bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a method for the determination of advanced glycation end products precursors by liquid chromatography and its application in human urine samples
Authors: del Carmen Hurtado‐Sánchez María , Espinosa‐Mansilla Anunciación , Rodríguez‐Cáceres María Isabel , Martín‐Tornero Elisabet , Durán‐Merás Isabel
Published: June 2012

A liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection has been developed to determine the most abundant α‐dicarbonyl compounds, generated as intermediates in the Maillard's reaction, previous derivatization to high fluorescent pteridinic derivatives. Hence, the biomarkers D‐glucosone, 3‐deoxyglucosone, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, diacetyl, 2,3‐pentanedione, and phenylglyoxal were quantified using a gradient elution mode. The experimental conditions of the derivatization reaction and mobile phase composition were optimized. Linearity ranges (peak area versus α‐dicarbonyl compound concentration) from 1.0 to 100.0 ng mL−1 were obtained. Detection limits were comprised between 0.3 and 11.0 ng mL−1. The high sensitivity of the method allows the determination of α‐dicarbonyl compounds present in human urine, such as D‐glucosone, 3‐deoxyglucosone, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal, that are used as biomarkers, in order to investigate their roles in several diseases, with special emphasis in diabetes mellitus. With the aim of avoiding the interferences due to pteridinic compounds present in urine, a cleanup step with an ISOLUTE ENV+ cartridge was carried out. The concentrations of these urinary biomarkers have been reported as a normalized ratio to urinary creatinine, and determined in healthy and in diabetic volunteers, of different ages and sex. In all urine samples, standard addition and external calibration procedures were applied and compared.
The utility of normalized difference vegetation index for predicting African buffalo forage quality
Authors: Ryan Sadie J. , Cross Paul C. , Winnie John , Hay Craig , Bowers Justin , Getz Wayne M.
Published: June 2012

Many studies of mammalian herbivores have employed remotely sensed vegetation greenness, in the form of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a proxy for forage quality. The assumption that reflected greenness represents forage quality often goes untested, and limited data exist on the relationships between remotely sensed and traditional forage nutrient indicators. We provide the first study connecting NDVI and forage nutrient indicators within a free‐ranging African herbivore ecosystem. We examined the relationships between fecal nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), forage nutrient levels, body condition, and NDVI for African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in a South African savanna ecosystem over a 2‐year period (2001 and 2002). We used an information‐theoretic approach to rank models of fecal nitrogen (Nf) and phosphorus (Pf) as functions of geology, season, and NDVI in each year separately. For each year, the highest ranked models for Nf accounted for 61% and 65% of the observed variance, and these models included geology, season, and NDVI. The top‐ranked model for Pf in 2001, although capturing 54% of the variability, did not include NDVI. In 2002, we could not identify a top ranking model for phosphorus (i.e., all models were within 2 AICc of each other). Body condition was most highly correlated ($R_{adj}^{2} = 0.75$; P ≤ 0.001) with NDVI at a 1 month time lag and with Nf at a 3 months time lag ($R_{adj}^{2} = 0.65$; P ≤ 0.001), but was not significantly correlated with Pf. Our findings suggest that NDVI can be used to index nitrogen content of forage and is correlated with improved body condition in African buffalo. Thus, NDVI provides a useful means to assess forage quality where crude protein is a limiting resource. We found that NDVI accounted for more than a seasonal effect, and in a system where standing biomass may be high but of low quality, understanding available nutrients is useful for management. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Shape derivatives in Kondratiev spaces for conical diffraction
Authors: Kleemann N.
Published: June 2012

This paper studies conical diffraction problems with non‐smooth grating structures. We prove the existence, uniqueness and regularity results for solutions in weighted Sobolev spaces of Kondratiev type. An a priori estimate that follows from these results is then used to prove shape differentiability of solutions. Finally, a characterization of the shape derivative as a solution of a modified transmission problem is given. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy decay of solutions for an extensible beam equation with a weak nonlinear dissipation
Authors: Kang Jum‐Ran
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we study the decay property of the solutions to an extensible beam equation with a weak nonlinear dissipation. We establish an explicit and general decay result, depending on nonlinear function g and positive function σ, using some properties of convex functions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Riemann boundary value problems on half space in Clifford analysis
Authors: Ku Min , Kähler Uwe
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we discuss some properties of the Cauchy type integral operator defined over the half space of . As applications, we study a type of Riemann boundary value problem for solutions to polynomially generalized Cauchy–Riemann equations including with and as special cases over the half space of . Making use of Fischer‐type decomposition and the Clifford calculus for solutions to these equations, we will obtain explicit expressions of solutions to the kind of boundary value problems over the half space of . Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of noninvasive quantitative measurements of intrarenal R2′ in humans using an asymmetric spin echo echo planar imaging sequence
Authors: Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Yudong , Yang Xuedong , Wang Xiaoying , An Hongyu , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of an asymmetric spin echo (ASE) single‐shot echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence for the noninvasive quantitative measurement of intrarenal R2′ in humans within 20 s. The reproducibility of R2′ measurements with the ASE‐EPI sequence was assessed in nine healthy young subjects in repeated studies conducted over three consecutive days. Moreover, we also evaluated whether the ASE‐EPI sequence‐measured R2′ reflected the intrarenal oxygenation changes induced by furosemide in another group of normal human subjects (n = 10). Different flow attenuation gradients (b = 0, 40 and 80 s/mm2) were utilized to examine the impact of the intravascular signal contribution on the estimation of intrarenal R2′. In the absence of flow dephasing gradients (b = 0 s/mm2), the computed coefficient of variation (CV) of R2′ was 21.31 ± 4.52%, and the estimated R2′ value decreased slightly, but not statistically significantly (p > 0.05), after the administration of furosemide in the medullary region. However, CV of R2′ was much smaller in the presence of flow dephasing gradients (9.68 ± 3.58% with b = 40 s/mm2and 10.50 ± 3.62% with b = 80 s/mm2). Moreover, a significant reduction in R2′ in the renal medulla was obtained (p < 0.05 for both b = 40 s/mm2 and b = 80 s/mm2) after the administration of furosemide, reflecting an increase in oxygen tension in the medullary region. In addition, R2′ measurements did not differ between the b = 40 s/mm2 and b = 80 s/mm2 scans, suggesting that small diffusion gradients were sufficient to minimize the intravascular signal contribution. In summary, we have demonstrated that renal R2′ can be obtained rapidly using an ASE‐EPI sequence. The measurement was highly reproducible and reflected the expected intrarenal oxygenation changes induced by furosemide. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture modeling using meshless methods and level sets in 3D: Framework and modeling
Authors: Zhuang X. , Augarde C.E. , Mathisen K.M.
Published: June 2012

In 3D fracture modeling, the complexity of the evolving crack geometry during propagation raises challenges in stress analysis because the accuracy of results mainly relies on the accurate description of the crack geometry. In this paper, a numerical framework is developed for 3D fracture modeling where a meshless method, the element‐free Galerkin method, is used for stress analysis and level sets are used accurately to describe and capture crack evolution. In this framework, a simple and general formulation for associating the displacement jump in the field approximation with an arbitrary 3D curved crack surface is proposed. For accurate closure of the crack front, a tying procedure is extended to 3D from its original use in 2D in the previous paper by the authors. The benefits of level sets in improving the results accuracy and reducing the computational cost are explored, particularly in the model refinement and the confinement of the displacement jump. Issues arising in level sets updating are discussed and solutions proposed accordingly. The developed framework is validated with a number of 3D crack examples with reference solutions and shows strong potential for general 3D fracture modeling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A guideline to proteome‐wide α‐helical membrane protein topology predictions
Authors: Tsirigos Konstantinos D. , Hennerdal Aron , Käll Lukas , Elofsson Arne
Published: June 2012

For current state‐of‐the‐art methods, the prediction of correct topology of membrane proteins has been reported to be above 80%. However, this performance has only been observed in small and possibly biased data sets obtained from protein structures or biochemical assays. Here, we test a number of topology predictors on an “unseen” set of proteins of known structure and also on four “genome‐scale” data sets, including one recent large set of experimentally validated human membrane proteins with glycosylated sites. The set of glycosylated proteins is also used to examine the ability of prediction methods to separate membrane from nonmembrane proteins. The results show that methods utilizing multiple sequence alignments are overall superior to methods that do not. The best performance is obtained by TOPCONS, a consensus method that combines several of the other prediction methods. The best methods to distinguish membrane from nonmembrane proteins belong to the “Phobius” group of predictors. We further observe that the reported high accuracies in the smaller benchmark sets are not quite maintained in larger scale benchmarks. Instead, we estimate the performance of the best prediction methods for eukaryotic membrane proteins to be between 60% and 70%. The low agreement between predictions from different methods questions earlier estimates about the global properties of the membrane proteome. Finally, we suggest a pipeline to estimate these properties using a combination of the best predictors that could be applied in large‐scale proteomics studies of membrane proteins.
Escherichia coli exhibits a membrane‐related response to a small arginine‐ and tryptophan‐rich antimicrobial peptide
Authors: Fränzel Benjamin , Penkova Maya , Frese Christian , Metzler‐Nolte Nils , Andreas Wolters Dirk
Published: June 2012

Since multiresistant bacterial strains are more widespread and the victim numbers steadily increase, it is very important to possess a broad bandwidth of antimicrobial substances. Antibiotics often feature membrane‐associated effect mechanisms. So, we present a membrane proteomic approach to shed light on the cellular response of Escherichia coli as model organism to the hexapeptide MP196, which is arginine and tryptophan rich. Analyzing integral membrane proteins are still challenging, although various detection strategies have been developed in the past. In particular, membrane proteomics in bacteria have been conducted very little due to the special physical properties of these membrane proteins. To obtain more information on the cellular response of the new compound group of small peptides, the tryptophan‐ and arginine‐rich hexapeptide MP196 was subject to a comprehensive quantitative membrane proteomic study on E. coli by means of metabolic labeling in combination with membrane lipid analyses. This study provides in total 767 protein identifications including 185 integral membrane proteins, from which 624 could be quantified. Among these proteins, 134 were differentially expressed. Thereby, functional groups such as amino acid and membrane biosynthesis were affected, stress response could be observed, and the lipid composition of the membrane was significantly altered. Especially, the strong upregulation of the envelope stress induced protein. Spy indicates membrane damage, as well as the downregulation of the mechano‐sensitive channel MscL beside others. Finally, the exceptional downregulation of transport systems strengthens these findings.
Investigation of serum proteome alterations in human glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Gollapalli Kishore , Ray Sandipan , Srivastava Rajneesh , Renu Durairaj , Singh Prateek , Dhali Snigdha , Bajpai Dikshit Jyoti , Srikanth Rapole , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Srivastava Sanjeeva
Published: June 2012

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) or grade IV astrocytoma is the most common and lethal adult malignant brain tumor. The present study was conducted to investigate the alterations in the serum proteome in GBM patients compared to healthy controls. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed employing classical 2DE and 2D‐DIGE combined with MALDI TOF/TOF MS and results were further validated through Western blotting and immunoturbidimetric assay. Comparison of the serum proteome of GBM and healthy subjects revealed 55 differentially expressed and statistically significant (p <0.05) protein spots. Among the identified proteins, haptoglobin, plasminogen precursor, apolipoprotein A‐1 and M, and transthyretin are very significant due to their functional consequences in glioma tumor growth and migration, and could further be studied as glioma biomarkers and grade‐specific protein signatures. Analysis of the lipoprotein pattern indicated elevated serum levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low‐density lipoproteins in GBM patients. Functional pathway analysis was performed using multiple software including ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (PANTHER), database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID), and GeneSpring to investigate the biological context of the identified proteins, which revealed the association of candidate proteins in a few essential physiological pathways such as intrinsic prothrombin activation pathway, plasminogen activating cascade, coagulation system, glioma invasiveness signaling, and PI3K signaling in B lymphocytes. A subset of the differentially expressed proteins was applied to build statistical sample class prediction models for discrimination of GBM patients and healthy controls employing partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and other machine learning methods such as support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree and Naïve Bayes, and excellent discrimination between GBM and control groups was accomplished.
Extreme value modelling of laboratory safety data from clinical studies
Authors: Southworth Harry , Heffernan Janet E.
Published: June 2012

Most clinical studies collect several safety‐related laboratory variables. Generally, it is the extreme values of these variables that indicate potential safety issues. We illustrate the novel application of extreme value modelling to such data, with the aim of predicting the incidence of severe adverse drug reactions. By applying the methods to a clinical trial data set, we identify a dose–response relationship and use Bayesian techniques to identify a potential safety concern by making predictions from the fitted model, despite the small sample size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A global hexagonal C‐grid non‐hydrostatic dynamical core (ICON‐IAP) designed for energetic consistency
Authors: Gassmann Almut
Published: June 2012

This study describes a new global non‐hydrostatic dynamical core (ICON‐IAP: Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic model at the Institute for Atmospheric Physics) on a hexagonal C‐grid which is designed to conserve mass and energy. Energy conservation is achieved by discretizing the antisymmetric Poisson bracket which mimics correct energy conversions between the different kinds of energy (kinetic, potential, internal). Because of the bracket structure this is even possible in a complicated numerical environment with (i) the occurrence of terrain‐following coordinates with all the metric terms in it, (ii) the horizontal C‐grid staggering on the Voronoi mesh and the complications induced by the need for an acceptable stationary geostrophic mode, and (iii) the necessity for avoiding Hollingsworth instability. The model is equipped with a Smagorinsky‐type nonlinear horizontal diffusion. The associated dissipative heating is accounted for by the application of the discrete product rule for derivatives. The time integration scheme is explicit in the horizontal and implicit in the vertical. In order to ensure energy conservation, the Exner pressure has to be off‐centred in the vertical velocity equation and extrapolated in the horizontal velocity equation.

Test simulations are performed for small‐scale and global‐scale flows. A test simulation of linear non‐hydrostatic flow over a rough mountain range shows the theoretically expected gravity wave propagation. The baroclinic wave test is extended to 40 days in order to check the Lorenz energy cycle. The model exhibits excellent energy conservation properties even in this strongly nonlinear and dissipative case. The Held–Suarez test confirms the reliability of the model over even longer time‐scales. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Fish fins as non‐lethal surrogates for muscle tissues in freshwater food web studies using stable isotopes
Authors: Tronquart Nicolas Hette , Mazeas Laurent , Reuilly‐Manenti Liana , Zahm Amandine , Belliard Jérôme
Published: June 2012

RATIONALE

Dorsal white muscle is the standard tissue analysed in fish trophic studies using stable isotope analyses. However, sampling white muscle often implies the sacrifice of fish. Thus, we examined whether the non‐lethal sampling of fin tissue can substitute muscle sampling in food web studies.

METHODS

Analysing muscle and fin δ15N and δ13C values of 466 European freshwater fish (14 species) with an elemental analyser coupled with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, we compared the isotope values of the two tissues. Correlations between fin and muscle isotope ratios were examined for all fish together and specifically for 12 species. We further proposed four methods of assessing muscle from fin isotope ratios and estimated the errors made using these muscle surrogates.

RESULTS

Despite significant differences between isotope values of the two tissues, fin and muscle isotopic signals are strongly correlated. Muscle values, estimated with raw fin isotope ratios (1st method), induce an error of ca. 1‰ for both isotopes. In comparison, specific (2nd method) or general (3rd method) correlations provide meaningful corrections of fin isotope ratios (errors <0.6‰). On the other hand, relationships, established for Australian tropical fish, only give poor muscle estimates (errors >0.8‰).

CONCLUSIONS

There is little chance that a global model can be created. However, the 2nd and 3rd methods of estimating muscle values from fin isotope ratios should provide an acceptable level of error for the studies of European freshwater food web. We thus recommend that future studies use fin tissue as a non‐lethal surrogate for muscle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inferring superior capabilities from sustained superior performance: A Bayesian analysis
Authors: Denrell Jerker , Fang Christina , Zhao Zhanyun
Published: June 2012

To what extent can one infer that superior capabilities are driving sustained superior performance? Modeling performance as some combination of differences in capabilities and processes of cumulative advantage, we argue that a Bayesian framework in which decision makers take into account the differences in cumulative advantage provides for a correct inference. We show, using both simulated and real performance data, that the Bayesian method gives rise to estimates relevant for the inference problem. The estimates also illustrate why a firm with superior performance during a longer period can be less likely to possess superior capabilities than a firm with superior performance during a shorter period. Our work has implications for the origins of competitive advantages and for organization learning in strategy research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal effects of maternal and pregnancy characteristics on serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A and free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin at 7–14 weeks' gestation
Authors: Ball S. , Ekelund C. , Wright D. , Kirkegaard I. , Nørgaard P. , Petersen O. B. , Tabor A. ,   the Danish Fetal Medicine Study Group
Published: June 2012

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate gestational age‐dependent effects of racial origin, smoking status and mode of conception on maternal serum levels of free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) at 7–14 weeks' gestation.

Methods

This was an analysis of data from prospective first‐trimester combined screening for aneuploidies in singleton pregnancies, with β‐hCG and PAPP‐A measured at 7 + 1 to 14 + 3 weeks' gestation. We included 27 908 pregnancies from three centers in the UK and 125 461 pregnancies from 22 centers in Denmark, all with known normal fetal karyotype or resulting in the birth of a phenotypically normal neonate. Multiple regression modelling of log10‐transformed marker concentrations was used to produce log10 multiple of the median (MoM) values for free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A and to examine pregnancy characteristics that have significant effects on marker concentrations.

Results

Serum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A concentrations were significantly affected by gestational age, maternal weight, racial origin, parity, smoking and mode of conception. There were significant gestational age‐dependent effects attributed to Afro‐Caribbean race, smoking and conception through in‐vitro fertilization (IVF) on PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG levels. In women of Afro‐Caribbean race there was a weekly increase in PAPP‐A of 5.3% and in free β‐hCG of 1.8%. In smokers there was a weekly decrease in PAPP‐A of 2.4% and in free β‐hCG of 1.6%. In cases of IVF conceptions there was a weekly increase in PAPP‐A of 4.5% and in free β‐hCG of 4.6%.

Conclusions

Serum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A concentrations at 7–14 weeks' gestation are affected by several pregnancy characteristics. The effects of Afro‐Caribbean race, smoking and IVF conception change with gestational age.
Complete Nutrient Content of Four Species of Feeder Insects
Authors: Finke Mark D.
Published: June 2012

A variety of insects are commonly fed to captive insectivores but detailed nutritional analyses are only available for the most commonly fed species. Soldier fly larvae, Turkestan cockroach nymphs, tebo worms, and adult house flies were analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and selected carotenoids. The acid detergent fiber was analyzed for amino acids to estimate chitin content. Nutrient content varied widely between the four insect species. Ranges for the macronutrients were as follows: moisture (60.2–74.8%), crude protein (15.5–19.7%), crude fat (1.9%–29.4%), acid detergent fiber (1.4–3.0%), neutral detergent fiber (2.6–3.8%), and ash (0.8–3.5%). Energy content ranged from a low of 918 kcal/kg for house flies to 2,977 kcal/kg for tebo worms. The chitin content of these four species ranged from 6.7 to 21.0 mg/kg. The nutrients most likely to be deficient when these species of insects are used as food for insectivores are vitamin A, vitamin D, calcium, vitamin E, thiamine, iodine, and vitamin B12. The number of nutrients deficient vs. the NRC requirements for rats on an energy basis by insect species was as follows: soldier fly larvae (3), tebo worms (15), Turkestan cockroach nymphs (5), and adult house flies (6). These data are valuable in helping assess the nutrient intake of captive insectivores and in developing gut‐loading diets to improve the nutrient intake of captive insectivores. Zoo Biol. 32:27‐36, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation: Enhancing the Opportunity for Implementation Science
Authors: Chambers David A.
Published: June 2012

This article reflects on the progress made in the development of the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation in recent years. Considering the ISF in the context of the broader field of dissemination and implementation research, the author offers commentary on the strengths of the framework and opportunities for further expansion and refinement.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
VI.—Some Basaltic Rocks from West Greenland
Authors: Drever H. I. , Livingstone D. F.
Published: June 2012

During the course of Mr J. M. Wordie's Arctic Expedition in 1937 the first-named writer (H. I. D.) visited three localities in the Tertiary Igneous Province of West Greenland. Small collections were made at each locality.

Only very little geological work could be undertaken on this Expedition owing to the very heavy programme of work in other scientific fields, one of its main objects being cosmic-ray research. The collections on which this paper is based were the result of very rapid, very superficial field-work.
IX.—The Fall in the Fertility of Scottish Women during the Period 1875–1939: A Comparison of the Trends in Various Geographical Localities
Authors: Barclay R. S. , Kermack W. O.
Published: June 2012

It is common knowledge that during the period 1875–1939 a very drastic fall in fertility occurred in most of the civilised countries throughout the world. This fall was particularly marked in Germany and some of the countries of North-western Europe, such as Norway, Sweden, England, Scotland, etc. The causes which have produced such important changes in the rates of reproduction in these communities are doubtless complex, and are difficult to investigate directly. It is therefore all the more important that our knowledge of the actual course of events should be as complete as possible. A major social change, such as this fall in fertility over large and important regions of the earth, can be fruitfully studied from many points of view. The present communication concentrates on one particular aspect, namely the influence of different types of geographical regions with their various social environments, and confines itself to the experiences of Scotland.
X.—An Apparatus for Following the Course of Gaseous Exchange by Living Tissue
Authors: Asprey G. F.
Published: June 2012

The apparatus which one selects for the study of gaseous exchange by living tissue is largely determined by the nature of the problem with which one is confronted. Choice usually lies between those methods where a continuous stream of air is passed over the respiring material and alteration in its carbon dioxide content measured, or those in which the oxygen or carbon dioxide content of the air surrounding the respiring material in a closed system is periodically determined. The former system is frequently used when one is only concerned with relatively large quantities of carbon dioxide. The gas, which is usually absorbed by passing the air through solutions of sodium or barium hydroxide contained in Pettenkoffer tubes or Reiset towers, may be subsequently determined by titration of the alkali with standard acid. This arrangement is much used owing to the readiness with which it may be set up employing normal laboratory equipment. The labour involved can, however, be considerably curtailed by adopting the electrical conductivity method for determining carbon dioxide. This has been described by Newton (1935). It may be made more accurate and more sensitive than the titration methods and, moreover, enable determinations to be made quickly and at short intervals of time. Leach (1944) has made the method automatically recording.
XI.—The Occurrence in the Uredinales of Species with Unstable Life-History
Authors: Wilson Malcolm
Published: June 2012

In his work on the “Present Evolutionary Tendencies and the Origin of Life Cycles in the Uredinales”, Jackson (1913, p. 7) has pointed out that the general impression among mycologists, until quite recently, has been that the life cycles in existing species of rust are quite definitely fixed. In a review of the small amount of literature that has appeared on this subject, he has shown that this conception is not altogether true, and that it is not at all difficult to find species of rusts which exhibit evidence of being in an unstable condition with reference to life-history. As the literature which he has quoted is almost exclusively American and deals with American species only, it might be inferred that this instability of life-history is not found elsewhere. The purpose of this paper is to review the European literature on this subject, and to describe the occurrence in Great Britain of four rust species of which the life-history is in an unstable condition.
Note on the Original Publication of Hutton's Theory of the Earth, and on the Subsequent Forms in which it was Issued
Authors: Eyles V. A.
Published: June 2012

Summary of Contents

Description of a little known anonymous pamphlet, an “Abstract” of the paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in 1785, in which James Hutton first announced publicly his famous Theory of the Earth. Reasons are advanced for concluding that Hutton himself was the author of the “Abstract”, and that it was published in 1785, some three years before the Royal Society paper was issued in the Society's Transactions. The writer concludes that the “Abstract”, and not, as has hitherto been supposed, the Transactions paper, constitutes the first form in which The Theory was published. The “Abstract” is reprinted in small type on p. 380.
James Hutton and the Philosophy of Geology
Authors: Tomkeieff S. I.
Published: June 2012

As a river in its seaward course gathers volume and momentum from its tributaries, so does a science, from its inception to its attainment of maturity and beyond, increase its strength, scope and depth by incorporating into itself its historical past, built up by the contributions of those scientists and philosophers whose work marks stages in its progress. A history of science, to fulfil its purpose, must unravel the intricate strands of ideas and facts which form the fabric of modern science and trace them back to their inspiration and source. Such a history would be almost beyond the bounds of human endeavour, and its only practicable substitute tends to degenerate into a mere collection of names of scientists, combined with a review of their individual contributions to the development of science. Science, however, is neither an assemblage of facts nor of ideas. It is a co-ordinated system of facts linked by theories—with the emphasis, generally speaking, on the ideas—and within our limited capacity it can best be interpreted by reconstructing the lives and reliving the thoughts of those men who have done most to fashion it. Such a man was Isaac Newton and such also was James Hutton. It is of little profit to argue as to which was the greater mind. What Newton achieved in the field of astronomy and mathematics Hutton achieved in the field of geology. It was he who provided geology with a theory: and here we must take theory, not as something remote and opposed to fact, but in its original meaning in Greek, namely, comprehension.
Observations on the Golgi Material of the Neurones of the Central Nervous System of Fowl affected with Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum.
Authors: Chodnik K. S.
Published: June 2012

Synopis

The Golgi material of the neurones of the central nervous system of normal fowl and of birds affected with spontaneous cases of Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum (fowl paralysis) is described. Material was prepared according to the methods of Kolatchev and of Aoyama. The Golgi material of normal pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, the multipolar cells of the spinal cord, and the cells of the spinal ganglia, is present as rods, irregular bodies and filaments. Compact net-like Golgi material is present in the small cells of the spinal ganglia.

In the neurones of fowl affected with Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum the Golgi material undergoes hypertrophy, followed by clustering of the Golgi elements and fragmentation. The intensity of the morphological changes and the number of neurones affected in a particular region of the central nervous system varies considerably, except in the spinal ganglia where all the cells examined exhibited marked changes. It was not possible to determine whether the changes were primary or secondary in nature. The literature of the subject is discussed.
The Respiratory Movements of the Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)
Authors: Roberts T. D. M.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The branchial apparatus of Lampetra fluviatilis has been studied to find out whether the inspiratory movement is brought about by muscular contraction. Differences between existing accounts of the anatomy are pointed out, and a description is given of diagonal muscles which span re-entrant curves of the gill bars. Extirpation and stimulation experiments provide evidence that none of the available muscle groups can have an inspiratory function. The pressure changes in the gill sac indicate that the momentum of the water-stream in forceful expiration leaves a region of low pressure which initiates the inspiratory flow.
I.—New Records of Sub-Littoral Polychætes from the Clyde Sea Area, with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Clark R. B. , Stephen A. C.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Fifty species of polychæte worms are listed which have not hitherto been recorded from the Clyde Sea area, and an account is given of the morphological differences which some of them show from the available descriptions. Of the fifty new records, nine are new to British waters, including one described as a new species, Amage scotica (Ampharetidæ).
IV.—Longtime Trends in Egg Production in a Closed Line of Fowls
Authors: Blyth J. S. S.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Over fifteen years (1935–49) no consistent change was evident in March egg numbers or the winter egg production of pullets to the end of that month. In birds with single-day interclutch gaps, however, the average March egg number showed an upward trend which paralleled the inverse curve for mean egg weight except during the war years. This improving performance of birds in full production was accompanied by an increasing variance among them. The proportion of pausing birds also increased over the years studied, but less regularly, and may have resulted from environmental causes. Two such contrary and apparently independent trends within a flock or line of fowls raise difficulties in assessing genetic changes which are occurring when the annual production is considered as a whole.
VI.—Factors Affecting the Onset and Duration of Annual Rest in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: MacIver R. M.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

A study involving the effects of supplementary artificial lighting during the winter months upon a line of Brown Leghorn hens, reveals that the onset of the annual rest is delayed as a result of its use, and the tendency for onset of rest to become earlier in successive laying cycles is reduced.

The influence of time of onset in determining the duration of rest is higher in birds that commence their rest early than in those commencing later, resulting in a curvilinear relationship between these two parameters. A hypothesis accounting for this phenomenon is proposed.

The relative importance of age at onset of first annual rest in determining its duration appears to be negligible. This conclusion is based on an analysis of records pertaining to a generation of the same line which was hatched over an abnormally long hatching season, thus enabling the effects of “date” and “age” to be separated.
XVII.—Utilization of Dietary Purines and Pyrimidines byDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sang James H.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Drosophila melanogasterlarvæ when cultured aseptically on a synthetic diet require exogenous ribose nucleic acid (RNA) for normal growth even though they can synthesize their own endogenous RNA from simple precursors. The optimum dietary supply lies between 0.4 and 0.7 per cent RNA. Individual bases, nucleosides and nucleotides which make up RNA cannot substitute for the whole polynucleotide, but adenine, adenosine, adenylic acid, guanosine and guanylic acid are used and stimulate growth to varying degrees. The pyrimidines and their nucleosides and nucleotides are not used when fed singly.

It is shown that thede novosynthesis of purines may be more difficult than that of pyrimidines, and that if a source of purines is supplied (as adenylic acid), then the nucleosides and nucleotides of both cytosine and uracil are utilized by the larvæ, whereas the free bases are not. Cytidylic and uridylic acids seem to be interchangeable, and together with an adequate supply of adenylic acid give as good growth as RNA. Orotic acid and 2—6-diaminopurine are not used by the larvæ under the conditions described, but hypoxanthine and inosine are: xanthine and xanthosine can also be shown to have an effect on growth.

Dose-response curves were determined for adenylic, guanylic, cytidylic and uridylic acids under conditions which allow the determination of the optimal supplies of each. These are found to be about 0.110, 0.080, 0.025 and 0.025 per cent, respectively. The requirement of RNA is therefore primarily a requirement of adenylic acid, since more than enough of the other nucleotides should be available when the supply of RNA is optimal. The optimal supply of adenine corresponds almost exactly with the optimal supply of adenylic acid, though a somewhat delayed larval development may be a result of energy utilization in the base-nucleoside-nucleotide conversion.

These results are discussed in the light of our knowledge of purine and pyrimidine utilization in other multicellular organisms, particularly the rat, and possible applications of the findings are considered.
XVIII.—Records ofPotamopyrgus jenkinsi(Smith) in Scottish Fresh Waters over Fifty Years (1906–56)
Authors: Hunter W. Russell , Warwick T.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

This note presents in summary the recorded occurrences ofPotamopyrgus jenkinsi(Smith) in fresh waters in Scotland over the fifty years since it was first reported. Apart from isolated occurrences in the Outer Hebrides, in the Caithness-Orkney area, and in the Borders—Solway area, the records appear to reflect a gradual dispersal (1906—56) from an origin on the Tay, over the Tay and Forth drainage areas, and thence perhaps through the Midland Valley to the west coast. This dispersal has been slower than the rate of spread of the same species through England and Wales earlier in the century, but has been rapid compared with the rates of dispersal assumed for other molluscan species.
II.—The Circulatory System of the Crustacean Euphausid, Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars)
Authors: Mauchline John
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

In Meganyctiphanes the blood is pumped from the heart to the various regions of the body by way of a well-developed arterial system. It passes out of the open ends of the final sub-branches of the arteries into the various sinuses, finally collecting in the posterior ventral region of the thorax. From there, by the action of the pericardium and the muscles associated with the afferent branchial channels, it enters the afferent branchial channels whence it circulates through the branchial veins in the branchiæ, to the efferent branchial channels. The beating of the heart draws the blood into the pericardium whence it reaches the heart cavity by way of two pairs of ostia.
VIII.—Humoral Control of Metamorphosis and Diapause in the Larvæ of Certain Calliphoridæ (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha).
Authors: Fraser Alastair
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The humoral mechanism controlling metamorphosis in larvæ ofCalliphora vomitoriaL. andLucilia cæsarL. and controlling diapause in the latter has been investigated by experiments involving extirpation and implantation of certain organs and section of nerves to the corpus cardiacum. It is confirmed that the large lateral cells of Weismann's ring, the thoracic gland cells, produce a hormone which promotes the several processes covered by the term “pupation”, including the development of anlagen before puparium formation, puparium formation, the third larval moult and the last larval moult. The stimulus to thoracic gland activity is provided by the brain and is transmitted via the nerves from that organ to the corpus cardiacum. This stimulus is apparently humoral and is liberated from the corpus cardiacum into the blood.

The thoracic glands ofL. cæsarlarvæ are inactive during diapause. Implants of activeC. vomitoriaglands intoL. cæsardiapause larvæ terminate diapause in the latter. The immediate cause of the arrest in development is the failure of the brain to activate the thoracic glands.
XI.—Further Observations on the Liver Clearance of Bromo-sulphthalein in the Fowl and its Relation to Œstrogen-androgen Balance
Authors: Campbell J. G.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Previous work has shown a sex difference dependant upon œstrogen-androgen balance, in the rate of clearance by the fowl liver of intravenously administered sodium bromosulphthalein. Further observations reported here indicate an apparent rapid fluctuation of the Œ-A balance which takes place in immature chickens, both sexes snowing what is interpreted as hyperœstrogenization about the age of twelve weeks. Attention is drawn to other evidence that profound metabolic and hormonal changes occur at this stage. The effect of exogenous sex-hormones on the clearance rate of BSP has been further studied, particularly the influence of extra androgen on adult males with aberrant clearances unassociated with liver lesions. More evidence for the relation between the rate of BSP clearance and the Œ-A balance is provided by the study of the effect of cessation of ovulation on the clearance, and the effect of the development of virilizing tumours at the site of the rudimentary right ovary after left ovariectomy. Other changes which confirm hyperœstrogenization as assessed by the BSP clearance test are (a) decrease of the packed cell volume, (b) the development of a precipitable phospholipid in the plasma, (c) renal vascular changes, (d) adrenal cortical hyperplasia, (e) a frequent association with oviduct ligament “fibroids” and persistent cystic right oviducts.
II.—Genetics of Gametes. II. Strain Differences in Characteristics of Rabbit Spermatozoa
Authors: Beatty R. A. , Napier R. A. N.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The study of genetic effects on the phenotype of gametes may be called the genetics of gametes. As evidence of such genetic effects, marked inter-strain differences have been demonstrated in characteristics of rabbit spermatozoa examined in nigrosin-eosin preparations. Strain differences have been found in the size and shape of the spermatozoan head, and in a measure of spermatozoan viability—the incidence of stained heads. A first comparison of the spermatozoa of specific breeds is given. The size of the spermatozoan head is to some extent independent of the body weight.
XI.—The Species of Architeuthis Inhabiting the North Atlantic
Authors: Stephen A. C.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Details are given of two more Giant Squids (Architeuthis) found in the Scottish area. The question of which species occur is discussed. It is suggested that the two species, A. harveyi Verrill and A.princeps Verrill, described from the American side, do not occur on the European side, as certain identifications would suggest. The two species found on the European side would, therefore, be A. dux Steenstrup and A. clarkei Robson.
I.—Siphonophora in the Plankton to the North and West of the British Isles
Authors: Fraser J. H.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

The distribution of about thirty species of warm water siphonophores over the period 1947–1964 to the north-west and north of the British Isles is used to give a generalized picture of the path of the Lusitanian stream. These species, which originate much further south, are relatively intolerent to change of environment and the distances they are carried can be associated with the degree of inflow on a yearly and seasonal basis.

Grouping the findings into four series of years over the 18 year period shows an increase in their northerly distribution from 1947 reaching a maximum in 1953 and 1954. This has since been maintained, with annual variations, at least until 1963. It is hoped that the data presented here can be used when comparing future studies of climatic change with the distribution of water masses.
V.—The Artificial Fertilization and Rearing of the Eggs of Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède
Authors: Maitland Peter S.
Published: June 2012

Synopsis

Past studies of the relationships between different populations of Coregonus have demonstrated the great plasticity of form exhibited by this genus throughout the Palearctic region. In addition to standard morphological accounts, hybridization and rearing studies are important in attempting to assess the relationships between different races, and this paper describes some initial work which has been carried out in this direction. The development of eggs of the Loch Lomond powan, Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède, has been studied in the laboratory and shown to follow a definite pattern. The average incubation period at 6–9° C is 65 days though considerable variation in this time occurs. Eggs and sperm kept separate and without water still showed 50 per cent fertilization after 3 days but none after 6 days. Hybrids of two races of Coregonus, one living in Scotland the other in Wales, were produced by bringing together eggs and sperm which had been kept cool and dry during transport. The value of these experiments in relation to past and future research is discussed.
XIV.—Abiogenic Information Coupling between Nucleic Acid and Protein, or, how Protein and DNA were married
Authors: Calvin Melvin
Published: June 2012

The title to the talk this afternoon, “Abiogenic Information Coupling, or, How protein and DNA were married”, is, indeed, an excerpt from the much broader subject to which your President referred, namely chemical evolution of life on the surface of the earth, with some speculation about elsewhere as well. Actually, the “elsewhere” portion is more than a hopeful addition because it may provide a check on the speculations on the origin of life on the surface of the earth, which is very difficult to obtain inany other way.
Clinical Aspects of the Use of Anti-lymphocytic Serum
Authors: Nolan B.
Published: June 2012

The fundamental problem in transplant surgery is that of preventing the immunological reaction which invariably occurs when an organ is transplanted between individuals, other than identical twins, and which brings about the destruction of the transplant. This reaction can be suppressed by a variety of agents but none of them is entirely satisfactory and there is a great need to find new ones which will be more effective and, in particular, more specific in their action. It was for this reason that anti-lymphocytic serum was first developed.