bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the genus Caribeacarus (Acari : Opilioacarida), with description of a new South American species
Authors: Bernardi Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira , Silva Fernando Augusto Barbosa , Zacarias Mauricio Sergio , Klompen Hans , Ferreira Rodrigo Lopes
Published: September 2013

The mite order Opilioacarida is widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical zones of the world, where it is rare and poorly known. On the American continent only two genera, 14 species and one subspecies are known. This work aimed to describe a new species of Caribeacarus from the state of Pará, in the eastern part of the Brazilian Amazon. A phylogenetic analysis of the species in this genus is also presented, and interpreted along with the historical biogeography of this genus in Central and South America. A key to the species of Caribeacarus is provided.
Nitrogen mineralisation from amended and unamended intensively managed tropical andisols and inceptisols
Authors: Widowati Ladiyani R. , Sleutel Steven , Setyorini Diah , Sukristiyonubowo  , De Neve Stefaan
Published: September 2013

Intensive vegetable production systems throughout South East Asia are characterised by large nutrient inputs and low nitrogen (N) use efficiencies. In Indonesia, intensive vegetable production is concentrated on volcanic highland soils starting from an altitude of around 700 m above sea level. We measured potential N mineralisation from soil organic matter and from several representative organic materials in Andisols and Inceptisols with andic properties from Central Java, Indonesia. Unamended soils and soils amended with crop residues, animal manures, and compost were incubated during 3–4 months at 25°C in the laboratory, then we monitored N mineralisation. Relative N mineralisation was significantly smaller in the Andisols (average 3.6 ± 1.0%) than the Inceptisols (7.4 ± 2.9%), and was negatively related to oxalate-extractable aluminium (Alox) (r = –0.749) and soil organic carbon (r = –0.705). This is probably due to the strong protection of organic matter (and organic N) by binding to active Al compounds. Net N mineralisation from the added organic materials was highly variable (ranging from 68.1% for the broccoli residues to 2.6% for tithonia compost), and was best related to the organic N content (r = 0.476). There were no significant correlations between net N mineralisation and biochemical fractions, which we attribute to the large variety of materials used in this study compared with previous studies. The data generated here on N mineralisation potential from soil organic matter, and from a variety of plant materials and animal manures that are commonly used in these intensive vegetable rotations, will allow for the rapid and efficient introduction of N fertiliser advice systems based on balance sheets.
Ecological and physiological impacts of salinisation on freshwater turtles of the lower Murray River
Authors: Bower Deborah S. , Death Clare E. , Georges Arthur
Published: September 2013

Context
The increasing intensity and extent of anthropogenically mediated salinisation in freshwater systems has the potential to affect freshwater species through physiological and ecological processes. Determining responses to salinisation is critical to predicting impacts on fauna.

Aims
We aimed to quantify the response of wild-caught turtles from freshwater lakes that had become saline in the lower Murray River catchment.

Methods
Plasma electrolytes of all three species of freshwater turtle from South Australia were compared among two freshwater sites (Horseshoe Lagoon and Swan Reach), a brackish lake (Lake Bonney) and a saline lake (Lake Alexandrina).

Key results
Chelodina longicollis, C. expansa and Emydura macquarii from a brackish lake had higher concentrations of plasma sodium and chloride than those from freshwater habitats. However, osmolytes known to increase under severe osmotic stress (urea and uric acid) were not elevated in brackish sites. Turtles from the highly saline lake were colonised by an invasive marine worm which encased the carapace and inhibited limb movement.

Conclusions
Freshwater turtles in brackish backwaters had little response to salinity, whereas the C. longicollis in a saline lake had a significant physiological response caused by salt and further impacts from colonisation of marine worms.

Implications
Short periods of high salinity are unlikely to adversely affect freshwater turtles. However, secondary ecological processes, such as immobilisation from a marine worm may cause unexpected impacts on freshwater fauna.
Story discourse and use of mental state language between mothers and school‐aged children with and without visual impairment
Authors: Tadić Valerija , Pring Linda , Dale Naomi
Published: September 2013

Background

Lack of sight compromises insight into other people's mental states. Little is known about the role of maternal language in assisting the development of mental state language in children with visual impairment (VI).

Aims

To investigate mental state language strategies of mothers of school‐aged children with VI and to compare these with mothers of comparable children with typically developing vision. To investigate whether the characteristics of mother–child discourse were associated with the child's socio‐communicative competence.

Methods & Procedures

Mother–child discourse with twelve 6–12‐year‐old children with VI was coded during a shared book‐reading narrative and compared with 14 typically sighted children matched in age and verbal ability.

Outcomes & Results

Mothers of children with VI elaborated more and made significantly more references to story characters’ mental states and descriptive elaborations than mothers of sighted children. Mental state elaborations of mothers in the VI group related positively with the level produced by their children, with the association remaining after mothers’ overall verbosity and children's developmental levels were controlled for. Frequency of maternal elaborations, including their mental state language, was related to socio‐communicative competence of children with VI.

Conclusions & Implications

The findings offer insights into the potential contribution of maternal verbal scaffolding to mentalistic language and social–communicative competences of children with VI.
Bringing it all back home: how I became a relational analyst
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: September 2013

This paper traces the similarities between the cluster of influences that informed my own training and practice as a British developmental Jungian analyst and those that led to the creation of intersubjective and relational analysis in America. Having outlined five main themes of relational analysis, I show how these were anticipated by several trends in British analysis, especially the work of R.D. Laing and the theory of couple interaction developed by the Institute of Marital Studies at the Tavistock Centre in London. I then show the parallels between relational thinking and Jung's approach to clinical practice and discuss some of the dilemmas around the analyst's subjectivity and personal participation in the analytic relationship that are common to both traditions. My aim is to show that a relational approach to the practice of Jungian analysis is both ‘traditional’ and ‘radical’, being rooted in the traditions of the past while opening up pathways towards future development and clinical innovation.
Serum markers of collagen synthesis and degradation in acute respiratory failure patients
Authors: OKKONEN M. , GÄDDNÄS F. , PETTILÄ V. , LAURILA J. , OHTONEN P. , RISTELI J. , LINKO R. , ALA‐KOKKO T. ,   FINNALI STUDY GROUP
Published: September 2013

Background

Procollagen‐derived propeptides reflect the rate of collagen synthesis and type I cross‐linked collagen telopeptides (ICTP) collagen I degradation. We studied the collagen metabolism to find out if changes seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients are observed in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), and whether multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) has impact on it.

Methods

ARF patients with prolonged hospitalisation at least 21 days were included to the study. Blood samples for serum procollagen aminoterminal propeptide I (PINP) and III (PIIINP), and ICTP measurements were collected at study admission (day 0) and on days 2, 7, and 21.

Results

The study population comprised 68 patients. Forty‐three patients (63%) developed MOD during the first week. PIIINP levels increased in all patients over time. The increase was slightly more pronounced in patients with MOD. During the first week, the synthesis of PIIINP increased more than PINP, and PINP degradation exceeded its production. By day 21, the balance of collagen metabolites returned to baseline.

Conclusion

The collagen metabolism was altered in ARF patients. The first week was dominated by degradation of type I collagen and production of type III collagen, but by day 21, the collagen composition returned to more stable form.
Synthetic Biology Ethics: A Deontological Assessment
Authors: Heavey Patrick
Published: September 2013

In this article I discuss the ethics of synthetic biology from a broadly deontological perspective, evaluating its morality in terms of the integrity of nature, the dignity of life and the relationship between God and his creation. Most ethical analyses to date have been largely consequentialist in nature; they reveal a dual use dilemma, showing that synbio has potential for great good and great evil, possibly more so than any step humanity has taken before. A deontological analysis may help to resolve this dilemma, by evaluating whether synbio is right or wrong in itself. I also assess whether deontology alone is a sufficient methodological paradigm for the proper evaluation of synbio ethics.
Palliative treatment of skin metastases in dermato‐oncology
Authors: Kähler Katharina C. , Egberts Friederike , Gutzmer Ralf
Published: September 2013

Patients with metastatic melanoma, but also other solid tumors (e.g., lung or breast cancer), may develop cutaneous metastases in advanced stages. The goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, fetor, secretions, or bleeding. Current treatment modalities are based on a multimodal treatment approach. Beside surgery, treatment options such as electrochemotherapy, isolated limb perfusion, radiotherapy, and local administration of cytokines or chemotherapy agents are available. In case of concomitant visceral metastases, this local treatment approach may not affect overall survival, but the palliation of these tumor‐associated symptoms very often improves the quality of life for the patient.
A New Technique for Subtotal (Cranial Wedge) Ostectomy in the Treatment of Impinging/Overriding Spinous Processes: Description of Technique, and Outcome of 25 Cases
Authors: Jacklin B.D. , Minshall G.J. , Wright I.M.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To demonstrate that subtotal (cranial wedge) ostectomy represents an effective treatment for overriding spinous processes (SPs), with short surgery time, fewer complications, maintains the contour of the spine, and produces a functionally and cosmetically better outcome than previously reported techniques.

Methods

A new technique is described and records were retrieved for 25 cases which had undergone the procedure at Newmarket Equine Hospital between 2009 and 2011. Case records were evaluated for anamnesis, clinical findings, and details of surgical and post operative management. Outcome of surgery was assessed by telephone questionnaire with owners, relating to both functional and cosmetic outcome of surgery.

Results

A total of 78.9% of cases treated using the described technique had resolution of clinical signs and returned to full work, and a further 18.2% were improved. Outcome was unrelated to number of SPs resected or mean radiographic grade of impingement. Cosmetic outcome was described as excellent in 81.8% and good in the remainder. Surgery time ranged from 20 to 70 (median 30) min and there were no intraoperative or post operative complications.

Conclusions

Previous descriptions of overriding SPs have failed to consider the shape of the SPs, and common site of impingement. As a result, previously reported techniques have been excessively destructive. Additionally, the changing relationships of SPs between standing and recumbent positions complicates surgical procedures when the previously reported technique is employed.

Practical significance

Based on the above and the presented follow‐up data, subtotal (cranial wedge) ostectomy represents a logical and effective treatment for overriding SPs. If performed under general anaesthesia it results in short surgery time, maintains the contour of the spine, has few complications, and produces a functionally and cosmetically better outcome than previously reported nondefined amputation of the dorsal portion of implicated SPs.

Ethical animal research

Not required by this Congress: retrospective clinical study. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
The Effect of Trotting Speed, Direction and Line of Travel on Asymmetry in Standardbred Racehorses During High‐Speed Locomotion on the Racetrack
Authors: Kirk L. , Pfau T. , Witte S , Ramseyer A. , Witte T.H.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To evaluate the effects of racing and training conditions on motion symmetry we set out to quantify hindlimb symmetry using an objective inertial sensor‐based system in a cohort of in‐training Standardbred racehorses during high‐speed trotting and to assess the influence of speed, line taken (straight vs. bend) and direction of travel (clockwise vs. anticlockwise).

Methods

Eight Standardbred racehorses in full training were instrumented with a GPS‐enhanced inertial sensor located at the tuber sacrale and trotted around an oval racetrack at a range of speeds and in both directions. Symmetry index (SI), MinDiff, MaxDiff, vector sum (VS) and range of motion (ROM) were quantified for the hindlimbs for each stride using vertical displacement data derived from the inertial output.

Results

A total of 9108 strides were collected on the track. Overall, all horses displayed a right hindlimb asymmetry or ‘lameness’. Horses were more asymmetrical when trotting around bends compared with on straights. The main factor influencing asymmetry was trotting around a clockwise bend. Speed had a small but significant influence on asymmetry that varied between measures.

Conclusions

The inertial sensor system was suitable for collecting on‐track, high‐speed locomotion data. The magnitude of asymmetry was dependent on direction, possibly indicating subclinical lameness or laterality in these horses.

Practical significance

The inertial sensor system is practical for on‐track objective high‐speed lameness evaluation. Further studies with larger numbers of objectively sound and lame Standardbred horses are needed to determine the effect of lameness on high‐speed trotting. The influence of factors such as training regimes and racing equipment should also be evaluated.

Ethical animal research

All procedures were performed with approval of the Royal Veterinary College Ethics Committee. The study was carried out in accordance with local regulations and in collaboration with the Swiss National Stud and Vetsuisse Bern. Informed consent was obtained from the owners of all horses used. Approval no. 2012/P358. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Objective Assessment of Gait Asymmetry in Polo Ponies
Authors: Burden E.R. , Pfau T , Witte T.H.
Published: September 2013

Aims

Polo ponies have demanding athletic careers and are likely to display a degree of movement asymmetry due to subclinical lameness. Due to training and management practices in polo, the prevalence of lameness may be underestimated. Subjective assessment of lameness has been proven to be unreliable and a growing body of evidence supports the use of trunk mounted inertial sensors as a practical field method of objective gait analysis. We set out to test the hypothesis that all polo ponies display some degree of movement asymmetry. It is likely that some of these asymmetries will be severe enough to be classified as lameness. In horses with asymmetry we hypothesise that left forelimb lameness will predominate.

Methods

Forty polo ponies were equipped with trunk mounted inertial sensors and trotted along a hard, straight surface. Data were analysed according to published protocols and standard objective symmetry indices were derived and compared with published thresholds.

Results

All 40 horses displayed asymmetrical movement. Twenty‐one (52.5%) were left forelimb asymmetric, and 19 (47.5%) were right forelimb asymmetric. Eighteen of these asymmetric horses had asymmetry values consistent with lameness. Twelve horses were identified as left forelimb lame and 6 horses identified as right forelimb lame. There was an equal division between right and left hindlimb asymmetry. Nine horses had values exceeding the lameness thresholds; 6 were right hind lame and 4 were left hind lame.

Conclusions

Polo ponies display asymmetry and some asymmetries are consistent with lameness. There appears to be a bias in left forelimb lameness in this population.

Practical significance

These findings may highlight underlying orthopaedic pathology that may be discipline specific or be a reflection of entrained or inherent laterality/handedness.

Ethical animal research

All procedures were performed with approval of the Royal Veterinary College Ethics Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all owners of the horses used in this study. Approval ref no. 2012/P337. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Development and Clinical Application of Pudendal Nerve Block Using A Peripheral Nerve Locator for Reproductive Surgery in Horses
Authors: Gallacher K. , Campoy L. , Bezuidenhout A.J. , Gilbert R.O.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To develop, describe and evaluate clinical applicability of pudendal nerve block using a peripheral nerve locator.

Methods

In a pilot study, 6 ponies were used to determine the correlation between nerves serving the perineal region (namely pudendal, caudorectal and perineal nerves) and the muscle contractions observed when an electrolocation technique was used. After appropriate electrolocation a small volume of lidocaine/methylene blue solution was injected under general anaesthesia. The dye location relative to the specified nerves was examined after humane euthanasia followed by dissection of the relevant region. In a second experiment, 7 Thoroughbred horses were used to evaluate the appropriate volume of lidocaine solution for the nerve block. Lidocaine/methylene blue solution was injected after positive electrolocation immediately (5–40 min) after euthanasia. A stained segment of 2 cm or more of the nerve was deemed to be sufficient and was evaluated after dissection. Finally, evaluation of a bilateral pudendal nerve block was used to provide anaesthesia and analgesia in 10 clinical cases involving both mares and geldings.

Results

Anal twitch alone was associated with injection of the caudal rectal nerve, whereas combined twitch of the anus and perineum was required for reliable location and injection of the pudendal nerve. Injection was more accurate in standing rather than laterally recumbent horses. A volume of 10–20 ml bilaterally, reliably provided at least 60 min of clinical analgesia for perineal surgery. Procedures satisfactorily completed included; urethral extension and perineal body repair in mares and penile examination, removal of penile tumours and penile amputation in male patients.

Conclusions and practical significance

Pudendal nerve block is a practical and effective alternative to epidural analgesia for selected standing surgical procedures of the reproductive tract in male and female horses.

Ethical animal research

The Cornell University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the project and informed client consent was obtained. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Effect of Phenylbutazone, Flunixin Meglumine and Firocoxib on ex vivo Cyclo‐Oxygenase Activity in Horses Undergoing Elective Surgery
Authors: Duz M. , Parkin T.D. , Marshall J.F.
Published: September 2013

Aims

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the production of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators by inhibiting the activity of the cyclo‐oxygenase enzymes (COX). Two major isoforms of COX enzymes exist: COX‐2, which is expressed during the inflammatory response, and COX‐1, which is responsible for the physiological production of prostaglandin that regulates tissue homeostasis. The study aims to evaluate the effect of firocoxib ex vivo in the horse as, to the authors' knowledge, published studies assess its effect only in vitro.

Methods

Horses (n = 18) undergoing elective surgery were recruited and allocated to treatment groups depending on clinician preference (1) phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt i.v. b.i.d.), (2) flunixin meglumine (FM, 1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. b.i.d.) and (3) firocoxib (FIR, 0.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. s.i.d.). Residual blood samples were collected prior to NSAIDs (T0), 2 h after NSAIDs (T2), and 24 h following surgery (T24). The COX activity was measured using validated immune‐enzymatic assays. A Kruskall–Wallis test was used to determine the effect of time and treatment on COX‐1 and COX‐2 activity. Bonferroni corrections were used to identify the level of significance accounting for multiple comparisons (P<0.017).

Results

At T2 and T24, the relative COX‐1 activity was significantly greater in horses receiving firocoxib compared with horses receiving either phenylbutazone (P<0.008) or flunixin meglumine (P<0.005). At T2 and T24, COX‐1 activity was reduced (compared with baseline) in horses receiving phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine. The effect on COX‐2 activity was not significantly different between drugs (P = 0.471).

Conclusions and practical significance

Cyclo‐oxygenase selectivity of firocoxib is demonstrated ex vivo. Firocoxib is as effective as phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine in modulating the production of prostaglandins by COX‐2 isoenzyme, whilst the physiological action of COX‐1 isoenzyme is preserved with firocoxib, but not with phenylbutazone and flunixin ex vivo.

Ethical animal research

Study approved by Ethics and Welfare Committee ‐ School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow. Sources of funding: Funding provided by John Crawford Endowment Fund, and Mrs I.J. Gates Charity Fund, University of Glasgow. Competing interests: None.
The Effect of Temperature Changes on in vitro Slow Wave Activity in the Equine Ileum
Authors: Fintl C. , Hudson N.P.H. , Handel I. , Pearson G.T.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To evaluate the effect of temperature changes on in vitro slow wave activity of the equine ileum using intracellular recording techniques.

Methods

A section of ileum was collected immediately following euthanasia from 9 normal horses euthanased for clinical reasons unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal tissue samples were cut into 1 mm thick sections, pinned out on a Sylgard plate and superfused with warmed, oxygenated Krebs solution. Intracellular recordings of membrane potential were made from smooth muscle cells using glass microelectrodes. All experiments were performed in the presence of a calcium channel blocker to ensure stable impalements. The temperature of the tissue bath was altered during the course of the experiment at a range of 27–41°C. All data were recorded and stored using a computer interfaced acquisition system. A software package was used to analyse the resting potentials, the amplitude, frequency and duration of slow waves.

Results

In all 9 horses slow wave frequency appeared to be approximately linearly related to the temperature over the range studied increasing by 0.5 cycles/min for each 1 degree increase in temperature (P<0.01). The initial slow wave frequency resumed when the temperature was returned to 37°C. The recovery time appeared to be directly related to the duration for which the temperature had been changed.

Conclusions

Slow wave frequency in the equine ileum is highly temperature sensitive.

Practical significance

As post operative ileus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the horse, the negative effect of lower temperatures on slow wave activity should be considered. During colic surgery close attention should be paid to minimising extra‐abdominal gut exposure time and keeping the temperature of the intestinal and abdominal lavage fluids at body temperature.

Ethical animal research

Post mortem samples obtained with the consent of the owners. Sources of funding: The Norwegian Agricultural Agreement Research Fund, Norsk Rikstoto and the Research Council of Norway as part of the Norwegian/Swedish research collaboration. Competing interests: None.
Equine Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) in the Environment: How Long Will It Stay Infective?
Authors: Saklou N.T. , Burgess B. , Morley P.W. , Goehring L.S.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) is a highly contagious agent for horses, able to cause outbreaks of respiratory disease, myelopathy and/or abortion. Horizontal transmission is directly through nasopharyngeal droplet transmission or, indirectly, through fomite transmission. Once in the environment viral maintenance of infectivity will depend on a variety of factors associated with viral envelope integrity. Adsorptive and surface tension forces, temperature fluctuations and UV‐light exposure have been shown to affect envelope integrity in other herpesviridae.

Aims

We hypothesised that viral survival will be different if placed on various surfaces or materials, and if placed in different environmental conditions.

Methods

An EHV‐1 suspension was placed on surfaces or materials: plastic, fabric, leather and stall bedding materials: shavings and straw. Materials were placed in different environments: constant 4°C, ‘barn’ and ‘outdoor environment’. Samples of each material and environment were collected at time points 0, 3, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h followed by viral titration and quantitative PCR analysis. Statistical analysis used generalised linear models with random‐effects mixed models controlling for repeated measures. Statistical significance was assumed when P<0.05.

Results

Results showed significant differences upon contact (t = 0) of the viral suspension with materials, most noticeable with shavings and leather. Most materials and in environmental conditions other than 4°C showed a rapid decrease in viral survival, especially during the first 3 h. While results show significant reduction on some surfaces and materials over others, it is important to realise that viral maintenance of infectivity was still significant under simulated ‘barn conditions’ following the 3 h time point.

Conclusions and practical significance

These results emphasise the importance of the prudent use of biosecurity protocols when mitigating an EHV‐1 outbreak.

Ethical animal research

Not applicable. Sources of funding: 1) Student was funded from an internal grant (DVM student grant) at CSU. 2) CSU Equine Neurology Research Fund. Competing interests: None.
Pharmacokinetics of Pergolide Mesylate in Horses
Authors: Rendle D.I. , Hughes K.J. , Doran G. , Edwards S.
Published: September 2013

Aims

Pergolide mesylate is the treatment of choice for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and veterinary preparations are now licensed for this use in a number of countries. Pharmacokinetic properties of the drug have not been established completely in horses and current dosing recommendations are based upon clinical experience. This study aimed to establish the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug following intravenous administration.

Methods

Eight healthy Thoroughbred or Standardbred geldings were administered 0.02 mg/kg bwt pergolide mesylate via an intravenous jugular catheter. Blood samples were collected over a period of 48 h from a catheter in the contralateral jugular vein for determination of plasma pergolide concentrations. Pergolide concentrations in plasma were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Maximum concentration of pergolide was determined directly from the data. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each horse by use of noncompartmental analysis with a commercial software program. Area under the curve was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. The terminal elimination rate constant and terminal half‐life were calculated by means of log‐linear regression. Initial volume of distribution, mean residence time, and clearance were calculated using standard noncompartmental formulae.

Results

See Table .

Results

Mean (± s.d.)

Maximum concentration (Cmax)
14.90 ± 5.02

Terminal elimination rate constant (λ) (h−1)
0.14 ± 0.06

Terminal half‐life (h)
5.80 ± 2.26

Area under the curve 0‐∞ (ng*h/ml)
18.63 ± 7.30

Mean residence time (h)
6.30 ± 2.43

Clearance (ml/h/kg bwt)
964.30 ± 460.95

Initial volume of distribution (l/kg bwt)
1.13 ± 0.39

Conclusions

Volume of distribution and half‐life for pergolide in horses are shorter than reported previously. There is no rationale for administering a loading dose of pergolide mesylate; however, based on its pharmacokinetic properties twice daily dosing with pergolide mesylate may be more appropriate than once daily dosing.

Ethical animal research

Approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee, Charles Sturt University. Sources of funding: Internal funding. Competing interests: Although not used in the current study, David Rendle has acted as a paid speaker and consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim, manufacturers of Prascend: the licensed form of pergolide in Europe and the USA.
Radiographic localization and isometry of the origin and insertion of the canine cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Reichert Erin E. , Kunkel Kevin A. R. , Suber Jonathan T. , Basinger R. Randy , Gerard Patrick D.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To radiographically define the anatomic origin and insertion of the cranial cruciate ligament translated to the lateral radiographic projection of the stifle (CrCL‐Lo and CrCL‐Li, respectively), to correlate these landmarks for identification of the CrCL‐Lo intraoperatively, and to compare the isometry of the CrCL‐Lo to the lateral fabella.

Study Design

Experimental study.

Sample Population

Pelvic limbs (n = 12) from dogs weighing 13–26 kg.

Methods

A radiographic quadrant method was used to localize the CrCL‐Lo. Mediolateral radiographic projections of each stifle were taken through a range of motion. Maximum percent change in length between each tibial marker and femoral marker during range of motion determined isometry.

Results

The CrCL‐Lo is located at the caudal 33% and distal 50% of the lateral femoral condyle using Blumensaat's line or a line from the origin of the long digital extensor (LDE) to the lateral fabella, with no significant difference (P = .766) between the 2 reference lines. The CrCL‐Li is located at the proximal 20% of the tibial plateau. No significant difference (P < .05) in isometry was found between the CrCL‐Lo and lateral fabella.

Conclusion

The CrCL‐Lo is located at the caudal 1/3 and distal ½ of the lateral femoral condyle. The CrCL‐Lo and lateral fabella are not significantly different in isometry when used as a proximal anchor point in extracapsular stifle stabilization.
Barriers to successful implementation of technology integration in educational settings: a case study
Authors: Laferrière T. , Hamel C. , Searson M.
Published: September 2013

Representing issues discussed at the EduSummIT 2011 relative to essential conditions and barriers to successful technology integration, this article presents a systemic analysis of barriers that needed to be overcome for an information technology initiative (Remote Networked School project) to be successfully implemented. The analysis was conducted from an activity theory framework. Barriers were conceptualized as tensions that pulled constituents of an activity system or activity systems in opposite directions at four distinct levels of contradiction. Chains of tensions–pivotal actions that led to the overcoming of barriers were identified. Twelve exemplars illustrate how roles, policies and routines were transformed for necessary conditions to be in place in small remote schools. As emphasized by our application of activity theory, these conditions, which parallel the essential conditions formulated by the International Society for Technology in Education, can never be taken for granted by the educational agents of a specific setting. In the case presented, activity theory explains that the overcoming of barriers is an ongoing exercise as some tensions get resolved, reappear or give way to new ones.
Eligibility Determination for Intravenous Thrombolysis Based on Radiology Interpretation Report of the Head CT Scan in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Hassan Ameer E. , Majidi Shahram , Janjua Nazli A. , Chaudhry Saqib A. , Tekle Wondwossen G. , Grigoryan Mikayel , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the variability of determining eligibility for intravenous thrombolysis (IV t‐PA) by a stroke team interpretation of computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head versus review of the radiology interpretation (presented in final report) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

METHODS

We compiled a database of all IV t‐PA‐treated ischemic stroke patients at our academic institution based on the stroke team's CT scan interpretation. The CT scan reports of 171 patients were reviewed by an independent board‐certified vascular neurologist who was blinded to clinical information except that all patients were being considered for IV t‐PA to determine their eligibility for thrombolysis. The reviewer's responses were then compared with the treating team's decision to identify discrepancies, and the impact of the discrepant decisions on clinical outcome including 24‐hour National Institute of Health stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and discharge modified Rankin scale (mRS), symptomatic hemorrhage (sICH), and asymptomatic hemorrhage (aICH). We compared the outcomes of patients who received IV t‐PA despite cautionary neuroradiologist interpretation and placebo‐treated patients from NINDS t‐PA study.

RESULTS

The independent reviewer decided to treat with IV t‐PA 123 patients (72%) after reviewing the radiology reports. The rate of NIHSS score improvement (52.0% vs. 62.5%, P = .22) was not different between patients in whom IV t‐PA should or should not have been used based on radiology reports. Favorable clinical outcome defined by mRS of 0‐2 at discharge (50.4% vs. 47.9%, P = .77) and in‐hospital mortality (15.6% vs. 12.5%, P = .61) were similar between the 2 groups. Favorable outcome (discharge or day 7‐10 mRS 0‐2) was significantly higher in patients who received t‐PA compared with placebo‐treated patients (48% vs. 28%, P = .006).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that administering IV t‐PA to patients based on the stroke team's interpretation of the CT scan versus review of the radiology interpretation does not lead to significant differences in clinical outcome, aICH, or sICH.
A Raw Deal: Heightened Liberalism Following Exposure to Anomalous Playing Cards
Authors: Proulx Travis , Major Brenda
Published: September 2013

According to the meaning maintenance model, people may respond to meaning violations by affirming unrelated beliefs to which they are committed. While this affirmation generally moves in the direction of social inequality, meaning violations that are not personally threatening—but that nevertheless evoke uncertainty—should evoke a heightened preference for social equality (i.e., a socially liberal judgment). We tested this hypothesis in an experiment that exposed participants to reverse colored playing cards, where participants were subsequently more supportive of Affirmative Action if they were relatively committed to a belief that social inequality is unjust. This study demonstrates that people will make heightened socially liberal judgments following a meaning violation that is not personally threatening, and that is unrelated to the affirmed meaning frameworks.
Is 3 the new 1: perspectives on virology, natural history and treatment for hepatitis C genotype 3
Authors: Tapper E. B. , Afdhal N. H.
Published: September 2013

Affecting 2–3% of the world's population, hepatitis C is a common viral infection which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis C genotype 1 is the dominant viral genotype among Western patients. For the last 20 years, in the era of interferon‐based therapy, it was far more difficult to treat relative to genotypes 2 and 3. Accordingly, a significant focus of research was on new antiviral agents for the dominant genotype 1 patient. Now, as promising specific treatments are being introduced for genotype 1, the attention of clinicians and researchers has turned back to the 50–70 million patients infected with a nongenotype 1 hepatitis C. Furthermore, after recent, larger randomized trials, we have realized that genotype 2 is truly interferon sensitive while genotype 3 patients are far less successful with therapy. In this fundamentally altered landscape, genotype 3 is now potentially the most difficult to treat genotype and an area of intense research for new drug development. Herein we review the virology, natural history and the treatment of genotype 3 hepatitis C.
The early impact histories of meteorite parent bodies
Authors: Davison Thomas M. , O'Brien David P. , Ciesla Fred J. , Collins Gareth S.
Published: September 2013

We have developed a statistical framework that uses collisional evolution models, shock physics modeling, and scaling laws to determine the range of plausible collisional histories for individual meteorite parent bodies. It is likely that those parent bodies that were not catastrophically disrupted sustained hundreds of impacts on their surfaces—compacting, heating, and mixing the outer layers; it is highly unlikely that many parent bodies escaped without any impacts processing the outer few kilometers. The first 10–20 Myr were the most important time for impacts, both in terms of the number of impacts and the increase of specific internal energy due to impacts. The model has been applied to evaluate the proposed impact histories of several meteorite parent bodies: up to 10 parent bodies that were not disrupted in the first 100 Myr experienced a vaporizing collision of the type necessary to produce the metal inclusions and chondrules on the CB chondrite parent; around 1–5% of bodies that were catastrophically disrupted after 12 Myr sustained impacts at times that match the heating events recorded on the IAB/winonaite parent body; more than 75% of 100 km radius parent bodies, which survived past 100 Myr without being disrupted, sustained an impact that excavates to the depth required for mixing in the outer layers of the H‐chondrite parent body; and to protect the magnetic field on the CV chondrite parent body, the crust would have had to have been thick (approximately 20 km) to prevent it being punctured by impacts.
Swallowing dysfunction in healthy older people using pharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis
Authors: Omari T. I. , Kritas S. , Cock C. , Besanko L. , Burgstad C. , Thompson A. , Rommel N. , Heddle R. , Fraser R. J. L.
Published: September 2013

Background

Age‐related loss of swallowing efficiency may occur for multiple reasons. Objective assessment of individual dysfunctions is difficult and may not clearly differentiate these from normal. Pharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis is a novel technique that allows quantification of swallow dysfunction predisposing to aspiration risk based on a swallow risk index (SRI). In this study, we examined the effect of ageing on swallow function.

Methods

Studies were performed in 68 healthy subjects aged 20–91 years (mean 59 years; 29 male), asymptomatic for oropharyngeal disease. Swallowing of liquid and viscous boluses was recorded with a pressure‐impedance catheter. Indices of swallow function including the SRI, postswallow residues, upper esophageal sphincter opening and bolus transit time were derived using purpose designed software.

Key Results

Swallow function worsened with increasing age with a significant decline after 80 years. Higher SRI correlated with increasing age (r = 0.257, p < 0.05 for liquids and r = 0.361, p < 0.005 viscous bolus). Subjects over 80 years were overrepresented amongst those with an SRI considered diagnostically relevant (SRI > 15). In addition, upper esophageal sphincter opening was reduced and postswallow residues increased in older subjects.

Conclusions & Inferences

Pharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis reveals multiple functional abnormalities in older individuals. The higher SRI levels seen in asymptomatic elders possibly reflect a loss of functional reserve with ageing. Automated impedance manometry analysis of swallow function may allow the risk of developing disordered swallowing to be quantified numerically.
Obesity prevention and management: Singapore's experience
Authors: Foo L. L. , Vijaya K. , Sloan R. A. , Ling A.
Published: September 2013

Singapore's obesity prevalence among adult Singapore residents aged 18–69 increased from 6.9% (2004) to 10.8% (2010). Among school‐going children, the prevalence of overweight and severely overweight (body weight > 120% standard weight for height) increased from 1.4% (1976) to 12.7% (2006) for primary 1 students, and 2.2% to 15.9% for primary 6 students. Fundamentally, obesity is a function of excess energy intake (food consumption) and insufficient energy expenditure (physical activity). In 2010, about 40% did not have sufficient physical activity, and about 60% consumed excess energy. For students in the mainstream schools, only a fifth consumed at least two servings of fruits and vegetables every day, and a tenth were physically active for at least 60 min on 5 or more days a week. From a public health perspective, the most powerful levers for influencing population health lie in interventions that make healthy living convenient and an unconscious choice by targeting the social and environmental context. Recognizing this, the Health Promotion Board has in recent years made a strategic shift away from just public education campaigns aimed at individual behaviours, to focus on creating a ground‐up social movement to enable and empower individuals to live out a healthy lifestyle.
A food policy package for healthy diets and the prevention of obesity and diet‐related non‐communicable diseases: the NOURISHING framework
Authors: Hawkes C. , Jewell J. , Allen K.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the NOURISHING framework of food policies to promote healthy diets, and uses the framework to summarize the policy actions taken by the Bellagio meeting countries. NOURISHING was developed by WCRF International to formalize a comprehensive policy package that brings together the key domains of action and policy areas. It aims to provide global level recommendations for a comprehensive response, within which policymakers have the flexibility to select specific policy options suitable for their national/local contexts and target populations. It also aims to provide a framework for reporting, categorizing and monitoring policy actions taken around the world, and for systematically categorizing, updating, interpreting and communicating the evidence for policy to policymakers. In this paper we explain the structure for NOURISHING and the rationale behind it. We also use the framework to report on and categorize the policy actions implemented in the Bellagio countries.
Structural responses to the obesity and non‐communicable diseases epidemic: the Chilean Law of Food Labeling and Advertising
Authors: Corvalán C. , Reyes M. , Garmendia M. L. , Uauy R.
Published: September 2013

In 12 July 2012, the Chilean Senate approved the Law of Food Labeling and Advertising, resulting from the joint efforts of a group of health professionals, researchers and legislators who proposed a regulatory framework in support of healthy diets and active living. Its goal was to curb the ongoing epidemic increase of obesity and non‐communicable diseases. Two actions included: (i) improving point of food purchase consumer information by incorporating easy‐to‐understand front‐of‐packages labeling and specific messages addressing critical nutrients, and (ii) decreasing children's exposure to unhealthy foods by restricting marketing, advertising and sales. We summarize the work related to the law's release and discuss the conclusions reached by the various expert committees that were convened by the Ministry of Health to guide the development of the regulatory norms. Throughout the process, the food industry has overtly expressed its disagreement with the regulatory effort. The final content of the regulatory norms is still pending; however there are suggestions that its implementation will be delayed and might be modified based on the industry lobbying actions. These lessons should contribute to show the need of anticipating and addressing potential barriers to obesity‐prevention policy implementation, particularly with respect to the role of the private sector.
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Children with Psoriatic Disease
Authors: Goldminz Ari M. , Buzney Catherine D. , Kim Noori , Au Shiu‐Chung , Levine Danielle E. , Wang Andrew C. , Volf Eva M. , Yaniv Shimrat S. , Kerensky Todd A. , Bhandarkar Manasa , Dumont Nicole M. , Lizzul Paul F. , Loo Daniel S. , Kulig John W. , Brown Mary E. , Lopez‐Benitez Jorge M. , Miller Laurie C. , Gottlieb Alice B.
Published: September 2013

Adults with psoriasis have a greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but few studies have investigated the prevalence of MetS and other risk factors for CVD in children with psoriasis. In an assessor‐blinded study, 20 children ages 9–17 years with a current or previously documented history of psoriasis involving 5% or more of their body surface area or psoriatic arthritis were compared with a cohort of age‐ and sex‐matched controls with benign nevi, warts, or acne. MetS, our primary endpoint, was defined by the presence of abnormal values in at least three of the following measures: triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), waist circumference, and blood pressure. Secondary endpoints included high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), total cholesterol (TC), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). Thirty percent (6/20) of children with psoriasis met the criteria for MetS, compared with 5% (1/20) of the control group (p < 0.05). Subjects with psoriasis had higher mean FBG (91.1 mg/dL) than the control group (82.9 mg/dL) (p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the other four components of MetS, BMI, BMI percentile, hs‐CRP, TC, or LDL‐C. The results of this trial demonstrate that children with psoriasis have higher rates of MetS than age‐ and sex‐matched controls. It may therefore be important to evaluate children with psoriasis for components of MetS to prevent future CVD morbidity and mortality.