bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Rybak Jan
Published: August 2021

During the First World War and its aftermath, the Zionist movement in many regions managed to evolve from relatively small groups, primarily of bourgeois intellectuals, to become a mass movement that in many cases came to dominate Jewish political and social life. This meteoric rise can be attributed to the hard, everyday work of Zionist activists in the communities of East-Central Europe. The introduction identifies the key questions at the heart of this development and anticipates the main problems and themes of the book. In order to situate the events of 1914–20 in a wider regional and historical context, central aspects of Jewish life in East-Central Europe before the outbreak of the First World War are explained. The different legal, economic, and cultural conditions under which the actors of the book lived produced conflicting responses to many of the main challenges posed by modernity—nationalism, antisemitism, economic transformation, and mass migration. One of these responses was Zionism, which from Lithuania to Austria presented itself in many different forms. The introduction discusses the various trends in the Zionist movement, the role of Palestine in activists’ thinking, and their engagement in their local communities––questions that would be central in the years of war and revolution.
Violence, Antisemitism, and Self-Defence
Authors: Rybak Jan
Published: August 2021

The chapter takes Galicia as a case study for how the changing dynamics of the war also transformed allegiances, loyalties, and relations to the imperial state. It focuses particularly on Zionists’ security strategies during the war and its aftermath. With the state increasingly incapable of protecting its citizens, escalating anti-Jewish violence became a pressing problem for the Jewish population, which grew increasingly disillusioned with the imperial authorities. This case study questions the traditional understanding that Habsburg Jews clung to the empire until its very end. As the old state failed the Jews, activists shifted security strategies from their traditional orientation towards the central state, to local agreements with nationalist forces on the ground, to self-organized armed defence, and to appeals to the new nation states. In the minds of Zionists, questions of loyalty and security were intimately connected to the struggle to gain autonomy for the Jewish nation. The chapter shows how Zionists responded to the worsening security situation, highlighting local cases of armed Jewish self-defence, to demonstrate how these measures were essential for establishing Zionists as leaders of their communities. At the heart of the struggle for security was a struggle for agency and self-assertion. Zionists believed that the Jews would only be able to protect themselves and live securely if they constituted and organized themselves as a nation. This dialectical interrelation between security and (national) agency was at the core of Zionist thinking and political practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Rybak Jan
Published: August 2021

The Conclusion revisits some of the communities in which Zionists had worked during the war, showing how they were transformed in those years. The numerical growth of the Zionist movement and electoral victories in many places throughout the region speak to the transformation of the Jewish social and political landscape, and to the mass appeal of the Zionist movement and its ideas. Furthermore, Zionist nation-building meant the establishment of a vast national infrastructure, ranging from newspapers to schools, kindergartens, social centres, and so on, that came to be key features of Jewish society. These ‘outcomes’ show that it was concrete activism rather than ‘big ideas’ that made the Zionist movement attractive to the Jewish population, but also that this activism could assume very different forms, depending on local context. Looking at the diverse forms Zionist nation-building took in communities throughout the region highlights the necessity to rethink the ‘big story’ of Zionism in this period. Rather than a single process connected to wider events, it involved many different small, everyday struggles that activists and communities fought throughout the region. Not one but many Zionist ideas flourished in these years. This was the way in which Zionism experienced its great breakthrough, becoming a leading force in Jewish social and political life in the decades to come.
Armed with Madness
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: August 2021

Increased attention to psychology in the modern novel afforded expanded thematic access to aberrant states of consciousness. In a way, this returned the novel to its prototype in Don Quixote, and rejuvenated awareness of depicted mania in realist novels. Eight novels are profiled here (by Fowles, Fitzgerald, Lowry, Dostoyevsky, Canetti, Mann, Conrad, and Woolf) in order to examine narrative strategies for exploring madness, and implicating the reader’s consciousness as a participatory component of mental aberration. This approach counters Georg Lukács’s contention that depictions of mental aberration violated the novel’s obligation to depict normality. Modernism, he claimed, privileged distortion, but the novelists examined here suggest that the historical pressures of modernity provided distortions exceeding any particular imaginative license. These pressures are acutely rendered in portraits of domesticity in The Secret Agent by Conrad and Mrs Dalloway by Woolf, two among many such reckonings with geo-political trauma casting a shadow over private life.
The Art of Complicity in Martial and Statius
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: August 2021

This book examines the relationship between politics and aesthetics in two poets from the reign of Domitian. It offers a comprehensive overview of the Epigrams of Martial and the Siluae of Statius. The praise of power that one finds is not something forced upon these poems. It is also not a mere appendage to these works. Instead, power and poetry as a pair are a fundamental dyad that can and should be traced throughout the two collections. The dyad is present even when the emperor himself is not the topic of discussion. In Martial the portrait of power is constantly shifting. Poetic play takes up the topic of political power and “plays around with it.” The initial relatively sportive attitude darkens over time. Late in the game the poems depict ecstasies of humiliation. After Domitian dies the project tries to get back to the old games, but it cannot. Statius’ Siluae merge the lies one tells to power with the lies of poetry more generally. Poetic mastery and political mastery cannot be dissociated. The glib, glitzy poetry of contemporary life articulates a radical modernism that is self-authorizing and so complicit with a power whose structure it mirrors. The criticism of such poetry is itself a problem. What does it mean to praise praise poetry? To celebrate celebrations? The book opens and closes with a meditation upon the dangers of complicit criticism and the seductions of a discourse of pure art in a world where the art is anything but pure.
Introduction
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: August 2021

This is an introduction to the problem of reading praise poetry. This poetry is not sincere. It is hyperbolic. It flatters power. This poetry is easy to dismiss. It is also convenient to dismiss it. One needs to find ways to integrate readings of Martial and Statius that set aside a dichotomy between the political poems and the artsy poems. The two categories are not polar opposites, they are not even disjunct. Instead they are in constant contact and communication. One also needs to find tools that will facilitate a discussion of tropes and postures and masks and the political import of cynical dissimulation. The general problems are stated and then particular modifications that are salient to either Martial or Statius are outlined. Martial is a “nugatory” poet. Statius is a poet of “high art.” The poetry of the former has a history that we can watch unfold over time. The verses of the latter offer a comprehensive portrait of a whole glorious age, including, of course, the beauty of both power and of poems about power. The poetic projects are complicit with power. They may dissemble, hold things in reserve, and likewise turn away from power, but they nevertheless are playing a game enabled by power and are part of the process of power’s legitimation and reproduction. Furthermore, the poetic will to power is reminiscent of the imperial will to power.
Statian Metapoetics
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: August 2021

Statius has fully embraced complicity as a generative principle for his Siluae. This chapter explores a grammar and syntax of the verse world that he conjures: core objects, gestures, and themes can be detected. The poetic project is characterized by an aggressive modernity. Not only is Domitian himself superlatively great, but everything in his world is fantastic. This is the best time to live, a fantastic time to write, and this top-quality verse attests to the same. The poetic project is strikingly irreverent when it comes to old values and hierarchies, including the traditional gods. An arch, ironic, self-aware world of artists, artistry, powerful people, and beautiful things emerges. Meanwhile freedom, faith, sincerity, happiness, and frankness all come under systematic assault in the name of the clever innovations of the here and now. After furnishing a sense of the lay of the land in the Siluae, the chapter explores six specific poems where the aforementioned issues can be further developed. In particular, these are poems that celebrate the pleasures of submission. They also sing of the rich rewards that come to those who embrace the hierarchical structure of Roman society and cater to the capricious tastes of the powerful. Tamed animals, beautiful slave boys, and the emperor’s eunuch boyfriend are emblematic figures within this praise of submission. Poetry’s ability to make and to do and to innovate celebrates power’s ability to make people do or say now this and now that.
The Role of the Common Heritage Concept in Deep Seabed Mining
Authors: Dingwall Joanna
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 evaluates the vital role of the common heritage in the deep seabed mining context. It does so by considering the historical application of the common heritage concept to deep seabed mining, together with the broader role of the concept within international law, including in relation to outer space and other global commons. Chapter 3 addresses the UNCLOS III negotiations, and the emergence of the common heritage approach to deep seabed mining as part of the movement for a New International Economic Order (NIEO), as well as the modifications achieved by the Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of UNCLOS. This chapter distils the common heritage into its modern-day components in the deep seabed mining context, namely: common management, prohibition of unilateral mining activities, benefit sharing, marine environmental protection and the achievement of a balance between communitarian and capitalist concerns. It also sets out the study’s framework of analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Heber Caroline
Published: August 2021

The first chapter introduces the reader to the enhanced cooperation mechanism through an overview of the cornerstones of the law-making procedure, the aim and purpose of the procedure, and via a thorough differentiation between the political and the legal dimension of enhanced cooperation law-making. A clear differentiation between legal and political dimensions of enhanced cooperation law-making is particularly important for the success of differentiated law-making within the European Union. If the political intention expressed by Art 20 of the TEU were understood as a strict legal requirement, the entire mechanism of enhanced cooperation would be unstable, unclear, and ineffective.
Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition
Authors: Bergmann Michael
Published: August 2021

Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition rejects argument-based attempts to resist radical skepticism and advocates, instead, for noninferential intuition-based commonsense resistance inspired by the eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid. The book begins by setting aside closure-based arguments for radical skepticism and focusing on the more fundamental underdetermination arguments, which highlight the problematic gap between our evidence and our beliefs that are based on that evidence despite their truth being underdetermined by it. The rejected argument-based response to skepticism aims to provide good noncircular arguments from the evidence on which we base our ordinary beliefs (e.g. our perceptual and memory beliefs) to the conclusion that those beliefs are true or at least probable. Part I of the book finds all such anti-skeptical arguments wanting. Part II lays out and defends a unique version of the commonsense Reid-inspired response to radical skepticism, with two distinctive features. The first is its self-conscious, explicit, and extensive reliance on epistemic intuitions, which are seemings about the nature and exemplification of epistemic goods (such as justification or knowledge). The second is that it is ecumenical in the sense that it can be endorsed without difficulty by both internalists and externalists in epistemology. Part III of the book responds to objections to the commonsense reliance on epistemic intuitions proposed in Part II, with special attention given to challenges from underdetermination, epistemic circularity, disagreement, and experimental philosophy.
Intuitionist Particularism: An Introduction
Authors: Bergmann Michael
Published: August 2021

This chapter lays out an account of the particularist approach to epistemological inquiry and develops a version of it in terms of epistemic intuitions, which are seemings about epistemic value (such as justification or knowledge). It begins by briefly reviewing the history of particularism, from Thomas Reid through G. E. Moore to Roderick Chisholm, and then gives a clear statement of the particularist methodology. The remaining sections elaborate the view, giving pride of place to epistemic intuitions, which is why the resulting view is called ‘intuitionist particularism.’ Particularism in epistemology (which tends to be endorsed by commonsense anti-skeptics) puts more weight on epistemic intuitions about particular cases and which of our beliefs are rational. It stands opposed to methodism, which is typically endorsed by proponents of radical skepticism and puts more weight on epistemic intuitions about principles that say what’s required for a belief to be rational. In their extreme forms, these positions occupy two ends of a spectrum. The position advocated in this chapter is a moderate one that leans toward the particularist end of the spectrum, in a way that is compatible with both internalism and externalism in epistemology.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Virginia , Mardale Alexandru
Published: August 2021

The Introduction summarizes the objectives of the book: (i) to identify the diachronic changes to Romanian DOM with (in)direct objects; (ii) to identify the extent to which the concurrently developing pronominal clitic system interacted with the development of DOM in this language; (iii) to formalize the diachronic changes in the mapping and nature of formal features that trigger DOM in Romanian. Methodologically, these objectives require new criteria for searching the texts ranging from the sixteenth to the twenty-first centuries; namely, the adoption of a three-way distinction of DOM mechanisms (i.e. CD, DOM-p, and CD+DOM-p), combined with a separation of the doubling from the resumptive pronominal clitics, and syntactically (versus semantically) based statistics that contrast nouns and pronouns under DOM.
Introduction
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

The introduction first describes the importance of natural resources worldwide. It then goes on to show that all three of the resources analyzed—forest management, fisheries, and irrigation systems—face major sustainability problems. This leads to the goal of the study: Which success factors are decisive for ecological success in social-ecological systems? Nine obstacles are identified that stand in the way of this goal—in terms of data, methodology, and theory. Subsequently, the solutions for these obstacles are outlined, as they will be presented in detail later in the book. Finally, the working hypotheses are presented.
State of Research
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

This chapter outlines the state of research. First, basic biological cooperation mechanisms are examined for their relevance for success in the management of natural resources. In a second step, findings from economic behavioral experiments (public goods games) are summarized in order to identify cooperation-enhancing factors in social dilemmas. Finally, the common-pool resource dilemma will be characterized more precisely. After these broader discussions, social-ecological systems and potential success factors for sustainable management are characterized more precisely by a literature review.
Data
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

This chapter presents data from three databases. These are the CPR database, which contains case studies on fisheries and irrigation systems worldwide; the NIIS database, which collects case studies on Nepalese irrigation systems; and the IFRI database, which contains forest management case studies worldwide. Afterward, the individual steps of data preparation—check for correctness, selection, recoding, weighting, and splitting—are presented. Especially important is assigning individual variables to the twenty-four success factors by three individual raters. At the end of this process, machine-readable, analyzable data set variants are available. By describing this process in detail, transparency and reproducibility are provided.
Methods
Authors: Frey Ulrich
Published: August 2021

The three statistical analysis methods used are presented: multivariate linear regression, random forests, and artificial neural networks. Their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed as well as how they can complement each other. Using three independent methods increases the robustness of results considerably. A further subchapter describes the operationalization of success factors through the development of an indicator system. Particular attention is paid to the validation of this system through external experts, its practical use, and operationalization of ecological success. Different ways of operationalizing ecological success are compared for forests. The surprising conclusion is that experts’ judgment is equivalent to expensive quantitative measurements.
From Our Collaborators
Authors: Garrett Matthew L. , Palkki Joshua
Published: August 2021

The final chapter of the book honors TGE persons by removing the authors’ voices and focusing on the stories and lived experiences of trans and gender-expansive (TGE) students and their music teachers. To exemplify the ideas associated with transgender theory, the voices of marginalized and underrepresented TGE persons are elevated as they share their advice with school music teachers and music teacher-educators. In this process, our TGE collaborators reclaim their personal stories and they create more a more direct pathway for communication. Readers benefit from the opportunity to “Listen, and hear their voices” in an effort to learn from TGE individuals.
Collusion
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

Employers collude in labor markets in a variety of ways. They fix wages, agree not to poach each other’s workers, and exchange information. They also collude with employees by entering covenants not to compete. All of these actions are anticompetitive and they often violate the antitrust laws, but it is difficult for workers to challenge them in court, and few cases have been successful. When workers challenge covenants not to compete, courts defer to the relatively lax common law standard, under which employers do not pay penalties. And strict antitrust standards developed to address product market cases doom labor market cases, where collusion is both easier for employers and easier to hide from authorities. Regulators and courts should be more attentive to the peculiarities of labor markets and more open to antitrust actions.
Monopsony
Authors: Posner Eric A.
Published: August 2021

In many labor markets, only one or a small number of employers offer jobs to workers. In these markets, employers maximize profits by suppressing wages, and likely do so. Yet antitrust litigation against labor monopsonists is extremely rare and almost never successful. The paucity of cases has left workers with possible claims in a difficult position; in the absence of developed law, lawyers are reluctant to take cases. Congress should reform the antitrust laws to strengthen the legal tools available to workers who seek to challenge wage suppression by monopsonists. A first step is for Congress (or regulators) to offer guidelines to help courts understand how a labor market is defined, and what sorts of conduct should be regarded as anticompetitive.
Digital Research of Jewish Texts
Authors: Marienberg-Milikowsky Itay
Published: August 2021

In his introduction to a volume titled Companion to the Digital Humanities (2004), a pioneering figure in the field, Roberto Busa, looked at the challenges posed by globalization to digital humanities.1 Busa was mainly referring to the narrow linguistic aspect of the problem when he sketched a vision for a virtual project he called ...
Yiddish Publishing in the Soviet Union, 1953–1991
Authors: Estraikh Gennady
Published: August 2021

In the fall of 1956, a group of British Communists visited the Soviet Union. As did a number of other delegations and individual visitors of the time, they sought to examine the extent of progress of de-Stalinization in the political system and, in particular, to understand the status of Jews in post-Stalinist society. In their report, the delegation noted that among Jews of the older generation, including the one or two thousand who came to the Leningrad Synagogue to celebrate the festival of Simchat Torah, “the non-existence of a Yiddish paper was regarded as a deprivation and an injustice.”...
Knowledge and the Making of a Jewish Nation: Encyclopedia, Historical Narrative, and the Epistemic Origins of Zionism
Authors: Tsahor Dan
Published: August 2021

For more than fifty years, the national subject has been in decline as a category of study in the humanities. Mid-20th-century structuralists and post-structuralists have promoted interdisciplinary approaches to the study of national collectives, whereas historians have increasingly shifted their focus to global, transnational, or regional concerns....
Open Science Reform and Social Science Progress
Authors: Grossmann Matt
Published: August 2021

Social science reform focused on research documenting problems of replication and proposed open science practices. The associated debates have drawn attention to the many biases involved in research and to the misaligned professional incentives that perpetuate them. The reform efforts have made considerable progress quickly, in self-understanding and even in changing research practices. Where it has gone too far in emphasizing experimental methodologies for testing of causal hypotheses, reformers and critics alike have promoted procedures that reflect social science diversity and acknowledge the importance of self-conscious exploratory work. In the process, several social science revolutions have made shared progress more likely: middle-range empiricism has risen over grand theory; open and big data has stimulated new work while enabling cross-checking; new causal identification strategies have enabled observational work to speak to experimental concerns; and the rise of team science has forced us to reconcile theoretical perspectives and build on individual strengths.
Universities as Settings
Authors: Grossmann Matt
Published: August 2021

The specific institution where social science is most practiced, academia in the United States, creates biases and opportunities. Social science is slowly internationalizing, with more cross-national collaboration. Yet the American university system still accounts for a large share of social science and is the primary home for debates about its future. Despite constant claims of crisis, US universities are a stable and competitive global industry. Social science is doing well within American universities and expanding globally, but often doing so by enlarging applied rather than basic fields. Most research takes place in the current academic context, requiring attention to the recent history and incentives of universities. Cold War social science provides a window into related biases and successful efforts to overcome them.
Opportunities and Constraints of the Disciplines
Authors: Grossmann Matt
Published: August 2021

Our disciplinary structure places constraints on research, but interdisciplinarity also creates challenges. The basic social science disciplines—political science, economics, sociology, psychology, and anthropology—each tend toward a particular view of human nature and have disciplinary prejudices regarding topics and methods. Interdisciplinary work has identified these differences and worked toward integration, especially in common applied fields, such as education and public policy. Each discipline’s historical inheritance shapes contemporary practice. Rather than dismantling or reformulation of disciplines, strong and self-aware disciplines with scholarly exchange among them have advanced theory and empirical analysis.
Inspiring Trust in Institutions, Building Political Support
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

In an era where many lament declining levels of political support, it is important to note that the driving forces behind political support may be gendered, albeit in subtle ways. Chapter 6 examines changes in men’s and women’s trust in elections, confidence in democratic institutions, and support for democracy in Uruguay. We find that the visible and sizable jump in women’s election to office in Uruguay fortifies women’s political connections. Before the election, there were few differences between men and women on most dimensions of political support. After the election, however, women’s political support ascends higher than men’s levels, and in most instances this gender gap becomes statistically significant. On balance, men’s political support does not appear to change much after the election; instead, it is women who are driving these changes.
Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy
Authors: Hinojosa Magda , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: August 2021

Across the globe today, policymakers debate the merits of measures intended to increase women’s numerical representation in political institutions. This chapter notes the ways that our research speaks to policymakers: while the passage of gender quotas may not have an effect on citizens, the resultant gains in the number of women—if visible—will. We demonstrate that descriptive representation matters for citizen engagement with and support for the democratic process. We also assess the sustainability of the effects of a one-time jump in women’s representation in positions of power. We conclude with a note of caution, offering scenarios that could lead to the erosion of political connections. Identifying areas for future research, we discuss potential reforms for enduring gender equity in mass-level connections with the democratic process.
The Long Game
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

For more than a century, no US adversary or coalition of adversaries—not Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, or even the Soviet Union—has ever reached 60 percent of US GDP. China is the sole exception, and it is fast emerging into a global superpower that could rival, if not eclipse, the United States. What does China want, does it have a grand strategy to achieve it, and what should the United States do about it? The Long Game draws from a rich base of Chinese primary sources, including decades’ worth of party documents, leaked materials, memoirs by party leaders, as well as careful analysis of China's conduct, to provide a history of China’s grand strategy since the end of the Cold War. Taking readers behind the Party’s closed doors, this book uncovers Beijing’s long, methodical game to displace America from the regional and global order through three sequential “strategies of displacement.” The book shows how China’s strategy is profoundly shaped by key events that change its perception of American power—the end of the Cold War, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the populist elections of 2016, and the coronavirus pandemic of 2020. Finally, the book offers a comprehensive yet “asymmetric” plan for an effective US response to the China challenge. Ironically, the proposed approach takes a page from Beijing’s own strategic playbook to undermine China’s ambitions and strengthen American order without competing dollar-for-dollar, ship-for-ship, or loan-for-loan.
“Make More Offensive Moves”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 8 focuses on the military components of China’s grand strategy to build regional order. It argues that the Global Financial Crisis accelerated a shift in Chinese military strategy away from a singular focus on blunting American power through sea denial to a new focus on building order through sea control. China now sought the capability to hold distant islands, safeguard sea lines, intervene in neighboring countries, and provide public security goods. For those missions, China needed a different force structure, one that it had previously postponed for fear it would be vulnerable to the United States and unsettle its neighbors. These were risks a more confident Beijing was now willing to accept. China promptly stepped up investments in aircraft carriers, capable surface vessels, amphibious warfare, marines, and overseas bases—all with the goal of building regional order.
“Establish Regional Architecture”
Authors: Doshi Rush
Published: August 2021

Chapter 9 focuses on the political components of China’s grand strategy to build regional order. It shows how the Global Financial Crisis caused China to depart from a blunting strategy focused on joining and stalling regional organizations to a building strategy that involved launching its own institutions. China spearheaded the launch of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the elevation and institutionalization of the previously obscure Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA). It then used these institutions, with mixed success, as instruments to shape regional order in the economic and security domains in directions it preferred.
Clarifying the Unique Features of Bacterial Sex
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter considers bacterial sex, the details of which turned out to be counter-intuitive, quite different from Joshua Lederberg’s conceptions that were influenced by the ways that higher organisms recombined genes. The contributions of Luca Cavalli, William Hayes, and later, Elie Wollman and Francoise Jacob served to clarify the apparent anomalies, finally to reveal that bacterial sex was very, very different from the modes of genetic recombination of other organisms. The French team clarified the stages of conjugation by interrupting the mating of Hfr x F- at different time points. HGT, can occur by three different processes: transformation, conjugation, and transduction. In every case, HGT is fragmentary and unidirectional, much different than genetic transfer in sexual reproduction in higher organisms, which involves the entire genome in a mutual, two-way recombination of genes.
Behind the Laboratory Doors
Authors: Schindler Thomas E.
Published: August 2021

This chapter compares Esther Lederberg’s role with that of other notable women scientists whose achievements exhibited creative laboratory skills. Esther’s career peaked in 1956 when the Society of Illinois Bacteriologists jointly bestowed the Pasteur Medal on the Lederberg couple. Usually, Joshua Lederberg was the public face of their research program. Esther’s place was behind the laboratory doors where she managed the lab and performed the experiments. For over a hundred years, this was the typical arrangement for women and their male associates. Prestigious faculty positions and accolades were unattainable for so many women in science. For Esther and many of her female colleagues, the thrill of discovery was enough reward. Esther valued the camaraderie of the brilliant personalities that made up the circle of pioneering researchers. Stanley Falkow called her a kind of Boswell of bacterial genetics. Her extensive photographic collection is a who’s who of molecular biology, many as their younger selves.
Global Race War
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

Global Race War: International Politics and Racial Hierarchy explores the historical connections between race and violence from the nineteenth to the early twenty-first centuries. Barder shows how beginning with the Haitian Revolution and nineteenth century settler colonialism the development of the very idea of global order was based on racial hierarchy. The intensification of racial violence happened when the global racial hierarchy appeared to be in crisis. By the first half of the twentieth century, ideas about race war come to fuse themselves with state genocidal projects to eliminate internal and external enemy races. Global processes of racialization did not end with the Second World War and with the discrediting of scientific racism, the decolonization of the global South and the expansion of the state-system to newly independent states; rather it continued in different forms as the racialization of cultural or civilizational attributes that then resulted in further racial violence. From fears about the “Yellow Peril,” the “Clash of Civilization,” or, more recently, the “Great Replacement,” the global imaginary is constituted by ideas about racial difference. Examining global politics in terms of race and racial violence reveals a different spatial topology across domestic and global politics. Global histories of racial hierarchy and violence have important implications for understanding the continued salience of race within Western polities. The book revisits two centuries of international history to show the important consequences of a global racial imaginary that continues to reverberate across time and space.
Interpreting the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

Long relegated to the margins of history in the study of international relations, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804 should be considered of paramount importance for understanding the emergence of a global racial imaginary of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The consequences of the liquidation of slavery and French colonialism on the island were felt throughout the western hemisphere and constituted a perpetual source of anxiety about the possibilities of racial rebellion. This chapter examines the intellectual effects of the Haitian Revolution in order to demonstrate the crystallization of a global racial hierarchy. This global racial hierarchy took for granted the ineluctable supremacy of “white” Western Europeans and Americans but was, nonetheless, deeply anxious about the possibilities of its future demise. A key element in this intellectual history, examined in this chapter, is the idea of racial violence or war that is used to interpret the events of the Haitian Revolution.
Race Annihilation, War, and the Global Imperial Order
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

The centenary of the genocide of the Ottoman Armenians was commemorated in 2015 by the worldwide Armenian diaspora community, as well as within Armenia itself. This chapter critically examines the ways in which the memory of the genocide of the Armenians has been framed in terms of race, with Western observers from 1915 on applying racialized discourses to the Ottomans and the events of the Armenian genocide. The chapter considers the evolution of notions of “racial extermination” and racial incompatibility and incommensurability in the era of imperialism prior to and during the First World War, and draws attention to the nexus between imperial revisionism, global politics, and genocidal racial violence. Finally, the chapter considers the links between the Armenian genocide and the genocidal politics of the Nazi regime.
Civilizational Conflict as Race War
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

This chapter focuses on the development of the notion of the “clash of civilizations” as the reformulation of a racialized discourse of international politics and its political salience during the so-called global war on terror. Huntington’s work provides, in a sense, a revitalization and reformulation of the global racial imaginary and its capacity to actualize enmity and violence. Specifically, the chapter examines the processes of racialization of Islam and a new form of enmity, which takes on increasingly important political effects during the 1990s and after September 11, 2001, global politics. The chapter concludes by situating the wider American global war on terror within this frame of civilization versus barbarism.
The “Great Replacement”
Authors: Barder Alexander D.
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores contemporary ideas of racial conflict and its manifestation in forms of racial domestic terrorism. First, the chapter explores importance of Enoch Powell’s late 1960s polemics against immigration in the United Kingdom. For Powell, the fear that unregulated immigration would be symptomatic of a larger concern of the decline of the West. Nonetheless, Powell’s position regained salience with the contemporary articulation of fears that immigration from the global South will “replace” Western population. Here the work of Renaud Camus is salient. The chapter argues that the idea of a world in which white Western racial hierarchy is dismantled is a world at odds with the imagined social cohesion of the West itself.
A Very Nervous Person's Guide to Horror Movies
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

Films about chainsaw killers, demonic possession, and ghostly intruders. Screaming audiences with sleepless nights or sweat-drenched nightmares in their immediate future. What’s going on here? Presumably, almost everybody has experience with horror films. Almost everybody has sat through a terrifying motion picture and suffered the aftereffects, such as hypervigilance and sleep disturbances. Some people would even characterize themselves as horror fans. But what about the others—the ones who are curious about horror films, but also very, very nervous about them? This book delves into the science of horror cinema in an attempt to address common concerns about the genre. Why is the jump scare so effective and so dreaded? What are the effects of horror films on mental and physical health? Why do horror films so often cause nightmares? Aren’t horror films immoral . . . and stupid, too? Are horror films bad for children and adolescents? What does the current profusion of horror films say about our society? Should we be concerned? Or can horror films be a force for good—do horror films have health benefits, can they be aesthetically and morally valuable, and might they even have therapeutic psychological and cultural effects? The book addresses these questions in short, readable chapters, peppered with vivid anecdotes and examples and supported by scientific findings. It notes that while horror films can have negative effects, they can also help people confront and manage fear.
“I’m Nervous That Watching Horror Makes Me Look Stupid”
Authors: Clasen Mathias
Published: August 2021

The horror genre has traditionally struggled with an image problem, with horror films being seen as unintelligent, aesthetically uninteresting, and perhaps even morally problematic. This genre stigma has historically been extended to horror fans, who may worry about a lack of cultural capital. Horror movies rarely receive prestigious critical accolades, and the academic study of horror only emerged toward the end of the twentieth century. In recent years, an emergence of ambitious and genre convention-challenging horror movies has prompted some critics to talk about a horror renaissance or even the birth of “post-horror” or “elevated horror.” However, horror films have always had the capacity for engaging with serious themes in an artistic way, and there is often a discrepancy between critics’ evaluations of horror films and audiences’ evaluations. The genre stigma seems to be abating, but some horror fans may still worry about looking stupid—especially if they startle easily.
The Principle of Original Cleanliness (Taharah)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

Original Cleanliness (taharah) is a supportive principle to that of original permissibility, and what it says is that all things are clean and nothing is unclean in the state of nature. Life itself is the origin of cleanliness, and this includes even pigs and dogs, although this is not without some disagreement. But only some animals are clean for human consumption, according to the rules of ritual slaughter. Juridically, taharah means cleanliness from impurity and filth in both the physical and nonphysical senses. Both of these can be temporary or permanent. Taharah is inclusive of both the religious and temporal dimensions of cleanliness.
The Reprehensible (Makruh)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

The reprehensible (makruh) is an in-between category that exists between the halal and haram, and it basically pertains to moral advice rather than a legal category. Makruh (lit. disliked, from the root word kariha) refers to an act, object, or conduct that should be avoided, but whose perpetrator is not liable to punishment and does not incur moral blame. Certain foodstuffs may be strictly halal but should be avoided if harmful to health, rotten, or presented in doubtful situations. The leading schools are in agreement that one who avoids makruh merits praise and gains closeness to God. Makruh is often described as the lowest degree of prohibition, and in this sense it is used as a convenient category the jurists have employed for matters that fall between the halal and haram.
Piecing Together (Talfiq)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This chapter supplements the preceding chapter on selection. Piecing together (talfiq) here means that the jurist may take only a part of an existing position in one of the schools and another part from another school, and then piece them together in order to provide a suitable response to a given question. None of these segmented positions would individually validate the outcome so obtained, but when pieced together a permissive ruling is arrived at. For these reasons, and the complexity that talfiq may entail, it is viewed with a degree of circumspection. Talfiq may consist of merging of the opinions of several schools of thought, or individual scholars, into one position that is often dissimilar to all the others, and that did not exist before.
Islam and Science
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the basic compatibility or otherwise of Islam with science, especially with reference to stunning and halal slaughtering, halal vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and the environmental impacts of meat eating. It addresses the basic premise of these concepts. Halal and haram are not determined by reference only to human reason or scientific knowledge, but by a combination of these and the guidance mainly of divine revelation (wahy). Worship matters (‘ibadat) are normally determined by the shariah independently of scientific evidence, and this could also be said of a limited number of dietary restrictions Islam has imposed—even though there may be some scientific justification for them. Still, Islam is on the whole receptive to scientific evidence.
Milestones of Development
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This chapter addresses halal-related developments in Malaysia, and in particular highlights the following: halal standards, halal certificates, halal parks, and disparity issues in the management of halal industry. According to an industry specialist, Malaysia is the only country in the Muslim world where the halal industry development agenda is also backed by the government, which translates into the existence of a unique ecosystem that allows a synergy between the private and public sectors. In this ecosystem, the private-sector players focus on production, manufacturing, and services, while the public agencies facilitate and coordinate the industry’s progress by providing certification and training.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim
Published: August 2021

This concluding chapter highlights the main themes and findings of the book. It also makes a set of actionable recommendations for the halal industry and halal markets as well as the shariah scholars—all with a view to improve on the impressive range of achievements already made. It is presented in three sections, beginning with a roundup of the challenges facing the halal industry generally and what could be done to address them. Section two is on promoting standardization and shariah-based solutions for outstanding issues, whereas the last section makes recommendations on environmental issues relating to meat eating.
How Atheist Scientists Approach Meaning and Morality
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R.
Published: August 2021

In this chapter we ask how atheist scientists think about meaning and purpose. Some observers assume that morality requires religion, while others distrust atheists and believe they are morally depraved. We find that most atheist scientists believe that life has no inherent meaning, while others believe that questions of meaning cannot be answered. Many atheist scientists posit that science motivates purpose through continual improvements to our understanding and interaction with the world around us. In contrast to those who assert atheists are immoral, survey data suggests that religious and nonreligious scientists are no different in terms of their commitment to moral values.
Blame the French
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean
Published: August 2021

This chapter explains the role of the French in the weirdness of English. In 1066, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, came over from France to defeat the English king and claim the throne. For the next few hundred years, England was controlled by French speakers. But the majority of people in England, those who did not rule, preach, study, or own land, did not become French speakers. Nevertheless, the ruling language managed to mix its way in. Because they controlled all official institutions, the vocabulary of government, law, and land administration came to be overwhelmingly rooted in Norman influence. Ultimately, the French transformed the vocabulary of English not just by introducing French words in almost every aspect of life, but also by providing an easy gateway to Latin borrowing and word creation. The French also introduced new word stress patterns that created confusion and splits based on stress alone, and left behind old word forms and phrase ordering. It even encouraged the development of a new English speech sound with its own letter, v.