bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Current State of Stroke Rehabilitation in Japan
Authors: Masakado Yoshihisa , Chino Naoichi
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the current state of stroke rehabilitation in Japan. The Japanese rehabilitation system is much different from those in other countries, mainly because of the Japanese insurance system, which covers from acute to chronic conditions. In this situation, a Japanese inpatient stroke rehabilitation program treats patients until they reach a plateau in impairment and disability. Thus we can evaluate the true func tional prognosis because of longer periods of observation for assessing the recovery pat tern of impairment and disability. As a result, we can predict stroke outcome much more precisely. We recently developed a new evaluation methods for stroke patients called the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) based on work from the Sym posium on Methodologic Issues in Stroke Outcome Research in 1989. Using the SIAS and the Functional Independence Measure, we have successfully predicted stroke out come using regression analysis.
An Organic Vapor Permeation Rate Determination for Flexible Packaging Materials
Authors: Murray Lee J.
Published: March 2007

A simple permeation cell and gas chromatographic method are used to evaluate the effectiveness of barrier polymer films for packaging of "hard-to-hold" products. The cell incorporates features to minimize problems associated with similar methods. The equipment and results obtained with the procedure are discussed.
Optimized Lldpe/Ldpe Film Properties Through Correlation of Blend Analyses
Authors: Huizenga Darin , Chornoby Kurt , Engelmann Paul V.
Published: March 2007

Film manufacturers are concerned with finding the optimum blend of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) which will meet customer requirements for clarity and toughness while minimizing the overall costs and the problems associated with the manufacture of polyethylene (PE) film blends. The production of PE film blends has increased over the past few years despite the increased processing cost found with LLDPE Test results show that properties of films made from these blends are related to the percentage of each resin m the blend. This correlation allows the manufacturer to meet the customers specific property needs and still be cost effective in producing the film
Blown Film Extrusion of Post-Consumer Recycled Lldpe Film
Authors: Hebert S.J. , Tzoganakis C. , Perdikoulias J.
Published: March 2007

In this work, the properties of blown film made from post consumer recycled material were studied. Post-consumer recycled LLDPE film was blended with a virgin LLDPE resin at several levels in a twin-screw ex truder, and the melt index, storage modulus, and loss modulus of these blends were measured. Using these blends, blown film experiments were performed according to a factorial design, and the films produced were tested for dart drop impact strength, cross and machine direction tear strength, and gauge unifor mity.
Tradition and Change in Domestic Roles and Food Preparation
Authors: Kemmer Debbie
Published: March 2007

Recognising the importance of food preparation in divisions of domestic labour, this paper discusses influential literature on the gendering of domestic food preparation. It argues that findings from research on food preparation and food choice carried out in the late 1970s and early 1980s must be seen in their historical context, and outlines major structural changes since then which impact on women's roles. It also argues that the tendency of sociology of food research to focus on the cultural norm of the nuclear family with dependent children ignores more common household structures in Britain today. This is particularly inappropriate since there are a number of reasons why we should not expect men and women at this stage in the life course to be typical, in terms of food preparation and choice, of those at other stages in the life course.
The Joys and Justice of Housework
Authors: Baxter Janeen
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates husbands' and wives' perceptions of fairness of the domestic division of labour. Using data from a recent national Australian survey, the paper shows that 59 per cent of women report that the division of labour in the home is fair even though they also report responsibility for the bulk of the work. On the other hand, 68 per cent of men report that the division of household labour is fair. Drawing on Thompson's distributive justice framework, the paper analyses the factors underlying these patterns in relation to perceptions of fairness of childcare and housework. The results show that, for both men and women, the key factor determining perceptions of fairness is the division of tasks between men and women. The amount of time spent on domestic labour is also significant, but is less important than who does what around the home. There is little support for other hypotheses relating to gender role attitudes, time spent in paid work and financial power. The conclusion examines these findings in light of the distributive justice framework and considers their implications for understanding perceptions of fairness in households.
Sustaining Oppositional Cultures in `Post-Socialist' Times: A Comparative Study of Three Social Movement Organisations
Authors: Carroll William K. , Ratner R. S.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the efforts of three social-movement organisations in Vancouver, Canada, to advance oppositional cultures in what Nancy Fraser has termed a `post-socialist' age, marked both by neo-liberal hegemony and by the primacy of cultural recognition over material redistribution in the framing of progressive politics. Based on indepth interviews with activists in The Centre (a lesbian-gay-bisexual-transsexual community centre), the BC Coalition of People with Disabilities, and End Legislated Poverty, we compare how these organisations frame and pursue three analytically distinct tasks, which we take to be integral to sustaining counter-hegemony: (1) community-building, in the sense of elaborating collective identities and ethical-political frameworks that are oppositional to dominant conceptions; (2) meeting needs of constituents in ways that empower them and prefigure alternative ways of life; and (3) mobilising and engaging in collective action to press for tangible changes in cultural discourses and social relations. The manner in which each group pursues these three tasks defines the horizons of its political project, including the extent to which the project involves `affirmative' (reformist) or `transformative' (radical) strategies of social change. Counter-hegemonic capacities thus depend in part on specific configurations of practice, which we compare across the three organisations.
Myocardial intensity changes associated with flow stimulation in blood oxygenation sensitive magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Niemi Pekka , Poncelet Brigitte P. , Kwong Kenneth K. , Weisskoff Robert M. , Rosen Bruce R. , Brady Thomas J. , Kantor Howard L.
Published: March 2007

Functional magnetic resonance imaging exploits deoxygenated blood as an endogeneous source for contrast in assessing local changes in tissue perfusion. Intrinsic changes in myocardial signal intensity were measured during dipyridamole induced coronary vasodilatation with T2*‐weighted echo planar MRI in healthy volunteers. Concurrently, changes in flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery were measured using a time‐of‐flight method. Dipyridamole infusion produced 14 ± 6% increase in myocardial signal intensity (n = 7). Temporal profile of the myocardial signal intensity changes correlated well with the augmentation of coronary flow velocity. The data are consistent with the concept that changes in myocardial deoxyhemoglobin content due to altered flow result in changes in magnetic susceptibility that can be detected on T2*‐weighted MR images.
Quantitative assessment of blood inflow effects in functional MRI signals
Authors: Gao Jia‐Hong , Miller Ira , Lai Song , Xiong Jinhu , Fox Peter T.
Published: March 2007

Functional MRI (fMRI) signal dependence on changes in blood flow velocities were analyzed for both conventional and echo‐planar (EPI) gradient‐echo pulse sequences. As the flow velocity increases, the fMRI signal increases monotonically in spoiled gradient‐echo sequences, while the fMRI signal may increase or decrease in conventional refocused gradient‐echo sequences. A larger flip angle generates a larger inflow contribution to the fMRI signal. For conventional gradient‐echo sequences, the inflow contribution to the fMRI images is dominated by the cortical draining veins, while its effect on capillaries is generally small and may be negligible in the spoiled sequences. For EPI gradient‐echo sequences, the contribution from inflow effects is relatively small, as compared with the blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) contribution, to the fMRI signal, not only for capillaries but also for the cortical draining veins.
Self-Directed Adult Learning: A Critical Paradigm Revisited
Authors: Caffarella Rosemary S. , O'Donnell Judith M.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of self-directed learning has received considerable research attention from adult educators. This review of the literature seeks to analyze and categorize both data-based and conceptual articles. The following framework emerged from the review: verification studies; nature of the method of self-directed learning; nature of the individual learner; nature of the philosophical position; and, policy issues. The analysis of each category suggests directions for future self-directed learning research.
Incidental Learning of Aging Adults Via Television
Authors: Stokes Laura C. , Pankowski Mary L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to research the extent of incidental learning by aging adults through casual television viewing. Seventy-nine aging adults participated in viewing a commercially prepared television documentary in an informal setting. Cued-recall tests were given immediately after the program and again one week later (to 55 participants) to determine the proportion of recall of main and subordinate ideas, both immediate and delayed. Regression was used to analyze the importance to retention of the aging adults' individual characteristics (age, socioeconomic status, meaningfulness of content and materials, attitude towards television, and previous education). Only previous education showed a statistically significant positive correlation with immediate and delayed recall. This study revealed the difficulty of ascertaining incidental learning outcomes. Methodological considerations are discussed, and further implications for adult education via television are probed.
Beyond Classroom Walls: The Carnegie Corporation and the Founding of the American Association for Adult Education
Authors: Rose Amy D.
Published: March 2007

The beginning of the professional or 'self-conscious' movement for adult education has usually been placed in the 1920s, specifically at the time that the Carnegie Corporation moved to form the American Association for Adult Education (AAAE) in 1926. While the AAAE has been seen as part of an effort to encourage the systematic growth and coordination of American adult education, the precise reasons for its formation have not been adequately investigated. Through an examination of Carnegie Corporation archives and printed materials, this paper will examine the reasons for the Carnegie Corporation recommendation for the formation of the AAAE as well as analyze the preliminary stages of the founding process.
Contributions of Qualitative Research to Adult Education
Authors: Merriam Sharan B.
Published: March 2007

The choice of a qualitative research methodology to study some of the questions and problems in adult education has resulted in some significant contributions to the knowledge base of adult education. Among other contributions, qualitative inquiry has led to the concepts of marginality, enrollment economy, and perspective transformation, stimulated research in participation, motivation, and self-directed learning, and led to a better understanding of adult illiterates. The potential of this research methodology for extending the knowledge base of adult education in the future is also discussed.
The Roll and Rock of Containerization in Transport Economics
Authors: Forgash Morris
Published: March 2007

The movement of freight in containers which are transferred from one vehicle and one type of carrier to another, avoiding rehandling of the contents en route, is one of the fastest growing developments in transportation. Still in its infancy, containerization has sparked a revolution which could culminate in a genuine renaissance in transportation. Limited experience already has produced abundant proof that containerized transportation shortens transit time, results in greater safety of cargo, and effects substantial economies for both carriers and shippers. The clearly discernible potential of the concept is fully co-ordinated transportation, by all media, on a global basis. Agreement on standard sizes of containers, a first essential, has already been reached in this country, and key European nations have tentatively accepted our standards. Methods and techniques have not been perfected or standardized, but this phase of the problem is being tackled with intelligent determination. An all-purpose container, capable of carrying almost any type of cargo, is a second phase of the concept and is a definite possibility. Policy problems must be solved before the services of the underlying carriers are completely co-ordinated so that containers may be freely interchanged among all modes of transport.
The Professor Abroad: Twenty Years of Change
Authors: Weidner Edward W.
Published: March 2007

American university professors are going abroad in ever increasing numbers. There are many reasons for their so doing, including governmental, institutional, personal, and professional. From the perspective of the professor, the pro fessional considerations tend to predominate. The roles pro fessors perform abroad are one or more of the following four: teaching, research, technical co-operation, and administration. Each role has brought its distinctive problems, failures, and successes. Teaching roles have been difficult because of the great differences in university systems, country to country, and because of the different environmental conditions that must be dealt with by the regional sciences. Research roles have been difficult because many countries have been increasingly resistant to research by foreigners, at least if host nationals do not have a substantial part in it. The traditional approach to technical co-operation in the past is more and more becom ing outmoded or at least inapplicable in a growing number of countries. Administrative assignments have been successful in proportion to the efforts of the host institution or agency to seek permanent replacements from local personnel. With the great changes that are taking place in more advanced countries of Asia and Latin America, each of the roles of American pro fessors will be altered. New opportunities for co-operation with the so-called less developed countries are emerging for financial sponsors, American universities, and professors.
Family Systems in the 1970's: Analysis, Policies, and Programs
Authors: Sussman Marvin B.
Published: March 2007

This paper contains a brief review of some of the salient discoveries and theoretical formulations which provide the most powerful explanation of the issues and problems faced by different types of families in their dealings with institutional systems and bureaucratic organizations. Specifically covered are variant family forms; structural properties of kin family systems; family/organizational linkages; major tasks and functions of families; the kin network as a mediating-linking system; and changes in the internal role structure of the fam ily. The second section deals with practical applications, needed policies, programs, and strategies for increasing the level of competence of human service systems to meet the expectations, capabilities, interests, and aspirations of mem bers of variant family forms found in pluralistic societies.
American Higher Education in Historical Perspective
Authors: Brickman William W.
Published: March 2007

Throughout their history, colleges, universities, and research libraries and academies drew their inspiration, ideas, and practices from higher educational institutions in England, France, Germany, and, to a lesser extent, from other countries. While the most obvious and measurable character istic of American higher education is its numerical size in terms of students, faculty, and institutions, it is all too often too easy to overlook its other features, such as the democratic diversification of the student bodies, the open door to racial, ethnic, religious, and economic minorities, the widespread op portunities for women, the broadened concept of curriculum, and so forth. History reveals upward and downward develop ments among these characteristics. If American higher edu cation has increased consistently in quantity, its quality has varied with time and place, very much as in other countries.
Equality and Equity
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Martin
Published: March 2007

The terms equality and equity are widely con fused. Despite their phonetic similarity and philological connections, they are quite distinct. The equality of a distri bution of income or wealth is basically a matter of fact and is, therefore, basically objective. The equity of the same distribution is basically a matter of ethical judgment and is, therefore, basically subjective. The discussion attempts to avoid extraneous issues, such as whether the particular poor— at any time or place—are apt to be morally superior, or in ferior, to the particular rich; and whether economic, as dis tinguished from ethical, maldistribution can cause, or has caused, economic depression. The paper begins with the valiant attempts by the marginal-utility economists of the turn of the century to frame an objective case for income equali zation and with A. P. Lerner's later extension of this case. It then moves on to the rebuttals of conservative opponents. Three more recent attempts—under the headings of ( 1 ) inter dependent utility functions, (2) limiting the domain of in equality and (3) John Rawls' recent theory of justice in generalized ethics—are then summarized. The discussion ends, however, on a skeptical note.
Developing Education v. Education for Development
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

Educators in both the developed and develop ing countries have approached problems of educational de velopment in one of two frameworks. The traditional approach has put the stress on developing the necessary structures and personnel as part of an indigenous attack on institution- building. More recently the emphasis has shifted to the purposes of education, which in turn would determine the patterns of institutional development. Whatever the differ ences between these two approaches, the heart of the matter is the identification and preparation of qualified individ uals. Staff development remains central and certain lessons are at hand from 25 years of experience in international educational cooperation. A recent review of this experience supported by 12 large donor agencies helps to illuminate the problem. Various models have emerged in South America, East Africa, and in Asia. If there is a desire to learn from the past and not "become famous" in the present, there is a rich body of experience relatively untapped which serious and interested groups may explore.
Corporations and Labor Unions in Electoral Politics
Authors: Epstein Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

Federal prohibitions of corporate and union con tributions have been motivated by two objectives: to reduce or eliminate domination of the electoral process by business and labor through their aggregated wealth; and to protect stock- holders and union members from having their organizations' funds used for political purposes of which they do not approve. Federal regulations have been largely ineffective in prevent ing corporate and union monies from reaching political candi dates and parties both legally and illegally. Recent develop ments, including passage of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 as amended in 1974, important decisions by the Supreme Court since 1972, and rulings by the Federal Elec tion Commission, have widened the area of legal campaign- related activities in which corporations and labor organizations can engage, particularly through political action committees. The liberalization of previous restrictions, together with more rigorous and effective electoral disclosure requirements, and widespread public suspicion concerning the political activities of "special interests" make it likely that business corporations and labor unions will be quite circumspect in their election involvements during 1976. However, several legal and polit ical issues which could affect corporate and union campaign activities in 1976 and beyond remain unresolved.
Social Indicators, 1976 and Perspective Canada II: Elixirs of Reason or of Sleep?
Authors: Brusegard David A.
Published: March 2007

Both Social Indicators, 1976 and its Canadian counterpart, Perspective Canada II, are produced by government organizations with the intent to develop social indicators and provide a social report on the condition and progress of their respective nations. Having examined both publications, the author suggests that neither goal has been accomplished or properly dealt with. It is argued that to accomplish either objective in a satisfactory manner, both Social Indicators, 1976 and Perspective Canada II must change their organization, commentary, authorship, and intended audience. Among other things, such publications must seek authors outside of government and actively draw them to the attention of education and public audiences.
Human Rights: Legitimizing a Recent Concept
Authors: Pagels Elaine
Published: March 2007

The concept of human rights, its origin and applicability, is traced from ancient time to the present to illustrate the evolution of the conceptualization. While the idea that every human being has rights to be recognized is shown to be a fairly recent one, dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it is also shown that elements can be selected from traditional cultures to legitimize and support contemporary human rights policies.
The Rapid Deployment Force: Problems, Constraints, and Needs
Authors: Record Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

The character and capabilities of the Rapid Deployment Force formed by the Carter administration in the wake of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan do not reflect sufficient appreciation of the two pivotal conditions governing any U.S. attempt to mount a credible military defense of its vital interests in the Persian Gulf region: (1) the lack of secure military access ashore in the region, and (2) an unavoidable reliance on forces already committed to the defense of Europe and other areas outside the Gulf. The problem of access is critical, since the present RDF is composed largely of units whose ability to go ashore is dependent upon uncontested prehostilities entry into ports and airfields, and whose ability to sustain combat, once ashore, is contingent on the availability of a massive, land-based logistical infrastructure. In effect, the utility of the RDF as an instrument of U.S. military power in the Gulf region has been staked on the presumed political goodwill under crisis conditions of unstable potential host regimes whose security interests are not identical to those of the United States. In lieu of secure access ashore, the present RDF should be replaced by a sea-based and sea-supplied intervention force supplemented by enhanced amphibious assault and other forcible-entry capabilities.
The Interface of Different Systems: The United States and Communist Countries
Authors: BRADA JOSEF C.
Published: March 2007

United States trade relations with the Communist countries are not very extensive but require policymakers' attention because of the adversary relationship between the West and the Soviet bloc and because systemic differences between market and planned economies make trading relations more complex. The United States has sought to use its greater economic strength vis-à-vis the Communist countries to achieve short-term political objectives. These efforts have been unsuccessful largely because we have overestimated the extent of our economic power. At the same time, by neglecting to seek out achievable objectives in the economic sphere, we have forgone economic gains from East-West trade.
The Public-Service Problem
Authors: McGREGOR EUGENE B.
Published: March 2007

Current government size and complexity require career officials to manage an experimental and service-based system of public administration. A problem-solving executive service is an effective means of managing a diverse public-service system without stifling its productive potential.
Ballistic Missile Defense: Reflections on Current Issues
Authors: SCHWARTZ DAVID N.
Published: March 2007

Renewed interest in ballistic missile defense (BMD) must be seen against the background of technical, strategic, and political uncertainties. Technically a shift in emphasis from traditional to exotic technologies involves many uncertainties. While these may be resolved in the future, any such system will have to be extremely leakproof to offer an attractive defense of cities. Strategically BMD can have destabilizing consequences if not coupled with severe constraints on offensive forces; in particular, unbridled BMD competition could provide incentives for either superpower to strike the other first in a crisis. Politically the most salient consideration is the ABM Treaty of 1972; any move by the United States that seems to call its commitment to the treaty into question will raise political opposition domestically and among U.S. allies, and suspicions in the USSR. Future prospects may be enhanced if the United States makes clear that it has no intention of revising the treaty; moves ahead with offensive arms limitations; and reorients its BMD focus to the marginal role of defending retaliatory forces that remain after a period of offensive arms limitations.
The Changing of the Guard: The New American Labor Leader
Authors: SCHWARTZ ARTHUR R. , HOYMAN MICHELE M.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes recent changes in the leadership of international unions. There has been a trend toward leaders who are lifetime bureaucrats rather than rank-and-file members with charisma. This change toward more technocratic leadership is due to the different environment and new challenges that labor currently faces. The United Mine Workers is a good example of a union that has had many changes in the type of person who has become president, from the labor giant John L. Lewis to the 33-year-old lawyer Richard Trumka. The United Auto Workers is an example of a union whose leadership has been consistently drawn from the union hierarchy. The AFL-CIO has made a change in leadership from George Meany to the labor bureaucrat Lane Kirkland. There will probably be an increase in the number of women and minorities in top leadership positions in unions, but this will be a gradual increase.
Population Dynamics and Policy in the People's Republic of China
Authors: CHO LEE-JAY
Published: March 2007

This article reviews recent changes in population policy and demographic trends in the People's Republic of China. Recently available estimates of birth and death rates for the last several decades are examined in the context of political events and disruptions in China. China heralds the world's most comprehensive and perhaps most effective birth control program, aimed at stabilizing the Chinese population at 1.2 billion by the turn of the century, and has made remarkable progress in controlling population growth during the last decade. The dramatic fertility decline in recent years is analyzed and compared with the trends in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The extent of China's fertility decline is found to be unequaled anywhere in the world. A potential conflict between promotion of agricultural production by individual families through the new responsibility system and the birth control policy is also discussed.
Why the Experts Disagree: Variations in the Psychiatric Evaluation of Criminal Insanity
Authors: DIETZ PARK ELLIOTT
Published: March 2007

Psychiatric opinion as to a defendant's criminal responsibility is divided far less often than press coverage suggests. Evaluations are influenced by the settings in which they occur, the ideology and qualifications of the examiner, and the techniques of interviewing, investigation, and decision making used. If the insanity defense is as important a foundation of the criminal law as legal commentators argue, it is important to improve psychiatric evaluations by improving evaluative settings, the qualifications of evaluators, and the resources devoted to investigation and other elements of evaluations. These improvements would not, however, eliminate disagreement, which would still arise as an inevitable consequence of heterogeneity in the theories, methods, and interpretations of psychiatrists evaluating defendants.
The Future of Social Security
Authors: BIRDSALL WILLIAM C. , HANKINS JOHN L.
Published: March 2007

Social security has been the most, perhaps the only, popular social welfare program in the United States. Until recently it has steadily expanded in coverage, beneficiaries, and costs with little fanfare or notice. Since the mid-1970s that expansion has begun to threaten its financial soundness. Literal bankruptcy has become a short-run possibility as expenditures continually outrun receipts. Worse, in some respect, is the realistic possibility that the retirement costs of the baby-boom generation in the twenty-first century may be too great a burden for future workers to bear. How well social security has done, is doing, and is projected to do are analyzed in terms of the system's twin goals of adequacy and individual equity. Options for change are severely limited by our stumbling economy and the high costs of a mature pension system. It is not likely that the traditional groups and alliances that played important roles in the expansion of social security will play predictable roles in its retrenchment.
Soviet Policy toward Argentina and the Southern Cone
Authors: VACS ALDO CÉSAR
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the changing nature of Soviet relations with the Southern Cone of Latin America—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay—since 1970. The author argues that Soviet policy toward the area can be characterized as pragmatic, cautious, and moderately successful. Soviet strategy has involved a low-profile, risk-avoiding approach that hopes for high returns on the basis of minimal economic and political investment. Southern Cone elites have for the most part been pragmatic toward the Soviet Union, especially when the relations are economically profitable and politically stabilizing.
Indexing Civil Commitment in Psychiatric Emergency Rooms
Authors: SEGAL STEVEN P. , WATSON MARGARET A. , NELSON L. SCOTT
Published: March 2007

A reliable prototype index, Three Ratings of Involuntary Admissibility (TRIAD), was developed to reflect the way psychiatric emergency room clinicians apply legal criteria for involuntary commitment. The interrater reliability coefficients—Pearson's r—of the TRIAD system for rating patients are 0.94, danger-to-self score; 0.89, danger-to-others score; 0.77, grave-disability score; and 0.89, total-admissibility score. TRIAD scores accounted for 82 percent of 89 disposition decisions in two metropolitan county hospital psychiatric emergency rooms. Study results indicate that (1) psychiatric emergency room clinicians shared constructs of danger to self, danger to others, and grave disability; (2) these constructs are reliably applied in actual cases; (3) TRIAD is a valid reflection of these constructs; and (4) case disposition is predictable from the severity of the patient's status with regard to these criteria.
Immigration: Issues of Ethnicity, Class, and Public Policy in the United States
Authors: BACH ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the incorporation of immigrants into the advanced industrial states may be best understood in the context of recent theoretical debates over the changing character of racial and gender inequality. Specifically, it attempts to draw parallels between the conditions of working-class minorities and women born in the advanced economies and the economic progress of new immigrant groups. Shifting from a focus on individualized discrimination, emphasis is placed on the structural divisions within each immigrant group. For example, the bifurcation of the black community, resulting from the relative success of its middle class and the persistent decline of the underclass, is mirrored in the differentiation of immigrant and refugee groups. In contrast to the success stories of a few immigrant entrepreneurs or reconstituted fragments of an uprooted capitalist class, the majority within these immigrant and refugee groups are forming part of a restructured working class found throughout the advanced industrial states. This emphasis on the restructuring of the working class identifies grounds for a political framework based on a broad coalition of interests among those of various backgrounds who work for low and modest wages.
Caribbean Migration to the Mainland: A Review of Adaptive Experiences
Authors: GARCÍA JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the incorporation of immigrant populations into U.S. society with a review of certain Caribbean groups: Dominicans, Haitians, and West Indians. The influx of these groups to the U.S. mainland dates back to the 1820s, but the significant flows have been noticeable since the early 1970s. The interaction of the economic factors relevant to the residents of these Caribbean nations and to the U.S. economy explains, to a large degree, their migration patterns. Prior to more specific discussions of each of the Caribbean groups, the author discusses the incorporation process, which entails adaptation, integration, and absorption. This process involves both individual adjustments and communal activities with the larger society. The discussion of Dominicans, Haitians, and West Indians suggests somewhat varied experiences and progress in the incorporation process. For Dominicans and West Indians, some socioeconomic mobility is evident, as well as the formation of groups to interact with majority institutions. In the case of Haitians, the issues of legal status and seeking political refugee status serve as a necessary prerequisite to moving through the incorporation process.
The Language Teaching Curriculum and a National Agenda
Authors: LANGE DALE L.
Published: March 2007

The language teaching curriculum is found to be predominantly focused on grammatical content. Several designs related to curriculum development are examined: systems-behavioral, communicative, and content. The need for the integration of the several contents of language programs is developed. A national agenda for a different direction, the language learning curriculum, is offered.
Issues and Prospects for the Study of Informal Economies: Concepts, Research Strategies, and Policy
Authors: FERMAN LOUIS A. , HENRY STUART , HOYMAN MICHELE
Published: March 2007

This article considers the current state of knowledge about informal economies. Criticism of the value of the informal economy concept is addressed by considering the multiple disciplinary interests in the topic, the confusion over an appropriate definition, and the problems of classification and explanation. A multidisciplinary, macro-micro approach is suggested. The joint ethnography-sruvey method has been found to be the most productive research tool for empirical study, and the principles of such methodology are outlined. In the context of a discussion on the politics of research funding, major areas for future research are identified. These include historical surveys; local-area studies; changing household work patterns in relation to the wider formal economy; informal work and illegal markets; class, ethnic, and sexual composition of the participants; informal institutions, particularly information and skill exchanges; media and their representation of the informal economy; and the role of informal economies in coping with national disasters. Finally, the implications of the informal economies for government policy on taxation, labor, welfare, and crime and criminal justice are drawn out.
Prevention and Control of Violence through Community Revitalization, Individual Dignity, and Personal Self-Confidence
Authors: FERRÉ M. ISOLINA
Published: March 2007

The Ponce Playa Project, officially known as the Centro Sister Isolina Ferré, is a community-based project originally designed for the prevention and correction of juvenile delinquency. It is also perceived as a successful grass-roots project that has effectively limited violence through the revitalization of the Ponce Playa community. The project is based on the principle that a community made aware of its own resources, with a confidence in its capacity to use these resources for its own fulfillment, will come alive and create a life more human and more satisfying for itself and the development of its children. Educational alternatives and job training have helped in the development of a sense of self-worth; youth and family advocacy and community health programs have resulted in a new vision of a people in control of their lives; an awareness of their capacity for mutual assistance has reawakened a sense of confidence. They have created in Ponce Playa an environment conducive to achievement rather than delinquency or violence.
State Courts and Economic Rights
Authors: GALIE PETER J.
Published: March 2007

The recent movement among state supreme courts to affirm rights not protected by the United States Supreme Court has occasioned much favorable commentary. In one area of this new judicial federalism—economic rights protection—the response has been less enthusiastic. State courts used various clauses of their respective constitutions to protect these rights even before the Civil War and have continued to do so despite the U.S. Supreme court's abdication of any serious role in the realm of economic rights. This persistence by state courts is justified by a historically valid substantive content of the due process clause, the numerous clauses in state constitutions concerned with the protection of property, and the role of the state courts in the American constitutional system. The arguments frequently invoked by critics of judicial activism on the part of the federal judiciary do not apply with the same force to the state judiciary. State courts can contribute to American constitutional liberties by actively protecting an area of rights that would otherwise find no forum for vindication.
Military Funding of University Research
Authors: KISTIAKOWSKY VERA
Published: March 2007

Since the mission of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the purposes of the universities do not coincide, the question whether this is pragmatically important is examined. Relevant events in recent history are mentioned, and the reasons given in support of DoD funding of university research are summarized. Five consequences of such support are then discussed: distortion of the balance between research fields, change of emphasis within research fields, classification and other restrictions, consequences for graduate students, and political consequences. Social responsibility for the end use of research is then considered, and it is suggested that social responsibility should become an important university criterion of excellence. The article concludes that the negative consequences of DoD funding far outweigh its perceived benefits, and suggests that the universities should work to establish a strong civilian base of research funding instead of lobbying for DoD support.
Research, Politics, and Bilingual Education
Authors: SECADA WALTER G.
Published: March 2007

Bilingual-education research has helped to inform and to shape federal policy and funding as articulated in the Bilingual Education Act, first passed in 1968 as Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. During the Act's most recent reauthorization, the U.S. Department of Education and others proposed changing the law to fund more all-English language programs. They argued that the federal government was mandating a single approach, that there was no research evidence to support such a mandate, and that schools should be granted flexibility in designing programs to meet local needs. In fashioning this argument, proponents of change carefully selected the research literature they alluded to. That research was judged against artificially high and overly narrow criteria. Finally, they overinterpreted the research to suit their agenda. Congress was under intense political pressure to fund more all-English programs, and it did so. But a panel of experts contradicted the argument that there was no research to support the use of the native language for instruction. In the end, Congress kept the bulk of the monies devoted to bilingual programs.
Developing Competitive Skill: How American Businesspeople Learn Japanese
Authors: CRAMER BERNICE A.
Published: March 2007

Despite a crying need for more Japanese competence in the American business community, bilingual businesspeople are still surprisingly rare. Members of a specially convened focus group—American businessmen in Japan—discuss the reasons why this is so. They include the difficulty of learning the language while employed full-time, suspicion of bilinguals on the grounds that they have gone native, and the negative influence of an international stint on many American corporate career paths. In fact, American bilinguals find their best job prospects with Japanese companies at home or abroad or with American companies in Japan. There are few opportunities waiting for them in American company headquarters. In the future, we need to prepare our young Asian studies majors more realistically for the job market, to demonstrate to corporations the potential rewards of long-range commitment to the Japanese market, and to become more aware of our changing place in the international order.
The Employment of Foreign Labor in Japan
Authors: SHIMADA HARUO
Published: March 2007

The problems of foreign labor in Japan have become increasingly serious economically, politically, and socially in recent years. In response to increasing labor shortages and high wages in Japan, ever larger numbers of foreign workers are entering Japan and illegally engaging in unskilled work under poor working conditions. The amended law of immigration control was put into effect on 1 June 1990, strictly prohibiting the entrance of foreigners for unauthorized work while opening doors more widely for highly skilled and knowledgeable workers. This article first briefly reviews the recent penetration of the Japanese labor market by foreign workers and then discusses potential merits of international migration of workers as well as likely demerits or dangers associated with the spontaneous influx of foreign workers into Japan under the current institutional and social conditions. The article finally proposes a large-scale work and learn program jointly administered by the government and private sector as a policy remedy to maximize the merits, and to minimize the demerits, of accepting foreign workers.
A Profile of Recent Foreign Investment in the U.S.
Authors: RAY EDWARD JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes data from 1979 to 1987 for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the United States. The European Community, Canada, and Japan accounted for 82 percent of the $261 billion in overall FDI activity and 84 percent of the $110 billion in manufacturing investments. New capital investments represented 10 percent of all investments and under 20 percent of manufacturing investments. Investment activity was highly concentrated by industry and in major industrial states. Japan supplied 44 percent of new plant investments in the United States during the period. Limiting Japanese FDI activity could slow technological advances in U.S. manufacturing. State-specific tax burdens and investment incentive programs had no impact on FDI activity. Tax-abatement programs deserve skepticism. FDI activity is concentrated in states with serious structural unemployment problems. Curbing FDI activity could worsen the unemployment problem. Cheap U.S. dollars and expanding U.S. markets have attracted foreign investments.
Conflict and Cooperation: Between the Cold War and the Gulf
Authors: DORAN CHARLES F.
Published: March 2007

Several myths about Soviet-American relations vis-à-vis third actors—unlimited military competition during the Cold War; perfect future political harmony; international political status quo and lack of significant change—may get in the way of possible cooperation in conflict avoidance, management, and resolution. This article examines the historical and structural setting that has created a proper climate for parallel U.S. and Soviet initiative and joint diplomatic efforts regarding Third World disputes. Conflicts that may lend themselves most to joint U.S.-Soviet involvement on behalf of conflict regulation or resolution are (1) conflicts outside local spheres of influence, (2) conflicts where the leverage available to Washington and Moscow with respect to one or both disputants is greatest, (3) disputes that can be paired and are subject to workable quid pro quos, and (4) conflict situations that can be submitted to international organizations within which the superpowers hold significant membership. Pragmatism and flexibility will serve the superpowers well in their quest to generate a more stable and secure Third World political environment.
Literacy in a Larger Context
Authors: AHMED MANZOOR
Published: March 2007

Illiteracy is a social phenomenon reflecting structural problems of society; therefore, the nature of the illiteracy problem can be better understood and the solutions found by looking at the larger social context. The complexity and social ramifications of illiteracy make it inappropriate to talk about eradication of illiteracy by a certain date. Literacy is not merely learning the mechanics of decoding the alphabet. To be meaningful, literacy must help meet people's basic learning needs, and, to that end, it must be reinforced and supplemented by a network of opportunities for diverse and continuing education and post-literacy learning. Effective primary education for children and the use of all channels of communication and education to create a learning society are essential conditions for nurturing a culture of literacy. Participation of all segments of society and additional resources are needed to promote literacy as an integral part of the effort to meet basic education needs. The research agenda in literacy should include, in addition to technical aspects, the exploration of policy issues relating to the role of literacy in a larger social context.
Maiming and Killing: Occupational Health Crimes
Authors: FRANK NANCY
Published: March 2007

While the problems of occupational health have grown in recent decades, public policy for dealing with these risks remains limited in comparison to policy on occupational injuries. Occupational health hazards pose special problems in terms of setting standards and compensating workers. This article explores the issues of uncertainty, acceptable risk, and enforcement. Because of technical, economic, and political dilemmas, workers bear the burdens of occupational disease. Since society benefits by permitting workers to be exposed to occupational health hazards, it has a responsibility to compensate those who become ill and to provide an integrated system of legal controls to protect workers.