bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insurgent Citizenship in an Era of Global Urban Peripheries
Authors: HOLSTON JAMES
Published: September 2010

The extraordinary urbanization of the 20th century has produced urban peripheries of devastating poverty and inequality in cities worldwide. At the same time, the struggles of their residents for the basic resources of daily life and shelter have also generated new movements of insurgent citizenship based on their claims to have a right to the city and a right to rights. The resulting contemporary metropolis is a site of collision between forces of exploitation and dispossession and increasingly coherent, yet still fragile and contradictory movements for new kinds of citizen power and social justice. This essay examines the entanglements of these insurgent urban citizenships both with entrenched systems of inequality and with new forms of destabilization and violence. Using the case of Brazil, it argues that these clashes entail conflicts of alternative formulations of citizenship and that sites of metropolitan innovation often emerge at the very sites of metropolitan degradation.
Evidence for DNA Synthesis in Pneumocystis carinii Trophozoites Treated with the β‐1,3‐Glucan Synthesis Inhibitor Pneumocandin L‐693,989
Authors: WYDER MICHAEL A. , JOHNSTON LAURA Q. , KANESHIRO EDNA S.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. Pneumocandins inhibit β‐1,3‐glucan synthesis preventing the development of Pneumocystis cysts that are absent from the lungs of treated rats. To determine whether treated trophozoites are capable of DNA replication, cytochemical analyses were performed on 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI)‐ and DB181‐stained Pneumocystis carinii isolated from pneumocandin L‐693‐989‐treated rats. Fluorescence intensities of trophozoite nuclei from drug‐treated rats were greater than those of untreated controls, suggesting that DNA replication was not inhibited but that cytokinesis and perhaps karyokinesis were blocked.
Facilitation by Variation: Right‐to‐Left Learning of English Yes/No Questions
Authors: Estigarribia Bruno
Published: September 2010

This study advances the hypothesis that optional structural variation in language facilitates syntactic learning (facilitation‐by‐variation). Support for this is provided by a right‐to‐left‐elaboration acquisition model for English yes/no questions (YNQs). Previous studies have focused on the acquisition of ‘‘inverted’’ YNQs, a cornerstone of nativist theories of language development. Data from five American children (1;3 to 5;1) and their parents show that children hear a range of adult questions (Coming?You coming?Are you coming?), not all inverted. These variants are ordered from structurally least complex noncanonical forms to complex canonical inverted forms. I use state‐of‐the‐art econometric techniques to estimate breakpoints in YNQ time series and show that noncanonical questions emerge early in children’s speech and facilitate acquisition of canonical ones. This incremental structure‐building process relies on an adjunction strategy that augments noncanonical questions with initial auxiliaries and subjects. Development proceeds incrementally from right to left to derive auxiliary‐initial structures.
Effect of Representational Distance Between Meanings on Recognition of Ambiguous Spoken Words
Authors: Mirman Daniel , Strauss Ted J. , Dixon James A. , Magnuson James S.
Published: September 2010

Previous research indicates that mental representations of word meanings are distributed along both semantic and syntactic dimensions such that nouns and verbs are relatively distinct from one another. Two experiments examined the effect of representational distance between meanings on recognition of ambiguous spoken words by comparing recognition of unambiguous words, noun–verb homonyms, and noun–noun homonyms. In Experiment 1, auditory lexical decision was fastest for unambiguous words, slower for noun–verb homonyms, and slowest for noun–noun homonyms. In Experiment 2, response times for matching spoken words to pictures followed the same pattern and eye fixation time courses revealed converging, gradual time course differences between conditions. These results indicate greater competition between meanings of ambiguous words when the meanings are from the same grammatical class (noun–noun homonyms) than when they are from different grammatical classes (noun–verb homonyms).
Five Reasons to Doubt the Existence of a Geometric Module
Authors: Twyman Alexandra D. , Newcombe Nora S.
Published: September 2010

It is frequently claimed that the human mind is organized in a modular fashion, a hypothesis linked historically, though not inevitably, to the claim that many aspects of the human mind are innately specified. A specific instance of this line of thought is the proposal of an innately specified geometric module for human reorientation. From a massive modularity position, the reorientation module would be one of a large number that organized the mind. From the core knowledge position, the reorientation module is one of five innate and encapsulated modules that can later be supplemented by use of human language. In this paper, we marshall five lines of evidence that cast doubt on the geometric module hypothesis, unfolded in a series of reasons: (1) Language does not play a necessary role in the integration of feature and geometric cues, although it can be helpful. (2) A model of reorientation requires flexibility to explain variable phenomena. (3) Experience matters over short and long periods. (4) Features are used for true reorientation. (5) The nature of geometric information is not as yet clearly specified. In the final section, we review recent theoretical approaches to the known reorientation phenomena.
HIV/AIDS and Screening Efficacy of African American Students
Authors: Brandon Dorothy P. , Smith Cynthia M. , Sistani Nahid , Grigsby Johnnie , Young Allyson , Tibbs Eunice
Published: September 2010

This study examined African American students’ perceived fear of having a seropositive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, their general self‐efficacy, and screening efficacy. General self‐efficacy is believed to be a factor in facilitating change in one’s behavior. The sample (N = 398) consisted of graduate and undergraduate African American students enrolled at one Historically Black College and University. About one‐fifth of the sample reported they were afraid to be screened for HIV/AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). t‐tests were conducted to determine if there were differences between students who feared being screened for HIV/AIDS and those who did not fear being screened. Differences were found between the two groups on their perceived fear of being HIV positive, their general self‐efficacy, and their screening efficacy. Implications for Family and Consumer Sciences professionals and others include placing more emphasis on reducing fears and increasing efficacy as a means to facilitate a change in health behavior.
Supplier Selection Criteria and Perceived Benefits and Challenges of Global Sourcing Apparel Firms in the United States
Authors: Jin Byoungho , Farr Cheryl Ann
Published: September 2010

While nearly 90% of apparel consumed in the United States is sourced overseas, limited empirical research of this practice has been conducted. To provide an in‐depth understanding of U.S. apparel manufacturers’ global sourcing practices, this study examined the differences in selection criteria and benefits and challenges associated with global sourcing based on two firm characteristics (sourcing items and top management’s commitment to global sourcing). Analyses of data collected from U.S. apparel manufacturers revealed no significant differences in supplier selection criteria or in perceived benefits and challenges by sourcing items. However, a significant difference was found based on top management’s commitment to global sourcing. That is, firms with strong commitment from top management placed significantly more weight on sourcing country when selecting overseas partners, perceived more benefits of global sourcing, and perceived fewer challenges in risks associated with foreign trade than did firms with low commitment from top management. An implication for academia is that firms’ managerial characteristics should be taken into account in examining the effectiveness of global sourcing.
Income Uncertainty and Household Saving in the United States
Authors: Fisher Patti J.
Published: September 2010

The recent economic recession which began in 2007 prompted many individuals and families to reconsider their spending and saving habits. The personal saving rate increased from a very low level prior to the recession to a higher level in 2009 and 2010 (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2010). At the same time, wealth declined and many families face increased income uncertainty with the loss of unemployment and retirement benefits. The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between income uncertainty and household saving in the United States. In contrast to many theories of saving, the results indicate that income uncertainty did not significantly affect the likelihood of household saving. Factors that differed significantly in their relationship with household saving between households experiencing and not experiencing income uncertainty were having a high school diploma, having some college, being widowed, low risk tolerance, and having a bequest motive.
Perceptions, Experiences, and Use of Resources as Selected HBCU Students Transition to Graduate and Professional Roles in Family and Consumer Sciences
Authors: Davis Kimberly E. , Johnson Linda , Ralston Penny A. , Evelyn Fields M. , Young‐Clark Iris , Colyard Valerie , Fluellen Vivian , Rasco Mattie R.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the research was to determine perceptions, experiences, and use of resources by students (n = 23) from three Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Prior to this research, the students had been selected for SciencPrep, a program that exposes students to graduate education and research in family and consumer sciences. Analysis of focus group data resulted in five themes: relationships, professional experiences, information resources, financial resources, and enablers and barriers. Implications for higher education are discussed.
Searching for pheromone strains in the pecan nut casebearer
Authors: Hartfield Emilie A. , Harris Marvin K. , Medina Raul F.
Published: September 2010

The pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is the most damaging insect pest of pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wang) K. Koch (Juglandaceae), in the USA and Mexico. A pheromone monitoring program for A. nuxvorella has been developed to assist pecan growers in the timing of insecticide applications. The discovery that there are two pheromone types produced by A. nuxvorella has led to complications in the implementation of pheromone monitoring programs. One pheromone (referred to as standard) is attractive to moths in the southern USA, but not in Mexico. The other pheromone (referred to as Mexican) is attractive to moths in the southern USA and in Mexico. Because most male lepidopterans respond only to a specific pheromone, it was suspected that there were two pheromone strains of A. nuxvorella, one exclusively present in the northern distribution of A. nuxvorella (USA strain) and the other widely distributed from Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango in northern Mexico to Texas, Georgia, and Oklahoma in the USA (Mexican strain). The goal of this research was to determine whether differences in pheromone response are sufficient to genetically isolate A. nuxvorella into pheromone strains. To confirm the existence of the two alleged pheromone strains, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were obtained and analyzed. Four primer combinations were used to obtain a total of 483 polymorphic AFLP markers. Our results indicated that the standard and Mexican pheromones did not group A. nuxvorella into pheromone strains. However, three genetically distinct populations of A. nuxvorella were identified. Two of those three populations are sympatric throughout the southern USA and one is allopatric relative to the other two and occurs exclusively in pecan growing regions of Mexico.
Dissecting the association between a gall midge, Asteromyia carbonifera, and its symbiotic fungus, Botryosphaeria dothidea
Authors: Heath Jeremy J. , Stireman John O.
Published: September 2010

The Ambrosia gall midge [Asteromyia carbonifera (Osten Sacken) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Alycaulini)] consists, in part, of a complex of genetically differentiated populations that have diverged in gall morphology on the host plant Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae). This divergence appears to be an incipient adaptive radiation that may be driven by parasitoid pressure. Understanding the mechanisms driving this genetic and phenotypic diversification requires a close examination of the relationship between the midge and its fungal associate Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes), whose mycelia actually form the protective gall structure. We used manipulative experiments to test the degree of interdependency of the fungus and the midge, and we employed field and laboratory studies to gain insight into the source of fungal conidia, which our data and observations indicate are collected by females and stored in specialized pockets (mycangia) on the ovipositor. Manipulative experiments demonstrate that fungal proliferation on the host plant is dependent on the midge larvae and larvae exhibit significant growth on the fungus alone. Field observations and experiments were unable to identify the source of mycangial conidia; however, analyses of conidia shape suggest a biotrophic source. We conclude that this association is an obligatory mutualism with respect to successful gall formation. These findings corroborate recent findings that the primary food source of the midge is the gall fungus.
The effect of bioactive glass ceramics on the expression of bone‐related genes and proteins in vitro
Authors: Knabe Christine , Stiller Michael , Berger Georg , Reif Dieter , Gildenhaar Renate , Howlett Cameron Rolfe , Zreiqat Hala
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Using biodegradable bone substitutes in alveolar ridge augmentation avoids second‐site surgery for autograft harvesting. Considerable efforts have been undertaken to develop rapidly resorbable bone substitute materials with a higher degree of biodegradability than tricalcium phosphate (TCP). This study examines the effect of novel biodegradable glass ceramics on the expression of bone‐related genes and proteins by human bone‐derived cells (HBDC) and compares this behavior with that of TCP. Test materials used were α‐TCP, a surface‐treated glass ceramic GB9N with crystalline phase Ca2KNa(PO4)2 and a small amount of amorphous silica phosphate; AP40 – a glass ceramic based on crystalline phases of apatite and wollastonite; and a glass ceramic Mg5 composed of 20.6% CaO, 58.5% P2O5, 14.4% Na2O, 4.1% MgO and 2.4% CaF2 (wt%). HBDC were grown on the substrata for 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days, counted and probed for various bone‐related mRNAs and proteins (type I collagen (Col I), osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OP), osteonectin (ON), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP)). The substrata supported continuous cellular growth for 21 days. By day 21, GB9N had the highest number of HBDC. GB9N induced significantly enhanced expression of Col I, ALP, OP, OC and ON mRNA at 3 days; of OP, OC and ON mRNA and protein at 7 and 14 days; and of ALP, OP and OC mRNA and Col I, ALP, BSP, ON and OP protein at 21 days. Since all novel glass ceramics supported cellular proliferation together with expression of bone‐related genes and proteins at least as much as TCP, these ceramics can be regarded as potential bone substitutes. GB9N had the most effect on osteoblastic differentiation, thus suggesting that this material may possess a higher potency to enhance osteogenesis than TCP.
A novel computational method for real‐time preoperative assessment of primary dental implant stability
Authors: Olsen Sigbjørn , Ferguson Stephen J. , Sigrist Christian , Fritz Wolf‐Rüdiger , Nolte Lutz P. , Hallermann Wock , Caversaccio Marco
Published: September 2010

Abstract: A novel methodology which allows for fast and fully automatic structural analysis during preoperative planning for dental implant surgery is presented. This method integrates a fully automatic fast finite element solver within the framework of new concepts in computer‐assisted preoperative planning for implant surgery. The planning system including optimized structural planning was validated by experimental results. Nine implants were placed in pig mandibles and mechanically loaded using a testing rig. The resulting displacements were measured and compared with those predicted by numerical analysis during planning. The results show that there were no statistically significant differences (P=0.65) between the results of the models and the experiments. The results show that fast structural analysis can be integrated with surgical planning software allowing the initial axial implant stability to be predicted in real time during planning. It is believed that such a system could be used to select patients for immediate implant loading and, when further developed, be useful in other areas of preoperative surgical planning.
Reconstruction of mandibular defects following tumor ablation by vertical distraction osteogenesis using intraosseous distraction devices
Authors: Kunkel Martin , Wahlmann Ulrich , Reichert Torsten E. , Wegener Joachim , Wagner Wilfried
Published: September 2010

Objectives: Distraction osteogenesis has recently evolved a challenging technique to overcome major drawbacks of conventional augmentation procedures. We, therefore, report the application of miniaturized intraosseous distraction devices for the rehabilitation of mandibular defects due to ablative tumor surgery.

Methods: In 10 patients who had undergone box‐shaped or segmental resections, augmentation of the residual mandibular bone or of full thickness iliac crest grafts was performed by intraosseous implant‐shaped distractors. Distraction and reconsolidation was monitored by ultrasonography. Implants were inserted within 1 week after active distraction. Median follow‐up after implant insertion was 38 months.

Results: On average, a vertical gain of 7.3 mm was obtained by distraction. Except for one case (local infection), all distraction zones showed complete ossification by radiologic and ultrasonographic evaluation. Overall 28 implants were placed in the distracted bone. Two implants were lost at 2.4 and 22 months after placement. The estimated 4‐year implant survival rate in this population was 90%. For the endpoint ‘bone loss’ (>1.5 mm in the first and >1 mm in following years), the estimated 4‐year success rate was 59% with four out of seven events occurring in a single patient (patient No. 1 of this series).

Conclusion: Vertical distraction by means of implant distractors could be performed with reasonable success in tumor patients with box‐shaped resection defects or undercontoured bone grafts. Overall morbidity was very low. Even though blood supply is continuously maintained in distraction osteogenesis, bone resorption remains a critical issue for this reconstruction technique too.
Biological and biomechanical evaluation of bone remodelling and implant stability after using an osteotome technique
Authors: Büchter André , Kleinheinz Johannes , Wiesmann Hans Peter , Kersken Jan , Nienkemper Manuel , Weyhrother Hendrik von , Joos Ulrich , Meyer Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The influence of the osteotome technique on the osseointegration and biomechanical behaviour of cylinder implants (SLA, ITI®) was compared with conventional preparation of the implant site in an animal model. A total of 56 implants were placed in the cranial and caudal tibia condyle of six Göttinger minipigs. The implant site was prepared either by the conventional technique with drills (control group A) or by the osteotome technique (experimental group B). Resonance frequency measurements (RFMs) were made on each implant at the time of fixture placement and at the time of scarification. Half of the minipigs were sacrificed 7 days and 28 days after implant placement and the implants were removed with the surrounding bone. Bone tissue responses were evaluated by histological analysis and removal torque testing. For histological evaluation 30–50 μm‐thick ground sections were examined. Biomechanical testing revealed a significantly higher stability of implants in the control group (A) than in the experimental group (B) (P=0.004) at day 7. After 28 days implant stability in the control group remained significant higher (47%) than those of group B (P>0.001). RFM demonstrated no significant difference between both groups and during the experimental course. Histological analysis demonstrated fractured trabeculae in peri‐implant bone in the experimental group at day 7, while they were not posed at day 28. We conclude that the decreased implant stability by using the osteotome technique is based on microfractures in peri‐implant bone.
Therapy of peri‐implantitis with resective surgery
Authors: Romeo Eugenio , Ghisolfi Marco , Murgolo Nicola , Chiapasco Matteo , Lops Diego , Vogel Giorgio
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the clinical outcome of two different surgical approaches for the treatment of peri‐implantitis. Seventeen patients with ITI® implants were included consecutively over a period of 5 years. The patients were randomized with a lottery assignment. Ten patients were treated with resective surgery and modification of surface topography (test group). The remaining seven patients were treated with resective surgery only (control group). Clinical parameters (suppuration, modified plaque index – mPI, modified bleeding index – mBI, probing pocket depth – PPD, pseudopocket – DIM, mucosal recession – REC, probing attachment level – PAL) were recorded at baseline, as well as 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after treatment. The cumulative survival rate for the implants of the test group was 100% after 3 years. After 24 months, two hollow‐screw implants of control group were removed because of mobility. Consequently, the cumulative survival rate was 87.5%. The recession index in the control group was significantly lower than in the test group at 24 months (Student's t‐value of −2.14). On the contrary, control group showed higher PPD, PAL and mBI indexes than test group (Student's t‐values of +5.5, +2.4 and +9.61, respectively). The PPD and mBI indexes for the implants of the control group were significantly higher at baseline than 24 months later (Student's t‐values of +3.18 and +3.33, respectively). Recession and PAL indexes resulted in values significantly lower than baseline (Student's t‐values of −4.62 and −2.77, respectively). For the implants of the test group PPD and mBI indexes were significantly higher at baseline than 36 months after (Student's t‐values of +11.63 and +16.02, respectively). Recession index resulted in values significantly lower at baseline (Student's t‐value of −5.05). No statistically significant differences were found between PAL index measurement at baseline and 36 months later (Student's t‐value of +0.89). In conclusion, resective therapy associated with implantoplasty seems to influence positively the survival of oral implants affected by inflammatory processes.
Effect of strain at low‐frequency loading on peri‐implant bone (re)modelling: a guinea‐pig experimental study
Authors: De Smet Els , Jaecques Siegfried V. N. , Jansen John J. , Walboomers Frank , Vander Sloten Jos , Naert Ignace E.
Published: September 2010

Objectives: To investigate whether controlled early loading enhances peri‐implant bone mass and bone‐to‐implant contact. Low‐frequency stimulation (3 Hz) and varying force amplitudes, causing varying strains, were applied in three guinea‐pig series.

Material and methods: Three series of guinea‐pigs received percutaneous TiO2‐blasted implants in both tibiae. One week after implant installation, one implant was stimulated with a sinusoidally varying bending moment while the contra‐lateral implant served as an unloaded control. Force amplitudes of 0.5, 1 and 2 N were applied on a 20‐mm‐long cantilever, resulting in strains of 133, 267 and 533 μɛ, respectively, measured by a strain gauge bonded on the surface of the tibial bone at 1.3 mm from the implant's distal surface. Implant stability was followed by means of resonance frequency analysis. Bone‐to‐implant contact and bone mass [BM (%) bone occupied area fraction] were analysed histomorphometrically.

Results: A significant positive effect on the difference in bone mass at the stimulated vs. at the control side was observed in the distal half peri‐implant marrow cavity for early mechanical stimulation at a frequency of 3 Hz (P<0.0001). An optimum was reached for the applied load, which causes a strain of approximately 267 μɛ 1.3 mm from the implant. Implant stability gradually increased in time; no significant effect of early stimulation could be measured.

Conclusions: The effect of early controlled mechanical stimulation on the peri‐implant bone, in this cortical bone model, is strongly dependent on force amplitude/strain at low‐frequency stimulation.
Lateral ridge augmentation using particulated or block bone substitutes biocoated with rhGDF‐5 and rhBMP‐2: an immunohistochemical study in dogs
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Rothamel Daniel , Herten Monika , Ferrari Daniel , Sager Martin , Becker Jürgen
Published: September 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically evaluate lateral ridge augmentation using a particulated (BOG) or block (BOB) natural bone mineral biocoated with rhGDF‐5 and rhBMP‐2 in dogs.

Materials and methods: Three standardized box‐shaped defects were surgically created at the buccal aspect of the alveolar ridge in each quadrant of eight beagle dogs. After 2 months of healing, the chronic‐type defects were randomly allocated in a split‐mouth design to either (i) BOG or (ii) BOB biocoated with (a) rhGDF‐5 or (b) rhBMP‐2, respectively. Uncoated grafts served as controls. After 3 and 8 weeks, dissected blocks were prepared for immunohistochemical [osteocalcin (OC)] and histomorphometrical analysis [e.g. area (mm2) of new bone fill (BF), newly formed mineralized (MT) and non‐mineralized tissue (NMT)].

Results: rhBMP‐2 biocoated BOG revealed significantly highest BF and MT values at 3 (upper and lower jaws – UJ/LJ – compared with BOG) and 8 weeks (UJ – compared with rhGDF‐5). Biocoating of BOB using both rhGDF‐5 and rhBMP‐2 resulted in significantly increased MT values at 8 weeks (UJ/LJ – compared with BOB). In all groups, NMT adjacent to BOG and BOB scaffolds revealed pronounced signs of an OC antigen reactivity.

Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that both rhGDF‐5 and rhBMP‐2 have shown efficacy; however, their bone regenerative effect was markedly influenced by the carrier.
Palatal implants in adolescents: a histological evaluation in beagle dogs
Authors: Asscherickx Karlien , Wehrbein Heiner , Sabzevar Mehran Moradi
Published: September 2010

Objectives: Small osseointegrated implants inserted in the palate provide a reliable anchorage control during orthodontic treatment. When these implants are inserted in the median palatal suture in adolescents, there might be interference with normal transverse development of the maxilla. The aim of this study was to determine histometrically the influence of implants inserted in the median palatal suture in adolescent beagle dogs on transverse maxillary development and to determine the amount of osseointegration of unloaded palatal implants in the median palatal suture in adolescent beagle dogs.

Material and methods: Two palatal implants were inserted in the median palatal suture in four of five adolescent beagle dogs. The experimental period took 25 weeks, and the dogs were subjected to a scheme of sequential point labelling with vital stains every 6 weeks. Insertion sites were examined microscopically and histometric analysis was performed.

Results and discussion: Both anterior width and posterior width were wider in the control dog as compared with the average in the test dogs, 3.7% and 9.5%, respectively. After loss of a palatal implant, immediate repair of the bone in the suture area could be observed. In the posterior region, the repaired suture looked more like a suture in the infantile stage in humans, instead of having a sinusoidal course, as was observed in the control dog and in adolescent humans. The amount of osseointegration varied from 43% to 64.3%.

Conclusion: The results of this study support the idea that in adolescents, palatal implants should not be inserted in the median palatal suture because of possible growth impairment (transverse maxillary development). The amount of osseointegration of unloaded palatal implants in the median palatal suture in adolescent dogs is less as compared with dental implants in dogs and loaded palatal implants in adult humans.
Dental injuries in Copenhagen schoolchildren, school years 1967–1972
Authors: Ravn J. J.
Published: September 2010

abstract The Copenhagen Municipal School Dental Service examines and treats about 50,000 children each year. As from (he beginning of the 1967/68 school year, a special registration form for traumatic dental injuries was introduced with this School Dental Service. During the 5‐year period from 1967–1972 a total of 9,965 traumatic injuries was registered in the school population. The boy/girl ratio was 1.6:1 and the largest number of injuries for both sexes is found in the age 8–9 years. About 25–30 % of the traumatized children sustained traumata more than once. By means of computation it was discovered that 34.9 % of boys and 23.1 % of girls may be assumed to have sustained a trauma before leaving school in the 9th grade. In 25 % of the cases the injury was treated no later than 2 hours after the accident and 40 % were treated on the same day. A very clear connection between the number of injuries and the school year was observed. Generally one tooth was involved and it was extremely rare for a trauma to involve more than four teeth. There were a total of 12,989 injuries to 11,767 teeth. The majority of cases involved the maxillary central incisors (70 %). Soft tissue injury was the only reason for the examination in 15 % of the cases. The relation between lip closure and trauma was also examined. One‐fourth of those examined had an incomplete lip closure.
Dental status and treatment pattern in a group of commuting laborers in Norway
Authors: Helöe Leif Arne , Kolberg Jon Eivind
Published: September 2010

abstract Information on dental status and treatment attendance was obtained by questionnaire from 414 male industrial laborers living in a Norwegian rural community approximately 100 km away from their jobs. Median age of the men was 39 years. Seventeen per cent of the group reported being edentulous, while 44 % reported having 20 or more teeth remaining. Fifteen per cent said that they had removable dentures in both jaws, 28 % in one jaw only. Thirty‐eight per cent reported having visited a dentist during the previous year. Seventy‐three per cent of the group stated that they were interested in receiving low‐cost dental examination and treatment. The dental status and the treatment pattern seemed to be poor, and definitely below the standards prevailing in the general population. These findings were particularly valid for the oldest respondents, probably due to years of dental neglect. Situational factors such as working situation, little leisure time, lack of time, lack of treatment facilities, and difficulties with getting dental appointments conceivably had interfered with the seeking of treatment and thus contributed to the neglect of dental care.
Teaching the principles of epidemiology to dental students
Authors: Fettersson Elof
Published: September 2010

abstract The report presents findings from a survey, conducted in early 1969, of the teaching of the principles of epidemiology at 20 schools of dentistry in the United States. The report includes information about the expectations dental students had of instruction in the subject. Students from six schools also supplied evaluative information about instruction received. Dental students anticipating instruction in epidemiology and dental students who received instruction in epidemiology considered the subject to be relevant to their education. However, six of 13 classes which received instruction in epidemiology rated the instruction as somewhat boring and ineffective. The report concludes with a few suggestions about possible ways to remedy the observed weaknesses in the teaching of epidemiology to dental students.
Dental fluorosis and caries in high‐fluoride districts in Sweden
Authors: Forsman Britta
Published: September 2010

abstract An investigation of the occurrence of fluorosis and caries was carried out in districts in Sweden with extremely high fluoride (F) concentrations in the drinking water. In areas with ∼ 10 ppm F* severe fluorosis, DEAN'S Index Grade 3 and 4, occurred on all permanent teeth and most of the primary teeth. The fluorosis was related to the F supply during the period of mineralization of the teeth. One case of “delayed” fluorosis was, however, demonstrated. In the area ∼ 5 ppm, 50 % of individuals had fluorosis Grade 2 and 28 % Grade 3 or 4 in the permanent teeth. Fluorosis in the primary dentition was milder, but only 20 % of the individuals were completely free from fluorosis and several cases of Grade 3 and 4 occurred in this area also. Caries frequency in the permanent teeth was higher in the ∼ 10 ppm area in comparison with the ∼ 1 ppm area. The highest DMFS values could be related to fluorosis Grade 3 and 4 in both the ∼ 10 ppm and ∼ 5 ppm areas. For the primary teeth the deft value decreased with increasing water F content and the caries frequency was not related to the degree of fluorosis. Duration of breastfeeding influenced the degree of fluorosis in areas up to ∼ 5 ppm in both the primary and secondary dentitions; in areas with ∼ 10 ppm F only the primary dentition was influenced, while the permanent teeth in these areas showed severe fluorosis even with long duration of breastfeeding. F content of saliva was, like the F content of bone and blood plasma, increased in the ∼ 10 ppm area. F deposition in primary teeth from the ∼ 10 ppm area was of the order four times that in the 1 ppm area. Pre‐ and post‐natal F deposition is discussed with reference to analyses of F content of blood and bone, and the significance of these factors during pregnancy.
A comparison between the release of fluoride from sodium fluoride lozenges and bone meal tablets
Authors: Lorentzen B. , Birkeland J. M. , Lökken P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract The release of fluoride from a fluoride‐containing bone meal tablet and a chewable sodium fluoride lozenge to 0.5 M perchloric acid, deionized water, and saliva was compared. In acid, all the fluoride was released from the bone meal tablet (0.25 mg F), while there was a poor release in water and saliva (2–10 %). The release from the sodium fluoride lozenge (0.25 mg F) was essentially complete in water and saliva as well as in acid. Following sucking and chewing on a sodium fluoride lozenge, the mean salivary fluoride concentration increased from 0.04 to 36 parts/106 5 min after intake. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded after 20 min. With the bone meal tablet, only a slight increase (to 0.2 parts/106) in the salivary fluoride level was obtained.
Effect on caries of self‐application of a zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride
Authors: Fleming William J. , Burgess Ralph C. , Lewis Donald W.
Published: September 2010

Abstract A 2‐year clinical trial was conducted using an adolescent population from a low‐fluoride area to evaluate the anticaries effect of self‐applications of zirconium silicate paste containing 9 % stannous fluoride. Three study groups totaling 464 children, with an initial average age of 12.8 years, completed the study. The control group brushed with a non‐fluoride zirconium silicate paste (Zircate Prophylaxis Paste®) once each year; the first experimental group brushed with zirconium silicate paste containing 9 % stannous fluoride (Zircate Treatment Paste®) once each year; and the second experimental group brushed every 6 months with Zircate Treatment Paste. After 2 years, the DMFT and DMFS increments were virtually identical for the control group and the group that received one application of fluoride paste per year. The group that received two applications of fluoride paste per year had a DMFT increment that was about 24 % less than that of the control group; however, the DMFS increment was only 5 % less. These differences were not statistically significant at the P= 0.05 level.
The role of age‐ and population‐ based differences in the attitudes, knowledge and infection control practices of Canadian dentists
Authors: McCarthy Gillian M. , Koval John J. , MacDonald John K. , John Michael A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract– Objectives: To investigate age‐ and population‐based differences in dentists' infection control practices and willingness and refusal to treat patients with HIV. Methods: A national mailed survey of a stratied random sample of dentists in Canada (n= 6444) with three follow‐up attempts. Pearsons's chi‐square test and multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis. Predictor variables included population, age, gender, marital status, specialty, number of patients treated per day and continuing education on HIV/AIDS. Results: The adjusted response rate was 66.4%. The best predictors of willingness to treat patients with HIV were younger age (compared with dentists≧60 years of age:< 30 years, OR = 8.6, 30–39, OR = 3.4; 40–49, OR = 2.7; 50–59, OR = 1.6), attending continuing education on HIV/AIDS in the past 2 years (> 10 hours, OR = 1.6 compared with zero hours), practicing in small population centres < 10 000 (OR = 1.6 compared with > 500 000) and gender (male OR = 1.3). The best predictors of refusal to treat patients with HIV were older age (compared with dentists < 30 years of age: ≧60, OR = 6.1; 50–59, OR = 4.1; 40–49, OR = 3.0; 30–39, OR = 2.6); and practicing in population centres > 500 000 (OR = 1.5 compared with < 10 000). However, the latter group also reported treating more HIV patients than respondents in smaller communities. Infection control practices varied significantly with age and population centre. Dentists in communities of < 10 000 were more compliant with HBV vaccination, but less compliant with handwashing after degloving and the use of infection control manuals. Similarly, dentists > 60 years of age were the least compliant with HBV immunization, routine use of barriers and sterilization of handpieces, but reported the highest compliance with handwashing. Conclusion: Age‐ and population‐based differences need to be considered in planning educational interventions to improve both access to care for patients with HIV and dentists' compliance with recommended infection control procedures.
Estimation of the fraction of an ingested dose of fluoride excreted through urine in pre‐school children
Authors: Villa Alberto , Salazar Gabriela , Anabalón Mireya , Cabezas Lorena
Published: September 2010

Abstract– Objective: To determine the fraction of an ingested fluoride dose of 1 mg in 50 mL orange juice that is excreted through the urine (FUEF) of children aged 3–5 years. Methods: Eighty‐eight controlled determinations involving 24‐hour urinary collections from a total of 48 children were carried out during consecutive control and test days. Net fluoride urinary excretion due to the ingested dose was calculated as the difference between the total amount of fluoride excreted by each child on test and control days. Results: Excretion of the fluoride ingested from the single fluoride dose presented an average value of 30.7% (95% CI: 28.9–32.5%). No significant associations were found between individual FUEF values with either anthropometrical variables or urinary pH values. The average FUEF value found in the present study lies between previously reported values for infants and young adults. The epidemiological usefulness of the FUEF values in estimating daily fluoride dose in pre‐school children is discussed.
Use of a national database for strategic management of municipal oral health services for Danish children and adolescents
Authors: Hansen Ingelise , Foldspang Anders , Poulsen Sven
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objective: To evaluate the use of a national register for strategic management of dental health services for 0–17‐year‐old Danish children and to identify determinants for their use of the system as a strategic tool in management of the services. Methods: During the period December 1997 to January 1998, the leaders of 268 private and public dental services were mailed a self‐administered postal questionnaire on their use of the dental health reporting system of the Danish National Board of Health, the so‐called SCOR‐system. Ninety‐six percent responded. The questionnaire contained questions about the use of SCOR (dependent variable) and the following independent variables: 1) the dental service in the municipality; and 2) the leader of the dental service, including his/her assessment of and knowledge related to the SCOR‐system. Information concerning other independent variables such as: 1) the population and the socio‐economic, cultural and political environment of the municipality; and 2) dental morbidity was collected as antecedent data from various official sources. Results: Seventy‐seven percent of municipalities with public clinics and 68% of municipalities without public clinics used SCOR‐tables for planning purposes and preventive intervention. Forty percent reported data for all age groups to the SCOR‐system and 36% used non‐obligatory special codes in order to monitor more specific questions. Use of SCOR data was positively associated with the dental health services being organized in public clinics, with a high number of public clinics in the municipality, and with a positive assessment among the dental leaders of the reporting system as a planning tool. Special codes for precavitated lesions and/or fissure sealants were used more frequently in municipalities where DMFS in 15‐year‐olds had decreased from 1995 to 1996. Otherwise no associations between dental health and use of the system could be demonstrated. Conclusions: SCOR is widely used as a strategic planning instrument concerning the Danish dental services for children and adolescents. The predictors associated with its use are partly structural characteristics of the municipality and its dental service and factors partly related to a leader's knowledge about and assessment of the system. These factors might be amenable to change through training of the users of the system.
Effectiveness of the school dental screening programme in stimulating dental attendance for children in need of treatment in Northern Ireland
Authors: Donaldson Michael , Kinirons Martin
Published: September 2010

Abstract – The school dental screening programme has been in existence from the beginning of the 20th century yet its value in encouraging attendance among children with a dental health need is not fully established. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of school dental screening in promoting dental attendance among children with a treatment need and to examine the relative importance of screening, social class and other factors in dental attendance. Methods: Sixty‐four participating schools were assigned to study and control groups using a stratified, blocked randomisation technique. The study group children received the standard school dental screening and the dental attendance of those with a positive screening result was assessed after 2 months by means of a questionnaire issued to the children's parents. The control group children were not, at this stage, screened, yet their parents received the same questionnaire assessing dental attendance over the 2‐month period. However, only questionnaires from control group children who had a positive result at a subsequent screening were retained for analysis. Results: A total of 2321 children were screened, with 980 having a positive result. The mean dmft of those screening positive was 4.85. In all, 664 completed questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 67.8%. Dental attendance was reported among 45.5% of the study group (n=352) in the 2 months following screening. In the same period, 27.6% of the control group (n=312) claimed attendance. The effect was found to be significant among the high employed group (P<0.01) and the unemployed group (P<0.05). Conclusion: School dental screening was capable of stimulating dental attendance. The strong effect among the lowest socio‐economic group shows that school dental screening may be used to decrease dental health inequalities.
Validation of a Swiss method of caries prediction in Dutch children
Authors: Van Palenstein Helderman Wim H. , Mulder Jan , Van'T Hof Martin A. , Truin Gerrit Jan
Published: September 2010

Abstract – Objective: This study aimed to validate a caries prediction method, the Dentoprog‐Method, which was developed on Swiss children. Method: A Dutch child population was used for validation. The diagnosis of caries, age of the children and the caries experience were slightly different from the population from which the Dentoprog‐Method was developed. With the Dentoprog‐Method, Dutch children were ranked in increasing order of high caries risk probability. The measure of prediction was expressed in sensitivity and specificity, which were calculated at 10% risk probability intervals for each class of “high” caries increment and for different forecast periods. ROC curves presenting sensitivity as a function of (100‐specificity) were employed to summarize the obtained information. The area under the ROC curve was used as a measure of predictive accuracy. Results: The area under the ROC curves for various caries increment classes of 7.5‐year‐old and 9.5‐year‐old Dutch children was in the range of the area under the ROC curves of Swiss children. Conclusion: This analysis indicated that the Dentoprog‐Method when applied on a sample of Dutch children was robust enough to overcome small differences in caries diagnosis, age and caries experience.
Estimation of direct and maternal genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits in a herd of Japanese Black cattle in Miyagi prefecture, using a multitrait animal model
Authors: ABDEL‐AZIZ Mahmoud , NISHIDA Shigeru , SUZUKI Keiichi , NISHIDA Akira
Published: September 2010

Data from 1170 records of fattening calves were collected on growth and carcass traits from a Japanese Black cattle herd located in Miyagi prefecture, Japan. The objective was to determine direct and maternal heritabilities, direct and maternal genetic correlations and phenotypic correlations between bodyweight at the beginning of the fattening period (BWS), bodyweight at the end of the fattening period (BWF), carcass weight (CW), average daily gain during the fattening period (ADG), rib eye area (REA), rib thickness, subcutaneous backfat thickness (SFT), yield estimate (YE) and beef marbling score (BMS). Direct heritability estimates of 0.16 (SFT) and 0.07 (BMS) were low, whereas estimates of the other traits were medium to high and ranged between 0.44 (REA) and 0.78 (CW). Direct genetic correlations were all positive, except those that were between BWS and SFT, and between BWS and YE (−0.49 and −0.14, respectively). The lowest positive genetic correlation was between BWS and BMS (0.04) and the highest was between BWF and CW (0.99). The phenotypic correlation coefficients ranged between −0.41 (between SFT and YE) and 0.96 (between BWF and CW). Maternal heritability estimates were generally low and ranged between 0.00 for BMS and 0.08 for BWS, CW and ADG. Selection programs comprising information on growth and carcass traits of calves and maternal traits of dams were suggested.