bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Mentha piperita against Arsenic‐Induced Toxicity in Liver of Swiss Albino Mice
Authors: Sharma Ambika , Sharma Mukesh Kumar , Kumar Madhu
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  The protective role of leaves of Mentha piperita Linn (Mint) was studied in adult Swiss albino mice against arsenic‐induced hepatopathy. The animals were divided into four groups. Group I: only vehicle (0.9% NaCl) was administered. Group II: the animals received Mentha leaf extract (1 g/kg body weight per day) orally for 30 days. Group III: animals were treated with sodium arsenite (4 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally in 0.9% NaCl. Group IV: animals were given Mentha extract for 10 consecutive days prior to sodium arsenite treatment and continuously for 30 days after sodium arsenite treatment. The animals from the above groups were killed at various time‐points, and body weight and liver weight were measured. The biochemical estimation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) in serum were done. In the arsenic‐treated group there was a significant increase in ACP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and LPO content, whereas a significant decrease was recorded in body weight, liver weight, GSH and LDH activity in liver. Pre‐ and post‐treatment of Mentha with arsenic significantly alters the biochemical parameters in liver. A significant decline in ACP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT and LPO content was observed. However, a significant increase in body weight, liver weight, GSH content and LDH activity in liver was estimated. The results indicate that the Mentha extract may be useful in reducing the side effects of arsenic‐induced hepatopathy.
Orally Administered Melatonin Improves Nocturnal Rest in Young and Old Ringdoves (Streptopelia risoria)
Authors: Paredes Sergio D. , Terrón Ma Pilar , Valero Vicente , Barriga Carmen , Reiter Russel J. , Rodríguez Ana B.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Melatonin possesses chronobiotic properties, which affects sleep/wake rhythms. We investigated a 7‐day administration of melatonin (0.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight) on the activity/rest rhythms of a diurnal animal (the ringdove, Streptopelia risoria), aged 2–3 (young) and 10–12 (old) years, and its possible relationship with the serum levels of melatonin and serotonin. Total nocturnal and diurnal activity pulses were logged at basal, during, and up to 7 days after the treatments. The animals received 0.1 ml of melatonin orally 1 hr before lights off. The results showed that the administration of whichever melatonin dose decreased both diurnal and nocturnal old ringdove activity, the reduction being larger at night. The young animals also reduced their nocturnal activity with all three melatonin concentrations, whereas their diurnal activity only decreased with the 2.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight treatments. We chose those treatments that gave the best results in terms of nocturnal rest and the least affected diurnal activity (0.25 mg/kg body weight and 2.5 mg/kg in the young and old animals, respectively). Serum melatonin was measured by radioimmunoassay and serotonin by ELISA. In both age groups, the treatment increased both nocturnal and diurnal melatonin levels, with the effect continuing until 1 day after the last dose. Serum serotonin levels were unaffected by the treatments in either age group. The treatment restored the amplitude of the serum melatonin rhythm in the old animals to that of the young group. In summary, treatment with melatonin may be appropriate to improve nocturnal rest, and beneficial as a therapy for sleep disorders.
Antithrombotic and Antiplatelet Activities of Korean Red Ginseng Extract
Authors: Jin Yong‐Ri , Yu Ji Yeon , Lee Jung‐Jin , You Soon‐Hyang , Chung Jin‐Ho , Noh Ji‐Yoon , Im Ji‐Hyun , Han Xiang‐Hua , Kim Tack‐Joong , Shin Kyeong‐Soeb , Wee Jae Joon , Yun Yeo‐Pyo
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  The antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) were examined on rat carotid artery thrombosis in vivo and platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. The KRGE significantly prevented rat carotid arterial thrombosis in vivo in a dose‐dependent manner. Administration of the KRGE to rats significantly inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐ and collagen‐induced platelet aggregation ex vivo, although it failed to prolong coagulation times such as activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time indicating that the antithrombotic effect of the red ginseng may be due to its antiplatelet aggregation rather than anticoagulation effect. In line with the above observations, the red ginseng inhibited the U46619‐, arachidonic acid‐, collagen‐ and thrombin‐induced rabbit platelet aggregations in vitro in a concentration‐dependent manner, with IC50 values of 390 ± 15, 485 ± 19, 387 ± 11 and 335 ± 15 µg/ml, respectively. Consistently, serotonin secretion was also inhibited by ginseng in the same pattern. These results suggest that the red ginseng has a potent antithrombotic effect in vivo, which may be due to the antiplatelet rather than the anticoagulation activity, and the red ginseng intake may be beneficial for individuals with high risks of thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases.
Drug Distribution in Spinal Cord during Administration with Spinal Loop Dialysis Probes in Anaesthetized Rats
Authors: Uustalu Maria , Abelson Klas S. P.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  The present investigation aimed to study two methodological concerns of an experimental model, where a spinal loop dialysis probe is used for administration of substances to the spinal cord and sampling of neurotransmitters by microdialysis from the same area of anaesthetized rats. [3H]Epibatidine in concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 nM was dissolved in Ringer's solution and administered through the dialysis membrane into the dorsal region of the cervical spinal cord. First, the outflow of [3H]epibatidine from the probe into the spinal cord was examined with respect to different concentrations and changes over time. Then, the distribution of the different [3H]epibatidine concentrations along the spinal cord was studied. It was found that the percentage of [3H]epibatidine entering the spinal cord did not differ between different administered concentrations after a stabilization period of 60 min. The administered [3H]epibatidine was found to be distributed to the area closest to the dialysis probe and not dispersed along the spinal cord, and the distribution was equal for all concentrations. The data presented in this investigation provide information, which is important for interpretation of data from intraspinal administration of substances through the spinal loop dialysis probe.
Intermediate Syndrome Following Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: Correlation with Initial Serum Levels of Muscle Enzymes*
Authors: Aygun Dursun , Erenler Ali Kemal , Karatas Aydin Deniz , Baydin Ahmet
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Following acute organophosphate poisoning, intermediate syndrome essentially relates to the impairment of neuromuscular transmission due to prolonged inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity at the muscle end‐plate. However, the role of muscle injury in the development of intermedicate syndrome is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether the initial serum levels of the muscle enzymes can predict the subsequent development of intermediate syndrome. We reviewed the files of 47 adult patients with organophosphate poisoning between April 2003 and February 2006. The muscle enzymes were obtained within first 24 hr from each patient. Among the patients, 17% (n = 8) had severe poisoning and 83% (n = 39) mild poisoning. In 10 patients (21%), intermediate syndrome was observed. Of the patients with severe poisoning, 63% (n = 5) developed subsequent intermediate syndrome; among those with mild poisoning, 13% (n = 5) developed intermediate syndrome. There was no significant difference in initial serum levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase between the patients with severe poisoning and mild poisoning, and there was no difference in initial serum levels of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase between the patients with and without intermediate syndrome. The serum levels of the muscle enzymes measured within the first 24 hr may not predict the subsequent development of intermediate syndrome.
Fritillaria cirrhosa, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Lee‐Mo‐Tang and Cyclosporine a Inhibit Ovalbumin‐Induced Eosinophil Accumulation and Th2‐Mediated Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in a Murine Model of Asthma
Authors: Yeum Hyun‐Shiek , Lee Young‐Cheol , Kim Seung‐Hyung , Roh Seong‐Soo , Lee Jang‐Cheon , Seo Young‐Bae
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by excess production of Th2 cytokines and eosinophil accumulation in the lungs. Fritillaria cirrhosa, Anemarrhena asphodeloides and Lee‐Mo‐Tang are well‐known herbs used in oriental medicine for the treatment of asthma and bronchial inflammation. To clarify the anti‐asthmatic effects of Fritillaria cirrhosa bulbus, Anemarrhena rhizoma and Lee‐Mo‐Tang, we examined the development of pulmonary eosinophilic accumulation, control of Th2 cytokine, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine productions in a murine model of asthma. Eosinophil cell proliferation was performed by [3H]thymidine uptake, eosinophilic accumulation. Cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were investigated by means of fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis and control of Th2 cytokine, IgE and histamine productions were investigated by RT‐PCR and ELISA. Moreover, lung tissue was histologically analysed. The suppressive effects of Fritillaria cirrhosa bulbus, Anemarrhena rhizoma and Lee‐Mo‐Tang on eosinophil recruitment and airway inflammation were demonstrated throughout the reduction of eosinophil numbers. This result correlated with a marked reduction IL‐5, IL‐13 and IL‐4 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Ovalbumin‐specific IgE levels were also decreased in serum. Fritillaria cirrhosa bulbus, Anemarrhena rhizoma and Lee‐Mo‐Tang have deep inhibitory effects on airway inflammation by suppression of Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13), IgE, histamine production, reduction eosinophilic accumulation and increase of interferon‐γ production.
Advancement on techniques for the separation and maintenance of the red imported fire ant colonies
Authors: CHEN JIAN
Published: January 2007

Advancement has recently been made on the techniques for separating and maintaining colonies of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren. A new brood rescue method significantly improved the efficiency in separating colony from mound soil. Furthermore, a new method was developed to separate brood from the colony using fire ant repellants. Finally, a cost‐effective method was developed to coat containers with diluted Fluon® (AGC Chemicals America, Inc, Moorestown, NJ, USA), an aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene, to prevent housed ants from escaping a container. Usually the original Fluon® solution is directly applied to the wall of the containers. Reduced concentrations of Fluon® were found to be equally effective in preventing ant escape. The use of diluted Fluon® solutions to coat the containers was recommended because of environmental and cost‐saving benefits. Application of these new techniques can significantly reduce labor, cost and environmental contamination. This review paper collates all the new techniques in one reference which readers can use as a manual.
Detection of food source by PCR analysis of the gut contents of Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) during post‐feeding period
Authors: LI KAI , YE GONG‐YIN , ZHU JIA‐YING , HU CUI
Published: January 2007

The last meal of sarcophagous maggots may be useful in identifying the species on whose flesh they have fed (the “host” species). The DNA profile of the host species may indeed be detectable in the “last meal”. In this paper, mitochondrial DNA analysis of gut contents was used to identify the prior host of post‐feeding larvae of Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). A modified logistic equation was fitted to estimate the probability of identifying the host under five different constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28 and 32° C). Our results shows that the detected time ranged from a maximum of 24 h at 32°C to 42 h at 16°C and a minimum of 12 h at 32°C to 30 h at 16°C. Furthermore, the host detection time was also calculated to give the maximal time after larval hatching from the egg. These results indicate that, in criminal cases where the maggots stray from the corpse, the last meal of the larvae should not be overlooked as potentially critical evidence.
Role of terpenes from aphid‐infested potato on searching and oviposition behavior of Episyrphus balteatus
Authors: HARMEL NICOLAS , ALMOHAMAD RAKI , FAUCONNIER MARIE‐LAURE , DU JARDIN PATRICK , VERHEGGEN FRANÇOIS , MARLIER MICHEL , HAUBRUGE ERIC , FRANCIS FRÉDÉRIC
Published: January 2007

To cope with pathogen and insect attacks, plants develop different mechanisms of defence, in both direct (physical and chemical) and indirect ways (attractive volatiles to entomophagous beneficials). Plants are then able to express traits that facilitate “top‐down” control of pests by attracting herbivore predators. Here we investigate the indirect defence mechanism of potato plants by analyzing the volatile patterns of both healthy and aphid‐infested plants. Important changes in the emitted terpene pattern by the Myzus persicae infested host plant were observed. Using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and GC‐MS, the (E)‐β‐farnesene (EBF) appeared to be emitted by aphid‐infested potato and not by healthy plants. To assess the infochemical role of these volatile releases after aphid damage on the aphidophagous predators Episyrphus balteatus, the hoverfly foraging behavior was assessed using the Observer 5.0 software (Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Aphid‐free potato plants were also used as a control volatile source in the predator behavioral study. While aphid‐infested plants induced efficient searching and acceptation behaviors leading to egg‐laying, no kairomonal effect of healthy potato plants was observed, leading to longer immobility durations and shorter searching periods in the net cage. High oviposition rate of E. balteatus was observed when aphid‐infested potato was used (mean of 48.9 eggs per laying and per female). On the other hand, no egg was produced by the hoverfly on healthy aphid‐free plants. The E. balteatus foraging and reproductive behaviors according to the volatile emission from aphid‐infested plants are discussed in relation to the potential use of active infochemical molecules in integrated aphid pest management.
Facultative social parasitism in the allodapine bee Macrogalea berentyensis
Authors: SMITH JACLYN A.
Published: January 2007

Previous research on social parasitism has largely ignored allodapine social parasites, which is surprising given the huge potential of these bees to provide a better understanding of social parasitism. Macrogalea berentyensis, a species that was previously suggested to be a social parasite, was collected in nests of M. ellioti, and also in nests consisting of only M. berentyensis. These findings, along with morphological and phylogenetic evidence, show that this species is a facultative social parasite. In the independently living M. berentyensis nests, brood were present that had been reared to an advanced stage, suggesting that: (i) these parasites may be effective at foraging and caring for their brood; or (ii) these nests may be colonies where all the hosts had died, and these parasites had yet to disperse. Macrogalea berentyensis is the closest relative of the facultative social parasite, M. antanosy, and both these species represent the most recent evolutionary origin of social parasitism within the allodapines. Further behavioral research on both these parasitic species would therefore have important implications for the understanding of the evolution of social parasitism.
Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: LUO LI‐PU , GUO XIAN‐GUO , QIAN TI‐JUN , WU DIAN , MEN XING‐YUAN , DONG WEN‐GE
Published: January 2007

An investigation of gamasid mites on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in Yunnan Province of China from 1990 to 2004. The small mammal hosts were captured from 25 counties which represent five geographical subregions, namely Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Southern Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Plateau Subregion of Yunnan, Western Plateau Subregion of Yunnan and Southern Mountainous Subregion of Yunnan. The captured 10 803 small mammal hosts belong to nine families, 29 genera and 52 species in four orders (Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Lagomorpha). A total of 68 571 gamasid mites were collected from the body surface of the captured small mammal hosts and all the gamasid mites were identified to 10 families, 33 genera and 112 species. This paper lists all the mite species, together with their taxonomic position (genera and families) and their corresponding hosts. Much more mite species were found in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains than in other geographical subregions. The total individuals of mites and small mammals in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains are also the most plentiful in the five geographical subregions. Three dominant mite species and three dominant small mammal hosts were determined as the dominant species in the investigated areas of Yunnan Province. The dominant hosts are Rattus flavipectus (which accounts for 34.85% of the total individuals), Apodemus chevrieri (13.43%) and Rattus norvegicus (10.40%) while the dominant gamasid mite species are Laelaps nuttalli (Hirst, 1915) (27.84%), Laelaps echidninus (Berlese, 1887) (18.38%) and Laelaps guizhouensis (Gu et Wang, 1981) (14.79%). The results showed the high species diversity of gamasid mites in Yunnan Province and the uneven distribution feature in different subregions.
Gastrocnemius muscle–tendon behaviour during walking in young and older adults
Authors: Mian O. S. , Thom J. M. , Ardigò L. P. , Minetti A. E. , Narici M. V.
Published: January 2007

Aim:  Age‐related differences in muscle architectural and tendon mechanical properties have been observed in vivo under static conditions and during single joint contractions. The aim of this study was to determine if there are age‐related differences in gastrocnemius fascicle–tendon interactions during a fundamental locomotor task – walking.

Methods:  Eight young adults (YA; 27 ± 4 years) and eight older adults (OA; 77 ± 4 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.11 m s−1 whilst length changes in the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle tendon complex (MTC), fascicles and tendinous tissue (TT) were determined from joint angles, ultrasonography and a geometric MTC model (combining MTC and fascicle measurements) respectively.

Results:  There was no age‐related difference in lengthening of the MTC during stance. However, the fascicle and TT contribution to MTC lengthening was altered; TT lengthening was larger in OA than in YA (P = 0.05) and fascicle lengthening was less in OA than YA (P < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in MTC, fascicle or TT shortening amplitude during push‐off.

Conclusion:  The observations are consistent with previous reports of increased compliance of TT in older adults.
Expression of oestrogen receptors α and β during the period of uterine receptivity in rat: effect of ormeloxifene, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator
Authors: Awasthi S. , Blesson C. S. , Dwivedi A.
Published: January 2007

Aims:  In the present study, we investigated expression, distribution and regulation of oestrogen receptors (ERs) α and β and their modulation by ormeloxifene (Orm) during the period of uterine receptivity in rat uterus in order to determine their role in endometrial sensitization.

Methods:  Uterine tissues of control and Orm‐treated (1.25 mg kg−1, orally) rats were collected on days 3, 4, 5 morning and day 5 evening post‐coitum referring to non‐receptive, pre‐receptive and receptive phases respectively. mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT‐PCR and Western blot respectively. Immunohistochemical technique was used to localize the receptors.

Results:  RT‐PCR analysis revealed that ERα mRNA reached a peak level on day 5 morning whereas ERβ mRNA expression was found to be very low. In Orm‐treated rats, the ERα mRNA was suppressed at day 5. The protein expression of ERα increased after day 3 and that of ERβ remained very low throughout the pre‐implantation period; Orm caused a decrease in ERα on day 5 morning. In endometrium, ERα expression was regulated differentially in luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium and stroma. Orm caused a decrease in the percentage of ERα‐positive nuclei in all the three endometrial compartments on days 4 and 5, and the magnitude of reduction varied spatio‐temporally. In case of ERβ, immunostaining was not detectable in Orm‐treated and control groups.

Conclusion:  It appears that the complex uterine response to implantation is governed by differential cell‐specific ERα expression. The study suggested the inhibitory activity of Orm on ERα during the period of uterine receptivity.
Arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the isolated perfused hypokalaemic murine heart
Authors: Killeen M. J. , Thomas G. , Gurung I. S. , Goddard C. A. , Fraser J. A. , Mahaut‐Smith M. P. , Colledge W. H. , Grace A. A. , Huang C. L.‐H.
Published: January 2007

Aim:  Hypokalaemia is associated with a lethal form of ventricular tachycardia (VT), torsade de pointes, through pathophysiological mechanisms requiring clarification.

Methods:  Left ventricular endocardial and epicardial monophasic action potentials were compared in isolated mouse hearts paced from the right ventricular epicardium perfused with hypokalaemic (3 and 4 mm [K+]o) solutions. Corresponding K+ currents were compared in whole‐cell patch‐clamped epicardial and endocardial myocytes.

Results:  Hypokalaemia prolonged epicardial action potential durations (APD) from mean APD90s of 37.2 ± 1.7 ms (n = 7) to 58.4 ± 4.1 ms (n =7) and 66.7 ± 2.1 ms (n = 11) at 5.2, 4 and 3 mm [K+]o respectively. Endocardial APD90s correspondingly increased from 51.6 ± 1.9 ms (n = 7) to 62.8 ± 2.8 ms (n = 7) and 62.9 ± 5.9 ms (n = 11) giving reductions in endocardial–epicardial differences, ΔAPD90, from 14.4 ± 2.6 to 4.4 ± 5.0 and −3.4 ± 6.0 ms respectively. Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) occurred in epicardia in three of seven spontaneously beating hearts at 4 mm [K+]o with triggered beats followed by episodes of non‐sustained VT in nine of 11 preparations at 3 mm. Programmed electrical stimulation never induced arrhythmic events in preparations perfused with normokalemic solutions yet induced VT in two of seven and nine of 11 preparations at 4 and 3 mm [K+]o respectively. Early outward K+ current correspondingly fell from 73.46 ± 8.45 to 61.16±6.14 pA/pF in isolated epicardial but not endocardial myocytes (n = 9) (3 mm [K+]o).

Conclusions:  Hypokalaemic mouse hearts recapitulate the clinical arrhythmogenic phenotype, demonstrating EADs and triggered beats that might initiate VT on the one hand and reduced transmural dispersion of repolarization reflected in ΔAPD90 suggesting arrhythmogenic substrate on the other.
Wireless connectivity for health and sports monitoring: a review
Authors: Armstrong S
Published: January 2007

This is a review of health and sports monitoring research that uses or could benefit from wireless connectivity. New, enabling wireless connectivity standards are evaluated for their suitability, and an assessment of current exploitation of these technologies is summarised. An example of the application is given, highlighting the capabilities of a network of wireless sensors. Issues of timing and power consumption in a battery-powered system are addressed to highlight the benefits networking can provide, and a suggestion of how monitoring different biometric signals might allow one to gain additional information about an athlete or patient is made.
The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance
Authors: Algafly Amin A , George Keith P
Published: January 2007

Objectives:To determine the impact of the application of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity (NCV), pain threshold (PTH) and pain tolerance (PTO).

Design:A within-subject experimental design; treatment ankle (cryotherapy) and control ankle (no cryotherapy).

Setting:Hospital-based physiotherapy laboratory.

Participants:A convenience sample of adult male sports players (n = 23).

Main outcome measures:NCV of the tibial nerve via electromyogram as well as PTH and PTO via pressure algometer. All outcome measures were assessed at two sites served by the tibial nerve: one receiving cryotherapy and one not receiving cryotherapy.

Results:In the control ankle, NCV, PTH and PTO did not alter when reassessed. In the ankle receiving cryotherapy, NCV was significantly and progressively reduced as ankle skin temperature was reduced to 10°C by a cumulative total of 32.8% (p<0.05). Cryotherapy led to an increased PTH and PTO at both assessment sites (p<0.05). The changes in PTH (89% and 71%) and PTO (76% and 56%) were not different between the iced and non-iced sites.

Conclusions:The data suggest that cryotherapy can increase PTH and PTO at the ankle and this was associated with a significant decrease in NCV. Reduced NCV at the ankle may be a mechanism by which cryotherapy achieves its clinical goals.
Characteristics of youth soccer players aged 13–15 years classified by skill level
Authors: Malina Robert M , Ribeiro Basil , Aroso João , Cumming Sean P
Published: January 2007

Objective:To evaluate the growth, maturity status and functional capacity of youth soccer players grouped by level of skill.

Subjects:The sample included 69 male players aged 13.2–15.1 years from clubs that competed in the highest division for their age group.

Methods:Height and body mass of players were measured and stage of pubic hair (PH) was assessed at clinical examination. Years of experience in football were obtained at interview. Three tests of functional capacity were administered: dash, vertical jump and endurance shuttle run. Performances on six soccer-specific tests were converted to a composite score which was used to classify players into quintiles of skill. Multiple analysis of covariance, controlling for age, was used to test differences among skill groups in experience, growth status and functional capacity, whereas multiple linear regression analysis was used to estimate the relative contributions of age, years of training in soccer, stage of PH, height, body mass, the height×weight interaction and functional capacities to the composite skill score.

Results:The skill groups differed significantly in the intermittent endurance run (p<0.05) but not in the other variables. Only the difference between the highest and lowest skill groups in the endurance shuttle run was significant. Most players in the highest (12 of 14) and high (11 of 14) skill groups were in stages PH 4 and PH 5. Pubertal status and height accounted for 21% of the variance in the skill score; adding aerobic resistance to the regression increased the variance in skill accounted for to 29%. In both regressions, the coefficient for height was negative.

Conclusion:Adolescent soccer players aged 13–15 years classified by skill do not differ in age, experience, body size, speed and power, but differ in aerobic endurance, specifically at the extremes of skill. Stage of puberty and aerobic resistance (positive coefficients) and height (negative coefficient) are significant predictors of soccer skill (29% of the total explained variance), highlighting the inter-relationship of growth, maturity and functional characteristics of youth soccer players.
Near-fatal spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use: a case report
Authors: Patil J J , O’Donohoe B , Loyden C F , Shanahan D
Published: January 2007

Anabolic androgenic steroids are commonly used at high doses by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance physique and improve performance levels. We report a case of spontaneous hepatic rupture with life-threatening haemorrhage associated with a past history of anabolic steroid use.
Injuries in Swedish skydiving
Authors: Westman Anton , Björnstig Ulf
Published: January 2007

Objective:To create a basis for prevention of modern skydiving injuries.

Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.

Setting:National total material.

Patients:Data on all reported injury events (n = 257) in Swedish skydiving 1999–2003 (total 539 885 jumps) were retrieved from the Swedish Parachute Association. Non-fatally injured skydivers were sent a questionnaire asking for event and injury details (response rate 89%), and supplementary hospital records were retrieved for the most serious injuries (n = 85). Human, equipment and environmental factors were assessed for risk.

Main Outcome Measurements:Frequency and severity of injuries.

Results:Incidence of non-fatal injury events was 48 per 100 000 jumps. The lower extremities, spine and shoulders were important regions of injury. The most serious injuries were experienced by licensed skydivers, but students in training had a higher injury rate and more often left the sport because of the injury. Of two student-training systems, one had an incidence less than half that of the other.

Conclusions:A basis for prevention was created, showing a potential for reduction of frequency and severity of injuries with training and technical interventions.
Effects of warm-up and precooling on endurance performance in the heat
Authors: Ückert Sandra , Joch Winfried
Published: January 2007

Objective:To examine the effects of different thermoregulatory preparation procedures (warm-up (WU), precooling (PC), control (C)) on endurance performance in the heat.

Methods:20 male subjects completed three treadmill runs to exhaustion (5 days apart). In each session, all subjects performed an incremental running test after WU (20 min at 70% maximum heart rate (HR)), after PC (wearing a cooling vest (0°C–5°C) for 20 min at rest) or without particular preparation (C). After a 5-min break, the exercise protocol commenced at a workload of 9 km/h and was increased by 1 km/h every 5 min until the point of volitional fatigue. Running performance, HR, blood lactate concentration, tympanic temperature and skin temperature were measured in each trial.

Results:In the PC condition, the running performance (32.5 (5.1) min; mean (SD)) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in WU (26.9 (4.6) min) and in C conditions (30.3 (4.3) min). During the first 30 min of testing, HR, tympanic temperature and skin temperature were significantly (p<0.05) lower after PC than after WU. There were no significant differences in lactate concentration; however, there was a trend to lower values after WU.

Conclusions:The use of an ice-cooling vest for 20 min before exercising improved running performance, whereas the 20 min WU procedure had a distinctly detrimental effect. Cooling procedures including additional parts of the body such as the head and the neck might further enhance the effectiveness of PC measures.
Biomechanical analysis of the single-leg decline squat
Authors: Zwerver J , Bredeweg S W , Hof A L
Published: January 2007

Background:The single-leg squat on a 25° decline board has been described as a clinical assessment tool and as a rehabilitation exercise for patients with patellar tendinopathy. Several assumptions have been made about its working mechanism on patellar load and patellofemoral forces, but these are not substantiated by biomechanical evaluations.

Aim:To investigate knee moment and patellofemoral contact force as a function of decline angle in the single-leg squat.

Methods:Five subjects performed single-leg eccentric squats at decline angles of 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° (with/without a backpack of 10 kg), and 30° on a board that was placed over a forceplate. Kinematic and forceplate data were recorded by the Optotrak system. Joint moments of ankle, knee and hip were calculated by two-dimensional inverse dynamics.

Results:Knee moment increased by 40% at decline angles of 15° and higher, whereas hip and ankle moment decreased. Maximum knee and ankle angles increased with steeper decline. With a 10 kg backpack at 25° decline, the knee moment was 23% higher than unloaded. Both patellar tendon and patellofemoral forces increased with higher decline angles, but beyond 60°, the patellofemoral force rose steeper than the tendon force.

Conclusions:All single-leg squats at decline angles >15° result in 40% increase in maximum patellar tendon force. In knee flexions >60°, patellofemoral forces increase more than patellar tendon forces. Higher tendon load can be achieved by the use of a backpack with extra weight.
Circumflex femoral vein thrombosis misinterpreted as acute hamstring strain: Figure 1
Authors: Papastergiou Stergios G , Koukoulias Nikolaos E , Tsitouridis Ioannis , Natsis Constantinos , Parisis Constantinos A
Published: January 2007

The case of a 24-year-old female professional, long-distance runner who presented with acute proximal posterior thigh pain is reported. History and clinical findings were consistent with acute hamstring strain but MRI demonstrated circumflex femoral vein thrombosis. This is the first case of proximal posterior thigh pain caused by circumflex femoral vein thrombosis reported in the literature. Doctors dealing with sports injuries should be aware of this clinical entity that mimics hamstring strain.
An isokinetic eccentric programme for the management of chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy
Authors: Croisier Jean-Louis , Foidart-Dessalle Marguerite , Tinant France , Crielaard Jean-Michel , Forthomme Bénédicte
Published: January 2007

Background:Lateral epicondylitis represents a frequent overuse injury. In spite of many conservative treatment procedures, prolonged symptoms and relapse are frequently observed.

Objective:To compare the outcome of patients performing an isokinetic eccentric training with that of age-, gender-, activity-matched patients receiving a non-strengthening classical rehabilitation.

Methods:Ninety-two patients with unilateral chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy (mean duration of symptoms 8±3 months) were assigned either to a control group (n = 46) or to an eccentrically trained group (n = 46). The control group underwent a passive standardised rehabilitation programme that excluded strengthening exercises. In addition to this programme, the trained group also performed eccentric exercises based on the repetitive lengthening of the active musculo-tendinous unit. The latter exercises started with submaximal contraction intensity and slow speed movement. Modalities were progressively intensified (increase in intensity contraction and speed movement) over a long priod of treatment. Programme effectiveness was assessed through pain score evaluation, a disability questionnaire, muscle strength measurement and ultrasonographic examination.

Results:Compared to the non-strengthening control group, the following observations were made in the eccentrically trained group: (1) a significantly more marked reduction of pain intensity, mainly after one month of treatment; (2) an absence of strength deficit on the involved side through bilateral comparison for the forearm supinator and wrist extensor muscles; (3) an improvement of the tendon image as demonstrated by decreasing thickness and a recovered homogenous tendon structure; and (4) a more marked improvement in disability status during occupational, spare time and sports activities.

Conclusion:These results highlight the relevance of implementing isokinetic adapted eccentric training in the management of chronic lateral epicondylar tendinopathy.
MAGNETIC GRAPHS AND AN INVARIANT FOR VIRTUAL LINKS
Authors: MIYAZAWA YASUYUKI
Published: January 2007

Introducing a type of graph named a virtual magnetic graph diagram, we define a virtual link invariant, which generalizes the Jones-Kauffman polynomial and the 2-variable polynomial invariant defined by N. Kamada and the author. We show that this invariant can evaluate the number of virtual crossings of a virtual link.
QUANTUM GROUPS AT ROOTS OF UNITY AND MODULARITY
Authors: SAWIN STEPHEN F.
Published: January 2007

We develop the basic representation theory of all quantum groups at all roots of unity (that is, for q any root of unity, where q is defined as in [18]), including Harish–Chandra's theorem, which allows us to show that an appropriate quotient of a subcategory gives a semisimple ribbon category. This work generalizes previous work on the foundations of representation theory of quantum groups at roots of unity which applied only to quantizations of the simplest groups, or to certain fractional levels, or only to the projective form of the group. The second half of this paper applies the representation theory to give a sequence of results crucial to applications in topology. In particular, for each compact, simple, simply-connected Lie group we show that at each integer level the quotient category is in fact modular (thus leading to a Topological Quantum Field Theory), we determine when at fractional levels the corresponding category is modular, and we give a quantum version of the Racah formula for the decomposition of the tensor product.
THE ACROBOT® SYSTEM FOR ROBOTIC MIS TOTAL KNEE AND UNI-CONDYLAR ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: DAVIES BRIAN L. , RODRIGUEZ FERDINANDO , JAKOPEC MATJAZ , HARRIS SIMON J. , BARRETT ADRIAN , GOMES PAULA , HENCKEL JOHAN , COBB JUSTIN
Published: January 2007

The concept of the Acrobot® system is described. The technical details of the complete system are then outlined, including the pre-operative planner which incorporates 3D CT models together with CAD models of prostheses that can be used to plan the leg alignment, position the prostheses, plan the shape of the cuts required and generate the regions within which cuts must be constrained. The robotic system is also described, together with the methods for locating and clamping the patient. An outline is given of the means by which the preoperative model is registered or aligned to the intra-operative position of the patient and of the robot, without the need for fiducial markers. Post-operative results are given, for both total knee replacement and also for the more recent clinical trials using a minimally invasive robotic procedure for uni-condylar arthroplasty.
A HIGH FORCE HAPTIC SYSTEM FOR KNEE ARTHROSCOPY TRAINING
Authors: ZIVANOVIC ALEKSANDAR , DIBBLE EDWARD , DAVIES BRIAN
Published: January 2007

This paper presents a novel four degree of freedom haptic system for virtual reality knee arthroscopy training. The compact device, named OrthoForce, has a large workspace and force feedback in all axes (yaw, pitch, roll and translation). The robust device uses a novel haptic rendering algorithm to provide smooth haptic response at multiple simultaneous contact points anywhere along the tool (including twist feedback with the hook). It is capable of displaying high impedances that realistically simulate the impact with hard objects. In particular, the novel use of a ball screw spline provides a maximum impedance of 20 N/mm for translation as well as roll torque feedback in a small structure. Not only does this device meet the requirements for haptic use in knee arthroscopy training, but due to its small size and large range of motion, it has applications in other virtual reality training systems for a range of minimally invasive procedures.
INTEGRATING MRI AND MRSI INFORMATION INTO TRUS-GUIDED ROBOTIC PROSTATE BIOPSY
Authors: SHAO WEI , WU RUOYUN , THNG CHOON HUA , LING KECK VOON , NG WAN SING
Published: January 2007

The development of prostate biopsy robotics can make biopsies both automatic and accurate. However, intervention from urologists is still needed to define the location of biopsy cores. With the aid of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) diagnosis information obtained pre-operationally, it is possible to guide the biopsy needle towards those sites where cancer is suspected, thereby achieving higher detection rates. In this paper, a deformable image registration method is presented for the purpose of merging MRI/MRSI and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images. Given the poor quality of ultrasound (US) images and the deformation occurring across modalites, a thin-plate spline transformation is used to match the prostate surfaces and thereafter their volumes. A deformable prostate phantom that simulates the condition in humans was also set up for validation purposes. Fifteen fiducial markers were implanted inside the phantom prostate to act as the reference of "ground truth." The phantom study shows that our method can achieve an accuracy around 1.28 ± 0.50 mm, with voxel dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm3. This result is promising since none of the knowledge about the interior prostate is utilized in the algorithm. Experimental results on patient data are also presented.
Critical risks in outsourced IT projects
Authors: Taylor Hazel
Published: January 2007

Pre-partnering lets clients and vendors develop a clear understanding of a project---including how well the other will handle its inevitable complexities.
Current trends in web data analysis
Authors: Sen Arun , Dacin Peter A. , Pattichis Christos
Published: January 2007

Considering potential reasons for the underutilization of clickstream data and suggesting ways to enhance its use.
Decision making in very large networks
Authors: Denning Peter J. , Hayes-Roth Rick
Published: January 2007

Centralized decision making does not work in large federated networks, of which the Internet itself is an example.
How sensitive are online gamers to network quality?
Authors: Chen Kuan-Ta , Huang Polly , Lei Chin-Laung
Published: January 2007

Game-playing time is strongly related to network QoS, helping determine user satisfaction and deliver better service quality to online gamers.
Latency and player actions in online games
Authors: Claypool Mark , Claypool Kajal
Published: January 2007

Latency determines not only how players experience online gameplay but also how to design the games to mitigate its effects and meet player expectations.
Managing latency and fairness in networked games
Authors: Brun Jeremy , Safaei Farzad , Boustead Paul
Published: January 2007

Fighting propagation delays in real-time interactive applications improves gameplay and fairness in networked games by trading off inconstencies and tuning decision points topology.
Anyone can broadcast video over the internet
Authors: Rejaie Reza
Published: January 2007

A mesh-based P2P streaming mechanism provides TV-like distribution service to average computer users over the Internet with no special support from the network.
Collaborative streaming in heterogeneous and dynamic scenarios
Authors: Kahmann Verena , Brandt Jens , Wolf Lars
Published: January 2007

This media streaming architecture solves the problems of collaborative session management, from session sharing to control of the common session state to session transfer among networked clients.
On conditions for constant throughput in wireless networks
Authors: Fragouli Christina , Tabet Tarik
Published: January 2007

In this article we propose a set of necessary and sufficient conditions under which the long-term averaged throughput in an ad hoc network can remain constant as the number of nodes
n
increases.
Throughput
refers to the minimum achievable rate between a source-destination pair for a given routing mechanism and physical model, when the network is shared by Θ(
n
) randomly chosen source-destination pairs. The main idea is to use a
connectivity graph
, which does not represent the actual physical network but rather the available communication resources. This graph also allows one to translate the problem of maximizing the throughput in ad hoc networks to the multicommodity flow problem and directly apply related results.
Modeling and design challenges and solutions for carbon nanotube-based interconnect in future high performance integrated circuits
Authors: Massoud Yehia , Nieuwoudt Arthur
Published: January 2007

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles have the potential to provide an attractive solution for the resistivity and electromigration problems faced by traditional copper interconnect as technology scales into the nanoscale regime. In this article, we evaluate the performance and reliability of nanotube bundles for both local and global interconnect in future VLSI applications. To provide a holistic evaluation of SWCNT bundles for on-chip interconnect, we have developed an efficient equivalent circuit model that captures the statistical distribution of individual metallic and semiconducting nanotubes while accurately incorporating recent experimental and theoretical results on inductance, contact resistance, and ohmic resistance. Leveraging the circuit model, we examine the performance and reliability of nanotube bundles for both individual signal lines and system-level designs. SWCNT interconnect bundles can provide significant improvement in delay and maximum current density over traditional copper interconnect, depending on bundle geometry and process technology. However, for system-level designs, the statistical variation in the delay of SWCNT bundles may lead to reliability issues in future process technology. Consequently, if the SWCNT chirality can be effectively controlled and other manufacturing challenges are met, SWCNT bundles potentially are a viable alternative to standard copper interconnect as process technology scales.
Quantifying usability
Authors: Sauro Jeff
Published: January 2007

"When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it. But when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of an unsatisfactory kind: It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of Science."
---Lord (William Thompson) Kelvin, pioneer in thermodynamics and electricity, 1891