bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Conventional and Microbial Insecticides for Sweet Corn Insect Control, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Royer T. A. , Randell R.
Published: March 2022

Four conventional insecticides and a single formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis were evaluated for efficacy against ECB and CEW. Sweet corn was planted 3 Jul at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plant spacing was 30 inches with 26,100 plants per acre. Plots consisted of 2 rows × 50 ft, with 25-ft alley ways between each replication. The design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made to the 2 middle rows of each plot. Applications were made on 28 and 31 Aug and 3, 6, and 9 Sep (corresponding to 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after the first appearance of silks). Insecticide applications were made with a modified John Deere 6000 (HCV). A 10-ft boom equipped with Conejet TXSS12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row on 30-inch drop pipes) was mounted on the rear of the HCV. Sprays were directed at the ear zone of plants. Treatments were applied with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 60 psi. Twenty-five ears were collected from the 2 middle rows in each plot on 12 Sep. Each ear was examined for damage and classified as (1) no insect damage, (2) damage only on the tip, (3) damage only on the side, and (4) tip damage extending at least 1.5 inches to the side or both tip and side damage. The number of ECB and CEW on or in the ear was also recorded.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

On 11 Apr, Florida Stay Sweet' sweet corn was seeded into fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 12 ft long and 4 rows wide with 3 ft spacing between rows and 4-6 inch spacing between plants. Plot buffers were 8 ft long with two unplanted rows between plots. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fertilizer and herbicides were applied at recommended rates. Overhead irrigation was initially used to establish plant stand, but was later replaced with a trickle irrigation system. All insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 35.0 gallons per acre. Three TX-18 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom with two nozzles at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the row. A single broadcast application of Javelin WG at 0.5 lbs per acre was made on 7 Jun to control larvae in the whorls. Eight insecticide applications were made on a two-day schedule on the following dates: 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 26, and 28 Jun. Plots were harvested on 1 Jul. Each ear was evaluated for CEW damage and categorized as undamaged, marketable, or unmarketable. Marketability was determined by measuring the depth of CEW penetration from the tip. Ears less than five inches in length after trimming all CEW damage from them were considered unmarketable. Each ear was also evaluated for pollination and categorized as complete (100% filled kernels), marketable (80-90% filled kernels), and unmarketable (less than 80% filled kernels).
Evaluation of Biological Insecticides for Control of Beet Armyworm in Lettuce, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F.
Published: March 2022

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. The plots were not thinned prior to the experiment. Each plot consisted of three, 50 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Foliar treatments were applied on 10 Oct with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 35 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 12 oz/acre. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (> 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on all lettuce seedlings in 3, 0.33 meter lengths of row per replicate. Samples were conducted on 10 and 15 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan's Q-test.
Onion Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Kolarik P. , Ferrari B.
Published: March 2022

'Spartan Banner 80' onions were direct seeded on 8 May at one location in Clinton Co. (site 1) and another location in Ingham Co. (site 2). Plots were 6.1 m long with 0.4 m spacing between rows. Treatments were in a completely randomized block design with four replications. One buffer row was left unsprayed between each treatment plot. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle directing spray over a single row at 40 psi and 50 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 30 Jul, 6, and 13 Aug* On 29 Jul, prior to the first spray, a sampling for thrips was made. Six samples were randomly collected from both field locations; each sample consisted of ten consecutive plants from a treatment row. Thrips were collected from each plant by rinsing the leaf bases of the plants with 75% ethanol. The rinse (with thrips) was collected in cups and returned to the lab. The rinse was filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips (larvae and adults) were counted using a binocular microscope. On 1, 8, and 15 Aug, ten consecutive plants/plot were randomly selected and the number of thrips were determined as above.
Thrips Control in Seed Onions, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , Sanderson D. , McDaniel C. , Daily William
Published: March 2022

Four insecticide treatments were applied the evening of 23 Apr in a randomized complete block design to a field of seed onions located in the Gila Valley east of Yuma, AZ. Only two replications of treatments and an untreated check were applied due to large plot size and size of field. Plots were twelve 42 inch rows wide by 1,045 ft long. Treatments were made with a 12 row highboy sprayer calibrated to deliver 22 gal/acre of water. Bees were already present in hives around the field when treated. Flowers on umbels were beginning to open when treatments were applied. Thrips populations were fairly heavy when applications were applied (approximately 90-100 head), and consisted of a mixture of WFT and onion thrips in a 40-60 ratio. The entire field was aerially treated with Spur 22 EW on 1 May. Plots were sampled 24, 27, 30 Apr, 3 and 7 May. Samples consisted of rapping an onion stalk against the lip of a styrofoam container 5 times and collecting the thrips from the onion head in the container. Two plants/ plot were sampled in this manner. Sampled plants were from the center 4 rows to reduce interplot movement of thrips. Samples were returned to the laboratory, sorted from chaff and pollen, and counted. Species identification was not attempted. Yield data was obtained by harvesting entire plots on 16- 17 Jul with a modified John Deere 105 combine. Samples from each plot were cleaned and weighed by H & H Seed Co. (Yuma, AZ). Germination data were also collected.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Natural Product Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Connelly Michael S. , Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 15 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Crookston. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide, 36.6 m (120 ft) long, with 91 cm (36 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. The two center rows of each plot were planted with certified 'Red Pontiac' seed pieces cut the previous day. Plots were separated on all sides by 1.8 m (5.9 ft) of cultivated soil. A completely randomized plot design was used. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 19 Jun. When egg masses were found they were flagged and checked every 2 - 3 days for hatch. Timing of first spray application was based on egg hatch; first application was made at 30% hatch of flagged egg masses and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule. All treatments were applied 3 times for each CPB generation: 27 Jun, 5, and 11 Jul for first generation CPB larvae; and 18, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug for second generation. Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were Bacillus thuringiensis var. son diego (MYX-1806), and neem (Margosan-O). Sprays were applied using a tractormounted boom sprayer, with a single hollow cone nozzle over each row. Spray volume was 655 liter water/ha (70 gal/acre) at 827 kPa (120 psi). All data were collected from the two center rows of each plot. CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 20 randomly selected whole plants per plot. Leaf loss to defoliation (from feeding by CPB) was estimated visually as percent foliage lost. Data were expressed as mean CPB larvae or plant injury (defoliation) × number of days elapsed = Area Under the Curve (AUC).
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with NTN-33893, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan
Published: March 2022

'Superior' potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 15 and 17 Apr, '91. Both planting dates had identical treatments. Plots consisted of single treatment rows. The distance between rows was 36 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 9 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Granular treatments were applied with a small shaker can over the top of seed pieces in the furrow. In furrow spray treatments were applied to the seed pieces at the rate of 20/gal per acre with a one pint bottle with a trigger pump. All treatments were applied at planting. In evaluating the teatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/5 stems and defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, 1990
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Heuser Laura , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted 16 May on the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, MN, using B-size 'Norchip' certified seed. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m long, with 1.5 m of fallow between plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied over the top of the rows within 1 wk after planting and lightly incorporated. This location has very fine textured soil with dry conditions. Foliar sprays were applied on 7, 17, 29 Jul, and 6 Aug with a handheld CO2 sprayer using 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure and 30.4 liter/ha total material. Routine applications of fungicide were applied as needed. Defoliation estimates were taken on 4 dates and represent peak larval and late season defoliation levels. The two center rows of each plot were harvested, the tubers graded and weights recorded.
Colordao Potato Beetle Control with Genetically Engineered (Transgenic) Potato Plants, 1991
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: March 2022

Test plots using 'Russet Burbank' potatoes that had been genetically engineered to contain a transformed Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Bt) gene were established at the UI Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, ID. Two 'Russet Burbank' check plots were machine planted on 12 Apr and five transgenic potato lines obtained from Monsanto, including one non-transgenic (NT) 'Russet Burbank' line, were hand planted on 20 May. All treatment plots were replicated six times. Individual check plots were 2 rows (36 inch spacing) by 25 feet. Individual transgenic plots consisted of 2 rows (36 inch spacing) by 25 feet with each of the two rows containing five hills of each line for a total of ten hills per line in the two row plot. The transgenic potatoes planted ranged from pea to golf ball size mini-tubers. Due to the small average size, these tubers were planted at a shallow depth of not more than four inches. Irrigation of plots was by furrow. No chemical controls for CPB were used other than to one of the 'Russet Burbank' check treatments when an application of Asana (0.02 lb Al/acre) was made on 25 Jun. On a weekly basis, all stages of beetles were counted and percent defoliation estimations were made using whole plant inspections of all plants within the two plot rows for the transgenic lines and the center five hills in each row (10 hills/plot) in the check and Asana treated plots. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar) and large (3-4 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Imported Cabbage Webworm Control, 1991
Authors: Meier S. , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Radish seeds were sown 20 cm apart in rows 2 m long on 1 Apr. Each treatment plot contained five rows 1 m apart. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of the insecticides: Dibrom, Malathion, Sevin, and control. Insecticides were applied by backpack sprayer. Three protective applications of Dibrom to the young seedlings were made on 4, 9, and 12 Apr. Insecticide treatments were made on 23 and 26 Apr. The larvae of ICW were counted on 25 Apr (2 DAT), and 29 Apr (3 DAT). Actual numbers of ICW were recorded from 10 plants per plot randomly selected from the center three rows
Reduced-Rate Combinations of Pyrethroids & MVP on Staked Tomatoes, 1991
Authors: Palmer C. R. , Walgenbach J. F.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 11 Jun, at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 2 ft apart within rows, and rows were on 10 ft centers. Single row plots (10 plants) were separated by 10 ft of cultivated soil, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at first fruiting and applied on 24, 31 Jul, 8, 15, 23, 30 Aug, and 6 Sep. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 50-100 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew) through 6 hollowcone nozzles/row. Each row was sprayed on both sides with 3 nozzles spaced 12" apart on the spray wand. PA populations were monitored by observing 10 leaves (1st leaf below terminal flower) per treatment (40 leave total) and recording the number infested with ≥ l apterous aphid. Fruit were harvested as vine-ripes at weekly intervals from 6 Aug to 11 Sep. Total number of fruit was counted and those damaged by lepidopterans (TFW and CL) and stink bugs (SB) recorded.
Monitor/Pyrethroid Combinations for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three, 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pyrethroid and Monitor/Pyrethroid treatments were alternated weekly with Thiodan 3 EC at 0.94 lb (AI)/acre. Beginning with Thiodan, treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 20, 26 Apr, 4, 11, 16, 23, 30 May, 5 - 6, and 18 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The number of nozzles per row were increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first three sprays, 75 gal/acre the fourth spray and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 16 May, 11, and 27 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 14 and 27 Jun and the fruit were counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags. As the fruit ripened, each was rated 1 to 4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. The percent of unmarketable fruit was calculated in which fruit rated 3 or 4 were considered unmarketable. Whitefly data were transformed to the square root of the number plus 0.5 prior to analyses and percentage data were transformed to arcsine of the square root of the proportion prior to analyses. All data are presented in the original scale.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 5 Sep, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 14, 19, 24 Sep, 1, 8, 15, 22, 29 Oct, 5, 13, 19, 26 Nov, and 3 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first five sprays (4 nozzles), 75 gal/acre the sixth and seventh sprays (6 nozzles), and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 25 Oct and 27 Nov. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of an unidentified geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 14, 28 Nov, and 10 Dec and the fruit were counted and weighed. Samples of 50 fruit from each plot were held at room temperature in paper bags. As the fruit ripened, each was rated 1 to 4 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening (IRR). This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by incomplete ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit. The percentage of unmarketable fruit was calculated (fruit rated 3 or 4 were considered unmarketable).
Pyrethroid/Organophosphate Combinations for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1991
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 8 Mar, transplants were set 18 in apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three 50-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers separated by 50 ft. Treatments were replicated 2 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 15, 19, 26 Mar, 2, 9, 16, 22 Apr, 1, 8, 13, and 29 May. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The numbers of nozzles per row were increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first seven sprays (4 nozzles), 75 gal/acre the eighth and ninth sprays (6 nozzles), and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). A single four inch square yellow water pan trap was placed in the center of the middle row of each plot for 24 hrs weekly. Three leaves from the upper, middle, and lower canopy were examined weekly from each of 10 plants from the middle row of each plot and the number of sweetpotato whitefly adults were counted. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of 20 stems from the middle row of each plot on 23 Apr, 9, 23 May, and 7 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae, and pupa exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of an unknown geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 24 May and 3 Jun and the fruit were sized, counted, and weighed.
Capture and Ammo Dosage Comparisons for Grasshopper Control in Conservation Reserve Program Land, 1990
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Heuser Laur. , Rustad Davi.
Published: March 2022

A section of 3-yr-old CRP containing approximately 60 grasshoppers per m2 was selected for this trial. The grass-alfalfa provided relatively heavy cover with average plant height about 0.7 m. The age structure of the grasshopper population was 6% 1st instar, 11% 2nd, 24% 3rd, 27% 4th, 20% 5th, and 12% adults. Seventy-eight percent of the grasshoppers were TSG, 19% were MIG, and 3% were RLG. Plots were 17.5 m wide × 0.4 km in length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied in 18.7 liter total material using an Ag Cat flying at 160 km/h. Application was initiated at 6:00 p.m. on 10 Jul and was completed shortly after 8:00 p.m. PoSttreatment counts were taken by 2 persons making 25 sweeps each with a standard 15 inch sweep net. Counts were averaged and recorded as 1 count/25 sweeps.
Grasshopper Control in Conservation Reserve Program Land; Insecticide Comparisons, 1990
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Heuser Laur. , Rustad Davi.
Published: March 2022

A section of 3-yr-old CRP containing approximately 60 grasshoppers per m2 was selected for this trial. The grass-alfalfa provided relatively heavy cover with average plant height about 0.7 m. The age structure of the grasshopper population was 6% 1st instar, 11% 2nd, 24% 3rd, 27% 4th, 20% 5th, and 12% adults. Seventy-eight percent of the grasshoppers were TSG, 19% were MIG, and 3% were RLG. Plots were 17.5 m wide × 0.4 km in length, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied in 18.7 liter total material using an Ag Cat flying at 160 km/h. Application was initiated at 5:30 a.m. on 11 Jul and was completed shortly after 7:00 a.m. Posttreatment counts were taken by 2 persons making 25 sweeps each with a standard 15 inch sweep net. Counts were averaged and recorded as 1 count/25 sweeps.
Control of Early Season Alfalfa Insects, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , Tellez D. , McDaniel C. W.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen insecticide treatments were applied on 4 Mar to a first year stand of alfalfa located east of Somerton, AZ. Treatments were applied with a backpack COa sprayer with 4 T-Jet 8001 nozzles calibrated to deliver 17.8 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plot sized were 10 × 15 ft and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were buffered with 0.25% Buffer PS (Helena Co.). Alfalfa was 6-8 inches tall when treatments were applied. Plots were sampled 5, 9, 13, and 18 Mar. Samples consisted of 5 sweeps per plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net. Samples were placed in containers and frozen for later speciation. Data were analyzed with a S-N-K test.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 7.3 m (24 × 24 ft) were established in a 5-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. The trial was performed on water stressed regrowth 27 days after the first cutting. Some hopperburn was evident. Nine treatments and 1 untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 3 Jul with a C02 pressurized ATV-mounted, 8 nozzle spray boom which spanned 3.66 m (12 ft). The sprayer delivered 302.8 liters/ha (32 gal/acre) at 40 psi and an ATV speed of 5.6 km/hr (3.5 mi/hr). Rain showers occurred in the afternoon and evening both 1 and 2 DAT. PLH density was evaluated 1 d pretreatment and 4, 7, 14 and 20 DAT by taking 10 sweeps per plot with a 40 cm diam sweep net. Data for all plot samplings were expressed as the number of PLH/10 sweeps.
Use of Labeled and Experimental Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1991
Authors: Wedberg Joh. , Jensen Brya.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 12 X 15 m were established in a field of’Garst 636’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 20 Jul 1991 by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8001 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 150 liters of finished spray per ha at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net at 4, 7, and 14 DAT.
Grasshopper Control in Conservation Reserve Program Land, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Heuser Laur.
Published: March 2022

The location of the trial was near Nielsville, MN, in western Polk county. Plots were 15.3 m strips × 756 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Trefoil, the primary plant in this CRP, was just beginning to bloom. The stand covered perhaps 55% of the soil surface. Treatments were applied by an Ag Cat airplane using 26 wide droplet nozzles with medium openings. Total material/ha was 46.9 liters. Treatments were put on between 9:30 AM and 12:30 PM. The temperature was 23°C and the west wind was from 5.6 to 10.3 km/h.
Aphid Control in Winter Canola Using Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Buntin G. Davi.
Published: March 2022

Selected foliarly-applied insecticides were evaluated for control of aphids in fall planted canola near Plains, GA. Canola was planted on 26 Oct in 7-inch rows in plots measuring 5 × 20 ft. Spray treatments were applied at full bloom on 18 Mar using a C02-powered backpack sprayer equipped with No. 4 flat fan nozzles which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks. The percentage of aphid infested stems was measured before and 3, 6, and 17 DAT by inspecting 100 stems/plot. Plots were harvested with a small-plot combine on 17 May and yield was adjusted to 8% moisture content. Grain test weight also was measured.
Counter Soil Systemic Plus Foliar Control of Flea Beetle, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Roman Hecto.
Published: March 2022

A cooperative trial with Sigco Research was established 6 May on a dry clay soil near Breckenridge, MN. Plots were planted in six 38.1 cm rows, 6.10 m in length, using a cone type 6-row planter. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. All granular treatments were applied at planting. Foliars were broadcast applied in 30.4 liters/ha material at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure using a hand held C02 sprayer. Multiple foliar applications were made at 4 leaf, late prebloom, and early postbloom (1X = early post bloom, 2 X = late pre and early post bloom, and 3 X = all three plant stages).
Flea Beetle Control in Canola with Granular Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Roman Hecto.
Published: March 2022

A cooperative study with Sigco Research of Breckenridge, MN, was established on a well drained silt loam soil near Cando, ND. Plots were six 38.1 cm rows, 6.10 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. All insecticides were applied with the seed and planted with a cone-type planter. Weather was hot and dry throughout the growing season; no foliar applications were made.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1991
Authors: Bessin R. , Townsend L. H.
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticides were applied for control of western corn rootworm larvae. The test plots were planted in a continuous corn field on 16 May in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 8 in long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All plots, except one of the untreated checks, received Accent 75 WDG (0.0313 lb [AI]/acre). All insecticide treatments were applied at planting except Furadan 4 F, which was applied in combination with Accent 75 WDG on 31 May. Maximum extended leaf heights were evaluated on 4, 11, and 24 Jun. Plant lodging was evaluated 17 Jun. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was less was 45°. Two independent visual ratings of the plots were made 7 Jun on a 0-4 system (0: healthy and vigorous; 1: less vigorous; 2: some leaf yellowing; 3: leaves chlorotic; 4: leaves chlorotic and wrinkled). Root damage ratings were evaluated on 18 Jun taking 3 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 system.
Planting-Time Versus Cultivation-Time Soil Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Control in Il, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E.
Published: March 2022

The test plot was planted 2 May in a trap crop field. Selected soil insecticides were applied at planting and first cultivation at Urbana. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment consisted of four rows 100 ft long. Rows were 30 inches apart. Counter 15 G and Furadan 15 G applied at planting were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere, 7000 series, 4-row Max-Emerge planter). These granules were applied in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter and were incorporated into the soil. Liquid Furadan 4 F was applied at cultivation time (3 Jun) with equipment calibrated to deliver 30.5 gal/acre at 30 psi and a speed of 2 mph. Spray was applied broadcast through flat fan nozzles (Teejet XRT 8002VS). In 2 of the treatments, the corn was cultivated 1 day after Furadan 4 F was applied. In the other 2 treatments, Furadan 4 F was left on the soil surface and no cultivation was performed.
Wireworm Control with Insecticides in Illinois, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E.
Published: March 2022

The wireworm trial was established near Hutsonville. This site had been planted to popcorn in 1989 and subsequently suffered from a severe infestation of wireworms. Soybeans were planted in 1990. In 1991 the 3 solar bait stations (each a 20-oz mixture of wheat and corn buried 4-6 inches deep) placed in early spring in this field detected an average of 4 wireworms per station. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Eight check plots were included in each replication and were averaged for the ANOVA. Treatments were applied to single rows (60-ft long) with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied with Noble units mounted on each of the planter units (John Deere 7000 series, 4-row Max-emerge planter). Granules were applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels and were incorporated into the soil at planting (1 May). Seed treatments were mixed with seed on the day of planting. On 31 May, stand counts (in 17.3 ft of row) and 2 trench soil samples were taken from each plot. A soil sample consisted of a trench of soil 3.3 ft (length) × 4 inches (width) × 4 inches (depth) that was removed and sifted from each row. Seeds/seedlings in each 3.3 ft of row were examined for wireworm damage and rated according to the following scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, with plant showing some signs of stress, and (4) seed/seedling damaged, with no plant establishment. The percentage of damaged plants was calculated from the rating scale.
Efficacy of Dimilin Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 30 May with plots consisting of 5 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 15.2 m. Foliar sprays were applied with a hi-clearance tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 56.2 liters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 31 Jul and 21 Aug. All plots were oversprayed with methyl parathion 4 EC at 0.37 kg (AI)/ha on 2, 9, 15, and 22 Aug for boll weevil suppression. Terminals were sampled on 6 Aug, squares on 6 and 29 Aug, and bolls on 29 Aug. On these dates, 25 terminals, squares, or bolls/plot were examined for the presence of live larvae and larval damage. Rainfall was recorded on 9 (0.41 cm), 10 (2.06 cm), and 28 Aug (0.51 cm).
AC 303630 Bollworm/Tobacco Budworm Insecticide Trial, 1989
Authors: Harris F. A. , Furr R. E.
Published: March 2022

Six treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted 25 May in plots 26.7 (8 rows) × 25 ft. Applications were 31 Jul, 8, 15, 25 Aug, and 1 Sep with a compressed air spray system mounted on a John Deere, model 6000 high clearance sprayer (5.5 mph, 7.3 gal/acre, 42 psi, Conejet TX-8 nozzle tips). Bollworm/tobacco budworm larval infestation and damage were observed by examination of the top 6 inches (terminal area) of 25 or 50 plants per plot for larvae, and examination of 25 or 50 squares (flower buds) for larval damage. Data are converted to larvae per 100 terminals and percent larval damage squares. One row of each plot (50 row ft) was harvested on 27 Oct with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in South Mississippi Cotton, 1991
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 24 Jul using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer cahbrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. The crop had been planted on 3 Jun on 38 inch row spacing. Plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Counts were made at 3 and 6 DAT by examining 4 squares/plant, 25 plants per plot. A total of 0.7 inches of rain fell on the plots prior to the 3 DAT count.
Effect of Foliar Fertilizer (22%) on Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1989
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Long D. W. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 3 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 18 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (on 102 cm centers) × 19.8 m and foliar sprays were applied with a hi-clearance tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 23.7 liters/ha (2, Teejet X-6 hollow cone nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 30 Aug and 3 Sep, and plots were evaluated on 2 and 7 Sep. The test area had not been previously treated. Effectiveness on insect pest populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 50 fruiting forms (squares and boll) from the center 2 rows of each plot. The number of damaged fruiting forms and live worms were recorded.
Treatment Timing for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides applied at different times were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in 'NC 7' Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 13 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at planting time, at early flowering time (14 Jun), at pegging time (16 Jul), or at late pegging time (12 Aug). Treatments were applied as 14-inch bands using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit. At-planting bands were directed in front of the planters, then lightly soil incorporated with rolling cultivator gangs. Early flowering, pegging, and late-pegging bands were applied over rows. Early flowering and pegging treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Late-pegging bands were not soil incorporated. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 12 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Percent injury was determined for mature, immature, and total pods sampled. Yield was based on digging, combining (2 Oct), drying, and weighing peanuts from the two center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Evaluation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Products for Control of Sorghum Webworm on Grain Sorghum, 1989
Authors: Young S. Y.
Published: March 2022

Commercial B. thuringiensis products were evaluated against sorghum webworm in Garland Co., AR. Treatments against first to third instars were applied on 11 Sep with a backpack sprayer equipped with a 1 row boom using a single TX-10 nozzle operating at 30 psi. The volume of spray was 96 liters/ha. A randomized complete block experiment was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows with 1.08 m spacing × 30.8 m in length. Plots were separated by a 2-row buffer. Treatments were evaluated at 4 and 7 DAT. Ten heads per plot were randomly chosen from the 2 inside rows and shaken into a 9.5 liter pail. Larvae collected were counted and numbers recorded. The main minimum and maximum temperatures during the test were 16.1 and 27.8°C, respectively. No significant rainfall occurred during the period. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Soybean Looper Control in Georgia Soybeans, 1991
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticide treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling VBC and SL in soybean. In Test 1, 5 insecticides were foliar-applied on 14 Aug on 'Davis' soybeans. The field was planted on 22 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds on 36 inch row spacings at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm in Tift County, GA. Individual plots were 6 rows × 100 ft long with 6 ft alleys on each end and a border row on each side. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4 TX-12 nozzles on a 6-ft boom (spraying 2 rows) at 40 psi that delivered 17.4 gal of formulation per acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and 2, 5, 8, 14, and 21 DAT by taking a 25-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. In Test 2, 6 insecticides were applied on 13 Sep on 'Braxton' soybeans that were planted on 1 Jun in conventional 36 inch rows at the Gibbs Farm in Tift County. Plots were 6 rows wide by 20 ft long with 6-ft alleys on each end and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The spray concentrates were applied at a rate of 17.4 gal/acre as described in Test 1. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and 4, 7, and 14 DAT by taking a 20-sweep sample from a single row. The numbers of VBC, SL, stink bugs, and arthropod predators (spiders, nabids, and bigeyed bugs) were recorded and analyzed using an ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Bean Leaf Beetle and Potato Leafhopper Control on Soybean, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Helm C. G.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the University of Illinois Foundation Shaw Farm near Urbana to evaluate the effect of selected insecticides on bean leaf beetles and potato leafhoppers damaging soybean. The indirect effects of insecticide treatments on selected natural enemies and soybean pod weight and yield were also assessed. Plots consisted of drilled soybeans 8 rows × 50-ft long, 30-inch row spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractormounted boom and compressed air delivery system to deliver 30 gal/acre at 50 psi through TSXS-8 hollow cone nozzles (3/row). Treatments were applied on 15 Aug when soybean was at the R4 stage of growth. Insect samples were taken at 4, 10, 15, and 20 DAT using 25 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. For pod damage and weight assessments, 10 plants were collected from each plot on 25, 29 Aug, and 4 Sep. Pods were separated from the plants and weighed. Randomly selected pods (200/plot) were examined for injury by BLB adults. For yield determination, 2 center rows in each plot were harvested with a HEGE 125 small plot combine on 21 Oct. Beans were cleaned of inert material, and seed weights were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Control of Velvetbean Caterpillar on Soybean, 1991
Authors: Wier A. T. , Mink J. S. , Thomas J. D. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

Two small plot insecticide screening trials were conducted in Iberville Parish at St. Gabriel Research Station to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of VBC. In Test 1, plots measuring 15.24 m × 4 rows (0.91 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters per ha at 1.12 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 12 Sep to 'Hartz 9791' soybeans in the R5 growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisting of 2 sets of 25 sweeps (38.2 cm diam sweep net) were taken at 2 and 7 DAT. In Test 2, plot size, experimental design, number of replications, application equipment, application date, and sprayer pressure and output were identical to those in Test 1. Treatments were applied to 'Centennial' soybeans. Posttreatment samples were taken at 2, 7, and 14 DAT. Rainfall amounts measured were 0.23, 0.64, and 0.38 cm on 16, 24, 25 Sep, respectively.
Spray Threshold Evaluation for Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1991
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R.
Published: March 2022

A field of 1st ratoon sugarcane, cultivar TCP 81- 3058', located in Hidalgo County, near Santa Rosa, TX, was sprayed at different action thresholds for control of MRB. The field was sectioned into plots of 32 rows (152.4-cm centers) × 338.9 m, with the 11 treated rows in the center. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each treatment was aerially applied to the crop canopy on 16.8-m swath widths (11 rows) at a rate of 18.9 liters finished formulation (insecticide + water + ValBuff at 2 pt/100 gal) per acre. Prespray counts of infested leafsheaths from randomly-collected stalks (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were made 28 May. Azinphosmethyl treatments (Guthion 2 L at 0.75 lb [AI]/acre were applied beginning 4 June and continued through the season (19 Jun, 4, 18, 31 July, 14, 29 Aug, and 5 Sep) after leafsheath infestations exceeded 10%, 20%, or a sliding action threshold (10% for first 3 applications, 20% thereafter). Postspray samples of bored internodes (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were taken 16 Jul and 2 Oct to evaluate injury levels.
Budworm and Hornworm Control in Tobacco, 1991
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Delano Taylor J.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco, 'CV K-326", was transplanted on 28 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole cricket control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Because budworm and hornworm populations were low at this test site during the regular growing season, all plots were cropped in early Jun and one main sucker was allowed to regrow. On 21 Jun, 9 insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control) were applied to the center 2 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX- 12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 28.6 gal/acre at 40 psi. Each treatment was reapplied on 8 Jul. Prior to the initial application, and 3, 7, and 12 d after the first spray and 3, 7, and 14 d after the second spray, the number of live budworms and hornworms was recorded per 8 plants on row 2 of each plot. The number of live aphids also was recorded from the 8-plant samples on these dates. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P=0.05).
First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Experimental units were single trees. Replicates were blocked on the basis of pretreatment counts. Leafhopper population densities were evaluated by counting nymphs on 20 leaves per tree (counts were made in situ). Post-treatment counts were made at weekly intervals. Treatments were applied on 15 May. Nymphal instar distribution on the day of application was 35%, 41%, 19%, 4%, and 1% in instars I to V, respectively. Applications were made to the point of drip with a handgun operating at 300 psi.
Army Cutworm Control on Hard Red Winter Wheat, 1991
Authors: Coppock S. , Doss M.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a field of'Chisholm' wheat located in Noble County which had been planted on 6 Oct 1990. Pretreatment sampling indicated an infestation level of 2.17 larvae/linear row ft. Treatments were applied 28 Feb using a ground rig which was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi, traveling 3.5 mph. Plots were 15 × 100 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The no. of army cutworm larvae/row ft was determined by examining soil and plant material in 3 subsamples per plot. Each subsample consisted of 6 linear row ft.
Insecticide × Fungicide; Interaction When Prophylactically Applied to Wheat, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Jones Roge. , Holder Bobb.
Published: March 2022

Growers in Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) clubs were found to be prophylactically treating by adding an insecticide to fungicide applications when protecting wheat. This is the fourth trial over 3 years at 1 of 2 MN experiment stations. Plots were established at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, MN. Pathways of 1.8 m were removed from around a 7.6 m × 15.3 m plot just prior to treatment. Treatments were arranged in a Latin Square design with 4 replications. A combination application of insecticide and fungicide was made on 17 Jun (wheat stage Feekes = 8). Approximately 110 liter/ha of total material was applied at a pressure of 7 kg/cm2 using a hydraulic plot sprayer. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.5 m × 15.3 m) through the long axis of each plot. Yield, moisture, test weight, and protein were taken. Only yields, as adjusted to a standard moisture, are reported.
Army Cutworm Control, 1991
Authors: Karner Mile. , Kelley Mar. , Goodson Jerr. , Smith L. D.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were initiated to evaluate several insecticides against ACW infestations in wheat in OK. Both tests utilized a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Plot size was 15 × 100 ft. Insecticides were applied using a ground rig with a 15 ft boom. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 13.5 gal/acre at 28 psi. Test 1 was applied on 19 Feb in Greer County. Test 2 was applied on 23 Feb in Kiowa County. Larval densities were determined 2 DAT and 7 DAT (Test 1) and 2 DAT and 5 DAT (Test 2) by sampling five, 1.0 ft2, areas per plot. The upper 2 inches of soil from each ft2 was sieved through # 2 hardware cloth to retrieve larvae for counting.