bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and precipitation-triggered movements of the Almenningar and Tungnakvíslarjökull landslides, Iceland, monitored by low-cost GNSS observations
Authors: Geirsson Halldór , Sæmundsson Thorsteinn , Skúladóttir Jóhanna Malen , Jónasson Nicolai
Published: February 2023

Landslides show various characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of movement. For example, nearby parts of the same landslide may respond differently to heavy rainfall. We report here on measurements of various episodic and transient movements, using low-cost continuously recording GNSS instruments, in two landslides areas in Iceland. In the Tungnakvíslarjökull landslide, which lies on the west flank of the Katla Volcano in south Iceland, two GNSS instruments were installed in 2019 and 2020, at 830 and 650 m a.s.l. height, respectively. This landslide mass has subsided gradually by approximately 200 m in the past 70 years and has a scarp approximately 1.5 km long. The GNSS stations show movements of several decimeters per year, with most movement confined to late summer and fall each year. The lower station of the two shows distinct "jerky" motion, with instantaneous movements of 5-15 cm each time. These offsets are sometimes accompanied by regionally located seismic events occurring within seconds of the offsets. The upper station, however, moves more continuously. The landslide region experiences heavy rain in the fall season, however, also in the spring when little movement is observed. One possibility explaining the lack of motion in the spring time that frozen surface layers in spring to mid-summer may hinder precipitation from entering the landslide mass. The Almenningar landslide region in north Iceland is composed of three main landslides spanning ~5 km distance. The fastest moving part is ~0.3 km wide and moves by ~1 m per year. A main road traverses the landslide area and needs frequent repairs because of differential motion. In the summer of 2022, nine continuously running GNSS stations were installed along the main road in the landslide region at 50 – 60 m a.s.l. height, with eight stations located in active parts, and one acting as a local reference station for monitoring purposes. Since the installation, three distinct movement episodes have been recorded, all following heavy rain, recorded by local and regional meteorological stations. However, different segments of the landslide area respond differently to the rain forcing, starting and stopping at different times, with some stations showing abrupt start with near-exponential decay, while some show gradual acceleration, followed by deceleration. We suggest that hydrological pressure inside the landslide governs much of its behavior. In summary, the continuous low-cost GNSS observations complement spatially dense deformation techniques, such as using InSAR, differential DEM, or feature tracking. The continuous GNSS monitoring allows for great potential in understanding the time-dependent mechanics of landslides, and contributing to early warning of excessive motion.
Partially decoupled magmatic and hydrothermal events in porphyry copper systems?
Authors: Virmond Adrianna , Selby David , Wotzlaw Jörn-Frederik , Chelle-Michou Cyril
Published: February 2023

Porphyry Copper Systems (PCS) represent a significant source of metals, and will continue to play a key role in future with the development of green technology. Despite being one the most studied mineral systems, the primary controls on the ore tonnage of deposits (that varies up to 5 orders of magnitude in nature) remain poorly constrained. The Eocene Chuquicamata Intrusive Complex (CIC) in northern Chile hosts one of the world’s largest porphyry copper deposits and represent a perfect natural laboratory to explore the influence of timescales in controlling the formation and size of PCS.Here we investigate the tempo of multiple magmatic-hydrothermal events in the CIC applying molybdenite geochronology (Re-Os ID-NTIMS) and high precision zircon petrochronology (U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS geochronology in tandem with LA-ICPMS trace element composition). Preliminary geochronological results may suggest a partial decoupling of the magmatic and hydrothermal events. Zircon U-Pb geochronology results point to a multi-million-year protracted magmatic history with at least two discrete pulses separated by 500 kyrs. The hydrothermal event appears slightly younger than the youngest magmatic pulse and lasted for ca. 1 Myrs.The extensive duration of the mineralization scales with the behemothian size of the Chuquicamata deposit (more than 110 Mt of contained copper) and corresponds to predictions from numerical modelling of magma degassing. Interestingly, the apparent temporal decoupling between magmatism and hydrothermal activity at Chuquicamata suggests that syn-mineralization ore-forming magmas might not always intrude as dyke or stock at mineralization depth and can remain hidden at upper to mid-crustal depth. In the absence of high-precision geochronological data, this may bear consequences when assuming a direct genetic link between spatially associated porphyritic rocks and the mineralization.
Showcasing stakeholders’ experiences: lessons learnt from MED-GOLD final online event
Authors: Dell'Aquila Alessandro , Ponti Luigi , Terrado Marta , Nicodemou Andria , Rivas Freddy , Bruno Soares Marta , Pasqui Massimiliano
Published: February 2023

The MED-GOLD H2020 project held its final showcase event online on 29-30 March 2022, with more than 200 participants, to disseminate and share end-user success stories from early adopters of the pilot climate services developed under the MED-GOLD project for Grape/wine, OLives/olive oil and Durum wheat/pasta sectors. See https://www.med-gold.eu/event/med-gold-final-showcase-event/  A major focus of the event was to provide a hands-on approach to understanding and using the uncertainty associated with climate services. The attendees had the opportunity to learn about the climate services developed throughout this 4-year EU-funded project and how they can help the agriculture sector face the challenges posed by climate change.The two-day event provided an insight into the lessons learned during the project. MED-GOLD users from the agriculture sector, representing the grapes, olives and durum wheat crops – the Portuguese wine company SOGRAPE, the Spanish cooperative Dcoop, and the Italian food company Barilla – presented their success stories as early adopters of the MED-GOLD climate services. The users also stressed the importance of a co-production approach in creating useful and usable tools for the agriculture sector. The event was also the opportunity to discuss the climate and policies nexus for enlightening cross-beneficial needs, success stories and best practices in supporting adaptation and green transition action. Involved panelists, with a wide range of personal and professional experiences, discussed the gap between knowledge and action, bringing their evidence to identify success stories and the missing gaps.Attendees also had the chance to engage in discussions with the presenters and other project participants, as well as to visit the virtual stands and view the posters, videos, and other materials produced by the MED-GOLD team.
Ensemble-based regional reanalysis system for Central Europe: Development framework and outlook
Authors: Kelbch Alexander , Spangehl Thomas , Borsche Michael , Rösch Thomas , Imbery Florian
Published: February 2023

The development of regional reanalyses aims at the provision of high-resolution data sets that are suitable for climate applications and climate services. As the desired high-resolution information can barely be provided by either synoptic or remote sensing observation data, a growing interest in high-quality regional reanalyses is recognisable. Particular demand arises from the renewable energy sector. Further quality gains are expected by using an ensemble approach, e.g. by making available the desired uncertainty information when moving towards higher resolution. Within the framework of the Innovation Programme for applied Researches and Developments (IAFE) at Germany's national meteorological service (DWD) our project aims to develop and evaluate an operational ensemble-based regional reanalysis system incorporating the current NWP model of DWD (ICON). One final goal of the project is to provide a basic framework for user-oriented verification.  We first present the Basic Cycling Environment (BACY) being mainly characterized by its modularity, robustness, user-friendlyness as well as its high complexity. Thus, our future reanalysis system will be a certain BACY version with "frozen" specifications. To assess BACY specifications such as model resolution, number of ensemble members, domain size and choice of output variables NWP simulations will be performed and first simulation results will be presented.
CO2 bottom-up emission inventory based on municipal power generation and heating data in Munich
Authors: Aigner Patrick , Suhendra Michael , Yirtar Beyza , Kühbacher Daniel , Super Ingrid , Droste Arjan , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Brunner Dominik , Kohlmeier Helmut , Althammer Thomas , Chen Jia
Published: February 2023

Cities’ climate action efforts towards carbon neutrality will be challenged in the next decades by more and more people moving into cities and the correspondingly growing demand for services and infrastructure. By 2050, over 70% of the world's population is projected to be living in densely populated urban areas. This will add another level of difficulty to fulfilling the demand for clean energy and heating considering the available technology and infrastructure. It will be important for city stakeholders to understand current and future demands in detail to make informed decisions, implement effective carbon mitigation measures, and achieve a good return on investment. To kick this off, the ICOS-cities project chose three pilot cities (Paris, Munich, and Zurich) to generate high-resolution spatial and temporal bottom-up inventories for CO2 and co-emitted species. Existing municipal emission inventories for Munich report annual emissions estimates without spatial information. We present a temporal (1h) and spatial (100m x 100m) explicit high-resolution bottom-up inventory for public power production consisting of electricity and district heating (GNFR A) and other stationary combustion (GNFR-C) in Munich. Both sectors are derived from power and heating plant data of the year 2019 provided by the Stadtwerke München (SWM) and the latest municipal geospatial datasets provided by the City of Munich. Furthermore, we compare state-of-the-art but more generic TNO activity and temporal profiles with temporal profiles derived from data from local CHP plants data and a heat demand function validated with Munich’s reported yearly heat demand.  Additionally, we present emission factors calculated from the fuel composition (2019) of inflowing gas and burned waste alongside available state-of-the-art emissions factors from IPCC (2019), EPA (2022), and UBA (2022). 
Characterizing aerosol emissions from traditional clay fired clamp kilns in South Asia
Authors: Gupta Anurag Kumar , Kapoor Taveen Singh , Chimurkar Navinya , Venkatraman Chandra , Phuleria Harish C.
Published: February 2023

Fired clay brick kiln (FCBK) industry is one of the unorganized and often overlooked sectors in terms of its regional air quality and health impacts. Approximately 87% of the 1.5 trillion clay bricks produced worldwide annually are made in Asia. These bricks are typically fired in small-scale traditional kilns that burn coal or biomass without air pollution controls. Clamp kiln is the most traditional technology of brick manufacturing. It is a batch-style kiln that produces 10,000-200,000 bricks per batch in a time period of two to four weeks. It uses coal as primary and firewood and rice husk as supplementary fuel. There is no chimney, and hence the smoke escapes from the cracks at the top and from the sides of the kiln. Very little information is available on aerosols emitted from these kilns. Therefore, it’s important to accurately estimate aerosol emissions and their chemical properties from FCBK to understand their impact on regional air quality and climate. This study examines the chemical and optical properties of emitted aerosols during different stages of combustion in clamp kilns. The National Carbonaceous aerosol programme- Carbonaceous aerosol emissions, source apportionment and climate impacts (NCAP-COALESCE) network source emission measurement system was used to measure absorption and scattering properties using the Aethalometer and Integrating Nephelometer, respectively. Measurements were done for clamp kilns of different firing stages, namely ignition, propagation, and end. The combustion efficiency was >97% during the end, propagation and ignition stages. The average BC (SO2) concentration measured during the ignition, propagation and end stage was 12.5 (10) 18.5 (9), and 13.3 μg-m-3(19 ppm), respectively against background of 2 μg-m-3 (0 ppm) . The corresponding values of average AAE370/660 (AAE660/880) during the three combustion phases were 3.6 (1.3), 2.6 (1.1) and 1.8 (1.2), respectively. The relatively high AAEs indicate a strong contribution by brown carbon aerosol, likely emitted from fuelwood and rice husk combustion during the ignition and propagation stages, respectively. This study would help characterise the combustion stage specific emissions. Further analysis is ongoing to understand the potential impacts on regional air quality and climate. Figure 1: Emission measurement setup and different position of the multi-arm during measurement based on incoming plume
HydroCAL: An Integrated Surface-Subsurface Cellular Automata Hydrological Model to simulate streamflow and river network dynamics
Authors: Furnari Luca , De Rango Alessio , Mendicino Giuseppe , Botter Gianluca , Senatore Alfonso
Published: February 2023

One of the main constraints to the operational use of Integrated Surface and Subsurface Hydrologic Modelling (ISSHM) is the computational cost of such a complex approach. The growth of High-Performance Computing (HPC) has continuously pushed forward this limit, targeting the objective of "hyper-resolution" modelling. The Extended Cellular Automata (XCA) paradigm allows easy parallelization of numerical code and can be used in different HPC systems. Moreover, XCA have other unique features, like asynchronism, that can further break down the elapsed time.HydroCAL is an integrated surface-subsurface Cellular Automata Layer hydrological model built by coupling a diffusive-like 2D water surface routing module and a 3D subsurface routing module based on the variably saturated Richards' equation. The model was implemented by adopting the parallel scientific software library Open Computing Abstraction Layer (OpenCAL), which allows researchers to exploit different parallelization techniques, hardware architectures and XCA-specific features.Here we extend the HydroCAL model's capabilities, including groundwater and evapotranspiration modules that significantly contribute to the baseflow generation and river reach activation/deactivation dynamics, allowing continuous simulations beyond the storm-event scale. The enhanced model is used at ultra-high resolution (100 m) in a small steep-orography headwater Mediterranean catchment characterized by high hydrogeological heterogeneity. A multivariate calibration and validation approach is adopted over long-term simulations, using the observed active stream network dynamics and the recorded streamflow at the catchment outlet.The results show that HydroCAL can adequately reproduce the hydrological response, simulating several multipeak events and reproducing the recession phases. Moreover, groundwater behaviour contributes to the simulation of the complex river network activation and deactivation dynamics. Overall, the HydroCAL model implementation upon the XCA paradigm allows highly detailed coupled simulations for long periods with reasonable computational times.
Enhancing the AOTF-based NO2 camera with light polarization sensitivity for aerosol retrievals
Authors: Dekemper Emmanuel , Vanhamel Jurgen
Published: February 2023

The AOTF-based NO2 camera is a remote sensing instrument primarily aimed at imaging and quantifying the NO2 field above cities or in industrial plumes. The measurement principle consists in acquiring a number of spectral images of the scene at selected wavelengths. Each pixel is therefore recording a discrete spectrum of the radiance collected in its acceptance cone, enabling the retrieval of the NO2 column density in its optical path by application of the DOAS method on the measured spectrum.The core element of the instrument principle is the acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF). This device works under the principle of the acousto-optical interaction, the coupling of the light electric field with the modulation of the crystal lattice by a shear acoustic wave created by a transducer. The coupling takes place at a single wavelength, and diffracts that part of the spectrum into another direction. By blocking the undiffracted light beam, and imaging the diffracted order, one can capture a monochromatic image of the scene.We propose to expand the capabilities of the NO2 camera by exploiting another aspect of the acousto-optic interaction. The coupling between light and sound actually takes place in a birefringent crystal (TeO2), and one usually works with a single linear polarization of the incoming light (e-light, or o-light). The two polarization components are diffracted in different directions. If the current design is modified such that the two components can be imaged, then an information on the degree of linear polarization of the light can be obtained.In the atmosphere, the scattering of light by air (Rayleigh), and particles (Mie) is controlling the state of polarization of the scattered solar light. Hence, aerosols not only introduce a smooth spectral signatures, but also a change of the state of polarization. The proposed modification of the NO2 camera design can provide some sensitivity on this, potentially enhancing the scientific return of the instrument with aerosol retrievals capabilities. The new instrumental design will be presented, and vector radiative transfer simulations will be produced to estimate the benefit of this change.
Uncertainty in representation of ecosystem processes in Europe by the Community Land Model v5
Authors: Poppe Terán Christian , S. Naz Bibi , Hendricks-Franssen Harrie-Jan , Vereecken Harry
Published: February 2023

Understanding hydrological and biogeochemical ecosystem process variability in response to a changing climate is important to improve land surface models and assess current and future states of ecosystem functioning. However, the representation of spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem processes in state-of-the-art land-surface models has not been evaluated thoroughly until today. Here we compare gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) simulated by the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) for the period 1995-2018 over the Euro-CORDEX domain with in-situ data from eddy-covariance sites as well as remote sensing and reanalysis data. Additionally, we conducted a parameter sensitivity analysis to identify the impact of uncertainty coming from ecosystem parameters (in particular default parameters for given plant functional types) for selected sites in Europe.  Our results show that GPP and ET variation across hydroclimates show in general a good agreement between CLM5 and remote sensing and reanalysis products. However, both GPP and ET simulated by CLM5 show large differences with measured in-situ data, depending on the ecosystem type. Further, we identify sensitive parameters that will be adjusted to improve ecosystem representation in CLM5 in a future study. This work is important to improve land surface models and parameterization of plant functional types to understand and improve predictions of ecosystem functioning.
Use of combined monitoring remote sensing techniques for the study of active fractures in a remote area: Case of Cima Del Simano rockslide
Authors: Wolff Charlotte , Choanji Tiggi , Fei Li , Gutierrez Amalia , Derron Marc-Henri , Jaboyedoff Michel , Pedrazzini Andrea , Rivolta Carlo
Published: February 2023

The Ticino Canton, located in the Swiss Alps, is characterized by steep valleys with important slope instabilities. It particularly affected by rock avalanches and landslides especially after important precipitations.One of those is the Cima del Simano gneissic mountain in the Blenio valley. The top, reaching an altitude of 2550m, is strongly weathered and presents one main 500 meters-long open fracture and several smaller fractures. Some preliminary satellite InSAR results highlight downward movements. This instability is worthy to be studied since it represents a risk for the road passing at the bottom or villages implanted on its slopes. Nevertheless, this mountain is challenging to study because of (1) its bad accessibility: the top without access roads is covered by snow half of the year and (2) the atmospheric effects: the top is often hidden by clouds.  For those reasons, the study is carried by combining several remote sensing techniques to acquire a maximal amount of information on the instability movements such as rockfalls, topplings and slow deep-seated landslides. Those techniques are extensometers, GNSS, Lidar, satellite InSAR, Ground-Based InSAR (GB-InSAR) and drones Structure from Motion (SfM). They are aimed at confirming the failure scenarios, predicted based on field observations and by structural analyses.  With Lidar and SfM point clouds one is able to detect small blocks in toppling or sliding, which are confirmed by the results of GNSS and GB-InSAR campaigns, as well as zones of accumulations of rock avalanches debris. By means of GB-InSAR and satellite InSAR one can detect more long-term moving areas (few mm/year). We estimate the limits of those instabilities and their corresponding volume with structural analyses of the discontinuities using Coltop3D and by applying the Slope Local Base Level (SLBL) method. For the main fracture, we try to delimit the contours of the instability, but such an aperture and hypothetical instability edges are hardly explained by the actual topography. One explanation is that this fracture was inherited from an older important gravitational event, whose involved material collapsed and was washed out since the event occurred.
Processes related to the rift-to-collision transition in the eastern Betics as revealed by low-temperature thermochronology on magmatic, U-Pb dating and clumped isotopes on calcite-filled veins
Authors: Mouthereau Frédéric , Larrey Marine , Boschetti Louise , Beaudoin Nicolas , Brichau Stéphanie , Roberts Nick , Huyghe Damien , Daëron Matthieu , Miegebielle Véronique , Calassou Sylvain
Published: February 2023

The Alboran margin in the Betics formed as a result of backarc crustal thinning oblique to the direction of the slab retreat. The history of sediment infill, subsidence and faulting reveals extension at upper crustal levels operated from the Serravallian-early Tortonian to the late Tortonian (14-8 Ma) synchronously with Ca-K magmatism. Only recently, around 8 Ma, the retreating slab detached resulting in the onset of the tectonic inversion of the margin. Here we report new apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronological analyses from Cabo de Gata magmatic province, and new U-Pb dating, Oxygen (O) and carbon (C) stable isotopic analyses of calcite-filled veins from the Tabernas basin combined with fluid temperatures determined by clumped isotope D47 analyses. U-Pb ages from 8.56 ± 0.21 to 4.88 ± 0.45 Ma are remarkably synchronous with late alkaline Tortonian-Messinian magmatic events and post-Messinian uplift. Low-temperature thermochronology confirms that magmatic edifices cooled below sea-level at around 8-7 Ma, and then slowly exhumed onshore during shortening along the Carboneras fault and regional kinematic reorganisation associated with slab detachment. C and O isotopic compositions (-17.23‰ to -9.08‰ for O and -15.77‰ to -1.60‰ for C, in V-PDB) of calcite veins are close to carbonates endmember of the Alpujárride basement. The O and C isotopes trend highlights a burial where all δ18O and δ13C calcite have depleted values compared with host rocks indicating a higher temperature of calcite precipitation (estimated at 83.7°C) and an increasing organic matter degradation with depth. The concordance on ages suggests that deep processes including mantle delamination and hot mantle triggered CaCO3 fluid precipitation and uplift during the transition from extension to onset of tectonic inversion. The deep mantle processes related to the 8 Ma event impacted not only the uplift of the Alboran basin that caused the Messinian Salinity Crisis that is well recorded in the Betics, but also the recent uplift of Iberia and Western Europe.
Multidecadal changes of structural sediment connectivity in alpine catchments
Authors: Himmelstoss Toni , Betz-Nutz Sarah , Rom Jakob , Altmann Moritz , Fleischer Fabian , Haas Florian , Becht Michael , Heckmann Tobias
Published: February 2023

Sediment connectivity is defined as the potential of a catchment to route material through itself. It is a system property that regulates the propagation of geomorphic changes through a catchment and is therefore a factor of its sensitivity to climatic change. In well-connected catchments, changes are effectively propagated; where the coupling of hillslopes to channels, or between channel reaches is poor, changes may remain localised. Structural connectivity itself is not a static property; it can be affected by process-response feedbacks, gradual or rapid changes, for example as a consequence of extreme events. In this study, we use a multi-method approach to investigate changes in structural sediment connectivity over time periods of up to 70 years in three alpine catchments.First, we calculate the Index of Connectivity (IC) and corresponding change maps to identify areas and time periods with major changes in structural connectivity.  The required multitemporal digital elevation models (DEMs) are computed with historical aerial images and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry, more recent DEMs are obtained from ALS surveys. The channel networks as targets are manually mapped using the DEMs and orthomosaics.The second approach for selected areas makes use of multitemporal geomorphological maps, digital elevation models and graph theory. The geomorphological maps were produced based on historical orthomosaics, DEM derivatives and DEMs of Difference. The landforms in the geomorphological maps form the nodes of a graph, and edges connecting the nodes along the direction of flow represent potential or actual sediment transfer between them. The graphs reflect the system structure for a certain point in time; graph metrics can be used to assess the structural connectivity including spatial differences and temporal changes.  
Random Forests-Based Surrogate Model as a Tool to Facilitate Groundwater Management
Authors: Uribe-Asarta Janire , A. Godoy Vanessa , Gómez-Hernández J. Jaime
Published: February 2023

The recovery of aquifers under severe stress requires tools to understand their behaviour to define the most sustainable measures and the collaboration of all the stakeholders involved, water authorities, legislators, and groundwater users. The most used tools for decision-making are numerical models. However, numerical models are usually computationally expensive and due to their complexity are limited to people with advanced technical knowledge. This work proposes to replace the numerical model with a quick and simple-to-use tool accessible to all aquifer’s users. For that, we develop a surrogate model based on artificial intelligence methods. This groundwater flow surrogate model allows evaluating the impact of possible changes in pumping extractions or rainfall on piezometric heads in the near future. It has been applied to the Requena-Utiel and Cabrillas-Malacara aquifers, in Spain, considered overexploited by the Júcar River Basin Authority. The surrogate modelling methodology requires a numerical model to create the training data set for the machine learning algorithms. The numerical model is implemented and calibrated using MODFLOW 2005 and FloPy using all available information from 1980 to 2016, with a monthly discretization. The training dataset is obtained by generating 100 MODFLOW realizations with different scenarios of recharge and pumping rate and 145 selected monitoring points from 2016 to 2052. Recharge rate is allowed to decrease up to 60% or increase up to 25% of the average of the last ten years, while, pumping rates are allowed to decrease up to 70% and increase up to 30%. Then, the data is shuffled and 90% is used for training and the remaining 10% is used for testing. Three different algorithms were tried to compare the results: Random Forests, AdaBoost and XGBoost, and random forests were selected as the final surrogate model for its best performance. The surrogate models produce very similar and accurate approximations of the piezometric heads with respect to the data they were trained with and the reduction in computational time is remarkable. The predictions of the surrogate model are interpolated over the study area to obtain piezometric head values maps.This research was developed under the scope of the InTheMED project, which is part of the PRIMA Program supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No 1923.
Statistical Analysis of Lunar 1 Hz Waves Using ARTEMIS Observations
Authors: Lou Yuequn , Gu Xudong , Cao Xing , Wu Mingyu , Xiao Sudong , Wang Guoqiang , Ni Binbin , Zhang Tielong
Published: February 2023

Like 1 Hz waves occurring in the upstream of various celestial bodies in the solar system, 1 Hz narrowband whistler-mode waves are often observed around the Moon. However, the wave properties have not been thoroughly investigated, which makes it difficult to proclaim the generation mechanism of the waves. Using 5.5-year wave data from ARTEMIS, we perform a detailed investigation of 1 Hz waves in the near lunar space. The amplitude of lunar 1 Hz waves is generally 0.05-0.1 nT. In the GSE coordinates, the waves show no significant regional differentiation pattern but an absence inside the magnetosphere. Correspondingly, in the SSE coordinates, they can occur extensively at ~1.1-12 RL, while few events observed in the lunar wake due to a lack of interaction with the solar wind. Furthermore, the wave distributions exhibit modest day-night and dawn-dusk asymmetries, but less apparent north-south asymmetry. Compared with nightside, more intense waves with lower peak wave frequency are present on the dayside. The preferential distribution of 1 Hz waves exhibits a moderate correlation with strong magnetic anomalies. The waves propagate primarily at wave normal angles < 60° with an ellipticity of [-0.8, -0.3]. For stronger wave amplitudes and lower latitudes, 1 Hz waves generally have smaller wave normal angles and become more left-hand circularly polarized. Owing to the unique interaction between the Moon and solar wind, our statistical results might provide new insights into the generation mechanism(s) of 1 Hz waves in planetary plasma environments and promote the understanding of lunar plasma dynamics.
Impact of the reference series choice in analysis of the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign (2nd EOP PCC) results
Authors: Partyka Aleksander , Śliwińska Justyna , Kur Tomasz , Nastula Jolanta , Dobslaw Henryk , Wińska Małgorzata ,   2nd EOP PCC Participants
Published: February 2023

Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) represent the rotational part of the transformation between the current releases of the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). The determination of EOPs requires post-processing of observational data collected from various space geodetic techniques, which causes some delays in the provision of EOP solutions.In the light of the developments in the field of advanced geodetic data processing, modelling effective angular momentum functions and developing new prediction methods, a re-assessment of the various EOP predictions is currently pursued in the frame of the Second Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign (2nd EOP PCC). The campaign started in September 2021 and its main part finished on 28 December 2022. It was run by the Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk in cooperation with GeoForschungsZentrum and under the auspices of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).In this presentation, we provide initial analysis of the impact of the choice of reference series used on the assessment of predictions submitted to the 2nd EOP PCC. We will compare the single-technique EOP series provided by International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS), International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), International Very Long Baseline Interferometry Service (IVS) as well as selected combined series with reference to official IERS solutions (IERS 14C04) for respective EOPs. We also look closer to the input data exploited by campaign participants to process predictions by dividing them into subclasses. We conduct selected statistical analyses, including forecast horizons, to show variabilities caused by reference series. We also analyse the number of rejected predictions with use of beta parameter considering various references. Finally, we focus on Mean Absolute Error (MAE) computed for 10 days and 30 days of predictions to discuss potential effects triggered by the input data choice. This work concludes with potential impacts of the input EOP data on the accuracy of the received EOP predictions.
Connecting the Long Tail: sharing and describing heterogeneous data via common metadata standards
Authors: Lange Otto , Samshuijzen Laurens , Elger Kirsten , Frenzel Simone , Pijnenburg Ronald , Wessels Richard , ter Maat Geertje , Drury Martyn
Published: February 2023

The EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) community includes a wide range of world-class solid Earth science laboratory infrastructures and as such it provides a multidisciplinary- and coherent platform for both virtual access to data and physical access to sophisticated research equipment. The MSL laboratories provide facilities for highly-specialized experimental research that results in experimental and analytical data underlying publications about phenomena ranging from the molecular to the continental scale.From the perspective of the intended FAIRness of these laboratory data, the challenge for the MSL community has been to develop a data management paradigm that on one hand acknowledges the uniqueness of many of the data collections involved, and on the other hand maximizes their findability through metadata dissemination via common standards into larger cross-disciplinary communities. Furthermore, besides provenance information about the data themselves, harmonized information about research groups and experimental assets must be considered as increasingly important for feeding the network relations that may help in making sense of scientific impact. As part of the MSL Data Publication Chain, the MSL community has developed a standardised workflow that allows easy metadata exchange based on common formats (e.g., flavors of DCAT-AP, DataCite 4.x, and ISO19115), whereas at the same time it integrates dedicated ontologies to give access to the richness of specialized terminology with respect to the MSL subdomains (e.g., analogue modelling, paleomagnetism, rock physics, geochemistry). Community developed controlled vocabularies act as the binding agent between data, equipment, and the experiment itself, while at the same time processing tools like a user-friendly metadata editor and a CKAN-based MSL data publication portal provide the building blocks for the chain towards cross-disciplinary sustainable dissemination.We will demonstrate how the MSL data management paradigm exploits both the strength of controlled terminology and the availability of good agnostic common standards in an approach for managing heterogeneous data coming from long tail communities.
Capillary suction as a mechanism for interfacial water formation in early-winter glide-snow avalanches
Authors: Lombardo Michael , Lehmann Peter , Fees Amelie , van Herwijnen Alec , Schweizer Jürg
Published: February 2023

The presence of interfacial water at the soil-snow interface is considered one of the important factors controlling glide-snow avalanche release. Suction of water out of the soil has been postulated as a possible mechanism for interfacial water formation in early-winter (also known as “cold”) glide-snow avalanches, where the interfacial water is not due to melt water infiltration from the snow surface. Here, we use two 1D-models, HYDRUS and SNOWPACK, to investigate water transport across the soil-snow interface via capillary action. The results of this modeling demonstrate that, under certain conditions, the snowpack is capable of drawing water from the soil and/or interfacial vegetation layer (e.g. grass). We show that the dynamics and magnitude of water transport are highly dependent on the hydraulic properties of the soil, interface, and snow. For example, capillary rise within the snow increases with decreasing snow grain size and increasing snow density. When considering an initially dry snowpack, the capillary pressure of the water within the soil and vegetation sets an upper bound for the increase in liquid water content within the snow. Additional work is needed to assess the effect of geothermal melting as a competing mechanism for interfacial water generation. However, regardless of how the interfacial water is generated, we show that certain configurations of soil, interface, and snow layers can lead to an increase in liquid water content within the basal snowpack due to capillary action. Thus, we conclude that capillary suction is a possible mechanism for early-winter glide-snow avalanche release.
Distribution and drivers of soil bacterial communities across different soil management practices and soil diagnostic units in agricultural ecosystems
Authors: Bukombe Benjamin , Csenki Sándor , Szlatenyi Dora , Czako Ivan , Láng Vince
Published: February 2023

Soil bacterial communities play an important role in soil health, carbon (C), and nutrient cycling, as well as in soil-plant relationships in agroecosystems. However, our understanding of the drivers and distribution of soil bacterial communities across landscapes is limited. For example, it is not clear how changes in soil management practices (i.e. Till vs No-till vs cover crop), soil diagnostic units, and their associated physical-chemical properties interact to influence the composition and abundance of soil bacterial communities at a larger scale. Here, using samples collected in a countrywide soil survey in Hungary, we combined soil metagenomic sequencing, soil management practices, and soil geochemical data to develop a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of bacterial communities in contrasting agroecosystems. We found that bacterial community composition and distribution significantly differed between soil management practices. Furthermore, we found that soil geochemical properties influenced soil bacterial composition and abundance under similar soil diagnostic units, suggesting that the effects of soil management practices on bacterial communities outweighed the ones of pedogenic processes. Together, these results suggest that soil management practices influence soil geochemical properties that drive the composition and spatial distribution of soil bacterial communities. Consequently, effects and types of soil management should be taken into account when developing soil health indicators for agroecosystems.
Refining the budget: limits of the cumulative emissions framework and implications for policy
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin , Koven Charles , Peters Glen , Jenkins Stuart
Published: February 2023

The linear relationship between cumulative emissions and warming has been a consistent feature of climate models, and underpins the concept of a carbon budget and net-zero goal in order to achieve climate stabilisation.  However, research in recent years has identified potential for deviations from this relationship during the net zero transition.  Here, we consider how important such deviations might be for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement, and whether current metrics of Earth system warming in response to carbon emissions (TCRE, ZEC, RAZE) adequately describe the range of potential warming trajectories which might be experienced in response to different levels of mitigation.  Further, as carbon emissions (hopefully) peak and decline in the coming decades, we examine the prospects for further constraining response parameters as temperatures depart from the linear growth seen over recent decades.  Finally, we consider how the current CMIP experimental protocol could be extended to better define transient response to real world emissions in a net-zero transition.
Comparison of a conceptual rainfall-runoff model with an artificial neural network model for streamflow prediction
Authors: boodoo fadil , delenne carole , hostache Renaud , freychet julien
Published: February 2023

Accurate streamflow forecasting can help minimizing the negative impacts of hydrological events such as floods and droughts. To address this challenge, we explore here artificial neural networks models (ANNs) for streamflow forecasting. These models, which have been proven successful in other fields, may offer improved accuracy and efficiency compared to traditional conceptually-based forecasting approaches.The goal of this study is to compare the performance of a traditional conceptual rainfall-runoff (hydrological) model with an artificial neural network (ANN) model for streamflow forecasting. As a test case, we use the Severn catchment in the United Kingdom. The adopted ANN model has a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture with two hidden layers, each with 256 neurons. The model is trained on a 25-year dataset from 1988 to 2013 and tested on a 3-year dataset (from 2014 to 2016). It is also validated on a 3-year dataset (from 2017 to 2020, 2019 being a particularly wet year), to assess its performance in extreme hydrological conditions. The study focuses on daily and hourly predictions.To conduct this study, the conceptual hydrological model called Superflex is used as a benchmark. Both models are first evaluated using the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) score. To enable a fair and accurate comparison, both models share the same inputs (i.e. meteorological forcings: total precipitation, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, daylight duration, mean surface downward short wave radiation flux, and vapor pressure). The ANN model was implemented using the Neuralhydrology library developed by F. Kratzert.In our study, we found that LSTM model is able to provide more accurate one-day forecasts than the  hydrological model Superflex. For the daily predictions, the average NSE score using the LSTM model is 0.85 (with an average NSE score of 0.99 for training period, and 0.85 for validation period), which is higher than the NSE score of 0.74 achieved by the Superflex model (with a score of 0.84 for training period).The hourly prediction using NSE with the superflex model had a score of 0.88, with a score of 0.7 during training. The LSTM model had an average NSE score of 0.87, with an average score of 0.99 during training and an average score of 0.85 during validation.These results were obtained without adjusting the hyperparameters and by training the model only on data from the Severn watershed.The ANN model has demonstrated promising results compared to a state-of-the-art conceptual hydrological model in our studies. We will further compare both models using different training dataset periods, and different catchements. These additional tests will provide more information on the capabilities of the LSTM model and help to confirm its effectiveness.
Spatial and temporal analysis of ground deformation data for the characterization of natural and anthropogenic sources
Authors: Areggi Giulia , Silverii Francesca , Sparacino Federica , Anderlini Letizia , Pezzo Giuseppe
Published: February 2023

Ground displacement measurements are fundamental for investigating the surface effects of numerous natural and anthropogenic processes acting within the same region. Spatial geodesy measures the displacement of the ground due to the sum of multi-scale processes, i.e. processes that occur at different spatial and temporal scales. The joint action of these phenomena can generate surface deformations characterized by constant trends or transients over time or even by cyclical variations that generate seasonal signals in the displacement time series, with an annual or multi-annual period. Separating the contribution of each phenomenon in the displacement measurements is a complicated objective to achieve because it is necessary to identify within the GNSS and InSAR time series the signals associated with the various processes and to have a large amount of information relating to the geological, geophysical and hydrological characteristics.The target area of this work (coastal area of the Po Plain, Italy) is affected by various processes of natural and anthropogenic origin, such as the subsoil water pumping, the compaction of sediments throughout the plain area, the hydrocarbon cultivation at the numerous onshore and offshore active concessions, and also the active tectonic process linked to the convergence between the Northern Apennines and the Adriatic plate.Aim of this work is to develop a systematic method of analysis both at regional and local scales of the GNSS and InSAR displacement time series using signal decomposition techniques to identify the main ongoing deformation processes. Extracted signals are compared with the time series of all available physical, hydrological, geophysical and geological parameters to identify the main deformation sources causing the observed displacements. In particular, considering the differences in lengths and temporal samplings among the datasets, all the measurements have been standardized in the same formats through an open-source code, allowing for the comparison among the different types of data to investigate any associations and correlations, and executing also a data quality analysis. Furthermore, a Matlab-based code has been developed to quickly and automatically analyze the InSAR displacement time series. The code provides information on linear, non-linear, cyclic and/or seasonal components, by using frequency analysis (spectral analysis via Lomb-Scargle periodogram to evaluate most significant components and their periodicity), and by means of the estimate the Non-Linearity Index (INL), defined as the ratio between the long-term signal variability and the high-frequency noise variability. Such a code is general and could be applied to several areas of interest.