bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF HYPODERMAL LARVAE OF THE NORTHERN CATTLE GRUB, HYPODERMA BOVIS (L.) (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) AT GUELPH, ONTARIO, AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN CONTROL PROGRAMS
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: March 2010

At Guelph, Ontario, in 1954 and 1955, respectively, the first larva of the northern cattle grub was found in the back of a heifer on February 3 and January 22; the first larva dropped from the back on May 5 and May 9, and the last on August 25 and July 25. The heifers were infested with hypodermal larvae for 203 days in 1954 and 184 days in 1955. The average period of development of hypodermal larvae was 82 days. Mortality of the larvae in the back averaged 44 and 54 per cent in the two years; all the larvae died in two animals that exhibited distinct resistance.The observations suggested an improved control schedule for southwestern Ontario. Two, possibly three, treatments should be applied: the first about May 1, the second 40–45 days later, and the third 30 days later.
NOTE ON LD50 FOR SHEEP OF ETHYLENEDIAMINE DIHYDRIODIDE
Authors: Hough W. H. , Carman G. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
STUDIES ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND RESPIRATION RATE OF BUFFALO COWS UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Alim K. A. , Ahmed I. A.
Published: March 2010

The results of observations on the body temperature and respiration rate of 10 buffalo cows, kept in open sheds during the summer in Egypt, over a period of 24 days, are reported.There was a wide range of variation between cows in their body reactions.The diurnal variations in body reactions tended to coincide with diurnal variations in atmospheric conditions.Vapour pressure was more closely correlated to physiological responses than was air temperature.Measurements of body temperature appeared to give a better assessment of heat tolerance than did respiration rate.
EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS IN EGG PRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Merritt E. S. , Aitken J. R. , Stewart Irene J.
Published: March 2010

Data from 14 egg production experiments, which had replicated pens and individual trapnest records, were analysed to obtain estimates of experimental error from which to determine pen effects. The experiments were all nutrition experiments and were conducted at four experimental stations.Analyses were carried out on both a hen-housed and survivor basis. For all experiments the sampling error (individuals) underestimated the experimental error (individuals + pens) by about 20 per cent on a hen-housed basis. On a survivor basis there was no evidence of pen effects, that is, the sampling error did not underestimate the experimental error.The coefficient of variation for all experiments was 40 per cent on a hen-housed basis and 25 per cent on a survivor basis.The relative efficiency of two experimental designs, randomized block and completely randomized, was calculated for 11 of the experiments (on a hen-housed basis only). With the exception of 2 experiments, there was an increased efficiency of up to 500 per cent in utilizing a randomized block design. The data further indicate that the increase in efficiency obtained with a randomized block design is much more marked when the blocks represent different houses than when the blocks consist of different locations within a house.
THE PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Brisson G. J. , Cunningham H. M. , Haskell S. R.
Published: March 2010

The protein and energy requirements of pre-weanling dairy calves were studied through the use of growth and balance trial techniques. Various levels of protein and energy were fed in both purified and semi-purified diets. The nitrogen retention of calves fed diets adequate in protein was 3.22 gm. per 100 gm. of gain in body weight. Energy requirement for maintenance was 44.7 digestible Calories per kg. of body weight per day and 268 digestible Calories were required per 100 gm. of gain in weight. These factors, along with previously determined values for endogenous nitrogen, were used to calculate the practical digestible energy and apparent digestible protein requirements of dairy calves.
NOTE ON A CHROMIUM OXIDE PELLET TO PROVIDE UNIFORM RELEASE OF THIS INDICATOR IN THE RUMEN OF CATTLE
Authors: Pigden W. J. , Brisson Germain J.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EFFECTS OF FROST DAMAGE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF WHEAT: II. FEEDING TESTS ON VARIOUS MILL FRACTIONS
Authors: Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Frost-damaged and high quality wheats, weighing 28 and 63 lb. per bushel, respectively, were milled and the patent, clear and red dog flours, the shorts and the bran were used in feeding trials with mice in a factorially designed experiment. Three levels of a multiple B-vitamin supplement were added (0, 25 and 50 per cent of the dietary requirements of the mouse) and the mill fractions were compared (a) directly as the major ingredients in rations containing 16 per cent protein; (b) in rations standardized to contain 7 per cent cellulose, and (c) in rations having wet bulk standardized.No deleterious effects of severe pre-harvest frost damage on the major mill fractions were revealed. Frozen wheat fractions proved to be superior to those from control samples in this test. It was concluded that the reduced feeding value of frozen wheat weighing less than about 45 lb. per bushel could be attributed mainly to the preponderance of bran and shorts, as opposed to endosperm, which reduced the amount of available energy per unit weight of wheat and in part to certain peculiar and yet unexplained effects of ration density which influenced feed capacity of the animals.
EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: I. INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE ON THE RESPIRATION RATE, HEART RATE, AND RECTAL TEMPERATURE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS
Authors: MacDonald M. A. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

This report presents data on the effect of low fluctuating ambient air temperatures on the rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows.Daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) inside the uninsulated University of Saskatchewan loose-housing shed ranged from −5° F. to 38° F. As ambient temperature decreased, rectal temperature and heart rate increased, while respiration rate decreased. Levels of significance were 10, 9, and 1 per cent for regressions of rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, respectively, on DMAAT. Levels of significance were 7, 10, and 1 per cent for regressions of rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate, respectively, on degree hours per day (d-h/day). Degree hours per day is a measurement unit developed by the authors and is based on time and difference in degrees from 50° F.Change in rectal temperature and heart rate were not significantly (P = >.05) correlated with either change in d-h/day or change in DMAAT. Change in respiration rate was significantly (P = <.02) and negatively correlated with change in d-h/day and significantly (P = <.06) and positively correlated with change in DMAAT.Heart rate, rectal temperature, and respiration rate were not significantly correlated with each other. However, change in respiration rate was positively correlated with change in rectal temperature (P = <.03).While the influence of low temperatures resulted in small changes in these physiological characteristics compared to those experienced elsewhere in high temperature zones, it cannot be concluded that lactating cows were entirely free of thermal stress at temperatures as low as 0° F.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE PROTEIN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF YOUNG DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Brisson G. J. , Haskell S. R. , Miles V. J. , Logan V. S.
Published: March 2010

To confirm laboratory estimates of protein and energy requirements, 32 newborn dairy calves were fed "filled milk" diets containing 18 to 35 per cent of the total calories as protein. A comparison was made between the actual growth rates and growth rates predicted from the consumption of protein and energy. A decline in the efficiency of protein utilization did not occur until the level of dietary protein exceeded 24 per cent of the total calories. Optimum energy efficiency, measured by weight gain, was obtained at intakes below 80 digestible Cal./kg./day. At energy intakes above this level each additional digestible Cal. did not result in the predicted increment in body weight.
THE EFFECTS ON THE ODOUR AND FLAVOUR OF THE MEAT OF FEEDING REFUSE SCREENINGS WITH A HIGH STINKWEED (THLASPI ARVENSE L.) CONTENT TO FATTENING CATTLE
Authors: Whiting F. , Young D. , Phillips A. H. , Munro W. B. , Steves H. L.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments, (one at Vancouver, British Columbia, and one at the Experimental Farm, Lethbridge, Alberta), involving 44 yearling steers, were conducted to determine whether feeding refuse screenings with a high proportion of stinkweed seeds to fattening beef cattle would result in objectionable odours or off-flavours in the meat. Nine of 12 steers slaughtered immediately off screenings had a slight to strong objectionable odour in their carcasses. There were no objectionable odours in the carcasses of animals that were held off screenings for 24, 48, or 96 hours before slaughter. Two animals slaughtered immediately off screenings, and one animal held off screenings for 48 hours before slaughter had off-flavours in the meat when cooked.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF CLEAN FLEECE WEIGHT TO AGE IN THREE BREEDS OF RANGE SHEEP
Authors: Slen S. B. , Banky E. C.
Published: March 2010

A total of 1,457 clean fleece weights, representing 7 years of production and adjusted for certain environmental factors, were used in this study. The data were analysed to determine the relationship of clean fleece weight to age in the Rambouillet, Romnelet, and Canadian Corriedale breeds of range sheep maintained under Western Canadian conditions.In general, maximum fleece weight was attained by the second year of production and was maintained until the end of the fourth year in all breeds. At that time a significant (p <.01) decline occurred which continued until the end of the seventh year. Among the Rambouillet and Romnelet ewes which were born and raised as singles, a small additional increase in average fleece weight occurred in the third year. Ewes born and raised as singles tended to produce more wool than twins but the differences were significant (p <.01) only in the Romnelet shearlings. The data suggest that in twins maximum production occurred at a slightly earlier age and that the subsequent decline began sooner than in singles.
INFLATABLE PLUG FOR RETICULO-OMASAL ORIFICE AND EQUIPMENT FOR SALIVA COLLECTION FROM FISTULATED STEERS
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
A FEEDLOT STUDY OF BISON, CATTALO AND HEREFORD CALVES
Authors: Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

Time-constant feedlot experiments were conducted in 1952–53 and 1956–57 with bison, Cattalo and Hereford bull and heifer calves at the Canada Range Experimental Farm, Manyberries, Alberta. The Cattalo made significantly greater feedlot gains than bison and lower gains than Herefords in both experiments. There was a significant reduction in carcass grade, a reduction in proportion of carcass weight in the hind quarters, and an increase in dressing percentage as the proportion of bison breeding increased.
STUDIES ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF REFUSE SCREENINGS: I. THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID CONTENT OF CERTAIN WEED SEEDS
Authors: Wood A. J. , Kitts W. D. , Robertson May C.
Published: March 2010

The essential amino acid content of a number of the weed seeds found in refuse screenings is reported. In terms of nutritive value the weed seed proteins are comparable with those contained in soybean, flax and rape seed. The results reported lend support to the view that properly processed refuse screenings is a satisfactory feeding stuff for the ruminant animal.
TRICHOLOMA NUDUM AS A SOURCE OF AMINO ACIDS, VITAMINS AND UNIDENTIFIED FACTORS
Authors: Bell J. M. , Erfle J. D. , Spencer J. F. T. , Reusser F.
Published: March 2010

Feeding trials with mice were used to evaluate the nutritional quality of dried mycelia from Tricholoma nudum grown in submerged culture. The material proved to be non-toxic at dietary levels as high as 50 per cent. Chemical and bio-assays indicated methionine and phenylalanine to be the first and possibly the only limiting amino acids when Tricholoma supplied all the dietary protein at a level of 18 per cent. The product was relatively rich in arginine and tryptophane.Tricholoma residue, at a level of 5 per cent in the diet, provided all the necessary B-vitamins for normal growth in the mouse. Chemical or microbiological assays were obtained for riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, choline and thiamin and, in all cases except niacin, the levels exceeded those reported for average Torula yeast.Tricholoma was found to possess a factor having strong antioxidant properties. The inclusion of 10 per cent Tricholoma in the diet was more effective in preventing a rise in peroxide values than was 0.05 per cent DPPD.
FLAX HAY AND STRAW AS FEEDS FOR SHEEP
Authors: Whiting F.
Published: March 2010

Feeding and digestion experiments were carried out with range sheep on flax hay, timothy-alfalfa hay, flax straw, and oat straw. The flax hay and the timothy-alfalfa hay were similar in chemical composition, digestibility, and feeding value. Both hays contained approximately 6.4 per cent D.C.P. and 53 per cent T.D.N.The flax straw and the oat straw were unpalatable to sheep. Flax straw was lower in digestible protein and energy than the oat straw. The D.C.P. and T.D.N. contents were 0.1 and 39, and 1.8 and 51 per cent for flax and oat straws, respectively.It is concluded that flax cut when the plants are immature makes a hay similar in feed value to a hay composed of equal parts of timothy and alfalfa, providing the Prussic acid content is not above toxic levels. Mature flax straw is inferior in feed value to oat straw of the same maturity.
EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS.: III. INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE ON FEED INTAKE OF LACTATING HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS
Authors: MacDonald M. A. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

This report presents effects of low temperatures on the feed consumption and efficiency of milk production of six mature, lactating, Holstein-Friesian cows that were confined in stanchions for three fortnightly experimental periods during which ambient temperatures measured in degree-hours per day (d-h/day) ranged from 110 to 1152 and daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) varied from 0° to 38°F. Applying results obtained, it was calculated that as temperatures decreased, i.e., d-h/day increased from 100 to 1200 and DMAAT decreased from 40° to 0°F, average daily intakes of total dry matter, hay, and gross and digestible Calories increased approximately 6.4 lb., 5.3 lb., 13 Therms and 9 Therms, respectively. Each of these increases was statistically significant at the 1 per cent level. Reductions in temperature also decreased gross and net caloric efficiencies of milk production approximately 10 and 8.5 per cent, respectively. These decreases were significant at the 2 per cent level. No correlation was evident between crude protein utilization and temperature.Results indicated that thermal stress was not overcome adequately by supplementary hay intake alone and that appetite stimulation by low temperatures had a carry-over effect continuing at least 24 hours. For continued efficient milk production during winters where low ambient temperatures are prevalent these results suggest it is necessary to provide some form of building insulation, ambient heat and/or provide a high energy supplement to otherwise adequate production rations.
EFFECTS OF LOW FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES ON FARM ANIMALS: IV. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON MILK YIELD AND MILK COMPOSITION
Authors: MacDonald M. A. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Changes in milk yield and milk composition from mature Holstein-Friesian cows managed under low fluctuating environmental temperatures have been presented. The experiment conducted at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, lasted for 106 days during the winter of 1956–57. Loafing barn temperatures, measured continuously in degree-hours per day (d-h/day) ranged from 110 to 1202 and daily minimum ambient air temperature (DMAAT) varied from −5° to 38°F.As temperature decreased below 25°F., daily yield of milk decreased significantly. Milk yield was unaffected by d-h/day at mean temperatures over 25°F. (600 d-h/day) and on days colder than 600 d-h/day the temperature effect on milk yield was curvilinear. The rate of decline in milk yield (pounds) was four times greater on days when DMAAT was below 10°F. than on days when DMAAT was above 10°F. While DMAAT had a significant effect on milk total-solids percentage and a highly significant negative effect on crude protein yield, the effect of d-h/day on these two factors was not significant. Neither DMAAT nor d-h/day had a significant effect on butterfat yield and percentage, fat-corrected milk yield, total-solids yield, solids-not-fat yield and percentage, or crude protein percentage.Stage of lactation had a significant effect on all characteristics studied except butterfat percentage.Under conditions of declining lactation and a high, variable plane of nutrition, cows that had been subjected to gradually cooling variable low temperatures were influenced by low daily minimum temperatures (DMAAT) to a greater degree than low mean daily temperatures (d-h/day).
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FAT ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTION AND ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION OF WEANLING RATS
Authors: Bowland J. P. , Berg R. T. , Sibbald I. R. , Hussar N.
Published: March 2010

Energy digestibility and nitrogen retention were determined with weanling albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain fed diets varying from 0 to 30 per cent corn oil and containing 3 ratios of Cal. apparent digestible energy per gm. apparent digestible nitrogen at each fat level. Vitamins, salts and pure linoleic acid were included in the diets at calculated constant levels relative to the apparent digestible energy content. A 7-day metabolism, period followed a 7-day diet acclimatization period. Food consumption varied inversely with the digestible energy content of the diet so that intake of digestible Cal. remained essentially constant and gain in weight of the rats was similar at all fat levels. Nitrogen levels per se did not influence digestible energy consumption but an interaction existed between fat × nitrogen levels in the diet in relation to digestible energy intake. Efficiency of food utilization improved as either fat or nitrogen levels in the diet increased. Energy digestibility was decreased slightly by the addition of fat to a fat-free diet when allowance was made for the influence of non-nutritive cellulose levels in the diets. The addition of fat to the diet resulted in a significant improvement in nitrogen digestibility and gross nitrogen retention.
ANNUAL CYCLES IN NUMBERS OF THE SHEEP KED, MELOPHAGUS OVINUS (L.)
Authors: Nelson W. A. , Qually M. C.
Published: March 2010

Sheep ked [Melophagus ovinus (L.)] populations were studied on barren and pregnant ewes in 1953-54, and on rams, wethers, and pregnant, barren, and ovariectomized ewes continuously from 1954 to 1957. All sheep in the 1954–57 study were obtained as 5-months-old lambs. Number of keds on wethers and on barren and ovariectomized ewes rose consistently to peak levels in January-February and declined again to very low numbers in the summer months. This appeared to be the basic pattern. Keds on pregnant ewes that conceived in October-November continued to increase in numbers until parturition (March-April) but on ewes that conceived in December they reached peak levels at the usual time (January-February). Following parturition decline in numbers was sharp and very low levels of infestation were noted in the summer months. Rams maintained consistently higher numbers than all animals except pregnant ewes throughout most of the study. Ked numbers on all but pregnant ewes were smaller and tended to reach peak levels earlier in the second and third years of the animal’s life than in the first year It is postulated that some form of host resistance to ked infestation develops toward the end of the first year of life and that ked increases each autumn result from a partial breakdown of this resistance.
LEGUME-GRASS SILAGE AS A ROUGHAGE FOR THE PREGNANT EWE
Authors: Carman G. M. , Pigden W. J. , Haskell S. R. , Winter K. A.
Published: March 2010

Four rations with the roughage consisting of silage alone, two-thirds silage and one-third hay, one-third silage and two-thirds hay, and hay alone, were fed to pregnant ewes during the three successive winter periods, 1955, 1956, and 1957. All groups received 0.9 lb. grain per ewe per day during the last 6 weeks prior to lambing.In 1957, when the dry matter content of the silage was only 21.4 per cent, the weight losses of the ewes were high and varied directly with the amount of silage fed. In 1955 and 1956, the weight changes were comparable to those in the hay-fed groups. Silage feeding had no effect on birth weights, 28-day weights, or weaning weights of the lambs, and ewe fleece weights were not affected.At birth 75 per cent of the lambs from the silage lots graded good or better, while 97 per cent of those whose dams were fed hay alone fell in these categories. Seventy per cent of the lambs born to silage-fed ewes survived to weaning compared with eighty-eight per cent of the lambs from the hay-fed group. Some of the ewes on grass silage lacked sufficient milk to support their lambs for a period of two weeks after lambing. T.D.N. intakes of the ewes on the rations containing silage alone and two-thirds silage, one-third hay were below the levels recommended in recognized feeding standards.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONTENT OF THE RATION ON LAMB AND WOOL PRODUCTION OF RANGE EWES
Authors: Whiting F. , Slen S. B.
Published: March 2010

Two feeding experiments were carried out with range ewes to determine the influence of the protein and energy content of the ration on lamb and wool production. When the energy content of the ration was increased approximately 10 per cent during early pregnancy [digestible crude protein (D.C.P.) intake was approximately 0.14 pound and digestible energy intake was approximately 3.2 therms daily on the basal ration], body weight gains and wool production of the ewes were increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), but birth weights of the lambs in one experiment and 6-week weights of the lambs in both experiments were not affected significantly. However, when the energy content of the ration was increased during late pregnancy and early lactation (D.C.P. intake between 0.12 and 0.24 pound and digestible energy intake approximately 3.7 therms in Experiment 1, and 2.7 therms in Experiment 2, daily on the basal ration), body weight gains of the ewes were not affected, wool production was depressed (not significant in all cases), birth and 6-week weights of single lambs and birth weights of twin lambs in Experiment 1 were not affected. In Experiment 2, increasing the energy content of the ration reduced (P < 0.05) the birth weights of twin lambs.When the protein content of the rations was increased (from 0.16 to 0.20 to 0.24, and from 0.12 to 0.14 to 0.16 pound D.C.P. intake daily in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively), there was no increase in body weights of the ewes or birth weights of single lambs, but there was an increase (P < 0.05) in the birth weights of twin lambs and an increase (P < 0.01) in wool production of the ewes. Increasing the protein content of the rations increased the 6-week weights of single and twin lambs in Experiments 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). The results of these experiments suggest that the minimum average protein requirement for pregnant and lactating ewes was approximately 0.10 and 0.11 pound D.C.P. per pound of T.D.N. intake for maximum lamb and wool production, respectively.A nitrogen-balance and wool-growth study using non-pregnant, mature ewes showed that increasing the energy intake at low levels of protein intake caused a reduction in the apparent but not the "true" digestibility of the protein, no change in the biological value of the protein, and a reduction in weight of clean wool produced. At a higher level of protein intake, an increase in energy content of the ration resulted in no change in the apparent or true digestibility of protein but in an increase in wool production.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MINERAL METABOLISM OF PULLETS: XII. THE EFFECTS OF PROTRACTED TREATMENT WITH ESTROGEN AND WITH ESTROGEN PLUS ANDROGEN ON RETENTION OF SODIUM
Authors: McCully K. A. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: March 2010

The course of sodium retention by sexually immature crossbred pullets treated with 0.5 mgm. estradiol benzoate (ODB) per day or with 0.5 mgm. ODB plus 0.4 mgm. testosterone propionate (TST) per day did not differ significantly from the course of sodium retention by untreated control pullets. The average daily retention by the pullets from 11 to 15 weeks of age was 37 mgm. Na per day.
EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF DRIED APPLE POMACE IN SWINE RATIONS ON GROWTH RATE, FEED EFFICIENCY, CARCASS QUALITY AND SIZE OF CERTAIN ORGANS
Authors: Bowden D. M. , Berry J. C.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments, involving 84 Yorkshire feeder pigs, were conducted to test rations containing various levels of dried apple pomace. In the first experiment dried apple pomace was used at levels of 0,10,20, and 30 per cent by weight of the ration and in the second experiment at 0,20, and 40 per cent.At pomace levels up to 20 per cent no significant change occurred in daily gain, dressing percentage, carcass quality or weight of heart, liver, spleen or small intestine, in either experiment. In the second experiment, there was significantly greater feed consumption per unit of gain, heavier large intestine and lighter stomach at the 20 per cent pomace level. Increasing the pomace level to 40 per cent resulted in significantly slower growth, lower dressing percentage, greater feed consumption per unit gain, leaner carcass, heavier liver, lighter stomach, and heavier large intestine.In the second experiment, an estimated difference of 2–3 per cent crude protein in the two rations fed at each pomace level had no significant effect on any of the characteristics or organs studied.
BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE COAST MOLE, SCAPANUS ORARIUS ORARIUS TRUE, IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Glendenning R.
Published: March 2010

Coast moles were studied and trapped from 1935 to 1945 at Agassiz, British Columbia. They cause economic damage in the lower Fraser Valley by injuring growing crops and by covering up to 15 per cent of the surface of a field with their hills.The moles ate almost any arthropod, annelid, or molluscan that they captured, but earthworms comprised 93 per cent of the stomach contents. Adults ate nearly twice their weight in earthworms daily, or 100–150 grams, representing more than 100 worms. The populations of moles apparently varied in proportion to those of the earthworms.The moles mated from January to early March. The young were born in March or April. Yearling females had two embryos; 2-year-old females had three; and mature females had four. Of 940 trapped during the winters, 45 per cent were over 1, and 6 per cent were over 3 years old. The average weight of mature 74 males was 74.3 ± 5.6 grams; the average weight of 30 mature females was 69.8 ± 4.1 grams.Natural control was ineffective. The disastrous Fraser River flood of 1948 lowered the numbers significantly, but recovery was rapid.Artificial controls tested included: poisons, caustic irritants, explosives, flooding, earthworm poisons, combinations of chemical fertilizers and irrigations, mechanical and chemical barriers, commercial mole destroyers, poison gases, deterrents, and traps. Only the last two were of value; crude flake naphthalene was a deterrent, and the scissors type was the most effective trap. In heavy infestations as many as three moles per man-hour were trapped. Naphthalene was expensive but protected small plots for up to 6 weeks. For economic control by trapping an area of 300 to 500 acres should be trapped in one season. Smaller areas are quickly reinfested, since the moles travel up to 1 mile.
THE VALUE OF SUNFLOWER SEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LAYING HENS
Authors: Walter E. D. , Lindblad G. S. , Aitken J. R.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments, involving 324 pullets confined to individual cages and 630 pullets in floor pens, were conducted to determine the value of commercial sunflower seed oil meal as the major protein supplement in laying rations.In rations containing 2.0 or 2.5 per cent fish meal, the complete replacement of other supplementary protein sources with sunflower seed oil meal had no influence on mortality, egg production, egg weight or body weight maintenance. However, feed consumption tended to be higher when meat meal was replaced by its protein equivalent of sunflower seed oil meal, and by an equivalent amount of mineral supplement.
TIMING THE TREATMENT OF CATTLE WITH TROLENE FOR SYSTEMIC CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE VILL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.) IN ALBERTA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Weintraub J. , Rich G. B. , Thompson C. O. M.
Published: March 2010

Experiments on timing the oral treatment of calves for cattle grub control with Trolene at 100 mg./kg. were carried out on ranches near Lethbridge, Alberta, and Kamloops, British Columbia. Groups of 30 and 25 calves, respectively, were treated in November, January, March, and April at Lethbridge and in December, January, February, and March at Kamloops.Control of the pre-hypodermal grubs was equally effective on the first three treatment dates, varying from 94 to 98 per cent mortality. However, variations in the numbers of grubs precluded stating the mortality more precisely than within a range of 95 to 100 per cent at Lethbridge and 89 to 100 at Kamloops.There was no significant difference in mortality between the two species of cattle grubs. However, the third hypodermal instar larvae of both species were less affected by the treatment (P <.01) than those of the preceding instars. Early autumn treatments are recommended to avoid the presence of third-instar larvae and to forestall early damage caused by the hypodermal grubs.Slight symptoms of toxicity, in the form of lethargy and reduced food consumption at Kamloops and ataxia of the hindquarters at Lethbridge, were observed in the calves treated in December and January, respectively. The symptoms disappeared within 48 hours of treatment without the use of antidotes at either locality. The level of treatment used in this study was lower than that reported in the literature to produce first symptoms of toxicity.
LOW-LEVEL FEEDING OF TROLENE FOR CONTROL OF THE CATTLE GRUBS HYPODERMA LINEATUM (DE VILL.) AND H. BOVIS (L.)
Authors: Weintraub J. , Thompson C. O. M. , Qually M. C.
Published: March 2010

Calves were fed individually for 18 days on a ration of crushed oats treated with Trolene to give a daily dosage of 10 mg./kg. This treatment produced 94 per cent mortality of pre-hypodermal cattle grubs. This was not significantly different from 97 per cent mortality obtained with a single treatment by boluses at 100 mg./kg. The low-level treatment had no effect on the mortality of the pre-hypodermal grubs during the first week of treatment but reached its full effect before the beginning of the third week. Of the hypodermal grubs present at the time of treatment, 94 per cent died and the remainder pupated. The only symptom of toxicity observed was mild diarrhoea in the low-level-treated calves.In a field experiment, two groups of calves that had consumed treated range blocks daily at averages of 7.7 and 4.2 mg. Trolene/kg. for 93 and 64 days showed 95 and 88 per cent mortality, respectively, of the pre-hypodermal grubs. By comparison, another group of calves, treated with boluses at 110 mg. Trolene/kg., showed 80 per cent mortality. The average number of grubs surviving the three treatments were significantly different from each other and from the untreated controls (P <.01). All treatments were begun before hypodermal grubs had appeared. No symptoms of toxicity were seen in the calves of the two low-level-treated groups; ataxia of the hindquarters was observed in the bolus-treated calves on the day following treatment, but these symptoms disappeared on the same day without the use of an antidote.
CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND PROTEIN LEVEL IN RATIONS FOR MARKET HOGS: I. EFFECT ON RATE OF GAIN AND EFFICIENCY OF FEED UTILIZATION
Authors: Beacom S. E.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the effect of protein level and chlortetracycline (aureomycin) supplementation on rate of gain and feed efficiency of market hogs, self-fed from weaning to market weight. Four different levels of protein (i.e., approximately 13, 15, 17 and 19 per cent from weaning to 70 lb.; approximately 12, 13.5, 14.5 and 15.5 per cent from 70 to 130 lb.; and approximately 11, 12, 12.5 and 13 per cent from 130 to 200 lb.;) with and without chlortetracycline were used.For the over-all feeding period (i.e. from weaning to market weight) the addition of aureomycin caused statistically significant increases in rate of gain at all protein levels. Protein level also affected rate of gain significantly. The effect of the "Protein × Antibiotic" interaction on rate of gain was found to be significant.Aureomycin improved feed efficiency at all protein levels, significantly so at the low and medium levels. Protein level had no significant effect on feed efficiency for the feeding period as a whole.Aureomycin significantly increased over-all feed consumption at the standard protein level only. Protein level significantly influenced feed consumption. The effect of the "Protein × Antibiotic" interaction on feed consumption was significant.
RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE AND RATS: II. ENERGY AND NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION
Authors: Hussar N. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Energy and nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention studies are reported for pigs averaging 7, 28 and 62 kg. in weight and for 4- and 6-weeks-old albino rats fed diets containing 0, 2 or 10 per cent expeller extracted Argentine type rapeseed oil meal. The 10 per cent level of the meal depressed apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and nitrogen with significant effects occurring only in rats. The 2 per cent level of the meal had no significant effect on digestibility. Retention of digestible nitrogen was not altered by the level of rapeseed oil meal in the diet. As indicated by digestibility studies, female rats were more susceptible than males to the presence of rapeseed oil meal in the diet. There were a number of interactions between rapeseed oil meal level and the type of diet fed to rats suggesting that the energy and protein levels of the diet may influence the effect that this meal has on apparent digestibilities of dry matter, energy and nitrogen.
INFLUENCE OF STRAIN AND SEX ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF PROTEIN TO ENERGY IN THE RATIONS OF GROWING AND FINISHING BACON PIGS
Authors: Bowland J. P. , Berg R. T.
Published: March 2010

Rations varying in energy (65 to 79 per cent TDN or 69 to 88 per cent apparent digestible energy) and protein (13 to 21 per cent) were studied in two experiments with 120 pigs of four strains. Rate of liveweight gain tended to be fastest in pigs fed high energy-high protein rations throughout. Males gained more rapidly than females, with strain differences being evident. Strain × sex interactions in rate of gain were present in both the growing and finishing period, with a ration × strain interaction present in the growing period. There was an indication that in the growing period pigs on high energy, particularly high energy-high protein rations ate more than pigs fed low energy rations. In the finishing period low energy rations were consumed at a higher rate than high energy rations with protein level having no influence on feed intake. In the growing period to 110 pounds, high protein rations resulted in improved feed efficiency as compared to medium protein rations, while in the finishing period to market weight high energy rations were more efficient than low energy rations. There was evidence that high protein alone or in combination with high energy rations also improved efficiency of feed utilization in the finishing period. Female pigs required less feed per pound gain than male pigs in the finishing period. High energy rations resulted in increased dressing percentage and generally inferior carcasses. There was an indication that high protein rations resulted in leaner carcasses. Carcass length was not influenced by ration. Carcasses from female pigs excelled those from male pigs in all factors measured except carcass length. Strain differences in carcass characteristics existed but no appreciable strain × ration interactions were noted.
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF WEIGHING AND SAMPLING OF MILK YIELDS
Authors: Rennie J. C. , Etter E. , Ashton G. C. , Irvine D. M.
Published: March 2010

This investigation was performed for the purpose of determining the precision in terms of variation and accuracy of a metering device and spring scales for the weighing of milk for production testing and to ascertain also the precision of butterfat tests determined from meter samples. Springless scale weights and conventional sample tests served as standards of accuracy. The study was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a split-plot design. The factors concerned were: four breeds of cows, three levels of production, and three methods of measuring milk production. Milk production was measured for 4 consecutive days in each of 6 consecutive weeks with daily Babcock tests being conducted on all milk samples.The average daily per cow deviation of the meter weights, and of the spring scale weights, from the control scale was −0.09 and +0.11 lb. of milk respectively, with the difference being statistically significant but non-significant in a practical sense. Levels of production, breeds and levels × breeds did not significantly affect the meter sample weights or butterfat tests.On an over-all basis, the meters met the American Dairy Science Association accuracy requirement on both the 0.5 lb. and the 3 per cent tolerance levels. The spring scales, on the 0.5 lb. tolerance basis, failed to give weights within the required accuracy. Ninety-five per cent of the meter sample tests were within 0.2 per cent of the conventional sample tests.
AN EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON ESTROGEN-INDUCED HYPERCALCEMIA IN THE SEXUALLY IMMATURE PULLET
Authors: Wright L. A. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: March 2010

Sexually immature crossbred pullets were given daily intramuscular injections of 0.5 mgm. estradiol benzoate (ODB) for 14 days. Food intake was kept uniform as between pullets. Concurrent administration of 0.025 mgm., 0 05 mgm. or 0.10 mgm. progesterone (PGST) did not affect the hypercalcemia induced by the ODB, although these levels of PGS Taugmented the increase of oviduct weight induced by the estrogen. Administration of 0.5 mgm. PGST was found to augment significantly the hypercalcemia, but did not modify the increase of oviduct weight induced by estrogen.In a second similar experiment the hypercalcemia induced by 0.5 mgm ODB daily for 14 days was not affected by 0.05 mgm. or 0.10 mgm. PGST daily, although these levels of PGST augmented significantly the estrogen-induced increase of oviduct weight. Administration of 0.50 mgm. PGST daily increased the estrogen-induced hypercalcemia significantly but an increase with 1.0 mgm. PGST attained significance only at P = 0.10. As the dosage of PGST increased, oviduct weight increased to a maximum and then declined.
STUDIES OF BOLUS AND FEED FORMULATIONS OF TWO SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES FOR REDUCTION OF CATTLE WARBLE INFESTATIONS, (OESTRIDAE: DIPTERA), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1957–1958
Authors: Rich G. B. , Ireland H. R.
Published: March 2010

In a series of bolus treatment tests, Trolene at dosages of 75 mg., and 110 mg. ronnel per kgm. of animal weight, and Narlene at 15 mg. nellite per kgm. reduced cattle warble, or larval Hypoderma infestations 91.2 per cent, 76.8 to 98.8 per cent, and 99.1 per cent respectively. There were no differences in the reductions produced by Trolene at dosages of 75 and 110 mg. per kgm. Narlene was preferable to Trolene for ease of administration. The labour requirements for treatment of a herd of 816 cattle of all ages and a group of 219 steer calves were 19 man-minutes and 10 man-minutes per animal respectively.In 25-day feed treatment tests, Trolene at 8 and 10 mg. ronnel per kgm. daily, and Narlene at 1 mg. nellite per kgm. daily reduced larvae 87.5 and 96.8 per cent and 91.0 per cent respectively. Feed treatment eliminated the labour and equipment required for bolus treatment.In a test of Trolene boluses there was no difference in the 22-week post-treatment gains of treated and untreated yearling steers, even though larvae were reduced 86.5 per cent.Trolene bolus treatment did not appear to aggravate active coccidiosis epidemics and active coccidiosis did not appear to reduce the efficiency of Trolene treatment.These tests were co-ordinated with British Columbia range management practices. Although these practices seldom permit treatment until much later in the season than is recommended for systemic insecticides, the test results are fully comparable to those reported from areas where the recommendations can be adhered to.
ON THE PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS OF CHICKENS FOR EGG PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY
Authors: Pepper W. F. , Slinger S. J. , Summers J. D. , Ashton G. C.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was made in an attempt to determine the availability of the phosphorus in soft phosphate as compared with that in dicalcium phosphate for laying hens fed a diet of natural ingredients. A high efficiency "all-vegetable" diet containing 0.38 per cent total phosphorus and an estimated 0.11 per cent nonphytin phosphorus was fed without added phosphorus and with sufficient dicalcium phosphate or soft phosphate to supply 0.05 and 0.1 per cent phosphorus. The calcium content of all diets was kept constant at 2.4 per cent.The results indicated that the inclusion of supplementary phosphorus did not improve egg production or feed required per dozen eggs. Differences were not demonstrated in body weight maintenance, egg weight, specific gravity of the eggs, hatchability, or bone ash at the end of a 44-week period of production.The results suggest the possibility that egg weight loss after 14 days’ incubation may have been influenced by supplementary phosphorus. Evidence for this effect was not clear-cut and more work appears desirable in this connection.It is concluded that it is not possible to assay feed phosphates for laying hens with diets of natural ingredients. It would also appear that a level of 0.38 per cent total phosphorus and 0.11 per cent nonphytin phosphorus is adequate for laying hens.Supplementation of an "all-vegetable" laying diet with Vigofac did not improve egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, egg-shell quality or hatchability.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN ORAL AND INJECTABLE IRON PREPARATIONS ON THE BLOOD OF BABY PIGS
Authors: Doornenbal H.
Published: March 2010

Haemoglobin levels, haematocrit values and erythrocyte counts were determined at weekly intervals from 3 to 45 days of age for 60 pigs which received iron in the form of: injectable iron-dextran (A); injectable iron-dextran (B); injectable ferric ammonium citrate; oral iron in the form of paste, or sods sprinkled with iron sulphate. The iron-dextran and ferric ammonium citrate compounds were administered at 3 days of age as single injections supplying 100 mgm. of iron and 30 mgm. of ferric ammonium citrate respectively. The paste was administered at 3, 10, 17 and 24 days of age. Sods were fed twice a week during the period of 3 days to 28 days of age.The sod treatment maintained normal blood values while the iron-dextran compounds and the paste resulted in values somewhat below normal, although visible evidence of anaemia was not apparent. Blood values for the group receiving ferric ammonium citrate were extremely low and two pigs on this treatment died at 42 and 60 days of age. Both exhibited severe anaemia.Significant differences were obtained in weaning weights. The heaviest pigs were those receiving sods; the lightest pigs those receiving injectable ferric ammonium citrate. The effect of the different treatments on growth was not apparent until after 21 days of age.
AN APPRAISAL OF ABBREVIATED METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TOTAL SOLIDS CONTENT OF MILK
Authors: Elliott J. A. , Hickman C. G. , Langlois A.
Published: March 2010

A modified Mojonnier method, and two lactometer methods, each designed to give rapid approximations of total solids content of milk from individual cows, were compared with the standard Mojonnier method. Each of the rapid methods underestimated a high solids content and overestimated a low solids content. The Cenco Rapid Moisture Tester proved to be accurate but no more rapid than the standard Mojonnier method.
THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE PROTEIN AND ENERGY CONTENT OF DAIRY RATIONS ON PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF MILK
Authors: Logan V. S. , Miles Vern , Haskell S. R.
Published: March 2010

Two trials, each with 12 Holstein cows in early lactation, were conducted to study the effect on yield and composition of milk when the relative protein and energy contents of dairy rations were altered. A change-over design of experiments was used and digestibility of representative rations was determined with steers. A significant increase in fat-corrected milk production was obtained when energy (T.D.N.) intake was raised 5 to 12 per cent above recommended feeding standards. The protein content of the milk was increased (P < 0.05) when digestible crude protein was 20 to 30 per cent in excess of recommended allowances, but increases in milk production, in percentages of butterfat and solids-not-fat were not significant (P > 0.05). When molasses comprised up to 18 per cent of dry matter of a ration, digestion co-efficients for protein and fibre were reduced.
FLAVOUR STUDIES ON PORK FROM HOGS FED FISH SILAGE
Authors: Haskell S. R. , Pritchard G. I. , Pigden W. J. , Newman Lenore B. , Shearer D. A. , Cameron C. D. T.
Published: March 2010

Meat from hogs fed fish silage as a protein supplement was compared with that from hogs fed soybean oilmeal using the scores from a taste panel and from a thiobarbituric acid test as indices of its acceptability to the consumer. The tests were conducted upon non-cured shoulder cuts that had been frozen for storage and thawed just before oven-cooking.A moderate off-flavour was detected by the taste panel on the meat from hogs fed fish silage. This off-flavour was greater on the fat portion of the meat than on the lean. The intensity of the off-flavours was not affected by the removal of fish silage from the ration of hogs at 170 pounds body weight as compared to the continuous feeding of fish silage to market weight The off-flavour was considered sufficient to make the meat undesirable to the consumer.The thiobarbituric acid test failed to show any differences between the fat from hogs fed fish silage and the fat from hogs that received soybean oilmeal.
PROTEIN STORAGE OF PIGS IN THE ABSENCE OF BODY WEIGHT GAIN
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Five- to six-month-old pigs were maintained at constant weight for 6-week periods on rations containing 16, 26 and 33 per cent protein. Results of 72 7-day nitrogen balance trials showed that pigs could retain up to 6.5 grams of nitrogen per day for 6 weeks. Highest nitrogen retention was obtained on the 26 and 33 per cent protein rations with little difference between the maximum retention figures at either level. A preliminary carbon-nitrogen balance indicated that there was little change in the fat stores of the pigs.