bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY TO CRIME: EFFECTS OF RESIDENTIAL HISTORY ON CRIME LOCATION CHOICE*
Authors: BERNASCO WIM
Published: May 2010

Many offenses take place close to where the offender lives. Anecdotal evidence suggests that offenders also might commit crimes near their former homes. Building on crime pattern theory and combining information from police records and other sources, this study confirms that offenders who commit robberies, residential burglaries, thefts from vehicles, and assaults are more likely to target their current and former residential areas than similar areas they never lived in. In support of the argument that spatial awareness mediates the effects of past and current residence, it also is shown that areas of past and present residence are more likely to be targeted if the offender lived in the area for a long time instead of briefly and if the offender has moved away from the area only recently rather than a long time ago. The theoretical implications of these findings and their use for investigative purposes are discussed, and suggestions for future inquiry are made.
DETERRENCE AND DETERRABILITY*
Authors: JACOBS BRUCE A.
Published: May 2010

The first forays into Western criminological theory came in the language of deterrence (Beccaria, 1963 [1764]). The paradigm itself is simple and straightforward, offering an explanation for crime that doubles as a solution (Pratt et al., 2006). Crime occurs when the expected rewards outweigh the anticipated risks, so increasing the risks, at least theoretically, will prevent most crimes in most circumstances. If deterrence describes the perceptual process by which would‐be offenders calculate risks and rewards prior to offending, then deterrability refers to the offender's capacity and/or willingness to perform this calculation. The distinction between deterrence and deterrability is critical to understanding criminality from a utilitarian perspective. However, by attempting to answer “big picture” questions about the likelihood of offending relative to sanction threats, precious little scholarship has attended to the situated meaning of deterrability. This article draws attention to this lacuna in hopes of sensitizing criminology to an area of inquiry that, at present, remains only loosely developed.
UNSTRUCTURED SOCIALIZING, COLLECTIVE EFFICACY, AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR AMONG URBAN YOUTH*
Authors: MAIMON DAVID , BROWNING CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: May 2010

Relying on extensions of routine activities and social disorganization theories, we examine whether 1) neighborhood social characteristics shape opportunities for the development of unstructured socializing with peers among adolescents, 2) whether unstructured socializing leads to an increase in violent behavior within urban communities, and 3) whether neighborhood collective efficacy modifies the impact of unstructured socializing on violence. The study outlined in this article uses three waves of data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey and Longitudinal Cohort Study. Results from multilevel linear models suggest that neighborhood collective efficacy supports the development of unstructured socializing with peers. Multilevel Rasch models of violent behavior indicate that, consistent with previous research, unstructured socializing is a powerful predictor of violence. Collective efficacy exerts an independent influence on violent behavior and attenuates the effect of unstructured socializing on this outcome.
GLP‐1 playing the role of a gut regulatory compound
Authors: Hellström P. M.
Published: May 2010

Gastric emptying is the first step in the metabolic endocrine cascade that takes place after food intake. The incretin hormones originating in the gut, particularly GLP‐1, exert multiple antihyperglycaemic actions such as enhancement of glucose‐dependent insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon secretion, slowing of gastric emptying with an ensuing decrease in food intake and weight loss. From extensive studies in experimental animals and humans we have found that GLP‐1 also exerts a motility‐inhibiting and antispasmodic effect in the gut that was verified in healthy volunteers and patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In order to further investigate the effect of GLP‐1 in humans, we used the dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV resistant GLP‐1 analogue ROSE‐010, thereby extending its biological activity. A randomized, double‐blinded, prospective clinical trial was carried out in order to investigate the effect of two doses of ROSE‐010 in 166 patients suffering from pain attacks of IBS. We found that injections of ROSE‐010 were twice as effective as placebo in terms of total pain relief response in those affected by pain attacks due to IBS. Our results show that basal physiological research studies can be translated into clinical use. The current pharmaceutical incentive with incretin mimetics, such as GLP‐1 analogues and exenatide, is an interesting development that apart from its obvious use in diabetes type 2, may also be useful in terms of gut motility‐regulating effects with effects on appetite, food intake and motility disorders that may provide an opportunity to bring about new improvements in medical care.
Patterns of seasonal occurrence, distribution, and site fidelity of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in southern New Jersey, U.S.A.
Authors: Toth Jacalyn L. , Hohn Aleta A. , Able Kenneth W. , Gorgone Antoinette M.
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) form a mosaic of resident and seasonal migratory populations along the United States Atlantic seaboard. Seasonal, poorly known migrants (identified as a separate stock) move as far north as New Jersey. During 2003–2005, 73 boat‐based photo‐identification surveys were conducted in southern New Jersey to discern seasonal occurrence, distribution, and patterns of movement and site fidelity. Neonates, young‐of‐year, and adults occurred in the study area from late May through late September, corresponding to water temperatures of 14.0–16.3°C. Of 205 individuals identified, 44% (n= 90) were sighted multiple times within or among years, including 10% (n= 20) of individuals identified in all 3 yr. Almost half (47%) of the multiple sightings were observed along a core area encompassed by the southern part of the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve. In contrast to stocks studied in southern coastal areas of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, estuaries were used significantly less than open‐beach habitat, which is consistent with the relative prey abundance in these habitats. Research at additional sites will help confirm whether bottlenose dolphins at the northern end of their migratory range exhibit local site fidelity and habitat preferences similar to those found in this study.
Effects of Continuous and Interval Training Programs in the Management of Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lamina Sikiru
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The purpose of the present study was to determine and compare the effect of interval and continuous training programs in the management of hypertension. Three hundred fifty‐seven male patients with essential hypertension were age matched and grouped into interval, continuous, and control groups. The interval (n=140; 58.90±7.35 years) and continuous (n=112; 58.63±7.22 years) groups were involved in 8 weeks of interval (60%–79% maximum heart rate) and continuous (60%–79% maximum heart rate) programs of between 45 to 60 minutes, while the control group (n=105; 58.27±6.24 years) remained sedentary during this period. Findings of the study revealed significant effect of both training programs on maximum oxygen consumption, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure at P<.05. The maximum oxygen consumption significantly and negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, rate–pressure product, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure at P<.01. It was concluded that both training programs are effective adjunct nonpharmacological management of hypertension. The recommendation of the paper was that both interval and continuous training programs should form part of the kit in the management of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:841–849.
A Global Perspective on Blood Pressure Treatment and Control in a Referred Cohort of Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Bramlage Peter , Böhm Michael , Volpe Massimo , Khan Bobby V. , Paar W. D. , Tebbe Ulrich , Thoenes Martin
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:666–677. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Hypertensive patients with cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities are at increased risk, and cardiologists’ care should put particular emphasis on controlling blood pressure. Data on blood pressure treatment and control and drug utilization on a global scale, however, are scarce. Aiming to resolve this lack of information, the authors analyzed the data of International Survey Evaluating Microalbuminuria Routinely by Cardiologists in Patients With Hypertension (i‐SEARCH) to gain further insights into national and regional blood pressure control and antihypertensive pharmacotherapy prescribed in cardiology practice. A total of 22,282 patients with hypertension from 26 countries were enrolled in 2005/2006. A total of 18,652 patients were treated (mean age, 63.0±11.4 years; 52.2% male; mean body mass index, 28.9 kg/m2). Mean systolic blood pressure was 148.2±19.8 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure was 86.7±11.6 mm Hg. Blood pressure was controlled in 8.3% of diabetic and 25.3% of nondiabetic patients (21.2% overall), with particularly good control rates in North and Latin America (28.0% and 30.6%, respectively). A total of 31.2% of patients were treated with 1, 39.7% with 2, and 29.1% with ≥3 drugs. β‐Blockers were being used most frequently (47.9%), in both monotherapy and combination therapy despite low numbers of patients with respective compelling indications for their use. The present data illustrate the potential for an improvement of blood pressure treatment and control in daily cardiology practice.
Current Evidence on the Hemodynamic and Blood Pressure Effects of Isometric Exercise in Normotensive and Hypertensive Persons
Authors: Chrysant Steven G.
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:721–726. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Isometric exercise is associated with acute hemodynamic changes consisting of increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and also an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. The peripheral vascular resistance is either not changed or decreased. These hemodynamic changes return to baseline values soon after the completion of exercise. Since isometric exercise is not an aerobic exercise, it was not recommended to hypertensive patients by national and international committee guidelines. Recent studies and meta‐analyses of the subject have demonstrated, however, that isometric or resistance exercise does not raise resting blood pressure and frequently leads to a small decrease, which could be enhanced with the concomitant administration of antihypertensive drugs. Besides blood pressure, isometric exercise is associated with other beneficial effects consisting of an increase in muscle bulk, upper and lower body strength, increase in bone density, and a decrease in bone fractures. These changes are extremely beneficial to older patients by making them more mobile and increasing their quality of life. Based on these changes, the authors believe that isometric exercise, whether alone or in combination with dynamic exercise, should be recommended to hypertensive patients and be part of a comprehensive treatment regimen.
Using Experiential Tasks to Enhance Cultural Sensitivity Among MFT Trainees
Authors: Laszloffy Tracey , Habekost Julika
Published: May 2010

Approximately 60% of accredited MFT master’s programs now offer a single course devoted to diversity and oppression, which is noteworthy given that this is not mandated by accreditation standards. For educators and trainers seeking guidance on how to most effectively teach diversity issues and train therapists who will be culturally competent, the MFT literature does an excellent job of providing support for enhancing cultural awareness, for example, cognizance of, insight into, and knowledge about diversity issues. However, far less attention is focused on assisting educators in how to enhance cultural sensitivity, for example, attunement to, emotional resonance with, and meaningful responsiveness to the needs and feelings of others. This article presents a model for how to teach about issues of diversity in ways that promote both cultural awareness and sensitivity but with emphasis on enhancing sensitivity through the use of a series of experiential tasks.
Reducing Interparental Conflict Among Parents in Contentious Child Custody Disputes: An Initial Investigation of the Working Together Program
Authors: Owen Jesse , Rhoades Galena K.
Published: May 2010

Interparental conflict is one of the primary risk factors for negative outcomes for children whose parents separate, and it is likely to be high while parents are separating. Results are mixed regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing interparental conflict. This study examined co‐parents who were court‐ordered to attend a 12‐hr co‐parenting intervention and completed pre–postassessments (n = 20) and 2‐month follow‐up assessments (n = 17). The results demonstrated increases in co‐parents’ relationship functioning and confidence in co‐parenting. Both men and women reported decreased amounts of conflict in the presence of their children; however, only women reported decreases in general negative communication with the co‐parent. These changes were generally maintained at a 2‐month follow‐up assessment. These findings suggest that interventions for high‐conflict co‐parents may increase their ability to work cooperatively.
Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap?
Authors: Van Tassel David L. , DeHaan Lee R. , Cox Thomas S.
Published: May 2010

In the course of their evolution, the angiosperms have radiated into most known plant forms and life histories. Their adaptation to a recently created habitat, the crop field, produced a novel form: the plant that allocates an unprecedented 30–60% of its net productivity to sexual structures. Long‐lived trees, shrubs and vines of this form evolved, as did annual herbs. Perennial herb forms with increased allocation to asexual reproduction evolved, but there are no examples of perennial herbs with high sexual effort. We suggest that sowing seed into annually tilled fields favored shorter‐lived herbs because of trade‐offs between first‐year seed production and relative growth rate and/or persistence. By propagating cuttings, people quickly domesticated tuber crops and large woody plants. Perennial herbs were too small to be efficiently propagated by cuttings, and the association between longevity, allogamy and genetic load made rapid domestication by sexual cycles unlikely. Perennial grain crops do not exist because they could not have evolved under the original set of conditions; however, they can be deliberately developed today through artificial phenotypic and genotypic selection.
Barcoding aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of the Korean Peninsula: updating the global data set
Authors: LEE WONHOON , KIM HYOJOONG , LIM JONGOK , CHOI HWAL‐RAN , KIM YEYEUN , KIM YANG‐SU , JI JEONG‐YEON , FOOTTIT ROBERT G. , LEE SEUNGHWAN
Published: May 2010

DNA barcode (mitochondrial COI) sequences are provided for species identification of aphids from the Korean Peninsula. Most (98%) of the 154 species had distinct COI sequences (average 0.05% intraspecific pairwise divergence) relative to the degree of sequence divergence among species (average value 5.84%). For species in common with other regions, barcodes for Korean samples fell near or within known levels of variation. Based on these results, we conclude that DNA barcodes can provide an effective tool for identifying aphid species in such applications as pest management, monitoring and plant quarantine.
Combining Background Knowledge and Learned Topics
Authors: Steyvers Mark , Smyth Padhraic , Chemuduganta Chaitanya
Published: May 2010

Statistical topic models provide a general data‐driven framework for automated discovery of high‐level knowledge from large collections of text documents. Although topic models can potentially discover a broad range of themes in a data set, the interpretability of the learned topics is not always ideal. Human‐defined concepts, however, tend to be semantically richer due to careful selection of words that define the concepts, but they may not span the themes in a data set exhaustively. In this study, we review a new probabilistic framework for combining a hierarchy of human‐defined semantic concepts with a statistical topic model to seek the best of both worlds. Results indicate that this combination leads to systematic improvements in generalization performance as well as enabling new techniques for inferring and visualizing the content of a document.
Forgiveness and Standing
Authors: ZARAGOZA KEVIN
Published: May 2010

Despite broad agreement that forgiveness involves overcoming resentment, the small philosophical literature on this topic has made little progress in determining which of the many ways of overcoming resentment is forgiveness. In a recent paper, however, Pamela Hieronymi proposed a way forward by requiring that accounts of forgiveness be “articulate” and “uncompromising.” I argue for these requirements, but also claim that Hieronymi’s proposed articulate and uncompromising account must be rejected because it cannot accommodate the fact that only some agents have the standing to forgive. I end by sketching an alternative account which, I claim, explains the phenomenon of standing.
Single-crystal gold tip for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Roy D. , Williams C. M. , Mingard K.
Published: May 2010

The authors have investigated the structures of gold tips suitable for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) fabricated by the electrochemical etching technique [C. Williams and D. Roy, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 26, 1761 (2008)]. This work attempts to find an answer to why some of the chemically etched tips do not produce TERS signal and suggests possible ways of improving the reproducibility of the enhancement factor by fabricating single-crystal tips. TERS tips with single crystalline tip ends and polycrystalline tip ends were studied by electron-backscattered diffraction. Influences of defects and grain boundaries on surface plasmon resonance energy are invoked to explain why some tips do not produce appreciable TERS signals.
Ventilation of the Deep Southern Ocean and Deglacial CO
2
Rise
Authors: Skinner L. C. , Fallon S. , Waelbroeck C. , Michel E. , Barker S.
Published: May 2010

Telling Up from Down

It is generally believed that carbon dioxide accumulates in the deep ocean during cold periods and that it is released rapidly and in huge quantities during deglaciation, but evidence of deep ocean carbon dioxide storage has been elusive. Now

Skinner
et al.

(p.
1147
; see the Perspective by

Anderson and Carr

) present radiocarbon data from the Southern Ocean that indicate that the deep water circulating around Antarctica was about twice as old relative to the atmosphere as it is today, a condition considered indicative of carbon dioxide accumulation and storage.
Comment on the Paleoenvironment of
Ardipithecus ramidus
Authors: Cerling Thure E. , Levin Naomi E. , Quade Jay , Wynn Jonathan G. , Fox David L. , Kingston John D. , Klein Richard G. , Brown Francis H.
Published: May 2010

White and colleagues (Research Articles, 2 October 2009, pp. 65–67 and
www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus
) characterized the paleoenvironment of
Ardipithecus ramidus
at Aramis, Ethiopia, which they described as containing habitats ranging from woodland to forest patches. In contrast, we find the environmental context of
Ar. ramidus
at Aramis to be represented by what is commonly referred to as tree- or bush-savanna, with 25% or less woody canopy cover.
Horizontal Gene Transfer by the Parasitic Plant
Striga hermonthica
Authors: Yoshida Satoko , Maruyama Shinichiro , Nozaki Hisayoshi , Shirasu Ken
Published: May 2010

Genes have transferred from a crop plant to an evolutionarily divergent parasitic weed.
How Grain Growth Stops: A Mechanism for Grain-Growth Stagnation in Pure Materials
Authors: Holm Elizabeth A. , Foiles Stephen M.
Published: May 2010

Taking the Rough with the Smooth

Even with extensive annealing at high temperatures, most polycrystalline materials will not become a perfect single crystal, which would represent the thermodynamically preferred state. The stability of the polycrystalline state has been attributed to the presence of impurities that accumulate at the grain boundaries, but even very pure materials show grain growth stagnation. Using simulations,
Holm and Foiles
(p.
1138
) show that grain boundaries can be classified as “rough” and “smooth.” Rough boundaries move continuously with well-defined activation energies, while the smooth boundaries have low mobility and move in a jerky, stepwise manner. With heating, a boundary can change from smooth to rough, but the transition temperature can vary by hundreds of degrees from one grain boundary to the next. These smooth, low-mobility boundaries thus pin the polycrystalline structure, even in the absence of impurities.
Interface-Confined Ferrous Centers for Catalytic Oxidation
Authors: Fu Qiang , Li Wei-Xue , Yao Yunxi , Liu Hongyang , Su Hai-Yan , Ma Ding , Gu Xiang-Kui , Chen Limin , Wang Zhen , Zhang Hui , Wang Bing , Bao Xinhe
Published: May 2010

Catalysis at the Edge

Many catalysts in solution, such as metalloenzymes and homogeneous metal complexes, create active sites where the metal ion is available to bind and activate reactants. Such coordinately unsaturated ferrous sites, or CUFs, have been created in a supported heterogeneous catalyst by

Fu
et al.

(p.
1141
). Ferrous oxide islands grown on platinum single-crystal surfaces were much more reactive for CO oxidation at low temperatures than more oxidized ferric islands. This difference arose from sites at the interface between the islands and the Pt surface that activated oxygen. Silica-supported Pt-Fe catalysts were active for CO removal from hydrogen streams, a reaction critical for maintaining the activity of fuel cells.
Harmony of the Self-Assembled Spheres
Authors: Stefankiewicz Artur R. , Sanders Jeremy K. M.
Published: May 2010

Slight changes in the shape of organic molecules can dramatically alter the size of hollow spheres that form spontaneously upon addition of palladium ions.
The Origin of T
H
2 Responses
Authors: Coffman Robert L.
Published: May 2010

The adaptive immune response to helminth infection and allergens is stimulated by cytokines secreted by innate immune cells.
Seeking Science Standards
Authors: Leshner Alan I. , Malcom Shirley , Roseman Jo Ellen
Published: May 2010

Great concern has been voiced for at least 30 years about the sad state of U.S. primary and secondary education in mathematics, science, engineering, and technology, but little real progress has been made. The most recent findings from the U.S. Department of Education brought no optimism. In 2005, 32% of all U.S. fourth-graders and 41% of eighth-graders scored below expected achievement levels in science. Nearly 30% of entering college students needed remedial science and math courses. However, we are at a moment in U.S. history to finally address one cause of the problems, and the scientific community needs to help capture this unique opportunity.
The Coastal Indus Looks West
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: May 2010

Fortified coastal settlements suggest that the Indus Civilization, once considered an insular society, shipped goods to the east.
Genetic Fusions of Heat-Labile Toxoid (LT) and Heat-Stable Toxin b (STb) of Porcine EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coliElicit Protective Anti-LT and Anti-STb Antibodies
Authors: Zhang Weiping , Francis David H.
Published: May 2010

EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC)-associated diarrhea causes a substantial economic loss to swine producers worldwide. The majority of ETEC strains causing porcine diarrhea, especially postweaning diarrhea (PWD), produce heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin b (STb). LT is commonly used in vaccine development, but STb has not been included because of its poor immunogenicity. As a virulence factor in porcine diarrhea, STb needs to be included as an antigen for development of broad-spectrum vaccines. In this study, we used an LT toxoid (LTR192G[hereafter, LT192]) derived from porcine ETEC to carry a mature STb peptide for LT192-STb fusions to enhance STb immunogenicity for potential vaccine application. Anti-LT and anti-STb antibodies were detected in immunized rabbits and pigs. In addition, when challenged with an STb-positive ETEC strain, all 10 suckling piglets borne by immunized gilts remained healthy, whereas 7 out 9 piglets borne by unimmunized gilts developed moderate diarrhea. This study indicates that the LT192-STb fusion enhanced anti-STb immunogenicity and suggests the LT192-STb fusion antigen can be used in future vaccine development against porcine ETEC diarrhea.
Erythema Multiforme Caused byTreponema pallidumin a Young Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Chiang Mei-Chun , Chiang Fu-Chiang , Chang Yun-Ting , Chen Te-Li , Fung Chang-Phone
Published: May 2010

Erythema multiforme (EM) is usually caused by drug reactions or virus infection. We report a case of secondary syphilis presenting as EM in an HIV-infected patient, proved by immunohistochemical staining, which is rare in the literature. It is valuable to determine the etiology of EM to optimize treatment.
Detection of All Species of the Genus
Alphavirus
by Reverse Transcription-PCR with Diagnostic Sensitivity
Authors: Grywna Klaus , Kupfer Bernd , Panning Marcus , Drexler Jan Felix , Emmerich Petra , Drosten Christian , Kümmerer Beate M.
Published: May 2010

Clinical arbovirus screening requires exclusion of a broad range of viruses with as few assays as possible. We present a reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for the detection of all species of the genus
Alphavirus
qualified for exclusion screening (limit of detection [LOD], 5 to 100 RNA copies per reaction across all
Alphavirus
species; detection of viremia down to ca. 10,000 copies per ml).
Patterns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Recombination
Ex Vivo
Provide Evidence for Coadaptation of Distant Sites, Resulting in Purifying Selection for Intersubtype Recombinants during Replication
Authors: Galli Andrea , Kearney Mary , Nikolaitchik Olga A. , Yu Sloane , Chin Mario P. S. , Maldarelli Frank , Coffin John M. , Pathak Vinay K. , Hu Wei-Shau
Published: May 2010

High-frequency recombination is a hallmark of HIV-1 replication. Recombination can occur between two members of the same subtype or between viruses from two different subtypes, generating intra- or intersubtype recombinants, respectively. Many intersubtype recombinants have been shown to circulate in human populations. We hypothesize that sequence diversity affects the emergence of viable recombinants by decreasing recombination events and reducing the ability of the recombinants to replicate. To test our hypothesis, we compared recombination between two viruses containing subtype B
pol
genes (B/B) and between viruses with
pol
genes from subtype B or F (B/F). Recombination events generated during a single cycle of infection without selection pressure on
pol
gene function were analyzed by single-genome sequencing. We found that recombination occurred slightly (∼30%) less frequently in B/F than in B/B viruses, and the overall distribution of crossover junctions in
pol
was similar for the two classes of recombinants. We then examined the emergence of recombinants in a multiple cycle assay, so that functional
pol
gene products were selected. We found that the emerging B/B recombinants had complex patterns, and the crossover junctions were distributed throughout the
pol
gene. In contrast, selected B/F recombinants had limited recombination patterns and restricted crossover junction distribution. These results provide evidence for the evolved coadapted sites in variants from different subtypes; these sites may be segregated by recombination events, causing the newly generated intersubtype recombinants to undergo purifying selection. Therefore, the ability of the recombinants to replicate is the major barrier for many of these viruses.
The Capsid Protein Encoded by U
L
17 of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Interacts with Tegument Protein VP13/14
Authors: Scholtes Luella D. , Yang Kui , Li Lucy X. , Baines Joel D.
Published: May 2010

The U
L
17 protein (pU
L
17) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) likely associates with the surfaces of DNA-containing capsids in a heterodimer with pU
L
25. pU
L
17 is also associated with viral light particles that lack capsid proteins, suggesting its presence in the tegument of the HSV-1 virion. To help determine how pU
L
17 becomes incorporated into virions and its functions therein, we identified pU
L
17-interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation with pU
L
17-specific IgY at 16 h postinfection, followed by mass spectrometry. Coimmunoprecipitated proteins included cellular histone proteins H2A, H3, and H4; the intermediate filament protein vimentin; the major HSV-1 capsid protein VP5; and the HSV tegument proteins VP11/12 (pU
L
46) and VP13/14 (pU
L
47). The pU
L
17-VP13/14 interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in the presence and absence of intact capsids and by affinity copurification of pU
L
17 and VP13/14 from lysates of cells infected with a recombinant virus encoding His-tagged pU
L
17. pU
L
17 and VP13/14-HA colocalized in the nuclear replication compartment, in the cytoplasm, and at the plasma membrane between 9 and 18 h postinfection. One possible explanation of these data is that pU
L
17 links the external face of the capsid to VP13/14 and associated tegument components.
Impaired Replication Capacity of Acute/Early Viruses in Persons Who Become HIV Controllers
Authors: Miura Toshiyuki , Brumme Zabrina L. , Brockman Mark A. , Rosato Pamela , Sela Jennifer , Brumme Chanson J. , Pereyra Florencia , Kaufmann Daniel E. , Trocha Alicja , Block Brian L. , Daar Eric S. , Connick Elizabeth , Jessen Heiko , Kelleher Anthony D. , Rosenberg Eric , Markowitz Martin , Schafer Kim , Vaida Florin , Iwamoto Aikichi , Little Susan , Walker Bruce D.
Published: May 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) controllers maintain viremia at <2,000 RNA copies/ml without antiretroviral therapy. Viruses from controllers with chronic infection were shown to exhibit impaired replication capacities, in part associated with escape mutations from cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. In contrast, little is known about viruses during acute/early infection in individuals who subsequently become HIV controllers. Here, we examine the viral replication capacities, HLA types, and virus sequences from 18 HIV-1 controllers identified during primary infection.
g
ag-protease
chimeric viruses constructed using the earliest postinfection samples displayed significantly lower replication capacities than isolates from persons who failed to control viremia (
P
= 0.0003). Protective HLA class I alleles were not enriched in these early HIV controllers, but viral sequencing revealed a significantly higher prevalence of drug resistance mutations associated with impaired viral fitness in controllers than in noncontrollers (6/15 [40.0%] versus 10/80 [12.5%],
P
= 0.018). Moreover, of two HLA-B57-positive (B57
+
) controllers identified, both harbored, at the earliest time point tested, signature escape mutations within Gag that likewise impair viral replication capacity. Only five controllers did not express “protective” alleles or harbor viruses with drug resistance mutations; intriguingly, two of them displayed typical B57 signature mutations (T242N), suggesting the acquisition of attenuated viruses from B57
+
donors. These data indicate that acute/early stage viruses from persons who become controllers have evidence of reduced replication capacity during the initial stages of infection which is likely associated with transmitted or acquired CTL escape mutations or transmitted drug resistance mutations. These data suggest that viral dynamics during acute infection have a major impact on HIV disease outcome.
Ten Years of Global Evolution of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus BA Genotype with a 60-Nucleotide Duplication in the G Protein Gene
Authors: Trento Alfonsina , Casas Inmaculada , Calderón Ana , Garcia-Garcia Maria L. , Calvo Cristina , Perez-Breña Pilar , Melero José A.
Published: May 2010

The emergence of natural isolates of human respiratory syncytial virus group B (HRSV-B) with a 60-nucleotide (nt) duplication in the G protein gene in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1999 (A. Trento et al., J. Gen. Virol. 84:3115-3120, 2003) and their dissemination worldwide allowed us to use the duplicated segment as a natural tag to examine in detail the evolution of HRSV during propagation in its natural host. Viruses with the duplicated segment were all clustered in a new genotype, named BA (A. Trento et al., J. Virol. 80:975-984, 2006). To obtain information about the prevalence of these viruses in Spain, we tested for the presence of the duplicated segment in positive HRSV-B clinical samples collected at the Severo Ochoa Hospital (Madrid) during 12 consecutive epidemics (1996-1997 to 2007-2008). Viruses with the 60-nt duplication were found in 61 samples, with a high prevalence relative to the rest of B genotypes in the most recent seasons. Global phylogenetic and demographic analysis of all G sequences containing the duplication, collected across five continents up until April 2009, revealed that the prevalence of the BA genotype increased gradually until 2004-2005, despite its rapid dissemination worldwide. After that date and coinciding with a bottleneck effect on the population size, a relatively new BA lineage (BA-IV) replaced all other group B viruses, suggesting further adaptation of the BA genotype to its natural host.
Acutely Transforming Retrovirus Expressing Nras Generated from HT-1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells Infected with the Human Retrovirus XMRV
Authors: Metzger Michael J. , Miller A. Dusty
Published: May 2010

Virus from HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells infected with the human retrovirus XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) can induce rare foci of transformation in rat 208F fibroblasts. Characterization of three such foci revealed that one produced an acutely transforming virus at a high titer. The virus consists of a mutant Nras cDNA from the HT-1080 cells inserted into a retroviral vector (added to the HT-1080 cells as a marker for infection) in place of internal vector sequences. These results show that XMRV can generate acutely transforming viruses at a low rate, as is typical of other replication-competent retroviruses, and reveal the potential for transforming virus contamination of retroviral vectors made from transformed cell lines.
Role of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Friend Spleen Focus-Forming Virus-Induced Erythroid Disease
Authors: Umehara Daigo , Watanabe Shinya , Ochi Haruyo , Anai Yukari , Ahmed Nursarat , Kannagi Mari , Hanson Charlotte , Ruscetti Sandra , Nishigaki Kazuo
Published: May 2010

Infection of erythroid cells by Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) leads to acute erythroid hyperplasia in mice due to expression of its unique envelope glycoprotein, gp55. Erythroid cells expressing SFFV gp55 proliferate in the absence of their normal regulator, erythropoietin (Epo), because of interaction of the viral envelope protein with the erythropoietin receptor and a short form of the receptor tyrosine kinase Stk (sf-Stk), leading to constitutive activation of several signal transduction pathways. Our previous
in vitro
studies showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) is activated in SFFV-infected cells and is important in mediating the biological effects of the virus. To determine the role of PI3-kinase in SFFV-induced disease, mice deficient in the p85α regulatory subunit of class IA PI3-kinase were inoculated with different strains of SFFV. We observed that p85α status determined the extent of erythroid hyperplasia induced by the sf-Stk-dependent viruses SFFV-P (polycythemia-inducing strain of SFFV) and SFFV-A (anemia-inducing strain of SFFV) but not by the sf-Stk-independent SFFV variant BB6. Our data also indicate that p85α status determines the response of mice to stress erythropoiesis, consistent with a previous report showing that SFFV uses a stress erythropoiesis pathway to induce erythroleukemia. We further showed that sf-Stk interacts with p85α and that this interaction depends upon sf-Stk kinase activity and tyrosine 436 in the multifunctional docking site. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3-kinase blocked proliferation of primary erythroleukemia cells from SFFV-infected mice and the erythroleukemia cell lines derived from them. These results indicate that p85α may regulate sf-Stk-dependent erythroid proliferation induced by SFFV as well as stress-induced erythroid hyperplasia.
Human Staufen1 Protein Interacts with Influenza Virus Ribonucleoproteins and Is Required for Efficient Virus Multiplication
Authors: de Lucas Susana , Peredo Joan , Marión Rosa María , Sánchez Carmen , Ortín Juan
Published: May 2010

The influenza A virus genome consists of 8 negative-stranded RNA segments. NS1 is a nonstructural protein that participates in different steps of the virus infectious cycle, including transcription, replication, and morphogenesis, and acts as a virulence factor. Human Staufen1 (hStau1), a protein involved in the transport and regulated translation of cellular mRNAs, was previously identified as a NS1-interacting factor. To investigate the possible role of hStau1 in the influenza virus infection, we characterized the composition of hStau1-containing granules isolated from virus-infected cells. Viral NS1 protein and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) were identified in these complexes by Western blotting, and viral mRNAs and viral RNAs (vRNAs) were detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Also, colocalization of hStau1 with NS1, nucleoprotein (NP), and PA in the cytosol of virus-infected cells was shown by immunofluorescence. To analyze the role of hStau1 in the infection, we downregulated its expression by gene silencing. Human HEK293T cells or A549 cells were silenced using either short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting four independent sites in the hStau1 mRNA. The yield of influenza virus was reduced 5 to 10 times in the various hStau1-silenced cells compared to that in control silenced cells. The expression levels of viral proteins and their nucleocytoplasmic localization were not affected upon hStau1 silencing, but virus particle production, as determined by purification of virions from supernatants, was reduced. These results indicate a role for hStau1 in late events of the influenza virus infection, possibly during virus morphogenesis.
Evidence for a Premature Termination Mechanism of Subgenomic mRNA Transcription in a Carmovirus
Authors: Wu Baodong , Oliveri Stefanie , Mandic Jana , White K. Andrew
Published: May 2010

The transcriptional mechanism utilized by turnip crinkle carmovirus to synthesize subgenomic (sg) mRNAs was investigated by analyzing viral RNAs and their associated regulatory RNA elements.
In vivo
analyses revealed the following: (i) that minus-strand sg RNAs are detectable in infections, (ii) that minus-strand sg RNA accumulation can be partially uncoupled from that of their plus-strand sg mRNA counterparts, and (iii) that an RNA secondary structure located upstream of the sg mRNA start site mediates transcription by functioning in the plus strand of the viral genome. Collectively, these observations are consistent with this carmovirus using a premature termination mechanism for sg mRNA transcription.
The Capsid Protein of
Turnip Crinkle Virus
Overcomes Two Separate Defense Barriers To Facilitate Systemic Movement of the Virus in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Cao Mingxia , Ye Xiaohong , Willie Kristen , Lin Junyan , Zhang Xiuchun , Redinbaugh Margaret G. , Simon Anne E. , Morris T. Jack , Qu Feng
Published: May 2010

The capsid protein (CP) of
Turnip crinkle virus
(TCV) is a multifunctional protein needed for virus assembly, suppression of RNA silencing-based antiviral defense, and long-distance movement in infected plants. In this report, we have examined genetic requirements for the different functions of TCV CP and evaluated the interdependence of these functions. A series of TCV mutants containing alterations in the CP coding region were generated. These alterations range from single-amino-acid substitutions and domain truncations to knockouts of CP translation. The latter category also contained two constructs in which the CP coding region was replaced by either the cDNA of a silencing suppressor of a different virus or that of green fluorescent protein. These mutants were used to infect
Arabidopsis
plants with diminished antiviral silencing capability (
dcl2 dcl3 dcl4
plants). There was a strong correlation between the ability of mutants to reach systemic leaves and the silencing suppressor activity of mutant CP. Virus particles were not essential for entry of the viral genome into vascular bundles in the inoculated leaves in the absence of antiviral silencing. However, virus particles were necessary for egress of the viral genome from the vasculature of systemic leaves. Our experiments demonstrate that TCV CP not only allows the viral genome to access the systemic movement channel through silencing suppression but also ensures its smooth egress by way of assembled virus particles. These results illustrate that efficient long-distance movement of TCV requires both functions afforded by the CP.
Nitroaromatic Compounds, from Synthesis to Biodegradation
Authors: Ju Kou-San , Parales Rebecca E.
Published: May 2010

Nitroaromatic compounds are relatively rare in nature and have been introduced into the environment mainly by human activities. This important class of industrial chemicals is widely used in the synthesis of many diverse products, including dyes, polymers, pesticides, and explosives. Unfortunately, their extensive use has led to environmental contamination of soil and groundwater. The nitro group, which provides chemical and functional diversity in these molecules, also contributes to the recalcitrance of these compounds to biodegradation. The electron-withdrawing nature of the nitro group, in concert with the stability of the benzene ring, makes nitroaromatic compounds resistant to oxidative degradation. Recalcitrance is further compounded by their acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and easy reduction into carcinogenic aromatic amines. Nitroaromatic compounds are hazardous to human health and are registered on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's list of priority pollutants for environmental remediation. Although the majority of these compounds are synthetic in nature, microorganisms in contaminated environments have rapidly adapted to their presence by evolving new biodegradation pathways that take advantage of them as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. This review provides an overview of the synthesis of both man-made and biogenic nitroaromatic compounds, the bacteria that have been identified to grow on and completely mineralize nitroaromatic compounds, and the pathways that are present in these strains. The possible evolutionary origins of the newly evolved pathways are also discussed.
Coverage of Related Pathogenic Species by Multivalent and Cross-Protective Vaccine Design: Arenaviruses as a Model System
Authors: Botten Jason , Sidney John , Mothé Bianca R. , Peters Bjoern , Sette Alessandro , Kotturi Maya F.
Published: May 2010

The arenaviruses are a family of negative-sense RNA viruses that cause severe human disease ranging from aseptic meningitis to hemorrhagic fever syndromes. There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines for the prevention of arenavirus disease, and therapeutic treatment is limited to the use of ribavirin and/or immune plasma for a subset of the pathogenic arenaviruses. The considerable genetic variability observed among the seven arenaviruses that are pathogenic for humans illustrates one of the major challenges for vaccine development today, namely, to overcome pathogen heterogeneity. Over the past 5 years, our group has tested several strategies to overcome pathogen heterogeneity, utilizing the pathogenic arenaviruses as a model system. Because T cells play a prominent role in protective immunity following arenavirus infection, we specifically focused on the development of human vaccines that would induce multivalent and cross-protective cell-mediated immune responses. To facilitate our vaccine development and testing, we conducted large-scale major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II epitope discovery on murine, nonhuman primate, and human backgrounds for each of the pathogenic arenaviruses, including the identification of protective HLA-restricted epitopes. Finally, using the murine model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, we studied the phenotypic characteristics associated with immunodominant and protective T cell epitopes. This review summarizes the findings from our studies and discusses their application to future vaccine design.
ppGpp Conjures Bacterial Virulence
Authors: Dalebroux Zachary D. , Svensson Sarah L. , Gaynor Erin C. , Swanson Michele S.
Published: May 2010

Like for all microbes, the goal of every pathogen is to survive and replicate. However, to overcome the formidable defenses of their hosts, pathogens are also endowed with traits commonly associated with virulence, such as surface attachment, cell or tissue invasion, and transmission. Numerous pathogens couple their specific virulence pathways with more general adaptations, like stress resistance, by integrating dedicated regulators with global signaling networks. In particular, many of nature's most dreaded bacteria rely on nucleotide alarmones to cue metabolic disturbances and coordinate survival and virulence programs. Here we discuss how components of the stringent response contribute to the virulence of a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria.
Two new dothideomycetous endoconidial genera from declining larch
Authors: Tsuneda A. , Davey M. L. , Tsuneda I. , Currah R. S.
Published: May 2010

Two endoconidial, black meristematic fungi, Celosporium larixicolum gen. et sp. nov. (Dothideales) and Hispidoconidioma alpina gen. et sp. nov. (Capnodiales) are described from black subicula on twigs of declining larch ( Larix lyallii Parl) trees in Alberta, Canada. Conidioma morphology and phylogenetic analysis of LSU and ITS regions indicate that these taxa are both distinct from each other and from previously described endoconidial genera. Conidiomata of C. larixicolum consist of black cellular clumps (aggregated conidiogenous cells) that are either naked or enveloped by scant to dense mycelium that sometimes organizes into a cupulate peridium. Endoconidia are 1–3 celled, hyaline when released but become pigmented as they age, and very variable in size and shape, e.g., globose, pear-shaped, osteoid, or discoid with an irregular flange. In H. alpina, colonies are three-layered, consisting of a central pseudoparenchymatous layer sandwiched between an upper and a basal hyphal layers, and conidiogenesis occurs in sporadic areas of the central layer. Endoconidia are unicellular, hyaline, and subglobose to ellipsoid. The strong phylogenetic affinities between these newly described taxa and slow-growing, melanized fungi isolated from rocks suggest individual black meristematic fungus lineages may have broad habitat ranges.