method of polymetamorphism reconstruction in the North Yenisei Ridge shows that tectonic inversion conditions took place in the Neoproterozoic, in the late Tonian era (~850 Ma ago In terms of occurrences, they are related to the final stage of the Grenville orogeny (1.1–0.85 Ga). The formation of blastomylonites of dislocation (collisional) metamorphism by metapelites of regional metamorphism in thrust zones is accompanied by an increase in the number of mineral phases and leads to a reduction in usable space of high-alumina andalusite schists.
Methodological assessment of uncertainty in forecasting hydrocarbon reserves of the North Varieganskoye field (Western Siberia)
Authors:   LLC “Tyumen Petroleum Research Center”, Tyumen, Russia, LEBEDEVA Irina Aleksandrovna , PANYAK Stephan Grigor’evich ,   Ural State Mining University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Published: April 2021

Relevance. The assessment of uncertainties for the calculation of hydrocarbon reserves is a timely topic. The quality of hydrocarbon reserves is declining as old oil fields are depleted. Rates of discovery are in decline since most of the territories prospectively rich in hydrocarbon resources have already been explored. Newly discovered fields are classified as small and medium in terms of the amount of hydrocarbon reserves and difficult in terms of the quality of reserves. Purpose of the research is to determine important reservoir properties that have the greatest impact on the variability of the initial hydrocarbon reserves using sensitivity analysis and conducting a probabilistic hydrocarbon reserves assessment by the Monte Carlo method. Methods of research. The probabilistic hydrocarbon reserves assessment was carried out by the Monte Carlo method with the corresponding frequency curves of the probability distribution of volumetric parameters, which were performed using the Oracle Crystal Ball application. The sensitivity analysis of volumetric parameters that have the greatest impact on the amount of the initial hydrocarbons reserves was performed using the Oracle Crystal Ball application as well. Results and their application. An assessment of uncertainties and risks is necessary both for newly discovered fields in order to negate the risk of drilling unproductive wells and mature fields for a targeted program of geological and technological measures (GTM). Conclusions. The formation of bedded sand bodies of the Vasyugan (SE11, SE12, SE13) and Tyumen (SE2) suites took place in various sedimentation conditions, which could not but affect the quality of the reservoir of the studied formations. The analysis of the sensitivity of parameters has shown that different parameters affect the amount of hydrocarbon reserves in places SE11, SE12, SE13 and place SE2 .
Geophysical surveys in the area of the Krylatovskaya water well
Authors:   Bulashevich Institute of Geophysics of the Ural Branch of RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia, DAVYDOV Vadim Anatol’evich
Published: April 2021

Relevance and purpose of the work. Surface sources of clean water are increasingly depleted. In this regard, the role of underground sources of drinking and domestic water supply is increasing. Geophysical exploration methods can be an e ective tool for fnding groundwater. The tasks of the research included determining the possibilities of magnetic prospecting in the areal search for promising zones, and identifying the features of electromagnetic fields during audiomagnetotelluric and magnetovariational soundings in the area of an operating water well. Methodology. The magnetic field was surveyed with an MMP-203 proton magnetometer (Geologorazvedka plant, Leningrad). Electrical exploration included vertical electrical sounding (VES) with ERA equipment (GNPP Geologorazvedka, St. Petersburg) and recording of audio magnetotelluric fields with OMAR-2 equipment (IGF UB RAS, Ekaterinburg). Results. The result of the magnetic survey was a map of the anomalous magnetic field of the study area, where the water-abundant groundwater zone of the weathering crust can be distinguished by structural features. The zones of tectonic faults, promising for the presence of fractured-vein waters, are confedently distinguished by positive linear anomalies of the magnetic field. The characteristic features of electromagnetic fields during audiomagnetotelluric and magnetovariational soundings in the area of distribution of fractured waters have been clarified. The most revealing behavior is the behavior of the real and imaginary quadratures of the magnetovariational tipper, characterized by minimum values and zero crossing, respectively. According to the results of electromagnetic sounding, an increase in the thickness of the weathering crust with a decrease in resistance is recorded in the area of the water intake well, which is evidence of its water cut. Conclusions. The significance of magnetic prospecting for clarifying the structural and geological structure of the territory when searching for water-saturated zones has been determined. The high e£ciency of electromagnetic soundings on direct and alternating current was confirmed to determine the nature, depth and power of the identied structures. Traditionally studied, in the search and exploration of groundwater, geophysical felds are replenished with new electromagnetic parameters. These include the module and quadratures of the audio range magnetovariational tipper. The research results indicate that these parameters are anomalous in relation to aquifers, which allows us to give reasonable recommendations on the location of drilling production wells.