bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teknostres ile Değişime Direnç Arasındaki İlişki: Havacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma
Authors: Altıntaş Mustafa
Published: May 2020

Her geçen gün daha da önemli hale gelen teknoloji, örgütlerdeki iş tanımlarını, iş yapış tarzlarını ve örgütlerin üyelerinden beklentilerini farklı bir boyuta taşımaktadır. Bu gelişim sürecinde işletmeler örgütsel yapılanmalarını farklılaşan iş yaşamı şartlarına uygun düzenleyerek, son teknolojiye uyumlu uygulama ve araçları iş yapış süreçlerine dâhil ederek oluşturmalıdır. Teknolojik gelişmelerin örgüt yapılanmalarında meydana getirdiği değişimlere çalışanların uyum sağlaması ve bu değişimleri içselleştirmesi son derece önemli olduğu gibi, çalışanlarında bu değişime ayak uydurabilmesi de oldukça önemli bir hal almaktadır. Örgüt yapılarının ve iş yapış biçimlerinin hızlı bir şekilde değişmesi, bilgi eksikliği, yetersizlik hissi, belirsizlik veya aşırı bilgi yüklenmesi gibi nedenlerle çalışanlar üzerinde aşırı kaygı ve stres yaratabilir. Oluşan bu stres ve kaygı çalışanlar üzerinde değişime direnç konusunu gündeme getirmektedir. Değişimin çalışanlar üzerinde yaratacağı ekonomik, sosyolojik, psikolojik ve rasyonel nedenlerle oluşan olumsuz etkiler bireylerde bilişsel, davranışsal ve duygusal tepkilere neden olabilmektedir. Teknolojik gelişmeler doğrultusunda çalışanlar üzerinde oluşan stresin, çalışanların değişime karşı direnç göstermesi ile bir ilişkisi olabileceği düşünülmektedir.  Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı; teknostres ve değişime direnç arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Araştırma kapsamında; Teknostres ölçeği olarak Tarafdar vd. (2007) tarafından geliştirilen ve Türen vd. (2015) tarafından düzenlenen Teknostres ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Örgütsel değişime direnç ölçeği olarak Oreg (2006) tarafından geliştirilen ve kullanılan üç boyutlu değişime direnç ölçeği kullanılmıştır.
É De Sonho e é De Pó, é de Memórias e é De Vivências: uma narrativa sobre uma Casa Escolar Rural
Authors: Souza Grasielly Santos , Andrade Mirian Maria
Published: May 2020

Com a intenção de disparar uma narrativa sobre a primeira década de funcionamento de uma Casa Escolar Rural (1961-1971) localizada no município de Bandeirantes, na região norte do Estado do Paraná, este artigo considera algumas memórias e algumas vivências de pessoas que protagonizaram os caminhos percorridos por uma comunidade na procura por uma educação rural. Pautadas no referencial teórico metodológico da História Oral, realizamos entrevistas com professoras e ex-alunas da Casa Escolar Lourenço Ormenezze, que foram gravadas, transcritas e textualizadas. A partir de memórias verbalizadas nestes momentos de entrevista constituímos as narrativas dessas mulheres e as mobilizamos para escrever uma narrativa sobre a primeira década de funcionamento dessa escola, permitindo uma (re)construção da história da educação rural naquela comunidade, considerando aspectos como a estrutura da escola, o cenário, as práticas, as exigências das inspetoras de ensino, as funções das professoras, o material didático, as punições, a avaliação, a disciplina e a rotina.
Um Perfil do Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas por Estudantes do Ensino Fundamental de uma Escola Pública
Authors: Scott Puhl Cassiano , Viali Lori
Published: May 2020

Este artigo apresenta um levantamento sobre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas por estudantes de uma escola pública de Ensino Fundamental do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A investigação teve o objetivo de verificar a existência da relação entre o gênero ou a idade com o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. Assim, trata-se de uma investigação de métodos mistos qualitativos e quantitativos que utilizou o teste qui-quadrado para analisar a associação entre variáveis. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 116 estudantes das séries finais do Ensino Fundamental, com idades no intervalo dos 13 aos 18 anos. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário, sendo que as respostas foram analisadas com auxílio de métodos estatísticos. Os dados coletados mostraram que a maioria dos estudantes, da amostra investigada, consome bebidas alcoólicas, sendo que o consumo do gênero feminino é significativamente maior do que o masculino. Além disso, o consumo tende a aumentar com a idade. Indagados sobre os motivos do consumo boa parte dos estudantes relataram que o fazem por apreciar o sabor. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de se desenvolver projetos educacionais para discutir, junto com as famílias, o consumo precoce de bebidas alcóolicas e os problemas de saúde ocasionados pelo consumo.
A Produção em Investigação Matemática no XII Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática
Authors: Wichnoski Paulo , Dos Santos Foppa Kassya Luanna
Published: May 2020

Nesse texto[1] apresentamos um mapeamento da produção em Investigação Matemática no âmbito do XII Encontro Nacional de Educação Matemática – ENEM. Da abordagem qualitativa com enfoque fenomenológico, realizamos um estudo do tipo estado da arte em busca do que revelam os objetivos, as concepções e os resultados explicitados nas comunicações científicas que abordaram a Investigação Matemática e que compuseram os anais do evento. Afirmamos que os objetivos se centraram em torno de aspectos pedagógicos da Investigação Matemática. As concepções intuem para a Investigação Matemática como método de desenvolver habilidades, como metodologia de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática e como metodologia de formação de professores. Os resultados apontam avanços no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da matemática ao utilizar a Investigação Matemática em sala de aula.

[1] A primeira versão deste texto foi publicada nos anais do VI Simpósio Nacional de Educação, 2018. Essa é uma versão revisada e ampliada.
Professora, a aula é de Música ou Matemática?
Authors: Pires Rogério Fernando , Franco Kathila Fletcher Camargos , Moraes Juliana Dias de
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho apresenta e discuti à luz da Teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica os resultados de um estudo que teve por objetivo analisar as estratégias utilizadas por um grupo de estudantes ao trabalhar com frações no estudo de teoria musical. A pesquisa de cunho qualitativo contou com a participação de um grupo de estudantes da disciplina de teoria musical de uma escola de música localizada em Santa Vitória – Triângulo Mineiro. Os resultados mostram que apesar dos estudantes apresentarem dificuldade na marcação dos tempos e, consequentemente, na identificação da música descrita na partitura, a articulação das diferentes representações e as transformações de registros de representação, fez com que eles compreendessem os conceitos musicais e matemáticos envolvidos, o que permitiu que eles percebessem a estreita relação entre Música e Matemática e não fizessem distinção do que era Música e do que era Matemática no momento da realização das atividades.
PENGARUH BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS (BCAA) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENCEGAH TERJADINYA KELELAHAN PADA PEGAWAI BAGIAN PERSONAL TRAINER DI CELEBRITY FITNESS SURAKARTA TAHUN 2020
Authors: Septinina Oxy , Triyanta  , Ani Nur
Published: May 2020

Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) merupakan asam amino esensial yang terdiri dari 3 macam asam amino yaitu leusin, isoleusin, dan valin yang berperan dalam protein sintetis dan sistem energi pada saat aktivitas. Kelelahan adalah suatu keadaan ketika seseorang merasa lelah secara fisik atau mental. Berdasarkan ILO (2016), sebanyak 2 juta jiwa setiap tahunnya dan satu pekerja setiap 15 detik meninggal karena kecelakaan yang disebabkan faktor kelelahan. Hasil studi pendahuluan  Juni 2019 di Celebrity Fitness Surakarta dilakukan survey penggunaan BCAA sebanyak 63,5% mengkonsumsi BCAA dan  sebanyak 36,5% diantaranya tidak mengkonsumsi suplemen BCAA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian suplemen BCAA terhadap kemampuan mencegah terjadinya kelelahan pada pegawai bagian Personal Trainer di Celebrity Fitness Surakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental analitik. Penelitian dilakukan di Celebrity Fitness Surakarta pada bulan Juli sampai Desember 2019. Sampel yang diambil sejumlah 40 orang karyawan dari total  populasi karyawan 63 orang  yang bekerja di departemen PT, FOH, dan MC. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Variabel bebas adalah Suplemen BCAA, variabel terikat adalah kelelahan. Analisis data menggunakan t-independent dengan α=5%. Hasil analisis univariat terdiri dari 50% kelompok kontrol (tidak mengkonsumsi suplemen BCAA) dan 50% kelompok perlakuan (mengkonsusmsi suplemen BCAA).  Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan nilai pretest antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan yaitu p = 0.000 (p< 0,05) yang artinya ada pengaruh signifikan antara pemberian suplemen BCAA dalam kemampuan mencegah terjadinya kelelahan pada pegawai bagian personal trainer. Saran untuk perusahaan agar mengurangi budget target goal conduct setiap bulannya agar pegawai tidak memaksakan diri dengan bekerja atau mengajar lebih dari 8 jam setiap harinya. Untuk pegawai agar tidak mengkonsumsi suplemen BCAA dalam jangka waktu yang sangat lama dikarenakan belum adanya penelitian yang membuktikan efek samping pemakaian jangka panjang dari konsumsi suplemen tersebut.
Pathogenic variability of Pseudocercospora griseola isolates from two provinces of Ecuador
Authors: Rodríguez Diego , Vega Laura , Murillo Ángel , Peralta Eduardo
Published: May 2020

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important edible grain legume in Ecuador. The Ministry of Agriculture, Cattle Raising, Aquaculture and Fisheries of this country estimated that 71,600 hectares were cultivated in 2012; of the sown area, 53% was dedicated to dry grain and the remaining 47% to fresh grain. Beans are an important source of income for farmers and food for thousands of Ecuadorian families. Crop performance and yield are affected by diseases such as angular leaf spot caused by Pseudocercospora griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris. The best alternative for disease control is to use resistant varieties. However, durability of field resistance will depend on the knowledge of angular leaf spot variability. In Ecuador, detailed and systematic studies on the variability of the angular leaf spot pathogen have not been conducted. For this reason, the pathogenic variability of 21 isolates of angular leaf spot, collected from the provinces of Carchi and Imbabura in the Ecuadorian Andes, was studied. Thirteen different pathotypes were identified, five of them showed compatibility with only the group of Andean differentials and the remaining eight showed compatibility with two groups of differentials (Andean and Mesoamerican). Race 63:0 was the most frequent and race 31:63 was the most virulent. None of the isolates were compatible with differential Cornell 49-242. Therefore, bean breeding lines in Ecuador would benefit by incorporating the Phg-2 resistance gene present in differential Cornell 49-242 .
PRESENCIA DE NEMATODOS EN PATRONES DE CÍTRICOS EN ISABELA, PUERTO RICO
Authors: Vásquez-Rojas Laura , Tirado-Corbalá Rebecca , Vargas-Ayala Roberto , Román-Paoli Elvin , Rivera-Ocasio Dania
Published: May 2020

Resumen en inglés
FIELD EVALUATION OF COMMON BEAN FOR REACTION TO WEB BLIGHT AND HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: Rosas Juan C. , Beaver James S. , Estévez de Jensen Consuelo , González Abiezer , Rocha-Clavijo Daniel , Macchiavelli Raúl
Published: May 2020

Resumen en inglés
Çok Yönlü Bir Sivil Toplum Örgütü: Ahilik
Authors: KARAKAŞ Ayhan
Published: May 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı Ahilik teşkilatı ve işleyişi,
bulunduğu devirdeki sosyal, ekonomik ve iş hayatının düzenlenmesine etkileri
hakkında bilgi vermektir. Araştırma bir literatür çalışmasıdır. Ahîlik, hem
kendi iç dinamikleri açısından ticarî alanda bir kontrol mekanizması sağlarken,
hem de ahlâkî açıdan müntesiplerinin değerleri öğrenmesine ve bunları hayata
geçirmesine yardımcı olan bir sivil toplum kuruluşu hüviyetine bürünmektedir.
Bir sivil toplum kuruluşu olmakla beraber, ahîliğin devlet desteğinden ve
kontrolünden tamamen uzak olduğu düşünülmemelidir. Ahîler, etkili oldukları
dönemde aynı zamanda devletin çok ihtiyacı olan askeri güce katkıda bulunmak
için de organize edilmişler ve devlet adamları tarafından da
desteklenmişlerdir.
Sakarya Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Eğilimleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: ŞAHİN TEZCAN Nilüfer , KARAKAŞ Ayhan , KINGIR Said , YILMAZER Aydın
Published: May 2020

Girişimcilik
ekonomik kalkınma üzerinde önemli etkilere sahiptir. İş dünyasının gelecekteki
temsilcileri olacak gençlerin girişimcilik hakkındaki bilgileri ve bu yöne olan
eğilimleri önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada gençlerin girişimcilik eğilimleri
ile ilgili bilgi elde etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bir anket formu
oluşturulmuştur. Anket formları Sakarya Üniversitesi öğrencilerine
doldurtulmuştur. Çalışma nicel bir çalışmadır. Evreni temsil edecek kişilerin
seçilmesinde kolayda örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Toplamda 445
kullanılabilir anket formu elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere SPSS ve AMOS
paket programları aracılığı ile frekans analizleri, yüzde analizleri, faktör
analizleri, t testleri ve Anova testleri uygulanmıştır. Ölçekte bulunan sorular
5 boyut (fırsatları değerlendirme, yenilik yapma, bağımsız olma, dışa açıklık
ve risk alma)  altında toplanmıştır.
Analizler bu boyutlar üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiş olup çeşitli sonuçlar ortaya
konulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda ilgili taraflar için öneriler bulunulmuştur.
GELENEKSEL ŞİFÂHİ KÜLTÜR ÖĞELERİYLE ŞEKİLLENEN TÜRK TOPLUMSAL HAFIZASINDA MUHALEFET
Authors: SERTDEMİR Ayşe
Published: May 2020

Toplumsal hafıza ve siyasal muhalefet kavramları bir
toplumda sözlü ve yazılı kültür tarafından şekillenen olgulardır. Bu nedenle
bir toplumun herhangi bir konuda muhalefet olgusuna eğilmeden önce onun
muhalefet geleneğini belirleyen ve toplumsal hafızasını şekillendiren tarihsel
arka planına bakmakta fayda vardır. Bu konuda toplumsal olayların
incelenmesinde toplumda bir hareket meydana getiren her türlü söz, hikâye,
masal, efsane kısaca anlatıya dair her şey toplumsal hafızayı şekillendiren geleneksel
şifâhi kültürün kapsamına girmektedir. Şifâhi kültür öğeleri doğru
kullanıldığında ulusların kaderini değiştirebilme özelliğine sahiptir. Toplumun
içinden bu öğeleri yine o toplumun iyiliği adına kullanabilen büyük dehalı
kişiler çıkarak geçirilen kriz dönemlerinde bu öğeler vasıtalarıyla toplumu bir
araya getirebilmektedirler. Türk toplumu toplumsal hafızasında yer alan
politik kültür öğeleri neticesinde muhalefet geleneğine uzak kalmıştır. Bu sonuç onun toplumsal
belleğinde yer alan siyaset sözcüğüne verdiği anlamdan rahatlıkla
çıkartılabilmektedir. Buna göre “eski dilde siyaset devlet kararları yüzünden
verilen ölüm cezası” anlamına gelmektedir. Bu durum Türk toplumsal hafızasının
siyasal muhalefeti etkilediğinin bir kanıtı niteliğindedir.
ÜÇ VE ÜSTÜ YILDIZA SAHİP OTELLERDE ÇALIŞAN PERSONELİN GÜÇLENDİRİLMESİ KONUSUNDA YEREL ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI: DİYARBAKIR ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: ALTAY Hüseyin , ATEŞ Cüneyt
Published: May 2020

Bu
araştırmanın amacı Diyarbakır’daki üç ve üstü yıldıza sahip otel işletmelerinde
çalışanların personel güçlendirme konusundaki tutumlarını belirlemeye yönelik
yerel bir ölçek geliştirmektedir. Otel çalışanların güçlendirme konusunda
tutumlarının belirlenmesi rekabetçi bir ortamda hizmet sunmaya çalışan otel
işletmelerinin varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri açısından önemlidir. Otel
yöneticileri verilecek hizmetlerle misafirlerin memnuniyetini arttırarak sadık
bir müşteri kitlesi oluşturabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle çalışanlar ile hizmet
alanlar arasında ortaya çıkabilecek sorunları en aza indirmek için çalışanların
güçlendirme uygulamaları ile desteklenmeleri gerekmektedir. Yerel personel
güçlendirme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesinde yapısal eşitlik modellemesi
kullanılmıştır. Güçlendirmeye etki edebilecek faktörler literatürde yer alan
bir araştırmadan alınmış ve açıklayıcı faktör analizine tabi tutulmuştur.
Açıklayıcı faktör analiziyle belirlenen ölçek yapısı, doğrulayıcı faktör
analizine tabi tutularak yapı geçerliliği sağlanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği sağlanan
ölçeğin yerel araştırmalarda personel güçlendirme uygulamalarında
kullanılmasının yöneticilere yol gösterici nitelikte olacağı düşünülmektedir. Ölçek
geliştirme çalışması SPSS (AMOS) paket programıyla yapılmış, literatürdeki 4 boyut ve 12 sorudan oluşan “çalışanın işletmedeki rolü” ölçeğinin dışında yeni bir
yerel ölçek geliştirilmiştir.
BAŞARI YÖNELİMİNİN YAŞAM YÖNELİMİNE ETKİSİNDE SUSKUNLUK SARMALININ ARACI ROLÜ: YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM KURUMLARI SINAVINA HAZIRLANAN ÖĞRENCİLER ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: BAYRAM Ayhan , GÜNEŞ Rahime , HELİMOĞLU Sema
Published: May 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı yükseköğretim kurumları
sınavına hazırlanan öğrencilerde başarı yöneliminin yaşam yönelimi üzerindeki
etkisinde suskunluk sarmalının aracılık etkisini belirlemektir.  Kota örnekleme yöntemine göre çeşitli
ortaöğretim kurumlarının 11 ve 12. Sınıfında öğrenim gören 300 öğrenciye anket
yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılardan demografik
etkenlerle ilgili 5, başarı yönelimi ile ilgili 26, yaşam yönelimi ile ilgili 12
ve suskunluk sarmalı ile ilgili 7 ifadeye cevap vermeleri istenilmiştir. Elde
edilen veriler SPSS 24 programı, Amos 24 programı ve Process makrosu
kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Regresyon analizi sonucunda başarı yöneliminin,
yaşam yönelimi ve suskunluk sarmalı üzerinde; suskunluk sarmalının yaşam
yönelimi üzerinde anlamlı etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, başarı
yöneliminin yaşam yönelimi üzerindeki etkisinde suskunluk sarmalının tam aracı
etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür.
İLK DÖNEM HORASAN MELÂMÎLİĞİ’NİN ANTİKÇAĞ YUNAN KİNİZMİ İLE MUKAYESESİ
Authors: ARİFOĞLU Yunus
Published: May 2020

Refahla birlikte yaşanan değişim toplumsal yapıda sınıf farklılıklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu durum çatışmaya sebep vermiştir. Çatışmanın bir tarafında siyasal olmayan akımlar yer almıştır. Bunlar pasif denilebilecek bir direniş tarzıyla karşı duruş ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu akımlar kendilerine özgü itiraz biçimleri geliştirmişlerdir. İslam medeniyetinde bu akımlar tasavvufun içinde ortaya çıkmıştır. İnsanın kendisini tanıma ve hakikate ulaşma yolu olan tasavvuf, kimi zaman da bir toplumsal itiraz olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlar toplumdaki gidişatı beğenmediklerinde ve refah toplumunun odak noktası olan dünyevileşmeye dikkat çekmek istediklerinde toplumun gidişatına karşı ve ona aykırı yaşam biçimleriyle rahatsızlıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Melâmîliğin ortaya çıktığı Horasan bölgesinde de önemli ölçüde bir refah meydana gelmişti. Antik Yunan’da ticaretle gelen zenginleşme ve refah toplumunda Kinikler ortaya çıkmıştı. Tıpkı Kinikler gibi Melâmîler de toplumsal düzenden rahatsızlardı. Formel düzene alışılmadık biçimde itiraz ediyorlardı. Refah toplumlarının dengeye ulaşmasında sarkaç işlevi görmüşlerdi. Bu makalede Horasan’da varlık bulan Melâmîlik ve Antik Yunan’da ortaya çıkan Kinizm birkaç yönden mukayese edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra Kinizmin akabinde ortaya çıkan Stoacılık ve Hint mistizmine etkileri oranında değinilmiştir. Çalışmada kronolojik bir sıra takip edilmemiştir. Bu makalede dönemin kaynaklarının yanı sıra modern araştırmalar da dikkate alınmıştır.
Dış Ticarette Ortaya Çıkan Kur Riski ve Kur Riskinden Korunma Metotları
Authors: KETBOĞA Metin
Published: May 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı dış ticarette ortaya çıkan kur risklerini saptamak
ve bu risklerden korunma metotlarını araştırarak bunlara çözüm önerileri
sunulmasıdır. Çalışmada öncelikli olarak Türkiye’nin dış ticaretinde kullanılan
dövizlerle ile ilgili bilgi verilmiş,  kur riskinin nasıl oluştuğuna ve bunlardan
nasıl kaçınılması gerektiğine yönelik izlenebilecek yollar tartışılarak çözüm
önerileri sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın
sonucunda kur oynaklıklarının zaman zaman dış ticaret firmalarına zarar
verdiği, bu zararın mimimize edilmesi için kur riskinden korunma metotlarının
kullanılmasının gerekliliği, bu metotları kullanırken karşılaşılan sorunların
çözülmesinin dış ticarette ortaya çıkan kur riskinin azalmasına katkı
sağlayacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Kuwait
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: May 2020

This 2020 Article IV Consultation with Kuwait highlights that non-oil growth strengthened to estimated 3 percent in 2019, propelled by government and consumer spending. The challenge to reduce dependence on oil and boost savings has become more urgent. The subdued forecast for oil revenues is weighing on near-term growth and fiscal and external balances. Embedding fiscal measures in a comprehensive reform package that promotes private sector growth, strengthens governance and accountability, and improves public services would help build broad support for reforms. A rules-based fiscal framework would improve management of oil revenues. A rule-based framework would help anchor fiscal policy on a long-term objective of intergenerational equity. It should include a well-calibrated operational rule that helps reconcile long-term savings and near-term economic stabilization objectives. Financial sector reforms should focus on bolstering resilience and deepening inclusion. Sustaining reforms to foster private sector-led and diversified growth will be critical. With limited scope for public employment going forward, a vibrant private sector must emerge to absorb the large number of Kuwaitis entering the labor market in coming years.
Belgium
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: May 2020

This 2020 Article IV Consultation with Belgium highlights that economic activity has held up relatively well over the last year, but the outlook is clouded by unusual uncertainty and risks. The coronavirus outbreak is expected to reduce growth this year, and the outlook is highly uncertain and subject to risks, including more widespread and damaging effects of the coronavirus, escalating trade tensions, a sharper euro-area growth slowdown, and prolonged domestic political gridlock. Policies should focus on addressing the coronavirus outbreak in the near term and rebuilding resilience and addressing structural challenges in the medium run. The immediate policy priority is to contain the spread and damaging effects of the coronavirus through targeted temporary support measures to affected firms and individuals, while ensuring that the healthcare system has adequate resources to address the crisis. Reversing the declining trend in productivity growth is essential to support higher standards of living and safeguard fiscal sustainability. Thus, reform efforts would need to focus on reducing red tape for start-ups, lowering regulatory barriers to competition in key sectors, supporting access to venture capital for innovative firms, and boosting public investment in infrastructure, fiscal space permitting.
Nepal
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Published: May 2020

This Staff Report was prepared by a staff team of the IMF for the Executive Board’s consideration on March 17, 2020 on a lapse-of-time basis. The staff report reflects discussions with the Nepali authorities in Kathmandu during January 5-17, 2020 and is based on the information available as of end-January 2020. It focuses on Nepal’s near and medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was prepared before COVID-19 became a global pandemic and resulted in unprecedented strains in global trade, commodity and financial markets. The report, therefore, does not reflect the implications of these developments and related policy priorities. The outbreak has greatly amplified uncertainty and downside risks around the outlook. Staff is closely monitoring the situation and will continue to work on assessing its impact and the related policy response in Nepal and globally.
Catastrophe Containment And Relief Trust—Approval Of Grant Assistance For Debt Service Relief
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: May 2020

This paper proposes that the Executive Board determine that the global COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a Qualifying Public Health Disaster (QPHD) under the Catastrophe Containment (CC) Window of the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCRT), in line with the new QPHD test approved by the Board on March 26. The CCRT has
sufficient financial resources for an initial tranche of grant assistance for debt service relief covering eligible debt falling due from all CCRT-eligible members through October 13, 2020. Fundraising efforts continue to secure the financial resources needed to commit future such tranches for CCRT debt service relief, up to a cap of two years. Staff considers that the 25 members requesting CCRT assistance qualify for immediate
CCRT relief.
Togo
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

This report was initially prepared based on discussions with the Togolese
authorities in end 2019 and early 2020 in the context of the sixth review of the ECF
arrangement. The report has been revised to respond to the authorities’ request received
in recent weeks for augmentation of access to address the implications of COVID-19.
Thus, the report covers both the program review and the implications of COVID-19, which
is the most efficient approach to swiftly support Togo in the current context.
Pakistan
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: May 2020

Pakistan is facing unprecedented health and economic shocks from the rapid
propagation of the Covid-19 outbreak. Growth is expected to contract sharply,
by -1.5 percent in FY 2020, as the economy is buffeted by demand and supply shocks.
Exports and remittances are expected to decline sharply, which together with a temporary
loss of market access create an urgent balance of payments (BoP) need. In addition, public
finances are expected to come under significant pressure from the sudden increase in
health- and mitigation-related expenditures as well as the decline in tax revenues.
Sierra Leone
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

Selected Issues
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: May 2020

Economic conditions have deteriorated rapidly as a result of the COVID-19
crisis. GDP in 2020 is projected to decline by 5 percent (a 7½ percentage point reduction
relative to pre-crisis) due to plummeting external and domestic demand, aggravated by a
significant slowdown in remittances. The fiscal balance in 2020 is expected to drop by
6½ percentage points of GDP, to a deficit of 4½ percent of GDP, and the current account
deficit to widen to about 7½ percent of GDP due to a decline in exports and remittances.
The strong fiscal position, achieved over the last few years, provides room for a temporarily
increased deficit. The projections are subject to an unprecedented high level of uncertainty.
Paraguay
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: May 2020

In March 2020, Paraguay was hit by the Covid-19 epidemic, which has created
fiscal and balance of payments needs. The authorities’ policy response to the epidemic
has been timely, but limited access to financing and a weakened fiscal position
constrain the ability to pursue a deeper emergency response.
Crisis response: To contain the epidemic and mitigate the impact on the private sector
Paraguay has adapted an emergency package at a cost of about 2½ percent of GDP that
will boost health care spending, expand the social safety net and provide emergency loans
for small enterprises. It has also lowered policy rates, allowed banks to restructure loans to
private sector companies that are in repayment difficulties, and postponed collection of
taxes and user fees for 2 months.
Niger
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is inflicting significant damage on Niger’s economy
at a time when the government is already faced with the deteriorating security situation
across the Sahel region. A first local infection was reported on March 19, 2020 and a
state of emergency was declared on March 27, 2020. The authorities adopted a
comprehensive response plan, comprising health care measures and steps to alleviate
the social and economic fallout from the crisis. Growth is likely to drop to 1 percent this
year as exports slow, large-scale foreign-financed projects face delays, financial
conditions tighten, and domestic containment measures take their toll. Public finances
are bound to be hit hard with the deficit widening to 5 percent of GDP and a financing
gap of 3 percent of GDP emerging. It is mirrored in the balance of payment, which
deteriorates primarily on account of lower investment by regional banks into
government paper, reduced FDI, and a deterioration of the trade balance.
Effects of black carbon mitigation on Arctic climate
Authors: Kühn Thomas , Kupiainen Kaarle , Miinalainen Tuuli , Kokkola Harri , Paunu Ville-Veikko , Laakso Anton , Tonttila Juha , Van Dingenen Rita , Kulovesi Kati , Karvosenoja Niko , Lehtinen Kari E. J.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We use the ECHAM-HAMMOZ aerosol-climate model to assess the effects of black carbon (BC) mitigation
measures on Arctic climate. To this end we constructed several mitigation scenarios that implement all currently existing
legislation and then implement further reductions of BC in a
successively increasing global area, starting from the eight member states of the Arctic Council,
expanding to its active observer states, then to all observer states, and finally to the entire globe. These scenarios also account for the reduction of the co-emitted organic carbon (OC) and
sulfate (SU). We find that, even though the additional BC emission reductions in the member states of the Arctic
Council are small, the resulting reductions in Arctic BC mass burdens can be substantial, especially
in the lower troposphere close to the surface. This in turn means that reducing BC emissions only in the Arctic Council member states can reduce
BC deposition in the Arctic by about 30 % compared to the current legislation,
which is about 60 % of what could be achieved if emissions were reduced
globally. Emission reductions further south affect Arctic BC concentrations at higher altitudes and thus
only have small additional effects on BC deposition in the Arctic. The direct radiative forcing scales fairly well with the total amount of BC emission reduction,
independent of the location of the emission source, with a maximum direct radiative forcing
in the Arctic of about −0.4 W m−2 for a global BC emission reduction.
On the other hand, the Arctic effective radiative forcing due to the BC emission reductions,
which accounts for aerosol–cloud interactions, is small compared to the direct aerosol
radiative forcing. This happens because BC- and OC-containing particles can act as cloud condensation
nuclei, which affects cloud reflectivity and lifetime and counteracts the direct radiative
forcing of BC. Additionally, the effective radiative forcing is accompanied by very large uncertainties that
originate from the strong natural variability of meteorology, cloud cover, and surface albedo in the
Arctic. We further used the TM5-FASST model to assess the benefits of the aerosol emission reductions
for human health. We found that a full implementation in all Arctic Council member and observer states could
reduce the annual global number of premature deaths by
329 000 by the year 2030, which amounts to
9 % of the total global premature deaths due to particulate matter.
Empirical X-Ray of Trade Liberalization, Exchange Rate and Tax Revenue in Nigeria
Authors: Akinkunmi Mustapha A.
Published: May 2020

Inconclusive results arising from empirical evidence on the link between trade liberalization, exchange rates and tax revenue, serve as a motivation for this study. The study investigates these linkages in Nigeria over the sample period 1980-2016. It finds that only term of trade poses a substantial effect on the long-term tax revenue in the country, whereas trade liberalization, exchange rate and inflation rate are driving factors that influence short-term tax revenues.
Multi-Channel Banking and Stakeholders’ Perceptions in Emirati and Italian Banks
Authors: Ielasi Federica , Gai Lorenzo , Ilie Cornelia
Published: May 2020

The main objective of the research is “to give voice” to bank customers in the UAE and Italy, by analyzing the ways and the extent to which their needs and requests across a wide range of multi-channel banking services are being (mis)communicated, (mis)understood and (un)resolved by bank employees.While previous studies have examined several aspects of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction with regard to the communication process between customers and bank employees (e.g., customer—front desk officials, customer—call-center agents), very little research has been done so far in order to understand the motivational factors underlying bank customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction with regard to communication in multi-channel banking, which involves different types of interaction: face-to-face, telephone, ATM, online, mobile, apart from branch banking.The empirical data collection method used for this study is the semi-structured interview and the questionnaire. In order to compare the different perspectives, three different sets of interview questions have been designed within the research: (i) a set of interview questions aimed at bank customers; (ii) a set of interview questions aimed at bank employees; (iii) a set of interview questions aimed at bank executives.The results show that banks have to pay close attention to the synergies and relationships among different channels, developing an integrated communication process. The proliferation of both offline and online contact points adds further complexity. In this context, banks have to integrate and reconcile the different sources of information for a holistic overview of the customer, in order to be able to provide a consistent experience across channels.
Uma análise dos sinais da convencionalização dos mercados de orgânicos no Brasil
Authors: Bastian Lillian , Waquil Paulo Dabdab
Published: May 2020

Neste artigo é feita uma análise acerca da interdependência entre variáveis que indicam o processo de convencionalização dos mercados de orgânicos. Esta correlação acontece também entre estas variáveis, os mercados de alimentos e insumos e as normas que regulamentam os produtos com esta qualidade. O objetivo do artigo é analisar o processo de convencionalização dos mercados de orgânicos a partir da observação destas interdependências. Os dados foram gerados usando-se de metodologia qualitativa, por meio de uma amostra por conveniência com agricultores e profissionais de assistência técnica dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Alguns dos sinais da convencionalização foram interpretados como sendo uma situação transitória e/ou desencadeados pelos mercados de orgânicos, tais como a baixa oferta de insumos com a qualidade orgânica. Assim como foram identificados sinais da convencionalização que não foram pautados por outras bibliografias, indicando a relevância de uma abordagem abrangente para compreender o processo de convencionalização dos mercados de orgânicos.
Analysis of How Tesla Creates Core Innovation Capability
Authors: Kim Hyeonjoo
Published: May 2020

Tesla as green technology is new concept to current market. Current conventional market is significantly comparative. As a new comer to existing difficulty to enter the market, the company demonstrates significant innovation in various ways. Thus, Tesla has different concept of management and marketing to the market place. The company demonstrates online strategy and vehicle’s IT connected system. To improve integration of technology, the main firm acquired solar panel and installing firms. The company’s pathway to manage the organization and approach to its consumers would bring significant understanding in terms of business and management.
Organizational Culture and Its Relationship with Employee Stress, Enjoyment of Work and Productivity
Authors: Olynick Janna , Li Han Z.
Published: May 2020

Despite a recent resurgence in the study of organizational culture, insufficient attention has been paid to the impact of the types of organizational culture on employee well-being and productivity in Canadian settings. This study investigated which types of organizational culture are most closely related to employee levels of work-related stress, enjoyment of work and self-perceived productivity. A secondary research interest was to identify the dominant culture type at the studied university in northern Canada. A total of 193 staff members from various departments (e.g., academic services, facilities, student life) completed an online survey containing questions on organizational culture, stress, enjoyment of work and productivity. Three intriguing findings were generated from the data: (1) All four types of organizational culture – clan, hierarchy, adhocracy, market – were identified at the institution; (2) the hierarchy culture was most prevalent, followed by the adhocracy culture, the market culture and then the clan culture; and (3) the type of organizational culture was significantly related to stress, enjoyment of work and productivity. Employees working in a clan culture reported the lowest levels of stress, and highest levels of enjoyment and productivity, followed by those in the adhocracy and hierarchy cultures, lastly the market culture. Important implications include: (1) Organizational leaders need to take into account the role organizational culture plays in employee well-being and workplace functioning, and (2) Organizational leaders should implement strategies to create a workplace culture that promotes employee well-being and productivity.
Doodle Away: Exploring the Effects of Doodling on Recall Ability of High School Students
Authors: Sundararaman Deekshita
Published: May 2020

Doodling is often misinterpreted as a distraction to students in an academic setting– a hindrance to learning. However, recent research has shown that doodling may be beneficial to learning and memory retention. The current study expands upon previous research by investigating the impact of structured and unstructured doodling on auditory recall. This experiment was designed using a multi-method quantitative approach with an experiment that consisted of a control, structured doodling, and unstructured doodling group, and a questionnaire to assess students’ doodling experience. A group of 39 high school juniors were chosen for this study. In all three conditions, students listened to a history lecture in their normal classroom circumstances and took a quiz over the information afterward. Students doodled in both experimental conditions– they shaded a structured doodling sheet in the first condition and doodled in a blank, white A4 sheet in the second condition. The results indicated that those in the structured and unstructured doodling group performed significantly better than those in the control group, with structured doodling scoring the highest out of the three. The Post Doodling Questionnaire indicated that the majority of students experienced less daydreaming and increased recall while doodling; furthermore, the majority of students reported doodling naturalistically.
The observational equivalence of natural and unnatural rates of interest
Authors: Bystrov Victor
Published: May 2020

The results of the study presented in this paper demonstrate that a structural model of the natural interest rate, which is consistent with the standard assumptions of the natural rate theory, admits an interpretable, observationally equivalent representation in which a redefined, ’unnatural’ equilibrium rate is different from the natural rate in the original model. The alternative representation was obtained by an invertible transformation implemented in the minimal state-space form of the natural-rate model. The identification theory for state-space models is used in the paper to prove the observational equivalence of these two representations. In the alternative representation, the equilibrium interest rate fails to meet the assumption of the natural rate theory, because it depends on past demand shocks. The alternative model, being observationally equivalent, has different implications for the conduct of monetary policy. The problem of observational equivalence arises in relation to natural-rate models because of the inherent unobservability of the natural interest rate; a potential solution to this problem could be the augmentation of the information set which is used to identify and estimate the natural rate.
The number of clusters in hybrid predictive models: does it really matter?
Authors: Łapczyński Mariusz , Jefmański Bartłomiej
Published: May 2020

For quite a long time, research studies have attempted to combine various analytical tools to build predictive models. It is possible to combine tools of the same type (ensemble models, committees) or tools of different types (hybrid models). Hybrid models are used in such areas as customer relationship management (CRM), web usage mining, medical sciences, petroleum geology and anomaly detection in computer networks. Our hybrid model was created as a sequential combination of a cluster analysis and decision trees. In the first step of the procedure, objects were grouped into clusters using the k-means algorithm. The second step involved building a decision tree model with a new independent variable that indicated which cluster the objects belonged to. The analysis was based on 14 data sets collected from publicly accessible repositories. The performance of the models was assessed with the use of measures derived from the confusion matrix, including the accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure, and the lift in the first and second decile. We tried to find a relationship between the number of clusters and the quality of hybrid predictive models. According to our knowledge, similar studies have not been conducted yet. Our research demonstrates that in some cases building hybrid models can improve the performance of predictive models. It turned out that the models with the highest performance measures require building a relatively large number of clusters (from 9 to 15).
Calibration of attributes influence in the process of real estate mass appraisal by using decision-making methods
Authors: Dmytrów Krzysztof
Published: May 2020

There are situations in the real estate market in which a large number of properties have to be valued at the same time. In such cases it is advisable to use mass valuation methods. These methods involve estimating the value of a property on the basis of the values of the attributes defining it. The aim of the paper is to calibrate the influence of attributes on unit values of properties in mass appraisal in order to minimise the valuation error. The research was conducted for 318 residential properties located in Szczecin. The Szczecin Algorithm of Real Estate Mass Appraisal was used along with the econometric, statistical and expert approaches. The econometric approach is based on the ridge regression model, the statistical approach on the partial Kendall T correlation coefficients, and the expert approach on the AHP method. The quadratic programming was co-employed with the statistical and expert approaches in order to minimise the mean square error (MSE) of the valuations. The econometric and statistical approaches with the minimisation of the MSE generated best results. The least accurate results were obtained by means of the statistical and expert approaches without the minimisation of the MSE. However, even though the optimisation of the MSE improves the quality of valuations, it also narrows down their volatility, which might make the valuation of properties from the outside of a given database more problematic.
The birth of official statistics in Poland
Authors: Domański Czesław
Published: May 2020

The birth of the Polish official statistics, commonly associated with the establishment of Statistics Poland on 13 July 1918, was possible thanks to the ideas and grassroots work of various scholars, including statisticians, who thus demonstrated their faithfulness to the resolutions of the Four-Year Sejm (Parliament) and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. Statisticians from Kraków, who established Poland’s first statistical society (the Polish Statistical Society) and authored a study entitled Statistics of Poland, Kraków (1915), edited by Adam Krzyżanowski and Kazimierz Kumaniecki, deserve a special recognition in this paper. In the two consecutive years, 1916 and 1917, Kraków saw the publication of two important works, namely Geographical and Statistical Atlas of Poland, Kraków (1916), edited by Eugeniusz Romer and Ignacy Weinfeld, and the Yearbook of Poland. Statistical Tables, Kraków (1917). But scientists from other parts of Poland contributed to the process of laying the foundations for the Polish official statistics as well. Statisticians from Warsaw compiled three volumes of Statistical Yearbooks of the Kingdom of Poland edited by Władysław Grabski, and the work entitled Statistical Yearbook of the Kingdom of Poland and other Polish lands. The Year 1915 under the editorship of Edward Strasburger was published in 1916 in Sankt Petersburg. Around the same period, Polish scientists associated with the University of Lviv expanded the scope of their scientific activity. After regaining independence, the process of establishing the system of official statistics in Poland, at that time carried out already within the framework of Statistic Poland, continued developing dynamically thanks to the scientific input of several dozen Polish statisticians.
Evaluation of antioxidant property of heat shock protein 90 from duck muscle
Authors: Zhang Muhan , Wang Daoying , Xu Xinglian , Xu Weimin
Published: May 2020

Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the direct antioxidative effect of 90 Kda heat shock protein (Hsp90) obtained from duck muscle.Methods: The interaction of Hsp90 with phospholipids and oxidized phospholipids was studied with surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and their further oxidation in the presence of Hsp90 was evaluated with thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. The scavenging effect on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) was measured, and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with 5-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide and 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) was utilized to determine the abilities of Hsp90 in scavenging hydroxyl and PTIO radicals.Results: SPR showed Hsp90 could bind with both phospholipids and oxidized phospholipids, and prevent their further oxidation by the TBARS assay. The DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity increased with Hsp90 concentration, and could reach 27% and 20% respectively at the protein concentration of 50 μM. The EPR spectra demonstrated Hsp90 could directly scavenge ·OH and PTIO· radicals.Conclusion: This suggests that Hsp90, a natural antioxidant in meat, may play an important role in cellular defense against oxidative stress, and may have potential use in meat products.