bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the anti‐wrinkle effect of a lipophilic pro‐vitamin C derivative, tetra‐isopalmitoyl ascorbic acid
Authors: Yokota Mariko , Yahagi Shoichi
Published: December 2021

Background

Tetra‐isopalmitoyl ascorbic acid (VC‐IP), an oil‐soluble vitamin C derivative, is known to be effective for treating photoaging skin caused by oxidative stress. In addition, it is known that morphological changes of the skin occur on the face with aging, and the main cause has been reported to be photoaging.

Aims

There have not been any published reports that examined the clinical effects of vitamin C derivatives on periorbital wrinkles. The purpose of this study was to characterize the potential anti‐wrinkle effect of VC‐IP.

Methods

A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, split face clinical trial was performed on 3 groups of 23 female subjects each who used 1%, 2%, or 3% VC‐IP creams versus a placebo cream to treat their facial wrinkles. VC‐IP cream was applied on the periorbital area on one side of the face of each subject twice a day for 8 weeks and a placebo cream was applied on the other side. Anti‐wrinkle effects were evaluated by visual wrinkle grading and topographic assessments.

Results

Periorbital wrinkles treated with VC‐IP twice a day for 8 weeks showed marked or moderate improvements according to visual observations and grading of photographs. Moreover, topographic assessments confirmed the improving effects of VC‐IP, and more interestingly, the appearance of those effects differed depending on the VC‐IP concentration. In addition, sufficient improvement was observed in parameters reported to be associated with dermal structure at lower concentrations of VC‐IP.

Conclusions

These results indicate that topical application of VC‐IP cream reduces periorbital wrinkles caused by skin aging.
Ventral clitoroplasty preserves dorsal nerves in case of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: 4 years follow‐up
Authors: Mahajan Niraj N. , Kaushal Nandita , Subramanyam Alka A. , Bhagwat Nikhil M.
Published: December 2021

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) causes feminization of the external genitalia, in 46XY individuals. We report a notable case of partial AIS (PAIS), which was treated with ventral clitoroplasty and vaginal dilatation. The patient is a 17‐year‐old phenotypically female, presented with primary amenorrhea, infantile vagina, clitoromegaly, and presence of testes. Feminizing genitoplasty was done in form of ventral clitoroplasty with gonadectomy and was put on hormone replacement therapy and advised regular use of vaginal dilators to improve vaginal length. In ventral approach, the erectile tissues are excised without disturbing the neurovascular structure. Vibratory threshold perception of clitoris assessed by biothesiometer was normal 4 years after the surgery. Vaginal corrective surgery is not required when presentation is at later stage and has some vaginal depth to work out with vaginal dilators. Regular psychiatric consultations and support are needed in patients with PAIS to develop their confidence in gender identity and sexual orientation.
Driving Legislators' Policy Preferences: Constituent Commutes and Gas Taxes
Authors: Anderson Sarah E. , Butler Daniel M. , Harbridge‐Yong Laurel , Markarian G. Agustin
Published: December 2021

Understanding differential policy costs across constituencies, and how they link to legislators' policy preferences, can facilitate policy changes that solve pressing problems. We examine the role of policy costs on constituents by studying legislator support for taxing gasoline. Analysis of survey responses from US state legislators, as well as of their voting records, shows that legislators whose constituents would be most affected by an increased gas tax—those whose constituents have longer commutes—are more likely to oppose higher gas taxes. Separately estimating the impact of time spent driving to work versus using public transit shows that the effect of commute times comes from those who have long drives, not from those who ride public transit, highlighting how the policy costs to constituents is a major driver in legislators' considerations. We finish the article by discussing the implications of our findings for combating climate change and for understanding policy feedbacks.
Probiotics for preventing and treating infant regurgitation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Foster Jann P. , Dahlen Hannah G. , Fijan Sabina , Badawi Nadia , Schmied Virginia , Thornton Charlene , Smith Caroline , Psaila Kim
Published: December 2021

Infant regurgitation is common during infancy and can cause substantial parental distress. Regurgitation can lead to parental perception that their infant is in pain. Parents often present in general practitioner surgeries, community baby clinics and accident and emergency departments which can lead to financial burden on parents and the health care system. Probiotics are increasingly reported to have therapeutic effects for preventing and treating infant regurgitation. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for the prevention and treatment of infant regurgitation. Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. A meta‐analysis was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration methodology where possible. Six RCTs examined the prevention or treatment with probiotics on infant regurgitation. A meta‐analysis of three studies showed a statistically significant reduction in regurgitation episodes for the probiotic group compared to the placebo group (mean difference [MD]: −1.79 episodes/day: 95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.30 to −0.27, N = 560), but there was high heterogeneity (96%). Meta‐analysis of two studies found a statistically significant increased number of stools per day in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group at 1 month of age (MD: 1.36, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.73, N = 488), with moderate heterogeneity (69%). Meta‐analysis of two studies showed no statistical difference in body weight between the two groups (MD: −91.88 g, 95% CI: 258.40–74.63: I2 = 23%, N = 112) with minimal heterogeneity 23%. Probiotic therapy appears promising for infant regurgitation with some evidence of benefit, but most studies are small and there was relatively high heterogeneity. The use of probiotics could potentially be a noninvasive, safe, cost effective, and preventative positive health strategy for both women and their babies. Further robust, well controlled RCTs examining the effect of probiotics for infant regurgitation are warranted.
Accurate believers are deductively cogent
Authors: Hewson Matthew
Published: December 2021

This paper argues that the agent concerned to have accurate (outright) beliefs will have a consistent and multi‐premise closed belief set, and not a (merely) single‐premise closed and (merely) pairwise consistent belief set, as has often been thought. This argument rests on the fact that we need a notion of accuracy coherence for belief that is belief‐sensitive; sensitive to one's perspective, in a way that the standard belief‐insensitive notion of accuracy coherence is not. The choice of the belief‐sensitive over belief‐insensitive notion is defended, as is the choice of this particular belief‐sensitive kind of accuracy coherence over other belief‐sensitive rivals. Our conclusion is that accurate believers are deductively cogent.
Establishment and characterisation of cell lines and xenograft mouse models of canine systemic histiocytosis and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma
Authors: Hirabayashi Miyuki , Chambers James K. , Kishimoto Takuya E. , Nguyen Son V. , Ishikawa Yuichi , Rimpo Kenji , Nakayama Hiroyuki , Uchida Kazuyuki
Published: December 2021

Canine histiocytic proliferative disorders include reactive diseases (histiocytosis) and neoplastic diseases (histiocytic sarcoma [HS]), however discrimination is challenging due to their overlapping pathological features. In the present study, novel cell lines and xenograft mouse models of systemic histiocytosis (SyH) and disseminated HS were established, and examined together with cell lines previously established from localized HS and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The chromosomal numbers of the SyH and HS cell lines were abnormal, and their population doubling time and morphological features were comparable. Immunophenotypically, SyH and HS cells were CD204+/E‐cadherin+ in vitro and in vivo, like their original tissues. Western blot analysis for E‐cadherin revealed an immunopositive band of full‐length E‐cadherin (120 kDa) in cultured cells of localized HS and LCH but not in disseminated HS and SyH; expression level was weaker in localized HS than in LCH. An immunopositive band of fragmented E‐cadherin (45 kDa) was detected in cell lines of disseminated HS and SyH. These results suggest that cultured SyH cells have features that are similar to disseminated HS, including chromosomal aberration, high proliferation activity, weak cell adhesion, and expression of fragmented E‐cadherin. Fragmentation of the E‐cadherin cell adhesion molecule may be associated with the loss of cell adhesion and increased abilities of invasion and migration of neoplastic cells. The established cell lines and xenograft mouse models will aid in understanding the pathogenesis and developing novel treatments of canine histiocytic proliferative disorders.
Discussion On Failure Behavior of Piping Systems Under Extremely Large Seismic Loads in BDBE
Authors: Nakamura Izumi , Kasahara Naoto
Published: December 2021

To investigate the failure behavior of piping systems under severe seismic loads considering beyond design basis event (BDBE), an experimental approach to use pipes made of simulation materials was applied. "Simulation material" means the substitute material for steel to realize the structural experiment by the existing testing facilities. The simulation materials adopted in this study were pure lead (Pb) or lead-antimony (Pb-Sb) alloy. Using pipe elbows made of simulation materials, static loading tests on elbows and shaking table tests on simple piping system models composed of one or two elbows and an additional mass were conducted.

From the static loading tests, the load-deflection relationship of an elbow under monotonic loading was obtained as well as the fatigue failure modes under cyclic loading depending on the several cyclic displacement levels. From the shaking table tests, several failure modes were obtained, namely, "Collapse by self-weight", "Collapse by a few cycles of input", "Ratchet and subsequent collapse", "Overall deformation", and "No failure". It was considered that the occurrence of these failure modes was affected by the ratio of the input frequency to the specimen's natural frequency, the ratio of additional mass weight to the limit mass weight, the configuration of the specimen, and the input acceleration level. The experimental results indicated that it was crucial to understand the structure's ultimate behavior when treating BDBE, and that the research approach using simulation material is effective to investigate the ultimate behavior of piping systems.
A New Risk Assessment Model to Check Safety Threats to Long-Distance Pipelines
Authors: Lu Duhui , Cong Guangpei , Li Bing
Published: December 2021

With the number of long-distance pipelines increasing in China, risk management has become important for controlling pipeline leakage. However, all the current assessment technologies are semiquantitative and do not include inspection data. To address this problem, a new quantitative risk assessment model is proposed to guide decision-making on excavation inspection and maintenance. Based on previous failure cases, the model includes data about the surrounding soils as well as about the pipeline's protective layer, cathodic protection (CP), and pipe wall thickness readings. Testing of the proposed model on previous failure cases shows that the new model can correctly assess the real leakage risk of a long-distance pipeline and support the quantitative integrity management of a long-distance pipeline during its whole service life.
Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Simulation of Combined Cycle Power Plant Under Design and Off-Design Condition
Authors: Pattanayak Lalatendu , Padhi Biranchi Narayana , Gajjar Hemant
Published: December 2021

Combined cycle power plants (CCPP) are increasingly important for safer and cleaner electricity generation. In this context it is imperative to explore options to enhance its thermal performance for its design and off-design condition. This study presents the performance comparison of two heavy-duty gas turbined (GT) based CCPP with triple pressure steam bottoming cycle. The CCPP system component is modeled using a commercial software Ebsilon and the off-design performance prediction is made using necessary component correlations. The correlations make use of normalized curves that are generated from model runs and apply the factors received from such curve to design performance to estimate the off-design performance. The model simulation is validated against literatures. Furthermore, inlet air cooling technique (IAC) is introduced in this study to enhance the CCPP power production without compromising component performance. The performance comparison of both the CCPP units are presented in an integrated manner by considering interaction of bottoming cycle on GT operation. The results are established as a function of ambient temperature based on energy and exergy principle and the power boosting and economic profit. The results also demonstrate the benefit of IAC on part-load performance. The component level exergy analysis proved that IAC improves the system exergy efficiency.
Numerical Investigation Into the Effects of CoFlow Air on a Self-Excited Helium Jet
Authors: Nayak G Mahesh , B Abinash , B Saravanan , Raju P Satyanarayana
Published: December 2021

A numerical investigation is carried out on a helium jet having Reynolds number 150, and Richardson number 6.11. The effect of air co-flow on a self-excited helium jet is studied in the near field using commercial software ANSYS Fluent V18.1. The co-flow velocity ratio varied in the range of 0.17–0.87. The contours of the helium mole fraction along with the streamlines show the interaction of the toroidal vortex with the jet. The suppression of toroidal vortex is observed as the air co-flow velocity induced to the jet flow. Due to the suppression of vortices, radial spread/diffusion is limited, resulting in large gradients at the shear layer. The flickering frequency increases with the air co-flow. The amplitude of the oscillation at axial locations of higher z/d increases up to a certain co-flow velocity and then drops significantly at high co-flow velocity ratios. However, at upstream (near jet exit plane), oscillation amplitude decrease with increase in air co-flow. The velocity difference in the shear layer to the ambient elucidates the stabilization mechanism of the self-excited helium jet.
Numerical Investigation Into the Effect of Air Swirl on Non-Premixed Combustion
Authors: B Anuj , Nayak G Mahesh , B Yogesh , B Saravanan
Published: December 2021

Endeavour is made to investigate the effect of swirled air on methane-air combustion in a Harwell combustor geometry. The inlet air swirl intensity on combustion characteristics such as temperature, pollutant formation, and flow dynamics is studied. The modeling of turbulent characteristics is performed with the standard K–ε model using ANSYS Fluent. Eddy dissipation model with one step reaction is used for modeling chemical reaction and P-I radiation model for radiation heat transfer. The swirl number is achieved in the range of 0.0 to 0.6, by varying the tangential velocity to the air inlet. With the increase in swirl intensity, the maximum flame temperature drops, and most of the flame formation shifts towards the inlet of the furnace. The change in the flow field is aided by the formation of recirculating bubbles. The swirl causes the flame to spread radially away from the axis, thereby increasing the heat transfer flux to the furnace wall. As a result, a significant reduction in the formation of NO pollutants is observed.
Vaneless Diffuser Performance in a Super-Critical Carbon Dioxide Centrifugal Compressor With Real Gas Effects
Authors: Seshadri Lakshminarayanan , Kumar Pramod
Published: December 2021

Super-critical Carbon dioxide (s-CO2) flows are neither incompressible nor ideal gas flows. Unlike perfect gases, the enthalpy of s-CO2 near the critical point is a strong function of pressure. Incorporation of these effects is necessary for accurate modeling of flows in centrifugal compressor vaneless diffusers. This study reviews the existing vaneless diffuser modeling technique, and modifications are made to incorporate real gas effects. Like the existing procedure, the proposed formulation does not require multiple iterations for convergence. The results are obtained in a single step using a marching technique. Hence, this model can be incorporated in standard centrifugal compressor design and analysis tools, especially for super-critical carbon dioxide flows, subject to experimental validation.
Development of a New Loss Model for Turbomachinery Labyrinth Seals
Authors: Kulkarni Davendu Y. , di Mare Luca
Published: December 2021

The preliminary design of labyrinth seals requires a fast and accurate estimate of the leakage flow. While the conventional bulk flow models can quickly predict labyrinth seal discharge characteristics, they lack the accuracy and pragmatism of modern CFD technique and vice-a-versa. This paper presents a new 1D loss model for straight-through gas labyrinth seals that can provide quick seal leakage flow predictions with CFD-equivalent accuracy.

The present seal loss model is developed using numerical experimentation technique. Multiple CFD computations are conducted on straight-through labyrinth seal geometries for a range of pressure ratios. A distinct post-processing methodology is developed to extract the through-flow stream tube in seal. Total pressure losses and flow area variations experienced by the flow in seal stream-tube are systematically accounted for based on the well-known knife-to-knife (K2K) methodology. Regression analyses are conducted on the trends of variations of loss and area coefficients to derive the independent pressure loss and flow area correlations.

These novel correlations can predict the bulk leakage flow rate, windage flow rate and inter-knife static pressures over a wide range of variation of flow and geometry parameters. Validation study shows that the leakage mass flow rate predicted by this model is accurate within ±8% of measured test data. This fast and accurate model can be employed for various applications such as, in seal design-analysis workflows, for secondary air system (SAS) performance analysis and for the rotor-dynamic and aeroelastic assessments of seals.
Ring Segment Life Improvement Through Hook Gap and Stiffness Optimization
Authors: Gorai Saurabh , Khandelwal Ravi , Das Debdulal , Ahmed Fathi , Radan Radulovic
Published: December 2021

For large gas turbine new make or standard customer value program always aims for higher power and efficiency which calls for an incremental stage loading in terms of higher gas pressure and temperatures distributions for the new upgrade with less ownership costs. To bring down the ownership cost without compromising on the performance or operating hours it becomes important to squeeze and optimize the current design to its maximum limits. This leads to a situation where existing static components fails to meet the MI Strength and Lifing requirements due to change in pressure and temperature.

This paper describes the design challenges and the applied mitigations in the design optimizations of aft stage Ring Segment Hooks and Rails to meet requirements for higher loads at higher performance.

Several sensitivity studies were carried out and transfer functions were developed to bring down the hook loads and hook stresses for steady state max temperature and pressure conditions. Two strategies were adopted to optimize the hook loads. The first is to find the adequate gap between hook and slot and the other one is to vary the hook stiffness by changing the circumferential length.

This paper also presents a systematic approach and check points to decide the optimum gaps and the stiffness of the hooks. For that purpose, a co-relation was developed between hook load and hook to slot gap and the hook circumferential length and hook stiffness.
Design of Duct Passages for an Air Turbine Starter Test Rig
Authors: R Sadham Usean , B. V. S. S. S. Prasad , Dhabade Milind , Kurvinkop Amit , Tatiparthi Vishnuvardhan
Published: December 2021

In a typical air turbine starter (ATS) engine testing application, compressed air is supplied to the turbine by means of an inlet duct usually with a 90 degree bend and discharged from the turbine into the exhaust chimney through a combination of two duct passages. The primary duct is integral to the engine for connecting to the containment ring. The secondary duct is a transition piece for connecting to the exhaust chimney. As these ducts consume additional pressure and adversely affect the performance of the ATS under test. The design of pressure-efficient outlet ducts is therefore essential, and is the topic of present study. The aerodynamic performance of the overall passage depends on the (i) angle of bend, (ii) the shape of the connecting bolt, (iii) the outlet area and shape of the exhaust duct transiting between the bend and the chimney. Combinations of different angular bends, different shaped bolts and varying size of transition pieces are analyzed using the enterprise version of CFD tool, ANSYS. Three dimensional mesh independent simulations using k-epsilon turbulence model are carried out for a combined geometry of inlet duct, rotor-stator combination, outlet ducts together with the bolts. A combination of the duct passages that has resulted in lowest possible pressure drop is suggested as result of the study i.e. the 90 degree bend duct gives 9% pressure difference between inlet and outlet and this might slightly affect the efficiency of the air turbine stator, however the mass flow rate values remains similar to the stator inlet mass flow rate. Hence the 90 degree bend duct is suitable for the test rig. The static pressure loss and total pressure gain is about 0.04% and −0.004% respectively for baseline and aggressive duct of stator and rotor, hence the baseline duct profile is better than aggressive duct. Among different shapes of connecting bolt, the baseline geometry gives slightly lower efficiency of 85.6% when compared to all other models. But due to manufacturing feasibility the baseline geometry is preferred. Exhaust duct model 7 gives pressure drop as 0.062 bar twice the amount of pressure drop in model 6, but it does not affect the efficiency of air turbine starter. The shapes and sizes of the bend, bolts and the transition piece are recommended.
Performance Enhancement of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Using Numerical Techniques
Authors: Menon Poornima , G Srinivas
Published: December 2021

Wind turbines are one of the most prominent and popular sources of renewable energy, of which, horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are the majorly chosen design for wind machines. These turbines rotate about the horizontal axis which is parallel to the ground. They comprise of aerodynamic blades (generated from the desired airfoil), that may be twisted or tapered as per the design requirements. The blades are attached to a rotor which is located either upwind or downwind. To help wind the orientation of the turbines, the upwind rotors have a tail vane, while the downwind rotors are coned which in turn help them to self-orient. One of the major reasons for the popularity of the horizontal wind turbine, is its ability to generate a larger amount of electricity for a given amount of wind. Due to its popularity, the enhancement in the design of HAWTs, is a major focus area for research. In the present study, a scaled-down CFD model of the NREL Phase VI was validated against the numerical and experimental data. The model used had a dual blade rotor and applied the S809 airfoil. The simulations were carried out using a rotating mesh in ANSYS Fluent. Validation was carried out for 3 velocities — 7m/s, 10m/s and 20m/s. Once validation was carried out, turbine was modified with the addition of vortex generators, in the form of cylindrical protrusions that reduce flow separation.
Design of Autonomous Unmanned System for Aerial Operations From Underwater Platforms
Authors: Devalla Vindhya , Thomas Cris , Neduncheran Adthithiyan , Capoor Shiv , Mondal Amit Kumar
Published: December 2021

Surveillance and reconnaissance play a very important role in military and civil aspects. They are the key factors in military tactics and in the event of civilian calamities. In case of naval warfare, the submarines which are operating under deep water are required to carry out open land mass surveillance in an efficient manner without reaching to the water surface nor revealing their presence and position. This research paper proposes the conceptualized design to develop an autonomous unmanned octocopter system which is capable of being launched from an underwater platform such as submarines, with the help of a tethered launching mechanism known as octopod, to carry out surveillance, reconnaissance and payload delivery. In this paper, we present a novel method for development of UAV with special application on aerial survey from underwater platforms. A variety of design options which are investigated from various trade studies to evaluate the performance along with design configuration to satisfy the specific requirements are also presented in this paper.
Aerodynamic Performance Evaluation of Axial Flow Fan Using Numerical Techniques
Authors: D. Raghuvaran , Shenoy Satvik , G Srinivas
Published: December 2021

Axial flow fans (AFF) are extensively used in various industrial sectors, usually with flows of low resistance and high mass flow rates. The blades, the hub and the shroud are the three major parts of an AFF. Various kinds of optimisation can be implemented to improve the performance of an AFF. The most common type is found to be geometric optimisation including variation in number of blades, modification in hub and shroud radius, change in angle of attack and blade twist, etc. After validation of simulation model and carrying out a grid independence test, parametric analysis was done on an 11-bladed AFF with a shroud of uniform radius using ANSYS Fluent. The rotational speed of the fan and the velocity at fan inlet were the primary variables of the study. The variation in outlet mass flow rate and total pressure was studied for both compressible and incompressible ambient flows. Relation of mass flow rate and total pressure with inlet velocity is observed to be linear and exponential respectively. On the other hand, mass flow rate and total pressure have nearly linear relationship with rotational speed. A comparison of several different axial flow tracks with the baseline case fills one of the research gaps.
Investigations on Structural Integrity of Piping Compensators Under Angular Rotational Deformation
Authors: Pagar Nitin D. , Sanap Sudarshan B.
Published: December 2021

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of angular rotational misalignment in pipe structure on the deflection based convolution stresses. Such stresses are generated in the thin walled unreinforced bellows compensators during the expansion-contraction function. On the convolution geometry, the most vulnerable stress type is meridional deflection stresses under the internal pressure. Therefore, it’s critical to check the structural integrity of pipe systems with bellows expansion joints, which typically connected to the process equipment’s including boilers, pressure vessels, reactors, heat exchangers, refineries, and so on. The findings of theoretical and experimental investigations of thin-walled unreinforced conditioned bellows subjected to different angular rotations are presented in this paper. The meridional deflection stresses are investigated for the different operating pressures when bellows subjected to angular rotations of 1°, 1.5° and 2° in the flexural plane. In addition, the testing is performed along various longitudinal lines across the periphery of the bellows to determine the maximum induced stress points on the convolution profile. The higher meridional stress is seen to be the bending stress at the bottom curved toroidal section of the convolution, which approaches towards the elastoplastic regime at 1° to 2° of angular deviation in flexural plane. These extreme stress points may prove the risky areas at the root of the convolution for the fatigue failures. Further, the results of the maximal convolution stress assessment are useful in predicting the structural integrity of bellows in elastic regime, when prone to the angular shift.
Molecular evidence for the cladistic classification of euptyctimous moss mites (Acari, Oribatida, Euptyctima)
Authors: Niedbała Wojciech , Błoszyk Jerzy , Buczkowska Katarzyna
Published: December 2021

The cladistic classification of Phthiracaroidea (Niedbała 1986) and Euphthiracaroidea (Mahunka 1990) (Acari, Oribatida), based on morphological symplesio- and synapomorphic characters has been subjected to verification by molecular analysis of mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS2, 18S and 28S DNA regions. Twenty-one selected species from representative genera of both superfamilies were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees generated by maximum likelihood method confirm the classification of ptyctimous mites resulting from the analysis of morphological characters. Mesoplophoridae, representing the supercohorts Enarthronota, were placed separately to the clade Mixonomata containing Phthiracaroidea and Euphthiracaroidea that are in a sister relationship. The percentage of genetic divergence between the main clades is high in three markers (COI, ITS2 and 28S), it ranges from 36.8% to 38.7% in the barcode marker COI from 26.0% to 35.4% in ITS2 and from 16.2% to 30.0% in 28S, while in 18S it is very low (1.1% - 3.3%). In the Phthiracaroidea, two sister clades Steganacaridae and Phthiracaridae are distinguished. Steganacaridae include three clades Atropacarus, Hoplophthiracarus and Steganacarus with Steganacarus and Tropacarus as the sister clades. Closely related S. (T.) carinatus and S. (T.) pulcherrimus are separate species. Within the Euphthiracaroidea, the four clades: Mesotritia, Microtritia, Acrotritia and Euphthiracarus are resolved. Mesotritia is the most distant, and Microtritia and Acrotritia show the closest relationship.
Description of Raphignathus arcus sp. nov. with notes on an abnormal female (Acari: Raphignathidae) from the Aegean region of Turkey

Authors: Akyol Mustafa
Published: December 2021

A new species viz. Raphignathus arcus sp. nov., collected from litter and soil under Cirsium vulgare (Asteraceae), Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae), Hyparrhenia hirta (Poaceae), Juniperus oxycedrus (Cupressaceae), Olea europaea (Oleaceae), Quercus coccifera (Fagaceae), Rosa canina (Rosaceae) and Verbascum sp. (Scrophulariaceae) in Afyonkarahisar, Izmir and Manisa provinces (the Aegean region of Turkey), is illustrated and described based on the adult females. Notes on an abnormal female is also given.
Dual-vector gene therapy restores cochlear amplification and auditory sensitivity in a mouse model of DFNB16 hearing loss
Authors: Shubina-Oleinik Olga , Nist-Lund Carl , French Courtney , Rockowitz Shira , Shearer A. Eliot , Holt Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2021

Dual-AAV delivery to outer hair cells restores hearing in a mouse model of DFNB16, a common form of genetic hearing loss.
Visible and infrared dual-band imaging via Ge/MoS2van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Hwang Aujin , Park Minseong , Park Youngseo , Shim Yeongseok , Youn Sukhyeong , Lee Chan-Ho , Jeong Han Beom , Jeong Hu Young , Chang Jiwon , Lee Kyusang , Yoo Geonwook , Heo Junseok
Published: December 2021

Ge/MoS2van der Waals heterostructure enables bias-dependent selective detection of visible and near infrared.
Twenty-three–millisecond electron spin coherence of erbium ions in a natural-abundance crystal
Authors: Le Dantec Marianne , Rančić Miloš , Lin Sen , Billaud Eric , Ranjan Vishal , Flanigan Daniel , Bertaina Sylvain , Chanelière Thierry , Goldner Philippe , Erb Andreas , Liu Ren Bao , Estève Daniel , Vion Denis , Flurin Emmanuel , Bertet Patrice
Published: December 2021

A scheelite crystal with residual concentration of erbium is cooled down to 10 mK, yielding a record spin coherence time of 23 ms.
Skeletal muscle NOX4 is required for adaptive responses that prevent insulin resistance
Authors: Xirouchaki Chrysovalantou E. , Jia Yaoyao , McGrath Meagan J. , Greatorex Spencer , Tran Melanie , Merry Troy L. , Hong Dawn , Eramo Matthew J. , Broome Sophie C. , Woodhead Jonathan S. T. , D’souza Randall F. , Gallagher Jenny , Salimova Ekaterina , Huang Cheng , Schittenhelm Ralf B. , Sadoshima Junichi , Watt Matthew J. , Mitchell Christina A. , Tiganis Tony
Published: December 2021

Exercise-induced ROS mediates antioxidant defense to attenuate oxidative damage and insulin resistance in aging and obesity.
A small molecule targeting ALOX12-ACC1 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and macaques
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Jing , Ji Yan-Xiao , Cheng Xu , Cheng Yanjie , Yang Hailong , Wang Junyong , Zhao Ling-Ping , Huang Yong-Ping , Sun Dating , Xiang Hui , Shen Li-Jun , Li Peng-Long , Ma Jun-Peng , Tian Rui-Feng , Yang Juan , Yao Xinxin , Xu Haibo , Liao Rufang , Xiao Li , Zhang Peng , Zhang Xin , Zhao Guang-Nian , Wang Xi , Hu Man-Li , Tian Song , Wan Juan , Cai Jingjing , Ma Xinliang , Xu Qingbo , Wang Yibin , Touyz Rhian M. , Liu Peter P. , Loomba Rohit , She Zhi-Gang , Li Hongliang
Published: December 2021

IMA-1 targets the ALOX12-ACC1 interaction to both prevent and treat NASH without inducing hyperlipidemia.
Salmonella enterica Serovar Diversity, Distribution, and Prevalence in Public-Access Waters from a Central California Coastal Leafy Green-Growing Region from 2011 to 2016
Authors: Gorski Lisa , Liang Anita S. , Walker Samarpita , Carychao Diana , Aviles Noriega Ashley , Mandrell Robert E. , Cooley Michael B.
Published: December 2021

Nontyphoidal
Salmonella
is among the leading causes of bacterial foodborne illness, and increasing numbers of outbreaks and recalls are due to contaminated produce. High prevalence and 91 different serovars were detected in this leafy green growing region.
Enoxacin Shows Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity against Diverse Viruses by Enhancing Antiviral RNA Interference in Insects
Authors: Lyu Bao , Wang Chang , Bie Yuanyuan , Kong Jing , Wang An , Jin Liang , Qiu Yang , Zhou Xi
Published: December 2021

RNAi has been widely recognized as one of the most broadly acting and robust antiviral mechanisms in insects. However, the application of antiviral RNAi in controlling viral infections in insects is less understood.
African Swine Fever Virus Regulates Host Energy and Amino Acid Metabolism To Promote Viral Replication
Authors: Xue Qiao , Liu Huisheng , Zhu Zixiang , Yang Fan , Song Yingying , Li Zongqiang , Xue Zhaoning , Cao Weijun , Liu Xiangtao , Zheng Haixue
Published: December 2021

In order to promote viral replication, viruses often cause severe immunosuppression and seize organelles to synthesize a large number of metabolites required for self-replication. African swine fever virus (ASFV) has developed many strategies to evade host innate immune responses.
Identification of a Novel Neutralizing Epitope on the N-Terminal Domain of the Human Coronavirus 229E Spike Protein
Authors: Shi Jiale , Shi Yuejun , Xiu Ruixue , Wang Gang , Liang Rui , Jiao Yuzhou , Shen Zhou , Zhu Chengliang , Peng Guiqing
Published: December 2021

Characterization of the neutralizing epitope of the spike (S) protein, the major invasion protein of coronaviruses, can help us better understand the evolutionary characteristics of these viruses and promote vaccine development. To date, the neutralizing epitope distribution of alphacoronaviruses is not well known.
Why Does Cronobacter sakazakii Survive for a Long Time in Dry Environments? Contribution of the Glass Transition of Dried Bacterial Cells
Authors: Lee Kyeongmin , Koyama Kento , Kawai Kiyoshi , Koseki Shigenobu
Published: December 2021

The mechanical glass transition temperature (

T
g

) of dried
Cronobacter sakazakii
cells varied depending on differences in drying methods and water activity (a
w
) levels. Because the

T
g

of the dried bacterial cells varied depending on the drying method and a
w
, the

T
g

will play an important role as an operational factor in the optimization of dry food processing for controlling microbial contamination in the future.
Supplemental Material: Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Faculty Experiences Can Prepare Us for Future System-Wide Disruption
Authors: Bateman Kathryn M. , al. et
Published: December 2021

Demographic information for participants in all phases of the study and the survey and interview questions for all phases of the study
Supplemental Material: Retroarc Jurassic burial and exhumation of Barrovian metamorphic rocks dated by monazite petrochronology, Funeral Mountains, California
Authors: Craddock Affinati Suzanne , al. et
Published: December 2021

All isotope and elemental data collected and presented in this paper. Table S1 includes monazite isotopic data for U-Th-Pb, element abundances, calculated chondrite normalized REE values, and calculated ages. Table S2 includes xenotime isotopic data for U-Th-Pb, element abundances, calculated chondrite normalized REE values, and calculated ages. Table S3 includes garnet element abundances and chondrite normalized REE data collected along rim-to-rim line traverses.
Supplemental Material: Calcite twinning strains associated with Laramide uplifts, Wyoming Province
Authors: Craddock John P. , al. et
Published: December 2021

Table S1: Laramide CTA data and Table S2: Summary Laramide CTA data
Toxic Damage to Motor Neurons
Authors: Zakharova M. N. , Bakulin I. S. , Abramova A. A.
Published: December 2021

Abstract—Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactor disease in the development of which both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Specifically, the effects of organic and inorganic toxic substances can result in an increased risk of ALS development and the acceleration of disease progression. It was described that some toxins can induce potentially curable ALS-like syndromes. In this case, the specific treatment for the prevention of the effects of the toxic factor may result in positive clinical dynamics. In this article, we review the main types of toxins that can damage motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord leading to the development of the clinical manifestation of ALS, briefly present historical data on studies on the role of toxic substances, and describe the main mechanisms of the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease associated with their action.
Exploring recruitment dynamics of sugar maple and yellow birch saplings into merchantable stems following harvesting in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Noël Alex , Comeau Jules , El Adlouni Salah-Eddine , Pelletier Gaetan , Giroux Marie-Andrée
Published: December 2021

The recruitment of saplings in forest stands into merchantable stems is a very complex process, thus making it challenging to understand and predict. The dynamics of recruitment in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick are not well known or well documented. Our objective was to garner information from existing large-scale routine forest inventories regarding the different dynamics behind the recruitment from the sapling layer into the commercial tree size layer. We focused on the density and occurrence of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) following harvesting, by looking at many factors on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales using models. The results suggest that the variation in density and probability of occurrence is best explained by the intensity of silvicultural treatment, by the merchantable stem density in each plot, and by the proportion of merchantable basal area of each group of species. The number of recruits of sugar maple and yellow birch stems tend be higher when time since last treatment increases, when mid to low levels of silvicultural treatment intensity were implemented, and within plots having intermediate levels of merchantable stem density. Lastly, our modeling efforts suggest that the probability of occurrence and density of recruitment of both species tend to increase while its share of merchantable basal area increases.
Plate tectonics and macrogeomorphology
Authors: Summerfield Michael A.
Published: December 2021

The plate tectonics revolution was the most significant advance in our understanding of the Earth in the twentieth century, but initially it had little impact on the discipline of geomorphology. Topography and landscape development were not considered to be important phenomena that deserved attention from the broader Earth-science community in the context of the new model of global tectonics. This situation began to change from the 1980s as various technical innovations enabled landscape evolution to be modelled numerically at the regional to subcontinental scales relevant to plate tectonics, and rates of denudation to be quantified over geological timescales. These developments prompted interest amongst Earth scientists from fields such as geophysics, geochemistry and geochronology in understanding the evolution of topography, the role of denudation in influencing patterns of crustal deformation, and the interactions between tectonics and surface processes. This trend was well established by the end of the century, and has become even more significant up to the present. In this chapter I review these developments and illustrate how plate tectonics has been related to landscape development, especially in the context of collisional orogens and passive continental margins. I also demonstrate how technical innovations have been pivotal to the expanding interest in macroscale landscape development in the era of plate tectonics, and to the significant enhancement of the status of the discipline of geomorphology in the Earth sciences over recent decades.
Remark on Algorithm 982: Explicit Solutions of Triangular Systems of First-order Linear Initial-value Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
Authors: Van Snyder W.
Published: December 2021

Algorithm 982: Explicit solutions of triangular systems of first-order linear initial-value ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients
provides an explicit solution for an homogeneous system, and a brief description of how to compute a solution for the inhomogeneous case. The method described is not directly useful if the coefficient matrix is singular. This remark explains more completely how to compute the solution for the inhomogeneous case and for the singular coefficient matrix case.
Offline and Online Algorithms for SSD Management
Authors: Lange Tomer , Naor Joseph (Seffi) , Yadgar Gala
Published: December 2021

Flash-based solid state drives (SSDs) have gained a central role in the infrastructure of large-scale datacenters, as well as in commodity servers and personal devices. The main limitation of flash media is its inability to support update-in-place: after data has been written to a physical location, it has to be erased before new data can be written to it. Moreover, SSDs support read and write operations in granularity of pages, while erasures are performed on entire blocks, which often contain hundreds of pages. When erasing a block, any valid data it stores must be rewritten to a clean location. As an SSD eventually wears out with progressing number of erasures, the efficiency of the management algorithm has a significant impact on its endurance. In this paper we first formally define the SSD management problem. We then explore this problem from an algorithmic perspective, considering it in both offline and online settings. In the offline setting, we present a near-optimal algorithm that, given any input, performs a negligible number of rewrites (relative to the input length). We also discuss the hardness of the offline problem. In the online setting, we first consider algorithms that have no prior knowledge about the input. We prove that no deterministic algorithm outperforms the greedy algorithm in this setting, and discuss the possible benefit of randomization. We then augment our model, assuming that each request for a page arrives with a prediction of the next time the page is updated. We design an online algorithm that uses such predictions, and show that its performance improves as the prediction error decreases. We also show that the performance of our algorithm is never worse than that guaranteed by the greedy algorithm, even when the prediction error is large. We complement our theoretical findings with an empirical evaluation of our algorithms, comparing them with the state-of-the-art scheme. The results confirm that our algorithms exhibit an improved performance for a wide range of input traces.
One Proxy Device Is Enough for Hardware-Aware Neural Architecture Search
Authors: Lu Bingqian , Yang Jianyi , Jiang Weiwen , Shi Yiyu , Ren Shaolei
Published: December 2021

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used in numerous real-world applications such as vision-based autonomous driving and video content analysis. To run CNN inference on various target devices, hardware-aware neural architecture search (NAS) is crucial. A key requirement of efficient hardware-aware NAS is the fast evaluation of inference latencies in order to rank different architectures. While building a latency predictor for each target device has been commonly used in state of the art, this is a very time-consuming process, lacking scalability in the presence of extremely diverse devices. In this work, we address the scalability challenge by exploiting latency monotonicity --- the architecture latency rankings on different devices are often correlated. When strong latency monotonicity exists, we can re-use architectures searched for one proxy device on new target devices, without losing optimality. In the absence of strong latency monotonicity, we propose an efficient proxy adaptation technique to significantly boost the latency monotonicity. Finally, we validate our approach and conduct experiments with devices of different platforms on multiple mainstream search spaces, including MobileNet-V2, MobileNet-V3, NAS-Bench-201, ProxylessNAS and FBNet. Our results highlight that, by using just one proxy device, we can find almost the same Pareto-optimal architectures as the existing per-device NAS, while avoiding the prohibitive cost of building a latency predictor for each device.
Cerberus
Authors: Griner Chen , Zerwas Johannes , Blenk Andreas , Ghobadi Manya , Schmid Stefan , Avin Chen
Published: December 2021

The bandwidth and latency requirements of modern datacenter applications have led researchers to propose various topology designs using static, dynamic demand-oblivious (rotor), and/or dynamic demand-aware switches. However, given the diverse nature of datacenter traffic, there is little consensus about how these designs would fare against each other. In this work, we analyze the throughput of existing topology designs under different traffic patterns and study their unique advantages and potential costs in terms of bandwidth and latency ''tax''. To overcome the identified inefficiencies, we propose Cerberus, a unified, two-layer leaf-spine optical datacenter design with three topology types. Cerberus systematically matches different traffic patterns with their most suitable topology type: e.g., latency-sensitive flows are transmitted via a static topology, all-to-all traffic via a rotor topology, and elephant flows via a demand-aware topology. We show analytically and in simulations that Cerberus can improve throughput significantly compared to alternative approaches and operate datacenters at higher loads while being throughput-proportional.