bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion Career
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: February 2022

This chapter adopts Gooren’s conversion career model as a heuristic framework to demonstrate how one’s universe of discourse changes with increased participation and identifies the linguistic markers of this change. The chapter is divided into four sections and is rich with data: the first section explores the participants’ preaffiliation context by looking at their biographical narratives. The next section examines practices that mark formal affiliation to Goenka’s movement and the significance of these for the process of conversion. The third section reflects on the sociocultural and institutional factors that harbour participants’ rejection of the category of conversion and the Buddhist identity. This section subsequently proceeds with detailed exploration of the participants’ language, and the linguistic patterns associated with their transition to conversion. The final section on commitment depicts the characteristics of a core member identity based on the meditators’ language, reasoning, and their self-representation or performance of the Vipassana meditator’s role.
Fostering System Change
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

Most US national security problems, ranging from terrorism to the spread of weapons of mass destruction, from environmental destruction to life-threatening poverty, and from unwanted migration to gross violations of human rights, can be more effectively addressed if they are approached as problems of global governance rather than as problems to be solved by deploying US military power—regardless of the amount deployed. Military means should not be totally dismissed, but their recurring use is likely to increase risks of military competition, nuclear proliferation, terrorist attacks, forced human migration, and future violence. US security can improve with internationally agreed-on rules that constrain military technology, abolish poverty and meet human needs, protect the environment, and enable cosmopolitan law enforcement. Such lawmaking requires commitment to deliberate construction of effective, democratic, global governance in which all nations are equitably represented in order to reduce international anarchy and advance human security for all nations.
In Search of Patronage
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

This chapter reconstructs the vicissitudes of the Italian Alessandro Amidei, who moved to England in 1656. He apparently taught Hebrew at Oxford and Cambridge Universities, and it is certain that he was professor on the same topic in Edinburgh. A singular figure with a shifting and elusive identity, Amidei presented himself as a Catholic ecclesiastic converted to Protestantism on his arrival in England but in following years professed to be a Jew converted to Christianity. In the late 1660s, Amidei made a manuscript copy of an Italian translation of the Book of Common Prayer, posting as its author. Apart from this manuscript, all his other known works for which he claimed his authorship—published and unpublished—were not actually penned by him. So the possibility cannot be excluded that Amidei’s manuscript incorporates elements of someone else’s translation, possibly the one done by Bedell and Sarpi in 1608.
The First Italian Edition of the Book of Common Prayer (1685)
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

In 1685 the first printed edition in Italian of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer was published in London: Il Libro delle Preghiere Publiche secondo l’uso della Chiesa Anglicana. The translation’s editor was Edward Brown, an Anglican cleric, who also published a translation into English of Paolo Sarpi’s Lettere Italiane Scritte al Signor dell’Isola Groslot in 1693. While Brown was the promoter of this Italian edition of the Book of Common Prayer, the translator was a certain Giovan Battista Cappello from Valtellina. Because an Italian Protestant church in England no longer existed when this translation was published, it was apparently not meant for use in worship. The decision to translate the Book of Common Prayer aimed to demonstrate the excellence and doctrinal purity of the Church of England at a time when a Catholic king had succeeded to the throne with an Italian wife.
Remythologizing the Model Minority Myth
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 weaves an argument about the model minority myth through the complex history of Chinese exclusion. After reviewing the myth’s origins, it dives into the history of “the Chinese question” as it unfolds against a backdrop of American anti-Chinese violence. African Americans were wedged against Chinese Americans as the Reconstruction-era political economy sought to re-establish its antebellum dominance. This history of “America’s first model minorities” complicates standard identarian refutations of the myth. As the chapter shows, the myth’s refutation cottage industry evacuates the myth of political economic content, and thereby fails to understand not only the myth and its disciplinary power but also the nature of race in America. The chapter argues that the myth’s race-ranking procedures are intrinsic features of racial capitalism, features which identarian antiracism both obscures and reinforces.
Learning from Sociology?
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra
Published: February 2022

This chapter acknowledges community as “one of sociology’s essential concepts,” an anchor for the section of this book devoted to music education in community settings. The chapter begins by suggesting that the notion of community, which dominates music education theory and practice, is rarely examined. Concepts and methods in our field are often based on the assumption that learning and musical activities take place in a community, but our notions of community are oversimplified. As “both a social construct and a metaphor,” community is “utilized by various groups to generate a sense of identity or solidarity.” By analyzing, from an interdisciplinary perspective, various interpretations of community in music education and community music, Kertz-Welzel contrasts taken-for-granted beliefs about the salvational and transformative power of community with the critical perspectives offered by sociology.
Music, Everyday Life, and Music Education
Authors: Souza Jusamara
Published: February 2022

This chapter is about the musical diversity in the community of Salvador do Sul, Brazil, and its relationship with music education. Souza investigates music in everyday life in this fascinating locale by exploring the relationship between the musical practices in the family and Catholic Church. She brings this rich musical community to life for the reader through music and stories via an engaging documentary film in Portuguese that accompanies the chapter. Using Bozon’s method of field analysis and Montereiro’s concept of music sociography, Souza focuses on the processes and values surrounding music education in the everyday lives of a German-Brazilian community. The discussion shows music’s sociability in the teaching and learning of musical know-how and heritage, emphasizing the underestimated significance of music education beyond formal schooling in the cultural life of community.
Singing the Revo
Authors: Sirek Danielle
Published: February 2022

This chapter uses the sociological concepts of memory as research and collective memory to explore musicking during the Grenada Revolution, 1979–1983. Revisiting data collected during ethnomusicological fieldwork in 2010 and 2011, the chapter finds two distinct understandings of revolutionary musicking revealed in the memories of research informants. Their remembering of music-in-revolution, such as politically motivated reggae and calypso music, suggested the explicit promotion of revolutionary ideology by the government and their supporters through music. However, music-as-revolution, such as participation in mass public singing of revolutionary songs was remembered by participants as active engagement with the revolution itself. The chapter focuses particularly on the experiences of young people in and out of school contexts, as framed within the author’s own memories of listening to remembered stories about the “revo” during her time in Grenada.
A Sociological Travelogue of Music Education in Palestine
Authors: Frierson-Campbell Carol
Published: February 2022

This chapter, as both a physical and conceptual travelogue, invites readers to join a series of visits to Edward Said National Conservatory of Music in occupied Palestine. It describes, through experiences and stories gathered from Palestinian musicians using ethnographic research, the evolution of the author’s sociological imagination. The evolution begins with an initial perception of the conservatory as a third place, a physical location for musicking and identity construction. Subsequent encounters with postmodern and postcolonial theories of space and place reveal the ambiguity of the Palestinian experience and the potential for musicking to reconstruct social space. Finally Born’s notion of planes of music sociality brings together the indelible relationship between the conservatory, its geopolitical location, its constituents, and their communities.
Making the Shift
Authors: Escalante Samuel
Published: February 2022

This chapter uses Omi and Winant’s racial formation theory to explore the assumptions surrounding race in music education research. Noting that that race cannot be reduced to other sociological concepts such as national identity, ethnicity, or class, the chapter argues that by simplifying or essentializing race, researchers have overlooked nuanced differences within and among racialized groups. Suggesting that existing studies “interpret, represent, or explain racial identities and meanings,” it urges researchers to construct deeper views of the material and social aspects of race in order to develop antiracist research projects. It concludes with considerations for planning, implementing, analyzing, interpreting, publishing, and consuming research on race in music education.
Japan as Asia?
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

To address the bias toward European scholars in the many accounts of Silk Road scholarship, this chapter focuses on Meiji-era Japan. It will be seen that for a rapidly industrializing country engaged in international conflicts, a debate emerges around national identity and culture and the degree to which narratives of history should include connections to Asia. This leads to scholars and public intellectuals debating the cultural and religious influences that have shaped Japan and the “routes” by which they traveled. This discussion provides a foundation for understanding how the Silk Road comes to be shaped in the second half of the twentieth century as its popularity in Japan grows, a situation that influences international discourses at the end of the Cold War.
Introduction
Authors: Volk Katharina , Williams Gareth D.
Published: February 2022

The sixteen essays collected in this volume began life as papers delivered at a conference held at Columbia University in March 2019. This event, organized by the present editors under the title of Ovidius Philosophus: Philosophy in Ovid and Ovid as a Philosopher, brought together a distinguished group of scholars from both sides of the Atlantic in an attempt to explore from different but mutually informing viewpoints Ovid’s profound engagement with philosophical sources and influences across his poetic corpus....
Some Say the World Will End in Fire
Authors: Krasne Darcy A.
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that Ovid recasts the bees from Vergil’s fourth Georgic as the avian Memnonides in Metamorphoses 13 in order to enact a cyclical process of ekpyrōsis and palingenesis in natural philosophical, primarily Empedoclean, terms. It demonstrates, through an examination of fragments of Empedocles and several Lucretian passages, the pervasive availability of cosmogonic and cosmophthoric—as well as zoogonic and heliogonic—language throughout the episode. The narrative of Memnon’s cremation thus becomes part of a multistage analogical process that replicates the narrative of Phaethon’s incineration (Met. 2), looks forward to the regeneration of the phoenix (Met. 15), and implicates Rome’s perpetual powers of rebirth from the ashes of civil war.
Ovid against the Elements
Authors: Sara Myers K.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines Ovid’s use of the literary and philosophical traditions of natural science, ethnography, and paradoxography in his exile poetry (Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto) to depict his exilic locale, Tomis, as a place of elemental confusion and chaos, where nature’s laws and the elements are confounded and inverted. In this way Ovid illustrates the cosmic scale of his exilic sufferings. The four Empedoclean elements that have been shown to frame and underlie the metamorphic physics of the Metamorphoses reappear in Ovid’s descriptions of Tomis. In this unbalanced environment these elements are largely reduced to three—air, water, earth—which frequently behave in unnatural or disordered ways. Ovid’s frequent use of adynata underlines further the cosmic disarray of the natural world of his exilic world and its regression to disorder and Chaos. At the same time, Ovid’s employment of these traditional explanatory discourses suggests his continued mastery of these modes of knowledge, even as he finds himself in an environment where the impossible (thaumata, adynata) becomes “real” and a world that seems beyond the reach of human understanding.
Philosophizing and Theologizing Reincarnations of Ovid
Authors: Hardie Philip
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents a selective survey of the premodern reception of Ovid’s Metamorphoses as a repository of philosophical and theological wisdom, with a particular focus on Ovid as a cosmological and natural-philosophical poet. Ovid’s own response to the philosophical engagement of earlier Augustan poets (Virgil above all) is picked up by Lucan in his application of Ovid’s cosmic concordia discors to the Stoicizing political cosmology of his narrative of civil war. In late antiquity, Claudian deploys Ovidian models of cosmic process and time as part of his vocabulary of imperial panegyric, while in some of his carmina minora he elaborates a scientific paradoxography in an Ovidian key. In late antiquity, Ovidian cosmogony was also used by Christian poets to lend a philosophical coloring to versifications of the creation story of Genesis, to be followed by early modern hexaemeral poets (Du Bartas, and his English translator Josuah Sylvester). Edmund Spenser, like other early modern poets and translators, takes seriously the Ovidian Pythagoras’ pronouncements on mutability. As late as the eighteenth century, Alexander Pope draws on the Speech of Pythagoras in his philosophical Essay on Man.
Introductory Note
Authors: Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado
Published: February 2022

In 2018, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued four judgments and eighteen orders ranging from the indication of provisional measures to procedural matters, while in 2019, it issued an advisory opinion at the request of the General Assembly, three judgments and a number of orders on different questions. Six new cases were begun in 2018 and two in 2019 dealing with matters such as appealing decisions of international bodies and alleged breaches of international treaties and conventions. In 2018, the Court’s docket comprised nineteen proceedings, eighteen contentious cases, and one advisory proceeding, going into 2019.
II.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

II.2.1The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v. Italy), Case n. 25, Judgment, 10 April 2019

Contents
**

I.Procedural Background

II.Factual Background

III.Rules of Evidence Adopted by ITLOS

IV.Scope of Jurisdiction of ITLOS

A.Interpretation and Application of Article 300 of the Convention...
III.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts From Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

III.2.1United States—Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products. Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States / Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Mexico (WT/DS381/AB/RW/USA, WT/DS381/AB/RW2), Appellate Body Report circulated on 14 December 2018, adopted on 11 January 2019...
VI.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

VI.2.1M.A., S.A., A.Z. v. International Protection Appeals Tribunal, Minister for Justice and Equality, Attorney General, Ireland, Case C-661/17, First Chamber, Judgment, 23 January 2019

VI.2.2Federal Republic of Germany v. European Commission, Case C-405/16 P, Third Chamber, Judgment, 28 March 2019

VI.2.3Request for an Opinion pursuant to Article 218(11) TFEU, made on 7 September 2017 by the Kingdom of Belgium...
VII.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

VII.2.1Case of Georgia v. Russia (I), Application No. 13255/07, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 31 January 2019

VII.2.2Case of Berdzenishvili and Others v. Russia, Applications Nos. 14594/07, 14597/07, 14976/07, 14978/07, 15221/07, 16369/07 and 16706/07, Third Section, Judgment, 26 March 2019

VII.2.3Advisory Opinion Concerning the Recognition in Domestic Law of a Legal Parent-child Relationship Between a Child Born Through a Gestational Surrogacy Arrangement Abroad and the Intended Mother Requested by the French Court of Cassation...
Introductory Note
Authors: Viljoen Frans
Published: February 2022

As far as admissibility is concerned, the African Court in 2019 started reversing its generous approach to applicants in determining a “reasonable period” in submitting cases to it after exhaustion of local remedies. The Court clarified that a UN Human Rights Committee finding on a matter that is substantially similar to an application before the Court renders the application inadmissible. The year saw increased politicisation of the Court, with a number of applications for provisional measures pertaining to elections and by or on behalf of political leaders reaching the Court, in particular from Côte d’Ivoire and Benin. The Court delivered a number of landmark merits decisions. It found that the mandatory nature of the imposition of the death penalty violated the African Charter guarantee against arbitrary derivation of the right to life, and that the method of implementing violated the right to dignity and the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. Almost all decisions on the merits and reparations during 2019 were against Tanzania. The increasing financial and institutional played a role in Tanzania on 21 November 2019 withdrawing its declaration accepting direct individual access to the Court. However, the amount of reparations required by Tanzania is much less that the USD 110 million reparations the Court ordered Benin to pay in a single case. Another striking feature of the Court’s jurisprudence in 2019 is a number of pointed dissenting and separate opinions.
XI.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts From Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

XI.2.1Nasir v. Secretary-General of the United Nations, Case No. UNDT/GVA/2017/109, Judgment No. UNDT/2019/090, 22 May 2019

XI.2.2L. (No. 6) v. ICC, ILOAT, 128th Session, Judgment No. 4183, 3 July 2019

XI.2.3FC v. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, WBAT, Decision No. 615, 25 October 2019...
Global Social Indicators, Comparison, and Commensuration: A Case Study of COVID Rankings
Authors: Nelken David
Published: February 2022

Global social indicators, as a form of governance and soft regulation, can exert pressure for change and compliance through the way they compare and then rank the relative performance of states or other units. Is it reasonable to expect the comparisons they make in the process of carrying out such strategic exercises to be accurate and fair? In particular, how far can they, or should they, be required to be faithful to the requirement to “compare like with like”? This chapter first summarises some of the key features of global social indicators. It then goes on to analyse the differences (and overlap) between the tasks of comparing (learning about similarities and differences) and commensuration (showing equivalence and seeking to make matters come into line). Using as an example the role of indicators in documenting and responding to the current coronavirus epidemic, the chapter traces the way the hybrid and sometimes inconsistent commitment to both comparison and commensuration helps account for the difficulty they have had so far at establishing stable rankings of best practice. What can be learnt may also be of more general relevance.
Introduction
Authors: Strube Julian
Published: February 2022

Beyond introducing the subject matter and critically surveying the state of scholarship, this introduction offers a substantial theoretical and methodological elucidation of the book’s approach that is also relevant for readers not strictly interested in the specialized subject. Combining perspectives from religious studies, global history, South Asian studies, and the study of esotericism, the foundations of global religious history are discussed both in abstraction and in light of the source material. This especially considers historiographical challenges such as (post)colonialism, Eurocentrism, and orientalism, as well as issues such as the blurry meaning of “global connections” and differentiations between the global, regional, and local. Leading themes such as the contested meaning of tradition, revival, reform, and modernity are scrutinized, as are the relationship and meanings of religion, science, esotericism, and nationalism that remain the subject of scholarly debate. Global religious history makes proposals for resolving such debates by eliding disciplinary boundaries.
The Bengali Intervention
Authors: Strube Julian
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 departs from the global exchanges that manifest in the Theosophist debate, circling closer and closer to the regional and local contexts connected to it, before finally contextualizing the emergence of Arthur Avalon against that background. The “Bengali intervention” will allow for introducing three of the main strands that meet in the nodal point of the Theosophist exchange: the emergence of the Theosophical Society and its relocation to India, the regional background of Bengali Tantra, and an outlook on the Avalon project and its implication for Indological and South Asianist scholarship until today.
Introducing the beaver
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces and describes the two extant species of beavers, the Eurasian Castor fiber and the North American Castor canadensis, including their classification from the order Rodentia, family Castoridae. The Castoridae family represents species that can produce, store, and distribute castoreum. This chapter describes the appearance of these two species in the fossil record and their evolution into two distinct species. Differences between the two species are discussed including chromosome number, appearance, behaviour, and ecology. Background information on extinct beaver species including Castoroides ohioensis—a giant beaver, the size of a bear—is provided. Also considered are the latest genetic findings on subspecies division of the Eurasian beaver which, as for its American counterpart, have been controversial and largely based on fur trade refugia populations. Similar species, which may be confused by some for beavers, are discussed and key differences noted.
Mortality and morbidity
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

Like any wild mammal, beavers face a range of mortality risks including direct predation and infectious diseases. Their main predators are the wolf and bears. Beavers are also predated by alligators, coyotes, wolverines, cougars, lynx, bobcats, dogs, and foxes. Territorial fighting can have an indirect impact on beaver survival leading to injury and infection. Human-mitigated factors such as pollutants, hunting and trapping, and less documented causes of deaths such as road traffic and motorboat accidents, drowning, water regulations, floods, dental issues, harsh winters, droughts, tree felling are also discussed. This chapter discusses a range of pathogens that may be harboured by beavers and diseases caused by viruses (three rare ones in the North American beaver), bacteria (18), and internal (49) and external (65) parasites specific to beavers. The most common bacteria is the Tularemia and it occurs most often in the North American beaver. The most common endoparasites are the Giardia spp. (occurs mostly in the North American beaver), the roundworm Travassosius spp. and the beaver fluke. The most common ectoparasites are the beaver parasite beetle, and mites in the genus Schizocarpus spp.
The ecological engineer
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the beaver’s role as a keystone species, wetland engineers and riparian restorers. Beavers can have a significant impact on the natural landscape, the geomorphology and hydrology of a system and biodiversity, as a result of their activities. Beaver-influenced environments, with a less dense or intermittent tree canopy, provide both a greater expanse and increased variety of living opportunities for a wide range of higher plant species, which in turn increases the feeding and breeding opportunities for insects. A greater abundance of standing and submerged dead wood habitat further enhances this process, and invertebrate densities can alter significantly in response. The presence of beavers thus tends to have a beneficial impact on fish populations through the creation of foraging and shelter habitats for a wide variety of species. Amphibian abundance in beaver-generated landscapes tends to be higher than in areas without beavers, and this has also generally been found to be true for reptiles and birds. Small mammals (such as water shrews and voles) adapt to utilize the variety of niche habitats and prey abundance provided by beaver-generated landscapes, while large herbivores such as deer exploit their greater grazing and browsing potential. Carnivores, particularly otter and mink but also potentially badger, red fox, stoat, and pine marten, may benefit through enhanced prey populations (such as fish, amphibians, and birds) and the presence of beaver lodges and burrows which they utilize for shelter and breeding.
Overview of Text Articulation and Numeration in Codex Vaticanus
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: February 2022

Understanding that the CapVat numbers belonged to the original production of the book enables us to consider them within the scope of the other scribal features of that production, particularly with regard to the other features of textual articulation. Each scribe’s approach(es) to textual division and numbered capitulation for each book, or subcorpus, in the codex is now outlined, marking how these approaches evolved, particularly for Scribe B, as the manufacture of the codex progressed. In this way, we can see that the numbers were not ‘imposed upon’ an otherwise integrated system of divisions and subdivisions. In many books, the interaction of numbers and other divisions strongly suggest that the exemplar used for the numeration is the same one being used for the text. A summary of the findings of this chapter is provided at the end.
Conclusions and Conversation Starters
Authors: Hill C. E.
Published: February 2022

This chapter synthesizes information gathered throughout the book pertaining to several topics. It first summarizes the book’s findings about the genesis of the Bible’s First Chapters, seen both as an integrated set of numbered chapters, and as an underlying set of unnumbered text-articulations in earlier manuscripts. It also reviews what the book may contribute to the quest for the provenance of Codex Vaticanus and the manuscripts its scribes used for it. It reflects on the age of the textual divisions memorialized in the Bible’s First Chapters. Chapter 8 also continues a conversation about whether the sense divisions in biblical manuscripts have any useful contribution to make to the task of dating manuscripts. Finally, the chapter offers two examples from the NT of how an awareness of the divisions in Codex Vaticanus might be helpful in Scriptural exegesis.
William Cobbett and the Possibility of Peace
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

If today Cobbett is remembered as the “farmer’s friend” who brought the struggles of agrarian life to national attention, this chapter offers a way to think about Cobbett’s writing that takes seriously the significance of both his own military service and his self-education in international law. The chapter tracks Cobbett’s development from a whistleblower on war profiteering to an important commentator on Britain’s international military engagements, arguing that crucial to this development is his translation of Friedrich Martens’ seminal work of international jurisprudence, Précis du Droit des Gens Moderne de l’Europe (1789). Far more than the voice of Little England that has so often served as his caricature, Cobbett presents the difficult and fascinating case of a writer whose treatment of international conflict and diplomacy was out of step with both national sentiment and his own political maturation. With his unusual combination of soldier, farmer, and student of international law, Cobbett remained opposed to peace well into his supposed “radical” turn. Studying his complex trajectory allows us to consider what conditions had to be in place for such a strident war supporter finally to become a tribune of peace.
Hopes and Realities of the Digital
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark
Published: February 2022

Big hopes about African development are pinned on the digital economy activities, ranging from employment generation to reduction of poverty and inequality. In the context of widespread joblessness on the continent, young African workers—who are often highly educated—are turning to the new job opportunities (e.g. artificial intelligence and machine learning, call centre work, a range of gig work) presented by an emerging information-based economy not necessarily out of choice but necessity. Therefore, the core question of the book is as follows. How are these new digital economy activities influencing African workers’ lives and livelihoods? This chapter outlines the book’s theoretical and conceptual scope, the geographical context of the research behind it, its key contributions, and core arguments.
Resilience, Reworking, and Resistance
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how African workers exercise agency in the remote gig economy. In addition to the monetary and non-monetary rewards reaped by gig workers, they face significant risks. Gig work platforms and clients/employers exert control over labour power and labour process through the mechanisms of ratings, feedback, user profile registrations, and algorithmic surveillance, thus constraining workers’ autonomy and bargaining power. In fact, opportunities for worker action in the gig economy are apparently fewer than in so-called ‘Fordist’ workplaces. Remote gig workers are expected to have fewer opportunities to exert their agency. Further, in comparison to European workers, African workers have less state welfare support to fall back on, which can also limit their agency. Drawing from a rich labour geography tradition, this chapter reformulates the notions of ‘resistance’, ‘resilience’, and ‘reworking’ as everyday practices of agency, best understood as ‘hidden transcripts’ of the gig economy.
Light verb constructions
Authors: Amaral Patrícia , Cantero Manuel Delicado
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on a light verb construction (LVC) from both Portuguese and Spanish, dar conselho/consejo (“to give advice”). The chapter provides an overview of the literature both on the concept of light verbs and, in particular, on the syntactic and semantic analyses put forward by previous literature on Portuguese and Spanish. This literature on LVCs has focused on their syntactic analyzability, predicational nature, argument structure, and semantic compositionality. These topics are discussed and illustrated further in the section on present-day Portuguese and Spanish. The diachronic section tracks the evolution of the LVC. It concludes that dar conselho/consejo underwent no semantic change and only limited syntactic changes linked to their clause-taking abilities, mostly in Spanish rather than in Portuguese. This chapter explores a noun-based construction with limited changes, as opposed to the other constructions in this book, and one which reveals syntactic differences between both languages.
A New Cohesive Element
Authors: Ferris Natalie
Published: February 2022

The second chapter analyses the emergence of the British concrete poetry movement, surveying the ways in which the poetic ‘object’ was ostensibly pulled in one of two directions: fauvist or suprematist, figurative or abstract, hot or cold, or what was more often described as ‘expressionist’ or ‘constructivist’ modes, mirroring the dialectical tendency of the artistic community in the 1960s. Reviewing the extent to which it became a revolutionary aesthetic movement in poetry, through the lens of Ian Hamilton Finlay’s optical works, kinetic booklets, and ‘constructed abstract situations’, the argument considers the oft-overlooked influence of antecedent modernist models of abstraction as indispensable to concrete poetry and constructed abstract art. Placing pressure on the precise quality of optical effects, the spatial dimensions of the page, and the act of perception, the chapter argues for the concrete project as one galvanized by the vital ontological imperative of language.
Objects, Concepts, Installations, Bookworks
Authors: Ferris Natalie
Published: February 2022

The third chapter plots a perceived shift in aesthetic preoccupations from minimalism to conceptualism in literature and art, interrogating the activities of a number of lesser-known journals, bookshops, publishers, galleries, and workshops in the late 1960s and 1970s, such as the environmental poem-sculptures and ‘post-concrete’ graphic icons of the Tarasque Press, the bookworks of artists and printmakers such as Ken Campbell, Tom Phillips, Ian Tyson, and Telfor Stokes, and the foundational achievements of Art & Language. This chapter proposes an expanded field of literary practice, broadening critical approaches to literary activity at the end of the 1960s to include notions of literature as object, as instrument, and as installation, prompting a total reassessment of the form and role of the book. These interdisciplinary practices embraced anti- compositional methods of design, problematized the ready symbiosis of word and image, and queried the necessity of a known audience, to establish a new dynamic between the role of the spectator and the role of the reader.
‘Seeing Comes before Words’
Authors: Ferris Natalie
Published: February 2022

The final chapter moves away from earlier conceptions of abstraction in literature elucidated in the book, such as a literature that is non-representational, iconographic, or satirical of its own existence as art, to mark out the rising ambitions within the British post-war novel towards a new brand of visualization influenced by screen culture. Considering the varied approaches taken by the novelists John Berger, Christine Brooke-Rose, and B. S. Johnson towards the novel as a construct, as novel and as ‘anti-novel’, the discussion scrutinizes the visible layers of truth and artifice in post-war fiction in order to prompt new and more resonant ways of looking in, at, and through literary narrative.
Capital Flight from Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, and South Africa
Authors: Ndikumana Léonce , Boyce James K.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 presents quantitative estimates of capital flight for the three case study countries: Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, and South Africa. In addition, it delves into one of its important elements, trade misinvoicing. The latter can lead to upward or downward revisions of capital flight measures derived from the balance-of-payments residual, depending on the relative magnitudes of misinvoicing for capital flight and misinvoicing for tariff evasion. Prolonged capital flight has led to the accumulation of massive offshore wealth in the hands of the economic and political elites of these countries, even as their populations continue to face deprivation in access to basic services. In all three African countries, capital flight is a major obstacle to development financing that needs to be tackled through coordinated national and international strategies.
Angola
Authors: Shaxson Nicholas
Published: February 2022

Despite active exploitation of its vast oil reserves, Angola has failed to invest in a diversified and sustainable economy and to improve the lives of its people, most of whom continue to live in extreme poverty. This chapter explores the question: where did the money go? It examines how the “resource curse” contributed to a protacted and destructive civil war, and how a large chunk of Angola’s wealth ended up overseas in the hands of a relatively small number of politically well-placed individuals, enabled by a transnational network of intermediaries and enablers. This tragic money drain is a story that Angola shares with many other resource-rich African countries.
International Trade and Capital Flight
Authors: Ayogu Melvin D.
Published: February 2022

The chapter examines the double-edged role of governance in capital flight. Focusing on international trade and trade-related financial transactions, the chapter demonstrates that the sword of governance has been wielded to cut predominantly one way—to facilitate capital flight—in key African countries. It highlights how poor governance enables capital flight and undermines the fight against it, while capital flight in turn erodes the quality of governance and weakens the regulatory system. The chapter describes the complexities governing import and export transactions, with a view to understanding how political, social, and economic arrangements facilitate corruption in general and capital flight in particular. It argues that “getting governance right” will require reforms in the management and oversight of international trade data to enhance quality, consistency, and transparency in data reporting and the exchange of information.
Introduction
Authors: Maher John C.
Published: February 2022

Languages change, but their history and value make up the present. New ways and social norms supplant them. The symbolic meanings attached to features of language and culture like greetings and dress, food, and family customs may become obscured and disappear. Language is tradition in motion. It is important to provide a perspective on multilingual and multicultural Japan that is historic and well as contemporary: from ancient, ethnic ‘towns’ and early modern European languages to present-day tourist languages, signage, community language education and the multilingual life of the neighbourhood. The narratives of language communities in all societies—large and small—are important because they confront a society’s dominant self-image. Where sometimes the baleful heritage of a former empire lingers, the voices of smaller but growing communities possess their own history and narratives and languages life.
Persian
Authors: Akbari Hourieh
Published: February 2022

Persian native speakers (Iranian) living in Japan are a group of newcomers in the diversified Japanese society of recent years. The Iranian community in Japan can be classified into three groups according to their timeline of arrival: (1) pre-Iran (Islamic) Revolution (~1979), (2) mid-1980–1990s (Tokyo’s ‘Ueno Park Iranians’), and (3) post-2000 (students, researchers, and higher education in Iran). This chapter focuses on the life situation, Japanese language skills, and language acquisition methods of the Iranian community in Japan. Many long-term Iranians have naturally learned Japanese in their living environment. On the other hand, Iranian students, whose numbers have increased in recent years, tend to acquire Japanese from an academic perspective. As a result of this cultural exchange, educational institutions that teach Persian language in Japan and Japanese language in Iran have been introduced.
Latin and Sanskrit
Authors: Maher John C.
Published: February 2022

Neo-Latin (post-Renaissance Latin) has played a significant role in scholarly fields in Japan such as medicine, botany, zoology, and astronomy. The first speakers of Latin arrived with the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier in 1549. Classical Latin is studied in universities, theological seminaries, and academic societies. Church Latin is found in Catholic liturgy and secular music. A macaronic form of crypto-Latin was used in the recitation of Medieval Latin prayers—orasho—by underground Christian communities in Kyushu whereby Latin mediated memory, sacred space, and solidarity. Sanskrit is a symbol of Japan’s earliest transcultural ties with Asia. Priests in Nara communicated in Japanese and Sanskrit with Indian scholar-monks in 750. The copying of mantra and reading of sutras in the Siddhaṃ script is variously practised in the esoteric schools of Shingon Buddhism and Tendai. In the religious landscape, Siddhaṃ, a devotional script, is displayed in Buddhist temple inscriptions.
Grounding-Based Accounts of Everyday Metaphysical Explanation
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces two grounding-based accounts of everyday metaphysical explanation. According to the strong account, the R-relation is grounding: the obtaining of a grounding relation is necessary for the obtaining of an everyday metaphysical explanation. According to the weak account, an R-relation is grounding: the obtaining of a grounding relation or another, non-grounding dependence relation is necessary for the obtaining of a metaphysical explanation. We argue that neither account can satisfy all four of our desiderata, discussing each desideratum in detail and explaining why this is so. This motivates the exploration of several new accounts in the chapters that follow.
Global Production, National Institutions, and Skill Formation
Authors: Sancak Merve
Published: February 2022

This book examines the political economy of skill formation and discusses the implications of skill systems for the development of middle-income countries (MICs). While it has been argued that skills are critical for continuous and inclusive development of MICs, there has been no extensive research on the skill systems of MICs. The book addresses this gap. It studies how the national and global dynamics interact and influence skill systems in Mexico and Turkey, two key MICs. It examines how the governance structures in global auto parts-automotive chains (AACs) and national institutions in Mexico and Turkey affect the hiring, training, and employee-development practices of supplier firms from these countries (i.e. skilling strategies), and the outcomes of these practices for firms and workers. The book offers a multilevel analysis, which includes a study of macro-level national institutions, macro/meso-level AAC governance structures, and firm-level skilling practices. The research in the book relies on extensive primary data, which include face-to-face semistructured interviews with representatives of supplier firms from the two countries, and policymakers, experts, and representatives of labour unions and business associations. The book suggests that the state plays the main role in skill systems. Although global AACs put pressures on suppliers, these pressures are filtered by national institutions that are shaped by the state. The skill systems with higher state involvement are more accessible for workers and smaller firms. Therefore, the book argues that skill systems with higher state involvement are more likely to promote high-road development in MICs.
What does the brain know about the outside world?
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

This chapter uses examples from the visual system to provide the reader with a framework to understand the brain’s dilemma in making sense of signals from the body. The brain constructs an impression of the environment based upon information which seems to be important and useful. Such information is selected, exaggerated, and cultivated at the expense of information that is seen as less important. Paradoxically, this information is not sufficient to reveal everything an individual needs to know. It must be complemented with estimations and assumptions in order to be useful, and adapted to our needs. The reality as we experience it is therefore a guess, even if qualified and most often reliable. The constructive work of the brain is demonstrated by examples from the visual system, leading to the corresponding computational problem posed to the brain in understanding what is going on inside our bodies.
What does the brain know about the body?
Authors: Lekander Mats
Published: February 2022

This chapter explains how similar principles as those used by the brain to understand the outside world apply when it tries to evaluate the body’s current state. This means that the brain needs to actively appraise and interpret the importance of diffuse signals that reaches it. For example, are signals from the body—be it pain, fatigue, itch, or something else—to be understood as part of being in a healthy state, or are they in fact symptoms of disease that require further attention and action? The chapter explains the process of interception (perception of inner state) and how the brain handles signals from the body. Examples from body illusions, placebo research, and strange consequences of brain damage are used to show how actively the brain interprets the state of the body, and how this relates to our own experience of how healthy we are.
The left periphery
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a detailed description and formal analysis of the evolution of the French left periphery. Following an introductory survey of the variation attested in the left-peripheral syntax of standard and non-standard Romance varieties, the chapter begins with an overview of the Latin data, which, it is argued, evidence a rich left-peripheral structure. A major change is discussed in the transition from Classical Latin to French, where previously optional movement to the left periphery is reanalysed as obligatory, yielding a V2 syntax with systematic constituent fronting. This V2 syntax is argued to characterize a large portion of the language’s history from the late Latin period until the Renaissance. From the Renaissance onwards, it is argued that French varieties see the progressive loss of operations where constituents reach the left periphery via movement, with implications for topicalization, focus-related operations, and the behaviour of complementizers. The chapter concludes with a formal schematization and analysis of the left periphery in Latin, historical stages of French, and present-day French varieties.
Western Asia Minor in the 1330s
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2022

An unusual abundance of contemporary sources illuminates the 1330s: the traveler Ibn Batuta, the statesman Al-Umari, al-Urtyan of Sivrihisar, and Balban the Genoese—all writing in Arabic—the Turkish epic about Umur of Aydın and treaties between the Venetians and Menteşe. Ibn Battuta in particular gives an eye-witness account of the emirates and their rulers. The sources illustrate the wealth of maritime Aydın and Menteşe as well as Germiyan and narrate the spectacular career of Umur and the rising power of Orhan who, however, was paying tribute to the Mongols The chapter describes the emirates along with the Byzantine outpost of Philadelphia. It integrates the coins into the narrative.