bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A spraying Apparatus and testing Chamber for investigating the residual Action of insecticidal Deposits
Authors: Webb J. E.
Published: July 2009

The construction of a spraying tower for obtaining even deposits of insecticide of known weight is given, and the method of adjustment of this apparatus and procedure adopted during spraying are described.

To determine the weight of deposit obtained with different liquids under various conditions of spraying, a colorimetric method of estimation was adopted. Deposits of dye solution were collected on test-papers disposed at different positions on the area sprayed, the dye dissolved in 50 cc. of solvent and the concentration of dye in this solution measured by means of the Spekker Photo-electric Absorptiometer. By this method estimations of the weight of dye deposited on each test-paper were made to 0·01 mg. with great rapidity. The solutions of dye used in these experiments were 1 per cent. wt./vol. solution of “Oil Golden Yellow 13777” in petroleum distillate and a 1 per cent. wt./vol. aqueous solution of “Orange 60506”.

Series of tests were carried out with both the petroleum distillate and the aqueous dye solutions to determine the replication and distribution of deposits obtained with the spraying tower. It was found that the Standard Deviation of the mean weight of deposit per test-paper for the two spray liquids, both from one test to another and between different positions on the area sprayed in any one test, fell between ±0·8 per cent. and ±3·0 per cent. of the mean under the most favourable conditions for spraying.
Preliminary Notes on the Loss of DDT and Gammexane by Absorption
Authors: Barlow F. , Hadaway A. B.
Published: July 2009

During the course of investigations into the use of the insecticides DDT and Gammexane, it has become increasingly clear that there is considerable loss through absorption into the treated surface. This loss of contact-available insecticide is most marked when simple oil solutions are used. Dosages of 100 to 200 mgms. per sq. ft., which on a non-absorbent surface (e.g. glass) are 100 per cent, toxic to flies exposed for very short periods, show little toxicity when applied to absorbent surfaces (e.g. mud).
A Synopsis of the Genus Tribolium Macleay, with some Remarks on the Evolution of its Species-groups (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Hinton H. E.
Published: July 2009

Several species of Tribolium are important primary and secondary pests of various kinds of cereal products and for this reason have long attracted the attention of entomologists. Some of the species are easily cultured in the laboratory and have therefore become favoured animals for experiments not particularly concerned with their rôle as pests. As a result of the two avenues of approach, a very impressive amount of information has now been accumulated concerning the habits and physiology of a few of the species.
Studies on the Behaviour of Adult Australasian Anophelines
Authors: Roberts F. H. S. , O'Sullivan P. J.
Published: July 2009

Observations are recorded on the habits and behaviour of wild adultA. amictus hilliandA. punctulatus farautiat Cairns, North Queensland, and of the two subspecies and intermediate forms ofA. punctulatusin New Guinea.

The most important points determined, which bear on the control of adults ofA. punctulatus, are:—

(1) Females disperse from the breeding area shortly after emergence. During the day, they are rarely found indoors in any numbers, but hide away in moist, sheltered places in the bush in the vicinity of the source of the blood-meal. Fertilisation of the female takes place here, and these diurnal resting places are vacated only for the purposes of feeding and oviposition.

(2) Both before and after feeding, females rest on the walls, etc., of huts and houses, which they readily enter. There is some evidence that the normal flight is dose to the ground, and only comparatively small numbers enter houses built several feet off the ground.

(3) Activity does not usually commence until just after dark, and the peak of abundance occurs in the early hours of the morning.

(4) Females may disperse at least one mile from their breeding grounds in search of a blood-meal.

(5) In New Guinea there is a distinct preference for the native.

(6) WhilstA. pundulatus farautidoes not show any marked preference for man, animal or bird,A. pundulatus pundulatushas very definite androphilous tendencies.

The habits ofA. amictus hilliare broadly similar to those ofA. pundulatus farauti, but differ in important details. It does not rest indoors during the day, but its favoured outdoor habitat awaits determination. Only a few females were found at Cairns in the bush diurnal resting places used byA. pundulatus farauti, whilst the large numbers observed on the breeding area were there for the purposes of oviposition. Fertilisation takes place in the breeding area, where the males remain. There also appears to be a different nocturnal periodicity from that observed forA. pundulatus farauti.

An attempt was made to determine the ages of the females captured at night and during the day by means of the criteria of ovary development, wing condition, presence of blood and of spermatozoa. The interpretation of these criteria was assisted by observations on bredA. pundulatus pundulatus.
Toxicity of Limewash containing DDT or “Gammexane” to Mosquitos (Aëdes aegypti, L.)
Authors: Hadjinikolau J. , Busvine J. R.
Published: July 2009

Limewashes containing DDT or “Gammexane” were tested for insecticidal action on mosquitos (Aëdes aegypti) by confining the latter in cages with treated walls and ceilings. Only about 60 per cent, of the total internal surface of the cages were treated but the mosquitos were averse to settling on the floor, window, etc., which constituted a large part (28 per cent.) of the untreated area.

Limewashes containing 160 mg. DDT per square foot gave a high kill of mosquitos after two hours' exposure in the cage; and 8 mg. per square foot of the active principle of “Gammexane” gave a high kill with a one hour exposure.

Both treatments remained effective for 6–8 weeks under temperate conditions.
Studies on the Bionomics of the Sheep Ked, Melophagus ovinus, L., in West Wales
Authors: Evans G. Owen
Published: July 2009

A method is described for studying the life-cycle of Melophagus ovinus. The female ked matures in 6 to 7 days and the male in 10 to 11 days. Copulation takes place 16 hours after emergence and the first pupa is deposited by the female about 13 days after its emergence. The second and successive pupae are deposited at intervals of seven to eight days. The pupal stage covers 20 to 26 days (an average of 22·5 days for 28 observations). The life-cycle is completed in 33–36 days. Experimental conditions did not affect the duration of the various stages observed in the life-cycle.

An investigation of the periodic fluctuations in the infestation of a flock of Welsh sheep showed that the degree of infestation is influenced by the transference of keds between the sheep. Before lambing, keds are transferred from hoggs to two- to three-year old ewes and, after lambing, from ewes to lambs. The peak infestation of ewes and hoggs occurs before lambing. The maximum infestation of lambs occurs before shearing. At shearing the majority of adult keds and pupae are removed with the fleece. Adults surviving after shearing are killed at dipping. Depending on the nature of the dip, re-infestation results from pupae hatching in fleece or by the transference of keds from infested sheep coming into contact with the dipped flock. Keds disappear from the fleece through being devoured by the sheep, by the activity of insectivorous birds and through natural death. The transference of keds between sheep is achieved through contact and occurs readily when the ked is on the surface of the fleece. The vertical migration of the insect in the fleece is controlled by temperature and is not influenced by light.

The distribution of pupal and adult stages of M. ovinus in the fleece of lambs, hoggs and ewes is given. The position of attachment to the pupae is controlled by the depth of the fleece, deposition occurring on the wool fibres at a point where the temperature is suitable for their development. The age of the sheep influences the distribution of the ked, young sheep being more susceptible than older animals. In a flock, the higher infestation of hoggs compared to older ewes may be due to the higher initial infestation of the hoggs after dipping. Open fleeced sheep are more susceptible to ked infestation than tight fleeced sheep.
Tsetse Flies carried by Railway Trains in Kenya Colony
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: July 2009

Railway trains running through tsetse-infested country between Mombasa and Nairobi in Kenya Colony carry G. longipennis, G. pcdlidipes and G. brevipalpis on to stock-farming areas beyond the natural limit of the fly belt, thus being largely responsible for outbreaks of animal trypanosomiasis and a reluctance on the part of European, Asian and African settlers to develop the land, affected by this form of fly dispersal, to its full capacity.

The country through which the trains travel is described together with an account of a survey of the fly distribution.

Tabulated figures are given of the monthly totals of tsetses collected from passenger and goods trains by teams of fly boys posted at Emali and Sultan Hamud railway stations about 17 and 25 miles respectively outside the fly belt towards Nairobi More than 24,000 flies were collected over a period of one year and many, not collected by the de-flying teams, were carried up-country even as far as Nairobi, 101 miles from the fly belt.

Tsetses were collected from inside passenger trains, but very much larger numberswere
taken from the outer surfaces and undercarriages of goods trucks.

Reference is also made to the rôle of motor traffic, especially when in convoy in the dispersal of tsetses.

The incidence of animal trypanosomiasis along the line of the railway is dealt with and the association of the disease with tsetses carried by trains is supported by results of laboratory experiments on the transmissibility of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei by the three species of flies concerned.

Bush-clearing on stock farms outside the fly belt will not protect the cattle from infection carried by flies brought by trains but bush-clearing in specified localities of fly concentration in the infested country is recommended as a measure to reduce the numbers now attracted to trains. It is considered that the spraying of trains will bring considerable relief to farmers ; but, so far, no suitable spraying apparatus has been devised nor has a reasonably cheap insecticide been found for this purpose.
The Mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Mahaffy A. F.
Published: July 2009

In an attempt to isolate yellow fever virus fromAëdes (Stegomyia) africanus, Theo., an intensive series of catches was carried out during 11 weeks of 1945 in 2 forest areas in Bwamba County, Uganda. Most of the work was carried out on platforms in trees during the sunset period, since the main biting activity ofA. africanusoccurs in the forest canopy just after sunset. Virus was not obtained during the course of this work.

The results confirmed thatA. africanusis the dominant arboreal Culicine of the sunset period. In catches carried out actually in the canopy it formed 69 per cent. of the total Culicines taken.
The Climatology of Blowfly Myiasis.
Authors: Macleod John
Published: July 2009

Records of oviposition by blowflies on test groups of sheep, over a five-year period, were examined for relation between the rate of oviposition per day and the conventional meteorological indices of daily weather conditions. There was a definite correspondence with the maximum shade temperature for the day. The relation was not straight-line, the slope changing at between 18 and 20°C. The association with the minimum temperature was not significant. Insolation, as measured by the difference between maximum temperatures in the sun and shade, was positively associated with oviposition.

The humidity indices—evaporating power of the air and the saturation deficit—and the ratio of the daily totals of rain and evaporation, showed a low correlation ; the rainfall correlation was barely significant. The association was in no instance statistically reliable.
The Biology of Quettania coeruleipennis Schwarzer (Coleoptera) in Baluchistan
Authors: Janjua Nazeer Ahmed , Mehra Ram Narian
Published: July 2009

The biology of the Cerambycid, Quettania coeruleipennis, which is a serious pest of almond and pomegranate in Baluchistan is described. The larvae attack the top shoots and small branches, tunnelling downwards; the attacked branches ultimately become hollow and dry up.

The various stages are described in detail and their duration and seasonal history during the years 1943–1946 have been investigated. During these years, oviposition commenced between 7th and 18th May and ended between 22nd May and 3rd June; the incubation period of the eggs ranged from 12 to 19 days (average 15·9 days). Hatching of eggs started between 22nd May and 2nd June and ended between 10th and 20th June and the feeding period of the larvae ranged from 265 to 317 days (average 289·6 days). The prepupal period varied from 7 to 12 days (average 9·7 days). The first pupation during these four years took place between 2nd and 10th March and the last between 12th and 24th March and the pupal period varied from 25 to 36 days (average 30·2 days). Emergence of the adults began between 5th and 15th May and ended between 18th and 29th May.
Hibernation of Hyalomma savignyi (Ixodidae) in Palestine
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: July 2009

Galuzo (1941) in his ecological studies of the tick fauna in Kazakh S.S.R. states that the nymph of Hyalomma detritum, Schulze, overwinters on the host, that he is of the opinion that H. savignyi, Gerv., hibernates in the adult stage away from the host (in animal quarters or houses) and that he found hibernating nymphs of H. marginatum, Koch, in grass meadows.

In the course of field work carried out in Palestine during the winter 1945–16 only a few adult male and female ticks (some gorged) were found in the Jordan Valley and the Negeb, and none in the more temperate parts of the country.
Climate and the Activity of the Kenya coastal Glossina
Authors: Moggridge J. Y.
Published: July 2009

This paper deals with Glossina pallidipes, G. austeni and G. brevipalpis as they occur on the Kenya coast.

Temperature and saturation deficiency both exert a generally inverse effect on the activity and apparent density of both G. pallidipes and G. austeni. True density also varies inversely as the s.d.
A Comparative Study of Anti-locust Baits, with special Reference to Base Materials
Authors: Hynes H. B. N.
Published: July 2009

A simple, but reliable, technique is described for the study of the acceptability to locust hoppers of poison baits under field conditions.

This was applied to the study of a number of vegetable materials which might be used for the manufacture of wet baits to destroy hoppers of the Desert Locust.

The materials tested could be divided into five classes of acceptability, and consideration of these indicated that heavy lignification detracted from acceptability while the presence of starch added to it.

It was shown that molasses adds to the acceptability of only the least acceptable materials unless very large amounts are used.

Simple tests showed that acceptability was not correlated with water-absorbing properties, that the rate of drying of bait was dependent on the amount of water initially absorbed, and that molasses influences the rate of drying only when large amounts are added.
An Ecological Study of the Insects and Mites in the Nests of certain Birds in Britain
Authors: Woodroffe G. E.
Published: July 2009

The chief aims of the survey and an important conclusion reached during some preliminary work are briefly stated. This latter was the recognition of two distinct nest types—the wet nest, exposed to rain, and the dry nest, sheltered from rain.

The methods used to examine materials and record results are described. They were closely similar to those described in a previous publication.

The insect fauna is listed under three headings: (a) ectoparasites of birds, which includes 12 species; (b) scavengers, including 66 species; and (c) predators, comprising 14 species. Figures are given for the frequency of occurrence and the abundance of the more important nidicole species, abundance being given as an arbitrary estimate. The importance of each as a pest is also briefly stated, and detailed records are given for uncommon or particularly interesting species.

The mite fauna is dealt with in a similar manner. It includes one ectoparasite, 10 scavengers and 11 predators.

The basic composition of nests and the temperature and humidity conditions within them are described briefly and the possible influence of these factors upon the nest fauna is discussed.

The species of the dry nest community are classified, according to their feeding habits, as ectoparasites of birds, scavengers and predators, and according to their status in the nest, as regular, occasional and incidental inhabitants. The distribution of the group of species which truly characterises this community is discussed.
The injurious Effects of the Hooked Epidermal Hairs of French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on Aphis craccivora Koch
Authors: Johnson Bruce
Published: July 2009

The small, hooked epidermal hairs on french beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) may have a profoundly detrimental effect on colonies of Aphis craccivora. The hairs are present on the petioles, stems and undersurfaces of the leaves but are absent on the uppersurfaces of the leaves. They are most dense and therefore most injurious to the Aphids on the growing shoots. The Aphids' legs become impaled on the hooks and the results of the subsequent bleeding, starvation and exhaustion are decreased longevity and reproductive rate, high larval mortality, increased time of larval development and decreased size; this last factor is associated with a reduced fecundity. On some varieties of beans the hairs are less dense than on others and on these varieties the action of the hairs in inhibiting predators may be more important than their effect on the Aphids.
Report on Encyrtidae associated with Mealybugs on Cacao in Trinidad, and on some other Species related thereto
Authors: Kerrich G. J.
Published: July 2009

The taxonomy of a complex of parasites associated with mealy-bugs on cacao in Trinidad is dealt with. The descriptions of nine species new to science are given and species not new have been treated in comparable detail. Fresh taxonomic or other data have been given for some related species.

The inclusion of an aberrant Thysanid species of biological importance necessitated a comparative study of characters that have been used within this group. In this connection, Thysanid parasites of Tachinidae attacking moth larvae in sugar-cane were considered and found separable into three closely related species, two of which are described as new.
On the post-embryonic Development of the Female Lac Insect, Laccifer lacca, Kerr (Hem-Coccidae)
Authors: Misra Awadh Behari
Published: July 2009

The following investigation of the development of Laccifer lacca, Kerr, was carried out in the Department of Zoology, Lucknow University, under the supervision of Professor K. N. Bahl, D.Sc, D.Ph., to whom I am much indebted for the extensive facilities enjoyed in his laboratory.
The Effect of High Maximum Temperatures upon the Longevity of Glossina submorsitans, Newst., and G. tachinoides, Westw.
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

Newly Hatched Tsetse (0–1 day old).

1. Neither species is affected by daily maximum temperatures of 95–102°F.

2. Possibly the death of any weakly tsetse is accelerated by a temperature of 102·5°F.

3. The critical zone for G. tachinoides is 103° to 105°F., but at the latter temperature 100 per cent. mortality is only assured if this maximum lasts for about 100 minutes.

4. The critical zone for G. submorsitans is 103·5° to 106°F.

5. If maintained for 60 minutes, 106°F. assures 100 per cent. mortality among young flies of both species.

Old Tsetse (over 10 days old).

6. The critical zone for G. tachinoides is 102° to 105·5°F.

7. The critical zone for G. submorsitans is 102·5° to 106°F.

8. The sudden increase in mortality among tsetse upon very hot days would appear to be directly due to the maximum temperature having entered the critical zone, and not to excessively low humidity or very high evaporation.

9. The critical zone for old flies starts at about 1°F. lower than for newly hatched flies.

10. G. tachinoides is rather more susceptible to high maximum temperatures than is G. submorsitans ; results also suggest that G. tachinoides cannot withstand an exposure of long duration at high temperatures as well as G. submorsitans.
The Occurrence of Glossina morsitans in Tanganyika Territory in Vegetational Types other than the Isoberlinia-Brachystegia Communities
Authors: Lloyd H. M.
Published: July 2009

(a). G. morsitans had been found in banana plantations and it was feared that it might in time establish itself. However, most of these flies had been caught in plantations which were reverting back to natural types of vegetation.

(b). It was shown by the release of marked flies that G. morsitans was repelled by the plantations which were still being cultivated.

(c). Only one G. morsitans was taken by the writer in cultivated plantations. It was demonstrated that flies found in these situations might easily have been transported thither by man or animals.

(d). The temperature in the banana plantations was slightly higher, and the range of the humidity greater, than in the adjacent vegetation. The difference between these physical factors of the two localities is insufficient to account for the flies' preference for natural types of vegetation as opposed to plantations.
The Biological Control of Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll. (Col. Curculionidae) in Mauritius
Authors: Williams J. R. , Moutia L. A. , Hermelin P. R.
Published: July 2009

A brief historical account is given of the spread of the Eucalyptus Snout Beetle, Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll., fron Australia, its country of origin, and of the utilisation of its natural parasite Anaphoidea nitens Gir. for its control on the African mainland.

The discovery of G. scutellatus in Mauritius is described. Its entry was effected between 1935–40, and by 1944 it was threatening Eucalyptus plantations over the whole island.

A. nitens was introduced in 1946 from East Africa. Establishment was extremely rapid and two years later G. scutellatus was effectively controlled.

Notes are given on the bionomics of both host and parasite under Mauritian conditions.

Ecological data are briefly discussed.
A new Grasshopper (Orth. Acrididae) damaging Groundnuts
Authors: Dirsh V. M.
Published: July 2009

Pyrgomorphella arachidis, sp. n.

♂ (Type). Of medium size, slender, finely rugulose.

Antenna of 17 segments, shorter than head and pronotum together, thick, slightly flattened and scarcely broadened at the base. Fastigium of vertex long, parabolic, ratio of its length to the width between eyes, 1·8. On the lateral sides of head behind the eyes there is a series of callosities forming a longitudinal stripe, which continues on to the lateral lobe of pronotum.
New Species and Records of Diatraea Guild. from Northern Venezuela (Lepid., Pyral.)
Authors: Box Harold E.
Published: July 2009

Records are given of the localities (with altitudes) and habitats of 11 species of Diatraea Guild., all reared from known food-plants in northern Venezuela. The larvae of several of these moths are important pests of sugar-cane and maize. Among the eight previously described forms, D. busckella rosa Heinr. is here raised to specific rank, and D. busckella Dyar & Heinr. is treated as a polytypic species, in which typical subsp. busckella has three well-defined forms, two of them, viz., f. falconensis nov. and f. setariaeoides nov., being described, while others are indicated ; the subsp. setariae nov. is also described. The diagnostic characters of D. rosa and D. busckella are discussed and their genitalia are illustrated. The various subspecies and forms of D. busckella are discussed in relation to each other and to D. rosa, these two species being considered as together comprising a supraspecies. Hybrids have been reared in the laboratory among certain of the components.

Three new species, D. andina, D. pittieri and D. silvicola, are described and illustrated, all from northern Venezuela.
The Control of the Black Sage in Mauritius by Schematiza cordiae Barb. (Col., Galerucid.)
Authors: Williams J. R.
Published: July 2009

Cordia macrostachya (Jacq.) R. & S., is a Boraginaceous shrub indigenous to the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America. It was accidentally introduced into Mauritius about 1890, probably from British Guiana, and became a weed of major importance.

A comparative ecological study of Cordia in Mauritius and in Trinidad showed that its invading power in the former island rested upon a profuse production of viable fruits, whereas in Trinidad, where the plant is of no agricultural concern, fruit production was controlled by the combined action of a number of insects. It was accordingly decided to introduce suitable species of these insects into Mauritius.

The first to be introduced was a leaf-eating Cassidid beetle, Physonota alutacea, but as described elsewhere, this introduction, which took place in 1947–48, was not a success.

The introduction of the second species, Schematiza cordiae Barber, and its result, is described in the present paper. This Galerucid is also a leaf-feeder, but it will sometimes feed upon the inflorescences.

Through the agency of the Commonwealth Bureau of Biological Control, air consignments of Schematiza were received between June and September, 1947. Breeding was started, and after feeding tests in both Mauritius and Trinidad had established its specificity to C. macrostachya, the release of laboratory reared adults was commenced in March, 1948. In February, 1949, after about 18,000 had been released, breeding was no longer necessary for large populations had developed in the field and were inflicting severe injury to Cordia scrub. Dispersion of the insect over the island followed quickly, and was assisted by the collection and distribution of about 60,000 adults. Schematiza became extremely abundant so that by the middle of 1950 most expanses of scrub in the island had either been stripped of leaves and inflorescences, or had generally been severely defoliated.

As a result, much scrub is dead owing to a prolonged period without foliage, much is being subjugated by other vegetation, while partial defoliation and direct inflorescence attack have reduced the reproduction of other bushes.

This rapid control of C. macrostachya is attributed to the high fecundity of the Schematiza combined with its freedom from parasites and important predators, and to its suitability to the climates of all Cordia infested regions.
Field Observations on the Cacao Mirids Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. and Distantiella theobroma (Dist.), in the Gold Coast. PART II. Geographical and Habitat Distribution
Authors: Williams G.
Published: July 2009

The geographical ranges of Sahlbergella singularis and Distantiella theobroma overlap, and the Gold Coast lies in the zone common to both. The respective northern limits remain to be determined, and should be investigated to the north of the main cacao belt, from Kintampo to the Afram plain.

The same area should also yield information on the possible importance of alternative hosts in the dispersal of cacao Mirids, as the small stands are well separated from each other.

Earlier records, that D. theobroma is confined to seedlings and S. singularis to mature trees, are erroneous. D. theobroma is found on pods and, particularly, chupons. The feeding range of S. singularis includes fan branches in addition, but breeding is confined to chupons and pods.

Observations suggest that there is competition for breeding sites on chupons. Of the many chupons in an area only a small number is available to Mirids, and the proportion of nymphs reaching maturity is limited by their sedentary habit and the destructiveness of their feeding.

Co-existence of the two species is possible by their slightly different habits. S. singularis produces more eggs, but is more diffusely distributed. D. theobroma is virtually restricted to chupons, but can quickly build up a large population in favourable areas by its greater rate of egg production.

In Nigeria, the rate of egg production by D. theobroma is less than that by S. singularis, and this, together with the sparsity of chupons, may account for the unimportance of D. theobroma in that country.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. I.—Preliminary Experiments in Areas supporting Populations of the Tsetse Fly (Glossina palpalis (R.-D.))
Authors: Hocking K. S. , Yeo D.
Published: July 2009

Preliminary experiments are described of applications from aircraft of coarse sprays and coarse aerosols. The experiments were carried out over dense forest areas containing the tsetse fly G. palpalis.

At dosages of 0·2 lb. per acre of the p,p'isomer of DDT, or 0·032 lb. per acre of the γ isomer of BHC, both the sprays and the aerosols were relatively ineffective, and significant kills were obtained only with the aerosols.

The sprays were ineffective not only because they did not penetrate the canopy, but also because the nominal dosage was in any case too small to produce lethal deposits upon vegetation.

Much of the aerosol was filtered out by the upper layers of the canopy. The meteorological conditions in the area were also unsuitable for the application of aerosols, and much of the insecticide did not reach the canopy, but was blown away from the treated area.

It is concluded that aircraft applications of insecticide against G. palpalis are wasteful of insecticide, and would be very costly if substantial reductions in fly population were to be obtained. If insecticides are to be of value in such areas, ground methods of applying them would be almost certainly more effective, and less costly.
Season-long control of yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by mating disruption with the natural ratio of pheromone components
Authors: Cork A , De Souza K , Krishnaiah K , Ashok Reddy A , Zainullabuddin S
Published: July 2009

Control of yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas(Walker), in rice was attempted by mating disruption using the natural ratio of pheromone components, a 1:3 blend of (Z)-9- and (Z)-11-hexadecenal, in replicated trials at three locations in Andhra Pradesh, India, during the 1994 and 1995 dry seasons. The pheromone was formulated in SelibateRand applied by hand at a rate of 40 g a.i./ha. In Medchal and Nellore, pheromone-mediated communication was reduced by at least 94% for the first 50 and 64 days after application respectively, as measured by pheromone trap catch suppression. Compared with adjacent farmers' practice plots, subsequent dead heart and white head damage were reduced by 74 and 63% and 83 and 40% in Medchal and Nellore, respectively. In Medchal, average rice yields were increased compared to the farmers' practice plots, 4108 and 3835 kg/ha respectively, but in Nellore, they were the same as those obtained in the farmers' practice plots, 6400 and 6733 kg/ha respectively. In Warangal, the level of communication disruption over the first 70 nights after pheromone application was less than obtained in either Medchal or Nellore and averaged between 50 and 87%. The maximum dead heart and white head damage recorded in the pheromone-treated plots in Warangal were 2.8 and 15.7% respectively compared to 7.0 and 20.9% respectively in the farmers' practice plots. Differences inS. incertulaslarval damage estimates obtained from the pheromone-treated and farmers' practice plots in Warangal were reflected in grain yields, 4036 and 3715 kg'ha respectively. Surveys of insecticide use indicated that 92% of smallholders in Medchal applied insecticide at least once per season while in Warangal over 60% applied insecticide on two or more occasions. The data show that season-long control ofS. incertulascomparable to that obtained with conventional insecticides can be achieved by mating disruption in smallholder rice fields in India.
Tethered flight and morphometric studies with Cicadulina storeyi and C. mbila leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) vectors of maize streak virus in Uganda
Authors: Downham M.C.A. , Cooter R.J.
Published: July 2009

Tethered flight studies, carried out in southern Uganda with the leafhoppers Cicadulina storeyi China and C. mbila Naudé, showed that depending on species, the factors of age, gender, gravid status and rearing on virus infected maize had significant effects on flight, whereas host plant species and mated status appeared unimportant. Distributions of wing length (WL), body length (BL) and the parameters WL/BL and WL-BL were mostly uni-modal, but in two cases very weakly bi-modal. Regressions of log-transformed flight duration against these morphometric parameters were all non-significant, except for very weak (r2 = 0.01–0.04) relations with wing length. There was no conclusive evidence for the existence of separate short- and long-duration flight morphs among the leafhoppers. It is proposed that differences between our results and those of an earlier study of Zimbabwean Cicadulina populations, particularly in respect of the effects of gravid status on flight, and the existence of distinct flight morphs, are explicable in terms of the different seasonal and environmental constraints experienced by Ugandan and Zimbabwean populations. These favour long-range migratory flight at certain times of the year in Zimbabwe, but not in Uganda.
Selection for and against resistance to insecticides in the absence of insecticide: a case study of malathion resistance in the saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Coleoptera: Silvanidae)
Authors: Mason P.L.
Published: July 2009

In the absence of insecticide there may be intense selection against alleles conferring insecticide resistance, so that these alleles will decline in frequency. On the other hand, selection will act to favour alleles at modifier loci which cause resistance alleles to become coadapted and increase in fitness even in the absence of insecticide. The relative effectiveness of these two processes is of practical importance and theoretical interest. The fate of polymorphism for malathion resistance was studied in the saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus). Five to six lines of each of four strains (8401, 8401sel, 8518B and L1040), each polymorphic for resistance phenotypes, were maintained in insecticide-free culture for up to nine generations, over which period the response of individuals to a discriminating dose of 65 mg m-2malathion was determined. There was significant reversion to susceptibility in the related strains 8401, 8401se1 and 8518B. Assuming resistance to be primarily controlled by a single major locus, resistant homozygote and heterozygote fitnesses in the absence of insecticide were estimated to be 0.92, 0.83 and 0.68, respectively. The initial frequency of the resistant allele was inversely related to the time since last exposure to insecticide, and also to the fitness of the resistant allele. This could be explained by the selection of modifier alleles that reduce the fitness cost of resistance in the absence of insecticide. In strain L1040 the proportion of resistant individuals actually increased over time (after the second generation) in the absence of insecticide. The fitness of the susceptible allele in this case was 0.83. In all strains there was significant variation among lines in relative fitness and initial resistance allele frequency. Analysis of knockdown proportions revealed highly significant variation between generations that is not easily interpreted in genetic terms but is better explained by limitations of the knockdown bioassay.
Revision of the subgenusCeratitis(Ceratalaspis) Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: De Meyer M.
Published: July 2009

The fruit fly genusCeratitis(Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises several important pest species attacking a wide range of unrelated fruits. This is the second paper in a series revising this genus, and deals with representatives of the subgenusCeratalaspis. Thirty-six species are recognized, of which five are described as new:C. sucinisp. n.,C. hancockisp. n.,C. neosticticasp. n.,C. paradumetisp. n.andC. mlimaensissp. n.Ceratitis pycnanthi(Ghesquière) is considered to be synonymous withC. striatellaMunro, and the possible synonymies ofC. giffardiBezzi andC. sarcocephali(Bezzi) withC. cosyra(Walker), as well asC. lineata(Hering) withC. striatellaMunro are discussed. Lectotypes are designated for the following species:C. connexa(Bezzi),C. discussaMunro,C. divaricata(Munro),C. dumetiMunro,C. lentigeraMunro,C. lunataMunro,C. marriottiMunro,C. melanopus(Hering),C. parinarii(Hering),C. quinaria(Bezzi),C. scaevolae(Munro), andC. simiMunro. A key is provided, with illustrations of mesonotal and wing patterns and shape of aculeus tip. All species are Afrotropical and most are restricted to the sub-saharan region, except forC. quinariawhich is also known from the Middle East (Yemen). Distribution and known host plant data are given. Tentative species groups within the subgenus are discussed.
Olfactory responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) to the monitor lizard Varanus niloticus niloticus
Authors: Mohamed-Ahmed M.M.
Published: July 2009

Visual and olfactory responses of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead to the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus niloticus Laurenti were studied using various catching devices near Lake Victoria, Kenya. Electric nets baited with visible lizards caught more males (×2.1) and significantly more females (×2.0) than unbaited nets. Lizards concealed in electrified black PVC pipe models, simulating the shape and size of a monitor lizard, increased significantly the catches of tsetse by 2.1 times. Fresh lizard urine dispensed at an evaporation rate of 500 to 1000 mg/h also increased significantly the catches of flies at biconical traps, electrified models and electric nets. Identification of chemical constituents of the odour could improve monitoring and control strategies for G. f. fuscipes, and possibly for other palpalis tsetse species.
Variation in attack by the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in relation to host growth and phenology
Authors: Newton A.C. , Cornelius J.P. , Mesén J.F. , Corea E.A. , Watt A.D.
Published: July 2009

In order to evaluate the relationships between attacks by the mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) and host growth and phenology, field trials of Spanish cedar Cedrela odorata and American mahogany Swietenia macrophylla established in Costa Rica were assessed intensively over an 84 week period. Height growth of C. odorata was approximately twice that of S. macrophylla, with mean growth rates of 2.0 and 1.3 cm week−1 respectively. Cedrela odorata displayed pronounced temporal variation in leaf phenology, with a minimum of 51% of trees in leaf during a relatively dry period. In contrast, the minimum proportion of foliated S. macrophylla trees was 87%. No shoot borer attacks were recorded on S. macrophylla until week 50 after the onset of assessments, whereas initial attacks of C. odorata were recorded during week 6. By week 84, the proportion of trees attacked was 74% and 77%, respectively. In both species, attacks were concentrated in seasonal peaks, coinciding with the production of new shoots. Pronounced spatial variation in attack was observed in both species. At week 12, the number of attacks per block in C. odorata was negatively correlated with available calcium concentration (r=0.85, P<0.001), whereas mean height growth of C. odorata was positively correlated with available phosphate concentration (r=0.84; P<0.0001). Significant variation in height to first damaging attack was observed in both species. By the end of the observational period, only 6% of C. odorata and 0.4% S. macrophylla remained undamaged to a height of 3 m. It is suggested that control methods for the mahogany shoot borer should take account of temporal dynamics in attack, and relationship to host phenology. Manipulation of the soil nutrient status may also form part of an integrated approach to pest management.
Dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestus and A. gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy season in southeast Tanzania
Authors: Takken W. , Charlwood J.D. , Billingsley P.F. , Gort G.
Published: July 2009

In a rural area of southeastern Tanzania, studies were undertaken on the dispersal and survival of Anopheles funestus Giles and A. gambiae Giles s.l. during the rainy season. Blood fed, resting mosquitoes were collected indoors, marked with fluorescent powder and released on the same day from two different sites in the study area. For two weeks indoor resting mosquitoes were collected from 11 houses in the release area. Additional collections were made with a light trap from a sentinel house in the centre of the study area. Anopheles funestus was more abundant than A. gambiae s.l. Of 4262 A. funestus and 645 A. gambiae s.l. released, 4.3% and 7.4%, respectively, were recaptured. Dispersal of mosquitoes was not random: one of three areas was favoured significantly more than the other areas, as shown by the recapture and movement rates of marked mosquitoes. Based on the regression of the recapture rate, estimated daily survival rates of A. funestus and A. gambiae s.l. were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively. These were significantly different. The differences in dispersal and survival rates between the two species are discussed in view of local topography and species-specific characteristics.
Notes on the Insect Enemies of Chermes with particular Reference toPineus pini, Koch, andP. strobi, Hartig
Authors: Wilson Frank
Published: July 2009

Pineus pinihas been introduced by accident into Australia and has become a pest of some importance onPinus radiataandP. pinasterand also attacks a few other species.
Neue Indo-Australische Tachinidae
Authors: Baranov Von N.
Published: July 2009

Die folgenden Beschreibungen beziehen sich auf die Tachiniden (s. 1.), welche ich vom Imperial Institute of Entomology in London zum Bestimmen erhielt. Für die Zusendung dieses sehr wertvollen und schönen Materials möchte ich auch an dieser Stelle dem Herrn Direktor Sir Guy A. K. Marshall meinen Dank aussprechen.
On a new Species of Ephialtes (Hym., Ichneumonidae) parasitising the Codling Moth
Authors: Perkins J. F.
Published: July 2009

In 1939 I dealt with two species of Ephialtes which parasitise the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, L., namely E. caudatus, Ratz., and E. crassiseta, Thoms., and showed how they differed from E. punctulatus, Ratz. (=extensor, Tasch.) with which species they had formerly been confused. During 1940, F. J. Simmonds, of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, sent to the British Museum a series of a species of Ephialtes bred from this same host in the south of France. This is a new species, and it was previously known to me only from a single female which had been bought by D. S. Wilkinson from O. Schmiedeknecht, who had incorrectly named it Pimpla roborator, F. In fact, this new species does not belong to the same species group as Ephialtes (Exeristes) roborator, F., Grav. (=Pimpla roborator, F., Schmied.), which is a well-known parasite of the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb.) and also parasitises many other hosts.

As there has been considerable confusion in the synonymy and interpretation of E. roborator, F., it seems advisable to give notes on the relevant type specimens seen by me. It has been impossible to find the type of Ichneumon roborator, F. Gravenhorst's interpretation of this very variable species has therefore been taken. The description given by Schmiedeknecht in his Opuscula Ichneumonologica is adequate for the recognition of the female ; the male is very distinct, having a tubercle in the middle of the clypeus, a character unknown in any other described European species. Pimpla cicatricosa, Ratz., which is given by Schmiedeknecht as a synonym of P. roborator, F., is a distinct species.
The Utilisation Of Waste Lubricating Oil in Mosquito Larvicides
Authors: David W. A. L.
Published: July 2009

Nine samples of waste oils have been examined and after blending with kerosene and Diesel oil their suitability as larvicides was determined. It is concluded that blends containing 25–30 per cent. of waste oil are not so effective as an approved commercial larvicide at the same dosage but that with a higher dosage, which is still within the range commonly applied in the field, i.e. between 4 fl. oz. and 6·7 fl. oz. per 100 sq. ft. (Ramsay & Carpenter, 1932) they give good results. The higher dosage is only necessary when Culicine larvae have to be controlled. Other blends containing 10–20 per cent. of waste oil are just as effective as an approved commercial sample.
Studies of the Responses of the femaleAëdesmosquito. Part V. The Role of Visual Factors
Authors: Sippell W. L. , Brown A. W. A.
Published: July 2009

The role of visual factors in the attractiveness of bodies to adultA. aegyptiwas investigated by exposing deer-mice in transparent or opaque, airtight or perforated, plastic containers. The visual factors proved to be roughly equivalent to the airborne emanations in attractiveness, being slightly the more attractive when the mice were normally moving, and the less attractive of the two when the mice were motionless.

The attractiveness of a moving black object was found to be nearly twice that of a stationary one. A deer-mouse immobilised by anaesthesia was roughly one-half as attractive as a normally moving one.

Mirroring surfaces are significantly more attractive than dull ones; a black enamel surface was more attractive than a flat black surface, and a silvered mirror more attractive than a polished metal surface. It was found that enhancement of the attractiveness of a black surface could be obtained by the movement of lines of shadow, not of points of light, across it.
Simulium damnosumand its Relation to Onchocerciasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

Observations were made chiefly in the southern Sudan, particularly at Mvolo where human onchocerciasis is common. The country and climate are briefly described.

Methods are described at some length.

The distribution ofS. damnosumand places where it is known to be abundant are shown on a map. It does not appear to exist at the Fola Rapids.

Changes in certain organs were studied, chiefly in relation to the approximate estimation of age and (particularly in the case of the mid-gut and peritrophic membrane) to the movements of microfilariae. Recently emerged flies can frequently be readily detected by the clarity of the halteres (in which glycogen has not yet been stored) and the presence of abundant fat body, and by less conspicuous features such as the absence of an old peritrophic membrane. The oesophageal diverticulum often contains plant sugars and particles of grit but never blood.

The peritrophic membrane is formed at the time of a blood meal by the epithelium of the expanding part of the mid-gut. It is a laminated chitinous envelope completely surrounding the blood and remains unbroken for 24 hours or more. When very large numbers of microfilariae are ingested they appear to prevent the completion of the membrane so that blood quickly passes to the hind-gut.