bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An X-ray determinative method for the divalent cation ratio in the triphylite-lithiophilite series
Authors: Fransolet Andrié-Mathieu , Antenucci Diano , Speetjens Jean-Marie , Tarte Pierre
Published: December 2006

The powder diffractograms of twenty wet chemically analysed samples in the isomorphous triphylite-lithiophilite series and five synthesized members with Fe/(Fe + Mn) = 1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0.0, were recorded. Their unit cell dimensions were accurately refined in order to find a reliable method for semi-quantitative determination of the divalent cation content of these minerals. A multivariate best fit analysis based on Kummell’s procedure shows the marked influence of Fe2+ and Mg2+ on the cell dimensions, as well as that of small amounts of Fe3+ substituting for Mn2+, following LiMn2+ → □ Fe3+. The best representation of the correlation between chemical composition and cell parameters is given by the equations:

a = 6.1041 − 0.0245 Fetot − 0.049 Mg2+

b = 10.4511 − Fetot − 0.082 Mg2+

c = 4.7400 − 0.0130(Fe2+ + Mg2+) − 0.025 Fe3+.

No evidence of non-linearity has been found for the variation of the three cell dimensions with the chemical composition. Assuming the absence of appreciable amounts of Mg2+, the following set of equations is proposed: Fetot = 41(6.104–a); Fetot = 35(10.451–b); Fetot = 77(4.740–c) in which the c dimension gives a relatively poor estimate.

Two sets of determinative graphs were constructed, one based on the cell parameter variation, and the other on the 311, 222, and 142 reflection angular positions, v. the total iron content of these minerals. These two methods, whose reliability is examined, can be used for determination of the divalent cation content, provided the samples contain less than about 0.5 wt.% Na2O, 0.5 wt.% CaO, and 3 wt. % Fe2O3, and are homogeneous.
Two varieties of lithiophorite in some Australian deposits
Authors: Ostwald J.
Published: December 2006

Electron probe microanalyses carried out on thirty areas of lithiophorite (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2 from five Australian localities indicate wide variations in its Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn content. The concentration of these elements varies inversely with the alumina content, though there is a marked change in their concentration at 18% alumina, suggesting the existence of two varieties of lithiophorite with differing concentration of transition elements. EPMA line scans also indicate definite changes in Co content in lithiophorite grains less than 0.2 mm in dimension. The variations in alumina and transition elements may be explained if lithiophorite is considered to be an irregular mixed-layer-lattice intergrowth of pure lithiophorite with members of the recently discovered asbolane-type minerals.
Tin-bearing sulphides from St Michael's Mount and Cligga Head, Cornwall
Authors: Moore F. , Howie R. A.
Published: December 2006

The result of electron probe microanalyses, along with X-ray and optical data obtained for tin sulphides from two different localities in south-west England indicate that the mineral hitherto described from St Michael’s Mount as stannite is in fact kesterite, Cu2(Fe0.23Zn0.77)SnS4. The yellow ‘stannite’ reported from this locality proved to be stannoidite, Cu8(Fe2.39 Zn0.61)SnS2S12. Kesterite, Cu2(Fe0.09Zn0.90SnS4, and zincian stannite, Cu2(Fe0.63Zn0.38)SnS4, are also reported from Cligga Head. It is suggested that a more cautious approach should be taken in identifying these tin sulphides solely on their optical properties.
Mpororoite and anthoinite from the Kara mine, Tasmania
Authors: Matsubara Satoshi , Kato Akira , Nagashima Kozo
Published: December 2006

The first occurrence of mpororoite and anthoinite outside the African Continent has been found in an altered skarn from the Kara mine, Tasmania, forming a white powdery mixture of the two minerals pseudomorphing scheelite. The wet chemical analysis of the mixture shows WO3, Al2O3, and H2O to be the essential constituents, proving the non-essential nature of Fe2O3 in mpororoite; the original mpororoite contained high Fe2O3 substituting for Al2O3. The thermal treatment of the mixture at 100°C for 6 hours in air brings about the conversion of mpororoite into anthoinite, which re-hydrates into mpororoite, although the associated anthoinite does not. The source of Al is ascribed to the decomposition of aluminian andradite in the skarn.
Thermal expansion behaviour of beryllonite [Na(BePO4)] and trimerite [CaMn(BeSiO4)3]
Authors: Henderson C. M. B. , Taylor D.
Published: December 2006

The thermal expansions of trimerite and beryllonite have been determined up to 800°C. No anomalies were observed in the thermal expansion curves but the expansion coefficients for beryllonite are approximately twice those of trimerite. The thermal expansion behaviour of the minerals is interpreted in terms of a tetrahedral tilting model with the main change in apparent tilting being about the monoclinic 010 plane, i.e. the 0001 pseudo-hexagonal plane.
Mineralogical data on a multiple intrusion in the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex
Authors: Davies G. , Cawtnorn R. G.
Published: December 2006

Mineralogical and chemical data are presented on an intrusion of a hypersthene gabbro body into coarse-grained noritic cumulates of the critical zone, which occurs at the margin of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex. Two types of contact relations are found between the above two rock suites: (1) a clearly cross-cutting contact is observed on the southern margin of the hypersthene gabbro body close to the interface between the layered suite and the floor rocks; (2) a diffuse heterogeneous contact is found on the north-western limb of the body which is further into the complex. Field observations and chemical data suggest that, at the time of the hypersthene gabbro injection, the surrounding cumulates were above ambient temperatures. The difference in the contacts described above is probably related to the prevailing temperature gradient at the time of emplacement. The cumulate rocks further into the complex were at a higher temperature than those closer to the margin.

Trace element chemistry and phase relations in the basalt tetrahedron indicate that the hypersthene gabbro is genetically unrelated to the cumulate rocks which it intrudes. The body probably represents an offshoot of the magma from which the upper zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite crystallized.
The composition of diopside solid solutions, and of liquids, in equilibrium with forsterite, plagioclase, and liquid in the system Na2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 and in remelted rocks from 1 bar to 12 kbar
Authors: Biggar Gordon M.
Published: December 2006

Subsolidus diopside compositions and coexisting diopside and liquid compositions which are also in equilibrium with anorthite and forsterite in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 were determined by X-ray diffraction and by electron microprobe in samples equilibrated at 1 bar and at 7 kbar. Along with previous data from the literature and using a recently published grid relating diffraction peaks to composition, results from both techniques are satisfactorily reconciled. At 1 bar, diopside composition (moles, Di = CaMgSi2O6, En = Mg2Si2O6, CaTs = CaAl2Si2O6) in equilibrium with anorthite, forsterite, and spinel (analogous to alkali basalts) are close to Di79CaTs20En1 and those in equilibrium with anorthite, forsterite, and pigeonite (analogous to tholeiitic basalt) are close to Di75CaTs3En22. At 7 kbar the equivalent compositions are Di69CaTs28En3 and Di69CaTs26En5 respectively.

In the system CaO-Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, electron microprobe analyses of augites and liquids at 1 bar confirm the changes expected in the loci of liquids and show that the low Na2O (< 0.50 wt.%) augites are similar to those in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. At 7 kbar the orthopyroxene field has expanded sufficiently and augite was not encountered in the limited range of samples studied.

In remelted rocks the augite compositions at 1 bar are similar to the compositions of augites in low pressure effusive rocks. At 2–15 kbar, the available data in the literature for dry basalts show that experimentally recrystallized augites are very sub-calcic and very aluminous, and no natural equivalents exist in plutonic gabbros or in ophiolitic rocks. This discrepancy is not resolved but either the experimental pyroxenes are metastable or the pyroxenes presently in the rocks are not the pristine compositions.
Rare-earth element distribution in the metabasic rocks of the Land's End granite aureole, SW England
Authors: Mitropoulos P.
Published: December 2006

Rock samples from the various metabasic hornfelses of the Land's End granite aureole were analysed for major elements by X-ray fluorescence analysis and for rare-earth elements (REE) by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The REE patterns of the unaltered dolerites of the area seem to be analogous to those of the alkali basalts, taking into account a slight mobilization of the light REE during low-grade metamorphism.

The REE content of the metabasic rocks of the aureole has increased relative to that of the unaltered dolerites due to the introduction of REE, along with K, from the granite by the action of hydrothermal solutions. The parallel increase in REE with the increase in K is demonstrated.

The metasomatic hornfelses of igneous origin form two groups showing slightly different REE patterns and different rates of increase in REE content. The REE patterns of the two groups show a Eu anomaly increasing with the increase in REE content for the first group and decreasing with the increase in REE content for the second group, A qualitative model of the distribution of the REE in the metabasic aureole rocks is given.
The influence of crystallinity on the Mössbauer spectrum of lepidocrocite
Authors: Murad Enver , Schwertmann Udo
Published: December 2006

Particle morphology can result in very pronounced effects of crystallinity on the Mössbauer spectra of lepidocrocite. Such effects can noticeably increase the quadrupole splitting of poorly crystallized paramagnetic lepidocrocites, making it necessary to fit two doublets of different quadrupole splittings to Mössbauer spectra of such samples, and may lower the onset of magnetic ordering from the bulk Néel temperature of 77 ±1 K to about 50 K.

At 4.2 K, distributions of magnetic hyperfine fields with a limiting upper field of 460 kOe are observed. The contributions of lower fields to such distributions increase with decreasing crystallinity, producing asymmetrically broadened resonant lines.
The paragenesis of contrasting habits of calcite and aragonite-calcite associations from Kulnura, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: England Brian M.
Published: December 2006

Fine radiating groups of columnar aragonite crystals occur in a basaltic pipe at Kulnura, New South Wales, associated with calcite in habits varying from simple rhombohedra to complex spherulitic groups. It is proposed that the presence of impurities, especially magnesium, induced the crystallization of aragonite and was also responsible for the variety of calcite crystal habits present. Two distinct growth environments are indicated: steam-explosion breccia pipes containing aragonite and calcite showing an advanced stage of spherulitic growth; and vesicles with calcite in varying stages of spherulitic growth. This paper presents a preliminary study based on available material and on observations made in situ while access to the locality was still possible.
Titanian aegirine in a teschenite sill
Authors: Martin D. J.
Published: December 2006

A miscibility gap exists between titansahlite and late-stage titanian aegirine in a teschenitic sill, with coexisting kaersutite plotting between them. A second series of titansahlite-sodian-ferrosahlite-aegirine-augite is continuous.
The crystal structure of caratiite
Authors: Effenberger Herta , Zemann Josef
Published: December 2006

The crystal structure of caratiite, K4Cu4O2 (SO4)4MeCl (a 13.60(2), c 4.98(1) Å, Z = 2) was solved in space group I4 from single crystal data, and refined to R = 0.035 for 654Fo > 6σ(Fo). The atomic arrangement is characterized by Cu2O(SO4)2 chains parallel to [001], with Cu in (4 + 1) co-ordination and O surrounded tetrahedrally by four Cu atoms. These chains are interconnected by K atoms to a framework, the channels of which house the Me and Cl atoms. The nature of the Me atoms is not completely clear; most probably the position is half occupied by Cu, fully occupied by Na, or occupied by a mixture of the two.
Prognostic value of anti-ADAMTS13 antibody features (Ig isotype, titer, and inhibitory effect) in a cohort of 35 adult French patients undergoing a first episode of thrombotic microangiopathy with undetectable ADAMTS13 activity
Authors: Ferrari Silvia , Scheiflinger Friedrich , Rieger Manfred , Mudde Geert , Wolf Martine , Coppo Paul , Girma Jean-Pierre , Azoulay Elie , Brun-Buisson Christian , Fakhouri Fadi , Mira Jean-Paul , Oksenhendler Eric , Poullin Pascale , Rondeau Eric , Schleinitz Nicolas , Schlemmer Benoit , Teboul Jean-Louis , Vanhille Philippe , Vernant Jean-Paul , Meyer Dominique , Veyradier Agnès ,   for the French and Clinical Biological Network on Adult Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Published: December 2006

To study both the pathophysiologic and the prognostic value of ADAMTS13 in thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs), we enrolled a cohort of 35 adult patients combining a first acute episode of TMA, an undetectable (below 5%) ADAMTS13 activity in plasma, and no clinical background such as sepsis, cancer, HIV, and transplantation. All patients were treated by steroids and plasma exchange, and an 18-month follow-up was scheduled. Remission was obtained in 32 patients (91.4%), and 3 patients died (8.6%) after the first attack. At presentation, ADAMTS13 antigen was decreased in 32 patients (91.4%), an ADAMTS13 inhibitor was detectable in 31 patients (89%), and an anti-ADAMTS13 IgG/IgM/IgA was present in 33 patients (94%). The 3 decedent patients were characterized by the association of several anti-ADAMTS13 Ig isotypes, including very high IgA titers, while mortality was independent of the ADAMTS13 inhibitor titer. In survivors, ADAMTS13 activity in remission increased to levels above 15% in 19 patients (59%) but remained undetectable in 13 patients (41%). Six patients relapsed either once or twice (19%) during the follow-up. High levels of inhibitory anti-ADAMTS13 IgG at presentation were associated with the persistence of an undetectable ADAMTS13 activity in remission, the latter being predictive for relapses within an 18-month delay.
Disease-associated mutations in CIAS1 induce cathepsin B–dependent rapid cell death of human THP-1 monocytic cells
Authors: Fujisawa Akihiro , Kambe Naotomo , Saito Megumu , Nishikomori Ryuta , Tanizaki Hideaki , Kanazawa Nobuo , Adachi Souichi , Heike Toshio , Sagara Junji , Suda Takashi , Nakahata Tatsutoshi , Miyachi Yoshiki
Published: December 2006

Mutations in the cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome 1 (CIAS1) gene are associated with a spectrum of autoinflammatory diseases, including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome, also known as neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease. CIAS1 encodes cryopyrin, a protein that localizes to the cytosol and functions as pattern recognition receptor. Cryopyrin also participates in nuclear factor-κB regulation and caspase-1–mediated maturation of interleukin 1β. In this study, we showed that disease-associated mutations in CIAS1 induced rapid cell death of THP-1 monocytic cells. The features of cell death, including 7-AAD staining, the presence of cellular edema, and early membrane damage resulting in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, indicated that it was more likely to be necrosis than apoptosis, and was effectively blocked with the cathepsin B–specific inhibitor CA-074-Me. CA-074-Me also suppressed induced by disease-associated mutation lysosomal leakage and mitochondrial damage. In addition, R837, a recently identified activator of cryopyrin-associated inflammasomes, induced cell death in wild type CIAS1-transfected THP-1 cells. These results indicated that monocytes undergo rapid cell death in a cathepsin B–dependent manner upon activation of cryopyrin, which is also a specific phenomenon induced by disease-associated mutation of CIAS1.
Combined deficiencies in Bruton tyrosine kinase and phospholipase Cγ2 arrest B-cell development at a pre-BCR+ stage
Authors: Xu Shengli , Lee Koon-Guan , Huo Jianxin , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Lam Kong-Peng
Published: December 2006

Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) and phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) are 2 key molecules involved in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Biochemical studies have placed them in a linear signaling pathway, with Btk acting upstream of PLCγ2. Consistent with this, mice lacking either molecule display a leaky but similar block in B-cell development. Here, we generated Btk−/−PLCγ2−/− mice and showed that combined deficiencies in Btk and PLCγ2 severely arrested B lymphopoiesis at the large pre–B-cell stage. In contrast to either single mutant, Btk−/−PLCγ2−/− pre–B cells expressed high levels of pre-BCR on their cell surfaces and exhibited reduced immunoglobulin light chain gene rearrangements. Pre-BCR–induced calcium signaling was also drastically compromised in Btk−/−PLCγ2−/− pre–B cells compared with wild-type and single-mutant cells. Interestingly, immunoglobulin heavy chain allelic exclusion remained intact in the absence of Btk and PLCγ2. Overall, our results suggest that Btk and PLCγ2 have combinatorial roles in regulating pre–B cell differentiation.
An improved ant colony algorithm with diversified solutions based on the immune strategy
Authors: Qin Ling , Pan Yi , Chen Ling , Chen Yixin
Published: December 2006

Background

Ant colony algorithm has emerged recently as a new meta-heuristic method, which is inspired from the behaviours of real ants for solving NP-hard problems. However, the classical ant colony algorithm also has its defects of stagnation and premature. This paper aims at remedying these problems.

Results

In this paper, we propose an adaptive ant colony algorithm that simulates the behaviour of biological immune system. The solutions of the problem are much more diversified than traditional ant colony algorithms.

Conclusion

The proposed method for improving the performance of traditional ant colony algorithm takes into account the polarization of the colonies, and adaptively adjusts the distribution of the solutions obtained by the ants. This makes the solutions more diverse so as to avoid the stagnation and premature phenomena.
Insights into the evolutionary history of tubercle bacilli as disclosed by genetic rearrangements within a PE_PGRS duplicated gene pair
Authors: Karboul Anis , Gey van Pittius Nicolaas C , Namouchi Amine , Vincent Véronique , Sola Christophe , Rastogi Nalin , Suffys Philip , Fabre Michel , Cataldi Angel , Huard Richard C , Kurepina Natalia , Kreiswirth Barry , Ho John L , Gutierrez M Cristina , Mardassi Helmi
Published: December 2006

Background

The highly homologous PE_PGRS (Proline-glutamic acid_polymorphic GC-rich repetitive sequence) genes are members of the PE multigene family which is found only in mycobacteria. PE genes are particularly abundant within the genomes of pathogenic mycobacteria where they seem to have expanded as a result of gene duplication events. PE_PGRS genes are characterized by their high GC content and extensive repetitive sequences, making them prone to recombination events and genetic variability.

Results

Comparative sequence analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes PE_PGRS17 (Rv0978c) and PE_PGRS18 (Rv0980c) revealed a striking genetic variation associated with this typical tandem duplicate. In comparison to the M. tuberculosis reference strain H37Rv, the variation (named the 12/40 polymorphism) consists of an in-frame 12-bp insertion invariably accompanied by a set of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that occurs either in PE_PGRS17 or in both genes. Sequence analysis of the paralogous genes in a representative set of worldwide distributed tubercle bacilli isolates revealed data which supported previously proposed evolutionary scenarios for the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and confirmed the very ancient origin of "M. canettii" and other smooth tubercle bacilli. Strikingly, the identified polymorphism appears to be coincident with the emergence of the post-bottleneck successful clone from which the MTBC expanded. Furthermore, the findings provide direct and clear evidence for the natural occurrence of gene conversion in mycobacteria, which appears to be restricted to modern M. tuberculosis strains.

Conclusion

This study provides a new perspective to explore the molecular events that accompanied the evolution, clonal expansion, and recent diversification of tubercle bacilli.
Large fragment Bst DNA polymerase for whole genome amplification of DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues
Authors: Aviel-Ronen Sarit , Qi Zhu Chang , Coe Bradley P , Liu Ni , Watson Spencer K , Lam Wan L , Tsao Ming Sound
Published: December 2006

Background

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues represent the largest source of archival biological material available for genomic studies of human cancer. Therefore, it is desirable to develop methods that enable whole genome amplification (WGA) using DNA extracted from FFPE tissues. Multiple-strand Displacement Amplification (MDA) is an isothermal method for WGA that uses the large fragment ofBstDNA polymerase. To date, MDA has been feasible only for genomic DNA isolated from fresh or snap-frozen tissue, and yields a representational distortion of less than threefold.

Results

We amplified genomic DNA of five FFPE samples of normal human lung tissue with the large fragment ofBstDNA polymerase. Using quantitative PCR, the copy number of 7 genes was evaluated in both amplified and original DNA samples. Four neuroblastoma xenograft samples derived from cell lines with known N-mycgene copy number were also evaluated, as were 7 samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors with knownSkp2gene amplification. In addition, we compared the array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)-based genome profiles of two NSCLC samples before and afterBstMDA. A median 990-fold amplification of DNA was achieved. The DNA amplification products had a very high molecular weight (> 23 Kb). When the gene content of the amplified samples was compared to that of the original samples, the representational distortion was limited to threefold. Array CGH genome profiles of amplified and non-amplified FFPE DNA were similar.

Conclusion

Large fragmentBstDNA polymerase is suitable for WGA of DNA extracted from FFPE tissues, with an expected maximal representational distortion of threefold. Amplified DNA may be used for the detection of gene copy number changes by quantitative realtime PCR and genome profiling by array CGH.
The DNA-damage signature in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with single-strand breaks in DNA
Authors: Fry Rebecca C , DeMott Michael S , Cosgrove Joseph P , Begley Thomas J , Samson Leona D , Dedon Peter C
Published: December 2006

Background

Upon exposure to agents that damage DNA,Saccharomyces cerevisiaeundergo widespread reprogramming of gene expression. Such a vast response may be due not only to damage to DNA but also damage to proteins, RNA, and lipids. Here the transcriptional response ofS. cerevisiaespecifically induced by DNA damage was discerned by exposingS. cerevisiaeto a panel of three "radiomimetic" enediyne antibiotics (calicheamicin γ1I, esperamicin A1 and neocarzinostatin) that bind specifically to DNA and generate varying proportions of single- and double-strand DNA breaks. The genome-wide responses were compared to those induced by the non-selective oxidant γ-radiation.

Results

Given well-controlled exposures that resulted in similar and minimal cell death (~20–25%) across all conditions, the extent of gene expression modulation was markedly different depending on treatment with the enediynes or γ-radiation. Exposure to γ-radiation resulted in more extensive transcriptional changes classified both by the number of genes modulated and the magnitude of change. Common biological responses were identified between the enediynes and γ-radiation, with the induction of DNA repair and stress response genes, and the repression of ribosomal biogenesis genes. Despite these common responses, a fraction of the response induced by gamma radiation was repressed by the enediynes andvise versa, suggesting that the enediyne response is not entirely "radiomimetic." Regression analysis identified 55 transcripts with gene expression induction associated both with double- or single-strand break formation. TheS. cerevisiae"DNA damage signature" genes as defined by Gaschet al. [1] were enriched among regulated transcripts associated with single-strand breaks, while genes involved in cell cycle regulation were associated with double-strand breaks.

Conclusion

Dissection of the transcriptional response in yeast that is specifically signaled by DNA strand breaks has identified that single-strand breaks provide the signal for activation of transcripts encoding proteins involved in the DNA damage signature inS. cerevisiae, and double-strand breaks signal changes in cell cycle regulation genes.
Standardization and performance evaluation of mononuclear cell cytokine secretion assays in a multicenter study
Authors: Shreffler Wayne G , Visness Cynthia M , Burger Melissa , Cruikshank William W , Lederman Howard M , de la Morena Maite , Grindle Kristine , Calatroni Agustin , Sampson Hugh A , Gern James E
Published: December 2006

Background

Cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells has been used to preserve and standardize immunologic measurements for multicenter studies, however, effects of cryopreservation on cytokine responses are incompletely understood. In designing immunologic studies for a new multicenter birth cohort study of childhood asthma, we performed a series of experiments to determine the effects of two different methods of cryopreservation on the cytokine responses of cord and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Results

Paired samples of PBMC were processed freshly, or after cryopreservation in a Nalgene container (NC) or a controlled-rate freezer (CRF). Although there were some differences between the methods, cryopreservation inhibited PHA-induced IL-10 secretion and Der f 1-induced IL-2 secretion, and augmented PHA-induced IL-2 secretion and spontaneous secretion of TNF-α. In separate experiments, NC cryopreservation inhibited secretion of several cytokines (IL-13, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α) by PHA-stimulated cord blood mononuclear cells. With the exception of PHA-induced IL-13, results from fresh and cryopreserved cord blood samples were not significantly correlated. Finally, in reproducibility studies involving processing of identical cell samples in up to 4 separate laboratories, variances in cytokine responses of fresh cells stimulated at separate sites did not exceed those in cryopreserved cells stimulated at a central site.

Conclusion

Collectively, these studies indicate that cryopreservation can affect mononuclear cell cytokine response profiles, and that IL-10 secretion and antigen-induced responses may be especially vulnerable. These studies also demonstrate that mononuclear cell responses can be standardized for performance in a small number of laboratories for multicenter studies, and underscore the importance of measuring reproducibility and of testing whether cryopreservation techniques alter specific immunologic outcomes.
Cardiovascular risk factors among Chamorros
Authors: Chiem Binh , Nguyen Victoria , Wu Phillis L , Ko Celine M , Cruz Lee Ann , Sadler Georgia Robins
Published: December 2006

Background

Little is known regarding the cardiovascular disease risk factors among Chamorros residing in the United States.

Methods

The Chamorro Directory International and the CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Questionnaire (BRFSS) were used to assess the health related practices and needs of a random sample of 228 Chamorros.

Results

Inactivity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol and diabetes mellitus were more prevalent in this Chamorro sample compared to the US average. Participants who were 50-and-older or unemployed were more likely to report hypertension, diabetes and inactivity, but they were also more likely to consume more fruits and vegetables than their younger and employed counterparts. Women were more likely to report hypertension and diabetes, whereas men were more likely to have elevated BMI and to have never had their blood cholesterol checked.

Conclusion

The study provides data that will help healthcare providers, public health workers and community leaders identify where to focus their health improvement efforts for Chamorros and create culturally competent programs to promote health in this community.
Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wu Ping , Wilson Kumanan , Dimoulas Popey , Mills Edward J
Published: December 2006

Background

Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of premature deaths. Several pharmacological interventions now exist to aid smokers in cessation. These include Nicotine Replacement Therapy [NRT], bupropion, and varenicline. We aimed to assess their relative efficacy in smoking cessation by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

We searched 10 electronic medical databases (inception to Sept. 2006) and bibliographies of published reviews. We selected randomized controlled trials [RCTs] evaluating interventions for smoking cessation at 1 year, through chemical confirmation. Our primary endpoint was smoking cessation at 1 year. Secondary endpoints included short-term smoking cessation (~3 months) and adverse events. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression. We compared treatment effects across interventions using head-to-head trials and when these did not exist, we calculated indirect comparisons.

Results

We identified 70 trials of NRT versus control at 1 year, Odds Ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.55–1.88, P =< 0.0001). This was consistent when examining all placebo-controlled trials (49 RCTs, OR 1.78, 95% CI, 1.60–1.99), NRT gum (OR 1.60, 95% CI, 1.37–1.86) or patch (OR 1.63, 95% CI, 1.41–1.89). NRT also reduced smoking at 3 months (OR 1.98, 95% CI, 1.77–2.21). Bupropion trials were superior to controls at 1 year (12 RCTs, OR1.56, 95% CI, 1.10–2.21, P = 0.01) and at 3 months (OR 2.13, 95% CI, 1.72–2.64). Two RCTs evaluated the superiority of bupropion versus NRT at 1 year (OR 1.14, 95% CI, 0.20–6.42).

Varenicline was superior to placebo at 1 year (4 RCTs, OR 2.96, 95% CI, 2.12–4.12, P =< 0.0001) and also at approximately 3 months (OR 3.75, 95% CI, 2.65–5.30). Three RCTs evaluated the effectiveness of varenicline versus bupropion at 1 year (OR 1.58, 95% CI, 1.22–2.05) and at approximately 3 months (OR 1.61, 95% CI, 1.16–2.21). Using indirect comparisons, varenicline was superior to NRT when compared to placebo controls (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.17–2.36, P = 0.004) or to all controls at 1 year (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.22–2.45, P = 0.001). This was also the case for 3-month data. Adverse events were not systematically different across studies.

Conclusion

NRT, bupropion and varenicline all provide therapeutic effects in assisting with smoking cessation. Direct and indirect comparisons identify a hierarchy of effectiveness.
Symptom experience and subsequent mortality: results from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 study
Authors: Elliott Alison M , Hannaford Philip C , Smith Blair H , Wyke Sally , Hunt Kate
Published: December 2006

Background

Associations between symptom experience and mortality have rarely been investigated. One study has suggested that the number of symptoms people experience may be an important predictor of mortality. This novel and potentially important finding may have important implications but needs to be tested in other cohorts.

Methods

858 people aged around 58 years were interviewed by nurses in 1990/1 as part of the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study. They were asked about the presence of symptoms in the last month from a checklist of 33 symptoms. Measures of morbidity included symptom type (respiratory, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, mental health, neurological, systemic) and symptom summary measures looking at the number and impact of symptoms (total number; number participants tended to have; number participants did not tend to have; number which restricted usual activities; number which led to GP consultation). Hazard ratios for thirteen-year all-cause mortality were calculated for symptom types, symptom summary measures, and self-assessed health with and without adjustment.

Results

On unadjusted analysis, and after adjusting for gender, socio-economic status and smoking, mortality was elevated in individuals reporting respiratory, systemic and mental health symptoms. After additional adjustment for chronic conditions and self-assessed health, only the association between mental health symptoms and mortality remained significant. On unadjusted analysis, and after adjusting for gender, socio-economic status and smoking, mortality was elevated in individuals with many (≥ 6) symptoms in four of the symptom summary measures examined. These relationships were no longer significant after additional adjustment for chronic conditions and self-assessed health. A clear trend of increasing mortality as self-assessed health became poorer was observed. This pattern remained statistically significant after adjustment for gender, socio-economic status, smoking, chronic conditions and the total number of symptoms experienced.

Conclusion

Symptoms often thought of as minor may have important consequences later in life especially for those reporting mental health-related symptoms or those experiencing many symptoms. In this study however, self-assessed health appeared to be a better predictor of mortality than the type or number of symptoms experienced, even when the tendency to have and impact of the symptoms were taken into account.
Versatile modeling and optimization of fed batch processes for the production of secreted heterologous proteins with Pichia pastoris
Authors: Maurer Michael , Kühleitner Manfred , Gasser Brigitte , Mattanovich Diethard
Published: December 2006

Background

Secretion of heterologous proteins depends both on biomass concentration and on the specific product secretion rate, which in turn is not constant at varying specific growth rates. As fed batch processes usually do not maintain a steady state throughout the feed phase, it is not trivial to model and optimize such a process by mathematical means.

Results

We have developed a model for product accumulation in fed batch based on iterative calculation in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, and used the Solver software to optimize the time course of the media feed in order to maximize the volumetric productivity. The optimum feed phase consisted of an exponential feed at maximum specific growth rate, followed by a phase with linearly increasing feed rate and consequently steadily decreasing specific growth rate. The latter phase could be modeled also by exact mathematical treatment by the calculus of variations, yielding the explicit shape of the growth function, however, with certain indeterminate parameters. To evaluate the latter, one needs a numerical optimum search algorithm. The explicit shape of the growth function provides additional evidence that the Excel model results in correct data. Experimental evaluation in two independent fed batch cultures resulted in a good correlation to the optimized model data, and a 2.2 fold improvement of the volumetric productivity.

Conclusion

The advantages of the procedure we describe here are the ease of use and the flexibility, applying software familiar to every scientist and engineer, and rapid calculation which makes predictions extremely easy, so that many options can be tested in silico quickly. Additional options like further biological and technological constraints or different functions for specific productivity and biomass yield can easily be integrated.
Effect of ret/PTC 1 rearrangement on transcription and post-transcriptional regulation in a papillary thyroid carcinoma model
Authors: Cahill Susanne , Smyth Paul , Finn Stephen P , Denning Karen , Flavin Richard , O'Regan Esther M , Li Jinghuan , Potratz Astrid , Guenther Simone M , Henfrey Richard , O'Leary John J , Sheils Orla
Published: December 2006

Background

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of non-coding single stranded RNAs measuring approximately 22 nt in length that have been found to control cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. miRNAs negatively regulate their target genes and recently have been implicated in tumourigenesis. Furthermore, miRNA expression profiling correlates with various cancers, with these genes thought to act as both tumour suppressors and oncogenes. ret/PTC 1 is an oncogene with constitutive kinase activity implicated in the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This rearrangement leads to aberrant MAPK activation that is implicated in PTC tumourigenesis.

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the effect that ret/PTC 1 has on transcription and post-transcriptional regulation in PTC by using DNA microarray and microRNA analysis.

Results

DNA microarray analysis revealed a group of genes differentially expressed between normal thyroid cell lines and those harbouring a ret/PTC 1 rearrangement.

Furthermore, a unique miRNA expression signature differentiated between PTC cell lines with ret/PTC 1 and a normal thyroid cell line. 21 miRNAs showed significant overexpression and 14 miRNAs showed underexpression in these cell lines when compared to normal thyroid. Several of these up/down regulated miRNAs may be involved in PTC pathogenesis.
Valproic acid and butyrate induce apoptosis in human cancer cells through inhibition of gene expression of Akt/protein kinase B
Authors: Chen Jihong , Ghazawi Feras M , Bakkar Wafae , Li Qiao
Published: December 2006

Background

In eukaryotic cells, the genomic DNA is packed with histones to form the nucleosome and chromatin structure. Reversible acetylation of the histone tails plays an important role in the control of specific gene expression. Mounting evidence has established that histone deacetylase inhibitors selectively induce cellular differentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis in variety of cancer cells, making them a promising class of anticancer drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of these inhibitors have yet to be understood.

Results

Here, we report that a key determinant for the susceptibility of cancer cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors is their ability to maintain cellular Akt activity in response to the treatment. Also known as protein kinase B, Akt is an essential pro-survival factor in cell proliferation and is often deregulated during tumorigenesis. We show that histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as valproic acid and butyrate, impede Akt1 and Akt2 expression, which leads to Akt deactivation and apoptotic cell death. In addition, valproic acid and butyrate induce apoptosis through the caspase-dependent pathway. The activity of caspase-9 is robustly activated upon valproic acid or butyrate treatment. Constitutively active Akt is able to block the caspase activation and rescues cells from butyrate-induced apoptotic cell death.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that although the primary target of histone deacetylase inhibitors is transcription, it is the capacity of cells to maintain cellular survival networks that determines their fate of survival.
Rituximab induced hypoglycemia in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Hussain Badrudeen M , Geetha N , Lali V , Pandey Manoj
Published: December 2006

Background

Hypoglycemia is a vary rare toxicity of rituximab. The exact mechanism of rituximab induced hypoglycemia is not clear.

Case presentation

A 50 year old female presented with a left tonsillar non Hodgkin's lymphoma and was started on R-CHOP chemotherapy. Twenty four hours after the first rituximab infusion, she developed hypoglycemia which was managed by IV glucose infusion.

Conclusion

Hypoglycemia following rituximab administration is rare. Possibilities of hypoglycemia should be kept in mind in patients developing symptoms like fatigue, restlessness, and sweating while on rituximab therapy.
Contribution to the knowledge of the veterinary science and of the ethnobotany in Calabria region (Southern Italy)
Authors: Passalacqua Nicodemo G , De Fine Giuseppe , Guarrera Paolo Maria
Published: December 2006

Background

A series of preliminary research projects on plants used in Calabria (Southern Italy) in veterinary science and in other ethno-botanical fields (minor nourishment, domestic and handicraft sector) was carried out in the last twenty years. From the ethno-botanical point of view, Calabria is one of the most interesting region, since in the ancient times it was subject to the dominant cultures of several people (Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans etc.). Until some decades ago the road network was poorly developed and villages were isolated, so that the culture of the "subsistence" and some archaic customs were kept.

Methods

Data were collected by means of "open" interviews to farmers, shepherds and housewives in the last twenty years. More than 100 informants were interviewed, mostly over 50 years old. Plants were identified by local informants through gathering in the area or through examination of the fresh plants collected by the researchers. The collected data were compared with pharmacobotanical papers mainly of southern Italy and with other studies, in order to highlight novelties or concordances of uses.

Results

The use of 62 taxa distributed into 34 families are described. Among these, 8 are or were employed in veterinary science, 8 as anti-parasitic agents, 19 in minor nourishment, 5 as seasoning, 38 for other uses. Some toxic species for cattle are also mentioned.

Conclusion

Among the major findings: the use of Helleborus bocconei for bronchitis of bovines and of Scrophularia canina for lameness in veterinary science; Nerium oleander and Urginea maritima as anti-parasitic agents; Epilobium angustifolium, Centaurea napifolia L. and C. sphaerocephala L. in minor nourishment.
Dynamic usage of transcription start sites within core promoters
Authors: Kawaji Hideya , Frith Martin C , Katayama Shintaro , Sandelin Albin , Kai Chikatoshi , Kawai Jun , Carninci Piero , Hayashizaki Yoshihide
Published: December 2006

Background

Mammalian promoters do not initiate transcription at single, well defined base pairs, but rather at multiple, alternative start sites spread across a region. We previously characterized the static structures of transcription start site usage within promoters at the base pair level, based on large-scale sequencing of transcript 5' ends.

Results

In the present study we begin to explore the internal dynamics of mammalian promoters, and demonstrate that start site selection within many mouse core promoters varies among tissues. We also show that this dynamic usage of start sites is associated with CpG islands, broad and multimodal promoter structures, and imprinting.

Conclusion

Our results reveal a new level of biologic complexity within promoters - fine-scale regulation of transcription starting events at the base pair level. These events are likely to be related to epigenetic transcriptional regulation.
Interaction of monocytic cells with respiratory syncytial virus results in activation of NF-κB and PKC-α/β leading to up-regulation of IL-15 gene expression
Authors: Ennaciri Jamila , Ahmad Rasheed , Menezes José
Published: December 2006

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major human respiratory pathogen, particularly for infants. RSV is also a powerful inducer of cytokines, one of which is IL-15, an important immunoregulatory cytokine. IL-15 plays a key role in NK and T cell development and differentiation and also regulates NK cell/macrophage interaction, as well as monocyte/macrophage and granulocyte function. We have shown previously that different viruses up-regulate IL-15 gene expression in human PBMCs. Recently, we found that RSV induces the expression of IL-15 mRNA in the monocytic line THP-1. The signaling pathway involved in such virus-induced up-regulation of IL-15 has not yet been identified. We report here a study describing this mechanism. Because of the involvement of the protein kinase C (PKC) and the transcription factor NF-κB in the regulation of others cytokines by RSV as well as the involvement of NF-κB in the transactivation of IL-15, our hypothesis was that RSV induced the expression of IL-15 in THP-1 cells through the PKC and NF-κB activation. We demonstrate here that RSV-induced up-regulation of IL-15 expression in THP-1 cells involves the phosphorylation of PKC-α/β. Further, inhibition of PKC by different specific inhibitors blocks this up-regulation. Using the electromobility shift assay, we show that the activated form of NF-κB binds to the IL-15 promoter sequence. We further confirm, using an ELISA assay, the involvement of p65 in the transcription of IL-15. This study, demonstrating the ability of RSV to induce IL-15 expression, might explain, at least in part, the exacerbated, inflammatory response triggered by RSV infection.
Optimization of a myeloid cell transfusion strategy for infected neutropenic hosts
Authors: Spellberg Brad J , Collins Mary , Avanesian Valentina , Gomez Mayela , Edwards John E , Cogle Christopher , Applebaum David , Fu Yue , Ibrahim Ashraf S
Published: December 2006

Although granulocyte transfusion is a logical, therapeutic option for neutropenic patients with refractory infections, significant technical barriers have prevented its widespread use. A novel phagocyte transfusion strategy has been developed based on activation of a human myeloid cell line HL-60. To further define the potential for HL-60 cells to recapitulate white cell transfusions, a shortened duration of activation was evaluated, facile quality control markers were defined, and the impact of low-dose irradiation on cell function was determined. Three days of activation resulted in increased cell viability and in vitro candidacidal capacity but with slightly higher cell replication compared with 7 days of activation. Cell viability and several flow cytometric measurements were accurate, quality control markers for HL-60 activation. In combination with activation, low-dose irradiation abrogated replication while sparing the candidacidal effects of the HL-60 cells. Infusion of irradiated, activated HL-60 cells improved survival of neutropenic, candidemic mice significantly. In summary, activated, irradiated HL-60 cells are microbicidal, have virtually no replicative capacity, and are safe and effective at protecting neutropenic mice against an otherwise 100% fatal candidal infection. With continued development, this strategy to recapitulate neutrophil functions has the potential to serve as an effective alternative to granulocyte transfusions.