bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LACK OF SEX EDUCATION AND WATCHING OF ADULT THEMED CONTENT AMONGST YOUNGSTERS IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Ahmad Farah
Published: September 2019

Background: Sex education is based on addressing the issues relating to human sexuality or other sexual activity includes reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, consent and birth control. Youngsters, a vulnerable age group, experiment and engage in risky activities such as seeking information from adult themed content and pornography sources. Since, no study has addressed this subject thus; our study aims to see if there is an association between watching of pornography and lack of sex education among youngsters in Pakistan.

Methods: The sample 151 at 95% confidence level consisted of both male and female participants (ages of 16-24 years). The data collection tool used in this study was an online questionnaire. Chi square was used to develop an association between lack of sex education and watching of adult themed content. All tests were significant when p<0.05.

Results: Out of 151, only 46 (30.5%) had sex education. Options regarding what the person was told or taught to learn about sex education, 12 (7.9%) marked ‘puberty and adolescence’, while 116 (76.8%) were not comfortable asking their parents or guardians about sex education. A majority 102 (67.5%) participants have watched adult themed content. Additionally, 50 (33.1%) were introduced to adult themed content through their friends whereas, 46 (30.5%) by watching movies.

Conclusion: The findings of our study show that young people want to learn about their sexual health and that lack of proper sex education does lead to a buildup of curiosity, which is satisfied by going on the internet, most often misleading the seeker towards pornography and other adult themed content.
DUODENAL TUMOR IN GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS: A RARE CASE
Authors: Akhtar Naseem
Published: September 2019

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are commonly developed in gastrointestinal tract but in duodenum is less than 3% of all gastrointestinal neoplasm. The early diagnostic criteria are very difficult in these tumors in worldwide and being a challenge for medical team due to difficult anatomical structure of duodenum. The study’s aim is to know the incident rate of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors. The average age of these tumors is more than 40 years but in the current case, 19-years old female patient present with complaint of melena and anemia. Her family history was negative. She was diagnosed by scope test of oral gastric duodenum with biopsy, abdominal x-rays, computerized tomography scan and histopathology. The patient was treated by Classic Whipple’s procedure. According to the oncologist, patient has low risk of duodenal tumor from gastrointestinal stromal tumor. These tumors have no need to treat with adjuvant therapy: chemotherapy (Glavic) and radiation therapy after surgical resection.
Pengaruh Durasi Sakit dan Dosis Kumulatif Prednison terhadap Fungsi dan Geometri Ventrikel Kiri pada Anak dengan Sindroma Nefrotik
Authors: Muryawan Muhammad Heru , Ratu Irma Rezky , Soetadji Anindita
Published: September 2019

Background: Nephrotic syndrome is a chronic disease that often occurs in children. Treatment with prednison as a first line treatment in nephrotic syndrome plays a role in the process of remodeling and left ventricular hypertrophy. Prevalence of LVH among CKD patients is 34 - 78%. The presence of LVH increases the risk of mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disorders, so its recomended to determine geometry of left ventricle to see the systolic and diastolic function.

Objective: To determine the effect of duration of illness and cumulative prednison dossage on geometry and left ventricular function children with nephrotic syndrome.

Methods: A cross sectional study of 27 children between 1 -18 years was conducted in Kariadi hospital, Semarang. Subjects were enrolled by consecutive sampling. The cumulative dose of prednison was calculated based on overall dose received during treatment untill echocardiography were done. Geometric parameter and left ventricular function were determined by M â€“ mode echocardiography. Data were analyzed using bivariate analysis.

Results: There is a significant difference between cumulative prednison dossage and left ventricular geometry (p=0.001). Duration of illness (p= 0.60) and cumulative prednison dossage (p=0.44) were not significantly associated with diastolic ventricular function.

Conclusion: Cumulative prednison dossage was significantly associated with concentric tipe left ventricular geometry and there is no association with duration of illness. There is no effect of duration of illness and cumulative prednison dossage in diastolic ventricular function.

Keywords: Nephrotic syndrome, prednison, left ventricular geometry
Pengaruh Pemberian Vitamin E Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehid Plasma Dan Hasil Uji Emisi Otoakustikpada Pekerja Terpapar Bising
Authors: . Muyassaroh , Arnita Devia , Naftali Zulfikar
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Bising dapat menyebabkan kerusakan koklea secara metabolik dengan terbentuknya reactive oxygen species (ROS) dengan cara menginduksi peroksidasi lipid dan dapat merusak DNA sehingga terjadi kematian sel terutama outer hair cell (OHC). Vitamin E merupakan antioksidan yang mendonorkan ion hidrogen pada tahap propagasi peroksidasi lipid sehingga menghasilkan produk yang tidak radikal dan menghentikan siklus peroksidasi lipid. Malondialdehid (MDA) adalah salah satu produk yang dihasilkan dari peroksidasi lipid. Kerusakan OHC dapat dideteksi dengan uji emisi otoakustik .Tujuan : Membuktikan vitamin E dapat menurunkan kadar MDA plasma dan memperbaiki hasil uji emisi otoakustik pada pekerja yang terpapar bising.Metode : Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain randomized control trial, double-blind di pabrik kayu semarang pada bulan Desember 2015. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 32 pekerja terpapar bising dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan (n=16) yang mendapatkan vitamin E 400 IU per oral dan kelompok kontrol (n=16) yang mendapatkan plasebo. Dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar MDA plasma dan emisi otoakustik sebelum dan 10 hari setelah pemberian vitamin E. Perbedaan kadar MDA plasma sesudah pemberian vitamin E antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol dianalisis dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dan perbedaan perbaikan hasil uji emisi otoakustik antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol dengan uji Fisherâ€™s exact.Hasil : Dari 36 subyek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, dibagi menjadi 18 orang pada kelompok perlakuan dan 18 orang kelompok kontrol. Dua orang drop-out dari kelompok perlakuan dan 2 orang drop-out dari kelompok kontrol, sehingga analisis dilakukan pada 16 orang pada kelompok perlakuan dan 16 orang pada kelompok kontrol. Kadar MDA plasma setelah pemberian vitamin E tidak berbeda bermakna (p> 0,05) dibandingkan sebelumnya. Kadar MDA plasma sesudah pemberian vitamin E tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p> 0,05)Â  dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan kadar MDA plasma pada kelompok perlakuan tidak berbeda bermakna (p> 0,05) dengan kontrol. Perbaikan hasil uji emisi otoakustik pada kelompok perlakuan tidak berbeda bermakna (p> 0,05) dengan kontrol.Simpulan : Vitamin E tidak dapat menurunkan kadar MDA plasma dan tidak memperbaiki hasil uji emisi otoakustik pada pekerja terpapar bising.Kata kunci : Vitamin E, malondialdehid, emisi otoakustik, pekerja terpapar bising
Sistem Pendukung Konsep Diri Dan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Kanker Payudara Di RSUP Dr Kariadi Semarang
Authors: Azizatunnisa Nurul , Susilowati Ari
Published: September 2019

Latarbelakang :Kanker payudara dapat mempengaruhi konsep diri dan kualitas hidup pasien. Diperlukan sistem pendukung yang berasal dari sumber eksternal (dukungan keluarga) dan internal pasien. Dukungan keluarga akan membantu meningkatkan konsep diri pasien kanker payudara.Sumber internal pasien dapat berasal dari kelompok swabantu atau SelfHelp Group(SHG) yang beranggotakan pasien dengan jenis penyakit sama sehingga dapatsaling memotivasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup.Tujuan :Artikel penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistem pendukung konsep diri dan kualitas hidup pasien kanker payudara di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang.Metode :Terdapat dua jenis penelitian kuantitatif dalam artikel ini,yaituÂ  desain penelitian kuantitatif non eksperimental metode crosssectional daneksperimental one group pre-test post-test design. Populasi dan sampel penelitian adalah pasien kanker payudara yang dirawat di RSUP Dr. Kariadi pada bulan Oktober - Desember 2014. Metode samplingyang digunakan adalah total sampling dan purpossivesampling. Instrumen ini terdiri dari empat kuesioner yang berisi data demografi, kuesioner konsep diri, kuesioner dukungan keluarga dan WHO-QoL BREFuntuk mengukurkualitas hidup pasien. Analisa data meliputi analisa univariat yang menggambarkan karakteristik responden dengan distribusi frekuensi serta analisa bivariat menggunakan uji RankSpearmandan Mann Whitney U.Hasil :Hasil analisa data menggunakan RankSpearmen diperoleh nilai p = 0,000, p value< 0,05, maka ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan konsep diri pasien kanker payudara di RSUP dr Kariadi Semarang. Hasil penelitiandalam artikel ini juga menunjukkan bahwa 93,3% responden mengalami peningkatan pada domain fisik dan 100% mengalami peningkatan pada domain psikologis, hubungan sosial dan lingkungan.Kesimpulan :Dengan demikian SHGberpengaruh terhadap kualitas hidup pasien kanker payudara di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang.Â Kata Kunci : kanker payudara, sistem pendukung,konsep diri, kualitas hidup
Perbedaan Neutrophyl Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet Lymphocyte Ratio Dan Monocyte Lymphocyte Ratio Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Dengan Dan Tanpa Komplikasi Kardiovaskular
Authors: Purnamasari Prihartiwi , Rachmawati Banundari
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang

Proses inflamasi memegang peranan penting dalam patogenesis diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe 2 dan mendahului timbulnya komplikasi kardiovaskular. Parameter neutrophyl lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) dan monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) merupakan biomarker potensial, merefleksikan inflamasi namun belum digunakan secara rutin. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui perbedaan NLR, PLR dan MLR pada pasien DM tipe 2 dengan dan tanpa komplikasi kardiovaskular.

Metode

Penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan belah lintang (cross sectional) pada 30 pasien DM dan 30 pasien DM dengan komplikasi jantung pada bulan Juli - Oktobertahun 2016 di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Subyek penelitian berusia 30-80 tahun dan sudah menderita penyakit lebih dari 5 tahun. Pasien dengan infeksi/inflamasi lain, kelainan sistem hematologi, riwayat kanker/sedang menjalani kemoterapi/radiasi dan penderita yang meminum selain obat diabetes dan obat jantung dikeluarkan dari penelitian. Analisis data dengan uji t tidak berpasangan. Signifikan jika p < 0,05.

Hasil

Nilai NLR dan MLR pada pasien DM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi jantung lebih rendah daripada pasien DM dengan komplikasi jantung (2,58 (0,98 â€“ 14,72) VS 2,98 ( 1,42 â€“ 7,17) p=1,000) dan (0,27 (0,12 â€“ 0,87) VS 0,31 ( 0,14 â€“ 1,60), p=0,183). Nilai PLR pasien DM tipe 2 tanpa komplikasi jantung lebih tinggi daripada pasien DM dengan komplikasi jantung (125,35 (34,48 â€“ 540,93) VS 121,40 (58,90 â€“ 354,69), p=0,723).

Simpulan

Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna NLR, PLR dan MLR pada pasien DM tipe 2 dengan dan tanpa komplikasi kardiovaskular.

Kata kunci

Neutrophyl lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio, monocyte lymphocyte ratio, diabetes mellitus tipe 2, komplikasi kardiovaskular.
Perbedaan Nilai Total Thrombocyt Count (TC), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) Dan Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) Pada Penderita Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) Tanpa Hemodialisa Dan Dengan Hemodialisa
Authors: Adi Indrawan Guruh , Adhipireno Purwanto
Published: September 2019

LatarBelakang:Pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronis memiliki resiko kehilangan darah yang disebabkan disfungsi platelet.Penyebab lain adalah proses terapi hemodialisis.Tujuan penelitian ini, membuktikan adanya perbedaan Total Thrombocyt Count (TC), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) dan Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) antara penderita CRF tanpa dan dengan hemodialisa, sehinggaÂ  dapat mengoptimalkan parameter pemeriksaan hematologi otomatis yang sering dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan indek trombosit sebagai parameter prognostik tingkat keparahan penyakit.

Metode : Sampel darah EDTA 72 penderita CRF berusia 8-80 tahun, yang dirawat di RSUP Dr.Kariadi, bulan November 2015 - April 2016, diperiksacomplete blood count (CBC) menggunakan hematologi analyzer metode flowcitometri Cell-Dyn Sapphire. Hasil pemeriksaan masing-masing kelompok di analisis menggunakan Uji Statistik One Way Anova.

Hasil :Hasil penelitian pada 2 kelompok diagnosis didapatkan rerata nilai TC kelompok HD 177,93 Â± 79,52, kelompok Non HD 244,11 Â± 111,98. Rerata PDW kelompok HD 14,78 Â± 2,72 , kelompok Non HD 14,24 Â± 2,48 danÂ  rerata MPV kelompok HD 7,90 Â±1,50 , kelompok Non HD 8,43 Â± 2,05. Perbedaan nilai TC yang signifikan CRF non HD dengan HD (p<0,001) Nilai TC kelompok CRF Non HD lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kelompok CRF dengan HD. Nilai TC menurun sesuai tingkat keparahan CRF. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan perbedaan nilai TC secara bermakna antara kelompok pasien CRF non HD da dengan HD (p<0,05).

Simpulan :Nilai TC berbeda secara bermakna antara kelompok pasien CRF Non HD dengan pasien CRF dengan HD. TC menurun sesuai dengan tingkat keparahan CRF dan dapat digunakan sebagai petanda tingkat keparahan CRF.

Kata kunci :Chronic Renal Failure, Hemodialisa, Total Count Thrombocyt, Mean Platelet Volume, Platelet Distribution Width.
Faktor Resiko Kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru Pada Masyarakat Pedesaan Di Kabupaten Banjarnegara
Authors: Irawan Galuh Chandra , Margawati Ani , Rosidi Ali
Published: September 2019

Latar Belakang: Prevalensi penderita tuberkulosis paru di Jawa Tengah menduduki peringkat ke-5 yaitu 0.4% menurut Riskesdas tahun 2013. Kabupaten Banjarnegara pada tahun 2013Â  dengan prevalensi kecenderungan 0,3 % per 100.000 penduduk. Menurut data profil Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Banjarnegara tahun 2014 prevalensi tuberkulosis paru yaitu 180 per 100.000 penduduk. Jumlah penderitaÂ  tuberkulosis paru pada tahun 2014-2016.Â  di Kecamatan Karangkobar mengalami pasang surut yaitu 14 kasus pada tahun 2014, 123 Suspek dan 30Â  kasus pada tahun 2015 dan pada bulan Mei 2016Â  terdapat 19 kasus. Selain faktor kesehatan lingkungan rumah, status gizi juga berhubungan dengan kejadian tuberkulosis paru. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan disain case control. Subjek dalam penelitian adalah masyarakat yang terdiri dari 19 kasus (tuberkulosis paru) dan 38Â  kontrol (bukan Pasien Tuberkulosis paru). Data asupan zat gizi diperoleh dengan metode Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) semikuantitatif,data riwayat pendidikan, pendapatan dan perilaku merokok diperoleh melalui wawancara terstruktur. Data dianalisis dengan uji Chi Square dan Regresi Logistik untuk menghitung Odds Rasio (OR).Hasil: Uji regresi logistik menunjukan bahwa tingkat konsumsi protein yang kurangÂ (OR=6,5 ; 95%CI: 1,6-26,6) dan pendidikan rendah ((OR=9,5 ; 95%CI: 1,5-60,5)Â Â  merupakan faktor resiko kejadian tuberkulosis paru.Simpulan: tingkat konsumsi protein yang kurang dan pendidikan rendahÂ  merupakan faktor resiko kejadian tuberkulosis paru di Kecamatan Karangkobar Kabupaten Banjarnegara.Â Kata Kunci: Faktor Risiko, Tuberkulosis Paru, Masyarakat PengununganÂ Â
Hubungan Antara Indeks Trombosit (Jumlah Trombosit, MPV, PDW, P-LCR) Dengan CKMB DanTroponinPada Pasien Sindrom Koroner Akut
Authors: Mailoa Angeline Barbara , Adhipireno Purwanto
Published: September 2019

Latar Belakang: Sindrom koroner akut erat kaitannya dengan proses aterosklerosis. Aterosklerosis terjadi sebagai respon adanya kerusakan pada endotel. Trombosit memegang peran penting dalam proses rupturnya plak yang akan membentuk trombus dan menjembatani proses inflamasi. Indeks trombosit memiliki korelasi dengan aktivitas dan fungsi trombosit dan menjadi salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya aterosklerosis.Tujuan: Untukmengetahui hubungan indeks trombosit (jumlah trombosit, MPV, PDW, P-LCR) dengan CKMB dan Troponin pada pasien sindrom koroner akutMetode: Rancangan penelitian belah lintangterhadap pasien sindrom koroner akut yang berobat di RSUP Dr.Kariadi. Uji normalitas data menggunakan Kolmogorov-Smirnov dan analisis hubungan menggunakan korelasi Spearman dengan signifikansi p<0.01.Hasil: Subjek penelitian berjumlah68 orang dengan rentang usia 32-94 tahun. Terdapat hubungan antaraMPV dengan CKMB (r=0.873, P=0.000) dan troponin(r=0.665, P=0.000), PDW dengan CKMB (r=0.849, P=0.000) dan troponinÂ  (r=0.610, P=0.000), P-LCR dengan CKMB (r=0.903, p=0.000) dan troponinÂ  (r=0.685, P=0.000). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jumlah trombosit dengan CKMB(r=-0.0150, P=0.224), troponin (r=-0.045, P=0.715).Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara MPV, PDW, P-LCRdenganCKMB dan troponin. Tidak terdapat hubungan antarajumlah trombosit dengan CKMB dan troponin pada pasien sindrom koroner akut.Kata Kunci : Indeks trombosit, CKMB, troponin, sindrom koroner akut
Terapi Siklosporin Pada Psoriasis Pustulosa Generalisata Dengan Liver Injury Karena Penggunaan Acitretin Jangka Panjang
Authors: Yuniati Renni , Putri Intan Nurmawati
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang: Psoriasis pustulosa generalisata (PPG) merupakan salah satu jenis psoriasis yang jarang terjadi. Angka kejadian PPG 0,6-0,7 kasus per satu juta jiwa. Gejala khas PPG yaitu terdapat pus steril dengan ukuran 2-3 mm yang tersebar generalisata diatas kulit yang eritem. Terapi yang biasa digunakan diantaranya siklosporin, acitretin, atau metrotekstat. Tujuan: Tujuan dari kasus ini untuk membahas tentang faktor pencetus PPG, pilihan obat, komplikasi, dan efek samping dari terapi PPG jangka panjang.Kasus: Seorang wanita usia 37 tahun dengan riwayat psoriasis datang dengan keluhan terdapat pustula generalisata, makula eritem dan skuama. Faktor predisposisi dan pencetus pada pasien ini adalah obesitas dan stres emosional. Pasien pernah mendapatkan terapi siklosporin selama 3 tahun kemudian diganti asitretin satu tahun terakhir. Hasil histopatologi didapatkan gambaran abses munro dan parakeratosis sesuai dengan PPG. Didapatkan leukositosis dan kelainan tes fungsi hati pada pemeriksaan laboratorium, sehingga terapi kembali diganti dengan siklosporin dosis rendah selama 10 hari dan memberikan hasil yang memuaskan.Pembahasan: PPG merupakan penyakit autoimun. Stres emosional merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh; pada kasus ini pasien telah lama menderita PPG dan terapi sistemik jangka panjang, emosi pasien menjadi tidak terkontrol sehingga sering terjadi kekambuhan. Acitretin dapat menyebabkan kerusakan hepar; siklosporin dapat menjadi pilihan yang lebih baik.Â Simpulan: PPG masih menjadi masalah besar. Stres emosional merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian PPG. Terapi jangka panjang dan efek samping menyebabkan ketidakpatuhan pasien untuk konsumsi obat. Penting bagi pasien untuk melanjutkan terapi obat sistemik dan mengontrol emosiKata kunci: Psoriasis pustulosa generalisata, Acitretin, Siklosporin, Kerusakan Hepar.Key Words:Â Psoriasis, Hypocalcemia, Hypoparathyroidism, Psoriasis of von ZumbuschPsoriasis is an autoimmune disease triggered by different conditions in genetically susceptible people. It is characterized by variable cutaneous manifestations including localized or disseminated pustules. Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) has two main clinical forms: von Zumbusch psoriasis, characterized by severe erythrodermia and scaling skin after the resolution of pustules, and the annular form. GPP may also present severe extracutaneous manifestations including pneumonitis, heart failure and hepatitis. Old reports showed a relationship between hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia as triggers for GPP highlighting the importance of adequate workup of the patient and possible therapeutic changes in acute situations. Here, we present a case of severe von Zumbusch psoriasis with life-threatening complications triggered by severe hypocalcemia secondary to hypoparathyroidism successfully treated with aggressive calcium reposition.Key Words:Â Psoriasis, Hypocalcemia, Hypoparathyroidism, Psoriasis of von Zumbusch
Kidney Transplantation in Semarang: Outcomes and Prognosis
Authors: Nugroho Eriawan Agung , Supit Tommy , Santosa Ardy , Daniswara Nanda , Addin Sofyan Rais , Mukti Anggun Ari
Published: September 2019

Introduction & objective:Kidney transplantationis increasingly performed acrossIndonesia, including in Semarang. However there are limited publications onrenal transplantationfrom Indonesia, especially from centers outside Jakarta. The objective of this case series is to give a brief overview on the transplantation performed in Semarang, discusscurrent issues and ongoing efforts to address them.

Case series:Twenty-seven renal transplants in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital from January2012 until July 2018wereretrospectively analyzed. On average recipients were younger (32.5 years old) compared to the donors (46.8 years old). All kidneys were acquired from living donors with the majority of them to be blood-related(74.1%). The 3 leading etiologies of end-stage renal disease were hypertension (36.0%), diabetes mellitus (26.9%), and autoimmune disease (11.2%). The average total ischemic time was 36.9 minutes andthe average length of stay was 11 days. We report 5 cases of mortality, 3 cases of allograft rejection and no re-transplantation.

Discussion: The demographics of kidney transplant patients in Semarang were similar compared to the National data. The limited number of transplant in Semarang contributes to the low number of survival rate and highlights the need of further training and expertise. Better survival rate can be achieved with more transplants number as well as reaching the plateau of learning curve within the coming years.

Conclusion: The development of kidney transplant in Semarang follows the National milestones. In order to maximize the potentialthe institution, further improvements should concentrate on the development of integrated organ transplant infrastructure. The main goal of this institution is to establish a solid transplant center capable of covering Central Java, aiding the decentralization of kidney transplant in the Nation

Keywords: Kidney transplantation, End-stage Renal Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, Indonesia, Semarang, Epidemiology, Update
Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Shi Xiaolin , Li Xiangqian , Shi Dayong
Published: September 2019

Fluorine chemistry plays an increasingly important role in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials industries. The incorporation of fluorine-containing groups into organic molecules can improve their chemical and physical properties, which attracts continuous interest in organic synthesis. Among various reported methods, transition-metal-catalyzed fluorination/fluoroalkylation has emerged as a powerful method for the construction of these compounds. This review attempts to describe the major advances in the transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethylthio, and trifluoromethoxy groups reported between 2011 and 2019.
A revision of Scleria (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar
Authors: Galán Diaz J. , Bauters K. , Rabarivola L. , Xanthos M. , Goetghebeur P. , Larridon I.
Published: September 2019

A taxonomic revision of the genus Scleria (Cyperoideae, Cyperaceae) in Madagascar is presented. Herbarium specimens have been examined and 422 identified to species level. Our results recognise 25 species of Scleria from Madagascar, plus an additional heterotypic
variety. Eight species are endemic to Madagascar, two are near endemic, eight taxa are also found on mainland Africa, and eight are widespread tropical taxa. Scleria achtenii is reported from Madagascar for the first time, and S. rosea is accepted at species level instead of
being considered as a synonym of S. trialata. Distribution maps, conservation assessments, and notes on synonymy, ecology and ethnobotany are provided. Fourty-seven names are typified. Three rare endemic species: S. andringitrensis, S. madagascariensis and S. perpusilla,
are assessed as threatened; and a recently described species, S. ankaratrensis, is indicated as Data Deficient. The most species-rich infrageneric taxa, sections Hypoporum, Abortivae and Foveolidia include 18 taxa in total, and showed strong differences in habitat
preference.
Discovery of Tidally Perturbed Pulsations in the Eclipsing Binary U Gru: A Crucial System for Tidal Asteroseismology
Authors: Bowman Dominic M. , Johnston Cole , Tkachenko Andrew , Mkrtichian David E. , Gunsriwiwat Khemsinan , Aerts Conny
Published: September 2019

The interior physics of stars is currently not well constrained for early-type stars. This is particularly pertinent for multiple systems, as binary interaction becomes more prevalent for more massive stars, which strongly affects their evolution. High-precision photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission offers the opportunity to remedy the dearth of observations of pulsating stars that show evidence of binary interaction, specifically pulsating mass-accreting components of semi-detached Algol-type eclipsing binary (oEA) systems. We present the TESS light curve of the circular eclipsing binary system U Gru (TIC 147201138), which shows evidence of free heat-driven pressure modes and a series of tidally perturbed pressure modes. We highlight the asteroseismic potential of studying pulsating stars in binary systems, and demonstrate how tidal asteroseismology can be applied to infer the influence of binary interaction on stellar structure.
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1, A Centaur in the Gateway to the Jupiter-family Comets
Authors: Sarid G. , Volk K. , Steckloff J. K. , Harris W. , Womack M. , Woodney L. M.
Published: September 2019

Jupiter-family comets (JFCs) are the evolutionary products of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) that evolve through the giant planet region as Centaurs and into the inner solar system. Through numerical orbital evolution calculations following a large number of TNO test particles that enter the Centaur population, we have identified a short-lived dynamical Gateway, a temporary low-eccentricity region exterior to Jupiter through which the majority of JFCs pass. We apply an observationally based size distribution function to the known Centaur population and obtain an estimated Gateway region population. We then apply an empirical fading law to the rate of incoming JFCs implied by the the Gateway region residence times. Our derived estimates are consistent with observed population numbers for the JFC and Gateway populations. Currently, the most notable occupant of the Gateway region is 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1 (SW1), a highly active, regularly outbursting Centaur. SW1's present-day, very-low-eccentricity orbit was established after a 1975 Jupiter conjunction and will persist until a 2038 Jupiter conjunction doubles its eccentricity and pushes its semimajor axis out to its current aphelion. Subsequent evolution will likely drive SW1's orbit out of the Gateway region, perhaps becoming one of the largest JFCs in recorded history. The JFC Gateway region coincides with a heliocentric distance range where the activity of observed cometary bodies increases significantly. SW1's activity may be typical of the early evolutionary processing experienced by most JFCs. Thus, the Gateway region, and its most notable occupant SW1, are critical to both the dynamical and physical transition between Centaurs and JFCs.
The Impact of Metallicity Evolution of the Universe on the Maximum Mass of LIGO Binary Black Holes
Authors: Safarzadeh Mohammadtaher , Farr Will M.
Published: September 2019

We can be biased against observing massive black holes (BHs) merging in the local universe as the bounds on the maximum BH mass (

) depends on the assumptions regarding the metallicity evolution of the star-forming gas across the cosmic time. We investigate the bounds on the metallicity evolution, mass distribution, and delay times of the binary BH sources based on the 10 observed events by LIGO. We parametrize

to be a function of metallicity that itself is modeled to evolve with redshift in either a modest or rapid fashion. Rapid metallicity evolution models predict a stringent bound of

, while the bound on

in the models with modest metallicity evolution is

. Therefore, inferring

from GW data depends on the assumed metal enrichment history of the universe that is not severely constrained at the moment.
The Changing Rotational Light-curve Amplitude of Varuna and Evidence for a Close-in Satellite
Authors: Fernández-Valenzuela Estela , Ortiz Jose Luis , Morales Nicolás , Santos-Sanz Pablo , Duffard René , Aznar Amadeo , Lorenzi Vania , Pinilla-Alonso Noemí , Lellouch Emmanuel
Published: September 2019

From CCD observations carried out with different telescopes, we present short-term photometric measurements of the large trans-Neptunian object Varuna in 10 epochs, spanning around 19 years. We observe that the amplitude of the rotational light curve has changed considerably during this period of time from 0.41 to 0.55 mag. In order to explain this variation, we constructed a model in which Varuna has a simple triaxial shape, assuming that the main effect comes from the change of the aspect angle as seen from Earth, due to Varuna’s orbital motion in the 19 year time span. The best fits to the data correspond to a family of solutions with axial ratios b/a between 0.56 and 0.60. This constrains the pole orientation in two different ranges of solutions presented here as maps. Apart from the remarkable variation of the amplitude, we have detected changes in the overall shape of the rotational light curve over shorter timescales. After the analysis of the periodogram of the residuals to a 6.343572 hr double-peaked rotational light-curve fit, we find a clear additional periodicity. We propose that these changes in the rotational light-curve shape are due to a large and close-in satellite whose rotation induces the additional periodicity. The peak-to-valley amplitude of this oscillation is in the order of 0.04 mag. We estimate that the satellite orbits Varuna with a period of 11.9819 hr (or 23.9638 hr), assuming that the satellite is tidally locked, at a distance of ∼1300 km (or ∼2000 km) from Varuna, outside the Roche limit.
Exploring the Local Black Hole Mass Function below 106 Solar Masses
Authors: Gallo Elena , Sesana Alberto
Published: September 2019

The local black hole mass function (BHMF) is of great interest to a variety of astrophysical problems, ranging from black hole binary merger rates to an indirect census of the dominant seeding mechanism of supermassive black holes. In this Letter, we combine the latest galaxy stellar mass function from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey with X-ray-based constraints to the local black hole occupation fraction to probe the BHMF below 106
M
⊙. Notwithstanding the large uncertainties inherent to the choice of a reliable observational proxy for black hole mass, the resulting range of BHMFs yields a combined normalization uncertainty of ≲1 dex over the [105–106] M
⊙ range, where upcoming, space-based gravitational wave detectors are designed to be most sensitive.
Correlation Between Optical Coherence Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Rectus Muscle Thickness Measurements in Graves' Ophthalmopathy
Authors: De-Pablo-Gómez-de-Liaño Lucía , Fernández-Vigo José Ignacio , Merino-Menéndez Salomé , Duque-Muñoz María , Gómez-de-Liaño Rosario
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To assess the correlation between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of extraocular rectus muscle thickness in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in 62 eyes of 31 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. The disease phase was inactive in 20 patients and active in the remaining 11. The OCT measurements obtained were: medial rectus thickness at 7.2 and 9.2 mm from the limbus and lateral rectus thickness at 8.5 mm from the limbus. MRI measurements were maximum transversal diameter (T-MRI), craniocaudal diameter (CC-MRI), and muscle area (A-MRI).

Results:

For the whole patient cohort, correlation emerged between the OCT-MR and T-MRI measurements (
R
= 0.428 to 0.576;
P
≤ .002), A-MRI (
R
= 0.562 to 0.674;
P
< .001), and CC-MRI (
R
= 0.286 to 0.293;
P
≤ .046). In patients with clinically active Graves' ophthalmopathy, correlations with T-MRI (
R
= 0.576 to 0.604;
P
≤ .010) and A-MRI (
R
= 0.678 to 0.706;
P
< .001) were higher. No correlations were detected between OCT and MRI measurements of lateral rectus thickness (
P
≥ .177), regardless of disease phase.

Conclusions:

The correlations observed suggest OCT could be a complementary assessment or screening method to detect thickening of the anterior portion of the medial rectus muscle in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, which may be especially useful when MRI is not available.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56(5):319–326.]
How Many Plusoptix S04 Measures Yield the Most Sensitive Amblyopia Screening?
Authors: Guimarães Sandra , Soares Andreia , Costa Patrício , Silva Eduardo
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To analyze how the Plusoptix S04 (Plusoptix, Atlanta, GA), a widely used technology for amblyopia screening, predicts amblyopia.

Methods:

A total of 1,547 children aged 3 to 4 years underwent a non-invasive eye examination in a whole population screening. The Plusoptix was measured binocularly three consecutive times. Seven models were developed: the first (P1), second (P2), and third (P3) measure of Plusoptix, the mean of P1, P2, and P3 (Pmean123), the maximal value of P1, P2, and P3 (Pmax123), the mean of P1 and P2 (Pmean12), and the maximal value of P1 and P2 (Pmax12).

Results:

Internal consistency was excellent for sphere, cylinder (alpha = 0.92 vs 0.97), aniso-sphere, and aniso-cylinder (alpha = 0.87 vs 0.86). All models predicted amblyopia (
P
< .001); there was 2.3% new diagnosis and 5.1 events per variable. A bootstrap analysis with 1,000 samples confirmed the stability of the model. Astigmatism (
P
< .001; odds ratio [OR] = 2.1 to 3.6) and aniso-sphere (
P
< .001; OR = 3.6 to 9.0) predicted amblyopia. Although sphere, when measurable, did not predict amblyopia (
P
> .19; OR = 1.2 to 1.3), the likelihood of amblyopia presence was 100 times higher when the Plusoptix displayed “hyper.” All receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were significant (
P
< .001), with no differences between them (all
P
> .16). Adjusting the cut-off from ROC curves for the highest sensitivity, Pmax12 referred 31.9% and 16.1% fewer patients than P1 and Pmean12, respectively. A third measure revealed accommodation-related false-negative results; therefore, adding measurements showed no benefit.

Conclusions:

This was the first study to assess the Plusoptix's prediction of amblyopia. When aiming for maximal sensitivity, the Plusoptix refers many children (> 20% children in all models). The first measure refers more children than two measures. Non-measurable results must be considered abnormal because the chance of amblyopia presence was high.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56(5):305–312.]
Long-Term Ophthalmic Outcomes in Pediatric Orbital Cellulitis: A Prospective, Multidisciplinary Study From a Tertiary-Care Referral Institute
Authors: Singh Manpreet , Negi Avinash , Zadeng Zoramthara , Verma Roshan , Gupta Pankaj
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To analyze the clinical profile, radiological features, and ophthalmic outcomes of the multidisciplinary management of children with pediatric orbital cellulitis.

Methods:

A prospective, interventional study of patients diagnosed as having pediatric orbital cellulitis was conducted. A complete history, clinical examination, laboratory work-up, radiology (computed tomography [CT]), multidisciplinary consultations (otolaryngology, pediatrics, and microbiology), and treatment plan were obtained for all children. The patients were admitted to the hospital and administered intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. Orbital and subperiosteal abscesses were drained via an endonasal or external route. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed when necessary. After a minimum follow-up of 12 months, visual acuity, pupillary reaction, extraocular movements, and proptosis were evaluated as the outcome measures.

Results:

Forty patients (male = 28, 70%) had unilateral presentation of pediatric orbital cellulitis at a mean age of 7.5 years (range: 4 to 12 years). At presentation, all patients had eyelid edema, conjunctival congestion, and chemosis: 38 (95%) had proptosis, 36 (90%) had decreased extraocular movements and pain, 16 (40%) had a relative afferent pupillary defect, and 6 (15%) had exposure keratitis and optic disc edema. CT scans showed sinusitis in 30 (75%) patients, orbital abscess in 14 (35%) patients, and subperiosteal abscess in 5 (12.5%) patients. At a mean follow-up of 15 months, 30 (75%) patients had complete success, 8 (20%) patients had partial success, and the treatment failed in 2 (5%) patients. No patient had any life-threatening complications.

Conclusions:

The multidisciplinary management of pediatric orbital cellulitis provides satisfactory long-term ophthalmic outcomes. Ethmoidal sinusitis is the most common etiology of pediatric orbital cellulitis, and endoscopic abscess drainage and functional endoscopic sinus surgery are minimally invasive and provide rapid relief in children.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56(5):333–339.]
Accuracy of Corneal Elevation with Four Corneal Topography Systems
Authors: Schultze Robert L
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the elevation accuracy of placido-based videokeratoscopes with a rasterphotogrammetry-based topography system using models of an aspheric surface and a simulated myopic ablation.

METHODS: Test surfaces representative of normal corneas and corneas after excimer ablation were fabricated from a material measurable using both reflective (placido) and projective (rasterstereographic) systems. The "normal" surface was a rotationally symmetric asphere, while the simulated photorefractive keratectomy ablation had a central 5.5 mm diameter clear zone with a 1 mm blend radius to eliminate surface discontinuity. The surfaces were measured with their axes of symmetry aligned with the instrument axis, and again with their axes tilted downward by 10° to produce a nonsymmetric shape.

RESULTS: All of the topography systems performed reasonably well in measuring the aspheric surface, with root mean square elevation error ranging from 1.2 to 14.3 µ??. The rasterstereographic system had a root mean square error of 4.7 µ?\ on the simulated ablation, while the placido systems had root mean square errors of 10.6 to 29.5 µt?. Tilting the surfaces did not significantly alter the results.

CONCLUSIONS: The tested placido videokeratoscopes do not provide reliable elevation data for shapes that have nonlinear changes in curvature. This may have serious implications if these systems are used for postoperative analysis or contact lens fitting on corneas that have been modified by refractive procedures. [J Refract Surg 1998;14:100-104]
Lazos entre arqueología, arquitectura y restauración: cuatro casos y una reflexión
Authors: Mileto Camilla , Vegas Fernando
Published: September 2019

La relación entre arqueología de la arquitectura y restauración del patrimonio arquitectónico está reconocida desde hace tiempo. Tras una introducción inicial a la cuestión, este artículo presenta cuatro casos concretos de estudios, proyectos y obras de restauración y rehabilitación donde se refleja esta relación entre las dos disciplinas con variantes derivadas de las diferencias del patrimonio construido en cuestión como de metodología de estudio y planteamiento de intervención. El recorrido propuesto describe un abanico variado de las posibilidades de aplicación y respuesta a una intervención arquitectónica con mentalidad estratigráfica. Los casos presentados permiten extraer una reflexión sobre el crecimiento común de las dos disciplinas en los treinta años de andadura, donde cada una ha aportado a la otra una forma de mirar e interpretar, además de los avances científicos concretos que han venido a completar y enriquecer la visión.
Ethical Consumption
Authors: De Angelis Matteo , Amatulli Cesare , Bucciarelli Valentina
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on ethical consumption, analyzing the mechanisms behind the purchase preferences for fair trade apparel products through an investigation of the role of emotions. The results of an experimental study show that consumer preference for a fair-trade clothing item is driven by the recall of an unethical action and the emotional state aroused by it. The authors hypothesize that recalling an unethical action would trigger a negative emotional reaction in consumers, which, in turn, would increase their preference for a product carrying the fair-trade certification versus a product carrying a more traditional quality certification. Contrition has emerged as the negative emotion that mediates the effect of recalling an unethical action on product choice. The results shed light on a compensatory mechanism whereby consumers alleviate negative emotions arising from recalling an unethical behavior they had engaged in by making an ethical purchase.
Big Data and Analytics
Authors: Sheik Abdullah A.  , Priyadharshini P.
Published: September 2019

The term Big Data corresponds to a large dataset which is available in different forms of occurrence. In recent years, most of the organizations generate vast amounts of data in different forms which makes the context of volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. Big Data on the volume aspect is based on data set maintenance. The data volume goes to processing usual a database but cannot be handled by a traditional database. Big Data is stored among structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. Big Data is used for programming, data warehousing, computational frameworks, quantitative aptitude and statistics, and business knowledge. Upon considering the analytics in the Big Data sector, predictive analytics and social media analytics are widely used for determining the pattern or trend which is about to happen. This chapter mainly deals with the tools and techniques that corresponds to big data analytics of various applications.
Feature Selection Algorithm Using Relative Odds for Data Mining Classification
Authors: Atsa'am Donald Douglas
Published: September 2019

A filter feature selection algorithm is developed and its performance tested. In the initial step, the algorithm dichotomizes the dataset then separately computes the association between each predictor and the class variable using relative odds (odds ratios). The value of the odds ratios becomes the importance ranking of the corresponding explanatory variable in determining the output. Logistic regression classification is deployed to test the performance of the new algorithm in comparison with three existing feature selection algorithms: the Fisher index, Pearson's correlation, and the varImp function. A number of experimental datasets are employed, and in most cases, the subsets selected by the new algorithm produced models with higher classification accuracy than the subsets suggested by the existing feature selection algorithms. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is a reliable alternative in filter feature selection for binary classification problems.
Big Data Analytics in the Healthcare Industry
Authors: Varatharajan Arulkumar , C. Selvan , Varatharajan Vimalkumar
Published: September 2019

Big Data has changed the way we manage, analyze and impact the data information in any industry. A champion among the most promising zones where it will, in general, be associated with takeoff progress is therapeutic medicinal administrations. Administration examinations can diminish costs of treatment, foresee flare-ups of pestilences, keep up a key separation from preventable diseases and improve individual fulfillment overall. The chapter depicts the beginning field of a huge information investigation in human services, talks about the advantages, diagrams a design structure and approach, portrays models revealed in the writing, quickly examines the difficulties, and offers ends. A continuous examination which targets the utilization of tremendous volumes of remedial data information while combining multimodal data information from various sources is discussed. Potential locales of research inside this field which can give noteworthy impact on medicinal administrations movement are in like manner dissected.
“Saksham Model” Performance Improvisation Using Node Capability Evaluation in Apache Hadoop
Authors: Shah Ankit , Padole Mamta C.
Published: September 2019

Big Data processing and analysis requires tremendous processing capability. Distributed computing brings many commodity systems under the common platform to answer the need for Big Data processing and analysis. Apache Hadoop is the most suitable set of tools for Big Data storage, processing, and analysis. But Hadoop found to be inefficient when it comes to heterogeneous set computers which have different processing capabilities. In this research, we propose the Saksham model which optimizes the processing time by efficient use of node processing capability and file management. The proposed model shows the performance improvement for Big Data processing. To achieve better performance, Saksham model uses two vital aspects of heterogeneous distributed computing: Effective block rearrangement policy and use of node processing capability. The results demonstrate that the proposed model successfully achieves better job execution time and improves data locality.
Mass Shootings
Authors: Brown Kevin Angelo
Published: September 2019

Understanding the international perspective discerning mass shootings is complicated and difficult to understand due to the lack of complete data. The problem that the world is facing with mass shootings in the last couple of decades is a fairly new phenomenon that has been a common topic in the news and media. Mass shootings that have cost the lives of dozens of people per event has been due to a variety of reasons including drug markets, terrorism, mentally unstable individuals, availability of firearms, ethnic and religious tensions, and much more. The impact of mass shootings is vast including mental health trauma for survivors and their families, change in public policy, cost of billions of dollars, the cost of human life, and much more. These shootings vary widely throughout countries and regions in each country. The chapter focuses on specific nations throughout the world, common firearms involved in the shootings, the environments in which these shootings take place, the characteristics of the shooter and much more.
Don't Get Mad, Get Even!
Authors: Bacon Lee , Longfellow Emma , Hamilton Laura J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins to explore the relationship between maladaptive overcontrol and Multiple Victim Violence. It plays particular attention to the application of Lynch's model of overcontrol to understand this behavior and its implications for intervention specifically referencing the use of Radically Open Dialectical Behaviour Therapy. Although the concept of overcontrolled offending remains in the early stages of development, this chapter considers a useful way of conceptualizing and understanding single and multiple victim violence.