bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concrete Multivalence: Practising Representation in Bunkerology
Authors: Bennett Luke
Published: June 2013

In this paper I investigate the various ways in which once secret and ‘unknowable’ military bunkers have over the last fifty years become increasingly accessible to perception and representation in print and other ‘off-line’ media. I focus upon the role played in this rediscovery by accounts produced and circulated by various types of bunker-hunting enthusiasts, who are defined collectively in the paper as ‘bunkerologists’. The paper also shows that bunkers are not, as some theorists such as Beck have recently suggested, beyond description and incapable of cultural assimilation. For whilst the military bunker is a powerful totem of postmodern ambiguity for some, bunkerologists have developed relatively stable modes of representation through which these abandoned concrete structures can come to be cherished, discussed, and ‘known’. Through analysis of bunkerological texts, and the practices by which they are generated, I examine how bunker hunting's dominant discursive formations—ie, the political, the taxonomic, the nostalgic, and the experiential—frame the ways in which accounts of bunkers and bunker hunting are presented by bunkerologists themselves, and show how representation is performed by them. Whilst accepting the importance and value of nonrepresentational theory and its challenge to the dominance of the discourse-fixated analysis characteristic of the ‘linguistic turn’, I argue for an active acknowledgment of the role of representational practices within studies investigating performative engagements with place.
‘Knowing’, Absence, and Presence: The Spatial and Temporal Depth of Relations
Authors: Degnen Cathrine
Published: June 2013

Through the lens of ‘knowing’, which is simultaneously an expression in colloquial English and a set of cognate practices, this paper considers the ways in which relations come to have ontological depth which is both spatial and temporal. The significance of knowing people and places in everyday life exceeds a simple ‘familiarity with’ or ‘knowledge of’. Instead, knowing speaks to what it is that is said to matter in the webs of relations which connect (and sometimes disconnect) people and place, connections that accumulate in uneven and unequal ways. The paper thus builds on recent literature in human geography on absence, presence, and postindustrial ruins and weds it with anthropological theory on connectedness, relatedness, and ruination to examine knowing. This cross-fertilisation of disciplinary perspectives permits me to pay critical attention to seemingly incommensurate and yet overlapping webs of relations (relations with people alive and dead, relations with places present and absent, relations with memory, relations with change and the past). Following Navaro-Yashin's recent work in Northern Cyprus, I argue that knowing in regard to absence sheds light on the theoretical bind of object-centred versus subject-centred approaches.
Profiling of secondary metabolites in blue lupin inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi following phosphite treatment
Authors: Gunning Tiffany K. , Conlan Xavier A. , Parker Rhiannon M. , Dyson Gail A. , Adams Mike J. , Barnett Neil W. , Cahill David M.
Published: June 2013

In order to discover phytochemicals that are potentially bioactive against Phytophthora cinnamomi, (a soil-borne plant pathogen) a metabolite profiling protocol for investigation of metabolic changes in Lupinus angustifolius L. plant roots in response to pathogen challenge has been established. Analysis of the metabolic profiles from healthy and P. cinnamomi-inoculated root tissue with high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that although susceptible, L. angustifolius upregulated a defence associated genistein and 2′-hydroxygenistein-based isoflavonoid and a soyasapogenol saponin at 12 h post inoculation which increased in concentration at 72 h post inoculation. In contrast to the typical susceptible interaction, the application of a phosphorous-based treatment to L. angustifolius foliage 48 h before P. cinnamomi challenge negated the ability of the pathogen to colonise the root tissue and cause disease. Importantly, although the root profiles of water-treated and phosphite-treated plants post pathogen inoculation contained the same secondary metabolites, concentration variations were observed. Accumulation of secondary metabolites within the P. cinnamomi-inoculated plants confirms that pathogen ingress of the root interstitially occurs in phosphite-treated plants, confirming a direct mode of action against the pathogen upon breaching the root cells.
Cluster analysis reveals a binary effect of storage on boar sperm motility function
Authors: Henning Heiko , Petrunkina Anna M. , Harrison Robin A. P. , Waberski Dagmar
Published: June 2013

Storage of liquid-preserved boar spermatozoa is associated with a loss of fertilising ability of the preserved spermatozoa, which standard semen parameters barely reflect. Monitoring responses to molecular effectors of sperm function (e.g. bicarbonate) has proven to be a more sensitive approach to investigating storage effects. Bicarbonate not only initiates capacitation in spermatozoa, but also induces motility activation. This occurs at ejaculation, but also happens throughout passage through the oviduct. In the present study we tested whether the specific response of boar sperm subpopulations to bicarbonate, as assessed by motility activation, is altered with the duration of storage in vitro. Three ejaculates from each of seven boars were diluted in Beltsville thawing solution and stored at 17°C. Only minor changes in the parameters of diluted semen were revealed over a period of 72 h storage. For assessment of bicarbonate responses, subsamples of diluted spermatozoa were centrifuged through a discontinuous Percoll gradient after 12, 24 and 72 h storage. Subsequently, spermatozoa were incubated in two Ca2+-free variants of Tyrode’s medium either without (TyrControl) or with (TyrBic) 15 mM bicarbonate, and computer-aided sperm analysis motility measurements were made. Cluster analysis of imaging data from motile spermatozoa revealed the presence of five major sperm subpopulations with distinct motility characteristics, differing between TyrBic and TyrControl at any given time (P < 0.001). Although there was an increasing loss of motility function in both media, bicarbonate induced an increase in a ‘fast linear’ cohort of spermatozoa in TyrBic regardless of storage (66.4% at 12 h and 63.9% at 72 h). These results imply a binary pattern in response of sperm motility function descriptors to storage: although the quantitative descriptor (percentage of motile spermatozoa) declines in washed semen samples, the qualitative descriptor (percentage of spermatozoa stimulated into fast linear motion by bicarbonate) is sustained independent of the duration of storage.
An MLL-dependent network sustains hematopoiesis
Authors: Artinger Erika L. , Mishra Bibhu P. , Zaffuto Kristin M. , Li Bin E. , Chung Elaine K. Y. , Moore Adrian W. , Chen Yufei , Cheng Chao , Ernst Patricia
Published: June 2013

The histone methyltransferase Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) is essential to maintain hematopoietic stem cells and is a leukemia protooncogene. Although clustered homeobox genes are well-characterized targets of MLL and MLL fusion oncoproteins, the range of
Mll
-regulated genes in normal hematopoietic cells remains unknown. Here, we identify and characterize part of the
Mll
-dependent transcriptional network in hematopoietic stem cells with an integrated approach by using conditional loss-of-function models, genomewide expression analyses, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and functional rescue assays. The
Mll
-dependent transcriptional network extends well beyond the previously appreciated
Hox
targets, is comprised of many characterized regulators of self-renewal, and contains target genes that are both dependent and independent of the MLL cofactor, Menin. Interestingly, PR-domain containing 16 emerged as a target gene that is uniquely effective at partially rescuing
Mll
-deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This work highlights the tissue-specific nature of regulatory networks under the control of MLL/Trithorax family members and provides insight into the distinctions between the participation of MLL in normal hematopoiesis and in leukemia.
Selection of human tissue-specific elementary flux modes using gene expression data
Authors: Rezola Alberto , Pey Jon , de Figueiredo Luis F. , Podhorski Adam , Schuster Stefan , Rubio Angel , Planes Francisco J.
Published: June 2013

Motivation: The analysis of high-throughput molecular data in the context of metabolic pathways is essential to uncover their underlying functional structure. Among different metabolic pathway concepts in systems biology, elementary flux modes (EFMs) hold a predominant place, as they naturally capture the complexity and plasticity of cellular metabolism and go beyond predefined metabolic maps. However, their use to interpret high-throughput data has been limited so far, mainly because their computation in genome-scale metabolic networks has been unfeasible. To face this issue, different optimization-based techniques have been recently introduced and their application to human metabolism is promising.

Results: In this article, we exploit and generalize the K-shortest EFM algorithm to determine a subset of EFMs in a human genome-scale metabolic network. This subset of EFMs involves a wide number of reported human metabolic pathways, as well as potential novel routes, and constitutes a valuable database where high-throughput data can be mapped and contextualized from a metabolic perspective. To illustrate this, we took expression data of 10 healthy human tissues from a previous study and predicted their characteristic EFMs based on enrichment analysis. We used a multivariate hypergeometric test and showed that it leads to more biologically meaningful results than standard hypergeometric. Finally, a biological discussion on the characteristic EFMs obtained in liver is conducted, finding a high level of agreement when compared with the literature.

Contact:  fplanes@tecnun.es or arubio@ceit.es

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Automated design of paralogue ratio test assays for the accurate and rapid typing of copy number variation
Authors: Veal Colin D. , Xu Hang , Reekie Katherine , Free Robert , Hardwick Robert J. , McVey David , Brookes Anthony J. , Hollox Edward J. , Talbot Christopher J.
Published: June 2013

Motivation: Genomic copy number variation (CNV) can influence susceptibility to common diseases. High-throughput measurement of gene copy number on large numbers of samples is a challenging, yet critical, stage in confirming observations from sequencing or array Comparative Genome Hybridization (CGH). The paralogue ratio test (PRT) is a simple, cost-effective method of accurately determining copy number by quantifying the amplification ratio between a target and reference amplicon. PRT has been successfully applied to several studies analyzing common CNV. However, its use has not been widespread because of difficulties in assay design.

Results: We present PRTPrimer (www.prtprimer.org) software for automated PRT assay design. In addition to stand-alone software, the web site includes a database of pre-designed assays for the human genome at an average spacing of 6 kb and a web interface for custom assay design. Other reference genomes can also be analyzed through local installation of the software. The usefulness of PRTPrimer was tested within known CNV, and showed reproducible quantification. This software and database provide assays that can rapidly genotype CNV, cost-effectively, on a large number of samples and will enable the widespread adoption of PRT.

Availability: PRTPrimer is available in two forms: a Perl script (version 5.14 and higher) that can be run from the command line on Linux systems and as a service on the PRTPrimer web site (www.prtprimer.org).

Contact:  cjt14@le.ac.uk

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inference on periodicity of circadian time series
Authors: Costa Maria J. , Finkenstädt Bärbel , Roche Véronique , Lévi Francis , Gould Peter D. , Foreman Julia , Halliday Karen , Hall Anthony , Rand David A.
Published: June 2013

Estimation of the period length of time-course data from cyclical biological processes, such as those driven by the circadian pacemaker, is crucial for inferring the properties of the biological clock found in many living organisms. We propose a methodology for period estimation based on spectrum resampling (SR) techniques. Simulation studies show that SR is superior and more robust to non-sinusoidal and noisy cycles than a currently used routine based on Fourier approximations. In addition, a simple fit to the oscillations using linear least squares is available, together with a non-parametric test for detecting changes in period length which allows for period estimates with different variances, as frequently encountered in practice. The proposed methods are motivated by and applied to various data examples from chronobiology.
Germinated Brown Rice Enhances Antioxidant Activities and Immune Functions in Aged Mice
Authors: Wu Fengfeng , Chen Haiying , Yang Na , Duan Xiang , Jin Zhengyu , Xu Xueming
Published: June 2013

The present work was designed to obtain information on the effect of germinated brown rice (GBR) that has undergone different germination times (zero, one, two, three, and four days) on antioxidant activities and immune functions in aged mice. White rice (WR) was also investigated as a comparison. Chemical analysis of rice samples showed that the amounts of most nutritional and bioactive components increased significantly after two days of germination and were much higher in GBR and brown rice (BR) than in WR. Animal feeding experiments showed that dietary GBR and BR performed much better than WR in enhancing antioxidant activities and improving immune function in aged mice, and dietary GBR from three to four days of germination overall exhibited a better effect than GBR from zero to two days of germination.
Diverse Amino Acid Changes at Specific Positions in the N-Terminal Region of the Coat Protein Allow Plum pox virus to Adapt to New Hosts
Authors: Carbonell Alberto , Maliogka Varvara I. , Pérez José de Jesús , Salvador Beatriz , León David San , García Juan Antonio , Simón-Mateo Carmen
Published: June 2013

Plum pox virus (PPV)-D and PPV-R are two isolates from strain D of PPV that differ in host specificity. Previous analyses of chimeras originating from PPV-R and PPV-D suggested that the N terminus of the coat protein (CP) includes host-specific pathogenicity determinants. Here, these determinants were mapped precisely by analyzing the infectivity in herbaceous and woody species of chimeras containing a fragment of the 3′ region of PPV-D (including the region coding for the CP) in a PPV-R backbone. These chimeras were not infectious in Prunus persica, but systemically infected Nicotiana clevelandii and N. benthamiana when specific amino acids were modified or deleted in a short 30-amino-acid region of the N terminus of the CP. Most of these mutations did not reduce PPV fitness in Prunus spp. although others impaired systemic infection in this host. We propose a model in which the N terminus of the CP, highly relevant for virus systemic movement, is targeted by a host defense mechanism in Nicotiana spp. Mutations in this short region allow PPV to overcome the defense response in this host but can compromise the efficiency of PPV systemic movement in other hosts such as Prunus spp.
Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS D Is Required for Systemic Acquired Resistance
Authors: Singh Vijayata , Roy Shweta , Giri Mrunmay Kumar , Chaturvedi Ratnesh , Chowdhury Zulkarnain , Shah Jyoti , Nandi Ashis Kumar
Published: June 2013

Localized infection in plants often induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides long-term protection against subsequent infections. A signal originating in the SAR-inducing organ is transported to the distal organs, where it stimulates salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and priming, a mechanism that results in more robust activation of defenses in response to subsequent pathogen infection. In recent years, several metabolites that promote long-distance SAR signaling have been identified. However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to the SAR signals are largely obscure. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, the FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) is required for responding to the SAR signals leading to the systemic accumulation of SA and enhancement of disease resistance. Although the fld mutant was competent in accumulating the SAR-inducing signal, it was unable to respond to the SAR signal that accumulates in petiole exudates of wild-type leaves inoculated with a SAR-inducing pathogen. Supporting FLD's role in systemic SAR signaling, we observed that dehydroabietinal and azelaic acid, two metabolites that, in wild-type plants, promote SAR-associated systemic accumulation of SA and priming, respectively, were unable to promote SAR in the fld mutant. FLD also participates in flowering, where it functions to repress expression of the flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). However, epistasis analysis indicates that FLD's function in SAR is independent of FLC.
Variants of Triticum mosaic virus Isolated From Wheat in Colorado Show Divergent Biological Behavior
Authors: Seifers Dallas L. , Tatineni Satyanarayana , French Roy
Published: June 2013

Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) is a recently discovered virus infecting wheat. We compared Colorado isolates C10-492 and C11-775 with the 06-123 isolate. Comparisons were made using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), infectivity assay, host range, dry weight (DW), inoculation of ‘Mace’ wheat with temperature-sensitive resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus, and the deduced amino acid sequence of the coat proteins (CP) and P1 proteins. Both C10-492 and C11-775 infected ‘Gallatin’ barley and, when compared with 06-123, had significantly reduced ELISA values and virus titers in wheat. Both Colorado isolates caused symptomless infections in Mace, whereas 06-123 caused mosaic symptoms. The amino acid sequences of the CP differed by two and one amino acids for C10-492 and C11-775, respectively, compared with 06-123. The sequence of C10-492 differed from C11-775 by one amino acid. The P1 amino acid sequence of C10-492 and C11-775 differed from 06-123 by three and one amino acids, respectively. The C10-492 and C11-775 isolates reduced DW significantly in ‘Karl 92’ but significantly less than 06-123. In ‘2317’ wheat, the Colorado isolates did not consistently cause significant reduction in DW, while 06-123 did. The data collectively indicate that C10-492 and C11-775 are isolates of TriMV showing biological behavior diverse from that of 06-123.
Temperature-Sensitive Resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus in CO960333 and KS06HW79 Wheat
Authors: Seifers D. L. , Martin T. J. , Haber S.
Published: June 2013

Temperature-sensitive resistance (TSR) that can protect against losses to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) has been described in elite wheat germplasm. A TSR identified in the advanced breeding line CO960333 and its derivative KS06HW79 was examined in growth-chamber tests conducted under constant temperature regimes of 18, 21, and 24°C against an array of WSMV isolates. At 18°C, all tested isolates systemically infected the pedigree parents, while the progeny line CO960333 remained free of symptoms; at 24°C, all lines were susceptible. At the intermediate temperature of 21°C, the TSR of KS06HW79 was effective in contrast to the TSRs of KS03HW12 and ‘RonL’. In field trials conducted in 2011 and 2012, the TSR expressed in KS06HW79 conferred complete protection against yield losses from inoculation with the Sidney 81 isolate of WSMV, while the TSR of RonL conferred similar protection in 2012 but allowed small losses in 2011. The resistance expressed by KS06HW79 is likely not due to the Wsm1 gene because it did not contain the tightly linked J15 sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) DNA marker. These findings suggest that KS06HW79 could be an additional TSR source of value to wheat-breeding programs seeking to control losses from WSMV.
Population Dynamics of Aerial and Terrestrial Populations ofPhytophthora ramorumin a California Forest Under Different Climatic Conditions
Authors: Eyre C. A. , Kozanitas M. , Garbelotto M.
Published: June 2013

Limited information is available on how soil and leaf populations of the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, may differ in their response to changing weather conditions, and their corresponding role in initiating the next disease cycle after unfavorable weather conditions. We sampled and cultured from 425 trees in six sites, three times at the end of a 3-year-long drought and twice during a wet year that followed. Soil was also sampled twice with similar frequency and design used for sampling leaves. Ten microsatellites were used for genetic analyses on cultures from successful isolations. Results demonstrated that incidence of leaf infection tripled at the onset of the first wet period in 3 years in spring 2010, while that of soil populations remained unchanged. Migration of genotypes among sites was low and spatially limited under dry periods but intensity and range of migration of genotypes significantly increased for leaf populations during wet periods. Only leaf genotypes persisted significantly between years, and genotypes present in different substrates distributed differently in soil and leaves. We conclude that epidemics start rapidly at the onset of favorable climatic conditions through highly transmissible leaf genotypes, and that soil populations are transient and may be less epidemiologically relevant than previously thought.
Psychosocial Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents With Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Harris Rachel F. , Menard‐Katcher Calies , Atkins Dan , Furuta Glenn T. , Klinnert Mary D.
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Children with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) experience daily challenges related to coping with symptoms and the psychosocial effect of this chronic disease. The aim of this study was to identify features of psychosocial dysfunction experienced by children with EoE who were evaluated in a tertiary care program.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of EoE patients and their families' psychosocial evaluations performed in a tertiary care EoE program. Consecutive evaluations were analyzed to document reports of patients' disease‐related pain/discomfort; feeding/appetite symptoms; sleep, social, and school problems; depression, anxiety; and overall psychological adjustment.

Results:

Sixty‐four patients received psychosocial evaluation during an 18‐month period and were analyzed. Sixty‐nine percent of children evaluated experienced some form of psychosocial problems, including social difficulties (64%), anxiety (41%), sleep difficulties (33%), depression (28%), and school problems (26%). Adjustment problems were identified in 44% of the sample. Older children experienced more adjustment difficulties than younger children (P = 0.05). Sleep disturbances and feeding problems predominated in the younger children. Anxious behavior and depressive feelings increased with age. Children with gastrostomy tubes (G‐tubes) had more social, school, and psychological adjustment problems than those without.

Conclusions:

The majority of children with EoE who underwent health and behavior evaluation in a tertiary care program experienced psychosocial adjustment and coping problems. Evaluation and management by mental health professionals would likely benefit a majority of patients with this chronic disease.
Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Frozen Storage on Macronutrients and Energy Content of Breast Milk
Authors: García‐Lara Nadia Raquel , Vieco Diana Escuder , De la Cruz‐Bértolo Javier , Lora‐Pablos David , Velasco Noelia Ureta , Pallás‐Alonso Carmen Rosa
Published: June 2013

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Holder pasteurization and frozen storage at −20°C after pasteurization on fat, total nitrogen, lactose, and energy content of breast milk. Both procedures are routinely practiced in human milk banks.

Methods:

A total of 34 samples of frozen breast milk, donated by 28 women, were collected. Once thawed, an aliquot of each sample was analyzed before pasteurization; the remaining milk was pasteurized (Holder method) and split into 8 aliquots. One aliquot was analyzed after pasteurization and the remainder frozen at −20°C and analyzed 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days later. For every aliquot, fat, total nitrogen, lactose, and energy content were determined using the device human Milk Analyzer.

Results:

We observed a significant reduction in fat (3.5%; −0.17 (−0.29; −0.04) g/dL) and energy content (2.8%; −2.03 (−3.60; −0.46) g/dL) after pasteurization. A significant decrease over time was observed for fat, lactose and energy content. No significant changes were observed for nitrogen content. Mean differences between day 0 postpasteurization and day 180 were −0.13 (−0.21; −0.06) g/dL for fat, −0.08 (−0.13; −0.03) g/dL for lactose, and −1.55 (−2.38; −0.71) kcal/dL for energy content. The relative decreases were 2.8%, 1.7%, and 2.2%, respectively. Overall (postpasteurization + frozen storage), a 6.2% and 5% decrease were observed for fat and energy, respectively.

Conclusions:

Holder pasteurization decreased fat and energy content of human milk. Frozen storage at −20°C of pasteurized milk significantly reduced fat, lactose, and energy content of human milk.
Two solvatomorphic forms of a copper complex formulated as Cu(L1)(ClO4)2·1.2H2O and Cu(L1)(ClO4)2, whereL1is 3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane
Authors: Nath Babul Chandra , Suarez Sebastián , Doctorovich Fabio , Roy Tapashi G. , Baggio Ricardo
Published: June 2013

Two copper complex solvatomorphs, namely (3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)bis(perchlorato-κO)copper(II) 1.2-hydrate, [Cu(ClO4)2(C18H40N4)]·1.2H2O, (I), and (3,10-C-meso-3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14-octamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)bis(perchlorato-κO)copper(II), [Cu(ClO4)2(C18H40N4)], (II), are described and compared with each other and with a third, already reported, anhydrous diastereomer, denoted (III). Both compounds present very similar centrosymmetic coordination environments, with the CuIIcation lying on an inversion centre in a distorted 4+2 octahedral environment, defined by the macrocyclic N4group in the equatorial sites and two perchlorate groups intrans-axial positions [one of the perchlorate ligands in (I) is partially disordered]. The most significant difference in molecular shape is seen in the orientation of the perchlorate anions, and the influence of this on the intramolecular hydrogen bonding is discussed. The (partially) hydrated state of (I) favours the formation of chains along [011], while the anhydrous character of (II) and (III) promotes loosely bound structures with low packing indices.
Bridging behaviour of the 2-thiobarbiturate anion in its complexes with LiIand NaI
Authors: Golovnev Nikolay , Molokeev Maxim
Published: June 2013

The structures of the LiIand NaIsalts of 2-thiobarbituric acid (2-sulfanylidene-1-3-diazinane-4,6-dione, H2TBA) have been studied. μ-Aqua-octaaquabis(μ-2-thiobarbiturato-κ2O:O′)bis(2-thiobarbiturato-κO)tetralithium(I) dihydrate, [Li4(C4H3N2O2S)4(H2O)9]·2H2O, (I), crystallizes with four symmetry-independent four-coordinated LiIcations and four independent HTBA−anions. The structure contains two structurally non-equivalent LiIcations and two non-equivalent HTBA−anions (bridging and terminal). Eight of the coordinated water ligands are terminal and the ninth acts as a bridge between LiIcations. Discrete [Li4(HTBA)4(H2O)9]·2H2O complexes form two-dimensional layers. Neighbouring layers are connectedviahydrogen-bonding interactions, resulting in a three-dimensional network. Poly[μ2-aqua-tetraaqua(μ4-2-thiobarbiturato-κ4O:O:S:S)(μ2-thiobarbiturato-κ2O:S)disodium(I)], [Na2(C4H3N2O2S)2(H2O)5]n, (II), crystallizes with six-coordinated NaIcations. The octahedra are pairwise connected through edge-sharing by a water O atom and an O atom from the μ4-HTBA−ligand, and these pairs are further top-shared by the S atoms to form continuous chains along theadirection. Two independent HTBA−ligands integrate the chains to give a three-dimensional network.
Three new olanzapine structures: the acetic acid monosolvate, and the propan-2-ol and propan-2-one hemisolvate monohydrates
Authors: Bojarska Joanna , Maniukiewicz Waldemar , Sieroń Lesław
Published: June 2013

The crystal structures of three new solvates of olanzapine [systematic name: 2-methyl-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine], namely olanzapine acetic acid monosolvate, C17H20N4S·C2H4O2, (I), olanzapine propan-2-ol hemisolvate monohydrate, C17H20N4S·0.5C3H8O·H2O, (II), and olanzapine propan-2-one hemisolvate monohydrate, C17H20N4S·0.5C3H6O·H2O, (III), are presented and compared with other known olanzapine forms. There is a fairly close resemblance of the molecular conformation for all studied analogues. The crystal structures are built up through olanzapine dimers, which are characterizedviaC—H...π interactions between the aliphatic fragment (1-methylpiperazin-4-yl) and the aromatic fragment (benzene system). All solvent (guest) molecules participate in hydrogen-bonding networks. The crystal packing is sustainedviaintermolecular Nhost—H...Oguest, Oguest—H...Nhost, Oguest—H...Oguestand Chost—H...Oguesthydrogen bonds. It should be noted that the solvent propan-2-ol in (II) and propan-2-one in (III) show orientational disorder. The propan-2-ol molecule lies close to a twofold axis, while the propan-2-one molecule resides strictly on a twofold axis through the carbonyl C atom. In both cases, the water molecules present positional disorder of the H atoms.
A tubular one-dimensional polymer constructed from alternating clusters of europium(III)–water and copper(I) chloride bridged by 4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate
Authors: Cao Gao-Juan , Li Qing-Lu , Rong Cheng , Wang Yu-Lin
Published: June 2013

A new 3d–4fheterometallic polymer, poly[[aqua-μ3-chlorido-[μ3-4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoato]tris[μ2-4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoato]dicopper(I)erbium(III)] dihydrate], {[Cu2Er(C12H8NO2)4Cl(H2O)]·2H2O}n, was synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of Er2O3, CuCl2·2H2O and 4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoic acid in the presence of HClO4. The asymmetric unit contains one Er3+cation, two Cu+cations, one Cl−anion, four deprotonated 4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate ligands, one coordinated aqua ligand and two solvent water molecules. This tubular one-dimensional polymer is constructed from alternating clusters of europium(III)–water and copper(I) chloride bridged by 4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoate ligands. Extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions involving both the coordinated and the solvent water molecules provide further stabilization to the structure.
The link between host density and egg production in a parasitoid insect: comparison between agricultural and natural habitats
Authors: Segoli Michal , Rosenheim Jay A.
Published: June 2013

Theory predicts that organisms should invest more heavily in overcoming factors that more frequently emerge as the primary constraints to fitness, and especially, those factors that constrain the fitness of the most highly reproductive members of the population.

We tested the hypothesis that the fecundity of a pro‐ovigenic parasitoid (where females emerge with their full egg load) should be positively correlated with the mean expectation for oviposition opportunities in the environment. More specifically, we tested whether females from agricultural systems, where hosts are often relatively abundant, emerge with more eggs than those from natural habitats.

We studied the pro‐ovigenic parasitoid waspAnagrus daanei, which parasitizes eggs of leafhoppers of the genusErythroneura.Erythroneuraspp. leafhoppers feed onVitisspp. (grapes) and are major pests of commercial vineyards as well as common herbivores of wildVitis californica, which grows in riparian habitats. We sampled leafhoppers and parasitoids from eight vineyards and eight riparian habitats in centralCalifornia.

We found that leafhopper density was higher at vineyards than in riparian habitats, whereas leafhopper egg volume and parasitoid body size did not differ among these habitat types. Parasitoids from vineyards had higher egg loads than parasitoids from wild grapes, and fecundity was positively related to host density across field sites. Parasitoid egg volume was larger in natural sites; however, this variation was not significantly correlated with host density across field sites. Within a single population of parasitoids collected from a vineyard, parasitoid egg load was negatively correlated with longevity, suggesting a trade‐off between reproduction and life span.

The results may be explained by a rapid evolution of reproductive traits in response to oviposition opportunities; or alternatively, by the occurrence of maternal effects on the fecundity of daughters based on the foraging experience of their mothers.

The ability of parasitoid fecundity to track mean host availability is likely to modulate the likelihood that parasitoid fitness will be constrained by a shortage of eggs and strengthen the ability of parasitoids to suppress the population densities of their hosts.
Climatic stress mediates the impacts of herbivory on plant population structure and components of individual fitness
Authors: Louthan Allison M. , Doak Daniel F. , Goheen Jacob R. , Palmer Todd M. , Pringle Robert M.
Published: June 2013

Past studies have shown that the strength of top‐down herbivore control on plant physiological performance, abundance and distribution patterns can shift with abiotic stress, but it is still unclear whether herbivores generally exert stronger effects on plants in stressful or in nonstressful environments.

One hypothesis suggests that herbivores' effects on plant biomass and fitness should be strongest in stressful areas, because stressed plants are less able to compensate for herbivore damage. Alternatively, herbivores may reduce plant biomass and fitness more substantially in nonstressful areas, either because plant growth rates in the absence of herbivory are higher and/or because herbivores are more abundant and diverse in nonstressful areas.

We test these predictions of where herbivores should exert stronger effects by measuring individual performance, population size structure and densities of a common subshrub,Hibiscus meyeri, in a large‐scale herbivore exclosure experiment arrayed across an aridity gradient in East Africa.

We find support for both predictions, with herbivores exerting stronger effects on individual‐level performance in arid (stressful) areas, but exerting stronger effects on population size structure and abundance in mesic (nonstressful) areas. We suggest that this discrepancy arises from higher potential growth rates in mesic areas, where alleviation of herbivory leads to substantially more growth and thus large changes in population size structure. Differences in herbivore abundance do not appear to contribute to our results.

Synthesis. Our work suggests that understanding the multiple facets of plant response to herbivores (e.g. both individual performance and abundance) may be necessary to predict how plant species' abundance and distribution patterns will shift in response to changing climate and herbivore numbers.
Linking litter decomposition of above‐ and below‐ground organs to plant–soil feedbacks worldwide
Authors: Freschet Grégoire T. , Cornwell William K. , Wardle David A. , Elumeeva Tatyana G. , Liu Wendan , Jackson Benjamin G. , Onipchenko Vladimir G. , Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. , Tao Jianping , Cornelissen Johannes H.C.
Published: June 2013

Conceptual frameworks relating plant traits to ecosystem processes such as organic matter dynamics are progressively moving from a leaf‐centred to a whole‐plant perspective. Through the use of meta‐analysis and global literature data, we quantified the relative roles of litters from above‐ and below‐ground plant organs in ecosystem labile organic matter dynamics.

We found that decomposition rates of leaves, fine roots and fine stems were coordinated across species worldwide although less strongly within ecosystems. We also show that fine roots and stems had lower decomposition rates relative to leaves, with large differences between woody and herbaceous species. Further, we estimated that on average below‐ground litter represents approximately 33 and 48% of annual litter inputs in grasslands and forests, respectively.

These results suggest a major role for below‐ground litter as a driver of ecosystem organic matter dynamics. We also suggest that, given that fine stem and fine root litters decompose approximately 1.5 and 2.8 times slower, respectively, than leaf litter derived from the same species, cycling of labile organic matter is likely to be much slower than predicted by data from leaf litter decomposition only.

Synthesis. Our results provide evidence that within ecosystems, the relative inputs of above‐ versus below‐ground litter strongly control the overall quality of the litter entering the decomposition system. This in turn determines soil labile organic matter dynamics and associated nutrient release in the ecosystem, which potentially feeds back to the mineral nutrition of plants and therefore plant trait values and plant community composition.
Rare species advantage? Richness of damage types due to natural enemies increases with species abundance in a wet tropical forest
Authors: Bachelot Bénédicte , Kobe Richard K.
Published: June 2013

The Janzen–Connell hypothesis (JC) is one potential mechanism to explain the maintenance of high alpha diversity of tree species in tropical forests, operating through differential pressure by natural enemies.

We proposed that this differing pressure could arise from the richness of damage types due to natural enemies (RDNE). Following a community compensatory trend (CCT), we hypothesized greater RDNE on common species than on rare species.

We evaluated this novel interpretation of the JC by assessing damage patterns on leaves, as a proxy for natural enemy species in 44 tree species. We first evaluated which abiotic and biotic factors affect RDNE. Then, we tested whether increasing RDNE leads to an increasing amount of foliar damage.

We found that RDNE

Was affected by biotic environments: RDNE increased with mean seedling species abundance. RDNE was higher on species occurring near more closely related neighbours.

Was not impacted by abiotic factors. Yet, seedlings of shade‐tolerant species hosted a higher RDNE than seedlings of shade‐intolerant species.

Was positively correlated with amount of foliar damage at the species level.

Finally, we tested whether RDNE increased seedling mortality risk. We found that

Foliar damage, species abundance and RDNE2 increased mortality risk.

Richness of damage types due to natural enemies linearly decreased mortality risk more strongly than RDNE2 increased it.

Seedling age decreased mortality risk.

Synthesis. The richness of damage types due to natural enemies increased with abundance of the host species, suggesting an important role of enemy diversity in the maintenance of tree diversity. Supporting a novel interpretation of the Janzen–Connell hypothesis, we found a greater mortality risk with increasing RDNE2, but not with increasing RDNE. There was a stronger negative linear effect of RDNE on mortality risk. Rare species with low RDNE as well as species with very high RDNE suffered greater mortality than species hosting intermediate RDNE, reinforcing the complexity of the effect of multiple enemies on prey.
The Critical Mass Marker Approach: Female Quotas and Social Justice
Authors: Browne Jude
Published: June 2013

In this article I explore the theoretical and policy implications of direct state intervention into the constitution of corporate boards as a means to addressing institutional gender injustice. I consider the work of three prominent thinkers on affirmative action and institutional injustice, Ronald Dworkin, Anne Phillips and Iris Marion Young, and present an argument in favour of a specific form of state-administered female quota model which I shall call the Critical Mass Marker approach. I argue that this is a more refined and effective approach to institutional gender injustice than current affirmative action models.
Reclaiming Feminist Futures: Co-Opted and Progressive Politics in a Neo-Liberal Age
Authors: Eschle Catherine , Maiguashca Bice
Published: June 2013

This article engages with the influential narrative about the co-optation of feminism in conditions of neo-liberalism put forward by prominent feminist thinkers Nancy Fraser, Hester Eisenstein and Angela McRobbie. After drawing out the twin visions of ‘progressive’ feminist politics that undergird this narrative – couched in terms of either the retrieval of past socialist feminist glories or personal reinvention – we subject to critical scrutiny both their substantive claims and the conceptual scaffolding they invoke. We argue that the proleptic imaginings of all three authors, in different ways, are highly circumscribed in terms of the recommended agent, agenda and practices of progressive politics, and clouded by conceptual muddle over the meanings of left’, ‘radical’ and ‘progressive’. Taken together, these problems render the conclusions of Fraser, Eisenstein and McRobbie at best unconvincing and at worst dismissive of contemporary feminist efforts to challenge neo-liberalism. We end the article by disentangling and redefining left, radical and progressive and by sketching a contrasting vision of progressive feminist politics enabled by this re-conceptualisation.
Does Auditor Industry Specialization Improve Audit Quality?
Authors: MINUTTI‐MEZA MIGUEL
Published: June 2013

This study examines whether auditor industry specialization, measured using the auditor's within‐industry market share, improves audit quality and results in a fee premium. After matching clients of specialist and nonspecialist auditors on a number of dimensions, as well as only on industry and size, there is no evidence of differences in commonly used audit‐quality proxies between these two groups of auditors. Moreover, there is no consistent evidence of a specialist fee premium. The matched sample results are confirmed by including client fixed effects in the main models, examining a sample of clients that switched auditors, and using an alternative proxy that aims to capture the auditor's industry knowledge. The combined evidence in this study suggests that the auditor's within‐industry market share is not a reliable indicator of audit quality. Nevertheless, these findings do not imply that industry knowledge is not important for auditors, but that the methodology used in extant archival studies to examine this issue does not fully parse out the effects of auditor industry specialization from client characteristics.
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and adipogenic genes are associated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Korean cattle
Authors: Jeong J. Y. , Kim J. S. , Nguyen T. H. , Lee H. ‐J. , Baik M.
Published: June 2013

Intramuscular fat (IMF) is an important trait that influences beef quality. In two studies, we examined the possible involvement of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in IMF deposition in Korean cattle. In study 1, using a group of bulls and steers, we found that castration, a non‐genetic factor, decreased (P < 0.01) the expression of both the WNT10B and CTNNB1 genes, whereas it increased the expression of the Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled‐related proteins 4 (SFRP4, P < 0.001) and the adipogenic CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EPB), alpha (CEBPA, P < 0.001) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG, P < 0.05) genes in longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) tissue. The WNT10B and CTNNB1 mRNA levels showed strong (P < 0.001) negative correlations (r = −0.68 and r = −0.73 respectively) with the IMF content, whereas the SFRP4, CEBPA and PPARG mRNA levels showed strong (P < 0.01) positive correlations (r = 0.70, 0.70 and 0.64 respectively) with the IMF content. Large variation still exists in the IMF content of steers, implying that genetic factors affect IMF deposition. Using a different group of steers, a correlation analysis in study 2 also showed that the expression of the WNT10B and CTNNB1 genes, and SFRP4 and adipogenic genes was negatively and positively associated with the IMF content respectively. Our findings suggest that downregulation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway genes, but upregulation of Wnt antagonist SFRP4 and adipogenic gene expression following castration, contributes to increased IMF deposition in the LM. Our results demonstrate that both non‐genetic factors (castration) and genetic variation within the steer group affect the gene expression pattern of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.
Equine developmental orthopaedic diseases – a genome‐wide association study of first phalanx plantar osteochondral fragments inStandardbred trotters
Authors: Lykkjen S. , Dolvik N. I. , McCue M. E. , Rendahl A. K. , Mickelson J. R. , Røed K. H.
Published: June 2013

Palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments (POF) in fetlock joints commonly affect and influence the athletic performance of horses. In this study, we used the EquineSNP50 BeadChip®to perform a genome‐wide association study of metatarsophalangealPOFin 176 Norwegian Standardbred trotter yearlings. Putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) for medial and/or lateralPOF, and medialPOFonly were identified onECA1, 2, 7, 9 and 31, whereas for lateralPOF, only onECA7, 11, 27 and X. The moderate number ofQTLevidences a complex inheritance and suggests various genes controllingPOFdevelopment in medial and lateral locations.
Morphological changes in eosinophils are reliable markers of the severity of an acute asthma exacerbation in children
Authors: Muniz‐Junqueira M. I. , Barbosa‐Marques S. M. , Junqueira L. F.
Published: June 2013

Background

Early identification of the severity of asthma exacerbation would be helpful for the management of patients. We aimed to evaluate the correlation of morphological change in activated eosinophils and the severity of an asthma exacerbation.

Methods

Blood was collected from 55 asthmatic children: 40 of whom were having an exacerbation, 15 symptom‐free, and 15 healthy controls. The percentage of eosinophils with morphological changes (emission of single or multiple pseudopods, presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles, releasing a small, moderate, or large quantity of granules, spreading, eosinophil death, and presence of cluster of free eosinophil granules) was quantified after the adherence to a slide and compared using the Mann–Whitney test. The correlation between the severity of the asthma exacerbation and the percentage changed eosinophils was tested with Spearman's correlation.

Results

The proportion of activated eosinophils was higher in asthmatic symptom‐free children than in the control group, and acute asthma exacerbation produced an additional increase in eosinophil activation (P < 0.01). More significantly increased morphological changes were emissions of multiple pseudopods, presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles, spreading, and presence of a cluster of free eosinophil granules (P < 0.001). The following were correlated with the severity of an asthma exacerbation: ≥14% of eosinophils emitting single pseudopod, 8% emitting multiple pseudopods, 17% with vacuoles, 28% eosinophils releasing a large quantity of granules, and 66% of spread eosinophils.

Conclusions

Quantifying the morphological changes in eosinophils is a feasible, easy, and reliable manner to identify the severity of an asthma exacerbation and therefore might improve the clinical management of asthmatic children.