bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement in Extracurricular Activities and Overcoming High Levels of Communication Apprehension among Saudi EFL Majors
Authors: Alnaeem Lubna
Published: August 2021

This study attempted to examine the relationship between participation in extracurricular activities and levels of Communication Apprehension (CA) among English as a foreign language (EFL) students and explore the students’ perspectives of how extracurricular activities affect their communication skills. The study addressed the following two questions: a) what is the relationship between EFL students’ involvement in extracurricular activities and their level of Communication Apprehension?, b) What are the EFL students’ perspectives regarding the effect of extracurricular activities on their communication skills?. The participants were 40 EFL students among 80 who participated in extracurricular activities at the College of Languages and Translation at Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh. The participants were asked to complete a Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24) to examine their levels of CA as well as a questionnaire about their attitudes toward extracurricular activities. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 participants to explore their perspectives in depth. The findings showed that most participants had moderate levels of CA and that 100% of the participants agreed that participation in extracurricular activities helped them reduce CA and improve their communication skills. The study also showed that extracurricular activities were more helpful than classroom activities in improving communication skills. This study is significant in that it shed the light on the importance of involvement in extracurricular activities and their role in improving EFL students’ communication skills and lowering CA levels. Thus, it is recommended to encourage EFL students to participate in extracurricular activities and consider including such activities in course requirements and teaching materials.
Synchronous and Asynchronous English Writing Classes in the EFL Context: Students’ Practices and Benefits
Authors: Bin Dahmash Nada
Published: August 2021

Synchronous and asynchronous classes were implemented by universities around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) engaged in multiple practices when attending English writing classes in both modes. However, the practices they engaged in and the benefits they perceived were reportedly of limited benefit. This study asks: What are the practices of students that emerge during synchronous and asynchronous English writing classes? What are the benefits of synchronous and asynchronous English writing classes from the student’s perspective? Group and one-to-one interviews were conducted with twelve students majoring in computer science and information technology at a Saudi university. Thematic analysis revealed that students engage in practices including using the split view on iPads, opening additional windows to search for information, searching using smartphone apps, and writing notes and highlighting key concepts when attending English writing classes regardless of learning mode. It also revealed that synchronous classes offered students real-time communication and provided immediate feedback, while asynchronous classes allowed students to navigate the challenges of distance learning, complementing the synchronous English writing classes and providing students with a sense of security. This paper concludes by advising language teachers to record synchronous classes, raise students’ awareness of the benefits of attending both types of classes and encourage students to apply practices reported by previous students to maximize their English language learning.
Brain Hemisphericity and Saudi Students’ EFL Reading Comprehension
Authors: Almanea Manar
Published: August 2021

The present study is concerned with the relationship between brain hemisphericity and the reading comprehension of adult Saudi EFL learners. The tendency to rely on one side of the brain over the other can affect the degree of success in learning a foreign language as well as the appropriateness of learning and teaching strategies. A total of 122 Saudi university-level participated in the study. The first part of the study examines whether or not there are significant differences between the performance of right-brained learners, left-brained learners, whole-brained learners, whole-brained learners favoring right mode, and whole-brained learners favoring left mode in an EFL reading comprehension test. The EFL reading comprehension includes main idea questions, inferential questions, literal-meaning questions and text-bound questions. The Hemispheric Mode Indicator® is used to determine hemispheric preference of the participants. Findings revealed significant superiority of the performance of left-brained learners as compared to right-brained learners and whole-brained learners favoring right mode. This result suggests that even in a foreign language learned after childhood, the left-hemisphere seems to control brain activities dealing with language. In the second part of the study, participants were trained to use a visual tool (Mind Mapping ®) to summarize the information of the reading passage before answering a parallel reading comprehension test. Whole-brained learners favoring right mode, and right-brained learners were the two groups who benefited the most from the visual tool. This result was expected since the visual tool activates some right hemispheric functions. It is concluded that learners with different modes of hemisphericity learn in different ways.
Validating English Language Entrance Test at a Saudi University for Health Sciences
Authors: Jawhar Sabria , Makoshi Manal Al , Alhawsawi Sajjadllah , Alkushi Abdulmohsen
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to validate the English Language Entrance Test for King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science (hereafter KSAU-ET). It supports the argument regarding using specially designed in-house entrance tests at health universities by showcasing the test’s development, administration, and validation process. It presents a new framework for test validation that is informed by various existing frameworks such as Messick (1996), Sireci (1998) and, Weir (2005), with a specific focus on the notions of unitary and practicality. The proposed framework treats validity as a pre-, during, and post-test process that collects evidence from each phase to support the test’s overall validity. The data were collected using different tools and through the three stages of the validation process. The test was taken by 474 candidates who applied to join KSAU-HS Stream II medical program. The data confirmed that the test was reliable (alpha > 7) and reasonably meet the university’s needs to select the program’s top prospective candidates. Nevertheless, the study highlighted the importance of collecting further evidence in future studies and including more selection criteria in the regression model of analysis. Using this framework, the study contributes to the existing body of research that investigate English entrance test validation. It shows that exam validity is a context-sensitive process strongly associated with the purpose for which the exam is used. Finally, the paper discusses pedagogical implications that may help educators at health science universities develop in-house entrance tests in place of standardized tests, which often do not address context, curriculum, or program objectives.
Dynamic Assessment: A Complementary Method to Promote EFL Learning
Authors: Abdullateef Shifan Thaha , Muhammedzein Fatima
Published: August 2021

Although some assessment modes have proved successful, many learning problems encountered by low achieving learners need to be fixed by a more procedurally adequate remedial classroom assessment. Many EFL instructors adopt conventional and static modes of assessment rather than flexible and humanistic assessment modes. Hence, the study aims at examining how Dynamic Assessment that premises on Vygotsky’s ‘zone of proximal development and advocates mediation through good social setting and practice can enhance EFL language learning. Accordingly, 25 EFL students pursuing the first level of an undergraduate course at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, formed the experimental group for the writing task and 20 for the Reading task. Pre-test and post-test were administered based on Browns’ Interventionist Model for writing task and Feuerstein’s Interactionist model for Reading Comprehension. In addition, an online questionnaire was distributed to 43 university teachers from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University to elicit their opinion. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. The results show a significant relation between Dynamic Assessment and language learning. The implications of findings will be helpful in EFL classrooms and research.
The Predictive Ability of High School General Point Average, Standardized Test for English Proficiency, and Type of High School to Foresee the Academic Success of Saudi EFL Freshmen
Authors: Alotaibi Nayef
Published: August 2021

Although many studies have examined the ability of admission tests and High School General Point Averages to predict academic performance, they are not in agreement whether or not, these two measures are an entirely sufficient criterion to foretell college learning success. In addition, there seems to be a gap in the literature concerning using the type of high school (private or public) a student attends as a supportive measure to the two criteria mentioned above. This study tried to answer the research question, which is: to what extent can student’s high school point average, admission test, and the type of school he attended predict his academic performance? The research carries a considerable significance as it cast light on some factors that may foretell the academic success of a college student. The study investigated the predictive capability of students’ high school general averages, admission test, which is Standardized Test for English Proficiency, and student’s type of high school to predict freshmen’s academic success as defined by their college General Point Averages at the end of their first year. The present study utilized regression analysis to analyze the data of 100 students who finished their first year at the college of languages and translation, Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia. The study findings indicated that the admission test was the best predictor for students’ performance. In contrast, surprisingly, students’ HSGPAs and the type of school they attended had little significance in determining the attainment of college students. Thus, it is suggested that the entry test be considered an essential measure for admission to the Saudi college.
商武丁时期的“示屯”关系（约前1250—前1222） The Relations of “shi tun” (示屯) during the Reign of Wu-Ding of Shang (≈1250 B.C. - 1222 B.C.)
Authors: Xu Jinjing
Published: August 2021

[Sinologia Hispanica, China Studies Review,8, 1 (2019), pp. 39-62] In Annals of Spring and Autumn it is stated that: “State affairs are worship and military affairs.” The inscriptions on turtle shells and bones are records of the escapulimancia during the Shang dynasty (≈1600 BC - 1046 BC), and that covers all aspects of life and society. The “tun” (屯) is a unit of measurement used for the turtle shells and bones of the oracle during the Shang dynasty. A shell or a bone is “a pian (丿)”, and a pair is “a tun (屯)”. “Shi tun” (示屯) refers to the “offering of shells and prepared bones”, is one of the important sources of oracular bones. The organization and analysis of reception records in those bones allow us to get to know this dynasty of more than 3,000 years ago from a new perspective. In addition, we can also understand the social status of taxpayers and signatories, through comparisons with the content of otheroracular bones.
Krashen Revisited: Case Study of the Role of Input, Motivation and Identity in Second Language Learning
Authors: Bailey Francis , Fahad Ahmed Kadhum
Published: August 2021

Stephen Krashen has a long and enduring legacy in the field of second language acquisition. His “Input Hypothesis” was among the very first attempts to create a coherent theoretical account of second language learning. Krashen argued that learners can acquire language through the process of comprehending it. While elements of his model have been extensively critiqued, this idea has endured and offers teachers a clear mandate to provide learners with abundant opportunities to making meaning of the target language. Utilizing a case study of an English language learner, Krashen’s model is challenged and enriched by considering the role that motivation and identity play in learning. Teachers tapping into an important source of learner motivation, role models drawn from the local community or broader society, can inspire and energize students’ studies and help them visualize a life in which a second language plays a vital role. Building upon Krashen’s idea of the importance of language teachers and programs creating robust reading programs for a sustained engagement with second language print resources, the authors propose to expand his vision and include all manner of multimedia and technologies. However, such a program can only succeed if teachers mediate their learners’ social identities and motivations for sustained second language learning.
English Linguistic Competencies Formation through Specially Designed Border Guards’ Practical Training
Authors: Karpushyna Maiia , Bloshchynskyi Ihor , Shumylo Ivanna , Isaieva Ilona , Mysechko Olha
Published: August 2021

The current study inquires about the cadets’ practical training in their primary positions as interpreters/translators. The research is focused on efficient on-the-job training and its organizational procedures for the competence and competency-based approaches. The aim of the practical training of the cadets who study by Philology specialty is to apply English as a foreign language in service situations concerning language immersion and translating issues in the law-enforcement sphere. Needs analysis conducted by the Foreign Languages Department instructors testified to the great significance of the on-the-job training. The Academy’s graduates were interviewed to specify the duties and skills required for their job performance and reveal the gaps in the academic study of the cadets by Philology specialty. For this reason, practical training in linguistics was developed to bring theory and practice together, to improve and foreground the theoretical knowledge through true-to-life task completion. Competencies analysis was made concerning higher education standards by specialty 035 Philology for the first (Bachelor’s) level of higher education established by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, and the relevant ones were selected. Twenty-two cadets of the Academy have undergone practical training in their would-be primary positions. It is expected that the cadets will be provided with relevant experience in the position of an interpreter/translator of the Division of International Cooperation and Border Representative Work and get essential links to the content of the future service. The consequent research will concern the practical training results verification based on their defense presentation assessment.
The Use of Metadiscursive Markers in Letters of Recommendation: An Investigation of Gender Variations
Authors: Alotaibi Hmoud S.
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to investigate gender variations in letters of recommendation. It used the metadiscourse theory with respect to the following resources: hedges, boosters, attitude markers, engagement markers, and self-mentions. The findings showed that hedges devices were the least frequent in both groups, but at the same time were used more by males compared to female recommenders. Boosters, on the other hand, were highly frequent in both corpora and, like hedges, were employed more frequently in the male group. Interestingly, while both gender groups shared using specific hedging and boosting tokens, each gender group appeared to favor using certain devices. The attitude markers were the most frequent in the two samples and appeared more in the female group. Similarly, while both groups used specific attitude markers, each gender group seemed to use specific attitude markers. The engagement markers revealed the highest divergence between the two groups, as they appeared more frequently in female letters. Finally, both gender groups employed self-mentions equally, but female letters seemed to favor using the plural forms. The study closes with some pedagogical implications by highlighting how the theory of metadiscourse can be of importance for academics.
Service-learning in English as a Second Language Teacher Training Program: Exploring Pre- service Teachers’ Authentic Learning Experiences
Authors: Pazilah Fetylyana Nor , Hashim Harwati , Yunus Melor Md
Published: August 2021

As the world we live in has become more digitalized, challenges are occurring left and right, especially in the education field. In gaining quality teachers, there is a need to train future educators to have the ability to adapt to the ever-changing technology and global changes. However, pre-service teachers often seem unprepared and unable to adapt to changes. Hence, implementing service-learning in the teacher training program is vital as it provides the opportunity to engage and experience 21st-century real classroom lessons. Service-learning has also been proven to be an effective approach in training pre-service teachers. This paper aims to investigate the perceptions of pre-service teachers toward service-learning in terms of authentic learning experiences. It highlights how the implementation of service-learning approach in learning to teach writing in a second language context facilitates pre-service teachers in terms of authentic experience. A qualitative method was conducted to investigate the authentic learning experiences among 54 pre-service teachers in a public university in Malaysia. Data were collected through open-ended questions. Based on this study, the findings showed that the pre-service teachers could experience the real-life environment of teaching and learning and applying educational theories learned. They were also able to obtain hands-on experience in interacting with the students and marking their sample essays. It is hoped that future teachers and educational organizations can benefit from understanding the benefits of service-learning in teacher training programs. Future researchers could investigate the challenges of service-learning in teacher training programs.
Estudio sobre los términos de la cónyuge femenina en la dinastía Shang (ca. 1600 a.C. – 1046 a.C.)
Authors: Xu Jinjing
Published: August 2021

[Sinologia Hispanica, China Studies Review, 11, 2 (2020), pp. 79-100] Kinship is one of the most basic principles of society, based on marriage and blood, and as we all know, the kinship system in Chinese is the most complicated of the known languages, but the Shang Dynasty system (ca 1600 BC - 1046 BC) was very different from those of later generations and today. The Inscriptions on Shell and Bones is an important first-hand corpus to get closer to the Shang dynasty. Among the plates recovered, on the terms related to the meaning of “spouse”, find: 𥇛 (jū), 妻 (qī), 妾 (qiè), 妃 (fēi), 匕 (妣) (bǐ), 母 (mǔ), 帚 (妇) (fù), etc., most of which are still used during later generations, but it seems that their meaning is not exactly the same as later generations, even the meaning of some words is very different. Through the study of these terms of female spouses, in addition to being able to better understand the kinship system during that period of the shangs, we can also better understand the family and social status of women in that dynasty.
Iraqi Kurd EFL Learners’ Uses of Conjunctive Adverbials in Essays
Authors: Aziz Awder Raza , Nuri Rebaz Bahadeen Mohammed
Published: August 2021

The quality of any academic essay highly depends on cohesion and coherence since they affect the overall quality and the tone of the writing to a great extent. Conjunctive adverbials are among the types of devices which logically help linking sentences into paragraphs and paragraphs into essays. Conjunctive Adverbials ultimately affect the cohesion and coherence of any piece of writing. This paper investigates conjunctive adverbials in essays written by Iraqi Kurd EFL learners at the undergraduate level. It explicitly attempts to discover what specific conjunctive adverbials types are overused, underused, or misused and in what positions in sentences. A learner corpus of 50 complete essays was compiled for this study. The findings showed that the participants tended to use more sequential and additive conjunctive adverbials than adversative and causals. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the learners relied heavily on a limited number of conjunctive adverbials, mainly in the initial position. However, the conjunctive adverbial category affects its place in the sentence.
Development of Speaking Skills Assessment Criteria for Engineering Students
Authors: Kornieva Zoia , Vashchylo Olha
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the article is to put forward English monologue production assessment criteria to verify the efficiency of the devised methodology of teaching English for future mechanical engineers. In the course of the research, theoretical, empirical, and statistical methods have been used. Various approaches to identifying the assessment criteria have been thoroughly analyzed. Seven criteria to assess the monologue production skills, five primary and two secondary ones, have been suggested. The allocation of the points by every criterion according to the devised scales have been elucidated. The proposed assessment criteria were used in the methodological experiment that was held at Igor Sikorsky Kyiv National Technical University. The experiment in question aimed to verify the efficiency of the devised methodology of teaching English monologue production to students majoring in mechanical engineering. Three experimental groups, 34 students in total, studying in their final year of Bachelor studies within the Subject Areas of Applied Mechanics and Industrial Engineering, participated in the methodological experiment. The conducted experiment confirmed the efficiency of the methodology proposed.
Literary Characters and their Verbal Mimicry through the Prism of Gestalt Analysis
Authors: Morozova Iryna , Pozharytska Olena
Published: August 2021

The paper represents a fragment of a multi-year project focused on everyday speech interaction and, particularly, on verbal mechanisms of granting speech efficiency and effectiveness. The introductory statement of the research is more precise thespeaker organizes his/her message verbally, the easier it is understood by the listener. Special attention is paid to the methodological approach to verbal identification of literary characters’ social strata. The paper also elicits how Gestalt analysis can be successfully applied to different practical linguistic tasks. Hence, the article deals with the advantages of Gestalt, used for unmasking the virtual speaker’s social identity and his social status. Besides, a close study of speech situations has revealed some cases when the speaker tries to play a verbal trick on the audience, thus consciously or unconsciously imposing a false image and hiding his/her true identity. The phenomenon of speech imposters, discovered in literary dialogues termed “speech, or verbal mimicry,” while the speakers who use such verbal masks are called “mimics.” In the presented research, two types of mimicry are distinguished: progressive and regressive speech mimicry. Hence, the characters’ speech was analyzed through the prism of his/her actual or imposed social status, which allowed to single out sufficiently reliable syntactic indicators of the speaker’s real social profile.
The Interaction of Possible Worlds through the Prism of Cognitive Narratology
Authors: Andriivna Babelyuk Oksana , Vasylivna* Koliasa Olena , Matsevko-Bekerska Lidiia , Matuzkova Olena , Pavlenko Nina
Published: August 2021

The article deals with the analysis of literary narrative where a possible unreal fictional world and a possible real fictional world usually coexist. When the norms of life plausibility are consciously violated, the real and the unreal possible worlds are emphatically opposed. Hence, their certain aspects are depicted in a fantastically exaggerated form. The interaction of possible worlds in a literary narrative destroys the stereotypes of the reader’s perception. It can occur in different planes: structural (a shift of plot elements of the story, transformation, unusual, sharp turns of the borrowed plot, violations of a plotline); fictional (a combination of real and fantastic features in one image); temporal (violations of the chronological flow of time, a shift of time flow); spatial (expansion or contraction of space, magical spatial formations, displacements, deformations). By their nature, the interaction of different possible worlds can be continuous, partial, and fragmentary; resulting from their boundaries may overlap or be violated (entirely or partially). The continuous interaction of different possible worlds, destruction of their borders, although they do not disappear completely, make them largely blurred, interpenetrating each other. In the case of partial interaction of possible worlds, their boundaries intersect. In the case of fragmentary interaction of possible worlds, their common points are slightly visible, for example, only the borrowed title of a literary work or a character’s name, or a fantastic concrete event or a place of the event.
Investigating Competency‐Based Learning Implementation at the Northern Border University (NBU): A Descriptive Analytical Study
Authors: Hassanein Osama H. S.
Published: August 2021

Competency-Based Learning implementation has become a necessity at the Northern Border University (NBU), the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). However, there are still a lot of implementation challenges that need to be faced. In an attempt to overcome some of these challenges, this study conducted to identify the awareness level of competency-based learning among EFL faculty and to assess the extent to which faculty teaching practices, as well as EFL course descriptions, are supportive to competency-based learning at the NBU? The descriptive-analytical method was used in this study. The study sample included all faculty members (both male & female) teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at the NBU during the academic year 2020–2021. To achieve the objectives of this study, a self-report questionnaire was used to elicit information about NBU faculty awareness level of competency-based learning. The questionnaire was also used to assess faculty views regarding their teaching practices and regarding EFL course descriptions used. Descriptive statistics were used in the present study. Results showed that overall awareness level of competency-based learning among NBU faculty is medium. Results also showed that the teaching practices of EFL faculty at the NBU, concerning all elements of competency-based learning are generally low and do not support competency-based learning. Moreover, results showed that course descriptions used at the NBU do not support competency-based learning. In light of these results, educational implications and some recommendations for raising faculty awareness of competency-based learning and for competency-based course design were discussed.
The Role of Language Proficiency in Willingness to Communicate: A Case Study of Saudi EFL Learners
Authors: Alqurashi Hassan S. , Althubaiti Haitham A.
Published: August 2021

This study’s principal aim revolves around expanding comprehension of the facets affecting people’s readiness to use foreign languages. To achieve that, the study investigates the various elements of verbal interaction between undergraduate English as a Foreign Language learners and their instructors in the classroom. Linguistic skills are of particular interest, especially their connection to learners’ readiness to speak during classes. The research aims to answer the question ‘How does language proficiency affect the willingness to communicate among Saudi EFL students in the classroom?’ Qualitative data was gathered through the implementation of a triangulation strategy that incorporated focus-group discussions and individual interviews. Moreover, the research takes inspiration from the work of MacIntyre (1994) and MacIntyre and Charos (1996), who focused on learners’ readiness to speak as the conceptual basis for their studies. The study shows that learners exhibit an unwillingness to speak in EFL settings due to perceived linguistic inadequacies, a limited lexicon and concerns that they may make mistakes when attempting to speak English, which would, in turn, prompt further misunderstandings. The study concludes with recommendations for further studies in similar institutions to investigate other factors that may influence students’ willingness to communicate.
Teacher-Centered Approach Prevalence in Algerian Secondary-School EFL Classes: The Case of English Teachers and Learners in Mostaganem District
Authors: Baghoussi Meriem
Published: August 2021

Before implementing the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) in 2003, the Algerian educational system was based on traditional teaching methods that focused mainly on acquiring the knowledge about language delivered by the teacher and the amount of information the learner could accumulate to pass the exams. Although CBA has shifted the teacher’s role from a knowledge transmitter to a facilitator and the learner from a passive recipient to an active participant, the teacher-centered paradigm still prevails among secondary-school teachers. To shed light on that prevalence, the researcher attempts to explore the perceptions secondary-school teachers hold about Teacher-Centred Approach (TCA) and the reasons behind its widespread use. Therefore, the present study investigates the causes of TCA prevalence in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes using a mixed-methods approach. To reach that aim, the researcher put forward the following hypothesis. Although teachers know the various teaching approaches, they have to adopt the teacher-centered method because of several constraints. To collect the necessary data to identify those constraints, thirty English teachers from some secondary schools in the district of Mostaganem received a questionnaire. The research results confirmed the hypothesis stated above. They revealed that teachers are well-informed about the viability of various teaching approaches and methods; however, they keep adopting the teacher-centered approach. Such behavior is due to multiple constraints such as classrooms crowdedness, the traditional physical classroom environment, the baccalaureate (BAC) exam requirements, and the time restrictions due to the lengthy English programs.
Contemporary approach for space maintainers- A case report
Authors:   HOD & Sr. Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College & Hospital, Kurunjibhag, Sullia, Karnataka 574327, India, Sathyaprasad Savitha , Krishnamoorthy SH ,   Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College & Hospital, Kurunjibhag, Sullia, Karnataka 574327, India, Anjana  ,   Post graduates, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College & Hospital, Kurunjibhag, Sullia, Karnataka 574327, India, Vijayanath  ,   Post graduates, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College & Hospital, Kurunjibhag, Sullia, Karnataka 574327, India, Vinod Vinisha ,   Post graduates, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College & Hospital, Kurunjibhag, Sullia, Karnataka 574327, India
Published: August 2021

Mini implants have seen an evolutionary change in the phase of implant placement. The most common use for mini implant is the stabilization of over denture and orthodontic treatments, now they are used in pediatric dentistry for congenitally missing teeth and tooth loss due to trauma. Mini implants as a prosthetic replacement gives a psychological advantage to the child as it provides a feeling of his own teeth. A thirteen year old boy came to the department of pedodontics, KVG dental college, Sullia, with a chief complaint of spacing in the lower front tooth region since 4 years. On radiographic examination absence of 41, 31 were found. On model analysis, space deficiency was found in relation to the lower anterior and he was diagnosed with angle’s class I malocclusion with proclined maxxilary anterior teeth and congenitally missing lower central incisors. The patient’s main concern was on esthetics. Hence the patient was planned for a fixed provisional functional space maintainer using mini implant followed by crown prosthesis. The approach comes up with positive aesthetic and functional results that may reflect on self-esteem and social well-being of children and adolescents.
Modified TPA for scissor bite correction: A case report
Authors:   Post Graduate student, Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental college and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Verma Ayushi , Gangurde Parag ,   Professor and Head, Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental college and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Shah Alok ,   Associate Professor, Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental college and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Lipare Sukumar ,   Assistant Professor, Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental college and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Gaikwad Shashank ,   Professor, Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental college and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Shetty Nityanand ,   Assistant Professor, Dept. of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental college and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Published: August 2021

Unilateral scissor bite condition is less prevalent and is often accompanied by cant of occlusion and varying degrees of facial asymmetry. Such discrepancy when accompanied with skeletal etiological factor is difficult to treat. This article presents two case reports to demonstrate simple, efficient and non-invasive camouflage technique to correct unilateral scissor bite of adult patients.
Electrolysis method to determine the amount of silver in occlusal and periapical films
Authors:   Kompleks Mansyur Village B5 Jalan Smtk Dalam, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia, Manja Cek Dara , Kumar Haresh Vasudeva Remesh ,   Kompleks Mansyur Village B5 Jalan Smtk Dalam, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Published: August 2021

Introduction: In diagnosing a disease in certain cases, the dentist also requires additional examinations such as radiographic examination. Many types of radiographs can help dentists in making diagnoses according to their indications, both intra-oral and extra-oral. The conventional X-ray photo technique requires a fixer solution as one of the stages in performing a process that serves to dissolve and inhibit the development of silver halide crystals in the emulsion process. Fixer solutions contain four components dissolved in water, namely the clearing agent, acidifier, preservative and hardener. The aim of the study was to determine the amount of silver contained in the fixer solution after fixing the occlusal film and periapical film using the electrolysis method. Method: was a laboratory experimental study, with a post-test study design. Results: showed that the occlusal film dissolved 6.0 grams while the periapical film dissolved 0.6 grams of silver in the fixer solution. Based on the results of the independent t test, p = 0,000 <0,05 was obtained. Conclusion: of the study was that there was a significant difference in the amount of silver from the fixer after fixing the occlusal film and periapical film using the electrolysis method.
Bone healing in critically sized defects in rat calvaria, transplanted with chitosan alone, or associated with collagen and / or chondroitin sulfate:histological and histomorphometric pilot study
Authors:   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Chemaly Cynthia , Kallassi Mireille ,   Faculty of Science, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Samaran Rawad ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Fadel Roy Abou ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Naaman Nada ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Chakar Carole ,   Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
Published: August 2021

Background: Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that has gained a special interest in bone regeneration in recent years. Objective: The objective of this study is to show the bone formation obtained following a transplantation of sponges of chitosan alone, chitosan combined with chondroitin sulfate or chitosan combined with chondroitin sulfate and collagen, in rat critical calvarial bone defects. Material and Methods: 12 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. Critically sized bone defects were made in calvaria, and grafted by sponges of:collagen / chitosan / chondroitin (group 1), chitosan (group 2), chitosan / chondroitin sulfate (group3). Bone defects of group 4 remained empty for control. The animals were sacrificed 12 weeks after the surgery. Results: Histological analysis showed the formation of lamellar bone in the chitosan group. In the chitosan / chondroitin sulfate group, formation of a less mature bone than that of the chitosan group was also observed. However, the least bone formation was observed in the collagen / chitosan / chondroitin sulfate group. Histological sections showed the presence of fibrous tissue. The results for this group are similar to the control group. In groups 2 and 3, the materials appear completely resorbed while in group 1 the resorption of the matrix was incomplete. Conclusion: Despite the size of the sample, this study has shown that chitosan alone or in combination with chondroitin sulfate promotes bone formation. On the other hand, the combination chitosan / chondroitin sulfate / collagen showed a negative result.
Infants and toddlers oral health care during COVID-19 - A review
Authors:   PG 3rd year student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Golpura, Haryana 134118, India, Sharma Diksha , Chachra Sanjay ,   Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Golpura, Haryana 134118, India, Targotra Shivani ,   PG 3rd year student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Golpura, Haryana 134118, India, Peer Sonika ,   PG 3rd year student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Golpura, Haryana 134118, India
Published: August 2021

Staying up healthy during this corona pandemic is very important along with that of the proper oral health care. Following up with a regular oral care routine plays an important role. It is bit difficult to seek treatment for the children during the novel virus. So, it is better to avoid any unnecessary visits to a dentist just by taking good care of the child’s oral health.
A comprehensive review of impression techniques in implant dentistry
Authors:   Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontist, Mumba, Maharsthra, India, Annaldasula Shweta V , Yen Chein Shee Antoinette ,   Dental Surgeon, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, India
Published: August 2021

Regardless of the demonstrable success of fixed appliances like implants for the replacements of missing natural teeth in partially and fully edentulous patients, countable hindrances still persist. A crucial role is played by impressions used in the fabrication of dental implants for the success, durability and outcome of the restoration. An impression is a three dimensional negative likeness of the future position of the implant in the oral cavity. In view of the absence of periodontal ligaments that serve as natural compensators of the slight but significant details of the impression surface, therefore, impressions in implants are very crucial for implant success. Taking this factor into consideration, the present review article emphasizes on the different types of impression techniques used in implant dentistry.
A Simplified Spring winder For Clinical Application
Authors:   Consultant Orthodontist, Welcare Dental Clinic, Kalyani-Nadia, West Bengal, India, Purkayastha Abhik , Khan Mahamad Irfanulla ,   Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bangalore, India, Unnisa Nayeem ,   General Dental Practitioner, The Dental Clinic, Bangalore, India
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The fabrication of coils using heavy gauge stainless steel wire for use in appliances such as the Churro Jumper can be a tedious task and can often result in spaced coils that lead to more flexibility than can be desired, leading to a decreased force application and hence overall lengthened treatment time. Using well placed, tightly adherent coils the force of which can be controlled by placement of the desired number of coils can help to mitigate this shortcoming. Technique: The spring winder described here is easy to fabricate using easily available stationary articles which can be repurposed to form an efficient winder that can coil springs with reduced effort as compared to that would have been required when using orthodontic pliers only. The stationary repurposed for this winder is the electric etching pen which provides a good framework for fabricating the winder. In addition, clear acrylic is used along with a syringe body to hold the winding components. The syringe is filled up with clear acrylic and winding rods are laid down within the acrylic which holds it firmly in place. In addition, the syringe body is embedded into the electric pen handle which allows for easy turning the winder so as to exert effective force while reducing operator effort and fatigue. This also allows for winding of heavy gauge orthodontic wire with little effort. Conclusion: A simplified spring winder can be best indicated for the fabrication of coils for fixed functional appliances like Churro Jumper.
Bilateral Transmigration of impacted maxillary canines - Kissing Canines- Case study
Authors:   Department of Orthodontics, Oman Dental College, Muscat, Oman, Kiyumi Hana Al , Viswapurna PS ,   Consultant and Head of Orthodontics, Oman Dental College, Muscat, Oman, Zeinalddin Mohammad ,   Craniofacial Orthodontist, Mohammad Orthodontic Center - Senior lecturer and Course Coordinator, Oman Dental College, Muscat, Oman
Published: August 2021

An un-erupted permanent canine crossing the midline is called transmigration and is considered to be an unusual event.1 The incidence of maxillary canine impaction ranges between 0.8–2.8%. The proper diagnosis of the transmigrated canines is achieved by radiographic evaluation. In this case report a rare phenomenon of bilateral impacted and migrated maxillary canines in a kissing position is discussed.
A Comparative Analysis of Cytotoxicity of Three Different Root Canal Sealers
Authors:   Lecturer of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo, Egypt, Elgendy Ali Youssef , Hassan Mohammed Yehia ,   Lecturer of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo, Egypt
Published: August 2021

Aim: This study aims to evaluate Well-Root ST in comparison with CeraSeal and AH Plus regarding cytotoxicity using (MTT) assay on human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells. Materials and Methods: Teflon mold was used to fabricate disc samples of each root canal sealer. Samples were divided into 3 groups: group (A) (Well-Root ST), group (B) (Ceraseal) and group (C) (AH Plus) in two evaluation periods (24h and 72h). All samples of root canal sealers were mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and the discs were allowed to set in a at 37°C for 24 hours before extraction. Extract collected at each time point was diluted to various concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100% with DMEM to create a total of four different concentrations of each extract. DMEM incubated for 24 hours served as the control. (HEp-2) cell line was seeded in 96 well micro-titer plates and cultures were then subjected to 100 μL of the (12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100%) extracts medium while cell cultures with supplemented DMEM were used as controls. The plates were left in the incubator for 24 or 72 h before the cytotoxicity evaluation was carried out by (MTT) assay. Viability percentage was calculated and cytotoxicity was evaluated by rating according to cell viability relative to control group, non-cytotoxic (more than 90%), slightly cytotoxic (from 60 to 90%), moderately cytotoxic (from 30 to 59%) and severely cytotoxic (less than 30%) cell viability. Statistics: Data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA test and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. Results: According to evaluation time, Well-Root ST showed the highest viability values in all concentration percentages at both intervals (24 and 72 hours) while AH plus showed the least viability values. According to concentration percentage, The viability increased with decreasing the concentration in all tested groups. Conclusion: The evaluated root canal sealers showed varying degrees of cytotoxicity. However, Well-Root ST was associated with significantly highest cell viability percentages. 1- AH plus significantly showed less cell viability in comparison to calcium silicate-based root canal sealers.