bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Care of Souls: Psychology and Religion in Anthropoligical Perspective
Authors: Haule John R.
Published: February 2018

The adversarial quality of the psychology-theology relationship, as found in recent contributions to the literature on pastoral counseling, may begin to disappear when one's perpective is widened (made “anthropological”) enough to include several centuries and foreign cultures. The “shepherd of souls” is anyone whose occupation is the “care of souls,” whether affiliated with a church (a “pastoral counselor”) or not (a “psychotherapist”). The care of souls is a “religious” occupation whenever it deals with an interlinking set of symbols, explanations, and behaviors which refer to ultimacy. Shepherds who assist souls to find ultimacy in the religion of the main-stream society may be said to operate in the “priestly” mode. Those who refer to ultimacy in an alternate community operate in the “mediumistic” mode. Those who find ultimacy in the individual's own existence, independently of social reference, operate in the “shamanic” mode. Generally speaking, the mode of “shepherding” ought not be selected in advance by any soul-shepherd, regardless of affiliation; for souls become lost in different ways and require different kinds of direction to find their way. In all cases soul-shepherding ought to lead the individual first to the experience of “having a soul,” the experience whereby one's life is appreciated in part as a function of a creative agency which is “within” one and yet does not wholly “belong” to one. To have a soul is to have an eternal meaning, identity, and destiny. Partisans of each of the three modes of shepherding go astray insofar as they ignore the integrity and requirements of the individual soul.
Validation of a Typology of Religious Experience and its Relationship to the Psychotic Experience
Authors: Margolis Robert D. , Elifson Kirk W.
Published: February 2018

A typology of religious experience was validated and an empirical determination of the similarities between the religious and psychotic experiences was made. Expert and non-expert raters (n=16) were asked to differentiate religious experiences (n=12), fabricated religious experiences (n=12), and psychotic experiences (n=12) using the typology of religious experience. A split plot, repeated measures analysis of variance yielded three significant findings: (a) Expert raters performed significantly better than non-expert raters at identifying the three types of experiences. (b) Non-expert raters with the typology performed as well as expert raters and significantly better than non-expert raters without the typology. (c) Psychotic experiences were more easily identified than were religious or fabricated experiences.
Personality Characteristics of Evangelical Missionaries as Measured by the MMPI
Authors: Dillon David E.
Published: February 2018

Profiles of 827 evangelical missionaries were analyzed with t tests and ANOVAs for differences between the means of the missionary sample and the norm and between the means of persevering and nonpersevering missionaries. Sex, age, educational level, and year in which the MMPI was taken were also considered as independent variables. The results of the comparison between the means of the missionary sample and the norm were significant on all of the MMPI subscales. The mean differences between persevering and non-persevering missionaries were significant on subscales L, F, Pt, and Cn. The statistical results suggested that the missionaries presented themselves in the most favorable light, were emotionally stable, and strong leaders. They tended to be visionary people who struggled against the difficulties they encountered in the field.
Missionary Children: Correlates of Self-Esteem and Dependency
Authors: Wickstrom David Lee , Fleck J. Roland
Published: February 2018

The purpose of the research was to study the correlates of self-esteem, negative attention-seeking dependency, and passive-approval-seeking dependency in missionary boarding school and nonboarding school students. Self-esteem was positively correlated with perceived approval of others, parental and houseparental acceptance, and identification with parents. Negative attention-seeking dependency for males was correlated positively with paternal psychological control, while for females negative attention-seeking dependency was negatively correlated with paternal acceptance and identification with father. For females there were significant positive correlations between passive approval-seeking dependency and the variables of father acceptance, father psychological control, and identification with mother. Consensual religious orientation was negatively correlated with self-esteem, and committed religiosity was negatively correlated with negative attention-seeking dependency. There were no significant differences between the specific groups of early, late, and nonboarders on any of the relevant variables, although, for those who boarded, there was a significant positive correlation between number of years boarding and self-esteem.
Sources of Missionary Stress
Authors: Gish Dorothy J.
Published: February 2018

The present investigation sought to determine some common sources of stress for missionaries working abroad. A 65-item rating scale was given to 547 missionaries on the field. The problem of confronting others when necessary and the difficulty of communication across language and cultural barriers caused considerable or greater stress for over half the population. Approximately half the population were stressed by the time and effort required to maintain relationships with donors, too much work, and decisions about work priorities.
Candidate Selection Criteria: A Survey
Authors: Ferguson Larry N. , Kliewer Dean , Lindquist Stanley E. , Williams Donald E. , Einrich Robert P. H
Published: February 2018

A 1980 survey of 78 missionary sending agencies was designed to gather information about candidate selection and other personnel procedures. The questionnaire explored the selection process, the selection experience, the importance of selection factors, candidate rejection issues, and service discontinuation. 280 primary findings indicate that psychological assessment comprises from one-fourth to one-third of the average selection interview time; no specific psychological test was used universally; and most mission agency personnel declared a desire to improve their ability to select missionaries. Four important candidate selection factors were found to be depth of Christian commitment, knowledge of the Bible, past performance in church work, and overall emotional stability.
Self-Esteem: An Operational Definition and Ethical Analysis
Authors: Ryan Dale S.
Published: February 2018

Self-esteem can be formally defined in ways that require radically different ethical assessments. An examination of the phenomena usually associated with high self-esteem, however, allows an ethical assessment which is not dependent on formal definitions. The phenomena to which most people intend to refer when they use the term high self-esteem can be assessed ethically by recognizing its similarity to humility and by making reference to virtues such as empathy, contentment, honesty, courage, and grace.
Christianity and Psychoanalysis, Part 1: Jesus as the Anti-Oedipus
Authors: Vitz Paul C. , Gartner John
Published: February 2018

Basic connections between Freudian psychoanalytic theory and Christian theology are explored. The locus is on the Oedipus complex, the origin of neurosis in Freudian theory; it is argued that Oedipal motivation is a reasonably apt characterization of original sin. After a detailed comparison of the Freudian Oedipus with the Christian Jesus it is concluded that Jesus is the anti-Oedipus and thus he represents the logical answer to the neurotic consequences of the hypothesized universal Oedipal motivation. This rationale also provides an explanation of the irrational, unconscious motivation behind atheism, namely that atheism is Oedipal wish fulfillment.
The Ethics of Sharing Religious Faith in Psychotherapy
Authors: Nelson Alan A. , Wilson William P.
Published: February 2018

Classical psychoanalysis has stated that religion is a delusion, a view not shared by the majority of the American public. If religion is a delusion, then to share a delusion with a patient or to impose a delusional belief system on a patient would constitute unethical behavior on the part of the therapist. The authors believe that Christianity is not a delusion; therefore, to share the Christian faith with a patient whose ethical belief system is the same as the therapist's is ethical if the patient has indicated a willingness to explore this area of life. The issue of sharing the Christian faith with patients is discussed from a therapeutic and ethical perspective. It is concluded that if therapists are addressing problems that would be aided by spiritual interventions, if they are working within the patients’ belief systems, and if they have carefully defined the treatment contract to include spiritual interventions, then it is ethical to share their faith.
Hope for Binge-Eaters and Other Addicts: A Christian Psychoanalytic Perspective
Authors: Thomas Denise A.
Published: February 2018

The search for control is a common theme in the wide variety of current literature on the development and treatment of eating disorders (e.g., Bruch, 1978; Garfinkel & Garner, 1982; Minuchin, Rosman, & Baker, 1978). It is important that the psychotherapist treating anorexic and bulimic individuals grasp the deeper meaning of this pervasive symptom because it can create major therapeutic dilemmas. The present article suggests that the need to “take without cost” is central to understanding this search for control, and considers both implications for the therapeutic relationship as well as scriptural foundations.
Spiritual Egocentrism: A Perspective on Spiritual Maturity
Authors: Cox William F.
Published: February 2018

The inability to recognize or consider viewpoints other than one's own is labeled “egocentrism.” Most obviously present during the early years of life, egocentrism appears at other age levels and in various content areas (e.g., physical, social, linguistic). A similar inability but in relation to not seeing God's perspective is presented here as spiritual egocentrism. This unique conceptualization of spiritual immaturity is examined from the Piagetian orientation and supported with biblically-based examples. Implications, both theological and personal, are suggested based on the results of integrating the concepts of natural and spiritual egocentrism.
Christianity and Psychoanalysis, Part 2: Jesus the Transformer of the Super-Ego
Authors: Vitz Paul C. , Gartner John
Published: February 2018

If Jesus is The anti-Oedipus (Vitz & Gartner, 1984) then his acceptance by a person should transform his or her super-ego. since the super-ego is the psychological consequence of resolving the oedipal crisis. Ways in which this transformation of the super-ego occurs are described. Emphasis is on comparing and contrasting the child's natural identification with the father with a person's super-natural identification with the Son. Similarities and differences between these identifications are discussed to clarify how the acceptance of Jesus results in a qualitatively new person.
Assertiveness Training in Christian Perspective
Authors: Jones Stanton L.
Published: February 2018

The most common procedure for relating Christian faith to the cognitive-behavioral technique of assertiveness training has been to attempt to determine whether or not assertiveness is a Christian virtue. Such a procedure flows from a view of integration which implicitly separates the goal of therapeutic change (a product of values) from the process by which change is produced and the manner in which research on the construct is conducted (a product of science). While these distinctions can be useful ones, it is argued that Christian faith impacts not just the goal of treatment, but the methods of treatment and the conduct of research as well. Alternative taxonomies for response classification and theological/philosophical variables influencing choice of treatment modalities and the conduct of research are discussed and possible alternatives presented. The overall goal is to use assertiveness training as an example to suggest ways in which non-Christian belief has, and Christian belief might, influence and infuse our clinical, empirical, and theoretical work.
Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage: A Review of the Relevant Religious Literature, 1973–1983
Authors: Barber Cyril J.
Published: February 2018

With the rise of divorce, even among Christians, there has come about a corresponding increase in the number of Christians entering second marriages. This has posed a dilemma for ministers and church boards, pastoral counselors and Christian therapists. Widely divergent views are commonly encountered. The question brought before those in the helping professions is, Can divorced people remarry? Does Scripture contain principles as well as precepts that may be applied to situations in which a person finds himself or herself married to an alcoholic, a drug user, a homosexual or lesbian, or to a violent person whose mental, emotional and physical abuse makes life intolerable, or to someone who violates the sanctity of marriage with repeated promiscuity? This article investigates the viewpoints of leading writers on the subject of marriage, divorce and remarriage and presents in summary fashion the rationale of each writer for the viewpoint espoused.
One Brain's Response: A Reaction to Ashbrook's Juxtaposing the Brain and Belief
Authors: Wong Tony M.
Published: February 2018

The author critiques Ashbrook's (1984) attempt at correlating findings in neuropsychology with observed patterns of belief. In the critique, it is noted that what are referred to as “known” in the neuropsychology of brain organization are primarily a collection of loose inferences lacking firm empirical support. A brief review of the current state of research on hemispheric differences is provided as a rationale for the response. It is then suggested that the weakness of the underlying hypotheses tends to undermine the originally affirmable goal of relating personal meaning with physical data.
Psychological Androgyny and Self-Esteem in Clergywomen
Authors: Flagg Katherine
Published: February 2018

This study assessed self-esteem and psychological androgyny in 114 clergywomen, using the Bern Sex-Role Inventory and the Texas Social Behavior Inventory. It was hypothesized that clergy women would score higher than the standardization sample on both Masculine and Feminine scales and thus be classified as Androgynous. This was not confirmed. Thirty-two percent were classified as Androgynous, 31% as Undifferentiated, 24% as Feminine, and 16% as Masculine. The hypothesis that Androgynous and Masculine clergywomen would score significantly higher on a self-esteem measure than the other two groups was confirmed (p < .001). Differences on sex-role and self-esteem between demographic subgroups of the sample were not significant with the exception of income. The highest income group showed lower Femininity scores (p < .05) and tended to show higher Masculinity scores (p < .09).
Imago Dei and Object Relations Theory: Implications for a Model of Human Development
Authors: White Scott A.
Published: February 2018

The imago Dei is initially established as a relational concept which calls human beings to exist in a special relationship with God. It is asserted that the aspect of the imago Dei which-survived the Fall is humankind's need and desire for relationships. From this understanding, psychological theories which view people as “object-seeking beings” and theological systems which acknowledge human beings’ search for God are viewed not as in opposition, but rather as having discovered a unitary phenomenon emanating from the imago Dei. The conceptualization of internal object relations is employed to understand the dynamic interrelationship between self, God and significant others in an individual's experience. Finally, in light of this framework, a model of human development is proposed which examines this dynamic interrelationship.
Preferences of Christians and Non-Christians for Five Christian Counselors’ Treatment Plans: A Partial Replication and Extension
Authors: Worthington Everett L. , Gascoyne Suzanne R.
Published: February 2018

This study replicated and extended a previous study that compared conservative and moderate Christians on preferences for Christian counselors’ treatment plans. Preferences of self-labeled non-Christians (n = 55) and Christians (n = 197) were compared. In a second analysis, Christians who described their Christianity as due to their personal relationship with Jesus were compared with Christians who described their Christianity as due to their love of fellow humans. Generally, participants preferred counselors who had beliefs similar to themselves. Views concerning Christianity generally did not affect ratings of expected counselor style and performance. Results were discussed in light of recent research on value similarity.
A Factor Analysis and Further Validation of the Shepherd Scale
Authors: Pecnik Julia A. , Epperson Douglas L.
Published: February 2018

This study attempted to add to the psychometric data available on the Shepherd Scale, an instrument developed by Bassett et al. (1981) to differentiate between Christians and non-Christians for research purposes. Relatively strong internal consistency and validity data were obtained from a sample of 238 subjects. Although failing to confirm the subscales proposed by Bassett et al., a factor analysis of the Shepherd Scale suggested a general Christianity dimension which seemed to subdivide into two correlated factors, Christian Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors, and Identification/Relatedness with the Christian Community. Overall, the present data pointed to the Shepherd Scale as worthy of serious consideration in studies addressing Christianity. Suggestions for further research on the Shepherd Scale are offered.
The Concept of Responsibility in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy
Authors: Narramore Bruce
Published: February 2018

Responsibility is a key issue in one's understanding of both the development of personal maladjustments and their treatment. This article surveys seven alternative ways of understanding responsibility and evaluates those viewpoints with the goal of presenting a biblical picture of responsibility that considers the role of both one's specific sins and one's sinful nature as well as the impact of the sins of others.
The Place of Wife Battering in considering Divorce
Authors: Liaboe Gary P.
Published: February 2018

Legitimacy of divorce on the grounds of wife battering was evaluated. An examination of interpersonal elements necessary for full marital intimacy was considered and the degree to which they must be violated for divorce to be an acceptable option is discussed. Divorce is viewed in the context of Matthew's exception clause of 19:9, and a consideration of battering as part of a definition of porneia was conducted. With adultery viewed as the most accepted reason for allowing divorce, the interpersonal violations by adultery and battering were compared. It is proposed that if battering can be found to violate the marital relationship to the same, or greater, degree that adultery does then wife battering deserves recognition as an acceptable reason for divorce.
Isolation in Christian Psychotherapeutic Practice
Authors: Guy James D. , Liaboe Gary P.
Published: February 2018

Accumulating evidence suggests that the isolation inherent in psychotherapeutic practice negatively impacts the interpersonal functioning of the therapist. The Christian psychotherapist may experience additional, unique aspects of this isolation, as well as those common to all. A review and discussion are provided which examines the causes of this isolation and its impact upon interpersonal functioning, outlines those aspects unique to the Christian psychotherapist, and presents suggestions for eliminating or reducing isolation and its possible negative consequences.
Contemplative Prayer and its Use in Psychotherapy: A Theoretical Model
Authors: Finney John R. , Malony H. Newton
Published: February 2018

A comprehensive theoretical model of contemplative prayer and its use as an adjunct to psychotherapy is presented. The model is based on a review of the literature on prayer, mysticism, and meditation because contemplative prayer is related to all three areas. Contemplative prayer is defined as a particular form of Christian prayer in which one gives one's full attention to relating to God in a passive, nondefensive, nondemanding, open way. It is concluded that contemplative prayer should be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy only when spiritual development is a treatment goal. Given a biblical understanding of the nature of prayer, it is inappropriate to use a form of prayer simply for desensitization or anxiety reduction.
The Good-Enough Family
Authors: Lee Cameron
Published: February 2018

Donald W. Winnicott coined the phrase “good-enough” to describe the infant's relation to its environment The term is here extended to a discussion of the “good-enough” family in which the existential considerations implicit in Winnicott's work are critically joined to the anthropological views of Soren Kierkegaard, Reinhold Niebuhr, Martin Buber and Hans Walter Wolff. The purpose of this article is to develop a psychologically and theologically integrated foundation for understanding the role of the family, which is summarized by the developmental importance of what I have called the “family covenant of grace.”
A Comparison of the Self-Esteem Levels in Evangelical Christian and General Populations
Authors: Aycock David W. , Noaker Susan
Published: February 2018

Self-esteem is a central mechanism in psychological health and is reported to be readily accessible to Christians due to their unique relationship with an unconditionally accepting God. The self-esteem levels of 351 evangelical Christians from college and church settings and 1115 general volunteers comprised of students, administrators, and government employees were measured by the Self-Esteem scale of the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress. Analysis of variance indicated that the more highly educated graduate student and academic administrator subgroups of the general population outdistanced several other general subgroups and accounted for the significant differences between the two large populations. The mean scores of the Christian subgroups were not significantly different from each other nor from any general subgroups, but fluctuated as a function of educational level in a pattern consistent with the general population. Personal attainments are offered as a prominent antecedent of self-esteem and the findings are discussed in terms of the inadequacies of cognitive change alone to produce practical gains in this attribute and the relative stability of the self-esteem trait
Delivering Mental Health Services to Ethnic Minorities: Ethical Considerations
Authors: Uomoto Jay M.
Published: February 2018

Clinical psychology is currently seeing an increased awareness of ethnic minority issues in mental health service delivery. The Christian psychological literature however has been largely silent on these issues. Posited are responses by Christian mental health professionals and the church that address the mental health needs of ethnic minorities. Theological input that informs ethical human response includes Barth's call for ethical human action based upon the commands of God, the neighborly love ethic, and Jesus’ model of ministry. Roles and recommendations are proposed for mental health professionals and the church in their efforts to deliver services to ethnic minorities.
A Response to Foster and Moron's “Pioget and Parables: The Convergence of Secular and Scriptural Views of Learning”
Authors: Cole Dick T.
Published: February 2018

Foster and Moran (1985) assert that a convergence between Piaget's theory and the teaching style of Jesus will give us confidence in Piagetian theory. This response challenges their assertion on the grounds that: (a) the task of Christian psychology is to unfold the psychological dimension of God's creation, (b) it is inappropriate to use the Bible to confirm a psychological theory, and (c) critical analysis is what is needed in order to gain confidence in psychological theories. This response concludes that: (a) the approach taken by Foster and Moran (1985) hides certain weaknesses in Piaget's theory in the garb of biblical language, and (b) the Christian psychological community should engage in the critical analysis of psychological theories before it looks for biblical convergences.
Piaget and Parables Assimilated: A Response to Cole
Authors: Foster James D. , Moran Glenn T.
Published: February 2018

Dick T. Cole's critique of our integration of Piagetian learning theory and Christ's parabolic method focuses on two primary concerns. The first concern is that the Bible should not be used as data, and the second that current psychological concepts cannot be meaningfully related to biblical times. In response to these concerns it is argued that the parables are recorded lessons and not theological concepts as Cole suggests, that the underlying structure of biblical lessons is relevant to modern learning theory, and that cultural specificity does not hinder the learning process but rather is an essential part of it.
Kohut's Self Psychology and Theory of Narcissism: Some Implications regarding the Fall and Restoration of Humanity
Authors: Greenlee Lynn F.
Published: February 2018

Kohut's contributions toward the understanding of narcissistic development are briefly reviewed, then cast into a mode of theological inquiry that delineates his anthropology and soteriology, utilizing the initial sketch of these dimensions drawn by Randall (1980). Kohut's view of “Tragic Man” searching to fulfill the blueprint of the essential self in actualizing ideals and ambitions through healthy forms of narcissism, of humanity's fall from the realization of these ideals and the means of restoration, are integrated with the biblical account of the dilemma at the Fall, the consequent impact upon the human condition, and God's solution to this predicament.
Containment of Projective Identification as a Means of Ego Development: Theological Considerations
Authors: Souder Janet K.
Published: February 2018

One assumption in the work of integrating psychological theories with theological theories is that both may benefit from the shared truth underlying the systems. In psychoanalysis the development of the ideas of projective identification and the containing function of the object projectively identified, has provided a means for conceptualizing early ego development In particular the theories of Klein (1946/1975), and the expansion and clarification of them provided by Grotstein (1981) provides a model of the importance of containment both in the mother-infant and the analyst-patient dyads. This article will expand the model of containment from the theological perspective of the person and atoning work of Jesus Christ
A Theoretical Consideration of Selection for Training for Ministry
Authors: Pollock William
Published: February 2018

This article tackles issues in vocational selection seen in extremis in selection for training for ministry. A literature review highlights problems of criteria and in models of humanity and God. It suggests a need for a systematic approach which will be psychologically, educationally, and theologically sound. Recent social interaction and attribution theories in occupational psychology of religion complement each other. They suggest an emphasis on the candidates’ developing understanding and acceptance of self, vocation, or God as “enablers” of a motivating faith. Selectors would listen to the candidate's understanding, try to “map” it, check its functioning, and finally assess. The theory links some old and new techniques to sound social psychology; locates selection and associated research in a wider perspective on selection, training, and development; and distinguishes empirical and theological concerns. It may be tested and improved as it links with wider disciplines.
Loneliness and Religiosity: In the World but Not of It
Authors: Dufton Brian D. , Perlman Daniel
Published: February 2018

This study examined the relationship between loneliness and religiosity as well as the relationships between religiosity and variables associated with loneliness (e.g., the potential antecedents of loneliness and the nature of the loneliness experience). The sample consisted of 76 conservative believers, 80 nonconservative believers and 76 nonbelievers. These groups were defined by a measure of belief commitment and a second measure of how subjects interpreted the meaning of religious teachings (Literally, Antiliterally, or Mythologically). The three groups did not differ in their level of loneliness. They did differ, however, on some of the correlates of loneliness and in the nature of their loneliness experience. For example, the conservative religious respondents were apt to attribute their loneliness to supernatural causes and to use religious coping mechanisms. Religious individuals thus appear to be in the world but not of it.
An Integrated Approach to Pastoral Therapy
Authors: Carter Del Myra
Published: February 2018

The relation of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral faculties in human functioning has been viewed as a debatable issue, especially in regard to which one of these three is determinant of the other two. This issue was addressed in the late 1880's by the James-Lange theory, which was itself later disputed by the Cannon-Bard theory. My presupposition is that our cognitive and affective faculties are so closely related that they cannot be isolated from each other, though the processes of thought take precedence in this interdependent relationship. That our thought processes precede and influence our emotions and actions is supported by both Scripture and applied psychology. The most effective methodology for pastoral counseling, then, would primarily focus on restructuring the counselee's thought processes, thereby educating his or her emotions and effecting a behavior change as well. This methodology requires an integration of cognitive therapy and scriptural precepts in order to effect change and spiritual maturity.
The American Psychological Association and Value Pluralism
Authors: Neumann Joseph K.
Published: February 2018

The systematic value (i.e., religious) assumptions of many areas of psychology are being increasingly explored. This article focuses on the organizational values reflected by actions of the American Psychological Association (APA). For illustrative purposes, humanism and evangelical Christianity are described and related to several APA activities and publications. APA is found to favor humanistic values and is encouraged to adopt several specific organizational changes. APA can become a stronger organization by encouraging professional self-evaluation and pluralism.
Humanistic Psychology and Christian Thought: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Dodgen Doreen J. , Mcminn Mark R.
Published: February 2018

The relationship between psychological humanism and Christian thought is explored and critically evaluated. Three tenets of humanistic psychology are considered from a Christian perspective. Areas of compatibility include emphases on human experience, social justice, personal responsibility, and dignity of humankind. Areas with less compatibility include different assumptions about supematuralism, and a qualified view of the goodness of human nature from a Christian perspective.
Community Psychology and Unreached Peoples: Applications to Needs and Resource Assessment
Authors: O'Donnell Kelly S.
Published: February 2018

This article explores the relationship between community psychology and frontier missions. Similarities between these two fields, such as their common perspectives on delivering services to underserved populations, provide points of contact between them. Specific focus is placed on community psychology contributions to missionaries and mission agencies in the area of needs and resource assessment The application of community psychology assessment techniques is discussed by highlighting their use on a frontier project targeting the Nahuatl people of Mexico. Some suggestions for additional applications of community psychology are given.
Construing God: An Exploration of the Relationships between Reported Interaction with God and Concurrent Emotional Experience
Authors: Preston Carol A. , Viney Linda L.
Published: February 2018

This study explores the subjective experience of individuals as they intract with God It is proposed that through the model of personal construct psychology insights can be gained into people's perceptions of God, the roles God plays in their lives, and the affective implications of such interactions. Subjective experience was assessed using content analysis of verbalizations from 150 people identifying themselves as Christians. Four kinds of interactions with God were considered, involving different constructions of God. Different affective experience was found to be related to the interactions. The implications of these relationships are discussed The data provide insights into the meaning of relating to God as part of human experience.
General Psychology in Bible Colleges
Authors: Ratcliff Donald E.
Published: February 2018

General psychology courses at ten accredited Bible colleges are described using syllabi and college catalogs as the source of data. The author concludes that syllabi reflect considerable quality in the courses, with some exceptions, but that a specific orientation toward the mission of Bible colleges, that is, church work, is lacking.
Religion and Science in Early American Psychology
Authors: Spilka Bernard
Published: February 2018

Most texts in the history of psychology ignore American contributions prior to the appearance of Hall and James. This may be a function of the strong religious inclinations of the pre-Jamesians, but there is reason to believe their views were of significance to the later development of American psychology. The present article attempts to place the psychology of this time into historical-cultural context, and then explicate the nature of science during that period The paramount place of religion in this philosophical psychology is discussed Finally, the implications of these ideas for contemporary psychology are brought to the fore. The need for further attention to the work of these religious American philosopher-psychologists is emphasized.
Wheat and Tares: Responding to Vande Kemp and other Revisionists
Authors: Foster James D. , Ledbetter Mark F.
Published: February 2018

In her reaction, Hendrika Vande Kemp(1987) joins other critics of psychology in arguing for a new psychology. The authors believe, however, that psychology developed as a science because it was productive and that more subjective methods will gain respectability only through similar productivity. In her critique, Vande Kemp creates a circular argument by suggesting that the authors’ position lacks a proper historical/philosophical perspective, and she underestimates the sophistication of those with whom she disagrees. Finally, the authors disagree that there is no point in arguing with the most conservative anti-psychologists, since they may be having a disproportionate influence on public perceptions of psychology.
Positive Links among Obedience Pressure, Religiosity, and Measures of Cognitive Accomplishment: Evidence for the Secular Value of Being Religious
Authors: Zern David S.
Published: February 2018

The author begins by arguing on the basis of biblical texts that a willing obedience to God is a valuable and preferred trait. He shows through his own empirical research that a greater degree of obedience–-even to secular authority, and quite contrary to popular secular opinion–-is associated with higher level cognitive functioning at both an individual and societal level. Next, research is discussed which confirms the plausible, religiously supported connection between obedience and religiosity. Finally, additional research examining the independent effects of religiosity shows that it, too, is a strong predictor of cognitive attainments at both individual and societal levels. Implications of these findings are discussed in both secular and religious contexts.
Obedience: A Reaction to Zern
Authors: Saucy Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The author responds to Zern's (1987) article, “Positive Links Among Obedience Pressure, Religiosity, and Measures of Cognitive Accomplishment.” Four principles stemming from Zern's thesis are seen as fundamentally valid: (a) religion does involve obedience, (b) religion with its promotion of obedience does lead to greater capacity to function, (c) obedience leads to higher self-esteem, and (d) pressure to obey leads to obedience along with its benefits. Some weakness is discussed concerning the explanation of religion's positive effect on personal functioning and the principle of obedience without understanding.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: A Biblical Approach and Critique
Authors: Tan Siang-Yang
Published: February 2018

Cognitive-behavior therapy has gained prominence as a school of psychotherapy or counseling in recent years among secular as well as Christian therapists. This article describes some recent developments and contemporary issues in cognitive-behavior therapy and delineates several limitations and criticisms of cognitive-behavior therapy from both psychological and biblical perspectives. It concludes with some suggestions for a biblical approach to therapy and counseling that is mainly cognitive-behavioral in orientation and practice, but more comprehensive and broad-based than secular cognitive-behavior therapy.
A Response to Guy
Authors: Lawrence Constance
Published: February 2018

A brief response is made to the concerns raised by James Guy (1987) in his reaction to “An Integrated Spiritual and Psychological Growth Model in the Treatment of Narcissism” (Lawrence, 1987).
Sin, Weakness, and Psychopathology
Authors: Johnson Eric L.
Published: February 2018

This article is concerned with distinguishing the peculiar characteristics of the biblical themes of sin and weakness. In the Bible, and in Christian theology, sin is considered to be a power not created by God but by the sinner. Consequently, sin is something for which the sinner is held responsible. Contrariwise, weakness is a given limitation upon a normal or natural human ability or condition and therefore preeminently not something for which we are held responsible. Moral fault is that unique condition which is a combination of both sin and weakness and which partakes of both sets of characteristics simultaneously. The author concludes with a number of implications which these concepts have for a Christian view of psychopathology.
The Use of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory in the Evaluation of Seminary Students
Authors: Piersma Harry L.
Published: February 2018

During the past several decades, many studies have examined the emotional and psychological functioning of clergy and seminarians. In most instances, researchers employed separate measures to study general personality characteristics as contrasted with psychopathologic factors. In this study, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) was administered to 52 first-year male seminarians at Calvin Theological Seminary in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The MCMI is designed to measure relatively fixed personality characteristics in addition to more psychopathologic factors. As expected, seminarians evidenced little psychopathology on scales designed to assess clinical symptoms. On the basic personality scales, results indicated that the typical seminarian profile would be most consistent with the “conforming” personality described by Millon (1981). Suggestions for further research are discussed.
A Comparison of Psychology Faculty Teaching at Christian Colleges and Universities during 1972 and 1984
Authors: Bassett Rodney L. , Schwab Timothy , Coisman Frederick
Published: February 2018

Psychology faculty at Christian colleges and universities responded to a survey assessing their professional backgrounds and current activities and interests. The results of this survey were then compared with a study reported by Ellison in 1973. This comparison looks at how faculty teaching in psychology departments at Christian institutions has changed over the last few years.
Psychology and Missions: Reflections on Status and Need
Authors: Hunter William F. , Mayers Marvin K.
Published: February 2018

This article is the Editors’ introduction to the second Journal of Psychology and Theology special issue on Psychology and Missions. It proposes some reasons for the uneasy acceptance by conservatives of an adjunctive or supportive role in missions by psychology and the other behavioral sciences. The extant literature on Psychology and Missions is unified by an underlying assumption that mission endeavor and its personnel are important issues for psychology and other behavioral sciences. The contributions to the literature from the Journal of Psychology and Theology's first two special issues on Psychology and Missions suggest that the area is still very broad in its approach and focus. A concerted and coordinated direction of research is required in future studies.
Developmental Tasks in the Life Cycle of Mission Families
Authors: O'Donnell Kelly S.
Published: February 2018

This study focuses on some of the developmental tasks common to mission families. These tasks are discussed in terms of McGoldrick and Carter's (1982) six stages of the family life cycle. A tripartite developmental model of the mission family is also presented which takes into account the interaction of the family life cycle, individual psychosocial development, and the stages of mission involvement. Considering family developmental tasks in light of this model serves to organize and clarify the various adjustment challenges of mission families.
Elective Mutism in a Missionary Family: A Case Study
Authors: Beck James R. , Hubbard M. Gay
Published: February 2018

Elective Mutism is a rare disorder of childhood which is normally found in the context of severe family pathology and/or a multiplicity of individual pathology. However, the case study presented here represents an instance of elective mutism which does not have the normal features of attending pathology. The precipitating factors in the young girl's background all relate to common features of missionary life: emigration, bilingualism, and in this case trilingualism. Included in this article is a brief literature review as well as a discussion of how this pathology in a missions context is similar to, yet different from, other instances of elective
Urban Psychology and Spirituality
Authors: Kenel Sally A.
Published: February 2018

One area in which the relationship between psychology and theology finds practical expression is that of Christian spirituality. A little-explored but promising branch of psychology for such study is that of environmental psychology. This article examines the ability of models of the human based on urban psychology to support the demands of the Christian life. The models so utilized are those of the human being as territorial animal, passive sensor, and preference holder. The implications of such models for Christian spirituality are explored, and in turn, these models are evaluated in terms of the commitment warranted by the Christian life, particularly by the practice of compassion.
Reentry among Missionary Children: An Overview of Reentry Research from 1934–1986
Authors: Austin Clyde N. , Van Jones Billy
Published: February 2018

An overview of 30 studies on missionary children was performed. A summary was made of 34 features across these studies. Due to a large number of features being coded as indeterminate, only a limited analysis of effects was possible. An effect was the statistical relationship between mission variables (i.e., on-the-field) and outcome variables (i.e., reentry information). Several recommendations are made for future research.
Retirement of Evangelical Missionaries: Elements of Satisfaction and Morale
Authors: Frisbey Norman
Published: February 2018

This is a research report on a survey of missionary retirement programs of evangelical missions. The basic tool used was a questionnaire covering mission board information (vital statistics), general retirement information and calculation of mission pension. The questionnaire was sent to 105 mission boards with 61 returns (58%). Of these missions, 44 have a retirement benefits program. Supporting research has found that two factors which contribute most to satisfaction and morale in retirement are good health and financial independence. Of the missions responding, 71% find missionaries are concerned about financial security in retirement. Efforts to expand and improve retirement programs especially with respect to pension benefits appear appropriate.
Predictors of Reverse Culture Shock among North American Church of Christ Missionaries
Authors: Moore Leslie , Van Jones Billy , Austin Clyde N.
Published: February 2018

The development of the Moore-Austin Reverse Culture Shock Scale (RCS) was an attempt to identify reentry adjustment difficulties among missionary adults. The subjects of the study were 255 North American Church of Christ missionaries. A 12-page questionnaire which included the RCS was mailed to each subject. The following variables were determined, through multiple regression analysis, to be significantly correlated with RCS scores: education level prior to mission assignment, months in last location, age range upon last return, marital status, expectation of difficulty, and type of school attended before mission assignment. Responses to open-ended questions suggested that there are difficulties encountered upon reentry which were not included in the RCS scale. Procedures such as factor analysis might be used in order to ascertain the major areas of difficulty which need to be included in future instruments.
Three Perspectives on Tragedy and Suffering: The Relevance of Near-Death Experience Research
Authors: Gibbs John C.
Published: February 2018

Three perspectives on the problem of tragedy and suffering–-atheistic-materialistic (AM), theistic-sovereign (TS), and theistic-consoling (TC)–-arc related to findings and implications of recent research on the near-death experience (NDE). The classic theodicic problem is the question of how to reconcile human tragedy and suffering with a supremely loving and powerful God. AM assumptions preclude the problem: since “God” is preempted by a materialist ontology, there is no divine entity with whom tragedy must be reconciled. The TS and TC perspectives acknowledge but emphasize alternative features of God, namely, sovereignty and love, respectively. Overall, NDE research is relevant and partially helpful–-but not definitive–-with respect to an evaluation of the three perspectives on the problem of tragedy and suffering.
Integrative Strategies for Family Therapy with Evangelical Christians
Authors: Diblasio Frederick A.
Published: February 2018

If family therapists are to be more effective with evangelical Christian families, they must pay serious attention to the beliefs of these families and modify treatment approaches to account fully for faith issues. Peripheral treatment of faith issues promotes conflict and unnecessary resistance, as it prevents therapists from truly engaging and helping clients. Evangelical Christianity is much more than a religious life-style and set of beliefs. It is the primary focus and meaning of life for many evangelical Christians. This article presents the theological belief system of evangelical families and offers implications for modifying treatment.