bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successful full‐term twin deliveries in heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy in a spontaneous cycle with expectant management
Authors: Kim Mi‐La , Jun Hye Sun , Kim Joo Young , Seong Seok Ju , Cha Dong Hyun
Published: April 2014

Heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) usually follows assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in women who have already delivered by cesarean section. It is extremely rare: thus far, there have been only 12 individual case reports. However, over the last 20 years, the rate of cesarean delivery has increased and ART have become more common; hence, heterotopic CSP will be more prevalent in the future. Currently available data suggest that the early selective termination of CSP by medical or surgical methods is the most reliable treatment in the hemodynamically stable heterotopic CSP women because of the serious complications of continuing the CSP. We present the first case report of heterotopic CSP in a spontaneous cycle with expectant management that resulted in full‐term twin deliveries.
Prostaglandin therapy during the proliferative phase improves pregnancy rates following frozen embryo transfer in a hormone replacement cycle
Authors: Nakagawa Koji , Ojiro Yuko , Jyuen Hiroyasu , Nishi Yayoi , Sugiyama Rie , Kuribayashi Yasushi , Sugiyama Rikikazu
Published: April 2014

Aim

To determine the efficacy of prostaglandin administration during the proliferative phase in order to improve pregnancy rates following frozen embryo transfer during a hormone replacement cycle (HRC).

Methods

From September 2010 through March 2012, patients (n = 135) were recruited who had undergone oocyte retrieval during a stimulation cycle with clomiphene and had deferred fresh embryo transfer (ET) due to a thin uterine endometrium. All patients were less than 40 years of age and underwent thawed ET following all embryo cryopreservation, and were randomly divided into two groups for thawed ET using a conventional hormone replacement cycle with or without prostaglandin derivatives (prostaglandin or conventional group). Prostaglandin derivatives were administrated during the proliferative phase. Pregnancy and implantation rates following frozen ET were compared between the two groups.

Results

Although the endometrial thickness on the day of ET was similar for the prostaglandin and conventional groups, the pregnancy and implantation rates for the prostaglandin group were 40.0% and 22.0%, respectively, which was significantly higher than the rates for the conventional group (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Among patients who avoided fresh ET due to a thin endometrium, the pregnancy rate following a thawed cycle was low. However, it was improved when prostaglandin derivatives were used during the proliferative phase.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration as the first evidence of malignancy: A case report
Authors: Kumari V. Aruna , Gupta Prerna , Srivastava M. V. Padma , Kumar Lalit , Kriplani Alka , Bhatla Neerja
Published: April 2014

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is an immune‐mediated paraneoplastic disorder affecting the cerebellum. PCD associated with ovarian malignancy is a rare occurrence with fewer than 100 cases reported in published work. PCD patients express anti‐Yo antibody, one of the anti‐onconeuronal antibodies which is most likely associated with gynecologic or breast malignancies. In this report, we present the case of a 65‐year‐old postmenopausal woman presenting with acute symptoms of PCD as a first sign of ovarian malignancy.
Rare postpartum ruptured degenerated fibroid: A case report
Authors: Tan Yiap L. , Naidu Aruku
Published: April 2014

Spontaneous rupture of uterine fibroid is rarely encountered. We present a case of a 31‐year‐old who presented with acute abdominal pain at 9 weeks postpartum. On examination, the abdomen had diffuse tenderness, with rebound tenderness in the suprapubic area and in both iliac fossae. On ultrasonography, a 12.7 × 8.6 × 8.9‐cm sized hyperechoic mass was visible on the posterior wall of the uterus. A large amount of fluid was visible in the paracolic gutters and the Pouch of Douglas (POD). The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy. A ruptured, cystic degenerated uterine fibroid with active bleeding was found, as well as approximately half a liter of free, bloodstained peritoneal fluid and pus. Myomectomy was performed, followed by evacuation of the fluid and clots. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. In conclusion, preoperative diagnosis of a perforated, uterine fibroid with spontaneous intra‐abdominal hemorrhage is difficult; exploratory laparotomy is both diagnostic and therapeutic in this rare, life‐threatening condition.
Association of interleukin‐1 gene variations with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis in multiple ethnicities
Authors: Wu X. , Offenbacher S. , Lόpez N. J. , Chen D. , Wang H.‐Y. , Rogus J. , Zhou J. , Beck J. , Jiang S. , Bao X. , Wilkins L. , Doucette‐Stamm L. , Kornman K.
Published: April 2014

Background and Objective

Genetic markers associated with disease are often non‐functional and generally tag one or more functional “causative” variants in linkage disequilibrium. Markers may not show tight linkage to the causative variants across multiple ethnicities due to evolutionary divergence, and therefore may not be informative across different population groups. Validated markers of disease suggest causative variants exist in the gene and, if the causative variants can be identified, it is reasonable to hypothesize that such variants will be informative across diverse populations. The aim of this study was to test that hypothesis using functional Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene variations across multiple ethnic populations to replace the non‐functional markers originally associated with chronic adult periodontitis in Caucasians.

Material and Methods

Adult chronic periodontitis cases and controls from four ethnic groups (Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics and Asians) were recruited in the USA, Chile and China. Genotypes of IL1B gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including three functional SNPs (rs16944, rs1143623, rs4848306) in the promoter and one intronic SNP (rs1143633), were determined using a single base extension method or TaqMan 5′ nuclease assay. Logistic regression and other statistical analyses were used to examine the association between moderate to severe periodontitis and IL1B gene variations, including SNPs, haplotypes and composite genotypes. Genotype patterns associated with disease in the discovery study were then evaluated in independent validation studies.

Results

Significant associations were identified in the discovery study, consisting of Caucasians and African Americans, between moderate to severe adult chronic periodontitis and functional variations in the IL1B gene, including a pattern of four IL1B SNPs (OR = 1.87, p < 0.0001). The association between the disease and this IL1B composite genotype pattern was validated in two additional studies consisting of Hispanics (OR = 1.95, p = 0.04) or Asians (OR = 3.27, p = 0.01). A meta‐analysis of the three populations supported the association between the IL‐1 genotype pattern and moderate to severe periodontitis (OR 1.95; p < 0.001). Our analysis also demonstrated that IL1B gene variations had added value to conventional risk factors in predicting chronic periodontitis.

Conclusion

This study validated the influence of IL‐1 genetic factors on the severity of chronic periodontitis in four different ethnicities.
Phylogenetic relationships in Leymus (Triticeae; Poaceae): Evidence from chloroplast trnH‐psbA and mitochondrial coxII intron sequences
Authors: SHA Li‐Na , FAN Xing , ZHANG Hai‐Qin , KANG Hou‐Yang , WANG Yi , WANG Xiao‐Li , ZHANG Li , DING Chun‐Bang , YANG Rui‐Wu , ZHOU Yong‐Hong
Published: April 2014

Leymus Hochst. is a polyploid genus with a diverse array of morphology, cytology, ecology, and distribution in Triticeae. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships and maternal genome donor of polyploid Leymus, the chloroplast trnH‐psbA region and mitochondrial coxII intron sequences of 33 Leymus taxa were analyzed with those of 36 diploid perennial species representing 19 basic genomes in Triticeae. The results showed that reticulate evolution occurred in Leymus species, with the cytoplasmic lineage of Leymus contributed by different progenitors. Interspecific relationships of Leymus were also elucidated on the basis of orthologous comparison. Our data suggested that: (i) due to incomplete lineage sorting and/or difference in the pattern of chloroplast and mitochondrial inheritance, the genealogical conflict between the two genealogical patterns suggest the contribution of Psathyrostachys Nevski, Agropyron J. Gaertn, Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach, Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á. Löve, Thinopyrum Á. Löve, and Lophopyrum (Host) Á. Löve to the cytoplasmic lineage of Leymus; (ii) there is a close relationship among Leymus species from the same area or neighboring geographic regions; (iii) L. coreanus (Honda) K. B. Jensen & R. R.‐C. Wang, L. duthiei (Stapf) Y. H. Zhou & H. Q. Zhang ex C. Yen, J. L. Yang & B. R. Baum, L. duthiei var. longearistatus (Hack.) Y. H. Zhou & H. Q. Zhang ex C. Yen, J. L. Yang & B. R. Baum, and L. komarovii (Roshev.) C. Yen, J. L. Yang & B. R. Baum are closely related to other Leymus species, and it is reasonable to transfer these species from the genus Hystrix Moench to Leymus; (iv) Leymus species from North America are closely related to L. coreanus from the Russian Far East and L. komarovii from northeast China but are evolutionarily distinct from Leymus species from Central Asia and the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The occurrence of multiple origin and introgression could account for the rich diversity and ecological adaptation of Leymus species.
On Learning New Primitives in the Language of Thought: Reply to Rey
Authors: CAREY SUSAN
Published: April 2014

A theory of conceptual development must provide an account of the innate representational repertoire, must characterize how these initial representations differ from the adult state, and must provide an account of the processes that transform the initial into mature representations. In Carey, 2009 (The Origin of Concepts), I defend three theses: 1) the initial state includes rich conceptual representations, 2) nonetheless, there are radical discontinuities between early and later developing conceptual systems, 3) Quinean bootstrapping is one learning mechanism that underlies the creation of new representational resources, enabling such discontinuity. I also claim that the theory of conceptual development developed inThe Origin of Conceptsaddresses two of Fodor's challenges to cognitive science; namely, to show how learning could possibly lead to an increase in expressive power and to defeat Mad Dog Nativism, the thesis that all concepts lexicalized as mono‐morphemic words are innate. A recent article by Georges Rey (Mind & Language, 29.2, 2014) argues that my responses to Fodor's challenges fail, because, he says, I fail to distinguish concept possession from manifestation and I do not confront Goodman's new riddle of induction. My response is to show that, and how, new primitives in a language of thought can be learned, that there are easy routes and hard ones to doing so, and that characterizing the learning mechanisms involved is the key to understanding both concept possession and constraints on induction.
Meaning and Mindreading
Authors: ROBERT THOMPSON J.
Published: April 2014

In this article, I defend Neo‐Gricean accounts of language and communication from an objection about linguistic development. According to this objection, children are incapable of understanding the minds of others in the way that Neo‐Gricean accounts require until long after they learn the meanings of words, are able to produce meaningful utterances, and understand the meaningful utterances of others. In answering this challenge, I outline exactly what sorts of psychological states are required by Neo‐Gricean accounts and conclude that there is sufficient evidence that these types of psychological states are present in and capable of being understood by the children in question.
Scientific Inference and Ordinary Cognition: Fodor on Holism and Cognitive Architecture
Authors: FULLER TIM , SAMUELS RICHARD
Published: April 2014

Do accounts of scientific theory formation and revision have implications for theories of everyday cognition? We maintain that failing to distinguish between importantly different types of theories of scientific inference has led to fundamental misunderstandings of the relationship between science and everyday cognition. In this article, we focus on one influential manifestation of this phenomenon which is found in Fodor's well‐known critique of theories of cognitive architecture. We argue that in developing his critique, Fodor confounds a variety of distinct claims about the holistic nature of scientific inference. Having done so, we outline more promising relations that hold between theories of scientific inference and ordinary cognition.
Unpleasantness, Motivational Oomph, and Painfulness
Authors: CORNS JENNIFER
Published: April 2014

Painful pains are, paradigmatically, unpleasant and motivating. The dominant view amongst philosophers and pain scientists is that these two features are essentially related and sufficient for painfulness. In this article, I first offer scientifically informed characterizations of both unpleasantness and motivational oomph and argue against other extant accounts. I then draw on folk‐characterized cases and current neurobiological and neurobehavioral evidence to argue that both dominant positions are mistaken. Unpleasantness and motivational oomph doubly dissociate and, even taken together, are insufficient for painfulness.
Assessment of genetic structure among eastern North Pacific gray whales on their feeding grounds
Authors: Lang Aimée R. , Calambokidis John , Scordino Jonathan , Pease Victoria L. , Klimek Amber , Burkanov Vladimir N. , Gearin Pat , Litovka Dennis I. , Robertson Kelly M. , Mate Bruce R. , Jacobsen Jeff K. , Taylor Barbara L.
Published: April 2014

Although most eastern North Pacific (ENP) gray whales feed in the Bering, Beaufort, and Chukchi Seas during summer and fall, a small number of individuals, referred to as the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG), show intra‐ and interseasonal fidelity to feeding areas from northern California through southeastern Alaska. We used both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 12 microsatellite markers to assess whether stock structure exists among feeding grounds used by ENP gray whales. Significant mtDNA differentiation was found when samples representing the PCFG (n= 71) were compared with samples (n= 103) collected from animals feeding further north (FST= 0.012, P= 0.0045). No significant nuclear differences were detected. These results indicate that matrilineal fidelity plays a role in creating structure among feeding grounds but suggests that individuals from different feeding areas may interbreed. Haplotype diversities were similar between strata (hPCFG= 0.945,hNorthern= 0.952), which, in combination with the low level of mtDNA differentiation identified, suggested that some immigration into the PCFG could be occurring. These results are important in evaluating the management of ENP gray whales, especially in light of the Makah Tribe's proposal to resume whaling in an area of the Washington coast utilized by both PCFG and migrating whales.
Carex tomentosa versus C. filiformis (Cyperaceae): the long‐standing debate comes to its happy end
Authors: Koopman Jacob , Smith Colin , Blackstock Nigel
Published: April 2014

The type of Carex filiformis is an illustration, which is pluri‐interpretable and therefore an epitype is designated here. As epitypified, C. filiformis L. becomes synonymous with Carex montana L. (the latter getting priority), and therefore not the correct name for Carex tomentosa L. as stated by Nelmes and other authors. Carex tomentosa is the accepted name for the taxon sometimes referred to as C. filiformis.
Typification of five names in Paracaryum (DC.) Boiss. (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Doğru Koca Aslı , Yıldırımlı Şinasi
Published: April 2014

Five names in the genus Paracaryum (DC.) Boiss. are lectotypified here: P. calycinum Boiss. & Bal. (endemic to Turkey), P. lithospermifolium (Lam.) Grande subsp. cariense (Boiss.) R. Mill var. cariense, P. kurdistanicum (Brand) R. Mill (endemic to Turkey), P. sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm., and P. strictum (C. Koch) Boiss.
Freshwater geographies: Prospects for an engaged institutional project?
Authors: Tadaki Marc , Fuller Ian C.
Published: April 2014

Freshwater is increasingly a matter of concern in research, policy and public spheres in New Zealand. Geographers have made diverse and powerful contributions to understanding and performing multiple meanings of water in place. This special issue explores some geographical dimensions to the present political moment around freshwater in New Zealand. Prospects for further explicitly geographical contributions to freshwater discussions are manifold but need to be developed within a coherent value proposition and must be situated within the diversely composed networks of practice in which geographers are embedded.
The association between miR‐499a polymorphism and oral squamous cell carcinoma progression
Authors: Hou Y‐Y , Lee J‐H , Chen H‐C , Yang C‐M , Huang S‐J , Liou H‐H , Chi C‐C , Tsai K‐W , Ger L‐P
Published: April 2014

Objective

To investigate the association of miR‐499a genetic polymorphism with the risk of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and clinicopathological outcomes of OSCC.

Methods

The genotyping of miR‐499a T>C (rs3746444) using TagMan assay was conducted in two case‐control studies of 1549 subjects. miR‐499a‐5p and miR‐499a‐3p were assayed using stem‐loop RT‐PCR for 63 paired OSCC and adjacent normal tissues.

Results

T/C+C/C genotypes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.84, P = 0.032] and C allelic type (AOR 1.91, P = 0.007) at miR‐499a T>C were associated with an increased risk of BQ‐related OSF as compared to those with T/T genotype or T allelic type, respectively. Conversely, T/C+C/C genotypes and C allelic type decreased the risk of OSCC, especially for non‐BQ‐related OSCC (for genotype: AOR 0.49, P = 0.010; for allelic type: AOR 0.50, P = 0.007). Additionally, downregulation of miR‐499a‐5p was found in OSCC tissues (P = 0.001) and correlated with the TT genotype (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

The T/C+C/C genotypes of MiR‐499a may contribute to an increased risk of BQ‐related OSF, but a decreased risk of OSCC. miR‐499a T>C influences the expression levels of miR‐499a‐5p during the tumorigenesis of OSCC.
In situ visualization of plasma cells producing antibodies reactive to Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis: the application of the enzyme‐labeled antigen method
Authors: Mizutani Y. , Tsuge S. , Takeda H. , Hasegawa Y. , Shiogama K. , Onouchi T. , Inada K. , Sawasaki T. , Tsutsumi Y.
Published: April 2014

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone periodontal pathogen. Histologocally, the gingival tissue in periodontitis shows dense infiltration of plasma cells. However, antigens recognized by antibodies secreted from the immunocytes remain unknown. The enzyme‐labeled antigen method was applied to detecting plasma cells producing P. gingivalis‐specific antibodies in biopsied gingival tissue of periodontitis. N‐terminally biotinylated P. gingivalis antigens, Ag53 and four gingipain domains (Arg‐pro, Arg‐hgp, Lys‐pro and Lys‐hgp) were prepared by the cell‐free protein synthesis system using wheatgerm extract. With these five labeled proteins as probes, 20 lesions of periodontitis were evaluated. With the AlphaScreen method, antibodies against any one of the five P. gingivalis antigens were detected in 11 (55%) serum samples and 17 (85%) tissue extracts. Using the enzyme‐labeled antigen method on paraformaldehyde‐fixed frozen sections of gingival tissue, plasma cells were labeled with any one of the five antigens in 17 (94%) of 18 specimens, in which evaluable plasma cells were detected. The positivity rates in periodontitis were significantly higher than those found previously in radicular cysts (20% in sera and 33% in tissue extracts with the AlphaScreen method, and 25% with the enzyme‐labeled antigen method). Our findings directly indicate that antibodies reactive to P. gingivalis are locally produced in the gingival lesions, and that inflammatory reactions against P. gingivalis are involved in periodontitis.
Fractured and displaced genial tubercles: a case report
Authors: Freeman C.O. , Payne M. , Martin N.
Published: April 2014

An edentulous woman presented with pain, swelling and ulceration in the anterior floor of mouth; the findings on clinical examination suggested the presence of an anteriorly placed salivary calculus with trauma to the overlying soft tissues from the mobile lower denture. Radiographic examination, however, revealed fracture and displacement of the genial tubercles. The patient was managed conservatively and all symptoms subsequently settled.
Does the Miller blade truly provide a better laryngoscopic view and intubating conditions than the Macintosh blade in small children?
Authors: Varghese Elsa , Kundu Ratul
Published: April 2014

Background

Both Miller and Macintosh blades are widely used for laryngoscopy in small children, though the Miller blade is more commonly recommended in pediatric anesthetic literature. The aim of this study was to compare laryngoscopic views and ease and success of intubation with Macintosh and Miller blades in small children under general anesthesia.

Materials and Method

One hundred and twenty children aged 1–24 months were randomized for laryngoscopy to be performed in a crossover manner with either the Miller or the Macintosh blade first, following induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade. The tips of both the blades were placed at the vallecula. Intubation was performed following the second laryngoscopy. The glottic views with and without external laryngeal maneuver (ELM) and ease of intubation were observed.

Results

Similar glottic views with both blades were observed in 52/120 (43%) children, a better view observed with the Miller blade in 35/120 (29%) children, and with the Macintosh blade in 33/120 (28%). Laryngoscopy was easy in 65/120 (54%) children with both the blades. Restricted laryngoscopy was noted in 55 children: in 27 children with both the blades, 15 with Miller, and 13 with Macintosh blade. Laryngoscopic view improved following ELM with both the blades.

Conclusion

In children aged 1–24 months, the Miller and the Macintosh blades provide similar laryngoscopic views and intubating conditions. When a restricted view is obtained, a change of blade may provide a better view. Placing the tip of the Miller blade in the vallecula provides satisfactory intubating conditions in this age group.
Ecology of plant volatiles: taking a plant community perspective
Authors: PIERIK RONALD , BALLARÉ CARLOS L. , DICKE MARCEL
Published: April 2014

Although plants are sessile organisms, they can modulate their phenotype so as to cope with environmental stresses such as herbivore attack and competition with neighbouring plants. Plant‐produced volatile compounds mediate various aspects of plant defence. The emission of volatiles has costs and benefits. Research on the role of plant volatiles in defence has focused primarily on the responses of individual plants. However, in nature, plants rarely occur as isolated individuals but are members of plant communities where they compete for resources and exchange information with other plants. In this review, we address the effects of neighbouring plants on plant volatile‐mediated defences. We will outline the various roles of volatile compounds in the interactions between plants and other organisms, address the mechanisms of plant neighbour perception in plant communities, and discuss how neighbour detection and volatile signalling are interconnected. Finally, we will outline the most urgent questions to be addressed in the future.
Metabolic and transcript analysis of the flavonoid pathway in diseased and recovered Nebbiolo and Barbera grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) following infection by Flavescence dorée phytoplasma
Authors: MARGARIA PAOLO , FERRANDINO ALESSANDRA , CACIAGLI PIERO , KEDRINA OLGA , SCHUBERT ANDREA , PALMANO SABRINA
Published: April 2014

Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) infections seriously affect production and survival of grapevine. We analysed the changes in the flavonoid pathway occurring in two red cultivars, the highly susceptible Barbera and the less susceptible Nebbiolo, following FDp infection. A combination of metabolic and transcript analyses was used to quantify flavonoid compounds and expression of a set of genes involved in their biosynthesis. Quantification of anthocyanins, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and related biosynthetic enzymes was performed over the vegetative season, at four time points, on healthy, infected and recovered plants. A strong activation of anthocyanin accumulation was observed in infected Barbera leaves, while the response was less marked in Nebbiolo. Proanthocyanidins also accumulated mainly in infected Barbera leaves, even if basal proanthocyanidin concentration was higher in healthy and recovered Nebbiolo. Biochemical data were supported by transcript analysis: genes of the stem flavonoid pathway and of the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin branches were expressed at a higher level in infected than in healthy plants, with a different magnitude between the two cultivars. Based on our results, we hypothesize that flavonoid accumulation is a physiological consequence of FD infection without affecting phytoplasma multiplication, although proanthocyanidin accumulation could help repel further infection by the insect vector.
Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil
Authors: PEÑUELAS J. , ASENSIO D. , THOLL D. , WENKE K. , ROSENKRANZ M. , PIECHULLA B. , SCHNITZLER J.P.
Published: April 2014

Volatile compounds are usually associated with an appearance/presence in the atmosphere. Recent advances, however, indicated that the soil is a huge reservoir and source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (bVOCs), which are formed from decomposing litter and dead organic material or are synthesized by underground living organism or organs and tissues of plants. This review summarizes the scarce available data on the exchange of VOCs between soil and atmosphere and the features of the soil and particle structure allowing diffusion of volatiles in the soil, which is the prerequisite for biological VOC‐based interactions. In fact, soil may function either as a sink or as a source of bVOCs. Soil VOC emissions to the atmosphere are often 1–2 (0–3) orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation. Microorganisms and the plant root system are the major sources for bVOCs. The current methodology to detect belowground volatiles is described as well as the metabolic capabilities resulting in the wealth of microbial and root VOC emissions. Furthermore, VOC profiles are discussed as non‐destructive fingerprints for the detection of organisms. In the last chapter, belowground volatile‐based bi‐ and multi‐trophic interactions between microorganisms, plants and invertebrates in the soil are discussed.
Clinical characteristics of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with Down syndrome
Authors: Saji Tsutomu
Published: April 2014

The genetic abnormalities associated with Down syndrome (DS) are still being identified. Few studies have examined the roles of CRELD1 and GATA4 in cardiac abnormalities or their association with pulmonary artery histopathology. Children with DS have an elevated risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This increased risk is likely mainly due to genetic background, the structural characteristics of the pulmonary vascular wall, and certain heart diseases and partly due to pulmonary hypoplasia, upper and lower airway obstructive diseases, chronic infection, and neuromuscular underdevelopment. Exposure to increased left‐to‐right shunt flow increases sheer stress on endothelium and may induce endothelial dysfunction followed by irreversible remodeling of pulmonary arteries. Pathologic changes include endothelial cell proliferation and thickening of the pulmonary arterial wall due to mechanical responses to the thinner medial smooth muscle cell layer, which includes underdevelopment of alveoli. Production of prostacyclin and nitric oxide is diminished in DS, but endothelin‐1 and thromboxane are elevated. Perioperatively, patients with DS may experience pulmonary hypertensive crisis after intracardiac repair and prolonged PAH, and have a poorer response to nitric oxide inhalation. To better manage DS, it is crucial to systematically evaluate the systemic complications of DS. Cardiac catheterization data, particularly those regarding pulmonary arterial resistance, are essential in assessing severity and response to vasodilating agents, preventing postoperative crisis, and evaluating the possibility of intracardiac repair. Advanced therapy with pulmonary vasodilating agents appears effective. Operative risk is similar for individuals with and without DS, except among patients with a complete atrioventricular canal defect.
Is attitude toward epilepsy and driving affected by media coverage?
Authors: Okumura Akihisa , Abe Shinpei , Nakazawa Mika , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: April 2014

Background

The media have recently reported on car accidents related to persons with epilepsy in Japan. We were concerned that sensational media coverage may worsen the attitude toward epilepsy among non‐medical persons. We carried out a questionnaire survey among non‐medical students in order to evaluate the effects of media on the attitude toward epilepsy and the holding of a driving license in persons with epilepsy.

Methods

The survey was performed using a structured questionnaire. The students were divided into two groups according to knowledge on the recent serious car accidents related to persons with epilepsy. In order to clarify the effects of media coverage, we compared the attitude toward epilepsy and driving in persons with epilepsy between those who knew about the accidents and those who did not.

Results

The proportion of students who were familiar with epilepsy was higher in those who knew about the accidents, whereas no significant difference was observed in attitude toward epilepsy. The proportion of students who opposed the idea of persons with epilepsy holding a driving license was not different according to knowledge of the car accidents, whereas that of students who opposed severe punishment of epilepsy patients in the case of a car accident was lower in those who knew about the accidents.

Conclusions

Media coverage did not affect the attitude of the participants toward restriction of driving license in persons with epilepsy, whereas the proportion of participants who object to severe punishment for car accidents in persons with epilepsy was decreased.
Boundaries ofAmerican Identity: Relations Between Ethnic Group Prototypicality and Policy Attitudes
Authors: Huynh Que‐Lam , Devos Thierry , Altman Hannah R.
Published: April 2014

We sought to document that the extent to which different ethnic groups are perceived as embodying theAmerican identity is more strongly linked to antiminority policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies among majority‐group members (EuropeanAmericans) than among minority‐group members (AsianAmericans or Latino/as). Participants rated 13 attributes of theAmerican identity as they pertain to different ethnic groups and reported their endorsement of policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies. We found a relative consensus across ethnic groups regarding defining components of theAmerican identity. However,EuropeanAmericans were perceived as more prototypical of thisAmerican identity than ethnic minorities, especially byEuropeanAmerican raters. Moreover, forEuropeanAmericans but not for ethnic minorities, relative ingroup prototypicality was related to antiminority policy attitudes and acculturation ideologies. These findings suggest that forEuropeanAmericans, perceptions of ethnic group prototypicality fulfill an instrumental function linked to preserving their group interests and limiting the rights afforded to ethnic minorities.
Does cardiac reactivity in the laboratory predict ambulatory heart rate? Baseline counts
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Andreas R. , Schienle Anne , Leutgeb Verena , Rathner Eva‐Maria
Published: April 2014

Cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress might predict cardiovascular load in everyday life. However, previous research throws doubt on this hypothesis. This study examined associations between heart rate (HR) to a public speaking task and ambulatory HR throughout a day. Electrocardiogram, bodily movement, and psychosocial variables (affect, context) were recorded in 111 individuals. Ambulatory HR was positively associated with both positive and negative affect. Baseline HR in the laboratory significantly predicted ambulatory HR, but HR reactivity did not. The interaction of momentary negative affect and cardiac reactivity in the laboratory was also not significant. However, a significant interaction of baseline HR and reactivity indicated that, when baseline was high, there was a positive relation between HR reactivity and ambulatory HR. Findings suggest that baseline has to be considered when aiming to predict cardiovascular load in everyday life.
Achieving competency in bronchoscopy: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Fielding David I. , Maldonado Fabien , Murgu Septimiu
Published: April 2014

Bronchoscopy education is undergoing significant changes in step with other medical and surgical specialties that seek to incorporate simulation‐based training and objective measurement of procedural skills into training programmes. Low‐ and high‐fidelity simulators are now available and allow learners to gain fundamental bronchoscopy skills in a zero‐risk environment. Testing trainees on simulators is currently possible by using validated assessment tools for both essential bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound skills, and more tools are under development for other bronchoscopic techniques. Educational concepts including the ‘flipped classroom’ model and problem‐based learning exercises are increasingly used in bronchoscopy training programmes. These learner‐centric teaching modalities require well‐trained educators, which is possible thorough the expansion of existing faculty development programmes.
The parable of the lobes and the fissures
Authors: Snell Gregory I. , Westall Glen P.
Published: April 2014

See article, page 524
Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 as a drug target in asthma and rhinitis
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Srirupa , Malik Parth , Arora Sunil K. , Mukherjee Tapan K.
Published: April 2014

Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes and neutrophils are the major cells expressing ICAM‐1. Ligands of ICAM‐1 are macrophage adhesion ligand‐1, leukocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 and fibrinogen (extracellular matrix protein). In normal physiological conditions, engagement of ICAM‐1 receptor with immunological cells surface ligands assists in homing and trafficking of inflammatory cells to distant tissues. ICAM‐1 has also long been known to mediate cell‐to‐cell interaction during antigen presentation and outside‐in cell signalling pathways. ICAM‐1‐mediated elevated inflammation is implicated in asthma. On respiratory epithelial cells surface, ICAM‐1 acts as natural binding site for human rhinovirus (HRV), a common cold virus that ultimately causes exacerbation of asthma. This review presents the findings on the role of ICAM‐1 in the complication of asthma and in particular asthma exacerbation by HRV.
Mineralogy, Sulfur Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Studies of Hydrothermal Ore at the Hakurei Deposit, Bayonnaise Knoll, Izu‐Bonin Arc
Authors: Watanabe Shota , Hayashi Ken‐ichiro
Published: April 2014

Sulfide and sulfate ore samples collected from the Hakurei deposit of the Bayonnaise knoll were examined for the occurrence and chemical composition of minerals, including the sulfur isotopes and the microthermometry of fluid inclusions. Massive sulfide ore, mineralized volcanic rock, and anhydrite ore occur in descending order, from the seafloor to the bottom of the cored sample. The massive sulfide ore is dominated by sphalerite and accompanied by tennantite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite with lesser amounts of galena, enargite, and covellite. Amorphous silica is commonly precipitated on the surface of the sulfide minerals. As‐bearing minerals such as tennantite, enargite, and luzonite are common, while galena and Sb‐rich tetrahedrite are scarce. The mineral abundance and chemical composition of the minerals differs from that found in chimneys of the deposit. The sulfur isotope compositions in the minerals are +3.1–5.2‰ for sulfides and +19.6–21.8‰ for sulfate minerals. The homogeneous nature of the sulfur isotopes suggests that sulfur incorporated in the Hakurei deposit came from the reduction of aqueous sulfate in seawater.
Re–Os Geochronology on Molybdenites from theDonggebiMo Deposit in the EasternTianshan of theCentralAsiaOrogenicBelt and its Geological Significance
Authors: Han Chunming , Xiao Wenjiao , Zhao Guochun , Sun Min , Qu Wenjun , Du Andao
Published: April 2014

TheDonggebiMo deposit is located in the eastern section of theEasternTianshanOrogenicBelt,CentralAsiaOrogenicBelt. Rhenium and osmium isotopes of molybdenites from theDonggebi porphyryMo deposit have been used to determine the timing of mineralization and the source of osmium and, by inference, ore metals. Molybdenite was collected mainly from a granite porphyry stock, which is characterized by moderate to strong silicification. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite samples are between 10 and 63 μg g−1. Analysis of eight molybdenite samples yields an isochron age of 234.3 ± 1.6 Ma (2σ) with an initial187Os of 0.04 ± 0.45 (MSWD= 0.25). The data support the hypothesis that a significant part of the metals and magmas have a mixed (crust + mantle) origin. Based on the geological history and spatial‐temporal distribution of the granitoids, it is proposed that theMo deposits in the eastern part of theEastTianshanOrogenicBelt were related to a post‐collision extensional setting in theEarlyMesozoic.
Velocity of Money and Economic Development in Medieval China: The case of Northern Song
Authors: Dong Baomin , Gong Jiong
Published: April 2014

A Fisher's Identity model is established to study Northern Song China's (960–1126) level of velocity of money using money supply and gross domestic product (GDP) data. Results of the exercise help rationalize what is called the “bronze coin” puzzle, which is the massive amount of minted coins seemingly incommensurate with price levels. It is shown that the velocity of money was increasing and comparable to pre‐industrial England levels. This paper argues that the driving forces of the short supply of money are greater than usual hoarding by the state treasury and coin outflows to Song's trading partners via smuggling. Since velocity of money is an indicator of economic development in ancient societies, this paper provides a realistic validation of the premise of the Needham puzzle.
Implications of Financial Development of the South for Trade and Foreign Direct Investment from the North
Authors: Liu Qing , Qiu Larry D.
Published: April 2014

Using a North–South model of heterogeneous firms, the paper investigates the effects of the financial development of the South on the choice of international entry mode (export vs foreign direct investment [FDI]) of Northern firms. Such development facilitates the entry of local firms and thus intensifies product market competition. As a result, the intensive margins, extensive margins and total sales from export or FDI of Northern firms are all reduced. The paper provides conditions that determine whether export or FDI is affected more significantly. The results generate empirically testable hypotheses.
R&D Networks with Strategic Substitutability
Authors: Cui Zhiwei , Li Ziran , Zhang Jin , Zu Lei
Published: April 2014

This paper considers a non‐cooperative R&D network formation game. Instead of concentrating on R&D cooperation among firms, the paper focuses on one‐way externality flow in which each firm forms links in the attempt to acquire others' R&D knowledge. It is assumed that a firm has an internal R&D strategy (in‐house R&D) and an external R&D strategy (knowledge acquisition) and that these two strategic options are substitutes. It is found that a firm will trade off its own investment cost and acquisition cost. Consequently, the equilibrium network is empty when investment or linkage cost is high, whereas the equilibrium network is of core–periphery structure when both costs are relatively low, with core firms investing in R&D activities and periphery firms accessing R&D knowledge from core ones. The paper also investigates efficiency and the conclusion is that although an efficient R&D network is a periphery‐sponsored star, the core firm tends to underinvest in Nash equilibrium.
SADC Trade with the European Union from a Preferential to a Reciprocal Modality
Authors: Osman Rehab O. M.
Published: April 2014

This study employs a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to examine the potential impacts of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union (EU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The simulation results suggest that a comprehensive EPA scenario is welfare‐improving for many SADC members. SADC preferential access to the EU markets is the key source for the prospective welfare and terms of trade gains. Overall, SADC production structures become more concentrated in export‐oriented sectors. These structural changes are accompanied by a high degree of adjustment and substantial fiscal losses.
Archean to Recent aeolian sand systems and their sedimentary record: Current understanding and future prospects
Authors: Rodríguez‐López Juan Pedro , Clemmensen Lars B. , Lancaster Nick , Mountney Nigel P. , Veiga Gonzalo D.
Published: April 2014

The sedimentary record of aeolian sand systems extends from the Archean to the Quaternary, yet current understanding of aeolian sedimentary processes and product remains limited. Most preserved aeolian successions represent inland sand‐sea or dunefield (erg) deposits, whereas coastal systems are primarily known from the Cenozoic. The complexity of aeolian sedimentary processes and facies variability are under‐represented and excessively simplified in current facies models, which are not sufficiently refined to reliably account for the complexity inherent in bedform morphology and migratory behaviour, and therefore cannot be used to consistently account for and predict the nature of the preserved sedimentary record in terms of formative processes. Archean and Neoproterozoic aeolian successions remain poorly constrained. Palaeozoic ergs developed and accumulated in relation to the palaeogeographical location of land masses and desert belts. During the Triassic, widespread desert conditions prevailed across much of Europe. During the Jurassic, extensive ergs developed in North America and gave rise to anomalously thick aeolian successions. Cretaceous aeolian successions are widespread in South America, Africa, Asia, and locally in Europe (Spain) and the USA. Several Eocene to Pliocene successions represent the direct precursors to the present‐day systems. Quaternary systems include major sand seas (ergs) in low‐lattitude and mid‐latitude arid regions, Pleistocene carbonate and Holocene–Modern siliciclastic coastal systems. The sedimentary record of most modern aeolian systems remains largely unknown. The majority of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of aeolian systems envisage transverse dunes, whereas successions representing linear and star dunes remain under‐recognized. Research questions that remain to be answered include: (i) what factors control the preservation potential of different types of aeolian bedforms and what are the characteristics of the deposits of different bedform types that can be used for effective reconstruction of original bedform morphology; (ii) what specific set of controlling conditions allow for sustained bedform climb versus episodic sequence accumulation and preservation; (iii) can sophisticated four‐dimensional models be developed for complex patterns of spatial and temporal transition between different mechanisms of accumulation and preservation; and (iv) is it reasonable to assume that the deposits of preserved aeolian successions necessarily represent an unbiased record of the conditions that prevailed during episodes of Earth history when large‐scale aeolian systems were active, or has the evidence to support the existence of other major desert basins been lost for many periods throughout Earth history?
Becoming Less Illegal: Deservingness Frames and Undocumented Migrant Incorporation
Authors: Chauvin Sébastien , Garcés‐Mascareñas Blanca
Published: April 2014

Over the last two decades, research on unauthorized migration has departed from the equation of migrant illegality with absolute exclusion, emphasizing that formal exclusion typically results in subordinate inclusion. Irregular migrants integrate through informal support networks, the underground economy, and political activities. But they also incorporate into formal institutions, through policy divergence between levels of government, bureaucratic sabotage, or fraud. The incorporation of undocumented migrants involves not so much invisibility as camouflage – presenting the paradox that camouflage improves with integration. As it reaches the formal level of claims and procedures, legalization brings up the issue of the frames through which legal deservingness is asserted. Looking at the moral economy embedded in claims and programs, we examine a series of frame tensions: between universal and particular claims to legal status, between legalization based on vulnerability and that based on civic performance, between economic and cultural deservingness, and between the policy level and individual subjectivity. We show that restrictionist governments face a dilemma when their constructions of “good citizenship” threaten to extend to “deserving” undocumented migrants. Hence, they may simultaneously emphasize deservingness frames while limiting irregular migrants’ opportunities to deserve, effectively making deservingness both a civic obligation and a civic privilege.
Middle‐Class Parents and Urban Public Schools: Current Research and Future Directions
Authors: Posey‐Maddox Linn , Kimelberg Shelley McDonough , Cucchiara Maia
Published: April 2014

Middle‐class flight from urban public schools to suburban districts or private schools is a key source of educational inequality. Recently, however, a number of studies have focused on middle‐class and upper‐middle‐class families who have made a different choice, opting to remain in the city and send their children to neighborhood public schools. While the movement of advantaged families into urban public schools has received positive attention in the media, this growing body of research tells a more complicated story. Middle‐class families – with their economic, cultural, and social capital – can bring important resources to schools, resulting in widespread benefits. However, their engagement in urban public schools can also lead to marginalization and exclusion. We review the emergent literature on this topic, highlighting four themes: (i) parent preferences, identities, and values; (ii) the role of marketing campaigns and informal networks in attracting the middle class; (iii) the nature and consequences of middle‐class parent engagement in urban schooling; and (iv) the relationship between neighborhood change and school change. We conclude by outlining a research agenda aimed at deepening our understanding of the mechanisms by which middle‐class parent engagement in urban schooling may serve to mitigate, reproduce, or exacerbate educational inequalities.