bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
cIAP1/2 negatively regulate RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis through the inhibition of NFATc1 expression
Authors: Yamaguchi Noritaka , Yokota Mami , Taguchi Yuu , Gohda Jin , Inoue Jun‐ichiro
Published: November 2012

Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and triggers osteoclastogenesis by inducing the expression of NFATc1 through the activation of the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways. Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2), which are ubiquitin E3 ligases, are involved in the activation of the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways by various members of the TNFRSF. However, the involvement of cIAP1/2 in RANK signaling has remained largely unknown. In this study, we reveal the involvement of cIAP1/2 in RANK ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis. The over‐expression of cIAP1 or cIAP2 in the mouse monocytic cell line Raw264.7 resulted in the significant suppression of RANKL‐induced NFATc1 mRNA expression and osteoclastogenesis, whereas the activation of the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways was barely changed by these over‐expressions. The depletion of endogenous cIAP1/2 by their specific inhibitor MV1 or their siRNA‐mediated knockdown resulted in enhanced RANKL‐induced NFATc1 expression and osteoclastogenesis without affecting the activation of the NF‐κB and MAPK pathways. In combination, these results indicate that cIAP1/2 negatively regulate osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting NFATc1 mRNA expression in a manner that is distinct from the previously identified functions of cIAP1/2.
Early Modern Central Asia in World History
Authors: Levi Scott C.
Published: November 2012

Scholars have long recognized that Central Asia played a key role in trans‐Eurasian trade, positioned as it was at the crossroads of the overland “Silk Road” network of caravan routes. The economic advantages associated with the region’s geography are presumed to have supported the great nomadic empires of the Eurasian interior in the classical and medieval eras, and to have come to an abrupt end in the early modern era. This generally has been attributed to the rise of European commercial interests in the Indian Ocean, which signaled the end of the overland Silk Road trade and sent Central Asia into a centuries‐long period of decline. This essay draws attention to a number of foundational assumptions that have informed this interpretation, and it advocates for moving beyond the decline paradigm to employ an integrative method of analysis that more effectively situates the region in its global context and invigorates the study of early modern Central Asian history.
Identification of the novel HLA‐B*40:221 allele in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor using a sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y.
Published: November 2012

Using DNA sequence‐based typing method, we found a new HLA‐B*40 variant, B*40:221, in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor. The allele sequence of B*40:221 is identical to the sequence of B*40:01:01 in exons 2, 3 and 4 except the nucleotides at codon 265 (GGG→AGG). The sequence variation caused one amino acid exchange at residue 265 where Gly was replaced by Arg. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 haplotype in association with B*40:221 may be deduced as HLA‐A*11:01‐B*40:221‐C*03:04‐DRB1*14:54‐DQB1*05:02. The generation of B*40:221 is thought as a result of a nucleotide point mutation involving B*40:01:01. Our discovery of B*40:221 increases the polymorphism of B*40 in Taiwanese.
Discovery of the novel HLA‐DRB1*04:05:14 allele in a Taiwanese unrelated haematopoietic stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing method
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Kao R. H. , Lin C. L. , Lin P. Y.
Published: November 2012

We report here a de novo HLA‐DRB1*04 allele, DRB1*04:05:14, discovered in a Taiwanese unrelated volunteer bone marrow stem cell donor by a sequence‐based typing method. In exon 2, the DNA sequence of DRB1*04:05:14 is identical to the sequence of DRB1*04:05:01 except the nucleotide at positions 321 where C is replaced by T (at codon 78; TAC→TAT). Due to the silent mutation, the nucleotide substitution produced no amino acid variation in comparison with DRB1*04:05:01. We assume DRB1*04:05:14 was derived from DRB1*04:05:01 via a point mutation. The probable HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 haplotype in association with DRB1*04:05:14 may be deduced as A*11‐B*55‐DRB1*04:05:14. We here report the Taiwanese ethnicity of DRB1*04:05:14.
Does the trace element composition of brown trout Salmo trutta eggs remain unchanged in spawning redds?
Authors: Gabrielsson R. M. , Kim J. , Reid M. R. , Stirling C. H. , Numata M. , Closs G. P.
Published: November 2012

The temporal stability of trace element concentrations in fertilized, artificially incubated anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta eggs and newly hatched fry was investigated. The anadromous status of the parental fish was confirmed using strontium isotopic analysis of otoliths. Whilst manganese concentrations in eggs varied over time, concentrations of aluminium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium and calcium were all unchanged 1 week and 6 weeks post‐fertilization as well as in recently hatched larvae. The results clearly suggest that the distinctive trace element signature present in the eggs and newly hatched larvae of anadromous S. trutta (typically characterized by high strontium, low barium) is stable over time. Therefore analysis of the trace element composition of eggs is concluded to be a cost‐effective and reliable method for determining the spatial and temporal extent of upstream spawning migration by anadromous salmonids. The temporal variability of at least one element in this study suggests the stability of untested multi‐element signatures cannot automatically be assumed.
Expression of recombinant HA1 protein for specific detection of influenza A/H1N1/2009 antibodies in human serum
Authors: Luo Lizhong , Nishi Krista , MacLeod Erin , Sabara Marta I. , Coleman Brenda L , Gubbay Jonathan B , Li Yan
Published: November 2012

The hemagglutinin genes (HA1 subunit) from human and animal 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus isolates were expressed with a baculovirus vector. Recombinant HA1 (rHA1) protein‐based ELISA was evaluated for detection of specific influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 antibodies in serum samples from vaccinated humans. It was found that rHA1 ELISA consistently differentiated between antibodies recognizing the seasonal influenza H1N1 and pdm09 viruses, with a concordance of 94% as compared to the hemagglutination inhibition test. This study suggests the utility of rHA1 ELISA in serosurveillance.
Enhanced angiogenesis and relaxation of bladder as early response to bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Song Yun Seob , Lee Hong Jun , Doo Seung Whan , An Jin , Kim Seung U
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To provide insights into the pathogenesis of bladder insult secondary to bladder outlet obstruction.

Methods

Six‐week‐old female Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 80) were divided into eight groups, 10 rats each, according to the duration of bladder outlet obstruction, including 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h and 1 week. Cystometric parameters were evaluated at 72 h and 1 week after bladder outlet obstruction. Bladder tissues were harvested and Masson's trichrome staining was carried out. Each slide was inspected microscopically and the mean percent collagen area was examined. Changes of collagen deposition and pathological expression of several factors including hypoxia inducible factor‐1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor‐β1 and nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid of bladders were evaluated.

Results

A significant time‐dependent increase in the bladder weight after 6 h and the percent of collagen area after 24 h of bladder outlet obstruction were found. Increase in hypoxia inducible factor‐1α, transforming growth factor‐β1, inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid expression, time‐dependent increase in vascular endothelial growth factor, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase messenger ribonucleic acid expression after 6 h of bladder outlet obstruction was found. The intercontraction interval decreased significantly after 72 h of bladder outlet obstruction.

Conclusions

Cellular remodeling in the bladder secondary to bladder outlet obstruction starts in the early hours and it includes enhanced angiogenesis and bladder relaxation. Early relief from bladder outlet obstruction is helpful to preserve bladder structure and function.
Association of RENAL nephrometry score with outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy
Authors: Ellison Jonathan S , Montgomery Jeffrey S , Hafez Khaled S , Miller David C , He Chang , Wolf J Stuart , Weizer Alon Z
Published: November 2012

Objective

To evaluate the predictive value of the Radius, Exophytic, Nearness, Anterior, Location nephrometry scoring system and to investigate the influence of its individual components on perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy.

Methods

Consecutive laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (n = 189) and robotic partial nephrectomy (n = 109) cases from 2007 through 2011 were retrospectively reviewed from our prospectively maintained database. Urological surgeons assigned nephrometry scores, excluding cases without images available for review. The association of nephrometry score categories and individual components of the score to perioperative outcomes were assessed.

Results

No differences were observed in preoperative characteristics of low (n = 135), intermediate (n = 155) and high (n = 8) nephrometry groups. Higher nephrometry score was associated with an increased length of stay, estimated blood loss and warm ischemia time. Higher nephrometry scores were also associated with a greater proportion of major complications (P < 0.001). Distance to the renal sinus had the greatest impact on perioperative outcomes including operative and ischemic times, estimated blood loss, complications and length of stay.

Conclusions

The Radius, Exophytic, Nearness, Anterior, Location nephrometry score has value as a predictive tool for perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy. Distance to the renal sinus seems to have the greatest association with outcomes. Using these findings, clinicians will be better able to counsel patients regarding anticipated perioperative outcomes of minimally invasive partial nephrectomy.
Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis in a dog
Authors: Tajima Kazuki , Sinjyo Akiko , Ito Toshio , Noda Yoshizumi , Goto Hiroshi , Ito Norihiko
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study is to report a case of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis in a dog. A 7‐year‐old intact male American cocker spaniel that had undergone removal of a nictitating gland was referred for severe ulcerative keratitis. Slit‐lamp examination showed swelling of the eyelid, mucopurulent discharge, conjunctival injection and chemosis, diffuse corneal edema and opacity, and a deep ulcer in central cornea. Gram staining of discharge from the eye demonstrated Gram‐positive cocci. Despite topical ofloxacin, oxytetracycline and polymyxin B ophthalmic solution and intravenous cefazolin, there was no improvement. Cultures revealed MRSA that was sensitive only to chloramphenicol, vancomycin, lincomycin, and clindamycin. The antibiotic regimen was changed to topical and systemic chloramphenicol. After 9 days of treatment, although inflammation started to be resolved, the dog developed nonregenerative anemia. The antimicrobial regimen was changed again to topical and systemic vancomycin. Inflammation continued to improve over the next week. MRSA should be considered a potential organism in infectious keratitis, especially when general antibiotics are not effective. Although topical and systemic chloramphenicol and/or vancomycin are effective for treating MRSA keratitis, vancomycin should only be used when culture and susceptibility results indicate it is appropriate and no other options are available. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed case report of MRSA keratitis in a dog.
CATEGORIAL PREDICATION
Authors: Lowe E. J.
Published: November 2012

When, for example, we say of something that it ‘is an object’, or ‘is an event’, or ‘is a property’, we are engaging in categorial predication: we are assigning something to a certain ontological category. Ontological categorization is clearly a type of classification, but it differs radically from the types of classification that are involved in the taxonomic practices of empirical sciences, as when a physicist says of a certain particle that it ‘is an electron’, or when a zoologist says of a certain animal that it ‘is a mammal’, or when a meteorologist says of a certain weather‐phenomenon that it ‘is a hurricane’. Classifications of the latter types presuppose that the items being classified have already been assigned to appropriate ontological categories, such as the categories of object, species, or event. What do categorial predications mean? How are their truth‐conditions to be determined, and how can those truth‐conditions be known to be satisfied? Do they have truthmakers? Questions like these are amongst those addressed in the present paper.
Legitimacy Through Neutrality: Probation and Conflict in Northern Ireland
Authors: Carr Nicola , Maruna Shadd
Published: November 2012

The conflict in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles presented numerous challenges for the administration of traditional forms of criminal justice and has led to a variety of adaptations that have been widely discussed in the literature in criminology and transitional justice. The role of Northern Ireland's probation service is often forgotten or ignored in such analyses. This brief article is intended to begin to fill this gap by exploring how the Troubles impacted on probation practice during the Conflict and beyond. In particular, we argue that the ‘neutrality stance’ taken by probation in the mid‐1970s, when officers decided to cease mandated work with individuals charged with ‘politically‐motivated’ offences, has had a lasting impact on the identity and role of probation in the region. The deep immersion into, and engagement with, marginalised communities during this time, facilitated by this neutrality stance, has overlooked implications for probation practice more widely in the United Kingdom and abroad.
Young People, Conflict and Regulation
Authors: Haydon Deena , McAlister Siobhán , Scraton Phil
Published: November 2012

Set against the progress claimed since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, this article reflects the reality of life for children and young people as they negotiate the aftermath of the Conflict in Northern Ireland. Their experiences of informal and formal policing, community and State control, demonstrate the need to understand the lasting impacts of the Conflict when developing policies and practices affecting their lives. At a crucial defining period in the devolution of justice and policing, and based on primary research conducted by the authors, the article establishes key rights‐compliant principles central to reform of youth justice.
Addressing a ‘New’ Form of ‘Loyalist’ Extremism? Reflections on the Legacy of the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: Harris Lyndsey
Published: November 2012

This article presents an examination of the capacity for existing Loyalist paramilitary structures and actors to engage with ‘far right’ wing action‐based and value‐based extremism. The author argues that Northern Ireland faces a similar threat posed by far right groups as the rest of the United Kingdom and that utilising a strategic theory approach reveals a number of possible responses to the threat posed by far right extremism.
Coming in from the Cold? Euroscepticism, Government Participation and Party Positions on Europe*
Authors: TAGGART PAUL , SZCZERBIAK ALEKS
Published: November 2012

The focus of the article is to use the changed landscape of Euroscepticism to look broadly across a set of cases of government participation by parties holding Eurosceptical positions to examine whether government participation has an effect on their European positions and whether participation by Eurosceptic parties in government has had an effect on their European policy. In general, while there does seem to be a moderating effect of government participation on a party's Euroscepticism, there are notable cases of Eurosceptic party participation in government having some discernible impact on policy, but under somewhat specific conditions. The impact is clearly different for major and minor parties and, in the case of the latter, moderating their Euroscepticism is often a signifier of a wider process of party mainstreaming. In some cases, while parties continue to use Eurosceptic rhetoric when in office, this does not appear to translate into substantial policy change.
Euroscepticism and the Global Financial Crisis*
Authors: SERRICCHIO FABIO , TSAKATIKA MYRTO , QUAGLIA LUCIA
Published: November 2012

This article explores the link between the financial crisis and Euroscepticism at the level of public opinion, building on and developing further the literature on the impact of economic, identity and institutional factors on Euroscepticism. It argues that the economic crisis did not substantially bring economic factors back in as an important source of Euroscepticism, even though the most pronounced increase in Euroscepticism has taken place in the countries most affected by the crisis. By contrast, national identity and political institutions play an increasingly important role in explaining public Euroscepticism.
Does Familiarity Breed Contempt? Determinants of Public Support for European Integration and Opposition to It before and after Accession
Authors: GUERRA SIMONA
Published: November 2012

This article empirically tests how determinants of public support in Poland for the European Union change before and after accession. Despite studies on public attitudes towards EU integration and Euroscepticism that flourished in the run‐up to accession, there is no evidence of how determinants changed over time. This study suggests that in Poland citizens support the EU on the basis of a form of ‘unconditional support’ and general benefits for the country before accession, while personal benefits can become more determinant after accession.
Using claw marks to study lion predation on giraffes of the Serengeti
Authors: Strauss M. K. L. , Packer C.
Published: November 2012

Although lions Panthera leo are the main predators of the giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, interactions between these species are rarely observed directly. As a consequence, little is known about the effects of lions on giraffe mortality and behavior. We test patterns of lion predation on Masai giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi using a new methodology: lion claw marks observable on the skin of live giraffes. We studied 702 individually known giraffes in 3 non‐neighboring areas of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania between August 2008 and November 2010. Lion claw marks were observed on 13% of giraffes older than 1 year. Claw marks were most frequently detected on giraffe hindquarters and flanks, revealing that non‐lethal lion attacks occur most often from the rear. No claw marks were observed on calves (0–1 year), suggesting that calves rarely survive lion attacks. In the adult age class (>5 years), claw‐mark prevalence was significantly higher among females than males. We observed substantial variation in claw‐mark prevalence across study areas, indicating that lion predation risk may be heterogeneous within Serengeti. We find that claw marks are an important source of data on interactions between lions and giraffes.
Dynamics of selves and motivation: a cross‐sectional study in the EFL context of Iran
Authors: Papi Mostafa , Teimouri Yasser
Published: November 2012

Within the framework of the L2 motivational self system, the present study investigates the temporal evolution of the motivational characteristics of Iranian learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) across three different populations: secondary school, high school, and university students. The data were collected from a number of 1,041 Iranian learners of English using a questionnaire survey specifically developed to be used in the context of Iran. The ANOVA results of the study showed that the promotion‐focus variables (i.e. the ideal L2 self, L2 learning experience, instrumentality‐promotion, attitudes towards L2 culture and community) generally improved with age up to entry into university; on the other hand, the variables with a preventional regulatory focus (i.e. the ought‐to L2 Self, family influence, instrumentality‐prevention) declined with age. In addition, the results of the multiple‐regression analyses showed that only variables with a promotional orientation predicted motivated learning behavior and the factors predicting motivation and the ideal L2 self were different from the factors associated with the ought‐to L2 self. The results are discussed based on the socio‐educational context of Iran. The study provides strong evidence for a dynamic perspective towards L2 motivation and possible L2 selves.
Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in brain diseases: Clinical experience
Authors: Schoknecht Karl , Shalev Hadar
Published: November 2012

The blood–brain barrier, a unique feature of the cerebral vasculature, is gaining attention as a feature in common neurologic disorders including stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Although acute blood–brain barrier dysfunction can induce cerebral edema, seizures, or neuropsychiatric symptoms, epileptogenesis and cognitive decline are among the chronic effects. The mechanisms underlying blood–brain barrier dysfunction are diverse and may range from physical endothelial damage in traumatic brain injury to degradation of extracellular matrix proteins via matrix metalloproteinases as part of an inflammatory response. Clinically, blood–brain barrier dysfunction is often detected using contrast‐enhanced imaging. However, these techniques do not give any insights into the underlying mechanism. Elucidating the specific pathways of blood–brain barrier dysfunction at different time points and in different brain diseases using novel imaging techniques promises a more accurate blood–brain barrier terminology as well as new treatment options and personalized treatment.
Mechanisms underlying blood–brain barrier dysfunction in brain pathology and epileptogenesis: Role of astroglia
Authors: Kovács Richard , Heinemann Uwe , Steinhäuser Christian
Published: November 2012

Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as equal partners to neurons, also contributing to neurologic disorders such as epilepsy. Activated astrocytes are a common hallmark in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and Ammon′s horn sclerosis. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening during status epilepticus has short‐term proepileptic effects, as the ionic composition of serum interferes with neuronal excitability. In the long run, astrocytic uptake of albumin induces transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)–mediated signaling cascades, leading to changes in astrocytic properties. Down‐regulation of astrocytic inward rectifier K+ channels and altered surface expression of the water channel, aquaporin 4 results in disturbances in spatial K+ buffering, thereby rendering the tissue more seizure prone. The expression of astrocytic gap junctional proteins connexin 43 (Cx43) and connexin 30 (Cx30) is altered in epilepsy, and changes in gap junctional communication were found in sclerotic hippocampal tissue in animal models of epilepsy. Although gap junctional communication might exert both proepileptic and antiepileptic effects, double knock out of Cx43 and Cx30 resulted in occurrence of spontaneous epileptiform events. Seizures are associated with massive increases in cerebral blood flow in order to cover the increased energy demand. Hemodynamic responses at the microcirculation level are mediated by astrocyte–pericyte interactions, sharing common mechanisms with spatial K+ buffering. Although many of the astrocytic mechanisms involving spatial K+ buffering, nitric oxide, adenosine, and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)‐mediated signalling are altered in epilepsy, little is known how these alterations affect neurovascular coupling. In conclusion, astrocytic activation preceding alterations in neuronal function might critically contribute to epileptogenesis. Therefore, astrocytes represent a promising new target for the development of antiepileptic drugs.
Evaluation of Cut Accuracy and Cis Cortical Damage for Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy Performed with and without Aid of a Novel Saw Guide: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Burton Neil J. , Fitzpatrick Noel , Wallace Adrian M.
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To compare osteotomy orientation relative to the sagittal and transverse planes of the tibia, and cis cortical damage for tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) performed with the following aids: (1) Synthes TPLO jig and saw guide, (2) Slocum TPLO jig with ancillary Kirschner wires (SlocumK), and (3) Slocum jig alone.

Study Design

In vitro study on Synbone® bone models and canine cadavers.

Animals

Cadaveric pelvic limbs pairs (n = 30).

Methods

TPLO was performed on 30 Synbone tibias with either the Slocum jig (n = 10), SlocumK (10), or Synthes jig (10). Synbones were analyzed to quantify osteotomy inclination, torsion, craniocaudal positioning, and medial cortical bone damage. Osteotomies were performed on cadaveric tibias and CT reconstruction used to assess the same osteotomy parameters.

Results

Significant differences in Synbone tibial osteotomy inclination (P < .001), medial cortical bone damage (P < .001) and craniocaudal osteotomy position (P < .05) were observed between the Synthes and Slocum jigs. CT analysis revealed significant differences in osteotomy inclination (P < .001) and torsion (P < .001). The use of the SlocumK resulted in osteotomies with minimal torsional malalignment however with high levels of metal debris and accelerated blunting of the TPLO blade.

Conclusion

TPLO osteotomy inclination, torsion, and craniocaudal positioning are improved and the degree of iatrogenic medial cortical bone damage is minimal with the Synthes TPLO jig compared to the Slocum TPLO jig.
Different but Equal? On the Contribution of Dissident Economists
Authors: Sutter Daniel
Published: November 2012

The availability of publication and citation databases facilitate construction of rankings of economics journals, economists, and departments. Mainstream economists typically find the research questions and methods of heterodox economists dubious, and this reaction creates a bias against heterodox research in peer review, which extends to traditional bibliometric rankings. University administrators interested in improving the quality of the economics department, as conventionally measured, will see heterodox economists as a liability. But establishing the bias of conventional metrics of scholarship quality and the consequences of these biases does not establish the comparable worth of the contributions of dissident economists. This special issue seeks innovated ways to document the relative quality of the contributions of dissident economists.
The Social Construction of Theoretical Landscapes: Some Economics of Economic Theories
Authors: Wagner Richard E.
Published: November 2012

Economic theory emerges through interaction among interested participants, with the content of those theories being a product of spontaneous ordering and not scientific planning. At any moment, it is reasonable to expect various theoretical formulations to be in play, some typically receiving greater attention than others. As with spontaneous orders in general, the institutional arrangements within which theorizing occurs are influential though not determinative over the characteristics of theories. In this respect, a distinction is made between theories directed at understanding social processes as open and creative and theories directed at controlling what are treated as closed and deterministic processes. This distinction is illustrated with respect to theorizing about macro phenomena and public phenomena.
Apparent Acute Reversible Right Ventricular Pacing‐Induced Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: TE CHARLES C. , STAVRAKIS STAVROS , LOZANO PEDRO , REYNOLDS DWIGHT
Published: November 2012

Apparent Acute Reversible Right Ventricular Pacing‐Induced Left Ventricular Dysfunction. We report the case of a 70‐year‐old Caucasian male with a dual chamber (right atrium/right ventricle) pacemaker implanted for sinus node dysfunction and not pacemaker (PM) dependent who was found to have an apparent acute worsening of left ventricular (LV) function with right ventricular (RV) apical pacing caused by the mode switch to VVI pacing as battery depletion occurred. LV dysfunction resolved immediately with RV pacing turned off. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this phenomenon. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 224‐226, February 2013)
Disentangling spatio‐temporal processes in a hierarchical system: a case study in fisheries discards
Authors: Viana Mafalda , Jackson Andrew L. , Graham Norman , Parnell Andrew C.
Published: November 2012

In the last decade, various spatial and temporal methodologies were developed to investigate the processes that drive ecological and evolutionary patterns. However, these methods frequently fail to acknowledge that the observed patterns result from the overlap of different underlying processes. In order to understand how the patterns are formed, we must have recourse to methods that allow us to disentangle these simultaneous processes. Here we develop a hierarchical spatial predictive process (PP) combined with a separable temporal PP to disentangle and describe those overlapping processes in one very frequent setting in ecology and evolution: multilevel spatio‐temporally indexed data. We present our methodology through a case study of fisheries discards and investigate for example whether the inclusion of the hierarchical structure and the temporal processes of the system alter the observed spatial patterns. Recently it is recognized that understanding the processes driving discards is essential to sustainably manage and conserve marine resources. The results show that consideration of multiple underlying processes dramatically changes the pattern and characteristics of the discards hot‐ and coldspots. In the Irish Sea, the inclusion of the hierarchical structure of the system leads to the reduction of the hot‐ and coldspots. Simultaneously, our model identifies key bi‐annual fluctuations in the temporal process which, together with the variance associated at the level of individual fishing trips in the hierarchical structure of the data explained most of the variance driving discards. Whether the hierarchical, spatial and temporal processes are considered together or not can profoundly alter our understanding of what constitutes an appropriate mitigation measure. Misidentification of hotspots can culminate in inappropriate mitigation practices which can sometimes be irreversible. As the proposed method offers a unified approach for understanding the processes that drive observed patterns, many areas in ecology such as conservation and epidemiological studies can benefit from its use, increasing the effectiveness of management plans.
Do physical plant litter traits explain non‐additivity in litter mixtures? A test of the improved microenvironmental conditions theory
Authors: Makkonen Marika , Berg Matty P. , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , van Hal Jurgen R. , Aerts Rien
Published: November 2012

The decomposition rates of plant litter mixtures often deviate from the averaged rates of monocultures of their component litter species. The mechanisms behind these non‐additive effects in decomposition of litter mixtures are lively debated. One plausible explanation for non‐additive effects is given by the improved microenvironmental condition (IMC) theory. According to this theory, plant litter species, whose physical characteristics improve the microclimatic conditions for decomposers, will promote the decomposition of their co‐occurring litter species. We tested the IMC theory in relation to leaf litter and soil moisture in two contrasting moisture conditions in a dry subarctic mountain birch forest with vascular plant leaf litters of poor and high quality. The non‐additive effects in mass loss of litter mixtures increased when moisture conditions in litter and soil became more favourable for plant litter decomposition. The sign of this increase (antagonistic or synergistic) in non‐additive effects was more predictable for litter mixtures of poor litter quality. Although the specific mechanisms underlying the IMC theory depended on the litter quality of the litter mixtures, a standardized water holding capacity (WHC) was the litter trait most closely related to the non‐additive effects in mixtures of both poor and high quality litter types. Furthermore, we found that higher dissimilarity in WHC traits between the component litter species in a mixture increased synergistic effects in litter mixtures under limiting moisture conditions. However, under improved moisture conditions, increased antagonistic effects were observed. Thus, we found clear support for the IMC theory and showed that climatic conditions and leaf litter physical traits determine whether the non‐additive effects in litter mixtures are antagonistic or synergistic. Our study emphasizes the need to include litter physical traits into predictive models of mixing effects on plant litter decomposition and in general suggests climate specificity into these models.
From Work to Text. Peripheral Totalities, Ramón Gómez de la Serna’s El alba (1923) and the Poetics of Renewal
Authors: McCulloch John
Published: November 2012

Ramón Gómez de la Serna’s writing has long been associated with experimental avant‐garde innovation in Spain. In this article I examine the critically neglected piece of poetic prose entitled El alba, which was originally written in 1909 when the author was living in Paris, but which was heavily re‐edited in 1923. Part of the article traces the influences that come to bear on this piece of experimental prose, but at the same time examines the way in which modernist literature encapsulated many of the processes that were later theorised by philosophers and cultural theorists in the 1960s and 1970s (with special attention to Deleuze and Guattari and to Barthes). The article draws on aspects of their theoretical work, and (following Stephen Ross’s work) argues that modernism and theory need to be understood in conjunction with each other.
Racial Disparities Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines: The Role of Judicial Discretion and Mandatory Minimums
Authors: Fischman Joshua B. , Schanzenbach Max M.
Published: November 2012

The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines restrict judicial discretion in part to reduce unwarranted racial disparities. However, judicial discretion may also mitigate disparities if judges use discretion to offset disparities emanating from prosecutorial discretion or sentencing policies that have a disparate impact. To measure the impact of judicial discretion on racial disparities, we examine doctrinal changes that affected judges' discretion to depart from the Guidelines. We find that racial disparities are either reduced or little changed when the Guidelines are made less binding. Racial disparities increased after recent Supreme Court decisions declared the Guidelines to be advisory; however, we find that this increase is due primarily to the increased relevance of mandatory minimums, which have a disparate impact on minority offenders. Our findings suggest that judicial discretion does not contribute to, and may in fact mitigate, racial disparities in Guidelines sentencing.
The Secret of My Success: How Status, Eliteness, and School Performance Shape Legal Careers
Authors: Sander Richard , Bambauer Jane
Published: November 2012

If we study the 40,000 law graduates who join the legal profession each year, how well can we predict their future careers? How much of their future is predicted by their social class? The law school they attend? Their law school grades? This article undertakes the first in‐depth examination of these questions. Drawing on several large and recently released data sets, we examine the role of class, school prestige, and law school grades on the career earnings of lawyers and the success of big firm associates in becoming partners. We find that social class strongly conditions who goes to law school, but no longer predicts much about postgraduate outcomes. Law school prestige is important, but it is generally trumped by law school performance (as measured by law school grades). Law school grades reflect both personal characteristics not well captured by prelaw credentials, and one's relative position in a law school class as measured by prelaw credentials. Our findings suggest that there is little empirical basis for the overwhelming importance students assign to “eliteness” in choosing a law school.
Is Delaware Losing its Cases?
Authors: Armour John , Black Bernard , Cheffins Brian
Published: November 2012

Delaware's expert courts are seen as an integral part of the state's success in attracting incorporation by public companies. However, the benefit that Delaware companies derive from this expertise depends on whether corporate lawsuits against Delaware companies are brought before the Delaware courts. We report evidence that these suits are increasingly brought outside Delaware. We investigate changes in where suits are brought using four hand‐collected data sets capturing different types of suits: class action lawsuits filed in (1) large M&A and (2) leveraged buyout transactions over 1994–2010; (3) derivative suits alleging option backdating; and (4) cases against public company directors that generate one or more publicly available opinions between 1995 and 2009. We find a secular increase in litigation rates for all companies in large M&A transactions and for Delaware companies in LBO transactions. We also see trends toward (1) suits being filed outside Delaware in both large M&A and LBO transactions and in cases generating opinions; and (2) suits being filed both in Delaware and elsewhere in large M&A transactions. Overall, Delaware courts are losing market share in lawsuits, and Delaware companies are gaining lawsuits, often filed elsewhere. We find some evidence that the timing of specific Delaware court decisions that affect plaintiffs' firms coincides with the movement of cases out of Delaware. Our evidence suggests that serious as well as nuisance cases are leaving Delaware. The trends we report potentially present a challenge to Delaware's competitiveness in the market for incorporations.
Toward Personalized Sexual Medicine (Part 1): Integrating the “Dual Control Model” into Differential Drug Treatments for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Authors: Bloemers Jos , van Rooij Kim , Poels Saskia , Goldstein Irwin , Everaerd Walter , Koppeschaar Hans , Chivers Meredith , Gerritsen Jeroen , van Ham Diana , Olivier Berend , Tuiten Adriaan
Published: November 2012

In three related manuscripts we describe our drug development program for the treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). In this first theoretical article we will defend the hypothesis that different causal mechanisms are responsible for the emergence of HSDD: low sexual desire in women (with HSDD) could be due to either a relative insensitive brain system for sexual cues or to enhanced activity of sexual inhibitory mechanisms. This distinction in etiological background was taken into account when designing and developing new pharmacotherapies for this disorder.

Irrespective of circulating plasma levels of testosterone, administration of sublingual 0.5 mg testosterone increases the sensitivity of the brain to sexual cues. The effects of an increase in sexual sensitivity of the brain depend on the motivational state of an individual. It might activate sexual excitatory mechanisms in low sensitive women, while it could evoke (or strengthen) sexual inhibitory mechanisms in women prone to sexual inhibition. Sexual stimulation in the brain is necessary for phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i)-mediated increase in genital sexual response. Accordingly, a single dose of T+PDE5i might enhance sexual responsiveness, especially in women with low sensitivity to sexual cues. In other women sexual stimulation might elicit a prefrontal cortex (PFC)-mediated phasic increase in sexual inhibition, in which activity of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is involved. We hypothesize that a single dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agonist (5-HT1Ara) will reduce the sexual-stimulation-induced PFC-mediated sexual inhibition during a short period after administration. Consequently, treatment with T+5-HT1Ara will be more effective, in particular in women exhibiting sexual inhibition.

Bloemers J, van Rooij K, Poels S, Goldstein I, Everaerd W, Koppeschaar H, Chivers M, Gerritsen J, van Ham D, Olivier B, and Tuiten A. Toward personalized sexual medicine (part 1): Integrating the “dual control model” into differential drug treatments for hypoactive sexual desire disorder and female sexual arousal disorder. J Sex Med 2013;10:791–809

Based on the results of our efficacy studies described in parts 2 and 3 of the series, we conclude that tailoring on-demand therapeutics to different underlying etiologies might be a useful approach to treat common symptoms in subgroups of women with HSDD.
People with Aphasia: Capacity to Consent, Research Participation and Intervention Inequalities
Authors: Brady Marian C. , Fredrick Alex , Williams Brian
Published: November 2012

Of 14 randomized controlled trials included in the recent Cochrane review of the evidence relating to information provision after stroke, only one included people with aphasia with the remainder either excluding this patient sub-group (10/14 trials) or failing to report any exclusion criteria. A third of people that experience a stroke will also experience aphasia, affecting their speaking, understanding, reading, and writing. The pervasive supposition that people with aphasia lack the capacity to make decisions for themselves is flawed and has the potential to lead to inequalities in care. We highlight the degree to which people with aphasia have been excluded from full participation in some areas of stroke research and the potential clinical consequences of their systematic exclusion. We emphasize the clinical and ethical need for the provision of more accessible research information and consent processes, illustrate the feasibility of adopting such an approach, and consider the broader benefits to stroke research of inclusive and accessible research approaches.
Modelling the impacts of climate change on surface runoff in small Mediterranean catchments: empirical evidence from Greece
Authors: Kalogeropoulos Kleomenis , Chalkias Christos
Published: November 2012

During the last decades, a major factor that analysts and policy makers take into account in the assessment of the environment is climate change. This global physical process is expected to cause problems in natural and human environment. Thus, modelling climate change impacts may lead to prevention policies to minimize the degradation of life quality because of lack of water resources in the future. This study implicates Geographical Information System (GIS) and hydrological modelling tools to various scenarios of climate change such as the increase of temperature the decrease of rainfall, or even both of them, to estimate the potential impact of climate change on surface runoff in a typical catchment in Andros Island, Greece. Primary results indicate a proportional runoff decrease in the next 50 years because of global climate changes.
Varieties of Resilience in MIDUS
Authors: Ryff Carol , Friedman Elliot , Fuller‐Rowell Thomas , Love Gayle , Miyamoto Yuri , Morozink Jennifer , Radler Barry , Tsenkova Vera
Published: November 2012

Population‐based studies of health typically focus on psychosocial contributors to illness and disease. We examine findings from a national longitudinal study of American adults, known as MIDUS (Midlife in the U.S.) to examine the role of psychosocial factors in promoting resilience, defined as the maintenance, recovery, or improvement in health following challenge. Classic studies of resilience are briefly noted, followed by a look at three categories of resilience in MIDUS. The first pertains to having good health and well‐being in the face of low socioeconomic standing. The second pertains to maintaining good health and well‐being despite the challenges that accompany aging. The third pertains to resilience in the face of targeted life challenges such as abuse in childhood, loss of spouse in adulthood, or having cancer. Across each area, we summarize evidence of positive health, and where possible, highlight protective influences that account for such salubrious outcomes. We conclude with opportunities for future research in MIDUS such as examining cultural and genetic influences on resilience as well as utilizing laboratory challenge data to illuminate underlying mechanisms.
Subject Positioning, Fear, and Insecurity in South Asian Muslim Communities in the War on Terror Context
Authors: Jamil Uzma , Rousseau Cécile
Published: November 2012

Cette étude porte sur la position de sujet de personnes appartenant à des communautés musulmanes du sud asiatique vivant à Montréal, dans le contexte de la guerre au terrorisme prévalant au Canada, après le 11 septembre 2001. En se fondant sur les résultats de plusieurs études en population générale, il démontre comment le climat de peur et de suspicion associé à la sécurisation accrue, façonne la vie et les stratégies quotidiennes des répondants de ces communautés. La surveillance à laquelle font face les personnes de ces communautés est associée avec une internalisation de peurs qui joue un rôle de régulateur dans la représentation que les sujets ont d'eux‐mêmes, de leurs relations avec leur propre communauté et de leur appartenance à la société canadienne.
Policing “the Risky”: Technology and Surveillance in Everyday Patrol Work
Authors: Sanders Carrie B. , Hannem Stacey
Published: November 2012

Alors que de nombreux chercheurs universitaires du domaine de la surveillance et de la police affirment que l'émergence d'une société de la surveillance normalise l'utilisation des technologies de surveillance par les services policiers, nous constatons qu'à cause d'un manque de données empiriques il est difficile de déterminer l'impact réel de la gestion des risques, et de la sécurité et de la surveillance dans le travail de la police. Cette étude s'appuie sur des entrevues approfondies et sur l'observation participative de deux services de police canadiens dans le but d'explorer l'impact que les technologies policières peuvent avoir sur les interactions entre la police et le public. À partir de cette analyse, nous soutenons que le changement organisationnel des activités de police axé sur le risque et sur le renseignement ne se manifeste pas sur le terrain. Au contraire, les patrouilleurs utilisent plutôt les technologies pour légitimer l'action policière envers “les suspects habituels”.
Typification of four species names of Bellis (Compositae)
Authors: Calvo Joel , Quintanar Alejandro , Aedo Carlos
Published: November 2012

There are six species of Bellis inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula, four of their accepted names are typified here. Bellis microcephala Lange, B. perennis L., and B. cordifolia (Kunze) Willk. are lectotypified, while an epitype is designated for B. sylvestris Cirillo. Some diagnostic characters are discussed in order to provide a proper identification of the specimens designated as types.