bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy and Delivery Practices and Beliefs of Ethiopian Immigrant Women in Israel
Authors: Granot Michal , Spitzer Ada , Aroian Karen J. , Ravid Carol , Tamir Batya , Noam Revka
Published: March 2007

This exploratory, qualitative study compared traditional and biomedicalpregnancy and delivery practices from the perspective of Ethiopian immigrant women in Israel. Findings documented that certain beliefs, such as the belief that nonmedical factors (i.e., moral behavior, God, and proper nutrition) were responsible for pregnancy outcomes, were relatively unaffected by immigration. After immigration to Israel, Ethiopian women, however, chose to deliver their babies in the hospital rather than import traditional home delivery practices from their homeland. Despite many negative aspects of labor and delivery in Israel, Ethiopian immigrant women felt that it was worth enduring negative Israeli health care practices in order to have "clean, " "safe, " and expert deliveries. Findingsfrom this study assist health care professionals to provide more culturally sensitive care to this immigrant group.
Day-to-Day Demands of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Habermann Barbara
Published: March 2007

This interpretive study explored the experience of having Parkinson's disease in middle life. The researcher examined the day-to-day demands experienced by 16 people (9 men and 7 women), ages 42-59 years, who had been diagnosed with Parkinson 's disease for a range of 1-16 years. Demands directly attributable to the illness included acknowledging symptoms and seeking help, balancing emotional responses, dealing with a changing body, gaining formal and practical knowledge, and dealing with unpredictability. The illness also created demands related to changing roles, sense of identity, and relationships. This study advances understanding of the dijficulties and challenges experienced by those who live with Parkinson's disease and has implications for nursing practice with this population.
Illness Experiences and Health Recovery Behaviors of Patients in Southern Appalachia
Authors: Rosswurm Mary Ann , Dent Debra M. , Armstrong-Persily Cynthia , Woodburn Paula , Davis Barbara
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory study was to gain a better understanding of the influences of Appalachian culture and rural living on illness experiences and health recovery behaviors. The study sample consisted of 257 randomly selected adult patients admitted to medical-surgical units in eight hospitals in West Virginia. Patients completed interviews in the hospital and by phone and in their homes 1 month after hospital discharge. In addition, 203 nurses and 79 physicians completed a values survey and decisional control questions. The triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data suggested that culture, age, gender, and rural residence affected responses to illness and recovery. Traditional values and roles persisted in this population and influenced health behaviors. The findings of this study support the need for culturally sensitive care and for innovative education programs to reduce health risks.
Predictors of Patient Outcomes Following Interactions with Nurses
Authors: Latham Christine Pollack
Published: March 2007

A research and theory-based model was used to identify outcome predictors of hospitalized patients' perceptions of caring and support by nurses. The model tested the effects of cogent personal characteristics of patients (general level of self-esteem and need for control while hospitalized) on their perceptions of humanistic caring and support from nurses and, in turn, considered the effect of these variables on situational appraisal coping strategies, psychological distress, and coping effectiveness. The 120 hospitalized adult patients indicated that the moderate amount of humanistic caring they received was beneficial. Severalfactors influenced caring ratings. Higher positive ratings were receivedfrom youngerpatients; however, people with low self-esteem and those desiring more control over their care or reporting a high degree of pain tended to perceive more threat and psychological distress as a result of their encounters with nurses. Following positive caring experiences with nurses, patients with higher self-esteem levels reported effective coping. Overall, positive caring experiences, along with coping strategies and decreased psychological distress levels, explained 40% of the variance of hospitalized patients'ability to cope effectivelyfollowing their encounters with nurses.
A Concept Analysis of Respect Applying the Hybrid Model in Cross-Cultural Settings
Authors: Browne Annette J.
Published: March 2007

Respect was analyzed as a concept in the domain of nursing action using the hybrid model of concept development. Field research methods provided empirical descriptions of respect in two different cross-cultural settings. Participant observations were conducted in an outpatient clinic ofa large U.S. hospitalproviding services toa multicultural clientpopulation, and key informant interviews were undertaken in a Canadian First Nations community. Data analysis proceeded according to a variation of Schatzman and Strauss 's notation system. Findings from analyses of field data revealed patterns of interaction indicative of respect and lack of respect. By synthe-sizing theoretical and empirical findings, key indicators, potential operational indicators, and a conceptual definition of respect were developed. Thefindings provide preliminary descriptions of respect that lay the foundation for future analyses and applications in nursing.
Women with HIV: Living with Symptoms
Authors: van Servellen Gwen , Sarna Linda , Jablonski Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study used a semistructured interview to describe women's experiences coping with HIVsymptoms, their descriptors of their worst and best days, and their attempts to control symptoms. A convenience sample of44 women, largely women of color, of lower socioeconomic status, unemployed, seeking treatment in one of six outpatient clinics in Los Angeles, were interviewed. Fatigue, the most frequently reported worst symptom, was present in 98% of these women. Feeling physicallysick and having negative mood were mentioned most often in descriptions of worst days; being active, feeling physically healthy, and having positive mood were descriptors of best days. Of the total, 59% used rest/sleep to control symptoms, and this often was used in conjunction with healthy diet. The results of this study reveal aspects ofwomen's day-to-day experiences with HIV-related symptoms.
Parent-Teen Worry about the Teen Contracting AIDS
Authors: Carroll Ruth M. , Shepard Margaret P. , Mahon Margaret M. , Deatrick Janet A. , Orsi Allen J. , Moriarty Helene J. , Feetham Suzanne L.
Published: March 2007

A secondary data analysis of the National Commission on Children: 1990 Survey of Parents and Children was conducted with a subsample of 457 parent-teen pairs who responded to the “worry about AIDS” question. The teen’s worry about contracting AIDS was associated with race, parent’s education, the amount of discipline from the parent for engaging in sex, the teen’s desire to talk to the parent about the problem of sex, the teen’s rating of the neighborhood as a safe place to grow up, whether the parent listened to the teen’s telephone interview, and the parent’s response to whether his or her teen had a history of sexually transmitted disease. Of the parent-teen pairs in the subsample, 46% (N = 210) agreed in their responses about worry. Agreement was more frequent among the parent-teen pairs when compared to randomly constructed surrogate pairs. Dyadic analysis supported a family system view of perceived susceptibility.
Is there a Difference between Family Caregiving of Institutionalized Elders with or without Dementia?
Authors: Lévesque Louise , Ducharme Francine , Lachance Lise , Gerdner Linda A. , Jirovec Mary Marmoll , Lévesque Louise
Published: March 2007

Based on the stress and coping model of Lazarus and Folkman, the aim of this comparative study was to determine whether the caregiving experience of the caregivers of an institutionalized demented relative is different from the one of the caregivers whose relative does not suffer from dementia. Five dimensions of the caregiving experience were considered: stressors, cognitive appraisal of the stressors, social support, coping strategies and well-being. The sample consisted of primary caregivers of a demented and a nondemented relative. Results revealed that the caregivers of a demented relative were exposed to more stressors than the caregivers of a nondemented relative. Functional impairment as well as depressive behaviors were appraised as more disturbing. According to MANCOVA analysis, formal and informal social support seems to play a protective role in the psychological distress of the caregivers of a demented relative. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to their coping strategies. Overall, the caregivers of a demented relative seemed to experience some dimensions of caregiving in a different way compared with their counterparts, and the nature of dementia in itself helps to explain this difference.
Commodified Agents and Empowered Girls: Consuming and Producing Feminism
Authors: Riordan Ellen
Published: March 2007

During the 1990s, popular discourse shifted toward what some might consider “pro-girl” rhetoric. At the same time, in the academy as well as among feminist activists, women began talking about a shift in feminist consciousness. Out of this intellectual and activist form of feminism emerged one of many young feminist movements, Riot Grrrl. While this movement might have pushed for girls to be powerful, this push was very different from the idea of girl power being popularized by media. This article examines the notion of empowerment as it relates to feminist agency. Drawing from theoretical ideas in both political economy and feminism, this article uses commodification as an entry point to examine pro-girl rhetoric as it is articulated in popular and feminist discourses. As this article suggests, commodification demonstrates how not all pro-girl rhetoric offers an opportunity for girls to transcend individual consumption to enact collective change in social relations.
Disclosing Antifeminism in Michael Crichton's Postfeminist Disclosure
Authors: Terry Valerie S. , Schiappa Edward
Published: March 2007

Despite being framed as an egalitarian feminist or postfeminist exploration of the power dynamics of sexual harassment, Michael Crichton's novel and film Disclosure functions ideologically as antifeminist backlash characteristic of mainstream popular culture of the late 1980s and 1990s. The authors' reading of the text is informed by Sandra L. Bem's sex role research on how dominant culture normatively defines sex role expectations, Bonnie J. Dow's analysis of cultural hegemony and feminism, Kathleen Hall Jamieson's work on double-binds that perpetuate sexual discrimination, and Wayne Booth's writings on the use of the impersonal narrator.
Metaphor, Morality, and Marxism
Authors: Bartels Dennis
Published: March 2007

Recent analyses by Lakoff and others have revealed the metaphorical bases of moral principles in Western cultures. It is argued here that Marxism is metaphorically based on the morality of the labor theory of value. Marx's analysis of the fetishism of commodities reveals the metaphors that mask exploitation of labor and exposes the extent to which these “immoral” metaphors have achieved, in Gramsci's terminology, the hegemonic status of “common sense” in Western cultures.
The politics of black youth workers in Leeds
Authors: Farrer Max
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the city Council's development of community educa tion, youth and community work in the main area of black settlement in Leeds (Harehills and Chapeltown). It argues that the particular problem of racism in a context of economic decline has resulted in a high degree of political activity, ranging, from reformism to uprising, by the black popula tions and their white supporters in this area. The council 's policy is seen as a pragmatic resonse to these political mobilisations. The specific strategy of appointing local black people to undertake youth and community work is examined in some detail. It is argued that the emergence of organic youth workers carries with it several problems, as youth workers are encouraged to become the council's community representatives, while at the same time contributing to a new layer of radical political organisation in the inner city. Recent practical examples of these countervailing tendencies are discussed.
The Thatcherite project in education: the case of the City Technology Colleges
Authors: Dale Roger
Published: March 2007

Despite the broad coherence of the Thatcherite Project, it contains a central contradiction of which the CTCs are emblematic. The contradiction is described as 'conservative modernisation' - associated with economic liberalisation and social controle Examing the CTCs under four headings: choice, selection, control and content it is concluded that they have failed, in their aim to attract private funding, are unpopular with almost all educational forces outside govemment, and offer very little that is different from current secondary education.
Back to the future? New genetics and disabled people
Authors: Shakespeare Tom
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to put developments in molecular biology into the broader context of disability rights and the relationship between disabled people and medical science. It includes a critique of biologi cal reduclionism and of the role of the media in inflating 'back-to- basics biology'. The article suggests that disabled people have not been consulted or involved in debates around the new genetics and that a wider discussion of these developments is urgently needed.
Communitarianism and law and order
Authors: Hughes Gordon
Published: March 2007

This paper engages critically with the major variants of contemporary communitarian thought on crime and disorder. It begins with an assess ment of the moral authoritarian communitarianism of Etzioni and Dennis. It is then argued that there are different and more radical appro priations of community associated with the work of intellectuals in Europe and Oceania beyond that of moral authoritarianism. In particu lar, the development of radical re-imaginings of community and social justice are identified in communitarian work on ( 1 ) local governance and the re-constitution of civil society, (2) basic income and the common good and (3) restorative justice. In conclusion, it is argued that there are progressive as well as the already widely recognized regressive poten tialities in contemporary communitarian discourses on law and order.
Vocabularies of citizenship and gender: Sweden
Authors: Johansson Stina , Jansson Marie
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the gendered dimensions of the contradictions within the welfare state. It argues that there is an inherent dilemma between recognizing women's unpaid caring functions, on the one hand, and in providing for opportunities for women to influence and contribute in the economic and political spheres of life, on the other. The article focuses on the development and the framing of what we call 'the social service state' and 'the social insurance state' in Sweden from a gender perspective. The article asks whether women benefit from a neutral system of rules or whether there should also be formal attention paid to gender inequalities.
Applying Critical Ethics to Educational Management
Authors: Harrison Bernard T.
Published: March 2007

Bernard Harrison is a Professor in the Division of Education at the University of Sheffield. In this paper he examines some problems of meanings and values which can occur with regard to such widely used terms in management discourse as 'power', 'team-work', and 'quality' and does so from both a 'moral law' and a `role-theory' viewpoint. In conclusion he advocates a critical— ethical alternative to narrowly economic versions of educational management.
Devolution and Teachers' Work: The Underside of a Complex Phenomenon
Authors: Smyth John
Published: March 2007

John Smyth is Professor of Teacher Education and Director of the Flinders Institute for the Study of Teaching of South Australia. This paper explains and develops its author's initial claim that 'We need to start unravelling some of the complex issues, some of the undisclosed interests, and some of the manipulation that is masquerading under the rubric of devolution' in schools. In a forceful concluding section, Smyth proposes an alternative approach.
The Professional Development Coordinator
Authors: Adey Ken , Jones Jeff
Published: March 2007

This paper takes as its key proposition that the development planning process has played and continues to play an increasingly significant part in the management of schools. With this have come important changes in the role of professional development co-ordinators. Its authors, while acknowledging that the most effective development is likely to take place in schools where there is a concerted professional commitment of all the staff, suggest that, nevertheless, every school would benefit from the services of a skilled and respected colleague who is capable of ensuring that staff development happens and is effective. In developing this thesis they draw upon a study of this role undertaken by the LEA in Hereford and Worcester.
Primary School Governing Bodies and Headteacher Appraisal
Authors: Hancock Nick , Hellawell David
Published: March 2007

The 1996 DfEE Circular on schoolteachers' salaries reiterates the responsibility of governing bodies for setting salary levels for headteachers. In addition, for the first time it links increases to the achievement of performance targets. This paper reports some of the findings of a research project on headteacher appraisal, based on interviews with a sample of primary heads in the West Midlands. These suggest that a substantial proportion of heads and governing bodies may not yet be ready for the new regulations. The paper concludes that the new TTA proposals for headteacher development could provide a context within which heads and governors, despite the inevitable tensions in their separate roles, could work productively together for the good of all.
Violence in Schools
Authors: Gill Martin , Hearnshaw Stephen , Turbin Vicky
Published: March 2007

The issue of violence in schools has in recent times attracted increasing attention. This has been stimulated by events such as the death of Philip Lawrence, the killings at Dunblane and the machete attack in Wolverhampton. This paper argues for more research which, among other things, would examine (1) whether such high-profile and horrific events mask deeper and more general problems or represent very rare exceptions and (2) what we know of good practice in managing school security and how such information can be shared. The first part of the paper seeks to quantify the nature of violence in schools using responses from a postal survey of schools conducted in England during 1997. In the second part, concerns raised by respondents about aspects of school security are considered. The final part considers ideas and suggestions for minimizing violence in schools, drawn from the survey and case studies.
Three Rs—Religion, Ritual and Rivalry
Authors: Milliken John , Gallagher Tony
Published: March 2007

The literature has been dominated for more than 50 years by the effects of the Education Acts of 1944 and 1988. There have, however, been a number of other initiatives that have received less attention but have nevertheless had a significant impact for some communities. One of these has been the development of integrated education in Northern Ireland. However the reduction in government support for this initiative together with a contracting market and increased competition from other schools has led to integrated schools, and their umbrella organization, NICIE, to realize that effective strategic planning is necessary. This paper considers the evolution of integrated education in Northern Ireland and considers how a particular aspect of strategic planning, situation analysis, can be effectively utilized.
Cosmopolitan Modernity
Authors: Nava Mica
Published: March 2007

Debates about cosmopolitanism in the spheres of political philosophy, sociology and postcolonial criticism have on the whole ignored specific histories of the cosmopolitan imagination and its vernacular expressions in everyday life. This article draws on aspects of the urban and often feminized worlds of entertainment, commerce, the arts and the emotions in metropolitan England during the first decades of the 20th century, in which an interest in abroad and cultural ‘others’ increasingly signalled an engagement with the new, in order to argue for a notion of cosmopolitan modernity. This should be understood not just as a reflexive stance of openness, but also as a dialogic formation – a counterculture – part of a psychic and often gendered revolt against the conservatism and xenophobia of the parental culture.
An Essay on Self and Camp
Authors: Travers Andrew
Published: March 2007

There is a time of day immediately before dusk when the outline of every object becomes sharply delineated. It was just that moment. The lacerated edges of wooden beams in the wreckage, the freshness of the rents in the shredded trees, and the curled zinc sheets with their puddles of rain water - everything appeared almost unpleasantly vivid. In the extreme west only a horizontal line of scarlet was to be seen in the sky between two or three towering black burned-out buildings. Flecks of scarlet were also visible through the windows of the ruined structures. It was as if someone had turned on a red light in a deserted and uninhabited house. (Yukio Mishima, The Temple of Dawn)
I Believe In You
Authors: Birkbeck John
Published: March 2007

In the push for professional status and independence, and with the expansion of the Probation Service the contemporary probation officer has moved away from a traditional and, perhaps, more effective role and place in the court. This has resulted in a loss of influence which needs attention. There is a crisis of confidence; the courts are unsure of the Probation Service, and the probation officer in unsure of his or her place. The author argues for a positive presence in court to counter this trend.
Curfew Orders: The Arguments For
Authors: Tildesley W.M. , Bullock W.F.
Published: March 2007

A legal analysis of the new Night Restriction Order, the policy intentions, the potential advantages and the implications for Supervision.
Values, Leadership and the Future of the Probation Service
Authors: Vanstone Maurice
Published: March 2007

Given the Service's increasingly bureaucratic structure, internal divisions and uncertain value base, it is likely to reach some compromise with the Home Office over 'Punishment in the Community'. Whilst some degree of short term damage limitation may be necessary, the author argues for a strong, cohesive and creative Service, based on a markedly different organisation and outlook.
Accessing The National Literacy Strategy: The use of Moon with Children in the United Kingdom with a Visual Impairment and Additional Learning Difficulties by Steve McCall and Mike McLinden
Authors: McCall Steve , McLinden Mike
Published: March 2007

This Paper reports on the initial results of an investigation of the use of the Moon code by children in schools in England and Wales. It took place in 1998 and is part of an on-going study of the use of Moon by children which commenced in 1992. The Paper presents some of the key findings and considers their implications for the implementation of the National Literacy Strategy.
Finding volunteers and keeping them
Authors: Duncan Sandy
Published: March 2007

The following is a shortened version of a talk given at the SWRAB Annual Meeting of Secretaries of Voluntary Associations, Arundel Castle, West Sussex, 2 November 1983. The traditional image of the volunteer is out of date; but new types of volunteers are emerging, and they are growing in number. Our changing society calls for a more broadly based and widely ranging approach to recruitment. Keeping volunteers means ensuring that they have job satisfaction by providing appropriate selection, training and support. The future role of voluntary organisations lies in a new kind of partnership with statutory services.
The evaluation of a training programme i n orientation skills
Authors: Dryhurst Barbara , Spencer Christopher , Baybutt Kate
Published: March 2007

In encouraging mobility instructors to evaluate aspects of their procedure, a simple controlled comparison is presented as an example. Two matched groups, each o f six blind 8 and 9 year olds, initially comparable on the Cratty and Sams test of body image, were assigned to either training or control conditions. The individuals in the training group received two periods of extra training in concepts basic to mobility; and the control or compared group received no extra training. Significant improvements were demonstrated, not only in these specific concepts but also on the general body image test when their scores were compared with those of the control group.
Curriculum constraints for the visually handicapped child in fully integrated, u n it integrated, or special school settings
Authors: Cropp David L.
Published: March 2007

The following is a description and collation of the views given by 19 professionals involved in the education of pupils with special needs, who worked with Dr. M.J. Tobin on a course entitled 'Blind and Partially Sighted Children' at the Special Education Summer School organised by Cambridge Institute of Education, Girton College, July 1984. What is perhaps of greatest interest is that it represents the views of those who, while receptive to the needs of blind and partially sighted pupils, are still early in their experience of such children.
Training social workers for tomorrow
Authors: Hall Tony
Published: March 2007

The following article is an edited version of the SRAB Annual Lecture given at the National Westminster Hall, London, 9 July 1987.
Assessment procedures for use with young visually handicapped children (Part two)
Authors: Best Tony
Published: March 2007

This paper gives teachers'evaluations and details of some of the available procedures for the assessment of young visually handicapped children considered at recent seminars held at the University of Birmingham. It is a continuation of the article published in BJVI, Autumn 1987.
Teaching mobility to visually impaired children in a special school
Authors: Ellis Richard
Published: March 2007

The following article discusses the importance of mobility training for children and describes the comprehensive programme employed at The West of England School, Exeter. It brings out the present inadequacy of mobility provision in some mainstream schools and emphasises the need for more mobility officers trained to work with children.
"They Told Me There Was Nothing They Could Do": The First Year of the Mobile Service of Action for Blind People - Part Two
Authors: Smith Geoff
Published: March 2007

In the second part of his report on the first year (1993) of the Mobile Service of Action for Blind People, Geoff Smith reports on how blind and visually impaired people are being helped and suggests how the system could be improved.
The Virtual Reference Library: Multiple Information Sources and Multiple Output Formats
Authors: Owen Victoria
Published: March 2007

The Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) has launched an information delivery service in collaboration with public and academic libraries and commercial information sources such as newspaper archives and CD-ROM providers to provide blind and visually impaired people with information in the format of their choice.
Loneliness, Sex, Romantic Jealousy, and Powerlessness
Authors: Rotenberg Ken J. , Shewchuk Vicky-Ann , Kimberley Teresa
Published: March 2007

The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, items from a revision of an interpersonal jealousy personality scale varying in partner-rival contact, and vignettes depicting partner-rival contact were administered to 194 female and 97 male college students in Study 1. Those measures and a measure of powerlessness, comprising the learned helplessness attribution style, were administered to 44 female and 28 male college students in Study 2. Results showed that the relation between jealousy and both loneliness and powerlessness varied as a function of the type of contact between romantic partner and rival. Loneliness and powerlessness were: (i) positively associated with jealousy for unilateral contact (e.g., a partner admiring an opposite-sex person), (ii) not associated with jealousy for bilateral contact (e.g., a partner having an opposite-sex person as a friend), and (iii) negatively associated with jealousy for mutual contact (e.g., a partner kissing an opposite-sex person). Regression analyses indicated that powerlessness mediated, in part, the relation between loneliness and jealousy. Although some sex differences were found in jealousy, those differences did not conform to the pattern expected on the basis of sex differences in powerlessness. It was proposed that lonely individuals tended to display situationally inappropriate jealousy because of their powerlessness and that tendency posed a problem for their romantic relationships.
Socially Desirable Responding in Close Relationships: A Dual-Component Approach and Measure
Authors: Loving Timothy J. , Agnew Christopher R.
Published: March 2007

Five studies were conducted to develop and validate a brief measure of socially desirable responding (SDR) for use in close relationships research, the Inventory of Desirable Responding in Relationships (IDRR). Specifically, a two-component measure of SDR was created to assess individuals' tendencies to: (i) deceive themselves, and (ii) deceive others regarding negative aspects of their close relationship. Study 1 employed exploratory factor analyses to isolate items that loaded on two factors, labeled Relationship Self-Deception (REL-SD) and Relationship Impression Management (REL-IM). Study 2 confirmed the factor structure obtained in Study 1 and provided evidence for a two-factor versus one-factor model of relationship SDR. Consistent with the hypotheses, Study 3 demonstrated that REL-IM scores are higher when generated in a public condition relative to an anonymous condition, whereas REL-SD scores remain unaffected by this manipulation. Consistent with the literature on the role of illusions in mental health, Study 4 demonstrated that REL-SD is associated with multiple indices of relationship health. Study 5 validated the scale on a sample of married adults and provided evidence of divergent validity. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Twin Relationships in Old Age: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Neyer Franz J.
Published: March 2007

The relationship development of 133 monozygotic (MZ) and 60 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) older twin pairs was studied retrospectively and contrasted with their other sibling relation-ships. Results indicate: (i) Since adolescence, MZ twins lived closer to one another and had more frequent contact, social support, and emotional closeness. For both MZ and DZ pairs, contact and emotional closeness decreased since early adulthood, but increased again in old age. Dyadic differences in these variables were highly stable over time. (ii) Compared with their other sibling relationships, the relationships between MZ and DZ twins were more intense with respect to all relationship domains (e.g., contact, intimacy, conflict, and support). (iii) Whereas higher attachment security and relationship satisfaction in MZ pairs were independent of contact frequency, security and satisfaction were less intense in DZ pairs and strongly dependent on their contact. It is concluded that MZ and DZ twin relationships are different kinds of sibling relationships in old age.
Linking Romantic Love with Sex: Development of the Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale
Authors: Hendrick Susan S. , Hendrick Clyde
Published: March 2007

Pilot work and three studies detail the development of the `Perceptions of Love and Sex Scale,' a measure of how people view the link between love and sex in their romantic relationships. College students generated descriptive responses to a query about the connections between love and sex in their romantic relationships. Twenty-seven themes were distilled into item format. In Study 1, these items and other relationship measures were administered to 348 participants. Five subscales were extracted from the 27 items, using principal components analyses. In Study 11, a revised scale and other relationship measures were completed by 274 participants, with results replicated in Study Ill (N = 299). Samples from Studies 11 and Ill were combined for a variety of analyses, including confirmatory factor analyses, correlations, hierarchical regression analyses, and sex comparisons. The final version of the scale yielded 17 items on four subscales (Love is Most Important, Sex Demonstrates Love, Love Comes Before Sex, and Sex is Declining) with acceptable psycho- metric properties and expected correlations with measures of other relationship constructs. This research demonstrates the utility of studying romantic love and sexual expression as linked constructs, rather than as separate, isolated domains of scholarly inquiry.
Linking Conflict Management Behaviours and Relational Satisfaction: The Intervening Role of Conflict Outcome Satisfaction
Authors: Cramer Duncan
Published: March 2007

This study primarily sought to determine the relative strengths of the concurrent associations between satisfaction with the main romantic relationship and the four conflict indices of avoidance, negative handling, no resolution, and outcome dissatisfaction in 61 female and 35 male students. A path model in which outcome dissatisfaction mediated the association between relationship satisfaction and avoidance, negative handling, and no resolution was tested. None of these three conflict indices had a direct effect on relationship satisfaction and only no resolution had a significant effect on outcome dissatisfaction. These results highlight the role that the actual resolution of conflict may have in determining relationship satisfaction and indicate that it should be included in both self-report and observational measures of conflict.
The Relevance of the Microstructure of Interaction to Relationship Change
Authors: Cappella Joseph N.
Published: March 2007

Theory and research in social and personal relationships has paid lip service to the importance of interaction in the formation, growth and dissolution of such relationships. However, except for a few cases, interaction research has had little concrete to offer to the understanding of outcomes of interpersonal encounters. The present article describes a program of research in interaction analysis whose aim is to forge strong links between the research in the microstructure of interaction and that on interpersonal outcomes. In order to do so, it is argued that studies of interaction must adopt a functional perspective on the behaviors studied, must move from studies of pure structure to those linking structure to outcome, and must be capable of studying longer periods of interaction through the different lenses of multiple behaviors.
Love and Sexual Attitudes, Self-Disclosure and Sensation Seeking
Authors: Hendrick Susan S. , Hendrick Clyde
Published: March 2007

Love and sexuality are phenomena of central importance to certain types of intimate relationships. Although love has been a mainstream relationship variable in research, sexuality has often been explored only peripherally within a relationship context. Based on previous findings and using newly developed measures of love attitudes, sexual attitudes and self-disclosure, the present study explored the relation between love and sexuality and their mutual relations with self-disclosure and sensation seeking. Results (n = 218) indicated substantial correlations between love and sex attitudes, and between those variables and self-disclosure to a lover and to a friend, the ability to elicit self-disclosure, and sensation seeking. Males differed from females on only seven of 114 correlations, suggesting gender similarity in the pattern of variable relations. Such correlational evidence is helpful in interpreting mean differences between the sexes for several variables in this study and in previous research. This study shows that a multiplex of attitudes about love interlocks with attitudes about sexuality, and that both relate to other variables such as disclosure and sensation seeking. Such results begin the task of developing the characterizations of the love styles (Lee, 1973) and generalizing love-sex linkages towards the broader context of personality on the one hand, and the complex arena of personal relationships on the other.
Recruiting Representative Samples for Marital Interaction Research
Authors: Krokoff Lowell J.
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluated a three-stage procedure for recruiting representative samples for marital interaction research: (1) random telephone survey, (2) direct mailings and (3) informational meetings in the home. To appeal to a wide range of couples, participants were compensated monetarily instead of with communication counselling. Relatively high rates of co-operation were obtained at each recruitment stage. Furthermore, the data contained little evidence for the differential drop-out of couples after the telephone survey in terms of marital happiness, socio-economic status, age, premarital acquaintance length, marital length, family size and children in various stages of rearing. A significant differential drop-out of older couples from long-term marriages in the second stage added only little bias to the final sample ( n = 120). Overall, the sample was more representative of the US general population than past studies on these and other dimensions. The present recruitment method represents a promising approach for researchers interested in assessing the generality of current marital assessment and therapy techniques.
Maintaining and Restoring Privacy through Communication in Different Types of Relationships
Authors: Burgoon Judee K. , Parrott Roxanne , Le Poire Beth A. , Kelley Douglas L. , Walther Joseph B. , Perry Denise
Published: March 2007

This investigation analysed the kinds of communicative acts that are considered privacy-invading, which communication strategies are used to restore privacy when it has been violated and how relationship type affects communication of privacy. A preliminary self-report survey and a pilot study employing open-ended interviews (n=43) led to the development of a questionnaire in which respondents (n=444) rated 39 possible actions on invasiveness and rated the likelihood of using 40 different tactics to restore privacy. Types of privacy violations formed five dimensions: (1) psychological and informational violations, (2) non-verbal interactional violations, (3) verbal interactional violations, (4) physical violations and (5) impersonal violations. Strategies used to restore privacy included: (1) interaction control, (2) dyadic intimacy, (3) negative arousal, (4) distancing, (5) blocking and (6) confrontation. Significant differences emerged across doctor-patient, employeremployee, teacher-student, parent-child, spouse-spouse and siblingsibling relationships.
Stress and Coping in Maritally Distressed and Nondistressed Couples
Authors: Whiffen Valerie E. , Gotlib Ian H.
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluated the relationships among life stress, emotional distress, and coping in maritally distressed and nondistressed subjects. Four groups of couples were formed from a larger sample of subjects: one group of couples in which both partners' marital adjustment scores fell below the criterion for marital satisfaction (Dyadic Adjustment Scale = 100), two groups in which either the husband's or the wife's score fell below the criterion while their partner's score was above the criterion, and one group of couples in which both partners rated their marriage as satisfactory. This design permitted the isolation of effects attributable to husband and wife distress, both individually and in combination. The results indicated that when husbands were distressed, both they and their wives reported more depressive symptoms, more life stress, and more maladaptive coping. In contrast, when wives were maritally distressed, the effects were restricted to their own functioning; their husbands' responses and functioning did not differ from those of the husbands of nondistressed wives. These findings were interpreted as consistent with the assertion that women are more vulnerable than are men to life stress, and especially to stressors involving disturbances in their social field.
Avoidance of Intimacy: An Attachment Perspective
Authors: Bartholomew Kim
Published: March 2007

A basic principle of attachment theory is that early attachment relationships with caregivers provide the prototype for later social relations. Working within an attachment framework, a new 4-group model of characteristic attachment styles in adulthood is proposed. In particular, two forms of adult avoidance of intimacy are differentiated: a fearful style that is characterized by a conscious desire for social contact which is inhibited by fears of its consequences, and a dismissing style that is characterized by a defensive denial of the need or desire for greater social contact. This distinction corresponds to two differing models of the self: people who fearfully avoid intimacy view themselves as undeserving of the love and support of others, and people who dismiss intimacy possess a positive model of the self that minimizes the subjective awareness of distress or social needs. The emotional and interpersonal ramifications of the two proposed styles of adult avoidance are discussed.
Job Distress is no Laughing Matter in Marriage, or is it?
Authors: Krokoff Lowell J.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the different ways in which couples use humor to deal with problems when they also are experiencing troubles at work. A review of psychological research on humor and sociological studies on blue-collar marriage suggests two models for predicting the above relationship. The companionship model predicts that job distress relates to less sharing of laughter and humor. The coping model predicts that job distress is associated with the couple using more humor to deal with negative marital affect. The above models are tested in a sample of fifty-two married couples (balanced for social class) who were videotaped while trying to resolve a troublesome issue of recurring disagreement. They also completed questionnaires measuring job distress, companionship and conflict avoidance. The observational and self-report data converge in showing that the companionship model is more applicable to white-collar husbands than to blue-collar husbands, and this seems to be related to the difference in job distress between the two groups. On the other hand, the coping model is more applicable to blue-collar husbands and wives. Finally, both models are more applicable to blue-collar wives than white-collar wives, and this may be due to differences in work status (paid labor vs housework) and freedom for emotional expression.
Social Support Networks of Chronically Strained Couples: Similarity and Overlap
Authors: Veiel H.O.F. , Crisand M. , Stroszeck-Somschor H. , Herrie J.
Published: March 2007

The structure and composition of social support networks were examined in a sample of fifty-seven chronically strained couples. Data were collected with structured interviews and arranged in `support matrices' of network members by support functions, and each network member was individually tagged. Scores representing the size of the overall support networks and the number of support providers in specific functional categories were computed separately for relatives and for friends/acquaintances. Principal component analysis (PCA) with couples as `cases' was used to evaluate common and individual determinants of support networks. In addition, for all categories of support providers the actual overlap between wives' and husbands' networks was computed. The determinants of the overall and specific support networks were largely couple specific, resulting in a considerable similarity of spouses' networks regarding size and composition. However, the sets of confidants of husbands and wives were almost completely disjunctive. Specific sex differences were also found. The results are discussed with respect to the health-promoting functions of marriage.
Sex and Relationship Variables as Predictors of Sexual Attraction in Cross-Sex Platonic Friendships between Young Heterosexual Adults
Authors: Kaplan Daniel L. , Keys Christopher B.
Published: March 2007

This study examined factors associated with sexual attraction in close, platonic, cross-sex friendships. Male (n = 83) and female (n = 103) heterosexual undergraduates were surveyed about their relationships with their closest current platonic cross-sex friend. Results suggest that sexual attraction is often present in cross-sex friendships, common to both sexes, and is more frequently evidenced by males. Regression analysis revealed that the variables of sex, loving, previous romantic involvement and the interaction of loving and (bio-logical) sex all accounted for significant amounts of variance in predicting sexual attraction, while liking, relationship duration and current romantic status did not. Loving accounted for the most variance in predicting sexual attraction.
Variables Related to Sexual Coercion: A Path Model
Authors: Emmers-Sommer Tara M. , Allen Mike
Published: March 2007

Using data gathered through a meta-analysis, this study tests a path model representing variables that relate to sexual coercion. Specifically, sex, attitudes toward women, past/current relationship, alcohol, coercion strategies, victim resistance, and rape justifiability were proposed and their effects examined. Results indicated that the level of actual or perceived coerciveness was a function of the level of coerciveness of the strategy, whether or not a prior relationship existed, whether alcohol was involved, if the victim resisted, if the rape was perceived as justifiable, and the attitude that person has toward women. The results suggest that determinations of whether a particular action is perceived as a rape or coerced depend on the attitudes of the person making the evaluation and the perception of the situation. Personal and social implications of these findings are discussed.
Business Advisers' Impact on SMEs
Authors: Mole Kevin
Published: March 2007

The broad focus of this article concerns the UK Business Link policy to target business advice to small and medium-sized firms. This policy, which operated between 1993-9, encouraged Business Link to provide advice to firms with the potential to grow. The article considers the targeted policy from the perspective of the Business Link personal business adviser (PBA). Overall, from a principal-agent perspective, the article examines the incentives and relationships between various business advisers and their SME (small to medium-sized enterprise) clients to explain the impact of business advice. The article draws on a qualitative-quantitative study of business advice conducted by the author. Twenty-nine business advisers participated in individual semi-structured interviews and a focus group of ten public sector business advisers provided the qualitative element of the research. A survey of 175 Business Link personal business advisers (PBAs) provided the quantitative element to the research. The article suggests that Business Link PBAs' advice is likely to impact less on SMEs than that of accountants and solicitors simply because of the basis of their relationship.