bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Covariance and decoupling of floral and vegetative traits in nine Neotropical plants: a re‐evaluation of Berg's correlation‐pleiades concept
Authors: Armbruster W. Scott , Di Stilio Vero´nica S. , Tuxill John D. , Flores T. Christopher , Vela´squez Runk Julie L.
Published: April 2006

Nearly forty years ago R. L. Berg proposed that plants with specialized pollination ecology evolve genetic and developmental systems that decouple floral morphology from phenotypic variation in vegetative traits. These species evolve separate floral and vegetative trait clusters, or as she termed them, “correlation pleiades.” The predictions of this hypothesis have been generally supported, but only a small sample of temperate‐zone herb and grass species has been tested. To further evaluate this hypothesis, especially its applicability to plants of other growth forms, we examined the patterns of phenotypic variation and covariation of floral and vegetative traits in nine species of Neotropical plants. We recognized seven specific predictions of Berg's hypothesis. Our results supported some predictions but not others. Species with specialized pollination systems usually had floral traits decoupled (weak correlation; Canna and Eichornia) or buffered (relationship with shallow proportional slope; Calathea and Canna) from variation in vegetative traits. However, the same trend was also observed in three species with unspecialized pollination systems (Echinodorus, Muntingia, and Wedelia). One species with unspecialized pollination (Croton) and one wind‐pollinated species (Cyperus) showed no decoupling or buffering, as predicted. While species with specialized pollination usually showed lower coefficients of variation for floral traits than vegetative traits (as predicted), the same was also true of species with unspecialized or wind pollination (unlike our prediction). Species with specialized pollination showed less variation in floral traits than did species with unspecialized or wind pollination, as predicted. However, the same was true of the corresponding vegetative traits, which was unexpected. Also in contrast to our prediction, plants with specialized pollination systems did not exhibit tighter phenotypic integration of floral characters than did species with generalized pollination systems. We conclude that the patterns of morphological integration among floral traits and between floral and vegetative traits tend to be species specific, not easily predicted from pollination ecology, and generally more complicated than R. L. Berg envisaged.
Isozymatic variation and phylogenetic relationships between heneque´n (Agave fourcroydes) and its wild ancestor A. angustifolia (Agavaceae)
Authors: Colunga‐Garci´aMari´n Patricia , Coello‐Coello Julia´n , Eguiarte Luis E. , Pin~ero Daniel
Published: April 2006

Isozymatic variation and phylogenetic relationships among extant heneque´n (Agave fourcroydes) germplasm and wild populations of its ancestor A. angustifolia in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico were analyzed. Analysis of three isozyme systems using starch gel electrophoresis indicated that while A. angustifolia populations have relatively high levels of variation, within each heneque´n cultivar all individuals were identical. This result corresponds to previous ethnobotanical and morphological analyses, which indicated severe loss of genetic variation of this domesticated plant as a consequence of the promotion by means of asexual propagation of only one cultivar since the middle of the last century. The three extant cultivars of heneque´n were distinct from each other. Two of them, Sac Ki (SK) and Yaax Ki (YK), could be matched within the progenitor, but Kitam Ki (KK) has a MDH electrophenotype not found in any of the plants growing inside the Yucatan Peninsula, but found in some A. angustifolia plants growing in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Veracruz. A parsimony analysis of the morphological data indicated two lineages: that of SK and YK, cultivated cordage plants selected for stronger and longer fibers, whose sister group is the Tropical subdeciduous forest ecotype (SF), and that of all the other wild populations, which also included KK, the cultivated textile plants selected for finer fibers and nearly extinct in Yucatan. These results support the hypothesis of the yucatecan origin of SK and YK from the SF ecotype, as well as the hypothesis of a recent introduction of KK to the Yucatan Peninsula in a domestication trend that probably included also Chelem White (its cultivation being abandoned later).
Development of photosystem‐II activity during irradiance of etiolatedHelianthus(Asteraceae) seedlings
Authors: Lebkuecher Jefferson G , Haldeman Kurt A , Harris Christine E , Holz Sonia L , Joudah Sary A , Minton Darcy A
Published: April 2006

Light‐induced development of photosystem (PS)‐II activity was followed during irradiance of etiolatedHelianthus annuus(sunflower) cotyledons using chlorophyllafluorescence. Cotyledons from seedlings grown in continuous darkness for 6 d were exposed to 100 μmol photons·m−2·s−1for time periods of 1, 3, 6, and 12 h. Associated with increased time of irradiance exposure were significant: (1) increases in concentration of PS II, (2) increases in quantum efficiency of PS II, (3) decreases in the ratio of PS‐II quinoneB(QB)‐nonreducing centers to total PS‐II centers (PS‐II QB‐nonreducing centers + PS‐II QB‐reducing centers), and (4) decreases in the ratio of slow PS‐II QB‐reducing centers to total PS‐II QB‐reducing centers (fast PS‐II QB‐reducing centers + slow PS‐II QB‐reducing centers). The results support the hypotheses that development of PS II involves assembly of complexes which initially cannot reduce QBand that heterogeneous aspects of PS‐II pools during chloroplast maturation may represent different developmental states.
Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene
Authors: Dayanandan S , Ashton Peter S , Williams Scott M , Primack Richard B
Published: April 2006

The Dipterocarpaceae, well‐known trees of the Asian rain forests, have been variously assigned to Malvales and Theales. The family, if the Monotoideae of Africa (30 species) and South America and the Pakaraimoideae of South America (one species) are included, comprises over 500 species. Despite the high diversity and ecological dominance of the Dipterocarpaceae, phylogenetic relationships within the family as well as between dipterocarps and other angiosperm families remain poorly defined. We conducted parsimony analyses on rbcL sequences from 35 species to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae. The consensus tree resulting from these analyses shows that the members of Dipterocarpaceae, including Monotes and Pakaraimaea, form a monophyletic group closely related to the family Sarcolaenaceae and are allied to Malvales. The present generic and higher taxon circumscriptions of Dipterocarpaceae are mostly in agreement with this molecular phylogeny with the exception of the genus Hopea, which forms a clade with Shorea sections Anthoshorea and Doona. Phylogenetic placement of Dipterocarpus and Dryobalanops remains unresolved. Further studies involving representative taxa from Cistaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Hopea, Shorea, Dipterocarpus, and Dryobalanops will be necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the phylogeny and generic limits of the Dipterocarpaceae.
A brief summary of my ideas on evolution
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard
Published: April 2006

A brief summary of my current ideas on evolution is presented. Three recent books that represent important synopses of evolution are considered in the discussion. Differences between plants and animals that have important implications for evolution in the two groups are discussed. Progress in understanding plant evolution requires synthetic studies integrating data from many different areas of research.
Tall Tales: Anthropometric Measures of Weil-Being in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, 1821-1960
Authors: Hoch Steven L.
Published: April 2006

“From the soles of his feet to the roots of his hair, Paul Bunyan split the atmosphere exacdy 12 feet 11 inches. His weight, he told me—and I don't doubt his word for a moment—was 888 pounds.” Together with precise measures of Paul Bunyan's hips, waist, shoulders, thighs, calves, and reach, subsequently detailed, we would, it seems, have a rather comprehensive anthropometric description of this legendary logger. But his companion, Babe the Blue Ox, “was seven axe handles wide between the eyes,” quite a different anthropometric measure indeed. Moreover, “some persons give the measurement as forty-two axe handles and a plug of Star tobacco.” And, we are told, “both figures are correct,” all of which quickly brings us to the heart of the problem, species aside.
Pushkin's Ironic Performances as a Gambler
Authors: Helfant Ian M.
Published: April 2006

Generations of Pushkinists have marveled at the writer's adroitness in adopting literary personae appropriate to a wide range of genres. His performances in social spheres, on the other hand, have elicited mixed reactions. Some contemporaries, like the censor A. V. Nikitenko, lamented Pushkin's desire to cut a figure in society rather than relying upon his artistic achievements. Others stressed his mastery of social etiquette, as well as his vanity.
NAFTA—arbitration—scope ofjurisdiction to arbitrate—requirement of transparency—expropriation resulting from withholding governmental permits and imposing new environmental restrictions— damages for expropriation—enforcement of arbitral award
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Dodge William S.
Published: April 2006

Metalclad Corporation v. Mexico. ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/97/l. 40 ILM 36 (2001), available at .

NAFTA Chapter 11 Arbitral Tribunal, August 30, 2000.

Mexico v. Metalclad Corporation. 2001 B.C.S.C. 664, available, at .

Supreme Court of British Columbia, May 2, 2001.

In 1993, Metalclad Corporation purchased the Mexican company Confinamiento Tecnico de Residuos Industriales, S.A. de C.V. (COTERIN) in order to build and operate a hazardous-waste transfer station and landfill in Guadalcazar, San Luis Potosi. Although the federal government of Mexico and the state government of San Luis Potosi had granted COTERIN permits to construct and operate the landfill, the municipality of Guadalcazar denied a municipal construction permit, and the governor of San Luis Potosi subsequently declared an area encompassing the landfill to be an ecological reserve.
Democracy from Below? Interest Groups in Georgian Society
Authors: Jones Stephen F.
Published: April 2006

The Georgian state, almost destroyed by two secessionist wars, a civil war, and an economic catastrophe, had by 1997 reestablished an orderly political life. The messianic rhetoric of the early postindependence years was replaced by a new language of civic values and pluralism. The former Soviet nomenklatura—never really ousted by the revolution or subject to lustration laws—had joined old cultural elites, industrial managers, new entrepreneurs, and intellectually minded modernizers in a heterogeneous political class. Though fractious and facing new challenges to its authority from the media, international nongovernmental organizations, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), this new political class began to mediate Georgian economic and political life. Society remained fragmented, but structural changes in the economy, the Georgian leadership's restoration of order, and the activities of international nongovernmental organizations, generated embryonic interest groups and indigenous nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with claims on government policy. Today, policy conflicts are no longer just the domain of autonomous state structures, but multicornered fights—albeit unequal ones—that extend into Georgian society.
Mastering the Perverse: State Building and Language “Purification” in Early Soviet Russia
Authors: Gorham Michael S.
Published: April 2006

They cannot represent themselves, they must be represented. Their representative must at the same time appear as their master, as an authority over them, as an unlimited governmental power that protects them against the other classes and sends them the rain and the sunshine from above. The political influence of the small peasants…finds its final expression in the executive power subordinating society to itself.

—Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," 1852

This pursuit of new words, this fornication with language and excessive use of regional lexicons, I personally find most depressing. You must excuse me, but in this desire to decorate fiction withnon-literarywords one senses— apart from the littering of language with rubbish—a bourgeois aesthetic at work: the desire to decorate an icon with foil, paper flowers, and "grapes." This is bad.

—Maksim Gor'kii,Selected Letters, 1926
On Certainties and Ambivalencies: Reply to My Critics
Authors: Weitz Eric D.
Published: April 2006

Eric D. Weitz argues that the Soviet Union promoted the development of national institutions and consciousness and explicidy rejected the ideology of race. Yet traces of racial politics crept into Soviet nationalities policies, especially between 1937 and 1953. In the Stalin period particular populations were endowed with immutable traits that every member of the group possessed and that were passed from one generation to the next. Recent scholarship, he suggests, has been resistant to drawing out the racial elements in the Stalinist purges of certain nationalities. Francine Hirsch challenges Weitz’s argument, arguing that the Soviet regime had a developed concept of “race,” but did not practice what contemporaries thought of as “racial politics.” Hirsch argues that while the Nazi regime attempted to enact social change by racial means, the Soviet regime aspired to build socialism dirough die manipulation of mass (national and class) consciousness. She contends that it is imperative to analyze the conceptual categories that both regimes used in order to undertake a true comparative analysis. Weiner proposes that Soviet population politics constandy fluctuated between sociological and biological categorization. Although the Soviets often came close to adapting bioracial principles and practices, at no point did they let human heredity become a defining feature of political schemes. Race in the Soviet world applied mainly to concerns for the health of population groups. Despite the capacity to conduct genocidal campaigns and operate death camps, the Soviets never sought the physical extermination of entire groups nor did they stop celebrating the multiethnicity of tiieir polity. The radicalization of state violence in the postwar era was triggered by die nature and role of the war in the Soviet world, the alleged conduct of those who failed to rise to the occasion, and the endemic unstable and unassimilated borderlands, and not by die genetic makeup of the internal enemies. Alaina Lemon’s contribution suggests that scholars seek racialized concepts by treating discourse as situated practice, rather than by separating discourse from practice. This allows consideration of the ways people use language not only to name categories but also to point to social relationships (such as “race”) with or without explicidy naming them as such. Doing so, however, is admittedly more difficult when die only available evidence of past discursive practices are printed texts or interviews. In conclusion, Weitz responds to these critics.
Geography and Transition: Reconceptualizing Systemic Change in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Lynn Nicholas J.
Published: April 2006

Systemic transition in the former USSR is an inherently spatial process. In the most general sense, marketization, privatization, and internationalization involve a reordering of the political space and the restructuring of the economic and social landscapes of the former Soviet Union (FSU). In a number of more specific ways, geography also provides a structure within which individuals and institutions operate, and it provides a series of opportunities and constraints. Geographers, then, should be able to make an important contribution to debates concerning systemic change in the FSU.
Peoples and States after 1989: The Political Costs of Incomplete National Revolutions
Authors: Solomon Peter H.
Published: April 2006

As communism was collapsing, both the discipline of political science and American foreign policy were becoming captivated by two concepts—the third wave of democratization and the democratic peace. The third wave of democratization is the "worldwide movement to democracy" that occurred in more than thirty countries during the decade and a half that began with the Portuguese coup of 1974. The democratic peace is the special peace that develops among liberal states "because they exercise democratic caution and are capable of appreciating the international rights of foreign republics."
“Russia! What Do You Want of Me?”: The Russian Reading Public inDeadSouls
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: April 2006

This article analyzes the role of Russia's changing readership and incipient print culture inDead Souls. Though Nikolai Gogol' was received in salon society, his primary allegiance was to print and the broad (and thus unsophisticated) readership that was beginning to buy and read printed texts. Like other of Gogol“s works (“On the Development of Periodical Literature in 1834 and 1835,” “The Portrait”),Dead Soulsreflects the author's awareness of the severe limitations of this audience, especially their desire for conventional plot devices and their eagerness for characters with whom to identify. AlthoughDead Soulsinvites readers' participation, it also reflects Gogol“s growing skepticism about inexperienced readers' attempts to create meaning, his disdain for their judgment, and his desire to assert total control over the meaning of his art. Lounsbery considersDead Souls' reception and situates Gogol“s work in the context of the appearance ofLibrary for Readingin 1834 and other writers' approaches to the problem of Russia's reading public (notably Faddei Bulgarin and Osip Senkovskii).
“Our City, Our Hearths, Our Families“: Local Loyalties and Private Life in Soviet World War II Propaganda
Authors: Kirschenbaum Lisa A.
Published: April 2006

During World War II, images of mothers constituted one of the most striking—and lasting—additions to Soviet propaganda. The appearance of “Mother Russia” has been understood as a manifestation of the Soviet state's wartime renunciation of appeals to Marxism-Leninism and its embrace of nationalism. Yet “Mother Russia”(rodina-mat',more literally, the “motherland mother“) was an ambiguous national figure. The wordrodina,from the verbrodit',to give birth, can mean birthplace both in the narrow sense of hometown and in the broad sense of “motherland,” and it suggests the centrality of the private and the local in wartime conceptions of public duty. Mothers functioned in Soviet propaganda both as national symbols and as the constantly reworked and reimagined nexus between home and nation, between love for the family and devotion to the state. From this point of view, the new prominence of mothers in wartime propaganda can be understood as part of what Jeffrey Brooks has identified as the “counter-narrative” of individual initiative and private motives, as opposed to party discipline, that dominated the centrally controlled press's coverage of the first years of the war.
ThePassionof Dmitrii Karamazov
Authors: Flath Carol A.
Published: April 2006

What is the word of Christ without an example?

—Zosima,PSS, 14:267

Do not believe the empty and mendacious crowd, Forget your doubts…

—Dmitrii, via Nekrasov,PSS, 14:96

InBrat'ia Karamazovy(The brothers Karamazov), Fedor Dostoevskii suggests the impossibility of earthly justice but compensates for this harsh truth through a vision of transcendent joy. His message of Christian belief, inexpressible in the indicative, infuses every word of the novel on a poetic level and becomes manifest in the unfolding of the plot.
A 1520 French Translation of the Moriae Encomium
Authors: Rechtien John G.
Published: April 2006

In August 1520, Pierre Vidoue printed at Paris, for Galliot du Pré, a French translation of Desiderius Erasmus’ Moriae Encomium: De la declamation des louenges de follie. Critical comment about this translation has been limited to identifying its author and citing Erasmus’ attitude towards it. Since no French translation contemporary to Erasmus other than that of 1520 is known, Vidoue's book has been attributed to Georges Haloin, whose translation is mentioned in four of Erasmus' letters written in 1517. Criticism of Haloin's translation seems inspired less by examination of his work than by these letters. Rachel Giese, for example, mentions the ‘lively interest’ which Erasmus had in the French version and his request for a copy—facts which are recorded in a letter from Erasmus to Haloin on August 29, 1517.
Marvell's Gallery of Art*
Authors: Hinnant Charles H.
Published: April 2006

In his biography of Andrew Marvell, Pierre Legouis observed that in 'The Gallery’ Marvell effected a considerable change in the wellknown theme of the image engraved on the lover's heart. ‘That a lover's heart contains his mistress's picture had already been said, among others, by Donne and Carew; but Marvell renovates the hackneyed metaphor by enlarging it. His imagination reveals itself spacious without strain.' Although Legouis pays tribute to the visual quality of Marvell's imagination, he, like other critics, has hardly explored the question to what extent ‘The Gallery’ is indebted for inspiration to pictorial tradition. 'The Gallery’ is particularly significant in this respect, for it is the most explicit illustration in Marvell's poetry of Horace's phraseut pictura poesis,interpreted for many centuries as an affirmation of the parallelism between the two arts, and of the saying attributed by Plutarch to Simonides: 'painting is mute poetry, poetry a speaking picture.’
Spenser, Everard Digby, and the Renaissance Art of Swimming
Authors: West Michael
Published: April 2006

In Book v ofThe Faërie QueeneSpenser describes a curious combat between Artegall and Pollente. Both contestants precipitate themselves into the river from a booby-trapped bridge, where Pollente, 'who that use well knew / To fight in water, great advantage had' (v.ii.13. 5-6); 'which oddes when as Sir Artegall espide, / He saw no way but close with him in haste' (v.ii.14.1-2). Gripping his opponent's iron collar and choking him is the tactic he elects, with this result.

So Artegall at length him forst forsake

His horses backe, for dread of being drownd,

And to his handy swimming him betake.

Eftsoones him selfe he from his hold unbownd,

And then no ods at all in him he fownd:

For Artegall in swimming skilfull was,

And durst the depth of any water sownd.

So ought each knight, that use of perill has,

In swimming be expert, through waters force to pas. (v.ii.16)
Speculations on the Collation of a Lost
Manuscript
Authors: Bühler Curt F.
Published: April 2006

In my edition of The Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers,
I pointed out that the text of the Helmingham Hall manuscript was badly
disarranged towards the end of the volume. I there expressed the conviction
that the confusion was due to twin faults, first that the leaves in the
'Vorlage’ (cited as V) used by the scribe of the Helmingham Hall MS. (cited
as HH) had become jumbled and secondly that this scribe had mechanically and
thoughtlessly followed his exemplar without paying the slightest attention
to the text. Having recently had the occasion to examine this MS once again
(now Glazier MS. 66), it occurred to me that some further deductions might
be drawn from this scribal lapse.
Benedetto Varchi, the Accademia degli Infiammati, and the Origins of the Italian Academic Movement*
Authors: Samuels Richard S.
Published: April 2006

The sixteenth-century Italian academies, in the judgment of modern scholars, played a role in the intellectual life of their time and had an impact on the culture of their age to an extent not yet fully assessed. In their own day they not only carried on and developed more fully many aspects of Quattrocento scholarship, but offered scholars a forum in which to distil and crystallize novel research which otherwise would have lacked an appropriate outlet. They spread the fruits of both tradition and innovation to a large audience, and they did so by adopting the volgare as their official language. They thereby gave living proof to the theories laid down by Pietro Bembo (1470-1547) and Sperone Speroni (1500-1588) that the vernacular was just as effective a medium of poetic and scholarly discourse as the classical Latin which had been the language of choice of the earlier humanists, and which continued to be the language of the universities.
The Trattato dell'Abbaco and Andrea Pisano's Design for the Florentine
Baptistery Door*
Authors: Zervas Diane Finiello
Published: April 2006

Although our knowledge about the methods used to design and proportion
large-scale works of art during the Trecento and early Quattrocento is
gradually expanding, it still remains fragmentary. Paul Frankl was one of
the earliest scholars to speculate on the subject. Based on his assumption
that the masons in Europe from the late thirteenth through the early
sixteenth century constituted an essentially homogeneous group, Frankl
argued that the design and proportional methods of medieval Italian masons
must be similar, if not identical, to the ‘secrets’ of the German masons
published by men such as Matthäus Roriczer, Hans Schmuttermeyer, and Lorenz
Lechler in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. Indeed, the
so-called Roriczer method, which utilizes irrational but geometrically
related lengths generated by a series of inscribed or circumscribed squares,
has remained a favored means of explaining Italian medieval and early
Renaissance design and proportional procedures since Frankl's time.
Personal, Domestic, and Republican Values in the Moral Philosophy of
Giovanni Caldiera
Authors: King Margaret L.
Published: April 2006

Giovanni Caldiera (ca. 1400 - ca. 1474) was well known in his day as a
secondary figure of the Venetian humanist circle. An examination of his
three moral philosophical works—the De virtutibus moralibus et
theologicis, the De iconomia
veneta, and the De praestantia venetae
politiae—will provide, it is hoped, an understanding of
the fundamental nature of his intellectual activity. Committed as much to
the scholastic and Aristotelian as to the humanist traditions, Caldiera
draws on each of these to affirm the values of the Venetian patriciate he
served as self-appointed spokesman. He merits attention, therefore, not only
as a creative thinker, but also as a resourceful apologist for the ideals
and objectives of a governing élite seeking to maintain its power at home
and to extend it on land and sea abroad.
Eyeglasses and Concave Lenses in Fifteenth-Century Florence and Milan: New Documents*
Authors: Ilardi Vincent
Published: April 2006

Five recently discovered documents reveal for the first time that eyeglasses with concave lenses for myopes were manufactured in Florence from at least the middle of the fifteenth century, about one hundred years before they were thought to be in use. This new evidence throws additional light on the development and early use of spectacles and on the early history of optical instruments and glass technology in general. These documents also reveal for the first time that Florence was the leading manufacturing center of high-quality eyeglasses and that spectacles had already become a prestigious item of personal adornment at least at the court of the dukes of Milan. This information should be of interest to historians of art and costume as well.
An Account of the Election of Paul IV to the Pontificate
Authors: Santosuosso Antonio
Published: April 2006

Giampietro Carafa was seventy-nine when he was elected pope, but he was no senile old man. Tall, skinny, all nerves and bones, he seemed not to touch the ground when he walked. He was well read—he knew Italian, Latin, Greek, and Spanish—and possessed a remarkable memory. A temperate man at the table, he was equally moderate in his way of life; no one was ever able to attribute a scandal to him. His only indulgence was the wine he drank during his two daily meals, a wine so ‘powerful and fiery, black and thick, that you could cut it.’
‘Complement of Leave-Taking’ between Lear and the King of France
Authors: Nelson William
Published: April 2006

One of the troublesome problems in King Lear concerns the parting between the kings of England and France in the first scene of the first act. When France espouses the dowerless Cordelia, Lear turns on him angrily:

Thou hast her, France; let her be thine, for we

Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see

That face of hers again; therefore be gone

Without our grace, our love, our benison.

(I.i.262-265)

To the insulting ‘be gone’ he adds a brutal snub, ‘Come, noble Burgundy,' and walks off without giving France the opportunity to reply. Commentators on the play ask us to believe that a few minutes later the two kings meet again for a formal leave-taking.
Three Leonardo Riddles
Authors: Pedretti Carlo
Published: April 2006

In my catalogue of the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci and his school in the Royal Library at Turin, I transcribe the mysterious marginal note on fol. 14 of the Codex on the Flight of Birds as follows:

porterassi neve / di state ne lochi / chaldi tolta dallal/te cime de monti / essi lasciera ca/dere nelle feste / delle piaze nel / tenpo della state (Snow in summer shall be gathered on the high mountain peaks and carried to warm places, and there be let to fall down, when festivals are held in the piazzas in the time of summer).

While Luigi Firpo in his admirable introduction to the catalogue interprets this note as implying an industrial application of the airplane, I now propose to connect it to the well-known series of so-calledprofetie.Unfortunately, the catalogue was already printed when the solution of this little mystery came to me.
Hugo Grotius’ Use of Jewish Sources inOn the Law of War and Peace
Authors: Lachs Phyllis S.
Published: April 2006

Some recent interest in the writings of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) has focused on his use of classical and medieval sources. Another sphere of interest has been the extent to which Grotius knew Hebrew and was able to find and use Jewish source material himself, as distinct from being dependent on Latin translations that were becoming increasingly available at the time that he wrote. This article has a two-fold purpose: the first is to identify exactly the Jewish sources that Grotius cited inOn the Law of War and Peace,an identification which has not yet been made with thoroughness and precision.
William Turner's Polemical Use of Ecclesiastical History and His Controversy with Stephen Gardiner
Authors: Pineas Rainer
Published: April 2006

The polemical use of secular and ecclesiastical history was introduced into Protestant English Reformation controversy by William Tyndale, popularized by Simon Fish, polished by Robert Barnes and George Joye, and perfected by John Bale. These Reformers developed a Protestant theory of English and European history which maintained that for centuries the affairs of the European states had been conducted for the benefit of the Pope and that secular rulers were merely the puppets of papal policy, retained in power only so long as they obeyed the dictates of Rome, to be removed, as was Kingjohn of England, the moment they proved recalcitrant.
Thomas More andRichard III
Authors: Donno Elizabeth Story
Published: April 2006

And yet beside all the faults that [Saint German] bringeth in under “some say” and “they say,” some that himself sayth without any “some say” be such as some say that he can never prove, and some, they say, be plain and open false.

Sir Thomas More,The Apology

Despite the attention that has been devoted in the last fifty years to Sir Thomas More's account of Richard III, both in terms of texts and interpretation, the difficulties that surround that baffling work continue to perplex and tease the reader—at least this reader. As A. F. Pollard observed in 1933, the problems relating to it are manifold: its authorship, its sources, the date of its composition, the circumstances of its publication, the relation of the English to the Latin versions, the absence of any original autograph, the variations in the printed texts, the motive of its conception, and the reason for its unfinished state and abrupt termination.
The Godly Woman in Elizabethan Iconography
Authors: King John N.
Published: April 2006

Emblematic figures of godly and faithful women proliferate throughout the literature of the English Renaissance and Reformation. Characteristically they hold books in their hands symbolic of divine revelation, or they appear in books as representations of divine inspiration. While such representation of a pious feminine ideal was traditional in Christian art, Tudor reformers attempted to appropriate the devout emotionality linked to many female saints and to the Virgin Mary, both as the mother of Christ and as an allegorical figure for Holy Church, providing instead images of Protestant women as embodiments of pious intellectuality and divine wisdom. Long before the cult of the wise royal virgin grew up in celebration of Elizabeth I, Tudor Protestants began to praise learned women for applying knowledge of the scriptures to the cause of church reform.
Marino, Leonardo, Francini, and the Revolving Stage
Authors: Priest Harold M.
Published: April 2006

The account of an elaborate theatrical entertainment which appears in Canto V of Marino's Adone (1623), like so many features of the poem, presents a glorified portrayal of the life style of royalty in the Baroque age, its splendor, its extravagance, its ingenuity. Though the passage may strike the modern reader as being largely fanciful, almost every detail of it can be duplicated in the extant records of festivals and masques of the European courts from Rome to London between 1550 and 1625. There is one feature of Marino's theatrical presentation, however, which represents a striking departure from the familiar practices of the scenographers of the period: namely, the rapid changing of scenes through the use of a revolving stage.
Elegance as a Concept in Sixteenth-Century Music Criticism*
Authors: Harrán Don
Published: April 2006

”… et vere sciunt cantilenas ornare, in ipsis omnes omnium affectus exprimere, et quod in Musico summum est, et elegantissimum vident … “

Adrian Coclico, Compendium musices (1552)

The notion of music as a form of speech is a commonplace. Without arguing the difficult questions whether music is patterned after speech or itself constitutes its own language, it should be remembered that the main vocabulary for describing the structure and content of music has been drawn from the artes dicendi. The present report deals with a small, but significant part of this vocabulary: the term elegance along with various synonyms and antonyms borrowed from grammar and rhetoric and applied to music, in a number of writings, from classical times onwards.
Culture and Politics in Renaissance Rome: Marco Antonio Altieri's Roman Weddings
Authors: Kolsky Stephen
Published: April 2006

What induced Marco Antonio Altieri, a Roman noble, to write a treatise on wedding ceremonies, at the beginning of the sixteenth century? It is the purpose of this article to suggest some possible answers to this question, and in so doing, to focus on the problems facing the Roman nobility in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Those problems have received little attention from historians. The present contribution can only hope to shed some light on the ideological concerns of one “committed” Roman noble. It does not aspire to an overall study of the Roman nobility. When necessary, however, it will refer to more general trends in the city of Rome during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Altieri'sLi nuptialiis worthy of study if for no other reason than that it represents an important, perhaps unique, departure from the kind of writing associated with Renaissance Rome.
The Economic and Social World of Italian Renaissance Maiolica*
Authors: Goldthwaite Richard A.
Published: April 2006

Italian maiolica has a long history extending back into the Middle Ages. That history recounts a slow evolutionary process, with its main themes being: first, the importation of tin-glazed pottery from the Islamic world in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, which has survived primarily as architectural decoration (the bacini inserted into church façades); secondly, the development of the local production of ceramics with lead glazes and then improved tin glazes and with modest painted and incised decoration; thirdly, the diffusion of that production, presumably from Sicily and southern Italy, throughout the rest of the peninsula; and, finally, beginning in the later fourteenth century, the elevation of the quality of production to the level of a veritable art form. Our knowledge of this history has been amply expanded in the last few years by an extraordinary amount of very solid research conducted into the subject by medieval archaeologists and by ceramic scholars—many of the latter talented amateurs who work on their own local traditions in Italy; and this lively interest has had reverberations in both the museum world and the art market.
Merit in Courtly Literature: Castiglione, Rabelais, Marguerite de Navarre, and Le Caron
Authors: Langer Ullrich
Published: April 2006

Spesse volte mi viene un dubbio, s'é dato dal nascimento (come nell'altre cose ancora) ch'i Principi siano propitii & favorevoli verso questi, iniqui & crudeli verso quegli altri, o se pure è posto nella industria nostra…. (Francesco Sansovino,Propositioni in materia di cose di Stato, Vinegia, 1583, fol. 110)

Castiglione'sLibro del cortegiano(1528) and Renaissance courtesy literature in general chart an uneven course between the description of an illustrious courtly ideal never fully incarnate and the establishment of a set of rules enabling courtly practice and prescription. These two intentions, one roughly Platonic and the other roughly Aristotelian, are in the end contradictory, for the more substantial the ideal becomes, the less can it accommodate varying experience and therefore practice. The impulse to set forth an ideal as something outside of variety through which experience is to be judged is incompatible with the production of that ideal through the experiential mean of varying extremes.
The First Call for Press Censorship: Niccolò Perotti, Giovanni Andrea Bussi, Antonio Moreto, and the Editing of Pliny's Natural History*
Authors: Monfasani John
Published: April 2006

In 1478, twenty-three years after Johann Gutenberg printed the 42- line Bible in Mainz, the town fathers of Cologne engaged in “the first censorship trial on record” as they sued to stop the distribution of a printed book which challenged their authority. The next year Pope Sixtus IV inaugurated papal legislation of press censorship by authorizing the University of Cologne to police virtually every aspect of the new industry. These actions of 1478 and 1479 are the earliest known instances of press censorship. They also reflect the political, moral, and religious concerns which would henceforth dominate press censorship. But as far as I can tell, the first call for press censorship had actually occurred nearly a decade earlier, and had absolutely nothing at all to do with religion, morals, or politics.
Calfurnio's Identification of Pseudepigrapha of Ognibene, Fenestella, and Trebizond, and His Attack on Renaissance Commentaries
Authors: Monfasani John
Published: April 2006

Literary forgeries and pseudepigrapha have played an important role in Western culture since antiquity. One thinks of the large influence exercised in the Middle Ages and Renaissance by the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the Corpus Hermeticum, the Zohar, the Pseudo-Aristotelian Liber de causis, the Pseudo- Ciceronian Rhetorica ad Herennium, the correspondence between St. Paul and Seneca, and the vast sea of pseudonymous hagiographical literature. However, in the Renaissance the situation changed somewhat because printing did more than merely provide a new medium for the diffusion of pseudonymous literary works; it increased greatly the possibility of financial profit for the publishers, printers, and, eventually, authors of such works.
Renaissance Cities
Authors: de Vries Jan
Published: April 2006

“What does economic history have to do with Renaissance scholarship?” This is the question I asked myself when I was asked to participate in a panel with the title “Recent Trends in Renaissance Scholarship: Economic History.” Over a generation ago economic history escaped from the confines of conventional historical periodization, in which the Renaissance functions as the keystone, with its claim to being the origin of modernity. This conventional periodization, with its inconsistent mingling of political and cultural criteria for the organization of the narrative of modern history, makes whole categories of historical questions almost impossible to ask, let alone to answer. For many economic historians—and I count myself among them—it was a liberation to abandon all this in favor of a periodizing structure determined by long trends in population, price levels, relative prices, and other phenomena associated with these.
The Family in Shakespeare Studies; or—Studies in the Family o/Shakespeareans; or—The Politics of Politics
Authors: Boose Lynda E.
Published: April 2006

Within the conventions of Renaissance drama and within the protocol of the Tudor court, being a messenger was hazardous duty. Inevitably, it fell to the messenger to hazard the wrath of the powerful by delivering precisely the information that no one really wanted to hear. However, since I could find no way to survey the trends in Shakespearean scholarship on the family without stumbling right into the politics concurrently going on in the “family” of Shakespearean scholars, my analysis of Renaissance literary research on the family, marriage, and sex commits me, I fear, to the hazards of playing the messenger. My title beribbons itself with the de rigueur deconstructive chiasmus and that most trendy of opening entitlements, “The Politics of… . “ It finally arrives, however, at what serves for both the title's ultimate deconstruction and the paper's ultimate subject: “The Politics of Politics.”
Recent Work in Renaissance Studies: Psychology Did Madness Have a Renaissance
Authors: Neely Carol Thomas
Published: April 2006

All the terms in the title of the plenary session, “Recent Work in Renaissance Studies on Psychology,” at the Renaissance Society of America's 1991 annual meeting (where this paper was first delivered) are matters of conflict and debate. In this discussion I shall examine current debates about the “Renaissance,” “psychology,” and “madness” to account for the paucity and insufficiency of current work on early modern madness by historians and literary critics and theorists, to raise issues about current trends in Renaissance studies, and to elicit new kinds of scholarship.
Woman's Rule in Sixteenth-Century British Political Thought*
Authors: Jordan Constance
Published: April 2006

The literature by English and Scots writers of the sixteenth century that had as its purpose the disparagement or the defense of gynecocracy was to a large extent fortuitous. It addressed a situation that, although feared by Henry VIII, was not actually realized until after the death of Edward VI: England's monarch was a woman. The prospect of her government could hardly have been regarded with anything but concern; the anomalous character of a female prince clearly posed a threat to the stability of her rule and hence to the peace of the country as a whole. For, as the subjects of Mary I knew, the nature of woman was complicated by a kind of doubleness; essentially, woman was apersona mixta.As one of God's creatures, she was conceived as equal to man according to her creation in Genesis I, because there both are formed in the image of the deity.
The Lauda and the Cult of Savonarola
Authors: Macey Patrick
Published: April 2006

Travelers in Florence around the year 1500 who happened on Piazza San Marco toward evening might well, if they listened carefully, have caught the muffled strains of a lauda sung by the Dominican friars beyond the walls of the convent of San Marco. And if any of the words had been audible, chances are good they would have been “Ecce quam bonum et quam jocundum habitare fratres in unum” (“Behold how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity,” Ps. 132:1). Only a few years before, the streets of Florence had echoed with the singing of laude such asEcce quam bonumas thousands of children —the Savonarolanfanciulliprocessed through the city on their way to the duomo. But now, in the aftermath of Savonarola's execution in 1498, his revolutionary movement had gone underground, and his adherents had retreated from the streets to the relative safety of cloisters such as San Marco.
Machiavelli's Ironic View of History: The Istorie Florentine
Authors: Di Maria Salvatore
Published: April 2006

A few years ago, Felix Gilbert, after a brief survey of various studies on Machiavelli's Istorie fiorentitte (1520-24), noticed the need to focus on the work's historical significance, and proposed a reading that goes beyond the mere narrative account of the rise and development of the city of Florence. Having shown that the work's structure follows the cyclical theory of history prevalent in Renaissance historiography, Gilbert goes on to suggest that Machiavelli anticipates Florence's rise from its present decline: “It would seem possible to suggest therefore that Machiavelli intended to represent the situation in which Italy found itself in the early sixteenth century as carrying with it the possibilities of a new ascent. “ The book, he argues, contains the same political message conveyed in his earlier works, such as the Prince (1513), which appropriately ends on the optimistic note that a redentore will come to lead the peninsula out of its ruinous downfall and back to glory and prosperity.
Alas, a Lack: Trends in the Historiography of Pre-University Education in Early Modern Germany
Authors: Karant-Nunn Susan C.
Published: April 2006

Three major themes either have or ought to have affected the recent study of pre-university education in Germany between about 1400 and 1700. These are the Reformation and schooling; the so-called "new history" of education; and the current wave of research on literacy in Renaissance, Reformation, and Counter- Reformation Europe. The works cited should be considered illustrative of investigation carried out and issues debated during approximately the last twenty years.
Humanist Infiltration into the Academic World: Some Studies of Northern Universities
Authors: Nauert Charles G.
Published: April 2006

Let me begin with a quotation: "The history of the universities was terra incognita until the early 1950s, inhabited only by pious hagiographers, myopic chroniclers, and that most dangerous of pre-historic animals, the historian of education. This latter creature . . . only seems to be concerned with gathering historical justifications for contemporary educational nostrums, or identifying the earliest instance of a pedagogic practice that meets with modern approbation" (Morgan, 142).
Students‘ “Arts” Disputations at Bologna around 1500*
Authors: Matsen Herbert S.
Published: April 2006

In a Paper Published in 1977 I introduced a carton of documents calledDispute di Scolari (1462-1527), preserved in the Archivio di Stato in Bologna, Italy. These documents constitute the most important surviving witness to student disputations held in the Bolognese Studio (in our terms, university), which enabled poor, young, foreign senior degree-candidates upon successful completion to be eligible for one-year lectureships in their respective subjects. After explaining the nature, structure, and legal requirements of the disputation notices and their relevance to student academic performance, the primary purpose of the paper was to illustrate them by examining a few notices in which Alessandro Achillini (1463-1512), professor of philosophy and medicine appeared, either as a disputing master or as a respondent.