bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing of gas turbine engine bearing oil supply through an oil-catch ring
Authors:   Joint Stock Company «KUZNETSOV», Boev A. , Petrukhin A. ,   Joint Stock Company «KUZNETSOV», Mikhailov A. ,   Joint Stock Company «KUZNETSOV»
Published: January 2016

The paper describes a defect of a high-pressure rotor radial-thrust bearing resulting in its failure. Bearing failurecould be caused by insufficient liquid coolant supply. The paper presents a method of oil supply to the gas turbine engine bearing assembly through an oil-catch ring. It also introduces and describes the oil-catch ring design. The ring features the capability of providing the liquid coolant supply in spite of the centrifugal effect. The authors enumerate the disadvantages of this method of lubricant supply as well as the advantages of the proposed design application. The paper describes the virtual structure calculation and presents the input data and the obtained results. The configuration of the ring test rig is presented. The parameters to be controlled during the test are detailed. The test results and their comparison with the hydraulic design results are presented. Conclusion is made about the application of the oil-catch ring that proves the efficiency of using this method of supplying lubricant.
Pilot study of frequency characteristics of an acoustic probe for measuring pressure pulsations in the gas turbine engine inlet device
Authors:   Open Joint-Stock Company «KUZNETSOV», Ivanenko V. , Alexandrova T. ,   Open Joint-Stock Company «KUZNETSOV», Dyagileva E. ,   Open Joint-Stock Company «KUZNETSOV», Gimadiyev A. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Bystrov N. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: January 2016

Special tests are carried out to determine the effect of heterogeneity of the air flow at the engine intake to the gas-dynamic stability margin of the compressor. There are acoustic probes mounted in the engine air flow meter manifold to measure pressure pulsations for this purpose. The probes are installed around the circumference of the collector at an angle of 90° relative to its axis. There is a differential pressure sensor installation in the acoustic probe due to the smallness of the amplitudes of velocity head pulsations in the manifold. Stagnated pulsed-flow of air is directed to the main input of the sensor and its damped component to the discharge chamber. In the paper on the basis of electrodynamics’ analogies the method of calculation of acoustic RC-damper to eliminate the constant and low frequency components of the flow speed pulsations is presented. To confirm compliance of the measuring probes characteristics to the design specification requirements acoustic probes’ frequency tests are conducted. Test results show that the developed acoustic probe can measure pressure fluctuations in the gas turbine engine inlet flow meter manifold with dynamic accuracy of ± 10% in the frequency range of 2-300 Hz.
Configuración del “Principio de Confianza” Como criterio negativo de tipicidad objetiva
Authors: Pelaez Mejía José María
Published: January 2016

Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar las diversas soluciones propuestas por la doctrina para los problemas jurídicos derivados de la pregunta atinente a cuál es la estructura de aplicación del principio de confianza en el ordenamiento jurídico-penal colombiano desde la óptica de la teoría del delito, para luego poner en evidencia la línea jurisprudencial que la Sala de Casación Penal de la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha manejado al respecto, proponiendo entonces una solución desde el marco de la imputación objetiva que pueda ser plenamente satisfactoria y coherente con los engranajes constitucionales y legales que rigen para el derecho penal y procesal penal colombiano.
La relación de responsabilidad entre el estado y los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones
Authors: Becerra Ortiz Jairo Andrés
Published: January 2016

Este artículo pretende describir la relación que existe entre los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones (PST) (operadores) y el Estado en los casos donde las actuaciones de la administración a través de medios digitales comportan una responsabilidad debido al papel que desempeñan los PST, como intermediarios y garantes del servicio de comunicaciones entre la administración y los ciudadanos. Hemos tratado de establecer en el desarrollo de la investigación que se puede presentar aparte de la responsabilidad civil de los PST, una responsabilidad imputable al Estado en cuanto a su función de vigilancia, una responsabilidad derivada de la falla en la prestación del servicio, y una en cuanto a que la administración delega en los PST la salvaguarda, custodia y manejo de la información de los ciudadanos.
Convergencias y Divergencias entre los Sistemas Europeo e Interamericano de Derechos Humanos
Authors: Camarillo Govea Laura Alicia
Published: January 2016

El artículo presenta un estudio analítico sobre la relación entre los sistemas europeo e interamericano de derechos humanos, dando especial relevancia al diálogo existente entre ambos tribunales. El problema de investigación busca identificar cuáles son los puntos de conexión y divergencias entre los dos escenarios de protección de derechos humanos. La metodología es la del análisis comparativo y doctrinal respecto a sendos órganos, predominantemente desde la óptica de su estructura orgánica y funciones. Se pretende destacar que en la jurisprudencia ha habido una relación que en general, propicia la Corte Interamericana que recoge en algunos casos, las aportaciones de su homólogo el tribunal europeo y que logran insertarse en sus propias sentencias.
Gender differences in students’ ratings of university teachers in the Iranian education system
Authors: Zare-ee Abbas , Don Zuraidah Mohd , Tohidian Iman
Published: January 2016

University students' ratings of teaching and teachers' performance are used in many parts of the world for the evaluation of faculty members at colleges and universities. Even though these ratings receive mixed reviews, there is little conclusive evidence on the role of the intervening variable of teacher and student gender in these ratings. Possible influences resulting from gender-related differences in different socio-cultural contexts, especially where gender combination in student and faculty population is not proportionate, have not been adequately investigated in previous research. This study aimed to examine Iranian university students' ratings of the professional performance of male and female university teachers and to explore the differences in male and female university students' evaluation of teachers of the same or opposite gender. The study was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey with a total of 800 randomly selected students in their different years of undergraduate study (307 male and 493 female students, reflecting the proportion of male and female students in the university) from different faculties at the University of Kashan, Iran. The participants rated male and female teachers’ performance in observing university regulations, relationship with colleagues, and relationships with students. The researchers used descriptive statistics, means comparison inferential statistics and focus-group interview data to analyze and compare the students’ ratings. The results of one-sample t-test, independent samples t-test, and Chi-square analyses showed that a) overall, male university teachers received significantly higher overall ratings in all areas than female teachers; b) male students rated male teachers significantly higher than female students did; and c) female students assigned a higher overall mean rating to male teachers than to female teachers but this mean difference was not significant. These results are studied in relation to the findings in the related literature and indicate that gender can be an important intervening variable in university students' evaluation of faculty members.
REMARKS ON THE FORMULA FOR THE MOMENTS OF THE PÓLYA PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Gerstenkorn Tadeusz
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT       The probability distribution of a random variable can be characterized by some numbers called parameters of the distribution. The moments belong to the most frequently used parameters. We focus on the Pólya distribution because it is easy to obtain from it as special cases some very important in the statistics distributions, as binomial, negative binomial and Poisson (the last one in the limit procedure).            In 1972 G. Mühlbach gave very interesting formulae for the moments of the Pólya distribution. The author did not investigate  the evaluation of the numerical efficacy of the formula for the moments. We will  show that it is possible to demonstrate this formula in a simpler form, which  has a practical significance and importance.
Switch preference analysis by the drift vector method
Authors: Zaborski Artur
Published: January 2016

The matrix of  switch preference data (e.g. one’s preference for brand j, given that one has already defined his/her first choice for brand i) is not symmetric. The averaging of  appropriate off-diagonal proximity entries for such data leads to the loss of information, hence the necessity to use appropriate methods for asymmetric data. Among the chosen methods of asymmetric multidimensional scaling, particular attention was paid to the drift vectors method. This method enables to present simultaneously on the perceptual map both the configuration of points representing the analyzed objects and the vectors indicating the direction and the strength of changes in the respondents preferences.
THE ACCEPTANCE CONTROL COSTS FOR VARIABLE SAMPLING IN CASE OF DISTRIBUTION OF CHARACTERISTIC INCOMPATIBLE WITH ASSUMPTIONS
Authors: Chmielińska Magdalena
Published: January 2016

The acceptance sampling is the settlement procedure based on a sample randomly selected from a larger batch of quality in the controlled batch. The inspection can be run in case of variable assessment and attribute assessment. Variable sampling assumes that the parameter of quality characteristic follows the normal distribution. In paper will be presented the procedure of determining the acceptance constant k of acceptance sampling by set sample size and risk of the producer, in the case of distribution of a controlled characteristics significantly different from the normal distribution. In the article the proposed method with the classical method in terms of the generated costs, is compared. It was assumed that in the case of distributions significantly different from normal distribution, the proposed method proves to be cheaper in the application.
ANALYSIS OF THE TIME EVOLUTION OF NON-LINEAR FINANCIAL NETWORKS
Authors: Fiedor Paweł
Published: January 2016

We treat financial markets as complex networks. It is commonplace to create a filtered graph (usually a Minimally Spanning Tree) based on an empirical correlation matrix. In our previous studies we have extended this standard methodology by exchanging Pearson’s correlation coefficient with information—theoretic measures of mutual information and mutual information rate, which allow for the inclusion of non-linear relationships. In this study we investigate the time evolution of financial networks, by applying a running window approach. Since information—theoretic measures are slow to converge, we base our analysis on the Hirschfeld-Gebelein-Rényi Maximum Correlation Coefficient, estimated by the Randomized Dependence Coefficient (RDC). It is defined in terms of canonical correlation analysis of random non-linear copula projections. On this basis we create Minimally Spanning Trees for each window moving along the studied time series, and analyse the time evolution of various network characteristics, and their market significance. We apply this procedure to a dataset describing logarithmic stock returns from Warsaw Stock Exchange for the years between 2006 and 2013, and comment on the findings, their applicability and significance.
MAQÂSHID SYARÎ’AH DALAM FATWA DEWAN HISBAH PERSIS
Authors: Huda Alamul
Published: January 2016

This article discuss about Hisbah Council (Dewan Hisbah) as an institution of The Organisation of Islamic Unity  (PERSIS) which has the authority to product fatwa. This research is aimed to elaborate  the concept of  maqâshid syarî’ah used by Hisbah Council in issuing fatwa.  To issue fatwa, they use the methodology (manhaj) and system (thurûq) that has the character and ideology to implements the concept of  back to the al Qur’an and al Sunnah. It means that the fuqaha who engaged in Hisbah Council makes and put of school (madhab)  position "only" as a comparison of legal opinion in all istinbâth process. By his approach they hope  the development of Islamic law (fiqh/ fatwa) can  answer any muslim problems of any where and every time  (sholihun likulli makan wa zaman).
STRUCTURE AND UNDERLYING VALUE OF PREFERABLE GENDER CHARACTERISTICS AMONG THE STUDENTS OF BELGRADE UNIVERSITY
Authors: Džamonja-Ignjatović Tamara , Milanović Marko D. , Duhaček Gordana Daša
Published: January 2016

The aim of the study was to analyse preferable gender characteristics based on underlying gender stereotypes among the students from the University of Belgrade. The specific objective was to explore the prescribed value and the structure of those stereotypes. The participants were 261 students (69.7% female) from the University of Belgrade, 55.2% from Departments of social sciences and humanities and 44.8% from Departments of technical sciences, from the first to the fourth year of undergraduate studies.In the first phase of the study, we have used the list of eight pairs of desirable male and female prototypical attributes, and in the second phase, we have used the semantic differential scale for evaluative assessment of those attributes. The results have indicated that typical gender stereotypes are still predominant even in the academic environment. Stereotypes are more pronounced in the male sample than in the female one, i.e. women perceive the sexes as more similar to each other than men do. Both men and women evaluated the desirable “male” characteristics more positively than “female” ones, but men valued “female” characteristics significantly lower than women. We identified four groups of students with different structures of stereotypes. The predominant groups of stereotyping expressed masculinisation of both genders, or clear polarisation based on patriarchal tradition. If we consider students as the important strength for development of gender equality, more efforts should be made for understanding influence and planning policies, and programs targeting gender equality on faculties.
Strained Compromises? Danish Flexicurity During Crisis
Authors: Ibsen Christian Lyhne
Published: January 2016

The Danish concept of flexicurity in a `Golden Triangle´ of low job protection, high income security and high employment security is not only about a balance between labor market flexibility and social security. Arguably, it is also a series of more or less stable underlying compromises between social partners about the main mechanisms and aims of labor market regulation which - supposedly - should be focused on employment rather than jobs, and competition on quality rather than on labor costs. However, the `Golden Triangle´ - this article argues - seems in need of complementary concepts. The article therefore introduces, `centralized decentralization´ - a concept that directs our attention to forms of flexibility and security primarily for people in work. Most studies on Danish flexicurity have been carried out under favorable economic conditions. In light of the economic slump hitting Denmark in 2008, this article investigates if and how the recession challenged these compromises by comparing two rounds of case-based interviews in three metalworking companies in 2007 and 2009. It is shown that practice has indeed changed - albeit modestly - due to worsened economic circumstances. For example the case studies show that the hypothesized preference for external numerical flexibility is perhaps too crude as employers use different ways to restructure employment. Especially the examples of de facto concessionary bargaining to save jobs are important here - although the extent of concessions is modest. The evidence thus suggests that the `Golden Triangle´ flexicurity compromises are indeed strained by the economic cycle and that responses to impetus for restructuring are far more nuanced than sometimes portrayed. It is argues that more company studies across national labor markets and industrial relations institutions will enhance our understanding of the dynamics during times of restructuring.
Normal Deviants and Erving Goffman: Extending the Literature on Organizational Stigma
Authors: Jensen Tommy , Sandström Johan
Published: January 2016

The paper highlights two problematic tendencies in the burgeoning literature on organizational stigma. The first tendency is conceptual, where stigma is treated at the organizational level, thereby neglecting social encounters at the micro-level. As a way of remedying this, we enroll the seminal writings of Erving Goffman to situate organizational stigma in the interaction order. The second tendency is empirical, where the inclusion of actors performing stigma management is limited to managerial and organizational actors, thus neglecting many of those faced with managing organizational stigma. We report from an explorative study of ordinary wage laborers in the Swedish arms and pornography industries situated toward the bottom of their organizations and referred to as ‘normal deviants’. The paper shows how and why the organizational stigma literature could be more sensitive and inclusive toward whom, how, when, and where organizational stigma is managed.
Bilateral Hemiarthroplasty in a Patient with Below-Knee and Above-Knee Amputations
Authors: Arango Dillon , Tiedeken Nathan C. , Gershkovich Grigory , Shaffer Gene
Published: January 2016

Case:

This case involved a sixty-two-year-old male patient with bilateral femoral neck fractures that occurred six months apart in the setting of bilateral lower-extremity amputation. Hemiarthroplasty was performed at each presentation, with the use of a standard femoral stem on the right side and a short stem on the left. At the time of follow-up, the patient had returned to his preoperative ambulatory status.

Conclusion:

This case report illustrates successful bilateral hemiarthroplasty in a patient who had previously undergone bilateral lower-extremity amputation, with use of an implant with a short stem for the limb with above-knee amputation.
Strategies of the treatment of spontaneous esophageal rupture: Report of thirteen cases from Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
Authors: Yonghui Di
Published: January 2016

Aims and Objectives: To explore the treatment of spontaneous esophageal rupture.Materials and Methods: The treatments of thirteen patients hospitalized with spontaneousesophageal rupture were analyzed retrospectively. Initially three cases of hospitalized patients were given operative treatments. During the surgery, food residue and necrotic tissue were removed, and repair of esophageal rupture and jejunostomy were implemented. One closed chest drainage tube was placed at the end of the surgery. All the patients were given nutritional support through vein and nutrient canal placed into the jejunum. The remaining ten cases were given conservative treatments. Early treatments included closed chest drainage, and irrigation with normal saline by the patients’ swallowing. At the same time were given intravenous nutrition. When the patients’ conditions were improved, three cases were given nutrition through nasogastric tube at the same time. The remaining seven cases were given jejunostomy and were given nutritional support through vein and nutrient canal placed into the jejunum.Results: In the fi rst 3 patients, who were given emergency operative treatments, two cases died, only single case (33%) recovered. In the other ten cases, one case gave up treatment and discharged from hospital (died of infection with multiple organ failure after discharge). One case had encapsulated pyothorax with atelectasis after chest drainage, and the healing of esophagus rupture were infl uenced, so at the 25th day after esophageal rupture, pyothorax removal and repair of esophageal rupture were implemented, and the patient was recovered well after surgery. The rest eight cases were recovered well after closed chest drainage treatment (80%) without surgery.Conclusion: For the treatment of spontaneous esophageal rupture, we think that it should be given priority to conservative treatment. With adequate drainage and irrigation, and keeping balance of nutritional condition and water-electrolyte, a good therapeutic effect can usually be achieved.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 7(3) 2016 89-93
Multiclass Stochastic User Equilibrium Model with Elastic Demand
Authors: Sun Chao , Cheng Lin , Zhu Senlai , Chu Zhaoming
Published: January 2016

This paper proposes a multiclass, multidelay stochastic user equilibrium model with elastic demand (MC-MDSUE-ED) that explicitly considers both systematic delay and accidental delay in the route choice decision process. This new model hypothesizes that for each user class and each origin–destination (O-D) pair, no traveler can reduce his or her “multi-delay travel time,” defined as the systematic delay plus accidental delay, by unilaterally changing paths. The actual travel demand for each user class between each O-D pair satisfies its elastic demand function. Travel time budget and robust optimization theory are used to compute the systematic delay and accidental delay, respectively. The MC-MDSUE-ED conditions compose a cobweb model. A self-adaptive bisection algorithm that converts the problem with elastic demand to a series of problems with fixed demand was developed for solving the cobweb model. A path-based quasi method of successive averages was used to solve the MC-MDSUE model with fixed demand. Numerical examples illustrate the essential ideas of the proposed model and the applicability of the proposed solution algorithm.
Data Mining and Pattern Matching for Dynamic Origin–Destination Demand Estimation
Authors: Chen Ying , Mahmassani Hani S. , Hong Zihan
Published: January 2016

Historical traffic data are widely used in the estimation of origin– destination (O-D) demand patterns in simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment models, in the prediction of traffic states, and as a basis for defining traffic management scenarios. This study investigated the determination of historical traffic patterns by applying a classical clustering algorithm to a very large data set of sensor observations over an extended period and identified appropriate patterns for use in the application of traffic estimation and prediction systems. Systematic identification of similarity and dissimilarity of traffic flow data can lead to a systematic process for defining critical demand scenarios for traffic state prediction. The objective was to explore the impact of various demand scenarios on real-time traffic estimation and prediction. A detailed procedure for clustering traffic flow data that is based on the K-means clustering algorithm is presented. The procedure was applied to a subnetwork in Salt Lake City, Utah. An O-D estimation procedure was applied to each cluster separately; this procedure repeatedly solved a bilevel optimization problem in which the goal was to minimize the deviation from observations and historical demand. For the evaluation of the effect of selecting a best-matching initial matrix on traffic pattern estimation and prediction quality, a comparative application of initial matrix choices was conducted with an online traffic estimation and prediction system. The results indicate that the clustering process results in better starting matrices matched to the day's unfolding traffic and weather conditions.
Link-Based Stochastic Loading Methods for Weibit Route Choice Model
Authors: Sharifi Mohammad Sadra , Chen Anthony , Kitthamkesorn Songyot , Song Ziqi
Published: January 2016

The multinomial logit route choice model is known to have some drawbacks in traffic loading because of the independently and identically distributed assumption with the Gumbel distributed random error term. This assumption results in the model's inability to handle the route overlapping and heterogeneous perception variance problems. This study proposed a new traffic loading technique for handling both route overlapping and heterogeneous perception variance problems. Specifically, a modified Dial's STOCH algorithm and a link-based commonality factor were combined with the weibit route choice model to create the link-based C-weibit stochastic loading method. Numerical examples show the features of this stochastic loading method. The Chicago, Illinois, sketch network was used to demonstrate the applicability of the C-weibit stochastic loading method in a real transportation network.
Synthesis of Mannich base derivatives of berberine and evaluation of their anticancer and antioxidant effects
Authors: Mistry Bhupendra , Patel Rahul V. , Keum Young Soo , Noorzai Rafi , Gansukh Enkhtaivan , Kim Doo Hwan
Published: January 2016

The 9-demethylated derivative of the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine was derivatised in its isoquinoline moiety using enamines derived from formaldehyde and morpholine, piperidine, carbazole and six variously substituted piperazines to form Mannich base products which were evaluated for their in vitro biological effects. Standard tests determined their radical scavenging potential and their ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Cancerous growth inhibitory efficacies were assessed using cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and CaSki and their cytotoxicities towards normal cell lines were evaluated using Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines. Piperazine derivatives bearing a heterocyclic nitrogen substituent such as a pyridyl or a pyrimidyl ring were the most active antioxidant and anticancer agents. A carbazole moiety attached to the berberine core also demonstrated excellent inhibitory effects on cancerous cells.
Cancer statistics for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, 2016: Converging incidence in males and females
Authors: Torre Lindsey A. , Sauer Ann M. Goding , Chen Moon S. , Kagawa‐Singer Marjorie , Jemal Ahmedin , Siegel Rebecca L.
Published: January 2016

Cancer is the leading cause of death among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs). In this report, the American Cancer Society presents AANHPI cancer incidence data from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Among AANHPIs in 2016, there will be an estimated 57,740 new cancer cases and 16,910 cancer deaths. While AANHPIs have 30% to 40% lower incidence and mortality rates than non‐Hispanic whites for all cancers combined, risk of stomach and liver cancers is double. The male‐to‐female incidence rate ratio among AANHPIs declined from 1.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.36‐1.49) in 1992 to 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.01‐1.07) in 2012 because of declining prostate and lung cancer rates in males and increasing breast cancer rates in females. The diversity within the AANHPI population is reflected in the disparate cancer risk by subgroup. For example, the overall incidence rate in Samoan men (526.5 per 100,000) is more than twice that in Asian Indian/Pakistani men (216.8). Variations in cancer rates in AANHPIs are related to differences in behavioral risk factors, use of screening and preventive services, and exposure to cancer‐causing infections. Cancer‐control strategies include improved use of vaccination and screening; interventions to increase physical activity and reduce excess body weight, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption; and subgroup‐level research on burden and risk factors. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:182‐202. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A Brief Sketch on the Origin and Development of Pragmatics
Authors: Arif Hakim
Published: January 2016

Abstract not availablePhilosophy and Progress, Vol#53-54; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2013
Right to Information: The Roles and Contributions of Information Professionals of Bangladesh
Authors: Hoq Kazi Mostak Gausul
Published: January 2016

With increasing recognition of information as a critical ingredient of development, the issue of right to information is gaining prominence quickly. Although Bangladesh parliament passed the Right to Information Act in 2009, larger cross-sections of people still suffer from an acute paucity of information because of lack of awareness and weak information infrastructure of the country. Globally, library and information professionals are making substantial contributions in the right to information campaign, but in Bangladesh, their role in this regard is quite negligible. The paper highlights the roles and possible contributions of library and information professionals of Bangladesh in ensuring right to information for common people. It underscores the dilemmas faced by the information professionals in this regard and indicates ways for information professionals to play a more dominant role in the campaign for right to information.Philosophy and Progress, Vol#53-54; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2013
Hot Spots and Persistence of Nitrate in Aquifers Across Scales
Authors: Dwivedi Dipankar , Mohanty Binayak
Published: January 2016

Nitrate-N (NO3 -- N) is one of the most pervasive contaminants in groundwater. Nitrate in groundwater exhibits long-term behavior due to complex interactions at multiple scales among various geophysical factors, such as sources of nitrate-N, characteristics of the vadose zone and aquifer attributes. To minimize contamination of nitrate-N in groundwater, it is important to estimate hot spots (>10 mg/L of NO3 -- N), trends and persistence of nitrate-N in groundwater. To analyze the trends and persistence of nitrate-N in groundwater at multiple spatio-temporal scales, we developed and used an entropy-based method along with the Hurst exponent in two different hydrogeologic settings: the Trinity and Ogallala Aquifers in Texas at fine (2 km × 2 km), intermediate (10 km × 10 km) and coarse (100 km × 100 km) scales. Results show that nitrate-N exhibits long-term persistence at the intermediate and coarse scales. In the Trinity Aquifer, overall mean nitrate-N has declined with a slight increase in normalized marginal entropy (NME) over each decade from 1940 to 2008; however, the number of hot spots has increased over time. In the Ogallala Aquifer, overall mean nitrate-N has increased with slight moderation in NME since 1940; however, the number of hot spots has significantly decreased for the same period at all scales.
Enhancing LVRT of DFIG by Using a Superconducting Current Limiter on Rotor Circuit
Authors: Oliveira Flávio , Amorim Arthur , Encarnação Lucas , Fardin Jussara , Orlando Marcos , Silva Selênio , Simonetti Domingos
Published: January 2016

This paper have studied the dynamic of a 2.0 MW Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) during a severe voltage sag. Using the dynamic model of a DFIG, it was possible to determine the current, Electromagnetic Force and flux behavior during three-phase symmetrical voltage dip. Among the technologies of wind turbines the DFIG is widely employed; however, this machine is extremely susceptible to disturbances from the grid. In order to improve DFIG Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT), it is proposed a novel solution, using Superconducting Current Limiter (SCL) in two arrangements: one, the SCL is placed between the machine rotor and the rotor side converter (RSC), and another placed in the RSC DC-link. The proposal is validated through simulation using PSCAD™/EMTDC™ and according to requirements of specific regulations. The analysis ensure that both SCL arrangements behave likewise, and are effective in decrement the rotor currents during the disturbance.
Effect of Rare Earth Metals on the Microstructure of Al-Si Based Alloys
Authors: Alkahtani Saleh , Elgallad Emad , Tash Mahmoud , Samuel Agnes , Samuel Fawzy
Published: January 2016

The present study was performed on A356 alloy [Al-7 wt %Si 0.0.35 wt %Mg]. To that La and Ce were added individually or combined up to 1.5 wt % each. The results show that these rare earth elements affect only the alloy melting temperature with no marked change in the temperature of Al-Si eutectic precipitation. Additionally, rare earth metals have no modification effect up to 1.5 wt %. In addition, La and Ce tend to react with Sr leading to modification degradation. In order to achieve noticeable modification of eutectic Si particles, the concentration of rare earth metals should exceed 1.5 wt %, which simultaneously results in the precipitation of a fairly large volume fraction of insoluble intermetallics. The precipitation of these complex intermetallics is expected to have a negative effect on the alloy performance.
Five New Cytotoxic Metabolites from the Marine Fungus Neosartorya pseudofischeri
Authors: Lan Wen-Jian , Fu Sheng-Jiao , Xu Meng-Yang , Liang Wan-Ling , Lam Chi-Keung , Zhong Guo-Hua , Xu Jun , Yang De-Po , Li Hou-Jin
Published: January 2016

The marine fungus Neosartorya pseudofischeri was isolated from Acanthaster planci from the South China Sea. In a preliminary bioactivity screening, the crude methanol extract of the fungal mycelia showed significant inhibitory activity against the Sf9 cell line from the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Five novel compounds, including 5-olefin phenylpyropene A (1), 13-dehydroxylpyripyropene A (4), deacetylsesquiterpene (7), 5-formyl-6-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-2- naphthoic acid (9) and 6,8-dihydroxy-3-((1E,3E)-penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)isochroman-1-one (10), together with eleven known compounds, phenylpyropene A (2) and C (3), pyripyropene A (5), 7-deacetylpyripyropene A (6), (1S,2R,4aR,5R,8R,8aR)-1,8a-dihydroxy-2-acetoxy-3,8-dimethyl-5- (prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,4a, 5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene (8), isochaetominine C (11), trichodermamide A (12), indolyl-3-acetic acid methyl ester (13), 1-acetyl-β-carboline (14), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-hydroxyl-2-methyl-l,3,4-trioxopyrazino[l,2-a]-indole (15) and fumiquinazoline F (16), were obtained. The structures of these compounds were determined mainly by MS and NMR data. The absolute configuration of 9 was assigned by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compounds 1–11 and 15 showed significant cytotoxicity against the Sf9 cells from S. frugiperda.
Agglomérations et conurbations dans le Midi Aquitain et Languedocien
Authors: Coppolani Jean
Published: January 2016

Dans le Midi de la France, les communes urbaines sont en général beaucoup plus étendues que dans le Nord et l'Est. On y trouve pourtant quelques types d'agglomérations qui débordent les limites communales : la tête de pont, réunion en une agglomération de deux communes séparées par une rivière : Agen-Le Passage ; la ville multicommunale, extension d'une ville sur les communes limitrophes (Bordeaux), ou soudure de plusieurs agglomérations autour d'une industrie (Pierrefitte) ; la banlieue : industrielle (Tarbes), de services publics (Montpellier), d'habitation, complexe (Bordeaux et Toulouse) ; une seule conurbation enfin : Bayonne-Biarritz-Le Boucau-Anglet, association d'une ville-centre, d'un port, d'une agglomération industrielle et d'une plage de luxe.
Matériaux de géomorphologie périglaciaire dans l'Espagne du Nord
Authors: Hamelin Louis Edmond
Published: January 2016

Recensement, à l'occasion du IVe Congrès de l'INQUA, des formes de relief périglaciaire connues à cette date en Espagne du Nord. Le périglaciaire de montagne, actif, s'oppose aux phénomènes cryonivaux quaternaires des bassins et des bas plateaux. L'A. croit pouvoir distinguer trois périodes froides.
La motorisation des campagnes dans le département du Lot-et-Garonne
Authors: Lepagnot Lucette
Published: January 2016

La motorisation agricole du Lot-et-Garonne, assez lente de 1945 à 1954, fut très rapide ensuite, plaçant ce département — et plus particulièrement le Nord-Est, les coteaux du Sud-Est et les grandes vallées — parmi les mieux équipés de France, surtout en tracteurs de moyenne puissance. La motorisation permet d'améliorer les conditions de travail, de suppléer au manque de main-d'œuvre ; elle favorise l'essor des cultures traditionnelles et l'apparition de certaines formes d'élevage. Mais, souvent acquis par de petits exploitants individuels, les tracteurs grèvent lourdement les frais de gestion, sans que s'affirme encore suffisamment le mouvement coopératif qui en rendrait l'emploi rationnel.
La place du cabotage national dans le trafic du port de Bordeaux
Authors: Delacroix Pierre
Published: January 2016

L'expédition des hydrocarbures raffinés vers les dépôts côtiers du Sud-Ouest et les régions industrielles de la Manche constitue le principal du cabotage national de Bordeaux. Cette situation est due à l'existence de fuels industriels excédants les besoins d'un arrière-pays modérément industrialisé. Ces besoins croissent, mais le développement récent du complexe de raffinage de la Gironde maintiendra probablement des excédents exportables. Le cabotage de marchandises diverses, très réduit aujourd'hui par la concurrence des autres moyens de transport, peut reprendre vie si le système des conteneurs et unités de charge est généralisé, et la flotte de cabotage modernisée.
La «science du paysage», une «science diagonale»
Authors: Bertrand Georges
Published: January 2016

Whereas it is being spoilt, landscape has not yet grown to be a scientific reality. Physical geography and ecology still are two parallel unequally traced ways which do not lead to a global view of natural environment. Many problems which belong to an integrate definition of the landscape-object remain unsolved. The « science of landscape » is defined as a « diagonal-science » cross-checking the various branches that study natural environment.
Géographie physique, écologie et géographie zonale
Authors: Viers Georges
Published: January 2016

Zonal geography remains a slave of geomorphology's ideas and needs. When it does not start from any peculiar point of view, the integrate study of environments has to solve many problems of scale and the problem of its own finality. As far as geographical space is concerned, ecological researches devoted to the measurement of zonal productivity should not be flatly imitated by geographers who must take into account the part played by human societies.
Écosystème et paysage
Authors: Delpoux Marcel
Published: January 2016

« Ecosystem » and « landscape » are terms that correspond to the same realities, but do not possess same characteristics as their broad meanings do. « Landscape », a geographer's vocable, constitutes one of the concrets levels of the study of our environment. A portion of space corresponds to a sum of landscapes, each one of them being reduced to a sum of « homogeneous » elementary units. The notion of ecosystem, specified by ecologists, refers to the functional aspects of the complex entities within which phenomena energetically founded on the use of the solar energy collected by green-plants, carry away in more or less varied cycles the biotic and abiotic components of landscapes. Thus, each one of them is the seat of dynamic processes often perturbed by man, who, consciously or unconsciously, deviates the energizing and material flows to his own advantage.
Le dépeuplement de la partie forestière du département des Landes
Authors: Cailluyer Jean
Published: January 2016

Si l'on met à part les communes côtières du Marensin et de la Maremne où les stations balnéaires sont en plein essor, la partie forestière du département des Landes se dépeuple. L'attraction de Bordeaux, la médiocrité des conditions de vie, le déclin de la vie pastorale lié à l'extension de la forêt de pins, la lente décadence de l'agriculture traditionnelle, plus récemment l'abandon du gemmage sont — avec les conséquences démographiques désastreuses de la guerre de 1914-1918 — les principales raisons de l'exode rural. Celui-ci est surtout sensible dans la Grande Lande qui se vide de ses habitants. Quelques industries cependant — avant tout les papeteries — donnent la vie à quelques bourgades de la forêt, tandis que dans le sud de la région forestière d'heureuses expériences de reconversion agricole maintiennent au pays une population rurale.
Parentis-en-Born et son pétrole
Authors: Di Méo Guy , Houtmann Jean-Claude
Published: January 2016

Les années 1980 marqueront le terme de l'exploitation pétrolière pour l'ensemble du bassin landais. Discrète dans les paysages, la présence d'Esso-Rep n'a jamais réellement influencé la situation locale de l'emploi ; seuls, ses effets économiques induits ont eu depuis vingt ans une certaine portée. Les finances communales, le commerce, l'artisanat et les transports pâtiront forcément de la disparition de quelques millions de francs injectés chaque année dans le revenu général. Mais, en ouvrant le milieu landais sur le monde extérieur, les pétroliers ont favorisé des activités touristiques qui pourraient prendre le relais de leur rôle économique.
L'urbanisation du sud de la côte landaise
Authors: Laborde Pierre
Published: January 2016

Urban growth in the southern coastal district of the Landes. Less than a century ago, Tarnos, Ondres, Labenne, Capbreton, Hossegor and Seignosse were no more than small country villages. The first three have now become suburbs of Bayonne whereas the others have developed into seaside resorts. Those radical changes gathered momentum in 1954 and have resulted in the urban development of thousands of acres of land. Yet these have not been built-up homogeneously : although suburban developments can still be clearly differentiated from those induced by tourism, both are now tending to merge.
Les problèmes de développement de Montauban
Authors: Idrac Michel
Published: January 2016

Problems of urban development in Montauban (Tarn-et- Garonne). Montauban is the example of a town with a predominating administrative function, in a rural department whose economic future is uncertain. The poor dynamism of the labour market, the increasing integration of Montauban to the whole country by the migratory currents, curb the urban growth ; the cause of the recent development of the job market lies in the progression of urban activities and services, linked to the generalisation of national consumption systems. But signs of saturation are appearing. For lack of new impulses, will Montauban be nothing but a district of Toulouse suburbs ?
Les orientations d'une petite capitale régionale : Rodez
Authors: Lugan J.-C. , Poinard Michel
Published: January 2016

Avec un taux annuel moyen de 3,7%, Rodez a connu de 1962 à 1968 la plus forte croissance démographique de Midi-Pyrénées. Le renforcement du rôle agricole et para-agricole de la ville, qui contrôle de plus en plus étroitement la production régionale, est un facteur-clé de l'évolution, car le secteur secondaire reste médiocre, dominé par un artisanat en cours de rénovation et des entreprises de bâtiment de petite taille. Mais les fonctions tertiaires de la ville, suscitées d'abord par un processus de « rattrapage » de l'équipement, relancées actuellement par la stimulation d'une consommation en progrès et renforcées par l'isolement géographique de Rodez, expliquent pour l'essentiel la croissance. La politique municipale vise à accentuer le caractère de ville relais en luttant contre l'enclavement en renforçant l'attraction du centre.
Nature de la croissance économique de Cahors
Authors: Tulet J.-C.
Published: January 2016

Son rôle de préfecture a permis à Cahors de subsister et même, récemment, de progresser, dans une région rurale en déclin. Les fonctions d'enseignement tiennent dans l'économie et la société urbaine une place particulièrement importante, mais préparent plutôt la jeunesse à l'émigration qu'elles ne favorisent le développement local. Fait nouveau, des établissements industriels modernes, d'origine extérieure, commencent à compenser la décadence de l'industrie traditionnelle. Est-ce le début de la disparition du petit capitalisme local et de son corollaire, le système des notables ?
La zone d'influence d'Agen
Authors: Labroille Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2016

Agen domine, le long d'un axe majeur de circulation, un espace attiré à la fois par Bordeaux et Toulouse ; mais son rôle régional mangue de vigueur, du fait de l'absence d'un véritable pôle d'activités urbaines. La localisation de la clientèle des commerces modernes de grande surface et des commerces de niveau supérieur, l'extension de la diffusion des services, le périmètre des circuits de collecte des produits agricoles, l'orientation des migrations de travail et des réseaux de transport permettent cependant de délimiter une « zone d'influence » groupant environ un demi-million d'habitants.
Les villes de Midi-Pyrénées en 1975
Authors: Coppolani Jean
Published: January 2016

The 1975 census and the towns in Midi-Pyrénées. The 1975 census reveals a considerable shift in Midi-Pyrénées ; for the first time since 1921 there are many evidences of a decrease in urban growth. One town out of three in Midi-Pyrénées hast lost some habitants since 1968 ; one of out of four has more that in 1968. The author reviews a large number of individual cases.
L'érosion actuelle dans les Albères (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Authors: Gilabert Chr. , Regagnon J.-P.
Published: January 2016

The present erosion in the eastern Albères. — In the Mediterranean eastern part of the Pyrénées, the anthropic degradation of soils and vegetation supports a restarting of erosion, which is active mainly during the strong autumn rains : superficial erosion, gullying, landslips, soil slumping, catastrophic floods. Nevertheless recent reforestation plans have achieved results which seem fully promising.
L'évolution de la population de l'Aquitaine
Authors: Pailhé Joël
Published: January 2016

Le recensement de 1975 fait apparaître une croissance ralentie de la population, à l'image de la situation française. L'Aquitaine reste cependant une région d'immigration. Le déclin des cantons ruraux a été moins important que prévu, tandis que la plupart des villes connaissent un net fléchissement dans leur croissance. A l'intérieur des agglomérations, la redistribution de la population du centre vers la périphérie s'accélère, même dans des villes moyennes comme Agen ou Dax. Les types d'évolution démographique, déterminés en combinant le mouvement naturel, le solde migratoire et l'évolution globale, connaissent depuis 1954 de profondes transformations, accentuant les distorsions même si les contrastes ont perdu de leur intensité.
L'opération de rénovation urbaine du quartier Saint-Georges à Toulouse
Authors: Arnauné-Clamens Anne-Marie
Published: January 2016

La rénovation du vieux quartier central de Saint-Georges, à l'écart des principaux axes commerciaux actifs de Toulouse, a commencé il y a 20 ans. A un tissu vieilli, peuplé de catégories sociales modestes, on a peu à peu substitué un ensemble d'immeubles de luxe que leur prix réserve à des classes sociales aisées. Les contradictions de l'urbanisme toulousain et la rente foncière expliquent la lenteur de l'opération : comment le nouveau quartier et ses équipements commerciaux vont-ils s'insérer dans les activités du centre ville ?
Les processus d'urbanisation touristique sur la Costa Brava
Authors: Cals Joan , Esteban Juli , Teixidor Carles
Published: January 2016

El desenvolupament del turisme a la Costa Brava i el fenômen d'urbanització que suposA. — Descoberta pel turisma els anys 1930, la Costa Brava no ha estât explotada sistemàticament fins l'any 1955 sigui per satisfer el turisme internacional (clients individuals o grans masses manipulades per les empresses comerciáis) sigui per a crear residencies secundàries cercades per la burgesia barcelonina. En esdevenir el sol una riqueza especulativa l'economia regional ha quedat dominada pel mercat turistic. Pero aqueste transformado que no esta planificada a escala regional ha dut a malgastar recursos : els autors ho demqstren precisament en relació amb els plans parcials de vivendes en estudi que podrien aplegar mes de 500 000 habitants, mes que la població de la provincia de Girona. L'anàlisis s'esten a una escala superior per recordar que les vivendes turístiques suposen un ordre urbà sensa implicar la créació de ciutats.