bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cargo Ship Bunker Tanks: Designing to Mitigate Oil Spillage
Authors: Michel Keith , Winslow Thomas S.
Published: January 2021

Recent collision and grounding accidents have increased public and industry awareness of the risks of oil spills from bunker tanks. This paper summarizes historical spill data for freighters, and provides case histories for representative collision, allision, and grounding casualties. Arranging double-hull protection around the bunker tanks is one means for mitigating the risk of spillage. The location and size of the fuel oil tanks also influences the likelihood and expected volume of oil spills. The relative effectiveness of these alternatives are explored using probabilistic oil outflow analysis techniques collision of Alexia and Enit— Gult of Mexico, 1995
Marine Technology Nuclear Propulsion in High-Performance Cargo Vessels
Authors: Vergara Julio A. , McKesson Chris B.
Published: January 2021

It has been about 40 years since nuclear-powered merchant ships were seriously discussed in the naval architecture community. But recent developments in commercial shipping include bigger, faster, and more powerful ships, where nuclear propulsion may be an option worth considering. The development of advanced ship designs opens an opportunity for high-speed maritime transportation that could create new markets and recover a fraction of the high value goods currently shipped only by air. One of the vessels being considered is FastShip, a large monohull ship that would require 250 MW in 5 gas turbine-waterjet units. An estimate of the operation cost of FastShip reveals that its success relies heavily, among other things, on the fuel price, a single factor that comprises more than one third of the total operating costs. The alternative, a nuclear FastShip, would save, per trip, almost 5000 tons of exposure to fuel price fluctuation, and about half of this savings would further be available for additional cargo and revenues. Nuclear power results in a more stable operation due to the relatively constant low price of nuclear fuel. The nuclear power option is suitable for high-power demand and long-haul applications and a reactor pack could be available within the decade. A candidate design would be the helium-cooled reactor, which has been revisited by several nuclear reactor design teams worldwide. For the FastShip a suggested plant would consist of two modular helium reactors, each one with two 50 MW helium turbines and compressors geared to waterjet pumps, plus a single 50 MW gas turbine. This vessel becomes more expensive to build but saves in fuel, and still provides margin for cost, weight and size optimization. This paper discusses general characteristics of a FastShip with such a nuclear power plant and also highlights the benefits, drawbacks, pending issues and further opportunities for nuclear-powered high-speed cargo ships.
Innovative Structural Designs of Tankers Against Ship Collisions and Grounding: A Recent State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Paik Jeom Kee
Published: January 2021

The double-hull design concept is one of the effective ways for oil pollution prevention during collision and grounding accidents of oil tankers. Arguably there might be better design alternatives which improve the structural performance of ships against collision and grounding when compared to the thus far well accepted double-hull concept, or even a double hull that is better in comparison to what is being routinely achieved by today's design methods. In this paper, a recent state-of-the-art review is undertaken on the literature related to more rational tanker structural design procedures and some innovative design concepts for tanker structures against ship collisions and grounding.
Optimum Structural Design of High-Speed Surface Effect Ships Built of Composite Materials
Authors: Jang Chang Doo , Kim Ho Kyung , Song Ha Cheol
Published: January 2021

A surface effect ship is known to be comparable to a high-speed ship. For the structural design of surface effect ships, advanced design methods are needed which can reflect the various loading conditions different from those of conventional ships. Also, minimum weight design is essential because hull weight significantly affects the lift, thrust powering and high-speed performance. This paper presents the procedure of optimum structural design and a computer program to minimize the hull weight of surface effect ships built of composite materials. By using the developed computer program, the optimum structural designs for three types of surface effect ships—built of sandwich plate only, stiffened single skin plate only, and both plates—are carried out and the efficiency of each type is investigated in terms of weight. The computer program, developed herein, successfully reduced the hull weight of surface effect ships by 15–30% compared with the original design. Numerical results of optimum structural designs are presented and discussed.
Spreadsheet Modeling to Determine Optimum Ship Main Dimensions and Power Requirements at Basic Design Stage
Authors: Artana Ketut Buda , Ishida Kenji
Published: January 2021

The objective of this paper is to describe and evaluate a scheme of engineering-economic analysis in determining optimum ship main dimensions and power requirements at the basic design stage. An optimization model designs the problem and is arranged into five main parts, namely, Input, Equation, Constraint, Output and Objective Function. The constraints, which are the considerations to be fulfilled, become the director of this process and a minimum and a maximum value are set on each constraint so as to give the working area of the optimization process. The outputs (decision variables) are optimized in favor of minimizing the objective function. Microsoft Excel-Premium Solver Platform (PSP), a spreadsheet modeling tool is utilized to model the optimization problem. The first part of this paper contains a description on general optimization problems, followed by model construction of the optimization program. A case study on the determination of ship main dimensions and its power requirements for a tanker is introduced with the main objective being to minimize the economic cost of transport (ECT). After simulating the model and verifying the results, it is observed that this method yields considerably comparable results with the main dimensions and power requirement database of the real operated ships (tanker). It is also believed that this process needs no painful and exhaustive efforts to produce the programming code, if the problem and optimization model have been well defined.
Partial Cavitation as Drag Reduction Technique and Problem of Active Flow Control
Authors: Amromin Eduard , Mizine Igor
Published: January 2021

Partial cavitation can substantially reduce the ship total drag in a wide range of her speed. Vented partial cavitation manifested certain advantages in comparison with other drag reduction techniques. Its successful employment, however, requires both a special hull design and development of an active flow control system. Such a system will stabilize the cavity under perturbations of incoming flow in seas. The paper includes an analysis of achievements in drag reduction, description of design fundamentals of ships with cavitating hulls/elements, and suggestions on application of ship drag reduction by cavitation.
Reassessment of the M.V. Derbyshire Sinking With the Focus on Hull-Girder Collapse
Authors: Paik Jeom Kee , Faulkner Douglas
Published: January 2021

During the last two decades, extensive investigations into the possible causes of the loss of the Capesize bulk carrier M.V. Derbyshire have been made. A total of 13 risk components were considered within the framework of a formal safety assessment. The prime concern was with abnormal wave effects on hatch cover failure and subsequent flooding into forward cargo holds. No serious speculation on hull-girder collapse was raised in the previous investigations. The present paper studies this possible cause, which involves the vessel's sinking due to structural progressive collapse from extreme wave bending actions. The safety measure of the vessel is defined as a ratio of the ultimate hull-girder strength to the applied extreme vertical bending moment. The computed safety measure is found to be quite marginal while the vessel was trapped in typhoon Orchid, indicating that the M.V. Derbyshire could have sunk by hull-girder collapse with or even without hatch cover failure and subsequent water ingress into the forward cargo holds. The results and insights developed from the present study are summarized. Important recommendations for improved ship safety are made.
A Guide for the Ultimate Longitudinal Strength Assessment of Ships
Authors: Paik Jeom Kee
Published: January 2021

The aim of the present paper is to establish a practical guide for the ultimate longitudinal strength assessment of ships. The ultimate hull girder strength of a ship hull can be calculated using either the progressive collapse analysis method or closed-form design formulas. In the present paper, both the progressive collapse analysis method and the design formulas are presented. A comparison between the progressive collapse analysis results and the design formula solutions for merchant cargo ship hulls is undertaken. The total design (extreme) bending moment of a ship hull is estimated as the sum of the still-water and wave-induced bending moment components as usual. The safety measure of a ship hull is then defined as a ratio of the ultimate longitudinal strength to the total design bending moment. The developed guidelines are applied to safety measure calculations of merchant ship hulls with respect to hull girder collapse. It is concluded that the guidance and insights developed from the present study will be very useful for the ultimate limit state design of newly built ships as well as the safety measure calculations of existing ship hulls. The essence of the proposed guide shall form ISO code 18072-2: Ships and Marine Technology— Ship Structures—Part 2: Requirements of Their Ultimate Limit State Assessment.
Habitability Assessment of Passenger Vessels Based on ISO Criteria
Authors: Sariöz Kadir , Sariöz Ebru
Published: January 2021

The seakeeping performance of passenger vessels is generally assessed by using a procedure based on the probability of exceeding specified ship responses in a sea environment particular to the ship's route. The percentage of time the responses are below specified limits in a particular sea state can be determined from an oceanographic database through application of the response amplitude operators. However, this procedure is strongly affected by the chosen limiting criteria. This is particularly the case for passenger vessels where many conflicting criteria are used to assess the effect of motions and accelerations on comfort and well-being of passengers. This paper investigates the effect of seakeeping criteria on habit-ability performance assessment for passenger vessels. Conventional seakeeping performance measures are evaluated for various levels of vertical accelerations defined by the ISO 2631 standard. It is shown that the estimated habitability performance of a passenger vessel greatly depends on the level of limiting value selected as the seakeeping criteria.
Newer Theory and More Robust Algorithms for Computer-Aided Design of Developable Surfaces
Authors: Konesky B.
Published: January 2021

The use of developable surfaces in design is of engineering importance because of the relative ease with which they can be manufactured. The problem of how to make surfaces developable is not new. The usual technique is by using two space curves, defining the edges of the surface. These are first created, and then a set of rulings are constructed between the space curves under the constraint of being developable. A problem with existing algorithms for designing developable surfaces is the tendency to include nondevelopable portions of the surface: areas of regression. A more reliable solution to the problem of creating a developable surface is presented. The key to the method is to define the developable surface in terms of a normal directrix. The shape of the normal directrix defines the resulting developable surface. Algorithms are defined to compute the shape of a normal directrix from a pair of space curves. Intersecting adjacent developable surfaces and generating the flat plate layouts were also accomplished. This paper presents research and development that started around 1987. The algorithms were implemented using ANSI C++ programming language and commercial computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) software programs.
Numerical Simulation of Ship Maneuverability in Wind and Current, With Escort Tugs
Authors: Li Ye , Çalisal Sander M
Published: January 2021

A number of recent large-ship accidents have compelled naval architects and engineers to advance the research on ship maneuverability and the prediction of ship response in the ocean environment. In the meantime, new maneuverability standards have been developed and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has also proposed one such standard. This standard provides four ship-maneuvering performance criteria, and its latest version is dated December 2002. Simulation technology, in particular the simulation of ship maneuvering, has advanced considerably in recent years with the advent of computers. Computer programs using either numerically computed or experimentally determined hydrodynamics coefficients have allowed an accurate simulation of ship maneuverability for different types of vessels. Relatively good agreement has been reported by various researchers between simulated results and those obtained from full-scale ship trials. It seems that simulation can now identify acceptable ship maneuvering performance in calm seas. However, the effects of wind and current and escort tug assistance have not been that well studied and reported, and they are always important factors for ship maneuvering especially in restricted waters. The numerical simulation program presented in this paper (UBCManeuver) has been validated using data on the Esso Osaka 278,000 DWT tanker, a ship well tested for regular maneuvering tests. UBCManeuver is able to identify IMO class and non-IMO class ships according to the most recent IMO standards for ship maneuverability. A good agreement was obtained between simulation and the sea trials reported for Esso Osaka. After the validation of the code, the course-keeping abilities of this ship in restricted waters were studied in calm seas and under wind and current conditions. The effect of escort tugs on such an operation has also been quantified and Esso Osaka's maneuvering performance around Vancouver harbor simulated. The limits of current and wind strengths for "successful" operation with and without escort tugs have then been established. In addition, the effectiveness of multiple tug assistance in different positions is discussed in some detail.
Numerical Study of Hub Taper Angle on Podded Propeller Performance
Authors: Islam Mohammed F. , Veitch Brian , Bose Neil , Liu Pengfei
Published: January 2021

Presently, the majority of podded propulsion systems are of the pulling type, because this type provides better hydrodynamic efficiency than the pushing type. There are several possible explanations for the better overall performance of a puller-type podded propulsor. One is related to the difference in hub taper angle. Puller and pusher propellers have opposite hub taper angles, hence different hub and blade root shape. These differences cause changes in the flow condition and possibly influence the overall performance. The current study focuses on the variation in performance of pusher and puller propellers with the same design of blade sections, but different hub taper angles. A hyperboloidal low-order source-doublet steady/unsteady time domain panel method code, PROPELLA, was modified and used to evaluate effects of hub taper angle on the open water propulsive performance of some fixed-pitch screw propellers used in podded propulsion systems. Major findings include good agreement between predictions using the modified code and measurements, significant effects of hub taper angle on propulsive performance of tapered hub propellers, and noticeable effects of hub taper angle on sectional pressure distributions of tapered hub propeller blades.
Geometrical Characteristics of Fishing Boats Series of ITU
Authors: Aydin Muhsin , Salci Aydin
Published: January 2021

In the present paper, first 13 hull forms of fishing boats with different block coefficients were generated. Later, 26 hull forms of fishing boats with two different ratios of length to beam were generated by utilizing previous hull forms of fishing boats mentioned. In total, 39 fishing boats were generated. This series is called "Fishing Boats Series of ITU" (Istanbul Technical University). In this Series, the forms of the body stations and beams of the boats are the same for equal block coefficient and different lengths. The ratio of the beam of any station at any waterline to the beam of boat, Bz/B varies with respect to block coefficient, CB. These variations have been represented with the third-degree polynomials. Thus, a hull form of the fishing boat in the desired length and block coefficient can be obtained by using these polynomials. For this purpose, a computer program called "Turetme" was developed. Finally, by using this program, three hull forms of fishing boats were obtained and presented here.
Fully Transient CFD Analyses of Waterjet Pumps
Authors: Bulten Norbert W.H. , van Esch Bart P.M.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents results of fully transient calculations of flow through waterjet pumps. The fully transient method is based on a moving mesh option to implement the rotation of the impeller. In this way, the time-dependent forces acting on the impeller can be determined. These forces can be divided into axial and radial forces, for example, as a result of rotor-stator interaction. In waterjet applications, the nonuniform inflow velocity distribution creates an additional radial impeller force that is steady in the inertial frame of reference. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are made of two Lips-Jets waterjet pumps equipped with three-and six-bladed impellers to investigate the rotor-stator interaction force for various flow rates. Calculations with nonuniform inflow velocity distributions are made to determine the steady radial forces. The strength of this steady force depends on the level of inflow nonuniformity and the flow rate through the pump.
Plastic Strength Criterion for Design of Laterally Loaded Ship Plates
Authors: Belenkiy Leonid M. , Raskin Yury N. , Tunik Alfred
Published: January 2021

Design of hull plating based on a plastic failure criterion is discussed in this paper. The plating is loaded by high lateral pressure, e.g., slamming or ice loads. The process of plastic deformations as a function of load is analyzed. Experience in establishing in-service permissible permanent deformations of plates is considered as well as early experimental data of plastic failure of plates. Formulations are developed for permanent plastic deflections preceding the plate's failure coupled with a diagram for calculating the plate's permanent deflections when the plastic deflections became large. Sample calculations in this paper are based on the scantlings of a U. S. Coast Guard cutter.
A Review of the Ninth International Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles (STAB 2006)
Authors: Neves Marcelo A. S. , Belenky Vadim
Published: January 2021

The paper gives a brief review of the papers presented at the Ninth International Conference on Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles that was held on September 25 to 29, 2006 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The review covers the following stability-related subjects: stability regulations, intact stability, wind and waves, damage stability, stability in operation, stability of high-speed craft, and offshore vehicles.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Bulb Impact with a Ship Side-Shell Structure
Authors: Karlsson Ulf B. , Ringsberg Jonas W. , Johnson Erland , Hoseini Mohammed , Ulfvarson Anders
Published: January 2021

The finite element (FE) method is suitable as a numerical tool in the numerical analysis of, for example, ship collision scenarios. It is feasible to simulate and compare different collision scenarios by parameter variations. The objective with this investigation was to establish a reliable and robust FE modeling procedure for ship-ship collision simulations, using the commercial FE software Abaqus/Explicit, by means of parameter sensitivity and experimental analyses. Four types of experiments are presented that have supported the development of the FE models and simulations with sufficient information for representation of material characteristics and for validation of models:uniaxial tensile tests,friction tests,bulb impact with a steel-sheet test and, finallya bulb impact with a side-shell ship structure.

The outcome of the parameter study after calibration against test results was two validated FE models: one of the bulb-sheet test and one of the bulb-structure test.
The Dynamic Simulations of the Ship Towing System in Random Waves
Authors: Fang Ming-Chung , Ju Jiun-Han
Published: January 2021

In order to investigate the dynamic stability and safety for a ship towing system operated in waves, the present paper develops a nonlinear mathematical model, including seakeeping and maneuvering characteristics, to simulate dynamic behaviors of the towing system in random waves. In addition to waves, wind is also included in the calculations. The time history simulations of six degrees of freedom motion for both the towing and the towed ships are solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Because of the waves, the dynamic properties including the towline tension, ship speeds, headings, and distance between two ships are different from those that occur in calm water. The effects of the towpoint's position, towline length, and towing speed on the ship course stability and towline tension are analyzed with respect to different wave and wind headings. In the present study, the suitable operation conditions for the ship towing system are investigated and can be suggested as a reference for improving the stability and safety of towing operation tasks at sea.
Service Factor Assessment of a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier Incorporating the Effects of Hydroelasticity
Authors: Hirdaris Spyridon E. , Bakkers Norbert , White Nigel , Temarel Pandeli
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a summary of an investigation into the effects of hull flexibility when deriving an equivalent service factor for a single passage of a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier from the Canadian Great Lakes to China. induced bending moment predicted using traditional three-dimensional rigid body hydrodynamic methods is augmented due to the effects of springing and whipping by including allowances based on two-dimensional hydroelasticity predictions across a range of headings and sea states. The analysis results are correlated with full scale measurements that are available for this ship. By combining the long term "rigid body" wave-bending moment with the effects of hydroelasticity, a suitable service factor is derived for a Great Lakes Bulk Carrier traveling from the Canadian Great Lakes to China via the Suez Canal.
Improved Collision Safety of Ships by an Intrusion-Tolerant Inner Side Shell
Authors: Karlsson Ulf B.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a conceptual deformable inner barrier design with the aim of improving the collision safety during a collision into the side of a ship by facilitation of a deep intrusion before penetration. Validation of the conceptual design was made using finite element simulations in a comparative study of the original "reference" structure. The analysis shows that the amount of absorbed energy can be increased by up to several 100% at the same time as the stakeholders' interests are fulfilled.
Does optimism mediate the relationship between Big Five and perceived stress? A study with Spanish adolescents
Authors: Serrano Cristina , Martínez Paula , Murgui Sergio , Andreu Yolanda
Published: January 2021

Los resultados de investigación han mostrado la existencia de relaciones entre los Cinco Grandes factores de personalidad, Optimismo y Estrés Percibido. El objetivo del estudio es explorar, mediante modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, el posible papel mediador que se ha sugerido podría desempeñar Optimismo en esta relación. También,  se explora a través de un análisis multi-grupo la invarianza por sexo de los resultados. Un total de 611 adolescentes españoles completaron de forma anónima los cuestionarios BFQ, LOT-R y PSS. Optimismo se asoció positivamente asociado con los rasgos de personalidad y negativamente con Estrés Percibido. El Estrés se relacionó negativamente con Estabilidad Emocional, Extraversion y Responsabilidad y no mostró asociación alguna con Afabilidad ni con Apertura. Los análisis de mediación revelaron el papel mediador de Optimismo en la relación entre Estabilidad Emocional (mediación parcial), Extraversion y Responsabilidad y Estrés. Estos resultados no variaron por sexo. En conclusión, un perfil básico de personalidad caracterizado por Extraversión, Estabilidad Emocional y Responsabilidad favorecería el desarrollo de expectativas positivas de futuro que representan un predictor proximal de Estrés Percibido. El papel mediador del optimismo puede resultar relevante para el desarrollo de intervenciones focalizadas en reducir los niveles de estrés y, consecuentemente, mejorar el ajuste del adolescente.

Research results have shown the existence of relationships between the Big Five personality factors, Optimism, and Perceived Stress. The aim of this study is to explore the possible mediating role that it has been suggested might play Optimism in this relationship. Structural equation models were conducted to examine the mediating role of Optimism.  A multi-group analysis was performed to verify whether the results varied by sex. 611 Spanish adolescents completed anonymously the measures of BFQ, LOT-R and PSS. The findings showed that Optimism was positively associated with the personality traits and negatively with Perceived Stress. Perceived Stress was in turn negatively related to Emotional Stability, Extraversion and Conscientiousness, while it was not correlated with Agreeableness and Openness. Mediation analysis revealed the mediating role of Optimism on the relationship between Emotional Stability (partial mediation), Extraversion, and Conscientiousness, and the Perception of Stress. These findings did not vary by sex. In conclusion, a basic personality profile characterized by Extraversion, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness would favor the development of positive future expectations that represent a proximal predictor for Perceived Stress. Optimism mediation may be relevant for the development of interventions focused on reducing stress levels and, consequently, to improve the adolescent's adjustment.
Supporting Student-Led Transition Planning for Students with Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Biebel Kathleen , Golden Laura , Huckabee Sloan , Ellison Marsha Langer
Published: January 2021

Young adults with mental health difficulties are capable of successfully engaging in school, training, and employment. The support these individuals receive as they progress through secondary education can help them realize their potential in life after high school. Many times, teachers see different results for these students such as high school drop-out, lower rates of post-secondary education and employment, and even higher rates of involvement with law enforcement, poverty, and homelessness upon their exit from high school; however, with the right information, resources, and determination teachers can make a lasting impact on these students.

To help students with emotional disturbance experience post-secondary success, teachers need resources to assist them with planning and preparing for students’ transition from high school into education and training programs and employment in young adulthood. This practice guide will offer practical ways to plan for these students’ successful transition from high school to post-secondary life, which can lead to positive outcomes for students with emotional disturbance.
Incorporating Career and Technical Education in Transition Planning for Students with Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Ellison Marsha Langer , Huckabee Sloan , Golden Laura , Biebel Kathleen
Published: January 2021

Young adults with mental health difficulties are capable of successfully engaging in school, training, and employment. The support these individuals receive as they progress through secondary education can help them realize their potential in life after high school. Many times teachers see different results for these students such as high school drop-out, lower rates of post-secondary education and employment, and even higher rates of involvement with law enforcement, poverty, and homelessness upon their exit from high school (Wagner, Newman, Cameto, & Levine); however, with the right information, resources, and determination teachers can make a lasting impact on these students.

To help students with Emotional Disturbance (ED) experience post-secondary success, teachers need resources to assist them with planning and preparing for student transition from high school into education and training programs and employment in young adulthood. This guide will offer practical ways to plan for these students’ successful transition from high school to post-secondary life, which can lead to positive outcomes for students with ED.
La teoría crítica de la fotografía de Theodor W. Adorno
Authors: Maura Eduardo
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Entre los pensadores vinculados al Institut für Sozialforschung, Walter Benjamin y Siegfried Kracauer son los más reconocidos en los debates sobre la fotografía y lo fotográfico en la cultura y el arte contemporáneo. Estas notas se proponen ampliar este aspecto de la teoría crítica a partir de la lectura de Theodor W. Adorno desde un punto de vista fotográfico.Abstract: In the debates about photography and the photographic in contemporary art and culture, Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Kracauer are the most recognized Institut für Sozialforschung-related thinkers. These notes aim at broadening this aspect of Critical Theory by reading the works of Theodor W. Adorno from a photographic standpoint.
Comunidad, consolidación urbana y políticas de vivienda social. Una mirada desde Colombia y la ciudad de Tunja, Boyacá / / / \ \ \ Community policies, urban consolidation and social housing. An insight from Colombia and the city of Tunja, Boyacá
Authors: López Blanco Dolly Marelby
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Las ciudades latinoamericanas presentan múltiples problemáticas urbanas, entre ellas el crecimiento a saltos y los vacíos urbanos que deja la autoconstrucción de viviendas, todo en un marco de desigualdad en la distribución del suelo, con soluciones de planeación insuficientes, alejadas de la realidad de las comunidades, y poco eficaces en la mitigación del déficit de calidad de las viviendas y del hábitat urbano. Se estudia el caso de esta ciudad mediana, el análisis a su política urbana y de vivienda social, la mirada de los gestores públicos y la perspectiva que tiene la comunidad, todo con el fin de encontrar propuestas de mejora que procuren una consolidación del entorno urbano, pensadas desde la unidad barrial y el liderazgo comunitario, que permitan el desarrollo social y no se limiten únicamente a las determinantes físicas.
 
Palabras clave: Políticas públicas, desarrollo urbano, necesidades humanas, déficit habitacional cualitativo, empoderamiento comunitario, diagnóstico de barrios.
 
Abstract: Latin American cities present multiple urban problems, among them a growing process in leaps and urban gaps left by the self-construction of houses, all within a framework of inequality in the distribution of land, with insufficient planning solutions, far from the reality of communities, and not very effective in mitigating the quality deficit of housing and urban habitat. The case of this medium-sized city, the analysis of its urban and social housing policy, the gaze of public managers and the perspective of the community are studied to find improvement proposals that seek to consolidate the urban environment, thought from the neighborhood unit and the community leadership, that allow the social development and are not limited only to the physical determinants.
 
Key words: Public policies, urban development, human needs, qualitative housing deficit, community empowerment, neighborhood diagnosis.
Uso de las redes sociales y la brecha digital en el tejido asociativo inmigrante de España
Authors: Tovar Parra Jenny Carolina , Torralba Vásquez Javier Ernesto
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Son innumerables las investigaciones que se han realizado en el mundo sobre los efectos y beneficios de las nuevas tecnologías versus población y la ciudad digital en sus análisis y conclusiones consideran que existe una nueva problemática en el mundo a la que se le denominó “brecha digital”. Sin embargo, no se han realizado investigaciones acerca del efecto que tienen las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación TICS sobre el tejido asociativo inmigrante de Argelia, Bulgaria, Colombia, Ecuador, Mali, Marruecos, Rumania y Senegal en España. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar la incidencia de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en el tejido asociativo inmigrante en España, así como conocer el uso de éstas en el quehacer cotidiano de las asociaciones y sus implicaciones para las mismas, partiendo de una metodología no experimental, comparativa, descriptiva y de etnografía virtual. En sus conclusiones queda claro que la brecha digital afecta las asociaciones a partir de la diferenciación entre las que tienen acceso a internet, los conocimientos para el acceso y cuentan con contenidos de calidad, de las asociaciones que no.
 
Palabras clave: Tecnologías de la información, Redes Sociales, Migración.
 
Abstract: Countless researches have been done in the world on the effects and benefits of the new technologies of information and communication ICT versus population and the digital city in its analysis and conclusions consider that there is a new problematic in the world called "digital divide". However, there are not conducted researches about the effects that ICT has had on the immigrant associations network of Algeria, Bulgaria, Colombia, Ecuador, Mali, Morocco, Romania, and Senegal in Spain. The main objective of this article is to analyze the impact of new information and communication technologies on the immigrant network in Spain, as well as knowing the use of them in the daily work and their implications for them based, starting from a non-experimental, comparative, descriptive and virtual ethnography methodology. In its conclusions is clear that the digital divide affects these associations from the differentiation between those with internet access, the skills to access and the quality on the contents, from those without internet access
 
Key words: Information Technologies, Social Networks, Migration.
Playing across the social zone - Animal Crossing, gaming communities and connectedness in a time of crisis.
Authors: Gandolfi Enrico , Gandolfi Sofia
Published: January 2021

This proposal focuses on the multifaceted interplay between video games, connectiveness, and online communities in a time of emergency; COVID-19 has presented challenges for teenagers, forcing them to re-mediate their interactions with peers. Digital entertainment has been frequently accused to be a bearer of negative attitudes and anti-social behaviors, but there is also relevant evidence about how video games can foster bonding and inclusion. Nevertheless, updated lenses are needed for understanding the impact of the pandemic on playing and vice versa; in other words, video games can become a lens through which we can understand how teenagers and young adults experience and see the world around them, especially during these turbulent times. Moreover, video games are increasingly experienced in multiple ways, from watching live shows on Twitch.tv to discussing games on Reddit; as such, this additional layer must be investigated too for situating the impact of gaming practices on social and individual schemes. This article intends to provide a snapshot of how this medium can be used as a catalyst for social research, looking at its consumption but also at the social halo it conveys. More specifically, an ethnographic approach has been chosen for providing an intensive analysis of how the acclaimed video game Animal Crossing was perceived and used as a socializing tool by a teenager.
Development of Standards for Production of an Exit Sign Lighting to Minimize Human Reaction Time - Part II: Combination of Graphical Symbol Colours
Authors: Oh Ryun-Seok , Choi Jun-Ho
Published: January 2021

In emergency situations, exit sign lightings play a role in reducing evacuation time for occupants by providing accurate and prompt information on the correct evacuation direction. In other words, it can be said that the better the recognition of exit sign lighting, the greater the probability of securing the safety of life because the evacuation route information is given to the occupants and eventually the time taken for route selection and movement is shortened. In this study, human reaction time was measured for 27 kinds of graphic symbol color combinations of exit sign lightings in the visible light region, and through this, a graphic symbol color combination that can minimize reaction time to exit sign lightings was derived. As a result, it was found that the color combination of green and white background color, which is currently mainly used in Korea, has the shortest reaction time.
Effect of Radiation Deterioration on Class 1E Cable Fire
Authors: Kim Min Ho , Lee Seok Hui , Lee Sang Kyu , Lee Ju Eun , Lee Min Chul
Published: January 2021

In this study, the effect of radiation deterioration on cable fire for a type of class 1E cable for a nuclear power plant was investigated. Combustion and smoke characteristics were compared via a cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660-1), and the toxicity index of the toxic gas emitted during combustion was analyzed by following the NES 713 standard. The peak heat release rate of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 38 kW/m2 higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. Additionally, the heat release rate of the irradiated cable temporarily increased during a certain period. This can be ascribed to the continuous pyrolysis and heat penetration as a result of the unstable formation of the char layer. The total heat release of the irradiated cable was measured to be approximately 2.2 times higher than that of the non-irradiated cable. A corresponding increase of ~2.8% in the total mass loss was observed. In the case of smoke characteristics, the irradiated cable was measured to be 2.3 times higher in the smoke parameter and 3.8 times higher in the smoke factor compared to the non-irradiated cable. For the toxicity index, only CO was detected above the critical factor in the non-irradiated cable, whereas both CO and HBr were detected above their critical factors in the irradiated cable.
A Study on Mistaken Dispatch Reduction Measures due to Unwanted Fire Alarms
Authors: Hwang Euy-Hong , Park Soo-Jin , Lee Sung-Eun
Published: January 2021

In the event of a fire, it is important to arrive within 5 min and fully utilize the “golden time”. However, it is necessary to find a fundamental reduction plan for this purpose, as mistaken dispatch due to unwanted fire alarms do occur. Therefore, we conducted a survey on statistics and fact-finding related to unwanted fire alarms, as well as a survey on the perception of fire officials regarding unwanted fire alarms. As a result, problems include mixed use of people who can be dispatched due to unwanted fire alarms from the fire detection systems and cases of misreporting via phone, issues of role sharing among stakeholders of the fire target, and maintenance and management issues such as aging of equipment, And the statistical system was not established. To reduce this, organization of legal terminology, cooperation among stakeholders, designation of durability standards, and development of the dispatch report about unwanted fire alarms.
Necrosis of Anterior Wall of Stomach Presenting as Pneumoperitoneum in Neonates- Report of Two Cases with Review of Literature
Authors: Mohanty Subrat Kumar , Tudu Harish Chandra , Mishra Amaresh , Pujari Pran Singh , Prashanthi Nemani
Published: January 2021

Necrotising enterocolitis is a common disease that leads to low birth weight and preterm babies. Mostly small intestine and large intestine develop necrosis sparing stomach and duodenum. Necrosis involving the anterior wall of stomach and sparing other parts of Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a rare entity, but can present in neonates with massive pneumoperitoneum. Though the exact aetiology is not known, it may be related to perinatal hypoxia. Case report of two preterm low birth weight babies who presented with pneumoperitoneum on day three of life had an area of anterior gastric wall necrosis with perforation peritonitis. The rest of GI tract was healthy. After excision of necrotic tissue, suture repair of viable stomach and feeding jejunostomy was done in both cases. These two neonates survived with intensive neonatal ICU care and gradual jejunostomy feeding. Gastric wall necrosis with perforation peritonitis is a rare entity in neonates with high mortality. Tip of nasogastric tube lying outside stomach shadow can give clue to the diagnosis. Survival can be improved by early surgery, good neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU) care and gradual jejunostomy feeding.
Impact of Nutritional Status and Vitamin D Levels in Children with Febrile Seizure from a Suburban Tertiary Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sujatha Balamma , Narayan Kishore , Nair Lal Devaiyanai Vasudevan , Shanmuganathan Harshitha
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Febrile seizure is one of the most common paediatric emergencies encountered in a paediatric practice. There have been studies done with regards to iron deficiency anaemia and family history and chances of a child developing febrile seizure. Many studies state that vitamin D has a role in development of brain and seizure activity. Aim: To find the association between Vitamin D levels and febrile seizures in children and assessing the nutritional status of children with febrile seizures. Materials and Methods: Fifty consecutive children (developmentally normal), between ages of 9-60 months, presenting with febrile seizures to the Paediatric Department, from February 2019 to January 2020, were enrolled. Antenatal history regarding birth order, maternal weight gain, antenatal check-ups, antenatal supplements and medical problems in mother if any, were noted. Birth history, birth weight, breast feeding, complimentary feeding and present diet history were noted. The height and weight were documented. Skin colour was noted based on Fitzpatrick scale. Vitamin D levels were classified as deficient if blood levels were <10 IU; insufficient if between 10-30 IU and sufficient, if the levels were >30 IU. Collected data were analysed and compared using Sigma Plot 13 and Chi-square test was done and a p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency was prevalent in 68% of children. The dark skin, reduced time spent outdoors, clothing habits and diet and antenatal factors contribute to this vitamin D insufficiency. A 58% of children had Height for Age Z (HAZ) score less than -1SD and 62% of children had Weight for Age Z (WAZ) score less than -1SD. On correlating the Complete Blood Count (CBC) values with iron deficiency, it was found that 56% of children with febrile seizure had anaemia based on Red-cell Distribution Width (RDW) value >14.5. Febrile seizure was less common in summer (16%). Conclusion: A 68% of children had vitamin D insufficiency. A 56% of children had low iron based on RDW. The nutritional status of children was poor as assessed by HAZ and WAZ scores.
Phytochemical Screening and Determination of Polyphenols in the Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Trunk Bark and Its Fractions of Stereospermum kunthianium Cham (Bignoniaceae)
Authors: Sarr Abdou , Dieng Serigne Ibra Mbacké , Diatta-Badji Kady , Mbaye Amadou Ibrahima , Diatta William , Ka Awa , Fall Alioune Dior , Bassène Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

Background : Stereospermum kunthianum Cham., is a medicinal plant from the Bignoniaceae family, used in Ferlo (Senegal) against stomach aches, as a healing agent and aphrodisiac.Aims/Objective : The aim of this study was to contribute to the valorisation of the plant by carrying out a phytochemical screening followed by an assay of the polyphenols of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the bark and its fractions.Methods : Phytochemical screening was carried out by coloring and/or precipitation reactions. The total polyphenol and tannin contents were evaluated by the Folin-Denis method and the flavonoid content by a method using aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 ) and sodium nitrite (NaNO 2 ).

Results: The search for chemical compounds revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites such as gallic and catechic tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, alkaloids, sterols and polyterpenes. The total polyphenol contents of the samples ranged from 0.81 ± 0.02 to 13.52 ± 0.06 mg EAT / g. Those of tannins and flavonoids were between 0.03 ± 0.01 and 4.56 ± 0.02 mg EAT / g and between 1.13 ± 0.04 to 31.88 ± 0.19 mg ER / g respectively.Conclusion : These different metabolites would be responsible for the activities noticed for this plant.
A Review on Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture in India
Authors: Kumari Shivani , George Shruti Grace , Meshram M. R. , Esther D. Beulah , Kumar Prateek
Published: January 2021

Agriculture sector is of the utmost importance to the economy of a country and incidentally it is also most vulnerable to global climate change. Climate change is taking a toll on India’s agricultural production and productivity. Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) has projected that by the end of 21st century temperature in India is likely to increase by 3-4°C which would lead to a loss of 3-26% in net agricultural revenues. Aggravated climatic factors will ultimately decline plant productivity, which will result in increased prices and unaffordable rates for the common population. The absence of mitigation and adaptation measures may result in lower farm income by 12-40% in the coming years. This issue is an important concern for livelihood, economic development and ensuring food and job security of an agrarian nation like India. The causes that ultimately are contributing to increase in greenhouse gases, deterioration of soil and water ecology must be identified and rectified. Crop productivity in the countries of southern hemisphere is expected to decrease by as much as 20 per cent, with less developed countries suffering the greatest negative effects according to IPCC report 2007. Hence, adaptation to current agricultural scenario must be undertaken at once to avoid the risks incurred and tackle complications arising due to global climate change. How quickly Indian farmers are able to adjust in their farming practices to adapt to climate change and what policies or technologies will enable rapid adaptation are issues that merit attention of everyone. However, a rapid adaptation is less possible in a developing country like India, where availability to information and capital is limited among the majority of farmers.