bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progênies de seringueira com potencial para conferir resistência a ácaros (Calacarus heveae Feres e Tenuipalpus heveae Baker)
Authors: Vieira Marineide Rosa , Silva Helder Adriano de Souza da , Cardoso Maria Monteverde , Figueira Janayna Correa
Published: August 2009

Os ácaros Calacarus heveae Feres e Tenuipalpus heveae Baker são pragas importantes da cultura da seringueira. Dentre as opções de controle dessas pragas, o uso de material vegetal resistente pode ser uma boa estratégia. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar progênies de seringueira com potencial para conferir resistência a essas duas espécies de ácaros, em uma área de progênies de polinização aberta, com comprovada variabilidade genética, para uso em programas de melhoramento. Os experimentos foram realizados em três períodos consecutivos, 2002/2003, 2003/2004 e 2004/2005, com avaliação de 33 progênies. A cada dois meses, de dezembro a junho do ano seguinte, foram coletados quatro ramos de cada planta, para contagem dos ácaros em laboratório. O nível de desfolhamento observado nas plantas foi avaliado com o uso de uma escala de notas de 0 (ausência de desfolhamento) a 4 (acima de 75%). Das 33 progênies de seringueira testadas, oito apresentaram resistência por não preferência e/ou antibiose ou então por tolerância a pelo menos uma das espécies e deverão ser multiplicadas para futuras avaliações.
Aprendendo a gerenciar conflitos: um programa de intervenção para a 1ª série do ensino fundamental
Authors: Borges Dâmaris Simon Camelo , Marturano Edna Maria
Published: August 2009

Dificuldades interpessoais precoces na escola podem acarretar problemas acadêmicos e comportamentais persistentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a efetividade de um programa para melhorar a convivência na 1ª série do ensino fundamental. Uma intervenção multimodal, incluindo ensino de habilidades de solução de problemas interpessoais, valores humanos e autocontrole emocional, foi conduzida em uma classe de 1ª série com 30 alunos, nos meses de abril a outubro. Antes e depois da intervenção foram avaliados o desempenho pró-social e a percepção de estressores. Conflitos foram registrados em um diário de campo. Os resultados mostraram redução consistente nos conflitos interpessoais registrados no diário de campo e aumento no indicador pró-social. Comparadas a um grupo de 31 alunos que não passaram pela intervenção, depois de expostas ao programa, as crianças apresentaram melhor desempenho pró-social e menor suscetibilidade a situações estressantes. Conclui-se que o programa contribuiu efetivamente para melhorar os relacionamentos entre as crianças.
Formação de classes funcionais de estímulos musicais
Authors: Machado Alex Roberto , Borloti Elizeu Batista
Published: August 2009

O objetivo deste experimento foi verificar o efeito do treino discriminativo sobre a formação de classes funcionais de melodias em andamentos e modos diferentes. Nove estudantes universitários do 2° período da graduação em Psicologia foram divididos em três grupos: Modo, Andamento ou Misto. O software SomPsi, produzido especialmente para este estudo, treinou os participantes e gerou relatórios com informações sobre os desempenhos, nas quatro fases do procedimento. O treino proposto mostrou-se eficiente para a formação das classes funcionais de estímulos sonoros musicais. Observou-se que agrupamentos de estímulos pela propriedade andamento foram mais facilmente discriminados que os agrupados pela melodia. A manipulação combinada das duas propriedades, em condição convergente, permitiu desempenho superior dos participantes. A rápida formação de classes funcionais e equivalentes de estímulos musicais, a partir de procedimentos de ensino automatizado de relações condicionais entre estímulos musicais, indica a possibilidade de uso desse procedimento na iniciação à música.
Atenção psicológica clínica: encontros terapêuticos com crianças em uma creche
Authors: Campos Ana Paula de Sá , Cury Vera Engler
Published: August 2009

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a potencialidade terapêutica de encontros realizados pela pesquisadora com crianças de três a seis anos no contexto de uma creche. O referencial teórico utilizado foi a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, fundamentado na proposta terapêutica de Virgínia Mae Axline, denominada Ludoterapia Centrada na Criança. As próprias crianças geraram a estrutura dos encontros, estabelecendo com a pesquisadora uma relação que guarda semelhanças com o plantão psicológico. Trata-se de um estudo fenomenológico que adotou a construção de narrativas baseadas nos encontros terapêuticos realizados na instituição. As narrativas possibilitaram uma análise fenomenológica da relação intersubjetiva vivida nos encontros. Os resultados demonstraram a capacidade das crianças em: assumir a iniciativa pela procura espontânea por uma relação de ajuda psicológica; comunicar sentimentos a respeito de si mesmas e de seus problemas; compreender e colaborar para a estruturação da relação de ajuda psicológica.
Adsorção de fibronectina a arcabouços de polihidroxibutirato aplicáveis à engenharia óssea
Authors: Mendonça Roberta H. , Thiré Rossana M. S. M. , Costa Marysilvia F. da , S. Filho Fernando C.
Published: August 2009

Fibronectina sérica humana foi adicionada à superfície de arcabouços de polihidroxibutirato (PHB) a fim de otimizar a adesão de osteoblastos humanos (HOB). Visando a criar sítios para a imobilização de fibronectina (FN), os arcabouços foram previamente tratados por meio de reação com etilenodiamina. O tratamento modificou a morfologia e a composição química dos arcabouços, possibilitando um aumento no teor de FN adsorvido à superfície. Imagens de AFM mostraram que as moléculas de FN assumiram conformações distintas, de acordo com a superfície na qual foi imobilizada. A FN adicionada aos arcabouços não modificados possivelmente assumiu uma conformação estendida, expondo os grupamentos RGD. Com isso, houve um aumento na adesão de HOB a estes materiais. Por outro lado, a FN na superfície dos arcabouços previamente tratados possivelmente apresentou-se na forma compacta, suprimindo a adesão de HOB.
Síntesis y caracterización de espumas flexibles de poliuretano obtenidas a partir de aceite de castor maleinizado
Authors: Mazo Paula , Rios Luis A. , Estenoz Diana
Published: August 2009

En este trabajo se realiza la síntesis de espumas flexibles de poliuretano empleando un diseño experimental Taguchi, utilizando aceite de castor con y sin maleinización, se estudia la cinética de la reacción de esterificación del aceite por cuantificación de los grupos ácido (ASTM D4662 - 03) y se evalúan las propiedades mecánicas de las espumas (densidad, resistencia tensil, % elongación, resiliencia y dureza. Norma NTC 2019 Icontec) obtenidas en función de las variables de síntesis (cantidad y tipo de catalizador, relación molar aceite castor (CO) - aceite maleinizado (MACO), cantidad de agua y surfactante empleado). Se realizan análisis de FTIR y SEM para las espumas. Los resultados mostraron una cinética de primer orden con respecto al anhídrido. El aceite maleinizado (MACO) incrementa la resistencia mecánica de las espumas, debido al mayor entrecruzamiento por la incorporación de grupos ácido.
Estudo comparativo do equilíbrio de crianças surdas e ouvintes
Authors: Azevedo Marcello Gonçalves de , Samelli Alessandra Giannella
Published: August 2009

OBJETIVO: comparar o equilíbrio estático, dinâmico e recuperado de crianças surdas e ouvintes. MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas 9 crianças surdas e 18 crianças ouvintes, de 9 a 12 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram utilizados os seguintes testes: teste "do quatro" e de Romberg (equilíbrio estático), teste "passeio na trave" e de Unterberger (equilíbrio dinâmico), e giro de 180º (equilíbrio recuperado). RESULTADOS: em todos os testes, a maioria dos ouvintes apresentou equilíbrio estável, enquanto a maioria dos surdos apresentou equilíbrio instável recuperado. CONCLUSÃO: a análise dos resultados apontou para um desempenho melhor das crianças ouvintes, em relação às surdas, no que se refere ao equilíbrio estático, dinâmico e recuperado.
Prevalência de indicadores de risco para surdez em neonatos em uma maternidade paulista
Authors: Amado Bárbara Carolina Teixeira , Almeida Elizabeth Oliveira Crepaldi de , Berni Paloma Savioli
Published: August 2009

OBJETIVO: identificar os indicadores de risco para perda auditiva em recém-nascidos de um hospital da rede pública de Campinas - São Paulo, no período de julho de 2007 a janeiro de 2008. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por 589 protocolos de neonatos avaliados no Programa de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal Universal, no período. RESULTADOS: do total de protocolos estudados, 152 (25,8%) evidenciaram presença de indicadores de risco para surdez em neonatos. Dentre eles, os mais prevalentes, em ordem decrescente, foram: antecedentes familiares (26,3%), boletim Apgar de 0 a 4 no primeiro minuto (23,6%), uso de medicamentos ototóxicos (23,6%), permanência em incubadora (22,3%), hiperbilirrubinemia (21,7%) e permanência em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (18,4%). CONCLUSÃO: o número de indicadores de risco encontrados por neonato variou de um a seis. Dentre os neonatos com indicadores de risco, apenas um bebê falhou nas três avaliações realizadas na triagem auditiva, sendo que, de acordo com seu protocolo, ele apresentava três indicadores de risco para surdez.
Desempenho narrativo em sujeitos com distúrbio/atraso fonológico
Authors: Souza Ana Paula Ramos de , Sperb Cristina Blom
Published: August 2009

OBJETIVO: comparar o desempenho narrativo de grupos de sujeitos com atraso e distúrbio fonológico e controles em aquisição típica. MÉTODOS: foram analisados 63 sujeitos, 32 (50,79%) com atraso, 12 (19,04%) com distúrbio e 19 (30,10%) em aquisição típica, avaliados e classificados fonologicamente, em produção narrativa pelo instrumento de Zilles e da narrativa inventada, ambas analisadas por tipologia narrativa. Questionários sobre as interações narrativas foram aplicados aos pais e professores. RESULTADOS: foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o grupo com distúrbios e o controle, respectivamente o pior e melhor desempenho. O grupo em aquisição típica demonstrou o melhor desempenho na narrativa livre. CONCLUSÃO: a tipologia fonológica apresentou-se parcialmente relacionada com o desempenho narrativo.
Prática de pesquisa e "sociologia pública": uma discussão em torno de cruzamentos possíveis e outros nem tanto
Authors: Mello Leonardo
Published: August 2009

Este artigo insere-se como uma reação direta ao chamado For Public Sociology (2005), do sociólogo Michael Burawoy. Discute as implicações daquele texto-manifesto em termos de uma prática de pesquisa que incorpora o componente dialógico da proposta e procura mostrar as suas limitações quando faz concessões quer à sociologia profissional, quer a policy sociology. Tais limitações são postas à luz tendo por base alguns exemplos extraídos de trabalho de campo próprio, em que o elemento reflexivo da pesquisa impõe uma problematização em termos de relações de poder entrevistador-entrevistado. Recorre-se à abordagem tourainiana da sociologia da ação e da metodologia da intervenção sociológica para mostrar que a tradição da disciplina já enfrentou o mesmo gênero de questões anteriormente. Por fim, o artigo conclui pela pertinência da "sociologia pública" desde que levando em conta as incompatibilidades metodológicas com os outros "tipos" de sociologia caracterizados pelo autor no texto mencionado.
Las segundas partes sí pueden ser mejores: algunas reflexiones sobre el uso de datos secundarios en la investigación cualitativa
Authors: Scribano Adrián , Sena Angélica de
Published: August 2009

El análisis de datos secundarios es una de las estrategias más "antiguas" que los sociólogos han empleado para dar cuenta de fenómenos de la realidad social sobre los que se disponía de información elaborada por otros El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo establecer una reflexión sistemática sobre el uso de información secundaria en los procesos de investigación social cualitativos. El articulo consta de cuatro partes: 1.- hacia una definición de dato y análisis secundario; 2. ventajas y desventajas del uso de información secundaria; 3.- cómo, por qué y para qué re-usar información cualitativa, y 4.- algunas propuestas a modo de apertura de un campo de discusión. Abogamos por establecer criterios claros que puedan facilitar el uso y análisis de información elaborada por otros y/o en diferentes contextos de producción.
Do artesanato intelectual ao contexto virtual: ferramentas metodológicas para a pesquisa social
Authors: Santos Tania Steren dos
Published: August 2009

O presente artigo examina os diversos procedimentos metodológicos, considerando especialmente as técnicas de pesquisa. São caracterizadas as mais tradicionais e também as novas estratégias utilizadas na pesquisa social no contexto da sociedade da informação. Salienta-se o impacto da incorporação das novas tecnologias da informática e da comunicação na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e na pesquisa de campo. Ademais, é questionada a dicotomia das abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, considerando sua complementaridade e interfaces. O paradigma da complexidade na perspectiva epistemológica apresenta avanços consideráveis, mas enquanto metodologia operativa está em seus primórdios. Nesse sentido, o estudo trata do tema da triangulação, concebida como procedimento promissor na busca da perspectiva quanti-qualitativa. Diante do exposto, entende-se a tentativa de explorar um pouco mais as características dos procedimentos e recursos técnicos que podem ser utilizados pelos pesquisadores que procuram desenvolver projetos de pesquisa mistos.
O debate sobre a autonomia/não-autonomia da tecnologia na sociedade
Authors: Trigueiro Michelangelo Giotto Santoro
Published: August 2009

O artigo apresenta o debate a respeito da autonomia e não-autonomia da tecnologia na sociedade, a partir da discussão empreendida na sociologia da ciência e da recente literatura sobre a produção tecnológica, notadamente a que se inicia com o trabalho de Martin Heidegger, Question concerning technology. Considerando esse trabalho de Heidegger uma reflexão seminal sobre o tema da tecnologia, é proposta uma inversão "ontológica" na relação entre ciência e tecnologia, ao colocar esta última como uma realidade anterior à ciência. O texto procura contrastar diferentes acepções a respeito da tecnologia, mediante recortes analíticos os mais diversos, a saber, diferentes perspectivas teórico-metodológicas, concepções filosóficas e enfoques, entre os quais o econômico, o sociológico e o histórico. É dado destaque especial ao confronto entre o enfoque sociológico e o econômico. Ao final, pretende-se reunir elementos para a argumentação a respeito da não-autonomia da tecnologia na sociedade e do que tem sido chamado o conteúdo social da tecnologia.
Eugenia e Fundação Rockefeller no Brasil: a saúde como proposta de regeneração nacional
Authors: Kobayashi Elisabete , Faria Lina , Costa Maria Conceição da
Published: August 2009

Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, a Fundação Rockefeller atuou de modo decisivo na implementação de ações voltadas para a saúde pública no Brasil, especialmente naquilo denominado de movimento sanitarista. Nesse mesmo período, a eugenia brasileira era equivalente ao sanitarismo, onde defendia-se a máxima de que "sanear era eugenizar". Vários trabalhos discutem o movimento sanitário, a questão da saúde pública no Brasil, a Fundação Rockefeller, a eugenia e seus ativistas. Entretanto, é escassa a discussão a respeito da Rockefeller e o movimento eugenista brasileiro. É necessário alertar que embora nos deparemos com questões ligadas à raça, teorias sobre genética ou evolução, este trabalho não tem como objetivo analisar tais assuntos com profundidade. O que buscamos construir foi o cenário no qual a eugenia de maneira geral, e a brasileira, especificamente, se desenrolou trazendo à tona as posturas de alguns eugenistas brasileiros.
A sazonalidade do tromboembolismo venoso no clima subtropical de São Paulo
Authors: Kleinfelder Daniela , Andrade Jó Luis , Schlaad Sascha Werner , Carvalho Francine Correa , Bellen Bonno Van
Published: August 2009

CONTEXTO: Os fatores desencadeantes da doença tromboembólica venosa vêm sendo cada vez melhor identificados. Causas externas podem influir na sua ocorrência, e algum destaque tem sido dado a fatores climáticos. Nada se sabe quanto a essa interferência em nossa latitude. OBJETIVOS: Analisar se há diferença na incidência do tromboembolismo venoso de acordo com as estações do ano, num hospital da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, cujo clima é categorizado como subtropical. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado trabalho retrospectivo de levantamento de dados a partir de prontuários de pacientes cujo diagnóstico de internação ou óbito foi de trombose venosa profunda ou tromboembolismo pulmonar, no período de janeiro de 1996 a outubro de 2003, no Hospital da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo. Para comparação e estudo, os casos foram agrupados em trimestres (primeiro trimestre = janeiro, fevereiro e março; segundo trimestre = abril, maio e junho; terceiro trimestre = julho, agosto e setembro; e quarto trimestre = outubro, novembro e dezembro) e conforme sua ocorrência nos chamados meses quentes e frios, de acordo com a média de temperatura mensal (meses quentes = outubro a abril; meses frios = maio a setembro). RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 955 casos de tromboembolismo venoso no período analisado. Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA para análise, que não revelou diferença estatisticamente significativa na incidência do tromboembolismo venoso de acordo com os trimestres. Quando analisados separadamente, também não se evidenciou significância estatística em relação ao tromboembolismo pulmonar e à trombose venosa profunda. Quando comparados os meses quentes e frios, observou-se aumento da incidência de trombose venosa profunda nos meses quentes (p < 0,05, teste de Mann-Whitney). CONCLUSÃO: O tromboembolismo venoso é uma doença que não tem uma relação bem estabelecida com as variações climáticas. A influência da temperatura ambiental na coagulabilidade ainda precisa ser amplamente estudada.
Aneurisma de artéria ilíaca interna roto: relato de caso
Authors: Afonso Cristina Toledo , Procópio Ricardo Jayme , Navarro Túlio Pinho , Kleinsorge Gustavo Henrique Dumont , Rodrigues Beatriz Deoti e Silva , Rodrigues Marco Antônio Gonçalves
Published: August 2009

Aneurismas isolados da artéria ilíaca interna são raros, acometem 0,1% da população e correspondem a 1% dos aneurismas aorto-ilíacos. Na maioria das vezes, os pacientes são assintomáticos, mas podem apresentar dor abdominal, massa pulsátil no hipogástrio ou na fossa ilíaca, sintomas compressivos urinários, gastrointestinais ou neurológicos. Podem ocasionar quadro de abdome agudo, principalmente quando há ruptura. O diagnóstico precoce dos aneurismas isolados de artéria ilíaca interna é incomum, sendo identificados quando mais volumosos ou rotos, o que aumenta significativamente sua morbimortalidade e torna seu prognóstico mais reservado. Dessa forma, representam um desafio terapêutico. A ligadura cirúrgica tem sido o tratamento mais comum, entretanto a cirurgia endovascular tem mostrado bons resultados, inclusive nos aneurismas rotos. É relatado caso de aneurisma de artéria ilíaca interna isolado roto diagnosticado durante laparotomia para abordagem de abdome agudo.
Os sessenta anos da Declaração Universal: atravessando um mar de contradições
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo Sérgio
Published: August 2009

Pinheiro ressalta alguns dos pontos principais no desenvolvimento do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos no últimos 60 anos, a partir de sua experiência de trabalho tanto no Sistema Interamericano quanto no Sistema das ONU de Direitos Humanos.
Controlling invasive species in complex social landscapes
Authors: Epanchin-Niell Rebecca S , Hufford Matthew B , Aslan Clare E , Sexton Jason P , Port Jeffrey D , Waring Timothy M
Published: August 2009

Control of biological invasions depends on the collective decisions of resource managers across invasion zones. Regions with high land‐use diversity, which we refer to as “management mosaics”, may be subject to severe invasions, for two main reasons. First, as land becomes increasingly subdivided, each manager assumes responsibility for a smaller portion of the total damages imposed by invasive species; the incentive to control invasives is therefore diminished. Secondly, managers opting not to control the invasion increase control costs for neighboring land managers by allowing their lands to act as an invader propagule source. Coordination among managers can help mitigate these effects, but greater numbers – and a wider variety – of land managers occupying a region hinder collective action. Here, we discuss the challenges posed by management mosaics, using a case study of the yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) invasion in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California. We suggest that the incorporation of management mosaic dynamics into invasive species research and management is essential for successful control of invasions, and provide recommendations to address this need.
Spatial marine zoning for fisheries and conservation
Authors: Klein Carissa Joy , Steinback Charles , Watts Matthew , Scholz Astrid J , Possingham Hugh P
Published: August 2009

Protected areas are an effective tool for reducing biodiversity loss. Current legislation distinguishes various types of marine protected areas, each allowing different levels of resource extraction. However, almost all of the theory for spatial conservation planning is focused on identifying no‐take reserves. The current approaches to zoning for multiple types of protected areas could result in suboptimal plans in terms of protecting biodiversity and minimizing negative socioeconomic impacts. We overcame these limitations in the first application of the multizone planning tool, Marxan with Zones, to design a network of four types of protected areas in the context of California's Marine Life Protection Act. We have produced a zoning configuration that entails mean value losses of less than 9% for every fishery, without compromising conservation goals. We also found that a spatial numerical optimization tool that allows for multiple zones outperforms a tool that can identify one zone (ie marine reserves) in two ways: first, the overall impact on the fishing industry is reduced, and second, a more equitable impact on different fishing sectors is achieved. Finally, we examined the tradeoffs between representing biodiversity features and impacting fisheries. Our approach is applicable to both marine and terrestrial conservation planning, and delivers an ecosystem‐based management outcome that balances conservation and industry objectives.
Efficiency of sediment quality guidelines for predicting toxicity: The case of the St. Lawrence river
Authors: Desrosiers Mélanie , Babut Marc P , Pelletier Magella , Bélanger Caroll , Thibodeau Suzie , Martel Louis
Published: August 2009

Multitiered frameworks that are designed for risk assessment of contaminated sediment rely on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) at the first tier or screening level. In the case of contamination by multiple pollutants, results can be aggregated under indices such as the mean quotient. A decision is then reached (e.g., to dispose of dredged materials in open water) without further investigation, provided that the SQGs or the specific values of indices or quotients derived from the SQGs are not exceeded. In this way, SQGs and quotients play a critical role in environmental protection. As part of the development of a tiered framework to assess the environmental risk of materials dredged from the St. Lawrence River, we evaluated various quotients based on SQGs available for this river with a data set that matches chemistry and toxicity test endpoints. The overall efficiency of all tested quotients was rather low, and we then examined factors such as sediment grain size, nutrients, metal-binding phases (e.g., Al, Fe), and dissolved organic carbon to explain misclassified samples. This examination led to the design of a modified tier 1 framework in which SQGs are used in combination with decision rules based on certain explanatory factors. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:225–239. © 2009 SETAC
Continuous Improvement in Slop-Mud Treatment Technology
Authors: McCosh K. , Kapila M. , Dixit R. , Way P. , Phipps J. S.
Published: August 2009

Oil-based drilling fluids can become contaminated with significant quantities of water as a result of low efficiency wellbore displacements to water or brine and from operations such as rig and pit cleaning. The presence of excess emulsifiers and oil-wet solids in typical oil-based drilling fluids allows large quantities of water to be emulsified. These oil-continuous emulsions are often termed slop muds.

This paper presents a process for separating and recycling slop muds in a continuous process. Analytical data on the effects of water contamination on oil-based mud, the resultant slop-mud structure, the influence of shear, and quantification of the critical factors controlling phase-separation and chemical dose will be presented. In addition, treatment of the slop-mud on a continuous basis will be demonstrated both on the laboratory and full scale defining the important process parameters, such as mixing energy, phase recovery rate, recovered drilling fluid properties, and treated water properties.

Development of an understanding of the slop-mud stream enabled a novel continuous treatment system to be built that provides efficient and fast phase separation with recovery of the valuable drilling fluid phase, with significant advantages over current batch-type systems. The process requires in-line injection and mixing of surfactant into the slop mud, then continuous separation of the waste into water and drilling fluid using a gravity separator. The drilling fluid remains as a water-in-oil emulsion containing solids and other chemical additives, which can be reconditioned to acceptable properties for reuse. The water recovery rates are typically 70 to 90 vol% of the total water present in the slop mud. This recovered water is treated using centrifugation, filtration, or other water-treatment techniques to meet or exceed discharge consent limits of 15 mg/L total petroleum hydrocarbon. Water collected in the rig deck-drain system that may also be contaminated with oil or oil-based mud can also be treated in the same manner as the recovered slop water.

Because the process allows continuous treatment of the slop-mud stream, the resultant equipment has significant benefits over the current batch-type systems, including higher throughput and decreased footprint.
Microwave Treatment of Oil-Contaminated Drill Cuttings at Pilot Scale
Authors: Robinson John , Kingman Sam , Snape Colin , Bradley Michael , Bradshaw Steven , Thomas Dominic , Page Paul
Published: August 2009

This paper details a new technology for the continuous treatment of contaminated drill cuttings at a throughput of 500 kg/hr, and can be scaled up for use in offshore locations.

The change in legislation for oily cuttings discharges in the North Sea at the beginning of the century resulted in the introduction of a 1% residual oil limit for discharged cuttings. At the time, because nothing was capable of achieving a 1% level offshore, only two options existed to deal with oily cuttings: containment for onshore processing (skip and ship), and injection (CRI). With time, a thermomechanical cuttings cleaning process has produced cuttings with oil <1%, although with a significant deck space impact and restricted throughput.

Previous studies have shown that microwave treatment is able to reduce oil levels to well below 1% in a laboratory environment, and this work has studied the scale up of the system to a 500 kg/hr continuous process. The manufacture of a pilot-scale cuttings treatment system involved the collaboration between microwave and electromagnetic engineering specialists, bulk solids handling, and process engineering disciplines. The feed cuttings are conditioned in a solids mixer before being fed by way of a conveyor to a specifically designed microwave cavity. The oil is removed and recovered using an extraction and condensation system, with the product oil being very similar in composition to the base oil in the drilling mud. Residual oil levels of <0.1% are obtainable, and cuttings throughputs of 500 kg/hr are possible using a 30-kW microwave source. The microwave process typically consumes 60 kWh of electrical energy per tonne of cuttings, and the trade-off between microwave power, residual oil content, cuttings throughput, and overall energy requirements are discussed in this paper.

This is the first step in the development of a modular system, with low-deck impact, flexible processing rates, and reduced environmental signature.
Measuring Drillpipe Buckling Using Continuous Gyro Challenges Existing Theories
Authors: Weltzin Tore , Aas Bjarne , Andreassen Espen , Lindland Martin
Published: August 2009

Drillpipe buckling affects the industry in many operational aspects, like motor sliding problems, liner running, or weight transfer for downhole equipment activation.

The authors believed the existing nonrotating buckling theories applied in drilling software needed challenging by physically measuring buckling in a realistic setup of well geometry and drillstring sizes and comparing the results with the buckling theories.

The tests were performed in a 2020 m measured depth (MD) research well, with a buildup and 60° tangent geometry (Aas 2008). Various configurations of a tapered string with 5- and 3½-in. drill-pipe as well as drill collars were used. The tests were performed without torque or rotation being applied to the drillstring.

A novel approach was using a high accuracy continuous gyro to measure the string geometry changes (i.e., buckling) as function of axial load. Both downhole and topside tension devices were applied to measure weight transfer.

Several data sets recording buckling and weight transfer were obtained. The gyro measurements of drillstring geometry changes clearly demonstrated the onset and type of drillstring buckling. Weight transfer was measured under the different buckling states and demonstrated that lockup occurs before reaching a helically buckled state. This might alter operational practice regarding the design of running strings.

The results have been compared with predictions from standard buckling models. Necessary model enhancements are suggested.

The work has potential to improve buckling and weight-transfer models. The potential outcome will be more accurate predictions for sinusoidal and helical buckling and their effects on weight transfer. Ultimately, this will lead to better decision making and understanding in drilling and completion operations.
Integrating Different Types of Knowledge for Digital Soil Mapping
Authors: Shi X. , Long R. , Dekett R. , Philippe J.
Published: August 2009

Analysis of the soil scientists' knowledge provides guidelines for the development of knowledge‐based digital soil mapping (DSM) methodologies and software tools. Literature addressing the analysis and integration of different types of soil scientists' knowledge is limited. We analyze the knowledge from the perspectives of scale and space. We distinguish global knowledge that covers the entire mapping area and local knowledge that is only applicable to certain local regions. We also distinguish knowledge represented by environmental values in parametrical space and knowledge represented by locations in geographical space. Rule‐based reasoning (RBR) is proposed for handling the global knowledge in parametrical space, global case‐based reasoning (CBR) for the global knowledge in geographical space, and local CBR for the local knowledge in geographical space. The final soil mapping products should represent an integration of knowledge and inferences of all different types. A software tool, named Soil Inference Engine (SIE), was developed to facilitate an eight‐step integrated RBR‐CBR DSM process. The SIE was tested in a pilot project in northern Vermont and proved to be effective. The soil scientist working on the project was generally satisfied with the results from SIE, in terms of both quality and cost.
Impact of Structural Perturbation of Aluminum Hydroxides by Tannate on Arsenate Adsorption
Authors: Martin M. , Yu G. , Barberis E. , Violante A. , Kozak L. M. , Huang P. M.
Published: August 2009

The impacts of the biomolecule‐induced structural perturbation of Al hydroxides and the resultant alteration of their surface reactivity toward the adsorption of nutrients and contaminants have received, to date, scant attention, in spite of their significance in determining the mineralogy and surface chemistry of these mineral colloids. This study investigated the equilibria and kinetics of As(V) adsorption on a crystalline Al hydroxide, a pure amorphous Al hydroxide and a short‐range ordered Al–tannate coprecipitate. Isotherms and kinetics of As(V) adsorption were conducted at pH 6.5; the kinetic experiments (0.083–24 h) were performed at 288, 298, 308, and 318 K. The adsorption data followed multiple second‐order kinetics, with an initial fast reaction step, followed by a slow reaction. While As(V) adsorption on the crystalline Al hydroxide was a rapid process, the poorly ordered minerals required longer contact intervals and greater activation energies. Compared with the pure amorphous Al hydroxide, the incorporation of tannate into the structural network of Al hydroxide decreased the adsorption rate, capacity, and affinity for As(V). These effects were attributable to the blocking of part of the adsorption sites by tannate, to the electrostatic repulsion induced by the net negative charge caused by the deprotonated organic molecules exposed on the surface of the Al–tannate coprecipitate, and to the steric hindrance of tannate, hampering access of the adsorbate to the micropores. These findings are of fundamental significance in understanding the sorption behavior and mobility of As as influenced by biomolecule‐induced structural perturbation of Al hydroxides in the environment.
Spatial Estimation of Soil Total Nitrogen Using Cokriging with Predicted Soil Organic Matter Content
Authors: Wu Chunfa , Wu Jiaping , Luo Yongming , Zhang Limin , DeGloria Stephen D.
Published: August 2009

Accurate measurement of soil total N (TN) content in agricultural fields is important to guide reasonable application of nitrogenous fertilizer. Estimation of soil TN content with limited in situ data at an acceptable level of accuracy is important because laboratory measurement of N is a time‐ and labor‐consuming procedure. This study was conducted to evaluate cokriging of soil TN with predicted soil organic matter (SOM) content as auxiliary data. The SOM content was predicted by cokriging with a digital number (DN) of Band 1 of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) imagery. Soil TN content was estimated by using 88 soil samples for prediction and 43 soil samples for validation in a study area of 367 km2 in Haining City, China. Field‐measured soil TN content ranged from 0.47 to 2.48 g kg−1, with a mean of 1.25 g kg−1 Soil TN content of all 131 soil samples including samples for prediction and validation was highly correlated with measured (r = 0.81, p < 0.01) and predicted (r = 0.81, p < 0.01) SOM content in paddy fields. Then, the predicted SOM content was used as auxiliary variable for the prediction of soil TN content. By using the 43 samples for validation, we had a mean error (ME) of 0.03 g kg−1 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.31 g kg−1 for kriging, and a mean error of 0.00 g kg−1 and a root mean square error of 0.25 g kg−1 for cokriging, respectively. Our results indicate cokriging with predicted SOM content data was superior to kriging. In addition, predicted data of the auxiliary variable have the potential to be useful for cokriging when the predicted auxiliary data have high prediction accuracy.
Building Up Organic Matter in a Subtropical Paleudult under Legume Cover‐Crop‐Based Rotations
Authors: Vieira F. C. B. , Bayer C. , Zanatta J. A. , Mielniczuk J. , Six J.
Published: August 2009

The potential of conservation management systems to ameliorate degraded agricultural soils and mitigate global warming is related to their potential for long‐term stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM). This study was performed in a 19‐yr‐old experiment that was set up on a degraded Paleudult (220 g kg−1 clay) in southern Brazil to (i) evaluate the effect of seven no‐till crop rotations (grass‐ and legume‐based cover crop systems) and mineral N fertilization (0 and 145 kg ha−1 yr−1) on soil organic C (SOC) stocks (0–17.5‐cm depth) and (ii) estimate rates of SOM dynamics in these systems under subtropical climate conditions. Annual C input (shoot + root) ranged from 2.61 to 7.84 Mg ha−1, with the highest values in legume‐based and N‐fertilized cropping systems. The SOC stocks were closely related to C input levels, and a minimum C input of 4.05 Mg ha−1 yr−1 was estimated to maintain the original SOC stock of 31.38 Mg ha−1 Based on the one‐compartment model of SOM dynamics, the SOM decomposition rate was estimated to be 1.2% and the humification coefficient was estimated to be 9.6%. After 19 yr, the stock of the original SOC decreased to about 24.78 Mg ha−1, while accumulation of SOC derived from the crops ranged from 4.26 to 12.79 Mg ha−1 Our results highlighted the benefits of legume cover crop species in no‐till systems for the stabilization of SOC in degraded agricultural soils.
Water Potentials Produced by Oven‐Drying of Soil Samples
Authors: Dexter Anthony R. , Richard Guy
Published: August 2009

Soil water content or potential can be adjusted in the laboratory by equilibrating the soil at different relative humidities. These relative humidities can be produced by the use of different saturated salt solutions or by heating the soil to different temperatures in a convection oven. Usually, the conditions for equilibrating the soil are expressed as relative humidities if salt solutions are used or as the temperature of drying if a convection oven is used. This dichotomy does not allow all the results to be compared or plotted on a common axis. In this paper, the Magnus–Tetens and the Arden Buck equations are used in combination with the Kelvin equation to show how the results from both types of equilibration can be presented on the same scale (e.g., water potential or pF). Two new equations show how the results from oven drying depend not only on the oven temperature, but also on the temperature and relative humidity of the air in the laboratory. For example, drying soil in an oven in one set of atmospheric conditions can produce a significantly different water potential than in different atmospheric conditions. The new equations enable the soil water potentials (or pF values) produced by oven drying to be calculated for all combinations of oven temperature and atmospheric conditions. Predictions from the equations are evaluated by comparing water retention data obtained by oven drying and by equilibration over saturated salt solutions. It is shown that the mean absolute error in gravimetric water content is 2.3 g kg−1 Equations are presented for the mean thickness of water films adsorbed on the surfaces of soil particles under different drying conditions. The amount of water adsorbed on particle surfaces is predicted to be zero at pF6.6.
Measurement of Transient Soil Water Flux Across a Soil Horizon Interface
Authors: Dyck M. F. , Kachanoski R. G.
Published: August 2009

Understanding the physics of water flow and transport in layered soils requires experimental observations of the magnitude and variability of these processes as they occur in the field. In this study, a time domain reflectometry (TDR) method to measure the spatial pattern of transient, local soil water flux above and below a soil horizon interface under quasi‐steady surface water application was developed and implemented in laboratory and field experiments. The method uses vertical TDR probes spanning two or more soil horizons or layers. Time series of soil water storage measured by the TDR probes are used to quantify transient, local soil water flux during infiltration under quasi‐steady surface water application. Results from the laboratory and field experiments showed that transient soil water flux estimates with the presented methodology were, on average, 106% of the applied water flux (i.e., mass recovery = 106%). Furthermore, in field experiments, excellent agreement between two independent measurements of local soil water flux through the A horizon showed that this methodology is robust and sensitive to spatial variations in soil water flux within soil horizons and changes in local soil water flux as the wetting front crosses the interface between two horizons. In the field experiments, transient local soil water flux through the A and B horizons (measured along a 6.75‐m‐long transect) were positively correlated to each other, but the strength of the correlation decreased with increasing surface water application rates. The flux‐dependent covariance between the measured patterns of transient A and B horizon soil water flux indicates that the soil horizon interface is a hydrologically significant component of the soil profile. In‐depth spatial analysis of the measured soil water flux patterns is the subject of a future study.
Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of Wyoming Soils Using Electromagnetic Sensors
Authors: Kelleners T. J. , Paige G. B. , Gray S. T.
Published: August 2009

We developed soil‐specific calibrations for a time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensor, a water content reflectometer (WCR), and an impedance sensor for 19 soil moisture monitoring sites in Wyoming. The main objective was to calibrate the WCR sensors that form a statewide distributed soil moisture network. A secondary objective was to use the TDR and impedance sensor data to better understand the WCR readings. All calibrations were conducted in the laboratory by mixing different amounts of water in the soils to obtain a range of soil water contents and by packing the soils in a bucket. The observed apparent permittivity as a function of soil water content was relatively high for the WCR and impedance sensors (up to 187 and 150% higher, respectively, than TDR). This was attributed to the relatively low operating frequency (<175 and 50 MHz, respectively) of the WCR and impedance devices. Soil texture had little impact on sensor readings. Differences between soils for the WCR and impedance sensors were due to differences in bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) and dielectric relaxation losses. Relaxation losses were found to be significant at 50 MHz for all soils. Regression equations (R2 > 0.643) were developed for the WCR and impedance sensors that relate the slope of the soil water content vs. permittivity relationship to the bulk soil EC (WCR and impedance sensors) or the imaginary permittivity (impedance sensor).
Spatial Variability in Properties Affecting Organic Horizon Carbon Storage in Upland Soils
Authors: Stutter M.I. , Lumsdon D.G. , Billett M.F. , Low D. , Deeks L.K.
Published: August 2009

Quantifying the amount and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) within natural soils is important for sample design, C budgeting/pool estimation, and understanding SOC turnover at a process level. We examined the distribution of SOC across a typical UK upland, moorland catchment to establish the amount and spatial structure of variability in key soil properties affecting SOC stocks, namely O horizon C content, bulk density (DB) and horizon depth. Organic horizons of Histosols and Gleysols had greater SOC contents but smaller bulk densities than Podzols and Leptosols. Consequently, SOC density differences between soils were minimized and horizon depth variation became crucial to the measurement of SOC stocks. However, individual Podzol profiles stored appreciable amounts of SOC in O horizons (up to 50 kg m−2). Geostatistical analyses showed spatially structured variance in many properties relating to SOC storage at both plot (variograms reaching sills at ranges 3–8 m) and catchment scales (ranges 437–529 m). The increase in variance from plot to catchment scales was large for O horizon depth. However, DB showed complex scale and soil type inter‐relationships, with similar variance at different scales. We show that detailed soil investigations spanning multiple spatial scales are necessary to quantify soil C storage properties for purposes of hydro‐ecological modeling and C budgeting at small catchment scales. This has implications for upscaling to regional or national soil C databases.
Lysimetry versus Neutron Moisture Meter for Evapotranspiration Determination in Four Soils
Authors: Tolk Judy A. , Evett Steven R.
Published: August 2009

Knowledge of evapotranspiration (ET) is vital for the management of our freshwater resources. One method for determining ET is through the measurement of the soil water balance, where ET is the residual calculated from the change in soil water storage plus precipitation and irrigation and minus drainage and runoff. The objective of this research was to compare the ET calculations where the change in soil water storage was measured using the neutron moisture meter (NMM), or ETNMM, vs. using weighing lysimeters (ETLYS) in four soils. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was grown in 2006 and 2007 in weighing lysimeters with NMM access tubes and drainage systems. The soil textures ranged from fine sand to clay loam. The ETNMM was ≤4% of the ETLYS for the clay loam and sandy loam soils, but ETNMM was 8% less than ETLYS in the fine sand due to errors created by the timing of drainage and NMM measurements. At ETLYS amounts <50 mm, the difference between ETLYS and ETNMM for individual measurement intervals could be as much as 28 mm and the average ETNMM/ETLYS ratios as much as 1.20. Beyond 100 mm of ETLYS, the average ETNMM/ETLYS ratios became near 1.0 except for the fine sand, where unmeasured drainage out of the NMM sensor zone resulted in an underestimation of ET. When all other soil water balance components were quantified, a field‐calibrated NMM accurately determined the change in soil water storage for the calculation of ET in three of the four soils.
The Implementation of CLIL and Attitudes Towards Trilingualism
Authors: Lasagabaster David
Published: August 2009

Linguistic and cultural diversity is becoming an inherent feature of most schools in Europe. This is specially so in contexts such as the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, where the presence of two official languages (Basque and Spanish) is complemented by the early teaching of English, which sets out as early as the age of four in the majority of schools. Nevertheless, the low foreign language command of Spanish students in general and the Basque students in particular has led to the implementation of CLIL experiences, which have been mushrooming in the last decade. Some voices have been raised though against the ever increasing presence of English due to its probable negative impact on language attitudes, especially on attitudes towards Basque. Many efforts have been made to normalize the situation of Basque at school and some scholars consider that these achievements can be jeopardized if the minority language yields too much space to the two international languages (Spain and English). In this paper the effect of CLIL programmes on attitudes towards trilingualism is examined through a holistic questionnaire completed by 277 secondary students. The results obtained demonstrate that CLIL can help to boost positive attitudes towards trilingualism at school, a matter of the utmost importance due to the ever increasing number of multilingual educational systems in Europe.