bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin cancer detection from dermoscopic images using deep learning and fuzzy k‐means clustering
Authors: Nawaz Marriam , Mehmood Zahid , Nazir Tahira , Naqvi Rizwan Ali , Rehman Amjad , Iqbal Munwar , Saba Tanzila
Published: August 2021

Melanoma skin cancer is the most life‐threatening and fatal disease among the family of skin cancer diseases. Modern technological developments and research methodologies made it possible to detect and identify this kind of skin cancer more effectively; however, the automated localization and segmentation of skin lesion at earlier stages is still a challenging task due to the low contrast between melanoma moles and skin portion and a higher level of color similarity between melanoma‐affected and ‐nonaffected areas. In this paper, we present a fully automated method for segmenting the skin melanoma at its earliest stage by employing a deep‐learning‐based approach, namely faster region‐based convolutional neural networks (RCNN) along with fuzzy k‐means clustering (FKM). Several clinical images are utilized to test the presented method so that it may help the dermatologist in diagnosing this life‐threatening disease at its earliest stage. The presented method first preprocesses the dataset images to remove the noise and illumination problems and enhance the visual information before applying the faster‐RCNN to obtain the feature vector of fixed length. After that, FKM has been employed to segment the melanoma‐affected portion of skin with variable size and boundaries. The performance of the presented method is evaluated on the three standard datasets, namely ISBI‐2016, ISIC‐2017, and PH2, and the results show that the presented method outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art approaches. The presented method attains an average accuracy of 95.40, 93.1, and 95.6% on the ISIC‐2016, ISIC‐2017, and PH2 datasets, respectively, which is showing its robustness to skin lesion recognition and segmentation.
Phenotypic, morphological, and metabolic characterization of vascular‐spheres from human vascular mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Valente Sabrina , Ciavarella Carmen , Hernández‐Aguilera Anna , Salvador Fernández‐Arroyo , Buzzi Marina , Joven Jorge , Pasquinelli Gianandrea
Published: August 2021

The ability to form spheroids under non‐adherent conditions is a well‐known property of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), in addition to stemness and multilineage differentiation features. In the present study, we tested the ability of hMSCs isolated from the vascular wall (hVW‐MSCs) to grow as spheres, and provide a characterization of this 3D model. hVW‐MSCs were isolated from femoral arteries through enzymatic digestion. Spheres were obtained using ultra‐low attachment and hanging drop methods. Immunophenotype and pluripotent genes (SOX‐2, OCT‐4, NANOG) were analyzed by immunocytochemistry and real‐time PCR, respectively. Spheres histological and ultrastructural architecture were examined. Cell viability and proliferative capacity were measured using LIVE/DEATH assay and ki‐67 proliferation marker. Metabolomic profile was obtained with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. In 2D, hVW‐MSCs were spindle‐shaped, expressed mesenchymal antigens, and displayed mesengenic potential. 3D cultures of hVW‐MSCs were CD44+, CD105low, CD90low, exhibited a low propensity to enter the cell cycle as indicated by low percentage of ki‐67 expression and accumulated intermediate metabolites pointing to slowed metabolism. The 3D model of hVW‐MSCs exhibits stemness, dormancy and slow metabolism, typically observed in stem cell niches. This culture strategy can represent an accurate model to investigate hMSCs features for future clinical applications in the vascular field.
Validation of clinical‐grade whole genome sequencing reproduces cytogenetic analysis and identifies mutational landscape in newly‐diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: A pilot study from the 100,000 Genomes Project
Authors: Lomas Oliver C. , Gooding Sarah , Cabes Maite , Dreau Helene , Wilson Edward , Polzella Paolo ,   Genomics England Research Consortium, Ramasamy Karthik , Hamblin Angela D.
Published: August 2021

Multiple myeloma is characterized by chromosomal abnormalities and genetic variation, which may inform prognosis and guide treatment. This pilot study sought to examine the feasibility of incorporating Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) alongside the routine laboratory evaluation of 14 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who had enrolled in the 100,000 Genomes Project. In all 14 cases, WGS data could be obtained in a timely fashion within existing clinical frameworks in a tertiary hospital setting. The data not only replicated standard‐of‐care FISH analysis of chromosomal abnormalities but also provided further chromosomal and molecular genetic insights that may influence patient management.
Cytopenia associated with copper deficiency
Authors: Uchino Kaori , Quang Lam Vu , Enomoto Megumi , Nakano Yuta , Yamada Saki , Matsumura Saori , Kanasugi Jo , Takasugi Soichi , Nakamura Ayano , Horio Tomohiro , Murakami Satsuki , Goto Mineaki , Mizuno Shohei , Yamamoto Hidesuke , Watarai Masaya , Hanamura Ichiro , Takami Akiyoshi
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Due to an increased incidence of copper deficiency, we investigated adult patients who had low serum levels of copper with cytopenia at our hospital from March 2014 to March 2021.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients who had been diagnosed with cytopenia due to copper deficiency at the Aichi Medical University Hospital from March 2014 to March 2021.

Results

In the 15 patients with cytopenia secondary to low serum copper level, 11 had cytopenia of two to three lineages; three (27%) had pancytopenia, and eight (73%) had bicytopenia. Of the 15 patients, nine (60%) underwent bone marrow examinations; three (30%) showed typical morphologic features associated with copper deficiency, such as multiple clear cytoplasmic vacuoles in erythroblasts and myeloid cells, and three (30%) showed dysplastic features as observed in myelodysplastic syndrome. Among the 14 (93%) patients who were treated with copper supplements, had cessation of zinc supplements, or both, 11 (73%) and eight (53%) showed normal copper levels and hematological improvement, respectively.

Conclusion

Copper deficiency is more common than expected and should be considered in patients with unexplained cytopenia.
The negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on UK haematology registrars’ well‐being and training: Results of a UK nationwide survey
Authors: Altohami Mohammed OA , Langridge Alexander , Shareef Enas MK , Nicolson Phillip LR
Published: August 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has disturbed medical training. Haematology registrars were surveyed using SurveyMonkey. Eighty‐nine out of 269 (24.9%) responded. Reported stressors included concerns about transmitting the infection, disruption of leave, inferior patient outcomes, survivors’ guilt and interruption of career progression. Only 31.2% felt ready to progress to the next training stage. Reported causes of lack of training were disruption of clinics and training days and utilisation of telephone consultations. Several stressors negatively impacted haematology registrars’ well‐being, training and progression. More emphasis on psychological support, outpatient clinic work and e‐learning is needed.
Adipose-derived stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit neuroblastoma growth by regulating GABBR1 activity through LINC00622-mediated transcription factor AR
Authors: Guo Mengguo , Li Dongpeng , Feng Yawen , Li Mu , Yang Bo
Published: August 2021

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a huge threat to children's health. Adipose-derived stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (ADSC-Evs) can regulate tumor progression. This study aimed to identify the role of ADSC-Evs in NB. Following ADSC-Ev isolation and identification, PKH26-labeled ADSC-Evs were cocultured with NB cells to observe the internalization of ADSC-Evs. ADSC-Ev effects on NB cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were assessed. The regulatory molecules related to NB development were predicted. The expressions of and relations among LINC00622, transcriptional factor androgen receptor (AR), and gamma-aminobutyric acid B-type receptor 1 (GABRR1) were detected and verified. LINC00622 was inhibited in ADSCs to evaluate ADSC-Ev effects on NB cells. Xenograft tumor experiment in nude mice was further performed to evaluate the effects of ADSC-Evs-carried LINC00622 on NB in vivo. ADSC-Evs inhibited NB cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. ADSC-Evs increased GABBR1 expression in NB cells. ADSC-Evs-carried LINC00622 mediated AR to promote GABBR1 expression. Silencing LINC00622 in ADSCs weakened the inhibition of ADSC-Evs on NB cell malignant behaviors. ADSC-Evs reduced tumor growth in nude mice, which was restored after inhibiting LINC00622 expression in ADSCs. We highlighted that ADSC-Evs carried LINC00622 into NB cells to inhibit transcription factor AR and promote GABBR1 expression, thus inhibiting NB cell growth.
Surface topography as a tool to detect early changes in a posttraumatic equine model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Thampi Parvathy , Tabbaa Suzanne M. , Johnstone Brian , Wimmer Marcus A. , Laurent Michel P. , Wayne McIlwraith C. , Frisbie David D.
Published: August 2021

The equine model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA) mimics certain aspects of the naturally occurring disease, both in horses and humans. The objective of this study was to assess articular cartilage degeneration in a posttraumatic OA model using the established macroscopic and microscopic scoring systems and compare them with a novel surface topography analysis. OA was induced in the carpal joint of 15 (n = 15) mixed breed horses. Surface changes on the articular cartilage were characterized using osteochondral blocks from the third carpal bone (C3) and radial carpal bone using surface topography, standard histological grading, and gross evaluation of the joints. Significant differences were observed between OA and non‐OA joints for gross evaluation scores. Microscopic scores of hematoxylin and eosin and Safranin O and Fast Green‐stained sections demonstrated no differences between OA and non‐OA joints. However, articular cartilage from the induced OA joint had significantly greater surface topography measurements compared with the sham treatment group, consistent with the changes seen on gross evaluation of joints. No significant correlations were noted between surface roughness measurements, histological assessment, and gross evaluation scores. The results suggest that surface topography analysis may provide a reliable objective approach to assess early changes in the cartilage surface in OA.
Apatite Formation Induced by Chitosan/Gelatin Hydrogel Coating Anchored on Poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) Substrates to Promote Osteoblastic Differentiation
Authors: Li Yizheng , Liu Chengde , Liu Wentao , Cheng Xitong , Zhang Ali , Zhang Shouhai , Liu Cheng , Li Nan , Jian Xigao
Published: August 2021

Bone‐like apatite is a promising coating of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) for bone implantation. Poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) containing phthalazinone moiety (PPENK) is a novel alternative for its easy synthesis. Here, chitosan/gelatin hybrid hydrogel coating is applied to induce the formation of apatite on the surface of PPENK substrate through biomineralization to improve its biocompatibility and osteogenic property. PPENK possessing allyl groups (PPENK‐d) are synthesized and spin‐coated on PPENK substrate to impart reactive groups. The hydrogel coating is prepared by the ultraviolet crosslinking of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and chitosan methacrylate (CSMA) on PPENK substrate. PPENK‐d, GelMA, and CSMA are characterized by 1H‐NMR to confirm the designed structures. The presence of chitosan increases the chelation of calcium ions and thus induces the nucleation of apatite. The microstructural and compositional results reveal that the chitosan‐containing hydrogel coating induced apatite coating yields a higher apatite quantity compared to the gelatin hydrogel coating. The apatite coatings on PPENK substrate promote the cytocompatibility and osteogenesis of MC3T3‐E1 preosteoblasts in vitro.
Longitudinal Changes in Parkinson's Disease Symptoms with and Without Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: The Oxford Discovery Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Yaping , Lawton Michael A. , Lo Christine , Bowring Francesca , Klein Johannes C. , Querejeta‐Coma Agustin , Scotton Sangeeta , Welch Jessica , Razzaque Jamil , Barber Thomas , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav , Hu Michele T.
Published: August 2021

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) comorbid with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) may show more severe motor and nonmotor symptoms, suggesting a distinct PD subtype.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of RBD on the longitudinal change of motor and nonmotor symptoms in patients with PD.

Methods

Patients with early PD (diagnosed within 3.5 years) recruited from 2010 to 2019 were followed every 18 months in the Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre Discovery cohort. At each visit, we used standard questionnaires and measurements to assess demographic features and motor and nonmotor symptoms (including RBD, daytime sleepiness, mood, autonomic symptoms, cognition, and olfaction). Data were analyzed with linear mixed effects and Cox regression models. Possible RBD (pRBD) was longitudinally determined according to RBD Screening Questionnaire scores.

Results

A total of 923 patients were recruited (mean age: 67.1 ± 9.59 years; 35.9% female), and 788 had follow‐up assessment(s) (mean: 4.8 ± 1.98 years, range: 1.3–8.3). Among them, 33.3% were identified as pRBD (PD + pRBD). Patients with PD + pRBD had more severe baseline symptoms and showed faster progression on Movement Disorder Society‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale parts I and III, Purdue Pegboard test, and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Moreover, PD + pRBD was associated with an increased level of risk for mild cognitive impairment (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.83), freezing of gait (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.10–1.86), and frequent falling (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02–2.60).

Conclusions

Patients with PD + pRBD progress faster on motor, mood, and cognitive symptoms, confirming a more aggressive PD subtype that can be identified at baseline and has major clinical implications. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
New MHA brief identifies states, counties in the most need of MH supports
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: August 2021

Seeking to ensure that the nation provides a fast and coordinated response to address the growing mental health crisis exacerbated by the pandemic, Mental Health America (MHA) released state and county data about severe depression, its second analysis of a four‐part series identifying communities hardest hit by the rapid escalation of mental health impacts emerging from COVID‐19.
Multiple trends are fueling interest in private‐practice arrangements
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2021

New opportunities for mental health clinicians to connect with prospective patients, driven partly by an increased awareness of mental health needs during the COVID‐19 crisis, are convincing some professionals to consider leaving agency settings to become independent practitioners.
High Fat Diet and High Cholesterol Diet Reduce Hepatic Vitamin D‐25‐Hydroxylase Expression and Serum 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 Level through Elevating Circulating Cholesterol, Glucose, and Insulin Levels
Authors: Zhu Tengfei , Zhao Jingyu , Zhuo Shu , Hu Zhimin , Ouyang Shuyu , Wunier  , Yu Shuting , Chen Yan , Li Yu , Le Yingying
Published: August 2021

Scope

Low circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels associate with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. As energy‐dense diet contributes to these disorders, this study investigates whether diet could impair vitamin D metabolism.

Methods and Results

Compared with control chow‐fed mice, high fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice show lower serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, lower hepatic vitamin D 25‐hydroxylase Cyp2r1 expression but comparable renal vitamin D metabolic enzymes expression. Time course studies show that after HFD feeding, the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids, glucose, and insulin elevate sequentially and before the reduction of hepatic Cyp2r1 expression and serum 25(OH)D3 levels. Hepatic Cyp2r1 expression also reduces after consuming high fat and high sucrose diet. After high cholesterol diet feeding, serum total cholesterol rises and hepatic Cyp2r1 expression decreases ahead of the reduction of serum 25(OH)D3. In vitro studies demonstrate that high concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, and insulin significantly inhibit Cyp2r1expression in primary murine hepatocytes. Further studies show that dietary restriction in HFD‐fed mice ameliorates hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, and elevates hepatic Cyp2r1 expression and serum 25(OH)D3 level.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that diet‐induced elevation of circulating cholesterol, glucose, and insulin reduces serum 25(OH)D3 level through suppressing hepatic Cyp2r1 expression.
Accelerated aging effects in composites used as repair for pipes in oil industry
Authors: L. da Rocha Mirella , de O. Leite Maraisa C. , P. da C. Ferreira Evans , D. Melo José D. , C. Barbosa Ana Paula
Published: August 2021

Composites are often employed as repair materials for steel pipelines in the oil industry. Nevertheless, it is known that polymer matrix composites age through service life due to exposure to environmental factors, leading to a decrease in the durability of these repairs. In this work, alterations in glass fiber–epoxy composites aged for 1440, 2880, and 4320 h were studied in two different aging conditions: an accelerated aging chamber (with alternate cycles of exposure to ultraviolet [UV] radiation and water condensation) and immersed in salt water. The effects of aging in the material were evaluated by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), lap‐shear tests, permeability analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in terms of mass variation. The results show that chemical changes, as well as alterations in mass and fiber exposure, increases in glass transition temperature and permeability, and more pronounced debonding composite/metal after lap‐shear tests, as compared to unaged materials, occurred. In general, the cycles of UV and water condensation were found to be more harmful to the material than aging in salt water, for the same exposure period.
Synthesis of bromine‐functionalized polyolefins by scandium‐catalyzed copolymerization of 10‐bromo‐1‐decene with ethylene, propylene, and dienes
Authors: Wang Yinran , Jiang Lei , Ren Xiaorui , Guo Fang , Hou Zhaomin
Published: August 2021

By use of a THF‐containing trimethylsilylmethyl scandium catalyst system (C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], the multi‐component copolymerization of 10‐bromo‐1‐decene (BrDC) with ethylene, propylene, and dienes has been achieved to afford a new family of bromine‐functionalized polyolefins with controllable composition and high molecular weight. The copolymerization of BrDC with ethylene afforded the well‐defined BrDC–ethylene copolymers with high BrDC incorporation (up to 12 mol%) and high molecular weight (Mw > 100 kg mol−1). The terpolymerization of propylene, ethylene with BrDC afforded random ethylene–propylene–BrDC terpolymers with controllable bromine content (2 ~ 11 mol%), high molecular weight (Mw > 100 kg mol−1) and low glass transition temperature (Tg = −51 °C ~ −67 °C). Moreover, the tetrapolymerization of ethylene, propylene, BrDC, and ethylidene norbornene or conjugated dienes such as isoprene and myrcene has been achieved for the first time to afford selectively the bromine‐functionalized ethylene–propylene–diene rubbers containing various types of double bonds.
Cancer and severe mental illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries: The challenges and outlook for the future
Authors: Park Sung Jin , Wai Alisa , Pavithran Keechilat , Kunheri Beena , Valsraj Koravangattu
Published: August 2021

Objective

Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) face health inequalities that lead to under treatment of diseases such as cancer and result in increased mortality. There is literature addressing this issue for SMI patients in high‐income countries but few for those in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This review aims to draw attention to the health inequalities and the compounding factors faced by SMI patients in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The relevance of integration of psycho‐oncology in the care of SMI patients with cancer is integral to reduce disparities and address varied contributory factors.

Methods

The literature review was conducted by searching through two databases which includes PubMed and Google Scholar. We searched for articles using keyword search terms: severe mental illness, SMI, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, cancer, low‐ middle‐income countries, low‐ and middle‐income countries, psycho‐oncology, HPV vaccine, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, cancer control, cancer screening, cancer treatment and palliative care.

Results

A total of 80 research articles were included in our literature review. We found that there was an increased requirement for adapting to the changing disease landscape in low‐ and middle‐income countries. An improvement on aspects such as vaccination, screening and prevention is necessary, and also efforts to change social stance towards SMI is crucial.

Conclusion

There is an increase incidence of cancer in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and the number of patients with SMI in low‐ and middle‐income countries is also rising. This is due to social, psychological, economical and healthcare factors. Low‐ and middle‐income countries must consider improving these aspects in order to adapt to the changing landscape.
Automation of leaf counting in maize and sorghum using deep learning
Authors: Miao Chenyong , Guo Alice , Thompson Addie M. , Yang Jinliang , Ge Yufeng , Schnable James C.
Published: August 2021

Leaf number and leaf emergence rate are phenotypes of interest to plant breeders, plant geneticists, and crop modelers. Counting the extant leaves of an individual plant is straightforward even for an untrained individual, but manually tracking changes in leaf numbers for hundreds of individuals across multiple time points is logistically challenging. This study generated a dataset including over 150,000 maize and sorghum images for leaf counting projects. A subset of 17,783 images also includes annotations of the positions of individual leaf tips. With these annotated images, we evaluate two deep learning‐based approaches for automated leaf counting: the first based on counting‐by‐regression from whole image analysis and a second based on counting‐by‐detection. Both approaches can achieve root of mean square error (RMSE) smaller than one leaf, only moderately inferior to the RMSE between human annotators of between 0.57 and 0.73 leaves. The counting‐by‐regression approach based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exhibited lower accuracy and increased bias for plants with extreme leaf numbers which are underrepresented in this dataset. The counting‐by‐detection approach based on Faster R‐CNNs (region based convolutional neural networks) object detection models achieve near human performance for plants where all leaf tips are visible. The annotated image data and model performance metrics generated as part of this study provide large scale resources for the comparison and improvement of algorithms for leaf counting from image data in grain crops.
Mycorrhizal mediation of sustainable development goals
Authors: Field Katie J. , Daniell Tim , Johnson David , Helgason Thorunn
Published: August 2021

This special issue, brought together during a time of unprecedented global change, represents a unique collection of papers that shed light on the current and future significance of mycorrhiza‐forming fungi in the human world. Across this selection of papers, we explore the significance and potential of mycorrhizal fungi to contribute towards our achievement of global change goals of improved sustainability, food security and conservation as well as how we might best implement mycorrhizal knowledge and technologies to achieve these outcomes in modern societies.
Impulse oscillometry indices to detect an abnormal lung clearance index in childhood cystic fibrosis
Authors: Bokov Plamen , Gerardin Michele , Le Clainche Laurence , Houdouin Véronique , Delclaux Christophe
Published: August 2021

The objective of our cross‐sectional study was to assess the relationships between indices of multiple breath washout (MBW) and impulse oscillometry system (IOS) in cystic fibrosis in forty consecutive children (median age 8.1 years) in stable conditions and to evaluate whether cut‐off values of IOS indices may help to avoid MBW, which is time‐consuming. IOS measurements took a median duration of 3 min, while MBW measurements took a median duration of 49 min. Lung Clearance Index (LCI2.5%) depicted significant linear correlations with z‐scores of R5Hz, R5‐20Hz, X5Hz, AX, and Fres (r2 = 0.27 to 0.51). Receiver‐operator characteristic curves were constructed and showed that the best compromise was obtained with the z‐score of Fres, with a cut‐off value of −1.37 that had a sensitivity of 0.966, a specificity of 0.636, and a negative predictive value of 0.875. This z‐score is useful for excluding increased LCI2.5% when below −1.37 using the reference set of Gochicoa et al. In conclusion, IOS measurement is easily and rapidly obtained in children and may be clinically useful for excluding increased LCI2.5%, thus allowing the time‐consuming MBW test to be avoided.
Collective Coherence Resonance in Networks of Optical Neurons
Authors: Köster Felix , Lingnau Benjamin , Krimlowski Andrej , Hövel Philipp , Lüdge Kathy
Published: August 2021

The dynamical properties of an optical neuron formed by a quantum dot semiconductor laser model subjected to optical injection and optical feedback are analyzed. The parameter space spanned by the injection strength and frequency detuning of the optical injection is systematically scanned and modulations of the bifurcation boundaries that induce complex scenarios are found, which enable new opportunities to introduce the optical setup as an optical neuron. The counterintuitive behavior of coherence resonance for different setups of a single‐driven optical neuron under optical feedback is also found. Following the results, the microscopically motivated quantum dot laser rate equation model is reduced to the normal form of a saddle‐node infinite period (SNIPER) bifurcation for low injection strengths and a network of four such SNIPER systems in a globally coupled setup is studied. A new phenomenon is observed, which is called collective coherence resonance. This novel dynamical behavior is connected to the coexistence of a network‐wide SNIPER bifurcation and a change in stability for the synchronized manifold, analyzed via the master stability function.
The cardiovascular‐protective properties of saffron and its potential pharmaceutical applications: A critical appraisal of the literature
Authors: Kadoglou Nikolaos P. E. , Christodoulou Eirini , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Valsami Georgia
Published: August 2021

Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is used in traditional medicine for its healing properties and the treatment of various pathological conditions. The present literature review aimed to summarize and evaluate the preclinical and clinical data regarding the protective effects and mechanisms of saffron and its main components (crocin, crocetin, safranal) on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Many in vitro and animal studies have been conducted implicating antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti‐diabetic, and antiinflammatory impact of saffron and its constituents. Notably, there is evidence of direct atherosclerosis regression and stabilization in valid atherosclerosis‐prone animal models. However, current clinical trials have shown mostly weak effects of saffron and its constituents on cardiovascular risk factors: (a) Modest lowering of fasting blood glucose, without significant reduction of HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients, (b) moderate/controversial hypolipidemic effects, (c) negligible hypotensive effect, and (d) inconsistent modification of metabolic syndrome parameters. There are important drawbacks in clinical trial design, including the absence of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tests, the wide variance of doses and cohorts' characteristics, the small number of patients, the short duration.

Therefore, large, properly designed, high‐quality clinical trials, focusing on specific conditions are required to evaluate the biological/pharmacological activities and firmly establish the clinical efficacy of saffron and its possible therapeutic uses in cardiovascular diseases.
Conservative management of a complete primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Jayawardena Thisuri , Krivinskas Sophie , Lee Y. C. Gary
Published: August 2021

Large primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) has traditionally been managed with needle aspiration, chest tube drainage and, in refractory cases, thoracic surgery. A recent randomized trial, however, provided evidence that a conservative observational approach was safe and 85% of patients recovered without requiring pleural drainage interventions. A conservative approach provided similar re‐expansion rates at 8 weeks compared with chest tube drainage and offered the advantages of early hospital discharge, fewer days off work and avoidance of procedural risks. Nonetheless, clinicians are understandably anxious with conservative (non‐drainage) management for patients with very large pneumothorax. Here, we report a patient with a right‐sided PSP and total lung collapse that was managed successfully without intervention with minimal time in hospital or off work.
A review and evaluation of secondary school accountability in England: Statistical strengths, weaknesses and challenges for ‘Progress 8’ raised by COVID‐19
Authors: Prior Lucy , Jerrim John , Thomson Dave , Leckie George
Published: August 2021

School performance measures are published annually in England to hold schools to account and to support parental school choice. This article reviews and evaluates the ‘Progress 8’ secondary school accountability system for state‐funded schools. We assess the statistical strengths and weaknesses of Progress 8 relating to: choice of pupil outcome attainment measure; potential adjustments for pupil input attainment and background characteristics; decisions around which schools and pupils are excluded from the measure; presentation of Progress 8 to users, choice of statistical model, and calculation of statistical uncertainty; and issues related to the volatility of school performance over time, including scope for reporting multi‐year averages. We then discuss challenges for Progress 8 raised by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Six simple recommendations follow to improve Progress 8 and school accountability in England.

Context and implication

Rationale for this study

This study fulfils a need for a comprehensive statistical evaluation of the Progress 8 school accountability system in England, which has been in place since 2016.

Why the new findings matter

A review of Progress 8 is an important contribution as decisions on its calculation and presentation have important consequences for schools and pupils.

Implications for educational researchers and policy makers

Our findings on the statistical strengths and weaknesses of Progress 8 and the resulting recommendations made for improvements to the measure and school accountability have clear implications for informing policy makers in the educational system. This includes wider lessons extending beyond Progress 8 to other performance metrics and to other school systems internationally where similar issues apply. Additionally, the review highlights key concerns that the public and school practitioners may like to consider when drawing upon Progress 8 to make decisions around school choice and in assessing how well a school is performing.
Property rights attitudes are a source of public opposition to flood mitigation policies in the United States
Authors: Strother Logan , Hatcher Laura
Published: August 2021

Floods are the costliest disasters in American history—and today, floods are getting both worse and more common. As flooding becomes ever more salient one might expect that public support for flood prevention and mitigation policies would grow, yet we see significant opposition to a wide range of flood policies. We find, across four samples and a range of study designs and measurement strategies, that citizens are more likely to oppose flood mitigation policies when they think the policy in question will harm someone's property rights. This finding has important real‐world implications, as many policy proposals aimed at addressing flood disasters, including approaches as diverse as floodwater diversion and elimination of flood insurance subsidies, can infringe on property rights and interests. This study highlights one tension in addressing flood policy in democratically acceptable ways, and also the important effects that framing can have on mass support for flood mitigation policies.
History and prospects of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and the development of golden hamster ICSI embryos
Authors: Morishita Nami , Ochi Masanori , Horiuchi Toshitaka
Published: August 2021

Background

Golden (Syrian) hamsters have many advantages for the study of reproductive biology and developmental biology, including a consistent estrous cycle, a stable superovulation response, and a short gestation period. However, there are serious difficulties in doing in vitro manipulations of hamster embryos, because they are very sensitive to various environmental factors. Thus, biotechnological researches of hamster embryos should be performed with high‐level skills of embryo manipulations.

Methods

The authors summarized the history of hamster intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and introduced key points for hamster ICSI, which were found in our previous studies on the production of embryos by ICSI and offspring by embryo transfer.

Main findings

The key points for hamster ICSI were in vitro manipulations under the light‐controlled environment, injection of acrosome‐less sperm heads into oocytes as soon as possible before spontaneous oocyte activation occurs, and determination of the optimal culture conditions.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, there are no available reports on production of offspring from ICSI embryos in hamsters except our reports. Moreover, success rates of hamster ICSI remain very low. For the purpose of spreading hamster ICSI, it is necessary to make further researches to improve manipulation techniques and to resolve experimental problems.
Improved developmental potential of mouse vitrified‐warmed oocytes achieved by culturing in recovery medium with glutathione ethyl ester (GSH‐OEt)
Authors: Harada Yoshihisa , Kinutani Masayuki , Horiuchi Toshitaka
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glutathione ethyl ester (GSH‐OEt) in the recovery medium on the developmental competence of mouse vitrified‐warmed MII oocytes.

Methods

Vitrified‐warmed oocytes were incubated for 1 h in recovery medium in the presence or absence of 0.5 mM GSH‐OEt. The authors examined the effects of GSH‐OEt, first on the levels of glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitrified‐warmed oocytes, and second, on in vitro blastocyst development, division speed to blastocysts, and total cell numbers of blastocysts from vitrified‐warmed oocytes fertilized by Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

Results

Adding GSH‐OEt to the recovery medium significantly (p < 0.05) increased GSH content and decreased ROS levels in vitrified‐warmed oocytes. The blastocyst rate did not differ significantly between the two groups, but the speed of development to blastocysts in the GSH‐OEt (+) group was significantly more rapid. In addition, the total blastocyst cell number was significantly higher in the GSH‐OEt (+) group than in the GSH‐OEt (−) group (92.8 ± 5.1 vs. 71.4 ± 3.5, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Adding GSH‐OEt to the recovery medium of vitrified‐warmed mouse oocytes enhances the development potential of oocytes and improves the quality of blastocysts.
Construction of Bi2S3/TiO2/MoS2 S‐Scheme Heterostructure with a Switchable Charge Migration Pathway for Selective CO2 Reduction
Authors: Alkanad Khaled , Hezam Abdo , Drmosh Qasem Ahmed , Ganganakatte Chandrashekar Sujay Shekar , AlObaid Abeer A. , Warad Ismail , Bajiri Mohammed Abdullah , Neratur Krishnappagowda Lokanath
Published: August 2021

Switching between the redox potential of an appropriate semiconductor heterostructure could show critical applications in selective CO2 reduction. Designing a semiconductor photocatalyst with a wavelength‐dependent response is an effective strategy for regulating the direction of electron flow and tuning the redox potential. Herein, the switching mechanism between two charge migration pathways and redox potentials in a Bi2S3/TiO2/MoS2 heterostructure by regulating the light wavelength is achieved. In situ irradiated X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ISI‐XPS), electron spin resonance (ESR), photoluminescence (PL), and experimental scavenger analyses prove that the charge transport follows the S‐scheme approach under UV–vis–NIR irradiation and the heterojunction approach under vis–NIR irradiation, confirming the switchable feature of the Bi2S3/TiO2/MoS2 heterostructure. This switchable feature leads to the reduction of CO2 molecules to CH3OH and C2H5OH under UV–vis–NIR irradiation, while CH4 and CO are produced under Vis–NIR irradiation. Interestingly, the apparent quantum efficiency of the optimal composite at λ = 600 nm is 4.23%. This research work presents an opportunity to develop photocatalysts with switchable charge transport and selective CO2 reduction.
Series Resistance Modulation for Large‐Area Fully Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Daiyu , Jiang Pei , Zhang Wenhao , Du Jiankang , Qiu Chen , Liu Jiale , Hu Yue , Rong Yaoguang , Mei Anyi , Han Hongwei
Published: August 2021

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5% and show potential for low‐cost photovoltaic applications. One key of pushing PSCs into industrialization is enlarging their areas. However, the PCE of larger‐area PSCs is dramatically limited by the undesired increase in series resistance (RS), which leads to obvious loss of fill factor (FF). Herein, RS in fully printable mesoscopic PSCs is modulated with a carbon electrode by optimizing the device geometry, preparing busbars to collect currents from electrodes and improving the conductivity of the back electrode. A rectangular device shape and tin busbars on conductive substrate effectively reduce the RS. Meanwhile, an additional hot‐pressed highly conductive low‐temperature carbon layer on the back carbon electrode also reduces the RS. An enhanced PCE of 13.99% for 1 cm2 PSCs by RS modulation is obtained, whereas the control device exhibits a PCE of 7.74%. The PCE increase is due to the improvement of FF from 0.372 to 0.638 with reduced RS from 27.13 to 9.66 Ω cm2.
Structure Engineering of 2D Materials toward Magnetism Modulation
Authors: Zhao Zijing , Li Wei , Zeng Yi , Huang Xiaoxiao , Yun Chao , Zhang Biao , Hou Yanglong
Published: August 2021

2D magnetic materials have shown great potentials in fundamental research and spintronic devices. However, the discovered 2D magnetic materials are still limited and their monotonous magnetic properties cannot meet the needs of practical applications. Recently, the modulation of magnetism in 2D materials attracted tremendous attention, which can enrich the 2D magnetic material family and extend their application prospects. Structure engineering is one of the most effective ways to realize tunable 2D magnetic properties. Herein, the recent progress on 2D magnetism modulation via structure engineering is summarized. The basic theory of 2D magnetism is introduced at first. Then, the magnetism modulation by structure engineering is classified into two ways: inducing long‐range magnetic ordering into nonmagnetic materials and regulating the native magnetism of intrinsic magnetic materials. Moreover, recent progress on magnetism modulation by intercalation, chemical doping, defect engineering, and heterostructure construction is discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and prospects in the future of 2D magnetism are also provided.
Making an impression: What do students who attended an informal evolution enrichment program in the sixth‐grade recall from the experience 3 years later?
Authors: Nesimyan‐Agadi Dina , Assaraf Orit Ben Zvi
Published: August 2021

Informal learning environments such as Natural History Museums can introduce visitors to a variety of topics in evolution by providing accessible representations of concepts like geological time, evolutionary mechanisms, biological diversity, geological time, and fossil dating. Our study examined sixth‐grade students' conceptualization of evolutionary ideas following four extracurricular, evolution‐themed “Science Days” at Nature Campus—an informal learning environment that employs an extensive combination of resources, including fossils, mounted specimens, and labs, as well as zoological and botanical gardens. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the students' personal constructs over time, in order to determine which aspects of what they had learned during the Science Days had been retained. I, therefore, conducted two sets of interviews, which employed Kelly's Repertory Grid technique to elicit “personal constructs” representing these students' perceptions of evolution and the concepts and ideas associated with it. The first round of interviews was held immediately after the program's conclusion, and the second was conducted 3 years later (ninth‐grade). I then compared the results of the two sets of interviews. Our results showed that multiple elements of the Nature Campus learning experience were retained by the students, emphasizing the contribution of its characteristics as an authentic learning environment that uses visualization, tactile, physical examples, and interactive, inquiry‐based activities to promote meaningful learning. They also showed changes in the prominence and complexity of certain constructs that reflect the nature of the relationship between what the students learned in the informal environment of the Nature Campus and what they have since been taught (or not been taught) in the formal environment of their school.
From rain to data: A review of the creation of monthly and daily station‐based gridded precipitation datasets
Authors: Serrano‐Notivoli Roberto , Tejedor Ernesto
Published: August 2021

Monthly and daily gridded precipitation datasets are one of the most demanded products in climatology and hydrology. These datasets describe the high spatial and temporal variability of precipitation as a continuous surface and for defined periods. However, due to the complex characteristics of precipitation, it is difficult to obtain accurate estimations. Thus, the creation of a gridded dataset from observations requires the comprehensive and precise application of quality control, reconstruction, and gridding procedures. Yet, despite multiple advances, most of the gridded datasets created and published since the mid‐1990s to the present use a wide variety of techniques, methods, and outputs, which can completely change the final representativity of the data. It is, therefore, critical to provide general guidelines for the development of future and more robust gridded datasets based on the data characteristics, geographical factors, and advanced statistical techniques. We identified gaps and challenges for near‐future perspectives and provide guidelines for implementing improved approaches based on the performance of 48 products. Finally, we concluded that, despite better spatial and temporal resolutions, data access, and data processing capabilities, observational coverage remains a challenge. Moreover, scientists should adopt tailored strategies to improve the representativity and uncertainty of the estimates.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Science of Water > Methods
Review of wake management techniques for wind turbines
Authors: Houck Daniel R.
Published: August 2021

The progression of wind turbine technology has led to wind turbines being incredibly optimized machines often approaching their theoretical maximum production capabilities. When placed together in arrays to make wind farms, however, they are subject to wake interference that greatly reduces downstream turbines' power production, increases structural loading and maintenance, reduces their lifetimes, and ultimately increases the levelized cost of energy. Development of techniques to manage wakes and operate larger and larger arrays of turbines more efficiently is now a crucial field of research. Herein, four wake management techniques in various states of development are reviewed. These include axial induction control, wake steering, the latter two combined, and active wake control. Each of these is reviewed in terms of its control strategies and use for power maximization, load reduction, and ancillary services. By evaluating existing research, several directions for future research are suggested.
Reverse chemical ecology in a moth: machine learning on odorant receptors identifies new behaviorally active agonists
Authors: Caballero-Vidal Gabriela , Bouysset Cédric , Gévar Jérémy , Mbouzid Hayat , Nara Céline , Delaroche Julie , Golebiowski Jérôme , Montagné Nicolas , Fiorucci Sébastien , Jacquin-Joly Emmanuelle
Published: August 2021

The concept of reverse chemical ecology (exploitation of molecular knowledge for chemical ecology) has recently emerged in conservation biology and human health. Here, we extend this concept to crop protection. Targeting odorant receptors from a crop pest insect, the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis, we demonstrate that reverse chemical ecology has the potential to accelerate the discovery of novel crop pest insect attractants and repellents. Using machine learning, we first predicted novel natural ligands for two odorant receptors, SlitOR24 and 25. Then, electrophysiological validation proved in silico predictions to be highly sensitive, as 93% and 67% of predicted agonists triggered a response in Drosophila olfactory neurons expressing SlitOR24 and SlitOR25, respectively, despite a lack of specificity. Last, when tested in Y-maze behavioral assays, the most active novel ligands of the receptors were attractive to caterpillars. This work provides a template for rational design of new eco-friendly semiochemicals to manage crop pest populations.