bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lithogeochemical constraints on the host rock, hydrothermal alteration and weathering of the Groundrush gold deposit
Authors: Murphy D.M.K. , Stanley C.R.
Published: November 2007

Lithogeochemical research at the Groundrush gold deposit, Tanami region, Northern Territory, has identified new lithologies and provides a new understanding of the hydrothermal alteration, metamorphism and weathering processes that have affected the suite of metamorphosed igneous host rocks. Metamorphosed hornblende–chlorite–plagioclase-bearing mafic–intermediate intrusive rocks were classified, using conserved constituents, as dolerite and previously unrecognized basaltic andesite and diorite, the last of which hosts Au mineralization. The diorite forms a steeply dipping dyke, whereas the dolerites are sills intruding clastic sedimentary rocks.

Major element geochemical variation in dolerite is consistent with the fractionation of plagioclase and pyroxene, whereas diorite is more chemically homogenous and does not exhibit evidence of fractional crystallization. Hydrothermal alteration, principally developed within the diorite, was accompanied by addition of S and carbonate, and the loss of Ca and Na, giving rise to a propylitic hydrothermal alteration assemblage of chlorite, albite, carbonate and pyrite.

A regolith profile of
c.
40 m thickness overlies these rocks. If originally present, Fe-rich upper units have been removed. The major weathering processes observed in the regolith profile are: (1) sulphur oxidation and (in diorite), calcite dissolution at 40 m depth; (2) ferrolysis (Fe oxidation) and the production of smectite, goethite and quartz from chlorite and hornblende at 20 m depth; (3) breakdown of albite to kaolinite, breakdown of apatite, and deposition of secondary carbonate in the top 5 to 15 m.

No evidence for significant near-surface gold depletion is evident, suggesting that regolith processes remobilizing gold were generally not operating to any significant extent. However, gold was leached from a metre-scale quartz vein, possibly as thiosulphate complexes formed from pyrrhotite oxidation in a relatively low-oxygen environment.
A Novel Numerical Delamination Growth Initiation Approach for the Preliminary Design of Damage Tolerant Composite Structures
Authors: Riccio Aniello , Gigliotti Marco
Published: November 2007

In this article, a novel numerical approach for the delamination growth simulation in composite panels under compressive load is proposed. This approach, suitable for preliminary design and optimization purposes, is able to simulate the delamination propagation by means of a limited number of linear analyses. It is based on the determination of the delamination buckling and on the evaluation of the energy released during the delamination propagation by means of eigenvalue and linear static analyses. The proposed approach has been implemented into the finite element code ANSYS and applied to composite panels with circular embedded and rectangular through-the-width delaminations under compressive load. A first validation has been carried out by comparing the results in terms of delamination growth load and energy release rate distributions along the delamination front to two-dimensional and three-dimensional nonlinear results taken from literature.
Using the Climbing Drum Peel (CDP) Test to Obtain a GIC Value for Core/Face Sheet Bonds
Authors: Nettles A.T. , Gregory E.D. , Jackson J.R.
Published: November 2007

A method of measuring the mode I (peeling) fracture toughness of core/face sheet bonds in sandwich structures is desired, particularly with the widespread use of models that need this data as input. This study examined if a mode I critical strain energy release rate, GIC, can be obtained from the climbing drum peel (CDP) test. The CDP test is relatively simple to perform and does not rely on measuring small crack lengths such as required by the more commonly used double cantilever beam (DCB) test. Simple energy methods were used to calculate GIC from CDP test data on composite face sheets bonded to a honeycomb core. Face sheet thicknesses from 2 to 5 plies (0.51—1.27 mm) were tested to examine the upper and lower bounds on face sheet thickness requirements. Suggestions on conducting the test and on modifying the CDP apparatus to test composite face sheets (as opposed to metallic) are also presented. Results from the study suggest that the CDP test, with certain provisions, can be used to find the GIC value of a core/face sheet bond.
Reproducibility of the Caregiver Strain Index and the Caregiver Reaction Assessment in partners of stroke patients living in the Dutch community
Authors: Post Marcel W.M. , Festen Helma , van de Port Ingrid G. , Visser-Meily Johanna M.A.
Published: November 2007

Objective: To examine the reproducibility and responsiveness of two often-used instruments for caregiver burden: the Caregiver Strain Index and the Caregiver Reaction Assessment.

Design: Repeated administration of self-report questionnaires three years post stroke.

Subjects: Convenience sample of partners of stroke patients.

Methods: Weighted kappa and percentage agreement at item level and intraclass correlations (ICCs) for subscale and total scores. Responsiveness was expressed as smallest detectable difference (SDD) and standard error of measurement (SEM).

Results: Reproducibility of the total Caregiver Strain Index score (N = 26) was very good (0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.84—0.97). For the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (N = 21), the subscales disrupted schedule, financial problems and health problems showed sufficient reproducibility (ICC 0.79—0.86), but the ICCs of the subscales lack of family support (0.67) and self-esteem (0.58) were insufficient. Relating the SDD and SEM to the standard deviation and maximum scale range, responsiveness appears moderate for the Caregiver Strain Index and unsatisfactory for the Caregiver Reaction Assessment.

Conclusion: The Caregiver Strain Index showed good reproducibility and moderate responsiveness. The Caregiver Reaction Assessment showed insufficient reproducibility and responsiveness.
Ethnography of racial identities in Paris: public indicators of social hierarchy. A research note
Authors: Bowser Benjamin P.
Published: November 2007

Those who are French by acquisition versus French by birth now represent a new challenge to French social stratification. Do social inequalities exist based upon cultural acquisition as opposed to birth? If so, are they increasing or decreasing? For the moment there is no way to answer these questions directly. The author conducted an ethnographic study in Parisian public spaces during the winter and spring of 2005. The central hypothesis is that social divisions can be observed and even measured in public spaces if representative social behaviors are recurring. The author described four patterns of deference in public spaces that people of color who are French by acquisition give to those who are self-identified French by birth. Suggestions were made of how these observations could be confirmed or not by others.
De la science normale à la science marginale. Analyse d'une bifurcation de trajectoire scientifique: le cas de la Théorie de la Relativité d'Echelle
Authors: Bontems Vincent , Gingras Yves
Published: November 2007

In the scientific field, agents can choose to contribute to `normal' science, operate within the most highly legitimated avant-garde science (`superstrings', dark matter, etc.) or instead, develop theories within an entirely new theoretical framework, despite the risks which this entails. But the marginality of such theories raises a problem of strategy: those who choose to work on them do so at the expense of their own short-term interests, which would normally be oriented towards occupying a central position in already well-established fields. The theory of scale-relativity (TSR) demonstrates the interest of such a situation: the door is open to new possibilities, but ones that must be built `from scratch'. To pursue work in this direction is more demanding than to choose a project considered risky (due to its inherent difficulty) within the confines of an existing paradigm. On the one hand, TSR proposes to `innovate' and branch out from already widely-accepted conceptual bases, while, on the other hand, it finds itself in a marginal position with respect to the most legitimate avant-garde theories, such as `superstrings'. The case of the TSR thus allows us to study a region of the scientific field which has hardly been explored by a sociology of science that focuses primarily on `extreme' cases: histories of theories which have since been vindicated or spectacular controversies. In 2006, TSR occupies a marginal position within the field of physics. Its status differs widely from `theories' produced outside the field, yet does not correspond to any form of stable, accepted science. As we will show, using a detailed bibliometric analysis, the theory's diffusion throughout the scientific field has been limited — albeit real — and its results, when sanctioned by an official publication, are rarely taken into account by researchers who are not already TSR collaborators. This isolation within the field reveals conflict and tension between the transformation intended by a theoretical innovation and the norms of standard peer review. As a conclusion, we will compare the strategies of TSR's founder with those of other researchers who — at some point in their career — have attempted to reorient their scientific trajectory, which in turn reveals the social conditions of these bifurcations that put previously accumulated scientific capital at risk.
The development of knowledge societies in 19 OECD countries between 1970 and 2002
Authors: Rohrbach Daniela
Published: November 2007

The use frequency of the term `knowledge society' to characterize present Western societies is disproportionate to the clarity of its measurement and the availability of longitudinal and cross-national evidence. The author develops a conceptualization of the knowledge society that enables the study of its development in cross-national and longitudinal perspective. This conceptualization is then applied to an analysis of 19 OECD countries between 1970 and 2002. Three main sets of findings are proposed. (1) In all 19 countries a clear trend towards the knowledge society is observable. (2) From an employment perspective, societies were and still are mainly knowledge-mediation societies but are increasingly becoming knowledge-management societies; from a value-added perspective they are better described as knowledge-infrastructure societies. (3) However, developing knowledge societies di fer enormously in terms of their sectoral structures – within and outside the knowledge sector.
Effects of Cooling Conditions on the Crystal Structures of the Matrix in Knitted Glass Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Fan Zaixia , White Chris Branford , Zhu Limin , Zhang Yu , Chen Yanmo
Published: November 2007

Four groups of knitted glass fabric reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites with different cooling conditions are prepared by changing the method used in the cooling period. The crystal structure of the matrix in composites arising from different cooling conditions is studied using wide angle X-ray diffraction. It has been found that the various cooling conditions have no effect on the crystal types of the PP matrix. However, the crystal degree and sizes of microcrystal and spherulite vary with cooling conditions. They increase with the decrease of the cooling speed and the prolongation of the cooling time.
Alteration of estrogen-regulated gene expression in human cells induced by the agricultural and horticultural herbicide glyphosate
Authors: Hokanson R. , Fudge R. , Chowdhary R. , Busbee D.
Published: November 2007

Gene expression is altered in mammalian cells (MCF-7 cells), by exposure to a variety of chemicals that mimic steroid hormones or interact with endocrine receptors or their co-factors. Among those populations chronically exposed to these endocrine disruptive chemicals are persons, and their families, who are employed in agriculture or horticulture, or who use agricultural/horticultural chemicals. Among the chemicals most commonly used, both commercially and in the home, is the herbicide glyphosate. Although glyphosate is commonly considered to be relatively non-toxic, we utilized in vitro DNA microarray analysis of this chemical to evaluate its capacity to alter the expression of a variety of genes in human cells. We selected a group of genes, determined by DNA microarray analysis to be dysregulated, and used quantitative real-time PCR to corroborate their altered states of expression. We discussed the reported function of those genes, with emphasis on altered physiological states that are capable of initiating adverse health effects that might be anticipated if gene expression were significantly altered in either adults or embryos exposed in utero. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 747— 752
Renal and hepatic injury with elevated cardiac enzymes in Amanita phalloides poisoning: a case report
Authors: Unverir Pinar , Soner Burak Cem , Dedeoglu Erhan , Karcioglu Ozgur , Boztok Kaya , Tuncok Yesim
Published: November 2007

Amatoxins are one of the most potent toxins that cause hepatic and renal failure. However, this is the first report demonstrating an elevation of cardiac enzymes in a patient with Amanita phalloides poisoning. A 56-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department (ED) 42 h after an unknown type of mushroom ingestion. Hepatic, renal function tests, amylase and cardiac enzymes (troponin I, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB isoenzyme and myoglobin) were found elevated in his blood chemistry. The electrocardiogram disclosed sinus tachycardia. Aggressive treatment with fluids, activated charcoal, penicillin G and silibinin were started. The patient was sent to hemodialysis because of anuria. During follow-up, biochemical parameters and clinical findings improved. The patient was discharged from the hospital following the arrangement of hemodialysis schedule because of the chronic renal failure. False elevations of cardiac markers may confuse the clinicians in differantial diagnosis of myocardial infarction in ED. In our patient, amatoxins that have bound the actin filaments within myocardiocytes or renal cells and/or its effects as circulating anti-troponin antibodies might result in elevation of cardiac markers. Elevated cardiac enzyme levels without any acute coronary syndrome are probable in mushroom poisoning cases involving amatoxin ingestion. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 757— 761
Short Review: Benzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies
Authors: Ahmad Khan Haseeb
Published: November 2007

A large population of humans is exposed to benzene from various occupational and environmental sources. Benzene is an established human and animal carcinogen. Exposure to benzene has been associated with leukaemia in humans and several types of malignancies in animals. The exact mechanism of benzene-induced toxicity is poorly understood. It is believed that benzene exerts its adverse effects by metabolic activation to toxic metabolites. Certain benzene metabolites are genotoxic and mutagenic. This consolidated short-review is composed of human and animal studies to summarize the adverse effects of benzene with special reference to molecular mechanisms involved in benzene-induced toxicity. Human & Experimental Toxicology (2007) 26, 677— 685
Exploring the dimensions of the international accounting history community
Authors: Carnegie Garry D. , Rodrigues Lúcia Lima
Published: November 2007

This study explores the present-day dimensions of the international accounting history community with a focus on examining the formal (that is institutionalized) and informal (that is non-institutionalized) arrangements for accounting history in various countries and regions. Following a review of recent commentaries on the state of accounting history, the study elucidates the dimensions of the field where accounting history associations or special interest groups operate, comprising Australia and New Zealand, China, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain and the USA, and also depicts the informal arrangements in place for the accounting history community as identified in France and in the UK. The study is intended to enhance understanding of the nature, size and dynamics of this expanding group of scholars and to assist any future enquiries into the drivers of organizational success and the relative health of accounting history in the different jurisdictions.
Sorption Isotherms and Isosteric Heat of Peanut Pods, Kernels and Hulls
Authors: Corrêa P.C. , Goneli A.L.D. , Jaren C. , Ribeiro D.M. , Resende O.
Published: November 2007

This study was carried out to evaluate the sorption isotherms of peanut pods, kernels and hulls for several temperature and humidity conditions and to fit different mathematical models to the experimental data, selecting the one best fitting the phenomenon. The dynamic method was applied to obtain the hygroscopic equilibrium moisture content. The environmental conditions were provided by means of an atmospheric conditioning unit, in which removable perforated trays were placed to allow air to pass through peanut mass, each one containing 50 g of the product. The mathematical models frequently used for the representation of hygroscopicity of agricultural products were fit to the experimental data. Based on those results, it was concluded that peanut pods, kernels and hulls presented differentiated hygroscopicity. The equilibrium moisture content for peanut pods, kernels and hulls increased with an increase in the relative humidity at any particular temperature and decreased with increase in temperature at constant relative humidity. At a constant water activity, peanut hulls samples had higher equilibrium moisture content than the pods and kernels samples. Based on statistical parameters, the modified Henderson and Chung-Pfost models were found to adequately describe the sorption characteristics of peanut pods, kernels and hulls. Isosteric heat of desorption were evaluated by applying the Clausius—Clapeyron equation to experimental isotherms and decreased with increasing moisture content. The peanut hulls had higher isosteric heat of sorption than that peanut pods and kernels.
Physical, Physiological and Microbial Deterioration of Minimally Fresh Processed Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Artés F. , Gómez P.A. , Artés-Hernández F.
Published: November 2007

Minimally fresh processed (MFP) or fresh-cut fruits and vegetables is currently the fastest growing sub-sector of the food industry with still a high potential of growth world wide. The practical advantages and convenience they provide to consumers undoubtedly favour this fact. However, because of their specific ways of preparation, MFP plant foods are highly perishable. To minimise this, they must be elaborated following strict control procedures in order to avoid quality loss, assuring food safety to consumers. The most common physical, physiological and microbial causes of deterioration that involve the preparation of these kind of products as well as the main procedures used to avoid undesirable changes are described in this review.
Influence of the Presence of Skin on the Salting Kinetics of European Sea Bass
Authors: Fuentes A. , Fernández-Segovia I. , Serra J.A. , Barat J.M.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this work was to study the influence of the presence of skin, as well as the effect of size, thickness, initial weight and salting time on the dry salting kinetics of European sea bass, in order to characterise the salting process to obtain a lightly salted product. Fillets salted by the skin side showed lower salt gain and water and weight losses, which would indicate the barrier effect of skin on mass transfer. Processing time, contact area, initial weight and volume had significant effect on weight loss. Meanwhile, only processing time and initial weight were significant variables for water and NaCl weight changes, however thickness, contact area and volume were not significant due to the high effect of initial weight. However, it could be considered that thickness, contact area and volume had an indirect effect on mass transfer because initial weight was directly related to these variables. Salt diffusivity value in samples salted on the flesh side (7.54 × 10-11 m 2/s) was similar to that reported in other studies.
Extraction of Sardine Proteins by Acidic and Alkaline Solubilisation
Authors: Batista I. , Pires C. , Nelhas R.
Published: November 2007

Muscle sardine ( Sardina pilchardus) proteins were extracted using acidic or alkaline-aided solubilisation followed by isoelectric protein precipitation and compared to the traditional surimi process. This work reports the results obtained with unwashed and washed sardine mince. The highest solubilisation of sardine miofibrillar proteins was recorded at pH 2.5 (85%) and 11.5—12 (80%) and the isoelectric point was around pH 5—5.5. The global yields achieved were 77% and 73% for the alkaline and acidic processes respectively, which are considerably higher than that of the traditional surimi process ( ca. 28%). The fat content reduction was 65.3% and 51.0% for the proteins recovered after alkaline and acidic solubilisation respectively. A reduction of 91.1% was obtained in the surimi process. However, higher fat elimination was achieved when washed mince was used (95.3% and 99.0% for acidic and alkaline processes, respectively). The protein recovered after both solubilisation processes showed poor gelling properties than surimi but the acidic recovered proteins had the lowest gel strength. The washing of mince did not influence the whiteness of acidic protein recovered but the proteins recovered in the alkaline-aided solubilisation process from the washed mince were whiter.
Thermal Evaporation: Representation of Rise in Boiling Point of Grapefruit Juice
Authors: Telis-Romero J. , Cantú-Lozano D. , Telis V.R.N. , Gabas A.L.
Published: November 2007

The rise in boiling point of grapefruit juice was experimentally measured at soluble solids concentrations in the range of 9.3—60.6 °Brix and pressures between °6.0 × 10 3 and 9.0 × 104 Pa. Different approaches to represent experimental data, including the Dühring's rule, the Antoine equation and empirical models proposed in the literature were tested. In the range of 9.3—29.0 °Brix, the rise in boiling point was nearly independent of pressure, varying only with juice concentration. Considerable deviations of this behavior began to occur at concentrations higher than 29.0 °Brix. Experimental data could be best predicted by adjusting an empirical model, which consisted of a single equation that takes into account the dependence of rise in boiling point on pressure and concentration.
Rheological Properties of Starch and Whey Protein Isolate Gels
Authors: Carvalho C.W.P. , Onwulata C.I. , Tomasula P.M.
Published: November 2007

The paste viscosity of starches Amioca (~0.5% amylose), native corn (~27% amylose), Hylon VII (~70% amylose), tapioca (~19% amylose), and their whey protein isolate (WPI; 50/50) mixtures at varying solid concentration of 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20% were determined. At higher gel concentration (20%) during the cooling cycle, WPI paste measured by rapid visco-analyser (RVA) showed a tremendous increase in viscosity over that of the micro visco-amylograph (MVA), 5784 and 184 cP, respectively. RVA gels had a more uniform network of coarse particles (~250—500 nm) than the fine structures (~50 nm) in those of the MVA. Inclusion of WPI reduced the paste viscosity of all starches by at least 50%, except for Hylon VII at 20% solid concentration. The strength of Hylon VII and corn starch gels was reduced by WPI. In contrast, gels of WPI/tapioca ( G' = 45.4 Pa) and WPI/amioca ( G' = 18.3 Pa) had similar rheological properties as their pure starch control ( G' = 47.4 Pa and G' = 15.3 Pa for Tapioca and Amioca, respectively).
Numerical Modeling of Sandwich Panel Response to Ballistic Loading — Energy Balance for Varying Impactor Geometries
Authors: Kepler J.A. , Hansen M.R.
Published: November 2007

A sandwich panel is described by an axisymmetric lumped mass— spring model. The panel compliance is simplified, considering only core shear deformation uniformly distributed across the core thickness. Transverse penetrating impact is modeled for impactors of diameters comparable to the panel thickness but significantly smaller than panel length dimensions. Experimental data for the total loss in impactor kinetic energy and momentum and estimated damage energy are described. For a selection of impactor tip shapes, the numerical model is used to evaluate different simplified force histories between the impactor and the panel during penetration. The force histories are selected from a primary criterion of conservation of linear momentum in the impactor—panel system, and evaluated according to agreement with the total measured energy balance.
Approaches to Damage Assessment and Damage Tolerance for FRP Sandwich Structures
Authors: Hayman Brian
Published: November 2007

A review is made of production defects and in-service damage types that arise in sandwich structures having fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) face sheets. A brief overview is given of relevant defect and damage models and how these models can be used in an assessment of criticality with regard to local and global structure, as a basis for deciding on corrective measures, for the case of a naval ship. Challenges resulting from limitations in inspection techniques are discussed. The concept of damage tolerance is discussed in the light of the above. It is argued that the most suitable and economical approach to achieving damage tolerance is dependent on the application.
Death Understanding and Fear of Death in Young Children
Authors: Slaughter Virginia , Griffiths Maya
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study was to test whether the developmental acquisition of a mature concept of death, that is, understanding death as a biological event, affects young children's fear of death. Ninety children between the ages of 4 and 8 participated in an interview study in which their understanding of death and their fear of death were both assessed. Levels of general anxiety were also measured via parent report. A regression analysis indicated that more mature death understanding was associated with lower levels of death fear, when age and general anxiety were controlled. These data provide some empirical support for the widely held belief that discussing death and dying in biological terms is the best way to alleviate fear of death in young children.
The Different Stages and Actors Involved in the Process Leading to the Use of Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Zwaanswijk Marieke , Van Der Ende Jan , Verhaak Peter F.M. , Bensing Jozien M. , Verhulst Frank C.
Published: November 2007

Although a substantial number of adolescents suffer from emotional or behavioural problems, only a minority receive mental health care. In order to understand this discrepancy, this article aims to increase insight into the help-seeking process. First, a model of the help-seeking process for adolescent psychopathology was formulated. This model takes into account the sequential nature of help seeking and the involvement of multiple actors (adolescents, parents and teachers) and service providers (general practitioners, mental health care professionals, teachers, and friends/relatives). Using structural equation modelling, the model was empirically tested on 114 Dutch adolescents (aged 12—17 years), who were selected for having emotional or behavioural problems from a representative general practice sample. Of these 16.5% had used mental health services. The sequence of stages and the actors involved in the process leading to mental health care use was similar across gender. Parents and adolescents had a comparable impact on this process. The general practitioner functioned as gatekeeper to mental health care, whereas the teacher's role in the process was limited. Interventions aimed at increasing adolescent mental health service use should be directed at parents and adolescents, and at the roles of school personnel and general practitioners in the detection of problems and referral.
Internet Suicide in Japan: Implications for Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Naito Ayumi
Published: November 2007

Internet suicide, also known as `net suicide', is a phrase which has become one of the most notorious terms to the Japanese in recent times. `Net suicide' refers to suicide pacts that are prearranged between strangers who meet over the internet. Japan has one of the highest suicide rates in the world with 32,325 people killing themselves in 2004. A worrying new trend of net suicide has emerged; as many as 60 people a year have died of this method and the numbers continue to rise. This phenomenon, however, does not limit itself to Japan; for instance in February 2005, the death of two strangers in London, believed to be Britain's first internet suicide, has given cause for concern that this could set a precedent for future such events in Europe and elsewhere. Although there is much research regarding suicide pacts, far less is known about such `net suicide' pacts. Suicide is a multifaceted problem encompassing cultural, social, religious and economic dimensions, and suicide prevention is therefore best managed within a multidisciplinary framework. By examining this Japanese phenomenon, I conclude that individuals as well as society will have to play a complex, dynamic and interactive role in preventing future tragedies.
Shock and subjectivity in the age of globalization
Authors: Friedman Jack R.
Published: November 2007

This article considers the nature of `shock' as both an experiential category and as a strategy used in the processes of globalization. I examine the trope of shock in the lives of coal miners in Romania's Jiu Valley region. The argument contrasts two definitions of shock — the `mimetic' view and the `productive' view (the latter embodied in Ferenczi's notion of Erschütterung) — and shows that, while the strategic goals of globalizing economic institutions (IMF, World Bank) and empire-building states strive for a `productive' shock, what global processes tend to produce in communities marginalized from global flows is a `mimetic' shock and a `shocked subjectivity'.
Agamemnon
Authors: Castellucci Romeo
Published: November 2007

Translated by Joseph P. Cermatori
A Traceless Solid-phase Synthesis of 1,4-Diazabicyclo[3,3,1]octan-3-ones
Authors: Saruta Kunio , Ogiku Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2007

A novel synthesis of 1,4-diazabicyclo[3,3,1]octan-3-one derivatives using a traceless-solid-phase approach is described, in which many kinds of 1,4-diazabicyclo[3,3,1]octan-3-one derivatives have been efficiently obtained in high purity, based on an intramolecular alkylation of tertiary amines followed by an elimination of desired tertiary amines from the generated quarternary ammonium salts.
Homocoupling of Aryl Halides Using Catalytic System of Palladium and Phosphite
Authors: Moon Jeongju , Nam Hyungoog , Ju Jinhun , Jeong Miso , Lee Sunwoo
Published: November 2007

The palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of aryl halides was carried out using phosphite ligands. The optimized reaction conditions were Pd2(dba)3, phosphite 1, and NaOt-Bu in diglyme, and the desired homocoupling products were afforded in moderate to good yields.
Self-assembly and Solvatochromic Fiber Formation of 4,5-Bis(dodecylthio)tetrathiafulvalene-4′-carboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives
Authors: Enozawa Hideo , Honna Youhei , Iyoda Masahiko
Published: November 2007

TTF-carboxylic acid 2 exhibits gelling ability for hexane and cyclohexane to form an orange fibrous material and shows solvatochromism both in solution and in the fiber formation to produce a reddish-purple fibrous material from acetonitrile. Moreover, the corresponding ester 1 forms yellow fibers from acetonitrile. However, the tetrabutylammonium salt 3 produces fine microcrystals without gel or fiber formation.
On the Distributed Bellman-Ford Algorithm and the Looping Problem
Authors: Hutson Kevin R. , Schlosser Terri L. , Shier Douglas R.
Published: November 2007

The classic Bellman-Ford algorithm for calculating shortest paths can be easily adapted to a distributed environment in which the computations are performed locally by identical processors at each network node. A distributed shortest-path algorithm is particularly appropriate for use in communication networks to capitalize on local information rather than rely on a central controller. This paper discusses the behavior of a synchronous version of the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm in a dynamic environment in which communication link costs can undergo change. Several algorithms are described that mitigate or eliminate the occurrence of looping, which is responsible for degrading the performance of distributed shortest-path algorithms. We provide theoretical and computational evidence to show that two proposed algorithms offer improvements upon the original and modified Bellman-Ford algorithms.
A Traffic-Grooming Algorithm for Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks
Authors: Dawande Milind , Gupta Rakesh , Naranpanawe Sanjeewa , Sriskandarajah Chelliah
Published: November 2007

We consider the problem of grooming in all-optical networks to maximize traffic. We present an integer-programming formulation while constraining the number of optical transceivers at each node, the link load, and the capacity of each lightpath. Based on the structural properties of the problem, we develop a heuristic based on a column-generation technique. The algorithm is easy to implement, requires a modest amount of CPU time, and provides high-quality solutions. To ascertain the quality of solutions obtained by our algorithm, we present an alternative formulation that allows us to develop an upper bound using a Lagrangian-relaxation technique. An extensive computational study is presented.
Dynamic Programming to Minimize the Maximum Number of Open Stacks
Authors: de la Banda Maria Garcia , Stuckey Peter J.
Published: November 2007

We give a dynamic-programming solution to the problem of minimizing the maximum number of open stacks. Starting from a call-based dynamic program, we show a number of ways to improve the dynamic-programming search, preprocess the problem to simplify it, and determine lower and upper bounds. We then explore a number of search strategies for reducing the search space. The final dynamic-programming solution is, we believe, highly effective.
Social Facilitation Effects of Virtual Humans
Authors: Park Sung , Catrambone Richard
Published: November 2007

Objective: To investigate whether virtual humans produce social facilitation effects. Background: When people do an easy task and another person is nearby, they tend to do that task better than when they are alone. Conversely, when people do a hard task and another person is nearby, they tend to do that task less well than when they are alone. This phenomenon is referred to in the social psychology literature as social facilitation. The present study investigated whether virtual humans can evoke a social facilitation response. Method: Participants were given different tasks to do that varied in difficulty. The tasks involved anagrams, mazes, and modular arithmetic. They did the tasks alone, in the company of another person, or in the company of a virtual human on a computer screen. Results: For easy tasks, performance in the virtual human condition was better than in the alone condition, and for difficult tasks, performance in the virtual human condition was worse than in the alone condition. Conclusion: As with a human, virtual humans can produce social facilitation. Application: The results suggest that designers of virtual humans should be mindful about the social nature of virtual humans; a design decision as to when and how to present a virtual human should be a deliberate and informed decision. An ever-present virtual human might make learning and performance difficult for challenging tasks.
Multisensory In-Car Warning Signals for Collision Avoidance
Authors: Ho Cristy , Reed Nick , Spence Charles
Published: November 2007

Objective: A driving simulator study was conducted in order to assess the relative utility of unimodal auditory, unimodal vibrotactile, and combined audiotactile (i.e., multisensory) in-car warning signals to alert and inform drivers of likely front-to-rear-end collision events in a situation modeled on real-world driving. Background: The implementation of nonvisual in-car warning signals may have important safety implications in lessening any visual overload during driving. Multisensory integration can provide synergistic facilitation effects. Method: The participants drove along a rural road in a car-following scenario in either the presence or absence of a radio program in the background. The brake light signals of the lead vehicle were also unpredictably either enabled or disabled on a trial-by-trial basis. Results: The results showed that the participants initiated their braking responses significantly more rapidly following the presentation of audiotactile warning signals than following the presentation of either unimodal auditory or unimodal vibrotactile warning signals. Conclusion: Multisensory warning signals offer a particularly effective means of capturing driver attention in demanding situations such as driving. Application: The potential value of such multisensory in-car warning signals is explained with reference to recent cognitive neuroscience research.
Effects of Age and Illumination on Night Driving: A Road Test
Authors: Owens D. Alfred , Wood Joanne M. , Owens Justin M.
Published: November 2007

Objective: This study investigated the effects of drivers' age and low light on speed, lane keeping, and visual recognition of typical roadway stimuli. Background: Poor visibility, which is exacerbated by age-related changes in vision, is a leading contributor to fatal nighttime crashes. There is little evidence, however, concerning the extent to which drivers recognize and compensate for their visual limitations at night. Method: Young, middle-aged, and elder participants drove on a closed road course in day and night conditions at a “comfortable” speed without speedometer information. During night tests, headlight intensity was varied over a range of 1.5 log units using neutral density filters. Results: Average speed and recognition of road signs decreased significantly as functions of increased age and reduced illumination. Recognition of pedestrians at night was significantly enhanced by retroreflective markings of limb joints as compared with markings of the torso, and this benefit was greater for middle-aged and elder drivers. Lane keeping showed nonlinear effects of lighting, which interacted with task conditions and drivers' lateral bias, indicating that older drivers drove more cautiously in low light. Conclusion: Consistent with the hypothesis that drivers misjudge their visual abilities at night, participants of all age groups failed to compensate fully for diminished visual recognition abilities in low light, although older drivers behaved more cautiously than the younger groups. Application: These findings highlight the importance of educating all road users about the limitations of night vision and provide new evidence that retroreflective markings of the limbs can be of great benefit to pedestrians' safety at night.
Generalized electro-magneto statics in nonsmooth exterior domains
Authors: Pauly Dirk
Published: November 2007

We develop a solution theory for a generalized electro-magneto static Maxwell system in an exterior domain Ω ⊂ R
Boundary value problems for differential forms on compact Riemannian manifolds, Part II
Authors: Bolik Jürgen
Published: November 2007

This paper provides solutions to second order boundary value problems for differential forms by means of the method applied in [3] for first order problems. These
Ein Modellbildungskonzept für die praxisgerechte Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit (A Modelling Concept for Practice-Oriented Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty)
Authors: Heidenblut Stefan , Kessel Rüdiger , Sommer Klaus-Dieter , Weckenmann Albert
Published: November 2007

Die Entwicklung eines mathematischen Modells zur Beschreibung der Auswirkungen von Einflussgrößen auf die Ausgabe der Messeinrichtung stellt einen notwendigen Schritt zur korrekten und vollständigen Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit dar, der in der Praxis häufig Probleme bereitet. Es wird eine allgemeine Vorgehensweise zur Modellbildung vorgeschlagen, die auf einer detaillierten Ursache-Wirkungs-Analyse und Modularisierung des betrachteten Messsystems beruht. Ein grafisches Modell dient dabei zur Erfassung der Zusammenhänge der beteiligten Größen und zur anschließenden Ableitung des mathematischen Modells zur Berechnung der Messunsicherheit. Das beschriebene Modellbildungskonzept kann mithilfe von Anwendungsprogrammen unterstützt werden. Dazu wird ein grafischer Editor vorgestellt und dessen automatische Generierung der Modellgleichung diskutiert.
Kalibrieren von Platinwiderstandsthermometern – Modellieren der Messung zum Bewerten der Messunsicherheit (Calibration of Platinum Resistance Thermometers – Modelling the Measurement for Assessing the Uncertainty)
Authors: Steep Eckhard , Henkel Jörg , Sommer Klaus-Dieter
Published: November 2007

Am Beispiel der Kalibrierung eines Präzisions-Widerstandsthermometers an Fixpunkten der Internationalen Temperaturskala ITS 90 wird die systematische Modellierung einer Messung zur Bewertung der Messunsicherheit vorgestellt. Ausgehend von der Beschreibung der Messung wird die systematische Formulierung der Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhänge für die fiktive ideale Messung und folgend, unter Einbeziehung aller bekannten relevanten Unvollkommenheiten, das mathematische Modell für die reale Messung aufgestellt. Durch Invertierung erhält man daraus das Modell zur Auswertung (Modellgleichung). Zusammen mit den quantitativen Kenntnissen über die beteiligten Größen, welche mathematisch durch Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen repräsentiert werden, wird daraus die Messunsicherheit berechnet.
Anisotropie von Feldstärkemessgeräten (Anisotropy of Field Strength Meters)
Authors: Kleine-Ostmann Thomas , Pape Reiner , Münter Klaus , Schrader Thorsten
Published: November 2007

Ergebnisse von Hochfrequenzfeldstärkemessungen sind mit einer metrologisch relevanten Messunsicherheit behaftet, in die nicht nur Beiträge der rückgeführten Felddarstellung und -weitergabe sowie der individuellen Messgeräteeigenschaften eingehen, sondern auch solche, die von den Einsatzbedingungen und der Handhabung herrühren. Die Vorgehensweise zur Erstellung eines nutzungsspezifischen Messunsicherheitsbudgets, das insbesondere die Anisotropie der Feldstärkemessgeräte berücksichtigt, wird diskutiert.
Surface-Induced Dissociation as a Probe for the Energetics and Structure of Lead Clusters
Authors: Waldschmidt B. , Turra M. , Schäfer R.
Published: November 2007

Fragmentation of lead cluster ions (Pb
N

+: N = 2–20) in low-energy collisions with a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface has been investigated by means of a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At low incident energies, all clusters fragment dominantly by an atom loss process. This behavior is characteristic for clusters of metallic elements, but in contrast to Si
N

+, Ge
N

+ and Sn
N

+ clusters. The results therefore demonstrate differences in the electronic and geometric structure between lead clusters and the lighter group-14 element clusters. The low energy dissociation patterns were compared successfully with a recent theoretical study on lead cluster fragmentation, supporting the idea, that lead clusters cations already show signatures of metallic behavior unlike Si
N

+, Ge
N

+ and Sn
N

+ clusters of the same size.
Delayed pubertal onset and development in German children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: cross-sectional analysis of recent data from the DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system
Authors: Rohrer Tilman , Stierkorb Eva , Heger Sabine , Karges Beate , Raile Klemens , Schwab K Otfried , Holl Reinhard W , _ _
Published: November 2007

Objective

To investigate the effect of type 1 diabetes on pubertal onset and development, and to identify factors potentially affecting puberty, including glycemic control, relative diabetes duration, body mass index standard delta score (BMI SDS), insulin dose, and intensity of insulin therapy.

Research design and methods

Initiated in 1990, the Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdaten (DPV) is an ongoing, prospective longitudinal follow-up program to benchmark the quality of diabetes care provided to, predominantly, pediatric patients. Data collection for this non-interventional audit was carried out at 202 German diabetes treatment centers. Patient recruitment was done by referral, clinic/hospital ascertainment, or self-report. Data were analyzed for subcohorts of 1218–2409 boys and 579–2640 girls from a cohort of 24 385 pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. Selection was based on ethnicity and availability of data on Tanner stage 2, or higher, of genital and pubic hair development (boys) or breast and pubic hair development, and menarche (girls).

Results

Boys showed significant (P<0.05) delay (years) in mean ages at onset of genital development (12.0 (±0.9) years) and pubarche (12.2 (±0.4) years). In girls, mean ages at thelarche (11.4 (±0.5) years), pubarche (11.5 (±0.1) years), and menarche (13.2 (±0.5) years) were significantly delayed compared with the general population. Sexual maturity (Tanner stage 5) was not delayed in either sex. Elevated glycohemoglobin and decreased BMI SDS were associated with significantly delayed pubertal onset, whereas relative diabetes duration and insulin dose were not.

Conclusions

Pubertal onset, but not sexual maturity, is delayed in children with type 1 diabetes. Delay increases with higher glycohemoglobin and lower BMI SDS.
Effects of resistance versus endurance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index
Authors: Ahmadizad Sajad , Haghighi Amir Hossein , Hamedinia Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance and endurance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index (SI) in healthy men.

Methods

Twenty-four healthy males (age, 35–48 years) participated in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: endurance training group (n=8), resistance training group (n=8) and control group (n=8). Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental groups performed either endurance or resistance training 3 days a week for 12 weeks. The endurance training programme included continuous running at an intensity corresponding to 75–85% of maximal heart rate, while resistance training consisted of four sets of circuit weight training for 11 stations and at an intensity corresponding to 50–60% of one-repetition maximum. The maximum numbers of repetitions in each station was 12.

Results

There were significant negative correlations between serum adiponectin and body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index and the insulin resistance index at baseline, whereas changes in response to training were not significantly correlated. Both endurance and resistance training resulted in a significant decrease in the SI in comparison with the control group. However, serum adiponectin did not change significantly in response to resistance and endurance training.

Conclusion

Endurance and resistance training caused an improvement in insulin resistance in healthy men, but this improvement was not accompanied by increased adiponectin levels.