bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional and Dual‐Mode Organic Photodetector Enables Secure Ultraviolet Communication
Authors: Yan Tingting , Li Ziqing , Su Li , Wu Limin , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: April 2023

Traditional optical communication mode with single‐band photodetector depicts terrible confidentiality and it depends on sophisticated cryptography schemes to obtain a secure communication process. Dual‐band photodetectors have potential to realize a secure optical communication with a straightforward optical encryption strategy. However, previous reports of dual‐band organic photodetectors (OPD) relied on the multi‐stacked photosensitive layers thus there remain challenges in spectral matching and interfaces contacting. Here, a structurally simple bidirectional and UV–vis dual‐band OPD is proposed, with single photosensitive layer sitting between electrodes. By elaborately regulating the optical field distribution and vertical phase segregation of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ), this OPD presents completely distinct spectral response ranges under bidirectional illuminations. Finally, this OPD outputs outstanding self‐powered UV and vis dual‐band responsivities (up to 30 and 50 mA W−1) as the light illuminates from forward and backward direction, respectively. In addition, a stable and reliable optical communication system is realized based on this OPD where the UV response conveys valid information and further superimposes vis response for encryption. This design concept offers a simple alternative for achieving varied response windows and opens up a novel optical encryption method, which has potential be applied in a close‐range private communication process.
Ultrafast Superfilling Construction of a Metal Artificial Interface for Long‐Term Stable Zinc Anodes
Authors: Jiao Qiyang , Zhai Xingwu , Sun Zhixin , Wang Wenjie , Liu Shihao , Ding Hui , Chu Wangsheng , Zhou Min , Wu Changzheng
Published: April 2023

Zinc (Zn)‐metal anodes are promising candidates for large‐scale, highly safe energy‐storage systems. However, their cycling life is associated with instability issues such as dendritic growth, corrosion, and hydrogen evolution. Introducing an artificial metal interface is expected to help overcome this challenge owing to the optimization of the absorption, nucleation, and growth of Zn2+. In this study, an ultrafast, universal, and cost‐effective superfilling approach is developed to construct a metal artificial interface decorated Zn anode in situ. Most zincophilic metals, including Sn, Cu, and Ag, can be used to construct a homogenous interface without any restrictions on the size, morphology, or curvature of the substrates. With Sn as a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the as‐obtained Sn@Zn anode is conducive for the homogenous Zn nuclei and 2D diffusion of Zn2+ ions. Symmetric cells with Sn@Zn electrodes can be operated for over 900 h at different current densities. This superior performance contributes to the attractive electrochemical characteristics of both coin and scaled‐up Sn@Zn//β‐MnO2 cells. Given the facile and cost‐effective fabrication and recyclability of the cells, this work enables the efficient design and exploration of Zn anodes for research, industrialization, and commercialization purposes.
Quasi‐Solid Aqueous Electrolytes for Low‐Cost Sustainable Alkali‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Yi Xianhui , Feng Yanhong , Rao Apparao M. , Zhou Jiang , Wang Chengxin , Lu Bingan
Published: April 2023

Aqueous electrolytes are highly important for batteries due to their sustainability, greenness, and low cost. However, the free water molecules react violently with alkali metals, rendering the high‐capacity of alkali‐metal anodes unusable. Here, water molecules are confined in a carcerand‐like network to build quasi‐solid aqueous electrolytes (QAEs) with reduced water molecules' freedom and matched with the low‐cost chloride salts. The formed QAEs possess substantially different properties than liquid water molecules, including stable operation with alkali‐metal anodes without gas evolution. Specifically, the alkali‐metal anodes can directly cycle in a water‐based environment with suppressed growth of dendrites, electrode dissolution, and polysulfide shuttle. Li‐metal symmetric cells achieved long‐term cycling over 7000 h (and over 5000/4000 h for Na/K symmetric cells), and all the Cu‐based alkali‐metal cells exhibited a Coulombic efficiency of over 99%. Full metal batteries, such as Li||S batteries, attained high Coulombic efficiency, long life (over 4000 cycles), and unprecedented energy density among water‐based rechargeable batteries.
Real‐Time Quantification of Cell Mechanics and Functions by Double Resonator Piezoelectric Cytometry – Theory and Study of Cellular Adhesion of HUVECs
Authors: Zhou Tiean , Huang Jingyuan , Xiong Lun , Shen Haibo , Huang Fushen , Li Wenwei , Peng Hange , Su Zhaohong , Pan Weison , Zhao Jia , Zhou Zhen , Bao Dongqin , Deng Linhong
Published: April 2023

Cell mechanics is closely associated with cellular structure and function. However, the inability to measure both cellular force and viscoelasticity of statistically significant number of cells noninvasively remains a challenge for quantitative characterizations of various cellular functions and practical applications. Here a double resonator piezoelectric cytometry (DRPC), using AT and BT cut quartz crystals of the same frequency and surface morphology is developed to simultaneously quantify the cells‐generated forces (ΔS) and viscoelastic moduli (G′, G″) of a population of isolated single cells or cells with different degrees of cell‐cell interactions in a non‐invasive and real time manner. DRPC captures the dynamic mechanical parameters ΔS and G′, G″ during the adhesions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under different ligand densities of adhesion molecules fibronectin or Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) modified on the gold surfaces of 9 MHz AT and BT cut quartz crystals, and different seeding densities of HUVECs. It is found that both the ligand density and cell seeding density affect the magnitudes of ΔS and G′, G″ and their correlations are revealed for the first time by DRPC. The validity of DRPC is further verified by mechanical changes of the cells in response to treatments with cytoskeleton regulators.
Color‐Tunable Elastic Photonic Shells With High Color Saturation and Deformability
Authors: Kim Jong Hyun , Hamonangan Wahyu Martumpal , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: April 2023

Photonic microspheres containing colloidal arrays are useful as structural colorants in inks and cosmetics. However, low color saturation and low deformability of the microspheres restrict the uses. To overcome the limitations, elastic photonic shells with enhanced color saturation and high deformability using water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) double‐emulsion templates are designed. The elastic shells are produced by photocuring acrylate‐based resin containing non‐close‐packed arrays of silica particles in the middle oil layer. The presence of two concentric interfaces and water‐soluble molecules in the inner and continuous water phases at high concentrations improve the crystalline order of silica particles. In addition, the absence of a relatively disordered core reduces incoherent random scattering, thereby enhancing color saturation. Although the shells themselves are elastically deformable, the liquid core renders them significantly more deformable with small stiffness and negligible hysteresis, which is potentially beneficial for improving the fluidity of suspensions. Moreover, the structural colors of the elastic shells are post‐tunable by osmotic inflation of the semipermeable shells in hypotonic conditions. The high color saturation and high deformability as well as color tunability will provide a new opportunity for structural coloration with the elastic photonic shells as a colorant in inks and cosmetics.
Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Double‐Layer Water Vapor Barrier for High Humidity Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Yifan , Zhang Yujing , Li Ran , Mbumba Manala Tabu , Akram Muhammad Waleed , Pan Jiahong , Cai Molang , Dai Songyuan , Guli Mina
Published: April 2023

In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in improving the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, but their long‐term stability is not so optimistic. In response to this, ion engineering, interface engineering, and encapsulation engineering have been used to enhance the long‐term stability of solar devices. Here, a double‐layer water vapor barrier consisting of SiAlxOy buffer layer and SiO2 vapor isolation layer, prepared by atomic layer deposition under 100 °C, is demonstrated. SiAlxOy layer provides sufficient self‐limiting reactive sites for the deposition of SiO2, so that a more uniform and dense vapor isolation layer can be deposited. This double‐layer water vapor barrier can effectively isolate water vapor to erode the internal functional layers of the perovskite device, prevent ion migration, and improve the long‐term stability of the device. Moreover, the SiAlxOy/SiO2 barrier can be conducive to the transfer of charge between interfaces, and further enhances the conversion efficiency of the device. Overall, compared with the control device, the conversion efficiency of the perovskite device with a double‐layer water vapor barrier is increased from 17.08% to 19.16%, and the long‐term stability is significantly improved, which can maintain 92% efficiency for 2400 h under 35% humidity at room temperature.
3‐Hydroxypyridinyl‐Substituted‐1,2,4‐Triazoles as New ESIPT Based Fluorescent Dyes: Synthesis and Structure–Fluorescence Properties Correlations
Authors: Nina‐Diogo Anthony , Bertrand Benoît , Thorimbert Serge , Gontard Geoffrey , Nassem‐Kahn Sehr , Echeverri Andrea , Contreras‐García Julia , Allain Clémence , Lemercier Gilles , Luppi Eleonora , Botuha Candice
Published: April 2023

This report presents the design, synthesis, and photophysical study of two new series of promising fluorescent trisubstituted triazoles, 3‐hydroxypyridinyl substituted‐1,2,4‐triazoles (PyOHTr) and 2‐pyridonyl substituted‐1,2,4‐triazoles (PyCOTr). An excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorescence mechanism is evidenced for PyOHTr molecules by ab initio theoretical calculations. These fluorescent dyes possess unique optical properties such as large Stokes shifts, dual emission, solvatochromism, solid‐state emission and, for one of them, a white light emission, rendering them particularly attractive for future applications in both medicinal chemistry and materials science.
A Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Controlled Dual‐Drug Delivery System with Short Hairpin RNA and Simvastatin for Ferroptosis in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Liu Haixia , Yao Xianxian , Zhu Weichu , Zhang Jiaxin , Ma Shuangping , Lu Daru , Yang Wuli
Published: April 2023

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Ferroptosis is a non‐apoptotic form of regulated cell death that can be triggered by excessive lipid peroxidation and provides an alternative cancer treatment option. To design ferroptosis‐targeted nanomedicine, a new type of nanoparticle is synthesized. The antineoplastic agent simvastatin (SIM) and specifically designed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) are co‐loaded into zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles coated with poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PCBMA). The constructed shRNA/ZIF‐8@PCBMA‐SIM nanoparticles effectively eliminate human colorectal carcinoma cells in vivo, showing superior cytotoxicity against tumors owing to their improved targeting ability and the high retention of antineoplastic agents delivered at tumor sites. Furthermore, SIM and shRNA downregulate the expression of ferroptosis‐related enzymes 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase and glutathione peroxidase 4, thus, triggering ferroptosis in cancer cells. Given that SIM is already approved for clinical use, and shRNA offers high potency to downregulate the cystine/glutamate antiporter (x‐CT) system protein (subunit SLC7A11), shRNA/ZIF‐8@PCBMA‐SIM nanoparticles show great clinical potential to treat colorectal cancer via ferroptosis. This presents an alternative therapy that addresses the limitations of chemotherapy.
A Mixed Protonic–Electronic Conductor Base on the Host–Guest Architecture of 2D Metal–Organic Layers and Inorganic Layers
Authors: He Xing‐Lu , Shao Bing , Huang Rui‐Kang , Dong Min , Tong Yu‐Qing , Luo Yan , Meng Ting , Yang Fu‐Jie , Zhang Zhong , Huang Jin
Published: April 2023

The key to designing and fabricating highly efficient mixed protonic–electronic conductors materials (MPECs) is to integrate the mixed conductive active sites into a single structure, to break through the shortcomings of traditional physical blending. Herein, based on the host–guest interaction, an MPEC is consisted of 2D metal–organic layers and hydrogen‐bonded inorganic layers by the assembly methods of layered intercalation. Noticeably, the 2D intercalated materials (≈1.3 nm) exhibit the proton conductivity and electron conductivity, which are 2.02 × 10−5 and 3.84 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 100 °C and 99% relative humidity, much higher than these of pure 2D metal–organic layers (>>1.0 × 10−10 and 2.01×10−8 S cm−1), respectively. Furthermore, combining accurate structural information and theoretical calculations reveals that the inserted hydrogen‐bonded inorganic layers provide the proton source and a networks of hydrogen−bonds leading to efficient proton transport, meanwhile reducing the bandgap of hybrid architecture and increasing the band electron delocalization of the metal–organic layer to greatly elevate the electron transport of intrinsic 2D metal–organic frameworks.
BiTE‐Secreting CAR‐γδT as a Dual Targeting Strategy for the Treatment of Solid Tumors
Authors: Huang Shi‐Wei , Pan Chih‐Ming , Lin Yu‐Chuan , Chen Mei‐Chih , Chen Yeh , Jan Chia‐Ing , Wu Chung‐Chun , Lin Fang‐Yu , Wang Sin‐Ting , Lin Chen‐Yu , Lin Pei‐Ying , Huang Wei‐Hsaing , Chiang Yu‐Ting , Tsai Wan‐Chen , Chiu Ya‐Hsu , Lin Ting‐Hsun , Chiu Shao‐Chih , Cho Der‐Yang
Published: April 2023

HLA‐G is considered as an immune checkpoint protein and a tumor‐associated antigen. In the previous work, it is reported that CAR‐NK targeting of HLA‐G can be used to treat certain solid tumors. However, the frequent co‐expression of PD‐L1 and HLA‐G) and up‐regulation of PD‐L1 after adoptive immunotherapy may decrease the effectiveness of HLA‐G‐CAR. Therefore, simultaneous targeting of HLA‐G and PD‐L1 by multi‐specific CAR could represent an appropriate solution. Furthermore, gamma‐delta T (γδT) cells exhibit MHC‐independent cytotoxicity against tumor cells and possess allogeneic potential. The utilization of nanobodies offers flexibility for CAR engineering and the ability to recognize novel epitopes. In this study, Vδ2 γδT cells are used as effector cells and electroporated with an mRNA‐driven, nanobody‐based HLA‐G‐CAR with a secreted PD‐L1/CD3ε Bispecific T‐cell engager (BiTE) construct (Nb‐CAR.BiTE). Both in vivo and in vitro experiments reveal that the Nb‐CAR.BiTE‐γδT cells could effectively eliminate PD‐L1 and/or HLA‐G‐positive solid tumors. The secreted PD‐L1/CD3ε Nb‐BiTE can not only redirect Nb‐CAR‐γδT but also recruit un‐transduced bystander T cells against tumor cells expressing PD‐L1, thereby enhancing the activity of Nb‐CAR‐γδT therapy. Furthermore, evidence is provided that Nb‐CAR.BiTE redirectes γδT into tumor‐implanted tissues and that the secreted Nb‐BiTE is restricted to the tumor site without apparent toxicity.
Multi‐Dimensional Mechanical Mapping Sensor Based on Flexoelectric‐Like and Optical Signals
Authors: Zhang Peng , Teng Zhaowei , Zhao Lei , Liu Zhichao , Yu Xue , Zhu Xiaodie , Peng Songcheng , Wang Ting , Qiu Jianbei , Wang Qingyuan , Xu Xuhui
Published: April 2023

Mechanical sensors execute multi‐mode response to external force, which are cornerstones for applications in human–machine interactions and smart wearable equipments. Nevertheless, an integrated sensor responding to mechanical stimulation variables and providing the information of the corresponding signals, as velocity, direction, and stress distribution, remains a challenge. Herein, a Nafion@Ag@ZnS/polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) composite sensor is explored, which realizes the description of mechanical action via optics and electronics signals simultaneously. Combined with the mechano‐luminescence (ML) originated from ZnS/PDMS and the flexoelectric‐like effect of Nafion@Ag, the corresponding explored sensor achieves the detection of magnitude, direction, velocity, mode of mechanical stimulation, and the visualization of the stress distribution. Moreover, the outstanding cyclic stability, linearity response character, and rapid response time are demonstrated. Accordingly, the intelligent recognition and manipulation of a target are realized, which indicate a smarter human–machine interface sensing applied for wearable devices and mechanical arms can be expected.
Understanding the Effects of Primary and Secondary Doping via Post‐Treatment of P‐Type and N‐Type Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Thin Film Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Rubio‐Govea Rodrigo , Félix Roberto , Wilks Regan G. , Bär Marcus , Mazzio Katherine A.
Published: April 2023

Hybrid organic/inorganic materials have emerged as promising thermoelectric (TE) materials since they inherit the individual strengths of each component, enabling rational materials design with enhanced TE performance. The doping of hybrid TE materials via post‐treatment processes is used to improve their performance, but there is still an incomplete understanding of the elicited effects. Here, the impact of different doping methods on the thin film TE performance of p‐type Te/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and n‐type Ag2Te/PEDOT:PSS hybrid materials is investigated. Primary doping through acid–base and charge transfer processes using H2SO4 and tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene, respectively, and the effects of secondary doping using ethylene glycol is examined. Through a combination of Hall effect measurements, hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, variations in the charge carrier concentration, mobility, and overall TE performance are related to the morphological and chemical structure of the hybrid materials. This study provides an improved understanding of the effects that different post‐treatments have on hybrid materials and shows that the impact of these post‐treatments on pure PEDOT:PSS does not always apply to hybrid systems. These new insights into post‐treatment effects on hybrid materials is expected to facilitate further enhancement of their performance as electronic materials in general and thermoelectric materials in particular.
Photonic Synapses for Image Recognition and High Density Integration of Simplified Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Fang Yuqing , Li Qingxuan , Meng Jialin , Wang Tianyu , Zhu Hao , Sun Qing‐Qing , Zhang David Wei , Chen Lin
Published: April 2023

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), there is an urgent need for developing a biological sensory perception system that can simulate the human brain for information processing. Inspired by the biological vision system, photo‐responsive photonic synapses are ideal devices for constructing photosensitive artificial neural networks for neuromorphic computing tasks. This paper reports a stable photonic synaptic device in an array layout with adjustable synaptic plasticity under ultraviolet light pulses. Since the heterojunction has a photoconductivity effect and the trap layer provides superior charge carrier trapping capability, optical sensing, memory, and neuromorphic computing are integrated into a single device. Meanwhile, supervised learning of handwritten digitals is achieved by exploiting the multistate conductance by photoelectric co‐modulation and the specific decay law. The recognition rate reaches 90.6% and hardly changes with time. Additionally, the device can simplify the artificial neural network (ANN) and reduce its size to 3.78% of the original network while retaining strong fault tolerance and learning ability. The photonic artificial synapses based on ultraviolet light modulation provide a novel and effective approach for photosensory ANNs to perform in situ computation.
Kinetic study in an automatic continuous‐flow photochemical platform with machine learning
Authors: Wang Yuhan , Shen Chong , Qiu Min , Shang Minjing , Su Yuanhai
Published: April 2023

In this work, we first solved the partial differential equation of the one‐dimensional axial diffusion model in an open‐source platform, that is, FEniCS, to explore the influence of the axial dispersion on the reaction yield‐to‐time profile. Then, we built an automatic platform, which included a photomicroreactor, a continuously controlled pump, a high‐power UV‐LED light source, an in‐line visible‐light absorbance analytical unit, and a Raspberry Pi based controlling unit. Moreover, steady‐state feeding and sampling functions could be realized in this continuous‐flow photochemical platform. The homogeneous photolysis of methylene blue and the photo‐Favorskii rearrangement synthesis of ibuprofen as the model reactions were used to validate the robustness of this automatic platform with unsteady‐state and steady‐state operations, through which kinetic study was carried out using genetic algorithm based symbolic regression, leading to deep understanding on reaction mechanisms and benefits for process optimization.
Advances in Space Robots for On‐Orbit Servicing: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ma Boyu , Jiang Zainan , Liu Yang , Xie Zongwu
Published: April 2023

Space robots play a significant role in on‐orbit servicing (OOS) missions, such as inspecting, capturing, refueling, and repairing satellites, assembling and maintaining large space infrastructure, and removing orbital debris. Over the past four decades, many space robot engineering applications and technology verifications for OOS have been accomplished. This article comprehensively reviews the advances by representative space robotic programs on space shuttles, outside/inside the International Space Station and the China Space Station, as well as on satellites, and the development trends of space robots are summarized. In addition, the primary key technologies and challenges are explored, including the following: 1) visual perception for noncooperative targets; 2) motion planning and control with a free‐floating base and flexibility; 3) multifunctional end‐effectors; 4) ground teleoperation with long time delays; and 5) high‐fidelity ground verification. Finally, the prospects for space robot future research are presented.
Equivalence of plasma p‐tau217 with cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Therriault Joseph , Servaes Stijn , Tissot Cécile , Rahmouni Nesrine , Ashton Nicholas J. , Benedet Andréa Lessa , Karikari Thomas K. , Macedo Arthur C. , Lussier Firoza Z. , Stevenson Jenna , Wang Yi‐Ting , Fernandez‐Arias Jaime , Stevenson Alyssa , Socualaya Kely Quispialaya , Haeger Arlette , Nazneen Tahnia , Aumont Étienne , Hosseini Ali , Rej Soham , Vitali Paolo , Triana‐Baltzer Gallen , Kolb Hartmuth C. , Soucy Jean‐Paul , Pascoal Tharick A. , Gauthier Serge , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Rosa‐Neto Pedro
Published: April 2023

INTRODUCTION

Plasma biomarkers are promising tools for Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis, but comparisons with more established biomarkers are needed.

METHODS

We assessed the diagnostic performance of p‐tau181, p‐tau217, and p‐tau231 in plasma and CSF in 174 individuals evaluated by dementia specialists and assessed with amyloid‐PET and tau‐PET. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses assessed the performance of plasma and CSF biomarkers to identify amyloid‐PET and tau‐PET positivity.

RESULTS

Plasma p‐tau biomarkers had lower dynamic ranges and effect sizes compared to CSF p‐tau. Plasma p‐tau181 (AUC = 76%) and p‐tau231 (AUC = 82%) assessments performed inferior to CSF p‐tau181 (AUC = 87%) and p‐tau231 (AUC = 95%) for amyloid‐PET positivity. However, plasma p‐tau217 (AUC = 91%) had diagnostic performance indistinguishable from CSF (AUC = 94%) for amyloid‐PET positivity.

DISCUSSION

Plasma and CSF p‐tau217 had equivalent diagnostic performance for biomarker‐defined AD. Our results suggest that plasma p‐tau217 may help reduce the need for invasive lumbar punctures without compromising accuracy in the identification of AD.

Highlights

p‐tau217 in plasma performed equivalent to p‐tau217 in CSF for the diagnosis of AD, suggesting the increased accessibility of plasma p‐tau217 is not offset by lower accuracy.

p‐tau biomarkers in plasma had lower mean fold‐changes between amyloid‐PET negative and positive groups than p‐tau biomarkers in CSF.

CSF p‐tau biomarkers had greater effect sizes than plasma p‐tau biomarkers when differentiating between amyloid‐PET positive and negative groups.

Plasma p‐tau181 and plasma p‐tau231 performed worse than p‐tau181 and p‐tau231 in CSF for AD diagnosis.
Coordinating the Edge Defects of Bismuth with Sulfur for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Lv Lei , Lu Ruihu , Zhu Jiexin , Yu Ruohan , Zhang Wei , Cui Enhui , Chen Xingbao , Dai Yuhang , Cui Lianmeng , Li Jiong , Zhou Liang , Chen Wei , Wang Ziyun , Mai Liqiang
Published: April 2023

Bismuth‐based materials have been recognized as promising catalysts for the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR). However, they show poor selectivity due to competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, we have developed an edge defect modulation strategy for Bi by coordinating the edge defects of bismuth (Bi) with sulfur, to promote ECO2RR selectivity and inhibit the competing HER. The prepared catalysts demonstrate excellent product selectivity, with a high HCOO− Faraday efficiency of ≈95 % and an HCOO− partial current of ≈250 mA cm−2 under alkaline electrolytes. Density function theory calculations reveal that sulfur tends to bind to the Bi edge defects, reducing the coordination‐unsaturated Bi sites (*H adsorption sites), and regulating the charge states of neighboring Bi sites to improve *OCHO adsorption. This work deepens our understanding of ECO2RR mechanism on bismuth‐based catalysts, guiding for the design of advanced ECO2RR catalysts.
Isolated Electron Trap‐Induced Charge Accumulation for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Huang Wenhuan , Su Chenyang , Zhu Chen , Bo Tingting , Zuo Shouwei , Zhou Wei , Ren Yuanfu , Zhang Yanan , Zhang Jing , Rueping Magnus , Zhang Huabin
Published: April 2023

The solar‐driven evolution of hydrogen from water using particulate photocatalysts is considered one of the most economical and promising protocols for achieving a stable supply of renewable energy. However, the efficiency of photocatalytic water splitting is far from satisfactory due to the sluggish electron‐hole pair separation kinetics. Herein, isolated Mo atoms in a high oxidation state have been incorporated into the lattice of Cd0.5Zn0.5S (CZS@Mo) nanorods, which exhibit photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 11.32 mmol g−1 h−1 (226.4 μmol h−1; catalyst dosage 20 mg). Experimental and theoretical simulation results imply that the highly oxidized Mo species lead to mobile‐charge imbalances in CZS and induce the directional photogenerated electrons transfer, resulting in effectively inhibited electron‐hole recombination and greatly enhanced photocatalytic efficiency.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Unactivated Alkenes via Enantio‐, Diastereo‐, and Regioselective Hydroamination
Authors: Kang Hyung‐Joon , Lee Changseok , Hong Sungwoo
Published: April 2023

Kinetic resolution is a powerful strategy for the isolation of enantioenriched compounds from racemic mixtures, and the development of selective catalytic processes is an active area of research. Here, we present a nickel‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic α‐substituted unconjugated carbonyl alkenes via the enantio‐, diastereo‐, and regioselective hydroamination. This protocol affords both chiral α‐substituted butenamides and syn‐β2,3‐amino acid derivatives with high enantiomeric purity (up to 99 % ee) and selectivity factor up to >684. The key to the excellent kinetic resolution efficiency is the distinctive architecture of the chiral nickel complex, which enables successful resolution and enantioselective C−N bond construction. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the unique structure of the chiral ligand facilitates a rapid migratory insertion step with one enantiomer. This strategy provides a practical and versatile approach to prepare a wide range of chiral compounds.
Nano‐Impact Single‐Entity Electrochemistry Enables Plasmon‐Enhanced Electrocatalysis**
Authors: Ganguli Sagar , Zhao Ziwen , Parlak Onur , Hattori Yocefu , Sá Jacinto , Sekretareva Alina
Published: April 2023

Plasmon‐enhanced electrocatalysis (PEEC), based on a combination of localized surface plasmon resonance excitation and an electrochemical bias applied to a plasmonic material, can result in improved electrical‐to‐chemical energy conversion compared to conventional electrocatalysis. Here, we demonstrate the advantages of nano‐impact single‐entity electrochemistry (SEE) for investigating the intrinsic activity of plasmonic catalysts at the single‐particle level using glucose electrooxidation and oxygen reduction on gold nanoparticles as model reactions. We show that in conventional ensemble measurements, plasmonic effects have minimal impact on photocurrents. We suggest that this is due to the continuous equilibration of the Fermi level (EF) of the deposited gold nanoparticles with the EF of the working electrode, leading to fast neutralization of hot carriers by the measuring circuit. The photocurrents detected in the ensemble measurements are primarily caused by photo‐induced heating of the supporting electrode material. In SEE, the EF of suspended gold nanoparticles is unaffected by the working electrode potential. As a result, plasmonic effects are the dominant source of photocurrents under SEE experimental conditions.
Chlorination‐Mediated π–π Stacking Enhances the Photodynamic Properties of a NIR‐II Emitting Photosensitizer with Extended Conjugation
Authors: Gu Ying , Lai Hanjian , Chen Zi‐Yi , Zhu Yulin , Sun Zongzhao , Lai Xue , Wang Hengtao , Wei Zixiang , Chen Lin , Huang Limin , Zhang Yuanzhu , He Feng , Tian Leilei
Published: April 2023

NIR‐II‐emitting photosensitizers (PSs) have attracted great research interest due to their promising clinical applications in imaging‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, it is still challenging to realize highly efficient PDT on NIR‐II PSs. In this work, we develop a chlorination‐mediated π–π organizing strategy to improve the PDT of a PS with conjugation‐extended A‐D‐A architecture. The significant dipole moment of the carbon‐chlorine bond and the strong intermolecular interactions of chlorine atoms bring on compact π–π stacking in the chlorine‐substituted PS, which facilitates energy/charge transfer and promotes the photochemical reactions of PDT. Consequently, the resultant NIR‐II emitting PS exhibits a leading PDT performance with a yield of reactive oxygen species higher than that of previously reported long‐wavelength PSs. These findings will enlighten the future design of NIR‐II emitting PSs with enhanced PDT efficiency.
A polynuclear CuIIBiIII complex with antipyrine‐derived Schiff‐base: Preparation, characterization, and biological evaluations
Authors: Li Chuan‐Hua , Jiang Jian‐Hong , Liu Xiang‐Dong , Shao Xuan , Peng Yan , Ma Hui‐Min , Tang Zhan‐Ji , Tao Li‐Ming
Published: April 2023

Schiff base {(E)‐4‐((2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)amino)‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one} was prepared by the condensation reaction between 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzaldehyde and 4‐aminoantipyrine. In the process of forming the title complex, Schiff base was first coordinated with CuII ions to form the mononuclear CuII complex (abbreviated as the complex (I)). Next, Schiff base in the complex (I) removed a phenyl group and then changed from the amide to the iminol. The tautomer further formed the complex through the iminol oxygen, and the phenolic oxygen coordinated with metal ions (CuII and BiIII). The structure of the polynuclear CuIIBiIII complex (abbreviated as the complex (II)) was identified as [Bi2Cu6 L6O3] (L = C13H13N3O3) by elemental analysis, FT‐IR spectra, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The antibacterial effect of Schiff base and its complex (II) were assessed on four bacterial strains involving gram‐positive strains (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and gram‐negative strains (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The complex (II) exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than Schiff base. Assessment of cytotoxic activity against SNU‐16 cells (Human gastric cancer) has demonstrated that the complex (II) was more active than Schiff base, and their IC50 values were 0.29 and 1.83 μM, respectively.
Fine‐tuning of fully‐aromatic polyamide membrane for fluorinated water purification
Authors: Gao Sheng‐Li , Li Lan‐Qian , Huang Jie , Xu Zhen‐Liang , Tang Yong‐Jian
Published: April 2023

High concentrations of fluoride in drinking water can lead to fluorosis of teeth and bones and other serious diseases, while nanofiltration is an attractive technique for fluoride removal. Interfacial temperature can determine the monomer diffusion rate in interfacial polymerization (IP) process, thereby tuning the structure of membrane such as thickness, pore size and surface charge. Herein, a fully‐aromatic polyamide nanofiltration membrane with desirable separation performance was customized by interface temperature. The resulting membrane exhibits a flux of 6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and the molecular weight cut‐off is 211 Da, most importantly, a 90.3% F− rejection to underground water, indicating that the membrane has application potential in underground water treatment. This work helps to better understand the effects of interface temperature on the IP process and provides a new strategy to address the drinking water problem.
Decomposability versus detectability: First validation of TED‐GC/MS for microplastic detection in different environmental matrices
Authors: Kittner Maria , Eisentraut Paul , Dittmann Daniel , Braun Ulrike
Published: April 2023

A fast method for microplastic detection is thermal extraction desorption‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED‐GC/MS), which uses polymer‐specific thermal decomposition products as marker compounds to determine polymer mass contents in environmental samples. So far, matrix impacts of different environmental matrices on TED‐GC/MS performance had not yet been assessed systematically. Therefore, three solid freshwater matrices representing different aquatic bodies with varying organic matter contents were spiked with a total of eight polymers. Additionally, for the first time, the two biodegradable polymers polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactide (PLA) were analysed using TED‐GC/MS. The methodological focus of this work was on detectability, quality of signal formation as well as realisation of quantification procedures and determination of the limit of detection (LOD) values. Overall, TED‐GC/MS allowed the unambiguous detection of the environmentally most relevant polymers analysed, even at low mass contents: 0.02 wt% for polystyrene (PS), 0.04 wt% for the tyre component styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and 0.2 wt% for polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and PBAT. Further, all obtained LOD values were increased in all matrices compared to the neat polymer without matrix. The LOD of the standard polymers were increased similarly (PS: 0.21–0.34 µg, SBR: 0.27–0.38 µg, PP: 0.32–0.36 µg, PMMA: 0.64–1.30 µg, PET: 0.90–1.37 µg, PE: 3.80–6.99 µg) and their decompositions by radical scission processes were not significantly influenced by the matrices. In contrast, matrix‐specific LOD increases of both biodegradable polymers PBAT (LOD: 1.41–7.18 µg) and PLA (0.84–20.46 µg) were observed, probably due to their hetero‐functional character and interactions with the matrices. In conclusion, the TED‐GC/MS performance is not solely determined by the type of the polymers but also by the composition of the matrix.
A new belief rule base based distributed online fault diagnosis method for multi‐agent systems
Authors: Wang Ziyi , He Wei , Yang Ruohan , Feng Zhichao , Luo Shuyang
Published: April 2023

In this paper, based on belief rule base (BRB), we studied the distributed online fault diagnosis problem of multi‐agent systems (MASs). To begin with, considering the distributed nature of MASs, by using the relative information between an agent and its neighbors, a distributed online fault diagnosis model is constructed. Next, for the results of fault diagnosis, when an agent doesn't get enough relative information to diagnose the fault, the fault diagnosis result may be inaccurate, and if there exist too many neighbors of an agent, the number of attributes of the proposed BRB fault diagnosis model will be too large, which will lead to large computation. To improve the performance of the proposed distributed online fault diagnosis model, a real‐time communication topology switching strategy was proposed. Under the constructed distributed fault diagnosis model, the real‐time performance and the accuracy of fault diagnosis for agents can be guaranteed simultaneously. Finally, a simulation is given to validate the effectiveness and advancement of the distributed online fault diagnosis method proposed in this paper.
Druckversuche zur Ermittlung der Tragfähigkeit von ebenen und feinverzahnten Trockenfugen für modulare Segmentbrücken
Authors: Rettinger Martin , Lounis Ali , Hückler Alex , Schlaich Mike
Published: April 2023

Die modularisierte und automatisierte Serienfertigung von Betonfertigteilen verspricht enorme Produktivitätssteigerungen in der Betonfertigteilindustrie bei gleichzeitig höherer Bauteilqualität, effizienterem Rohstoffeinsatz und verringerten Prozessabfällen. So werden durch die Modernisierung eines bisher überwiegend handwerklich geprägten Industriezweigs sowohl Ressourcen und Emissionen eingespart, als auch neue Wachstums‐ und Wertschöpfungsmöglichkeiten in Zeiten des anhaltenden Fachkräftemangels erschlossen. Modulares Bauen erfordert dabei die Erforschung und Entwicklung von neuartigen Prozessen, Bauweisen und Baumaterialien, welche die serielle und automatisierte Herstellung von Betonfertigteilen in effizienter Weise ermöglichen. Passgenau hergestellte Betonfertigteilmodule können ohne übergreifende Längsbewehrung und mit trockenen, ohne Kleber ausgeführten Fugen schnell und flexibel zu z. B. Segmentbrücken gefügt werden. Am Ende ihrer Nutzungszeit können sie zerstörungsfrei zurückgebaut und idealerweise in einem zweiten Lebenszyklus wiederverwendet werden. In einer Versuchsreihe haben die Autoren die Tragfähigkeit von glatten und feinverzahnten Trockenfugen untersucht, welche sich für das Fügen von modularen Segmentbrücken aus Carbonbeton eignen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die durchgeführten Versuche, die beobachteten Versagensmechanismen und quantitativen Versuchsergebnisse sowie der Vergleich mit international verfügbaren Bemessungsregeln diskutiert.
Optimization of medium with perfusion microbioreactors for high density CHO cell cultures at very low renewal rate aided by design of experiments
Authors: Schwarz Hubert , Lee Kevin , Castan Andreas , Chotteau Veronique
Published: April 2023

A novel approach of design of experiment (DoE) is developed for the optimization of key substrates of the culture medium, amino acids, and sugars, by utilizing perfusion microbioreactors with 2 mL working volume, operated in high cell density continuous mode, to explore the design space. A mixture DoE based on a simplex‐centroid is proposed to test multiple medium blends in parallel perfusion runs, where the amino acids concentrations are selected based on the culture behavior in presence of different amino acid mixtures, and using targeted specific consumption rates. An optimized medium is identified with models predicting the culture parameters and product quality attributes (G0 and G1 level N‐glycans) as a function of the medium composition. It is then validated in runs performed in perfusion microbioreactor in comparison with stirred‐tank bioreactors equipped with alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) or with tangential flow filtration (TFF) for cell separation, showing overall a similar process performance and N‐glycosylation profile of the produced antibody. These results demonstrate that the present development strategy generates a perfusion medium with optimized performance for stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures operated with very high cell densities of 60 × 106 and 120 × 106 cells/mL and a low cell‐specific perfusion rate of 17 pL/cell/day, which is among the lowest reported and is in line with the framework recently published by the industry.
Data‐driven prediction models for forecasting multistep ahead profiles of mammalian cell culture toward bioprocess digital twins
Authors: Park Seo‐Young , Kim Sun‐Jong , Park Cheol‐Hwan , Kim Jiyong , Lee Dong‐Yup
Published: April 2023

Recently, the advancement in process analytical technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled the generation of enormous culture data sets from biomanufacturing processes that produce various recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs), such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Thus, now it is very important to exploit them for the enhanced reliability, efficiency, and consistency of the RTP‐producing culture processes and for the reduced incipient or abrupt faults. It is achievable by AI‐based data‐driven models (DDMs), which allow us to correlate biological and process conditions and cell culture states. In this work, we provide practical guidelines for choosing the best combination of model elements to design and implement successful DDMs for given hypothetical in‐line data sets during mAb‐producing Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, as such enabling us to forecast dynamic behaviors of culture performance such as viable cell density, mAb titer as well as glucose, lactate and ammonia concentrations. To do so, we created DDMs that balance computational load with model accuracy and reliability by identifying the best combination of multistep ahead forecasting strategies, input features, and AI algorithms, which is potentially applicable to implementation of interactive DDM within bioprocess digital twins. We believe this systematic study can help bioprocess engineers start developing predictive DDMs with their own data sets and learn how their cell cultures behave in near future, thereby rendering proactive decision possible.
Assessing student perception of the integration of portable wireless ultrasound imaging in undergraduate anatomy education
Authors: Edwards Hope , Jones Huw , Garner Pip , Hardy Matthew , Wilshaw Stacy‐Paul , Bielby‐Clarke Keren , Farrow Matthew
Published: April 2023

Anatomy is the foundation of many physiology and healthcare‐related degrees. With limited access to cadavers in many universities, it is essential to investigate techniques that could be utilized to support and enhance the teaching of anatomy. Ultrasound is used clinically to aid the diagnosis of a wide range of conditions by visualizing the anatomy of the patient. While research has investigated the advantages of ultrasound in medical education, the potential benefits of ultrasound in undergraduate bioscience degrees remain to be investigated. The aim of this study was to identify if a portable ultrasound probe that wirelessly attaches to a smartphone or tablet was perceived by students as beneficial for their understanding and learning of anatomy, and to identify if there were any barriers for students partaking in ultrasound sessions. Following five ultrasound‐teaching sessions, 107 undergraduate students completed a 5‐point likert questionnaire on their perception of the integration of portable ultrasound machines in anatomy education. The data indicated that 93% of students perceived that the ultrasound teaching sessions improved their anatomical understanding, 94% perceived that ultrasound increased their ability to understand the clinical relevance of learning anatomy, 97% enjoyed the sessions, and 95% of students believed that ultrasound should be integrated into anatomy teaching. In this study, we also found several barriers for students taking part in ultrasound sessions, including religious beliefs, and lacking adequate background knowledge. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that students perceive portable ultrasound to enhance their anatomy studies, demonstrating the potential benefit the integration of ultrasound into the anatomy curriculum may serve within undergraduate bioscience courses.
Exercise during chemotherapy: Friend or foe?
Authors: Potiaumpai Melanie , Schleicher Erica A. , Wang Ming , Campbell Kristin L. , Sturgeon Kathleen , Schmitz Kathryn H.
Published: April 2023

Background

A higher chemotherapy completion rate is associated with better outcomes including treatment efficacy and overall survival. Exercise may have the potential to improve relative dose intensity (RDI) by reducing the frequency and severity of chemotherapy‐related toxicities. We examined the association between exercise adherence and RDI and possible clinical‐ and health‐related fitness predictors of RDI.

Methods

Chemotherapy records were extracted from the electronic medical record for patients enrolled in the ENACT trial (n = 105). Chemotherapy completion was assessed using average RDI. A threshold of 85% was established for “high” versus “low” RDI. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between the clinical‐ and health‐related fitness predictors of RDI.

Results

Patients with breast cancer (BC) had a significantly higher average RDI (89.8% ± 17.6%) compared with gastrointestinal cancer (GI) (76.8% ± 20.9%, p = 0.004) and pancreatic cancer (PC) (65.2% ± 20.1%, p < 0.001). Only 25% of BC patents required a dose reduction compared to 56.3% of GI and 86.4% of PC patients. Cancer site was significantly associated with RDI. Compared with BC, patients with GI (β = −0.12, p = 0.03) and PC (β = −0.22, p = 0.006) achieved significantly lower RDI. Every 2.72 unit increase in overall exercise adherence led to a significant 7% decrease in RDI (p = 0.001) in GI patients. Metastatic GI patients had a 15% RDI increase for every 2.72 unit increase in exercise adherence (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Exercise is a supportive therapy that has potential to enhance chemotherapy tolerance and completion. The relationship between exercise adherence and RDI is influenced by factor such as cancer site and treatment type. Special attention must be paid to how exercise is prescribed to ensure that exercise adherence does not negatively affect RDI. Cancer site, exercise dosage, and multimodal interventions to address toxicities are key areas identified for future research.