bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indoor Fireworks: The Pleasures of Digital Game Pyrotechnics
Authors: Niedenthal Simon
Published: March 2022

Fireworks in games translate the sensory power of a real-world aesthetic form to the realm of digital simulation and gameplay. Understanding the role of fireworks in games can best be pursued through through a threefold aesthetic perspective that focuses on the senses, on art, and on the aesthetic experience that gives pleasure through the player’s participation in the simulation, gameplay and narrative potentials of fireworks. In games ranging from Wii Sports and Fantavision, to Okami and Assassin’s Creed II, digital fireworks are employed as a light effect, and are also the site for  gameplay pleasures that include design and performance, timing and rhythm, and power and awe. Fireworks also gain narrative significance in game forms through association with specific sequences and characters. Ultimately, understanding the role of fireworks in games provokes us to reverse the scrutiny, and to consider games as fireworks, through which we experience ludic festivity and voluptuous panic.
Career attitudes of men and women working in the computer games industry
Authors: Prescott Julie , Bogg Jan
Published: March 2022

There is a paucity of research on game workers attitudes of working in the male domain of computer games. The overall objective of this article is to look at both female and male attitudes towards work-life balance issues, women’s career barriers within the industry and their attitudes towards their own career progression. The study gained quantitative, international data from 454 women and 93 men working in the industry. Analysis revealed some surprising similarities and interesting differences. Results and implications are discussed.
First-Person Shooters: Immersion and Attention
Authors: Grimshaw Mark , Charlton John , Jagger Richard
Published: March 2022

First-Person Shooter computer games are designed to be immersive experiences yet the phenomenon of immersion is little understood.  This article surveys theories of immersion in virtual worlds and examines FPS game elements that might contribute to the state.  The roles of attention and positive feedback in facilitating player immersion in FPS games is explored.  In particular, the role of selective attention is highlighted before the article finishes with a discussion on the design of immersion in FPS games using the principles presented here.
Review of Video Game Spaces: Image, Play, and Structure in 3D Game Worlds
Authors: Snider Evan
Published: March 2022

A book review of Michael Nitsche's Video Game Space: Image, Play, and Structure in 3D Game Worlds.
Urban Games to Design the Augmented City
Authors: De Luca Vanessa , Bertolo Maresa
Published: March 2022

Seen through the eyes of games, urban environments can appear as museums, storytelling venues, or intense multi-user experiences that could attract people away from their living rooms into the city. Engaging physical, social, and emotional levels, urban games emerge today as powerful resources, able to lead to a playful reading of the augmented city we live in. Observing recent play practices such as hybrid treasure hunts and geo-location games, several “patterns” can be noticed and recognized as new models for negotiating the density of urban landscapes in a physically and digitally mixed reality. Discovering and wandering across cities are dynamic patterns that invite the research and design community to consider the importance of retrieving the human ludic attitude to explore spaces; these can be recognized in “Rhabdomancy” and “Flânerie”, two interesting methods to design the augmented city. They perpetuate a constantly renewed playful relationship between places and human activities, offering to players - as modern citizens - an opportunity for actively participating in contemporary city-life.
The Professional Identity of Gameworkers Revisited. A Qualitative Inquiry on the Case Study of German Professionals
Authors: Wimmer Jeffrey , Sitnikova Tatiana
Published: March 2022

The phenomena of computer games and the plethora of game cultures have already been drawing attention of researchers for many years, whereas the people behind computer games – the so called gameworkers – undeservingly remained in the shadows until quite recently. The lack of information about this workforce and its professional identity makes this research object especially interesting. The analysis relies on a pilot study about the issue of the professional identity of gameworkers, which aimed to dig deeper with the means of qualitative research. During that project nine German gameworkers were interviewed and an attempt to give an in-depth description of their professional identity was made. The study shows that the respondents have a very strong coherence with their profession and perceive themselves as a part of their profession and the team/studio they work with/at. The most salient reason for this is the deep interest the respondents have in computer games (for both making and playing games).
Making Sense of Play in Video Games: Ludus, Paidia, and Possibility Spaces
Authors: Jensen Graham H.
Published: March 2022

This article synthesizes the work of video game theorists such as Gonzalo Frasca (2003), Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman (2003), Ian Bogost (2008), and Steven E. Jones (2008) in order to build on academic and interdisciplinary discussions of play and its effect on PC- or console-based video games.  Examples are used to elucidate the potentially problematic categories of “paidic” and “ludic” games, as well as to explore further the ways in which uninhibited play, “metagaming,” and the inevitable influence of socio-cultural factors gradually transform—and become codified within—the landscape of digital games. Finally, the article offers Mikhail Bakhtin’s notions of opposing “centripetal” and “centrifugal” forces as analytical tools according to which the connections between in-game activities and out-of-game social and cultural contexts can be usefully examined by future critics.
Analysing God of War: A Hero’s Journey
Authors: Cassar Robert
Published: March 2022

This paper is the result of an attempt to carry out a close reading ofthe videogames series God of War (GOW). The purpose of thisstudy was to scrutinise the structure of the plot in such as way asto better understand how game developers use this medium todeliver stories. The tool used to undertake this task was JosephCampbell’s monomyth (Hero’s journey) as adapted by ChristopherVogler in his ‘Writer’s Journey’. The analysis was mostlyconcerned with the type of narrative components and structurespresent in the game/s. The researcher position in this study is thesame one used by Carr (2002); that is from the perspective of an‘academic fan’. Ultimately this work’s ontology was inductivelydeveloped from data collected from different sources; including fieldnotes of personal gaming sessions and documents associated withthe game such as game manuals, reviews, articles and otherrelated content.
Review of Legend of Zelda: Hyrule Historia
Authors: Bennett J. Holder
Published: March 2022

Review of Legend of Zelda: Hyrule Historia
Prolonging the Magic: The political economy of the 7th generation console game
Authors: Nieborg David B.
Published: March 2022

This paper draws on critical political economic theory to discuss the implications of the dominant mode of production and circulation of “Triple-A” or blockbuster console games. It is argued that the seventh generation Triple-A game is a highly standardized cultural commodity giving way to two distinctive "formatting strategies", which taken together, draw attention to the console game’s hybrid nature; being a physical, disc-based artefact that is digitally extended via DLC (downloadable content). This hybridity invites questions as to the commodity form's techno-economic particularities vis-à-vis publishing strategies of non-software based cultural commodities, such as movies and TV series.   The popular Call of Duty series of first person shooters serves as case study to demonstrate how game publisher Activision Blizzard not only formalized and institutionalized the annualization of the serialization strategy, the publisher also upped the ante in terms of post-launch content, theorized as "branched serialization". The Call of Duty series demonstrates that the rules of play for Triple-A games are as much governed by a game's internal ludic properties as they are structured and alternated by a distinctive and very explicit market logic. In this sense, the Triple-A game never seems truly finished; it is marketed by game publishers and positioned by critics as an unfinished commodity.
Types and Bytes. Ludic Seriality and Digital Typography
Authors: Gotto Lisa
Published: March 2022

Ever since the invention of movable letters and the introduction of the typewriter, technical writing tools have been considered as a means of serialization and standardization, characterized by a linear way of ordering things and thoughts. More importantly, as a cultural technique they fostered and furthered a sharp distinction between print and image. While the advent of the comic book in the industrial age was already instrumental in blurring the line between textual and visual practices, digital games now restructure this terrain to expand it through their own specific potential.This essay concentrates on the interrelation of text and icon in videogames. The first section focuses on the medial quality of writing and textuality as a formal system, the second discusses the dimension of the image as an iconic extension of the textual format, and the third brings together both lines of thought to debate the operational efficiency of digital games as a way of constituting new forms of ludic literacy.
How Gamification Affects Crowdsourcing: The Case of Amazon Mechanical Turk
Authors: De Lellis Lorenzo
Published: March 2022

Since its very first appearance the concept of crowdsourcing has undergone major variations, coming to include highly heterogeneous phenomena such as Google’s data mining, exchanges on sharing economy platforms (e.g. Airbnb or eBay), contents production within creative communities online (e.g. Wikipedia) and much more. If one assumes a very broad perspective, it is eventually possible to extend the category of crowdsourcing to cover whatsoever phenomena involving the participation of the crowd online, as in fact has been done. On the contrary, I will argue that crowdsourcing – and in particular its microwork branch – represents the specific practice of extending outsourcing processes to a large, low-cost, scalable and flexible workforce, in order to generate greater added value for a supply chain. To develop this analysis, I will especially focus on the case of Amazon Mechanical Turk, and on how the operations carried out on this platform are primarily intended to manage the huge flow of information which spans across a supply chain. The practice of subcontracting to the crowd tasks previously carried out by employees or third-party suppliers highlights how crowdsourcing involves a reshaping of the supply chain, further extending it to a large network of individuals. Through crowdsourcing processes, companies are either able to replace or train AI, integrating human computation skills in algorithmic structures through simple, and oftentimes tedious, microtasks. In this context, processes of gamification are capable to put further downward pressure on already small piece-wages, as long as crowdworkers are rather willing to earn an even lower economic compensation, if it’s associated to challenging tasks; thus, to make a task more enjoyable through gamification could be an effective way to further reduce a supply chain’s expenditures in crowdsourcing, pushing forward labor exploitation practices structurally embedded in this phenomenon.
Study of Artificial Intelligent Algorithms Applied in Procedural Content Generation in Video Games
Authors: González-Hermida Martín , Costa-Montenegro Enrique , Legerén-Lago Beatriz , Pena-Giménez Antonio
Published: March 2022

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Gamified Flow and the Sociotechnical Production of AI
Authors: Khreiche Mario
Published: March 2022

Recent advances in AI, computer algorithms, and automation applications across industries have generated hyperbolic discourses about disruptive technologies. Futurists envision fleets of driverless cars delivering human bodies, armies of robots taking over jobs, and advanced AI systems outgrowing their superfluous masters. Extending into science fiction, such predictions distract from scrutinizing contexts in which lesser versions of these technologies already proliferate and appreciating subtler, long-term implications. Particularly the interfaces of a rapidly expanding attention capitalism and its gamified operations warrant closer analysis. Here, demands for frictionless services and coordinated mobilities necessitate strict surveillance protocols and continued engagement with platforms that transform attention into revenue. More than the formalized and singular manifestation, for instance, DeepMind’s AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero, and most recently AlphaStar, the current logic of accumulation desires the continued sociotechnical production of active participants in evermore data networks. The most lucrative and transformative AI systems of the future will rest on a gamified subjectivity, whose datafied claims to entertainment, movement, and income coincide with increasingly vertical corporate network structures.Attention capitalism appeals to sensibilities of entertainment and, in no small part, competition. Applications therefore feature score-based systems, monetary and nonmonetary rewards, and certain privileges of access. Habit-forming interface design represents a crucial strategy whereby corporate platforms inject their on-demand services, automations, and AIs with life. To guarantee uninterrupted consumer experiences and efficient processing of goods and people, service environments are increasingly designed around concept emulating “flow,” a state that psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2009) describes as an “optimal experience” in which the constraints of the inner and outer world are suspended. Csikszentmihalyi derives his ideas primarily from athletes and artists, but anybody losing themselves in an enjoyable and challenging activity can relate. In Csikszentmihalyi hands, however, flow remains largely a phenomenological account, abstracted from social and historical context. A more critical concept of flow might follow Natasha Dow Schüll’s (2012a) “machine zone,” a space in which addictive algorithms, ergonomics, and built environments capture gamblers’ attention. Dow Schüll grasps rising figures of machine gambling in Las Vegas and elsewhere not merely for flow’s own sake, but rather as a result of bankrupt states betting on casinos to fill their cashboxes. In other words, flow must be theorized as a priced commodity, a history of deregulation, and a market that continues to show immense potentials for global capital.
Gaming Under Biopolitical Sovereign Power
Authors: Piero Mike
Published: March 2022

This article argues that a spatiotemporal approach to abjection in video games helps scholars understand how confronting the abject in gameplay maps onto biopolitical conditions of living and gaming under sovereign state power. By means of a slow reading of The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, this essay offers the chronotope of the abject as a flexible, interpretive tool to account for game narrative, mechanics, and iconography that map onto out-of-game lived realities. Drawing upon Kristeva’s psychoanalysis and Agamben’s philosophy of politics, I adapt Bakhtin’s chronotope of the threshold to the mutable video game medium in order to take up the threshold concepts of the abject, life/death, responsibility/ethics, and reading/writing presented in the game. Through the chronotope, I also reconsider this game’s critical response and relation to a Christian cosmology. Ultimately, the chronotope opens up a threshold space through which more just and equitable chronotopic relations might emerge.
Perfluoroalkyl acids in sediment and water surrounding historical fire training areas at Barksdale Air Force Base
Authors: Wilkinson Rebecca S. , Lanza Heather A. , Olson Adric D. , Mudge Joseph F. , Salice Christopher J. , Anderson Todd A.
Published: March 2022

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are environmentally persistent components of surfactants that consist of fully fluorinated carbon chains and a terminal sulfonate or carboxylate polar head moiety. Due to their unique amphiphilic properties, PFAAs are used in the manufacturing of products such as aqueous film forming foams (AFFF). There is cause for concern for PFAA contamination resulting from runoff and groundwater infiltration of AFFF that were used during fire training. This study analyzed water and sediment samples that were collected over a 13-month sampling period from bayous upstream and downstream of two former fire training areas located near Barksdale Air Force Base (BAFB); the occurrence and magnitude of PFAAs supported an aquatic ecological risk assessment of potential impacts of PFAAs at the site. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for determination of 6 PFAAs listed under the third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 3). Total PFAA concentrations in surface water and sediment samples ranged from 0 (ND) −7.1 ng/mL and 0 (ND) −31.4 ng/g, respectively. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the predominant PFAAs detected. In general, perfluorosulfonates were quantified more frequently and at higher concentrations than perfluorocarboxylates. The perfluoroalkyl chain length of PFAAs also showed significant influence on PFAA concentrations when analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Some contamination we observed in surface water and sediment samples from reference locations could be a result of local runoff from the use of commercial products containing per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), but AFFF appears to be the primary source given the close proximity of the historical fire training areas.
Distinct metabolic profiling is correlated with bisexual flowers formation resulting from exogenous ethephon induction in melon (Cucumis melo L.)
Authors: Fang Siyu , Duan Yaqian , Nie Lanchun , Zhao Wensheng , Wang Jiahao , Zhao Jiateng , Zhao Liping , Wang Lei
Published: March 2022

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an agronomically important vegetable. Most cultivars of melon are andromonoecious and bisexual flowers only emerged from the leaf axil of lateral branches. However, the regulatory mechanism contributing to the occurrence of bisexual flowers were still obscure. In this study, ethephon was applied in two common cultivars of melon. In control without ethephon treatment, no bisexual flower was made in the main stem. However, 6.56 ± 1.42 and 6.63 ± 0.55 bisexual flowers were respectively induced in main stem of ‘Yangjiaocui-QX’ and ‘Lvbao’ after ethephon treatment, and induced bisexual flowers distributed in 12–20 nodes of main stem. During the formation of bisexual flowers, 41 metabolites were significantly up-regulated and 98 metabolites were significantly down-regulated. According to the KEGG enrichment analysis of 139 different metabolites, a total of 30 pathways were mapped and KEGG terms of “Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism” and “Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis” were significantly enriched. In three significantly enriched KEGG terms, shikimic acid, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and kaempferol were significantly up-regulated while L-tyrosine, 4-hydroxycinnami acid and luteolin were significantly down-regulated in ET compared to CK. Different metabolites were also classified depend on major class features and 14 classes were acquired. The results of metabonomics and endogenous hormone identification indicated that ethylene could enhance the concentration of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ABA and IAA. This study provided an important theoretical foundation for inducing bisexual flowers in main stem and breeding new varieties of melon in future.
Effect of Smart Phone Usage Time on Scapular Position and Respiratory Function: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Dubey Jyoti , Kataria Jyoti , Rai Richa Hirendra
Published: March 2022

Introduction: In recent times, the number of smartphone users has increased all over the world. The prolonged use of smartphone also shown increase in the musculoskeletal problems among the smartphone users. Smartphone usage become exceptionally desired by most of undergraduate students. Several studies are performed to asses the effect of smartphone usage among students. It has been suggested by many studies that the duration of smartphone usage is the better indicator of the addiction than the frequency of use. Aim: To study effect of smart phone addiction on respiratory function and position of scapula among undergraduate students. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at School of Physiotherapy, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Delhi, India, from February 2020 to July 2020 on 110 undergraduate students of Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR). Smart phone usage duration along with scapula position and respiratory function was studied. Respiratory function testing was done by using Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) Machine by RMS, Helios-401 Model. Scapula protraction was assessed by using keibers method of scapula assessment. Data was further analysed using t-test and analysis of variance to find out variation among study population. Results: The mean age of study population was 22±3.35 years and majority of study population fall under healthy group as per body mass index. There was no statistically significant change in the scapular position at rest (p-value= 0.334), at 45° abduction (p-value=0.840) and at 90° abduction (p-value=0.595) of addicted subjects. There was no significance (p-value=0.083) change in Forced Expiratory Flow (FEF) 25-75%, also other parameters p-value do not show any statistical significance difference between the smart phone users less than 4 years, 4-6 years, 6-8 years, more than 8 years. Conclusion: No significant changes observed in pulmonary function tests and altered scapula positioning among the smart phone addicted users.
Impact of Bandhan Microfinance on Empowerment of Rural Women in Tinsukia District of Assam
Authors: Baruah Inameeka , Bora Mayuri , Deka Manoshi Baruah
Published: March 2022

The study on Impact of Bandhan Microfinance on Empowerment of Rural Women in Tinsukia District of Assam was conducted with the objective of finding out the socio-economic status of the respondents and to analyse the impact of Bandhan Microfinance on empowerment of rural women after availing the microfinance services. The study was conducted in Tinsukia district of Assam with 108 respondents. Margherita Sub-division, was purposively selected from where two Bandhan banking units i.e., Banking Unit, Digboi and Banking Unit, Margherita were included. Results of the study showed that large percentage (71.29%) respondents belonged to medium socio-economic level. The findings also revealed that there was significant improvement in economic, psychological, personal and socio-cultural empowerment of women after availing loan from Bandhan Microfinance. Their economic empowerment was found to be prominent compared to other empowerment dimensions. Significant impact on the empowerment of the rural women after availing the Bandhan Microfinance services in the study area was found while compared their level of empowerment before availing the loan.
Trend Analysis of Vehicular Traffic Contribution to Air Pollution in Urban Cities: A Case Study of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Ucheje Okoroafor , Ogbuene Emeka Bright , Ofoezie Ifeanyi Emmanuel
Published: March 2022

The study investigated contributions of vehicular emissions to air pollution in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria for two years (24months), 2017-2018. The daytime pattern, monthly pattern, major traffic congested areas and factors that aid dispersion of air pollutants were considered. Using a closed-circuit television, traffic records were obtained at the chosen places by counting the number of vehicles passing at a spot for two hours in the morning, afternoon, and evening (Plate 5.1). For two years, all parameters were monitored once a month (Monday to Friday) in each location (2017-2018). Where appropriate, descriptive analysis, ANOVA, and multiple linear regressions were used to assess the data. The findings demonstrated that the mean concentrations of all pollutants followed a similar pattern in terms of temporal variation and were significantly (P < 0.05) different during the day.  Similarly, within the daytime, the mean traffic volume fluctuated greatly and considerably (P < 0.05) between the two research years. Furthermore, all of the pollutants showed a similar pattern in terms of temporal change, with the lowest concentrations in 2017 and the highest in 2018. Statistical analysis revealed that, the concentration of all the air pollutants and traffic volume varied significantly (p < 0.05) between 2017 and 2018.
Effectiveness of Chitosan Coating Catheter in Preventing Catheter- Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI)
Authors: Obaid Najla A. , Alzahrani Atheer Mohamed , Alaryni Bushra Abdulaziz , Almegrin Fatemah Fowzi , Alsubhi Rahaf Saleem , Alzahrani Reem Saud , Alghuraybi Meshael
Published: March 2022

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a serious health issue that develops in hospitalized patients. The number of CAUTI cases could be reduced by preventing microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Chitosan demonstrates antimicrobial activity against a variety of microorganisms. Coating the surfaces of silicon catheters has been shown to minimize or prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of chitosan, in different molecular sizes, as a polymer-coated silicon catheter. Chitosan of a high (HMw), medium (MMw), and low (LMw) molecular weight, at a pH value of 5.0-6.0, used to coat catheters, was examined using two methods, namely the crystal violet and sonication methods. The first method showed that clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae had a significantly (p<0.05) lower level of bacterial adhesion with MMw chitosan, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 with LMw of chitosan. Using the sonication method, the MMw chitosan showed a decrease in bacterial viability for the Escherichia coli clinical isolate, Klebsiella pneumoniae reference strain, and Escherichia coli reference strain at to a greater extent than the HMw and LMw. Chitosan with three molecular weights (Mw) showed some antibacterial activity when the time-kill assay was applied. However, overall, HMw chitosan grades were not found to be effective as an antibacterial coating agent, although the MMw and LMw presented a potential antiadhesive polymer material to reduce CAUTI.
Impact of Online AHA Heartsaver First Aid CPR AED Course Amongst Non-medical Post Graduate Students
Authors: Rishipathak Parag , Bhandari Monesh , Hinduja Anand
Published: March 2022

Aim: To understand the impact of online AHA Heartsaver First Aid CPR AED course training amongst non-medical students in Pune, India

Introduction: Global statistics reveal, the mortality rate due to road traffic accidents is as high as 1.2 million per year. Numerous studies have shown that the society at large is in urgent need of more skilled in the form of first aid responder. This goal can be fulfilled and achieved by enhancing the number of first responders within our society.

With the advent of Covid-19 pandemic, opportunities for face-to-face training have significantly deprived critical knowledge sharing to the general population. The pandemic is long drawn and has forced us to devise novel methods of knowledge delivery to ensure that crucial aspects of First Aid and Emergency Care are taught to the general population.

The present study aims to understand the impact of online AHA Heartsaver First Aid CPR AED course training amongst non-medical students in Pune, India.

Objective: To study the impact of online AHA – Heartsaver First Aid CPR AED course among non-medical students in Pune, India.

Methodology: The knowledge retention study was conducted amongst 250 Post Graduate Management students based in Pune. In order to assess the true impact of the AHA - Heartsaver First Aid CPR AED online training, only those students who had not undergone any previous, formal training in First Aid and CPR concepts were chosen for the study. The baseline knowledge of the respondents was assessed with a pre-designed 30 item and pre-validated 30 item Multiple Choice Questionnaire provided by the American Heart Association.

Conclusion: E-learning is the way forward and it allows training of a large group of individuals in a singular event. This can help propagate first aid training to the masses. The study findings are encouraging in terms of improvement in the knowledge scores immediately after a single online training session. Although the knowledge tends to diminish after a period of eight weeks.
Creation and consolidation of a nursing graduation course – a historic rescue (1969-1975) / Criação e consolidação de um curso de graduação em enfermagem – um resgate histórico (1969-1975)
Authors: Bonetti de Carvalho Juliana , Padilha Maria Itayra
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: conhecer como se deu o processo de criação e consolidação do Curso de Enfermagem em uma universidade do sul do Brasil, no período de 1969 a 1975. Método: pesquisa qualitativa de abordagem sócio histórica, com história oral temática envolvendo doze participantes. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo temática e referencial foucaultiano. Emergiram duas categorias: o movimento para a criação do Curso de Enfermagem: antecedentes históricos e, da Implantação ao Reconhecimento do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem: enfrentando desafios. Resultados: apontam os desafios enfrentados pelas enfermeiras no processo de criação e consolidação do Curso de Enfermagem. Garantiram conquistas, em virtude de seus saberes. A participação das enfermeiras foi essencial, dada a relevância das estratégias políticas efetivadas para transpor os desafios. Conclusão: a criação e consolidação deste curso trouxeram significativas transformações nos serviços de saúde, na assistência de enfermagem à população e incentivo e apoio a criação de novos cursos no Estado
Barriers and challenges in nursing’s performance in emergency and emergency services / Entraves e desafios na atuação do enfermeiro nos serviços de urgência e emergência
Authors: Moreira William Caracas , Rodrigues Lira Larissa , Rodrigues Lira Lara , Mota de Abreu Maria Aparecida , Moraes Rola Júnior Cristiano Walter , Cerqueira Sousa Isabelle
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: identificar os principais entraves e desafios enfrentados pelo enfermeiro atuante nos serviços de urgência e emergência. Método: trata-se de uma revisão narrativa. Utilizou-se artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, disponíveis nas principais bases de dados, em três idiomas, contemplando a temática em seu título, resumo ou assunto. Inicialmente encontrou-se 12.370 arquivos, que ao passarem pelos critérios de exclusão e leitura simplificada culminou na abordagem de 28 artigos. Resultados: dentre os principais achados destacam-se: a grande demanda do serviço, carga horária exaustiva, baixos salários, situações de estresse, eventos adversos, além da falha na comunicação e relação interprofissional. Conclusão: há a prevalência dos entraves nos diversos serviços de urgência e emergência, contudo, são apontadas diversas soluções com potencial de aplicabilidade, na tentativa de gerir os entraves e sanar os desafios identificados.
Information Technology and Mobility
Authors: Schwanen Tim
Published: March 2022

The interrelations of information technology (IT) and mobility have long been of interest to geographers. Scholarship has traditionally focused on the extent to which IT use can substitute for the physical movement of people, goods, and information. More recently, attention has broadened to the ways in which digital data, algorithms, automation, and platforms are reconfiguring the everyday mobility of people and goods and the consequences of mobility's digitalization for urban geographies.
Hydrogen‐Bonding Affords Sustainable Plastics with Ultrahigh Robustness and Water‐Assisted Arbitrarily Shape Engineering
Authors: Gong Kai , Hou Lei , Wu Peiyi
Published: March 2022

Herein, the supramolecular plastic‐like hydrogel (SPH) is introduced as a platform to fabricate sustainable plastics with ultrahigh stiffness and strength as well as water‐assisted arbitrarily shapeable capability. The transparent plastics are constructed from SPHs of cellulose ether/polycarboxylic acid complexes and demonstrate mechanical robustness with Young's modulus up to 3.4 GPa and tensile strength up to 124.0 MPa, superior or comparable to most common plastics. Meanwhile, the shape of the plastics can be reversibly engineered by air drying of the SPHs with diverse 2D/3D shapes and structures, which are generated conveniently via origami, kirigami, embossing, etc., in virtue of plastic deformation and shape memory effect of SPHs. On the basis of multi‐dimensional infrared‐spectral analysis, it is revealed that the dense acid–acid and acid–ether hydrogen (H)‐bonding network in the plastic is responsible for the mechanical robustness while the evolution of water–polymer H‐bonds into polymer–polymer H‐bonds during air drying contributes to the shape fixing. This work provides a novel method of manufacturing sustainable plastics with simultaneous strong mechanical performance and convenient processibility from hydrogels with plastic‐like mechanical behavior.
Mobile Phone Flashlight‐Excited Red Afterglow Bioimaging
Authors: Fan Yuanyuan , Liu Siwei , Wu Min , Xiao Leyi , Fan Yunhao , Han Mengmeng , Chang Kai , Zhang Yufeng , Zhen Xu , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen
Published: March 2022

Organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with ultralong lifetime possess the remarkable advantage in bioimaging for elimination of background noise by characteristic time scale. However, most of RTP luminogens need to be excited by the harmful ultraviolet (UV) lamp, and exhibit green or yellow emission with shallow tissue penetration, constraining the in vivo bioimaging for further application in clinical diagnosis and pathological study. In this text, the much safer excitation process by sunlight and mobile phone flashlight is realized by organic luminogens with various electronic pull–push systems. Moreover, the bright red RTP emission with lifetime up to 344 ms is achieved by optimizing molecular geometry and electronic property. Especially, the mobile phone flashlight‐excited red afterglow imaging of lymph nodes in living mice has been realized for the first time, affording a safe and conventional approach to achieve the afterglow imaging of living mice with deep issue penetration and high signal‐to‐noise ratios.
Polarity‐Switchable and Self‐Driven Photo‐Response Based on Vertically Stacked Type‐III GeSe/SnS2 Heterojunction
Authors: Wu Liangwei , Gao Wei , Sun Yiming , Yang MengMeng , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Fan Weijun , Shu Kaixiang , Dan Zhiying , Zhang Nan , Huo Nengjie , Li Jingbo
Published: March 2022

2D van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructure‐based multifunctional field effect transistor (FET) has brought about novel physical phenomena. Impressively, anti‐ambipolar characteristic is one of the basis logic functions being used in multi‐valued inverters, which is analogous to negative differential resistance (NDR)‐based transistor. Here, the tunable current‐transport and self‐driven optoelectrical properties of vertically stacked multilayer GeSe/SnS2 heterostructure are reported. In particular, it allows to be switched from n‐type‐dominant behavior to anti‐ambipolar operation regime (a large peak‐to‐valley ratio (PVR) of 1.5 × 103) as a result of different band‐bending under various bias. Under light‐doping engineering, the inverted V‐shaped peak is distinctly shifted because of the higher carrier recombination probability of p‐GeSe component. Besides, for photovoltaic performances, the device exhibits an ultralow dark current of ≈30 fA, a maximum responsivity of 130 mA W−1, and high Ion/Ioff ratio of ≈105 under 532 nm because of the large band offset and the efficient carrier separation process. Meanwhile, the polarization sensitivities can reach 1.9 at 405 nm and 2.6 at 635 nm. It is found that the polarity‐switchable behavior and self‐driven photodetection performance in GeSe/SnS2 vdWs FET can hopefully broaden and simplify the multifunctional integrated devices in the future.
Liquid‐Metal‐Enabled Flexible Metasurface with Self‐Healing Characteristics
Authors: Mitra Arkadeep , Xu Kevin , Babu Sachin , Choi Jun H. , Lee Jeong‐Bong
Published: March 2022

A flexible self‐healing metasurface using gallium‐based liquid metal encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) operating in the X‐band (8–12 GHz) is reported. A band‐stop metasurface with center frequency at 9.82 GHz is designed using floating patches surrounding the respective end cap of a Jerusalem cross. A large‐scale (up to 10 × 10 array) metasurface is patterned in PDMS and a rapid manufacturing method of vacuum filling using ultra‐low pressure is used to yield parallel encapsulation of liquid metal in PDMS. The fabricated metasurface is physically flexible and its flexibility is repeatedly tested for bendability, stretchability (up to ≈89.13%), twistability, and foldability. Transmission characteristics of the flexible metasurface are measured in waveguide and free‐space environments and it is found that the band‐stop center frequency agrees well with the design. The flexible metasurface also is tested for its repairability and self‐healing characteristics. The metasurface is partially or fully cut at certain part and the partial/full cut part of the metasurface is repaired by applying external pressure or using Kapton tape/UV glue. Those repaired metasurfaces show restoration of original transmission characteristics with minimal shift in frequency and magnitude.
Recent Developments in Drug Delivery for Treatment of Tuberculosis by Targeting Macrophages
Authors: Gairola Anirudh , Benjamin Aaron , Weatherston Joshua D. , Cirillo Jeffrey D. , Wu Hung‐Jen
Published: March 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is among the greatest public health and safety concerns in the 21st century Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes TB, infects alveolar macrophages and uses these cells as one of its primary sites of replication. The current TB treatment regimen, which consists of chemotherapy involving a combination of 3–4 antimicrobials for a duration of 6–12 months, is marked with significant side effects, toxicity, and poor compliance. Targeted drug delivery offers a strategy that can overcome many of the problems of current TB treatment by specifically targeting infected macrophages. Recent advances in nanotechnology and material science have opened an avenue to explore drug carriers that actively and passively target macrophages. This approach can increase the drug penetration into macrophages by using ligands on the nanocarrier that interact with specific receptors for macrophages. This review encompasses the recent development of drug carriers specifically targeting macrophages actively and passively. Future directions and challenges associated with development of effective TB treatment are also discussed.
Effect of winter canola cultivar on seed yield, oil, and protein content
Authors: McGeary Kyle D , de Koff Jason , Pokharel Bharat , Link Richard , Saini Priya , Gill Taqdeer
Published: March 2022

Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) production has increased in the United States over the past several decades; however, there is little research in the southeastern United States on its agronomic production and growth characteristics under different nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of N rates on winter mortality, yield, oil and protein content, and seedpod shatter resistance across cultivars. Canola was grown in a randomized split complete block design with four replicates under five different N rates (0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha−1) with four different cultivars (Hekip, Inspiration, and Edimax CL or Phoenix CL). Seed yield was very low for the 2017–2018 season, likely due to extreme cold conditions in winter and/or frost at flowering. There was high winter mortality during this period, but Edimax CL had significantly lower mortality (79.7%) than Inspiration (85.7%) and Hekip (83.9%). In the following year, more mild temperatures led to low mortality and greater yields, where rates of 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha−1 had the greatest yields (1,612–1,857 kg ha−1) with no significant differences according to cultivar. In 2018, shatter resistance was greatest for the rates of 112, 168, and 224 kg N ha−1 and was positively related to N rate. Across both years, Inspiration had greater shatter resistance. In 2019, the lowest N rate (0 kg N ha−1) and Phoenix CL had significantly greater oil contents (48.4 and 47.3%, respectively), whereas the highest N rate (224 kg N ha−1) with no particular cultivar had a significantly greater protein content (21.0%).
Red‐emitting tetraphenylethylene derivative with aggregation‐induced enhanced emission for luminescent solar concentrators: A combined experimental and density functional theory study
Authors: Micheletti Cosimo , Wang Qinfan , Ventura Francesco , Turelli Michele , Ciofini Ilaria , Adamo Carlo , Pucci Andrea
Published: March 2022

This study examines the use of an aggregation‐induced enhanced emission fluorophore (TPE‐MRh) to prepare red‐emitting luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCMA). TPE‐MRh is a tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative bearing two dimethylamino push groups and a 3‐methyl‐rhodanine pull moiety, with absorption maxima at around 500 nm and fluorescence peak at 700 nm that strongly increases in solid‐state. TPE‐MRh displays a typical crystallization‐induced enhanced emission that has been rationalized by modeling the compound behavior in solution and solid‐state via density functional theory calculations with the inclusion of the environment. TPE‐MRh dispersed into 5 × 5 cm2 polymer films with a thickness of 25 ± 5 μm has revealed a partial fluorescence quenching with fluorophore content. Quantum yields (QYs) below 10% for the 2 wt.% of doping have been addressed to the formation of less emissive micro‐sized clusters of fluorophores. PMMA slabs with the same surface size but 3 mm of thickness and 200 ppm of TPE‐MRh have provided QY of 36.5% thanks to the attenuation of the detrimental effects of fluorophore aggregation. This feature is reflected in the LSCs performance, with devices achieving the largest power collected by the photovoltaic cell.
Bubble‐pen lithography: Fundamentals and applications
Authors: Kollipara Pavana Siddhartha , Mahendra Ritvik , Li Jingang , Zheng Yuebing
Published: March 2022

Developing on‐chip functional devices requires reliable fabrication methods with high resolution for miniaturization, desired components for enhanced performance, and high throughput for fast prototyping and mass production. Recently, laser‐based bubble‐pen lithography (BPL) has been developed to enable sub‐micron linewidths, in situ synthesis of custom materials, and on‐demand patterning for various functional components and devices. BPL exploits Marangoni convection induced by a laser‐controlled microbubble to attract, accumulate, and immobilize particles, ions, and molecules onto different substrates. Recent years have witnessed tremendous progress in theory, engineering, and application of BPL, which motivated us to write this review. First, an overview of experimental demonstrations and theoretical understandings of BPL is presented. Next, we discuss the advantages of BPL and its diverse applications in quantum dot displays, biological and chemical sensing, clinical diagnosis, nanoalloy synthesis, and microrobotics. We conclude this review with our perspective on the challenges and future directions of BPL.
Region‐specific associations between gamma‐aminobutyric acid A receptor binding and cortical thickness in high‐functioning autistic adults
Authors: James David , Lam Vicky T. , Jo Booil , Fung Lawrence K.
Published: March 2022

The neurobiology of autism has been shown to involve alterations in cortical morphology and gamma‐aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor density. We hypothesized that GABAA receptor binding potential (GABAAR BPND) would correlate with cortical thickness, but their correlations would differ between autistic adults and typically developing (TD) controls. We studied 50 adults (23 autism, 27 TD, mean age of 27 years) using magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical thickness, and [18F]flumazenil positron emission tomography imaging to measure GABAAR BPND. We determined the correlations between cortical thickness and GABAAR BPND by cortical lobe, region‐of‐interest, and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We also explored potential sex differences in the relationship between cortical thickness and autism characteristics, as measured by autism spectrum quotient (AQ) scores. Comparing autism and TD groups, no significant differences were found in cortical thickness or GABAAR BPND. In both autism and TD groups, a negative relationship between cortical thickness and GABAAR BPND was observed in the frontal and occipital cortices, but no relationship was found in the temporal or limbic cortices. A positive correlation was seen in the parietal cortex that was only significant for the autism group. Interestingly, in an exploratory analysis, we found sex differences in the relationships between cortical thickness and GABAAR BPND, and cortical thickness and AQ scores in the left postcentral gyrus.

Lay Summary

The thickness of the brain cortex and the density of the receptors associated with inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA have been hypothesized to underlie the neurobiology of autism. In this study, we found that these biomarkers correlate positively in the parietal cortex, but negatively in the frontal and occipital cortical regions of the brain. Furthermore, we collected preliminary evidence that the correlations between cortical thickness and GABA receptor density are sexdependent in a brain region where sensory inputs are registered.
Graphene from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Divya Madhusoodhanan Lathika , Natarajan Subramanian , Aravindan Vanchiappan
Published: March 2022

The fascinating properties of graphene continue to offer new dimensions in scientific research, extending its exploration in a wide range of real‐world applications. At the same time, serious bottlenecks like low quality, high cost, negative reaction conditions, agglomeration of nanosheets, and limited mass production for graphene must be resolved in favor of industrialization. Consequently, utilization of large amounts of waste graphite from spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) offers a great opportunity to produce graphene and its derivatives to partake in waste management and circular economy. This work sketches the progress in the different recycling techniques for the graphite anode from spent LIBs and their reuse in different applications. We believe our perspective can facilitate researchers/industries in the better reuse of graphite as valuable sources for the preparation of graphene in a high production capacity by breaking down the existing obstacles in the recycling process as well as helping to handle the upcoming massive volume of spent LIBs.