bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substrate embedded low temperature co‐fired ceramics antenna with wide beamwidth and high gain at millimetre‐wave band
Authors: Kim D.Y. , Kim C.S. , Kang D.M. , Lim J.W.
Published: November 2015

A cost effective low temperature co‐fired ceramics antenna with wide beamwidth and high gain at 77 GHz is presented. This antenna consists of an aperture coupled dielectric resonator antenna which provides high gain and wide beamwidth. The vias surrounding the dielectric resonator act as a metallic fence, and prevent signal leakage. The top surface of this antenna is covered with dielectric layer, and no metal pattern was exposed to the air. Fabrication cost can be reduced by eliminating the expensive gold plating process due to this top passivation layer. The simulated results of the proposed antenna show a wide beamwidth of 86° and a peak antenna gain at 76.5 GHz of 7.5 dBi.
Characterisation of electromagnetic interference from LED
Authors: Wan Fayu , Cao Huixia , An Sushen , Feng Chaochao , Hu Guang , Ge Junxiang
Published: November 2015

The electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by alternating current driven LEDs which are widely used as indicator lamps in power strip is presented. The frequency‐domain measurement results show that the EMI will violate the MIL‐461E/RE102 standard limit line in the electromagnetic compatibility anechoic chamber. The time‐domain measurement results show that the breakdown of LEDs suddenly increase the current causing the interference. The colour light of LED is determined by the energy bandgap of the semiconductor, as they may influence the EMI level, red and yellow LEDs are analysed.
Cosmic ray neutron‐induced single‐event burnout in power devices
Authors: Shoji Tomoyuki , Nishida Shuichi , Hamada Kimimori , Tadano Hiroshi
Published: November 2015

The triggering mechanism for cosmic ray neutron‐induced single‐event burnout (SEB) in silicon insulated‐gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and diodes was investigated by white neutron‐irradiation experiments and transient device simulations. Electron‐hole pairs are generated along the tracks of recoil ions produced by nuclear spallation reactions between incident neutrons and the constituent nuclei of the device. In the vicinity of the n−/n+ interface, the resulting dynamic current causes an increase in the electron density, and the space charge effect of the carriers leads to an increase in the peak electric field. In an IGBT, the onset of impact ionisation at this interface can cause a parasitic transistor to switch on. In the case of diodes, the electric field distribution leads to diode secondary breakdown. Therefore, impact ionisation at the n−/n+ interface is essential for triggering SEB. In this study, analytical equations are derived for the local rise in temperature during SEB. The local temperature rise is proportional to the energy, defined in terms of the product of the applied voltage and the total avalanche charge. The diameter of the damage region estimated using these equations is similar to the size of the observed annular voids.
Thin-finger growth and droplet pinch-off in miscible and immiscible displacements in a periodic network of microfluidic channels
Authors: Budek Agnieszka , Garstecki Piotr , Samborski Adam , Szymczak Piotr
Published: November 2015

We report the results of experimental and numerical studies of two-phase flow in a periodic, rectangular network of microfluidic channels. This geometry promotes the formation of anisotropic, dendrite-like structures during viscous fingering experiments. The dendrites then compete with each other for the available flow, which leads to the appearance of hierarchical growth pattern. Combining experiments and numerical simulations, we analyze different growth regimes in such a system, depending on the network geometry and fluid properties. For immiscible fluids, a high degree of screening is present which results in a power-law distribution of finger lengths. Contrastingly, for miscible fluids, strong lateral currents of displaced fluid lead to the detachment of the heads of the longest fingers from their roots, thus preventing their further growth.
Direct and secondary nuclear excitation with x-ray free-electron lasers
Authors: Gunst Jonas , Wu Yuanbin , Kumar Naveen , Keitel Christoph H. , Pálffy Adriana
Published: November 2015

The direct and secondary nuclear excitation produced by an x-ray free electron laser when interacting with a solid-state nuclear target is investigated theoretically. When driven at the resonance energy, the x-ray free electron laser can produce direct photoexcitation. However, the dominant process in that interaction is the photoelectric effect producing a cold and very dense plasma in which also secondary processes such as nuclear excitation by electron capture may occur. We develop a realistic theoretical model to quantify the temporal dynamics of the plasma and the magnitude of the secondary excitation therein. Numerical results show that depending on the nuclear transition energy and the temperature and charge states reached in the plasma, secondary nuclear excitation by electron capture may dominate the direct photoexcitation by several orders of magnitude, as it is the case for the 4.8 keV transition from the isomeric state of 93Mo, or it can be negligible, as it is the case for the 14.4 keV Mössbauer transition in 57Fe. These findings are most relevant for future nuclear quantum optics experiments at x-ray free electron laser facilities.
Mechanisms for laminar separated-flow control using dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuator at low Reynolds number
Authors: Sato Makoto , Nonomura Taku , Okada Koichi , Asada Kengo , Aono Hikaru , Yakeno Aiko , Abe Yoshiaki , Fujii Kozo
Published: November 2015

Large-eddy simulations have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms of separated-flow control using a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator at a low Reynolds number. In the present study, the mechanisms are classified according to the means of momentum injection to the boundary layer. The separated flow around the NACA 0015 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 63 000 is used as the base flow for separation control. Both normal and burst mode actuations are adopted in separation control. The burst frequency non-dimensionalized by the freestream velocity and the chord length (F+) is varied from 0.25 to 25, and we discuss the control mechanism through the comparison of the aerodynamic performance and controlled flow-fields in each normal and burst case. Lift and drag coefficients are significantly improved for the cases of F+ = 1, 5, and 15 due to flow reattachment associated with a laminar-separation bubble. Frequency and linear stability analyses indicate that the F+ = 5 and 15 cases effectively excite the natural unstable frequency at the separated shear layer, which is caused by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. This excitation results in earlier flow reattachment due to earlier turbulent transition. Furthermore, the Reynolds stress decomposition is conducted in order to identify the means of momentum entrainment resulted from large-scale spanwise vortical structure or small-scale turbulent vortices. For the cases with flow reattachment, the large-scale spanwise vortices, which shed from the separated shear layer through plasma actuation, significantly increase the periodic component of the Reynolds stress near the leading edge. These large-scale vortices collapse to small-scale turbulent vortices, and the turbulent component of the Reynolds stress increases around the large-scale vortices. In these cases, although the combination of momentum entrainment by both Reynolds stress components results in flow reattachment, the dominant component is identified as the turbulent component. This indicates that one of the effective control mechanisms for laminar separation is momentum entrainment by turbulent vortices through turbulent transition.
Monitoring the refinement of crystal structures with 15N solid-state NMR shift tensor data
Authors: Kalakewich Keyton , Iuliucci Robbie , Mueller Karl T. , Eloranta Harriet , Harper James K.
Published: November 2015

The 15N chemical shift tensor is shown to be extremely sensitive to lattice structure and a powerful metric for monitoring density functional theory refinements of crystal structures. These refinements include lattice effects and are applied here to five crystal structures. All structures improve based on a better agreement between experimental and calculated 15N tensors, with an average improvement of 47.0 ppm. Structural improvement is further indicated by a decrease in forces on the atoms by 2–3 orders of magnitude and a greater similarity in atom positions to neutron diffraction structures. These refinements change bond lengths by more than the diffraction errors including adjustments to X–Y and X–H bonds (X, Y = C, N, and O) of 0.028 ± 0.002 Å and 0.144 ± 0.036 Å, respectively. The acquisition of 15N tensors at natural abundance is challenging and this limitation is overcome by improved 1H decoupling in the FIREMAT method. This decoupling dramatically narrows linewidths, improves signal-to-noise by up to 317%, and significantly improves the accuracy of measured tensors. A total of 39 tensors are measured with shifts distributed over a range of more than 400 ppm. Overall, experimental 15N tensors are at least 5 times more sensitive to crystal structure than 13C tensors due to nitrogen’s greater polarizability and larger range of chemical shifts.
The drag of the tails: Diffusion of sticky nanoparticles in dilute polymer solutions
Authors: Kuldová Jitka , Uhlík Filip , Košovan Peter
Published: November 2015

We devise a simple coarse-grained model of a nanoparticle exhibiting attractive interactions with a polymer in good solvent and use Monte Carlo simulations to study how adsorption of the polymer affects the hydrodynamic properties of the nanoparticle. We show that the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer-decorated nanoparticle increases with increasing polymer chain length or concentration. The slowdown of diffusion of the sticky nanoparticles is predicted to occur at polymer concentrations many orders of magnitude below the overlap concentration, in contrast with the case of non-sticky nanoparticles. To rationalize our findings, we employ the concept of trains, loops, and tails, which has been used in earlier theoretical studies of polymer adsorption at interfaces. We show that dominant contribution to the increase of the hydrodynamic radius of the polymer-decorated nanoparticles comes from the tails, which stretch far from the surface. On the contrary, the much more numerous but shorter loops and tails play only a minor role.
Equivalent thermal history reconstruction from a partially crystallized glass-ceramic sensor array
Authors: Heeg Bauke
Published: November 2015

The basic concept of a thermal history sensor is that it records the accumulated exposure to some unknown, typically varying temperature profile for a certain amount of time. Such a sensor is considered to be capable of measuring the duration of several (N) temperature intervals. For this purpose, the sensor deploys multiple (M) sensing elements, each with different temperature sensitivity. At the end of some thermal exposure for a known period of time, the sensor array is read-out and an estimate is made of the set of N durations of the different temperature ranges. A potential implementation of such a sensor was pioneered by Fair et al. [Sens. Actuators, A 141, 245 (2008)], based on glass-ceramic materials with different temperature-dependent crystallization dynamics. In their work, it was demonstrated that an array of sensor elements can be made sensitive to slight differences in temperature history. Further, a forward crystallization model was used to simulate the variations in sensor array response to differences in the temperature history. The current paper focusses on the inverse aspect of temperature history reconstruction from a hypothetical sensor array output. The goal of such a reconstruction is to find an equivalent thermal history that is the closest representation of the true thermal history, i.e., the durations of a set of temperature intervals that result in a set of fractional crystallization values which is closest to the one resulting from the true thermal history. One particular useful simplification in both the sensor model as well as in its practical implementation is the omission of nucleation effects. In that case, least squares models can be used to approximate the sensor response and make reconstruction estimates. Even with this simplification, sensor noise can have a destabilizing effect on possible reconstruction solutions, which is evaluated using simulations. Both regularization and non-negativity constrained least squares minimization approaches are shown to enable robust thermal history estimation. Based on the theoretical and simulation results, several general criteria can be established for the sensor performance and its practical implementation.
Some aspects of the double layer structure in magnetized electronegative plasmas with q-nonextensive electrons
Authors: Mehdipoor M. , Mohsenpour T.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the double layer (DL) structure in a magnetized electronegative plasma consisting of ions and nonextensive electrons is studied by using the reductive perturbation method. The basic set of fluid equations is reduced to the extended Korteweg–de Vries equation. It is shown that around the critical density, DL structures coexist. The effects of negative to positive ion density ratio (β), nonextensive index (q), the angle between the directions of the wave propagation vector and the external magnetic field (lz), and positive (negative) ion gyrofrequency (Ω±) and positive to negative ion mass ratio (Q) on DL structure are discussed.
The transition to the metallic state in low density hydrogen
Authors: McMinis Jeremy , Morales Miguel A. , Ceperley David M. , Kim Jeongnim
Published: November 2015

Solid atomic hydrogen is one of the simplest systems to undergo a metal-insulator transition. Near the transition, the electronic degrees of freedom become strongly correlated and their description provides a difficult challenge for theoretical methods. As a result, the order and density of the phase transition are still subject to debate. In this work, we use diffusion quantum Monte Carlo to benchmark the transition between paramagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic body centered cubic atomic hydrogen in its ground state. We locate the density of the transition by computing the equation of state for these two phases and identify the phase transition order by computing the band gap near the phase transition. These benchmark results show that the phase transition is continuous and occurs at a Wigner-Seitz radius of rs = 2.27(3) a0. We compare our results to previously reported density functional theory, Hedin’s GW approximation, and dynamical mean field theory results.
Effects of the built-in electric field on polaron effects in a wurtzite ZnO/MgxZn1−xO quantum well
Authors: Zhao Feng-qi , Guo Zi-Zheng
Published: November 2015

The effects of the built-in electric field on the polarons in wurtzite ZnO/MgxZn1−xO quantum wells are studied numerically via the improved Lee-Low-Pines intermediate coupling variational method. The contributions of the different branches of the optical phonons to the polaron energies of the ZnO/MgxZn1−xO quantum wells are calculated as functions of well width d and composition x. The anisotropy effects of the electronic effective masses, the dielectric constants, and the frequencies of the different branches of the phonon modes (including both the longitudinal-like and transverse-like confined optical phonon modes, the interface optical phonon modes and the half-space phonon modes) on the polaron energies are considered in the calculations. Comparisons between the cases with and without the built-in electric field (F ≠ 0 and F = 0) are made for the optical phonon contributions to the polaron energies for the different branches of the phonon modes. The results show that the built-in electric field has marked effects on the contributions of the phonons with the different modes; in detail, it makes positive contributions to the interface and the half-space phonons, but negative contributions to the confined phonons, and thus its effect on the total phonon contribution is not obvious. Detailed comparisons of the contributions of the symmetric and antisymmetric phonon modes to the polaron energies as functions of d and x are also presented and a heuristic argument is provided to explain the numerical results.
Understanding reliability and some limitations of the images and spectra reconstructed from a multi-monochromatic x-ray imager
Authors: Nagayama T. , Mancini R. C. , Mayes D. , Tommasini R. , Florido R.
Published: November 2015

Temperature and density asymmetry diagnosis is critical to advance inertial confinement fusion (ICF) science. A multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (MMI) is an attractive diagnostic for this purpose. The MMI records the spectral signature from an ICF implosion core with time resolution, 2-D space resolution, and spectral resolution. While narrow-band images and 2-D space-resolved spectra from the MMI data constrain temperature and density spatial structure of the core, the accuracy of the images and spectra depends not only on the quality of the MMI data but also on the reliability of the post-processing tools. Here, we synthetically quantify the accuracy of images and spectra reconstructed from MMI data. Errors in the reconstructed images are less than a few percent when the space-resolution effect is applied to the modeled images. The errors in the reconstructed 2-D space-resolved spectra are also less than a few percent except those for the peripheral regions. Spectra reconstructed for the peripheral regions have slightly but systematically lower intensities by ∼6% due to the instrumental spatial-resolution effects. However, this does not alter the relative line ratios and widths and thus does not affect the temperature and density diagnostics. We also investigate the impact of the pinhole size variation on the extracted images and spectra. A 10% pinhole size variation could introduce spatial bias to the images and spectra of ∼10%. A correction algorithm is developed, and it successfully reduces the errors to a few percent. It is desirable to perform similar synthetic investigations to fully understand the reliability and limitations of each MMI application.
Observation of particle acceleration in laboratory magnetosphere
Authors: Kawazura Y. , Yoshida Z. , Nishiura M. , Saitoh H. , Yano Y. , Nogami T. , Sato N. , Yamasaki M. , Kashyap A. , Mushiake T.
Published: November 2015

The self-organization of magnetospheric plasma is brought about by inward diffusion of magnetized particles. Not only creating a density gradient toward the center of a dipole magnetic field, the inward diffusion also accelerates particles and provides a planetary radiation belt with high energy particles. Here, we report the first experimental observation of a “laboratory radiation belt” created in the ring trap 1 device. By spectroscopic measurement, we found an appreciable anisotropy in the ion temperature, proving the betatron acceleration mechanism which heats particles in the perpendicular direction with respect to the magnetic field when particles move inward. The energy balance model, including the heating mechanism, explains the observed ion temperature profile.
Explicit high-order non-canonical symplectic particle-in-cell algorithms for Vlasov-Maxwell systems
Authors: Xiao Jianyuan , Qin Hong , Liu Jian , He Yang , Zhang Ruili , Sun Yajuan
Published: November 2015

Explicit high-order non-canonical symplectic particle-in-cell algorithms for classical particle-field systems governed by the Vlasov-Maxwell equations are developed. The algorithms conserve a discrete non-canonical symplectic structure derived from the Lagrangian of the particle-field system, which is naturally discrete in particles. The electromagnetic field is spatially discretized using the method of discrete exterior calculus with high-order interpolating differential forms for a cubic grid. The resulting time-domain Lagrangian assumes a non-canonical symplectic structure. It is also gauge invariant and conserves charge. The system is then solved using a structure-preserving splitting method discovered by He et al. [preprint arXiv:1505.06076 (2015)], which produces five exactly soluble sub-systems, and high-order structure-preserving algorithms follow by combinations. The explicit, high-order, and conservative nature of the algorithms is especially suitable for long-term simulations of particle-field systems with extremely large number of degrees of freedom on massively parallel supercomputers. The algorithms have been tested and verified by the two physics problems, i.e., the nonlinear Landau damping and the electron Bernstein wave.
Limits to Fourier theory in high thermal conductivity single crystals
Authors: Wilson R. B. , Cahill David G.
Published: November 2015

We report the results of time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) experiments that examine the ability of Fourier theory to predict the thermal response in single crystals when heater dimensions are small. We performed TDTR measurements on Al-coated diamond, 6H-SiC, GaP, Ge, MgO, GaAs, and GaSb single crystals with a wide range of laser spot size radii, 0.7 μm < w0 < 12 μm. When the laser spot-size is large, w0 ≈ 12 μm, TDTR data for all crystals are in agreement with predictions of Fourier theory with bulk thermal conductivity values. When the laser spot-size is small, w0 < 2 μm, there are significant differences between the predictions of Fourier theory and TDTR data for all crystals except MgO.
Rapid genome reshaping by multiple-gene loss after whole-genome duplication in teleost fish suggested by mathematical modeling
Authors: Inoue Jun , Sato Yukuto , Sinclair Robert , Tsukamoto Katsumi , Nishida Mutsumi
Published: November 2015

Significance

All genes are duplicated by whole-genome duplication (WGD), reverting in number over time, but the actual timing of genome reshaping through gene loss remains poorly understood. We estimated the spatiotemporal loss/persistence pattern of 6,892 gene lineage pairs after the teleost-specific WGD, using careful orthology assignment and a reliable time-calibrated tree. We found that massive gene loss did occur in the first 60 My, mainly due to events involving the simultaneous loss of multiple redundant genes, and the rate of loss then slowed to an approximately constant level for the subsequent 250 My. Similar genomic gene arrangements within teleosts imply that rapid gene loss led to the reshaping of the teleost genomes before their major divergence.
SMARCAL1 maintains telomere integrity during DNA replication
Authors: Poole Lisa A. , Zhao Runxiang , Glick Gloria G. , Lovejoy Courtney A. , Eischen Christine M. , Cortez David
Published: November 2015

Significance

DNA replication is challenged by many sources of stress including DNA damage and difficult-to-replicate DNA sequences. Several related replication fork remodeling enzymes including SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent, regulator of chromatin, subfamily A-like 1) respond to this replication stress to ensure complete and accurate DNA synthesis. Here we describe telomere DNA sequences as the first endogenous source of replication stress that SMARCAL1 is required to resolve. This telomere replication function is not shared by highly related enzymes and is genetically separable from other SMARCAL1 activities in bulk chromosomal replication. We identify a previously unknown function of SMARCAL1 that could contribute to the phenotypes associated with Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, a human disease caused by
SMARCAL1
mutations.
Three-dimensional organization of nascent rod outer segment disk membranes
Authors: Volland Stefanie , Hughes Louise C. , Kong Christina , Burgess Barry L. , Linberg Kenneth A. , Luna Gabriel , Zhou Z. Hong , Fisher Steven K. , Williams David S.
Published: November 2015

Significance

A vertebrate photoreceptor cell depends on the elaboration of its cilium to generate its light-sensitive organelle, the outer segment (OS), which is made up of a stack of membrane disks, containing the visual receptor, opsin. How this elaboration occurs has been the subject of recent controversy. Here we used electron microscope tomography to obtain a 3D analysis of the membrane organization at the base of the OS, where new membrane disks are continually made to replace the older ones. We show that the nascent disk membrane is continuous with the ciliary plasma membrane, and appears to form by a complex reshaping of this membrane, involving an invagination, followed by outward growth, and, finally, the completion of a disk rim.
Fronted qualifiers in French and English
Authors: Banks David
Published: November 2015

By “fronted qualifier”, I mean a relatively long initial segment, which precedes a headword and which has an adjectival function in relation to it. This structure seems to be relatively common in French. For example, a leaflet from a French university begins with a letter from the vice-chancellor almost entirely written in this form. The leaflet gives an English translation, which calques the French structure. Taken individually, the translation of each clause seems adequate, but when read as a text, unlike the original French, it somehow does not work. This seems to suggest that French accepts this structure more easily than English does. To the extent that it is usual to treat the fronted qualifier as part of the subject, and the whole of the subject group as theme, this would give “Born in Liverpool in 1937, he” as theme of “Born in Liverpool in 1937, he was educated at St. Mary’s College”. However, since the fronted qualifier is in a marked position, does this mean that it should be taken as theme, or, at least, be accorded additional thematic status? And since French seems to accept this structure more easily than English, might this be one of the points at which the two languages differ? These are the sorts of questions, which this article will attempt to address.
Advanced validation of CFD-FDTD combined method using highly applicable solver for reentry blackout prediction
Authors: Takahashi Yusuke
Published: November 2015

An analysis model of plasma flow and electromagnetic waves around a reentry vehicle for radio frequency blackout prediction during aerodynamic heating was developed in this study. The model was validated based on experimental results from the radio attenuation measurement program. The plasma flow properties, such as electron number density, in the shock layer and wake region were obtained using a newly developed unstructured grid solver that incorporated real gas effect models and could treat thermochemically non-equilibrium flow. To predict the electromagnetic waves in plasma, a frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method was used. Moreover, the complicated behaviour of electromagnetic waves in the plasma layer during atmospheric reentry was clarified at several altitudes. The prediction performance of the combined model was evaluated with profiles and peak values of the electron number density in the plasma layer. In addition, to validate the models, the signal losses measured during communication with the reentry vehicle were directly compared with the predicted results. Based on the study, it was suggested that the present analysis model accurately predicts the radio frequency blackout and plasma attenuation of electromagnetic waves in plasma in communication.
A Dedekind-Mertens theorem for power series rings
Authors: Epstein Neil , Shapiro Jay
Published: November 2015

We prove a power series ring analogue of the Dedekind-Mertens lemma. Along the way, we give limiting counterexamples, we note an application to integrality, and we correct an error in the literature.
Arl13b and the exocyst interact synergistically in ciliogenesis
Authors: Seixas Cecília , Choi Soo Young , Polgar Noemi , Umberger Nicole L. , East Michael P. , Zuo Xiaofeng , Moreiras Hugo , Ghossoub Rania , Benmerah Alexandre , Kahn Richard A. , Fogelgren Ben , Caspary Tamara , Lipschutz Joshua H. , Barral Duarte C.
Published: November 2015

Arl13b belongs to the ADP-ribosylation factor family within the Ras superfamily of regulatory GTPases. Mutations in Arl13b cause Joubert syndrome, which is characterized by congenital cerebellar ataxia, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, and mental retardation. Arl13b is highly enriched in cilia and is required for ciliogenesis in multiple organs. Nevertheless, the precise role of Arl13b remains elusive. Here we report that the exocyst subunits Sec8, Exo70, and Sec5 bind preferentially to the GTP-bound form of Arl13b, consistent with the exocyst being an effector of Arl13b. Moreover, we show that Arl13b binds directly to Sec8 and Sec5. In zebrafish, depletion of arl13b or the exocyst subunit sec10 causes phenotypes characteristic of defective cilia, such as curly tail up, edema, and abnormal pronephric kidney development. We explored this further and found a synergistic genetic interaction between arl13b and sec10 morphants in cilia-dependent phenotypes. Through conditional deletion of Arl13b or Sec10 in mice, we found kidney cysts and decreased ciliogenesis in cells surrounding the cysts. Moreover, we observed a decrease in Arl13b expression in the kidneys from Sec10 conditional knockout mice. Taken together, our results indicate that Arl13b and the exocyst function together in the same pathway leading to functional cilia.
Introduction
Authors: Hanna Robert
Published: November 2015

According to a classical view in the philosophy of mind, both human and non-human minded animals inherently or innately possess a capacity to produce mental representations of objects (whether those objects are actual or merely possible, existing or non-existing), locations, events, actions or performances, other minded animals, and themselves. Chapter 1 begins with a discussion of this classical view, going on to provide an introductory account of a Kant-inflected approach to the philosophy of mind and knowledge, categorical epistemology. In so doing, the chapter discusses how categorical epistemology is both non-trivially similar to and also non-trivially dissimilar to other contemporary approaches to epistemology. It also develops several new arguments against narrowly naturalistic approaches to intentionality and intentional content, and contrastively promotes the idea of a liberal naturalist approach, based on the thesis that the conscious rational human mind is essentially embodied.
Rationalism Regained 1
Authors: Hanna Robert
Published: November 2015

Chapter 6 re-presents the famous Benacerraf Dilemma, now extended from its original version in the context of mathematical truth and knowledge, to logical truth and knowledge, and then generalized to all kinds of a priori knowledge. More specifically, the chapter outlines and addresses five difficult philosophical problems, namely: (1) The Original Benacerraf Dilemma, which seems to entail that objective mathematical necessary truth, on the one hand, and rational human a priori knowledge of objective mathematical necessary truth, on the other hand, are mutually incompatible; (2) The Extended Benacerraf Dilemma, which smoothly extends The Original Benacerraf Dilemma from mathematics to logic; (3) The Generalized Benacerraf Dilemma, which further elaborates the shared deep structure of The Original and The Extended Dilemmas; (4) The Problem of the Epistemic Status of Rational Intuitions; and (5) The Problem of Objectivity.
Proportionality as a General Principle of Law
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard
Published: November 2015

This chapter examines whether the principle of proportionality should be relevant to investor–State arbitration. It first examines the role of the principle of proportionality in various domestic legal systems, in particular in Germany, Canada, South Africa, Israel, and the USA. It then discusses three main concerns regarding proportionality that arbitrators should assess before applying proportionality in a particular normative setting: firstly, unwarranted judicial law-making; secondly, the rule of law; and, thirdly, the risk of arbitrary outcomes due to the lack of a relevant value system. Next, it considers the role of proportionality in several subsystems of international law and shows that—as a matter of principle—proportionality is transposable to the international level. It sheds light on the typical situations in which international courts and tribunals resort to proportionality, and how these bodies deal with specific issues that arise when applying proportionality.
Proportionality and the Concept of Systemic Integration
Authors: Bücheler Gebhard
Published: November 2015

This chapter discusses the relevant legal instruments and the vehicle that can—under certain conditions—import them into investor–State arbitration: the concept of systemic integration enshrined in Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). It begins with an overview of the rules of treaty interpretation in international law and some jurisprudence related to the concept of systemic integration. It then clarifies the relationship between Article 31(3)(c) and other means of treaty interpretation. Next, it turns to the content and scope of the concept of systemic integration, shedding light on the role Article 31(3)(c) may play in investor–State arbitration and how this provision may justify and guide the application of the principle of proportionality.
Linking Economic Growth to Poverty Reduction under Globalization
Authors: Nissanke Machiko
Published: November 2015

This chapter examines the experiences of the SSA region with globalization–growth–poverty relationships in a comparative perspective. It argues that specific conditions prevailed internationally and domestically—coined as international and institutional traps—could explain the disappointing experiences of the SSA region in harnessing benefits of globalization for the poor in the 1980s and 1990s. These conditions are interrelated through feedback mechanisms which are detrimental to shared growth and poverty reduction through producing a loop of negative private–public interfaces for economic development. Thus, whether or not the recent encouraging sign of overcoming income poverty in SSA can be sustained would depend upon the region’s commitments to creating a new institutional configuration by forging productive private–public interfaces with the purpose of advancing the agenda of inclusive development. Doing this should allow countries in SSA to integrate strategically into the global economy with a view to attenuating ‘inequalizing forces’ innate to globalization.
Marginalization
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri
Published: November 2015

This chapter examines Italian marginalization. The name ‘marginalization’ was originally used by Antinucci and Cinque (1977) as a general label for any discourse given constituent found to the right of focus, including right-dislocated ones. After Cardinaletti’s research in 2000 and 2001, this label has been restricted to post-focus discourse-given constituents that occur unstressed in situ, making marginalization similar to the in-situ destressing operation found with English discourse-given phrases. The first part of the chapter establishes the basic word order of Italian, followed by a discussion of marginalization based on Cardinaletti’s work as well as new evidence ranging from the distribution of Italian negative phrases to the analysis of Cinque’s low adverbs. The criteria that distinguish marginalized phrases from right-dislocated ones are particularly important for an effective analysis of contrastive focalization; confusing one with the other is very easy and frequently leads to incorrect conclusions.
Contrastive focus and marginalization
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri
Published: November 2015

This chapter examines the distribution of contrastive focalization when any present post-focal constituent is marginalized in situ, i.e. when no constituent is right dislocated. In these cases contrastive foci occur in situ and any attempt to analyse them as having moved to a higher left-peripheral focus projection above TP or intermediate focus projection located between TP and VP quickly runs into serious problems. This chapter also establishes the existence of an independent operation moving lower discourse-given constituents following a focus to a position immediately above it, potentially making the affected focus clause-rightmost. This operation will be eventually reconsidered in the final chapter, where it will be shown to follow from the constraints requiring Italian stress to occur clause-rightmost. Finally, the chapter examines the binding relations between postverbal foci and postverbal unfocused constituents.
Right dislocation
Authors: Samek-Lodovici Vieri
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of Italian right dislocation, which is claimed to (i) occur clause externally, (ii) not require clitic doubling, (iii) involve movement. An accurate understanding of right dislocation is necessary for the analysis of discourse-givennes as well as focalization, as discussed in detail in Chapter 5. The analysis of right dislocation in this chapter challenges widely held but incorrect assumptions concerning the necessity of clitic doubling and the position of right dislocation, both of which can lead to incorrect conclusions about the position of focus when focus is followed by right dislocated constituents. The chapter also includes a detailed comparison between right dislocation and clitic left dislocation as well as a detailed discussion of alternative analyses of right dislocation to date.
Definiteness effects and linking
Authors: Bentley Delia
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides an account of the crosslinguistic variation in the definiteness effects, capturing the following facts: languages differ in terms of how freely they admit post-copular definites in there sentences and whether they treat post-copular definites and indefinites differentially. Analysing definiteness in terms of specificity, we propose that, in languages which admit pre-verbal focus, post-copular specifics are normally disallowed because they have canonical properties of subjects. In languages that rule out non-contrastive pre-verbal focus, for example the Italo-Romance dialects, specifics occur more freely in post-verbal position. However, many such languages mark the different degrees of suitability to subjecthood of specific and non-specific noun phrases by the control of finite number agreement on the copula or failure thereof. After providing an empirically rich and theoretically challenging account of copula agreement in there sentences, the chapter discusses semantics–syntax linking in the four types of there sentence introduced in Chapter 2.
Conclusion
Authors: Bentley Delia
Published: November 2015

This chapter presents the conclusions on existentials and locatives in the Romance dialects of Italy, highlighting the contribution of the volume to the following core issues in linguistic theory: (i) the typology and distribution of topics and foci, (ii) predication and argument realization, and (iii) the status of grammatical relations as syntactic primitives, derivatives of syntactic configurations, or interface constructs which grammaticalize discourse and semantic roles. In-depth microvariational analysis of existentials and locatives suggests that all types of focus structure have a topic, and supports the distinction between referential and aboutness topics. The analysis also challenges any traditional definition of predication and argumenthood, insofar as existential pivots turn out to be predicates which can behave as arguments by virtue of an argument property, referentiality. Lastly, the findings support the notion of grammatical relations as constructs at the interface of discourse, semantics, and morphosyntax.
Quantum mechanical interaction of light with atoms
Authors: Blood Peter
Published: November 2015

The quantum mechanical description of the interaction of light with atoms treats absorption, gain, and recombination as upward and downward induced transitions of electrons between two states by perturbation due to the optical electric field. This provides the basis for a quantitative theory of diode lasers. The chapter begins with Einstein’s description of absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission, setting the scene for calculation of the transition probability by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a coherent superposition of the wavefunctions of two states. The resulting absorption spectrum has a Lorentzian lineshape due to dephasing of these wavefunctions. Expressions for the optical absorption cross section and Einstein coefficients are derived in terms of the dipole matrix element, and the dipole is illustrated using a hypothetical one-dimensional atom. Fermi’s Golden Rule for transitions to a continuum of states (as in quantum wells) is introduced in terms of the momentum matrix element.
Prioritizing hypothesis tests for high throughput data
Authors: Kim Sangjin , Schliekelman Paul
Published: November 2015

Motivation: The advent of high throughput data has led to a massive increase in the number of hypothesis tests conducted in many types of biological studies and a concomitant increase in stringency of significance thresholds. Filtering methods, which use independent information to eliminate less promising tests and thus reduce multiple testing, have been widely and successfully applied. However, key questions remain about how to best apply them: When is filtering beneficial and when is it detrimental? How good does the independent information need to be in order for filtering to be effective? How should one choose the filter cutoff that separates tests that pass the filter from those that don’t?

Result: We quantify the effect of the quality of the filter information, the filter cutoff and other factors on the effectiveness of the filter and show a number of results: If the filter has a high probability (e.g. 70%) of ranking true positive features highly (e.g. top 10%), then filtering can lead to dramatic increase (e.g. 10-fold) in discovery probability when there is high redundancy in information between hypothesis tests. Filtering is less effective when there is low redundancy between hypothesis tests and its benefit decreases rapidly as the quality of the filter information decreases. Furthermore, the outcome is highly dependent on the choice of filter cutoff. Choosing the cutoff without reference to the data will often lead to a large loss in discovery probability. However, naïve optimization of the cutoff using the data will lead to inflated type I error. We introduce a data-based method for choosing the cutoff that maintains control of the family-wise error rate via a correction factor to the significance threshold. Application of this approach offers as much as a several-fold advantage in discovery probability relative to no filtering, while maintaining type I error control. We also introduce a closely related method of P-value weighting that further improves performance.

Availability and implementation: R code for calculating the correction factor is available at http://www.stat.uga.edu/people/faculty/paul-schliekelman.

Contact:  pdschlie@stat.uga.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The intrinsic combinatorial organization and information theoretic content of a sequence are correlated to the DNA encoded nucleosome organization of eukaryotic genomes
Authors: Utro Filippo , Di Benedetto Valeria , Corona Davide F.V. , Giancarlo Raffaele
Published: November 2015

Motivation: Thanks to research spanning nearly 30 years, two major models have emerged that account for nucleosome organization in chromatin: statistical and sequence specific. The first is based on elegant, easy to compute, closed-form mathematical formulas that make no assumptions of the physical and chemical properties of the underlying DNA sequence. Moreover, they need no training on the data for their computation. The latter is based on some sequence regularities but, as opposed to the statistical model, it lacks the same type of closed-form formulas that, in this case, should be based on the DNA sequence only.

Results: We contribute to close this important methodological gap between the two models by providing three very simple formulas for the sequence specific one. They are all based on well-known formulas in Computer Science and Bioinformatics, and they give different quantifications of how complex a sequence is. In view of how remarkably well they perform, it is very surprising that measures of sequence complexity have not even been considered as candidates to close the mentioned gap. We provide experimental evidence that the intrinsic level of combinatorial organization and information-theoretic content of subsequences within a genome are strongly correlated to the level of DNA encoded nucleosome organization discovered by Kaplan et al. Our results establish an important connection between the intrinsic complexity of subsequences in a genome and the intrinsic, i.e. DNA encoded, nucleosome organization of eukaryotic genomes. It is a first step towards a mathematical characterization of this latter ‘encoding’.

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Contact: futro@us.ibm.com.
Comparison of Intra-Abdominal Pressure Among 3 Prone Positional Apparatuses After Changing From the Supine to the Prone Position and Applying Positive End-Expiratory Pressure in Healthy Euvolemic Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Kim Eugene , Kim Hyun-Chang , Lim Young-Jin , Kim Chi-Heon , Sohn Seil , Chung Chun-Kee , Kim Hyoung-Jun , Kang Hyun , Park Hee-Pyoung
Published: November 2015

Background:

Positional apparatuses used for the prone position can affect intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). In this study, we compared the IAP after changing to the prone position and applying various positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels among 3 prone positional apparatuses.

Methods:

A total of 108 healthy euvolemic patients undergoing elective prone spinal surgery were divided into 3 groups based on the positional apparatus used: the Jackson spinal table was used in group J (n=36), the Wilson frame in group W (n=36), and chest rolls in group C (n=36). The IAP was measured 2 minutes after application of 0, 3, 6, and 9 cm H2O of PEEP.

Results:

The IAP in the supine position was 6.4±3.0, 5.9±2.8, and 7.1±2.5 mm Hg in groups J, C, and W, respectively. After the supine-to-prone positional change, the IAP in the prone position was significantly lower in group J than in groups C and W (2.7±2.9 vs. 8.9±4.0 and 12.9±4.3 mm Hg, P<0.01). In the prone position, a PEEP of 9 cm H2O increased the IAP from baseline (zero PEEP) by 1.5±1.3, 1.6±1.3, and 1.7±1.0 mm Hg in groups J, C, and W, respectively.

Conclusions:

The IAP in the prone position was significantly lower using the Jackson table compared with the Wilson frame and chest rolls. A PEEP up to 9 cm H2O can be safely used in healthy euvolemic patients undergoing prone spinal surgery without a clinically significant increase in IAP, irrespective of the type of prone positional apparatus.