bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implant‐Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses with CAD/CAM‐Fabricated Porcelain Crown and Zirconia‐Based Framework
Authors: Takaba Masayuki , Tanaka Shinpei , Ishiura Yuichi , Baba Kazuyoshi
Published: January 2013

Recently, fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) with a hybrid structure of CAD/CAM porcelain crowns adhered to a CAD/CAM zirconia framework (PAZ) have been developed. The aim of this report was to describe the clinical application of a newly developed implant‐supported FDP fabrication system, which uses PAZ, and to evaluate the outcome after a maximum application period of 36 months. Implants were placed in three patients with edentulous areas in either the maxilla or mandible. After the implant fixtures had successfully integrated with bone, gold‐platinum alloy or zirconia custom abutments were first fabricated. Zirconia framework wax‐up was performed on the custom abutments, and the CAD/CAM zirconia framework was prepared using the CAD/CAM system. Next, wax‐up was performed on working models for porcelain crown fabrication, and CAD/CAM porcelain crowns were fabricated. The CAD/CAM zirconia frameworks and CAD/CAM porcelain crowns were bonded using adhesive resin cement, and the PAZ was cemented. Cementation of the implant superstructure improved the esthetics and masticatory efficiency in all patients. No undesirable outcomes, such as superstructure chipping, stomatognathic dysfunction, or periimplant bone resorption, were observed in any of the patients. PAZ may be a potential solution for ceramic‐related clinical problems such as chipping and fracture and associated complicated repair procedures in implant‐supported FDPs.
Fracture Strength of Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconium‐Dioxide (Y‐TZP) Fixed Dental Prostheses (FDPs) with Different Abutment Core Thicknesses and Connector Dimensions
Authors: Ambré Marcus J. , Aschan Fredrik , von Steyern Per Vult
Published: January 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the fracture strength and fracture mode of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y‐TZP) posterior three‐unit FDPs with varying connector dimension and abutment core thickness.

Materials and Methods

Seventy 3‐unit posterior FDP cores made of Y‐TZP were divided into 7 groups with varying connector dimensions and abutment core thicknesses. All the FDPs underwent a simulated aging process including veneering, firing applications, thermocycling, and cyclic preloading. Finally the FDPs were subjected to load until fracture.

Results

Significant difference was seen between the different subgroups (p < 0.05). Groups with the same connector dimension showed no significant difference in fracture strength. All fractures of the specimens involved the connector.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that the strength of an all‐ceramic Y‐TZP FDP beam depends more on the connector dimension than on the thickness of the abutment core. Results indicate that the minimum abutment core thickness of an all‐ceramic Y‐TZP FDP might be reduced, compared to the recommended thickness, without reducing the strength of the reconstruction. This indication, however, needs to be verified by further studies before being considered generally applicable.
Towards new ways of working in dementia: perceptions of specialist dementia care nurses about their own level of knowledge, competence and unmet educational needs
Authors: PAGE S. , HOPE K.
Published: January 2013

Accessible summary

The move towards new ways of working in Mental Health services has challenged multidisciplinary teams to consider how new roles and responsibilities can be supported.

Staff development is central to this but there are concerns about education and training opportunities within the dementia workforce.

This papers asks nurses working in dementia care to assess their own level of knowledge and competence and to identify areas of unmet educational needs.

The results suggest that not all nurses are developed to such a point that new ways of working can be effectively introduced.

It is expedient to consider new ways in which dementia care services may be configured to meet increasing demographic, societal and regulatory demands. Greater equity in the distribution of clinical responsibility across multidisciplinary teams has been suggested as one method that may offer a range of benefits to both the service user and the service itself. However, within the dementia workforce there are concerns about inconsistency and variability in both knowledge of dementia and competency in meeting the needs of those affected. Taking this into account it was felt important to explore perceived knowledge and competency of specialist dementia care nurses who would not only be expected to possess higher levels of knowledge and skill but are positioned as the obvious clinical group to engage with new ways of working. Consequently, this paper offers the results and subsequent discussion of a survey of senior nurses working in dementia care across the UK.
ClpV recycles VipA/VipB tubules and prevents non‐productive tubule formation to ensure efficient type VI protein secretion
Authors: Kapitein Nicole , Bönemann Gabriele , Pietrosiuk Aleksandra , Seyffer Fabian , Hausser Ingrid , Locker Jacomine Krijnse , Mogk Axel
Published: January 2013

The multicomponent type VI secretion system (T6SS) mediates the transport of effector proteins by puncturing target membranes. T6SSs are suggested to form a contractile nanomachine, functioning similar to the cell‐puncturing device of tailed bacteriophages. The T6SS members VipA/VipB form tubular complexes and are predicted to function in analogy to viral tail sheath proteins by providing the energy for secretion via contraction. The ATPase ClpV disassembles VipA/VipB tubules in vitro, but the physiological relevance of tubule disintegration remained unclear. Here, we show that VipA/VipB tubules localize near‐perpendicular to the inner membrane of Vibrio cholerae cells and exhibit repetitive cycles of elongation, contraction and disassembly. VipA/VipB tubules are decorated by ClpV in vivo and become static in ΔclpV cells, indicating that ClpV is required for tubule removal. VipA/VipB tubules mislocalize in ΔclpV cells and exhibit a reduced frequency of tubule elongation, indicating that ClpV also suppresses the spontaneous formation of contracted, non‐productive VipA/VipB tubules. ClpV activity is restricted to the contracted state of VipA/VipB, allowing formation of functional elongated tubules at a T6SS assembly. Targeting of an unrelated ATPase to VipA/VipB is sufficient to replace ClpV function in vivo, suggesting that ClpV activity is autonomously regulated by VipA/VipB conformation.
The intestinal fatty acid propionate inhibits Salmonella invasion through the post‐translational control of HilD
Authors: Hung Chien‐Che , Garner Cherilyn D. , Slauch James M. , Dwyer Zachary W. , Lawhon Sara D. , Frye Jonathan G. , McClelland Michael , Ahmer Brian M. M. , Altier Craig
Published: January 2013

To cause disease, Salmonella must invade the intestinal epithelium employing genes encoded within Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1). We show here that propionate, a fatty acid abundant in the intestine of animals, repressed SPI1 at physiologically relevant concentration and pH, reducing expression of SPI1 transcriptional regulators and consequently decreasing expression and secretion of effector proteins, leading to reduced bacterial penetration of cultured epithelial cells. Essential to repression was hilD, which occupies the apex of the regulatory cascade within SPI1, as loss of only this gene among those of the regulon prevented repression of SPI1 transcription by propionate. Regulation through hilD, however, was achieved through the control of neither transcription nor translation. Instead, growth of Salmonella in propionate significantly reduced the stability of HilD. Extending protein half‐life using a Lon protease mutant demonstrated that protein stability itself did not dictate the effects of propionate and suggested modification of HilD with subsequent degradation as the means of action. Furthermore, repression was significantly lessened in a mutant unable to produce propionyl‐CoA, while further metabolism of propionyl‐CoA appeared not to be required. These results suggest a mechanism of control of Salmonella virulence in which HilD is post‐translationally modified using the high‐energy intermediate propionyl‐CoA.
Interventions concerning competence building in community palliative care services – a literature review
Authors: Raunkiaer Mette , Timm Helle
Published: January 2013

Background

Studies establish that many incurably ill people would prefer to die at home, whether their final home is their own home or a nursing home. Experience shows that the professionals in palliative care at the basis level need to increase their competences. The purpose of this literature review is to examine experiences with interventions regarding the development of competencies within community palliative care services – in other words, at the individual work places.

Method

The study has been carried out as a literature review of international databases (PubMed/Medline, CHINAL, PsycInfo) with selected key words.

Results

The review of the literature identified 15 publications which dealt with interventions regarding education and competence building. The publications represent individual studies, only two of which were controlled. All conclude that competence building has a positive effect according to the professionals. It is unknown whether or how patients and relatives feel a positive effect from the interventions just as it is unknown how the development of competencies has actually led to a more developed practice. The effect of local competence building in palliative care in the primary sector is lacking. Methods are needed to further examinations of how a competency has actually led to a more developed practice.
A LiTat 1.5 variant surface glycoprotein‐derived peptide with diagnostic potential for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Liesbeth , Büscher Philippe , Balharbi Fatima , Humbert Michael , Guisez Yves , Lejon Veerle
Published: January 2013

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy of a peptide, corresponding to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) LiTat 1.5 amino acid (AA) sequence 268–281 and identified through alignment of monoclonal antibody selected mimotopes, for diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness.

Methods

A synthetic biotinylated peptide (peptide 1.5/268–281), native VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5 were tested in an indirect ELISA with 102 sera from patients with HAT and 102 endemic HAT‐negative controls.

Results

The area under the curve (AUC) of peptide 1.5/268–281 was 0.954 (95% confidence interval 0.918–0.980), indicating diagnostic potential. The areas under the curve of VSG LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5 were 1.000 (0.982–1.000) and 0.997 (0.973–1.000), respectively, and significantly higher than the AUC of peptide 1.5/268–281. On a model of VSG LiTat 1.5, peptide 1.5/268–281 was mapped near the top of the VSG.

Conclusions

A biotinylated peptide corresponding to AA 268–281 of VSG LiTat 1.5 may replace the native VSG in serodiagnostic tests, but the diagnostic accuracy is lower than for the full‐length native VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5.
Reliability of 400‐cell and 5‐field leukocyte differential counts for equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
Authors: Fernandez Nicole J , Hecker Kent G , Gilroy Cornelia V , Warren Amy L , Léguillette Renaud
Published: January 2013

Background

Reliable enumeration of mast cells and eosinophils in equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is important because small increases in the percentages of these cells support the clinical diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Increases in BAL neutrophils also occur with IAD but are not specific due to overlap between IAD and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the reliability of a standard 400‐cell leukocyte differential count and an alternate method evaluating 5 microscopic fields at 500× magnification in equine BAL fluid cytocentrifuged preparations.

Methods

BAL samples from 60 horses with and without pulmonary inflammation were evaluated using 400‐cell and 5‐field leukocyte differential counting methods. Reliability of enumeration of each leukocyte type was assessed by calculating and comparing intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Reliability of mast cell enumeration was further evaluated by comparing ICCs of slides with different cell densities.

Results

Reliability was higher for all cell types with the 5‐field method; however, overall the difference between methods was not statistically significant. Neutrophil reliability was high (ICC > 0.90) with both methods. Adequate reliability (ICC > 0.85) for mast cells was achieved only with the 5‐field method on slides with higher cell density.

Conclusion

Enumeration of mast cells is unreliable when the standard 400‐cell differential counting method is used, whereas the 5‐field method on slides with higher cell density reached acceptable reproducibility. Neutrophil percentages were highly reliable with both methods.
Systematics of Pipizini and taxonomy of European Pipiza Fallén: molecular and morphological evidence (Diptera, Syrphidae)
Authors: Vujić Ante , Ståhls Gunilla , Ačanski Jelena , Bartsch Hans , Bygebjerg Rune , Stefanović Ana
Published: January 2013

Vujić, A., Ståhls, G., Ačanski, J., Bartsch, H., Bygebjerg, R. & Stefanović, A. (2013). Systematics of Pipizini and taxonomy of European Pipiza Fallén: molecular and morphological evidence (Diptera, Syrphidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 288–305.

In the present work the monophyly and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the genera of tribe Pipizini (Syrphidae) were investigated based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear 28S rDNA sequences, and the relationships among species of genus Pipiza Fallén, 1810 based on mtDNA COI sequences. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Pipizini supported Pipiza as monophyletic and as sister group to all other Pipizini, and resolved other Pipizini genera as monophyletic lineages except for genus Heringia Rondani, 1856. To recognize the distinctness and maintain the monophyly the genus Heringia was redefined, generic rank was assigned to Neocnemodon Goffe, 1944 stat. n., and the genus Claussenia Vujić & Ståhls gen. n., type‐species Claussenia hispanica (Strobl, 1909), was described. A revision of the European Pipiza species, including a discussion of taxonomic characters and a morphological redefinition of all included species, is presented. One new species, Pipiza laurusi Vujić & Ståhls sp. n. was described. The taxa Pipiza carbonaria Meigen, 1822; Pipiza fasciata, Meigen 1822; Pipiza lugubris (Fabricius, 1775), Pipiza noctiluca (Linneaues, 1758), Pipiza notata Meigen, 1822 were redefined. Lectotypes are designated for 17 taxa, and neotypes were designated for seven taxa. Fourteen new synonymies were proposed. Male genitalia were illustrated for all the species, and a key of the 12 European species for males and females was provided. Geometric morphometrics of wing landmarks and extended sampling of mtDNA COI sequences was employed to delimitate taxa of the P. noctiluca and P. lugubris complexes. Despite subtle morphological differences, wing geometric morphometrics variables of wing size and shape showed highly significant differences among species within P. noctiluca and P. lugubris complexes, which were supported by the molecular data.
Mengindeks Bibliografi Dengan Menggunakan Katakunci Secara Interaktif Berasaskan Komputer Mikro
Authors: Selamat Harihodin
Published: January 2013

Setiap bibliografi yang disimpan di dalam pengkalan data diindeks dengan menggunakan satu atau lebih kata kunci yang dipllih oleh pengguna. Pencarian dokumen adalah berasaskan rumusan carian dalam bentuk satu atau gabungan beberapa katakunci yang disatukan dengan menggunakan operator boolean untuk mengujudkan kaedah carian. Rumusan carian diinput melalui terminal secara interaktif dan diproses dengan kaedah logik boolean dan teori set. Sistem adalah diharapkan untuk mendapatkan bibliografi yang memenuhi syarat rumusan carian tersebut. Kemudian disusuli dengan tindakbalas di antara pengguna dengan komputer untuk menawarkan peluang carian yang lebih berkesan dan seterusnya mempercepatkan proses carian.

Katakunci: Bibliografi, Indeks, Komputer, Katakunci, Mikro, Dokumen
Difficulties Encountered Whilst Drilling And Completing Deviated Wells
Authors: Md. Yassin Dr.Abu Azam
Published: January 2013

With the extremely high cost of developing offshore oilfield, several wells are started from a single platform and then highly deviated so that the well bottom out in the production zone in accordance with the required well spacing. The usage of highly deviated wells posed several problems relating to drilling and completing such wells. These problems and methods for elevating such problems will be discussed.
Concept Of The Decomposition And Aggregation Method With Example: Part 1
Authors: Mohd. Sharif Dr. Zainol Anuar , Boon Choong Ng
Published: January 2013

This paper describes the basic concept of the decomposition and aggregation method. It shows the feasibility of the method and its advantages when applied, particularly to large scale systems. This method is extensively used in solving problems related to control engineering, economics, optimization and stability. This paper also illustrates specifically the application of the method of decomposition and aggregation in the analysis of dynamic systems. It is divided into two important parts, namely; the decomposition part which involves breaking up a large system into subsystems and the aggregation part which is obtained through a reformulation of the Liapunov's second method (direct method). The relation between the decomposition and the aggregation methods is also shown. The procedure for checking the stability based on this concept is also outlined.For further illustration, an example of a dynamic system has been included. It shows how the system is decomposed and aggregated to suit the requirement for stability analysis.
Prestasi Rangkaian Gelang Yang Berprioriti Dan Yang Tak-Berprioriti
Authors: Ibrahim Jamaludin , Mobd. Saman Md. Yazid
Published: January 2013

Di dalam penyelidikan ini, satu kajian dilaksanakan ke atas rekabentuk Rangkaian Gelang yang menggunakan kaedah Protokol Capaian Saluran Laluan Token (Token Passing Channel Access Protocol). Institute of Electrical, Electronics and Engineering (IEEE) telah mencadangkan protokol Laluan Token di atas sebagai Protokol Piawai 802.5 untuk Rangkaian Gelang. Satu penilaian prestasi dijalankan ke atas Rangkaian Gelang ini dengan menggunakan kaedah pemodelan simulasi secara diskrit. Kajian dijalankan dengan membina satu model asas untuk rangkaian di atas. Apabila model asas ini didapati tepat dan hasil simulasinya sejajar dengan hasil penyelidikan yang lain, kajian dilanjutkan untuk meneliti model-model rangkaian dengan penghantaran tak-habisan (non-exhaustive transmission) dan penghantaran habisan (exhaustive transmission) dan model sistem berprioriti (prioritized system). Makalah ini memberikan analisis dan perbandingan di antara model dengan penghantaran tak-habisan dan habisan serta model tak-berprioriti serta sistem rangkaian yang berprioriti.

Kata kunci: Rangkaian Gelang, Token, Prestasi, Simulasi, Rangkaian berprioriti, Penghantaran Tak-Habisan dan Habisan
A Determination Of Sources Of Aerosol In Chicago By Chemical Element Mass Balance
Authors: Mohd. Yusoff Mohd. Rashid , Scheff Peter Allen
Published: January 2013

A chemical element mass balance (CEB) receptor model was used to determine the contnbutions from coal combustion, cement and limestone, mobile sources, refuse incineration, soil, and steel industries to the ambient particulate matter in Chicago. Twenty-four hour average measurement were made of inhalable particulate (IP) matter consisting of fine particles (FP) diameter < 2.5 μm and coarse particles (CP) diamerer > 2.5 μm but < 15 μm; sulfur (as SO4-- ), and the concentration of Al, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Ti, V and Zn for both size fractions; and SO2, temperature, wind speed and wind direction on 17 days during a 4 month period from May to August 1984. The CEB was applied as an independent analysis to each sampling day. The average FP, CP and IP concentrations were 21.0 μg/m3,28.4 μg/m3 and 49.4 μg/m3 respectively. Based on study period average, coal, limestone, mobile, refuse, soil and steel contributes 0.40 μg/m3, 7.7 μg/m3, 5.1 μg/m3, 7.8 μg/m3, 5.5 μg/m3 and 1.2 μg/m3 of the JP respectively. The contribution from the unexplained particulate matter were 16.3 μg/m3, 5.9 μg/m3 and 21.6 μg/m3 for the FP, CP and IP respectively. This suggests that the aerosol is concentrated in the small size fractions contributes by the secondary pollutants. On average, the model was able to explain 22.2%, 79.3% and 56.3% of the FP, CP and IP respectively for the Chicago site.
Concept Of Decomposition And Aggregation Method With Application: Part II
Authors: Mohd Sharif Zainol Anuar , Boon Choong Ng
Published: January 2013

This paper describes the application of Decomposition and Aggregation method to a model of a practical system so as to analyse its effectiveness. A computer programme (Fortran) have been developed to evaluate and simulate specific parameter of the model. By evaluating the model through simulation the stable condition of the model can be obtained. The procedure for analysing the stability of this system is also shown in detail. The model used in this paper is the overhead crane model and it will be used as an example in understanding the analysis performed by the prescribed method.
Simplified Approach Towards Obtaining Functional Criteria Of Topside Facilities For Offshore Jacket Platform
Authors: Mainal Mohd. Ramzan
Published: January 2013

It is almost impossible to provide a standard 'design procedure' for offshore jacket topside facilities design. The proposed postulate is that the weight of production and processing facilities do provide a reasonable measure of the production of oil and gas per day. Presentation of weight data collected from actual North Sea platforms however indicated little logic dependents on platform functional parameters. A further breakdown of these weights according to type or function offers some possible explanations. It is acknowledged that various other variables and parameters complicates issues relating to topside facilities. The subject is nevertheless of great importance.
Kesan Angin Dan Hujan Ke Atas Penyebaran & Kepekatan Zarahan Terampai Di Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Mohd. Yusoff Mohd. Rashid , Hassan Hashim , Mohd. Zain Izani
Published: January 2013

Pengukuran keseluruhan kepekatan zarahan terampai (TSP) dan zarahan boleh sedut, PMl0 (saiz zarah dengan diameterya kurang atau sama dengan 10 μm) telah dijalankan antara bulan Januari 1986 sehingga Mei 1987 di stesen Pengawasan Kualiti Udara Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Secara purata, kepekatan TSP ialah 63.3 μg/m3 manakala kepekatan PM10 pula ialah 47.6 μg/m3 atau 75 peratus daripada TSP. Perhubngan antara PMl0 dan TSP adalah sangat baik (r = 0.92) dengan pemotongan positif di atas paksi TSP. Ini jelas menunjukkan bahawa PM 10 adalah sebahagian daripada TSP. Selain daripada itu angin dan hujan juga memberikan kesan yang agak besar terhadap penyeberan dan kepekatan zarahan terampai ini.
Scheduling And Cost Analysis Program For Project Management
Authors: Ismail Che Mat , Sulong Ghazali , Mat Yatim Safie
Published: January 2013

This article describes the important element involved in project management, especially the construction works. The methods are based on the network analysis techniques. The designed package is capable to perform the scheduling of the project's activities and the calculation of various costs involved. Besides those,the package also permits the end user to print or display various type of outputs and they are menu driven.

Keyword: network analyis, activity scheduling, CPM (Critical Path Method), cost analysis
Integrated Optical Circuits
Authors: Mohd Kassim Norazan
Published: January 2013

This paper decribes in detail the material and fabrication procees demonstrated for integrated optics application.The loss mechanism of integrated optical waveguides are also dicused.
Travelling wave solution to a generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation
Authors: Mohamad Mohd.Nor
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a method for the construction of travelling wave olution ol the generalized Kuramoto-Sivashinky equation. The method makes use of a series representation, and is essentially an extension of Hirota's method.
Parallel Programming Of A Reservoir Simulator
Authors: Awang Mariyamni
Published: January 2013

This study concerns applying parallel programming to reservoir simulation using a 32-Mbyte, 12-processor parallel computer. The effects of number of processes, granularity, load balancing and program structure were studied. The model simulated was a two-dimensionals, two-phase, black oil model with a fully-implicit formulation. The differenced equations were solved by the Newton-Raphson method and, Gaussian elimination was used to solve the Jacobian matrix. Matrix generation was parallelized using monitors as macros to synchronize calculation. The performance of the simulator was measured by the speed up. The speed ups of the matrix generation time increased almost linearly with increasing number of processes. For all of the models tested, the speed ups ranged from 3.5 to 4.0 for four processes and 7.0 to 7.9 for eight proceses.
Video Image Processing For Traffic Analysis
Authors: Che Puan Othman
Published: January 2013

In recent years the application of computer-based image processing techniques to a range of traffic data collection tasks has been successfully demonstrated. In a similar field of research carried out by the author at the University of Wales College of Cardiff, a system based on commercial image processing hardware, a 80486 IBM PC-AT and a video recorder was assembled. The main aim was to develop a system for automatic vehicle data measurement and to extend its application to the collection and analysis of pedestrian data. This paper will focus on the development of the system for vehicle detection and measurement. A direct segmentation technique on the video images was adopted as a standard method of vehicle identification. The identification of the presence of an individual vehicle based on brightness information at relatively few sample points within the images was possible. Double threshold values were applied to the area of interest for the conversion of the area into a binary form. To compensate for the ambient lighting changes, a method of updating threshold values sequentially was introduced. The suitability of the approach and detection algorithm was assessed by analysing a video tape containing a traffic scene for the measurement of vechicle movement. This tape is typical of tapes from which data have been extracted manually using event recorders. Although the performance of the implementation algorithms needs to be further assesed, the preliminary results have demonstrated the success of collecting data for vehicle counts, speeds and headways with reasonable accuracy.
Integrated Model Of Industrial Robot For Control Applications
Authors: Osman Johari Halim Shah
Published: January 2013

This paper deals with the development of an intergrated mathematical model of a robot manipulator. The model of the system comprises the mechanical part of the robot as well as the actuators and the gear trains. Two different approaches of deriving the integrated model are presented which results in two different forms of the integrated dynamic model of the robot manipulator in state space description. Both types of the integrated model are highly nonlinear, time varying, and represent a more realistic model of the robotic system. The integrated model and the approach are useful and suitable for dynamic analysis and control synthesis purposes, and will provide a more efficient approach to the real situation.
The Design Of Digital Test Simulator
Authors: Othman Mohamed , Suparjo Bambang Sunaryo
Published: January 2013

Digital Test Simulator is a Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools written in Turbo Pascal language ver. 5.0. It is a gate level simulator to measures the testability values of a combinational logic circuit. It was developed based on the testability analysis system called Computer-Aided MEsurefor LOgic Testability (CAMELOT). The measurement of the testability, controllability and observability for every nodes are based on the topologyical description of the circuit. The final results produced by simulator can be expressed in the form of table and histogram. Comparison of the various nodal testability values allows the areas of poor testability to be readily identified and the inprovement can be done to the circuits to make it more testable.

Key Words: Logic circuit; Computer-Aided Design; CAMELOT approach; Digital Test Simulator
Use Of Direct Solar Energy In Torrid Zone
Authors: Uppal K.R.
Published: January 2013

Matahari ialah punca tenaga yang utama kepada keluarga planetnya. Ia memancarkan tenaga dalam bentuk gelombang elektromagnet, yang merambut melalui ruang udarakasa dengan halaju 299,744 km (186,270 batu) sesaat. Planet bumi melintasi sepecahan
tenaga ini di dalam bentuk haba dan cahaya. Dengan ini ujudlah ke atas bumi, keadaan-keadaan asas bagi suhu dll yang mengakibatkan jiwa boleh jadi. Tenaga matahari yang bercahaya membekalkan tenaga kepada keseluruhan kitar kajihayat jiwa melalui cara fotosintisis. Matahari, melalui sebaran tenaga yang tidak sama atas planet bumi, ialah punca utama, yang menghasilkan peredaran udara, aliran laut, pengangkutan air melalui proses cairwapan dan kerpasan sebagai hujan atau salji dan pengaliran melalui sungai. Pemerhatian-pemerhatian mengusulkan bahawa kekuatan fizikal manusia, kebolehan rohani, keperluan tenaganya, konsep keenakan dll semuanya bergantung kepada berapa banyaknya pengdedahan kepada pancaran matahari. Oleh sebab itu, untuk memahami cara menahan jiwa, dan mengguna dengan sepenuhnya alam sekitar yang lazim serta menghasilkan keadaan-keadaan optimum bagi kehidupan dan pekerjaan, adalah sangat penting untuk memahami perhubungan antara manusia dan matahari. Kefahaman ini boleh menolong manusia memenuhi keperluan untuk tenaga, keperluan bagi kehidupan keenakan tanpa bergantung kepada teknologi yang mahal. Kertas kerja ini berbahaskan perhubungan antara manusia dan alam sekitarnya yang lazim, khasnya dengan matahari.

The sun is the main source of energy to its family of planets.It radiates energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, which are propagating through space with a velocity of 299,774 km (186,270 miles) per second, The planet earth intercepts a fraction of this
energy in the form of heat and light, that creates on the earth, the basic conditions of temperature etc. which make life possible. It is the radiant solar energy, through the mechanism of photosynthesis that provides energy for the whole biological cycle of life. The sun, through its unequal distribution of energy on the planet earth, is the prime source, that is producing circulation of atmosphere, oceanic currents, transport of water through the process of evaporation and precipitation as rain or snow and flow through streams and rivers. Observations suggest that man's physical strength, mental capabilities, his energy requirements, concept of comfort etc. all depend on the extent of his exposure to the solar radiation. Therefore, in order to understand the life sustaining mechanism, utilize the best of natural environments and create optimum conditions for living and working; it is all the more important to understand man's relation with the sun. This understanding can assist him to fulfill
his needs for energy and comfortable living without much dependence on expensive technology. The paper discusses man's relationship with his natural environments, especially with the sun.
Tunnel Liner Subjected To Excavation Loading
Authors: George K.P. , Yusuf Mohd. Zain
Published: January 2013

Satu kajian makmal telah dibuat untuk menganggar momen-momen, daya-daya tujah dan cangga'an dalam suatu dinding terowong yang dikenakan 'beban korekan'. Kesan-kesan kedalaman timbusan ke atas daya tujah, mimen dan cangga'an telah dikaji dan keputusan-keputusan dibandingkan dengan penyelesaian-penyelesaian yang dikemukakan oleh Burns dan Richards (1964) dan oleh Morgan (1961)
dan penyelesaian secara 'finite element' oleh Mohraz dll. (1975). Penyelidik menyatakan bahawa adanya persetujuan diantara nilai-nilai beban dari ujikaji dengan perhitongan kemukaan Morgan (1961) adalah baik dan cadangan kedua boleh digunakan untuk merekabentuk dinding-dinding terowong yang tertimbus dengan dalamnya dan dikenakan oleh beban korekan. Dalam masalah timbusan cetek, bagaimanapun, agakan untuk daya tujah, momen dan cangga'an boleh dikira dengan menggunakan persamaan-persamaan untuk dinding tegar.

A laboratory study is conducted to estimate moments, thrusts and deformation in a tunnel liner subjected to 'excavation loading'. The effects of thrust, moment and deformation of the depth of burial are examined and the results are compared with the solutions offered by Burns and Richard (1964) and by Morgan (1961) and the finite element solutions of Mohraz et al. (1975). The researcher concludes that the agreement between the experimentally determined load values and those calculated from Morgan (1961) is so good that the latter are applicable to the design of tunnel liners to be deeply buried and subjected to excavation loading. In problems of shallow cover, however, reliable estimates of thrust, moment and deflection can be obtained by using rigid liner equations.
An Assessment Of New Technical Of Courses Required By Industries In Johor
Authors: Mohd Rasli Amran
Published: January 2013

Almost 3,000 skilled workers are produced by various skills training institutions, polytechnics, technical schools and vocational schools in Johor, Twenty Percent of these 'skilled workers' are actually trained dressmakers and beauticians - skill which are relevant to the manufacturing industry. Out of the remaining 2,400 skilled workers, 20 percent would opt to works in other states except Johor; and overseas especially Singapore, Japan and Taiwan. On the other hand, there is need for 30,000 skilled and semi-skilled workers to match the industrial sectors' demands. The shortage of skilled workers is made worse by the mismatch of skill produced and industrial demand, as well as inappropriate training programmes employed by government-sponsored technical training institutions. A survey was conducted in mid-1991 to assess the requirements of the manufacturing industry which are capital intensive and technological oriented based on then 'new' technical courses: Tool and Die, Basic, Electronics, Instrumentation (flow process), Pipe and High Pressure Welding, Chemical Technofogy, Mechanical Draughting With CAD, Surface Mounting Technology, Non-Destructive Testing, Rigging and Scaffolding, and High Precision Laser Cutting. This paper describes the process undertaken in conducting an industrial curvey and the interpretation of the analysis based on the findings of the findings of the study. The outcome of the survey which is presented in the final sections of this paper, should provide important data and insights for policy makers in reviewing the future need and form of technical training for technicians.
Oil Dispersing Performance Of A Binary Mixture Of Surfactant
Authors: Suhaimi Hamdan , Che’Rose Laili
Published: January 2013

An investigation on the dispersing performance of a mixed surfactant on Spiked Bintulu oil was caried out using ultraviolet spectrometry. Result indicate a hyperchromic effect occurring at λmax 234 mm having an aromatic π > π* transition. The effect is optimal at 0.5 mole fraction of the mixed surfactant indicating a good composition for the formulation of dispersant.
Kegunaan Antikoagulan Hirudin Dari Lintah Dalam Perubatan
Authors: Abdul Latif Fazilah , Salim Norizah
Published: January 2013

Lintah (Hirudo medicinalis) boleh mengeluarkan bahan hirudin, iaitu sejenis protein yang berfungsi sebagai agen anti-pembekuan darah semulajadi. Protein ini dirembeskan keluar dari kelenjar liurnya semasa menggigit mangsa. Dari beberapa penyelidikan [4,5,8,9,11,13], telah dibuktikan bahawa hirudin boleh menyekat pembentukan thrombus bagi menghalang pembekuan darah. Penulenan protein hirudin akan dapat membantu ahli perubatan dalam kajian penyakit-penyakit thrombik oleh kerana hirudin tidak toksik berbanding dengan heparin atau bahan sintetik lain yang lebih mahal. Dengan penggunaan kaedah-kaedah terkini dalam bidang bioteknologi, biologi molekul dan teknik DNA-rekombinan, protein hirudin boleh dihasilkan dengan skala besar di peringkat industri.
End-User Involvement In Software Prototyping
Authors: Selamat Mohd. Hassan , Rahim Md. Mahbubur , Othman Abu Talid
Published: January 2013

Software prototyping is an attractive alternative approach to systems development, within which end-users exercise with a series of prototypes in a working environment. Such interactions offer an excellent scope for meaningful participation of end-users in the system development process. This is crucial for the success of a project. However, despite its significance, relatively little attention has been paid towards the management of end-user involvement. Advocates of prototyping approach merely express a need for active user participation in the prototype development process. They fail to offer any practical guidelines. Moreover, few documented case studies concerning management of user involvement within a prototype project have been published. It is argued that managing user participation is not a trivial task and it requires considerable attention. In this paper, the authors propose a framework that relates degree of user involvement with the type of prototyping approach adopted and the stages of prototype development process.

Keywords: Software prototyping, user involvement, systems development, user management.
Kesan Kemelesetan Ekonomi Terhadap Prestasi Kewangan Industri Pembinaan Di United Kingdom
Authors: Mohammed Abdul Hakim , Abdul Kadir Mohammad Razali
Published: January 2013

Kemelesetan ekonomi di United Kingdom (UK) telah bermula pada tahun 1989. Bagaimanapun sehingga Jun 1993, keadaan ini masih belum berakhir. Industri pembinaan di UK merupakan salah satu industri yang paling teruk dilanda kemelesetan ekonomi pada kali ini berbanding dengan tahun 1974. Kajian ini cuba melihat sejauh manakah kemelesetan ekonomi ini telah memberikan kesan terhadap prestasi kewangan industri pembinaan tersebut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kesan yang dialami sangat nyata apabila dilihat daripada sudut keuntungan yang diperolehi. Aras keuntungan firma-firma pembinaan telah menjunam jatuh secara mendadak pada tahun 1990 dan 1991. Pada tahun 1992 banyak firma pembinaan yang besar turut mengalami kerugian besar. Industri pembinaan secara keseluruhannya bersikap reaktif terhadap perubahan keadaan ekonomi, ini dapat dilihat dalam strategi yang telah diambil dalam menghadapi kemelesetan tersebut, antaranya seperti: memberhentikan aktiviti atau menjual anak-anak syarikat yang tidak menguntungkan; mengurangkan beban hutang firma; mendapatkan modal tunai melalui pengeluaran kena (right issues), menyusun semula organisasi; memperketatkan kawalan kos dan mengurangkan perbelanjaan asas (overhead).
An Interactive Optimisation Expert System For The Preliminary Design Of Offshore Supply Vessels
Authors: Hj. Mainal Mohd Ramzan
Published: January 2013

Over the last two decades, numerous methods of optimum design have been developed for use in preliminary ship design. Nevertheless, the methods are constraint to those who are experts in this field while those who are non-experts have difficulty in making the algorithm work for their application. This paper describes the layout of a nonlinear optimisation expert system which has the capability of providing guidance and consulting help to any designer. Some of the basic principles of interactive optimisation system are also discussed. A simple application for the design of offshore supply vessel is included to demonstrate some of the capabilities.
A Software Architecture For Modular Robotic Systems
Authors: Ariffin S. , Weston R.H. , Harrison R.
Published: January 2013

Research is described which is leading to the specification and development of a motion simulation and design environment for modular robotic systems which enables the implementation of widely applicable software processes for machine control. Current investigation is focused on defining models of application tasks in modular robotic systems. This work is based on the Real-time Control System (RCS) reference architecture proposed by researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which was designed to support motion planning and implementation. However, this architecture is modified in such a way that it supports the concept of multitasking and inter-process communication. The emphasis of work is on the hierarchical structuring of solutions, this to enable the design and control of distributed motion elements. Also discussed in this paper is a strategy for achieving sensor-based modularization of modular robotic systems in a manner which facilitates fast and efficient response to changes in the functional or environmental requirements. The paper explains how an application software architecture is unified with the open systems design approach known as Universal Machine Control (UMC), which has been devised and developed at Loughborough University to enable reuse to software and control system components.
The Energy Performance Of A University Library Building
Authors: Wan Hassan Mat Nawi , Senawi Mohd.Yusoff , Omar Hartini
Published: January 2013

The energy performance of a four-storey library (PSZ) building of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) has been simulated using a microcomputer-based building energy simulation program, SHEAP. The simulation results give a comparative estimate of the potential annual savings for nine parameters. Significant savings (greater than 3.7% of RM 815,680 in operating cost) can result from the use of a Variable Air Volume (VAV) system, reduced air-conditioning times and reduced electrical lighting intensity. A 25% glazed-facade can contribute about 1% in saving,while the other parameters contribute less than 0.2% in savings to be of any significance.
Plant/Cocoa:The Construction Of Expert System For Diagnosis And Advisory Of Theobroma Cacao Plantations
Authors: Othman Mohamed , Hassan Hashim
Published: January 2013

This paper discusses the construction of an expert system called PLANT/cocoa. It provides the consultations on the diagnosis and advisory Theobroma cacao plantations. Once the process of diagnosis is completed, this system could determine the existence of any disease on plants and then it will advise the planter to give the suitable method for treatments, preventions and detail descriptions of the diseases.Besides that, it provides the way of planting and replanting with the suitable type of clones. The expert system is implemented using a language called PROgramming in LOGic (PROLOG).

Keywords: Knowledge acquisition, Knowledge-Based, Inference Mechanism
Undergraduate Mathematics Education: Teaching Mathematical Thinking Or Product Of Mathematical Thought?
Authors: Mohammad Yusof Yudariah
Published: January 2013

This paper reports on an investigation into students' thinking about mathematics and their mathematical behaviour when faced with a problem. It is found that students perceived mathematics as a fixed body of knowledge to be learned. When solving a problem, students demonstrate little intellectual independence and lack the ability to think for themselves. This is a matter of some concern. The findings indicate that the mathematical environment may not be providing students with the experiences to encourage them to be creative and reflective. It is suggested that mathematicians need to move away from teaching students the product of mathematical thought to teaching them mathematical thinking.
Closed-Form Expressions Of Wave Induced Forces On Members Of Offshore Structures In Deep Water
Authors: Mainal Mohd. Ramzan , Chatterjeel Pratul C.
Published: January 2013

The paper deals with the estimation of equivalent nodal forces and moments which can be useful in the analysis of beam element based Finite Element (FE) models of offshore structures. Ocean wave forces do not follow any standard pattern, thus, if the global X-Y reference plane is horizontal, the X and Y co-ordinates will not vary along the length of a vertical beam element. Taking advantage of such a situation, a number of closed form expressions for equivalent nodal loads can be derived. The analytical diffraction force from the MacCamy and Fuchs' theory as well as the Morison equation based inertia and drag forces are considered here as wave loading. A step-by-step calculation procedure is also proposed which transfers complex member loads to the nodes of a FE model with beam elements, arbitrarily oriented in space.
Private Key Generating Method Of A New Public Key Cipher System
Authors: Islam Md. Rafiqul , Selamat Harihodin , Md.Sap Mohd. Noor
Published: January 2013

Public key cipher system was invented in order to solve the key management problem. Here we describe the generating process of private keys of a new public key cipher system based upon the diophantine equations proposed by Lin, Chang and Lee. Some algorithms are encoded to compute the keys. We also describe time complexity for computing the keys.
Antena Tercetak Mengalir Lampau Model Terkecil Untuk Kegunaan Terhad-Ruang
Authors: Esa Mazlina , Lancaster Michael John
Published: January 2013

Sebilangan antena dwikutub mengalir lampau telah dibikin dan diuji. Bahan mengalir lampau membolehkan antena dimodelkecilkan dengan kecekapan yang diperbaiki. Geometri dwikutub dibentuk sebagai talian liku untuk mencapai pemodelkecilan. Hasil ukuran dan selakuan menunjukkan bahawa pemodelkecilan berjaya dihasilkan oleh tatarajah tersebut di samping mengekalkan frekuensi kendalian rendah 3.0GHz.Semua dwikutub liku mengalir lampau ini didapati kecil secara elektrik.
Strategi Dan Keyakinan Pengajaran Guru Sains Pertanian Dalam Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah
Authors: Hamzah Ramlah Hamzah , Md.Shariff Norehan
Published: January 2013

Mata pelajaran Sains Pertanian adalah salah satu mata pelajaran yang mengalami perubahan. Tujuan kajian ialah untuk mengkaji pengajaran mata pelajaran sains Pertanian dalam Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah (KBSM). Populasi kajian ialah guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran sains Pertanian di sekolah menengah di Malaysia. Data dikumpul melalui soal selidik yang dibentuk oleh penyelidik hasil penemuan menunjukan guru menggunakan pelbagai strategi pengajaran. Teknik perbincangan merupakan teknik pengajaran yang senang digunakan oleh guru. Teknik pengajaran berbentuk inkuiri juga ada digunakan. Guru melaporkan yang mereka mempunyai keyakinan yang rendah dan sederhana bila mengajar tajuk tentang teknologi dalam pertanian. Guru berijazah lebih berkeyakinan mengajar mata pelajaran ini berbanding dengan guru bukan berijazah. Kajian mencadangknn penekanan kepada strategi pengajaran yang membentuk kepada kemahiran saintifik dan kebolehan berfikir supaya objektif KBSM tercapai.