bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repeated Games and Networks
Authors: Nava Francesco
Published: July 2016

The chapter provides an overview of recent results on infinitely repeated games in which monitoring and interactions are local. The chapter surveys Folk Theorems for games with local monitoring, and results characterizing optimal punishments in separable local public goods games. The relationship between the monitoring structure and the equilibrium correspondence is a key topic of enquiry. Results clarify the roles played by contagion, ostracism, and communication in shaping equilibrium outcomes. Understanding how network measures of social cohesion and of information diffusion can affect trust in communities is the main applied aim of the literature.
Behind the Screens
Authors: Belmar Sima
Published: July 2016

This chapter seeks to recuperate the dance legacies in Saturday Night Fever (1977) through a choreographic and cinematographic analysis of the film’s dance sequences. The ways the camera centralizes racialized, dancing bodies offers a perhaps accidental acknowledgement of the debt owed to black dancers. Centered around John Travolta’s Italian-American character Tony Manero living in a homogeneous Brooklyn neighborhood—where blacks were (and continue to be) unwelcome—Saturday Night Fever paradoxically exposes and pays tribute to the black roots of the screendancing. Travolta’s training for the film uncovers a complex dance history that reflects significant interracial contact behind the scenes as well as between and within singular bodies. There was interracial mixing in the backgrounds of the film’s top-billed choreographer, Lester Wilson, and Travolta’s uncredited dance instructor, Deney Terrio, and the modern, jazz, and street dance roots of the choreography shifts the film into a history of American concert and commercial dance practice.
Longing for Depth
Authors: Joseph Rachel
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the work of Busby Berkeley in relationship to Roland Barthes’ theory of the “punctum.” Cinema’s return to performance through screendance suggest moments of excess within the moving image that gesture toward a dismantling of the screen and reveal a desire for live theater. Barthes theorized that the photographic still image provides, in certain cases, a “punctum,” which he defined as a moment of pricking or wounding that occurs in the viewer beyond the symbolic meaning of the photograph, bringing the past into a performed moment of affective presence. Examination of some of Berkeley’s greatest screened-stage choreographic sequences in films such as Footlight Parade reveals how the bodies within Berkeley musicals both position themselves as excess and create quite literal holes in the screen in which the viewer’s eye is invited to go deeply inward. The cinematic use of the punctum restores this corporeal absence to presence through screendance within the frame of the stage.
From Oakland Turfs to Harlem’s Shake
Authors: Bragin Naomi Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

In an era of official “colorblindness” and liberal multiculturalism, widespread interest in and enjoyment of hip-hop expression is underwritten by structural antiblackness. Participants on and offline gain cultural capital by performing the social codes of blackness, diverting ethical attention from the urgency of black existence, and sustaining a feeling of broad reluctance, if not refusal, to engage seriously with the history, culture, and politics of black communities. This chapter discusses hood dance practices of Harlem Shaking and Oakland Turfing, which, linked to YouTube participation, constitute more than social identity; they incorporate black improvisational aesthetics linking movement to the social life of the black neighborhood. But choreocentricity—an institutional priority of Western mass-market concert dance—reconstitutes hip-hop forms into efficient formulae for profit, bringing hip-hop into a frame of whiteness to police its global production and marketability. Thus the global viral circulation of hip-hop dance resonates deeper attachments to both blackness and antiblackness in social media and the global dance industry.
A Rhizomatic Revolution?
Authors: Jackson Naomi
Published: July 2016

The Internet and the representation and dissemination of videos posted on YouTube has greatly impacted the evolution of screendance, especially as related to popular dance—dance broadly recognized as performed by the “populace” in codified forms such as hip hop, in fads like the Macarena, or styles unique to individuals. Such videos reflect how issues of social justice and equity are addressed in the new digital environment. This chapter discusses two case studies, Where the Hell is Matt? and The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (LXD), which illuminate how YouTube has successfully provided a platform for exposure to certain marginalized citizens and movement forms like urban dance. But tensions exist and questions abound in relation to their innovative aesthetics, rhizomatic spread, and democratizing and social justice potentials. Can everyday users of YouTube foster a more egalitarian society, especially as capitalist for-profit forces and commercial impulses exert more pressures on the Internet? The response to these questions remains complex and incomplete.
Resurrecting the Future
Authors: Albright Ann Cooper
Published: July 2016

Loïe Fuller’s innovative use of light and motion (the two essential elements of any screendance) prefigured many such twenty-first-century experiments. This chapter discusses how Fuller used theatrical lighting to connect with and energize her vision of dance—through visual effects such as mirrors and shadows—and shows the development in her later career of a cinematic vision, especially in her first forays into film. It also discusses Fuller’s Le Lys de la Vie, tracing its influence on the work of filmmakers and theorists such as René Clair and Germaine Dulac, as well as its importance for the use and critical reception of film and video in contemporary dance. The critical reception of her work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries parallels in enlightening ways current dialogues about dance and technology, giving us an important historical perspective on the relationship between physical expression and visual abstraction, between body and image in dance.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Douglas
Published: July 2016

There have been important developments in the relationship of dance to the screen since the earliest days of photography. But it was not until the latter part of the twentieth century that it became apparent that there was an identifiable collective body of work that might be formally called screendance. It’s a tradition that continues from pioneers like Maya Deren and Yvonne Rainier, to the experimental films of Norman McLaren and much later dance works incorporating virtual reality. Since the start of the new millennium screendance, through dancefilm festivals and museum and gallery exhibitions, as well as a significant body of research from established scholars and PhD candidates, has become an international movement. This introduction creates a context for thinking about screendance as global scholarship and provides a model for a contemporary approach to writing that is simultaneously historical, practical, and theoretical.
Impact of a Potassium-enriched, Chloride-depleted 5% Glucose Solution on Gastrointestinal Function after Major Abdominopelvic Surgery
Authors: Löffel Lukas M. , Burkhard Fiona C. , Takala Jukka , Wuethrich Patrick Y.
Published: July 2016

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) complications often delay recovery after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. The authors investigated if perioperative administration of a potassium-enriched, chloride-depleted 5% glucose solution (G5K) accelerates recovery of GI function.

Methods

This randomized, parallel-group, single-center double-blind trial included 44 consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection with urinary diversion. Patients were randomized to receive either a G5K (G5K group) solution or a Ringer’s maleate solution (control group). Fluid management aimed for a zero fluid balance. Primary endpoint was time to first defecation. Secondary endpoints were time to normal GI function, need for electrolyte substitution, and renal dysfunction.

Results

Time to first defecation was not significantly different between groups (G5K group, 93 h [19 to 168 h] and control group, 120 h [43 to 241 h]); estimator of the group difference, −16 (95% CI, −38 to 6); P = 0.173. Return of normal GI function occurred faster in the G5K group than in the control group (median, 138 h [range, 54 to 262 h] vs. 169 h [108 to 318 h]); estimator of the group difference, −38 (95% CI, −74 to −12); P = 0.004. Potassium and magnesium were less frequently substituted in the G5K group (13.6 vs. 54.5% [P = 0.010] and 18.2 vs. 77.3% [P < 0.001]), respectively. The incidence of renal dysfunction (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage kidney disease stage “risk”) at discharge was 9.1% in the G5K group and 4.5% in the control group; P = 1.000.

Conclusions

Perioperative administration of a G5K did not enhance first defecation, but may accelerate recovery of normal GI function, and reduces potassium and magnesium substitution after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.
Patient Recollection of ICU Procedural Pain and Post ICU Burden: The Memory Study*
Authors: Puntillo Kathleen A. , Max Adeline , Chaize Marine , Chanques Gerald , Azoulay Elie
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To assess patients’ recollections of in-ICU procedural pain and its impact on post-ICU burden.

Design:

Prospective longitudinal study of patients who underwent ICU procedures.

Setting:

Thirty-four ICUs in France and Belgium.

Patients:

Two hundred thirty-six patients who had undergone ICU procedures.

Intervention:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Patients were interviewed 3–16 months after hospitalization about: 1) recall of procedural pain intensity and pain distress (on 0–10 numeric rating scale); 2) current pain; that is, having pain in the past week that was not present before hospitalization; and 3) presence of traumatic stress (Impact of Events Scale). For patients who could rate recalled procedural pain intensity (n = 56) and pain distress (n = 43), both were significantly higher than their median (interquartile range) in ICU procedural pain scores (pain intensity: 5 [4–7] vs 3 [2.5–5], p < 0.001; pain distress: 5 [2–6] vs 2 [0–6], p = 0.003, respectively.) Current pain was reported in 14% of patients. When comparing patients with and without current pain, patients with current pain recalled even greater ICU procedural pain intensity and pain distress scores than patients without current pain: pain intensity, 8 (6–8) versus 5 (3.25–7); p = 0.002 and pain distress, 7 (5–8) versus 4 (2–6); p = 0.01, respectively. Patients with current pain also had significantly higher Impact of Events Scale scores than those without current pain (8.5 [3.5–24] vs 2 [0–10]; p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Many patients remembered ICU, with far fewer able to rate procedure-associated pain. For those able to do so, recalled pain intensity and pain distress scores were significantly greater than reported in ICU. One in seven patients was having current pain, recalling even higher ICU procedural pain scores and greater traumatic stress when compared with patients without current pain. Studies are needed to assess the impact of ICU procedural pain on post-ICU pain recall, pain status over time, and the relationship between postdischarge pain status and post-ICU burden.
Reduced Corneal Sensitivity and Sub-Basal Nerve Density in Long-Term Orthokeratology Lens Wear
Authors: Lum Edward , Golebiowski Blanka , Swarbrick Helen A.
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

To investigate changes in corneal sensitivity and nerve morphology in orthokeratology (OK) contact lens wear.

Methods:

In a cross-sectional study, 54 subjects (aged 18–45 years) were grouped into three categories: nonlens (NL), soft lens (SCL), and OK lens wearers. Corneal sensitivity was measured at the corneal apex and 2.5 mm temporal to the apex using the Cochet–Bonnet aesthesiometer. Corneal nerve morphology was assessed by sampling a 1 mm2 area of the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus using the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph with Rostock Corneal Module at the corneal apex and 2.5 mm temporal to the apex. Nerve fiber density (NFD) was calculated by measuring the total length of nerve fibers per square millimeter using Image-Pro Analyser. Comparisons between groups were made using mixed analysis of variance and post hoc paired t tests with Bonferroni correction or the Kruskal–Wallis test and post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate.

Results:

There was a significant difference in corneal sensitivity between the three groups (P=0.027). Central threshold was significantly higher in the OK than NL group (0.69±0.42 g/mm2 vs. 0.45±0.12 g/mm2; P=0.048). Mid-peripheral threshold was not different between the three groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in NFD between the three groups (P<0.001). Central NFD was significantly less in the OK than NL and SCL groups (OK: 17.89±4.42 mm/mm2, NL: 25.87±5.00 mm/mm2; SCL: 24.52±4.93 mm/mm2; P<0.001). Mid-peripheral NFD was not different between the three groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions:

Long-term OK lens wear is associated with a decrease in central corneal sensitivity and NFD. The mechanism underlying refractive change during OK treatment seems to impact both corneal sensitivity and nerve morphology.
Alternate Light Source Findings of Common Topical Products
Authors: Pollitt Erin N. , Anderson Jocelyn C. , Scafide Katherine N. , Holbrook Debra , D’Silva Glynis , Sheridan Daniel J.
Published: July 2016

Background:One of the important roles of a forensic clinician is to perform examinations of patients who are victims and suspects of crime. Alternate light source (ALS) is a tool that can improve evidence collection and enhance visualization of injuries. The purpose of this study was to examine if commonly used topical products fluoresce or absorb when examined with an ALS. Second, we aimed to identify patient and examination variables that may impact findings.Methods:A convenience sample of 81 subjects was used. After the application of 14 over-the-counter products, researchers observed the participants’ skin with an ALS under 18 combinations of wavelengths and colored filters.Results:Of the 14 products viewed (n= 1458 observations per product), six were found to fluoresce under alternate light in more than 40% of observations, five fluoresced in 1%–10% of observations, and three fluoresced less than 1% of the time. One product (a makeup product) absorbed ALS light consistently (81%), and a second (a sunscreen product) absorbed in 7%, whereas the remaining 12 products produced absorption findings in less than 1% of observations. In generalized mixed linear models, absorption findings were more commonly identified in participants with light or medium skin tones when compared with those with dark skin tones.Discussion:These results suggest that the presence of topical products may impact ALS findings. A thorough forensic clinical assessment should include a documented history, including assessment of potential sources of findings, to aid in interpretation.
Ethical Issues to Consider in the Design of HIV Prevention Trials Involving Transgender People
Authors: Singh Jerome Amir
Published: July 2016

Although transgender women have been included in HIV prevention pre-exposure prophylaxis studies, no pre-exposure prophylaxis study has focused exclusively on transgender persons. Drawing on the cardinal principles of ethics espoused in the Belmont Report, this work highlights, among other issues, that (1) the principle of Justice requires the HIV prevention field to focus exclusively on transgender persons, (2) the disclosure of potential study-related risks to study participants demonstrates Respect for Persons, and (3) devising risk mitigation plans, optimizing a proposed study's standard of care, and the provision of ancillary care satisfy the principle of Beneficence.
The Role of Laparoscopy in the Treatment of Anastomotic Leaks After Minimally Invasive Colorectal Resections for Cancer
Authors: Cimitan Andrea , Contardo Tania , Molaro Roberta , Morpurgo Emilio
Published: July 2016

Aim of the Study:

The aim of this study was to describe the role of laparoscopy in the treatment of leaks occurring after minimally invasive colorectal resections.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty-four of 566 consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive colorectal resection for cancer between January 2004 and December 2012 and who showed signs of anastomotic leakage (6%) requiring reoperation were studied using a prospectively maintained database. Patient characteristics, clinical signs, the surgical approach, the role of laparoscopy, operative and postoperative results, and the rate of permanent stoma were analyzed.

Results:

The median time to diagnosis of an anastomotic leak after surgery was 5.5 days. The median time to reoperation from the diagnosis of leakage was 2 days. Leaks were treated laparoscopically in 21 of 34 (61.8%) patients. Anastomoses were dismantled in 14 patients (41.2%) and the procedure was performed laparoscopically in 28.6% of the cases. The postoperative morbidity was 55.9%, the perioperative mortality 5.7%, and the rate of permanent stoma was 8.8%.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic reoperation can be performed in most cases of anastomotic leaks occurring after minimally invasive colorectal resection for cancer. Anastomosis can be dismantled laparoscopically in 28.6% of the cases. A permanent stoma was necessary only in patients with terminal stomas.
Strategic adjustment of parental care: life-history trade-offs and the role of glucocorticoids
Authors: Akçay Çağlar , Lendvai Ádám Z. , Stanback Mark , Hausmann Mark , Moore Ignacio T. , Bonier Fran
Published: July 2016

Life history theory predicts that optimal strategies of parental investment will depend on ecological and social factors such as current brood value and offspring need. Parental care strategies are also likely to be mediated in part by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid hormones. Here we present an experiment in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), a biparental songbird with wide geographic distribution, asking whether parental care is strategically adjusted in response to signals of offspring need and brood value and whether glucocorticoids are involved in these adjustments. Using an automated playback system, we carried out playbacks of nestling begging calls specifically to females in two populations differing in their brood value: a northern population in Ontario, Canada (relatively high brood value) and a southern population in North Carolina, USA (lower brood value). We quantified female offspring provisioning rates before and during playbacks and plasma corticosterone levels (cort) once during late incubation and once immediately after playbacks. Females in both populations increased feeding rates temporarily during the first two hours of playback but the increase was not sustained for the entire duration of playback (six hours). Cort levels from samples at the end of the playback did not differ between control females and females that received playbacks. However, females that had higher increases in cort between the incubation and nestling period had greater fledging success. These results suggest that females are able to strategically respond to offspring need, although the role of glucocorticoids in this strategic adjustment remains unclear.
Fostering social relationships through food rituals in a New Zealand school
Authors: Neely Eva , Walton Mat , Stephens Christine
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Food practices, including associated routines, rituals, and habits, are an unexplored area in school health promotion. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap through exploring how food rituals act as vehicles for young people to establish, maintain, and strengthen social relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

– Through an ethnographic inquiry, including observations and interviews with teachers and 16-18 years old students in New Zealand, everyday practices were explored in-depth across one school year.

Findings

– The findings include three food rituals as significant for young people in managing their social relationships, including the lunch walk, ritualised sharing, and gifting food. The findings highlight the importance of everyday food rituals for young people’s social relationships. For instance, gifting cake mediated care to friends, showed trust in the relationship, and allowed to reciprocate; the lunch walk encouraged social interaction and was a means by which young people could integrate into a new group; and ritualised sharing food involved negotiating friendship boundaries.

Research limitations/implications

– The study is exploratory with findings reported from one school. Further research exploring how young people use food rituals in their everyday lives for managing social relationships is needed.

Originality/value

– A focus on social relationships in settings such as schools could broaden the scope of nutrition promotion to promote health in physical, mental, and social dimensions. Implications for school health promotion are discussed.
What goes on behind closed doors?
Authors: Sintov Nicole , Dux Ellen , Tran Agassi , Orosz Michael
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the impact of a competition-based intervention combining high-resolution electricity feedback, incentives, information and prompts on college dormitory residents’ energy consumption and participation in demand response events. The authors also investigated changes in individual-level pro-environmental behaviors and examined psychosocial correlates of behavior change.

Design/methodology/approach

Residents of 39 suites in a freshman residence hall competed against one another to reduce energy consumption and win prizes as part of a three-week competition. Feedback was provided in near real-time at the suite-level via an interactive touch-screen kiosk. Participants also completed baseline and follow-up surveys.

Findings

Electricity use among all suites was approximately 6.4 per cent lower during the competition period compared to baseline, a significant reduction. Additionally, participants reported engaging in various pro-environmental behaviors significantly more frequently during the competition relative to baseline. Changes in pro-environmental behavior were associated with changes in level of group identification and perceived social norms.

Practical implications

In three weeks, dormitory residents saved 3,158 kWh of electricity compared to baseline – the equivalent of more than 3,470 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. The findings provide evidence that real-time feedback, combined with incentives, information and prompts, can motivate on-campus residents to reduce energy consumption.

Originality/value

The authors contribute to a limited body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of dorm energy competitions in motivating college students to save energy. In addition, the authors identified individual-level behavioral and psychosocial changes made during such an intervention. University residential life planners may also use the results of this research to inform student programming.
Selling empire: a historical perspective on selling foreign products in domestic markets
Authors: Moore Jonathan Allen
Published: July 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore how the Empire Marketing Board used enhanced marketing tools and approaches to reduce British consumer bias against foreign products. The paper asks: “How have marketers historically increased foreign exports to domestic markets?”

Design/methodology/approach

The paper comprises an historical account of the Empire Marketing Board during the 1920s and 1930s. Applying a qualitative approach, it relies on archival materials gathered by the author in the United Kingdom – including official and personal papers; newspaper and poster advertisements of the Board; and existing scholarship for its information.

Findings

The Board used three strategies in its advertisements: collaboration, showing how domestic and overseas markets were linked in mutually beneficial ways; globalization, emphasizing the expansive “home” market and the benefits of removing borders; and producer profiles, narrating the producers of imperial products to create the desire to benefit producers.

Practical implications

The strategies of the Board are not dissimilar to fair trade campaigns used by the private sector today, notably in coffee. Looking forward, these approaches could be valid ways for companies today to reduce consumer bias against foreign goods, and this paper hopes to be a stepping-stone for future research.

Originality/value

Analyzing under-used archival sources, the paper illuminates the complex processes and ideologies embedded within the Board’s campaigns. The Empire Marketing Board played an important role in the interwar British consumer conceptualization of the relationship between Britain and her Empire, construction of a global British “home” market and the familiarization of imperial producers.
The High Risk of Contrast‐induced Nephropathy in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism Despite Three Different Prophylaxis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Turedi Suleyman , Erdem Erkan , Karaca Yunus , Tatli Ozgur , Sahin Aynur , Turkmen Suha , Gunduz Abdulkadir
Published: July 2016

Objective

The objective was to compare the protective effects of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) plus normal saline (NS), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) plus NS, and NS alone in the prevention of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) after computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in emergency patients.

Methods

This study was planned as a randomized, controlled clinical research. Patients undergoing contrast‐enhanced CTPA on suspicion of pulmonary embolism (PE) in the emergency department and with at least one risk factor for development of CIN were included in one of three different prophylaxis groups. The groups received 3 mL/kg intravenous (IV) NAC+NS or NaHCO3+NS solution or NS alone 1 hour before CTPA and 1 mL/kg IV per hour for a minimum of 6 hours after CTPA. CIN was evaluated as the primary outcome and moderate or severe renal insufficiency and in‐hospital mortality as secondary outcomes.

Results

A total of 257 patients were enrolled in the study. The total level of CIN development was 23.7% (61/257), the level of moderate and severe renal failure was 12.5% (32/257), and the in‐hospital mortality rate was 12.8% (33/257). Rates of CIN development in the drug groups were 23.5% in the NAC group (20/85), 21.2% (18/85) in the NaHCO3 group, and 26.4% in the NS group (23/87). Rates of development of moderate or severe renal insufficiency were 9.4% in the NAC group (8/85), 10.6% in the NaHCO3 group (9/85), and 17.2% in the NS group (15/87). In‐hospital mortality rates were 12.9% in the NAC group (11/85), 11.8% in the NaHCO3 group (10/85), and 13.8% in the NS group (12/87). No difference was determined between the drug groups in terms of CIN, moderate or severe renal injury, or hospital mortality.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that there is a high risk of CIN in patients with suspected PE despite three different types of prophylaxis being administered, and no statistically significant differences were observed among prophylactic NAC, NaHCO3, and NS in prevention of CIN following contrast‐enhanced CTPA.
Intervention study shows suboptimal growth among children receiving a food supplement for five months in a slum in Bangladesh
Authors: Choudhury Nuzhat , Bromage Sabri , Alam Md. Ashraful , Shamsir Ahmed A.M. , Munirul Islam M. , Iqbal Hossain M. , Mahfuz Mustafa , Mondal Dinesh , Haque Rashidul , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: July 2016

Aim

This study assessed weight and height changes among underweight children who received a locally produced, cereal‐based, ready‐to‐use supplementary food.

Methods

We recruited 500 underweight Bangladeshi children aged 6–23 months from a Dhaka slum and individually matched them by sex and neighbourhood with 480 well‐nourished controls. The intervention group received the daily food supplement for five months, and both groups received daily micronutrient supplements. Their weight, height, mid‐upper‐arm circumference and head circumference were measured monthly.

Results

The children's mean daily weight gain decreased from 1.27 to 0.66 grams per kilogram per day (g/kg/day) in the intervention group and 0.77 to 0.49 g/kg/day in the controls after adjusting for age differences between the two groups from baseline to five months of follow‐up. The mean monthly height gain decreased from 1.13 to 1.03 millimetres per metre per month in the intervention children and 1.26 to 1.01 in the controls. The weight gain was highest in the intervention children who were most wasted at baseline and the controls who were least stunted.

Conclusion

The children showed suboptimal growth despite food supplements, highlighting the need for ongoing research to develop inexpensive, locally sourced food supplements to improve the nutrition of underweight children in Bangladesh.
Front‐Running Scalping Strategies and Market Manipulation: Why Does High‐Frequency Trading Need Stricter Regulation?
Authors: Manahov* Viktor
Published: July 2016

Regulators continue to debate whether high‐frequency trading (HFT) is beneficial to market quality. Using Strongly Typed Genetic Programming (STGP) trading algorithm, we develop several artificial stock markets populated with HFT scalpers and strategic informed traders. We simulate real‐life trading in the millisecond time frame by applying STGP to real‐time and historical data from Apple, Exxon Mobil, and Google. We observe that HFT scalpers front‐run the order flow, resulting in damage to market quality and long‐term investors. To mitigate these negative implications, we propose batch auctions every 30 milliseconds of trading.
Radiography on wheels arrives to nursing homes – an economic assessment of a new health care technology in southern Sweden
Authors: Dozet Alexander , Ivarsson Bodil , Eklund Karin , Klefsgård Rosemarie , Geijer Mats
Published: July 2016

Rationale, aims and objectives

The process of transferring older, vulnerable adults from an elder care facility to the hospital for medical care can be an emotionally and physically stressful experience. The recent development of modern mobile radiography may help to ease this anxiety by allowing for evaluation in the nursing home itself. Up until this point, no health economic evaluation of the technology has been attempted in a Swedish setting. The objective of this study was to determine whether examinations of patients in elder care facilities with mobile radiography were cost‐effective from a societal perspective compared with hospital‐based radiological examinations.

Methods

This prospective study included two groups of nursing home residents in two different areas in southern Sweden. All residents in the nursing homes were targeted for the study. Seventy‐one patients were examined with hospital‐based radiography at two hospitals, and 312 patients were examined using mobile radiography in nursing homes. Given that the diagnostic effects are regarded as equivalent, a cost minimization method was applied. Direct costs were estimated using prices from the county council, Region Skåne, Sweden.

Results

From a societal perspective, mobile radiography was shown to have significantly lower costs per examination compared with hospital‐based radiography. The difference in health care‐related costs was also significant in favour of mobile radiography.

Conclusion

Mobile radiography can be used to examine patients in nursing homes at a lower cost than hospital‐based radiography. Patients benefit from not having to transfer to a hospital for radiography, resulting in reduced anxiety for patients.
Dynamic apical surface rings in superficial layer cells of koi Cyprinus carpio scale epidermis
Authors: DePasquale J. A.
Published: July 2016

This study examined the novel ring‐shaped structures found in the apical surface of individual cells of the scale epidermis of koi Cyprinus carpio. These apical rings are highly dynamic structures with lifetimes ranging from a few to several minutes. While several ring forms were observed, the predominant ring morphology is circular or oval. Two distinct ring forms were identified and designated type I and type II. Type I rings have a well‐defined outer border that encircles the surface microridges. Type II rings are smooth‐surfaced, dinner‐plate‐like structures with membranous folds or compressed microridges in the centre. Type II rings appear less frequently than type I rings. Type I rings form spontaneously, arising from swollen or physically interrupted microridges but without initially perturbing the encircled microridges. After persisting for up to several minutes the ring closes in a centripetal movement to form a circular or irregular‐shaped structure, the terminal disc. The terminal disc eventually disappears, leaving behind a submembranous vesicle‐like structure, the terminal body. Type I rings can undergo multiple cycles of formation and closing. Recycling epidermal apical rings form through centrifugal expansion from the terminal disc followed by apparent contraction back to the disc structure, whereupon the cycle may repeat or cease. The findings demonstrate a novel skin surface structure in fishes and are discussed with respect to communication with the external aqueous environment.
As thick as three in a bed
Authors: Scheidegger Christoph
Published: July 2016

During the evolution of the lichen symbiosis, shifts from one main type of photobiont to another were infrequent (Miadlikowska et al. ) but some remarkable transitions from green algal to diazotrophic cyanobacterial photobionts are known from unrelated fungal clades within the ascomycetes. Cyanobacterial, including tripartite, associations (green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts in one lichen individual) facilitate these holobionts to live as C‐ and N‐autotrophs. Tripartite lichens are among the most productive lichens, which provide N‐fertilization to forest ecosystems under oceanic climates (Peltigerales) or deliver low, but ecologically significant N‐input into subarctic and alpine soil communities (Lecanorales, Agyriales). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Schneider et al. (2016) mapped morphometric data against an eight‐locus fungal phylogeny across a transition of photobiont interactions from green algal to a tripartite association and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria in size differences in the Trapelia–Placopsis clade (Agyriales). Within the group of tripartite species, the volume of cyanobacteria‐containing structures (cephalodia) correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed‐effects analyses, and the fruiting body core volume increased ninefold. The authors conclude that cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as rock surfaces. The Trapelia–Placopsis clade analyzed by Schneider et al. (2016) is an exciting example of interactions between ecology, phylogeny and lichen biology including development – from thin crustose green algal microlichens to thick placodioid, tripartite macrolichens: as thick as three in a bed (Scott ).
The esophageal microbiota in health and disease
Authors: Di Pilato Vincenzo , Freschi Giancarlo , Ringressi Maria Novella , Pallecchi Lucia , Rossolini Gian Maria , Bechi Paolo
Published: July 2016

The esophageal mucosa is among the sites colonized by human microbiota, the complex microbial ecosystem that colonizes various body surfaces and is increasingly recognized to play roles in several physiological and pathological processes. Our understanding of the composition of the esophageal microbiota in health and disease is challenged by the need for invasive sampling procedures and by the dynamic nature of the esophageal environment and remains limited in comparison with the information available for other body sites. Members of the genus Streptococcus appear to be the major components of the microbiota of the healthy esophagus, although the presence of several other taxa has also been reported. Dysbiosis, consisting of enrichment in some Gram‐negative taxa (including Veillonella, Prevotella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Campylobacter, and Fusobacterium), has been reported in association with gastroesophageal reflux disease and is hypothesized to contribute to the evolution of this condition toward Barrett's esophagus (which is the most common esophageal precancerous lesion) and, eventually, adenocarcinoma. Some Campylobacter species (mostly C. concisus) are also putatively involved in the progression of disease toward adenocarcinoma. However, variable findings have recently been reported in additional studies. Causative relationships between dysbiosis or specific bacterial species and esophageal diseases remain controversial and warrant further investigations.
Protection against bacterial soft rot by olive extracts is related to general defence induction in potato tubers
Authors: Ouanas S. , Hamelin G. , Hervet M. , Andrivon D. , Val F. , Yahiaoui‐Zaidi R.
Published: July 2016

Controlling bacterial plant diseases remains a challenge, as direct chemical control is usually not possible. Obtaining new biocontrol methods, in particular efficient biomolecules able to boost defence reactions and limit infection or symptom development, is therefore of major importance. This study screened extracts from leaves of two Mediterranean plants rich in bioactive phenolic compounds, olive and carob, for their ability to reduce soft rot severity and to trigger phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity in potato tuber slices. Extracts from olive leaves significantly reduced disease severity caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum or Pectobacterium carotovorum, whereas carob leaf extracts significantly increased it. Olive extracts and its main phenolic components, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, also significantly increased PAL activity 7.5 h after application. None of the extracts or purified molecules reduced bacterial growth in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts varied according to potato cultivars. These data therefore open new ways for the biological control of soft rot bacteria, but stress the importance of understanding the causes of response difference in different potato varieties in order to obtain optimal efficacy.
Co‐Hyperintensionality
Authors: Faroldi Federico L. G.
Published: July 2016

Co‐hyperintensionality, or hyperintensional equivalence, is a relation holding between two or more contents that can be substituted in a hyperintensional context salva veritate. I argue that two strategies used to provide criteria for co‐hyperintensionality (appeal to some form of impossible worlds, or to structural or procedural equivalence of propositions) fail. I argue that there is no generalized notion of co‐hyperintensionality that meets plausible desiderata, by showing that the opposite thesis leads to falsity. As a conclusion, I suggest to take co‐hyperintensionality as a primitive and I provide a general criterion of co‐hyperintensionality whose content depends on each hyperintensional notion we aim to formalize.
Bayesian Survival Modelling of University Outcomes
Authors: Vallejos Catalina A. , Steel Mark F. J.
Published: July 2016

Dropouts and delayed graduations are critical issues in higher education systems world wide. A key task in this context is to identify risk factors associated with these events, providing potential targets for mitigating policies. For this, we employ a discrete time competing risks survival model, dealing simultaneously with university outcomes and its associated temporal component. We define survival times as the duration of the student's enrolment at university and possible outcomes as graduation or two types of dropout (voluntary and involuntary), exploring the information recorded at admission time (e.g. educational level of the parents) as potential predictors. Although similar strategies have been previously implemented, we extend the previous methods by handling covariate selection within a Bayesian variable selection framework, where model uncertainty is formally addressed through Bayesian model averaging. Our methodology is general; however, here we focus on undergraduate students enrolled in three selected degree programmes of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile during the period 2000–2011. Our analysis reveals interesting insights, highlighting the main covariates that influence students’ risk of dropout and delayed graduation.
Embedding Remittances: A Methodological Note on Financial Diaries in Nicaragua
Authors: Winters Nanneke
Published: July 2016

In response to the methodological challenge of embedding remittances to counter dominant development discourses, this paper aims to contribute to remittances research by discussing financial diaries in Muy Muy, Nicaragua. Based on longitudinal and integrated quantitative and qualitative tracking of migrant household practices, financial diaries facilitate explorations of the social and contextual dimensions of remittances that may help account for their heterogeneous character. In particular, the paper highlights the partiality of diaries as well as the translocal interdependency and irregularity of household practices, providing clues for integrating remittances instead of isolating them as neutral instrumental transfers. It uses the example of household debt to further anchor remittances locally, illustrating how financial diaries can expose the changes and considerations that are part of household practices, including remittances. The paper concludes by suggesting that financial diaries need a decisively qualitative framework and may be particularly useful in contexts characterised by multiple migrations.
Embedding X.509 Digital Certificates in Three-Dimensional Models for Authentication, Authorization, and Traceability of Product Data
Authors: Hedberg Thomas D. , Krima Sylvere , Camelio Jaime A.
Published: July 2016

Exchange and reuse of three-dimensional (3D) product models are hampered by the absence of trust in product-lifecycle data quality. The root cause of the missing trust is years of “silo” functions (e.g., engineering, manufacturing, and quality assurance) using independent and disconnected processes. Those disconnected processes result in data exchanges that do not contain all of the required information for each downstream lifecycle process, which inhibits the reuse of product data and results in duplicate data. The X.509 standard, maintained by the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), was first issued in 1988. Although originally intended as the authentication framework for the X.500 series for electronic directory services, the X.509 framework is used in a wide range of implementations outside the originally intended paradigm. These implementations range from encrypting websites to software-code signing, yet X.509 certificate use has not widely penetrated engineering and product realms. Our approach is not trying to provide security mechanisms, but equally as important, our method aims to provide insight into what is happening with product data to support trusting the data. This paper provides a review of the use of X.509 certificates and proposes a solution for embedding X.509 digital certificates in 3D models for authentication, authorization, and traceability of product data. This paper also describes an application within the aerospace domain. Finally, the paper draws conclusions and provides recommendations for further research into using X.509 certificates in product lifecycle management (PLM) workflows to enable a product lifecycle of trust.
Turbulent Flows in Curved Pipes: Recent Advances in Experiments and Simulations
Authors: Kalpakli Vester Athanasia , Örlü Ramis , Alfredsson P. Henrik
Published: July 2016

Curved pipes are essential components of nearly all the industrial process equipments, ranging from power production, chemical and food industries, heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, or exhaust gas ducts of engines. During the last two decades, an interest on turbulent flows in such conduits has revived, probably due to their connection to technical applications such as cooling systems of nuclear reactors (e.g., safety issues due to flow-induced fatigue) and reciprocating engines (e.g., efficiency optimization through exhaust gas treatment in pulsatile turbulent flows). The present review paper, therefore, is an account on the state-of-the-art research concerning turbulent flow in curved pipes, naturally covering mostly experimental work, while also analytical and numerical works are reviewed. This paper starts with a historical review on pipe flows in general and specifically on flows through curved conduits. In particular, research dealing with the effect of curvature on transition to turbulence, work dealing with pressure losses in curved pipes, as well as turbulence statistics are summarized. The swirl-switching phenomenon, a specific structural phenomenon occurring in turbulent curved pipe flows, which has interesting fundamental as well as practical implications, is reviewed. Additional complications, with respect to flow through bends, namely, entering swirling flow and pulsating flow, are reviewed as well. This review closes with a summary on the main literature body as well as an outlook on future work that should be performed in order to tackle open questions remaining in the field.
Design of Variable Stiffness Actuator Based on Modified Gear–Rack Mechanism
Authors: Wang Wei , Fu Xiaoyue , Li Yangmin , Yun Chao
Published: July 2016

Variable stiffness actuators (VSAs) can improve the robot's performance during interactions with human and uncertain environments. Based on the modified gear–rack mechanism, a VSA with a third-power stiffness profile is designed. The proposed mechanism, used to vary the joint stiffness, is placed between the output end and the joint speed reducer. Both the elastic element and the regulating mechanism are combined into the modified gear–rack (MGR), which is modeled as an elastic beam clamped at the middle position. Two pairs of spur gears are engaged with the rack and considered as the variable acting positions of supporting forces. The joint stiffness is inversely proportional to the third power of the gear displacement, independent from the joint position and the joint deflection angle. The gear displacement is perpendicular to the loading torque, so the power consumed by the stiffness-regulating action is low (14.4 W). The working principle and the mechanics model are illustrated, and then, the mechanical design is presented. The validity of the VSA is proved by simulations and experiments.
Identifiability Analysis of Finite Element Models for Vibration Response-Based Structural Damage Detection in Elastic Beams
Authors: Liu Yuhang , Zhou Shiyu , Tang Jiong
Published: July 2016

Finite element model (FEM) is a broadly used numerical tool in structural damage detection. In such applications, damage parameters in FEM are estimated by minimizing the differences between experimental modal analysis data and the corresponding FEM model prediction. Very limited works exist on analyzing the identifiability of the FEM used in such applications. In this paper, the identifiability of FEM-based structural damage detection is investigated for undamped elastic beams. We theoretically proved that damage severity at a given location in a uniform beam is identifiable by reformulating the FEM into a linear time invariant (LTI) system. A numerical algorithm is also proposed for checking the identifiability issue of multiple damage locations. Numerical case studies are provided to validate the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed framework.