bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Riparian Rights
Authors: Gordley James
Published: November 2023

Sometimes knowing how a rule originated affects one’s respect for it. England and the eastern American states have a ‘riparian’ water rights system in which each person with land along watercourse is supposed to have an equal right to use it. According to a popular account, that system arose because water was plentiful. In the western American states, where water is scarce, it was replaced by a system of prior appropriation which protects the first person to put water to a useful purpose. Benign forces seem to have given each region the water law it ought to have.
Comparative Unjust Enrichment
Authors: Birks Peter
Published: November 2023

Bernard Rudden has immense range and depth. His learning stretches not only across many subjects and many jurisdictions but also deep down into history and jurisprudence. Few legal scholars can emulate either his intimate knowledge of every corner of the law library or his capacity to write with equal authority on, for example, Russian law, the structure of the law of property, the evolving law of the European Union, and the legal history of the commercial company. For most of us his example is utterly intimidating. He is also a great scholar in the more technical sense, as one whose writings simply assume the necessity of maintaining the highest standards of accuracy in expression and rigour in proof and documentation. This chapter is therefore offered with respect and affection, but not without considerable trepidation.
The action for annulment
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

Under Article 230 (ex 173) EC, the Court has jurisdiction to review the legality of Community acts. That jurisdiction is essential to breathe life into two fundamental principles of the Community legal order, those of the rule of law and conferred powers. Article 230 is the main judicial remedy available to those whose rights are infringed where an institution of the Community exceeds its powers or acts unlawfully in some other way. It would have been out of keeping with the legal traditions of the founding Member States for institutions enjoying such broad law-making powers to have escaped judicial control. Article 230 helps to ensure that the Community meets the requirements of Article 47 of the Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights, which confers on ‘[e]very one whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated ... the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal .. .’ That provision is based on Articles 6(1) and 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights, an instrument which the Court has described as having ‘special significance’ in the Community legal order. The some­ times tortuous language in which Article 230 is couched has been the source of considerable controversy and the Court has not always adopted a consistent policy in resolving the doubts that have arisen. The same may be said of the CFI which, since 1993/’ has had jurisdiction over direct actions brought by natural and legal persons. It has made a significant contribution to the development of the case law on the action for annulment.
Direct effect, primacy and the national courts
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

It would be hard to exaggerate the importance of the doctrines of direct effect and primacy for the proper functioning of the common market, yet their practical application depends to a large extent on the goodwill of the national courts. While the lower national courts have by and large accepted the case law of the Court of Justice, the response of many top national courts has been somewhat negative. Their attitude is undoubtedly attributable in part to their role as ultimate guardians of cherished and historically resonant national constitutional values. It may also represent a reaction to the tendency of Community law to undermine the authority of higher national courts by enabling lower courts to bypass them and converse directly with the Court of Justice. Of the judgments on the matter given by supreme national courts, that of the Belgian Court de Cassation in Minister for Economic A .flairsv SA Froma,1;erie Franco­ Suisse ‘Le Ski’remains perhaps the most communautaire. The Le Skidecision has been described as ‘a watershed in Belgian jurisprudence’ as it settled a long-running debate over how conflicts between treaties and domestic law should be resolved. The position of Community law in the Belgian legal system would be determined by the solution adopted by the Cour de Cassation to that wider problem.
The right of establishment and freedom to provide services
Authors: Arnull Anthony
Published: November 2023

Essential to the proper functioning of the internal market are the right of establishment and the freedom to provide services, which effectively extend rights of free movement to the self-employed. The right of establishment is the subject of Chapter 2 of Title III, Part Three, of the EC Treaty, which comprises Articles 43 (ex 52) to 48 (ex 58). In its original form, the first paragraph of Article 52 EEC provided: ... restrictions on the freedom of establishment of nationals of a Member State in the territory of another Member State shall be abolished by progressive stages in the course of the transitional period. Such progressive abolition shall also apply to restrictions on the setting up of agencies, branches, or subsidiaries by nationals of any Member State established in the territory of any Member State. Article 54(1) EEC required the Council to draw up a general programme for the abolition of existing restrictions on freedom of establishment within the Community setting out ‘the general conditions under which freedom of establishment is to be attained in the case of each type of activity and in particular the stages by which it is to be attained’. Under the following paragraph, the general programme was to be implemented by Council directive.
Introduction
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: November 2023

This book aims to contribute to the understanding of two seminal themes: knowledge-intensive work and knowledge-intensive firms; and knowledge-in particular, social processes around knowledge-more generally in an organizational context. What these rather difficult concepts may mean will be explored in depth in the next chapter. For the moment I will just say that work and organizations that are knowledge-intensive revolve around the use of intellectual and analytical tasks, and are typically seen as requiring an extensive theoretical education and experience to be carried out successfully.
Knowledge Management: Departures from Knowledge and/or Management
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: November 2023

FAIRLY closely related to the management of ‘human resources’ in terms of significance and focus is knowledge management. Knowledge and human resources cannot be fully separated, al though some authors reify knowledge. Knowledge management gives a particular perspective on how organizational resources and especially the key one in the form of humans-are being managed, or at least how management tries to access and control them. Although people have tried to utilize and improve knowledge throughout history, the term ‘knowledge management’ became popular in the 1990s. It is now an important area of organizational practice and a significant academic sub discipline. Knowledge management (KM) is one of those rare fashionable ideas that have been celebrated by practitioners but also by academics across a broad range of disciplines.
The Firm: Coalitions, Communities, and Collective Agency
Authors: Taylor Michael
Published: November 2023

Research on local and regional economic growth and regeneration has always had the firm at the centre of its deliberations. In this literature, the firm is seen as a key driver of economic change, innovation, and knowledge transfer. It is the site of enterprise and entrepreneurial endeavour. It is the locus of job creation and wealth creation. It is the source of competitive advantage. But, how much do we know about how the firm functions: what creates it, what drives it, what shapes it, what destroys it? There is a range of theories that attempts to come to grips with these processes and issues that are built on different ontological and epistemological foundations. These theories range from the market rationality of the neoclassical ‘black box’, to the calculus of markets versus hierarchies in transaction cost reasoning, to the bounded rationality of behaviouralism, and the single category, ‘capital’, of structuralism.
Firms As Political Actors in Processes of Capital Accumulation and Regional Development
Authors: Hudson Ray
Published: November 2023

Contrary to the assumptions of mainstream, neoclassical economics, the economy and its institutions, such as firms and markets, are not naturally occurring phenomena. They are, and must be, socially produced and politically regulated. Most fundamentally, this is because the contradictory class structural relationship between capital and labour is at the core of any capitalist economy but, in addition, there are permanent tensions, expressed in varying forms of collaborative and competitive relationships, marked by typically asymmetric power relations, among both firms and groups of workers. As such, a chronically recurring characteristic of capitalist societies is a formal separation of the economic and political spheres. This separation necessarily arises as a consequence of the state mediating competitive relations between capital and labour and because of the impossibility of any single firm ensuring the conditions that make capitalist production possible. As such the state, typically in the form of the national state, emerges and evolves via processes of political and social struggle as a mediating institution.
The Regulation of Aristocratic Status
Authors: Manning Roger B
Published: November 2023

Throughout the aristocratic societies of early modern north-western Europe, disagreement arose over the question of whether monarchs were the source of honours and titles of nobility or whether they merely recognized the prior existence of honour and nobility. After the chivalric revival began in the Elizabethan period, swordsmen especially in England-began to resent the pretensions of gownsmen and courtiers and to insist that honour could be gained or validated only on the battlefield. The Tudor and Stuart monarchs sought to monopolize and regulate the granting of titles and armorial bearings and to adjudicate disputes about points of honour. This they did through the College of Heralds, which granted and authenticated coats of arms and conducted visitations by heralds in an attempt to suppress spurious claims to armigerous status; they also revived the Court of Chivalry, which claimed an exclusive jurisdiction over affairs of honour in an unsuccessful attempt to prohibit the widespread practice of duelling. Peers and gentlemen resented the sale of peerages and baronetcies by James I and the duke of Buckingham, but the conflict about the regulation of aristocratic status was more basic than any dispute concerning royal venality.
Private Warfare and the Language of the Sword
Authors: Manning Roger B
Published: November 2023

War was almost universally sanctioned by divines, jurists, and political philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As a con sequence of the chivalric revival and the eruption of religious wars throughout Europe, more and more noblemen and gentlemen in the British Isles were becoming acquainted with a martial culture based upon honour, which was spreading throughout the camps and courts of Europe, as well as the aristocratic households and urban centres of the British Isles. Concepts of honour and virtue, which were prominent features of European martial culture, taught swordsmen and gallants to think of war and vengeance in personal and individualistic terms; only powerful centralized states could maintain the distinction between public war (bellum) and private war (duellum).
Duelling and Authority
Authors: Manning Roger B
Published: November 2023

The critics of the phenomenon of duelling agreed that, at best, the practice ignored royal proclamations, offended divine law, and was inconsistent with the values of a civil society. Ultimately, the practice of duelling invaded the royal prerogative, was symbolically an act of subversion and rebellion, and asserted the regulation of aristocratic status by the community of honour rather than royal authority. Theologians and ethicists condemned duelling as murder or suicide depending on the outcome of private combats, and military commanders discovered that duelling subverted military hierarchies and undermined military discipline, and they issued articles of war prohibiting the practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Manning Roger B
Published: November 2023

As the end of the sixteenth century approached, the English aristocracy had become demilitarized for lack of opportunity-not for want of inclination; the Irish and Scottish aristocracies retained their medieval martial traditions, but engaged in feuding and cattle raiding, where the principal motive was personal revenge rather than the more rational military and political objectives of a modern state. Queen Elizabeth’s decision to intervene in the Netherlands to keep the Spanish menace at bay engaged the aristocracies of the British Isles once again in the cockpit of mainland European politics as well as the ideological conflicts of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. The swordsmen and gallants of the Three Kingdoms volunteered in their numbers to fight in the armies of Catholic and Protestant princes and states, as the whole of Europe became engulfed in endemic religious and dynastic warfare, which spread to the British Isles after 16 38. By the end of the seventeenth century, the Three Kingdoms, under the leadership of William III, had become fully engaged in continental European and colonial wars and naval and commercial rivalries that had spread across the globe.
Constituent Structure
Authors: Carnie Andrew
Published: November 2023

This book explores the empirical and theoretical aspects of constituent structure in natural language syntax. It surveys a wide variety of functionalist and formalist theoretical approaches, from dependency grammars and Relational Grammar to Lexical Functional Grammar, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, and Minimalism. It describes the traditional tests for constituency and the formal means for representing them in phrase structure grammars, extended phrase structure grammars, X-bar theory, and set theoretic bare phrase structure. In doing so it provides a clear, thorough, and rigorous axiomatic description of the structural properties of constituent trees. Andrew Carnie considers the central controversies on constituent structure. Is it, for example, a primitive notion or should it be derived from relational or semantic form? Do sentences have a single constituency or multiple constituencies? Does constituency operate on single or multiple dimensions? And what exactly is the categorial content of constituent structure representations? He identifies points of commonality as well as important theoretical differences among the various approaches to constituency, and critically examines the strengths and limitations of competing frameworks. This is an ideal introduction for graduate students and advanced undergraduates. It is also a valuable reference for theoretical linguists of all persuasions in departments of linguistics, cognitive science, computational science, and related fields.
A Liberal Democratic Approach to Language Justice
Authors: Laitin David D , Reich Rob
Published: November 2023

Linguistic diversity is a social fact that raises important normative questions about justice. Since most states are linguistically diverse—by which we mean that the political boundaries of the state circumscribe a territory in which persons do not share the same native tongue—the state must have language policies, either explicit or implicit, that answer questions such as: what language(s) should be used in public institutions?; should linguistic minorities receive education in their native language, and, if so, should the state fund it?; can the state mandate or prohibit the use of some language(s) in public or non-public domains?; and can linguistic communities within the state mandate or prohibit the use of some language(s) within given zones or territories?
Beyond Personality: The Territorial and Personal Principles of Language Policy Reconsidered
Authors: Réaume Denise G
Published: November 2023

Language regulation regimes are commonly classified according to whether they exemplify the territorial model or the personality principle (Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 1967: Ch. 4; McRae 1975: 33; Laponce 1987; McRoberts 1989; May 2001: 178–9). This division picks out one particular feature of regimes: whether they regulate language use by territory, requiring people to adapt to the language of the place, or regulate in accordance with the linguistic preferences of speakers, wherever they reside. Described this thinly, neither model dictates very precisely a concrete policy on language, and indeed the literature displays a distinct lack of precision in the use of the two models to illuminate the concrete policies adopted in various jurisdictions.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Cary L
Published: November 2023

The 1980s was described as the decade of the ‘enterprise culture’, with people working longer and harder to achieve individual success and material rewards. Globalization, privatization, process re-engineering, mergers and acquisitions, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and the like, all combine to transform workplaces into hot-house, free-market environments (Cooper, 1999). By the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, a major restructuring of work, as we have never known it since the industrial revolution, was beginning to take place. The early years of the decade were dominated by the effects of the recession and efforts to get out of it.
Prometheus Unleashed: The Quest for Knowledge and the Promise of Salvation Through Technique
Authors: Gehmann Ulrich
Published: November 2023

Prometheus-isn’t he a figure from Greek mythology, located in the remote past of an illo tempore, of a time-gone-by, with which we have nothing in common any more? What could such a figure have to do with our ‘post modern’ times, times that we perceive as being completely demystified, soberly organized, and stripped of any mythic ingredients? Before answering this question, we should first look at the myth itself.
Sentencing and Sensitivity: A Challenge for Criminological Research
Authors: Ashworth* Andrew
Published: November 2023

The career that has taken Roger Hood to the top of his profession began with empirical research into sentencing, and he has revisited this field many times, both as a researcher and in the course of his influential writings on the relationship of criminology to policy making. Sentencing presents one of the most public faces of the criminal justice process.
Arguments of Public Policy
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan
Published: November 2023

Once it is determined that a claim is justiciable, whether liability will be imposed on a public authority depends on the application of ‘ordinary principles of negligence’,and this will mean that the claimant must establish he or she was owed a duty of care. Where it has been widely recognized in similar past cases that a duty of care is owed, liability is dependent only on establishing carelessness and causation, and the court will not consider the issue of ‘duty’ at all. Where it is less clear that a duty is owed, because we are dealing with a novel category of case in which duties have not been recognized previously, the tripartite test set out in the judgment of Lord Bridge in Caparo Industries  Plc  v  Dickman, which we consider in more detail in chapter 3, is applied.
Planning, Environmental, Banking and Professional Regulation
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we examined the negligence liability of authorities engaged in health and safety regulation. The present chapter deals with regulation in other areas. It examines the tortious liability of authorities involved in regulation in the fields of planning, the environment and banking, and of those authorities regulating professions such as law, accountancy and medicine. In each of these areas, regulatory authorities are empowered to oversee and control the activities of third parties. Planning authorities regulate those involved in land development to ensure that development occurs in a manner that is compatible with wider public interests.
Petty Matters: About This Book
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

True trade mark aficionados also tirelessly patrol a number of fault lines other than that which divides legal property from living language. In our calling we are drawn repeatedly to contemplate issues of verbal and conceptual preoccupation which many of our fellow lawyers, and certainly most of our fellow humans, find inexplicable. One of these issues is our constant need to know what is ‘identical’ and what is ‘similar’.
Infringing Acts
Authors: Phillips Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The Group’s warning coincides with the publication of a new report by The Intellectual Property Institute (IPI) into The Social & Economic Effects of Counterfeiting. The report includes new information including the involvement of organised crime in counterfeiting and also the trade in counterfeit aircraft parts, which has led to many accidents globally. Aircraft fakes have been linked to no fewer than 174 US aircraft crashes or accidents between 1973 and 1996. Even the US President’s Air Force One and Two are not immune to the counterfeiting problem: in 1997, the oxygen and fire extinguisher systems were found to be ‘unapproved’.
Simple Regression
Authors: Heij Christiaan , Boer Paul de , Franses Philip Hans , Kloek Teun , Dijk Herman K van
Published: November 2023

Econometrics is concerned with relations between economic variables. The simplest case is a linear relation between two variables. This relation can be estimated by the method of least squares.
Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables
Authors: Heij Christiaan , Boer Paul de , Franses Philip Hans , Kloek Teun , Dijk Herman K van
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider dependent variables with a restricted domain of possible outcomes. Binary variables have only two possible outcomes (‘yes’ and ‘no’); other qualitative variables can have more than two but a finite number of possible outcomes (for example, the choice between a limited number of alternatives).
Changes in the Employment Relationship Across Time
Authors: Schalk Rene
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines changes in the employer-employee relationship from three perspectives: Societal changes; organizational changes; and individual changes in employees’ desires. The first perspective is the influence of the societal environment in which the employment relationship is embedded. Arguably, changes in the employment relationship occur as a consequence of developments in our society overall. In addition, characteristics of the context in which employment relationships are embedded exert an influence on the exchanges between employer and employee.
The Enforceability of A Mortgage
Authors: Miller Gareth
Published: November 2023

A mortgagee will have taken steps to ensure that the mortgage is valid and effective against the mortgagor before the amount secured is advanced. If the legal estate is vested in joint names of husband and wife or cohabitants then the mortgage will almost certainly have been executed by both co-owners as joint mortgagors. The mortgagee will also have sought to ensure that there are no valid claims from persons other than the mortgagor or mortgagors which might affect the enforceability of its security. If the legal estate is vested in the name of one person alone then generally the mortgagee will have obtained from any person who may have, or claim to have, a right to occupy the property by virtue of a beneficial interest in the property or otherwise, a signed form consenting to such interest being postponed to the interest of the mortgagee.
The Effect of Insolvency on Applications for Financial Provision and Property Adjustment
Authors: Miller Gareth
Published: November 2023

The claims of creditors will almost invariably make it more difficult to achieve a satisfactory disposition of the parties’ income and capital on the breakdown of a marriage. If the claims of the creditors lead to the bankruptcy of the husband he may be able to take advantage of bankruptcy proceedings as a means of delaying or defeating the claims of his wife; he may even be prepared to file his own petition in bankruptcy. In this event it may be possible and appropriate for his wife to seek annulment of the bankruptcy order. This was considered in Chapter 6, para 6.10.4.
Renewing Unilever
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Unilever is one of the world’s largest suppliers of fast moving consumer goods in foods, home and personal care. It operates in over 100 countries. Its scope and scale make it a unique global corporation. Yet the story of Unilever is not simply a tale of corporate evolution: Unilever is a corporation that has a big impact on the lives of people round the world. Indeed, a Unilever brand can be found in one in every two households worldwide. Geoffrey Jones, a leading business historian from the Harvard Business School, takes us inside this corporation, which, from its origins in Britain and the Netherlands, has become a worldwide manufacturer of fast moving consumer products. Unilever’s operations cover food and home and personal care, and its brands include Lipton, Hellmann ‘s, Birds Eye, Wall’s, Surf, Domestos, Comfort, Dove, Sunsilk, Pond’s, Signal, Axe, and Ben & Jerry’s. In particular the book focuses on the evolution of the company over the last half century. Managing such a firm in the era of globalization posed enormous challenges. The book covers the company’s strategies and provides compelling evidence of its decision-making, marketing, brand management, innovation, acquisition strategies, corporate culture, and human resource management. The author has had full access to corporate archives and executives and provides us with a unique insight into the workings and strategies of one of the world’s oldest and largest multinationals.
Adding Value: Marketing and Brands
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

By the 1960s it was evident that Unilever’s markets were undergoing a radical change. The economic boom of the post-war decades was creating a new affluence in western Europe as well as the United States. Western European incomes increased more in these two decades than in the previous 150 years. Accelerating social change accompanied the growth of incomes. Large numbers of young people were the first members of their families to go to universities. There was a great rise in the number of women working outside the home after marriage. Family structures began to weaken as divorce rates moved upwards. People lived longer.
Corporate Culture
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

During the early 1980s there was a sudden spate of studies, mostly written by McKinsey partners or consultants, on the corporate culture of firms. Peters and Waterman’s In Search of Excellence, published in 1982, became a major international best-seller. It was followed by numerous studies which maintained that corporate culture was one of the key determinants in corporate performance. A firm’s ‘culture ‘ resides in the shared values and assumptions which evolve over time, and which are typically taken for granted. This ‘culture ‘ is at once hard to define, as it is not written down in any document or set of rules, yet pervasive, shaping the choices that managers make, and how decisions are implemented.
Organizational Identity
Authors: Albert Stuart , Whetten David A
Published: November 2023

The objective of this chapter is to define and develop the concept of identity1 within an organizational setting, to consider what the term organizational identity might mean that is clear, distinctive, important, useful and measurable. Historically, identity has been treated as a loosely coupled set of ideas, distinctions, puzzles, and concepts that are best considered as a framework or point of view (Erickson, 1980, 1968; James, 1890; Mead, 1934). 7
Organizational Identity: Linkages Between Internal and External Communication
Authors: Cheney George , Christensen Lars Thøger
Published: November 2023

As a man adjusts himself to a certain environment he becomes a different individual; but in becoming a different individual he has affected the community in which he lives. It may be a slight effect, but in so far as he has adjusted himself, the adjustments have changed the type of environments to which he can respond and the world is accordingly a different world.
History and the nature of stakeholder theorizing
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

Freeman is generally credited with popularizing the stakeholder concept, with his 1984 book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. It is often recognized that the word stakeholder first appeared in management literature via an internal memo at the Stanford Research Institute in 1963. Schilling (2000) argues that the Weld predates this by over sixty years due to a startling similarity between that stakeholder concept and the work of Follet (1918). Here we consider a concern about the corporation, which emerged along with the origins of the corporation as a legal entity: the soulless corporation.
General theoretical stakeholder issues
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

The stakeholder concept has not gone unchallenged. Many have reiterated the alternative stockholder position. Others have challenged implications of the stakeholder concept for certain groups and its broader implications for social institutions (Section 5.2). In Chapter 2 we noted Donaldson and Preston’s claim (1995) that the core of stakeholder theory should be normative as it was the strongest basis capable of providing a convincing justification for stakeholder theory. Jones and Wicks (1999a) repeated this claim in stronger terms and sparked an important discussion (the ‘convergence’ debate) over the future direction that stakeholder theory should take.
Intermediaries, the media, and stakeholder mismanagement
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

Contributors to the stakeholder literature have typically considered the stakeholder– organization relation as dyadic: a direct, linear relationship. This simplifies reality and ignores the impact of interdependent stakeholders and established networks. It also overlooks the role of intermediaries as mediators, facilitators, campaigners, and as stakeholders in their own right, and in particular the role of the media as an intermediary. There are three notable exceptions that consider some but not all of these aspects: Rowley (1997), Frooman (1999), and Rowley and Moldoveanu (2003) (see Sections 4.2.6, 4.5.1, and 4.5.2).
National and international stakeholder policies
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha
Published: November 2023

Regulations and guidelines pertinent to stakeholders are numerous. In addition to the array of geographical jurisdictions from which such guidelines emanate, the core focus can range from human rights, sustainable development, and employee practices to supply chain management. It is not the intention here to cover all such guidelines; however, we provide a framework in Section 9.2 by which the vast array of literature on policies, as well as the laws, regulation, and guidelines, can be categorized. It is intended to help make comparisons between policies and particularly in relation to the effectiveness of policies.
Is There an Adjective Class in Wolof?
Authors: Laughlin Fiona Mc
Published: November 2023

One of the striking characteristics of many Niger-Congo languages is the small set of underived adjectives that they possess. Igbo, for example, has only eight un derived adjectives which occur as antonym pairs (Welmers 1973: 259; Dixon 1981: 4), while Ewe has only five (see Ameka 2002). In some languages, such as Akan, words with an adjectival function are barely distinguishable from nouns, while in others, such as Yoruba, they resemble verbs (Welmers 1973: 155-7). Remarking on the latter type, Creissels (2000: 249-50) adds that ‘Wolof illustrates the borderline case of a language that properly speaking does not have a category “adjective”; and in which even notions most typically encoded through adjectival lexemes are encoded through lexemes that fulfil the predicate function inexactly the same way as typically verbal lexemes.’ Lexical items most likely lo be adjectives on a semantic basis behave in an overwhelmingly verb-like manner in Wolof. They function as intransitive predicates and not as copula complements, and they modify nouns in an NP within relative clause constructions. Work verb-like adjectivals are found widely in the world’s languages, in Chapter 1 Dixon proposes that all languages have an adjectival class that is in some way distinct from other word classes in a given language, thereby predicting that adjectivals in languages like Wolof will exhibit some behaviour ,however subtle, that sets them apart from other verbs.
Prisons and their Moral Performance
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen
Published: November 2023

This book constitutes a critical case study of the modern search for public sector reform. It includes a detailed account of a study aimed at developing a meaningful way of evaluating difficult-to-measure moral dimensions of the quality of prisons. Penal practices, values, and sensibilities have undergone important transformations over the period 1990-2003. Part of this transformation included a serious flirtation with a liberal penal project that went wrong. A significant factor in this unfortunate turn of events was a lack of clarity, by those working in and managing prisons, about important terms such as ‘justice’, ‘liberal’, and ‘care’, and how they might apply to daily penal life. Official measures of the prison seem to lack relevance to many who live and work in prison and to their critics. The author proposes that a truer test of the quality of prison life is what staff and prisoners have to say about those aspects of prison life that ‘matter most’: relationships, fairness, order, and the quality of their treatment. The book attempts a detailed analysis and measurement of these dimensions in five prisons. It finds significant differences between establishments in these areas of prison life, and some departures from the official vision of the prison supported by the performance framework. The information revolution has generated unprecedented levels of knowledge about individual prisons, as well as providing a management reach into establishments from a distance, and a capacity for ‘chronic revision’, that was unimaginable fifty years ago. Another major transformation – the modernisation project – brought with it a new, but flawed, ‘craft’ of performance monitoring and measurement aimed at solving some of the problems of prison management. This book explores the arrival and the impact of this concept of performance and the links apparently forged between managerialism and moral values.
The Transfer of Tangible Movable Property
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is the choice of law treatment of particular transfers of tangible movable property, by means of gift, sale, mortgage, or otherwise1 (and not the general or universal transfer of such property as may occur upon the event of marriage, insolvency or death). Tangible movable property may be said to comprise ‘all things having a physical corpus capable of actual possession’. In the normal run of events, owner- ship of tangible movable property is not represented or evidenced by formal, certificated title (although motor vehicles, aircraft, ships, etc generally are accompanied by registration documents, which are akin to documents of title), meaning that the law which determines the creation, acquisition, and/or transfer of rights in such property is not always immediately apparent.
The Contract/Conveyance Borderland
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M
Published: November 2023

A. IMMOVABLE PROPERTY

According to Article 3 of the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (henceforth ‘the Rome Convention’),3 contracting parties may select the law which is to govern their contract, even where the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property, but according to Article 4(3), insofar as the applicable law has not been chosen, ‘to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated’.
Designing Regulatory Frameworks For Developing Countries
Authors: Buckingham Ann , Williams Mark
Published: November 2023

For much of the latter half of the twentieth century, the provision of telecommunications services in developing countries has been the responsibility of the State. Penetration rates were low, service quality was poor, and the incumbent operator was often in financial difficulties. Government attempts to improve the situation focused on securing investment, technical assistance, and financial support. However, in the 1990s, three factors dramatically changed attitudes to the development of communications markets in developing countries.
Settlement and Part 36
Authors: Barrie MA Peter
Published: November 2023

Most cases settle. This is particularly the case with personal injury claims. This is a good thing (except for the lawyers) as long as the settlement is on proper terms and is not an undervalue of a claim, which a claimant is compelled to accept because of a fear of the barriers such as cost, delay and uncertainty which stand in the way of taking a claim to court. When a claim is settled, the assessment of the claim is in the hands of the lawyers rather than the court; much depends on the skill and experience of the legal advisers and their resistance to the conflicts of interest which increasingly arise in practice.
Appeals
Authors: Barrie MA Peter
Published: November 2023

The rules are to be found in the Access to Justice Act 1999, the Access to Justice (Destination of Appeals) Order 2000, CPR Part 52, and PD 52. As ever with the Civil Procedure Rules, you need fingers in at least two places to understand the rules.
Physiognomating by the Book
Authors: Porter Martin
Published: November 2023

In these two final chapters I want to provide present readers with an idea of how the reading of the physiognomony in these books worked its natural magic in such a way as to bring the reader to some form of self-knowledge. I will also try to offer a way of understanding how, in the early modern period, the hermetic sense of reading the art of physiognomy gave rise to an ‘internal cinema’ that was thought to be capable of bringing about a self-transformation, or what was referred to in the Corpus hermeticum as a ‘regeneration’. With the gestation of time, and with all the intellectual, religious, social, political, and cultural changes that took place between the late fifteenth century and the late eighteenth century, this intensely religious process of ‘regeneration’ was lost sight of, and reading a ‘book on physiognomy’ was transformed into a much more light-hearted form of recreation.
The Communication of Marketing: A Critical Analysis of Discursive Practice
Authors: Brownlie Douglas , Saren Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we have taken the opportunity to interpret the phrase ‘marketing communications’ in a broad fashion. In doing so we raise a number of fundamental issues that inform our understanding of communications as a social process, and what follows reveals why our arguments are a relevant addition to this book’s coverage.
Strategy Making as an Iterated Process of Resource Allocation
Authors: Noda Tomo , Bower Joseph L
Published: November 2023

Despite the fact that many well-known discussions of strategy invoke the image that strategy is a course of action consciously deliberated by top management (e.g. Chandler 1962; Andrews 1971) or an analytical exercise undertaken by staff strategists (e.g. Ansoff 1965; Porter 1980), descriptive analysis of the complexity of real organizational phenomena challenges such simplified conceptualization (e.g. Allison 1971). An explicit recognition of inherent organizational complexities, often described as ‘possible goal incongruence’, ‘information asymmetry’, and ‘organizational politics’ (e.g. Barnard 1938; Simon 1945; Cyert and March 1963; Crozier 1964), as well as ‘unpredictable’ and ‘uncontrollable’ environments (e.g. Schumpeter 1934; Nelson and Winter 1982; Thompson 1967; Pfeffer and Salancik 1978; Miles 1982), has led some strategic management scholars to describe how strategy is actually formed instead of prescribing what it should be. Findings from their empirical studies suggest that strategy is, more or less, emergent from lower levels of organizations (e.g. Mintzberg 1978; Pascale 1984; Mintzberg and Waters 1985), whether through trial-and-error learning (Mintzberg and McHugh 1985), incrementally with logical guidance from the top (Quinn 1980), or such that small changes are often punctuated by a sudden big change in a relatively short period (Miller and Friesen 1984; Tushman and Romanelli 1985; Gersick 1991). From this strategy process perspective, strategy is ‘a pattern in a stream of decisions and actions’ (Mintzberg and McHugh 1985: 161) that are distributed across multiple levels of an organization.
Liberia
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M
Published: November 2023

Liberia boasts of being amongst the world’s leading marmme nations.1 Located on the West Coast of Africa, and having a population estimated atmillion,2 Liberia was founded in 1822 by freed black American slaves whose repatriation to Africa was funded primarily by the American Colonization Society. Originally a conglomerate of independent isolated colonies, greater co-operation developed among the colonies and by 1839, Liberia was a self-governing commonwealth. When the colonial powers, primarily Great Britain, refused to recognize the sovereign status and rights of the commonwealth, in 1947 the people of Liberia proclaimed the territory an independent republic, making it the first independent republic in Africa.
The Baltic States: Pacesetting on EMU Accession and the Consolidation of Domestic Stability Culture
Authors: Feldmann Magnus
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania chose to pursue a euro entry strategy that made them EMU accession leaders, targeting full member- ship by 2007–08, and shortly after Slovenia. This status as pacesetters and the prospect of accelerated euro entry would have seemed highly unlikely in the early 1990s when they were attempting to break loose from the Soviet Union and when EU membership itself seemed utopian.
From Laggard to Pacesetter: Bulgaria’s Road to EMU
Authors: Dimitrov Vesselin
Published: November 2023

Bulgaria’s road to EMU provides one of the clearest and most successful instances in east central Europe of one form of the two-level game of ‘negotiation of fit’ between the EU and the domestic levels (see Dyson’s introductory chapter above), the strategy of ‘binding hands’. In this variant, domestic actors, both political and technocratic, use European integration in order to limit their policy discretion, with the aim of enhancing their credibility at both the domestic and the EU level.
From Pacesetter to Laggard: The Political Economy of Negotiating Fit in the Czech Republic
Authors: Boönker Frank
Published: November 2023

By the mid-1990s most observers regarded the Czech Republic as the pacesetter amongst east central East European states in progress towards adopting the euro. At that time, the country was widely perceived as a paragon of ‘sound money and finance’ in the region. VaB4clav Klaus, the self- confident architect of Czech economic reform in the first half of the 1990s, did not stand alone in arguing that the Czech Republic was closer to meeting the Maastricht convergence criteria than many traditional EU members.
Trust as a source of sustained competitive advantage*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N
Published: November 2023

Significant differences in assumption and method exist between behaviorally oriented and economically oriented organizational scholars (Barney 1990; Donaldson 1990). While these differences manifest themselves in a wide variety of research contexts, nowhere are they more obvious than in research on the role of trust in economic exchanges. On the one hand, behaviorally oriented researchers often criticize economic models that assume exchange partners are inherently untrustworthy (Mahoney, Huff, and Huff 1993) and constantly tempted to behave in opportunistic ways (Donaldson 1990). These scholars are dissatisfied with economic analyses that suggest trust will only emerge in an exchange when parties to that exchange erect legal and contractual protections (called governance mechanisms) which make it in their self-interest to behave in a trustworthy manner (Williamson 1975). This rational, calculative, economic approach to trust, many behavioral scholars argue, is empirically incorrect (since most exchange partners are, in fact, trustworthy), socially inefficient (since it leads to an overinvestment in unnecessary governance), and morally bankrupt (Etzioni 1988). A more reasonable approach, it is argued, would adopt the assumption that most exchange partners are trustworthy, that they behave as stewards over the resources they have under their control (Donaldson and Davis 1991), and thus that trust in exchange relationships—even without legal and contractual governance protections—will be common.
Human resources as a source of sustained competitive advantage*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N
Published: November 2023

Human resource researchers and managers have long maintained that the HR function plays an important role in firm performance. In fact, most corporate annual reports boldly state that the firm’s people are its most important asset. Despite these widely held beliefs and all-too-frequent statements, however, many organizational decisions suggest a relatively low priority on both the human resources of the firm and the HR department. For example, when organizations require cost cutting, they often look first to investments in the firm’s people such as training, wages, and headcounts. In addition, even when top managers value the firm’s people, they may not value the HR department. For example, when asked how the founder and CEO of one of the most successful high-technology companies in the world viewed the importance of human resources, the director of Strategic Leadership Development replied: Which do you mean? If you mean the Human Resource function, or what we call ‘big HR’, then he doesn’t have much value for them at all. If you mean the people of the company, or what we call ‘little hr’, then he places an extremely high value on them. If top managers publicly espouse their commitment to the firm’s human resources, and the firm’s HR function has substantial responsibility for managing this valuable firm resource, then why do many organizational decisions not evidence this stated commitment to people or a respect for the HR function? This chapter draws from Barney and Wright (1998).