bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of the Weld Strength in Spot Weld Using Regression Analysis of the Stress Parameters based on the Simulation Study
Authors: Patil Sachin Arun , Baratzadeh Farzad , Lankarani Hamid
Published: December 2016

To enhance the performance of spot weld joints, various improvement methods are used to strengthen the properties of welded joints. Spot welding process is very well suited for welding of various steels grades. Regression analysis is the statistical modeling technique, and it is suitable for predicting strength of welded joints. It is valuable for quantifying the impact of various loading types upon a spot weld rupture.In the present study quantification of impact strength of spot welded EHSS steel, Mild Steel (DC05) and AHSS (DP780) were carried out, by developing the regression models. The analysis includes Material, Thickness, Test type, Test Speed as process parameters. The complete analysis will be helpful in deciding the best combinations for desired performance characteristics. Taguchi technique revealed that the impact speed is the most significant factor in weld strength followed by thickness and material grade.
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 6, No. 1
Authors: Green Lily
Published: December 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2017
Deportation and Extradition from an International Perspective
Authors: Kiani Zeynab , Purkhaghan Zeynab
Published: December 2016

Deportation and extradition have been one of the long-standing issues in international law. After proposing new human rights' issues in the development of international law and human role in international relations, sometimes the question of deportation and extradition is in conflict with European human rights concept. It should distinguish between extradition with similar concepts such as delivery, transfer and dismissal. The extradition is the process that reflects the country's international collaboration and cooperation in the implementation of more stringent standards of criminal justice. Its successful implementation requires the cooperation of different countries in extradition with no political and security excuses. European Court of Human Rights as a judicial organ of the European Convention on Human Rights has issued sentences in its practice regarding some of these conflicts. Researcher with knowledge of neglecting the debate in the Iranian legal system, insists to evaluate the performance of the Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights in relation to deportation and extradition and procedure that the European Court has dealt using analytical methods to review the extradition from different angles and it is hoped that open a step for progress in Iran's penal policy and the legal in the international arena.
Ways to Defend Citizenship Rights in Civil Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Republic of Tajikistan
Authors: Hasani Abdolhossin
Published: December 2016

Given enforceable rules and regulations that govern the relations of individuals in society, two kinds of rights can be derived: private and public. When we speak about the citizen and his/her rights, we mean a set of private and public law that governs social relationships. In fact, expression of citizenship rights means that every person enjoys as being a citizen of a country. The importance of the citizenship rights is to the extent that is closely related to place the rule of finds and even some experts believe that a society in which the rights of citizens and the relationship between people and government falters cannot be established. Guarantee of the fundamental rights of citizens, primarily implies by inserting these rights in the constitution of every country act. In other words, it takes an effective step in the process of constitution rule of law, freedom and enjoyment of facilities and take citizenship. But we must consider the fact that the protection and safeguarding of the rights of individual citizens is on the shoulders of all powers and government agencies that have the necessary measures to protect the rights of citizens. Besides, their executive units operate in all administrative formalities the rights of citizens and legal and in the case of not conforming citizens' rights are not overwhelm the device government should have a competent judicial authorities that the rights of individuals against the government defend the principles of a fair trial. So the fundamental rights of citizens included in the constitution and other laws, required to comply with these rights by the state, there is a competent judicial body that complaints about violation of their people by governmental agencies and monitor governmental bodies are responsible in this regard. All of them are standards implementation and guarantee of the rights of citizenship in a democratic society. Comparative analysis of compliance standards in the legal system of Iran and Tajikistan is a major point of discussion at the end, to recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of both countries and richer the implementation and monitoring of the implementation of the rights to use the experiences of the countries.
Fibonacci spirals in a brown alga [Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt] and in a land plant [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.]: a case of morphogenetic convergence
Authors: Peaucelle Alexis , Couder Yves
Published: December 2016

In this article, the morphology of a brown alga is revisited and compared to the phyllotaxis of land plants. The alga, Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt has a highly organized thallus with a stipe, the stem-like main axis, and hierarchically organized lateral branches of successive orders. Around each of these axes, the lateral organs: blades, side-branches, and receptacles grow in a spiral disposition. As in land plants, this organization is related to an apical mode of growth. Measurements performed along the mature differentiated axes as well as in their meristematic regions confirm the similarity of the large-scale organization of this brown alga with that of the land plants. In particular, the divergence angle between successive elements has similar values and it results from the existence around the meristem of parastichies having the same Fibonacci ordering. This is remarkable in view of the fact that brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and land plants (Embryophyta) are two clades that diverged approximately 1800 million years ago when they were both unicellular organisms. We argue that the observed similarity results from a morphogenetic convergence. This is in strong support of the genericity and robustness of self-organization models in which similar structures, here Fibonacci related spirals, can be obtained in various situations in which the genetic and physiological implementation of development can be of a different nature.
Stochastic occurrence of trimery from pentamery in floral phyllotaxis of Anemone (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Kitazawa Miho S. , Fujimoto Koichi
Published: December 2016

Merosity, indicating the basic number of floral organs such as sepals and petals, has been constrained to specific and stable numbers during the evolution of angiosperms. The ancestral flower is considered to have a spiral arrangement of perianth organs, as in phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves. How has the ancestral spiral evolved into flowers with specific merosities? To address this question, we studied perianth organ arrangement in the Anemone genus of the basal eudicot family Ranunculaceae, because various merosities are found in this genus. In three species, A. flaccida, A. scabiosa, and A. nikoensis that are normally pentamerous, we found positional arrangement of the excessive sixth perianth organ indicating the possibility of a transition from pentamerous to trimerous arrangement. Arrangement was intraspecifically stochastic, but constrained to three of five types, where trimerous arrangement was the most frequent in all species except for a form of A. scabiosa. The rank of frequency of the other two types was species-dependent. We connect these observations with classical theories of spiral phyllotaxis. The phyllotaxis model for initiation of the sixth organ showed that the three arrangements occur at a divergence angle <144°, indicating the spiral nature of floral phyllotaxis rather than a perfect penta-radial symmetry of 144°. The model further showed that selective occurrence of trimerous arrangement is mainly regulated by the organ growth rate. Differential organ growth as well as divergence angle may regulate transitions between pentamerous and trimerous flowers in intraspecific variation as well as in species evolution.
The significance of γ-and λ-dislocations in transient states of phyllotaxis: how to get more from less – sometimes!
Authors: Zagórska-Marek Beata , Szpak Marcin
Published: December 2016

In some plants, developmental changes of phyllotaxis are so frequent that the whole spectrum of phyllotactic patterns becomes available for investigation and thus many unknown subtleties of phyllotaxis come to light. Among these, Magnolia acuminata is the most prominent. In a series of experiments performed in silico with application of a simple geometric model of phyllotaxis, we were able to confront the empirical data on phyllotactic transitions occurring in magnolia flowers with the results of computer simulations. They revealed that in addition to the ratio between the sizes of plant organs, the history of developing pattern was also important, especially for the direction of ontogenetic changes. The parameters of size tolerance and vertical tolerance in positioning a new element in the first available space, brought the effects of simulations closer to the real patterns. They helped especially to resolve the enigma of multiplication of parastichies (γ-dislocations) observed sometimes during determined growth of magnolia floral axes. We conclude that ontogenetic changes in phyllotaxis result mainly from changing sizes of organs in the course of development and that the changes do not always occur with mathematical accuracy.
Acromegaly: the effect of somatostatin analogues on tumour volume shrinkage
Authors: Witek Przemysław , Gutowska Marta
Published: December 2016

Acromegaly is a rare disease, caused by growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and secondarily elevated insulin-like growth hormone 1 (IGF-1) level. Nearly all patients with acromegaly suffer from somatotroph pituitary adenoma. The main goal of treatment is to normalise both GH and IGF-1 levels, which reduces symptoms, complications and mortality. Transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy performed by an experienced neurosurgeon is the first-line therapy of choice. Therapy with somatostatin analogues (SSA) is used as a neoadjuvant treatment prior to surgery and in a persistent disease following the surgery.

The long-acting somatostatin analogues reduce serum GH/IGF-1 levels and tumour volume. In this clinical review, mechanisms and role of 1st and 2nd generation somatostatin analogues in the treatment of patients with acromegaly are presented, with particular emphasis on the effects on somatotroph pituitary adenoma volume reduction.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a child with acute myeloid leukaemia: pharmacotherapy and surgical management
Authors: Styczyński Jan
Published: December 2016

This paper reports on diagnostic and therapeutic management of pulmonary invasive fungal disease (IFD) in a child with relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia, undergoing chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Surgical management with resection of the involved lung tissue was based on the location of fungal infiltrates close to large circulatory vessels. After examination of resected pulmonary tissue, a diagnosis of proven IFD was done. This case report is an example that aspergillosis is usually the cause for pulmonary IFD. Pharmacotherapy of pulmonary IFD should be based on compounds with good penetration to lung tissue: amphotericin B lipid form or voriconazole.
Ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy in a patient with metastatic fibrosarcoma
Authors: Galus Łukasz
Published: December 2016

Ifosfamide is a cytostatic drug commonly used in chemotherapy. One of the common adverse effects resulting from the treatment with ifosfamide is encephalopathy. This paper describes a case study of a 64-year-old patient who suffered from a full-blown encephalopathy as a result of chemotherapy administered during the treatment of fibrosarcoma of the femur. It provides a hypothesis of the mechanism behind toxic effects of ifosfamide on the central nervous system and elaborates on a number of documented ways of preventing aforementioned complications.
O pensamento de Martim Lutero sobre razão e revelação na Igreja, na política e na economia
Authors: Wachholz Wilhelm
Published: December 2016

Razão e revelação ocupam lugar destacado na teologia de Martim Lutero, reformador da Igreja no século XVI. A correta relação entre razão e revelação não somente tem implicações teológicas, mas também práticas em relação à Igreja, política e economia. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação de razão e revelação na teologia de Lutero, em diálogo com Paul Tillich, focando a pergunta pelo conhecimento de Deus e as implicações para Igreja, política e economia. Introdutoriamente, o artigo aborda a problemática do conhecimento. A partir disso, analisa a compreensão de Lutero sobre conhecimento a partir da revelação de Deus na cruz como sub contraria specie. Considerando ter o pecado afetado o conhecimento de Deus e, consequentemente, as relações humanas, o artigo analisa como, para Lutero, Igreja, economia e política precisam ser compreendidos e conclui com as implicações ministeriais do ser humano cristão, considerando os dois reinos, nos três estamentos.
A Reforma de Lutero, 500 anos depois: a perspectiva da sua catolicidade a partir do documento “Do Conflito à Comunhão”, da Comissão Internacional Católica-Luterana
Authors: Wolff Elias
Published: December 2016

O artigo reflete sobre a Reforma de Lutero (1517), com o objetivo de compreender nela a dimensão da catolicidade da fé cristã. Por séculos, nos meios católicos romanos é comum a afirmação da Reforma apenas como causa e expressão de divisões na Igreja, e que à tradição eclesial luterana não cabe a nota da catolicidade, admitida à tradição eclesial vinculada à Igreja de Roma. Contudo, estudos de teólogos católicos sobre Lutero e o progresso das relações ecumênicas entre católicos e luteranos na atualidade, convergem na compreensão que Lutero não queria dividir a Igreja, e que ele não se distanciou em tudo da tradição católica na afirmação da fé cristã. Então o diálogo ecumênico propõe hoje o desafio: podem cristãos católicos e luteranos comemorarem juntos os 500 anos da Reforma? Relacionando o documento do diálogo internacional católico-luterano, Do Conflito à Comunhão, e estudos recentes sobre Lutero, conclui-se que essa comemoração conjunta só será possível se as duas tradições eclesiais forem situadas num horizonte comum de catolicidade. A base é o reconhecimento de elementos comuns na fé de católicos e luteranos. A comemoração tem tom penitencial pelo que pode significar de falta de comunhão; e tom de esperança pelos elementos que a Reforma apresenta para o crescimento da comunhão entre as duas tradições eclesiais.
The development of the human resources management units
Authors: Kulić Radivoje , Đurić Igor
Published: December 2016

The necessity of personnel management became clear in the second half of the 19th century - when its different organizational forms started taking shape. From then, until the mid-80s, the personnel function - personnel management - changes and enriches its contents in accordance with the new reflections on people management in enterprises and companies. During the 1990s, in North America and Europe, the concept of human resource management and 'human resources' as the organizational form of its implementation are increasingly promoted in some organizations. At the same time, personnel departments and the departments of human resources 'coexist' in contemporary practice, while in some socio-cultural settings, there is no basic difference between these two concepts and theoretical levels. Nevertheless, a part of the specialized literature in Europe and in our country, there is a prevailing assessment that the department for Human Resources and Educational Service is an optimal organizational framework for implementation of personnel management - human resources, including a comprehensive guidance on training and development of all categories of employees.
Technology Skills in the Workplace: Information Professionals’ Current Use and Future Aspirations
Authors: Maceli Monica , Burke John J
Published: December 2016

Information technology serves as an essential tool for today's information professional, with a need for ongoing research attention to assess the technological directions of the field over time. This paper presents the results of a survey of the technologies used by library and information science (LIS) practitioners, with attention to the combinations of technologies employed and the technology skills that practitioners wish to learn.  The most common technologies employed were: email, office productivity tools, web browsers, library catalog and database searching tools, and printers, with programming topping the list of most-desired technology skill to learn. Generally similar technology usage patterns were observed for early and later-career practitioners. Findings also suggested the relative rarity of emerging technologies, such as the makerspace, in current practice.
President's Message: Focus on Information Ethics
Authors: Fifarek Aimee
Published: December 2016

President's Message: Focus on Information Ethics
Reflexiones sobre diálogo Intercultural-Interreligioso I Simposio y XVI Coloquio de Teología
Authors: Jéssica Sepúlveda Jaime bascuñan
Published: December 2016

Los docentes Jaime Bascuñan y Jéssica Sepúlveda, que participaron tanto del Simposio como del Coloquio, en su texto Reflexiones sobre diálogo Intercultural-Interreligioso: I Simposio y XVI Coloquio de Teología, presentan una panorámica de lo que fueron ambas experiencias, su inspiración y principales logros. Desde la experiencia del encuentro entre miembros de comunidades mapuche, docentes e invitados a  ambas actividades, se propone un camino de diálogo a partir de la confianza que otorgan instancas comunes de reconocimiento y participación.
Mapping spatial distribution of forest age in China
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Yao Yitong , Wang Xuhui , Liu Yongwen , Piao Shilong
Published: December 2016

Forest stand age is a meaningful metric, which reflects the past disturbance legacy, provides guidelines for forest management practices, and is an important factor in qualifying forest carbon cycles and carbon sequestration potential. Reliable large‐scale forest stand age information with high spatial resolutions, however, is difficult to obtain. In this study, we developed a top‐down method to downscale the provincial statistics of national forest inventory data into 1 km stand age map using climate data and light detection and ranging‐derived forest height. We find that the distribution of forest stand age in China is highly heterogeneous across the country, with a mean value of ~42.6 years old. The relatively young stand age for Chinese forests is mostly due to the large proportion of newly planted forests (0–40 years old), which are more prevailing in south China. Older forests (stand age > 60 years old) are more frequently found in east Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and the central mountain areas of west and northeast China, where human activities are less intensive. Among the 15 forest types, forests dominated by species of Taxodiaceae, with the exception of Cunninghamia lanceolata stands, have the oldest mean stand age (136 years), whereas Pinus massoniana forests are the youngest (18 years). We further identified uncertainties associated with our forest age map, which are high in west and northeast China. Our work documents the distribution of forest stand age in China at a high resolution which is useful for carbon cycle modeling and the sustainable use of China's forest resources.
Relationship between the direction of diurnal rainfall migration and the ambient wind over the Southern Sumatra Island
Authors: Yanase A. , Yasunaga K. , Masunaga H.
Published: December 2016

This study investigates the climatological relationship between diurnal rainfall migration and the ambient wind over the southern Sumatra by using observation and reanalysis of 15 years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite precipitation radar. When winds in the lower troposphere (1000–500 hPa) are westerly, convective rainfall systems migrate eastward, while rainfall systems dominated by stratiform precipitation propagate to the west in association with mid‐upper level easterly winds. When the winds are easterly throughout the troposphere, both convective and stratiform precipitation systems propagate only to the west. Rainfall system migration appears to be generally consistent with ambient zonal wind. It is suggested that the advection by background wind is, in general, a dominant component of the propagation mechanism of diurnal rainfall.
Evidence of large empty lava tubes on the Moon using GRAIL gravity
Authors: Chappaz Loic , Sood Rohan , Melosh Henry J. , Howell Kathleen C. , Blair David M. , Milbury Colleen , Zuber Maria T.
Published: December 2016

NASA's GRAIL mission employed twin spacecraft in polar orbits around the Moon to measure the lunar gravity field at unprecedentedly high accuracy and resolution. The low spacecraft altitude in the extended mission enables the detection of small‐scale surface or subsurface features. We analyzed these data for evidence of empty lava tubes beneath the lunar maria. We developed two methods, gradiometry and cross correlation, to isolate the target signal of long, narrow, sinuous mass deficits from a host of other features present in the GRAIL data. Here we report the discovery of several strong candidates that are either extensions of known lunar rilles, collocated with the recently discovered “skylight” caverns, or underlying otherwise unremarkable surfaces. Owing to the spacecraft polar orbits, our techniques are most sensitive to east‐west trending near‐surface structures and empty lava tubes with minimum widths of several kilometers, heights of hundreds of meters, and lengths of tens of kilometers.
Load redistribution rules for progressive failure in shallow landslides: Threshold mechanical models
Authors: Fan Linfeng , Lehmann Peter , Or Dani
Published: December 2016

Rainfall‐induced landslides are often preceded by progressive failures that culminate in abrupt mass release. Local failure progression is captured by a landslide hydro‐mechanical triggering model that represents the soil mantle as interacting columns linked by tensile and compressive mechanical “bonds.” Mechanical bonds may fail at a prescribed threshold leaving a modeling challenge of how to redistribute their load to neighboring intact soil columns. We employed an elastic spring‐block model to analytically derive redistribution rules defined by the stiffness ratio of compressive to tensile bonds. These linear‐elastic rules were generalized to real soil using measurable Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Results indicate that “local” failure characteristics of ductile‐like soils (e.g., clay) are reproduced by low stiffness ratios, whereas “global” failure of brittle sandy soils corresponds to large stiffness ratios. Systematic analyses yield guidelines for selecting load redistribution rules for failure of geological materials and mass‐movement phenomena represented by discrete threshold‐mechanics.
Fast‐moving diffuse auroral patches: A new aspect of daytime Pc3 auroral pulsations
Authors: Motoba Tetsuo , Ebihara Yusuke , Kadokura Akira , Engebretson Mark J. , Lessard Marc R. , Weatherwax Allan T. , Gerrard Andrew J.
Published: December 2016

Auroral pulsations are a convenient diagnostic of wave‐particle interactions in the magnetosphere. A case study of a daytime Pc3 (22–100 mHz) auroral pulsation event, measured with a ~2 Hz sampling all‐sky camera at South Pole Station (74.4°S magnetic latitude) on 17 May 2012, is presented. The daytime Pc3 auroral pulsations were most active in a closed field line region where the aurora was dominated by diffuse green‐line emissions and within ±2 h of magnetic local noon. Usually, but not always, the corresponding periodic variations were recorded with a colocated search coil magnetometer. Of particular interest is the two‐dimensional auroral signature, indicating that the temporal luminosity variations at a given point were due to repeated formation and horizontal motion of faint, nonpulsating auroral patches with scale sizes of ~100 km. The individual patches propagated equatorward with speeds of 15 km s−1 up to 20–25 km s−1 one after another along the magnetic meridian through local magnetic zenith. These properties differ considerably from typical pulsating aurorae, being periodic on‐off luminosity variations in a particular auroral patch and drifting in accordance with the convection electric field in the magnetosphere. We speculate that such repetitive patterns of the fast‐moving auroral patches, being another aspect of the daytime Pc3 auroral pulsations, may be a visible manifestation of compressional Pc3 waves which propagate earthward and cause modulation of precipitating keV electron fluxes in the dayside outer magnetosphere.
Update on Saturn's energetic electron periodicities
Authors: Carbary James F.
Published: December 2016

The periodicities in fluxes of energetic electrons (110–365 keV) in Saturn's magnetosphere were determined from late 2004 to mid‐2016. The electron periods were calculated using Lomb periodogram analyses within windows of 200 days at sliding intervals of 10 days, which tracked changes in the periodicity. Sometimes the periodicity showed a clear duality, as in 2007–2008, while at other times the two periods came together so closely as to be indistinguishable, as after equinox in 2010 and in 2015. At still other times, the periodicity apparently vanished altogether, as in 2014. These periodicities generally agreed with those of other phenomena such as the magnetic field and radio emissions. Whether dual or mono, the periods generally remained between 10.58 h and 10.84 h, with two statistical peaks at ~10.68 h and ~10.81 h. This observation suggests that magnetospheric periodicities at Saturn lie within a limited range of values, which places constraints on the generative mechanism for the phenomena.
3‐D electrical resistivity structure based on geomagnetic transfer functions exploring the features of arc magmatism beneath Kyushu, Southwest Japan Arc
Authors: Hata Maki , Uyeshima Makoto , Handa Shun , Shimoizumi Masashi , Tanaka Yoshikazu , Hashimoto Takeshi , Kagiyama Tsuneomi , Utada Hisashi , Munekane Hiroshi , Ichiki Masahiro , Fuji‐ta Kiyoshi
Published: December 2016

Our 3‐D electrical resistivity model clearly detects particular subsurface features for magmatism associated with subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) in three regions: a southern and a northern volcanic region, and a nonvolcanic region on the island of Kyushu. We apply 3‐D inversion analyses for geomagnetic transfer function data of a short‐period band, in combination with results of a previous 3‐D model that was determined by using Network‐Magnetotelluric response function data of a longer‐period band as an initial model in the present inversion to improve resolution at shallow depths; specifically, a two‐stage inversion is used instead of a joint inversion. In contrast to the previous model, the presented model clearly reveals a conductive block on the back‐arc side of Kirishima volcano at shallow depths of ~50 km; the block is associated with hydrothermal fluids and hydrothermal alteration zones related to the formation of epithermal gold deposits. A second feature revealed by the model is another conductive block regarded as upwelling fluids, extending from the upper surface of the PSP in the mantle under Kirishima volcano in the southern volcanic region. Third, a resistive crustal layer, which confines the conductive block in the mantle, is distributed beneath the nonvolcanic region. Fourth, our model reveals a significant resistive block, which extends below the continental Moho at the fore‐arc side of the volcanic front and extends into the nonvolcanic region in central Kyushu.
Evolution of the mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton during the Cenozoic: Linking geochemical and geophysical observations
Authors: Li Hong‐Yan , Xu Yi‐Gang , Ryan Jeffrey G. , Whattam Scott A.
Published: December 2016

Recent discoveries related to the geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts and the geophysics of the deep mantle beneath eastern Eurasia make it possible to place constraints on the relationship between the seismic tomography of subcontinental mantle domains and their geochemical heterogeneities. Basalts with ocean island basalt‐like trace elements erupted during (56–23 Ma) and after (≤23 Ma) rifting of the eastern North China Craton (NCC) show evidence for the mixing of an isotopically depleted source and an EMI (Enriched mantle type I) pyroxenitic mantle. NCC rifting‐stage basalts exhibit anomalously low MgO and Fe2O3T and high SiO2 and Al2O3, as well as low Dy/Yb and Y/Yb and high εHf at a given εNd, as compared to the postrifting basalts. Temporal compositional variations and their association with basin subsidence indicate that heterogeneity in the eastern NCC asthenospheric mantle is the primary driver for intraplate magmatism in this region. The specific magmatic sources shifted in terms of depth, related to lithospheric thinning and thickening in the eastern NCC. The NCC EMI mantle domain most likely developed due to ancient events, is persistent through time, and is not related to dehydration of the stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone. Based on the chemical signatures of postrifting basalts, contributions from the Pacific slab are likely to be carbonatite rich. Mantle metasomatism by carbonatite melts from the Pacific slab and the interaction of these melts at shallower depths with EMI pyroxenitic mantle domains to trigger melting are contributors to the observed low P wave velocity zone beneath eastern Eurasia.
Investigating dominant characteristics of fires across the Amazon during 2005–2014 through satellite data synthesis of combustion signatures
Authors: Tang W. , Arellano A. F.
Published: December 2016

Estimates of fire emissions remain uncertain due to limited constraints on the variations in fire characteristics. Here we demonstrate the utility of space‐based observations of smoke constituents in addressing this limitation. We introduce a satellite‐derived smoke index (SI) as an indicator of the dominant phase of large‐scale fires. This index is calculated as the ratio of the geometric mean of observed fractional enhancements (due to fire) in carbon monoxide and aerosol optical depth to that of nitrogen dioxide. We assess the usefulness of this index on fires in the Amazon. We analyze the seasonal, regional, and interannual joint distribution ofSIand fire radiative power (FRP) in relation to fire hotspots, land cover, Drought Severity Index, and deforestation rate estimates. We also compare this index with an analogous quantity derived from field data or emission inventories. Our results show thatSIchanges from low (more flaming) to high (more smoldering) during the course of a fire season, which is consistent with the changes in observed maximum FRPs from high to low. We also find that flaming combustion is more dominant in areas where deforestation fires dominate, while smoldering combustion has a larger influence during drought years when understory fires are more likely enhanced. Lastly, we find that the spatiotemporal variation inSIis inconsistent with current emission inventories. Although we recognize some limitations of this approach, our results point to the utility ofSIas a proxy for overall combustion efficiency in the parameterization of fire emission models.
Determination of global Earth outgoing radiation at high temporal resolution using a theoretical constellation of satellites
Authors: Gristey Jake J. , Chiu J. Christine , Gurney Robert J. , Han Shin‐Chan , Morcrette Cyril J.
Published: December 2016

New, viable, and sustainable observation strategies from a constellation of satellites have attracted great attention across many scientific communities. Yet the potential for monitoring global Earth outgoing radiation using such a strategy has not been explored. To evaluate the potential of such a constellation concept and to investigate the configuration requirement for measuring radiation at a time resolution sufficient to resolve the diurnal cycle for weather and climate studies, we have developed a new recovery method and conducted a series of simulation experiments. Using idealized wide field‐of‐view broadband radiometers as an example, we find that a baseline constellation of 36 satellites can monitor global Earth outgoing radiation reliably to a spatial resolution of 1000 km at an hourly time scale. The error in recovered daily global mean irradiance is 0.16 W m−2 and −0.13 W m−2, and the estimated uncertainty in recovered hourly global mean irradiance from this day is 0.45 W m−2 and 0.15 W m−2, in the shortwave and longwave spectral regions, respectively. Sensitivity tests show that addressing instrument‐related issues that lead to systematic measurement error remains of central importance to achieving similar accuracies in reality. The presented error statistics therefore likely represent the lower bounds of what could currently be achieved with the constellation approach, but this study demonstrates the promise of an unprecedented sampling capability for better observing the Earth's radiation budget.
Trends of surface solar radiation in unforced CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Folini D. , Dallafior T. N. , Hakuba M. Z. , Wild M.
Published: December 2016

We consider decadal scale trends of annual mean all‐sky surface solar radiation (SSR) that occur solely because of internal variability of the climate system. We give statistical estimates of their magnitude and probability of occurrence. The estimates are based on 43 preindustrial control (piControl) experiments of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). Trends are found to depend strongly on geographical region and on whether they are quantified in absolute units or relative to the long‐term mean SSR. We find it to be sufficient to provide one map for absolute and one for relative trends, as approximate analytical relations are shown to hold between trends of different length and likelihood and the standard deviation of the underlying SSR time series. We estimate that a positive trend over 30 years and with 25% chance of occurrence (75th percentile of all possible trends) has a magnitude between 0.15 and 1.7 W/m2/decade or 0.11 and 1.4% of long‐term mean SSR per decade, depending on geographical location. Comparison with present‐day observations and intermodel spread suggests an average uncertainty of these estimates of about 30%. Intermodel spread suggests that regional uncertainties can be up to about 3 times larger or smaller. We give examples of how these results may be used to obtain statistical estimates of how (un)likely it is that observed SSR trends or part thereof are due to internal variability alone.
Temperature and burning history affect emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosol particles from tropical peatland fire
Authors: Kuwata Mikinori , Kai Fuu Ming , Yang Liudongqing , Itoh Masayuki , Gunawan Haris , Harvey Charles F.
Published: December 2016

Tropical peatland burning in Asia has been intensifying over the last decades, emitting huge amounts of gas species and aerosol particles. Both laboratory and field studies have been conducted to investigate emission from peat burning, yet a significant variability in data still exists. We conducted a series of experiments to characterize the gas and particulate matter emitted during burning of a peat sample from Sumatra in Indonesia. Heating temperature of peat was found to regulate the ratio of CH4 to CO2 in emissions (ΔCH4/ΔCO2) as well as the chemical composition of particulate matter. The ΔCH4/ΔCO2 ratio was larger for higher temperatures, meaning that CH4 emission is more pronounced at these conditions. Mass spectrometric analysis of organic components indicated that aerosol particles emitted at higher temperatures had more unsaturated bonds and ring structures than that emitted from cooler fires. The result was consistently confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In addition, CH4 emitted by burning charcoal, which is derived from previously burned peat, was lower by at least an order of magnitude than that from fresh peat. These results highlight the importance of both fire history and heating temperature for the composition of tropical peat‐fire emissions. They suggest that remote sensing technologies that map fire histories and temperatures could provide improved estimates of emissions.
Illusion and reality in the atmospheres of exoplanets
Authors: Deming L. Drake , Seager Sara
Published: December 2016

The atmospheres of exoplanets reveal all their properties beyond mass, radius, and orbit. Based on bulk densities, we know that exoplanets larger than 1.5 Earth radii must have gaseous envelopes and, hence, atmospheres. We discuss contemporary techniques for characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres. The measurements are difficult, because—even in current favorable cases—the signals can be as small as 0.001% of the host star's flux. Consequently, some early results have been illusory and not confirmed by subsequent investigations. Prominent illusions to date include polarized scattered light, temperature inversions, and the existence of carbon planets. The field moves from the first tentative and often incorrect conclusions, converging to the reality of exoplanetary atmospheres. That reality is revealed using transits for close‐in exoplanets and direct imaging for young or massive exoplanets in distant orbits. Several atomic and molecular constituents have now been robustly detected in exoplanets as small as Neptune. In our current observations, the effects of clouds and haze appear ubiquitous. Topics at the current frontier include the measurement of heavy element abundances in giant planets, detection of carbon‐based molecules, measurement of atmospheric temperature profiles, definition of heat circulation efficiencies for tidally locked planets, and the push to detect and characterize the atmospheres of super‐Earths. Future observatories for this quest include the James Webb Space Telescope and the new generation of extremely large telescopes on the ground. On a more distant horizon, NASA's study concepts for the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx) and the Large UV/Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR) missions could extend the study of exoplanetary atmospheres to true twins of Earth.
Personal and Intergenerational Narratives of Transgression and Pride in Emerging Adulthood: Links to Gender and Well‐Being
Authors: Merrill Natalie , Srinivas Etasha , Fivush Robyn
Published: December 2016

Intergenerational narratives, stories parents share with children about their own youthful experiences, may facilitate the understanding of challenging life experiences and be related to psychological well‐being; yet, little research has examined what young people know of their parents' self‐challenging and self‐enhancing experiences and how they interpret them. Research examining intergenerational narratives has observed relations between adolescents' narratives and their psychological well‐being, but these relations may depend upon gender and narrative type. In the current study, 94 college students provided intergenerational and personal narratives of transgression and pride experiences. Narratives were coded for emotional, cognitive, and evaluative content. Results show that transgression and pride narratives differed in content, and that women provided more interpretative content than men. Stories about mothers contained more interpretative content than fathers, but this pattern varied by participant gender. Finally, relations to well‐being were observed, especially for cognitive content in stories of participants' same‐gender parent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.StartCopTextStartCopTextStartCopTextCopyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Materials: A Case Study of the Effects of Metal Doping on ZnO Tetrapods with Bismuth and Tin Oxides
Authors: Postica Vasile , Gröttrup Jorit , Adelung Rainer , Lupan Oleg , Mishra Abhishek Kumar , de Leeuw Nora H. , Ababii Nicolai , Carreira José F. C. , Rodrigues Joana , Sedrine Nebiha Ben , Correia Maria Rosário , Monteiro Teresa , Sontea Victor , Mishra Yogendra Kumar
Published: December 2016

Hybrid metal oxide nano‐ and microstructures exhibit novel properties, which make them promising candidates for a wide range of applications, including gas sensing. In this work, the characteristics of the hybrid ZnO‐Bi2O3 and ZnO‐Zn2SnO4 tetrapod (T) networks are investigated in detail. The gas sensing studies reveal improved performance of the hybrid networks compared to pure ZnO‐T networks. For the ZnO‐T‐Bi2O3 networks, an enhancement in H2 gas response is obtained, although the observed p‐type sensing behavior is attributed to the formed junctions between the arms of ZnO‐T covered with Bi2O3 and the modulation of the regions where holes accumulate under exposure to H2 gas. In ZnO‐T‐Zn2SnO4 networks, a change in selectivity to CO gas with high response is noted. The devices based on individual ZnO‐T‐Bi2O3 and ZnO‐T‐Zn2SnO4 structures showed an enhanced H2 gas response, which is explained on the basis of interactions (electronic sensitization) between the ZnO‐T arm and Bi2O3 shell layer and single Schottky contact structure, respectively. Density functional theory‐based calculations provide mechanistic insights into the interaction of H2 and CO gas molecules with Bi‐ and Sn‐doped ZnO(0001) surfaces, revealing changes in the Fermi energies, as well as charge transfer between the molecules and surface species, which facilitate gas sensing.
Enhanced p‐Type Transparent Semiconducting Characteristics for ALD‐Grown Mg‐Substituted CuCrO2 Thin Films
Authors: Tripathi Tripurari S. , Karppinen Maarit
Published: December 2016

Magnesium‐substituted CuCrO2 delafossite is a promising candidate for p‐type transparent conducting oxide applications owing to its relatively high electrical conductivity and optical transparency in the visible range. Here, the atomic layer deposition fabrication of semiconducting Cu(Cr1−xMgx)O2 (up to x = 0.043) thin films based on Cu(thd)2 (thd = 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedionate), Cr(acac)3 (acac = acetyl acetonate), and Mg(thd)2 as metal precursors and ozone as the oxygen source is reported. Smooth and homogeneous thin films with an accurately controlled Mg content are obtained at the deposition temperature of 250 °C. A limited substitution level is revealed from X‐diffraction patterns: peaks due to the spinel‐structured MgCr2O4 secondary phase appear for x ≥ 0.015 while the increase in lattice parameters of the delafossite Cu(Cr,Mg)O2 phase continues even up to x ≈ 0.03. The direct bandgap as determined from UV–vis spectrophotometric measurements is observed to decrease from 3.09 eV for x = 0 to 2.87 eV for x = 0.015 before increasing to 3.15 eV for x = 0.043. The observed transmittance is close to 80% in the visible range. These characteristics are superior to the thin films of the copper delafossite family prepared by any thin‐film technique.
Morphological integration of the cranium in Homo, Pan, and Hylobates and the evolution of hominoid facial structures
Authors: Neaux Dimitri
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Modern humans diverge from other extant hominids (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) in a series of craniofacial morphological features. Like hylobatids, they possess a face with a reduced subnasal prognathism that is associated with a globular basicranium. These traits are not independent, as the skull is a complex integrated structure. The aim of the present study is to determine relationships between the face and the basicranium in two hominid genera (Homo and Pan) and a hylobatid genus (Hylobates) to test if these taxa share common patterns of integration linking these structures.

Materials and Methods

Three dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analyses and 3D homologous landmarks are used to compare the integration patterns between facial and basicranial structures in a comparative sample of Homo, Pan, and Hylobates. Pooled within‐genus partial least squares analyses are computed to describe and quantify these patterns of integration.

Results

The covariation analyses show similar patterns of integration shared between the three studied taxa. These patterns correspond to the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic conditions previously defined in hominins and hominids.

Discussion

Results confirm that hominoids share similar patterns of integration. This is in line with the hypothesis that morphological integration is mostly conservative in hominoids. These similar patterns of integration may explain the convergent evolution of short faces in humans and hylobatids.
Evidence of toothpick groove formation in Neandertal anterior and posterior teeth
Authors: Estalrrich Almudena , Alarcón José Antonio , Rosas Antonio
Published: December 2016

Objectives

During the microscopic examination of the Neandertal dentitions from El Sidrón (Spain) and Hortus (France), we found unusual fine parallel microstriations on the mesial and distal sides of all tooth types, near the cervix. As its appearance was similar to toothpick grooves described in other Homo species, it could correspond to early stages on its formation. To test this hypothesis we developed an experimental replication of a groove using grass stalks.

Materials and Methods

Comparisons between 204 isolated Neandertal teeth and the two experimental dental specimens corroborate that the marks correspond to initial stages of toothpick groove formation, and we propose a five‐grade recording scale that summarized the groove formation process.

Results

Using this new recording procedure, we found that Hortus individuals have higher incidence of this trait (eight individuals out of nine) than the El Sidrón individuals (nine out of 11). Toothpick grooves from El Sidrón show the earliest stages of development, whereas the grooves found on Hortus Neandertals were well‐developed. Toothpick grooves were also found in 21 incisors and canines.

Conclusions

These differences could be due to the more advanced occlusal dental wear in Hortus individuals, maybe age‐related and with a more meat‐based diet maybe favoring the inclusion of food debris and thus probing as the cleaning methodology. Our results allow the identification and characterization of incipient toothpick grooves on the human fossil record and contribute to increase our knowledge on Neandertals behavioral and oral care habits.
Lewis Acid–Base Interaction‐Controlled ortho‐Selective C−H Borylation of Aryl Sulfides
Authors: Li Hong Liang , Kuninobu Yoichiro , Kanai Motomu
Published: December 2016

An iridium/bipyridine‐catalyzed ortho‐selective C−H borylation of aryl sulfides was developed. High ortho‐selectivity was achieved by a Lewis acid–base interaction between a boryl group of the ligand and a sulfur atom of the substrate. This is the first example of a catalytic and regioselective C−H transformation controlled by a Lewis acid–base interaction between a ligand and a substrate. The C−H borylation reaction could be conducted on a gram scale, and with a bioactive molecule as a substrate, demonstrating its applicability to late‐stage regioselective C−H borylation. A bioactive molecule was synthesized from an ortho‐borylated product by converting the boryl and methylthio groups of the product.