bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic sheep production: health problems and their management
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: October 2010

ORGANIC systems of agricultural production seek to use natural processes to achieve outputs, rather than impose ‘artificial’ external inputs. In practical terms, this equates to production systems that minimise the use of non‐renewable agrichemicals and fertilisers. Veterinary medicines are included in the definition of non‐renewable inputs and this raises a number of challenges for both organic livestock farmers and their veterinary advisers, as good animal health and welfare are specific aims of organic philosophy. Livestock plays an integral part in most organic enterprises and also provides the organic fertiliser needed for the transfer of plant nutrients around the farm as part of rotational systems. This article describes the philosophy behind organic production, highlights some common clinical problems that may be encountered and how they may be managed, and discusses the key contribution that veterinary surgeons can make to such systems.
Fluid therapy in small animals
Authors: Humm Karen , Goggs Robert , Hughes Dez
Published: October 2010

CRYSTALLOID fluids contain water, electrolytes and non‐electrolyte solutes, and can enter all body fluid compartments. They can be used to replace fluid deficits or to provide for ongoing losses, and play an important role in small animal veterinary practice. Replacement solutions are required for patients with deficits of either electrolytes, water or, most commonly, both. Maintenance solutions are indicated once an animal has been stabilised to provide for normal fluid and electrolyte demands, or if patients have solely pure water loss. Replacement solutions can be used as maintenance solutions provided they are supplemented with potassium and the animal is capable of excreting the extra sodium. This is possible in most cases, but extra care must be taken with patients with compensated congestive heart failure or those with hyper‐ or hyponatraemia, and in situations of pure water loss. This article describes the properties of commonly used crystalloid solutions and their indications. An article in the March issue of In Practice will review colloid solutions. Part 1, published in the last issue (In Practice, January 2008, volume 30, pp 16‐19), discussed patient assessment and the principles of fluid therapy in small animals.
Diseases in young pheasants
Authors: Welchman David
Published: October 2010

WITH increasing numbers of pheasants and other gamebirds being reared each year, these species are becoming a more prominent part of the workload of many veterinary practices. This article describes the diagnosis and control of the principal diseases seen in young pheasants from the time of hatching and arrival on the rearing site as day‐old chicks in late spring and early summer through to release into a semi‐wild environment in early autumn. A previous article on disease control in adult pheasants (Pennycott 2001) discussed the management of adult breeding pheasants and the production of fertile eggs for hatching.
Respiratory disease in sheep
Authors: Bell Suzanna
Published: October 2010

RESPIRATORY disease is commonly encountered in sheep flocks, affecting groups or individuals. It often involves a combination of infectious causes as well as predisposing management factors, potentially leading to significant losses. However, cases of respiratory disease represent only 5·6 per cent of sheep submissions received by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency – a figure that is likely to be lower than the actual prevalence. In many instances, a presumptive diagnosis will be made following clinical and on‐farm postmortem examinations. This article discusses the causes of respiratory disease in sheep and describes the diagnostic procedures that can be performed, with a checklist of potential pathogens for veterinary surgeons in the field. An article in the next issue will describe methods for its control and treatment.
Pet pig medicine
Authors: Carr John , Wilbers Arlen
Published: October 2010

THIS article describes the common conditions that may be encountered in pet pigs in practice and how they may be managed. While obesity and its associated problems are most frequently seen, as the population of pet pigs ages, a number of geriatric problems, such as locomotion difficulties and tumours, are becoming more commonplace. An article in the last issue (In Practice, March 2008, volume 30, pp 160‐166) described how to handle and examine the pet pig, and highlighted the normal parameters for these animals.
Standing sinus surgery in the horse: indications, techniques and complications
Authors: Barakzai Safia
Published: October 2010

TREPHINATION of the equine sinuses is the most commonly indicated and performed type of sinus surgery and can be safely carried out in the standing, sedated patient by clinicians in general equine practice. Standing sinus flap surgery has become increasingly popular in equine referral hospitals in recent years and offers several advantages over the same technique performed under general anaesthesia, including reduced patient‐associated risks, reduced costs and less intraoperative haemorrhage. However, appropriate indications for surgery, good patient selection, and familiarity with regional anatomy and surgical techniques are imperative in achieving good results.
Radiological assessment of lung disease in small animals
Authors: Dennis Ruth
Published: October 2010

A NUMBER of technical factors and incidental anatomical and physiological variations can mimic or mask pathology of the lung, while diseases of different aetiologies may present with a similar radiographic appearance, all of which can often make diagnosis of lung disease challenging. The key to interpretation is to rely on the general principles of radiology and pattern recognition to help identify and classify genuine changes. This, in turn, allows a list of likely differential diagnoses to be compiled, which is important when planning further diagnostic tests or treatment. An article in last month's issue (In Practice, April 2008, volume 30, pp 182‐189) described how to acquire high‐quality thoracic radiographs and discussed the principles of interpretation, the normal appearance of the lung and the features of abnormal bronchial and vascular patterns. This article describes the features of alveolar, interstitial and mixed lung patterns, nodules, masses and pulmonary mineralisation, and outlines the causes of decreased pulmonary opacity.
Pyrexia of unknown origin in the dog
Authors: Cauvin Andria
Published: October 2010

PYREXIA of unknown origin is a blanket term used to describe a clinical presentation in which continuous or relapsing fever is a predominant feature but the underlying cause has yet to be determined. In such cases, an initial short course of antibiotics (and possibly even secondary therapy with ‘stronger’ antibiotics and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) and a baseline work‐up may still fail to elucidate a likely diagnosis. This article describes the possible causes of pyrexia in dogs, and outlines a logical clinical approach to help pinpoint its origin.
Fracture management in small animal practice
Authors: Shales Chris
Published: October 2010

FRACTURE management has gradually evolved over the past 50 years, progressing from traditional traction and external coaptation techniques to methods involving the use of internal fixation to aid an early return to limb use. The way in which implants are used has also changed, from a desire to painstakingly anatomically reconstruct every fracture to a realisation that preservation of the fracture environment can be extremely beneficial, resulting in the advent of techniques facilitating ‘biological fracture fixation’. One of the main stimuli behind the evolution of fracture repair has been an appreciation of the interaction between a bone and its soft tissue envelope, and consideration of the animal as a whole rather than the fracture viewed in isolation. This article discusses the triage and stabilisation procedures for the initial management of all fractures, with the aim of encouraging the clinician to consider the fracture as part of the entire animal rather than as a single entity. An article in the next issue will examine the steps involved in the logical assessment of a fracture and will describe how to plan a suitable repair.
Avoiding white elephants in capital expenditure
Authors: Girotti Ray
Published: October 2010

ONE of the greatest weaknesses of growing and established practices is the planning, selection and use of the appropriate form of capital for new investment or for financing replacement projects or equipment. Here, Ray Girotti outlines some analytical tools to help ensure that new investments in the practice make good financial sense.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Atkinson Martin
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘A patient abroad’, is presented and discussed by Martin Atkinson. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘A question of ownership’, which was published in the May issue of In Practice, appears on page 353.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Work on the wild side: considerations for the budding zoo vet
Authors: Chitty John
Published: October 2010

THERE are many zoos in the UK, some exhibiting a range of species, others, for example aquaria, being more specialised. All are governed by the same legislation and all require veterinary involvement. While some of the larger collections may employ full‐time veterinarians, this is beyond the financial scope for most, if not all, of the smaller zoos. Vets in practice, especially those already interested in exotic species, may therefore be approached to work with a collection. This may be as a primary veterinary surgeon or it may be to provide ‘fire brigade work’ alongside a (distant) consultant. John Chitty outlines what working with a zoo entails, and lists some points that should be considered before undertaking such work.
How the other half lives: what can medics learn from vets?
Authors: Dykes Linda , Cohen Emma , Jones Eleri , Hubbard Jill
Published: October 2010

A north Wales veterinary practice recently hosted a final‐year medical student for an eight‐week placement studying comparative medicine. This unique collaboration arose serendipitously, but all the participants found it a valuable experience. Here, the key players – Linda Dykes (the medical co‐supervisor), Emma Cohen (the veterinary co‐supervisor), Eleri Jones (the medical student) and Jill Hubbard (the practice owner) – describe their experiences.
Challenges of charity veterinary work in developing countries
Authors: Bacon Heather
Published: October 2010

THE charities and non‐governmental organisations involved in clinical veterinary work abroad are both numerous and diverse, as are the challenges, frustrations and rewards that the staff working in the clinics face. In this article, Heather Bacon draws on the experiences of a number of vets, nurses and volunteers who have worked in veterinary clinics in developing countries in order to offer guidance on the type of challenges that a vet may face when undertaking charity work abroad.
Nutritional support for the hospitalised small animal patient
Authors: Chandler Marge
Published: October 2010

UNLIKE healthy animals, which can metabolise fat even when they are not eating, sick or traumatised patients catabolise lean body mass when they have insufficient calories, thus compromising cardiac, respiratory and immune functions. The need for nutritional support should therefore be recognised and initiated early during the course of hospitalisation, with the number of calories required calculated carefully to prevent under‐ or overfeeding. This article discusses the options available for the nutritional support of hospitalised small animal patients.
Assessment and management of chronic ear disease
Authors: Mactaggart Donald
Published: October 2010

EAR disease is common in small animal practice. Otitis can be associated with many conditions and is often frustrating to manage. Failure to address the underlying factors or select the appropriate medical therapy is likely to result in chronic changes that become irreversible with time and may require surgery. This article reviews the investigation and medical treatment of otitis and discusses when surgery is indicated
Passport to the world
Authors: Hewetson Michael , Haggett Emily , Pointing Stephen , Beard Pip , Reece Jack , Curtis Catriona
Published: October 2010

A veterinary degree can provide an ideal opportunity to broaden your horizons and travel the world, working in a variety of roles. Here, six veterinary surgeons who have spent varying amounts of time working overseas outline their very different experiences.
Diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats
Authors: McGrotty Yvonne
Published: October 2010

CHRONIC kidney disease is a commonly encountered problem in small animal practice and is typically progressive, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in both cats and dogs. Initial renal damage can result from a large number of infectious, immune‐mediated, congenital, metabolic, neoplastic, traumatic and obstructive disease processes, and some forms (eg, urinary tract obstruction) can be reversed if treated promptly. Common causes of renal damage include renal ischaemia or exposure to nephrotoxins (eg, aminoglycosides, ethylene glycol). As chronic renal disease progresses, more and more nephrons become non‐functional and clinical signs of renal failure become apparent. This article highlights the key markers of renal function, discusses the common consequences of chronic kidney disease and outlines some renoprotective therapies.
Canine elbow dysplasia 1. Aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis
Authors: Burton Neil , Owen Martin
Published: October 2010

CANINE elbow dysplasia is a term encompassing multiple developmental anomalies of the cubital joint, including elbow incongruity, a fragmented medial coronoid process, an ununited anconeal process, osteochondrosis of the humeral condyle and an ununited medial epicondyle. Collectively, these lesions are a common cause of thoracic limb lameness in juvenile medium‐ and large‐breed dogs. However, the precise mechanisms by which these anomalies arise are still unknown. Diagnosis in some cases can be challenging, as can be determining the most appropriate course of treatment. This article reviews current understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of canine elbow dysplasia and outlines the approach to diagnosing the most common developmental anomalies associated with this condition. An article in the next issue will discuss the treatment and prognosis.
Veterinary medicines: making the most of SQPs
Authors: Clarke Michael
Published: October 2010

IN a previous issue of In Practice (April 2008, Vol 30, pp 225–227), Phil Sketchley outlined the Veterinary Medicines Regulations' new distribution categories and rules for supply. Here, Michael Clarke looks at the implications of these regulations for practitioners, and suggests ways that veterinary practices can ensure that they make the best use of the medicines supply environment
Keeping fees fair: helping clinicians estimate correctly
Authors: Whiting Colin
Published: October 2010

WHILE many practices will have set fees for standard procedures, a less consistent approach may be taken when trying to price a procedure that is not routine. Colin Whiting highlights some of the factors that can influence clinicians when estimating costs of treatments, and suggests a structured approach to ensure that staff have support for estimating at all times.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Haslam Sue
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Who owns a stray dog?’, was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by Sue Haslam. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Ex‐client with an emergency’, which was published in the September issue of In Practice, appears on page 530. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Equine grass sickness
Authors: Lyle Catriona , Pirie Scott
Published: October 2010

EQUINE grass sickness (dysautonomia) is a neurological disease associated primarily with degeneration of neurons in the autonomic nervous system (including the enteric nervous system), although involvement of the somatic nervous system has also been widely reported. It affects all Equidae, is usually fatal and has an approximate incidence of 1 per cent in some parts of the UK. This article discusses the clinical aspects of the disease and summarises the findings of recent research into the aetiology and epidemiology of the condition.
Canine diarrhoea: a rational approach to diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas
Authors: Hall Ed
Published: October 2010

GASTROINTESTINAL problems in dogs are extremely common, with nearly 15 per cent of pet dogs having recently been reported to exhibit an episode of diarrhoea within the previous two weeks. Most episodes were self‐limiting and only 10 per cent of dogs required veterinary attention. Unsurprisingly, help tended to be sought when signs were persistent or severe. Scavenging was generally considered by the owners to be the most likely cause of these temporary problems. Considering the complex nature of the digestive process and the intricate coordination of neuromuscular, endocrine, immunological and digestive processes, it is surprising that the incidence of abnormal stool is not higher. Thus, there is no doubt that busy practitioners will see dogs with gastrointestinal signs on an almost daily basis, so rather than describe the ‘best’ diagnostic approach to all dogs with diarrhoea, this article offers guidance for dealing with the difficulties and dilemmas presented by such patients.
Orthopaedic conditions of the metacarpus, metatarsus and digits in dogs
Authors: Roch Simon , Gemmill Toby
Published: October 2010

Lameness affecting distal limbs is commonly encountered in small animal practice and may be associated with soft tissue, bone or joint conditions. Clinical signs commonly seen with these problems include lameness, which may be more severe on hard or rough surfaces, and persistent licking of the affected limb. A systematic approach to the lame dog, starting with a detailed history and careful clinical examination, greatly improves the accuracy of diagnosis and permits specific treatment to be properly employed to optimise a patient's recovery. This article reviews the common orthopaedic conditions affecting the metacarpus, metatarsus and paw, and discusses some approaches to treatment.
Veterinary care of bearded dragons
Authors: Rowland Mark
Published: October 2010

Bearded dragons are one of the most common lizards to be presented for veterinary examination. An understanding of their husbandry and the conditions that frequently affect them, as well as appropriate diagnostics, is absolutely essential in the veterinary care of these inoffensive creatures. This article reviews the natural history of bearded dragons and outlines their husbandry requirements in captivity. It also highlights some of the problems encountered in these reptiles and discusses the diagnosis and treatment of each.
Evaluation, significance and treatment of feline proteinuria
Authors: Mardell Ellie
Published: October 2010

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the fact that certain common conditions in feline medicine are associated with abnormally raised urinary protein levels (proteinuria). Closer attention to the finding of proteinuria and a comparison of normal and diseased cats has led to the realisation that much lower levels of urinary protein should be considered abnormal than were previously thought. The significance of proteinuria is not yet fully understood in every case, but veterinary knowledge in this area is advancing rapidly and the need to test for and treat renal proteinuria is now being recognised. This article discusses the aetiology of renal proteinuria and its significance in cats, together with how it can be measured and treated.
Guiding light? The RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct
Authors: Moore Bob
Published: October 2010

As clinical practitioners, vets frequently advise clients on preventive health care. But how good are vets at taking on board preventive principles in their own professional lives? Bob Moore explains the importance of being familiar with the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons– Guide to Professional Conduct.
Making the most of practice records
Authors: Ringrose Siân , Brown Richard , Milne Cath
Published: October 2010

Large animal veterinary practitioners increasingly are, and need to be, part of a management team rather than just a ‘fire brigade’ service. Moving to this closer partnership requires that practitioners have a good understanding of their clients' needs. Here, Siân Ringrose, Richard Brown and Cath Milne report the findings of a study using practice records to analyse the services supplied by two Scottish veterinary practices covering similar beef‐ and sheep‐farming areas.
Tick infestations in sheep in the UK
Authors: Sargison Neil , Edwards Gareth
Published: October 2010

HARD ticks are distributed throughout the UK and there are concerns that their numbers are increasing and that their distribution and competency to transmit disease are changing, due partly to changes in climate and in land management. Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, such as tickborne fever and louping ill, resulting in significant production losses and welfare problems in sheep flocks. The louping ill virus is also an important cause of high mortality in red grouse, which underpin the economy of many hill and upland areas of the UK. Control of louping ill virus in these birds often depends on control of the disease in sheep, which is becoming increasingly difficult and complex as a result of conflicts between sheep and grouse management and due to a decreasing number of acaricides available for tick control. Ticks can also transmit potentially serious diseases to humans and there is concern that the risks may be increased because of increased public access to tick‐infested countryside. This article describes the ticks affecting sheep in the UK and discusses the diseases they may cause. It also outlines the methods of tick control currently available.
Trading up ‐ hard sell or advocating best practice?
Authors: Goulding John
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY staff often shy away from making recommendations that involve clients spending more than the bare minimum when it comes to their animals' care. Here, John Goulding explains why he feels that persuading a client to ‘trade up’ often goes hand in hand with promoting the best clinical care for patients, as well as being financially beneficial to the practice. An article in the next issue of In Practice will discuss in more detail what can be done in terms of preventive health care.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Roger Paul
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Bulldog caesarean’, was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by Paul Roger. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Prize draw with a difference’, which was published in the January issue of In Practice, appears on page 96. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Postmortem examination of horses
Authors: Whitwell Katherine
Published: October 2010

THE advantage of conducting a postmortem examination is that it provides an opportunity to assess the whole animal, rather than examining tissue samples harvested by someone else. It offers the chance to see, feel, photograph and examine juxtaposed tissues in situ before evaluating them more thoroughly, and to personally select the best sites for histology and microbiology. It also facilitates inspection for congenital defects, parasitism, and past and incidental lesions. ‘Evidence of absence’ of certain changes can be gathered to counter the black hole that is ‘absence of evidence’. This article describes the author's approach to conducting a postmortem examination in horses, based on experience working with colleagues in the UK as well as observing equine diagnostic work abroad.
Gastric dilation–volvulus syndrome in dogs
Authors: Tivers Mickey , Brockman Dan
Published: October 2010

GASTRIC dilation–volvulus (GDV) is a challenging but rewarding condition to treat. Appropriate decision making and management can help to achieve a success rate of up to 95 per cent in cases uncomplicated by gastric necrosis. This article, the second of two reviewing the management of canine gastric dilation–volvulus syndrome (GDVs), describes the surgical and postoperative management of GDVs in dogs. An article in the February issue (In Practice, volume 31, pp 66‐69) discussed the diagnosis and initial stabilisation of patients with GDVs.
Treatment of canine liver disease
Authors: Bexfield Nick , Watson Penny
Published: October 2010

THE treatment of canine liver disease involves a combination of drug therapy and dietary support. This article, the first of two discussing the management of liver disease in dogs, describes the indications and actions of some of the commonly used drugs and dietary treatments for the condition. An article in the next issue of In Practice will consider how to manage the clinical signs of hepatic disorders and outline the clinical approach to some specific liver diseases in dogs.
Current perspectives on canine leptospirosis
Authors: Burr Paul , Lunn Katharine , Yam Philippa
Published: October 2010

LEPTOSPIROSIS has been recognised as a significant disease of dogs throughout the world for almost a century. Leptospira species are important zoonotic pathogens and are increasingly recognised as a cause of human disease. Leptospirosis and its prevention have received considerable attention as part of the vaccination debate in both Europe and North America. However, this debate has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of leptospiral organisms and their epidemiology, and has led to potentially misleading conclusions about the current risks of infection and the need for vaccination. This article reviews the current understanding of leptospirosis in dogs, and outlines the available strategies for diagnosis and prevention.
Clinical approach to the anorexic tortoise
Authors: Goodman Gidona
Published: October 2010

ANOREXIA is one of the most common presenting conditions in tortoises seen in veterinary practice and may be accompanied by other clinical signs. In the first instance, the clinician must distinguish between physiological and behavioural anorexia and whether it is a consequence of disease or inappropriate husbandry. It is difficult to determine whether a case should be considered an emergency or how soon a client should seek advice, as this depends on a number of factors, including the age and demeanour of the patient, concurrent clinical signs and duration of the anorexia. This article describes the clinical approach to the anorexic tortoise, highlighting the common diagnostic tests that can be used to assess the patient. It also provides key pointers for immediate and long‐term supportive care of affected animals.
Treatment of canine liver disease 2. Managing clinical signs and specific liver diseases
Authors: Bexfield Nick , Watson Penny
Published: October 2010

THIS article, the second of two discussing the management of liver disease in dogs, describes the treatment of the clinical signs of several liver diseases and considers a number of specific examples, including some case studies to highlight their management. An article in the last issue of In Practice (March 2009, volume 31, pp 130‐135) described the indications and actions of some of the commonly used drugs and dietary therapies for the condition.
External coaptation in small animal practice
Authors: Grierson James
Published: October 2010

EXTERNAL coaptation is defined as the use of casts and bandages to help stabilise fractures. Although frequently used, it does not always provide the best option for an early return to function, and owners must be aware of its limitations and associated complications. Prolonged immobilisation of fractured bones and long‐term inactivity may leave the tissues shrivelled, bones thinned, muscles weakened and joints permanently stiff. Following cast removal, animals usually have to undergo prolonged rehabilitation to restore strength and flexibility to tight, weakened muscles and increase the range of motion of stiff joints. However, there are times (often due to financial constraints) when limbs need to be cast, so a good understanding of external coaptation will aid in the successful management of these cases. This article describes when it is appropriate to use external coaptation and the possible complications that might be encountered, and specifically how to apply casts and bandages.
Diagnosis and management of twinning in mares
Authors: Schramme‐Josson Anne
Published: October 2010

TWIN and triplet births are common in sheep and goats, but multiple births occur less frequently in uniparous species such as cattle and horses. Twinning is an important non‐infectious cause of pregnancy loss in mares and should not occur on well‐managed breeding farms. The equine uterus is not well designed to carry twins, as the entire endometrial surface is required for the placental development of a single fetus. The membrane shared between two vesicles does not function as a nutrient supply and therefore cannot fulfill the nutritional requirements of both fetuses, which eventually causes abortion of one or both of them during mid‐ to late gestation. This can result in considerable economic loss to the equine breeding industry. Recently, the use of transrectal ultrasonography has significantly improved the ability of veterinarians to diagnose and manage twin pregnancies more accurately compared with digital examination of the uterus per rectum. This article describes how to diagnose twinning at an early stage and how it can be managed appropriately to ensure the birth of a single viable foal.
Cool solutions for the practice fridge
Authors: Gregson Robin
Published: October 2010

CORRECT storage of vaccines and pharmaceuticals is vital. Key to reducing risk and increasing effectiveness in this area is choosing the right kind of fridge and ensuring that associated good practice procedures are in place. Robin Gregson explains.
Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats
Authors: von Heimendahl Angelika , Cariou Matthieu
Published: October 2010

THIS article describes the normal stages of parturition and discusses how to recognise and manage dystocia in dogs and cats. In each case, it is important to have a good understanding of normal parturitic parameters and to maintain good communication with the client. Intuition will also play a part in knowing when to wait and when to intervene, and once it has been established that a birth is not progressing normally, successful management will depend on quick, decisive action to ensure the safety of the bitch or queen and their offspring.
Understanding conception rates in dairy herds
Authors: Cook John
Published: October 2010

CONCEPTION rate, which can be expressed as the number of services required to establish a viable pregnancy or as a percentage of a herd becoming pregnant relative to the total number of services administered, has historically been used as a key measurement in monitoring the reproductive success of many dairy herds. The desired outcome of pregnancy is the aggregated effect of many factors that can impact on an individual cow's ability to conceive, which, in turn, contributes to the overall performance of the herd. Nationally, there is little doubt that conception rates have fallen, particularly over the past 25 years, resulting in a conception rate in the national herd in the region of 35 per cent (ie, approximately three services per conception). This article discusses the factors underlying this trend and highlights how these might be managed to enable successful management of conception rates in the national herd in the future.
Veterinary care of chinchillas
Authors: Saunders Richard
Published: October 2010

CHINCHILLAS (Chinchilla lanigera) are small hystricomorph rodents, originally native to South America, and are kept widely for laboratory research, fur production or as charming pets. Once reasonably numerous and widespread, their numbers in the wild have dropped to the point that C lanigera is now on the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix I list of seriously endangered species. Captive populations were established in the mid‐1950s for fur production, and this became a major industry, particularly in Canada and the USA. Pet chinchillas are frequently encountered in practice in the UK and have a number of unique attributes that make them both endearing pets and a veterinary challenge. This article describes the captive husbandry and veterinary care of chinchillas. Future articles will review the approach to treatment and management of dental disease and also anaesthesia and surgical techniques in this species.
Vaccination with a twitch? Seeing malpractice?
Authors: Dennison Tania
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Vaccination with a twitch?’, is presented and discussed by Tania Dennison. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Seeing malpractice?’, which was published in the May issue of In Practice, appears on page 303.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Dietary management of canine urolithiasis
Authors: Sturgess Kit
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH a number of different types of urolith have been reported in dogs, including those associated with drugs and toxins such as sulphonamides, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) accounts for approximately 40 per cent of canine urolithiasis cases and can be successfully treated with diet alone. Diet is also a central component in the treatment and management of calcium oxalate, urate and cystine uroliths, as well as playing a key role in preventing or reducing the risk of recurrence of virtually all types of urolith encountered. This article discusses some of the general current concepts regarding urolith formation, describes some dietary strategies that may be appropriate to try to prevent their recurrence, and briefly outlines possible predisposing factors.
Opportunities available under the Rural Development Programme
Authors: Rowland Dominic
Published: October 2010

THE Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) is a seven‐year, £3.9 billion programme of investment in the rural environment and in rural businesses and communities. Dominic Rowland describes the support delivered by the Regional Development Agencies, and, in particular, outlines the opportunities for the livestock sector.
Disease surveillance in small animal practice
Authors: Carruthers Harvey
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY surveillance is the process of collecting and using information regarding disease in animals. Harvey Carruthers discusses how companion animal practitioners can gather data and contribute to this process, and describes some of the schemes currently running, including problems encountered.
Research involving animals, Vaccination with a twitch?
Authors: Roger Paul
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘Research involving animals’, was submitted by a reader and is presented and discussed by Paul Roger. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Vaccination with a twitch?’, which was published in the June issue of In Practice, appears on page 360.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Recovery from anaesthesia in horses
Authors: Auckburally Adam , Flaherty Derek
Published: October 2010

COMPLICATIONS arising during recovery from anaesthesia in horses are common and, in many cases, potentially fatal. This article, the second of two reviewing this subject, considers how complications might be prevented, with particular emphasis on the different techniques available for assisted recovery. An article published in the July/August issue (In Practice, volume 31, pp 340‐347) discussed problems associated with recovery from anaesthesia in horses and how they might be managed appropriately.
Dental disease in pet rabbits
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown Frances
Published: October 2010

DENTAL disease is common in pet rabbits and treatment is an everyday procedure in many practices, yet many practitioners are unsure about how to approach these cases because the results of dental procedures can be disappointing. Maloccluded teeth can regrow within weeks of shortening and eating difficulties can persist, or even get worse, after dental intervention. Repeated anaesthetics are often required and owners become disillusioned. The long oral cavity and narrow gape of rabbits hamper dental examination and intervention, and rabbits are perceived as high anaesthetic risks with a danger of spinal injury if the animal struggles. Skull radiographs are difficult to interpret without knowledge of normal anatomy or the pathological changes that are taking place. As a result, some clinicians recommend euthanasia for rabbits with dental disease because it is a simple solution to a difficult problem. This decision could be averted with a better understanding of normal dentition and the progression of dental disease in these animals, and many owners nowadays are prepared to make a substantial commitment, in terms of both time and money, to their pet. This article, the first of three discussing dental disease in pet rabbits, describes normal dentition, and the pathogenesis and aetiology of the condition in this species. Parts 2 and 3, to be published in the October and November/December issues of In Practice, will consider diagnosis and treatment, and jaw abscesses, respectively.
Nutritional support for the critical care patient
Authors: Gajanayake Isuru , Chan Daniel
Published: October 2010

MALNUTRITION is thought to have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality in human patients who are critically ill. As a result, nutritional support has become a priority rather than an afterthought in the management of patients in many intensive care units. The importance of nutritional modulation of diseases is also increasingly being recognised in veterinary medicine, and this is especially true of critical illness. This article discusses the provision of parenteral and enteral nutrition for the critical care patient, and describes some situations in which these treatments are particularly useful.
Managing the causes of work‐related stress
Authors: Bartram David , Turley Garret
Published: October 2010

WORK‐RELATED stress can affect individuals at any level within a practice, from director or partner through to recently graduated assistant. It can damage vets' health, their ability to treat cases effectively and communicate with clients appropriately, and, in turn, affects the finances of the business that keeps them in work. In this article, David Bartram and Garret Turley explain how practices can take steps to assess and manage risk factors for work‐related stress. They suggest that everyone in the practice has a role in managing the causes of stress, and that each individual must accept that responsibility for themselves and their colleagues.
Diagnosis of infectious bronchitis in chickens
Authors: Ganapathy Kannan
Published: October 2010

INFECTIOUS bronchitis is a common endemic respiratory viral disease of chickens, second only in importance to Newcastle disease and avian influenza. It is caused by an avian coronavirus and primarily results in respiratory diseases and loss of egg production, with some strains reportedly causing nephritis, proventriculitis and pectoral myopathy. It was first identified in 1935 and is still prevalent worldwide, continuing to challenge commercial, backyard and small‐scale flocks and pet chickens. It is a difficult disease to diagnose, as clinical and pathological findings are not pathognomonic. Thus, careful field investigation, appropriate collection of samples from live birds and carcases, and an appreciation of laboratory protocols are vital for a conclusive diagnosis. This article describes the diagnostic approach to identifying infectious bronchitis in a flock.
Thoracic ultrasonography as an adjunct to clinical examination on farm
Authors: Scott Phil
Published: October 2010

PORTABLE ultrasound machines provide an inexpensive, non‐invasive tool with which to examine the pleural surfaces and superficial lung parenchyma of ruminants on farm. Ultrasonographic examination of the chest need take no more than five minutes, including preparation time, and is therefore much cheaper than many clinical biochemical tests/profiles and more disease/organ specific, generating immediate results. This article describes the practicalities of a thoracic ultrasound examination and how it might be used to diagnose the most commonly encountered conditions in first‐opinion farm animal practice.
Injured fawn, How much information?
Authors: Kerr Annie
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Injured fawn’, is presented and discussed by Annie Kerr. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘How much information?’, which was published in the September issue of In Practice, appears on page 471.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Oculomotor nerve palsy in the setting of an anterior cerebral A2 segment aneurysm
Authors: Fairbanks Carson , White J Bradley
Published: October 2010

Introduction

A case is presented which highlights a rare cause of oculomotor nerve palsy (third nerve palsy) in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to an A2 segment anterior cerebral aneurysm. A third nerve palsy is most often associated with posterior communicating artery aneurysms which are explained by the anatomic proximity of nerve and artery. Third nerve palsies from remote aneurysms however are more difficult to understand.

Presentation

A patient presented to the emergency department with severe headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Her examination was remarkable only for a partial left third nerve palsy manifest as a non-pupil sparing mild ptosis. A CT scan and digital subtraction cerebral angiography revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to a small ruptured aneurysm at the A2 segment of the anterior cerebral artery. The aneurysm was deemed treatable by endovascular coil embolization and the patient underwent successful placement of a detachable helical coil. At 1 month follow-up, the patient had no complaints and showed complete resolution of all oculomotor symptoms.

Conclusion

While oculomotor nerve palsy is an incredibly rare sequelae of anterior cerebral artery aneurysm rupture, it is important that clinicians and researchers continue to report and study such cases. It has been hypothesized that mass effect, hemotoxicity and ischemia are all possible causes of third nerve injury in remote aneurysms, as in this case.