bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Językowe dziedzictwo mitologiczne w Słowniku języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego – leksyka
Authors: Puda-Blokesz Magdalena
Published: June 2015

Linguistic mythological heritage in S.B. Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego ‘Polish dictionary’. Vocabulary

Linguistic mythological heritage preserved in S.B. Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego ‘Polish dictionary’, comprises mainly one-word mythologisms, i.e. mythologically-motivated lexemes. The subject of my query are those Polish mythologisms, and that are lexicographically marked in Linde’s dictionary (are entries or subentries). The paper discusses the problem of mythological sources and that of textual lexical mythologisms; it isolates groups of mythological names, and describes Linde’s lexicographical notation of the selected linguistic units (among others, their place in the macro- and microstructure of the dictionary, qualification, markings, abbreviations, information on the origin, definition and isolation of secondary meanings).
Hipotezy etymologiczne nazwy jęczmień a językowo-kulturowy obraz tego zboża w polszczyźnie ludowej
Authors: Kaczan Anna
Published: June 2015

Etymological hypotheses for jęczmień ‘barley’ and the linguistic-cultural image of this cereal in Polish dialects

The author cites five different etymological hypotheses for the general Slavic word jęczmień ‘barley’. Three refer to the features of the ear: its boniness, its shape during the time when the seeds ripen, and its adhesiveness; the other two adduce the sound that this cereal makes during the time of ripening, and its alleged taste. The paper aims to verify the cited hypotheses using the linguistic-cultural image of barley in Polish folk culture, as has been reconstructed from rich linguistic material. The author adduces linguistic contexts from various genres in an attempt to demonstrate that the reconstruction of the linguistic image of an object can help choose between etymological hypotheses. The underlying assumption is that those features which are most strongly preserved in the linguistic world view, indicate the most probable hypothesis.
Od gwary po dyskurs
Authors: Labocha Janina
Published: June 2015

From dialect to discourse. The Polish-Czech border in Zaolzie in linguistic research

Zaolzie, i.e. the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia since 1920, is the place of linguistic and cultural contact between an indigenous Polish population that speaks a dialect stemming from the south-Silesian dialect of Polish, and a Czech population that speaks various dialects of Czech, or the local dialect. Genetically identical to the dialect of Cieszyn in Poland, the Zaolzie dialect has been for many years under an increasing influence of Czech, especially in the area of vocabulary. Also changing is the mentality and the sense of ethnicity of the Poles of Zaolzie; this is particularly visible in the younger generation. The goal of this paper is to show the main streams in the study of the linguistic state of Zaolzie, in the past and in the present communicative situation influenced by various psychosocial and cultural factors. The paper emphasizes that researchers in language, ethnic identity and mentality face the important task of collecting and analysing written texts of various genres, and of preserving and recording public, informal and familial oral statements, based on which it will be possible to describe how the discourse of ethnic identity in Zaolzie has been shaped from 1920 till this day.
PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SYSTEMS RELEVANT TO THE SCWR VIA MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS
Authors: Kallikragas Dimitrios , Guzonas David , Svishchev Igor
Published: June 2015

Supercritical water (SCW) is the intended heat transfer fluid in the proposed GEN-IV supercritical water cooled reactor (SCWR). The oxidative environment poses challenges in choosing appropriate design materials and understanding the behaviour of SCW at the nanoscale within crevices of the passivation layer is needed for developing a control strategy to minimize corrosion. Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate molecular structure and diffusion of water and chloride in nanometer-spaced iron hydroxide surfaces. Results demonstrate that water is more likely to accumulate on the surface at low-density conditions. The effect of confinement on the water structure diminishes with as little as 20 Å of surface separation. Clustering and the accumulation of water at the surface imply that the SCWR will be most susceptible to pitting corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. A parameterized equation is provided that gives the diffusion coefficients of O2, H2, and OH radical in high temperature and SCW.
Perception towards genetically modified crops of the local farmers in Magalang, Pampanga, Philippines: a basis for an intervention program on GM crops
Authors: Pangilinan Christian , Bagunu Jacqueline
Published: June 2015

This descriptive research was undertaken to unveil the perception of the local farmers in Magalang, Pampanga towards GM crops with the aid of a written survey instrument administered to respondents from February to March 2014.In general, it was observed that despite inadequate information regarding GM crops, their implication and impact on human health, environment and economy, and their ambivalent view about the improved nutritional quality and other health benefits of GM crops, the farmers in Magalang, Pampanga consider GM crops safe for human consumption and a solution for food security. The respondents are very positive with regards to the improved yield and low production cost that these GM crops can offer. This suggests that the local farmers are primarily concerned with the quantity of produce as well as profit of their farming activity, their business and livelihood, rather than the quality of the produce in terms of effect on human health and the environment. Lastly, the local farmers are willing to accept, to adopt and to patronize GM crops. Findings from this research can serve as a basis for an intervention program that the local government or other organizations can initiate to address local farmersâ€™ perception regarding GM crops.
Steuerungsentwurf für lineare Transportsysteme mit örtlich verteiltem Stelleingriff
Authors: Alt Simon , Zeitz Michael , Sawodny Oliver
Published: June 2015

Transportsysteme mit einem örtlich verteilt wirkenden Stelleingriff werden für den Stofftransport zwischen einzelnen Prozessstufen und
gleichzeitig für die Konditionierung des Transportguts eingesetzt. Durch den verteilten Stelleingriff ergibt sich ein komplexes
Eingangs-Ausgangs-Verhalten mit einer verteilten Totzeit. Die betrachtete Steuerungsaufgabe wird durch einen Arbeitspunktwechsel der
nachfolgenden Prozessstufe definiert. Für den Steuerungsentwurf werden zwei Ansätze untersucht, um den Ausgang des Transportsystems auf
einen vorgegebenen konstanten Wert einzustellen. Dies wird für diskret und für kontinuierlich verteilte Stelleingriffe erläutert.
Manöverbasiertes Testen in Kombination mit evolutionären Algorithmen
Authors: Sattler Kathrin , Diedrich Christian , Brandmeier Thomas
Published: June 2015

Die steigende Komplexität und Vernetzung in der integralen Fahrzeugsicherheit erfordert die Entwicklung neuer, effektiver
Testmethoden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt eine Methode zur Optimierung manöverbasierter, simulativer Testfälle mithilfe des
evolutionären Algorithmus Differential Evolution zur Erstellung von Testszenarios mit gewünschten Charakteristika für den
Systemtest von integralen Fahrzeugsicherheitssystemen.
Building an audio/video-feedback system for simulation training in medical education
Authors: Mahling Moritz , Münch Alexander , Castan Christoph , Schubert Paul , Haffner Leopold , Griewatz Jan , Manger Andreas , Celebi Nora , Riessen Reimer , Conrad Verena , Herrmann-Werner Anne , Reutershan Jörg
Published: June 2015

Background: Simulation training in medical education is a valuable tool for skill acquisition. Standard audio/video-feedback systems for training surveillance and subsequent video feedback are expensive and often not available.

Methods: We investigated solutions for a low-budget audio/video-feedback system based on consumer hardware and open source software.

Results: Our results indicate that inexpensive, movable network cameras are suitable for high-quality video transmission including bidirectional audio transmission and an integrated streaming platform. In combination with a laptop, a WLAN connection, and the open source software iSpyServer, one or more cameras represent the easiest, yet fully functional audio/video-feedback system. For streaming purposes, the open source software VLC media player yields a comprehensive functionality. Using the powerful VideoLAN Media Manager, it is possible to generate a split-screen video comprising different video and audio streams. Optionally, this system can be augmented by analog audio hardware. In this paper, we present how these different modules can be set up and combined to provide an audio/video-feedback system for a simulation ambulance.

Conclusions: We conclude that open source software and consumer hardware offer the opportunity to build a low-budget, feature-rich and high-quality audio/video-feedback system that can be used in realistic medical simulations.
FDG PET/CT dataset for navigation on femoral bone: a feasibility study
Authors: Militz Matthias , Uhde Jörg , Christian Georg , Linke Rainer , Morgenstern Mario , Hungerer Sven
Published: June 2015

FDG PET/CT has become a valuable tool in the diagnosis of the activity of chronic osteomyelitis. The surgical strategy in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is the identification of the bone focus and radical debridement of sequesters. The aim of the current study was the registration and use of the FDG PET/CT imaging datasets on a navigation system to provide diagnostic imaging based feedback during surgical procedures. For the present study, FDG PET/CT scans were acquired from artificial bones and cadaver bones with a local focus of activity. The DICOM data sets were merged using a navigation system. The referenced regions of interest were matched with fluoroscopic pictures to register the PET/CT DICOM datasets to the bone and direct visual control. Navigated targeting led to accurate results when verified with fluoroscopic images by targeting previously inserted reference points in artificial and cadaver bone. FDG PET/CT datasets are suitable for navigation and compatible with conventional planning and navigation software. The combination of diagnostic FDG PET/CT imaging with surgical navigation techniques could be a valuable tool for the accurate treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.
Influence of various sterilization methods on hardness, grain size and corrosion rate of a Mg6Ag-alloy
Authors: Feyerabend Frank , Johannisson Martin , Liu Zhidan , Willumeit-Römer Regine
Published: June 2015

Sterilization is a necessary step for all implant materials. Different methods can influence the materials properties. Especially important for magnesium as degradable materials is the determination of the corrosion properties. In this study the influence of 70% ethanol, glutaraldehyde, autoclaving, dry heat, UV-, gamma- and electron beam-irradiation on mechanical and corrosion parameters were analyzed. As mechanical parameters hardness and grain size were determined. The corrosion rate under physiological conditions, weight of the corrosion layer and corrosion morphology was determined. It could be demonstrated that irradiation treatments and 70% ethanol are suitable methods, as they decrease the corrosion rate. Heat-introducing methods (autoclaving and dry heat) acted as incomplete ageing treatments on this alloy and therefore increased the corrosion rate. Furthermore, osmolality showed a better correlation to the actual corrosion rate than the pH. Therefore an optimum ratio between alloying system, implant and sterilization method has to be established, depending on the intended application.
Characterization of Herposiphonia pectinata (Decaisne) comb. nov. (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Western Australia, based on morphology and DNA barcoding
Authors: Huisman John M. , Koh Young Ho , Kim Myung Sook
Published: June 2015

In Western Australia, six species of the red algal genus Herposiphonia are known from the low-intertidal to shallow subtidal zones in tropical to warm-temperate regions. Here, we transfer the poorly known Leveillea pectinata Decaisne to Herposiphonia based on a morphology and DNA barcoding of specimens collected from Cape Peron, south of Perth, Western Australia. Herposiphonia pectinata is characterized by a branching pattern of three determinate branches (d) between indeterminate laterals (i) (d/d/d/i), terete determinate branches arising from the same dorsal position (not deflected from side to side), 20–30 segments long with 11–13 pericentral cells per segment, and a lack of vegetative trichoblasts. Cystocarps are located medially on fertile branches and spermatangial branches with a sterile tip are secundly arranged. Morphological comparisons are made with Australian and closely related species: Herposiphonia akidoglossa, Herposiphonia monilifera, Herposiphonia pectinella, Herposiphonia rostrata, and Herposiphonia nuda. DNA barcoding of COI-5P sequences show that H. pectinata is clearly separated from specimens from the Hawaiian Islands and the Iberian Peninsula.
Reappraisal of nine species of Martensia (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) reported from Korea based on morphology and molecular analyses
Authors: Kang Jeong Chan , Yang Mi Yeon , Lin Showe-Mei , Kim Myung Sook
Published: June 2015

Previous taxonomic studies reported that nine species of Martensia (i.e., Martensia albida, Martensia australis, Martensia bibarii, Martensia elegans, Martensia flammifolia, Martensia fragilis, Martensia jejuensis, Martensia projecta, and Martensia palmata) occur on the Korean coast. Our recent Martensia collections from various localities in Korea contain many specimens with a huge range of morphological variation and are difficult to classify into the named species. In this study, we analyzed DNA sequences of rbcL and COI genes to access their phylogenetic relationships and to verify taxonomic status based on morphological observations. The molecular analyses revealed that only two species of Martensia occur in Korea (M. albida and M. jejuensis). Martensia albida is characterized by having entire margins of blades with a single band of networks, whereas M. jejuensis is distinguished from the other species by possessing projections along the margins of the networks and blades. Both molecular analyses and morphological observations revealed that M. flammifolia is a member of the genus Nitophyllum. Some features (e.g., thallus habit, branching patterns, blade morphology, positions of reproductive structures) are not reliable for species identification. Our results indicate that the rbcL and the COI gene have sufficient resolution for delimitation at both species and generic levels in the subfamily Nitophylloideae.
Comparison of five automated hematology analyzers in a university hospital setting: Abbott Cell-Dyn Sapphire, Beckman Coulter DxH 800, Siemens Advia 2120i, Sysmex XE-5000, and Sysmex XN-2000
Authors: Bruegel Mathias , Nagel Dorothea , Funk Manuela , Fuhrmann Petra , Zander Johannes , Teupser Daniel
Published: June 2015

Various types of automated hematology analyzers are used in clinical laboratories. Here, we performed a side-by-side comparison of five current top of the range routine hematology analyzers in the setting of a university hospital central laboratory.

Complete blood counts (CBC), differentials, reticulocyte and nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts of 349 patient samples, randomly taken out of routine diagnostics, were analyzed with Cell-Dyn Sapphire (Abbott), DxH 800 (Beckman Coulter), Advia 2120i (Siemens), XE-5000 and XN-2000 (Sysmex). Inter-instrument comparison of CBCs including reticulocyte and NRBC counts and investigation of flagging quality in relation to microscopy were performed with the complete set of samples. Inter-instrument comparison of five-part differential was performed using samples without atypical cells in blood smear (n=292). Automated five-part differentials and NRBCs were additionally compared with microscopy.

The five analyzers showed a good concordance for basic blood count parameters. Correlations between instruments were less well for reticulocyte counts, NRBCs, and differentials. The poorest concordance for NRBCs with microscopy was observed for Advia 2120i (Kendall’s τ

To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive side-by-side comparison of five current top of the range routine hematology analyzers. Variable analyzer quality and parameter specific limitations must be considered in defining laboratory algorithms in clinical practice.
The ratio of calprotectin to total protein as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites
Authors: Lutz Philipp , Pfarr Kenneth , Nischalke Hans Dieter , Krämer Benjamin , Goeser Felix , Glässner Andreas , Wolter Franziska , Kokordelis Pavlos , Nattermann Jacob , Sauerbruch Tilman , Hoerauf Achim , Strassburg Christian P. , Spengler Ulrich
Published: June 2015

Diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is based on a differential ascites leukocyte count which does not provide prognostic information. We performed a pilot study to assess calprotectin in ascites as an alternative diagnostic and prognostic marker.

We collected ascites from patients with liver cirrhosis from March 2012 to July 2013. Routine clinical and laboratory data of the patients were recorded. Ascites calprotectin levels were determined by ELISA.

Overall, we collected 120 ascites samples from 100 patients with liver cirrhosis and from eight patients with malignant peritoneal effusion as disease control. Samples without infection had significantly lower calprotectin levels (median 34 ng/mL, range 5–795) than SBP samples (median 928 ng/mL, range 21–110,480; p<0.001) and malignant effusions (median 401, range 47–2596 ng/mL; p<0.001). In non-infected ascites, calprotectin levels were higher in Child-Pugh stage B versus C (median 57 ng/mL vs. 17 ng/mL; p<0.001) and in alcoholic versus viral cirrhosis (median 37 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL; p=0.015). The ratio of ascites calprotectin to total protein was a better marker for SBP than calprotectin alone (AUROC=0.93; p<0.001; sensitivity 93%, specificity 79%; positive predictive value 60%; negative predictive value 97%). In addition, high levels of the ratio to total protein were associated with poor 30-day survival (p=0.042).

The ratio of ascites calprotectin to total protein may be a promising new diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with liver cirrhosis and SBP and should be evaluated further.
Considerations in parathyroid hormone testing
Authors: Cavalier Etienne , Plebani Mario , Delanaye Pierre , Souberbielle Jean-Claude
Published: June 2015

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a major player in phosphocalcic metabolism and its measurement is very important for the correct diagnosis and treatment of several diseases. PTH determination represents the paradigm of quality in laboratory medicine as many variables in the pre-, intra-, and post-analytical phases strongly affect the value of the clinical information. Analytical determination of PTH has been rendered difficult by the presence, in the circulation, of truncated fragments that can cross-react with the antibodies used for its determination. In addition, pre-analytical phase is complicated by the lack of stability of the peptide and the best sample to use for its determination remains controversial, as well as sample handling and storage. PTH secretion is also affected by circadian and seasonal rhythms and by physical exercise. Finally, from the post-analytical perspective, establishment of reliable reference ranges requires further efforts as the selection criteria for reference subjects should take into consideration new variables such as gender, race and vitamin D levels. Finally, clinical guidelines have recently revised and improved the criteria for a correct interpretation of PTH values.
Influence of extraction methods on the recovery of astragaloside IV from the roots of Astragalus mongholicus in Soxhlet- and Twisselmann-type apparatus
Authors: Kukuła-Koch Wirginia , Baj Tomasz , Sieniawska Elwira , Koch Wojciech , Widelski Jarosław , Luchowska Katarzyna , Kołodziej Barbara , Głowniak Kazimierz
Published: June 2015

Astragalus mongholicus, commonly used in
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), contains significant
amounts of triterpene saponins – astragalosides, which
possess a wide variety of pharmacological actions,
including the treatment of cardiovascular and respiratory
diseases. The present study was performed to develop a
fast and effective extraction method of saponins from
crude plant material using Twisselmann-type apparatus.
Moreover, a detailed comparison between Soxhlet and
Twisselmann apparatus was performed to explain the
advantages and disadvantages of their applications.
The content of astragaloside IV – the major saponin of
A. mongholicus extracts and chosen as an extraction
efficiency marker ‒ was determined by means of RP-HPLCELSD
chromatography in an herein optimized method.
Twisselmann extraction shortened its duration from 4 to 2
hours in comparison with the Soxhlet method ‒ a generally
accepted method preparation for this extract. The
effectiveness of both apparatus was alike (3.24 ± 0.44 mg
and 3.48 ± 0.26 mg of astragaloside IV/ 4g of powdered
root for 2 hours in Twisselmann and 4 hours in Soxhlet
apparatus). Compared with a pharmacopoeial method, the
application of Twisselmann apparatus enabled a decrease
in analysis time of 50%, which is of high significance,
especially for large, scaled-up industrial scale.
Resolution of ketoconazole enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography and inclusion complex formation between selector and enantiomers
Authors: Sun Bi-Zhu , He Kui , Chen Xiao-Ming , Chen Chun-Yan , Wang Zhao , Cai Chang-Qun
Published: June 2015

The analytical resolution of ketoconazole (KTZ) enantiomers was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with sulphobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) as a chiral mobile phase additive (chiral selector). Some important factors affecting the resolution of KTZ enantiomers were investigated. In addition, the molecular interaction between KTZ and SBE-β-CD was studied using the UV absorption spectrum and HPLC for an understanding of the resolution process. The results show that the type and concentration of the chiral mobile phase additive, the pH of the mobile phase and the volume fraction of methanol (φMeOH) in the mobile phase all have a clear influence on the resolution of KTZ enantiomers. Under optimal conditions, namely the use of 0.5 mmol L
Molecular dynamic studies of amyloid-beta interactions with curcumin and Cu2+ ions
Authors: Kozmon Stanislav , Tvaroška Igor
Published: June 2015

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide readily forms aggregates that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Transition metals play a key role in this process. Recently, it has been shown that curcumin (CUA), a polyphenolic phytochemical, inhibits the aggregation of Aβ peptide. However, interactions of Aβ peptide with metal ions or CUA are not entirely clear. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to clear the nature of interactions between the 42-residue Aβ peptide (Aβ-42) and Cu
Ni-based olivine-type catalysts and their application in hydrogen production via auto-thermal reforming of acetic acid
Authors: Feng Ming-Shi , Liu Jia-Duo , Zhang Fang-Bai , Huang Li-Hong
Published: June 2015

Olivine is abundant in the Earth’s upper mantle; it has applications in catalysts to enhance their stability in structures. The olivine-type catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation and hydrothermal synthesis and tested in the auto-thermal reforming (ATR) of acetic acid (AC), a model compound from bio-oil, for hydrogen production. In the meantime, the natural olivine impregnated with Ni was also tested. Characterisations of XRD, nitrogen physisorption, temperature-programmed reduction, and SEM-EDX were used to find the structure-reactivity relationship. The results indicate that the natural olivine produced a low H
The effects of news frames and political speech sources on political attitudes: The moderating role of values
Authors: Waheed Moniza , Schuck Andreas , Neijens Peter , de Vreese Claes
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the extent to which values play a role in affecting citizens’ political attitudes when exposed to different media news frames and political speech sources. To test this, we designed a survey experiment which used news coverage of a political speech concerning the cultural practices of immigrants (
Corrupt politicians? Media priming effects on overtly expressed stereotypes toward politicians
Authors: Arendt Florian , Marquart Franziska
Published: June 2015

The present study investigates whether or not reading about corrupt politicians influences peoples’ subsequent judgments toward political actors’ supposed corruptness. We expected this media stereotype priming effect to be dependent on pre-existing implicit stereotypes. It was hypothesized that only those participants would show a media priming effect who already have a strong automatic association between ‘politicians’ and ‘corrupt’ in memory prior to reading a further facilitative article (“politicians are corrupt”). Conversely, people who do not have a comparable biased cognitive association should not. Data from an experiment support this hypothesis: We found pre-existing implicit stereotypes to moderate the media priming effect on explicit stereotypes, but only when the newspaper article covered the “corrupt politician” media stereotype with sufficient salience. Furthermore, the experiment showed that antagonistic media primes (“politicians are honest”) did not produce a media priming effect at all. Antagonistic articles were simply not able to prime corruption-related memory traces.
Improvement of corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys for biomedical applications
Authors: Chen Kai , Dai Jianwei , Zhang Xiaobo
Published: June 2015

In recent years, magnesium (Mg) alloys have attracted great attention due to superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, and other characteristics important for use in biodegradable implants. However, the development of Mg alloys for clinical application continues to be hindered by high corrosion rates and localized corrosion modes, both of which are detrimental to the mechanical integrity of a load-bearing temporary implant. To overcome these challenges, technologies have been developed to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys, among which surface treatment is the most common way to enhance not only the corrosion resistance, but also the bioactivity of biodegradable Mg alloys. Nevertheless, surface treatments are unable to fundamentally solve the problems of fast corrosion rate and localized corrosion. Therefore, it is of great importance to alter and improve the intrinsic corrosion behavior of Mg alloys for biomedical applications. To show the significance of the intrinsic corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg alloys and attract much attention on this issue, this article presents a review of the improvements made to enhance intrinsic corrosion resistance of Mg alloys in recent years through the design and preparation of the Mg alloys, including purifying, alloying, grain refinement, and heat treatment techniques. The influence of long-period stacking-ordered structure on corrosion behavior of the biodegradable Mg alloys is also discussed.
On topologies in the family of sets with the Baire property
Authors: Hejduk Jacek
Published: June 2015

Starting with an operator defined on the family of open sets in a topological Baire space

〈
X
,
τ
〉

${\langle X, \tau \rangle }$

we can define a lower density operator on the family of sets having the Baire property with respect to the τ-topology. The investigation of the abstract density topologies generated by such operators is the main subject of this paper.
fpn
-injective and fpn
-flat modules
Authors: Wei Jiaqun , Zhang Yujie
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we introduce the notion of fpn
-injective
and fpn
-flat modules, and investigate their properties.
In particular, we prove that
every left R-module has an fpn
-injective cover (resp.
preenvelope) and every right R-module has an fpn
-flat cover
(resp. preenvelope). We also study the exchange properties of
fpn
-injective and fpn
-flat modules, as well as
fpn
-injective precovers (resp. preenvelopes) and fpn
-flat
precovers (resp. preenvelopes), under (almost) excellent
extensions of rings.
On the cardinalities of a
t-sets in a real Hilbert space
Authors: Kharazishvili Alexander
Published: June 2015

A set X in a real Hilbert space H is called an
a
t-set if every three-element subset of X forms either an
acute-angled triangle or a right-angled triangle. The maximal
cardinality of an a
t-set in an infinite-dimensional H is
found. Furthermore, the number of right angles in the unit cube

[
0
,
1
]

n

${[0,1]^n}$

is calculated. As an application, a simple solution of a
well-known problem is given, concerning the maximal
cardinality of a strong a
t-set in the Euclidean space ℝ
n
.
I
2(u)-convergence of double sequences of order
(α,β)
Authors: Altin Yavuz , Çolak Rifat , Torgut Birgül
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we introduce and examine the concepts of I
2(u)-convergence
of order (α,β) and
uniformly strong p-Cesàro summability of
order (α,β), of double
sequences of complex (or real) numbers, where

α
,
β

$\alpha ,\beta $

are real numbers such that

0
<
α
,
β
≤
1

${ 0<\alpha ,\beta \le 1}$

. Also, we establish the main
results and prove some inclusion relations between uniformly strong
p-Cesàro summability and I
2(u)-convergence of order
(α,β).
Algebroid functions with given Borel points
Authors: Wu Zhao-Jun , Zhang Shao-Hua
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we prove the following result. Suppose that E is an arbitrary non-empty closed set of real
numbers

(
mod
2
π
)

${(\operatorname{mod} 2\pi )}$

. Then for any positive λ
(

0
<
λ
<
∞

${0<\lambda <\infty }$

), there exists an algebroid function (not
meromorphic) w(z) of order λ in the unit disc, such that
every point

e

i
θ

${e^{i\theta }}$

,

θ
∈
E

${\theta \in E}$

, on the unit circle is a Borel
point of order λ of w(z) and w(z) has no other Borel
point of order λ. This result generalizes the related
results of a meromorphic function due to Lo Yang, Guanghou Zhang, Daochun
Sun and Zongsheng Gao.
Boosting the Food Functionality (In Vivo and In Vitro) of Spirulina by Gamma Radiation: An Inspiring Approach
Authors: Islam Jahid M. M. , Ismail Md. , Islam Md. Rakibul , Hossain Md. Faruk , Shekhar Hossain Uddin
Published: June 2015

Foods (natural or processed) containing known biologically active compounds, which supplies clinically established and well-documented health benefits, are termed as functional food. Study objectives were to boost food functionality of spirulina, to optimize the required radiation dose, and to test functionality of spirulina both in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose fat binding capacity, sugar binding capacity, hydration property, antioxidative property, total polyphenol content were assessed at different radiation doses. A total of 30 rats were divided into three groups to carry out in vivo experiments to validate the outcomes of in vitro experiments. Targeted physico-chemical properties of spirulina were increased at their maximum level at 15 kGy radiation dose. In vivo experiments validated the outcomes of in vitro experiments. Though gamma radiation improves food functionality of spirulina at various radiation doses, but the optimum dose is recommended as 15 kGy.
Comparison of Moisture Sorption Isotherms and Quality Characteristics of Freeze-Dried and Boiled-Dried Abalone
Authors: Chun Ji-Yeon , Jo Yeon-Ji , Shim Jun-Bo , Min Sang-Gi , Hong Geun-Pyo
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) profiles of freeze-dried (FD) and boiled-dried (BD) abalone at 15°C, 25°C, and 35°C, and compared the quality characteristics of the abalone after rehydration. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and the calculated monolayer moisture content of FD abalone were higher than those of BD abalone. After rehydration, FD abalone showed a higher yield and a lower shear force than BD abalone. Additionally, the appearance of FD abalone was similar to that of fresh abalone, reflecting a potential application of FD to produce value-added dried abalone.
Pulsatile Flow of Blood in a Vessel Using an Oldroyd-B fluid
Authors: Sajid M. , Zaman A. , Ali N. , Siddiqui A. M.
Published: June 2015

This paper is concerned with the effects of body acceleration on an unsteady pulsatile flow of blood in a vessel. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood is modeled by the constitutive equation of an Oldroyd-B fluid. The behavior of the blood is assumed as an Oldroyd-B fluid in the core and a viscous fluid in the periphery. This new model predicts the relaxation and retardation phenomena in a pulsatile flow. Our interest lies in investigating the effects of stress relaxation and retardation in unsteady pulsatile flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid. The modeled equations are normalized and solved numerically using finite difference method. The results are graphically displayed and influence of the pertinent parameter on various physical quantities of interest is analyzed.
Translanguaging practices in complex multilingual spaces: A discontinuous continuity in post-independent South Africa
Authors: Makalela Leketi
Published: June 2015

Whereas the use of discursive linguistic resources among multilingual speakers has been closely scrutinized in recent years, highly complex multilingual spaces have not been adequately documented in research. This article reports on new sociolinguistic developments in post-Apartheid South Africa and explores how people mobility and integration of a historically divided society produces hybrid ways of identifying and making sense of the world. Analysis of self-recorded student interactions from five townships in Johannesburg shows that traditional language boundaries have blurred and given way to a complex and multilayered variety, referred to as
The Acute Oral Toxicity of Commonly Used Pesticides in Iran, to Honeybees (Apis Mellifera Meda)
Authors: Rasuli Farhang , Rafie Javad Nazemi , Sadeghi Amin
Published: June 2015

The honey bee is credited with approximately 85% of the pollinating activity necessary to supply about one-third of the world’s food supply. Well over 50 major crops depend on these insects for pollination. The crops produce more abundantly when honey bees are plentiful. Worker bees are the ones primarily affected by pesticides. Poisoning symptoms can vary depending on the developmental stage of the individual bee, and the kind of chemical employed. The oral toxicity of these insecticides: (phosalone and pirimicarb), acaricide (propargite), insecticide and acaricide (fenpropathrin), fungicides, and bactericides (copper oxychloride and the Bordeaux mixture), were evaluated for the purposes of this research. The results showed that fenpropathrin had high acute oral toxicity (LC50-24h and LC50-48 were 0.54 and 0.3 ppm, respectively). Propargite had 7785 ppm (active ingredient) for LC50-24h and 6736 ppm (active ingredient) for LC50-48h in honeybees and is therefore, non-toxic to Apis mellifera. On the other hand, copper oxychloride had minimum acute oral toxicity to honeybees (LC50-24h and LC50-48 were 4591.5 and 5407.9 ppm, respectively) and was therefore considered non-toxic. Also, the Bordeaux mixture was safe to use around honeybees. Phosalone and primicarb were considered highly and moderately toxic to honeybees, respectively.
Effect of the Propolis Components, Cinnamic Acid and Pinocembrin, on Apis Mellifera and Ascosphaera Apis
Authors: Voigt Kathrin , Rademacher Eva
Published: June 2015

The value of propolis as a disinfectant agent in the bee hive is considerable. We investigated the fungistatic effect of cinnamic acid and pinocembrin on the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causing chalkbrood disease in bee colonies in the laboratory with an agar diffusion test on malt extract agar. The minimal fungicide inhibitory concentration was 0.5% for cinnamic acid and 1.5% for pinocembrin (MIC -values). Both substances were tested by individual application for adult bee tolerance in a range of dosages and for brood tolerance (L1 - L5) referring to the MIC values. The dermal toxicity of adult bees for cinnamic acid and pinocembrin was low, a maximum of 3.3% even in the highest dosage of 1000 μg (concentration 20%) and 250 μg (concentration 5%) per bee, respectively. The mortality rates showed no significant differences to the controls (z-test, p≤0.05). First results on brood tolerability after application of test substances resulted in larval mortality but primarily in the group of young larvae. The mortality reduced simultaneous with the increasing larval weight. The total larval mortality 72 hours after the application over all stages was 28.7% for cinnamic acid and 13.1% for pinocembrin (positive control group 24.8%; negative control group 15.4%). The test groups showed no significant increased mortality compared to the control groups (z-test, p≥0.05). Both substances have in vitro fungicide potential and can be considered as potential active agents against A. apis in honey bee drugs. The results provide high tolerance of adult bees and an indication for larval tolerability most notably in elder larvae.
Curcumin Stimulates Biochemical Mechanisms of Apis Mellifera Resistance and Extends the Apian Life-Span
Authors: Strachecka Aneta J. , Olszewski Krzysztof , Paleolog Jerzy
Published: June 2015

We examined the influence of curcumin-supplemented feeding on worker lifespan, Nosema resistance, key enzyme activities, metabolic compound concentrations and percentage of the global DNA methylation. Two worker groups (Apis mellifera) were set up: 1) control group; workers were fed ad libitum with sucrose syrup; 2) workers were fed with the syrup with the addition of curcumin. Dead workers were removed every two days and the Nosema spp. infection levels were assessed. Hemolymph was taken from living workers for biochemical analyses. The global DNA methylation level was analysed using DNA from worker heads and thoraces. The bees that consumed curcumin lived longer and were less infested with Nosema spp. The curcumin-treated workers had higher concentrations of proteins, non-enzymatic biomarkers (triglycerides, glucose, cholesterol, Mg2+ and Ca2+), uric acid and creatinine, as well as elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD , GPx, CAT , GST ), neutral proteases, protease inhibitors, enzymatic biomarkers (AST , ALT , ALP ). The concentrations of albumin and urea, and the activities of acidic and alkaline proteases were higher in the control group. Curcumin decreased global DNA methylation levels especially in older bees in which the natural, age-related level increase was observed. Most of the parameters increased over the apian youth and adulthood, and decreased in older bees. The decrease was markedly delayed in the bees fed with curcumin. Curcumin appeared to be an unexpectedly effective natural bio-stimulator, improving apian health and vitality. This multifactorial effect is caused by the activation of many biochemical processes involved in the formation of apian resistance.
On the kinetic foundations of Kaluza's magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Sandoval-Villalbazo Alfredo , Sagaceta-Mejía Alma R. , García-Perciante Ana L.
Published: June 2015

Recent work has shown the existence of a relativistic effect present
in a single component non-equilibrium fluid, corresponding to a heat flux due to an electric field
[J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn. 38 (2013), 141–151].
The treatment in
that work was limited to a four-dimensional Minkowski space-time in
which the Boltzmann equation was treated in a special relativistic
approach. The more complete framework of general relativity can be
introduced to kinetic theory in order to describe transport processes
associated to electromagnetic fields. In this context, the original
Kaluza's formalism is a promising approach
[Sitz. Ber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1921), 966–972;
Gen. Rel. Grav. 39 (2007), 1287–1296;
Phys. Plasmas 7 (2000), 4823–4830].
The present work contains a kinetic theory basis for Kaluza's magnetohydrodynamics
and gives a novel description for the establishment of thermodynamic
forces beyond the special relativistic description.
Clinical and molecular characterization of five Spanish kindreds with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita: atypical findings and a novel mutation in NR0B1
Authors: Estévez Amaia Rodríguez , Pérez-Nanclares Gustavo , Fernández-Toral Joaquin , Rivas-Crespo Francisco , López-Siguero Juan P. , Díez Ignacio , Grau Gema , Castaño Luis
Published: June 2015

X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) is caused by

To characterize clinically and at the molecular level a cohort of Spanish patients with AHC.

Nine boys (from five families) with AHC were screened for

gene mutations were found in all analyzed patients, one of them being novel (p.Gln305*). One patient presented with preserved hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Salt-wasting episodes, delayed puberty, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were common, although no association was observed between AHC phenotype and genetic mutations. None of the patients has had descendants.

AHC phenotype cannot be predicted based on genetic results as there is no definite genotype-phenotype relationship, including intrafamilial variability. Nevertheless, genetic testing for
The spectrum of 46XY disorders of sex development in a University centre in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Jurayyan Nasir A.M. , Al Issa Sharifah D.A. , Al Nemri Abdulrahman M.H. , Al Otaibi Hessah M.N. , Babiker Amir M.I.
Published: June 2015

The term disorders of sex development (DSD) includes congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. The spectrum of the 46XY (DSD) is so broad. In this study, we reviewed the clinical spectrum of a cohort of patients with 46XY DSD in a tertiary institute in the Middle East over two decades.

To define the clinical spectrum of 46XY DSD in a major teaching hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

This is a retrospective, case series hospital-based study. The case notes, laboratory investigations, and imaging studies were reviewed for patients with 46XY DSD over a 20 years period (1989–2010) at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Molecular genetics were not available in all patients.

During the period under review; a total of 56 patients were seen with 46XY DSD due to variable etiologies. Androgen insensitivity syndromes (AIS) and 5-α-reductase deficiency were among the commonest (44.6%), with multiple siblings involvement within the family. Of these, 16 patients were showing variable degrees of insensitivity ranging between complete (n=5, 31.2%) and partial (n=11, 68.8%) insensitivity, whereas in nine patients the diagnosis of 5-α-reductase deficiency was entertained based on hormonal studies. Of interest to see was a high number of patients (n=14, 25%) either with a localized congenital anomalies such as the cloacal anomalies or generalized congenital malformations following the pattern of certain syndromes.

A wide spectrum of causes were noted. Androgen insensitivity syndrome was the commonest. In Saudi Arabia, where consanguineous mating is high, 5-α-reductase is also a common cause of 46XY DSD.
Primary systemic carnitine deficiency: a Turkish case with a novel homozygous SLC22A5 mutation and 14 years follow-up
Authors: Yilmaz Berna Seker , Kor Deniz , Mungan Neslihan Onenli , Erdem Sevcan , Ceylaner Serdar
Published: June 2015

Systemic primary carnitine deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of carnitine transporter. Main features are cardiomyopathy, myopathy and hypoglycemic encephalopathy. We report a Turkish case with a novel
Clinical characteristics of children referred for signs of early puberty before age 3
Authors: Kaplowitz Paul B. , Mehra Rinku
Published: June 2015

Signs of puberty in very young children are often benign, but the evaluation needed and follow-up are controversial.

The study had three objectives: 1) to analyze the frequency of diagnoses in children <3 years referred for early puberty; 2) to examine the usefulness of lab testing; and 3) to identify red flags indicating a more serious diagnosis.

Charts of all children younger than age 3 referred for early puberty between 7/09 and 6/13 were reviewed.

Of 275 patients, 156 (57%) were diagnosed with premature thelarche (PT), 69 (25%; 56 F/13M) with genital hair of infancy (GHI) and 37 (13%, all F) with both (GHI/PT). Six patients had axillary odor only. Four patients had more serious diagnoses, one each with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), non-classical CAH, McCune-Albright syndrome and central precocious puberty (CPP). Diagnoses did not change in those who returned for follow-up. Hormone tests revealed that none of the PT patients had elevation of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol, and half of the GHI patients tested had mildly elevated DHEA-S but normal testosterone and 17-OH progesterone.

Very few children referred for puberty at <3 years appear to have a serious underlying diagnosis, and progression of PT to CPP was not identified in this series. Hormone testing is unlikely to be helpful in typical cases of PT, GHI or both, and many such cases may be followed in the primary care setting after initial clinical evaluation.
What can historical linguistics and experimental pragmatics offer each other?
Authors: Grossman Eitan , Noveck Ira
Published: June 2015

Language change is a central concern for any linguistic theory. For one thing, it is often assumed that language change is explanatory, in that it provides a reasonable answer to what Haspelmath dubbed ‘Greenberg’s Problem’ in 2014: why are languages the way they are? A short version of the Greenbergian answer is: ‘Because they became that way through processes of language change.’ However, this sort of answer throws into focus the fact that language change is not only a potential explanation for language structures. Rather, it is a set of problems that itself calls for explanation. In fact, this could be called ‘Greenberg’s Second Question’: why do languages change the way they do? In this article, we explore some ways in which the field of experimental pragmatics might shed light on the second question, by providing a set of methods that could investigate existing hypotheses about language change by developing falsifiable predictions to be evaluated in experimental settings. Moreover, these hypotheses can provide new research questions and data for experimentalists to work on, beyond the rather restricted set of questions that experimental pragmatics has confronted to date.
Is the knowledge of bat distribution in the Atlantic Rainforest sufficient? Comments about new findings and a case study in the Paraná State coastal area, Brazil
Authors: Varzinczak Luiz H. , Bernardi Itiberê Piaia , Passos Fernando C.
Published: June 2015

This study aimed to utilize data of recent studies of bats surveying in the Atlantic Rainforest to evaluate the degree of knowledge of bat distribution in this biome. Data of new records or range extension of species published between 2010 and 2013 were compared among Brazilian biomes. We also utilized a case study in the Paraná State coastal area, southern Brazil, which was considered of low priority for bat inventories but had new records reported recently. The Atlantic Rainforest showed the highest number of papers with new information about bat distribution in Brazil. The number of bat species for this biome reaches 117. In the past 10 years, 11 new records have been reported for the Paraná State coastal area, increasing the bat richness by 33%. Our findings suggest that we do not know sufficiently the bat distribution across the Atlantic Rainforest. In such a