bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shrimp Robot Mechanism
Authors: Pais Mr. Sharan L , Kumar M Manoj , Namratha  , Bhat Mayoori K , Mohan Vibha
Published: November 2021

The Shrimp rover is highly suitable for planetary exploration missions because of its unconventional wheel order, in-built passive adaptability and good ability to climb obstacles. It is a spatial multi-body system and a multi-variable, multi-parameter coupled non-linear system. Thus, kinematic and dynamic analyses for such systems are complex and time consuming. Long-range robotic missions for Martian exploration imply a high degree of autonomy. The most advanced locomotion concepts are based on wheels or caterpillars (e.g. Sojourner, NASA or Nanokhod, ESA). These rovers have clear advantages regarding power efficiency and complexity if compared with walking robots. However, they still have quite limited climbing abilities. Typically they can only overcome obstacle smaller than their wheel size. In this paper we present Shrimp, an innovative long range rover architecture with 6 motorized wheels. Using a rhombus configuration, the rover has a steering wheel in both, the front and the rear, and two wheels arranged on a bogie on each side. The front wheel has a spring suspension to guarantee optimal ground contact of all wheels at any time. The steering of the rover is realized by synchronizing the steering of the front and rear wheel and the speed difference of the bogie wheels. This allows for high precision maneuvers and even turning on the spot with minimum slip. The use of parallel articulations for the front wheel and the bogies enables to set a virtual centre of rotation at the level of the wheel axis while maintaining a high ground clearance. This insures maximum stability and climbing abilities even for relatively low friction coefficients between the wheel and the ground. This rover is able to passively overcome unstructured obstacles of up to two times its wheel diameter. With this high mobility, this architecture is the perfect candidate for long range planetary missions.
Quantitative Analysis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Surfaces of Canned Soft Drinks and Handlers from Selected Institutions in Zaria, Kaduna State
Authors: O. I. Obiefuna , C. E. Mbah , W.E. Amlabu
Published: November 2021

The potentially major importance but currently unstudied trend of enteric bacterial contamination on surfaces of canned drinks forms the basis of the research. A study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of selected enteric bacteria on the surface of canned soft drinks and its handlers (palms of consumers) from selected tertiary institutions in Zaria. Two hundred and sixteen swabs were collected from the external surfaces of canned soft drinks and its handlers, thirty-six swabs each from cans and hand swabs were also collected from designated whole sellers known as Distributors. The samples were screened and analyzed using Spread Plate Method, Microgen GNA System for identification for enteric bacteria in three institutions in Zaria, Kaduna State. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antimicrobial susceptibility test. The results showed that the total bacteria count of canned soft drinks and its handlers in the three institutions range from 1.0x104 to 3.0x107 cfu/ml. Fourteen species of the Family Enterobacteriaceae were identified. The predominant species observed on canned soft drinks were Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella ozaenae while that of its handlers were Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli. Perfloxacin (66.7%) in ABU, perfloxacin (66.7%) in FCE and ciprofloxacin (88.9%) in POLY were highly sensitive against the isolates, while imipenem and ampicillin had (57.6%) in ABU, ofloxacin (73.3%) in FCE and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic (66.7%) in POLY were found to be non-susceptible. The study showed that surfaces of canned soft drinks and its handlers in Zaria are significantly contaminated with enteric bacteria. Hence, incorporation of routine check of canned drinks in the health system is required. There is low antimicrobial activity by the antibiotic against the isolates, this poses serious health implications and requires further investigation.
Representación y confección de arquitecturas entretejidas. Aplicación en la enseñanza de geometría
Authors: Casado Rezola Amaia
Published: November 2021

El artículo pone en valor las arquitecturas entretejidas mostrando la relación directa entre la confección y la representación gráfica arquitectónica. La dificultad de representación de los tejidos o tramas aplicadas a la forma, han limitado su evolución geométrica hasta la llegada de la era digital. Las posibilidades que ofrecen los softwares de modelado están permitiendo solventar dicho hándicap y se puede apreciar como ciertos arquitectos de renombre están pudiendo redescubrir nuevas formas en este tipo de arquitecturas. Estos softwares permiten al alumnado en arquitectura pasar de generar a imprimir en 3D formas geométricas atractivas con facilidad y esto hace que algunas competencias se resientan. Es por ello que se desarrolla una experiencia docente profundizando en la representación y confección de entretejidos. Se trabajan competencias y habilidades tradicionales apoyadas en nuevas tecnologías, permitiendo al alumnado aumentar las capacidades vinculadas al dibujo y a la ideación-confección de arquitecturas con sus propias manos.
El espacio escénico en la nueva normalidad del Covid-19. Análisis gráfico de los montajes contemporáneos de La Traviata en el Teatro Real de Madrid
Authors: González Ferrero Juan José , Blanco Lage Manuel , Gutiérrez-Mozo María-Elia
Published: November 2021

En la ópera, drama musical, la acción se sitúa gracias a las descripciones de los distintos espacios que aparecen en el texto, pero ¿qué sucede cuando se representa sobre el escenario? Estas indicaciones sirven para entender las intenciones del compositor en su época, sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo, constituyen una guía para que un equipo artístico adapte, en cada momento, el espacio escénico en relación a la pieza musical, interpretándolo. La concepción de este espacio se ha visto obligada a cambiar debido a la normativa impuesta por el COVID-19, entonces ¿qué sucede cuando se imponen unas restricciones concretas? El Teatro Real de Madrid ha sido la primera institución en dar una posible respuesta con la representación de una nueva Traviata. A través del análisis gráfico y la comparación entre las distintas adaptaciones de la obra en la segunda etapa del Teatro Real, se quiere evidenciar la actualidad del espíritu de esta obra verdiana.
60 anos dos Princípios Internacionais de Catalogação: histórico e desenvolvimento
Authors: Braga Gerlaine da Rocha , Silveira Naira Christofoletti
Published: November 2021

Objetivo: Apresentar o contexto e o desenvolvimento dos Princípios Internacionais de Catalogação, que são destinados a orientar a criação e o desenvolvimento de códigos de catalogação, as decisões tomadas pelos catalogadores e as políticas sobre o acesso e o intercâmbio de dados. 
Método: Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, utiliza os procedimentos técnicos de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental.
Resultado: Apresenta um quadro contextualizando o desenvolvimento dos Princípios Internacionais de Catalogação, auxiliando em sua compreensão e destacando sua importância para o cenário atual de intercâmbio de dados. Entende-se que a Declaração dos Princípios Internacionais de Catalogação possui um papel importante na padronização mundial da representação dos recursos informacionais, entretanto para a sua adoção efetiva é necessário entendê-la como um todo.
Conclusões: O histórico sobre a Declaração dos Princípios Internacionais de Catalogação contextualiza e reafirma o esforço internacional de estabelecer diretrizes comuns a diferentes localidades geográficas e ressalta a importância desses princípios, mesmo após 60 anos de sua primeira publicação.
Wentworth & Hill e Heitor Lyra da Silva: circulação e apropriação de uma geometria intuitiva
Authors: Silva Maria Célia Leme da
Published: November 2021

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a circulação e apropriação de propostas educacionais internacionais para o ensino de geometria, em particular, como o método intuitivo é articulado com o aspecto abstrato da Geometria, no curso primário do início do século XX. Examinam-se o livro First Steps in Geometry, escrito por George Albert Wentworth e G. A Hill em 1901 e o livro Geometria (Observação e Experiência) do brasileiro Heitor Lyra da Silva, publicada em 1923 e que inclui em suas referências a obra estadunidense. Pode-se dizer que o debate entre a inserção do método intuitivo e o aspecto abstrato da Geometria, vincular ou não o estudo da geometria com a realidade e as consequências que tais articulações podem provocar no processo de aprendizagem não é de hoje. Ele se faz presente desde há muito tempo e já circulou por diferentes países. A história nos ensina que já existiram propostas para levar os alunos a transitarem com segurança na marcha pedagógica que parte do concreto em direção ao abstrato, como a discussão sobre a igualdade geométrica.
The Tale of the Father
Authors: Smirnov Yuriy Vladimirovich
Published: November 2021

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“…Undeniably FInest Choice of Frame” ( on the Question of PIcture Framing by I. E. Repin)
Authors: Lysenko Oksana Aleksandrovna
Published: November 2021

Numerous paintings by I. E. Repin in the collections of the Russian Museum, Tretyakov Gallery, Ateneum are distinguished by interesting, richly decorated, at times unique frames. The vast majority of these decorative art pieces have not been studied. Not only the creator of the sketch and the framemaker are left undisclosed, but also those who stood behind the choice of the frame – the artist himself or, rather, the buyer, customer. The contemporary ideas regarding Repin’s frames have largely been influenced by a highly critical commentary of Y. D. Minchenkov, which he recorded in his memoirs dedicated to artists – members of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. Yet, the frames of Repin, which we have successfully identified and attributed, make us doubt the objectivity of Minchenkov's words. The question of Repin's contribution to the art of picture framing has not yet been considered in the works of specialists. Nonetheless, the original decor of the frames for such paintings as “Sadko” give grounds to assume that they were created according to the artist's drawings. Remarkably, a number of the artworks considered in the article have been introduced into scholarly literature for the first time.
Universidade Tecnológica no Brasil: Percurso, contornos e (des)construção do modelo
Authors: Lara Luiz Marcelo de , Pilatti Luiz Alberto , Santos Celso Bilynkievycz dos
Published: November 2021

O presente estudo tem como objetivo tracejar o percurso da educação tecnológica brasileira até a implantação da primeira universidade tecnológica. Trata-se de um estudo documental, qualitativo e de natureza exploratória. O corpus de pesquisa é composto majoritariamente por leis. Constatou-se que a única universidade tecnológica do Brasil, a Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), é parte de um movimento interno produzido no Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Paraná (CEFET-PR) em função da desconstrução do modelo de ensino técnico, durante o Governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, no qual era pautada a atuação da Instituição. A ideia de universidade tecnológica não teve eco em nenhum governo desde a transformação da UTFPR, nem mesmo no governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) que foi responsável pela introdução do modelo. Conclui-se que a UTFPR não foi uma política de estado e, até o presente, não existe intenção política da criação de novas universidades tecnológicas.
Elementos mitológicos, palatinos y de capa y espada en Fineza contra fineza, una fiesta cortesana de Calderón
Authors: Tobar Quintanar María José
Published: November 2021

RESUMEN:
Se estudia la caracterización genérica de Fineza contra fineza, una fiesta cortesana de Calderón estrenada en 1671. Aunque su condición de comedia mitológica resulta evidente por la aparición del dios Cupido, el tiempo mítico de la acción y su ubicación en la Grecia clásica, en su trama se registran abundantes elementos palatinos (personajes nobles, un amor cortés y refinado, una exigente ética del honor, el conflicto entre lealtad, amistad y amor, y diversas fórmulas de enredo: confusión de identidades, fingimientos, disimulaciones, secretos) y de capa y espada (un paso de “fantasma”, la función cómica de los personajes nobles y escenas de metateatro jocoso). Ello muestra el extraordinario dominio de las convenciones de los distintos géneros dramáticos por parte de Calderón, pues fue capaz de combinarlas sabiamente en esta comedia.

ABSTRACT:
This paper studies the generic characterization of Fineza contra fineza, a Calderón´s courtly festival performed for the first time in 1671. Although the classification as a mythological comedy is evident from the appearance of the god Cupid, the mythical time of action and the location in classical Greece, in the plot there are many palatine elements (noble characters, a courtly and refined love, a demanding ethic of honour, the conflict between loyalty, friendship and love, and some techniques of entanglement: identity confusion, simulations, dissimulations, secrets) and also typical features of cloak and sword plays (a “fantasma” scene, the comic role of noble characters and humorous metatheatre). This shows the extraordinary command of the conventions of all dramatic genres by Calderón, since he was wisely able to combine them in this comedy.
Pendekatan Psikologis Dalam Upaya Manajemen Konflik Agama
Authors: Waney Mercy W.K , Lausan Mariana Lusye Marlyn , Rantung Gabriela
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT: This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The purpose of this study is to find out how the psychological approach of religion in conflict management efforts. In religious life, living in peace is a very important part. Even though it is realized that religion is often used to show radicalism and intolerance. Religion, which is universal in nature, is understood as a concept, experience and actualization of espoused values. Religion is expected to provide a solution to the problems of the soul of its adherents because the values contained include mutual respect and respect. Through a religious psychology approach, we can see the resolution of a conflict.
Lingkungan Belajar di Era New Normal di TK Matuari Werot
Authors: Atuy Ireyne Anggreini , Lolong Zefanya Junike , Situmorang Yehezkiel
Published: November 2021

Dalam pembelajaran harus diperhatikan lingkungan belajar apalagi di era new normal ini pembelajaran sudah mulai dilakukan tatap muka meskipun masih menggunakan sesi, untuk itu guru harus kembali menyesuaikan lingkungan belajar setelah melewati pembelajaran daring. Guru dituntut agar mampu menata lingkungan dengan efektif. Perlu adanya penataan lingkungan belajar yang sesuai dengan era new normal agar dapat menghasilkan pembelajaran yang efektif, aman serta menyenangkan bagi anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui lingkungan belajar yang sesuai dengan era new normal. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara dan observasi kepada guru yang menjadi penata atau pengatur lingkungan belajar di TK Matuari Werot. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa lingkungan belajar di TK Matuari Werot sudah cukup efektif dan fasilitasnya sudah memenuhi kebutuhan sekolah tersebut, hanya saja penataan lingkungan belajar  di sekolah itu kurang tepat.
AUTOMEDICAÇÃO NO PERÍODO DA PANDEMIA CONVID-19
Authors: Alves Rosangela Costa , Cordeiro Andrelina , Carneiro Vinícius Mendes Souza
Published: November 2021

A automedicação consiste em administrar por conta própria um ou mais medicamentos sem a orientação profissional e, com a grande quantidade de informações acessíveis na internet tornou- se um hábito comum no período de pandemia do novo coronavírus. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo expor sobre a utilização inadequada de medicamentos prescritos e isentos devido ao seu fácil acesso durante o isolamento social, retratar a possibilidade de efeitos indesejáveis relacionados aos medicamentos, consequente da automedicação, e destacar a ausência da prática clínica e de assistência nos fornecimentos farmacêuticos ao paciente. Os dados foram obtidos entre março de 2020 e setembro de 2021. A Cloroquina/hidroxicloroquina, vitamina C, ivermectina, azitromicina, ibuprofeno e lopinavir-ritonavir são os medicamentos mais citados nos artigos científicos. Os antirretrovirais foram relatados em sinergia com cloroquina/hidroxicloroquina, que foi a mais citada nos artigos relacionados à automedicação. O uso incorreto dessas substâncias pode causar efeitos colaterais graves, outros tipos de patologias ou até dependência. Sendo assim, o farmacêutico e a equipe multiprofissional devem orientar o paciente sobre o uso racional de medicamentos.
PERANCANGAN APLIKASI E-COMMERCE PRODUK OBATOBATAN PADA APOTIK BAGJA CIREBON BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Adhi Dika Prasetyo , Dewi Wiwiek Nurkomala
Published: November 2021

ABSTRAKE-commerce merupakan perdagangan secara elektronik menjual barang atau jasa dengan memanfaatkan sebuah jaringan internet. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan sebuah Apotik, Apotik Bagja yang bergerak dibidang perdagangan penjualan obat-obatan dan alat kesehatan ingin lebih memaksimalkan dalam memberikan sebuah kemudahan dan kenyamanan kepada konsumennya untuk berbelanja di Apotik Bagja. Membuat aplikasi e-commerce ini menjadi pendukung untuk mencapai keberhasilan meningkatkan pelayanan dan keuntungan penjualan di Apotik Bagja. Proses program ini dimulai dengan menganalisa sistem ada pada Apotik Bagja, Kemudian menyusun UseCase, dan tabel-tabel yang diperlukan. Membuat rancangan program. Aplikasi e-commerce berbasis web ini menggunakan bahasa pemograman PHP, MySQL sebagai sarana untuk membuat dan mengolah database dan Microsoft Visio. Proyek manajemen informatika menghasilkan aplikasi e-commerce berbasis web ini memiliki fungsu, yang pertama dibagian customer setiap pengunjung bisa melihat berbagai macam produk obat-obatan dan alat kesehatan Apotik Bagja dan memesannya sebelum itu wajib registrasi terlebih dahulu dan memasukan username dan password. Bagian yang kedua admin bisa melakukan pengelolaan data produk dan pesanan dan laporan.Kata kunci : Aplikasi, Penjualan, Pemesanan, Laporan, Transaksi
Reduced ice number concentrations in contrails from low-aromatic biofuel blends
Authors: Bräuer Tiziana , Voigt Christiane , Sauer Daniel , Kaufmann Stefan , Hahn Valerian , Scheibe Monika , Schlager Hans , Huber Felix , Le Clercq Patrick , Moore Richard H. , Anderson Bruce E.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Sustainable aviation fuels can reduce contrail ice numbers and radiative
forcing by contrail cirrus. We measured apparent ice emission indices for
fuels with varying aromatic content at altitude ranges of 9.1–9.8 and
11.4–11.6 km. Measurement data were collected during the
ECLIF II/NDMAX flight experiment in January 2018. The fuels varied in both
aromatic quantity and type. Between a sustainable aviation fuel blend and a
reference fuel Jet A-1, a maximum reduction in apparent ice emission indices
of 40 % was found. We show vertical ice number and extinction
distributions for three different fuels and calculate representative contrail
optical depths. Optical depths of contrails (0.5–3 min in age) were
reduced by 40 % to 52 % for a sustainable aviation fuel
compared to the reference fuel. Our measurements suggest that sustainable
aviation fuels result in reduced ice particle numbers, extinction
coefficients, optical depth and climate impact from contrails.
Less atmospheric radiative heating by dust due to the synergy of coarser size and aspherical shape
Authors: Ito Akinori , Adebiyi Adeyemi A. , Huang Yue , Kok Jasper F.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Mineral dust aerosols cool and warm the atmosphere by
scattering and absorbing solar (shortwave: SW) and thermal (longwave: LW)
radiation. However, significant uncertainties remain in dust radiative
effects, largely due to differences in the dust size distribution and
spectral optical properties simulated in Earth system models. Dust models
typically underestimate the coarse dust load (more than 2.5 µm in
diameter) and assume a spherical shape, which leads to an overestimate of
the fine dust load (less than 2.5 µm) after the dust emissions in the
models are scaled to match observed dust aerosol optical depth at 550 nm
(DAOD550). Here, we improve the simulated dust properties with data sets
that leverage measurements of size-resolved dust concentration, asphericity
factor, and refractive index in a coupled global chemical transport model
with a radiative transfer module. After the adjustment of size-resolved dust
concentration and spectral optical properties, the global and annual average
of DAOD550 from the simulation increases from 0.023 to 0.029 and falls
within the range of a semi-observationally based estimate (0.030 ± 0.005). The reduction of fine dust load after the adjustment leads to a
reduction of the SW cooling at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). To improve
agreement against a semi-observationally based estimate of the radiative
effect efficiency at TOA, we find that a less absorptive SW dust refractive
index is required for coarser aspherical dust. Thus, only a minor difference
is estimated for the net global dust radiative effect at TOA (−0.08 vs.
−0.00 W m−2 on a global scale). Conversely, our sensitivity
simulations reveal that the surface warming is substantially enhanced near
the strong dust source regions (less cooling to −0.23 from −0.60 W m−2 on a global scale). Thus, less atmospheric radiative
heating is estimated near the major source regions (less heating to 0.15
from 0.59 W m−2 on a global scale), because of enhanced LW
warming at the surface by the synergy of coarser size and aspherical shape.
Air quality deterioration episode associated with a typhoon over the complex topographic environment in central Taiwan
Authors: Lin Chuan-Yao , Sheng Yang-Fan , Chen Wan-Chin , Chou Charles C. K. , Chien Yi-Yun , Chen Wen-Mei
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Air pollution is typically at its lowest in Taiwan during summer. The mean
concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and daytime ozone (08:00–17:00 LST) during summer (June–August) over central Taiwan were 35–40 µg m−3, 18–22 µg m−3, and 30–42 ppb, respectively, between
2004 and 2019. Sampling analysis revealed that the contribution of organic
carbon (OC) to PM2.5 could have exceeded 30 % in urban and inland mountain
sites during July in 2017 and 2018. Frequent episodes of air quality
deterioration occur over the western plains of Taiwan when an easterly
typhoon circulation interacts with the complex topographic structure of the
island. We explored an episode of air quality deterioration that was
associated with a typhoon between 15 and 17 July 2018 using the Weather
Research Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. The results indicated
that the continual formation of low-pressure systems or typhoons in the area
between Taiwan and Luzon island in the Philippines provided a strong
easterly ambient flow, which lasted for an extended period between 15 and 17
July. The interaction between the easterly flow and Taiwan's Central
Mountain Range (CMR) resulted in stable weather conditions and weak wind
speed in western Taiwan during the study period. Numerical modeling also
indicated that a lee side vortex easily formed, and the wind direction
could have changed from southwesterly to northwesterly over central Taiwan
because of the interaction between the typhoon circulation and the CMR. The
northwesterly wind coupled with a sea breeze was conducive to the transport
of air pollutants from the coastal upstream industrial and urban areas to
the inland area. The dynamic process for the wind direction changed given a
reasonable explanation for why the observed SO42- became the major
contributor to PM2.5 during the episode. SO42- contribution
proportions (%) to PM2.5 at the coastal, urban, and mountain sites
were 9.4 µg m−3 (30.5 %), 12.1 µg m−3 (29.9 %),
and 11.6 µg m−3 (29.7 %), respectively. Moreover, the
variation of the boundary layer height had a strong effect on the
concentration level of both PM2.5 and ozone. The lee
vortex and land–sea breeze, as well as the boundary layer development, were
the key mechanisms in air pollutant accumulation and transport. As typhoons
frequently occur around Taiwan during summer and fall, their effect on
the island's air quality merits further research attention.
A retrospective on hydrological modelling based on half a century with the HBV model
Authors: Seibert Jan , Bergström Sten
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Hydrological models are important tools that are commonly used as the basis for water resource management planning. In the 1970s the development of several relatively simple models started and a number of so-called conceptual (or bucket-type) models were suggested. In these models, the complex and heterogeneous hydrological processes in a catchment are represented by a limited number of storage elements and fluxes between these. While a major motivation for such relatively simple models in the early days were computational limitations, today some of these models are still used frequently despite vastly increased computational opportunities. The HBV model, which was first applied about 50 years ago in Sweden, is a typical example of a conceptual catchment model and has gained large popularity over the past 50 years. During several model intercomparisons, the HBV model performed well despite (or because of) its relatively simple model structure. Here, the history of model development from thoughtful considerations of different model structures to modelling studies using hundreds of catchments and cloud computing facilities, is described. Furthermore, the wide range of model applications is discussed. The aim is to provide an understanding of the background of model development and a basis for addressing the balance between model complexity and data availability, which will face hydrologists also in the coming decades.
Modelling groundwater recharge, actual evaporation and transpiration in semi-arid sites of the Lake Chad Basin: The role of soil and vegetation on groundwater recharge
Authors: Neukum Christoph , Morales Santos Angela Gabriela , Ronelngar Melanie , Bala Aminu , Vassolo Sara
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Lake Chad Basin, located in the center of North Africa, is characterized by strong climate seasonality with a pronounced short annual precipitation period and high potential evapotranspiration. Groundwater is an essential source for drinking water supply as well as for agriculture and groundwater related ecosystems. Thus, assessment of groundwater recharge is very important although difficult, because of the strong effects of evaporation and transpiration as well as limited available data. A simple, generalized approach, which requires only a small number of field data, freely available remote sensing data as well as well-established concepts and models, is tested for assessing groundwater recharge in the southern part of the basin. This work uses the FAO-dual Kc concept to estimate E and T coefficients at six locations that differ in soil texture, climate, and vegetation conditions. Measured values of soil water content and chloride concentrations along vertical soil profiles together with different scenarios for E and T partitioning and a Bayesian calibration approach are used to numerically simulate water flow and chloride transport. Average groundwater recharge rates and the associated model uncertainty at the six locations are assessed for the 2003–2016 time-period. Model results show that interannual variability of groundwater recharge is generally greater than the uncertainty of the modelled groundwater recharge. Furthermore, the soil moisture dynamics at all locations are limited rather by water availability for evaporation in the uppermost part of the soil and by water uptake in the root zone than by the reference evapotranspiration.
INVESTIGATION OF BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE) AND WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN)-DERIVED DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS USING MOBILE PHONES FOR INDOOR POSITIONING
Authors: Daray K. M. K. , Todoc P. A. G. , Sarmiento C. J. S.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The indoor positioning problem is not the unavailability of indoor positioning technology, but the difficulty of arriving at an acceptable compromise of technical constraints like cost, performance, ease of use, and availability of technologies. In a developing country such as the Philippines, these constraints have more weight and can restrict the advancement of indoor positioning.This study investigates the use of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) in Euclidean distance computation, which implies prospect use for indoor positioning through trilateration. It is a proof-of-concept study that BLE and WLAN, using readily-available services such as Nearby Application Programming Interface (API) and beacon simulators, can be used for indoor positioning. This method offers a better trade-off between cost, power, and accuracy.Nearby API and a regular beacon simulator application were used as beacons. The received signal strength interface (RSSI) was measured and used to calculate the Euclidean distance. From each beacon were calculated four different distances, Nearby yielding a maximum error of 26% and a minimum of 4%. The beacon simulator was less accurate and had a maximum error of 60.5% and a minimum of 4%. This shows that it is possible to calculate Euclidean distance using WLAN and BLE, and that Nearby API, which uses both, was more accurate than the beacon simulator, which used only BLE.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF CONVERTING AGRICULTURAL LAND INTO SOLAR FARM USING RS & GIS: CASE OF TARLAC PROVINCE
Authors: de Luna A. D. , Pascual C. E. B. , Principe J. A. , Ang M. R. C. O.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Philippines relies heavily on fossil fuels. With its high energy consumption, the country is at risk economically because of possible supply constraints by exporters, and price fluctuations of fossil fuels. One alternative to fossil fuels is solar. This study aims to explore the use of satellite data analytics and Geographic Information System (GIS) in making a granular site suitability assessment for solar photovoltaic (PV) projects in the province of Tarlac and perform a cost-benefit analysis for rice field conversion to solar farms. Remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques were used to estimate values of factors and constraints to generate a suitability map of solar farm installation in Tarlac considering rice yield. Input data such as Sentinel 2A image tiles and statistical data from databases online were gathered and geospatial analyst processes were done, particularly in assigning weights to the said factors and constraints. For accuracy assessment of image classification, values of kappa coefficient (k) and overall accuracy (OA) were computed. A final suitability map is then applied together with the constraints. This is then compared with existing and upcoming solar farm projects to see if the suitability map can be considered or there is analysis on whether a prime rice field had been converted. Costs, on one hand, such as the forgone net profit from the agricultural land and rice yield loss was presented. The benefits, on the other hand, include the estimated net returns of the solar farm, the amount of energy generated, and the reduced carbon emissions. Different ranges for several of the variables were considered so a more thorough analysis could be presented. Values of k and OA were 62.2% and 71.27%, respectively, indicating a satisfactory accuracy of image classification. In all instances it was shown that in terms of the costs and benefits considered, agricultural land conversion into solar farms may be beneficial for the province of Tarlac. The study showed that this would match the estimated net profit of rice farm areas selected at around ₱123 M with ₱133 M, but at best estimated net profits could go as high as around ₱5 M. This study has also emphasized the environmental benefit of converting agricultural areas to solar farms by lowering the province’s dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, particularly coal in this case. The approximated reduction in emissions was 33.7% of the emissions of the whole province. It was also notable how much of the national rice supply could be affected as rice supply for more than 200,000 people for a year would have to be forgone.
ASSESSMENT OF FOREST DISTURBANCES AND CARBON STOCK IN PANTABANGAN-CARRANGLAN WATERSHED, PHILIPPINES USING REMOTE SENSING
Authors: Dida J. J. V. , Tiburan Jr. C. L. , Saizen I.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Forest disturbances contribute to the decrease in carbon sequestration potential and ecosystem services in a watershed. One of the important watersheds that is affected by land use changes and disturbances is the Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed. The ability of the watershed to provide ecosystem services is affected by the existing land use and land cover (LULC) and its future trends. Therefore, this study aims to assess the changes in the LULC, forest disturbances, and potential carbon stock in the watershed using satellite images. The LULC types and indices used in detecting forest disturbances were classified and generated from the Landsat 8 satellite images covering two different years. The potential carbon storage in the watershed was estimated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Carbon model. The information generated can be used in the conduct of valuation studies and land use planning in the watershed.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE IM4MANILABAY MAPABLE WEB PORTAL
Authors: Gatdula N. B. , Jiao B. J. D. , Laurente J. A. , Blanco A. C. , Medina J. M. , Fargas D. , Narciso G. A.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Products and outputs for water quality monitoring are made available in the IM4ManilaBay MapABLE Web Portal, a web-based GIS platform that serves as a repository of processed maps for Manila Bay and linked systems. The Portal is also linked with the MASDAN mobile application that has been developed to allow the public to report different environmental issues. The web development involved the utilization of geospatial content management system, spatial database system, operating systems, programming, and style language. Services included frontend and backend development. The Web Portal serves as a repository for all outputs derived for water quality monitoring. It contains processed results, technical overview on the developed models and tools, historical data viewing and use of basic geoprocessing tools, and viewing of reported incidents from the MASDAN app. It is expected that the Web Portal will contribute significantly in the efforts of communities and environmental agencies to implement policies for sustainable development and management of Manila Bay and its watershed.
ASSESSING THE HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION THROUGH NUMERICAL MODELING USING SWAT: A CASE STUDY OF LAGUNA DE BAY BASIN
Authors: Jamilla J. M. , Serrano J. , Hernandez B. C. , Herrera E.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Laguna de Bay, having a surface area of about 900 km2 is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines, and is the most important water body in Metro Manila with its variety of uses ranging from aquaculture, irrigation, water supply and flood control. Due to its available resources and strategic location, over extraction, land conversion, and urbanization, have resulted in massive changes in the lake's watershed. The objective of this study is to simulate the impact of land cover change, particularly urbanization, on the hydrology of Laguna de Bay watershed. By hypothetically converting brushland to urban areas and using ArcSWAT to simulate the effects of urbanization, discharges and water balances were assessed. The long-term hydrologic simulations showed an annual increase of 20.6 m3/s (68%) in surface runoff and a 12.8 m3/s (26%) decrease in groundwater recharge for the entire watershed as urban areas increase. The mean seasonal flows were 75. m3/s during the dry season and 149.4 m3/s during the wet season for the original land cover, and 70.2 m3/s and 154.1 m3/s for the urbanized land cover, during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Water percolating into the aquifers beneath the ground were also lessened by 13.6 m3/s (23%). The calibration of Marikina subbasin resulted to a satisfactory percent bias (PBIAS), Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE), and the ratio of the root-mean-square error to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR). Other subbasins resulted in a relatively lower performance rating due to limited available monitoring stations within the basin.
RAPID TESTING: ANALYSIS OF GNSS RAPID STATIC OBSERVATIONS SUITABILITY FOR ENGINEERING SURVEYS IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS IN THE TIME OF COVID-19
Authors: Meneses III S. F. M.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. This study aims to determine which rapid static observation durations would have acceptable accuracy for engineering surveys in urban environments (i.e. Metro Manila) in the time of COVID-19. Due to health concerns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Metro Manila has experienced various restrictions in mobility and time spent in public spaces in recent months. This has affected not only the lives and ways of work of the so-called front liners like nurses, doctors, and primary health care workers, but also the public at large which includes Land Surveyors. It is for this reason that this study was conducted, since a balance must be struck between the aim to get accurate engineering survey results and the health and safety of those who are conducting the measurements. Hence, the shortest possible time to conduct rapid static GNSS observation durations with acceptable results must be determined while ensuring that the conduct of the field survey would still be in compliance to the minimum health protocols (i.e. no mass gathering, maintenance of physical distancing, short time of interaction, etc.) set by the national government.For this study, rapid static observations were made at varying time intervals (i.e. 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minuntes, 1 hour, and 2 hours) at locations (i.e. open, with minimal obstructions, with significant obstructions) that would simulate archetypal situations when conducting engineering surveys in urban environments. Results were computed using fully constrained least square adjustment and results show that if all GNSS satellites are used in the computations, all time intervals would yield acceptable RMSE values, both for the horizontal (5 mm to 2 cm) and vertical (1 cm to 4 cm), for engineering surveys. However, if not all GNSS signals are available, it is best to use at least two GNSS satellite constellations (i.e. GPS-BeiDou, GPS-Glonass, Glonass-BeiDou) so that rapid static observations with acceptable accuracy can be made for as short as 5 minutes. For the “classical” accuracy standards, all rapid static observation durations yielded Order B relative precisions for the horizontal while most, except for the 30-minute duration, which yielded Third Order level results for the vertical.
ASHFALL DISPERSAL MAPPING OF THE 2020 TAAL VOLCANO ERUPTION USING DIWATA-2 IMAGERY FOR DISASTER ASSESSMENT
Authors: Merin E. J. G. , Yute A. L. F. , Sarmiento C. J. S. , Elazagui E. E.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Natural disasters incur many fatalities and economic losses for vulnerable and developing countries such as the Philippines. It is crucial that during calamities, on-ground surveillance is supplemented by low-cost and time-efficient methods such as satellite remote sensing. Diwata-2 is a Philippine microsatellite specifically equipped for disaster assessment. In this study, the capabilities of this satellite in ashfall detection were explored by closely examining the case of the Taal volcano eruption on January 12, 2020. Satellite images covering parts of CALABARZON and Metropolitan Manila before and after the phreatomagmatic eruption were compared. The presence and extent of heavy ash over the study area were identified after the image classification using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. A decrease in vegetation cover and built-up areas was also observed. Upon validation, an overall accuracy of 91.4562 and Kappa coefficient of 0.8833 were achieved for the post-eruption ashfall extent map, exhibiting the potential of Diwata-2 imagery in monitoring volcanic eruptions and similar phenomena.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY MAPPING USING SATELLITE DATA AROUND A MANGROVE PLANTATION IN CAGSAO, CALABANGA, CAMARINES SUR
Authors: Saddi K. C. M.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Cagsao mangrove is a thriving young forest along the San Miguel Bay (SMB), Camarines Sur. To establish the Spatio-temporal Water Quality mapping, data from the Chesapeake Bay, an estuary in the United States of America (USA), was sourced as the train set for this study. Spatio-temporal maps of chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen were generated using Linear Regression (LR) models which were derived from the train set and satellite images of the SMB. GNU (GNU’s not UNIX) Octave was used for the image processing, computing, and analysis. There were three phases in the image processing conducted in this study, 1) extraction of image data of the corresponding measure points from the train area, 2) conversion of the satellite study area to a two-color raster image, and 3) generation of the spatio-temporal maps from the analysis. The study found that the SMB is in the range of Mesotrophic to Moderate Eutrophic classification. The decay from two other point sources (Manga River and Libmanan River) was compared to that of Tigman River, an adjacent river to the Cagsao mangrove forest to determine variations and impact of the mangrove forest in the water quality of the SMB. The presence of Cagsao mangrove forest was found to affect the gap of increasing chlorophyll levels from shore toward the bay center in the adjacent Tigman River unlike Manga River and Libmanan River, which have both no adjacent mangrove forest in the river mouth area. The corresponding satellite images for the dataset taken during and near the date of the train area measurements were also extracted.
EVALUATING HYDROLOGIC MODEL PERFORMANCE OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL WEATHER DATA INPUTS
Authors: Serrano J. , Jamilla J. M. , Hernandez B. C. , Herrera E.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Runoffs from hydrologic models are often used in flood models, among other applications. These runoffs are converted from rainfall, signifying the importance of weather data accuracy. A common challenge for modelers is local weather data sparsity in most watersheds. Global weather datasets are often used as alternative. This study investigates the statistical significance and accuracy between using local weather data for hydrologic models and using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), a global weather dataset. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to compare the two weather data inputs in terms of generated discharges. Both long-term and event-based results were investigated to compare the models against absolute discharge values. The basin’s average total annual rainfall from the CFSR-based model (4062 mm) was around 1.5 times the local weather-based model (2683 mm). These basin precipitations yielded annual average flows of 53.4 cms and 26.7 cms for CFSR-based and local weather-based models, respectively. For the event-based scenario, the dates Typhoon Ketsana passed through the Philippine Area of Responsibility were checked. CFSR only read a spatially averaged maximum daily rainfall of 18.8 mm while the local gauges recorded 157.2 mm. Calibration and validation of the models were done using the observed discharges in Sto. Niño Station. The calibration of local weather-based model yielded satisfactory results for the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), percent of bias (PBIAS), and ratio of the RMSE to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR). Meanwhile, the calibration of CFSR model yielded unsatisfactory values for all three parameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL TWIN FOR THE MONITORING OF SMART CITIES USING OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE
Authors: Sta. Ana R. R. , Escoto J. E. , Fargas Jr. D. , Panlilio K. , Jerez M. , Sarmiento C. J.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Cities are consistently motivated to come up with technology-driven solutions that aim to reduce the negative impacts of rapid urbanization. This paper explores open-source software as a platform in visualizing and developing a digital twin, which aids in mitigating the problem by running simulations and generating potential improvements through generated insights. The four essential components examined to develop the methodology are: (1) Visualization of Digital Model; (2) Identification of User Interface and Data Management Requirements; (3) User Interface Set-up and Configuration; and (4) Analysis and Simulations. Different tools for visualizing the city such as Unity3D, QGIS2threejs, and TerriaMap were explored and compared. Though Unity3D and QGIS2threejs can visualize 3D city models, TerriaMap was favored for its capability to visualize large areas in 3D and to create customizable user interfaces. User interface components were identified as well as handling and processing geospatial datasets. For the analysis and simulations, the Land Surface Temperature hotspot detection was performed and integrated into the system to demonstrate its potential to include other simulations in the future.
GIS-BASED THERMAL LOAD ESTIMATION OF BUILDINGS IN THE NATIONAL SCIENCE COMPLEX, UP DILIMAN
Authors: Tatlonghari C. A. , Principe J. A.
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Building thermal load is the energy exhausted to maintain a specific indoor temperature in comparison to the outdoor temperature. Majority of this energy makes use of a considerable amount of fossil fuels which contributes to greenhouse gases emission leading to global warming. Thermal load estimation of buildings allows people to identify infrastructures in need for retrofit for a more sustainable and smart urban management. This paper presents a small-scale study to estimate the thermal cooling load of fourteen (14) buildings in the National Science Complex of the University of the Philippines Diliman. Results of the annual cooling load calculation for the year 2020 was reported with an estimated lowest cooling load of 1,618 kW for the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) observatory and the highest cooling load of 13,484 kW for the Institute of Mathematics. The values calculated was an overestimation as the entire building was set up as a homogenous cold room without any windows or doors. For future work, it is recommended that input data be supplemented with digital surface model (DSM) and triangulated irregular network (TIN) raster data derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to not only categorize but assign specific values over each building group of the study area.