bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sosialisasi Pengembangan Keterampilan Partisipasi Sosial pada Pembelajaran Sejarah di SMA Negeri 3 Palu
Authors: Priyatna Prasetyawati  , Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti
Published: September 2024

The problem of this community service is whether through this service, teachers and students can synergize by applying the strategy of developing social participation skills as one of the dimensions of skills that are highly recommended to achieve the objectives of history learning at SMA Negeri 3 Palu. The objectives that can be achieved in this service are (1) teachers and students can apply the strategy of developing social participation skills in learning history at SMA Negeri 3 Palu. (2) by developing social participation skills, it is hoped that the history learning process will no longer be boring or considered a soft subject. (3) by applying social participation skills, it is expected that history learning will be more challenging because history learning is not only memorized. The hope to be achieved through this community service is that teachers and students can synergistically process in learning history to improve competence not only knowledge, but attitudes and skills, especially in social participation skills must also be balanced so that students can participate in their environment to help solve societal problems and be skilled in the community environment, and can increase teacher competence in teaching creativity. Through socialization, mentoring and tracing in the form of observations, interviews and documents, it is hoped that teachers and students can be characterized as responsive and strong character.
Sosialisasi Penggunaan E-Commerce Bukalapak Sebagai Pengembangan UMKM Di Desa Wadungasih
Authors: Ade Irmanistanti  , Erick Kusuma Effendi  , Mochammad Andi Prastyo  , Yanuar Verga Moreno  , Yudy Prasetyo  , Mochammad Dicky Riza
Published: September 2024

Nowadays, digital technology is in great demand because it offers easy access to a wide range of purposes and activities, including enabling innovation to generate business. The world of marketing will surely be heavily influenced by the advances of technology, the digital world, and the Internet. Marketing-based applications or e-commerce become the medium of sale and purchase transactions only but some have features as a program regulating the financial management of enterprises. Bukapalak can help UMKM perpetrators for media development, financial loyalties and new business opportunities. This dedication focuses on the perpetrators of the UMKM Village of Wadungasih, Kecamtan Buduran, Sidoarjo district. This dedication involves socialization activities with the stages of surveys, observations, and core activities. This dedication finds a lot of UMKM perpetrators who lack understanding of digital technology innovations as the times evolve. The purpose of this dedication is nothing more than a form of effort to develop and evaluate the progress of UMKM in an era of globalization where digital technology or e-commerce is used.
Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Bawang Merah Menjadi Pestisida Alami Sebagai Substitusi Pestisida Kimia Di Desa Mungkung, Nganjuk
Authors: Hendra Maulana  , Rafli Aprilian Firmansyah  , Mochammad Rayhan Faujan  , Figo Afriansyah  , Hana Safira Hidayat  , Herlin Dwi Dita Tamtamalia  , Ghea Lintang Samputri
Published: September 2024

In Mungkung Village, Rejoso District, Nganjuk Regency, KKNT students at the East Java "Veteran" National Development University conducted research to use onion skin waste as raw material for making natural pesticides. The main goal is to reduce people's dependence on chemical pesticides which have negative impacts on health and the environment. The research process was carried out through observation, socialization and demonstration. The results of the activity show that natural pesticides from onion skin waste are effective in controlling plant pests and are safe for the environment because they do not leave dangerous residues. The success of this outreach and demonstration increased public awareness of the importance of using agricultural waste wisely. This activity supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in responsible consumption and production as well as protecting life on land, by reducing the use of chemical pesticides and utilizing organic waste. It is hoped that this waste management model can be widely adopted for more environmentally friendly and efficient agriculture.
Pendampingan Pengenalan Penulisan Huruf Hijaiyah Melalui Media Kartu Di TPA Nurul Ihsan Kalampangan
Authors: Siti Aisyah  , Hadma Yuliani  , Luvia Ranggi Nastiti
Published: September 2024

This service is carried out for the introduction of writing hijaiyah letters using card media. Community service carried out directly by researchers within one day at one of the Islamic education institutions, namely TK / TPA Nurul Ihsan Kalampangan. The use of card media helps in introducing and learning to write hijaiyah letters. Conducive environment and hands-on approach in learning contribute positively to children's creativity in understanding and writing hijaiyah letters. The use of hijaiyah letter card media can determine the ability to write in children, besides that it can also attract interest and motivation so that children are enthusiastic about learning. That way children are easy to do learning to write hijaiyah letters.
Pendampingan Santri TPQ Baiturrahman Palangka Raya Mengenai Adab Dan Doa Harian
Authors: Ramadhan Wirayudha  , M. Rifani Al-Ghazali  , Abdullah Abdullah
Published: September 2024

Islamic Religious Education has a central role central role in creating religiously observant Indonesians. Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur'an (TPQ) plays an important role in shaping children's character through teaching reading the Qur'an, prayer practice, memorization of short letters, and daily prayers. daily prayers. TPQ Baiturrahman in Palangka Raya is an institution that teaching Islamic manners and daily prayers to its students. This assistance is carried out by ustadz and ustadzah to shape a person who is religiously observant, responsible, and caring for others. The teaching methods used are memorization and lectures, with a test of memorization of daily prayers as an evaluation. This learning aims to to produce students who are able to memorize daily prayers, understand the adab when in a place of worship, and have a qualified understanding of religion. However, there are still students who have difficulty in memorizing daily prayers, due to factors such as their memory power. daily prayers, caused by factors such as less strong memorization power and the learning process. learning process
Pendampingan Pengelolaan UMKM Bakpia Tunas Ngrombo Berbasis Mentoring Kelompok
Authors: Agus Abdurrahman  , Fuad Hasyim
Published: September 2024

The management assistance Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) based on group mentoring has proven effective in enhancing the performance and sustainability of MSMEs. This study aims to analyze the impact of the group mentoring program on Bakpia Tunas Ngrombo MSMEs. The method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The results show that group mentoring can improve managerial capacity, market access, and digital literacy of MSME actors. Additionally, this mentoring program can also enhance product competitiveness and expand the business network of Bakpia Tunas Ngrombo MSMEs.
Menuju Generasi Berkarakter: Sosialisasi Pendidikan Antikorupsi di SMK Al-Falah Jakarta
Authors: Santi Rimadias  , Marissa Grace Haque  , Ajeng Rida Riyanti  , Catur Nugrahani  , Nikita Dewi Anjani Sudrajat  , Putri Aisy Salma  , Riedmen Gifar Widagdo  , Yola Pangestu Anggraeni
Published: September 2024

Corruption remains a major challenge that hinders economic, social, and political progress. To overcome this problem in Indonesia, the STIE Indonesia Banking School community service team implemented an Anti-Corruption outreach program initiative targeted at Al-Falah Vocational School in Jakarta. This program utilizes a combination of interactive lectures, participatory discussions, and interesting quizzes to convey anti-corruption principles. The results of this program show a significant increase in students' understanding of corruption, its negative impacts, and the important role of integrity. These results underscore the efficacy of early anti-corruption education in cultivating a generation committed to ethical behavior and integrity and laying the foundation for a corruption-free future.
Sosialisasi Gizi dan Penyuluhan Keluarga Berencana Sebagai Upaya Menurunkan Angka Stunting di Desa Kemiri
Authors: Budi Prabowo  , Annisa Lailatul Qomariyah  , Fitra D. P. I. Santoso  , Palupi Kirana Woro , Luana Shiany Margareta  , Salsabila Mona Odelia
Published: September 2024

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in young children that has serious implications for physical growth, cognitive development, and individual productivity. This condition is caused by a range of complex factors, including poor maternal nutrition and environmental conditions affecting quality of nutrition. The first 1,000 days of life represent a critical period for stunting prevention, as children's brain growth and development are particularly rapid during this time. Socialization regarding the importance of balanced nutrition and Family Planning programs is a strategic step to support optimal child growth and prevent stunting. This program begins with obtaining permits and coordinating with the Head of Kemiri Village to identify appropriate targets, as well as involving local neighborhood association in surveying facilities and infrastructure. The initiative aims to raise awareness in Kemiri Village about stunting and its prevention, and to educate the importance of balanced nutrition for supporting optimal child growth. Through socialization and counseling, it is hoped that the community will be able to recognize signs of stunting and take appropriate actions. This aligns with the village’s sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly in achieving the target of a hunger-free village. By reducing the prevalence of stunting, the quality of life for the community can be significantly improved.
El método constructivista en la motivación y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes
Authors: Cáceres Castro María José , Alvarado Vimos Blanca Irene
Published: September 2024

El método constructivista mejora la motivación y el rendimiento académico al integrar valores, contexto social y experiencias personales. En este entorno, los estudiantes tienen más probabilidades de éxito al conectar sus pensamientos, sentimientos y deseos. El estudio se centró en las preguntas: ¿Cuáles características del método constructivista contribuyen a la mejora de la motivación y el rendimiento académico? ¿Qué retos y beneficios se han identificado en la aplicación del método constructivista para mejorar la motivación y el rendimiento académico? La revisión de la literatura se realizó en Google Scholar, donde se evaluaron títulos y resúmenes, seguido de una revisión detallada de los textos completos para asegurar su calidad metodológica y relevancia en relación con las preguntas de investigación. El método constructivista se caracteriza por su capacidad para mejorar la motivación y el rendimiento académico al involucrar activamente a los estudiantes, fomentar la colaboración y la autonomía, y conectar el contenido con situaciones reales. Su énfasis en la evaluación formativa y el pensamiento crítico promueve un aprendizaje más profundo y significativo, lo que lo convierte en un enfoque eficaz para incrementar el compromiso y el éxito estudiantil. Sin embargo, su implementación enfrenta desafíos importantes, como la resistencia al cambio por parte de los docentes, la falta de formación adecuada, la diversidad en los estilos de aprendizaje, la limitación de recursos y las dificultades en la evaluación.
Egertől Rióig, Riótól Pozsonyig?
Authors: Liktor Zoltán Attila
Published: September 2024

Although Hungary was never part of the Iberosfera, thanks to the Habsburg dynasty, there existed a special historical relationship between them during centuries. It is a matter of honor to research and explore this connection between Hungary and the Lusophony. As we can see, there was a direct connection between the Napoleonic Wars, the pro Habsburg attitude of the Hungarian nation, and the independence of Brazil through the person of Archduchess Leopoldina, Royal Princess of Hungary and Empress consort of Brazil, who played a key role in the process. On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the independence of Brazil, we should commemorate with dignity the Archduchess Leopol dina, the common hero of the Brazilian and Hungarian nations.
Dr. Hans Luther német exkancellár dél-amerikai repülő körútja 1926-ban, a brazíliai Condor és a VARIG légitársaságok létrejötte
Authors: Fischer Ferenc
Published: September 2024

In the second half of 1926, German aviation activity in South America, often dubbed as „the last free continent,” experienced a significant surge, when German ex-chancellor Hans Luther embarked on a several months long promotional air tour in Latin America, visiting altogether nine countries. Luther used modern German Junkers and Dornier airplanes for this journey, covering substantial distances, such as the approximately 3,000-kilometre route between Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. One of the most notable outcomes of this tour was the Brazilian government’s decision to grant an airmail concession to Condor in 1926 and then to VARIG airlines in 1927, both of which belonged to Lufthansa. Despite their formal national status, these airlines, along with Colombian (SCADTA, 1919) and Bolivian (LAB, 1925) airlines, operated as cover names. Under the guise of national flags, these airlines served Lufthansa’s broad, globally interconnected aviation objectives by purchasing German aircrafts and employing German pilots. Consequently, a significant Franco-German air rivalry emerged, particularly concerning the estab lish ment of the intercontinental air routes between Europe and South America ( Natal, Brazil) and the Zeppelin airship route, notably the South Atlantic air bridge. There was also competition for control of Latin American airspace. In the coordinated effort to establish German-owned air routes in Spain and Latin America, priority was given to securing dominance over Spanish and Brazilian airspace. This process resembled the construction of a tunnel connecting the two continents from both ends.
Geopolitikai változások, modernizációs stratégiák és a szubimperializmus koncepció újragondolása: a brazil eset
Authors: Szilágyi István
Published: September 2024

The aim of this study is to analyze theoretical questions using examples from the main geopolitical changes occurring worldwide. In the 1980s and 1990s, in the three semi-peripheral regions of the world, namely Southern Europe, Latin America, and Eastern-Central Europe, authoritarian and bureaucratic dictatorships collapsed. Subsequently emerging countries, including members of the BRICS-group, began to play a significant part in world politics. In Latin America, the era of the so-called „Exceptional States,” followed by a transition to democracy, came to end, resulting in hybrid political systems. New regional integrative organizations such as Mercosur, UNASUR, the Sanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Eurasian Economic Union were reorganized and established. During the years of transition, international relations underwent significant changes. The bipolar world system gradually gave way to a multipolar system. Concurrently, the notion of „sub-imperialism,” initially developed by Ruy Mauro Marini in the 1970s, began to be reconsidered and reevaluated. This shift prompted several questions: Is the concept for mulated by Ruy Mauro Marini fifty years still applicable today? Can it effectively describe phenomena unfolding during this period? Should we classify Brazil as a great power or as a sub-imperialistic state?
„A szabadság fantomjai”
Authors: Poór Péter
Published: September 2024

The rise to power of General Francisco Franco in Spain was followed after an extremely subversive civil war and bloody reprisals, which led most to perceive his system as oppressive and dictatorial. Correspondingly, various forms of anti-Francoist resistance characterized the regime from the moment of its establishment until its final days. One of the most radical and heroic forms of resistance was guerilla warfare, which unfolded over the years. Among its represent atives were active, persistent, and self-sacrificing participants from the anarchist movement in Spain. They either operated in the underground movement or were forced into exile after the civil war. This study attempts to briefly summarize the most important features of the guerilla activities maintained by anarchists, including its chronological and geographical aspects, as well as its tactics and methods. It also examines certain key actors – individuals, groups, and organizations – along with their motivations and the results they achieved.
Online Vigilance and Its Relationship to Digital Stress and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Ismail Ramadan Mohamed , Abdelkarim Mohammad Al- Safi , Al- Baqami Norah Saad
Published: September 2024

The current study aims to identify the nature of the relationship between online vigilance , digital stress and symptoms of depression. Likewise, it detects gender differences in each of online vigilance, digital stress, and symptoms of depression. This is done through a sample of (244) male and female students from regular students in Saudi universities, including (134) males (110) females. The following tools were applied to the study sample:  Online   Vigilance Scale (Attribute), prepared by: (Reinecke et al, 2018) and Online Vigilance Scale (Status) prepared by (Johannes et al,2020), Arabization: Mohamed Abdul Raouf Abd Rabbo, and Digital Stress Meter (Prepared by (Fisher.R&Riedel,2021) Arabization: Mohamed Abdul Raouf Abd Rabbo, and the Aaron Beck Depression Scale translated by Abdul Sattar Ibrahim. One of the most important results of the study was the existence of a statistically significant correlation between online vigilance and both digital stress and depression symptoms. Also, there were no statistically significant differences between the sexes in each of online vigilance, digital stress, and depression symptoms, and online vigilance contributed to predicting both digital stress and depression symptoms.
Knowledge and Attitude of Rheumatic Heart Disease among Nursing Mothers in Nigeria
Authors: Akinwumi Akinsola , Olowookere Isaac , Adeleye Ayomide , Toba Taiwo
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic condition caused by an attack of acute rheumatic fever. It has the potential to worsen, from clinically silent damage to very complicated damage to the heart valve. According to the WHO, in 2020, it was estimated to affect over 288,348 lives annually, with the bulk of cases being found in developing countries. As mothers play a major role in the care and nurture of their children, this study is aimed at assessing their level of knowledge and their attitude towards rheumatic heart disease. Method: The study was cross-sectional in nature and was conducted at the maternal and child units of a primary health care center. The questionnaires were independently filled out by the respondents, and the data was carefully coded into the SPSS version 25 software. Results: In this study, a total of 150 nursing mothers were reached. In terms of age distribution, the age group 26–30 years old (38%) made up most of the population, and 92% of the total population were married. In terms of education, 50.7% had completed their secondary school education. Overall, the assessment of the level of knowledge of the participants was 86%, 9.3%, and 4.7%, categorized as poor, fair, and good, respectively. Conclusion: More educational intervention needs to be carried out, especially among mothers attending primary health care centers in the nation, in order to increase their knowledge and improve their attitude towards the disease, which we found to be low.
Evaluation of Inverse Planned and Forward Planned Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Techniques in Breast Cancer
Authors: Johns Blessy , Madhavan Jayaprakash , Shirley E Grace , Cyriac Swapna Lilly
Published: September 2024

Introduction: The objective of this study is to compare the dosimetric parameters of radiation to the whole breast between the two intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IP IMRT) techniques, i.e. Inverse planned IMRT (IP IMRT) and Forward Planned IMRT (FP IMRT) with regard to target coverage (PTV) and irradiation of organs at risk (OAR). Material and Methods: Plain and Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) datasets were created for 41 patients treated with whole breast radiation therapy. CT simulation and treatment is performed using deep inspiratory breath hold technique (DIBH). Radiotherapy treatment Planning is done using Eclipse Treatment Planning System (version 13.7) with a prescription dose of 40 Gy in 15#. The developed treatment plans were subjected to objective comparison of PTV and OARs using dose volume histograms (DVH). Results: IP IMRT plans provided better coverage (99.5% vs 97.6%), comparable though higher maximum dose (Dmax 45.0 VS 44.1 Gy), higher hot spot (PTV105% 49.2 vs 33), lower volumes receiving 20, 25, 30 Gy (V20, V25, V30) for heart, more homogeneous (homogeneity index 0.10 vs. 0.14) and conformal dose distribution (conformity Index 1.0 vs 0.98) compared to FP IMRT. Regarding OAR dosimetry it is observed that FP IMRT showed reduced mean dose to Coronary artery (LADCA), Contralateral Lung (CL), Contralateral breast (CB) along with reduction in low dose region (V5) to all OARs under study. It was also observed that Monitor units used and planning time were lower for FP IMRT. Conclusion: On weighing different dosimetric factors, both the techniques have displayed their own advantages and disadvantages. Choosing a planning technique needs to be customized taking into consideration various factors such as breast topography, size and volumes of breast, availability of expertise planning skills and resources.
Phase diagram study and thermodynamic modelling of the CaO-TiO2-CaF2 system
Authors:   Seoul National University, Bang J , Jung I-H ,   Seoul National University
Published: September 2024

Ti is an important constituent for steels and superalloys. During the continuous casting process and ElectroSlag Remelting process (ESR), Ti in molten steel and superalloy can have chemical reactions with casting flux and ESR slag containing CaO and CaF2. In order to investigate such exchange reactions, the understanding of the (Ca,Ti//O,F) reciprocal slag system is prerequisite. In the present study, a coupled phase diagram experiment and thermodynamic modelling of the (Ca,Ti//O,F) reciprocal system was performed. In particular, the phase diagram of the CaF2-TiO2 system was experimentally investigated by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) experiment and quenching experiments followed by Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA) phase analysis. The Gibbs energy functions of all solid and liquid phases in the (Ca,Ti//O,F) reciprocal system were optimised to reproduce the present data and all available reliable experimental data in literature.
Pyrometallurgical treatment of nickel smelting slag with biochar
Authors:   Aalto University, Attah-Kyei D , Sukhomlinov D ,   Aalto University, Tiljander M ,   Geological Survey of Finland, Klemettinen L ,   Aalto University, Taskinen P ,   Aalto University, Jokilaakso A ,   Aalto University, Lindberg D ,   Aalto University
Published: September 2024

In this study, the use of carbon neutral biochars as reducing agents in the pyrometallurgical treatment of nickel slag was investigated at 1400°C in order to recover valuable elements such as copper and nickel from the slag. A large amount of slag is generated during the nickel matte smelting. Nickel slag contains valuable elements such as copper, nickel and cobalt, which can be recovered. Disposal of this slag results in loss of resources and may cause pollution of the environment. It is important to retrieve these metals for environmental and economic reasons. In this study, the slag was reacted with non-fossil reducing agents (biochar) which were produced from hydrolysis lignin and black pellet biomass pyrolyzed at 600 and 1200°C and with metallurgical coke for comparison. The reduction experiments were done at 1400°C for 15, 30 and 60 mins under inert gas atmosphere. The samples were quickly quenched and analysed with Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPMA). The results showed that the use of biochar resulted in faster reaction kinetics in the reduction process compared to coke. The fast reaction kinetics is attributed to the relatively high content of volatiles in this biochar, leading to gas formation and thus mixing of the sample material. Moreover, thermodynamic modelling was also performed using FactSage™ to simulate equilibria with different amounts of biochar. The metal to slag distribution coefficient calculated from the results of thermodynamic modelling were consistent with experimental results. In addition, thermodynamic calculations confirmed that nickel is reduced rapidly and it deports to the metal alloy phase. As the reduction progresses or extra reductant is available for reactions, more iron is deported to the metal phase. The calculations also revealed that Zn vaporises into the gas phase.
Dissolution of quartz in Mn-slags during production of SiMn alloy
Authors:   SINTEF, Jayakumari S , Canaguier V ,   SINTEF, Ringdalen E ,   SINTEF
Published: September 2024

Silicomanganese (SiMn), containing approximately 16–30 per cent Si, is produced in submerged arc furnaces using various Mn sources and quartz as the primary raw materials, along with fluxes and reductants. In the high-temperature zone known as the coke bed, a silica-rich slag is formed. SiMn is produced through the reduction of SiO2 from the slag. Dissolution of quartz into slags with different compositions, the primary slag formed from the Mn sources and flux before any MnO reduction occurred, representing conditions at the top of the coke bed, and dissolution of quartz into a partially reduced slag to simulate conditions inside the coke bed has been investigated. Experimental investigations were carried out to study the dissolution of quartz particles of varying sizes, 5 mm and 25 mm in synthetic slags with different compositions at temperatures between 1400°C and 1600°C, with varying holding times. Observed results are compared with liquidus compositions and equilibrium phases for original and formed slags. Particle size has been shown to be of little importance for the dissolution. Quartz dissolved more easily in slag at top of the coke bed than slag in the coke bed. Complete dissolution was observed after 30 mins at 1600°C in all cases, but not after 0 mins.
A thermodynamic and sustainability assessment of PCB recycling through the secondary Cu smelting process
Authors:   Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Tikare P , Mohanasundaram M ,   CSIR National Metallurgical Laboratory, Kumar R ,   Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology, Kamaraj A ,   Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Published: September 2024

This study presents a comprehensive thermodynamic optimisation and sustainability analysis of the secondary copper smelting process for Waste Printed Circuit Board (WPCB) recycling. The study investigates various scenarios with different proportions of WPCB in the input stream, ranging from 0 per cent to 100 per cent. Through thermodynamic modelling using FactSage™ version 8.1, the optimisation process is conducted in three stages. The results of the thermodynamic modelling indicate that the best-case scenario for WPCB recycling is achieved with a 40 per cent proportion of WPCB in the input stream. This case exhibits a maximum copper recovery of 99.93 per cent while minimising the formation of other waste. In addition to the thermodynamic analyses, environmental factors such as the carbon emission index and resource utilisation efficiency are studied. The 40 per cent WPCB recycling case exhibits a resource utilisation efficiency of 93.055 per cent and a carbon emission rate of 0.133. The present investigation highlights the significant benefits of a 40 per cent WPCB recycling scenario through a secondary copper smelting process in terms of base metal recovery and energy efficiency, thus emphasising its potential for sustainable PCB waste management and resource utilisation.
Deoxidation of Ti-Ni alloy by the calcium and CaF2-MgCl2 flux
Authors:   Hanyang University, Su Y , Park K S ,   Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Kim J K ,   Hanyang University, Park J H ,   Hanyang University
Published: September 2024

The present study investigates the possibility of the direct removal of oxygen from the Ti-30Ni (wt per cent) alloy melt through the thermodynamic equilibrium reactions at 1623 K in the vertical tube furnace. The deoxidation efficiency of Ti-Ni alloy melt by adding different contents of metallic calcium (Ca) as a deoxidant was evaluated with the binary CaF2-MgCl2 flux. The thermodynamic equilibrium experiments showed that the total oxygen content in the alloy decreased from about 650 ppm to 350 ppm when 3.5 wt per cent Ca was added to the Ti-30Ni (wt per cent) alloy. Alternatively, the effect of flux composition in the CaF2-MgCl2 flux on the oxygen content was also investigated at 1623 K. Therefore, the effect of binary flux systems on the deoxidation ability was compared at 1623 K. According to the results, the flux system with 80 per centCaF2–20 per centMgCl2 exhibited the best deoxidation capability, ie total oxygen content in the alloy reduced from 1450 to 550 ppm.
Equilibrium distribution of Pb between copper metal and slags
Authors:   CSIRO Mineral Resources, Kan T , Chen C ,   CSIRO Mineral Resources
Published: September 2024

The distribution ratio of Pb (LPbs/m) between three types of slags (FeOx–SiO2, CaO–FeOx and FeOx–CaO–SiO2) and molten copper after equilibrium was measured at 1300°C and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) of 10-10–10-6 atm. Results showed that for FeOx–SiO2 slag, the LPbs/m increased from 0.024 to 2.57 with pO2 increased from 10-10 to 10-6 atm. The LPbs/m with CaO–FeOx slag was lower than the FeOx–SiO2 slag at the same pO2, ranging between 0.015 and 0.53. Using the FeOx–CaO– SiO2 slag generated LPbs/m values (0.02–1.6) in between. The oxygen partial pressure in the investigated range had no obvious effect on the activity coefficient of PbO (γPbO) which was averagely 0.44, 1.70 and 0.71 for FeOx–SiO2, CaO–FeOx and FeOx–CaO–SiO2 slags, respectively. The increases in the (CaO+MgO)/SiO2 mass ratio of the FeOx–CaO–SiO2 slag induced the decrease in the LPbs/m and the increase in the γPbO value. However, the variation in the Fe/SiO2 mass ratio didn’t exert obvious effects.
Studying the smelting behaviour of bauxite residue pellets reduced by hydrogen using high temperature thermal analysis
Authors:   Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hariswijaya D , Safarian J ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Published: September 2024

Treating bauxite residue as an alternative source of metals for iron and aluminium industry is an approach to promote circular economy in metal industries. Reduction of metal oxides with H2-based process is an important step on decarbonisation of metal industry. In this study bauxite residue pellets were prepared and were reduced with different H2-H2O gas compositions at different temperatures which yielded with various degrees of reduction. The bauxite residue pellets were made from a mixture of bauxite residue and Ca(OH)2 powders and sintered at 1150°C. Hydrogen reduction was carried out on the oxide pellets using a resistance furnace at elevated temperatures in controlled reduction atmosphere of H2-H2O gas mixtures which resulted in reduction of iron oxides in the pellets. Unreduced and reduced pellets were subsequently heated to 1400°C to study their smelting behaviour using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique to investigate the evolution of phases related to slag formation via smelting. Equilibrium module of Factsage™ ver 8.1 was utilised to analyse results of thermal analysis. It was observed that Tricalcium phosphate-β (CaP2O8), Bredigite (Ca7Si4MgO16), Rankinite (Ca3Si2O7), and calcium alumino ferrite (Ca[Al,Fe]6O10) were formed during thermal analysis as intermediate phases. The initial slag formation for sintered and reduced pellets occurred at 900°C which mainly contains calcium and small amount of strontium component. The slag formation rate increases significantly starting from 1100°C when iron oxides started to form initial molten slag phase which then followed by other oxides dissolution in the system. Gas formation was observed at 1180°C and it was found that the gas to be released from unreduced pellets is O2 meanwhile the gas to be released from reduced pellets is SO2 gas. Gas formation rate for both pellets start to increase at 1280°C when the remaining chemically bonded gas start to be released from the system.
Synthesis of actinide chlorides for molten salt preparation
Authors:   CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Chevreux P , Serp S ,   CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC, Duchateau M ,   CEA, DES, ISEC, DMRC
Published: September 2024

Molten salt reactor (MSR) is a promising advanced reactor system aiming to the transmutation of minor actinides such as americium in order to reduce the inventory of ultimate nuclear waste. The fuel is a molten salt in which actinides are homogeneously dissolved in the liquid phase. A chloride salt may be retained for this concept, as it provides low melting point, high solubility of actinides, harder neutron spectrum. To avoid corrosion and precipitation issues, molten salt composition has to be carefully controlled with impurity content as low as possible. Obtaining pure actinide chlorides without contaminants such as oxide, oxychloride, hydroxide and water is still a challenge. To prepare actinide-bearing salt, the chlorination of actinides oxides was investigated in an unstirred reactor under flowing gas as solid-gas reaction. The carbochlorination of PuO2 were performed in the temperature range of 600 to 800°C with chlorine gas as a chlorinating agent and the presence of solid carbon. PuCl3 was successfully synthesised by this method and characterised by X-ray diffraction measurements but some impurities such as oxide phase remain inside the formed product. Refinements of anhydrous and hydrated PuCl3 phases by Le Bail method were also performed for crystalline materials definition. Conversion mainly depends on the chlorinating temperature and the contact between the oxide and the chlorinating agent. A conversion value of 70–80 per cent was achieved at 700°C from PuO2 with quite high specific surface area. The conversion rate was not improved with increasing the chlorination time. The volatilisation of Pu was observed during the carbochlorination experiments. To avoid a loss of Pu caused by sublimation, the chlorination temperature should be limited to 650°C despite that the conversion of PuO2 to PuCl3 was enhanced by increasing temperature. Both carbochlorination and hydrochlorination of AmO2 were also carried out leading to the formation of AmCl3. These first results suggest that americium oxide was chlorinated more readily than plutonium oxide. The purity of produced PuCl3 and AmCl3 still deserves further investigations.
Integrated process modelling for the Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter
Authors:   Hatch, Sartor G , Rich A ,   BHP Nickel West, Grimsey D ,   BHP Nickel West, White M ,   Hatch, Forzatti R ,   Hatch
Published: September 2024

An in-depth process model was developed for the pyrometallurgical, off-gas systems and water balance of the Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter. This model was used to assess plant capacity with changing concentrate grades, increased throughput and tighter environmental emissions under a range of potential future operating conditions. Comparison of modelled results allowed for flow sheet optimisation across a range of metrics including sustainability, processing capacity and costs. Process modelling software, METSIM® (ver 2020.06 by METSIM International), was used to simulate the flash furnace, integrated electric slag cleaning furnace, Pierce-Smith converters, matte granulation, waste heat boiler, hot gas handling equipment, wet gas cleaning plant and acid plant. The METSIM® model was divided into three separate, yet interconnected models: metals, off-gas and water balancing. This allowed for improved modelling efficiency and traceability while minimising manual error. The METSIM® model was supported by inputs from other specialised software. Chemical thermodynamics software, FactSage™ (ver 8.2 by GTT Technologies), was used to establish relationships for the flash furnace fluxing strategy and determine the operating temperature. Arena® (ver 16.0 by Rockwell Automation), a discrete event modelling software, was used to simulate material movements within the aisle as well as Pierce-Smith converter operation, allowing for integration with upstream and downstream systems. A dynamic data exchange (DDE) was used to connect the results of each software package, interfacing through Excel® (version 4203 by Microsoft). The integration between models provided a streamlined approach to test capacity, bottlenecks, water consumption and emissions under a range of operating conditions, enabling a more robust process. Further downstream modelling techniques were used to assess mechanical equipment. METSIM® outputs provided key parameters for combustion assessments using computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis for the furnace mechanical design.
Effect of carbon on the sintering kinetics of a single hematite pellet
Authors:   Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Anand R A , Viswanathan N N ,   Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Pande M M ,   Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Published: September 2024

The pellet qualities primarily depend upon the thermal profile and gaseous environment during induration. During the induration of the pellet, it undergoes physical as well as chemical changes. Physical changes are mostly due to sintering and chemical changes are due to carbon burning inside the pellet. The effect of carbon on sintering is investigated on a single pellet scale using an optical dilatometer. Sintering is a complex process that involves transportation through various mechanisms. Sintering is quantified in terms of sintering ratio and the kinetic parameter, exponent ‘n’, under isothermal conditions is deduced using the power law equation. The value of n can be used to estimate the sintering mechanism at different isothermal temperatures. Also, the activation energy is calculated using the empirical Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of 0 per cent coke and 1 per cent coke-containing pellets are 531.0 kJ/mole and 552.6 kJ/mole respectively. The order of magnitude of activation energy suggests the same mechanism in both cases. Although the mechanism of sintering is the same, 1 per cent coke-containing pellet sinters more at any isothermal temperature.
Understanding the side-blown furnace slag system at Glencore Nordenham’s lead plant – from theory to industrial application
Authors:   Nordenham Metall GmbH, Abadias Llamas A , Kandalam A ,   Nordenham Metall GmbH, Zschiesche C ,   Nordenham Metall GmbH
Published: September 2024

Lead has the ability to collect and carry valuable metals such as copper, bismuth, antimony, tin and precious metals for their downstream recovery. Therefore, lead metallurgy is key for the raw material supply that our society demands. Lead smelters, excluding lead-acid battery recyclers, tend to process more complex primary and secondary raw materials, which are mostly processed via the pyrometallurgy route. Accordingly, understanding the slag system of these metallurgical processes is key for the efficient industrial operation and recovery of minor elements. Glencore Nordenham is an integrated lead and zinc smelter in northern Germany with a production of 92 000 t of lead and 164 700 t of zinc in 2022. The lead production line processes complex lead-bearing raw materials through the direct smelting process. Firstly, the feed mix is smelted in a Top Submerged Lance (TSL – Ausmelt®) furnace, where a lead bullion containing minor metals and a lead-rich slag are produced. Then, the lead-rich slag from the TSL is tapped (via launder) into a Side-Blown Furnace (SBF), where lead oxide is reduced to produce lead bullion (with minor elements) and discard slag. The lead bullion from both stages is refined to produce lead (>99.9 per cent) and recover the minor elements (Cu, Ag, Au, Sb, Te, Bi etc). This paper reflects the experience of operating the SBF after the first five years of operation and describes its ‘PbO-SiO2-FeOx-CaO-ZnO’ slag system. Firstly, the slag system, the furnace operating region and the potential solid phases present are discussed from a theoretical point of view. This theoretical study has been performed using FactSage™ 8.2 and the database developed by the Pyrosearch group at the University of Queensland, Australia (UQPY). Then, the FactSage™ simulations are compared with industrial slag measurements. Finally, some examples on how the slag knowledge gained at Glencore Nordenham can help the industrial operation of the SBF are discussed.
Aluminothermic production of silicon using different raw materials
Authors:   Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Jakovljevic K , Simkhada N ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Zhu M ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Wallin M ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Tranell G ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Published: September 2024

Silicon is a vital element in many products today, such as electronic components, solar devices, high-quality alloys, and many others. The growing global demand highlights the need for the development of sustainable production methods to meet this demand as an alternative to the current carbothermic reduction, submerged arc furnace (SAF) based process. An alternative to this is the aluminothermic reduction of quartz in a CaO-SiO2 slag, which not only reduces direct carbon dioxide emissions but also promotes the utilisation of secondary raw materials such as quartz fines, aluminium dross and scrap as well as secondary alumina (SA) from dross recycling. In the current study, the effects of SA and CaF2 additions to slag on the resulting metal composition and metal yield were explored. Results were compared with thermodynamic simulations using FactSage™ 8.1. Experimental results show that, in agreement with thermodynamic simulations, the silicon content of the alloy is increased, while the Ca is decreased for starting slags where CaO-SiO2 is partly replaced by CaF2. Similarly, the addition of SA to the initial slag results in an alloy with a higher silicon content.
Evaluation of thermal conductivities of molten SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slags
Authors:   SINTEF AS, Tang K , Zhu M ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology, You J ,   Shanghai University, Ma X ,   SINTEF AS, Tranell G ,   Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Published: September 2024

The thermal conductivity of slag is critical for the efficiency of high temperature metallurgical processes such as the smelting reduction of ferroalloys, the ladle refining and the continuous casting mold flux in steelmaking. Experimental determination of slag’s thermal conductivity is fraught with challenges, as seen in yielding data for the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO system that are often inconsistent and widely dispersed. In molten slags of this system, thermal transport occurs via phonons within the network structure. To quantitatively describe thermal conductivity based on the microstructure, high-temperature Raman spectroscopy was employed to measure the silicate tetrahedra Qi (i = 0, 1, 2, 3), with Q4 species inferred from mass balance. This study also integrated molecular dynamics simulations to provide a fundamental understanding of the microstructure units distributions. Machine learning algorithms, especially deep neural networks, were applied to establish the relationship between slag composition and the configuration of tetrahedra. The thermal conductivities were then connected with silicate tetrahedra Qi using an Arrhenius-type formalism. This study sets the stage for extending our findings to more complex, multicomponent slags, enhancing their practical application in industrial processes.
Increasing the deportment of titanium species to, and the stability field of pseudobrookite phase for valourisation of titaniferous slags
Authors:   Mintek, Goso X C , Petersen J ,   University of Cape Town, Nell J ,   Johannes Nell Consulting
Published: September 2024

The feasibility of increasing the deportment of titanium species and the stability of the pseudobrookite solid solution (M3O5) in a titaniferous slag was investigated, to facilitate the valourisation of titaniferous slags. Thermochemical simulations using FactSage™ software, ver 8.3 (by Thermofact/CRTC and GTT-Technologies), and equilibration-quench experiments were conducted using an appropriate synthetic titaniferous slag composition in an oxygen partial pressure (pO2) ranging from air to 10-16 atm under non-isothermal conditions. The temperature-pressure phase stability diagram for the synthetic slag containing 37.19 per cent TiO2, 19.69 per cent SiO2, 13.12 per cent Al2O3, 16.00 per cent CaO and 14.00 per cent MgO showed that the spinel solid solution (M3O4) was the primary phase until a pO2 of 10-10.5 atm, thereafter M3O5 was the primary phase until a pO2 10-13.2 atm. M3O4 again was the primary phase between a pO2 10-13.2 and 10-16 atm. The changeover of the primary phase coincided with an increase in the liquidus surface. When cooling the slag in a pO2 of 10-16 atm, M3O5 crystallised as a ternary phase that showed a rapid increase in mass while that of the primary M3O4 phase decreased and that of the secondary perovskite (CaTiO3) phase increased at a slower rate. At 1300°C under sub-liquidus conditions, the contents of M3O5, M3O4 and CaTiO3 were about 20 per cent, 15 per cent, and 11 per cent, respectively. Experimental results showed that the Ti3+/Ti4+ mass ratio in the M3O5 phase, ie a measure of the reduction of titanium species, is not considerably sensitive to equilibration temperature in the reviewed range. Slow cooling and minimum/no oxidation during cooling of titaniferous slag would increase the deportment of titanium species to, and the growth and stability of the M3O5 phase.
Fluxing options and slag operating window for Metso’s DRI smelting furnace
Authors:   Metso, Hamuyuni J , Vallo K ,   Metso, Haimi T ,   Metso, Tesfaye F ,   Metso, Pihlasalo J ,   Metso, Lindgren M ,   Metso
Published: September 2024

Decarbonisation of the steel industry has recently attracted a lot of research and technological development. Most of the technological developments are centred around the replacement of blast furnace (BF), which has been the main primary smelting furnace in the ironmaking step of steel production. Replacement of the BF is not an easy task because of BF’s many established capabilities over the years, especially its ability to use low-grade iron feed. In this regard, Metso has developed its own technology, Metso’s Outotec direct reduced iron (DRI) smelting furnace, to tackle this problem. The recently developed six-in line electric furnace for DRI smelting can be used for primary smelting of DRI from blast furnace grade iron ore. Unlike the electric arc furnace (EAF), the DRI smelting furnace can handle larger slag volumes that emanate from the high gangue in BF grade DRI. Therefore, fluxing plays an important role in operating the DRI smelting furnace. This paper presents fluxing options and proposes slag quality and operating windows for the DRI smelting furnace. Also, the effect of slag on refractory durability will be discussed.