bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Rhynchotreta cuneata (Dalman) 1828, with a Diagnosis of the Genus Rhynchotreta Hall 1879
Authors: Joseph J. K. S. St.
Published: May 2009

The specific name of this form is not in doubt, but its authorship is less securely determined. The species Terebratula cuneata was proposed by both Dalman (1828, 141, Tab. vi, figs. 3a–c)and Hisinger (1828, 220, 239, Tab. vi, fig. 5) in the same year, and the first time each author mentions the name, he ascribes it to the other. Each account is accompanied by figures, and there appears to be no ruling of the International Commission on Nomenclature that would settle the authorship in such a case. Dalman's account, however, appears in the volume for 1827, though the title page bears the imprint 1828, and such a choice of authorship agrees with alphabetical priority and with the usage of most subsequent palaeontologists.
Further Observations on the Volcanic Geology of East Fife
Authors: Balsillie David
Published: May 2009

To the old volcanoes of East Fife Sir Archibald Geikie assigned a Permian age. In the course of a characteristically able series of investigations he discerned that on the shore at Lundin Links one vent had penetrated some of the highest members of the Scottish Coal Measures, whereas at Kennoway another could be seen to have risen through the Millstone Grit. There further appeared to be a general similarity in the lithologic and petrographic characters of the materials of the entire group, thus linking them together, and they seemed to have taken birth after the inception of the tectonic features of the area. Only one simple conclusion emerged from a consideration of these facts, namely, that the vents must be referable to some period of post-Carboniferous time. In support of that opinion he pointed especially to the Largo district, where he thought he could detect a sheet of fragmental volcanic material resting with a distinct unconformability upon the folded and denuded Carboniferous strata, which supposition, of course, could it be confirmed, would render further discussion upon the matter unnecessary. But in the East Fife Memoir it is stated that the sections which might be expected to furnish critical evidence are not clear.
The Mechanism of Sedimentation Cycles
Authors: Wells A. K. , Wooldridge S. W.
Published: May 2009

The publication of Dr. Stamp's Introduction to Stratigraphy has confirmed certain doubts we have for some time entertained concerning the mechanism which he believes to have been responsible for the cycles of sedimentation during the Eocene Period. When reading through the proofs we made known to him our doubts, but as the theory appears in an unmodified form in the book, we feel justified in reopening discussion of the subject.
An Outline of Chinese Geology
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

When Richthofen journeyed in the Wutai district, Shan-si, he found a mighty sequence of metamorphosed sedimentary strata which could not be classed as his Sinian or any series younger than the Sinian, nor could it be regarded as belonging to the Old Gneiss and Gneiss-granite group. They are apparently equivalent to similar strata occurring in eastern Shan-tung and Liao-tung. In descending the Wutai-shan along its southern flank, Richthofen first came across a thick series of green schists with alternating beds of grey slates and quartzites, and then several series of coarse quartzitic and felspathic well-stratified rocks, aggregating to a thickness of more than 5,900 feet. He calls the whole sequence of these strata the “Wutai Formation”, and parallels it with the Huronian. This term at once found a wide application in Chinese geology. Thus in the western Tsing-ling Range, south of Lioyang-hsien (about long. 106° E., lat. 33° 25′ N.), and in the high mountains west of Ta-tsien-lu (about long. 102° 10′ E., lat. 30° N.), Loczy distinguishes a series of highly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, such as gneiss, schists, phyllites, crystalline limestone, etc., and assigns it to the Wutai Formation. The “Nan-shan Sandstone”a series of unfossiliferous grey and green sandstones with well-cleaved or even schistose clayslates, typically developed in the northern foothills of the Nan-shan Ranges—is also tentatively regarded by the same author as a Wutai Formation. Between Ping-liang and Men-chou, in the province of Kan-su, Futterer identified in several places the Nan-shan Sandstone, and found other metamorphosed sedimentary strata of the Wutai Formation, consisting of chlorite-schist, coarse-grained quartzite, slate, and graywacke. In all these cases the term Wutai evidently implies the analogy with the Algonkian of North America.
Progressive Regional Metamorphism in Southern New Zealand
Authors: Turner F. J.
Published: May 2009

During the past ten years a number of papers dealing with progressive regional metamorphism in the southern portion of New Zealand have been published. In the following pages a brief summary of the assemblages of minerals typical of the various metamorphic zones is given, but the writer's main object is to draw attention to certain mineralogical and structural peculiarities that appear to differ in some degree from what are usually regarded as the normal features of regional metamorphism in such classic areas as the Scottish Highlands and the Caledonian chain of Norway. The possibility that such departures from the normal may in some instances be connected with chemical peculiarities in the parent rock is suggested by such phenomena as the well-known general limitation of chloritoid, staurolite, and low-grade garnets to pelitic rocks of special chemical compositions. Other unusual features, especially when found to recur in widely separated regions, may well be governed by some particular combination of physical rather than chemical conditions.
The Diorites and Associated Rocks of the Glen Tilt Complex, Perthshire
Authors: Deer W. A.
Published: May 2009

The Glen Tilt Complex, one of the larger masses of the Newer Granites of the Central Highlands, is included in sheet 64 of the Geological Survey of Scotland. The greater part of this complex is a granite which is bounded on the south-west and southeast by an earlier series of intermediate and basic rocks. The granites described in this contribution are restricted to a small area at the south-eastern margin of the large granitic intrusion generally known as the Beinn Dearc granite. The smaller and independent intrusion of the Sron a ‘Chro’ granite and a number of smaller masses of granite associated with the marginal strip of diorites on the north-western side of Glen Tilt have also been examined. These small isolated areas appear to be contemporaneous with the intrusion of the main Beinn Dearc mass and have been intruded between the earlier diorites and the margin of the intrusion, a feature not uncommon in many of the other Scottish Newer Granites. A small independent mass of muscovite-biotite-granite intruded into quartz-mica-diorite occurs on Conlach Mhor. Although these rocks are completely isolated from both the biotite- and muscovite-biotite-granites of the main Beinn Dearc intrusion their essential similarity with the latter leaves no reasonable doubt of their common origin.
The Contact Zone of Sheep Creek, Little Belt Mountains, Montana
Authors: Taylor J. H.
Published: May 2009

During the recent construction of a new highway linking Glacier and Yellowstone National Parks a number of deep cuttings have had to be made in the Little Belt Mountains. Some nine miles south-south-east of the once prosperous mining town of Neihart the road crosses the divide at King's Hill (7,400 feet O.D.) and, passing from Cascade County into Meagher County, starts a long and gradual descent into Sheep Creek. Along the side of the creek for a distance of several miles a series of sections reveal that the country rock is here cut by igneous intrusions with interesting contact-metamorphic effects. The mineralogy of the contact rocks has already been described by the author (l): the present communication describes the field relations and considers some problems of paragenesis.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature. 1. On the Type of the Ammonite Genus Mortoniceras, Meek
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

MOST workers on fossils at the present day try to conform to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature,1 but there are cases in which even the most conscientious palaeontologist may be in doubt as to whether any given article or recommendation of the International Code can justifiably be applied. Some workers, I may add, are forgetting that this code should be a good servant, and must not be allowed to become a bad master; again, while others are in favour of applying to the International Commission for standardization of almost every problem, many palaeontologists feel that the rules should not be relaxed except in very special cases. It seems to me of general interest to discuss some doubtful cases; for future workers may be guided by our difficulties, and the overworked Commission will eventually benefit by the discussion.
Some British Platycrinidae and Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In this country the species which at one time or another have been assigned to the genus Platycrinus amount to a considerable number. From the works of J. S. Miller, J. Phillips, A. Goldfuss, T. and T. Austin, F. McCoy, de Koninck and Le Hon, etc., one might make up a list of well over a score of species, but to identify specimens from the British Carboniferous limestones with the figured or described species is a very difficult matter. This is due chiefly to the poorness of the illustrations of the species concerned or, when the figures are passably good, to the lack of prominence given to the more important characters of the calyx. Two at least of McCoy's species and one of Phillips's are not illustrated at all. There is also some confusion regarding certain species which seem to have been figured more than once under different names. In the process therefore of identifying specimens it soon becomes evident that few of the species have been placed on a satisfactory basis and that as a group the British Platycrinidae is much in need of revision.
The Katunga Volcano, South-West Uganda
Authors: Combe A. D.
Published: May 2009

The extinct volcano of Katunga (E. 30° 11′ 27″; S. 0° 28′ 17″ approx.) is in northern Igara which is part of western Ankole in south-west Uganda. The volcano is of special interest: (a)because of its isolation, the nearest neighbouring manifestation of volcanic activity being that in connection with the crater in which Lake Nkuguti lies, about 12½ miles to the N.N.W. in Bunyaruguru; and (b) because true lava-flows, the first to be discovered in the volcanic areas of north-west Ankole and Toro, composed of potash-rich olivine-melilitite (katungite), were extruded from it. The volcano is an outlier of the southern edge of that part of the western volcanic field of Uganda lying in, and adjacent to, the portion of the western rift depression about the northern end of Lake Edward, the southern end of the Buwenzori massif, and Lake George.
On Silurian and Cambrian Rocks encountered in a Deep Boring at Walsall, South Staffordshire
Authors: Butler A. J.
Published: May 2009

This paper records the succession which was encountered in a boring made during 1935 at Walsall, South Staffordshire. The site of the boring is precisely indicated in Text-fig. 1.
The Rocks of the Kedong Scarp, Kenya Rift Valley
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

In a communication to the GeologicalMagazine, published in July, 1936, I gave a brief description of the rocks that build the Kedong scarp. I propose now to amplify that description. It is not always realized that the geological structure of the Rift Valley has been deduced almost wholly from physiographic evidence, and that proof of the alleged displacements must depend upon exact petrographic study of the rocks involved in the structures.
Outgrowths on Zircon in the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire
Authors: Smithson F.
Published: May 2009

In view of Mr. J. A. Butterfield's account of outgrowths on zircon in the Millstone Grit of the Pennine region (Geol. Mag., LXXIII, 1936, 511–16), it may be of interest to record the occurrence of similar grains in the Middle Jurassic sandstones of Yorkshire.
On Eugyrinus wildi (A. S. W.), a Branchiosaur from the Lancashire Coal-measures
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

THE unique type-specimen of Hylonomus wildi, a small amphibian from the marine roof of the Mountain Four-feet Mine of the Lower Coal-measures at Trawden, near Colne, Lancashire, is now in the Manchester Museum, No. W 1222.
On the Geological Features of the Oil Region in the Northern Punjab (British India)
Authors: Preiswerk H.
Published: May 2009

THE oil-springs of Jaba are situated at the foot of the steep lime stone hills 1½ or 2 miles distant from the village of Jaba and 7 miles from the railway station of Massan. On the topographical map (Sheet 38, p. 9, scale 1 inch = 1 mile) the two main oil-springs are marked. The north-western spring is called Chota Kutta by the natives, the south-eastern Burra Kutta, from the brooks where they are found.
On Cycles of Sedimentation in the Eocene Strata of the Anglo-Franco-Belgian Basin
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

The Term “Cycle of Sedimentation” or “Cycle of Deposition” is not nearly so familiar in England as it is on the Continent. Whilst the teaching of the general principles forms part of most courses in geology, the application of these principles to actual successions in this country has been somewhat neglected. Attention has recently been drawn to the seasonal or rhythmic changes seen in some sediments, and to avoid confusion it is desirable to outline what is meant by the expression “Cycle of Sedimentation”.
On Cycles of Sedimentation in the Eocene Strata of the Anglo-Franco-Belgian Basin
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

Landenian.—The Landenian is represented by the Thanet Sands and Woolwich and Reading Beds. The former seem to correspond to the two lower zones of the French Landenian, whilst the marine Bottom Bed of the Woolwich Series corresponds to the zone of Cyprina scutellaria. The present writer. has given reasons for believing the pebble-bed separating the two to be due to a movement of uplift in the Wealden area.1 In the east of the London district the marine Bottom Bed passes up into clays and marls crowded with estuarine fossils (Woolwich Beds); to the west into unfossiliferous mottled clays and fluviatile sands (Reading Beds). The extensive transgression at the time of the zone of Cyprina scutellaria is noticeable in the London Basin as it is in the Paris and Hampshire Basins.
Notes on the Tablazo Faunas of S.W. Ecuador
Authors: Barker R. Wright
Published: May 2009

The Tablazos or Quaternary raised beach deposits of the West Coast of South America have attracted attention for a considerable time, as evidence of recent changes in sea-level. Early accounts of those occurring on the more southerly portion of the Continent are given by d'Orbigny in his Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale and by Charles Darwin in his Observations on the Geology of South America. The Tablazos of Peru received considerable attention in Dr. Bosworth's work (1) and a brief sketch of the fauna was given.
Notes on the Geology of the Lizard Peninsula. No. 1. Some Mullion Rocks
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Before I went to Malaya in 1903 I had worked for two field seasons in Cornwall as a very junior member of the staff of the Geological Survey, and since my retirement in 1931 the old interests in Cornwall have attracted me, with the result that from 1935 onwards I have been doing field-work each year in the Lizard Peninsula. My original object in going to this part of Cornwall, armed with the 1912 Geological Survey Memoir (The Geology of the Lizard and Meneage, J. S. Flett and J. B. Hill) and the two 1-in. maps dated 1912 and 1934, was humbly to follow the work of my seniors in a part of Cornwall to which I had not previously penetrated, without any idea of criticism; but, although anyone who is conversant with the geology of the Lizard must agree with by far the greater part of the 1912 Memoir, in the course of my very enjoyable trips, during which I had the advantage of discussions with Sir John Flett and Dr. E. M. L. Hendriks, points have cropped up that are new or present problems on which I cannot see eye to eye with the surviving author of the Memoir, who has suggested that I should publish my results before he produces a new edition.
On Floral Subdivisions in the Yorkian Stage in South Wales
Authors: Crookall R.
Published: May 2009

The papers on the floras of the Carboniferous rocks, published in recent years by Dr. Emily Dix [7, 8], collectively form an important contribution to our knowledge of British Carboniferous palaeobotany. In these publications a floral classification was proposed for the Carboniferous strata of the Swansea district and an endeavour was made to apply it to other British and to foreign coalfields. The present writer, however, considers that some modification of the suggested scheme is necessary in regard to the strata included in the Yorkian Stage. Until this is done the classification will not be applicable to areas outside South Wales.
Notes on the Geology of the Lizard Peninsula: No. 2. The Primary Hornblende-schists and Gneisses (The Lizard Hornblende-schists)
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Before proceeding further with these notes on the geology of The Lizard it will make matters clearer if the sequence of rocks is given as established by the Cornish and other geologists, but I have ventured to introduce modifications which will be explained later:—

Youngest: Kennack granite.

Kennack gneisses, consisting of doleritic and granitic components.
On the Glacial and Interglacial Marine Beds of Northern Lewis
Authors: Baden-Powell D. F. W.
Published: May 2009

The Outer Hebrides, lying off the north-west coast of Scotland, are of particular interest to the student of Pleistocene geology, on account of the grand scale on which the results of ice-action are to be seen, and because of the marine shell-beds which are to be found at the northern end of the Isle of Lewis. In the present paper no general survey ofthe glacial deposits of the Outer Hebrides will be attempted; my object is rather to drawattention to certain features of the marine fossils, as a study of the coast sections shows that a faunal sequence can be established in the Pleistocene series.
On Brookite Crystals in the Dogger
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

In the course of work in collaboration with Dr. J. E. Hemingway on the petrography of the Dogger of North-East Yorkshire it has been found that brookite is widely distributed as a “heavy mineral” constituent in several different kinds of sediment. This is in agreement with results obtained earlier by myself alone in the study of sandstones from higher horizons of the Middle Jurassic in Yorkshire. Although it does not yet appear that the distribution of brookite in the Dogger is of any particular significance, nevertheless the mineral itself shows interesting peculiarities and variations; a detailed discussion of these would be out of all proportion in the paper which we hope to publish shortly on the character and distribution of the Dogger in general; and it has therefore been decided to give here a brief and mainly mineralogical account of the different varieties of brookite met with, without discussing the general problem of the abundance of titanium minerals in the Yorkshire Jurassics and their local distribution.
On certain Anthracomyas from the Similis-Pulchra Zone of the Coal Measures
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

(1) Reasons are given for believing that the holotype of Anthracomya adamsi Salter (the genotype of Anthracomya) has been correctly identified.

(2) It is shown that the horizon of this presumed holotype is near the middle of the Similis-Pulchra Zone, and is near if not identical with the horizon of A. hindi Wright.

(3) Anthracomya adamsi at that horizon has no close connection with A. modiolaris (from which it may, however, have been derived at a lower horizon). The distinction of these two forms is discussed, and it is suggested that among well preserved specimens only very occasional variants cause any difficulty in identification. The shells referred to A. adamsi. s. lat. by Weir and Leitch from the base of the Similis-Pulchra Zone (1936) are not considered in this paper.

(4) The relations of A. adamsi, A. hindi and A. warei are briefly discussed: in view of the limited distribution of the various species it is thought best for the present to retain the three specific names.
Notes on the Geology of the Lizard Peninsula. No 3. The Epidote Bands, Lenticles, and Veins
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

A striking feature of the geology of the Lizard is the occurrence of rocks very rich in, or consisting entirely of epidote; as bands parallel to the foliation of the hornblende-gneiss and the green schists of the Old Lizard Head Series; as lenticles caused by local enlargement of those bands; and sometimes as veins cutting the foliation, for instance on Polurrian Beach. The coast-sections at Mullion do not show great development of these epidotic rocks in the hornblende-gneiss but bands one inch thick occur. At Porthallow and north of Porthoustock there is an even smaller development of these rocks, but along the coast from Pentreath Beach southwards round Lizard Point to Cadgwith epidote bands and lenticles are abundant. Sir John Flett remarks in the 1912 Memoir (p. 50) on the perfection of this banding, “which cannot be paralleled anywhere else in Britain,” but he has told me that in Anglesey epidotic rocks approach them in abundance. These Anglesey rocks were described by Dr. E. Greenly in the Survey Memoir of that area (1919, pp. 108 and 109 inter alia).
Some Petrological Studies in the Harlech Grit Series of Merionethshire. III. The development of Pyrite in the Grits and Mudstones
Authors: Woodland Austin William
Published: May 2009

In the Harlech Grit Series pyrite always occurs associated with rocks of practically all grades. It is, on the whole, of least importance in the grits, but even in these it becomes locally fairly abundant. Among the mudstones it occurs concentrated into layers, which are relatively persistent laterally. Immediately below the manganese-ore of the Manganese Shale Group, for example, there occurs a very widespread band of green mudstone which contains abundant pyrite crystals. Although its general characters are the same this band varies slightly, in detail when traced laterally and it is with these variations that the present paper is largely concerned. This band is usually 1 to 2 inches thick and is usually of dark green mudstone, though rarely it is of the normal blue-grey colour. The pyrite crystals vary from very minute to about ⅜ inch in size. In addition, pyrite occurrences from other rocks are described. The account is particularly concerned, not with the pyrite crystals themselves, but with zones of authigenous minerals which almost invariably surround them in these rocks.
Igneous Rocks from the Abercorn and Kasama Districts, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Deans T.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a brief outline of the geology of the area shown in the map, Text-fig. 1, and a petrographic account of a small collection (eighty specimens) of its igneous rocks. The area is centred about 60 miles south-south-east of the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, and midway between Abercorn and Kasama. It lies at the headwaters of the Chambesi River, the source, or one source, of the Congo, on the high plateau of Northern Rhodesia at an altitude of 4,000 to over 5,500 feet. There is as yet no literature dealing with the petrology of North-Eastern Rhodesia, and the Rhodesian Copper Belt is too far distant (over 300 miles) to allow of any useful comparisons at this stage. It is interesting, however, to compare the rocks of this area with those of the Lupa Goldfield (1) in Tanganyika Territory, some 120 miles to the north-north-east.
The Sub-Bothnian Unconformity in Suodenniemi in Finland
Authors: Sederholm J. J.
Published: May 2009

Only lately did I become aware of a note On the Sub-Bothnian Unconformity in Finland, by Dr. William J. McCallien, in the June number for 1932 of the Geological Magazine. May I be allowed here to answer his objections, which I think are based on insufficient observational material?
Stilpnomelane and Related Minerals as Constituents of Schists from Western Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Turner F. J. , Hutton C. O.
Published: May 2009

In a recent account of the petrography of certain low-grade, dynamically metamorphosed quartzo-feldspathic sediments from the Forbes Range, Western Otago, New Zealand, one of the writers x has noted the presence of a yellowish-brown strongly pleochroic mineral, which was identified as a ferruginous member of the stilpnomelane group.
New Crinoids from Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe, with Lists of Carboniferous Limestone Crinoid Species
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

One purpose of this paper is to place on record a new crinoid genus from Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe. The nameEdapocrinusis proposed for its reception. Another is to note the discovery of two nearly complete crinoids at the same locality. This type of preservation is very rare at Coplow since the great majority of specimens found there consist of calices only and, exceptActinocrinusand allied genera which have the lower brachials incorporated in the cup, it is only on a rare occasion that one finds a cup with any portion of the arms in position. In a paper to this Magazine, (1928, p. 246), I noted the discovery of the rare Flexible species,Euryocrinus rofeiBather and Gregory, which had part of the arms preserved, and remarked then on the scarcity of complete specimens of any species. Besides Coplow, this seems to apply to all the knolls in the Clitheroe region. Phillips, in his Geology of Yorkshire (1836), describes a considerable number of species from “Bolland”, most of which appear to have been collected by Gilbertson of Preston, and possibly some of the specimens were found at Coplow. All are cups only, with the exception ofPoteriocrinus, nowTaxocrinus nobilis, which is a complete crown. On different occasions during the last eight years, when I have made an annual visit to Coplow, I have found odd portions of arms, greatly displaced and not attached to any cup, usually in such a jumbled state that they were indeterminable.
A Critical Examination of Stricklandia (= Stricklandinia) lirata (J. de C. Sowerby) 1839 forma typica
Authors: Joseph J. K. S. St.
Published: May 2009

Among the fossils figured in the Silurian System (1839) is a cast of a dorsal valve of a brachiopod from Marloes Bay, named by J. de C. Sowerby Spirifer liratus. This form received more adequate description by Salter (1848) in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, and in Murchison’s Siluria, and was later included under the generic name of Stricklandia, proposed by Billings (1859) for a certain section of the Pentameracea, and subsequently changed by him to Stricklandinia (1863). In subsequent descriptions, of which the most important are those of Davidson (1866), Angelin and Lindström (1880), and Schuchert and Cooper (1932), the form has always been referred to this genus.
The Age of the Highest Coal Measures in West Pembrokeshire
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

The westward extension of the South Wales Coalfield in Pembrokeshire is of complicated structure and the sequence is very imperfectly known. This is particularly true of the west of the county, where the coalfield has been very little worked for many years. In the eastern portion of the county, between Haverfordwest and Carmarthen Bay, the Coal Measures consist mainly of shales which have been correlated with the Lower Coal Series of the main part of the South Wales Coalfield and which are not higher than the Pulchra Zone.
The Geological Work of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African Lakes, 1930–31
Authors: Fuchs V. E.
Published: May 2009

At its southern end the western rift valley branches westwards from the trend of the main rift valley at a point just north of Lake Nyasa. Thence it continues northwards for a distance of approximately 1,000 miles, when it ends in the Sudan near Nimule.
Lingula Horizons in the Coal Measures of Northumberland and Durham
Authors: Hopkins William
Published: May 2009

Previous to 1858, the Northumberland and Durham Coalfield was considered to be destitute of any fauna other than the usual non-marine type. In 1858, J. W. Kirkby gave the first indication of marine fossils in this coalfield. He obtained specimens of Lingula credneri (Geinitz) from shales some 17 feet above the Five-Quarter seam during the sinking of a shaft at Ryhope, 3 miles south of Sunderland (9). Some of these specimens are figured by T. Davidson (2).
On the Genus Cyclocystoides
Authors: Begg James L.
Published: May 2009

The classificatory position of the genus Cyclocystoides remains shrouded in doubt. This is due in some measure to the paucity of the material available for study and the unsatisfactory state of preservation of many specimens. The greatest difficulty is, however, due to the fact that it presents many features which are unique, and which make its correlation with known groups far from a simple matter.
A New Species of Conularia from Girvan
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

Diagnosis.—Shell small, thin, tapering more rapidly towards apex. Marginal grooves well developed, with raised rims between which there is a fine longitudinal furrow. Faces, flat to slightly concave, ornamented with strong transverse ridges, evenly distributed, narrower and less rounded than the interspaces, forming rounded angles of about 135° and also bending forward at lateral ends.
The Graptolitic Faunas of the Gotlandian in the Eastern Alps and their Relationships
Authors: Heritsch Franz
Published: May 2009

The years that followed the Great War saw a rapid development in knowledge of the graptolitic faunas of the Eastern Alps. Professor M. Gortani described many graptolites from the Carnic Alps, and papers from the Geological Department of the University of Graz dealt with the same subject, as well as the distribution of the graptolites over a wider area of the Eastern Alps. Especially noteworthy was the surprising discovery of graptolites in the so-called grauwacke zone of the Alps, which follows the southern margin of the Northern Calcareous Alps. In the grauwacke zone, which consists of Palaeozoic and more ancient strata, more or less metamorphosed, graptolites were found at the following localities, (a) Fieberbrunn in the Tyrol (1), where the zones of Monograptus cyphus to M. turriculatus are found, and the presence of M. priodon indicates that higher zones may occur; (b) environs of Eisenerz in Styria (2), where the zones of M. gregarius to M. griestoniensis are found, as well as the zone of M. nilssoni; (c) Montavon in Vorarl-berg (29), where a badly-preserved specimen of Monograptus, possibly M. priodon, was discovered.
The Structure of the Pacific Basin
Authors: Chubb L. J.
Published: May 2009

Since the return of the St. George Expedition from the Pacific in 1925, a series of nine papers (2–8, 26, 27), describing the geology of most of the volcanic islands visited, has been published, and it is now possible to co-ordinate the results already arrived at, and to use them in an attempt to throw light on the structure of the Pacific basin.
The Corallian Rocks in the New Railway-Cutting at Westbury, Wilts
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

New loop-ways on the Great Western Railway to by-pass stations at Westbury and Frome have recently provided complete sections of Corallian Beds and Cornbrash.
Triassic and Pleistocene Surfaces on some Leicestershire Igneous Rocks
Authors: Raw Frank
Published: May 2009

The ancient rocks of Leicestershire may be taken to comprise the pre-Cambrian volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Charnwood Forest, and the igneous rocks intrusive into them, viz. the dacite-porphyrites of Bardon Hill, Peldar, and High Sharpley, etc., the granophyric diorites and porphyrites within and south-west of the Forest and in South Leicestershire, and the Mountsorrel granite or granodiorite. There is reason to believe that all except the last are pre-Cambrian in age: for the last a post-Silurian age seems most probable. These ancient rocks are now exposed through the removal of the Keuper Marl, whichhad largely if not completely buried them. In glacial times, however, small areas have been reburied under glacial deposits.
On the Occurrence of the Marine Oligocene in Palestine
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

This paper deals with a series of fossils from two localities in the coastal plain of Palestine sent to me by Mr. G. S. Blake, Geological Adviser to the Palestine Government. It is possible from their study to establish for the first time the presence of Oligocene beds in that country.
Geology of the Interandine Basin of Cuenca, Ecuador
Authors: Sheppard George
Published: May 2009

The region which forms the subject of this paper is in the southern part of the Republic of Ecuador (Fig. 1) in the Provinces known as Canar and Azuay, and is situated between the two principal cordilleras of the Andes at an elevation of about 8,500 feet above sea-level.
Note on the Zone of Anthraconauta phillipsi in the Denbighshire Coalfield
Authors: Simpson Henry H.
Published: May 2009

The scarcity of shells in the Denbighshire Coalfield has been commented on by a number of observers, and though numerous Carbonicola and Naiadites are to be found at certain horizons Anthracomya is exceedingly rare, particularly in the lower part of the Middle Measures. This lack of molluscan remains has made the zoning of the Coal Measures in Denbighshire a matter of considerable difficulty and only one occurrence of A. phillipsi (Williamson) has hitherto been recorded, namely from the Coed-yr-allt Beds, the middle division of the Upper Coal Measures.
Spilitic Rocks in New Zealand
Authors: Bartrum J. A.
Published: May 2009

Prior to a discovery made recently by the writer, of spilitic rocks at Great King Island, the largest member of the Three Kings group of islands, about 26 miles north-west of the north-west extremity of the mainland of New Zealand, such rocks had not previously been found in this latter country. Some account of the types represented at Great King Island may therefore be welcome, particularly since Gilluly's (1935) recent comprehensive paper has focused attention on spilites and their associations.
A Note on the Rate of Sedimentation on a Salt Marsh on Scolt Head Island, Norfolk
Authors: Steers J. A.
Published: May 2009

From time to time measurements of the rate of sedimentation in salt marsh areas have been made, but few detailed figures are available. The fullest account is that by F. J. Richards (1) for the Dovey Marshes. Others have been made at Blakeney by F. W. Oliver (2) and, recently, measurements have been made in Denmark by Dr. Niels Nielsen, of Copenhagen, and at other continental stations.
British Terminology for Rugose Corals
Authors: Hill Dorothy
Published: May 2009

THE terminology used to-day by British writers on Rugose corals is founded on the first competent terminology ever formulated, that of Henri Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, which was published in 1848, and added to during the following twelve years. These eminent French workers evolved a general terminology for corals as a whole and a special one for the sub-order Madreporaria Edwards and Haime. Their researches were more exact than those of their predecessors and called for more exact terms. Dana also realized the need for an exact terminology and introduced one some two months later (1848, p. 723); but it was less complete, less coherent, and less precise than that of Edwards and Haime, and has not been generally adopted by later writers.
A Note on Lime-separating Algae from Subarctic Canada
Authors: Kindle E. M.
Published: May 2009

Pebble-Like aggregations of calcium carbonate have been described from certain lakes in the northern United States and southern Canada under such names as squaw biscuit, marlyte, and marl balls. The most northerly of the previous records of these structures in eastern Canada, known to the writer, cites them from Emerald Lake, a small Ontario lake in latitude 47 degrees. Structures of this type are known to be products of the growth activities of certain species of the blue-green algae. Those from Canandaigua Lake, New York, have the hardness of limestone and most geologists would be likely on casual examination to class them as flat water-worn pebbles of Palaeozoic limestone. Others, such as those found in Mink Lake, near Ottawa, Canada, are much softer and less compact than limestone.
The Petrology of the Culm Sandstones of North-West Devon and of the Dune Sands of Westward Ho!
Authors: Simpson Brian , Stuart Alan
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1933 one of us (B. S.) began work upon the age and correlation of the Culm Measures of North Devon, and the opportunity was taken to collect specimens of the sandstone and of the dune sands of Westward Ho! for a petrological examination. It was felt that a comparison of the mineral content of the Culm rocks with those of similar age in South Wales, upon which work was proceeding at University College, Swansea, might be interesting, and that an examination of the dunes of North Devon might reveal to what extent the Culm had contributed to their mineral composition, and also might confirm some of the conclusions regarding the origin of some of the minerals in the dunes of South Wales (1).
The Calcareous Tufa Deposits of Buxton, near Taungs, Cape Province
Authors: Latter M. P.
Published: May 2009

A few miles to the west of, and running approximately parallel to, the main Rhodesian Railway from Kimberley and the Cape, there is a well defined line of hills, which is the eastern edge, and forms the scarp face of, the Kaap Plateau. Between this plateau and the railway is a belt of flat low-lying ground through which the Great Harts River runs southwards to the Vaal. In the vicinity of Taungs Station, between Warrenton and Vryburg, the scarp line is running nearly due north and south, and is only four to five miles distant from the railway; followed southwards it gets farther away from the railway and assumes a more south-westerly course. The Kaap Plateau is formed of dolomite of the Campbell Rand Series of the Transvaal System, corresponding to the dolomite in the Transvaal. The formation dips gently to the west at angles of 2–3°. Along the escarpment the dolomite rests conformably on dolomite shales, the latter frequently forming a series of terraces from the base of the plateau upwards. Lying unconformably against the dolomite to the east are the Lower Karroo Beds, which are largely concealed by secondary limestone and the recent alluvium of the Harts River basin.
The Cambrian Genus Stenotheca
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling
Published: May 2009

In labelling specimens about 1866 from the Menevian of St. David’s, South Wales, Salter used this generic term for Stenotheca cornucopia, which is the genotype.
A Comparison of the Methods of Heavy Mineral Separation
Authors: Ewing C. J. C.
Published: May 2009

Methods and apparatus used in the isolation of heavy minerals vary considerably with different workers and this lack of uniformity obviously reduces the value of the conclusions in a branch of petrology in which quantitative data are essential. Panning in water and separation in bromoform are probably the two methods most widely adopted; but even with these there is considerable variation in the apparatus, each investigator using his own special panning device or type of separator. Also, whereas some writers employ direct bromoform separations, others treat the sediment by preliminary panning, and still others are content with panning alone. A paper published recently by Dr. F. Smithson showed the effects of panning on a crushed sandstone from the Yorkshire Trias and the results were compared with those of direct bromoform separations. The divergence of results was so great that it seemed worth while to carry out a similar type of investigation on some normal unconsolidated sands in which the heavy residue makes up about 0·2 to 0·3 per cent of the total bulk. The samples used in this case were mostly from the northern outcrop of the Folkestone Sand in the Weald, but some samples of Eocene Sands from the Continent were also examined.
Garnet-bearing Sands of the Northumberland Coast
Authors: Hawkes L. , Smythe J. A.
Published: May 2009

It has long been known that garnet and other heavy minerals occur in many of the sedimentary beds of the North of England. Among such, where visual proof is easy, are the Inghoe Grits, particularly at Shaftoe, and the Dunstanburgh sandstone at Cullernose Point. Hutchings examined washings of the shales at Seaton Sluice and found zircons in large numbers, along with angular colourless garnet, rutile, anatase, tourmaline, sphene and barytes. In a later study by the same author of the sedimentary beds metamorphosed by the Whin Sill, it was shown that small garnets are very plentiful, especially in the calcareous shales, and are accompanied by augite, hornblende, epidote, sphene, idocrase, wollastonite and other minerals. Kellett made an extended investigation of the heavy minerals in the Coal Measures of County Durham and found 0·4 per cent of these in the sandstone under the Hutton seam (this is the only datum of Kellett's strictly comparable with our results). Zircon proved to be the commonest mineral in these beds; next in order came rutile and tourmaline, while garnet was quite subsidiary.
An Olivine-Bearing Conglomerate from the Island of Raasay, Inverness-shire
Authors: Davidson Charles F.
Published: May 2009

In his posthumous paper on the geology of the Island of Raasay H. B. Woodward (1) remarks: “On the fore-shore south of Oskaig Point, the modern beach is cemented into a conglomerate.” The unique mineralogical composition of this conglomerate, which has been collected in the course of a study of the Tertiary igneous rocks of Raasay and neighbouring islands, warrants the following note.
On Lepidocyclina (Lepidocyclina) atascaderensis Berry from the Atascadero Limestone (Eocene) of N.W. Peru.
Authors: Todd J. U.
Published: May 2009

In 1930 Willard Berry published a paper on the Lepidocyclines of the Atascadero Limestone,1 for which he erected five new species, two of which were megalospheric and three microspheric.
New Evidence on the Origin of Breccias and Conglomerates in the Warwickshire Coalfield: The Mount Nod Boreholes, Coventry
Authors: Shotton F. W.
Published: May 2009

During the last two years the Coventry City Corporation has put down three boreholes, for water supply purposes, near Mount Nod Farm, on the north side of Broad Lane, 2 miles 5 furlongs W. 6° N. of the centre of the city.
Coastal Changes in South Wales—The Excavation of an Old Beach
Authors: Higgins Leonard S.
Published: May 2009

While investigating the problem of coastal changes in South Wales, and examining 1 the area of the Merthyr Mawr Warren (Fig. 1) for this purpose, the differences, observable in the surface conditions to-day, and evident in the records of the past, between the areas east and west of a line approximating to the Burrows Well stream, suggested that the relatively recent physical history of the two sections of the area had not been similar. The greater width in the east suggested recent accumulation in this section, and the presence of what appeared to be successively formed littoral dunes pointed to a relatively recent phase of prograding, while the topography made it possible that these changes were related to the mouth of the River Ogmore.
The “Tinto Glacier” and some Glacial Features in Clydesdale
Authors: Linton D. L.
Published: May 2009

Tinto hill by reason of its height, its massive but shapely form, and its splendid isolation, dominates the whole of middle Clydesdale. It forms an east-west ridge of tadpole-like outline—massive and lofty towards the eastern end and tailing away towards the western extremity, the only point at which it makes contact with the neighbouring uplands. On the east it rises directly from Clydesdale, where its lower slopes pass into a drift-mantled bench, which is from 1 to 2 miles in width. The lower and flatter portions of this bench are covered by a sheet of sand and gravel 30 or more feet above the Clyde flood-plain. The gravel spread extends into the broad open valleys which isolate Tinto to north and south, and is there undergoing dissection by the Glade Burn and Garf Water. The dissection is, however, hardly more than begun, and the undulating and sometimes moundy character of the surface of the gravel sheet reflects the uneven nature of the original deposition. Rising sharply from this surface are certain striking mounds and ridges which have received some mention in geological literature under the name of the Thankerton Kames. They were first noted by Sir Archibald Geikie (2, p. 44),1 and later described, with a map indicating their extent and distribution, by Professor Gregory (3, p. 474). They have been further discussed by Professor Charlesworth (1, pp. 31–37), who is unable to accept Professor Gregory’s interpretation of the facts. More recently they have been mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey (4), together with the better-known Kames of Carstairs, and in this connection a note by Dr. M. Macgregor on the latter (6) is of some interest.
Australites
Authors: Dunn E. J.
Published: May 2009

IN 1917 Professor E. S. Moore, of the School of Mines, Chicago, U.S.A., kindly sent me a photograph together with this note: “I am sending you a photograph of something which may illustrate your bubbles on the australites. Mr. Dudley of the Metallurgy Department was working with a small crucible containing slags and by accident a drop of water fell on the surface, with the result that a bubble was developed, such as you see in the photograph. The photograph is not a very good one; but it will show you what I mean.
A Composite Lava from Kintyre
Authors: McCallien W. J.
Published: May 2009

W.Q. Kennedy has directed attention to the existence of composite lava flows and has described in detail composite flows from Inverkip on the Firth of Clyde. In a preliminary work on the igneous rocks of Kintyre the writer has described lavas of the same age (Calciferous Sandstone) as the Renfrewshire flows, but separated from them by the Firth of Clyde and the Kilbrannan Sound. The Kintyre Carboniferous lavaswere, of course, once part of the Clyde Plateau to which the Renfrewshire lavas also belong. It is hoped to make a further study of the Kintyre lavas in the field, and a careful look out will be kept for phenomena of the type described by Kennedy. However, on looking over the existing slices of Kintyre Carboniferous lavas in the collection of the Geology Department of the University of Glasgow, a slide was found which is of sufficient interest to merit separate description. The rock from which the slide was cut was collected as a lava specimen only, and nothing noteworthy was noticed at the time. In the lightof Kennedy’s discoveries and conclusions, however, it takes on a special interest.