bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying cancer genome‐wide small molecule synthetic lethality in PCNA interaction networks
Authors: Pedley Anthony Mark , Bieberich Andrew A , Davisson Vincent J
Published: June 2021

The emergence of clinical databases has greatly influenced bioinformatic approaches surrounding identification of new drug targets, yet use of clinical databases alone neglects the functional relationships among various signaling pathways that contribute to a specific disease's tumorigenicity. A new method was developed that uses the GeneGo network analysis environment with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to identify relationships between essential genes and upstream non‐essential regulatory proteins. The strategy uses an essential gene (protein product as a hub), and constructs a interaction network using the GeneGo. Upstream nonessential regulatory proteins were queried in TCGA to integrate disease‐specific data into the network. One example of how this approach identified novel molecular therapies is by using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a hub protein in glioblastoma. This approach identified several regulatory proteins showing 2‐fold change in gene expression in glioblastoma tumors compared to normal tissue in greater than 90 percent of study subjects. Identifying hub interactants and upstream regulators that contribute to overall tumorigenicity creates a disease focus for discovering interactions worth modulating PCNA function and predicted small molecule synthetic lethal relationships.
Effects of high‐vegetable, energy‐restricted Bibimbap on weight loss and fasting blood glucose and blood lipid parameters in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Yun , Lee Mi Jung , Ha Ji Won , Han Jung‐Ah , Hong Wansoo , Park Kwan Hwa , Lee Jin‐Sil
Published: June 2021

This study was to evaluate the effects of high‐vegetable Bibimbap consumption on weight loss, body composition, and blood parameters. Overweight subjects (BMI>;=23) were assigned to either a daily single meal of high‐vegetable Bibimbap (HV diet; 12 g fiber/meal/day) or a weight‐loss regimen (WL diet), with the dietary counseling of same energy intake (1800kcal for males; 1500kcal for females) for 12 weeks. Fifty‐five subjects (23 males and 32 females; 26.8¡¾8.1 years) completed the study. From the baseline to 6th week, weight and BMI were decreased significantly in both HV (−1.7kg, P=0.000; −0.62kg/m2, P=0.000 ) and WL(− 1.1kg, P=0.000; −0.40kg/m2, P=0.000) groups but such findings existed only in the HV group(−1.0kg, P=0.010; −0.37kg/m2, P=0.008) from 6th to 12th week. After 12 weeks fasting blood glucose levels were decreased in both HV(−7.0mg/Dl, P=0.000) and WL(−3.5mg/Dl, P=0.042) groups and were lower in the HV group (P=0.030). Blood levels of total cholesterol(P=0.039) and HDL(P=0.050) were lower in the HV group than in the WL group at the 6th week but not at the 12th week. Incorporating a daily high‐vegetable Bibimbap into a weight‐loss regimen improved consistent weight loss and would be effective in the weight‐loss programs.

This research was supported by grants from the Globalization of Korean Foods R & D program, funded by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.
IMMUNOGENICITY OF MONOCOCCUM WHEAT IN CELIAC PATIENTS
Authors: Iaquinto Gaetano , Giardullo Nicola , Aufiero Vera Rotondi , Preziuso Marco , Bevilacqua Rosa Maria , Mazzarella Giuseppe
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION

Research is intense to find wheat varieties of low or null toxicity for patients with celiac disease (CD). Among candidates there are diploid wheat species.

AIMS&METHODS

We aimed to investigate the immunological properties of two accessions of diploid monococcum wheat (T.monococcum ), Monlis and ID331, as compared with hexaploid common wheat (T. aestivum). Interferon‐g (IFN‐g) production and proliferation of intestinal common wheat gliadin‐specific T cell lines and clones were measured as evidence of T cell activation by peptic‐tryptic (PT) digests of gliadins from the two monococcum lines. Furthermore, organ cultures of jejunal biopsies from 28 CD patients were set up to assess the effect of PT‐gliadin on innate and adaptive immune response by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Both Monlis and ID331 induced IFN‐γ production and proliferation in celiac mucosal T cells. In organ culture studies, Monlis PT‐digest was able to induce a significant increase of IL15 epithelial expression and crypt enterocyte proliferation, while ID331 had no effect. Both monococcum accessions induced intraepithelial T cells infiltration and lamina propria T cells activation.

CONCLUSION

Our data show that both monococcum accessions, Monlis and ID331, activate celiac disease T cell response, suggesting that, most likely, these ancient crops are not tolerated by celiac patients. However, it remains to be ascertained whether ID331 is less effective in inducing CD because of its inability to activate the innate immune pathways.

Grant Funding Source: ASPET Young Scientist Travel Awards
Factors associated with alcohol drinking in Puerto Rican adults residing in Boston, Massachusetts
Authors: Chavez Johanna Yvonne Andrews , Houser Robert F. , Lee Christina S. , Tucker Katherine L.
Published: June 2021

Most research on patterns and predictors of alcohol consumption in the United States (US) comes from studies on the largest subgroups, including Mexican Americans. Little is known about drinking patterns among Puerto Ricans within the US. This study used data from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (n=1504) to evaluate self‐reported drinking frequencies in a sample of Puerto Rican adults (45–75 y). Descriptive analysis and polytomous logistic regression analyses identified factors related to drinking patterns. Heavy drinking (HD) was reported by 15% of men and 4% of women; former drinking (FD), 40% of men and 25% of women; abstention (AB), 8% of men and 40% of women; and moderate drinking (MD), 37% of men and 31% of women. After multivariable adjustment, male HD and AB were significantly younger. Male FD were more likely to use contraindicated medications and have high allostatic load than MD. For women, an association between acculturation and drinking was found for HD but not MD. Among women, HD was associated with language acculturation, lower body mass index (BMI) and no diabetes; AB with age, higher BMI, lower income and less psychological acculturation; and FD with older age, higher BMI and less perceived emotional support. As HD appears to increase with acculturation for women, public health initiatives are needed to support appropriate alcohol use.

Research support: NIH grants P01 AG023394 and P50 HL105185

Grant Funding Source: NIH grants P01 AG023394 and P50 HL105185
How social relationships influence even “small” eating behavior changes: Low‐income urban adults’ experiences in a pilot weight loss intervention
Authors: Eldridge Johanna D.C. , Devine Carol M.
Published: June 2021

Small eating behavior changes (SEBCs) are proposed as more feasible to make & sustain than larger changes typical of traditional behavioral weight loss interventions. This qualitative analysis focuses on how the social environment impacts the experience of SEBC in a 12 week pilot weight loss intervention. Interviews with 46 men & women (mean age 51, mean initial BMI 34kg/m2, 56% Black, 41% Hispanic) investigated challenges, facilitators, & the role of social interactions in making one participant‐selected SEBC. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Emergent themes included work & family demands, food roles & responsibilities, home food environment, & network responses to intervention involvement acting as both barriers & facilitators. Participants also discussed strategies used to negotiate SEBCs in the social environment & navigate challenges, including selective disclosure of intervention involvement, integrating SEBCs into social settings, & asserting food control. Gender differences were reported: men were less likely to report family influence & more likely to report strategies to navigate their social environment. Small EBC interventions should (1) consider the impact of the social environment & (2) help participants develop strategies to identify & navigate social barriers to EBC.

Grant Funding Source: NHLBI, USDA Ecology of Obesity Training Grant
Food group consumption and its association with BMI z‐score, ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics in recent immigrants
Authors: Choumenkovitch Silvina Furlong , Tovar Alison , Gute David M , Must Aviva , Hyatt Raymond R , Rogers Gail , Pirie Alex , Metayer Nesly , Economos Christina D
Published: June 2021

Immigrants represent a rising proportion of the US population and are disproportionally affected by obesity. We analyzed baseline data from 333 women (19–55 y) participating in Live Well, a community‐based, participatory, randomized controlled lifestyle intervention to prevent undesirable weight gain in mother/child dyads from Brazil, Haiti and other Latin American countries living in the Boston Area. Food group intakes were assessed using two 24‐h recalls. General linear models were used to calculate adjusted prevalence of meeting 50% of USDA recommended whole‐grain servings and 100% of recommended servings for other food groups by socioeconomic variables and weight. BMI decreased across quartiles of low fat dairy intake only among Latinas (P trend=0.01) and increased across quartiles of fruit intake only among participants classified as obese (P trend=0.004). Prevalence of meeting food group recommendations was significantly lower in Haitians compared to Latinas for whole grains (9% vs. 29%), compared to Brazilians for dairy (0% vs. 10%), compared to Latinas and Brazilians for non‐starchy vegetables (14 vs. 44 and 36%, respectively) and for vegetables (10 vs. 35 and 27%, respectively). Prevalence of meeting recommendations for nons‐tarchy vegetables increased with education (P trend=0.02). Adhering to dietary recommendations was strongly determined by ethnicity in this group of recent immigrants.

Support was provided by NIH grant RO1HD057841
Increase in physical activity among Central Brooklyn residents participating in an incentive‐based walking program
Authors: Hoy‐Rosas Jamillah R , Klein Brett
Published: June 2021

Intro

The “Brooklyn‐Stay Well, Enjoy Life” (B‐SWEL) program is a grant‐funded initiative sponsored by the Office of Minority Health that will provide 1,200 Central Brooklyn residents with screening, education, and diabetes prevention services over 3 years. Clients receive individual case management and group services to help them achieve weight loss, reduce blood pressure and control blood sugar. Study

Objective

Increase physical activity level of participants with pre‐diabetes and diabetes through enrollment in incentive‐based walking club

Methods

B‐SWEL participants received a pedometer that tracked their daily steps for 7 days. Participants were offered 3–4 occasions per week to participate in an hour‐long neighborhood group walk. Participants received two different incentive‐types over time (monthly+weekly or monthly‐only.

Results

15 participants enrolled at the start of the study. 6 participants completed. Average number of monthly steps of the participants during the monthly+weekly incentive period was 356,923 and during the monthly‐only incentive period was 509,286 and attendance increased from 40 to 51 walks completed, respectively.

Conclusion

Incentive‐based walking programs conducted in community‐based settings are an important way to increase physical activity. Incentives do not need to be high to achieve desirable results.
EVIDENCE‐BASED MEDICINE IN NUTRITION
Authors: Tuleshova Gulnara , Abduldayeva Aigul , Derbissalina Gulmira , Delellis Nailya , Kazbekova Ainagul
Published: June 2021

Currently, many studies are conducted, and their results again confirmed the correctness of “nutritional standards”, which recommend at least 5 servings of fruit and vegetables daily. One of the possible prognostic factors of atherosclerosis are s biochemical markers of inflammation like C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and alpha‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha). It was established credible feedback the CRP with the consumption of fruits, vitamin C and folate in the diet, IL‐6 ‐ with the consumption of legumes, vegetables, beta‐carotene and vitamin C, alpha‐TNF ‐ beta‐carotene and luteolin. With regard to this indicator of oxidative stress, F2‐isoprostane as then showed an inverse correlation to urinary excretion of the total amount of fruits and vegetables, vitamin C, beta‐carotene and flavonoids. And the greatest beneficial effect on the studied parameters provides the early consumption of fruit and vegetables since youth.

According to WHO, the diseases caused by deficiency of nutrients, is approximately 75–80% of all known diseases, and socioeconomic damage is great also. There is a direct and constant lack of even trace amounts of micro‐and macronutrients necessary for normal life, can cause and exacerbate many diseases. To compensate for this condition it is necessary to optimize the introduction of healthy food products.
Changes on determinants of feeding behavior after a summer workshop “Jugando a Ganar Salud “in Mexican children from low socioeconomic status
Authors: Vergara‐Castañeda Arely , Moreno‐Landa Luz Irene , Perez‐Lizaur Ana B
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the impact of a two‐years follow up summer workshop on the nutrition knowledge, availability, preference and self‐efficacy in a group of Mexican school aged children from low socioeconomic status.

Material and Methods

In this cohort study, 14 school‐aged children (7 boys and 7 girls) registered in a summer workshop implemented in a low socioeconomic status area in México City. Children were asked to complete a questionnaire to measure dimensions of eating behavior focused on four components: knowledge, preferences, food availability and self‐efficacy, asking about fruit and vegetables consumption as well as feeding schedule. Also, anthropometrics were obtained and Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist‐to‐Height Ratio (WtHR) were calculated. Descriptive statistics, X2 tests, Friedman and Wilcoxon analysis were performed. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A prevalence of 14.31% of children with cardiovascular risk was observed, using WtHR (p=0.308). In relation of the determinants of feeding behavior an improvement in the knowledge (p<0.001) and self‐efficacy were sustained over time (p<0.001) meanwhile preferences and availability remained without changes. It was observed a trend of improvement for all feeding behavior determinants higher in girls compared with boys.

Conclusions

There is little evidence that dietary habits persist after an nutrition education intervention, in a sample of Mexican children of low socioeconomic status who attended a summer workshop, the changes of knowledge and self‐efficacy, considered as determinants of feeding behavior are maintained over time, after a two years follow‐up.

Grant Funding Source: Universidad Iberoamericana
StartSmart: a randomized intervention to promote maternal weight control and reduce childhood obesity in the Mississippi Delta
Authors: Goodman Melissa Hall , Tussing‐Humphreys Lisa M , Thomson Jessica L
Published: June 2021

Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) can complicate a woman's pregnancy and put her and her child at risk for poor delivery and birth outcomes and chronic conditions such as obesity. Further, feeding and activity habits established early in life can significantly impact the development of obesity in children. Thus, interventions designed to optimize GWG and promote postpartum and early childhood weight management have the potential to significantly impact the health of moms and their babies. We developed StartSmart, an 18 month culturally‐tailored maternal weight management and early childhood obesity prevention program for first time African American (AA) moms‐to‐ be in the Mississippi Delta. The program was designed using foundational components from the Diabetes Prevention Program and the Australian INFANT trial. 150 women, in their early 2nd trimester, will be randomized to a child development home visiting program or child development home visiting program + StartSmart. Both interventions will be implemented by trained lay parent educators. The comparative impact of the programs on weight status, dietary intake, and health behaviors of mom and baby will be assessed. Results will determine if a novel, scalable lifestyle intervention can improve the health of AA women and their children at high risk for obesity and chronic disease. Funding was provided by the USDA Agricultural Research Service.
Adherence indicators predict changes in health outcomes: HUB City Steps
Authors: Thomson Jessica L , Landry Alicia S , Zoellner Jamie M , Connell Carol , Molaison Elaine , Yadrick Kathy
Published: June 2021

Participant adherence is a major threat to intervention effectiveness. Most researchers have reported effects of a single adherence measure on health outcomes. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate two adherence measures, separately and in combination, for predicting changes in health outcomes using data from a community‐based lifestyle intervention, HUB City Steps, conducted in a southern, African American population. Data were collected in 2010 from 269 participants in this 6‐month intervention targeting lifestyle changes to reduce blood pressure (BP). Two measures, education session attendance (ESA) and weekly steps/day pedometer diary submission (PDS) were used to create adherence indicators. Changes in anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference, percent body fat, fat mass) and clinical (BP, lipids, glucose) outcomes were assessed. Based on bivariate tests, associations were observed between adherence indicators and several health outcome changes (r = −0.3 to −0.2; P < 0.05). After controlling for baseline covariates using multivariable linear regression, not all of these bivariate relationships remained significant. For BP, a 1unit increase in the ESA/PDS continuous indicator resulted in a 0.3 mm Hg decrease. Adherence to intervention components may differentially predict changes in health outcomes. Funding: National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities.
Relationships between infant morbidity, iron deficiency and growth
Authors: Radhakrishna KV , Balakrishna N , Nair K Madhavan , Fernandez‐Rao S , Ravinder P , Hurley K M , Tilton N , Harding K , Reinhart G , Black M M
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine how caregiver infant morbidity reports relate to biomarkers of inflammation, iron deficiency and infant growth.

Methods

Among 497 infants age 6–12 months, morbidity was collected by 15 day caregiver recall. Biomarkers for iron deficiency (ID; ferritin< 12) and inflammation (CRP: C ‐ reactive protein >; 10mg/L); and anthropometry (measured weight and length) were collected. Stunting (HAZ<−2), wasting (WHZ <−2), and underweight (WAZ<−2) were computed using WHO standards. Chi‐square and multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for maternal anthropometry and education, child age, and household assets, were conducted.

Results

Among infants, 20% were stunted, 10% were wasted, 19% were underweight, 28% were ID, and 56% had an elevated CRP. Maternal reports of infant fever (35%) was related to elevated CRP and ID (p< 0.05), cough (28%) and diarrhea (11%) were related to elevated CRP (p< 0.05). In multivariate logistic models, ID (OR: 2.33; CI: 1.15–4.73) and fever (OR: 2.69; CI: 1.31–5.49) were related to wasting, and elevated CRP was related to stunting (OR=1.96; CI: 1.18–3.25)

Conclusion

Findings suggest that caregiver reports of recent infant morbidity relate to biomarkers of inflammation and ID, and that all three relate to poor growth in infants

Research Support; Mathile Institute & Micronutrient Initiative
Consumption Rate of a Whole‐Food Macronutient Supplement for Adults Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Kenya
Authors: Nudel Jacob Devin , Ndirangu Murugi , Sheriff Muhsin , Arpadi Stephen , Hawken Mark , Deckelbaum Richard J , El Sadr Wafaa , Sztam Kevin A
Published: June 2021

There are scant data quantifying household utilization of macronutrient supplements distributed to HIV‐infected patients in developing settings. In 77 HIV infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), we analyzed consumption rates for a 5‐item local food basket given monthly for 24 weeks, designed to provide a family of five 50% of daily energy needs. Food items were weighed at homes at 12 weeks. Actual consumption rates were compared to target rates based on recommended supplement intake amount per household.

To meet energy needs of the patient, the target consumption rate was 7555 kcal/day per household. Households consumed a mean of 18957 kcal/day (SD 29751) and the mean consumption rate per household member was 5281 kcal/day (SD 10606). 64% of households exceeded the target household consumption rate. Mean total energy consumption rate was 2.51 times the target rate. Consumption rates of individual items (whole/milled maize, beans, mixed porridge, oil) were similar suggesting patients proportionally rationed food. Based on consumption rates, households lacked supplement for a mean 16.8 days per 28 day cycle.

Consumption rates were higher than expected, possibly due to sharing, cost shifting, food insecurity or underestimates of dietary intake during ART. This is the first study to quantify food utilization in HIV‐affected households receiving supplements in a resource‐limited area.

Grant Funding Source: Operations Research in AIDS Care and Treatment in Africa, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
A mixed‐methods process evaluation (PE) using program impact pathway (PIP) highlights the role of demand creation in implementing a market‐based micronutrient powder (MNP) intervention in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Menon Purnima , Rawat R , Saha KK , Roopnaraine T , Khaled A , Bhuiyan MI , Islam MA , Khan MA , Siraj S , Ruel MT
Published: June 2021

MNP are effective at reducing infant anemia but little is known about using market‐based approaches. We conducted a PIP‐driven PE as part of a cluster‐randomized impact evaluation of a program where health volunteers ‐Shasthya Sebika (SS) ‐ promote and sell MNP through home visits. The program started in Dec 2010; PE data were collected between Oct 2011 and Jul 2012 to study program management, SS training and knowledge, local office stocks, SS stocks & sales, and household (HH) awareness and purchase of MNP. Data are from surveys (2 with SS (N=100); 1 with HH (N=460)) and in‐depth interviews with SS and HH. SS exposure to training & knowledge about MNP were adequate and local office stocks were sufficient, but SS had trouble maintaining their supplies. MNP sales increased over time but were still low after 18 mo. (mean: 50.7±52.2 sachets sold/SS in the last mo). Over a third of HH (38%) were aware of MNP and SS were the main source of information. Only 17% of HH purchased MNP and no. of sachets ever bought was low (mean: 16.3±17, compared to recommended dose of 60 in 120d). Purchase was higher when SS‐HH contact was higher. Misperceptions about child need and affordability were reported constraints to purchase. This PIP‐based PE shows that a market‐based approach to scale up MNP by tapping into a network of health volunteers holds potential, but requires additional demand creation. Support: The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.
Rate of participation in bi‐monthly, community‐based screening for acute malnutrition in rural Mali, and factors associated with screening participation
Authors: Ackatia‐Armah Robert , McDonald Christine M , Doumbia Seydou , Peerson Janet M , Brown Kenneth H
Published: June 2021

Background

Population‐based protocols for the treatment of acute malnutrition (AM) usually recommend periodic screening of pre‐school aged children and referral of those with AM to the nearest health care facility for out‐patient or in‐patient treatment.

Objective

To evaluate the rate of participation in community‐based screening for AM, and to examine factors associated with participation.

Methods

7664 children living in communities linked to 12 health centers in rural Mali were identified through a community‐based census and invited to participate in 5 bi‐monthly rounds of screening for AM. Eligibility was defined as age 6–35 mo and free from AM during previous screening. AM was defined as a mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 12.5 cm or weight‐for‐length Z‐score (WLZ) < −2.0 of the 2006 WHO Growth Standards.

Results

The prevalence of moderate AM and severe AM in 5 rounds of screening was 18% (95% CI: 17%, 20%) and 4% (95% CI: 3%, 5%), respectively. Of those eligible to participate in ≥ 1 round, 67% (95% CI: 59%, 75%) participated at least once; of those eligible to participate in all 5 rounds, only 4% (95% CI: 3%, 6%) participated in all 5. Factors significantly associated with greater participation in screening were younger age, ethnic group and selected wealth indicators (p<0.001 for each). For age, rate of participation was 73% for children aged 6–11 mo, 68% for children aged 12–23 mo, and 55% for children aged 24–35 mo.

Conclusions

Continuous participation in screening for AM was very low. Programs should reconsider the optimal frequency of screening and how best to motivate participation, particularly among older pre‐school aged children.

Grant Funding Source: UNICEF, Helen Keller International
Infant and young child Feeding practices in rural India: A community based formative research
Authors: Anwar Fahmina , Srivastava ratan , Singh shri prakash
Published: June 2021

Adequate complementary feeding (CF) is an important preventive intervention against child mortality. To intervene this area a community based prospective cohort study was conducted among Mother & child pair of 7–24 months, for a period of 4 months using formative research. The study was conducted in 2 villages of Varanasi district, India. Two Focus group discussion and structured interview schedule from 107 mothers was used to elicit information on CF. Complementary feeding Index (CFI) developed, was used to assess adequacy of CF Practice. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (13.0). Result revealed sub optimal practices in the study subject. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) CFI score was 6.32 (+−0.83). Using CFI identified that children had poor diet diversity with only 25% being fed recommended number of food group. Analysis of Nutritional status revealed 50.4 % of the children were stunted (length for age <−2SD), 34.5% were underweight (weight for age <−2SD} and 31.7% were wasted (weight for age <−2SD). Significant association was observed (p<0.05) between CFI score and length for age. Multivariate analysis shows socio economic status, breastfeeding practices and Parity were significant (p<0.05) determinants of CFI score. Intervention through formative research is feasible and results in a positive impact on CFI scores 8.63(+−0.91).

Grant Funding Source: university grant commision
Global anaemia trends in children and women of reproductive age
Authors: De‐Regil Luz Maria , Stevens Gretchen A , Finucane Mariel M , Paciorek Christopher J , Flaxman Seth R , Branca Francesco , Pena‐Rosas Juan Pablo , Bhutta Zulfiqar A , Ezzati Majid
Published: June 2021

Anaemia affects women's and children's health and development. Countries have committed to address this condition and halve its prevalence in women of reproductive age by 2025. We estimated the trends in the distributions of blood haemoglobin and the prevalence of anaemia and severe anaemia for children 6–59 months of age, non‐pregnant women and pregnant women for the period 1995–2011. We collated population‐representative data on haemoglobin and/or anaemia prevalence and used a Bayesian hierarchical mixture model to estimate haemoglobin distributions, systematically addressing missing data, non‐linear time trends, and representativeness of data sources. We quantified the uncertainty of the estimates.

In 2011, the global prevalence of anaemia was 29% (95% uncertainty interval 24, 36) in non‐pregnant women, 37% (31, 43) in pregnant women, and 42% (36, 48) in children. Anaemia prevalence was highest in WHO Regions of South‐East Asia, Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean, though these regions experienced improvements, particularly in severe anaemia and in those countries where this condition is highly prevalent. During 1995–2011, anaemia prevalence declined by 4 to 6 percentage points in these groups. There is a need to redouble efforts to successfully escalate the implementation of effective interventions in order to achieve the global target for anaemia reduction.
Examining dietary energy density and eating occasions with the Remote Food Photography Method
Authors: Becker Clare , Miketinas Derek C , Martin Corby K , Zawodniak Brittany , Durham Holiday A , Tuuri Georgianna
Published: June 2021

Increased eating occasions (EO) and meal energy density (ED) may play a role in promoting obesity. The Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM) assesses diets of free‐living individuals in near real‐time. This study examined daily ED of food and energy‐containing beverages consumed and EO in a group of 54 adolescent and adult Caucasian and African American volunteers. Subjects used smartphones to capture images of items consumed at each EO over 2–3 days. Researchers estimated food intake and nutrient composition from images of food sent to a server. Subject height and weight were measured and their body mass index (BMI) calculated. ED with age, gender, race, BMI, and EO and EO with age, gender, race and BMI were examined using backwards stepwise regression and non‐significant variables were dropped (p<0.05). In the final model, the total effects of the independent variables on the outcome variables were reported. Means ± SD were: age, 38.8 ± 14.5 years, BMI, 30.0 ± 5.7 kg/m2, ED, 1.7 ± 0.64 kcal/g, EO, 4.1 ± 1.6 times/day. Forty‐four individuals were female (82%) and 36 were Caucasian (67%). Subjects with a lower ED diet had a higher BMI (p = 0.01). With increased age, the number of EO were greater (p = 0.01). In this study, the near real‐time capabilities of RFPM suggest that weight status was associated with the ED of meals but not with the number of EO. Funded in part by NIH P30 DK072476, NIH R21 AG032231, and Hatch Act Funds # LAB 93846
How Well Are College Freshmen Meeting Recommendations for Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains, Physical Activity, and Sleep?
Authors: Wong Siew Sun , Driver Erin , Kasianchuk Anastasia , Nguyen Mai Anh , Darnell Holly , Zhang Bo , Cluskey Mary , Dorbolo Jon
Published: June 2021

The Better Eating Starts Today (B.E.S.T.) Project is an intervention to support healthy campus initiatives to prevent obesity among college students. The project is integrated into multiple offerings of a required health and fitness course at Oregon State University running Sep 2012‐Mar 2014. A 24‐item online pre/post survey measures health related behavior changes resulting from the class intervention. This abstract describes self‐reported baseline pre‐survey data from 281 consenting participants recruited from the Fall 2012 enrollment of 1,876. Mean age was 19.2 ± 3.2 years (55% female) and mean Body Mass Index was 23.3 ± 4.7. More than half (52%) of all participants self‐reported meeting at least one or more behavior recommendations 3 days/week including: servings of fruits and vegetables, consuming at least half dietary grains as whole grains; having ≥ 30 minutes of physical activity at moderate/vigorous intensity, or getting adequate sleep. A mean score (0 = very low; 5 = very high) for participant‐perceived ability to achieve/maintain a healthy diet was 3.6; physical activity was 3.7; and to manage stress was 3.5. Post data surveys will be collected in Dec 2012 for pre‐post comparisons, which will include participant self‐analysis of their own healthy diet and activity goal achievement. This research is supported by PacificSource Healthcare.
Predicted plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and risk of renal cell cancer
Authors: Joh Hee‐Kyung , Giovannucci Edward L , Bertrand Kimberly A , Lim Soo , Cho Eunyoung
Published: June 2021

Background

Although the kidney is a primary organ for vitamin D metabolism, the association between vitamin D and renal cell cancer (RCC) remains unclear.

Methods

We prospectively evaluated the association between predicted plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and RCC risk among 72,051 women and 46,380 men from 1986 to 2008. Predicted plasma 25(OH)D scores were computed using validated regression models that included major determinants of vitamin D status (race, UV‐B flux, physical activity, body mass index, vitamin D intake, alcohol consumption, and post‐menopausal hormone use in women). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two‐sided.

Results

During 22 years of follow‐up, we documented 201 cases of incident RCC in women and 207 cases in men. The multivariable HRs between extreme quintiles of predicted 25(OH)D score were 0.51 (95% CI 0.32–0.80) in women, 0.59 (95% CI 0.37–0.94) in men, and 0.55 (95% CI 0.39–0.76; Ptrend < .0001) in the pooled cohorts. An increment of 10 ng/ml in predicted 25(OH)D score was associated with a 43% lower incidence of RCC (pooled HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.43–0.77). We found no significant association between vitamin D intake and RCC incidence.

Conclusion

Higher predicted plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with a significantly lower risk of RCC in men and women.
Magnesium intake is associated with greater bone mineral density but not protective against fractures in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS)
Authors: Orchard Tonya S. , Larson Joseph , Cauley Jane , Chen Zhao , LaCroix Andrea , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Jackson Rebecca D.
Published: June 2021

Magnesium (Mg) is a component of healthy bone but the relation of Mg to fracture risk is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine Mg intake as a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures as well as altered bone mineral density (BMD).

This prospective cohort study included 73,684 postmenopausal women from the WHI‐OS. Mg intake was estimated from baseline food frequency questionnaires plus supplement use. Hip fractures were confirmed by medical record review; other fractures were self‐reported.

Incidences and relative risks of hip and total fractures were not significantly different across quintiles (Q) of Mg intake. However, risk of lower arm/wrist fractures increased with increasing Mg [multi‐variate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) Q4: 1.15 (95% CI 1.01, 1.32) and Q5: 1.23 (95% CI 1.07, 1.42); p for trend 0.048]. Additionally, women in Q4 and Q5 were more physically active and were at higher risk for falls (HR Q4: 1.11; 95% CI 1.06, 1.16; and Q5: 1.15; 95% CI 1.10, 1.20; p for trend <0.001). There was a 3% higher hip BMD, and a 2% higher whole body BMD in women consuming >;422.5 mg/d of Mg versus <206.5 mg/d (p <0.001).

In conclusion, lower BMD of the hip and whole body were associated with lower Mg intake but this did not translate into increased risk of fractures. Mg consumption slightly greater than the RDA was associated with increased falls and lower arm/wrist fractures, possibly related to more physical activity in this group of women.
Enhancing medical student competence with USDA nutritional guidelines: novel application of digital photography monitoring in school meals
Authors: Monlezun Dominique , Rodman Adam , Telsey Ben , Leong Benjamin Gartner , Abu‐Shamat Layla , Kay Danielle , Green Deanna , Sarris Leah , Harlan Timothy
Published: June 2021

The lack of adequate medical student training for patient nutritional counseling does little to lessen the alarming rise in childhood obesity, amid the associated problem of no widely accepted evidenced‐based implementation monitoring of USDA school nutritional guidelines (Guthrie 2012). Tulane University School of Medicine addressed these unmet needs by investigating the novel education model of medical students’ calculations of elementary student nutritional intake compared to USDA guidelines using digital photography (Williamson 2003). Medical student teams were surveyed before and after their monthly elementary school rotations to assess their perceived competence calculating daily caloric and nutritional intake compared to USDA guidelines. These medical students’ responses were compared to the control group of students who did not participate in this community outreach. Continued evaluation of this protocol will help quantify the effect of this community intervention's effect on medical students’ knowledge of USDA guidelines and competence for nutritional counseling. Research support: Tulane University Center for Culinary Medicine

Grant Funding Source: Tulane University Center for Culinary Medicine
Satter Feeding Dynamics Inventory: Response mapping identified a valid tool to assess parent adherence to the division of responsibility in feeding young children
Authors: Lohse Barbara , Arnold Kristen , Satter Ellyn
Published: June 2021

Satter's division of responsibility in feeding (sDOR) is recognized as the best‐practice model for feeding young children; however, a tool to assess parent adherence to sDOR is not available. The Satter Feeding Dynamics Inventory (fdSI) was developed to evaluate sDOR and measure impact of sDOR‐promoting interventions. Item generation, based on the Satter Model of Feeding Dynamics targeted key concepts: parent leadership and child autonomy. fdSI development and testing was accomplished in 5 iterative phases resulting in item deletion, revision, or addition to address all model constructs. Recruited from preschools and low‐income venues, participants completed the phase‐specific fdSI and a measure of eating competence (EC). Each phase included comparing fdSI responses to face‐to‐face cognitive interviews (n=80) to map interview comments to survey selection. All phases targeted low‐income mothers; phases 3 and 4 also tested persons who were not low‐income. Phase 3, 4, and 5 participants differed in education level, mean age, food security, race/ethnicity, WIC participation, and EC. Findings from dual phase participants (n=5) supported fdSI revisions from phase 3 to 4. EC moderated fdSI and interview responses. The resulting 15‐item fdSI is face and content valid; construct validation will facilitate use in interventions to improve parent feeding behaviors, vital to public health. SNAP‐Ed, USDA funding.
Nutrition Without Boundaries – one medical student group's experiences in Boston
Authors: Schoettler Cynthia , Peace Kaitlin , Feldman Stephanie , Newcomb Jennifer , Sax Alessandra , Smith‐Lin Carolyn , Lindsay Robert , Ireland Kathy , Lenders Carine
Published: June 2021

Objective

To foster partnerships between medical students, nutrition professionals and health‐related organizations in the Boston Area.

Methods

The Student Nutrition Awareness and Action Council (SNAAC) of Boston University School of Medicine is a student nutrition group focused on providing education and service learning opportunities for medical students interested in improving nutrition and health outcomes. To foster interdisciplinary mutually beneficial collaborations, SNAAC has sought partnerships with nutrition professionals across the Boston area.

Results

Examples of collaborations include: a match program between medical students and dietetic interns with Boston University's Sargent College; playing a key role in the formation of the Boston Medical Student Committee on Nutrition (BMSCoN), a citywide student nutrition group; taking part in health fairs run by community advocacy groups; developing volunteer training materials for the Pediatric department at Boston Medical Center.

Conclusion

While sometimes challenging to maintain, SNAAC's collaborations have been mutually beneficial to all parties involved. These collaborations have allowed medical students to build relationships with other nutrition professionals and patients throughout Boston. Similar models could be used by nutrition groups at other medical schools.
Regional food prices and dietary practices among participants of the USDA EFNEP program
Authors: Luick Bret , Greenberg Joshua , Bersamin Andrea
Published: June 2021

We investigated the relationship between food prices and demographics based on dietary intake data from the USDA EFNEP program. National EFNEP diet and demographic data for year 2011 were merged with the USDA FNDDS3, MyPyramid2 and food price data bases. Categories of food price were inflation adjusted. Mapping models were built to portray dietary practices, costs and demographics distributions. Diets differed by pre‐and post‐training recall, by FNDDS category of foods consumed; all by region and other demographic variables. Diet patterns and food costs were reflective of the local practices of program participants. Evaluation of dietary practices by demographic and cost variables appear to be valuable tools for localizing nutrition education messages.
Pregnant women use an online healthy weight gain program as designed
Authors: Olson Christine M. , Graham Meredith L. , Demment Margaret M. , Fernandez Diana , Reschke Jennifer , Groth Susan
Published: June 2021

Excessive gestational weight gain is linked to poor outcomes for both mother and infant. This study examined the consistency between the underlying theory of how participants would use features of an excessive weight gain prevention program and how they were actually used. A racially and ethnically diverse sample of about 950 pregnant women from a large urban area of upstate New York participated in the online and cell phone intervention promoting healthy lifestyle during pregnancy. Participants were encouraged to use the online doctors’ appointment reminder for prenatal care visits after which they could enter weights into an online weight gain tracker. Women who were gaining excessively were encouraged to engage in diet and physical activity goal‐setting and monitoring. On average, pregnant women entered 1 weight per month into the online weight gain tracker. Women who used the doctors’ appointment reminder 3 or more times were significantly more likely to enter weights into the weight gain tracker (p<0.0001). Women who entered weights at 70% or greater of the recommended frequency were twice or more likely to set behavioral goals (p<0.0001). 45% of the weights entered into the tracker were above the recommended range. Gaining above the range was positively associated with setting goals for diet and physical activity. Participants used the program as designed. Funded by Grant No. HL096760.
3′ Sialyllactose Inhibits Adhesion of Diarrheagenic Bacteria to Epithelial Monolayers in vitro
Authors: Yang Lin , Emerich Heidi
Published: June 2021

Bacterial adhesion is an essential early event in bacterial infection of mucosal surfaces. In this work, we evaluated the effect of 3′ Sialyllactose (3′SL) on the adhesion of diarrheagenic bacteria to epithelial monolayers in vitro. Adherence of diarrheagenic bacteria to epithelial monolayers was determined using fluorescent microscopy. Our results show that 3′ SL significantly reduced adhesion of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), Diffuse Adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC), Shigella flexneri (ATCC 12022) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) to Caco‐2 monolayers. Pre‐treatment of epithelial monolayers with 3′SL (1mg/ml) reduced adhesion of EPEC, EAEC, DAEC, Shigela and Salmonella by 49%, 46%, 37%, 63% and 55%, respectively. However, the inhibitory effect of 3′ SL on EPEC adhesion was abrogated when 3′ SL was added to Caco‐2 after EPEC adhesion, suggesting that 3′SL prevents EPEC binding with epithelial cells. In addition, pre‐treatment of 3′SL attenuated EPEC caused disruption of epithelial tight junctions and cytoskeleton remodeling. In conclusion, 3′ SL inhibits the adhesion of diarrheagenic bacteria to intestinal epithelial monolayers and protects epithelial barrier function from bacterial damage.
Human milk components inhibit H1N1 influenza virus infection in vitro
Authors: Liu Bo , Yu Zhuoteng , Newburg David S.
Published: June 2021

Breastfed infants have a lower risk of influenza than those weaned early, suggesting that human milk could contain components that inhibit infection by influenza virus. This study was to test whether human milk per se inhibited H1N1 pseudovirus infection in vitro, and to identify the milk components responsible for any inhibition. The inhibition model was Pseudovirus (A/California/04/2009, H1N1) infection of cultured Madin‐Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. The luciferase plasmid of this pseudovirus allowed infection to be quantified via a luciferase assay. Inhibition was measured for pooled human milk and its fractions, including lactoferrin, mucin 1, mucin 4, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), and bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL). At 80 μg/mL of Lactoferrin, 100 μg/mL of mucin 1, 150 μg/mL of mucin 4 and 50 μg/mL HMOS, these components inhibited H1N1 influenza virus infection in vitro. Thus, multiple milk components at their native concentrations have the ability to protect against H1N1 influenza virus, and perhaps other types of influenza viruses.

Grant Funding Source: NIH HD013021, AI075563, Abbott Nutrition
Effects of prolonged freezing on the integrity of human milk
Authors: Ahrabi Ali Faraghi , Handa Deepali , Codipilly Champa N , Shah Syed , Potak Debra , Schanler Richard J
Published: June 2021

Objective

Recommendations for the duration of freezer storage of fresh human milk are variable. We examined the effects on the integrity of human milk after 9 months of freezer storage of both fresh and previously refrigerated milk.

Methods

100 ml of freshly expressed human milk from mothers (n=40) in the NICU was divided into 9 aliquots: 1 baseline was stored at −80°C. Four aliquots were stored at −20°C (FF, Fresh‐Frozen), and 4 were stored for 72 h at 4°C before transfer to −20°C (RF, Refrigerated‐Frozen). After 1, 3, 6, and 9 months, milk integrity was assessed by measurements of pH, protein, sIgA, lactoferrin, and total, Gram + and Gram – bacterial colony counts. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Total bacteria declined over time from baseline mean of 1.2 × 105 to 0.004 ×105 colony counts at 9 mo, p<0.001, and more so in RF than FF, p<0.001. A similar decline was observed with Gram + and Gram – bacteria, p<0.001. pH declined over time from 7.1 ± 0.1 [mean ± SEM] to 6.3 ± 0.1 units at 9 mo, more so in RF (6.26 ± 0.1 at 9 mo) than FF, p<0.001. There were no changes over time in protein, sIgA, and lactoferrin.

Conclusions

Prolonged freezer storage does not adversely affect the integrity of human milk. Refrigeration followed by prolonged freezer storage does not adversely affect the integrity of human milk.