bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
'Eκπυ´ρωσιζ and the goodness of god in Cleanthes
Authors: Salles Ricardo
Published: February 2005

The εκπυ´ρωσιζ, or world's con flagration, followed by the restoration of an identical world seems to go against the rationality of the Stoic god. The aim of this paper is to show that Cleanthes, the second head of the School, can avoid this paradox. According to Cleanthes, the con flagration is an inevitable side-effect of the necessary means used by god to sustain the world. Given that this side-effect is contrary to god's sustaining activity, but unavoidable, god's rationality requires the restoration of an identical world once the con flagration subsides. The paper also deals with the relation between Cleanthes and other early Stoics on the topic of con flagration. In particular, Cleanthes' position seems to diff er from Chrysippus'. For in contrast with the Cleanthean god, who causes the con flagration as a side-effect only, the Chrysippean god, according to an in fluential interpretation put forward by Jaap Mansfeld, causes the con flagration as his ultimate cosmological goal.
Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood and in Adolescence
Authors: Scharf Miri , Shulman Shmuel , Avigad-Spitz Limor
Published: February 2005

In this study, 116 emerging adults and adolescents completed questionnaires and were interviewed about their relationship with a sibling. Respondents’ siblings and their mothers also rated the quality of the sibling relationship. Emerging adults were found to spend less time and to be less involved in joint activities with their siblings than adolescents, but they reported being more involved in emotional exchanges with and feeling more warmth toward their siblings. Conflict and rivalry were also reported by emerging adults to be less intense than by adolescents. Narrative analyses showed that emerging adults had a more mature perception of their relationship with their siblings. Unlike in adolescence, the quality of emerging adults’ relationships with their siblings was less related to their relationship with their parents. The results are discussed in the framework of changes in close relationships from adolescence to emerging adulthood.
“Things Have Gotten Better”
Authors: Lefkowitz Eva S.
Published: February 2005

Emerging adulthood involves a number of developmental changes, including in the areas of interpersonal relations, religious views, and sexuality. The current study examined individuals’ perceptions of changes in these areas as a result of the transition to university. Participants (N = 205, 61% female, age range 18 to 25) responded to open-ended questions about changes in their relationships with parents, religious views, and views about sex. These responses were coded for themes and positivity. Changes were most common in relationships with parents, and least in religious views. Associations were found between types of changes and year in school. Changes in all three areas were generally portrayed positively. Belief or quality changes were more common than behavioral changes.
Autonomy and Relatedness in Adolescent-Parent Disagreements
Authors: Phinney Jean S. , Kim-Jo Tina , Osorio Saloniki , Vilhjalmsdottir Perla
Published: February 2005

This study examines the way in which young people from diverse American ethnic backgrounds express autonomy and relatedness in their responses to disagreements with parents and the factors that influence their responses. Adolescents and emerging adults (N = 240) aged 14 to 22 years from four ethnic groups (European American, Mexican American, Armenian American, and Korean American) reported their projected actions (compliance, negotiation, self-assertion) and reasons for their actions in response to six hypothetical adolescent-parent disagreements and completed a scale of family interdependence. Participants from non-European backgrounds complied with parents more than did those from European backgrounds but did not differ in autonomy. Older European Americans used more family-oriented reasons than younger ones, and older Armenian and Mexican Americans were more assertive than younger ones. Family interdependence mediated ethnic differences in compliance and predicted self-assertion.
Triton X-100-Assisted Assembly of 5-nm Au Nanoparticles by DNA Hybridization
Authors: Yang Jun , Lee Jim Yang , Too Heng-Phon , Chow Gan-Moog , Gan Leong M
Published: February 2005

This report describes a Triton X-100-assisted method to assemble small Au nanoparticles by DNA hybridization. The non-specific adsorption of oligonucleotides, which is most prevalent on small Au nanoparticle surface and interferes with the hybridization of complementary sequences, is overcome by shielding the Au nanoparticle with a Triton X-100 layer. Amine-modified oligonucleotides, but not thiol-modified oligonucleotides, are able to penetrate the X-100 shell to enable the hybridization of complementary DNA sequences.
Molecular Design of Sweet Tasting Compounds Based on 3β-Amino-3β-deoxy-18β-glycyrrhetinic Acid: Amido Functionality Eliciting Tremendous Sweetness
Authors: Ijichi So , Tamagaki Seizo
Published: February 2005

A series of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-based, sweet tasting compounds has been prepared, where anionic NHCO(CH2)nCO2K side chains are attached to the 3β-C position of the GA skeleton through an amide linkage. As compared with the corresponding ester-linking compounds, these amido-linking ones, except that of n = 0, elicit 13 to 25 times increase in sweetness. The sweetness enhancement is due probably to the proton donation capability of the amido NH group which would render the binding of these compounds to the taste bud cell receptor advantageous.
Photochemical Immobilization of Protein on Inner Wall of Microchannel
Authors: Nakajima Hizuru , Ishino Satomi , Masuda Hironori , Shimosaka Takuya , Nakagama Tatsuro , Hobo Toshiyuki , Uchiyama Katsumi
Published: February 2005

A novel strategy for patterning several kinds of proteins in a specific position of a microchannel is presented. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are covalently immobilized on a polystyrene microchannel surface through a photoreactive crosslinker with an azide group at one end and a succinimide group at the other by UV irradiation. The activities of HRP and ALP are evaluated using Amplex Red and Fluorescein diphosphate, respectively. The fluorescence has been observed only at the enzyme-immobilized position.
Alkylation of Nonbridging Thiolato Groups in an S-bridged CoIIIPdIICoIII Trinuclear Complex: Control of Geometrical Isomerism by Tuning Trans Influence Due to Sulfur Donors
Authors: Chikamoto Yu , Hirotsu Masakazu , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi
Published: February 2005

The methylation of two terminal nonbridging thiolato groups in syn-[Pd{Co(aet)3}2]2+ (aet = 2-aminoethanethiolate) was accompanied by the syn-to-anti isomerization, while the benzylation proceeded with retention of the syn configuration. The molecular structures of two alkylated CoIIIPdIICoIII complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography.
A Strategy to Protect Al2O3-based PFC Decomposition Catalyst from Deactivation
Authors: Xu Xiu-Feng , Jeon Jong Yeol , Choi Mi Hwa , Kim Hee Young , Choi Won Choon , Park Yong-Ki
Published: February 2005

γ-Al2O3 is one of the most active catalysts for hydrolytic decomposition of PFCs but it has been suffered from deactivation. The main reason for the deactivation was the transformation of catalytically active γ-phase into an inactive α-phase by the HF produced during the decomposition of PFCs. To prohibit the phase transformation, structure modifiers such as ZnAl2O4 and AlPO4 were strongly required, which resulted in a remarkable catalyst durability.
Application of the Criegee Rearrangement in Singlet Oxygen Reaction: A High Yield of Diosone from the Photooxygenation of Pseudodiosgenin Diacetate
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zeng Zhang-Hua , Liu Yong-Yong , Cheng Xue-Xin , Wang Xue-Song , Zhang Bao-Wen
Published: February 2005

Photochemically generated singlet oxygen adds selectively to C20–C22 rather than C5–C6 double bond of pseudodiosgenin diacetate 1 to give diosone 4, an important intermediate for preparation of many steroidal drugs, and ene product 3 at room temperature. 3 was separated and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR as well as IR. When pyridine and acetic anhydride were presented, the Criegee rearrangement of 3 can yield 4, as a result, leading to a high collection yield (80% in acetonitrile) of 4.
Marked Inhibitory Effects of Extracts from Barley-Koji Miso Encapsulated in Hybrid Liposomes on the Growth of Human Stomach Tumor Cells in Vitro
Authors: Kadota Yutaka , Ibuki Taiki , Goto Koichi , Matsumoto Yoko , Ueoka Ryuichi
Published: February 2005

A remarkably high inhibitory effect of extracts from barley-koji miso with ethanol encapsulated in hybrid liposomes on the growth of human stomach tumor cells in vitro was obtained. Furthermore, it is suggested that ethyl linolenate should be an important antitumor agent among extracts from barley-koji miso.
Stereoselective Synthesis of δ-Amino-β′-Hydroxy-β,γ-Unsaturated Esters by the Samarium(II) Iodide-mediated Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes with γ,δ-Aziridiny-α,β-Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Kuroda Kiichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: February 2005

δ-Amino-β′-hydroxy-β,γ-unsaturated esters were stereoselectively synthesized by the aldol reaction of aldehydes with samarium enolates generated by aziridine-fragmentation of γ,δ-aziridinyl-α,β-unsaturated esters using two moles of samarium(II) iodide.
Electrochemical Fabrication of Pd–Au Heterogeneous Nanocontact Showing Stable Conductance Quantization under Applying High Bias Voltage
Authors: Li Jingze , Nakato Yoshihiro , Murakoshi Kei
Published: February 2005

A novel nanostructure, heterogeneous Pd–Au nanocontact showing conductance quantization, was fabricated via selective electrochemical deposition of Pd at a gap of two sustainable thin Au wires in solution. The stability of Pd monatomic contact increased when the potential of the electrode was kept at negative potential. Contribution of the adsorbed hydrogen on Pd–Au contact was considered as the origin of the improved stability.
First Example of Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of γ-Thionobutyrolactone
Authors: Kikuchi Hirofumi , Tsubokawa Norio , Endo Takeshi
Published: February 2005

This paper deals with the cationic ring-opening polymerization of γ-thiobutyrolactone (2) and γ-thionobutyrolactone (3). The ring-opening polymerization of 3 was carried out in bulk at 100 °C for 2 h by various cationic initiators. Scandium trifuoromethane-sulfonate induced the polymerization of 3, which did not afford polythionoester but polythioester selectively. On the other hand, the polymerization of 2 did not proceed with various cationic initiators under the similar conditions.
Solution of a SAT Problem on a Photochemical DNA Computer
Authors: Ogasawara Shinzi , Fujimoto Kenzo
Published: February 2005

The photochemical DNA computing via 5-carboxyvinyl-deoxyuridine (cvU) in anchor oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in order to tether the multiple “DNA words” was demonstrated. A new MARK and UNMARK operation based on the cvU mediated reversible DNA photoligation has been developed for multiple-words DNA computing. The utility of this operation for DNA computing was demonstrated by solving a satisfiability problem (SAT problem) in which information was encoded in three tandem words.
X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies on the Local Structures of Ni Impurities in a Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Asakura Kiyotaka , Chun Wang-Jae , Tohji Kazuyuki , Sato Yoshinori , Watari Fumio
Published: February 2005

Local structure around Ni impurities in a carbon nanotube was studied by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The Ni was present in the form of Ni particles before the purification process. After the purification Ni content was decreased to a few hundreds ppm. The Ni K-edge XAFS could be measured by a 19 element solid-state detector. The Ni species was strongly bound to the carbon of the carbon nanotube with a Ni–C covalent bonds at 0.173 nm.
Fabrication of Polyaniline/Ethylcellulose Composite Microspheres by Microencapsulation
Authors: Yang Fuyong , Chu Ying , Huo Lei , Yang Yang , Liu Yang
Published: February 2005

Polyaniline/ethylcellulose composite microspheres were prepared through microencapsulation technique via a modified emulsion–solvent evaporation method. The core was gained through the polymerization of aniline, while the shell was formed by the solidification of ethylcellulose under the condition of the evaporation of organic solvent.
Synthesis and CO Oxidation Catalytic Character of High Surface Area Ruthenium Dioxide Replicated by Cubic Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Shen Weihua , Shi Jianlin , Chen Hangrong , Gu Jinlou , Zhu Yufang , Dong Xiaoping
Published: February 2005

A high surface area ruthenium dioxide with partial ordered structure has been replicated by cubic Ia3d mesoporous silica, and the replica shows high catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO to CO2 at relatively low temperature.
Organic Field-effect Transistor Based on Biphenyl Substituted TTF
Authors: Noda Bunpei , Katsuhara Mao , Aoyagi Isao , Mori Takehiko , Taguchi Tomohiro , Kambayashi Takuya , Ishikawa Ken , Takezoe Hideo
Published: February 2005

Tetrathiafulvalene-based organic semiconductor with biphenyl substituents, DBP-TTF (bis(biphenyl)tetrathiafulvalene) is used as an active layer of an organic field-effect transistor. DBP-TTF forms a good thin film on a SiO2 substrate, in which the DBP-TTF molecules are arranged almost perpendicular to the substrate. The field-effect mobility of the thin-film transistor amounts to 0.11 cm2V−1s−1.
Synthesis of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Tantalum Oxide
Authors: Nakajima Kiyotaka , Hara Michikazu , Domen Kazunari , Kondo Junko N
Published: February 2005

The pore arrangement of mesoporous tantalum oxide prepared with a block copolymer surfactant as a structure-directing agent is remarkably improved by optimizing the amounts of metal source and water content. In contrast to the wormhole-like pore structure observed in the mesoporous tantalum oxide prepared under standard conditions, a highly ordered mesoporous structure is formed under optimized conditions.
Controllable Synthesis of One-dimensional Single-crystalline TiO2 Nanostructures
Authors: Wen Baomei , Liu Chunyan , Liu Yun
Published: February 2005

One-dimensional (1-D) TiO2 nanostructures (nanoribbons, nanorods, nanotubes) were obtained by a simple solvothermal process in the presence of organic solvents in which the resulting products were basically single crystals. Morphologies of single crystalline TiO2 were successfully controlled through the optimization of various solvents.
Effective One-pot Synthesis of H type 1 and 2 Trisaccharide Derivatives Using Glycal Epoxide
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Matoba Nobuatsu , Takahashi Takashi
Published: February 2005

We describe an efficient synthesis of H type 1 and 2 trisaccharides by one-pot glycosylation involving glycosidation of glycal epoxide.
Formation of a Ligand-based Mixed-valence Cluster Triggered by Dehydration Condensation of Semiquinonates with o-Phenylenediamines
Authors: Chang Ho-Chol , Nishida Nao , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: February 2005

A tetrameric [CoII(phenSQ)2]4 with homovalent semiquinonates reacts with o-phenylenediamines to give a ligand-based mixed-valence pentanuclear cluster [{CoII5(phenSQ)4(phenCat)3(THF)3(H2O)}·THF], containing two differently charged ligands, whose formation is triggered by a dehydration condensation reaction between the semiquinonates and o-phenylenediamines.
One Pot Synthesis of Isometrically Pure 5-Carboxy-sulforhodamines and Their Application for Labeling Proteins
Authors: Wang Zhi-Qiang , Diwu Zhenjun , Francisco-Reyes Jeannie , Yi George G
Published: February 2005

New reactive fluorescent dyes, 5-carboxy-sulforhodamines, were synthesized by one pot synthesis and their labeling proteins were examined.
Immunobead multiplex RT-PCR detection of carcinoembryonic genes expressing cells in the blood of colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Douard Richard , Moutereau Stéphane , Serru Valérie , Sales Jean Patrick , Wind Philippe , Cugnenc Paul-Henri , Vaubourdolle Michel , Loric Sylvain
Published: February 2005

Circulating cell detection using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques has been studied as a new prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients. With the view of enhancing detection sensitivity, we developed a new multiplex RT-PCR assay for circulating cell detection based on the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5; formerly CEA) and CEACAM7 (formerly CGM2).

Between November 2002 and December 2003, 45 stage III-IV, 39 stage I-II colorectal cancer patients, 32 non-colorectal cancer patients and 41 healthy individuals were included. Positive selection using HEA-125 immunobeads was applied to blood samples before mRNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and a multiplex CEACAM5/CEACAM7 RT-PCR assay. For both CEACAM5 and CEACAM7, the limit of detection was found to be as low as 1 expressing cell in 10

The multiplex RT-PCR assay was negative for the 41 healthy individuals and the 32 non-colorectal cancer patients. The test was positive in 53/84 (63%) of the colorectal cancer patients for CEACAM5 and/or CEACAM7, whereas 32/84 (38%) were positive for both markers. Colorectal cancer patients were positive for one of the two markers in 80% of cases (36/45) for stage III-IV patients (CEACAM5 73%, CEACAM7 51%) and in 44% of cases (17/39) for stage I-II patients.

This multiplex RT-PCR assay with two markers proved to be more sensitive than use of a single marker in detecting circulating tumour cells. The discrepant expression of CEACAM5 and CEACAM7 may label circulating tumour cells that have different levels of differentiation and subsequent aggressive behaviour.
Modulation of translation factor's gene expression by histone deacetylase inhibitors in breast cancer cells
Authors: Gonçalves João , Malta-Vacas Joana , Louis Monette , Brault Laurent , Bagrel Denyse , Monteiro Carolino , Brito Miguel
Published: February 2005

The histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate (NaBu) and trichostatin A (TSA) exhibit anti-proliferative activity by causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which NaBu and TSA cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest are not yet completely clarified, although these agents are known to modulate the expression of several genes including cell-cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. The enzymes involved in the process of translation have important roles in controlling cell growth and apoptosis, and several of these translation factors have been described as having a causal role in the development of cancer. The expression patterns of the translation mechanism, namely of the elongation factors eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and of the termination factors eRF1 and eRF3, were studied in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction after a 24-h treatment with NaBu and TSA. NaBu induced inhibition of translation factors' transcription, whereas TSA caused an increase in mRNA levels. Thus, these two agents may modulate the expression of translation factors through different pathways. We propose that the inhibition caused by NaBu may, in part, be responsible for the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by this agent in MCF-7 cells.
Whole genome amplification of buccal cell DNA: genotyping concordance before and after multiple displacement amplification
Authors: Thompson Miles D. , Bowen Raffick A. R. , Wong Betty Y. L. , Antal Joan , Liu Zhanqin , Yu Helen , Siminovitch Katherine , Kreiger Nancy , Rohan Tom E. , Cole David E. C.
Published: February 2005

While buccal cells provide an easily accessible source of genomic DNA, the amount extracted may be insufficient for many studies. Whole genome amplification (WGA) using multiple displacement amplification (MDA) may optimize buccal cell genomic DNA yield. We compared the usefulness, in epidemiological surveys, of DNA derived from buccal cells collected by alcohol mouthwash and amplified by WGA protocol and standard protocols. Buccal cell collection kits were mailed to 300 randomly selected members of a large cohort study, and 189 subjects returned buccal cell samples. We determined: (i) which QIAamp
Y-Chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in a Campania population sample
Authors: Calcagno Giuseppe , Labruna Giuseppe , Sacchetti Lucia
Published: February 2005

Given the lack of information about Y haplotypes for Campania (southern Italy), we analyzed eight Y short tandem repeats in a sample of males from this region with the aim of establishing a Y-haplotype database that can be used for forensic purposes. The eight Y short tandem repeats were amplified by two PCR multiplex reactions: multiplex A for loci
TaqMan assays for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms present at a disease susceptibility locus on chromosome 6
Authors: Koch Werner , Hoppmann Petra , Michou Elena , Jung Vanessa , Pfeufer Arne , Müller Jakob , Meitinger Thomas , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan
Published: February 2005

Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the
The secretion of ibuprofen metabolites interferes with the capillary chromatography of urinary homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid in neuroblastoma diagnosis
Authors: Levreri Isabella , Caruso Ubaldo , Deiana Franca , Buoncompagni Antonella , De Bernardi Bruno , Marchese Nora , Melioli Giovanni
Published: February 2005

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Abnormal secretion of catechol-amines in tissues and body fluids allows for the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma from other neoplasms and its distinction from non-neoplastic inflammatory diseases. This is achieved by assaying homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid, the catabolites of catecholamine metabolism. In the course of an evaluation of children with suspected neuroblastoma, homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid were analyzed in urine samples by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection after extraction and derivatization of these compounds as trimethylsilyl derivatives. In three urine samples a significant increase in biogenic amines was observed, but these results were not confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Patient history revealed that these children had been treated with ibuprofen, an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. To verify how ibuprofen or its metabolites may have interfered with capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, we analyzed the same samples by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In urine samples from patients on the drug, the presence of a peak identified as the trimethylsilyl ester of hydroxyibuprofen, which had the same retention time as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid, was found to interfere with the capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection analysis of the metabolite. This interference must be taken into account during the laboratory diagnosis of neuroblastoma.
Selective measurement of HCHO in urine using direct liquid-phase fluorimetric analysis
Authors: Chandler Short Luke , Benter Thorsten
Published: February 2005

Quantification of formaldehyde (HCHO) in urine was recently shown to be a promising tool in the investigation of cancer, particularly bladder cancer. Development of a low-maintenance, inexpensive and rapid analyzer for HCHO in urine would greatly facilitate future research and the potential diagnosis of bladder cancer. We examine here the application of an off-the-shelf system, originally designed for gas-phase atmospheric monitoring of HCHO, for the quantification of HCHO in urine. Under strict dietary protocols, e.g., avoidance of foods rich in free or chemically bound HCHO, an increase in HCHO in urine is an indirect indicator of cancer in the urogenital system. The concentration of HCHO in urine samples from an individual over a several-month period was determined, with a range from 39 to 1400μM and a mean of 600μM. The limit of detection for the present method was 0.1μM. The proposed technique provides a direct, low-cost and greatly simplified analytical method for the quantification of HCHO in urine compared to other available techniques.
A spectrophotometric micromethod for determining erythrocyte protoporphyrin-IX in whole blood or erythrocytes
Authors: Kufner Guenther , Schlegel Helmut , Jäger Reinhard
Published: February 2005

An increased concentration of erythrocyte protoporphyrin-IX in whole blood or erythrocytes is a valuable diagnostic indicator for acquired porphyrias, e.g., iron deficiency anemia and lead poisoning, and for inherited porphyrias. We developed a spectrophotometric micromethod for determining erythrocyte protoporphyrin-IX. In this method, exhaustive release of erythrocyte porphyrins is achieved using hydroquinone and formic acid. The clean-up procedure for 50μL of whole blood or erythrocytes covers three steps of liquid/liquid solvent partition: two partitions using diethyl and diisopropyl ether and HCl 2.5mol/L, and one buffered step using ammonium formate. Determinations of erythrocyte protoporphyrin-IX are possible by: (a) absorption using three wavelengths, Rimington's constant and a millimolar absorptivity coefficient mɛ
Simultaneous analysis of MDR1 C3435T, G2677T/A, and C1236T genotypes by multiplexed mutagenically separated PCR
Authors: Sunder-Plassmann Raute , Rieger Sandra , Endler Georg , Brunner Martin , Müller Markus , Mannhalter Christine
Published: February 2005

P-Glycoprotein (PGP) encoded by the multi-drug-resistance 1 (
Measurement of reticulocyte and red blood cell indices in patients with iron deficiency anemia and β-thalassemia minor
Authors: Noronha José F. A. , Grotto Helena Z. W.
Published: February 2005

New parameters correlated with the hemoglobin content in reticulocytes (RET-Y) and in red blood cells (RBC-Y) have been suggested as helpful in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia. We have studied RET-Y and RBC-Y indices in two groups of patients with microcytosis to verify if these parameters could be used to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from β-thalassemia minor. Blood samples from 33 iron-deficient patients, 25 β-thalassemic minor patients and 50 normal individuals were analyzed on a Sysmex XE-2100 instrument. A significant difference was observed in reticulocyte counting and immature reticulocyte fraction between iron deficiency anemia and β-thalassemia minor groups, but not in RBC-X and RET-Y parameters. Reticulocyte counting was higher in β-thalassemia minor and the immature reticulocyte fraction was higher in severe iron deficiency anemia. The ratio RET-Y/mean cell volume was tested and was significantly different when β-thalassemia minor was compared with mild and severe iron deficiency anemia, and showed better performance than the Mentzer ratio and the Green and King function. A great overlap of RET-Y and RBC-Y individual values was observed in both groups of microcytic anemias; we conclude that these new indices may be used with caution as indicative of iron deficiency, mainly in populations where β-thalassemia minor is frequent.
Chitotriosidase activity in colostrum from African and Caucasian women
Authors: Musumeci Maria , Malaguarnera Lucia , Simpore Jacques , Barone Rita , Whalen Michael , Musumeci Salvatore
Published: February 2005

Chitotriosidase (ChT), a protein produced by activated macrophages, belongs to the chitinases, a group of enzymes able to hydrolyze chitin, a structural component of fungi and nematodes. A codominant inherited deficiency in ChT activity is frequently reported in plasma of Caucasian subjects, whereas in the African population this deficiency is rare. This study compares ChT activity in colostrum of 53 African women and 50 Caucasian women. Samples were collected at 24–48 and 72h after delivery. We found elevated ChT in colostrum of African women on the first day after delivery (1230±662nmol/mL/h) which decreased to 275±235nmol/mL/h on the third day. The ChT activity on the first day after delivery in the colostrum of Caucasian women, however, was significantly lower (293±74nmol/mL/h) and decreased to 25±20 and 22±19nmol/mL/h on the 2nd and 3rd day, respectively. The ChT activity in plasma of African women was also higher (101±80nmol/mL/h) than that of Caucasian women (46±16nmol/mL/h), but no correlation was found between plasma and colostrum ChT activity. The elevated ChT activity in colostrum of African women suggests the presence of activated macrophages in human milk, consistent with the genetic characteristics of the African population.
Controlled storage conditions prolong stability of biochemical components in whole blood
Authors: Stahl Marta , Brandslund Ivan
Published: February 2005

Blood specimens from primary care centres are normally transported to central laboratories by mail. This necessitates centrifugation and separation, especially since the potassium ion concentration in whole blood changes during storage at ambient temperature. Thus, because of the growing awareness of and concern for pre-analytical contributions to the uncertainty of measurements, we investigated 27 components and their stability under controlled temperature conditions from 17 to 23°C. We found that storage of whole blood can be prolonged by up to 8–12h for all components examined, including potassium ions, when stored at 20±0.2°C. We conclude that this opens the possibility for establishing a pick-up service, by which whole blood specimens stored at 20–21°C can be collected at the doctor's office, making centrifugation, separation and mailing superfluous. In addition, the turn-around time from sample drawing to reporting the analytical result would be shortened. After investments in thermostatted boxes and logistics, the system could reduce costs for transporting blood samples from general practice centres to central laboratories.
Poor knowledge and faulty thinking regarding hemolysis and potassium elevation
Authors: Hawkins Robert C.
Published: February 2005

A questionnaire to assess knowledge of the expected elevation in serum K measurement with different grades of hemolysis was administered to medical technologists working in biochemistry laboratories, hospital physicians and nurses. The questions involved different grades of hemolysis (mild, 1.0, moderate, 2.5 and severe, 5.0g/L) and different final K measurements (2.9, 4.0, 5.2 and 8.2mmol/L). Subjects estimated the K concentration in a non-hemolyzed sample for each scenario. Adjustment values (difference between final hemolyzed K concentration and subject's response) were calculated. For the 132 respondees, the mean correct score was 1.7/12. Mean adjustment values were: mild, 0.43mmol/L (K 2.9), 0.55 (4.0), 0.88 (5.2) and 1.53 (8.2); moderate, 0.85 (2.9), 0.92 (4.0), 1.33 (5.2) and 2.50 (8.2); and severe, 0.93 (2.9), 1.48 (4.0), 1.96 (5.2), 2.96 (8.2). Correct adjustments were: mild, 0.28; moderate, 0.70; and severe, 1.40mmol/L. Healthcare staff overestimated the effect of hemolysis on potassium measurement and used an incorrect proportional adjustment approach to the problem. Such poor knowledge and faulty thinking could lead to diagnostic delays or misdiagnoses. There is potential for such faulty thinking in all areas of laboratory medicine, and laboratories should review their educational responsibilities and reporting practices in light of this.
Delayed effects of short-term transdermal application of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on its metabolites, some hormonal steroids and relevant proteohormones in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Šulcová Jarmila , Hampl Richard , Hill Martin , Stárka Luboslav , Nováček Alois
Published: February 2005

Twenty-one healthy male volunteers aged 20–70years were given transdermally 25mg of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone daily in the form of an emulgel for 8 consecutive days. Morning blood was collected as follows: before application, and after the first, fourth and eighth doses (days 0, 2, 5 and 9), and then at different time intervals after termination of the treatment (days 16, 23, 37, 51, 72 and 100). Cortisol, testosterone, epitestosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate, 7α- and 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and sex hormone-binding globulin were measured in blood sera. In the course of treatment 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone was significantly increased; testosterone and gonadotropins were lowered, but only after the first dose. All other significant changes were observed duringthe period after termination of the application:7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone remained increased for 28days, 7α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin were decreased as late as day 63 and 91, respectively. On the other hand, epitestosterone was significantly increased between days 23 and 100. The levels of all other parameters studied were not significantly changed. The study points to an immediate as well as delayed effect of the short-term transdermal application of 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on relevant hormonal parameters.
Evaluation of a novel semi-automated HPLC procedure for whole blood cyclosporin A confirms equivalence to adjusted monoclonal values from Abbott TDx
Authors: Roberts Norman B. , Dutton John , Higgins Gerald , Allars Lesley
Published: February 2005

The problem in the measurement of cyclosporin (CyA) is that the widely used immuno-based assays suffer from interference by metabolites present in unpredictable excess. To resolve this, the consensus view has been to develop more specific and robust procedures for the measurement of CyA alone in order to give values similar to those obtained by HPLC. We developed an alternative strategy based on Abbott poly- and monoclonal assays to derive an adjusted monoclonal value as an equivalent measurement to HPLC. We have now evaluated a recently developed semi-automated HPLC procedure and used it to test the validity of the adjusted monoclonal value. The automated HPLC procedure with online clean-up was optimised for the separation of CyA and internal standard CyD. The assay was simple to use, precise and gave good recovery of cyclosporin from whole blood. Comparisons with the more specific immunoassays Abbott AxSym and EMIT showed close agreement, whereas Abbott monoclonal values indicated up to 20% positive bias. In contrast, the adjusted monoclonal values gave good agreement with HPLC. Data obtained from HPLC linked to tandem mass spectrometry (MS) indicated closer agreement with Abbott monoclonal values than expected, suggesting some positive bias with MS. The benefit of using an adjusted monoclonal value is that a result equivalent to HPLC is obtained, as well as an indication of the concentration of metabolites from the Abbott polyclonal measurement.
Evaluation of the Bio-Rad VARIANT™ II HbA 2/HbA 1C Dual Program for measurement of hemoglobin concentrations and detection of variants
Authors: Riou Jean , Godart Christian , Mathis Mireille , Hurtrel Didier , Wajcman Henri , Préhu Claude , Bardakdjian Josiane
Published: February 2005

In this work data obtained on the VARIANT™ II hemoglobin analyzer using the Dual Kit elution system were compared to those obtained with the β-Thalassemia Short Program. Since many laboratories still use an earlier model of the hemoglobin analyzer, the Variant™ 1, these data were also compared to those obtained with the latter instrument. Our study is divided into two parts. The first is an evaluation of the precision of the VARIANT™ II for determining the levels of hemoglobin (Hb)A
Interferences in coagulation tests – evaluation of the 570-nm method on the Dade Behring BCS analyser
Authors: Junker Ralf , Käse Margit , Schulte Helmut , Bäumer Ruth , Langer Claus , Nowak-Göttl Ulrike
Published: February 2005

The Dade Behring BCS is a coagulation analyser with optical reaction detection (standard 405nm). The present study was conducted to evaluate measurement at 570nm for analyses in interfering plasma samples. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen and D-dimer in normal (n=50), lipaemic (n=60), icteric (n=113), and haemolytic (n=58) samples were measured at 405 and 570nm. As they are unaffected by the optical properties of the sample, the mechanical STAcompact analyser (Roche Diagnostics) and an ELISA technique were defined as the “comparison” methods. The percentage of valid PT results using the 570-nm method varied from 54% (lipaemic samples) to 97% (haemolytic samples). Valid aPTT measurements were found in 67% (lipaemic samples) up to 93% (icteric samples) of samples. Fibrinogen measurement revealed valid results in 58% (lipaemic samples) to 100% (haemolytic samples) of samples. The number of valid D-dimer results varied from 28% (lipaemic material) up to 100% (haemolytic material). Significant inter-method differences were found: aPTT in lipaemic (BCS 405 vs. 570nm) and icteric samples (STAcompact vs. BCS 405 and 570nm); fibrinogen in lipaemic (BCS 405 vs. 570nm), icteric (BCS 405 vs. 570nm; STAcompact vs. BCS 570nm) and haemolytic samples (STAcompact vs. BCS 405 and 570nm). Differences between the BCS 570-nm and the STAcompact methods were in most cases low and less pronounced than between the BCS 570- and 405-nm methods, making the BCS 570-nm method an alternative to measurement at 405nm. Limitations have to be taken into account regarding lipaemic plasma.
Mutation screening of the thyroid peroxidase gene in a cohort of 55 Portuguese patients with congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Rodrigues Carina , Jorge Paula , Soares José Pires , Santos Isaura , Salomão Regina , Madeira Manuela , Osorió Rui Vaz , Santos Rosário
Published: February 2005

Objective: Defects in the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene are reported to be one of the causes of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) due to a total iodide organification defect. The aim of the present study was to determine the nature and frequency of TPO gene mutations in patients with CH, characterised by elevated TSH levels and orthotopic thyroid gland, identified in the Portuguese National Neonatal Screening Programme.

Subjects and methods: The sample comprised 55 patients, from 53 unrelated families, with follow-up in the endocrinology clinics of the treatment centres of Porto and Lisbon. Mutation screening in the TPO gene (exons 1–17) was performed by single-strand conformational analysis followed by sequencing of fragments with abnormal migration patterns.

Results: Eight different mutations were detected in 13 patients (seven homozygotes and six compound heterozygotes). Novel mutations included three missense mutations, namely 391T > C (S131P), 1274A > G (N425S) and 2512T > A (C838S), as well as the predictable splice mutation 2748G > A (Q916Q/spl?). The undocumented polymorphism 180-47A > C was also detected.

Conclusion: The results are in accordance with previous observations confirming the genetic heterogeneity of TPO defects. The proportion of patients in which the aetiology was determined justifies the implementation of this molecular testing in our CH patients with dyshormonogenesis.
Serum cytokine levels in GH-deficient children during substitutive GH therapy
Authors: Pagani Sara , Meazza Cristina , Travaglino Paola , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Tinelli Carmine , Bozzola Mauro
Published: February 2005

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exogenously administered human GH (hGH) on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in GH-deficient (GHD) children.

Design and methods: We evaluated 13 short prepubertal GHD children, aged between 2 and 13 years, and 13 age-matched healthy subjects as controls. Circulating cytokine values were evaluated in basal conditions in all children, and 6 and 24 h following the 1st hGH injection (0.23 mg/kg per week), and then after 3 months of hGH treatment in GHD patients. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were measured by commercially available ELISAs.

Results: No significant differences were found between controls and GHD children in basal values of serum IL-4, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α (P> 0.05 by Mann–Whitney U test). Analysis of cytokine levels during hGH treatment showed significant changes over time in TNF-α and IL-6 levels (P= 0.0014 andP= 0.00 024 respectively), with the more pronounced effect observed at 6 h following the first administration of hGH (i.e. increase in IL-6 (Wilcoxon matched pairs test,P= 0.0015) and TNF-α levels (P= 0.0015)). No significant changes over time were observed in IL-4 and IL-12 serum levels.

Conclusions: In vivorelease of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α can be affected by hGH treatment in GHD children, suggesting a direct effect of GH on the immune function.
Thyroid and adrenal axis in major depression: a controlled study in outpatients
Authors: Brouwer Jantien P , Appelhof Bente C , Hoogendijk Witte J G , Huyser Jochanan , Endert Erik , Zuketto Cassandra , Schene Aart H , Tijssen Jan G P , Van Dyck Richard , Wiersinga Wilmar M , Fliers Eric
Published: February 2005

Objective: Major depressive disorder has been associated with changes in the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis and with hypercortisolism. However, the changes reported have been at variance, probably related to in- or outpatient status, the use of antidepressant medication and the heterogeneity of depression. We therefore conducted a controlled study in unipolar depressed outpatients who had been free of antidepressants for at least 3 months.

Design: We assessed endocrine parameters in 113 depressed outpatients and in 113 sex- and age-matched controls.

Methods: Patients were included if they had a major depression according to a Structural Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), fourth edition (SCID-IV) and if they had a 17-item Hamilton rating scale for depression (HRSD) score of ≥16. Endocrine parameters contained serum concentrations of TSH, (free) thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, cortisol, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody titre and 24-h urinary excretion of cortisol.

Results: The serum concentration of TSH was slightly higher in depressed patients as compared with controls (P < 0.001), independent of the presence of subclinical hypothyroidism and/or TPO antibodies (n = 28). All other HPT axis parameters were similar in both groups. The 24-h urinary cortisol excretion was similar in patients and controls. In atypical depression, serum cortisol was lower than in non-atypical depression (P = 0.01). Patients with neither melancholic depression nor severe depression (HRSD ≥23) had altered endocrine parameters. Finally, serum TSH values could not be related to cortisol values.

Conclusion: When compared with matched control subjects, outpatients with major depression had slightly higher serum TSH, while urinary cortisol levels were similar. Furthermore, we observed lower serum cortisol in atypical depression than in non-atypical depression.
Effect of recombinant human GH on circulating granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and neutrophils in patients with adult GH deficiency
Authors: Sohmiya Motoi , Kanazawa Ippei , Kato Yuzuru
Published: February 2005

Background: We previously reported that short-term continuous subcutaneous infusion (CSI) of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) increased plasma erythropoietin levels and hemoglobin concentrations in patients with adult GH deficiency. In the present study, we investigated the effect of rhGH on plasma granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) levels and neutrophil counts in patients with adult GH deficiency.

Methods: rhGH was administrated for 1 year in six patients with adult GH deficiency (age range, 24–69 years; mean ±s.e.m., 51.7 ± 5.8 years; two males and four females) by means of CSI at a rate of 0.25 U/kg per week. Blood samples were obtained in the morning after overnight fasting every month before and after the start of rhGH administration. Plasma GH, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and G-CSF levels, and neutrophil counts, were measured.

Results: Mean ( ±s.e.m.) plasma GH levels increased from 0.26 ± 0.14 to 2.28 ± 0.20 μg/l 1 month after the start of rhGH administration. An increase of the plasma GH levels was accompanied by an increase in the plasma IGF-I levels from 64.7 ± 8.5 to 293.3 ± 80.6 μg/l. Plasma G-CSF levels increased at 2, 3, 8, 9 and 10 months after the start of rhGH administration compared with 28.6 ± 11.0 ng/l at time 0. The neutrophil counts increased at 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 12 months after the start of rhGH administration compared with 2822 ± 377 neutrophils/μl at time 0.Conclusion: rhGH administration increased plasma G-CSF levels and neutrophil counts. GH and/or IGF-I might stimulate neutrophil production and/or release via G-CSF.
The selective prostaglandin EP4 agonist, APS-999 Na, induces follicular growth and maturation in the rat ovary
Authors: El-Nefiawy Nagwa , Abdel-Hakim Khaled , Kanayama Naohiro
Published: February 2005

Objective: It is known that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a crucial role in the ovulation process. PGE2 mediates its actions through four subtypes of receptors designated EP1–EP4. However, the nature of the ovulation-promoting effect of PGE2 is not well understood. We have carried out thisin vivoresearch utilizing a new selective EP4 receptor agonist (EP4A; APS-999 Na) to investigate its role in folliculogenesis aiming at more understanding of the biological mechanism of action of PGE2.

Design and methods: Immature, 22 day old Wistar rats were used. Animals were injected once either with placebo, 20 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), or EP4A (10, 20 or 50 μg). In other experiments, EP4A was injected in PMSG stimulated rats. Ovarian follicle growth and development was assessed through total count and size measurement of ovulatory follicles in whole ovaries of the investigated groups. Utilizing immunohistochemistry, the spatial localization of the EP4 receptor in immature rat ovary and IL-8 pattern of expression after EP4A injection was also investigated.

Results: Our study showed that injection of EP4A resulted in increased follicle growth and development compared with the control, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The highest values for follicle count and size were observed 12 and 24 h after EP4A injection. EP4A induced follicle growth with morphological characteristics similar to that induced by the standard PMSG. Most dense immune staining for EP4 receptor was noticed in proliferating granulosa cells of the secondary follicles while those of the primordial and primary follicles were not stained. EP4A injection induced the expression of IL-8 in the follicles.

Conclusions: Our study revealed that: (i) the localization of EP4 receptor in the ovary implies a role in follicle growth, (ii) PGE2 induced ovarian follicle growth and development is mediated at least in part through the EP4 receptor, (iii) the action of EP4A is mediated through IL-8 up regulation and (iv) the new EP4A could be a promising reagent for various systems used to induce follicle maturation in clinical or agricultural fields. This knowledge may provide useful targets for manipulation of infertility.