bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for exploring word‐colour associations
Authors: Chen Yun , Yang Jie , Pan Qianqian , Vazirian Marjan , Westland Stephen
Published: October 2019

Strong associations exist between colours and concepts or words. Understanding these associations, sometimes referred to as colour emotions, is important for effective use of colour in art and design. Traditionally the relationships have been systematically explored in experiments where participants scale colours according to bipolar adjectives such as warm‐cool. In this article, a method for exploring the relationships between words and colours is suggested and is demonstrated. A psychophysical experiment is described where participants select colours based on words. The data are used to show that many similarities between the word‐colour relationships for UK and Chinese participants although some interesting differences are also revealed. The method makes explicit the observation that there is not a one‐to‐one relationship between words and colours. The method could be used to explore word‐colour relationship for specific words and participant groups or could be used to generate ground‐truth data for testing methods for automatically generating the word‐colour relationships.
1,2,4‐Oxadiazole‐Bridged Polynitropyrazole Energetic Materials with Enhanced Thermal Stability and Low Sensitivity
Authors: Yan Tingou , Cheng Guangbin , Yang Hongwei
Published: October 2019

A family of mono or di(1,2,4‐oxadiazole)‐bridged polynitropyrazole derivatives with C‐nitro/N‐nitro functionalities is reported. All compounds were fully characterized by IR, NMR (1H, 13C), elemental analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The solid‐state structure features were further investigated with X‐ray diffraction. Of these, compounds 3,5‐bis(3,4‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole (3 a) and 5,5′‐bis(3,4‐dinitro‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl)‐3,3′‐bi(1,2,4‐oxadiazole) (3 b) possess high thermal stability (3 a: Tdec=274 °C; 3 b: Tdec=272 °C), sensitivity (IS >30 J, FS >360 N) and comparable detonation properties (3 a: Dv=8741 m s−1, P=34.0 GPa; 3 b: Dv=8685 m s−1, P=33.4 Gpa) to RDX. In addition, 3,5‐bis(4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole (4 a) and 5,5′‐bis(4‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)‐3,3′‐bi(1,2,4‐oxadiazole) (4 b) have high decomposition temperature (4 a: Tdec=314 °C; 4 b: Tdec=317 °C), low sensitivity (IS >40 J; FS>360 N) and superior detonation performances (4 a: Dv=8027 m s−1, P=26.4 GPa; 4 b: Dv=7991 m s−1, P=25.2 Gpa) than conventional heat‐resistant explosive hexanitrostilbene (HNS: Tdec=318 °C; IS=5 J; FS=240 N; Dv=7612 m s−1, P=24.3 GPa), thus suggesting their potential application as heat‐resistant explosives.
Flow cytometric features of incidental indolent T lymphoblastic proliferations
Authors: Fromm Jonathan R. , Edlefsen Kerstin L. , Cherian Sindhu , Wood Brent L. , Soma Lori , Wu David
Published: October 2019

Indolent T lymphoblastic proliferations have been reported rarely in extramedullary and extrathymic tissues. Recent work has identified these indolent T lymphoblast populations to be mostly CD4+/CD8+ (characterized by immunohistochemistry), with only limited immunophenotypic evaluation of these populations by flow cytometry (FC). We retrospectively reviewed our institutional FC archives and identified 12 samples from 10 patients with incidental T lymphoblastic populations. Samples were characterized with respect to expression of T‐cell antigens, CD45, TdT, CD1a, and T/NK antigens, and light scatter properties. Overall, the proportion of T lymphoblasts was small (range 0.01–8.8% of white cells; mean, 1.7%). Histologic correlation showed scattered immature T lymphoblasts in samples without overt distortion of underlying architecture. T lymphoblasts were identified most frequently in association with Castleman disease (four) or tissues with Castleman features (four), marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (one), or tissue with reactive/atypical changes (three cases). Although three cases were composed predominantly of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, the majority of cases in our cohort (eight) included a major subset of CD4−/CD8− T lymphoblasts by FC (one case CD8+/CD4−), which has not been described previously. There was no evidence of subsequent progression to T lymphoblastic leukemia. Incidental, indolent T lymphoblastic proliferations may be detected by clinical FC. In contrast to reports, we find that these proliferations in clinical samples may contain not only CD4+/CD8+ immature T cells but also CD4−/CD8− immature T cells, expanding the immunophenotypic spectrum of this entity.
Identifying research priorities in eating disorders: A Delphi study building consensus across clinicians, researchers, consumers, and carers in Australia
Authors: Hart Laura M. , Wade Tracey
Published: October 2019

Objective

Eating disorders are underrepresented among successful applications for medical research funding. Developing agreement on the top research priorities may assist in fostering collaborations, innovation, and meaningful consumer and carer involvement. This study aimed to develop consensus among Australian clinicians, researchers, consumers, carers, and interested members of affiliated industries, on the priorities for eating disorders research.

Method

The Delphi expert consensus method was used. Participants were 291 members of the Australia New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders (ANZAED) or the National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC). Three panels were formed based on participant expertise: “ED Specialists,” Consumers/Carers, and Affiliates. A total of 32 potential research areas (29 in Survey 1, 3 in Survey 2) were rated on a 5‐point scale of importance, with 80% agreement across all three panels required for endorsement as a priority. Participants also ranked 7 broad research domains in order of priority.

Results

Research areas describing early intervention and evidence‐based treatments were the most highly rated, with more than 90% endorsement from each of the three panels. The research domains of accessible evidence‐based treatments, early intervention and detection, and origins of eating disorders, were the most highly ranked. The ED specialists and Consumers/Carers panels had very similar patterns of responding, while the Affiliates panel showed small differences.

Discussion

Using the Delphi expert consensus method resulted in a collaborative consensus driven eating disorders research agenda for the Australian context and forms a model upon which other countries may also develop their funding priorities.
Structure from motion photogrammetry in ecology: Does the choice of software matter?
Authors: Forsmoo Joel , Anderson Karen , Macleod Christopher J. A. , Wilkinson Mark E. , DeBell Leon , Brazier Richard E.
Published: October 2019

Image‐based modeling, and more precisely, Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi‐View Stereo (MVS), is emerging as a flexible, self‐service, remote sensing tool for generating fine‐grained digital surface models (DSMs) in the Earth sciences and ecology. However, drone‐based SfM + MVS applications have developed at a rapid pace over the past decade and there are now many software options available for data processing. Consequently, understanding of reproducibility issues caused by variations in software choice and their influence on data quality is relatively poorly understood. This understanding is crucial for the development of SfM + MVS if it is to fulfill a role as a new quantitative remote sensing tool to inform management frameworks and species conservation schemes. To address this knowledge gap, a lightweight multirotor drone carrying a Ricoh GR II consumer‐grade camera was used to capture replicate, centimeter‐resolution image datasets of a temperate, intensively managed grassland ecosystem. These data allowed the exploration of method reproducibility and the impact of SfM + MVS software choice on derived vegetation canopy height measurement accuracy. The quality of DSM height measurements derived from four different, yet widely used SfM‐MVS software—Photoscan, Pix4D, 3DFlow Zephyr, and MICMAC, was compared with in situ data captured on the same day as image capture. We used both traditional agronomic techniques for measuring sward height, and a high accuracy and precision differential GPS survey to generate independent measurements of the underlying ground surface elevation. Using the same replicate image dataset (n = 3) as input, we demonstrate that there are 1.7, 2.0, and 2.5 cm differences in RMSE (excluding one outlier) between the outputs from different SfM + MVS software using High, Medium, and Low quality settings, respectively. Furthermore, we show that there can be a significant difference, although of small overall magnitude between replicate image datasets (n = 3) processed using the same SfM + MVS software, following the same workflow, with a variance in RMSE of up to 1.3, 1.5, and 2.7 cm (excluding one outlier) for “High,” “Medium,” and “Low” quality settings, respectively. We conclude that SfM + MVS software choice does matter, although the differences between products processed using “High” and “Medium” quality settings are of small overall magnitude.
Metropolitan lizards? Urbanization gradient and the density of lagartixas (Tropidurus hispidus) in a tropical city
Authors: de Andrade Antonio C.
Published: October 2019

Urbanization, with its cohort of environmental stressors, has a dramatic effect on wildlife, causing loss of biodiversity and decline in population abundance customarily associated with increasing levels of impervious surface and fragmentation of native habitats. Some studies suggest that faunal species from open habitats, and with higher abundance in natural environments, seem more likely to tolerate and live in urban environments. Here I evaluate how the level of urbanization affects lagartixas (Tropidurus hispidus) one of the most common lizards found in open vegetation ecosystems in NE Brazil. I surveyed a total of 47 transects across sites that differed in proportion of impervious surface (high, mild, peri‐urban, and rural). I also collected specific biotic (herbaceous cover, tree, and arthropod abundance) and abiotic (amount of shelters and impervious surfaces) factors that could affect lagartixas abundance. Ants were the most common arthropod both in the rural and urban environment. Lagartixas thrive in urban environments, and trees and shelter were key predictors of their abundance. Lagartixas show a clear association with use of artificial structures. The low densities of lagartixas in rural areas and higher density in urbanized areas suggest that they colonized urban areas due to the hard surfaces and they probably are not exploiting a novel habitat, but somewhat responding to conditions resembling those in which they evolved. Finally, lagartixas are extremely common in tropical cities, they have a suite of features that are associated with selective pressures in cities and they might play a key functional role in urban ecosystems making this lizard an excellent system for the study of ecology and adaptation to the urban environments.
The complete mitochondrial genomes of two vent squat lobsters, Munidopsis lauensis and M. verrilli: Novel gene arrangements and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Sun Shao'e , Sha Zhongli , Wang Yanrong
Published: October 2019

Hydrothermal vents are considered as one of the most extremely harsh environments on the Earth. In this study, the complete mitogenomes of hydrothermal vent squat lobsters, Munidopsis lauensis and M. verrilli, were determined through Illumina sequencing and compared with other available mitogenomes of anomurans. The mitogenomes of M. lauensis (17,483 bp) and M. verrilli (17,636 bp) are the largest among all Anomura mitogenomes, while the A+T contents of M. lauensis (62.40%) and M. verrilli (63.99%) are the lowest. The mitogenomes of M. lauensis and M. verrilli display novel gene arrangements, which might be the result of three tandem duplication–random loss (tdrl) events from the ancestral pancrustacean pattern. The mitochondrial gene orders of M. lauensis and M. verrilli shared the most similarities with S. crosnieri. The phylogenetic analyses based on both gene order data and nucleotide sequences (PCGs and rRNAs) revealed that the two species were closely related to Shinkaia crosnieri. Positive selection analysis revealed that eighteen residues in seven genes (atp8, Cytb, nad3, nad4, nad4l, nad5, and nad6) of the hydrothermal vent anomurans were positively selected sites.
Diet variability among insular populations of Podarcis lizards reveals diverse strategies to face resource‐limited environments
Authors: Taverne Maxime , Fabre Anne‐Claire , King‐Gillies Nina , Krajnović Maria , Lisičić Duje , Martin Louise , Michal Leslie , Petricioli Donat , Štambuk Anamaria , Tadić Zoran , Vigliotti Chloé , Wehrle Beck A. , Herrel Anthony
Published: October 2019

Access to resources is a dynamic and multicausal process that determines the success and survival of a population. It is therefore often challenging to disentangle the factors affecting ecological traits like diet. Insular habitats provide a good opportunity to study how variation in diet originates, in particular in populations of mesopredators such as lizards. Indeed, high levels of population density associated with low food abundance and low predation are selection pressures typically observed on islands. In the present study, the diet of eighteen insular populations of two closely related species of lacertid lizards (Podarcis sicula and Podarcis melisellensis) was assessed. Our results reveal that despite dietary variability among populations, diet taxonomic diversity is not impacted by island area. In contrast, however, diet disparity metrics, based on the variability in the physical (hardness) and behavioral (evasiveness) properties of ingested food items, are correlated with island size. These findings suggest that an increase in intraspecific competition for access to resources may induce shifts in functional components of the diet. Additionally, the two species differed in the relation between diet disparity and island area suggesting that different strategies exist to deal with low food abundance in these two species. Finally, sexual dimorphism in diet and head dimensions is not greater on smaller islands, in contrast to our predictions.
Combined pulsed and thermal radiofrequency versus thermal radiofrequency alone in the treatment of recurrent trigeminal neuralgia after microvascular decompression: A double blinded comparative study
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Khaled A. , Elawamy Abdelraheem M. , Mostafa Mohamed F. , Hasan Waleed S. , Herdan Ragaa , Osman Nagwa M. , Ibrahim Abdelrady S. , Aly Mohamed G. , Ali Abdelhady S. , Abodahab Gamal M.
Published: October 2019

Background

Recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (RTN) is a common clinical problem and pain recurs in many patients after microvascular decompression (MVD). We evaluated the effect of adding pulsed radiofrequency to radiofrequency thermocoagulation at 60°C compared to radiofrequency thermocoagulation at 70°C alone in the treatment of recurrent trigeminal neuralgia after microvascular decompression.

Methods

40 patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia after microvascular decompression were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group A: received prolonged duration of pulsed radiofrequency followed by less destructive thermocoagulation, while group B: received sole thermocoagulation. Then patients followed up for 2 years to evaluate the success rate by the Barrow Neurological Institute Pain Intensity (BNI) Scale, complications, and the need to medical treatment.

Results

The success rate was 100% in both groups at discharge (BNI < III). It was 83.3% and 78.7% after 6 months, 77.8% and 68.4% after 12 month, 72.2% and 68.4% after 18 months and 66.7% and 63.1% after 24 months in group A and B, respectively (p > .05). In group A 88.9% of patients stopped tegretol treatment after the procedure compared to 84.2% in group B (p = .32). 88.9% compared to 89.5% % in group A and B, respectively, did not use tricyclic antidepressant (p = .61). The overall complications in group A was 5.61%, while it was 36.8% in group B (p = .025).

Conclusion

Combined pulsed and thermal radiofrequency can significantly reduce the incidence of the side effects/complications with similar success rate than using thermal radiofrequency alone in treatment of recurrent trigeminal neuralgia after microvascular decompression.
Prepotassiated V2O5 as the Cathode Material for High‐Voltage Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yuan Kai , Ning Ruiqi , Bai Maohui , Hu Nan , Zhang Kun , Gu Jinlei , Li Qingyu , Huang Youguo , Shen Chao , Xie Keyu
Published: October 2019

The voltage and capacity of cathodes are critical factors for energy density of batteries. However, the cutoff voltage of cathode materials in potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) is usually 4.0 V, causing structural transformations in the electrode materials in the course of repeated insertion/extraction of K+ ions with a large radius (1.38 Å). Materials with large interlayer spacing and short ion diffusion paths show promise to overcome this issue. K0.486V2O5 nanobelts, prepared by preinserting K+ ions into V2O5, are used as cathode materials in high‐voltage PIBs. Various analysis methods are used to understand the insertion/extraction behavior of K+ ions in K0.486V2O5 cathodes cycled between 1.5 and 4.2 V. The analyses reveal the highly reversible structural evolution of K0.486V2O5, in which the chemically inserted K+ ions partially remain between VO layers charged at high voltage serving as stabilizing species to prevent phase transformations. K0.486V2O5 cathodes exhibit a high specific capacity of 159 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 with good cycling stability of 67.4% after 100 cycles at 100 mAh g−1 in the half K‐ion cell. The results provide guidelines for designing layered transition metal oxides to be used as cathode materials for high‐voltage PIBs with high energy density.
Mobile ground‐based SMART radar observations and wind retrievals during the landfall of Hurricane Harvey (2017)
Authors: Alford A. Addison , Biggerstaff Michael I. , Carrie Gordon D.
Published: October 2019

This article describes a unique ground‐based weather radar dataset collected during the landfall of Hurricane Harvey (2017) along the United States Gulf Coast, documents the wind retrievals conducted with this dataset, and reports on the location of the archive of the data and wind retrievals so that others may gain access and use of these data. Datasets from C‐band dual‐polarimetric Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching (SMART) radar and the United States National Weather Service WSR‐88D in Corpus Christi, Texas, are presented, along with dual‐Doppler analyses before and during Harvey's landfall on the United States Gulf Coast. The quality assurance and dual‐Doppler wind synthesis procedures are detailed. Nearly 8 hr of dual‐Doppler wind analyses were constructed, providing an unprecedented dataset for use in understanding hurricane dynamics at landfall and validating numerical simulations of Hurricane Harvey. In addition, raw, dual‐polarization data not used in the dual‐Doppler syntheses, but included in each radar dataset, are also summarized.
Generalizability of machine learning for classification of schizophrenia based on resting‐state functional MRI data
Authors: Cai Xin‐Lu , Xie Dong‐Jie , Madsen Kristoffer H. , Wang Yong‐Ming , Bögemann Sophie Alida , Cheung Eric F. C. , Møller Arne , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: October 2019

Machine learning has increasingly been applied to classification of schizophrenia in neuroimaging research. However, direct replication studies and studies seeking to investigate generalizability are scarce. To address these issues, we assessed within‐site and between‐site generalizability of a machine learning classification framework which achieved excellent performance in a previous study using two independent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets collected from different sites and scanners. We established within‐site generalizability of the classification framework in the main data set using cross‐validation. Then, we trained a model in the main data set and investigated between‐site generalization in the validated data set using external validation. Finally, recognizing the poor between‐site generalization performance, we updated the unsupervised algorithm to investigate if transfer learning using additional unlabeled data were able to improve between‐site classification performance. Cross‐validation showed that the published classification procedure achieved an accuracy of 0.73 using majority voting across all selected components. External validation found a classification accuracy of 0.55 (not significant) and 0.70 (significant) using the direct and transfer learning procedures, respectively. The failure of direct generalization from one site to another demonstrates the limitation of within‐site cross‐validation and points toward the need to incorporate efforts to facilitate application of machine learning across multiple data sets. The improvement in performance with transfer learning highlights the importance of taking into account the properties of data when constructing predictive models across samples and sites. Our findings suggest that machine learning classification result based on a single study should be interpreted cautiously.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Current landscape and future directions
Authors: Kao Hsiang‐Fong , Lou Pei‐Jen
Published: October 2019

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can reinvigorate T cells and activate the immune system to eliminate cancer cells. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a malignancy with a poor prognosis. The roles of ICIs for HNSCC treatments are emerging.

Method

We reviewed the study results of Programmed‐Death 1 (PD‐1) and PD‐ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) monoclonal antibodies for HNSCC. The ongoing trials of anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 were also reviewed.

Results

Nivolumab showed a significant overall survival benefit in platinum‐refractory HNSCC patients. For platinum‐sensitive or first‐line patients, pembrolizumab monotherapy (patients with PD‐L1 Combined Positive Score ≥ 20) or pembrolizumab‐platinum‐fluorouracil improved overall survival vs the EXTREME (cetuximab‐platinum‐fluorouracil). Many HNSCC studies have combined anti‐PD1/PD‐L1 therapy with various anticancer agents or radiotherapy to improve treatment efficacy.

Conclusion

ICIs demonstrate their efficacies for R/M HNSCC patients. The incorporation of ICIs showed a great impact on the treatment landscape of HNSCC.
Pathogenic role of exosomes and microRNAs in HPV‐mediated inflammation and cervical cancer: A review
Authors: Sadri Nahand Javid , Moghoofei Mohsen , Salmaninejad Arash , Bahmanpour Zahra , Karimzadeh Mohammad , Nasiri Mitra , Mirzaei Hamid Reza , Pourhanifeh Mohammad Hossein , Bokharaei‐Salim Farah , Mirzaei Hamed , Hamblin Michael R.
Published: October 2019

Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women. The most important risk factor for the development of CC is cervical infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Inflammation is a protective strategy that is triggered by the host against pathogens such as viral infections that acts rapidly to activate the innate immune response. Inflammation is beneficial if it is brief and well controlled; however, if the inflammation is excessive or it becomes of chronic duration, it can produce detrimental effects. HPV proteins are involved, both directly and indirectly, in the development of chronic inflammation, which is a causal factor in the development of CC. However, other factors may also have a potential role in stimulating chronic inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) (a class of noncoding RNAs) are strong regulators of gene expression. They have emerged as key players in several biological processes, including inflammatory pathways. Abnormal expression of miRNAs may be linked to the induction of inflammation that occurs in CC. Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles shed by almost all types of cells, which can function as cargo transfer vehicles. Exosomes contain proteins and genetic material (including miRNAs) derived from their parent cells and can potentially affect recipient cells. Exosomes have recently been recognized to be involved in inflammatory processes and can also affect the immune response. In this review, we discuss the role of HPV proteins, miRNAs and exosomes in the inflammation associated with CC.
PREgnancy Nutrition: A protocol for the development of a Core Outcome Set (PRENCOS)
Authors: Killeen Sarah Louise , O'Brien Eileen C. , Jacob Chandni Maria , O'Reilly Sharleen L. , Hanson Mark , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To develop a Core Outcome Set (COS) for pregnancy nutrition research that is relevant to varied stakeholders and resource settings.

Methods

This study has three distinct phases. The first phase involves generating a list of outcomes for consideration for the COS. This includes a systematic review of studies evaluating nutrition during pregnancy where all outcomes reported in relevant literature will be extracted. Qualitative interviews with currently or previously pregnant women will also be conducted. This step will supplement the findings of the systematic review by identifying additional outcomes of importance to this stakeholder group. In the second phase of the study, healthcare professionals, researchers, and mothers from various international resource settings will be invited to participate in a two‐round modified Delphi survey. The aim of the survey is to gain consensus on which outcomes are most important to include in the COS. Finally, a face–face consensus meeting will be held with a select group of participants to finalize the COS.

Conclusion

This COS will support standardization of outcome reporting in pregnancy nutrition research and ensure that selected outcomes are considered important by a variety of stakeholders. This will enhance the evidence behind nutrition interventions in pregnancy to improve outcomes for pregnant women.
2019 Update to the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit
Authors: Flannery Alexander H. , Soric Mate M. , Benavides Sandra , Bobbitt Laura J. , Chan Alexandre , Crannage Andrew J. , Flores Emily K. , Gibson Caitlin M. , Gurgle Holly E. , Kolanczyk Denise M. , Merlo Jessica R. , Schwinghammer Terry L.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

The American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit was created by the 2008 ACCP Educational Affairs Committee to provide guidance to schools and colleges of pharmacy for didactic pharmacotherapy curricular development. The toolkit was revised and updated by the 2016 ACCP Educational Affairs Committee.

Objectives

In accordance with the ACCP Board of Regents decision to update the toolkit every 3 years, the 2019 ACCP Publications Committee was charged with updating the 2016 toolkit to guide adequate disease state inclusion and depth of pharmacotherapy coverage in pharmacy curricula.

Methods

The committee retained the competency‐based tier definitions and organization of the 2016 toolkit. Multiple literature resources were reviewed to assess medical conditions responsive to drug therapy for inclusion in the 2019 toolkit. The committee also reviewed the tier designation for all toolkit entries for appropriateness, given recent advances in medical care and evolving patient care responsibilities of clinical pharmacists. Updates to the toolkit were made by consensus with electronic voting when required.

Results

The 2019 toolkit contains 302 topics, including 94 (31%) tier 1, 133 (44%) tier 2, and 75 (25%) tier 3 entries. There are 26 additional topics in the updated toolkit, including 12 new tier 1 topics that are generally treated with nonprescription medications. Eleven new topics were added to tier 2, and 20 topics were added to tier 3 (including 11 topics in the Oncologic Disorders section). The tier classification of some conditions was changed to reflect current pharmacy practice expectations.

Conclusion

As with the 2016 toolkit, the large number of tier 1 topics will require schools and colleges to employ creative teaching strategies to achieve practice competence in all graduates. The large number of tier 2 topics highlights the importance of postgraduate training and experience for pharmacy graduates desiring to provide direct patient care.
Evaluation of regional climate model simulated rainfall over Indonesia and its application for downscaling future climate projections
Authors: Chandrasa Ganesha T. , Montenegro Alvaro
Published: October 2019

The need for good quality information on climate and its future changes has become increasingly important for society. Of particular interest are analysis and predictions of rainfall at pertinent spatial scales. An option is the use of regional climate models (RCMs) as a physics‐based downscaling tool to retrieve higher spatial resolution information from coarser present and future climate datasets. In order to verify if simulations provide added values that result in an appropriate representation of the state of climate at finer spatial resolutions, the adoption of RCMs requires prior optimization. The performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model RCM in simulating precipitation over Indonesia is examined by a series of sensitivity experiments using different parameterized convective physics. Among four tested schemes, the best performance is provided by the Betts‐Miller‐Janjic (BMJ) parameterization. RCM multiannual seasonal rainfall bias outperforms or matches the reanalysis. Modeled results provide added value in simulating rainfall‐related climate indices but show low skill in recreating the annual rainfall pattern at monthly resolution. RCM precipitation exhibits complex spatial response to different ENSO phases, with El Niño conditions resulting in a general loss of model skill during the southern hemisphere spring. A series of regional climate simulations using the BMJ convective scheme forced by a future climate projection dataset show changes in rainfall aligned with previous studies.
The southern Amazon rainy season: The role of deforestation and its interactions with large‐scale mechanisms
Authors: Leite‐Filho Argemiro T. , Costa Marcos H. , Fu Rong
Published: October 2019

Past studies presented evidence that deforestation may affect the precipitation seasonality in southern Amazon. This study uses daily rainfall data from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 product and a recent yearly 1‐km land use dataset to evaluate the quantitative effects of deforestation on the onset, demise and length of the rainy season in southern Amazon for a period of 15 years (1998–2012). Additionally, we use the Niño4 index, zonal wind data and deforestation data to explain and predict the interannual variability of the onset of the rainy season. During this period, onset has delayed ~0.38 ± 0.05 days per year (5.7 ± 0.75 days in 15 years), demise has advanced 1.34 ± 0.76 days per year (20 ± 11.4 days in 15 years) and the rainy season has shortened by 1.81 ± 0.97 days per year (27 ± 14.5 days in 15 years). Onset, demise and length also present meridional and zonal gradients linked to large‐scale climate mechanisms. After removing the effects related to geographical position and year, we verified a relationship between onset, demise and length and deforestation: Onset delays ~0.4 ± 0.12 day, demise advances ~1.0 ± 0.22 day and length decreases ~0.9 ± 0.34 day per each 10% deforestation increase relative to existing forested area. We also present empirical evidence of the interaction between large‐scale and local‐scale processes, with interannual variation of the onset in the region explained by Niño4 sea surface temperature anomalies, Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet position, deforestation and their interactions (r2 = 69%, p < .001, mean absolute error = 2.7 days).
Experimental periodontitis in Msx2 mutant mice induces alveolar bone necrosis
Authors: Korah Linda , Amri Nawel , Bugueno Isaac Maximiliano , Hotton Dominique , Tenenbaum Henri , Huck Olivier , Berdal Ariane , Davideau Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2019

Background

Msx2 homeoprotein is a key transcription factor of dental and periodontal tissue formation and is involved in many molecular pathways controlling mineralized tissue homeostasis such as Wnt/sclerostin pathway. This study evaluated the effect of Msx2‐null mutation during experimental periodontitis in mice.

Methods

Experimental periodontitis was induced for 30 days in wild‐type and Msx2 knock‐in Swiss mice using Porphyromonas gingivalis infected ligatures. In knock‐in mice, Msx2 gene was replaced by n‐LacZ gene encoding β‐galactosidase. Periodontal tissue response was assessed by histomorphometry, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase histoenzymology, β‐galactosidase, sclerostin immunochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nickend labeling assay. Expression of Msx2 gene expression was also evaluated in human gingival biopsies using RT‐qPCR.

Results

During experimental periodontitis, osteonecrosis area and osteoclast number were significantly elevated in knock‐in mice compared with wild‐type mice. Epithelial downgrowth and bone loss was similar. Sclerostin expression in osteocytes appeared to be reduced during periodontitis in knock‐in mice. Msx2 expression was detected in healthy and inflamed human gingival tissues.

Conclusion

These data indicated that Msx2 pathway influenced periodontal tissue response to experimental periodontitis and appeared to be a protective factor against alveolar bone osteonecrosis. As shown in other inflammatory processes such as atherothrombosis, genes initially characterized in early development could also play an important role in human periodontal pathogenesis.
Cryosurgical ablation for treatment of rhinitis: A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Chang Michael T. , Song Sunhee , Hwang Peter H.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To assess the efficacy and safety of cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve (PNN) for treatment of chronic rhinitis.

Methods

This was a prospective single‐arm trial of 98 adult patients at six U.S. centers with chronic allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. PNN cryoablation was performed in‐office under local anesthesia using a handheld device. Patients discontinued use of intranasal ipratropium 3 days prior to treatment and throughout the study period. Reflective Total Nasal Symptom Score (rTNSS) was measured at pretreatment baseline and posttreatment at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months. The Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) was completed at pretreatment and 3 months posttreatment. Adverse effects and postprocedure medication usage were recorded.

Results

Ninety‐eight procedures (100%) were successfully completed. rTNSS significantly improved over pretreatment baseline (6.1 ± 1.9) at 1 month (2.9 ± 1.9, P < 0.001), 3 months (3.0 ± 2.3, P < 0.001), 6 months (3.0 ± 2.1, P < 0.001), and 9 months (3.0 ± 2.4, P < 0.001) postprocedure. Nasal congestion and rhinorrhea subscores improved significantly at all time points (P < 0.001). Both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis subcohorts showed improvement (P < 0.001), with a comparable degree of improvement between groups. RQLQ significantly improved over pretreatment baseline (3.0 ± 1.0) at 3 months (1.5 ± 1.0, P < 0.001), and all RQLQ subdomains demonstrated improvement. Of 54 patients using intranasal medication at baseline, 19 (35.2%) were able to discontinue use. Twenty‐nine adverse effects were reported, including headache, epistaxis, and sinusitis.

Conclusion

Cryoablation of the PNN for chronic rhinitis is safe and can result in relief of nasal symptoms and improvements in quality of life.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130: 1877–1884, 2020
Sinonasal Oncocytic Papilloma—A Series of 20 Cases With Special Emphasis on Recurrences
Authors: Lilja Markus , Viitasalo Sanna , Hytönen Maija , Haapaniemi Aaro , Hagström Jaana , Mäkitie Antti
Published: October 2019

Objective

Reports on sinonasal oncocytic papilloma (SNOP) are scarce. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical features of this rarest form of sinonasal papilloma with special emphasis on the pattern of recurrences and on the potential factors predicting them.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

Between the years 1994 and 2016, 20 patients (mean age 66 years; range 30–87) were diagnosed with SNOP at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, HUS Helsinki University Hospital (Helsinki, Finland). Hospital charts were reviewed to record various medical and sociodemographic patient characteristics, and the archived histological specimens were re‐evaluated. Postoperative follow‐up time varied between 26 days and 167 months.

Results

Maxillary sinus was the most common (60%) tumor location. None of the tissue samples showed dysplasia. Recurrence rate was 39% and the median time span to the first recurrence was 25 months (range 7–71). Smokers had more often a recurrence than nonsmokers (75% vs. 31%). Patients with perioperative purulent rhinosinusitis during the primary surgery had a higher recurrence rate compared with those without (60% vs. 31%). Tumors located in the sinuses recurred more often than those located in the nasal cavity (45% vs. 29%). However, all these findings remained statistically nonsignificant. None of the cases showed malignant transformation during the follow‐up.

Conclusion

SNOP has a propensity to recur. History of smoking, purulent rhinosinusitis during the primary surgery, and tumor location in the sinuses outside the nasal cavity seem to contribute to an increased trend in the risk of recurrence.

Level of Evidence

4
Time‐varying responses of lake metabolism to light and temperature
Authors: Phillips Joseph S.
Published: October 2019

Light is a primary driver of lake ecosystem metabolism, and the dependence of primary production on light is often quantified as a photosynthesis‐irradiance or “P‐I” curve. The parameters of the P‐I curve (e.g., the maximum primary production when light is in excess) can change through time due to a variety of biological factors (e.g., changes in biomass or community composition), which themselves are subject to external drivers (e.g., herbivory or nutrient availability). However, the relative contribution of variation in the P‐I curve to overall ecosystem metabolism is largely unknown. I developed a statistical model of ecosystem metabolism with time‐varying parameters governing the P‐I curve, while also accounting for the influence of temperature. I parameterized the model with dissolved oxygen time series spanning six summers from Lake Mývatn, a shallow eutrophic lake in northern Iceland with large temporal variability in ecosystem metabolism. All of the estimated parameters of the P‐I curve varied substantially through time. The sensitivity of primary production to light under light‐limiting conditions was particularly variable (>15‐fold) and had a compensatory relationship with ambient light levels. However, the 3.5‐fold variation in the maximum potential primary production made the largest contribution to variation in ecosystem metabolism, accounting for around 90% of the variance in net ecosystem production. Much of the variation in maximum primary production was attributable to cyanobacterial blooms, which occur in some but not all years in Mývatn. Overall, these results illustrate how changes in the P‐I curve contribute substantially to temporal variation in lake ecosystem metabolism.
Insights into the genome structure of four acetogenic bacteria with specific reference to the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway
Authors: Esposito Alfonso , Tamburini Sabrina , Triboli Luca , Ambrosino Luca , Chiusano Maria Luisa , Jousson Olivier
Published: October 2019

Acetogenic bacteria are obligate anaerobes with the ability of converting carbon dioxide and other one‐carbon substrates into acetate through the Wood–Ljungdahl (WL) pathway. These substrates are becoming increasingly important feedstock in industrial microbiology. The main potential industrial application of acetogenic bacteria is the production of metabolites that constitute renewable energy sources (biofuel); such bacteria are of particular interest for this purpose thanks to their low energy requirements for large‐scale cultivation. Here, we report new genome sequences for four species, three of them are reported for the first time, namely Acetobacterium paludosum DSM 8237, Acetobacterium tundrae DSM 917, Acetobacterium bakii DSM 8239, and Alkalibaculum bacchi DSM 221123. We performed a comparative genomic analysis focused on the WL pathway's genes and their encoded proteins, using Acetobacterium woodii as a reference genome. The Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values ranged from 70% to 95% over an alignment length of 5.4–6.5 Mbp. The core genome consisted of 363 genes, whereas the number of unique genes in a single genome ranged from 486 in A. tundrae to 2360 in A.bacchi. No significant rearrangements were detected in the gene order for the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway however, two species showed variations in genes involved in formate metabolism: A. paludosum harbor two copies of fhs1, and A. bakii a truncated fdhF1. The analysis of protein networks highlighted the expansion of protein orthologues in A. woodii compared to A. bacchi, whereas protein networks involved in the WL pathway were more conserved. This study has increased our understanding on the evolution of the WL pathway in acetogenic bacteria.
Effects of applying inorganic fertilizer and organic manure for 35 years on the structure and diversity of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea communities in a Chinese Mollisols field
Authors: Ding Jianli , Ma Mingchao , Jiang Xin , Liu Yao , Zhang Junzheng , Suo Linna , Wang Lei , Wei Dan , Li Jun
Published: October 2019

In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of soil, and the diversity and structure of the soil ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) community, when subjected to fertilizer treatments for over 35 years. We collected soil samples from a black soil fertilization trial in northeast China. Four treatments were tested: no fertilization (CK); manure (M); nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) chemical fertilizer (NPK); and N, P, and K plus M (MNPK). We employed 454 high‐throughput pyrosequencing to measure the response of the soil AOA community to the long‐term fertilization. The fertilization treatments had different impacts on the shifts in the soil properties and AOA community. The utilization of manure alleviated soil acidification and enhanced the soybean yield. The soil AOA abundance was increased greatly by inorganic and organic fertilizers. In addition, the community Chao1 and ACE were highest in the MNPK treatment. In terms of the AOA community composition, Thaumarchaeota and Crenarchaeota were the main AOA phyla in all samples. Compared with CK and M, the abundances of Thaumarchaeota were remarkably lower in the MNPK and NPK treatments. There were distinct shifts in the compositions of the AOA operational taxonomic units (OTUs) under different fertilization management practices. OTU51 was the dominant OTU in all treatments, except for NPK. OTU79 and OTU11 were relatively abundant OTUs in NPK. Only Nitrososphaera AOA were tracked from the black soil. Redundancy analysis indicated that the soil pH and soil available P were the two main factors that affected the AOA community structure. The abundances of AOA were positively correlated with the total N and available P concentrations, and negatively correlated with the soil pH.
Sensory Tricks in Pantothenate Kinase‐Associated Neurodegeneration: Video‐Analysis of 43 Patients
Authors: Martins Joana , Darling Alejandra , Garrido Cristina , Espinós Carmen , Martí María José , Dueñas Belen Pérez , Temudo Teresa
Published: October 2019

Background

Sensory tricks are a classic hallmark of primary dystonia and result in specific maneuvers that temporarily improve dystonic posture or movement. Pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a progressive neurological disorder that courses with prominent dystonia. Although previously described, sensory tricks are considered to be rare in PKAN.

Cases

We reviewed videotaped motor examinations of 43 genetically confirmed patients with PKAN in order to identify and classify sensory tricks. All patients presented some feature of dystonia. Eighteen (42%) had one or more well‐structured sensory tricks. Twelve different sensory tricks were identified, eight typical and four atypical (forcible motor): four in cervical dystonia, four in limb dystonia, three in oromandibular dystonia, and one in blepharospasm. A characteristic forcible motor maneuver for oromandibular dystonia (previously described as the “mantis sign”) was present in 8 patients.

Conclusions

Sensory tricks are common in PKAN, particularly for oromandibular dystonia. The mantis sign may be a useful clue for the diagnosis.
Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Cytokines in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Kim Ryul , Jun Jin‐Sun , Kim Han‐Joon , Jung Ki‐Young , Shin Yong‐Won , Yang Tae‐Won , Kim Keun Tae , Kim Tae‐Joon , Byun Jung‐Ick , Sunwoo Jun‐Sang , Jeon Beomseok
Published: October 2019

Background

Although previous research provides insight into the role of neuroinflammation in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, the association of this disorder with peripheral blood inflammatory markers remains unclear.

Objective

To investigate inflammatory cytokines in plasma samples in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and to explore whether these markers are associated with prodromal symptoms of α‐synucleinopathies.

Methods

We collected plasma from patients with polysomnographically confirmed idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder without parkinsonism or dementia (n = 54) and from healthy controls (n = 56). The following cytokines were measured: interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. The idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder patients underwent sleep, motor, cognitive, olfactory, and autonomic testing.

Results

The anti‐inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐10, levels in the idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder group were significantly upregulated compared to the control group (P = 0.022), but this difference did not withstand Bonferroni correction. The other proinflammatory cytokine levels did not differ between the groups. No correlation was found between the cytokine levels and any clinical variable.

Conclusions

Our data do not provide evidence supporting the role of peripheral inflammation in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. However, considering the limited statistical power because of the small sample size, further large‐scale longitudinal studies with a broader spectrum of cytokines are needed to clarify this issue. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society