bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cargo-cult Statistics and Scientific Crisis
Authors: Stark Philip B. , Saltelli Andrea
Published: July 2018

The mechanical, ritualistic application of statistics is contributing to a crisis in science. Education, software and peer review have encouraged poor practice – and it is time for statisticians to fight back. By Philip B. Stark and Andrea Saltelli

The full-text article may be found on the RSS website.
Philosophy of too much medicine conference report
Authors: Uusitalo Susanne , Howick Jeremy
Published: July 2018

Medical scientists have expressed scepticism about whether philosophy is relevant to medicine. We challenged this in a conference on the topic of “too much medicine” (TMM) held in Oxford in April 2017. The topic of TMM provided an opportunity to bring the two disciplines together because of its history both in philosophy and in medicine. We found that the collaboration between the two disciplines was fruitful when two conditions were met. First, both disciplines had to avoid discipline‐specific jargon. Second, each discipline had to engage with the other. Specifically, medical scientists had to engage with some philosophical literature, and philosophers had to “get their hands dirty with data.” In this conference report, we provide an overview of our discussions and summarize the other papers in the series.
Updated checklist and DNA barcode‐based species delimitations reveal taxonomic uncertainties among freshwater fishes from the mid‐north‐eastern Caatinga ecoregion, north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Berbel‐Filho Waldir M. , Ramos Telton P. A. , Jacobina Uedson P. , Maia Danielle J. G. , Torres Rodrigo A. , Lima Sergio M. Q.
Published: July 2018

The mid‐north‐eastern Caatinga is a semiarid freshwater ecoregion in North‐eastern Brazil that is dominated by temporary rivers and is currently classified as one of the least ichthyologically‐known ecoregions in the world. The present study aimed to provide an updated checklist of mid‐north‐eastern Caatinga ecoregion (MNCE) freshwater fish species and evaluate their taxonomic identity using morphology, DNA barcoding and multiple species delimitation approaches. After reviewing published studies and ichthyological collections, 119 species were identified. Among these were 94 putatively valid native and 14 non‐native species, five undescribed native species, four new records for the MNCE, 11 potential cases of misidentification and 14 species listed as inquirenda. Additionally, 252 individuals from 49 species were barcoded, revealing three potential taxonomic synonyms. The combined molecular approaches estimated a total of 91 native species, although a finalized species list for the MNCE awaits additional taxonomic revisions and field surveys. This study provides the most up‐to‐date species checklist for the MNCE and a molecular reference database for identifying MNCE fishes with DNA barcodes. Results highlight the need to integrate traditional taxonomy with molecular approaches to correctly identify species, especially in taxonomically problematic ecoregions such as the MNCE.
Photoperiod revisited: is there a critical day length for triggering a complete parr–smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar?
Authors: Strand Jo E. T. , Hazlerigg David , Jørgensen Even H.
Published: July 2018

The present study investigated whether there is a critical length of photoperiod needed to stimulate a completed parr–smolt transformation (PST) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. In two experiments, S. salar parr of the Norwegian aquaculture strain held on continuous light were exposed to a short photoperiod (6 L:18D) followed by exposure to 8 L:16D, 12 L:12D, 16 L:8D, 20 L:4D and 24 L:0D in experiment 1 or to 6 L:18D followed by maintenance on 6 L:18D or exposure to 12 L:12D and 24 L:0D photoperiods in experiment 2. All groups, irrespective of photoperiod treatment, developed improved hypo‐osmoregulatory ability. However, the development was greatest in the groups exposed to 20 L:4D and 24 L:0D in experiment 1 and 24 L:0D in experiment 2. In experiment 2, gill Na+– K+‐ATPase activity increased in the group exposed to 24 L:0D, but not in the groups exposed to 12 L:12D and 6 L:18D. The groups exposed to 20 L:4D and 24 L:0D in experiment 1 and 24 L:0D in experiment 2 also grew better than fish exposed to shorter photoperiods. In experiment 2 only the group exposed to 24 L:0D showed a decrease in condition factor and increases in plasma growth hormone and brain type 2 deiodinase mRNA abundance. Hence, only the groups exposed to photoperiods above 16 L:8D developed classical smolt indices in the present experiment, leading us to conclude that the photoperiod increase needs to exceed 16 h daylight for stimulating a complete PST in the S. salar used in the present study.
A Model of Monetary Policy Shocks for Financial Crises and Normal Conditions
Authors: KEATING JOHN W. , KELLY LOGAN J. , SMITH A. LEE , VALCARCEL VICTOR J.
Published: July 2018

Deteriorating economic conditions in late 2008 led the Federal Reserve to lower the target federal funds rate to near zero, inject liquidity through novel facilities, and engage in large‐scale asset purchases. The combination of conventional and unconventional policy measures prevents using the effective federal funds rate to assess the effects of monetary policy beyond 2008. We employ a broad monetary aggregate to elicit the effects of monetary policy shocks both before and after 2008. Our estimates align well with major changes in the Fed's asset purchase programs and yield responses that are free from price, output, and liquidity puzzles that plague other approaches.
Social Class Divergence in Family Transitions: The Importance of Cohabitation
Authors: Rackin Heather M. , Gibson‐Davis Christina M.
Published: July 2018

Objective: This study examined trends in familial transitions by maternal education and whether transitions rose because of changes in prevalence (the share of children exposed to a relationship state, either marriage or cohabitation) or churning (the number of entrances and exits conditional on being exposed to a relationship state).

Background: Children's experiences of transitions, an important predictor of well‐being, have leveled off in recent decades. Plateauing in transitions may reflect heterogeneity by socioeconomic status.

Method: Data came from the National Survey of Family Growth on firstborn children observed from ages 0 to 5 among mothers aged 15 to 34 at the time of the child's birth (N = 7,265). Kitagawa methods decomposed changes in transitions into those attributable to changes in prevalence and churning. Analyses were conducted separately by maternal education.

Results: Children born to lower and moderately educated women experienced an increase in transitions because cohabitation increased in prevalence rather than a change in the number of exits and entrances from cohabiting unions. Among this disadvantaged group, children exposed to cohabitation experienced much more churning than children exposed to marriage. Children born to mothers with a 4‐year degree did not experience an increase in transitions and predominantly experienced stable parental marriages.

Conclusion: Transitions only plateaued for children born to highly educated mothers, whereas transitions rose for less‐advantaged children. Transitions appear to be another aspect of early family life experiences that contributes to diverging destinies.
Differences in drug quality between South Africa and Germany
Authors: Lehmann Andreas , Hofsäss Martin , Dressman Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To examine differences in drug product quality between products marketed in developed countries and in developing countries.

Methods

The quality of drug products marketed in both Germany and South Africa by the same pharmaceutical company was compared. A fixed-dose combination tablet containing amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and mometasone furoate nasal spray were selected to represent generic medicines requiring prescriptions, while skin lightening products (legally obtained and/or confiscated) were selected to represent pharmaceutical products that are available without a prescription. Pharmacopoeial tests included assay, content uniformity, and where applicable, dissolution in addition to a visual examination of the packaging.

Key findings

Some differences between the product marketed in Germany and in South Africa were detected for the amoxicillin tablet formulations, although all samples still complied with regulatory requirements. The mometasone nasal spray product marketed in South Africa delivered a higher dose than was declared on the label. The composition of the skin lightening products conformed qualitatively with labelling, but in some South African samples alarmingly high amounts of hydroquinone were found.

Conclusions

Important differences in quality were detected between some German and South African products. To preclude drug products of poor or doubtful quality from entering the market in South Africa, countermeasures are needed.
Molecular markers for phylogenetic applications derived from comparative plastome analysis of Prunus species
Authors: Kim Hyoung Tae , Kim Jung Sung , Lee You Mi , Mun Jeong‐Hwan , Kim Joo‐Hwan
Published: July 2018

Interspecific and intergeneric relationships of Prunus s.l. are still unclear due to low levels of genetic variation among species, and resulting partially unresolved phylogenetic inferences. Here we sequenced and compared six complete plastomes from two subgenera of Prunus in order to choose molecular markers to increase the amount of genetic variation suitable for inference of Prunus phylogeny. The plastomes range between 157 817 and 158 995 bp in length, and we found different levels of inverted repeat (IR) contraction among the three sampled subgenera of Prunus s.l. Most regions in Prunus plastomes considered individually provide low phylogenetic resolution at the subgenus or species level compared to a tree constructed using all 78 coding regions combined. We compared levels of variation among 206 coding regions and noncoding (intergenic and intron) plastid regions and inferred phylogenies from each region considered individually. We then chose using two regions together for future studies of relationships in Prunus, ycf1 and trnT‐L, that display high to moderate levels of variation among coding and intergenic regions, respectively, and that individually permit inference of resolved species‐level trees in Prunus with moderate to strong branch support. Considered together, these two regions allow inference of the same topology of Prunus inferred using all coding plastid regions combined, with comparable levels of tree support to the full plastome set. These two loci should therefore be useful as a plastid phylogenetic marker set for further inference of relationships within Prunus s.l.
Eye movements in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: High antisaccade error rate reflects prefrontal cortex dysfunction
Authors: Hanuška Jaromír , Rusz Jan , Bezdicek Ondrej , Ulmanová Olga , Bonnet Cecilia , Dušek Petr , Ibarburu Veronika , Nikolai Tomáš , Sieger Tomáš , Šonka Karel , Růžička Evžen
Published: July 2018

Abnormalities of eye movements have been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unclear if they occur in the prodromal stage of synucleinopathy represented by idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD). We thus aimed to study eye movements in subjects with iRBD and in de novo PD, to assess if their abnormalities may serve as a clinical biomarker of neurodegeneration. Fifty subjects with polysomnography‐confirmed iRBD (46 male, age 40–79 years), 18 newly diagnosed, untreated PD patients (13 male, age 43–75 years) and 25 healthy controls (20 male, age 42–79 years) were prospectively enrolled. Horizontal and vertical ocular prosaccades and antisaccades were investigated with video‐oculography. All patients completed the MDS‐UPDRS and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. In addition, a neuropsychological battery was performed on iRBD subjects. When compared with healthy controls, both de novo PD patients and iRBD subjects showed increased error rates in the horizontal antisaccade task (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 respectively). In the iRBD group, the error rates in horizontal and vertical antisaccades correlated with performances in the Prague Stroop Test and the Grooved Pegboard Test, as well as with motor scores of the MDS‐UPDRS. De novo PD patients showed a lower gain (p < 0.01) compared with controls. In conclusion, the increased error rate in the antisaccade task of iRBD and PD patients reflects a dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and is related to the impairment of executive functions and attention.
Is There a Case for Intergenerational Transmission of Female Labour Force Participation and Educational Attainment? Evidence From Greece During The Crisis
Authors: Papapetrou Evangelia , Tsalaporta Pinelopi
Published: July 2018

The paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of female educational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of labour force participation in Greece, in 2011. Results show that parental educational background, and especially maternal, is identified as a key determinant of women's high level of educational achievement. A wife's labour force participation decision is related to her husband's mother's and mother's participation, and even more strongly related to her own level of educational achievement along with the number of children in the household. The labour force participation of the mother of the husband is more important than that of the woman's own mother, indicating a strong transmission of the husband's cultural model. Results point to the presence of heterogeneity of cultural transmission of female labour supply conditional on household income.
Dealing with the consequences of exchange rate misalignments for macroeconomic adjustments in the EMU
Authors: Duwicquet Vincent , Mazier Jacques , Saadaoui Jamel
Published: July 2018

The euro crisis sheds light on the nature of alternative adjustment mechanisms in the EMU. This article examines the exchange rate misalignments within the euro zone, using a FEER approach. To explore the consequences of these misalignments, we use an open economy SFC model with endogenous interest rates and Eurobonds. Facing a competitiveness loss in southern countries due to misalignments, three sets of alternative economic policy are investigated: a policy‐mix based on tax rebates to improve competitiveness; an increase in intra‐European financing by banks of northern countries; and an issuance of Eurobonds to pool European sovereign debt.
Roadway Asset Inspection Sampling Using High‐Dimensional Clustering and Locality‐Sensitivity Hashing
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Liu Xiaoyue Cathy
Published: July 2018

A high‐dimensional clustering‐based sampling method for roadway asset condition inspection is proposed in this study. The method complements existing literature by selecting sample roadway segments that contain multiple types of assets (e.g., signage, shoulder work, pavement marking, etc.) for the accurate estimation of their respective level of maintenance (LOMs). This is consistent with the standard maintenance procedure as inspection activities are often conducted on roadway segment basis. The proposed method consists of three components: current condition estimation, similarity matrix construction, and stratification. Current condition estimation predicts assets’ “current condition” by considering historical inspection records. Similarity matrix construction represents the core piece of the sampling framework, which employs locality‐sensitive hashing algorithm to define the similarity between segments. The stratification process is implemented with spectral clustering, which assigns segments into clusters based on the similarity matrix. The proposed method outperforms simple random sampling, which is widely used in practice, especially under the circumstances where LOM varies greatly across assets. The main highlight of the proposed method is the ability to select sample segments with multiple types of assets that are representative of their respective LOMs of the full inventory, which directly translates into an efficient maintenance activity management. The method is implemented using asset inspection records in the state of Utah from September, 2014 to March 2016. It represents a potentially useful tool for agencies to effectively conduct asset inspection and can be easily adopted for choosing samples containing multiple features.
An important role for periplasmic storage inPseudomonas aeruginosacopper homeostasis revealed by a combined experimental and computational modeling study
Authors: Parmar Jignesh H. , Quintana Julia , Ramírez David , Laubenbacher Reinhard , Argüello José M. , Mendes Pedro
Published: July 2018

Biological systems require precise copper homeostasis enabling metallation of cuproproteins while preventing metal toxicity. In bacteria, sensing, transport, and storage molecules act in coordination to fulfill these roles. However, there is not yet a kinetic schema explaining the system integration. Here, we report a model emerging from experimental and computational approaches that describes the dynamics of copper distribution inPseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on copper uptake experiments, a minimal kinetic model describes well the copper distribution in the wild‐type bacteria but is unable to explain the behavior of the mutant strain lacking CopA1, a key Cu+efflux ATPase. The model was expanded through an iterative hypothesis‐driven approach, arriving to a mechanism that considers the induction of compartmental pools and the parallel function of CopA and Cus efflux systems. Model simulations support the presence of a periplasmic copper storage with a crucial role under dyshomeostasis conditions inP. aeruginosa. Importantly, the model predicts not only the interplay of periplasmic and cytoplasmic pools but also the existence of a threshold in the concentration of external copper beyond which cells lose their ability to control copper levels.
Conflict and Decision‐Making: Attributional and Emotional Influences
Authors: Hurt Kevin J. , Welbourne Jennifer
Published: July 2018

There is general consensus among conflict scholars that cognitive conflict's impact within the organization is functional, whereas affective conflict's impact is dysfunctional. Inconsistent findings in the literature suggest that additional factors impact these relationships. In this study, we integrate theories of conflict, affect, and attribution within the domain of decision‐making to gain a greater understanding of how and why organizational conflicts are at times positive, negative, or neutral. Specifically, we posit that the conclusions individuals reach as a result of their attributions, and their subsequent emotions and behavioral responses, play a significant role in determining conflict's effects. We apply theories of team‐level emotional convergence to propose how the individual emotional responses of team members may converge into a collective emotional response at the team level. Finally, we propose that the team‐level emotional responses initiated by the attribution process are significant moderators of the relationship between conflict type and decision outcomes.
Silvorchis vietnamica(Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae, Vietorchidinae), a new miniature mycotrophic species from southern Vietnam
Authors: Averyanov Leonid V. , Nguyen Van Dzu , Nguyen Khang Sinh , Dinh Quang Diep , Maisak Tatiana V.
Published: July 2018

A second species ofSilvorchis, until now considered to be a presumably extinct monotypic genus endemic to western Java has been discovered in southern Vietnam. The species, here named asS. vietnamica, is described and illustrated, with data on its distribution, ecology, phenology and estimated conservation status. A key for identification of the two known species of the genus is also provided. The taxonomic affinities and phylogenetic placement of the newly discovered plant are briefly discussed.
Vinealobryum guangdongensis (Pottiaceae, Musci), a new species with multicellular axillary gemmae from Guangdong, China
Authors: Kou Jin , Feng Chao
Published: July 2018

A new species belonging to Didymodon sensu lato, Vinealobryum guangdongensis, is described and illustrated from Nanling National Forest Park of Guangdong, China. It is characterized by noteworthily thick‐walled cells of the cauline central cylinder, ovate‐lanceolate leaves that are appressed when dry, acuminate to acute leaf apices, leaf base abruptly broadened and quickly narrowed to the insertion, leaf margins recurved in proximal 2/3 to 3/4, short‐excurrent costa with 0–1 layer of ventral stereids, laminal cells with conical or elliptical papillae either over the lumina or over transverse walls, presence of gemmae in the leaf axils, and KOH laminal color reaction red to reddish orange. This new species is compared with the most similar species and its ecology is discussed.
To Adapt or Design: An Emerging Market Dilemma for Automakers
Authors: Jonnalagedda Sreelata , Saranga Haritha
Published: July 2018

Multinational automakers tend to be biased toward adapting products designed for their primary markets to emerging or secondary markets. The preference for such adapted product design (APD) approach arises from reduced costs associated with product design and development. However, the growing importance of emerging markets combined with the recognition of their idiosyncratic needs have led automakers to consider an alternative product development approach that simultaneously incorporates the needs of both the markets and exploits scope economies. We term this approach as the customized simultaneous design (CSD) approach. Motivated by case studies of Ford and Hyundai, we abstract key elements to set up an analytical model for the APD and CSD approaches. We derive the optimal prices and extent of commonality between products for both the markets and compare the attractiveness of the two product development approaches. The relative profitability of the two approaches is driven by the trade‐off between the consumer‐side disutilities and the cost‐side scale and scope economies, and is moderated by demand uncertainty in the secondary market. Interestingly, we find that scale and scope economies reinforce each other in making CSD a more profitable approach under certain conditions. When the automaker is located in the secondary market, other factors such as market size, uncertainty and dissimilarity between the markets determine the most profitable approach. In addition, we demonstrate that higher profitability of one approach over the other is not necessarily achieved by providing higher commonality.
Secondhand smoke during the periconceptional period increases the risk for orofacial clefts in offspring
Authors: Pi Xin , Li Zhiwen , Jin Lei , Liu Jufen , Zhang Yali , Zhang Le , Wang Linlin , Ren Aiguo
Published: July 2018

Background

To examine whether exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during the periconceptional period among nonsmoking women is associated with an increased risk for orofacial clefts (OFCs) in offspring in a population with low rates of maternal active smoking but high rates of SHS exposure.

Methods

We recruited 240 women with OFC‐affected pregnancies and 1420 women who delivered healthy infants from a population‐based case‐control study in northern China during 2002 and 2016. Data including self‐reported SHS exposure were collected by trained health care workers through face‐to‐face interviews. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to estimate the association between SHS exposure and OFC risk.

Results

The unadjusted ORs for OFCs and cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) in association with SHS exposure were both 1.6 (95% CI 1.2, 2.1). After adjusting for maternal fever or flu, farming occupation, infant sex, and history of pregnancy affected by birth defects, the adjusted ORs were both 1.6 (95% CI 1.2, 2.2). Frequent SHS exposure (>6 times/week) was associated with an even higher risk for OFCs (adjusted OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.8, 3.8) and for CL±P (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7, 3.7).

Conclusions

Maternal SHS exposure during the periconceptional period increases the risk for OFCs in offspring among nonsmoking mothers.
Managing Racial Diversity: Matching Internal Strategies with Environmental Needs
Authors: Amirkhanyan Anna A. , Holt Stephen B. , McCrea Austin M. , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: July 2018

Although demographic diversity has been of paramount concern to researchers and practitioners in public management, studies exploring managerial strategies to capitalize on and respond to the needs of diverse client populations are scarce. This article examines strategies for managing diversity as a way to buffer environmental challenges in service delivery and performance resulting from heterogeneous client demands. Findings suggest that administrators prioritize diversity efforts when faced with higher levels of regulatory violations (a performance measure). A higher percentage of black residents is associated with lower service quality. However, the effect of managerial strategies for diversity on performance is conditioned by the racial composition of the clients: as the percentage of black nursing home residents increases, diversity management efforts are associated with a lower number of regulatory violations. Similarly, at higher levels of racial heterogeneity, diversity management efforts are associated with fewer regulatory violations.
Fast food and asthma and allergy: Be afried, be deeply afried?
Authors: James Alan , Abramson Michael
Published: July 2018

See related Article
ZEB1 and ZEB2 transcription factors are potential therapeutic targets of canine mammary cancer cells
Authors: Xavier Pedro L. P. , Cordeiro Yonara G. , Rochetti Arina L. , Sangalli Juliano R. , Zuccari Debora A. P. C. , Silveira Juliano C. , Bressan Fabiana F. , Fukumasu Heidge
Published: July 2018

Mammary tumours are the most frequent in female dogs as in women and half are malignant. Tumorigenicity and invasiveness are important acquired characteristics for the development and progression of cancers and could be regulated by transcription factors associated with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) as ZEB1, ZEB2, SNAI1, SLUG and STAT3. Thus, here, we evaluate the expression of EMT‐associated transcription factors in canine mammary cancer (CMC) cell lines characterized for invasiveness and tumorigenicity to determine if these could be considered good targets for future development of therapies. Five CMC cell lines were characterized regarding their morphology, doubling time and expression of intermediate and actin filaments. In addition, gene expression of SLUG, STAT3, ZEB1, ZEB2 and CDH1, tumorigenicity and invasiveness were assessed. Two of these cells presented an epithelial‐like morphology (E20 and E37) and three a mesenchymal‐like morphology (M5, M25 and CF41.Mg). M25 and CF41.Mg presented higher invasiveness. Furthermore, only mesenchymal‐like cells formed tumorspheres and CF41.Mg made more and larger tumorspheres. The mesenchymal‐like cells are more malignant than the epithelial‐like cells being the CF41.Mg the most malignant. This cell presented higher ZEB1 and ZEB2 and lower CDH1 gene expression. Finally, our results revealed that there is a positive correlation between ZEBs and the tumorsphere number and size. In conclusion, these findings support ZEB1 and ZEB2 as potential therapeutic targets for CMC cells, demonstrating a great potential of canine models for comparative and translational studies.
Effect of bandaging techniques on sub‐bandage pressures in the equine distal limb, carpus, and tarsus
Authors: Canada Nathan C. , Beard Warren L. , Guyan Megan E. , White Brad J.
Published: July 2018

Objective

To determine the influence of 3 types of bandages on sub‐bandage pressures over the distal limb, carpus, and tarsus.

Study design

Observational study.

Animals

Eight healthy horses.

Methods

Each of the 6 following bandages was applied on each horse in randomized order: (1) distal limb compression bandage (DLC), (2) double layer bandage (DL), (3) inner sanctum bandage (IS), (4) carpal compression bandage (CC), (5) tarsal compression bandage (TC), and (6) adhesive elastic carpal bandage (C‐ELA). Sub‐bandage pressures were measured with the Picopress compression measuring system (Microlab Electonica, Nicolo, Italy) after bandage application. Carpal and tarsal bandage pressures were assessed before and after walking the horses approximately 50 m. TC pressures were also measured after creating a slit over the calcaneus. A generalized linear model was used to test the association of pressure with sensor location, bandage type, time, and potential interactions (P < .05).

Results

DLC (165 mmHg) and IS (167 mmHg) generated greater mean combined pressures compared with DL (146 mmHg; P = .0166). At application, CC (154 mmHg) created higher mean combined sub‐bandage pressure compared with C‐ELA (70 mmHg; P < .001). Pressures resulting from CC and TC decreased after walking (P < .001), whereas those associated with C‐ELA were not affected.

Conclusion

Variations to the standard DLC construct did not increase sub‐bandage pressures. CC and TC pressures rapidly decreased with ambulation, whereas C‐ELA pressures in healthy horses were not affected by walking.

Clinical significance

Variations to the standard DLC offer no additional benefit in regards to increasing sub‐bandage pressures. Carpal elastic bandages maintain sub‐bandage pressures during ambulation and may be more appropriate for long term bandaging in ambulating horses. Creating a slit over the calcaneal tuber in TC bandages is discouraged due to rapid decreases in sub‐bandage pressure.
Investigation of Decision Making and Thinking Styles of Volleyball Referees in Terms of Some Variables
Authors: Arslanoğlu Cansel , Doğan Erol , Acar Kürşat
Published: July 2018

This study aims to examine the decision making and thinking styles of volleyball referees in terms of some variables. A total of 91 volleyball referees (51 men and 40 women) in Ankara volunteered to participate in the study. Of the participants, 56 are regional referees while 35 are national referees. The participants were applied rational-experiential thinking styles scale developed by Epstein et al (1996) and adapted into Turkish by Buluş (2000) and decision-making styles scale developed by Scott and Burce (1995) and adapted into Turkish by Taşdelen (2002). It was determined that the data obtained from the study did not show normal distribution according to Shapiro Wilk and Levene tests (p <0.05), therefore, in line with the purposes of the study, the data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test and Kruskall Wallis test, and the Steel Dwass test was applied to determine the groups from which the difference originated in multiple comparisons. The significance level was accepted as (p <0.05). According to research findings, decision-making styles are significant in terms of gender, age, referee category and experience (years) variables (p<0.05). When the scores of the "cognitive requirement and intuitive belief" subscales of the rational-experiential thinking style scale were examined, significance was determined (p <0.05) in terms of participants' gender, age, referee category and experience variables. Consequently, the research revealed that variables such as gender, age, referee category, and experience had an important impact on the decision-making and rational-experiential thinking styles of volleyball referees.
Ticks collected from soil/nest litter and live and dead nestlings of migratory seabirds during their breeding season at six uninhabited Islands, Republic of Korea during 2009 and 2014–2017
Authors: Kim Heung-Chul , Park Jong-Gil , Kwon Young-Soo , Kim Miran , Park Chang-Uk , Yun Seok-Min , Chon Sung-Tae , Kim Myung-Soon , Klein Terry A. , Robbins Richard George
Published: July 2018

The 65th Medical Brigade (MED BDE)/Medical Department Activity-Korea (MEDDAC-K), in collaboration with the Migratory Birds Research Center, National Park Research Institute, conducted migratory bird tick-borne disease surveillance at six small, remote, uninhabited islands near the western (Nan Island), southwestern (Chilbal, Gugul, Gaerin, Hong, and Sogugul islands) and southeastern (Hong Island) coastal areas of the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2009 and from 2014–2017. Ticks were collected from nest soil/litter of the Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus), Japanese Murrelet (Synthliboramphus wumizusume), Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel (Hydrobates monorhis), Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris), Pacific Swift (Apus pacificus), and Streaked Shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) using Tullgren funnels. Ticks also were collected from recently dead nestlings of Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel and Black-tailed Gull at Gugul, Sogugul, Gaerin, Nan, and Hong islands, and single ticks were collected from vegetation (tick drag) and a human bitten on Chilbal Island. A total of 1,578 ticks (61 females, 122 males, 290 nymphs, and 1,105 larvae), belonging to four genera and six species, were collected. Ornithodoros capensis (73.00%; 1,152) was the most commonly collected tick on migratory seabirds, followed by Ornithodoros sawaii (26.55%; 420), Ixodes uriae (0.19%; 3), and Ixodes signatus (0.13%, 2). One (0.06%) Haemaphysalis flava was collected by tick drag and one (0.06%) Amblyomma testudinarium was collected while biting one of the survey members. Ornithodoros species were identified morphologically and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. This is the first record of O. sawaii collected from nest soil/litter during the 2017 nesting season of the Pacific Swift and Streaked Shearwater in the ROK.
Report details harassment by famed biologist
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: July 2018

Allegations that felled Francisco Ayala divide scientists, university community.
Study of ‘sea nomads’ under fire in Indonesia
Authors: Rochmyaningsih Dyna
Published: July 2018

Critics say study lacked local ethical approval and role for Indonesian experts.
Lake spied deep below polar ice cap on Mars
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: July 2018

Orbiting radar instrument finds martian analog to pools under Antarctic glaciers.
The trailblazer
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: July 2018

Joanna Harper is racing to reveal how a gender transition alters an athlete's physiology and performance.
LKB1 deficiency in T cells promotes the development of gastrointestinal polyposis
Authors: Poffenberger M. C. , Metcalfe-Roach A. , Aguilar E. , Chen J. , Hsu B. E. , Wong A. H. , Johnson R. M. , Flynn B. , Samborska B. , Ma E. H. , Gravel S.-P. , Tonelli L. , Devorkin L. , Kim P. , Hall A. , Izreig S. , Loginicheva E. , Beauchemin N. , Siegel P. M. , Artyomov M. N. , Lum J. J. , Zogopoulos G. , Blagih J. , Jones R. G.
Published: July 2018

Inflammation promotes gut polyposis

Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) causes benign polyps in the gut and a higher risk of several cancers caused by mutations in the tumor suppressor gene
STK11
, which encodes liver kinase B1 (LKB1). LKB1's role in this disease is thought to be related to its tumor suppressor function. Now, Poffenberger
et al.
show that the T cell–specific heterozygous deletion of
Stk11
is sufficient to reproduce PJS symptoms in mice (see the Perspective by Hollstein and Shaw). Polyps in mice and humans are characterized by immune cell infiltration, enhanced STAT3 signaling, and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Targeting STAT3 signaling, IL-6, or T cells ameliorated the polyps, suggesting potential therapies for this disease.

Science
, this issue p.
406
; see also p.
332
The anticommons at 20: Concerns for research continue
Authors: Contreras Jorge L.
Published: July 2018

Emerging trends in exclusionary rights may affect research
Teaching an old carbocation new tricks: Intermolecular C–H insertion reactions of vinyl cations
Authors: Popov Stasik , Shao Brian , Bagdasarian Alex L. , Benton Tyler R. , Zou Luyi , Yang Zhongyue , Houk K. N. , Nelson Hosea M.
Published: July 2018

Silicon smooths the way to vinyl cations

Saturated carbon centers often undergo substitution reactions by initial cleavage of a carbon-halogen or carbon-oxygen bond, which leaves the carbon positively charged. Analogous cations have proven much harder to access from vinylic carbons that are engaged in double bonds. Popov
et al.
now show that silicon cations paired with noncoordinating anions can pull triflate groups off such vinylic carbons under ambient conditions (see the Perspective by Kennedy and Klumpp). The resultant vinyl cations react with simple alkanes through C–H insertion. Theoretical and mechanistic studies suggest that these reactions proceed through nonclassical pathways that bifurcate after the transition state.

Science
, this issue p.
381
; see also p.
331
Response to Comment on “An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst”
Authors: Schneider Fabian R. N. , Sana Hugues , Evans Christopher J. , Bestenlehner Joachim M. , Castro Norberto , Fossati Luca , Gräfener Götz , Langer Norbert , Ramírez-Agudelo Oscar H. , Sabín-Sanjulián Carolina , Simón-Díaz Sergio , Tramper Frank , Crowther Paul A. , de Koter Alexander , de Mink Selma E. , Dufton Philip L. , Garcia Miriam , Gieles Mark , Hénault-Brunet Vincent , Herrero Artemio , Izzard Robert G. , Kalari Venu , Lennon Danny J. , Maíz Apellániz Jesús , Markova Nevy , Najarro Francisco , Podsiadlowski Philipp , Puls Joachim , Taylor William D. , van Loon Jacco Th. , Vink Jorick S. , Norman Colin
Published: July 2018

Farr and Mandel reanalyze our data, finding initial mass function slopes for high-mass stars in 30 Doradus that agree with our results. However, their reanalysis appears to underpredict the observed number of massive stars. Their technique results in more precise slopes than in our work, strengthening our conclusion that there is an excess of massive stars (>30 solar masses) in 30 Doradus.
Hydrocarbon synthesis with vinyl cations
Authors: Kennedy Sean H. , Klumpp Douglas A.
Published: July 2018

Catalytic generation of vinyl cations enables synthesis of functionalized hydrocarbons
Neurotechnology to address big questions
Authors: Knöpfel Thomas
Published: July 2018

Profiling of single neurons in tissue allows structure and function linkage in brain circuits
Coxiella burnetii Blocks Intracellular Interleukin-17 Signaling in Macrophages
Authors: Clemente Tatiana M. , Mulye Minal , Justis Anna V. , Nallandhighal Srinivas , Tran Tuan M. , Gilk Stacey D.
Published: July 2018

Coxiella burnetiiis an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiological agent of Q fever. Successful host cell infection requires theCoxiellatype IVB secretion system (T4BSS), which translocates bacterial effector proteins across the vacuole membrane into the host cytoplasm, where they manipulate a variety of cell processes.
Human Cytomegalovirus Tropism Modulator UL148 Interacts with SEL1L, a Cellular Factor That Governs Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation of the Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gO
Authors: Nguyen Christopher C. , Siddiquey Mohammed N. A. , Zhang Hongbo , Li Gang , Kamil Jeremy P.
Published: July 2018

Viral glycoproteins in large part determine the cell types that an enveloped virus can infect and hence play crucial roles in transmission and pathogenesis. The glycoprotein H/L heterodimer (gH/gL) is part of the conserved membrane fusion machinery that all herpesviruses use to enter cells. In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), gH/gL participates in alternative complexes in virions, one of which is a trimer of gH/gL with glycoprotein O (gO). Here, we show that gO is constitutively degraded during infection by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway and that UL148, a viral factor that regulates HCMV cell tropism, interacts with the ERAD machinery and slows gO decay. Since gO is required for cell-free virus to enter new host cells but dispensable for cell-associated spread that resists antibody neutralization, our findings imply that the posttranslational instability of a viral glycoprotein provides a basis for viral mechanisms to modulate tropism and spread.
Is vision-related quality of life impaired in patients with preperimetric glaucoma?
Authors: Daga Fábio B , Gracitelli Carolina P B , Diniz-Filho Alberto , Medeiros Felipe A
Published: July 2018

Background/aims

To investigate whether subjects with preperimetric glaucoma exhibit decline in patient-reported vision-related quality of life (QoL) compared with healthy individuals.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 45 patients with preperimetric glaucoma, 102 patients with perimetric glaucoma and 81 healthy controls. Perimetric glaucoma was defined by the presence of repeatable abnormal standard automated perimetry tests and corresponding optic nerve damage in at least one eye. Preperimetric glaucoma was defined based on the presence of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) loss as detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in the absence of visual field loss. Patient-reported QoL was measured by the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25).

Results

Patients with preperimetric glaucoma had significantly thinner average RNFL in the better eye compared with controls (79.9±9.2 µm vs 97.8±8.6 µm; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in Rasch-calibrated NEI VFQ-25 scores between the preperimetric and control groups (72.8±16.8 vs 73.7±20.2, respectively; p=0.964). The average NEI VFQ-25 score in the perimetric glaucoma group was 58.9±18.6 and was significantly different than the average score in the preperimetric glaucoma and healthy groups (p<0.001 for both comparisons).

Conclusion

Contrary to patients with perimetric damage, preperimetric glaucoma does not seem to be associated with loss in QoL. Prevention of disability from glaucoma may benefit from early diagnosis during a ‘window of opportunity’ given by detecting structural loss before visual field damage.
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure-based algorithm for clinical decision support in epilepsy outpatient follow-up: a test–retest reliability study
Authors: Schougaard Liv Marit Valen , de Thurah Annette , Christiansen David Høyrup , Sidenius Per , Hjollund Niels Henrik
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures have been used in epilepsy outpatient clinics in Denmark since 2011. The patients’ self-reported PRO data are used by clinicians as a decision aid to support whether a patient needs contact with the outpatient clinic or not based on a PRO algorithm. Validity and reliability are fundamental to any PRO measurement used at the individual level in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of the PRO algorithm used in epilepsy outpatient clinics and to analyse whether the method of administration (web and paper) would influence the result.

Design and setting

Test–retest reliability study conducted in three epilepsy outpatient clinics in Central Denmark Region, Denmark.

Participants

A total of 554 epilepsy outpatients aged 15 years or more were included from August 2016 to April 2017. The participants completed questionnaires at two time points and were randomly divided into four test–retest groups: web–web, paper–paper, web–paper and paper–web. In total, 166 patients completed web–web, 112 paper–paper, 239 web–paper and 37 paper–web.

Results

Weighted kappa with squared weight was 0.67 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.74) for the pooled PRO algorithm, and perfect agreement was observed in 82% (95% CI 78% to 85%) of the cases. There was a tendency towards higher test–retest reliability and agreement estimates within same method of administration (web–web or paper–paper) compared with a mixture of methods (web–paper and paper–web).

Conclusions

The PRO algorithm used for clinical decision support in epilepsy outpatient clinics showed moderate to substantial test–retest reliability. Different methods of administration produced similar results, but an influence of change in administration method cannot be ruled out.
Deciding on behalf of others: a population survey on procedural preferences for surrogate decision-making
Authors: Frey Renato , Herzog Stefan M , Hertwig Ralph
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To assess people’s procedural preferences for making medical surrogate decisions, from the perspectives of both a potential surrogate and an incapacitated patient.

Design

Computer-assisted telephone interviews. Respondents were randomly assigned either the role of an incapacitated patient or that of a potential surrogate for an incapacitated family member. They were asked to rate six approaches to making a surrogate decision: patient-designated surrogate, discussion among family members, majority vote of family members’ individual judgements, legally assigned surrogate, population-based treatment indicator and delegating the decision to a physician.

Setting

Germany and German-speaking and French-speaking parts of Switzerland.

Participants

2010 respondents were quota sampled from a panel (representative for the German and German-speaking and French-speaking Swiss populations, respectively, in terms of age, sex and regions).

Main outcome measures

Endorsement of each approach (rated on a scale from 1 to 10). Degree to which preferences overlap between the perspective of potential surrogates and potential patients.

Results

Respondents’ endorsement of the six different approaches varied markedly (from Mdn=9.3 to Mdn=2.6). Yet the preferences of respondents taking the perspective of incapacitated patients corresponded closely with those of respondents taking the perspective of a potential surrogate (absolute differences ranging from 0.1 to 1.3). The preferred approaches were a patient-designated surrogate (Mdn=9.3) and all family members making a collective decision by means of group discussion (Mdn=9.3). The two least-preferred approaches were relying on a statistical prediction rule (Mdn=3.0) and delegating the decision to a physician (Mdn=2.6).

Conclusions

Although respondents taking the perspective of an incapacitated patient preferred a patient-designated surrogate, few people have designated such a surrogate in practice. Policy-makers may thus consider implementing active choice, that is, identifying institutional settings in which many people can be reached (eg, when obtaining a driver’s licence) and requesting them to complete advance directives and to designate a specific surrogate. Moreover, potential patients and surrogates alike highly valued shared surrogate decisions among family members. Policy-makers may consider acknowledging this possibility explicitly in future legislation, and caregivers and physicians may consider promoting shared surrogate decisions in practice.