bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adopting the Training Cycle for Trust Training in Swift Starting Action Teams
Authors: Wildman Jessica L. , Shuffler Marissa L. , Fiore Stephen M. , Lazzara Elizabeth H. , Rosen Michael A. , Xavier Luiz F. , Wooten Samuel R. , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2012

This paper presents a new framework for understanding the development of trust in swift starting action teams and how metacognitive training could be used to manage this process. First, we provide underlying assumptions supporting our theoretical framework. Second, we provide a description of the training cycle approach that guides our framework. Third, we describe our proposed framework of trust development. Finally, we discuss potential training interventions for the management of trust in swift starting action teams, and conclude with some final remarks.
The Impact of Performance Incentives during Training on Transfer of Learning
Authors: Brennan Patricia C. , Madhavan Poornima , Gonzalez Cleotilde , Lacson Frank C.
Published: January 2012

We examined the effect of incentives on transfer of training in a visual search task. The incentives were designed to influence participants' detection of dangerous targets across two phases of airline luggage screening – training (familiar targets) and transfer (novel targets). Participants were assigned to one of five groups - hit-sensitive (points awarded for hits), miss-sensitive (points deducted for misses), equal-costs (equal points awarded and deducted for hits and misses), no-incentives (no points) and control (self-training). The goal was to examine which incentive structure was most effective in transfer of training. Results revealed that rewarding points for hits and deducting points for misses led to best transfer performance, although punishment had a stronger impact on performance than rewards. Rewarding hits implicitly primed participants to say ‘yes’ more often inflating their false alarm rate. Allowing participants to self-train also significantly benefited performance by minimizing the constraints imposed by fixed incentives-based training.
Leveraging Virtual Reality and Computer-based Games for Training
Authors: Strater Laura
Published: January 2012

This symposium presents papers and panel discussions describing research approaches for leveraging the capabilities of virtual reality and advanced computer-based games for military training. A military SME will serve as a panel discussant to provide insight and concerns from the perspective of end users, both trainees and instructors. Cases and demonstrations will be included.
Automated Spacing Support Tools for Interval Management Operations during Continuous Descent Approaches
Authors: Dao Arik-Quang V. , Lachter Joel , Battiste Vernol , Brandt Summer L. , Vu Kim-Phuong , Strybel Thomas Z. , Ho Nhut , Martin Patrick , Johnson Walter W.
Published: January 2012

In this study, pilots were asked to achieve a specific time in trail while flying an arrival into Louisville International airport. Weather shortly before the start of the descent added variability to the initial intervals. A spacing tool calculated airspeeds intended to achieve the desired time in trail at the final approach fix. Pilots were exposed to four experimental conditions which varied how strictly the pilots were told to follow these speeds and whether speeds had to be entered into the autopilot manually. Giving the pilots more discretion had little effect on the final spacing interval. However, pilots required to enter speeds into the autopilot manually did not effectively manage their airplane's energy resulting in less accurate performance. While these results may not always generalize to alternative spacing implementations, one should not assume pilots manually closing the loop on automated commands can perform as well as a fully automated system.
The Automation Design Advisor Tool (ADAT): Supporting Flight Deck Design in NextGen
Authors: Sebok Angelia , Wickens Christopher , Sarter Nadine , Quesada Stacey , Socash Connie , Anthony Brian
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the development and implementation of the Automation Design Advisor Tool (ADAT). ADAT is being developed with NASA support to assist aviation designers throughout all phases of design in creating systems that ensure effective and efficient human-automation interaction on the modern flight deck. The tool can be applied to both new “blank slate” designs, and to improved versions of existing technologies. In particular, the current version of the tool evaluates proposed Flight Management System (FMS) designs in terms of their ability to support pilots in instructing and monitoring the automated system. ADAT identifies potential design deficiencies, provides specific (re)design recommendations, and offers access to summaries of empirical research on the underlying reasons for and the effectiveness of solutions to breakdowns in pilot-automation coordination.
Are There Standard Conflict Resolution Maneuvers in Air Traffic Control?
Authors: Rantanen Esa M. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

We analyzed samples of aircraft track data involving conflict alerts and subsequent resolution maneuvers from five U.S. air route traffic control centers. Vertical conflict resolution maneuvers were used in the majority of the cases examined. Within the vertical dimension, reductions of current vertical change (climb or descent) were collectively the most frequent resolution maneuver type, but descents were about three times as frequent as climbs. Three contingency analyses were performed to test for independence between conflict geometries and subsequent resolution maneuvers. The results show that conflict resolution maneuvers do not seem to be independent from conflict geometries. Additional analyses on conflict angles and vertical speed differences between aircraft as continuous variables revealed disproportionately fewer turns on crossing courses than on opposite or same courses. These results provide critical baseline information for understanding just how large departures from the current ingrained practices the advent of the NextGen air traffic management infrastructure may bring about, particularly in extremely safety-critical tasks such as airborne conflict resolutions. Pilots' conflict resolution maneuver preferences have received some attention, but corresponding research on air traffic controllers' practices is almost nonexistent. Moreover, our results emerged from objective data through objective analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first time analyses like these have been applied to data like these.
Impact of Conflict Avoidance Responsibility Allocation on Pilot Workload in a Distributed Air Traffic Management System
Authors: Ligda Sarah V. , Dao Arik-Quang V. , Vu Kim-Phuong , Strybel Thomas Z. , Battiste Vernol , Johnson Walter W.
Published: January 2012

Pilot workload was examined during simulated flights requiring flight deck-based merging and spacing while avoiding weather. Pilots used flight deck tools to avoid convective weather and space behind a lead aircraft during an arrival into Louisville International airport. Three conflict avoidance management concepts were studied: pilot, controller or automation primarily responsible. A modified Air Traffic Workload Input Technique (ATWIT) metric showed highest workload during the approach phase of flight and lowest during the en-route phase of flight (before deviating for weather). In general, the modified ATWIT was shown to be a valid and reliable workload measure, providing more detailed information than post-run subjective workload metrics. The trend across multiple workload metrics revealed lowest workload when pilots had both conflict alerting and responsibility of the three concepts, while all objective and subjective measures showed highest workload when pilots had no conflict alerting or responsibility. This suggests that pilot workload was not tied primarily to responsibility for resolving conflicts, but to gaining and/or maintaining situation awareness when conflict alerting is unavailable.
Display Type Effects in Military Operational Tasks Using UAV Video Images: Comparison between Two Types of UAV Feeds Mini and MALE (Medium-Altitude-Long-Endurance) UAVs
Authors: Minkov Yaniv , Lerner Yuval , Ophir Ronny , Oron-Gilad Tal
Published: January 2012

The increased usage of new technologies in combat requires measuring tools and guidelines that will enable maximal compatibility between technology and users' needs. Specifically, using video feeds retrieved by dismounted soldiers from different types of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may affect the efficiency level of using such machines. This work follows our previous studies on the type (e.g. size) of displays required by dismounted soldiers to process video feed from UAVs. Twenty two former infantry soldiers with no experience using UAV video feed participated. Three displays were examined using two video feed types (MALE and Mini UAVs) in four different task types (description, direction, orientation, and response). Performance and subjective data were collected. Results show no effect (only some trends) for display type, but significant effect for the interaction between video feed type and task type and display type.
Training and Measurement at the Extremes: Developing and Sustaining Expert Team Performance in Isolated, Confined, Extreme Environments
Authors: Weaver Sallie J. , Salas Eduardo
Published: January 2012

As exploration of new frontiers continues, the need for team training in extreme environments grows. Operating in isolated, confined, and extreme environments (ICE) demands novel approaches to team performance measurement, as well as new strategies and methods for ensuring teams members are (1) equipped with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes critical for effective team performance over time, and (2) are supported by just-in-time training or other resources when breakdowns in performance inevitably occur. This panel brings together a range of experts in human performance in extreme environments to provide a comprehensive overview and discussion of the most current approaches and trends regarding team training and performance measurement in ICE environments.
Developing Target Symbicons for the Future Terminal Air Traffic Control Environment
Authors: Friedman-Berg Ferne , Allendoerfer Kenneth , Deshmukh Atul
Published: January 2012

Current air traffic control target symbols are holdover designs developed for obsolete display technology to depict radar surveillance uncertainty. Given new technological capabilities and new surveillance techniques, it is time to reexamine the target symbology for a new generation of air traffic control displays. Symbicons (Smallman, St. John, Oonk, and Cowen, 2001a, 2001b) are a combination of icons and symbols that code meaningful information using simplified visual coding. This assessment focuses on creating and evaluating novel designs for target symbicons for Terminal Radar Approach Control displays while incorporating human factors standards and best practices. In this study, we evaluated different candidate symbicons that conveyed information such as aircraft category and aircraft conformance. We examined the heuristics controllers use that make certain symbicons better candidates to represent different aircraft categories. We discuss the almost universal agreement among the controllers for the tested aircraft conformance symbicons.
Next Generation Air Transportation System: Data Communications
Authors: Benbassat Danny , Ileri Levent
Published: January 2012

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an ambitious enterprise that promises to transform the national air transportation system by 2025. One hallmark of NextGen is the use of data, instead of voice, communications. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Planning and Operations Office (AJP-6), Concept Development & Validation group (AJP-66) has been working with government, industry, and academia leaders to test the efficiency, safety, and usability of data communications via human-in-the-loop and part task studies. This symposium includes a portion of the work conducted in this research program.
The Basic versus Applied Research Dilemma
Authors: Reinerman-Jones Lauren E.
Published: January 2012

The timeless basic versus applied research debate continues with what appears as no middle ground. Augmented Cognition researchers, particularly, are faced with the dilemma of merging laboratory results into applicable systems, i.e. developing and applying real-time physiological measures to integrate into human-computer systems. Insight to that disparity might be gleaned by revisiting this age-old debate of whether basic and applied research operate at opposite ends of the spectrum or perhaps on a more narrowed continuum. A few items to be addressed include a solution between the two camps, methods for bridging the gaps between laboratory and field experiments and then to advanced development, and the importance of mediation occurring within knowledge and practice. The panelists are challenged to make recommendations for investigators in augmented cognition and related fields to overcome the limitations of working in a controlled laboratory or a field environment and to achieve the most useful findings.
Using Cognitive Work Analysis Techniques to Identify Human Factor Hazards
Authors: Hassall M. E. , Sanderson P. M. , Cameron I. T.
Published: January 2012

Accidents in the process industries can be attributed, at least in part, to human causes. Hazard studies are commonly used in industry to identify and manage risks. This paper describes a methodology, called HumHID, which potentially improves hazard identification associated with human factors. The approach is based on cognitive work analysis (CWA) techniques, human factors/error taxonomies and the blended hazard methodology (BLHAZID). A desktop case study is used to illustrate the application of the methodology. The results show that a combination of CWA, human factors/error taxonomies and BLHAZID techniques provides a structured means of identifying hazards associated with human activity as well as showing the causality behind the hazards which can be used to guide redesign work.
Development of the Human Robot Interaction Workload Measurement Tool (HRI-WM)
Authors: Yagoda Rosemarie E.
Published: January 2012

Humans interacting with robots face a complex task. Often the exchanges are mediated through an interface and impact the workload associated with a particular task. Within a human-robot system, an operator's perceived workload is very important. Effective workload measurement strategies are needed to ensure optimal human-robot interaction. Building upon traditional workload measures, the development of the human-robot interaction workload measure is introduced. The human-robot interaction workload measure provides several advantages beyond traditional subjective workload measures while providing a comprehensive account of the workload associated with human-robot systems.
Influence of Team Leaders' Situation Awareness on their Team's Situation Awareness and Performance
Authors: Cuevas Haydee M. , Bolstad Cheryl A.
Published: January 2012

In complex operational environments, such as found in the military, it is necessary to consider not only the situation awareness (SA) of individual team members, but also the SA of the team as a whole. Given their important role in military combat operations, we hypothesized that the SA of team leaders (e.g., unit commanders) may have a significant influence on the SA and subsequent performance of those under their command. Accordingly, the overall objective of this research was to evaluate how much of the variance in a team's SA can be accounted for by the individual SA of the team's leader. To test our hypothesis, we performed an analysis of data collected at three experiments involving complex military operations. Results highlight the significant role of leaders' SA on their team's SA.
Functional versus Schematic Overview Displays: Impact on Operator Situation Awareness in Process Monitoring
Authors: Tharanathan Anand , Laberge Jason , Bullemer Peter , Reising Dal Vernon , McLain Rich
Published: January 2012

It is important for console operators to maintain good situation awareness while monitoring process operations. A key component that helps operators achieve better situation awareness is how the information about the process is displayed on their console. Most oil and gas refineries still utilize traditional schematic displays and connecting lines between equipments to present process information. In this study, we designed a functional layout for an overview display. This layout shows the same process parameters as a traditional schematic display, but in a different format. Eighteen plant operators viewed both displays to monitor a crude unit process and their situation awareness was measured. Results indicated that operators' situation awareness was significantly higher when they monitored the process on a functional display compared with a schematic display. The implications of the findings for continuous process control are discussed.
Application of the Dual-Process Theory of Decision Making to Threat Detection during Airport Security Screening
Authors: Brennan Patricia C , Madhavan Poornima
Published: January 2012

We investigated the effects of different decision frames and incentives on training in a simulated airport security screening task using a 3 (frame: analytical, affective, comparative) x 2 (incentive: positive, negative) x 4 (trial block) design. Performance was measured by criterion settings, sensitivities, and detection response times. Results indicate that participants in the analytical frame (i.e., emphasis on gaining/losing points) outperformed participants in both the affective (i.e., emphasis on saving/losing lives) and comparative frames (i.e., emphasis on performing better/worse than peers). These results have implications for training airport luggage screeners in the real world in that eliciting strong emotions override our reason and logic and lead participants to perform poorly in discriminating between signal and noise.
Misuse of Automation: The Impact of System Experience on Complacency and Automation Bias in Interaction with Automated Aids
Authors: Reichenbach Juliane , Onnasch Linda , Manzey Dietrich
Published: January 2012

The study investigates how complacency and automation bias effects in interaction with automated aids are moderated by system experience. Participants performed a supervisory control task supported by an aid for fault identification and management. Groups differed with respect to how long they worked with the aid until eventually an automation failure occurred, and whether this failure was the first or second one the participants were exposed to. Results show that negative experiences, i.e., automation failures, entail stronger effects on subjective trust in automation as well as the level of complacency and automation bias than positive experiences (correct recommendations of the aid). Furthermore, results suggest that commission errors may be due to three different sorts of effects: (1) a withdrawal of attention in terms of incomplete cross-checks of information, (2) an active discounting of contradictory system information, and (3) an inattentive processing of contradictory information analogue to a “looking-but-not-seeing” effect.
Human vs. Algorithmic Path Planning for Search and Rescue by Robot Teams
Authors: Chien Shih-Yi , Wang Huadong , Lewis Michael
Published: January 2012

Substantial automation will be needed to allow operators to control the large teams of robots envisioned for search and rescue, perimeter patrol, and a wide variety of military tasks. Both analysis and research point to navigation and path planning as prime candidates for automation. When operators are isolated from robot navigation, however, there may be loss of situation awareness (SA) and difficulties in monitoring robots for failures or abnormal behavior. Operator's navigational strategies are quite complex and extremely changeable at foraging tasks in unknown environment reflecting background knowledge and expectations about human and natural environments. These considerations are missing from automated path planning algorithms leading to differences in search patterns and exploration biases between human and automatically generated paths. Effectively integrating automated path planning into multirobot systems would require demonstrating that: 1-automated path planning performs as well as humans on measures such as area coverage and 2- use of automated path planning does not degrade performance of related human tasks such as finding and marking victims. In this paper we seek to compare the divergence between human manual control and autonomous path planning at an urban search and rescue (USAR) task using fractal analysis to characterize the paths generated by the two methods. Area coverage and human contributions to mixed-initiative planning are compared with fully automated path planning. Finally, the impact of automated planning on related victim identification and marking tasks is compared for automated paths and paths generated by previous participants.
Stages and Levels of Automation: An Integrated Meta-analysis
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Li Huiyang , Santamaria Amy , Sebok Angelia , Sarter Nadine B.
Published: January 2012

Function allocation between human and automation can be represented in terms of the stages & levels taxonomy proposed by Parasuraman, Sheridan & Wickens (2000). Higher degrees of automation (DOA) are achieved both by later stages (e.g., automation decision aiding rather than diagnostic aiding) and higher levels within stages (e.g. executing a choice unless vetoed, versus offering the human several choices). A meta analysis based on data of 14 experiments examines the mediating effects of DOA on routine system performance, performance when the automation fails, workload and situation awareness. The effects of DOA on these four measures are summarized by level of statistical significance. We found: (1) an inverse relationship between routine performance and workload as automation is introduced and DOA increases. (2) a weak positive relationship between routine performance and failure performance, as mediated by DOA. (3) A strong mediating role of situation awareness in improving both routine and failure performance.
Evaluation of an Ecological Interface Designed for Military Command and Control
Authors: Hall Daniel S. , Shattuck Lawrence G. , Bennett Kevin B.
Published: January 2012

Since the inception of the Force XXI Digitization program, the U.S. Army has fielded numerous systems attempting to use computational technologies to improve command and control of tactical operations. In reality, designers have inadequately considered both the role of the human and the constraints of this complicated work domain in the implementation of these systems. A prototype interface (RAPTOR) was developed to leverage powerful perception-action skills, thereby providing improved decision making and problem solving support. A laboratory experiment was conducted using a synthetic task environment. Sixteen US Army Officers participated in a mixed design experiment that involved two interfaces (RAPTOR and Baseline) and two scenarios (attack and counter insurgency). Dependent measures included situation awareness, decision making, and workload. The results indicate that the RAPTOR interface produced significantly better performance; they provide a strong validation of the theoretical framework (Cognitive Systems Engineering and Ecological Interface Design) and design principles (direct perception and direct manipulation), that guided its development. Applications of this study include specific interface design strategies for military command and control work domains.
Advancing Complex Sociotechnical Systems Design Using the Community of Practice Concept
Authors: Euerby Adam , Burns Catherine M.
Published: January 2012

Facebook, Twitter, Google, and the proliferation of mobile devices exemplify the social transformation the world is undergoing. In these large scale rapid changes, traditional tools are showing their limits. Complexity theory, self-organization, and adaptability show promise in understanding recent developments such as social networking. As a response, this paper outlines the challenges of designing for complex sociotechnical systems that support self-organization, adaptability, and learning. The Community of Practice (CoP) concept is shown to have strong fundamental alignment with complex sociotechnical systems design and offers a revealing social dimension to the challenges outlined. To illustrate this, several opportunities in complex sociotechnical systems design using the CoP perspective are discussed.
Understanding Cognition in Team Collaboration through use of Communications Analysis
Authors: Hutchins Susan G. , Kendall Tony
Published: January 2012

Macrocognition has been conceptualized by researchers in a number of ways depending on the perspective of the different disciplines. For this research the focus is on cognition in collaboration contexts, where problem solving teams collaborate on short-term situations which require rapid action to be taken against specific missions. We employed an empirical process for evaluating a model of team collaboration by analyzing and coding transcripts or chat logs that transpired during several real-world problem-solving events. Traditional collaboration systems are domain independent, thus they do not always support the difficult cognitive aspects of the task. The goal for the research reported here is to understand the role of cognition in teams who are collaborating to solve challenging, unique, information-rich problems and to apply this understanding to make recommendations for collaboration support.
The Effect of Interruptions and Global Placekeeping on Postcompletion Error Rates
Authors: Chen Jennifer M. , Ratwani Raj M. , Trafton J. Gregory
Published: January 2012

A postcompletion error occurs when the final step of a task is omitted because the main goal of the task is thought to be completed (Byrne & Bovair, 1997). Postcompletion errors are more likely to occur after interruptions (Ratwani, McCurry & Trafton, 2008). Global placekeeping cues (Gray, 2000) allow a user to track their progress in a task and may be a method for reducing the rate of postcompletion errors. A computer-based procedural task with a postcompletion step was used in this experiment to determine how the interaction of global placekeeping cues with interruptions would affect postcompletion errors. These results suggest that global placekeeping cues reduce the postcompletion error rate after interruptions, but that global placekeeping does not completely eliminate postcompletion errors.
Humans matching fingerprints: Sequence and Size
Authors: Thompson Matthew B. , Tangen Jason M. , Treloar Renee , Ivison Kathleen
Published: January 2012

Television shows like ‘CSI’ can give the impression that matching crime-scene fingerprints is fully automated. But it is actually humans (fingerprint experts) who ultimately decide whether a crime-scene print belongs to a suspect or not. Despite this fact, there have been no published, peer-reviewed studies directly examining the extent to which experts can correctly match fingerprints to one another. In two experiments presented here we aim to determine the factors affecting accuracy using non-expert participants and test (1) whether the advantage found for the sequential presentation of faces applies to prints and (2) whether the amount of information in a print matters.
Errors of Disclosure in Computer Mediated Systems
Authors: Poole Alan B. , Caine Kelly E. , Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: January 2012

People frequently use information and communication technologies such as cell phones and email to mediate the transfer of private information. Often, this information is intended to be shared only with the recipient or recipients, and, in turn, kept from everyone else. However, people sometimes make errors when disclosing private information. These errors can occur when the intended information is sent to an unintended person or persons, when unintended information is sent to the intended person, or a combination of both. Fifteen adults (aged 19–23) were interviewed using the critical incident method to elicit past instances of erroneous disclosure. The interviewer sought to understand the circumstances surrounding incidents of erroneous relays of private information. Participants reported an average of 3.67 ( SD = 1.59) instances of erroneous disclosure, or misclosure per person. Most reported errors involved email and other familiar technologies, with various designed-based causes. These findings point towards specific design features common to many information and communication technologies such as predictive text and button proximity that may lead to erroneous disclosure.
Neck Biomechanics and Multiple Wide Computer Displays
Authors: Camilleri Matt J. , Bartha Michael C. , Purvis Cynthia J. , Rempel David M.
Published: January 2012

Computer workstations are increasingly being fitted with multiple large displays. Display placement influences head posture and neck symptoms but the effects of multiple displays are not well known. This study evaluated the placement of two wide displays over a large range of heights and distances. Twenty participants performed internet search tasks with the search window at thirty-six positions, defined by three distances from the eyes (50 to 86 cm), three gaze angles (0 to 28° below the eye horizon), and four lateral distances from the mid-sagittal plane (13 and 32 cm to the left and to the right). Motion capture equipment tracked head and neck postures and simulation software calculated muscular capacities. Regression analyses demonstrated significant ( p < 0.001) effects of gaze angle on neck flexion, lateral angle on neck rotation, and the interaction of gaze angle and lateral angle on neck lateral flexion. The moment generating capacities of the trapezius and splenius muscles, and the self-selected display positions, suggest that increases in wide display's field-of-view should be biased vertically (upward).
Fatigue Evaluation of a MH-60 Helicopter Input Device
Authors: Johnson LT Brian R. , Hanson LT Regan , Andrew Nick , Tennant D. Craig , Gay Jeffrey P.
Published: January 2012

A preliminary report from a crew station working group (CSWG) suggested that the 0° orientation (from an aerial view) of a new trackball for the MH-60 may introduce undue fatigue for operators. Feedback from the CSWG suggested that this fatigue may be reduced by rotating the trackball inboard in order to keep the wrist straight. To investigate this, in Experiment 1 participants used the trackball for an extended period of time (90 minutes) from various angles (0°, 12°, and 90°). The results from Experiment 1 suggested that 12° was the preferred angle, but qualitative comments suggested that more cant was needed. To address this, in Experiment 2 the angle of the trackball was adjustable from 15° to 35°. Linear regression models estimated the optimal angle to be approximately 25°, confirming the earlier qualitative comments from Experiment 1. Given the broad range in preferred angles, a rotatable trackball was recommended. Furthermore, the qualitative comments from Experiment 1 and 2 were organized into various categories in order to provide additional recommendations for the design of the trackball.
To Customize or Not to Customize? the Use of a Customization Tool to Augment Information Indexing in a Computer Desktop Environment
Authors: Wang Yi , Dong Wei , Fu Wai-Tat
Published: January 2012

We studied when and how people will use a customization tool that helps users offload information indexing to the external environment to augment finding and re-finding of information in a computer desktop environment. An experiment was conducted to study how the cost and benefit of customization may influence when and how participants customize, and how the customization may help them find and re-find information. Results showed that participants were sensitive to the cost and benefit of customization. In general, participants performed more customization when the cost was low and when the benefit was high. Customization was also found to influence their information indexing strategy. Implications to design of customization tools for information indexing were discussed.
Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT): Human Performance Modeling for Improved System Design
Authors: Samms Charneta
Published: January 2012

Identifying human factors issues before systems are built and demonstrating the importance of those issues to decision makers outside the human factors community is difficult. Modeling and simulation (M&S) has become a critical part of tackling this challenge, but the true impact of M&S is made when the results can be translated into predictions that are important to the decision makers such as future system performance. Through the use of the Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT), analysts are able to quantify the effect of human operator performance on system performance. IMPRINT is a task network modeling tool designed to help assess the influence of the human operator on system performance throughout the system lifecycle. This demonstration will provide a brief overview of IMPRINT and its capabilities and highlight new features that provide enhanced modeling capabilities and better results visualization. It will also feature a look at the new Multimodal Interface Design Support (MIDS) tool plug-in that provides users with analysis specific multimodal design guidelines they could be implemented into the system design to minimize mental overload and improve system performance.
Teaching the Future Human Factors and Ergonomics Professionals to Solve Practical Problems
Authors: Blickensderfer Beth L. , Boquet Albert J. , Brunelle Noelle D. , Pharmer James A. , Shappell Scott A.
Published: January 2012

Instilling future Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) professionals with the knowledge and skills to solve complex problems is vital for the future of our field. Solving HF/E related practical problems requires a strong foundation in applicable theories and research as well as a variety of other skills. In terms of teaching students the key foundational knowledge, most consider HF/E degree programs a success. Along with this foundational knowledge, however, HF/E professionals need a variety of skills including skills in problem solving, skills in applying research to practice, and skills enabling them to work effectively on interdisciplinary teams. The purpose of this panel is to generate discussion regarding the current challenges that HF/E practitioners face in tackling the needs of industry and government and how HF/E related degree programs are addressing these issues. To accomplish this, five panelists will provide a variety of perspectives. One panelist provides the perspective of U.S. Department of Defense military system acquisition. Another panelist provides the perspective of working as a system safety engineer at an aircraft manufacturer. The three remaining panelists provide the perspective of educators and researchers. The universities that these three panelists represent offer bachelor, master's, and doctoral degrees in human factors, systems, and industrial engineering.
“Green” Ergonomics: Advocating for the Human Element in Buildings
Authors: Hedge Alan , Rollings Kimberly , Robinson Jennifer
Published: January 2012

Certification in the LEED rating system for green buildings traditionally has focused on strategies for increasing energy efficiency and lowering indoor air pollutant emissions by selecting appropriate and natural or recyclable materials. However, designing an energy efficient workplace and low pollution workplace doesn't necessarily equate with creating a healthy and productive workplace. In November 2008 the USGBC introduced 1 credit for good ergonomic design and programs in the Innovation sections of the rating system. This paper outlines the requirements of this ergonomics credit and it presents a case study of a building that has received LEED credit for their successful ergonomics program.
A Field Observation of Display Placement Requirements for Presbyopic and Prepresbyopic Computer Users
Authors: Allie Paul , Bartha Michael C. , Kokot Douglas , Purvis Cynthia
Published: January 2012

User-selected display placement for young computer users (prepresbyopes) and older computer users with presbyopia, wearing multifocal lens correction, has been observed in field settings, but not while both groups used the same display size or illumination technology. A field study was conducted to examine placement of an 18.5-inch, widescreen LCD display for prepresbyopes and presbyopes using multifocal lens correction. Both groups viewed the 18.5“ display for four days as they performed their usual computer tasks at their workstations. Multifocal wearers selected a display height that was lower than computer users who did not have presbyopia. As a result the eye-to-screen angle for presbyopes was significantly lower than prepresbyopes. The findings potentially affect proper design and selection of adjustable display supports. Measures of gross body posture and text size were also collected. Multifocal wearers did not choose seated postures different from prepresbyopes. Additionally, the majority of both groups viewed text at arc angles smaller than ANSI/HFES 100–2007 and ISO 9241–3 recommendations.
So Your Consumer Product Complies with the Voluntary Safety Standard - Now What?
Authors: Deppa Shelley Waters , Pollack-Nelson Carol , Allen Elaine D.
Published: January 2012

While voluntary standards can improve the safety of consumer products by setting minimum safety requirements, such standards are rarely all encompassing and should not be relied upon as the sole criteria for product safety. A product can meet the technical requirements of a voluntary standard yet still pose serious hazards. This paper explores the limitations of voluntary standards through specific examples and recommends additional actions and resources to conduct a thorough product safety evaluation.
Case Study: Wheelchair Conspicuity at Night
Authors: Nemire Kenneth
Published: January 2012

A forensic case study is presented in which an automobile collided with a wheelchair at night. Analyses determined that the combination of low visual contrast of the wheelchair and driver against the nighttime background, the poor illumination on the street, and the probable, and erroneous, expectation of the wheelchair driver that he was visible to the automobile driver and therefore could safely cross the street, caused this collision and injury. An analysis of NEISS data conservatively estimated that almost 900 collisions of motor vehicles and wheelchairs occur each year in the United States. There currently are no federal regulations to enhance conspicuity of wheelchairs as there are regulations to enhance the conspicuity of bicycles. Such regulations are needed.
Reducing Subjectivity When Attempting Auditory Scene Recreation in Accident Reconstruction
Authors: Khan Farheen S. , Sala Joseph B. , Arndt Steve R.
Published: January 2012

It is well-established that acoustic, psychoacoustic, and cognitive parameters can affect sound perception and response. Over the last several decades, there has been an increase in the amount of research on auditory stimuli and their effect on human perception and response. Objective techniques to evaluate acoustic signals have become an essential part of several industries and their application in accident reconstruction can also prove beneficial. Specifically, objective techniques that employ the appropriate technology to record and play back accurate representations of an auditory scene would allow for researchers and triers of fact to experience the auditory stimuli that could otherwise only be quantified or described through technical measurements. These efforts will significantly improve evidentiary value, analyses, and conclusions. The purpose of this paper is to present a case for the use of this technology within the accident reconstruction field in order to accurately represent a receiver's perception of a sound. This proposition is partially based on the authors' experience in using this technology to capture sound scene information in previous litigation work.
Effect of Flooring on Discomfort and Behavioral Responses to Prolonged Standing
Authors: Wiggermann Neal , Keyserling Monroe
Published: January 2012

Prolonged standing is a common requirement in the workplace and is a well-known cause of discomfort. This experiment investigated the effect of material properties of flooring surfaces on perceived discomfort during prolonged standing. Behavioral responses to prolonged standing such as fidgeting (or weight-shifting between feet) were also analyzed. Participants stood for four hours on each of four “anti-fatigue” mats and a hard surface (control condition) while discomfort ratings and in-shoe pressures on the feet were recorded. Results showed that discomfort ratings did not significantly differ among mats, but all mats were more comfortable than the hard floor during the fourth hour of standing. The frequency of fidgeting was affected by flooring surface and was correlated to discomfort. The results indicate that if differences in discomfort between these mats exist, they require a longer standing duration to be observed. The behavioral results provide a possible proxy measurement for discomfort, as well as information that can be used to direct future physiological and biomechanical research.
Methods for gathering and analyzing information seeking behaviour in electronic resource discovery systems
Authors: Stelmaszewska Hanna , Wong B.L. William , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: January 2012

This paper reports on the use of a combination of cognitive task analysis techniques – such as observations with ‘think aloud’, the Critical Decision Method (CDM) interviews and Cued Recall – to identify and understand what students and researchers do when searching for scholarly material using various electronic resource discovery systems. It describes the use of Emergent Themes Analysis to discover broad themes across all the data sets collected. This paper also presents a visual representation of the process of information seeking developed during data analysis that allowed the patterns of activities to emerge and show the relationship between different actions. Overall, it is that the use of multiple research methods can reduce the limitations of individual methods and provides complementary insights.
Human Factors Contributions toward Medication Safety
Authors: Karsh Ben-Tzion , Garrett Sandra K. , Rogers Michelle L. , Rivera-Rodriguez A. Joy , Marquard Jenna L. , Wetterneck Tosha B.
Published: January 2012

Preventable patient harm due to errors in medication ordering, transcribing, dispensing and administration is a significant problem as discussed in the Institute of Medicine's 2007 report “Preventing Medication Errors”. Additionally, the report states that there are “enormous gaps in the knowledge base with regard to medication errors” and that the current methods available to solve this problem are inadequate (IOM, 2007, p2). Consequently, human factors research can contribute to the solution for this national problem by addressing the complexity in current medication systems and by designing user-centered solutions that support the real complex cognitive work of the clinicians. Panelists in this session, who have been funded by the federal government, private industry, and fellowships, will briefly share their human factors research on medication systems and then discuss how human factors researchers and practitioners can contribute to medication safety goals.
Electronic Health Records: Physician's Perspective on Usability
Authors: Schumacher Robert M. , Berkowitz Lyle , Abramson Paul , Liebovitz David
Published: January 2012

The usability of electronic health records (EHRs) has received increased attention as it has been identified as one of the key barriers to adoption of EHRs. Every day, health care workers face many usability issues with EHRs such as workflows that do not match clinical processes, alert fatigue (both visual and audio), information overload and frustration with what is perceived as excessive clicks during routine tasks. All this contributes to frustration, and, ultimately, impacts patient care. But what does it mean to have a ‘usable’ application? Why are EHRs hard to use? This panel brings together practicing physicians trained in medical informatics to provide their unique and front-line perspective on what the real issues are with EHRs and how human factors affects usage. We will address three questions: (1) Why is usability a hard problem in EHRs? (2) From a user's view, what is the cost of poor usability? And (3) what can be done to increase adoption and usage of EHRs in the clinical setting?
Patient transport cards support formal and informal coordination in a hospital department
Authors: Xiao T. , Sanderson P. M. , Lee M.
Published: January 2012

The importance of coordination in hospitals is well recognized. A better understanding of existing work practices is needed to design and implement effective collaborative technologies. In this field study, we reveal how a cognitive artefact, a patient transport card, originally developed to support a formal patient transport process was subsequently integrated into other informal coordination practices to facilitate: (a) awareness of patient arrival, (b) identification of patient's wheelchair or bed, and (c) transport scheduling decisions. We conclude with implications for current and future research on collaborative artefacts as well as the design and implementation of collaborative technologies.
How Much is too Much? Using Magnitude Estimation for User Experience Research
Authors: Johnson Korey , Bojko Aga
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the use of magnitude estimation, a method with roots in psychophysics, as a tool for evaluating user experience. Using two healthcare-related case studies for illustration, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of applying this method, relative to more traditional ranking and rating scales. We also discuss lessons learned and provide recommendations for researchers considering the use of magnitude estimation to evaluate user experience.
Discourse and Process Analyses of Shift Change Handoffs in Emergency Departments
Authors: Wears Robert L , Perry Shawna J
Published: January 2012

The need for 24 times 7 × 365 service in emergency departments (EDs) requires physicians and other health professionals to work in temporally delimited shifts. Handoffs between on-coming and off-going workers at shift changes are used to bridge gaps in care and to prepare the on-coming party to assume the ongoing work of care safely and effectively. We audio-recorded shift change conversations at 4 North American EDs and analysed them using a conversational framework. We compare these conversations among ED workers to reports of similar handoff conversations occurring between ED physicians and hospitalist at the time of patient admission. We found receiving parties in ED shift changes to be more active in the elicitation of information, rather than being passive recipients of information. This suggests that a co-construction or distributed cognition framing of handoffs may be more useful in understanding and improving handoffs than the information transfer framing commonly assumed by medically oriented researchers, at least in this setting.