bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of robust‐optimal controllers with low trajectory sensitivity for uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model systems using differential evolution algorithm
Authors: Chen Shinn‐Horng , Ho Wen‐Hsien , Chou Jyh‐Horng , Lin Ming‐Hsiu
Published: October 2011

By integrating the robust stabilizability condition, the orthogonal‐function approach (OFA) and the Taguchi‐sliding‐based differential evolution algorithm (TSBDEA), an integrative computational approach is presented in this paper to design the robust‐optimal fuzzy parallel‐distributed‐compensation (PDC) controller with low trajectory sensitivity such that (i) the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model system with parametric uncertainties can be robustly stabilized, and (ii) a quadratic finite‐horizon integral performance index for the nominal TS fuzzy model system can be minimized. In this paper, the robust stabilizability condition is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Based on the OFA, an algebraic algorithm only involving the algebraic computation is derived for solving the nominal TS fuzzy feedback dynamic equations. By using the OFA and the LMI‐based robust stabilizability condition, the robust‐optimal fuzzy PDC control problem for the uncertain TS fuzzy dynamic systems is transformed into a static constrained‐optimization problem represented by the algebraic equations with constraint of LMI‐based robust stabilizability condition; thus, greatly simplifying the robust‐optimal PDC control design problem. Then, for the static constrained‐optimization problem, the TSBDEA has been employed to find the robust‐optimal PDC controllers with low trajectory sensitivity of the uncertain TS fuzzy model systems. A design example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed new integrative approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of energy expenditure
Authors: DeLany James P.
Published: October 2011

Although investigators have been engaged in the study of human energy metabolism for over 100 years, there remain unanswered questions regarding the role that energy expenditure plays in human health and disease. A critical examination of available methods for measurement of the various components of daily energy expenditure is presented. Using a combination of the techniques available today, each component can be reliably studied, and the role that each of these plays in the human health can be examined. Several examples of the application of energy expenditure methods are presented. Finally, data are presented describing current knowledge regarding the relation between energy metabolism and cancer, including cancer risk, response to cancer, and in cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 129–134. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective evaluation of ultrasound and biochemical‐based multivariable models for the prediction of late pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Farina Antonio , Rapacchia Giuseppina , Freni Sterrantino Anna , Pula Giulia , Morano Danila , Rizzo Nicola
Published: October 2011

Objective

Prospective assignment at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of risk for late pre‐eclampsia (PE) using eight logistic regression‐based statistical models.

Methods

Five hundred and fifty‐four pregnancies. Uterine artery pulsatility index, parity, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A, free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin and maternal age, were combined to obtain ‘a posteriori risk of PE’.

Results

We observed 39 cases (7%) of late PE. There were 12 cases of severe PE and 27 of mild PE. According to the models used, the estimated detection rate ranged from 38.5% to 84.6% with a false‐positive rate of 10%. The median risk ratio (estimated median risk of PE in affected pregnancies divided by estimated risk of PE in unaffected pregnancies) ranged between 1.66 and 7.61. The most reproducible biochemical‐based model was a mixed model encompassing maternal history and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A.

Conclusion

Some of the multivariable models drawn from the literature accurately predicted the late PE occurrence. The failure of some models may be because of the population in question not bearing several of the risk factors used to generate the models proposed. An effective combined screening at first trimester for late PE seems possible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global stress predicts both positive and negative emotional adjustment at diagnosis and post‐surgery in women with breast cancer
Authors: Groarke AnnMarie , Curtis Ruth , Kerin Michael
Published: October 2011

Objectives

Individual differences in stress appraisal, coping, optimism and social support have contributed to variability in adjustment to breast cancer, but less is known about their relative influence particularly at diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive role of these variables on both positive and negative adjustment in a sample of recently diagnosed women.

Method

Data was collected from 241 women at diagnosis and post‐surgery (4 months later). They completed questionnaires which assessed global and cancer‐specific stress, general and cancer‐specific coping, emotional adjustment (depression, anxiety, positive and negative affect) at Times 1 and 2 and benefit finding at Time 2.

Results

Hierarchical regression analyses (allp < 0.01) taking account of age and cancer related variables (disease stage and type of surgery) showed that stress appraisal was the strongest and most consistent predictor of adjustment. The coping strategies, while significant, were less powerful predictors of emotional adjustment, but they explained more variance than stress on benefit finding. Stress and coping outweighed the impact of social support and optimism.

Conclusions

Global appraisal of stress was the most powerful predictor in the model, and findings suggest that it contributes to patients' affective status, indicating that women should be screened as part of the diagnostic process to identify those at risk for poor adaptation to the illness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Deterrent Profiles in Nitrocellulose Propellant Grains Using Confocal Raman Microscopy
Authors: Trewartha Steve , Shapter Joseph , Gibson Christopher T. , Mikajlo Elisabeth , Jones Ashley
Published: October 2011

The diffusion profile of dinitrotoluene deterred nitrocellulose based small arms propellants is investigated with Confocal Raman microscopy. The diffusion profile in all samples was found to be non‐Fickian Case II diffusion – a steady concentration with a sharp drop. Diffusion depth from the outside surface was found to be much greater than the interior perforation surface. A strong correlation was found between the perforation size of samples and their inside edge diffusion depth, while the outside surface was found to be more dependent on total diameter and deterrent concentration. Samples were also artificially aged to investigate movement of the deterrent over time.
Minimal ensembles of side chain conformers for modeling protein–protein interactions
Authors: Beglov Dmitri , Hall David R. , Brenke Ryan , Shapovalov Maxim V. , Dunbrack Roland L. , Kozakov Dima , Vajda Sandor
Published: October 2011

The goal of this article is to reduce the complexity of the side chain search within docking problems. We apply six methods of generating side chain conformers to unbound protein structures and determine their ability of obtaining the bound conformation in small ensembles of conformers. Methods are evaluated in terms of the positions of side chain end groups. Results for 68 protein complexes yield two important observations. First, the end‐group positions change less than 1 Å on association for over 60% of interface side chains. Thus, the unbound protein structure carries substantial information about the side chains in the bound state, and the inclusion of the unbound conformation into the ensemble of conformers is very beneficial. Second, considering each surface side chain separately in its protein environment, small ensembles of low‐energy states include the bound conformation for a large fraction of side chains. In particular, the ensemble consisting of the unbound conformation and the two highest probability predicted conformers includes the bound conformer with an accuracy of 1 Å for 78% of interface side chains. As more than 60% of the interface side chains have only one conformer and many others only a few, these ensembles of low‐energy states substantially reduce the complexity of side chain search in docking problems. This approach was already used for finding pockets in protein–protein interfaces that can bind small molecules to potentially disrupt protein–protein interactions. Side‐chain search with the reduced search space will also be incorporated into protein docking algorithms. Proteins 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of an energy‐dispersive pnCCD for X‐ray reflectivity: Investigation of interdiffusion in Fe–Pt multilayers
Authors: Abboud Ali , Send Sebastian , Hartmann Robert , Strüder Lothar , Savan Alan , Ludwig Alfred , Zotov Nikolay , Pietsch Ullrich
Published: October 2011

A frame store pn‐junction CCD (pnCCD) detector was applied to study thermally induced interdiffusion in Fe/Pt thin film multilayers (MLs) in a temperature range between 300 and 585 K. Based on the energy resolution of the detector the reflectivity was measured simultaneously in a spectral range between 8 keV < E < 20 keV including the Pt L‐edge energies close to 11.5 keV. Above T = 533 K we find a strong drop of intensities at 1st and 2nd order ML Bragg peak interpreted by mutual interdiffusion. Considering a simulated model of interdiffusion it has been found that the concentration of iron that diffuses into the platinum sub layers is higher than that of platinum into iron. The time dependence of inter diffusion was also calculated in the range of 533–568 K and was described by the Arrhenius equation D(T) = D0 exp(−Ha/kBT). The activation energy for the MLs used [Fe 1.7 nm/Pt 2 nm]50 was found to be 0.94 ± 0.22 eV.
Theory of phonon dispersions and piezoelectricity in multilayers of hexagonal boron‐nitride
Authors: Michel K. H. , Verberck B.
Published: October 2011

Taking into account covalent, Coulomb and van der Waals interactions, we construct the dynamical matrix and calculate the phonon dispersion relations for multilayer crystals of hexagonal boron‐nitride. Coulomb interactions account for a strong overbending of optical phonons. Applying and extending Born's long‐wave theory to the case of multilayer crystals, we calculate the piezoelectric stress constant $e_{1,11} ({\cal N})$ as a function of the number of layers ${\cal N}$. In agreement with group theory, we find that $e_{1,11} ({\cal N}_{{\rm g}} ) = 0$ for ${\cal N}_{{\rm g}} $ even; for an uneven number ${\cal N}_{{\rm u}} $ of layers we obtain $e_{1,11} ({\cal N}_{{\rm u}} ) = 7.31 \times 10^{- 5} \;{\rm C}\;{\rm cm}^{- 2} /{\cal N}_{{\rm u}} $, i.e. the piezoelectric constant decreases as $1/{\cal N}_{{\rm u}} $.
Disorder scattering in graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Libisch F. , Rotter S. , Burgdörfer J.
Published: October 2011

We investigate transport through bulk‐disordered graphene nanoribbons and nanoconstrictions. Employing a modular recursive Green's function algorithm, we study devices of realistic size (up to 100.000 nm2). By Fourier transforming the scattered wave we disentangle inter‐valley scattering between the two Dirac cones of graphene and intra‐valley scattering on a single cone. We find that different types of defects leave characteristic signatures on transport properties which we can describe with a simplified scattering model. A quantitative comparison with recent experimental data is performed which yields insights into the disorder concentration in realistic samples.

magnified image

Prototype defects to simulate (a) sublattice‐symmetry breaking scattering at single vacancies and (b) sublattice‐symmetry conserving scattering at double vacancies.
Studies on Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Activities of Lepidium sativum Crude Extract in Rats
Authors: Rehman Najeeb‐ur , Mehmood Malik Hassan , Alkharfy Khalid M. , Gilani Anwarul‐Hassan
Published: October 2011

This study was aimed to provide the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Lepidium sativum in diarrhea using in vivo and in vitro assays. The seed extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) at 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited castor oil‐induced diarrhea in rats. In isolated rat ileum, Ls.Cr (0.01–5 mg/mL) reversed carbachol (CCh, 1 µ m) and K+ (80 m m)‐induced contractions with higher potency against CCh, similar to dicyclomine. Preincubation of rat ileum with a lower concentration of Ls.Cr (0.03 mg/mL) caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of CCh without suppression of the maximum response, while at the next higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), it produced a non‐parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of dicyclomine. Ls.Cr shifted the CRCs of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to verapamil. These data suggest that Lepidium sativum seed extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca++ channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out and this study explains its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing radiotransmitter attachment techniques on northern bobwhite and chukar chicks
Authors: Dreitz Victoria J. , Baeten Laurie A. , Davis Tracy , Riordan Margaret M.
Published: October 2011

We compared 4 external radiotransmitter attachment techniques to determine the optimum attachment method on chicks of 2 galliform species. The attachment methods included tissue glue, silicone gel, suturing, and leg harness. The study was conducted in captivity with a 2‐phase assessment: first with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and then chukar (Alectoris chukar) chicks. We applied each technique and assessed effects on growth rates, retention times, ease of attaching the transmitter, and effects on physical development. No apparent adverse impacts on chicks were observed for any of the attachment techniques. We found the leg‐harness technique was most reliable in terms of retention time, required the least amount of handling time, and was the simplest to administer. Modifications to our suture technique likely would result in similar retention times, but would still require additional handling time and complexity in attaching transmitters. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Heterologous and homologous expression of the arginine biosynthetic argC~H cluster from Corynebacterium crenatum for improvement of l-arginine production
Authors: Xu Meijuan , Rao Zhiming , Yang Juan , Xia Haifeng , Dou Wenfang , Jin Jian , Xu Zhenghong
Published: October 2011

The genes involved in l-arginine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium crenatum are organized as the argCJBDFRGH cluster like in Corynebacterium glutamicum. However, the argC~H cluster of the C. crenatum SYPA 5-5, which is an industrialized l-arginine producer, had a lethal mutation occurring in the ArgR repressor encoding gene. The argC~H cluster with an inactive argR was overexpressed in E. coli and C. crenatum. In the recombinant E. coli JM109 enzyme activities were increased, and more l-arginine was found in the supernatants from l-glutamine. When the argC~H cluster was overexpressed in C. crenatum under its native promoter Parg, l-arginine production was increased by 24.9%, but the presence of the recombinant plasmid pJC-9039 had a negative effect on cell growth. Surprisingly, the DO value of the recombinant strain dropped gently and stayed at a lower level from 24 h to the end of fermentation. The results demonstrated an increasing utilization of oxygen and the distinct enhancement of unit cell l-arginine yields with the cluster argC~H-bearing in C. crenatum SYPA-9039. This study provides a kind of Corynebacteria with improved l-arginine-producing ability and an efficient elevation for producing amino acid. Moreover, the promoter Parg would be used as a valid promoter to express objective genes for metabolic engineering in Corynebacteria.
An investigation of agitation speed as a factor affecting the quantity and monomer distribution of alginate from Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046
Authors: Kıvılcımdan Moral Ç , Sanin F D
Published: October 2011

Alginate is a copolymer of β-d-mannuronic and α-l-guluronic acids. Distribution of these monomers in the alginate structure is one of the important characteristics that affect the commercial value of the polymer. In the present work, the effect of agitation speed in the range of 200–700 rpm on alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046 was investigated at a dissolved oxygen tension of 5% of air saturation. Experiments were conducted in a fermentor operated in batch mode for 72 h while the production of biomass and alginate, the consumption of substrate and the change in culture broth viscosity and monomer distribution of the polymer were monitored. Results showed that the growth rate of the bacteria increased from 0.165 to 0.239 h−1 by the increase of mixing speed from 200 to 400 rpm. On the other hand, alginate production was found to be the most efficient at 400 rpm with the highest value of 4.51 g/l achieved at the end of fermentation. The viscosity of culture broth showed similar trends to alginate production. Viscosity was recorded as 24.61 cP at 400 rpm while it was only 4.26 cP at 700 rpm. The MM- and GG-block contents were almost equal in most of the culture times at 400 rpm. On the other hand, GG-blocks dominated at both low and high mixing speeds. Knowing that GG-blocks make rigid and protective gels with divalent cations, due to the higher GG-block content, the gel formation potential is higher at 200 rpm as well at 700 rpm, which might originate from the unfavorable environmental conditions that the bacteria were exposed to.
Rückkehr zur Arbeit mit dem Reha-Konzept BOMeN (Berufliche Orientierung in der Medizinischen Neurorehabilitation)
Authors: Menzel-Begemann Anke
Published: October 2011

Einleitung

Return to work – Rückkehr zur Arbeit – dies ist ein wesentliches Ziel rehabilitativer Leistungen. Aufgrund der persönlichen sowie gesellschaftlichen Relevanz der Wiedereingliederung ins Erwerbsleben wird dabei eine frühe und „bessere Verzahnung von medizinischer und beruflicher Rehabilitation... [als dringliche Maßnahme eingestuft und die Entwicklung von] Interventionsbausteinen zur... Bearbeitung beruflicher Problemlagen während der medizinischen Rehabilitation“ gefordert (Keck, 2006, S. 31).
Nisnevich descent forK-theory of Deligne-Mumford stacks
Authors: Krishna Amalendu , Østvær Paul Arne
Published: October 2011

We show localization, excision and descent theorems forK-theory of Deligne-Mumford stacks. Our approach employs the Nisnevich site which is a complete, regular and boundedcd-structure on the category of such stacks and restricts to the usual Nisnevich site on schemes. By combining excision with a refinement of localization sequences due to Krishna and Töen, we show thatK-theory of perfect complexes on tame Deligne-Mumford stacks satisfies Nisnevich descent.
A mechanism for control of turbulent separated flow in rectangular diffusers
Authors: Schneider Hayder , Von Terzi Dominic A. , Bauer Hans-Jörg , Rodi Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

The turbulent separated flow through an asymmetric diffuser with and without manipulation of incoming turbulence-driven mean secondary vortices (MSVs) from a rectangular duct is investigated by large-eddy simulations. The simulations carried out for two diffuser geometries reveal that by introducing a small amount of mean-flow kinetic energy via the MSVs into the flow, the complex three-dimensional separation behaviour and pressure recovery can be effectively controlled. Manipulated MSVs were found to enhance cross-sectional transport of high-momentum fluid, which determined the location, shape, and size of the separation bubble. The integral effect was a delay or expedition in the onset of separation. This change strongly affected the conversion of mean-flow kinetic energy to pressure, in particular for the front part of the diffuser. In addition, a substantial reduction in total pressure loss could be achieved. The manipulation of the MSVs is an efficient mechanism for performance enhancement in the cases investigated. The results have important implications for both control and statistical modelling of turbulent separated flow in rectangular diffusers.
Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and the risk of age-related nuclear cataract among the elderly Finnish population
Authors: Karppi Jouni , Laukkanen Jari A. , Kurl Sudhir
Published: October 2011

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cataractogenesis. Previous studies have shown that long-term dietary intake of antioxidants (lutein and zeaxanthin) may decrease the risk of age-related cataracts. The aim of the present study was to examine whether plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin are related to age-related nuclear cataract in the elderly population. Subjects were participants in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study and they were classified into tertiles according to plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. The association of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations with age-related nuclear cataract in 1689 elderly subjects (aged 61–80 years) was investigated in the present cross-sectional study by using the Cox proportional hazards model. A total of 113 cases of incident age-related cataracts were confirmed, of which 108 cases were nuclear cataracts. After adjustment for age, examination year, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, years of education, use of oral corticosteroids, history of diabetes and history of hypertension with current use of antihypertensive medication, subjects in the highest tertiles of plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin had 42 and 41 % lower risks of nuclear cataract, respectively, compared with those in the lowest tertiles (relative risk (RR) = 0·58, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·98;P = 0·041 for lutein and RR = 0·59, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·99;P = 0·046 for zeaxanthin). In conclusion, we suggest that high plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin were associated with a decreased risk of age-related nuclear cataract in the elderly population.
Dietary nutrient composition affects digestible energy utilisation for growth: a study on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and a literature comparison across fish species
Authors: Schrama J. W. , Saravanan S. , Geurden I. , Heinsbroek L. T. N. , Kaushik S. J. , Verreth J. A. J.
Published: October 2011

The effect of the type of non-protein energy (NPE) on energy utilisation in Nile tilapia was studied, focusing on digestible energy utilisation for growth (kgDE). Furthermore, literature data on kgDE across fish species were analysed in order to evaluate the effect of dietary macronutrient composition. A total of twelve groups of fish were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design: two diets (‘fat’ v. ‘starch’) and two feeding levels (‘low’ v. ‘high’). In the ‘fat’-diet, 125 g fish oil and in the ‘starch’-diet 300 g maize starch were added to 875 g of an identical basal mixture. Fish were fed restrictively one of two ration levels (‘low’ or ‘high’) for estimating kgDE. Nutrient digestibility, N and energy balances were measured. For estimating kgDE, data of the present study were combined with previous data of Nile tilapia fed similar diets to satiation. The type of NPE affected kgDE (0·561 and 0·663 with the ‘starch’ and ‘fat’-diets, respectively; P < 0·001). Across fish species, literature values of kgDE range from 0·31 to 0·82. Variability in kgDE was related to dietary macronutrient composition, the trophic level of the fish species and the composition of growth (fat:protein gain ratio). The across-species comparison suggested that the relationships of kgDE with trophic level and with growth composition were predominantly induced by dietary macronutrient composition. Reported kgDE values increased linearly with increasing dietary fat content and decreasing dietary carbohydrate content. In contrast, kgDE related curvilinearly to dietary crude protein content. In conclusion, energy utilisation for growth is influenced by dietary macronutrient composition.
Diet and habitat definitions for Mexican glyptodonts from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) based on stable isotope analysis
Authors: PÉREZ-CRESPO VICTOR ADRIÁN , ARROYO-CABRALES JOAQUÍN , ALVA-VALDIVIA LUIS M. , MORALES-PUENTE PEDRO , CIENFUEGOS-ALVARADO EDITH
Published: October 2011

Values for δ13C and δ18O obtained from molar samples from three individuals pertaining toGlyptotheriumsp. from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) are provided and are utilized to infer general aspects of glyptodont diet and habitat. On average this animal showed a C3/C4mixed diet, with a high consumption of C4plants. Comparisons of the δ13CVPDBand δ18OVPDBvalues for glyptodonts with horses, mastodons, mammoths and tapirs from the same locality show that glyptodonts from Cedral lived in an open habitat.
From Locke to Reitzenstein: the Historical Investigation of the Origins of Christianity
Authors: Salvatorelli Luigi
Published: October 2011

The historical investigation of the origins of Christianity began with the English deists, who, being philosophers and not professional historians, were for that very reason able to give the first forward impulse to the historical study of Jesus and of primitive Christianity. No purely historical interest could have induced Christian Europe to apply criticism to its sacred books, the facts of salvation, and the divine person of the Saviour. A new and philosophic conception of religion was required, directly opposed to the older view, if any serious effort was to be made to find in the writings of the New Testament and in the earliest Christian history the evidence for critically tested historical statements, and if these writings were to be read and the history studied from any other point of view than that of traditional dogmatism, Protestant or Catholic.
The Rabbinic Law Presupposed by Matthew XII. 1, and Luke VI. 1
Authors: Cohen Boaz
Published: October 2011

Since John Lightfoot's contributions to the interpretation of the New Testament from Rabbinic sources a large literature has grown up on the subject, and in Strack and Billerbeck's recent commentary on the gospels an immense amount of erudition is stored up. Yet in spite of the invaluable labors of these scholars more light can still be thrown on the understanding of the New Testament from the study of the halakah underlying it.
The Transmission of the Book of the Covenant
Authors: Pfeiffer Robert H.
Published: October 2011

Modern critics understand by ‘The Book of the Covenant’ the miscellaneous collection of laws found in Exodus 20, 22—23, 19 and its appendix (23, 20–33). This title is taken from 24, 7, a verse that is manifestly redactional and post-exilic. We may surmise that this verse and, indeed, the whole account of the ratification of these laws (24, 3–8) were inserted here very shortly after the code of laws was placed in its present context.
Two Armenian Creeds
Authors: Akinian Nerses , Casey Robert P.
Published: October 2011

Armenian dogmatic literature is rich in creeds, some of which remain unpublished. The two which follow have a claim on general interest because one bears the name of Athanasius, and is an Armenian counterpart to the famous Latin spurium, while the other is a curious commentary on a well-known text.
A Papyrus Fragment of Acts in the Michigan Collection
Authors: Sanders Henry A.
Published: October 2011

Papyrus 1571 of the Michigan Collection was bought in Cairo in 1924 in a large purchase, which was allotted to the contributing institutions by Mr. H. I. Bell of the British Museum. Many documents in the Michigan part of the purchase came from the Fayûm, but no further evidence is obtainable regarding the place of origin of this fragment. It came to us in three pieces, of which one was only partly unfolded and all were so dirty as to be rather illegible, but the papyrus was already designated as a portion of Acts and dated in the fourth century.
Recent French Discussions of Christianity: the Series ‘Christianisme’
Authors: Goguel Maurice
Published: October 2011

The general public in France is singularly uninformed on questions of religion. Persons in other respects very well educated are frequently lacking in the most elementary notions of the doctrines and history of Christianity. Men who would be ashamed if they were caught taking Virgil for a Greek poet or Demosthenes for a Roman orator, unblushingly display an astonishing ignorance about the books of the Bible, and will suppose, for example, that the New Testament was written in Hebrew, or in Syriac, or even in Arabic, and the Old Testament in Latin. On the part of the small group of scholars who occupy themselves with the history of Christianity, efforts have been made to combat this ignorance and to awaken some interest in questions which the university programs systematically ignore. Plans have been sketched, but difficulties of every kind have prevented putting them into effect. Some steps have been taken, but as yet only too few; some books of an untechnical character, capable of being understood by anyone of moderate education, have been published, but so far they have not succeeded in shaking the general indifference.
A Ninth-Century Commentator on the Gospel according to Matthew
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: October 2011

The subject of this paper, Christian of Stavelot, though he is one of the less familiar figures of the Carolingian revival of learning, whose only substantial work is a commentary on the First Gospel, should be of interest to any student of monastic education. Yet, apart from an admirable essay by Ernst Dummler and a shorter, but very useful, article by Manitius, recent research has not paid much attention to this writer.
Did Peter Deny his Lord? A Conjecture
Authors: Goguel Maurice
Published: October 2011

Ferdinand Kattenbusch has said: “I am more convinced than most that in the investigation of the beginnings of Christianity a great many problems are likely to prove insoluble. But we have no right to acquiesce in that conclusion before all means have been exhausted, all possible combinations tried.” Following this suggestion I would here present some observations on Peter's Denial, and would propose an hypothesis.
The Use of Nails in the Crucifixion
Authors: Hewitt Joseph William
Published: October 2011

These words in criticism of Fra Lippo's vivid and realistic painting of sacred subjects admirably typify the attitude of theology to art. In the ages when the masses were still unable to read, the church took advantage of the work of the painter to impart instruction in the Bible stories. But after all, mere enlightenment is comparatively useless, sometimes even dangerous. It is always inferior to devotion. As long as the masses could be inspired by art to perform more fully their religious duties, so long was art rendering to the church the services that were its due. If the actual facts, even as recorded in the Scriptures, stood in the way of the theological object, they had to be neglected, obscured, or denied. If by a false depiction religious feeling were aroused, there could be no doubt as to the value of such depiction.
The Serabit Expedition of 1930: I. Introduction
Authors: Lake Kirsopp
Published: October 2011

One of the incidental, but, as it proved, important results of the Harvard Expedition to Mount Sinai in 1927 was the rediscovery of the Sinaitic inscriptions on Serabit el-Khadim, a desolate mountain in the interior of the peninsula, rendered famous by the ruins of a temple of the Egyptian goddess Hathor and by many exhausted turquoise mines.
The Serabit Expedition of 1930: II. The Mines of Sinai
Authors: Barrois A.
Published: October 2011

The district which constituted the field of our investigation is situated on the western slope of central Sinai facing the Gulf of Suez. The remains of ancient mine-workings are divided into two groups of unequal importance: the northern group, of which the numerous openings lie north and south of the upper course of Wadi Baba, and to which belong the mines of the plateau of Serabit, and the southern group, confined to the turquoise galleries of Maghara. The two groups are included in a rectangle which measures about 35 kilometers from east to west and 25 from north to south.
Two Notes on Ignatius and Justin Martyr
Authors: Moffatt James
Published: October 2011

Ignatius, Magnes. 1: Γνοùς ὑμῶν τò πολυєύταĸτον τῆς ĸατὰ θεòν ἀγπης ἀγαλλιώμενος προειλόμην ἐν πίστει ᾽Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ προσλαλῆσαι ὑμῖν. So Ignatius begins his letter to the Magnesian Christians:

When I learned [from the deputation of your church] with what admirable discipline your godly love [i.e. your love as Christians determined by the standards of God, κατὰ θεóν as in Paul's Rom. 8, 27 and 2 Cor. 7, 9. 10] is ordered, I resolved in my joy to send you a letter [προσλαλεῖν as in Ign., Ephes. 3] upon faith in Jesus Christ.
Professor Dewey Discusses Religion
Authors: Bixler Julius Seelye
Published: October 2011

The publication of Professor Dewey’s Gifford Lectures, under the title “The Quest for Certainty,” affords a new opportunity for a study of the main emphases in the work of our leading American philosopher, and also for the clarification of the relations of his thought to the fundamental postulates of religion. A large part of the book is given over to an analysis of the conditions under which knowledge is attained. This paper will attempt a statement and criticism of the more important parts of the argument.
Luke and Mark: With a Discussion of Streeter's Theory
Authors: Goguel Maurice
Published: October 2011

Within the theory of two sources, Mark and Q, by which most modern critics explain the composition and interrelations of the Synoptic Gospels, certain questions still remain unanswered which deserve attention in spite of the present tendency to study the history of the tradition rather than the composition of the gospels.
Six Coptic Fragments of the New Testament from Nitria
Authors: Hatch William H. P.
Published: October 2011

The fragments published in the present article were obtained during a visit to the Coptic monasteries in the Wâdi Naṭrûn, which was made in February, 1923. They are all of paper, and they are all in the Bohairic dialect. One of them (Fragment IV) was written in the thirteenth century, and the rest are of the fourteenth. Fragments I, II, III, V, and VI were once parts of lectionaries; and Fragment IV may also have belonged originally to a book of lessons, but in this case it is impossible to speak with certainty.
Calvinism and Capitalism
Authors: Fullerton Kemper
Published: October 2011

Perhaps in nothing, not even in scientific outlook, is the contrast between the Modern Age and the Middle Ages more striking than in the changed attitude toward money and money-making. In the Middle Ages trade was frowned upon and the money-lender despised. In this attitude church and society generally agreed. The church was always castigating the sin of avarice. The making of money was designated by Thomas Aquinas as ‘turpitudo,’ even though he admitted its necessity. The thesis that the shop-keeper could only with difficulty please God was introduced into canon law. Usury, which meant not only extortionate interest but interest of any kind, was prohibited by several councils of the church, and to a usurer the privileges of the sacraments were often denied. Even in those days there were, to be sure, practical qualifications of these theoretical judgments, due to the need of money— a need often as keenly felt by the lords spiritual as by the lords temporal. Nevertheless the generalization is safe that money-making was regarded as socially degrading and morally and religiously dangerous. Today all this is changed. Money-making has become the chief aim of modern civilization. In countless ways, gross or subtle, it determines our lives and thinking. It entices into its service many of the best minds of our college graduates. Even our professions, law, medicine, the ministry (witness the vast development of ecclesiastical advertising), are more and more entangled in its net, while the commercialization of amusements, including our college sports, is notorious.
Josiah Royce —Theist or Pantheist?
Authors: Johnson Paul E.
Published: October 2011

The philosophy of Josiah Royce speaks often of the Absolute and of God, but has left his readers somewhat in doubt as to his exact theistic position. Those who have expressed their doubts attack the Royce an conception of the Absolute from two directions. Some find it not unified enough, others too unified, to be theistic. The former of these call attention to certain discussions in which Royce explains his world unity as a unity of meaning, or a mathematical infinite, or an all-inclusive concept, drawing there from the inference that the unity which he intended was only that of a logical possibility. Or, further, it is insisted that even if Royce may have intended real unity, there is serious question as to the success of his philosophic achievement. The Absolute is made to comprise such contradictory and discordant features that its harmony at least seems incongruous or forced. A unity composed of vigorously conflicting selves must be an aggregate rather than an organic whole.
Greek and Hebrew Words in Jerome's Commentary on St. Matthew's Gospel
Authors: Souter Alexander
Published: October 2011

Readers of St. Jerome's works are familiar with the fact that he often quotes Greek and Hebrew words in the course of these, sometimes depending on his master Origen, sometimes depending on his personal knowledge of both languages, which was considerable. In the autographs of these works it was his custom to place a line over the top of such words, as a sign that they were foreign. Really old manuscripts of Jerome's works, apart from Vulgate MSS., are now rare. Such as were known to Traube are listed in his Hieronymi Chronicorum codicis Floriacensis fragmenta Leidensia, Parisina, Vaticana phototypice edita (Lugd. Bat.1902). But good early minuscule MSS. of his works in many cases preserve these horizontal lines, and record the Greek and Hebrew words with considerable accuracy. As time goes on, the lines tend to disappear, and Latin transliterations, with or without the Greek, become more and more common. Most of the editions of Jerome are defective in two respects among others: they were not based on the oldest and best manuscripts, and the editors did not know very much Greek. It is hoped that the details furnished below will have some interest for students of Greek writing in the latter part of the fourth century.
A Preliminary Study of Alcuin's Bible
Authors: Rand Edward Kennard
Published: October 2011

One of the achievements of recent scholarship forever to be identified with Ludwig Traube's name is the combination of history, palaeography, and textual criticism as an indispensable guide to the understanding of early mediaeval culture. The investigator of the course of politics and of letters works at second hand if he knows not the characteristics of those manuscripts in which contemporary events are recorded, or of those in which the treasures of the past were handed down to the Middle Ages. The palaeographer must consider his books not only as specimens of script but as witnesses for the text of the works they contain and as monuments of the culture of the times. The textual critic ploughs an arid field if the codices of an author are to him but A and B and C, to be hung from a stemma according to the value of their readings and their interrelations. These separate studies, which indeed call for diverse methods and diverse trainings, are but parts of a single science—a harmonious and comprehensive view of the life of an epoch. Traube of course had precursors in this complicated art, but his brilliant pursuit of it entitles him to what he himself would disclaim—the rank of a founder.
Catalogue of the Georgian Manuscripts in the Cambridge University Library
Authors: Blake Robert P.
Published: October 2011

The Georgian Manuscripts of the Cambridge University Library, described below, might properly be called Georgian manuscript fragments. They are without exception individual leaves of different codices which have come into the possession of the Library at different times and from various sources. The date of the documents varies over a wide range, from the earliest period of Georgian literary activity down to the last century, and the type of scripts employed is equally varied.
Khanmeti Palimpsest Fragments of the Old Georgian Version of Jeremiah
Authors: Blake Robert P.
Published: October 2011

Among the innumerable fragments and scraps of manuscripts which have percolated through to Western Europe from the renowned Rümpelkammer at Cairo, there have been found not a few palimpsest leaves bearing the marks of other milieus and having traced upon them characters in tongues other than Hebrew. Chance brought the writer on the trail of one such vagrant parchment during a visit to Oxford in the summer of 1921; an investigation of the hand-list of Georgian MSS. at the Bodleian Library showed that this institution possessed a “fragment of Jeremiah in capitals.” As soon as I glanced at it, I realized that a perplexing puzzle had been solved. In 1902 Professor P. K. Kokovtsov of the University of St. Petersburg published a facsimile and collation of the Hebrew text on a Hebrew-Georgian parchment palimpsest leaf, a photograph of which had been sent anonymously to Professor N. Ya. Marr. The Hebrew text proved to be a portion of the Jerusalem Talmud; from the photograph it was difficult to tell which was the original writing. The late Sir A. E. Cowley kindly informed me that the fragment had been acquired in 1894 along with several others from Rabbi S. Wertheimer in Jerusalem, and that its provenance from the Genizah collection was almost certain. Professor F. C. Conybeare had already identified the Georgian text as a fragment of Jeremiah, and presumably had at the same time sent the photograph to Professor Marr, the covering letter probably having been lost.
Greek Script and Georgian Scribes on Mt. Sinai
Authors: Blake Robert P.
Published: October 2011

In a joint article on the Koridethi Gospels, published by K. Lake and the writer some years since, attention was called to the eclectic character of the Greek alphabet employed in the Koridethi codex, and emphasis laid on the mechanical and unnatural ductus of the writing. I there advanced the hypothesis that these peculiarities, when taken in connection with certain others, tended to show that the scribe was not a Hellene by birth, but probably a foreigner, and that the presence of a Coptic word in one of the adscriptions would show that the MS. was written in an area not too far removed from Egypt. Sinai was suggested as the possible place of origin. My arguments were attacked by J. de Zwaan and, although on certain fundamental points I felt obliged to differ with his interpretation, I could at the time adduce no further data in support of my contentions.
Cremation and Burial in the Roman Empire
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: October 2011

Under the Roman empire cremation went out of fashion and burial gained in popularity as the usual means of disposing of the dead. The cause of this change has been much discussed, and the explanation has often been given that it was due to religious influences and to a shift in ideas of the hereafter. The rising influence of Christianity has sometimes been suggested as a cause, but chronology and the distribution of the phenomena are fatal to that supposition. More recently an alternative has been sought in the growth of the mystery religions. If this could be established, it would form a new and important criterion for the division of the religious history of the empire into periods. Clearly the question deserves full consideration. For that and for many other reasons a full collection and sifting of the evidence for funerary customs throughout the Roman world in the first three centuries of our era is greatly to be desired. This paper does not pretend to fill such a need, and the archaeological data on which it is based are in the main drawn from Rome; the conclusions which can be drawn from these data are limited, but they seem to possess some degree of certainty and they have their bearing on the general nature of the mystery religions.
Thackery's Lexicon to Josephus
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: October 2011

The death of Dr. Henry St. John Thackeray in June 1929 was a great grief to his many friends on both sides of the Atlantic. As a man and as a scholar he had rare and admirable qualities, and it is typical of him both as a man and as a scholar that when he undertook to make a translation of Josephus, of which four volumes have already appeared in the Loeb Classical Library, he first prepared a special lexicon for his own guidance, with no thought of printing it. The wise liberality of the Alexander Kohut Memorial Publication Fund, to which the work was introduced by Professor Cadbury, has now made possible the present publication, which has a form worthy of its contents. The first fascicule was seen through the press by its author, and arrangements have been made for the completion of the enterprise. It is of uncommon excellence.
Liturgical Fragments on Gnostic Amulets
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: October 2011

For some time past I have been impressed with the importance of the so-called gnostic gems, more accurately called syncretistic amulets, as an aid to the study of Greek magical papyri, and have examined them wherever I could find them. During the summer of 1931 I was permitted to study the large collection in the British Museum, a favor for which I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. George F. Hill, the Director, and Mr. Sidney Smith, the Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities. Mr. Smith and his associates in the Department gave me every facility for a minute examination of the stones and allowed me to have casts made from several of them. I have in preparation a group of studies of some amulets in the British Museum and others in various American collections, which I hope to publish with illustrations and interpretations. A preliminary account of two of the British Museum specimens seems to fall within the province of this Review.
Numen inest: ‘Animism’ in Greek and Roman Religion
Authors: Rose Herbert Jennings
Published: October 2011

To Ovid, sophisticated as he was, ancient and simple piety made an appeal; not, as in the case of Vergil, because it accorded with deep-seated feelings of his own, but rather in the same way as plain fare will sometimes please an over-indulged palate, by a certain piquancy of contrast. It is therefore not so surprising that in him we find one of the most perfect expressions of the oldest recoverable stratum of Italian, or even ancient Mediterranean, religious sentiment. It occurs in the Fasti, iii, 296–7: Frazer thus renders the couplet: ‘Under the Aventine there lay a grove black with the shade of holm-oaks; at sight of it you could say, “There is a spirit here.’”
Ancient and Modern Christian Apologetics
Authors: Piana George La
Published: October 2011

The belief in miracles has played a very important part in all the great historical religions. In primitive religions the intervention of powers supposed to be beyond ordinary human control and acting for purposes of their own did not assume the character of supernatural events, for natural and supernatural were not two distinct categories in the primitive religious experience of mankind. It was the process of moralization of religions and the growing knowledge of the consistent working of natural laws that gradually led to a classification of phenomena into the two great divisions of those which were natural and those above nature, a distinction that very soon became an opposition and gave rise to that dualistic conception of life and of the universe which we find at the basis of all the great historical religions.