bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAYANAN INFORMASI DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMANDIRIAN SISWA DI MTS NEGERI 3 LANGKAT
Authors: Bayyinah Bayyinah , Lubis Saiful Akhyar , Rusman Abdul Aziz
Published: January 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penerapan Layanan informasi untuk menumbuhkan kemandirian belajar siswa. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Deskripsi tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemandirian belajar Siswa di MTs Negeri 3 Langkat (2) Upaya guru BK dalam Meningkatkan kemandirian belajar Siswa di MTs Negeri 3 Langkat. (3) Deskripsi hambatan guru BK dalam Meningkatkan Kemandirian Belajar Siswa di MTs Negeri 3 Langkat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan informasi menggunakan tehnik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, kemudian informasi yang diperoleh diselidiki menggunakan pengurangan informasi. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah empat guru BK. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa penggunaan administrasi data untuk menumbuhkan kebebasan belajar sangat efektif dalam membantu mendorong kemandirian belajar siswa seperti percaya diri, dapat bekerja sendiri, menguasai kemampuan, mengenai waktu dan kewajiban. dalam pelaksanaan layanan informasi bagi guru BK dengan menggunakan tiga tahapan yaitu: Tahap perencanaan, tahap pelaksanaan, tahap evaluasi. Strategi yang digunakan dalam layanan informasi di MTsN 3 Langkat yaitu dengan metode ceramah, menggunakan media audio visual dalam memberikan informasi yang terkait dengan peningkatan kemandirian belajar. Kebiasaan siswa yang selalu mengandalkan orang lain, selalu mencari bantuan orang lain, dan keengganan untuk bereksperimen sendiri dalam hal belajar merupakan akar penyebab sulitnya mengembangkan kemandirian belajar. Beragam faktor berkontribusi terhadap kesulitan dalam mendorong siswa untuk belajar secara mandiri. Dalam belajar dan menyelesaikan tugas, siswa yang selalu mengandalkan orang lain belum tentu dapat mencapai hasil belajar yang optimal.
 
IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PENDIDIK DI MAN ASAHAN
Authors: Manurung Sri Rezeqi Rafiqah Wardhah , Siahaan Amiruddin , Syukri Makmur , Keling Mansur
Published: January 2024

Dalam lembaga pendidikan, manajemen sumber daya manusia harus selalu dilakukan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan standar pengajaran yang diberikan oleh lembaga pendidikan tersebut. Namun, masih banyak lembaga pendidikan yang gagal mengelola sumber daya manusianya secara memadai, sehingga kualitasnya rendah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan merupakan jenis penelitian studi kasus subjek penelitian dengan tehnik purposive. Sebuah metode purposive digunakan untuk memilih peserta untuk penelitian. Prosedur pemilahan informasi adalah: observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Pemeriksaan informasi model intraktif dari Miles dan Huberman. Menggunakan triangulasi sumber, triangulasi teknis, dan membercheck, kredibilitas data dievaluasi untuk menentukan validitasnya. Berikut ini adalah temuan penelitian: 1) Pendaftaran dan pilihan, dilaporkan secara terbuka. Panitia dibentuk pada saat rekrutmen dan seleksi pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan baru. 2) Ada beberapa prasyarat dan pilihan untuk guru baru dan staf pelatihan. 3) Evaluasi pelaksanaan mulai dari pengaturan dan pelaksanaan pengambilan, pembukaan dan penutupan realisasi, terdapat variasi dalam dorongan belajar dan mensurvei kemampuan menyimak siswa dan pendidik. Poin ini dijadikan sebagai indikator ujian presentasi yang akan berdampak pada hasil belajar di MAN Asahan agar visi dan misi madrasah tidak melayang begitu saja. Ujian Eksekusi merupakan penilaian terhadap pelaksanaan pekerjaan pendidik dalam mendidik. Jika pembelajaran cocok atau melampaui gambaran pencapaian prestasi yang menjadi fokus, pendidik telah bekerja dengan baik.
Differential Protection of Chickens against Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Virus Using Polybasic Amino Acids with H5 Cleavage Peptide
Authors: Seo Sang Heui
Published: January 2024

Background: Highly pathogenic H5Nx viruses cause avian influenza, a zoonotic disease that can infect humans. The vaccine can facilitate the prevention of human infections from infected poultry. Our previous study showed that an H5 cleavage-site peptide vaccine containing the polybasic amino acid RRRK could protect chickens from lethal infections of the highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus. Methods: Chickens immunized with the various polybasic amino combinations (RRRK, RRR, RR, R, RK, and K) of H5 cleavage-site peptides were challenged with highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses. The challenged chickens were monitored for survival rate, and viral titers in swabs and tissue samples were measured in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells using the median tissue culture infectious dose 50 (log10 TCID50/mL). Results: Most H5 cleavage-site vaccines containing various combinations of polybasic amino acids protected chickens from lethal infection. Chickens immunized with the RK-containing peptide combination of the H5 cleavage site were not protected. Conclusions: The polybasic amino acids (RRRK) of H5 cleavage cleavage-site peptide vaccines are important for protecting chickens against HP H5N6 avian influenza virus. The H5 cleavage cleavage-site peptide containing RK did not protect chickens against the virus.
ACE2 Regulates Glycolipid Metabolism in Multiple Tissues
Authors: Li Rui , Li Fangyu , Yuan Li
Published: January 2024

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which was once considered a linear cascade. ACE2 mainly functions to convert AngiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ) to Angiotensin1-7 (A1-7). The biologically active product A1-7 then binds to the Mas receptor to form the ACE2/A1-7/Mas axis. In contrast to classic RAS, which plays a decisive role in regulation, the ACE2/A1-7/Mas axis effectively counteracts vasoconstriction, the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation, and is thus a negative regulator of the RAS. ACE2 also functions as a chaperone to regulate intestinal amino acid uptake. It is widely expressed in the lungs, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, pancreas and adipose tissue. Previous studies have confirmed that ACE2 has a vital role in homeostasis. ACE2 also has a variety of other biological activities and plays a critical role in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its complications, especially diabetic nephropathy, obesity, dyslipidemia and other diseases. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by ACE2 in different organs. Our focus was particularly on T2DM, with the aim of providing new clinical ideas for the use of ACE2 as an effective target in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
Advancements in the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway Affecting Male Reproduction
Authors: Du Yikuan , Chi Xianhong , Wang Yuni , Cai Xiaolin , Zeng Wenqi , Huo Yuying , Zhang Mengting , Wang Zhenjie , Guo Zhuoming , Qiu Jingnan , Ma Zhendong , Zhang Weichui , Zhu Jinfeng , Yang Chun
Published: January 2024

Male infertility, age-related changes, and tumors have been increasingly studied in the field of male reproductive health due to the emergence of environmental stressors, declining fertility rates, and aging populations. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the ERK1/2 signaling pathway plays a significant role in male reproduction. The ERK1/2 pathway is associated with several signaling pathways and has a complex interplay that influences the spermatogenic microenvironment, sperm viability, gonadal axis regulation, as well as resistance to testicular aging and tumors. Moreover, the ERK1/2 pathway directly or indirectly regulates testicular somatic cells, which are crucial for maintaining spermatogenesis and microenvironment regulation. Given the critical role of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in male reproductive health, comprehensive exploration of its multifaceted effects on male reproduction and underlying mechanisms is necessary. This study aims to provide a solid foundation for in-depth research in the field of male reproduction and further enhance the reproductive health of males.
Cytokine Profiling in Aqueous Humor of Glaucoma Patients and in Retinas from an Ex Vivo Glaucoma Animal Model
Authors: Tang Jiancen , Sun Mengsha , Feng Yuan , Prokosch Verena , Cui Hongping , Liu Hanhan
Published: January 2024

Background: Although the current role of cytokines and neuroinflammation in glaucoma remains obscure, it represents an expanding field in research. The purpose of this study was to analyze cytokines in the aqueous humor (AH) of glaucoma patients and in retinas from an ex vivo glaucoma animal model, to aid in determining the role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Methods: AH samples were collected from 20 patients during cataract surgeries (controls: n = 10, age = 70.3 ± 9.742; glaucoma: n = 10, age: 66.5 ± 8.073) in Shanghai East Hospital, an affiliate of Tongji University, between September 2018 and March 2019 and analyzed in duplicate by Luminex cytokine polystyrene color bead-based multiplex assay. Retinas from female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were harvested ex vivo and cultured with or without 60 mmHg of hydrostatic pressure for 24 hours. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified using Brn3a staining. Cytokines in the retina and culture medium were analyzed by rat cytokine array (Abcam). Results: At baseline, patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) have significantly lower levels of IL-6 and IP-10 and a higher level of PDGF-BB in their AH, compared to the controls. Postoperatively, patients with PACG have significantly higher levels of IL-1ra, IL-13, and MIP-1α and a lower level of IL-6. Elevated hydrostatic pressure led to significant RGC loss in the retina, ex vivo, as well as the upregulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), IL-6, IL-10, IL-4, and TIMP-1 alongside the downregulation of PDGF-AA, MMP-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, eight cytokines were detected as being downregulated in the culture medium, including PDGF-AA, MMP-8, and IL-4. Conclusions: Proinflammatory cytokines showed changes in both AH and ex vivo. Further studies are needed on the role of these cytokines and their corresponding signaling pathways in both neurodegeneration and glaucoma.
Fusion of Multi-domain EEG Signatures Improves Emotion Recognition
Authors: Wang Xiaomin , Pei Yu , Luo Zhiguo , Zhao Shaokai , Xie Liang , Yan Ye , Yin Erwei , Liu Shuang , Ming Dong
Published: January 2024

Background: Affective computing has gained increasing attention in the area of the human-computer interface where electroencephalography (EEG)-based emotion recognition occupies an important position. Nevertheless, the diversity of emotions and the complexity of EEG signals result in unexplored relationships between emotion and multichannel EEG signal frequency, as well as spatial and temporal information. Methods: Audio-video stimulus materials were used that elicited four types of emotions (sad, fearful, happy, neutral) in 32 male and female subjects (age 21–42 years) while collecting EEG signals. We developed a multidimensional analysis framework using a fusion of phase-locking value (PLV), microstates, and power spectral densities (PSDs) of EEG features to improve emotion recognition. Results: An increasing trend of PSDs was observed as emotional valence increased, and connections in the prefrontal, temporal, and occipital lobes in high-frequency bands showed more differentiation between emotions. Transition probability between microstates was likely related to emotional valence. The average cross-subject classification accuracy of features fused by Discriminant Correlation Analysis achieved 64.69%, higher than that of single mode and direct-concatenated features, with an increase of more than 7%. Conclusions: Different types of EEG features have complementary properties in emotion recognition, and combining EEG data from three types of features in a correlated way, improves the performance of emotion classification.
The strategy of the state cultural policy in Kazakhstan: evolution, implementation, and efficiency
Authors: Xianmin Chang , Bo Yang
Published: January 2024

For 30 years after gaining independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has been actively creating its own cultural narrative, developing a strategy for cultural policy. The periodization of the formation of the strategy of cultural policy in the years of independence is presented in the article. The conceptual foundations that presuppose the principles of the development and implementation of the cultural policy of this country are clarified. The main objectives of the cultural policy strategy are characterized and its implementation and effectiveness are analyzed in the research.
The reasons and starting positions of the agrarian reforms by the beginning of the 1950s
Authors: Kozlov Sergey
Published: January 2024

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of the agrarian policy of the Soviet state in the early 1950s. The author highlights the main administrative and legal methods of implementing the agrarian reforms.
Declaration of independence of Albania in 1912 and Serbia
Authors: Iskenderov Petr
Published: January 2024

The article is devoted to the declaration of the independence of Albania in 1912 and Serbia's approach. The position of the Great Powers including Russia is analyzed. The article is based on unpublished archive documents.
Observation of military counterintelligence over the actions of the senior command staff of the Red Army during combat operations in 1941–1945
Authors: Grekov Nikolay
Published: January 2024

The article analyzes an important element of the control of the Soviet military counterintelligence over the top command staff of the Red Army - monitoring the actions of the command in combat conditions. Two approaches are identified that manifested themselves in the activities of counterintelligence during the war: traditional (exposing) and constructive. The author divided the supervisory functions of military counterintelligence into two blocks: control of the army (behind the army) and control “within the army". The issues of the need for informing, its quantitative and qualitative characteristics are considered. The degree of influence of counterintelligence information on the actions of military leaders on the decision-making on personnel changes is considered.
A cross-linguistic examination of language measures in autism: A comparison between Dutch and English
Authors: Mues Marjolein , Chen Yanru , Demurie Ellen , Erdogan Maide , Schaubroeck Sarah , Tager-Flusberg Helen , Roeyers Herbert
Published: January 2024

Background: Language abilities are highly heterogeneous in autism. While a multimodal assessment approach is recommended to capture the language variability, this is not always possible. Therefore, it is important to gain contextual information about different language assessments to determine which assessment is most appropriate for different research questions. As most current work is based on English-speaking populations, this paper compares three language assessment modalities (standardized assessment, parent survey, and a natural language sample) between English-speaking and Dutch-speaking autistic and neurotypical children. Method: The Mullen Scales of Early Learning, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and a naturalistic language sample were employed to measure language in 100 preschool-aged participants. Correlation analyses and mixed-effect regressions were conducted and Bland-Altman plots were created to examine the similarity between measures. Results: English-speaking and Dutch-speaking parents rated their children’s expressive language higher than their receptive language. The best agreement for between measures was for standardized language and parent-report. Agreement was higher for children with low language scores. Primary language (English vs. Dutch) did not significantly affect the results.Conclusions: For autistic children with low language levels, parent-reported and standardized language measures provide researchers with similar information. Depending on the available time and resources, researchers may choose to use one of these methods. For autistic children with (above) average language abilities however, multiple modalities should be considered to gain a comprehensive understanding of their language abilities across different settings. A natural language sample is of most added value next to a standardized assessment or parent report.
Social substitutability across features of human socioecology
Authors: Fiorio Grégory , Garfield Zachary H
Published: January 2024

In many societies, third parties may be held liable to punishment even though they did not take part in the original offence. These retributive practices, commonly referred to under the label of social substitutability, are frequently documented in the historical and ethnographic records. While previous cross-cultural research has focused on blood feuds and retributive collective violence, less attention has focused on explaining why and when third parties would be punished for offences they did not commit. We review research on social substitutability, attempt at clarifying the hypothesis space to account for its cognitive and ecological underpinnings, and offer a preliminary account for its cross-cultural variation. We integrate existing society-level measures from cross-cultural data to investigate the socioecological covariates of social substitutability. Our results suggest that systematic enforcement of social substitutability is more likely to be documented in kinship intensive societies, yet shows no substantial variation across subsistence types and continental regions. Moreover, we fail to find clear evidence that residence patterns facilitating the emergence of fraternal interest groups favor the emergence of social substitutability. Taken together, our review and results suggest that a closer understanding of local social networks and organizations may be a fruitful way to unravel cross-cultural variability in the propension to punish uninvolved third parties.
Chimpanzee utterances refute purported missing links for novel vocalizations and syllabic speech
Authors: Ekström Axel G. , Gannon Charlotte , Edlund Jens , Moran Steven , Lameira Adriano
Published: January 2024

Nonhuman great apes have been claimed to be unable to learn human words due to a lack of the necessary neural circuitry. We recovered original footage of two enculturated chimpanzees uttering the word “mama” and subjected recordings to phonetic analysis. Our analyses demonstrate that chimpanzees are capable of syllabic production, achieving consonant-to-vowel phonetic contrasts via the simultaneous recruitment and coupling of voice, jaw and lips. In an online experiment, human listeners naive to the recordings’ origins reliably perceived chimpanzee utterances as syllabic utterances, primarily as “ma-ma”, among foil syllables. Our findings demonstrate that, in the absence of direct data-driven examination, great ape vocal production capacities have been underestimated. Chimpanzees possess the neural building blocks necessary for speech.
Network Dynamics in Subjective Well-Being and Their Differences Across Age Groups
Authors: Schaefer Bernd , Haehner Peter , Luhmann Maike
Published: January 2024

Although the structure of subjective well-being (SWB) has been examined in various studies, no consensus on its structure has yet been reached. This may be due to a neglect of the construct's dynamic aspects and domain satisfaction as a core aspect of SWB. This article aims to overcome existing research gaps by applying network modeling to longitudinal data of 32,700 adults (24-64 years old) from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to analyze within-and between-person dynamics in the structure of SWB across the lifespan. Results indicated that the relationships across SWB components differed across the investigated within- and between-person network structures. Family, work and income satisfaction tended to be the most central domains across different levels of analysis. The relationship between life and domain satisfaction was neither solely top-down nor bottom-up but instead characterized by distinct, mostly reciprocal relationships. Furthermore, the dynamic relationships of SWB were similar across compared age groups. In sum, the results suggest that the structure of SWB differs between the within-person level and the between-person level but does not change fundamentally throughout middle adulthood. Additionally, this study demonstrates the importance of considering domain satisfaction as an essential component of SWB and that psychometric network models can advance our understanding of the structure and dynamics of SWB.
Factors Influencing Mutual Fund Investment Decisions: Insights from Women Investors
Authors: Prajapati Nabin , Swongamikha Jyoti
Published: January 2024

With the economic transformations and wider access to financial knowledge, the capital market is witnessing a surge in female investors. Among the various investment options available in the market, mutual funds are one of the major options that are known to provide greater returns compared to the traditional investments. This study has been carried out with the objectives of studying mutual fund investment decisions from the perspective of women investors in Nepal. It identifies different factors that affect the investment decision of women investors in Nepal. Basically, this study adopts descriptive research design to describe and measure the data whereas causal comparative research design is used to analyze the impact of specific factors on mutual fund investment decisions of women investors. Meanwhile the study showed that different factors such as financial and accounting information, investors’ consultation with advisors and the image of mutual fund issuing companies have a positive significant influence in the investment decision of women in Nepal. Unlikely the study showed insignificant effect of investment knowledge of investors and general economic condition on the investment decision of women investors. This study can lay the groundwork for effective educational programs and policy changes that enables women investors to make financial decisions and promote equitable practices in the financial investment sector.
नेपालको उच्च शिक्षामा प्रमुख राजनीतिक दलहरूको दृष्टिकोण {Perspectives of the Major Political Parties on Higher Education of Nepal}
Authors: फुयल Phuyal श्यामप्रसाद Shyam Prasad
Published: January 2024

नेपालको राजनीतिक परिवर्तन र नीतिनिर्माणका तहमा प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव पार्ने प्रमुख तीन राजनीतिक दलहरू नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस, नेकपा (एमाले), नेकपा (माओवादी केन्द्र) ले वि.सं. २०७९ साल मङ्सिर ४ गते सम्पन्न भएको प्रतिनिधि सभा तथा प्रदेश सभा निर्वाचन प्रयोजनका लगि जारी गरेको घोषणा पत्रमा केन्द्रित रही नेपालको उच्च शिक्षासम्बन्धी उनीहरूको दृष्टिकोणको अध्ययन विश्लेषण गर्नु यो लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनले प्रमुख तीन दलहरूको धारणा र त्यसको कार्यान्वयनको अवस्थालाई उजागर गर्ने प्रयत्न गरेको छ । प्रमुख तीन राजनीतिक दलको पृष्ठभूमि र उनीहरूले २०७९ सालको संसदीय निर्वाचनपूर्व जारी गरेको घोषणापत्रलाई द्वितीयक स्रोतसामग्रीको रूपमा मूल आधार मानेर अध्ययन विश्लेषण गरिएको हुनाले यो लेख तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलनका हिसाबले पुस्तकालयीय, गुणात्मक र तथ्याङ्क विश्लेषणका हिसाबले विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन विधिमा आधारित छ । यस लेखले तिनको तुलनात्मक विश्लेषणसमेत गरेको छ । अध्ययनको नतिजास्वरूप उल्लिखित  दलहरूको उच्च शिक्षासम्बन्धी दृष्टिकोणमा केही समानता र केही भिन्नता पाइयो । यस अध्ययनबाट उच्च शिक्षाका समस्या र तिनको समाधानका लागि दलहरूले व्यक्त गरेका विचारको आधारमा भावी नीति तय गर्न नीतिगत तहमा समेत मद्दत पुग्ने अपेक्षा गर्न सकिन्छ ।
{The objective of this article is to carry out a study and analyze the perspectives of the major three political parties on the higher education of Nepal  political transformation and policy development in Nepal. This analysis is centered around the declaration of the elections of the House of Representatives and the Provincial Parliaments held on Mangsir 4, 2079 B.S. This article attempts to explore the three major political parties’ perspectives and the state of the implementation of the perspectives. The study has made an effort to illuminate the perspectives of the three major political parties and the state of their implementation. Analyzing the background of the three major political parties and their manifestos publicized before the parliamentary elections of 2079 B.S., this article mainly builds on the secondary source as the principal basis of the study. Because this study utilizes library resources, qualitative and statistical analysis, it is based on the analytical study method. As a result of the study, some similarities and differences regarding higher education were found in the perspectives of the above-stated political parties. This article also carries out a comparative analysis of those perspectives. As the study reveals, it can be expected that, on the basis of the thoughts articulated by the parties concerning the problems in higher education and their solutions, support might be obtained at the policy level to formulate future policies addressing the problems related to higher education and their solutions.}
प्रेतकल्प उपन्यासमा शाब्दिक साहचर्यको उपयोग {The Use of Literal Association in the Novel Pretakalpa}
Authors: खनाल Khanal राजेन्द्र Rajendra
Published: January 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य प्रेतकल्प उपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त क्रिया पदावलीको साहचर्यात्मक दृष्टिले विश्लेषण गर्नु हो । यस लेखमा साहचर्यात्मक सिद्धान्तको परिचय दिई यसका विविध आयामसहित क्रिया पदावलीका संरचनागत स्वरूपको उदाहरणसहित व्याख्या गर्दै विश्लेष्य उपन्यासमा रहेका क्रिया पदावलीको उदाहरणसहित विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन कार्यबाट तथ्य सङ्कलन गरी प्रेतकल्प उपन्यासलाई प्राथमिक स्रोत तथा साहचर्यात्मक सिद्धान्तसँग सम्बद्ध विभिन्न सैद्धान्तिक ग्रन्थलाई द्वितीयक स्रोत सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको यस लेखमा आलोचनात्मक व्याख्या विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । खास शब्द अर्को खास शब्दसँग सन्दर्भअनुसार विन्यासव्रmमिक रूपमा साहचर्य बनी संयोजित ढाँचामा उपस्थित भई अर्थ प्रकट हुने भाषिक संरचना नै साहचर्य मानिएकाले विश्लेष्य उपन्यासमा यस्ता साहचर्यपूर्ण पदावलीको आधिक्य रहेको देखिन्छ । अध्ययनबाट क्रियासँग सम्बन्धित साहचर्यात्मक पदावलीहरूमा नाम + क्रियाको सहछनोटबाट बनेका पदावलीको आधिक्य रहेको तथ्य प्राप्त भएको छ । यस्ता पदावलीहरू प्रायः सामान्य प्रयोग प्रचलनमा आधारित एवम् सरल र सार्थक छन् । नाम + क्रिया, विशेषण + क्रिया एवम् क्रियाविशेषण + क्रियासँग सहप्रयोगमा आएका साहचर्यात्मक पदावलीहरूले प्रस्तुत उपन्यासको भाषिक पक्ष स्वाभाविक, सशक्त र सार्थक बनाएका छन् । शब्द शब्दका बिच हुने साहचर्यात्मक प्रयोगसँग सम्बद्ध भाषिक संरचना पहिल्याउन, अर्थ प्रकटनमा त्यस्ता सहप्रयोगको स्थिति पहिचान एवम् विश्लेषणका लागि शैक्षणिक सन्दर्भमा उपयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । त्यस्तै, सन्दर्भ र प्रकार्यअनुसारका हुने शब्दका आर्थी भूमिकाको विश्लेषणका लागि पनि यस अध्ययनको उपादेयता देखिन्छ ।
{The main purpose of the article is to analyze the verb phrases used in the novel 'Pretakalpa' from an associative point of view. In this article, the structural form of verb phrases has been analyzed with examples by introducing the associative theory and its various dimensions. In this article, the critical interpretation method has been used by collecting facts from library studies and taking the novel 'Pretakalpa' as the primary source and various theoretical texts related to social theory as secondary source materials. It seems that there is an excess of such associative vocabulary to the analyzed novel because the linguistic structure in which a special word is present in combined patterns, and the meaning is revealed, hence it is considered as an association, according to the context. From the study, it has been found that there is an excess of vocabulary made from noun + verb combination in the associative vocabulary related to verbs. Such phrases are mostly based on common usage and are simple and meaningful. The associative phrases used together with noun + verb, adjective + verb and adverb + verb patterns have made the linguistic aspect of the present novel natural, strong and meaningful. It can be used in the educational context to find the linguistic structure associated with the associative use between words, to identify and analyze the position of such uses in the expression of meaning. Similarly, the usefulness of this study is also seen for the analysis of the semantic role of words according to the context and function.}
Swimming Performance of Schizothorax sp. and Planning of Fish Passages in Nepal
Authors: Kaasa Halvard , Rivinoja Peter
Published: January 2024

Swimming performance of migrating fish is crucial for the planning and design of effective fish passages. Commonly the fish swimming speeds are classified into five categories: 1) Optimum Swimming Speed, 2) Maximum Sustained Swimming Speed, 3) Critical Swimming Speed, 4) Maximum Domed Swimming Speed, and 5) Burst Swimming Speed. Swimming characteristics are related to the different species' adaptions to the environmental conditions. A variety of different factors affect the swimming capacity of fish which is directly related to fish size and species-specific morphology. A crucial abiotic factor is water temperature, which affects the fish physiology and thereby the swimming speed of the fish. This means that the fish's swimming speed can increase with increased water temperature. The swimming speed also increases with fish size. Fish often use burst speeds when passing a step in a fish ladder or entering a culvert. Burst speed is the highest speed attainable for fish, and it is the maximum energy output to be gained by using the white muscle (red muscle in salmonids). The burst speed can only be maintained for short periods of time (seconds). In the Himalayas, the main objective of many fisheries development plans is to secure future habitats and ensure up- and downstream migration of fish. Schizothorax richardsonii is often a targeted species in the area due to its importance as a food resource. If a fish passage is prepared for the upstream migration of fish, it is also crucial for the fish population development to ensure a safe downstream passage. Data on swimming performance for many of the native fish species in Nepal are scarce which complicates the design of suitable ecologically adapted fishways. In general, nature-like fish passes allow most of the species to migrate, followed by vertical slot fishways, meander fishways, and thereafter fish ladders of the pool-and-weir type. The key factor is to construct fish-passes that under all naturally required environmental circumstances can allow appropriate passage conditions of the targeted fish species.
Radiation Shielding Features of Glass Fiber Reinforced Cast Polyamide Using Phy-X/PSD and SRIM Software
Authors: Poudel Jeevan , Subedi Basanta , Lamichhane Tika Ram
Published: January 2024

The utilization of various materials for their nuclear radiation shielding properties has been the subject of a growing number of research and development projects. In this study, the radiation shielding characteristics of E-glass fiber reinforced cast polyamide were evaluated. E-glass is a form of glass fiber frequently utilized as a reinforcement in various composite materials to provide more durability, stiffness, and strength. Samples S1-S7 were defined according to various compositions of E-glass fiber contents (SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O and K2O) and cast polyamide (C12H22N2O2). Within the energy range 0.015-15 MeV, the shielding parameters: Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half and tenth value layers (HVL, TVL), mean free path (mfp), effective atomic number (Zeff), atomic and electronic cross sections (ACS, ECS), fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) and exposure buildup factor (EBF) were analyzed. E-glass fiber reinforced cast polyamide S7 (70% glass fiber content) exhibited higher values of LAC, MAC and Zeff and lower values of HVL, TVL, and mfp proving it to be a better radiation shielding material among the samples. An abrupt reduction in values of Zeff was discerned within the photoelectric absorption-dominant region, contrasted with a stable trend within the Compton scattering-dominant region, and a marginal elevation was noted in the pair production region. The maximum and minimum values of FNRCS were observed for samples S1 (10% glass fiber content) and S5 (50% glass fiber content) respectively. Hence, S1 would be the most effective material in fast neutron shielding. At 35 mfp penetration depth, the minimum EBF values belonged to S7 in lower and intermediate regions (0.015-3 MeV) whereas S1 showed the minimum values at higher energy regions (4-15 MeV). Furthermore, the mass stopping power (MSP) and projected range (PR) of the samples for alpha and proton particles were determined using SRIM-2008 codes. S7 exhibited better shielding features for alpha and proton particles with lower values of mass stopping power and projected range. The reinforcement of glass fiber in the cast polyamide has been noticed to have a significant impact on the shielding performance of polymer composites.
Capsaicin Emulgel- Design, Optimization, and Formulation for Topical Delivery
Authors: Acharya Ajaya , Bhatta Nab Raj , Basnet Manju , Pandey Ram Sunil , Das Nitesh , Karki Sujan , Shrestha Rajan , Gyawali Rajendra
Published: January 2024

Topical therapy with emulgel -type of products allows efficient delivery of bioactive compounds with additional benefits to patients. This research aimed to design, optimize, formulate, and evaluate in vitro parameters between gels loaded with a microemulsion of extracted capsaicin to their standard. A crude form of capsaicin was extracted from capsicum. Using Box Behnken design, 15 different microemulsions were made by ultrasonication and optimized by varying three independent variables (amount of olive oil, Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of surfactants, and amount of surfactants used) using Stagraphic Centurion software. Microemulsions were optimized based on their organoleptic characters; dilution test, centrifugation test and PH, and gelling agent Carbopol-940  was determined by its viscosity, spreadability, swelling index, consistency, and PH. Finally, a stable capsaicin emulgel (0.05% and 0.1%) was made by incorporating optimized microemulsion (F8) and optimized gelling agent, 0.6% Carbopol- 940.  Those final capsaicin emulgels were tested for drug content percentage, which was within the standard range.
Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Lilium nepalense D. Don
Authors: Thapa Chandra Bahadur , Bhattarai Anjana , Pant Krishna Kumar , Bhattarai Hari Datta , Pant Bijaya
Published: January 2024

Lilium nepalense, a temperate medicinal plant, is used as a diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, flavoring agent, and heart pain treatment. This research aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the methanol, dichloromethane (DCM), and hexane fractions, and in vivo cytotoxic activities of the crude extracts of the bulb. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antidiabetic activity by α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, and cytotoxic activity in terms of LC50 (median lethality concentration) by Brine shrimp assay. The DCM fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50=134.99±9.75 µg/mL) and highest antidiabetic activity (IC50=182.01±20.50 µg/mL) than other fractions. Similarly, the DCM fraction had the highest total phenolic contents (243.97±33.78 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight) and highest flavonoid contents (7.68±0.85 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram dry weight) than other fractions. Moreover, the crude extract of the bulb was not found to be cytotoxic to the Brine shrimp nauplii (LC50=3.83 mg/mL). It is the first report to date describing the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic properties of L. nepalense. This study concludes that the DCM fraction of the bulb could be used as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent for therapeutic purposes; however, further identification and characterization of bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxicity is required for further validation.
Stylistic Analysis of Laxmi Prasad Devkota's Poem 'The Lunatic'
Authors: Shahi Sushil Kumar
Published: January 2024

This study is based on a stylistic analysis of the poem 'The Lunatic' by a great modern poet of Nepal, Laxmi Prasad Devkota. This analysis focuses on the foregrounding, metaphors, graphological, phonological, morphological, and semantic levels to explore and analyze what the poet wants to convey by describing his own experiences, showing the complex relationship between the poet and people living in the society that is going through social transformation. Stylistic techniques and methods are tactfully used to unfold the hidden feelings and experiences of the poet's life. Keeping in view stylistics is the study of different devices employed in language that give literary style and beauty to any writing; this article aims to explore and reveal hidden realities of poetic lines used in the poem 'The Lunatic'. This analysis helps us understand the poetic expression that can beautifully provide the picture of social transformation through the conflict between the poet and society. The stylistic devices used in this poem are the setting of the poem, along with the figures of speech. This study examines how the changing social context affects the poet's feelings and thoughts when composing poetry. Furthermore, the article explores how figurative speech enhances the impact of poetry on the readers' thinking.
Exploring Professional Wellbeing of English Language Teachers
Authors: Bhatt Surendra Prasad
Published: January 2024

Teacher wellbeing concerns teachers’ satisfaction, happiness, and attraction to their profession. It is equally essential in quality education since the attraction to English language in schools is growing gradually. This study aims to discovers perceptions of English language teachers teaching secondary level on their wellbeing in an institutional setting. Using lived stories through in-depth interview and informal communication, the study explores the perception of their wellbeing. The research findings show that teachers teaching English perceive their wellbeing as having positive psychology, positive emotion, respect and achievement in the job, and healthy relations among the institutional members. This study paves the way for a more extensive debate on policy and practice surrounding teachers’ wellbeing among educators, academicians, and decision-makers.
Head Teachers’ Ideologies Behind English Medium Instruction in the Community Schools
Authors: Bhatta Tek Raj
Published: January 2024

English, a global lingua franca, is neither a second nor an offi cial language in Nepal. However, several community schools existing in Nepal have implemented English Medium Instruction (EMI, hereafter). Therefore, this study examines the ideologies of community schools’ head teachers behind starting EMI. In addition to this, it aims to discover implementational challenges during the initial days of EMI adoption. I have adopted narrative inquiry approach of qualitative research to bring out the ideologies of the head teachers behind starting EMI in community schools in Dhangadhi. I purposively selected three head teachers and conducted semi-structured interviews with them to elicit stories. Interpretation of the stories revealed various ideologies of head teachers behind starting EMI in community schools. The study concludes that EMI in community schools is adopted to assist them in enrolling and increasing the number of students. Moreover, it has challenged the stereotyping of the public towards community schools. Likewise, the study reveals several legal challenges, like the admission of preschool-aged children to primary schools and tuition fees charged to the students, which is against the Constitution of Nepal 2015 faced by community schools in the initial days of EMI adoption. The study’s findings present the adoption of EMI in community schools in the form of neoprivatisation. Finally, the study provides insights to stakeholders willing to initiate EMI community schools in Nepal.
English Language Teachers’ Experiences of Using ICT in ELT
Authors: Saud Dammar Singh , Laudari Suman
Published: January 2024

While technologies have penetrated all regions and states in Nepal – a developing country with challenging terrains – teacher educators’ practices, especially those in remote areas, are still unexplored. Integrating innovative technologies into English language education, in this context, has become essential as their aff ordances help to enhance teaching and learning. This hermeneutic phenomenological research paper, hence, explores the perspectives and experiences of using ICT in English language teaching by four English language teacher educators in Darchula, a remote district located in the Sudurpaschim Province of Nepal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed thematically. The fi ndings indicate positive attitudes among English language teacher educators towards incorporating ICT in ELT, as it enhances learning and teaching experiences, fosters student engagement, improves access to learning resources, and establishes dynamic and interactive learning environments. This study emphasises the importance of effectively integrating ICT in English language teaching while addressing technical obstacles and striking a balance between online resources to maximise benefi ts and mitigate drawbacks.
Experience and Perception of Psychosocial and Environmental Problems among Migrant Laborers Returned from the Gulf and Malaysia
Authors: Bhattarai Prem Nath , Dhakal Sandesh
Published: January 2024

Migration to India has always been a common trend in Nepal for a historical period. However, in recent years, the destinations of labor migrants have expanded beyond India to many other countries. Gulf countries and Malaysia are some of the major attractions of Nepalese migrant laborers who are unskilled or semi-skilled. Before labor migrants depart, various provisions evaluate their physical health. However, mental health issues, which should have equal importance, are apparently neglected so far by concerned authorities. This study investigates the pre-migration, migration, and post-migration psychosocial and environmental issues of migrants and their in[1]depth perspective of the causes and effects of these problems. These problems are a fundamental component of mental health disorders. A mixed method design was adopted to explore the phenomenon - a checklist was used to collect quantitative data on the experience of psychosocial problems, and in-depth interview sessions were conducted to explore participants' perceptions further. The results revealed that psychosocial problems were prevalent in all three phases - before, during, and after migration. The result reveals that psychological problems associated with economic hardships were more dominant in the pre-migration phase and occupation/job[1]related psychological problems were more paramount during and after the migration phase. The detailed findings are further analyzed and discussed.
A Psychoanalytical Perspective of Patterson’s Kiss the Girls
Authors: Verma Sumit Raj
Published: January 2024

Kiss the Girls is a riddle/ suspenser tale of compulsive hijacking and murder. Casanova, a periodical killer and kidnapper, has killed several women in the vicinity of the University of North Carolina. In addition to the girls that have been killed, several others are missing. Among the missing girls is the bastard of famed operative Alex Cross. Cross, through his connections at the FBI, is allowed to work on the case. The killer seems to have a taste for extremely beautiful women and is known for his near perfect crimes. Casanova stalks his prey with great care and attention to detail. His most recent victim is Dr. Kate McTiernan, with whom Casanova came, fixated because of her stunning aesthetics and great intelligence. He holds her interned, along with several of his other victims, in an underground nest in the forestland. Casanova is uncommunicative, always wearing a mask when he meets his girls. Stewing death for breaking the house rules, Kate breaks free and returns to civilization. Kate recounts the odd miracle that the house of the killer faded after she exited. Kate and Cross meet and get fast musketeers.
PENGARUH LOCUS OF CONTROL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA DAN STRESS KERJA SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP TURNOVER INTENTION (Pada Frontliner PT Bank OCBC NISP Tbk Kantor Cabang Area Jakarta Pusat dan Jakarta Barat)
Authors: Amirudin Amirudin
Published: January 2024

The Influence of Locus of Control on Job Satisfaction and Job Stress and Its Impact on Turnover Intention to Frontliner of PT Bank OCBC NISP Tbk in Central and West Jakarta Area Branch Office".This study aims to determine the effect of Locus of Control on Job Satisfaction and Job Stress and its impact on Turnover Intention to Frontliner of PT Bank OCBC NISP Tbk in Central and West Jakarta Area Branch Office. In this research, the method used is survey quantitative method with associative approach, and to find the data is done by spreading questionnaires to 138 respondents (frontliners).Locus of control has an influence on job satisfaction of 19.6%. Testing the hypothesis obtained t count > t table or (5.764 > 1.977) this is reinforced by the significance probability of 0.000 < 0.05, so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, it means that there is positive and significant influence between the locus of control on job satisfaction.Locus of control has an influence on job stress of 9.7%. Testing the hypothesis obtained t count > t table or (3.819 > 1.977) this is reinforced by the significance probability of 0.000 < 0.05, so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, it means that there is positive and significant influence between locus of control and job stress.Job satisfaction has influence on turnover intention of 38.2%. Testing the hypothesis obtained t count > t table or (9.170 > 1.977) this is reinforced by the significance probability of 0.000 < 0.05, so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, it means that there is positive and significant influence between job satisfaction and turnover intention.Job stress has an influence on turnover intention of 33.1%. Testing the hypothesis obtained t count > t table or (8.208 > 1.977) this is reinforced by the significance probability of 0.000 < 0.05, so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted meaning that there is positive and significant influence between work stress and turnover intentionJob satisfaction and job stress simultaneously have an influence on turnover intention with contributions influence by 45.5% while the remaining 54.5% influenced by other factors. Statistical hypothesis testing using the F count > F table or (56.393 > 3.06), it is also reinforced with a probability of significance 0.000 < 0.05. Thus H0 is rejected and H1 accepted. This means that there is a positive and significant simultaneous effect between job satisfaction and job stress on turnover intention to Frontliner of PT Bank OCBC NISP Tbk in Central and West Jakarta Area Branch Office.Keywords: Locus of Control, Job Satisfaction, Job Stress and Turnover Intention.
Pengaruh Upah Minimum, Jumlah Penduduk, dan Inflasi Terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran di Kabupaten Kupang
Authors: Onta Damasius , Ballo Fransina W. , Kiak Novi Theresia
Published: January 2024

This research aims to explain the influence of the minimum wage, population and inflation on the unemployment rate in Kupang Regency. This research is quantitative research with time series data for 19 years, namely in the observation period 2004-2022. The data used are minimum wage growth rate data, population growth rate data and inflation rate data sourced from the Kupang Regency Central Statistics Agency. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis which is processed using Eviews-12 software. The results of this research show that partially the minimum wage variable has a positive relationship and hasa significant effect onthe unemployment ratein Kupang Regency. Meanwhile, the population variable and the inflation variable do not have a significant effect on the unemployment rate in Kupang Regency. Simultaneously, the variables minimum wage, population and inflation have a significant effect on the unemployment rate in Kupang Regency.