bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ИСТОРИЯ ИЗДАНИЯ В АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНЕ «ДИВАНА» ФИЗУЛИ НА АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Authors: Пашаева Севиндж
Published: April 2021

Один из выдающихся деятелей мировой литературы, гениальный поэт и мыслитель Мухаммед Физули известен не только в азербайджанской литературе, но и в мировой литературе как неповторимый мастер лирической поэзии. Мухаммед Физули, создавший прекрасные образцы поэзии на азербайджанском, персидском и арабском языках, является автором уникальных произведений «Диван», составленных на трех языках. Диван – персидское слово, оно означает собрание, множество. В восточных странах его называют сборником произведений одного поэта. Рукописи произведений «Дивана», написанные поэтом его собственным почерком, до нас не дошли. Благодаря огромному интересу и любви к творчеству Физули, написавшего прекраснейшие образцы классической литературы, его произведения переписывались и распространялись разными переписчиками. Сочинения поэта неоднократно печатались в последующие века с помощью методов каменной печати и публикации. В статье рассматриваются изданные в нашей стране образцы произведения «Диван», написанного поэтом на азербайджанском языке, состоящего из прекрасных стихотворных жемчужин.
УНИФИКАЦИЯ И ГАРМОНИЗАЦИЯ ОХРАНЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОМ ПРАВОВОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ
Authors: Мамедова Айдан
Published: April 2021

В статье рассматриваются характерные черты современного информационного общества и его взаимосвязь с правами интеллектуальной собственности. Раскрывается необходимость создания региональных систем защиты этих прав. В этой связи проводится анализ процессов унификации и гармонизации прав интеллектуальной собственности в рамках Европейского Союза посредством различных правовых механизмов установленных в Лиссабонском соглашении.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF VIOLENCE AS AN ELEMENT OF CULTURE
Authors: Khutsishvili Ketevan
Published: April 2021

The problem of study of violence, its appearances, and goals from the anthropological perspective is facing some obstacles. The analyses of the ethnographical data from the mountainous part of East Georgia proves the connection of the forms of violence with the system of values of the definite time-period of the historical-cultural development. The dynamics of the forms of violence depends on the changes of the values. The conclusion is drawn that the violence forms used in traditional societies to regulate the inner relations are to be understood as a cultural fact, the study of which needs to consider not only its instrumental, but also the functional aspects.
ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ БУРЯКІВ, ЯК СИРОВИНИ ДЛЯ ВИРОБНИЦТВА БІОЕТАНОЛУ В УМОВАХ ЗАХІДНОГО ЛІСОСТЕПУ
Authors: Бурак Ігор , Олекшій Людмила , Кулька Віра , Літвішко Алла
Published: April 2021

В статті представлено аспекти впливу гумінового добрива Лігногумат та Фреш (добриво Маджестік) на показники продуктивності буряка цукрового, виходу цукру та біопалива з посівної площі. Встановлені дози та періоди застосування препаратів в умовах західного Лісостепу України.
ПЕРЕМІЩЕННЯ ВОЛОГИ В ЗЕРНІ ПІД ЧАС ЙОГО СУШІННЯ
Authors: Поп’як Олександр
Published: April 2021

В статті наведено схему механізму видалення вологи при сушінні зерна. Виражено закон переміщення вологи в межах зерна, яке висушується. Зображено Ізопотенціальної лінії тепло-, вологопереносу. Виявлено залежність між швидкістю зміни температури, прогрівання або охолодження зерна та його температуропровідності.
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РОЗВІДЗАХИЩЕНОСТІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ ШЛЯХОМ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ШИРОКОСМУГОВИХ СИГНАЛІВ
Authors: Микусь Сергій , Войтко Олександр , Ключак Оксана
Published: April 2021

В теперішній час, найбільший актуальним залишаються питання забезпечення скритності функціонування системи управління військами, що напряму залежить від розвідзахищеності інформаційно-телекомунікаційної системи військового призначення. У свою чергу, інформаційно-телекомунікаційної системи військового призначення будуються різноманітними випромінюючими засобами зв’язку, основу яких складають на оперативному рівні управління радіорелейні засоби. Це обумовлює пошуку шляхів підвищення розвідзахищеності радіорелейних ліній зв’язку. Виходячи з цього, пропонується підвищення розвідзахищеності інформаційно-телекомунікаційної системи військового призначення забезпечувати шляхом застосування широкосмугових сигналів в радіорелейних лініях зв’язку. Розглянуто принципи підвищення розвідзахищеності інформаційно-телекомунікаційної системи військового призначення шляхом використання прямого розширення спектру в радіорелейних станціях.
A DPA for the 21st Century
Authors:   Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Baker James E.
Published: April 2021

The Defense Production Act can be an effective tool to bring U.S. industrial might to bear on broader national security challenges, including those in technology. If updated and used to its full effect, the DPA could be leveraged to encourage development and governance of artificial intelligence. And debate about the DPA’s use for AI purposes can serve to shape and condition expectations about the role the law’s authorities should or could play, as well as to identify essential legislative gaps.
THE IMPACT OF JOB CREATION ACT AGAINST THE PARTICIPATORY PRINCIPLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Authors: Noor Rahmah Aulya , Ridha Muhammad Rasyid , Kamriani Nurul
Published: April 2021

The enactment of Act 11/2020 on Job Creation in October 2020, resulted in several changes in laws and regulations. One of the crucial articles that were abolished by the Job Creation Act was Article 93 of the Environmental Act (UUPPLH) which regulates rights to file a lawsuit at the Administrative Court, this is contrary to the private law. Also based on Article 2 of the Environmental Act states that environmental protection and management is carried out based on the principle of Participation. This research focuses on the impacts of eliminating Article 93 of the Environmental Act by the Job Creation Act specifically on the principle of Participation. The method used in this research is normative legal research conducted with qualitative analysis. The result is that the elimination of Article 93 of the Environmental Act by Article 21 and Article 22 of the Job Creation Act is contrary to the Participatory Principle contained in Article 2 letter k and Article 70 of the UUPPLH. The abolition of Article 93 of the UUPPLH also causes the judicial power to be unable to exercise the principle of checks and balances.
A REVIEW ON RAWLS THEORY OF JUSTICE
Authors: Said M.Yasir , Nurhayati Yati
Published: April 2021

Justice is an abstract idea and understanding the core concept of various types of justice will help scholars, lawyers and law enforcement to develop and use the theory for legislative drafting, judicial review, case review, in court defense, and legal research and writing. In this paper we discussed the essence of Rawls Justice, the implication and compared it to other theories of justice. Therefore this paper will focused on examining and reviewing John Rawls idea of Justice and how to implement it in society. The method used in this study is doctrinal legal research. The result of this study while we discussed that the three Rawls principles cannot be realized together because one principle collides with another. Rawls prioritizes that the principle of the equal liberty which is lexically maximized precedes the second and third principles. However we believe Justice as Fairness in action should not mean that there is equality but rather emphasizes the concept of balance for the law in providing justice.
CONCEPÇÕES E DESAFIOS DA ATUAÇÃO FONOAUDIOLÓGICA NO NÚCLEO AMPLIADO DE SAÚDE DA FAMÍLIA E ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA
Authors: Fonsêca Rodrigo Oliveira da , Alves Sâmara Danielly de Medeiros
Published: April 2021

O Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Primária (NASF-AP) representa o principal espaço de atuação fonoaudiológica na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), oportunizando um amplo escopo para o desenvolvimento de práticas fonoaudiológicas coletivas e interdisciplinares. No entanto, ainda há uma limitação na compreensão do exercício fonoaudiológico e das suas contribuições no NASF-AP. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar as informações existentes na literatura acerca da atuação fonoaudiológica no NASF-AP, identificando desafios presentes na prática profissional. Com a implantação do NASF-AP, houve um aumento no quantitativo de fonoaudiólogos na APS, atravessado por discrepâncias na distribuição destes profissionais e no acesso oportuno pelos usuários. Ademais, no decorrer do tempo, incorporaram-se ao processo de trabalho fonoaudiológico a presença maciça da dimensão clínico-assistencial, lacuna no conhecimento de gestores sobre o papel do profissional, limitação na oferta de recursos humanos e materiais e aspectos curriculares insuficientes. Paralelamente, há restrição de subsídios voltados ao processo de trabalho do fonoaudiólogo no âmbito do NASF-AP, demandando a ampliação de estudos acerca desta atuação.
MANIFESTAÇÕES ORAIS DA DOENÇA CELÍACA
Authors: Costa Lara Victória Dittz de Abreu , Thomes Caroline Rodrigues , Santana Lorraine Ribeiro , Santos Jonata Leal dos , Silva David Wilkerson dos Santos , Feitosa Alfredo Carlos Rodrigues
Published: April 2021

A doença celíaca é uma patologia autoimune em resposta à exposição ao glúten em indivíduos geneticamente predispostos. Pode ser classificada em clássica, não clássica, silenciosa e latente, nas quais as manifestações clínicas podem variar desde pacientes assintomáticos até envolvimento de múltiplos sistemas. Pode provocar lesões em cavidade oral, incluindo: cárie, líquen plano, glossite atrófica, úlceras aftosas recorrentes e hipoplasia do esmalte. O diagnóstico deve ser realizado minuciosamente, associando achados clínicos e laboratoriais devido a verossimilhança com outras condições de saúde. O tratamento preconizado é a isenção do glúten na dieta. Em razão da doença celíaca ser um problema de saúde pública é necessário avaliar as demandas na atenção primária, incluindo cirurgiões-dentistas, endocrinologistas, nutricionistas, entre outros profissionais.
Como entender a cultura brasileira saboreando uma moqueca e batucando com o sistema lógico hiperdialético (SLH)
Authors: Gomes Mercio , Moreno Esteban Lopez
Published: April 2021

Neste artigo iremos percorrer a trilha histórica que moldou a formação cultural do Brasil. A intenção desse artigo é buscar tornar a cultura brasileira, tal como a vivenciamos, mais compreensível e digna de amor, pelo uso do Sistema Lógico Hiperdialético e de uma metáfora da culinária brasileira: a moqueca. À semelhança desta iguaria, o processo formativo da cultura brasileira não integrou completamente e definitivamente as suas matrizes originais, nem tampouco esgotou suas possibilidades de novas formações culturais. A ideia não é compreender o todo pelas partes, mas lançar novos entendimentos a partir de nossa matriz cultural.
Os Verbetes "Copiar, Imitação e Invenção", de Antoine Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy, publicados no Dictionaire Historique d'Architecture (1832)
Authors: Baesso Pereira Renata
Published: April 2021

Na França, o grande projeto de sistematização do conhecimento, iniciado por Diderot e d’Alambert na Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers (1751-1772), na qual Jacques- François Blondel (1705 – 1774) compôs os artigos que se referiam à Arquitetura, teve continuidade em sucessivos projetos enciclopédicos na segundametade do século XVIII e ao longo do século XIX. Um desses projetos é o da Encyclopédie Méthodique de Charles-Joseph Panckoucke1, no qual, em 1788, Quatremère de Quincy2 foi comissionado para organizar o Dictionnaire d’Architecture.
Performance of an open-path near-infrared measurement system for measurements of CO2 and CH4 during extended field trials
Authors: Deutscher Nicholas M. , Naylor Travis A. , Caldow Christopher G. R. , McDougall Hamish L. , Carter Alex G. , Griffith David W. T.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Open-path measurements of atmospheric composition provide spatial averages of trace gases that are less sensitive to small-scale variations and the effects of meteorology. In this study we introduce improvements to open-path near-infrared (OP-NIR) Fourier transform spectrometer measurements of CO2 and CH4. In an extended field trial, the OP-NIR achieved measurement repeatability 6 times better for CO2 (0.28 ppm) and 10 times better for CH4 (2.1 ppb) over a 1.55 km one-way path than its predecessor. The measurement repeatability was independent of path length up to 1.55 km, the longest distance tested. Comparisons to co-located in situ measurements under well-mixed conditions characterise biases of 1.41 % for CO2 and 1.61 % for CH4 relative to in situ measurements calibrated to World Meteorological Organisation – Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO-GAW) scales. The OP-NIR measurements can detect signals due to local photosynthesis and respiration, and local point sources of CH4. The OP-NIR is well-suited for deployment in urban or rural settings to quantify atmospheric composition on kilometre scales.
Benefits from high-density rain gauge observations for hydrological response analysis in a small alpine catchment
Authors: Michelon Anthony , Benoit Lionel , Beria Harsh , Ceperley Natalie , Schaefli Bettina
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Spatial rainfall patterns exert a key control on the catchment-scale hydrologic response. Despite recent advances in radar-based rainfall sensing, rainfall observation remains a challenge, particularly in
mountain environments. This paper analyzes the importance of high-density
rainfall observations for a 13.4 km2 catchment located in the Swiss
Alps, where rainfall events were monitored during 3 summer months using a
network of 12 low-cost, drop-counting rain gauges. We developed a data-based analysis framework to assess the importance of high-density rainfall
observations to help predict the hydrological response. The framework
involves the definition of spatial rainfall distribution metrics based on
hydrological and geomorphological considerations and a regression analysis
of how these metrics explain the hydrologic response in terms of runoff
coefficient and lag time. The gained insights on dominant predictors are
then used to investigate the optimal rain gauge network density for
predicting the streamflow response metrics, including an extensive test of
the effect of down-sampled rain gauge networks and an event-based
rainfall–runoff model to evaluate the resulting optimal rain gauge network
configuration. The analysis unravels that, besides rainfall amount and
intensity, the rainfall distance from the outlet along the stream network is
a key spatial rainfall metric. This result calls for more detailed
observations of stream network expansions and the parameterization
of along-stream processes in rainfall–runoff models. In addition, despite
the small spatial scale of this case study, the results show that an
accurate representation of the rainfall field (with at least three rain
gauges) is of prime importance for capturing the key characteristics of the
hydrologic response in terms of generated runoff volumes and delay for the
studied catchment (0.22 rain gauges per square kilometer). The potential of
the developed rainfall monitoring and analysis framework for rainfall–runoff analysis in small catchments remains to be fully unraveled in future studies, potentially also including urban catchments.
PROcess-guided deep learning and DAta-driven modelling (PRODA) uncovers key mechanisms underlying global soil carbon storage
Authors: Tao Feng , Huang Yuanyuan , Hungate Bruce A. , Lu Xingjie , Hocking Toby D. , Mishra Umakant , Hugelius Gustaf , Huang Xiaomeng , Luo Yiqi
Published: April 2021

Soil carbon storage is a vital ecosystem service. Yet mechanisms that regulate global soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics remain elusive. Here we explicitly retrieve the spatial patterns of key biogeochemical mechanisms and their regulation pathways on SOC storage using the novel PROcess-guided deep learning and Data-driven modelling (PRODA) approach. PRODA integrates data assimilation, deep learning, big data with 54,073 globally distributed vertical SOC profiles, and the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) to best represent and understand global soil carbon cycle. The PRODA-optimised CLM5 can represent 56±2% spatial variation of SOC across the world. Among all the mechanisms we explored in this study, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) emerges as the most critical regulator of global SOC storage. Increasing CUE, where more carbon flow is channelled into stabilisation, coincides with decreasing temperature and favours SOC accrual. Global sensitivity analysis further confirms the CUE, surpassing carbon input and decomposition, as the primary driver to SOC storage and its spatial variation. An increase of CUE by 1% from its standing value will lead to an additional 76±3 petagrams global SOC accumulation. We conclude that how efficiently soil microorganisms utilise organic carbon in metabolism is central to global SOC stabilisation. Understanding detailed processes underlying CUE and its environmental dependence will be critical in accurately describing soil carbon dynamics and its feedbacks to climate change.
Prediction of Total Nitrogen Distribution in Surface Soil Based on Multi-source Auxiliary Variables and Random Forest Approach
Authors: Zhou Yang , Zhao Xiaomin , Guo Xi
Published: April 2021

Soil total nitrogen is closely related to soil quality and fertility. It is of great significance to know the spatial distribution characteristics of soil total nitrogen for the implementation of precision agriculture management. The spatial distribution of total nitrogen in the surface soil of Xunwu County was predicted and mapped by using two methods: random forest and random forest plus residuals kriging. These methods were combined with multi-source auxiliary variables such as (i) terrain factors, (ii) geographical coordinate, (iii) remote sensing factors, (iv) climate factors, (v) distance factors, and (vi) soil physical or chemical factors. Also, the prediction accuracy of the two models was compared after 100 times of repeated operation. Our results show that the mean values of the decision coefficient (R2 = 0.6291) and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC = 0.7613) of the random forest model were higher than those of the random forest plus residual kriging method (R2 = 0.5719, CCC = 0.6881). Also, the mean values of the mean absolute error (MAE = 0.1570 g·kg-1) and root mean squared error (RMSE = 0.2108 g·kg-1) were lower than those of the random forest plus residual kriging method (MAE = 0.1682 g·kg-1, RMSE = 0.2267 g·kg-1). Importantly, adding residual to the random forest model did not improve its accuracy. These results suggest that the random forest model can be used as a new method for predicting soil properties, and it provides technical support for the implementation of agricultural management.
A Wind Tunnel Simulation of Windproof Effectiveness of Simulated Shrubs with Different Spatial Configurations
Authors: Pan Xia , Wang Zhenyi , Gao Yong , Dang Xiaohong
Published: April 2021

A better understanding of the distribution of the airflow field and wind velocity around the simulated shrubs is essential to provide optimized design and maximize the efficiency of the windbreak forests. In this study, a profiling set of Pitot Tube was used to measure the airflow field and wind velocity of simulated shrubs by wind tunnel simulation. The effects of form configurations and row spaces of simulated shrubs on windproof effectiveness were in-depth studied. We come to the following results: The weakening strength to wind velocities of hemisphere-shaped and broom-shaped shrubs at 26.25 cm was mainly concentrated below 2 cm near the root and 6-14 cm in the middle-upper part, while the spindle-shaped shrubs were at 0.2-14 cm above the canopy, which meant the windproof effect of spindle-shaped shrubs was was better than that of hemisphere-shaped and broom-shaped. With the improvement of row spaces, the weakening height to wind velocities of the hemisphere-shaped shrubs at 35 cm was only concentrated below 2 cm near the root exclude for the 6-14 cm at 26.25 cm, which presented the hemisphere-shaped shrubs were not suitable for the layout of wide row space. Further, the form configurations of simulated shrubs had a stronger influence on wind velocity than row spaces. Moreover, the designed windbreaks with Nitraria tangutorum, which more effectively reduced the wind velocity among the windbreaks compared to behind the windbreaks. In the wind control system, the hemisphere-shaped windbreaks should be applied as near-surface barriers, and the windbreaks of broom-shaped and spindle-shaped can be used as shelterbelts above the near-surface. These analytical findings offer theoretical guidelines on how to arrange the windbreak forests for preventing wind erosion in the most convenient and efficient ways.
Soil carbon persistence governed by plant input and mineral protection at the regional and global scales
Authors: Yang Yuanhe , Chen Leiyi , Fang Kai , Wei Bin , Qin Shuqi , Feng Xuehui , Hu Tianyu , Ji Chengjun
Published: April 2021

Elucidating the processes underlying the persistence of soil organic matter (SOM) is a prerequisite for projecting soil carbon feedback to climate change. However, the potential role of plant carbon input in regulating the multi-layer SOM preservation over broad geographic scales remains unclear. Based on large-scale soil radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements on the Tibetan Plateau, we found that plant carbon input was the major contributor to topsoil carbon destabilisation despite the significant associations of topsoil Δ14C with climatic and mineral variables as well as SOM chemical composition. By contrast, mineral protection by iron–aluminium oxides and cations became more important in preserving SOM in deep soils. These regional observations were confirmed by a global synthesis derived from the International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD). Our findings illustrate different effects of plant carbon input on SOM persistence across soil layers, providing new insights for models to better predict multi-layer soil carbon dynamics under changing environments.
Site-level simulations of measurable soil fractions with Millennial Version 2
Authors: Abramoff Rose , Guenet Bertrand , Zhang Haicheng , Georgiou Katerina , Xu Xiaofeng , Viscarra-Rossel Raphael , Yuan Wenping , Ciais Philippe
Published: April 2021

Soil carbon (C) models are used to predict C sequestration responses to climate and land use change. Yet, the soil models embedded in Earth system models typically do not represent processes that reflect our current understanding of soil C cycling, such as microbial decomposition, mineral association, and aggregation. Rather, they rely on conceptual pools with turnover times that are fit to bulk C stocks and/or fluxes. As measurements of soil fractions become increasingly available, soil C models that represent these measurable quantities can be evaluated more accurately. Here we present Version 2 (V2) of the Millennial model, a soil model developed to simulate C pools that can be measured by extraction or fractionation, including particulate organic C, mineral-associated organic C, aggregate C, microbial biomass, and dissolved organic C. Model processes have been updated to reflect the current understanding of mineral-association, temperature sensitivity and reaction kinetics, and different model structures were tested within an open-source framework. We evaluated the ability of Millennial V2 to simulate total soil organic C (SOC), as well as the mineral-associated and particulate fractions, using three soil fractionation data sets spanning a range of climate and geochemistry in Australia (N=495), Europe (N=176), and across the globe (N=730). Millennial V2 (RMSE = 1.98 – 4.76 kg, AIC = 597 – 1755) generally predicts SOC content better than the widely-used Century model (RMSE = 2.23 – 4.8 kg, AIC = 584 – 2271), despite an increase in process complexity and number of parameters. Millennial V2 reproduces between-site variation in SOC across a gradient of plant productivity, and predicts SOC turnover times similar to those of a global meta-analysis. Millennial V2 updates the conceptual Century model pools and processes and represents our current understanding of the roles that microbial activity, mineral association and aggregation play in soil C sequestration.
Exploring the Long-Term Soil Moisture Predictability with FLUXNET Site Data using Circulating Learning Model
Authors: Li Qingliang , Li Zhongyan , Shangguan Wei , Yao Yifei , Wang Xuezhi , Yu Fanhua
Published: April 2021

The skillful long-term (from 3 days delay) prediction of soil moisture can provide more help than the short-term prediction of soil moisture for many practical applications including ecosystem management and precision agriculture. It presents great challenges because the far future variation of soil moisture has more uncertainties than the near future on soil moisture. Therefore, a novel circulating learning deep learning (DL) model based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), is developed in this study as an alternative data-intelligence tool. This model includes two layers: the encoder-decoder LSTM layer and LSTM with a fully connected layer, which were used to enhance the long-term prediction ability by considering the intermediate time-series data between the input timestep and the predictive timestep. We applied this model by using FLUXNET2015 tie1 and tie2 subset data product over seven sites in different countries. The result shows that our model predicts soil moisture with better accuracy in average state and fluctuation pattern and amplitude when compared with other state-of-the-art DL methods, such as Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and encoder-decoder LSTM models. Furthermore, the different-term (short-term, medium-term and long-term) predictability of soil moisture over various conditions (i.e., different hyper-parameters in our model, different predictive models, different climate regions and different sites) has been widely discussed in this paper. The code of our model is publicly available at https://github.com/ljz1228/CLM-LSTM-soil-moisture-prediction. We hope that this work will accelerate the research for long-term soil moisture prediction.
The extended transfer function model for the simulation of pesticides transport along the unsaturated zone
Authors: Bancheri Marialaura , Coppola Antonio , Colombi Annachiara , Basile Angelo
Published: April 2021

The scope of this work is to present the extended transfer function model (TFM-ext) that allows to simulate the spatio-temporal distribution of nonpoint-source pollutants, e.g., pesticides, along the unsaturated zone, till the groundwater table depth.

The model is based on the transfer functions approach, i.e., on the travel time probability density functions (TT pdfs), which describe the leaching behavior in a given soil profile. The strength of the model, despite the important assumptions on time-invariant TT pdfs and steady-state input fluxes, is that it derives the TT pdfs from a physical quantity, i.e., the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function k(θ).  Moreover, the model extends the transport process to the generic depth z, where information on hydraulic properties could not be available, assuming a lognormal travel time pdf, whose parameters are scaled according to the generalized transfer function model. In the case of reactive solutes, the model considers both the mass decay and the retardation factor.

The TFM-ext was validated in Valle Telesina, a hilly area of around 200 km2 in Italy. Forty-six soil profiles, completely characterized from the hydrological point of view, were used to evaluate the mean travel times and the breakthrough curves at the groundwater depth and then compared with the results of a physically based model, Hydrus 1D. Results gave very high correlation coefficients (above 0.8), a mean absolute error of around 40 days and a percent bias of -16%.

Moreover, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to evaluate to which parameters the TFM-ext is more sensitive, was performed. Results shown that τ anf θs parameters related to the slope of the k(θ) are those affecting more the travel time.

The model was implemented as an operative tool for the specific groundwater vulnerability assessment within the geospatial Decision Support System developed for LANDSUPPORT H2020 project.
Are Earth system models able to reproduce the soil heterotrophic respiration fluxes?
Authors: Guenet Bertrand , Orliac Jérémie , Cécillon Lauric , Torres Olivier , Bopp Laurent
Published: April 2021

Earth system models (ESMs) are numerical representations of the Earth system aiming at representing the climate dynamic including feedbacks between climate and carbon cycle. CO2 flux due to soil respiration including heterotrophic respiration coming from the soil organic matter (SOM) microbial decomposition and autotrophic respiration coming from the roots respiration is one of the most important flux between the surface and the atmosphere. Thus, even small changes in this flux may impact drastically the climate dynamic. It is therefore essential that ESMs reliably reproduce soil respiration. Until recently, such an evaluation at global scale of the ESMs was not straightforward because of the absence of observation-derived product to evaluate heterotrophic respiration fluxes from ESMs at global scale. Recently, several gridded products were published opening a new research avenue on climate-carbon feedbacks. In this study, we used simulations from 13 ESMs performed within the sixth coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6) and we evaluate their capacities to reproduce the heterotrophic respiration flux using three gridded observation-based products. We first evaluate the total heterotrophic respiration flux for each model as well as the spatial patterns. We observed that most of the models are able to reproduce the total heterotrophic respiration flux but the spatial analysis underlined that this was partially due to some bias compensation between regions overestimating the flux and regions underestimating the flux. To better identify the causes of the identified bias in predicting the total heterotrophic respiration flux, we analysed the residues of ESMs using linear mixed effect models and we observed that lithology and climate were the most important drivers of the ESMs residues. Our results suggest that the response of SOM microbial decomposition to soil moisture and temperature must be improved in the next ESMs generation and that the effect of lithology should be better taken into account.
Wavelet Analysis of Soil Water State Variables for Identification of Lateral Subsurface Flow: Lysimeter versus Field Data
Authors: Ehrhardt Annelie , Groh Jannis , Gerke Horst H.
Published: April 2021

Preferential and lateral subsurface flow may be responsible for the accelerated transport of water and solutes in sloping agricultural landscapes; however, the process is difficult to observe. One idea is to compare time series of soil moisture observations in the field with those in lysimeters, where flow is vertically oriented. This study aims at identifying periods of deviations in soil water contents and pressure heads measured in the field and in a weighing lysimeter with the same soil profile. Wavelet Coherency Analysis (WCA) was applied to time series of hourly soil water content and pressure head data (15, 32, 60, 80, and 140 cm depths) from Colluvic Regosol soil profiles in summer 2017. The phase shifts and periodicities indicated by the WCA plots reflected the response times to rain events in the same depth of lysimeter and field soil. For many rain events and depths, sensors installed in the field soil showed a faster response than those in the lysimeters soil. This could be explained by either vertical preferential flow or lateral subsurface flow from upper hillslope positions. Vice versa, a faster sensor response in the lysimeter soil could be indicative for vertical preferential effects. The WCA plots comprise all temporal patterns of time shifts and correlations between larger data time series in a condensed form to identify potentially relevant periods for more detailed analyses of subsurface flow dynamics. 
Retrieving Soil Physical Properties via Assimilating SMAP Brightness Temperature Observations in the Community Land Model
Authors: Zhao Hong , Zeng Yijian , Han Xujun , Su Bob
Published: April 2021

Basic soil physical properties (i.e., soil texture and organic matter) and associated soil hydraulic properties (i.e., soil water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) play an essential role in land surface models (LSMs) for estimating soil moisture. With the physical link between soil properties, LSMs and Radiative Transfer Models (RTMs), the soil physical properties can be retrieved, using a LSM coupled with a microwave L-band emission observation model in a data assimilation framework. To this purpose, this paper couples an enhanced physically-based discrete scattering-emission model with the Community Land Model 4.5 (CLM), to retreive soil physical properties using the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) algorithm, assimilating Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) Level-1C (L1C) brightness temperature at H and V polarization ( and ) separately, assisted with in situ measurements at the Maqu site on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results show the improved estimate of soil properties at the topmost layer via assimilating SMAP ( H, V), as well as at profile using the retrieved top-layer soil properties and a prior depth ratio. The use of  and  shows varied sensitivities to retrievals of different soil compositions (i.e., sand, clay, silt) and soil moisture estimates. However, analyses show that the retrieved soil properties with fine accuracy are not sensitive factors affecting soil moisture estimates. Instead, uncertainties of CLM model structures shall be considered, such as the fixed PTFs (pedotransfer functions), the hydraulic function describing soil water retention curve and the water stress function determining root water update.
Historical soil maps with a reference to redoximorphic features as basis for ecohydrological modelling.
Authors: Yurova Alla , Kozlov Daniil , Smirnova Maria , Fil Pavel
Published: April 2021

Historical soil maps with a reference to profile redoximorphic features have obvious utility for ecohydrological modelling. That is particularly pertinent in areas with shallow water tables where catchments have both dry and moist parts, latter due to moisture source from either upper or low boundary. However, there is no convenient method for converting maps to hydrological model state variables. Here we propose that the steady state continuity equation in kinematic wave form can be parameterized using expert knowledge of the typical water table depth (WTD) for soils with different hydromorphy degrees based on redoximorphic features. To test the approach, six hillslope-based computational units (catenas) were obtained, for use in simulations, by automated of the Samovetc and Izberdey catchments in the Tambov region (Russia) using lumpR software. Five of the six catenas began at poorly drained flat upslope positions with soils with various degrees of saturation by shallow groundwater and one began at a well-drained upslope position. We guided parameterization of the kinematic wave model by critical range of the WTD known to correspond to each soil group on historical soil map of hydromorphy degree. Application of expert knowledge in this manner alone yielded a broad range of possible WTD values (e.g. 1.5-5 m for a semi-hydromorphic soil) for each soil entity, but linking a catena by the fundamental physical constraint of flow continuity enabled narrowing of the range to 0.2-1 m thereby reducing it by ca. 80%. We further tested the shallow water table approximation in the WASA-SED ecohydrological model based on catenary approach to simulate soil moisture profiles referring explicitly to soil groups of different hydromorphy degree and distinguish stagnic and gleyic regimes of waterlogging. The results show that the approach could substantially improve crop and water management precision.
Quantifying paleosol development during three interglacial periods in the Chinese Loess Plateau by soil-climate modeling. 
Authors: Ranathunga Keerthika Nirmani , Finke Peter , Yin Qiuzhen , Yu Yanyan
Published: April 2021

The Quaternary loess-paleosol deposits in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) provide complete records of paleoclimates for better understanding differences in paleosol development. However, soil properties are overwritten due to climatic conditions in later periods; therefore the true paleosol development cannot easily be quantified. Only a calibrated soil model allows interglacial soil simulation in the CLP over long timescales. Therefore, our objective is to quantify the degree of paleosol development in three different paleosols in the CLP: S2, S4 and S5-1 using a calibrated process-based soil development model, SoilGen2.

The variations of paleosol development were compared by clay% and calcium carbonate content% and anorthite content (kg/m2) in the simulated paleosol.

Our results show that paleosol development is stronger in S5-1, S4, S2 in the studied paleosols in decreasing order of intensity. Each paleosol showed distinct variations in clay migration and decalcification processes under varying climate and dust deposition at the time of development. The model correctly simulated the two-sub paleosol units in paleosol S2. In conclusion, the results indicate that the (calibrated) SoilGen2 model combined with modeled climate can quantify and describe the paleosol development in the CLP fairly.
Spatiotemporal assessment of phosphorus release from a fertiliser granule and its diffusion into bulk soil: a combined experimental and modelling study
Authors: Petroselli Chiara , Williams Katherine A. , Ghosh Arpan , McKay Fletcher Daniel , Ruiz Siul A. , Gerheim Sousa Dias Tiago , Scotson Callum P. , Roose Tiina
Published: April 2021

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient for crops and it is therefore highly managed in human activities such as agriculture. Not only the global phosphate rock reserves are going to be exhausted in a century, but P can also be lost from fields with the runoff ending up contaminating water bodies and causing eutrophication.

This study is aimed at investigating P release from a fertiliser granule at high spatial and temporal resolution to optimise fertilisation timing, match crop requirements and reduce runoff. Experimental data consist of time-resolved P concentration in the soil solution at three different depths and total P concentration profile determined via total soil digestion. We observed a rapid, single-pulse release of P from the fertiliser granule shortly after soil wetting (<2h). The pulse reaches the furthest probe (3 cm) within the same timeframe, then P concentration in the soil solution gradually decreases over the following 150 hours due to adsorption.

As the experimental data did not match the model-predicted P diffusion behaviour, a new modelling approach was used to reproduce the data. The model accounts for P diffusion and adsorption onto soil particles, resulting in the temporal evolution of P concentrations both in the soil solution and adsorbed onto soil particles. As the final total P concentration in soil reflects the initial P concentration profile in the soil solution, the model shows that adsorption onto soil particles happens faster than diffusion. Additionally, the model gives an estimate of diffusion, adsorption and desorption rates, as well as the maximum distance that P can travel from the source.

Combining high-resolution experiments with modelling provided a new insight into P release and diffusion from a fertiliser granule. The results can inform optimal fertilisation timings to improve crop yields while reducing P application rates and undesirable side effects such as eutrophication.
Modelling soil carbon under diverse cropping systems and farming management in contrasting climatic regions in Europe
Authors: Begum Khadiza , Zornoza Raul , Farina Roberta , Lemola Riitta , Cerasuolo Marianna
Published: April 2021

Sustainable agriculture has been identified as key to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal aiming at ending poverty and hunger, and addressing climate change, while maintaining natural resources. Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is an important soil functions for the ecosystems service, and storing carbon (C) in soil by changing traditional management practices can represent an important step towards the development of more sustainable agricultural systems in Europe. Within the European project Diverfarming, the process-based ecosystem model ECOSSE was modified and evaluated in three long term experiments to assess the impact of crop diversification and agricultural management in SOC dynamics. ECOSSE was able to simulate SOC under Mediterranean regions in Spain and Italy after changing the minimum value of the decomposition rate modifying factor for soil moisture and allowing a higher soil moisture deficit. In Spain the addition of manure and cover crop in the diversified systems produced an increase in SOC compared to the conventional management (6% in simulations, 2% in measurement) in eight years. The effect of tillage on SOC stock in the Italian dry soil was also modelled, and a positive impact on SOC was predicted when no tillage is practised. Finally, ECOSSE was used to understand the impact of diversifications in Finland where different proportions of legumes and grass were considered in four-year crop rotations compared to conventional cereal rotations. Experiments and modelling showed that the loss of SOC in conventional cereal was compensated when grass was introduced in the rotations. A good agreement (RMSE <10%) and a non-significant bias were observed between model and data for all sites. The modified ECOSSE was able to predict SOC under diverse cropping systems and farming management in contrasting climatic regions. Further studies linking SOC simulations to indicator of sustainability across various European pedoclimatic regions is ongoing.
Predicting Anaerobic Microsites in Soils
Authors: Gerber Stefan , Brookshire E.N.Jack
Published: April 2021

Anaerobic microsites in soils are critical features in the Earth system as they are prime locations for generating powerful greenhouse gases. These processes occur in hot spots and hot moments and are therefore difficult to capture in mean-field approaches. Typically, they are captured as empirical functions of soil moisture.

We present a mechanistic upscaling of microsites from single soil particles to the soil column, by considering existing formulations that link the processes of solute diffusion, pore sizes and particle size distributions, and water retention. The upscaling allows to predict probability density functions of volume and surface area of anaerobic microsites, which can then be integrated to the scale of a laboratory soil sample or a field site. Our goal was to make these predictions based on variables typically measured in soils and are routine diagnostic or prognostic variables in Earth system model. While the detailed expressions can only be solved numerically, we found closed-form solutions with little loss of accuracy.  Our result have the necessary hooks for direct implementation of anaerobic microbial carbon processing, methane production and nitrification-denitrification processes in Earth System models. A first application yields two soil moisture-CO2 efflux hypotheses that could potentially be tested and which set this upscaling apart from empirical formulations 1) the degree of temperature sensitivity and dependence of carbon concentration in anaerobicity and 2) different CO2 response to soil moisture if measured in laboratory jars vs. measured in the field.

 
Simulation of soil carbon dynamics in Australia with {\sc Roth C}
Authors: Viscarra Rossel Raphael , Lee Juhwan , Zhang Mingxi , Luo Zhongkui , Wang YingPing
Published: April 2021

We simulated soil organic carbon (C) dynamics across Australia with the Rothamsted carbon model ({\sc Roth C}) by connecting new spatially-explicit soil measurements and data with the model. This helped us to bridge the disconnection that exists between datasets used to inform the model and the processes that it depicts. We compiled publicly available continental-scale datasets and pre-processed, standardised and configured them to the required spatial and temporal resolutions. We then calibrated {\sc Roth C} and run simulations to estimate the baseline soil organic C stocks and composition in the 0--0.3~m layer at 4,043 sites in cropping, modified grazing, native grazing, and natural environments across Australia. We used data on the C fractions, the particulate, mineral associated, and resistant organic C (POC, MAOC and ROC, respectively) to represent the three main C pools in the {\sc Roth C} model's structure.  The model explained 97--98\% of the variation in measured total organic C in soils under cropping and grazing, and 65\% in soils under natural environments. We optimised the model at each site and experimented with different amounts of C inputs to simulate the potential for C accumulation under constant and chainging climate in a 100-year simulation. Soils under native grazing were the most potentially vulnerable to C decomposition and loss, while soils under natural environments were the least vulnerable. An empirical assessment of the controls on the C change showed that climate, pH, total N, the C:N ratio, and cropping were the most important controls on POC change. Clay content and climate were dominant controls on MAOC change. Consistent and explicit soil organic C simulations improve confidence in the model's estimations, contributing to the development of sustainable soil management under global change. 
Projecting long-term soil organic dynamics in Australia's rangelands
Authors: Zhang Mingxi , Viscarra Rossel Raphael
Published: April 2021

Rangelands in Australia are vast and occupy more than 80% of the continental land area. They extend across arid, semi-arid, and the tropical regions with seasonal, variable rainfall in the north. They include diverse, relatively undisturbed grasslands, shrublands, woodlands and tropical savanna ecosystems. They represent Australia’s largest terrestrial carbon sink as they account for almost 70% of Australia's total soil organic carbon stock (Viscarra Rossel et al., 2014), more than all above-ground sources of carbon (native grasses, trees and shrubs) in these regions (Gifford et al., 1992). Here we have developed a novel space-time approach for projecting the long-term C dynamics of rangelands soils using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning neural networks. We further demonstrate how the networks might be interpreted and quantified the influence of explanatory variables on the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil C in these regions. Our results provide an improved ability to accurately model long-term carbon dynamics, which is needed to confidently predict changes in soil C from change in climate or anthropogenic disturbance. The information is critical for improving our understanding of soil C in these regions and for understanding the potential for sequestering C in the rangelands.
El pensamiento de José Carlos Mariátegui: ¿entre marxismo y populismo?
Authors: Cardozo Santiago David Cardozo
Published: April 2021

El presente artículo pretende indagar acerca del lugar central que José Carlos Mariátegui concediera a las supervivientes estructuras comunitarias del ayllu en la construcción de un socialismo adaptado a las condiciones del Perú. Esta indagación nos permitirá contrastar las soluciones al problema de la tierra y al problema del indio, tal y como fueron concebidas por el pensador peruano, con los planteamientos realizados por los populistas rusos en relación con la pervivencia de la comuna rural (la obshina). Finalmente, estaremos en condiciones de cuestionarnos en qué medida los caminos recorridos por políticos de la talla de Herzen y Chernyshevski, en la Rusia del siglo XIX, y por Mariátegui, en el Perú de las primeras décadas del XX, se apartan del marxismo del propio Marx.