bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doping-stabilized two-dimensional black phosphorus
Authors: Xuan Xiaoyu , Zhang Zhuhua , Guo Wanlin
Published: April 2018

Two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus has nearly the same stability as 2D blue phosphorus and now can be exclusively stabilized over all other 2D allotropes by nitrogen and hole carrier doping.
Ni(OH)2/CNTs hierarchical spheres for a foldable all-solid-state supercapacitor with high specific energy
Authors: Qin Qingqing , Liu Jiaqin , Mao Wenping , Xu Chenxi , Lan Binbin , Wang Yan , Zhang Yong , Yan Jian , Wu Yucheng
Published: April 2018

A foldable all-solid-state supercapacitor has been assembled using Ni(OH)2/CNTs hierarchical spheres and polybenzimidazole, exhibiting good mechanical strength and high specific energy.
Nanoscale coaxial focused electrohydrodynamic jet printing
Authors: Wang Dazhi , Zhao Xiaojun , Lin Yigao , Liang Junsheng , Ren Tongqun , Liu Zhenghao , Li Jiangyu
Published: April 2018

A high-speed and cost-effective nanoscale printing technique was developed to fabricate aligned nanowire arrays, nano-freebeams and nano-cantilever beams.
Harvesting resonantly-trapped light for small molecule oxidation reactions at the Au/α-Fe2O3 interface
Authors: McClure Joshua P. , Grew Kyle N. , Baker David R. , Gobrogge Eric , Das Naresh , Chu Deryn
Published: April 2018

Resonantly-enhanced light-driven small molecule electro-oxidation at the oxygen (hydroxyl-group) rich Au/α-Fe2O3 interface.
Phosphorescent inner filter effect-based sensing of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitors with Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots
Authors: Tang Dandan , Zhang Jinyi , Zhou Rongxin , Xie Ya-Ni , Hou Xiandeng , Xu Kailai , Wu Peng
Published: April 2018

Large bandgap semiconductor ZnS QDs (Mn-doped) were explored for inner filter effect-based sensing of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitors, due to the maximum spectral overlap between the absorption of uric acid (the enzymatic product of xanthine oxidase) and the excitation of Mn-doped ZnS QDs.
The phonon confinement effect in two-dimensional nanocrystals of black phosphorus with anisotropic phonon dispersions
Authors: Lin Tong , Cong Xin , Lin Miao-Ling , Liu Xue-Lu , Tan Ping-Heng
Published: April 2018

Raman modes of black phosphorus nanocrystals exhibit significant asymmetrical profiles resulting from anisotropic phonon dispersions of the corresponding phonon branches.
Electrical modulation of a photonic crystal band-edge laser with a graphene monolayer
Authors: Kim Hanbit , Lee Myungjae , Jeong Hyunhak , Hwang Min-Soo , Kim Ha-Reem , Park Seondo , Park Yun Daniel , Lee Takhee , Park Hong-Gyu , Jeon Heonsu
Published: April 2018

Electrical modulation of a photonic crystal band-edge laser output via the Fermi level shift in graphene is demonstrated.
Spray coating of the PCBM electron transport layer significantly improves the efficiency of p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zheng Yifan , Kong Jaemin , Huang Di , Shi Wei , McMillon-Brown Lyndsey , Katz Howard E. , Yu Junsheng , Taylor André D.
Published: April 2018

The p-i-n structure for perovskite solar cells has recently shown significant advantages in minimal hysteresis effects, and scalable manufacturing potential using low-temperature solution processing.
Multi-affinity sites of magnetic guanidyl-functionalized metal–organic framework nanospheres for efficient enrichment of global phosphopeptides
Authors: Luo Bin , Yang Minggang , Jiang Peipei , Lan Fang , Wu Yao
Published: April 2018

Magnetic guanidyl-functionalized metal–organic framework (MOF) nanospheres with multi-affinity sites (inherent Zn–O cluster, amino group, and guanidyl group) for efficient enrichment of global phosphopeptides.
High-performance cationic polyrotaxanes terminated with polypeptides as promising nucleic acid delivery systems
Authors: Song Hai-Qing , Qi Yu , Li Rui-Quan , Cheng Gang , Zhao Nana , Xu Fu-Jian
Published: April 2018

A novel cationic polyrotaxane consisting of hydroxyl-rich polycationic units and degradable end-capping polypeptides was prepared for promising nucleic acid delivery.
The stabilizing effect of the transient imine directing group in the Pd(ii)-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of free primary amines
Authors: Hu Xiao-Xiao , Liu Jian-Biao , Wang Lu-Lin , Huang Fang , Sun Chuan-Zhi , Chen De-Zhan
Published: April 2018

The addition of the ligand ArQCHO reduces the distortion energies, and C(sp3)–H activation is conducted by an outer-sphere pivalate.
Lithocarpins A–D: four tenellone-macrolide conjugated [4 + 2] hetero-adducts from the deep-sea derived fungus Phomopsis lithocarpus FS508
Authors: Xu Jianlin , Tan Haibo , Chen Yuchan , Li Saini , Huang Zilei , Guo Heng , Li Haohua , Gao Xiaoxia , Liu Hongxin , Zhang Weimin
Published: April 2018

Lithocarpins A–D, four novel tenellone-macrolide conjugated dimers containing a fascinating 9,14-epoxynaphtho[2,3-e]oxecin-3(2H)-one skeleton.
Decarboxylative formylation of aryl halides with glyoxylic acid by merging organophotoredox with palladium catalysis
Authors: Zhao Bin , Shang Rui , Cheng Wan-Min , Fu Yao
Published: April 2018

Decarboxylative formylation of aryl halides with glyoxylic acid enabled by combining organophotoredox with palladium catalysis.
An addressable packing parameter approach for reversibly tuning the assembly of oligo(aniline)-based supra-amphiphiles
Authors: Lyu Wei , Alotaibi Maha , Bell O. Alexander , Watanabe Kazuyoshi , Harniman Robert , Mills Benjamin M. , Seddon Annela M. , Rogers Sarah E. , King Stephen M. , Yan Wei , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: April 2018

An addressable packing parameter approach was developed for reversibly tuning the self-assembly of oligo(aniline)-based supra-amphiphiles.
Explaining Discrepancies Between the Digit Triplet Speech-in-Noise Test Score and Self-Reported Hearing Problems in Older Adults
Authors: Pronk Marieke , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Kramer Sophia E.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine which demographic, health-related, mood, personality, or social factors predict discrepancies between older adults' functional speech-in-noise test result and their self-reported hearing problems.

Method

Data of 1,061 respondents from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used (ages ranged from 57 to 95 years). Functional hearing problems were measured using a digit triplet speech-in-noise test. Five questions were used to assess self-reported hearing problems. Scores of both hearing measures were dichotomized. Two discrepancy outcomes were created: (a) being unaware: those with functional but without self-reported problems (reference isaware: those with functional and self-reported problems); (b) reporting false complaints: those without functional but with self-reported problems (reference iswell: those without functional and self-reported hearing problems). Two multivariable prediction models (logistic regression) were built with 19 candidate predictors. The speech reception threshold in noise was kept (forced) as a predictor in both models.

Results

Persons with higher self-efficacy (to initiate behavior) and higher self-esteem had a higher odds to being unaware than persons with lower self-efficacy scores (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13 and 1.11, respectively). Women had a higher odds than men (OR = 1.47). Persons with more chronic diseases and persons with worse (i.e., higher) speech-in-noise reception thresholds in noise had a lower odds to being unaware (OR = 0.85 and 0.91, respectively) than persons with less diseases and better thresholds, respectively. A higher odds to reporting false complaints was predicted by more depressive symptoms (OR = 1.06), more chronic diseases (OR = 1.21), and a larger social network (OR = 1.02). Persons with higher self-efficacy (to complete behavior) had a lower odds (OR = 0.86), whereas persons with higher self-esteem had a higher odds to report false complaints (OR = 1.21). The explained variance of both prediction models was small (NagelkerkeR2= .11 for theunawaremodel, and .10 for thefalse complaintsmodel).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that a small proportion of the discrepancies between older individuals' results on a speech-in-noise screening test and their self-reports of hearing problems can be explained by the unique context of these individuals. The likelihood of discrepancies partly depends on a person's health (chronic diseases), demographics (gender), personality (self-efficacy to initiate behavior and to persist in adversity, self-esteem), mood (depressive symptoms), and social situation (social network size). Implications are discussed.
The Burden of Indirect Causes of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the Process of Obstetric Transition: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
Authors: Cirelli Jessica Fernandes , Surita Fernanda Garanhani , Costa Maria Laura , Parpinelli Mary Angela , Haddad Samira Maerrawi , Cecatti José Guilherme
Published: April 2018

Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the burden of indirect causes of maternal morbidity/mortality in Brazil.

Methods Secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 27 referral obstetric units within the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity.

Results A total of 82,388 women were surveilled: 9,555 women with severe maternal morbidity were included, and 942 (9.9%) of them had indirect causes of morbidity/mortality. There was an increased risk of higher severity among the indirect causes group, which presented 7.56 times increased risk of maternal death (prevalence ratio [PR]: 7.56; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 4.99–11.45). The main indirect causes of maternal death were H1N1 influenza, sepsis, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Non-public antenatal care (PR: 2.52; 95%CI: 1.70–3.74), diabetes (PR: 1.90; 95%CI: 1.24–2.90), neoplasia (PR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.25–3.14), kidney diseases (PR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.14–3.49), sickle cell anemia (PR: 2.50; 95%CI: 1.16–5.41) and drug addiction (PR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.03–3.80) were independently associated with worse results in the indirect causes group. Some procedures for the management of severity were more common for the indirect causes group.

Conclusion Indirect causes were present in less than 10% of the overall cases, but they represented over 40% of maternal deaths in the current study. Indirect causes of maternal morbidity/mortality were also responsible for an increased risk of higher severity, and they were associated with worse maternal and perinatal outcomes. In middle-income countries there is a mix of indirect causes of maternal morbidity/mortality that points to some advances in the scale of obstetric transition, but also reveals the fragility of health systems.
Perampanel verringert die Anfallshäufigkeit
Authors: Brettschneider Helga
Published: April 2018

Das Antiepileptikum Perampanel (Fycompa®) bietet als Zusatztherapie eine breite Wirksamkeit bei fokalen Anfällen mit oder ohne sekundäre Generalisierung und bei primär generalisierten tonisch-klonischen Anfällen und kann bisher nicht anfallsfreien Patienten zu Anfallsfreiheit verhelfen (1). Seit Dezember 2017 ist es wieder auf dem üblichen Weg erhältlich. Perampanel, betonte Prof. Bernhard Steinhoff, Kork, ist als Behandlungsmöglichkeit “unverzichtbar”.
Zulassung von Ocrelizumab bringt MS-Therapie weiter voran
Authors: Grübler Beate
Published: April 2018

Mit der EU-weiten Zulassung von Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus®) im Januar 2018 steht für Patienten mit schubförmiger Multipler Sklerose (RMS*) und früher primär progredienter Multipler Sklerose (PPMS) eine neuartige Therapie zur Verfügung, die sich selektiv gegen CD20-positive B-Zellen richtet. Bei Patienten mit RMS ist Ocrelizumab signifikant wirksamer als Interferon β-1a s.c. bei vergleichbarer Verträglichkeit. Bei Patienten mit früher PPMS reduziert Ocrelizumab die Behinderungsprogression und setzt als “First-in-class”-Medikament neue Therapiemaßstäbe.
LSVT-BIG
Authors: Schroeteler F. E.
Published: April 2018

Die Bewegungsamplitude ist einziger Trainingsfokus bei LSVT-Konzepten und Antwort auf die hyperkinetische Symptomatik bei Parkinson. Innerhalb der Sprechtherapie eingeführt (LSVT-LOUD; Lee Silverman Voice Treatment), wurde dies als motorisches Trainingskonzept im letzten Jahrzehnt zusätzlich auf die Bewegungstherapie bei Parkinson als LSVT-BIG ausgeweitet. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt das Trainingskonzept LSVT-BIG vor dem Hintergrund anderer Evidenz- basierter, physiotherapeutischer Trainingsverfahren für Menschen mit Parkinson, mit dem Ziel motorische Fähigkeiten und die motorische Selbstständigkeit zu verbessern.

Die sensorische Kalibrierung, der zweite Aspekt der LSVT-Konzepte, ermöglicht es den Patienten wieder normale Lautstärke und Bewegungsausschläge als nicht zu laut oder zu groß zu empfinden. Die Kalibrierung setzt sich dadurch mit den Widerständen auseinander, die einem generalisierten Einsatz physiologischer Amplituden im Alltag entgegenstehen. Sowohl das Training als auch die didaktische Vermittlung des Konzeptes sind auf Parkinson-Patienten zugeschnitten. Die Implementierung in den klinischen Alltag bleibt eine Herausforderung, die Akzeptanz für diesen anspruchsvollen Therapieansatz wächst jedoch vielversprechend.
Psychotherapeutische Interventionen bei Morbus Parkinson aus klinischer Sicht
Authors: Tucha S.
Published: April 2018

In den letzten Jahren haben psychotherapeutische Interventionen als adjuvante Therapien zur Aufrechterhaltung sowie Verbesserung der Lebensqualität von Parkinson-Patienten einen hohen Stellenwert erreicht. So werden insbesondere verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionen in der aktuellen S3-Leitlinie der DGN zur Behandlung idiopathischer Parkinson-Syndrome Effektivität und Evidenz zugesprochen. Patienten profitieren in allen Phasen der Krankheitsverarbeitung von Psychotherapie, zudem ist die frühzeitige Einbeziehung der Angehörigen sinnvoll, um ein möglichst hohes globales Funktionsniveau zu erzielen. Es werden Phasen der Krankheitsverarbeitung, emotionale und Verhaltensänderungen und Therapieansätze sowie Möglichkeiten der Angehörigenarbeit vorgestellt. Zur Veranschaulichung werden Beispiele aus der klinischen Praxis angeführt.
Aktivierende Therapien bei Parkinson-Syndromen
Authors: Schroeteler F. E. , Fietzek U. M. , Ziegler K. , Ceballos-Baumann A. O.
Published: April 2018

Trotz wachsender Möglichkeiten in der Pharmakotherapie und der tiefen Hirnstimulation können bei der Mehrzahl der Parkinson-Patienten im Verlauf wesentliche Funktionen wie Gleichgewicht, Gehen, Sprechen, Schlucken und Kognition langfristig nur unzureichend gebessert werden. Den aktivierenden Therapien wie Physio-, Sprech-, Schluck- und Ergotherapie kommt hierbei eine zunehmen de Rolle zu. Der Empfehlungsgrad in den S3-Leitlinien erreicht für die Haupttherapie-formen Level A (Physiotherapie) und B (Logopädie, Schlucktherapie, Ergotherapie). Für die Physiotherapie finden sich die meisten Studien. Neue Ansätze mit Krafttraining, Tanzen, Tai Chi sowie gerätegestützte Ansätze wie Laufbandtraining kombiniert mit neuen Entwicklungen wie virtueller Realität und Spielkonsolen („Exergaming“) weisen eine gute Studienevidenz auf. Die S3-Leitlinie der DGN fordert für alle Patienten in allen Stadien Zugang zu einer zeitlich ausreichenden Physiotherapie. Dieser CME Artikel fasst den Stand der aktivierenden Therapien in der Langzeitversorgung von Parkinson-Patienten zusammen.
Status-epilepticus-Behandlung mit Intubationsnarkose
Authors: Fröscher W. , Rösche J.
Published: April 2018

Der Einsatz der Intubationsnarkose (ITN) beim Status epilepticus (SE) wurde zunächst zur Aufrechterhaltung einer suffizienten Atmung trotz epileptischer Konvulsionen etabliert. Später sollte er in Verbindung mit dem Einsatz anästhetisierender Antikonvulsiva (AAK) auch neuronale Schäden durch anhaltende Anfallsaktivität verhindern. Seit 2012 erschienen mehrere Studien mit widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen bezüglich Sicherheit und Effektivität des durch AAK induzierten therapeutischen Komas in der Behandlung des SE. Dennoch wird der Einsatz der ITN beim refraktären generalisierten konvulsiven SE weiterhin uneingeschränkt empfohlen. Daneben hat der fokale nonkonvulsive SE mit Koma eine so schlechte Prognose, dass alle Behandlungsoptionen in Betracht gezogen werden sollten. Beim fokalen nonkonvulsiven SE mit Beeinträchtigung des Bewusstseins (ohne Koma) sollte die ITN jedoch nur sehr vorsichtig unter Beachtung des Patientenalters und der Komorbiditäten zur Anwendung kommen.
Deutsche Akademie für Seltene Neurologische Erkrankungen
Authors: Schöls L. , Graessner H. , Münchau A.
Published: April 2018

Die Deutsche Akademie für Seltene Neurologische Erkrankungen (DASNE) will Wegbereiter für eine optimierte Versorgung von Patienten mit seltenen neurologischen Erkrankungen sein. Als erste Institution in Deutschland verfolgt die Akademie die Bündelung und kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung von Expertise im Bereich seltener neurologischer Erkrankungen durch den Zusammenschluss deutscher Expertenzentren. Ausgehend von den Initiatoren in Lübeck, Tübingen und Bonn haben sich weitere Zentren angeschlossen. Ein dynamisches Netzwerk beginnt sich zu entwickeln. In diesem Verbund decken DASNE-Experten die multidisziplinäre Expertise zu seltenen neurologischen Erkrankungen vom Kindes- bis zum Erwachsenenalter ab. Gemeinsame Falldiskussionen und zentrale Datenerfassung eröffnen neue Wege. Hauptziele der DASNE sind die Etablierung eines deutschen Expertise-Netzwerks für seltene neurologische Erkrankungen, der Aufbau einer Web-Plattform zur Erfassung von Patientendaten für videobasierte Fallkonferenzen mit Experten und moderierten Austausch zu seltenen neurologischen Erkrankungen sowie Aus- und Fortbildung junger in den Neurofächern tätiger Kollegen in Workshops zu zentralen Themen seltener neurologischer Erkrankungen.
Seltene paroxysmale Störungen in der Neurologie
Authors: Hedrich UBS. , von Spizcak S. , Freilinger T. , Weber Y. , Wolff M. , Lerche H. , Kegele J.
Published: April 2018

Seltene paroxysmale neurologische Erkrankungen umfassen seltene monogenetische Epilepsien, episodische Ataxien, seltene Formen der Migräne, primäre Hyperekplexieformen, angeborene paroxysmale Schmerzsyndrome sowie paroxysmale Dyskinesien. Die Weiterentwicklungen in der genetischen Technologie führten zur Entdeckung zahlreicher Gendefekte, die Ursache paroxysmaler Störungen sind. Zudem konnten in der Aufklärung der Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankungen große Fortschritte erzielt werden. Bestimmte Syndrome sind bereits neben ihrer typischen klinischen Manifestation sowohl über den Stoffwechseldefekt als auch über ihren genetischen Defekt definiert (z. B. GLUT1-Defizienz-Syndrom) und können durch die Kenntnis der spezifischen Funktionsänderung zielgerichtet behandelt werden. Die Art der Funktionsveränderung durch die Mutationen ist bei Ionenkanalerkrankungen von erheblicher Relevanz (wie Funktionsverlust gegenüber -gewinn). Epilepsien, die auf einer SCN2A-Mutation mit einem Funktionsgewinn beruhen, sprechen z. B. gut auf Natriumkanalblocker an. Bei Mutationen in Natriumkanalgenen mit einem Funktionsverlust hingegen sollten Natriumkanalblocker vermieden werden. Solche Beispiele werden durch die fortlaufende Entdeckung weiterer Krankheitsgene und der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen immer häufiger, sodass langfristig Betroffenen weitere zielgerichtete Therapien angeboten werden können.
Seltene Parkinson-Syndrome
Authors: Ceballos-Baumann A. O.
Published: April 2018

Die verschiedenen Parkinson-Syndrome (PS) klinisch einzelnen Krankheitsentitäten zuzuordnen, gilt als schwierig. Es sind viele seltene Parkinson-Syndrome von dem häufigen sporadischen idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndrom (IPS) zu differenzieren. Zum Teil neu aufgelegte Kriterien für das IPS und die atypischen Parkinson-Syndrome wie Demenz vom Lewy-Body-Typ (DLB), Multisystematrophie (MSA), progressiver supranukleärer Blickparese (PSP) und kortikobasales Syndrom (CBS) sollten die diagnostische Einordnung verbessern. Patienten mit vom sporadischen IPS kaum unterscheidbaren monogenetischem PS, z. B. mit LRRK2-Mutationen oder mit einem Risikogen, z. B. Mutationen im GBAGen, können relativ einfach genetisch diagnostiziert werden. Bei jungen PS-Patienten müssen komplexe Krankheiten wie z. B. das häufige Mikrodeletionssyndrom 22q11.2 (Di-George-Syndrom), Morbus Wilson und “Morbus Fahr” sowie die Gruppe der Neurodegenerationen mit Eisenablagerung im Gehirn (NBIAs) berücksichtigt werden.
Leukodystrophien und Neurotransmitterstörungen
Authors: Assmann B. , Bültmann E. , Krägeloh-Mann I. , Opladen T. , Brockmann K.
Published: April 2018

In diesem Artikel werden beispielhaft zwei Gruppen von angeborenen Erkrankungen dargestellt, die sich vom Säuglingsalter bis zum Erwachsenenalter hin manifestieren können. Die Leukodystrophien sind neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, für die zum Teil experimentelle Therapieansätze entwickelt werden. Für die Gruppe der angeborenen Störungen im Stoffwechsel der biogenen Amine steht bei einigen Defekten mit L-Dopa eine effiziente Therapie zur Verfügung, deren Einsatz so früh wie möglich und lebenslang erfolgen sollte, um irreversible Entwicklungsstörungen und Bewegungsstörungen zu vermeiden.
Therapie der spinalen Muskelatrophie mit dem Antisense-Oligonukleotid Nusinersen
Authors: Ludolph A. C. , Wurster C.
Published: April 2018

Die spinale Muskelatrophie ist eine genetische Motoneuronerkrankung, die sich im Kindes- und Jugendalter manifestiert und zu einer progredienten Muskelatrophie und Muskelschwäche führt. Anhand der klinischen Symptome, deren zeitlichen Auftretens sowie dem Erreichen motorischer Meilensteine wird die Erkrankung in drei unterschiedliche Typen eingeteilt. Klinisch am schwersten betroffen sind dabei Patienten mit Typ I (Werdnig-Hoffmann), der am häufigsten auftritt und mit einer deutlich verminderten Lebenserwartung einhergeht. Bislang standen für die Behandlung der spinalen Muskelatrophie lediglich symptomatische Maßnahmen zur Verfügung. Seit Juni 2017 ist nun jedoch die Therapie der spinalen Muskelatrophie mit dem Antisense- Oligonukleotid Nusinersen (Spinraza®) für alle 5q-assoziierten Erkrankungen in Deutschland zugelassen. In dem folgenden Artikel gehen wir nach Darstellung der klinischen Symptome und Pathogenese der spinalen Muskelatrophie auf die Literatur zur Behandlung mit Nusinersen ein und diskutieren darüber hinaus die Herausforderungen bei der Behandlung von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen mit spinaler Muskelatrophie mit dem Antisense-Oligonukleotid.
Insomnie und andere Schlafstörungen
Authors: Gahr M.
Published: April 2018

Beeinträchtigungen des Schlafs gehören zu den sehr häufig berichteten Symptomen. Schlafstörungen können Ursache und Folge von zahlreichen körperlichen Erkrankungen und psychischen Störungen sein und sind mit verminderter Lebensqualität und reduzierter körperlicher und geistiger Leistungsfähigkeit assoziiert. Die narrative Übersichtsarbeit informiert anhand der dritten Auflage der International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) über die Klassifikation und Symptomatik der Schlafstörungen sowie deren Diagnostik und Therapie; der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Insomnie.
Improving the viability and versatility of the E × B probe with an active cooling system
Authors: Liu Lihui , Cai Guobiao , You Fengyi , Ren Xiang , Zheng Hongru , He Bijiao
Published: April 2018

A thermostatic E × B probe is designed to protect the probe body from the thermal effect of the plasma plume that has a significant influence on the resolution of the probe for high-power electric thrusters. An active cooling system, which consists of a cooling panel and carbon fiber felts combined with a recycling system of liquid coolants or an open-type system of gas coolants, is employed to realize the protection of the probe. The threshold for the design parameters for the active cooling system is estimated by deriving the energy transfer of the plasma plume–probe body interaction and the energy taken away by the coolants, and the design details are explained. The diagnostics of the LIPS-300 ion thruster with a power of 3 kW and a screen-grid voltage of 1450 V was implemented by the designed thermostatic E × B probe. The measured spectra illustrate that the thermostatic E × B probe can distinguish the fractions of Xe+ ions and Xe2+ ions without areas of overlap. In addition, the temperature of the probe body was less than 306 K in the beam region of the plasma plume during the 200-min-long continuous test. A thermostatic E × B probe is useful for enhancing the viability and versatility of equipment and for reducing uneconomical and complex test procedures.
A comprehensive analysis about thermal conductivity of multi-layer graphene with N-doping, -CH3 group, and single vacancy
Authors: Si Chao , Li Liang , Lu Gui , Cao Bing-Yang , Wang Xiao-Dong , Fan Zhen , Feng Zhi-Hai
Published: April 2018

Graphene has received great attention due to its fascinating thermal properties. The inevitable defects in graphene, such as single vacancy, doping, and functional group, greatly affect the thermal conductivity. The sole effect of these defects on the thermal conductivity has been widely studied, while the mechanisms of the coupling effects are still open. We studied the combined effect of defects with N-doping, the -CH3 group, and single vacancy on the thermal conductivity of multi-layer graphene at various temperatures using equilibrium molecular dynamics with the Green-Kubo theory. The Taguchi orthogonal algorithm is used to evaluate the sensitivity of N-doping, the -CH3 group, and single vacancy. Sole factor analysis shows that the effect of single vacancy on thermal conductivity is always the strongest at 300 K, 700 K, and 1500 K. However, for the graphene with three defects, the single vacancy defect only plays a significant role in the thermal conductivity modification at 300 K and 700 K, while the -CH3 group dominates the thermal conductivity reduction at 1500 K. The phonon dispersion is calculated using a spectral energy density approach to explain such a temperature dependence. The combined effect of the three defects further decreases the thermal conductivity compared to any sole defect at both 300 K and 700 K. The weaker single vacancy effect is due to the stronger Umklapp scattering at 1500 K, at which the combined effect seriously covers almost all the energy gaps in the phonon dispersion relation, significantly reducing the phonon lifetimes. Therefore, the temperature dependence only appears on the multi-layer graphene with combined defects.
Discharge dynamics of self-oriented microplasma coupling between cross adjacent cavities in micro-structure device driven by a bipolar pulse waveform
Authors: Wang Yaogong , Zhang Xiaoning , Liu Lingguang , Zhou Xuan , Liu Chunliang , Zhang Qiaogen
Published: April 2018

The excitation dynamics and self-oriented plasma coupling of a micro-structure plasma device with a rectangular cross-section are investigated. The device consists of 7 × 7 microcavity arrays, which are blended into a unity by a 50 μm-thick bulk area above them. The device is operated in argon with a pressure of 200 Torr, driven by a bipolar pulse waveform of 20 kHz. The discharge evolution is characterized by means of electrical measurements and optical emission profiles. It has been found that different emission patterns are observed within microcavities. The formation of these patterns induced by the combined action between the applied electric field and surface deactivation is discussed. The microplasma distribution in some specific regions along the diagonal direction of cavities in the bulk area is observed, and self-oriented microplasma coupling is explored, while the plasma interaction occurred between cross adjacent cavities, contributed by the ionization wave propagation. The velocity of ionization wave propagation is measured to be 1.2 km/s to 3.5 km/s. The exploration of this plasma interaction in the bulk area is of value to applications in electromagnetics and signal processing.
Enhancement of power output by a new stress-applied mode on circular piezoelectric energy harvester
Authors: Shu Fangming , Yang Tongqing , Liu Yaoze
Published: April 2018

A new stress-applied mode is proposed on piezoelectric circular diaphragm energy harvester. Differing from the usual mode used in previous researches, the mass stick at the center of the diaphragm (PZT-51) is designed into an annular hollow shape. In this case, stress of the mass is applied along the edge of the copper sheet. A screw bonded with the undersurface of the diaphragm transfers force from the vibrator to the diaphragm. This device has a cylindrical shape and its volume is ∼7.9 cm3. With this new stress-applied mode, the piezoelectric energy harvester (with an optimal load of 18 kΩ, a mass of 30 g) could generate a maximum power output of ∼20.8 mW under 9.8 m·s-2 at its resonant frequency of ∼237 Hz. Meanwhile, the greater the hardness ratio between the ceramic and the copper sheet, the greater the advantages of the new structure.
Reversible switch between underwater superaerophilicity and superaerophobicity on the superhydrophobic nanowire-haired mesh for controlling underwater bubble wettability
Authors: Shan Chao , Yong Jiale , Yang Qing , Chen Feng , Huo Jinglan , Zhuang Jian , Jiang Zhuangde , Hou Xun
Published: April 2018

Controlling the underwater bubble wettability on a solid surface is of great research significance. In this letter, a simple method to achieve reversible switch between underwater superaerophilicity and underwater superaerophobicity on a superhydrophobic nanowire-haired mesh by alternately vacuumizing treatment in water and drying in air is reported. Such reversible switch endows the as-prepared mesh with many functional applications in controlling bubble’s behavior on a solid substrate. The underwater superaerophilic mesh is able to absorb/capture bubbles in water, while the superaerophobic mesh has great anti-bubble ability. The reversible switch between underwater superaerophilicity and superaerophobicity can selectively allow bubbles to go through the resultant mesh; that is, bubbles can pass through the underwater superaerophilic mesh while are fully intercepted by the underwater superaerophobic mesh in a water medium. We believe these meshes will have important applications in removing or capturing underwater bubbles/gas.
Space charge characteristics of fluorinated polyethylene: Different effects of fluorine and oxygen
Authors: Zhao Ni , Nie Yongjie , Li Shengtao
Published: April 2018

Direct fluorination are proved having obvious effect on space charge characteristics of polyethylene. It is believed that fluorine has a positive effect on suppressing space charge injection while oxygen impurity has a negative effect. However, the mechanism for the opposite effect of fluorine and oxygen is still not clear. In this paper, the different effects of fluorine and oxygen on space charge characteristics of fluorinated low density polyethylene (LDPE) are investigated on the basis of dielectric property, chemical constitutes and trap performance of surface fluorinated layers. The results show that direct fluorination has obvious effect on chemical constitutes and dielectric properties of surface fluorinated layer. Introduced fluorine is the main factor for suppressing charge injection from the electrodes, because it seriously changes the chemical constitutes and further the trap properties of the surface fluorinated layer. While introduction of oxygen results in heterocharges and makes space charge distribution complex, due to the ionization of generated small groups like C=O containing groups. Moreover, direct fluorination will result in cleavage of some LDPE molecules whatever there is oxygen impurity or not.
Magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability driven by a rotating magnetic field
Authors: Duan Shuchao , Xie Weiping , Cao Jintao , Li Ding
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we analyze theoretically the magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor instability driven by a rotating magnetic field. Slab configurations of finite thickness are treated both with and without using the Wenzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation. Regardless of the slab thickness, the directional rotation of the driving magnetic field contributes to suppressing these instabilities. The two factors of the finite thickness and directional rotation of the magnetic field cooperate to enhance suppression, with the finite thickness playing a role only when the orientation of the magnetic field is time varying. The suppression becomes stronger as the driving magnetic field rotates faster, and all modes are suppressed, in contrast to the case of a non-rotating magnetic field, for which the vertical mode cannot be suppressed. This implies that the dynamically alternate configuration of a Theta-pinch and a Z-pinch may be applicable to the concept of Theta-Z liner inertial fusion.
Electron transfer driven decomposition of adenine and selected analogs as probed by experimental and theoretical methods
Authors: Cunha T. , Mendes M. , Ferreira da Silva F. , Eden S. , García G. , Bacchus-Montabonel M.-C. , Limão-Vieira P.
Published: April 2018

We report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of electron-transfer-induced decomposition of adenine (Ad) and a selection of analog molecules in collisions with potassium (K) atoms. Time-of-flight negative ion mass spectra have been obtained in a wide collision energy range (6–68 eV in the centre-of-mass frame), providing a comprehensive investigation of the fragmentation patterns of purine (Pu), adenine (Ad), 9-methyl adenine (9-mAd), 6-dimethyl adenine (6-dimAd), and 2-D adenine (2-DAd). Following our recent communication about selective hydrogen loss from the transient negative ions (TNIs) produced in these collisions [T. Cunha et al., J. Chem. Phys. 148, 021101 (2018)], this work focuses on the production of smaller fragment anions. In the low-energy part of the present range, several dissociation channels that are accessible in free electron attachment experiments are absent from the present mass spectra, notably NH2 loss from adenine and 9-methyl adenine. This can be understood in terms of a relatively long transit time of the K+ cation in the vicinity of the TNI tending to enhance the likelihood of intramolecular electron transfer. In this case, the excess energy can be redistributed through the available degrees of freedom inhibiting fragmentation pathways. Ab initio theoretical calculations were performed for 9-methyl adenine (9-mAd) and adenine (Ad) in the presence of a potassium atom and provided a strong basis for the assignment of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals accessed in the collision process.
Optical shaping of a nano-scale tip by femtosecond laser assisted field evaporation
Authors: Di Russo E. , Houard J. , Langolff V. , Moldovan S. , Rigutti L. , Deconihout B. , Blavette D. , Bogdanowicz J. , Vella A.
Published: April 2018

We have investigated the morphology of a nanotip under femtosecond laser pulse illumination and a high electric field. We show that both the symmetry and the local radius of the tip change with the direction of laser polarization as against the tip axis. The experiments were performed on the very same GaN nanotip by laser-assisted atom probe tomography and electron tomography. This allowed an accurate assessment of the tip features by following the order of evaporation of single atoms from the surface. A change of atom emission sites was observed when a change of the angle between the tip axis and the linearly polarized electric field of the laser was imposed. This enables an optical control of field-evaporation sites. A close optical control of the tip morphology on a scale below 10 nm is thus achievable. Calculations of the field at nanotip apex and absorption maps support the experimental observations. Based on the present study, methods can be developed for reshaping nanotips at the nanometer level. This finding opens perspectives for numerous applications, making use of nanotips as probes or field emitters, and for plasmonic devices.
Strength and texture of sodium chloride to 56 GPa
Authors: Mi Z. , Shieh S. R. , Kavner A. , Kiefer B. , Wenk H.-R. , Duffy T. S.
Published: April 2018

The strength and texture of sodium chloride in the B1 (rocksalt) and B2 (cesium chloride) phases were investigated in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron X-ray diffraction in a radial geometry to 56 GPa. The measured differential stresses within the Reuss limit are in the range of 0.2 GPa for the B1 phase at pressure of 24 GPa and 1.6 GPa for the B2 phase at pressure of 56 GPa. A strength weakening is observed near the B1-B2 phase transition at about 30 GPa. The low strength of NaCl in the B1 phase confirms that it is an effective pressure-transmitting medium for high-pressure experiments to ∼30 GPa. The B2 phase can be also used as a pressure-transmitting medium although it exhibits a steeper increase in strength with pressure than the B1 phase. Deformation induces weak lattice preferred orientation in NaCl, showing a (100) texture in the B1 phase and a (110) texture in the B2 phase. The observed textures were evaluated by viscoplastic self-consistent model and our results suggest {110}⟨11¯0⟩ as the slip system for the B1 phase and {112}⟨11¯0⟩ for the B2 phase.
Dynamic signatures of the transition from stacking disordered to hexagonal ice: Dielectric and nuclear magnetic resonance studies
Authors: Gainaru C. , Vynokur E. , Köster K. W. , Fuentes-Landete V. , Spettel N. , Zollner J. , Loerting T. , Böhmer R.
Published: April 2018

Using various temperature-cycling protocols, the dynamics of ice I were studied via dielectric spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry on protonated and deuterated samples obtained by heating high-density amorphous ices as well as crystalline ice XII. Previous structural studies of ice I established that at temperatures of about 230 K, the stacking disorder of the cubic/hexagonal oxygen lattice vanishes. The present dielectric and nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of spectral changes disclose that the memory of the existence of a precursor phase is preserved in the hydrogen matrix up to 270 K. This finding of hydrogen mobility lower than that of the undoped hexagonal ice near the melting point highlights the importance of dynamical investigations of the transitions between various ice phases and sheds new light on the dynamics in ice I in general.
Burst temperature from conditional analysis in Texas Helimak and TCABR tokamak
Authors: Pereira F. A. C. , Hernandez W. A. , Toufen D. L. , Guimarães-Filho Z. O. , Caldas I. L. , Gentle K. W.
Published: April 2018

The procedure to estimate the average local temperature, density, and plasma potential by conditionally selecting points of the Langmuir probe characteristic curve is revised and applied to the study of intermittent bursts in the Texas Helimak and TCABR tokamak. The improvements made allow us to distinguish the burst temperature from the turbulent background and to study burst propagation. Thus, in Texas Helimak, we identify important differences with respect to the burst temperature measured in the top and the bottom regions of the machine. While in the bottom region the burst temperatures are almost equal to the background, the bursts in the top region are hotter than the background with the temperature peak clearly shifted with respect to the density one. On the other hand, in the TCABR tokamak, we found that there is a temperature peak simultaneously with the density one. Moreover, the radial profile of bursts in the top region of Helimak and in the edge and scrape-off layer regions of TCABR shows that in both machines, there are spatial regions where the relative difference between the burst and the background temperatures is significant: up to 25% in Texas Helimak and around 50% in TCABR. However, in Texas Helimak, there are also regions where these temperatures are almost the same.
Role of metabolic spatiotemporal dynamics in regulating biofilm colony expansion
Authors: Bocci Federico , Suzuki Yoko , Lu Mingyang , Onuchic José N.
Published: April 2018

Significance

Oscillatory dynamics commonly arises in a variety of multicellular biological systems. Bacterial colonies exploit such oscillations to control the interplay between growth and resource availability. We model a recent experiment that observes the oscillations of the growth rate during the expansion of a bacterial colony of
Bacillus subtilis
, elucidating the origin of the oscillations in terms of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the metabolic interactions between cells within the biofilm. Further, different bacterial cell populations are required in this model for the oscillatory behavior to arise, therefore demonstrating they are necessary for the colony survival. This approach provides a platform to model a large class of biological phenomena involving the formation of large aggregates of cells and/or a heterogeneous cell population.
Multiscale mixing patterns in networks
Authors: Peel Leto , Delvenne Jean-Charles , Lambiotte Renaud
Published: April 2018

Significance

A central theme of network science is the heterogeneity present in real-life systems, for instance through the absence of a characteristic degree for the nodes. Despite their small-worldness, networks may present other types of heterogeneous patterns, with different parts of the network exhibiting different behaviors. Here we focus on assortativity, a network analogue of correlation used to describe how the presence and absence of edges covaries with the properties of nodes. We design a method to characterize the heterogeneity and local variations of assortativity within a network and exhibit, in a variety of empirical data, rich mixing patterns that would be obscured by summarizing assortativity with a single statistic.
Impact of the tree prior on estimating clock rates during epidemic outbreaks
Authors: Möller Simon , du Plessis Louis , Stadler Tanja
Published: April 2018

Significance

Genetic sequencing data of pathogens allow one to quantify the evolutionary rate together with epidemiological dynamics using Bayesian phylodynamic methods. Such tools are particularly useful for obtaining a timely understanding of newly emerging epidemic outbreaks. During the West African Ebola virus disease epidemic, an unusually high evolutionary rate was initially estimated, promoting discussions regarding the potential danger of the strain quickly evolving into an even more dangerous virus. We show here that such high evolutionary rates are not necessarily real but can stem from methodological biases in the analyses. While most analyses of epidemic outbreak data are performed such that these biases may be present, we suggest a solution to overcome these biases in the future.
Mechanosensitivity of Jagged–Notch signaling can induce a switch-type behavior in vascular homeostasis
Authors: Loerakker Sandra , Stassen Oscar M. J. A. , ter Huurne Fleur M. , Boareto Marcelo , Bouten Carlijn V. C. , Sahlgren Cecilia M.
Published: April 2018

Significance

Notch signaling and hemodynamics are widely known to regulate arterial morphogenesis, remodeling, and homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that Notch signaling and mechanics interact in vascular remodeling, but the impact on vascular homeostasis is still unclear. Here, using a computational–experimental approach, we show that expression of Notch ligands, receptors, and target genes are down-regulated with mechanical strain. Incorporation of these results in a computational model of the arterial wall reveals that this mechanosensitivity leads to a sudden transition from synthetic toward contractile smooth muscle cells at a certain wall thickness, which varies per arterial location and closely agrees with reported anatomical data. This result provides an explanation for how mechanical forces can regulate arterial morphogenesis and homeostasis through Notch signaling.
Spatial eye–hand coordination during bimanual reaching is not systematically coded in either LIP or PRR
Authors: Mooshagian Eric , Snyder Lawrence H.
Published: April 2018

Significance

When we reach for something, we also look at it. If we reach for two objects at once, one with each hand, we look first at one and then the other. It is not known which brain areas underlie this coordination. We studied two parietal areas known to be involved in eye and arm movements. Neither area was sensitive to the order in which the targets were looked at. This implies that coordinated saccades are driven by downstream areas and not by the parietal cortex as is commonly assumed.
Microbes vs. chemistry in the origin of the anaerobic gut lumen
Authors: Friedman Elliot S. , Bittinger Kyle , Esipova Tatiana V. , Hou Likai , Chau Lillian , Jiang Jack , Mesaros Clementina , Lund Peder J. , Liang Xue , FitzGerald Garret A. , Goulian Mark , Lee Daeyeon , Garcia Benjamin A. , Blair Ian A. , Vinogradov Sergei A. , Wu Gary D.
Published: April 2018

Significance

It is generally thought that the gut microbes consume oxygen and maintain the lumen in a deeply anaerobic state. However, we found that the gut of germ-free mice is also deeply anaerobic, suggesting that there exist other mechanisms responsible for oxygen consumption in addition to the microbes’ respiration. These mechanisms comprise oxidative reactions, such as the oxidation of lipids and other organic substrates. Both the microbiota and the oxidative chemistry regulate luminal oxygen levels that in turn influence the composition of the microbial communities throughout the intestinal tract.
Label-free and charge-sensitive dynamic imaging of lipid membrane hydration on millisecond time scales
Authors: Tarun Orly B. , Hannesschläger Christof , Pohl Peter , Roke Sylvie
Published: April 2018

Significance

Lipid bilayer membranes are responsible for compartmentalization, signaling, transport, and flow of charge in living cells. Membranes self-assemble in aqueous solutions. Without a hydrating environment, membranes cannot exist. It is therefore surprising to note that the hydrating water is neglected in most membrane-related studies. We imaged membrane-bound oriented water by means of label-free second harmonic microscopy. We tracked, on millisecond time scales, membrane domain diffusion of condensed charged lipid domains, domain structure, and the spatial distribution of charge. Real-time electrostatic membrane potential maps were constructed using nonlinear optical theory. The spatiotemporal fluctuation in the membrane potential is surprisingly large and reveals the importance of charge fluctuations on membranes.
Flavivirus internalization is regulated by a size-dependent endocytic pathway
Authors: Hackett Brent A. , Cherry Sara
Published: April 2018

Significance

Flaviviruses are a globally important group of human viral pathogens. These viruses enter cells by hijacking an endocytic pathway, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, used by cells to take up growth factors and nutrients. While most cargo is small, virions are large, and we identified host factors specifically required for the internalization of large cargo including these viruses. These studies define a set of requirements for viral internalization and which may be amenable to therapeutic interventions.
The
Vibrio cholerae
type VI secretion system can modulate host intestinal mechanics to displace gut bacterial symbionts
Authors: Logan Savannah L. , Thomas Jacob , Yan Jinyuan , Baker Ryan P. , Shields Drew S. , Xavier Joao B. , Hammer Brian K. , Parthasarathy Raghuveer
Published: April 2018

Significance

Vibrio cholerae
, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, uses the syringe-like type VI secretion system (T6SS) to pierce adjacent cells. To investigate the role of the T6SS in invasion of intestines already occupied by symbiotic microbes, we genetically engineered
V. cholerae
strains and performed live 3D imaging in zebrafish to find that
V. cholerae
can expel a resident bacterial species in a T6SS-dependent manner. Surprisingly, the T6SS acts primarily to increase the strength of gut contractions, rather than directly killing the bacterial competitor. Deletion of an actin cross-linking domain from the T6SS returned gut activity to normal and eliminated
V. cholerae
’
s
competitive advantage. These findings reveal a strategy by which pathogens can manipulate host biomechanics to redefine gut communities.