bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term ecological studies in northern lakes—challenges, experiences, and accomplishments
Authors: Amundsen Per‐Arne , Primicerio Raul , Smalås Aslak , Henriksen Eirik H. , Knudsen Rune , Kristoffersen Roar , Klemetsen Anders
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We review three long‐term research programs performed over the last four decades on the ecology and management of oligotrophic lake systems with different fish communities at 69° N in Norway. Through whole‐lake perturbation experiments, intensive culling of stunted fish removed 35 tons (1984–1991) of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in Takvatn (15 km2) and 153 tons (1981–1983, 2002–2004) of European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus in Stuorajavri (25 km2). In Takvatn, the overcrowded charr population decreased to 20% of the initial abundance, whereas brown trout Salmo trutta abundance increased. Somatic growth improved strongly in both species. In charr, ontogenetic habitat shifts broke down, the diet changed to more benthos, and plankton‐borne parasites decreased. High abundance of juvenile, littoral charr provided new prey for trout, creating an alternative, predator‐regulated stable state. Similar density reductions, positive effects on growth and reduced parasite loads occurred in whitefish in Stuorajavri. Despite the heavy culling, however, a new stable state did not occur and the fish community returned to the pre‐culling situation. In the Pasvik watercourse, vendace Coregonus albula invaded around 1990 after an upstream introduction. The population of this non‐native, highly specialized planktivore increased rapidly, resulting in steep density declines in zooplankton and the native planktivorous whitefish morph, and large changes in energy flow and structure and dynamics of the lacustrine food web. These programs show that long‐term research is essential for understanding the ecology of manmade disturbances and providing a scientific basis for management efforts.
Heterogeneously Integrated GaAs Waveguides on Insulator for Efficient Frequency Conversion
Authors: Chang Lin , Boes Andreas , Guo Xiaowen , Spencer Daryl T. , Kennedy M. J. , Peters Jon D. , Volet Nicolas , Chiles Jeff , Kowligy Abijith , Nader Nima , Hickstein Daniel D. , Stanton Eric J. , Diddams Scott A. , Papp Scott B. , Bowers John E.
Published: August 2018

Tremendous scientific progress has been achieved through the development of nonlinear integrated photonics. Prominent examples are Kerr frequency comb generation in microresonators, and supercontinuum generation and frequency conversion in nonlinear photonic waveguides. A high conversion efficiency is enabling for applications of nonlinear optics, including such broad directions as high‐speed optical signal processing, metrology, and quantum communication and computation. In this work, a gallium‐arsenide‐on‐insulator (GaAs) platform for nonlinear photonics is demonstrated. GaAs has among the highest second‐ and third‐order nonlinear optical coefficients, and the use of a silica cladding results in waveguides with a large refractive index contrast and low propagation loss for expanded designs of nonlinear processes. By harnessing these properties and developing nanofabrication with GaAs, a record normalized second‐harmonic efficiency of 13 000% W−1 cm−2 at a fundamental wavelength of 2 µm is reported. This work paves the way for high performance nonlinear photonic integrated circuits, which not only can transition advanced functionalities outside the lab through fundamentally reduced power consumption and footprint, but also enables future optical sources and detectors.
Fundamentals of terminology in lower urinary tract function
Authors: Drake Marcus J.
Published: August 2018

Aims

To summarize basic definitions in the International Continence Society (ICS) Standardization of Terminology in lower urinary tract (LUT) function and their application.

Methods

Fundamental terminology in the ICS Standardization of Terminology LUT Function was identified and summarized.

Results

Evaluation of LUT requires appreciation of symptoms, signs and urodynamic observations. Symptoms are categorized according to their occurrence during the micturition cycle into storage symptoms (eg, increased daytime frequency [IDF], urgency, nocturia, or incontinence) or voiding and post‐voiding symptoms (eg, slow stream or post micturition dribbling). Several problems may be present, giving rise to symptom syndromes, notably overactive bladder (during the storage phase) or underactive bladder (during the voiding phase). Signs may be derived from a bladder diary or may be elicited on physical examination. Urodynamic observations may be made by assessing flow rate, and this is combined with pressure measurement when undertaking filling cystometry and pressure flow studies. Key elements of flow and pressure measurement are described.

Conclusions

The review provides a succinct summary of symptoms, signs, and urodynamic observations as set out in the ICS Standard on LUT Function.
Fundamentals of urodynamic practice, based on International Continence Society good urodynamic practices recommendations
Authors: Drake Marcus J. , Doumouchtsis Stergios K. , Hashim Hashim , Gammie Andrew
Published: August 2018

Aims

To review the recommendations on basic urodynamic testing in the International Continence Society (ICS) standardization documents, specifying key recommendations for delivery and interpretation in clinical practice.

Methods

Fundamental expectations described in the ICS standards on good urodynamic practices, urodynamic equipment, and terminology for lower urinary tract (LUT) function were identified and summarized.

Results

The ICS standard urodynamic protocol includes clinical history, including symptom and bother score(s), examination, 3‐day voiding chart/diary, representative uroflowmetry with post‐void residual, and cystometry with pressure‐flow study (PFS). Liquid filled catheters are connected to pressure transducers at the same vertical pressure as the patient's pubic symphysis, taking atmospheric pressure as the zero value. Urodynamic testing is done to answer specific therapy‐driven questions for treatment selection; provocations are applied to give the best chance of reproducing the problem during the test. Quality of recording is monitored throughout, and remedial steps taken for any technical issues occurring during testing. Labels are applied during the test to document events, such as patient‐reported sensation, provocation tests, and permission to void. After the test, the pressure and flow traces are scrutinized to ensure artefacts do not confound the findings. An ICS standard urodynamic report details the key aspects, reporting clinical observations, technical, and quality issues. Urodynamic services must maintain and calibrate equipment according to manufacturer stipulations.

Conclusions

The review provides a succinct summary of practice expectations for a urodynamic unit offering cystometry and pressure flow studies (PFS) to an appropriate standard.
Basics of videourodynamics for adult patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Wyndaele Michel , Rosier Peter F. W. M.
Published: August 2018

Aims

Videourodynamics is the addition of imaging to invasive urodynamics and one of the methods to ensure objective diagnosis in persons with signs or symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction. This manuscript has the aim to outline the basics of the practice of videourodynamics and to elementary explain interpretation of the results.

Methods

Literature sources and expert opinion were arranged to provide the reader with an introductory overview of current knowledge.

Results

Videourodynamics was—like most diagnostics in health care—introduced on the basis of plausibility and expert conviction but has stood the test of time. Videourodynamics has, especially in patients with congenital or acquired neurogenic dysfunction of the lower urinary tract, undisputedly although not precisely quantifiable, added to (lower urinary tract) health care quality.

Conclusion

The manuscript summarizes the basic elements of indication, practice, and interpretation of videourodynamics.
Critical steps in developing professional standards for the International Continence Society
Authors: Rosier Peter F. W. M.
Published: August 2018

Aims

Standardization on the basis of systematic assessment of evidence has become an indispensable element of modern healthcare. International Continence Society (ICS) has initiated and produced extremely well cited standardization documents. The process of standardization is recently depicted in a published manuscript, to keep up with modern society healthcare demands.

Methods

A narrative review of the ICS history and current state of standardizations for the terms, assessment and the management of patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Results

This article highlights the philosophy and the historical context of standardization and explains the core elements of modern day standardization. The article also demonstrates the scientific relevance of the ICS standards, on the basis of reference‐counts.

Conclusion

The history and the relevance of ICS standards are summarized.
High‐throughput prediction of disordered moonlighting regions in protein sequences
Authors: Meng Fanchi , Kurgan Lukasz
Published: August 2018

Intrinsically disordered regions lack stable structure in their native conformation but are nevertheless functional and highly abundant, particularly in Eukaryotes. Disordered moonlighting regions (DMRs) are intrinsically disordered regions that carry out multiple functions. DMRs are different from moonlighting proteins that could be structured and that are annotated at the whole‐protein level. DMRs cannot be identified by current predictors of functions of disorder that focus on specific functions rather than multifunctional regions. We conceptualized, designed and empirically assessed first‐of‐its‐kind sequence‐based predictor of DMRs, DMRpred. This computational tool outputs propensity for being in a DMR for each residue in an input protein sequence. We developed novel amino acid indices that quantify propensities for functions relevant to DMRs and used evolutionary conservation, putative solvent accessibility and intrinsic disorder derived from the input sequence to build a rich profile that is suitable to accurately predict DMRs. We processed this profile to derive innovative features that we input into a Random Forest model to generate the predictions. Empirical assessment shows that DMRpred generates accurate predictions with area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.86 and accuracy = 82%. These results are significantly better than the closest alternative approaches that rely on sequence alignment, evolutionary conservation and putative disorder and disorder functions. Analysis of abundance of putative DMRs in the human proteome reveals that as many as 25% of proteins may have long >30 residues) DMRs. A webserver implementation of DMRpred is available at http://biomine.cs.vcu.edu/servers/DMRpred/
Unexpected A·T(WC)↔A·T(rWC)/A·T(rH) and A·T(H)↔A·T(rH)/A·T(rWC) conformational transitions between the classical A·T DNA base pairs: A QM/QTAIM comprehensive study
Authors: Brovarets' Ol'ha O. , Tsiupa Kostiantyn S. , Hovorun Dmytro M.
Published: August 2018

In this study, using QM/QTAIM calculations in the continuum withε = 1 under normal conditions, we have revealed for the first time the nondissociative A·T(WC)↔A·T(rWC)/A·T(rH) and A·T(H)↔A·T(rH)/A·T(rWC) conformational transitions. It was established that they proceedviathe essentially nonplanar transition states (С1symmetry) through the intermediates, which are wobbled conformers (С1symmetry) theoretically predicted in our previous work (Brovarets’ et al.,Frontiers in Chemistry, 2018, 6:8, 10.3389/fchem.2018.00008) of the classical А·Т DNA base pairs—Watson–Crick А·Т(WC), reverse Watson–Crick А·Т(rWC), Hoogsteen А·Т(Н) and reverse Hoogsteen А·Т(rН). At this, the A·T(H)↔A·T(rWC) and A·T(WC)↔A·T(rH) conformational transformations are controlled by the transition states (TSs) stabilized by the participation of the intermolecular (T)N3H···N6(A) H‐bond (∼3.70 kcal·mol−1) between the imino group N3H of T and pyramidilized amino group N6H2of A. Gibbs free energies of activation for these processes consist 12.22 and 11.11 kcal·mol−1, accordingly, under normal conditions. TSs, which control the A·T(WC)↔A·T(rWC) and A·T(H)↔A·T(rH) conformational transitions are stabilized by the participation of the intermolecular (T)N3H···N6(A) H‐bond (5.82 kcal·mol−1) and bifurcating intermolecular (T)N3H···N6(A) (5.00) and (T)N3H···N7(A) (0.61 kcal·mol−1) H‐bonds, accordingly. Notably, in these two TSs amino group N6H2of A is significantly pyramidilized; Gibbs free energies of activation for these reactions are 19.07 and 19.71 kcal·mol−1, accordingly.
Dengue hemophagocytic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis on epidemiology, clinical signs, outcomes, and risk factors
Authors: Giang Hoang Thi Nam , Banno Keita , Minh Le Huu Nhat , Trinh Lam Tuyet , Loc Le Thai , Eltobgy Asmaa , Tai Luu Lam Thang , Khan Adnan , Tuan Nguyen Hoang , Reda Yaser , Samsom Maryan , Nam Nguyen Tran , Huy Nguyen Tien , Hirayama Kenji
Published: August 2018

We systematically searched and meta‐analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, frequency of clinical signs, and outcomes of dengue‐associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ten electronic databases were searched systematically plus manual search of reference lists to identify relevant articles published until May 2017. The highest number of reported cases were from South‐East Asia region (62 cases), followed by Western Pacific region (20 cases), and America (31 cases). The term “dengue hemorrhagic fever” predominated in studies that used the World Health Organization 1997 definition (59.7%), whereas “severe dengue” predominated in studies using the World Health Organization 2009 definition (76.8%).Among 122 cases, fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and serum ferritin ≥500 μg/L were likely to report by articles representing by large sample size. The pooled proportion of these findings were as follows: fever 97.2%, hepatomegaly 70.2%, splenomegaly 78.4%, thrombocytopenia 90.1%, anemia 76.0%, and serum ferritin ≥500 μg/L 97.1%.This study highlighted a high case fatality rate (14.6%) and co‐infection among dengue hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients. We suggest that long fever duration, persistent thrombocytopenia, elevated serum ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels could be good diagnostic indicators for dengue‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Bone marrow aspiration could be used as one criterion for diagnosis but is not obligatory. Further research is needed to examine the possible risk difference for development of hemophagocytic syndrome and to explore potential relationships between specific dengue classifications and dengue‐associated hemophagocytic syndrome.
Semiglobal state synchronization for continuous‐ or discrete‐time multiagent systems subject to actuator saturation
Authors: Zhang Meirong , Saberi Ali , Stoorvogel Anton A.
Published: August 2018

This paper studies the semiglobal state synchronization of homogeneous networks with diffusive full‐state coupling or partial‐state coupling in the presence of input saturation. Both continuous‐ and discrete‐time agents are considered. We assume that agents are, at most, critically unstable, that is, the agents either have all its eigenvalues in the closed left‐half complex plane for continuous‐time systems or have all its eigenvalues in the closed unit disc for discrete‐time systems. The communication network is associated with a graph containing a directed spanning tree. In this paper, we propose a linear static protocol for multiagent systems with full‐state coupling and a linear dynamic protocol for multiagent systems with partial‐state coupling based on a low‐gain methodology, such that state synchronization is achieved among agents for any initial conditions in an a priori given compact set.
Regulation of cytoplasmic RNA stability: Lessons from Drosophila
Authors: Towler Benjamin P. , Newbury Sarah F.
Published: August 2018

The process of RNA degradation is a critical level of regulation contributing to the control of gene expression. In the last two decades a number of studies have shown the specific and targeted nature of RNA decay and its importance in maintaining homeostasis. The key players within the pathways of RNA decay are well conserved with their mutation or disruption resulting in distinct phenotypes as well as human disease. Model organisms including Drosophila melanogaster have played a substantial role in elucidating the mechanisms conferring control over RNA stability. A particular advantage of this model organism is that the functions of ribonucleases can be assessed in the context of natural cells within tissues in addition to individual immortalized cells in culture. Drosophila RNA stability research has demonstrated how the cytoplasmic decay machines, such as the exosome, Dis3L2 and Xrn1, are responsible for regulating specific processes including apoptosis, proliferation, wound healing and fertility. The work discussed here has begun to identify specific mRNA transcripts that appear sensitive to specific decay pathways representing mechanisms through which the ribonucleases control mRNA stability. Drosophila research has also contributed to our knowledge of how specific RNAs are targeted to the ribonucleases including AU rich elements, miRNA targeting and 3′ tailing. Increased understanding of these mechanisms is critical to elucidating the control elicited by the cytoplasmic ribonucleases which is relevant to human disease.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Induced Chern-Simons modified gravity at finite temperature
Authors: Assunção J. F. , Mariz T. , Nascimento J. R. , Petrov A. Yu.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We calculate the linearized four-dimensional gravitational Chern-Simons term at the finite temperature, show its finiteness and explicitly demonstrate that its transversal part matches the known result for the chiral vortical conductivity.
Impact of an extra gauge interaction on naturalness of supersymmetry
Authors: Badziak Marcin , Harigaya Keisuke
Published: August 2018

Abstract

It is pointed out that in supersymmetric models with a new gauge symmetry under which the Higgs is charged, the fine-tuning of the electroweak symmetry breaking is relaxed due to suppression of the top Yukawa coupling at higher scales by a new large gauge coupling. We calculate the fine-tuning in an explicit model and find that the lower bounds on stops and gluino masses from the naturalness criterion are increased by several hundred GeV in comparison to the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The fine-tuning is improved by one to two orders of magnitude as compared to the MSSM, as a consequence of both the suppression of the top Yukawa coupling and the additional tree-level contribution to the Higgs mass allowing for much lighter stops.
New spinor classes on the Graf-Clifford algebra
Authors: Lopes R. , da Rocha R.
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Pinor and spinor fields are sections of the subbundles whose fibers are the representation spaces of the Clifford algebra of the forms, equipped with the Graf product. In this context, pinors and spinors are here considered and the geometric generalized Fierz identities provide the necessary framework to derive and construct new spinor classes on the space of smooth sections of the exterior bundle, endowed with the Graf product, for prominent specific signatures, whose applications are discussed.
Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in bronchial asthma
Authors: Michalik Marta , Wójcik-Pszczoła Katarzyna , Paw Milena , Wnuk Dawid , Koczurkiewicz Paulina , Sanak Marek , Pękala Elżbieta , Madeja Zbigniew
Published: August 2018

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in which bronchial wall remodelling plays a significant role. This phenomenon is related to enhanced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells, elevated extracellular matrix protein secretion and an increased number of myofibroblasts. Phenotypic fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition represents one of the primary mechanisms by which myofibroblasts arise in fibrotic lung tissue. Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition requires a combination of several types of factors, the most important of which are divided into humoural and mechanical factors, as well as certain extracellular matrix proteins. Despite intensive research on the nature of this process, its underlying mechanisms during bronchial airway wall remodelling in asthma are not yet fully clarified. This review focuses on what is known about the nature of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in asthma. We aim to consider possible mechanisms and conditions that may play an important role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition but have not yet been discussed in this context. Recent studies have shown that some inherent and previously undescribed features of fibroblasts can also play a significant role in fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition. Differences observed between asthmatic and non-asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts (e.g., response to transforming growth factor β, cell shape, elasticity, and protein expression profile) may have a crucial influence on this phenomenon. An accurate understanding and recognition of all factors affecting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition might provide an opportunity to discover efficient methods of counteracting this phenomenon.
Mass-balance observations and reconstruction for Haxilegen Glacier No.51, eastern Tien Shan, from 1999 to 2015
Authors: ZHANG HUI , LI ZHONGQIN , ZHOU PING , ZHU XIAOFAN , WANG LIN
Published: August 2018

Haxilegen Glacier No.51 (43.731°N, 84.391°E; CN5Y741C0051) is located in the Kuytun river basin, Erenharbirga range, eastern Tien Shan. This study presents the annual mass balance of Haxilegen Glacier No.51 for 7 hydrological years and uses a temperature-index and an accumulation model to reconstruct the annual mass balance from 1999 to 2015. The model is calibrated against annual altitudinal mass-balance measurements and then applied to the period with no measurements. We find an accumulated mass balance of −6.06 ± 0.88 m w.e.a−1 over the period of 16 hydrological years, with an average annual value of −0.32 ± 0.22 m w.e.a−1. The mean glacier-wide annual, summer and winter balances for 1999 to 2015 are −0.37, −0.54 and 0.16 ± 0.22 m w.e.a−1, respectively, with a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) between annual balance and summer balance. The calculated mass-balance sensitivity of the glacier to temperature is −0.51 m w.e.a−1 °C−1 and to precipitation is 0.08 m w.e.a−1 for a 10% increase. The sensitivity of seasonal mass balance indicates that temperature during the melt season (May–August) and annual precipitation are the major contributors to mass-balance fluctuation.
Illustrating natural history: images, periodicals, and the making of nineteenth-century scientific communities
Authors: BELKNAP GEOFFREY
Published: August 2018

This paper examines how communities of naturalists in mid-nineteenth-century Britain were formed and solidified around the shared practices of public meetings, the publication and reading of periodicals, and the making and printing of images. By focusing on communities of naturalists and the sites of their communication, this article undermines the distinction between amateur and professional scientific practice. Building on the notion of imagined communities, this paper also shows that in some cases the editors and illustrators utilized imagery to construct a specifically British naturalist community. Following three ‘amateur’ natural-history periodicals (Science Gossip,Midland Naturalistand theJournal of the Quekett Microscopical Club) the article demonstrates how the production and reproduction of natural history in the nineteenth century was contingent on community debate – and that this debate both was highly visual and moved across printed and geographical boundaries. This paper investigates images both for their purported success and for their ascribed value to natural history. Additionally, it considers the debates over their limitations and alleged failures of printing. Altogether, the article argues that investigating the communal practices of observation, writing, drawing and engraving allows for a better understanding of the shared practices of nineteenth-century natural history.
Pointwise Topological Stability
Authors: Koo Namjip , Lee Keonhee , Morales C. A.
Published: August 2018

We decompose the topological stability (in the sense of P. Walters) into the corresponding notion for points. Indeed, we define a topologically stable point of a homeomorphism f as a point x such that for any C0-perturbation g of f there is a continuous semiconjugation defined on the g-orbit closure of x which tends to the identity as g tends to f. We obtain some properties of the topologically stable points, including preservation under conjugacy, vanishing for minimal homeomorphisms on compact manifolds, the fact that topologically stable chain recurrent points belong to the periodic point closure, and that the chain recurrent set coincides with the closure of the periodic points when all points are topologically stable. Next, we show that the topologically stable points of an expansive homeomorphism of a compact manifold are precisely the shadowable ones. Moreover, an expansive homeomorphism of a compact manifold is topologically stable if and only if every point is topologically stable. Afterwards, we prove that a pointwise recurrent homeomorphism of a compact manifold has no topologically stable points. Finally, we prove that every chain transitive homeomorphism with a topologically stable point of a compact manifold has the pseudo-orbit tracing property. Therefore, a chain transitive expansive homeomorphism of a compact manifold is topologically stable if and only if it has a topologically stable point.
Comparing performance of multiple non-invasive genetic capture–recapture methods for abundance estimation: a case study with the Sonoran pronghornAntilocapra americana sonoriensis
Authors: Woodruff Susannah P. , Lukacs Paul M. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: August 2018

Demographic monitoring is required in threatened species management, yet effective and efficient monitoring is challenging for species that are difficult to capture or susceptible to capture stress. One possible monitoring approach for such species is non-invasive genetic sampling with capture–recapture methods (genetic capture–recapture). We evaluated the performance of genetic capture–recapture in a challenging model system, monitoring the threatened Sonoran pronghornAntilocapra americana sonoriensis. In an effort to determine the best (i.e. efficient, accurate, precise, cost-effective) method for abundance estimation, we used simulations to examine the optimal genetic capture–recapture faecal sampling design for this population. We simulated encounter histories for 100–300 individuals, with 0.33–3.33 samples/individual/session, in 1–3 sampling sessions. We explored trade-offs between sample size, number of sessions and multi-session (MARK) versus single-session (capwire) closed capture–recapture abundance estimators, and an accurate and precise estimate. We also compared the cost between the genetic capture–recapture approaches and current aerial monitoring methods. Abundance was biased positively incapwireand negatively inMARK. Bias increased and precision decreased with fewer samples/individual/session. Annual genetic capture–recapture monitoring cost was nearly twice the cost of aerial surveys, although genetic capture–recapture methods provided much higher precision. However at the current estimated abundance (c. 200), the same level of precision achieved with aerial methods can be obtained by collecting 0.75 samples/individual in a single session, for an annual cost saving of > USD 4,000. This approach of comparing estimator performance and cost can easily be applied to other systems and is a useful evaluation for managers to implement prior to designing capture–recapture studies.
Assessing the severity of influenza: a role for longitudinal telephone surveys?
Authors: Pebody R. G. , Boddington N. L. , Green H. K. , Bolotin S. , Charlett A. , Watson J. M.
Published: August 2018

During the 2009 influenza pandemic, a rapid assessment of disease severity was a challenge as a significant proportion of cases did not seek medical care; care-seeking behaviour changed and the proportion asymptomatic was unknown. A random-digit-dialling telephone survey was undertaken during the 2011/12 winter season in England and Wales to address the feasibility of answering these questions. A proportional quota sampling strategy was employed based on gender, age group, geographical location, employment status and level of education. Households were recruited pre-season and re-contacted immediately following peak seasonal influenza activity. The pre-peak survey was undertaken in October 2011 with 1061 individuals recruited and the post-peak telephone survey in March 2012. Eight hundred and thirty-four of the 1061 (78.6%) participants were successfully re-contacted. Their demographic characteristics compared well to national census data. In total, 8.4% of participants self-reported an influenza-like illness (ILI) in the previous 2 weeks, with 3.2% conforming to the World Health Organization (WHO) ILI case definition. In total, 29.6% of the cases reported consulting their general practitioner. 54.1% of the 1061 participants agreed to be re-contacted about providing biological samples. A population-based cohort was successfully recruited and followed up. Longitudinal survey methodology provides a practical tool to assess disease severity during future pandemics.
The fall and rise of Group AStreptococcusdiseases
Authors: Barnett T. C. , Bowen A. C. , Carapetis J. R.
Published: August 2018

Streptococcus pyogenes(or Group AStreptococcus, GAS) is a Gram-positive human pathogen responsible for a diverse array of superficial, invasive and immune-related diseases. GAS infections have historically been diseases of poverty and overcrowding, and remain a significant problem in the developing world and in disadvantaged populations within developed countries. With improved living conditions and access to antibiotics, the rates of GAS diseases in developed societies have gradually declined during the 20th century. However, genetic changes in circulating GAS strains and/or changes in host susceptibility to infection can lead to dramatic increases in the rates of specific diseases. No situations exemplify this more than the global upsurge of invasive GAS disease that originated in the 1980s and the regional increases in scarlet fever in north-east Asia and the UK. In each case, increased disease rates have been associated with the emergence of new GAS strains with increased disease-causing capability. Global surveillance for new GAS strains with increased virulence is important and determining why certain populations suddenly become susceptible to circulating strains remains a research priority. Here, we overview the changing epidemiology of GAS infections and the genetic alterations that accompany the emergence of GAS strains with increased capacity to cause disease.
HARDY’S THEOREM FOR GABOR TRANSFORM
Authors: BANSAL ASHISH , KUMAR AJAY , SHARMA JYOTI
Published: August 2018

Hardy’s uncertainty principle for the Gabor transform is proved for locally compact abelian groups having noncompact identity component and groups of the form$\mathbb{R}^{n}\times K$, where$K$is a compact group having irreducible representations of bounded dimension. We also show that Hardy’s theorem fails for a connected nilpotent Lie group$G$which admits a square integrable irreducible representation. Further, a similar conclusion is made for groups of the form$G\times D$, where$D$is a discrete group.
Analyse, que me veux-tu?Interpreting Stravinsky's Memorial to Debussy
Authors: CODE DAVID J.
Published: August 2018

Soon after Debussy's death in March 2018, Stravinsky began work on a memorial, theSymphonies d'instruments à vent(1920). This piece was to become iconic both for music-theoretical reflection on modern approaches to musical time and for musicological archaeologies of Stravinsky's debts to ‘Russian traditions’. Along both avenues, particular emphasis has long been given to the work's closing chorale, initially published separately in the 1920 Debussytombeauissue ofLa Revue musicale.

This article argues for a radical reappraisal of theSymphonies, which builds anew on Stephen Walsh's 1996 study of the sketches and shifts the emphasis onto temporal questions long neglected under pitch-focused analysis. Exposing ‘thematic’ concerns of rhythmic and metrical parsing (as distinct from unifying motives or pitch sets), and interpreting Stravinsky'shommagein light of Debussy's famous 1907 definition of music as ‘de couleurs et de temps rythmés’, I ultimately bring fresh metacritical perspective to fundamental questions of analytical method and purpose long entertained (e.g.) by Joseph Kerman, Carl Dahlhaus, Kofi Agawu, and Robert Walser.
The Association Between Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Suicidality Among Adolescents
Authors: Zaborskis Apolinaras , Ilionsky Gabriela , Tesler Riki , Heinz Andreas
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Background: Bullying and suicidality are serious worldwide problems with negative effects on the young population and therefore international comparisons in this field are of paramount importance. Aims: To analyze the prevalence of bullying and cyberbullying and their association with suicidal behavior among school-aged children in Israel, Lithuania, and Luxembourg. Method: In total, 3,814 15-year-olds from schools in Israel, Lithuania, and Luxembourg were surveyed in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) cross-national survey in 2013/2014 using standardized anonymous questionnaires. Data analysis employed logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: In all, 6.5% of the adolescents reported being cyberbullied, 15.6% reported being bullied at school. In the previous 12 months, 38.6% reported experiencing emotions that stopped them from doing their usual activities, 17.8% considered attempting suicide, 12.0% made a suicide plan, and 9.5% attempted suicide. Victims of cyberbullying and school bullying had a significantly higher risk of suicidal ideations, plans, and attempts. The SEM analysis confirmed a significant overall effect of bullying on adolescent suicidality. The strongest effect was seen among Israeli students. Limitations: The prevalence estimates were obtained by self-report. Conclusion: The prevalence of adolescent cyberbullying, school bullying, and suicidal behavior is relatively high in Israel, Lithuania, and Luxembourg. Cyberbullying is a strong predictor of adolescent suicidality.
Rethinking Suicidal Behavior Disorder
Authors: Obegi Joseph H.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Background: It is a peculiar fact that the deadliest psychiatric disturbance – suicidality – cannot be formally diagnosed. Suicidal behavior disorder (SBD), a condition for further study in the DSM-5, is the field's first attempt to capture suicidality in a diagnosis. Aims: To provoke discussion about the standing of suicidality as a diagnosable psychiatric condition. Method: I present pragmatic and conceptual rationales for why a diagnosis of suicidality is clinically useful but conclude that SBD does little to aid clinicians in assessing suicidality's symptoms, planning treatment, or monitoring progress. Results: To improve the clinical utility of SBD, I re-conceptualize it from the vantage point of descriptive psychiatry. I hypothesize that this revised SBD is an independent, episodic, and frequently co-occurring condition and propose new cognitive, affective, and behavioral criteria that more completely capture the phenomenology of suicidality. Conclusion: The revised SBD is a starting place for dialogue about whether a clinically significant presentation of suicidality is a mental illness and, if it is, what its defining features should be.
Shifts in Precipitation Accumulation Extremes During the Warm Season Over the United States
Authors: Martinez‐Villalobos Cristian , Neelin J. David
Published: August 2018

Precipitation accumulations, integrated over precipitation events in hourly data, are examined from 1979 to 2013 over the contiguous United States during the warm season (May–October). As expected from theory, accumulation distributions have a characteristic shape, with an approximate power law decrease with event size followed by an exponential drop at a characteristic cutoff scale sL for each location. This cutoff is a predictor of the highest accumulation percentiles and of a similarly defined daily precipitation cutoff PL. Comparing 1997–2013 and 1979–1995 periods, there are significant regional increases in sL in several regions. This yields distribution changes that are weighted disproportionately toward extreme accumulations. In the Northeast, for example, risk ratio (conditioned on occurrence) for accumulations larger than 109 mm increases by a factor of 2–4 (5th–95th). These changes in risk ratio as a function of size, and connection to underlying theory, have counterparts in the observed daily precipitation trends.
Correction: Long non-coding RNA LINC00152 promotes cell proliferation, metastasis, and confers 5-FU resistance in colorectal cancer by inhibiting miR-139-5p
Authors: Bian Zehua , Zhang Jiwei , Li Min , Feng Yuyang , Yao Surui , Song Mingxun , Qi Xiaowei , Fei Bojian , Yin Yuan , Hua Dong , Huang Zhaohui
Published: August 2018

This article was originally published under Nature Research's License to Publish, but now has been made available under a CC BY 4.0 license. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have been modified accordingly.
Direct quality control of glycoengineered erythropoietin variants
Authors: Čaval Tomislav , Tian Weihua , Yang Zhang , Clausen Henrik , Heck Albert J. R.
Published: August 2018

Recombinant production of glycoprotein therapeutics like erythropoietin (EPO) in mammalian CHO cells rely on the heterogeneous N-glycosylation capacity of the cell. Recently, approaches for engineering the glycosylation capacities of mammalian cells for custom designed glycoforms have been developed. With these opportunities there is an increasing need for fast, sensitive, and global analysis of the glycoproteoform landscape produced to evaluate homogeneity and consistency. Here we use high-resolution native mass spectrometry to measure the glycoproteoform profile of 24 glycoengineered variants of EPO. Based on the unique mass and intensity profiles of each variant, we classify them according to similarities in glycosylation profiles. The classification distinguishes EPO variants with varying levels of glycan branchingand sialylation, which are crucial parameters in biotherapeutic efficacy. We propose that our methods could be of great benefit in the characterization of other glycosylated biopharmaceuticals, ranging from the initial clonal selection to batch-to-batch controls, and the assessment of similarity between biosimilar/biobetter products.
Author Correction: An NF-κB-microRNA regulatory network tunes macrophage inflammatory responses
Authors: Mann Mati , Mehta Arnav , Zhao Jimmy L. , Lee Kevin , Marinov Georgi K. , Garcia-Flores Yvette , Lu Li-Fan , Rudensky Alexander Y. , Baltimore David
Published: August 2018

Li-Fan Lu and Alexander Y. Rudensky, who supplied miR-146a floxed mice used in this study, were inadvertently omitted from the author list in the originally published version of this Article. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. The generation of the floxed mice has been described in detail by Cho and Lee et al.1.
Symmetry regimes for circular photocurrents in monolayer MoSe2
Authors: Quereda Jorge , Ghiasi Talieh S. , You Jhih-Shih , van den Brink Jeroen , van Wees Bart J. , van der Wal Caspar H.
Published: August 2018

In monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides helicity-dependent charge and spin photocurrents can emerge, even without applying any electrical bias, due to circular photogalvanic and photon drag effects. Exploiting such circular photocurrents (CPCs) in devices, however, requires better understanding of their behavior and physical origin. Here, we present symmetry, spectral, and electrical characteristics of CPC from excitonic interband transitions in a MoSe2 monolayer. The dependence on bias and gate voltages reveals two different CPC contributions, dominant at different voltages and with different dependence on illumination wavelength and incidence angles. We theoretically analyze symmetry requirements for effects that can yield CPC and compare these with the observed angular dependence and symmetries that occur for our device geometry. This reveals that the observed CPC effects require a reduced device symmetry, and that effects due to Berry curvature of the electronic states do not give a significant contribution.
Deletion of p75NTR prevents vaso-obliteration and retinal neovascularization via activation of Trk- A receptor in ischemic retinopathy model
Authors: Elshaer Sally L. , El-Remessy Azza B.
Published: August 2018

Ischemic retinopathy is characterized by ischemia followed by retinal neovascularization (RNV) resulting in visual impairment. Given the role of neuron-secreted growth factors in regulating angiogenesis, we examined how genetic deletion of the neurotrophin receptor; p75NTR can overcome retinal ischemia using oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model. Wildtype (WT) or p75NTR−/− mice pups were subjected to hyperoxia (70% O2, p7-p12) then returned to normal air (relative hypoxia, p12-p17). Vascular alterations were assessed at p12 and p17 time-points. Deletion of p75NTR prevented hyperoxia-associated central vascular cell death (p12) and hypoxia-associated RNV and enhanced central vascular repair (p17). Decreased expression of apoptotic markers; preserved Akt survival signal decreased proNGF were also observed at p12. During hypoxia, deletion of p75NTR maintained VEGF and VEGFR2 activation and restored NGF/proNGF and BDNF/proBDNF levels. Deletion of p75NTR coincided with significant increases in expression and activation of NGF survival receptor, TrkA at basal and hyperoxic condition. Pharmacological inhibition of TrkA using compound K-252a (0.5 μg 1 μl−1/eye) resulted in 2-fold increase in pathological RNV and 1.34-fold increase in central vascular cell death in p75NTR−/− pups. In conclusion, deletion of p75NTR protected against retinal ischemia and prevented RNV, in part, through restoring neurotrophic support and activating TrkA receptor.
The underlying microbial mechanism of epizootic rabbit enteropathy triggered by a low fiber diet
Authors: Jin Ding Xing , Zou Hua Wei , Liu Si Qiang , Wang Li Zhi , Xue Bai , Wu De , Tian Gang , Cai Jingyi , Yan Tian Hai , Wang Zhi Sheng , Peng Quan Hui
Published: August 2018

Epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE) is reproduced successfully in the present study by feeding rabbits a low-fibre diet, and high-throughput sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis were applied to examine the microbial variations in the stomach, small intestine and caecum. The evenness was disturbed and the richness was decreased in the ERE groups. When the rabbits were suffering from ERE, the abundance of the Firmicutes was decreased in three parts of the digestive tract, whereas the Proteobacteria was increased in the stomach and caecum, the Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were increased in the small intestine. Correlation analysis showed that the reduced concentrations of TVFA and butyrate in the caeca of the ERE group were attributed to the decreased abundances of genera such as Lactobacillus, Alistipes and other fibrolytic bacteria and butyrate- producing bacteria such as Eubacterium and Faecalibacterium. It is concluded that, in terms of microorganisms, the overgrowth of Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringen, Enterobacter sakazakii and Akkermansia muciniphila and inhibition of Bifidobacterium spp. and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in the stomach, small intestine and caecum resulted in a decrease in butyrate yield, leading to the incidence of ERE, and the probability of developing ERE could be manipulated by adjusting the dietary fibre level.
Analysis of nascent silicon phase-change gratings induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in vacuum
Authors: Gesuele Felice , JJ Nivas Jijil , Fittipaldi Rosalba , Altucci Carlo , Bruzzese Riccardo , Maddalena Pasqualino , Amoruso Salvatore
Published: August 2018

The formation of periodic surface structures is a general effect of femtosecond laser irradiation of solid targets showing promising interest in material science and technology. However, the experiments are typically carried out in air, a condition in which the target surface becomes densely decorated with nanoparticles that can influence the formation of the surface structures in the early stage of the irradiation process. Here we report an investigation of structures generation on a silicon surface irradiated in vacuum (10−5 mbar) with a low number of laser pulses (N ≤ 10) that exploits several microscopy techniques (optical, atomic force, electron and Raman). Our analyses allow identifying the creation of silicon phase-change gratings consisting of alternating amorphous and crystalline periodic lines, with almost no material removal, located at the periphery of a shallow ablation crater. These gratings originate from two different kinds of defects: (i) the first is characterized by a peculiar lobed shape that is produced by the first few laser pulses; (ii) the second is provided by the one-dimensional, linear singularity defined by the ablation edge of the nascent crater. Both kind of defects lead to grating structures extending outwards the amorphous central area of the crater along the direction of the laser polarization. Comparative analysis with the surface formed in air, in the same experimental conditions, evidences the important role played by nanoparticles densely decorating the target in air and the striking variation occurring in vacuum.
The absorption of ultrasound in emulsions: computational modelling of thermal effects
Authors: Forrester Derek Michael , Pinfield Valerie J.
Published: August 2018

Around liquid particles in a fluid of contrasting properties (for example, oil in water) in ultrasonic fields there are small regions where thermal waves can propagate with relatively high amplitudes. Herein, we demonstrate the existence and character of these waveforms using three-dimensional finite element modelling based on linearised Navier-Stokes equations. We investigate single particles and small clusters of particles, validating the expected thermal wavelength and the power dissipation due to viscous and thermal effects around the particle. The energy lost due to thermal and viscous dissipation is explored as a function of the average separation distance between the particles (linking to concentration) as well as the applied frequency. The determination of energy loss provides a new method for calculating the attenuation in particle systems. We demonstrate that the effective attenuation of an emulsion in which particles exist in clusters is influenced by the interparticle separation within the cluster, even at the same total particle concentration. Thus, the finite element modelling provides evidence for thermal interactions and their effect in correlated particle systems.