bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VERTICAL VARIATION OP UNDERTOW IN THE SURF ZONE
Authors: Okayasu Akio , Shibayama Tomoya , Horikawa Kiyoshi
Published: June 2019

In order to establish a model of the vertical distribution of the undertow, laboratory experiments were performed on uniform slopes of 1/20 and 1/30. The turbulent velocity in the surf zone including the area close to the bottom was measured by using a two-component laser doppler velocimeter. The distributions of the mean Reynolds stress and the mean eddy viscosity coefficient were calculated. Based on the experimental results, a model to predict the vertical profile of the undertow was presented.
INITIAL MOTION IN COMBINED WAVE AND CURRENT FLOWS
Authors: Lee-Young J.S. , Sleath J.F.A.
Published: June 2019

Measurements are presented of the conditions for the initial motion of sediment under combined steady and oscillatory flow. The measurements were made in a steady flow flume with an oscillating tray set into its bed. The direction of oscillation of the tray was at right angles to the axis of the steady flow flume. Four different grades of sand were tested. It is found that the critical condition for the initiation of motion is reasonably represented by a critical value of the vector sum of the component shear stresses assuming no nonlinear interaction between the steady and oscillatory flows. The resultant bed shear stress was also calculated with the aid of several combined wave-current models. The results of these various approaches are compared with Shields curve.
GENERIC TREATMENT OP DUNE EROSION FOR 100-YEAR EVENT
Authors: Hallermeier Robert J. , Rhodes Perry E.
Published: June 2019

Quantitative procedures provide the eroded dune geometries expected during an extreme storm on U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts. A criterion for either duneface retreat or dune removal is based on measured erosion cross sections in many cases where the pre-storm dune proved to be a durable barrier to wave effects. After that decision, the eroded profile is constructed using specified planar segments cut into or across the existing dune. This empirical treatment appears appropriately detailed for assessing hazards due to the 100-year event considered within the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program, and an example assessment is outlined. Additional discussion addresses other site-specific factors possibly affecting dune erosion, along with another potential application for this simplified methodology.
COASTAL ENGINEERING 2000
Authors: Edge Billy L.
Published: June 2019

*** Available Only Through ASCE ***

http://ascelibrary.aip.org/browse/asce/vol_title.jsp?scode=C

This Proceedings contains more than 300 papers presented at the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in Sydney, Australia, 16-21 July 2000. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: characteristics of coastal waves and currents; long period waves, storm surges and wave groups; coastal structures; coastal processes and sediment transport; and coastal, estuarine, and environmental problems. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms, and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering and coastal processes affecting design and operations in the coastal zone.This Proceedings contains more than 300 papers presented at the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in Sydney, Australia, 16-21 July 2000. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: characteristics of coastal waves and currents; long period waves, storm surges and wave groups; coastal structures; coastal processes and sediment transport; and coastal, estuarine, and environmental problems. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms, and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering and coastal processes affecting design and operations in the coastal zone.This Proceedings contains more than 300 papers presented at the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, which was held in Sydney, Australia, 16-21 July 2000. The Proceedings is divided into five parts: characteristics of coastal waves and currents; long period waves, storm surges and wave groups; coastal structures; coastal processes and sediment transport; and coastal, estuarine, and environmental problems. The individual papers include such topics as the effects of wind, waves, storms, and currents as well as the study of sedimentation, erosion, and beach nourishment. Special emphasis is given to case studies of completed engineering projects. With the inclusion of both theoretical and practical information, these papers provide the civil engineer and professionals in related fields with a broad range of information on coastal engineering and coastal processes affecting design and operations in the coastal zone.

***********

This volume was originally published by ASCE.

ASCE database link, for record and hard copy purchase:

http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?126156
COASTAL ENGINEERING 2002
Authors: Smith Jane McKee
Published: June 2019

*** Available Only Through World Scientific ***

http://www.worldscibooks.com/engineering/5165.html

This book contains more than 300 papers presented at the 28th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, held in Cardiff, Wales, in July 2002. It is divided into five parts: coastal waves; nearshore currents, swash, and long waves; coastal structures; sediment transport; and coastal morphology, beach nourishment, and coastal management. The papers cover a broad range of topics, including theory, numerical and physical modeling, field measurements, case studies, design, and management. Coastal Engineering 2002 provides engineers, scientists, and planners with state-of-the-art information on coastal engineering and coastal processes.
COASTAL ENGINEERING 2004
Authors: Smith Jane McKee
Published: June 2019

*** Available Only Through World Scientific ***

http://www.worldscibooks.com/engineering/5808.html

This comprehensive and up-to-date volume contains 367 papers presented at the 29th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, held in Lisbon, Portugal, 19–24 September 2004. It is divided into five parts: waves; long waves, nearshore currents, and swash; sediment transport and morphology; coastal management, beach nourishment, and dredging; coastal structures. The contributions cover a broad range of topics including theory, numerical and physical modeling, field measurements, case studies, design, and management. Coastal Engineering 2004 provides engineers, scientists, and planners state-of-the-art information on coastal engineering and coastal processes
Development and analysis of long stroke tuned mass damper for earthquakes
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshiyuki , Maseki Ryota , Aono Sho , Kimura Yuichi , Yamato Nobuyuki
Published: June 2019

This paper presents an analytical study of a multistage pendulum tuned mass damper (TMD) with a long stroke. Installing TMD is a practical way of adding damping to existing high‐rise buildings against the possible long‐period and long‐duration earthquakes, because both the TMD and amount of reinforcement to the building have low weights. To verify the effectiveness of the TMD, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of the small rotational and uplifting motions when the weight vibrates with a large amplitude. To evaluate these effects, an analytical model that includes the geometric nonlinearity and uplifting motion of the multistage pendulum TMD is presented. The model is verified by a comparison of the simulation results with experimental results of a shaking table test for a multistage pendulum. The time history analysis of the multistage pendulum, modeled as an 18 degrees of freedom system installed on top of a high‐rise building, is conducted. The rolling, torsional, and uplifting motions did not significantly affect the stable transverse motion of the TMD.
Microclimate house
Authors: Nakagawa Jun
Published: June 2019

“Microclimate House” is a project that connects the urban environment to the heat load of the human body through architecture. Different from the so‐called environmental architecture, the most unique point of this architecture is its ability to retain pleasantness by helping clients with architecture and discover their physical responses to the urban environment.
Guided Reflective Journals
Authors: Lear Emmaline Louise
Published: June 2019

Reflective journals have commonly been used in the language classroom as a personal record to explore learning experiences and analyze attitudes and thinking. Guided reflective journals differ from this traditional genre in that they incorporate an action learning approach that encourages students to independently set, monitor, and achieve learning goals using a guided process of reflection on learning for learning. This overview of guided reflected journals reviews the dominant theories and practice relating to reflection and action learning. It also considers the implications of this approach for learning pronunciation and the potential for this strategy to be used within the second language classroom.
Irritability and parenting practices as mediational variables between temperament and affective, anxiety, and oppositional defiant problems
Authors: Ezpeleta Lourdes , Penelo Eva , de la Osa Núria , Navarro J. Blas , Trepat Esther
Published: June 2019

Irritability and parenting are potential targets for transdiagnostic studies to identify the common and core dysfunctional characteristics underlying several diagnostic pictures with the goal of addressing these issues in treatment. Our objective was to investigate the different paths from temperament to child psychopathology (affective, anxiety, and oppositional problems) through irritability and parenting using a prospective design from ages 3 to 7. A sample of 614 3‐year‐old preschoolers was followed at ages 4, 6, and 7. Parents answered questionnaires about temperament (age 3), irritability (age 4), parenting practices (age 6), and psychopathology (age 7). Statistical analyses were carried out through structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the mediation effect of irritability and parenting practices from temperament (negative affectivity and effortful control) through to affective, anxious, and oppositional problems. The proposed model fit the data well. SEM showed (a) an indirect effect from temperament to affective problems, via irritability and positive parenting; (b) a direct effect from negative affectivity to anxiety, plus an indirect effect from both temperament dimensions, via irritability and autonomy parenting practices; and (c) an indirect effect from temperament to oppositional problems, via irritability and punitive parenting. Irritability and parenting are transdiagnostic mediational variables that should be focused on in intervention programs for affective, anxiety, and oppositional problems.
Investigation of Low‐Current Direct Stimulation for Rehabilitation Treatment Related to Muscle Function Loss Using Self‐Powered TENG System
Authors: Wang Jiahui , Wang Hao , He Tianyiyi , He Borong , Thakor Nitish V. , Lee Chengkuo
Published: June 2019

Muscle function loss is characterized as abnormal or completely lost muscle capabilities, and it can result from neurological disorders or nerve injuries. The currently available clinical treatment is to electrically stimulate the diseased muscles. Here, a self‐powered system of a stacked‐layer triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a multiple‐channel epimysial electrode to directly stimulate muscles is demonstrated. Then, the two challenges regarding direct TENG muscle stimulation are further investigated. For the first challenge of improving low‐current TENG stimulation efficiency, it is found that the optimum stimulation efficiency can be achieved by conducting a systematic mapping with a multiple‐channel epimysial electrode. The second challenge is TENG stimulation stability. It is found that the force output generated by TENGs is more stable than using the conventional square wave stimulation and enveloped high frequency stimulation. With modelling and in vivo measurements, it is confirmed that the two factors that account for the stable stimulation using TENGs are the long pulse duration and low current amplitude. The current waveform of TENGs can effectively avoid synchronous motoneuron recruitment at the two stimulation electrodes to reduce force fluctuation. Here, after investigating these two challenges, it is believed that TENG direct muscle stimulation could be used for rehabilitative and therapeutic purpose of muscle function loss treatment.
The Puzzle of the Walnut Shell: A Novel Cell Type with Interlocked Packing
Authors: Antreich Sebastian J. , Xiao Nannan , Huss Jessica C. , Horbelt Nils , Eder Michaela , Weinkamer Richard , Gierlinger Notburga
Published: June 2019

The outer protective shells of nuts can have remarkable toughness and strength, which are typically achieved by a layered arrangement of sclerenchyma cells and fibers with a polygonal form. Here, the tissue structure of walnut shells is analyzed in depth, revealing that the shells consist of a single, never reported cell type: the polylobate sclereid cells. These irregularly lobed cells with concave and convex parts are on average interlocked with 14 neighboring cells. The result is an intricate arrangement that cannot be disassembled when conceived as a 3D puzzle. Mechanical testing reveals a significantly higher ultimate tensile strength of the interlocked walnut cell tissue compared to the sclerenchyma tissue of a pine seed coat lacking the lobed cell structure. The higher strength value of the walnut shell is explained by the observation that the crack cannot simply detach intact cells but has to cut through the lobes due to the interlocking. Understanding the identified nutshell structure and its development will inspire biomimetic material design and packaging concepts. Furthermore, these unique unit cells might be of special interest for utilizing nutshells in terms of food waste valorization, considering that walnuts are the most widespread tree nuts in the world.
Intermediates Adsorption Engineering of CO2 Electroreduction Reaction in Highly Selective Heterostructure Cu‐Based Electrocatalysts for CO Production
Authors: Yang Hao , Hu Yu‐wen , Chen Jun‐jie , Balogun M.‐Sadeeq (Jie Tang) , Fang Ping‐ping , Zhang Shanqing , Chen Jian , Tong Yexiang
Published: June 2019

The challenge in the artificial CO2 reduction to fuel is achieving high selective electrocatalysts. Here, a highly selective Cu2O/CuO heterostructure electrocatalyst is developed for CO2 electroreduction. The Cu2O/CuO nanowires modified by Ni nanoparticles exhibit superior catalytic performance with high faradic efficiency (95% for CO). Theoretical and experimental analyses show that the hybridization of Cu2O/CuO nanowires and Ni nanoparticles can not only adjust the d‐band center of electrocatalysts to enhance the intrinsic catalytic activity but also improve the adsorption of COOH* intermediates and suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction to promote the CO conversion efficiency during CO2 reduction reaction. An in situ Raman spectroscopic study further confirms the existence of COOH* species and the engineering intermediates adsorption. This work offers new insights for facile designing of nonprecious transition metal compound heterostructure for CO2 reduction reaction through adjusting the reaction pathway.
Association of physical inactivity with blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors in Amerindian schoolchildren
Authors: Alvarez Cristian , Ramírez‐Campillo Rodrigo , Sáez‐Lafourcade Roberto , Delgado‐Floody Pedro , Martínez‐Salazar Cristian , Celis‐Morales Carlos , Ramírez‐Vélez Robinson , Alonso‐Martínez Alicia , Izquierdo Mikel
Published: June 2019

Objectives

There is a wealth of published data on blood pressure (BP) and physical activity in adults of European descent, but less information is available for Amerindian schoolchildren. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BP and other cardiometabolic risk factors differ by physical activity levels in schoolchildren from different ethnic backgrounds.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of 540 schoolchildren (6‐13 years) from two ethnic backgrounds (n = 119 Mapuche Amerindians and n = 421 of European descent). Physical activity was measured using international physical activity recommendations and a standard questionnaire, and ethnicity was classified according to previous methods using surnames. The population was divided into the following four groups: (a) physically active Mapuches (n = 45) and of European descent (n = 101); and (b) physically inactive Mapuches (n = 74) and of European descent (n = 320).

Results

In physically inactive schoolchildren, significant differences were found between schoolchildren of Mapuche and European descent in systolic (134 ± 3 mmHg vs 130 ± 5 mmHg, respectively, P = .034) and diastolic BP (85 ± 13 mmHg vs 81 ± 3 mmHg, P = .029). For other cardiometabolic risk factors, schoolchildren with Mapuche surnames were significantly less likely to be classified with normal weight (5 [6.8%] vs 85 [26.6%]), and more likely to be obese (30 [40.5%] vs 76 [26.6%]) at P < .0001 than European peers. Additionally, significant differences were found between Mapuche schoolchildren vs European peers in the outcomes body mass (51.2 ± 18 kg vs 47.0 ± 15), z score of body mass index (2.16 vs 1.70), fat‐to‐muscle mass ratio (1.68 vs 0.96), resting heart rate (81.7 ± 10 vs 86.8 ± 16), waist circumference (89.3 ± 5 cm vs 76.3 ± 2 cm), muscle mass (18.2 ± 3 kg vs 16.2 ± 2 kg), and handgrip strength normalized by body mass (0.68 vs 0.57 kg).

Conclusion

Under conditions of similar physical inactivity, Mapuche schoolchildren have a more adverse cardiovascular and adiposity profile than their counterparts of European descent.
Erroneous inference based on a lack of preference within one group: Autism, mice, and the social approach task
Authors: Nygaard Kayla R. , Maloney Susan E. , Dougherty Joseph D.
Published: June 2019

The Social Approach Task is commonly used to identify sociability deficits when modeling liability factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in mice. It was developed to expand upon existing assays to examine distinct aspects of social behavior in rodents and has become a standard component of mouse ASD‐relevant phenotyping pipelines. However, there is variability in the statistical analysis and interpretation of results from this task. A common analytical approach is to conduct within‐group comparisons only, and then interpret a difference in significance levels as if it were a group difference, without any direct comparison. As an efficient shorthand, we named this approach EWOCs: Erroneous Within‐group Only Comparisons. Here, we examined the prevalence of EWOCs and used simulations to test whether this approach could produce misleading inferences. Our review of Social Approach studies of high‐confidence ASD genes revealed 45% of papers sampled used only this analytical approach. Through simulations, we then demonstrate how a lack of significant difference within one group often does not correspond to a significant difference between groups, and show this erroneous interpretation increases the rate of false positives up to 25%. Finally, we define a simple solution: use an index, like a social preference score, with direct statistical comparisons between groups to identify significant differences. We also provide power calculations to guide sample size in future studies. Overall, elimination of EWOCs and adoption of direct comparisons should result in more accurate, reliable, and reproducible data interpretations from the Social Approach Task across ASD liability models. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1171–1183. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The Social Approach Task is widely used to assess social behavior in mice and is frequently used in studies modeling autism. However, reviewing published studies showed nearly half do not use correct comparisons to interpret these data. Using simulated and original data, we argue the correct statistical approach is a direct comparison of scores between groups. This simple solution should reduce false positives and improve consistency of results across studies.
Wettrüsten im Baumwollfeld
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: June 2019

Seit etwa 25 Jahren gelten gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen, die mit einem insektiziden Bakterientoxin ausgestattet dem Insektenfraß widerstehen, als Hoffnungsträger der Landwirtschaft. Doch es dauerte nur wenige Jahre, bis die ersten gegen das Bt‐Toxin resistenten Schädlinge die Plantagen heimsuchten. Eine kürzlich entdeckte Resistenz mit dominantem Erbgang, deren Ausbreitung sich durch die bislang bewährte, technisch simple Strategie der Toxin‐freien Refugien nicht eindämmen lässt, stellt jetzt die Schädlingsbekämpfung vor neue Herausforderungen.
Genschere Crispr‐Cas9 in den Schlagzeilen
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: June 2019

Die Genschere Crispr‐Cas9 macht immer wieder Schlagzeilen, sei es durch den Patentstreit zwischen Forschern aus Cambridge und Berkeley, durch die EuGH‐Einstufung als GVO oder durch eine Meldung aus China, wonach Zwillinge mit dieser Methode gegen eine HIV‐Infektion resistent gemacht worden sein sollen. Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Genschere in Züchtung und Forschung sind vielfältig, sie wecken Hoffnungen und Bedenken, vor allem bei einer Anwendung auf den Menschen.
Ultrastructural, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in mast cell leukemia: Case report
Authors: Bosch‐Vilaseca Anna , Monter‐Rovira Anna , Cisa‐Wieczorek Sabina , Oñate Guadalupe , Bussaglia Elena , Carricondo Maite , Remacha Ángel , Martínez Clara , Pratcorona Marta , Blanco María Laura , Nomdedéu Josep F.
Published: June 2019

We report a de novo aleukemic form of MCL with a complex monosomic karyotype with LOH for multiple chromosomes and TP53 mutation. Additionally, whereas D816V KIT was not found, the c‐Kit transmembrane domain p.M541L variant was detected which is the most common SNP of KIT gene in humans with controversial pathogenic role. In these cases, it is crucial to perform a rapid broad molecular study for an accurate diagnosis which could help to initiate targeted therapy.
Mono‐Active Bimetallic Oxide Co2AlO4 with Yolk‐Shell Structure as a Superior Lithium‐Storage Material
Authors: Zeng Kewen , Tan Lei , Li Xinhai , Wang Zhixing , Guo Huajun , Wang Jiexi , Yan Guochun
Published: June 2019

The mono‐active bimetallic oxide Co2AlO4 with microsphere morphology and yolk‐shell structure are synthesized and first evaluated as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The electrochemically inactive Al element disperse well in the material at an atomic‐scale level, which can effectively alleviate volume expansion during the cycling and heighten the electrochemical reaction kinetics. Moreover, the yolk‐shell structure provides adequate buffer space for volume expansion. Benefited from the synergy effect of the yolk‐shell structure and uniformly element Al distribution, the yolk‐shell Co2AlO4 delivers a discharge capacity of 661 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 500 cycles with a capacity retention ratio of 86.4 %, and maintains a high discharge capacity of 548 mAh g−1 at 3200 mA g−1, showing excellent long‐term cycle performance and rate capability.
The Role of Supported Atomically Distributed Metal Species in Electrochemistry and How to Create Them
Authors: Ding Yuxiao , Schlögl Robert , Heumann Saskia
Published: June 2019

Supported atomically distributed metal species are extensively applied as catalysts to exceed the properties of their bulk analogues. Their electronic structures can be easily tuned by neighboring support atoms or ligands to control their activities for different reactions. The high accessibility and therefore almost 100 % reactivity of the highly distributed active sites provide new opportunities for electrochemical applications that were previously only suitable for noble metals. Although a lot of work has been done in this area, the demand for large‐scale applications and, therefore, also large‐scale production is still far from sufficient. In this Review, we selected some recent publications to show the current state of applications of dispersed single‐atom catalysts in the oxygen reduction/evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, with a focus on their mechanisms in reactions, the underlying challenges, and synthesis methods. A further discussion on how the electrocatalytic performance of the supported single atom catalysts can be tailored to meet the requirements of large‐scale applications is also proposed.
Controlling Stability and Selectivity in the Competing Chlorine and Oxygen Evolution Reaction over Transition Metal Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Exner Kai S.
Published: June 2019

Chlor‐alkali electrolysis is a large‐scale industrial process, where the evolution of gaseous chlorine (chlorine evolution reaction, CER) at the anode is accompanied by a selectivity problem as the evolution of gaseous oxygen (oxygen evolution reaction, OER) constitutes an undesirable side reaction, which diminishes chlorine selectivity. The active component in the anode material is RuO2with the (110) facet as most stable surface termination, for which the elementary reaction steps on an atomic scale of the competing CER and OER are already resolved. Here, the selectivity issue and the stability range of a RuO2(110) electrode are explored under CER/OER conditions by combining the kinetic description with surface Pourbaix diagrams and linear scaling relationships. These investigations directly merge into a advanced material screening approach, indicating that the free energy difference between the limiting OOH (OER) and OCl (CER) adsorbate is reconciled as a measure for stability and CER selectivity. This finding supports computational researchers within their search of improved electrode materials based on transition metal oxides for electrocatalytic chlorine formation.
Balloon pulmonary angioplasty vs riociguat in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Wuwan , Wen Li , Song Zhengdong , Shi Wenhai , Wang Ke , Huang Wei
Published: June 2019

Backgrounds

No previous meta‐analyses have compared the efficacy and safety of BPA with riociguat therapy in inoperable CTEPH patients.

Methods

Relevant published studies were searched in the PubMed, Embase and ClinicalTrial.gov databases.

Results

Twenty‐three clinical trials including 1454 patients (631 underwent BPA; 823 underwent riociguat therapy) were analyzed. BPA was associated with a greater improvement in RAP (mean difference (MD) = −3.53 mmHg, 95% CI: [−4.85, −2.21] vs MD = −1.05 mmHg, 95% CI: [−1.82, −0.29]); mPAP (MD = −15.02 mmHg, 95% CI: [−17.32, −12.71] vs MD = −4.19 mmHg, 95% CI: [−5.58, −2.80]); PVR (standard MD = −1.32 woods, 95% CI: [−1.57, −1.08] vs standard MD = −0.65 woods, 95% CI: [−0.79, −0.50]); NYHA functional class (RR = 6.78, 95% CI: [3.14, 14.64] vs RR = 1.49, 95% CI: [1.07, 2.07]); and 6MWD (MD = 71.66 m, 95% CI: [58.34, 84.99] vs MD = 45.25 m, 95% CI: [36.51, 53.99]) than riociguat treatment. However, the increase in CO was greater with riociguat (MD = 0.78 L/min, 95% CI: [0.61, 0.96]) than with BPA (MD = 0.33 L/min, 95% CI: [0.06, 0.59]). No significant difference in cardiac index (CI) was found between BPA (MD = 0.40 L/min/m2, 95% CI: [0.21, 0.58]) and riociguat (MD = 0.40 L/min/m2, 95% CI: [0.26, 0.54]). The most common complications of BPA were pulmonary injury (0.3%‐5.6%) and pulmonary edema (0.8%‐28.6%). The most common adverse events of riociguat were headache, dizziness, hypotension and nasopharyngitis.

Conclusions

Our meta‐analysis indicates that BPA might be associated with greater improvements in exercise tolerance and pulmonary hemodynamics except for cardiac output and cardiac index than riociguat therapy. However, both of them were well tolerated.
Surface Confined Synthesis of Hydroxy Functionalized Two‐Dimensional Polymer: The Effect of the Position of Hydroxy Groups
Authors: Cao Lili , Yu Yanxia , Zhou Xin , Lei Shengbin
Published: June 2019

We report on the on‐surface synthesis of a series of two‐dimensional polymers (2DPs) and macrocycles containing hydroxyl groups on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. The formed 2DPs and macrocycles were visualized through scanning tunneling microscopy. By varying the solvent and reaction temperature, structural evolution from oligomers to well‐ordered 2DPs or discrete macrocycles was directly followed. In addition, we discovered that the reaction outcome can be steered from extended 2DPs to discrete macrocycles or catenular structures by exchanging the position of the hydroxyl and aldehyde group. These results indicate that the relative positions of hydroxyl and aldehyde groups on the biphenyl ring play a determining role in the control and selection of the final products of the surface‐confined Schiff base coupling reaction.
Dynamic Wetting Properties of Mesh Substrates with Tunable Water Adhesion
Authors: Ramos Chagas Gabriela , Fradin Caroline , Celestini Franck , Guittard Frédéric , Darmanin Thierry
Published: June 2019

In nature, wetting phenomena are present nearly everywhere and are a source of inspiration for liquid transportation. A good understanding of the underlying dynamic phenomena that governs wettability is therefore extremely important for researchers involved in bio‐inspired surfaces. Herein, we study the adhesive behavior with water of mesh substrates modified with structured copolymers in order to tune the surfaces from parahydrophobic states (high water adhesion) to superhydrophobic states (low water adhesion). Using the ejection test method (ETM), a new technique that consists of the ejection of water droplets deposited onto a substrate with the aid of a catapult system, we experimentally demonstrate that the elasticity of the mesh substrate can be exploited for efficient vertical actuation of droplets.
Profiling Cell Wall Monosaccharides and Nucleotide‐Sugars from Plants
Authors: Rautengarten Carsten , Heazlewood Joshua L. , Ebert Berit
Published: June 2019

The cell wall is an intricate mesh largely composed of polysaccharides that vary in structure and abundance. Apart from cellulose biosynthesis, the assembly of matrix polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicellulose occur in the Golgi apparatus before being transported via vesicles to the cell wall. Matrix polysaccharides are biosynthesized from activated precursors or nucleotide sugars. The composition and assembly of the cell wall is an important aspect in plant development and plant biomass utilization. The application of anion‐exchange chromatography to determine the monosaccharide composition of the insoluble matrix polysaccharides enables a complete profile of all major sugars in the cell wall from a single run. While porous carbon graphite chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry delivers a sensitive and robust nucleotide sugar profile from plant extracts. Here we describe detailed methodology to quantify nucleotide sugars within the cell and profile the non‐cellulosic monosaccharide composition of the cell wall. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fortschreibung und Weiterentwicklung der Nachhaltigkeitskriterien im Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiger Kleinwohnhausbau
Authors: Eßig Natalie , Nisse Juliane
Published: June 2019

There is currently an assessment system for sustainable house building in Germany for the assessment of sustainability of buildings with up to five residential units. In order to ensure practicality and update the assessment of houses to the state of the technology, selected fact sheets from the BNK criteria catalogue developed in 2015 were updated and further developed with specialist support from experts known all over Germany.
Spatially explicit power analysis for detecting occupancy trends for multiple species
Authors: Southwell Darren M. , Einoder Luke D. , Lahoz‐Monfort Jose J. , Fisher Alaric , Gillespie Graeme R. , Wintle Brendan A.
Published: June 2019

Assessing the statistical power to detect changes in wildlife populations is a crucial yet often overlooked step when designing and evaluating monitoring programs. Here, we developed a simulation framework to perform spatially explicit statistical power analysis of biological monitoring programs for detecting temporal trends in occupancy for multiple species. Using raster layers representing the spatial variation in current occupancy and species‐level detectability for one or multiple observation methods, our framework simulates changes in occupancy over space and time, with the capacity to explicitly model stochastic disturbances at monitoring sites (i.e., dynamic landscapes). Once users specify the number and location of sites, the frequency and duration of surveys, and the type of detection method(s) for each species, our framework estimates power to detect occupancy trends, both across the landscape and/or within nested management units. As a case study, we evaluated the power of a long‐term monitoring program to detect trends in occupancy for 136 species (83 birds, 33 reptiles, and 20 mammals) across and within Kakadu, Litchfield, and Nitmiluk National Parks in northern Australia. We assumed continuation of an original monitoring design implemented since 1996, with the addition of camera trapping. As expected, power to detect trends was sensitive to the direction and magnitude of the change in occupancy, detectability, initial occupancy levels, and the rarity of species. Our simulations suggest that monitoring has at least an 80% chance at detecting a 50% decline in occupancy for 22% of the modeled species across the three parks over the next 15 yr. Monitoring is more likely to detect increasing occupancy trends, with at least an 80% chance at detecting a 50% increase in 87% of species. The addition of camera‐trapping increased average power to detect a 50% decline in mammals compared with using only live trapping by 63%. We provide a flexible tool that can help decision‐makers design and evaluate monitoring programs for hundreds of species at a time in a range of ecological settings, while explicitly considering the distribution of species and alternative sampling methods.
Avian fitness consequences match habitat selection at the nest‐site and landscape scale in agriculturally fragmented landscapes
Authors: Reiley Bryan M. , Benson Thomas J.
Published: June 2019

Habitat selection theory suggests that when choosing breeding sites, animals should choose the best available habitat; however, studies show that individuals fail to choose habitats that maximize their fitness especially in drastically altered landscapes. Many studies have focused on selection at single scales, often using a single measure of fitness. However, links between habitat selection and fitness may vary depending on the spatial scale and measure of fitness, especially in situations where agricultural land use has altered the surrounding landscape.

We examined multiscale habitat selection and fitness measures of the Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii) and Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) using data collected in agriculturally fragmented landscapes.

We found evidence for selection of nest sites with dense understory, larger patches, and increasing restored habitat cover and decreasing forest cover in the surrounding landscape.

For both focal species, selection for dense understory significantly increased nest survival; however, there appeared to be no concurrent benefit for fledgling production. Selection for broader scale features positively influenced nest survival for the Willow Flycatcher with no concurrent benefit for fledgling production. The observed mismatches may be due to anthropogenic habitat fragmentation at broader scales or may represent reproductive trade‐offs for a fitness benefit not measured in this study.

Fine‐scale habitat selection decisions by our focal species appear to match fitness outcomes, whereas habitat selection at broader scales only provided fitness benefits for the Willow Flycatcher. Though providing no fledgling production benefit, when combined with suitably dense nesting habitat, larger patches in landscapes with greater amounts of restored habitat cover for Bell's Vireo and lower amounts of forest cover for Willow Flycatcher will produce more fledglings per unit area than smaller patches in landscapes with less restored habitat and more forest cover, respectively, which could help inform conservation decisions for these at‐risk species.
Compound‐specific isotope analysis of amino acids as a new tool to uncover trophic chains in soil food webs
Authors: Pollierer Melanie M. , Larsen Thomas , Potapov Anton , Brückner Adrian , Heethoff Michael , Dyckmans Jens , Scheu Stefan
Published: June 2019

Food webs in soil differ fundamentally from those aboveground; they are based on inputs from both living plants via root exudates, and from detritus, which is a complex mixture of fungi, bacteria, and dead plant remains. Trophic relationships are difficult to disentangle due to the cryptic lifestyle of soil animals and inevitable microbial contributions to their diet. Compound‐specific isotope analysis of amino acids (AAs) is increasingly used to explore complex food webs. The combined use ofAAδ13C and δ15N values is a promising new approach to disentangle trophic relationships since it provides independent but complementary information on basal resources, as well as the trophic position of consumers. We conducted a controlled feeding study in which we reconstructed trophic chains from main basal resources (bacteria, fungi, plants) to primary consumers (springtails, oribatid mites) and predators (gamasid mites, spiders). We analyzed dual compound‐specific isotopeAAvalues of both resources and consumers. By applying an approach termed “stable isotope (13C) fingerprinting” we identified basal resources, and concomitantly calculated trophic positions using15N values of trophic and sourceAAs in consumers. In the13C fingerprinting analysis, consumers in general grouped close to their basal resources. However, higher than usual offsets inAAδ13C between diet and consumers suggest either gut microbial supplementation or the utilization of specific resource fractions. Identification of trophic position crucially depends on correct estimates of the trophic discrimination factor (TDFGlu‐Phe), which was close to the commonly applied value of 7.6‰ in primary consumers feeding on microbial resources, but considerably lower in arachnid predators (~2.4‰), presumably due to higher diet quality, excretion of guanine, and fluid feeding. While our feeding study demonstrates that dual compound‐specificAAanalyses hold great promise in delineating trophic linkages among soil‐dwelling consumers and their resources, it also highlights that a “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach to TDFGlu‐Phedoes not apply to soil food webs.
Greens or space invaders: Prominent utopian themes and effects on social change motivation
Authors: Fernando Julian W. , O'Brien Léan V. , Burden Nicholas J. , Judge Madeline , Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: June 2019

One way in which individuals can participate in action to change the society they live in is through the pursuit of an ideal society or “utopia”; however, the content of that utopia is a likely determinant of its motivational impact. Here we examined two predominant prototypes of utopia derived from previous research and theory—the Green and Sci‐Fi utopias. When participants were primed with either of these utopias, the Green utopia was perceived to entail a range of other positive characteristics (e.g., warmth, positive emotions) and—provided it was positively evaluated—tended to elicit both motivation and behaviour for social change. In contrast, the Sci‐Fi utopia was associated with low motivation, even when it was positively evaluated. Furthermore, the Green utopia was shown to elicit greater perceptions of participative efficacy, which in turn predicted the increase in social change motivation.
Evidence for genetic correlation between human cerebral white matter microstructure and inflammation
Authors: Rodrigue Amanda L , Knowles Emma EM , Mollon Josephine , Mathias Samuel R , Koenis Marinka MG , Peralta Juan M , Leandro Ana C , Fox Peter T , Sprooten Emma , Kochunov Peter , Olvera Rene L , Duggirala Ravindranath , Almasy Laura , Curran Joanne E , Blangero John , Glahn David C
Published: June 2019

White matter microstructure is affected by immune system activity via the actions of circulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Although white matter microstructure and inflammatory measures are significantly heritable, it is unclear if overlapping genetic factors influence these traits in humans. We conducted genetic correlation analyses of these traits using randomly ascertained extended pedigrees from the Genetics of Brain Structure and Function Study (N = 1862, 59% females, ages 18–97 years; 42 ± 15.7). White matter microstructure was assessed using fractional anisotropy (FA) calculated from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Circulating levels (pg/mL) of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNFα) phenotypically associated with white matter microstructure were quantified from blood serum. All traits were significantly heritable (h2 ranging from 0.41 to 0.66 for DTI measures and from 0.18 to 0.30 for inflammatory markers). Phenotypically, higher levels of circulating inflammatory markers were associated with lower FA values across the brain (r = −.03 to r = −.17). There were significant negative genetic correlations between most DTI measures and IL‐8 and TNFα, although effects for TNFα were no longer significant when covarying for body mass index. Genetic correlations between DTI measures and IL‐6 were not significant. Understanding the genetic correlation between specific inflammatory markers and DTI measures may help researchers focus questions related to inflammatory processes and brain structure.
What we should know about natural killer/T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Xiong Jie , Zhao Weili
Published: June 2019

Natural‐killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is the most common extranodal lymphoma with highly aggressive clinical outcome. System biology techniques provide novel insights into the pathogenesis, risk stratification, and clinical management in NKTCL. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis reveal most frequent deletion of chromosome 6q21. Whole‐exome sequencing studies identify recurrent somatic gene mutations, involving RNA helicases, tumor suppressors, JAK‐STAT pathway molecules, and epigenetic modifiers. Genome‐wide association study reports strongest association of HLA‐DPB1 rs9277378 with lymphomagenesis. Alterations of oncogenic signaling pathways as well as epigenetic dysregulation of microRNA and long non‐coding RNAs are also observed in NKTCL. Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is the major etiology of NKTCL and the pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. Different risk stratification models are proposed based on clinical parameters (IPI, PINK, and PINK‐E, etc.) or biomarkers (Ki67, C‐reactive protein level, and EBV DNA, etc.). Therapeutic strategies vary according to disease stage, including radiotherapy, asparaginase‐based chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation, targeted therapy (immune checkpoints inhibitors, and histone deacetylation inhibitors, etc.). Future investigations will be emphasized on EBV‐related pathogenesis of NKTCL, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, as well as multi‐center clinical trials, so as to optimize personalized treatment of NKTCL in the era of precision medicine.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma: A curable disease
Authors: Batchelor Tracy T.
Published: June 2019

Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma that is confined to the brain, leptomeninges, or the eye and is associated with a relatively poor prognosis compared to other extranodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas. However, methotrexate‐based induction chemotherapy followed by consolidative chemotherapy or high‐dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation is associated with improved survival and reduced neurotoxicity. Aberrant activation of B‐cell receptor signaling and activation of nuclear factor kappa beta is a frequent genetic alteration and offers opportunities for targeted therapies in this lymphoma subtype.
Medication regimen complexity is associated with pharmacist interventions and drug‐drug interactions: A use of the novel MRC‐ICU scoring tool
Authors: Newsome Andrea Sikora , Smith Susan E. , Olney William J. , Jones Timothy W. , Forehand Christy C. , Jun Ah Hyun , Coppiano Lindsey
Published: June 2019

Background

Clinical pharmacists are established members of the interprofessional patient care team, but limited guidance for the optimal utilization of pharmacy resources is available. Objective measurement of medication regimen complexity offers a novel process for evaluating pharmacist activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between medication regimen complexity, as measured by a novel medication regimen complexity scoring tool (MRC‐ICU), and both pharmacist interventions and drug‐drug interactions (DDIs).

Methods

This was a multi‐center, prospective, observational study. The electronic medical record was reviewed to collect patient demographics, patient outcomes, and MRC‐ICU and modified MRC‐ICU (mMRC‐ICU) score at 24, 48 hours, and at discharge. Pharmacist interventions were recorded during the patients' intensive care unit (ICU) stay. DDIs were also evaluated at 24, 48 hours, and at discharge. Spearman's rank‐order correlation was used to determine any correlation between the MRC‐ICU score at each time point and the number of pharmacist interventions and DDIs.

Results

A total of 153 patients were evaluated from both centers. The median MRC‐ICU at 24 hours was 11 (interquartile range [IQR] 7‐15). MRC‐ICU at 24 hours was correlated with interventions at 24 hours (rs .439, P <.001). Furthermore, MRC‐ICU was correlated with total DDIs (rs .4, P < .001). A modified version of the MRC‐ICU was also correlated with number of pharmacist interventions (P < .001) and DDIs (P < .001).

Conclusions

Medication regimen complexity showed a relationship with number of pharmacist interventions and number of DDIs.
Improved oral bioavailability of repaglinide, a typical BCS Class II drug, with a chitosan‐coated nanoemulsion
Authors: Karami Zahra , Saghatchi Zanjani Mohammad Reza , Nasihatsheno Nadia , Hamidi Mehrdad
Published: June 2019

The aim of the present study was to develop modified nanoemulsions to improve the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a poor water‐soluble drug, repaglinide (RPG). The repaglinide‐loaded nanoemulsions (RPG‐NEs) were prepared from olive oil as internal phase, span 80, tween 80, and poloxamer 188 as emulsifiers, using homogenization technique. The mean droplet size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of RPG‐NEs were 86.5 ± 3.4 nm, −33.8 ± 2.1 mV, and 96.3 ± 2.3%, respectively. The chitosan‐coated RPG‐NEs (Cs‐RPG‐NEs) showed an average droplet size of 149.3 ± 3.9 nm and a positive zeta‐potential of +31.5 ± 2.8 mV. Drug release profile of RPG‐NEs was significantly higher than free drug in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids (p < .005). The in vivo study revealed 3.51‐ and 1.78‐fold increase in the AUC0‐12h and Cmax of the drug, respectively, in RPG‐NEs‐receiving animals in comparison to the free drug. The pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that Cs‐RPG‐NEs were more efficient than uncoated ones for the oral delivery of RPG. Cs‐RPG‐NEs showed a longer t1/2 and higher AUC0‐∞ compared to control group. The relative bioavailability of Cs‐RPG‐NEs was higher than that of uncoated RPG‐NEs and free drug. Collectively, these findings suggest that chitosan‐coated nanoemulsions are promising carrier for improving the oral bioavailability of RPG.