bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of plant extracts on growth of Erwinia amylovora - the causal agent of fire blight
Authors: Krupiński Grzegorz , Sobiczyński Piotr
Published: December 2013

Ethanol and water extracts obtained on Soxhlet apparatus from various organs and parts (leaves, flowers, shoots, onion, bark, fruit) of 30 herbal and woody plants species were tested for growth inhibition of Erwinia amylovora using agar diffusion method. Active extracts were found in 23 plant species but in 13 ofthem it was found for the first time. The highest diameter of growth inhibition zone of this bacterium was caused by extracts from Aloe arborescens, Juglans regia, Rhus typhina, Salvia offici nalis and Satureja hortensis. In almost all cases ethanol appeared to be a better solvent of active plant substances against E.amylovora than water.
Effect of thermal processing on physico-chemical properties of dietary fibre in carrot and red beet
Authors: Elkner Krystyna
Published: December 2013

The effect of thermal processing (boiling in water and steaming) on changes in dietary fibre fractions and the functional properties of carrot and red beet fibre were studied. Boiling in water caused significantly larger changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of the vegetable fibre than steaming. It was observed that boiling resulted in an increase of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose, a slight increase in lignin content and decrease of hemicellulose. Boiling of these vegetables in water, in comparison to steaming, affected the changes of functional properties of fibre. After boiling in water the ability of water holding capacity of fibre was increased, whereas the cation exchange capacity was decreased.
Parasitic fungi of ornamental plants and herbs of Szczecin
Authors: Adamska Iwona
Published: December 2013

In the years 2000-2001, the occurrence of fungi parasitizing on ornamental plants and herbs cultivated in the Vegetative Hall of the Agricultural University in Szczecin was investigated. The plants represented ca. 200 species. Disease and etiological symptoms were found in 37% of plant species. Most diseased plants came from the family Asteraceae. The plant species most frequently affected was Melisa officinalis. In the laboratory, 35 fungal species were recognized. Most fungi came from the phylum Ascomycota (13 species), and least from the phylum Oomycota (3 species). The phylum Ascomycota was represented only by species of the order Erysiphales. Other relatively frequently found fungi also were members of the phylum Basidiomycota (11 species). Of the fungi recognized, 31 species were earlier frequently recorded in Poland, and three rarely. Erysiphe flexuosa parasitizing Aesculus hippocastanum was not recorded in Poland to date; in Europe this fungus was recognized only in Germany and Switzerland.
Healthiness and fungus composition of barley roots under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems
Authors: Baturo Anna , Sadowski Czesław , Kuś Jan
Published: December 2013

The researched material was healthiness of roots and fungus composition of spring barley cultivated under organic, integrated and conventional farming systems. The studies were carried out in 1998-2001 on experimental fields in Osiny near Puławy, south-eastern Poland. In the emergence stage the roots health status was the lowest in organic system however in the end of vegetation season, in dough maturity stage the most disease symptoms were stated in conventional system. The mycological analyses revealed the occurrence of two important pathogens: Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium spp. Despite of root healthiness macroscopic analyses showed their lower health status in organic system only in emergence stage and the most quantity of plants with disease symptoms in dough maturity stage were observed in conventional system, but pathogens like Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium spp. were mostly isolated in organic system in both phases. It can suggest that disease symptoms in conventional system can be caused by different than fungus factors. The lowest percent of mentioned pathogens was stated in integrated system. It is worth to notice that organic conditions could be favourable to Gliocladium roseum. Because of growing interest in ecology, giving up of using pesticides and more and more popular biological disease control, these fungi of Gliocladium genus be used in this system due to their antagonistic properties.
Effect of eradicative activity of strobilurin fungicides and difenconazole on mycelium and sporulation of Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Broniarek-Niemiec Agata , Bielenin Anna , Dyki Barbara
Published: December 2013

The eradicative effect of two strobilurin fungicides (kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin) and difenoconazole on activity of apple scab spots was studied in greenhouse and field conditions. The reaction of mycelium and sporulation of Venturia inaequalis after fungicides applications were observed in light and scanning electron microscope. Mixture of strobilurin fungicide and difenoconazole applied twice, in 5 days interval, gave the best eradicative effect. The inhibition of sporulation was long lasting and it was observed even 3 and 5 weeks after treatments. The conidiophores, conidia and mycelium were damaged. Also difenoconazole showed good eradicative activity, in field condition up to 5 weeks after application. Trifloxystrobin significantly reduced the number of active scab lesions and the effect was visible even 3 weeks after treatment. Kresoxim-methyl in both tested doses (0,2 and 0,3 kg/ha) was slightly less effective.
The effect of synthetic inducers of systemic resistance in inhibiting grey mold development on geranium and poinsettia
Authors: Floryszak-Wieczorek Jolanta , Kułek Beata
Published: December 2013

Several chemical activators of resistance were tested to evaluate their efficiency in restricting development caused by Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) on geranium and poinsettia leaves. The used signal pathway inducers of salicylic acid, such as DL-â-aminobutyric acid (BABA), g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH), at the applied rates markedly inhibited the development of grey mould in the both plant species. The mentioned inducers showed no toxic or restricting effect on the fungus growth and development under in vitro conditions. Only methyl jasmonate (Me-JA), a potential activator of independent signal transduction pathway, at the applied quantities (O,1-1,0 mg·ml-1), noticeably enhanced the disease spot development probably through stimulation of ethylene synthesis in plant. Me-JA added to medium with B.cinerea showed a strong antifungal action, whereas ethylene significantly stimulated mycelium growth in the in vitro cultures.
The influence of antibiotics on the appearance of magnolia stunting symptoms
Authors: Kamińska Maria , Śliwa Hanna
Published: December 2013

Treatment of diseased magnolia plants with oxytetracycline, baytril and tylan did not reduce the number of symptomatic plants. However, the sprays with antibiotics promoted the shoot growth, development of symptomless leaves and flower buds. The most efficient were baytril at the concentration of 500 ppm, tylan 200 ppm and oxytetracycline at the concentration of 500 or 1000 ppm. Lower concentrations of baytril and oxytetracycline were not so much effective; higher concentration of tylan decreased the magnolia shoot growth. The effect of antibiotics lasted one season. All the antibiotic treated and control plants, randomly tested by PCR-RFLP, showed the presence of AY(16SrI) phytoplasma and some of them were affected with phytoplasma related with apple proliferation phytoplasma group (16SrX). The obtained results indicated that l). magnolia is a natural host plant of phytoplasmas belonging to aster yellows phytoplasma group and apple proliferation group and 2). they support the suggestion that phytoplasmas are the casual agents of magnolia stunting disease.
Metabolic response of Taxus baccata L. to Pestalotipsis funerea Desm. in dependence of environmental conditions
Authors: Kozłowska Monika , Rybus-Zając Magdalena , Gniazdowski-Skoczek Halina
Published: December 2013

One of the reasons of yew shoot blight observed in the garden and park plantations was the infection with Pestalotiopsis funerea fungus. Leaves with extensive disease symptoms have been found to have metabolic disturbances induced by this pathogen. Activation of oxidative stress enzymes, i.e. catalase and peroxidase, points to the possibility of inducing defense responses. Among factors modifying the degree of plant affection under natural conditions, the level of nitric nutrition as well as light conditions may play an important role.
Role of urea in the reduction of apple primary infections by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Aderh
Authors: Meszka Beata , Bielenin Anna
Published: December 2013

The effect of pre-leaf fall of 5% urea treatment on primary infection of apple by Venturia inaequalis, the cause of scab, was investigated in commercial apple orchards of McIntosh cv. in different regions of Poland, at Miłobądz, Sinołęka and Dąbrowice. Additionally, the development of pseudothecia and maturation of ascospores were evaluated in the spring on apple leaves of two cultivars (McIntosh and Gloster) treated with 5% solution of urea. Microscopic observations of leaves showed that urea treatment significantly reduced the number of pseudothecia (by ca. 90%) and ascospore production. Low number of ascospores after urea treatment has strongly affected primary infection of apple by the fungus in all tested orchards. Reduction of leaf infection on control trees was usually more than 30%. Also efficacy of chemical control of apple scab was significantly higher on plots treated with urea.
Reaction of winter wheat genotypes to infection by Mycosphaerella graminicola(Fuckel) Schroeter
Authors: Mirzwa-Mróz Ewa , Zamorski Czesław
Published: December 2013

The response of Polish winter wheat genotypes to M.graminicola (preliminary experiments and cultivar collections) was observed in different regions of Poland. Observations were carried out in 1995-1999. The winter wheat genotypes showed a broad spectrum of reaction to this pathogen. Between 1997 and 1999 the highest degree of infection on winter wheat breeding lines was noted in Kończewice. During this time no genotypes free from infection were observed (preliminary breeding experiments). Cultivars with no symptoms of Septoria tritici blotch (Leszczyńska Wczesna and Żelazna) were found among old genotypes in Słupia Wielka only in earlier experiments (1995-1996). In the years 1997-1999 the winter wheat cultivars were classified into groups on the basis of their response to the pathogen. The degree of infection for the majority cultivars was quite high.
Root parsley protection against damping off
Authors: Nowicki Bogdan
Published: December 2013

Seed treatment ofroot parsley was done to protect Petroselinum santivum seedlings against damping off. Fungicides used as seed dressers were applied in 3 doses: 3, 5 and 10 g/kg. Seeds were treated with 7 dressers (Table l) used separately and in mixture with 3 g/kg of Rovral 50 WP (50% iprodione) and 1 g/kg of Apron 35 SD (35% metalaxyl). Two seed samples of Berlińska cultivar were used: first sample was strongly infected by Alternaria petroselini and A.radicina both 27,6% and also by Fusarium spp. 5,4% (Test I), and second sample revealed lower percentage of infection 4,6% and 1,2%, respectively (Test II). The experiments were conducted under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Complete seedlings protection in all experiments was achieved for treatments when fungicide mixture was used in the highest dose (10 g/kg). Decrease of fungicides concentrations were connected with lower effectiveness of disease control. No phytotoxic effects of the tested fungicide mixtures were observed under the glasshouse or field conditions.
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis ssp. graminicola Urban) its hosts and harmfulness in grasses grown for seed
Authors: Prończuk Maria
Published: December 2013

Stem rust development on four species of grasses was studied in field experiments conducted at Radzików in 1997-2001. Population of Puccinia graminis ssp. graminicola from different hosts was characterised and their harmfulness for grass grown for seed was estimated. The materials for study were ecotypes and strains of Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis and Deschampsia caespitosa collected in breeding nursery and cultivars and strains of L.perenne, F.rubra, P.pratensis cultivated for seed. It was found that the changes in environmental conditions during last years influenced earlier occurrence of stem rust on grasses in Poland. All examined species were the host of P.graminis ssp. graminicola, however the period of infection of particular hosts were different. L.perenne and D.caespitosa were infected in early summer but F.rubra and P.pratensis in late summer or in the autumn. Morphological analysis of spores of P.graminis ssp. graminicola have shoved significant differences between populations obtained from L.perenne and D.caespitosa. Some differences were found between populations from F.rubra and P.pratensis also, but they need more study. Every year occurrence of stem rust on L.perenne and D.caespitosa and its relation with spring temperature in Radzików indicated that populations of patogen could overwinter in local turf. Incidental appearance of stem rust on F.rubra and P.pratensis in centre of Poland allowed to suppose that spores of these forms might be transfer by wind from other regions. The investigation revealed that stem rust can be dangerous for L.perenne grown for seed when infection occurs at flowering time. It has been established that infection of F.rubra and P.pratensis in autumn should not be disregarded. Damages of leaves by P.graminis ssp. graminicola substantially limited plant heading in the next year.
Non-conventional possibilities of protection of apple and pear against fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)
Authors: Sobiczewski Piotr , Krupiński Grzegorz , Puławska Joanna
Published: December 2013

Standard program of plant protection against fire blight consists of use of management practices and chemical control method. Recently a new, non-conventional possibilities based on application of biocontrol agents (two biopreparations have been already introduced into practice: Bliteban A506 (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and BlossomBless (Pantoea agglomerans), plant extracts active against Erwinia amylovora (AkseBio containing extracts from Thymbra spicata and Biomit Plussz with extracts from various plant species and microelements) and resistance inducers (Regalis, Bion and plant extracts) are of great interest. Also plant transformation with resistance genes such as: hrpN (harpin), dpo (EPS depolymerase) and lytic protein genes (attacin E, cecropin SB-37, T4 lysozyme) is a promising perspective.
Influence of forecrop and chemical seed treatment on the occurrence of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) on winter wheat
Authors: Weber Zbigniew
Published: December 2013

The work was done in years 1998/1999 - 2000/2001 on plantations and field plot experiments. Aim of the work was evaluation of take-all occurrence on winter wheat in milk-wax growth stage in dependence on forecrop (oilseed rape, wheat or barley) as well as seed treatment with Latitude 125 FS when wheat was planted on fields after wheat or barley. Percentage of infected plants when seeds were not treated with Latitude 125 FS varied from 82-100 on fields after wheat or barley, and 54-69 on fields after oilseed rape. In treatments with wheat grown after wheat or barley the percentage of infected plants amounted 20-100 when seeds were not treated with Latitude 125 FS and 13-86 when seeds were treated with Latitude 125 FS. Mean degree of infection was low when percentage of infected plants was low and high when percentage of infected plants was high.
Effect of cultivation conditions on Seimatosporium hypericinum growth and form morfological structures
Authors: Zimowska Beata
Published: December 2013

The present study deals with effects of the air temperature, and the type of medium on the growth and form morfological structures of six Seimatosporium hypericinum isolates tested. St Jonh's Wort extract agar, St Jonh's Wort plant agar and PDA, oatmeal agar has been recognized as most useful for growth and sporulation of S.hypericinum. Mineral agar, appeared the least useful for growth and form acervuli and conidia. S.hypericinum can develop in a wide range of temperature, but the optimum one for the growth and sporulation of the fungus vary between 20°C and 28°C.
The effect of growing media and concentration of nutrient solution on growth, flowering and macroelement content of media and leaves of Tymophylla tenuiloba Small
Authors: Nowak Joanna
Published: December 2013

Effects of growing media and concentration of nutrient solution on growth, flowering, evapotranspiration and macroelement content of media and leaves of Tymophylla tenuiloba were evaluated under ebb-and-flow conditions. Two media: peat and peat + perlite (3:l, v/v), and four concentrations of nutrient solution: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mS cm-1 were applied. High quality plants were produced in both media and all concentration of nutrient solution. The lowest evapotranspiration was measured at the highest concentration of nutrient solution. N concentration of leaves was high in all treatments. Concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg decreased with increasing concentration of nutrient solution. Opposite was found for P. At the end of cultivation the lowest pH was measured in the upper layer of growing media. The highest total soluble salt level was measured in the upper layers. Upper layers accumulated more N-NO3, P, Ca, and Mg. Mineral element content of both media was high in all concentrations of nutrient solution. Low concentration of nutrient solution at 1.0 mS cm-1 is recommended, although -1Tymophylla tenuiloba-1 can be also cultivated at higher concentrations of nutrient solution up to 2.5mS cm-1, if placed on the same bench with other bedding plants requiring more nutrients.
The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) and irrigation on yield of 5-years-old apple trees
Authors: Warabieda Wojciech , Olszak Remigiusz W.
Published: December 2013

The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on yield of apple trees was investigated. The experiment was conducted on rrigated and non-irrigated 5-years-old apple trees of 'Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars grafted on M.9. The population size of the pest exceeded four and two times the valid (in Poland) economic injury level on trees of 'Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars respectively. No significant influence of mites on yield and its quality (mean fruit weight and fruit colour) was observed on both apple cultivars. Irrigation had positive effect on yield and quality of 'Jonagold'. On the contrary, trees of ' Close' cultivar were positively influenced by irrigation only regarding fruits colour. Results of the study support opinion that the economic injury level for apple orchards, with respect to two-spotted spider mite, should be higher than it is up to now.
Fungi colonizated of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) after harvest and after storage
Authors: Cwalina-Ambrozik Bożena
Published: December 2013

The aim of the laboratory experiment was the isolation of fungi colonized potato tubers directly (immediately) after harvest and after 5-month storage. 67 potato tubers samples collected in 1998 and 1999 from the areas of province Warmia and Mazury were examined. The occurrence of 36 and 46 species were confirmed on analyzed tubers after harvest and storage, respectively. The most frequent species which occurred on tubers were: Alternaria alternata (9,4%), Colletotrichum cocco- des (12,6%), Rhizoctonia solani (7,4%) and fungi from Fusarium genera (8,7%).This fungi, except Rhizoctonia solani, more often colonized potato tubers afier storage. Among saprofitic fungi most frequent were: Epicoccum (3,4%), Mortierella (3,1%), Mucor(6,0%), Penicillium (17,0%), Rhizopus (7,1%) and Trichoderma (12,9%). More colonies of fungi were obtained from potato tubers analyzed after harvest. Remaining fungi were more frequently isolated after storage.
Vicia grandiflora Scop. in plant communities of central eastern Poland
Authors: Ciosek Marek T. , Skrzyczyńska Janina
Published: December 2013

Results of studies on distribution of Vicia grandiflora in central eastern Poland and its occurrence in various plant communities are given in the paper. For the first time the species was noted in Łochów in 1983. Nowadays 26 stations of Vicia grandiflora from Vicietum tetraspermae community, roadsides, wastelands and meadows are known. At 3 stations (localities: Łochów, Białki near Siedlce, Wodynie) the species occurs abundantly and shows expansive character. At the remaining localities Vicia grandiflora occurs in small numbers. Explanation of its behavior - possible expansiveness - requires further studies.
Changes in species composition of weeds and their number in potato under the influence of different of weed control method
Authors: Zarzecka Katarzyna
Published: December 2013

In a strict field experiment we have studied the influence of different weed control method on the species composition and the number on weeds occurring in a field of four potato cultivars. The application of herbicides decreased the number of weeds, as compared with the number obtained for mechanical control by 1,9-5,1 times at the beginning ofthe vegetation and by 1,5-3,7 times prior to tubers harvest. The herbicides considerably reduced the composition of weed species, moreover.
Some agricultural aspects of seed longevity (literature review)
Authors: Hołubowicz Roman , Morozowska Maria , Bralewski Tomasz W.
Published: December 2013

There has been a vast and numerous literature concerning seed longevity. Most of these works however has focused solely on theoretical and biological aspects of this problem. Some works although deal with practical problems of seed storage. vigour or deterioration. have had relatively little connection with agricultural crops. practical farming or gardening. Therefore, there has been a need to look at this problem from the seednian's and farmer's point of view. The paper comments on how long seeds of agricultural crops species can keep their longevity, how long it is economically reasonable to store them. the effect of the seeds chemical composition on their longevity, how seeds storage conditions can be modified in order to eventually improve their longevity and environment circumstances influence on the final seed longevity. The paper contains a synthetic summary of expected seed longevity of the most important agricultural species and many examples of long longevity of agricultural species.
Prediction of viability of leek (Allium porrum) seeds by a new test
Authors: Güvenç I. , Kaymak H. C.
Published: December 2013

The objective of this research was to determine the suitability of boiling water test in the prediction of seed viability in leek seed and to compare this test with standard germination and vigour test. Basic principle of boiling water test is the evaluation of radicle protrusion from the seeds immersed to boiling water for certain time. The viability of aged and unaged leek seeds in boiling water test was correlated with standard germination and vigour test. In this research. the mean germination of unaged leek seeds varied from 29,639% to 70,18% depending on the cultivars. While the range of boiling water test in unaged leek seeds was between 35.57% to 51,06%, the range for emergence was between 27,63% to 72,05%. The viability of aged and unaged leek seeds in boiling water test was correlated with standard germination test. According to the results of this research, it might be assessed that boiling water test is a rapid and simple method to measure seed viability by evaluating radicle protrusion of leek seeds in boiling water. In conclusion. boiling water test as a new viability test for leek seed could be used as a rapid method for determining the viability in leek seeds.
Effects of some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on rooting of grapevine rootstocks
Authors: Köse Cafer , Güleryüz Muharrem , Şahin Fikrettin , Demirtiş Ismail
Published: December 2013

In this study. effects of topical applications of two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains and their combination (Bacillus BA16, OSU142 and BA16+OSU142) on the rooting of 41B and Rupestris du Lot rootstocks were investigated. The results showed that none of the bacterial strains have significant effects on success rate at 41B and Rupestris du Lot alone, but BA16+0SU142 combination significantly increased the rooting rate and rooting degree of 41B, and decreased the rooting rate and rooting degree of Rupestris du Lot compared with control. In addition, none of the applications had significant effects in number, length and weight of roots on cuttings of both 41B and Rupestris du Lot. Our results suggest that PGPR may have a great potential to stimulate the rooting of hardwood cuttings of grapevine rootstocks, with low rooting capability.
Occurrence of potentially antagonistic bacteria on surface of potato (Solanum turerosum) roots
Authors: Breza-Boruta Barbara , Paluszak Zbigniew
Published: December 2013

The research was carried out on farms in Kiełpin in Bory Tucholskie Landscape Park in vicinity of Tuchola over 1997-1999. The purpose was to determine of quantitative composition of Pseudomonas and Artrobacter genera, coryneform group and total count of bacteria on roots of potato. Aster cultivar of potato was cultivated in two systems: conventional and ecological. The microbiological analysis showed that the coryneform group dominated over other investigated groups of bacteria. The greatest number of bacteria was isolated from rhizoplane of potatoes cultivated in ecological system. The results obtained during three years of the experiment show that the nmnber of potentially antagonistic bacteria increased along with plant vegetation. The maximum number of these bacteria inhabited roots of older plants.
Autumn urea application and cold hardiness of apple trees
Authors: Meszka Beata , Bielenin Anna
Published: December 2013

Effect of autumn urea application on cold hardiness of apple trees was investigated at Experimental Orchard in Dąbrowice on four apple cultivars ('Szampioii'. ´Jonagold´, ´Elstar' and 'Spartan´) of different sensitivity to low temperature injuries. During three-years experiment (2000-2002) no changes in frost resistance of apple trees after urea treatment in the end of October (during leaves fall) were noted. After the earlier application of urea, at middle of October. significantly more damages of annual shoots of cv. ´Jonagold' occurred only in the season 2001. These damages did not influence later growth of apple trees. Spring observations indicated that for all apple's cultivars setting of buds was better on treated with urea than on untreated ones. Electrolyte leakage determinations confirmed the field results that urea did not cause decrease in low temperature resistance of apple trees.
Nitrate reductase activity in cabbage (Brassica oleracae var. capitata) seedlings affected by the different nitrogen fertilizer forms
Authors: Turan Metin , Sezen Yildrum
Published: December 2013

The effect of different nitrogen fertilizer (potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea and farmyard manure) on nitrate reductase activity in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) seedlings were studied. pH of the plant growth niedia was higher in the nitrate fertilizer treatment than the ammonium and other fertilizer forms. NO3--N application increased NRA in plant, but NH4+-N decreased NRA in plant. Harvesting date and different fertilizer doses increased NRA while NH4+-N decreased plant nitrate uptake. There was a significant relationship between NRA and fertilizer types.
Ion exchanger BIONA 312 as a component of soils polluted with nickel in cultivation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Matraszek Renata
Published: December 2013

The objective of the studies undertaken was to assess the possibility of ion exchange substrate BIONA 312 use for nickel bioavailability limitation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) 'Hermes'cv. as determined on the ground of chlorophyll and Ni content. BIONA 312, regarding the chemical composition, is a mixture of strongly acid cation exchanger KU-2x8 and polyfunctional weakly alkaline anion exchanger EDE-10P. The experiment was differentiated in regard to nickel and ion exchanger content. The following doses of Ni (in the form of NiSO4) were introduced: 0,30 or 75mg Ni·dm-3 of the substrate. BIONA 312 was added to the medium in the following doses: O,2 or 5% of substrate volume. Together with Ni dose increase in the medium there was recorded a significant increase of this metal concentration in the cucumber biomass. Nickel in the amount 30 mg dm-3 did not affect considerably the changes in any of chlorophyll form, but a dose 75mg Ni·dm-3 has caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll "a" concentration in cucumber leaves. Simultaneously with the increase in the nickel content in the nutritive environment the decrease in the value of organic mass productivity coefficient was observed. The introduction of 5% ion exchange substrate BIONA 312 into the medium containing nickel in the amount 30 or 75 mg·dm-3 induced a significant growth of the studied chlorophyll fractions in the cucumber leaves. BIONA 312 introduced to the environment contaminated with nickel in the amount of 30 or 75 mg·dm-3 has significantly reduced Ni content in the cucumber biomass simultaneously increasing participation of roots in organic mass production. More efficient for the reduction of harmful Ni effect on the cucumber plants turned out to be introduction of ionite sorbent BIONA 312 at the dosage 5% than 2%.
The comparison of stomata size of different Avena fatua varieties
Authors: Joachimiak Andrzej , Kieć Jacek
Published: December 2013

Infraspecific variability of Aveiia fatua has been known from many results. In this paper were found differences in size and amount of stomata in 6 varieties of wild oat (fatua, alcaliphila, altissima, gravis, alta, vilisis), among 9 studied. Var. fatua has the biggest stomata and their lowest amount, when var. vilis has the smallest ones and their highest amount. For 6 varieties (fatua, alcaliphila levis, gravis, alta, vilis) has been found reversal dependence between size and amount of stomata.
Characteristics of rose mosaic diseases
Authors: Szyndel Marek S.
Published: December 2013

Presented review of rose diseases, associated with the mosaic symptoms, includes common and yellow rose mosaic, rose ring pattern, rose X disease, rose line pattern, yellow vein mosaic and rose mottle mosaic disease. Based on symptomatology and graft transmissibility of causing agent many of those rose disorders are called "virus-like diseases" since the pathogen has never been identified. However, several viruses were detected and identified in roses expressing mosaic symptoms. Currently the most prevalent rose viruses are Prunus necrotic ringspot virus - PNRSV, Apple mosaic virus - ApMV (syn. Rose mosaic virus) and Arabis mosaic virus - ArMV Symptoms and damages caused by these viruses are described. Tomato ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus and Rose mottle mosaic virus are also mentioned as rose pa thogcns. Methods of control of rose mosaic diseases are discussed.
Characteristics of virus and virus-like rose degeneration and dieback diseases
Authors: Szyndel Marek S.
Published: December 2013

Presented review of rose diseases, associated with the plant degeneration symptoms, includes rose streak, rose colour break, rose rosette or rose witches' broom, rose dieback, rose wilt, rose stunt, rose leaf curl, rose spring dwarf, rose little leaf, rose "frisure", rose bud proliferation and rose flower proliferation. Most of these disorders are characterized by stunting or dwarfing of plants accompanied by a partial wilt and dieback of shoots. Proliferation and epinasty often occurred. Apart from detected viruses (TSV. SLRSV) parts of degeneration syndrome have been transmitted by grafting other have failed to achieve any transmission of the causal agent. It seems likely that rose degeneration disorders in spite of symptom similarities are due to a complex of interacting factors including probably viruses.
Effect of various culture treatments on virulence and aggressiveness expression of Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Sobkowiak Sylwester , Zimoch-Guzowska Ewa , Zarzycka Hanna
Published: December 2013

The effect of experiment date, inoculum concentration and number of passages through potato tissue on virulence spectrum and aggressiveness level of four Phvtophthora infestans isolates was examined in four tests. All these experimental variants significantly influenced the expression of virulence. Isolates chosen for study were characterized initially by complex wirulence and high aggresssiveness. The narro west spectrum of virulence was noted atJune and December in comparison with March and September. The inoculum concentration of 200 sporangia in 1 mm3 influenced stronger frequency of virulence factors, that concentration of 50 sporangia in 1 mm3. The cultures passaged many times showed the wider virulence spectrum than single or double passaged isolates. The double passages of pathogen cultures influenced stronger expression factors of virulence than single one. The significant interaction between experiment dates and number of passages and experiment dales and inoculum concentrations were observed. Higher inoculum concentration and more abundant passages on potato tissues positively affected detection of particular virulence factors, especially v5 and v8. The cultures, both double and many times passaged on potato tuber slices, were significantly more aggressive in comparison with single passaged ones. The isolate MP 425 was the most stable in expression of its virulence and aggressiveness. The P.infestans cultures that lost infectivity on rye agar medium can recover their virulence and aggressiveness expression after double and frequent culturing on potato tissues.
The effect of mineral fertilization on the content of phenolic acids and mass of roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge
Authors: Buchwald Waldemar
Published: December 2013

Research on the mineral fertilization of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge was carried out in the years 2000 - 2002. It was stated that the potassium fertilization has the strongest effect on the content of phenolic acids and on mass of roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The effect of atmospheric conditions in particular years is also essential. The optimal doses of fertilizers (pure component content in kg · ha-) were the following: N - 100, P2O5 - 30, K20 - 180. Having used this fertilizing combination the average content of phenolic acids was 4,62% and the average aerial dry mass of roots was 13,21 g per 1 plant after one year of cultivation.
Kernel mass of winter triticale depending on placing position in a spikelet and a spike, with regard to its productiveness
Authors: Zając Tadeusz , Szafrański Wiesław , Strojny Jacek
Published: December 2013

The investigations were carried outin 1996-1997 on degraded chernozem developed from loess. The winter triticale cv. 'Presto' cultivated after 4 forecrops (spring cereals with red clover undersown and triticale in pure stand). Studied were correlation between the number of spikeIets and kernels and their placing position in a spike and spikelet, and the grain weight from three spike size groups. The number of productive spikelets per spike and fertility of inflorescence per spikelet, measured as a number of kernels, were the biggest in big spikes group. Kernels placed in positions 1 and 2 in a kernel had the biggest mass, whereas the kernels developed from the inflorescence in positions 3 and 4 were conspicuous for their smaller mass, particularly in the small and medium-size spike groups. The analysis of correlation coefficient values revealed that grain weight per spike was strongly correlated with the number of kernels per spike in all determined size classes. Also a significant effect of single kemel weight on yield per spike was noticed, but the coefficient value was lower (r=0.30). Spikelets in positions from 3 to 7 level (on both sides of spike) had the greatest share in grain weight per spike for the smallest spike group, whereas for medium- size and big spikes respectively spikelets in positions 3 through 9 and 2 through 10.
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. an expansive species of the Kałuszyńska Upland
Authors: Skrzyczyńska Janina , Skrajna Teresa , Ciosek Tomasz M.
Published: December 2013

Expansive character of Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. in agricultural crops and stubble fields of the Kałuszyńska Upland is presented in the paper. Analysis of occurrence of the species was made according to floristic lists and 802 phytosociological records made between the 1980 and 2002 in rye and poor cereal-fodder soil complexes. In the first period of studies ( 1980-1985) Anthoxanthum aristatum was hardly known from 6 localities and was included in the group of rare species. Between 1994 and 2002 occurrence of the species in the whole studied area (61 localities) was recorded. The weed infested rye canopy in great quantities and overgrown stubble fields on the poorest sandy soils. It was also noted on the most fertile habitats in spring cereals and potato canopy.
Vcgetation of barren agricultural areas in Czyrnianka basin (Beskid Niski Mts)
Authors: Barbasz-Krasny Beata , Puła Joann
Published: December 2013

The investigations of meadow and pasture fallows in Czyrnianka catchment area, during vegetative season of year 2002, were carried out. The purposes of these investigations were qualifications of plant communities, characterisation of their habitat conditions and making habitats for constant protection. 53 phytosociological relevés by classic Braun-Blanquet method were performed and taken under numerical classification. As a result of classification the types of Gladiolo-Agrostietum and Epilo bio-Juncetum associations and Cirsium arvense-Agropyron repens community were originated. For characterisation of habitat conditions the indicator values by Ellenberg were used. The Detrendent Correspondence Analysis showed that moisture was responsible for differentiation of community composition. A dry variant Gladiolo-Agrostetum association, which contains species characteristic for xerothermical grasslands, is the most interesting from botanical point of view. This community is also protection worth.
Ectomycorrhizae of Tomentella badia: description and molecular identification
Authors: Binder Andrea , Peršoh Derek , Yorou Nourou S. , Verma Rita , Bässler Claus , Agerer Reinhard
Published: December 2013

Species within the genera Tomentella are among the most important ECM in forests. However, our knowledge about their functional characteristics is still rather limited. The ectomycorrhizae of Tomentella badia on Picea abies are described here in detail and compared to the non-identified ECM Piceirhiza obscura. A pseudoparenchymatous mantle formed by epidermoid cells is covered by heaps of epidermoid cells. This mantle type is regarded as a new one and designated as mantle type R. Many cells filled with dark blue contents and/or blue granules, together with clampless hyphae, are distinct characters of these ectomycorrhizae. Molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region was used for identification.
On-Road Vehicle Recognition Using the Symmetry Property and Snake Models
Authors: Liu Shumin , Huang Yingping , Zhang Renjie
Published: December 2013

Vehicle recognition is a fundamental task for advanced driver assistance systems and contributes to the avoidance of collisions with other vehicles. In recent years, numerous approaches using monocular image analysis have been reported for vehicle detection. These approaches are primarily applied in motorway scenarios and may not be suitable for complex urban traffic with a diversity of obstacles and a clustered background. In this paper, stereovision is firstly used to segment potential vehicles from the traffic background. Given that the contour curve is the most straightforward cue for object recognition, we present here a novel method for complete contour curve extraction using symmetry properties and a snake model. Finally, two shape factors, including the aspect ratio and the area ratio calculated from the contour curve, are used to judge whether the object detected is a vehicle or not. The approach presented here was tested with substantial urban traffic images and the experimental results demonstrated that the correction rate for vehicle recognition reaches 93%.
A Motivação do Homem para o Trabalho: um Estudo sobre o Impacto da Crise Econômica Mundial
Authors: Nars Felipe Carvalho F. , Ferreira Marcos Aurelio de A. , Fischer André Luiz
Published: December 2013

DOI: 10.5902/198346595534The general objective of this research is to identify significant differences in the levels of ‘Satisfactionand Motivation’ among employees of the Best Companies to Work For in Brazil, elected by Guia VocêS/A-Exame, between 2007 and 2009. The specific objectives seek to: (1) verify if the result of the category‘Satisfaction and Motivation’ in 2009 differs significantly from 2007 and 2008, (2) assess the variations inthe indices that composes the result of this category in 2009 and relate them to the theory of motivation,and (3) identify elements in the speech of employees that demonstrate the actions taken by companiesbefore the global economic crisis in 2009 to keep them motivated and relate them to the theory of managementin the era of economic turbulence. The theoretical framework addresses three main issues: (1)organizational climate - its relationship to the organizational system and motivation, the importance ofits measurement through organizational climate surveys structured by categories and actions of seniormanagement due to its results. (2) Motivation - a conceptual overview and the recent discussion aboutthe meaning assigned to work as a source of motivation. (3) The management in the era of economicturbulence - the role of leadership dealing with new challenges of management in the chaos, clarity andeffectiveness communication due to maintain team morale in times of crisis. In order to find the answersto the proposed problem, we performed a descriptive analysis with focus on quantitative and qualitativedata. The survey sample was comprised of 66 companies that figured in the Guides for 2007, 2008 and2009. The Statistical analysis was given by applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, additionally theGeneral Linear Model (GLM) and the selection method of Wilks Lambda. The quantitative results obtainedby applying hypothesis and comparison tests between means showed a drop in the levels of ‘Satisfactionand Motivation’ in 2009 compared to 2007 and 2008. From this result, we applied two methodsof qualitative analysis (exploratory data analysis and discourse analysis), in order to verify the possibleinfluence of global economic crisis on this result. Qualitative results show seven points of attention, fiveof which had higher negative change between 2008 and 2009 and only two showed positive growthbetween 2008 and 2009. In addition to these points of attention, the qualitative analysis according tothe speech of employees identified some actions taken by companies about leadership, communicationand maintenance of morale, corroborating the theory presented. The study’s findings point to the fallinglevels of ‘Satisfaction and Motivation’ in 2009 and the efforts of management focused on overcoming thecrisis. Some practical recommendations are submitted to the HR community, so that in times of economicturbulence they might be applied in order to mitigate potential negative impacts explained by research.
Aspectos relativos à saúde e ao meio ambiente ligados ao consumo de alimentos orgânicos
Authors: Albuquerque Júnior Edmilson Pinto de , Silva Filho José Carlos Lázaro da , Costa Josimar Souza , Santos Sandra Maria dos
Published: December 2013

DOI: 10.5902/198346598812 Organic food is considered healthy and environmentally friendly, then becoming relevant the investigation about these two constructs associated to the purchase intention of consumers. This study sought to investigate which aspect, among those related to the environmental awareness and the pursuing of health, has greater influence on the shopping intentions of the consumer of organic fruits and vegetables (FV). To this end, it was applied a survey research type. The sample involved 200 interviewees. The questionnaires were applied from February to March, 2012, at two distribution channels of organic food in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará: agroecological fair and supermarkets. The factor analysis was employed for the statistical analysis of data by using the SPSS software, version 20. The results indicate that the aspects concerning health present more influence on the purchase intentions related to that type of food. From a managerial point of view, the contributions from this study reside in the comprehension of the determining variables of the purchase behavior of an ascending market, what suggests basis to the development of strategies, by the agents of the productive chain, adequate to the analyzed market.
L’autogestion, pour une autonomisation émancipatrice dans le milieu institutionnel universitaire
Authors: Julien Denis Marie-Ève , Trudelle Catherine , Duchemin Éric
Published: December 2013

À Montréal, l’agriculture organisée se pratique principalement sous deux formes : le jardin communautaire et le jardin collectif. Ce sont le plus souvent des organisations communautaires qui s’occupent de la gestion du jardin collectif, qu’il est possible de voir comme une forme spatiale propice à l’action collective, en ce sens qu’il peut devenir un espace où se développent des initiatives sociales novatrices. Parmi les modèles de gouvernance existants, celui de l’autogestion semble être pertinent dans un contexte comme celui du jardin collectif institutionnel universitaire, car ce type d’initiative constitue en soi une démarche politique, ainsi qu’une façon de changer soi-même son milieu de vie. Notre recherche met en lumière le processus de gouvernance au sein d’une initiative autogérée, le Collectif de recherche en aménagement paysager et en agriculture urbaine durable (CRAPAUD). Nos résultats montrent avant tout que le mode de gouvernance du CRAPAUD, l’autogestion, favorise l’atteinte des objectifs socioenvironnementaux fixés par le collectif, et ce, au-delà des différentes contraintes inhérentes au modèle autogestionnaire. Enfin, nos résultats font également voir que la gouvernance spécifique au CRAPAUD constitue un processus émancipateur permettant l’autonomisation de ses membres.
tRNA genes rapidly change in evolution to meet novel translational demands
Authors: Yona Avihu H , Bloom-Ackermann Zohar , Frumkin Idan , Hanson-Smith Victor , Charpak-Amikam Yoav , Feng Qinghua , Boeke Jef D , Dahan Orna , Pilpel Yitzhak
Published: December 2013

Changes in expression patterns may occur when organisms are presented with new environmental challenges, for example following migration or genetic changes. To elucidate the mechanisms by which the translational machinery adapts to such changes, we perturbed the tRNA pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by tRNA gene deletion. We then evolved the deletion strain and observed that the genetic adaptation was recurrently based on a strategic mutation that changed the anticodon of other tRNA genes to match that of the deleted one. Strikingly, a systematic search in hundreds of genomes revealed that anticodon mutations occur throughout the tree of life. We further show that the evolution of the tRNA pool also depends on the need to properly couple translation to protein folding. Together, our observations shed light on the evolution of the tRNA pool, demonstrating that mutation in the anticodons of tRNA genes is a common adaptive mechanism when meeting new translational demands.