bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical Precancerous Lesion Image Enhancement Based on Retinex and Histogram Equalization
Authors: Ren Yuan , Li Zhengping , Xu Chao
Published: August 2023

Cervical cancer is a prevalent chronic malignant tumor in gynecology, necessitating high-quality images of cervical precancerous lesions to enhance detection rates. Addressing the challenges of low contrast, uneven illumination, and indistinct lesion details in such images, this paper proposes an enhancement algorithm based on retinex and histogram equalization. First, the algorithm solves the color deviation problem by modifying the quantization formula of retinex theory. Then, the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization algorithm is selectively conducted on blue and green channels to avoid the problem of image visual quality reduction caused by drastic darkening of local dark areas. Next, a multi-scale detail enhancement algorithm is used to further sharpen the details. Finally, the problem of noise amplification and image distortion in the process of enhancement is alleviated by dynamic weighted fusion. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in optimizing brightness, enhancing contrast, sharpening details, and suppressing noise in cervical precancerous lesion images. The proposed algorithm has shown superior performance compared to other traditional methods based on objective indicators such as peak signal-to-noise ratio, detail-variance–background-variance, gray square mean deviation, contrast improvement index, and enhancement quality index.
Optimal Consumption and Investment Problem under 4/2-CIR Stochastic Hybrid Model
Authors: Ma Aiqin , Zhang Cuiyun , Wang Yubing
Published: August 2023

In this paper, we investigate the optimal consumption and investment problem under the expected utility maximization criterion. It is supposed that the financial market consists of a risky asset and a risk-free asset, and the risky asset prices follow the 4/2 Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) stochastic hybrid model. The investment objective is to obtain an optimal consumption–investment strategy by maximizing the objective function. The closed-form expression of the optimal consumption–investment strategy is obtained by using optimal control theory and the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation under the power utility function. In addition, we present a numerical example to illustrate the influence of model parameters on the optimal consumption–investment strategy.
Linguistic and Clinical Validation of the Tajik Acute Cystitis Symptom Score for Diagnosis and Patient-Reported Outcome in Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis
Authors: Radzhabov Abdukhamid , Zamuddinov Musluhuddin , Alidjanov Jakhongir F. , Pilatz Adrian , Wagenlehner Florian M. , Naber Kurt G.
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives: Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) is a self-reporting questionnaire for clinical diagnosis and follow-up of acute uncomplicated cystitis (AC) in women. The ACSS, originally developed in Uzbek and Russian, both considered original languages, is now available in several other languages. This study aimed to translate and validate the ACSS in the Tajik language. Material and Methods: Linguistic validation was carried out according to the Linguistic Validation Manual for Patient-Reported Outcomes Instruments guidelines. Clinical validation was performed by enrolling fifty-four Tajik-speaking women. All women included in this study were first interviewed about the understandability of all questions and statements in the final Tajik ACSS and were asked to fill in form A at the first visit (diagnostics) and form B at any follow-up visit (patient-reported outcome). Results: Thirty-three women, median (range) age of 35 (18–77), were diagnosed with AC (patient group), while twenty-one women, median (range) age of 34 (20–61) (p = 0.109), were enrolled as the control group without any other urological disease. For the diagnostics of AC, a summary score of the six typical symptoms (“Typical” domain) showed the best balance between sensitivity (0.73) and specificity (0.71) at 5 and above. Cronbach’s alpha [95% CI] and split-half reliability [95%] were 0.82 [0.76; 0.98] and 0.84 [0.77; 0.87], respectively. At the follow-up visit, the patients reported a significant reduction in the “Typical” domain and an improvement in the “Quality of Life” domain. Conclusion: The Tajik ACSS showed good reliability and diagnostic values and may be used as a reliable tool for the diagnosis and patient-reported outcome in women with AC in clinical and epidemiological studies and for daily practice.
Changes in Antithrombotic Therapy Prescription in Patients with a Combination of Atrial Fibrillation and Myocardial Infarction in a Specialised Inpatient Department from 2016–2019 and Associations with Prognosis
Authors: Yakushin Sergey Stepanovich , Pereverzeva Kristina Gennadievna
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives: The problem of treating patients with atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction is relevant. The issue of optimal antithrombotic therapy in these patients has not been definitively resolved. This work analyzes the influence of clinical factors and treatment on the long-term prognosis of patients. Materials and Methods: The research included 360 patients with atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction during 2016–2019. Results: The factors associated with fatal outcomes were age (hazard ratio (HR): 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.07; p < 0.001); stroke (HR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.27–3.00; p = 0.0002); glomerular filtration rate (HR: 0.988; 95% CI: 0.978–0.998; p = 0.03); left ventricular ejection fraction (HR: 0.975; 95% CI: 0.957–0.999; p = 0.007); and aspirin (HR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.31–0.73; p < 0.001). The factors associated with the combined endpoint were chronic kidney disease (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.01–2.10; p = 0.04); HAS-BLED (HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06–1.43; p = 0.007); percutaneous coronary intervention (HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51–0.96; p = 0.03); and aspirin (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44–0.97; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Double and triple antithrombotic therapy were not associated with outcomes. Aspirin improved the prognosis for survival and the combined endpoint.
Traumatic Brain Injury in Cameroon: A Prospective Observational Study in a Level I Trauma Centre
Authors: Buh Franklin Chu , Sumbele Irene Ule Ngole , Maas Andrew I. R. , Motah Mathieu , Pattisapu Jogi V. , Youm Eric , Meh Basil Kum , Kobeissy Firas H. , Wang Kevin W. , Hutchinson Peter J. A. , Taiwe Germain Sotoing
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective: About 14 million people will likely suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) per year by 2050 in sub-Saharan Africa. Studying TBI characteristics and their relation to outcomes can identify initiatives to improve TBI prevention and care. The objective of this study was to define the features and outcomes of TBI patients seen over a 1-year period in a level-I trauma centre in Cameroon. Materials and Methods: Data on demographics, causes, clinical aspects, and discharge status were collected over a period of 12 months. The Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) and the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire after Brain Injury (QoLIBRI) were used to evaluate outcomes six months after TBI. Comparisons between two categorical variables were done using Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: A total of 160 TBI patients participated in the study. The age group 15–45 years was most represented (78%). Males were more affected (90%). A low educational level was seen in 122 (76%) cases. Road traffic incidents (RTI) (85%), assaults (7.5%), and falls (2.5%) were the main causes of TBI, with professional bike riders being frequently involved (27%). Only 15 patients were transported to the hospital by ambulance, and 14 of these were from a referring hospital. CT-imaging was performed in 78% of cases, and intracranial traumatic abnormalities were identified in 64% of cases. Financial constraints (93%) was the main reason for not performing a CT scan. Forty-six (33%) patients were discharged against medical advice (DAMA) due to financial constraints. Mortality was 14% (22/160) and high in patients with severe TBI (46%). DAMA had poor outcomes with QoLIBRI. Only four patients received post-injury physical therapy services. Conclusions: TBI in Cameroon mainly results from RTIs and commonly affects young adult males. Lack of pre-hospital care, financial constraints limiting both CT scanning and medical care, and a lack of acute physiotherapy services likely influenced care and outcomes adversely.
Facile Preparation of Dense Polysulfone UF Membranes with Enhanced Salt Rejection by Post-Heating
Authors: Kong Fanxin , You Lian , Zhang Dingwen , Sun Guangdong , Chen Jinfu
Published: August 2023

Polysulfone (PSf) membranes typically have a negligible rejection of salts due to the intrinsic larger pore size and wide pore size distribution. In this work, a facile and scalable heat treatment was proposed to increase the salt rejection. The influence of heat treatment on the structure and performance of PSf membranes was systematically investigated. The average pore size decreased from 9.94 ± 5.5 nm for pristine membranes to 1.18 ± 0.19 nm with the increase in temperature to 50 °C, while the corresponding porosity decreased from 2.07% to 0.13%. Meanwhile, the thickness of the sponge structure decreased from 20.20 to 11.5 μm as the heat treatment temperature increased to 50 °C. The MWCO of PSf decreased from 290,000 Da to 120 Da, whereas the membrane pore size decreased from 5.5 to 0.19 nm. Correspondingly, the water flux decreased from 1545 to 27.24 L·m−2·h−1, while the rejection ratio increased from 3.1% to 74.0% for Na2SO4, from 1.3% to 48.2% for MgSO4, and from 0.6% to 23.8% for NaCl. Meanwhile, mechanism analysis indicated that the water evaporation in the membranes resulted in the shrinkage of the membrane pores and decrease in the average pore size, thus improving the separation performance. In addition, the desalting performance of the heat-treated membranes for real actual industrial wastewater was improved. This provides a facile and scalable route for PSf membrane applications for enhanced desalination.
Arginine-Functionalized Thin Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membrane Integrating Antifouling and Antibacterial Effects
Authors: Chen Yichen , Yu Wenmeng , Cao Hu
Published: August 2023

Membrane fouling is an inevitable obstacle of polyamide composite forward osmosis (FO) membranes in oily wastewater treatment. In this study, zwitterionic arginine (Arg) is grafted onto nascent self-made FO polyamide poly(ether sulfone) (PA-PES) membrane, imparting superior hydrophilic, antifouling, and antibacterial properties to the membrane. Detailed characterizations revealed that the Arg-modified (Arg-PES) membrane presented obviously surface positively charged and unique morphology. Results showed that our strategy endowed the optimized membrane, the water flux increased by 113.2% compared to the pristine membrane, respectively, meanwhile keeping high NaCl rejection > 93.9% (with DI water as feed solution and 0.5 M NaCl as draw solution, FO mode). The dynamic fouling tests indicated that the Arg-PES membranes exhibited much improved antifouling performance towards oily wastewater treatment. The flux recovery ratios of the membrane were as high as 92.0% for cationic emulsified oil (cetyl pyridinium chloride, CPC), 87.0% for neutral emulsified oil (Tween-80), and 86.0% for anionic emulsified oil (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) after washing, respectively. Meanwhile, the Arg-PES membranes assembled with guanidine cationic groups exhibited an enhanced antibacterial property against E. coli, which exhibited a high antibacterial efficiency of approximately 96%. Consequently, the newly arginine functionalized FO membrane possesses impressive antifouling performance, while simultaneously resisting bacterial invasion, thus rendering it an ideal alternative for oily wastewater treatment in the FO process.
Breakthrough Curve Modeling and Analysis for Lysozyme Adsorption by Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane Affinity Nanofiber Membrane
Authors: Chen Kuei-Hsiang , Lai You-Ren , Hanh Nguyen The Duc , Wang Steven S.-S. , Chang Yu-Kaung
Published: August 2023

In this study, a polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane was first hydrolyzed and then functionalized with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (P-Tris), then used as an affinity nanofiber membrane for lysozyme adsorption in membrane chromatography. The dynamic adsorption behavior of lysozyme was investigated in a flow system under various operating parameters, including adsorption pHs, initial feed lysozyme concentration, loading flow rate, and the number of stacked membrane layers. Four different kinetic models, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, were applied to experimental data from breakthrough curves of lysozyme. The results showed that the dynamic adsorption results were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The breakthrough curve experimental results show significant differences in the breakthrough time, the dynamic binding capacity, the length of the mass transfer zone, and the utilization rate of the membrane bed under different operating parameters. Four dynamic adsorption models (i.e., Bohart–Adams, Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, and BDST models) were used to analyze the breakthrough curve characteristics of the dynamic adsorption experiments. Among them, the Yoon–Nelson model was the best model to fit the breakthrough curve. However, some of the theoretical results based on the Thomas and Bohart–Adams model analyses of the breakthrough curve fit well with the experimental data, with an error percentage of <5%. The Bohart–Adams model has the largest difference from the experimental results; hence it is not suitable for breakthrough curve analysis. These results significantly impact dynamic kinetics studies and breakthrough curve characteristic analysis in membrane bed chromatography.
Adjustable Elasticity of Anatomically Shaped Lattice Bone Scaffold Built by Electron Beam Melting Ti6Al4V Powder
Authors: Stojković Jelena R. , Stojković Miloš , Turudija Rajko , Aranđelović Jovan , Marinkovic Dragan
Published: August 2023

This study investigates the elasticity of specific lattice structures made from titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), namely, anatomically shaped lattice scaffolds (ASLS) aimed for reinforcement of the bone tissue graft that substitute a missing piece of the previously injured bone during its recovery. ASLSs that were used for testing were fabricated using the Electron Beam Melting (EBM) method. The mechanical properties of the ASLS were examined through uniaxial compression tests. Compression testing revealed the complex non-linear behavior of the scaffold structure’s elasticity, with distinct compression stages and deformation dependencies. The ASLS structures exhibited quasi-elastic deformation followed by the rupture of individual struts. Results demonstrate that the ASLSs can be stiffened by applying appropriate compression load and accordingly achieve the target elasticity of the structure for the specific load range. The modulus of elasticity was determined for different compression stages of ASLS, allowing interpolation of the functional relation between the modulus of elasticity and compressive force that is used for stiffening the ASLS. This study enhances the understanding of the mechanical behavior of the specific lattice structures made of Ti6Al4V and provides insights for the development of mechanically optimized anatomically shaped lattice scaffolds.
Liquid Metal Embrittlement Susceptibility of Hot Formed Zn-Al-Mg Coated Steel with Eutectic Coating Microstructure
Authors: Yang Yubo , Fu Yu , Wu Guangxin , Liu Hongliang , Chen Yu , Luo Qun , Li Qian
Published: August 2023

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in Zn-based coating plates during hot stamping is an abnormal phenomenon where intimate contact between liquid Zn and a steel matrix results in the penetration of liquid Zn into the matrix, causing ruptures. In order to alleviate LME phenomenon, this paper designed a series of eutectic Zn-Al-Mg coating alloys to improve the uniformity of the Zn element distribution in the coating during heat treatment and inhibit the reaction between Fe and Zn. The high temperature mechanical properties of the coated steels are determined using thermal simulation to calculate the relative reduction in fracture energy, which is used to evaluate the LME level of the different composition coatings. It is suggested that the Zn-4.5Al-3.0Mg coating shows the highest LME resistance at 920 °C. The microstructure of these Zn-Al-Mg coated steels is observed after austenitization at 850 °C~920 °C for 3 min, which shows that the uniformity of the microstructure after austenitizing is affected by the composition of the coating and the austenitizing temperature. The higher temperature benefits the homogenization of the coating and steel and inhibits LME. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the development of ternary Zn based LME resistant coatings.
Recent Advances in Optical Sensing for the Detection of Microbial Contaminants
Authors: Idil Neslihan , Aslıyüce Sevgi , Perçin Işık , Mattiasson Bo
Published: August 2023

Microbial contaminants are responsible for several infectious diseases, and they have been introduced as important potential food- and water-borne risk factors. They become a global burden due to their health and safety threats. In addition, their tendency to undergo mutations that result in antimicrobial resistance makes them difficult to treat. In this respect, rapid and reliable detection of microbial contaminants carries great significance, and this research area is explored as a rich subject within a dynamic state. Optical sensing serving as analytical devices enables simple usage, low-cost, rapid, and sensitive detection with the advantage of their miniaturization. From the point of view of microbial contaminants, on-site detection plays a crucial role, and portable, easy-applicable, and effective point-of-care (POC) devices offer high specificity and sensitivity. They serve as advanced on-site detection tools and are pioneers in next-generation sensing platforms. In this review, recent trends and advances in optical sensing to detect microbial contaminants were mainly discussed. The most innovative and popular optical sensing approaches were highlighted, and different optical sensing methodologies were explained by emphasizing their advantages and limitations. Consequently, the challenges and future perspectives were considered.
Biofilm Formation of Clostridioides difficile, Toxin Production and Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotics in the Treatment of CDI
Authors: Dicks Leon M. T.
Published: August 2023

Clostridioides difficile is considered a nosocomial pathogen that flares up in patients exposed to antibiotic treatment. However, four out of ten patients diagnosed with C. difficile infection (CDI) acquired the infection from non-hospitalized individuals, many of whom have not been treated with antibiotics. Treatment of recurrent CDI (rCDI) with antibiotics, especially vancomycin (VAN) and metronidazole (MNZ), increases the risk of experiencing a relapse by as much as 70%. Fidaxomicin, on the other hand, proved more effective than VAN and MNZ by preventing the initial transcription of RNA toxin genes. Alternative forms of treatment include quorum quenching (QQ) that blocks toxin synthesis, binding of small anion molecules such as tolevamer to toxins, monoclonal antibodies, such as bezlotoxumab and actoxumab, bacteriophage therapy, probiotics, and fecal microbial transplants (FMTs). This review summarizes factors that affect the colonization of C. difficile and the pathogenicity of toxins TcdA and TcdB. The different approaches experimented with in the destruction of C. difficile and treatment of CDI are evaluated.
Study on Correlations between Tailings Particle Size Distribution and Rheological Properties of Filling Slurries
Authors: Zhang Xi , Wang Hongjiang , Wu Aixiang
Published: August 2023

The influence of the mass concentration and particle size distribution on rheological parameters and slump was investigated by analyzing the mixture of overflow tailings (OT) and classified tailings (CT). The correlation between the rheological parameters, slump and characteristic value of the tailings particle diameter was discussed. Finally, the ratio parameters of a mixed tailings filling slurry were optimized using a lead–zinc mine in Guangdong, China as the engineering background. The results showed a quadratic decrease in the slump of the tailings slurry as the mass concentration increased, while the slump decreased with a decreasing particle size. With the increase in the mass concentration, the yield stress of the tailings slurry follows a quadratic function, while the plastic viscosity exhibits linear growth. The influence of tailings fine particles on the sensitivity of the yield stress and plastic viscosity to the mass concentration is reduced as their content increases. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of the tailings slurry exhibit a quadratic function decrease and linear growth as the slump increases. The slump of the tailings slurry is related to the particle size characteristic value and the mass concentration of the slurry. The correlation coefficient between the yield stress and the aggregate characteristic particle size increases most obviously at d10~d50, and the increase in the characteristic particle size will enhance the correlation between the yield stress and particle gradation. The correlation coefficient between the plastic viscosity and aggregate particle gradation parameters exhibits an initial increase followed by stabilization with an increasing characteristic particle size, with the most significant increase observed at d10~d50.
Polypropylene Fiber Effect on Flexural Strength, Toughness, Deflection, Failure Mode and Microanalysis of Cementitious Backfills under Three-Point Bending Conditions
Authors: Zhao Ziyue , Cao Shuai , Yilmaz Erol
Published: August 2023

Cemented tailings backfill (CTB) is continually practiced in a large number of metallic mines for re-filling underground ore extraction areas. Re-filling these areas can boost the security of mining teams during construction. Hence, CTB’s durability/ductility is extremely vital to ensure the safety of the entire mine. In this study, layered-fiber-reinforced CTB (LFR-CTB) was manufactured using polypropylene fiber (PPF) to increase the strength and flexibility of backfilling. The strength and bending features of CTB and LFR-CTB specimens were explored through a three-point bending test and SEM microanalysis. Test findings pointed out that the flexural strength of 14-day-cured CTB specimens without fiber delamination and with cement showed that a tailings ratio of 1:4 was the largest among others. Residual flexural strength of LFR-CTB was greater than those of CTB without fiber delamination. Accumulating fiber delamination effectively improved CTB’s flexural features. CTBs without fiber delamination presented the largest average flexural modulus values. LFR-CTBs presented greater average toughness index values than ordinary CTB specimens. Adding fiber facilitated the progress of CTB’s post-peak rigidity. LFR-CTBs containing high-fiber delamination dimensional height have excellent bending properties. The damage mode of all backfill specimens is chiefly tensile damage. The overall bonding of LFR-CTB specimens in the presence of interlayer interfaces is outstanding, not affecting their bending performance. Ettringite and CSH gels were found to be key hydration materials. The addition of fiber to the filling has an inhibitory impact on the extension of the cracks occurring within specimens. Finally, this study’s key consequence is to deliver a technical guideline and reference in order to reveal LFR-CTB’s enhancement and delamination mechanism for industrial applications.
Emission Enhancement of Ge/Si Quantum Dots in Hybrid Structures with Subwavelength Lattice of Al Nanodisks
Authors: Zinovyev Vladimir A. , Smagina Zhanna V. , Zinovieva Aigul F. , Bloshkin Aleksei A. , Dvurechenskii Anatoly V. , Rodyakina Ekaterina E. , Stepikhova Margarita V. , Peretokin Artem V. , Novikov Alexey V.
Published: August 2023

The effects of resonance interaction of plasmonic and photonic modes in hybrid metal-dielectric structures with square Al nanodisk lattices coupled with a Si waveguide layer were investigated using micro-photoluminescence (micro-PL) spectroscopy. As radiation sources, GeSi quantum dots were embedded in the waveguide. A set of narrow PL peaks superimposed on the broad bands were observed in the range of quantum dot emissions. At optimal parameters of Al nanodisks lattices, almost one order increasing of PL intensity was obtained. The experimental PL spectra are in good agreement with results of theoretical calculations. The realization of high-quality bound states in the continuum was confirmed by a comparative analysis of the experimental spectra and theoretical dispersion dependences. The results demonstrated the perspectives of these type structures for a flat band realization and supporting the slow light.
Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanorods from Zinc Borate Precursor and Characterization of Supercapacitor Properties
Authors: Lefdhil Chikh , Polat Safa , Zengin Hüseyin
Published: August 2023

The synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) was accomplished from zinc borate (Zn3B2O6) minerals to be used as electrodes in supercapacitor applications. The concentrations of obtained zinc (Zn) metal after treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Direct synthesis of ZnO on a nickel (Ni) foam surface was conducted by employing the hydrothermal technique using a solution with the highest Zn content. The results showed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanorods on the surface of Ni foam with an average wall size of approximately 358 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements revealed that the synthesized electrode exhibited battery-type charge storage characteristics, reaching a maximum specific capacitance of approximately 867 mF·cm−² at a current density of 2 mA·cm−². Additionally, the energy and power densities of the electrode at a current density of 2 mA·cm−² were calculated as 19.3 mWh·cm−² and 200 mW·cm−², respectively. These results exhibited promising performance of the single-component electrode, outperforming the existing counterparts reported in the literature.
Sol–Gel-Processed Y2O3 Multilevel Resistive Random-Access Memory Cells for Neural Networks
Authors: Lee Taehun , Kim Hae-In , Cho Yoonjin , Lee Sangwoo , Lee Won-Yong , Bae Jin-Hyuk , Kang In-Man , Kim Kwangeun , Lee Sin-Hyung , Jang Jaewon
Published: August 2023

Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices were fabricated using the sol–gel process on indium tin oxide/glass substrates. These devices exhibited conventional bipolar RRAM characteristics without requiring a high-voltage forming process. The effect of current compliance on the Y2O3 RRAM devices was investigated, and the results revealed that the resistance values gradually decreased with increasing set current compliance values. By regulating these values, the formation of pure Ag conductive filament could be restricted. The dominant oxygen ion diffusion and migration within Y2O3 leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies and Ag metal-mixed conductive filaments between the two electrodes. The filament composition changes from pure Ag metal to Ag metal mixed with oxygen vacancies, which is crucial for realizing multilevel cell (MLC) switching. Consequently, intermediate resistance values were obtained, which were suitable for MLC switching. The fabricated Y2O3 RRAM devices could function as a MLC with a capacity of two bits in one cell, utilizing three low-resistance states and one common high-resistance state. The potential of the Y2O3 RRAM devices for neural networks was further explored through numerical simulations. Hardware neural networks based on the Y2O3 RRAM devices demonstrated effective digit image classification with a high accuracy rate of approximately 88%, comparable to the ideal software-based classification (~92%). This indicates that the proposed RRAM can be utilized as a memory component in practical neuromorphic systems.
Cold Cathodes with Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials
Authors: Chen Yicong , Chen Jun , Li Zhibing
Published: August 2023

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials could be used as electron emitters alone or stacked in a heterostructure. Many significant phenomena of two-dimensional van der Waals field emitters have been observed and predicted since the landmark discovery of graphene. Due to the wide variety of heterostructures that integrate an atomic monolayer or multilayers with insulator nanofilms or metallic cathodes by van der Waals force, the diversity of van der Waals materials is large to be chosen from, which are appealing for further investigation. Until now, increasing the efficiency, stability, and uniformity in electron emission of cold cathodes with two-dimensional materials is still of interest in research. Some novel behaviors in electron emission, such as coherence and directionality, have been revealed by the theoretical study down to the atomic scale and could lead to innovative applications. Although intensive emission in the direction normal to two-dimensional emitters has been observed in experiments, the theoretical mechanism is still incomplete. In this paper, we will review some late progresses related to the cold cathodes with two-dimensional van der Waals materials, both in experiments and in the theoretical study, emphasizing the phenomena which are absent in the conventional cold cathodes. The review will cover the fabrication of several kinds of emitter structures for field emission applications, the state of the art of their field emission properties and the existing field emission model. In the end, some perspectives on their future research trend will also be given.
Bismuth Tungstate Nanoplates—Vis Responsive Photocatalyst for Water Oxidation
Authors: Khedr Tamer M. , El-Sheikh Said M. , Kowalska Ewa
Published: August 2023

The development of visible-light-responsive (VLR) semiconductor materials for effective water oxidation is significant for a sustainable and better future. Among various candidates, bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6; BWO) has attracted extensive attention because of many advantages, including efficient light-absorption ability, appropriate redox properties (for O2 generation), adjustable morphology, low cost, and profitable chemical and optical characteristics. Accordingly, a facile solvothermal method has been proposed in this study to synthesize two-dimensional (2D) BWO nanoplates after considering the optimal preparation conditions (solvothermal reaction time: 10–40 h). To find the key factors of photocatalytic performance, various methods and techniques were used for samples’ characterization, including XRD, FE-SEM, STEM, TEM, HRTEM, BET-specific surface area measurements, UV/vis DRS, and PL spectroscopy, and photocatalytic activity was examined for water oxidation under UV and/or visible-light (vis) irradiation. Famous commercial photocatalyst–P25 was used as a reference sample. It was found that BWO crystals grew anisotropically along the {001} basal plane to form nanoplates, and all properties were controlled simultaneously by tuning the synthesis time. Interestingly, the most active sample (under both UV and vis), prepared during the 30 h solvothermal reaction at 433 K (BWO–30), was characterized by the smallest specific surface area and the largest crystals. Accordingly, it is proposed that improved crystallinity (which hindered charge carriers’ recombination, as confirmed by PL), efficient photoabsorption (using the smallest bandgap), and 2D mesoporous structure are responsible for the best photocatalytic performance of the BWO–30 sample. This report shows for the first time that 2D mesoporous BWO nanoplates might be successfully prepared through a facile template-free solvothermal approach. All the above-mentioned advantages suggest that nanostructured BWO is a prospective candidate for photocatalytic applications under natural solar irradiation.
Fe3N Nanoparticle-Encapsulated N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes on Biomass-Derived Carbon Cloth as Self-Standing Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Yongxin , Liu Dandan , Tian Yubin , Zhai Yuzhu , Tian Chaofan , Li Sen , Xing Tao , Li Zhi , Dai Pengcheng
Published: August 2023

The design and fabrication of low-cost catalysts for highly efficient oxygen reduction are of paramount importance for various renewable energy-related technologies, such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Herein, we report the synthesis of Fe3N nanoparticle-encapsulated N-doped carbon nanotubes on the surface of a flexible biomass-derived carbon cloth (Fe3N@CNTs/CC) via a simple one-step carbonization process. Taking advantage of its unique structure, Fe3N@CNTs/CC was employed as a self-standing electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and possessed high activity as well as excellent long-term stability and methanol resistance in alkaline media. Remarkably, Fe3N@CNT/CC can directly play the role of both a gas diffusion layer and an electrocatalytic cathode in a zinc–air battery without additional means of catalyst loading, and it displays higher open-circuit voltage, power density, and specific capacity in comparison with a commercial Pt/C catalyst. This work is anticipated to inspire the design of cost-effective, easily prepared, and high-performance air electrodes for advanced electrochemical applications.
Dynamic Interplay between Social Brain Development and Nutrient Intake in Young Children
Authors: Kanellopoulos Alexandros K. , Costello Sarah , Mainardi Fabio , Koshibu Kyoko , Deoni Sean , Schneider Nora
Published: August 2023

Myelination of the brain structures underlying social behavior in humans is a dynamic process that parallels the emergence of social–emotional development and social skills in early life. Of the many genetic and environmental factors regulating the myelination processes, nutrition is considered as a critical and modifiable early-life factor for establishing healthy social brain networks. However, the impact of nutrition on the longitudinal development of social brain myelination remains to be fully understood. This study examined the interplay between childhood nutrient intake and social brain development across the first 5 years of life. Myelin-sensitive neuroimaging and food-intake data were analyzed in 293 children, 0.5 to 5 years of age, and explored for dynamic patterns of nutrient—social brain myelin associations. We found three data-driven age windows with specific nutrient correlation patterns, 63 individual nutrient–myelin correlations, and six nutrient combinations with a statistically significant predictive value for social brain myelination. These results provide novel insights into the impact of specific nutrient intakes on early brain development, in particular social brain regions, and suggest a critical age-sensitive opportunity to impact these brain regions for potential longer-term improvements in socio-emotional development and related executive-function and critical-thinking skills.
Mycoplasma hominis and Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii in Trichomonas vaginalis: Peaceful Cohabitants or Contentious Roommates?
Authors: Margarita Valentina , Congiargiu Antonella , Diaz Nicia , Fiori Pier Luigi , Rappelli Paola
Published: August 2023

Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic protozoan diffused worldwide capable of infecting the urogenital tract in humans, causing trichomoniasis. One of its most intriguing aspects is the ability to establish a close relationship with endosymbiotic microorganisms: the unique association of T. vaginalis with the bacterium Mycoplasma hominis represents, to date, the only example of an endosymbiosis involving two true human pathogens. Since its discovery, several aspects of the symbiosis between T. vaginalis and M. hominis have been characterized, demonstrating that the presence of the intracellular guest strongly influences the pathogenic characteristics of the protozoon, making it more aggressive towards host cells and capable of stimulating a stronger proinflammatory response. The recent description of a further symbiont of the protozoon, the newly discovered non-cultivable mycoplasma Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii, makes the picture even more complex. This review provides an overview of the main aspects of this complex microbial consortium, with particular emphasis on its effect on protozoan pathobiology and on the interplays among the symbionts.
A New Paradigm in the Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: β-glucuronidase Enzyme Identified as Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Fernández-Murga M. Leonor , Gil-Ortiz Fernando , Serrano-García Lucía , Llombart-Cussac Antonio
Published: August 2023

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring malignancy and the second cancer-specific cause of mortality in women in developed countries. Over 70% of the total number of BCs are hormone receptor-positive (HR+), and elevated levels of circulating estrogen (E) in the blood have been shown to be a major risk factor for the development of HR+ BC. This is attributable to estrogen’s contribution to increased cancer cell proliferation, stimulation of angiogenesis and metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The E metabolism–gut microbiome axis is functional, with subjacent individual variations in the levels of E. It is conceivable that the estrobolome (bacterial genes whose products metabolize E) may contribute to the risk of malignant neoplasms of hormonal origin, including BC, and may serve as a potential biomarker and target. It has been suggested that β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes of the intestinal microbiome participate in the strobolome. In addition, it has been proposed that bacterial GUS enzymes from the gastrointestinal tract participate in hormone BC. In this review, we discuss the latest knowledge about the role of the GUS enzyme in the pathogenesis of BC, focusing on (i) the microbiome and E metabolism; (ii) diet, estrobolome, and BC development; (iii) other activities of the bacterial GUS; and (iv) the new molecular targets for BC therapeutic application.
The Role of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in Liver Disease
Authors: Shalaby Nicholas , Samocha-Bonet Dorit , Kaakoush Nadeem O. , Danta Mark
Published: August 2023

Liver disease is a major global health problem leading to approximately two million deaths a year. This is the consequence of a number of aetiologies, including alcohol-related, metabolic-related, viral infection, cholestatic and immune disease, leading to fibrosis and, eventually, cirrhosis. No specific registered antifibrotic therapies exist to reverse liver injury, so current treatment aims at managing the underlying factors to mitigate the development of liver disease. There are bidirectional feedback loops between the liver and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract via the portal venous and biliary systems, which are mediated by microbial metabolites, specifically short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. The interaction between the liver and the gastrointestinal microbiome has the potential to provide a novel therapeutic modality to mitigate the progression of liver disease and its complications. This review will outline our understanding of hepatic fibrosis, liver disease, and its connection to the microbiome, which may identify potential therapeutic targets or strategies to mitigate liver disease.
Recent Advances in the Management Strategies for Buruli Ulcers
Authors: Popa Gabriela Loredana , Muntean Alexandru Andrei , Popa Mircea Ioan
Published: August 2023

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia. The infection typically begins as a painless papule or nodule that gradually develops into a large ulcer that can cause substantial impairment, damaging soft tissues and even bones. Early detection and immediate treatment are crucial to preventing further tissue damage and any potential complications, although it is worth noting that access to proper therapeutic resources can be limited in certain areas. The most commonly used antibiotics for treating BU are rifampicin, streptomycin, and clarithromycin; efforts have recently been made to introduce new treatments that increase the effectiveness and adherence to therapy. This article presents the latest research and management strategies regarding BU, providing an updated and intriguing perspective on this topic.
Evaluation of a Tetracycline-Resistant E. coli Enumeration Method for Correctly Classifying E. coli in Environmental Waters in Kentucky, USA
Authors: Boggs Callie , Shiferawe Kidus , Karsten Eckhardt , Hamlet Jayden , Altheide S. Travis , Marion Jason W.
Published: August 2023

The global concern over antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its impact on human health is evident, with approximately 4.95 million annual deaths attributed to antibiotic resistance. Regions with inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene face challenges in responding to AMR threats. Enteric bacteria, particularly E. coli, are common agents linked to AMR-related deaths (23% of cases). Culture-based methods for detecting tetracycline-resistant E. coli may be of practical value for AMR monitoring in limited resource environments. This study evaluated the ColiGlow™ method with tetracycline for classifying tetracycline-resistant E. coli. A total of 61 surface water samples from Kentucky, USA (2020–2022), provided 61 presumed E. coli isolates, of which 28 isolates were obtained from tetracycline-treated media. Species identification and tetracycline resistance evaluation were performed. It was found that 82% of isolates were E. coli, and 18% were other species; 97% were identified as E. coli when using the API20E identification system. The MicroScan system yielded Enterobacter cloacae false positives in 20% of isolates. Adding tetracycline to ColiGlow increased the odds of isolating tetracycline-resistant E. coli 18-fold. Tetracycline-treated samples yielded 100% tetracycline-resistant E. coli when the total E. coli densities were within the enumeration range of the method. ColiGlow with tetracycline shows promise for monitoring tetracycline-resistant E. coli in natural waters and potentially aiding AMR surveillance in resource-limited settings among other environments.
Triplex Crystal Digital PCR for the Detection and Differentiation of the Wild-Type Strain and the MGF505-2R and I177L Gene-Deleted Strain of African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Shi Kaichuang , Zhao Kang , Wei Haina , Zhou Qingan , Shi Yuwen , Mo Shenglan , Long Feng , Hu Liping , Feng Shuping , Mo Meilan
Published: August 2023

African swine fever (ASF) is a severe and highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, characterized by a high fever and internal bleeding. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is prevalent worldwide and has led to significant economic losses in the global pig industry. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed for the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes. After optimizing the reaction conditions of the annealing temperature, primer concentration and probe concentration, triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) and triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were developed for the detection and differentiation of the wild-type ASFV strain and the MGF505-2R and/or I177L gene-deleted ASFV strains. The results indicate that both triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR were highly specific, sensitive and repeatable. The assays could detect only the B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses (i.e., PRRSV, CSFV, PCV2, PCV3, PEDV, PDCoV and PRV). The limit of detection (LOD) of triplex cdPCR was 12 copies/reaction, and the LOD of triplex qPCR was 500 copies/reaction. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeatability and reproducibility were less than 2.7% for triplex cdPCR and less than 1.8% for triplex qPCR. A total of 1510 clinical tissue samples were tested with both methods, and the positivity rates of ASFV were 14.17% (214/1510) with triplex cdPCR and 12.98% (196/1510) with triplex qPCR, with a coincidence rate of 98.81% between the two methods. The positivity rate for the MGF505-2R gene-deleted ASFV strains was 0.33% (5/1510), and no I177L gene-deleted ASFV strain was found. The results indicate that triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR developed in this study can provide rapid, sensitive and accurate methods for the detection and differentiation of the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes.
Formation of Feminine Truth in Poststructuralism
Authors: Koshy Abey
Published: August 2023

This essay traces the origin of feminine thought in poststructuralism, which opens up new vistas of experience that differ from traditional philosophical thinking based on a conceptual grasp of the world. Rather than viewing the feminine as the essence of the woman gender, it is seen here as the experience of a plurality of truths produced in the affectedness of the human body by the world. The representative function of language and methodology in traditional philosophy cannot capture the plurality of truths. Feminine experience is not a prerogative of women philosophers or feminist writers. It is accessible even to male philosophers. Since it is the outcome of the affectedness of the body by phenomena, it is accessible to all human beings, irrespective of their gender identities. The construction of the truth of entities in terms of their universal essence has a significant role in forming masculine and feminine experiences. Masculine experience is produced by the representation of conceptual truth by the self. Feminine is a kind of existence prior to self-formation that is in operation in all humans. The linguistic turn in philosophy created by Nietzsche and Saussure is the main force behind the growth of feminine thinking in poststructuralism. It marks the end of the abstract, concept-based thinking of the masculine sort and the formation of the differential thought of the feminine.
Multiplane Holographic Imaging Using the Spatial Light Modulator
Authors: Zhai Zhongsheng , Li Qinyang , He Xuan , Lv Qinghua , Feng Wei , Zeng Zhen , Wang Xuanze
Published: August 2023

The optimization of imaging accuracy and speed is a crucial issue in the development of computer-generated holograms (CGH) for three-dimensional (3D) displays. This paper proposes an optimized iterative algorithm based on the angular spectrum method (ASM) to achieve high-quality holographic imaging across multiple planes. To effectively utilize spatial resources for multi-image reconstruction and mitigate the speckle noise caused by the overlapping of target images, constraint factors are introduced between different layers within the same region. The seeking rule of the constraint factor is also analyzed. By utilizing both constraint factors and variable factors, the presented method is able to calculate phase holograms for target figure imaging at four different planes. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the overall quality of the different planes, thus holding great potential for wide-ranging applications in the field of holography.