bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor Market Impacts of Import Penetration from China and Regional Trade Agreement Partners: The Case of Japan
Authors: Hayakawa Kazunobu , Ito Tadashi , Urata Shujiro
Published: March 2021

Many studies have investigated the impact of imports, especially those from China, on the domestic labor market. In this paper, we empirically examine the effects of not only imports from China but also those from regional trade agreement (RTA) partners on employment in Japan. To this end, we decomposed the total import penetration into the import penetration under the most favored nation (MFN) and RTA regimes. To address the endogeneity concern on our import penetration variables, we estimated our models by the instrumental variable method. As in previous studies in the literature, we found that the rise in import penetration from China significantly decreases employment in Japan. In contrast, import penetration under the RTA regime is found to have significantly positive effects on employment. The increase in imports under RTA regimes is not harmful to the domestic labor market.
Deep brain stimulation in Lesch–Nyhan disease: outcomes from the patient’s perspective
Authors: Visser Jasper E , Cotton Adam C , Schretlen David J , Bloch Jocelyne , Tedroff Kristina , Schechtmann Gastón , Radu Djurfeldt Diana , Gonzalez Victoria , Cif Laura , Jinnah Hyder A
Published: March 2021

AIM

To provide insight into outcome and long‐term safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS), from the perspective of individuals with Lesch–Nyhan disease (LND) and their families.

METHOD

We used patient‐centered outcome measures to assess long‐term outcomes of DBS for 14 individuals (mean [SD] age 10y 10mo [5y 6mo], range 5–23y, all males) with LND, after an average duration of 5y 6mo (range 11mo–10y 5mo) after surgery. We compared these results with a comprehensive review of previously published cases.

RESULTS

Patients and their families reported that DBS of the globus pallidus can be effective both for motor and behavioral disturbances in LND. However, outcome measures were often not significantly changed owing to substantial variability among individuals, and were overall less positive than in previous reports based on clinician assessments. In addition, there was an unexpectedly high rate of adverse events, tempering overall enthusiasm for the procedure.

INTERPRETATION

Although DBS might be an effective treatment for LND, more research is needed to understand the reasons for response variability and the unusually high rates of adverse events before DBS can be recommended for these patients.

What this paper adds

Individuals with Lesch–Nyhan disease and their families report variable efficacy of deep brain stimulation.

Long‐term outcomes are associated with a high adverse event rate.
Temperature dependent optimal power flow using chaotic whale optimization algorithm
Authors: Prasad Dharmbir , Mukherjee Aparajita , Mukherjee Vivekananda
Published: March 2021

This work presents a novel, nature inspired evolutionary based approach, the chaotic whale optimization algorithm, to solve a temperature dependent optimal power flow problem of a power system. Whale optimization is inspired by the bubble‐net hunting strategy of the humpback whales; logistic chaotic maps are used to improve its performance. Whale optimization and our proposal are evaluated on three test systems namely, the IEEE 30‐bus test power system, the 2383‐bus Winter Peak Polish system and the 2736‐bus Summer Peak Polish system to give a solution to the temperature dependant optimal power flow of the power systems where control of generator bus voltages, transformer tap ratios and reactive power sources are involved. Minimization of total fuel cost is considered here as the objective function for this problem. The superiority and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm technique have been exhibited in comparison to the other evolutionary optimization techniques identified in the recent literature.
A bioturbator, a holobiont, and a vector: The multifaceted role of Chironomus plumosus in shaping N‐cycling
Authors: Politi Tobia , Barisevičiūte Rūta , Bartoli Marco , Bonaglia Stefano , Cardini Ulisse , Castaldelli Giuseppe , Kančauskaitė Akvilė , Marzocchi Ugo , Petkuviene Jolita , Samuiloviene Aurelija , Vybernaite‐Lubiene Irma , Zaiko Anastasija , Zilius Mindaugas
Published: March 2021

Tube‐dwelling chironomid larvae are among the few taxa that can withstand and thrive in the organic‐rich sediments typical of eutrophic freshwater ecosystems. They can have multiple effects on microbial nitrogen (N) cycling in burrow environments, but such effects cease when chironomid larvae undergo metamorphosis into flying adults and leave the sediment.

Here we investigated the ecological role of Chironomus plumosus by exploring the effect of its different life stages (as larva and adult midge) on microbial N transformations in a shallow freshwater lagoon by means of combined biogeochemical and molecular approaches. Results suggest that sediment bioturbation by chironomid larvae produce contrasting effects on nitrate ()‐reduction processes.

Denitrification was the dominant pathway of reduction (>90%), primarily fuelled by from bottom water. In addition to pumping ‐rich bottom water within the burrows, chironomid larvae host microbiota capable of reduction. However, the contribution of larval microbiota is lower than that of microbes inhabiting the burrow walls. Interestingly, dinitrogen fixation co‐occurred with reduction processes, indicating versatility of the larvae's microbial community.

Assuming all larvae (averaging 1,800 ind./m2) leave the sediment following metamorphosis into flying adults, we estimated a displacement of 47,787 µmol of organic N/m2 from the sediment to the atmosphere during adult emergence. This amount of particulate organic N is similar to the entire N removal stimulated by larvae denitrification over a period of 20 days.

Finally, the detection of N‐cycling marker genes in flying adults suggests that these insects retain N‐cycling microbes during metamorphosis and migration to the aerial and terrestrial ecosystems. This study provides evidence that chironomids have a multifaceted role in shaping the N cycle of aquatic ecosystems.
Kidney tubule health scores and their associations with incident CKD in women living with HIV
Authors: Ascher SB , Scherzer R , Estrella MM , Muiru AN , Jotwani VK , Grunfeld C , Shigenaga J , Spaulding KA , Ng DK , Gustafson D , Spence AB , Sharma A , Cohen MH , Parikh CR , Ix JH , Shlipak MG
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Individual kidney tubule biomarkers are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in people living with HIV (PLWH). Whether a combination of kidney biomarkers can be integrated into informative summary scores for PLWH is unknown.

Methods

We measured eight urine biomarkers of kidney tubule health at two visits over a 3‐year period in 647 women living with HIV in the Women's Interagency Health Study. We integrated biomarkers into factor scores using exploratory factor analysis. We evaluated associations between CKD risk factors and factor scores, and used generalized estimating equations to determine associations between factor scores and risk of incident CKD.

Results

Factor analysis identified two unique factor scores: a tubule reabsorption score comprising alpha‐1‐microglobulin, beta‐2‐microglobulin and trefoil factor‐3; and a tubule injury score comprising interleukin‐18 and kidney injury molecule‐1. We modelled the two factor scores in combination with urine epidermal growth factor (EGF) and urine albumin. Predominantly HIV‐related CKD risk factors were independently associated with worsening tubule reabsorption scores and tubule injury scores. During a median follow‐up of 7 years, 9.7% (63/647) developed CKD. In multivariable time‐updated models that adjusted for other factor scores and biomarkers simultaneously, higher tubule reabsorption scores [risk ratio (RR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.59 per 1 SD higher time‐updated score], higher tubule injury scores (RR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.05–1.76), lower urine EGF (RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64–0.87), and higher urine albumin (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02–1.40) were jointly associated with risk of incident CKD.

Conclusions

We identified two novel and distinct dimensions of kidney tubule health that appear to quantify informative metrics of CKD risk in PLWH.
Microscale grooves regulate maturation development of hPSC‐CMs by the transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels)
Authors: Liu Taoyan , Zhang Siyao , Huang Chenwu , Ma Shuhong , Bai Rui , Li Yanan , Chang Yun , Hang Chenwen , Saleem Amina , Dong Tao , Guo Tianwei , Jiang Youxu , Lu Wenjing , Zhang Lina , Jianwen Luo , Jiang Hongfeng , Lan Feng
Published: March 2021

The use of human pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC‐CMs) is limited in drug discovery and cardiac disease mechanism studies due to cell immaturity. Micro‐scaled grooves can promote the maturation of cardiomyocytes by aligning them in order, but the mechanism of cardiomyocytes alignment has not been studied. From the level of calcium activity, gene expression and cell morphology, we verified that the W20H5 grooves can effectively promote the maturation of cardiomyocytes. The transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) also play an important role in the maturation and development of cardiomyocytes. These findings support the engineered hPSC‐CMs as a powerful model to study cardiac disease mechanism and partly mimic the myocardial morphological development. The important role of the TRP channels in the maturation and development of myocardium is first revealed.
Outside‐in Politicization of EU–Western Africa Relations: What Role for Civil Society Organizations?
Authors: Plank Friedrich , Keijzer Niels , Niemann Arne
Published: March 2021

This article explores the empirical relevance of researching outside‐in politicization processes in European studies. To this end, it examines to what extent and how civil society organizations (CSOs) have contributed to the politicization of EU policies towards Western Africa in two cases: the negotiation of Economic Partnership Agreements and the EU's engagement with the G5 Sahel. CSOs were strongly engaged in the trade negotiations, while they were largely excluded from the G5 Sahel process. In both cases this was due to CSOs' own initiatives, or the absence thereof, with these strongly linked to being either invited or discouraged by official actors. The article argues that authority transfer and the domestic context – including state fragility and state–society relations – are relevant to explaining the (non‐)involvement of CSOs in outside‐in politicization.
Impact of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbidity on longitudinal course in Internet gaming disorder: a 3‐year clinical cohort study
Authors: Lee Jung , Bae Sujin , Kim Bung Nyun , Han Doug Hyun
Published: March 2021

Background

Although attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were identified as a key risk factor for Internet gaming disorder (IGD), the effect of ADHD comorbidity on longitudinal course of IGD in the clinical population remains to be further examined. This study aimed to investigate whether ADHD comorbidity in IGD patients affects the recovery, recurrence rates, and trajectories of IGD symptoms, and examine the relationship between the changes in IGD and ADHD symptoms.

Methods

The study included 128 IGD patients without any psychiatric comorbidities (pure‐IGD group) and 127 IGD patients with comorbid ADHD (ADHD‐IGD group) aged 11 to 42 years. IGD and ADHD were diagnosed according to DSM‐5 criteria at enrollment. Participants were offered 8‐week treatment with additional care provided as needed and followed up over a 3‐year period. IGD diagnosis was reassessed annually and used as a dichotomous outcome. The severity of IGD and ADHD symptoms was measured using the Young Internet Addiction Scale and the Korean ADHD rating scale, respectively, at baseline and each annual follow‐up.

Results

The recovery rates of IGD by Year 3 were 60% and 93% in ADHD‐IGD and in pure‐IGD groups, respectively. The ADHD‐IGD group showed lower rates of recovery, higher odds of recurrence within 1 year, and higher severity of IGD symptoms over time than the pure‐IGD group. Family environment was also associated with the trajectories of IGD symptoms. The changes in ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with the changes in IGD symptoms.

Conclusions

This study found that ADHD comorbidity in IGD patients was associated with poor clinical course of IGD and that the changes in ADHD symptoms were associated with the changes in IGD symptoms over time. Our findings suggest that evaluation and treatment of ADHD symptoms and family environment in IGD patients may be important in improving the prognosis of IGD.
Infringing use as a path to legal consumption: Evidence from a field experiment
Authors: Luo Hong , Mortimer Julie Holland
Published: March 2021

Digitization has transformed how users find and use copyrighted goods, but many existing legal options remain difficult to access, possibly leading to infringement. In a field experiment, we contact firms that are caught infringing on expensive digital images. E‐mails to all firms include a link to the licensing page of the infringed image; for treated firms, we add links to a significantly cheaper licensing option. Making infringers aware of the cheaper option leads to a 14‐fold increase in the ex‐post licensing rate, albeit from an extremely low baseline for the control firms. Two additional experimental interventions, designed to reduce search costs for (i) price and (ii) product information, also have large positive effects. Our results suggest that ex‐post monetization (e.g., licensing after use) may expand the market, and that rights holders can create value by minimizing search and transactions costs.
Characterization of TCR+ and CD8+ head kidney leucocytes in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) with antisera against TCRα and CD8α
Authors: Qiu Reng , Sun Yuan Y. , Guan Cui C. , Kan Yun C. , Yao Lun G.
Published: March 2021

T lymphocytes play an important role in cellular and adaptive immunity in vertebrates. The mechanisms of the fish immune system are little studied because of the lack of population‐specific antibodies. This study examined the expression of two T lymphocyte markers, TCRα (PoTCRα) and CD8α (PoCD8α) in the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The expression of PoTCRα and PoCD8α was mainly detected in immune/mucosal tissues. Recombinant PoTCRα and PoCD8α were expressed in pET32a and pET259, respectively. Then, rabbit anti‐PoTCRα serum and rat anti‐PoCD8α serum were prepared. Using serum, the characteristics of TCR+ and CD8+ head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) were investigated. The results of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) demonstrated that TCRα and CD8α were transmembrane proteins localized on the cell surface. The populations of CD8α−, CD8α+, TCRα−, and TCRα+ were sorted by flow cytometry (FCM) and analysed using qRT‐PCR. The results demonstrated that all TCRα+/TCRα− or CD8α+/CD8α− HKLs expressed IFN‐γ. The CD4‐1 and IgM transcripts were detected only in TCRα− and CD8α− cells. Furthermore, HKL mitogenesis was induced with concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation. Taken together, the results from LSCM and FCM analyses showed that mammalian and P. olivaceus TCR+ and CD8+ leucocytes share basic characteristics.
Clarithromycin versus furazolidone for naïve Helicobacter pylori infected patients in a high clarithromycin resistance area
Authors: Qiao Chen , Li Yueyue , Liu Jing , Ji Chaoran , Qu Junyan , Hu Junnan , Ji Rui , Wan Meng , Lin Boshen , Lin Minjuan , Qi Qingqing , Zuo Xiuli , Li Yanqing
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim

The increase in antibiotic resistance makes the eradication of Helicobacter pylori more difficult. Considering the limitations of the application of susceptibility‐guided therapy, it is important to find an effective empirical regimen. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost‐effectiveness of clarithromycin‐based bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (C‐BQT) and furazolidone‐based bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (F‐BQT) in naïve H. pylori positive patients.

Methods

This was an open‐label, randomized controlled, crossover trial. The trial comprised two phases. In C‐F group, patients received C‐BQT in the first phase; those who were still positive for H. pylori infection after the first phase entered the second phase to receive F‐BQT as rescue treatment. In F‐C group, patients were treated with F‐BQT firstly and rescued with C‐BQT.

Results

As first‐line treatments, the eradication rates of C‐BQT and F‐BQT were 89.7% (157/175) and 92.0% (161/175) (P = 0.458) in intention‐to‐treat analysis and 93.4% (156/167) and 95.8% (161/168) (P = 0.327) in per‐protocol analysis, respectively. The cumulative eradication rates of the C‐F group and the F‐C group were both 94.3% in intention‐to‐treat analysis (P = 1.000). Cost‐effectiveness indexes of F‐BQT and C‐BQT were 0.54 and 1.24 in first‐line treatments. Frequencies of adverse events in F‐BQT and C‐BQT had no differences (36.0% in C‐BQT vs 32.6% in F‐BQT, P = 0.499).

Conclusions

Furazolidone‐based bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy should be preferred for its excellent cost‐effectiveness and acceptable safety.
Incidence and risk factors for velamentous umbilical cord insertion in singleton pregnancies after assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Furuya Satoshi , Kubonoya Kiyoshi , Yamaguchi Takashi
Published: March 2021

Aim

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is gaining popularity worldwide. However, it is associated with increased incidence of velamentous umbilical cord insertion (VCI) in the placenta, resulting in adverse perinatal outcomes. This study aimed to identify the risk factors that might affect the incidence of VCI in pregnancies after ART treatment.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the records of 906 singleton pregnancies via ART; all women delivered in our facility. Three ART‐related variables and infant sex were examined: (1) fertilization method (conventional in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection), (2) type of embryo at the time of transfer (fresh or frozen–thawed), (3) developmental stage of embryo at the time of transfer (cleavage stage or blastocyst), and (4) infant sex (male or female). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of these variables on the incidence of VCI.

Results

Of 906 cases, 55 had VCI (incidence rate, 6.1%). After adjusting for potential confounders, blastocyst stage of development (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9–12.7) and female sex (aOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2–3.9) emerged as independent risk factors for the development of VCI. The fertilization method and type of embryo at the time of transfer did not affect the incidence of VCI.

Conclusions

Blastocyst stage of development and female sex pose a higher risk for developing VCI. Thus, more attention should be paid to pregnancies achieved by blastocyst and with a female fetus to detect VCI proactively and safeguard the health of both mother and fetus/neonate.
Non‐cancer death causes after ovarian cancer diagnosis: A population‐based cohort
Authors: Elmehrath Ahmed O. , Afifi Ahmed M. , Abdel‐Malek Raafat
Published: March 2021

Background

Research on non‐cancer death causes in ovarian cancer (OC) patients remains limited. We aim to focus on and evaluate the non‐cancer death causes after OC diagnosis.

Methods

We studied 82 590 OC patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2016, using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Risks of death causes were calculated as standardized mortality ratios.

Results

Of included patients, 48 125 (58.3%) died during the follow‐up period. The highest number of deaths, 21 722 (45.1%), occurred within 1–5 years after OC diagnosis. On the other hand, 19 992 (41.5%) of deaths occurred within a year from ovary cancer diagnosis, 5255 (10.9%) occurred within 5–10 years, and 1156 (2.4%) deaths occurred after more than 10 years following OC diagnosis. Non‐cancer death causes comprise a significant percentage of deaths in OC patients, increasing with time after diagnosis.

Conclusions

Cardiac diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and COPD were among the most common non‐cancer death causes after OC diagnosis. Other critical non‐cancer death causes include septicemia and benign neoplasms. Mortality risk differences based on race and age were also highlighted. These findings provide critical insights into how OC survivors should be followed‐up and counseled for relevant future health risks.
Concept and types of order position: Privilege and discrimination in an institutional conception
Authors: Farkas Zoltán
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I reinterpret the classic concept of order position, as well as privilege and discrimination in the concept and types of order position. In the first part of the paper, I give a short survey of the classic conception of order position, with special regard to Max Weber's concept of social status or order position. In the second part, I define the concept of order position in my conception. Accordingly, order position is the real institutional position of the given individual (or group) as compared to the institutional position that can be occupied by the given individual (or group) in the general social institutional norm system assumed on the basis of the expressed values, especially the deviation between the two positions as related to the interests of the subject. In the third part, I typify order positions from the aspect of whether the institutional norm system that is valid or realized in reality deviates or does not deviate from the assumed general norm system, and if it does, whether it deviates in a direction corresponding or contrary to the interests of the individuals. In this way, I make a distinction between privileged, normativized and degraded order positions.
Habit and the explanation of action
Authors: Lizardo Omar
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I synthesize recent work in the philosophy of action to propose an analytic reconstruction of the concept of habit. My main point is that habit (or habitus) can be a central, not just supplemental or auxiliary concept in action theory and the explanation of action. To show this, I systematically analyze the way habits can be used as a resource to explain action while comparing the way habits explain action with the standard way we explain action as being caused by the interplay of beliefs, desires, and intentions. I point to the specific “historical” way that habits can be seen as causes of action and show that the conceptual commitments of habit‐based explanations are both more substantial and more robust than intention‐based explanations. Once formed, habits act as inclinations and dispositions, being reliably triggered in the requisite context by the appropriate circumstances. Finally, I analyze the core concept of automaticity as applied to habit. I argue that since automaticity is not a unitary concept, different features of automaticity are more central to habit than others, allowing us to differentiate the most representative members of the habit category from more peripheral members.
Fungal endophytes can eliminate the plant growth–defence trade‐off
Authors: Bastías Daniel A. , Gianoli Ernesto , Gundel Pedro E.
Published: March 2021

A trade‐off between growth and defence functions is commonly observed in plants. We propose that the association of plants with Epichloë fungal endophytes may eliminate this trade‐off. This would be a consequence of the double role of these endophytes in host plants: the stimulation of plant growth hormones (e.g. gibberellins) and the fungal production of antiherbivore alkaloids. We put forward a model that integrates this dual effect of endophytes on plant growth and defence and test its predictions by means of meta‐analysis of published literature. Our results support the notion that the enhanced plant resistance promoted by endophytes does not compromise plant growth. The limits and ecological benefits of this endophyte‐mediated lack of plant growth–defence trade‐off are discussed.
Effect of Sonic hedgehog on the proliferation in mouse tongue epithelial cells
Authors: Li Ruiqi , Liu Yong , Huang Xiaofeng
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate Sonic hedgehog (Shh) effects on proliferation and apoptosis of tongue epithelial cells in embryonic and ageing mice.

Materials and Methods

Embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), E14.5, E16.5 and postnatal day 0.5 (PN0.5) K14‐Cre;Shhfl/fl mice, and E14.5, E16.5, PN0.5, PN90.5 and postnatal 1.5 years (PN1.5Y) wild‐type (Wt) mice were employed. Scanning electron microscopy, haematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemistry were performed. Gel beads containing exogenous Shh protein were embedded in the tongue of PN90.5 and PN1.5Y Wt mice. Three days later, 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical and TUNEL staining were performed.

Results

The number of fungiform papillae was decreased with age. The numbers of BrdU‐ and PCNA‐positive cells were the highest at PN0.5 and the lowest at PN1.5Y. Compared with Wt mice, K14‐Cre;Shhfl/fl mice had decreased PCNA‐positive cells in the epithelium, a smaller tongue volume, and fewer papillae at PN0.5. At E14.5, the number of BrdU‐positive cells was decreased in K14‐Cre;Shh fl/fl mice. At PN1.5Y, the number of apoptotic cells in tongue tissue exposed to Shh protein was less than that in the BSA group and the numbers of BrdU‐ and PCNA‐positive proliferating cells were increased.

Conclusion

Shh maintains cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis during tongue development and ageing.
Meaning Scepticism and Primitive Normativity
Authors: Sultanescu Olivia
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I examine Hannah Ginsborg's attempt to address the challenge raised by Saul Kripke's meaning sceptic. I start by identifying the two constraints that the sceptic claims must be met by a satisfactory answer. Then I try to show that Ginsborg's proposal faces a dilemma. In the first instance, I argue that it is able to meet the second constraint, but not the first. I then amend the proposal in order to make room for the first constraint. I go on to argue that, under this new interpretation, it cannot meet the second constraint.
Supplier Encroachment with a Dual‐Purpose Retailer
Authors: Wang Ningning , Li Zhuoxin
Published: March 2021

The development of e‐commerce has greatly facilitated the practice that suppliers encroach upon the retail realm of downstream retailers through direct channels (e.g., online stores). The literature in this area has investigated profit‐maximizing firms, but the role of other organizational structures is not well understood. This study studies supplier encroachment in which the retailer is a dual‐purpose corporation that pursues his own profit as well as consumer surplus. We find that the retailer's pursuit of consumer surplus can not only intensify market competition and thus reducing the margin of direct selling, but also motivate the encroaching supplier to set a higher wholesale price compared with the case of no encroachment. The presence of a dual‐purpose retailer reduces the effectiveness of using the wholesale price as a lever by the supplier. Therefore, encroaching upon a dual‐purpose retailer can hurt the supplier. We examine whether a retailer can benefit from being a dual‐purpose corporation and how the retailer's dual objectives affect consumer surplus. Interestingly, a dual‐purpose retailer can earn a higher profit than a for‐profit retailer as the dual‐purpose structure helps deter encroachment (i.e., doing well by doing good). Also, consumer surplus in the case of a dual‐purpose retailer can be lower than that with a for‐profit retailer. This is because the commitment to be a dual‐purpose retailer reduces supplier encroachment and thus reduces the total quantity sold to consumers.
Interactions of host‐associated multispecies bacterial communities
Authors: Goodrich‐Blair Heidi
Published: March 2021

The oral microbiome comprises microbial communities colonizing biotic (epithelia, mucosa) and abiotic (enamel) surfaces. Different communities are associated with health (eg, immune development, pathogen resistance) and disease (eg, tooth loss and periodontal disease). Like any other host‐associated microbiome, colonization and persistence of both beneficial and dysbiotic oral microbiomes are dictated by successful utilization of available nutrients and defense against host and competitor assaults. This chapter will explore these general features of microbe‐host interactions through the lens of symbiotic (mutualistic and antagonistic/pathogenic) associations with nonmammalian animals. Investigations in such systems across a broad taxonomic range have revealed conserved mechanisms and processes that underlie the complex associations among microbes and between microbes and hosts.
The human oral phageome
Authors: Szafrański Szymon P. , Slots Jørgen , Stiesch Meike
Published: March 2021

Oral bacteriophages (or phages), especially periodontal ones, constitute a growing area of interest, but research on oral phages is still in its infancy. Phages are bacterial viruses that may persist as intracellular parasitic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or use bacterial metabolism to replicate and cause bacterial lysis. The microbiomes of saliva, oral mucosa, and dental plaque contain active phage virions, bacterial lysogens (ie, carrying dormant prophages), and bacterial strains containing short fragments of phage DNA. In excess of 2000 oral phages have been confirmed or predicted to infect species of the phyla Actinobacteria (>300 phages), Bacteroidetes (>300 phages), Firmicutes (>1000 phages), Fusobacteria (>200 phages), and Proteobacteria (>700 phages) and three additional phyla (few phages only). This article assesses the current knowledge of the diversity of the oral phage population and the mechanisms by which phages may impact the ecology of oral biofilms. The potential use of phage‐based therapy to control major periodontal pathogens is also discussed.
Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota
Authors: Kaan A. M. (Marije) , Kahharova Dono , Zaura Egija
Published: March 2021

Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota occur in a dynamic process over various stages and involve close and continuous interactions with the host and its environment. In the present review, we discuss the stages of this process in chronological order. We start with the prenatal period and address the following questions: ‘Is the fetus exposed to maternal microbiota during pregnancy?’ and ‘If so, what is the potential role of this exposure?’ We comment on recent reports of finding bacterial DNA in placenta during pregnancies, and provide current views on the potential functions of prenatal microbial encounters. Next, we discuss the physiological adaptations that take place in the newborn during the birth process and the effect of this phase of life on the acquisition of the oral microbiota. Is it really just exposure to maternal vaginal microbes that results in the difference between vaginally and Cesarian section‐born infants? Then, we review the postnatal phase, in which we focus on transmission of microbes, the intraoral niche specificity, the effects of the host behavior and environment, as well as the role of genetic background of the host on shaping the oral microbial ecosystem. We discuss the changes in oral microbiota during the transition from deciduous to permanent dentition and during puberty. We also address the finite knowledge on colonization of the oral cavity by microbes other than the bacterial component. Finally, we identify the main outstanding questions that limit our understanding of the acquisition and establishment of a healthy microbiome at an individual level.
Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal bone tissue
Authors: Hathaway‐Schrader Jessica D. , Novince Chad M.
Published: March 2021

Alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms. Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to these polymicrobial biofilms. Dysbiotic shifts within dental plaque biofilms can drive a proinflammatory immune response state in the periodontal epithelial and gingival connective tissues, which leads to paracrine signaling to subjacent bone cells. Sustained chronic periodontal inflammation disrupts “coupled” osteoclast‐osteoblast actions, which ultimately result in alveolar bone destruction. This chapter will provide an overview of alveolar bone physiology and will highlight why the oral microbiota is a critical regulator of alveolar bone remodeling. The ecology of dental plaque biofilms will be discussed in the context that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. The pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss will be explained from both a historical and current perspective, providing the opportunity to revisit the role of fibrosis in alveolar bone destruction. Periodontal immune cell interactions with bone cells will be reviewed based on our current understanding of osteoimmunological mechanisms influencing alveolar bone remodeling. Lastly, probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the oral microbiota will be evaluated as potential noninvasive therapies to support alveolar bone homeostasis and prevent periodontal bone loss.
Oral biofilms revisited: A novel host tissue of bacteriological origin
Authors: Darveau Richard P. , Curtis Michael A.
Published: March 2021

The central theme of this volume of Periodontology 2000 is that the microbial dental plaque biofilm, specifically the subgingival dental plaque biofilm, mimics a human tissue in both structure and function. As a basis for this assertion we use the definition of a tissue as an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a defined structure with a specific function, in a multicellular organism. Accordingly, we propose that the dental plaque biofilm represents an acquired human tissue largely of bacterial origin that maintains the health of gingival tissue. Furthermore, we acknowledge that disease can be defined as a deviation from the normal structure or an interruption to the function of any body part, organ, or system, and that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. Therefore, in this volume we present the concept that periodontitis is a disruption of the normal function of the healthy subgingival plaque biofilm with concomitant disruption to its functional properties in relation to innate defense surveillance and tissue maintenance, leading to excessive, deregulated inflammation and tissue destruction.
Microbial transitions from health to disease
Authors: Joseph Susan , Curtis Michael A.
Published: March 2021

Recent advances in our understanding of the microbial populations that colonize the human mouth, their acquisition, interdependency, and coevolution with the host, bring a different perspective to the mechanisms underpinning the maintenance of periodontal health and the development of disease. In this work we suggest that our knowledge map of the etiology of periodontal health and disease can be viewed as a broad, highly connected, and integrated system that spans the entire spectrum of microbe/host/clinical interactions. The overall concept of present Periodontology 2000, that the microbial biofilm can be considered a human tissue of bacteriological origin, is entirely consistent with this integrated system view. The health‐associated community structure of microbial biofilms can be considered a system that is normally resilient to perturbation. Equally, there is evidence to suggest that the dysbiotic community structure in disease may share similar resilience properties. In both instances, the resilience may be governed by the precise makeup of the acquired microbiome and by the genetics of the host. Understanding the mechanisms that enable the resistance to change of healthy and dysbiotic microbial populations may be important in the development of approaches to prevent the progression of disease and to restore health in diseased individuals.
Convergence Triggers in Africa: Evidence from Convergence Clubs and Panel Models
Authors: Garang Aweng Peter Majok , Erkekoglu Hatice
Published: March 2021

This paper investigates the formation of convergence clubs and examines the drivers of growth convergence in Africa by accounting for individual heterogenous effects and establishing transitional paths. We particularly employ the sophisticated log t test to identify underlying convergence clubs and use LSDVC as a benchmark model for analysing the drivers of convergence. We also apply the System Generalized method of moments (GMM) model for sensitivity purposes. Our results reveal four core convergence clubs; seemingly characterised by the measures of institutional stability with distinct transitional paths. We consequently highlight the importance of initial conditions, human capital and institutions in the formation of convergence clubs. Thus, the paper provides insights into the adoption of differentiated development policies consistent with the specific conditions of African countries with the integration agenda driven by accelerated levels of human capital development and technological progress.
High‐frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of the spectrum of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Noninvasively distinguishing actinic keratosis, Bowen's Disease, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhu An‐Qi , Wang Li‐Fan , Li Xiao‐Long , Wang Qiao , Li Ming‐Xu , Ma Yuan‐Yuan , Xiang Li‐Hua , Guo Le‐Hang , Xu Hui‐Xiong
Published: March 2021

Objective

To evaluate high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) features for diagnosing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) as a spectrum of progressively advanced malignancies, including precursor actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (iSCC).

Method

In this retrospective study, 160 skin lesions diagnosed histopathologically (54 AK, 54 BD, and 52 iSCC) in 160 patients were included. The HFUS features of AK, BD, and iSCC were analyzed. The obtained data were evaluated using univariate and forward multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

The most significant HFUS features in AK were regular surface (odds ratio [OR], 8.42) and irregular basal border (OR, 6.36). The most significant HFUS features in BD were crumpled surface (OR, 19.62) and layer involvement confined to the epidermis (OR, 3.96). The most significant HFUS features in iSCC were concave surface (OR, 27.06), stratum corneum (SC) detachment (OR, 14.41), irregular basal border (OR, 4.01), and convex surface (OR, 3.73). The characteristics of surface features, basal border, and layer involvement could be valuable HFUS clues in the discrimination of AK, BD, and iSCC.

Conclusion

High‐frequency ultrasound is valuable for the differentiation of AK, BD, and iSCC, which may allow dynamic and noninvasive monitoring in the spectrum of cSCC.
The successful treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and severe hypernatremia, secondary to joint supplement toxicity in a dog
Authors: Weatherson Harry O. , Bellis Tara , Tse Yuki
Published: March 2021

Objective

To describe a case of the successful management of hypernatremia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome secondary to joint supplement toxicity in a dog.

Case summary

A 6‐year‐old neutered male Dachshund was presented for severe hypernatremia and neurological abnormalities after ingestion of a large quantity of joint supplements. The patient developed evidence of multiple organ dysfunction in the form of increased hepatocellular enzymes, prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, azotemia, and thrombocytopenia. Treatment was successful at correcting the hypernatremia and restoring neurological function, and organ dysfunction was successfully managed. Following multiple days of hospitalization and aggressive supportive care, the patient survived to discharge.

New or unique information provided

This case report describes the successful management and survival of multiple organ dysfunction associated with joint supplement toxicity. It also serves to highlight the potential for joint supplement overdose in veterinary patients, which is currently believed to be underrecognized.
Effects of storage and leukocyte reduction on the concentration and procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles in canine packed red cells
Authors: Avenick Daniel , Kidd Linda , Istvan Stephanie , Dong Fanglong , Richter Keith , Edwards Nicole , Hisada Yohei , Posma Jens J.N. , Massih Cherein Abdel , Mackman Nigel
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To characterize the size and procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles (EV) that accumulate in canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) over time and the effect of leukocyte reduction on these characteristics.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Private small animal specialty referral hospital and university research laboratories.

Animals

Ten healthy blood donor dogs.

Interventions

Five pRBCs units were obtained according to standard protocols, and 5 were leukocyte‐reduced prior to processing. Platelet‐free supernatant from the pRBC units was collected on days 0, 10, 20, 32, and 42.

Measurements and main results

Nanoparticle tracking analysis was performed to determine the size and concentration of EVs. Thrombin generation associated with phosphatidylserine‐positive EVs was determined using a capture assay. Factor Xa generation associated with phosphatidylserine‐positive EVs and tissue factor‐positive EVs was measured in a subset of EVs isolated by centrifugation of the supernatant at 20,000 × g. R package nparLD and the Mann–Whitney U‐test were used to determine the effect of duration of storage and the effect of leukocyte reduction, respectively. Small (mean < 125 nm) procoagulant EVs accumulated over time, with significant increases occurring on or after day 20 in both non‐leukocyte reduced and leukocyte‐reduced units. The procoagulant activity of the EVs was due to phosphatidylserine, not tissue factor. Increases in EV concentration and procoagulant activity occurred earlier in non‐leukocyte reduced units. Extracellular vesicle accumulation and procoagulant activity were not decreased at any individual time point by leukocyte reduction.

Conclusions

Further studies characterizing and determining the clinical relevance of small procoagulant EVs in pRBCs are warranted.
Risks of exposure to liquid laundry detergent pods compared to traditional laundry detergents in dogs
Authors: Handley Heather G. , Hovda Lynn Rolland
Published: March 2021

Objective

To calculate risk differences of traditional laundry detergents as compared to pods, describe clinical signs expected from exposure, and outline commonly employed treatment options.

Design

Retrospective review of cases reported to Pet Poison Helpline (PPH) from the dates of March 1, 2012 to March 1, 2015.

Setting

The computer database of the PPH, an international animal poison control center.

Animals

Four hundred and forty‐three dogs (294 exposed to liquid pods; 149 exposed to liquid or powder laundry detergent) were included in this study.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and main results

The database for Pet Poison Helpline (PPH) was searched for all dog exposures to “laundry detergent.” Each case was checked for known or suspected exposure to any brand of laundry detergent either as a bulk package of liquid or powder or when packaged as a pod that included the word “pod,” “packet,” “pac,” “pocket,” “sachet,” or other terms that were indicative of a single‐use contained portion of concentrated liquid laundry detergent. Dogs that were exposed to the detergent in a liquid‐pod form were 1.8 times more likely to develop clinical signs, 1.3 times more likely to develop emesis, and 1.8 times more likely to develop a cough than those exposed to the traditional form.

Conclusions

Dogs are almost twice as likely to develop emesis and coughing after being exposed to pods of laundry detergent compared to the traditional form. These signs can result in a more severe and acute emergency situation. With symptomatic and supportive care, the prognosis is good for these patients.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Gibbs Nikki
Published: March 2021

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 2 Andrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanJose Solana Ibañez, Centro Universitario de la Defensa, SpainMurad Harasheh, University of Milan-Bicocca, ItalyPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRuhet Genc, Turkish-German University, TurkeyVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Moldova     Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
On Dimensional Analysis and the Presentation of Data in Fluid-Flow Problems
Authors: Van Driest E. R.
Published: March 2021

The method and application of dimensional analysis are discussed, making use of the fundamental concept of function. The π theorem is restated and proved in general form.

Pipe friction, drag of spheres, and flow through Venturi meters are examples used to illustrate the rearrangement of dimensionless products of a relationship to obtain the most convenient form for presentation of data.
Stresses in Rotating Disks at High Temperatures
Authors: Thompson A. Stanley
Published: March 2021

A general method was found by which the problem of the rotating disk with any arbitrary profile could be solved, including the effect of plastic flow and of variable temperature, and including the change with temperature of modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and allowable stress. The solution requires for its application to a specific disk only the elementary arithmetic involved in completion of a tabular form sheet. Two applications of the method are made. For an arbitrary disk profile, an integral equation was found which converges rapidly to the radial stress distribution in a series of successive substitutions. For an arbitrary choice of radial stress, the necessary disk profile can be found in one calculation. Appendix 1 gives an example of the use of the method for the design of a partially plastic disk with a central hole.
Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity With Small Deformations
Authors: Sternberg E.
Published: March 2021

Previous investigations of nonlinear theory of elasticity have been concerned largely with the problem of finite deformations. In this paper the assumption of “infinitesimal” deformations is retained whereas Hooke’s law is replaced by a general second-order approximation of nonlinear stress-strain laws. Applications to uniaxial tension and compression as well as torsion of right circular cylinders are considered in detail. The results obtained indicate second-order effects which were previously unnoticed because of the early linearization of the extended stress-strain relations.