bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debating Prostitution in Parliament
Authors: Outshoorn Joyce
Published: February 2009

In 2000, the Netherlands became the first European country to legalize prostitution, a policy supported by Dutch feminists. It distinguishes forced from voluntary prostitution, defining the latter as ‘sex work’, in contrast to feminist positions viewing it as ‘sexual domination’. This article examines the discourses used by parliamentarians in the debates since the 1980s and charts the shift from a traditional moral view to the sex-work frame, creating new meanings of ‘ prostitutes’, ‘clients’ and ‘brothel keepers’ in the process. The new discourse allows for an active female sex worker but desexualizes the nature of the prostitution exchange. Neither does it offer an account of why it is mainly men buying sex from (mainly) women. The analysis also highlights the contradictions created by the forced/voluntary distinction when speaking of the trafficking of women from poor countries and current anti-migration discourse, as well as the near obliteration of the racial differences between ‘clients’ and ‘workers’ in parliamentary discourse.
Of Influences and Anxieties
Authors: Demoor Marysa , Heene Katrien
Published: February 2009

This is an interview with Professor Sandra Gilbert (University of North California at Davis), undoubtedly one of feminism's most prominent theorists. The interview was conducted in Ghent in the spring of 2000. Sandra Gilbert's name is most often used in conjunction with that of Professor Susan Gubar as the author of The Madwoman in the Attic and the trilogy No Man's Land. In the course of the interview Professor Gilbert talks about the hurdles she had to cross as a young woman academic, the choices she had to make as a mother, her successful collaboration with Susan Gubar and her current, quite controversial viewpoints concerning women's studies versus gender studies and essentialism.
Feminist Self-Fashioning
Authors: Mirabella M. Bella
Published: February 2009

The idea of self-fashioning that Stephen Greenblatt presents in his book Renaissance Self-Fashioning can be very useful in an effort to understand Christine de Pizan's work. Specifically, a reading of The Treasure of the City of Ladies or The Book of the Three Virtues (1405) in the light of self-fashioning may help explain the book's intent. In writing The Treasure, Christine is often criticized for what appears to be a departure from her vigorous defense of women presented in The City of Ladies. The article argues, however, that quite the contrary is the case in the later book. Christine uses self-fashioning in The Treasure as a strategy of survival for herself and other women. For example, she frames an argument in which she casts the male literary establishment as well as the misogynistic texts produced by that establishment as Other. Consequently, what appears to be submission in The Treasure is really a textual strategy, a subversion which is aimed at giving women an identity and protecting them against the many dangers of a male-dominated world.
Engendering the United Nations
Authors: Reanda Laura
Published: February 2009

The unprecedented expression of concern by the UN over the oppression of women in Afghanistan in October 1996, and the apparent subsequent retreat of the organization in May 1998, exemplify both the higher visibility of gender issues in international relations, and the inherent constraints in putting the new policies into practice. The article analyzes how the conceptual evolution of UN approaches to social and economic development and human rights has led to recognition of the centrality of women's empowerment for the achievement of global objectives and hence to a consensus on the need to mainstream a gender perspective in all areas of international activity. It traces this evolution through the world conferences that since the early 1990s have defined international approaches to the challenges of the post-Cold War world in different fields. It also maps out the institutional mechanisms and procedures that have been established to carry out those decisions, and which provide a multiplicity of new avenues for action by women. The article provides a preliminary assessment of the extent to which the new gender-oriented concepts and policies have actually been understood and translated into practice; indicates the obstacles faced; and points out the need for targeted input in a variety of sectors of the international system beyond those traditionally utilized by women.
The Provocation of Levinas for Feminism
Authors: Villarmea Stella
Published: February 2009

The article introduces some aspects of Levinas's writings which are important to review his reception within feminist circles. It then analyses his text `And God Created Woman', and shows to what extent his view of women can be criticized as being traditional and patriarchal. Finally, it deals with the relation between Levinas and feminism of difference, and rejects the idea that his theory can be effectively applied to move beyond the debate equality vs difference.
Power or Subjection?
Authors: Kauppi Niilo
Published: February 2009

In the majority of European Union countries, women are far better represented in the European Parliament than in the lower house of their respective national parliaments. This article examines the political signicance of this imbalance through a case study of French women members of the European Parliament (MEPs). The marginality of the European Parliament in French politics has meant that women have succeeded in getting elected there and that they have had access to power positions in the European Parliament. Some of these women have occupied positions in traditionally male areas like economics and nance. The European Parliament has been for many women politicians a secondary point of entry into national electoral politics. In French politics, the European Parliament provides a forum for the partial overturning of nationally determined political values, especially those that determine the sexual division of political labour. The European Parliament also creates pressures for changes in the gender composition of other sectors in the French political field.
Beauty and the Belles
Authors: Craven Allison
Published: February 2009

This article presents a critical analysis of Disney's animated film and stage production of Beauty and the Beast, especially of the heroine, Belle, within a more general and brief historiography of the fairy tale. It is argued that Disney's version displaces the heroic focus from Belle (Beauty) to Beast, while also narrating a response to feminism that involves compressing feminist ideology into conventions of popular romance. The broader representation of femininity in Disney is also examined with reference, particularly, to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and with reflections also on non-fictional characters from media with a relationship to Disney, specifically, Diana Princess of Wales, (Mrs) Lillian Disney and Ellen DeGeneres. Teresa de Lauretis's `elsewhere of vision' is introduced to disrupt and rewrite the domesticating effects of Disney's feminism on its heroines.
Kommissar Rex
Authors: Jagodzinski Jan , Hipfl Brigitte
Published: February 2009

Kommissar Rex is a long-running detective series that takes place in the streets of Vienna and its surrounding areas, produced by the Austrian public television network (ORF). It began in 1994 and is now in its seventh season. We have attempted to analyze this series in terms of its significance for the political and social situation in which Austria finds itself today, with the influx of immigrants from the Balkan states and the continuing degradation of Vienna as a center/broker of exchange between east and west. We argue that the significance of the Kommissar Rex series lies in dealing with the social symptoms that the Austrian public are experiencing concerning its identity. Utilizing a Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective, we argue that Rex's `wild', untamed side, that is beyond the law, is put to use to reinstate the law and to ease current anxieties.
Childhood and nostalgia in contemporary culture
Authors: Moran Joe
Published: February 2009

This article explores some of the meanings and functions of childhood nostalgia in contemporary culture. It begins by linking a critique of nostalgia as idealistic and regressive to a deconstructive reading of the myth of childhood innocence, and shows how this myth has been mobilized in the heritage industry. However, it goes on to argue that childhood nostalgia remains a complex phenomenon because it is manifested not only in the narrative construction of fantasy childhoods, but in textual fragments, photographs and everyday objects that produce disjointed feelings of desire and mourning. It then examines how the nostalgia for childhood as a separate space outside of adult manipulation and control sits uneasily with the increasing constraints placed on children by political, legal and educational institutions. In this context, childhood nostalgia feeds into perennial anxieties about children as always potentially corruptible by outside influences, while also being a more specific response to new power relationships between adults and children, and changing work cultures in advanced capitalist societies.
Surveying The Kingdom
Authors: Creeber Glen
Published: February 2009

First broadcast on Danish television in 1994, The Kingdom has received little critical attention. This is surprising when one compares the notoriety that more recent von Trier films such as The Idiots (1999) and Dancer in the Dark (2000) have generated - their controversial themes and unsettling techniques rapidly turning this Danish director into a contemporary media icon and international auteur. However, this four-part television serial is as rich and sophisticated a piece of work as any of von Trier's single films, confronting a varied array of themes and concerns that both exploit and reflect the particular dynamics of Danish national culture, mythology and history. In particular, the serial explores the complex and difficult debates surrounding issues of power, discourse, national identity, and scientific and historical progress within a dense and original structure that is self-consciously and inherently televisual. This article argues that the serial's complex and frequently ambiguous portrayal of the body, nation and the self combines to produce a striking and frequently original conception of nationhood and nationalism in Europe at the end of the 20th century.
Subject: `Off topic: Oh my God, US terrorism!'
Authors: Stein Louisa Ellen
Published: February 2009

This article explores the discourse in online Roswell fan communities after the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11 September. Roswell fans drew on pre-existing online fan forums and on repertoires from Roswell fandom to mourn, to cope, to give support, to debate, to question and to organize community social action. Fan artists drew from fan techniques of collage and fan avenues for sharing artistic work to create memorial art and to participate in a complex communal process of coping and rebuilding.
Overt and covert codeswitching in immigrant children from Russia
Authors: Schmitt Elena
Published: February 2009

This paper discusses the principles and mechanisms of language attrition in a group of Russian immigrant children in the United States. The discussions and analyses in the study are carried out within the theoretical framework provided by the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model and its two submodels: the 4-M model and the Abstract Level model. The data are analyzed for the presence of bilingual production, such as codeswitching (CS), convergence, and bare forms. Because different types of morphemes become salient at different levels of the abstract lexical structure, some are less accessible and therefore more vulnerable as language attrition progresses. A structural definition of convergence based on the interaction of the abstract lexical structures of the languages participating in the bilingual speech is developed. The analysis shows that bare forms are produced as a result of both CS and convergence in the abstract structure. Bare forms represent an intermediate stage of language loss, preceded by integrated CS forms and followed by convergence. Overt CS is defined as the presence of morphemes from two varieties; these may be nontarget forms, including bare forms. Overt CS alone is found not to be indicative of language attrition since it does not, by it self, lead to the projection of parts of the abstract structure of the Embedded Language onto the grammatical frame of the Matrix Language (ML). Covert CS (convergence) may occur alone or along with overt CS (nontarget forms, including bare forms). Covert CS is, indeed, an indicator of language attrition in progress since it is a result of a composite Matrix Language.
Morpheme types in a matrix language turnover: The introduction of system morphemes from English into Pennsylvania German
Authors: Fuller Janet M.
Published: February 2009

This contribution examines the roles that morphemes of different types, as defined within Myers-Scotton and Jake's 4-M model (2000), play in contactinduced language change. The data examined here are taken from interviews with seven speakers of Pennsylvania German (PG). This paper argues that a turnover of the Matrix Language is in process in PG. Such a turnover involves the gradual replacement of system morphemes of German origin with system morphemes from English. The 4-M model outlines three different types of system morphemes: early system morphemes and two different kinds of late system morphemes, “bridges” and “outsiders.” It is predicted that early system morphemes from English will appear in PG first, and this prediction is supported by the occurrence of plurals and past participles from English in these data. There is no evidence of bridge system morphemes from English, and only isolated instances of English outsider morphemes, indicating that the introduction of late system morphemes from English has not yet taken place.
The word order in genitive constructions in a diaspora Russian
Authors: Leisiö Larisa
Published: February 2009

In this paper, I analyze the word order in NP with a genitive modifier in the colloquial speech of the Russian diaspora in Finland.

The informants are considered as two groups, dialect speakers and nondialect speakers. In Finnish and Swedish, the genitive modifier rigidly precedes the head. In modern Russian, the genitive modifier follows the head, but, in colloquia speech, it can appear in prehead position when focal. The genitive of the specific personal possessor is the most susceptible to change of position in response to pragmatic requirements. The starting hypothesis for this research is that structures susceptible to pragmatic-semantic variation first change in the language contact situation. By and large, this hypothesis is supported by the data analysis; only the genitive of the specific personal possessor appears in prehead position. However, the amount and quality of inversion is different in the dialect and nondialect samples.I shall reveal the linguistic and extralinguistic sources of the intergroup difference.

The main point of this research is to demonstrate how intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and extralinguistic factors operate conjointly, inducing language change.
Cross-lingual transfer effects between English and Italian cognates and noncognates
Authors: Lalor Erin , Kirsner Kim
Published: February 2009

Two experiments were implemented to examine the proposition that transfer effects between English and Italian translations are restricted to words from the same lexical paradigm. The experiments involved standard repetition priming, a traditional laboratory procedure, and a comparative analysis of the impact of high frequency and low frequency words in one language on performance in an alternative language. The two procedures supported the same conclusion, and showed that transfer effects are restricted to morphologically related words, and that, for the subjects used in our experiments, transfer was asymmetric, involving facilitation for second language words only. The results are discussed with reference to functional accounts of the mental lexicon.
Negotiating agreement and disagreement in Spanish-English bilingual conversations with no
Authors: Moyer Melissa G.
Published: February 2009

The present paper examines the role of the Spanish discourse particle no for negotiating agreement and disagreement in Spanish-English bilingual conversations from Gibraltar. A sequential analysis of twelve conversational exchanges shows how language choice is an important linguistic resource for negotiating agreement and disagreement in interactions. As a discourse marker no can function as (a) a yes-no request where a speaker seeks information from the hearer or (b) as a device a speaker uses to check information or obtain acquiescence. At a metalingual level of analysis, the use of Spanish as well as the no particle constitute a move for communicating in the metalingual realm of bilingual interactions about the speaker and the hearer. These moves index the actions, meanings , and situations associated with the use of Spanish in Gibraltar. The connection between the discourse functions of no, language choice (i.e., convergence), and the meanings communicated at a metalingual level of the conversation shed light on the complex strategies available to speakers for expressing agreement and disagreement in bilingual talk.
Fusion and the cognitive basis for bilingual discourse markers
Authors: Matras Yaron
Published: February 2009

This paper argues for a cognitive motivation behind the nonseparation of the systems of discourse marking available to bilinguals. It produces evidence that bilingual speakers, in an unconscious effort to reduce the mental effort which is necessary to monitor and direct the hearer's responses and reactions to the speaker's utterances, can simplify monitoring -and- directing operations by eliminating the language-specific options available to them, thereby automaticizing the choice of expressions. This cognitive motivation, I argue, is so strong that it will at times override the social and communicative constraints on the discourse, leading to counterstrategic, unintentional choices or slips. It is suggested that Fusion, as the phenomenon is defined, is responsible for a type of bilingual discourse marking which, if extralinguistic factors permit, may lead to language change. Fusion figures in a function-based model of language contact phenomena alongside Integration, Differentiation, and Convergence, and the position of other approaches to bilingual discourse markers is examined in the light of this model.
Toward fused lects: Discourse markers in Hebrew English bilingual conversation twelve years later
Authors: Maschler Yael
Published: February 2009

Thisstudy is a detailed voyage into the bilingualism of two Israeli HebrewEnglish bilinguals. I compare their patterns of discourse marker employment at two points in their lifetime, twelve years apart. The study thus adds a diachronic dimension to previous accounts of their bilingual linguistic behavior. Maschler (1997b) describes two patterns concerning grammati cization of discourse markers into an emergent bilingual grammar in the speech of one of these bilinguals in the earlier corpus-(1) the separation in language of the discourse from its metalingual frame of discourse markers, and (2) the separation in language of discourse markers from conjunctions. Twelve yearslater,Ifindfurthergrammaticizationwith respecttothefirstpattern, and reduced grammaticization with respect to the second. Maschler (1998b) shows differential grammaticization of discourse markers according to the contextual realm (Becker,1988) in which they operate. Twelve years later, I find that cognitive and textual discourse markers show further grammaticization quantitatively, whereas interpersonal discourse markers show further grammaticization qualitatively. Another pattern found in Maschler (1997b) concerns competing motivations (Du Bois, 1985) for expressing contrast-structural contrast between discourse markers and conjunctions on the one hand, and referential contrast between contrasting propositions on the other. External motivations (expressing referential contrast) were shown to override internal motivations (those pertaining to the structure of the bilingual grammar). Twelve years later, this overriding is even more apparent. In this way, the movement towards fused lects (Auer, 1999) isnevercomplete, at least not in the course of the twelve years of this bilingual'slife.
A psycholinguistic interpretation of codeswitching: Evidence from fluent Greek-English bilingual adults
Authors: Karousou-Fokas Regina , Garman Michael
Published: February 2009

Recent research on psycholinguistic aspects of bilingual production has been aimed at general modeling issues (De Bot & Schreuder, 1993), control of processing (Green, 1993), and the formulation of output (Azuma, 1993; Myers-Scotton, 1993). In the latter approach, codeswitching, henceforth `CS' has been an important source of evidence, on the concept of a “base” language, and the claim that closed class words do not codeswitch. The present study provides further evidence on these and related issues drawn from a previously untapped source of bilingual performance involving GreekEnglish conversational data. We propose that a useful line of research is opened up by the assumption that CS is revealing of linguistic units that are planned in real time during the opened up by the assumption that CS is revealing of linguistic units that are planned in real time during the production process.

We present a methodology for the systematic observation of CS distribution in our corpus, based on a range of defined units of discourse organization including the turn and different types of units within the turn, down to the level of the word. CS is found not to occur within word unit boundaries.

Findings suggest that the turn and immediate subturn unit boundaries are important loci for CS; that a variety of units beside the clause (Ford, 1982) and the verb phrase are operating in the planning process; that CS occurs preferentially before adjuncts, and before head words in constituents, especially nouns; and that closed class words are involved in CS. We conclude that planning for bilingual language production involves a range of different, and quite small, units, and that both languages contribute to the on-line building of utterance frames.
Language alternation in infant bilinguals: A developmental approach to codeswitching
Authors: Lanvers Ursula
Published: February 2009

This study approaches switching in bilingual infants from a developmental perspective, using a micro-focus of conversation-analysis. Early switching data of two bilingual children(age 1;6 to 2;11) is analyzed in terms of pragmatic choices and constraints, and it is argued that, whilst some adult-like socially-determined switching could be observed at a very early age, the most frequently observed early switches were explained in terms of the child's psycho-social and linguistic development, in particular switching for emphasis and appeal and switching due to vocabulary gaps. The results are interpreted within a developmental perspective on codeswitching, and as such bridge an identified gap in the field of infant bilingualism between structural analyses of language alternations in bilingual infants on the one hand, and switching in older bilinguals on the other.
Near nativeness and stylistic lexical competence in Swedish of first and second generation Finnish immigrants to Sweden
Authors: Bijvoet Ellen
Published: February 2009

The present study aims to characterize the perception of stylistic nuances of lexical items in both Swedish and Finnish among members of the Sweden Finnish minority in Sweden, with special emphasis on Swedish.

Data on stylistic perceptions were elicited from 77 bilingual Sweden Finns and from a Swedish and a Finnish control group. The subjects were asked to describe the connotative and stylistic meanings of 14 pairs of synonymous words in Swedish (e.g., polis—snut `police—cop') and in Finnish, using Osgood's semantic differential. The main issue was to discuss to what extent the Sweden Finns show similarity to the Swedes and/or Finns regarding their stylistic perceptions.

The results of the analysis indicate that the various Sweden Finnish test groups(divided according to sex and generation) have a different level of competence in Swedish regarding the perception of stylistic nuances. Adult men differentiated significantly less for all word pairs, while adolescents and women perceived these words largely in the same way as the Swedes in the corresponding subgroups.

The results are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate on immigrants and integration, and suggest that a more similar language use may indicate a higher degree of integration.
Bilingual language switching and the frontal lobes: Modulatory control in language selection
Authors: Meuter Renata F. I. , Humphreys Glyn W. , Rumiati Raffaella I.
Published: February 2009

Bilinguals typically show a cost of switching between their two languages. When asked to name single numerals rapidly and unpredictably in one or the other language, nonbalanced bilinguals demonstrate markedly slower responses on switch trials. This language switching cost is consistently larger when switching to the speaker's stronger, dominant language (L1), resulting in a crossover such that L 1 responses are slower. To ascertain the brain mechanisms mediating the control of language switching, switching was examined in a bilingual patient with frontal lobe damage and impaired control processes, FK. While FK showed RT language switching costs well within the normal range on successful switch trials into the dominant language, he made an inordinately high number of erroneous dominant language responses when required to switch from the dominant language to the nondominant language. In addition, FK showed comparatively greater difficulty in maintaining the nondominant language across trials. FK's deficits are attributed to problems in modulating inhibitory resources across trials in a dominant language system.
Phonetic evidence for early language differentiation: Research issues and some preliminary data
Authors: Johnson Carolyn E. , Wilson Ian L.
Published: February 2009

Although evidence is now available from several domains of language acquisition research that bilingual(BFLA) children differentiate their languages from the time of their earliest productions, studies in the phonetics-phonology domain have been sparse until recently. In this paper we first highlight some methodological issues that impact phonetic-phonological data collection and interpretation. These issues include language context, bilingual versus monolingual mode, and adult listening bias. After suggesting types of acoustic evidence that can be used to determine whether the phonological modules of a young bilingual child are separate, we focus on voice onset time (VOT). We discuss methodological issues specificto a VOT study, including segmental context, rate of speech, and the position of word stress. We also present preliminary data from two BFLA children, ages four and two, learning Japanese and English. Separate recordings were made of the two children as they were asked to identify various pictures. Each child's VOTs were calculated and compared across languages. Results showed that the two-year-old had no significant difference between languages. However, the t -test results for the four-year-old indicated that, for/p/ and /t/, VOT for English was of significantly longer duration than VOT for Japanese.
Developing vowel systems as a window to bilingual phonology
Authors: Kehoe Margaret
Published: February 2009

This study examines the vowel systems of German-Spanish bilingual children in order to determine whether there is interaction between the two language systems. German has a larger vowel inventory than Spanish and also contains an opposition between long and short vowels. Given the differences in the vowel systems, which point to a more marked system in the case of German, two predictions are considered: (a) bilingual children will acquire the vowel length contrast in their German productions later than monolingual German-speaking children; and (b) bilingual children will acquire Spanish vowels similarly to monolingual children. In the German analysis, monosyllabic and disyllabic trochaic words were transcribed and acoustically analyzed. In the Spanish analysis, monosyllabic, disyllabic, and trisyllabic words were transcribed and a perceptual judgment was made as to whether the vowel production was a possible allophonic variant of the target vowel. The results confirmed both predictions. Bilingual children were delayed relaof the target vowel. The results confirmed both predictions. Bilingual children were delayed relative to monolingual children in the acquisition of the German vowel length contrast and displayed similar performance to monolingual children in the production of Spanish vowels. In the conclusion, the relevance of the findings to bilingual acquisition and to the acquisition of vowel length representation in children's grammars is discussed.
Neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism
Authors: Goral Mira , Levy Erika S. , Obler Loraine K.
Published: February 2009

To study the brain regions and networks that underlie knowledge of more than one language, neurolinguists have traditionally compared what is impaired with what is spared in the language disturbance of aphasia. The sizable literature on polyglot aphasia suggests left-hemisphere dominance for all the languages of most polyglots. Supporting evidence comes from the literature studying lateral dominance in non-brain-damaged bilingual participants and studies of crossed aphasia. Imaging techniques such as cortical stimulation, Positron Emission Tomography(PET), and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) offer the possibility of interspersed networks for multiple languages in the left hemisphere that are largely but not entirely overlapping. The Evoked Response Potential(ERP) literature, moreover, concurs with the finding of overlap in processing for proficient bilinguals and greater differences for less proficient bilinguals. Directions for future research such as documenting the underpinnings of recent behavioral findings on polyglots' lexicons, individual variability, and language attrition are outlined.
Metapragmatic awareness and pragmatic production of third language learners of English: A focus on request acts realizations*1
Authors: Safont Jordà Maria Pilar
Published: February 2009

The present study attempts to expand the scope of investigation on the role of bilingualism in third language use. Recent studies have attributed an advantage to bilinguals over monolinguals with respect to particular aspects of language use like communicative sensitivity(Oskaar, 1990), metalinguistic awareness(Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Jessner, 1999; Lasagabaster, 1998) and interactional competence(Jessner, 1997). Nevertheless, very little research to date has been devoted to investigate pragmatic competence of third language learners(Fouser, 1997). On that account, our study aims at ascertaining the effect of bilingualism in third language learners' pragmatic production and metapragmatic awareness with a focus on request acts linguistic formulations. Regarding pragmatic production, we analyzed the use of request formulae by 80 monolingual(Castilian) and 80 bilingual(Catalan and Castilian) female learners of English as a foreign language in a discourse completion test and role-play task. We also contrasted participants' responses to a discourse evaluation test in determining their degree of metapragmatic awareness. Results from our analysis point to the advantage of bilinguals over monolinguals in justifying their evaluation on the appropriateness of certain requests'strategies to particular contexts, as well as on their use of request realizations. Findings from our study seem to call for further research on the pragmatic competence of third language learners of English thereby considering other speech acts or pragmatic aspects and also by analyzing subjects from different linguistic backgroun ds.
French-English bilingual acquisition of phonology: One production system or two?
Authors: Brulard Inès , Carr Philip
Published: February 2009

We examine the onset, atrophy and possible interaction of a set of patterns in the speech of our child(Tom) acquiring French and English, from first words(1;8.0—1;10.0) until 2;6.0. The patterns are: (a) consonant harmony (CH); (b) reduplication(REDUP), (c) an iambic stress contour(IAMBIC) for all words, whether French or English, up until the age of 2;2.21,(d) the over generalization of word-final[t](WFT), operational until around 2;5.14, (e) avoidance of word-initial voiceless fricatives(AVOIDVF), operational until the age of 2;6.00, (f) the emergence of a preponderance of English monosyllabic words ending in a consonant(MONOC) from 2;5.00 onwards. Our aim is twofold. We ask how our data bear on the question of whether the bilingual child has two distinct production phonologies from the earliest stage(1;8.0—1;10.0). We also use our data to test recent claims, (a) that placelessness plays a role in CH patterns(Harrison,1999) and(b) that CH is driven by foot structure, such that the differing foot structures of English and French give rise to different patterns of CH in children acquiring English and French(Rose,2000). With respect to the first aim, one of our main findings is that two segmental phenomena(CH and reduplication) in Tom's speech showed clear differentiation between English and French, with CH occurring(we claim) exclusively in Tom's English lexis, and reduplication exclusively in Tom's French lexis. We cannot, however, show that this differentiation was present from the earliest stage, since Tom's word productions at that stage are(we claim) exclusively French1. Unlike CH and reduplication, other segmental patterns showed “leakage” of a pattern from one language to another. We consider a nonsegmental pattern(Tom's word stress pattern), showing that this exhibited differentiation only at a later stage. Tom's segmental patterns and processes showed complex patterns of interaction, while there was no interaction between his segmental patterns and his word stress constraints. With respect to our second aim, we argue that appeals to “placelessness”in describing CH lack explanatory value. We also show that our data do not support the claims(a) that CH is driven by foot structure and (b)that the distinct foot structures of English and French lead to distinct patterns of CH in children acquiring those languages, whether monolingually or bilingually.
Does cariño equal “liking”?
Authors: Altarriba Jeanette
Published: February 2009

A new methodological approach to understanding the mental representation of concepts and words that represent them in the first language of bilinguals was investigated. Spanish-English bilinguals were asked to rate Spanish words on one of three dimensions: concreteness, imageability, or context-availability. Three categories of words were investigated: concrete, abstract, and emotion. Findings paralleled those reportedby Altarriba, Bauer, and Benvenuto(1999) for English wordtypes as rated by English speakers except for one dimension. While emotion words were rated as less concrete but more easily pictured than abstract words, bilinguals provided equal ratings for both word types in terms of context-availability. These findings suggest two important points: (1) concrete, abstract, and emotion words are represented in similar ways across languages in terms of concreteness and imageability; and(2) emotion words in Spanish, for Spanish-English bilinguals are more readily contextualized to a specific episode than the corresponding words in English, for English speakers. The results suggest both a need to develop models of bilingual memory that account for wordtype differences, and the need to incorporate the idea of autobiographical memory in discussing the representation of cross-language emotion words.
Iconicity and structure in codeswitching
Authors: Karrebæk Martha Sif
Published: February 2009

With a functional grammatical approach this paper explores how codeswitching data manifest iconicity and structure. Codeswitching is here considered a linguistic mode, and thus a semiotic process. The objective is to place codeswitching within language as such, that is as a systematic, linguistic phenomenon which participates functionally in the grammatical structuring of linguistic constructions.

Data comprise Turkish-Danish bilingual teenagers' group conversations. The different instances of codeswitching are categorized and presented in the form of a typology which is organized with a primary weight on iconicity. Iconicity alone however cannot explain or motivate every instance of codeswitching, and consequently the interaction between iconicity and structure is also investigated.

It is shown that most types of codeswitching are far from arbitrary when both form and content are taken into consideration, and exactly this instantiates codeswitching as an expression parameter with a(grammatical)function.
Simulating Recovery from Bilingual Aphasia
Authors: Meara Paul
Published: February 2009

This paper describes how Random Boolean Networks can be used to simulate simple lexicons, and it shows how some puzzling properties of real lexicons seem to emerge spontaneously in these models. It goes on to describe some simple simulations of bilingual aphasia, and shows that a range of "recovery patterns” can be observed in these simulations. The patterns are not unlike the recovery patterns reported in the clinical literature—for example all five of Paradis' main recovery types are observed.

This suggests that it may be unreasonable to expect a single rule or a set of simple rules to account for recovery patterns in bilingual aphasics. If very simple models produce a large range of behavior patterns in recovery simulations, it seems unlikely that a single rule of recovery could underlie the patterns found in real lexicons.
Developing Assessment Procedures for Phonological Awareness for use with Panjabi-English Bilingual Children
Authors: Stuart-Smith Jane , Martin Deirdre
Published: February 2009

The links between phonological processing and literacy development have mainly been investigated in monolingual, English-speaking children and most tasks to assess phonological awareness have been devised in English. Increasing interest in phonological processing in children who speak languages other than English has helped lead to there cognition that phonological awareness is to a certain extent language-specific and dependent on the phonology of the language of assessment. Thus the development of tasks to measure phonological awareness must be sensitive to the phonology of the language concerned. This paper discusses the development of a battery of tasks which were used to assess phonological processing skills in Panjabi-English bilingual children in west Birmingham, U.K. The work is unusual among previous studies on phonological awareness in bilinguals in that we developed tasks to assess the children in both of their languages. Our results support the notion that at least some tasks of phonological awareness may be language-specific. Moreover we find that the results of phonological tasks for a particular language can be dependent on the task design and content, which in turn are constrained by the phonology of that language.
The early acquisition of Spanish verbal morphology: Across-the-board or piecemeal knowledge?
Authors: Mueller Gathercole Virginia C. , Sebastián Eugenia , Soto Pilar
Published: February 2009

This paper examines the earliest uses of verbal morphology in aninflectional language, Spanish . Stringent criteria are applied to data from two children to determine what inflections are used productively. Analyses reveal that there is little productive command of verbal morphology at early ages and that subjects begin with a single form per verb. When elements of the verb paradigm do begin to become productive, they do so in a very gradual, piecemeal fashion. Finally, what governs which aspects of the paradigm are learned early seems to be a complex interaction of the input with cognitive and linguistic complexity.
Early development of verb structures and caregiver input in Korean: Two case studies
Authors: Choi Soonja
Published: February 2009

This study examines the development of verb structures in the multiword combinations of two Korean learners, starting from 15 months of age when both children produced their first word combination. After a brief period of "verb island usage," from 20 months the two children showed remarkable systematicity and coherence in their use of transitive and intransitive verbs: Transitive verbs typically occurred with objects whereas intransitive verbs occurred with subjects. These distinct "preferred" structures between the two verb categories corresponded to distinct semantic and discourse pragmatic structures. Transitive sentences encoded the child or the mother as the agent acting upon inanimate entities, whereas intransitive sentences encoded a third party as the agent or experience of an event or state. Analysis of the mothers' speech to the children suggests that not only do they provide children with a clear model for the preferred structures but they also guide children's development by eliciting those structures from them through questions. The study suggests that the early development of verb structures in Korean is due in part to these features of the input as well as to children's early sensitivity to syntactic and semantic/pragmatic patterns in the target grammar.
Managing it: A Mother’s Perspective of Managing a pre-School Child’s Acute Asthma Episode
Authors: Dickinson Annette R. , Dignam Denise
Published: February 2009

Over the last decade asthma management strategies have required families to take increased responsibility for the assessment and treatment of their child’s asthma. This exploratory descriptive study informed by grounded theory examines the experience of mothers in managing their pre-school child’s acute asthma attack at home.

The study reveals that mothers perceive that they are responsible for the management of their pre-school child during an acute asthma episode, a process they described as ‘managing it’. This process involves mother in ‘working on treatment’, ‘making the call’, ‘watching’ and ‘calming’, while the husband/partner, family, friends and health professionals are ‘supporting treatment’. This study suggests that nurses and doctors need to move away from the current paternalistic view of health care delivery in acute settings and embrace the concepts of support and partnership in the care of the pre-school child with asthma and their family.
Description of Breastfeeding Practices among Poorer Sections in Calcutta Metropolitan Area and its Impact on Postpartum Infecundity
Authors: Dihidar S. , Bhattacharya B. N. , Mukherjee K. L.
Published: February 2009

Descriptions of breastfeeding practices among residents in slum areas of Kolkata and the influence of breastfeeding on postpartum amenorrhoea is the focus of this study. Three out of four women initiate breastfeeding after one hour of birth and three out of five women squeeze the first milk from the breast before breastfeeding. Though the median duration of breastfeeding is long, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is much shorter. Breastfeeding during the first six months has a significant negative influence on the rate of return to menses.
Experiences of the Generalist Nurse Caring for Adolescents with Mental Health Problems
Authors: Ramritu Prabha , Courtney Mary , Stanley Tracey , Finlayson Kathleen
Published: February 2009

Mental healthcare for adolescents is currently provided in a range ofsettings, including general hospital wards and paediatric wards, although care of adolescents with mental health problems in general settings has not been evaluated. This descriptive study surveyed generalist nurses who provide care to adolescents with mental health problems in the general hospital setting to determine satisfaction with their abilities to provide care, challenges encountered in care provision and strategies to provide optimal care by these nurses. Participants included 30 generalist nurses (response rate of 73%) from two wards in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Queensland, Australia. The survey findings showed that 67 percent of the respondents felt inadequately prepared to care for this group and only 41 percent were satisfied with their ability to provide care. Strategies identified to improve nursing care included: enhancement of continuity of care and teamwork, provision of appropriate environmental facilities, greater support from specialist mental health nurses and further education oncaring for adolescent mental health problems.
Cultural citizenship and crime fiction
Authors: Hermes Joke , Stello Cindy
Published: February 2009

Based on interviews with 19 readers (15 women, 4 men) of detective fiction (broadly defined as crime novels with a central role for the investigator of the crime, whether a professional or an amateur), I aim to investigate both the practice of reading detective fiction and its possible wider ramifications. In particular I am interested in whether and how this popular genre is connected with ‘cultural citizenship’ and with feminism and gender roles. The link between citizenship and popular culture is made via the concept of the ‘interpretive community’.
Thinking across spaces
Authors: Aksoy Asu , Robins Kevin
Published: February 2009

This article is concerned with the development of transnational television from Turkey, particularly across the European space. First, it seeks to provide an overview of which channels are currently available, emphasizing the new variety – from the programming of the state broadcaster (TRT), through a vibrant array of new commercial broadcasters, to new Muslim channels. Then we move on to look at the implications of these new developments for Turkish audiences in Europe. What we argue is that Turkish television culture is now quite diverse, as also are the audiences that watch it – there are many different ways of being Turkish now. Against those, generally conservative, critics, especially in Germany, who believe that Turkish television is becoming a kind of cultural ghetto for the Turkish audiences that are its viewers, we maintain that the picture is in fact far more complex. As they select different channels and programmes to watch, these audiences use television to actively think about their own identities: their identities between places. They are thinking across spaces, and give us some sense of the experience of a new kind of media culture that has become de-linked from a singular national reference point.
The eagle and the bird
Authors: O’Connor Alan
Published: February 2009

This response to James Lull in the European Journal of Cultural Studies 1(3) introduces a wider range of Mexican and Latin American cultural studies and argues that Lull’s selection sidesteps issues of social and cultural conflict.
Moving the immovable
Authors: Cairns David
Published: February 2009

This article examines Ulster loyalist discourse and its changeable nature, arguing that recent challenges to Orangeism from Irish nationalists and the loosening of the traditional alliance between Orangeism and the forces of law and order have necessitated the incorporation of a new narrative, which seeks to justify Orangeism on grounds that it is ‘traditional’ and must therefore be granted an unchallenged ‘right to march’ wherever and whenever it wishes. It has been found that this discursive shift is manifest not only at the senior levels of the loyalist community, for example, in the Orange Order’s leadership, but equally at ground level. It is also argued that the frame in which the argument is disseminated to the wider public – one of marching as a ‘civil right’ – has been borrowed from the ‘Catholic’ civil rights protests of the late 1960s and early 1970s.