bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Silvering Stages in European Eels: A Study on Biological and Morphometric Variations in the Asi River, Türkiye
Authors: Demirci Aydın
Published: November 2024

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) undergoes significant morphological and physiological changes during its transition from the yellow to the silver stage, which are critical for its long-distance spawning migration. This study aimed to investigate these changes in European eels from the Asi River, located in Hatay, Türkiye, during their silvering process. A total of 96 eels were sampled in February 2019, and various morphometric measurements, including total length, body weight, eye dimensions and height, and pectoral fin lengths, were taken. Liver and gonad weights were also measured to assess the hepatosomatic index (HSI). The length–weight relationship for silver eels was described by the equation, W = 0.0072 × L2.732, with silver-stage eels showing a higher growth rate compared to yellow-stage eels, which had a relationship of W = 0.0184 × L2.397. The average total length of silver eels (431.2 ± 16.7 mm) was significantly greater than that of yellow eels (382.4 ± 11.9 mm). Additionally, pectoral fin length was significantly longer in silver eels (20.8 ± 1.1 mm) compared to yellow eels (14.8 ± 0.9 mm). The hepatosomatic index (HSI) for silver eels was also found to be higher than for yellow eels, indicating increased liver size as an adaptation for energy storage during migration. Eye height, a key indicator of silvering, showed a substantial increase during the transition, with silver-stage eels having an average eye height of 5.3 ± 0.2 mm compared to 4.2 ± 0.1 mm in yellow-stage eels.
Population Genetics and Gene Flow in Cyphotilapia frontosa and Cyphotilapia gibberosa Along the East Coast of Lake Tanganyika
Authors: Jackson George D. , Standish Timothy , Çetintaş Ortaç , Zinenko Oleksandr , Shechonge Asilatu H. , Yanchukov Alexey
Published: November 2024

The radiation of cichlid species in the East African Great Lakes is remarkable and rapid. The population genetics of two deep-water Cyphotilapia species along the east coast of Lake Tanganyika from Burundi to southern Tanzania was determined using ddRAD-seq. A combination of ADMIXTURE, PCA, genome polarization, and 2D site frequency spectrum analyses confirmed the presence of two species, C. frontosa in the north and C. gibberosa in the south, as documented in other studies. We also found evidence of a potential hybrid zone connecting the two species at a sharp genetic cline centered in the middle of the lake and apparent introgression in both directions, but predominantly from ‘gibberosa’ into ‘frontosa’. The highest proportion of introgressed ‘gibberosa’ ancestry was present in the southernmost populations of C. frontosa collected near Karilani Island and Cape Kabogo. At the intra-specific level, there was support for between 1 and 3 populations of C. frontosa, whereas the results indicated only a single homogeneous population of C. gibberosa. The presence of different morphs in the lake despite the low levels of heterozygosity suggests that a small number of loci may be involved in the morphological variation and/or that there is a more complex interplay between genetics and the environment in different locations.
Utilizing Microbial Electrochemical Methods to Enhance Lycopene Production in Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: Huang Ningxin , Wang Zhengxiao , Xiao Xiao , Gai Te’er , Zhao Dongyue , Liu Lu , Wu Wei
Published: November 2024

Utilizing Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R. pal), this study constructed a dual-chamber microbial electrosynthesis system, based on microbial electrolysis cells, that was capable of producing lycopene. Cultivation within the electrosynthesis chamber yielded a lycopene concentration of 282.3722 mg/L when the optical density (OD) reached 0.6, which was four times greater than that produced by original strains. The mutant strain showed significantly higher levels of extracted riboflavin compared to the wild-type strain, and the riboflavin content of the mutant strain was 61.081 mg/L, which was more than 10 times that of the original strain. Furthermore, sequencing and analyses were performed on the mutant strains observed during the experiment. The results indicated differences in antibiotic resistance genes, carbohydrate metabolism-related genes, and the frequencies of functional genes between the mutant and original strains. The mutant strain displayed potential advantages in specific antibiotic resistance and carbohydrate degradation capabilities, likely attributable to its adaptation to electrogenic growth conditions. Moreover, the mutant strain demonstrated an enrichment of gene frequencies associated with transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and amino acid metabolism, suggesting a complex genetic adaptation to electrogenic environments. This study presents a novel approach for the efficient and energy-conserving production of lycopene while also providing deeper insights into the genetic basis of electro-resistance genes.
Assessment of the Stability and Nutritional Quality of Hemp Oil and Pumpkin Seed Oil Blends
Authors: Siol Marta , Chołuj Natalia , Mańko-Jurkowska Diana , Bryś Joanna
Published: November 2024

This study characterized the quality of hemp oil (HO) and pumpkin seed oil (PO) and their blends before and after 2 and 4 months of storage at refrigerated and room temperature, without access to light and oxygen. The analyses included determining the acid value, peroxide value, fatty acid (FA) composition, and FA distribution in triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules. Pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) was used to assess the oxidative stability of oils and their blends. This study also evaluated the nutritional potential of hemp oil and pumpkin seed oil blends, as atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and health-promoting indices and hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio were calculated. The tested samples differed in properties depending on the storage time and temperature. The optimal choice was a blend of 50% hemp oil (HO) and 50% pumpkin oil (PO). This mixture demonstrated the desired fatty acid composition, satisfactory acid and peroxide values, and a relatively good oxidation induction time during storage. Despite the unfavorable distribution of FAs in TAG molecules, it was characterized by a balanced ratio of n-3 to n-6 acids. It was also concluded that research on HO and PO mixtures should be continued due to the potential synergistic effect of their bioactive substances.
Bioactive Compounds of Sea Mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) Waste Affected by Drying Methods
Authors: Templonuevo Rea Mae , Lee Kang-Hee , Oh Seung-Min , Zhao Yue , Chun Jiyeon
Published: November 2024

Sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) is a brown macroalga extensively cultivated and consumed in South Korea. However, the high volume of seaweed production in the country results in substantial waste generation. To mitigate this issue, the bioactive compounds of sea mustard waste parts (sporophyll, root, and stem) were assessed under different drying conditions (freeze, oven, and microwave drying) to evaluate their potential as functional ingredients. The sporophyll contained the highest levels of total chlorophyll (540.38 μg/g), fucoxanthin (165.87 μg/g), flavonoids (5.47 μg QE/g), phytomenadione (332.59 μg/100 g), and cobalamin (5.92 μg/100 g). In contrast, the root exhibited the highest antioxidant activities (DPPH: 1582.37 μg GAE/g; ABTS: 0.93 mg AAE/g), total polyphenol (2718.81 μg GAE/g) and phlorotannin (4298.22 μg PGE/g) contents. Freeze drying achieved the best retention rates for most bioactive compounds, except for fucoxanthin, which was highest in microwave-dried samples. These results demonstrate the potential of sea mustard waste as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, with the retention of these compounds being influenced by drying methods, depending on the specific part of the seaweed.
Effect of Pea Protein Isolate–Soybean Meal Ratio on Fiber Structure and Texture Properties of High-Moisture Meat Analogs
Authors: Wang Zhongjiang , Tian Yachao , Lou Fangxiao , Guo Zengwang
Published: November 2024

Inadequate fibrous attributes and prohibitive pricing are pivotal barriers to the broader market penetration of meat analogs (MAs). This research endeavors to address these impediments by formulating a blend of cost-effective soybean meal (SM) and pea protein isolate (PPI) across a spectrum of ratios (PPI:SM = 1:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, and 0:1). The analysis of textural properties elucidated that the integration of SM markedly diminished the textural rigidity and mastication resistance of MAs. Employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fibrillation degree metrics, it was ascertained that the most favorable fibrous architecture of MAs was attained at a PPI to SM ratio of 6:4. Further experimental evidence underscored that the synergistic interaction between SM and PPI catalyzed the conversion of free sulfhydryl groups into disulfide linkages, a pivotal mechanism in the augmentation of MAs’ fibrous matrices. The conclusions drawn from this study provide substantive contributions to the formulation of superior-quality, economically viable MAs, and could potentially accelerate their market acceptance.
Fairness and Contractual Performance in Vertical Linkages Within an Uncertain Environment: A Case of a Tomato Value Chain
Authors: Benmehaia Amine M. , Samoggia Antonella , Benharrat Oualid , Benziouche Salah Eddine , Ayfantopoulou Georgia
Published: November 2024

In developing countries with uncertain institutional environments, ensuring fairness in contractual arrangements within food value chains is crucial to overcome modern challenges. This paper empirically investigates the vertical relationship between tomato growers and canneries in Algerian agriculture to assess the determinants of contractual performances and price fairness implications. The study is based on an analysis of a comprehensive dataset of 9127 tomato growers engaged in contract farming over four years (2018–2021). Three regression methods were estimated, namely logit, tobit, and quantile regressions, alongside exploratory analysis. The main findings shed light on the factors influencing contractual performance among contracting producers, primarily farm scale and distance from the contracting processor. Additionally, the findings highlight the key role of contract enforcement mechanisms in influencing the contractual performances of tomato growers. Several recommendations are made to incentivize tomato growers and improve overall contractual performance within such public policy settings. Contract arrangements, including fair price negotiation and the requirement for tomato processing firms to make specific investments, are advocated to foster self-enforcement and significantly enhance the growers’ contractual performance. This is particularly important in many developing countries where the business environment is characterized by an absence of effective public enforcement institutions along with a highly uncertain environment.
Effect of Ceramides Derivatives from the Peach on Skin Function Improvement in UV-Irradiated Hairless Mice
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Lee Minhee , Cho Wonhee , Yoo Eunhee , Kim Jinhak , Gwon Yuri , Okayasu Musashi , Lee Jeongmin
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the protective effects of a ceramides derivates from the peach (PF3) on photoaging by UV-irradiated hairless mice. Mice were randomly divided into seven groups: AIN93G without UVB exposure (normal control, NC), AIN93G with UVB exposure (control, C), AIN93G supplemented 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) of L-ascorbic acid with UVB exposure (AA), AIN93G supplemented 100 mg/kg BW of arbutin with UVB exposure (Arbutin), AIN93G supplemented 10 mg/kg BW of PF3 with UVB exposure (10PF3), AIN93G supplemented 20 mg/kg BW of PF3 with UVB exposure (20PF3), and AIN93G supplemented 40 mg/kg BW of PF3 with UVB exposure (40PF3). The study examined the impact of PF3 on skin hydration, wrinkle formation, and melanogenesis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), and Western blot analysis. The PF3 demonstrated significant protective effects against photoaging by reducing skin wrinkle formation, decreasing epidermal and dermal thickening, and improving skin hydration. It also enhanced the expression of moisture-related factors (hyaluronic acid synthase [HAS], long-chain ceramides [LCBs], dihydroceramide desaturase 1 [DEGS1], and type I collagen [COL1A]) and antioxidant enzyme activities while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. The PF3 supplementation positively modulated skin wrinkle formation-related factors, increasing collagen-related gene expression and decreasing matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, PF3 showed potential in regulating melanogenesis by reducing the nitric oxide and cAMP content, as well as the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins. These comprehensive findings suggest that PF3 supplementation may be an effective strategy for preventing and treating UVB-induced skin photoaging through multiple mechanisms, including improved skin structure, hydration, antioxidant defense, and reduced inflammation and pigmentation.
Automation and Optimization of Food Process Using CNN and Six-Axis Robotic Arm
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Kim Sangoh
Published: November 2024

The Food Process Robot Intelligent System (FPRIS) integrates a 3D-printed six-axis robotic arm with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer Vision (CV) to optimize and automate the coffee roasting process. As an application of FPRIS coffee roasting, this system uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify coffee beans inside the roaster and control the roaster in real time, avoiding obstacles and empty spaces. This study demonstrates FPRIS’s capability to precisely control the Degree of Roasting (DoR) by combining gas and image sensor data to assess coffee bean quality. A comparative analysis between the Preliminary Coffee Sample (PCS) and Validation Coffee Sample (VCS) revealed that increasing roast intensity resulted in consistent trends for both samples, including an increase in weight loss and Gas sensor Initial Difference (GID) and a decrease in Sum of Pixel Grayscale Values (SPGVs). This study underscores the potential of FPRIS to enhance precision and efficiency in coffee roasting. Future studies will expand on these findings by testing FPRIS across various food processes, potentially establishing a universal automation system for the food industry.
Optimization of Variable-Temperature Pressure-Difference Puffing Drying Process for Persimmon Chips Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Tang Xiaoxian , Xian Zhaokun , Liu Yan , Ren Aiqing , Tan Hanying , Pan Yuyan , Duan Zhenhua
Published: November 2024

This study focused on persimmons and applied variable-temperature pressure-differential puffing drying to produce persimmon chips. The effects of puffing pressure, holding time, drying temperature, and duration on moisture content, crispness, and sensory scores were examined. The optimal parameters determined via response surface methodology were a pressure differential of 0.46 MPa, holding time of 10 min, drying temperature of 94 °C, and drying time of 92 min, achieving a moisture content of 3.63%, crispness of 362.83 g, and sensory score of 90.8. Microstructural and porosity analysis showed that this method predominantly produced chips with large pores and enhanced pore volume (0.2949 cm3/g), porosity (30.16%), and average pore diameter (194.0 nm). Compared to microwave drying, vacuum microwave drying, and vacuum frying, the pore volume of persimmon chips processed using pressure-differential puffing drying increased by 57.7% to 237.8%, the porosity improved by 57.2% to 237.8%, and the average pore diameter grew by 82.2% to 660.8%. Notably, the differences were most pronounced when compared to vacuum frying, with increases of 237.8%, 237.8%, and 660.8%, respectively. These results indicate that pressure-differential puffing drying is superior in creating loose structures and achieving high-quality persimmon chips, making it the preferred processing method.
Finite Difference and Chebyshev Collocation for Time-Fractional and Riesz Space Distributed-Order Advection–Diffusion Equation with Time-Delay
Authors: Wang Fang , Chen Yuxue , Liu Yuting
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we have established a numerical method for a class of time-fractional and Riesz space distributed-order advection–diffusion equation with time-delay. Firstly, we transform the Riesz space distributed-order derivative term of the diffusion equation into multi-term fractional derivatives by using the Gauss quadrature formula. Secondly, we discretize time by using second-order finite differences, discretize space by using second kind Chebyshev polynomials, and convert the multi-term fractional equation to a system of algebraic equations. Finally, we solve the algebraic equations by the iterative method, and prove the stability and convergence. Moreover, relevant examples are shown to verify the validity of our algorithm.
Effect of Carrot Callus Cells on the Mechanical, Rheological, and Sensory Properties of Hydrogels Based on Xanthan and Konjac Gums
Authors: Günter Elena , Popeyko Oxana , Vityazev Fedor , Zueva Natalia , Velskaya Inga , Popov Sergey
Published: November 2024

The study aims to develop a plant-based food gel with a unique texture using callus cells and a mixture of xanthan (X) and konjac (K) gums. The effect of encapsulation of carrot callus cells (0.1 and 0.2 g/mL) on properties of X-K hydrogels was studied using the mechanical and rheological analysis with a one-way ANOVA and Student’s t-test used for statistical analysis. Hedonic evaluation and textural features were obtained from 35 volunteers using a nine-point hedonic scale and a 100 mm visual analog scale with the Friedman’s test and the Durbin post hoc test used for statistical analysis. Mechanical hardness, gumminess, and elasticity increased by 1.1–1.3 and 1.1–1.8 times as a result of encapsulation 0.1 and 0.2 g/mL cells, respectively. The addition of cells to the hydrogels resulted in an increase in the complex viscosity, strength, and number of linkages in the gel. The hydrogel samples received identical ratings for overall and consistency liking, as well as taste, aroma, and texture features. However, the callus cell-containing hydrogel had a graininess score that was 82% higher than the callus cell-free hydrogel. The obtained hydrogels based on gums and immobilized carrot callus cells with unique textures may be useful for the development of diverse food textures and the production of innovative functional foods.
Reinforcement of Dextran Methacrylate-Based Hydrogel, Semi-IPN, and IPN with Multivalent Crosslinkers
Authors: Paoletti Luca , Ferrigno Gianluca , Zoratto Nicole , Secci Daniela , Di Meo Chiara , Matricardi Pietro
Published: November 2024

The need for new biomaterials to meet the needs of advanced healthcare therapies is constantly increasing. Polysaccharide-based matrices are considered extremely promising because of their biocompatibility and soft structure; however, their use is limited by their poor mechanical properties. In this light, a strategy for the reinforcement of dextran-based hydrogels and interpenetrated polymer networks (semi-IPNs and IPNs) is proposed, which will introduce multifunctional crosslinkers that can modify the network crosslinking density. Hydrogels were prepared via dextran methacrylation (DexMa), followed by UV photocrosslinking in the presence of diacrylate (NPGDA), triacrylate (TMPTA), and tetraacrylate (PETA) crosslinkers at different concentrations. The effect of these molecules was also tested on DexMa-gellan semi-IPN (DexMa/Ge) and, later, on IPN (DexMa/CaGe), obtained after solvent exchange with CaCl2 in HEPES and the resulting Ge gelation. Mechanical properties were investigated via rheological and dynamic mechanical analyses to assess the rigidity, resistance, and strength of the systems. Our findings support the use of crosslinkers with different functionality to modulate the properties of polysaccharide-based scaffolds, making them suitable for various biomedical applications. While no significative difference is observed on enriched semi-IPN, a clear improvement is visible on DexMa and DexMa/CaGe systems when TMPTA and NPGDA crosslinker are introduced at higher concentrations, respectively.
CO2 Foamed Viscoelastic Gel-Based Seawater Fracturing Fluid for High-Temperature Wells
Authors: Al-Darweesh Jawad , Aljawad Murtada Saleh , Kamal Muhammad Shahzad , Mahmoud Mohamed , Alajmei Shabeeb , Karadkar Prasad B. , Harbi Bader G.
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the development of a novel CO2-foamed viscoelastic gel-based fracturing fluid to address the challenges of high-temperature formations. The influence of various parameters, including surfactant type and concentration, gas fraction, shear rate, water salinity, temperature, and pressure, on foam viscosity was systematically explored. Rheological experiments were conducted using a high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) rheometer at 150 °C and pressures ranging from 6.89 to 20.68 MPa. To simulate field conditions, synthetic high-salinity water was employed. The thermal stability of the CO2 foam was evaluated at a constant shear rate of 100 1/s for 180 min. Additionally, foamability and foam stability were assessed using an HPHT foam analyzer at 100 °C. The results demonstrate that liquid phase chemistry, experimental conditions, and gas fraction significantly impact foam viscosity. Viscoelastic surfactants achieved a peak foam viscosity of 0.183 Pa·s at a shear rate of 100 1/s and a 70% foam quality, surpassing previous records. At lower foam qualities (≤50%), pressure had a negligible effect on foam viscosity, whereas at higher qualities, it increased viscosity by over 30%. While a slight increase in viscosity was observed with foam qualities between 40% and 60%, a significant enhancement was noted at 65% foam quality. The addition of polymers did not improve foam viscosity. The generation of viscous and stable foams is crucial for effective proppant transport and fracture induction. However, maintaining the thermal stability of CO2 foams with minimal additives remains a significant challenge in the industry. This laboratory study provides valuable insights into the development of stable CO2 foams for stimulating high-temperature wells.
Mental Health and Work: A Systematic Review of the Concept
Authors: Lancman Selma , de Campos Bicudo Sofia Pinto Bueno , da Silva Rodrigues Daniela , de Fatima Zanoni Nogueira Lilian , de Oliveira Barros Juliana , de Lima Barroso Barbara Iansã
Published: November 2024

Background: The association between mental health and work has led to multiple meanings and definitions, leading to generalizations and equivalences that do not always reflect similar meanings. Objectives/Methods: To map and analyze the definitions of mental health related to work in the literature and identify the professional practices arising, a systematic review was carried out following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Six databases were selected for consultation, which was carried out in March 2023. Results: From the search, 26 articles were selected and most of them do not define the concept of mental health, nor the influence of work on mental health–illness processes. Few articles report working conditions and the professional environment as generators of stress. Even if these conditions exist, the studies highlight that individuals already had previous personality traits that made them susceptible to disorders. Conclusions: Failure to adopt clear theoretical–methodological references regarding the concept of mental health and its relationship with work weakens the field and professional practice. Moreover, the literature does not point to changes in work or indicate possibilities for returning to assisted/compatible work, vocational reorientation, or other means of overcoming the problem within work and organizations, with significant impacts on the design of public policies in the field.
One-Leg Standing Test with Eyes Open as a Screening Tool for Prefrailty in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Women
Authors: Liu Zhenyue , Sawada Shuji , Naito Hisashi , Machida Shuichi
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: One-leg standing test with eyes open (OLST), a well-known balance assessment, is simple to implement and requires no special measuring equipment or space. Prefrailty has greater reversibility than frailty, and early detection of prefrailty is essential for frailty prevention in older adults, especially women. However, the association between the OLST and prefrailty remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the relationship between the OLST and prefrailty and to validate the effectiveness of the OLST as a screening tool for prefrailty in older Japanese women. Methods: This study included 208 community-dwelling older women (mean age: 74.4 ± 5.1 years; range: 65–89) who underwent frailty assessments and OLST. Prefrailty was assessed using the Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (J-CHS) criteria. The association between prefrailty and OLST was assessed by binary logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to examine the effectiveness of OLST as a screening tool for prefrailty. Results: OLST time was significantly associated with prefrailty, and those with higher OLST times were less likely to have prefrailty (ORs: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97–0.99; p < 0.001). The area under the curve of the OLST for prefrailty was 0.713 (p < 0.001), and the optimal OLST cut-off time for discriminating prefrailty was 24 s (sensitivity: 0.56, specificity: 0.77). Conclusions: OLST could be used as a screening tool for prefrailty in older Japanese women. These findings may contribute to the early detection and prevention of frailty.
Prevalence of Value-Based Care for Older People with Dementia Likely to Be Nearing End of Life: A Hospital Retrospective Cohort
Authors: Shah Ruzanna , Ní Chróinín Danielle , He Jenny , Cardona Magnolia
Published: November 2024

Background: Patients with dementia (PwD) nearing end of life (nEOL) do not always receive optimal end-of-life care, including timely specialist palliative care input. In hospitalized PwD likely to be nEOL, we aimed to determine the prevalence of goals of care discussions; the incidence and timing of referral to palliative care; factors associated with palliative care referral and timely (within 2 days) palliative care referral; and the prevalence of polypharmacy (>5 medications) and in-hospital deprescribing (cessation). Methods: A retrospective chart review of a cohort of PwD admitted under geriatric medicine 1 July 2021–30 June 2022 was conducted, screening to identify nEOL status. Results: A total of 298 patients (mean age of 83.5 [SD 7.4] and 51.3% females) were included in the final analysis. Eleven percent of eligible patients (33/298) died during admission. Overall, 80.9% had discussed an advance care plan (ACP). The mean time from admission to the discussion of an ACP was 1 day (SD = 5.02). One in twenty (5.4%) had their goals of care revised during admission, with 15 transitioning to palliation. Only 7.1% were referred to palliative care during admission. The mean time to referral was 9.8 days (SD 7.3; range 0–26). One in fourteen (7.4%) were discharged from hospital on an end-of-life pathway. In multivariable analysis, both the clinical frailty score (CFS) (aOR per unit increase 3.66; 95%CI 1.65–8.09, p = 0.001) and meeting ≥ 2 deterioration criteria (per CriSTAL tool) (OR 3.68; 95% CI 1.07–12.70, p = 0.039) were independently associated with referral to palliative care. Polypharmacy was common at admission (76.2%), with a mean number of medications of 8.4 (SD = 4). The median number of medications ceased during admission was two (IQR 0–4). Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, we found a high quality of care of PwD likely nEOL, reflected by frequent ACPs in hospital, but it fell short of palliative care specialist input. Polypharmacy on admission and discharge may be further improved by aligning medication use with goals of care among PwD approaching the end of life, and considering the hospital nurse-driven identification of practice gaps is encouraged.
Assessing Community Pharmacists’ Management of Acute Diarrhea in Saudi Arabia: A Simulated Patient Study
Authors: Alnezary Faris S. , Alahmadi Dina A. , Abduljaleel Fatima N. , Alharbi Riham G. , Alzahrani Fahad , Almutairi Masaad S.
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global health, and community pharmacists are positioned to play a crucial role in mitigating this issue. The present study aimed to evaluate the extent of compliance among community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia with relevant regulations and clinical guidelines in the management of suspected infectious diarrhea. Method: This cross-sectional study employed simulated patients presenting with diarrhea to assess the management practices within 200 community pharmacies in two major cities across Saudi Arabia. Trained pharmacy students presented pharmacists with three case scenarios involving adult patients with diarrhea. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine the relationships between pharmacist characteristics and practice categories. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the performance of community pharmacists in managing diarrhea is suboptimal. Notably, less adequate practice emerged as the predominant outcome at 63% (n = 126). Only 14% (n = 28) of pharmacists demonstrated adequate practice, while 23% (n = 46) exhibited poor investigative practice. Metronidazole dispensing increased across scenarios, from 16.92% (n = 11) in Scenario 1 to 30.3% (n = 20) in Scenario 3. Most pharmacists inquired about the patient’s age (72%; n = 144); however, only a limited number probed for symptoms of dehydration (5.5%, n = 11) and medication history (3%, n = 6). A significant association was found between geographical location and practice performance (p = 0.015). Conclusions: This study reveals significant deficiencies in the management of infection-related diarrhea, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced training and regulatory measures within community pharmacy settings in Saudi Arabia to improve patient care and effectively address antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
An Analysis of the Implementation and Use of (Critical) Incident Reporting Systems ((C)IRSs) in German Hospitals: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study from 2017 to 2022
Authors: Hölzing Carlos Ramon , Meybohm Patrick , Meynhardt Charlotte , Happel Oliver
Published: November 2024

Background: Incident reporting systems (IRSs) have become a central instrument for improving patient safety in hospitals. In Germany, hospitals are legally required to implement internal IRSs, while participation in cross-institutional IRSs is voluntary. Methods: In a retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional study, the structured quality reports of all German hospitals from 2017 to 2022 (2598–2408 hospitals (2017–2022)) were analysed. The participation of hospitals in internal and cross-institutional IRSs was examined, as was the frequency of training and evaluations of incident reports. Results: The rate of participation in internal IRSs increased from 94.0% in 2017 to 96.6% in 2019 and remained stable at 96.0% in 2022. About 85% of hospitals conducted internal evaluations of the incident reports, with monthly evaluations being the most common (33.9%). Training on how to use IRSs was mostly provided on an ad hoc basis (41.6% in 2022), with regular training being less common. Participation in cross-institutional IRSs increased significantly from 44.5% in 2017 to 55% in 2019 and remained stable until 2022. Participation in hospital IRSs showed significant increases, while specialised systems exhibited lower participation rates. Conclusions: Internal IRSs have been established in German hospitals; however, there is still room for improvement in conducting regular training sessions and evaluations. Although participation in cross-institutional IRSs has increased, it remains fragmented. Further centralisation and standardisation could enhance efficiency and contribute to an improvement in patient safety.
Threshold Spaces: The Transitional Spaces Between Outside and Inside in Traditional Indian Dwellings
Authors: Tzortzi Julia Nerantzia , Saxena Ishita
Published: November 2024

This research paper examines threshold spaces in traditional housing within historic Indian cities, emphasizing how these transitional areas are shaped by cultural, social, and environmental influences. It underscores that thresholds function beyond mere physical divisions between interior and exterior; they are intricate spatial elements that engage the senses and perception. Key findings include the following: (a) Historical evolution: traditional dwellings display layers of history, shaped by cultural, economic, and climatic factors. (b) Character and morphology: this paper explores the qualities and structures of threshold spaces, analyzing features such as transparency, material choice, hierarchy, and enclosure. (c) Social significance: thresholds play essential roles, supporting a variety of activities, providing shelter, defining boundaries, enhancing community interaction and security, and contributing to residents’ identities. (d) Design implications: insights from this study suggest that a deeper understanding of these spaces can enhance design strategies for transitional areas in housing, highlighting their functional and socio-cultural value. The study adopts a structured comparative analysis of six case studies, evaluated at four scales—township, neighborhood, dwelling, and threshold—focusing on spatial parameters including design, function, definition, structure, and sequence. Overall, this paper highlights the critical role of threshold spaces in architecture and urban design, demonstrating their potential to enhance social interaction, define spatial relationships, and reflect cultural significance in contemporary design practices.
The Effect of Changing the Beam of an Ancient Ship’s Hull on Its Capacity, Stability, and Performance
Authors: Rudan Smiljko , Radić Rossi Irena , Jerat Grgo , Zamarin Albert , Sviličić Šimun , Lucchini Alice
Published: November 2024

Wooden ships on the shipwreck sites are usually only partially preserved, and reconstructing the original hull lines requires considerable effort. The shape of the hull has a direct effect on the ship’s capacity to carry cargo, as well as on its speed and stability. When reconstructing the hull lines, the incomplete nature of the archaeological remains results in the interpretation of the available data. The outcome, therefore, depends on the assumptions and decisions associated with the reconstruction process. This paper examines how the variation in a single parameter, namely, the beam, affects the performance of the vessel. Considering the availability of the model, the Kyrenia ship from the fourth/third century BC is used as a case study. The scope of this paper is to demonstrate and quantify the effect of beam variation on ancient ship performance, namely, the ship cargo capacity, stability, and resistance. Kyrenia ship was used as a study case based on hull lines proposed by Steffy in 1985. The aim is not to modify Steffy’s original reconstruction but to demonstrate that small deviations could significantly affect the performance of the vessel. In addition, an increase in the height of the ship’s sides is proposed as a possible solution to increase the load capacity of the ship. The opportunity to explore a whole set of trials and reconstructive variations with naval engineering software can deepen our understanding of ship performance, allowing us to improve our approach to reconstruction, too.
Evaluating the Impact of STEM Academic Interventions on College Readiness for Rural Students
Authors: Walton Janet B. , May Toni A. , Johnson Carla C.
Published: November 2024

This study used a quasi-experimental cohort approach to investigate the impact of early academic interventions on rural students’ academic college readiness as measured by indicators of science, mathematics, and English language proficiency in the United States. The program, delivered by a higher education institution, implemented a range of academic supports for students, including tutoring and in-class and after-school support by credentialed instructors, with the aim of preparing students for success in secondary and post-secondary educational experiences. The American College Testing (ACT) Aspire scores in science, mathematics, English language comprehension, and reading for a cohort of 8th-grade students in their second year of program participation (n = 100) were compared to the scores of a cohort of non-participants (n = 86) from the same school. Students who had participated in the program were significantly more likely than non-participants to meet college readiness benchmarks in all content areas and scored significantly higher than the non-program cohort in terms of their average percentile ranks. More research is needed to understand how particular interventions or combinations of interventions implemented in middle school impact students’ college readiness.
Fruit Sorting Based on Maturity Reduces Internal Disorders in Vapor Heat-Treated ‘B74’ Mango
Authors: Khanal Amit , Ullah Muhammad Asad , Joyce Priya , White Neil , Macnish Andrew , Hoffman Eleanor , Irving Donald , Webb Richard , Joyce Daryl
Published: November 2024

Postharvest internal disorders (IDs) in mango fruit present a significant challenge to the industry, with their underlying causes still unclear. This study investigated the relationship between fruit maturity and the susceptibility of vapor heat-treated (VHT) ‘B74’ mangoes to IDs in three experiments. In the first experiment, fruit were categorized into three maturity groups based on dry matter content (DMC): <15%, 15–17%, and >17%, using a handheld near-infrared device. Half of the fruit in each group underwent VHT, while the remainder were untreated controls. Flesh cavity with white patches (FCWP) was the only disorder observed exclusively in VHT fruit. The incidence and severity of FCWP was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in fruit with <15% DMC, with 12.4% incidence and a severity score of 0.2 on a 0–3 scale (0: healthy and 3: severely affected), compared to more mature fruit. In the second experiment, the fruits were harvested at early and late maturity stages, with average DMC values of 14.5% and 17.4%, respectively. The fruit was subjected to no VHT, VHT, and VHT following a 12 h pre-conditioning period at 37 ± 1 °C. Consistent with the first experiment, FCWP was observed only in VHT fruit, with early-harvested fruit displaying a significantly higher (p < 0.05) FCWP incidence (26.9%) and severity (0.3) compared to late-harvested fruit (8.3% incidence and 0.1 severity). Pre-conditioning significantly reduced FCWP, particularly in early-harvested fruit. In the third experiment, fruit maturity sorted based on density was assessed, followed by VHT and simulated sea freight under controlled (CA) and ambient atmospheres. Fruit density did not effectively differentiate maturity considering DMC as a maturity indicator. Storage conditions significantly reduced (p < 0.05) flesh browning incidence from 71.1% under ambient conditions to 33.3% under CA. This study highlights fruit maturity as a key factor in the susceptibility of ‘B74’ mangoes to postharvest IDs following VHT. Therefore, sorting fruit based on DMC at harvest or at the packing facility prior to VHT serves as a valuable decision support for reducing IDs in VHT fruit. Further research will explore advanced technologies to enable rapid and efficient fruit sorting based on DMC.
Photoaging Protective Effects of Quercitrin Isolated from ‘Green Ball’ Apple Peel
Authors: Lee Eun-Ho , Cho Junhyo , Kang In-Kyu
Published: November 2024

Premature skin aging, also known as photoaging, refers to the changes in the structure and function of the skin caused by chronic sun exposure. The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is one of the key factors that cause photoaging. Thus, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling can be an effective therapeutic strategy for ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. In this study, we used human dermal fibroblast and mouse macrophage cells to identify the mediators of skin photoaging. Quercitrin isolated from ‘Green Ball’ apple peel was treated to UVB-irradiated fibroblast cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages to identify the photoaging prevention effect of quercitrin. Genes that are associated with photoaging were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Quercitrin increased the collagen biosynthesis in UVB-irradiated fibroblast cells via regulating MMPs, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), TGFB1, hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A2). In addition, quercitrin regulated p-65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and its mediators (prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide), in the NF-κB signaling process, and it inhibited the production of cytokines in LPS-induced macrophages. These results indicate that quercitrin can improve photoaging damaged skin by regulating MMPs, TGFB1, and NF-κB signaling pathway modulators.
The Effect of Nighttime LED Lighting on Tomato Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Content of Fruits
Authors: Knyazeva Inna V. , Panfilova Olga , Vershinina Oksana , Smirnov Alexander A. , Dorokhov Alexey S. , Kahramanoğlu Ibrahim
Published: November 2024

Food insecurity is a top economic and national security concern in many countries, and scientists worldwide are working to increase crop productivity in order to address this issue. In line with this information, the present study aimed to test the possibility of improving the yield and fruit quality of two tomato cultivars, namely ‘Vspyshka’ and ‘Lyana’. The effect of LSL (light of sodium lamps—control) and the short additional 4 h treatment of nighttime LED lighting (LSL+night LED) with an increase in the proportion of red, blue, and far-red spectra on tomato fruit yield as well as its physiological, biochemical, and consumer attributes were compared in this study. The results suggested that LSL+night LED significantly increased soluble solids concentration, vitamin C content, and polyphenolic compounds of tomato fruits, taking into account the varietal characteristics. Moreover, a moderate to high relationship was also observed between the polyphenolic complex, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activity. It was concluded that the LSL+night LED could further enhance the relationship between polyphenols and antioxidants, as well as soluble solids concentration. LSL+night LED treatment also provided an increased accumulation of five essential amino acids associated with the taste characteristics of fruits, namely histidine, valine, threonine, licin, and the sum of isoleucine. In addition, the contents of lysine and methionine increased in the ‘Lyana’ cultivar. LSL+night LED treatment was also noted to have a less pronounced effect on the contents of aspartic acid and asparagine, as bio stimulators of plant growth processes, as well as the amino acids arginine, serine, glycine, and tyrosine, which were additionally consumed to restore photosynthesis. LSL+night LED treatment reduced the concentration of nitrates in fruits, which is a toxic element for human health. Overall, the results of the study are believed to be demanded in practical applications, with potential benefits in improving the elements of resource-saving technology for growing vegetable crops.
The Effectiveness of Topical Treatment for Plantar Warts: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Rayo Pérez Ana Mª , Juárez Jiménez José María , Rayo Rosado Rafael , García de la Peña Raquel
Published: November 2024

Background: Plantar warts, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), are a common condition that can be painful and resistant to treatment. There are various therapeutic options for managing them, but it is not always clear which are the most effective and tolerated by patients. Among the most commonly used treatments are a zinc and nitric complex (nitrizinc complex), cantharidin, and bleomycin, each with different mechanisms of action and profiles in terms of pain and patient satisfaction. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy, post-treatment pain, and patient satisfaction among three common treatments (zinc and nitric complex, cantharidin, and bleomycin) in subjects with plantar warts, as well as identify the most effective and best-tolerated treatment. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective case series study analyzing 60 records of subjects aged 18 to 40 years diagnosed with plantar warts without systemic diseases or allergies and without any prior treatment. Complete records from 2020 to 2023 were selected. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the treatment received (zinc and nitric complex, cantharidin, bleomycin), and demographic variables, post-treatment pain (measured using the visual analog scale), the number of sessions required, and satisfaction after discharge (evaluated with the Likert scale) were analyzed. Results: Of the 60 subjects included, the group treated with bleomycin experienced higher levels of pain after the first session (mean of 7.1 points on the VAS) compared to the cantharidin group (2.7 points) and the zinc and nitric complex group (1.1 points). However, the bleomycin group required fewer sessions for complete healing (an average of 1.8 sessions), while the nitric acid group needed more (3.4 sessions), with cantharidin falling in between (2.5 sessions). Regarding post-discharge satisfaction, all groups showed comparable scores (between 7.9 and 8.5 points), although cantharidin demonstrated slightly higher satisfaction. A statistical analysis showed significant differences in the number of sessions and post-treatment pain between treatments (p < 0.05) but not in final satisfaction. Conclusions: Although bleomycin treatment is more painful, it is the most effective in terms of reducing the number of sessions required for complete healing. Cantharidin offers a good balance between efficacy and patient satisfaction, while a zinc and nitric complex, although less painful, requires more sessions for complete treatment. Each treatment has specific advantages, suggesting that therapeutic choices should be personalized according to the patient’s needs and preferences.