bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of energetic electron precipitation on middle mesospheric night‐time ozone during and after a moderate geomagnetic storm
Authors: Daae M. , Espy P. , Nesse Tyssøy H. , Newnham D. , Stadsnes J. , Søraas F.
Published: October 2012

Using a ground‐based microwave radiometer at Troll Station, Antarctica (72°S, 2.5°E,L = 4.76), we have observed a decrease of 20–70% in the mesospheric ozone, coincident with increased nitric oxide, between 60 km and 75 km altitude associated with energetic electron precipitation (E > 30 keV) during a moderate geomagnetic storm (minimum Dst of −79 nT) in late July 2009. NOAA satellite data were used to identify the precipitating particles and to characterize their energy, spatial distribution and temporal variation over Antarctica during this isolated storm. Both the ozone decrease and nitric oxide increase initiate with the onset of the storm, and persist for several days after the precipitation ends, descending in the downward flow of the polar vortex. These combined data present a unique case study of the temporal and spatial morphology of chemical changes induced by electron precipitation during moderate geomagnetic storms, indicating that these commonplace events can cause significant effects on the middle mesospheric ozone distribution.
Using nonlinear programming to correct leakage and estimate mass change from GRACE observation and its application to Antarctica
Authors: Tang Jingshi , Cheng Haowen , Liu Lin
Published: October 2012

The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has been providing high quality observations since its launch in 2002. Over the years, fruitful achievements have been obtained and the temporal gravity field has revealed the ongoing geophysical, hydrological and other processes. These discoveries help the scientists better understand various aspects of the Earth. However, errors exist in high degree and order spherical harmonics, which need to be processed before use. Filtering is one of the most commonly used techniques to smooth errors, yet it attenuates signals and also causes leakage of gravity signal into surrounding areas. This paper reports a new method to estimate the true mass change on the grid (expressed in equivalent water height or surface density). The mass change over the grid can be integrated to estimate regional or global mass change. This method assumes the GRACE‐observed apparent mass change is only caused by the mass change on land. By comparing the computed and observed apparent mass change, the true mass change can be iteratively adjusted and estimated. The problem is solved with nonlinear programming (NLP) and yields solutions which are in good agreement with other GRACE‐based estimates.
Cloud frequency climatology at the Andes/Amazon transition: 1. Seasonal and diurnal cycles
Authors: Halladay Kate , Malhi Yadvinder , New Mark
Published: October 2012

Tropical montane regions present a complex local climate but one that may be very sensitive to local and global change. Therefore, it is important to assess their current climatological state, and to understand how the large‐scale circulation may affect local‐scale cloud patterns. We examine the cloud climatology of a tropical Andean montane region in the context of tropical South American climate in terms of seasonal/diurnal cycles using a corrected ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) DX cloud product (1983–2008), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) MOD35 visible cloud flags (2000–2008) and ground‐based cloud observations. Cloud climatologies were compared for three elevation zones: highlands (puna grassland), eastern slope (the montane forest) and lowlands. We found that in the dry season (JJA) the study area is part of a localized region of higher cloud frequency relative to other parts the eastern slope, and also relative to the adjacent highlands and lowlands. The highlands exhibited the greatest amplitude mean annual cycle of cloud frequency, with a minimum in June for all times of day. There were contrasts between the three zones with regard to the month in which the minimum cloud frequency occurs between different times of day. Higher lowland and eastern slope cloud frequencies compared with those on the puna in the early hours in the wet season suggest low‐level convergence at lower elevations. Comparisons between satellite products show that ISCCP and MODIS produce very similar annual cycles although the absolute cloud frequencies are higher in ISCCP data.
Analytical expressions for drainable and fillable porosity of phreatic aquifers under vertical fluxes from evapotranspiration and recharge
Authors: Acharya Subodh , Jawitz James W. , Mylavarapu Rao S.
Published: October 2012

In shallow unconfined aquifers, the response of the water table (WT) to input and output water fluxes is controlled by two distinct storage parameters, drainable and fillable porosity, which are applicable for WT drawdown and rise, respectively. However, only the drainable porosity estimated from the hydrostatic soil moisture profile is in common use. In this study, we show that under conditions of evapotranspiration and/or recharge from or to a shallow water table, drainable and fillable porosity have different values. Separate analytical expressions are developed for drainable and fillable porosity accounting for dynamic soil moisture conditions through the assumption of successive steady state fluxes in the unsaturated zone. The equations are expressed in terms of soil hydraulic parameters and matric suction at the soil surface. Parametric evapotranspiration and recharge functions are used to estimate the suction at the soil surface. The final expressions are independent of evapotranspiration or recharge function, thus allowing the use of any appropriate function to estimate the storage parameters. It is shown that the occurrence of unsaturated zone fluxes can result in significantly different values of drainable and fillable porosity, even when hysteresis is neglected. Application of the two parameters in a Boussinesq‐type groundwater model resulted in significantly improved estimates of field‐measured water table dynamics compared to the hydrostatic, single‐parameter model.
Noninvasive Estimation of the Arterial Input Function in Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Su Yi , Arbelaez Ana M , Benzinger Tammie LS , Snyder Abraham Z , Vlassenko Andrei G , Mintun Mark A , Raichle Marcus E
Published: October 2012

Positron emission tomography (PET) with 15O-labeled water can provide reliable measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Quantification of CBF requires knowledge of the arterial input function (AIF), which is usually provided by arterial blood sampling. However, arterial sampling is invasive. Moreover, the blood generally is sampled at the wrist, which does not perfectly represent the AIF of the brain, because of the effects of delay and dispersion. We developed and validated a new noninvasive method to obtain the AIF directly by PET imaging of the internal carotid artery in a region of interest (ROI) defined by coregistered high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography. An ROI centered at the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery was defined, and the AIF was estimated simultaneously with whole brain blood flow. The image-derived AIF (IDAIF) method was validated against conventional arterial sampling. The IDAIF generated highly reproducible CBF estimations, generally in good agreement with the conventional technique.
The Role of Actin Filament Dynamics in the Myogenic Response of Cerebral Resistance Arteries
Authors: Walsh Michael P , Cole William C
Published: October 2012

The myogenic response has a critical role in regulation of blood flow to the brain. Increased intraluminal pressure elicits vasoconstriction, whereas decreased intraluminal pressure induces vasodilatation, thereby maintaining flow constant over the normal physiologic blood pressure range. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the myogenic response is crucial to identify deficiencies with pathologic consequences, such as cerebral vasospasm, hypertension, and stroke, and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Three mechanisms have been suggested to be involved in the myogenic response: (1) membrane depolarization, which induces Ca2+ entry, activation of myosin light chain kinase, phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chains (LC20), increased actomyosin MgATPase activity, cross-bridge cycling, and vasoconstriction; (2) activation of the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway, leading to inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase by phosphorylation of MYPT1, the myosin targeting regulatory subunit of the phosphatase, and increased LC20 phosphorylation; and (3) activation of the ROCK and protein kinase C pathways, leading to actin polymerization and the formation of enhanced connections between the actin cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and extracellular matrix to augment force transmission. This review describes these three mechanisms, emphasizing recent developments regarding the importance of dynamic actin polymerization in the myogenic response of the cerebral vasculature.
ATP Induces Mild Hypothermia in Rats but has a Strikingly Detrimental Impact on Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Zhang Meijuan , Li Wenjin , Niu Guangming , Leak Rehana K , Chen Jun , Zhang Feng
Published: October 2012

Ischemic stroke is a devastating condition lacking effective therapies. A promising approach to attenuate ischemic injury is mild hypothermia. Recent studies show that adenosine nucleotides can induce hypothermia in mice. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) induces mild hypothermia in rats and reduces ischemic brain injury. We found that intraperitoneal injections of ATP decreased core body temperature in a dose-dependent manner; the dose appropriate for mild hypothermia was 2 g/kg. When ATP-induced hypothermia was applied to stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, however, a neuroprotective effect was not observed. Instead, the infarct volume grew even larger in ATP-treated rats. This was accompanied by an increased rate of seizure events, hemorrhagic transformation, and higher mortality. Continuous monitoring of physiologic parameters revealed that ATP reduced heartbeat rate and blood pressure. ATP also increased blood glucose, accompanied by severe acidosis and hypocalcemia. Western blotting showed that ATP decreased levels of both phospho-Akt and total-Akt in the cortex. Our results reveal that, despite inducing hypothermia, ATP is not appropriate for protecting the brain against stroke. Instead, we show for the first time that ATP treatment is associated with exaggerated ischemic outcomes and dangerous systemic side effects.
Heptanoate as a Neural Fuel: Energetic and Neurotransmitter Precursors in Normal and Glucose Transporter I-Deficient (G1D) Brain
Authors: Marin-Valencia Isaac , Good Levi B , Ma Qian , Malloy Craig R , Pascual Juan M
Published: October 2012

It has been postulated that triheptanoin can ameliorate seizures by supplying the tricarboxylic acid cycle with both acetyl-CoA for energy production and propionyl-CoA to replenish cycle intermediates. These potential effects may also be important in other disorders associated with impaired glucose metabolism because glucose supplies, in addition to acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, which fulfills biosynthetic demands via carboxylation. In patients with glucose transporter type I deficiency (G1D), ketogenic diet fat (a source only of acetyl-CoA) reduces seizures, but other symptoms persist, providing the motivation for studying heptanoate metabolism. In this work, metabolism of infused [5,6,7-13C3]heptanoate was examined in the normal mouse brain and in G1D by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In both groups, plasma glucose was enriched in 13C, confirming gluconeogenesis from heptanoate. Acetyl-CoA and glutamine levels became significantly higher in the brain of G1D mice relative to normal mice. In addition, brain glutamine concentration and 13C enrichment were also greater when compared with glutamate in both animal groups, suggesting that heptanoate and/or C5 ketones are primarily metabolized by glia. These results enlighten the mechanism of heptanoate metabolism in the normal and glucosedeficient brain and encourage further studies to elucidate its potential antiepileptic effects in disorders of energy metabolism.
Mind the gap: cytochrome interactions reveal electron pathways across the periplasm ofShewanella oneidensisMR-1
Authors: Fonseca Bruno M. , Paquete Catarina M. , Neto Sónia E. , Pacheco Isabel , Soares Cláudio M. , Louro Ricardo O.
Published: October 2012

Extracellular electron transfer is the key metabolic trait that enables some bacteria to play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycling of metals and in bioelectrochemical devices such as microbial fuel cells. In Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, electrons generated in the cytoplasm by catabolic processes must cross the periplasmic space to reach terminal oxidoreductases found at the cell surface. Lack of knowledge on how these electrons flow across the periplasmic space is one of the unresolved issues related with extracellular electron transfer. Using NMR to probe protein–protein interactions, kinetic measurements of electron transfer and electrostatic calculations, we were able to identify protein partners and their docking sites, and determine the dissociation constants. The results showed that both STC (small tetrahaem cytochrome c) and FccA (flavocytochrome c) interact with their redox partners, CymA and MtrA, through a single haem, avoiding the establishment of stable redox complexes capable of spanning the periplasmic space. Furthermore, we verified that the most abundant periplasmic cytochromes STC, FccA and ScyA (monohaem cytochrome c5) do not interact with each other and this is likely to be the consequence of negative surface charges in these proteins. This reveals the co-existence of two non-mixing redox pathways that lead to extracellular electron transfer in S. oneidensis MR-1 established through transient protein interactions.
Identification of sites in apolipoprotein A-I susceptible to chymase and carboxypeptidase A digestion
Authors: Usami Yoko , Kobayashi Yukihiro , Kameda Takahiro , Miyazaki Akari , Matsuda Kazuyuki , Sugano Mitsutoshi , Kawasaki Kenji , Kurihara Yuriko , Kasama Takeshi , Tozuka Minoru
Published: October 2012

MCs (mast cells) adversely affect atherosclerosis by promoting the progression of lesions and plaque destabilization. MC chymase cleaves apoA-I (apolipoprotein A-I), the main protein component of HDL (high-density lipoprotein). We previously showed that C-terminally truncated apoA-I (cleaved at the carboxyl side of Phe225) is present in normal human serum using a newly developed specific mAb (monoclonal antibody). In the present study, we aimed to identify chymase-induced cleavage sites in both lipid-free and lipid-bound (HDL3) forms of apoA-I. Lipid-free apoA-I was preferentially digested by chymase, at the C-terminus rather than the N-terminus. Phe229 and Tyr192 residues were the main cleavage sites. Interestingly, the Phe225 residue was a minor cleavage site. In contrast, the same concentration of chymase failed to digest apoA-I in HDL3; however, a 100-fold higher concentration of chymase modestly digested apoA-I in HDL3 at only the N-terminus, especially at Phe33. CPA (carboxypeptidase A) is another MC protease, co-localized with chymase in severe atherosclerotic lesions. CPA, in vitro, further cleaved C-terminal Phe225 and Phe229 residues newly exposed by chymase, but did not cleave Tyr192. These results indicate that several forms of C-terminally and N-terminally truncated apoA-I could exist in the circulation. They may be useful as new biomarkers to assess the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease).
A Queer Sex, or, Can Feminism and Psychoanalysis Have Sex without the Phallus
Authors: Hsieh Lili
Published: October 2012

This paper deals with the wrought relationship between psychoanalysis and feminism, broadly defined. Tracing the trajectory in which psychoanalysis leads feminism from sexuality to sexual difference then to the Phallus and the ideology of femininity, the paper takes on these ‘f-words'—femininity and ‘f-allus’, Freud and Foucault—to foreground an unacknowledged challenge of Judith Butler by Toril Moi in 1999. In this paper, I read Freud closely and demonstrate that although Freud's theory of cure is obscured by the turn to the Phallus and the ideology of femininity, its language of fantasy, sexuality, desire and the unconscious remain important concepts for feminism of the new millennium. On the other hand, critiques of ‘empire of the Phallus’ such as the French feminists’ affirmation of femininity and Judith Butler's concept of ‘lesbian Phallus’ only reproduce the master's system. Butler's misreading of Freud's ‘tooth’ and Lacan's ‘eyes’ as the Phallus shows that ‘inversion, subversion and rebellion’ by reversal or negation often leads to repetition without difference. In conclusion, I introduce Joan Copjec's critique of Foucaultian historicism and Toril Moi's turn to ordinary language philosophy to propose a new psychoanalytic feminism that can have sex without the Phallus.
Where do Women ‘Stand’ in Islam? Negotiating Contemporary Muslim Prayer Leadership in North America
Authors: Sharify-Funk Meena , Haddad Munira Kassam
Published: October 2012

This article analyses the drama surrounding the activism of female imams in North America. The image of Muslim women presiding over mixed congregational prayers evokes dramatically divergent responses among different Muslim constituencies, highlighting the disputed nature of fundamental issues pertaining to identity, community and authority. Provocative questions are raised: Can Islamic texts and communities of interpreters accommodate female religious authorities? Is it in the interest of Muslim women to seek empowerment within a domain of communal life in which male authority has traditionally been dominant in all Sunni and most Shi'ite denominations? Do efforts to advance women within such contexts promise to help bridge the gap between ‘Islam’ and the ‘West’, or merely underscore existing divisions and political motivations? In particular we explore two prominent figures, Amina Wadud and Asra Nomani, and each woman's understanding of basic textual debates, conception of Muslim women's needs, and perspective on themes pertaining to ‘Islamic—North American’ relations. Throughout this article, an attempt will also be made to clarify a central paradox of the North American imamah phenomenon: that it is both a highly contingent response to specific cultural and political circumstances and a manifestation of long-term negotiations within the larger Muslim community that favour the opening of new spaces for women within religious and social life.
Troubling Romance Tourism: Sex, Gender and Class inside the Argentinean Tango Clubs
Authors: Törnqvist Maria
Published: October 2012

This article aims to explore and make theoretical sense of a stream of tourism that blurs the boundaries between sex, romance and intimacy, and diffuses the line between affectionate and economic relations. The empirical scope is the expanding international tourism of tango dancing—meaning the increasing number of people from all over the world travelling to Buenos Aires to dance tango and engage with the local tango culture. In contrast to women's sex tourism on the beaches of Jamaica and Ghana, the relationships evolving in the Argentinean dance halls only occasionally lead to sexual affairs and temporary romances, but they are still part of a sensual geography made up of a transnational skin-to-skin intimacy. In addition, the relations between local dancers and tourists rarely result in economic transactions of sex for money; however, they engage with a growing market of intimate dance services and are part of the economic injustices and exotified projections of our post-colonial time. Hence, this article seeks to shed critical light over a broader area of transnational romance. The case of tango evokes new sets of critical queries regarding the trade of bodily intimacy and affection; the consequences of economic inequality in the area of heterosexual romance; and the production of class morals and racialised gender regimes. Through an exploration of these intimate practices, discourses and sets of emotions produced in this particular context, a complex landscape of market forces and close-embrace dancing unfolds.
The ‘Inferior’ Sex in the Dominant Race: Feminist Subversions or Imperial Apologies?
Authors: Coleman Jenny
Published: October 2012

Nineteenth-century imperialist discourses constructed European colonisation of indigenous inhabitants as an inevitable and necessary process for the progress of the colonies and the extension of the British Empire. Within this construct, imperialist and patriarchal discourses intersected to construct ‘white women’ in a manner that denied them legitimacy as autonomous individuals but simultaneously positioned them as actors within the imperial endeavour. Recent feminist scholarship has extended this historiography by considering how some women in nineteenth-century New Zealand were complexly positioned as both agents and critics of colonisation, involved in imperial strategies and yet disruptive of practices of cultural assimilation of Maori. This article furthers this scholarship through an illustrative case study of one woman who embodied this complex positioning within patriarchal and imperialist discourses. English-born wife of the first Chief Justice of New Zealand, and outspoken critic of colonial policies associated with government appropriation of Maori land, Mary Ann Martin was actively involved in establishing Anglican training institutions for young Maori men and women, and in dispensing medical assistance to Maori. Examination of her positioning on the margins of imperial discourses offers an opportunity to consider the operation of colonialism as a discourse implicated by gendered, racialised identities. Detailed textual analyses of selected extracts of her reminiscences of her 34-year residence in New Zealand, which focus on her positioning as a member of the ‘inferior’ sex in the dominant race, offer an opportunity to examine the ways in which she simultaneously challenged and reinforced Victorian prescriptions of respectable womanhood; how her views on and interactions with Maori may have destabilised accepted notions of women's appropriate spheres of influence; and the extent to which her challenges to dominant views on race relations may have been inflected by her positioning within gendered discourses of femininity.
Dual-band asymmetry chiral metamaterial based on planar spiral structure
Authors: Ma Xiaoliang , Huang Cheng , Pu Mingbo , Wang Yanqin , Zhao Zeyu , Wang Changtao , Luo Xiangang
Published: October 2012

A dual-band asymmetric chiral metamaterial is constructed by using two pairs of planar spiral structures with a certain twisted angle. Numerical simulation results show that when a y-polarized wave is incident on the chiral metamaterial the left circularly polarized wave is emitted at 12.25 GHz and 15.57 GHz, while right circularly polarized wave is excited at 13.9 GHz and 16.86 GHz. The measured transmissions are higher than −2.4 dB, and the absolute values of the transmission differences between the right and left circularly polarized waves exceed 15 dB at the four frequencies, which agree well with the simulated results.
Shock melting of single crystal copper with a nanovoid: Molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: He A. M. , Duan Suqing , Shao Jian-Li , Wang Pei , Qin Chengsen
Published: October 2012

We investigate the effects of nanovoid on the shock melting of single crystal Cu using molecular dynamics simulations. The properties of the void collapsed region evolving with time are characterized by order parameter, mean-squared displacement, radial distribution function, and local temperature. It is shown that prior to homogeneous melting of bulk solid, heterogeneous local melting in the void collapsed region dominates the melting process. As the hot spot formed during void collapse cools, we observe that the melting zone will recrystallize for some lower piston velocities (2.75, 3.0, and 3.1 km/s), and the recrystallization time reduces with decreased shock intensities. For higher piston velocities (3.2 and 3.3 km/s), the melting zone retains liquid state and grows slowly with time while the other part of the shocked region retains solid. It is also found that the local melting of the void collapsed region undergoes certain degrees of superheating lower than that of the perfect crystal under shock loadings.
Crossed molecular beams study of inelastic non-adiabatic processes in gas phase collisions between sodium ions and ZnBr2 molecules in the 0.10–3.50 keV energy range
Authors: de Andrés J. , Lucas J. M. , Albertí M. , Bofill J. M. , Belyaev A. , Aguilar A.
Published: October 2012

Inelastic electronically non-adiabatic reactions between Na+ ions and neutral ZnBr2 molecules, both in their electronic ground state, have been studied using crossed beams techniques and measuring the decaying emission radiation of the excited species produced. The fluorescent emission corresponding to Na(3 2P) produced by a charge transfer reaction was observed, as well as that corresponding to the decay of Zn(4s 5s 3S), generated by dissociation of the neutral target molecule, to Zn(4s 4p 3P). The phosphorescent decaying emission of Zn*(4s 4p 3P) to the zinc ground state was also observed. For each emission process, the cross section energy dependences have been measured in the 0.10–3.50 keV energy range in the laboratory system. The ground electronic state of the (NaZnBr2)+ collision system has been characterized by ab initio chemical structure calculations at the second order Möller-Plesset perturbation level of theory using pseudo-potentials. By performing restricted open shell Hartree-Fock calculations for C2v geometries, four singlet and four triplet potential energy surfaces of the system have been calculated and used to interpret qualitatively the observed reactions. A simple two-state dynamical model is presented that allows an estimation of the maximum values for measured cross sections at high collision energies to be made.
Electron dynamics and transverse-kick elimination in a high-field short-period helical microwave undulator
Authors: Chang C. , Shumail M. , Tantawi S. , Neilson J. , Pellegrini C.
Published: October 2012

Single electron dynamics for a circular polarized standing wave (CPSW) undulator synthesized from a corrugated cavity operating with a very low-loss HE11 mode are analyzed. The mechanism of the transverse drift of the CPSW undulator and its elimination are researched, and the tapered-field ends are found effectively to suppress the kick. A prototype of the CPSW undulator with the characters of short undulating-period 1.4 cm, high field K ∼ 1, large aperture ∼ 5 cm, and variable polarization is designed and modeled, whose 3-dimensional electromagnetic fields are used to research the suppression of the transverse kick.
Note: Development of 9 A current source for precise resistance measurement method
Authors: Štambuk Igor , Malarić Roman
Published: October 2012

In this Note, design of voltage controlled current source intended to be used in precise resistance measurement system in the range from 0.1 mΩ to 10 Ω is presented. The design specifications of current source include gross-tuning of current in the range from 0.1 mA to 9 A, low noise, low temperature coefficient, and short term stability better than 50 ppm. The realized current source has achieved better short term stability than comparable commercial devices.
Early sexual debut and condom nonuse among adolescents in South Korea
Authors: Kim Jiyun , Lee Jong-Eun
Published: October 2012

Background
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to sexual debut among adolescents, and to examine the association between subject characteristics and condom nonuse among those who experienced sexual intercourse in South Korea. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2009 Korean Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, a nationally representative sample. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors related to sexual debut, associations of condom nonuse and subject characteristics. Results: Among male adolescents, age, early age at first emission, low academic achievement, living with a step-parent, perceived low level of household income, frequent drinking and smoking, and depressive feelings were associated with early sexual debut. Attending a coeducational school, living with a single biological parent and step-parent, risky health behaviour such as drinking and smoking, and depressive feelings were related risks factors for early sexual debut among female students. Factors associated with condom nonuse included early sexual debut (less than 16 years of age) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32–2.43) and frequent smoking behaviour (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.08–2.05) for males and early sexual debut (OR = 4.37, 95% CI = 1.02–18.68) and frequent drinking (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.12–3.75) for females. Conclusions: Appropriate interventions should be implemented for adolescents in Korea to delay sexual debut and educate them on the proper use of condoms.
Barriers to HIV testing among Australian gay men
Authors: Prestage Garrett , Brown Graham , Keen Phillip
Published: October 2012

Objective
To investigate the barriers to HIV testing among Australian gay men. Methods: An online survey was conducted to explore reasons for avoiding and delaying testing for HIV; 519 non-HIV-positive men completed the online survey. Results: Most non-HIV-positive men (92.9%) had been tested for HIV, with 75.4% indicating they had been tested in the previous year. The most common reasons for avoiding or delaying testing were a belief that they had not done anything risky (41.2%) and the need to return for a second clinic visit to receive results (40.3%). Among men who engaged in unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners (UAIC), those who had not been recently tested were more likely to cite the lack of any symptoms as reasons for not having tested (adjusted odds ratio: 2.34; 95% confidence interval: 1.03–5.31; P = 0.041). Conclusions: For men who do not engage in risky sex, the decision not to test is probably reasonable, but those who engage in noncondom-based risk reduction may be at some increased risk and should be encouraged to test relatively often. Changes to Australia’s national HIV testing policy may ameliorate some of the need to return for second clinic visits to receive results, but the policy still requires full implementation, including the introduction of rapid point-of-care HIV testing to Australia. Among men who engage in UAIC, there appears to be a particular need for information about the benefits of early treatment after HIV diagnosis and about the relative likelihood of experiencing HIV seroconversion illness.
The case for pure linguistics
Authors: Lazard Gilbert
Published: October 2012

The specificity of linguistic structures must be explicitly acknowledged and the investigation of such structures should not be lost in the mass of cognitive sciences. It is claimed that “pure linguistics” meets that requirement. It is founded on the Saussurean definition of a language and on its interpretation by the epistemologist Granger. He showed that language defined in this way is a concept similar to those upon which natural sciences were founded, with similar consequences. That concept entails strict limitation of the field of research, but because of this very limitation, linguistics is made more able to reach precise and secure results and thus to overcome the common shortcomings of the humanities. The legitimacy of pure linguistics does not in the least invalidate that of other language sciences and the quest for cognitive explanations. Moreover, the perspective of pure linguistics appears to be converging with a trend which has been emerging in linguistics towards more strict procedures.
What controls the “genitive variation” in Present-Day English?
Authors: Feist Jim
Published: October 2012

This paper takes up the recent discussion of what controls speakers’ use of the -s and of- genitives, as in the university’s budget and the budget of the university. Most of the paper deals directly with control of that “genitive variation”. It first argues that there is a third variant, as in the university budget. It then discusses why all three just given, for example, are grammatical, but, with a litre of petrol, the alternatives (*a petrol’s litre and *a petrol litre) are not grammatical, arguing that the grammaticality is controlled by whether the word and phrase meanings are compatible with their syntax. It then argues that, where there are equally grammatical alternatives, the speakers’ choice often depends on the same issues of semantic and syntactic compatibility. The last main section of the paper deals with the grammatical status of that third variant, arguing that the university budget truly is genitive.
Defining Life Histories of Precocious Male Parr, Minijack, and Jack Chinook Salmon Using Scale Patterns
Authors: Johnson June , Johnson Tyler , Copeland Timothy
Published: October 2012

Male Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have multiple life history strategies tied to smolting, age, and size at maturation. Precocious strategies include mature parr, minjacks, and jacks; however, there are conflicting definitions of what constitutes a minijack. We describe the variety of growth and life history patterns in precocious spring–summer Chinook salmon in the Snake River basin as inferred from scale patterns. We found six repeatable patterns on the scales collected that differed in average number of freshwater and saltwater circuli and average spacing of circuli during the period of fastest growth. This represented four life histories with two variations. These life histories were differentiated by length distribution: mature headwater parr that never left their natal stream (8–15‐cm fork length), mature river parr (17–24 cm), minijacks that spent 3–4 months in the estuary or ocean (24–37 cm), and jacks that spent one winter in the ocean (≥36 cm). Thus, male Chinook salmon have a continuum of life history strategies. Mature parr spend their entire life in freshwater, mature headwater parr have parr marks, and the mature river parr are more silver in appearance. Neither of these stages have scale resorption. Some parr stay in headwater streams while others make short‐distance migrations to larger rivers. Minijacks make long‐distance migrations to the estuary or ocean but only stay a few months before returning to the spawning grounds. Jacks spend 1 year in the ocean and have many saltwater circuli. Minijacks and jacks are spotted similar to full‐size spawning adults and have scale resorption consistent with a long spawning migration. Finally, our data demonstrate that minijacks are capable of successfully traveling from Idaho to the Columbia River estuary and back (a minimum of 2,600 river kilometers from the Pahsimeroi River) within approximately 4 months.
Susceptibility of Juvenile Steelhead to Avian Predation: the Influence of Individual Fish Characteristics and River Conditions
Authors: Hostetter Nathan J. , Evans Allen F. , Roby Daniel D. , Collis Ken
Published: October 2012

Identification of the factors that influence susceptibility to predation can aid in developing management strategies to recover fish populations of conservation concern. Predator–prey relationships can be influenced by numerous factors, including prey condition, prey size, and environmental conditions. We investigated these factors by using juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Snake River (Pacific Northwest, USA), a distinct population segment that is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. During 2007–2009, steelhead smolts (n = 25,909) were captured, examined for external condition characteristics (e.g., body injuries, descaling, external signs of disease, fin damage, and ectoparasite infestations), marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and released to continue their out‐migration. Recoveries of PIT tags on a downstream colony of Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia (n = 913 tags) indicated that steelhead susceptibility to Caspian tern predation increased significantly with decreases in steelhead external condition, decreased water discharge, and decreased water clarity. Susceptibility to Caspian tern predation also increased with increasing steelhead fork length up to 202 mm but then decreased for longer steelhead. Recoveries of PIT tags on a downstream colony of double‐crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus (n = 493 tags) indicated that steelhead susceptibility to double‐crested cormorant predation increased significantly with declining external condition of steelhead, and that steelhead of hatchery origin were more susceptible than their wild counterparts. Results indicate that steelhead susceptibility to avian predation is dependent on fish condition and length and is influenced by river conditions and rearing environment.
The Energy Factor in Iran–Turkmenistan Relations
Authors: Atai Farhad , Azizi Hamidreza
Published: October 2012

The collapse of the Soviet Union brought about major upheavals in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Among the newly independent states, those that were endowed with energy resources set out on the path of economic growth. The energy resources in Central Asia also attracted outside powers to the region. Moreover, the status of these countries as landlocked, and Russia's monopoly over energy pipelines, led these countries to search for new partners in order to reduce their dependency. This added a new dimension to the political, economic and security equations of the region. In this article, Turkmenistan is studied as a former Soviet republic and Iran as a regional actor that has interests in the region's energy dynamics. The role of energy in the relations between Turkmenistan and Iran is examined. The article proposes that the energy factor has produced a favorable atmosphere for closer relations between the two countries. However, Tehran needs to overcome a number of challenges in expansion of its relations with Turkmenistan, the most important of which is the United States' effective opposition to any Iranian initiative in the field of energy in the region.
The Potential for Vessel Interactions with Adult Atlantic Sturgeon in the James River, Virginia
Authors: Balazik Matthew T. , Reine Kevin J. , Spells Albert J. , Fredrickson Charles A. , Fine Michael L. , Garman Greg C. , McIninch Stephen P.
Published: October 2012

In 2012, all populations of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus were listed as either threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. During 2007–2010, researchers documented 31 carcasses of adult Atlantic sturgeon in the tidal freshwater portion of the James River, Virginia. Twenty-six of the carcasses had gashes from vessel propellers, and the remaining five carcasses were too decomposed to allow determination of the cause of death. The types of vessels responsible for these mortalities were not explicitly demonstrated. Most (84%) of the carcasses were found in a relatively narrow reach that was modified to increase shipping efficiency. To explore the number of Atlantic sturgeon being hit and their horizontal and depth distributions in relation to vessel draft, we conducted telemetry experiments on three living fish (all males) and six dead specimens. While staging (holding in an area from hours to days, with minimal upstream or downstream movements), the adult male Atlantic sturgeon spent most (62%) of the time within 1 m of the river bottom. Assuming that behavior is not modified by vessel noise, adult male Atlantic sturgeon in the James River would rarely encounter small recreational boats or tugboats with shallow drafts; instead, mortalities are likely caused by deep-draft ocean cargo ships, which have drafts that coincide with the distribution of the tracked adult males. Dead specimens (n = 6) drifted with the current for several hours to almost 4 d before beaching at distances ranging from 0.5 to over 50 river kilometers from the point of release. We estimated that current monitoring in the James River documents less than one-third of vessel strike mortalities. A better understanding of Atlantic sturgeon behavior in the presence of vessels will aid in restoring this federally endangered species.

Received February 20, 2012; accepted July 19, 2012
The Use of a One-Step Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) for the Surveillance of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) in Minnesota
Authors: Phelps Nicholas B. D. , Patnayak Devi P. , Jiang Yin , Goyal Sagar M.
Published: October 2012

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly contagious and pathogenic virus of fish. The virus infects more than 70 fish species worldwide, in both fresh and salt water. A new viral strain (VHSV-IVb) has proven both virulent and persistent, spreading throughout the Great Lakes of North America and to inland water bodies in the region. To better understand the geographic distribution of the virus, we used a modified real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay for high-throughput testing of fish for VHSV. The assay was shown to be twice as sensitive as the gold standard, virus isolation, and did not cross react with other viruses found in fish. In addition, the diagnostic turnaround time was reduced from 28 to 30 d for virus isolation to 2–4 d for rRT-PCR. To demonstrate the usefulness of the rRT-PCR assay, 115 high-priority water bodies in Minnesota were tested by both methods from April 2010 to June 2011. All survey sites tested negative for VHSV by both methods. The survey results have informed fisheries managers on the absence of VHSV in Minnesota and have better prepared them for the eventual arrival of the disease. In addition, the results demonstrate the value of this rRT-PCR as a surveillance tool to rapidly identify an outbreak so that it can be controlled in a timely manner.

Received April 24, 2012; accepted July 2, 2012
The Italian role in the Libyan spring revolution: is it a shift from soft to hard power?
Authors: Kashiam Mustafa Abdalla A.
Published: October 2012

While France, Britain, Qatar and the United States played crucial political and military roles in the alliance of countries backing Libya’s ‘spring’ revolution from the beginning, Italy’s early stance towards the Libyan revolution was somewhat hesitant and vague. Its initial reticence was due to national security considerations, Italy’s calculation of its national interest and the complexity of contemporary international relations. However, as events unfolded, the Italian position became clearer and firmer, such that in time Italy played a leading role that helped the global efforts to rebuild the new contemporary democratic Libya post-Qadhafi.

The focus of this study is on the Italian role during the course of the Libyan ‘spring’ revolution, known now as the revolution of 17 February 2011, after the agreed date of its inception. Notwithstanding Rome’s initial hesitancy, Italy is considered among the leading actors that participated in the alliance galvanized to act under the terms of UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973. Here the contention is that Italy’s full participation in the global alliance that carried out the UN mandates represented a process of transition in the Italian orientation from that of a soft power to that of a hard power as well. Thus, it is argued, when Italy’s national security and interests are challenged in a global context, Italy is willing to use both soft and hard power.

The findings of this study supported, by and large, the initial expectations concerning the important types of internal and external elements influencing the role of Italy in the Libyan crisis. Thus, Italy’s position towards the Libyan revolution of 17 February 2011 may be attributed, among other factors, to its discernment of its national security and national interests in the context of competition in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East as well.
A small-molecule inhibitor of Haspin alters the kinetochore functions of Aurora B
Authors: De Antoni Anna , Maffini Stefano , Knapp Stefan , Musacchio Andrea , Santaguida Stefano
Published: October 2012

By phosphorylating Thr3 of histone H3, Haspin promotes centromeric recruitment of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC) during mitosis. Aurora B kinase, a CPC subunit, sustains chromosome bi-orientation and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Here, we characterize the small molecule 5-iodotubercidin (5-ITu) as a potent Haspin inhibitor. In vitro, 5-ITu potently inhibited Haspin but not Aurora B. Consistently, 5-ITu counteracted the centromeric localization of the CPC without affecting the bulk of Aurora B activity in HeLa cells. Mislocalization of Aurora B correlated with dephosphorylation of CENP-A and Hec1 and SAC override at high nocodazole concentrations. 5-ITu also impaired kinetochore recruitment of Bub1 and BubR1 kinases, and this effect was reversed by concomitant inhibition of phosphatase activity. Forcing localization of Aurora B to centromeres in 5-ITu also restored Bub1 and BubR1 localization but failed to rescue the SAC override. This result suggests that a target of 5-ITu, possibly Haspin itself, may further contribute to SAC signaling downstream of Aurora B.
Exploring the therapeutic space around NAD+
Authors: Houtkooper Riekelt H. , Auwerx Johan
Published: October 2012

NAD+ is a central metabolite in the cell. Changes in NAD+ abundance and the activity of NAD+-dependent enzymes, such as the sirtuins, are at the core of metabolic/mitochondrial diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and of cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss how maintaining or raising NAD+ levels can improve metabolism and prevent age-related functional decline and associated disease, and how basic scientific discoveries in the NAD+ signaling pathway are being translated to the clinic.
Fixing cystic fibrosis by correcting CFTR domain assembly
Authors: Okiyoneda Tsukasa , Lukacs Gergely L.
Published: October 2012

For cystic fibrosis (CF) patients most therapies focus on alleviating the disease symptoms. Yet the cellular basis of the disease has been well studied; mutations in the CF gene can impair folding, secretion, cell surface stability, and/or function of the CFTR chloride channel. Correction of these basic defects has been a challenge, but indicates that a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanism of mutations is a prerequisite for developing more efficient therapies.
Overlapping optimized Schwarz methods for parabolic equations in 𝑛 dimensions
Authors: Tran Minh-Binh
Published: October 2012

We introduce in this paper a new tool to prove the convergence of the overlapping optimized Schwarz methods with multisubdomains. The technique is based on some estimates of the errors on the boundaries of the overlapping strips. Our guiding example is an

n
n

-dimensional linear parabolic equation.