bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An application‐driven approach to designing secure wireless sensor networks
Authors: Sabbah Eric , Kang Kyoung‐Don , Abu‐Ghazaleh Nael , Majeed Adnan , Liu Ke
Published: December 2007

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted a lot of interest due to the wide range of applications they enable. Unfortunately, WSNs are exposed to numerous security threats that can adversely affect the success of important applications. Securing WSNs is challenging due to their limited capabilities and the unique nature of the network and applications. In this paper, we argue that the WSN security research generally considers mechanisms that are modeled after and evaluated against abstract applications and WSN organizations. Instead, we propose that the solution for WSN security must be sensitive to the application and infrastructure. Specifically, we formulate a new notion of an application‐specific security context as the combination of a potential attacker's motivation and the WSN vulnerability. The vulnerability is a function of factors such as the sensor field, WSN infrastructure, application, protocols, system software, accessibility, and the observability of the WSN. To reduce the vulnerability, we argue that WSN design must balance security with traditional objectives such as the cost, energy efficiency, and application level performance to a degree proportional to the attacker's motivation. We illustrate this argumentviafour example applications. Overall, our work can be considered a basis to derive more grounded and realistic assumptions for WSN security and develop cost‐effective security solutions to handle application‐specific vulnerabilities in WSNs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From evidence-based medicine to genomic medicine
Authors: Kumar Dhavendra
Published: December 2007

The concept of ‘evidence-based medicine’ dates back to mid-19th century or even earlier. It remains pivotal in planning, funding and in delivering the health care. Clinicians, public health practitioners, health commissioners/purchasers, health planners, politicians and public seek formal ‘evidence’ in approving any form of health care provision. Essentially ‘evidence-based medicine’ aims at the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It is in fact the ‘personalised medicine’ in practice. Since the completion of the human genome project and the rapid accumulation of huge amount of data, scientists and physicians alike are excited on the prospect of ‘personalised health care’ based on individual’s genotype and phenotype. The first decade of the new millennium now witnesses the transition from ‘evidence-based medicine’ to the ‘genomic medicine’. The practice of medicine, including health promotion and prevention of disease, stands now at a wide-open road as the scientific and medical community embraces itself with the rapidly expanding and revolutionising field of genomic medicine. This article reviews the rapid transformation of modern medicine from the ‘evidence-based medicine’ to ‘genomic medicine’.
Sulfonated Styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene/Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Morphology, and Properties
Authors: Ganguly Anirban , Bhowmick Anil K
Published: December 2007

Sulfonated styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene triblock copolymer (SSEBS) was synthesized by reaction of acetyl sulfate with SEBS. SSESB-clay nanocomposites were then prepared from hydrophilic Na-montmorillonite (MT) and organically (quaternary amine) modified hydrophobic nanoclay (OMT) at very low loading. SEBS did not show improvement in properties with MT-based nanocomposites. On sulfonation (3 and 6 weight%) of SEBS, hydrophilic MT clay-based nanocomposites exhibited better mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties, and also controlled water–methanol mixture uptake and permeation and AC resistance. Microstructure determined by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy due to better dispersion of MT nanoclay particles and interaction of MT with SSEBS matrix was responsible for this effect. The resulting nanocomposites have potential as proton transfer membranes for Fuel Cell applications.
Effect of resveratrol, tyrosol and β-sitosterol on oxidised low-density lipoprotein-stimulated oxidative stress, arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Vivancos Marta , Moreno Juan J.
Published: December 2007

Oxidation of LDL is hypothesised as an early and critical event in atherogenesis. Oxidised LDL (oxLDL) favour the transformation of macrophages into foam cells, an important cell involved in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, oxLDL cause multiple changes in macrophage functions. Thus, oxLDL induces certain genes, suppresses others and alters cell lipid metabolism. Consumption of a Mediterranean diet is associated with a low incidence of atherosclerotic disease, but data about the specific dietary constituents involved and mechanisms conferring cardioprotection are still sparse. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of representative minor components of wine and olive oil on reactive oxygen species and eicosanoid synthesis induced by oxLDL-stimulated macrophages. We observed that exposure to non-toxic oxLDL concentrations leads to the production of H2O2 by RAW 264.7 macrophages and this effect was reverted by apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Moreover, oxLDL induced arachidonic acid (AA) release, cyclo-oxygenase-2 overexpression and subsequent PGE2 release. We observed that resveratrol and tyrosol revert H2O2 production induced by oxLDL as well as AA release and PGE2 synthesis and that these effects were not as a consequence of these compounds interfering with the oxLDL binding to their receptors. Interestingly, β-sitosterol presence enhances these polyphenol actions. Thus, we found a synergistic action of polyphenols of olive oil and wine and β-sitosterol of olive oil led to the modulation of the effects of oxLDL on oxidative stress and PGE2 synthesis.
γ-Tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells is associated with a suppression in mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling
Authors: Sun Wenguang , Wang Qi , Chen Bingqing , Liu Jiaren , Liu Huikun , Xu Weili
Published: December 2007

Tocotrienols have been shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in tocotrienol-induced apoptosis are still unclear. In the present study, γ-tocotrienol induced apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cell line through down regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway. Furthermore, γ-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis was accompanied by down regulation of Bcl-2, up regulation of Bax, activation of caspase-3, and subsequent poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. These results indicated that up or down regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins play a major role in the initiation of γ-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis as an activator of caspase-3.γ-Tocotrienol also down regulated the activation of the Raf-ERK signalling pathway, and down regulated c-Myc by decreasing the expressions of Raf-1 and p-ERK1/2 proteins. The results suggest that key regulators in tocotrienol-induced apoptosis may be Bcl-2 families and caspase-3 in SGC-7901 cells through down regulation of the Raf-ERK signalling pathway.
COLLABORATIVE MONITORING AND EVALUATION: ASSESSING THE UPTAKE OF IMPROVED FALLOWS AND BIOMASS TRANSFER IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: FRANZEL S. , NANOK T. , WANGIA S. , DEWOLF J.
Published: December 2007

Few references are available on collaborative monitoring and evaluation, that is, how diverse organizations promoting similar innovations can together assess their efforts. We examined the experience of 30 organizations in working together in western Kenya, from 1999 to 2003, assessing their impact in helping farmers to adapt and adopt two soil fertility practices. While the collaborative process improved the flow of information among organizations, it did not reduce monitoring costs, but rather increased them. The process increased participating organizations' awareness of farmer innovations and the number being promoted. The process also contributed to the formation of a consortium among the participating organizations. We viewed the benefits of the collaborative approach as greater than the costs, but recognize that the resources for implementing such exercises may often not be available.
INCREASING THE IMPACTS OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH
Authors: HELLIN J. , BELLON M. R. , BADSTUE L. , DIXON J. , LA ROVERE R.
Published: December 2007

Farmer participation in agricultural research can improve the efficiency and impact of the research. This functional component of participatory research includes the identification of traits that guide crop breeders' work. Participatory research can also lead to farmer empowerment, although when carried out by research organizations, direct empowerment is often limited to relatively few farmers. Farmer empowerment is, therefore, best carried out by development organizations whose longer-term interaction with farmers is likely to ensure that greater numbers of farmers benefit. Hence, research organizations ought to focus on the functional components of participatory research along with the empowerment of intermediate/partner organizations rather than the direct empowerment of large numbers of farmers.
Frequency of shearing increases growth of fibre and changes objective and subjective attributes of Angora goat fleeces
Authors: McGREGOR B. A. , BUTLER K. L.
Published: December 2007

The impact of genotype and of frequency and timing of shearing, on mohair attributes and production of modern Angora goats was studied. Goats in the southern hemisphere grazed pastures between February 2004 and 2006. There were seven shearing treatments by three genetic strains with four or eight replicates of individual goats. Treatments were: three different 6-month shearing intervals and two of 12-month shearing intervals with different months of shearing, a 7-month winter shearing interval and a 3-month shearing interval. Genetic strain was based on sire line: 1·0 South African; 1·0 Texan; and Mixed 0·5 South African and 0·5 Texan. Annual greasy mohair production was 5·08 kg, and average clean fleece production was 4·37 kg. The Angora goats produced an annual clean fleece equivalent to 0·122 of their mean fleece-free live weight which was equal to 0·34 g/kg/day. Measurements were analysed over the period of spring 2004 shearing to spring 2005 shearing, excluding the June–December shearing treatment. Increased frequency of shearing increased fleece growth and affected 13 objective and subjective attributes of mohair that were evaluated including clean washing yield, fibre diameter and fibre diameter variation, incidence of medullated fibres, staple length, fibre curvature, crimp frequency, style, staple definition, staple fibre entanglement and staple tip shape. The direction of these effects were generally favourable and for most attributes the magnitude of the response was linear and commercially important. Each additional shearing resulted in an additional 149 g of clean mohair representing 0·034 of the annual clean mohair production. This increase was associated with a 0·6 cm increase in staple length and 0·32 μm increase in mean fibre diameter. In conclusion, Angora goats shorn less frequently grew less mohair that was more likely to be entangled in spring. Managers of Angora goats should take note of these findings.
One-generation Lamarckism: The role of environment in genetic development
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: December 2007

Environment can provide information used in development – information that can appear to be genetically given and that was previously assumed to be so. Examples include growth of the eye until it achieves good focus, and structuring of receptive fields in the visual cortex by environmental information. The process can be called one-generation Lamarckism because information acquired from the environment is used to structure the organism and because the capacity to acquire this information is inherited.
Epigenetic and cultural evolution are non-Darwinian
Authors: Gabora Liane
Published: December 2007

The argument that heritable epigenetic change plays a distinct role in evolution would be strengthened through recognition that it is what bootstrapped the origin and early evolution of life, and that, like behavioral and symbolic change, it is non-Darwinian. The mathematics of natural selection, a population-level process, is limited to replication with negligible individual-level change that uses a self-assembly code.
Evolution in the symbolic dimension: The devil is in the details
Authors: Lappan Susan , Choe Jae Chun
Published: December 2007

Evolution in Four Dimensions argues convincingly that non-genetic inheritance systems have the potential to be agents of evolution and that, in some circumstances, acquired information can be heritable. However, we found the authors' four-dimensional approach to evolution problematic, and doubt that symbolic evolution can be adequately modeled as a distinct dimension of organismal evolution.
Innovation in sexual display
Authors: Madden Joah R.
Published: December 2007

Much attention has been paid to innovative foraging methods, but little to innovative sexual displays. Innovations may be common in behavioural display, such as song or object use, and could occur in both male display form and female preferences. Similar evidence exists for innovation in display as in foraging methods, but in smaller quantities. Ramsey et al.'s methodology permits rigorous data collection in this field.
Context-specific neophilia and its consequences for innovations
Authors: Mettke-Hofmann Claudia
Published: December 2007

According to Ramsey and colleagues the main constituent psychological processes of innovation are response to novelty, exploration, and the ability to recognize a novel solution. I fully support this view but point out that novelty reactions are often context-specific. I will expand on this and discuss the possible consequences of context-specific novelty reactions on the emergence of innovations.
From Resisting to “Embracing?” the One-Child Rule: Understanding New Fertility Trends in a Central China Village
Authors: Zhang Hong
Published: December 2007

From its initiation in 1979, China's one-child policy has been controversial. Most critiques on the stringent birth control policy in rural China still focus on the resistance framework and there is very little research on whether Chinese peasant families are changing their fertility preferences and behaviours when confronting both the state birth control policy and the rapidly changing social and economic environment. Based on recent ethnographic study in a central China village, this article seeks to explore new fertility trends that indicate the shift from “active resistance against” to “conscious decision for” the one-child limit among rural families. In particular, it discusses the newly emerging social, economic and demographic factors that may have played a role in this fertility shift, and its social implications for the central tenet of son preference in Chinese culture and the norm of child-rearing as a means of securing old age support among rural families.
The Making of Chinese Intellectuals: Representations and Organization in the Thought Reform Campaign
Authors: Eddy U
Published: December 2007

Through analysing the early 1950s Thought Reform campaign, this article suggests a new approach to studying Chinese intellectuals. I highlight the reification of this social category under Communist Party rule. The campaign universalized zhishifenzi (知识分子) as a social classification, absorbed a diversity of people into the category and established within it multiple subject positions. This reification of the Chinese intellectual, which persisted after Thought Reform, had serious impacts on central policies, local organization and individual behaviour. My analytical perspective can further the understanding of CCP rule, state–intellectual relations and the experience of so-called Chinese intellectuals.
The Future of International Law: A Human Rights Perspective – With Some Comments on the Leiden School of International Law
Authors: DUGARD JOHN
Published: December 2007

In the past fifty years there have been changes in relation to the nature and sources of international law. Academic lawyers have welcomed these changes, which show a movement away from strict consent as the basis of international law. States and government law advisers have adopted a more conservative approach and emphasize the importance of consent as a basis for international law. Different approaches are apparent in the practice of the Human Rights Council. The Council has focused on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, much to the annoyance of Western states. The developing world sees the Occupied Palestinian Territory in much the same way as the United Nations saw apartheid in South Africa. The International Court of Justice has responded wisely to both these phenomena. It has given cautious approval to new notions of international law, encapsulated in the doctrines of obligations erga omnes and jus cogens. On the subject of Palestine the Court has given an Advisory Opinion which should form the basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict in the Middle East. Unfortunately the international community has failed to give effect to this opinion.
‘Human-Rightism’ and the Development of General International Law
Authors: PRONTO ARNOLD N.
Published: December 2007

International human rights law norms and ‘human-rightist’ imperatives are increasingly ‘mainstreamed’ into general international law. The writer makes two modest assertions: that the success of this trend (i) makes it now possible to speak of general international law ‘sources’ of human rights obligations; and (ii) undermines claims of the ‘specialness’ of the human rights legal framework, which are a source of perplexity for the general international lawyer increasingly used to taking human rights law (as lex generalis) into account when interpreting and applying general international law.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: The History of a Contested Project
Authors: VAN BOVEN THEO
Published: December 2007

This essay recounts the protracted history of the proposal to create a UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, from the days of Cold War controversies and divisions until the post ultimately came into being after the World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993). While early proposals perceived the High Commissioner as an independent authority receiving complaints and lending good offices, the envisaged role of the High Commissioner progressively evolved over the years – with the setting up of a great variety of treaty-based and charter-based implementation procedures – to encompass comprehensive policy-planning and global human rights advocacy. Thus, as the UN official with principal responsibility for human rights activities, the High Commissioner became firmly embedded in the structure of the UN organization. This paper further underscores the catalytic role of non-governmental organizations in consistently pushing forward the high commissioner project, as it finally emerged in an atmosphere of high expectations.
On Some Problematical Aspects of the Crime of Aggression
Authors: CASSESE ANTONIO
Published: December 2007

The essay argues that the absence of an international treaty definition of aggression in international law should not preclude the prosecution of its perpetrators. Two legal regimes of responsibility, namely the prohibition against aggression as an international wrongful act and the crime of aggression have been entangled. Once one separates the criminal liability of individuals from state responsibility, a definition of the crime of aggression can be seen. According to the author, the contours of such a new definition contain the requisite degree of certainty for judicial approaches instead of merely political approaches. Consideration is also given as to whether conspiracy to wage a war of aggression may also be regarded as a separate crime within international criminal law.
The Crime of Aggression before the First Review of the ICC Statute
Authors: KRESS CLAUS
Published: December 2007

A few years before the expected convening of the First Review Conference on the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Special Working Group for the Crime of Aggression has made very significant progress in preparing the ground for enabling the Court to exercise its jurisdiction over what the Nuremberg Tribunal famously called the ‘supreme international crime’. The complex structure of this absolute leadership crime has been fully explored, including its implications for the interplay between the definition of the crime and the general principles of international criminal law. At the same time, the crucial analytical distinctions between state and individual conduct as well as between the substantive elements of the crime and the possible procedural role of the UN Security Council appear to be generally accepted. In the light of the momentum achieved on the diplomatic level, the First Review Conference presents a distinct and historic window of opportunity to the world's political leadership to complete the Rome Statute and thereby prevent its prominent lacuna from becoming permanent and thus turning into a legitimacy gap. The final phase of the negotiations should be guided by two principles. First, the substantive definition of the state act of aggression should stay within the legitimate limits of international criminal justice by not exceeding undisputed general customary international law. Second, a possible procedural role for the Security Council must not have the practical effect of placing the permanent members of the Security Council beyond the reach of the law.
Judging the Judges: Towards an Appropriate Role for the Judiciary in South Africa's Transformation
Authors: DUGARD JACKIE
Published: December 2007

In this article I draw on John Dugard's criticism of apartheid judges to initiate a discussion of the role and functioning of judges in the post-apartheid era. Using John's critique of the limits of judicial interpretation in an illegitimate order, I extend the analysis to review the record of the Constitutional Court in adjudicating socioeconomic rights cases post-1994. In doing so I propose a radical interpretation of the Court's role in society and an activist functioning of judges in South Africa's constitutional democracy. I conclude that, notwithstanding the momentous changes in the South African legal order since 1994, John's critique of the judiciary retains much value and applicability today.
A long-term observational study of the impact of badger removal on herd restrictions due to bovine TB in the Irish midlands during 1989–2004
Authors: KELLY G. E. , CONDON J. , MORE S. J. , DOLAN L. , HIGGINS I. , EVES J.
Published: December 2007

An observational study was carried out, using data collected from four areas in the Irish midlands, between 1989 and 2004, to critically evaluate the long-term effects of proactive badger culling and to provide insights into reactive badger culling tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in cattle. Confirmed cattle herd TB incidence is the outcome measure used throughout. Relative to reactive culling, proactive badger culling was associated with a decrease in incidence in each of the 16 years of observation, which encompassed periods of both intensive and less-intensive badger removal. By 2004, we observed a decrease of 22% [95% confidence interval (CI) 15–29, P<0·001] in the entire proactive and 37% (95% CI 25–47, P<0·001), in the inner proactive removal areas. The size of the decrease increased with time (P=0·055). There was a decrease (constant over time) of at least 14% (95% CI 76–97, P=0·013) in incidence in the inner compared to the outer control area (herds ⩽2 km, >2 km, from proactive removal area boundaries, respectively). Incidence in the outer proactive removal area (herds <1·6 km from the proactive removal boundary) was similar to the inner control area (P=0·890). Incidence in the outer control area and total control area, compared to a neighbouring area some distance away, increased over the course of the study. Differences with the total control area were not statistically significant but the outer control area was 11% higher than the neighbouring area by 2004 (borderline significance P=0·057).
Windy Mars: A dynamic planet as seen by the HiRISE camera
Authors: Bridges N. T. , Geissler P. E. , McEwen A. S. , Thomson B. J. , Chuang F. C. , Herkenhoff K. E. , Keszthelyi L. P. , Martínez‐Alonso S.
Published: December 2007

With a dynamic atmosphere and a large supply of particulate material, the surface of Mars is heavily influenced by wind‐driven, or aeolian, processes. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provides a new view of Martian geology, with the ability to see decimeter‐size features. Current sand movement, and evidence for recent bedform development, is observed. Dunes and ripples generally exhibit complex surfaces down to the limits of resolution. Yardangs have diverse textures, with some being massive at HiRISE scale, others having horizontal and cross‐cutting layers of variable character, and some exhibiting blocky and polygonal morphologies. “Reticulate” (fine polygonal texture) bedforms are ubiquitous in the thick mantle at the highest elevations.
A GCM study of effects of radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol on large scale circulation and rainfall in East Asia during boreal spring
Authors: Kim Maeng‐Ki , Lau William K. M. , Kim Kyu‐Myong , Lee Woo‐Seop
Published: December 2007

The effect of sulfate aerosol radiative forcing on spring rainfall in East Asia are studied based on numerical simulations with the NASA finite‐volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) forced with monthly varying three‐dimensional aerosol distribution from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model (GOCART). Result shows that radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol leads to cooling of the land surface and reduction in rainfall over central East Asia. The maximum reduction in precipitation is shifted northward relative to the maximum aerosol loading region as a result of dynamical feedback. The anomalous thermal gradient by aerosol cooling near the land surface, reduces the baroclinicity of the atmosphere, leading to a deceleration of the upper level westerly flow. The westerly deceleration induces, through ageostrophic wind adjustment, anomalous meridional secondary circulation at the entrance region of the East Asian jetstream, with strong sinking motion and suppressed precipitation near 30°N, coupled to weak rising motion and moderately enhanced precipitation over southern China and the South China Sea. These results suggest that the radiative forcing of aerosol through induced dynamical feedback with the atmospheric water cycle, may be a causal factor in the observed spring precipitation trend over East Asia.
Heliospheric timescale identified in surface atmospheric electricity
Authors: Harrison R. G. , Märcz F.
Published: December 2007

Spectral analysis of surface atmospheric electricity data at daily resolution is used to investigate heliospheric and cosmic ray effects on the global circuit. Using 42 years of Potential Gradient (PG) data (1963–2004) from Nagycenk Observatory, Hungary (47° 38′N, 16° 43′E), periodicities are found at annual, semi‐annual and 1.7 year timescales. A quasi‐periodicity centred on 1.68 years in surface neutron monitor data has previously been identified as of heliospheric origin; a similar signal was apparent in Voyager spacecraft cosmic ray measurements. The heliospheric signal is strongest during the 1980s and early 1990s, but absent before 1975. The 1.7 year periodicity in the Nagycenk PG data is present 1978–1990, but absent 1963–1977, and is clearest during fair weather when the global circuit and columnar air conductivities most readily contribute to the surface PG. When poor local weather influences the PG, the 1.7 year periodicity is reduced or absent.
High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder observations of polar stratospheric clouds and subvisible cirrus
Authors: Massie Steven , Gille John , Khosravi Rashid , Lee Hyunah , Kinnison Douglas , Francis Gene , Nardi Bruno , Eden Thomas , Craig Cheryl , Halvorson Chris , Coffey Michael , Packman Daniel , Cavanaugh Charles , Craft James , Dean Vincil , Ellis David , Barnett John , Hepplewhite Christopher , Lambert Alyn , Manney Gloria , Strawa Anthony , Legg Marion
Published: December 2007

The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) cloud detection and cloud top determination algorithm is described and applied to 2005–2007 HIRDLS radiance profiles. Statistical averages of HIRDLS and correlative cloud data are highly correlated. The 1998–2005 Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and HIRDLS time averaged cloud top pressures have a correlation coefficient of 0.87 and 0.93 in the tropics and midlatitudes, respectively. Time series of the temperature T < 195 K hemispherical area, on the 450 K potential temperature surface, and the total number of polar stratospheric clouds observed by the HIRDLS experiment in January and February 2005 have a correlation coefficient of 0.92. HALOE and HIRDLS normalized distributions of cloud counts, expressed as a function of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), have a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Tropical averages of 1998–2005 HALOE and HIRDLS cloud occurrence frequencies at 82 and 100 hPa are within 25% of each other, and the morphology of latitude‐longitude contour maps of cloud frequency are similar. Colocated Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE III) and HIRDLS cloud top pressure values in 2005 have a correlation coefficient of 0.85 when the distance between observations is less than 100 km and the time difference is less than 6 h. Correlations between colocated SAGE III and HIRDLS cloud top pressures improve as space and time differences decrease.
Modeling the dynamic root water uptake and its hydrological impact at the Reserva Jaru site in Amazonia
Authors: Zheng Zhe , Wang Guiling
Published: December 2007

An empirical approach is proposed to represent the impact of dynamic root water uptake by plant roots in two land surface models (Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) and Integrated Biosphere Simulator version 2 (IBIS2)). This approach is compared with a more physically based approach that simulates the hydraulic redistribution, using the Reserva Jaru site in Amazonia as an example. For each model and each approach, two different root profiles are experimented on, an exponential profile and an observed, deeper profile. In both CLM3 and IBIS2, including dynamic root uptake significantly improves the model simulation of latent heat fluxes, regardless of what root profile is used. In both models, the impact of hydraulic redistribution (as accounted for by the physically based approach) is comparable to that of a low degree of dynamic root water uptake (as accounted for by the empirical approach). The latent heat flux simulation in IBIS2 is closer to observation than is that in CLM3, with or without the impact of dynamic root water uptake. Despite the model improvement due to including dynamic root water uptake, significant biases in soil moisture simulations remain. Assimilating soil moisture observations into the land surface models produces a remarkably improved latent heat flux simulation. Parameterization in surface and subsurface runoff (which influences soil moisture) is suggested as a likely cause for the severe biases in the default model simulations, which highlights the critical importance of correctly simulating the fundamental hydrological processes in land surface models.
Bias in Meta-Analytic Estimates of the Absolute Efficacy of Psychotherapy
Authors: Staines Graham L. , Cleland Charles M.
Published: December 2007

Meta-analytic estimates of the absolute efficacy of psychotherapy indicate an effect size of approximately 0.80. However, various biases in primary and meta-analytic studies may have influenced this estimate. This study examines 4 nonsystematic biases that increase error variance (i.e., nonrandomized designs, methodological deficiencies, failure to use the study as the unit of analysis, and violations of homogeneity), 4 underestimation biases that primarily concern psychometric issues (i.e., unreliability of outcome measures, failure to report nonsignificant effect sizes, nonoptimal composite outcome measures, and nonstandardized outcome measures), and 8 overestimation biases (i.e., excluding nonsignificant effects from calculations of effect size estimates, failure to adjust for small sample bias, failure to separate studies using single-group pre–post designs vs. control group designs, using unweighted average effect sizes, analyzing biased partial samples that reflect treatment dropout and research attrition, researcher allegiance bias, publication bias, and wait-list control group bias). Wherever possible, evidence regarding the magnitude of these biases is presented, and methods for addressing these biases separately and collectively are discussed. Implications of the meta-analytic evidence on psychotherapy for the effect sizes of other psychological interventions are also considered.
PERMEABILITY OF NORMAL AND INJURED SKIN CAPILLARIES TO LIPOPROTEINS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

Lymph was collected from the hind paws of rabbits in different types of lipaemia. Hyper‐cholesterolaemia was induced by adding cholesterol to the diet and hyperlipaemia by the intravenous injection of Triton WR‐1339.

In these conditions the lipids in the lymph from the hind paw were present as all the lipoprotein complexes, including lipid particles, of the plasma in average concentrations of about 20 p.c. of the plasma levels.

When the skin capillaries were injured by scalding the paw, the lymph became quite milky in appearance when the plasma was milky. After the intravenous infusion of an artificial fat emulsion in which the lipid particles were about 1 μ in diameter, there was only a relatively small increase in these particles in the lymph, which macroscopically remained clear.

The possible mechanisms of transfer of these lipids across the capillary endothelium are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ON THE RELEASE OF GASTRIC ACID BY HISTAMINE
Authors: Trethewie ER
Published: December 2007

No particular increase in the concentration of gastric acid output has been observed even after large doses of cortisone. With large doses of histamine, in animals protected with antihistamine, hydrocortisone is associated with an increase in the volume of juice secreted, but there is no increase in acid concentration secreted. It is suggested that the damage of perforation or bleeding in peptic ulcer patients treated with cortisone may be due to cortisone inhibition of substances associated with healing rather than an effect on acid secretion.
TOWNSVILLE CULICINES AS POSSIBLE VECTORS OF DENGUE AND ALLIED VIRUSES AMONG LOCAL FERAL FAUNA
Authors: O'Gower AK
Published: December 2007

After an epidemic of dengue‐like fever in Townsville in 1952, investigations were made to try to determine the possible vectors of the virus from the presumptive reservoir of flying foxes and/or migratory birds of the seashore to man. This was done by determining which mosquito species had fed upon flying foxes, upon birds, and upon man.

Two thousand and twenty female mosquitoes of 32 species were collected, either attracted to bait (man, horse and flying fox), were caught in light traps, or recovered from resting sites. Of these mosquitoes, 713 were engorged with blood and precipitin‐tested to determine the hosts upon which they had fed. The range of hosts was man, horse, ox, dog and fowl.

Only five species, T. uniformis, A. vigilax, C. annulirostris, C. fatigans and C. sitiens were implicated as being possible vectors of the virus from the presumed reservoir to man, and of them the prime suspects were A. vigilax and C. sitiens, for these two species were attracted to flying fox bait, they had fed upon both man and fowl and they were associated with mangrove swamps, in which flying foxes “camp” during the day and in which migratory birds of the seashore roost at night.

These findings are discussed with regard to the implicated vectors of Murray Valley encephalitis and Japanese B encephalitis, both of which are immunologically related to dengue fever.
THE FATE OF GLUCOSE SUPPLIED AT A RATE SUFFICIENT TO MAINTAIN BASAL METABOLISM
Authors: Dean HM
Published: December 2007

Direct catabolism of glucose administered to a fasting human, or its conversion to fat, does not occur to any large extent within three hours; during this period the body continues to catabolise fat and protein reserves at approximately the same rate as in the fasting state.

The results suggest that in the fasting state there is a depletion of carbohydrate in some part of the body, and that it is this “glucose debt” which is first repaid when glucose is fed.

There seems to be a delay of about 40–60 minutes before equilibrium is reached between glucose supply and glucose disposal by the body.

The rise in metabolic rate observed when glucose is supplied at the rate described is explained as being produced by the heat losses involved in its storage rather than in its catabolism to provide energy directly.
THE GROWTH OF THREE STRAINS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS OF FOWLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Pulsford MF
Published: December 2007

The growth in tissue culture of a virulent epidemic type of I.L.T. virus, fully adapted to tissue culture is described. It has not been possible to demonstrate a one‐step type of growth, but it is apparent that the eclipse phase of this virus is relatively long, of the order of 18 hours, and is followed by rapid production and release of virus.

A prolonged lag phase is noted in the one strain of low virulence examined. This is in keeping with the growth of such strains, as described by other workers.
THE METABOLISM OF ISONIAZID AND OTHER HYDRAZIDES BY MYCOBACTRIA
Authors: Youatt Jean
Published: December 2007

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (B.C.G.) metabolised isoniazid, a hydrazone of isoniazid and other hydrazides. An isoniazid resistant culture also metabolised isoniazid. It is suggested that the degradation of hydrazides is a detoxication mechanism and not directly related to the mode of action of isoniazid.

It is further suggested that cultures resistant to isoniazid metabolise isoniazid as fast as they take it up, while sensitive strains bind isoniazid more rapidly than they can metabolise it.
NITRATE ADAPTATION BY AGEING SUSPENSIONS OF PS. AERUGINOSA
Authors: Collins FM
Published: December 2007

The rate of adaptation of the enzyme nitrate reductase of Ps. aeruginosa increased sharply to a peak 12–14 hours after the stationary growth phase commenced. The rate later returned to the initial value. No similar increase in the adaptation rate for the nitrate reducing enzyme system as a whole was observed.
STUDIES ON THE INNATE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO INFECTION WITH MOUSEPOX
Authors: Schell K
Published: December 2007

Strains of mice differ greatly in their susceptibility to mousepox. The highly resistant strain C57 Bl has been compared with a susceptible strain of mice with regard to virus growth and antibody production.

Differences in virus growth in the two strains of mice appeared at a certain stage of the infection, which was the time at which neutralizing antibody was demonstrable in the blood of resistant mice. Neutralizing antibodies, active immunity and hypersensitivity were shown to appear at least a day earlier in the resistant than in the susceptible mice.

The highest degree of resistance was found in young adult C57 Bl mice (2–3 months). Resistance was very low in new‐born mice and very old mice (8–12), although death times were still delayed compared with those of susceptible mice of the same ages.

The resistance of C57 Bl mice to the lethal effects of infection with ectromelia virus appears to be due to a more effective immune response than that shown by mice of susceptible strains.
COXIELLA BURNETI IN KANGAROOS AND KANGAROO TICKS IN WESTERN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Pope JH , Scott W , Dwyer R
Published: December 2007

Complement‐fixing antibodies to Coxiella burneti were present in 23 p.c. of kangaroos collected in western Queensland, and agglutinins in 15 p.c. Red kangaroos, Megaleia rufa, showed a higher incidence of complement‐fixing antibodies (33 p.c.) than grey kangaroos, Macropus major (12 p.c.). In three areas, the incidence of complement‐fixing antibody in M. rufa was between 46 and 54 p.c.

C. burneti was isolated in mice from the blood of one Macropus major.

Thirteen isolations were made from nearly 3,000 ornate kangaroo ticks, Amblyomma triguttatum, collected from kangaroos, goats and sheep. The titre of infectivity of infected ticks for mice was usually in the range 10−6 to 10−9.

Infection of kangaroos and A. triguttatum was found over a considerable area, between 24 and 28° S. and 144 and 149° E., in western Queensland.

It thus seems probable that a natural kangaroo‐tick cycle exists. The three‐host life cycle and wide host range of this tick would allow it to spread infection to domestic animals as well as kangaroos. Infestation of sheep would bring infected ticks into contact also with workers in the sheep‐shearing industry, and was probably responsible for recent outbreaks of Q fever among them.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION DURING THE IN VITRO CULTURE OF LYMPHOID TISSUES
Authors: Dineen JK , Perry Beverley T
Published: December 2007

A simple and reproducible technique for the study of the production of antibodies by lymphoid tissues during in vitro culture has been described.

Cellular and extra‐cellular fluid titres were estimated by Boyden's tanned cell technique, and a sharp rise in the fluid antibody titre (up to 300‐fold) was observed during the first 18 to 24 hours of culture, while the cellular titre remained at a low constant level. The results of this study suggest that antibody‐producing cells store little or no classical antibody.

The presence of chloramphenicol in the culture medium inhibited antibody production, while production was not specifically inhibited by ribonuclease. In addition, antibody production was inhibited by the absence of Ca++ from the culture medium and this effect was reversed when Ca++ was restored in physiological concentration.

Attempts to stimulate antigenically spleen and popliteal node tissues during in vitro cultures were not successful.
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW ON EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN THE HUMAN FOREARM
Authors: Dean HM , Skinner SL
Published: December 2007

Passive raising of the legs and trunk elevated forearm blood flow, before, during and after rhythmic and sub‐maximal sustained contraction of human forearm muscle.

The magnitude and rate of decline of post‐exercise hyperaemia in the forearm was unaffected by the increase in muscle blood flow produced by passive raising of the legs and trunk.

This finding suggests that either the metabolites responsible for post‐exercise hyperaemia are removed by a mechanism independent of the total volume of blood flowing, or that passive raising of the legs and trunk increases blood flow through channels not concerned with the transfer of metabolites formed during exercise.
BLOOD pH DETERMINATION
Authors: Holden Henry Francis
Published: December 2007

The paper describes a simple and inexpensive apparatus for the measurement of pH at 38° using only 0·15 to 0·2 ml. of blood. The electrode bulb nearly fills the bore of the electrode vessel. There is a wick junction but no tap between the 3·5 M KCl calomel half‐cell and the electrode vessel. This last is filled and emptied with bent capillary pipettes. The bath contains kerosene heated with a bare coil which receives 2 amp. at 12 volts. It is controlled with a small mercury‐in‐glass regulator and a relay.
THE EFFECT OF CORN OIL AND OF COCONUT OIL ON THE ESTERIFICATION AND REMOVAL OF CHOLESTEROL BY RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Day AJ
Published: December 2007

Emulsions containing either corn oil or coconut oil were injected intraperitoneally into rats at the same time as cholesterol suspensions, in order to determine whether the presence of polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acids had any effect on the uptake, esterification and removal of cholesterol by reticulo‐endothelial cells in the sternal lymph nodes.

Both corn oil and coconut oil increased the amount of cholesterol taken up by the sternal nodes. The amount of cholesterol esterified during the first 24 hours was less in the presence of coconut oil than in the presence of corn oil. The percentage ester, however, increased more in the coconut oil group after 24 hours, and by 10 days exceeded the percentage ester in the corn oil group.

The removal rate of total cholesterol from the nodes was not significantly affected by the presence of either coconut oil or corn oil.
A HEAT STABLE PROTECTIVE STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIGEN
Authors: Fisher Stephen
Published: December 2007

A strain of staphylococci, chosen for the very marked enhancement by mucin of its intraperitoneal virulence to mice, was cultured in sloppy agar.

The supernatant fluids obtained were of low toxicity and were highly potent as active immunizing agents in mice against lethal intraperitoneal challenge by the homologous strain in mucin suspension. The activity of the protective antigen was not affected by boiling for 10 minutes and was retained in the bag during dialysis.

The protection could be transferred passively by means of the sera of immunized animals.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND OF HEAT ON THE COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGEN AND HAEMAGGLUTININ OF ECTROMELIA VIRUS
Authors: Lawrence JJ
Published: December 2007

Both the haemagglutinin and the complement fixing antigen of ectromelia virus are fairly stable at hydrogen ion concentrations ranging from pH 4 or 5 to 11, although the highest titres were found around the neutral point.

Ectromelia complement fixing antigen showed some drop in titre on heating at 56°C. for 30 minutes, but no more so than vaccinial preparations run in parallel.

The haemagglutinin seems to have a heat labile as well as a heat stable component. The heat labile component was neutralised by rabbit anti‐serum but not by normal rabbit serum and so appears to be specific.
RADIATION INDUCED “ACCEPTANCE” AND THE IMMATURE HAEMOPOIETIC HOMOGRAFT
Authors: Ilbery PLT
Published: December 2007

Following lethal whole body irradiation and homologous embryonic haemopoietic grafting, transplantation of the matured grafted material was made into further lethally irradiated test animals with the object of demonstrating tolerance. This has been judged by the ability of such transplanted material to avoid secondary disease in a foreign host environment.
VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMAN LIVER WITH REFERENCE TO THE ASSAY OF NEEDLE BIOPSY MATERIAL
Authors: Pitney WR , Onesti P
Published: December 2007

Vitamin B12 and folic acid concentrations in samples of human liver have been assayed microbiologically. The yield of both vitamins is increased by papain digestion of liver homogenates. The vitamin B12 concentrations of ten normal livers ranged from 0·61 μg./gm. to 1·02 μg./gm. wet tissue; the folic acid concentrations of the same livers ranged from 0·69 μg./gm. to 1·60 μg./gm. wet tissue.

Material aspirated from the liver by suction needle biopsy was satisfactory for the assay of vitamin B12 and folic acid provided that the specimen weighed at least 7 mg.

Methods are described for the processing and assay of needle biopsy material.