bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Raj: India and the British, 1600–1947 and Arts of India, 1550–1900.
Authors: Durrans Brian
Published: November 2004

The Raj: India and the British, 1600–1947, National Portrait Gallery, London (October 1990 through March 1991); ARTS OF INDIA, 1550–1900, Victoria and Albert Museum, Nehru Gallery (permanent installation, opened November 1990).
Integrative Art of Modern Thailand.
Authors: Horner Alice E.
Published: November 2004

Integrative Art of Modern Thailand. Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (October 19 ‐ December 15, 1991); Elvehjem Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin, Madison (February 8 ‐ April 12, 1992); Art Museum, Arizona State University, Tempe (May 24 ‐ August 2, 1992); Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle (September 16 ‐ December 15,1992); Bowers Museum, Santa Ana, CA (January 15 ‐ March 15,1993).
Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration
Authors: Wilson Lee Anne
Published: November 2004

Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Edited by Jay A. Levenson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, for the National Gallery of Art, 1991. 671 pp., 621 color and 78 b/w illustrations, 4 line drawings, 14 maps, 4 line drawings, notes, references. $59.95 (cloth).
Elephant: The Animal and its Ivory in African Culture. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA
Authors: Nevadomsky Joseph
Published: November 2004

Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA. (September 30, 1992. May 16, 1993).
The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics by Tony Bennett
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: November 2004

The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics. Tony Bennett. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. + 278 pp.; 26 illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $19.95 (paper).
Jupiter Underwritten: Melville's Unsafe Home
Authors: WERTHEIMER ERIC
Published: November 2004

Eric Wertheimer, “Jupiter Underwritten: Melville's Unsafe Home” (pp.176–201)

Taking Herman Melville's short story “The Lighting-Rod Man” (1854) as my interpretive reference point, in this essay I seek to understand how the idea of accidental loss was critical to the unfolding of Melville's career as a writer. The story manages to satirize commercial language as well as the discourses of safety and insurance underwriting that were part of Melville's bitter experience with his own property—whether as a homeowner or author. Moreover, the thematics of safety are discussed in the contexts of the legal and philosophical currents within the historical period, showing how Melville participates in a response to modernity that was uniquely centered on a critique of language.
The Other Lambert Strether: Henry James's The Ambassadors, Balzac's Louis Lambert, and J.H. Lambert
Authors: HUTCHISON HAZEL
Published: November 2004

Hazel Hutchison, “The Other Lambert Strether: Henry James's The Ambassadors, Balzac's Louis Lambert, and J.H. Lambert” (pp.230–258)

We think we know Lambert Strether. Henry James names the unlikely hero of The Ambassadors (1903) after Honoré de Balzac's unlikely novel Louis Lambert (1832–33)—or so he says. In this essay I argue that James's choice is also influenced by his knowledge of the eighteenth-century Alsace philosopher J. H. Lambert. Now obscure, Lambert was, in his day and in the nineteenth century, a major figure in European science and philosophy, one deeply influential on the formation of phenomenology and pragmatism, disciplines closely associated with James's brother William James. Lambert's fascination with the problem of appearances also offers connections with Strether's experience in Paris and invites an exploration of the role of visual art in James's novel, including Hans Holbein's masterpiece with which it shares a name. In this study I argue that the name of Lambert, far from offering an easy clue to Strether's identity, offers him a variety of possible natures and possible ways of viewing reality.
Elohim City: A Participant-Observer Study of a Christian Identity Community
Authors: Shook Somer , Delano Wesley , Balch Robert W.
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a participant-observer study of Elohim City, a notorious Christian Identity community in eastern Oklahoma that has been linked to right-wing terrorist activities. Our study focuses on the community's beliefs, values, and social organization as these were revealed in our observations of everyday life. The paper includes an assessment of the danger posed by Elohim City and concludes with our personal reactions to the community.
From Divine Light Mission to Elan Vital and Beyond: An Exploration of Change and Adaptation
Authors: Geaves Ron
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT: The following article will put forward the argument that it is necessary to take into account the worldview of the insider in order to appreciate the coherence or “rationality” of actions of a religiousspiritual teacher or organization. As a case study, the article examines the transformations that have occurred in the organizational forms utilized by Prem Rawat (a.k.a. Maharaji). While bringing readers up to date with Maharaji's activities since the 1980s, I argue that these developments owe more to Maharaji's self-perception of his role as a master and his wish to universalize the message historically located in the teachings of individual sant iconoclasts, than to external or internal pressures brought to bear upon the organizational forms themselves.
Booting a Tramp: Charlie Chaplin, the FBI, and the Construction of the Subversive Image in Red Scare America
Authors: SBARDELLATI JOHN , SHAW TONY
Published: November 2004

This article examines the battle over popular culture in the age of McCarthyism. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, under J. Edgar Hoover, targeted Charlie Chaplin because of his status as a cultural icon and as part of its broader investigation of Hollywood. Some of Chaplin's films were considered “communist propaganda,” but because Chaplin was not a member of the Communist Party, he was not among those investigated by HUAC in 1947. Nevertheless, he was vulnerable to protests by the American Legion and other patriotic groups because of both his sexual and political unorthodoxy. Yet, although countersubversives succeeded in driving Chaplin out of the country, they failed to build a consensus that Chaplin was a threat to the nation. Chaplin's story testifies to both the awesome power of the countersubversive campaign at mid-century and to some of its limitations as well.
These Things I Have Not Betrayed: Michael Psellos' Encomium of His Mother as a Defense of Rhetoric
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2004

Abstract Michael Psellos' encomium of his mother, regarded by the twelfth-century scholar Gregory of Corinth as one of the four best speeches ever composed, exemplifies what the Byzantine rhetorical tradition thought “good rhetoric” was made of. The stylistic and aesthetic values usually attributed to Byzantine rhetoric seem insufficient to account for Gregory's opinion. This essay argues that, by offering a “figured” defense of his career as a “Byzantine Sophist,” Psellos' encomium functions as a culturally significant instance of antilogy, and thus reprises not only the forms of late-antique sophistic rhetoric, but also and more importantly its intellectual ideal, within the terms of Byzantine high culture.
Poetry, power and rhetoric at the end of the 4th C. A.D.: the nuptial poems composed by Claudian on the occasion of the marriage of the emperor Honorius and Marie
Authors: Gineste Marie-France
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study sets about to analyse the complex relations between rhetoric and reality by examining the use of traditional material, both rhetorical and mythological, in the group of nuptial poems written by Claudian in 398 A.D., and to show across the political and religious dimensions of these poems, how the use of topoi in the representation of the present proves to be both mirror and mask of reality. One finds that, in the political domain, Claudian, in consonance with imperial ideology, holds up a lofty mirror to the court and uses rhetorical topics to hide the shadowy aspects of the situation of the western empire controlled by Stilicho; in the religious domain, the poet ignores completely the Christian aspect of this marriage, unlike certain other late authors of epthalamic works, and anchors his poetry strongly in pagan tradition.
Reli(e)ving the Past: Emotion Work in the Holocaust's Second Generation
Authors: Gottschalk Simon
Published: November 2004

Although most studies of the Second Generation typically account for their social psychological orientations by relying on psychiatric and psychological models, I propose an alternative “listening” to this cohort. I analyze in‐depth interviews by adopting Hochschild's insights on emotion work as a sensitizing framework and suggest that (1) four interrelated types of “deep acting” they continuously feel compelled to perform can account for the psychological “symptoms” commonly attributed to them and (2) these types of deep acting constitute adjustments and reactions to problematic emotional dynamics characterizing their survivor families. I conclude with a discussion of the reciprocal effects of this emotion work.
Actions Speak Louder than Words: Close Relationships between Humans and Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Sanders Clinton R.
Published: November 2004

Symbolic interactionism and other sociological perspectives traditionally have not attended to a significant form of close relationship—that which exists between people and the companion animals with whom they share their everyday lives. After a brief presentation of a portion of the relevant literature that deals with how humans understand and interact with their animal companions, I present the process by which caretakers come to define the unique identities of their animals and the ways in which the human‐animal couple identity shapes public interaction. Since play, mutual gaze, and “speaking for” animals are key elements of friendly human‐animal interaction, I discuss these activities as central to the process by which caretakers establish and express intersubjective connections with their animals. Finally, I maintain that attention to human‐animal relationships holds promise for advancing an appreciative understanding of how personhood, mind, and culture are constructed in the process of interaction. Of special significance to the broadening of the interactionist perspective is that the understandings and emotional connections that bind people and their animals are created and maintained in the absence of a shared body of linguistic symbols.
Wrestling with Criticism: The World Wrestling Federation's Ironic Campaign against the Parents Television Council
Authors: Lowney Kathleen S.
Published: November 2004

Sociologists have long studied how moral entrepreneurs construct claims‐making campaigns. However, their opponents' strategies to mount counterclaimsmaking campaigns are less studied. This article examines how the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) used humor to attack its enemy, the Parents Television Council. By using narrative structures familiar to its fans, the WWF exploited characteristics of its opponent suitable for parody. It created a group of wrestlers called the Right to Censor who preached the moral values espoused by the Parents Television Council, yet were the most flagrant cheaters in the industry. This case study shows that under the right circumstances counterclaimsmaking using irony and satire can be effective.
Consuming Terrorism
Authors: Altheide David L.
Published: November 2004

This article discusses a process that linked giving and spending to patriotism, domestic control, and a major foreign policy shift following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Analysis of news reports and advertisements suggests that popular culture and mass media depictions of fear, patriotism, consumption, and victimization contributed to the emergence of a national identity and collective action that transformed the meaning of terrorism from a strategy to a condition: terrorism world. Initial declarations about recovery and retaliation to promote patriotism became a “war on terrorism” with no end in sight. In this process, global policing that would justify a “first strike” against sovereign governments was socially constructed as commensurate with personal caring and national identity. These findings are organized around three points: (1) fear supported consumption as a meaningful way for audiences to sustain an identity of substance and character; (2) consumption and giving were joined symbolically as government and business propaganda emphasized common themes of spending and buying to “help the country get back on track”; (3) the absence of a clear target for reprisals contributed to the construction of broad symbolic enemies and goals.
To Die For: The Semiotic Seductive Power of the Tanned Body
Authors: Vannini Phillip , McCright Aaron M.
Published: November 2004

Human skin burns with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. This simple physiological process acquires meaning through social interaction—whereby tanned skin assumes symbolic and semiotic properties. In this article we examine the meanings of tanned skin by focusing on the semiotic seductive power of the tanned body. Drawing from forty qualititative interviews, we examine the motives, beliefs, and experiences of people who tan their skin artificially, that is, through exposure to tanning lamps, in order to understand how tanned skin assumes meaning for them. We analyze the practice of artificial tanning and the interplay among processes of seduction, impression management, self‐expression, and the construction, exchange, and interpretation of embodied sign‐values.
Of Roots and Wings: Letting Go of the College‐Bound Child
Authors: Karp David A. , Holmstrom Lynda Lytle , Gray Paul S.
Published: November 2004

This article examines how parents experience the process of “letting go” of their college‐bound children. The focus of our analysis is on how the parents evaluate the meanings of their children's leaving home and adopt strategies to facilitate the process for both themselves and the departing child. Our analysis is based on interviews with thirty sets of parents. The interview materials allowed us to recognize and then parse the paradoxical task faced by parents of fostering “attached individuation” for both themselves and their children. We address four broad and persistent themes that emerged from our conversations with parents. First, we consider how parents manage the range of sometimes‐conflicting emotions generated by the letting go process. Second, we analyze the content of parents' worries as a good unobtrusive measure of how they understand the transition to college as a ritual marker in their children's lives. Third, we show how negotiations about geography—about proper distance from home—in choosing a college reflect efforts to impose a measure of gradualism into the letting go process. Fourth, we report on how parents theorize the impact of a child's departure on family relationships in general.
Stained Steel: ESOPs, Meta‐Power, and the Ironies of Corporate Democracy
Authors: Russell John D. , Dirsmith Mark , Samuel Sajay
Published: November 2004

This case study examines the situated interactions between management and workers during a proposed sale of stock by a U.S. steel manufacturer. Our focus permits a fine‐grained analysis of how varieties of meta‐power both condition and are contested in situated interactions. In our setting, the workers owned the company through an employee stock ownership plan, thereby confounding the traditional hierarchical relation between management and workers. While the contrast between these forms of social organization framed the boundaries for subsequent social interactions, it also served to animate conflicts between workers and management. We found that though the worker‐owned company proclaimed values of “corporate democracy” and “employee participation,” executive management acted as a relay to transmit the disciplining effects of “market forces.” Accordingly, the latter served as an “invisible proxy” reinforcing traditional hierarchical social relations that problematized worker participation. The ironies of corporate democracy abound when worker‐owners find themselves shadow boxing anonymous capital.
Alternative Pathways to Exhibit Review: A Roundtable Session on the George Ranch Historical Park
Authors: CASTANEDA TERRI
Published: November 2004

The George Ranch Historical Park in Richmond, Texas, interprets the state's farming and ranching heritage, as experienced by four generations of a pioneer Texas family. Located a short drive from Houston, this 480-acre outdoor museum offers a unique historical experience to a wide variety of visitors, ranging from schoolchildren to international tourists. The April 2003 meetings of the National Council on Public History featured a roundtable session on the George Ranch as part of an ongoing experiment in alternative forms of museum and exhibit review.
Conserving Conservation: Field Notes from an Animal Archive
Authors: Madison Mark
Published: November 2004

In 1997 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) opened a museum, archive, and history office at the National Conservation Training Center in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. FWS staff have tried simultaneously to chronicle the history of the agency in an education program and a new archive/museum. Working with artifacts from the history of wildlife biology has reinforced the connections between conserving creatures and conserving history. Both the history of the FWS and the value in sharing this history are slowly coming into focus.
MMPI inmate profiles: suicide completers, suicide attempters, and non‐suicidal controls
Authors: Daigle Marc
Published: November 2004

Results from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were compared for three groups of male inmates in federal penitentiaries: 47 suicide completers, 43 suicide attempters and, 123 non‐suicidal controls. Analyses show that the groups differed on all 10 clinical scales and on at least 8 after Bonferroni correction. Attempters obtained the highest scores on 4 of 8 scales; they also posted the highest scores on 3 others, but differences were significant only against non‐suicidal controls. Completers posted the highest score on only one scale (Mf), but the difference was significant only against non‐suicidal controls. All told, completers proved more similar to non‐suicidal controls than to attempters. Regarding profiles, completers are more strongly correlated with non‐suicidal controls (r=0.95) than with attempters (r=0.86); non‐suicidal controls are less strongly correlated with attempters (r=0.88). The fact that attempters seem more pathological than the others can mislead clinicians screening for suicide risk. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A neuropsychiatric developmental model of serial homicidal behavior
Authors: Silva J. Arturo , Leong Gregory B. , Ferrari Michelle M.
Published: November 2004

Serial sexual homicide has been the object of intensive study from forensic psychiatric, criminological, developmental, and sociological perspectives. In contradistinction to these approaches, neuropsychiatric concepts and methods have received relatively little attention in this area. In this article we adopt a neuropsychiatric developmental perspective and undertake a review of the psychiatric literature on violence and autism spectrum disorders. Our analysis of this literature suggests the presence of an association between autism spectrum psychopathology and serial homicidal behavior. Recommendations for further research to help clarify the nature of this association are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐infrared time‐resolved fluorescence lifetime determinations in poly(methylmethacrylate) microchip electrophoresis devices
Authors: Llopis Shawn D. , Stryjewski Wieslaw , Soper Steven A.
Published: November 2004

High aspect‐ratio microstructures were hot‐embossed in polymer substrates with a molding tool fabricated using lithography/electroplating/forming (LIGA). The resulting devices were used for the electrophoretic separation of oligonucleotides labeled with near‐infrared (near‐IR) dyes. Near‐IR time‐resolved fluorescence was used as an identification method for the labeling dyes. The detection apparatus consisted of a pulsed laser diode operating at 680 nm, a single‐photon avalanche diode, an integrated microscope, and a PC‐board incorporating time‐correlated single photon counting electronics. Investigation of the optical quality and amount of autofluorescence generated from different polymer substrates was carried out in the near‐IR region for determining compatibility with time‐resolved fluorescence. Our results revealed that of several poly(methylmethacrylate)(PMMA) substrates, brand Plexiglas® offered minimal replication errors in the embossed features using appropriate embossing conditions with low background fluorescence contributions to the observed decay. Near‐IR dye‐labeled oligonucleotides were separated to determine the applicability of fluorescence lifetime discrimination between Cy5.5 (τf = 930 ps) and IRD700 (τf = 851 ps) labeling dyes during the microchip separation. These dyes were used to label T‐fragments (thymine) of an M13mp18 ssDNA template. The DNA ladders were electrophoresed at 130 V/cm in a 4% linear polyacrylamide gel (LPA) gel matrix in a 9.5 cm long serpentine channel heated to 50°C. The electropherogram revealed that the lifetimes could be accurately read well beyond 450 bases, although single‐base pair resolution in the electropherogram was difficult to achieve due to potential solute‐wall interactions in the polymer microdevice or the electroosmotic flow (EOF) properties of the device. The relative standard deviations secured for individual bands in the electropherogram were similar to those obtained using capillary gel electrophoresis, in spite of the lower load volume.
Enzymatic reaction of the immobilized enzyme on porous silicon studied by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Songyun , Pan Chensong , Hu Ligang , Zhang Yu , Guo Zhong , Li Xin , Zou Hanfa
Published: November 2004

Desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (DIOS‐MS) is a matrix‐free technique that allows for the direct desorption/ionization of low‐molecular‐weight compounds with little or no fragmentation of analytes. This technique has a relatively high tolerance for contaminants commonly found in biological samples. DIOS‐MS has been applied to determine the activity of immobilized enzymes on the porous silicon surface. Enzyme activities were also monitored with the addition of a competitive inhibitor in the substrate solution. It is demonstrated that this method can be applied to the screening of enzyme inhibitors. Furthermore, a method for peptide mapping analysis by in situ digestion of proteins on the porous silicon surface modified by trypsin, combined with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐MS has been developed.
Direct electrochemical detection of glucose in human plasma on capillary electrophoresis microchips
Authors: Du Yan , Yan Jilin , Zhou Weihong , Yang Xiuyong , Wang Erkang
Published: November 2004

We developed an electrochemical detector on a hybrid chip for the determination of glucose in human plasma. The microchip system described in this paper consists of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) layer containing separation and injection channels and an electrode plate. The copper microelectrode is fabricated by selective electroless deposition. The fabrication of the decoupler is performed by platinum electrochemical deposition on the metal film formed by electroless deposition. Factors influencing the performance, including detection potential, separation field strength, and buffer concentration, were studied. The electrodes exhibited good stability and durability in the analytical procedures. Under optimized detection conditions, glucose responded linearly from 10 μM to 1 mM. Finally, glucose in human plasma from three healthy individuals and two diabetics was successfully determined, giving a good prospect for a new clinical diagnostic instrument.
Microfluidic devices obtained by thermal toner transferring on glass substrate
Authors: do Lago Claudimir L. , Neves Carlos A. , Pereira de Jesus Dosil , da Silva Heron D. T. , Brito‐Neto José G. A. , Fracassi da Silva José A.
Published: November 2004

A new process for the manufacture of microfluidic devices based on deposition of laser‐printing toner on glass substrates is described. It is an alternative method to the toner on polyester film (toner‐polyester) one, previously introduced. Commercial laser printers cannot print directly on glass, thus the toner must first be printed on a special paper and then transferred by heating under pressure to the glass surface. Although this procedure is more complex than the toner‐polyester one, it can be repeated several times, yielding multiple toner layers. Even without special alignment equipment, up to four layers could be satisfactorily piled up. Characterization tests revealed that the toner‐glass devices have similar behavior as toner‐polyester ones regarding the toner layer porosity. The main advantages of the toner‐glass technology are improved mechanical stability, possibility of multiple toner layers, augmented electroosmotic flow (EOF), and improved heat transfer. On the other hand, toner adhesion to glass is weaker than to polyester, which limits the device lifetime and usable liquid media. The measured EOF mobility (3.5×10‐4 cm2·V‐1·s‐1 for pH 7) suggests that it is mainly determined by the glass surface, being little influenced by the toner walls. Microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and photometric detection were implemented using toner‐glass devices.
Autonomous protein sample processing on‐chip using solid‐phase microextraction, capillary force pumping, and microdispensing
Authors: Wallman Lars , Ekström Simon , Marko‐Varga György , Laurell Thomas , Nilsson Johan
Published: November 2004

A capillary force filling microsystem consisting of a chip‐integrated solid‐phase microextraction (SMEC) array and a microdispenser for sample purification and trace enrichment of peptides is described. The microextraction array was loaded with solid‐phase media (50 μm Poros R2 beads) for purification and enrichment of proteomic samples. Samples bound to the SMEC were eluted in a volume of 200 nL. A piezo‐electric microdispenser was docked to the array and the samples bound to the SMEC were eluted in a volume of 200 nL using capillary forces. The purified and enriched samples were dispensed onto the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) target, providing quality data from samples in the picomolar range. The nanoproteomic platform was compared to corresponding commercial preparation protocols, showing higher mass spectrometry (MS) signal intensities for peptides generated from an α‐casein digest. The platform was also elvaluated with regards to two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel‐derived protein digests from both fibroblast and epithelial target cells.
Microbead‐based affinity chromatography chip using RNA aptamer modified with photocleavable linker
Authors: Cho Suhyung , Lee Sang‐Ho , Chung Woo‐Jae , Kim Yong‐Kweon , Lee Yoon‐Sik , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: November 2004

A microbead‐based affinity chromatography chip (μ‐BACC) controlling hundreds of nanoliters of reaction volume was developed to separate and analyze hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase protein by immobilization of an RNA aptamer on beads. A photocleavable linker was conjugated in between the beads and the aptamer to elute the bound RNA polymerase from the RNA aptamer in one step by UV irradiation, resulting in an efficient method to elute and identify the target molecule bound on RNA using a mass spectrometer. This linker showed a cleavage activity over 70% upon UV irradiation at 1050 mW/cm2 for more than 5 min. The photoelution method could prevent the target molecule from contaminations in affinity chromatography caused by elution solutions of high salt concentration, extreme pH and detergent, respectively. In this chip, sample reagents up to 800 nL could be metered quantitatively into the bead chamber using a nanoliter dispenser working, based on surface‐guided flow control and pneumatic control by external air pressure on the chip. RNA polymerase eluted after UV irradiation was successfully analyzed by trypsin treatment without additional purification. As a result, using the aptamer, we could detect RNA polymerase from 800 nL hepatitis C patient serum containing 96 fmol HCV RNA polymerase. The detection limit of this system was estimated to be 9.6 fmol HCV RNA polymerase.
Exploiting the benefits of miniaturization for the enhancement of DNA microarrays
Authors: Vanderhoeven Johan , Pappaert Kris , Dutta Binita , Vanhummelen Paul , Baron Gino V. , Desmet Gert
Published: November 2004

The present study demonstrates that the best way to enhance DNA microarray assays, both in terms of analysis speed and in final spot intensity, is to dissolve the available molar amount of sample in the smallest possible buffer volume and to subsequently convect this solution continuously across the surface of the array. The presently proposed shear‐driven flow system is pre‐eminently suited for this task, as it allows to induce strongly enhanced lateral transport rates, independently of the degree of miniaturization of the hybridization chamber. This transport enhancement method, however, only increases the hybridization rate and not the final spot intensity, as neither can any of the other transport enhancement methods already proposed in literature. A series of experiments with synthetic single‐stranded (ssDNA) samples and an accompanying mass balance analysis are presented to demonstrate these points.
High‐power blue/UV light‐emitting diodes as excitation sources for sensitive detection
Authors: Kuo Jason S. , Kuyper Christopher L. , Allen Peter B. , Fiorini Gina S. , Chiu Daniel T.
Published: November 2004

With advances in III‐V nitride manufacturing processes, high‐power light‐emitting diode (LED) chips in the blue and UV wavelengths are now commercially available at reasonable cost and can be used as excitation sources in optical sensing. We describe the use of these high‐power blue and UV LEDs for sensitive fluorescence detection, including chip‐based flow cytometry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and single‐molecule imaging. By using a blue LED with a focusable power of ∼40 mW as the excitation source for fluorescent beads, we demonstrate a simple chip‐based bead sorter capable of enriching the concentration of green fluorescent beads from 63% to 95%. In CE experiments, we show that a mixture of analyte solution containing 30 nM 6‐carboxyrhodamine 6G and 10 nM fluorescein can be separated and detected with excellent signal‐to‐noise ratio (∼17 for 10 nM fluorescein) using the collimated emission from a blue LED; the estimated mass detection limit was ∼200 zmol for fluorescein. We also demonstrated ultrasensitive fluorescence imaging of single rhodamine 123 molecules and individual λ‐DNA molecules. At a small fraction of the cost of an Ar+ laser, high‐power blue and UV LEDs are effective alternatives for lasers and arc lamps in fluorescence applications that demand portability, low cost, and convenience.
Noninvasive fluid flow measurements in microfluidic channels with backscatter interferometry
Authors: Markov Dmitry A. , Dotson Stephen , Wood Scott , Bornhop Darryl J.
Published: November 2004

The ability to measure fluid velocity within picoliter volumes or on‐chip noninvasively, is important toward fully realizing the potential of microfluidics and micrototal analysis systems, particularly in applications such as micro‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or in metering mixing where the flow rate must be quantified. Additionally, these measurements need to be performed directly on moving fluids in a noninvasive fashion. We presented here the proof of principle experiments showing nonintrusive fluid flow measurements can be accomplished on‐chip using a pump and probe configuration with backscattering interferometry. The on‐chip interferometric backscatter detector (OCIBD) is based on a fiber‐coupled HeNe laser that illuminates a portion of an isotropically etched 40 μm radius channel and a position sensitive transducer to measure fringe pattern shifts. An infrared laser with a mechanical shutter is used to heat a section of a flowing volume and the resulting refractive index (RI) change is detected with the OCIBD downstream as a time‐dependent RI perturbation. Fluid velocity is quantified as changes in the phase difference between the shutter signal and the OCIBD detected signal in the Fourier domain. The experiments are performed in the range of 3–6 μL/h with 3σ detection limits determined to be 0.127 nL/s. Additionally, the RI response of the system is calibrated using temperature changes as well as glycerol solutions.
DNA sequencing and genotyping in miniaturized electrophoresis systems
Authors: Kan Cheuk‐Wai , Fredlake Christopher P. , Doherty Erin A. S. , Barron Annelise E.
Published: November 2004

Advances in microchannel electrophoretic separation systems for DNA analyses have had important impacts on biological and biomedical sciences, as exemplified by the successes of the Human Genome Project (HGP). As we enter a new era in genomic science, further technological innovations promise to provide other far‐reaching benefits, many of which will require continual increases in sequencing and genotyping efficiency and throughput, as well as major decreases in the cost per analysis. Since the high‐resolution size‐ and/or conformation‐based electrophoretic separation of DNA is the most critical step in many genetic analyses, continual advances in the development of materials and methods for microchannel electrophoretic separations will be needed to meet the massive demand for high‐quality, low‐cost genomic data. In particular, the development (and commercialization) of miniaturized genotyping platforms is needed to support and enable the future breakthroughs of biomedical science. In this review, we briefly discuss the major sequencing and genotyping techniques in which high‐throughput and high‐resolution electrophoretic separations of DNA play a significant role. We review recent advances in the development of technology for capillary electrophoresis (CE), including capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) systems. Most of these CE/CAE innovations are equally applicable to implementation on microfabricated electrophoresis chips. Major effort is devoted to discussing various key elements needed for the development of integrated and practical microfluidic sequencing and genotyping platforms, including chip substrate selection, microchannel design and fabrication, microchannel surface modification, sample preparation, analyte detection, DNA sieving matrices, and device integration. Finally, we identify some of the remaining challenges, and some of the possible routes to further advances in high‐throughput DNA sequencing and genotyping technologies.
The revived Bretton Woods system
Authors: Dooley Michael P. , Folkerts‐Landau David , Garber Peter
Published: November 2004

The economic emergence of a fixed exchange rate periphery in Asia has re‐established the United States as the centre country in the Bretton Woods international monetary system. We argue that the normal evolution of the international monetary system involves the emergence of a periphery for which the development strategy is export‐led growth supported by undervalued exchange rates, capital controls and official capital outflows in the form of accumulation of reserve asset claims on the centre country. The success of this strategy in fostering economic growth allows the periphery to graduate to the centre. Financial liberalization, in turn, requires floating exchange rates among the centre countries. But there is a line of countries waiting to follow the Europe of the 1950s/60s and Asia today, sufficient to keep the system intact for the foreseeable future. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How do UK‐based foreign exchange dealers think their market operates?
Authors: Cheung Yin‐Wong , Chinn Menzie D. , Marsh Ian W.
Published: November 2004

This paper summarizes the results of a survey of UK‐based foreign exchange dealers conducted in 1998. It addresses topics in three main areas: the microeconomic operation of the foreign exchange market; the beliefs of dealers regarding the importance, or otherwise, of observable macroeconomic fundamental factors in affecting exchange rates; microstructure factors in FX. We find that heterogeneity of traders' beliefs is evident from the results but that it is not possible to explain such disagreements in terms of institutional detail, rank or trading technique (e.g. technical analysts versus fundamentalists). As expected, non‐observable fundamental factors are thought to dominate short horizon changes in exchange rates, but observable fundamentals are deemed important over much shorter horizons than the mainstream empirical literature would suggest. Finally, market ‘norms’ and behavioural phenomena are very strong in the FX market and appear to be key determinants of the bid–ask spread. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of genotype and micronutrient applications on nitrate reductase activity of tea leaves
Authors: Venkatesan Selvaraj
Published: November 2004

Tea flush shoots comprising three leaves and a bud were collected from various clones (cultivars) from different experimental fields and analysed for nitrate reductase (NR) activity. Most of the cultivars of Assam type had higher NR activity, followed by Cambod and China types. NR activity was maximum in the clone UPASI‐9. It was found that NR activity could be used as a biochemical tool to predict the yield potential of cultivars at the initial stage of selection for a breeding programme. The activity was higher in the youngest part of the tea plant. With the existing methodology it was not possible to measure the NR activity in stem portions of the tea plant. There was a strong positive correlation between NR activity and amino acid contents of tea shoots. Inclusion of molybdenum in the foliar applied micronutrient mixture was found helpful in triggering the NR activity in a few clones and seedlings. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Carotenoid composition of kale as influenced by maturity, season and minimal processing
Authors: de Azevedo Cristiane H , Rodriguez‐Amaya Delia B
Published: November 2004

The principal carotenoids of kale were identified by chemical reactions, high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection and were quantified by the last technique. In kale taken from conventional farms, the β‐carotene and lutein contents were significantly higher in the mature leaves, violaxanthin was at an unusually high level in the young leaves, and neoxanthin had practically the same concentration at both stages of maturity. In samples taken from an organic farm, the carotenoid contents were essentially the same in the young and the mature leaves. Except for β‐carotene, which did not differ with season, the carotenoid concentrations of marketed minimally processed kale were found to be significantly higher in the summer than in the winter, reflecting seasonal rather than processing effects. In minimally processed kale monitored during 5 days of storage at 7–9 °C, β‐carotene, lutein, violaxanthin and neoxanthin were reduced by 14, 27, 20 and 31% respectively. Thus minimal processing, seasonal and maturity factors were found to have an influence on the carotenoid content of kale. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of biological and chemical methods, and internal and external standards, for assaying tannins in Spanish shrub species
Authors: del Pino María C Álvarez , Hervás Gonzalo , Mantecón Ángel R , Giráldez F Javier , Frutos Pilar
Published: November 2004

Tannin contents of stems, flowers and leaves of four shrub species (Erica arborea, Erica australis, Cytisus cantabricus and Genista occidentalis) were chemically assessed using two colorimetric assays (butanol–HCl and Folin–Ciocalteu) and several standards (tannic acid, purified quebracho condensed tannins (CT) and purified CT extracted from each species). A method based on the biological activity of tannins in the rumen was also used for assaying tannins. Depending on the species, the use of quebracho tannin as standard over‐ or underestimated CT contents, in comparison to the use of the respective internal standard. However, the high correlationship observed between in vitro gas production in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and CT contents estimated from quebracho suggests that this standard could be used for a quicker estimate of the nutritive value of tannin‐containing plants. Tannin contents obtained by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, using tannic acid as standard, were also related to their activity on rumen fermentation. The use of the in vitro gas production technique, in the absence or presence of PEG, may provide more useful information than the chemical assays when the final aim of tannin analysis is to assess the nutritive value of feedstuffs for ruminants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of drying mode on iridoid bitter constituent levels in gentian root
Authors: Carnat Andrée , Fraisse Didier , Carnat André‐Paul , Felgines Catherine , Chaud Denis , Lamaison Jean‐Louis
Published: November 2004

Root samples of wild gentian (Gentiana lutea L) were harvested from six localities (altitude 970 m to 1350 m) from May to November 2000. Each batch of roots was split into three: fresh roots, naturally dried roots (ambient air) and artificially dried roots (40 °C). In all the samples, levels of iridoid bitter constituents and of xanthone coloured compounds were determined by HPLC. The mean total iridoid content in the fresh roots was 102.4 g kg−1 in dry matter (DM). The mean level of the principal bitter compound gentiopicroside was particularly high at 81 g kg−1 DM. Loganic acid, not previously reported in G lutea, was the second most abundant bitter compound at a mean level of 14.3 g kg−1 DM. Swertiamarin was present at 5.4 g kg−1, with another minor unidentified iridoid. Levels of iridoid compounds were strongly dependent of the drying mode. These amounts were 88.5 g kg−1 DM in artificially dried roots and 62.5 g kg−1 DM in naturally dried roots, mostly owing to a marked decrease in gentiopicroside. The temperature of 40 °C preserved the bitter compounds and the bitterness of fresh gentian roots. The amount of coloured xanthones was relatively low at 3.3 g kg−1 and did not change with the drying mode. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of protein supply to ruminants from concentrates: comparison of the NRC‐2001 model with the DVE/OEB system
Authors: Yu Peiqiang
Published: November 2004

The objective of this study was to compare the DVE/OEB system (DVE = truly absorbed protein in the small intestine; OEB = degraded protein balance) and the NRC‐2001 model in the prediction of supply of protein to dairy cows from 46 selected concentrates: malting‐type barley (cv Harrington), feed‐type barley (cv Valier), field tick beans (Vicia faba), white albus lupins (Lupinus albus), whole soybeans and horse beans (Vicia faba cv Alfred). The two barleys were processed by coarse (roller miller, 0.533 mm gap) and fine (hammer mill, 2 mm screen) processing. The field tick beans and white albus lupins were dry roasted at various conditions at the University of Melbourne. The soybeans and horse beans were pressure‐toasted at 100, 118 and 136 °C for 3, 7, 15 and 30 min at Wageningen Feed Processing Centre. Comparisons were made in terms of (1) ruminally synthesized microbial protein, (2) truly absorbed protein in the small intestine and (3) degraded protein balance, based on 46 samples. The results showed that the predicted values from the DVE/OEB system and the NRC‐2001 model had significant correlations. However, using the DVE/OEB system, the overall average microbial protein supply based on available energy was 10% lower and the truly absorbed protein in the small intestine was 8% lower than that predicted by the NRC‐2001 model. A difference was also found in the prediction of the degraded protein balances, which was 16% higher than that estimated from the NRC‐2001 model. These differences are due to factors used in calculations in the two models, although both are based on similar principles. This indicates that further refinement is needed for a modern protein evaluation and prediction system. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of methylxanthines‐containing beverages: discussion of the molecular species involved
Authors: Pomilio Alicia B , Trajtemberg Silvia P , Vitale Arturo A
Published: November 2004

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) experimental conditions were applied to 12 samples of methylxanthine‐containing infusions of different commercial brands of yerba mate, coffee, tea and cocoa as well as two cola drinks. The best resolution in this mode of automated high‐performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was achieved here when using 15 kV voltage in an uncoated fused‐silica capillary of 45 cm length (40 cm effective length), 50 mM sodium dodecylsulfate, 90 mM pH 8.5 borate buffer and UV detection. Theobromine, caffeine and theophylline were separated, and the peak splitting due to tautomeric species was observed. Experimental conditions were controlled, keeping constant the size of the elution window in each analysis. The limit of detection was less than 1 mg l−1, the limit of quantitation was 2.5 mg l−1 and the work range was 2.5–300 mg l−1. This HPCE–MECC system has proved suitable for the analysis/quality control of xanthines in beverages for consumption. Roles of various parameters as well as distinctly charged species of each xanthine and the origin of peak splitting in this MECC system are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Power calculations for selective genotyping in QTL mapping in backcross mice
Authors: RABBEE NUSRAT , SPECA DAVID , ARMSTRONG NICOLA J. , SPEED TERENCE P.
Published: November 2004

Selective genotyping concerns the genotyping of a portion of individuals chosen on the basis of their phenotypic values. Often individuals are selected for genotyping from the high and low extremes of the phenotypic distribution. This procedure yields savings in cost and time by decreasing the total number of individuals genotyped. Previous work by Darvasi et al. (1993) has shown that the power to detect a QTL by genotyping 40–50% of a population is roughly equivalent to genotyping the entire sample. However, these power studies have not accounted for different strategies of analysing the data when phenotypes of individuals in the middle are excluded, nor have they investigated the genome-wide type I error rate under these different strategies or different selection percentages. Further, these simulation studies have not considered markers over the entire genome. In this paper, we present simulation studies of power for the maximum likelihood approach to QTL mapping by Lander & Botstein (1989) in the context of selective genotyping. We calculate the power of selectively genotyping the individuals from the middle of the phenotypic distribution when performing QTL mapping over the whole mouse genome.