bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of neuropsychological performance between US and Russia: Preparing for a global clinical trial
Authors: Hayden Kathleen M. , Makeeva Oksana A. , Newby L. Kristin , Plassman Brenda L. , Markova Valentina V. , Dunham Ashley , Romero Heather R. , Melikyan Zarui A. , Germain Cassandra M. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Roses Allen D. ,   TOMSK‐DUKE Study Group Investigators
Published: July 2014

Background

Understanding regional differences in cognitive performance is important for interpretation of data from large multinational clinical trials.

Methods

Data from Durham and Cabarrus Counties in North Carolina, USA and Tomsk, Russia (n = 2972) were evaluated. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test Part B (Trails B), Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word List Memory Test (WLM) delayed recall, and self‐report Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Studies Mail‐In Cognitive Function Screening Instrument (MCFSI) were administered at each site. Multilevel modeling measured the variance explained by site and predictors of cognitive performance.

Results

Site differences accounted for 11% of the variation in the MoCA, 1.6% in Trails B, 1.7% in WLM, and 0.8% in MCFSI scores. Prior memory testing was significantly associated with WLM. Diabetes and stroke were significantly associated with Trails B and MCFSI.

Conclusions

Sources of variation include cultural differences, health conditions, and exposure to test stimuli. Findings highlight the importance of local norms to interpret test performance.
Conditions of basalt formation in the Dzhida zone of the Paleoasian Ocean
Authors: Simonov V.A. , Gordienko I.V. , Stupakov S.I. , Medvedev A.Ya. , Kotlyarov A.V. , Kovyazin S.V.
Published: July 2014

Petrological and geochemical studies performed with invoking data on the compositions of clinopyroxenes have clarified the conditions of formation of Vendian–Cambrian basaltic complexes in the Dzhida zone of the Paleoasian Ocean (northern Mongolia and southwestern Transbaikalia). The research was based on a comparative analysis with reference igneous basaltic associations. Of special importance are our microprobe data on trace and rare-earth elements in clinopyroxenes from igneous rocks of different present-day geodynamic settings, namely, N-MORB (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Central Atlantic), OIB (Bouvet Island, South Atlantic), WPB (within-plate tholeiitic plateau basalts of the Siberian Platform), and boninites of ensimatic arcs (Izu-Bonin island arc, Pacific). The studies have shown that the paleo-oceanic structures in the district of the Urgol guyot formed during geodynamic processes under the impact of mantle plumes on oceanic spreading crust, which resulted in oceanic basaltic plateaus and within-plate oceanic islands. All these structures were later superposed by typical island-arc structure-lithologic associations. Formation of basalt complexes in the Dzhidot guyot district proceeded with a stronger effect of enriched plume melts of within-plate oceanic islands as compared with the Urgol guyot. This is evidenced from petrochemical and geochemical data showing the development of OIB-type magmatic systems on the oceanic basement. Data on clinopyroxenes confirm the participation of mantle plume in this process, which led to the evolution of magmas from typical oceanic basalts (MORB) to plateau basalts and OIB.
Symptoms, disabilities, and life satisfaction five years after whiplash injuries
Authors: Styrke Johan , Sojka Peter , Björnstig Ulf , Stålnacke Britt-Marie
Published: July 2014

Background

Chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WADs) are often associated with social functioning problems and decreased ability to perform previous activities. This may lead to decreased life satisfaction, which is insufficiently studied in the context of whiplash injuries. Symptoms included in chronic WAD are similar to symptoms frequently reported by persons who have sustained mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)/concussion. In cases of MTBI, the severity and number of symptoms have been suggested to have a diagnostic value. The corresponding importance of symptoms in chronic WAD has not been documented. Most studies of whiplash injuries have focused on neck pain because this is the dominant complaint, while other symptoms are less studied. The frequency of long-term symptoms after whiplash injuries seems to vary. It is difficult to compare the long-term outcome since the follow-up after whiplash injury in most studies has been rather short. Therefore, the primary aim of this investigation was to study neck pain and other symptoms, disability, and life satisfaction five years after whiplash injury in a defined population and geographical area.

Methods

The study was carried out at a public hospital in northern Sweden and was a cross-sectional survey of patients five years after the injury event in a cohort of whiplash-injured patients. Five years after the emergency department visit, 186 persons aged 18–64 answered questionnaires on symptoms (Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, RPQ), disabilities (Rivermead Head Injury Follow Up Questionnaire, RHFUQ), and life satisfaction (LiSat-11). The answers were compared to those of a comparison cohort.

Results

The most common symptoms five years after whiplash injury were fatigue (41%), poor memory (39%), and headache (37%). Inability to sustain previous workload (44%) and fatigue at work (43%) were frequently reported disabilities. Only 39% were satisfied with their somatic health and 60% with their psychological health. Compared with healthy controls, the whiplash injured exhibited more symptoms and had lower life satisfaction. Women reported significantly higher pain intensity than men. Few significant differences between women and men regarding the other parameters were found.

Conclusions

This study shows that five years after a whiplash injury, patients reported symptoms that are typical of mild traumatic brain injury. Further, this study emphasizes the possibility of screening patients with chronic WAD for these symptoms as a complement to the assessment.

Implications

Untreated symptoms may negatively affect the outcome of pain rehabilitation. This implies that it might be clinically meaningful to quantify symptoms earlier in the rehabilitation process
Selection of tomato genotypes resistant to tomato leaf curl virus disease using biochemical and physiological markers
Authors: SINGH R. K. , RAI N. , SINGH M. , SINGH S. N. , SRIVASTAVA K.
Published: July 2014

A total of 34 tomato genotypes (24 F1+10 parents) were tested for resistance to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease by various whitefly inoculation techniques under field and insect-proof glasshouse (mass and cage) conditions. Of the ten tomato parental lines, two accessions [EC-520061 (Solanum habrochaites) and EC-521080 (Solanum pimpinellifolium)] were identified as highly resistant while four accessions (EC-520049, EC-528372, WIR-5032 and WIR-3957) of wild species were resistant to ToLCV. Out of the 24 F1 crosses, PBC×EC-520061, H-86×EC-520061, H-24×EC-520061 and DVRT-2×EC-520061 were found to be highly resistant against ToLCV disease. Biochemical (total phenol and total sugar concentration) and physiological (chlorophyll content and leaf area index) parameters were also used in healthy and disease-inoculated leaves of ten parents and six F1 hybrids to test the conformity of ToLCV-resistant and susceptible disease reactions. The results showed that among the 16 genotypes (10 parents+6 F1), EC-520061, EC-520049, PBC×EC-520061 and H-86×EC-520061 were stable for both biochemical and physiological markers while EC-521080 showed higher accumulations of total phenol and sugar concentrations and reduced leaf size between healthy and disease-inoculated leaves. The present study demonstrates the importance of the whitefly inoculation technique and biochemical and physiological markers in virus resistance screening programmes, and identifies a potential source of resistance to the ToLCV in Solanum species.
GuanacoLama guanicoenumbers plummet in an area subject to poaching from oil-exploration trails in Patagonia
Authors: Radovani Natalia Inés , Funes Martín Cristian , Walker R. Susan , Gader Reinaldo , Novaro Andrés José
Published: July 2014

We report changes in guanacoLama guanicoedensity, recruitment, and social structure associated with increased access of poachers along an extensive network of hydrocarbon-exploration roads in northern Patagonia, and conservation measures taken in response. Mean guanaco densities declined 93–96% and mean group size declined from 9.8 to 5.0 guanacos per group at three sites surveyed during 1982–1983 and 2002–2007, whereas yearling proportions did not change significantly. Additional surveys during 2002–2007 suggest population declines and fragmentation have occurred over a wide area of intense hydrocarbon exploration and extraction. Guanaco densities in 2002–2007 showed a strong negative association with the density of access points along hydrocarbon-exploration roads and, to a lesser degree, with livestock densities. The increase in poaching in recent decades, resulting from increased access and an urban population that has appropriate vehicles, has probably been the main cause of the decline of the guanaco population, although overgrazing by livestock and decreased plant productivity may also be contributing factors. Closing of exploration roads with levees and ditches in 2006 and 2010 by a hydrocarbon company, under supervision by the local government and scientists, restricted access by unauthorized vehicles to a 220,000-ha area, including two of the sites where guanaco numbers collapsed. This action, in combination with increased ranger patrols, may allow guanaco recovery in the coming years.
How could the bushmeat trade in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania be regulated? Insights from the rural value chain
Authors: Nielsen Martin Reinhardt , Meilby Henrik , Smith-Hall Carsten
Published: July 2014

Bushmeat trade is a threat to biodiversity in Africa. Information about the bushmeat value chain can inform conservation policies, yet such knowledge is lacking for most of East Africa. We examine the structure and organization of bushmeat markets in three villages in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania, where illegal hunting is widespread. We base our analysis on 1,855 observations of trade during 1 year (2008–2009) and questionnaire interviews with 325 individuals involved in the trade in 2011. Our results reveal that the trade is large-scale both in volume (1,100 animals, equivalent to 370,000 kg meat per year) and local turnover (USD 210,000 per year) and that several threatened species are hunted. There are no patron–client relationships and hunters, traders and retailers, which are the main actors involved, conduct only basic product upgrading (drying and making packages). The value chain is characterized by governance problems, including widespread rent-seeking and violent enforcement. Although hunting is open-access, lack of access to firearms constitutes an entry barrier, curbing supply and enabling actors to realize supernormal profits. Decentralization of management rights and responsibilities to communities, supplemented by improved firearms control, appears the most realistic option for regulating the trade and preventing further declines of wildlife.
Every Whichway: New Directions for Canadian Socio-Legal Research.
Authors: Arthurs H. W.
Published: July 2014

Barely three years ago, as chairman of the SSHRC's Consultative Group on Research and Education in Law, I released a report entitled Law and Learning. This report — in its diagnosis hardly more than a systematic compilation and empirical verification of “what we knew but could not tell” — contained a series of recommendations for the invigoration of Canadian legal scholarship. Several of these recommendations related to the need to diversify the types of legal research being conducted, to strengthen the research community by the development of networks and centres of activity, and to communicate the results of new research endeavours to relevant professional audiences, as well as to the public.

For me, therefore, the establishment of the Canadian Law and Society Association and the publication of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society are events of special significance. I am pleased — indeed flattered — to be involved in these new and important enterprises, albeit in a largely symbolic way. My pleasure is only enhanced by being afforded both a platform for pontification (the Editor has absolved me from the obligation to provide footnotes), and a collective script to which I can add what amounts to a postscript to our report.
A Disenchanted Charter? The Common Law Tradition and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Authors: Weber Bryce
Published: July 2014

The statutory entrenchment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms marks a break with the common law practice of protecting civil liberties by means of socio-legal convention. This article argues that such a break with common law practice can be justified at a theoretical level through reference to Max Weber's liberal rationalist account of the effects of modernization on law and society and, at a practical level, points out parallels between Weber's position on modern law, the pre-entrenchment doctrine of the Supreme Court and Pierre Trudeau's advocacy of the Charter. However, the article argues that a Weberian account of modernity and law is based upon too narrow a conception of rationality to allow it to deal with the normative questions that are raised by the substantively democratic claims made by the Charter and with which the courts will have to deal in making judgements in Charter cases. The article concludes that in order for court interpretation to take the substantive sections of the Charter into account in a meaningful fashion, it will be forced to abandon what, until the entrenchment of the Charter, was a narrow, positivist interpretation of rights and democracy; and that this can be accomplished by means of a reconstruction of the democratic ethos that is nascent within the common law tradition but remains as yet undeveloped in a clear fashion.
La compréhension populaire des textes de loi.
Authors: Ribordy François-Xavier , Laflamme Simon
Published: July 2014

Le ministère de la Justice du Canada initiait en 1985 un programme de recherche sur la vulgarisation de l'éducation et de l'information juridiques. Il nous demandait, dans une démarche exploratrice, de mesurer la difficulté linguistique des textes de loi dans leur forme vulgaire et officielle et dans les langues anglaises et françaises. Pour cette recherche exploratoire, nous partions de brochures d'information juridique produites par les gouvernements du Canada et de l'Ontario, brochures qui étaient mises à la disposition de la population. Nous recherchions ensuite, pour chacune des lois vulgarisées, le texte officiel correspondant.
The History of Metis Aboriginal Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy.
Authors: Flanagan Thomas E.
Published: July 2014

This article gives a schematic overview of metis aboriginal rights from the Huron and Superior Treaties of 1850 to the Mackenzie Valley Treaty of 1921. It traces the evolution of federal policy in several stages: treating Metis as Indians, followed by individual grants of land, scrip and money. Pragmatism and expediency led to many inconsistencies in policy, but there were also pressures of administrative precedent favouring rationalization. Awareness of this history is essential in determining what metis aboriginal rights, if any, are still “existing” under s. 25 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
Obscénité, sexualité et droit: étude sur l'effectivité du discours juridique au Canada, 1892–1970
Authors: Sansfaçon Daniel
Published: July 2014

Cet article pose la question de l'effectivité du discours juridique. Constatant les limites des approches herméneutiques et socio-politiques à l'analyse du droit, il s'agit alors de se demander de quelle manière le droit réussit à maintenir sa prétention à dire le juste et à persuader de la nécessité de la répression alors qu'il n'en exerce somme toute que très peu. À partir de l'examen des arrêts publiés au Canada entre 1892 et 1970 en matière d'obscénité, l'article montre que le judiciaire s'emploie à encadrer et transformer une pratique sociale portant sur la question des rapports socio-sexuels jusqu' à l'oblitérer, dépossédant ainsi la société civile de toute capacité d' en discuter les enjeux éthiques.
L'éthique sociale et le discours sur les droits
Authors: Marion Normand
Published: July 2014

Les études présentées sous le présent thème, à l'exception des contributions de Kai Nielsen et de Katia Boustany, sont l'oeuvre de membres de l'Équipe de Recherche en Éthique Sociale (ERES), rattachée au département de philosophie de l'UQAM. L'ERES est une équipe multidisciplinaire (philosophie, droit, sociologie…) qui aborde les aspects éthiques des problèmes contemporains dans une approche où l'éthique est perçue comme issue des pratiques sociales et où le savoir des sciences sociales est mis à contribution.

En cette période de remise en question de l'État Providence, les travaux de l'ERES ont d'abord porté sur les théories contemporaines de justice distributive et ce, particulièrement en regard des oeuvres de John Rawls et de Robert Nozick. Cette incursion dans la philosophie politique et morale contemporaine, qui a déjà fait l'objet de publications, nous a conduit à l'élaboration d'un programme de recherche dont l'objectif était d'évaluer la pertinence du discours sur les droits.
A Partial Rehabilitation of the Principle of Collective Punishment
Authors: Lipnowski Irwin
Published: July 2014

Most, if not all, high school graduates have experienced the following event at some stage of their academic careers. Their teacher wishes to leave the classroom but is fearful about the noise level that will ensue after he or she departs, and so issues the following stern warning to the class:

I shall be out of the classroom for a few minutes and during my absence, I want to be able to hear a pin drop from down the hall. If I hear so much as a peep coming from this classroom, everyone will have to remain for detention after class.
A Reply to Professor Brodeur
Authors: Lipnowski Irwin
Published: July 2014

I welcome the opportunity to respond to Professor Brodeur's thoughtful and provocative comments on my paper. Notwithstanding the gracious tone of his rejoinder, I am afraid that I must take issue with several points that Professor Brodeur makes.

The concept of “collective punishment” is a rather elastic one that lends itself to a wide range of interpretation. I believe that ambiguity in the interpretation of “collective punishment” lies at the heart of the differences between Professor Brodeur and myself.

To elaborate, let me begin by drawing a sharp distinction between the following two types of policy:

(i) an authority punishes, in an undifferentiated way, each member of a group (of suspects) known to comprise innocent and guilty individuals;

(ii) an authority punishes a guilty individual, but in doing so, unintentionally or unavoidably causes a harmful effect upon innocent third parties.
La philosophie du droit de H. L. A. Hart
Authors: Blais François
Published: July 2014

Le but de cet article est de faire une présentation succincte mais systématique de la vie et de l'oeuvre de H. L. A. Hart. L'auteur reprend essentiellement les thèmes importants de sa philosophie du droit et tente de mettre en perspective les aspects les plus originaux et les plus novateurs de cette pensée qui fut à l'origine du renouveau d'intérêt pour la philosophie du droit dans les pays anglo-saxons, il y a de cela maintenant plus de 40 ans.
Male Domestic Abuse: The Continuing Contrast Between Women's Experiences and Juridical Responses
Authors: Langer Rosanna
Published: July 2014

Women's perceptions of abuse differ deeply from official characterizations of them and are largely absent from legal discourse on male domestic abuse despite two decades of reform initiatives. This article traces the enforcement of male domestic dominance and violence through the failures of the criminal justice system to incorporate women's perspectives in systemic responses to male spouse batterers. I argue that it is factors such as official labelling of abuse by the juridical system, including police, which determine whether abuse is ‘officially’ recognized as such and whether the male violent family is stabilized by policies, practices, and non-intervention. This interaction between definitions and institutional responses makes it crucial to understand how women define their own experiences of abuse. The article concludes that male domestic abuse remains a contested area of juridical understandings and practices. Insofar as the ‘official’ definition of her situation impacts on the abused woman's self-perception, and on her access to resources she might use to get out of danger, it determines the organization of ‘domestic abuse’ as well.
A Deceptive Cadence: Nineteenth-Century Property Law and Popular Culture's Perception of The Piano
Authors: La Forest Anne Warner
Published: July 2014

The tale presented in the film The Piano is placed in mid-19th-century New Zealand and has been heralded by critics as a timeless love story, and described as erotic and romantic. A legal historical review of this time period, however, demonstrates that, upon marriage, women had very limited property rights and were entirely dependent upon men, whether their fathers, their husbands, or otherwise. In particular, personal objects such as a piano would become the property of the husband upon marriage. Hence, a married woman's access to the ability to express herself in this manner was not her own. The actions of the characters in this film are consistent with the law applicable to this time period. Ultimately, from this persective, the movie is about the abuses of this kind of culture and its inability to suppress the human spirit—the piano being a symbol of exactly that struggle. This paper compares the “modern” perception of this film to its historical context, with the objective of determining what this says about our present society and culture.
Mirrors In the Robing Room: Reflections of Lawyers and the Law In Canadian Television Drama
Authors: Miller Mary Jane
Published: July 2014

This paper introduces the idea of the “inflection” of formula to account for the distinctive ways in which lawyers and the law are portrayed in CBC television series ranging fromWojecktoStreet Legal. The paper also examines various law-related drama specials and legal docudramas such asScales of Justicewith a view to finding out how the law and legal professionals are perceived in Canadian popular culture. The author concludes with a consideration of some lawyers' reactions to their television image.
Marking Difference in American Commerce: Trademarks and Alterity at Century's Ends
Authors: Coombe Rosemary J.
Published: July 2014

Since 1930, the mascot of Robertson'sRMarmalade, England's GolliwogR(who looks like Buckwheat, but a bit more nattily attired) has appeared on over 20 million pieces of merchandise—from teapots to toothbrushes to T-shirts … When Golly was criticized in 1984 by some of England's “oversensitive” black population, a Robertson's spokesman righteously declared, “the Golly forms part of our national tradition and attacking it is an attack on a part of British culture.”

This anecdote attracts both our cultural and legal attention. Capturing the central role of trademarks in national culture, it also points to a politics of ownership and protest. Accounting for its significance theoretically, however, is no easy task. Somehow, it resists easy accommodation in any of the three dominant approaches towards the commodified imagery of late capitalism.
Discursive Deficits: A Feminist Perspective on the Power of Technical Knowledge in Fiscal Law and Policy
Authors: Philipps Lisa
Published: July 2014

Decisions about taxation and government spending have great political significance: they affect the distribution of income and wealth and the nature and degree of class, gender and other social inequalities. However, tax and budgetary issues are frequently constructed as technical matters that can be resolved rationally according to economic, mathematical or other ostensibly neutral principles. The author examines the debate around budget deficits and recent sex equality challenges to the income tax system, and argues that both illustrate how technical discourses tend to deny the normative content of fiscal law and policy and to disqualify political opposition to the prevailing fiscal order as irrational, ideological and inexpert. The paper concludes by examining the discursive strategies of feminists and others interested in fiscal change. The author considers how feminists might respond to, and even harness, the power of technical knowledges in struggling for tax and expenditure reforms while also challenging the oppressive features and depoliticizing tendencies of such discourses.
“An Embarrassingly and Severely Masculine Atmosphere”: Women, Gender and the Legal Profession at Osgoode Hall, 1920s–1960s
Authors: Morgan Cecilia
Published: July 2014

This paper examines gender relations within Ontario's Osgoode Hall Law School from the 1920s to the 1960s, focussing on the women who entered the school during this period. It analyzes their backgrounds and motives for entering law school and it also examines their experiences at the school and as articling students. This paper argues that the legal profession's insistence on its masculine nature shaped women law students' attempts to construct their own professional identities and to reconcile their professionalism with their gender, ethnic and racial, and class backgrounds (the majority of these women were Anglo-Celtic and middle-class). Yet while masculinity was the norm for both the profession and the law school, it was not a static, monolithic construct; it was constructed and expressed in a number of ways by male students and instructors at Osgoode Hall, particularly in the pages of the student press and through the activities of O s goode's student organization. Such struggles to define male law students' identities invariably affected women law students; in turn, through the Women's Law Association of Ontario, they worked to create an alternative space where women lawyers and students could work for change and attempt to reconcile professionalism and middle-class femininity.
The Chutzpah of Chasidism
Authors: Van Praagh Shauna
Published: July 2014

Members of the Chasidic Jewish communities of Montreal lead what appear to be insular lives, sharply defined by physical, cultural and religious boundaries. In describing and questioning the interface between Chasidic and non-Chasidic life and law, the author draws on the theoretical insights of legal pluralism, feminism and what has been labelled “everyday life.” These insights, combined in a critical way, provide the framework and justification for a focus on family relations and education, two crucial aspects of Chasidic experience and identity. Both family relations and education demarcate Chasidic space and communities; they also serve to show how the boundaries are transgressed, blurred, and complicated. Rather than searching for the clearly marked lines that divide Chasidim and non-Chasidim, then, the more fruitful project is one that acknowledges patterns of interaction and constantly changing meanings and practices. It is by recognizing and working with moving boundaries and messy intersections that a picture of life and law—both inside and outside a particular community—can emerge.
Le Processus québécois d'enquête en matière de plaintes de discrimination: Quelques raisons de s'inquiéter
Authors: Lamarche Lucie
Published: July 2014

L'existence, au Québec, d'un tribunal des droits de la personne est unique au Canada. On doit toutefois constater que la création d'un tribunal spécialisé se destinant au respect des droits de la personne ne règle pas en ellemême les déficiences souvent invoquées par les citoyens et les citoyennes au chapitre de l'efficacité des mécanismes de résolution des plaintes de discrimination. Le présent article a pour but d'analyser le processus de traitement des plaintes et, d'autre part, de qualifier la philosophie d'intervention de la Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse, responsable du processus de traitement des plaintes de discrimination. Soixante-quinze pourcent des dossiers annuellement ouverts auprès de la commission se soldent par le rejet administratif de la plainte et ce, à diverses étapes du processus. Par ailleurs, la quasi-totalité des dossiers non fermés à diverses étapes de la procédure font l'objet d'un règlement entre les parties. L'individualisation des solutions et du traitement des plaintes qu'encourage la recherche de la satisfaction du client-plaignant, si elle constitue une approche alléchante, n'en demeure pas moins insatisfaisante lorsqu'il s'agit des garanties liées aux droits fondamentaux de la personne. Compte tenu des caractéristiques de la «clientèle» de la Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse, cet article propose en conclusion un lien statistique et sociologique entre l'incidence de la rècherche de règlements hors cour et le non accès plus général à la justice de cette même clientèle. Elle doit se contenter de la reformulation administrative du coût des atteintes à son droit à l'égalité. Cette moindre part de justice est inquiétante.
Le Pluralisme juridique chez Gunther Teubner: La nouvelle guerre des dieux?
Authors: Coutu Michel
Published: July 2014

Se situant dans la perspective de la théorie des systèmes, Gunther Teubner fournit une contribution importante à la problématique du pluralisme juridique. Empruntant à Max Weber le thème du polythéisme des valeurs, Teubner s'attache à démontrer l'actualité de la métaphore de la «guerre des dieux», en transposant toutefois l'analyse sur le plan proprement sociologique d'une pluralité des rationalités discursives et systémiques caractéristique de la société contemporaine. Abordant le pluralisme juridique à partir d'une représentation de la société comme fragmentée en une pluralité de sous-systèmes autonomes, Teubner est en mesure d'éviter certains des écueils sur lesquels bute la conception pluraliste du droit, telles une vision trop monolithique du droit étatique et une absence de délimitation adéquate des phénomènes juridiques. Ceci n'empêche pas la théorie autopoïétique défendue par Teubner de se confronter à des difficultés majeures: en particulier, l'idée d'un système juridique radicalement autonome présupposée par la théorie ne se concilie pas aisément avec la conception d'une pluralité des ordres juridiques à la base du paradigme pluraliste.
La Catégorie «Femme/s» dans la discrimination sur le sexe
Authors: Boivin Michelle
Published: July 2014

Dans cet article, l'auteure analyse un problème crucial en théories féministes et en droit, soit la question de la catégorie «Femme/s». Y a-t-il une catégorie «Femme/s»? Cette catégorie est-elle exclusive, si bien que la présence d'un seul homme, par exemple, invalide l'étiquette et écarte la question du domaine de l'égalité des sexes? De plus, pour faire valoir avec succès les dispositions de non-discrimination de la Charte, faut-il nécessairement démontrer un préjudice à l'endroit de toutes les femmes sans exception? En d'autres termes, la catégorie «Femme/s» est-elle nécessairement universelle et totalisante? Pour répondre à ces questions, l'auteure aborde les rapports Femme/Homme pour conclure à l'absence d'une opposition binaire absolue, mais l'existence d'une domination séculaire. L'auteure analyse ensuite la relation Femme/Société, où les femmes sont trop souvent assimilées aux minorités, ravalées dans la famille ou réduites à la «Femme Universelle». Dénonçant le caractère arbitraire et artificiel ainsi que les aspects déformants et réducteurs du processus de catégorisation, l'auteure constate que le droit force le maintien de la catégorie «Femme/s» jusqu'à ce que l'ensemble des femmes atteignent le même statut économique, juridique, politique, social, symbolique, etc., que l'ensemble des hommes.
Québec's Conceptions of Aboriginal Rights
Authors: Lajoie Andrée , Melançon Hugues , Rocher Guy , Janda Richard
Published: July 2014

This study of the meaning given to aboriginal rights from within both judicial and parliamentary sources in Québec reveals, contrary to expectations, a general pattern according to which a more liberal attitude toward rights was taken by the political class than by the judiciary, except perhaps for nuances on criminal law matters. But on the whole, both groups were more insistent, and had a more open position, on legal and political autonomy, although confined within the boundaries of legal monism, than on economic rights linked with aboriginal title. Both also emphasized collective over individual rights. Beyond partisan diversity and rhetoric, there was a consensus on some basic issues, a core of specific elements common to all—or most—Quebec legislators and judges on the aboriginal question.
Generative spatial performance design system
Authors: Coorey Benjamin P. , Jupp Julie R.
Published: July 2014

Architectural spatial design is a wicked problem that can have a multitude of solutions for any given brief. The information needed to resolve architectural design problems is often not readily available during the early conceptual stages, requiring proposals to be evaluated only after an initial solution is reached. This “solution-driven” design approach focuses on the generation of designs as a means to explore the solution space. Generative design can be achieved computationally through parametric and algorithmic processes. However, utilizing a large repertoire of organiational patterns and design precedent knowledge together with the precise criteria of spatial evaluation can present design challenges even to an experienced architect. In the implementation of a parametric design process lies an opportunity to supplement the designer's knowledge with computational decision support that provides real-time spatial feedback during conceptual design. This paper presents an approach based on a generative multiperformance framework, configured for generating and optimizing architectural designs based on a precedent design. The system is constructed using a parametric modeling environment enabling the capture of precedent designs, extraction of spatial analytics, and demonstration of how populations can be used to drive the generation and optimization of alternate spatial solutions. A pilot study implementing the complete workflow of the system is used to illustrate the benefits of coupling parametric modeling with structured precedent analysis and design generation.
Aggression, hostile attributions, status, and gender: A continued quest
Authors: Cillessen Antonius H. N. , Lansu Tessa A. M. , Van Den Berg Yvonne H. M.
Published: July 2014

This study had two goals. The first goal was to examine the association between two indicators of negative bias in children and their associations with children's aggression. The second goal was to examine a possible dual role of social status, operationalized as popularity, as a concurrent correlate of negative bias and as a moderator of the effect of negative bias on children's aggression. The roles of gender and type of aggression were also examined. Participants were 366 fifth- and sixth-grade children (49% girls;Mage= 11.07 years,SD= 0.85 year) who completed peer- and self-report measures in their classrooms. The results showed that the two indicators of negative bias were associated with each other and with children's aggression. Popularity was weakly associated with negative bias. However, popularity did moderate the association of hostile attributions with aggression. The associations of both measures of negative bias with aggression also varied by gender, with stronger associations for boys than for girls. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The potential of local food systems in North America: A review of foodshed analyses
Authors: Horst M. , Gaolach B.
Published: July 2014

Foodshed analysis provides a way to assess the capacity of regions to feed themselves. While dozens of foodshed analyses have been completed across North America, they have not been systematically analyzed. This paper reviews 22 foodshed analyses completed in the USA and Canada between 2000 and 2013. The criteria used to evaluate the foodshed studies are authorship/type of publication, spatial extent, goals and questions, methods and data sources for assessing consumption and production, analysis of pathways from production to consumption and findings. Similarities and differences, along with strengths and weaknesses, are identified. Together, the foodshed studies indicate significant opportunity for food system relocalization across North America. Foodshed studies are a potentially powerful tool for policy analysis and planning. A future research agenda for foodshed studies is identified, including addressing data gaps and establishing more standardized models for evaluating production, consumption and pathways.
The glucocorticoid receptor 1A3 promoter correlates with high sensitivity to glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes
Authors: Liddicoat Douglas R , Kyparissoudis Konstantinos , Berzins Stuart P , Cole Timothy J , Godfrey Dale I
Published: July 2014

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are powerful inhibitors of inflammation and immunity. Although glucocorticoid‐induced cell death (GICD) is an important part of GCs actions, the cell types and molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood. Untranslated exon 1A3 of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene is a major determinant of GICD in GICD‐sensitive human cancer cell lines, operating to dynamically upregulate GR levels in response to GCs. We measured the GICD sensitivity of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes to dexamethasone in vitro, relating this to GR exon 1A3 expression. A clear GICD sensitivity hierarchy was detected: B cells>thymocytes/natural killer (NK) cells>peripheral T cells. Within thymocyte populations, GICD sensitivity decreased with maturation. Interestingly, NK cell subsets were differentially sensitive to GICD, with CD16+CD56int (cytotoxic) NK cells being highly resistant to GICD, whereas CD16−CD56hi (cytokine producing) NK cells were highly sensitive (similar to B cells). B‐cell GICD was rescued by co‐culture with interleukin‐4. Strikingly, although no significant increases in GR protein were observed during 48 h of culture of GICD‐sensitive and ‐resistant cells alike, GR 1A3 expression was increased over pre‐culture levels in a manner directly proportional to the GICD sensitivity of each cell type. Accordingly, this is the first evidence that the GR exon 1A3 promoter is differentially regulated during thymic development and maturation of human T cells. Furthermore, human peripheral blood B cells are exquisitely GICD‐sensitive in vitro, giving new insight into how GCs may downregulate immunity. Collectively, these data show that GR 1A3 expression is tied with GICD sensitivity in human lymphocytes, underscoring the potential for GR 1A3 expression to be used as a biomarker for sensitivity to GICD.
Human memory B cells isolated from blood and tonsils are functionally distinctive
Authors: Pérez M Eugenia , Billordo Luis Ariel , Baz Plácida , Fainboim Leonardo , Arana Eloisa
Published: July 2014

Human B‐cell studies in vitro have routinely used B lymphocytes purified from spleen, blood or tonsils irrespective of potential differences in their immunological traits. In this study, we compared the functional responses of total (CD19+) and memory B cells (Bmem; CD19+/CD27+) isolated from blood and tonsils to different stimuli. Peripheral B cells showed enhanced survival and proliferation compared with their tonsillar equivalents when stimulated for 10 days. Stimulated B cells from both tissues secreted significantly greater amounts of cytokines than unstimulated controls demonstrating their functional responsiveness. Analysis of CD27 expression over time indicated that the conditions that promoted survival and proliferation of peripheral Bmem, caused massive tonsillar Bmem death. Purified tonsillar Bmem failed to expand but rapidly differentiated in antibody secreting cells and subsequently underwent apoptosis. In contrast, circulating Bmem showed delayed activation and differentiation, but exhibited a longer lifespan and active proliferation. In addition, short‐term stimulation of tonsillar Bmem resulted in the production of more immunoglobulin G (IgG) than their peripheral counterparts. At later time points, however, IgG production from the different B cells was reversed. Our findings imply that the tissue located and peripheral Bmem have distinct behaviors, indicating organ dependent functional responses that should not be generalizable to all Bmem. This work provides a greater understanding of how Bmem location is coupled to specialized roles of B lymphocytes.
Elevated temperature alters proteomic responses of individual organisms within a biofilm community
Authors: Mosier Annika C , Li Zhou , Thomas Brian C , Hettich Robert L , Pan Chongle , Banfield Jillian F
Published: July 2014

Microbial communities that underpin global biogeochemical cycles will likely be influenced by elevated temperature associated with environmental change. Here, we test an approach to measure how elevated temperature impacts the physiology of individual microbial groups in a community context, using a model microbial-based ecosystem. The study is the first application of tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics to a microbial community. We accurately, precisely and reproducibly quantified thousands of proteins in biofilms growing at 40, 43 and 46 °C. Elevated temperature led to upregulation of proteins involved in amino-acid metabolism at the level of individual organisms and the entire community. Proteins from related organisms differed in their relative abundance and functional responses to temperature. Elevated temperature repressed carbon fixation proteins from two Leptospirillum genotypes, whereas carbon fixation proteins were significantly upregulated at higher temperature by a third member of this genus. Leptospirillum group III bacteria may have been subject to viral stress at elevated temperature, which could lead to greater carbon turnover in the microbial food web through the release of viral lysate. Overall, these findings highlight the utility of proteomics-enabled community-based physiology studies, and provide a methodological framework for possible extension to additional mixed culture and environmental sample analyses.
Magnetite-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for phosphopeptide enrichment
Authors: Sandison Mairi E. , Jensen K. Tveen , Gesellchen F. , Cooper J. M. , Pitt A. R.
Published: July 2014

A moldable, reusable magnetite-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate for phosphopeptide enrichment.
Determining the chronology of deposition of natural fingermarks and inks on paper using secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Attard-Montalto Nicola , Ojeda Jesús J. , Reynolds Alan , Ismail Mahado , Bailey Melanie , Doodkorte Lisette , de Puit Marcel , Jones Benjamin J.
Published: July 2014

This study thoroughly explores the use of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for determining the deposition sequence of fingermarks and ink on a porous paper surface.
Historical textile dyeing withGenista tinctoriaL.: a comprehensive study by UPLC-MS/MS analysis
Authors: Troalen Lore G. , Phillips Ashley S. , Peggie David A. , Barran Perdita E. , Hulme Alison N.
Published: July 2014

A new UPLC-PDA MS/MS method has been applied to reference and historical yarns dyed with dyer's greenweed (Genista tinctoriaL.). The effect of photo-degradation and textile preparation techniques (such as over-dyeing) on the dye fingerprint was investigated and the results correlated with those obtained from historical samples from the Burrell and Bodleian collections, UK.
Reversible sodium storage via conversion reaction of a MoS2–C composite
Authors: Wang Yun-Xiao , Seng Kuok Hau , Chou Shu-Lei , Wang Jia-Zhao , Guo Zaiping , Wexler David , Liu Hua-Kun , Dou Shi-Xue
Published: July 2014

The exfoliated MoS2–C composite was tested as a novel anode material for sodium ion batteries with high capacity and prolonged cycling life. Its unique structure and the optimized electrolyte effectively promote Na-storage performance.
Blinking triggered by the change in the solvent accessibility of a fluorescent molecule
Authors: Kawai Kiyohiko , Koshimo Takeshi , Maruyama Atsushi , Majima Tetsuro
Published: July 2014

The more a fluorescent molecule is exposed to a solvent, the faster its triplet excited state is quenched by molecular oxygen.
DABCO-catalyzed ring opening of activated cyclopropanes and recyclization leading to γ-lactams with an all-carbon quaternary center
Authors: Lin Shaoxia , Li Ling , Liang Fushun , Liu Qun
Published: July 2014

A novel and efficient method for the construction of γ-lactams with an all-carbon quaternary center is developed via a DABCO-catalyzed reaction of EWG-activated cyclopropanecarboxamides and electron-deficient alkenes.
Copper-mediated C–H(sp2)/C–H(sp3) coupling of benzoic acid derivatives with ethyl cyanoacetate: an expedient route to an isoquinolinone scaffold
Authors: Zhu Wei , Zhang Dengyou , Yang Nan , Liu Hong
Published: July 2014

An expedient, copper-mediated, direct C–H(sp2)/C–H(sp3) bond coupling of benzoic acid derivatives with ethyl cyanoacetate is disclosed.
19F NMR indicator displacement assay using a synthetic receptor with appended paramagnetic relaxation agent
Authors: Plaunt Adam J. , Clear Kasey J. , Smith Bradley D.
Published: July 2014

A 19F NMR indicator displacement assay detects phosphorylated analytes with amplified signal intensity.
The enhancing effects of group V σ-hole interactions on the F⋯O halogen bond
Authors: Li Wei , Zeng Yanli , Zhang Xueying , Zheng Shijun , Meng Lingpeng
Published: July 2014

The group V σ-hole interactions have enhancing effects on the F⋯O halogen bond andvice versa.
Structural, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of the high pressure form of Na2Co[PO4]F
Authors: Ben Yahia Hamdi , Mori Daisuke , Shikano Masahiro , Kobayashi Hironori , Inaguma Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2014

The high pressure form of Na2Co[PO4]F.
Diversity-oriented synthesis for novel, selective and drug-like inhibitors for a phosphatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: He Rongjun , Bai Yunpeng , Yu Zhi-Hong , Wu Li , Gunawan Andrea Michelle , Zhang Zhong-Yin
Published: July 2014

A diversity-oriented synthesis strategy is developed for the discovery of salicylic acid-based drug-like inhibitors for protein tyrosine phosphatases.
Fabrication and characteristics of high-capacity LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2with monodisperse yolk–shell spherical precursors by a facile method
Authors: Yang Huazhen , Liu Panxing , Chen Qinglin , Liu Xuewen , Lu Yanwen , Xie Shuangfei , Ni Liang , Wu Xingyun , Peng Muyang , Chen Yanbin , Tang Yuefeng , Chen Yanfeng
Published: July 2014

The structure of yolk–shell microspheres is attractive because it exhibits excellent structural stability during lithiation; monodispersed crumpled yolk–shell spherical precursors of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2were obtainedviaa general and simple supersonic atomization method.
Molten salt synthesis of tin doped hematite nanodiscs and their enhanced electrochemical performance for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Jin Rencheng , Yang LiXia , Li Guihua , Chen Gang
Published: July 2014

Sn4+ doped α-Fe2O3 nanodiscs with good lithium storage properties have been prepared by a molten salt method.
Gel, glass and nematic states of plate-like particle suspensions: charge anisotropy and size effects
Authors: Delhorme Maxime , Jönsson Bo , Labbez Christophe
Published: July 2014

The influence of the charge anisotropy and platelet size on the formation of gel and glass states and nematic phases in suspensions of plate-like particles is investigated using Monte Carlo simulations in the canonical ensemble.