bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some Recent non-marine ostracods from northern China, with description of one new species
Authors: Zhai Dayou , Zhao Wanhe
Published: September 2014

Preliminary investigations of urban waters in Beijing City and small water-bodies in Inner Mongolia yielded a total of 12 living ostracod species. Five species are new records for China:Candona quasiakainaKaranovic & Lee, 2012,Fabaeformiscandona myllainaSmith & Kamiya, 2007,Heterocypris auricularissp. nov. (previously known asHeterocypris sanukiensisOkubo, 2004 nomen nudum),Ilyocypris mongolicaMartens, 1991 andPlesiocypridopsis newtoni(Brady & Robertson, 1870).Bradleycypris vittata(Sars, 1903),Ilyocypris angulataSars, 1903,Limnocythere stationisVávra, 1891 andPhysocypria kraepeliniG. W. Müller, 1903 are the first records for Palaearctic China.Cypridopsis vidua(O. F. Müller, 1776),Heterocypris incongruens(Ramdohr, 1808) andLimnocythere inopinata(Baird, 1843) are also reported in this paper, although they had already been found in China before. Of the above species,B. vittata,I. angulataandI. mongolicaare re-described. The present study expands our knowledge on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of ostracod species.
Morphotypes of Cytheridella ilosvayi (Ostracoda) detected by soft and hard part analyses
Authors: Wrozyna Claudia , Piller Werner E. , Gross Martin
Published: September 2014

Quantitative approaches dealing with soft- and hard-part morphological variability of ostracods are very rare for most species. Here we present intraspecific limb and shell variability of the Neotropical freshwater ostracod species assumed asCytheridella ilosvayi. For the first time such an analysis considered adult females and males, as well as juveniles. Variability of the appendages included the antennule, second antenna as well as the first and second thoracopod and was analysed in terms of ratios of podomeres, setae and limbs. Limb variability of adult and juvenile individuals (down to A-3) is generally low. The highest variation is shown in podomere proportions of the antennas, while thoracopods and setae provide minor and/or non-significant influence on the variability. Based on discrimination analyses shell parameters (i.e., shell length, position of the transversal sulcus) emerge to be more important for differentiation of groups than limb ratios. Adult females exhibit a large size range in which two clearly separated morphotypes exist. Although differences in limbs are small their existence can be proven also on the basis of proportions between podomeres of the antennas. Males and juveniles, however, do not display a separation into corresponding subgroups or morphotypes. The presence of two morphologically similar females and only one type of males indicates the coexistence of female morphotypes which may represent either two (cryptic) species or a mixed reproduction population in which parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction coexists.
Living Ostracoda (Crustacea) from the town moat of Bremen, Germany
Authors: Scharf Burkhard , Viehberg Finn A.
Published: September 2014

Between 2009 and 2014 we collected 23 ostracod species in the historical town moat of Bremen, Germany. Today, the moat is part of an urban park, separated into six basins by various bridges. Brackish water, pumped from the Weser River into the moat, regulates the water level and is the main factor controlling the various physical and chemical parameters of the basins. Brackish water ostracod species originate from this artificial inflow, but only a minority of these species establishes stable populations. The Bremen moat ostracod assemblages are compared with the moat of Greifswald. The different environmental setting (e.g., water current) and the number of studied localities can explain the differences in the occurrence of ostracods in these two localities.
The Body Politic “is a fictitious body”
Authors: Douglass Robin
Published: September 2014

Thomas Hobbes once wrote that the body politic “is a fictitious body”, thereby contrasting it with a natural body. In this essay I argue that a central purpose of Hobbes’s political philosophy was to cast the fiction of the body politic upon the imaginations of his readers. I elucidate the role of the imagination in Hobbes’s account of human nature, before examining two ways in which his political philosophy sought to transform the imaginations of his audience. The first involved effacing the false ideas that led to sedition by enlightening men from the kingdom of spiritual darkness. I thus advance an interpretation of Hobbes’s eschatology focused upon his attempt to dislodge certain theological conceptions from the minds of men. The second involved replacing this religious imagery with the fiction of the body politic and the image of the mortal God, which, I argue, Hobbes developed in order to transform the way that men conceive of their relationship with the commonwealth. I conclude by adumbrating the implications of my reading for Hobbes’s social contract theory and showing why the covenant that generates the commonwealth is best understood as imaginary.
Comments on Larry May, Limiting Leviathan
Authors: Duncan Stewart
Published: September 2014

This paper discusses two aspects of Larry May’s book Limiting Leviathan. First it discusses a passage in Leviathan, to which May draws attention, in which Hobbes connects obligation to “that, which in the disputations of scholars is called absurdity”. Secondly it looks at the book’s discussion of Hobbes and pacifist attitudes, with reference to Hobbes’s contemporary critic John Eachard.
Impact Assessment and Environmental Costs in eu Legislation
Authors: Krämer Ludwig
Published: September 2014

Since 2002, the eu Commission assesses the economical, social and environmental effects of its legislative proposals and other significant initiatives. The impact assessment reports are published, together with the Commission’s proposal. The present paper selected ten files and examined, how the environmental effects of the different options were assessed. It concluded that the choice of the options for policy action was aligned to the political agenda, but did not conform to objective scientific and neutral criteria.
Healthcare on the Battlefield
Authors: Toebes Brigit
Published: September 2014

During armed conflicts healthcare workers or medical personnel often work under extremely difficult and dangerous circumstances. In such situations doctors and nurses, hospitals and medical units are at a serious risk of being attacked. Medical personnel also face complex ethical dilemmas when it comes to the treatment of patients from all sides of a conflict. This concerns military medical personnel in particular: as members of the armed forces, they face dilemmas of ‘dual loyalty’ where they may have to choose between the interests of their employer (the military) and the interests of their patients. This contribution looks at these issues from the perspectives of medical ethics, international humanitarian law (ihl), and human rights law (hrl). The article argues that the standards of medical ethics continue to apply during armed conflicts, and that during such situations medical ethics, ihl and hrl are mutually reinforcing. The principle of ‘medical neutrality’ and the human ‘right to health’ are positioned as key norms in this field. The article presents a normative framework for the delivery of health care on the battlefield in the form of a set of commitments for actors involved in the conflict, including the belligerent parties and (military) medical personnel.
The Application of International Human Rights Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts
Authors: Kamatali Jean-Marie
Published: September 2014

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has experienced a decrease in international conflict and a significant increase in non-international armed conflict (niac). Despite this change, however, international law has been very slow in adapting its laws that initially were crafted with international armed conflict in mind to the new niac environment. There is a growing recognition that international humanitarian law (ihl) is not well equipped to deal with issues of human rights violations committed during niac. New efforts to make international human rights law (ihrl) applicable in such conflicts have, however, raised more questions than answers. There is still no consensus on whether international human rights law applies to niac. Furthermore, the question on whether non-international armed groups are bound by international human rights obligations remains controversial. This article tries to analyze where international law stands now of these questions. It proposes steps international law could follow to move from its current rhetoric to a more practical solution on these questions. The three solutions proposed are: individual agreements to respect human rights during armed conflict, the possibility of an icj advisory opinion and the option of a protocol additional to international human rights treaties relating to their application in niac.
Revision of Lissoporcellana streptochiroides (Johnson, 1970) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae), with description of a new species of Lissoporcellana Haig, 1978 from Beibu Bay, South China Sea
Authors: DONG DONG , LI XINZHENG
Published: September 2014

A new porcellanid crab, Lissoporcellana demani n. sp. is described based on material from the Beibu Bay in the northern South China Sea. The new species can be distinguished from other congeners by the shape of rostrum, form of fixed finger of smaller cheliped and armature of lateral margins of carapace. The poorly known species L. streptochiroides (Johnson, 1970), which resembles L. demani n. sp. in carapace shape, is redescribed on the basis of examination of the syntypes from Singapore and transferred to Pisidia Leach, 1820.
Extension of historical range of Betylobraconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) into Palaearctic Region based on a Baltic amber fossil, and description of a new species of Mesocentrus Szépligeti from Papua New Guinea
Authors: BUTCHER BUNTIKA AREEKUL , ZALDIVAR-RIVERÓN ALEJANDRO , KAMP THOMAS VAN DE , ROLO TOMY DOS SANTOS , BAUMBACH TILO , QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: September 2014

Two new species of the parasitic wasp genus Mesocentrus Szépligeti (Betylobraconinae) are described. One based on a new species from Papua New Guinea, the other the first Palaearctic member of the subfamily based on a 30+ mya, species from Baltic amber. The second species is illustrated using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Whereas the extant Betylobraconinae are restricted to Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia, their ancestral distribution is now known to have extended considerably further. A key to the four species of Mesocentrus known from Papua New Guinea is provided. Both species possess some putatively plesiomorphic characters absent in other extant Mesocentrus spp. The new extant species differs in having a considerably larger number of antennal segments and a less laterally depressed frons, while the extinct one has the clypeus separated from the face dorsally and strongly developed hypoclypeal depression. Availability of sequence data for this species enabled further analysis of the relationships of the subfamily, which we present in a phylogenetic analysis additionally including the release of a number of new sequences of related taxa.
A new Ochterus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Ochteridae) from northeastern Brazil, with a key to the species recorded from the country
Authors: CORDEIRO ISABELLE DA ROCHA SILVA , MOREIRA FELIPE FERRAZ FIGUEIREDO , SILVA FERNANDA AVELINO CAPISTRANO DA
Published: September 2014

Ochterus santosi sp. nov., from the state of Piauí, northeastern Brazil, is described, illustrated, and compared with other species of the genus from the Americas. An identification key to the species recorded from the country is also presented.
A new species of the genus Toxoides Hampson, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Thyatiridae) from China
Authors: ZHUANG HAILING , OWADA MAMORU , WANG MIN
Published: September 2014

A new species of the genus Toxoides, T. sichuanensis sp. n. is described based on specimens collected in Sichuan, China. Illustrations of male adult and male genitalia are provided, together with a distribution map of the genus Toxoides.
Parents’ Choices and Rationales for Alternative Vaccination Schedules
Authors: Saada Adrianna , Lieu Tracy A. , Morain Stephanie R. , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Wittenberg Eve
Published: September 2014

Background. A growing number of parents adopt alternative vaccination schedules for their children. A better understanding of parents’ rationales for these choices is needed to guide vaccine decision making. Methods. We conducted 24 semistructured telephone interviews with parents of 12- to 36-month-olds and analyzed data using an inductive approach. Results. We identified 5 alternative vaccination approaches: “Dr Sears” schedule, shot-limiting approach, selective delay or decline, visit-by-visit decisions, and refusal of all vaccines. Parents who adopted alternative approaches expressed a desire for more control of exposure to vaccine ingredients; vaccine safety, immune system burden, and perceived disease risk were articulated as concerns. Conclusions. Parents who adopt alternative vaccination schedules can be classified in defined subgroups based on their decision-making approaches, and many describe considered reasons to support their actions. Communications that acknowledge and address those reasons may be better able to engage parents and ultimately enhance the process of decision making about vaccines.
The Successor Factor
Authors: De Ferrari Ignazio
Published: September 2014

Do voters sanction incumbent parties collectively for the performance of the government, or do they hold politicians accountable individually? Most economic voting studies assume that voters hold the incumbent party collectively accountable and that candidate-specific factors do not have an independent effect on how voters punish and reward incumbents. This article argues that voters weigh the past executive’s performance differently, depending on the degree to which the presidential candidate is identified with the performance of the government. It differentiates between presidents running for re-election, successors—political allies of the outgoing president—and non-successors—party-internal opponents of the president. The article shows that re-running presidents are held more accountable than the other two and that successors are subject to greater electoral sanctioning than non-successors. Empirically, the article estimates multi-level models on an original data set that combines information on candidate types with individual-level observations from 51 election years in Latin America.
Integrating Service Learning and Difficult Dialogues Pedagogy to Advance Social Justice Training
Authors: Toporek Rebecca L. , Worthington Roger L.
Published: September 2014

The integration of service learning and difficult dialogues pedagogy is one avenue for enhancing counseling psychology social justice training. We provide an illustration of this integrative model including advocacy and systems perspectives, and propose that the model can be applied to other service learning foci within counseling psychology training. The article presents an ongoing project that provides counseling graduate students the opportunity to implement skills in career and employment counseling with homeless and near homeless individuals, as well as to develop greater cultural sensitivity and humility. The model provides a structural framework for understanding poverty, homelessness, and bureaucratic systems of care as essential to knowledge, awareness, and skill development for social justice advocacy regarding social class and economic inequalities. Difficult dialogues are incorporated during pre-service, engagement, and debriefing stages of the training experience as a means of promoting best practices for social justice training in counseling psychology.
Status, privilege and gender inequality: Cultures of male impunity and entitlement in the sexual abuse of children: Perspectives from a Caribbean study
Authors: Jones Adele D , Trotman Jemmott Ena
Published: September 2014

This article reports from a Caribbean study on the sexual victimization of children. The authors proposes a synergistic approach to analysing the ways in which the multi-layered facets of abuse interact to reinforce each other and argues that these understandings can generate multi-level activities (conceptual, material, structural) that together might produce effects that are greater than their individual components. For example, a sex offender treatment programme that is developed alongside a public health oriented education and prevention programme, and in which both address the status of children and gender socialization, may be more effective in combination than as separate interventions.
Addressing climate change from a social development approach: Small cities and rural communities’ adaptation and response to climate change in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Drolet Julie Lynne , Sampson Tiffany
Published: September 2014

Climate change is having a very real impact, affecting not only ecosystems but also the socio-economic systems of small cities and rural communities. Globally, climate change is a consequential concern, since it is contributing to an increase in global temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, raising sea levels, and natural hazards. Locally, the effects of climate change vary, depending upon the region, with communities experiencing the impacts of climate change differently and at various degrees. This article presents research findings from a study on climate change, disasters, and sustainable development that provide insight into the diverse perspectives of community members on climate change in six communities in the Interior and Northern regions of British Columbia, Western Canada. A common denominator between these six communities is how social development is being applied to address climate change. The concept of social development encompasses social and economic well-being. The social development approach involves processes, activities, and institutions working together to develop the social and economic capacities of individuals and communities. In particular, for social workers working with individuals, families, and communities impacted by climate change, the social development approach is effective in addressing social and economic needs. This article will examine the differing perspectives and attitudes of affected community members and the role of social development with respect to climate change adaptation and response. It will also provide suggestions on how social workers can support and apply the social development approach in communities experiencing the impacts of climate change.
Military Settlement Forms in Colonial Dakar and Western Sudan: Hesitative Moments
Authors: Bigon Liora
Published: September 2014

This historical essay critically examines the early military settlement projects realized by the French Engineering Corps in Senegal and the Western Sudan during the second half of the 19th century. The French were preoccupied with the establishment of official control over the hinterland, confronting a variety of challenges in situ. In striving to go beyond the prestigious image of the Corps and the discourse on colonial settlement forms as an instrument for domination, this article exposes aspects of uncertainty and haphazardness behind the projects. Visual correspondence with indigenous cultures is expanded, employing a rich variety of historical sources.
Combining damage and friction to model compressive damage growth in fibre-reinforced composites
Authors: Gutkin Renaud , Pinho Silvestre T
Published: September 2014

A material model for unidirectional fibre-reinforced composites coupling damage to the friction acting on newly created microcracks is developed. While existing material models accounting for progressive damage assume that microcracks remain traction free under compressive load, the present model accounts for contact and friction at microcrack closure. The model is validated against experimental data and it is shown that friction can account for part of the non-linear response and the hysteresis loops typically observed in the shear response of composites. Further validation against simple crushing tests is performed and shows that the physics behind crushing is well captured.
Do IMF programs disrupt ethnic peace? An empirical analysis, 1985–2006
Authors: Vadlamannati Krishna Chaitanya , Østmoe Gina Maria G , de Soysa Indra
Published: September 2014

Structural adjustment programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are often blamed for disrupting social relations by forcing austerity on vulnerable people and introducing unpopular liberalization policies. Some suggest that such interventions harm ethnic relations in developing countries because they are insensitive to the tenuous social bargains that often preserve ethnic peace. Moreover, during crises, dominant groups may seek to displace the pain of reform on others, the ethnic division of labour may be affected differentially by reform policies, and ethnic entrepreneurs could use moments of crisis to their advantage. We test the propositions by using unique data measuring the level of ethnic tensions in a country. The results show that IMF interventions reduce conditions of ethnic enmity. These results are robust to fixed effects estimation, endogeneity and selection effects. Moreover, IMF interventions lower ethnic tension in countries that are highly fractionalized, but they are more problematic where larger groups face each other and when larger groups are excluded from state power. These results suggest too that IMF interventions may lead to greater empowerment of excluded groups who might agitate for change during periods of economic crisis. On balance, IMF interventions, relative to continued economic woe, pacify ethnic relations in crisis-ridden countries. We find no evidence to suggest that IMF programs increase ethnic tensions, which is good news for poor countries requiring cheap loans and assistance with reforms.
Polymyalgia rheumatica: 125 years of progress?
Authors: Rooney Patrick J , Rooney Jennifer , Balint Geza , Balint Peter
Published: September 2014

Objectives

On the 125th anniversary of the first recognised publication on polymyalgia rheumatica, a review of the literature was undertaken to assess what progress has been made from the point of view of the clinical care of affected patients.

Methods

The authors searched Medline and PubMed using the search terms ‘polymyalgia rheumatica’, ‘giant cell arteritis’ and ‘temporal arteritis’. As much as possible, efforts were made to focus on studies where polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis were treated as separate entities. The selection of articles was influenced by the authors' bias that polymyalgia rheumatica is a separate clinical condition from giant cell arteritis and that, as yet, the diagnosis is a clinical one. Apart from the elevation of circulating acute phase proteins, which has been recognised as a feature of polymyalgia rheumatica for over 60 years, the diagnosis receives no significant help from the laboratory or from diagnostic imaging.

Results

This review has shown that, following the recognition of polymyalgia as a distinct clinical problem of the elderly, the results of a considerable amount of research efforts including those using the advances in clinical imaging technology over the past 60 years, have done little to change the ability of clinicians to define the disease more accurately. Since the introduction of corticosteroids in the 1950s, there has been also very little change in the clinical management of the condition.

Conclusions

Polymyalgia rheumatica remains a clinical enigma, and its relationship to giant cell arteritis is no clearer now than it has been for the past 125 years. Diagnosing this disease is still almost exclusively dependent on the clinical acumen of a patient’s medical attendant. Until an objective method of identifying it clearly in the clinical setting is available, uncovering the aetiology is still unlikely, and until then, preventing the pain and stiffness of the disease while avoiding the problems of prolonged exoposure to corticosteroids is likely to remain elusive or serendipitous.
A Tale of Two Riots: The synkrisis of the Temples of Ephesus and Jerusalem in Acts 19–23
Authors: Tripp Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2014

Towards the end of Paul’s career, Acts narrates two riot scenes tied to the temples in Ephesus and Jerusalem, forming a synkrisis between the two cities and their temples. The similarities between the two scenes argue for temples as places of danger for Christians while protecting the Christian community from perceptions of anti-cultic teaching. The endings, however, are very different. In the ﬁrst case, the correct response to the church is presented in Ephesus where the riot ends in a quick and orderly manner. In the second case, the incorrect response is presented in Jerusalem where the disorder spreads to the local government, forcing the Roman military to intervene.
Grace, the Law and Justiﬁcation in 4 Ezra and the Pauline Letters: A Dialogue
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: September 2014

In E.P. Sanders’s generally positive re-examination of the religion reﬂected in Second Temple Jewish texts, 4 Ezra still fares badly as the ‘closest approach to legalistic works-righteousness which can be found in the Jewish literature of the period’ (Sanders 1977: 418). Bruce Longenecker criticizes 4 Ezra even more sharply as articulating a religion in which divine grace is ‘removed from the scene altogether’. This article seeks to correct such misperceptions of the place of grace in the theology and ethical imperative of 4 Ezra and of the author’s conceptions of Torah-observance as earning merit as opposed to responding to God’s grace gratefully. This leads, in turn, to a greater appreciation for the connection between receiving (and continuing in) God’s favor and making an appropriate response to God in Paul’s thought than is typically acknowledged.
Perception and Prosopagnosia in Mark 8.22-26
Authors: Glenney Brian , Noble John T.
Published: September 2014

Our article addresses the ‘middle-blind’ status of the man from Bethsaida whom, according to Mk 8.22-26, Jesus heals in two phases. Drawing on observations from modern philosophical psychology and from ancient Greek and Jewish perspectives on vision, we argue that the two healing touches of Jesus are distinct in kind: the first restores the optical function of the eye, and the second enables cognitive synthesis of form. This reading better conforms to the narrative theme of ‘seeing but not perceiving’ than traditional interpretations, and it provides the theological impetus for what has otherwise been considered a discomfiting account of Jesus’ inefficiency.
Tongue-tied and Taunted: Paul, Poor Rhetoric and Paltry Leadership in 2 Corinthians 5.13
Authors: Ballard C. Andrew
Published: September 2014

There has been wide speculation regarding the meaning of two Greek words in 2 Cor. 5.13: ἐξίστημι and σωφρονέω. Interpreters of this verse have struggled to assess these terms in their literary and historical contexts. While the majority of commentators view these terms as referring to Paul’s ecstatic experiences, others have interpreted the verse as referring to Paul’s erratic behavior. A third group of scholars have tried to demonstrate that Paul is in fact responding to accusations that he lacked rhetorical sophistication. Building on the work of scholars belonging to the third category, I propose in this article that Paul is not only being accused of poor rhetorical skills, he is also being accused of all the connotations of a weak and inarticulate leader. By examining ἐξίστημι and σωφρονέω in their rhetorical contexts I will demonstrate that these two terms are often used in descriptions of ineffectual and unqualiﬁed civic leaders. Thus, Paul has been accused of lacking all the necessary qualities of a successful leader in the ancient world.
The relationship between contract type and job satisfaction in a mediated moderation model: The role of job insecurity and psychological contract violation
Authors: Callea Antonino , Urbini Flavio , Ingusci Emanuela , Chirumbolo Antonio
Published: September 2014

In the last decades, research on the relationship between contract type, job insecurity and outcomes has been constantly increasing. Previous evidence indicated that job insecurity moderates the impact of contract type (permanent vs temporary) on job satisfaction. The present study aims to investigate these relationships considering two facets (intrinsic and extrinsic) of job satisfaction and psychological contract violation as mediator, in the mediated moderation model. Participants were 638 employees of different Italian organizations, with open-ended or fixed-term contract. As hypothesized, results indicated that job insecurity moderates the relationship between contract type and intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction differently for contract type. The job insecurity effects were more negative for permanent workers regarding intrinsic job satisfaction and more negative for temporary workers regarding extrinsic job satisfaction. The mediated moderation analyses supported the study’s main hypothesis, pointing out that psychological contract violation negatively mediated the interaction effects.
Who uses employee financial participation in an adverse environment? The case of Estonia
Authors: Jaakson Krista , Kallaste Epp
Published: September 2014

This article focuses on profit-sharing and employee share ownership practices, with the aim of analysing the effect of company size and industry on financial participation, as well as the substitution or complementary effect of other direct and indirect participation methods adopted in Estonian private companies. The article uses survey data from more than 900 Estonian companies obtained via telephone interviews in 2011. The results indicate that share ownership is more common in micro enterprises, but contrary to expectations the incidence of employee financial participation is no higher in knowledge intensive sectors. The results also show that financial participation has different complementarities depending on the scheme. It seems that profit-sharing is part of the ‘package’ of employee participation, but this does not apply to employee share ownership. The article challenges the common understanding that certain innovative service sectors and bigger companies are more inclined to adopt employee financial participation; and raises doubts about the presumed development towards a higher degree of financial participation in Eastern European countries.
Inequalities in the distribution of training in Britain
Authors: Sutherland John
Published: September 2014

This article examines the inequalities in the distribution of training which exist in Britain. It does so by using a binomial logit regression model to examine training incidence and an ordered logit regression model to examine training intensity. The investigation uses a matched worker–workplace data set with origins in the 2011 Work and Employment Relations Study. Training inequalities are seen to correlate with both the personal characteristics of the individual and the characteristics of the workplace at which he/she is employed, notably age band, pay grade, tenure and the size of the workplace. However, the training premia which have traditionally accrued to males, graduates, those who have permanent contracts of employment and union members appear to be diminishing if not disappearing.
Whom Will Sociology Serve? Transforming the Discipline by Engaging Communities
Authors: Pennell James R. , Maher Tim
Published: September 2014

This article examines the debate on public sociology through the community-based work of the authors and their students. Critiquing the continued focus of public sociology on policy makers, funders, and other sociologists, we argue that sociologists must reorder their priorities by serving the public itself. Although large-scale studies play an important purpose in the discipline, sociology must once again value smaller-scale “organic” research grounded in local communities to remain relevant. Furthermore, a “critical constructionist” theoretical framework offers a conceptual approach that counters the distanced, ameliorative standpoint of mainstream sociology. We offer programmatic ways sociologists can combine their teaching, research, and community service to engage students in learning the discipline through change-oriented work.
Graphically structured icons for knowledge tagging
Authors: Ma Xiaoyue , Cahier Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2014

Knowledge organization systems need tags to centralize and provide the keywords that can be employed in classifying, sharing and seeking knowledge for personal or organizational use. However, the increased variety of vocabularies and languages causes the connections between textual tags and the documents marked by them to become less and less distinctive. The purpose of this paper is to present an exploratory study on new type of knowledge tags: structured iconic tags. This kind of tag is created based on the special graphical rule – Visual Distinctive Language (VDL) – and has particular focus on the representation of tag structure. A ‘tagging on paper’ experiment was conducted to compare tagging results among three types of tags: textual tags, iconic tags without explicit structure and VDL-based iconic tags. Experimental results demonstrated that the new type of iconic tags improves the representation of tag structure as well as the interpretation of tag meaning. This work is one of the first to investigate how icons would be applied for tagging and what kind of graphical code would better represent knowledge organization. Findings in this paper could enrich the tagging method, which in turn provides a possible way to develop a visual knowledge organization system and iconic tag clouds for digital library.
Visiting or house-swapping? Arendt and Jaspers on empathy, enlarged mentality and the space between
Authors: Gatta Giunia
Published: September 2014

Hannah Arendt has been one of empathy’s most formidable and influential critics among contemporary political theorists. In this article, I suggest that her argument against empathy is no argument at all. The line she draws between empathy and imagination is arbitrary, and imagination cannot – in and by itself – sustain the work of representative thinking, which Arendt assigns to it. With this critique of Arendt, and the introduction of an alternative view of empathy put forth by Karl Jaspers, Arendt’s mentor and friend, I hope to open the way for a reconsideration of the distrust with which empathy is met among many political theorists.
Application of Proximal Lateral Leg Perforator Flaps for Head and Neck Reconstructions
Authors: Hsu Honda , Chen Peir‐Rong , Chien Sou‐Hsin , Lee Jiunn‐Tat
Published: September 2014

Objective

Analyze the reliability, complications, and donor site morbidity of the proximal lateral leg flap when applied to head and neck reconstruction.

Study Design

Case series and chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care teaching hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Nineteen patients who underwent reconstruction of various head and neck defects with this flap were analyzed. The patient demographics, flap characteristics, method of donor site closure, scars of the donor area, complication rates, as well as functional results at the recipient site were assessed.

Results

The flap size ranged from 4 × 4 cm to 11 × 8 cm. Vascular pedicle length ranged from 5 to 9 cm. The mean distance of the perforator from the fibula head was 9.2 cm. The mean thickness of this flap was 5.5 mm. All the donor wounds were closed primarily. The flap survival rate was 100%.

Conclusion

This flap has the advantages of thinness, short harvesting time, minimal donor site morbidity, and primary closure at the donor site when the flap width is less than 6 cm. This flap may be useful for reconstruction in selected patients with small and thin heads and neck defects.
The effect of relaxation therapy on autonomic functioning, symptoms and daily functioning, in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia: a systematic review
Authors: Meeus Mira , Nijs Jo , Vanderheiden Tanja , Baert Isabel , Descheemaeker Filip , Struyf Filip
Published: September 2014

Objective:

To establish the effects of relaxation therapy on autonomic function, pain, fatigue and daily functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia.

Method:

A systematic literature study was performed. Using specific keywords related to fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome and relaxation therapy, the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched. Included articles were assessed for their risk of bias and relevant information regarding relaxation was extracted. The review was conducted and reported according to the PRISMA-statement.

Results:

Thirteen randomized clinical trials of sufficient quality were included, resulting in a total of 650 fibromyalgia patients (11 studies) and 88 chronic fatigue syndrome patients (3 studies). None of the studies reported effects on autonomic function. Six studies reported the effect of guided imagery on pain and daily functioning in fibromyalgia. The acute effect of a single session of guided imagery was studied in two studies and seems beneficial for pain relief. For other relaxation techniques (eg. muscle relaxation, autogenic training) no conclusive evidence was found for the effect on pain and functioning in fibromyalgia patients comparison to multimodal treatment programs. For fatigue a multimodal approach seemed better than relaxation, as shown in the sole three studies on chronic fatigue syndrome patients.

Conclusion:

There is moderate evidence for the acute effect of guided imagery on pain, although the content of the visualization is a matter of debate. Other relaxation formats and the effects on functionality and autonomic function require further study.
Taking balance training for older adults one step further: the rationale for and a description of a proven balance training programme
Authors: Halvarsson Alexandra , Dohrn Ing-Mari , Ståhle Agneta
Published: September 2014

Objective:

To give the rationale and evidence for and a detailed description of a rehabilitation programme of proven effectiveness in improving balance in older adults.

Background theory and evidence:

Based on the knowledge that balance loss usually occurs in situations when attention is divided, especially when being older, and that balance control relies on the interaction of several physiological systems, we have developed a specific and progressive balance training programme with dual- and multi-task exercises for older adults.

Practical application:

Balance demanding exercises, specific to the various components of balance control and to situations in daily life, were performed in sitting, standing and walking at three different levels of progression (basic, moderate and advanced) of increasing difficulty and complexity. The training was performed in 45-minutes group sessions, with 6–10 participants in each group, three times per week during 12 weeks, with two or three physiotherapists present.

Conclusions:

This balance training programme strengthens self-efficacy in balance control leading to improved fall-related self-efficacy, reduced fear of falling, increased walking speed, and improved physical function. Participants found the programme motivating, valuable, fun, and enjoyable, which was reflected in a high attendance rate.
Aquatic exercise and pain neurophysiology education versus aquatic exercise alone for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pires Diogo , Cruz Eduardo Brazete , Caeiro Carmen
Published: September 2014

Objective:

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a combination of aquatic exercise and pain neurophysiology education with aquatic exercise alone in chronic low back pain patients.

Design:

Single-blind randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Outpatient clinic.

Subjects:

Sixty-two chronic low back pain patients were randomly allocated to receive aquatic exercise and pain neurophysiology education ( n = 30) or aquatic exercise alone ( n = 32).

Interventions:

Twelve sessions of a 6-week aquatic exercise programme preceded by 2 sessions of pain neurophysiology education. Controls received only 12 sessions of the 6-week aquatic exercise programme.

Main measures:

The primary outcomes were pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale) and functional disability (Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale) at the baseline, 6 weeks after the beginning of the aquatic exercise programme and at the 3 months follow-up. Secondary outcome was kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia).

Results:

Fifty-five participants completed the study. Analysis using mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant treatment condition interaction on pain intensity at the 3 months follow-up, favoring the education group (mean SD change: −25.4± 26.7 vs −6.6 ± 30.7, P < 0.005). Although participants in the education group were more likely to report perceived functional benefits from treatment at 3 months follow-up (RR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.01–2.63), no significant differences were found in functional disability and kinesiophobia between groups at any time.

Conclusions:

This study’s findings support the provision of pain neurophysiology education as a clinically effective addition to aquatic exercise.
Balancing everyday life two years after falling ill with Guillain-Barré syndrome: a qualitative study
Authors: Forsberg Anette , Widén-Holmqvist Lotta , Ahlström Gerd
Published: September 2014

Purpose:

The aim was to describe experiences of disability in everyday life and managing the recovery process two years after falling ill with Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Design:

Qualitative interview study.

Methods:

Interviews were conducted with 35 persons (22 male, mean age 50 years) two years after the onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.

Results:

The analysis revealed four categories and an overall theme: ‘Striving for balance in everyday life’. The participants described persistent lived body restrictions that affected their arms, legs, and face. Bodily symptoms and loss of energy limited or restricted many everyday activities. In connection with healthcare, both satisfaction and feeling vulnerable in a critical situation were described. Experiences of the recovery process varied. The participants described acceptance and reappraisal of a new life situation despite their limitations, and having gained the knowledge that life can change suddenly. However, they also expressed disappointment following an overly positive prognosis in the early stages, and over a continuous wait for recovery. For some participants life had returned to as before.

Conclusion:

The participants experienced limitations in everyday life and decreased functioning in several parts of the body. The recovery process may still be ongoing two years after onset. Rehabilitation intervention with an extended focus on supporting individualized coping processes could facilitate ways to live with persistent disability.
Arthroscopic Suprapectoral and Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis
Authors: Werner Brian C. , Evans Cody L. , Holzgrefe Russel E. , Tuman Jeffrey M. , Hart Joseph M. , Carson Eric W. , Diduch David R. , Miller Mark D. , Brockmeier Stephen F.
Published: September 2014

Background:

While a vast body of literature exists describing biceps tenodesis techniques and evaluating the biomechanical aspects of tenodesis locations or various implants, little literature presents useful clinical outcomes to guide surgeons in their decision to perform a particular method of tenodesis.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

To compare the clinical outcomes of open subpectoral biceps tenodesis (OSPBT) and arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis (ASPBT). Our null hypothesis was that both methods would yield satisfactory results with regard to shoulder and biceps function, postoperative shoulder scores, pain relief, and complications.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients who underwent either ASPBT or OSPBT for isolated superior labrum or long head of the biceps lesions with a minimum follow-up of 2 years were evaluated with several validated clinical outcome measures and physical examinations including range of motion and strength.

Results:

Between 2007 and 2011, a total of 82 patients met all inclusion and exclusion criteria, which included 32 patients with ASPBT and 50 patients with OSPBT; 27 of 32 (84.4%) patients with ASPBT and 35 of 50 (70.0%) patients with OSPBT completed clinical follow-up. Overall outcomes for both procedures were satisfactory. No significant differences were noted in postoperative Constant-Murley (ASPBT: 90.7; OSPBT: 91.8; P = .755), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASPBT: 90.1; OSPBT: 88.4; P = .735), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (ASPBT: 87.4; OSPBT: 86.8; P = .901), Simple Shoulder Test (ASPBT: 10.4; OSPBT: 10.6; P = .762), long head of the biceps (ASPBT: 91.6; OSPBT: 93.6; P = .481), or Veterans RAND 36-Item Health Survey (ASPBT: 81.0; OSPBT: 80.1; P = .789) scores. No significant range of motion or strength differences was noted between the procedures.

Conclusion:

Both ASPBT and OSPBT yield excellent clinical and functional results for the management of isolated superior labrum or long head of the biceps lesions. No significant differences in clinical outcomes as determined by several validated outcome measures were found between the 2 tenodesis methods, nor were any significant range of motion or strength deficits noted at a minimum 2 years postoperatively.
The Effect of Supraspinatus Tears on Glenohumeral Translations in Passive Pitching Motion
Authors: Mueller Andreas M. , Rosso Claudio , Entezari Vahid , McKenzie Brett , Hasebroock Andrew , Della Croce Ugo , Nazarian Ara , Ramappa Arun J. , DeAngelis Joseph P.
Published: September 2014

Background:

Supraspinatus tears are common in pitchers. However, the effect of these tears on glenohumeral (GH) mechanics is incompletely understood.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

To describe the effect of supraspinatus tears and repairs on GH kinematics during an abbreviated throwing motion using the intact shoulder girdle. The hypothesis was that supraspinatus tears would lead to an increase of GH translation in the coronal plane and supraspinatus repairs would restore GH kinematics.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Six shoulders from 3 fresh-frozen cadavers were tested in a novel 7 degrees of freedom robotic testing system. Torsos were mounted and the wrist was pinned to an actuator mounted on an upper frame. After the deltoid was removed, the shoulders were studied during an abbreviated throwing motion (ATM) from maximum external rotation to the midcoronal plane to establish a baseline. The ATM was repeated after creation of a 1-cm supraspinatus tear, after creation of a 3-cm supraspinatus tear, and after repair with a transosseous equivalent (TOE) technique. Retroreflective bone markers and high-speed infrared cameras were used to measure GH kinematics and calculate the center of rotation of the GH joint (CORGH) instantaneously.

Results:

The 1- and 3-cm supraspinatus tears did not significantly alter GH translation. The TOE repair shifted the CORGH posteriorly, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the overall GH translation in all 3 planes ( P = .003, .019, and .026, for x-y, y-z, and x-z planes, respectively).

Conclusion:

In contrast to a TOE repair of the supraspinatus tendon, isolated supraspinatus tears did not perturb GH kinematics in this cadaveric model of the throwing shoulder.

Clinical Relevance:

In throwing athletes, treatment of rotator cuff tears should be addressed with caution to avoid an unintended alteration in GH kinematics due to overtightening of the tendon.