bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resource Consumption as a Function of Topic Knowledge in Nonnative and Native Comprehension
Authors: Tyler Michael D.
Published: March 2003

Previous research suggests that low‐level receptive language processes are less developed for nonnative than for native listeners, yet experienced nonnatives seem to comprehend effortlessly in everyday situations. One possible explanation is that experienced nonnatives use topic knowledge to reduce working memory (WM) requirements. Native and experienced nonnatives attended to Bransford and Johnson's (1972) Washing Text while performing a concurrent task, with half of each group given the topic of the passage. Scores on the concurrent task were compared with baseline to index WM consumption. The results showed a relatively greater WM consumption for nonnatives than natives when the topic was unavailable, suggesting that nonnatives rely more than natives on topic knowledge in comprehension. Implications for foreign language learning are discussed.
Procedural Justice in Resolving Family Conflict: Implications for Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: Jackson Shelly , Fondacaro Mark
Published: March 2003

The fairness of our legal system is often judged by individuals and the public at large along dimensions of procedural and distributive justice. People seem to care about how legal decisions are made as well as about the specific outcomes reached by juries and judges. In fact, perceptions of procedural and distributive justice or injustice may influence public perceptions and confidence in the legitimacy of our legal system. This paper focuses mainly on procedural justice. Using an ecological framework, we tested the hypothesis that older adolescents use the same or similar criteria for evaluating fairness in the context of family decision making that people in general use to evaluate the fairness of legal processes and decisions. We also tested the hypothesis that family decision‐making procedures that are perceived to be unfair contribute to increased risk for acting out and deviant behavior among older adolescents. Principal components analysis confirmed that older adolescents use several distinct criteria for evaluating procedural fairness in the family context and that these criteria are comparable to those that people use to evaluate the fairness of legal procedures (rational and objective treatment conveying personal respect, consistent and non‐discriminatory treatment reflecting social status or standing, and instrumental participation or having “an opportunity to be heard”). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed that procedural justice factors are associated with adolescent deviant behavior. We discuss implications for adolescent deviance and youth violence prevention.
Piercing the Family’s Private Veil: Family Violence, International Human Rights, and the Cross‐Cultural Record
Authors: Levesque Roger
Published: March 2003

International law does not take family violence seriously enough. Although reviews and commentaries of international law regularly ignore family violence, such violence increasingly becomes a central concern of modern international treaties and plans of action. This article details how international law, which still tends to limit itself to inter‐state behavior, seeks to transform local cultural practices and forms of interpersonal relations that lead to family violence. Although these developments largely remain in their infancy, the article proposes that international human rights developments are both legitimate and necessary.
Tort Reform and Physician Sanctioning
Authors: Lavenant Claudia E. , Hayward Craig L. , Jesilow Paul
Published: March 2003

This article examines the relationship between changes in tort rules and the sanctioning of physicians by state medical boards. It compares the sanctioning rates for doctors in states that have passed tort reforms with the rates in states that have not made legislative changes. It concludes that alterations to the joint liability rule may have increased sanctioning, while the addition of pre–trial screening panels and regulation of attorney fees may have limited the number of physicians who receive punishment.
Neighborhood Effects and Compensation for Property Value Diminution
Authors: McCluskey Jill J. , Huffaker Ray G. , Rausser Gordon C.
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the legal issues surrounding defendants’ liability for property value diminution caused by stigma from environmental contamination. The courts, law review articles, and public policy analyses are in disagreement over how to handle stigma damages. This paper argues that a reasonable risk of contamination is not required for a nuisance claim if community effects, which were caused by the contamination, are present. The authors then turn to issues regarding the level of damages and propose a methodology for measuring compensation that is based on a guaranteed sales price. This methodology is applied to the RSR smelter in Dallas, Texas.
Introduction: International Perspectives on Health Policy
Authors: Weinberg Joanna
Published: March 2003

This special issue of Law & Policy examines legal, bioethical, and social science perspectives on the critical problems and choices arising from the rapid changes in the health care systems throughout the industrialized world. Advances in medical technology, the rising costs of health care, and the aging of the industrial populations have made health care a crucible for many of the broader policy concerns facing the world in the new millennium. The purpose of the special issue was for these issues to be addressed in a multidisciplinary forum, to add to the broader spectrum of socio–legal scholarship. Scholars from diverse countries examined a variety of issues from ethical, social science, and clinical perspectives.
Means‐tested versus Universal Transfers: Alternative Models and Value Judgements
Authors: Creedy John
Published: March 2003

This paper illustrates the use of different criteria used to evaluate alternative tax and transfer systems. Means‐tested and universal transfer systems are compared, using numerical examples involving a small number of individuals, in order to highlight the precise effects on incomes. The implications of fixed incomes and of endogenous incomes, using constant elasticity of substitution utility functions, are examined. Comparisons between tax systems involve fundamental value judgements concerning inequality and poverty, and no tax structure can be regarded as unambiguously superior to another. Judgements depend on the degree of inequality aversion and attitudes to poverty. However, in cases where means‐testing is preferred, the desired tax or taper rate applying to benefits is substantially less than 100 per cent.
A Box–Cox Double‐hurdle Model
Authors: Jones Andrew M. , Yen Steven T.
Published: March 2003

The double‐hurdle model with dependence is extended by incorporating the Box–Cox transformation. The model nests a range of popular limited dependent variable models, including the Gaussian double‐hurdle, the generalized Tobit, and two‐part models. Estimates of US beef consumption suggest that the Box–Cox specification outperforms all other restrictive models. Price elasticities are small and similar to findings in the literature. Household age composition and demographic variables also play significant roles in determining beef consumption. Income and cross‐price elasticities are insignificant.
Consumption Smoothing and Financial Integration in the European Union
Authors: Haliassos Michael , Christou Costas
Published: March 2003

In this paper we explore the likely implications of financial integration for intertemporal consumption smoothing in member countries. We uncover an intriguing pattern of excess sensitivity of consumption to current income in EU countries prior to integration using two procedures which handle most known time series estimation problems. We then relate this pattern to characteristics of banking sectors, using nonparametric tests which control for several such characteristics, and discuss likely implications of removing impediments to entry of foreign banks. Although conclusions about convergence following financial integration are less optimistic than previously thought, they also point to the need for broad financial integration.
Mergers between Asymmetric Firms: Profitability and Welfare
Authors: Faulí‐Oller Ramon
Published: March 2003

Using only information on the degree of concavity of demand and observable structural variables such as the market shares of firms, a necessary and sufficient condition for a merger to increase welfare is derived. On the profitability side, we obtain that when market size decreases merger profitability increases.
International Comparisons on Stock Market Short‐termism: How Different is the UK Experience?
Authors: Black Angela J. , Fraser Patricia
Published: March 2003

Using data from five major stock markets and a vector autoregression estimation procedure underpinned by the traditional intertemporal capital asset pricing model, initial evidence suggests that the UK investing community is particularly prejudiced in terms of short‐termist behaviour. The observed UK myopic outlook, however, may be more apparent than real. We hypothesize that UK investors are highly sensitive to uncertainty over future cash flows—a feature which is not being captured by traditional theoretical models. Motivated by the ‘option value’ approach, the evidence shows that uncertainty about UK economic conditions, as proxied by the spread between mortgage rates and base rates, can go some way in explaining the reported UK anomaly.
Measuring Output Trends Using Actual and Expected Output in UK Manufacturing, 1975–98
Authors: Lee Kevin , Shields Kalvinder
Published: March 2003

Direct measures of expectations, derived from survey data, are used in a vector autoregressive (VAR) model of actual and expected output series in eight industrial sectors comprising UK manufacturing. Through the application of the Beveridge–Nelson decomposition, the VAR model is used to measure trend output in the manufacturing sector. This measure is compared with alternative trend measures obtained using aggregate manufacturing sector data only.
On the Estimation of Euler Equations in the Presence of a Potential Regime Shift
Authors: Saikkonen Pentti , Ripatti Antti
Published: March 2003

The concept of a peso problem is formalized in terms of a linear Euler equation and a non‐linear marginal model describing the dynamics of the exogenous variable driving the process. It is shown that, using a threshold autoregressive model as a marginal model, it is possible to produce time‐varying peso premia. A Monte Carlo method and a method based on the numerical solution of integral equations are considered as tools for computing conditional future expectations in the marginal model. A Monte Carlo study illustrates the poor performance of the generalized method of moments estimator in small and even relatively large samples. The poor performance is particularly acute in the presence of a peso problem but is also serious in the simple linear case.
Pricing Barrier Options with Time–Dependent Coefficients
Authors: Roberts G. O. , Shortland C. F.
Published: March 2003

We consider the problem of pricing derivative securities which involve a barrier clause. We give general techniques to calculate, or estimate accurately, barrier option prices, using methods for estimating diffusion process boundary hitting times. The solution gives a simple, easy–to–use, method for calculating barrier option prices.
The Potential Approach to the Term Structure of Interest Rates and Foreign Exchange Rates
Authors: Rogers L. C. G.
Published: March 2003

It is possible to specify a model for interest rates in various ways, by giving the dynamics of the spot rate or of the forward rates, for example. A less well–developed approach is to specify the law of the state–price density process directly. In abstract, the state–price density process is a positive supermartingale, and the theory of Markov processes provides a rich framework for the generation of examples of such things. We show how this can be done, and provide simple examples (some familiar, some new) where prices of derivatives can be computed very easily. One benefit of the potential approach is that it becomes very easy to model the yield curve in many countries at once, together with the exchange rates between them.
A Note on Hedging in ARCH and Stochastic Volatility Option Pricing Models
Authors: Garcia René , Renault Èric
Published: March 2003

Recently, Duan (1995) proposed a GARCH option pricing formula and a corresponding hedging formula. In a similar ARCH‐type model for the underlying asset, Kallsen and Taqqu (1994) arrived at a hedging formula different from Duan's although they concur on the pricing formula. In this note, we explain this difference by pointing out that the formula developed by Kallsen and Taqqu corresponds to the usual concept of hedging in the context of ARCH‐type models. We argue, however, that Duan's formula has some appeal and we propose a stochastic volatility model that ensures its validity. We conclude by a comparison of ARCH‐type and stochastic volatility option pricing models.
A Note on the Nelson–Siegel Family
Authors: Filipović Damir
Published: March 2003

We study a problem posed in Bj"ork and Christensen (1999): Does there exist any nontrivial interest rate model that is consistent with the Nelson–Siegel family? They show that within the Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework with deterministic volatility structure the answer is no.

In this paper we give a generalized version of this result including stochastic volatility structure. For that purpose we introduce the class of consistent state space processes, which have the property to provide an arbitrage‐free interest rate model when representing the parameters of the Nelson–Siegel family. We characterize the consistent state space Itô processes in terms of their drift and diffusion coefficients. By solving an inverse problem we find their explicit form. It turns out that there exists no nontrivial interest rate model driven by a consistent state space Itô process.
Equilibrium with Default and Endogenous Collateral
Authors: Araújo Aloisio , Orrillo Jaime , Páscoa Mario R.
Published: March 2003

We study a two‐period general equilibrium model with incomplete asset markets and default. We make collateral endogenous by allowing each seller of assets to fix the level of collateral. Sellers are required to provide collateral whose first‐period value, per unit of asset, exceeds the asset price by an arbitrarily small amount. Moreover, borrowers are also required to be fully covered by the purchase, in the first period, of state‐by‐state default insurance. These insurance contracts are offered by lenders. The insurance cost or revenue is a linear charge and plays the role of a spread penalizing borrowers who will incur in default and benefiting lenders who will suffer default. Under these assumptions, equilibrium always exists.
A Martingale Characterization of Consumption Choices and Hedging Costs with Margin Requirements
Authors: Cuoco Domenico , Liu Hong
Published: March 2003

This paper examines optimal consumption and investment choices and the cost of hedging contingent claims in the presence of margin requirements or, more generally, of nonlinear wealth dynamics and constraints on the portfolio policies. Existence of optimal policies is established using martingale and duality techniques under general assumptions on the securities' price process and the investor's preferences. As an illustration, explicit solutions are provided for an agent with ‘logarithmic’ utility. A PDE characterization of the cost of hedging a nonnegative path‐independent European contingent claim is also provided.
Return Dynamics when Persistence is Unobservable
Authors: Johnson Timothy C.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a new theory of the sources of time‐varying second (and higher) moments in financial time series. The key idea is that fully rational agents must infer the stochastic degree of persistence of fundamental shocks. Endogenous changes in their uncertainty determine the evolution of conditional moments of returns. The model accounts for the principal observed features of volatility dynamics and implies some new ones. Most strikingly, it implies a relationship between ex post trends, or momentum, and changes in volatility.
Privacy and the Computer: Why We Need Privacy in the Information Society
Authors: Introna Lucas D.
Published: March 2003

For more than thirty years an extensive and significant philosophical debate about the notion of privacy has been going on. Therefore it seems puzzling that most current authors on information technology and privacy assume that all individuals intuitively know why privacy is important. This assumption allows privacy to be seen as a liberal “nice to have” value: something that can easily be discarded in the face of other really important matters like national security, the doing of justice and the effective administration of the state and the corporation. In this paper I want to argue that there is something fundamental in the notion of privacy and that due to the profoundness of the notion it merits extraordinary measures of protection and overt support. I will also argue that the notion of transparency (as advocated by Wasserstrom) is a useless concept without privacy and that accountability and transparency can only be meaningful if encapsulated in the context of privacy. From philosophical and legal literature I will discuss and argue the value of privacy as the essential context and foundation of human autonomy in social relationships. In the conclusion of the paper I will discuss implications of this notion of privacy for the information society in general, and for the discipline of information systems in particular.
Without Intuitions
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: March 2003

This paper criticizes Analytic philosophy with its reliance on intuitions in pursuit of conceptual analysis. Rejecting naturalism as an alternative philosophical method, I offer in its place a pragmatic and revisionary conception of philosophical method. I explain the method of Analytic philosophy and show why reliance on intuitions is essential to that method, which is unable to provide substantive answers to philosophical problems. I further show that reflective equilibrium or wide analysis requires some criterion of intuition choice and that this criterion can be applied directly to definitions themselves.
Ethics Naturalized: Feminism's Contribution to Moral Epistemology
Authors: Jaggar Alison M.
Published: March 2003

A survey of Western feminist ethics over the past thirty years reveals considerable diversity; nonetheless, much recent work in this area is characterized by its adoption of a naturalistic approach. Such an approach is similar to that found in contemporary naturalized epistemology and philosophy of science, yet feminist naturalism has a unique focus. This paper explains what feminist naturalism can contribute to moral philosophy, both by critiquing moral concepts that obscure or rationalize women’s subordination and by paying attention to real‐life practices of moral inquiry, including those used by women.
Cosmopolitan Justice and Equalizing Opportunities
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: March 2003

This paper defends a global principle of equality of opportunity, which states that it is unfair if some have worse opportunities because of their national or civic identity. It begins by outlining the reasoning underpinning this principle. It then considers three objections to global equality of opportunity. The first argues that global equality of opportunity is an inappropriate ideal given the great cultural diversity that exists in the world. The second maintains that equality of opportunity applies only to people who are interconnected in some way and infers from this that it should not be implemented at the global level. The third, inspired by Rawls's The Law of Peoples, maintains that it is inappropriate to thrust liberal ideals (like global equality of opportunity) on nonliberal peoples. Each of these challenges, I argue, is unpersuasive.
The Substantive Impact of Computers on Philosophy Prolegomena to a Computational and Information‐Theoretic Metaphysics
Authors: Dipert Randall R.
Published: March 2003

I survey in this article the practical uses of computers in philosophy: except for logic, computers have not yet noticeably improved the quality of philosophizing, research, or pedagogy. They have made work easier. My main interest, however, is in the “substantive” impact that computers may have on philosophical problems, especially in metaphysics. I argue that logic, the notion of decidability, and the theory of computation all predated and did not require modern digital computers. In the philosophy of mind, there has been a persistent conflation of computationalism and physicalism. The two theses can and should be separated. Finally, I suggest that we see glimpses of a new metaphysics based on information and information transformations that goes far beyond the well‐trodden mind‐brain debates.
The Search for the Source of Epistemic Good
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: March 2003

Knowledge has almost always been treated as good, better than mere true belief, but it is remarkably difficult to explain what it is about knowledge that makes it better. I call this “the value problem.” I have previously argued that most forms of reliabilism cannot handle the value problem. In this article I argue that the value problem is more general than a problem for reliabilism, infecting a host of different theories, including some that are internalist. An additional problem is that not all instances of true belief seem to be good on balance, so even if a given instance of knowingpis better than merely truly believingp, not all instances of knowing will be good enough to explain why knowledge has received so much attention in the history of philosophy. The article aims to answer two questions: (1) What makes knowingpbetter than merely truly believingp? The answer involves an exploration of the connection between believing and the agency of the knower. Knowing is an act in which the knower gets credit for achieving truth. (2) What makes some instances of knowing good enough to make the investigation of knowledge worthy of so much attention? The answer involves the connection between the good of believing truths of certain kinds and a good life. In the best kinds of knowing, the knower not only gets credit for getting the truth but also gets credit for getting a desirable truth. The kind of value that makes knowledge a fitting object of extensive philosophical inquiry is not independent of moral value and the wider values of a good life.
Productivity, Employment and Growth in European Integration
Authors: Foley Duncan K. , Marquetti Adalmir A.
Published: March 2003

We compare the evolution of key macroeconomic indices for the European Union (EU), viewed as a unified economy, with that of the USA and Japan for the period 1950–95, report the process of convergence in the EU, and analyze the effect of its potential enlargement through the accession of 10 Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) that are in active negotiation for EU membership. The EU has followed a path of rising labor productivity, declining capital productivity and rising capital intensity typical of advanced capitalist economies. Its productivities in the 1990s lie between those of the USA and Japan. There is evidence of convergence of EU‐15 relative labor productivity and capital intensity levels to those of the USA. Relative real wages also seem to be converging. Profit rates in all three economies fell, most rapidly before 1975. There is a general pattern of convergence in the EU members in the evolution of labor productivity, capital productivity, real wage, gross profit rate, investment per worker, consumption per worker and capital intensity. The evidence for a specific membership effect on convergence is weak. The CEEC have much lower relative labor and capital productivity than any other countries that have entered the EU. The process of development in the CEEC will have to follow an atypical path of increasing or constant capital productivity and rising labor productivity in order to converge to EU norms. EU membership might have a positive impact on the prospective economic growth in the CEEC in these respects, as the vehicle for the transmission of critical changes in technology and productive organization.
Critique of the Corn–Guano Model
Authors: Schefold Bertram
Published: March 2003

It is argued that the corn–guano model proposed by Bidard and Erreygers is too simple as a representation of Hotelling's theory because it does not reflect the distinction between the resource in situ and the extracted resource. The claim to have transposed the representation of Hotelling's theory from the neoclassical to a classical context is not warranted because normal prices are not used. The model is elegant in its simiplicity but it does not face the relevant problems of exhaustible resources posed by the real world.
Sraffa's Legacy in Economics: Some Critical Notes
Authors: Parrinello Sergio
Published: March 2003

On the basis of a specific methodology attributed to Sraffa, I present a critical assessment of certain conflicting positions that characterize the book Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa's Legacy in Economics (ed. H. Kurz, 2000). A criticism is addressed to Samuelson's view according to which the assumption of constant returns is an essential ingredient of Sraffa's theory of prices. It is argued that the defence against Samuelson's attack from the Sraffian side could be strengthened following the above methodology and a certain neoclassical literature. Some questions are raised about the constructive scope of the theoretical work developed along the guidelines of Sraffa's book.
Critical Realism and Econometrics: Constructive Dialogue with Post Keynesian Economics
Authors: Downward Paul , Mearman Andrew
Published: March 2003

The philosophy of science known as critical realism, as developed in economics, offers both a methodological critique of mainstream economics and a methodological foundation for alternative economic perspectives. Post Keynesian economics is a school of thought that has often been defined in terms of its opposition to the mainstream and has, to varying degrees, become allied to critical realism. Post Keynesians have not fully developed the detailed epistemological consequences of a commitment to critical realism. One such consequence is a possible tension over the use of econometric methods. This arises because, on the one hand, many of the epistemological pronouncements of critical realism imply the suspicion of econometric methods. On the other hand, many Post Keynesians regularly employ these methods in their desire to apply economic analysis. This paper examines these tensions and shows that drawing upon Post Keynesian economics a useful symbiosis of ideas is produced which has positive implications for the practice of critical–realist empirical work including econometrics.
Variation in Health and Health Care Use by Socioeconomic Status in Winnipeg, Canada: Does the System Work Well? Yes and No
Authors: Roos Noralou P. , Mustard Cameron A.
Published: March 2003

Health varies with socioeconomic status; those with higher incomes or who are better educated can expect to have better health. The success of the Canadian universal health care system in delivering care according to need was assessed. Consistent gradients in all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality according to neighborhood income characteristics are evident among Winnipeg residents. Poorer, less healthy groups receive more acute hospital care and have more contacts with general practitioners. Surgical rates and contacts with specialist physicians, however, show less variation by socioeconomic status. One reason may be that members of higher socioeconomic groups have the skills required to negotiate for surgery when they develop conditions, like joint pain, that are less critical. The move toward organized priority lists in Canada may remedy this situation. As access to health care is more equalized, improvement in the health of lower and middle socioeconomic groups will occur through changes in social policy like improvement of educational opportunities.
Public Trust and Initiatives for New Health Care Partnerships
Authors: Mechanic David
Published: March 2003

Effective communication between doctor and patient is a critical component of high‐quality care. The physician's credibility has a significant effect on treatment outcomes. Because changes in medicine and larger cultural trends challenge the ability of clinicians to engage their patients' trust, new kinds of partnerships must be created. To do this effectively, physicians have to sharpen their communication skills and devise strategies for assuring that their patients become informed allies in their own treatment. A number of innovations are helping to build these alliances: training in communication skills; creative uses of the Internet and videotape technologies; improved “customer service” programs; critical pathways for patients; and special educational aids. All these tools promise to be useful, but they require careful development and evaluation.
Macro‐to‐Micro Links in the Relation between Income Inequality and Mortality
Authors: Daly Mary C. , Duncan Greg J. , Kaplan George A. , Lynch John W.
Published: March 2003

A growing literature points to links between income inequality and mortality. Any examination of the link should distinguish, both theoretically and empirically, between shifts in inequality that result from changes in the bottom and top of the income distribution. When state‐level data from the U.S. censuses of 1980 and 1990 were used to measure differences in mortality, the results indicated that inequality measures reflecting depth of poverty show stronger correlations with mortality than do inequality measures reflecting heights of affluence. In addition, longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to relate state‐level inequality measures to individual‐level data on mortality. This comparison revealed significant associations between degree of income inequality in state of residence and individual risk of death only for nonelderly individuals with middle‐class incomes in 1990.
The Changing US Health Care System: Challenges for Responsible Public Policy
Authors: Gold Marsha
Published: March 2003

The “managed care backlash” arguably topped the list of media and policy concerns in 1998. Yet, against the background of the highly charged environment in which the future of our health care system continues to be debated, there is a dearth of concrete, “objective” facts on the nature of the changes, the reasons for them, and their meaning. An analysis of five important themes that emerged from a review of the recent literature on health system change concludes that an inherent tension exists between the interest in rapidly driving down health care costs through organizational change and the long time frames that are required to make fundamental changes in structure, process, and orientation. Unfortunately, in an environment in which purchasers are driven to seek cost savings and the political will supports a pluralistic and mixed public/private system, the health system may chart an alternative course, with the result that purchasers may rely increasingly on individual cost sharing and continue to cut back the amount of coverage they are willing to offer. The real challenge for public policy makers is to confront the issues directly, avoiding political incentives to adopt easy and fast solutions for these complex matters.
Employer‐Sponsored Health Insurance: Are Employers Good Agents for Their Employees?
Authors: Peele Pamela B. , Lave Judith R. , Black Jeanne T. , Evans III John H.
Published: March 2003

Employers in the United States provide many welfare‐type benefits, such as life insurance, disability insurance, health insurance, and pensions, to their employees. Employers can be viewed as performing an agency role in purchasing pension, health, and other welfare benefits for their employees. An exploration of their competence in this role as agents for their employees indicates that large employers are very helpful to their employees in this arena. They seem to contribute to individual employees' welfare by providing them with valued services in purchasing health insurance.
Pretence, Pretending and Metarepresenting
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: March 2003

I assess the claim that metarepresentation is a key notion in understanding the nature and development of our capacity to engage in pretence. I argue that the metarepresentational programme is unhelpful in explaining how pretence operates and, in particular, how agents distinguish pretence from belief. I sketch an alternative approach to the relations between pretending and believing. This depends on a distinction between pretending and pretence, and upon the claim that pretence stands to pretending as truth stands to belief.
Paradigm Lost: Review of Lawrence Weiskrantz, Consciousness Lost and Found
Authors: Jack Anthony
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Lawrence Weiskrantz, Consciousness Lost and Found: A Neuropsychological Exploration
Mindreading and the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Altruistic Motivation
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: March 2003

In recent attempts to characterize the cognitive mechanisms underlying altruistic motivation, one central question is the extent to which the capacity for altruism depends on the capacity for understanding other minds, or ‘mindreading’. Some theorists maintain that the capacity for altruism is independent of any capacity for mindreading; others maintain that the capacity for altruism depends on fairly sophisticated mindreading skills. I argue that none of the prevailing accounts is adequate. Rather, I argue that altruistic motivation depends on a basic affective system, a ‘Concern Mechanism’, which requires only a minimal capacity for mindreading.
Two Theories of Names
Authors: Segal Gabriel
Published: March 2003

Two semantic theories of proper names are explained and assessed. The theories are Burge's treatment of proper names as complex demonstratives and Larson and Segal's quasi‐descriptivist account of names. The two theories are evaluated for empirical plausibility. Data from deficits, processing models, developmental studies and syntax are all discussed. It is concluded that neither theory is fully confirmed or refuted by the data, but that Larson and Segal's theory has more empirical plausibility.
The Word Made Speculative? John Milbank's Christological Poetics
Authors: Bauerschmidt Frederick Christian
Published: March 2003

John Milbank's The Word Made Strange serves to answer many of the points raised by critics of his earlier Theology and Social Theory, in particular by developing more fully a “Trinitarian metaphysics” that take seriously the “poetic” character of human making and knowing. However, this metaphysics raises further questions regarding the underdevelopment of Milbank's Christology, Ecclesiology and Ethics. Specifically, Milbank's thin account of Jesus and the Church indicates an aversion to particularity that risks making his theology “merely speculative”, and lessens its impact on concrete Christian communities.
Intensities
Authors: Milbank John
Published: March 2003

Aquinas has mostly been read in the twentieth century in terms of a duality between reason and faith, philosophy and theology. However a careful reading of his texts will not support this position. All knowledge for Aquinas is by participation in the divine mind, analogically mediated, and faith and reason are simply differing degrees of intensity of this mediation. There is for Aquinas no secure ontology outside the orientation to the beatific vision, and his account of esse belongs more to sacra doctrina than to metaphysics. Because esse is equally in substance and accident, general and particular, it opens up to an ontology of event congruent with revelation (though the latter is always mediated by human reason). In accord with this Aquinas stresses, beyond Aristotle, emanation, relation and accidental supplementations as belonging as much to things as their substances. All this provides him with a fundamentally Trinitarian ontology. A mind renewed through the incarnation and the sacraments can once more infer the Trinity from creation. Theology builds up towards the vision of Christ as true theologian and passes beyond theory to sacramental and liturgical enactment.
Hope Deferred: Theological Reflections on Reproductive Loss (Infertility, Stillbirth, Miscarriage)
Authors: Jones L. Serene
Published: March 2003

This essay examines the human experience of reproductive loss and grief surrounding infertility, miscarriage and stillbirth, in particular why such painful silences persist where one might least expect it; namely, in feminist communities and in churches. By bringing into conversation feminist theory and systematic theology on this topic, the author effectively crosses (and cross‐fertilizes) the boundaries of two important sets of discourse with the hope of better understanding why painful silences persist concerning reproductive loss and what theological – in particular Trinitarian – resources are available to help the church think about the issue (both those who suffer this loss and the broader community who seeks to understand it).
The Soul of Reciprocity Part One: Reciprocity Refused
Authors: Milbank John
Published: March 2003

In this first of a two‐part essay, Milbank contends that “Intersubjectivity poses itself both as a problem and as a solution only within the regime of representation that has prevailed since Descartes – although it was foreshadowed by post‐Scottish scholasticism.” The first part, then, is given over to a deconstruction of modern notions of the self in anticipation of the second part, which is a constructive proposal for a recovery of the soul. In the present essay, then, Milbank's intention is to show that “we should abandon the attempt to modify the regime of subjectivity with postmodern trans‐humanism or else phenomenological intersubjectivity, or else again the neo‐Kantian ethics of finitude, and instead attempt to recover the regime of the soul.”
Re–thinking Gregory of Nyssa: Introduction—Gender, Trinitarian Analogies, and the Pedagogy of The Song
Authors: Coakley Sarah
Published: March 2003

This paper serves first as an introduction to the essays gathered in this collection on “Rethinking Gregory of Nyssa”. The critique of the so–called “de Régnon” paradigm for Nyssa’s Trinitarianism is laid out, and the significance for a new ecumenical rapprochement between East and West indicated. Some new principles are then outlined for reading Nyssa’s “spiritual” and exegetical corpus in tandem with his more polemical and apologetic writings on the Trinity, such that the Trinitarian themes in The Commentary on the Song of Songs, especially, along with their novel messages about “gender”, become seen as an intrinsic part of Nyssa’s contribution to Trinitarian theology.
Divine Unity and the Divided Self: Gregory of Nyssa’s Trinitarian Theology in its Psychological Context
Authors: Barnes Michel René
Published: March 2003

In the last hundred years Gregory of Nyssa’s Trinitarian theology has received a substantial amount of attention. Unfortunately, it has been appropriated because of its perceived psychological content—so much so that Gregory’s Trinitarian theology becomes re–stated as the Trinity as “personal relationship” or as “locating consciousness(es) in the Trinity.” To be sure, a knowledge of Gregory’s psychology reveals its role in his Trinitarian theology; however, it also makes clear that personal relationship or consciousness are not important, substantial psychological concepts in the way that they are often taken to be by contemporary interpreters. Rather, Gregory’s psychology takes its fundamental shape from a concern for the integrity of the will in its action.
The growth of small high‐tech firms: destinies and destinations of Innovation Centre ‘graduates’
Authors: Reid Stuart , Garnsey Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the activity of innovation or technology centres and to their role in nurturing small firms. There is relatively little systematic evidence on the survival and performance of such firms, either during or after their tenancy of these centres. This article reports the preliminary findings of a survey of over fifty companies which ‘graduated’ from St John’s Innovation Centre in Cambridge over the first eight years of its existence.
ERP‐Supported Teamworking in Danish Manufacturing?
Authors: Koch Christian , Buhl Henrik
Published: March 2003

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and teamworking both entail significant changes to work on the shop‐floor. However, a study of 24 Danish manufacturing enterprises found both change programs were rarely explicitly tuned to each other, with little direct interaction in a majority of cases. A case study shows the importance of, and the micro‐political difficulties involved in getting companies to configure ERP‐systems to support teamworking.
Work Systems, Quality of Working Life and Attitudes of Workers: An Empirical Study Towards the Effects of Team and Non‐Teamwork
Authors: Steijn Bram
Published: March 2003

The paper distinguishes between four categories of work systems: the traditional Tayloristic system, ‘lean’ team work, ‘sociotechnical’ teamwork and the professional work system. Using a Telepanel survey of over 800 Dutch workers, the association of work system with several employee outcome variables is analysed, including quality of working life, well‐being and worker attitudes.
Measuring Group Work; Findings and Lessons from a European Survey
Authors: Benders Jos , Huijgen Fred , Pekruhl Ulrich
Published: March 2003

Data from the EPOC‐mail survey among managers in 10 European countries are used to fill the gap in our knowledge about the incidence of group work. Two variables were used to demarcate ‘group‐based’ establishments. An attempt is made to compare the European data with American findings.
IT professionals and organisational ascendancy: theory and empirical critique
Authors: Rose Michael
Published: March 2003

IT expertise cannot be viewed as a decisive asset in organisational tournaments. Survey findings suggest IT competence is associated with severe handicaps in power contests between professional/managerial strata. At least for the present, there are strongly negative implications for hypotheses of organisational ascendancy for IT professionals or for their successful achievement of a collective mobility project.
Short‐Run Dynamics in Cointegrated Systems
Authors: Proietti Tommaso
Published: March 2003

In this paper we build a unifying framework under which the time‐domain properties of the permanent‐transitory decompositions available in the literature are investigated. Starting from the state space representation of a cointegrated system expressions are derived for the (common) trends and cycles of the Beveridge–Nelson decomposition involving quantities already available from the interim multiplier representation. The cycles result from both movements along the attractor and adjustment dynamics; the latter are shown to be the transitory component of the Gonzalo–Granger decomposition. The two decompositions are equivalent when the number of common cycles and trends add up to the dimension of the system. Algorithms for the extraction of the components are given and the results are illustrated with respect to a trivariate system consisting of US per capita GNP, Private Consumption and Investment.
Separation in Cointegrated Systems and Persistent‐Transitory Decompositions
Authors: Granger Clive W. J. , Haldrup Niels
Published: March 2003

The notion of separation in cointegrated systems helps identifying possible sub‐system structures that may reduce the complexity of larger systems by yielding a more parsimonious representation of the times series. In this paper we demonstrate that although the subsystem cointegration analysis in such systems can be conducted in case of both completely and partially separated systems, the dual approach, i.e. calculation of the common stochastic trends, may turn out to yield properties of the trends that differ depending upon the type of separation under consideration. In particular, we demonstrate how persistent‐transitory (P‐T) decompositions and long‐ and short‐memory factorizations of a multivariate time series will interact across systems when considering the presence (or absence) of different types of separation. Generalizations to non‐linear error correction models are briefly discussed.
Size and Power of the Error Correction Model Cointegration Test. A Bootstrap Approach
Authors: Mantalos Panagiotis , Shukur Ghazi
Published: March 2003

The size and power of the ECM cointegration test are investigated by using the ‘bootstrap critical values’. The purpose of this paper is to show the ability of the bootstrap technique to produce critical values which are much more accurate than the asymptotic ones. The properties of the test have been studied, using Monte Carlo methods, for three different data generating processes. As regards the size of the test, we find that the ECM cointegration test together with the bootstrap critical values perform better than the ECM cointegration test based on the asymptotic critical values. While as regards the power of the tests, the results prove to be similar for the different versions.
Indexation and Wage Change Settlements: Evidence from Spanish Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Jimenez‐Martin Sergi
Published: March 2003

An endogenous switching model of ex‐ante wage changes under indexed and non‐indexed settlements is estimated for the Spanish manufacturing sector using collective bargaining firm data for the 1984–1991 period. The likelihood of indexing the settlement is higher for nationwide unions than for other union groups within the works council and increases with the expected level of inflation. For wage change equations, a common structure for indexed and non‐indexed settlements is strongly rejected, showing a source of nominal rigidity. For indexed contracts, the expected ex‐ante total inflation coverage is nearly complete. It is also shown that workers pay a significant ex‐ante change premium (differential) to obtain a cost of living allowance clause. However, the realised contingent compensation exceeds such a premium for all industries. Finally, important spillover efffects in wage setting and the decision to index the settlement have been detected.
Gambling on Lotto Numbers: Testing for Substitutability or Complementarity Using Semi‐weekly Turnover Data
Authors: Purfield Catriona , Waldron Patrick
Published: March 2003

The impact on the demand for a gambling product of the introduction of a competing product is a topical issue in Britain, Ireland and elsewhere. We consider empirically the demand for Lotto itself and for fixed‐odds betting on the Lotto draw. The evidence suggests that these products are complements. Problems are posed by the need to rely on turnover data instead of price and quantity data in testing for substitutability or complementarity and by the semi‐weekly nature of Lotto draws, which raises the possibility of a `seasonal' unit root in the turnover time series.