bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumors of the central nervous system and eye
Authors: Squire Venita Jay Jeremy A , Zielenska Maria
Published: November 2023

Primary brain tumors represent the most common solid neoplasms in children (1). They contrast significantly in location, type, and natural history from brain tumors occurring in adults. While the mainstay of morphologic diagnosis rests on recognition of cytologic characteristics using conventional light microscopic and ultrastructural techniques, recent advances in immunohistochemistry, tumor kinetics, and molecular genetics have widened the spectrum of diagnostic modalities. This monograph is intended merely as a brief overview of how different laboratory techniques of today have enabled us to recognize common tumors, their important variants, and new tumor entities. The need for brevity precludes an exhaustive review of pediatric brain and eye tumors, which may be found in several excellent texts (2-7).
The neuropathology of the Rett disorder
Authors: Armstrong Dawna D , Kinney Hannah C
Published: November 2023

Rett syndrome is a disorder which affects between l/10000-1/23,000 infant girls throughout the world (Hagberg et al. 1983; Burd et al. 1990; Kozinetz et al. 1993). It is associated with profound intellectual and motor disability and is diagnosed in typical cases by a unique phenotype (Chapter l).The disorder is sporadic but rarely occurs in families and there is one example of vertical transmission from mother to daughter (Chapters 1, 2.) The infants ‘seem’ almost normal at birth (Chapter l; Kerr 1995) and develop slowly, but into the second year offline the dis order becomes apparent, and the classic phenotype unfolds. A period of extreme agitation, suggesting an encephalopathy, heralds the appearance of the severe deficits: loss of hand use, loss of speech, sometimes loss of the ability to walk, growth delay, hand stereotypies, breathing irregularities, feeding problems and other subtle symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (Hagberg et al. 1983). There are frequently seizures, scoliosis, and Parkinsonian symptoms (FitzGerald et al. 1990).
Genetic susceptibility and lacunar stroke
Authors: Elbaz A , Amarenco P
Published: November 2023

Understanding the genetic basis of lacunar stroke (LacS) may help understand the aetiology and pathogenesis of this particular ischaemic stroke (IS) subtype (ISType); this, in turn, may have consequences in terms of treatment or prevention. Two main questions are to be answered. First, does genetic susceptibility play a role in the aetiology of LacS? In other words, does LacS aggregate in families and, if so, do genetic factors account for part of this aggregation, or is it only the consequence of the familial aggregation of other cardiovascular risk factors? Secondly, if genetic susceptibility does play a role in the aetiology of LacS, which specific genetic factors increase its risk? What is the importance of their attributable risk? Do they interact with environmental risk factors?
Anterior choroidal artery territory infarcts
Authors: Caplan L R
Published: November 2023

Charles Foix and his colleagues Chavany, Hillemand, and Schiff-Wertheimer (Foix et al. 1925) are usually given credit for describing the first case of anterior choroidal artery (AChA) territory infarction. The patient that they described developed the sudden onset of a severe right hemiplegia accompanied by severe sensory loss in the right limbs to all sensory modalities, and a right hemianopia. There was no decrease in alertness, no aphasia, and no cognitive or behavioural abnormality.
Research Methods and Audit for General Practice
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John
Published: November 2023

This book is the third edition of a highly successful book in the Oxford General Practice Series. The aim is to provide practical guidance to get you to the point where you will be able to complete and publish a research project of your own. In this respect the book is intended as a basic research primer. The book is organised to follow the research process, from the initial formulation of a researchable question, through the process of deciding on a plan (the design), choosing a sample, and devising appropriate measurement 'instruments, to the data analysis and final writing up of the project. The book is appropriate for individuals planning research and groups. The text has been extensively revised, in part as a response to the increasingly important part palyed by computers in research. But also research techniques are in a contant state of development so it was opportune to update sections on research design and statistics. The last chapter on audit has now been placed in the context of clinical governance. From reviews from first edition: Practical, comprehensive, readable...better than the competition; well worth getting (like the rest of the series). Postgraduate Education for General Practice The text is comprehensible and guides the reader in a structured way through the research process. It will make a valuable contribution to improving research in general practice. Family Practice
The pharmacokinetic process: Is the drug getting to its site of action?
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

In this Chapter, we shall deal with the principles that underlie the ways in which drugs are handled by the body. In Chapter 6, we shall illustrate how these principles can be used in the development of dosage regimens. After oral administration, a drug will reach the systemic arterial circulation only if it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and if it escapes metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, and the lungs. However, in practice it can be difficult to characterize the separate contributions of absorption and presystemic metabolism to the changes in plasma drug concentrations with time after an oral dose. The concept of systemic availability, or bioavailability, has therefore been developed (see Fig. 2.1).
Practical applications of the analysis of drug therapy
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

A drug dosage regimen is a recipe for the administration of a drug so as to produce the desired therapeutic effect with the minimum of unwanted effects. A regimen can be described in terms of the dose of drug to be used, the frequency with which it is administered, the route of administration, and the formulation used. The simplest way of determining a drug dosage regimen for an individual patient is to base it on the published recommended dosage. Recommended dosages can be found in the Pharmacopoeia of this book, or in standard reference texts, such as the British National Formulary, the Physician’s Desk Reference, or manufacturers’ summaries of product characteristics (erstwhile data sheets). These recommendations generally have been derived from the results of studies of the pharmacokinetics of the drug and of dose–effect relationships, although in some cases they may have been derived empirically from simple clinical observations of the dosage that produces therapeutic benefit while minimizing unwanted effects.
Sources of information on drugs
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

It is as well to become familiar with a handful of reference texts in which you will be able to find information for most problems (see the bibliography below), going only to the more detailed texts when studying a particular topic in greater depth. In addition, you will be able to find out information about drugs from your local community pharmacy, from your hospital pharmacy, from your Regional Drug Information service (in the UK, see the British National Formulary for telephone numbers), or from your University’s Department of Clinical Pharmacology. The medical information departments of pharmaceutical companies can also be useful sources of information, although some pieces of information will be confidential.
The drug therapy of neurological disorders
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

The main organisms that cause meningitis are listed in Table 30.1, along with the drugs used in their treatment. The principles of treating infections are outlined in Chapter 22, but there are some additional points worth emphasizing in relation to meningitis. Initial treatment Start treatment as soon as blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens have been obtained. Try to identify the infecting organism by microscopic examination of a Gram-stained sample of centrifuged CSF, so that the appropriate antibiotic may be given. However, if menigococcal meninigtis or septicaemia is suspected, give a single dose of benzylpenicillin or cefotaxime immediately. In children under the age of 6 years, in whom meningitis is likely to be due to Haemophilus influenzae, or in neonates, in whom it is likely to be due to Escherichia coli, start with ampicillin and chloramphenicol or cefotaxime.
The management of poisoning
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K
Published: November 2023

The vigour with which you treat a case of poisoning will vary from simple observation only to large-scale intensive action to maintain vital body functions. Almost all poisoned patients will survive, if necessary with intensive supportive treatment. Although many patients will be given an emetic and perhaps activated charcoal (see below), only a few patients will need either an antidote specific to the drug they have taken or special treatment to hasten elimination of the poison from the body.
Synaesthesia
Authors: Harrison John
Published: November 2023

Synaesthesia is a confusion of the senses, whereby stimulation of one sense triggers stimulation in a completely different sensory modality. A synaesthete might claim to be able to hear colours, taste shapes, describe the colour, shape, and flavour of someone's voice, or music, the sound of which looks like 'shards of glass'. Throughout history, many notable artists and writers have claimed to suffer from synaesthesia, including, Arthur Rimbaud, Wassily Kandinsky, Vladimir Nabakov, and David Hockney. The condition remains as controversial now as when first brought to the public eye many years ago - one notable scientist dismissing it as mere 'romantic neurology.' In Synaesthesia: the strangest thing, a world authority on synaesthesia takes us on a fascinating tour of this mysterious condition, looking at historical incidences of synaesthesia, unraveling the theories for the condition, and additionally, examining the claims to synaesthesia of the likes of Rimbaud, Baudelaire, and others. The result is an exciting, yet scientific account of an incredible condition - one that will tell us of a world rich with the most unbelievable sensory experiences. From the foreword by Simon Baron-Cohen, University of Cambridge '...Aside from inspiring fellow researchers, this book will do much to educate the general public about the important but often overlooked point that we do not all experience this universe in the same way. For the most part, synaesthetes would not wish to be free of their synaesthesia and if anything feel somewhat sorry for the rest of us as we go about our unisensual existence. My guess is that John Harrison's valuable book will ring a colourful bell for many people who until now did not realize that their experience had a name, and who will now be able to identify themselves with like-minded others. For all these reasons, this is quite a book.'
Experimental models in whole organ pancreatic transplantation
Authors: Papalois Vassilios E , Hakim Nadey S
Published: November 2023

The first successful pancreas transplant in humans was performed by Kelly and Lillehei on 17 December 1966 in the Department of Surgery at the University of Minnesota [1]. It was a combined transplant of the tail of the pancreas and the kidney to a female diabetic recipient with endstage renal failure. Since then, the results of pancreatic transplantation have dramatically improved. There is a constant effort for improvement of results in all centers that perform pancreatic transplantation worldwide. The improvements include refinement of surgical technique, to minimize the changes of postoperative surgical complications such as graft pancreatitis and thrombosis, methods of drainage of the exocrine portion of the pancreas, the early detection of rejection, and the effect of pancreas transplantation in establishing an insulin-independent status, as well as in preventing or reversing the secondary complications of diabetes. To address these issues, many experimental models in small and large animals have been developed over the years.
Indications for kidney and pancreas transplantation and patient selection
Authors: Haritopoulos Konstantinos N , Hakim Nadey S
Published: November 2023

Diabetes mellitus (DM) afflicts 6 per cent of the general population and is currently the third most common disease and the fourth leading cause of death by disease in the United States [1,2]. Of the estimated 16 million diabetic patients in the United States, 4 million take insulin and 1 million have IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) (type I), juvenile onset. Nearly 30 000 new cases of IDDM are diagnosed each year, and the incidence is increasing [2]. The syndrome of IDDM includes not only abnormal glucose metabolism but also specific long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy [3].
Indications for solitary pancreas transplantation
Authors: Stratta Robert J
Published: November 2023

After a decade of controversy surrounding the therapeutic validity of pancreas transplantation (PTX), the procedure has become accepted as the preferred treatment for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and advanced diabetic nephropathy. Vascularized PTX is currently the only available form of autoregulating total endocrine replacement therapy that reliably achieves an insulin-independent euglycaemic state and normal glucose homeostasis resulting in the successful management of diabetes mellitus. Whether PTX represents a treatment or cure for IDDM is debatable. The trade-offs for normal glucose homeostasis are the operative risks of the transplant procedure and the need for chronic immunosuppression. Free islet grafts have the same potential but do not approach PTX in terms of consistency of results.
Pancreas transplantation with portal-enteric drainage
Authors: Stratta Robert J , Shokouh-Amiri M Hosein , Grewal Hani P , Gaber A Osama
Published: November 2023

Vascularized pancreas transplantation (PTX) was first developed as a means to re-establish endogenous insulin secretion responsive to normal feedback controls. From 1966 through to July 2000, over 14 000 PTXs were performed worldwide and reported to the International Pancreas Transplant Registry (IPTR) [1]. According to IPTR data, most PTXs are performed with systemic venous delivery of insulin and either bladder or enteric [systemic-bladder (S-B) or systemic-enteric (S-E)] drainage of the exocrine secretions [2]. From 1988 through 1995, more than 90 per cent of PTX procedures were performed by the standard technique of S-B drainage using a duodenal segment conduit. Although well tolerated in most PTX recipients, S-B drainage was associated with a finite and troublesome rate of unique metabolic and urological complications resulting from altered physiology. When these complications became persistent or refractory, conversion from bladder to enteric drainage (enteric conversion) was often necessary and successful [3].
Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic rejection
Authors: Koffron Alan J , Kaufman Dixon B
Published: November 2023

Pancreatic transplantation is intended to re-establish euglycaemia without exogenous insulin supplementation. Pancreatic transplantation is the only treatment for type I diabetes that normalizes haemoglobin A1c levels for as long as the graft functions [1]. Through improved metabolic control, the course of many secondary complications of diabetes including diabetic neuropathy [2], the incidence of autonomic neuropathy-associated sudden death [3], and onset of diabetic nephropathy in both nonuraemic patients [4] and those diabetics having undergone renal transplantation [5] may be markedly improved. The most important threat to loss of a functioning pancreas allograft is acute rejection.
Pancreas transplantation: effects on secondary complications of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Robertson R Paul
Published: November 2023

The secondary complications of diabetes mellitus are usually categorized as acute or chronic. Acute complications include hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis as well as hypoglycaemia caused by exogenous insulin treatment. Chronic complications include the subcategories of microvascular and macrovascular disease. Microvascular diseases can lead to retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Macrovascular disease can lead to accelerated atherosclerosis, which, in turn, leads to an increased incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral gangrene. Additional complications include various skin lesions (diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, candidiasis), and skin ulcers. Bones and joints can be affected by diabetic arthropathy, Dupuytren’s contractures, and Charcot joint. More unusual infections include necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing myositis, and Mucor meningitis. This chapter will focus on the impact of successful pancreas transplantation on the more common secondary complications of diabetes mellitus.
Immunosuppression and diabetogenicity
Authors: Jindal Rahul M , Revanur V K , Alan G Jardine
Published: November 2023

Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) has emerged as a major side-effect of immunosuppresants [1–3] and, as recipients of organ transplants survive longer, the secondary complications of DM have assumed greater importance. Thus, the findings of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) in patients with IDDM, that tight control of glucose levels significantly reduced the risk of diabetes related complications, may have implications for transplant recipients. In the DCCT, a 2 per cent difference in average haemoglobin A (HbA1c) between standard and intensive treatment groups was associated with a 60 per cent reduction in risk for diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Furthermore, there was a continuing reduction in the risk of complications when the HbA1c was reduced below 8 per cent [4,5]. Although there are no similar studies in recipients of organ transplants who develop PTDM and the natural history of PTDM is not well defined,
1803–1805
Authors: Gill Stephen
Published: November 2023

The third is Dorothy’s account to Catherine Clarkson of her walk back to Grasmere after a visit to Eusemere in June 1803: ‘the whole vale of Brothers Water …indeed it seemed as beautiful a place as there need be in a beautiful world. I met William at the top of the Hill above our own house, he was on the look-out for me. Mary was at home Dear Creature! She was overjoyed to see me.’2 The fourth is Dorothy again, now Aunt Dorothy, rhapsodizing over the baby, John, born 18 June 1803: ‘He has blue eyes, a fair complexion … a body as fat as a little pig, arms that are thickening and dimpling and bracelets at his wrists, a very prominent nose, which will be like his Father’s, and a head shaped upon the very same model. I send you a lock of his hair sewed to this letter.’
The Future of Christianity
Authors: McManners John
Published: November 2023

There is arrogance and folly in adding this epilogue, and many Christians would say that taking thought for the morrow bespeaks a lack of faith. That thought should not disconcert the followers of one who, it is said, was born into the makeshift improvisations of people coping with an emergency. Christian life is by mture reactive. This does not mean it is adrift. Its mandate stands; but it obeys only by responding to eventualities.
Motor neuron disease
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

It is one of the commonest purely neurological disorders, after multiple sclerosis. Except that in a very small proportion of cases it may be hereditary, the cause of motor neuron disease is entirely unknown. There are, however, certain facts which any theory must explain. Syndromes resembling motor neuron disease may occasionally occur in a number of other situations.
Rights and Beyond
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: November 2023

No one could dissent from the humane tenor of Professor Benatar’s marshalling of facts and arguments in his Amnesty Lecture. His theoretically impartial but practically committed approach will strike a chord with anyone who shares his horror at the atrocities committed by human beings against one another, against non-humans, and against the planet itself.
Setting the Scene at CERN
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert
Published: November 2023

In a Europe still licking its wounds in the aftermath of the Second World War, one man had a vision to create a world-leading scientific research laboratory. His name was Louis de Broglie, a French aristocrat and one of the last of a dying breed of gentleman scientists. De Broglie belonged to a golden era of scientific discovery that straddled the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1929 for his contribution to the revolution that threw out the comfortable mechanistic world ushered in by Newton two centuries before and replaced it with an unpredictable and ghostly quantum wonderland where an ability to believe seven impossible things before breakfast was an essential prerequisite for success. As one of de Broglie’s contemporaries, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, once famously quipped, ’Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it.’ Nevertheless, despite its improbability, the physics of quantum mechanics has survived the test of time and lies behind a whole host of modern devices.
Conclusion: The Music of Division
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

Sir Walter Raleigh ‘s epigram on life as theatre combines grace ful accomplishment (Castiglione ‘s sprezzatura or grazia) with a sense that, in life ‘s comedy, it is the actors who are deceived by the play: as in The Spanish Tragedy or Women Beware Women, they are the ones who will ‘die in earnest ‘. The tone is at once wry and amused, yet also saddened at life ‘s brevity, its known and predetermined boundaries. Such metaphors were suffi ciently common, both on- and off-stage to constitute something of a cliche. In a stoic passage from the Preface to his History of the World, Raleigh refers to God not as ‘the judicious sharp spec tator ‘ of a short comedy, but rather as ‘the author of all our tragedies ‘, who ‘hath written out for us, and appointed us all the parts we are to play ... Certainly there is no other account to be made of this ridiculous world than to resolve that the change of fortune on the great theatre is but as the change of garments on the less. ‘
Mahler in Vienna (XVIII)-Das Rheingold Mahler and Viennese Society Premiere of the Kindertotenlieder Meeting with Webern-End of the Vereinigung The Fifth in Dresden, Berlin, Prague, and Hamburg (January-March 1905)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

Believe me! I can understand and forgive the anger I provoke far more easily than my enemies can tolerate my equanimity! WITH their production of Tristan Mahler and Roller had ushered in a new era in the presentation of Wagner operas. They now turned to the Ring, the stage settings for which had remained unchanged since the first Vienna production (1877-9). The initial plan was to restage the four operas in close succession: Das Rheingold in January 1905, Die Walkilre in April, Siegfried in the autumn, and Gotterdiimmerung early the following year. The estimates for Die Walkilre had even been approved by the Intendant. Mahler stressed that the four new productions should he completed in a short space of time, ‘since once Das Rheingold has been restaged, complete performances of the cycle would no longer he possible until the other Ring dramas have also been restaged’.
Mahler in Vienna (XIX)-Pfitzner in ViennaDie Rose vom Liebesgarten-The Strasbourg Festival (March-May 1905)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

When a tempo seems wrong to you, just prod me in the back and put me right. Don’t worry about me losing face in front of the orchestra. After all, you know it better than I-you composed it. During the long weeks of preparation for the first Viennese performance of Pfitzner’s opera Die Rose vom Liebesgarten, two one-act comic operas, both based upon rococo librettos, were premiered at the Hofoper by Mahler. The first, Das war ich, was composed by Leo Blech, whom Mahler a few years earlier had considered engaging as a conductor at the Hofoper because he had given up hope of persuading Bruno Walter to take on the job. The second was a ‘musical conversation’ entitled Die Abreise by Eugen d’Albert, whose Tragadalbas Mahler had earlier refused. D’Albert had proposed the little work to him in 1902, and Mahler had no doubt searched for another one-act opera which could successfully share the bill with Die Abreise and it was only in 1904 that he had found it in Blech’s Das war ich. When the two operas were first performed on 28 February 1905, Das war ich was greeted with catcalls by the audience and condemned by the critics. Blech was reproached for his ‘surfeit of polyphony’ and ‘symphonic megalomania’(Korngold), the’colourless’themes (Wallaschek), his’pretentious style’ (Schonaich), his’contrived humour’and ‘lack of inventiveness’(Graf).
Mahler in Vienna (XXI)-The Mozart Year-Cos’i fan tutte and Don Giovanni Die Entfuhrung and Figaro-The 1Uagic Flute Antwerp and Amsterdam Concerts Mahler as Administrator, Stage Director, and Conductor (December 1905-April 1906)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

Others take care of themselves and destroy the Opera. I take care of the Opera and destroy myself. THE Mozart Year, 1906, began five weeks ahead of the calendar at the Hofoper. On 24 November 1905, after a three-year absence, Cosi fan tutte reappeared in the Spielplan with a production which was largely, though not entirely new. Mahler had planned to commission Roller to design new sets for all of Mozart’s great operas. But, as seen above, the funds made available to him were insufficient, and for Casí, Die Entfilhrung, and The Magic Flute he had to refurbish the existing sets. The only productions he was able to renew from scratch were Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro. Mahler’s first problem was the German text, at a time when the performance of Mozart’s Italian operas in the original language was out of the question in Vienna.
Mahler in Vienna (XXIII)-Caruso i:p Vienna- Le Juif polonais-The Barber of Seville-The Taming of the Shrew-The Sixth in Berlin, Munich, and Vienna-The Third in Breslau and Graz (September 1906-January 1907)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

My 6th seems to be another hard nut which the critics will be unable to get their puny teeth into. THERE is a passage in Alma’s Erinnerungen which describes a quite unusual event in Mahler’s life: One evening, Mahler and I attended a performance of The Merry Widow, and enjoyed it very much. Afterwards, at home, we danced and so to speak reconstructed Lehar’s waltzes from memory. Then something funny happened. We couldn’t remember how the tune went at one particular point, try how we might. In those days we were both too snobbish to consider buying a copy of the waltz. So the two of us went to Doblinger’s music shop. Mahler engaged the manager in a discussion about the sale of his works, while I leafed apparently aimlessly through the numerous piano selections and potpourris of The Merry Widow until I came to the waltz and the bars I was looking for. I then went up to Mahler, he quickly took his leave, and once we were out in the street I sang him the passage so as not to forget it again.
Roller and the ballet-Journey to Rome Final opera productions Mahler’s departure from the Opera-Putzi’s deathDiagnosis of heart ailment (March-August 1907)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

In ten years at the Vienna Opera, I have come full circle MAHLER’S dislike for ballet was an open secret at the Vienna Opera. When asked about it in private, he usually replied that he considered it impossible to reform such a purely decorative art form. It was probably a project for a ballet submitted to him in 1901 by Hofmannsthal and Zemlinsky which prompted him at that time to define his views on this subject to Natalie and Lipiner. Lipiner thought that a revival of the art of dancing was possible, provided that the element of mime predominated and that the music was ‘nobler and more meaningful’. ‘Nothing can be done for it in its present form,’ Mahler replied. ‘All one’s efforts would be in vain!’ To explain what he meant he described the terrifying stories he had once found himself inventing for a boy suffering from scarlet fever.
Approaching the Variation Sketches
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The sketches for the first two movements of Op. 109 reinforce a commonly held perception of Beethoven’s compositional process as one during which initially inchoate or vague musical ideas become transformed into something approximating the work in its definitive public form. That the sketches document only a part—perhaps a very small part—of the total process of composition should no longer need any emphasis; even Nottebohm, whose writings on the sketches probably did more than any others to propagate the view being discussed here, was insistent that the sketches ‘reveal to us not the entire creative process, but only single isolated incidents from it. What we term the organic development of a work of art is far removed from the sketches.”1
Introduction
Authors: Bachmann Marie-Laure
Published: November 2023

By way of preamble to my presentation of the work and thought of Emile Jaques-Dalcroze in the following pages—my aim being to draw out every possible implication for the present day—I invite the reader to eavesdrop on an imaginary conversation between the creator of Eurhythmics and two personalities of our own time: Jean Piaget and Alvin Toffler. Perhaps—who knows—some such conversation actually has been held in ‘some quite different and neglected piece of space’ …
Style
Authors: Morris Gareth
Published: November 2023

A fine style comprises a combination of mysterious and important attributes, some of which cannot be taught or acquired. Musicians create their own personal manner of interpretation but this must not disturb the composer’s intentions, and although knowledge, sensitivity, and imagination are among the prerequisites for an artist in any field, it is impossible to put them into practice without the support of secure technical control.
Genres
Authors: Sarris Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Jazz Singer premiered at Warners’ Strand in New York City on October 23, 1927, a date enshrined in film history, with all the dread decisiveness of Waterloo, Sarajevo, and Pearl Harbor. On this date the death knell of the “silent” movie was sounded, and the “talkies” were born. It became a stock scene in movies on Hollywood history (vide Singin’ in the Rain) (1952): “Warners is trying a new experiment with Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer. It’ll never catch on.” Then, a few days or a few weeks or a few months later, panic sweeps across the prairies, a panic emblazoned in Variety headlines. Jolson and The jazz Singer are to the silent mimes in 1927 what Black Tuesday was to be to the financiers of the Jazz Age in 1929.
The Di rectors
Authors: Sarris Andrew
Published: November 2023

Dw. Griffith had long been a living monument when he died in relative obscurity July 23, 1948, in the Hollywood Knickerbocker Hotel. He had not directed a film since The Struggle in 1931, and his brave front had collapsed in the face of industry indifference. Had he lived, he would have celebrated his hundredth birthday on January 23, 1975. On that day, to commemorate the D. W. Griffith Centennial the Museum of Modern Art in New York City launched a massive retrospective of his works in a two-part cycle. Part One focused on one hundred of the five hundred films Griffith turned out between 1908 and 1913 at the Biograph Studios, located in that period at 11 East 14th Street on the island of Manhattan. Griffith’s predilection for the realism of location shooting provided the historically and nostalgically minded with many glimpses of New York City as it looked before World War I. Part Two exhumed rather than revived the feature-length movies directed by Griffith from 1914 to 1931.
Radiological Diagnosis in Neurosurgery
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Some of the most significant advances relevant to neurosurgery in recent years have come from neuroradiology. Diagnoses of many diseases that were difficult years ago are now easily and accurately made with modern imaging techniques. In this chapter we will dis¬cuss the most common neuroradiologic studies available, as well as when they are most indicated.
Trauma to the Head, Spine, and Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

The classification and triage of head injuries were discussed in Chapter 1. To briefly review, head injuries can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe according to the patient’s symptoms. In mild head injury, the patient has a history of trauma but feels well except for such symptoms as headache, mild amnesia, or dizziness. Such a patient may be sent home with a “head sheet” if there is no focal neurological abnormality; when in doubt, a CT scan should be ob¬tained.
Tumors of the Brain, Spine, and Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Brain tumors can be classified by histology as benign (meningiomas, vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas), pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas) or malignant (gliomas, astrocytomas, anaplas¬tic astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymo¬mas, metastatic tumors, medulloblastomas). Histologically, benign brain tumors may not be curable, however, because of their loca¬tion; and some apparently malignant tumors like medulloblastoma have a significant survival rate. This chapter will deal with tumors by histological type.
Pearl Harbor: Fears and Nightmares
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

Sunday, December 7, 1941, began as it usually did for eleven-year old Jackie Smith: with church. Standing in front of her family’s quarters at the Pearl Harbor naval base, she was waiting to walk with her family to the base chapel. Jackie noticed airplanes flying overhead, but airplanes were nothing unusual around the Army and Navy installations on Oahu. She thought she was witnessing a simulated dogfight between American airplanes, but then “all of a sudden flames were shooting up,” and it “looked like the whole island was on fire.” Her father ran inside to telephone the base, but the operator told him to get off the line because Pearl Harbor was under attack. By then, airplanes were flying at treetop level; Jackie could see the rising sun insignia on the wings. The family dashed inside and hid under tables. Jackie ran upstairs with her father to grab the mattresses off the beds to provide other hiding places from the bombs and machine-gun bullets. Through the second-story window, she saw not only the airplanes but even the faces of the pilots. “I could almost touch them, it seemed.”
Children’s Entertainment: Radio, Movies, Comics
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

Mom, What was on the radio before the war started?” one of the homefront girls asked-and hers was not an isolated question. Children’s wartime radio adventure programs were integral to their homefront experiences. So too were their comic books and music, as well as movies, cartoons, and serials, all of which had a memorable impact on these boys and girls. Radio was an important source of their war news, and they came face-to-face with war’s horrors in the newsreels and on the pages of Life magazine. The homefront children have reported that popular culture amplified the impact of the war, causing them to be both thrilled and terrified during the years from 1941 to 1945.
The Fractured Homefront: Racial and Cultural Hostility
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

There Was a central contradiction on the American homefront during the Second World War: Amidst enthusiastic national unity there existed deep racial, ethnic, and cultural animosities that occasionally exploded into violence. Although historians have recognized this contradiction in studies of the 1943 race riots and of the government’s internment of 112,704Japanese Americans, they have barely scratched the surface in exposing the fractures that rent the home front. Buried have been countless stories of the hostility suffered by children because of their race, ethnic heritage, and religious beliefs. Suffering most were America’s children of color, but also affected were its Jewish-American children, children of German and Italian descent, Mexican-American children, and children of religious pacifists and nonconformists.
From Worlds to Situations
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I argue that it is reasonable and useful for one who has adopted a certain conception of possible-worlds theory to extend that theory until it becomes a version of situation theory. The conception of possible worlds I have in mind is that developed by Robert Stalnaker (1984). I shall first explain what I take the Stalnakerian conception to be, and then list a number of additions that seem to be in the spirit of this conception, to make it more useful, and to have the cumulative effect of making it into a version of the theory of situations. Basically, possible worlds are seen as a special case of situations, so none of the power of possible-worlds semantics should be lost, while the flexibility of situation semantics will be gained.
Cognitive Significance and New Theories of Reference
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

Lessons learned from the works of Donnellan, Kaplan, Kripke, Putnam, Wettstein, and other New Theorists of Reference have convinced me to accept two theses with respect to (1)-( 4).1 First, the references of the singular terms do not depend on Fregean senses, or identifying descriptions in the mind of the speaker. The expressions used do not have such senses attached to them by the conventions of language. The beliefs of the speaker need not supply conditions that single out a unique individual. Even if the speaker has such beliefs, the reference is not determined by those beliefs.
Fodor and Psychological Explanations (with David Israel)
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

It is crucial to the whole program of explaining behavior by reference to mental states that the propositional attitudes belonging to these [causal] chains are typically nonarbitrarily related in respect to their content (taking “content” of a propositional attitude, informally, to be whatever it is that the complement of the corresponding PA-ascribing sentence expresses). One can imagine the occurrence of causal chains of mental states which are not otherwise related (as, e.g., a thought that two is a prime number, causing a desire for tea ... ).... Still if all our mental life were like this, it’s hard to see what point ascriptions of contents to mental states would have Theparadigm situation-the grist for the cognitivist’s mill-is theone where the propositional attitudes interact causally and do so in virtue of their content.
“Is Ethnicity Obsolete?”
Authors: Reed Ishmael , Wong Shawn , Callahan Bob , Hope Andrew
Published: November 2023

So what is ethnicity, and who is ethnic? I teach a course at the University of California at Berkeley, and I have encouraged students to write from the experience of their ethnic background. I have mostly American-European students who, when given this assignment, often write stories about a “black” person. So I guess in the United States, ethnicity is interchangeable with being black. In other words, “blacks” are the only ethnic group in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

For a century, hospitals have been among society’s most valued institutions. Yet dramatic changes in today’s medical practice are forcing a shift from hospitals to ambulatory settings and home care. Mergers and closings are now commonplace. Most of us were born in hospitals and return on the average about seven times before dying there. Hospitals are extolled for providing the means of lifesaving procedures and miraculous recoveries while simultaneously being criticized for their high costs, impersonality, and in-house infections. A current consumer guide even warns prospective patients that “the words hospital and hospitality come from the same root. And with that their relationship ends. Hospital patients don’t find much hospitality nowadays. Tolerance is more like it.
Bands from Dixieland
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Climbing off the train at La Salle Street Station, Ray Lopez couldn’t help shivering as the Lake Michigan wind sliced easily through his light overcoat and suit. As a kid growing up in New Orleans he’d known some nippy days, but never anything quite like this.
White Chicago Jazz, 1923-1926
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Not much of 1923 had gone by when the city of Chicago awoke one morning to the news that Mayor William Hale “Big Bill” Thompson-Republican, entrenched—had decided not to run for reelection. Big Bill had come to power in 1915 as a reformer—”cannot be bought, bossed or bluffed,” said his campaign posters. In truth he could be—and was. Over two four-year terms he’d cozied up nicely to the city’s top racketeers. It seemed anything was okay in Thompson’s Chicago, as long as the right people got rich off it.
Chicago Jazz in the 1930s
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

There’s a certain easy melancholy in the notion that by the end of 1929 hot music was finished in Chicago. That the good players had moved on, mostly to New York, leaving behind a host of lesser lights who simply winked out one by one. As Charles Edward Smith put it, “the musical spirit of the Chicagoans was swallowed up in the maw of something bigger and considerably less great than itself, the popular music business.”
Bud Freeman and the Tenor Saxophone
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

Every Sunday, Bud Freeman remembered, there were special matinees at the Senate Theatre, a rather grand picture palace on Madison Street, on Chicago’s heavily residential West Side. And every Sunday the audience included Bud, age fourteen, his brother Arny, twelve, and various cousins. “In those days, the better cinemas carried a pit orchestra that played a kind of overture made up of the current popular songs,” he told John Bainbridge in a 19 79 New Yorker profile. “The orchestra at the Senate Theatre was led by Paul Biese.”
The Jean Goldkette and Ben Pollack Orchestras
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

On Tuesday, February 1, 1927, the Jean Goldkette Orchestra recorded “The Stampede,’’ an instrumental stomp composed by Fletcher Henderson and recorded by his orchestra the previous May. From all reports, it was an outstanding performance, with fine solos by Bix Beiderbecke on cornet and Frank Trumbauer on C—melody saxophone. The Victor Company chose not to release it, and the masters were destroyed.
Bunny Berigan
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

In the half-century since his death, Bunny Berigan still inspires ecstasy in those who knew him, worked with him, and admired him from afar. It’s in the Joe Bushkin utterance that begins this chapter, rapt acknowledgment of a reality quite beyond the events of an ill-starred trumpeter’s life. “Bunny hit a note—and it had pulse,” said clarinetist Joe Dixon, a member of Berigan’s band in 1937-38. “You can talk about one thing and another—beautiful, clear, big tone, range, power-and sure, that’s part of it. But only part of it.”
Guitars, Solo and in Combination
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M
Published: November 2023

It wasn’t exactly a shot in the dark. His father, Fred Van Eps, was a revered music figure, whose technique and imagination had lifted the banjo out of its folk and salon tradition into a new virtuosity. He’d begun recording on Edison wax cylinders in the 1890s, and since 1914 his Van Eps Trio had never stopped making successful records. Songwriters and fellow-musicians wrote specialty pieces for him, trying to push his skill to its limits. (One such vehicle, “Banjo Ballet,” by the trio’s pianist, Felix Arndt, took on a new name when Arndt found a surefire way of impressing a new girlfriend. As “Nola,” it became a lasting popular favorite.)
The Dilemma of Autonomy
Authors: Wolf Susan
Published: November 2023

To be accorded the status of a responsible being is to be regarded as an appropriate object of a certain range of attitudes and judgments and as a legitimate participant in a certain range of practices. The range of attitudes I have in mind includes pride and shame, gratitude and resentment, respect and contempt. The range of judgments includes the judgment that one is worthy of respect or contempt, that one ought to be proud or ashamed, and so on. And the range of practices includes praising and blaming, forgiving, excusing, rewarding, and punishing according to rules designed to make these practices expressions of the above sorts of attitudes and judgments.
The True and the Good
Authors: Wolf Susan
Published: November 2023

According to the Reason View, a person’s status as a responsible agent rests not only on her ability to make her behavior conform to her deepest values but also on her ability to form, assess, and revise those values on the basis of a recognition and appreciation of what I have called the True and the Good. In other words, in addition to the requirement that the agent be able to govern her behavior by her reasons, the Reason View holds that an agent must be in a position that allows her reasons to be governed by what reasons there are.
The Costs of Lifesaving: What If Smoking Saves Money?
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

When we wonder whether the cost of lifesaving measures is worth paying, we typically think of their nominal, direct cost. We also work readily with net cost, discounting direct cost by what we save in the often sizable medical expenditures we avoid. There are, in fact, many other monetary costs of saving life. Some of them are the ordinary costs of living in the years of life we add-the sorts of things we figure in monthly budgets, for example. These hardly cross our mind when we wonder whether a particular segment of health care costs too much.
Been Down So Long
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

If the Depression had caused government spending to skyrocket, fears of Axis aggression spurred further increases by the end of the 1930s. The United States joined the Allied powers as a major armaments supplier and poured funds into war related industries. Training programs expanded. Millions of the unemployed and the never-before-employed found jobs; living standards and prices began an upward climb. The process accelerated once the United States entered World War II at the end of 1941.
Analysis of Organic Molecules on Surfaces: Laser Desorption Spectroscopy
Authors: de Vries Mattanjah S , Hunziker Heinrich E , Wendt H Russel
Published: November 2023

Detection and identification of organic molecules on surfaces are very general analytical problems with ever increasing technological applications. In the electronics industry, for example, ever smaller amounts of surface contaminations are becoing important.