bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening everyday health information literacy among four populations
Authors: Hirvonen Noora , Enwald Heidi , Mayer Anne‐Kathrin , Korpelainen Raija , Pyky Riitta , Salonurmi Tuire , Savolainen Markku J. , Nengomasha Cathrine , Abankwah Ruth , Uutoni Wilhelm , Niemelä Raimo , Huotari Maija‐Leena
Published: April 2020

Background

People face varying obstacles when interacting with health information in their everyday lives.

Objectives

This study aims to examine the applicability of a multidimensional Everyday Health Information Literacy (EHIL) screening tool in detecting people with challenges in accessing, understanding, evaluating and using health information in everyday situations.

Methods

Previously collected EHIL screening tool data from Finnish upper secondary school students (n = 217), Finnish young men (n = 1450), Finnish adults with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome (n = 559) and Namibian university students (n = 271) were reanalysed to examine the factorial structure of the tool and to compare the groups. Statistical analyses included exploratory factor analyses, calculation of mean factor scores and one‐way analysis of variance.

Results

A three factor structure (‘awareness’, ‘access’, ‘assessment’) for the screening tool was supported based on the Finnish samples. However, the Namibian data did not follow a similar structure. Significant differences in groupwise factor scores were discovered.

Discussion

The findings suggest that the multidimensional EHIL screening tool can be used in pointing out areas where individuals or groups may need support.

Conclusion

The tool may be useful to health information and library services workers when counselling or educating the public.
A 100 m.y. record of volcanic arc evolution in Nicaragua
Authors: Flores Kennet E. , Gazel Esteban
Published: April 2020

The processes that result in arc magmas are critical to understanding element recycling in subduction zones, yet little is known about how these systems evolve with time. Nicaragua provides an opportunity to reconstruct the history of a volcanic arc since the Cretaceous. Here we present the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous–Eocene volcanic units in Nicaragua and their relationship to the different tectonic units where the arc developed. We discovered an evolution from an arc‐dominated by calc‐alkaline compositions in the Cretaceous–Eocene, to transitional compositions in the Oligocene–Miocene, to finally tholeiitic magmas common in the modern volcanic front. Our petrographic studies confirm that in the Cretaceous–Eocene the olivine + clinopyroxene cotectic was followed by clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± amphibole. Given the abundance of amphibole and the lack of this mineral in the modern volcanic front, the Cretaceous–Eocene Arc melts were likely more water‐rich than modern Nicaragua, suppressing the crystallization of plagioclase after olivine. We also found temporal changes in element ratios that are sensitive to variations in sediment input. The Cretaceous–Eocene Arc is characterized by a lower Ba/Th compared to the Oligocene–Miocene and modern volcanic front samples, suggesting that the sediment input was lower in Ba, possibly analogous to old deep siliceous sediment subducting in the western Pacific. Both U/Th and U/La are higher in the modern volcanics, reflecting higher U/Th in the subducting sediments following the 'Carbonate Crash'. Finally, we found that the orientation of the arc axis also changed, from northeast‐southwest in the Cretaceous–Eocene to northwest‐southeast after the Oligocene. This change probably records variations in the location of the subduction zone as this region shaped into its current geographic configuration.
Care planning and nonpharmacological interventions in a metropolitan inpatient dual diagnosis service: A retrospective exploratory study
Authors: MacLeay Euan , Fry Margaret , Roche Michael Anthony , Montilla Tim
Published: April 2020

In Australia, the terms dual diagnosis and comorbidity are commonly used, often interchangeably, to describe the experience of consumers with both mental health difficulties and difficulties with alcohol and other drug use. Consumers with comorbidity often have complex needs that require comprehensive assessment, multidisciplinary team support, and trauma‐focused management. More information about the demographics of consumers admitted with comorbidity, and the documented assessed needs, care, and interventions provided, would provide the foundations for working towards improved quality and continuity of care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the documentation of inpatient assessment, care, and interventions provided to people with comorbidity. The research design was a retrospective exploratory study, and data collection involved a 12‐month healthcare record audit. Forty‐one records were screened, and 36 consumer healthcare records were identified as eligible for inclusion in the study. Most consumers (n = 34, 94%) were admitted on an involuntary basis, and 8 (22.2%) were female. Consumers had a median length of stay of almost six months. In most healthcare records, there was no documented evidence of care planning involvement by consumers or the multidisciplinary team. There was great variance in the delivery of nonpharmacological interventions. Most consumers did not receive trauma‐focused assessment or intervention, and assessment tools were often incomplete with outcome measures poorly documented. This study has demonstrated significant gaps in consumer and multidisciplinary engagement with care planning and goal setting. There was poor documentation of comprehensive assessment and nonpharmacological interventions.
Implementing a Psychiatric Behaviours of Concern emergency team in an acute inpatient psychiatry unit: Staff perspectives
Authors: Digby Robin , Bushell Hannah , Bucknall Tracey K.
Published: April 2020

Behaviours of concern including aggression are widespread in mental health inpatient settings. Restrictive interventions such as restraint and seclusion can cause additional trauma to already traumatized patients. To decrease use of these interventions in an acute psychiatric unit in Melbourne, Australia, a Psychiatric Behaviours of Concern (Psy‐BOC) response team was introduced. In a Psy‐BOC call, senior medical, nursing, and allied health staff respond to escalating behavioural situations to work with the primary treating team to implement clinical interventions of least restrictive practice. Here, we present qualitative findings reporting staff response to Psy‐BOC. The study complied with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). Twenty‐four staff participated in five focus groups. Four themes were identified: Identifying behavioural deterioration, responding to behaviours of concern, staff reactions, and barriers. Although staff were skilled in recognizing and de‐escalating behaviours of concern, patients were secluded when heightened risk was perceived. The adoption of Psy‐BOC was met with some resistance to the cultural change required to adopt this new model. Increased awareness, early identification of behaviours of concern, and pressure from management resulted in reductions in restrictive interventions. Management of patients with drug‐induced psychosis without restraint presented specific difficulties. The ward setting was challenging, offering no break‐out spaces for patients, and few comfortable areas. Some staff appreciated the advice and expertise of the Psy‐Boc team, others felt disempowered and undermined. Improving leadership, staff education, support and collaboration, and including frontline staff in refining the process could enhance the Psy‐BOC response and increase safety for all.
Association between nutritional status and early childhood caries risk profile in a suburban Nigeria community
Authors: Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Oginni Ayodeji Babatunde , El Tantawi Maha , Alade Micheal , Adeniyi Abiola A. , Finlayson Tracy L.
Published: April 2020

Background

Malnutrition is associated with oral health problems.

Aim

To determine the association between malnutrition (undernourished and over‐nourished) and early childhood caries (ECC) in a suburban population in Nigeria.

Design

Data were extracted from a database of a household survey of 1549 under 6‐year‐old children. Explanatory variables were nutritional status (normal, undernourished [wasted, stunted and underweight], or over‐nourished). The outcome measure was the prevalence of ECC. Children's sociodemographic characteristics (socio‐economic status, sex, age) and caries‐risk variables (frequency of sugar consumption in‐between‐meals, oral hygiene status) were the confounders. Association between ECC and malnutrition was determined using the Poisson regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05.

Results

About one‐third (31.4%) of children had expected height/weight for age; 848 (54.7%) were undernourished; and 215 (13.9%) were over‐nourished. Nutritional status was not significantly associated with the prevalence of ECC. Children who consumed sugar in‐between‐meals three or more times a day were twice as likely to have ECC as were those who consumed sugar less often in‐between‐meals (APR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.30‐3.81; P = .003). Children 3‐5 years old were more likely to have ECC than were those 0‐2 years old (APR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.10‐5.22; P = .03).

Conclusions

ECC was not associated with undernourished and over‐nourished in a suburban population in Nigeria.
Relationship between preterm birth and developmental defects of enamel: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bensi Caterina , Costacurta Micaela , Belli Stefano , Paradiso Daniele , Docimo Raffaella
Published: April 2020

Background

A putative relationship between preterm birth and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) has been described in the literature. Although systematic reviews have found preterm birth may lead to DDE, the effect size has not been quantified.

Aim

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to determine the association between preterm birth and DDE.

Design

An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies. Two independent reviewers selected the studies in a two‐stage process in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The risk of bias was also analysed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale criteria.

Results

A total of 1041 publications were considered after an electronic search, 20 of which were included in the systematic review. Of these 20 publications, 18 articles were included in a meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis detected an increased risk of developing DDE in preterm children [OR: 3.27 (95% CI 2.02, 5.30; P < .001)], with a greater risk in the primary dentition. In addition to this, a subgroup analysis showed a greater risk in the development of hypoplasia in preterm children.

Conclusions

The results of this meta‐analysis showed a three times increased risk of developing DDE in preterm children.
Water availability affects nectar sugar production and insect visitation of the cup plant Silphium perfoliatum L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Mueller Anna Lena , Berger Christian A. , Schittenhelm Siegfried , Stever‐Schoo Burkhard , Dauber Jens
Published: April 2020

The perennial cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is considered as an alternative feedstock to maize for biogas plants. Due to its ecological advantages of an extensive management and function as food resource for pollinators, it can be grown in Ecological Focus Areas (EFAs) since 2018. However, studies at the Julius Kühn‐Institute in Braunschweig (Germany) showed that the assumed advantage of the cup plant of a high drought tolerance could not be confirmed regarding aspects of crop production and yield. We complemented this experiment by assessing how different soil moisture conditions affect the production of floral resources and insect visitation. In 2014, we sampled three irrigated and three rainfed plots of the cup plant. We quantified the nectar volume and sugar mass per inflorescence, the number of inflorescences per plant and calculated the total nectar sugar production. We further counted insect visitation on the inflorescences. Due to reduced numbers of inflorescences per plant and an earlier harvest, the estimated nectar sugar production was 58 kg/ha regarding irrigated and 20 kg/ha regarding rainfed plots. Honeybee visitation per inflorescence was about twice as high in the irrigated plots. Furthermore, the early harvest is a disadvantage for wild pollinators with a late activity period.
The moderating role of spirituality on quality of life and depression among adolescents with spina bifida
Authors: Taha Asma A. , Eisen Aaron M. , Abdul‐Rahman Hana Q. , Zouros Alexander , Norman Sharon
Published: April 2020

Aim

To investigate the relationships between spirituality, somatic symptom distress/severity, depressive symptoms and quality of life (QOL) for adolescents diagnosed with spina bifida (SB).

Design

Exploratory, cross‐sectional design.

Methods

Fifty‐eight adolescents with SB in southern California were recruited during routine visits to a multidisciplinary clinic at a healthcare university from January 2016–January 2017. Each adolescent completed a series of self‐report measures, including the System of Belief Inventory, Somatic Symptom Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Path analysis was performed to examine regression coefficients for each direct and indirect effect.

Results

The mediation–moderation analysis showed that depressive symptoms fully mediated the relationship between symptom distress and QOL (B = 0.029 [0.014], CI [0.007, 0.061]) and higher levels of spirituality moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and QOL (B = 0.052, p = .018). Spirituality was higher for adolescents with greater symptom severity; including shunt status Welch's F(1, 53.689) = 4.174, p = .046, level of lesion F(2,57) = 3.382, p = .041, and ambulation status F(3, 57) = 2.920, p = .042.

Conclusion

Adolescents with SB who had greater levels of symptom distress experienced significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms and a lower QOL. Contrary to our expectations, adolescents with greater levels of spirituality had a lower QOL when depressive symptoms were mild/moderate, but no differences were noted when depressive symptoms were severe.

Impact

This study examined the relationship between spirituality and quality of life (QOL) in adolescents with spina bifida, who were experiencing different levels of depressive symptoms and symptom distress/severity. Depressive symptoms appeared to have a more profound effect on QOL than spirituality. Accordingly, we recommend that healthcare professionals actively screen for depressive symptoms when assessing these adolescents and their physical symptoms/distress levels.
Digital collaborative learning in elementary and middle schools as a function of individualistic and collectivistic culture: The role of ICT coordinators' leadership experience, students' collaboration skills, and sustainability
Authors: Blau Ina , Shamir‐Inbal Tamar , Hadad Shlomit
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of online collaborative learning experiences on students' digital collaboration skills and on the sustainability of e‐collaboration in schools' culture—comparing individualistic versus collectivistic cultures. In addition, we explored how the leadership experience of schools' ICT coordinators was predicted by their sense of professionalism and cognitive, emotional and social aspects of perceived learning (PL), while leading the collaborative projects. The participants were ICT coordinators from 513 Israeli schools; 214 of whom were Hebrew‐speakers, and 299 Arabic‐speakers. The participants were asked to complete an online questionnaire, which included multiple‐choice and open‐ended questions. The results showed significant differences between a variety of the coordinator‐related variables as a function of learning culture (more individualistic vs.more collectivistic). Coordinators' leadership experience was a powerful predictor of students' digital collaboration skills, but did not predict the sustainability of e‐collaboration. Coordinators' emotional PL predicted the sustainability of collaboration in both schools with more individualistic and with more collectivistic learning cultures. The implications of the findings for educational theory and practise are discussed.
Characterization of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells in Chinese adult patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Gu Y. , Li K. , Sun J. , Zhang J.
Published: April 2020

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Human interleukin‐10+B cells (B10 cells) is one of regulatory B cells and is enriched in CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells. A little is known about these cells in atopic dermatitis.

Objective

To study CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells and their clinical significance in Chinese adult patients with atopic dermatitis.

Methods

Thirty‐two adult patients with AD and nineteen healthy controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stained with fluorescein‐conjugated monoclonal antibodies for CD19, CD24, CD27, CD38 and Annexin V. The stained PBMCs were analysed by flow cytometry. B10 cells were prepared by stimulating PBMCs with CpG, LPS and CD40L followed by restimulation with phorbol12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Serum IL‐10, B‐cell‐activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL) levels were measured by using the ELISA. Apoptosis and proliferation of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells were measured by flow cytometry. 4/P‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk) phosphorylation were also studied.

Results

The number of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells in patients with AD was similar to that in healthy controls. However, B10 cells were decreased in patients with AD. The proportion of B10 cells was negatively associated with blood basophil counts but not associated with disease activity. CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells from AD patients were more susceptible to apoptosis upon stimulation with CpG, LPS and CD40L. B cells from AD patients showed lower STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation.

Conclusions

CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells were unchanged in atopic dermatitis while B10 cells were decreased. The increased B‐cell apoptosis, decreased STAT3 and Erk phosphorylation might contribute to these changes.
Emerging role of dermal compartment in skin pigmentation: comprehensive review
Authors: Kapoor R. , Dhatwalia S.K. , Kumar R. , Rani S. , Parsad D.
Published: April 2020

The variations in human skin colour mainly occur due to differences in the distribution of melanin pigment throughout the body, synthesized by epidermal melanocytes which are further taken up by keratinocytes present in epidermis. Recently, it has been discovered that besides these cells, dermis derived fibroblast factors also play a prominent role in regulating skin pigmentation. There exists a signal crosstalk between epidermal melanocytes, keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and any impairment in these signalling pathways may give rise to pigmentary disorders. Vitiligo is a hypopigmentary disorder and alteration in the expression level of several fibroblast‐specific factors has been reported in the lesional skin of vitiligo patients. In such patients, there is decrease in the expression levels of factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor (SCF) and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) along with a steep increase in the expression levels of Dickkopf 1. Patients affected with hyperpigmentary disorder like melasma exhibit a marked increase in SCF and KGF expression levels leading to increase in melanin production and those affected with solar lentigo experience upregulation in the expression levels of SCF, KGF and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor). Hence, we conclude that new therapeutic strategies can be adopted to cure these pigmentary disorders by targeting factors involved in crosstalk signalling between epidermal melanocytes, keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts.
Potential oral health effects of e‐cigarettes and vaping: A review and case reports
Authors: Irusa Karina F. , Vence Brian , Donovan Terry
Published: April 2020

Objective

In this article, the potential oral health consequences of vaping are described. While most dentists are likely aware of the potential serious health effects involved with vaping, the aim of this article was to raise awareness on identified oral health consequences.

Clinical considerations

Three patients presented to one dental practice with unusual patterns of dental caries, and all three admitted to regular vaping. Vaping components include propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, and flavors, which contain sucrose, sucralose, and ethyl maltol. The vapor produced by vaping devices is thick and viscous and much of it is retained on oral tissues. There are over 10 000 different vaping liquids, including some that contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and vitamin E acetate. Vaping clearly has the potential to negatively affect general health, periodontal health, and accelerate the development of caries. There is also evidence that teenagers are being attracted to vaping in astonishing numbers.

Conclusions

The general health consequences of vaping have received considerable attention in the national media. There is much to be learned about the consequences of this behavior. There are also potential serious oral health consequences to vaping. It is likely that the composition of certain vaping solutions may make them more harmful than others

Clinical significance

It is important that dental professionals are made aware of the potential problems related to vaping. Initial reports show that the effect of e‐cigarettes on periodontal tissues is similar to that of conventional cigarettes. Some vaping formulations may be highly cariogenic, especially those with sweet flavors, which are used to attract young people. Patients should be routinely questioned about their vaping habits in the medical‐dental history.
Geometric description for the anatomy of the mitral valve: A review
Authors: Oliveira Diana , Srinivasan Janaki , Espino Daniel , Buchan Keith , Dawson Dana , Shepherd Duncan
Published: April 2020

The mitral valve is a complex anatomical structure whose physiological functioning relies on the biomechanical properties and structural integrity of its components. Their compromise can lead to mitral valve dysfunction, associated with morbidity and mortality. Therefore, a review on the morphometry of the mitral valve is crucial, more specifically on the importance of valve dimensions and shape for its function. This review initially provides a brief background on the anatomy and physiology of the mitral valve, followed by an analysis of the morphological information available. A characterisation of mathematical descriptions of several parts of the valve is performed and the impact of different dimensions and shape changes in disease is then outlined. Finally, a section regarding future directions and recommendations for the use of morphometric information in clinical analysis of the mitral valve is presented.
The impact of implementing speech recognition technology on the accuracy and efficiency (time to complete) clinical documentation by nurses: A systematic review
Authors: Joseph Joseph , Moore Zena E. H. , Patton Declan , O'Connor Tom , Nugent Linda Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Speech recognition technology (SRT) recognises an individual's spoken word signals through a microphone and subsequently processes the user's words into digital text by means of a computer. SRT remains well established and continues to grow in popularity among the various health disciplines. Many studies have been done to examine the effects of SRT on nursing documentation, however, no previous systematic review (SR) on the effects of SRT on accuracy and efficiency of nursing documentation was identified.

Aims and methods

To systematically review the impact of speech recognition technology on the accuracy and efficiency of clinical nursing documentation. A SR was conducted that measures the accuracy and efficiency (time to complete documentation) of SRT on nursing documentation. An extensive search of the literature included Web of Science, CINAHL via EBSCO host, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The PRISMA checklist screened eligible papers. The quality of each paper was critically appraised, data extracted and analysed/synthesised.

Results

A total of 10 studies were included. Various devices and systems have been used to examine the accuracy, efficiency and impact of SRT on nursing documentation. A positive impact of SRT with significant advances in accuracy/productivity of nursing documentation at the point of care was found. However, a substantial degree of initial costing, training requirements and studied interface modification to individual healthcare units are needful in incorporating SRT systems.

Conclusions

Speech recognition technology when applied to nursing documentation could open up a promising new interface for data entry from the point of care, though the full potential of the technology has not been explored.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The compatibility/effectiveness of SRT with existing computer systems remains understudied. SRT training, prompt on‐site technical support, maintenance and upgrades cannot be underestimated towards achieving high‐level accuracy and efficiency (time to complete documentation) with SRT.
Communication issues contributing to medication incidents: Mixed‐method analysis of hospitals’ incident reports using indicator phrases based on literature
Authors: Syyrilä Tiina , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri , Härkänen Marja
Published: April 2020

Aim

To identify the types and frequencies of communication issues (communication pairs, person related, institutional, structural, process and prescription‐related issues) detected in medication incident reports and to compare communication issues that caused moderate or serious harm to patients.

Background

Communication issues have been found to be among the main contributing factors of medication incidents, thus necessitating communication enhancement.

Design

A sequential exploratory mixed‐method design.

Methods

Medication incident reports from Finland (n = 500) for the year 2015 in which communication was marked as a contributing factor were used as the data source. Indicator phrases were used for searching communication issues from free texts of incident reports. The detected issues were analysed statistically, qualitatively and considering the harm caused to the patient. Citations from free texts were extracted as evidence of issues and were classified following main categories of indicator phrases. The EQUATOR’s SRQR checklist was followed in reporting.

Results

Twenty‐eight communication pairs were identified, with nurse–nurse (68.2%; n = 341), nurse–physician (41.6%; n = 208) and nurse–patient (9.6%; n = 48) pairs being the most frequent. Communication issues existed mostly within unit (76.6%, n = 383). The most commonly identified issues were digital communication (68.2%; n = 341), lack of communication within a team (39.6%; n = 198), false assumptions about work processes (25.6%; n = 128) and being unaware of guidelines (25.0%; n = 125). Collegial feedback and communication from patients and relatives were the preventing issues. Moderate harm cases were often linked with lack of communication within the unit, digital communication and not following guidelines.

Conclusions

The interventions should be prioritised to (a) enhancing communication about work‐processes, (b) verbal communication about digital prescriptions between professionals, (c) feedback among professionals and (f) encouraging patients to communicate about medication.

Relevance to clinical practice

Upon identifying the most harmful and frequent communication issues, interventions to strengthen medication safety can be implemented.
Cash Flow News and Stock Price Dynamics
Authors: PETTENUZZO DAVIDE , SABBATUCCI RICCARDO , TIMMERMANN ALLAN
Published: April 2020

We develop a new approach to modeling dynamics in cash flows extracted from daily firm‐level dividend announcements. We decompose daily cash flow news into a persistent component, jumps, and temporary shocks. Empirically, we find that the persistent cash flow component is a highly significant predictor of future growth in dividends and consumption. Using a log‐linearized present value model, we show that news about the persistent dividend growth component predicts stock returns consistent with asset pricing constraints implied by this model. News about the daily dividend growth process also helps explain concurrent return volatility and the probability of jumps in stock returns.
Bile acids associate with specific gut microbiota, low‐level alcohol consumption and liver fibrosis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Adams Leon A. , Wang Zhengyi , Liddle Chris , Melton Phillip E. , Ariff Amir , Chandraratna Harsha , Tan Jeremy , Ching Helena , Coulter Sally , de Boer Bastiaan , Christophersen Claus T. , O’Sullivan Therese A. , Morrison Mark , Jeffrey Gary P.
Published: April 2020

Background

Bile acids (BAs) are synthesized by the liver and modified by gut bacteria, and may play an intermediary role between the gut microbiome and liver in promoting fibrosis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the associations between serum and faecal BAs, gut microbiome and fibrosis in patients with and without NAFLD and examined the impact of diet and alcohol consumption on these relationships.

Methods

Adult patients (n = 122) underwent liver biopsy and BAs characterization by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Gut microbiome composition was analysed using next‐generation 16S rRNA sequencing. Diet and alcohol intake were determined by 3‐day food diary.

Results

Serum and faecal BA concentrations increased progressively among non‐NAFLD controls (n = 55), NAFLD patients with no/mild fibrosis (F0‐2, n = 58) and NAFLD with advanced fibrosis (F3/4, n = 9). Progressive increases in serum BAs were driven by primary conjugated BAs including glycocholic acid [GCA] and secondary conjugated BAs. In contrast, faecal BA increase was driven by secondary unconjugated BAs (predominately deoxycholic acid [DCA]). Serum GCA levels and faecal DCA levels correlated with the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and stool secondary BAs with an unclassifiable family of the order Bacteroidales (Bacteroidales;other). These bacterial taxa were also associated with advanced fibrosis. Modest alcohol consumption was positively correlated with faecal DCA levels and relative abundance of Lachnospiracaea and Bacteroidales;other.

Conclusions

Higher serum and faecal BA levels are associated with advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. Specific gut bacteria link alterations in BA profiles and advanced fibrosis, and may be influenced by low‐level alcohol consumption.
Research methods in articulatory phoneticsII: Studying other gestures and recent trends
Authors: Kochetov Alexei
Published: April 2020

This article is Part II of a general overview of current methods in articulatory phonetics research (which also consists of Part I “Research methods in articulatory phonetics I: Introduction & studying oral gestures”). The article begins by examining methods employed by phoneticians to investigate laryngeal and nasal gestures—speech‐related configurations of the glottis and the lowering/raising the velum for nasal/oral consonants and vowels. This is done by reviewing the methods of electroglottography, endoscopy, photoglottography, and measurements of airflow and air pressure. The article further examines magnetic resonance imaging and radiography (X‐rays)—the methods employed to investigate the entire vocal tract. The review is concluded with the methods of video recording and optical tracking, as used to study manual gestures in speech and sign language. Each methodological section contains a review of relevant journal publications illustrating the application of the method, as well as references to further readings. The article concludes with an overview of current developments and trends in instrumental articulatory phonetics, and highlight issues requiring further research.
Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease‐2019: Ad interim indications of the Italian Society of Neonatology endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies
Authors: Davanzo Riccardo , Moro Guido , Sandri Fabrizio , Agosti Massimo , Moretti Corrado , Mosca Fabio
Published: April 2020

The recent COVID‐19 pandemic has spread to Italy with heavy consequences on public health and economics. Besides the possible consequences of COVID‐19 infection on a pregnant woman and the fetus, a major concern is related to the potential effect on neonatal outcome, the appropriate management of the mother–newborn dyad, and finally the compatibility of maternal COVID‐19 infection with breastfeeding. The Italian Society on Neonatology (SIN) after reviewing the limited scientific knowledge on the compatibility of breastfeeding in the COVID‐19 mother and the available statements from Health Care Organizations has issued the following indications that have been endorsed by the Union of European Neonatal & Perinatal Societies (UENPS). If a mother previously identified as COVID‐19 positive or under investigation for COVID‐19 is asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic at delivery, rooming‐in is feasible, and direct breastfeeding is advisable, under strict measures of infection control. On the contrary, when a mother with COVID‐19 is too sick to care for the newborn, the neonate will be managed separately and fed fresh expressed breast milk, with no need to pasteurize it, as human milk is not believed to be a vehicle of COVID‐19. We recognize that this guidance might be subject to change in the future when further knowledge will be acquired about the COVID‐19 pandemic, the perinatal transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2, and clinical characteristics of cases of neonatal COVID‐19.
Ecological and evolutionary drivers of haemoplasma infection and bacterial genotype sharing in a Neotropical bat community
Authors: Becker Daniel J. , Speer Kelly A. , Brown Alexis M. , Fenton M. Brock , Washburne Alex D. , Altizer Sonia , Streicker Daniel G. , Plowright Raina K. , Chizhikov Vladimir E. , Simmons Nancy B. , Volokhov Dmitriy V.
Published: April 2020

Most emerging pathogens can infect multiple species, underlining the importance of understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that allow some hosts to harbour greater infection prevalence and share pathogens with other species. However, our understanding of pathogen jumps is based primarily around viruses, despite bacteria accounting for the greatest proportion of zoonoses. Because bacterial pathogens in bats (order Chiroptera) can have conservation and human health consequences, studies that examine the ecological and evolutionary drivers of bacterial prevalence and barriers to pathogen sharing are crucially needed. Here were studied haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (i.e., haemoplasmas) across a species‐rich bat community in Belize over two years. Across 469 bats spanning 33 species, half of individuals and two‐thirds of species were haemoplasma positive. Infection prevalence was higher for males and for species with larger body mass and colony sizes. Haemoplasmas displayed high genetic diversity (21 novel genotypes) and strong host specificity. Evolutionary patterns supported codivergence of bats and bacterial genotypes alongside phylogenetically constrained host shifts. Bat species centrality to the network of shared haemoplasma genotypes was phylogenetically clustered and unrelated to prevalence, further suggesting rare—but detectable—bacterial sharing between species. Our study highlights the importance of using fine phylogenetic scales when assessing host specificity and suggests phylogenetic similarity may play a key role in host shifts not only for viruses but also for bacteria. Such work more broadly contributes to increasing efforts to understand cross‐species transmission and the epidemiological consequences of bacterial pathogens.
Fungal communities differentially respond to warming and drought in tropical grassland soil
Authors: de Oliveira Tássio Brito , de Lucas Rosymar Coutinho , Scarcella Ana Silvia de Almeida , Contato Alex Graça , Pasin Thiago Machado , Martinez Carlos Alberto , Polizeli Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes
Published: April 2020

Climate change is predicted to cause more extreme events, such as heatwaves, and different precipitation patterns. The effects of warming and short‐term drought on soil microbial communities, in particular fungal communities, remain largely unexplored under field conditions. Here, we evaluated how the fungal community of a tropical grassland soil responds to these changes. A field experiment was carried out in a temperature free‐air controlled enhancement (T‐FACE) facility in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. The isolated and combined effects of drought and a 2°C increase in temperature were investigated. Based on metabarcoding of the ITS2 region, a total of 771 operational taxonomic units were observed. While warming affected the community structure, drought affected the alpha diversity, and the interaction between warming and drought affected both diversity and structure. The change in community composition driven by warming affected only the less abundant species (>1% of the total sequences). The aspect of the fungal communities that was most affected was diversity, which was increased by drought (p < .05), mostly by reducing the dominance of a single species, as observed in the watered plots. In a phylogenetic context, some fungal taxa were favoured by changes in temperature (Hypocreales) and drought (Sordariales) or disadvantaged by both (Pleosporales). It was of note that a water deficit increased the abundance of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Curvularia, Thielavia and Fusarium species. Overall, our results provide evidence that fungal communities in tropical grassland soils have greater sensitivity to drought than to temperature, which might increase the incidence of certain soil‐borne diseases.
Multifunctionality of biocrusts is positively predicted by network topologies consistent with interspecies facilitation
Authors: Li Hua , Huo Da , Wang Weibo , Chen Youxin , Cheng Xiaoli , Yu Gongliang , Li Renhui
Published: April 2020

The potential of biodiversity loss to impair the delivery of ecosystem services has motived ecologists to better understand the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Although increasing evidence underlines the collective contribution of different biodiversity components on the simultaneous performance of multiple functions (multifunctionality), we know little about the trade‐offs between individual diversity effects and the extent to which they determine multifunctionality differentially. Here, at a subcontinental scale of 62 dryland sites, we show in phototrophic microbiota of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) that, whereas richness alone is unable to guarantee the maxima of multifunctional performance, interspecies facilitation and compositional identity are particularly stronger but often neglected predictors. The inconsistent effects of different biodiversity components imply that soil multifunctionality can be lost despite certain species remaining present. Moreover, we reveal a significant empirical association between species functional importance and its topological feature in co‐occurrence networks, indicating a functional signal of species interaction. Nevertheless, abundant species tend to isolate and merely interact within small topological structures, but rare species were tightly connected in complicated network modules. Our findings suggest that abundant and rare species of soil phototrophs exhibit distinct functional relevance. These results give a comprehensive view of how soil constructive species drive multifunctionality in biocrusts and ultimately promote a deeper understanding of the consequences of biodiversity loss in real‐world ecosystems.
When I say … growth mindset
Authors: Osman Nora Y. , Sloane David E. , Hirsh David A.
Published: April 2020

The authors imagine how learners, teachers, and institutions apply the empirical science of Carol Dweck’s Self‐theories and the “growth mindset” to medical education design.
Wax biosynthesis in response to danger: its regulation upon abiotic and biotic stress
Authors: Lewandowska Milena , Keyl Alisa , Feussner Ivo
Published: April 2020

The plant cuticle is the first physical barrier between land plants and their terrestrial environment. It consists of the polyester scaffold cutin embedded and sealed with organic, solvent‐extractable cuticular waxes. Cuticular wax ultrastructure and chemical composition differ with plant species, developmental stage and physiological state. Despite this complexity, cuticular wax consistently serves a critical role in restricting nonstomatal water loss. It also protects the plant against other environmental stresses, including desiccation, UV radiation, microorganisms and insects. Within the broader context of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, our knowledge of the explicit roles of wax crystalline structures and chemical compounds is lacking. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of wax biosynthesis and regulation in relation to abiotic and biotic stresses and stress responses.
A sex‐balanced rodent model for evaluating phosphine inhalation toxicity
Authors: Tuet Wing Y. , Racine Michelle C. , Jennings Laura , Pierce Samuel A. , Tressler Justin , McCranor Bryan J. , Wong Benjamin
Published: April 2020

Exposure to phosphine (PH3), a common grain fumigant, is characterized by diverse nonspecific symptoms and a high mortality rate. Although PH3 poisoning is thought to target oxidative respiration, the exact mechanism of action remains largely unknown, resulting in limited treatment options. In our study, the effects of PH3 on female rats were assessed to elucidate potential sex‐specific differences and obtain a more comprehensive understanding of PH3 toxicity. Lethality, physiology, and behavior were evaluated in female rats exposed to gaseous PH3 (13,200–26,400 ppm × min), and results were compared with corresponding findings in male rats. Median lethal concentration‐time (LCt50) and time of death (tTOD) did not differ significantly between the sexes. Cardiopulmonary changes induced by PH3 were also of comparable magnitude, although temporally, respiratory responses occurred earlier and cardiovascular variations manifested later in female rats. Behavioral observations corroborated physiological findings and indicated a response to hypoxic conditions and low cardiac output. Together, these results provided insights on the toxic mechanisms of PH3, in particular, its potential interference with oxygen transport and circulation.
Why are the Elemental Nonmetals (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, S8, P4) of so Many Hues or of Any Hues and Where is the Chromophore? Insight into Intera‐X–X Bonds
Authors: Jabeen Shakeela , Greer Alexander , Edwards Kathleen F. , Liebman Joel F.
Published: April 2020

A unique approach is used to relate the HOMO‐LUMO energy difference to the difference between the ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) to assist in deducing not only the colors, but also chromophores in elemental nonmetals. Our analysis focuses on compounds with lone pair electrons and σ electrons, namely X2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I), S8 and P4. For the dihalogens, the [IP – EA] energies are found to be: F2 (12.58 eV), Cl2 (8.98 eV), Br2 (7.90 eV), I2 (6.78 eV). We suggest that the interahalogen X–X bond itself is the chromophore for these dihalogens, in which the light absorbed by the F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 leads to longer wavelengths in the visible by a π → σ* transition. Trace impurities are a likely case of cyclic S8 which contains amounts of selenium leading to a yellow color, where the [IP – EA] energy of S8 is found to be 7.02 eV. Elemental P4 with an [IP – EA] energy of 9.09 eV contains a tetrahedral and σ aromatic structure. In future work, refinement of the analysis will be required for compounds with π electrons and σ electrons, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Significance?... Significance! Empirical, methodological, and theoretical connections between the late positive potential and P300 as neural responses to stimulus significance: An integrative review
Authors: Hajcak Greg , Foti Dan
Published: April 2020

Event‐related potential studies of emotional processing have focused on the late positive potential (LPP), a sustained positive deflection in the ERP that is increased for emotionally arousing stimuli. A prominent theory suggests that modulation of the LPP is a response to stimulus significance, defined in terms of the activation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems. The current review incorporates experimental studies showing that manipulations that alter the significance of stimuli alter LPP amplitude. Complementing these within‐person studies, also included is individual differences research on depression wherein the LPP has been used to study reduced neural sensitivity to emotional stimuli. Finally, the current review builds an existing framework that the LPP observed in studies in emotional processing and the P300 observed in classic oddball studies may reflect a common response to stimulus significance. This integrative account has implications for the functional interpretation of these ERPs, their neurobiological mechanisms, and clinical applications.
Acute effects of breaking up prolonged sedentary time on cardiovascular disease risk markers in adults with paraplegia
Authors: Bailey Daniel P. , Withers Thomas M. , Goosey‐Tolfrey Vicky L. , Dunstan David W. , Leicht Christof A. , Champion Rachael B. , Charlett Opie P. , Ferrandino Louise
Published: April 2020

Elevated levels of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers are highly prevalent in people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Breaking up prolonged sedentary time with short, regular bouts of physical activity can reduce postprandial glucose and lipid levels in able‐bodied individuals. The effects in people with paraplegia are unknown. The study aims were to examine the acute postprandial glucose (primary aim), lipid, blood pressure, and psychological responses (secondary aims) to breaking up prolonged sedentary time in individuals with paraplegia. This was a randomized crossover design trial. Fourteen participants with paraplegia (age 51 ± 9 years, trunk fat mass 44.3 ± 7.7%) took part in the following two, 5.5‐hour conditions: (1) uninterrupted sedentary time (SED), and (2) sedentary time interrupted with 2 minutes of moderate‐intensity arm crank ergometer physical activity every 20 minutes (SED‐ACT). Standardized breakfast and lunch test meals were consumed during each condition. The outcomes were compared between conditions using linear mixed models. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was significantly lower during the lunch postprandial period in SED‐ACT vs SED (incremental AUC 1.9 [95% CI 1.0, 2.7) and 3.0 [2.1, 3.9] mmol/L∙2.5 hour, respectively,P = .015,f = 0.34). There were no differences between conditions for the breakfast or total 5.5 hours postprandial periods (P > .05). Positive affect was higher in SED‐ACT than SED (P = .001). Breaking up prolonged sedentary time acutely attenuates lunch postprandial glucose and improves positive affect in people with paraplegia. This may have clinical relevance for reducing CVD risk and improving psychological well‐being in this population.