bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Supervision of Convict Gangs in New South Wales 1788–1830
Authors: Robbins W. M.
Published: February 2004

Despite its significance as a mechanism for controlling and extracting productivity from a workforce, the nature and character of convict supervision has been largely ignored by historians. To redress this neglect, this article establishes the character of the supervision of male convicts employed in government labour gangs. It is concluded that supervision was, until at least 1822, a critically important strategy for the extraction of labour effort from convict gangs and that it was rationally designed, systematically structured and effectively performed. After 1822 supervision was much more concerned with discipline and control although it was no less sophisticated or complex.
LIDAR Data Filtering and DTM Interpolation Within GRASS
Authors: Brovelli Maria A , Cannata Massimiliano , Longoni Ulisse M
Published: February 2004

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is one of the most recent technologies in surveying and mapping. LIDAR is based on the combination of three different data collection tools: a laser scanner mounted on an aircraft, a Global Positioning System (GPS) used in phase differential kinematic modality to provide the sensor position and an Inertial Navigation System (INS) to provide the orientation. The laser sends towards the ground an infrared signal, which is reflected back to the sensor. The time employed by the signal, given the aircraft position and attitude, allows computation of the earth point elevation. In standard conditions, taking into account the flight (speed 200–250 km/hour, altitude 500–2,000 m) and sensor characteristics (scan angle ± 10–20 degrees, emission rate 2,000–50,000 pulses per second), earth elevations are collected within a density of one point every 0.5–3 m. The technology allows us therefore to obtain very accurate (5–20 cm) and high resolution Digital Surface Models (DSM). For many applications, the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is needed: we have to automatically detect and discard from the previous DSM all the features (buildings, trees, etc.) present on the terrain. This paper describes a procedure that has been implemented within GRASS to construct DTMs from LIDAR source data.
A New GIS‐based Solar Radiation Model and Its Application to Photovoltaic Assessments
Authors: Šúri Marcel , Hofierka Jaroslav
Published: February 2004

The solar radiation model r.sun is a flexible and efficient tool for the estimation of solar radiation for clear‐sky and overcast atmospheric conditions. In contrast to other models, r.sun considers all relevant input parameters as spatially distributed entities to enable computations for large areas with complex terrain. Conceptually the model is based on equations published in the European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA). The r.sun model was applied to estimate the solar potential for photovoltaic systems in Central and Eastern Europe. The overcast radiation was computed from clear‐sky values and a clear‐sky index. The raster map of the clear‐sky index was computed using a multivariate interpolation method to account for terrain effects, with interpolation parameters optimized using a cross‐validation technique. The incorporation of terrain data improved the radiation estimates in terms of the model's predictive error and the spatial pattern of the model outputs. Comparing the results of r.sun with the ESRA database demonstrates that integration of the solar radiation model and the spatial interpolation tools in a GIS can be especially helpful for data at higher resolutions and in regions with a lack of ground measurements.
Development and Application of 2D and 3D GRASS Modules for Simulation of Thermally Driven Slope Winds
Authors: Ciolli Marco , De Franceschi Massimiliano , Rea Roberto , Vitti Alfonso , Zardi Dino , Zatelli Paolo
Published: February 2004

The ability to manage and process fully three‐dimensional information has only recently been made available for a few Geographical Information Systems (GIS). An example of integrated and complementary use of 2D and 3D GRASS modules for the evaluation and representation of thermally induced slope winds over complex terrain is presented. The analytic solution provided by Prandtl (1942) to evaluate wind velocity and (potential) temperature anomaly induced by either diurnal heating or nocturnal cooling on a constant angle slope is adopted to evaluate wind and temperature profiles at any point over both idealised and real complex terrain. As these quantities depend on the slope angle of the ground and on the distance from the slope surface suitable procedures are introduced to determine the coordinate n of a point in the 3D volume measured along the direction locally normal to the terrain surface. A new GRASS module has been developed to evaluate this quantity and to generate a 3D raster file where each cell is assigned the value of the cell on the surface belonging to the normal vector. The application of the algorithm implemented in GRASS to an ideal valley and to a real valley close to the city of Trento in the Alps provides results in accordance with data reported in the literature. An extension of Prandtl's (1942) model to take into account humidity and evaporation processes on the soil is also proposed and implemented.
Construction and Visualization of a Three Dimensional Geologic Model Using GRASS GIS
Authors: Masumoto Shinji , Raghavan Venkatesh , Yonezawa Go , Nemoto Tatsuya , Shiono Kiyoji
Published: February 2004

The present work aims at introducing a basic theory, implementing methodology and algorithms for 3‐D modeling, and visualizing a geologic model using the Open Source Free GIS GRASS environment. A 3‐D geologic model is constructed from the boundary surfaces of geologic units and the logical model of geologic structure. The algorithms for construction and visualization of the proposed model are based on the geologic function g. The geologic function g assigns a unique geologic unit to every point in the objective 3‐D space. The boundary surface that divides the objective space into two subspaces is estimated using data from field survey. The logical model showing the hierarchical relationship between these boundary surfaces and geologic units can be automatically generated based on the stratigraphic sequence and knowledge of geologic structures. Based on these algorithms, a 3‐D geologic model can be constructed virtually in the GRASS GIS. Applying this model, various geologic surfaces and section models can be visualized in the GRASS GIS environment. “Nviz” was used for dynamic visualization of geologic cross‐sections and generation of animated image sequences. Further, the described algorithms and methods are applied and an online 3‐D geologic modeling system is developed.
Mobile Wireless GRASS GIS for Handheld Computers Running GNU/Linux
Authors: Stankovic Jan , Neteler Markus , Flor Roberto
Published: February 2004

Recent developments of the communication technologies in the last years opened a new dimension to Geographical Information Systems and Geoinformation Techno‐logies. This new dimension is mobility. It is simplifying data gathering, processing and presentation independent from the area of application. A new branch, Mobile Geoinformation Technologies, is based on wireless communication systems, mobile personal computers, positioning systems and GIS. There are some proprietary GIS software solutions for mobile or handheld devices available on the market, but they are more focused on data logging tasks than providing full powered GIS support or data processing functions. In this paper, we propose a mobile implementation of the free and easily expandable GRASS GIS software in combination with the GNU/Linux operating system run on handheld devices. This approach supports real time in the field computations, data processing and cooperation of several active mobile clients using wireless networking.
A Spatial Decision Support System for Radar‐meteorology Data in South Africa
Authors: Löwe Peter
Published: February 2004

The South African Weather Service (SAWS) operates a radar station network, providing data continuity back to 1994, which is unique for southern Africa. The Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) GIS was introduced to the SAWS “Meteorological Systems and Technology” (METSYS) radar research center in 1999 where it is still used for meteorologic research. The predominantly convective nature of precipitation in southern Africa creates a public demand for severe weather information systems for convective cells. Such a system was set up in GRASS GIS, using rule‐based expert systems to classify convective clouds. It isolates storm cells from stacks of reflectivity fields and derives information about their development stages. This data is both archived and also used to send out customised messages to target groups in specific areas of interest. Further, nationwide HTML‐maps can be created, serving as an interactive front‐end for a web‐based weather information system. This service can also be made accessible from remote locations by broad‐casting it as a datastream from satellite through the Worldspace digital radio system.
GRASS GIS‐embedded Decision Support Framework for Flood Simulation and Forecasting
Authors: García Sandra G
Published: February 2004

This study presents a spatiotemporal analysis tool, called Shyska. This tool allows the simulation and prediction of flash floods in semiarid basins. Shyska has been developed by Geographical Information System (GIS)‐embedded functions, allowing the integration of hydrometeorological information from modern technologies of data acquisition in real time. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used in order to obtain the relevant parameters from the integrated rainfall‐runoff models. Some of its most relevant modules and methodology employed for its development are described. Case studies in basins of south‐east Spain illustrate the applicability of the proposed techniques.
Identifying Wrinkle Ridges from Mars MGS and Viking Mission Data: Using GRASS GIS in Planetary Geology
Authors: Frigeri Alessandro , Federico Costanzo , Pauselli Cristina , Minelli Giorgio
Published: February 2004

During the past few decades, numerous missions to Mars have sent information about the red planet. The missions have shown that Mars has ice on its poles and that ice could be present all over the planet subsurface. The presence of ice on the subsurface could drive particular geological structures called ‘wrinkle ridges’. In this work, Viking image data and the latest Mars Global Suveyor (MGS) data have been imported and stored in a common geospatial database using GRASS GIS as a tool for planetary geology. This study has focused on a subregion of Solis Planum where wrinkle ridges have been localised and both Viking images and MGS altimetry and imagery data are available. Raster data at different resolutions and with different projection parameters have been imported into GRASS GIS and projected in a common reference system. Raw, unprojected data have been processed and rectified using the GRASS image modules. Imagery data have been used to detect planimetric features, whereas basic morphometrical analysis has been performed from the gridded elevation data coming from MGS Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter.
Environmental Thematic Map Prediction and Easy Probabilistic Classification within GRASS
Authors: Biagi Ludovico , Negretti Marco
Published: February 2004

Environmental observations are usually sampled at irregularly spaced points, but, in most cases, are representative of continuous phenomena; therefore, to restore the original information a continuous thematic map should be interpolated from the available observations. To interpolate the thematic map, the stochastic approach is often the best method to apply: it is based on the hypothesis that the observed phenomenon is the sum of a deterministic trend and a stochastic process. Usually, the stochastic approaches implemented in GIS software require a priori knowledge of the deterministic trend: a simplified and automated approach to the trend model selection has been studied. One of the main advantages of the stochastic prediction approaches is that they make available both the prediction map (thematic map) and a related prediction error map; starting from these two information layers a procedure has been implemented to verify if in some areas the predicted data are within an assigned range or exceed a threshold value at some certain degree of probability. The procedures were developed by creating GRASS commands calling upon and integrating the Gstat statistics program, and commands which allow the probabilistic computing of risk areas.
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania, Hemicrania Continua and Sunct Syndrome in Association with Other Pathologies: A Review
Authors: Trucco M , Mainardi F , Maggioni F , Badino R , Zanchin G
Published: February 2004

We present a review of 22 cases of headache mimicking chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) (17 female and five male; F : M ratio 3.4), nine cases mimicking hemicrania continua (HC) (seven female and two male) and seven cases mimicking SUNCT syndrome (five male and two female) found in association with other pathologies published from 1980 up to the present. All case reports were discussed with respect to diagnostic criteria proposed by International Headache Society (IHS) for CPH, by Goadsby and Lipton for HC and SUNCT, and evaluated to identify a possible causal relationship between the pathology and the onset of headache. The aim of the present review was to evaluate if the presence of associated lesions and their location could help elucidate the pathogenesis of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs).
Use and Misuse of Triptans in France: Data from the Grim2000 Population Survey
Authors: Lucas C , Auray J-P , Gaudin A-F , Dartigues J-F , Duru G , Henry P , Lantéri-Minet M , Pradalier A , Chazot G , El Hasnaoui A
Published: February 2004

The extent and nature of triptan use for headache relief has been evaluated in a large epidemiological survey in the French general population. Over 25 000 individuals were screened for headache and for triptan use. Of this sample, 290 triptan users were identified from whom extensive data on headache characteristics and healthcare resource consumption were obtained. The use of triptans is relatively infrequent, 0.2% in the general population, with only 7.5% of migraine sufferers using these drugs. The majority of triptan users were female (80%) and presented headache characteristics typical of migraine (80%). The remaining 20% of subjects were thus using triptans for headache types in which the utility of these drugs has not been demonstrated. Among migraineurs, triptan consumers reported more frequent and severe headaches than non-consumers, and reported a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting. The principal determinant of triptan prescription was consultation with a general practitioner (GP), which may itself have been triggered by the severity of the headaches. GPs, rather than specialists, are the primary prescribers of triptans in France.
Cluster Headache: Interictal Asymmetric Increment in Intraocular Pressure Elicited by Valsalva Manoeuvre
Authors: Barriga FJ , Sánchez-del-Río M , Barón M , Dobato JL , Gili P , Yangüela J , Bueno A , Pareja JA
Published: February 2004

Changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) elicited by a Valsalva manoeuvre were studied in 11 male patients (mean age 39.8 years) suffering from episodic cluster headache (CH), and 12 healthy male controls (mean age 39.9 years). The tests were performed at rest and while exhaling hard through a mouthpiece connected to a mercury manometer. In the CH group, during symptomatic periods, between attacks, Valsalva manoeuvre elicited an asymmetric increase in IOP with significantly higher values on the symptomatic side ( P = 0011), whereas no asymmetric increments in IOP were found during asymptomatic periods. Outside the cluster period the IOP values both baseline and with Valsalva manoeuvre did not differ from controls. The increment in IOP took place within a few seconds, as in spontaneous CH attacks, thus pointing to a rapid increase in intraocular blood volume or vasodilatation. These findings may reflect a latent increased vascular reactivity of the symptomatic orbit during CH period.
Health-Related and Condition-Specific Quality of Life in Episodic Cluster Headache
Authors: Ertsey C , Manhalter N , Bozsik G , Áfra J , Jelencsik I
Published: February 2004

Health-related quality of life was studied in 35 episodic cluster headache (CH) patients during and after the cluster period, using a generic (SF-36) and a headache-specific (MSQ2.1) instrument. The results were compared with those of age-and sex-matched migraineurs ( n = 53) and healthy persons ( n = 62). During the cluster period patients had lower scores than controls in all SF-36 and MSQ2.1 domains. The difference was significant for most SF-36 and all MSQ2.1 domains. Although CH patients had lower scores than migraineurs on most scales, the difference was significant only on SF-36 scores measuring bodily pain and social functioning. There was a good correlation between the two instruments. After the termination of the cluster period the quality of life of patients was similar to that of headache-free controls. Generic and headache-specific QoL are severely impaired in CH and this impairment is at least as severe as in migraine.
Noxious Chemical Stimulation of Rat Facial Mucosa Increases Intracranial Blood Flow Through a Trigemino-Parasympathetic Reflex — An Experimental Model for Vascular Dysfunctions in Cluster Headache
Authors: Gottselig R , Messlinger K
Published: February 2004

Cluster headache is characterized by typical autonomic dysfunctions including facial and intracranial vascular disturbances. Both the trigeminal and the cranial parasympathetic systems may be involved in mediating these dysfunctions. An experimental model was developed in the rat to measure changes in lacrimation and intracranial blood flow following noxious chemical stimulation of facial mucosa. Blood flow was monitored in arteries of the exposed cranial dura mater and the parietal cortex using laser Doppler flowmetry. Capsaicin (0.01-1 mM) applied to oral or nasal mucosa induced increases in dural and cortical blood flow and provoked lacrimation. These responses were blocked by systemic pre-administration of hexamethonium chloride (20 mg/kg). The evoked increases in dural blood flow were also abolished by topical pre-administration of atropine (1 mM) and [Lys1, Pro2,5, Arg3,4, Tyr6]-VIP (0.1 mM), a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antagonist, onto the exposed dura mater. We conclude that noxious stimulation of facial mucosa increases intracranial blood flow and lacrimation via a trigemino-parasympathetic reflex. The blood flow responses seem to be mediated by the release of acetylcholine and VIP within the meninges. Similar mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of cluster headache.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in long‐standing necrobiosis lipoidica
Authors: Santos‐Juanes J , Galache C , Curto JR , Carrasco MP , Ribas A , Sánchez del Río J
Published: February 2004

Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a disease of collagen. Squamous cell carcinomas developing in areas of chronic ulceration and scarring have been well documented in a variety of skin diseases but rarely in areas of necrobiosis lipoidica. The case history of a 76‐year‐old female is presented, whose squamous cell carcinoma appeared 30 years after the diagnosis of necrobiosis lipoidica. The clinical and histopathological picture is described, stressing the importance of the unusual association of the two pathologies in the prognostic.
Iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma and HCV infection
Authors: Monti M , Mancini Ll , Ceriani R , Hendrickx I , Guizzardi M
Published: February 2004

Iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma develops in patients undergoing immunosuppressive treatment and is considered to be induced by activation of latent HHV8. In most cases the first manifestation of Kaposi's sarcoma develops after 1 year from when the drug was first administered. In a recent study from Italy on HHV8 positivity in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, it was found that 52% of the control group were positive (Masini C., et al. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1999; 134: 315–320). For this reason we could expect a larger number of cases of iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma given the number of patients who undergo immunosuppressive treatment for one reason or another. Thus, we have to look to a contemporaneous presence of other factors that co‐operate with the HHV8.

 We present a case of a 49‐year‐old woman, HHV8 and HCV positive, who develops a Kaposi's sarcoma after 9 months of steroid therapy (methylprednisolone 16 mg/die). The low dose of steroids prescribed to our patient and the fact that the first skin manifestation developed after a shorter period than average from the start of therapy do not explain the acute onset of an extensive Kaposi's sarcoma even taking into account the HHV8 positive status. Both HHV8 and HCV produce proteins, such as IL6 and IL8 which are able to control cell growth. It can be supposed that the contemporaneus presence of the two viruses created a sinergy for the onset of the Kaposi's sarcoma.
Hirsutism secondary to topical testosterone: report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Hernández‐Núñez A , Daudén E , García‐F‐Villalta MJ , Ríos‐Buceta L , García‐Díez A
Published: February 2004

Topical testosterone has been used as a treatment for different vulvar conditions. It is usually well tolerated, although hirsutism and other signs of virilization have been described related to hormonal tests alteration. We report two female patients with vulvar diseases that developed hirsutism after treatment with topical testosterone. Because of its potential virilization, females under this treatment should be closely monitored.
Cutaneous necrosis induced by acenocoumarol
Authors: Valdivielso M , Longo I , Lecona M , Lázaro P
Published: February 2004

Cutaneous necrosis is an infrequent but well‐documented complication of oral anticoagulants. In the pathogenesis of cutaneous necrosis induced by oral anticoagulants recent hypotheses favour the combined role of local factors and a transient unbalance of coagulation mechanisms leading to an hypercoagulable state. There exists a genetic factor that determines a decreased level of two vitamin‐K dependent glycoproteins, namely protein C and protein S. We present the case of an obese woman that developed an extensive cutaneous necrosis while receiving acenocoumarol for a deep venous thrombosis. She had an heterozygous deficit for protein C. The histopathologic findings of vessel thrombi and red blood cell extravasation were consistent with the clinical picture. A biopsy specimen taken from an initial lesion disclosed images of leucocytoclastic vasculitis. We reviewed the literature focusing on the pathogenesis and the histopathology of the disease.
Scalp tumour as a sign of systemic B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Magina S , Mesquita‐Guimarães J , Resende C , Bello M , Dias C
Published: February 2004

An 86‐year‐old man presented with a painful reddish tumour on the scalp with a 3‐month history, mental confusion with recent onset and lymphadenopathies. Histological examination of the lymph node and cutaneous lesion revealed a dense infiltrate of atypical and large B cells. There was no evidence of bone marrow invasion. According to REAL (Revised European–American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms), this lymphoma was considered as a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with concurrent cutaneous and nodal involvement. Cerebral computerized tomography (CT) scan showed bone and dura mater invasion in the right parieto‐occipital region with collapse of lateral ventricle. The patient was submitted to systemic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone (CVP). There was a good response with regression of the cutaneous lesion, but the patient died after the third cycle. We point out the unusual clinical presentation and aggressive behaviour of this lymphoma.
Atopic dermatitis and respiratory symptoms in Russian and northern Norwegian school children: a comparison study in two arctic areas and the impact of environmental factors
Authors: Dotterud LK , Odland JØ , Falk ES
Published: February 2004

Background  The increase in atopic diseases during recent decades has been related to environmental factors such as indoor and outdoor pollution and the ingestion of certain foods. On the other hand, studies from Eastern Europe (with heavy air pollution) have reported a lower prevalence of atopic diseases and sensitization in their schoolchildren than in children living in Western Europe.

Objectives  This study compares the frequency of atopic diseases and respiratory symptoms in two geographically close arctic areas and points to possible risk factors for development of the diseases.

Methods  A total of 1734 schoolchildren (1183 in Nikel and 551 in Sør‐Varanger) were studied using identical, four‐page, self‐administered questionnaires.

Results  Atopic diseases were reported in 38.7% of Norwegian and in 24.2% of Russian children (P < 0.001). Atopic dermatitis (AD) (23.6% vs 7.9%; P < 0.001) and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) (20.6% vs 14.7%; P < 0.001) occurred more frequently in Sør‐Varanger, whereas ‘self‐reported’ asthma (12.3% vs 13.1%) was similar in both areas. However, respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, breathlessness and bronchitis were 3–4 times more frequent in Nikel (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  This study disproves a previous hypothesis, i.e. that air pollution must be a major risk factor for the development of atopic diseases. Nevertheless, respiratory tract symptoms may be provoked by environmental pollution. Possible explanations for the higher frequency of atopic diseases in Sør‐Varanger may be found in socio‐economic and lifestyle differences between the two populations.
Erythema multiforme during cytomegalovirus infection and oral therapy with terbinafine: a virus–drug interaction
Authors: Carducci M , Latini A , Acierno F , Amantea A , Capitanio B , Santucci B
Published: February 2004

The authors report a case of erythema multiforme in a 32‐year‐old woman who was also taking oral terbinafine for an onychomycosis. The patient data analysis showed serological positivity for cytomegalovirus (IgM and IgG) and hepatitis C virus and serological titre of antinuclear antibody was elevated. After a brief review of the literature the authors propose the possibility of virus–drug interaction as a model of adverse drug reactions.
Descriptive epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in Soria (north‐eastern Spain) 1998–2000: a hospital‐based survey
Authors: Revenga Arranz F , Paricio Rubio JF , Mar Vázquez Salvado Ma , Del Villar Sordo V
Published: February 2004

Introduction  Better knowledge of the epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) will allow the development of more effective diagnostic and preventive measures.

Material and methods  We have reviewed the clinical records of patients from the ‘Hospital General de Soria’ who were diagnosed with BCC and/or SCC (lower lip included) by histopathology between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2000. Recurrences and diagnostic duplicities (tumours first biopsied and then excised) were excluded.

Results  The mean age was 71.4 years for BCC subjects and significantly older, 77.3 years, for SCC subjects. Photoexposed skin areas accounted for 92.6% and 93.8% of BCC and SCC tumours, respectively. The crude incidence rate for the population of 100 000 was 148.27 for BCC and 58.24 for SCC. The age‐adjusted incidence rate (adjusted for world standard population) was 57.97 and 17.87 years, respectively. Subjects with superficial BCC were significantly younger than the rest of the BCC patients and their tumours were located on non‐photoexposed skin. The ears and dorsum of the hands were the almost exclusive locations of SCC.

Conclusions  Our results should be compared with those to be obtained in future years to determine trends in the descriptive epidemiology of BCC and SCC.
Crusted scabies in a healthy infant
Authors: Baysal V , Yildirim M , Türkman Ç , Aridogan B , Aydin G
Published: February 2004

Crusted scabies is generally seen in mentally retarded and immunosuppressed individuals. We report the case of a patient with crusted scabies with neither systemic disease nor immunosuppression; all the lesions were cured with applications of 5% permethrin lotion.
Efficacy and tolerability of 8 weeks’ treatment with terbinafine in children with tinea capitis caused by Microsporum canis: a comparison of three doses
Authors: Devliotou‐Panagiotidou D , Koussidou‐Eremondi TH
Published: February 2004

Background  Tinea capitis caused by Microsporum canis is the most common mycosis of the scalp in preschool and school‐aged children in Greece.

Objective  To compare the efficacy, safety and tolerability of an 8‐week course of oral terbinafine at different doses.

Methods  Patients received oral terbinafine at doses ranging from 3.3 to 12.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks, as follows: group A, terbinafine 3.3 to ≤ 6.0 mg/kg/day (40 patients); group B, terbinafine > 6.0 to 7.0 mg/kg/day (23 patients); group C, terbinafine > 7.0 to 12.5 mg/kg/day (37 patients). Fungal microscopy and cultures were performed 4 weeks before the start of the treatment, at the end of the treatment (week 8) and at a follow‐up visit at week 16.

Results  At week 8 mycological cure was achieved in one patient (2.7%) in group A, in 21 patients (91.3%) in group B and in 34 patients (97.1%) in group C. At week 16 mycological cure was achieved in one patient (2.7%) in group A, in 22 patients (95.7%) in group B and in 35 patients (100%) in group C. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0005) between dose level and efficacy of terbinafine at the end of the treatment period and also at the follow‐up visit at week 16. Five patients (three in group A and two in group C) discontinued treatment because of adverse events.

Conclusions  The administration of terbinafine at a dose of either 6–7 or 7–12.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks is safe and effective for the treatment in children of tinea capitis caused by M. canis.
Immunological cell situation in the skin of atopic model mice
Authors: Sugiura K , Hiramoto K , Shamoto M , Sugiura M , Hayakawa R , Kato Y , Shinzato M , Osada A , Sakamoto N , Takahashi H
Published: February 2004

Background  We observed nishikinezumi, cinnamon‐coloured (NC)/Fujita (F) mice aged between 5 and 28 weeks. These NC mice have skin eruptions that resemble human atopic dermatitis (AD) under conventional circumstances.

Object  We investigated the skin of eruptive and non‐eruptive lesions in NC/F mice by using haematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining, toluidine blue staining and immunohistopathological study with immunoglobulin (Ig)EɛRI, CD23, interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, interferon (INF)‐γ and Ia antigen.

Results  Histological examination of the eruptive lesions revealed the perivascular infiltration of many lymphocytes and mast cells into the upper dermis. Intracellular oedema of the epidermis, lymphocyte infiltration into the epidermis and liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer were also observed. The numbers of IL‐4 and IL‐5 positive cells in the eruptive lesions were larger than those of the non‐eruptive lesions. IL‐4 and IL‐5 positive cells in the eruptive lesions increased weekly. Some IFN‐γ positive cells were observed in the eruptive lesions after 21 weeks. IFN‐γ positive cells were scarce in the skin of both the non‐eruptive and eruptive lesions before 21 weeks. Serum IgE increased from 7 weeks to 21 weeks.

Discussion  We confirmed that these findings indicated that T helper (Th)2‐dominant immunological activation transformed to a Th1‐dominant situation. Many IgEɛRI positive cells were recognized in the dermis of the eruptive lesions by the time IgE had decreased. We assumed that the dermatitis before 21 weeks was an IgE‐mediated allergy. We have previously reported that older NC/F mice had positive patch‐test reactions to mites. Because serum IgE decreased after 21 weeks, dermatitis after 21 weeks might be associated more with cell‐mediated delayed hypersensitivity than with IgE‐mediated immediate allergy.
Videodermatoscopy enhances the ability to monitor efficacy of scabies treatment and allows optimal timing of drug application
Authors: Micali G , Lacarrubba F , Tedeschi A
Published: February 2004

Background  Videodermatoscopy (VD) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that has recently been advanced as an alternative technique for the diagnosis of scabies, based on studies showing its ability to detect mites in vivo with results comparable to those obtained by traditional skin scraping.

Objective  In this study we evaluated a group of patients undergoing topical treatment with a thermosensible foam containing 0.165% pyrethrins and 1.65% piperonyl butoxide to determine whether VD would enhance monitoring of the clinical response to treatment and indicate the optimal timing of drug application.

Materials and methods  Twenty patients (12 M, 8 F; age 1–65 years) affected by scabies (diagnosis confirmed by VD), and who were treatment naïve, were included in the study. The foam was applied to the entire body once a day at bedtime for two consecutive days. To detect treatment response, VD evaluation of two targeted skin sites for each patient was performed at baseline and at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. A video microscope system equipped with a zoom lens that allowed skin observation with incident light at magnifications ranging from × 20 to × 600 was used.

Results  In all patients, VD showed active mite migration within burrows at 12 h. At 24 h, there was no evidence of active mite migration, and a majority of patients reported that itching had subsided. At 48 h, the mites were no longer visible in appreciable amounts by VD, and an amorphous material, probably resulting from mite decomposition, was detectable at one end of an empty burrow in the majority of patients. Skin scraping at 48 h, followed by standard microscopic observation, also showed only mite remnants in all patients. None of the 20 patients showed signs of infestation by VD at targeted skin sites at a 2‐week post baseline follow‐up visit.

Conclusions  VD enhances the monitoring of clinical response to treatment and allows optimal timing of drug application. This may be particularly important in minimizing risk of overtreatment, reducing the potential for side‐effects, and enhancing patient compliance.
Secondary syphilis presenting as a lichen planus‐like rash
Authors: Tang MBY , Yosipovitch G , Tan SH
Published: February 2004

We describe a case of secondary syphilis in a 29‐year‐old man who presented with a severely pruritic lichen planus‐like eruption that mimicked a lichenoid drug eruption histologically. Although uncommon, syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any lichenoid eruption.
Parry–Romberg syndrome: A possible association with borreliosis
Authors: Şahin MT , Bariş S , Karaman A.
Published: February 2004

Progressive facial hemiatrophy or Parry–Romberg syndrome is a rare entity characterized by unilateral atrophy of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and the underlying bony structures. This syndrome has many features of linear scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’ but is distinguished by more extensive involvement of the lower face with only slight cutaneous sclerosis. The onset typically occurs in childhood or young adult years. The aetiology of the condition is unknown. A case of progressive hemifacial atrophy occurring in a 30‐year‐old woman is reported, in which the aetiology is thought to be Lyme disease, a borrelial infection first recognized in 1975 that has since become the most commonly reported vector‐borne disease in the world. No sure link is established between these two disease states, but their coincident occurrence in this patient is noted. We hypothesize that the aetiology of Parry–Romberg syndrome involves borreliosis.
C‐reactive protein and α2‐macroglobulin plasma activity in medium–severe and severe psoriasis
Authors: Chodorowska G , Wojnowska D , Juszkiewicz‐Borowiec M
Published: February 2004

Background  An acute phase of psoriasis can be induced by cytokines involved in psoriatic pathogenic phenomena. Activation of the acute phase reaction by proinflammatory cytokines (including interleukins 1 and 6, tumour necrosis factor α) may account for systemic symptoms in severe psoriasis, especially in pustular and arthropathic forms of this disease.

Objective  To study the activity of selected acute phase proteins in psoriatics before and after effective treatment.

Method  Plasma concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and α2‐macroglobulin (α2‐MG) were examined in 175 males with medium–severe and severe psoriasis in the active stage, before treatment and in remission achieved with various treatments (local, acitretin, psoralen + ultraviolet A, retinoid + psoralen + UVA [Re‐PUVA] methotrexate, cyclosporin A). Clinical activity of psoriasis was evaluated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score, ranging from 18 to 70.8 (mean 29.2). Measurements were done using the immunoenzymatic method. The control group consisted of 30 healthy male volunteers.

Results  In the active stage of disease highly increased plasma levels of both CRP and α2‐MG were found (P < 0.001). It appeared that efficacious treatment was correlated with a considerable decrease of the proteins examined towards the control values. Mean levels of α2‐MG after treatment did not differ significantly from those of controls (P > 0.15). However, despite their strong decrease following all methods of treatment, mean plasma levels of CRP remained significantly elevated during remission compared with those of the healthy controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  The results of this study indicate that in medium–severe and severe psoriasis the acute phase response can be initiated and is not completely extinguished in phases of clinical remission.
Topical class I corticosteroids in 10 patients with bullous pemphigoid: correlation of the outcome with the severity degree of the disease and review of the literature
Authors: Stockman A , Beele H , Vanderhaeghen Y , Naeyaert JM
Published: February 2004

Background  Treatment of bullous pemphigoid (BP) with systemic immunosuppressive agents, in particular with systemic corticosteroids, has many long‐term side‐effects. A dozen reports were published regarding the efficacy of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid.

Objective  To evaluate the efficacy of potent class I topical corticosteroids in relation to the affected body surface area (BSA) in patients with bullous pemphigoid and to review the literature.

Methods  An open prospective trial with 10 patients with BP with measurement of the affected BSA. Treatment protocol consisted of three steps: potent class I topical corticosteroid treatment, systemic tetracyclines and systemic corticosteroids. Follow‐up period was between 24 and 72 months.

Results  Our study suggests a correlation between the success rate of topical corticosteroid treatment and the body surface area initially affected: all patients with an affected BSA of less than 20% healed with topical treatment only. The patients with more than 40% affected BSA needed systemic treatment with steroids.

Conclusion  Topical class I corticosteroids seem to be effective in healing lesions of BP, especially if less than 20% of the BSA is affected. This study comprises only 10 patients, making further studies necessary to draw definite conclusions.
Cryopreserved and lyophilized cultured epidermal allografts in the treatment of leg ulcers: a pilot study
Authors: Navrátilová Z , Slonková V , Semrádová V , Adler J
Published: February 2004

Background  In the conservative therapy of venous leg ulcers modern types of dressings are used most frequently. In the past 20 years ‘active wound dressings’ − cultured epidermal keratinocytes as autografts and allografts − were also introduced in the management of leg ulcers.

Methods  The aim of our study was to compare the effect of cryopreserved and lyophilized cultured epidermal allografts in the treatment of venous leg ulcers. Evaluation of the therapy was documented as photodocumentation, planimetry, healing time and evaluation of pain relief over a 3‐month period after application. Fifty patients with venous leg ulcers were selected. Twenty‐five patients (group I) were treated with cryopreserved keratinocytes and 25 (group II) with lyophilized keratinocytes.

Results  The final evaluation 3 months after the application of allografts showed 84% of healed ulcers in group I and 80% in group II. The number of healed ulcers and the healing rate both showed no statistically significant differences. The size of the ulcer was reduced by half during the first week in both groups. The size differences during the first week are statistically significant in both groups and they are comparable (P < 0.001). The intensity of the pain was statistically significantly reduced during the first week after application in both groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  The cryopreserved and lyophilized cultured allografts are comparable in healing rate, course of healing and relief of pain, and also in planimetric changes during the healing of venous leg ulcers. Lyophilized allografts are more convenient for routine use than cryopreserved allografts as they can be stored at room temperature. These results could give rise to the more frequent use of lyophilized allografts in slow‐healing venous leg ulcers.
Effect of infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes varietas interdigitale on phagocytosis in humans
Authors: Gregurek‐Novak T
Published: February 2004

Background and aim  Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) and macrophages is important in the defence of human organisms, especially in mycotic infections of the skin. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between phagocytosis and a chronic type of infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes varietas interdigitale (T. m. var. interdig.).

Materials and methods  A group of 256 patients was investigated from 1990 to 2000. They were all treated with terbinafine. The parameters for phagocytosis were analysed by the Hersy method.

Results  The immunological status of all of the patients was altered. Ingestion, digestion and random mobility decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Out of 256 patients treated with terbinafine, 196 (76%) were cured completely and the values for phagocytosis became normal.

Conclusion  This investigation confirms the defect in the function of phagocytes of patients chronically infected by T. m. var. interdig. Terbinafine was shown to be an effective antimycotic drug, both fungicidal and immunostimulative.
Safety of long‐term treatment with cyclosporin A in resistant chronic plaque psoriasis: a retrospective case series
Authors: García‐Bustínduy M , Escoda M , Guimerá FJ , Sáez M , Dorta S , Fagundo E , Sánchez‐González R , Noda‐Cabrera A , García‐Montelongo R
Published: February 2004

Background  An intermittent short course of cyclosporin A (CyA) therapy is a good choice in the treatment of severe psoriasis. Nevertheless, some severe or resistant patients might benefit from long‐term treatment. Adverse effects of long‐term use of CyA are investigated and the results are compared with the literature.

Patients and methods  A retrospective study of adverse effects of CyA treatment in a group of 53 patients suffering from psoriasis. The mean treatment time was 31.4 ± 23.2 months with a minimum of 4 months to a maximum of 95 months, with very few short interruptions of treatment (from 2 to 5 months in five patients).

Results  The group consisted of 29 women and 24 men, ranging in age from 18 to 65 years, with an average age of 44.49 years. Arterial hypertension appeared in 45.3% of patients during treatment. Pharmacological treatment was required in 32% of these patients to control the condition. Serum creatinine levels were transiently elevated in 11.3% of the cases, but withdrawal of treatment was required in none of them.

Discussion  Long‐term CyA treatment might be necessary in some patients and this study shows that it could be sustained with a close follow‐up. This involves regular visits depending on each patient, as well as common test protocol and clinical evaluation. In conclusion, this retrospective study seems to confirm the relative safety of long‐term CyA treatment when patients are adequately monitored.
Mycosis fungoides mimicking inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus
Authors: Jang J‐G , Sim H‐J , Kim S‐H , Doh K‐S , Jang M‐S , Suh K‐S , Kim S‐T
Published: February 2004

We experienced an unusual case of mycosis fungoides with the clinical and histological features mimicking inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) in an 11‐year‐old boy. Localized linear multiple pruritic verrucous confluent papules and plaques appeared on the his left elbow, forearm and hand for 7 months. Skin biopsies showed characteristic findings of mycosis fungoides (e.g. Pautrier's microabscesses, follicular epitheliotropism, wiry bundles of collagen, etc.). T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis in the lesional skin demonstrated rearrangement of the gamma chain. RePUVA (systemic PUVA with retinoic acid) therapy improved his skin lesions and pruritus, but these progressed after discontinuation of treatment. Thus, lesions mimicking ILVEN can be an unusual and potentially misleading presentation of mycosis fungoides.
The risk and risk factors of a second non‐melanoma skin cancer: a study in a Mediterranean population
Authors: Graells J
Published: February 2004

Background  Non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) patients often develop second primary skin tumours. Studies assessing the risk and risk factors on the appearance of a second NMSC are scarce, especially in European countries.

Objectives  To assess the 5‐year risk of a second NMSC in a Mediterranean population, and to find patient characteristics predicting second tumours.

Methods  NMSC patients at our institution were studied retrospectively. In situ tumours, recurrences, follow‐up shorter than 2 months and mucosal lesions were excluded. Data analysed included age, gender, anatomical site, histological subtype, number of tumours and months of follow‐up. Disease‐free interval was defined as time from histological documentation of the first NMSC to the date of the last follow‐up or to the date of histological documentation of the second NMSC. Survival analysis was conducted with the life‐table analysis. Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to assess risk factors.

Results  The study group comprised 535 cases. Of these, 120 patients presented a second NMSC (22.4%). Hazard rates remained high in all yearly intervals. Multivariate analysis showed older age, multiple tumours and male sex as significant prognostic factors. When the second NMSC was diagnosed in the first year of follow‐up, a trend to a high risk of further NMSCs was observed.

Conclusions  The risk of a second NMSC is similar to other studies, although in the lower range. Prognostic factors are also similar to other studies. Yearly hazard rates not falling suggests that long‐term follow‐up is needed. Prospective studies including whole‐body examination could define the exact risk of a second NMSC.
Involvement of UV‐irradiation in pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Igawa K , Matsunaga T , Nishioka K
Published: February 2004

Ultraviolet (UV) light has been implicated in inducing acantholysis in the uninvolved skin of pemphigus patients. This report presents the case of a 55‐year‐old man with pemphigus foliaceus in whom skin lesions were induced and exacerbated by UV‐irradiation.