bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction—Nepal in the Making
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter delves into the genesis of Nepal and its consolidation under the leadership of its founder, Pṛthvīnārāyaṇa Śāha. It briefly reviews the mythic heroization of the founder of the nation. It introduces the concept of Nepal as the “last Hindu kingdom of the world” and explores the process of Hinduization within the country. Nepal, despite its remarkable ethnic and religious diversity, is often referred to as a “garden for all.” Given the intricate nature of Nepal’s state formation and its multifaceted diversity, along with the limited and disparate sources available, the Introduction discusses the complexities involved in composing a comprehensive history of Nepal.
The Population
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter begins by describing the diverse ethnic groups of Nepal, which number 125 according to the constitution, along with their various and social and caste structures, hierarchies, languages, and religions. It considers the historical impact of migration as well as the migration of workers into the gulf states and other regions. The chapter also deals with the social and ritual position of women, especially the worship of a small girl (Kumārī) as a goddess and the tradition of widow burning. Another focus is on the challenge of nationalization and the influence of several ethnic minorities and their political or cultural organizations.
From Gorkha to Nepal
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with the emergence of the state of Nepal or Gorkha, as it was initially called. The conquests of Pṛthvīnārāyaṇa Śāha and his successors along with the history of the consolidation of power in the Kathmandu Valley are dealt with in detail. The chapter then turns to the relations with and conflicts with British India, leading to the Treaty of Sagauli. There is an excursus into the history of the Gurkha soldiers. The chapter concludes with a detailed look at relations with China and Tibet, including the topics of the Treaty of Kuti, the Treaty of Kerung, and the Treaty of Betravati.
Patrimonial Rule
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with the Rāṇā Period (1848–1951). In particular, it covers the different clans of the Ranas, strong rulers such as Jaṅga Bahādura Rāṇā and Candra Śaṃśera Rāṇā, and the relation between the king and the prime minister. In this period the landholding structures, labor and slavery market, trade, and legal and administrative structures have been refined and can be studied through a plethora of written documents. This holds also true for the forming of medical and educational institutions. The Rāṇās got enthusiastic about hunting and elephant breeding, which are also dealt with in this chapter, as well as their style in architectural monuments. At the end the legacy of the autocratic and exploitative rule of the Śāha and Rāṇā rulers is discussed.
Alliances and Resistance
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with the little-known history of selected regions and ethnic groups: with the Tarai in the south and its Maithili culture and literature, the Sherpa and their significance for mountaineering, with the long inaccessible kingdom of Mustang, and with the Kiranti or Rai-Limbu groups. The role of language, stories, and religion in shaping group identities is considered. The chapter delineates how the identities of these and other groups and their relation with the central power groups in the Kathmandu Valley are important for the nation-building process of Nepal. The chapter also briefly describes what is known about the histories of the Magar, Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and many more ethnic groups.
John Martin Fischer on Fatalism, Foreknowledge, and Determinism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak to John Martin Fischer about three different threats to free will: fatalism, foreknowledge, and determinism. As it happens, these threats all share a common structure, and they call into question whether we ever have the freedom to act otherwise than how we actually act—that is, whether we ever have alternative possibilities. Along the way, they discuss responses to these three challenges, and they conclude with a sketch of an actual-sequence view. Such a view denies that we need alternative possibilities in order to have the freedom required for moral responsibility.
Dana Kay Nelkin on Moral Luck
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Dana Kay Nelkin about the puzzle of moral luck, which happens when the extent to which a person is morally blameworthy or praiseworthy depends in large part on factors outside of that person’s control. After talking about the problem in abstract, the apparent variety of types of moral luck, and some implications of this issue, they go on to discuss different kinds of responses to the problem. Responses include denying the existence of moral luck, accepting that moral luck is a part of life, and arguing that certain types of moral luck are incoherent.
Participatory Approaches in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Ramanadhan Shoba , Davis Melinda , Donaldson Tiffany , Miller Elecia , Minkler Meredith
Published: March 2024

Engaging a wide range of partners in dissemination and implementation (D&I) efforts supports the goal of integrating the best available research evidence with practice and community needs and expertise. Several aspects are worth considering. First, strategic selection of engagement levels can offer academic, practice, and/or community partners the opportunity to improve the impact of D&I efforts. Second, participatory approaches to D&I may require a shift in mindset for academic researchers new to this work as they learn to see practice and community partners not as sources of information or access to communities, but as collaborators who offer vital, complementary expertise and should benefit directly from the work. Community and practice partners may also need support to engage with research teams and identify ways to benefit from of participating in research. By “making the tent bigger,” a wider range of available resources can be tapped and a greater range of needs can be met with a given study or project. Third, another shift involves the obligation to identify ways to align a given D&I effort with action, networks, and priorities of the implementing system. This systems-focused approach also prompts consideration of a broader set of outcomes, recognition of diverse ways of knowing, and opportunities to reshape the implementation context for equity.
Missing the Target—Mis-implementation and De-implementation
Authors: McKay Virginia R. , Walsh-Bailey Callie , Malone Sara , McGovern Collin , Niven Daniel J.
Published: March 2024

De-implementation and mis-implementation of interventions are significant problems in both healthcare public health settings. The prospect of improving outcomes for patients by removing unnecessary treatment burdens, more judicious use of limited resources in public health practice, and improving equitable health outcomes for communities shows significant promise for the future. Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science has begun conceptualizing, framing, and empirically examining the extent of the problem. The next major steps in the field will be to test and refine existing de-implementation models, understand major determinants of suboptimal implementation, and identify strategies that promote de-implementation or appropriate sustainment of interventions.
Systems Science Methods in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Luke Douglas A. , Morshed Alexandra B. , McKay Virginia R. , Combs Todd B.
Published: March 2024

As seen in this book, numerous analysis and modeling tools that take into account the natural complexity of systems and dissemination and implementation processes are available, and the use of them is increasing over time. This chapter summarizes the characteristics, potential insights, and limitations of each modeling approach. It is important to note that modeling from a systems perspective, like all modeling approaches, requires assumptions about variables to include (or exclude), and hypothesized relationships dictate the quality of the model and the utility of the results. As such, using theory and empirical data to inform model design is paramount. Systems thinking and methods remain underutilized in dissemination and implementation despite demonstrations of the utility of incorporating systems thinking and methods into dissemination and implementation studies.
Evaluation Approaches for Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Gaglio Bridget , Glasgow Russell E.
Published: March 2024

Considerable progress has been made in evaluation of dissemination and implementation science and research; however, knowledge is still lacking in several key areas. The complex, inherently multilevel and contextual nature of dissemination and implementation science and the always (sometimes rapidly) changing environment present ongoing challenges. Given these challenges, evaluation of dissemination and implementation efforts need more adapted, novel, refined, and sophisticated approaches to evaluation and, especially, more pragmatic measures. This chapter answers the key, ultimate use question: What programs (interventions, guidelines, products, or policies) and what components, conducted under what conditions and in what settings, using what strategies, conducted by which agents, produce which outcomes, for which populations (and subgroups) via which processes, and how much does it cost?
Dissemination and Implementation Research in the Workplace
Authors: Hannon Peggy A. , Guerin Rebecca J. , Kava Christine M. , Harris Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2024

The workplace gives us an opportunity to reach more than 60% of noninstitutionalized adults in the United States. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of a range of workplace health promotion (WHP) and occupational safety and health (OSH) programs, but comparatively little research focuses on disseminating and implementing effective WHP and OSH programs. WHP and OSH traditionally operate in distinct silos; total worker health (TWH) programs provide an integrated approach that is gaining popularity but far from universal adoption. Partnerships between academic researchers, employers, governmental organizations, and for-profit and not-for-profit vendors are needed to identify (and create) effective WHP, OSH, and TWH programs; tailor them to meet the needs and capacities of employers and workers across size and industry categories; market them effectively; provide appropriate levels of implementation assistance; and evaluate impact and use the results to improve the programs and increase their reach.
Health Equity in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Fitzpatrick Stephanie L. , Glenn Beth A. , Duru O. Kenrik , Ford Chandra L.
Published: March 2024

This chapter demonstrates not only the relevance, but also the necessity of applying an equity lens to dissemination and implementation (D&I) science to advance health equity. There are several challenges to promoting health equity in D&I research, including possible inadvertent exacerbation of health and healthcare disparities; lack of acknowledgment of contexts and other underlying structural factors, such as racism; limited use of a multilevel, multisector, and/or multisystems approach for evidence-based interventions (EBIs); inadequate use of equity-relevant metrics and methods; and lack of inclusion of low-resource settings or marginalized populations in efficacy, effectiveness, and implementation studies. However, applying a health equity lens to established D&I models and frameworks (transcreation framework) or increased use of health equity-focused emerging models and frameworks (e.g., health equity implementation framework) can help alleviate these challenges. There is growing application of health equity-focused D&I research in multiple areas, including cancer screening, obesity prevention, HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vaccinations, with promising findings in reducing health disparities. Despite these advancements, there is much work to be done to prioritize health equity in D&I research, from considering social determinants of health in the study design to intentionally involving community partners throughout the intervention development and implementation process. To truly advance health equity at the population level, an equity lens must be applied to enhance EBI effectiveness and relevance as well as to strategies to implement, sustain, and scale EBIs across diverse communities and settings.
Designing for Dissemination and Sustainability
Authors: Kwan Bethany M. , Luke Douglas A. , Adsul Prajakta , Koorts Harriet , Morrato Elaine H. , Glasgow Russell E.
Published: March 2024

Most health innovations are neither translated into practice nor sustained due to poor product-context fit as well as lack of emphasis on active dissemination and insufficient systems and infrastructure to support scale-up and sustainability. A fit-to-context (F2C) perspective using a designing for dissemination and sustainability (D4DS) approach places the responsibility for active dissemination in the scope of work for the research enterprise and related partners. The chapter offers the F2C framework to D4DS as an iterative process that emphasizes the design phase of developing a research product and corresponding dissemination and sustainability plans. A range of methods is listed for design, testing, and adaptation that can be used individually or in combination during each D4DS phase. To advance the science and practice of D4DS, reorientation toward a mindset of beginning with the end in mind should be used, requiring consideration of the needs of the intended audience and setting for use of research products from the outset.
Training and Capacity Building in Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Davis Rachel , Sevdalis Nick , Baumann Ana A.
Published: March 2024

While capacity building in dissemination and implementation (D&I) has seen considerable growth over the years (exemplified by the growing number of training opportunities available), the field still has much to learn. Equally, there appears to be a notable gap in the lack of training opportunities that would be accessible to all those interested in learning about D&I, particularly efforts to provide ongoing support to implementers, researchers, or educators in their workplace. Among the topics covered in this book, capacity-building research is one of the least developed (and funded). Placing further emphasis on the research of training and not just the development and delivery of training, will help pave the way for the improvement of existing training programs, and the development of new ones. Efforts to further research what we should be teaching (i.e., competencies and further validation of these) and how we should be doing this for different types of learners could really maximize the “take-home” messages from training for learners. Ultimately, and arguably, this resultant newer and improved training could lead to a better understanding and application of core D&I concepts and methodologies in practice, which in turn would help to close the heavily cited “research-practice” gap that the field strives to close.
The Islamic Secular
Authors: Jackson Sherman A.
Published: March 2024

This chapter lays out the full theoretical expanse of the Islamic Secular and the way it manifests itself in Islamic legal history, despite the absence of this particular terminology. It clarifies not only that every secular act is not necessarily non-religious but also that every religious act is not necessarily shar‘ī, or derived from sharī‘ah and its sources. It is also in this chapter that I provide an Arabic translation for “Islamic Secular”: islām mā warā’ al-ḥukm al-shar‘ī or, alternatively, al-islām khārij al-ḥukm al-shar‘ī. I trace various manifestations of the Islamic Secular in Islamic legal history, hitherto overlooked in Western scholarship. I also argue that siyāsah, or discretionary power, is separate and distinct from sharī‘ah and not a part of the latter. I end the chapter with an engagement with the thought of Talal Asad, the leading scholar on the secular in Islam.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy Matthew
Published: March 2024

The Introduction to On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide establishes the enormous talent of and public fascination for Elizabeth Taylor in her lifetime. Individual films are referenced as they pertain to the various phases of her career. Introduction includes quotes from costars and Taylor herself on her qualities and methods as an actress. Both her acclaimed and reviled films are noted. The Introduction also includes discussion of the format of the book as a critical guide to her entire career. Finally, the Introduction explores Taylor’s human qualities that informed her screen performances and contributed to making her such a huge and enduring movie star.
Chronology
Authors: Kennedy Matthew
Published: March 2024

The chronology of On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide is a year-by-year summary of major personal and professional events in the life of Elizabeth Taylor. Beginning with her birth in 1932, and ending at her death in 2011, the chronology includes marriages, divorces, birth and adoption of her children, health crises, noteworthy films, awards won, and more. This is the portion of the book that contextualizes the more sensational aspects of Taylor's storied life. Her affair with Eddie Fisher after the death of her husband Mike Todd, and her subsequent affair with Richard Burton on the set of Cleopatra, are both listed. So, too, are her most serious health problems, as well as examples of her extravagance, particularly in the 1960s. The chronology, as well as her life, end with her tireless fundraising and advocacy for people with AIDS.
Conclusion
Authors: Kennedy Matthew
Published: March 2024

The Conclusion of On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide looks at the broad scope of her life and work. The conclusion reviews her years as a child star at MGM, moving into mature roles, her peak in the late 1950s, and onto sustained stardom and celebrity for decades. The conclusion offers a glowing assessment of Taylor the artist, whose work was often overshadowed by her spellbinding beauty and notorious tabloid stories of her private life. The conclusion ties together the complex pieces of Taylor's life, connecting her acting with her psychology, commitment to social justice, great loyalty to friends, and pioneering work as an AIDS activist.
The Decarbonization Delusion
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

People take carbon for granted so much that they rarely consider how carbon’s amazing properties lead to its ubiquity in the energy and fabric of life and human civilization. And yet humans are now trying to decarbonize. This book gives an overview and analysis of some of the most pressing challenges and considerations in the area of the decarbonization of economies. It does so from the perspective of chemistry and biology, and it comes to the conclusion that we are likely to do more environmental damage by breaking free from carbon than if we embrace the impressive capacity that carbon-based energy carriers and materials have for creating circular economies with zero net carbon dioxide emissions. Biology has done this sustainably for around 3.5 billion years, and humans must learn from that enormous lesson.
What carbon “does” in the universe
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

Carbon was a relative latecomer in the formation of the universe as we know it (i.e., the stars and galaxies that we can see with the naked eye). However, to understand carbon’s place in the order of things, we go back to the Big Bang and the creation of matter. Carbon’s birth started to change the universe in ways that no other element could because of its very special chemistry. Carbon is, indeed, the element of life because, without carbon, or an element that can achieve a similar, astounding versatility of chemistry, life would not have gotten much further than simple chemical concentration gradients. Carbon chemistry was a toolbox waiting to be discovered by biology.
The carbon economy of nutrition and food production
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

The challenge of feeding humanity is growing. Exacerbating this is the increase in meat consumption globally. Agriculture already faces enormous challenges to become environmentally sustainable. Growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock are the most serious immediate problem, comparable with CO2 emissions from the transport sector. Because a health diet does not require much meat, wealthy countries should drastically reduce animal product consumption, mainly meat. Studying the ways in which the various nutritional components are metabolized, particularly carbohydrates and fats/oils, leads to insights that are relevant not only to reducing GHG emissions and environmental damage, but also to lessening disease and increasing healthy life span. Interestingly, humans’ evolution with fire has bestowed humans with an unusual resistance to the combustion products of organic compounds. There are striking parallels between the energy metabolism of food and fuel considerations for human technology.
Sources and sinks
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

In 2019, the International Energy Agency reported that 36.7 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) were released globally from energy generation and other industries—an all-time record. The COVID pandemic reduced emissions by 1.5–2.6 Gt, the largest single-year decline on record, but emissions are growing again as fast as before. An unprecedented extent of coal burning is the culprit. Atmospheric CO2 behaves in a complicated and unintuitive way to cause global warming: it’s basically a thermal catalyst. Earth’s CO2 buffering capacity is greatly exceeded, and humans understand little about ocean sequestration, which is much larger than land-plant CO2 absorption. Changes in seawater pH and temperature threaten whole ecosystems. Most fossil reserves were created via transformations of dead organic matter hundreds of millions of years ago, extremely slowly. Humans are burning them extremely fast, and peak oil seems now to be in sight.
Fuels, efficiency, and emissions
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

Fuels represent 85% of petroleum products. Choice of energy carrier is crucial for many applications: factors include combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency of application, and emissions. Ethanol is established in automotive fuel; large-scale sustainability depends on how it’s made. E-methanol appears to be gaining traction for automotive use. A variety of synthetic fuels are being developed for heating and transport sectors where high density is crucial, which is also a prerequisite in steel and cement manufacture. Non-combustion engine emissions are increasingly eclipsing combustion-engine emissions in First-World towns, and the more pressing health concerns emanate from domestic heating and industry stacks. Synthetic fuels burn more cleanly than fossil equivalents and can be made in CO2-neutral processes. Synthetics are energetically quite costly, but parallels with biological energy metabolism demonstrate great advantages of efficiency tradeoffs. Producing electricity for synthetic fuels on very small areas of non-agricultural land seems feasible, especially if consumption is also reduced.
A carbonaceous, biology-inspired recipe for sensible and environmentally conscious energy economies
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

Finding environmentally conscious ways of storing energy is one of the largest challenges surrounding the regenerative energy movement. Sustainable approaches to this have many interesting parallels with biology—in particular the metabolism of carbon-based intermediates for energy transport and storage and synthesis of other materials. Photosynthesis, biological metabolism, and evolution present excellent models. Discussed are absolute requirements such as reduction in consumption and use; striving for true recyclability (no net harmful emissions of any kind from the human system); integration and economy of “metabolism,” that is cycling of energy and material; opportunism (making use of material and energy flows that would otherwise go to “waste,” and cause environmental damage); economy of scale and decentralized production in appropriate measures; diversity of technology; experimentation, close monitoring, and adaptation; preparedness to pay more for almost everything; and a new materialism.
“I’ve Been Kidnapped by Kmart!”
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses Bette Midler’s movie career. She made an auspicious debut in The Rose (1979), playing a self-destructive rock singer. Despite a critically acclaimed performance, she had difficulty finding follow-up vehicles. In the mid-1980s, Midler experienced a remarkable turnaround in her film career when she starred in a series of comedy hits for Walt Disney Studios that cast her in broadly drawn comic roles. Later sentimental dramas ended her run as a top box-office star. Midler enjoyed a hit with The First Wives Club (1996) but, like other female stars her age, had trouble finding appropriate roles in a youth-oriented film landscape. The late resurgence in popularity of Hocus Pocus (1993), a kid-friendly comedy about witches, led to a 2022 sequel that debuted not in theaters but on the streaming platform Disney+, becoming the service’s most-watched film.
Exploring Black Students and Racial Trauma
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the various direct and systemic racial stressors that Black students experience daily. It focuses on how direct stressors such as bullying, adverse police contact, and community violence impact the mental health of Black students. Additionally, systemic racial stressors including school discipline, the juvenile justice system, and the child welfare system are explored as contributing factors to racial trauma in Black students. The impact of intergenerational trauma on parenting practices in the Black community is also highlighted. The chapter also examines the effects of racial trauma on Black students, along with signs a student may be experiencing racial trauma. Suggestions on clinical assessments to screen for racial stressors in Black students are highlighted as well.
Play Therapy as a Solution to Racial Trauma
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

Historically Black children have not been immune to the racial stressors that are experienced in the Black community. This chapter discusses the historical context of play among enslaved 19th-century children as a catalyst to using play therapy as an innovative solution to address racial trauma in Black students. It includes an overview of play therapy along with suggestions for toys and materials to support Black students in individual, group, and family play therapy sessions. Seminal play theories such as Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT), Adlerian Play Therapy (AdPT), Theraplay, Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT), Ecosystemic Play Therapy, and Filial Therapy are explored as interventions to address mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Additionally, expressive therapies including sand tray therapy, art therapy, music therapy, and game play are identified as tools to engage Black students in play therapy.
Play Therapy to Address Bullying Among Black Students
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

Bullying is a pervasive problem in schools, especially race-based bullying towards Black students. This chapter defines bullying and explores the mental health effects of bullying on the student who has been bullied, the student who bullies others, and the bystander witnessing bullying. It also explores bullying among Black LGBTQ students as they endure the intersectionality of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation as additional racial stressors that contribute to racial trauma. The chapter also explores the use of racial socialization messages as an empowerment tool for both heterosexual and sexual minority Black students. Play therapy interventions are included for empowering Black youth and encouraging racial and cultural pride in Black students. Expressive therapy interventions to empower Black LGBTQ students are also included.
It Takes a Village
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the importance of the “village” concept in the Black community as an additional way to provide support to Black students experiencing racial trauma. It explores how intergenerational trauma has shaped modern-day parenting practices in the Black community that serve as both risk and protective factors for Black students. The chapter also discusses the mental health issues plaguing Black adults that may hinder parent–child relationships. It explains the importance of building relationships with Black caregivers and gaining their buy-in for play therapy with their children. The chapter also includes the use of filial therapy, child–parent relationship therapy (CPRT), and Adlerian play therapy to involve Black caregivers in family play therapy sessions to address racial trauma in children and families.
Diagnosing the Causes of Environmental Problems
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Disentangling the various factors that contribute to an international environmental problem constitutes an important first step in determining the range of possible responses. Chapter 3 reviews different approaches to diagnosing the causes of environmental problems. It begins by exploring how population, affluence, and technology may affect environmental impacts. Next, it shows how behavioral accounts can supplement scientific explanations of environmental problems, and how economists view environmental problems as resulting from market failures. These approaches are contrasted with cultural and ethical approaches, which emphasize the social and cultural determinants underpinning the behavior of states and other international actors. The chapter concludes by briefly highlighting the importance of political considerations in analyzing environmental problems.
Prescribing the Cure
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 discusses how policy solutions to environmental problems can be developed. In addressing international environmental problems, decision-makers first need to identify what problems merit attention and, correspondingly, set goals. Such goals can be defined in absolutist terms, for instance the prevention of environmental harm. Goal-setting can also involve balancing approaches, in which the costs and benefits of taking environmental action are considered. The chapter examines different criteria—effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and equity—that can be used to decide what means are appropriate to achieve a given goal. This is followed by a review of various policy instruments, including informational measures, government-mandated controls, and market-based approaches such as taxes or tradable allowances. Although each instrument has its strengths and weaknesses, together they represent a sophisticated toolkit for international environmental lawyers.
International Carrots and Sticks
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

International environmental regimes have developed a wide variety of institutions and mechanisms to promote implementation and compliance with international environmental norms. Chapter 12 begins by investigating the reasons why states may not comply, including bad faith, changed circumstances, poor planning, domestic politics, and lack of capacity. The chapter then explains the possible goals of international implementation mechanisms, suggesting that international environmental law generally seeks to promote future compliance rather than to remedy past noncompliance. The chapter then contrasts different responses to noncompliance, distinguishing between the enforcement model and the managerial model. It explains how reporting and review, financial and technical assistance, dispute settlement, and multilateral compliance procedures can help to promote implementation and compliance, and highlights the role of different actors, including states, international institutions, and nonstate actors, in this regard.
Is International Environmental Law Effective?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 13 examines the important question of whether international environmental law is effective in solving environmental problems. It begins by outlining different meanings of effectiveness—distinguishing between legal effectiveness, behavioral effectiveness, and problem-solving effectiveness—and explaining the different ways in which the effectiveness of international environmental regimes can be measured. The chapter then discusses the extent to which international environmental regimes have been effective, suggesting that while progress is being made, the problem-solving effectiveness of international environmental law is still limited. The chapter end by discussing factors that help explain why some agreements have been more effective than others, distinguishing between exogenous factors that are outside the control of treaty negotiators (such as the nature of the problem) and endogenous factors that can be addressed through better treaty design.
Conclusion
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

In light of ongoing environmental crises, Chapter 14 provides concluding remarks on the extent to which international environmental law can be considered fit for purpose. The chapter considers proposals for more radical changes, such as the creation of a new international environmental organization, but suggests that environmental problem-solving is more likely to emerge from the incremental work of the kind carried out so far. In that regard, the chapter points to various innovations in international environmental law, including new mechanisms to set standards and promote implementation. The chapter also highlights the dynamic nature of international environmental institutions and the evolving role of nonstate actors.
The moral economy of diversity of educational options in four European “choice” countries
Authors: Lauri Triin , Põder Kaire
Published: March 2024

This chapter concentrates on public preferences over the diversification of education and asks what explains these preferences. Our main variable of interest is the belief in meritocracy as the primary explanatory cause behind public preferences, as we assume it to capture fairness reasoning behind educational diversification. Public preference for educational diversification is operationalized as a composite index comprising individuals’ attitudes toward parental choice, the role and funding of private schools, comprehensive education, and tracking. We rely on survey data from four small European countries with relatively similar educational outcomes indicated by pro-choice policies and low between-school variance: Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, and Sweden. We show that belief in meritocracy explains preferences over educational diversification; however, some country heterogeneity remains—Sweden differs from the rest. Case descriptions on how policy makes politics—and in so doing legitimizes or de-legitimizes it—give insight into this heterogeneity.
Privatization by default
Authors: Zhang Wei , Bray Mark
Published: March 2024

Around the world, growing attention focuses on the scale, nature, and implications of private supplementary tutoring. This phenomenon has long been especially visible in East Asia and is now global. Some tutoring is provided by commercial enterprises, but other tutoring is provided by regular teachers seeking to supplement their incomes. University students and other informal suppliers are also evident. In contrast to government-led initiatives, most shadow education has developed despite rather than because of government policies. Indeed it could be described as privatization by default. The tutoring sector has grown in response to demand from students and their families and through the entrepreneurial initiatives of companies, teachers, and informal providers. From the perspective of mainstream schooling, private tutoring is not simply a parallel supplement; it has far-reaching implications for mainstream schooling as well as for wider social and economic development.
The growth of private schools in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
Authors: Kippels Susan M.
Published: March 2024

Since they were established, the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries have made remarkable progress in the development of their education systems. However, over the past decade, private schools have been opening at faster rates than public schools. While private education has been essential to meet the educational requirements of the children of large numbers of non-nationals in the GCC, an increasing number of national students are also enrolled in these schools. In order to better understand the influence of private education in the region, this chapter examines the GCC private school landscape in terms of areas, such as compound annual growth enrollment rates, percentages of students in public and private schools, and national and non-national student breakdowns in public and private schools. It also explores micro-level demand- and supply-side policies and actions that have supported the growth of private schools. Additionally, the chapter includes a discussion of the implications related to the rise in private schools for families, public education systems, as well as the state.
School autonomy as a form of privatization in public schooling in post-Soviet republics of Central Asia—Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Authors: Santalova Antonina
Published: March 2024

This chapter offers a comprehensive empirical analysis of school autonomy in the post-Soviet Central Asian states of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, with a specific focus on two key dimensions: financial resource management and fundraising autonomy. The research draws from a multifaceted methodology, incorporating surveys, in-depth interviews, and legislative analysis to provide a holistic view of the educational landscape in these countries. The findings of the analysis shed light on a noteworthy trend: these nations have experienced a limited but discernible degree of privatization, particularly in the realms of financial resource management and fundraising autonomy. This transformation is closely linked to the evolving role of the central government, which has seen a decline in fiscal and bureaucratic capacity. As a result, the chapter highlights the significant shift in decision-making and managerial authority, as it increasingly moves to the school level. This shift in educational governance reflects a dynamic and evolving landscape in the field of education within these post-Soviet Central Asian states.
Patterns of privatization in/of education
Authors: Santalova Antonina
Published: March 2024

This chapter synthesizes and evaluates the key themes and arguments explored in the book Privatization in and of education. The analysis of patterns of privatization in/of education systems in countries included in this volume demonstrated that privatization in/of education cannot be viewed as strictly exogenous or endogenous to educational systems. Instead, it can take on many different forms and evolve over time, depending upon the context and a number of other factors. While privatization can lead to increased diversity and competition, it can also exacerbate existing inequalities and create new ones. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider the potential outcomes of privatization and to ensure that it is implemented in a way that benefits all stakeholders, including students, parents, educators, and society as a whole.
The Manxman (1929)The Manxman (1929)
Authors: Gunning Tom
Published: March 2024

“The Manxman (1929): Written on the water: Hitchcock’s dissolving ink” deals with a complex shot from The Manxman, in effect, two shots joined by an overlap dissolve. The dissolve moves from the heroine’s suicide attempt by drowning to the courtroom where her “crime” is later being judged. Formally, this dissolve visually blends a dark image of the water to a close-up of an inkwell in which the judge is dipping a pen. The photogenic confusion of these two images, disparate in location and context, provides a powerful crystallization of the film’s themes: the oppression of the heroine’s desire by a male code of law represented by the judge, and the subsequent drama of subterfuge and guilt joining the heroine, her husband, and the judge. The dissolve displays Hitchcock’s mastery in editing together significant details at the end of the silent era.
Rebecca (1940)Rebecca (1940)
Authors: Isaacs Bruce
Published: March 2024

“Rebecca (1940): The impure object of vision” focuses on the elaborate introduction to Manderley, comprising a set of three shots, and which represents one of Alfred Hitchcock’s most enticing formal compositions. From the opening reference to Luis Buñuel’s and Salvador Dalí’s surrealist landmark, Un Chien Andalou (1929), to the visual style that connects the gothic world of Daphne du Maurier’s novel to the Expressionist mise-en-scène aesthetics of F. W. Murnau and Fritz Lang, the sequence is an interrogation of cinema’s elemental visuality. This chapter argues that the introduction to Manderley was not only a forceful enunciation of a visual style for Hitchcock but that, in its impure assemblage of aesthetic currents of the European avant-garde, Rebecca represents a profound tension in the evolution of what Hitchcock later called “pure cinema.”
Rear Window (1954)Rear Window (1954)
Authors: Rossouw Martin P.
Published: March 2024

“Rear Window (1954): Intermedialities of peeping in the plural” examines intermediality as an approach to film analysis by way of reappraising Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window (1954) and its renowned opening scene. Despite its meta-cinematic aspirations, Rear Window stages a multi-windowed plurality of sights that is anything but conventionally cinematic, and thus opens up the film to connections and exchanges with other media. The chapter details three distinct intermedial connections with Rear Window due to the plural spectacle that it puts on display: (a) multichannel television; (b) comic book page layout; and (c) apartment architecture. Guided by theorists like Irina Rajewski and Werner Wolf, each of these cases shows the extent to which Rear Window’s premise, visual style, and spectatorial affordances are invested in such other media—and hence how Hitchcock’s paragon of reflexive “pure cinema” perforce also bespeaks its own impurity.
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956)The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956)
Authors: Carrigy Megan
Published: March 2024

“The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956): Hitchcock remakes himself in Hollywood” examines Alfred Hitchcock’s star-studded Hollywood remake of his 1934 British film The Man Who Knew Too Much. Hitchcock is well known for relentlessly remaking aspects of his own work throughout his career. This chapter explores how the shot of Doris Day’s scream at the climax of the remake reworks the shot of Edna Best’s scream in the original and contextualizes both in relation to shots of women screaming across Hitchcock’s oeuvre. In doing so, it reflects on the transnational dimensions of Hitchcock’s career and situates his approach to intertextuality in relation to the wider phenomenon of Hollywood remakes.
Frenzy (1972)Frenzy (1972)
Authors: Robinson Luke
Published: March 2024

“Frenzy (1972): Pulling focus between a woman’s face and a face of death” turns its attention to one of Alfred Hitchcock’s most disconcerting shots—a facial close-up of “Babs” (Anna Massey) as the diegetic sounds of the Covent Garden market becomes mute, and the shot becomes soundless. Through a discussion of Gilles Deleuze and Béla Balázs’s theory of the close-up, this chapter argues this shot from Frenzy pulls focus between foregrounding an image of Babs’s thoughts and foregrounding a sonorous “face” of death that shadows her from behind. Indebted to Tania Modleski’s scholarship on Hitchcock, the face of death is identified with the violence of patriarchy that silences and erases women. The chapter concludes that Babs is an example of one of the many thinking women that populate Hitchcock’s films and that despite the threat of death and erasure that faces her, it is Babs’s story that dominates the screen.
Some People in Pittsburgh
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: March 2024

“Some People in Pittsburgh” chronicles and analyzes how the early years of George A. Romero’s career shaped his debut feature film, Night of the Living Dead (1968). The chapter begins with discussion of a formative experience for 20-year-old Romero, his appearance in an early production of Jack Gelber’s The Connection, the structure of which would greatly influence Romero as a writer from Night on. It then analyzes Romero’s unfinished anthology film Expostulations (1961–1962) and his unfilmed project Whine of the Faun (1964), showing how themes Romero explored in those works appear in Night and in subsequent projects. Whine illustrates the influence of art house filmmakers Ingmar Bergman and Orson Welles on a young Romero, shaping the visual style and thematic concerns of Night. The chapter ends by analyzing the importance of Romero’s work in advertisements and sponsored films, showing the stylistic continuity between Night and Romero’s work on commercials for products like Duke Beer.
Just Another Horror Movie—Or Is It?
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: March 2024

Chapter 3 analyzes one of the most influential, most imitated films of the 1960s, George A. Romero’s Night of the Living Dead (1968). Night initially shocked and outraged moralizing critics but was soon championed by a small but influential group of younger reviewers and hipster intellectuals, resulting in its rapid coronation as a modern horror classic. The efforts of scholar Robin Wood form the foundation of horror studies, and Wood’s 1979 festival and accompanying publication install Romero at the center of the academic study of the horror genre. The chapter analyzes Wood’s arguments about the political significance and substance of horror, and shows the ways in which Romero’s films both fit into Wood’s analytical schema and the ways in which they demand a different approach to analyzing horror. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Romero’s tendency toward “apocalyptic irony”: the inability of his characters to put aside petty grievances, old prejudices, and outdated hierarchies in the face of imminent danger to themselves and to the rest of humanity.