bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anchor bias, autonomy, and 20th‐century bioethicists' blindness to racism
Authors: Baker Robert
Published: January 2024

The central thesis of this article is that by anchoring bioethics' core conceptual armamentarium in a four‐principled theory emphasizing autonomy and treating justice as a principle of allocation, theorists inadvertently biased 20th‐century bioethical scholarship against addressing such subjects as ableism, anti‐Black racism, classism, and other forms of discrimination, placing them outside of the scope of bioethics research and scholarship. It is also claimed that these scope limitations can be traced to the displacement of the nascent concept of respect for persons—a concept designed to address classist and racist discrimination—with the morally solipsistic concept of autonomy.
Immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia and IL‐6‐mediated thrombocytosis observed in idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Rubenstein Ayelet I. , Pierson Sheila K. , Shyamsundar Saishravan , Bustamante Mateo Sarmiento , Gonzalez Michael V. , Milller Ira D. , Brandstadter Joshua D. , Mumau Melanie D. , Fajgenbaum David C.
Published: January 2024

Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) is a rare haematological disorder characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy with atypical histopathological features and systemic inflammation caused by a cytokine storm involving interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Three clinical subtypes are recognized: thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, renal dysfunction, organomegaly (iMCD‐TAFRO); idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (iMCD‐IPL), involving thrombocytosis and hypergammaglobulinaemia; and iMCD‐not otherwise specified (iMCD‐NOS), which includes patients who do not meet criteria for the other subtypes. Disease pathogenesis is poorly understood, with potential involvement of infectious, clonal and/or autoimmune mechanisms. To better characterize iMCD clinicopathology and gain mechanistic insights into iMCD, we analysed complete blood counts, other clinical laboratory values and blood smear morphology among 63 iMCD patients grouped by clinical subtype. Patients with iMCD‐TAFRO had large platelets, clinical severity associated with lower platelet counts and transfusion‐resistant thrombocytopenia, similar to what is observed with immune‐mediated destruction of platelets in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Conversely, elevated platelet counts in iMCD‐IPL were associated with elevated IL‐6 and declined following anti‐IL‐6 therapy. Our data suggest that autoimmune mechanisms contribute to the thrombocytopenia in at least a portion of iMCD‐TAFRO patients whereas IL‐6 drives thrombocytosis in iMCD‐IPL, and these mechanisms likely contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Lianas shift towards larger sizes and more acquisitive trait values in an Asian tropical rainforest
Authors: Liu Qi , Sterck Frank J. , Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Poorter Lourens
Published: January 2024

Global change is impacting forests worldwide, leading to shifts in forest dynamics and functional composition. We evaluated the changes in the liana community and trait composition over a five‐year period (2014–2019) in a Chinese tropical rainforest and assessed the underlying putative mechanisms. We monitored >20,000 lianas in a 20‐ha plot, and analyzed community changes for each of the 20 1‐ha plots. To identify the putative drivers underlying community change, we used community‐weighted mean (CWM) trait values of 18 functional traits that are important for liana performance. During the 5‐year period, liana density decreased by 12.6% because of the high mortality of small lianas, whereas liana basal area increased by 5.8% because of the high growth of large lianas. After 5 years, liana communities showed a shift in trait values indicating that they changed towards more large, acquisitive lianas with rapid water use. The temporal shift from slow to fast community trait spectra in carbon, nutrient, and water use was also supported by shifts in the individual CWM traits, from conservative tough leaves towards more acquisitive and water‐spending leaves with higher K concentration, leaf thickness, and vessel diameter. Overall, we found no support for a role of disturbances or drought as drivers of the observed changes in the studied liana community. Instead, our study implies that CO2 fertilization should be considered to better understand dynamics in liana communities in tropical forests.

Abstract in Chinese is available with online material.
Effect of mild cortisol cosecretion on body composition and metabolic parameters in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism
Authors: Mansour Nabeel , Bruedgam Denise , Dischinger Ulrich , Kürzinger Lydia , Adolf Christian , Walter Roman , Öcal Osman , Schmidt Vanessa F. , Rudolph Jan , Ricke Jens , Reisch Nicole , Reincke Martin , Wildgruber Moritz , Heinrich Daniel
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the effects of simultaneous cortisol cosecretion (CCS) on body composition in computed tomography (CT)‐imaging and metabolic parameters in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) with the objective of facilitating early detection.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients

Forty‐seven patients with PA and CCS confirmed by 1‐mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) with a cutoff of ≥1.8 µg/dL were compared with PA patients with excluded CCS (non‐CCS, n = 47) matched by age and sex.

Methods

Segmentation of the fat compartments and muscle area at the third lumbar region was performed on non‐contrast‐enhanced CT images with dedicated segmentation software. Additionally, liver, spleen, pancreas and muscle attenuation were compared between the two groups.

Results

Mean cortisol after DST was 1.2 µg/dL (33.1 nmol/L) in the non‐CCS group and 3.2 µg/dL (88.3 nmol/L) in the CCS group with mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE). No difference in total, visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes was observed between the CCS and non‐CCS group (p = .7, .6 and .8, respectively). However, a multivariable regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between total serum cholesterol and results of serum cortisol after 1‐mg DST (p = .026). Classification of the patients based on visible lesion on CT and PA‐lateralization via adrenal venous sampling also did not show any significant differences in body composition.

Conclusion

MACE in PA patients does not translate into body composition changes on CT‐imaging. Therefore, early detection of concurrent CCS in PA is currently only attainable through biochemical tests. Further investigation of the long‐term clinical adverse effects of MACE in PA is necessary.
The management of Chronic Hand Eczema: A retrospective patient record review
Authors: Borg Emma , Munro Duncan , Thoning Henrik
Published: January 2024

Background

Chronic Hand Eczema (CHE) is a heterogeneous fluctuating inflammatory disease that represents a significant burden. Effective treatment options for moderate to severe CHE are limited.

Objectives

To assess how patients with moderate to severe CHE are treated in clinical practice.

Methods

A retrospective, physician‐led patient record review assessed the demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics of patients aged ≥18 years with CHE across seven countries. Each participating physician was requested to review records for their three most recent patients with moderate to severe CHE treated with a topical or systemic therapy.

Results

A total of 264 physicians, of whom 88.6% were dermatologists and 70.1% were predominantly or partly hospital‐based, reviewed the records of 792 patients. Signs were present on hands only in 56.4% of patients and the mean time on current treatment was 16.7 months. Overall, 62.9% of patients received systemic therapy and almost one‐quarter (23.4%) were treated with a biologic; 28.6% of patients were only treated with topical corticosteroids and/or topical calcineurin inhibitors.

Conclusion

In patients with moderate to severe CHE, most received systemic therapy with one‐quarter on biologic therapy. However, given that many of these treatments have limited evidence of efficacy in CHE, there is a need for studies specifically in patients with CHE as well as new therapeutic options.
Dewey on Familiarity in Education, Aesthetics, and Art*
Authors: Fiore Andrea
Published: January 2024

In this paper, Andrea Fiore sketches the notion of familiarity in Dewey's thought, particularly in its relations with education, aesthetics, and art. The importance of that notion emerges in Dewey's well‐known writings such as How We Think, The School and Society, and Art as Experience, where he shows that not only does familiarity play a fundamental role in our lives, but it also constitutes a helpful tool to make our experience deeper and richer. This is particularly evident in two aspects or functions related to familiarity: recognition and interpretation. For Dewey, especially the latter has an educational value through aesthetics and art, because it allows us to activate the peculiar capacity of human beings to transform the quality of experience.
Efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis: A real‐life experience at a national reference center
Authors: Frangiamore Rita , Rinaldi Elena , Vanoli Fiammetta , Andreetta Francesca , Ciusani Emilio , Bonanno Silvia , Maggi Lorenzo , Gallone Annamaria , Colasuonno Anna , Tramacere Irene , Cheli Marta , Pinna Alessandro , Mantegazza Renato , Antozzi Carlo
Published: January 2024

Background and purpose

Inhibition of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) for IgG is a promising new therapeutic strategy for antibody‐mediated disorders. We report our real‐life experience with efgartigimod (EFG) in 19 patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) along a clinical follow‐up of 14 months.

Methods

EFG was administered according to the GENERATIVE protocol (consisting of a Fixed period of two treatment cycles [given 1 month apart] of four infusions at weekly intervals, followed by a Flexible period of re‐cycling in case of worsening). Eight patients were positive for acetylcholine receptor antibody, four for muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase antibody, and two for lipoprotein‐related protein 4 antibody, and five were classified as triple negative. Efficacy of EFG was assessed by the Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living, Myasthenia Gravis Composite, and Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis scales.

Results

Fifty‐three percent of patients needed three treatment cycles, 26% needed four, and 21% needed five along the 14‐month clinical follow‐up. Meaningful improvement was observed at the end of each cycle with the clinical scores adopted. EFG had a dramatic effect on disease course, as during the year before treatment eight of 19 patients (42%) were hospitalized, and 15 of 19 (79%) needed treatment with plasma exchange or immunoglobulins; three of 19 (16%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. During EFG, none of the patients was hospitalized and only one patient required plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins. No major side effects or infusion‐related reactions occurred.

Conclusions

We observed that EFG was safe and modified significantly the course of the disease along a 14‐month follow‐up. Our experience strengthens the role of FcRn inhibition as an effective new tool for long‐term treatment of gMG.
Risk of Parkinson disease in stroke patients: A nationwide cohort study in South Korea
Authors: Choi Hea Lim , Ahn Jong Hyeon , Chang Won Hyuk , Jung Wonyoung , Kim Bong Sung , Han Kyungdo , Youn Jinyoung , Shin Dong Wook
Published: January 2024

Background and purpose

Previous studies have examined the risk of stroke in patients with Parkinson disease (PD), but the incidence of PD onset among stroke patients and its risk according to severity of poststroke disabilities have scarcely been investigated. This study aims to determine whether the risk of PD is increased among stroke patients using a retrospective cohort with a large population‐based database.

Methods

We used data collected by the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2010 to 2018 and examined 307,361 stroke patients and 380,917 sex‐ and age‐matched individuals without stroke to uncover the incidence of PD. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and the risk of PD was compared according to presence and severity of disability.

Results

During 4.31 years of follow‐up, stroke patients had a 1.67 times higher risk of PD compared to individuals without stroke (adjusted HR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.57–1.78). The risk of PD was greater among stroke patients with disabilities than among those without disabilities, even after adjustment for multiple covariates (adjusted HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.55–1.91; and adjusted HR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.56–1.77, respectively).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated an increased risk of PD among stroke patients. Health professionals need to pay careful attention to detecting movement disorders as clues for diagnosing PD.
From assistive to inclusive? A systematic review of the uses and effects of technology to support people with pervasive support needs
Authors: Piekema Lotte , ten Brug Annet , Waninge Aly , van der Putten Annette
Published: January 2024

Background

Although particular technologies can enhance the quality of life (QoL) of people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (we use the term pervasive support needs), their objectives and outcomes are understudied. A systematic literature review was therefore conducted to explore this topic.

Method

A search of four databases yielded 64 studies. Data were extracted on their general characteristics, methods and sample characteristics as well as the technology types, QoL domains and application within ecological systems. A narrative synthesis was subsequently developed.

Results

Most of the studies applied assistive technology (AT) and focused on personal development and self‐determination on an individual level.

Conclusions

Technology can enhance the QoL of people with pervasive support needs. There are indications that although MT and UD‐based technology are used in practice, few studies have examined these technologies. Therefore, there is a knowledge gap regarding the kinds of technology that are used in practice.
Utilization of remote reprogramming to manage insertable cardiac monitor arrhythmia alert burden
Authors: Seiler Amber , Rosemas Sarah , Zhou Jiani , Franco Noreli , Rogers John
Published: January 2024

Introduction

The increasing use of insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) for long‐term continuous arrhythmia monitoring creates a high volume of transmissions and a significant workload for clinics. The ability to remotely reprogram device alert settings without in‐office patient visits was recently introduced, but its impact on clinic workflow compared to the previous ICM iteration is unknown.

Methods

The aim of this real‐world study was to evaluate the impact of device reprogramming capabilities on ICM alert burden and on clinic workflow. Deidentified data was obtained from US patients and a total of 19 525 receiving a LINQ II were propensity score‐matched with 19 525 implanted with LINQ TruRhythm (TR) ICM based on age and reason for monitoring.

Results

After reprogramming, ICM alerts reduced by 20.5% (p < .001). Compared with patients monitored with LINQ TR, patients with LINQ II had their device reprogrammed sooner after implant and more frequently during follow‐up. Adoption of remote programming was projected to lead to an annual total clinic time savings of 211 h per 100 ICM patients managed.

Conclusion

These data suggest that utilization of ICM alert reprogramming has increased with remote capabilities, which may reduce clinic and patient burden for ICM follow‐up and free clinician time for other valuable patient care activities.
Cav‐1 regulates the bile salt export pump on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes by PKCα‐associated signalling under cholesterol stimulation
Authors: Pang Liwei , Cui Meiying , Wu Shuodong , Kong Jing
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

The secretion of bile salts transported by the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is the primary driving force for the generation of bile flow; thus, it is closely related to the formation of cholesterol stones. Caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1), an essential player in cell signalling and endocytosis, is known to co‐localize with cholesterol‐rich membrane domains. This study illustrates the role of Cav‐1 and BSEP in cholesterol stone formation.

Methods

Adult male C57BL/6 mice were used as an animal model. HepG2 cells were cultured under different cholesterol concentrations and BSEP, Cav‐1, p‐PKCα and Hax‐1 expression levels were determined via Western blotting. Expression levels of BSEP and Cav‐1 mRNA were detected using real‐time PCR. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays were performed to study BSEP and Hax‐1 distribution. Finally, an ATPase activity assay was performed to detect BSEP transport activity under different cholesterol concentrations in cells.

Results

Under low‐concentration stimulation with cholesterol, Cav‐1 and BSEP protein and mRNA expression levels significantly increased, PKCα phosphorylation significantly decreased, BSEP binding capacity to Hax‐1 weakened, and BSEP function increased. Under high‐concentration stimulation with cholesterol, Cav‐1 and BSEP protein and mRNA expression levels decreased, PKCα phosphorylation increased, BSEP binding capacity to Hax‐1 rose, and BSEP function decreased.

Conclusion

Cav‐1 regulates the bile salt export pump on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes via PKCα‐associated signalling under cholesterol stimulation.
Resveratrol differentially affects MMP‐9 release from neurons and glia; implications for therapeutic efficacy
Authors: Amontree Matthew , Nelson Matthew , Stefansson Lara , Pak Daniel , Maguire‐Zeiss Kathleen , Turner R. Scott , Conant Katherine
Published: January 2024

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol that activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), has been shown to reduce overall levels of matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Depending on the site of release, however, MMP‐9 has the potential to improve or impair cognition. In particular, its release from microglia or pericytes proximal to the blood brain barrier can damage the basement membrane, while neuronal activity‐dependent release of this protease from glutamatergic neurons can instead promote dendritic spine expansion and long‐term potentiation of synaptic plasticity. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that resveratrol reduces overall MMP‐9 levels in CSF samples from patients with APOE4, an allele associated with increased glial inflammation. We also examine the possibility that resveratrol reduces inflammation‐associated MMP release from cultured glia but spares neuronal activity‐dependent release from cultured cortical neurons. We observe that resveratrol decreases overall levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in CSF samples from AD patients. Resveratrol also reduces CSF levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1), glial‐derived protein that restricts long‐term potentiation of synaptic transmission, in individuals homozygous for APOE4. Consistent with these results, we observe that resveratrol reduces basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated MMP and TIMP‐1 release from cultured microglia and astrocytes. In contrast, however, resveratrol does not inhibit release of MMP‐9 from cortical neurons. Overall, these results are consistent with the possibility that while resveratrol reduces potentially maladaptive MMP and TIMP‐1 release from activated glia, neuroplasticity‐promoting MMP release from neurons is spared. In contrast, resveratrol reduces release of neurocan and brevican, extracellular matrix components that restrict neuroplasticity, from both neurons and glia. These data underscore the diversity of resveratrol's actions with respect to affected cell types and molecular targets and also suggest that further studies may be warranted to determine if its effects on glial MMP release could make it a useful adjunct for AD‐ and/or anti‐amyloid therapy‐related damage to the blood brain barrier.

image
Surgical correction of sunken upper eyelid with upper arcus marginalis release and precision fat distribution technique
Authors: Hong Sa‐Hyeok , Choi Nakwon , Baek Rong‐Min , Kim Jong‐Ho
Published: January 2024

Background

Sunken upper eyelids, characterized by hollowing in the upper orbital region, can contribute to an aged or fatigued appearance. We aim to report on the surgical technique and its effects, involving the release of the arcus marginalis of the upper eyelid and the precise distribution of orbital fat.

Methods

From December 2021 to March 2023, a total of 84 eyelids from 42 patients who underwent surgical correction for sunken upper eyelids, utilizing the upper arcus marginalis release and precision fat distribution technique, were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative sunken depths were measured and statistically analyzed. Aesthetic satisfaction was assessed through patient questionnaires.

Results

Preoperative and postoperative sunken depths measured 9.2 ± 2.2 mm and 5.9 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. The mean improvement was 3.3 mm, a change of statistical significance. Aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction yielded favorable results. No major complications were observed during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion

The upper arcus marginalis release and orbital fat distribution technique demonstrated favorable outcomes in correcting sunken upper eyelids. This procedure ensures stable placement of orbital fat at the deepest sunken point, resulting in aesthetically pleasing and enduring results. This technique serves as a valuable alternative for patients with moderate to severe sunken eyelids.
Investigation of optimal weight gain during pregnancy: A retrospective analysis of the Japanese perinatal registry database
Authors: Takeda Jun , Morisaki Naho , Itakura Atsuo , Aoki Shigeru , Sago Haruhiko , Nagamatsu Takeshi , Masuyama Hisashi , Matsubara Shigeki , Umazume Takeshi , Mitsuda Nobuaki , Itoh Hiroaki , Ikeda Tomoaki ,   Perinatal Committee of the Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Published: January 2024

Aim

This study aimed to determine the weight gain during pregnancy that minimizes the predicted probability of various perinatal adverse events according to the pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and make recommendations for optimal weight gain in Japan.

Methods

The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology perinatal database for 2015–2017 was used. From the 719 723 deliveries included in this database, parturients with underlying diseases or missing data were excluded, and 419 114 deliveries were analyzed. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to weigh each perinatal adverse event. For each of the nine outcomes, a restricted cubic spline model was made to estimate the association between the “expected gestational weight gain at 40 weeks” and the outcome risk.

Results

Since the classes of medical facilities were generally the same, weights were assigned according to the mean of the questionnaires rather than by the class of the facility. For each pre‐pregnancy BMI, the weight gains during pregnancy that minimized the predicted probability of various adverse perinatal events were 12–15, 10–13, 7–10, and upper limit of 5 kg for the underweight, normal‐weight, obese 1, and obese ≥2 groups, respectively.

Conclusions

The weight gain during pregnancy that minimizes the predicted probability of various perinatal adverse events according to the pre‐pregnancy BMI was established.
Green leaf volatiles co‐opt proteins involved in molecular pattern signalling in plant cells
Authors: Tanarsuwongkul Sasimonthakan , Fisher Kirsten W. , Mullis B. Todd , Negi Harshita , Roberts Jamie , Tomlin Fallon , Wang Qiang , Stratmann Johannes W.
Published: January 2024

The green leaf volatiles (GLVs) Z‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol (Z3‐HOL) and Z‐3‐hexenyl acetate (Z3‐HAC) are airborne infochemicals released from damaged plant tissues that induce defenses and developmental responses in receiver plants, but little is known about their mechanism of action. We found that Z3‐HOL and Z3‐HAC induce similar but distinctive physiological and signaling responses in tomato seedlings and cell cultures. In seedlings, Z3‐HAC showed a stronger root growth inhibition effect than Z3‐HOL. In cell cultures, the two GLVs induced distinct changes in MAP kinase (MAPK) activity and proton fluxes as well as rapid and massive changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins within 5 min. Many of these phosphoproteins are involved in reprogramming the proteome from cellular homoeostasis to stress and include pattern recognition receptors, a receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinase, MAPK cascade components, calcium signaling proteins and transcriptional regulators. These are well‐known components of damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling pathways. These rapid changes in the phosphoproteome may underly the activation of defense and developmental responses to GLVs. Our data provide further evidence that GLVs function like DAMPs and indicate that GLVs coopt DAMP signaling pathways.
Systemic stomatal responses in plants: Coordinating development, stress, and pathogen defense under a changing climate
Authors: Peláez‐Vico María Ángeles , Zandalinas Sara I. , Devireddy Amith R. , Sinha Ranjita , Mittler Ron
Published: January 2024

To successfully survive, develop, grow and reproduce, multicellular organisms must coordinate their molecular, physiological, developmental and metabolic responses among their different cells and tissues. This process is mediated by cell‐to‐cell, vascular and/or volatile communication, and involves electric, chemical and/or hydraulic signals. Within this context, stomata serve a dual role by coordinating their responses to the environment with their neighbouring cells at the epidermis, but also with other stomata present on other parts of the plant. As stomata represent one of the most important conduits between the plant and its above‐ground environment, as well as directly affect photosynthesis, respiration and the hydraulic status of the plant by controlling its gas and vapour exchange with the atmosphere, coordinating the overall response of stomata within and between different leaves and tissues plays a cardinal role in plant growth, development and reproduction. Here, we discuss different examples of local and systemic stomatal coordination, the different signalling pathways that mediate them, and the importance of systemic stomatal coordination to our food supply, ecosystems and weather patterns, under our changing climate. We further discuss the potential biotechnological implications of regulating systemic stomatal responses for enhancing agricultural productivity in a warmer and CO2‐rich environment.
Inorganic carbon sensing and signalling in cyanobacteria
Authors: Kurkela Juha , Tyystjärvi Taina
Published: January 2024

Cyanobacteria utilize CO2 and HCO3− as inorganic carbon (Ci) sources. In low Ci, like in ambient air, cyanobacteria efficiently collect Ci using a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM). The CCM includes bicarbonate transporters SbtA, BicA and BCT1; the specialized NDH complexes NDH‐13 and NDH‐14, which convert CO2 to HCO3− in the cytoplasm; and carboxysomes that are protein shell encapsulated ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) and carbonic anhydrase containing bodies in which the first reaction of carbon fixation occurs. Ci‐dependent regulation of bicarbonate transporters and specialized NDH complexes, especially the regulation of the SbtA transporter, are well understood. CcmR (also called NdhR), CyAbrB2, CmpR and RbcR act as transcription factors regulating CCM genes. Ci signalling molecules detecting the metabolic status of the cells include 2‐oxoglutarate, which accumulates when the Ci/nitrogen ratio of the cell is high, and 2‐phosphoglycolate, the first intermediate of the photorespiration pathway, whose accumulation indicates low Ci. These signalling molecules act as corepressors and coactivators of the CcmR repressor protein, whereas 2‐phosphoglycolate and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate activate transcription activator CmpR. In addition, bicarbonate or CO2 activates the adenylyl cyclase that produces cAMP, and ATP/ADP/AMP provide information about the energy status of the cell. Less is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating carboxysome dynamics or how production, activity and degradation of photosynthetic complexes are regulated by prevailing Ci conditions or which mechanisms adjust cell division according to Ci. This minireview summarizes the present knowledge about molecular mechanisms regulating cyanobacterial acclimation to prevailing Ci.
The effect of the working correlation on fitting models to longitudinal data
Authors: Muller Samuel , Wang Suojin , Welsh A. H.
Published: January 2024

We present a detailed discussion of the theoretical properties of quadratic inference function estimators of the parameters in marginal linear regression models. We consider the effect of the choice of working correlation on fundamental questions including the existence of quadratic inference function estimators, their relationship with generalized estimating equations estimators, and the robustness and asymptotic relative efficiency of quadratic inference function and generalized estimating equations estimators. We show that the quadratic inference function estimators do not always exist and propose a way to handle this. We then show that they have unbounded influence functions and can be more or less asymptotically efficient than generalized estimating equations estimators. We also present empirical evidence to demonstrate these results. We conclude that the choice of working correlation can have surprisingly large effects.
Taxonomic status of hares (Lepus spp.) in Xinjiang, China (Lagomorpha: Leporidae): An integrative approach
Authors: Shan Wen‐Juan , Li Zu‐Rui , Dai Hui‐Ying , Dong Peng‐Cheng , Zhang Yu‐Cong
Published: January 2024

The taxonomic status and interspecies relationships of hares (genus Lepus) in Xinjiang, China, remain ambiguous owing to extremely similar external morphologies, introgressive hybridization between species and a lack of molecular genetic records. In this study, a total of 154 hare specimens were used to clarify their taxonomic status. Based on multiple lines of evidence, including observations and comparisons of external morphological characteristics, skull morphometrics and genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets, four hare species were recognised. Lepus yarkandensis and Lepus timidus, which have obvious morphological characteristics, were identified as two distinct species, as previously reported. Combining the integrated morphological and molecular datasets with the relevant literature, we proposed suggestions on the classification of the more controversial hares. Due to molecular and morphological similarities, hares in northern and central Xinjiang were divided into two subspecies of Lepus tolai, namely, Lepus tolai lehmanni and Lepus tolai centrasiaticus. Despite similar external morphological characters, hares in the southwest Pamir Plateau and its surroundings can be distinguished from L. tolai by differences in skull morphology and genetic divergence and were, therefore, considered a subspecies of Lepus tibetanus, Lepus tibetanus pamirensis. Furthermore, we found that hybridization and introgression occurred between sympatric or parapatric hares, especially between L. yarkandensis and L. tibetanus pamirensis, L. yarkandensis and L. tolai centrasiaticus, and L. tolai lehmanni and L. timidus.
Development and delivery of justice, equity, diversity, inclusion, and anti-oppression concepts in entry-level health professional education: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Coulter Emma , McQueen Conner , Abu-Jurji Zeina , Chan-Emery Isabelle , Rukavina Mark , Solecki Rachel , Wojkowski Sarah , Dhir Jasdeep
Published: January 2024

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify the frameworks, guidelines, and models used to develop and deliver justice, equity, diversity, inclusion (JEDI), and anti-oppression (AO) principles in mandatory, entry-level health care professional program curricula (EHCPPC). A secondary objective will be to examine how these frameworks, guidelines, and models are used.

Introduction:

Health inequities are perpetuated globally, as observed by the suboptimal quality of care and health outcomes among equity-deserving groups. An understanding of JEDI and AO concepts is necessary in health care settings to promote culturally safe and high-quality care; however, entry-level health care programs may lack adequate integration of content and/or delivery of these principles. This scoping review will summarize the international literature on frameworks, guidelines, and models used to develop and deliver JEDI and AO concepts in EHCPPC.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider articles that discuss frameworks, models, or guidelines included in EHCPPC that guide the development and/or delivery of JEDI and AO principles in any country. Studies will be considered if they were published from 2015 to the present and are in English. All study designs will be considered for inclusion.

Methods:

This review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. A search of MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and CINAHL (EBSCOhost) will be conducted. Two or more independent reviewers will assess titles and abstracts, screen full-text studies, and extract data from included studies. Data from the included studies will be collated into tables or figures and described in a narrative summary.

Review registration:

Open Science Framework osf.io/ewqf8
Effectiveness of transoral robotic surgery for recurrent head and neck cancers: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Goel Sahil , Gunasekera Delu , Krishnan Giri , Lizarondo Lucylynn , Foreman Andrew
Published: January 2024

Objective:

The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the best available evidence regarding effectiveness of transoral robotic surgery in patients with recurrent head and neck cancers.

Introduction:

Transoral robotic surgery is now an established modality of treatment for primary head and neck cancer, showing good swallowing outcomes and quality of life for patients post-treatment. In patients with recurrent disease, conventional open surgery is often used, which prolongs recovery time and necessitates tissue disruption to gain access to the tumor site. Transoral robotic surgery is an emerging technique in this field as a minimally invasive approach to resection.

Inclusion criteria:

The review will include experimental or observational studies that investigated the use of transoral robotic surgery in adults (aged 18 years or older) with recurrent head and neck cancers for oncological, functional, and survival outcomes.

Methods:

Three databases will be searched for evidence: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Search terms for each database will include transoral robotic surgery, recurrent, salvage, and head and neck cancers. Reference lists of included articles will be searched for further evidence. Critical appraisal will be conducted by 2 independent reviewers using the JBI critical appraisal tools for quantitative studies. Data will be extracted by the same reviewers. Where appropriate, meta-analysis will be conducted for all outcomes.

Review registration:

PROSPERO CRD42023404613
Physical Basis of Air-Propeller Design
Authors: Caldwell F. W. , Fales E. N.
Published: January 2024

It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the conceptions of flight phenomena as developed by the use of the high-speed wind tunnel at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio. The paper contains a description of the wind tunnel; a discussion of the phenomena discovered by its use; an analysis of propeller theory and application thereof to fan design; and a review of the methods employed for visualizing air flow.

The wind tunnel at McCook Field is notable, first, for the high velocity of air used (500 m.p.h.) and second, for means adopted to visualize the air flow. This latter is done by maintaining the humidity of the air in the tunnel at a certain predetermined level and by providing opportunities for its condensation where it shows the character of the air flow.

The study of air flow by these means gave new data on vortex formation created by the presence of aerofoils and made it possible to form a clearer conception of the conditions surrounding the operation of propellers.

The value of such investigations as can be made with the McCook Field equipment lies in the fact that hitherto the theory underlying flight phenomena has been purely rational and not directly applicable to engineering design because of the absence of empirical measurement of flight vortices. Because of this, it was impossible to predetermine the performance of aerofoils of new shapes, speeds, and sizes without first building a model and determining the particular coefficients applicable to the new design experimentally. Data obtainable in a wind tunnel having provision for visualizing the air flow are, however, the first step toward supplying this deficiency.

The authors show the application of some of the data obtained to the design of blowers and fans, and in an appendix the application of model wing tests to propeller design is discussed.
The Flow of Air Through Small Brass Tubes
Authors: Taylor T. S.
Published: January 2024

A study of the flow of air through brass tubes ⅝ in. (1.58 cm.), ⅞ in. (2.22 cm.) and 1½ in. (3.81 cm.) in diameter, respectively, has been made by means of small pilot tubes. Under the conditions of the experiment, it has been observed that the velocity distribution does not become constant in tubes of these dimensions until the air has passed through a length of about 6.57 ft. (200 cm.) The ratio of the average velocity to the maximum velocity at the center has been found to have a value of from 0.82 to 0.85 for all velocities for each of the tubes tested. Tests were made of the influence of dust and oil on the walls of the tubes and very interesting results obtained. A small quantity of dirt irregularly distributed greatly diminishes the total air flow for a given static pressure and also produces a marked change in the velocity distribution, the average velocity being made considerably less with respect to the maximum velocity.
Effect of Fittings on Flow of Fluids Through Pipe Lines: Including Chart for Flow of Saturated and Superheated Steam in Pipes
Authors: Foster Dean E.
Published: January 2024

The tables and chart developed in this paper afford a means of making proper allowance for resistance offered by fittings to the flow of liquids and gases through pipe lines. The tables which are based upon equations developed from formulœ giving flow of water and of high-pressure steam through pipes and the resistances offered to flow by fittings, give equivalent lengths of standard pipe to allow for various screw fittings in conduits carrying non-viscous liquids, steam, air or gas. The chart furnishes a means of rapidly solving problems involving the carrying of either dry saturated or superheated steam. Examples are given showing the use of the tables and chart.
Static Adjustment of Trucks on Curves
Authors: Eksergian R.
Published: January 2024

In the first part of this paper the adjustment of the running gear of a locomotive on a curve and the lateral reactions developed are considered from the geometrical limitations imposed which govern the length of wheelbase, the relation between lateral play and length of wheelbase, and the lateral displacement of trucks, together with a study of lateral devices for exerting guiding reactions between track and the frame of the rigid wheelbase.

The author then considers the effect of the major lateral reactions developed between the various parts of the running gear. The effect of the centrifugal force and the overturning moment which it produces resulting in a change of load on the non-crossed part of the equalization is next discussed in order to arrive at the proper journal loads in the design of the driving- and trailing truck axles. The principal reactions developed in a two and four-wheel engine truck and formulœ for the flange reaction of the guiding axle are developed in terms of the lateral reaction exerted at the center pin of the truck. An analysis is made of the lateral forces developed in skewing the rigid wheelbase of a locomotive in a curve. Finally formulœ for proper guiding and maximum flange reactions for the entire running gear are developed for three types of locomotives.

The third section is a recapitulation of the previous work with the object of keeping the various points outlined in working up a preliminary design.
Limitations of Mechanical Stokers Utilizing Mid-West Coals
Authors: Tenney Edward H.
Published: January 2024

In this paper the author discusses the limitations imposed on mechanical stokers by the use of Mid-West coals, which are characterized by higher moisture, volatile and ash contents as compared with Eastern Coals; the limitations imposed by air supply and by the design of the furnace; and the effect of these various limitations on stoker operation.

It is the author’s belief that in general the application of mechanical-stoking equipment to the use of Mid-West coals has proved to be eminently successful. Specially designed arrangements for air supply and to facilitate ignition of the fuel have been provided; and furnace volumes and gas passes have been scientifically studied, with the result that the most difficult problems — namely, those incident to operation at high rates of combustion — have been satisfactorily solved.
Graphical Methods
Authors: Marshall W. C.
Published: January 2024

After pointing out the value of graphical methods and the wide use which may be made of them, the author calls attention to the pressing need for the standardization of diagram forms in order that comparisons of the results plotted by different investigators on the same subject may be facilitated. So important does he deem the subject that he advocates a course in every school, college and university covering the use and construction of graphical diagrams together with the theory of graphical methods. Various types of diagrams in frequent use are described in the paper and the advantages of the alignment form are brought out.
An Investigation of Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting Blowpipes
Authors: Johnston R. S.
Published: January 2024

This paper reports the results of and conclusions from an elaborate series of tests carried out at the Bureau of Standards Washington, D. C. on commercial apparatus for cutting and welding by the oxy-acetylene process, submitted by manufacturers for the purpose of the tests.

The test equipment used consisted of a weighing system for determining the weight of the gases used, a system for metering the gases as a check upon the weight and for maintaining standard conditions of pressure and temperature, a welding table for the welding tests, a cutting table for the cutting tests, and a “flashback” and safety testing apparatus for determining the conditions of the flashback phenomena.

Unusual precautions were taken to insure accuracy in all the tests. For example, the cutting tests were all made by a mechanically controlled cutting device installed on the cutting table, to eliminate the personal equation.

The welding tests were performed upon ½-in. and ¾-in. steel plates, and the cutting tests upon ½-in., 2-in., 6-in. and 10-in. material.

The general conclusions from the tests were that there was a great deal of difference between the characteristics of different designs of cutting blowpipes, and that there was no make of apparatus which was equally proficient and economical for all thicknesses of metal. Further, one of the prime essentials of a good welding blowpipe is its so-called gas ratio, which should be unity. Not any of the blowpipes tested proved capable of maintaining a gas ratio of unity during welding although, as the author states, the welds were probably made with greater care than has ever been bestowed upon any like work.

The important problem of “flashback” receives extensive consideration, and the author concludes by stating that experience gained during these tests indicates that a blowpipe designed to be absolutely free from flashback caused by any form of obstruction, under all working conditions, will also be the eminently safe blowpipe and the one which with ordinary care will produce sound welds. Such a blowpipe will be one so designed that, under all conditions of operation — even to complete blocking of the gas exit at the tip end, there will be maintained a one-to-one volume delivery of each gas, at identical pressures.
The Design of Large Locomotives
Authors: Haig M. H.
Published: January 2024

After discussing various restrictions and limitations in the design and construction of large locomotives due to the inability of existing bridges and tracks to of bridges and structures, the author expresses the opinion that the physical conditions of a road should be adjusted to the requirements of the locomotive, and that the only controlling factors should be the size of train and the traffic of the territory.

Leading features of locomotive construction such as relative size of cylinders, total heating surface, grate area, principal dimensions, etc., have been treated at length by various writers. Features which have not been so discussed, however, are those which keep a locomotive in service a maximum length of time, reduce engine failures to a minimum, reduce cost of maintenance and repairs, and increase revenue-earning power. And it is in order to arouse interest in those details which are not always given the attention to which they are entitled, that the author proceeds to their consideration. These, in the order of their treatment, are: Counterbalance, cross-heads, driving wheels, crosshead pins, piston rods, cylinders, frame braces, boiler cracks, back flue sheet, grate rigging, water columns, cab equipment, cab seats, and tender capacity. The author’s opinions on these topics are presented in the hope that discussion will bring out the experience of others not only on these but on additional details of locomotive design and construction.
On the Art of Milling
Authors: Airey John , Oxford Carl J.
Published: January 2024

This paper gives particulars of an investigation undertaken at the University of Michigan for the purpose of finding a rational basis for the action of a milling cutter.

It is shown that metal is removed more efficiently with thick chips than with thin chips. It follows from this that, other conditions being equal, including speed and feed per minute, the cutter with the fewest teeth gives the greatest efficiency. However, it is evident that the efficiencies of two cutters with different numbers of teeth are equal provided the table feeds be adjusted so that the same feed per tooth is effected. This gives a definite working theory on the influence of spacing.

It is definitely established that for a given material, tooth shape and sharpness, thickness of chip is the sole criterion of the efficiency with which metal is removed in milling and that increase of spacing over that required for free cutting is a handicap. Present-day high-powered cutters have several times the chip space needed. Limitation of machine power has doubtlessly been the chief factor in giving a false bias to the influence of spacing.

Formulas for determining the number of teeth for a known diameter of cutter and for determining the depth are included in the paper, as well as a geometrical construction for obtaining the best shape of tooth.