bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Selective Hydroaminomethylation of Internal Alkenes To Give Linear Amines
Authors: Ahmed Moballigh , Bronger Raymond P. J. , Jackstell Ralf , Kamer Paul C. J. , van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M. , Beller Matthias
Published: October 2006

The application of phenoxaphosphino‐modified Xantphos‐type ligands (1–9) in the rhodium‐catalyzed hydroaminomethylation of internal olefins to give linear amines is reported. Excellent chemo‐ and regioselectivities have been obtained through the use of 0.1 mol % [Rh(cod)2]BF4/0.4 mol % xantphenoxaphos (1), providing a practical and environmentally attractive synthetic route for the preparation of amines from internal alkenes. For the first time, both functionalized internal olefins and mixtures of internal and terminal olefins have been converted highly selectively into linear amines. Investigations of the effects of the calculated natural bite angles of ligands on hydroaminomethylation shows that the regioselectivity for the linear product follows a similar trend to that seen in the hydroformylation of internal alkenes with the aid of these ligands. Hydroaminomethylation and each of its individual steps were monitored by high‐pressure infrared spectroscopy. The results suggest that hydroaminomethylations take place by a sequential isomerization/hydroformylation/amination/hydrogenation pathway.
A New Macrocyclic Cryptand with Squaramide Moieties: An Overstructured CuII Complex That Selectively Binds Halides: Synthesis, Acid/Base‐ and Ligational Behavior, and Crystal Structures
Authors: Ambrosi Gianluca , Formica Mauro , Fusi Vieri , Giorgi Luca , Guerri Annalisa , Micheloni Mauro , Paoli Paola , Pontellini Roberto , Rossi Patrizia
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and characterization of the novel 24,29‐dimethyl‐6,7,15,16‐tetraoxotetracyclo‐[19.5.5.05,8.014,17]‐1,4,9,13,18,21,24,29‐octaazaenatriaconta‐Δ5,8,Δ14,17‐diene (L) are reported. Molecule L incorporates two squaramide functions in a overstructured chain connecting two opposite nitrogen atoms of the Me2[12]aneN4 polyaza macrocyclic base to obtain a cage topology. The basicity and binding properties of L towards CuII were determined by means of potentiometric measurements in aqueous solution (298.1±0.1 K, I=0.15 mol dm−3). Molecule L behaves as a diprotic base under the experimental conditions employed and forms only mononuclear CuII complexes in which the squaramide moieties are not involved in the stabilization of the metal ion that is stabilized by the amine functions of the polyaza base inside the three‐dimensional cavity. The [CuL]2+ species was tested as a host for the series of halide anions. UV‐visible spectrophotometric experiments permitted the determination of the addition constants of halides to the CuII‐complexed species. The [CuL]2+ species binds the anions F−, Cl−, and Br− by forming the [CuLX]+ species, but does not bind the biggest I− anion. A trend of selectivity as a function of the hydrogen‐bonding capability as well as the dimensions of the anion were established; the maximum value of selectivity was for addition of the F− anion (log K=4.8). This selectivity is due to the presence of the overstructured chain containing the squaramide groups up to the Me2[12]aneN4 macrocyclic base. The squaramide groups, by providing hydrogen‐bond contacts, permit the [CuL]2+ species to selectively bind these anions through the formation of a hydrogen‐bond network with F− and Cl−. The crystal structures of the [CuLF]+ and [CuLCl]+ cations support the results obtained in aqueous solution.
Synthesis of (±)‐Strychnofoline via a Highly Convergent Selective Annulation Reaction
Authors: Lerchner Andreas , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2006

Studies aimed at preparing (±)‐strychnofoline by total synthesis are detailed. The route described makes use of a recently developed MgI2‐mediated ring‐expansion reaction of spiro[cyclopropan‐1,3′‐oxindole] with a cyclic disubstituted aldimine. The ring‐expansion product was formed as a single diastereoisomer in 55 % yield, possessing the same stereochemical pattern found in strychnofoline. In addition, our synthetic effort has led to the development of new reaction methodology to access 3,4‐disubstituted cyclic aldimines.
Cu(OAc)2/Pyrimidines‐Catalyzed Cross‐coupling Reactions of Aryl Iodides and Activated Aryl Bromides with Alkynes under Aerobic, Solvent‐free and Palladium‐free Conditions
Authors: Xie Ye‐Xiang , Deng Chen‐Liang , Pi Shao‐Feng , Li Jin‐Heng , Yin Du‐Lin
Published: October 2006

Excellent results have been achieved in the Cu(OAc)2‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐couplings of aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides utilizing TBAF (tetrabutylammonium fluoride) as the base and 4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐amine as the ligand. It is noteworthy that the reaction is conducted under aerobic, solvent‐free and palladium‐free conditions.
Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of a Family of Oligothiophene Derivatives in Solution
Authors: Liu Ping , Wang Yong‐Guang , Pan Wan‐Zhang , Huang Ming‐Sheng , Deng Wen‐Ji , Tong Zhen
Published: October 2006

The photophysical and electrochemical properties of a family of oligothiophene derivatives in solution were studied. It was found that the cyano and the vinyl group could increase fluorescence yield in solution, while the formyl and carboxyl group could decrease energy gap. With increasing the chain length of thiophene ring, the oxidation potential could be decreased.
Effect of Enteral Nutrition Formula on Fat Absorption and Serum Free Fatty Acid Profiles in Rat with Short‐Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Zhou Jian‐Nong , Tan Li , Wang Xue‐Hao , Ju Huang‐Xian
Published: October 2006

The effects of enteral nutrition containing long chain triglycerides (LCT) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) orL‐arginine (Arg) on fat absorbability, serum free fatty acid profiles and intestinal morphology in rats with short‐bowel syndrome (SBS) were studied using gas chromatography. Twenty‐eight Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups:sham operation fed with LCT as control; 85% small bowel resection fed with LCT, MCT/LCT, and Arg/LCT, respectively. SBS rats showed a decrease of fat absorptivity. Enteral nutrition supplemented with MCT could increase fat absorptivity.L‐Arginine enhanced enteral nutrition was associated with the elevation of fat absorptivity, possibly due to its enterotrophic effect on remnant small bowel mucosa. LCT group showed a significant deficiency of total free fatty acid and the decreased essential fatty acid content, which was improved in other two SBS groups.
Azo‐coupling Decarboxylation Reaction of α‐Carboxy Ketene Dithioacetals in Water–a New Route to 1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐butadienes
Authors: Xu Xian‐Xiu , Wang Mang , Liu Qun , Pan Ling , Zhao Yu‐Long
Published: October 2006

Under basic conditions, a series of 4,4‐dialkylthio‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐butadienes were synthesized in good to excellent yields via a novel azo‐coupling decarboxylation reaction by reacting α‐carboxyl ketene dithioacetals with aryldiazonium salts in aqueous medium.
Development of individually distinct recognition cues
Authors: Mateo Jill M.
Published: October 2006

Despite extensive research on the functions of kin recognition, little is known about ontogenetic changes in the cues mediating such recognition. In Belding's ground squirrels,Spermophilus beldingi, secretions from oral glands are both individually distinct and kin distinct, and function in social recognition across many contexts. Behavioral studies of recognition and kin preferences suggest that these cues may change across development, particularly around the time of weaning and emergence from natal burrows (around 25 days of age). I used an habituation‐discrimination task with captiveS. beldingi, presenting subjects with odors collected from a pair of pups at several ages across early development. I found that at 21 days of age, but not at 7 or 14, young produce detectable odors. Odors are not individually distinct, however, until 28 days of age, after young have emerged from their burrows and begun foraging. In addition, an individual's odor continues to develop after emergence: odors produced by an individual at 20 and 40 days of age are perceived as dissimilar, yet odors produced at 28 and 40 days are treated as similar. Developmental changes in odors provide a proximate explanation for whyS. beldingilittermate preferences are not consolidated until after natal emergence, and demonstrate that conspecifics must update their recognition templates as young develop. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 508–519, 2006.
In uniparental Phodopus sungorus, new mothers, and fathers present during the birth of their offspring, are the only hamsters that readily consume fresh placenta
Authors: Gregg Jennifer K. , Wynne‐Edwards Katherine E.
Published: October 2006

Placentophagia is common among parturient female mammals but non‐parturient females generally refuse placenta. Biparental male dwarf hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) readily consume placenta. The present study quantified placentophagia and liver acceptance in the closely related Siberian hamster P. sungorus in which males do not participate in the birth and are not responsive to a displaced pup. Sexually naïve P. sungorus males and females refused both placenta and liver (all groups <10%). Reproductive females specifically consumed placenta on the day before (G17), and the day of, parturition (G18) (>80%). Males rejected both tissues on G17 and accepted placenta soon after the birth (G18) (80%) only if they were present during the birth. Palatability of the placenta was not responsible for the species difference as P. campbelli accepted P. sungorus placenta. Results are consistent with a neophobic reaction to both placenta (conspecific or heterospecific) and liver as P. sungorus also rejected P. campbelli placenta. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 528–536, 2006.
Perception of audiovisual rhythm and its invariance in 4‐ to 10‐month‐old infants
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. , Marcovitch Stuart
Published: October 2006

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Developmental Psychobiology, Volume 48(4), pp. 288–300.
Induction of long‐lasting multi‐specific CD8+ T cells by a four‐component DNA‐MVA/HIVA‐RENTA candidate HIV‐1 vaccine in rhesus macaques
Authors: Im Eung‐Jun , Nkolola Joseph P. , di Gleria Kati , McMichael Andrew J. , Hanke Tomáš
Published: October 2006

As a part of a long‐term effort to develop vaccine against HIV‐1 clade A inducing protective T cell responses in humans, we run mutually complementing studies in humans and non‐human primates (NHP) with the aim to maximize vaccine immunogenicity. The candidate vaccine under development has four components, pTHr.HIVA and pTH.RENTA DNA, and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA).HIVA and MVA.RENTA, delivered in a heterologous DNA prime‐MVA boost regimen. While the HIVA (Gag/epitopes) components have been tested in NHP and over 300 human subjects, we plan to test in humans the RENTA (reverse transcriptase, gp41, Nef, Tat) vaccines designed to broaden HIVA‐induced responses in year 2007. Here, we investigated the four‐component vaccine long‐term immunogenicity in Mamu‐A*01‐positive rhesus macaques and demonstrated that the vaccine‐induced T cells were multi‐specific, multi‐functional, readily proliferated to recall peptides and were circulating in the peripheral blood of vaccine recipients over 1 year after vaccine administration. The consensus clade A‐elicited T cells recognized 50% of tested epitope variants from other HIV‐1 clades. Thus, the DNA‐MVA/HIVA‐RENTA vaccine induced memory T cells of desirable characteristics and similarities to those induced in humans by HIVA vaccines alone; however, single‐clade vaccines may not elicit sufficiently cross‐reactive responses.
Synthesis of Saponins with Allobetulin and Glycyrrhetic Acid as Aglycones
Authors: Passos Eleutério M. Inês , Schimmel Jörg , Ritter Gerd , do Céu Costa Maria , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: October 2006

Procedures for the synthesis of branched Xylβ(1–3)[Galβ(1–2)]Glc and Xylβ(1–3)[Galβ(1–2)]GlcA trisaccharides β‐linked to the 3‐Omoieties of allobetulin and glycyrrhetic acid, respectively, were developed. To this end, β‐selective glucosylation of the two triterpenes with a glucosyl donor permitting selective access to 2a‐O, 3a‐O, and 6a‐O, was studied; this led to glucoside intermediates. Xylosylation of the 2a,3a‐O‐unprotected glucoside was straightforward because, under inverse procedure conditions, exclusively 3a‐O‐reaction was observed. Subsequent 2a‐O‐galactosylation followed by 4a,6a‐O‐debenzylidenation and chemoselective oxidation of the glucose hydroxymethyl group gave the target molecule1in high yield after deprotection. The high nucleophilicity of the glycyrrhetinate keto group required a variation in the sequential attachment of the galactosyl and xylosyl residues, so the 2a‐O‐unprotected glucoside was selected. Initial 2a‐O‐galactosylation, affording mainly a disaccharide, and subsequent protecting group manipulation and 3a‐O‐xylosylation gave the target molecule2bafter deprotection. Transformation of the glucose residue in the trisaccharide intermediate into a glucuronate residue furnished target molecule2a, with the Xylβ(1–3)[Galβ(1–2)]GlcA β‐linked to 3‐Oof the glycyrrhetic acid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Improved Synthesis of Procyanidin Dimers: Regio‐ and Stereocontrol of the Interflavan Bond
Authors: Tarascou Isabelle , Barathieu Karine , André Yann , Pianet Isabelle , Dufourc Erick J. , Fouquet Eric
Published: October 2006

A direct and general synthesis of procyanidin dimers B1, B2, B3 and B4 (10a–d) is presented. The approach is based on the stoichiometric coupling of two protected monomeric units (the nucleophilic 2a–b and electrophilic 4a–b partners) and deals with the regio‐ and stereocontrol of the C4–C8 interflavan bond as well as the control of the degree of oligomerization. The synthesis involves a five‐step pathway starting from the native catechin (1a) or epicatechin (1b) to the fully deprotected dimers 10a–d. Furthermore, the process appears to be iterative as the coupling intermediates 9a–d themselves can be readily used in further selective syntheses of trimers or higher oligomers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A study of minorities as victims
Authors: Moscovici Serge , Pérez Juan A.
Published: October 2006

This article presents the idea that during the 1990s an important change took place in relation between minorities and majorities: the emergence of minorities as victims alongside the formerly predominant active, militant minorities. A hypothesis is raised that these two types of minorities differ in their agenda as well as in the nature of the influence they exert. Active minorities trigger an external conflict with majority and induce conversion (latent rather than overt influence); minorities as victims create an internal conflict, a sense of guilt, within the majority, while they exert an exclusively overt influence. We report two experiments confirming our hypothesis. We discuss the novelty of this phenomenon and its relevance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐sensor frequency domain multiple access interference canceller for DS‐CDMA systems
Authors: Gonçalves Luis , Gameiro Atílio
Published: October 2006

Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS‐CDMA) signals exhibit cyclostationary properties which imply redundancy between frequency components separated by multiples of the symbol rate. In this paper a Multiple Access Interference (MAI) Canceller (Frequency Shift Canceller (FSC)) that explores this property is presented. The linear frequency domain canceller operates on the spreaded signal so as to minimise the interference and noise at the output (Minimum Mean Squared Error Criterium). The performance of multi‐sensor configurations for the cases of beamforming and uncorrelated spatial channels was evaluated considering both synchronous (UMTS‐TDD) and time misalignment systems. The FSC configurations were concatenated with 2D‐PIC structure and evaluated. The simulation results show considerable improvement relative to the conventional 2D‐RAKE and 2D‐PIC receiver. A performance close to the single‐user RAKE case was achieved when it was evaluated jointly with 2D‐PIC. Copyright © 2006 AEIT.
HLA‐class II haplotype associations with ovarian cancer
Authors: Kübler Kirsten , Arndt Peter F. , Wardelmann Eva , Krebs Dieter , Kuhn Walther , van der Ven Katrin
Published: October 2006

The development of cancer is a multistep process that is characterized by the accumulation of genetic alterations in cells and changed cellular interactions with the surrounding healthy tissues. The human immune system is believed to be intrinsically involved in this process. The correlation of certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐class I and II haplotypes with tumorigenesis is documented in a variety of tumors. However, few data exist on the possible association of specific HLA‐class II alleles or haplotypes with ovarian cancer. In our sample of 52 Caucasian patients with primary ovarian carcinoma and 239 female healthy local controls, we observed a significantly increased incidence of the HLA‐class II haplotypes DRB1*0301 – DQA1*0501 – DQB1*0201 (p < 0.001) and DRB1*1001 – DQA1*0101 – DQB1*0501 (p < 0.001) in the patients. Our data suggest that HLA‐class II loci or individual HLA‐class II haplotypes may be involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion of a magnetic flow follower in two‐phase flow — application to the study of airlift reactor hydrodynamics
Authors: Klein Jaroslav , Godó Štefan , Teixeira José A
Published: October 2006

A low‐cost and simple magnetic particle tracer method was adapted to characterize the hydrodynamic behavior of an internal‐ and an external‐loop airlift reactor (ALR). The residence time distribution of three magnetic particles differing in diameter (5.5, 11.0 and 21.2 mm) and with a density very close to that of water was measured in individual reactor sections. The measured data were analyzed and used to determine the velocity of the liquid phase. Validation of the experimental results for liquid velocity was done by means of the data obtained by an independent reference method. Furthermore, analysis of the differences found in the settling velocity of the particle in single‐liquid and gas‐liquid phases was carried out, using a simplified 3D momentum transfer model. The model considering particle‐bubble interaction forces resulting from changes in the liquid velocity field due to bubble motion was able to predict satisfactorily the increase in the particle settling velocity in the homogeneous bubbly regime. The effective drag coefficient in two‐phase flow was found to be directly dependent on particle Reynolds number to the power of − 2 but independent of gas flow‐rate for all particle diameters studied. Based on the experimental and theoretical investigations, the valid exact formulation of the effective buoyancy force necessary for the calculation of the correct particle settling velocity in two‐phase flow was done. In addition, recommendations concerning the use of flow‐following particles in internal‐loop ALRs for liquid velocity measurements are presented. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The subplacenta in Octodon degus and petromus typicus—two hystricognath rodents without significant placental lobulation
Authors: Mess Andrea
Published: October 2006

Until now, defining characters of hystricognath rodents have been the subplacenta and the lobulation of the main chorioallantoic placenta. However, recent studies have revealed hystricognaths without marked lobulation, which is a plesiomorphic condition of the group. The question thus arises whether the subplacenta of these taxa is structurally homologous to that of other hystricognaths. Therefore, subplacental morphology and ontogeny were investigated in Octodon and Petromus by conventional light and electron microscopy, and the stem species pattern of Hystricognathi was reconstructed by applying MacClade™. The subplacentae of both species share important similarities with other hystricognaths. The organ develops early in gestation but degenerates towards term. It consists of folded layers of cellular and syncytial trophoblast, the latter enclosing maternal blood lacunae and electron‐dense particles. Root‐like syncytial outgrowths (syncytial streamers) and extraplacental trophoblast cells occur at the lateral and basal borders of the organ. Maternal vascularisation by blood lacunae within the subplacental syncytiotrophoblast is acquired early but lost during mid‐gestation. Vascularisation by fetal vessels is established later. Fetomaternal exchange via blood circulation inside the subplacenta is unlikely to occur, since periods of maternal and fetal vascularisation show little overlap. In conclusion, the subplacentae of both species are regarded as homologous to other hystricognaths, comprising 18 character conditions that belong to their stem species pattern. Thus, the systematic unity of the group can be confirmed. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Directional asymmetry of pelvic vestiges in threespine stickleback
Authors: Bell Michael A. , Khalef Victoria , Travis Matthew P.
Published: October 2006

Extensive reduction of the size and complexity of the pelvic skeleton (i.e., pelvic reduction) has evolved repeatedly in Gasterosteus aculeatus. Asymmetrical pelvic vestiges tend to be larger on the left side (i.e., left biased) in populations studied previously. Loss of Pitx1 expression is associated with pelvic reduction in G. aculeatus, and pelvic reduction maps to the Pitx1 locus. Pitx1 knockouts in mice have reduced hind limbs, but the left limb is larger. Thus left‐biased directional asymmetry of stickleback pelvic vestiges may indicate the involvement of Pitx1 in pelvic reduction. We examined 6,356 specimens from 27 Cook Inlet populations of G. aculeatus with extensive pelvic reduction. Samples from 20 populations exhibit the left bias in asymmetrical pelvic vestiges expected if Pitx1 is involved, and three have a slight, non‐significant left bias. However, samples from three populations have a significant right bias, and one large sample from another population has equal frequencies of specimens with larger vestiges on the left or right side. A sample of fossil threespine stickleback also has significantly left‐biased pelvic vestiges. These results suggest that silencing of Pitx1 or the developmental pathway in which it functions in the pelvis is the usual cause of pelvic reduction in most Cook Inlet populations of G. aculeatu, and that it caused pelvic reduction at least 10 million years ago in a stickleback population. A different developmental genetic mechanism is implicated for three populations with right‐biased pelvic vestiges and for the population without directional asymmetry. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of adenosine A3 receptors reduces ischemic brain injury in rodents
Authors: Chen Guann‐Juh , Harvey Brandon K. , Shen Hui , Chou Jenny , Victor Adrienne , Wang Yun
Published: October 2006

Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) agonists have been shown to reduce cardiac and lung injury, but the protective roles of A3R agonists in the CNS are not well characterized. The protective effect of selective A3R agonist chloro‐N6‐(3‐iodo‐benzyl)‐adenosine‐5′‐N‐methyluronamide (Cl‐IB‐MECA) was first examined in primary cortical cultures. In cortical culture, Cl‐IB‐MECA pretreatment antagonized the hypoxia‐mediated decrease in cell viability. In vivo, Cl‐IB‐MECA or vehicle was given intracerebroventricularly or intravenously to anesthetized rats. Animals were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation. Intracerebroventricular or repeated intravenous administration (i.e., at 165 min and 15 min before MCA ligation) of Cl‐IB‐MECA did not alter blood pressure during ischemia but increased locomotor activity and decreased cerebral infarction 2 days after. In these animals, Cl‐IB‐MECA also reduced the density of TUNEL labeling in the lesioned cortex. The possibility of endogeneous neuroprotection was further examined in A3R knockout mice. After MCA ligation, an increase in cerebral infarction was found in the A3R knockouts compared with the A3R wild‐type controls, suggesting that A3Rs are tonically activated during ischemia. Additionally, intracerebroventricular pretreatment with Cl‐IB‐MECA decreased the size of infarction in the wild‐type controls, but not in the A3R knockout animals, suggesting that Cl‐IB‐MECA‐induced protection was mediated through the A3 receptors. Collectively, these data suggest that Cl‐IB‐MECA reduced cerebral infarction through the activation of A3Rs and suppression of apoptosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrin α3β1 interacts with I1PP2A/lanp and phosphatase PP1
Authors: Mutz Diana , Weise Christoph , Mechai Nadja , Hofmann Werner , Horstkorte Rüdiger , Brüning Gerold , Danker Kerstin
Published: October 2006

Integrin α3β1 is a receptor for the extracellular matrix component laminin 5. To elucidate possible signaling pathways induced by integrin α3β1, we looked for proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic part of the α3A integrin subunit. We identified several multifunctional proteins by affinity chromatography and subsequent MALDI‐TOF‐MS and focused on the inhibitor 1 of serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A (I1PP2A, synonym: lanp) which also plays a role during the development of the mouse cerebellum. I1PP2A/lanp colocalizes with the α3A integrin subunit in differentiated PC12 cells in the cell body and in neurites as well as in Purkinje cells of mouse cerebellum. Overexpression of GFP‐I1PP2A/lanp in PC12 cells leads to markedly reduced neurite length on laminin 5 after induction with nerve growth factor. By affinity chromatography the protein phosphatase PP1 can also be identified as a α3A/cyto‐binding protein. PP1 and integrin α3β1 can be pulled down by GST‐I1PP2A/lanp from cell lysates of differentiated and undifferentiated PC12 cells. The phosphatase binds to the cytoplasmic membrane‐proximal conserved GFFKR motif of the α integrin subunit, whereas I1PP2A/lanp requires a longer sequence for binding. PP1 but not PP2A is able to dephosphorylate precipitated integrin α3β1 in vitro. Furthermore, PP1 releases phosphate from T1046 of phosphopeptides that mimic the phosphorylation consensus sequence in the cytoplasmic part of the α3A integrin subunit. These data suggest that I1PP2A/lanp forms a complex with PP1 and the α3A integrin subunit and might possibly regulate the phosphorylation status of integrin α3β1 and/or integrin downstream targets. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro1H NMR studies of RD human cell infection with echovirus 11
Authors: Akhtar S. Naved , Singh Rishi Kumar , Jadegoud Y. , Dhole T. N. , Ayyagari A. , Nagana Gowda G. A.
Published: October 2006

The effects of echovirus 11 infection on RD human cell line (derived from rhabdomyosarcoma) were studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy and optical microscopy. Both uninfected and infected cells consumed glucose and produced lactate, acetate and formate as extracellular metabolites. In infected whole cells, phosphocholine and uridine‐sugar were observed in addition to the metabolites observed in uninfected cells. Water‐soluble intracellular metabolites of infected cells showed glutamine, phosphocholine and glycine which were not observed in uninfected cells. Cellular metabolites except lipid components gradually decreased and disappeared during 24–48 h of viral infection. The quantity of lipid components in infected cells was comparable with that in uninfected cells, indicating that echovirus 11 does not utilize cell lipid molecules. Unlike optical microscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy identified early stages of infection through metabolic changes. These results may have potential implications in probing virus–cell interactions using NMR‐based metabolomics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing a proximal algorithm for some nonlinear multicommodity flow problems
Authors: Ouorou Adam
Published: October 2006

In this article, we consider applying a proximal algorithm introduced by Ouorou to some convex multicommodity network flow minimization problems. This algorithm follows the characterization of saddle points introduced earlier but can be derived from Martinet's proximal algorithm. In the primal space, the algorithm can be viewed as a regularized version of the projection algorithm by Rosen. A remarkable feature of the algorithm is that the projection step for multicommodity flow problems reduces to solving independent linear systems (one for each commodity) involving the node‐arc incidence matrix of the network. The algorithm is therefore amenable to parallel implementation. We present some numerical results on large‐scale routing problems arising in telecommunications and quadratic multicommodity flow problems. A comparison with a specialized code for multicommodity flow problems indicates that this proximal algorithm is specially designed for very large‐scale instances. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 18–27 2007
Network optimization for the design of underground mines
Authors: Brazil M. , Thomas D.A.
Published: October 2006

Efficient methods to model and optimize the design of open‐cut mines have been known for many years. The design of the infrastructure of underground mines has a similar potential for optimization and strategic planning. In this article we discuss the use of network optimization to tackle this problem. The idea is to design a connected system of declines, ramps, drives, and possibly shafts, to minimize capital development and haulage costs over the lifetime of a mine. This can be modeled as a variation on the Steiner problem, with suitable metric and constraints. These constraints include: an upper bound on the absolute gradient of arcs in the embedded network (typically 1/7), turning circle restrictions for navigability, and obstacle avoidance. Here we give an overview of the literature, focussing on our published work. We investigate the way in which this design problem can be modeled as a network optimization problem that accurately reflects the real costs involved while remaining mathematically tractable. Our approach is to first establish a fundamental model, which principally captures the development costs of the mine, and to study its geometric properties. We then outline more complicated generalized models, which add extra costs and constraints to the fundamental model but are still solvable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 40–50 2007
Nuclear Fukui functions from nonintegral electron number calculations
Authors: Cárdenas Carlos , Chamorro Eduardo , Galván Marcelo , Fuentealba Patricio
Published: October 2006

Numerical results for the nuclear Fukui function (NFF) based on a nonintegral number of electrons methodology (NIEM) are reported for a series of simple diatomic molecules. A comparison with those obtained from other methodologies is focused on the estimation of the error associated with a finite difference approximation for the evaluation of the NFF. The dependence of NFFs on the type and size of the basis set is also discussed. The NIEM values are in close agreement with those obtained from a finite difference approximation using ΔN = ±1 with large basis sets. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, G2 and ochratoxin A in beer
Authors: Ventura Meritxell , Guillén David , Anaya Ivan , Broto‐Puig Francesc , Lliberia Josep Lluís , Agut Montserrat , Comellas Lluís
Published: October 2006

The simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, G2 and ochratoxin A in beer was carried out by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). Mycotoxins were extracted, purified and concentrated from the beer sample in one step using a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge that contained a polymeric sorbent. Optimization of different parameters, such as type of SPE sorbent, type and amount of wash solvent and pH of the sample, was carried out. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient of methanol + water (0.1% HCOOH) and a reversed‐phase C18 column was used for the separation. The mass spectrometer used an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive mode to detect aflatoxins and in the negative mode to detect ochratoxin. UPLC/MS/MS is a rapid and sensitive technique that allows the separation of the five toxins in only 3.2 min. The limit of detection is 1 pg. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the length of the longest subsequence avoiding an arbitrary pattern in a random permutation
Authors: Albert M. H.
Published: October 2006

We consider the distribution of the length of the longest subsequence avoiding an arbitrary pattern, π, in a random permutation of length n. The well‐studied case of a longest increasing subsequence corresponds to π = 21. We show that there is some constant cπ such that as n →∞ the mean value of this length is asymptotic to $2 \sqrt{c_{\pi} n}$
and that the distribution of the length is tightly concentrated around its mean. We observe some apparent connections between cπ and the Stanley–Wilf limit of the class of permutations avoiding the pattern π. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Sparse universal graphs for bounded‐degree graphs
Authors: Alon Noga , Capalbo Michael
Published: October 2006

Let ℋ︁ be a family of graphs. A graphTis ℋ︁‐universal if it contains a copy of eachH∈ℋ︁ as a subgraph. Let ℋ︁(k,n) denote the family of graphs onnvertices with maximum degree at mostk. For all positive integerskandn, we construct an ℋ︁(k,n)‐universal graphTwith$O_k(n^{2-{2 \over k}} \log ^{4 \over k} n)$edges and exactlynvertices. The number of edges is almost as small as possible, as Ω(n2‐2/k) is a lower bound for the number of edges in any such graph. The construction ofTis explicit, whereas the proof of universality is probabilistic and is based on a novel graph decomposition result and on the properties of random walks on expanders. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: XXVIII, ISO 18115:2001/Amd. 1:2006—surface chemical analysis—vocabulary—amendment 1
Authors: Seah M. P.
Published: October 2006

This International Standard adds 5 abbreviations and 71 terms, many for glow discharge spectrometry, to the 340 defined terms for surface chemical analysis in ISO 18115:2001. The terms cover words or phrases used in describing the samples, instruments and theoretical concepts involved in surface chemical analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Kristallstruktur von Pyrochloren: Mössbauer‐Spektrum von orthorhombischem CsFe2F6 und röntgenographische Einkristall‐Untersuchungen an den kubischen Verbindungen CsMgGaF6, CsMIIVIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Zn), CsMIIFeIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Cu, Zn) und Cs4Cu5V3O2F19
Authors: Baum Elke , Dahlke Patrik , Kaiser Volker , Molinier Michel , Schmidt Roland E. , Pebler Jürgen , Massa Werner , Babel Dietrich
Published: October 2006

On the Crystal Structure of Pyrochlores: Mössbauer Spectra of Orthorhombic CsFe2F6 and X‐Ray Single Crystal Studies of the Cubic Compounds CsMgGaF6, CsMIIVIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Zn), CsMIIFeIIIF6 (MII = Mn, Cu, Zn), and Cs4Cu5V3O2F19

Orthorhombic CsFe2F6 (a = 749.1(3), b = 723.8(3), c = 1043.1(6) pm; V = 565.6(9) Å3, Z = 4, Imma ?) was prepared with strongly 57Fe doped FeF3 and its Mössbauer spectra measured. It is in accordance with the spectra of a natural 57Fe abundance sample, also with respect to the intensity ratio FeII:FeIII = 1:1. For the formation of an ordered pyrochlore structure in spite of quenching thus an electronically induced phase transition should be responsible, explaining the MII/MIII order observed in all mixed valence pyrochlores AIMIIMIIIF6. By contrast, single crystals of CsMgGaF6 (a = 1021.6(1) pm), CsMnVF6 (a = 1058.9(1) pm), CsMnFeF6 (a = 1054.6(1) pm), CsZnVF6 (a = 1041.5(1) pm, CsZnFeF6 (a = 1042.1(1) pm) and CsCuFeF6 (a = 1037.7(2) pm), obtained by solid state reaction and slow cooling, all exhibit the cubic pyrochlore structure of the RbNiCrF6 type (Z = 8, ${\rm Fd}{\bar 3}\rm m$), in which the cations MII/MIII are disordered in position (16c). An oxidfluoride of approximate composition Cs4Cu5V3O2F19 (a = 1022.2(1) pm) has the same structure, but in addition it shows a disordered occupation of the position (48f) by lack of about 1/8 of anions. Structural relations and distances for the cubic crystal structures refined (R between 0.02 and 0.06) are discussed.
Nd5(AsO3)4Cl3: The First Oxo‐Arsenate(III)‐Chloride of the Lanthanides
Authors: Hamida Makram Ben , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: October 2006

Single crystals of Nd5(AsO3)4Cl3 (monoclinic, P2/n, Z = 2, a = 1026.0(1), b = 543.35(3), c = 1400.2(1) pm, β = 93.48(1)°) were obtained from the reaction of Nd2O3, As2O3 and NaCl in a sealed silica ampoule. In the crystal structure the Nd3+ ions are linked by AsO33− groups into layers that alternate with layers of Cl− ions. Two of the three crystallographically different Nd3+ ions are coordinated by eight oxygen atoms, the third one has four oxygen and four chlorine atoms as neighbours.
Abstracts of papers presented at the sixteenth Genetics Society's Mammalian Genetics and Development Workshop held at the Institute of Child Health, University College London on 21 and 22 November 2005
Authors: COPP ANDREW J. , FISHER ELIZABETH M. C.
Published: October 2006

Prior to cranial neural tube closure, the neural folds adopt a biconvex morphology which is thought to be due to expansion of the underlying mesenchyme. Dorso-lateral hinge points (DLHPs) then form, which allow the dorsal tips of the neural folds to ‘flip around’ resulting in apposition of the tips and facilitating subsequent fusion. Cranial closure is particularly prone to perturbation, leading to exencephaly in many mouse mutants and as a result of a variety of teratogenic influences. This may reflect mechanical tensions affecting the closing cranial neural folds. For example, the presence of ventral flexures of the body axis at the mid- and forebrain levels mechanically opposes the formation of DLHPs. Several processes have been implicated as important in overcoming these mechanical tensions, thereby assisting in cranial neural tube closure. These include contraction of actin microfilaments at the luminal surface of the neuroepithelium and apoptosis in the dorsal and dorsolateral neuroepithelium. The latter may act to increase flexibility in the dorsal neural folds, enhancing DLHP formation. Neural crest cells (NCC) originate in the dorsal tips of the neuroepithelium and undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, allowing them to delaminate, exit the neuroepithelium and migrate extensively throughout the embryo to form numerous derivatives. We hypothesized that delamination of the NCC from the neuroepithelium may enhance the mechanical flexibility of the dorsal tips of the neural folds, allowing the ‘flip around’ event to occur.
Cornelius Cardew's ‘Autumn '60 For Orchestra’
Authors: Venn Edward
Published: October 2006

The not inconsiderable literature on Cardew frequently gives a view of him (merely) as a ‘man of ideas’, rather than as a composer of music whose qualities need no moral support from their conceptual infrastructure, and which may be judged on the same level as any music by composers less concerned than he was with the nature and status of themselves and their work.
Johnston, Bresnick, Eastman, Gann
Authors: Lister Rodney
Published: October 2006

BEN JOHNSTON: String Quartets Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 9. The Kepler Quartet. New World Records 80637–2.

MARTIN BRESNICK: My Twentieth Century. Robert Van Slice, Kunihiko Komori, Izumi Sinfonietta Osaka c. Norichika Iimori; Taimur Sullivan, Maya Beiser, Steven Schick, Povera Players. New World 80635–2.

JULIUS EASTMAN: Unjust Malaise. The Creative Associates at SUNY Buffalo, New Music America, Julius Eastman, Frank Ferko, Janet Kattas, Patricia Martin. New World 80638-2 (3-CD set).

KYLE GANN: Long Night. Sarah Cahill (pnos). Cold Blue CB0019.
Further reviews
Authors: MacDonald Calum
Published: October 2006

CYRIL SCOTT: Piano Concerto No.1; Symphony No.4; Early One Morning. Howard Shelley (pno), BBC Philharmonic c. Martyn Brabbins. Chandos CHAN 10376.

SCOTT: Complete Piano Music Volume One – Suites and Miniatures. Leslie De'Ath, Cyril Scott (pnos). Dutton Epoch CDLX 7150 (2-CD set).

SCOTT: Complete Piano Music Volume Two – Complete Piano Sonatas. Leslie De'Ath (pno). Dutton Epoch CDLX 7155.

SCOTT: Complete Piano Music Volume Three – Concert Pieces, Ballet Scores, Unpublished Works, Two-piano Works. Leslie De'Ath, Anya Alexeyev (pnos). Dutton Epoch CDLX 7166 (2-CD set).

SCOTT: Sonata op.66; Second Sonata; Sonata III; Sphinx op.63; Rainbow Trout; Rondeau de Concert; Ballad; Victorian Waltz. Michael Schäfer (pno). Genuin GEN 85049.
The Portuguese Civil Code and the colonia tenancy contract in Madeira (1867–1967)
Authors: CÂMARA BENEDITA
Published: October 2006

In this article the author examines a form of agricultural contract known as the colonia contract, which was widespread throughout the island of Madeira from 1750 and which was abolished in 1967. She argues that the publication of the liberal Civil Code of 1867 changed the rules concerning the operation of this contract. The landlord lost control of his economic property rights over the land. The change in the rules governing this type of contract partially explains the reduction in its use but the impact of the change is attributed to inefficiencies that already existed in the contract.
Introduction: Sharecropping in history
Authors: SCHOFIELD PHILLIPP , CÂMARA BENEDITA
Published: October 2006

The following four articles arise from a one-day conference on ‘Sharecropping in History’, organized by Benedita Câmara and held at the University of Madeira on 8 October 2004. The papers gathered here, though revised, reflect the variety of approach evident in their first presentations at the meeting. A fifth paper, by Kyle Kauffman, on ‘Monopsony land tenure and sharecropping in Dutch South Africa, 1652–1795’ (which was not presented for publication here) also suggested that same variety, not only in terms of the inevitable spatial and temporal range but also in terms of approach. That said, a number of discrete themes emerged from the meeting, with ‘sharecropping’ a central concept, tantalizingly clear and yet fiercely resistant to close categorization, offering a number of avenues for exploration. The majority of these approaches were conditioned by, and set out to test, some of the more prevalant assumptions of economic history and economic theory with regard to sharecropping.
Rate of time preference and the quantity adjusted value of life in India
Authors: SHANMUGAM K. R.
Published: October 2006

The choice of appropriate discount rate for comparing the long-term health benefits of policies is a complex issue. This study contributes to this sparsely researched issue from the perspective of developing countries by estimating the implicit discount rate that workers reveal through their willingness to incur death risks on-the-job and quantity-adjusted value of life of workers using an original data set from the Indian labor market. The estimated real discount rate ranges from 7.6 to 9.7 per cent, which is closer to the financial market rate for the study period and consistent with earlier studies from developed nations. The estimated value of life ranges are Rs. 24.3–26.5 (US $1.34–1.47) million. The results of the study can aid policy makers, international agencies, and researchers in evaluating health projects in India and other developing nations.
Seismicity and one‐dimensional velocity structure of the Himalayan collision zone: Earthquakes in the crust and upper mantle
Authors: Monsalve G. , Sheehan A. , Schulte‐Pelkum V. , Rajaure S. , Pandey M. R. , Wu F.
Published: October 2006

Earthquakes beneath the Himalayan collision zone occur at depths between near surface and around 100 km below sea level. After relocating earthquakes with two one‐dimensional (1‐D) velocity models, we found a clear bimodal depth distribution for earthquakes in the Himalayas of eastern Nepal and the southern Tibetan Plateau and evidence that some earthquakes originate at upper mantle depths. Seismicity in Nepal shows an accumulation of earthquakes along the front of the Himalayan arc, with a seismic gap between longitudes 87.3°E and 87.7°E. Although upper crustal seismicity along the topographic front of the High Himalaya is consistent with a region of high strain accumulation associated with convergence on the Main Himalayan thrust fault, microearthquakes do not necessarily occur on this fault. Instead, they concentrate in the hanging wall. Seismic activity in the sub‐Himalaya and the Terai Plains is almost exclusively limited to the vicinity of the location of the magnitude 6.5 20 August 1988 Udayapur earthquake, with most of the earthquakes in the lower crust and the upper mantle. Clusters of earthquakes in the Lesser and High Himalayas and south Tibet (Tethyan Himalayas) mark very well defined zones of seismicity at depths between 50 and 100 km, confirming the presence of earthquakes in the upper mantle in the region of continental collision. The occurrence of earthquakes at sub‐Moho depths favors the idea that the continental upper mantle deforms by brittle processes.
Decadal variations in surface solar irradiance as observed in a globally remote network
Authors: Dutton Ellsworth G. , Nelson Donald W. , Stone Robert S. , Longenecker David , Carbaugh Gloria , Harris Joyce M. , Wendell James
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐eight years (1977–2004) of surface solar irradiance observations at five remote climate observatories are analyzed for long‐term temporal variations and spatial representativeness. Autocorrelated temporal variations are suggested in the annual mean irradiance records at some of the sites and in normalized anomaly records for various combinations of the surface sites. These variations are illustrated by first‐, second‐, and third‐degree polynomials as well as by a sinusoidal fit, all of which are used as data smoothers not necessarily representative of any related physical processes, although some fits yield statistically significant coefficients. In general, there is an indication of a decreasing tendency in the early portion of the records and then an increasing tendency until toward the very end of the record. Variations among field sites are seen, with the one Arctic site showing the most departure from the others, with primarily a downward trend for most of the record. The spatial representativeness of each site's annual mean record is investigated using spatial cross correlation with satellite‐derived global estimates of the surface solar irradiance. These cross correlations show significant correlations with relatively large areas both contiguous and noncontiguous with the sites.
Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait
Authors: Aagaard Knut , Weingartner Thomas J. , Danielson Seth L. , Woodgate Rebecca A. , Johnson Gregory C. , Whitledge Terry E.
Published: October 2006

During 1993–1994, steric forcing of flow through Bering Strait represented a northward sea level drop of ∼0.7 m from the Bering Sea Basin to the adjacent deep Arctic Ocean, of which ∼2/3 was due to the salinity difference between the basins. Seasonal variability of steric forcing appears small (<0.05 m), in contrast to large seasonal wind effects. Interannual changes in steric forcing may exceed 20%, however, and warm inflow from the North Atlantic, accumulation of freshwater in the southwest Canada Basin, and temperature and salinity changes in the upper Bering Sea have all contributed to recent changes. The mean salinity balance in Bering Strait is primarily maintained by large runoff to the Bering shelf, dilute coastal inflow from the Gulf of Alaska, and on‐shelf movement of saline and nutrient‐rich oceanic waters from the Bering Sea Basin. In Bering Strait, therefore, both the throughflow and its salinity are affected by remote events.