bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Apotheosis of White Men?: A Reexamination of Beliefs about Europeans as Ancestral Spirits
Authors: Leavitt Stephen C.
Published: February 2015

Criticisms of work on cargo beliefs argue it supports paternalistic colonial projections and patronizes Melanesians. But researchers continue to hear Melanesians asserting that Europeans communicate with ancestral spirits. Such assertions are part of a dynamic religious tradition responding to troubling times. Some have cast cargo beliefs as naive ‐ if rational ‐ attempts to understand bewildering changes. Such work fails to capture the innovative, discriminating tenor of cargo beliefs as a religious ideology that adherents manipulate to address their own needs. Case material comes from the Bumbita Arapesh, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
Review
Authors: Mimica Jadran
Published: February 2015

Malinowski's Kiriwina: Fieldwork Photography 1915–1918. By Michael W. Young. The University of Chicago Press, 1999. Pp. x + 306. Price: US $40.00
Review
Authors: Jebens Holger
Published: February 2015

Wörter und Wandel. Ethnographische Zugänge über die Sprache. By Hans Fischer. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. 2000. Pp. 313, bib., 3 maps, tables. 78.00 DM
Review
Authors: Ward R. Gerard
Published: February 2015

Strategies for Sustainable Development: Experiences front the Pacific. Edited by John Overton and Regina Scheyvens. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. 1999. Pp. xiv + 306. Price: $29.95.
REVIEW
Authors: Rata Elizabeth
Published: February 2015

Calling the Station Home, Place and Identity in New Zealand's High Country. By Michele D. Dominy. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. 2000 Pp xiii + 306 Price US $27.95
Selling is Poverty, Buying a Shame: Representations of Work, Effective Leadership and Market Failures on Wallis
Authors: van der Grijp Paul
Published: February 2015

This paper seeks to answer the question why there is no central market on the Polynesian island Wallis, and relates the answer to indigenous representations of work and to cultural constraints on leadership. The title of this paper ‐ Selling is Poverty, Buying a Shame ‐ contains the answer in a nutshell, requires contextualisation in relation to the main cultural, socioeconomic and political features of the society on this island. More specifically, it raises the following questions: What do we mean when we speak about a market? Have there been markets in the past? Are there (other) market‐like structures today? And what do we mean by representations of work?
The Politics of Incorporation: Masculinity, Spatiality and Modernity among the Ngaing of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Kempf Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

In this paper I argue that the way in which masculinity and spatiality are reconstituted among the Ngaing men of Madang Province (Papua New Guinea) is pivotally implicated in how they articulate their ongoing claim to incorporation in modernity. The manner in which they strive for progress is indicative of identifications coupling Christianity and whiteness with the hope of redemption from a condition of blackness, inferiority and marginality. With the help of recent discourses and secret ritual practices, in which Christian components combine with local cultural patterns, the men make clear that indigenous participation in modernity is prefigured on the inside of external manifestations of body and space. This discursive and ritual empowerment of the men rests on a culturally specific construction of the inside and the outside in which the knowledge, power and mobility possessed by whites are construed as an integral part of the local world.
REVIEW
Authors: David Bruno
Published: February 2015

Shamanism and the Ancient Mind: a cognitive approach to archaeology. By James L. Pearson. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. 2002. Pp. ix + 195, 16 Figures. Price: US $63 (cloth); US $24.95 (paperback)
REVIEW
Authors: Lal Brij V.
Published: February 2015

The South Pacific By Ron Crocombe. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, The University of the South Pacific, 2001. Pp. 980. Price: $45 (cloth)
Review
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: February 2015

Encompassing Others: The Magic of Modernity in Melanesia. by Edward Lipuma Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 2001 Pp. xvi + 342 Price: US$26.95
Women's Organizations, Voluntarism, and Self‐Financing in Solomon Islands: a Participant Perspective
Authors: Pollard Alice Aruhe'eta
Published: February 2015

Arguing that the capacity to organize is not foreign to Solomon Islands women, this paper demonstrates their resourcefulness, resilience, and significant but neglected national potential by focusing on a key domain of women's practice and management expertise ‐ women's groups, organizations, and associations, most of which are church‐based, and government programs or projects directed to women. The paper surveys the establishment and operation of different categories of women's groupings before and since independence in 1978. It highlights the commitment to voluntarism and self‐financing that has enabled many groups and organizations to function and even flourish despite recent armed conflict and the resultant near collapse of the economy and the state, especially in the capital, Honiara. It exemplifies the priority shift which has seen many women and their organizations supplement the traditional concerns of home economics, health, education, and community service with overt attention to questions of economic development, political participation, and human rights. The paper concludes by considering the problems facing women's groupings in Solomon Islands, including those generated by women's own attitudes and behaviour as well as gendered and other external constraints.
Epilogue
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: February 2015

This epilogue reflects on five questions raised by the papers in this collection. First, I ask ‘what are women's groups’. Second, I consider the centrality of Christianity in women's groups in colonial and contemporary epochs and review debates about how women's agency has been seen in becoming a Christian and in the perduring reality of Christian commitment. Third, I ponder the expansion of agendas from ‘welfare to empowerment’ and the proposition that even groups with conservative agendas can empower women. Fourth, I review the relation between self‐help and help from others and the associated issue of divergent local and global agendas. Fifth, I consider the differences between women grounded in age, rank, and class, highlighted by several authors. I caution against seeing such differences as irredeemable, irrevocable divisions. In conclusion, I pose the sensitive question of the relation between Western feminist scholars and the diversity of Melanesian women and espouse Teresia Teaiwa's value of Oceanic fluidarity rather than solidarity in coalitions of women.
Rethinking Cultural Genocide: Aboriginal Child Removal and Settler‐Colonial State Formation
Authors: van Krieken Robert
Published: February 2015

This paper examines the use of the concept of cultural genocide to understand one particular episode in Australian legal, political and social history, the removal of Aboriginal children from their families, mostly during the 20th century. After outlining the approach of Australian courts to the idea of cultural genocide, the paper examines the construction of the UN Genocide Convention, particularly the clause concerning the forcible removal of children, which illustrates the underlying instability of the boundary between a cultural and a physical understanding of genocide. It then explores how this instability was manifested in the development of early 20th century Australian legislation concerning the ‘protection’ of Aborigines, indicating the underlying racially‐oriented coerciveness of conceptions of Aboriginal ‘welfare’, and concludes by reflecting on the wide range of ways in which the concept of genocide can and should be used, especially in capturing the experience of Indigenous peoples under settler‐colonialism.
Land, Life and Labour: Indo‐Fijian Claims to Citizenship in a Changing Fiji
Authors: Trnka Susanna
Published: February 2015

Since the coup of May 2000 an estimated 24,000 Indo‐Fijians have left Fiji, the majority of them moving to Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the US. Those who remain in Fiji have faced increasing marginalisation as the government of Prime Minister Qarase has proposed significant reforms to both the administration of land and Constitutional arrangements of political representation. The situation has been further compounded through Qarase's recently proposed ‘Unity Bill’, which would grant amnesty to some of those responsible for the 2000 coup. These reforms are all part of an effort to ensure the ‘paramountcy’ of indigenous Fijians as well as to limit Indo‐Fijian participation in Fijian national politics. In this paper, I employ Greenhouse's concept of ‘empirical citizenship’ to analyse Indo‐Fijian responses to their political marginalisation in Fiji. After considering how national identities and sentiments of belonging are expressed in Indo‐Fijian discourse through the symbolic inter‐connection of the land and the Indo‐Fijian body, I argue that even if Indo‐Fijians are openly willing to recognize indigenous Fijian supremacy in national politics and the project of nation‐making, assertions of their right to live and labour on Fijian land constitute claims to ‘citizenship’ that are highly contestable in Fiji's current political climate.
REVIEWS
Authors: Lydon Jane
Published: February 2015

An Anthropologist in Papua: The Photography of F. E. Williams, 1922–39 By Michael W. Young and Julia Clark. Adelaide: Crawford House Publishing in association with the National Archives of Australia. 2001. Pp: x + 307. Price: $69.95. Cloth
Necrotic cell death caused by exposure to graphitic carbon‐coated magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hee , Sanetuntikul Jakkid , Shanmugam Sangaraju , Kim Eunjoo
Published: February 2015

We synthesized graphitic carbon‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe@C NPs) and evaluated their physicochemical properties and mechanism of cytotoxicity in vitro. The structure of these nanocomposites consisted of an iron core encapsulated by a graphitic‐carbon shell. The diameter of these Fe@C NPs was 81 ± 14 nm, and the thickness of the carbon layer encapsulating the core was 7.0 ± 0.5 nm. Inhibition of cell proliferation was induced by exposure to Fe@C NPs at doses above 50 μg mL−1. The exposed cells did not show increased activation of apoptosis biomarkers such as PARP, caspase‐3, caspase‐7, and caspase‐9, and apoptosis‐specific responses such as DNA laddering and annexin V binding to the cell membranes. In addition, the expression levels of autophagy‐specific biomarkers such as ATG5 and LC3 after exposure were not enhanced, either. Instead, we observed increased release of lactate dehydrogenase in the culture media and red‐fluorescent cell cytosol stained with ethidium homodimer I after the exposure. These results indicated enhanced cell membrane permeability after exposure to Fe@C NPs, probably caused by necrosis. The analysis of the regulatory molecules of cell cycling and proliferation, ERK, p53, and AKT, implied that cell cycle arrest was initiated and the cells were sensitized to necrosis. This necrotic cell death was also observed in carbon shells from Fe@C NPs obtained by removing the metal core. In conclusion, the graphitic carbon‐encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles synthesized by one‐pot synthesis induced necrotic cell death to human HEK293 cells, which was caused by graphitic carbon surface encapsulating the metal core. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2875–2887, 2015.
In vitro interactions of blood, platelet, and fibroblast with biodegradable magnesium‐zinc‐strontium alloys
Authors: Nguyen T. Y. , Cipriano A. F. , Guan Ren‐Guo , Zhao Zhan‐Yong , Liu Huinan
Published: February 2015

Magnesium (Mg) alloy is an attractive class of metallic biomaterial for cardiovascular applications due to its biodegradability and mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated the degradation in blood, thrombogenicity, and cytocompatibility of Magnesium‐Zinc‐Strontium (Mg‐Zn‐Sr) alloys, specifically four Mg‐4 wt % Zn‐xSr (x = 0.15, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt %) alloys, together with pure Mg control and relevant reference materials for cardiovascular applications. Human whole blood and platelet rich plasma (PRP) were used as the incubation media to investigate the degradation behavior of the Mg‐Zn‐Sr alloys. The results showed that the PRP had a greater pH increase and greater concentration of Mg2+ ions when compared with whole blood after 2 h of incubation with the same respective Mg alloys, suggesting that the Mg alloys degraded faster in PRP than in whole blood. The Mg alloy with 4 wt % Zn and 0.15 wt % Sr (named as ZSr41A) was identified as the most promising alloy for cardiovascular stent applications, because it showed slower degradation and less thrombogenicity, as indicated by the lower concentrations of Mg2+ ions released and less deposition of platelets. Additionally, ZSr41 alloys were cytocompatible with fibroblasts in direct exposure culture in which the cells adhered and proliferated around the samples, with no statistical difference in cell adhesion density compared with the blank reference. Future studies on the ZSr41 alloys are necessary to investigate their direct interactions with other important cells in cardiovascular system, such as vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2974–2986, 2015.
Log odds of positive lymph nodes as a prognostic indicator in stage IV colorectal cancer patients undergoing curative resection
Authors: Ozawa Tsuyoshi , Ishihara Soichiro , Sunami Eiji , Kitayama Joji , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: February 2015

Background

Recent studies have proposed the use of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) as a prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients without distant synchronous metastasis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of the LODDS in Stage IV CRC patients who have undergone curative resection.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 117 Stage IV CRC patients who underwent curative resection at our institute from 1998 to 2011. Patients were categorized into 3 groups (LODDS1–3) according to the ratio of their LODDS. The relationship between the LODDS and disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were assessed.

Results

DFS was not significantly different between patients in each LODDS group. The association between the LODDS classification and OS was statistically significant (P = 0.021). Multivariate analysis indicated that LODDS classification was an independent prognostic factor for OS, with a hazard ratio of 2.95 for LODDS2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18–8.35; P = 0.021), and 2.98 for LODDS3 (95% CI: 1.20–8.37; P = 0.017).

Conclusions

The LODDS is a good prognostic indicator in Stage IV CRC patients who have undergone curative resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:465–471. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of pitting corrosion of stainless steel using artificial neural networks
Authors: Jiménez‐Come M. J. , Turias I. J. , Ruiz‐Aguilar J. J. , Trujillo F. J.
Published: February 2015

In this work, different classification models were proposed to predict the pitting corrosion status of AISI 316 L stainless steel according to the environmental conditions and the breakdown potential values. In order to study the pitting corrosion status of this material, polarization tests were undertaken in different environmental conditions: varying chloride ion concentration, pH and temperature. Two different techniques were presented:knearest neighbor (KNN) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The parameters for the classifiers were set based on a compromise between recall and precision using bootstrap as validation technique. The ROC space was presented to compare the classification performance of the different models. In this frame, Bayesian regularized neural network model proved to be the most promising technique to determine the pitting corrosion status of 316 L stainless steel without resorting to optical metallographic studies.
The subthalamic nucleus, oscillations, and conflict
Authors: Zavala Baltazar , Zaghloul Kareem , Brown Peter
Published: February 2015

The subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is currently the most common target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease (PD), has received increased attention over the past few years for the roles it may play in functions beyond simple motor control. In this article, we highlight several of the theoretical, interventional, and electrophysiological studies that have implicated the STN in response inhibition. Most influential among this evidence has been the reported effect of STN DBS in increasing impulsive responses in the laboratory setting. Yet, how this relates to pathological impulsivity in patients' everyday lives remains uncertain. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Role of intestinal brush border peptidases in the simulated digestion of milk proteins
Authors: Picariello Gianluca , Miralles Beatriz , Mamone Gianfranco , Sánchez‐Rivera Laura , Recio Isidra , Addeo Francesco , Ferranti Pasquale
Published: February 2015

Scope

This study aimed to assess the impact of the “often neglected” intestinal brush border membranes (BBMs) hydrolases on dietary peptides, exploring the possibility that the disintegration of proteins progressed in the small intestine up to a “core” of intrinsically stable oligopeptides, persisting independently on the up‐stream breakdown.

Methods and results

Samples of sodium caseinate, skim milk powder, and whey protein isolate were submitted to in vitro simulated gastropancreatic digestion using two different procedures: (i) a simplified model involving the main compartmental specific proteases; (ii) a static digestion method based on a frameset of parameters inferred from in vivo. The gastroduodenal digesta were further hydrolyzed with peptidases from porcine jejunal BBM. The peptidomes arising from the two digestion models, characterized by combined HPLC and MS techniques, differed to some extent. However, only specific protein domains survived digestion, among which are potential bioactive or immunogenic (food allergy) peptides. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) after BBM digestion (70–77%) practically did not differ between the digestion models and significantly increased the DH after duodenal steps.

Conclusion

Any in vitro digestion model should be supplemented with a jejunal phase to realistically determine the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of dietary peptides.
Optimal control of linear multi‐delay systems based on a multi‐interval decomposition scheme
Authors: Marzban Hamid Reza
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a novel approximation scheme to the numerical treatment of linear time‐varying multi‐delay systems with a quadratic performance index. A direct approach based on a hybrid of block‐pulse functions and Chebyshev polynomials is successfully developed. The operational matrix of delay associated to multi‐delay systems is constructed by an efficient manner. The excellent properties of hybrid functions together with the operational matrices of integration, delay, and product are then used to transform the optimal control problem into a mathematical optimization problem whose solution is much more easier than the original one. The procedure described in the current paper can be regarded as a multi‐interval decomposition scheme. The convergence of the proposed method is verified numerically. A wide variety of multi‐delay systems are investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness and computational efficiency of the proposed numerical scheme. The method has a simple structure, is easy to implement, and provides very accurate solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutamine enema regulates colonic ubiquitinated proteins but not proteasome activities during TNBS‐induced colitis leading to increased mitochondrial activity
Authors: Bertrand Julien , Marion‐Letellier Rachel , Azhar Saïda , Chan Philippe , Legrand Romain , Goichon Alexis , Ghouzali Ibtissem , Aziz Moutaz , Vaudry David , Savoye Guillaume , Déchelotte Pierre , Coëffier Moïse
Published: February 2015

Ubiquitin proteasome system contributes to the regulation of intestinal inflammatory response as its inhibition is associated with tissue damage improvement. We aimed to evaluate whether glutamine is able to limit inflammation by targeting ubiquitin proteasome system in experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in male rats by intrarectal instillation of 2‐4‐6‐trinitrobenzen sulfonic acid (TNBS) at day 1. From day 2 to day 6, rats daily received either an intrarectal instillation of PBS (TNBS/PBS group) or glutamine (TNBS/Gln). Rats were euthanized at day 7 and colonic samples were taken to evaluate ubiqutinated proteins by proteomic approach combining 2D electrophoresis and immunoblots directed against ubiquitin. Results were then confirmed by evaluating total expression of proteins and mRNA levels. Survival rate, TNFα, and IL‐1β mRNA were improved in TNBS/Gln compared with TNBS/PBS (p < 0.05). Proteasome activities were affected by TNBS but not by glutamine. We identified eight proteins that were less ubiquitinated in TNBS/PBS compared with controls with no effect of glutamine. Four proteins were more ubiquitinated in TNBS/PBS group and restored in TNBS/Gln group. Finally, 12 ubiquitinated proteins were only affected by glutamine. Among proteins affected by glutamine, eight proteins (GFPT1, Gapdh, Pkm2, LDH, Bcat2, ATP5a1, Vdac1, and Vdac2) were involved in metabolic pathways. In conclusion, glutamine may regulate ubiquitination process during intestinal inflammation.
Using multiple passive tracers to identify the importance of the North Brazil undercurrent for Atlantic cold tongue variability
Authors: White R. H.
Published: February 2015

The use of multiple passive tracers in a dynamical ocean model is presented as a method to study water mass origins. The multiple passive tracer method is successfully applied to determine the origin regions of the Atlantic cold tongue (ACT), using 31 passive tracers. At the time of the ACT minimum in sea surface temperature, 38 ± 3% of the surface water in the central equatorial Atlantic is found to originate in the western side of the basin, with only 11 ± 2% originating in the east. Conversely, for the ACT surface cooling off the west coast of Africa, only 2 ± 1% is from the west of the Atlantic basin, with 71 ± 7% from the east. The region of the North Brazil undercurrent is found to be the most important origin region for the central Atlantic ACT region, for a 6–8 month lead time. Using the Met Office EN4 observational dataset of ocean temperatures, correlations are found between January temperatures in the North Brazil undercurrent region and both the ACT mean temperature and ACT spatial extent in July–August, significant at the 0.95 level. This suggests that the 6‐month lead‐time predictability of the ACT may be increased by improved knowledge of the North Brazil undercurrent temperature. Results from previous studies suggest that such increased predictability of the ACT could potentially help improve predictions of the West African monsoon.
Thermal AND Gate Using a Monolayer Graphene Nanoribbon
Authors: Pal Souvik , Puri Ishwar K.
Published: February 2015

The first ever implementation of a thermal AND gate, which performs logic calculations with phonons, is presented using two identical thermal diodes composed of asymmetric graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Employing molecular dynamics simulations, the characteristics of this AND gate are investigated and compared with those for an electrical AND gate. The thermal gate mechanism originates through thermal rectification due to asymmetric phonon boundary scattering in the two diodes, which is only effective at the nanoscale and at the temperatures much below the room temperature. Due to the high phonon velocity in graphene, the gate has a fast switching time of ≈100 ps.
Bioactive compounds from crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cells induced apoptotic cell death in hela cells
Authors: Patathananone Supawadee , Thammasirirak Sompong , Daduang Jureerut , Chung Jing Gung , Temsiripong Yosapong , Daduang Sakda
Published: February 2015

Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) white blood cell extracts (WBCex) were examined for anticancer activity in HeLa cell lines using the MTT assay. The percentage viability of HeLa cells significantly deceased after treatment with WBCex in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The IC50 dose was suggested to be approximately 225 μg/mL protein. Apoptotic cell death occurred in a time‐dependent manner based on investigation by flow cytometry using annexin V‐FITC and PI staining. DAPI nucleic acid staining indicated increased chromatin condensation. Caspase‐3, −8 and −9 activities also increased, suggesting the induction of the caspase‐dependent apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of HeLa cells was lost as a result of increasing levels of Bax and reduced levels of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL, Bcl‐Xs, and XIAP. The decreased ΔΨm led to the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase‐9 and −3. Apoptosis‐inducing factor translocated into the nuclei, and endonuclease G (Endo G) was released from the mitochondria. These results suggest that anticancer agents in WBCex can induce apoptosis in HeLa cells via both caspase‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 986–997, 2016.
Peroxisome‐mitochondria interplay and disease
Authors: Schrader Michael , Costello Joseph , Godinho Luis F. , Islinger Markus
Published: February 2015

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are ubiquitous, highly dynamic organelles with an oxidative type of metabolism in eukaryotic cells. Over the years, substantial evidence has been provided that peroxisomes and mitochondria exhibit a close functional interplay which impacts on human health and development. The so‐called “peroxisome‐mitochondria connection” includes metabolic cooperation in the degradation of fatty acids, a redox‐sensitive relationship, an overlap in key components of the membrane fission machineries and cooperation in anti‐viral signalling and defence. Furthermore, combined peroxisome‐mitochondria disorders with defects in organelle division have been revealed. In this review, we present the latest progress in the emerging field of peroxisomal and mitochondrial interplay in mammals with a particular emphasis on cooperative fatty acid β‐oxidation, redox interplay, organelle dynamics, cooperation in anti‐viral signalling and the resulting implications for disease.
Compression Screw Fixation without Bone Grafting for Scaphoid Fibrous Nonunion
Authors: Somerson Jeremy S. , Fletcher Daniel J. , Srinivasan Ramesh C. , Green David P.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

Bone graft is often recommended as an adjuvant for treatment of scaphoid nonunions. However, recent literature has suggested that fibrous nonunion may be suited to treatment with rigid fixation without bone grafting. This work reported on outcomes of compression screw fixation for established scaphoid fibrous nonunions without bone graft.

Methods

Fourteen patients underwent surgical compression screw fixation without bone grafting of scaphoid fibrous nonunion between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2012, with minimum follow-up until the time of clinical and radiographic healing. Fibrous nonunion of the scaphoid was defined as a scaphoid fracture with all of the following features: (1) persistent tenderness, (2) incomplete trabecular bridging on three X-ray views, (3) injury that had occurred at a minimum of 6 months prior to surgery, and (4) identification of fibrous union at the time of surgery. Outcomes were assessed with range of motion assessment, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores, and plain radiographs.

Results

Twelve of the 14 patients healed successfully, while two patients required secondary vascularized bone grafting. Both unhealed patients sustained proximal pole fractures and had a duration of ≥1 year from injury to surgery. Average time to healing was 4.4±2.0 months. Average flexion was 73±22° and average extension was 66±22° postoperatively. Average grip strength was 90±25 lbs on the operative side. Mean postoperative pain score was 1.4 (range, 0 to 7). Mean postoperative DASH score was 10.2 (range, 0 to 52). Increasing age and an interval from injury to surgery of >1 year correlated with worse DASH and pain scores.

Conclusions

Patients with fibrous scaphoid nonunion demonstrated good results with rigid fixation without bone grafting. Increasing age and >1-year interval between injury and surgery resulted in lower self-assessed outcomes.

Level of Evidence

Therapeutic Level IV, retrospective case series
Comparison of Reactivity in the Cross Metathesis of Allyl Acetate‐Derivatives with Oleochemical Compounds
Authors: Behr Arno , Toepell Stephanie
Published: February 2015

The metathesis of unsaturated oleochemicals is an excellent tool for generating α,ω‐difunctional substrates, which are useful intermediates for polymer synthesis. This article describes the cross metathesis of allyl acetate and cis‐1,4‐diacetoxy‐2‐butene with methyl 10‐undecenoate and methyl oleate, which are oleochemical key substrates. Detailed optimizations led to high conversion rates and yields of the desired products under mild reaction conditions by using a low concentration of commercially available homogeneous ruthenium catalysts.
Constructing a Boolean implication network to study the interactions between environmental factors and OTUs
Authors: Zhu Congmin , Jiang Rui , Chen Ting
Published: February 2015

Mining relationships between microbes and the environment they live in are crucial to understand the intrinsic mechanisms that govern cycles of carbon, nitrogen and energy in a microbial community. Building upon next‐generation sequencing technology, the selective capture of 16S rRNA genes has enabled the study of co‐occurrence patterns of microbial species from the viewpoint of complex networks, yielding successful descriptions of phenomena exhibited in a microbial community. However, since the effects of such environmental factors as temperature or soil conditions on microbes are complex, reliance on the analysis of co‐occurrence networks alone cannot elucidate such complicated effects underlying microbial communities. In this study, we apply a statistical method, which is called Boolean implications for metagenomic studies (BIMS) for extracting Boolean implications (IF‐THEN relationships) to capture the effects of environmental factors on microbial species based on 16S rRNA sequencing data. We first demonstrate the power and effectiveness of BIMS through comprehensive simulation studies and then apply it to a 16S rRNA sequencing dataset of real marine microbes. Based on a total of 6,514 pairwise relationships identified at a low false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.01, we construct a Boolean implication network between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and environmental factors. Relationships in this network are supported by literature, and, most importantly, they bring biological insights into the effects of environmental factors on microbes. We next apply BIMS to detect three‐way relationships and show the possibility of using this strategy to explain more complex relationships within a microbial community.
Existence Theorems for a Class of Edge-Degenerate Elliptic Equations on Singular Manifolds
Authors: Fan Haining
Published: February 2015

In this paper we establish the Nehari manifold on edge Sobolev spaces and study some of their properties. Furthermore, we use these results and the mountain pass theorem to get non-negative solutions of a class of edge-degenerate elliptic equations on singular manifolds under different conditions.
New species and records of Newtoniellinae (Caenogastropoda, Newtoniellidae) from Brazil
Authors: Fernandes Maurício R. , Garofalo Raquel , Pimenta Alexandre D.
Published: February 2015

Newtoniellinae is a worldwide marine group of cold-water, deep-sea species, comprising the genera Cerithiella, Paramendax and Trituba. Prior to this study, the subfamily was represented in Brazil by four species of Cerithiella. The present contribution adds new Brazilian records of two of these species, Cerithiella amblytera and Cerithiella enode, in addition to new records of two species previously known only from Cuba and the south-eastern USA, respectively: Cerithiella sigsbeana comb. nov. and Cerithiella producta. Two new species of Cerithiella from Brazil are described: Cerithiella atali sp. nov. has a pointed protoconch identical to the species described in the previously synonymized genus Stilus; Cerithiella candela sp. nov. has the teleoconch very similar to Cerithiella pernambucoensis, but is differentiated by the protoconch morphology. Also, a new species of Trituba is described, Trituba anubis sp. nov., which is the second species of this genus recorded for the western Atlantic. Eumetula axicostulata comb. nov. and Eumetula vitrea comb. nov., both from the western Atlantic but not recorded from Brazil, are transferred from the genus Cerithiella. This study increases from four to nine the number of known species of Newtoniellinae from Brazil.
An Institutional Approach to Chinese NGOs: State Alliance versus State Avoidance Resource Strategies
Authors: Hsu Carolyn L. , Jiang Yuzhou
Published: February 2015

This article uses an institutional approach to examine Chinese NGOs as an emerging organizational field. In mature organizational fields, the organizations are powerfully constrained to follow the institutional practices of that field. However, in an emerging organizational field, the institutionalized constraints are not yet established, so actors can try out a wide range of practices. Some of these practices will become the new “rules of the game” of the organizational field when it is established. The content of these rules will shape the relationship between NGOs and the Chinese party-state for future generations. We find that a Chinese NGO's resource strategy is shaped by two interacting factors. First, NGOs operate in an evolving ecology of opportunity. Second, the social entrepreneurs who lead Chinese NGOs perceive that ecology of opportunity through the lens of their personal experiences, beliefs and expertise. As a result, the initial strategies of the organizations in our sample were strongly influenced by the institutional experience of their founders. Former state bureaucrats built NGOs around alliances with party-state agencies. In contrast, NGO founders that had no party-state experience usually avoided the state and sought areas away from government control/attention, such as the internet or private business.
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in psychiatric patients: a case-control study in eastern China
Authors: CONG W. , DONG W. , BAI L. , WANG X.-Y. , NI X.-T. , QIAN A.-D. , ZHU X.-Q.
Published: February 2015

In recent years, the effect ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection on the cerebrum and neuropsychiatric patients has been increasingly highlighted. However, there is limited information about the epidemiology ofT. gondiiinfection in psychiatric patients in Shandong province, eastern China. Therefore, through a case-control study, 445 patients hospitalized for diacrisis or treatment in Weihai, eastern China, and 445 control subjects from the general population of the same region matched by gender, age, and residence were examined with enzyme-linked immunoassays for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies toT. gondiiand associated sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics in a population of psychiatric patients. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies toT. gondiiin psychiatric patients (77/445, 17·30%) was significantly higher than in control subjects (55/445, 12·36%) (P= 0·038). Fourteen (3·15%) psychiatric patients and 10 (2·25%) control subjects had IgM antibodies toT. gondii(P= 0·408). Multivariate analysis using logic regression showed thatT. gondiiinfection was associated with cats at home and consumption of raw/undercooked meat in psychiatric patients. Considering that most psychiatric patients usually have lower cognitive functioning and additional transmission routes related to their inappropriate behaviours that could enhance the risk of infection, psychiatric patients should be considered as a specific group ofT. gondiiinfection.
Fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union: the role of individual- and community-level factors
Authors: Goryakin Yevgeniy , Rocco Lorenzo , Suhrcke Marc , Roberts Bayard , McKee Martin
Published: February 2015

Objective

To explain patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in nine former Soviet Union countries by exploring the influence of a range of individual- and community-level determinants.

Design

Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys and area profiles were undertaken in 2010 in nine countries of the former Soviet Union as part of the Health in Times of Transition (HITT) study. Individual- and area-level determinants were analysed, taking into account potential confounding at the individual and area level.

Setting

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine.

Subjects

Adult survey respondents (n17 998) aged 18–95 years.

Results

Being male, increasing age, lack of education and lack of financial resources were associated with lower probability of consuming adequate amounts of fruit or vegetables. Daily fruit or vegetable consumption was positively correlated with the number of shops selling fruit and vegetables (for women) and with the number of convenience stores (for men). Billboard advertising of snacks and sweet drinks was negatively related to daily fruit or vegetable consumption, although the reverse was true for billboards advertising soft drinks. Men living near a fast-food outlet had a lower probability of fruit or vegetable consumption, while the opposite was true for the number of local food restaurants.

Conclusions

Overall fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union is inadequate, particularly among lower socio-economic groups. Both individual- and community-level factors play a role in explaining inadequate nutrition and thus provide potential entry points for policy interventions, while the nuanced influence of community factors informs the agenda for future research.
‘CHOICE THINGS OF VALUE’: THE MYSTERIOUS GENESIS AND CHARACTER OF THEVI CONCERTOS IN SEVEN PARTSATTRIBUTED TO ALESSANDRO SCARLATTI
Authors: HALTON ROSALIND , TALBOT MICHAEL
Published: February 2015

TheVI Concertos in Seven Partspublished by Benjamin Cooke under Alessandro Scarlatti's name in 1740 have long been suspected of being either arrangements or works by a different composer. Close study of the sources, some of which have only recently come to light, shows them to be arrangements ofsonate a quattro, four composed by Alessandro Scarlatti and two by his younger brother Francesco. The unacknowledged compiler and arranger of the set was almost certainly Charles Avison, who in addition made a significant compositional intervention. The publication of the concertos formed part of a pioneering strategy on Cooke's part whereby he acquired, and under the protection of a royal privilege engraved, significant works in manuscript owned (but not composed) by individual musicians within his circle. Among the latter was John Christopher Pepusch, whose role in the first publication of Domenico Scarlatti's sonatask31–42 is described for the first time.
Feeding currents facilitate a mixotrophic way of life
Authors: Nielsen Lasse T , Kiørboe Thomas
Published: February 2015

Mixotrophy is common, if not dominant, among eukaryotic flagellates, and these organisms have to both acquire inorganic nutrients and capture particulate food. Diffusion limitation favors small cell size for nutrient acquisition, whereas large cell size facilitates prey interception because of viscosity, and hence intermediately sized mixotrophic dinoflagellates are simultaneously constrained by diffusion and viscosity. Advection may help relax both constraints. We use high-speed video microscopy to describe prey interception and capture, and micro particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) to quantify the flow fields produced by free-swimming dinoflagellates. We provide the first complete flow fields of free-swimming interception feeders, and demonstrate the use of feeding currents. These are directed toward the prey capture area, the position varying between the seven dinoflagellate species studied, and we argue that this efficiently allows the grazer to approach small-sized prey despite viscosity. Measured flow fields predict the magnitude of observed clearance rates. The fluid deformation created by swimming dinoflagellates may be detected by evasive prey, but the magnitude of flow deformation in the feeding current varies widely between species and depends on the position of the transverse flagellum. We also use the near-cell flow fields to calculate nutrient transport to swimming cells and find that feeding currents may enhance nutrient uptake by ≈75% compared with that by diffusion alone. We argue that all phagotrophic microorganisms must have developed adaptations to counter viscosity in order to allow prey interception, and conclude that the flow fields created by the beating flagella in dinoflagellates are key to the success of these mixotrophic organisms.
Visualization of molecular fluorescence point spread functions via remote excitation switching fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Su Liang , Lu Gang , Kenens Bart , Rocha Susana , Fron Eduard , Yuan Haifeng , Chen Chang , Van Dorpe Pol , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Mizuno Hideaki , Hofkens Johan , Hutchison James A. , Uji-i Hiroshi
Published: February 2015

The enhancement of molecular absorption, emission and scattering processes by coupling to surface plasmon polaritons on metallic nanoparticles is a key issue in plasmonics for applications in (bio)chemical sensing, light harvesting and photocatalysis. Nevertheless, the point spread functions for single-molecule emission near metallic nanoparticles remain difficult to characterize due to fluorophore photodegradation, background emission and scattering from the plasmonic structure. Here we overcome this problem by exciting fluorophores remotely using plasmons propagating along metallic nanowires. The experiments reveal a complex array of single-molecule fluorescence point spread functions that depend not only on nanowire dimensions but also on the position and orientation of the molecular transition dipole. This work has consequences for both single-molecule regime-sensing and super-resolution imaging involving metallic nanoparticles and opens the possibilities for fast size sorting of metallic nanoparticles, and for predicting molecular orientation and binding position on metallic nanoparticles via far-field optical imaging.
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Active-Reference, Double-Blind, Flexible-Dose Study of the Efficacy of Vortioxetine on Cognitive Function in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Mahableshwarkar Atul R , Zajecka John , Jacobson William , Chen Yinzhong , Keefe Richard SE
Published: February 2015

This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active-referenced (duloxetine 60 mg), parallel-group study evaluated the short-term efficacy and safety of vortioxetine (10–20 mg) on cognitive function in adults (aged 18–65 years) diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) who self-reported cognitive dysfunction. Efficacy was evaluated using ANCOVA for the change from baseline to week 8 in the digit symbol substitution test (DSST)–number of correct symbols as the prespecified primary end point. The patient-reported perceived deficits questionnaire (PDQ) and physician-assessed clinical global impression (CGI) were analyzed in a prespecified hierarchical testing sequence as key secondary end points. Additional predefined end points included the objective performance-based University of San Diego performance-based skills assessment (UPSA) (ANCOVA) to measure functionality, MADRS (MMRM) to assess efficacy in depression, and a prespecified multiple regression analysis (path analysis) to calculate directvsindirect effects of vortioxetine on cognitive function. Safety and tolerability were assessed at all visits. Vortioxetine was statistically superior to placebo on the DSST (P<0.05), PDQ (P<0.01), CGI-I (P<0.001), MADRS (P<0.05), and UPSA (P<0.001). Path analysis indicated that vortioxetine’s cognitive benefit was primarily a direct treatment effect rather than due to alleviation of depressive symptoms. Duloxetine was not significantly different from placebo on the DSST or UPSA, but was superior to placebo on the PDQ, CGI-I, and MADRS. Common adverse events (incidence ⩾5%) for vortioxetine were nausea, headache, and diarrhea. In this study of MDD adults who self-reported cognitive dysfunction, vortioxetine significantly improved cognitive function, depression, and functionality and was generally well tolerated.
Strongly anisotropic in-plane thermal transport in single-layer black phosphorene
Authors: Jain Ankit , McGaughey Alan J. H.
Published: February 2015

Using first principles calculations, we predict the thermal conductivity of the two-dimensional materials black phosphorene and blue phosphorene. Black phosphorene has an unprecedented thermal conductivity anisotropy ratio of three, with predicted values of 110 W/m-K and 36 W/m-K along its armchair and zigzag directions at a temperature of 300 K. For blue phosphorene, which is isotropic with a zigzag structure, the predicted value is 78 W/m-K. The two allotropes show strikingly different thermal conductivity accumulation, with phonons of mean free paths between 10 nm and 1 μm dominating in black phosphorene, while a much narrower band of mean free paths (50–200 nm) dominate in blue phosphorene. Black phosphorene shows intriguing potential for strain-tuning of its thermal conductivity tensor.
Design and fabrication of far ultraviolet filters based on π-multilayer technology in high-k materials
Authors: Wang Xiao-Dong , Chen Bo , Wang Hai-Feng , He Fei , Zheng Xin , He Ling-Ping , Chen Bin , Liu Shi-Jie , Cui Zhong-Xu , Yang Xiao-Hu , Li Yun-Peng
Published: February 2015

Application of π-multilayer technology is extended to high extinction coefficient materials, which is introduced into metal-dielectric filter design. Metal materials often have high extinction coefficients in far ultraviolet (FUV) region, so optical thickness of metal materials should be smaller than that of the dielectric material. A broadband FUV filter of 9-layer non-periodic Al/MgF2 multilayer was successfully designed and fabricated and it shows high reflectance in 140–180 nm, suppressed reflectance in 120–137 nm and 181–220 nm.
Ultra-fast and energy-efficient sintering of ceramics by electric current concentration
Authors: Zapata-Solvas E. , Gómez-García D. , Domínguez-Rodríguez A. , Todd R. I.
Published: February 2015

Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS) techniques, such as electrical discharge sintering (EDS) or resistive sintering (RS), have been intensively investigated for longer than 50 years. In this work, a novel system including an electrically insulated graphite die for Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) is described, which allows the sintering of any refractory ceramic material in less than 1 minute starting from room temperature with heating rates higher than 2000°C/min and an energy consumption up to 100 times lower than with SPS. The system alternates or combines direct resistive sintering (DRS) and indirect resistive sintering (IRS). Electrical insulation of the die has been achieved through the insertion of a film made of alumina fibers between the graphite die and the graphite punches, which are protected from the alumina fiber film by a graphite foil. This system localized the electric current directly through the sample (conductive materials) as in DRS and EDS, or through the thin graphite foil (non-conductive materials) as in IRS and is the first system capable of being used under EDS or RS conditions independently combining current concentration/localization phenomena.