bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharide Derivatives as Unique Chiral Selectors for Enantioselective Chromatography
Authors: Francotte Eric R.
Published: August 2017

From the beginning of the 1980s, the life science industry increasingly recognized the importance of chirality in biological interaction processes, but the methods for preparing optically pure drugs were still limited. Most of the syntheses of chiral compounds were performed starting
from optically active building blocks (chiral pool), mainly from natural sources, or by resolution of the enantiomers via formation of diastereomers. In this context, there was a growing interest for enantioselective processes, such as synthetic methodologies and separation techniques
for accessing optically pure substances in an effective manner. Among the separation approaches, enantioselective chromatography looked very promising and a project aiming to explore this option was started in the Central Research Laboratories of former Ciba-Geigy. This article reviews the
story of this development which culminated in the discovery of highly efficient polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases which have now become the gold standard in the world of enantioselective chromatography. It shows also how the technique of enantioselective chromatography has evolved from an analytical tool to a practical preparative technology, up to production scale.
Continuous Processes and Flow Chemistry at the Universities of Applied Sciences in Switzerland
Authors: Allemann Christophe , Zinn Manfred , Segura Jean-Manuel , Riedl Wolfgang , Gössi Angelo , Leonhardt Tobias , Riedlberger Peter , Martin Oliver , Vorlet Olivier , Marti Roger , Crelier Simon
Published: August 2017

This article provides an overview of activities in the fields of continuous processes, flow chemistry and microreactors at the Universities of Applied Sciences in Switzerland.
Hubungan peran guru bimbingan dan konseling dengan motivasi belajar siswa sekolah menegah kejuruan
Authors: Sriyono Heru , Suparmin Suparmin
Published: August 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan peran guru bimbingan dan konseling dengan motivasi belajar siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kuantitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan survey. Data dan sumber data dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas XI SMK Muhammadiyah 9 Jakarta yang berjumlah 254 siswa. Sampel berjumlah 35 siswa yaitu siswa kelas XI Administrasi Perkantoran 2 dengan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu angket. Data dianalisa dengan korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran guru bimbingan dan konseling dengan motivasi belajar siswa dalam kategori rendah. Hal tersebut diketahui melalui analisis dan pengolahan data angket didapat hasil koefisien korelasi masuk dalam kategori rendah yaitu sebesar 0,260.
Aplikasi eye moving desensitization dan reprocessing dalam konseling post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Satrianta Hengki
Published: August 2017

Akhir-akhir ini banyak peristiwa yang berpotensi memunculkan efek traumatik yang jika tidak ditangani akan menimbulkan gangguan stres pascatrauma. Olehnya itu, dibutuhkan upaya-upaya untu menangani masalah ini. Salah satu upaya yang dimaksud adalah penggunaan eye moving desensitization and reprocessing. Artikel ini ditulis dengan fokus pada penanganan gangguan stres pascatrauma melalui eye moving desensitization and reprocessing. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran umum pelaksanaan eye moving desensitization and reprocessing. Eye moving desensitization and reprocessing mampu menjadi salah satu teknik dalam penanganan gangguan stres pascatrauma. Oleh karena itu disarankan bagi praktisi konseling di Indonesia mampu menjadikan “terapi unik” ini sebagai teknik penanganan gangguan stres pascatrauma.
Pengembangan dan validasi modul konseling pasca bencana untuk konselor
Authors: Ifdil Ifdil , Ghani Faizah Abd
Published: August 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan desain modul konseling pasca bencana (2) melakukan tes validitas modul dan (3) melakukan tes reliabilitas modul. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif melibatkan 4 orang ahli dan 12 orang konselor dari beberapa daerah di Sumatera Barat sebagai subjek uji coba. Instrument yang digunakan mencakup (1) Instrumen Pengujian Validitas Isi Modul (2) Penilaian Pelatihan Peningkatan Pengetahuan Pelayanan Konseling pasca bencana (3) Penilaian Kemahiran Pelayanan Konseling pasca bencana (4) Instrumen Keterandalan Modul (5) Instrumen Sesi Pelatihan dan. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan Modul Konseling Mental Pasca Bencana dapat diterima dan dapat digunakan untuk program peningkatan kesadaran diri, pengetahuan dan kompetensi konselor dalam melakukan konseling pasca bencana. Diharapkan modul ini dapat digunakan oleh konselor dan dikembangkan oleh peneliti lanjut.
Urgensi kompetensi guru bimbingan dan konseling di sekolah dan prestasi belajar siswa
Authors: Sari Rezky Permata
Published: August 2017

Prestasi belajar merupakan tolok ukur keberhasilan dalam pendidikan. Dalam usaha mendidik siswa, maka kompetensi guru merupakan hal yang penting untuk dimiliki setiap guru. Guru yang kompeten akan mampu membuat siswa termotivasi dalam belajar. Kompetensi tersebut meliputi kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, sosial dan profesional. Hal ini juga berlaku tidak hanya untuk guru mata pelajaran tetapi juga kepada guru bimbingan dan konseling. Guru bimbingan dan konseling yang memiliki kompetensi tinggi memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap pencapaian prestasi belajar siswanya, karena dengan pelayanan bimbingan dan konseling yang optimal, seorang siswa mampu mendorong dirinya untuk meraih prestasi belajar.
EFEKTIFITAS EDUKASI GIZI TERHADAP PERBAIKAN ASUPAN ZAT BESI PADA REMAJA PUTRI
Authors: Marfuah Dewi , Dyah Kusudaryati Dewi Pertiwi
Published: August 2017

Anemia gizi besi merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia. Anemia gizi besi pada remaja putri dapat terjadi karena kebutuhan besi yang meningkat pada pertumbuhan, rendahnya asupan atau bioavaibilitas besi dari makanan, infeksi dan parasit seperti malaria, HIV dan kecacingan, hilangnya zat besi melalui menstruasi. Selain itu, pendidikan rendah, pengetahuan rendah, ekonomi rendah dan status sosial rendah dari masyarakat merupakan sebab mendasar terjadinya anemia di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas edukasi gizi terhadap asupan zat besi pada remaja putri. Desain penelitian ini adalah randomized pretest-postest control group design dengan subyek penelitian sebanyak 28 siswi kelas X SMA N 1 Simo. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 bulan, setiap bulan subyek yang akan diberi edukasi gizi dan diberi booklet dan dilakukan recall 24 jam untuk mengetahui asupan zat besi. Data dianalisis dengan program SPSS 17.0. Pengaruh edukasi gizi sebelum dan sesudah pada kelompok perlakuan dengan uji Paired t-test atau Wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian ini adalah mayoritas asupan zat besi remaja putri sebelum diberikan edukasi gizi termasuk kategori kurang (82,14%) dan setelah diberikan edukasi gizi mayoritas kategori cukup (75%). Pemberian edukasi gizi efektif meningkatkan rata-rata asupan zat besi pada remaja putri sebesar 15,5 mg (p value < 0.000).
HUBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI PETUGAS KESEHATAN DENGAN SELF CARE DIABETES PADA KLIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2
Authors: Setiyawan Setiyawan
Published: August 2017

Self care diabetes merupakan hal penting dalam pengelolaan DM tipe 2, komunikasi yang efektif antara petugas kesehatan dengan klien akan mendorong perubahan perilaku perawatan diri yang lebih mandiri dan memberikan dampak pada peningkatan derajad kesehatan yang optimal.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan komunikasi petugas kesehatan dengan self care diabetes pada klien DM tipe 2 di RSUD Karanganyar. Desain penelitian cross sectional pada 30 responden dengan teknik purposive sampling dan pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan korelasi pearson product moment. Hasil analisis uji pearson product moment menunjukkan komunikasi petugas kesehatan berhubungan dengan self care diabetes dengan p=0.001 dan r=0.51. Perlu dikembangkan edukasi diabetes yang terprogram.
HUBUNGAN PELATIHAN APN DAN STATUS KEPEGAWAIAN DENGAN KETERAMPILAN PARTOGRAF UNTUK PEMANTAUAN PERSALINAN
Authors: Zulfatunnis Nevia , Wujoso Hari , Suryani Nunuk
Published: August 2017

Penyebab mortalitas dan morbilitas pada ibu bersalin adalah partus lama. Penggunaan partograf dapat diandalkan untuk mendeteksi secara dini adanya komplikasi persalinan. Status kepegawaian seseorang dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu PNS dan PTT. Diharapkan dengan status kepegawaian dapat mencegah partus lama melalui asuhan persalinan normal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pelatihan APN dan status kepegawaian dengan ketrampilan pertograf untuk pemantauan persalinan. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain observasional analitik dan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian bidan Puskesmas Gatak I Sukoharjo yang berjumlah 41 orang, dan kesemuanya dijadikan sampel penelitian dengan teknik sampling jenuh. Alat pengumpul data menggunakan cheklist dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan regresi logistik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara pelatihan APN dengan keterampilan partograf untuk pemantauan persalinan dan secara statistik signifikan dengan (p = 0,011). Tidak ada hubungan antara status kepegawaian dengan keterampilan partograf untuk pemantauan persalinan (p = 0,135). Nilai Negelkerke R2 sebesar 32,2% berarti bahwa kedua variabel bebas (pelatihan APN dan status kepegawaian) mampu menjelaskan keterampilan partograf dalam pemantauan persalinan sebesar 32,2% dan sisanya yaitu sebesar 67,8% dijelaskan oleh faktor lain diluar model penelitian.
A retrospective study about the trend analysis of Industrial accidents in Pakistan
Authors: Abbas Mohsin , Mansour Balkhyour A
Published: August 2017

Background: Occupational accidents in developing countries like Pakistan are obvious due to poor occupational health safety infrastructure. Objective: This retrospective study aimed to analyze the industrial accidents in factories of Pakistan during 1993-2009. Methods and Material: An index value calculation method used to investigate the trends of occupational accidents. Accident rate (103), fatal accident rate (105), and non-fatal accident rate (103) were also calculated. Pakistan Statistical Year Books published by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) used as data source.Results: Data of total 10330 industrial accidents analyzed and decreasing accident rate found with average 3.1 accident per 103 factory workers. Fatal accident increased with an average of 23 fatal accidents per 105 factories workers. Regarding the severity of industrial accidents, minor accidents found at 74% followed by serious (18%) and fatal accidents (8%). Decreased trends of index values and accident rates can associate with the increased human development index of Pakistan, but increased fatal accidents in factories and under-reporting are major areas of concern for safety stakeholders. Conclusions: Despite industrial accidents decreased in factories but more in depth studies with more recent data about the root causes of accidents can be useful to draw a true picture of occupational accidents in Pakistan. Improved social security system in Pakistan can be helpful to the exact recording of occupational accidents data.
Work related musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons working in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Vaidya Anira , Sainju Nayan Kamal , Joshi Sunil Kumar
Published: August 2017

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are common work-related health problems affecting professionals in many sectors. Surgeons are among the most vulnerable as they have to work for long hours in unfavorable posture. Objective: Aim of this study was to determine both prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders and types of ailments among surgeons of different sub-specialties in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu. Methods: In This cross sectional study was conducted in Bir Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu. A total of 50 surgeons of different sub-specialties were surveyed. Self-reported questionnaires included i) socio-demographic information, ii) Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire on ergonomic hazards and iii) Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire on pain and discomfort. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: Respondents were 40 male and 10 female surgeons with mean age of 38.9 years. Forty-four respondents (88%) reported that their job usually require them to stand for long hours, and41 (82%) also reported that they would work in the same posture for long period of time. In addition, 43 (86%) also reported that they would have to bend their trunk slightly during their job. Thirty-five respondents (70%) reported having at least one musculoskeletal disorder. Twenty-three (65.7%) surgeons had to miss their job at least once during last 12 month of which nineteen (54.3%) missed them in last 7 days.Conclusion: This survey showed that various musculoskeletal ailments were common among surgeons of all sub-specialties in our hospital which is likely one of the common and a serious occupational hazards in this population.
Assessment of Postural effect on Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Back Muscle Fatigue among the Goldsmiths of India
Authors: Ghosh Tirthankar
Published: August 2017

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) may be defined as injuries and disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and spinal disc. This may occur due to improper physical work activities or appalling workplace conditions. Awkward or extreme postures are less efficient than posture keep joints near the center of their range of motion.Objective: The objective of the current study was to assessment of postural effect on work related musculoskeletal disorders and back muscle fatigue among the goldsmiths of India.Methods: In this current study, the experiment was performed on 100 male goldsmiths. A detailed questionnaire study on discomfort feeling was done and analysis of body posture by Rapid Upper Limb Assessment was done to evaluate the work stress during their job. Electromyographic activity was collected from ten major trunk muscles sites which consist of right and left muscle.Result: From the analysis, it was revealed that musculoskeletal disorders were the major problem of the goldsmiths. Moreover questionnaire study revealed that most of the workers were affected by pain at Neck (80%), Low back (91%), Wrist (45%), Shoulder (20%). Decreased in RMS and MedF of all the ten major trunk muscles were observed at the end of the every work cycle, which indicating that muscular fatigue was induced by the Gold Smiths tasks.Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that the goldsmiths are working in awkward and forward bending postures for prolonged period of time with the potential risks of musculoskeletal disorders primarily affecting the low-back and neck region of the body. This can be attributed by the improper design of the workstation.
Comparative Study of Different Activation Treatments for the Preparation of Activated Carbon: A Mini-Review
Authors: Din Muhammad Imran , Ashraf Sania , Intisar Azeem
Published: August 2017

In this review, various methods of preparation of activated carbon from agricultural and commercial waste material are reviewed. In addition, we also discuss various activation treatments using a comparative approach. The data are organised in tabulated form for ease of comparative study. A review of numerous characterisation techniques is also provided. The effect of time and temperature, activation conditions, carbonisation conditions and impregnation ratios are explained and several physical and chemical activation treatments of raw materials and their impact on the micro- and mesoporous volumes and surface area are discussed. Lastly, a review of adsorption mechanisms of activated carbon (AC) is also provided.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Rhodes Christopher J.
Published: August 2017

Since the original observation by Zeeman, that spectral lines can be affected by magnetic fields, ‘magnetic spectroscopy’ has evolved into the broad arsenal of techniques known as ‘magnetic resonance’. This review focuses on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and muon spin resonance (μSR): methods which have provided unparalleled insight into the structures, reactivity and dynamics of molecules, and thereby contributed to a detailed understanding of important aspects of chemistry, and the materials, biomedical, and environmental sciences. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) are also described. EPR is outlined as a principal method for investigating free radicals, along with biomedical applications, and mention is given to the more recent innovation of pulsed EPR techniques. In the final section of the article, the various methods known as μSR are collected under the heading ‘muon spin resonance’, in order to emphasise their complementarity with the more familiar NMR and EPR.
Copper (II)-catalysed direct conversion of aldehydes into nitriles in acetonitrile
Authors: Ma Xiaoyun , Ao Jun , Chen Zhengjian , Liu Yi
Published: August 2017

A mild one-pot method for the direct conversion of aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl aldehydes into nitriles was achieved by forming the corresponding oximes in situ with NH2OH and allowing them to react with CuO and acetonitrile. Yields of the 13 nitriles prepared were moderate to very good (62–91%).
Leaf Blight Disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in the Nurseries of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and its Management
Authors: Khan MAH , Hossain I , Ahmad MU , Chowdhury MSM
Published: August 2017

Leaf blight of seven varieties of litchi caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae was surveyed in the nurseries of major litchi growing areas in Bangladesh viz. Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Mymensingh and Khagrachari. The mean level of incidence and severity were 8.58 and 7.88% in Rajshahi, 9.88 and 8.88% in Dinajpur, 8.44 and 7.76% in Rangpur, 6.50 and 6.18% in Mymensingh and 9.00 and 7.98% in Khagrachari. Incidence and severity of bacterial leaf blight disease of litchi varied significantly depending on weather conditions. Correlation studies revealed that bacterial leaf blight disease of litchi seedlings were positively correlated with temperature, rainfall and relative humidity, where temperature and rainfall was the major factor to the variations of both incidence and severity. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that among fifteen isolates, most of the isolates of P. syringae pv. syringae collected from litchi were sensitive to Gentamycin and Erythromycin. Under net house condition, six different treatments (i) Gentamycin @ 0.05%, (ii) Erythromycin @ 0.05%, (iii) Doxycycline @ 0.05%,(iv) Copper sulphate @ 0.05%, (v) BAU-Biofungicide @ 2% and (vi) Control were used for controlling bacterial leaf blight of litchi (Variety: China-3). BAU-Biofungicide was found to be superior in controlling bacterial leaf blight of litchi that reduced 33.64% disease incidence and 60.77 % disease severity in 2010-11 and 63.76% disease incidence and 61.40 % disease severity in 2011-12 over control when applied as foliar spray @ 2% followed by Copper sulphate (0.05%) and Erythromycin (0.05%).The Agriculturists 2017; 15(1) 10-18
Similarity Analysis About The Training Of Family Health Strategy Professionals For The Psychosocial Care Of The Elderly
Authors: Maia Verônica Lourdes Lima Batista , Lago Eliana Campelo , Ramos Carmen Viana , Fernandes Márcia Astrês , Alves Eucário Leite Monteiro , Batista Patrícia Maria Santos , Maia Rodrigo Batista , Moura Maria Eliete Batista , Moura Luana Kelle Batista , Cronemberger Gerlany Leal
Published: August 2017

Background: Elderly mental health is an important topic of discussion to Brazilian public health because it involves factors related to the training of health professionals focused on these demands in the Family Health Strategy.

Objectives: To make a similarity analysis about the training of the Family Health Strategy professionals for psychosocial care for the elderly.

Methodology: Qualitative research carried out with 31 professionals from the Family Health Strategy in the city of Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview script. The interviews were performed in a reserved room and recorded with the aid of an MP4 player. The data were processed by the IRAMUTEQ software and analyzed through similarity analysis that is based on graph theory.

Results: The study participants were 13 doctors and 18 nurses, 27 (87.09%) were female. The training time of these professionals was comprised between 2 to 32 years of training and the duration of the Health Strategy from 1 year to 16 years. According to the co-occurrence tree, the data indicate that: the word "elderly" is at the heart of the ramifications and expresses how family and professionals can contribute to treatment; another demonstrated representation is that it is difficult for professionals to carry out their activities with the elderly due to lack of training in the specific area of ​​mental health.

Conclusion: the family plays a fundamental role in the elderly care with psychosocial needs and the professionals of the Family Health Strategy present difficulties to carry out comprehensive care due to deficiencies in their training.

Keywords: Mental health. Family Health. Elderly.
Sibling stem cell donors’ perceptions of experiences of donation
Authors: Kisch Annika M. , Forsberg Anna
Published: August 2017

Objective: What and when should we tell sibling donors about the donation process? Although we provide extensive information to sibling stem cell donors, we lack knowledge of their perceptions and how they change during the donation process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore sibling donors’ perceptions of experiences of stem cell donation from pre-donation to one year afterwards.Methods: Applying a phenomenographic approach we performed an in depth, longitudinal exploration of adult sibling donors’ perceptions of experiences based on 29 open-ended interviews performed before donation, as well as three and twelve months afterwards. Ten consecutive adult sibling donors with a median age of 54 years (range 26-66 years) due to donate stem cells at one Swedish transplant centre participated.Results: A detailed learning process among sibling stem cell donors during the first year after donation was identified through 83 different perceptions pertaining to motive, obligation, responsibility, preparation, circumstances, recovery and relationship. The perceptions changed over the first year after donation due to experiences of duty, pressure, burden, security, learning, struggle and closeness. Educational strategies and tools must cover all these perceptions to narrow the sibling donors’ knowledge gap and support their learning process.Conclusions: In the course of the year sibling stem cell donors’ perceptions of their experiences change and thereby their need for education, information and support. As the learning process stems from a range of experiences, there is a need to individualise the care and further study sibling stem cell donors’ levels of burden and distress.
Efficacy of Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids in the Management of Thrips and Whitefly on Snap Beans
Authors: Wafula Geoffrey Ongoya , Muthomi James W. , Nderitu John H. , Chemining’wa George N.
Published: August 2017

Snap bean farmers mainly rely on chemical pesticides to manage insect pests but the introduction of strict maximum residue levels (MRLs) by European markets poses a challenge to the use of pesticides. This has necessitated the search for alternative pest management options that do not result in harmful residues on produce. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the efficacy of potassium salts of fatty acids as alternative to synthetic chemicals in management of snap bean pests. Field experiments were carried out in farmers’ fields in Mwea and Embu for two cropping cycles between July 2013 and January 2014. Potassium salts of fatty acids at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% spray solution was compared with chemical pesticide confidor® (Imidacloprid) and farmers practice [Thunder® (Imidacloprid + Betacyfluthrin) and Karate® (Lambda Cyhalothrin). Population of thrips, whitefly, and yield of pest damaged pods, in addition to marketable pod yield was determined. Application of potassium salts of fatty acids at 1% and 1.5% significantly (P<0.05) reduced white fly and thrips populations by up to 54%. Weight of pest damaged pods was also significantly (P<0.05) reduced by up to 76% while the weight of marketable pod yield was significantly (P<0.05) increased by up to 112%. The results demonstrated that potassium salts of fatty acids are a viable alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides thereby enabling farmers to produce with acceptable residue levels that meet market requirements.
Eindrapport E-Commerce Sector Inquiry: extra aandacht voor geoblocking en verticale prijsbinding
Authors: Kuipers D.P. , Sholeh G.P.
Published: August 2017

Eindrapport E-Commerce Sector Inquiry: extra aandacht voor geoblocking en verticale prijsbinding

Op 10 mei 2017 heeft de Europese Commissie als onderdeel van haar Digital Single Market-strategie een eindrapport gepubliceerd waarin de conclusies van haar e-commerce sector inquiry zijn opgenomen. Dit eindrapport brengt handelspraktijken aan het licht die tot een beperking van de concurrentie zouden kunnen leiden op (digitale) e-commerce markten. In dit artikel bespreken wij onder andere de belangrijkste en interessantste bevindingen uit het eindrapport. Daarnaast bespreken we de beleidsconclusies van de Europese Commissie, en recente en nieuwe (inbreuk)zaken op het gebied van e-commerce. Wij sluiten af met enkele opmerkingen over de (mogelijke) betekenis van het eindrapport voor de (Nederlandse) rechtspraktijk.

European Commission, Final Report on the E-Commerce Sector Inquiry, Commission staff working document, 10 mei 2017, SWD(2017) 154 final
De bevoegdheid van de Europese Unie tot het sluiten van ‘nieuwe generatie’ vrijhandelsverdragen: Mixed feelings over Advies 2/15
Authors: Wessel R.A.
Published: August 2017

De bevoegdheid van de Europese Unie tot het sluiten van ‘nieuwe generatie’ vrijhandelsverdragen: Mixed feelings over Advies 2/15

Met Advies 2/15 van 16 mei 2017 heeft het Hof van Justitie meer duidelijkheid gegeven over de aard van de bevoegdheden van de Unie met betrekking tot het sluiten van de zogenoemde ‘nieuwe generatie’ handelsverdragen. De gemeenschappelijke handelspolitiek blijkt meer te omvatten dan in de ogen van de Raad en de lidstaten het geval leek. De onderhavige handelsovereenkomst tussen de EU en Singapore bevat echter ook onderdelen ten aanzien van welke de Unie niet exclusief bevoegd is, zodat de overeenkomst in haar huidige vorm als een gemengd akkoord gesloten zou moeten worden. De verduidelijking van de (exclusieve) bevoegdheden van de Unie is van belang voor nieuwe op stapel staande vrijhandelsovereenkomsten en voor de rol van de lidstaten (en hun parlementen en bevolkingen) ten aanzien van dergelijke verdragen.

Advies 2/15 van het Hof van Justitie (Voltallige zitting), 16 mei 2017, ECLI:EU:C:2017:376
Very high‐frequency oscillations: Novel biomarkers of the epileptogenic zone
Authors: Brázdil Milan , Pail Martin , Halámek Josef , Plešinger Filip , Cimbálník Jan , Roman Robert , Klimeš Petr , Daniel Pavel , Chrastina Jan , Brichtová Eva , Rektor Ivan , Worrell Gregory A. , Jurák Pavel
Published: August 2017

Objective

In the present study, we aimed to investigate depth electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in a large cohort of patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy and to focus on interictal very high‐frequency oscillations (VHFOs) between 500Hz and 2kHz. We hypothesized that interictal VHFOs are more specific biomarkers for epileptogenic zone compared to traditional HFOs.

Methods

Forty patients with focal epilepsy who underwent presurgical stereo‐EEG (SEEG) were included in the study. SEEG data were recorded with a sampling rate of 25kHz, and a 30‐minute resting period was analyzed for each patient. Ten patients met selected criteria for analyses of correlations with surgical outcome: detection of interictal ripples (Rs), fast ripples (FRs), and VHFOs; resective surgery; and at least 1 year of postoperative follow‐up. Using power envelope computation and visual inspection of power distribution matrixes, electrode contacts with HFOs and VHFOs were detected and analyzed.

Results

Interictal very fast ripples (VFRs; 500–1,000Hz) were detected in 23 of 40 patients and ultrafast ripples (UFRs; 1,000–2,000Hz) in almost half of investigated subjects (n = 19). VFRs and UFRs were observed only in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and were recorded exclusively from mesiotemporal structures. The UFRs were more spatially restricted in the brain than lower‐frequency HFOs. When compared to R oscillations, significantly better outcomes were observed in patients with a higher percentage of removed contacts containing FRs, VFRs, and UFRs.

Interpretation

Interictal VHFOs are relatively frequent abnormal phenomena in patients with epilepsy, and appear to be more specific biomarkers for epileptogenic zone when compared to traditional HFOs. Ann Neurol 2017;82:299–310
Nickel‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Silyl Ketene Imines to In Situ Generated Indol‐2‐ones: Highly Enantioselective Construction of Vicinal All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Zheng Jianfeng , Lin Lili , Dai Li , Tang Qiong , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: August 2017

The first enantioselective conjugate addition of silyl ketene imines to in situ generated indol‐2‐ones was performed in the presence of a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/NiII catalyst. This method provides efficient access to chiral β‐alkyl nitriles bearing congested vicinal all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters in up to 90 % yield with 23:1 d.r. and 98 % ee. The products enable facile transformations to chiral pyrroloindoline frameworks and spirocyclohexane oxindole derivatives. A possible transition state was also proposed to explain the origin of the asymmetric induction.
Moving the goalposts: Education policy and 25 years of the Black/White achievement gap
Authors: Gillborn David , Demack Sean , Rollock Nicola , Warmington Paul
Published: August 2017

Drawing on a secondary analysis of official statistics, this paper examines the changing scale of the inequality of achievement between White students and their Black British peers who identify their family heritage as Black Caribbean. We examine a 25‐year period from the introduction of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), in 1988, to the 20th anniversary of the murder of Stephen Lawrence in 2013. It is the first time that the Black/White gap has been analysed over such a long period. The paper reviews the changing place of the Black/White gap in education debates and notes that, despite periods when race equality has appeared to be high on the political agenda, it has never held a consistent place at the heart of policy. Our findings shed light on how the Black/White gap is directly affected, often in negative ways, by changes in education policy. Specifically, whenever the key benchmark for achievement has been redefined, it has had the effect of restoring historic levels of race inequity; in essence, policy interventions to ‘raise the bar’ by toughening the benchmark have actively widened gaps and served to maintain Black disadvantage. Throughout the entire 25‐year period, White students were always at least one and a half times more likely to attain the dominant benchmark than their Black peers. Our findings highlight the need for a sustained and explicit focus on race inequity in education policy. To date, the negative impacts of policy changes have been much more certain and predictable than occasional attempts to reduce race inequality.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Linear Allene–Ene–Ynes to afford Fused Tricyclic Scaffolds: Insights into the Mechanism
Authors: Cassú Daniel , Parella Teodor , Solà Miquel , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Roglans Anna
Published: August 2017

Allene‐(E)‐ene‐yne N‐tosyl‐tethered substrates 3 a–3 h were efficiently prepared and their rhodium‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions were evaluated. The cycloadditions are chemoselective as only the proximal double bond of the allene reacted to afford exocyclic double bonds in the fused‐tricyclic scaffolds. The stereoselectivity depended on the catalytic system used. Reactivity between allene, alkene, and alkyne was studied for the first time by density functional theory calculations. This mechanistic study determines the order in which the unsaturated groups take part in the catalytic cycle.
Mangrove microclimates alter seedling dynamics at the range edge
Authors: Devaney John L. , Lehmann Michael , Feller Ilka C. , Parker John D.
Published: August 2017

Recent climate warming has led to asynchronous species migrations, with major consequences for ecosystems worldwide. In woody communities, localized microclimates have the potential to create feedback mechanisms that can alter the rate of species range shifts attributed to macroclimate drivers alone. Mangrove encroachment into saltmarsh in many areas is driven by a reduction in freeze events, and this encroachment can further modify local climate, but the subsequent impacts on mangrove seedling dynamics are unknown. We monitored microclimate conditions beneath mangrove canopies and adjacent open saltmarsh at a freeze‐sensitive mangrove‐saltmarsh ecotone and assessed survival of experimentally transplanted mangrove seedlings. Mangrove canopies buffered night time cooling during the winter, leading to interspecific differences in freeze damage on mangrove seedlings. However, mangrove canopies also altered biotic interactions. Herbivore damage was higher under canopies, leading to greater mangrove seedling mortality beneath canopies relative to saltmarsh. While warming‐induced expansion of mangroves can lead to positive microclimate feedbacks, simultaneous fluctuations in biotic drivers can also alter seedling dynamics. Thus, climate change can drive divergent feedback mechanisms through both abiotic and biotic channels, highlighting the importance of vegetation‐microclimate interactions as important moderators of climate driven range shifts.
Living rain gauges: cumulative precipitation explains the emergence schedules of California protoperiodical cicadas
Authors: Chatfield‐Taylor Will , Cole Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2017

Mass multi‐species cicada emergences (broods) occur in California with variable periodicity. Here we present the first rule set that predicts the emergence of protoperiodical cicada communities. We tested two hypotheses with a dataset consisting of direct observations and georeferenced museum specimen records: first, that cicada broods are triggered to emerge by periodic ENSO events and second, that brood emergences occur after precipitation accumulates above a threshold value. The period of ENSO events does not explain the observed pattern of cicada brood emergence. Rather, broods emerged given two conditions: (1) that total precipitation exceeded a threshold of 1,181 mm, and (2) that a minimum 3‐yr period lapsed. The precipitation threshold is obeyed over an 800 km north‐south distance in California and across a variety of habitats. We predict the next brood emergence at one study site in arid Los Angeles County desert foothills to occur in 2020 or, if drought conditions continue, in 2021.
Bottom‐up processes influence the demography and life‐cycle phenology of Hawaiian bird communities
Authors: Wolfe Jared D. , Ralph C. John , Wiegardt Andrew
Published: August 2017

Changes in climate can indirectly regulate populations at higher trophic levels by influencing the availability of food resources in the lower reaches of the food web. As such, species that rely on fruit and nectar food resources may be particularly sensitive to these bottom‐up perturbations due to the strength of their trophic linkages with climatically‐influenced plants. To measure the influence of climatically‐mediated, bottom‐up processes, we used climate, bird capture, bird count, and plant phenology data from the Big Island of Hawaii to construct a series of structural equation and abundance models. Our results suggest that fruit and nectar‐eating birds arrange life cycle events around climatically‐influenced food resources, while some of these same food resources also influence seasonal patterns of abundance. This trend was particularly strong for two native nectarivores, ‘I'iwi and ‘Apapane, where we found that the dissimilar timing of molting and breeding activity was associated with peak abundance of the two most common flowers at our study site which, in turn, were each driven by dissimilar climatic cues. Given the rapidly changing Hawaiian climate, we suggest that determining behavioral plasticity, or evolutionary capacity of birds to mitigate changes in climatically‐influenced food resources, should be recognized as a future research priority.
Blocking protein quality control to counter hereditary cancers
Authors: Kampmeyer Caroline , Nielsen Sofie V. , Clausen Lene , Stein Amelie , Gerdes Anne‐Marie , Lindorff‐Larsen Kresten , Hartmann‐Petersen Rasmus
Published: August 2017

Inhibitors of molecular chaperones and the ubiquitin‐proteasome system have already been clinically implemented to counter certain cancers, including multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. The efficacy of this treatment relies on genomic alterations in cancer cells causing a proteostatic imbalance, which makes them more dependent on protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms than normal cells. Accordingly, blocking PQC, e.g. by proteasome inhibitors, may cause a lethal proteotoxic crisis in cancer cells, while leaving normal cells unaffected. Evidence, however, suggests that the PQC system operates by following a better‐safe‐than‐sorry principle and is thus prone to target proteins that are only slightly structurally perturbed, but still functional. Accordingly, implementing PQC inhibitors may also, through an entirely different mechanism, hold potential for other cancers. Several inherited cancer susceptibility syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome and von Hippel‐Lindau disease, are caused by missense mutations in tumor suppressor genes, and in some cases, the resulting amino acid substitutions in the encoded proteins cause the cellular PQC system to target them for degradation, although they may still retain function. As a consequence of this over‐meticulous PQC mechanism, the cell may end up with an insufficient amount of the abnormal, but functional, protein, which in turn leads to a loss‐of‐function phenotype and manifestation of the disease. Increasing the amounts of such proteins by stabilizing with chemical chaperones, or by targeting molecular chaperones or the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, may thus avert or delay the disease onset. Here, we review the potential of targeting the PQC system in hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of unfunctionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes‐ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Mamidi Narsimha , Leija Héctor Manuel , Diabb Jose Manuel , Lopez Romo Irasema , Hernandez Diana , Castrejón Javier Villela , Martinez Romero Oscar , Barrera Enrique V. , Elias Zúñiga Alex
Published: August 2017

The carbon nanotubes were chosen for this study since long, small to medium diameter, and unfunctionalized nanotubes are considered less favorable for nontoxic applications. The intent of the study is to expand the use of CNTs beyond current understood nontoxic means. Multiwall carbon nanotube/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (MWCNT/UHMWPE) nanocomposites were prepared by reinforcing long chain UHMWPE with MWCNTs. These nanocomposites were prepared to study their cytotoxicity assessments with human fibroblast cell lines. Cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were studied with human fibroblast cell lines. In vitro studies revealed good cell viability on the surface of MWCNT/UHMWPE composites even after 72 h. The nanocomposites showed better cell attachment for fibroblasts than pristine UHMWPE. Overall, the results showed that MWCNT/UHMWPE composites displayed good cellular growth and biocompatibility indicating another way CNTs can be nontoxic. These nanocomposites offer nontoxic conditions that can be used in biomedical devices because the long chain UHMWPE is entangled with long MWCNTs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3042–3049, 2017.
Bile duct regeneration and immune response by passenger lymphocytes signals biliary recovery versus complications after liver transplantation
Authors: Junger Henrik H. , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Fichtner‐Feigl Stefan , Brunner Stefan M.
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to elucidate the impact of epithelial regenerative responses and immune cell infiltration on biliary complications after liver transplantation. Bile duct (BD) damage after cold storage was quantified by a BD damage score and correlated with patient outcome in 41 patients. Bacterial infiltration was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). BD samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for E‐cadherin, cytokeratin, CD56, CD14, CD4, CD8, and double‐immunofluorescence for cytokine production and by messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray. Increased mRNA levels of adherens junctions (P < 0.01) were detected in damaged BDs from patients without complications compared with damaged BDs from patients with biliary complications. Immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of E‐cadherin and cytokeratin in BDs without biliary complications (P = 0.03; P = 0.047). FISH analysis demonstrated translocation of bacteria in BDs. However, mRNA analysis suggested an enhanced immune response in BDs without biliary complications (P < 0.01). Regarding immune cell infiltration, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were significantly increased in patients without complications compared with those with complications (P = 0.02; P = 0.01). In conclusion, following BD damage during cold storage, we hypothesize that the functional regenerative capacity of biliary epithelium and enhanced local adaptive immune cell infiltration are crucial for BD recovery. Such molecular immunological BD analyses therefore could help to predict biliary complications in cases of “major” epithelial damage after cold storage.Liver Transplantation 23 1422–1432 2017 AASLD.
Trajectory of adherence behavior in pediatric and adolescent liver transplant recipients: The medication adherence in children who had a liver transplant cohort
Authors: Shemesh Eyal , Duncan Sarah , Anand Ravinder , Shneider Benjamin L. , Alonso Estella M. , Mazariegos George V. , Venick Robert S. , Annunziato Rachel A. , Bucuvalas John C.
Published: August 2017

Knowledge of the longterm trajectory of nonadherence to immunosuppressants can inform decisions regarding organ allocation, adherence monitoring, and intervention efforts. The Medication Adherence in Children Who Had a Liver Transplant (MALT) prospective multisite study followed 400 pediatric and adolescent liver transplant recipients for 2 years, using the Medication Level Variability Index to monitor adherence. We hypothesized that adherence is an unstable (fluctuating) phenomenon: that patients who are adherent in year 1 may become nonadherent in year 2, and vice versa. However, we also hypothesized that a majority (more than 50%) of nonadherent patients remain nonadherent over time. We further hypothesized that the longer nonadherence lasts, the higher the likelihood of adverse events (rejection). Finally, we explored the effect of socioeconomic factors on the evolution of adherence over time. Most (59.7%) of the MALT patients who were nonadherent in year 1 remained so in year 2; 18.5% of patients who were adherent in year 1 became nonadherent in year 2. Only 4.4% of patients who were adherent in both year 1 and year 2 had a rejection, compared with 22.9% of patients who were nonadherent during 1 of the years, and 34.9% of those who were nonadherent in both years (P < 0.001), establishing a “dose‐dependent” effect of adherence on transplant outcomes. Single‐parent households were associated with worsening adherence. Our results suggest that good baseline adherence does not guarantee adherence later on, that nonadherence is likely to persist in the absence of interventions, and that monitoring of adherence and interventions to improve it should be expected to last for years if transplant outcomes are to be improved. Liver Transplantation 24 80–88 2018 AASLD.
Bending of the BST‐2 coiled‐coil during viral budding
Authors: Ozcan Kadir A. , Berndsen Christopher E.
Published: August 2017

BST‐2/tetherin is a human extracellular transmembrane protein that serves as a host defense factor against HIV‐1 and other viruses by inhibiting viral spreading. Structurally, BST‐2 is a homo‐dimeric coiled‐coil that is connected to the host cell membrane by N and C terminal transmembrane anchors. The C‐terminal membrane anchor of BST‐2 is inserted into the budding virus while the N‐terminal membrane anchor remains in the host cell membrane creating a viral tether. The structural mechanism of viral budding and tethering as mediated by BST‐2 is not clear. To more fully describe the mechanism of viral tethering, we created a model of BST‐2 embedded in a membrane and used steered molecular dynamics to simulate the transition from the host cell membrane associated form to the cell‐virus membrane bridging form. We observed that BST‐2 did not transition as a rigid structure, but instead bent at positions with a reduced interface between the helices of the coiled‐coil. The simulations for the human BST‐2 were then compared with simulations on the mouse homolog, which has no apparent weak spots. We observed that the mouse homolog spread the bending across the ectodomain, rather than breaking at discrete points as observed with the human homolog. These simulations support previous biochemical and cellular work suggesting some flexibility in the coiled‐coil is necessary for viral tethering, while also highlighting how subtle changes in protein sequence can influence the dynamics and stability of proteins with overall similar structure.
Many interspecific chromosomal introgressions are highly prevalent in Holarctic Saccharomyces uvarum strains found in human‐related fermentations
Authors: Albertin Warren , Chernova Maria , Durrens Pascal , Guichoux Erwan , Sherman David James , Masneuf‐Pomarede Isabelle , Marullo Philippe
Published: August 2017

In the last two decades, the extensive genome sequencing of strains belonging to the Saccharomyces genus has revealed the complex reticulated evolution of this group. Among the various evolutionary mechanisms described, the introgression of large chromosomal regions resulting from interspecific hybridization has recently shed light on Saccharomyces uvarum species. In this work we provide the de novo assembled genomes of four S. uvarum strains presenting more than 712 kb of introgressed loci inherited from both Saccharomyces eubayanus and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii species. In order to study the prevalence of such introgressions in a large population, we designed multiplexed PCR markers able to survey the inheritance of eight chromosomal regions. Our data confirm that introgressions are widely disseminated in Holarctic S. uvarum populations and are more frequently found in strains isolated from human‐related fermentations. According to the origin of the strains (nature or cider‐ or wine‐related processes), some loci are over‐represented, suggesting their positive selection by human activity. Except for one locus located on chromosome 7, the introgressions present a low level of heterozygozity similar to that observed for nine neutral markers (microsatellites). Finally, most of the loci tested showed an expected Mendelian segregation after meiosis and can recombine with their chromosomal counterpart in S. uvarum. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.