bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation and Validation of a High Accuracy UAV-Photogrammetry Based Rail Track Inspection System
Authors: Ghassoun Yahya , Gerke Markus , Khedar Yogesh , Backhaus Jan , Bobbe Markus , Meissner Henry , Tiwary Prashant Kumar , Heyen Ralf
Published: January 2021

The regular inspection of the crane tracks of storage cranes at the Container Terminal Altenwerder (CTA), Hamburg requires high accuracy of measurements to determine its position. The allowed tolerances are in the range of 10 mm in the XY plane on a track length of 300 m. The traditional semi-automatic surveying methods are slow and require the interruption of the activities in the storage blocks. The research project AeroInspekt proposed a fully automatic measurement of the position of the tracks using UAV-based photogrammetry. In this paper, the results of the test campaign, carried out in June 2020, were presented where different cameras (150 mm and 80 mm telelens) and flight speeds (1.1 m/s and 1.9 m/s) at a 35 m flying height were performed. Furthermore, an automated rail delineation in the derived surface model was developed and evaluated with ground reference measurements. The results show that the required accuracy of the rail position with an RMSE of 3 mm in XY plane and 8 mm in altitude can be achieved with comparatively less disruption of regular block activities.
Design of mmWave Directional Antenna for Enhanced 5G Broadcasting Coverage
Authors: Hong Tao , Zheng Shuli , Liu Rongke , Zhao Weiting
Published: January 2021

5G mmWave broadcasting is considered to be the main method of future broadcasting. However, the mmWave transmission has a large space loss, especially in tunnels. In order to compensate for the attenuation of the broadcast signal, a directional horn antenna is designed in this paper. Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology, dual-element arrays and extension structures are used to improve the antenna structure and achieve good directional characteristics. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to optimize the antenna parameters and improve optimization efficiency. Ultimately, the whole antenna was 28.2 mm in length and 28.6 mm in width, and the FR4 material, with a relative permittivity of 4.4, was used as a dielectric plate. The maximum gain of the antenna is 8.06 dB, and the bandwidth with gain greater than 6.5 dB is nearly 2 GHz. Antenna performance simulation and test results show that the extended semicircular structure is beneficial in enhancing the directional radiation of the antenna. This provides a reference method for directional antennas applied to 5G millimeter wave bands to increase gain and narrow beams.
Using Imagination to Overcome Fear: How Mental Simulation Nudges Consumers’ Purchase Intentions for Upcycled Food
Authors: Yang Xiaoke , Huang Yuanhao , Cai Xiaoying , Song Yijing , Jiang Hui , Chen Qian , Chen Qiuhua
Published: January 2021

Upcycled food, a new kind of food, provides an effective solution to reduce the food waste from the source on the premise of food security for human beings. However, the commercial success of upcycled food and its contribution to environmental sustainability are determined by consumers’ purchase intentions. In order to overcome consumers’ unfamiliarity with upcycled food and fear of new technology, based on the cue utility theory, we adopted scenario simulation through online questionnaires in three experiments to explore how mental simulation can improve consumers’ product evaluation and purchase intentions for upcycled food. Through ANOVA, the t-test, and the Bootstrap methods, the results showed that, compared with the control group, consumers’ product evaluation and purchase intentions for upcycled food in the mental simulation group significantly increased. Among them, consumers’ inspiration played a mediation role. The consumers’ future self-continuity could moderate the effect of mental simulation on consumers’ purchase intentions for upcycled food. The higher the consumers’ future self-continuity, the stronger the effect of mental simulation. Based on the above results, in the marketing promotion of upcycled food, promotional methods, such as slogans and posters, could be used to stimulate consumers, especially the mental simulation thinking mode of consumer groups with high future self-continuity, thus improving consumers’ purchase intentions for upcycled food.
Ocular Response Analyser — a New Diagnostic Tool to Measure Corneal Biomechanical Properties and Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Varman Arulmozhi , Chockalingam Muthuraman
Published: January 2021

Corneal biomechanical properties have been known to influence the outcome of ocular measurements and procedures for a wide range of ocular diseases. The assessment of corneal biomechanical properties has been a challenge and, for this reason, measurement of the geographical parameters of the cornea, namely corneal thickness and topography, has formed the mainstay of understanding the basis of various ocular pathologies. A newly marketed instrument, the Reichert ocular response analyser has been developed to improve the accuracy of intraocular pressure measurement by uniquely measuring and integrating corneal biomechanical data into its intraocular pressure estimates.
An Unusual Cause of Keratitis
Authors: Gupta Saroj , Aher Atul
Published: January 2021

This report is of an unusual case of keratitis in a young healthy man who presented with minor trauma to his left eye. At examination, a characteristic ring infiltrate was seen in the centre of the cornea. Normal saline wet mount preparation of the corneal scraping showed unusual motile trophozoites of a parasite. Culture on non-nutrient agar with Escherichia coli overlay was negative. The patient was treated with topical neomycin, polymyxin B, and bacitracin eye drops and responded well to treatment.
Cost Minimisation Study of the Impact of Generic Drugs on Glaucoma Management: 1-year Indian Experience
Authors: Sood Devindra , Pandey Alka , Sood Rajeev , Gupta Nagesh , Bajaj Ravinder Kumar , Sood Narendra Nath
Published: January 2021

Aim: To study the medication costs of various topical glaucoma medications using data collected from real world use by patients.Methods: Patients with primary open angle glaucoma treated at glaucoma clinics in 5 hospitals (1 rural and 4 urban) in northern India from 1 January to 30 June 2008 were enrolled. The number of days each bottle of medication lasted was recorded, and the mean cost per day was computed from the maximum retail price and mean number of days each medication lasted.Results: 790 of 801 eligible patients completed the study. The mean number of days that a bottle of medication lasted was found to be highest for Xalatan® and Xalacom® at 35.23 days and 35.00 days, respectively. The brand name prostaglandin analogues all lasted for a mean of more than 30 days: Xalatan, 35.23 days (SD, 4.14 days); Lumigan®, 31.37 days (SD, 5.31 days); and Travatan®, 34.84 days (SD, 6.51 days), while the generic eye drops lasted for about 21 days: latanoprost, 20.69 days (SD, 3.69 days) and bimatoprost, 21.39 days (SD, 4.34 days). The cost of the generic medication was less than the brand name medication in all groups (for example, bimatoprost, Indian rupees 9.76 versus Indian rupees 12.33) except for brimonidine/timolol (Indian rupees 8.73 versus Indian rupees 8.66). Further analysis in 2009 showed that, for latanoprost, brimonidine and brimonidine/timolol, the difference between the brand name and generic medications decreased in 2009 over 2008 (in the latanoprost group, the cost difference over the year reduced from Indian rupees 592 in 2008 to Indian rupees 523 in 2009); the cost difference for bimatoprost increased from 2008 to 2009.Conclusion: When both cost and number of days a bottle lasts were considered over the long term, use of generic medications might not minimise the cost of glaucoma medical management by much when compared with the brand name medication.
Surgical Outcomes of Phacoemulsification Surgery in a Restructured Asian Training Hospital
Authors: Law David Zhiwei , Loon Seng Chee , Wong Wan Ling , Ebreo Marilou Sevilla , Li Xiang , Amrith Shantha
Published: January 2021

Aim: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of phacoemulsification performed at National University Hospital, Singapore, with emphasis on the results achieved by residents.Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of surgical outcomes of patients who underwent phacoemulsification in a restructured hospital in 2008. The study included 318 eyes of patients of predominantly Asian descent. Pre- and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, perioperative complications and associations of patient, surgical and surgeon factors were studied. One-way analysis of variance for means, chi-squared test for proportions, and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors associated with postoperative best-corrected visual acuity outcomes. Main outcome measures included postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, degree of improvement in best-corrected visual acuity, and achievement of specific best-corrected visual acuity targets of 6/9 and 6/12 at postoperative months 1 and 3.Results: Duration of surgery of less than 20 minutes was found to be significantly associated with better postoperative best-corrected visual acuity. Level of surgical experience was also associated with betterpostoperative best-corrected visual acuity at postoperative months 1 (p < 0.001) and 3 (p = 0.004). While senior consultants produced the best postoperative best-corrected visual acuity outcomes, the results achieved by residents were comparable to those reported in prior resident-only studies. For surgeries performed by residents, the overall rate of posterior capsule rupture was 3.1% with a 0.0% rate of vitreous loss.Conclusions: The continued close guidance and training of ophthalmology residents in a restructured Asian training hospital will ensure that complication rates remain low while maintaining postoperative outcomes at safe levels.
Demographic and Aetiological Profile of Microbial Corneal Ulcer in a Hill State in North India
Authors: Malhotra Chintan , Nagpal Ramesh Chander , Soni Ribhu , Bahadur Harsh
Published: January 2021

Aim: To ascertain the demographic and aetiological profile of microbial corneal ulcer in Uttarakhand, a predominantly hilly state of North India.Methods: In this prospective non-randomized study, 180 consecutive patients with suspected microbial corneal ulcer attending the ophthalmology outpatient department of the Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, India, were evaluated. Corneal scrapings were taken and subjected to microbiological analysis, including Gram stain, potassium hydroxide wet mount, and bacterial and fungal culture.Results: Among 180 patients, male sex, prior history of ocular trauma with vegetative materials,and occupation involving outdoor activity, especially agricultural work, were the major risk factors for development of corneal ulcer in the population studied. Forty percent of the ulcers were fungal, 28% were bacterial, 10% showed mixed bacterial and fungal growth, and 5% were viral. The aetiology could not be determined in 17% of patients. Fusarium spp was the most common fungal isolate (87.5%) while Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest bacterial isolate (53%).Conclusions: Fungal ulcers, especially due to Fusarium spp, were the most common type, followed by bacterial ulcers due to Gram-positive bacteria, especially S aureus. This information may be useful for empirical treatment of patients with corneal ulcer in remote areas, where microbiological diagnostic facilities are often not available.
Optic Neuritis in Southeast Asia: a Different Pattern of Disease
Authors: Cullen James F.
Published: January 2021

This review evaluates a number of recent studies on optic neuritis carried out in Singapore. In Singapore, and probably throughout Asia, the disease is more likely to be of the anterior variety with optic disc swelling, and is sometimes associated with an underlying infective process such as syphilis or tuberculosis, or is of an autoimmune aetiology. Most cases of optic neuritis seen in Singapore are idiopathic; multiple sclerosis is rarely seen in the region, but is likely to be found only in patients with retrobulbar optic neuritis. The 4-year risk for patients in Singapore developing multiple sclerosis is only 9.1% compared with the higher figures reported from the seminal Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of optic neuritis in Singapore is reported.
Inflammatory Iris Nodule Mimicking Iris Tumour
Authors: Kim Jae Min , Heo Jang Won , Chung Hum
Published: January 2021

Iris nodules are rare findings in uveitis. Medically refractory sarcoid uveitis associated with iris nodule with neoplastic features has been reported. However, inflammatory iris nodule mimicking iris tumour with good medical response has not been reported. This report describes a patient with inflammatory iris nodule mimicking iris tumour who responded well to treatment.
Valsalva Haemorrhagic Retinopathy
Authors: Kannan Balaji , Balaji Vijayalakshmi , Kummararaj Sherin , Kummararaj Govindarajan
Published: January 2021

Valsalva haemorrhagic retinopathy is an uncommon clinical entity that can severely affect visual acuity. Valsalva haemorrhagic retinopathy is caused by a sudden increase in intrathoracic pressure, which reduces venous return to the heart and increases cephalic venous pressure, and may cause a sudden rise in intraocular venous pressure and spontaneous rupture of the retinal capillaries. This report is of a patient with a large macular pre-retinal haemorrhage that was managed conservatively.
Complications due to Inadvertent Release of Cannula During Phacoemulsification
Authors: Gupta Arvind , Srinivasan Renuka , Babu Ramesh K
Published: January 2021

Aim: To report the occurrence of intraoperative complications caused by accidental release of either a viscoelastic or hydrodissection cannula. Methods: This was a retrospective study from 1 January 2004 to 30 December 2009. The records of patients undergoing phacoemulsification during this period were reviewed. The records of patients with complications due to inadvertent release of either a viscoelastic agent cannula or a hydrodissection cannula were reviewed and the data were collected. Results: Four patients had complications due to inadvertent cannula release during this period. The complications noted were zonular dialysis with vitreous prolapse, hyphaema, posterior capsular rupture with vitreous loss, and nucleus drop with vitreous loss. The final best-corrected visual acuity in 3 patients was 20/30, and 20/40 in the fourth patient due to chronic cystoid oedema. Conclusion: Complications due to accidental release of the cannula are unfortunate and can be easily avoided by adopting few simple precautions.
Late post-operative endophthalmitis in a non-diabetic patient with urinary tract infection due to Candida albicans
Authors: Bharathi M Jayahar , Ramakrishnan R. , Shivakumar C
Published: January 2021

A 56-year-old women presented with redness, pain and diminution of vision in theright eye for the past month after having undergone cataract surgery six months earlier byphacoemulsification with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens. No history oftrauma, systemic or any ocular surface diseases were recorded. She had symptoms of photophobiaand floaters. B-scan ultrasonography in the right eye demonstrated membrane echoesthat were suggestive of endophthalmitis supported with thickened retinal choroid scleracomplex. The intra-vitreal aspirate and urine specimen revealed presence of yeast-like fungusunder direct microscopy and culture, while the blood, sputum and vaginal swab samples provednegative. Microbiological evaluation of ocular and other clinical specimens clearly confirmedthat the source of infection could be attributed to the urinary tract being infected with C.albicans which could have arisen from contamination. This report fortifies the possible risk ofurinary tract infection as a causative agent in post-operative endophthalmitis.
Ong eye speculum for glaucoma surgery
Authors: Ong Keith
Published: January 2021

The Ong Eye Speculum for glaucoma surgery has a larger inferior blade which pushes on the inferior conjunctival fornix to turn the eye down and this exposes the superior sclera. It is a unique and original design, which turns the eye down without the need of a superior corneal traction suture.See video: http://www.vimeopro.com/user16902123/asian-journal-of-ophthalmology/video/61258394
A case series of bilateral electric cataract in high-voltage electrical injury
Authors: Fariduddin K , Samanta S , Chakraborty C
Published: January 2021

A 39 year-old female presented with progressive diminution of vision in the right eye for six months after sustaining an injury from a high-voltage electric current to the right side of her forehead, face, around the right eye and to the scalp. On examination with the slit lamp, the right eye showed a mature cataract and anterior subcapsular opacities, with early lental opacity in left eye. She suffered from lagophthalmos and slight conjunctival congestion in the right eye. Vision in the right eye was only perception of light and in the left eye accurate projection of rays and 6/24. From the history, the type of injury (wound of entry and exit), and slit-lamp examination confirmed a case of bilateral electric cataract. We performed manual smallincision cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in right eye and in the left eye, using local anesthesia. Postoperative visual acuity was only 3/20 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye. In this case we have seen three circumscribed retinal lesions in the right eye; the left eye it was normal. This has been documented.The second case was a 20-year-old male, who was admitted to our center with bilateral electric cataract. He was treated the same way as the first case. He regained normal BCVA after cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.
Ultrasound biomicroscopic comparison of primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma eyes in dark and light conditions
Authors: Young Stephanie Ming , Aquino Maria CD , Shabana Noor , Zheng Ce , Loon Seng Chee , See Jovina LS , Teng Yin , Gazzard Gus , Chew Paul TK
Published: January 2021

Background: With the use of ultrasound biomicroscopy, we aim to look at differences in anterior segment parameters of eyes with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) in dark and light conditions.Methods: Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed for 30 subjects with PACG and 30 subjects with POAG at initial presentation before any treatment. Measurements of angle opening distance (AOD-500 and AOD-750) and trabecular-iris space area (TISA-500 and TISA-750) 500 and 750 mm from the scleral spur in both dark and light conditions were made. Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) were also measured.Results: The mean age of PACG patients was 67.6 ± 9.6 years and POAG patients 62.1 ± 13.9 years. The mean ACD (2.70 ± 0.53mm) in PACG patients was significantly different from that (3.32 ± 0.52mm) of POAG patients (p<0.0001). There were also significant differences (p=0.0004) in the mean AL of PACG (22.91 ± 0.86mm) and POAG (24.47 ± 1.67mm) patients. Significant differences between POAG and PACG eyes were found for TISA-500, TISA-750, AOD-500 and AOD-750 in both light and dark conditions (p<0.001 for all). The light-dark differences in PACG eyes were smaller than that of POAG eyes for all AOD and TISA values in the inferior, superior, nasal and temporal quadrants. However, with the exception of AOD-750 in the inferior quadrant (p=0.0524), there were no significant differences in light-dark changes between POAG and PACG eyes for all parameters in the 4 quadrants.Conclusions: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. We found significant differences in mean AL, ACD, TISA-500, TISA-750, AOD-500 and AOD-750 between PACG and POAG eyes. However, there were no significant differences between PACG and POAG eyes in terms of light-dark difference in anterior segment parameters, except for AOD-750 in the inferior quadrant. Further evaluation of the above findings could be done in future with a larger population.
Knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns of patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in an urban eye clinic in Singapore
Authors: Lee Elin , Sanjay Srinivasan , Sangtam Tiakumzuk
Published: January 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern, the prevalence of which is predicted to increase in the coming years. Consequently, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is expected to rise. Therefore, identification of prevailing knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns (KAPP) of patients to address knowledge gaps and provide preventive education about DM and DR could reduce potentially sight-threatening complications. Our objectives were to assess KAPP of patients with DM and DR, factors influencing KAPP and impact of education on their KAPP.Methods: A questionnaire based survey among diabetic patients in an eye clinic in Singapore. A response rate of 92.6% was achieved. Participants were administered a set of questions about KAPP on DM and DR before and after educating them about DR.Results: Knowledge of DM and DR was noted in 57.0% and 29.0% of participants respectively. Good attitude and practice patterns were found in nearly 60% and above of the patients. Participants with more knowledge base had better attitude and practice patterns. Higher educational level, Indian ethnicity and longer duration of DM had a positive influence on KAPP. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) impact of education on KAPP among patients with DM and DR.Conclusions: The knowledge, attitude and practice patterns among patients were variable. A low proportion of knowledge of DR was noted which increased to almost three times after education. There is a need to actively implement educational strategies among patients with DM and DR.
Congenital Absence of Meibomian Glands: report of two cases
Authors: Mafi Mostafa , Firouzeh Rahimi , Abdi Fatemeh , Esfahani Mandana , Faramarzi Nina
Published: January 2021

A 36-year-old man with his 11-year-old son presented with ocular surface irritation symptoms and blurred vision since early childhood, on exam visual acuity of the man was 5/10(OD), 4/10(OS) and his son was 6/10(OD), 5/10(OS), other exams of these patients were similar: eyelid examination showed absence of meibomian gland orifices, after application of fluorescein dye there was a thin tear film layer and diffuse punctuate epithelial erosions on the cornea, remaining exams were unremarkable.
Ocular myiasis in a glioma: A case report
Authors: Mathew David J , Selvin Satheesh Solomon T , Kuruvilla Shilpa E , Kuriakose Thomas
Published: January 2021

Ocular myiasis though rare, is usually found in association with basal cell carcinoma. It is rarer still in tumors other than basal cell carcinoma. We report a case of ocular myiasis in a glioma which is hitherto unreported to the best of our knowledge. A 50 year old male presented with bleeding and maggots emanating from a tumourous outgrowth which had replaced his right eye. He complained of swelling and pain in his right for the last 2 years. Manual removal of maggots was carried out following which he underwent total excision of the mass and local debridement. Biopsy of the mass was consistent with astrocytoma. Myiasis though rare should be suspected in long standing neglected lesions with suggestive history. Infection, ischemic necrosis and malignancy coupled with overcrowding, poor living conditions, presence of excessive arthropods in the locality and low levels of hygiene drastically increase the risk of myiasis.
Combined Mobius Syndrome and Tarsal Kink Syndrome- A Unique Presentation.
Authors: Raj Dr Anuradha , Nagpal Prof. R. C. , Dhasmana Prof. Renu , Maitreya Dr. Amit
Published: January 2021

We describe the management of the congenital entropion with tarsal kink in a case of mobius syndrome. Mobius syndrome is extremely rare  congenital neurological disorder results from the underdevelopment of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves which causes  facial paralysis and inability to move the eyes from side to side.  A congenital malformation of the tarsus known as tarsal kink was the associated eyelid anomaly which caused upperlid entropion. A  two year old  girl presented with  both  eyelids entropion of left eye which was corrected by upper lid tarsotomy, marginal rotation and levator  suturing with tarsal plate and lower lid retractors were strengthened by their advancement to the tarsal plate.
Safety and efficacy of posterior iris claw intraocular lens fixation in aphakic patients
Authors: Tomy Rosemary , Maheshwari Rajkumar , Kunhu Muhammed Ansa Parveen , Kalikivayi Venkataramana , Jacob Sajeev Cherian
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To assess the indications and visual outcome of eyes undergoing posterior iris fixated intraocular lens (IFIOL) implantation for aphakia, to identify reasons for poor visual outcome, and report occurrence of complications.

Methods: In this retrospective case series study, all cases of posterior IFIOL fixation performed over a 30-month period were identified retrospectively. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations comprised objective and subjective refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, and dilated fundus examination.

Results: Fifty-six eyes of 56 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 60.55 ± 17.2 years. The most common indication for IFIOL implantation was surgical aphakia following complicated cataract surgery (n = 33; 58.9%) followed by trauma (n = 10; 17.9%), dropped nucleus/IOL during primary surgery (n = 6; 10.7%), and subluxated/dislocated lens-induced glaucomas (n = 5; 8.9%). BCVA better than or equal to their preoperative BCVA was achieved in 96.43% patients. The surgical aphakia and paediatric/adolescent groups had the best visual results while the dropped nucleus/IOL group and subluxated lens-induced glaucoma groups fared poorly. On the long-term follow-up visit, the most common complication noted was pigment dusting on the corneal endothelium (65.7%).

Conclusion: The long-term results suggest that posterior IFIOL implantation is a safe and effective method for correction of aphakia and can be used for a wide range of indications in eyes without adequate capsule support. It may be considered an easier and faster alternative with minimal manipulation to anterior segment structures in paediatric and post-traumatic aphakic eyes.
Bloody tears: a case of bilateral ulcerative blepharitis
Authors: Gupta Praveena , Di Meglio Laura , Behrens Ashley
Published: January 2021

Chronic blepharitis leading to bilateral ulceration is rare to encounter. A 49-year-old African American female presents with bloody tears, severe pain, and photophobia in both eyes. Clinical presentation called for ulceration on the upper lid margins with excavated wound which bled on gentle rubbing. A systemic health review in combination of the symptoms and clinical picture led to the diagnosis of severe ulcerative blepharitis. Immediate oral antibiotics were started along with topical antibiotic cream. Ulcerative blepharitis can be easily misdiagnosed with sebaceous cell carcinoma. The pathophysiology of ulcerative blepharitis points to synergy between infectious entity and inflammatory aetiology, with either bacterial or fungal microorganisms as the trigger agents. Almost all cases of ulcerative blepharitis should include a dermatological evaluation given there is a strong association between ulcerative blepharitis and atopic dermatitis.
Is there variable neuronal susceptibility to compression?
Authors: Chung Chung Yee , Yiu Evan Po-fat
Published: January 2021

A 12-year-old boy with suprasellar germinoma complicated by hydrocephalus was found to have dorsal midbrain syndrome and bilateral compressive optic neuropathy. Following a third ventricular neuroendoscopic biopsy and the initiation of chemotherapy, a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain showed significant regression of the tumor with resolution of hydrocephalus. On smooth pursuit, there was significant improvement in upgaze. However, light-near dissociation of his pupillary defect was persistent. Fundal examination showed persistent temporal pallor of the optic discs bilaterally, associated with a suboptimal best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 and bilateral centrocecal scotoma.The differential recovery of neuronal function following relief of compression is poorly understood. In this case, both the optic nerve and pretectal axonal fibers responsible for pupillary reflex, with their neuronal cell bodies residing outside the direct compressive site at the midbrain, showed poor functional recovery. However, relief of pressure at the rostral interstitial medial longitudinal fasciculus and posterior commissure nuclear complexes resulted in significant clinical improvement in upgaze.

This case suggests that, for neurons, axons are apparently more susceptible to pressure than cell bodies. The predominant transmission of nerve impulses takes place through the length of axons, and thus is more sensitive to pressure changes, with the associated microvascular compromise and demyelination.
Outcome of frontalis suspension surgery in pediatric ptosis
Authors: Mohd Khialdin Safinaz , Martin Frank J. , Jones Michael , Donaldson Craig
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To describe the outcome of pediatric ptosis surgery using frontalis suspension technique.

Design: Retrospective study.

Methods: All patients with ptosis who underwent frontalis suspension from April 2009 to April 2014 at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead were included. Medical records of patients were reviewed and analyzed.

Results: A total of 55 patients (74 primary procedures) were included in the study. Sixty-eight procedures (91.9%) used silicone as frontalis suspension material, three procedures used Gore-Tex, and three procedures used fascia lata. For procedures using silicone, the recurrence rate was 10.29%; 4.41% had infection and 1.47% had exposure keratopathy. All three procedures using Gore-Tex developed postoperative infection. No postoperative complication was documented in all the three procedures using fascia lata.

Conclusion: A change in the practice from using banked fascia lata to silicone as frontalis suspension material is seen at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead. The postoperative complications and recurrence rate in procedures using silicone are relatively low. Autologous fascia lata could be considered as an alternative for older children in view of its long-term success rate and fewer complications.
Prevalence of dengue-related fundus and macular optical coherence tomography findings among inpatients in a regional referral hospital
Authors: Ai Loh Mee , Chong Mei Fong , MN Umi Kalthum , Ker Hong Bee
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of fundus and macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, and the spectrum of dengue-related fundus presentation in a Malaysian tertiary hospital. The associations between platelet count and haematocrit level with fundus and macular OCT findings were also investigated.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: The study was conducted at Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, from June to August 2015. Patients who consented to participate underwent a comprehensive ocular examination. Examination included a best-corrected distance (6 m) and near visual acuities, standard black-on-white Amsler chart testing, pupillary light reflex, fundus examination, followed by dilated fundus photographs and OCT of the macula.

Results: A total of 134 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of positive fundus finding and macular OCT finding was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%, 43%) and 13% (95% CI: 8%, 19%), respectively; 62 eyes of 47 patients had positive fundus findings, whereas 30 eyes of 18 patients had positive macular OCT findings. Scotoma (p < 0.001), near vision disturbance (p = 0.04), and abnormal Amsler findings (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with presence of macular OCT findings compared to absence of macular OCT findings. In the total of 268 eyes, the two most common fundus findings were vessel tortuosity (53 [20%]) and yellow subretinal dot (28 [10%]). Out of 30 eyes, diffuse retinal thickening was the most frequent OCT finding (22 [73%]), followed by 4 (13%) with foveolitis, 3 (10%) with cystoid macular oedema and 1 (3%) with submacular fluid. Platelet count and haematocrit were not associated with abnormal fundus or macular OCT manifestation in patients suffering from dengue fever.

Conclusion: Our study revealed that the prevalence of clinical fundus and macular OCT findings among dengue inpatients was higher when compared to other countries, especially during dengue outbreaks. Furthermore, the spectrum of fundus and macular OCT findings in our population can be varied.
Adult gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis: early detection is key
Authors: Lai Daniel , Ong Keith
Published: January 2021

We describe a case of a 52-year-old male presenting with severe mucopurulent conjunctivitis of the right eye. Corneal ulceration and associated anterior chamber activity was noted later in the course of the disease. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was positive on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing earlier than traditional microscopy and culture. He was successfully treated with ceftriaxone 500 mg intravenously and azithromycin 1 g orally as single doses in addition to ofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% hourly to the right eye. This case highlights the need to consider the possibility of gonococcus in cases of suspected bacterial conjunctivitis, careful monitoring for corneal involvement and the importance of early detection with PCR.
Isolated bilateral congenital lacrimal gland agenesis presenting as dry eye in childhood: a rare entity
Authors: Venugopal Anitha , Peri Sowmya , Chandra Ravi , Ravindran Meenakshi , Ramakrishnan Rengappa
Published: January 2021

We report the case of a 1-year-old child who presented with complaints of redness and defective vision since birth. The child had no systemic abnormalities. On examination, complete keratinization of the bulbar conjunctiva and cornea was noted with dry, lustreless and irregular surface. Corneal sensation was intact. Orbital MRI revealed bilateral agenesis of the lacrimal gland with normal salivary glands. The child was given vitamin supplementation, cyclosporine eye drops along with lubricants and tape tarsorrhaphy in the night. Permanent occlusion of both the lower puncta was done. There was decreased ocular surface congestion, with frequent wetting of the ocular surface, which continued in the months to follow. We present a case of isolated bilateral lacrimal gland agenesis with normal salivary glands, a rare cause of dry eye in children. An early diagnosis and conservative management can help in maintaining functional vision in such cases.
Evaluating the difference between autorefraction and subjective refraction may guide “fudge factor” for IOL power selection for cataract surgery after previous LASIK
Authors: Ong Keith , Shu Daisy
Published: January 2021

We propose a method to estimate “fudge factor” in the selection of IOL power for post-myopic LASIK patients undergoing cataract surgery by considering the difference between subjective refraction (SR) and autorefraction (AR) and to also compare the predictability of two popular regression formulae: SRK-T and Haigis.
Retinal thickness among normal myopic Filipinos using spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Zabala Camille Elaine , Mangondato-Aquino Jubaida , Martinez Jose Ma. , De Leon John Mark
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To determine mean macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of myopic Filipinos using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to evaluate influence of age, gender, and degree of myopia.

Design: Observational clinic-based cohort.

Methods: Participants were divided into two groups: low-moderate myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) -0.50 D to -6.00 D] and high-pathologic myopia (SE < -6.00 D and AL > 26.5 mm). Subgroup analyses between low myopia (refraction < -3.00 D or less) and moderate myopia (> -3.00 D to -6.00 D), and high myopia (> -6.00 D to -8.00 D) and pathologic myopia (more than -8.00 D) were done. Macular and RNFL thickness were measured by a SD-OCT and axial length (AL) with non-contact biometry.

Results: Of 156 eyes, 88/156 (56%) had low-moderate myopia, 68/156 (44%) had high-pathologic myopia. There were 67/156 (43%) male and 89/156 (57%) female subjects. Mean central foveal subfield thickness measurements were 264 ± 24 μm for low myopia, 258 ± 17 μm for moderate myopia, 253 ± 25 μm for high myopia, and 218 ± 48 μm for pathologic myopia. Mean RNFL thickness measurements were 105.62 ± 3.89 μmfor low myopia, 97.6 ± 2.45 μm for moderate myopia, 85.9 ± 3.87 μm for high myopia, and 75.14 ± 3.89 μm for pathologic myopia. Average SE (p < 0.0001) decreased while AL (p < 0.0001) increased with more myopia. Myopia and age significantly affected macular and RNFL thickness parameters except for the following where only the degree of myopia was a significant factor: central foveal, temporal parafoveal, nasal perifoveal, inferior and nasal RNFL thicknesses.

Conclusion: Retinal SD-OCT thickness measurements decreased with increasing level of myopia and age. Central foveal, temporal parafoveal, nasal perifoveal, inferior and nasal RNFL thicknesses may be more appropriate SD-OCT parameters among myopic Filipino patients to monitor for glaucoma since they may be less influenced by age.
Fish hook injury to the eye and its management
Authors: Jeganathan Sangeetha , Nithyanandam Suneetha , Thomas Reji K. , Karat Shubashree
Published: January 2021

The most common cause of unilateral blindness in paediatric age groups, especially in developing countries, is ocular trauma. Trauma to the eye is very debilitating to the patient; hence, managing various types of penetrating and blunt injury to the eye provide a challenge to the ophthalmologist. It is simply preventable by the supervisionof the parents and caregivers. We will be discussing one such case and our experience in dealing with a fish hook injury to the eye in a 12-year-old boy—the challenges we faced and the precautions we took to give a good visual outcome.
Pythium keratitis: clinical course of an emerging scourge
Authors: Natarajan Radhika , Harwani Ankit Anil , Ravindran Ramya
Published: January 2021

We hereby report two cases of the emerging and devastating Pythium keratitis for their different presentations, prolonged clinical course, and suspicion of recurrence after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK). The history, clinical presentation, investigations including smears, cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confocal microscopy, the tumultuous course of the infection, and outcome of TPK have been discussed for two cases having this unusual and severe emerging infection. These two cases demonstrate that Pythium keratitis can present as a central reticular or peripheral guttering corneal ulcer with dense infiltration. PCR is a valuable tool for diagnosis. Pythium keratitis has a severe and prolonged clinical course. Response to antibiotics is modest and needs to be closely monitored. It can present with inflammation after TPK that mimics the dreaded recurrence of the infection. Pythium keratitis presents variably and can be suspected from typical clinical and microbiological findings. It needs protracted treatment with close follow-up. Although the infection is known torecur in the therapeutic graft, not all recurrences are what they seem.
¿SE PUEDE OBTENER UNA LÍNEA ENDOGÁMICA CON TRES PLANTAS, QUE NO SEA UNA FAMILIA DE MEDIOS HERMANOS?
Authors: Márquez-Sánchez Fidel
Published: January 2021

Previamente se derivó una fórmula para calcular la endogamia de una línea imaginaria (IM), hecha con tres plantas de maíz (Zea mays L.), que arroja valores intermedios entre las cruzas fraternales y las cruzas mesofraternales. Dicho nombre fue adjudicado porque el autor había supuesto que era imposible obtener tales cruzas en campo. En este artículo se diseña un método de cruzamiento con tres plantas. Los valores endogámicos de la línea IM y los obtenidos con este método son diferentes. Sin embargo, la prueba de χ2 hecha con los valores de ambos métodos acusa una probabilidad de 0.99. Se señala, además, que el hacer los cruzamientos para obtener la línea IM es una situación básicamente académica, pero en la práctica también con tres plantas es posible hacer cruzas mesofraternales aunque con valores de endogamia mucho menores que los de la línea IM.
La vinculación con la colectividad bajo la perspectiva académica
Authors: Loza Arroyo Viky Mercedes , Loza Arroyo Sofía Natalí , Pacheco Loza Cristian Paúl
Published: January 2021

Las Instituciones de Educación Superior cumplen la función de potenciarla vinculación con la colectividad, por ello, es un proceso que va en función del estado, en la presente investigación tiene el objetivo de describir la sinergia que debe existir entre estado, la universidad y la colectividad, establecido mediante el modelo triple hélice. El estudio se centró en describir el estado de la vinculación con la colectividad universitaria en casos ecuatorianos y europeos, se realizó un análisis legal, técnico y estratégico y en complemento analiza a las Instituciones de Educación Superior del Ecuador y el cumplimiento de la normativa legal. La metodología que se aplicó es de tipo documental, en especial se trabajó con documentos de legislación, decretos, estatutos prescripción social o de derecho. La investigación concluye con el cumplimiento de normativas direccionadas a la vinculación con la sociedad, considerando los entes activos en el proceso como es la alianza estratégica entre el Estado, Universidad y Colectividad.
Kariera polityczna Klausa Kinkela
Authors: Kruk Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

Born in 1936, Klaus Kinkel is a representative of Germany’s Free Democratic Party (FDP). Among the leaders of that party, Walter Scheel and Hans-Dietrich Genscher may have won greater popularity, but even so, Kinkel also exerted an influence on the liberals’ policy line, primarily by means of the Wiesbaden Declaration. Working closely with Genscher, Kinkel amassed the experience of which he would avail himself in leading the FDP, in holding office as the Federal Minister of Justice and, subsequently, in heading the Federal Foreign Office. With his education as a lawyer, Kinkel demonstrated an adroitness and professionalism in carrying out his duties. He gained no renown for charisma and leadership skills, but neither did he ever become implicated in any scandals.The article presents Kinkel’s path into politics. As a politician, it was not until 1991 that he decided to become a member of the FDP, despite having worked with Genscher since 1968. Because he was the Federal Minister of Justice during the unification of the two Germanys, he was responsible for the restoration of the rule of law in the Eastern part of the new state. Then, on assuming Genscher’s former duties at the Federal Foreign Office, he pointed to the new role to be played by diplomacy following the collapse of the Cold War.
Zachodnioniemiecka Federalna Służba Wywiadowcza (BND) o reakcji obywateli NRD na interwencję Wojsk Układu Warszawskiego w Czechosłowacji. Przyczynek do historii 1968 roku
Authors: Świder Małgorzata
Published: January 2021

To all intents and purposes, the situation in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was watched by the Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst; BND) from its inception right up until the unification of Germany. Such was also the case in 1968, during the period when reforms were being introduced in Czechoslovakia and the struggle for “socialism with a human face” was being played out. The observation sprang from the disquiet within the government and intelligence service of the Federal Republic of German (FRG) as regards the situation in Czechoslovakia and the GDR, as well as from concerns that the conflict would spread to the other Eastern Bloc countries. There were fears of action being launched against West Berlin and consideration was even given to the possibility of an escalation in tension and the outbreak of World War III. By 23rd August 1968, the BND had already compiled its first report and evaluations of the situation in the ‘Soviet Occupation Zone’ in the context of the intervention by the Warsaw Pact forces. The analyses noted the heated social discussion of the situation in Czechoslovakia and, first and foremost, in respect of the East German army’s participation. The psychological effects of the Soviet intervention were examined, as were their long-term implications. The motif of East German society’s objection to the part being played by the GDR in the intervention is evident in the appraisals. Indeed, as of the end of that August, the BND’s daily reports, accounts and analyses were dominated by intelligence on actions directed against the citizens’ discontent and the waves of protest connected with the Warsaw Pact forces’ operations in Czechoslovakia. Time and again, the appraisals compiled by the FRG’s intelligence services also discussed the social consequences of the intervention.
Dialog naukowy czy element polityki – spotkania polskich historyków emigracyjnych i historyków niemieckich w 1956 i 1964 roku
Authors: Jarząbek Wanda
Published: January 2021

The international realities which existed after the end of World War II and, in particular, after the Cold War began, including the status of the authorities of the Republic of Poland in exile and the fundamentals of the Federal Republic of Germany’s foreign policy, ruled out any possibility of establishing political contacts. However, contacts of social nature were possible. Some, though, involved considerable risk, such as, for instance, the undertaking of conversations with communities of Germans expelled from the territories incorporated into Poland after 1945. The émigrées exposed themselves to criticism on the part of both the émigré milieux as well as those in Poland.Meetings between Polish and émigré historians became one of the forms of contact of this nature. However, browsing through the newspapers of the day leads to the conclusion that they met with mixed reactions among the Polish émigré community.The first meeting was held from 10th to 14th October 1956 in Tübingen and the second, from 17th to 19th March 1964, in London. At both, the German side was represented by numerous professional historians and directors of academic institutes dealing with East Europe and, or including, Poland. Professor Tytus Komarnicki, a pre-war diplomat, was particularly active on the part of the Poles. For the Germans, these contacts were valuable, inter alia, because the Polish expatriate milieu in London, as well as those in the U.S. and France, were very knowledgeable as regards archive resources for the period from 1918 to 1945 and had access to a great many documents concerning the history of Poland and held, for instance, by the Polish Institute and the General Sikorski Museum. There were also numerous witnesses to history among those communities, as well as eminent pre-war scholars. No further bilateral meetings between Polish émigrée historians and German historians were ever held. This resulted, to a large degree, from the fact that their formula had been exhausted. The pre-war generation of Polish historians was passing away. The next generations of Polish émigrée historians moved in general academic circles and were less enclosed within a milieu of their own.The bilateral relations between the FRG and the PRP were changing as well. Interest in a more active Ostpolitik was on a continuing upsurge in Bonn, which resulted in more extensive opportunities for academic contacts as well. The PRP authorities, for their part, were interested in overcoming the state of suspension in relations with the FRG. The domestic academic milieu was changing, too.Both the meetings were a form of academic contact, but they were also of significance to the reconciliation of the two nations, or to the search for opportunities of overcoming their enmity.