bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the eucalypt-defoliating sawfly Perga affinis affinis (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Carne PB
Published: June 2005

The distribution of the sawfly is discussed at several levels, ranging from that within a study region which comprised a substantial proportion of the known range of the insect, to that within the crowns of individual trees.
A mosaic of areas was recognized within the region, each characterized by a degree of ecological uniformity and in which saivfly populations maintained relatively high or low levels of abundance during 6 yr of observation.
The distribution of the insect is influenced strongly by climatic factors, the rainfall and temperature statistics for the critical period October-March for all areas in which it occurs being closely grouped. Such grouping is even more marked for those areas in which the sawfly was consistently most abundant. The cool wet limit of the sawfly's distribution coincides with that of a favoured host species, but the hot dry limit appears to be determined by the insect's susceptibility to desiccation. Although many naturally occurring and planted eucalypts will support sawfly larvae, persistent infestations were recorded only where one or more of three species grew - Eucalyptus blakelyi, E. camaldulensis, or E. melliodora. The sawfly is an inhabitant of river valley woodland, rarely becoming abundant in other situations and being absent from sclerophyll forest formations.
Survival of the insect is greatly influenced by the ease with which it can penetrate into the soil for cocoon formation; it tends to be most abundant in areas of light soil, or where large trees provide a deep litter accumulation. The susceptibility of trees to infestation is influenced by seasonal production of new foliage. Those growing in sites where the water table is high, and whose leaf production is to a large extent independent of rainfall patterns, may be subject to chronic attack.
Distribution between trees is affected by their leaf shape and texture, and by their history of previous defoliation. Small trees are particularly prone to attack, and infestation of mature trees is generally an indication of outbreak abundance of the insect. Similarly, marginally favoured species are attacked only when oviposition sites on more favoured trees are virtually saturated.
Field experiments indicated that an observed contagious distribution of sawfly eggs in portions of the crowns of individual trees is not the result of overt gregariousness on the part of the females, but results from the attraction of the latter to foliage of certain physical characteristics and position on the tree.
Studies on the ecology of Oncopera intricata Walker (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). 4. Effects of density of oviposition, pasture cover, and disease on survival from the egg to the final larval instar.
Authors: Martyn EJ
Published: June 2005

The survival rate in populations of Oncopera intricata Walker in plots 1 sq ft in
area was measured in two seasons. The plots were seeded with 500 and 2000 eggs in
1958 and with 100, 500, and 1500 eggs in 1959. In both years three levels of pasture
cover were provided: short and kept short; initially short; and long. In 1958, two
levels of moisture were provided: natural rainfall; and natural rainfall supplemented
by 0.5 in. of moisture on two occasions. The survival rates were measured in June
and September 1958, and May, July, and September 1959.
In both years the initial density of eggs in the plots significantly influenced
survival rate. In June 1958 there were more larvae in the plots seeded with 500 eggs and
a proportional decrease in survivors between June and September. In 1959 there was a
proportional decrease in survivors until May but a relatively greater rate of decline in
the denser population from May to September. The effect of density in 1958 is explained
in terms of the greater number of larvae that established in unfavourable sites at the
higher density and were subject to high mortality when heavy rain fell in May. In 1959
the effect is attributed to crowding of the larvae in the presence of the pathogenic fungus
Cephalosporium sp.
Long cover favoured survival in 1958 but in 1959 the survival rate was highest
when the pasture cover was kept short. The causes of this reversal are discussed in
relation to soil moisture conditions. Additional moisture in 1958 did not significantly
alter the survival rate as natural rainfall in late March and early April provided reasonable
conditions for the survival of the eggs and young larvae. The significant density x cover
and density x time interactions in 1959 are discussed. Further information is required
before the results of these experiments can be fully applied to natural populations.
Prolonged paralysis of the chick embryo, with special reference to effects on the vertebral column
Authors: Sullivan GE
Published: June 2005

Chick embryos were paralysed with decamethonium, the first dose usually
being administtered at 5 days of incubation. Some of the specimens were kept paralysed
for as long as 1 week.
A number of the treated embryos exhibited deformations in the shape of the
body or abnormal postures of the limbs. These features were probably caused by
pressures arising from contact between the embryo and the actively contracting amniotic
membrane.
In transverse sections through the thorax of some of the embryos, the vertebral
column was seen to have been rotated about its axis. The rotation, as viewed from
the anterior aspect, was always in an anticlockwise direction, and the mid-sagittal plane
of the vertebral column was at an angle of about 30-40 degrees to the median plane of
the body.
In longitudinal sections, the vertebral column was sometimes found to be buckled
into an S-shaped curvature, presumably as a consequence of anteroposterior compression
of the body, which could not be compensated for because of the muscular
paralysis.
There was extensive cartilaginous union between the vertebrae, and the articulation
of the first cervical vertebra with the skull was also fused.
The results obtained by paralysis indicate that functional activity of the embryonic
skeletal musculature plays important roles in ensuring normal development; firstly,
by enabling the embryo to resist external mechanical pressures which would otherwise
result in a distortion of its shape, and secondly, by being a causal factor in the formation
of movable articulations within the vertebral column
The structure and possible function of the cloacal pouches of male Australian Typhlopids
Authors: Robb J
Published: June 2005

Male typhlopids from Australia and some neighbouring regions are unique among members of the genus Typhlops in possessing an unusual type of hemipenes, and a pair of "cloacal pouches". The histology of the pouches is described for the first time, and the suggestion made that because of their structure, and their position relative to other parts of the reproductive system, they may function as sperm sacs.
The physical environment and aestivation in Lymnaea tomentosa (Pfeiffer)
Authors: Lynch JJ
Published: June 2005

If the snail Lymnaea tomentosa, intermediate host of the liver-fluke, Fasciola hepatica, in Australia, has adequate nutrition, experiments reported in this paper have shown that it burrows prior to aestivation. This means that burrowing may be used as an indicator in physiological studies of the initiation of aestivation of L. tomentosa.
Although desiccation results in burrowing and aestivation it may well operate through upsetting the water balance within the snail; the snail burrows when the rate of loss of moisture from the snail to the air exceeds the rate at which the snail can absorb water.
A generic revision of the world Myrmicinae related to Solenopsis and Pheidologeton (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)
Authors: Ettershank G
Published: June 2005

Current classifications of subfamily Myrmicinae stem from the work of Emery,
most recently formulated in 1922. With the exception of a few well-defined tribes, the
remainder (and bulk) of the Myrmicinae is composed of alarge group of genera exhibiting
close phyletic relationships and many bewildering series of convergences. These genera
previously have not been clearly defined and classified due to the too-frequent use of
superficial habitus characters. The present paper examines new, as well as old disused,
taxonomic characters, especially meristic ones, and applies these to a critical analysis
of tribes Solenopsidini and Pheidologetini of authors. The old conventional tribal
groupings prove to have little utility, and pending a re-examination of the remainder of
the Myrmicinae, the use of informal genus groups is recommended. Replacing the two
traditional tribes are four genus groups, related respectively to Monomorium, Megalomyrmex,
Solenopsis, and Pheidologeton, and a number of genera are excluded from these
groups. All the genera are redefined with extensive synonymies. All the currently
unchallenged species-level names in these genera are listed with bibliographic citations,
and a brief review is given of the present status of larval taxonomy.
The anatomy of the pterygoid region of the cat, sheep, goat and monkey
Authors: Gill HI , Grant AA
Published: June 2005

A description of the pterygoid region of the cat is presented. The findings indicate
that the attachments of the pterygoid muscles differ from those described in the
English language. The corresponding regions of the sheep, goat, and monkey have
also been described, and some comparative anatomical features noted.
Australian Blattidae (Blattodae) V. Revision of the genera Anamesia Tepper and Pseudolampra Tepper
Authors: Mackerras MJ
Published: June 2005

A total of 11 species of Anamesia have been named, three of them being described
as new, namely A. maculosa, sp. nov., A, uniformis, sp. nov., and A. angusta, sp. nov.
Four species of Pseudolampra are known, one being described here as new,
namely Ps. venusta, sp. nov.
The spiracular gill of the fly Eutanyderus (Tanyderidae)
Authors: Hinton HE
Published: June 2005

The structure of the spiracular gills of Eutanyderus (Tanyderidae) is described.
The surface of the gill bears a plastron that opens into the spiracular atrium at the
base of the gill. Blood and epidermis are present in the gill lumen in the pharate adult
stage. These tissues are completely isolated from the living animal at the pupal-adult
moult. Although the cuticle of the spiracular gills is relatively thick, it is not rigid
and the spiracular gills are flattened even when exposed to relative humidities as high
as 70 %, and it is suggested that turgidity in the living gill is achieved by the absorption
of water by the isolated tissue.
Description and biology of an Australian species of cypselosomatidae (Diptera) with a discussion of family relationships
Authors: McAlpine DK
Published: June 2005

A new species of the genus Cypselosoma Hendel is described, in both the adult and
immature stages. This constitutes the first record of the family Cypselosomatidae in
Australia. Notes on the family, generic, and specific characters are given with keys to
aid identification. The ecology of the new species is discussed and some adaptions
necessary to survival in its environment are pointed out. The known distribution of
the cypselosomatid genera Cypselosoma and Formicosepsis is given, and the latter
recorded from New Guinea for the first time. The relationships of the families Micropezidae
and Neriidae are discussed in the light of knowledge gained from the more
primitive Cypselosomatidae. It is concluded that the superfamily Micropezoidea
should include the following families : Pseudopomyzidae, Cypselosomatidae, Neriidae,
Micropezidae, and Megamerinidae. Protoborborus Malloch and Heluscolia Harrison
are mentioned as new synonyms of Pseudopomyza Strobl. The genus Heloclusia Malloch
is transferred from the Heleomyzidae to the Pseudopomyzidae.
Revision of the genus Charletonia Oudemans (Acrina : Erythraeidae)
Authors: Southcott RV
Published: June 2005

A comprehensive revision of the genus Charletonia Oudemans, 1910 (Acarina:
Erythraeidae) is made from (1) representative specimens of the Oudemans collection,
Leiden Museum, of European, Asian, African, and Australasian species; (2) the South
Australian Museum collection containing Australian material, as well as European
material collected by Womersley; (3) the author's collection containing Australasian,
Asian, and European material; and (4) the collection of larval erythraeid mites ectoparasitic
upon Australian grasshoppers (and, to a small extent, phasmatids) of the
Australian National Insect Collection, Division of Entomology, CSIRO.
The genus is left with 32 species, comprising 5 European (1 new), 7 African
(1 new), 5 Asian (1 new), and 16 Australasian (10 new). One species, C. volzi (Oudemans),
is recorded from both Asia and Australasia. No North or South American
material was seen. It has been possible to key all of these species, the only exception
being that of C. ojirnai (Kishida) from Japan.
Some reference is made to the life history of C. kvendowskyi (Feider) from
Europe, and the egg stage described from preserved material.
The fragmentary holotype larva of Callidosoma dasypodiae (Womersley) is
redescribed, and brief reference is made to the rediscovery of this species, which has
allowed its correct generic placing, previously impossible from loss of diagnostic parts
of the original material.
Daily patterns of flight activity of blowflies (Calliphoridae : Diptera) in the Canberra district as indicated by trap catches
Authors: Norris KR
Published: June 2005

Patterns of blowfly flight activity were studied in the Canberra district by clearing
traps at 90-min intervals throughout sampling days. In hot weather there were pronounced
morning and afternoon peaks in the trap catches of Calliphora stygia and
C. augur, and there were morning and evening peaks in the male to female ratio. In the
colder months the curves of the trap catches were unimodal. Microcalliphora varipes
visited traps for a shorter period each day than the Calliphora species. Its flight activity
patterns were also bimodal in the hottest months, sometimes with a pronounced evening
peak. Chrysomya rufifacies, Phaenicia cuprina, and P. sericata also commenced to enter
traps much later in the day than Calliphora species and the curves of the daily catches
were essentially unimodal.
There was wide variation in the air temperature at which first and last flies of any
species were caught each day, or at which peaks and troughs occurred in catches.
Temperature when activity ceased tended to be higher than when activity commenced
on the same day. The possible influence of radiation intensity on flight activity is
discussed.
The skin and hair of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (Linn.) I. The facial vibrissae
Authors: Ling JK
Published: June 2005

The arrangement, number, and anatomy of the facial vibrissa follicles of the
southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (Linn.), are described. There are three groups
of vibrissae: mystacial, supraorbital, and rhinal, containing approximately 38, 7, and 1
follicles, respectively. These specialized hairs appear to be retained for at least 2 yr and
are not shed with the pelage hairs at each annual moult. The histology of the vibrissa
follicles and associated organs is described and discussed in relation to their sensory
function. Vibrissa follicles of elephant seals are different in anatomy from those
described in the mouse and rat: the ringwulst is relatively smaller and, in addition to
the sebaceous glands, there are tubular glands of unidentified function but resembling
apocrine sweat glands.
Studies on the biology, immature stages and relative groowth of some Australian bugs of the superfamily Coreoidea (Hemiptera : Heteroptera)
Authors: Kumar R
Published: June 2005

The biology and immature stages of 11 species of native Australian bugs of the
superfamily Coreoidea are studied and their relevance to the status of the included
taxa are considered. The immature stages of Hyocephalidae and Agriopocorinae are
described for the first time and an account of the life cycle of the former is given. The
morphology of the coreoid larvae is studied in detail and the relative growth of pronotum
and antennal and leg segments is studied in six species of Coreidae and Alydidae.
Hypothesis 1 of Matsuda (1961) has been supported.
A case of spontaneous chromosome breakage at a specific locus occurring at meiosis
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

The undescribed species of grasshopper PW21 (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae:
Morabinae) from northern Australia has been found to exhibit three different karyotypes
in its natural populations. Two of these have 2nB = 13, the third has 2nB = 15.
Males are invariably XO, but the X may be either acrocentric or metacentric. The
relation between the 13-chromosome karyotypes and the 15-chromosome one is
complex.
In a single male individual of the 15-chromosome population (out of four
examined cytologically) one of the large pair of metacentric chromosomes regularly
undergoes fragmentation at a locus close to the centromere just before first metaphase.
The acentric fragment is caught up in the spindle but frequently travels to the "wrong"
pole at first anaphase.
Possible causal explanations of this phenomenon are discussed. These include
the one-locus hypothesis ("suicide" of a chromosome) and various two-locus hypotheses
("murder" of one chromosome by another).
Studies on marsupial nutrition V. the nitrogen requirements of the euro, Macropus robustus
Authors: Brown GD , Main A.R.
Published: June 2005

The nitrogen requirements of some female euros (Macropus robustus) were
determined by means of nitrogen balance feeding trials. The average minimum dietary
nitrogen requirement for the maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium was 1.99 g/day
or 309 mg/day per kgW*0.73. The metabolic faecal nitrogen output of the euros, determined
indirectly, was estimated to be 0.27 g/100 g dry matter intake.
The minimum digestible nitrogen requirements of the euros were 160 mg/day per
kgW*0.73, equivalent to approximately 1 g digestible nitrogen per day. The minimum
urinary nitrogen excretion of the euros, at dietary nitrogen intakes of approximately
1 g/day, was an average of 34 mg/day per kgW*0.73.
Comparison of the results obtained with data for eutherian species reported in the
literature indicates that the nitrogen requirements and urinary nitrogen excretion of this
species is markedly less than that of eutherian species. The results are briefly discussed
in relation to survival of the euro in the arid environment of the Pilbara district of Western
Australia.
The ecology of a natural population of the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni. I. The parameters of the pupal and adult populations during a single season
Authors: Bateman MA , Sonleitner FJ
Published: June 2005

The ecology of a natural population of Dacus tryoni is being studied at an orchard
near Sydney, N.S.W. Changes in numbers observed during a single year are described
and discussed. Estimates of pupal numbers were based on the weekly total pupal
production of a random sample of the fruit trees in the orchard. Parameters of the
adult population were measured by means of mark-recapture sampling and analysed
by means of three mathematical models. Discrepancies between some of the estimates
of numbers given by these models are explained by extensive adult emergence at those
times, and the lower survival factors of the young adults. Evidence for the random
sampling of adults is presented. The decline of the population towards the end of the
season was brought about mainly by (1) high pupal mortality, (2) cessation of pupal
production due to diminution and disappearance of larval food, (3) a marked decline in
the number of gravid females, apparently in response to diminishing oviposition sites,
and (4) a high rate of loss of young adults, presumably by emigration. There was no
evidence of overcrowding.
Structures of unknown, possibly Stirdulatory, function on the wings and body of Neuroptera; with an appendix on other endopterygote orders
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

Two associated structures on the wings and body of Neuroptera, with a possible
stridulatory function, are described and illustrated, and their occurrence within the
order is summarized. A structure similar to one of these occurs also in Raphidioptera
and Megaloptera but not in Mecoptera. A different structure occurs in Trichoptera.
Reproductive isolation between two closely related species of the Queensland fruit fly Dracus tryoni (Frogg) and D. neohumeralis Hardy (Diptera : Tephritidae) II. Genetic variation in humeral callus pattern in each species as compared with laboratory-bred hybrids
Authors: Wolda H
Published: June 2005

The variation in humeral callus pattern in Dacus tryoni is genetic. The more
brown there is in the parents, the more there is in the offspring. The possible range of
variation in D. tryoni obtained in a selection experiment is from an almost entirely
yellow humeral callus to a completely brown one.
The variation in Dacus neohumeralis is also genetic. The range of variation
seen in D. neohumeralis in a selection experiment is from an entirely brown humeral callus
to a very large yellow area. The possible range of variation extends probably to much
more yellow.
The actual colour forms obtained were different in the two species. For a given
length of the yellow area in D. neohumeralis flies this yellow area is narrower, further
away from the posterior margin of the humeral callus, further away from the posterodorsal
margin and closer to the frontal margin, than it is in D. tryoni. In D. neohumeralis
the yellow is dirty greenish yellow while in D. tryoni it is bright yellow.
The range of variation in F1 hybrids between the two species is different again.
The darker F1 flies closely resemble D. neohumeralis, in fact most F1 flies from these
experiments were of this type. The more yellow F1 flies are very like D. tryoni and the
ones intermediate between these two are unlike any D. tryoni or D. neohumeralis seen.
The range of variation in F2 hybrids is much greater than in either species. In
fact it covers the whole range of both species. Over the entire range of variation one
finds some flies that look like variants of D. tryoni, some that look like variants of
D. neohumeralis, and again some others that look different. At the darker end of the
scale, variants resembling D. neohumeralis predominate while it is variants resembling
D. tryoni that are most the frequent on the other end of the scale.
The flies obtained from the wild could all easily be classified as either D. tryoni
or D. neohumeralis variants.
It is concluded that the occurrence of intermediates is no evidence for hybridization
between the two species taking place in the field.
The evidence available from the literature in favour of the hypothesis that the
two species do hybridize is discussed and it is shown that this evidence can also easily
be explained under the hypothesis that they are completely isolated reproductively.
Selection in D. tryoni in the wild apparently favours flies with some dorsal brown
and acts against both extremes, an entirely yellow humeral callus on one hand and
more brown on the humeral callus on the other. Selection in D. neohumeralis in the
wild apparently favours flies with a mottled brown humeral callus and acts against
both plain brown and yellow areas. The nature of the selective factors bringing this
about is still unknown.
The distribution of Velacumantus australis (Gastropoda : Potamididae)
Authors: Ewers WH
Published: June 2005

Velacumanatus australis occurs in coastal lakes, estuaries, and shallow sheltered bays along the eastern coast of Australia, south of the Tropic of Capricorn, along the eastern coast of Victoria, the south-western part of Western Australia, and in Tasmania. It has recently become extinct along much of the southern coast of Australia. The habitat of the snail is described. The distribution of the species is limited by the lack of suitable habitat and probably by intolerance to high temperatures. The distribution of V. australis, and other molluscs often associated with it, does not follow the zoo-geographic provinces proposed for organisms living in the littoral region of rocky shores.
Comparative morphology of the male Australian Nepidae (Hemiptera : Heteroptera)
Authors: Lansbury I
Published: June 2005

The male genitalia and wing venation of Austronepa, Laccotrephes, and Ranatra
are described and compared. A general description is given of the male of Austronepa
angusta (Hale). It is concluded that the male genitalia do not seem to provide reliable
subfamily or tribal characters in the genera studied.
Pregnancy in the lactating pigmy possum, Cercartetus concinnus
Authors: Clarke MJ
Published: June 2005

The reproductive tracts of seven Cercartetus concinnus with pouch young were
examined. One female had recently given birth, four were pregnant, and two were
in anoestrus. The post-partum female was near oestrus. The ovaries contained
corpora lutea and large follicles, and luteal regression was occurring in the uteri.
Ovaries of pregnant females contained old corpora lutea and corpora lutea of pregnancy.
Blastocysts recovered from the uteri increased in size with age of the pouch
young. Corpora lutea of pregnancy out-numbered blastocysts in many females,
and blastocysts often out-numbered teats. Ovaries of anoestrous females contained
only old corpora lutea.
During birth the young pass through a cleft in the connective tissue between
the posterior end of the vaginal culs-de-sac and the posterior vaginal sinus. This
cleft, the pseudovaginal canal, closes after parturition.
The observation that embryos of C. concinnus do not enter diapause contrasts
with conclusions previously drawn from circumstantial evidence that the pigmy
possum resembled several species of Macropodidae in undergoing embryonic diapause.
The distribution and fate of the adventitious cartilage in the skull of the eastern rosella, Platycerus eximius (Aves : Psittaciformes)
Authors: Hall BK
Published: June 2005

A histological study has been made of the articulations of the membrane bones
with other elements of the skeleton in the skull of nestling and juvenile eastern rosellas.
The majority of the articulations are diarthrodial. Adventitious cartilage is present
on the membrane bones of the nestlings and serves as an embryonic articular cartilage.
Fibrocartilage replaces the adventitious cartilage in the juveniles and serves as the adult
articular cartilage. The structure and function of these cartilages are discussed and it is
suggested that mechanical stimulation is responsible both for the formation of the
adventitious cartilage and for its replacement by fibrocartilage.
Studies on the ectoparasites of seals and penguins. III. The distribution of the tick Ixodes uriae White and the flea Parapsyllus magellanicus heardi de Meillon on Macquarie Island
Authors: Murray MD , Vestjens WJM
Published: June 2005

On Macquarie I. it rains daily and abundantly; whether the habitat is flooded
or not determines whether the tick Ixodes uriae and the flea Pavapsyllus magellanicus
heardi can survive and breed. The principal hosts of these ectoparasites are penguins;
the degree of infestation of the four species of penguins that breed on Macquarie I.
differs because of differences in their breeding and moulting behaviour.
Royal penguins, Eudyptes chrysolophus schlegeli, form large colonies which are
surrounded by tussock, Poa foliosa. Rock stacks covered with vegetation may be
within the colony. The drier conditions within the tussock and on the rock stacks are
necessary for oviposition and egg development of I. uriae although larvae, nymphs,
and adults can survive submersion in water for many weeks. Royal penguins are
present in the colony from September to April, and consequently a blood meal is
readily available close to the breeding area of the tick for half of the year. In these
circumstances the life cycle of I. uriae can be completed within 2 yr. The other
penguin species do not afford such favourable opportunities for population growth of
I. uriae.
Only the rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome, nests in sheltered situations
such as caves, or under overhanging rocks. In these drier nests the larval and adult flea,
P. magellanicus heardi, can survive, and the larvae can overwinter.
Selection pressures and polymorphisms in Velacumantus australis (Quoy & Gaimard)
Authors: Ewers WH
Published: June 2005

Populations of Velacumantus australis from the Australian mainland are
polymorphic for white-bandedness. The frequency of banded snails in a number of
different populations is higher in small juveniles than in older snails, which suggests
that the same kinds of selection pressures may be maintaining the polymorphism in
different populations.
Selection pressures due to parasitism and predation by boring gastropods
and fish act differentially on banded and unbanded snails. Banded snails are less
often infected with larval trematodes than unbanded snails. These infections cause
either complete castration or considerable degeneration of the gonads. The
significance of this resistance to infection is discussed. On theoretical grounds there
should be a relationship between the incidence of larval trematode infection and
the frequency of banded snails. Data from a number of populations suggest that
there is such a relationship.
Selection pressures other than those due to parasitism and predation probably
play a part in the maintenance of the polymorphism.
The life history of Cooperia Pectinata Ransom
Authors: Keith RK
Published: June 2005

Observations are reported on the morphology of the egg and infective larva,
and on the development in calves of the parasitic stages of Cooperia pectinata Ransom.
The third and fourth moults occurred 2 and 8 days, respectively, after infection.
The pre-patent period was 13-14 days.
Mite parasites of small mammals from scrub typhus foci in Australia
Authors: Domrow R
Published: June 2005

Over 45,000 parasitic mites collected from 732 small mammals live-trapped
between September 1961 and March 1965 at scrub typhus foci in north Queensland
(Atherton Tableland and the coastal strip from Sarina to Cape Tribulation) are
systematically reviewed. The laelapids comprised 38% of the total, the trombiculids
35%, and five other families (mostly Listrophoridae) 27%. A total of 21 genera and
53 species were represented:
Laelapidae 7 genera 18 spp. Myobiidae 1 genus 4 spp.
Spinturnicidae 1 genus 1 sp. Trombiculidae 8 genera 24 spp.
Ereynetidae 1 genus 2 spp. Psoroptidae 1 genus 1 sp.
Listrophoridae 2 genera 3 spp.

A total of 17 host species were examined, comprising one monotreme
(Tachyglossus), one marsupial mouse (Antechinus), two bandicoots (Perameles and
Isoodon), nine rats and mice (Hydromys, Uromys, two Melomys spp., four Rattus spp.,
and Mus), and four bats (Nyctimene, Syconyctevis, and two Pteropus spp.).
In all, 13 of the 18 laelapid species are host-specific, two have a wide host range
(Mesolaelaps australiensis and Laelaps nuttalli), two are possibly nidophiles
(Gymnolaelaps and M. bandicoota), and one is a rare intranasal parasite (Pneumonyssus).
A similar host dependence is true of the members of the five minor families. Chiggers
(larval Trombiculidae) are, on the contrary, habitat-limited, being restricted to the
moist rain-forest floor by their postlarval stages, which are delicate, free-living
predators. Two exceptions are EutrombicuIa hirsti and Guntherana perameles, which
prefer to attach to bandicoots. The preference of chiggers for the ear as an attachment
site in rodents, but the perineum in bandicoots, is confirmed (a few species attach
internally to mucous membranes). No marked seasonal variation in numbers occurs
in the laelapid and miscellaneous species, presumably due to their intimate association
with their hosts. Certain chiggers, however, presumably with one generation a year,
show marked seasonal variation, e.g. Odontacarus and the subgenus Guntherana in
spring and early summer.
The mite vector of scrub typhus, Leptotrombidium deliense, was found in good
numbers, and throughout the year, at all six of the central coastal areas examined (Cape
Tribulation to Ingham). It was not found at the southerly limit of the disease (Mackay-
Sarina area), and it did not prove practicable to study the northerly Cape York area.
On the Atherton Tableland, it was found only in small numbers at one, and that
atypical, of the several foci studied. The causative agent, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi,
was isolated from small ground mammals at the sites where the vector was found.
Both the disease and its vector are concentrated on the wetter side of the 60-in. isohyet,
and in areas of rain-forest or humid marginal vegetation. This is true even of districts
where the sandy soil will not support rain-forest. Cases of scrub typhus have not been
linked directly to established cultivation (sugar-cane is the principal crop), nor does
L. deliense occur in this habitat.
Ultrastructual studies on spematids and sertoli cells during early spermogenesis in the bandicoot Peramelea nasuta geoffroy (Marsupialia)
Authors: Sapsford CS , Rae CA , Cleland KW
Published: June 2005

The present paper deals with spermiogenesis up to and including the attachment
of spermatids to Sertoli cells.
The first observed step in spermatid differentiation was the development of
the anlage of the middle piece and principal piece. This anlage, called the axial
filament complex, has the structure of a cilium and arises from the future longitudinal
centriole, while the latter, together with the future transverse centriole, lies in the
vicinity of the Golgi complex. The definitive acrosomal vacuole, which ultimately
becomes attached to and invaginates the nuclear envelope, is formed by the
enlargement and coalescence of Golgi vacuoles. While this definitive vacuole is
developing, the centrioles and attached axial filament complex migrate to the opposite
pole of the nucleus. Before and during migration a number of accessory structures are
developed in association with the centrioles, and one of these structures, the proximal
junctional body, invaginates the nuclear envelope when the centrioles reach their
definitive abacrosomal position. During this period, a cytoplasmic canal forms around
the intraspermatid part of the axial filament complex.
The definitive acrosomal vacuole ultimately extends out to make close contact
with the plasma membrane of the spermatid. This stage of development is followed
by a process of nuclear protrusion, initiated by the migration of the nucleus towards
the region of contact between acrosomal vacuole and spermatid plasma membrane.
During the migratory phase, that part of the nuclear envelope previously invaginated
by the acrosomal vacuole becomes everted and the latter collapses, finally becoming
sandwiched in between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of the spermatid. The
nucleus subsequently projects from the surface of the spermatid, its acrosome-covered
apex becoming coneshaped. During these phases of development the accessory
structures elaborated in association with the centrioles, and which now lie in the neck
region of the spermatid, have become more highly organized.
The manchette begins to develop in spermatids at the stage at which the acrosome
has become sandwiched in between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of the
spermatid. Concurrently the spermatids become surrounded on all sides by Sertoli
cell cytoplasm. In the later stages of nuclear protrusion, the manchette elongates
and its walls become thicker. The protruding nuclei become orientated with their
acrosome-covered apices facing towards the basement membrane of the tubules.
Aggregations of finely granular material appear in Sertoli cell cytoplasm in the region
of contact with the acrosomal vacuole. The possible role of the manchette and of Sertoli
cell cytoplasm in the phenomenon of nuclear protrusion and orientation is discussed.
Structure and ecdysial process of the larval spiracles of the scarabaeoidea, with special reference to those of Lepidoderma
Authors: Hinton HE
Published: June 2005

The structure of the larval spiracles of the scarabaeid beetle, Lepidoderma
albohirtum Waterh., has been examined by means of serial sections and stereoscan
electron micrographs of whole and dissected specimens. Gas exchanges with the
ambient atmosphere are effected through aeropyles in the spiracular plate. The
aeropyles are of two types: (1) slit-like aeropyles about 4 � long and 0.1-0.5 � wide;
and (2) round or oval aeropyles that are usually about 0.2-0.3 u wide.
The ecdysial tube is often open in preparations, and this has led to the commonly
expressed view that it is the chief or only opening into the spiracular atrium. The open
condition of the ecdysial tube in preparations is an artifact.
The formation of a new spiracle is briefly described. Cuticular struts project
inwards from the peritreme and branch at their apices. Then the apical branches
divide and those from different struts anastomose to form the plate and the network
immediately below the plate. All of these structures are secreted by very long cytoplasmic
projections. The nuclei of the epidermal cells remain in the region of the peritreme
and do not enter the main columns of cytoplasm that in due course secrete the cuticular
struts. The cytoplasmic columns that form the largest struts consist of projections
from many epidermal cells.
The chief differences in the structure of the spiracles within the superfamily
Scarabaeoidea are briefly noted. A closing apparatus is present in the Trogidae,
Lucanidae, Passalidae, and Glaphyrinae but is absent in the Geotrupidae and
Scarabaeidae. The ecdysial process in primitive Scarabaeoidea is of the typical
elateroid type, whereas specialized Scarabaeoidea have a bulla that carries the ecdysial
tube. The modified elateroid process of specialized forms is here named the
pseudopanorpoid type. The spiracles of some species of Trox are biforous. Those of
other species of Trox and all other Scarabaeoidea examined are cribriform. The
cribriform type of spiracle has been evolved on at least two occasions within the
superfamily.
The anatomy and Physiology of the morabine grasshoppers III. Muscles, nerves, tracheae and genitalia
Authors: Blackith RE , Blackith RM
Published: June 2005

Morabine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae) are apterous and elongate.
These features entrain certain changes in the internal anatomy, compared with that of
the generally more robust Acrididae. These changes include greatly developed lateral
muscles of the abdomen, and modifications of the antenna1 musculature. Changes of
more systematic interest include the retention of the primitive median retractor muscle
of the labium, the full 12 pairs of alary muscles, and a different arrangement of the
muscles of the rectum and anus, and of the phallic complex. Comparisons were made
with an elongate acridid, a robust and an elongate pyrgomorphid, and with a description
of the musculature of a proscopiid.
Only one abdominal ganglion is wholly fused to the third thoracic ganglion.
The tracheal system expands into air-sacs more frequently than does that of acridids,
and the dorsal elements in thorax and abdomen are poorly developed. The anatomy
and musculature of the male genitalia are figured, with notes on the inter-relation of
the male and female genitalia during copulation. No true spermatophore is formed,
and sperm is delivered directly to the bursa copulatrix and not to the spermathecal duct.
The Tasmanian freshwater crayfish genus Parastacoidea (Decapoda : Parastacidae)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

Two species of Parastacoides are described. The six known species are figured
and a key is presented for their separation.
Systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the lizard genus Diplodactylus Gray (Gekkonidae)
Authors: Kluge AG
Published: June 2005

Each of the 14 genera now referred to the subfamily Diplodactylinae (Naultinus,
Hoplodactylus, Heteropholis, Bavayia, Rhacodactylus, Eurydactylodes, Pseudothecadactylus,
Carphodactylus, Phyllurus, Nephrurus, Oedura, Diplodactylus, Rhynchoedura,
and Crenadactylus) is characterized on the basis of its internal and external morphology.
The type species, referred species, and distribution are given for each genus.
The Diplodactylinae are divided into two tribes primarily on the basis of
differences in the arrangement and number of preanal pores and the size and shape of
the nasal process of the premaxilla. The Carphodactylini includes Naultinus, Hoplodactylus,
Heteropholis, Bavayia, Rhacodactylus, Eurydactylodes, Carphodactylus,
Pseudothecadactylus, Phyllurus, and Nephrurus. The Diplodactylini includes Diplodactylus,
Oedura, Rhynchoedura, and Crenadactylus.
The Carphodactylini appear to be more primitive than the Diplodactylini.
Carphodactylus may be close to the ancestral stock of the subfamily. Phyllurus and
Nephrurus seem to be closely related to Carphodactylus. Pseudothecadactylus is
considered to be closely related to the New Caledonia-Loyalty Islands radiation, which
consists of Eurydactylodes and Rhacodactylus, and probably Bavayia. The New
Zealand genera Hoplodactylus, Heteropholis, and Naultinus seem to form a natural
group which is related to the New Caledonian genera.
Crenadactylus is probably only distantly related to the other genera of the
Diplodactylini. Rhynchoedura seems to be related to the stenodactylus group of
Diplodactylus, while Oedura shows an affinity to the strophurus group of that genus.
Geographically, the Diplodactylinae is restricted to the Australian Region
(Australia, New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, and New Zealand). The ancestral stock of
the subfamily probably originated in south-east Asia and dispersed toward Australia by
way of the Indo-Australian Archipelago during the upper Cretaceous. It is postulated
that the subfamily reached Australia (and continental New Guinea) by Palaeocene-
Eocene time.
A histochemical examination of the epidermis of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina L.) during the telogen stage of hair growth
Authors: Spearman RIC
Published: June 2005

The epidermal horny layer in the elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, is formed of
dead, flattened, solidly keratinized cells without basophilic nuclear remnants. The
basal part is more compacted than the outer part which is loosely arranged and has
wide dorsoventral intercellular spaces, but the cornified cells appear firmly stuck
together along their lateral junctions. Sloughing of the horny layer at the end of a
season's growth appears to take place without the development of a specialized fission
zone. This is in contrast to the sloughing mechanism in lizards and snakes. Keratin
disulphide bonds are uniformly distributed in the horny layer but bound sulphydryl
groups, calcium, and phospholipids are more concentrated in the basal part. At the
telogen hair growth stage the epidermal horny layer was found to be closely united
with the hair shafts within the insunken follicle necks. In these regions the compact
junctional horny layer reacted for disulphide bonds, bound sulphydryl groups,
phospholipids, and calcium. These substances also occurred in the hook-like keratinized
cells which attached the resting club hair to the base of the follicle, but the hair keratin
itself only reacted strongly for disulphide bonds. The possible significance of bound
phospholipid in the horny layer in waterproofing the skin is discussed.
Estimates of the size of winter flocks of the Pied Currawong, Strepera graculina (Shaw) from mark -recapture data - a new approach
Authors: Readshaw JL
Published: June 2005

Banding records were used to estimate the size of non-breeding winter flocks
of the pied currawong, Strepera graculina, at Albury, N.S.W., during 1964 and 1965.
A new method of analysing mark-recapture data is compared with conventional
methods, and it is shown that the flocks contained between 500 and 1000 birds in
both years. In 1964, the new method provided information on emigration and immigration
that was not apparent when the data were treated in the conventional way.
The new approach considers the common situation in which a population (flock)
is sampled continuously by catching one member (bird) at a time, marking (banding)
it, and returning it to the population. For closed populations, the population size was
estimated by a method involving cumulative catch and recapture data. Subsequently,
this method was successfully tested by simulating the sampling of 20 "populations" of
10,000 random numbers with a computer. The method also provided a simple way of
controlling sampling effort based on recapture data to obtain any desired precision in
the estimation of population size.
Coccidiosis in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), at four sites in different climatic regions in eastern Australia I. Relationship with the age of the rabbit
Authors: Stodart E
Published: June 2005

A total of 2881 rabbits were shot during 1962-64 in regular samples from four
sites representing different climatic regions in eastern Australia. Samples of the faeces
were examined for coccidial oocysts. Seven species of Eimeria (E. stiedae, E. media,
E. perforans, E. irresidua, E. magna, E. piriformis, and E. exigua) were recorded.
Dried lens weight and paunched (eviscerated) body weight of the rabbits were used
as estimates of age. A decrease in oocyst output with increasing age of the rabbit
was apparent when progeny of particular breeding seasons were followed and when
all data were grouped together at the subalpine site. Linear regression analysis
showed that the decrease was greatest at the subalpine site, where the young had high
oocyst counts, less in the subtropical and Mediterranean climates, and virtually
absent at the arid site. The rate of the decrease varied between species; it was greatest
for E. magna and was slight and variable in occurrence for E. piriformis.
Adult rabbits transported from the arid site to infected pasture in Canberra
were found from 1 to 10 weeks after release to have an oocyst count comparable to that
of young rabbits at the subalpine site. Cage-reared progeny of the rabbits from the
arid site were more susceptible to accidental infection than cage-reared progeny of
rabbits from the temperate southern tablelands of New South Wales.
Quasihesma - a new genus of Australian bees (Apoidea : Colletidae)
Authors: Exley EM
Published: June 2005

The genus Quasihesma is proposed for a group of minute bees of the subfamily
Euryglossinae. Three new species are described: Q. moonbiensis, Q. cardaleae, and
Q. doddi.
Observations on nest and nesting behaviour of Amegilla (Asarapoda) sp. (Hymenoptera : Apoidea : Anthophorinae)
Authors: Cardale J
Published: June 2005

Females of Amegilla (Asarapoda) sp. were watched at a nesting site in Brisbane,
Qld., and information was obtained on structure of cells, number of pollen trips to
provision cells, seasonal cycle, and general nesting behaviour.
Studies on the nature and evocation of the articular cartilage on the avian Pterygoid
Authors: Hall BK
Published: June 2005

The histochemistry of the articular cartilage of the pterygoid-parasphenoid
articulation has been studied and compared with adventitious and primary cartilage.
Unlike adventitious cartilage the articular cartilage does not calcify and does not
contain lipid or alkaline phosphatase. By the use of in vitro culture of the articulation
initiation of articular chondrogenesis and joint cavitation has been prevented.
It is postulated that a mechanical factor is the evocater of the articular cartilage.
The ecology of Sminthurus viridis (Collembola) II. Diapause in the aestivating egg
Authors: Wallace MMH
Published: June 2005

The existence of an aestivating diapause in the egg batches of S. viridis is
established. The production of diapause eggs is influenced in females by the increasing
maturity of food plants in the spring.
Morphogenesis is resumed in diapause eggs following physical removal of the
soil covering in the laboratory or exposure to summer field conditions for a period
of 2-3 months.
The mechanisms of the egg diapause in S. viridis are studied experimentally, and
their adaptive significance for the species is discussed.