bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Retention on the Relapse of Class II Division I Cases
Authors: Wood C. M.
Published: December 2014

Sixty cases of Class II Division 1 malocclusion were studied; 30 of them had been retained after the completion of orthodontic treatment, the other 30 had not and acted as a control group. Using measurements from lateral skull radiographs and statistical analysis, the two groups were compared in respect of skeletal pattern, soft tissue, overjet, overbite and interincisal angle. Both the retained and the non-retained group showed a tendency to relapse after the completion of active treatment; a tendency to relapse even while in retention was observed. The relapse in overjet was found to be more significant than the relapse in overbite. In both groups the relapse in overjet was found to be associated with the size of the original overjet, the overbite at the end of active treatment and the interincisal angle at the end of active treatment. In both groups the relapse in overbite was found to be associated with the size of the original overbite, the change in maxillary-mandibular planes angle and the interincisal angle at the end of active treatment.
The Use of a Buccal Arch to Control Molar Expansion
Authors: Nicholson Peter T.
Published: December 2014

Molar expansion is a secondary reaction to palatal root torquing forces placed in the anterior part of a rectangular archwire. The normal methods to counteract this expansion are discussed, and an additional method using a buccal arch placed in the molar extra-oral traction tubes is described. The method is illustrated with a case history, and some of the advantages of the technique are discussed.
Orthodontics: The State of the Art
Authors: Barrer Harry G.
Published: December 2014

In perusing the literature of the past few months, I have read articles unequivocally supportive of all the philosophies and techniques in current use and an equal number antagonistic to the same methods. The authors are people of learning and ability. However, their differences vary from definitive through questionable, to insupportable, because their contentions are based on comparing opposites.
The Bonding of Orthodontic Attachments Using a Visible Light Cured Adhesive
Authors: Read M. J. F.
Published: December 2014

The bonding of orthodontic attachments using a visible-light cured adhesive is described. The material is a Urethane Dimethacrylate resin with a glass filler which sets when exposed to visible light. This gives the material the advantage that the operator can decide when the material should set. This command setting at the appropriate moment gives increased working time and improves the accuracy of bracket positioning. These properties have been used in the development of a new technique for the direct placing of bonded retainers.
The Effect of Social Factors on Referrals for Orthodontic Advice and Treatment
Authors: Jenkins Patricia M. , Feldman B. S. , Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

All patients with information related to social class who were referred to the Orthodontic Department of Glasgow Dental Hospital over a 5-year period were investigated in this study. This referred population is different from the general population with proportionally fewer of the lower social classes.

Social class did not affect the distance travelled to receive advice or treatment. However, proportionally more patients from social Classes I and V received complicated therapy.
Uncertainty in Cephalometrics
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2014

Sources of cephalometric error are considered, and different techniques of measurement are discussed.

The use of the digitizer on tracings, untraced films and modified tracings is evaluated with regard to reproducibility of cephalometric angles and co-ordinates.
Angular Distortion in the Orthopantomogram
Authors: Samawi S. S. B. , Burke P. H.
Published: December 2014

The orthopantomogram is in popular use in orthodontic diagnosis and monitoring treatment progress. Being a laminographic-type radiograph, its image suffers from a variable degree of linear distortion and this has limited its use as a research tool. A wire-mesh frame shaped to represent the curvature of the dentition in the jaws, with lead shots representing the long axes of the teeth as well as certain skeletal landmarks, was used to investigate the accuracy of projection of its structures on to the X-ray film of the orthopantomograph. Angular parameters were used to identify and assess both the magnitude and distribution of angular distortion of the radiographic image. The canine—premolar region of both arches expressed the greatest amount of angular distortion and variability. The third molar regions, together with the landmarks projected at a lower level on the radiograph, were the least variable. The applications and implications of the findings are discussed.
A Study of Mandibular Shape
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B.
Published: December 2014

The technique of medial axis transformation of the outline form was used for the specific analysis of mandibular shape. When used to compare mandibular shape derived from lateral cephalographs between three equal samples of 30 female patients aged 12–15 years, marked overall similarity was noted between patients with Classes I, II and III occlusions. There were however subtle contrasts including the degree of coronoid and condylar separation and orientation of the ramus relative to the corpus. Such constancy of mandibular form derived from this technique of investigation was in marked contrast to the data of traditional cephalometric studies which combine both size and shape parameters together. This study therefore demonstrated that shape appears less variable than size.
Some Observations on Spacing in the Normal Deciduous Dentition of 100 Indian Children from Gujarat
Authors: Joshi M. R. , Makhija P. G.
Published: December 2014

Plaster casts of 50 boys and 50 girls aged 3–6 years, from Gujarat, India, were studied to observe the pattern of spacing in the normal deciduous dental arches. Spaced type of dental arches were more common than closed type or ‘no spaces’ type. Spacing/no spacing appeared to behave independently between upper and lower arches and between the sexes. The amount of spacing was greater in males than in females. Bilateral anthropoid spaces did not exist as a single phenomenon. They occurred when some other spaces were also present. Anthropoid spaces were more in the upper arch than in the lower and more in males than in females. If anthropoid spaces occurred in the upper arch, they were frequently missing from the lower arch; this was observed more in females than males. Spacing on the left side was more than the right side. Spacing between the mandibular incisors was the greatest of all.
A Study of the Mandibular Closure Path in Angle Class III Relationship
Authors: Gravely John F.
Published: December 2014

A cephalometric study has been made of patients with Angle Class III incisor relationships to discover the extent of any forward displacement of the mandible occurring during closure from the point of initial incisor contact to one in which the posterior teeth occlude. The significance of the findings to the assessment of skeletal pattern is discussed.
Controlled Space Closure with the Edgewise Appliance
Authors: Brown Moira
Published: December 2014

This paper deals with the problem of the controlled closure of excess space in either one or both arches after labial segment alignment or overjet reduction has been achieved. The situations that give rise to the problem are listed. The importance of the need for controlled tooth movement, in order to maintain the antero-posterior labial segment position during space closure, is discussed. A detailed account, with illustrations, of the mechanics involved when using an edgewise system is presented.
The Holographic Storage of Study Models
Authors: Keating P. J. , Parker R. A. , Keane D. , Wright L.
Published: December 2014

The storage and recall of dental study models pose major problems for orthodontists. This problem may be solved by taking holographic films of study models. A method is described for their fabrication and some preliminary measurements are reported. The image produced by this method has a measurable three-dimensionality which can be produced at a very reasonable cost.
Facial Profile and Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Hunt N. P. , Rudge S. J.
Published: December 2014

The systematic analysis of patients requiring orthognathic surgery is discussed. A summary of the methods of profile assessment, the use of prediction tracings and 1:1 transparent photographs are described. The major changes to be expected following various surgical procedures are enumerated.
Appliance Breakages
Authors: Kerr W. J. S.
Published: December 2014

A survey of appliance breakages over a 12-month period revealed that the acrylic baseplate and bite planes (57 per cent) fractured more frequently than wire elements (43 per cent). The number of appliances broken represented about one in five of new appliances fitted during the period. More than half of the breakages were perpetrated by persistent offenders and 31 per cent of appliances broke while they were removed from the mouth, but in the care of the patient. Inadequate properties of the acrylic resin and carelessness on the part of the patient are suggested as the most important causative factors.
A Preliminary Study of Computer Recognition and Identification of Skeletal Landmarks as a New Method of Cephalometric Analysis
Authors: Cohen A. M. , Ip H.H-S. , Linney A. D.
Published: December 2014

The usefulness of results obtained with cephalometrics is limited by measurement error. Much of this is due to the subjective nature of landmark identification on X-rays. Such subjectivity is not eliminated by electronic plotting equipment—despite its high resolution. Automatic (non-subjective) landmark identification of sella and menton was carried out in this study using the CLIP4 image processing system. The results obtained on 23 radiographs were compared with those of conventional techniques.
Internal Resorption Complicating Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Authors: Brady J. , Lewis D. H.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented of an orthodontic patient who suffered internal resorption and a consequent ‘pink spot’ affecting a maxillary central incisor. Its management is outlined. The aetiology and possible cellular events responsible are discussed.
An Unusual Lateral Incisor
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which the morphology of the tooth present in the right maxillary lateral incisor region suggests a diagnosis of hypo-hyperodontia.
Thumb Sucking Habit and Associated Dental Differences in One of Monozygous Twins
Authors: Willmot D. R.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented of a set of monozygotic twins aged 14 years, one of whom sucked her thumb and one who did not indulge in the habit. The thumb sucker had a wider lower arch and a narrower upper arch than the non-thumb sucker. The thumb sucker also appeared to have a more forward position of her premaxilla on cephalometric analysis together with an increased overjet. Superimposed outlines of the tongue showed that the thumb sucker was adopting a lower position of the dorsum of the tongue at the time of initial examination.
The Effect on the Incisor Teeth of Activator Treatment: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Mörndal O.
Published: December 2014

A follow-up study of the effect of activator treatment on the incisors is presented. Much of the effect of activator treatment is due to movement of the incisors. It has been claimed that the upper incisors become retroclined, however, a proclination of the lower incisors may also occur and this has been regarded by many as a contra-indication, This aspect has been studied in a material consisting of 40 Angle Class II:1 cases treated with the activator. Mean age at the start of treatment was 11 years and at the end of treatment 12.5 years. Incisor position and inclination were recorded on radiographs taken before and after treatment. The results indicate a significant improvement regarding upper incisor position and inclination whereas the lower incisors had moved forward 2.6 mm and proclined 16° on average. A regression analysis suggested, however, that cases with proclined lower incisors prior to treatment underwent retroclination during treatment (p<0·001). Furthermore, 25 per cent of the patients studied showed retroclination of the lower incisors during activator treatment. It is thus concluded that proclined lower incisors is not necessarily a contra-indication for treatment using the activator.
Nature of Relapse after Surgical Mandibular Advancement
Authors: Bhatia S. N. , Yan B. , Behbehani I. , Harris M.
Published: December 2014

Pre-operative, post-operative and follow-up cephalometric records of 16 cases of mandibular retrognathia treated by surgical mandibular advancement were analysed retrospectively. The results showed good mean stability in the mandibular advancement with variable individual relapse. The pre-operative mandibular plane angle, magnitude of the advancement and post-operative increase in the posterior lower face height were the variables chiefly related to relapse. There appeared to be limited control over the posterior segment which was liable to distraction and rotation. The follow-up changes were time linked. Both mechanical and biological factors are postulated to explain the relapse.
The Role of Removable Orthodontic Appliances in the Investigation and Management of Patients with Hypernasal Speech
Authors: Thompson R.P.J. , Ferguson J. W. , Barton M.
Published: December 2014

The hospital-based orthodontist is involved with the management of cleft palate patients. Removable orthodontic appliance therapy as an adjunct to speech problems is described and discussed. The literature is reviewed and the investigation and management of speech problems related to palate—pharyngeal incompetence and hypernasal speech is outlined.
Nailbiting: Frequency and Association with Root Resorption during Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Odenrick Lars , Brattström Viveca
Published: December 2014

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the incidence and intensity of nailbiting and its possible role in root resorption during orthodontic treatment. A sample of 1365 boys and girls, aged 13–15 years old, were investigated about their nailbiting habits.

The possible effect of nailbiting on root resorption during orthodontic treatment was evaluated by radiographic examination of two groups, matched with regard to overjet, age, sex, length and type of orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances, one group consisting of 21 severe nailbiters and the other a group of 21 patients without the habit.

Replies to questionnaires distributed to 340 boys and girls showed that the incidence of nailbiting was 45 per cent. The habit of severe nailbiting among 1025 of the children investigated was registered in 14·3 per cent. There was no significant difference regarding the habit between boys and girls.

The apical root resorption index was significantly higher in the severe nailbiters before ( p<0·01) and after ( p<0·001) orthodontic treatment.
Root Resorption: The Aggressive, Unerupted Second Premolar
Authors: Tracey Cheryl , Lee R. T.
Published: December 2014

Three cases of first molar root resorption, due to impacted maxillary and mandibular second premolars, presented over a period of 5 months. It is suggested that this may not be such an uncommon occurrence as is generally believed. The clinical stiuations in which the unerupted second premolar may start resorbing first molar roots are described and methods of identifying and treating this problem suggested.
Assessment of Screen/Film Combinations for Cephalometric Radiography
Authors: McNicol A. , Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

Six different intensifying screen/film combinations were used to produce cephalometric radiographs of a tissue equivalent phantom skull. The adequacy of the films was assessed by seven orthodontists on two occasions. There was a low intra- and interobserver correlation. A more objective and reproducible method is required to evaluate intensifying screen/film combinations for cephalometric radiography.
Digital Image Processing of Cephalometric Radiographs: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Jackson P. H. , Dickson G. C. , Birnie D. J.
Published: December 2014

The principles of image capture, image storage and image processing in digital radiology are described. The enhancement of radiographic images using digital image processing techniques and its application to cephalometry is discussed. The results of a pilot study which compared some common cephalometric measurements made from manual point identification with those made by direct digitization of digital radiographic images from video monitors are presented. Although in an early stage of development, the results from the image processing system were comparable with those obtained by traditional methods.
An Investigation into Factors Which May Deter Patients from Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Gosney Mary B. E.
Published: December 2014

A survey of a sample of patients and their respective parents attending the Orthodontic Department at the Leeds Dental Hospital was undertaken to assess some of the socio-economic factors which may mitigate against the provision and successful completion of a course of active appliance therapy. It emphasizes that for many families an appreciable degree of inconvenience and cost is incurred and makes it essential that treatment needs are justified for each individual patient in order to reduce lack of co-operation.
The Treatment Study Group of the BSSO
Authors: Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

A brief summary of the objectives of the Treatment Study Group and its activities to date is given and a Class II Division 2 case treated without extractions is presented.
Hypodontia—Problems of Permanent Space Closure
Authors: Hunt N. P.
Published: December 2014

A case is described, illustrating several of the problems which can be encountered in the management of this group of patients.
The Function Regulator III: Effects and Indications for Use
Authors: Loh M. K. , Kerr W. J. S.
Published: December 2014

Analysis of 20 cases of Class III malocclusion treated with the FR.III showed that correction of the anterior crossbite was effected by adjustment of incisor inclinations and backward rotation or repositioning the mandible accompanied by an increase in face height.

Subjects which responded most favourably to the FR.III were those with severe Class III malocclusion and a deep incisor overbite.
A Cephalometric Comparison between Angle Class II, Division 2 Malocclusion and Normal Occlusion in Adults
Authors: Fischer-Brandies H. , Fischer-Brandies E. , König A.
Published: December 2014

The lateral cephalometric radiographs of 56 adults with Angle Class II/2 malocclusion and of 81 persons with normal Class I occlusion are compared. The statistical analysis includes the calculation of the mean value, standard deviation and the determination of differences (Wilcoxon rank-test). Group characteristics are tested by stepwise discriminant analysis. The following statements regarding Angle Class II/2 as compared with normal Class I result from this study. The upper incisors are in a retruded position. The B-point is significantly retropositioned, whereas the pogonion is in a more normal position. The length of the mandibular corpus and the total length of the mandible are slightly diminished only. Normal values result for the size and position of the maxilla, the inclination of the mandibular corpus (angle between mandibular plane and NSe) and the gonion angle.
Maintaining an Ideal Tooth—Gingiva Relationship when Exposing and Aligning an Impacted Tooth
Authors: Wong-Lee T. K. , Wong F. C. K.
Published: December 2014

An ideal tooth-gingiva relationship is important to aesthetics and function. Predictable methods of establishing an ideal tooth-gingiva relationship are described for exposing and aligning impacted teeth.
Lower Incisor Position in Treatment Planning
Authors: Williams P.
Published: December 2014

Attention has been focused on the position of the lower incisors in treatment planning. Determination of a stable incisor position around which to plan treatment is an important consideration. In the light of increasing use of fixed appliances in this country it is felt of value to present in detail the various methods available for planning lower incisor position. A brief appraisal of each is given and the literature relating to them discussed. It is concluded that whilst no particular method is ideal, the use of Ricketts' A—Po line in giving an indication of permitted direction of movement, tempered by a cautious approach as advocated by Mills should achieve a compromise between improved aesthetics and stability in most cases. A detailed study is required to assess more fully their practical application.
Recurrent Swelling of the Upper lip. A Case Report
Authors: Howat Alison P. , Rout P. G. J.
Published: December 2014

Recurrent swelling of the lips may be due to a number of causes. A case is presented of recurrent swelling of the upper lip caused by trauma from a displaced and apically dilacerated 1. There was abnormal development of 32 which were also displaced although 123 appeared unaffected. The surgical, endodontic and orthodontic management of this problem is discussed.
A Low Cost System for Computer Based Cephalometric Analysis
Authors: Cohen A. M. , Linney A. D.
Published: December 2014

A simple, versatile TV-based measuring system is described which is applicable for cephalometrics and other purposes. It is suitable for large or microscopic objects, and can be used for measuring two-dimensional objects, or three-dimensional objects in two planes. Reproducibility of the system in cephalometrics is assessed and compared with that obtained with the reflex metrograph.
The Use of an Acrylic Model to Assess Treatment Progress Prior to Maxillo-Facial Surgery
Authors: Coupland M. A.
Published: December 2014

A technique involving the use of an acrylic model of the dentition is described for assessing the progress of orthodontic treatment prior to maxillo-facial surgery.
An Unusual Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Banks P. A.
Published: December 2014

A nine year old caucasian boy presented with bilateral double upper central incisors in Class III relationship. In addition 4 showed an abnormal root morphology and path of eruption. The double teeth were retained and the incisor relationship was corrected orthodontically. Following surgical exposure, 4 erupted favourably.
The Bonded Mandibular Lingual Retainer
Authors: Adenwalla Shabbir T. , Attarzadeh Fereidoon
Published: December 2014

The lower fixed retainer from cuspid to cuspid has been one of the commonly used methods of retention at the end of the orthodontic treatment. Orthodontists mostly use the lingual wire soldered to cuspid bands for the fixed lower retainer. With the advent of the new effective bonding materials many orthodontists prefer to use cuspid-to-cuspid/biscuspid-to-biscuspid bonded retainers to obtain optimal retention of lower anterior teeth both functionally and aesthetically. After experimenting with a variety of previous methods, such as the use of rubber bands, elastic threads, cotton pliers, ligature wires and silastic trays for the accurate placement and immobilization of a lower lingual retainer during the bonding, we have found that the use of two 1 to 1½ inch pieces of 0·016 inch wires tack welded to lingual wire gives the best results. It is more accurate, simple, inexpensive and designed to save the orthodontist chair time.
A Long-term Follow-up of Four Cases Treated with the Andresen Appliance
Authors: Hale L. R. O. , Tonge E. A.
Published: December 2014

Four patients treated with Andresen appliances were recalled 20 years after treatment. While the results were quite acceptable to the patients, rather more change had occurred than might have been expected, especially in relation to continued growth after one would have expected it to have ceased, and in relation to the degree of the occlusal changes accompanying this growth. They demonstrate that a result thought to be stable even four years after treatment can change markedly well into adulthood.
The Treatment of Bimaxillary Protrusion
Authors: Keating P. J.
Published: December 2014

Thirty bimaxillary protrusion cases, who had four first premolars extracted were compared with thirty Class I malocclusion cases who, likewise, had similar extractions and treatment. The changes, both in incisor relationships and the concurrent soft tissue profiles are documented.

During treatment, the inter-incisal angle was increased by 20° and relapsed by 4° post-treatment. The protruberance of the soft tissue profile was significantly reduced by 4° concurrently (Holdaway Angle).

It is concluded that worthwhile treatment objectives can be achieved in these cases.
The Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Nasal Airway Resistance
Authors: Timms Donald J.
Published: December 2014

There has been a long-standing controversy over the efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion to relieve nasal obstruction and improve respiration. Recently rhinomanometry has provided a discipline for the investigation into nasal airway physiology with quantifiable parameters for evaluation and comparable studies. In this trial, a sample of 26 patients (13 male and 13 female, age range 10·10 to 19·6 years), receiving rapid maxillary expansion as part of their orthodontic mechano-therapy, were appraised for nasal airway resistance before and after expansion. The posterior rhinomanometric technique was used, measuring the respiratory flow between pharynx and the nostrils at a preset pressure difference between these two points. The formula for calculating the resistance is derived from the electrical Ohm's Law and requires that the pressure difference be divided by the flow. Reductions were recorded in all cases with an average of 36·2 per cent (range 11·6–58·6). The correlation between the resistance reductions and the delivered expansions (increases in trans-palatal widths) was weak (r = 0·32). In view of the probable significance of the liminal valve in nasal resistance, expansions in this area were assessed by changes in the transalar widths. The correlation between transalar increases and the trans-palatal expansions was weak (r = 0·115), as it was between the transalar increases and the reductions in nasal airway resistance (r = 0·30).
Practical and Theoretical Aspects of a Method of Orthodontic Traction to Unerupted Teeth Illustrated by Three Cases
Authors: Oliver R. G. , Hardy P.
Published: December 2014

The methods of orthodontic management of unerupted teeth are critically discussed. The indications and contra-indications of the relatively new technique of gold chain traction via a directly bonded attachment are given. Three case reports illustrate different aspects of the technique.
Spontaneous Regression of some Mandibular Radiolucencies—Case Report
Authors: Aird J. C. , Barclay S. C.
Published: December 2014

Three cases are presented in which asymptomatic radiolucent areas were discovered on routine orthodontic radiographs and which resolved completely without active treatment.
The Criteria for Lower Second Molar Extraction
Authors: Dacre J. T.
Published: December 2014

The benefits of lower second molar extraction are substantially reduced if the third molar fails to erupt into a satisfactory position. The selection criteria offered by the literature have been tested in a sample of 51 patients. Prediction is uncertain and cases should be followed until such time as a satisfactory third molar position has been achieved. Failure may be unilateral and more often on the right side. The need for follow-up treatment is subjective but may be as many as one in the patients.
A Clinical Trial of a Light Activated Bonding Material over an 18 month Period
Authors: Lovius B. B. J. , Pender N. , Hewage S. , O'Dowling I. , Tomkins A.
Published: December 2014

Heliosit-orthodontic, a visible light cured adhesive, has been compared with Right-on, a chemically activated adhesive, on 122 patients for a mean period of 12 months with a range 3–18 months. The overall bond failure rate was 20 per cent. Heliosit-orthodontic had a 23 per cent failure rate compared with a 16 per cent failure rate for Right-on. Heliosit-orthodontic performed less well on the posterior teeth particularly lower second premolars (P < 0.01). Both materials performed equally well in the labial segment.
Cephalometric Landmark Identification within the Petrous Temporal Region
Authors: Chate R. A. C.
Published: December 2014

The literature is reviewed regarding the errors associated with relocating cephalometric petrous temporal landmarks. An experimental cranial fixation device, to be used with cephalostat ear rods that subsequently ‘hinge away’, is presented. Twenty-five consecutive cephalograms taken by this method (Group B) are compared with another two groups of 25 radiographs. The second group (Group A) constitutes those taken with perspex ear rods in situ, whilst the third group (Group C) constitutes those with wooden ear rods.

The variance ratios demonstrate that the error in relocating most of the petrous temporal landmarks is significantly greater in Group B, when compared to either Group A or C. In comparing these latter two groups, the variance in Group A is greater for all these landmarks, significantly so for condylion and porion. Some possible factors contributing to these findings are discussed. It would seem that wooden ear rods produce less error in the relocation of the petrous temporal landmarks; that the absence of ear rods produces greater error; and that the presence of perspex ear rods increases the error in the relocation of anatomical porion.
A Test for Occlusal Function
Authors: Omar S. M. , McEwen J. D. , Ogston S. A.
Published: December 2014

A sample consisting of 50 adult subjects aged between 21–23 years was assessed for their masticatory ability, by the use of a masticatory efficiency test. The occlusal status was assessed from study models using five occlusal indices. The scores obtained from the masticatory efficiency tests were correlated to those obtained from the occlusal analyses, using a correlation coefficient test. Significant correlations were found between the two scores.

A multiple regression analysis was used to predict the masticatory efficiency from the occlusal scores. The findings revealed that only a small proportion of the masticatory efficiency could be predicted. This suggested that factors other than those used in these indices may have an effect on the masticatory efficiency.
Indirect Bonding Using a Visible Light Cured Adhesive
Authors: Read M. J. F.
Published: December 2014

A method of indirect bonding using a visible light cured adhesive is described in detail. The advantages include convenience and rapid placing of many brackets to a predetermined position. The ease of removal of the brackets and the material following treatment is also a major benefit of this technique.
Malocclusion and Facial Types in a Group of Saudi Arabian Patients Referred for Orthodontic Treatment: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Jones W. Bryan
Published: December 2014

Dental malocclusion is present in all societies but its prevalence varies. There is a need to identify the occlusal problems, their incidence and the need for treatment so that appropriate manpower arrangements may be made. In this initial survey, patients attending the orthodontic clinic at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital were examined for occlusal relationship, crowding, and facial type. There are indications amongst Saudi Arabian patients of a tendency for bimaxillary proclination and a greater proportion of Class III malocclusion, than in Western communities. The need for a comprehensive survey is identified.
Operational Performance of the Travelling Microscope in the Measurement of Dental Casts
Authors: Bhatia S. N. , Harrison V. E.
Published: December 2014

Tests were carried out with an on-line travelling microscope to determine its performance in the measurement of dental casts. The results show the system to be more accurate than the current alternatives.
The Mechanics of Looped Arches with Non-parallel or Angulated Legs
Authors: Waters N. E. , Ward P.J.
Published: December 2014

The force-deflection characteristics, of two unusual types of multiple loop arch, to vertical and radial displacement, are derived from simple beam theory. Check measurements on enlarged models were in good agreement with the theory presented. The variations in stiffness resulting from changes in the size, shape and geometry of the loops is discussed, and the results compared with behaviour of standard vertical loops.
Dentinal Dysplasia Type I. A Subclassification
Authors: Scola Shirley M. , Watts Paul G.
Published: December 2014

Dentinal Dysplasia Type I is a rare condition affecting the deciduous and permanent dentitions, in which the teeth present with short roots and considerably reduced or obliterated pulp spaces. These features were observed on the radiographs of a patient referred for orthodontic assessment, and an investigation of other members of the family revealed that the father and two siblings were also affected. There were variations in the lengths of the roots in those affected, and thus a subclassification of the dysplasia is proposed.
Fracture of Polycarbonate Edgewise Brackets: A Clinical and SEM Study
Authors: Aird J. C. , Durning P.
Published: December 2014

Fracture experience and fracture form of polycarbonate edgewise brackets, were assessed in a clinical study using four force controlled mechanical systems. The incidence and types of bracket fracture were investigated macroscopically and by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was concluded that the engagement of both round and square archwires and stainless steel ligaturing were aetiological factors in bracket fracture.
From the Journal's Postbag
Authors: Davis H. D.
Published: December 2014

A method of measuring the amount of slack inherent in the system of Edgewise brackets and arch-wires is presented, and some related problems concerning the use of turrets discussed.
Dentofacial Changes in Untreated Class II Division 1 Subjects
Authors: Carter Nigel E.
Published: December 2014

Basic descriptive cephalometric data are presented for 30 individuals with untreated Class II Division 1 malocclusions, 15 males and 15 females. Two radiographs of each subject were examined, the mean age for the first being 12 years one month, and for the second 17 years five months, thus spanning the period during which orthodontic treatment is usually carried out. Mean values for 38 bony and dentoalveolar parameters were calculated, and the male and female groups were compared. There was a tendency on average to a mild skeletal II pattern, with mild mandibular retrognathism. The mean increase in many of the linear measurements in the males was up to three times that seen in the females, and the females had a more downwards and backwards pattern of mandibular growth rotation than the males.
Radiographic Localization of Unerupted Teeth in the Anterior Part of the Maxilla: A Survey of Methods Currently Employed
Authors: Southall Peter J. , Gravely John F.
Published: December 2014

The radiographic prescribing habits of consultants in orthodontics and oral surgery are described with specific reference to assessment of unerupted maxillary canine teeth. Orthodontists use more radiographs than oral surgeons under these circumstances. The relative radiation for commonly used combinations of radiographs has been summarized and recommendations made regarding the use of certain of these.
An Investigation of the Features of the Pre-term Infant Palate and the Effect of Prolonged Orotracheal Intubation with and without Protective Appliances
Authors: Ash S. P. , Moss J. P.
Published: December 2014

The features of premature low birth weight infant palates were examined. Babies of less than 32 weeks gestation at birth were compared with 30 who had required orotracheal intubation for ten or more days. By random selection half of these babies were fitted with a protective supporting appliance during the intubation phase.

Prolonged orotracheal intubation was shown to be associated with narrowing, deepening and some anterior elongation of the developing palate. The protective appliance was shown to reduce the extent of these changes and provided an additional means of orotracheal tube support.
An Investigation into the Reliability of the Timing Headgear
Authors: Banks P. A. , Read M. J. F.
Published: December 2014

Thirteen cervical timing headgears, then commercially available, were subjected to testing under laboratory conditions. Continuous and intermittent forces were applied, these being varied between 200 and 1000 gm. Forces were applied by attaching the cervical straps to a cylindrical drum, to activate the timer switch. Each headgear showed only moderate variation in accuracy under different phases of the testing, although timing accuracy varied considerably between individual headgears. The overall performances produced mean timing accuracy values exceeding 90 per cent in only four appliances, indicating that these ‘Patient Motivators’ did not provide a consistently dependable recording of headgear usage.
Adult Cephalometric Norms for Saudi Arabians with a Comparison of Values for Saudi and North American Caucasians
Authors: Shalhoub S. Y. , Sarhan Omar A. , Shaikh H. S.
Published: December 2014

When considering orthognathic surgery for adult Saudi Arabians, there are as yet no cephalometric norms available for use during treatment planning. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for 48 Saudi adult patients (24 males, 24 females). All showed reasonably normal dental relationship, with no severe antero-posterior, vertical or transverse skeletal discrepancies. The age range was from 20 to 46 years. Angular and linear measurements were recorded and compared to a similar sample of North American caucasians.

A set of cephalometric values for male and female Saudis were established and the differences between these and a North American sample are highlighted.
Methods of Attachment for Palatal Arches: An Evaluation
Authors: Cook Paul A.
Published: December 2014

Orthodontic appliances attached to the palatal surfaces of molar bands are commonly used to produce, or is an aid to, active tooth movement. The present paper describes a number of the systems available for achieving this attachment and investigates their advantages and disadvantages in clinical practice.
Arch Dimensional Changes during and following Fixed Appliance Therapy
Authors: Ho K. K. , Kerr W. J. S.
Published: December 2014

A retrospective investigation of the study casts of 23 subjects, treated by Fixed Appliances and the extraction of four premolars, using the Reflex Metrograph showed a general trend for a reduction in mean arch dimensions both during and following treatment. An exception was demonstrated in the inter-canine width, which for both arches showed slight expansion during treatment, although this was lost post-treatment in the mandibular arch while it was maintained in some cases in the maxillary arch.
A Comparative Analysis of the Class III Malocclusion with and without an Anterior Mandibular Displacement on Closure
Authors: Slattery D. A.
Published: December 2014

A retrospective cephalometric study investigated the differences in the skeletal pattern of the Class III malocclusion. Thirty Caucasian adolescents with an anterior mandibular displacement on closure were compared to an equal number without such a displacement before treatment, at the end of treatment and at least 1 year out of retention.
Space Maintenance for an Upper Central Incisor during Treatment: An Aesthetic Solution
Authors: Sandler P. J. , Reed R. T. , Murray A. M.
Published: December 2014

An aesthetic solution is offered to the problem of space maintenance following the re-opening of space for an upper central incisor.
Multistrand Wire Retainers: An Indirect Technique
Authors: Ferguson J. W.
Published: December 2014

A method is described for bonding multistrand retainers indirectly, using a silicone locating splint and visible light curing adhesive. This technique permits construction of the retainer in the laboratory and eliminates the problem of positioning flexible wires in the mouth.
Reproducibility of Cephalometric Measurements
Authors: Sandler P. J.
Published: December 2014

This cephalometric study was undertaken to compare and contrast the errors involved in taking linear and angular measurements using three different methods; hand instruments on tracing, digitization of tracings, and direct digitization of the radiographs. Of the three methods direct digitization of the radiographs proved to be the most reproducible particularly with angular measurements, although statistically significant differences were rarely found. Tracings were advantageous only with linear measurements involving constructed points such as Gonion and Articulare. Traditional methods of measurement using a ruler and protractor compared well with computer based methods involving the digitizer.
A Conversion to Flatter Archwires
Authors: Usiskin L. A.
Published: December 2014

Clinical and practical features are described for an operator changing fixed appliance technique from a standard edgewise system to one using pretorqued and preangulated brackets, with generally flat archwires.
A Little Distal Archery
Authors: Killingback N. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

Two instances are described in which the cutting of distal sections of archwires using current clinical methods has proved hazardous.
Removable Retainers: A Modification of the Barrer Appliance
Authors: Sandler P. J. , Reed R. T.
Published: December 2014

A useful modification of the Barrer appliance is described to enable final positioning and retention following treatment in both upper and lower arches.
Fracture of Polycarbonate Brackets—A Related Photoelastic Stress Analysis
Authors: Aird J. C. , Millett D. T. , Sharples K.
Published: December 2014

In clinical use polycarbonate edgewise bracket designs, patterned on metallic predecessors, have demonstrated slot-wing fracture. A preliminary two-dimensional photoelastic stress investigation is described in which two bracket designs, without angles in the edgewise slot component, are subjected to simulated palatal root torque mechanics.
Favourable Spontaneous Eruption of Severely Displaced Maxillary Canines with Associated Follicular Disturbance
Authors: Fearne Janice , Lee R. T.
Published: December 2014

Cases of severely displaced unerupted maxillary canines are presented, related to disturbance of the follicle. Removal of the deciduous predecessor produced favourable eruption of the permanent canine and should be considered as a treatment option in similar cases.
Factors Influencing the Development of Molar Occlusion: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Leighton B. C. , Feasby W. H.
Published: December 2014

Longitudinal records, in the form of study casts, of 35 Class I cases were examined for factors associated with changes of sagittal molar relationship during childhood. These were studied at two phases: between the deciduous and mixed dentitions, and between the mixed and permanent dentitions. During the first of these periods, there was a small, but general move to a less post-normal occlusion, although some cases were found to show a slight reverse trend. In the second period, the permanent molar relationship became less post-normal, but this was reflected only weakly in that of the canines. Throughout development, asymmetry of occlusal relation became more marked with age, an unexplained bias towards less post-normal occlusion on the left side developing in the second phase. The amount of change in this period was related to variations of deciduous molar size, especially that of the upper second molar.
A Class III Case—but how Severe?
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

The treatment of a clinically moderately severe, crowded, Class III malocclusion in a pre-pubertal 12-year-old female patient, is described. At diagnosis, some difficulty was experienced in determining the severity of the skeletal element of the malocclusion. A treatment plan was chosen which permitted extensive lingual repositioning of the lower labial segment and the result remained stable several years out of retention. The reasons for this success, and the problems of reconciling cephalometric analysis with clinical judgement, are discussed.
A Reflex Plotter Investigation into the Dimensional Stability of Alginate Impressions following Disinfection by Varying Regimes Employing 2·2 per Cent Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Jones M. L. , Newcombe R. G. , Barry G. , Bellis H. , Bottomley J.
Published: December 2014

Alginate impressions of an acrylic study cast pair were disinfected to a variety of regimes using 2·2 per cent glutaraldehyde.

A number of linear measurements on the resultant plaster study casts were made using a Reflex Plotter to assess the effect on the dimensional stability of the casts. Significant differences were found for a number of the variables measured. Quantitatively these differences were small and of limited clinical significance; they may, however, be of greater significance where serial records are being collected for research.
A Maxillary Fourth Molar?
Authors: Howe Gary S.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented of misdiagnosis of a large mandibular cyst as a result of relying solely on orthopantomography. This demonstrates a pitfall in diagnostic radiology and illustrates the importance of clinical examination and intra-oral radiography.
Natural Head Position, Posture, and Prognathism: The Chapman Prize Essay, 1986
Authors: Cole S. C.
Published: December 2014

Natural head position and natural head posture are terms which have been used synonymously to describe the spatial relationships of the head with reference to the true vertical, the cervical column, or both. This is confusing, and it would seem logical to ascribe one term to one reference and consider the phenomena separately. For the purposes of this prospective cephalometric survey, natural head position will describe the relationship of the head to the true vertical, while natural head posture will describe the relationship of the head to the cervical column. In order to investigate these two relationships of the head, five groups were formed, three representing horizontal discrepancies selected on ANB differences (class I, II and III dental base relationships) and two representing vertical discrepancies selected on Bjork's posterior angles (‘high angle’ and ‘low angle’ groups). Despite the marked differencesin ‘skeletal’ pattern shown between the five groups, the values obtained for the saddle angles (N-S-Ar) showed no significant difference. However, the natural head positions and natural head postures were significantly different (P < 0.01). Natural head position affected cranial base orientation and this alone produced class II or III effects. Natural head position was also associated with maxillary prognathism whilst natural head posture appeared more closely related to mandibular prognathism. These phenomena may help to explain an apparent class II or III tendency in cases where the saddle angle is normal.
Mandibular Position in Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Kerr W. J. S. , TenHave T. R.
Published: December 2014

Lateral skull radiographs of 66 subjects with Class III malocclusion, characterized by lingual occlusion of the upper incisors and a degree of overbite, taken before and after treatment were compared with a Control Group of similar mean age and interval between films. Vertical, Horizontal and Oblique measurements were made to establish the part played by overclosure and anterior displacement of the mandible in the aetiology of Class III malocclusion. The results suggest that both may play a part but that the former is of more general significance than the latter.