bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The state of seven seas
Authors: Frid Christopher L. J. , Caswell Bryony A.
Published: November 2017

Seven regions are described in terms of their pollution history, other synergistic human pressures, the current challenges and management approaches. Although the timing and detailed impacts vary, primarily for historical reasons, between regions all show similar patterns of change. Sea regions exposed to centuries of human activity (North Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Chesapeake Bay) are considered, as are those for which pollution is more recent (Canadian LOMAs and Coral Sea), and those expected to experience intense pressure in the near future (Arctic Ocean). Nutrients from agriculture and sewage from growing human populations are ubiquitous and not easily managed in marine systems. Controls on industrial discharges have succeeded in halting, sometimes reversing, degradation in some regions (Black Sea, Mediterranean, North Sea, Chesapeake Bay). However, shipping, coastal development and offshore infrastructure continue to apply pressure. While most regions are subject to international agreements and management regimes the effectiveness varies.
The Rule under Attack
Authors: Birch Jonathan
Published: November 2017

HRG has been criticized for being an ‘empty statement’ or tautology, for failing to yield predictions, and for failing to yield causal explanations of change. There is some justification for these charges, yet they do not undermine the value of HRG as an organizing framework. In response to the ‘tautology’ complaint, we should admit that HRG is tautology-like, in that it avoids detailed dynamical assumptions. But this is an advantage in an organizing framework, because it ensures its compatibility with a wide range of more detailed models. In response to the ‘prediction’ complaint, we should concede that HRG is not very useful for prediction, but the role of an organizing framework is not predictive. In response to the ‘causal explanation’ complaint, this chapter argues that HRG, by organizing our thinking about ultimate causes, generates understanding of those causes. It also compares favourably to other possible organizing frameworks.
The Participation Gap
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

The participation gap arises from two contrasting trends. Voting turnout is generally declining, especially among citizens with lower social status. At the same time, more people are participating in civil-society activity, contacting government officials, protesting, and using online activism and other creative forms of participation. These non-electoral activities are growing because of more activity by higher-social-status citizens. The democratic principle of the equality of voice is eroding. The politically rich are getting richer—and the politically needy exercise less voice. This book assembles an unprecedented set of international public-opinion surveys to identify the individual, institutional, and political factors that produce these trends. New forms of activity place greater demands on participants, raising the importance of social-status skills and resources. Civil-society activity further widens the participation gap. New norms of citizenship shift how people participate. And generational change and new online forms of activism accentuate this process. Effective and representative government requires a participatory citizenry and equal voice, and participation trends are undermining these outcomes. The Participation Gap both documents the growing participation gap in contemporary democracies and suggests ways that we can better achieve their theoretical ideal of a participatory citizenry and equal voice.
The Political Leanings of the Choir
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: November 2017

Do unequal levels of participation across social groups correspond to unequal policy preferences in the political voices of the active citizenry? Across the established democracies, the politically active lean toward the Left at each level of social status. The end result is that the political biases of upper-social-status individuals are moderated by those who are politically active. However, this pattern varies. For traditional economic issues, there is a conservative bias among activists controlling for their social status. For cultural issues such as gay rights and protection of immigrants, political activists are more liberal than their social-status peers. This asymmetry in political voice across different issues is an under-recognized aspect of democratic participation.
Whose Body?
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

Does it feel different when I am aware that these arms are my own and when I am not? Advocates of the liberal view reply positively and claim that we have a primitive nonconceptual awareness of bodily ownership, whereas advocates of the conservative view reject a distinctive experiential signature for the sense of bodily ownership: ownership is something that we believe in, and not something that we experience. How to adjudicate the debate? This chapter appeals to the method of phenomenal contrast to argue that feelings of ownership are not philosophical fictions, contrary to what some have claimed. To do so, the chapter analyses in detail the rubber hand illusion and syndromes of disownership and rejects a cognitive interpretation of these cases.
The Immunity of the Sense of Ownership
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

Are bodily self-ascriptions immune to error through misidentification (IEM)? It is classically assumed that I can be wrong about whose legs are crossed when I have access to them through vision, but not through proprioception. Although the epistemic difference between vision and proprioception is intuitive, one may question its generality. Judgements of ownership that are grounded on bodily sensations can indeed be incorrect, whereas the body can be visually presented in such a way that it can be only one’s own body. This chapter will reconsider which experiences can ground bodily judgements that manifest IEM. This will help us analysing the relationship between the phenomenological phenomenon of bodily ownership and the epistemic phenomenon of IEM. The chapter will argue that it is important to keep the two phenomena apart: one should not conceive of feelings of ownership as the phenomenological counterpart of bodily IEM.
Bodily Space
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

Imagine that two pressures of equal intensity are applied on your cheek and on your knee inducing two tactile sensations. In what sense do these two sensations feel different? In other words, is there a specific spatial phenomenology that is constitutive of bodily sensations? If one replies negatively, then one would expect free-floating sensations but there seems to be no such thing. But if one replies positively, then one has to explain what grounds this spatial phenomenology that seems to differ on many respects from the one encountered in visual experiences. One may then suggest accounting for it in terms of dispositions to direct actions at the locations of bodily sensations. However, sensorimotor approaches to bodily awareness face major conceptual and empirical difficulties.
A Multimodal Account of Bodily Experience
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

What are the implications of pervasive presence of multisensory interactions for bodily awareness? It has been assumed that bodily experiences exclusively result from bodily senses, with no influence from external senses, but vision is actually required to maximize the veridical perception of the body. Consequently, bodily experiences in those who have never seen are of a different kind to the way one normally experiences one’s body. Whether or not one is currently seeing one’s body, vision plays an essential role in delineating the boundaries of the body, in locating our body parts in space and in bridging the gap between what happens on the skin and what happens in the external world. In this sense, the bodily experiences of the sighted (or those who were once sighted) can be said to be constitutively multimodal.
Taxonomies of Body Representations
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the relationship between body representations, action, and bodily experiences. It first clarifies the conceptual landscape of body representations and stresses the conceptual and empirical difficulties that the current body schema/body image taxonomy faces, difficulties that can be explained by their constant interaction but not only. There is indeed a lack of precise understanding of the functional role of the body schema as opposed to the body image. Instead of these unclear notions, the chapter proposes distinguishing different types of body representations on the basis of their direction of fit and of their spatial organization. On the one hand, there is a purely descriptive body map that represents well-segmented categorical body parts, in which one can localize one’s sensations. On the other hand, there is a body map that is both descriptive and directive (i.e. pushmi-pullyu representation), and that encodes structural bodily affordances for action planning and control.
Architects and Intellectual Culture in Post-Restoration England
Authors: Walker Matthew
Published: November 2017

Architects and Intellectual Culture in Post-Restoration England charts the moment when well-educated, well-resourced, English intellectuals first became interested in classical architecture in substantial numbers. This occurred after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 and involved people such as John Evelyn, Robert Hooke, Sir Christopher Wren, and Roger North. The book explores how these figures treated architecture as a subject of intellectual enquiry, either as writers, as designers of buildings, or as both. In four substantial chapters it looks at how the architect was defined as a major intellectual figure; how architects acquired material that allowed them to define themselves as intellectually competent architects; how intellectual writers in the period handled knowledge of ancient architecture in their writing; and how the design process in architecture was conceived of in theoretical writing at the time. In all, the book shows that the key to understanding English architectural culture at the time is to understand how architecture was handled as knowledge, and how architects were conceived of as collectors and producers of such knowledge. It also makes the claim that architecture was treated as an extremely serious and important area of intellectual enquiry, the result of which was that, by the turn of the eighteenth century, architects and architectural writers could count themselves amongst England’s intellectual and cultural elite.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Matthew
Published: November 2017

The Introduction uses a major source from the beginning of the period—Sir Christopher Wren’s Letter from Paris of 1665—to introduce the key themes of the book. In particular, the Introduction discusses the recourse to an intellectual-historical method in order to rethink major themes in English architectural culture at the time. It also explains the makeup of architectural knowledge in the period and justifies the book’s focus on aesthetic knowledge rather than practical. Finally, it uses seventeenth-century sources to formulate an appropriate definition of classical architecture (on which this book is exclusively focused). The Introduction concludes with a summary of the ensuing chapters and a proposition that architecture was among the most serious and important of all intellectual pursuits in a formative period in English intellectual history.
No Ordinary Woman
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

Edith Penrose was a creative thinker, a distinguished economist, and an inspirational teacher who profoundly challenged the prevailing orthodoxy in several fields, including micro-economics, business studies, and development economics. Her major contribution to the field of economics was The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (1959), now regarded as a classic that has ‘inspired thinking in strategy, entrepreneurship, knowledge creation, and innovation’. Edith Penrose’s approach to explaining the nature of the firm, her fundamental insights, and the concepts she developed are still being applied and extended to new fields of enquiry. She has had a major influence on the study of the business enterprise and, some argue, the economy itself. She had a distinguished academic and public service career and wrote over 100 books and articles, many of which are devoted to the understanding of the interface between the strategies and activities of multinational enterprises, including the oil industry, and the nation states—particularly the developing countries—in which they operated. This is the first biography of Edith Penrose drawing on unpublished diaries and letters, the personal memories of her family, friends, and colleagues, and describes her eventful life, her extensive output, and influence. The book tells her personal and professional story, weaving through the extraordinary upheavals of the twentieth century in which she played a part. The book builds a picture of a vital, energetic woman who lived life to the full, defied convention, made an impression on all who met her, and left a significant intellectual legacy.
California
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Edith Penrose’s childhood and family background in California and early life in road camps on Highway One along the Pacific coast with her family, including two younger brothers. Her father George Tilton was the surveyor of the road. Edith was a student activist at the University of California, Berkeley, where she was the forensics commissioner, excelled at debating, and spoke at a peace rally. She married at the age of 19 to her first husband David Denhardt, a lawyer, who, after graduating, practised law in Colusa in the Sacramento Valley. She studied under Ernest Francis Penrose, an English economics professor, and became his assistant. She graduated in 1936 but spent a further semester as Penrose’s research assistant before joining her husband. The chapter is set against the Great Depression and the rise of fascism in Europe.
Eisenhower Platz
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

The entry of the USA into the war changed the dynamics of life at the American embassy in Grosvenor Square. Edith and E. F. Penrose became directly involved in planning the international conferences which would shape the postwar world, including Hot Springs, and dealing with the immediate problems of the end of the war such as the Morgenthau Plan. Edith and E. F. Penrose married in 1944 and Edith bore a son, Trevan, in July 1945. Edith’s brothers Jack and Harvey both had distinguished careers in the US Air Force in North Africa and Italy before Jack was shot down in early 1945. Both Edith and Penrose were directly involved in the creation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration which dealt with refugee issues, and in supporting Winant and Eleanor Roosevelt during the formation of the United Nations and the first General Assembly in London in 1946.
Iraq
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

After a brief return to the USA during which Edith completed The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, in 1957 she and Penrose took up positions at the University College of Arts and Sciences of Baghdad, in Iraq, where they taught for two years, establishing the Economics Department. This experience triggered Edith’s lifelong interest in the Middle East, the oil industry, and the international firm. She grasped the opportunity of researching the international oil companies, convinced few economists had done this satisfactorily. She also demonstrated the commitment to her students which she was always to show, believing she had a responsibility to mentor them as, in her view, trained economists were as essential to the development of the state as doctors, agriculturalists, or engineers. E. F. Penrose studied the dynamic politics of Iraq, including the revolution of 1958. On leaving Iraq, Edith drove to Cambridge for an interview.
Oil
Authors: Penrose Angela
Published: November 2017

The chapter covers Edith’s research into the oil industry and multinational companies, and the rise of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, including publication of The Large International Firm in Developing Countries (1968), which challenged the traditional theories of international trade and investment as they applied to the oil industry. She was the first to discover the significance of transfer pricing and tax avoidance. She started seminars on the international petroleum industry with Peter Odell and later with Robert Mabro, at St Anthony’s College, Oxford. Edith travelled extensively, analysing the impact of multinationals on the economic welfare of the countries in which they operated, focusing on the efforts made by governments to retain as much as possible of their economic and political sovereignty, while still benefiting from the resources and capabilities of foreign investors. By the time of the ‘oil crisis’ of 1973 she was considered one of the top oil economists in the world.
Why User Rights?
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

This chapter proposes a theory to justify the existence and scope of copyright user rights. The variety of identities and interests of copyright users, as well as the different means by which users experience copyright works call for a pluralistic theoretical approach to justify the existence and scope of user rights. Starting with the prima facie normative status of all ownership freedoms developed by James W. Harris (Property and Justice) the chapter refers to the instrumental justification of economic efficiency as a base for the existence and scope of user personal property rights in copies of copyright works. The influential instrumentalist justification of copyright to incent the creation and dissemination of works provides a theoretical basis to further define the existence and contours of user rights beyond the instances where users have property rights in copies of copyright works.
One Last Word
Authors: Chapdelaine Pascale
Published: November 2017

‘One last word’ offers by way of conclusion, a reflection on the challenges that copyright law will continue to face in regulating older forms together with newer forms of works and methods of dissemination, and by inviting the reader to consider other areas of law (cloud computing, privacy law, state surveillance, taxation) where the analytical framework presented in the book may find application.
Changing from Within
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2017

The Laws opens with a new methodology. Instead of presenting a sketch of an ideal state in the course of answering a philosophical question about virtue, like the Republic, the work shows us how representatives of conservative cultures such as Sparta and Crete can be brought by their Athenian visitor to expand their horizons and to enlarge, from within their own outlooks, their views not only about the value of the Athenian drinking party but about good forms of government. The introductory books prepare the reader for the way that a Spartan way of life, readily obedient to law and with required common education, will be tempered by institutions brought in from Athens, making citizens more participatory and more accountable to one another.
Virtue in a Framework of Law
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how in aiming, as in the Republic, to establish an ideal society where citizens achieve happiness in living virtuously, Plato in the Laws requires of these citizens both strict obedience to their laws and he also requires them to understand their aims, and the value of living in accordance with these aims. Through their character education and the ‘preludes’ to the laws, citizens come to obey the laws in a spirit that promotes the development of virtues, rather than mere rule following. Overall their characters will internalize the priority of virtue to other things in their lives.
Maximal God
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

Perfect being theism is a version of theism that says that God is the greatest possible being. Although perfect being theism is the most common form of monotheism in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition, its truth has been disputed by philosophers and theologians for centuries. Maximal God proposes a new, game-changing defence of perfect being theism by developing what the book calls the ‘maximal concept of God’. Perfect being theists typically maintain that God is an omniscient, omnipotent, and omnibenevolent being but, according to Maximal God, God should be understood rather as a being that has the maximal consistent set of knowledge, power, and benevolence. The book argues that once we accept the maximal concept, we can establish perfect being theism on two grounds. First, we can refute nearly all existing arguments against perfect being theism simultaneously. Second, we can construct a novel, strengthened version of the modal ontological argument for perfect being theism. The book concludes that the maximal God concept provides the basis for a unified defence of perfect being theism that is highly effective and economical.
Perfect Being Theism and the Great Chain of Being
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores exactly what perfect being theism means when it says that God is the being than which no greater is metaphysically possible. It considers the greatness of God in the light of the ‘great chain of being’, a hierarchy of all possible beings. It analyses God’s great-making properties, including knowledge, power, and benevolence, and considers various rigorous models of God’s relations to other possible beings, such as the ‘linear model’ and the ‘radial model’. It defends the radial model but also raises a potential problem it faces. The chapter concludes by arguing that the linear model should be taken seriously as a backup option for perfect being theists.
A Partial Defence of the Classical Ontological Argument I
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a partial defence of the classical ontological argument for perfect being theism. It argues for the following three theses: (i) Anselm is the one who invented the classical ontological argument; (ii) the classical ontological argument is powerful because it is designed in such a way that no matter how one approaches it, one cannot refute it without making a significant metaphysical or epistemic assumption, one that is likely to be contentious in its own right; and (iii) Peter Millican’s attempt to refute the classical ontological argument by revealing shallow, logical problems (without making any significant metaphysical or epistemic assumptions) fails.
A Partial Defence of the Classical Ontological Argument II
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: November 2017

This chapter critically discusses another attempt to refute, without making any significant metaphysical or epistemic assumption, the classical ontological argument for perfect being theism. The attempt in question appeals to parallel parodies of the argument purporting to derive the existence (or non-existence) of various absurd entities, such as the ‘Lost Island’, ‘AntiGod’, and the ‘devil’. The chapter argues that the parowdy objection fails because it contains structural and dialectic flaws. It argues, moreover, that, once a parody is modified in such a way as to eliminate its flaws it is, ironically, no longer a parody—it is the ontological argument itself. Of course, one can hardly undermine the ontological argument by appealing to the ontological argument itself.
Decolonization as Tragedy?
Authors: Schwarz Bill
Published: November 2017

This chapter tracks what is at stake in the various competing ways of understanding the period that marked the collapse of the European colonial empires: decolonization, the postcolonial, and globalization. In doing so it endeavours to draw out into the open the manner in which the end of colonial rule was articulated with the shift to the neoliberal age. The chapter addresses the interplay between our understanding of decolonization in optimistic terms, as a resource for the future in which new lives can be imagined, and our understanding of it as a fateful history, which generated so many dashed hopes that it is best grasped as tragedy. After all the depredations of our contemporary global South, what now of the promise of the end of colonial rule?
Rethinking Gender and Labour History
Authors: Rose Sonya O. , Brady Sean
Published: November 2017

This chapter questions the ambiguities of ‘working classes’ and ‘work’, both historically and contemporaneously. Labour history, once a thriving scholarly field in the United Kingdom, tended to concentrate upon industrialized work and the trade union movement. But this approach leaves out huge swathes of non-unionized workers and fails to address the demise of industrial labour, its relocation to ‘developing areas’, and the condition of workers in the service sector. The chapter argues for a global turn in labour history by thinking about embodied labour in a global context, being ‘comparative’ at least to the extent of recognizing the specificities of any conjunction between work, identity, and social life in a locality. It attends to changes over the longue durée and areas of persistence in gender identities; and power relations and their link to work and to socioeconomic inequalities.
The People’s History and the Politics of Everyday Life since 1945
Authors: Lawrence Jon
Published: November 2017

This chapter revisits interview transcripts from postwar social science projects to explore vernacular understandings of the social world, especially the informal politics of everyday life. Understanding shifting conceptions of historical time provides the key to understanding the crisis of social democracy in the 1970s and 1980s which was rooted less in the machinations of high politics than in popular responses to economic uncertainty and social change. What sealed the fate of the mobilizing myths of postwar social democracy was the collapse of popular belief in the idea of ‘the people’s’ forward march. By the 1980s expectations of intergenerational ‘progress’ had begun to loosen and conceptions of a shared future had broken down. But if popular conceptions of time and politics represent vernacular attempts to make sense of everyday experience, resetting the terms of economic life and public policy may re-establish shared conceptions of progress.
A Fading Star
Authors: Wilson Keeley
Published: November 2017

Covering the period 2006–11, in this chapter we see how the seeds of destruction that were unknowingly sown in the early 2000s come to fruition. Nokia was collapsing from within well before Apple or Google became competitors, leaving Nokia’s new management team in a difficult position in which developing a successful managerial response to the changed external environment had become all but impossible. Successive reorganizations, a lack of technology leadership, and the collapse of the strategy process all contributed to Nokia rapidly losing its leadership position. The chapter also looks at the options Nokia’s management team considered with regard to its smartphone strategy before ultimately choosing an alliance with Microsoft.
Cataclysms
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes and explains the widespread practices of mass killing and persecution that characterized many parts of the region in the decades following the Second World War. During these years, mass atrocities were a common feature of political life in East Asia. This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the most serious of these atrocities. Some of those atrocities were unimaginably huge in scale—comparable to those committed by Hitler and Stalin. Some, especially those in China, accounted for millions of lives; others, such as those in Cambodia and East Timor decimated national populations—in both of these places, up to a quarter of the whole population was killed.
The Developmental Trading State
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates that the downwards pressure that state consolidation placed on mass violence was amplified by the type of state that emerged. Across East Asia, governments came to define themselves as “developmental” or “trading” states whose principal purpose was to grow the national economy and thereby improve the economic wellbeing of their citizens. Governments with different ideologies came to embrace economic growth and growing the prosperity of their populations as the principal function of the state and its core source of legitimacy. Despite some significant glitches along the way the adoption of the developmental trading state model has proven successful. Not only have East Asian governments succeeded in lifting hundreds of millions of people out of poverty, the practices and policy orientations dictated by this model helped shift governments and societies away from belligerent practices towards postures that prioritized peace and stability. This reinforced the trend towards greater peacefulness.
Future Trajectories
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks to the future and asks whether the low incidence of mass atrocities experienced in the first decades of the twenty-first century is here to stay. There is nothing inevitable about the current trend and it could certainly be reversed, but the factors that facilitated the region’s transformation in the first place are likely to continue to push political leaders away from perpetrating atrocities. As a result, mass atrocities are likely to remain rare and exceptional for the foreseeable future. To understand just how resilient, this chapter examines five potential challenges: great power conflict sparked by the rise of China, challenges to political authority in non-democratic states, the risk of nationalism caused by a sustained economic downturn, challenges to state consolidation stemming from non-state armed groups and violent extremists, and heightened competition for resources and territory in a context of climate change.
Defining the Environment
Authors: Payne Cymie R.
Published: November 2017

The principle of ‘environmental integrity’ is a fundamental aspect of jus post bellum. Human life, economy, and culture depend on a healthy, functioning environment. However, environmental integrity is a complex concept to describe. Doctrinal thresholds for legally material environmental damage (significant, long-term, widespread) do not capture it. This chapter interrogates the jus post bellum literature and then turns to scholarship on wilderness management in the Anthropocene era, which also engages with the meaning of ‘environmental integrity’, ‘naturalness’, ‘unimpaired’, or, in the words of the Factory at Chorzów case which sets the international law standard for reparations of damage, ‘the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed’. Recognition that pristine or historical conditions are often impossible to recover or maintain leads to the legal, ethical, and scientific analysis of evolving environmental norms that this chapter offers.
Using a Framework of Human Rights and Transitional Justice for Post-Conflict Environmental Protection and Remediation
Authors: Hulme Karen
Published: November 2017

The chapter analyses examples of post-conflict environmental damage and suggests how human rights legal mechanisms could provide vital assistance in their remedy. Environmental remediation in the post-conflict context tends to emanate from environmental obligations, if it is recognized at all. Transitional justice mechanisms and human rights obligations, however, are developing in terms of environmental protection. Environmental damage is, clearly, a human rights issue, especially in the protection of survival resources, such as water and food, as well as health—which are vital in a post-conflict context. Human rights can also help address toxic remnants and natural resource depletion. With the expansion of economic, social, and cultural rights to incorporate environmental dimensions, and even what would traditionally be viewed as pure environmental concerns at times, such a framework could provide strong legal obligations on states to undertake environmental clean-up and restoration—and strong mechanisms to review state actions and ensure environmental remediation.
Environmental Implications of Disarmament The CWC Case
Authors: Böhringer Ayṣe-Martina , Marauhn Thilo
Published: November 2017

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) does not only entail a set of specific disarmament obligations. It also addresses how chemical weapons and chemical weapons facilities are to be eliminated, including the elimination of weapons abandoned on other states’ territory. It goes without saying that in the context of implementing these obligations, apart from the details for an environmentally sound disposal, multilateral environmental obligations will have to be taken into account. Although at least some provisions of the CWC relate to environmental issues, the Convention is silent on the question of the standards to be applied. In that respect, the chapter has a closer look at the relationship between environmental protection on the one hand, and chemical weapons destruction as the primary objective of the CWC on the other hand. The chapter addresses the cases of ordinary CWC-based elimination, but also the specific circumstances of the Syrian case.
Legal Protection of the Environment
Authors: Fleck Dieter
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines principles and rules on environmental protection in two critical situations: non-international armed conflicts and post-conflict peacebuilding. What kind of environmental obligations apply in bello between a government and rebels? In what sense are parties to the conflict accountable for environmental devastation? May states be liable also for injurious consequences of acts not explicitly prohibited under international law? How can their obligations be enforced? Furthermore, issues of post-conflict peacebuilding are discussed to explore whether specific principles and rules of jus post bellum are relevant for the protection of the natural environment. While certain aspects of the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts appear to be still unclear, some recommendations are developed in support of efforts currently undertaken in the International Law Commission.
Developments in the Law of Environmental Reparations
Authors: Payne Cymie R.
Published: November 2017

The United Nations Compensation Commission (‘UNCC’) is a unique model for liability and compensation of environmental damage in an international context, influencing both jus in bello and jus post bellum. The UNCC provided a legal process that catalogued, assessed, and awarded money to pay to clean and repair the damaged soil, water, coastal ecosystems, and other harms resulting from the 1990–1 Gulf War. Its contributions include integration of environmental law principles into the reparations process; use of advanced techniques for assessment of environmental damage; and use of a multilateral process in a way that balanced confidentiality and transparency. The UNCC environmental programme, viewed as an innovative approach to justice after war, highlights the contribution that the environmental integrity norm can make.
Reframing the Remnants of War
Authors: Weir Doug
Published: November 2017

Since 2011, states and civil society have sought to draw attention to the health and environmental risks from the toxic remnants of war; a process that has led to the International Law Commission proposing a draft principle that obliges states to help minimize their risks to the environment following conflicts. In addition to raising awareness of the impact and legacy of conflict pollution, the process has helped to reverse the historical decoupling of explosive remnants of war from other physical and toxic war remnants. Itself a product of the humanitarian advocacy framing promoted by the civil society-led campaign against anti-personnel landmines. The new draft principle on the toxic and hazardous remnants of war, which is one of several proposed to help address and remedy environmental damage following conflicts, could eventually help fill a gap in how the international community responds to pollution caused or exacerbated by armed conflict.
Tumbling the Subatomic Dice with Divine Action
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the author engages recent proposals about the nature of divine action among those involved in the interface of theology and science. He first looks at the broad agenda involved and its goals, canvassing the overall structural character of the conceptual claims on offer with respect to divine agency and divine action. Then the author interacts with the core claims of the work of Robert John Russell. Attention to Russell’s work gives the chapter more specificity since Russell is an exemplary figure in the debate. The author concludes by arguing that the move to look at quantum physics for help on divine action is limited at best, and a dead-end at worst.
The Turn to Theological Theology
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this concluding chapter, the author provides a narrative of the argument laid out so far, and then takes up two contrasting objections to the role of conceptual analysis in debates about divine action. The first argues that the general disposition of analytic philosophy with respect to this debate is inappropriate; the second objection argues that the author has underestimated the resources available in analytic philosophy. In reply, the author argues that any theory of agency or action has inescapable limitations, and that the way forward involves a radical turn to theology: “theological theology.” The author contends that only such a turn will help us better understand divine agency and divine action.
The Stamp of the Infinite
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the author engages what Paul of Tarsus says about divine agency and divine action in his letters and in the book of Acts. Attention is given to the types of divine actions Paul identifies, whether he identifies God as an agent of various actions, and his comments about whether we have access to divine agency and divine action. The author identifies particular divine actions seen in Paul’s writings, like the work of God in his own life and in his calling as an apostle, personal revelations from Christ, and divine action in the church that brings about unity.
Bearing with the Divine Wisdom of the Ages
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: November 2017

One significant divine action borne out in the pages of the New Testament is the divine inspiration of Scripture, attested most clearly in 2 Timothy 3:16. The author asks what set of divine actions best describe the production of Scripture, and investigates what the early Christians thought about the divine production of Scripture. The author then interrogates the work of Irenaeus of Lyons and Origen of Alexandria, and concludes that their concerns with Scripture were not with developing a theory of inspiration. Then the author argues that modern debates about the divine authorship of Scripture confuse the action of speaking and the action of inspiration, when the two realities are distinct. He thus concludes that the divine inspiration of Scripture should be distinguished from divine authorship.
Hydrodynamic slippage of water at surfaces
Authors: Charlaix E. , Bocquet L.
Published: November 2017

The boundary condition (B.C.) for hydrodynamic flows at solid surfaces is usually assumed to be that of no slip. However a number of molecular simulations and experimental investigations over the last two decades have demonstrated violations of the no-slip B.C., leading to hydrodynamic slippage at solid surfaces. In this short review, we explore the molecular mechanisms leading to hydrodynamic slippage of water at various surfaces and discuss experimental investigations allowing us to measure the so-called slip length
Drop impact on solid substrates: bubble entrapment and spreading dynamics
Authors: Gelderblom H. , Visser C. W. , Sun C. , Lohse D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with drop impact and, in particular, two aspects: the deformation of the drop and the subsequent entrapment of air bubbles, and the drop spreading dynamics.
Where grains and fluids meet: the complex physics of wet granular matter
Authors: Herminghaus S.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, the physics of wet granular matter is discussed. The practical significance of wet granular matter goes of course well beyond the construction of sand sculptures. Most industrial raw materials are solids and come in granular form, and the processes into which they feed involve their being mixed with liquids and agglomerated, conveyed, kneaded, or cast in moulds. For appropriately engineering these processes, including the minimization of energy consumption, a deep understanding of the mechanical properties of this class of materials is indispensable. Furthermore, if we want to mitigate, or even reliably predict, such devastating events as land slides or mud flows, we need to study the dynamical behaviour of wet granular matter in detail. This applies as well to other, similar systems of relevance, such as ice and snow avalanches, which can be modelled as wet granular systems as well.
Interactions between biological membranes: theoretical concepts
Authors: Kanduč M. , Schlaich A. , Schneck E. , Netz R. R.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter we review the various types of generic (non-specific) forces acting between lipid membranes in an aqueous environment and discuss the underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on the competing roles of enthalpic and entropic contributions. The interaction free energy (or interaction potential) is typically the result of a subtle interplay of several, often antagonistic contributions with comparable magnitude. First, we will briefly introduce the underlying physics of various kinds of surface–surface interactions, starting with theories of van der Waals and undulation interactions, covering electrostatics, depletion, and order–parameter fluctuation effects as well. We then turn our attention to a strong and universal repulsive force at small membrane–membrane separations, namely the hydration interaction. It has been under debate and investigation for decades and is not well captured by continuum approximations, thus here we will mainly rely on atomistic simulation techniques.
Soft interfaces: the case of colloid–polymer mixtures
Authors: Aarts D. G. A. L.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter we discuss the interface of a phase separated colloid-polymer mixture. We start by highlighting a number of experimental studies, illustrating the richness of colloidal interface phenomena. This is followed by a derivation of the bulk phase behaviour within free volume theory. We subsequently calculate the interfacial tension using a squared gradient approach. The interfacial tension turns out to be ultralow, easily a million times smaller than a molecular interfacial tension. From the bulk and interface calculations we obtain the capillary length and compare to experiments, where good overall agreement is found. Finally, we focus on the thermal capillary waves of the interface and derive the static and dynamic height–height correlation functions, which describe the experimental data very well. We end with an outlook, where we address some outstanding questions concerning the behaviour of interfaces, to which colloids may provide unique insights.
Orbitofrontal reality filtering
Authors: Schnider Armin
Published: November 2017

Behaviourally spontaneous confabulation denotes a particular form of confabulation characterized by confusion of reality. The patients are disoriented and act according to their confabulations. This chapter describes the clinical course of the disorder and shows how the experimental exploration of patients opened ways to study the underlying mechanism in healthy subjects using brain imaging, electrophysiology, and other methods. These studies revealed a distinct mechanism, now called orbitofrontal reality filtering, which depends on the orbitofrontal cortex and parts of the brain’s reward system. It automatically verifies the relation of upcoming thoughts and memories with ongoing reality. Its relevance for children’s sense of reality is discussed. Comparison with single-cell recordings in animals and investigations in patients suggest that the mechanism depends on a phylogenetically old faculty: an orbitofrontal signal akin to the one necessary for behavioural extinction.
Singular Group Agents
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 identifies features of plural group agents (picked out using plural referring terms) to contrast them with singular group agents (picked out with grammatically singular referring terms). On the basis of the contrasts, it develops the prima facie case against a reductive account of singular group action sentences. The main contrasts developed are that (i) many singular group action sentences appear not to admit of a distributive reading, (ii) membership in a singular group agent requires a special social status, (iii) singular group agents persist through changes in membership, (iv) could have had different members, (v) can act through periods during which their membership changes entirely, and (vi) appear to be able to act though not all their members contribute, in contrast to plural group agents.
The Apparent Autonomy of Singular Group Agents
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 5 shows how to extend the multiple agents account of plural agency to the case of grammatically singular group action sentences in a way that explains some of the features of singular group action sentences that were identified in Chapter 3 as suggesting that a reductive account was implausible. First, it shows how to integrate the time indexed membership relation into the account. Second, it explains how this enables us to understand singular group action sentences in which it appears that such groups do things through changes in their membership in a way that only appeals to the agents who are members of it at any given time. Third, it shows that the fact that it appears that singular group agents could have had different members than they do is just a matter of their being picked out via descriptions which could have had different denotations.
Essentially Intentional Action Types
Authors: Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2017

Chapter 6 lays groundwork for explaining what a constitutive rule is and how they underwrite certain important forms of constitutive agency by giving an analysis of the concept of a certain category of essentially intentional action type, and locating it in a taxonomy of essentially intentional action types. It begins with an overview of essentially intentional action types. Next it analyzes one sort of essentially intentional action type as involving two components, a requirement that a certain activity pattern be instantiated and a requirement that it be instantiated intentionally, focusing on tic-tac-toe as an example. It distinguishes these sorts of essentially intentional action types from those defined by an intentionally pursued goal. It discusses briefly essentially intentional primitive action types, and then takes up a puzzle about intending to perform essentially intentional action types. It concludes with a taxonomy of essentially intentional action types by way of summary.