bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying Deciding: An Exchange of Views Between Mintzberg and Waters, Pettigrew, and Butler
Authors: Mintzberg Henry , Waters Jim
Published: March 2007

This exchange of views on the study of decisions and change in organizations was prompted by the question, 'Does decision get in the way?', which is asked in the opening piece by Henry Mintzberg and James Waters. They distrust the concept of decision itself; so does Richard Butler, but he tries to prevent any throwing out of the baby with the bathwater, arguing that existing theory can cope with this distrust. Andrew Pettigrew prefers to enlarge the scene so that the changing activity around the baby in the bath is not missed.
Strategy and Context: Retrenchment in Canadian Universities
Authors: Hardy Cynthia
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the strategies employed by six Canadian universities in response to funding restrictions. It focuses on the link between the intraorganiza tional context, decision-making process and strategic outcome. The contexts of the six universities are explored by analysing the behaviour of key interest groups. The link between these contexts and the strategies that were adopted is discussed. It is argued that in order to understand strategy-making, we must adopt an integrated approach that incorporates an understanding of context, process and outcome, and the complex, dynamic relationships between them. It is also proposed that research in higher education needs to address, more carefully, the question of decision- making processes and to develop the different models that can help to explain decision outcomes.
Employee Stock Ownership and the Cost of Equity in Japanese Electronics Firms
Authors: Barney Jay B.
Published: March 2007

Conflicts of interest between a firm's outside stockholders and employees will, in an efficient capital market, be reflected in a firm's cost of equity. Employee stock ownership reduces these conflicts by making the wealth of both outside stock holders and employees depend, to some extent, on the market value of a firm's stock. These reduced conflicts will, in an efficient capital market, be reflected in a lower cost of equity capital. Empirical implications of this argument are tested using a sample of Japanese electronics firms.
Sine Ira et Studio — or Do Organizations Have Feelings?
Authors: Albrow Martin
Published: March 2007

Silence on feelings in organizational theory is deemed a twentieth century aberra tion, at odds with earlier assumptions and also with the deeper thrust of Max Weber's interpretative sociology which gave equal weight to irrationality and rationality. Participants' accounts are used to illustrate the ubiquity of emotions in organizations. Affectivity can properly be seen, not simply as a personal quality but as a property of organizations and a key aspect of their performance.
Paradoxical Thinking and Change in the Frames of Reference
Authors: Westenholz Ann
Published: March 2007

Different types of mental frames of reference among employees in a producers' cooperative are described. Characterizing the employee this way produces a pic ture of the way in which each employee processes information that, in a given situation, enables him or her to identify probiems and solutions. These different frames of reference are assumed to have an impact on the actions taken by these individuals. Furthermore, such actions are assumed to be connected with actions in the organization. Some of the employees occasionally display unexpected beha viour that cannot be explained by the way they have previously interpreted their situation. They experience a paradoxical situation in the organization, during which previous frames of references (or parts of them) are 'deframed' and devoid of meaning, because they hecome involved in discussions on a different, unknown level. Some of these employees discover that the new categories are socially constructed, enabling them to pursue new ways of understanding the environ ment, and to act accordingly. This paper describes situations in which this process is likely to take place and how it may or may not facilitate organizational change.
Managing Euregional Networks
Authors: Soeters Joseph L.
Published: March 2007

The European internal market has increased politicians' interest in the implica tions of the new international situation for public administration. In particular, collaboration between regional and local authorities is regarded as important in order to accomplish economies of scale and scope. In this context, the Euregion Maas—Rhine — an area consisting of five regions in three nations, encompassing three languages — is a peculiar and complex example. Using network ideas as a theoretical framework, this paper describes and analyzes attempts to generate collaboration in this region. It highlights various recommendations for the prac tice of transborder interorganizational cooperation and considers the implications for the further development of network theory, a branch of organization theory which is becoming increasingly important for both business and public administration.
Comparative Management Theory: Jungle, Zoo or Fossil Bed?
Authors: Redding S. Gordon
Published: March 2007

Earlier reviews of the state of comparative management theory are considered and summarized and lead to the following conclusions: the literature suffers from an excess of simple empirical reportage; theoretical development is weak in the middle ground and at higher levels; there is a bias away from ethnographic work; perspectives tend to be narrow and partial. Some progress is visible as a result of the unifying work of Hofstede but its contribution also entails new avenues of enquiry about the determinants and consequences of culture. Some middle-range theory building is now occurring in specific fields such as expatriation, leadership, and HRM techniques, but it remains tentative. Dilemmas stemming from altern ative frameworks of meaning and complex causation pose severe epistemological challenges and require new approaches to comparison. The economics-based positivist paradigm is seriously inadequate for such challenges, but dangerously imperialist. A new, more theoretically sophisticated, approach is advocated and outlined as a route for progress.
Talking in Organizations: Managing Identity and Impressions in an Advertising Agency
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: March 2007

This paper treats discourses in organizations in relationship to the management of identities and impressions. It is based on an ethnographic study of an advert ising agency and explores how advertising professionals describe themselves, their work and organizations, the profession and their clients. Various functions of such descriptions are proposed, from identity work to marketing. The relation ship between the level of discourse and deeper cultural levels is investigated through the cultural sociologies of Asplund and Bourdieu. The 'habitus' of advertising workers is discussed and 'anti-bureaucracy' is proposed as a concep tual figure — a basic way of conceptualizing vital segments of one's cultural reality — characterizing the advertising industry (in Sweden), informing the meaning of the particular ways of talk that is typical among advertising workers.
Discourse and Agency: The Example of Personnel Psychology and 'Assessment Centres'
Authors: Newton T.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the discourse of personnel psychology through reference to the work of Michel Foucault. It particularly focuses on the personnel psy chology discursive practices known as assessment centres, since they represent one of the most advanced technologies of personnel psychology and form part of 'best practice' prescription, both for efficient personnel management, and as a means of protecting equal opportunities. The discursive development of assessment centres is examined through a detailed analysis of their develop ment and deployment as War Office Selection Boards (or 'WOSBs') during the Second World War. The paper argues that the deployment of WOSBs deviated from prescribed practice and from the logic and discipline of person nel psychology discourse. In consequence, they could not remain a reliable guarantor of efficient personnel management, or protect equal opportunity. This deviation is discussed in relation to limitations of applying Foucauldian analysis to the study of discourse and human agency.
Organizational Change: Towards a New East— West Comparison
Authors: Grancelli Bruno
Published: March 2007

This paper contains some ideas intended to contribute to a rethinking of East— West comparative organizational research after the collapse of the Soviet-type economies. These ideas are presented in the first section and, in essence, they amount to a further elaboration of some points of complementarity between organizational economic and institutional theory which have emerged in recent debates in the West.

In the second section, a reassessment of two East-West comparative frame works is proposed with the aim of highlighting two basic shortcomings. The first, common in the past, was that of exploring workers' behaviour through a 'workerist' perspective, the second, common today, is that of focusing on strategic management while neglecting what is happening on the shop-floor.

In the concluding section, a new comparative framework is discussed which tries to address in an integrated manner the issues of efficient management, bureaucracy and entrepreneurship. This framework is informed by a modernist perspective which remains the most suited for an assessment of the legacy of 'fake modernity' left by state socialism, but also present in Western countries.
Failures of Intermediate Forms: A Study of the Suzuki Zaibatsu
Authors: Lynn Leonard H. , Rao Hayagreeva
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the technical and institutional factors leading to the 'fail ure' of a zaibatsu — a pre-World War II Japanese form of conglomerate organ ization that combined market and hierarchical elements. It suggests that coor dination and legitimacy problems can be particular threats to the survival of some intermediate organizational forms. Drawing on historical and archival materials, the paper chronicles the collapse of the Suzuki zaibatsu, a business empire with sales that at one point equalled 10 percent of Japan's GNP. Suzuki's coordination problems and resource misallocations were the outcome of three factors: (a) the lack of mechanisms to coordinate relations between operating units and the holding company, (b) the failure of the 'owners', in this case a merchant family, to correct managerial inadequacies and, (c) the parallel failure of the group's 'organ bank' to discipline managers. Suzuki's legitimacy problems included a shortage of support from political parties, the bureaucracy and the media. This jeopardized Suzuki's ability to compete with other zaibatsu for public resources and gain institutional support that might have allowed survival. The implications of the case study for future research on the 'failure' of intermediate organizational forms are discussed.
Institutional Initiatives for Technological Change: From Issue Interpretation to Strategic Choice
Authors: Ginsberg Ari , Venkatraman N.
Published: March 2007

To test a managerial cognition model of organizational adaptation to technolo gical change, we examine strategic responses to the introduction of electronic filing of individual income-tax returns by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Based on data from over four hundred tax-return preparation businesses in the United States, we analyzed the effects of issue interpretation on two dimen sions of response strategy — the target (intra-organizational versus inter- organizational) and the magnitude (level of commitment). Results of structural equation analyses support the usefulness of a managerial cognition approach for explaining different response patterns to institutional initiatives for techno logical change. Our findings indicate that three dimensions of issue interpreta tion — urgency, understandability and manageability — shape the level of commitment devoted to actions designed to resolve the issue. Our results also support the sequential nature of response consideration with respect to target, namely that intra-organizational strategies were considered before inter- organizational strategies.
Implications for Learning: Human Resource Management in East—West Joint Ventures
Authors: Cyr Dianne J. , Schneider Susan C.
Published: March 2007

Although previous work has separately investigated various aspects of strategy, human resource management (HRM), international joint ventures (IJVs) and transition economies, the present research aims to integrate these research streams and to investigate how HRM policy and practice contribute to the accomplishment of IJV strategic objectives in the central east European con text. Further, implications are drawn for how HRM activities have contributed to the organizational learning of new values or behaviours, especially for local managers and employees. Data was collected for this project through inter views, questionnaires and field observation in joint ventures located in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. The findings suggest the conditions neces sary to encourage employee performance, satisfaction, and learning in joint ventures in transition economies. The specific areas elaborated include: (1) sharing responsibility between local and foreign managers; (2) how to develop a new corporate culture that focuses on quality and results; (3) how training contributes to the learning of new values and skills, and (4) how rewards are structured to provide incentives for new behaviour.
Research Note: Business Environment and Corporate Culture in Venezuela
Authors: Berlin Margalit
Published: March 2007

The research reported here studies the relation between the corporate culture of an American multinational company and the business environment in Venezuela.

This multinational financial service corporation enjoys and tries to maintain, at all costs, excellent worldwide prestige. In order to ensure this, the corpora tion'imposes strict supervision, following orders that come from headquarters located in the United States. It offers continuous training to managers, both abroad and locally, through courses given by international staff members who travel from headquarters or other countries where they have acquired experi ence that can also be useful in Venezuela. The special contribution of this research is to show how, in the Latin American entrepreneurial context, corpor ate culture is useful in counteracting local business practices which act as obstacles to the fulfilment of corporate values. At the same time, this local entrepreneurial context makes it very difficut for managers to adapt to a corpor ate culture for an unlimited period of time. As managers grow older and their individual circumstances change, they no longer adapt to corporate goals because the firm cannot offer them the possibility of fulfilling their needs and professional goals. At that point, it is the local business environment that offers managers the chance to advance professionally.
Research Note: The Hidden Trade-offs of Cooperative Work — An Empirical Study
Authors: Hanappi-Egger Edeltraud
Published: March 2007

There is an increasing interest in introducing autonomous (or at least semi-autonomous) working groups into firms. The underlying view of 'cooperative work' is rather euphoric and uncritical. The aim of this research note, therefore, is to confront the often cited advantages for employees with an empirical study of an 'ideal' case. The presented group is ideal in that it features maximal autonomy of the group and maximal involvement of the group members in all the relevant decisions. The results of this investigation are extrapolated for 'normal' working groups in firms. In other words, the aspect examined is that group work may be less beneficial for employees than is often suggested by proponents of group work.
Marginalization and Recovery: The Emergence of Aristotelian Themes in Organization Studies
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos , Cummings Stephen
Published: March 2007

The past decade has witnessed a number of interesting shifts in the way people think about organizations. One of the most curious is the way in which much of the 'new thinking' is antithetical to mechanistic and rationalistic theories that have historically dominated organization and management studies. This paper investigates this shift, and argues that this new antithetical thinking can be interpreted as the re-surfacing, or recovery, of certain strands of Aristotelian philosophy, strands that were marginalized with the rise of scientific rational ism in the 17th century, before management and organization studies, as we tend to conceive of them, began. The discussion presented here demonstrates the traditional dominance of a disciplinary, mechanistic self-image in manage ment studies, whereby the field drew its boundaries in such a way as to exclude anything 'other' than this. We argue that reconnecting organizational and man agement research with systems of thought other than those traditionally associ ated with the 'discipline', and adopting a 'kaleidoscopic' view of history, can enable researchers to think differently about key issues and inform future development. Key aspects of Aristotle's thinking are considered as a case in point.
hannah arendt: existential phenomenology and political freedom
Authors: Allen Wayne F.
Published: March 2007

This paper has three purposes: first, to explicate the ex istential basis of Arendt's theory of action. This will be done by first tracing the intellectual derivation of Arendt's existentialism and the modifications she made to fit it in to her public realm. Second, I will demonstrate the con nection between Arendt's existentialism and her formula tion of political freedom. Third, I will illustrate throughout that Arendt's political ideas, if they are to be properly understood, must be subsumed under her existentialism .

Part I treats Arendt's effort to find a home for the in dividual Human Being by attacking the modern tendency to make freedom an inner domain of the mind and refuge from the outside world. We will see how she uses the ideas of Heidegger and Jaspers to counter the Being of Kant and the philosophy of Mill and Augustine. Part II demonstrates her effort to make freedom a world reality and counter to the forces of totalitarianism: the modern enchantment with totality and an inexorable history. She attacks the Will, consciousness, Being, and the historical process itself.

Finding no suitable conceptualization of freedom which makes it political by giving it a public space, Arendt turns finally to Jaspers' communicative existentialism and Duns Scotus' emphasis on contingency.
The Selection of U.S. Cabinet Officers and Other Political Executives
Authors: Mann Dean E. , Smith Zachary A.
Published: March 2007

Cabinet officers and other political executives in the United States are chosen from a pool of potential candidates from various sectors of society: business, the professions, and government, as well as others. At the cabinet level those selected are clearly the president's choice but other political executives may be the product of cabinet officer and White House recruitment efforts. There are distinct patterns of recruitment from department to department with differing emphases on economic sectors, geography, and prior political experience. The process and the pool of candidates are distinctive during the middle of an administration, with greater emphasis on persons already in government. This selection system reflects basic American values, political experience, and institutional capabilities. The system has significant implications, both for governance and for the legitimacy of government.
Defense Modernization and Civil-Military Relations in China
Authors: Joffe Ellis
Published: March 2007

Four years after the start of the post-Mao era in China, civil-military relations are still in a state of flux. The warmth which characterized these relations in the aftermath of Mao's death and the downfall of his radical supporters—since vilified as the "Gang of Four"— has cooled off considerably. The harmony of the earlier period has given way to a more complex situation which contains elements of both cohesion and conflict. Although the elements of conflict have so far been firmly contained by overriding common interests shared by leaders of the party and the People's Liberation Army (PLA), signs of strain have appeared in their relationship as a result of their inability to resolve several issues. The most divisive issue is the technological modernization of the PLA. The professional military have made major gains in other areas pertaining to military modernization, but the absence of agreement on this cardinal issue constitutes a source of simmering friction.
Interaction Paradigms of Decision-Making
Authors: Orlova Elna A.
Published: March 2007

As is known, human interaction is accomplished in specific forms. To interpret this specificity, it is necessary to understand the facts it depends on. The term "interaction paradigm" singles out the main normative psycho-sociocultural factors influencing the pattern of an interaction process. We can distinguish three types of paradigms: coopera tion, competition (conflict), and dialogue. This essay attempts to prove that the dialogical paradigm is more adequate to the situation of political decision-making than the co operative and competitive ones.
A Normative or Value Dimension to Marxism
Authors: Fields A. Belden , Narr Wolf-Dieter
Published: March 2007

Western Marxist theorists have devoted very little attention to the moral or ethical dimension of their vocation. This is attributed to an attempt to keep Marxism "scientific," an attempt which is however based upon a false view of science as value free. Two very recent works which have recognized the problem and have attempted to establish a comprehensive Marxist ethical theory are then examined. One attempts to ground a Marxist ethics in the labor theory of value; the other, in group affiliation and relation ships. The theories are described and criticized. The article concludes with a set of propositions which the authors are convinced are essential for orienting future work in this area.
Scarcity and Centralization
Authors: Hüglin Thomas O.
Published: March 2007

European integration appears to be stagnating. Indeed, a fall-back to neo-national protectionism seems likely. This article postulates that the principal institutional concept of the European Community was designed for the centralized management of a growing economy. Consequently, an oncoming age of scarcity may require a different concept of integration. When shrinking resources require greater selectivity in investment planning and the costs of redistributive policies can no longer be well financed, collective centralized problem solving may very well fail. Starting from general hypotheses about the demerits of centralization, some of the effects of centralization in the EEC are discussed. They seem to indicate that problems of market harmonization, industrial concentration, and sectoral as well as spatial disparity have become aggravated under conditions of greater scarcity. Finally, it is argued that a more successful politics of scarcity may require a federal multiplicity of non-centralized institutions for the organization and maintenance of a diversified socioeconomic system. A concluding remark contrasts the myth of European unity with the diversity of the European sociocultural heritage.
Everyday Forms of Class Struggle between Ex-Patrons and Ex-Clients
Authors: Scott James C.
Published: March 2007

The green revolution in Malaysia, as elsewhere, has produced higher incomes and economic security for large farmers, and stagnant or declining incomes for the poor. In the case reported here, the advent of double-cropping, new tenure systems, and combine harvesting has allowed wealthy villagers to strip away the employment, land rental, and social concessions on which the traditional patron-client relations were based. Islamic charity has also been curtailed now that the rich have little need for the services of the poor. As a consequence, class relations have become more acrimonious. This takes the form of gossip and character assassination in which the immediate agents of change (rather than those more distant) are blamed and in which accusations of stinginess and tightfistedness prevail. The violation of the norms of generosity and reciprocity on which the ideology of clientelism rests leads to a form of class consciousness that stresses the personal, moral failings of the ex-patron class.
The Challenge of New Technology
Authors: Petersen Vibeke G.
Published: March 2007

The article presents an analysis of developments in Danish broadcasting policy during the past decade. In the light of the challenge to the national broadcasting monopoly system of new technology such as cable and satellite, special attention is given to social democratic objectives of maintaining political control over the elec tronic media while at the same time meeting political and popular demands for decentralization and democratic participation in local radio and TV. For compari son, the Swedish experiment in local radio broadcasting is described.
South Africa
Authors: McKinnon Irvine Douglas
Published: March 2007

Federal potentialities in the South African government's constitutional plans are dis cussed in terms of territorial arrangements regarding the homelands, and the consociation of corporate groups in white South Africa. While the notion of total independence for the homelands is now discredited, their underdeveloped condition makes any confederal or federal scheme highly problematic unless the regions are to be redrawn to incorporate metropolitian areas, rendering them multiracial. In the white Republic, coloureds and Indians are being brought into a consociational frame, albeit one which is controversial and seriously flawed. Urban Africans still have no adequately defined place in these plans. Despite such manifest shortcomings there are constitutional potentialities that might suit South Africa's plural character better than a unitary state. However, any acceptable scheme would have to be based on self-defined groups, not official racial categories, and must permit a real reallocation of resources. At best, present arrangements are transitional.
Un Certain Refus De L'Etat
Authors: Bonnemaison Joel
Published: March 2007

En juillet 1980, à la veille de l'Indépendance de l'ex-Condominium des Nouvelles- Hébrides, deux îles tentèrent de faire sécession. Il ne s'agissait pas à proprement parler d'une rébellion de type ethnique ou régional, mais d'une rébellion faite au nom de la Coutume et qui récusait l'existence du nouvel Etat. C'est sur la signification de cette tentative et sa portée culturelle que porte ce texte, et non pas sur le contexte proprement politique de celle-ci.
A Theory of the Incentives Facing Political Organizations
Authors: Olson Mancur
Published: March 2007

There is a widespread (and, in the literature of neo-corporatism, a particularly urgent) need for a theory of the incentives facing political and partly political organizations. This article develops such a theory, drawing particularly upon the concepts of encom passing and of narrow coalitions for collective action, and on the analysis of bargaining in bilateral monopolies. Unified political parties in political systems with some "winner- take-all" characteristics are found likely to have an encompassing character, and therefore to have some incentive to act broadly in accordance with one general conception or another of the social interest. Hegemonic powers in an international system also have relatively constructive incentives. Narrow distributional coalitions will, by contrast, face uniquely perverse incentives. With the aid of this theory of the incentives facing political organizations neo-corporatism can be raised to the theoretical level and shown to have some potential for reducing the social costs of distributional struggle. The long-term dynamics of neo-corporatist organizations are, however, likely to lead to antisocial developments, so this aspect of the matter especially needs further research.
Cultural Premises, Political Structures and Dynamics
Authors: Eisenstadt S.N. , Abitbol M. , Chazan N.
Published: March 2007

Using the typical early pre-colonial African state as well as the Byzantine and Chinese empires as examples, the authors argue that the proper understanding of the state and, more generally, of political institutions and processes, requires that political actors and actions be studied in the context of the culture of which they are a part. The three case studies provided show that the impact of cultural factors on political processes, specifically the impact of a society's fundamental cultural premises, or what might be called a society's vision of civilization, is effected through the activities of and the types of coalition formed by a society's elites.
Ideology as Dystopia: An Interpretation of Blade Runner
Authors: Williams Douglas E.
Published: March 2007

Film and other forms of popular culture place enormously powerful tools at the disposal of students of politics and society. This paper analyses an aesthetically complex, philosophically disturbing and ideologic ally ambivalent cinematic dystopia of a few years ago, Blade Runner. Unlike the vast majority of films in the science fiction genre, Blade Runner refuses to neutralize the most abhorrent tendencies of our age and casts serious doubt on a host of the clichés about where we should locate their causes. Among the most significant questions it challenges us to confront are: In what does the "truly human" consist? Does the concept of imitating "truly human" beings retain any coherence once the feasibility of designing "more human than human" robots becomes an increasingly imaginable technological possibility? What might relations between the sexes and family life become if the twin eventuality of an uninhabitable earth and the perfection of robotic technologies should come about? While political theorists are asking themselves, "What and where should political theory be now?", this paper contends that at least part of their time should be spent at the cinema, deep in thought and imagination.
Analyzing Actors' Choices
Authors: Hindess Barry
Published: March 2007

Critical examination of the concept of actor shows, first, that actors' choices are an important part of the explanation of their actions (but those choices are not reducible to the rationality of the actors concerned or to effects of their structural location) and, second, that there are actors whose concerns and objectives are not reducible to those of human individuals (but classes are not among them). These arguments undermine analyses of politics in terms of the actions or interests of classes and the attempts of rational choice theory to analyze politics in terms of a methodological individualism.
Tradition and Change in the Study of International Relations in Australia
Authors: Higgott Richard , George Jim
Published: March 2007

Addressing international relations in Australia through the eyes of the scholar rather than the policymaker, this paper presents a partial and personal contribution to a growing sociology of knowledge of the discipline in general and in one country in particular. It outlines the centrality of a power politics realism to the Australian discipline, the central element of which has traditionally been the identification of "threats" and "protectors." From this historical introduction the paper moves to discuss one major change that is coming about in the nature of Australian threat perception, the essence of which is a growing sense of economic, as opposed to politico-strategic, vulnerability in an increasingly unpredictable economic order. The 1980s have seen the search for national economic well-being become as—if not more—salient an issue as is the search for politico- strategic security for scholars of international relations in Australia.
Intercultural Relations: A Myrdal—Tocqueville— Girard Interpretative Scheme
Authors: Laurent Paul , Paquet Gilles
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that a cumulative process has generated a growing segmentation of the social space along ethno-cultural lines in polyethnic societies over the last century. The concomitant rise of egalitarianism as a modern democratic dogma has tended to produce a heightened degree of tension and envy at the intercultural interface and to trigger violence. The authors examine a number of alternative ways that have been used to manage the intercultural interface and to contain violence. They are led to propose a new social contract built on the principle "different but united" and rooted in an explicit civil theology. Such a contract would provide for hierarchies, separateness, and complementar ities in institutional forms to reduce envy and contain violence.
The Public and the Private in Primitive Societies
Authors: Chmielewski Piotr
Published: March 2007

The private sphere and the public sphere seem to be universal, though they take on various institutional forms and have different scopes in different types of cultures and societies. The private and the public can be grasped in categories of a general evolutionary process. In egalitarian societies (such as in bands of hunter-gatherers) these spheres appear in the simplest, often vestigial forms. But even here one can see a remarkable conflict between them, manifesting itself in the effort to subordinate the private sphere to the public sphere, though as a rule in rudimentary form.
The Public, the Private, the Moral: Hannah Arendt and Political Morality
Authors: Jacobitti Suzanne Duvall
Published: March 2007

Although Hannah Arendt never published a book on political morality, she did in the later years of her life think a great deal about the status of morality in a post-Nietzschean era and the implications of this for politics. Evidence can be found both in her published works and in some of her unpublished lecture notes. Arendt struggled toward, though never quite reached, an understanding in which politics is moderated by nonabsolutist moral principles and in which the entire range of human relationships is united by friendship and respect for others, providing both public and private life with a moral basis.
Problems and Options in Institutionalizing Ethnic Relations
Authors: Stanovčić Vojislav
Published: March 2007

This article discusses approaches to governing ethnically divided societies, examining the impact on ethnic groups of specific solutions, such as guarantees of individual or collective rights, ethnic federalism, and consociationalism. It explores the relationship of these approaches to such concepts as "nation-state," confederalism, interna tional guarantees of minority rights, the right of self-determination, seces sion, and cultural autonomy. Some fundamental issues associated with different options for groups living in a diaspora and for territorially concentrated minorities are analyzed, and attention is drawn to particu larly complex cases where groups are mixed, or where one ethnic group which may itself be a "minority" encompasses a smaller group which otherwise belongs to a "majority" within the state. The author draws extensively from the experience of Yugoslavia, but also from other countries.
Language, Ideology, and State-Building: A Comparison of Policies in France, Israel, and the Soviet Union
Authors: Safran William
Published: March 2007

This article compares the relationship between dominant polit ical ideologies and language policies—Jacobinism and French; Zionism and Hebrew; and socialism-communism and Russian—and analyzes the use of superordinate languages as state-building instruments. It examines the policies pursued, and the political rationales invoked, by France to suppress Breton and other "peripheral" languages; by Israel to discourage the use of Yiddish; and by the Soviet Union to undermine or Sovietize non- Slavic languages. Finally, the article poses the question whether alterna tive approaches were feasible and whether these policies have served or should serve as models for other countries.
Ethnic Rights and Majority Rule: The Case of South Africa
Authors: Guelke Adrian
Published: March 2007

A striking legacy of the attempt of the South African govern ment to use imposed ethnic categories as a basis for apartheid has been an overwhelming rejection by the subordinate communities of the use of ethnicity as the basis in any shape or form for political rights. This is in sharp contrast to the demands for the political recognition of ethnic rights being made elsewhere in the world. Attempts by Lijphart and others to apply consociationalism or other models of power-sharing to South Africa have failed fully to come to terms with the strength of hostility to the use of ethnic categories by the subordinate communities, reflected in the dominant influence of the African National Congress's ideology of non- racialism. This is not to deny that ethnicity has played a role in political divisions among Blacks. In conclusion, it is argued that South Africa's case shows that placing an exclusively ethnic interpretation on political events can be just as misleading as ignoring the potential political influence of ethnicity.
Comparative Policy towards Cultural Isolationists in Canada and Norway
Authors: Thomson Dennis L
Published: March 2007

Groups which have isolated themselves from participation in the processes of government because they do not wish to be influenced or coopted are called cultural isolationists. They are small in number, but still come into conflict with established governmental policies. Western democracies should be able to accommodate these groups, but while they tend to be responsive to interest group demands, they tend to ignore the demands of groups of this kind. The issues of conflict involving the Amish and Hutterites in Canada and the Sami in Norway are examined; and the responses of the states are identified. The similarities of the demand patterns and responses are considered in the conclusions.
The Global Refugee Problem: A Model and Its Application
Authors: Hakovirta Harto
Published: March 2007

Trends on all major indicators have since the late 1970s pointed towards an increasingly serious world refugee situation. To promote the understanding of this problem, an analytical model is presented and applied. The problem is seen as composed of seven major clusters of factors and the network of relationships between them. The basic compo nents are refugee situations, the conflicts from which they mainly arise, and the efforts to manage and resolve these situations. For understanding the dynamics of the problem, the political and military activities of the refugees and the processes through which refugee situations are interna tionalized are also singled out for particular consideration. In addition, the approach proposed seeks to integrate developmental and environmental factors into the total picture of the refugee problem.
International Institutions, Decolonization, and Development
Authors: Murphy Craig N. , Augelli Enrico
Published: March 2007

This article treats modern international institutions as means of regulating the lateral pressure generated by the industrial system. The linking roles played by post-war international institutions in decolonization and development should be thought of as part of a transnational political system regulating conflict in the vast international economic region that was formed among the industrialized states with market economies and their Third World dependencies. This political system grew out of civil society, the voluntary political realm identified by Antonio Gramsci as the social sphere in which aspirations develop and political identities form. Within the Third World the involvement of international institutions in decolonization and development helped both to create, and constantly to reinforce, civil society at the national level. As a result, the recent crises in international institutions and those in much of the Third World are intimately linked.
The Evolving European Language System: A Theory of Communication Potential and Language Competition
Authors: De Swaan Abram
Published: March 2007

Modern Western languages were shaped in the course of European state formation. A number of languages each came to be closely associated with a national state and as a result became particu larly "robust." This prior development, the theme of the first section of this paper, very much shapes the dynamics of the ongoing rivalry between national languages in the contemporary European context. Moreover, the process of language unification at the national level contributes to an understanding of the process of language rivalry and accommodation now proceeding at the subcontinental level, which forms the subject of the second section. There, a measure is presented of the communication potential of a language or repertory of languages for a speaker in the system: its Q-value. People will add to their repertoire the language that most increases this Q-value. The historical and analytic strands are combined in a third section, which uses data from censuses and question naire research to assess the competitive relations between the larger European languages and to adumbrate which language will come to predominate.
Dominant Languages in a Plural Society: English and Kiswahili in Post-Colonial East Africa
Authors: Mazrui Alamin M. , Mazrui Ali A.
Published: March 2007

Within the regional constellation of languages in East Africa English and Kiswahili have been the most influential trans-ethnic languages. The sociopolitical dynamics of these languages, however, have varied from one country to another along three interrelated parameters: (1) the confluence of indigenous, Islamic and Western traditions; (2) the divide, in power relations, between imperial, hegemonic and preponderant languages; and (3) the difference in the sociolinguistic values of sentiment and instrumentality. In this interaction of social forces the languages have played complementary and competitive roles and have acquired both convergent and divergent functions. As the East African multilingual context continues to favor a state of polylingualism, English and Kiswahili have been struggling for greater legitimacy, the former by getting increas ingly localized and the latter by seeking universalist credentials.
The Politics of Electoral Reform in Italy
Authors: Donovan Mark
Published: March 2007

Italy's 1993 electoral reforms were forced on parliament, and on the dominant party elites, by elite outsiders using the referendum instrument. The resultant parliamentary electoral system was the product neither of a rational process of institutional engineering nor even of conflicting party strategies. Whilst parliament was forced to legislate, the established parties were unable to reassert control over the reform process even during its final, legislative phase. The parties' conflicting and uncer tain interests, and above all their spectacular loss of legitimacy in the face of massive corruption scandals (Tangentopoli), allowed the reform movement to insist on certain general terms being respected. These terms, however, had themselves been forced on the reformers by the exacting constitutional requirements of the referendum process. A democratic political mobilisation had, nevertheless, been achieved and further reform was possible, even likely, as new and old parties competed to consolidate a new party system.
The Future of International Warfare: Toward a Global Security Community?
Authors: Eberwein Wolf-Dieter
Published: March 2007

If the absence of war among democracies is assumed to be indicative of a pluralistic security community as defined by Karl Deutsch, this does not necessarily justify the expectation that the future will be less and less war-prone. This would only be the case if the democratization of the interstate system is expected to continue. On theoretical grounds the conditions for the integration as well as disintegration within and between political communities are related to the continuing process of interde pendence on a global scale. Theoretical, empirical, and methodological progress is necessary to the analysis of global developments in general, the study of war in particular. In each of these three areas Karl Deutsch made highly productive contributions.
Toward a Critical Theory of Sport
Authors: Morgan William J.
Published: March 2007

A single, dominant ideology informs both bourgeois and socialist theories of contemporary sport. The gist of this ideology, I argue, is that sport is essentially an instrument of the social order whose central function is to further the economic and political interests of the various nation-states. I restrict my critical attention here to the New Left's perpetuation of this reductionist ideology. My intent in doing so, however, is not to discredit Neo-Marxist sport theory. On the contrary, what I attempt to show is that the New Left's recent advocacy of this ideology vitiates the major tenets of Neo-Marxist thought. My criticism is geared, then, to a resuscitation of the genuine critical thread underlying Neo-Marxist theory. I thus conclude that Neo-Marxist theory, free of ideological distortions, represents one of the most promising critical approaches to understanding the complexities and subtleties of modern sport.
Sport, Culture, and the Status of Social Sciences: Intellectual Reflections
Authors: Eisen George
Published: March 2007

During the past two decades a host of subdisciplines dedicated to the study of sport and physical education have emerged. Sport sociology was one of the most prolific among them in producing research. In turn, it has also elicited the most discussions about the quality, methodology, and rationale of its scholarship. This paper aims to highlight some of the epistemological problems sport sociology faces in studying culture and dissemination of knowledge gained from pertinent research. It argues that beyond a mandate to conduct research, sport sociology must also communicate its finding to scholars, professionals, and the general public.
Issues in the Internationalization of the U.S. Sports Media: the Emerging European Marhetplace
Authors: Bellamy Robert V.
Published: March 2007

Western Europe increasingly is regarded as a necessary market for the product of the U.S. television and sports industries. At the same time, the European sports television market is itself in the process of both expansion and economic consolidation. This paper analyzes the recent strategies implemented in both the U.S. and European sports marketplaces in order to explain the changes, successes, and failures; and to discuss the opportunities and limits of the internationalization of sports television.
Handling Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance
Authors: Spector Paul E.
Published: March 2007

Nonorthogonal analysis of variance has received considerable attention in recent years resulting in numerous articles advocating a number of nonequivalent approaches. These approaches are briefly summarized along with the arguments for and against each. It is suggested that each technique is appropriate for certain situations, but that the comprehensive strategy presented by Appelbaum and Cramer (1974) is perhaps best for the majority of nonorthogonal analyses.
Assessing the Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Measures Used To Evaluate Health-Education Programs
Authors: Schaeffer Gary A. , Carlson Robert E. , Matas Robin L.
Published: March 2007

The reliability of criterion-referenced tests (CRTs) used in health program evaluations can be conceptualized in different ways. Classical conceptualizations of reliability have limited usefulness when applied to health-related CRTs. When a cut-score is set, the test's reliability can be represented as the consistency of mastery/nonmastery classifications. When a cut-score is not set, the size of the standard error of measurement (SEM) of a domain score estimate is a reflection of the test's reliability. Formulas are presented for estimating appropriate SEMsfor CRTs. The SEM can be used in computing confidence intervals for domain score estimates andfor a cut-score.