bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neonatal Survival and Outcomes following Periviable Rupture of Membranes
Authors: Okonek Elizabeth J. , Schulz Elizabeth V. , Belzer Kira , Aden James K. , Drumm Caitlin M.
Published: October 2024

Objective To clarify survival for infants affected by periviable prolonged preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in the military health system (MHS). To add to current literature on outcomes following expectant management, including long-term neurodevelopment outcomes.

Study Design Retrospective matched cohort review of six level 3 military neonatal intensive care units (NICUs; 2010–2020). Cases were matched 1:1 with control infants, matched by location, gender, gestational age (within 1 week), birth weight (within 300 g), and rupture of membranes (ROM) within 24 hours of delivery. Follow-up data were obtained for each infant through 48 months' corrected age or age of last documented health visit in a military treatment facility.

Results Forty-nine infants met inclusion criteria. Mean ROM for cohort infants was 20.7 weeks, with mean latency period of 34.6 days and mean gestational age at delivery of 25.7 weeks. Cohort infants had a mean birth weight of 919 g. Cohort survival to NICU discharge was 75.5 versus 77.6% of controls (p = 0.81). Statistically significant short-term outcomes: oligohydramnios or anhydramnios at delivery (p < 0.0001), pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.0003), and high-frequency ventilation (p = 0.004) were higher in cohort infants. No differences were found regarding rates of early sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, oxygen at 36 weeks or at discharge. No statistical difference in long-term outcomes at 18 to 48 months of age or incidence of autism, cerebral palsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or asthma.

Conclusion Cohort survival to discharge in the MHS was 75.5%, higher than previously reported and not different from matched controls. Infants born after periviable PPROM should deliver at centers with access to high-frequency ventilation and ability to manage pulmonary hypertension. There was no difference in long-term neurodevelopment between the groups.

Key Points
Imaging of Body Composition
Authors: Gazzotti Silvia , Sassi Rebecca , Aparisi Gómez Maria Pilar , Guglielmi Riccardo , Vasilevska Nikodinovska Violeta , Messina Carmelo , Guglielmi Giuseppe , Bazzocchi Alberto
Published: October 2024

Body composition is now recognized to have a major impact on health and disease. Imaging enables its analysis in an objective and quantitative way through diverse techniques such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. This review article first surveys the methodological aspects underpinning the use of these modalities to assess body composition, highlighting their strengths and limitations as well as the set of parameters that they measure and their clinical relevance. It then provides an update on the main applications of body composition imaging in current practice, with a focus on sarcopenia, obesity, lipodystrophies, cancer, and critical care. We conclude by considering the emerging role of artificial intelligence in the analysis of body composition, enabling the extraction of numerous metrics with the potential to refine prognostication and management across a number of pathologies, paving the way toward personalized medicine.
Artificial Intelligence Applications for Imaging Metabolic Bone Diseases
Authors: Isaac Amanda , Akdogan Asli Irmak , Dalili Danoob , Saber Nuran , Drobny David , Guglielmi Giuseppe , Modat Marc , Bazzocchi Alberto
Published: October 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly impacted the field of medical imaging, particularly in diagnosing and managing metabolic bone diseases (MBDs) such as osteoporosis and osteopenia, Paget's disease, osteomalacia, and rickets, as well as rare conditions such as osteitis fibrosa cystica and osteogenesis imperfecta. This article provides an in-depth analysis of AI techniques used in imaging these conditions, recent advancements, and their clinical applications. It also explores ethical considerations and future perspectives. Through comprehensive examination and case studies, we highlight the transformative potential of AI in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving patient outcomes, and contributing to personalized medicine. By integrating AI with existing imaging techniques, we can significantly enhance the capabilities of medical imaging in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating MBDs. We also provide a comprehensive overview of the current state, challenges, and future prospects of AI applications in this crucial area of health care.
Modeling and observations of North Atlantic cyclones: Implications for U.S. Offshore wind energy
Authors: Wang Jiali , Hendricks Eric , Rozoff Christopher M. , Churchfield Matt , Zhu Longhuan , Feng Sha , Pringle William J. , Biswas Mrinal , Haupt Sue Ellen , Deskos Georgios , Jung Chunyong , Xue Pengfei , Berg Larry K. , Bryan George , Kosovic Branko , Kotamarthi Rao
Published: October 2024

To meet the Biden-Harris administration's goal of deploying 30 GW of offshore wind power by 2030 and 110 GW by 2050, expansion of wind energy into U.S. territorial waters prone to tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ETCs) is essential. This requires a deeper understanding of cyclone-related risks and the development of robust, resilient offshore wind energy systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-science measurement and modeling capabilities for studying TCs and ETCs, and their impacts across various spatial and temporal scales. We explore measurement capabilities for environments influenced by TCs and ETCs, including near-surface and vertical profiles of critical variables that characterize these cyclones. The capabilities and limitations of Earth system and mesoscale models are assessed for their effectiveness in capturing atmosphere–ocean–wave interactions that influence TC/ETC-induced risks under a changing climate. Additionally, we discuss microscale modeling capabilities designed to bridge scale gaps from the weather scale (a few kilometers) to the turbine scale (dozens to a few meters). We also review machine learning (ML)-based, data-driven models for simulating TC/ETC events at both weather and wind turbine scales. Special attention is given to extreme metocean conditions like extreme wind gusts, rapid wind direction changes, and high waves, which pose threats to offshore wind energy infrastructure. Finally, the paper outlines the research challenges and future directions needed to enhance the resilience and design of next-generation offshore wind turbines against extreme weather conditions.
Clock synchronization characterization of the Washington DC metropolitan quantum network (DC-QNet)
Authors: McKenzie Wayne , Richards Anne Marie , Patel Shirali , Gerrits Thomas , Akin T. G. , Peil Steven , Black Adam T. , Tulchinsky David , Hastings Alexander , Li-Baboud Ya-Shian , Rahmouni Anouar , Burenkov Ivan A. , Mink Alan , Diaz Matthew , Lal Nijil , Shi Yicheng , Kuo Paulina , Shrestha Pranish , Merzouki Mheni , Rodriguez Perez Alejandro , Onuma Eleanya , Jones Daniel E. , Davis Atiyya A. , Searles Thomas A. , Whalen J. D. , Quraishi Qudsia Sara , Collins Kate S. , Cooper La Vida , Shaw Harry , Crabill Bruce , Slattery Oliver , Battou Abdella
Published: October 2024

Quantum networking protocols relying on interference and precise time-of-flight measurements require high-precision clock synchronization. This study describes the design, implementation, and characterization of two optical time transfer methods in a metropolitan-scale quantum networking research testbed. With active electronic stabilization, sub-picosecond time deviation (TDEV) was achieved at integration times between 1 and 105 s over 53 km of deployed fiber. Over the same integration periods, 10-ps level TDEV was observed using the White Rabbit–Precision Time Protocol over 128 km. Measurement methods are described to understand the sources of environmental fluctuations on clock synchronization toward the development of in situ compensation methods. Path delay gradients, chromatic dispersion, polarization drift, and optical power variations all contributed to clock synchronization errors. The results from this study will inform future work in the development of compensation methods essential for enabling experimental research in developing practical quantum networking protocols.
Collective behavior of active filaments with homogeneous and heterogeneous stiffness
Authors: Zhao Chaonan , Yan Ran , Zhao Nanrong
Published: October 2024

The collective dynamics of active biopolymers is crucial for many processes in life, such as cellular motility, intracellular transport, and division. Recent experiments revealed fascinating self-organized patterns of diverse active filaments, while an explicit parameter control strategy remains an open problem. Moreover, theoretical studies so far mostly dealt with active chains with uniform stiffness, which are inadequate in describing the more complicated class of polymers with varying stiffness along the backbone. Here, using Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate the collective behavior of active chains with homogeneous and heterogeneous stiffness in a comparative manner. We map a detailed non-equilibrium phase diagram in activity and stiffness parameter space. A wide range of phase states, including melt, cluster, spiral, polar, and vortex, are demonstrated. The appropriate parameter combination for large-scale polar and vortex formation is identified. In addition, we find that stiffness heterogeneity can substantially modulate the phase behaviors of the system. It has an evident destructive effect on the long-ranged polar structure but benefits the stability of the vortex pattern. Intriguingly, we unravel a novel polar–vortex transition in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, which is closely related to the local alignment mechanism. Overall, we achieve new insights into how the interplay among activity, stiffness, and heterogeneity affects the collective dynamics of active filament systems.
Revisiting lunar dust charging and dynamics
Authors: Sana Trinesh , Mishra S. K.
Published: October 2024

Under the dynamic influence of near-surface plasma, intricate dynamics of lunar dust have been observed during the Surveyors and Apollo missions in the form of Lunar horizontal glow. These dynamics are primarily driven by electrostatic forces generated by the continual bombardment of solar wind and highly energetic UV photons on the lunar surface and dust particles. This paper revisits the phenomenon of dust charging within the lunar photoelectron sheath and subsequent dynamics. The investigation has been carried out using a comprehensive model of the lunar photoelectron sheath characterized by observed solar spectra, latitude-dependent Fermionic photoelectrons, non-Maxwellian solar wind electrons, and cold ions. A test dust particle is introduced into the sheath, and equilibrium charge and static levitation conditions are derived. The result of dynamical evolution suggests the existence of a narrow parametric regime corresponding to the periodic hopping trajectory of the dust particle over the lunar surface. In other cases, the dust particles are found to re-impact the surface after a single ballistic hop. We further identify that the discrete charging of the dust could be crucial in determining the dust dynamics, particularly in the tenuous plasmas. The analysis of the discrete dust charging model reveals significant discrepancies with the continuous dust charging model and suggests a lower likelihood of static dust levitation in the lunar environment. The present study is important for unraveling the fundamental processes governing surface evolution on the Moon and other airless bodies throughout the Solar System.
Tunable and polarization-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency analogy in graphene-based terahertz metasurfaces
Authors: Tang Yao , Tang Bin
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate a tunable and polarization-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency analogy based on graphene terahertz metasurfaces. The unit cell of the metasurface consists of three-layer graphene strips embedded in a silicon grating. The dynamic adjustment of the transparent window can be achieved by changing the coupling distance between the graphene layers and the polarization direction of the incident lights. The operation mechanism behind the phenomenon can be attributed to the near-field interaction and electromagnetic coupling of modes in graphene strips. Furthermore, the full wave electromagnetic simulations obtained by the finite-difference time-domain method agree well with the theoretical fitting results based on the three-harmonic oscillator model. In addition, by changing the Fermi levels, it can not only realize the outstanding slow-light effects with a maximum group index of 3750 but also obtain the four-frequency asynchronous optical switch function in terahertz regions. Therefore, our proposed metamaterial device may have potential applications in image switching, optical switches, slow-light device, optical communication, and optical storage.
Geometrical perspective on spin–lattice density-functional theory
Authors: Penz Markus , van Leeuwen Robert
Published: October 2024

A recently developed viewpoint on the fundamentals of density-functional theory for finite interacting spin–lattice systems that centers around the notion of degeneracy regions is presented. It allows for an entirely geometrical description of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem and v-representability. The phenomena receive exemplification by an Anderson impurity model and other small-lattice examples. The case of adiabatic change and the time-dependent setting are examined as well.
Efficient linear analysis of coupled-cavity traveling-wave tubes using minimum number of dispersion frequency points
Authors: Bahman Soltani Hooman
Published: October 2024

Coupled-cavity traveling-wave tubes (CCTWTs) are high-power amplifiers operating in the microwave and millimeter-wave regions of the spectrum, utilizing beam-wave coupling within an electromagnetic slow-wave structure (SWS). The linear (small-signal) analysis of these amplifiers is a crucial initial step in their electromagnetic design. This paper presents and evaluates a method for analyzing these structures in the linear regime using only three frequency points from the SWS. The results obtained from this method are compared with full-wave particle-in-cell simulations, demonstrating satisfactory agreement. This approach offers a rapid analysis method for examining CCTWTs in the linear state, eliminating the need for lumped circuit modeling and detailed knowledge of the SWS dispersion characteristics.
Large resistive switching in ultrathin BiFeO3 thin films
Authors: Ma Zhijun , Wang Zhiwei , Zhang Qi , Guo Yizhong , Zhou Peng , Liang Kun , Zhang Tianjin , Valanoor Nagarajan
Published: October 2024

Electrically induced resistive switching (RS) effects have been proposed as the basis for future non-volatile memories. In this work, 9 nm-thick BiFeO3 (BFO) epitaxial thin films were deposited on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition and their resistive switching (RS) behaviors were investigated. A large resistive switching with ON/OFF ratio of ∼106 is observed, surpassing the performance of most resistive random access memories ever reported. The conducting filament is proposed to dominate the RS behavior in the positive voltage region, while the modulation of ferroelectric polarization is suggested to play a significant role in the negative voltage region. Our study significantly deepens the understanding of the physical origin of RS and could provide a reference for designing high-performance memories and memristors based on ultrathin ferroelectric films.
Dirac fermions and spin transport in the SrVO3/SrTiO3 quantum well
Authors: Yu Yue , Tao L. L.
Published: October 2024

The type-II Dirac fermions are characterized by a tilted Dirac cone and sustain exotic quantum transport phenomena. Here, we show the emergence of a type-II Dirac nodal loop in the SrVO3/SrTiO3 quantum well structure by density functional theory calculations and symmetry arguments. When the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) is neglected, the unavoidable crossing between two t2g bands gives rise to a nodal loop in the Brillouin zone, which is protected by the mirror symmetry. Such a nodal loop is fully gapped by including SOC, which results in a large spin Hall effect due to large spin Berry curvatures. Our findings add the unexplored functionality to oxide quantum wells and offer a practical platform to explore the interplay between topological fermions and spin transport phenomena.
Self-aggregation and microhydration mechanisms of monoethanolamine: Far-infrared identification of large-amplitude hydrogen bond libration
Authors: Yazdabadi S. Hafizi , Mihrin D. , Feilberg K. L. , Larsen R. Wugt
Published: October 2024

The strong tendency for self-aggregation together with an intriguing mechanism for the microhydration of monoethanolamine (MEA) have been explored by low-temperature far-infrared cluster spectroscopy in doped neon “quantum” matrices at 4 K complemented by high-level quantum chemical modeling. In addition to the assignment of new mid-infrared perturbed intramolecular transitions, a distinct far-infrared transition is unambiguously assigned to the concerted large-amplitude hydrogen bond librational motion of the MEA homodimer. This observation confirms a global “head-to-head” intermolecular potential energy minimum associated with the formation of a compact doubly intermolecular OH⋯N hydrogen-bonded cyclic structure, where both monomeric intramolecular OH⋯N hydrogen bonds are broken upon complexation. By means of relative mixing ratio dependencies, dedicated annealing procedures, and selective complexation between MEA and isotopic H216O and H218O samples, distinct far-infrared transitions associated with large-amplitude intra-molecular hindered OH torsional motion and inter-molecular H2O librational (hindered c-type overall rotational) motion of the MEA monohydrate are furthermore assigned unambiguously for the first time. These spectroscopic observations reveal an intriguing metastable conformation, where H2O acts as a OH⋯O hydrogen bond donor to the hydroxy group instead of the amino group of MEA upon microhydration in the cryogenic neon environment, where the microhydration strengthens the intramolecular OH⋯N hydrogen bond of MEA due to hydrogen bond cooperativity.
Sparse regression for discovery of constitutive models from oscillatory shear measurements
Authors: Shanbhag Sachin , Erlebacher Gordon
Published: October 2024

We propose sparse regression as an alternative to neural networks for the discovery of parsimonious constitutive models (CMs) from oscillatory shear experiments. Symmetry and frame invariance are strictly imposed by using tensor basis functions to isolate and describe unknown nonlinear terms in the CMs. We generate synthetic experimental data using the Giesekus and Phan-Thien Tanner CMs and consider two different scenarios. In the complete information scenario, we assume that the shear stress, along with the first and second normal stress differences, is measured. This leads to a sparse linear regression problem that can be solved efficiently using l1 regularization. In the partial information scenario, we assume that only shear stress data are available. This leads to a more challenging sparse nonlinear regression problem, for which we propose a greedy two-stage algorithm. In both scenarios, the proposed methods fit and interpolate the training data remarkably well. Predictions of the inferred CMs extrapolate satisfactorily beyond the range of training data for oscillatory shear. They also extrapolate reasonably well to flow conditions like startup of steady and uniaxial extension that are not used in the identification of CMs. We discuss ramifications for experimental design, potential algorithmic improvements, and implications of the non-uniqueness of CMs inferred from partial information.
Kinetic model of multi-component polyatomic gas mixture considering internal energy excitation
Authors: Li Fan , Li Zhi-Hui
Published: October 2024

In this paper, a kinetic Boltzmann model equation with internal degrees of freedom is established for thermodynamic non-equilibrium multi-component polyatomic gas mixture by using continuous energy levels to deal with rotational energy and vibrational energy. The normalization and conservativeness of the kinetic model are analyzed and proved. Then, numerical algorithm and wall boundary conditions for solving the model equation are given. Then, normal shock-wave structure flow problem and pressure/temperature gradient driven micro-channel flow problem for the two-component gas mixture are used to verify the reliability of the model. The simulation results are in good agreement with those obtained by other methods, which verifies the reliability of the model and algorithm in this paper. Finally, taking 25 N attitude control engine two-dimensional profile as the object, the study for two-dimensional profile nozzle internal and external mixed flow problem is carried out, and the influence of different inlet rarefaction levels on the molecular transports of mixed flow field and the molecular transport phenomena of mixed flow field with different number of components are discussed.
A deep autoencoder for electric double layer capacitance prediction in electrochemical sensors
Authors: McGarrity Mason , Zhao Feng
Published: October 2024

This study explores the application of a deep autoencoder neural network to accurately predict the electric double layer capacitance from real-world parameters in binary, asymmetric electrolytes under low concentration conditions. By utilizing a modest simulation-based dataset of just 250 samples, the deep autoencoder neural network model developed in this study effectively predicted the capacitance by learning the critical features and relationships of the electric double layer model and encoding this learned representation into a low-dimensional latent space. From the latent variables, the decoder block of the neural network learned to effectively recreate the high-dimensional input. To enhance the model's robustness, prevent overfitting, and better simulate real-world conditions, noise was incorporated into the training and test data. The model demonstrated strong performance across various conditions, such as ionic size, ionic charge, and surface potential, yielding satisfactory results on both clean and noisy test datasets. A key feature of this approach was the mapping of real-world electric double layer parameters to the latent variables of the model, allowing for direct input of physical parameters to predict the electric double layer capacitance. This research highlights the potential of machine learning techniques to expedite the design and analysis of complex multi-physics systems such as electrochemical sensors by reducing the dependence on extensive domain expertise throughout the design process.
Temporal covariation of island arc Sr isotopes and seawater chemistry over the past 2 billion years
Authors: Bednarick Amanda L. , Bucholz Claire E. , DePaolo Donald J. , Stolper Daniel A.
Published: October 2024

The chemical compositions of island arc basalts (IAB) reflect contributions from the mantle as well as fluids and melts from the subducting slab. Addition of radiogenic seawater Sr to oceanic crust through hydrothermal alteration and subsequent subduction is often invoked to explain elevated
87
Sr/
86
Sr signatures in modern IAB. However, changes in the
87
Sr/
86
Sr of island arc magmatic rocks through time has not been investigated, limiting our understanding of the factors influencing the Sr budgets of arcs throughout Earth’s history. To address this, we compiled
87
Sr/
86
Sr values from island arc magmatic rocks ranging in age from modern to Paleoproterozoic, only including data from island arc localities that best preserve initial magmatic
87
Sr/
86
Sr. Median initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr values are consistently elevated compared to depleted mantle
87
Sr/
86
Sr over this period, indicating persistent enrichment in radiogenic Sr in island arcs. Moreover, the elevation in island arc
87
Sr/
86
Sr relative to the depleted mantle is variable. A notable rise in island arc
87
Sr/
86
Sr during the late Neoproterozoic coincides with a steep increase in seawater
87
Sr/
86
Sr and Sr concentration. To investigate this potential connectivity, we modeled the
87
Sr/
86
Sr of island arc magmas between 0 and 830 Ma with inputs of depleted mantle
87
Sr/
86
Sr, seawater
87
Sr/
86
Sr, and seawater Sr concentration. The model reproduces the overall trajectory of the compiled data. We interpret the observed temporal variation in island arc
87
Sr/
86
Sr values and its close association with fluctuations in seawater chemistry as evidence that changes in marine geochemistry have strongly influenced the Sr isotopic record of island arc magmas over time.
Brighter nights and darker days predict higher mortality risk: A prospective analysis of personal light exposure in >88,000 individuals
Authors: Windred Daniel P. , Burns Angus C. , Lane Jacqueline M. , Olivier Patrick , Rutter Martin K. , Saxena Richa , Phillips Andrew J. K. , Cain Sean W.
Published: October 2024

Light enhances or disrupts circadian rhythms, depending on the timing of exposure. Circadian disruption contributes to poor health outcomes that increase mortality risk. Whether personal light exposure predicts mortality risk has not been established. We therefore investigated whether personal day and night light, and light patterns that disrupt circadian rhythms, predicted mortality risk. UK Biobank participants (N = 88,905, 62.4 ± 7.8 y, 57% female) wore light sensors for 1 wk. Day and night light exposures were defined by factor analysis of 24-h light profiles. A computational model of the human circadian pacemaker was applied to model circadian amplitude and phase from light data. Cause-specific mortality was recorded in 3,750 participants across a mean (±SD) follow-up period of 8.0 ± 1.0 y. Individuals with brighter day light had incrementally lower all-cause mortality risk (adjusted-HR ranges: 0.84 to 0.90 [50 to 70th light exposure percentiles], 0.74 to 0.84 [70 to 90th], and 0.66 to 0.83 [90 to 100th]), and those with brighter night light had incrementally higher all-cause mortality risk (aHR ranges: 1.15 to 1.18 [70 to 90th], and 1.21 to 1.34 [90 to 100th]), compared to individuals in darker environments (0 to 50th percentiles). Individuals with lower circadian amplitude (aHR range: 0.90 to 0.96 per SD), earlier circadian phase (aHR range: 1.16 to 1.30), or later circadian phase (aHR range: 1.13 to 1.20) had higher all-cause mortality risks. Day light, night light, and circadian amplitude predicted cardiometabolic mortality, with larger hazard ratios than for mortality by other causes. Findings were robust to adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, photoperiod, and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Minimizing night light, maximizing day light, and keeping regular light–dark patterns that enhance circadian rhythms may promote cardiometabolic health and longevity.
Bacterial spore surface nanoenvironment requires a AAA+ ATPase to promote MurG function
Authors: Delerue Thomas , Updegrove Taylor B. , Chareyre Sylvia , Anantharaman Vivek , Gilmore Michael C. , Jenkins Lisa M. , Popham David L. , Cava Felipe , Aravind L. , Ramamurthi Kumaran S.
Published: October 2024

Bacillus subtilis
spores are produced inside the cytosol of a mother cell. Spore surface assembly requires the SpoVK protein in the mother cell, but its function is unknown. Here, we report that SpoVK is a sporulation-specific, forespore-localized putative chaperone from a distinct higher-order clade of AAA+ ATPases that promotes the peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase activity of MurG during sporulation, even though MurG does not normally require activation during vegetative growth. MurG redeploys to the forespore surface during sporulation, where we show that the local pH is reduced and propose that this change in cytosolic nanoenvironment abrogates MurG function. Further, we show that SpoVK participates in a developmental checkpoint in which improper spore surface assembly mis-localizes SpoVK, which leads to sporulation arrest. The AAA+ ATPase clade containing SpoVK includes specialized chaperones involved in secretion, cell envelope biosynthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that such fine-tuning might be a widespread feature of different subcellular nanoenvironments.
Special-point approach for optical absorption coefficient calculations on two-dimensional self-assemblies of type-II perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Cabrera C I , Pérez-Álvarez R
Published: October 2024

All-inorganic perovskite quantum dots with the usual cubic shape have emerged as a successful and low-cost alternative to electronically functional nanomaterials motivating various fields of applications, including high-efficiency photovoltaics. Here, we present an efficient and almost analytic approach for optical absorption coefficient calculation on self-assembled perovskite quantum dot films with type-II band alignment. The approach takes advantage of the special point technique for integration over the two-dimensional Brillouin zone, which minimizes the computational cost. The set of special wave-vector points is generated using the Monkhorst and Pack method. The optical absorption spectrum for phenyl-C

6

0

-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/CsPbI3 quantum dot films is computed, in good agreement with the experiment assuming a homogeneous linewidth of 50 meV and considering a ten special-point set. We show that light absorption in these systems is a cooperative optoelectronic property resulting from the quantum-mechanical coupling between perovskite nanocubes, leading to extended system states. The generality of this approach makes it suitable for calculating the optical absorption coefficient in a broad class of perovskite quantum dot systems.
Hierarchical TiO2 nanostructures sensitized with MoS2 nanosheets: an efficient and reusable heterojunction photocatalyst for sunlight-assisted degradation of organic dye pollutants
Authors: Chathambally Vijina , Damodaran Shima P
Published: October 2024

The present study reports the synthesis, characterization, and natural sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity of a novel heterojunction photocatalyst comprised of hierarchical rutile titanium dioxide (r-TiO2) nanostructures and 1T/2H molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. These components were synthesized by solvothermal methods and their effective integration was achieved by using 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as coupling agent. The photocatalytic activity of r-TiO2/MoS2 nanohybrid was explored for the degradation of cationic dye methylene blue (MB), and anionic dye congo red (CR) under natural sunlight. The results reveal that the sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity of pristine r-TiO2 was drastically enhanced upon sensitization with 1T/2H MoS2 nanosheets. The nanohybrid could degrade 99% MB and 98% CR within 150 min with rate constants 25.6 × 10−3 and 13.2 × 10−3 min−1 respectively. The r-TiO2/MoS2 nanohybrid retained more than 85% of its catalytic activity even after four cycles of reuse. The scavenger test revealed that holes and hydroxyl radicals are mainly responsible for the degradation of MB and CR. The facile synthesis, outstanding catalytic activity under natural sunlight, and excellent recyclability make r-TiO2/MoS2 a promising heterojunction photocatalyst for the degradation of environmental pollutants from wastewater. The present study can provide new insights towards the development of efficient, economical and sustainable photocatalysts for harnessing renewable solar energy for environmental remediation applications.
A novel nonlinear SAZIQHR epidemic transmission model: mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimal control
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Tanvi  , Aggarwal Rajiv
Published: October 2024

This study presents a seven-compartmental nonlinear epidemic model to explore the dynamics and control of the epidemic. The model extends the traditional susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) framework by including additional compartments for aware, infodemic, hospitalized, and quarantined populations. It also incorporates three Holling type II saturated nonlinear incidence rates to better represent the disease transmission process. The ‘infodemic population’ refers to those spreading misinformation about the disease, its spread, control, and treatment. The study examines disease dynamics in the absence of a vaccine and identifies two key equilibria: the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and the endemic equilibrium (EE). It is found that the DFE is locally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number (

R

0

) is below one and becomes unstable when

R

0

exceeds one. The model’s behavior at

R

0

=
1

is analyzed using center manifold theory, revealing a forward bifurcation. Additionally, the existence of a positive endemic equilibrium is confirmed for

R

0

>
1
,

with no backward bifurcation observed when

R

0

≤
1
.

The EE is also shown to be locally asymptotically stable when

R

0

is greater than one. Furthermore, the study formulates and mathematically analyzes an optimal control problem. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to support the analytical results.
Giant lateral shift in single mode cavity containing four-level sodium atomic medium
Authors: Ghaffar Abbas , Ahmad Rashid , Ullah Arif , Ul Haq Inzimam
Published: October 2024

In this work, a four-level sodium atomic medium coupled to a single mode cavity is used to investigate the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift. Using collective phase of the control fields and intensity of Rabi oscillation, the positive as well as negative GH-shift in transmission and reflection beams are examined. In the transmission beam, a maximum GH-shift of ±6λ is observed. Furthermore, GH-shift in both reflection and transmission beams in a four-level sodium atomic medium is significantly enhanced by photon number density as well as by the cavity coupling strength. By varying the collective phase of the control fields and the probe field frequency, GH-shift in reflection exhibits a maximum value of ±2λ. Our findings may open up significant applications in micro-optics, sensers, photonic crystals and nano processor technology.
Engineering anisotropic tissue analogues: harnessing synergistic potential of extrusion-based bioprinting and extracellular matrix-based bioink
Authors: Bera Ashis Kumar , Rizvi Mohd Suhail , KN Vijayasankar , Pati Falguni
Published: October 2024

In the realm of tissue engineering, replicating the intricate alignment of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) found in native tissue has long been a challenge. Most recent studies have relied on complex multi-step processes to approximate native tissue alignment. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel, single-step method for constructing highly aligned fibrous structures within multi-modular three-dimensional conglomerates. Our approach harnesses the synergistic potential of extrusion-based bioprinting and the fibrillogenesis kinetics of collagen-rich decellularized ECM. We have identified three key parameters governing ECM microfiber alignment during extrusion-based bioprinting: applied shear stress, stretching or extensional force, and post-print deformation. By carefully manipulating these parameters, we have successfully created highly aligned fibrous structures within multi-modular three-dimensional conglomerates. Our technique offers an efficient solution and has been validated by computational modeling. Comprehensive analyses confirm the efficacy across various scenarios, including encapsulated, top-seeded, and migratory cells. Notably, we have demonstrated the versatility and effectiveness of our approach by bioprinting highly aligned cardiac tissue patches, which show further maturation evidenced by the expression of Troponin-T and Myo-D differentiation factor needed for contractility and myotube formation, respectively. In summary, our streamlined approach offers a robust solution for creating anisotropic tissue analogues with precise ECM organization.
Examining Daily Self-Efficacy, Minority Stressors, and Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Trauma-Exposed Sexual Minority Women and Transgender and Gender-Diverse People
Authors: Scheer Jillian R , Mereish Ethan H , Gilmore Amanda K , Cascalheira Cory J , Helminen Emily C , Dobani Fatima , Behari Kriti , Pirog Sophia , Jackson Skyler D , Sullivan Tami P , Batchelder Abigail W
Published: October 2024

Background and Purpose

This study aimed to develop and test a novel model integrating social-learning and self-medication frameworks by examining the association between self-efficacy to resist alcohol and other drug (AOD) use and daily AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk among trauma-exposed sexual minority women (SMW) and transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people. We examined whether minority stressors moderated these associations.

Methods

Data were from 57 trauma-exposed SMW and TGD people who participated in a 14-day daily diary study. Multilevel binary logistic models and ordinal logistic models were employed to examine associations between self-efficacy to resist AOD use and daily AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk at within- and between-person levels. We assessed same- and cross-level interactions between daily self-efficacy to resist AOD use and minority stressors in predicting AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk within the same 24-hour period (i.e., standardized as 6 pm to 6 pm; hereafter referred to as “same-day”).

Results

Self-efficacy to resist AOD use was associated with lower AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk. Minority stressors were associated with daily AOD use. Among those who experienced higher (vs. lower) average sexual minority stressors over the 2-week daily diary period, higher-than-usual self-efficacy to resist AOD use was less protective in decreasing risk of same-day unhealthy drinking.

Conclusions

Interventions aiming to mitigate AOD use and unhealthy drinking risk by bolstering self-efficacy to resist AOD use should consider the impact of recent cumulative exposure to sexual minority stressors in this population. Further, policy efforts are needed to reduce perpetuation of stigma.
Prevalence of concerns about falling in people with knee or hip osteoarthritis and the association with pain, function, and psychological factors—a cross-sectional study of 7442 patients treated in primary care
Authors: Grønne Dorte T , Ryg Jesper , Rubin Katrine H , Delbaere Kim , Roos Ewa M , Skou Søren T
Published: October 2024

Background

Concerns about falling (CaF) are common in older people and can lead to avoidance of activities, social isolation and reduced physical function. However, there is limited knowledge about CaF in people with osteoarthritis (OA); yet, symptoms may increase CaF. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CaF and associated factors in people with knee or hip OA.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used data from the Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark registry including patients with OA treated in primary care. CaF was assessed with the Short Falls Efficacy Scale International (Short FES-I, range 7–28, low to high). Associations between CaF and pain, function and psychological factors were evaluated using multivariable linear Tobit regression.

Results

In total, 7442 patients were included [mean age 67 years (SD: 9.6), 67% females]. Mean Short FES-I was 9.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.7; 9.8]. Moderate CaF was observed in 48.1% (95% CI: 46.7; 48.9) of participants, whilst 11.3% (95% CI: 10.7; 12.1) had a high level of CaF. CaF was more prevalent in the oldest participants and in females. Pain intensity [β-value (95% CI): 0.52 (0.48; 0.55)], chair stand test [−0.21 (−0.22; −0.19)] and fear of movement [1.38 (1.19; 1.56)] were significantly associated with increased CaF across age groups and sex.

Conclusions

CaF is common in people with OA, especially in the oldest participants and in females. Higher pain, lower function and psychological distress are associated with CaF; yet, the causality of the associations remain to be determined. Integrating CaF assessments and interventions into OA management in primary care seems highly relevant.
GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS: AUTOPSY CONFIRMATION OF A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA - A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: Ur Rehman A , zhao B
Published: October 2024

Introduction/Objective

Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare and rapidly progressive form of myocarditis, commonly leading to fulminant heart failure (HF), refractory ventricular arrhythmias or conduction system abnormalities and carrying a high mortality rate without prompt treatment. Due to its rarity, there is limited data on its prevalence, although studies show an incidence of 0.007–0.053% among autopsied cases. This entity primarily affects the heart, exhibiting a rapid clinical course and a poor prognosis necessitating immunosuppressive therapy and, in most instances, heart transplantation to improve survival rates.

Methods/Case Report

We present a case of a 62-year-old male with a prior history of complete heart block status post permanent pacemaker placement, presenting with acute decompensated heart failure. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated cardiac troponin levels (>35000) with echocardiography showing a reduced ejection fraction of 25% and an initial diagnosis of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was made. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed GCM. Despite aggressive management, including immunosuppressive therapy and mechanical circulatory support, his condition deteriorated rapidly, leading to multiorgan failure and eventual death. The diagnosis was confirmed on autopsy.

The diagnostic challenge of GCM lies in its clinical or pathologic overlap with other myocardial disorders such as cardiac sarcoidosis, viral myocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) remains the gold standard for diagnosing this entity which is characterized by a widespread inflammatory cell infiltrate with multinucleated giant cells in association with myocyte damage. The etiology of GCM remains unclear, but it is believed to be immune-mediated, possibly triggered by an autoimmune response.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

NA

Conclusion

Pathologists should give importance to consider GCM in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with acute heart failure refractory to standard therapy. Early recognition and prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with GCM. Awareness of this entity is crucial to make a timely diagnosis.
Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome in a Dichorionic Diamniotic Pregnancy with Unusual Ultrasound Findings
Authors: Cao T , Abdo M E , Lakis N , Gloyeske N , Dinh D
Published: October 2024

Introduction/Objective

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a complication of twin gestations which affects approximately 1-3 per 10,000 births and is most commonly observed in monochorionic diamniotic twins. The authors present a rare case of TTTS occurring in dichorionic diamniotic twins and literature review.

Methods/Case Report

The patient was initially found to have a twin pregnancy at 12 weeks of gestation with ultrasound findings suggestive of monochorionic diamniotic twins, but subsequent ultrasounds demonstrated a twin- peak sign, indicating a dichorionic diamniotic gestation. Her pregnancy was subsequently complicated by the discovery of TTTS at 26 weeks of gestation leading to her hospitalization for inpatient fetal surveillance and amnioreduction. She was discharged in stable condition. However, despite close follow-up, there was ultimately intrauterine demise of Twin B (donor twin) at 30 weeks and 6 days gestational age. There were no other complications during the course of pregnancy. Examination of the placenta at autopsy was consistent with a dichorionic diamniotic pregnancy with anastomoses within the fused placenta and evidence of prolonged oligohydramnios by presence of amnion nodosum, supporting the clinical and sonographic findings of TTTS.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

NA

Conclusion

In summary, this is a rare case of TTTS occurring in a dichorionic diamniotic twin gestation with clinical, sonographic, and pathologic findings. Only five cases have been reported thus far in the literature.
Case of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type 2 (BMPR2) Mutation Complicated by Pulmonary Hypertension Encountered at Autopsy
Authors: Davenport M , Thompson C T , Beaver T
Published: October 2024

Introduction/Objective

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 is a protein encoded by the BMPR2 gene which regulates cell division and apoptosis. BMPR2 mutations result in monoclonal plexiform lesions of proliferating endothelial cells in pulmonary arterioles, which leads to elevated pulmonary artery pressures, right ventricular failure, and death. Here, we present the case of a 12-year-old male with a known history of pulmonary hypertension secondary to BMPR2 mutation referred for medical autopsy after suffering cardiac arrest and passing away.

Methods/Case Report

This 12-year-old male was diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension in December 2022 after suffering a syncopal episode while running at recess. Genetic testing was obtained, and he was found to have a BMPR2 mutation. His father was tested and also harbored this mutation, but did not clinically have pulmonary hypertension. The decedent was initiated on ambrisentan, tadalafil, and spironolactone, but continued to present to the Emergency Department periodically for syncopal episodes. In April 2024, he presented to the Medical University of South Carolina in cardiac arrest which began while playing outside. A complete autopsy was performed, including gross and microscopic examination of tissues and postmortem vitreous electrolyte analysis. Gross examination revealed the decedent’s heart was enlarged to 350 grams (normal mean for age = 181 grams). Both cardiac ventricles were dilated and the right ventricle was markedly hypertrophic with a thickness of 1.2 cm. Microscopic sections are pending but will presumptively show significant cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and pulmonary arteriole thickening.

Cause of death is pending certification but is presumed to be sudden cardiac death resulting from BMPR2 mutation- related pulmonary hypertension.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)

NA

Conclusion

This case highlights a common genetic presentation of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with approximately 80% of familial cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension harboring BMPR2 mutations. Further research should be done to investigate treatment options and management of this genetic presentation.