bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective Probability and Geometry: Three Metric Theorems Concerning Random Quantities
Authors: Angelini Pierpaolo , De Sanctis Angela
Published: March 2018

Affine properties are more general than metric ones because they are independent of the choice of a coordinate system. Nevertheless, a metric, that is to say, a scalar product which takes each pair of vectors and returns a real number, is meaningful when $n$ vectors, which are all unit vectors and orthogonal to each other, constitute a basis for the $n$-dimensional vector space $\mathcal{A}$. In such a space $n$ events $E_i$, $i = 1, \ldots, n$, whose Cartesian coordinates turn out to be $x^i$, are represented in a linear form. A metric is also meaningful when we transfer on a straight line the $n$-dimensional structure of $\mathcal{A}$ into which the constituents of the partition determined by $E_1, \ldots, E_n$ are visualized. The dot product of two vectors of the $n$-dimensional real space $\mathbb{R}^n$ is invariant: of these two vectors the former represents the possible values for a given random quantity, while the latter represents the corresponding probabilities which are assigned to them in a subjective fashion.We deduce these original results, which are the foundation of our next and extensive study concerning the formulation of a geometric, well-organized and original theory of random quantities, from pioneering works which deal with a specific geometric interpretation of probability concept, unlike the most part of the current ones which are pleased to keep the real and deep meaning of probability notion a secret because they consider a success to give a uniquely determined answer to a problem even when it is indeterminate.Therefore, we believe that it is inevitable that our references limit themselves to these pioneering works.
Intelligence leadership
Authors: Abels Paul
Published: March 2018

Intelligence leadership. Leadership in the twilight between secrecy and openness

This article highlights the special position of European heads of intelligence and security services. In the search for important characteristics of intelligence leadership through time, a comparison is made between five services from five different countries (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Greece and Spain). Using Anglo-American reference information and a leadership typology developed by intelligence expert Robarge, the consecutive heads of service in these European countries are profiled and categorized. This leads to a picture that has always been dominated by males, a strong military presence and many end-of-career heads. Their influence on the internal and external service development was often substantial, with alternate appointments of inside and outside reformers. The scale of openness usually constituted a struggle with both the inside and outside world. Nowadays, the heads are being confronted with new challenges and demands, which leads to the conclusion that a new form of ‘distributed’ or ‘interdependent’ leadership is required, in which old reflexes to appoint people with an operational, military or police background as heads of these services are no longer self-evident.
De Wiv 2002 en Wiv 2017 op enkele hoofdlijnen vergeleken
Authors: Dielemans Rob
Published: March 2018

Comparing the old and new Intelligence and Security Services Acts in the Netherlands

Last year, Dutch parliament approved the proposal for a new Intelligence and Security Services Act (Wiv 2017). This law will replace the current Intelligence and Security Services Act 2002 (Wiv 2002). The Wiv 2017 should be considered feasible with effect from 1 May 2018. Before that time however, an advisory referendum on the new law will be held on 21 March. This article first discusses the nature of the law and the need for innovation. Subsequently, a comparison of both laws takes place in general terms, with regard to the powers of the intelligence and security services, the safeguards, the supervision, the complaint handling and the international cooperation between intelligence and security services. It is argued that the extension of the powers of the services in the Wiv 2017 is only limited in scope, while the safeguards have been considerably strengthened. The introduction of a binding judgment in complaint handling also contributes to a better and more effective legal protection for citizens.
Enkele kanttekeningen bij de Wiv 2017
Authors: van Eijk Nico , Eijkman Quirine
Published: March 2018

A few remarks on the new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act. The extension of powers evaluated on the basis of human rights clauses

The new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act 2017 extends the (special) powers of the intelligence and security services and introduces a new system of checks and balances. In this article several of the most impactful changes and underlying issues are discussed. They include the technology neutral approach, the new bulk surveillance powers, oversight (its role, tasks, independence and the use of outside experts), complaints and whistleblowers procedure, the lack of appeal procedures and the exchange of information with foreign agencies.
Inlichtingenwerk vanuit een methodologisch perspectief
Authors: de Valk Gilliam , Aerdts Willemijn
Published: March 2018

Intelligence research from a methodological perspective

This article compares criminal investigations and judicial research to intelligence research. Criminal investigations and judicial research focus on evidence and prosecution, while intelligence researchers don’t want to overlook any threats. Methodologically speaking: criminal investigations and judicial research focus on keeping a low α value, intelligence focusses on keeping a low ß value. This ß oriented research should lead to drastically different research design. ß-oriented research is a quest for the unknowns. Possible threats need to be neutralized, most of the times without a judicial review (by a judge). This absence of review, in combination with the additional special powers laid down in the revised Intelligence and Security Services Acts, should be reason for adjustment of the oversight.
De Snowden-onthullingen en ongerichte interceptie onder de Wiv 2017
Authors: Koop Peter
Published: March 2018

The Snowden disclosures and untargeted bulk interception under the new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act

This year, the new Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act (Wiv 2017) will come into force. It’s most controversial part is the untargeted bulk interception of internet and telephone cables, where previously this was only allowed for wireless communication links. Since June 2013, the Snowden revelations led to a fear for mass surveillance of ordinary citizens by NSA and GCHQ. The original documents however show that their collection programs are actually focused at valid foreign intelligence targets. Where the British and Americans have online and realtime filtering systems, the Dutch will store the communications from untargeted cable interception for up to three years. Also the Dutch will lack the opportunity of XKEYSCORE to find anonymous internet communications, as they will select content just as targeted as is the case with traditional wiretaps. Therefore, the main improvement for Dutch intelligence appears to be a much greater access to metadata
De waarborgfunctie van het rechtspersonenrecht
Authors: Westenbroek W.A.
Published: March 2018

De waarborgfunctie van het rechtspersonenrecht. Over de bewaarnemersrol van eerste- en tweedegraadsbestuurders en hun (ogenschijnlijk) verschillende processuele positie na het arrest Le Roux Fruit Exporters

Om het recht te begrijpen is het soms van belang stil te staan bij de vraag waarom dat recht bestaat. In deze wetenschappelijke bijdrage wordt daarom ingegaan op de zogenoemde waarborgfunctie van het rechtspersonenrecht. Het artikel onderbouwt de eerder door de auteur ingezette lijn dat het bestuurdersaansprakelijkheidsrecht aan herbezinning toe is.
Noot bij HR 22 september 2017, ECLI:NL:HR:2017:2452
Authors: Serraris F.T.
Published: March 2018

Noot bij HR 22 september 2017, ECLI:NL:HR:2017:2452

In zijn arrest van 22 september 2017 onderstreept de Hoge Raad dat indien de civiele rechter in beroepsaansprakelijkheidszaken afwijkt van het oordeel van de tuchtrechter, hij dit oordeel voldoende begrijpelijk dient te motiveren. De auteur bespreekt dit arrest en – meer in het algemeen en in praktische zin – de verhouding tussen tucht- en civielrechtelijke uitspraken.
The untouchables
Authors: Lennarts M.L.
Published: March 2018

The untouchables. Reactie op ‘Het lichaam van de niet-uitvoerende bestuurder’

De Roo verdedigde onlangs in dit tijdschrift de stelling dat tot nog toe niet is gebleken van overtuigende redenen om de vervulling van de niet-uitvoerende bestuurdersfuncties te beperken tot natuurlijke personen. In deze bijdrage plaatst de auteur een aantal kanttekeningen bij deze stelling en de onderbouwing daarvan. Daarbij stelt zij de wijze waarop de rechtspersoon-bestuurder thans in Nederland is geregeld ter discussie.
De inrichtingsvrijheid als uitzondering?
Authors: de Roo K.H.M.
Published: March 2018

De inrichtingsvrijheid als uitzondering? Naschrift

Deze bijdrage is een naschrift bij de reactie van Lennarts op het pleidooi van de auteur voor de benoembaarheid van rechtspersonen als niet-uitvoerende bestuurder en als commissaris. De auteur bespreekt hoe Lennarts de rechtspersonenrechtelijke inrichtingsvrijheid miskent en hoe de door haar voorgestane inbreuk op de partijautonomie een sluitende rechtvaardiging mist.
Three new species of Anacharis Dalman, 1823 (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), with revised taxonomy and distribution records of Palaearctic and Indomalayan species
Authors: Mata-Casanova Noel , Selfa Jesús , Pujade-Villar Juli
Published: March 2018

An update of the current knowledge of Anacharis Dalman, 1823 for the Palaearctic and Indomalayan regions is given. The previously known Palaearctic species Anacharis antennata Belizin, 1951, Anacharis eucharoides (Dalman, 1818), Anacharis immunis Walker, 1835 and Anacharis parapsidalis Belizin, 1951 are redescribed. Three new species are described: Anacharis fergussoni sp. nov. from Europe, Anacharis norvegica sp. nov. from Norway and Anacharis belizini sp. nov. from Thailand, the first recorded Indomalayan species for the genus. Anacharis gracilipes Ionescu, 1969, is synonymized with A. eucharoides, while Anacharis flavidicornis Kieffer, 1910 is transferred to the genus Aegilips Haliday, 1835, resulting in Aegilips flavidicornis (Kieffer, 1910) comb. nov. Diagnostic characters and data about the biology, distribution and affinities with other species of Anacharis are discussed. An identification key for the Palaearctic and Indomalayan species of Anacharis is given.
Les vers funèbres du fort Duquesne (12 juillet 1755)
Authors: Doutrelepont Charles
Published: March 2018

Cet article propose une histoire de deux oeuvres versifiées produites au fort Duquesne, tracé mémoriel au coeur de l’actuelle Pittsburgh (Pennsylvanie), poste frontière de la Nouvelle-France en ses Pays d’en haut, jadis. Conçues pour être mises en performance, lors de l’enterrement d’un officier tombé au champ d’honneur, ces poésies furent créées à partir de matrices passées de France en Amérique. Outre l’identification de ces dernières, ce sont les auteurs locaux qui sont d’abord démasqués. Les mutations qu’ils firent subir aux originaux ainsi que la manière dont les hommes de guerre reçurent ces oeuvres sont abordées par la suite.
Le folklore des Pays d’en haut au xixe siècle : le témoignage de Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin
Authors: Bénéteau Marcel
Published: March 2018

À partir de l’oeuvre de Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin, cet article jette un nouvel éclairage sur le folklore français des Pays d’en haut auxxixeetxxesiècles. Les travaux des historiens des dernières décennies ont produit une meilleure compréhension de l’histoire des Pays d’en haut ainsi que des relations entre leurs populations européennes et amérindiennes. Cependant, nous en savons très peu au sujet du patrimoine immatériel que ces colons, marchands et voyageurs ont amené avec eux. Comment ce folklore a-t-il évolué à l’écart des centres de peuplement de la vallée laurentienne et face aux échanges culturels avec des voisins anglophones et autochtones ? Ce texte propose une étude du folklore de la région du Détroit – établissement relié à la fois aux centres canadiens-français plus à l’est et aux anciens territoires de l’intérieur de l’Empire français – pour reconstituer le folklore perdu des Pays d’en haut. L’ouvrage principal de Watson Hamlin,Legends of le Détroit(1884), se révèle une des sources les plus importantes pour accomplir cette tâche.
CANINE COGNITIVE DISFUNCTION SYNDROME
Authors: Dimzas Dimitris , Papaioannou Nikos , Tsolaki Magda
Published: March 2018

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that usuallyaffects individuals of an older age. Aged dogs spontaneously develop many featuresof human aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) including cognitive decline andneuropathology. AD is accompanied by progressive dementia and the accumulationof senile pla
ТЕНДЕНЦИЈЕ У СВИЊАРСТВУ СРБИЈЕ КРОЗ ПРИЗМУ ЕКОНОМСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЉА У ПЕРИОДУ 2001-2004. ГОДИНА
Authors: Мириловић М. , Ђурић Споменка , Вејновић Б. , Недић Д. Н. , Тешић М. , Тајдић Нада , Стевановић Јасна
Published: March 2018

У раду су разматране тенденциjе кретања броjа свиња по категориjама,производним показатељима, као и економским резултатима пословања усвињарству Србиjе у периоду од 2001. до 2014. године. Анализираjући броjсвиња, може се установити да jе просечан броj свиња у Републици Србиjи био3.484.000 са варирањем од 3.139.000 (2012) до 3.990.000 (2006. год.). Установље-но jе да jе просечан броj прасади у испитиваном период био 1.138.000+/-167.200грла, а просечан броj товних свиња био jе 1.936.000+/-175.100 грла. При анализитенденциjе кретања укупног броjа свиња, броjа прасади и броjа товних свињаустановљава се тренд са просечним годишњим смањењем од 1.165 грла праса-ди и смањењем броjа товних свиња од 4.248. Анализираjући кретање цена пра-сади у испитиваном периоду установљава се да jе она била просечно 1,90+/-0,37евра, просечна цена товљеника у истом периоду била jе 1,36+/-0,27 евра. Анали-зираjући везу између цене кукуруза и цене прасади добиjамо негативан и низаккоефициjент корелациjе (rxy=-0,40), што указуjе на малу и негативну зависностцене прасади у односу на промену цене кукуруза. Утицаj цене кукуруза на ценутовних свиња готово jе занемарљив (rxy =0,18). Нешто већи и позитиван утицаjима промена цене товљеника на повећање цене прасади (rxy =0,57). Негативникоефициjенти економичности били су у 2002, 2003, 200
NUTRITIVNI FAKTORI KAO UZROCI POREMEĆAJA U REPRODUKCIJI DOMAĆIH ŽIVOTINJA
Authors: Marković Radmila , Radulović Stamen , Teodorović Vlado , Petrujkić Branko , Jakić Dimić Dobrila , Peurača Mile , Šefer Dragan
Published: March 2018

Intenziviranje stočarske proizvodnje dovelo je do toga da reprodukcija, kao primarnafiziološka funkcija svakog živog organizma sa ciljem produženja vrste, u odnosuna biološke zakone i potrebe bude višestruko ugrožena, odnosno rezultira evidentnoslabijim rezultatima.Ispoljavanje genetskog potencijala za proizvodnju životinja je u neposrednoj zavisnostiod ishrane. Nepravilna i deficitarna ishrana, pored toga što dovodi do smanjenjaobima proizvodnje (mesa, mleka, jaja), izuzetno nepovoljno se odražava i na uspehreprodukcije. Nepovoljan uticaj ishrane se manifestuje poremećajem ili izostankomestrusa, smanjenom koncepcijom, resorpcijom ploda ili pobačajem, ra
УТВРЂИВАЊЕ МИКРОБИОЛОШКЕ ИСПРАВНОСТИ ВОДЕ НА ФАРМАМА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРПСКОЈ
Authors: Калаба Весна , Голић Бојан , Касагић Драган , Дојчиновић Слободан , Недић Драго Н.
Published: March 2018

Есенцијална и квантитативно најважнија компонента свих живих организа-ма је вода. Вода за напајање животиња треба да је бактериолошки чиста. Хи-гијенски исправна вода је основа за успјешну анималну производњу.Извори микробиолошке контаминације воде су многобројни. Фекалије и се-крети болесних животиња и људи главни су извори контаминације воде.Циљ истраживања је утврђивање микрoбиолошке исправности воде којасе користи на фармама за напајање животиња у Републици Српској. Студија јеобухватила 300 узорака воде.Од укупног броја анализираних узорака воде, 33,33% било је хигијенски не-исправно, што представља опасност по здравље животиња.
PREVALENCA BABEZIOZE PASA NA TERITORIJI OPŠTINE TESLIĆ
Authors: Majkić M. , Kovačević V. , Kovačević D.
Published: March 2018

Babezioza pasa je vektorsko oboljenje sezonskog karaktera, koje se odlikuje nalazomBabesia spp u krvi, povišenom temeperaturom, krvarenjima i splenomegalijom.Cilj rada je utvrditi prevalencu babezioze kod pasa lečenih tokom 2013. godine uveterinarskoj ambulanti "Dr Kovačević" u Tesliću. Uvidom u zdravstvene kartoneambulante, tokom 2013. godine pregledana su 183 oboljela psa. Mikroskopskimpregledom krvnog razmaza obojenog po Gimza metodi, babezioza je dokazana kod 56pasa. U martu je registrovano 3, 57% a u maju 35,71% obolelih, što odgovara pikupojavljivanja vektora, iksodidnih krpelja. Uspešna kontrola pojave babezioze kod pasanala
Ribosome display: a potent display technology used for selecting and evolving specific binders with desired properties
Authors: Li Ruowei , Kang Guangbo , Hu Min , Huang He
Published: March 2018

Currently, a variety of display technologies have been developed in the life science field, such as phage display, ribosome display, and yeast display. Many studies have found that display technologies are powerful and universal methods when they are combined with large genetically encoded binder libraries, which results in the generation of high-performance binders against nearly any antigen interested. As a result, display technologies are widely applied to molecular biology, clinic and medicine. Ribosome display based on cell-free display systems has been established as a different type of technology for 23 years until now. Compared to other related methods, ribosome display possesses unique advantages and is successfully exploited to the selection for functional and specific binders in vitro, exhibiting potent development prospects. Here in this paper, we will review the theories and advantages of ribosome display, and will highlight how it is being used now to select and evolve functional proteins as well as applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.
Bangladesh and Rwanda: a case for a high burden of influenza in tropical countries?
Authors: Alonso Wladimir J , Freitas André R R , Schuck-Paim Cynthia
Published: March 2018

Several studies that analyzed the burden of influenza during the 2009 pandemic found that excess mortality tended to wane or even disappear in equatorial regions, adding to evidence that suggests that seasonal influenza may have a lower impact in tropical settings. We therefore analyzed with great interest the claims of two studies recently published in this journal of relatively high influenza-associated mortality burden in Bangladesh and hospitalization burden in Rwanda, two countries with mild winters. We detected a poor match between the temporal signature of influenza virus detection and ARI cases. The absence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) testing in these studies may have also contributed to distortions, especially in Rwanda where hospitalization rates were disproportionately high among younger children, usually the most affected by RSV. Additionally, many of the deaths attributed to influenza were of patients with severe previously existing conditions. We suggest that the issues discussed here are seriously considered in a putative recommendation of seasonal influenza vaccines in tropical settings.
An index to integrate stress due to anthropogenic pressures along the shoreline and case study of a tourist destination in Brazil
Authors: Casares Fernanda Araujo , Carlos-Jr Lélis Antonio , Creed Joel Christopher , Oigman-Pszczol Simone Siag
Published: March 2018

In order to compare stress on marine coastal ecosystems at different sites and over time we developed an Environmental Pressure Index (EPI). The index was composed of twenty-four parameters which could be observed and quantified at each site or from maps. The parameters metrics were taken in water, on shore or from the catchment and were grouped into eight ecosystem degrading stressors: Urban development, shoreline development, presence of sewage outfalls, presence of human debris, constructions on the shore, nautical gas stations, fishing pressure, recreational activities and nautical and shipping activities. The parameters were standardized to a maximum and had different weighting established from the literature, giving an EPI which varies from 0 to 1. We applied the Index to the tropical rocky shores and marginal reef ecosystem of the Armação dos Búzios, a tourist destination situated on a peninsula in Southeastern Brazil. The region has experienced rapid urbanization since the 1950s. Data were obtained for 11 sites and the Index was calculated for 2000/2001 and compared to data generated in 2016/2017. In 2000/2001 EPI varied from 0.01-0.47 and in 2016/2017 from 0.04-0.55 and although some sites worsened others improved and no significant difference in EPI was found over time for the region.
Identification of the Telomere elongation mutation in Drosophila
Authors: Reddy Hemakumar M. , Randall Thomas A. , Capkova Frydrychova Radmila , Mason James M.
Published: March 2018

Background. Telomeres in Drosophila melanogaster are similar to those of other eukaryotes in terms of their function, although they are formed by non-LTR retrotransposons instead of telomerase-based short repeats. The length of the telomeres in Drosophila depends on the number of copies of these transposable elements. A dominant mutation, Tel1, causes a several-fold elongation of telomeres.

Methods. In this study we identified the Tel1 mutation by a combination of transposon-induced, site-specific recombination and next generation sequencing.

Results. Recombination located Tel1 to a 15 kb region in 92A. Comparison of the DNA sequence in this region with the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel of wild type genomic sequences delimited Tel1 to a 3 bp deletion inside intron 8 of Ino80.

Discussion. The mapped Tel1 mutation (3-bp deletion found in Ino80) did not appear to affect the quantity or length of the Ino80 transcript. Tel1 causes a significant reduction in transcripts of CG18493, a gene nested in an intron 8 of Ino80, which is expressed in ovaries and expected to encode a serine-type peptidase.
Multiscale spatial distribution of macrofauna response to fishery pressure
Authors: Fiorentino Dario , Kraan Casper , Dannheim Jennifer , Badesab Shahin Kadar , Armonies Werner , Gräwe Ulf , Brey Thomas
Published: March 2018

Trawling is one of the most damaging activities for fauna living at the ocean resulting in simultaneous pulse and chronic impacts on benthic communities on multiple spatio-temporal scales. Recently, high quality Vessel Monitoring by Satellite (VMS) data provides spatio-temporal information of swept area by fishery trawlers. Using this huge amount of information in combination with about 20 environmental descriptors, we aim to tease apart the effect of species endogenous features (i.e. dispersal capability) and exogenous factors (i.e. environmental conditions) on the fauna responses to fishery and its related spatial scales. We analyse data of 300 grab-samples taken in the German Bight (North Sea), encompassing 140 macrobenthic species collected on a regular grid over an area of about 8000 km2. We use Moran Eigenvector Maps to model patterns of potential connectivity between locations and shed light on which spatial scales fisheries, environmental characteristics, and macrobenthos are linked. Finally, we show maps of fauna response to fishery. We argue that despite the importance of proper quantification of fishing pressure and other human activities, shedding light on the effects and response to such activities is crucial for a sound understanding of the processes that shape ecosystems and diversity distribution
Protocol: The effect of whole-grain dietary intake on non-communicable diseases: A systematic review, multivariate meta-analysis and dose-response of prospective cohorts, cross-sectional, case-control and intervention studies
Authors: Iqbal Wasim A , Stewart Gavin B , Smith Abigail J , Seal Chris J
Published: March 2018

The proposed protocol is for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of whole-grains (WG) on non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and obesity. The primary objectives is to explore the mechanisms of WG intake on multiple biomarkers of NCDs such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin and many others. The secondary objective will look at the dose-response relationship between these various mechanisms. The protocol outlines the motive and scope for the review, and methodology including the risk of bias, statistical analysis, screening and study criteria.
Encoding sensory and motor patterns as time-invariant trajectories in recurrent neural networks
Authors: Goudar Vishwa , Buonomano Dean V
Published: March 2018

Much of the information the brain processes and stores is temporal in nature—a spoken word or a handwritten signature, for example, is defined by how it unfolds in time. However, it remains unclear how neural circuits encode complex time-varying patterns. We show that by tuning the weights of a recurrent neural network (RNN), it can recognize and then transcribe spoken digits. The model elucidates how neural dynamics in cortical networks may resolve three fundamental challenges: first, encode multiple time-varying sensory and motor patterns as stable neural trajectories; second, generalize across relevant spatial features; third, identify the same stimuli played at different speeds—we show that this temporal invariance emerges because the recurrent dynamics generate neural trajectories with appropriately modulated angular velocities. Together our results generate testable predictions as to how recurrent networks may use different mechanisms to generalize across the relevant spatial and temporal features of complex time-varying stimuli.
Codon choice directs constitutive mRNA levels in trypanosomes
Authors: de Freitas Nascimento Janaina , Kelly Steven , Sunter Jack , Carrington Mark
Published: March 2018

Selective transcription of individual protein coding genes does not occur in trypanosomes and the cellular copy number of each mRNA must be determined post-transcriptionally. Here, we provide evidence that codon choice directs the levels of constitutively expressed mRNAs. First, a novel codon usage metric, the gene expression codon adaptation index (geCAI), was developed that maximised the relationship between codon choice and the measured abundance for a transcriptome. Second, geCAI predictions of mRNA levels were tested using differently coded GFP transgenes and were successful over a 25-fold range, similar to the variation in endogenous mRNAs. Third, translation was necessary for the accelerated mRNA turnover resulting from codon choice. Thus, in trypanosomes, the information determining the levels of most mRNAs resides in the open reading frame and translation is required to access this information.
Acyl chain asymmetry and polyunsaturation of brain phospholipids facilitate membrane vesiculation without leakage
Authors: Manni Marco M , Tiberti Marion L , Pagnotta Sophie , Barelli Hélène , Gautier Romain , Antonny Bruno
Published: March 2018

Phospholipid membranes form cellular barriers but need to be flexible enough to divide by fission. Phospholipids generally contain a saturated fatty acid (FA) at position sn1 whereas the sn2-FA is saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Our understanding of the impact of phospholipid unsaturation on membrane flexibility and fission is fragmentary. Here, we provide a comprehensive view of the effects of the FA profile of phospholipids on membrane vesiculation by dynamin and endophilin. Coupled to simulations, this analysis indicates that: (i) phospholipids with two polyunsaturated FAs make membranes prone to vesiculation but highly permeable; (ii) asymmetric sn1-saturated-sn2-polyunsaturated phospholipids provide a tradeoff between efficient membrane vesiculation and low membrane permeability; (iii) When incorporated into phospholipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; omega-3) makes membranes more deformable than arachidonic acid (omega-6). These results suggest an explanation for the abundance of sn1-saturated-sn2-DHA phospholipids in synaptic membranes and for the importance of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio on neuronal functions.
The CLAVATA receptor FASCIATED EAR2 responds to distinct CLE peptides by signaling through two downstream effectors
Authors: Je Byoung Il , Xu Fang , Wu Qingyu , Liu Lei , Meeley Robert , Gallagher Joseph P , Corcilius Leo , Payne Richard J , Bartlett Madelaine E , Jackson David
Published: March 2018

Meristems contain groups of indeterminate stem cells, which are maintained by a feedback loop between CLAVATA (CLV) and WUSCHEL (WUS) signaling. CLV signaling involves the secretion of the CLV3 peptide and its perception by a number of Leucine-Rich-Repeat (LRR) receptors, including the receptor-like kinase CLV1 and the receptor-like protein CLV2 coupled with the CORYNE (CRN) pseudokinase. CLV2, and its maize ortholog FASCIATED EAR2 (FEA2) appear to function in signaling by CLV3 and several related CLV3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide ligands. Nevertheless, how signaling specificity is achieved remains unknown. Here we show that FEA2 transmits signaling from two distinct CLE peptides, the maize CLV3 ortholog ZmCLE7 and ZmFON2-LIKE CLE PROTEIN1 (ZmFCP1) through two different candidate downstream effectors, the alpha subunit of the maize heterotrimeric G protein COMPACT PLANT2 (CT2), and ZmCRN. Our data provide a novel framework to understand how diverse signaling peptides can activate different downstream pathways through common receptor proteins.
Tuberculosis associated with tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists, case description and analysis of reported cases in Colombia
Authors: Galvis Leandro , Sánchez Ángel Y. , Jurado Leonardo F. , Murcia Martha I.
Published: March 2018

El factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (FNTα) es una citocina fundamental en la reacción inmunitaria frente al cáncer y a infecciones tales como la tuberculosis. Esta molécula también desempeña un papel fundamental en la patogenia de enfermedades complejas y de difícil tratamiento, como la artritis reumatoidea, la espondilitis anquilosante, la enfermedad de Crohn, la psoriasis y la colitis ulcerativa, condiciones que suelen requerir el uso de medicamentos que antagonizan la función del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa, el cual se ha relacionado con un incremento del riesgo de desarrollar tuberculosis, micosis y otras infecciones graves.Se reporta el caso de un hombre de 68 años de edad con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Crohn, a quien se le administró tratamiento con antagonistas del FNTα, debido a lo cual desarrolló tuberculosis diseminada. El diagnóstico se hizo con base en los hallazgos histológicos y mediante pruebas de biología molecular.Se discuten la presentación clínica y el manejo del caso, y se hace un análisis comparativo de los casos de tuberculosis asociados al tratamiento con antagonistas del FNTα reportados en Colombia durante los últimos diez años, con especial énfasis en la detección y el tratamiento de la tuberculosis latente.
A fatal case series of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Sonora, México
Authors: Delgado-De la Mora Jesús , Licona-Enríquez Jesús David , Leyva-Gastélum Marcia , Delgado-De la Mora David , Rascón-Alcantar Adela , Álvarez-Hernández Gerardo
Published: March 2018

Introducción. La fiebre manchada de las Montañas Rocosas es una infección muy letal, particularmente si no se diagnostica y se trata oportunamente.Objetivo. Describir el perfil clínico de los casos fatales de pacientes con fiebre manchada de las Montañas Rocosas, hospitalizados en Sonora, México.Materiales y métodos. Se analizó una serie de 47 defunciones por fiebre manchada de las Montañas Rocosas en el periodo de 2013 a 2016. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) o la cuadruplicación de los títulos de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) en muestras de suero pareadas analizadas mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se compararon las características clínicas y de laboratorio, estratificando a los sujetos en dos grupos: pediátricos y adultos.Resultados. No hubo diferencias en las manifestaciones clínicas entre los grupos; el exantema petequial fue el signo más frecuente (96 %), seguido por cefalea (70 %) y mialgias (67 %). La muerte ocurrió en el 55 % de los sujetos a pesar de haber recibido doxiciclina antes del quinto día del inicio de los síntomas. Los marcadores de laboratorio más frecuentes fueron trombocitopenia, falla hepática e insuficiencia renal.Conclusión. La fiebre manchada de las Montañas Rocosas es una enfermedad muy letal, lo cual puede estar relacionado con la ausencia de sospecha del diagnóstico y el retraso en la administración de doxiciclina, pero también con características atribuibles a Rickettsia rickettsii que inciden en la variabilidad de los resultados adversos que se han observado en regiones donde la enfermedad es frecuente.
Unilateral Optic Nerve Aplasia In An Otherwise Normally Developed Eye
Authors: Ramchandani Suresh , Paritekar Prajakta , Patkar Priyanka , Dhiware Neha
Published: March 2018

We report a unique case of unilateral optic nerve aplasia in an otherwise normally developed child. It was an incidental finding in a preterm child who was being screened for retinopathy of prematurity. Anterior segment of the affected eye was normal. However pupillary light reflexes-direct and consensual were absent. Ultrasound B scan and MRI confirmed the absence of optic nerve, in an otherwise normally developed eye.
Bilateral Electric Shock Induced Cataract
Authors: Chandak Ambika , Kochar Anju , Bhargava Poonam
Published: March 2018

Electric shock injury may cause various ocular complications. The severity of the complications depends on the voltage and site of passage of electric shock. The probability of ocular involvement rises more if the injury occurs at the scalp or face. Electric shock induced cataract is usually bilateral. The exact pathogenesis of cataract development is unknown. Direct coagulation of lens proteins and the osmotic changes following damage to the subcapsular epithelium are thought to be responsible. Other ocular complications like conjunctival hyperemia, interstitial corneal opacities, uveitis, miosis, spasm of accommodation etc may occur. Some rare complications like optic nerve coagulation, necrosis of retina, choroid and optic atrophy have been reported. Macular oedema may lead to the development of macular cysts or holes. Paresis of extraocular muscles have been frequently observed. We report two rare cases of high voltage electric injury in two young male patients resulting in bilateral cataract. No other ocular complications were encounterd. Entry and exit wounds were present in both the patients. Fundoscopy, Ultrasound B – scan and OCT were done to evaluate the posterior segment which were normal. Patients underwent manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) with posterior chamber intra ocular lens implantation with good post operative visual recovery. The study concludes that the degree of lenticular change seems to bear no definite relation to the strength of the current and with proper evaluation of posterior segment we can predict the post operative visual recovery.
Simple Technique For The Management Of A Cataract Surgery Wound Site Scleral Abscess and Endophthalmitis
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Singh Tajinder Pal , Gupta Manoj
Published: March 2018

To report satisfactory outcome in a patient with scleral abscess at scleral incision cataract surgery wound site, along with endophthalmitis. Simple adjunctive measures enhance the success of conservative management for such cases. Method: Seventy-year-old female was diagnosed as scleral abscess with acute post operative endophthalmitis after one week of an uneventful scleral incision cataract surgery. The patient was managed with surgical wound debridement adjunctive to topical, intravitreal and systemic antibiotics.
Results: Satisfactory final best corrected visual acuity of 20/40 was achieved at the last follow-up at 20 weeks.
Conclusion: Post cataract surgery scleral abscess and endophthalmitis pose a significant management challenge. This condition may respond favourably with adjunctive meticulous surgical wound debridement.
Gemin5 plays a role in unassembled‐U1 snRNA disposal in SMN‐deficient cells
Authors: Jiang Dongxu , Zou Xuan , Zhang Cheng , Chen Jincao , Li Zhiqiang , Wang Yunfu , Deng Zixin , Wang Liangrong , Chen Shi
Published: March 2018

Gemin5 acts as a U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA)‐binding protein in U1 small nuclear ribonucleic protein (snRNP) biogenesis. Here, we report a role for Gemin5 in unassembled U1 snRNP disposal under survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein‐deficient conditions. We demonstrate that non‐Sm protein‐associated U1 snRNA and U1A are enriched in cytoplasmic granules and colocalize to P bodies in SMN‐deficient cells. Immunoprecipitation assays show increased associations of the U1 snRNP component U1A with P body components and Gemin5 in SMN‐deficient cells. More importantly, Gemin5 knockdown eliminates the unassembled U1 snRNP granules and rescues U1 snRNA levels in SMN‐deficient cells. Taken together, our study provides direct evidence that Gemin5 is involved in unassembled‐U1 snRNA disposal under conditions of SMN deficiency.
TRIM24 mediates the interaction of the retinoic acid receptor alpha with the proteasome
Authors: Carrier Marilyn , Lutzing Regis , Gaouar Samia , Rochette‐Egly Cécile
Published: March 2018

The nuclear retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARα, β and γ) are ligand‐dependent regulators of transcription. Upon activation by RA, they are recruited at the promoters of target genes together with several coregulators. Then, they are degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Here, we report that the degradation of the RARα subtype involves ubiquitination and the tripartite motif protein TRIM24, which was originally identified as a ligand‐dependent corepressor of RARα. We show that in response to RA, TRIM24 serves as an adapter linking RARα to the proteasome for its degradation. In addition, TRIM24 and the proteasome are recruited with RARα to the promoters of target genes and thus are inherently linked to RARα transcriptional activity.
Carbon Dioxide Physiological Forcing Dominates Projected Eastern Amazonian Drying
Authors: Richardson T. B. , Forster P. M. , Andrews T. , Boucher O. , Faluvegi G. , Fläschner D. , Kasoar M. , Kirkevåg A. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Myhre G. , Olivié D. , Samset B. H. , Shawki D. , Shindell D. , Takemura T. , Voulgarakis A.
Published: March 2018

Future projections of east Amazonian precipitation indicate drying, but they are uncertain and poorly understood. In this study we analyze the Amazonian precipitation response to individual atmospheric forcings using a number of global climate models. Black carbon is found to drive reduced precipitation over the Amazon due to temperature‐driven circulation changes, but the magnitude is uncertain. CO2 drives reductions in precipitation concentrated in the east, mainly due to a robustly negative, but highly variable in magnitude, fast response. We find that the physiological effect of CO2 on plant stomata is the dominant driver of the fast response due to reduced latent heating and also contributes to the large model spread. Using a simple model, we show that CO2 physiological effects dominate future multimodel mean precipitation projections over the Amazon. However, in individual models temperature‐driven changes can be large, but due to little agreement, they largely cancel out in the model mean.
Coordinated Satellite Observations of the Very Low Frequency Transmission Through the Ionospheric D Layer at Low Latitudes, Using Broadband Radio Emissions From Lightning
Authors: Jacobson Abram R. , Holzworth Robert H. , Pfaff Robert , Heelis Roderick
Published: March 2018

Both ray theory and full‐wave models of very low frequency transmission through the ionospheric D layer predict that the transmission is greatly suppressed near the geomagnetic equator. We use data from the low‐inclination Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System satellite to test this semiquantitatively, for broadband very low frequency emissions from lightning. Approximate ground‐truthing of the incident wavefields in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide is provided by the World Wide Lightning Location Network. Observations of the wavefields at the satellite are provided by the Vector Electric Field Instrument aboard the satellite. The data set comprises whistler observations with the satellite at magnetic latitudes <26°. Thus, our conclusions, too, must be limited to the near‐equatorial region and are not necessarily predictive of midlatitude whistler properties. We find that in most broadband recordings of radio waves at the satellite, very few of the lightning strokes result in a detectable radio pulse at the satellite. However, in a minority of the recordings, there is enhanced transmission of very low frequency lightning emissions through the D layer, at a level exceeding model predictions by at least an order of magnitude. We show that kilometric‐scale D‐layer irregularities may be implicated in the enhanced transmission. This observation of sporadic enhancements at low magnetic latitude, made with broadband lightning emissions, is consistent with an earlier review of D‐layer transmission for transmission from powerful man‐made radio beacons.
Coastal Upwelling Off Southwest Nova Scotia Simulated With a High‐Resolution Baroclinic Ocean Model
Authors: Chegini Fatemeh , Lu Youyu , Katavouta Anna , Ritchie Harold
Published: March 2018

A high‐resolution baroclinic coastal ocean model is applied to study seasonal circulation and upwelling off South West Nova Scotia (SWNS) based on 1 year simulations for 2010. The model reasonably reproduces tidal currents, seasonal hydrography, and circulation from multiyear observations, in consistence with the observed strong seasonal variations of these properties in the study area. The main physical processes affecting circulation are analyzed using numerical experiments, with focus on the effect of tidal and density induced currents on topographic upwelling. It is confirmed that the shoreward near‐bottom currents and associated upwelling are tidally induced and persistent throughout the year. It is revealed that these currents have seasonal variability, with cross‐isobath component being strong in summer throughout a large area, but weaker and confined to deeper regions in winter. The seasonal variability of Scotian Current is the dominant forcing affecting the variability of onshore bottom currents. Lagrangian particle tracking identifies two major pathways of source waters arriving at the SWNS upwelling region. A large proportion of particles come from the east with the Scotian Current, mostly from the surface layer; and a small portion of water parcels come from a mean depth exceeding 100 m from the Gulf of Maine and Northeast Channel.
Sea‐Level Trend Uncertainty With Pacific Climatic Variability and Temporally‐Correlated Noise
Authors: Royston Sam , Watson Christopher S. , Legrésy Benoît , King Matt A. , Church John A. , Bos Machiel S.
Published: March 2018

Recent studies have identified climatic drivers of the east‐west see‐saw of Pacific Ocean satellite altimetry era sea level trends and a number of sea‐level trend and acceleration assessments attempt to account for this. We investigate the effect of Pacific climate variability, together with temporally‐correlated noise, on linear trend error estimates and determine new time‐of‐emergence (ToE) estimates across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Sea‐level trend studies often advocate the use of auto‐regressive (AR) noise models to adequately assess formal uncertainties, yet sea level often exhibits colored but non‐AR(1) noise. Standard error estimates are over‐ or under‐estimated by an AR(1) model for much of the Indo‐Pacific sea level. Allowing for PDO and ENSO variability in the trend estimate only reduces standard errors across the tropics and we find noise characteristics are largely unaffected. Of importance for trend and acceleration detection studies, formal error estimates remain on average up to 1.6 times those from an AR(1) model for long‐duration tide gauge data. There is an even chance that the observed trend from the satellite altimetry era exceeds the noise in patches of the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans and the south‐west and north‐east Pacific gyres. By including climate indices in the trend analysis, the time it takes for the observed linear sea‐level trend to emerge from the noise reduces by up to 2 decades.
A New Method of Physics‐Based Data Assimilation for the Quiet and Disturbed Thermosphere
Authors: Sutton Eric K.
Published: March 2018

The ability to accurately track and predict satellite locations is of paramount importance to space‐faring nations. In the low Earth orbit satellite environment, atmospheric drag is by far the dominant error associated with orbit propagation. Nowcasts of thermospheric density are routinely accomplished through calibration of semiempirical models using recent data, yet forward predictions degrade quickly as lead time increases. Physics‐based approaches offer a great forecasting potential but one that has yet to be realized due to a lack of robust data assimilation schemes. In an effort to account for the driver/response characteristics of the thermosphere‐ionosphere system, a new data assimilative technique is developed. Abandoning the ensemble Kalman filter framework in favor of a variational technique, iterative model reinitialization is applied self‐consistently to estimate a time history of effective solar and geophysical drivers. The current implementation of this technique, referred to as Iterative Reinitialization, Driver Estimation and Assimilation, works by ingesting neutral mass density measurements from low‐Earth orbiting accelerometers. A long‐term simulation is carried out during 2003, a period consisting of a wide range of solar and geomagnetic activity levels. The new technique is shown to greatly reduce RMS errors of the physics‐based model relative to ingested observations from the Challenging Mini‐Satellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite as well as to an independent validation data set from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. This work is the first such demonstration of an accurate and robust physics‐based method capable of specifying neutral density during both quiet and disturbed times and offers a promising outlook for improving density forecasting capabilities.