bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The neglected sense–olfaction in primate behavior, ecology, and evolution
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W.
Published: May 2006

This special issue emerged from a symposium held during the 20th Congress of the International Primatological Society in Torino, Italy, in August 2004. The symposium brought together scientists studying several different aspects of olfaction in primates. The topics addressed ranged from the morphology and physiology of the sensory apparatus, the genetics and chemistry of olfactory signals and the use of such signals in primate communication, to a comparative analysis of the role of olfaction in neural evolution. The papers in this issue reflect a surge of interest in diverse aspects of olfaction–an interest that has been stimulated by the more rigorous theoretical approaches and new techniques that have recently become available. This introduction briefly reviews past research on primate olfaction, summarizes the scope of this special issue, and provides a somewhat speculative glimpse of the future. Am. J. Primatol. 68:519–524, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accessory chemosignaling mechanisms in primates
Authors: Evans C.S.
Published: May 2006

Accessory olfaction is defined as the chemoreceptive system that employs the vomeronasal complex (VNC) and its distinct central projections to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and limbic/cortical systems. Comparisons of the structural and functional features of primate accessory olfaction can now be made at many levels. Advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of odorant transfer and detection, physiological analyses of signal processing, and appreciation of ontogenetic timetables have clarified the contribution of accessory chemoreception to the sensory map. Two principal functions dominate: the decoding of social information through the uptake of signals (often fluid‐borne), and the provision of an essential pathway for the “migration” of presumptive neurocrine (GnRH) cells from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus. VN “smelling” (vomerolfaction) is now seen to overlap with primary olfaction. Both systems detect signal compounds along the spectrum of volatility/molecular weight, and neither is an exclusive sensor. Both main and accessory chemoreception seem to require collaborative molecular devices to assist in odorant transfer (binding proteins) and (for the VNO) signal recognition (MHC1 proteins). Most adaptive‐selective features of primate chemocommunication variously resemble those of other terrestrial mammals. VN function, along with its genome, has been maintained within the Strepsirrhines and tarsiers, reduced in Platyrrhines, and nearly extinguished at the Catarrhine up to hominin levels. It persists as an intriguing ancient sense that retains key features of past evolutionary events. Am. J. Primatol. 68:525–544, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory evolution and behavioral ecology in primates
Authors: Barton Robert A.
Published: May 2006

Primates are usually thought of as “visual” mammals, and several comparative studies have emphasized the role of vision in primate neural and sociocognitive specialization. Here I explore the role of olfactory systems, using phylogenetic analysis of comparative volumetric data. The relative sizes of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) tend to show different evolutionary patterns in accordance with their different functions. Although there is some evidence of correlated evolution of the two systems, this is apparent in only one clade (the strepsirhines). As predicted, the MOBs correlate predominantly with ecological factors (activity period and diet), while the AOBs correlate with social and mating systems. Related olfactory structures (i.e., the piriform cortex and amygdala) exhibit correlated evolution with the AOBs but not with the MOBs, and the corticobasolateral part of the amygdala exhibits a correlation with social group size in platyrrhines similar to that observed for the AOB. These social system correlations support the idea that there is an olfactory dimension to the concept of the social brain. Am. J. Primatol. 68:545–558, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory signals and the MHC: a review and a case study in Lemur catta
Authors: Knapp Leslie A. , Robson Julie , Waterhouse John S.
Published: May 2006

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the most polymorphic genetic system known in vertebrates. Decades of research demonstrate that it plays a critical role in immune response and disease resistance. It has also been suggested that MHC genes influence social behavior and reproductive phenomena. Studies in laboratory mice and rats report that kin recognition and mate choice are influenced by olfactory cues determined at least in part by an individual's MHC genes. This issue has stimulated intense but controversial research. However, work in this field has only been carried out in rodents and humans. Thus far, no study has directly investigated the relationship between olfactory cues and MHC genotype in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, other genetic loci, including those linked to the MHC, have not been ruled out as the primary influence on odor profiles. To explore the relationship between individual odor profiles and MHC alleles, we are studying ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). These animals are an ideal model species because they are extremely scent‐oriented and their behaviors suggest that olfactory signals form an important part of their intra‐ and intergroup communication systems. Individual odor profiles from tail and scent gland samples were generated for six males using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). MHC genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The GC‐MS analyses demonstrated a difference between profiles obtained from tail and scent gland samples. Although our sample size is relatively small and statistical significance could not be obtained, our analyses suggest a relationship between MHC and concentrations of volatile compounds. While these results are preliminary, they support the need for further studies of the MHC and olfactory signals in lemurs and other primates. Am. J. Primatol. 68:568–584, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking as resource defense by female Lemur catta
Authors: Mertl‐millhollen Anne S.
Published: May 2006

Because ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are a female‐dominant, female‐philopatric species in which the females provide the majority of parental care and troop defense, resource defense is a possible function of female lemur scent marking. To test this hypothesis, I conducted three studies. First, I presented captive, individually housed females with a series of samples of female scent, each from a different female, to determine whether they would respond to those samples and discriminate between them. Second, I reanalyzed data from a focal animal study of four females in two adjacent troops in Berenty Reserve, Madagascar, to determine female marking rates before, during, and after the mating season, and to clarify the relationship among positions of feeding, intertroop defense, and scent marking. The third study was based on ad libitum observations of the sniffing and marking behavior of a troop in Berenty Reserve during a year when they traveled far out of their home range. The females in study 1 investigated female scent samples but provided no evidence that they discriminated between them. In study 2 the wild females marked throughout the study and did not limit their marking to the mating season. They deposited significantly more of their marks in a zone of confrontation with adjacent troops, where they also did the majority of their feeding, and they increased their rate of marking during agonistic intertroop confrontations. The females determined the positions of their scent marks and deposited the first mark in the majority of countermarking sequences. When the females traveled out of their defended range in study 3, they significantly decreased their rate of marking and increased their rate of sniffing spots but not marking them. All evidence gathered so far supports the hypothesis that one function of female ring‐tailed lemur scent marking is to provide intergroup information that is then used to reinforce the border of the defended resource. Am. J. Primatol. 68:605–621, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking strategies of new world primates
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W.
Published: May 2006

This paper reviews recent findings on scent‐marking behavior in wild New World primates. These findings are used to examine three functional hypotheses: territoriality, regulation of social and reproductive dominance, and mating competition/mate attraction. Available data provide little evidence for a territorial function of scent‐marking behavior in New World primates. Evidence for a function in the regulation of social and reproductive dominance is ambiguous. The patterns of scent marking found so far (i.e., rates of scent marking according to sex and social or reproductive status, and the spatial distribution of scent marks), and the sparse information on responses to scent marks are consistent with a hypothesized function in intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice. Suggestions for future research are made. Am. J. Primatol. 68:650–661, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerobic conditioning: An effective therapy in McArdle's disease
Authors: Haller Ronald G. , Wyrick Phil , Taivassalo Tanja , Vissing John
Published: May 2006

Objective

Susceptibility to exertional cramps and rhabdomyolysis in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease [MD]) may lead patients to shun exercise. However, physical inactivity may worsen exercise intolerance by further reducing the limited oxidative capacity caused by blocked glycogenolysis. We investigated whether aerobic conditioning can safely improve exercise capacity in MD.

Methods

Eight MD patients (4 men and 4 women; age range, 33–61 years) pedaled a cycle ergometer for 30 to 40 minutes a day, 4 days a week, for 14 weeks, at an intensity corresponding to 60 to 70% of maximal heart rate. We monitored serum creatine kinase levels; changes in peak cycle work, oxygen uptake, and cardiac output; presence and magnitude of a spontaneous and glucose‐induced second wind; and citrate synthase and β‐hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase enzyme activities in quadriceps muscle.

Results

The prescribed exercise program increased average work capacity (36%), oxygen uptake (14%), cardiac output (15%), and citrate synthase and β‐hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase enzyme levels (80 and 62%, respectively) without causing pain or cramping or increasing serum creatine kinase. A spontaneous and glucose‐induced second wind was present and was of similar magnitude in each patient before and after training.

Interpretation

Moderate aerobic exercise is an effective means of improving exercise capacity in MD by increasing circulatory delivery and mitochondrial metabolism of bloodborne fuels. Ann Neurol 2006;59:922‐928
Real‐time measurement of cytosolic free calcium concentration in Jurkat cells during ELF magnetic field exposure and evaluation of the role of cell cycle
Authors: McCreary Cheryl R. , Dixon S. Jeffrey , Fraher Laurence J. , Carson Jeffrey J.L. , Prato Frank S.
Published: May 2006

Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) have been reported to alter a number of cell signaling pathways, including those involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis where cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]c) plays an important role. To better understand the biological conditions under which ELF MF exposure might alter [Ca2+]c, we measured [Ca2+]c by ratiometric fluorescence spectrophotometry during exposure to ELF MF in Jurkat E6.1 cells synchronized to different phases of the cell cycle. Suspensions of cells were exposed either to a near zero MF (Null) or a 60 Hz, 100 µT sinusoidal MF superimposed upon a collinear 78.1 µT static MF (AC + DC). An initial series of experiments indicated that the maximum increase in [Ca2+]c above baseline after stimulation with anti‐CD3 was significantly higher in samples exposed to AC + DC (n = 30) compared to Null (n = 30) with the largest difference in G2‐M enriched samples. However, in a second study with G2‐M enriched cells, samples treated with AC + DC (n = 17) were not statistically different from Null‐treated samples (n = 27). Detailed analysis revealed that the dynamics in [Ca2+]c before and after stimulation with anti‐CD3 were dissimilar between Null samples from each study. From the results, we concluded (i) that the ELF MF increased [Ca2+]c during an antibody‐induced signaling event, (ii) that the ELF MF effect did not depend to a large degree on cell cycle, and (iii) that a field‐related change in [Ca2+]c signaling appeared to correlate with features in the [Ca2+]c dynamics. Future work could evaluate [Ca2+]c dynamics in relation to the phase of the cell cycle and inter‐study variation, which may reveal factors important for the observation of real‐time effects of ELF MF on [Ca2+]c. Bioelectromagnetics 27:354–364, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A perspective of synthetic biology: Assembling building blocks for novel functions
Authors: Fu Pengcheng
Published: May 2006

Synthetic biology is a recently emerging field that applies engineering formalisms to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems for novel functions or life forms that do not exist in nature. Synthetic biology relies on and shares tools from genetic engineering, bioengineering, systems biology and many other engineering disciplines. It is also different from these subjects, in both insights and approach. Applications of synthetic biology have great potential for novel contributions to established fields and for offering opportunities to answer fundamentally new biological questions. This article does not aim at a thorough survey of the literature and detailing progress in all different directions. Instead, it is intended to communicate a way of thinking for synthetic biology in which basic functional elements are defined and assembled into living systems or biomaterials with new properties and behaviors. Four major application areas with a common theme are discussed and a procedure (or “protocol”) for a standard synthetic biology work is suggested.
Radiotracer measurements of protein mass transfer: Kinetics in ion exchange media
Authors: Ubiera Antonio R. , Carta Giorgio
Published: May 2006

We describe a method to measure protein mass transfer kinetics in ion exchange adsorbents for preparative chromatography based on the use of radioactively labeled protein. The method was developed and evaluated using lysozyme as a test protein with the three commercial strong‐acid cation exchangers SP‐Sepharose‐FF, SP‐Sepharose‐XL, and S‐HyperD. Iodination with125I was used to label the protein, which was added in trace amounts (∼ 0.1%) to an unlabeled protein solution. The solution was recirculated through a shallow bed of the adsorbent particles and the radioactivity accumulated in the bed measured with a gamma‐counter as a function of time. Radiotracer‐based kinetics measurements were found to be in good agreement with results obtained with a conventional shallow‐bed technique, provided that freshly labeled protein solutions were used. The method has advantages in terms of simplicity, ability to deal with adsorption from complex mixtures, and the potential for measurements under tracer diffusion conditions. Kinetics results obtained for the three different stationary phases were generally consistent with previous studies. Protein mass transfer can be described by a pore diffusion model with a nearly salt‐independent pore diffusivity for SP‐Sepharose‐FF and by a homogeneous diffusion model with a saltindependent adsorbed phase diffusivity for S‐HyperD. However, it appears that a more complex model, accounting for parallel pore and surface diffusion, is needed to describe protein mass transfer in SP‐Sepharose‐XL. The modeling results were found to be correlated with the apparent pore sizes determined by inverse SEC.
A rapid, high content,in vivomodel of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis
Authors: Barrett Ruth , Chappell Clare , Quick Marie , Fleming Angeleen
Published: May 2006

Glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is a major clinical problem given the widespread use of steroids and limited efficacy of biphosphonates. Existing animal models of GIOP are both slow and expensive. Hence, there is a need both for adjunctive modelling systems, as well as more efficacious therapies for the treatment of GIOP. We have addressed this issue through the creation of a zebrafish model of GIOP, which can be used for 96‐well platein vivoscreening with an assay time of 5 days. The model demonstrates key similarities to human GIOP including a partial response to bisphosphonates. The ability to extract detailed pharmacological data, including concentration‐response analyses, enables the screening and ranking of candidate therapeutic compounds. In addition, the zebrafish model is highly relevant for pathway dissection through genetic knockdown and overexpression studies.
Systematic review of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunomodulators
Authors: Subramanian V , Pollok R C G , Kang J-Y , Kumar D
Published: May 2006

Background

This systematic review examined the use of immunomodulators and the risk of postoperative complications after abdominal surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods

Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Ingenta, Zetoc and Ovid) were searched and the reference lists in all articles identified were hand-searched for further relevant papers. Studies were included if they evaluated postoperative complications and defined exposure to individual immunomodulators.

Results

All 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria were observational studies; two were reported only in abstract form. Five studies reported risks associated with azathioprine, five reported risks associated with cyclosporin and three reported risks associated with infliximab. None showed an increased risk of either total or infectious complications associated with immunomodulator use. However, subgroup analysis in one study, published as an abstract, suggested increased rates of anastomotic complications and reoperation associated with azathioprine.

Conclusion

Available evidence does not suggest an increased rate of postoperative complications associated with immunomodulator use.
Effect of Thermal Asymmetry on Laminar Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Porous Annular Channel
Authors: Mitrovic J. , Maletic B.
Published: May 2006

The effect of thermal asymmetry on laminar forced convection heat transfer in an annular porous channel with a Darcy dissipation of fluid kinetic energy was investigated numerically. The cylindrical surfaces making the channel boundaries were kept at constant but different temperatures. The thermal asymmetry thus imposed on the system results in an asymmetric temperature field and different heat fluxes across the channel boundaries. Depending on the Darcy, Péclet and Reynolds numbers, the thermal asymmetry may lead to a reversal of the heat flux along the channel at least at one of the channel walls. The corresponding Nusselt number becomes zero and subsequently experiences a discontinuity, thereby jumping from infinite negative to infinite positive, or vice versa. This feature is observed in the region of thermal development. In the fully developed heat transfer region, the Nusselt numbers can be positive or negative for the same inlet conditions, depending on the heat source strength. In the case of a plug flow, the analytical expressions for the Nusselt numbers have been obtained.
The Reaction of o‐Alkynylarene and Heteroarene Carboxaldehyde Derivatives with Iodonium Ions and Nucleophiles: A Versatile and Regioselective Synthesis of 1H‐Isochromene, Naphthalene, Indole, Benzofuran, and Benzothiophene Compounds
Authors: Barluenga José , Vázquez‐Villa Henar , Merino Isabel , Ballesteros Alfredo , González José M.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of o‐alkynylbenzaldehydes 1 with different alcohols, silylated nucleophiles 5, electron‐rich arenes 10, and heteroarenes 12 in the presence of the reagent IPy2BF4, at room temperature, gave functionalized 4‐iodo‐1H‐isochromenes 2, 6, 11, and 13 in a regioselective manner. When alkynes 16 and alkenes 19 and 20 were used as nucleophiles, a regioselective benzannulation reaction took place to form 1‐iodonaphthalenes 17 and 1‐naphthyl ketones 18, respectively. Moreover, the latter process has been adapted to accomplish the synthesis of indole, benzofuran, and benzothiophene derivatives (23, 27, and 28, respectively). The three patterns of reactivity observed for the o‐alkynylbenzaldehyde derivatives with IPy2BF4 stem from a common iodinated isobenzopyrylium ion intermediate, A, that evolves in a different way depending on the nucleophile present in the reaction medium. A mechanism is proposed and the different reaction pathways observed as a function of the type of nucleophile are discussed. Furthermore, the reaction of the o‐hexynylbenzaldehyde 1 b with styrene was monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Compound III, a resting state for the common intermediate in the absence of acid, has been isolated. Its evolution in acid media has been also tested, thereby providing support to the proposed mechanism.
Modular Approach to Tridentate N,O,N′ Ligands Using Pyrazolylborate Chemistry
Authors: Bieller Susanne , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias
Published: May 2006

Two anionic tridentate N,O,N′ chelators, [pz(Ph)B(μ‐pz)(μ‐O)B(Ph)pz]− (3−) and [pzPh(Ph)B(μ‐pz)(μ‐O)B(Ph)pzPh]− (4−), as well as the corresponding complexes [Fe(3)(py)Cl], [Fe(3)Cl2] and [Cu(3)Cl], have been synthesised and structurally characterised by X‐ray crystallography (pz: pyrazolyl, pzPh: 3‐phenylpyrazolyl, py: pyridine). Since our synthesis approach takes advantage of the highly modular pyrazolylborate chemistry, inexpensive and relatively resistant N,O,N′ ligands of varying steric demand are readily accessible. The complexes [Fe(3)(py)Cl] and [Fe(3)Cl2] possess a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal configuration with the pyrazolyl rings occupying equatorial positions and the oxygen donor being located at an apical position. The complex [Cu(3)Cl] crystallises as chloro‐bridged dimers featuring CuII ions with ligand environments that are intermediate between a square‐planar and a trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry.
Control of optically active structure of thioether‐phthalocyanine aggregates by chiral Pd(II)‐BINAP complexes in toluene and at the toluene/water interface
Authors: Adachi Kenta , Chayama Kenji , Watarai Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

The Pd(II)‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP)‐mediated chiral assembly of thioether‐derivatised phthalocyanatomagnesium(II) compounds (MgPc(SR)8, SR is benzylthio (SBz) or benzhydrylthio (Bh)) was formed in toluene and at the toluene/water interface, and investigated by means of UV‐Vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy combined with the centrifugal liquid‐membrane (CLM) devise. Interfacial tension measurements indicated that, in the presence of PdSO4 in the aqueous phase, BINAP ligand adsorbed as a monolayer forming Pd(II)BINAP2+ complex at the toluene/water interface. UV‐Vis absorption spectrum of MgPc(SR)8 in the Q‐band region was blue‐shifted in toluene upon addition of [Pd(II)BINAP]Cl2, but red‐shifted at the toluene/water interface when Pd(II)BINAP2+ was formed at the interface. These results suggested that MgPc(SR)8‐Pd(II)BINAP complex formed H‐aggregate (face‐to‐face type) in toluene solution and J‐aggregate (end‐to‐end type) at the toluene/water interface, respectively. Moreover, the specific bisignate CD spectral pattern in both systems indicated that the aggregates of MgPc(SR)8‐Pd(II)BINAP complexes were chirally twisted, well controlled by the chirality of BINAP ligand. Very interestingly, the morphology of MgPc(SBz)8‐Pd(II)BINAP and MgPc(SBh)8‐Pd(II)BINAP aggregates formed at the toluene/water interface were significantly different as the rodlike and the ribbonlike crystalline structure, respectively, as observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the basis of these experimental results, we proposed schematic molecular models of the chiral aggregates of MgPc(SR)8‐Pd(II)BINAP complexes and demonstrated the specific role of the toluene/water interface. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elucidation of the absolute configuration of JNJ‐27553292, a CCR2 receptor antagonist, by vibrational circular dichroism analysis of two precursors
Authors: Kuppens Tom , Herrebout Wouter , Van Der Veken Benjamin , Corens David , De Groot Alex , Doyon Julien , Van Lommen Guy , Bultinck Patrick
Published: May 2006

The absolute configurations of two precursors, that is, 1‐(3′,4′‐dichlorophenyl)‐propanol and 1‐(3′,4′‐dichlorophenyl)‐propanamine, of a potent 2‐mercapto‐imidazoleCCR‐2 receptor antagonist, JNJ‐27553292, were determined using vibrational circular dichroism. As a consequence, the absolute configuration of the antagonist itself was also determined. The two precursor compounds were subjected to a thorough conformational analysis and rotational strengths were calculated at the B3LYP/cc‐pVTZ level of theory. Based on these data, vibrational circular dichroism spectra were simulated, which in turn were compared with experimental spectra. Agreement between the spectra allowed the assignment of the absolute configuration, which is in agreement with the proposed configuration based on stereospecific reactions on similar compounds. Chirality 18:609–620, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trans‐cultural comparison of disordered eating in Korean women
Authors: Jackson Safia C. , Keel Pamela K. , Ho Lee Young
Published: May 2006

Objective:

The presence of eating disorders in non‐Western cultures is often attributed to the export of Western ideals. This study examines this hypothesis by comparing disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in Korean women with differing levels of exposure to Western culture.

Method:

Second‐generation Korean‐Americans (n = 167) and Korean immigrants (n = 37) completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26), and data from native Koreans (n = 937) were obtained from a previous epidemiological study, using a Korean‐translated version of the EAT‐26 (K‐EAT‐26). Korean‐American and immigrant women completed the Suinn‐Lew Asian Self‐Identity Acculturation Scale (SL‐ASIA).

Results:

Korean‐American women scored significantly lower on the EAT‐26 than Korean immigrants and native Koreans, who did not differ from each other. Korean‐Americans were more Western‐oriented than Korean immigrants, and acculturation levels were not correlated with EAT‐26 scores in either group.

Conclusion:

This study supports the importance of native cultural factors in the development of eating disorders in non‐Western contexts. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Eating disorder symptomatology among ballet dancers
Authors: Ringham Rebecca , Klump Kelly , Kaye Walter , Stone David , Libman Steven , Stowe Susan , Marcus Marsha
Published: May 2006

Objective:

The current study sought to compare eating disorder symptomatology among ballet dancers and individuals with restricting anorexia nervosa (RAN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and no eating pathology.

Method:

Twenty‐nine female ballet dancers completed assessments and were compared with an archival dataset of 26 women with RAN, 47 women with BN, and 44 women with no eating pathology. Eating disorder diagnoses and behaviors were assessed with a semi‐structured clinical interview, the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), and a weight history interview.

Results:

Eighty‐three percent of dancers met lifetime criteria for AN (6.9%), BN (10.3%), AN+BN (10.3%), or EDNOS (55.0%). Moreover, dancers looked more similar to eating‐disordered individuals than to control individuals on measures of eating pathology.

Conclusion:

Despite previous emphasis on the pathology AN, the current findings suggest that dancers frequently engage in binge eating and purging behaviors. Moreover, it appears that their pathology is as severe as that of non‐dancing women with eating disorders. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Strategic memory in adults with anorexia nervosa: Are there similarities to obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders?
Authors: Sherman Bonnie J. , Savage Cary R. , Eddy Kamryn T. , Blais Mark A. , Deckersbach Thilo , Jackson Safia C. , Franko Debra L. , Rauch Scott L. , Herzog David B.
Published: May 2006

Objective:

There is growing interest in the relationship between anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive‐compulsive (OC) spectrum disorders (e.g., OCD, body dysmorphic disorder [BDD]). Previous neuropsychological investigations of OC spectrum disorders have identified problems with the efficient use of strategy on complex measures of learning and memory. This study evaluated nonverbal strategic memory in AN outpatients using an approach previously applied to OC spectrum disorders.

Method:

Eighteen patients with AN and 19 healthy control participants completed the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT), a widely used measure of nonverbal strategic planning, learning, and memory.

Results:

Individuals with AN differed significantly from healthy controls in the organizational strategies used to copy the RCFT figure, and they recalled significantly less information on both immediate and delayed testing. Multiple regression analyses indicated that group differences in learning were mediated by copy organizational strategies.

Conclusion:

These results are identical to study findings in OCD and BDD, indicating important shared neuropsychological features among AN and these OC spectrum disorders. As in OCD and BDD, the essential cognitive deficit in AN was impaired use of organizational strategies, which may inform our understanding of the pathophysiology of AN and potentially offer treatment implications. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
DSM‐IV threshold versus subthreshold bulimia nervosa
Authors: le Grange Daniel , Binford Roslyn B. , Peterson Carol B. , Crow Scott J. , Crosby Ross D. , Klein Marjorie H. , Bardone‐Cone Anna M. , Joiner Thomas E. , Mitchell James E. , Wonderlich Stephen A.
Published: May 2006

Objective:

The purpose of the present work is to determine whether bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified, BN type (EDNOS‐BN) were qualitatively distinct in terms of eating and general psychopathology.

Method:

This study presents a comparison of 138 women with BN and 57 with EDNOS‐BN from a multisite study on eating‐related and general psychopathology measures.

Results:

Although women with BN reported higher lifetime history rates of anorexia nervosa, greater binge eating and vomiting frequency, and more eating concerns, no significant differences were observed between groups on measures of perfectionism, impulsivity, obsessive‐compulsiveness, anxiety, depressive symptomatology, or alcohol/substance problems. Based on the partial η2 values, the distinction between BN and EDNOS‐BN accounted for < 5% of the criterion variance in general psychopathology measures. Post hoc analyses comparing EDNOS‐BN with objective bulimic episodes (OBEs; n = 34) versus no OBEs (n = 23) found greater EDEQ‐4 Restraint subscale scores for EDNOS‐BN without OBEs. However, there was no significant difference on the EDEQ‐4 Eating Concern subscale between the two EDNOS‐BN subgroups.

Conclusion:

The findings highlight the clinical significance of BN partial syndrome and prompt reevaluation of existing BN diagnostic boundaries. Post hoc analyses also underscore the need for greater differentiation within EDNOS. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Feature extraction of one‐step‐ahead daily maximum load with regression tree
Authors: Mori Hiroyuki , Sakatani Yoshinori , Fujino Tatsurou , Numa Kazuyuki
Published: May 2006

In this paper, a new efficient feature extraction method is proposed to handle the one‐step‐ahead daily maximum load forecasting. In recent years, power systems become more complicated under the deregulated and competitive environment. As a result, it is not easy to understand the cause and effect of short‐term load forecasting with a bunch of data. This paper analyzes load data from the standpoint of data mining. By it we mean a technique that finds out rules or knowledge through large database. As a data mining method for load forecasting, this paper focuses on the regression tree that handles continuous variables and expresses a knowledge rule as if‐then rules. Investigating the variable importance of the regression tree gives information on the transition of the load forecasting models. This paper proposes a feature extraction method for examining the variable importance. The proposed method allows to classify the transition of the variable importance through actual data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(2): 43–51, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20104
Study on stochastic optimal electric power procurement strategies with uncertain market prices
Authors: Siripatanakulkhajorn Sakchai , Saisho Yuichi , Fujii Yasumasa , Yamaji Kenji
Published: May 2006

The player in deregulated electricity markets can be categorized into three groups of GENCO (Generator Companies), TRANSCO (Transmission Companies), and DISCO (Distribution Companies). This research focuses on the role of Distribution Companies, which purchase electricity from the market at randomly fluctuating prices, and provide it to their customers at given fixed prices. Therefore, Distribution Companies have to take the risk stemming from price fluctuation of electricity instead of the customers. This entails the necessity of developing a certain method to make an optimal strategy for electricity procurement. In such a circumstance, this research has the purpose of proposing a mathematical model based on stochastic dynamic programming to evaluate the value of a long‐term bilateral contract for electricity trade, and also a project of combination of the bilateral contract and power generation with their own generators for procuring electric power in a deregulated market. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(2): 32–42, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20105
Fundamental study on variable load operation of planar solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Inui Yoshitaka , Ito Nobuyuki , Nakajima Takeharu , Urata Atsushi
Published: May 2006

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has a problem in durability of the ceramics used as its cell materials, because its operating temperature is very high and cell temperature fluctuation induces thermal stress to the ceramics. The cell temperature distribution in the SOFC, therefore, should be kept as constant as possible during the variable load operation through the control of the average current density in the cell. Considering this fact, the authors investigate the relation between the average current density and the temperature distribution in the co‐flow‐ and counter‐flow‐type planar SOFC single cells by numerical simulations. In the calculations, the fuel utilization is kept constant and the air utilization is selected as the controllable variable. It is made clear that the change of the temperature distribution can be suppressed to a sufficiently low level and the variable load operation can be realized for both types of cells by properly regulating the air utilization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(2): 15–24, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20347
Unusual Fluoroalkenylation of Porphyrins: A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 10,20‐Diaryl‐5‐[(E)‐fluoroalkenyl]‐15‐(fluoroalkyl)porphyrins
Authors: Jin Li‐Mei , Yin Juan‐Juan , Chen Liang , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Guo Can‐Cheng , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: May 2006

A series of 10,20‐diaryl‐5‐[(E)‐fluoroalkenyl]‐15‐(fluoroalkyl)porphyrins has been synthesized by the reaction of free‐base 5,15‐diarylporphyrins with fluoroalkyl iodides in the presence of Na2S2O4. Subsequent intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding (fluoroalkenyl)porphyrins occurs smoothly in refluxing toluene/H2O. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reactance and the dynamics of disagreement: multiple paths from threatened freedom to resistance to persuasion
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: May 2006

Many experiments show that threats to attitudinal freedom create reactance, but the underlying dynamics of reactance‐based disagreement have not received much attention. The present experiments identified two paths from threats to disagreement. In one path, threats to attitudinal freedom directly motivate disagreement; in the other, negative cognitive responses mediate the threat's effect on disagreement. Two experiments demonstrated the causes and consequences of each path from threat to persuasion. When a communicator threatened freedom at the beginning of the message, unfavorable cognitive responses (counterarguing, negative perceptions of the source's credibility) fully mediated the effect of threat on disagreement. When the threat appeared at the end of the message however, threat had a direct, unmediated effect on disagreement (Experiment 1). The two paths had different consequences for sleeper effects: disagreement rooted in negative cognitive responses persisted, whereas disagreement directly motivated by the threat declined when the threat was removed (Experiment 2). Implications for reactance and for threat‐based sleeper effects are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum iohexol analysis by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography
Authors: Shihabi Zak K. , Hinsdale Mark E.
Published: May 2006

A simple and rapid (∼4 min) method for the measurement of iohexol in serum for assessing the glomerular filtration rate is described. It is based on direct serum injection on the capillary by MEKC. The method is linear between 8 and 260 mg/L, with an RSD of peak height of 2.9%. Several simple steps have contributed to an improved daily precision, such as choosing a high pH buffer, increasing the SDS concentration, frequent standardization, and eliminating any sample pretreatment.
A novel Bicine running buffer system for doubled sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins
Authors: Williams Taufika Islam , Combs Jennifer C. , Thakur Anup P. , Strobel Herbert J. , Lynn Bert C.
Published: May 2006

A novel, Bicine‐based SDS‐PAGE buffer system was developed for the analysis of membrane proteins. The method involves molecular weight‐based separations of fully denatured and solubilized proteins in two dimensions. This doubled SDS‐PAGE (dSDS‐PAGE) approach produced a diagonal arrangement of protein spots and successfully circumvented problems associated with membrane proteome analysis involving traditional gel‐based methods. Membrane proteins from the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum were used for these investigations. Tricine‐dSDS‐PAGE and the newly developed Bicine‐dSDS‐PAGE were compared with the standard glycine‐dSDS‐PAGE (Laemmli protocol) in their suitability to separate C. thermocellum membrane proteins. Large‐format gel experiments using optimized gel preparation and running buffer conditions revealed a 112% increase in protein spot count for Tricine‐dSDS‐PAGE and a 151% increase for Bicine‐dSDS‐PAGE, compared to glycine‐dSDS‐PAGE. The data clearly indicated that Bicine‐dSDS‐PAGE is a superior method for the analysis of membrane proteins, providing enhanced resolution and protein representation.
Capillary electrochromatography with zwitterionic stationary phase on the lysine‐bonded poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column
Authors: Dong Xiaoli , Dong Jing , Ou Junjie , Zhu Yan , Zou Hanfa
Published: May 2006

A polymer‐based neutral monolithic capillary column was prepared by radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate in a 100 μm id fused‐silica capillary, and the prepared monolithic column was subsequently modified based on a ring opening reaction of epoxide groups with 1 M lysine in solution (pH 8.0) at 75°C for 10 h to produce a lysine chemically bonded stationary phases in capillary column. The ring opening reaction conditions were optimized so that the column could generate substantial EOF. Due to the zwitterionic functional groups of the lysine covalently bonded on the polymer monolithic rod, the prepared column can generate cathodic and anodic EOF by varying the pH values of running buffer during CEC separation. EOF reached the maximum of —2.0×10−8 m2v−1s−1 and 2.6×10−8 m2v−1s−1 with pH of the running buffer of 2.25 and 10, respectively. As a consequence, neutral compounds, ionic solutes such as phenols, aromatic acids, anilines, and basic pharmaceuticals were all successfully separated on the column by CEC. Hydrophobic interaction is responsible for separation of neutral analytes. In addition, the electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction and the electrophoretic migration play a significant role in separation of the ionic or ionizable analytes.
Early activation, motility, and homing of neonatal microglia to injured neurons does not require protein synthesis
Authors: Kurpius Dana , Wilson Nicholas , Fuller Leah , Hoffman Amara , Dailey Michael E.
Published: May 2006

Neuronal injury in CNS tissues induces a rapid activation and mobilization of resident microglia (MG). It is widely assumed that changes in gene expression drive the morphological transformation of MG and regulate their mobilization during activation. Here, we used acutely excised neonatal rat brain slices to test whether the morphological transformation and homing of MG to injured neurons requires gene expression and de novo protein synthesis. Traumatic injury during excision of live brain tissue slices induces a rapid and transient translocation of a transcription factor, NF‐κB, to nuclei in MG. This is followed within 4–8 h by an increase in immunolabeling for cell adhesion molecules and lysosomal proteins, accompanied by changes in cell morphology. Application of anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, prevents the increase in immunolabeling for markers of MG activation but not the morphological transformation. Confocal time‐lapse imaging in live tissue slices indicates that MG cell motility (branch extension and retraction) and locomotion are unaffected by anisomycin at early postinjury time‐points (<4 h), while at later time‐points (4–8 h postinjury) MG locomotion but not motility is inhibited. Thus, activated MG rapidly localize to injured pyramidal neuron cell bodies by 4‐h postinjury, even in the presence of anisomycin. Moreover, this early MG activation and homing to injured neurons is unaffected in tissue slices from β2 integrin deficient mice. These results indicate that gene activation and new protein synthesis coincide with, but are not necessary for, the rapid morphological transformation and early migration‐dependent homing of activated MG to injured neurons in CNS tissues. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal degeneration stimulates the formation of NG2+ cells and oligodendrocytes in the mouse
Authors: Nielsen Helle H. , Ladeby Rune , Drøjdahl Nina , Peterson Alan C. , Finsen Bente
Published: May 2006

Proliferation of the adult NG2‐expressing oligodendrocyte precursor cells has traditionally been viewed as a remyelination response ensuing from destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes, and not to the axonal pathology that is also a characteristic of demyelinating disease. To better understand the response of the NG2+ cells to the different components of demyelinating pathology, we investigated the response of adult NG2+ cells to axonal degeneration in the absence of primary myelin or oligodendrocyte pathology. Axonal degeneration was induced in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mice by transection of the entorhino‐dentate perforant path projection. The acutely induced degeneration of axons and terminals resulted in a prompt response of NG2+ cells, consisting of morphological transformation, cellular proliferation, and upregulation of NG2 expression days 2–3 after surgery. This was followed by a reduction of cellular NG2 expression to subnormal levels from day 5 to 7 and reappearance of normal appearing NG2+ cells from day 10. Mice that had received repeated injections of bromodeoxyuridine from 24 to 72 h after surgery contained significant numbers of bromodeoxyuridine‐incorporating oligodendrocytes in the areas with axonal degeneration at day 7. The results suggest that axonal degeneration induces a unique sequence of changes of NG2+ cells and that a subpopulation of the newly generated NG2+ cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex dependence of substrate stiffness and serum concentration on cell‐force generation
Authors: Karamichos D. , Brown R.A. , Mudera V.
Published: May 2006

Collagen is a widely used biomaterial in tissue engineering. Mechanical stimulation of cell‐seeded collagen constructs and its effects on cell orientation, intracellular signaling, and molecular responses have been reported. Our aim was to study the transfer of applied mechanical load to resident cells in 3D collagen constructs. Stainless steel markers were embedded in constructs as reporters of micromovement and uniaxial (0–15%) strain was applied. Cell‐seeded collagen constructs were also subjected to (0–15%) uniaxial strain and material responses recorded. The viscoelastic properties of collagen resulted in comparatively small movement of the marker bars relative to gel deformation. Cell seeding density of 1 million/mL had no significant effect on the viscoelastic properties of collagen for the range of strain tested. Our findings indicate that viscoelastic properties of collagen result in minimal force transfer of applied loads as recorded by movement of stainless steel markers. At higher strain rates as collagen got stiffer the movement decreased. These findings indicate that as cell‐seeded collagen constructs mature in a bioreactor and become stiffer due to ECM production/deposition, mechanical stimulation will have to be tailored over time to account for increased stiffness of constructs in vitro to elicit predictable and consistent cellular responses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
First international meeting on “Stem Cell Applications in the Craniofacial Region”
Authors: Papaccio Gianpaolo , Laino Gregorio
Published: May 2006

During the 1st International Meeting on “Stem Cell Applications in the Craniofacial Region” promoted in Naples (Italy), invited researchers presented their work and the most innovative methods regarding stem cells (SCs) and their application to the craniofacial region of the human body. In addition, some researchers showed their case‐reports on craniofacial reconstruction using either osteo‐distraction or reconstruction surgical methods. The aim of this biannual meeting is to stimulate discussion, improve knowledge and promote scientific collaboration among basic and clinical scientists in the main topics of SC use in therapy. A summary of this meeting is given. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 473–475, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A uniform design‐based back propagation neural network model for amino acid composition and optimal pH in G/11 xylanase
Authors: Zhang Guangya , Fang Baishan
Published: May 2006

A link between amino acid composition and optimal pH in G/11 xylanase was established. A back propagation neural network (BPNN) was used as the mathematical tool and a uniform design method was employed to optimise the architecture of the BPNN. Results showed that the calculated and predicted pHs fitted the optimal pHs of xylanase very well, with mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 3.02 and 4.06%, mean square errors (MSEs) of 0.19 and 0.19 pH unit and mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 0.11 and 0.19 pH unit respectively. The new model performed better in fitting and prediction compared with a previously reported model based on stepwise regression. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry