bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of configurations and chemistries of bridged nucleic acids-containing oligomers as external guide sequences: a methodology for inhibition of expression of antibiotic resistance genes
Authors: Jackson Alexis , Jani Saumya , Davies-Sala Carol , Soler-Bistué Alfonso J C , Zorreguieta Angeles , Tolmasky Marcelo E
Published: September 2016

External guide sequences (EGSs) are short antisense oligoribonucleotides that elicit RNase P-mediated cleavage of a target mRNA, which results in inhibition of gene expression. EGS technology is used to inhibit expression of a wide variety of genes, a strategy that may lead to development of novel treatments of numerous diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacterial and viral infections. Successful development of EGS technology depends on finding nucleotide analogs that resist degradation by nucleases present in biological fluids and the environment but still elicit RNase P-mediated degradation when forming a duplex with a target mRNA. Previous results suggested that locked nucleic acids (LNA)/DNA chimeric oligomers have these properties. LNA are now considered the first generation of compounds collectively known as bridged nucleic acids (BNAs) – modified ribonucleotides that contain a bridge at the 2ʹ,4ʹ-position of the ribose. LNA and the second-generation BNA, known as BNANC, differ in the chemical nature of the bridge. Chimeric oligomers containing LNA or BNANC and deoxynucleotide monomers in different configurations are nuclease resistant and could be excellent EGS compounds. However, not all configurations may be equally active as EGSs. RNase P cleavage assays comparing LNA/DNA and BNANC/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides that share identical nucleotide sequence but with different configurations were carried out using as target the amikacin resistance aac(6ʹ)-Ib mRNA. LNA/DNA gapmers with 5 and 3/4 LNA residues at the 5ʹ- and 3ʹ-ends, respectively, were the most efficient EGSs while all BNANC/DNA gapmers showed very poor activity. When the most efficient LNA/DNA gapmer was covalently bound to a cell-penetrating peptide, the hybrid compound conserved the EGS activity as determined by RNase P cleavage assays and reduced the levels of resistance to amikacin when added to Acinetobacter baumannii cells in culture, an indication of cellular uptake and biological activity.
Acculturation and Physical Activity Among Latinos
Authors: Abraído-Lanza Ana F. , Flórez Karen R. , Shelton Rachel C.
Published: September 2016

Despite the many health benefits of physical activity (PA), the majority of Latinos do not meet recommended levels of PA. This chapter provides an overview of research on acculturation and PA among adult Latinos in the United States. It identifies gaps in knowledge concerning the association between acculturation and different types of PA, the joint effects of socioeconomic position and acculturation on PA, and research on gender. It suggests several areas for further research related to acculturation and PA, including an exploration of norms, social networks, and broader social contexts. It concludes that although the bulk of evidence indicates that greater acculturation is associated with increased PA, more complex research designs and greater methodological and conceptual rigor are needed to move forward research in this area.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Job Engagement: “You Gotta Keep ’em Separated!”
Authors: Newton Daniel W. , LePine Jeffery A.
Published: September 2016

Scholars largely agree that organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a behavioral construct that promotes individual performance and, in the aggregate, unit and organizational functioning and effectiveness. However, there are some views of the OCB construct that blur its conceptual lines with other constructs, thus limiting the theoretical, empirical, and practical insights we can draw from our research. In this chapter, we offer a counterpoint to the idea that the OCB and engagement constructs are largely redundant and that they should be combined. We first describe the nature of the two concepts and identify similarities and core distinctions. We then position OCB and engagement in a general framework that clarifies how and under what conditions they are related more or less strongly. Finally, we offer a road map for future research based on insights gleaned from considering associations and theoretical gaps among the two constructs’ dimensions.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Trust: The Double Reinforcing Spiral
Authors: Moorman Robert , Brower Holly H. , Grover Steven
Published: September 2016

Research on trust and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has focused mostly on how OCB performance may be a consequence of trusting relationships. However, recent studies of trust have sought to both broaden and deepen our understanding of trust and develop our appreciation of the complexity of the construct. This chapter examines how contemporary treatments of trust enhance our understanding of how trust and OCB performance interrelate. We argue that the relationship between trust and OCB is best modeled as reciprocal, taking the form of a double reinforcing spiral. We further discuss how this model informs our understanding of felt trust, trust violation, and trust recovery.
Exploring the Relationship Between Job Embeddedness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Holtom Brooks C. , Sekiguchi Tomoki
Published: September 2016

As we developed the concept of job embeddedness, we were determined to create a construct that explained as comprehensively as possible the reasons why people stay in organizations. Later, scholars theorized and found that on-the-job embeddedness also increased the probability of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and better job performance. More recently, Kiazad and colleagues (2015) have argued that conservation of resources theory offers a parsimonious explanation for the growing nomological network around job embeddedness. Building on this work, we explore promising directions that may contribute to the theoretical enrichment of the job embeddedness–OCB relationship including the different motives of OCBs as mediators, the relationship between job embeddedness and different types of OCBs, a closer look at the causality between job embeddedness and OCBs, theoretical integration with the social network perspective, and factors interacting with job embeddedness in influencing OCBs.
No Disciplined Army
Authors: Koger Gregory , Masket Seth , Noel Hans
Published: September 2016

Just what are political parties? If they are not strictly hierarchical organizations but nonetheless manage to coordinate and control much of politics, how do they do so? This chapter looks at the use of network theory and methodology to examine modern political parties. The authors survey the history of research utilizing a network approach to studying parties. They suggest how a network model surpasses some of the limitations of the familiar tripartite party model of the parties in government, in elections, and as organization. The authors advocates further research on how network parties make collective decisions, why American parties are organized as networks, and how they evolve.
Local Government Networks
Authors: Shrestha Manoj K. , Feiock Richard C.
Published: September 2016

Local governments frequently network with other local governments or other entities for efficient or effective delivery of local services. Networks enable local governments to discover ways to address externalities and diseconomies of scale produced by political fragmentation, functional interconnection, and uneven distribution of knowledge and resources. Local government networking can be informal or formal and bilateral or multilateral, in the form of deliberative forums or mutual aid agreements. This chapter uses the institutional collective action framework to underscore the link between problems of coordination and credibility of commitment that local governments face as they seek self-organizing solutions and the bridging and bonding networks they create in response to these problems. It then reviews the current state of scholarship in local government networks (LGNs) and shows that much progress has been made in both egocentric and whole LGN studies. Finally, it highlights important areas needing attention to advance LGN scholarship.
Networks and European Union Politics
Authors: Thurner Paul W.
Published: September 2016

The European Union (EU) is a regional cooperation regime with a specific and still fluid governance structure. It constitutes the world’s largest and institutionally most deeply integrated system of international relations with supranational features. As a consequence, the literature on the EU often emphasizes informality, multilevel aspects, and its “network governance” character. Network analysis is therefore a promising perspective for the systematic investigation of complex networks of formalized actor relations as well as of informal and implicit political structures and processes in the EU. Applied network analysis is meanwhile used for the investigation of multi-level policy preparation, of collective decision-making in the political system in the EU, and of the implementation process of EU policies in the Member States.
Discourse Network Analysis
Authors: Leifeld Philip
Published: September 2016

Political discourse is the verbal interaction among political actors, who make normative claims about policies conditional on each other, rendering discourse a dynamic network phenomenon. The structure and dynamics of policy debates can be analyzed by combining content and dynamic network analysis. After annotating statements of actors in text sources, networks can be created from these structured data, such as congruence or conflict networks at the actor or concept level, affiliation networks of actors and concept stances, and longitudinal versions of these networks. The resulting network data reveal important properties, such as the structure of advocacy coalitions or discourse coalitions; polarization and consensus formation; and underlying endogenous processes like popularity, reciprocity, or social balance. The advantage of discourse network analysis over survey-based policy network research is that policy processes can be analyzed from a longitudinal perspective. Inferential techniques for understanding the micro-level processes governing political discourse are being developed.
Terrorism Networks
Authors: Perliger Arie
Published: September 2016

A recent development in the field of terrorism studies is the growing understanding that analytical frameworks that focus on in-group social processes are highly effective in improving our understanding of the inner dynamics of terrorist groups. Many students of terrorism have begun to challenge some fundamental conventions regarding the way terrorist groups emerge and operate and the relations between members’ roles and profiles. Less attention has been given to the potential contribution of network science to understanding the relations between terrorist groups, as well as the factors shaping polities’ responses to terrorism. This chapter fills these gaps by explaining how network science can increase understanding of how terrorist groups compete, cooperate, and merge or split, as well as the dilemmas involved in responses to terrorism, which mostly involve coordination and cooperation on the international and national levels among various levels of government and agencies.
Power Structures of Policy Networks
Authors: Knoke David , Kostiuchenko Tetiana
Published: September 2016

This chapter presents an overview of major theoretical policy network developments, disputes, and alternative models, as well as key research results. Taking a chronological approach, the first section identifies the origins of policy network research in studies of power structures and interlocking directorates. The next section examines theories of policy networks constructed on both sides of the Atlantic in the late twentieth century. The third section looks at recent policy network developments, including the emergence of global networks and applications of new theories and advanced statistical methods to policy network research. The chapter concludes that the field has greatly matured as a multidisciplinary specialty and become more institutionalized in recent years. Although it still lacks cohesion around a core set of innovative ideas that could facilitate greater integration, opportunities await for creative analysts to propose paradigms that could take policy network studies in surprising new directions.
Arms Supply and Proliferation Networks
Authors: Kinsella David , Montgomery Alexander H.
Published: September 2016

Network analyses of global and regional arms flows (including small arms and light weapons, major conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction) and related international insecurity and criminality have so far been limited. Yet the literature contains hypotheses that could be explored or tested using network analysis. This chapter discusses supply and demand effects, structural tradeoffs between security and efficiency, pressures to become more or less centralized, and the effects of geography and other network layers. It concludes by reviewing existing data sets and analyses and gauges the potential for network analysis to inform the study of arms transfer networks. Given the general import of these networks for both security studies and policy, there should be a renaissance in the study of arms supply and proliferation networks.
Social Networks in the Brazilian Electorate
Authors: Ames Barry , Baker Andy , Smith Amy Erica
Published: September 2016

Research on social networks and voting behavior has been largely limited to long-established democracies. In young democracies with unstable party systems and low levels of mass partisan identification, such networks should be even more important. This chapter examines egocentric political discussion networks in Brazil, where political discussion is plentiful and exposure to disagreement is somewhat more frequent than in the United States. Over the course of campaigns, such conversation affects voting choices and helps citizens learn about candidates and their issue positions; networks are especially important for learning among low-status individuals. The chapter highlights the availability of two important panel data sets incorporating design elements that can improve inference regarding network effects: the 2002–2006 Two-City Brazilian Panel Study and the 2014 Brazilian Electoral Panel Survey.
Causal Inference in Political Networks
Authors: Rogowski Jon C. , Sinclair Betsy
Published: September 2016

Though scholars have developed an increasingly rich set of research findings regarding the structure of political networks, identifying causal associations between these networks and political outcomes of interest presents a variety of challenges. Addressing these challenges is especially important given the prominence of networks in theories of individual and collective behavior. This chapter uses the framework of the Neyman-Rubin causal model (potential outcomes framework) to discuss challenges to identification researchers face when studying how networks affect political outcomes. It then describes a set of strategies researchers can employ to address these challenges, including suggestions for best practices in the context of both observational and experimental research designs.
Relational Concepts, Measurement, and Data Collection
Authors: Gross Justin H. , Jansa Joshua M.
Published: September 2016

Political phenomena are inherently relational, so it is natural that network analysis should come to play an important role in the study of politics. And yet relational data present special practical and methodological problems. The network data scholars would like to collect are often incomplete or altogether inaccessible. It is tempting to take whatever data are available and treat these as a proxy for the desired variables. This chapter reviews the most prominent relational concepts in political science and the operationalization strategies and data collection techniques typically employed. It then examines common practices for handling missing data and identifies recent innovations in this area. Finally, the chapter recommends that political scientists give more consideration to the concept development and measurement phases of research design and proposes possible directions for the development of network measurement models.
Thomas Kilroy and the Idea of a Theatre
Authors: Lanters José
Published: September 2016

In the late 1950s Thomas Kilroy wrote a series of formative articles, which collectively form something like a manifesto for Irish theatre since 1960. ‘In the past twenty years,’ Kilroy wrote in ‘Groundwork for an Irish Theatre’, ‘few Irish dramatists have been in any way exciting technically.’ Responding to Hugh Leonard’s scenographically originalStephen D(1962) and Brian Friel’s experiments with memory and subjectivity inPhiladelphia, Here I Come!(1964), Kilroy answered his own challenge in the innovative form and subjects of his drama: the metatheatrical history playThe O’Neill(1969); the radical treatment of the then taboo theme of homosexuality inThe Death and Resurrection of Mr Roche(1968); the surrealTea and Sex and Shakespeare(1976); and the brilliantly inventive use of scenic space in the dramatization of the life of Matt Talbot inTalbot’s Box(1977).
‘As We Must’
Authors: Merriman Victor
Published: September 2016

By the 1970s, arts funding for theatre in Ireland had become concentrated in three organizations: the Abbey and the Gate in the Republic, the Lyric Theatre in Northern Ireland. Changes in arts policy, North and South, beginning in the late 1970s, radically transformed the Irish theatre landscape over the following decades. Many of the most exciting and challenging developments in Irish theatre in the 1980s and 1990s thus came from the margins, whether on the social margins of society (such as work done at the the Axis Theatre in Ballymun) or from the geographical periphery of what had been a theatre culture centred in Dublin, in the work of companies such as Red Kettle in Waterford and in the construction of performance spaces around the island. This chapter provides an overview of this transformation of the Irish theatre world, focusing on the policy decisions that lay behind it.
Drama since the 1990s
Authors: Pine Emilie
Published: September 2016

Ireland in the early 1990s began to undergo social changes at an unprecedented rate. Friel and Murphy, the two playwrights who had established themselves as the leading figures in Irish theatre over the previous three decades, responded to this social change by producing a series of plays that were memory-based (such as Friel’sDancing at Lughnasa), or which traced the continuing role of a past that seemed forgotten in the present (notably in Murphy’sThe House). Many other emergent playwrights in this period, including Sebastian Barry, Billy Roche, Conor McPherson, and Patricia Burke Brogan, made use of traditional techniques of storytelling and themes of alienation to explore a similar territory of community, loss, and memory. This chapter traces continuities in Irish theatre in a changing social landscape.
Irish Theatre in Britain
Authors: Moran James
Published: September 2016

Located within easy reach of one of the world’s major theatre cities, Dublin has long felt the centripetal pull of London, and as a result there has hardly been a major Irish playwright, actor, or director who has not at some point been involved in a London production. This is of course part of the much larger migratory traffic between the two islands; however, where actors or directors may travel to Britain for a particular production, for Irish communities in the UK the theatrical exploration (and assertion) of a distinctive ethnic identity can be about more than developing a career: it can be about establishing the cultural credentials of a community whose relationship with the host country has not always been comfortable. This is most evident in recent plays by diasporic Irish playwrights in Birmingham and Liverpool.
The Abbey and the Idea of a Theatre
Authors: Levitas Ben
Published: September 2016

The Irish national theatre movement developed in the ferment of cultural nationalism at the turn of the century, but it was not at all clear what form a national theatre should take: an Ibsenian model of critical realism, favoured by Edward Martyn, George Moore, and John Eglinton, the mythological poetic drama of Yeats, or the peasant plays that came to be written by Yeats and Gregory. Apart from the playwrights, the company of actors formed around the Fay brothers, nationalist groups such as Maud Gonne’s Inghinidhe na hEireann, and the Abbey’s English patron Annie Horniman all had ideas of their own. This chapter analyses the national and theatrical politics of the period up to the death of Synge in 1909, paying particular attention to the ways in which debates of the period centred around the idea of an Irish theatre in ways that were to influence future generations.
‘Feast and Celebration’
Authors: Lonergan Patrick
Published: September 2016

‘Festivalization’—the organization of theatre cultures around the moveable feast of the festival—is a defining feature of theatre culture in an age of globalization. The effects of this phenomenon on Irish theatre have been apparent for many years, going back to the Tóstal festivals in the 1950s, which in turn evolved into the Dublin Theatre Festival, which would bring to Ireland forms of contemporary theatre practice that challenged Irish theatre-makers to explore innovative ways of creating performances. At the same time, as the ‘festival play’ and ‘event theatre’ became increasingly important to the economics of theatre, Irish productions mounted with an eye to the festival circuit came to feature more prominently in Irish theatre production, and a number of Irish companies now define themselves in relation to this new global geography. This chapter explores and assesses the effects of this important feature of contemporary theatre practice.
‘We Were Very Young and We Shrank From Nothing’
Authors: Richards Shaun
Published: September 2016

In the first debates over the form the national theatre movement should take, it would seem as if the Ibsenites, George Moore and Edward Martyn, lost out to Yeats with his emphasis on a mythico-poetic theatre. However, a realist model of theatre, introduced first by the Fays influenced by Antoine, took root and was to become the Abbey’s dominant form, so much so that Yeats would admit in 1919 that the dominance of realism in the Irish theatre had become for him ‘a discouragement and a defeat’. This chapter argues that the tradition of Irish realism as manifested in the plays of T. C. Murray, Lennox Robinson, R. J. Ray, and others begins as a form of social critique, predicated on the belief that reflecting Irish society accurately would form the grounds for addressing social issues. However, as realism evolved in Irish theatre, it increasingly lost its critical edge.
Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace
Authors: Rosette Ashleigh Shelby , Akinola Modupe , Ma Anyi
Published: September 2016

Despite the laws that protect employee rights, discrimination still persists in the workplace. This chapter examines individual-level factors that may influence subtle discrimination in the workplace. More specifically, it examines how social categories tend to perpetuate the use of stereotypes and reviews contemporary theories of subtle prejudice and discrimination. In addition, the chapter divides discrimination in the workplace along two dimensions, gateways and pathways, and examines the extent to which stereotypes, prejudice, and social categorization processes influence subtle discrimination at these critical junctures in an individual’s career. Finally, it considers the extent to which individual differences may influence a person’s propensity toward prejudice and discrimination.
Darwinian Perspectives on Women’s Progenicide
Authors: Cousins Alita J. , Porter Theresa
Published: September 2016

Evolutionary perspectives on infanticide suggest that women kill their offspring under specific circumstances: for instance, when children have low fitness, when women are young and unpartnered, when they have older children, and when the birth spacing is too close. Infanticide may also serve as a way to increase women’s ability to compete for access to mates, especially when the mating market has a surplus of males. Under these circumstances, to stay intrasexually competitive, unpartnered women are more likely to commit infanticide, indicating that women may sometimes kill their infants as a mechanism to be able to compete for access to better mates. This may be especially true for young women. Stepmothers may also abuse or kill stepchildren to increase access to a mate and increase intrasexual competition. This chapter addresses the circumstances under which mothers abuse, neglect, and kill their offspring, including how intrasexual competition may increase infanticide.
Lu Xun, Returning Home, and May Fourth Modernity
Authors: Denton Kirk A.
Published: September 2016

Leaving home was the quintessential modern act for Chinese intellectuals in the early twentieth century, as home had come to represent cultural backwardness and oppression by the early Republican period. At the same time as they wrote of leaving it, however, modern Chinese writers also often wrote of returning home. This chapter analyzes the complex relationships between the individual and his home in Lu Xun’s first-person reminiscences. As representations of the return of a repressed past, literary representations of returning home complicate facile narratives of modern subject formation and suggest that the experience of modernity in this period of transition was an ambivalent and uneasy one. A closer look at such narratives of returning home suggests that the relationship with tradition in Chinese modernity is far more difficult and conflicted than the paradigm of “May Fourth iconoclasm” and its discourse of modernity’s radical rupture with tradition allows.
An Examination of China’s Censorship System
Authors: Lianke Yan
Published: September 2016

In this chapter, Yan Lianke, an influential Chinese novelist, reflects on China’s censorship system, particularly as it applies to literary publications. He argues that in recent years there has been a major shift in China’s literary and cultural policy, involving a turn from a hard censorship regime to one grounded on what may be characterized as soft censorship. Whereas hard censorship uses a direct and forceful approach to control speech, publication, and other forms of artistic production, soft censorship instead relies on what might appear to be more tolerant methods, but which operate by encouraging authors and publishers to internalize the regime’s censorship objectives.
Hao Ran and the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Tian Xiaofei
Published: September 2016

This chapter offers a close reading of several works by Liang Jinguang, better known as Hao Ran, contextualizing his work within a tradition of Maoist “cultural revolution” that led up to the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution that began in 1966. Although Hao Ran’s works might appear to be replete with socialist ideology, this chapter argues that the socialist content in his works is actually complicated by the literary tropes and images he uses. On a surface level, revolution sublimates and normalizes every wayward impulse; on an underlying level, however, every wayward impulse continues to seek gratification without ever bothering to justify itself, because it is always already disguised under the normalizing discourse of the revolution.
At the Borders of Chinese Literature
Authors: Fraleigh Matthew
Published: September 2016

Familiarity with canonical Chinese texts and competence in the composition of Literary Sinitic poetry and prose had long provided intellectuals from the Chinese mainland, the Korean peninsula, and the Japanese archipelago with a means to communicate and even engage in literary exchanges with one another in the absence of a shared spoken language. These forms of interaction continued to thrive well into the modern period, even as relations between China, Japan, and Korea came to be structured by new forms of diplomacy premised upon the nation-state. This chapter examines poetic exchanges between East Asian intellectuals in the late nineteenth century, looking in particular at the experience of several late Qing poets, scholars, and statesmen in Japan. Even as Sinitic textuality played an important role as a shared point of reference in public discourse across the region, such commonality existed alongside distinctive performance traditions and other local frames of reference.
Travels in Modern China
Authors: Liao Ping-hui
Published: September 2016

Travels in modern China are not only about displacement and exile, but are in many ways informed by a complicated sense of inadequacy and betrayal, as the desire to stay close (or return) to the fatherland is constantly frustrated and negated. This chapter argues that modern Chinese intellectuals and writers—belated but nevertheless ubiquitous and mobile travelers—are often shaped by a profound sense of psychosocial deprivation, reluctance, and loss, rather than of empowerment or recreational escape. The chapter begins with Zhang Taiyan’s short visit to Taiwan and his ensuing journey to Japan, when his project to modernize the Qing Empire failed, and traces the trajectories of several Chinese writers who followed such a critical path, such as Lu Xun, Xiao Hong, Eileen Chang, Pai Hsien-yong, Ha Jin, and Gao Xingjian.
Intuition, Repetition, and Revolution
Authors: Hui Wang
Published: September 2016

Ah Q, the eponymous protagonist of Lu Xun’s novellaThe True Story of Ah Q, is famous for his “spiritual victory method”—his ability to transform apparent defeat and humiliation into a symbolic victory by renarrativizing the event in question in a way that is more favorable to him. A form of Nietzscheanressentiment, this strategy seeks to transform objective weakness into a form of symbolic strength, but in a way that often appears patently absurd to everyone but Ah Q himself. To the extent that Ah Q’s trademark gesture represents an attempt to transform failure into a symbolic victory, however, this chapter is interested in moments in the text where Ah Q’s symbolic victories are themselves short-circuited by failure.
From Shame to Freedom
Authors: Liao Chaoyang
Published: September 2016

This chapter uses a reading ofSeeing Ghosts, contemporary Taiwan author Li Ang’s collection of “creative” ghost stories, in order to reflect on a set of concerns with how psychoanalysis spectralizes knowledge by haunting it with forces from the unknown, but becomes spectral itself when faced with floating foreignness. The chapter argues that the stories depict the foreignness of the experiential world of new ghosts, employing the gaps of knowledge introduced by such foreignness to display a degree of unanalyzability in the sense of a constellating of knowledge and discourse with the unknown, at the expense of punctual fixation. The translatability of foreignness may yet prove to be indispensable for imagining rebirth within thebardostate of our contemporary life.
Passion and Politics in Revolution
Authors: Wang Ban
Published: September 2016

By addressing the sex-centered mode in psychoanalytical criticism and by tracing certain fraught moments in Ding Ling’s fiction, this chapter suggests that private love can be an integral part of collective solidarity, that unconscious drives can propel the impulse for social change, and that libidinal energy can fuel political passion and collective action. Following Marcuse and Castoriadis, who enlist psychoanalysis for a socially transformative agenda, I call the process whereby libidinal energy translates into political passion “positive sublimation.” By clarifying this term in Chinese cultural studies and analyzing Ding Ling’s fiction, the chapter questions the rigid separation of libidinal life from social commitment, love from politics, and the individual from the collective.
Conclusion
Authors: Rojas Carlos , Bachner Andrea
Published: September 2016

As conclusion to theHandbook, this chapter reflects on the ways in which Chinese literary studies can and does inform the broader fields of literary studies and the humanities as such. In the past decades, Chinese literary studies has been experiencing a double perspectival shift: on one hand it has extended and expanded the scope of the field with ever more complex definitions of “Chineseness,” on the other, it has striven to integrate itself into broader intercultural, global, and comparative frameworks. From this vantage point, the chapter critically probes the role Chinese literary studies plays within world literary, comparative, and area studies approaches. Instead of constituting merely another object of world-literary theories formulated elsewhere, or an exceptional test case for cultural comparison, Chinese literature—as the chapters in theHandbookpropose—can be read as a rich reservoir of models that formulate new methodologies and inspire new insights for literary and cultural study as such in dialogue and contestation with existing local, regional, national, intercultural concepts and frameworks.
Courage
Authors: Pury Cynthia L. S. , Brawley Alice M. , Burnett Emily A. , Lopez Shane J.
Published: September 2016

Courage is a well-praised but little-researched virtue, defined as voluntarily facing personal risk in pursuit of a worthy goal. Scientific research on courage has been steadily gaining momentum for the past decade. After providing a historical perspective, this chapter discusses a wide range of topics from modern courage theory. The key dimensions of courage (volition, goal, and risk) are introduced, and distinct types of courage are defined, based on how they differ on these key dimensions. Unique features present in select types of courage are also examined, including felt responsibility to act and the presence of fear. Several models for conceptualizing and evaluating courageous actions are reviewed, featuring a comparison of process and accolade courage. Psychological states and situational factors affecting courageous actions are considered, including emotional states, personal values, and social influences. Measurement tools for courage are described and appraised, and future directions for research and practice are discussed.
Race, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Food
Authors: Brock Clare R. , Sparrow Bartholomew
Published: September 2016

Food policy intersects with racial and ethnic politics along several dimensions: the agricultural workforce, acculturation into American society, the availability of healthy food, and the provision of social programs. First, the demand for agricultural and other low-wage workers in the food industry has encouraged immigration but many of the undocumented suffer from lack of access to basic services and legal protections. Second, many of these recent immigrants are less likely to suffer from the diseases of over-abundance that affect many Americans. However, as immigrants become acculturated into American life, their health outcomes become increasingly similar to less educated and poorer blacks and whites. Third, diet-related diseases are part of a multifaceted problem: education and income are often barriers to procuring healthy foods. Fourth, white attitudes about minority groups is associated with less support for social programs that might improve minority health outcomes. This chapter links these distinct areas of research.
Papyrological Evidence
Authors: Straus Jean A.
Published: September 2016

To achieve a more complete understanding of Graeco-Roman slavery it is increasingly necessary to make use of the large number of papyrological documents which survive from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. The chapter begins by defining what is meant by papyrological documentation, providing advice about how to locate the bulk of this documentation and use it correctly. It surveys the types of documents available, outlining the main themes they cover and insights they provide. It then examines certain types of documents which shed particular light on the use and ownership of slaves. Finally, it attempts to characterize the papyrological documentation and considers its relevance to understanding Graeco-Roman slavery outside Egypt.
Music
Authors: Brown Christopher Boyd
Published: September 2016

Aural culture, including music, was central to Protestant efforts to redefine authentic Christianity and Christian practice. Inheriting from medieval Christianity both a rich musical tradition and anxiety over the spiritual value of sound, Reformers sought to delimit and deploy music as means and mark of the spread of the Reformation and to employ it in their institutions: in churches and schools as well as in homes. Across confessional boundaries, but in ways distinct to each, the practice of music served to define confessional identity and to bridge or to separate public and private spaces, the sacred and the secular or profane. Despite significant differences in content and context, for the large majority of sixteenth-century Protestants (and in the eyes of their theological opponents), communal singing of hymns (chorales) or metrical psalms became a defining and enduring feature of Protestant identity.
Luther and Lutheranism
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas
Published: September 2016

This contribution sketches controversial, historical, and contemporary interpretations of the Reformation and of Luther and argues for an understanding of the Reformation that takes account of the unique historical significance of the stimuli that originated from Wittenberg. It draws a succinct biographical and theological account of Luther’s development. In his life but also in the history of the “Lutheran” confession that came to bear his name, theological controversies proved particularly important events and galvanizing factors. Distinctive features of Lutheran confessional culture were informed by Luther’s literary and ecclesiastical‒political initiatives and by the particular significance of universities in the Lutheran Reformation.
Identifying ‘the Dane’
Authors: Bartels Emily C.
Published: September 2016

This essay looks to Hamlet to suggest the importance of interrogating racial constructions in representations of European cultures where racial identity appears to be so homogeneous that it goes without saying and to direct attention to the ways race is shaped and gendered, by what is not being said. It makes the case that Hamlet’s coming out as Dane in the graveyard scene is significantly linked to the burial of Ophelia and Hamlet’s claims to have ‘lov’d’ her. Here, race and gender intersect, calling attention to a simultaneous dependence of racial identity on connection to women and exclusion of women from that identity, evident across a number of early modern plays. In Hamlet, the representation of Ophelia’s corpse undermines the integrity and exclusivity of male claims to race, disrupting a one-size-fits-all model of racial identity by bringing into the picture a conception of race that is of woman born.
Shakespeare’s Marriage
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: September 2016

By the early nineteenth century, the narrative of Shakespeare’s relationship with Anne Hathaway was fixed: the eighteen-year-old William was trapped by the pregnancy of a twenty six year old into a marriage that he fled as soon as possible, years later confirming his disaffection for his enforced wife in the derisory dying bequest of a second-best bed. Placing the biographical evidence in context with other records of marital pregnancy and other wills, this chapter argues that there may be a different story to tell. The identity of ‘Anne Hathaway’ is so precarious that we cannot be sure of the age difference; Shakespeare may have desired the marriage and welcomed the pregnancy as ways to break free of an enforced apprenticeship; and ‘second-best’ goods were not insulting. Shakespeare would also have known that, thanks to dower law, he could not ‘cut off’ his widow with the bed even should he have wished to.
Passionate Spirits
Authors: Harvey Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2016

My essay explores the intersections of early modern air, bodily spirits, and the passions in Shakespeare’s plays. Bodily spirits were understood as subtle bodies that yearned to be reunited with the air, an account that simultaneously linked the inside of the body with the ambient world and the passions with the ethereal element. The cognate nature of air and spirits offers insight into porous borders of subjectivity, the passions, imagination, consciousness, and human relationship. Taking Cymbeline and The Tempest as my central texts, I examine this relationship through the homonymic heir-air that joins reproduction, inheritance, and the ethereal in the plays. Through my investigation of language as air-borne, the nature of augury and dreams, and the emotionally inflected properties of embodied and disembodied winds and spirits, I suggest that the world’s animism is transposed in complex ways into a new understanding of the human psyche.
Personification and the Political Imagination of A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Bailey Amanda
Published: September 2016

In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, consciousness, agency, and embodiment are not always in concert. Legal personification serves as the backdrop of my discussion of Bottom’s metamorphosis, which I see as evocative of developments within common law around the creation of artificial persons. In early modern jurisprudence, disembodiment offered an occasion for incorporation, such that the non-consensual human could be transformed into an artificial entity with agentic capacity. Through the staging of metamorphosis, A Midsummer Night’s Dream elaborates the surreal transformation of the human into the non-human as a theatrical effect with political implications, insofar as personification is an enabling condition of the collective rather than a crisis of the individual. The play’s sensitivity to artificial assemblage puts it in conversation with a strand of contemporary political thought interested in the complexity of the will beyond the human body.
Embodiment and the Classroom Performance
Authors: Thompson Ayanna , Turchi Laura
Published: September 2016

It is now a common pedagogical practice in secondary schools, colleges, and universities to incorporate performance into the Shakespearean classroom. While the ‘revolution in performance approaches to teaching Shakespeare’ has occurred, many practical questions still remain. At the heart of these practical dilemmas, we argue, is a conflicted response to the significance of our diverse student populations. According to theories for performance-based pedagogy, the student’s body plays a central role in his or her kinaesthetic processes and syntheses. Nonetheless, the current theories, methodologies, and practices of performance-based pedagogy sacrifice discussions of the student’s race, gender, ability, and sexuality in order to espouse a universalist rhetoric. While the rhetoric about the value of diversity is readily espoused, the practical implications for the ways to embody diversity in Shakespearean performance are avoided. In this essay, we discuss guidelines for intentional, explicit, and safe explorations of difference.
Puzzling Embodiment
Authors: Spiess Stephen
Published: September 2016

This essay demonstrates how the concept of ‘embodiment’, when approached as a transitive and transformative action that brings the seemingly immaterial—a principle, word, idea, or discourse—into the corporeal, can illuminate questions of discursive manifestation, and individual contestation, in disparate cultural settings. Reviewing three representations of Joan of Arc, I examine how words have been perceived to inform, permeate, or materialize human bodies, how such meanings might be proclaimed and resisted, and the cultural work performed by this corporeal reckoning. As my triptych enables comparative understandings of such processes and possibilities, I demonstrate how historical epistemology—the study of knowledge production and dissemination in specific cultural contexts, with particular attention given to the modes and media through which meanings are forged and contested—can refract hegemonic understandings of embodiment, discursive agency, and Shakespeare’s Joan in The firft Part of Henry VI.
Spectres of Female Sovereignty in Shakespeare’s Plays
Authors: Frye Susan
Published: September 2016

Spectres of historical queens in several of Shakespeare’s plays recall the political importance not only of queens themselves, but of the vexed issue of sovereignty as it was gendered in early modern political thought. Representations of and allusions to Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots in Henry V, Henry VIII, and The Winter’s Tale expose the strategies through which actual queens as well as their supporters authorized and defended early modern female sovereignty. At the same time, because female sovereignty rests on the connection between the female body and the political body, definitions of female sovereignty remain unstable, capable of both reinforcing and disrupting the connection. When Shakespeare creates his historical and fictional queens, he raises their spectres as untimely versions of female sovereignty as well as the uncanny role of the female body in representing time itself.
All’s Well That Ends Well and Recipe Cultures of Knowledge
Authors: Wall Wendy
Published: September 2016

This essay reinterprets the social, sexual, and gendered meanings of Helena’s climactic moment of healing in All’s Well That Ends Well by situating the play within the early modern recipe world of letters. Just as importantly, it positions All’s Well so as to illuminate the intellectual and cultural stakes of recipe writing in the period. Shakespeare’s story of a woman’s powerful recipe, I argue, emerges within the discourse of seasoning, an intellectual matrix that entailed reflection on the human management of organic matter in and through time. In its articulation of seasoning, the recipe archive allows us to explore domestic determinations in the play’s critically noted features: its probing of eroticism and gender ideology, its construction of proof, and its concern with the conundrums of temporality.
Evolution of Diet and the Food Economy in Peru and Ecuador
Authors: Raymond J. Scott
Published: September 2016

Ecuador and Peru embrace a large and diverse mountainous landscape stretching from the equator to 18 degrees south latitude. Besides the bounty of protein available from the sea, there are no concentrations of natural food resources that could sustain more than a very small population. Yet it is here that the Inka Empire, the largest and most centralized state in the Pre-Columbian Americas, arose. Beginning with the occupation of the region during the early Holocene, this chapter traces the evolution of the food economies and changes in diet through time, paying attention to intraregional variations. Where possible, multiple lines of evidence are used—archaeofaunal, palaeoethnobotanical, bone isotope, settlement patterns—to elucidate diet and economy. It focuses on changes that were critical to the demographic and political expansion of Andean societies, e.g. crop domestication, technological innovation. Finally, it briefly considers how the Inka conquest impacted the diverse economies of the region.