bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Myers‐Briggs type indicator and transformational leadership
Authors: Brown F. William , Reilly Michael D.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to study the possible relationship between elements of personality as measured by the Myers‐Briggs type indicator (MBTI) and transformational leadership (TL) as measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ).

Design/methodology/approach

The study was done at the North American manufacturing facility of an international technology company. Utilizing the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to measure transformational leadership, over 2,000 followers provided assessments of transformational leadership for 148 managers who had done self‐assessments and had completed Form K of the MBTI.

Findings

No relationship was found between follower assessments of transformational leadership and leader personality as measured by the MBTI. Leaders did, however, perceive themselves to be significantly more transformational than did those who reported to them. Leader preference for extraversion over introversion and intuition over perception were both significantly associated with self‐reports of transformational leadership.

Research limitations/implications

Studies utilizing large samples across a variety of organizational settings are needed to confirm the results of this study.

Practical implications

This study calls into question the existence of a relationship between the MBTI and transformational leadership. The study does not provide any support for the possible utility of the MBTI for the prediction or explanation of transformational leadership behaviors. Assuming that followers' perceptions of TL are the more valid, the findings suggest that previous results linking MBTI and TL may be measurement artifacts.

Originality/value

Utilizing a large sample, the MLQ and continuous measures of MBTI preferences the results of this study contradict previous reports of a relationship between personality as measured by the MBTI and transformational leadership.
Workplace experience – a journey through a business park
Authors: Marja Rasila Heidi , Rothe Peggie , Nenonen Suvi
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to present a methodology for assessing end‐user experiences of workplace environments and proposes an “experience sheet” as a way to illustrate the findings.

Design/methodology/approach

In the theoretical part, the article combines understanding from post‐occupancy evaluations in the facilities management field with service process audits in the hospitability sector. This methodology is then tested in a case environment.

Findings

The findings suggest that the methodology and the experience sheet provide a usable and interesting way of assessing user experience in the workplace environment.

Practical implications

This article offers an illustrative way to understand user experience in workplace environments, and through that helps in improving existing working environments and in creating new ones.

Originality/value

This article combines theoretical understanding in a cross‐disciplinary manner in a novel way, and through that introduces a usable method for workplace improvement for practitioners.
Customer acquisition costs: the costs of growing business in public libraries
Authors: Nash White Larry
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the associated customer acquisition costs of public libraries. The intention of the paper is to develop awareness of the hidden costs associated with customer acquisition, and develop assessment tools or models to effectively manage the resources associated with customer acquisition to aid library administrators in strategic budgeting and planning.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is prepared through review of the library and business literature associated with customer acquisitions. No definitive data on customer turnover rates or models of assessing customer acquisitions cost are identified in the review of the literature.

Findings

While not identified or managed systematically, the calculation of customer acquisition costs, customer turnover rates, and the effective management of associated customer acquisition cost is strategically imperative for public libraries. Public libraries generally do not track customer turnover or the associated costs of acquiring new or replacement customers that come about due to this turnover. There is not a definitive estimate of customer turnover in public libraries, so exact costs determination will vary by public library system. Public libraries can reduce their customer acquisition costs through the retention of current customers with high quality service and in effectively managing the customer acquisition process in the strategic budgeting and planning processes of the library.

Originality/value

Libraries that can effectively acquire new or replacement customers and manage the costs of this process will more effectively utilize resources and maximize customer value for the library. This paper proposes several cost assessment calculations to help guide library administrators in making strategic decisions.
Sustainability by engagement
Authors: Marcum James W.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to define engagement and propose the utility of the concept in developing sustainable libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper compares traditional “motivation” practices with methods of engagement for relevance in organizations where knowledge work is dominant or important.

Findings

The paper finds evidence that “motivation,” relying on rewards, is not productive in such organizations.

Practical applications

It is argued that traditional “motivation” practices are not productive with knowledge workers and that engagement ideas have the potential of attracting greater staff commitment.

Originality/value

The proposal is for directors and managers that engagement methods have the potential of attracting greater staff commitment to the organization and its work.
Logistics innovation: a literature‐based conceptual framework
Authors: Grawe Scott J.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of logistics innovation based on previous studies in the logistics literature and recommend opportunities for further research.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the following logistics journals is conducted: International Journal of Logistics Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Journal of Business Logistics, Transportation Journal, and Transportation Research: Part E. Articles for the review are selected based on their explicit relevance to logistics innovation.

Findings

There has been a limited amount of theory‐based research conducted on the topic of logistics innovation. While antecedents and outcomes of logistics innovation have been identified within the leading logistics journals, very little empirical testing has been done. The diffusion of logistics innovations has also received attention in the logistics literature.

Research limitations/implications

The scope of this paper is limited to top logistics journals. Further, theoretical development in the study of logistics innovation is warranted.

Originality/value

Few studies have specifically addressed logistics innovation. The paper offers a model of logistics innovation based on a review of the existing literature.
Supply chain agility: scale development
Authors: Li Xun , Goldsby Thomas J. , Holsapple Clyde W.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an instrument to measure supply chain agility.

Design/methodology/approach

The development of this supply chain agility scale utilizes an examination of supply chain agility literature, experience surveys, and expert judges. The result is a 12‐item instrument with six dimensions.

Findings

The instrument has been rigorously tested and validated, which generates a high degree of confidence in the scale's validity and reliability.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills an identified need for the development of an empirically validated instrument to measure supply chain agility. This reliable and validated instrument enables and facilitates future studies in the supply chain agility research stream.
A comparison of inter‐ and intra‐organizational relationships
Authors: Mena Carlos , Humphries Andrew , Wilding Richard
Published: October 2009

Purpose

Theoretical models of collaboration assume that intra‐organizational relationships are more collaborative that inter‐organizational ones. This paper seeks to question the validity of this assumption by comparing the levels of collaboration in two cases that comprise both types of relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

Two case studies in the UK food industry were conducted, in each two relationships were analyzed: one inter‐ and one intra‐organizational. Data were collected through a questionnaire followed by semi‐structured interviews.

Findings

This exploratory research indicates that in both case studies intra‐organizational relationships have lower levels of collaboration than inter‐organizational ones. This appears to contradict the commonly held assumption that intra‐organizational relationships involve closer collaborations than inter‐organizational ones.

Research limitations/implications

Case study approaches have reliability and generalisability limitations, however, the paper was given in‐depth access to four relationships (two per case), which provide a basis for further research. The use of multiple informants and two methods of data collection helped to increase reliability and efforts were made to reduce bias in responses by ensuring confidentiality and engaging with participating companies in an impartial way.

Practical implications

A better appreciation of collaboration in inter‐ and intra‐ organizational relationships will result in managers making better decisions about how their organization relates internally and externally. This could have implications for decisions on make‐buy, alliances, and acquisitions.

Originality/value

The paper shows that it is possible to have relationships with customers and suppliers that are more collaborative than those between departments within a single organization. This finding appears to challenge traditional assumptions and provides a new perspective of the management of supply chain relationships.
Perspectives on organisational change
Authors: Silver Lars
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to investigate identity change in savings banks. The savings bank movement is gradually shifting from a residual culture of using the bank to promote savings, into a dominant culture closely resembling commercial banks.

Design/methodology/approach

Theory draws on key research in the field of organisational change and corporate identity. A qualitative methodology is used to investigate a large portion of the savings banks movement in Sweden.

Findings

The shift in culture is a result of decreasing values of original visions, a process of commercialising the savings bank idea and increasing chief executive officer (CEO) influence and professionalisation.

Research limitations/implications

The results are primarily applicable for savings banks.

Practical implications

The paper shows the ongoing changes in the savings bank community and the effects of these changes on critical stakeholders. In particular, the important role of CEOs in non‐profit organisations is illustrated and discussed.

Originality/value

Few studies focus on change in culture and the consequences for stakeholder relations. There is no prior study on savings banks and organisational change.
Corporate social responsibility and transparent pricing in the case of the euro changeover
Authors: Golob Urša , Jančič Zlatko , Marko Lah Borut
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a matrix of socially responsible behaviour and communication types (corporate social responsibility (CSR)‐BC matrix) to explain different practices companies use when dealing with stakeholder issues, such as transparent changeover pricing.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis takes theories and research on CSR, transparent pricing and consumer expectations, and a case study approach as its starting point. It explores a case study of adoption of the euro in Slovenia, the 13th member state that joined the European Monetary Union. It deals with the importance of expectations about the changeover process and the responsible behaviour and communications of companies.

Findings

According to the data, the cases of changeover can be explained with the CSR‐BC matrix. According to the results, it seems that the majority of companies did not abuse the changeover process. This indicates that consumer expectations and actions can be a meaningful sign for companies to adopt appropriate CSR behaviours and communication regarding the euro changeover.

Research limitations/implications

The case study has some limitations regarding the data. For a more thorough exploratory research stronger data such as interviews within the companies would be beneficial.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the CSR literature by explicitly linking pricing behaviour and CSR and by developing a CSR‐BC matrix that can be used in exploring corporate pricing behaviours or other behaviours and communication practices as well. With the case study illustration it also allows for a theoretical understanding that such behaviours are not made in a vacuum.
The role of Malaysian securitised real estate in a mixed‐asset portfolio
Authors: Lin Lee Chyi , Hwa Ting Kien
Published: October 2009

Purpose

Previous studies on the Malaysian securitised real estate market have largely emphasised on performance analysis, whereas the importance of securitised real estate in asset allocation is largely ignored. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Malaysian property shares and real estate investment trusts (REITs) in a mixed‐asset portfolio from 1991 to 2006.

Design/methodology/approach

The mean‐variance and downside risk optimisations were utilised to assess the role of REITs and property shares in a mixed‐asset portfolio allocation. More specifically, the portfolio diversification potential and return enhancement benefits for both assets were examined.

Findings

The results showed that property shares offer little diversification benefits or portfolio return enhancement, whereas the equally weighted REITs portfolio does provide some diversification benefits and return enhancements under the mean‐variance and downside risk frameworks. However, the benefits have diminished in recent years. Besides, the results also revealed that the equally‐ and value‐weighted REIT portfolios do behave differently.

Research limitations/implications

This study has several important implications for investors. Importantly, investors should consider the inclusion of REITs rather than property shares in their portfolios.

Originality/value

This paper is one of few studies in emerging markets, although Malaysia was the first country to introduce REITs in Asia. Additionally, it could be the first attempt to assess the downside risk of Malaysian securitised real estate.
Are there efficiency gains for larger Asian REITs?
Authors: Ting Sham Hiu , Foo Sing Tien , Tsai I‐Chun
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to test whether real estate investment trusts (REITs) are able to reap positive economies of scale with an enlarged asset base, which are translated into lower operating expenses, higher revenue, and better accessibility to capital at competitive costs. The paper aims to test economies of scale effects on expenses, revenue and equity return for REITs in Asia over a sample period from 2001 to 2007.

Design/methodology/approach

Three different functional models are used (translog, semi‐log quadratic and simple quadratic) to test the relations of asset size and squared asset size of REITs with expense variables.

Findings

The semi‐log quadratic models show significant positive economies of scale effects in all expenses categories except for property management fees after controlling for exogenous factors like country, year, diversification strategy and growth. The paper does not, however, find significant scale advantages in revenue, operating income and equity costs for larger Asian REITs.

Research limitations/implications

This paper acknowledges the limitations associated with small sample size, and possible inconsistency in the financial reporting of expenses and revenues data in the sample countries, which may cause some biases in the results. The findings imply that REIT asset managers should focus on asset growth strategies that are able to generate scale efficiency, so as to generate positive wealth effects for shareholders.

Originality/value

Past empirical research on scale economies focuses on US REITs. There are limited works done on the emerging Asia REIT markets. This study helps fill the gap by establishing whether there exists significant scale efficiency in operation and performance of Asian REITs.
A preliminary look at effects of asset‐backed securitization on shareholders
Authors: Fang Ming , Long Fenjie
Published: October 2009

Purpose

Asset‐backed securitization (ABS), which was brought into China in 2005 and followed by a rapid expansion, is an important financial instrument for real estate industry. The purpose of this empirical study is to assess the effects of asset securitization on stock market and equity holders' wealth by examining stock price changes upon securitization transactions in China from 2005 to September 2008.

Design/methodology/approach

Event study is implemented to test the wealth effects of ABS on shareholders. First, normal stock returns of companies with ABS issuance during the studied period are introduced by running the market model regression; excess returns to stockholders at the time that the securitization became public knowledge are then examined; finally, significance of the excess returns are tested and influencing factors including firm and transaction characteristics are discussed.

Findings

This paper finds that securitization generally does not have significant impact on wealth of stockholders; a considerable number of securitizations are even wealth destroying. The paper interprets these findings to mean that securitization is usually a negative signal to the stock market for first‐time securitizers, but indifferent or positive for frequent securitizers. Additionally, wealth effect of securitization on stockholders also largely depends on its underlying assets.

Originality/value

The outcome of this paper will assist companies, banks, and governments in understanding the effects of asset securitization, thus maximizing gains from securitization and enacting suitable polices and regulations. The paper suggests that companies and governments should examine market conditions and promote securitization only when the market is calm. Additionally, first‐time issuers of asset securitization should be cautious of possible losses caused by signs of the firm's insufficient funding, while subsequent issuance can be regarded as a relatively safe financial instrument.
Basis risk and hedging efficiency of weather derivatives
Authors: Yang Charles C. , Brockett Patrick L. , Wen Min‐Ming
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically the basis risk and hedging efficiency of temperature‐indexed standardized weather derivatives in hedging weather risks in the US energy industry.

Design/methodology/approach

Within the risk minimization framework, using power load and temperature data, this research analyzes both linear and nonlinear hedging strategies using the two most popular types of standardized indexes – city indexes and regional indexes.

Findings

The results indicate that the city indexes and regional indexes are not consistently superior to each other and the regional indexes should be a good complement to the current exchange‐listed indexes. The results also document that the basis risk is sufficiently low for the diversified power producers serving the US Northeast or Mid‐Atlantic regions in both the summer and winter seasons and California in the summer season. However, the basis risk is very high for the diversified power producers serving California in hedging the weather risk in the winter season. More discrepancies are observed in the hedging efficiency among the power producers serving the Texas region.

Originality/value

This research provides important implications about the survivability and superiority of current and proposed standardized weather contracts and the design of effective standardized weather derivatives for the extant and potential weather markets.
What determines user satisfaction in ERP projects: benefits, barriers or risks?
Authors: Saatçıoğlu Ömür Y.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the effects of benefits, barriers and risks on user satisfaction in ERP projects.

Design/methodology/approach

ERP systems are costly and complex systems. They require heavy investments. ERP systems provide a lot of benefits. However, there are some barriers that need to be solved during implementation if maximum of benefits is aimed. If barriers are not solved adequately, they become drivers of risks. Benefits, barriers and risks have important effects on user satisfaction. Post implementation reviews are important tools to gain insights about the effect of benefits, barriers and risks on user satisfaction. However, post implementation reviews of ERP projects are not commonly realized. First, a literature review on ERP benefits, barriers and risks is conducted. Second, benefits, barriers and risks are checked with their effects on user satisfaction in ERP projects. The research is conducted in a branch of a multinational firm. A questionnaire consisting of statements related with benefits, barriers, risks and user satisfaction is used. The questionnaire is given to 32 individuals; 25 of whom respond to the questionnaire.

Findings

The findings suggest that in this case study benefits are more effective on user satisfaction in ERP projects.

Originality/value

This research puts forward an example for a post implementation review. However, the results show that firms aiming to succeed in ERP projects should emphasize benefits.
Reflecting on embedding socio‐cultural issues into instructional design
Authors: Kinuthia Wanjira
Published: October 2009

Purpose

While there is significant existing literature on learner analysis in instructional design and separately in cultural issues in education, these two areas are rarely examined in tandem. This paper aims to bring these two areas together.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses qualitative methods within the context of a case study. A dual role is played by the author as instructor‐researcher in gathering and analyzing the data.

Findings

One area of success in the course is that it served to increase the coverage of the area of instructional design in addition to expanding the literature base in this area of study that has only recently begun to receive attention.

Research limitations/implications

One limitation of the course is that while it is designed to provide a blended mix of learning opportunities, the instructional design field is quite large and it is impossible to explore all relevant topics.

Practical implications

A challenge of the course is that socio‐cultural concepts are broad and it is recognized that a single course is not enough to effectively cover all relevant issues. Careful course design is therefore important.

Originality/value

Feedback from this study can serve as a resource for decision making about existing and additional courses, and specific content that could be incorporated into similar courses.
Annexin II promotes invasion and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro via its interaction with HAb18G/CD147
Authors: Zhao Pu , Zhang Wei , Tang Juan , Ma Xiao‐Kui , Dai Jing‐Yao , Li Yong , Jiang Jian‐Li , Zhang Si‐He , Chen Zhi‐Nan
Published: October 2009

HAb18G/CD147, a member of the immunoglobulin family enriched on the surface of tumor cells, is reported to be correlated with invasion, metastasis, growth, and survival of malignant cells. Here, we found that annexin II, a 36‐kDa Ca2+‐ and phospholipid‐binding protein and in vivo substrate for tyrosine kinase and PKC, is a new interaction protein of HAb18G/CD147 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In the present study, we explored the unclear role of annxin II in HCC invasion and migration and the interaction effects between HAb18G/CD147 and annexin II. Our data show that downregulation of annexin II in HCC cells significantly decreased the secretion of MMP, migration ability, and invasive potential, and affected the cytoskeleton rearrangement of tumor cells. The MMP‐2 level and invasive potential of HCC cells were regulated by both annexin II and HAb18G/CD147. Also, interaction effects exist between the two molecules in tumor progression, including MMP‐2 production, migration, and invasion. These results suggest that annexin II promotes the invasion and migration of HCC cells in vitro, and annexin II and HAb18G/CD147 interact with each other in the same signal transduction pathway working as a functional complex in tumor progression. (Cancer Sci 2009)
Clinical implications for nestin protein expression in breast cancer
Authors: Liu Caigang , Chen Bo , Zhu Jun , Zhang Ruishan , Yao Fan , Jin Feng , Xu Huimian , Lu Ping
Published: October 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 815–819)

Recently, it was observed that nestin is preferentially expressed in basal/myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and that this intermediate filament may be used as a myoepithelial marker. However, the clinical and prognostic implications of nestin as a marker for breast cancer are still unclear. We examined mastectomy specimens from 150 breast cancers and matching, adjacent non‐cancerous tissues using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Overall, triple‐negative breast cancers – that is, breast cancers that do not express estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) – had higher expression rates for nestin than the other breast cancers (57.14%vs 9.30%; P < 0.001). In triple‐negative breast cancers, significantly increased nestin expression rates were observed in patients with lymph node metastasis compared with those without node metastasis (25.00%vs 76.92%; P = 0.032). A similar phenomenon was observed for invasive ductal carcinomas compared with ductal carcinoma in situ (16.67%vs 73.33%; P = 0.046). Nestin expression was also found to be significantly related to ER, PR, and P53 expression (P < 0.05). Nestin expression was associated with both shorter breast cancer‐specific survival and poor relapse‐free survival in the lymph node‐positive group (P = 0.028 and P = 0.012 respectively). After Cox regression was carried out, nestin was not shown to be an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer. These findings substantiate the possibility of using nestin as a marker for triple‐negative breast cancer. Triple‐negative breast cancer progression is associated with nestin; however, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship require further investigation.
Development and validation of a disease‐specific quality of life questionnaire for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease: the GERD‐QOL questionnaire
Authors: CHAN Y. , CHING J. Y. L. , CHEUNG C. M. Y. , TSOI K. K. F. , POLDER‐VERKIEL S. , PANG S. H. Y. , QUAN W. L. , KEE K. M. , CHAN F. K. L. , SUNG J. J. Y. , WU J. C. Y.
Published: October 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 452–460

Background  A simple and meaningful health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients is lacking.

Aim  To develop and validate a disease‐specific HRQoL instrument (GERD‐QOL) for GERD patients.

Methods  An 18‐item questionnaire was generated to measure the impact of GERD on sleep, exercise, diet, need for medication, sex life, work, social activity and psychological well‐being. GERD patients were invited to complete the GERD‐QOL, a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a validated Chinese generic QoL (SF‐36) questionnaire before and after esomeprazole treatment. Factor analysis was performed for item selection and psychometric properties were measured. An English version was developed by a forward‐backward translation process.

Results  A final 16‐item GERD‐QOL questionnaire was developed. The items were grouped into four subscales (Daily activity, Treatment effect, Diet, and Psychological well‐being) after factor analysis. GERD‐QOL had good item‐internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.64–0.88), high test‐retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.73–0.94, P < 0.001). Its subscale scores were correlated with SF‐36 and VAS, which demonstrated high construct validity (P < 0.001). Discriminant validity was verified by correlating GERD‐QOL scores with symptom severity (P < 0.001). Responsiveness after esomeprazole treatment was significant (paired‐t‐test P < 0.001). An English version of GERD‐QOL was developed.

Conclusion  The instrument, GERD‐QOL, is valid and reliable.
No effect of a homoeopathic combination of Arnica montana and Bryonia alba on bleeding, inflammation, and ischaemia after aortic valve surgery
Authors: Cornu Catherine , Joseph Pierre , Gaillard Ségolène , Bauer Christian , Vedrinne Catherine , Bissery Alvine , Melot Ghislaine , Bossard Nadine , Belon Philippe , Lehot Jean‐Jacques
Published: November 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Arnica and other homoeopathic extracts have been used in various obstetrical, surgical and postsurgical conditions in attempts to control inflammation, swelling and haemorrhage with controversial results.

• However, no homoeopathic combination with haemostatic and anti‐inflammatory properties has been used in cardiac surgery that is often followed by haemorrhage and involves substantial systemic inflammation.

• In this setting, exudation and blood loss are precisely quantified.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• A homoeopathic combination of Arnica montana and Bryonia alba was used in aortic valve surgery in a prospective double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial to evaluate its effectiveness.

• This combination did not show any benefit in avoiding bleeding, pain, inflammation, and myocardial ischaemia.

AIMS

Arnica montana is a popular homoeopathic treatment with potential haemostatic and anti‐inflammatory properties. A homoeopathic combination of A. montana and Bryonia alba was used in aortic valve surgery to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing bleeding, inflammation, pain and myocardial ischaemia.

METHODS

One day before surgery, 92 adult patients were randomly assigned to a double‐blind parallel trial with either homoeopathic granules or a matching placebo until 4 days after surgery. The primary outcome was the volume of blood/liquid in the drains at their removal. The secondary outcomes included postoperative blood/liquid losses at 12 and 24 h as well as C‐reactive protein (CRP), pain, temperature and plasma troponin Ic.

RESULTS

At 12 h and 24 h after surgery, then at drain removal, blood losses in homoeopathy and placebo groups were not statistically significant (362 ± 218, 520 ± 269 and 640 ± 297 ml vs. 456 ± 440, 620 ± 477 and 796 ± 717 ml; P= 0.19, 0.23 and 0.35, respectively). The statistical modelling did not show significantly different patterns of CRP, troponin and body temperature changes or of pain perception. The number of transfused packed red cells was not significantly different either (P= 0.58). Two patients from each group died during the study period and the number of serious adverse events was not statistically different (six in homoeopathy vs. 10 in placebo groups; Fisher's exact test P= 0.41).

CONCLUSIONS

In the study setting, there was no evidence of effects of A. montana and B. alba combination on bleeding, inflammation, pain or myocardial ischaemia.
Adipocytokines and the metabolic syndrome among older persons with and without obesity: the InCHIANTI study
Authors: Stenholm Sari , Koster Annemarie , Alley Dawn E. , Visser Marjolein , Maggio Marcello , Harris Tamara B. , Egan Josephine M. , Bandinelli Stefania , Guralnik Jack M. , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: October 2009

Objectives  Adipose tissue‐derived inflammation may contribute to metabolic alterations and eventually to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to: (1) examine the role of adipocytokines in the association between obesity and the MetS and (2) to determine whether the association is different in obese and non‐obese persons.

Design  Cross‐sectional population‐based InCHIANTI study.

Subjects  A total of 944 community‐dwelling adults aged 65 years and older living in Tuscany, Italy.

Measurements  Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 and MetS as ≥3 of the ATP‐III criteria. Circulating levels of C‐reactive protein, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), IL‐18, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α R1, adiponectin, resistin and leptin were measured. Additionally, insulin resistance was determined using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR).

Results  The prevalence of the MetS was 32%. Both overall and abdominal obesity were significantly associated with the MetS after adjusting for inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and lifestyle factors. After adjusting for multiple confounders and HOMA‐IR, IL‐1ra, TNF‐α R1 and adiponectin (P < 0·05) remained significantly associated with the MetS. Having multiple cytokines in the highest tertile increased the likelihood of having the MetS in both obese (P for trend 0·002) and non‐obese persons (P for trend 0·001) independent of insulin resistance.

Conclusions  Non‐obese and obese individuals who develop an intense pro‐inflammatory state may be more prone to develop the MetS than those with lower levels of inflammation.
Cell sheet engineering: a unique nanotechnology for scaffold‐free tissue reconstruction with clinical applications in regenerative medicine
Authors: Elloumi‐Hannachi I. , Yamato M. , Okano T.
Published: October 2009

Cell sheet technology (CST) is based on the use of thermoresponsive polymers, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm). The surface of PIPAAms is formulated in such a way as to make its typical thickness <100 nm. In this review, we first focus on how the methods of PIPAAm‐grafted surface preparations and functionalization are important to be able to harvest a functional cell sheet, to be further transplanted. Then, we present aspects of tissue mimics and three‐dimensional reconstruction of a tissue in vitro. Finally, we give an overview of clinical applications and clinically relevant animal experimentations of the technology, such as cardiomyopathy, visual acuity, periodonty, oesophageal ulcerations and type 1 diabetes.
Nanostructured mesoporous silica matrices in nanomedicine
Authors: Vallet‐Regí M.
Published: October 2009

In the last few years the biomedical research field has shown a growing interest towards nanostructured mesoporous silica materials, whose chemical composition is silica and present nanometric pores. These bioceramics exhibit two important features: they can regenerate osseous tissues – the bond bioactivity of these materials has been confirmed by the formation of biological‐like nanoapatites on their surface when in contact with physiological fluids – and they are able to act as controlled release systems. Drugs in the nanometre scale can be loaded on those matrices and then locally released in a controlled fashion. It is possible to chemically modify the silica walls to favour the adsorption of certain biomolecules such as peptides, proteins or growth factors. It is even possible to design smart biomaterials where the drug is released under an external stimulus. Thus, looking at all those properties, a question arises: Have these bioceramics good expectations to be used in clinical medical practice? Their biocompatibility, bioactivity, capacity to regenerate bone and ability to act as controlled release systems of biologically active species have been confirmed. In fact, their preliminary in vitro and in vivo essays have been positive. Now it is the time to adequate all these properties to the actual clinical problems, and to evaluate their efficiency in comparison with materials already known and currently employed such as bioglasses.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA): Applications in chest disease
Authors: MEDFORD Andrew R.L. , BENNETT Jonathan A. , FREE Catherine M. , AGRAWAL Sanjay
Published: November 2009

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) offers a minimally invasive option for staging the mediastinum in suspect lung cancer but also in the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions accessible from the airway. This review is aimed at centres considering establishing an EBUS service that may not be so familiar with the technique. It focuses primarily on technical aspects of EBUS‐TBNA, training issues, cost considerations, indications, advantages and disadvantages compared with other mediastinal sampling techniques as well as some reference to its performance in clinical studies.

In summary, EBUS‐TBNA is primarily used for staging non‐small cell lung cancer, especially for bulky mediastinal disease and discrete N2 or N3 disease on CT, but also used for the diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy. For radical treatment staging, mediastinoscopy is still used at many centres and negative EBUS‐TBNA results should be corroborated by mediastinoscopy. In the future, EBUS‐TBNA may be used for staging the radiologically normal mediastinum and in re‐staging. It is a procedure that can be taught with ease by an experienced operator, has numerous advantages over mediastinoscopy and is potentially cost saving by reducing the number of mediastinoscopies and associated peri‐operative support required.
Age‐associated mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to small but significant changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human colonic crypts
Authors: Nooteboom Marco , Johnson Riem , Taylor Robert W. , Wright Nicholas A. , Lightowlers Robert N. , Kirkwood Thomas B. L. , Mathers John C. , Turnbull Doug M. , Greaves Laura C.
Published: October 2009

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are a cause of human disease and are proposed to have a role in human aging. Clonally expanded mtDNA point mutations have been detected in replicating tissues and have been shown to cause respiratory chain (RC) defects. The effect of these mutations on other cellular functions has not been established. Here, we investigate the consequences of RC deficiency on human colonic epithelial stem cells and their progeny in elderly individuals. We show for the first time in aging human tissue that RC deficiency attenuates cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in the progeny of RC deficient stem cells, leading to decreased crypt cell population.
Genetic variation in the murine lifespan response to dietary restriction: from life extension to life shortening
Authors: Liao Chen‐Yu , Rikke Brad A. , Johnson Thomas E. , Diaz Vivian , Nelson James F.
Published: October 2009

Chronic dietary restriction (DR) is considered among the most robust life‐extending interventions, but several reports indicate that DR does not always extend and may even shorten lifespan in some genotypes. An unbiased genetic screen of the lifespan response to DR has been lacking. Here, we measured the effect of one commonly used level of DR (40% reduction in food intake) on mean lifespan of virgin males and females in 41 recombinant inbred strains of mice. Mean strain‐specific lifespan varied two to threefold under ad libitum (AL) feeding and 6‐ to 10‐fold under DR, in males and females respectively. Notably, DR shortened lifespan in more strains than those in which it lengthened life. Food intake and female fertility varied markedly among strains under AL feeding, but neither predicted DR survival: therefore, strains in which DR shortened lifespan did not have low food intake or poor reproductive potential. Finally, strain‐specific lifespans under DR and AL feeding were not correlated, indicating that the genetic determinants of lifespan under these two conditions differ. These results demonstrate that the lifespan response to a single level of DR exhibits wide variation amenable to genetic analysis. They also show that DR can shorten lifespan in inbred mice. Although strains with shortened lifespan under 40% DR may not respond negatively under less stringent DR, the results raise the possibility that life extension by DR may not be universal.
When Did “Do No Harm” Become “Do Nothing”? Graduate Student Perspectives on the HTS Controversy
Authors: Serrato Margie , Laporte Catharina , Dhanju Richa
Published: October 2009

Liam Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News.
Aging Research in Service Settings: Ethnogerontological Work in Practice
Authors: Iris Madelyn , Berman Rebecca
Published: October 2009

Shirley Fiske and Niel Tashima are contributing editors of “Anthropology Works,” the AAA Committee on Practicing, Applied and Public Interest Anthropology column in Anthropology News.
Geography and Spatial Science at NSF
Authors: Baerwald Thomas J
Published: October 2009

Deborah Winslow is contributing editor of “Gateway to NSF,” the National Science Foundation column in Anthropology News.
Autoimmunity against type VII collagen in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Hundorfean Gheorghe , Neurath Markus F. , Sitaru Cassian
Published: October 2009

Introduction

The autoantigen: type VII collagen

Autoimmunity to type VII collagen

Inflammatory bowel disease

Autoimmune phenomena in IBD

Association of IBD with autoimmune diseases

Autoimmunity to type VII collagen in IBD

Autoimmunity against type VII collagen and EBA show a strong association with IBD

Sequence of occurrence of skin blistering and bowel disease in IBD associated with EBA

Initiation of the type VII collagen‐specific autoimmune response in IBD

Response of EBA and IBD to treatment

Implications for the practical management of IBD    and EBA

Concluding remarks and perspectives

Autoimmunity against type VII collagen, an adhesion molecule of the extracellular matrix in epithelial basement membranes, is causing the rare organ‐specific epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). An intriguing association between EBA and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been extensively documented over the last decades, but, because of the very low incidence of EBA, received little attention from physicians involved in the care of patients with IBD. More recently, autoantibodies against type VII collagen have been detected in up to 68% of IBD patients. Although these findings suggest that chronic intestinal inflammation in IBD predisposes for autoimmunity against type VII collagen, their relevance for the pathogenesis of both IBD and EBA is still unclear. In this review article, the main features of the association between IBD and EBA are presented and pathomechanistic hypotheses as well as future lines of investigation in this area are discussed. Future research should provide new pathomechanistic insights and will likely facilitate the development of more specific and effective immunotherapeutic strategies for both conditions.
The phenotypic profile of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis
Authors: Magro Cynthia M. , Segal Jeremy P. , Crowson A. Neil , Chadwick Paul
Published: November 2009

Background: The mechanisms which regulate cutaneous inflammation in the setting of collagen vascular disease have been a topic of recent interest; emphasis has been placed on type I interferon‐associated recruitment of CXCR3+ lymphocytes in dermatomyositis (DM).

Methods: On a total of 42 biopsies from patients with DM, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) comprehensive phenotypic studies were performed to explore the practical value of phenotypic analysis in the subclassification of lesions of collagen vascular disease.

Results: The infiltrate in DM was of mild intensity compared to lupus erythematosus (LE). The dominant mononuclear cell in DM exhibited a CD4/CXCR3‐positive phenotype while biopsies of SLE typically showed a dearth of CXCR3‐positive cells. CD8 and CD20 lymphocytes were greatest in SLE and DLE, respectively. CD123 plasmacytoid dendritic cells, seen in most cases, were most frequent in cases of SCLE; CD83 expression was minimal. Endothelial MXA expression was a characteristic feature of DM. CD123 and MXA expression within inflammatory cells and keratinocytes was most conspicuous in areas of interface injury. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) expression was diminished in the dermal infiltrate in most cases of DM and LE. T regulatory cells never exceeded 15% of the infiltrate and were the least in the setting of DM and LE.

Conclusions: An interferon‐α‐inducible cytokine milieu is common in SLE, DLE, SCLE and DM. In addition, there are phenotypic differences as alluded to above that may be of some practical value in separating these distinctive subsets. Features not previously emphasized such as MXA endothelial cell staining in DM and the lack of staining for CD83 and CLA in lesions of collagen vascular disease may be of diagnostic value.

Magro CM, Segal JP, Crowson AN, Chadwick P. The phenotypic profile of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis.
The Triad of Impairment in Autism Revisited
Authors: Cashin Andrew , Sci Dip App , Barker Philip
Published: November 2009

TOPIC:  The triad of impairment referred to at present in the autism‐related literature is a behavioral triad. This paper extends this thinking of the triad of impairment to the triad that underlies the behavioral manifestation. The real triad of impairment.

PURPOSE:  This paper considers the thinking and information processing style of autism and takes the next transitional step in understanding the triad of impairment.

SOURCES USED:  Contemporary literature on autism and information processing.

CONCLUSIONS:  Exceptional pioneering work in the late 1970s gave rise to the concept of the triad of impairments as the central plank of the construct of autism: impaired communication; impaired social skills; and a restricted and repetitive way of being‐in‐the‐world. This clear articulation of the structures of the phenomena allowed a new way for professionals and families to see and understand autism, and to relate to those with autism. Like the evolution of many concepts, this was a transitional idea. The original triad of impairments described the behavioral manifestation; the actual triad of impairments is at the level of cognitive processing. The actual triad of impairment is static and ubiquitous unlike the variable and fluctuating behavioral manifestation. The actual triad of impairment in autism is visual as opposed to linguistic processing, impaired abstraction, and lack of theory of mind. The actual triad is central to all diagnosis that together makes up the autism spectrum.
Korean American Adolescents' and Their Parents' Perceptions of Acculturative Stress
Authors: Choi Heeseung , Dancy Barbara L.
Published: November 2009

PROBLEM: The purpose of this study was to describe Korean American adolescents' (KAAs') and their parents' perceptions of KAAs' experiences with acculturative stress and to examine the congruity between their perceptions.

METHOD: This study used the qualitative descriptive method. Twenty KAAs aged 11–14 years and their 21 parents participated in in‐depth, face‐to‐face interviews.

FINDINGS: Qualitative content analysis revealed that KAAs and their parents reported similar views regarding acculturative stress experienced by KAAs: peer relationships, being treated differently or unfairly, pressure to excel academically and be successful, and strained parent–child relationships.

CONCLUSION: Culturally and developmentally relevant interventions focusing on strengthening peer relationships and parent–child relationships are needed for this population.