bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interobserver agreement in grading of colorectal cancers—findings from a nationwide web‐based survey of histopathologists
Authors: Chandler I , Houlston R S
Published: February 2008

Aims:  Tumour grade represents a gestalt of all molecular changes in malignancy, reflecting aggressiveness and has been shown to add prognostic information independent of stage for many malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Despite the grade of colorectal cancer being reported routinely in the UK, there is paucity of data on the level of agreement between histopathologists and hence the value of this metric in clinical practice. The aim was to estimate the degree of inter‐observer variation in grading by conducting a nationwide web‐based survey of histopathologists.

Methods and results:  Individuals were asked to grade a series of 20 tumours. Data from 104 pathologists surveyed indicates that agreement using both two and three grade systems is at best fair.

Conclusion:  Given that for the foreseeable future the histopathological criteria of stage and grade will still provide the mainstay of prognostication and therefore clinical decision‐making, efforts should be made to improve grading criteria and standardize use of the low‐ and high‐grade categories.
Toll‐like receptors and CD14 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to asthma in Tunisian children
Authors: Lachheb J. , Dhifallah I. B. , Chelbi H. , Hamzaoui K. , Hamzaoui A.
Published: February 2008

Many studies have shown the implication of CD14 and toll‐like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 9 in the pathogenesis of asthma or atopy. To evaluate the association of CD14 and TLRs gene polymorphisms with asthma or atopy, 210 asthmatic children, 224 controls and 80 families were enrolled in this study. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms TLR2 (+2408 G→A), TLR4 (+1196 C→T), TLR4 (+896 A→G), TLR9 (−1237 T→C), TLR9 (−1486 T→C) and CD14 (−159 C→T) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the case–control and family study. The −1237C allele in TLR9 gene polymorphisms was associated with increased risk of asthma [odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval (1.03–2.27)], although no statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of four other TLRs polymorphisms were evident between the asthmatic and control groups. The CD14 −159 C allele was found to be significantly higher in the asthmatic group when compared with controls (P = 0.0006 < 0.05). Transmission disequilibrium test of 80 asthmatic families showed significant transmission of the −159 C allele in the CD14 gene to asthma‐affected offspring. It was concluded that TLR9 and CD14 gene polymorphisms may contribute to an inherited predisposition to asthma in Tunisian children.
Evidence for HLA class II susceptible and protective haplotypes for osteomyelitis in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Al‐Ola K. , Mahdi N. , Al‐Subaie A. M. , Ali M. E. , Al‐Absi I. K. , Almawi W. Y.
Published: February 2008

We investigated the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles and haplotypes with the pathogenesis of sickle cell anemia (SCA) osteomyelitis. SCA patients comprised 42 patients with osteomyelitis and 150 patients without osteomyelitis; HLA‐DRB1* and HLA‐DQB1* genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific priming (SSP). DRB1*100101 (P value corrected for the number of different alleles tested, Pc = 0.003) was positively associated with osteomyelitis. At the haplotype level, DRB1*100101‐DQB1*050101 (Pc = 0.001) was more prevalent among patients, while DRB1*030101‐DQB1*0201 (Pc = 0.020) and DRB1*040101‐DQB1*0302 (Pc = 0.039) were more prevalent among SCA controls, thereby conferring disease susceptibility or protection to these haplotypes, respectively. These results show that specific HLA haplotypes influence SCA osteomyelitis risk and that specific HLA types may serve as markers for identifying SCA patients at high risk for osteomyelitis.
A measure of sexual selection in hermaphroditic animals: parentage skew and the opportunity for selection
Authors: LORENZI M. C. , SELLA G.
Published: February 2008

The role of sexual selection in shaping the mating system of hermaphrodites is currently widely accepted. However, a quantification of the intensity of sexual selection in hermaphroditic animals has never been accomplished. We evaluated the opportunity for sexual selection for both the female and the male functions in the simultaneous outcrossing hermaphrodite Ophryotrocha diadema by measuring focal hermaphrodites’ paternal and maternal offspring in experimental replicated monogamous and promiscuous populations, using genetic markers to estimate paternity. Opportunity for sexual selection for each of the two sexual functions was quantified by means of the Crow’s index, i.e. the ratio of variance in progeny number to the squared mean number of progeny. In addition, the extent to which the reproductive success was shared among competing individuals was estimated by means of the Nonacs’s B index. We documented that the strength of selection on the male and female function in hermaphrodites with external fertilization depends on the reproductive context. Under a promiscuous regime, hermaphrodites have higher opportunities for selection for both the male and the female function than under the monogamous regime. Moreover, the reproductive skew for the female function becomes greater than that for the male function, moving from monogamy to promiscuity. In our model system, allocation to one sexual function is opposed by any degree of allocation to the other, indicating that sex‐specific patterns of selection operate in this model species.
Effects of the [PSI+] prion on rates of adaptation in yeast
Authors: JOSEPH S. B. , KIRKPATRICK M.
Published: February 2008

The [PSI+] prion in yeast has been shown to improve short‐term growth in some environments, but its effects on rates of adaptation have not been assessed before now. We adapted three yeast genotypes to three novel environments in the presence and the absence of the prion. There were significant differences in adaptation rates between lines with different combinations of genotype, environment, and prion status. We saw no consistent effect, however, of the prion on the rate of adaptation to new environments. A major factor affecting the rate of adaptation was initial fitness in the new environment: lines with low initial fitness evolved faster than lines with high initial fitness.
Interspecific sexual attraction because of convergence in warning colouration: is there a conflict between natural and sexual selection in mimetic species?
Authors: ESTRADA C. , JIGGINS C. D.
Published: February 2008

When species converge in their colour patterns because of mimicry, and those patterns are also used in mate recognition, there is a probability of conflicting selection pressures. Closely related species that mimic one another are particularly likely to face such confusion because of similarities in their courtship behaviour and ecology. We conducted experiments in greenhouse conditions to study interspecific attraction between two mimetic butterfly species,Heliconius eratoandHeliconius melpomene. Both species spent considerable time approaching and courting females of the co‐mimic species. Experiments using wing models demonstrated the importance of colour pattern in this interspecific attraction. Although males ofH. melpomenewere attracted to their co‐mimics as much as to their own females,H. eratomales were more efficient at distinguishing conspecifics, possibly using wing odours. Although preliminary, these results suggest that the use of additional cues may have evolved inH. eratoto reduce the cost of convergence in visual signals withH. melpomene. Overall, our results showed that there might be a cost of mimetic convergence because of a reduction in the efficiency of species recognition. Such cost may contribute to explain the apparently stable diversity in Müllerian mimetic patterns in many tropical butterfly assemblages.
The influence of altitude on endophytic mycobiota in Quercus acuta leaves collected in two areas 1000 km apart
Authors: Hashizume Y. , Sahashi N. , Fukuda K.
Published: February 2008

Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of the evergreen oak Quercus acuta on Mt Takao in eastern Honshu and on Mt Osuzu in Kyushu, Japan, to study the effect of altitude on endophyte assemblages. Phomopsis sp. 1, Discula sp. and an unidentified species (QA‐b) were isolated most frequently. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequence of the rDNA ITS regions of QA‐b revealed a close match with species of Tubakia. On Mt Takao, Phomopsis sp. 1 and QA‐b were isolated frequently, whereas on Mt Osuzu, Discula sp. and QA‐b were dominant. The isolation frequency of QA‐b decreased as altitude increased, whereas the isolation frequencies of Phomopsis sp. 1 and Discula sp. increased with altitude. In vitro, QA‐b did not grow at temperatures <15°C whereas Phomopsis sp. 1 and Discula sp. still grew at 5°C. These results suggest that Phomopsis sp. 1 and Discula sp. are better adapted to lower temperatures and consequently to higher altitude than QA‐b.
Incidence of Viruses and Nematode Vectors in Lebanese Vineyards
Authors: Hanna E. , Digiaro M. , Elbeaino T. , Choueiri E. , Jawhar J. , Martelli G. P.
Published: February 2008

Surveys for virus diseases and nematode vectors were conducted in 95 commercial vineyards of four different Lebanese districts (Bekaa valley, Mount Lebanon, North and South Lebanon). Out of 915 randomly collected grapevine samples tested by ELISA, 511 (55.8%) were infected by one or more viruses. Grapevine virus A (30.9%) and Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3 (23.7%) were the prevailing viruses, followed by Grapevine fleck virus (15.1%), Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 1 (10.6%) and Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (8.7%). Arabis mosaic virus was not found whereas Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Grapevine virus B were little represented. The most important Lebanese grapevine varieties, i.e. Maghdouchi, Tfeifihi and Beitamouni, had average infection rates between 70% and 87%, whereas varieties of foreign origin had a better sanitary status with the exception of cvs Cinsaut and Thompson (c. 83% infection). Grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus was detected in 79 of 90 (87.8%) samples tested by RT‐PCR and closteroviruses were recorded in seven of 70 (10%) vines tested. One of these viruses was identified as Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 5 by ELISA and partial genome sequencing. No nepoviruses other than GFLV were detected in any of 90 samples tested using three different sets of degenerate primers. Xiphinema index was found in 23 of 89 soil samples collected from vineyards, and in three of 15 samples collected primarily under fig trees in fields where no grapevines were grown.
LOW‐DOSE PROPOFOL AMELIORATES HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK‐INDUCED ORGAN DAMAGE IN CONSCIOUS RATS
Authors: Lee Chung‐Jen , Subeq Yi‐Maun , Lee Ru‐Ping , Wu Wen‐Tien , Hsu Bang‐Gee
Published: February 2008

Propofol is an anti‐inflammatory agent commonly used for general anaesthesia and sedation in intensive care unit patients. Haemorrhagic shock (HS) followed by resuscitation can induce the production of several inflammatory mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐a and interleukin (IL)‐10, leading to multiple organ dysfunction and death.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of treatment with high‐dose (10 mg/kg per h) and low‐dose (1 mg/kg per h) propofol after HS on the physiopathology and cytokine levels in conscious rats.

The experiments were designed to induce HS by withdrawing 40% of total blood volume from a femoral artery catheter (6 mL/100 g bodyweight) over 30 min. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously for 48 h after the start of blood withdrawal. Levels of biochemical parameters, including glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were measured 30 min before and 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h after the end of the 30 min blood withdrawal period. Serum cytokine levels, including TNF‐a and IL‐10, were measured at 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after HS. The kidneys, liver, lungs and small intestine were removed for pathological assessment 48 h after HS.

In the present study, HS significantly increased blood GOT, GPT, BUN, LDH, CPK, TNF‐a and IL‐10 levels in conscious rats. Post‐treatment with high‐dose propofol accentuated systemic hypotension, increased serum TNF‐a and IL‐10 levels and increased the severity of organ damage after HS. In contrast, post‐treatment with low‐dose propofol did not affect MAP, but did suppress increased serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines and improved the survival rate after HS, thus protecting rats against HS‐induced organ damage.

In conclusion, post‐treatment with low‐dose propofol ameliorated HS‐induced markers of organ injury, suppressed the release of TNF‐a and IL‐10 and protected against HS‐induced liver, kidney, lung and small intestine damage in conscious rats. These findings suggest the need to investigate whether low‐dose propofol may be beneficial for patients with HS‐induced organ damage.
IMPLICATIONS OF CROSS‐TALK BETWEEN TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR AND INSULIN‐LIKE GROWTH FACTOR‐1 SIGNALLING IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Grounds Miranda D , Radley Hannah G , Gebski Bijanka L , Bogoyevitch Marie A , Shavlakadze Thea
Published: February 2008

Inflammation, particularly the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF), increases necrosis of skeletal muscle. Depletion of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, cromolyn blockade of mast cell degranulation or pharmacological blockade of TNF reduces necrosis of dystrophic myofibres in the mdx mouse model of the lethal childhood disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) is a very important cytokine for maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and the transgenic overexpression of IGF‐1 within muscle cells reduces necrosis of dystrophic myofibres in mdx mice. Thus, IGF‐1 usually has the opposite effect to TNF.

Activation of TNF signalling via the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) can inhibit IGF‐1 signalling by phosphorylation and conformational changes in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)‐1 downstream of the IGF‐1 receptor. Such silencing of IGF‐1 signalling in situations where inflammatory cytokines are elevated has many implications for skeletal muscle in vivo.

The basis for these interactions between TNF and IGF‐1 is discussed with specific reference to clinical consequences for myofibre necrosis in DMD and also for the wasting (atrophy) of skeletal muscles that occurs in very old people and in cachexia associated with inflammatory disorders.
Ant diversity in an Amazonian savanna: Relationship with vegetation structure, disturbance by fire, and dominant ants
Authors: VASCONCELOS HERALDO L. , LEITE MARCOS F. , VILHENA JOSÉ M. S. , LIMA ALBERTINA P. , MAGNUSSON WILLIAM E.
Published: February 2008

Abstract  The savannas of South America support a relatively diverse ant fauna, but little is known about the factors that influence the structure and dynamics of these assemblages. In 1998 and 2002, we surveyed the ground‐dwelling ant fauna and the fauna associated with the woody vegetation (using baits and direct sampling) from an Amazonian savanna. The aim was to evaluate the influence of vegetation structure, disturbance by fire and dominant ants on patterns of ant species richness and composition. Variations in the incidence of fires among our 39 survey plots had no or only limited influence on these patterns. In contrast, spatial variations in tree cover and cover by tall grasses (mostly Trachypogon plumosus), significantly affected ant species composition. Part of the variation in species richness among the study plots correlated with variations in the incidence of a dominant species (Solenopsis substituta) at baits. Ant species richness and composition also varied through time, possibly as an indirect effect of changes in vegetation cover. In many plots, and independently of disturbance by fire, there was a major increase in cover by tall grasses, which occupied areas formerly devoid of vegetation. Temporal changes in vegetation did not directly explain the observed increase in the number of ant species per plot. However, the incidence of S. substituta at baits declined sharply in 2002, especially in plots where changes in vegetation cover were more dramatic, and that decline was correlated with an increase in the number of ground‐dwelling species, a greater turnover of bait‐recruiting species and the appearance of the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata. The extent to which these changes in fact resulted from the relaxation of dominance by S. substituta is not clear. However, our results strongly suggest that the ant fauna of Amazonian savannas is affected directly and indirectly by the structure of the vegetation.
Consumer attitudes towards the use of routine outcome measures in a public mental health service: A consumer‐driven study
Authors: Guthrie David , McIntosh Mishka , Callaly Tom , Trauer Tom , Coombs Tim
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  In this study conducted by consumer consultants, 50 consumers who have a Barwon Health case manager (the majority of whom were nurses) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to ascertain their attitudes towards the routine use of outcome measures. Forty participants (80% of those interviewed) reported they had been offered the Behaviour and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS‐32) to complete in routine care by their case managers and of those, 95% (n = 38) completed it. On those who completed the BASIS‐32, 42% said their case manager had explained what the BASIS‐32 would be used for, 45% said that the case manager had discussed their responses with them, 76% stated that completing the BASIS‐32 had helped the case manager to understand them better and 66% believed that completing the BASIS‐32 had led to them receiving better care. Only 30% of the group interviewed were aware that their case manager regularly completed a Health of the Nation Outcome Scales and Life Skills Profile. Feedback about the process of completing the BASIS‐32 was obtained as well as suggestions on how the process may be improved. The results indicate that consumers see the benefit of routine outcome measurement and believe it leads to improved care. More information about outcome measures, including the clinician‐rated outcome measures, needs to be provided to consumers if they are to be engaged constructively in this exercise.
Determining the effectiveness of mental health services from a consumer perspective: Part 2: Barriers to recovery and principles for evaluation
Authors: Happell Brenda
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  The routine use of standardized outcome measures has been introduced to assess the effectiveness of mental health service delivery throughout Australia. The use of these measures has been criticized for failing to reflect those aspects of treatment consumers consider to affect their recovery. This is the second of a two‐part paper. Its aim is to explore the views of consumers regarding factors that impede recovery and to explore the principles that ideally should underpin the evaluation of mental health services. Focus group interviews were conducted with consumers of mental health services (n = 16) from one rural and one metropolitan mental health service in Victoria, Australia. This paper presents the findings, pertaining to aspects of mental health services that pose barriers to recovery. The main themes to emerge were: staffing issues; hearing the person not the illness; lack of safety and security; and, isolation. The main themes to emerge regarding the evaluation of mental health services were: consumer involvement; peer support and more responsive care and treatment. The views of participants suggest that the effective evaluation of mental health services requires an increased focus on the views and opinions of consumers in order to develop more responsive mental health services.
Mental health nursing standards for Australia: A review of current literature
Authors: Neville Christine , Hangan Catherine , Eley Diann , Quinn John , Weir Jim
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  The expanding role of the mental health nurse brings new challenges and rewards. To support this, nationally adopted, formalized standards of practice are required. Currently, the Standards of Practice for Mental Health Nurses in Australia published by the Australian and New Zealand College of Mental Health Nurses in 1995 provide a guide for mental health nurses working in Australia. While these standards have played a role in supporting mental health nurses, they have not been widely adopted. This report reviews the current literature on standards for practice and describes an evidence‐based rationale as to why a review and renewal of these is required and why it is important, not just for mental health nurses but to the field of mental health in general.
Allosteric modulation of α7 nicotinic receptors selectively depolarizes hippocampal interneurons, enhancing spontaneous GABAergic transmission
Authors: Arnaiz‐Cot J. J. , González J. C. , Sobrado M. , Baldelli P. , Carbone E. , Gandía L. , García A. G. , Hernández‐Guijo J. M.
Published: February 2008

The role of postsynaptic nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (nAChRs) in mediating fast neurotransmission processes in the CNS is controversial. Here we have studied the modulation of synaptic transmission by an agonist (choline) and an allosteric modulator (5‐OH‐indole) of α7 nAChRs in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures. Choline evoked a fast inactivating inward current, causing neuron depolarization and action potential discharge, thereby enhancing the spontaneous postsynaptic current activity (sPSCs). This effect was markedly enhanced when both choline and 5‐OH‐indole were applied together and was blocked by the selective α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine. This choline action was suppressed by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline, while the glutamatergic receptor antagonist kynurenic acid had no effect. Frequency, but not amplitude or area, of both excitatory and inhibitory miniature postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) were drastically reduced when Ca2+ influx was blocked by Cd2+. Additionally, nAChR activation did not modify the mIPSCs. These data suggest that Ca2+ influx through the highly Ca2+‐permeableα7 nAChRs was insufficient to directly activate neurotransmitter release, suggesting that a tight colocalization of this receptor with secretory hot spots is unlikely. In a few cases, the activation of α7 AChRs led to a suppression of spontaneous synaptic transmission. This effect may be related to the potentiation of GABAergic interneurons that inhibit the spontaneous activity of neurons making synapses with the cell under study. We suggest that GABA release is modulated by α7 nAChRs. Thus, selective allosteric modulators of α7 nAChRs could have potential therapeutic applications in brain disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia and in alterations of cognition and sensory processing.
Intervention steps for treating laryngospasm in pediatric patients
Authors: BURGOYNE LAURA L. , ANGHELESCU DORALINA L.
Published: February 2008

Background:  Laryngospasm, a potentially life‐threatening complication of anesthesia, is reported more commonly in children (17.4/1000) than in the general population (8.7/1000). However, there are no clinical data on the optimal type and sequence of therapeutic interventions. We therefore characterized the interventions used at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital.

Methods:  The institutional quality improvement database was reviewed to identify cases of laryngospasm that occurred from July 1999 through December 2002. Patient records were examined to determine the timing of laryngospasm, the airway management technique in use and the type of intervention used to treat the episode.

Results:  Twenty one cases of laryngospasm occurred (1/1000) during 21 452 anesthetics delivered in the operating room (19%) or for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside of the operating room (81%). Episodes occurred during emergence (47.6%), induction (28.6%) and maintenance (23.8%). Thirty‐eight percent of patients responded to airway repositioning and continuous positive airway pressure. Ten patients (47.6%) were given muscle relaxants and five (23.8%) were intubated.

Conclusions:  In the largest single‐institution study to date of laryngospasm in pediatric patients, we found a rate of 1/1000 cases. Treatment followed a basic algorithm comprising continuous positive airway pressure, deepening of anesthesia, muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation.
Comparison of the CobraPLATM (Cobra Perilaryngeal Airway) and the Laryngeal Mask Airway UniqueTM in children under pressure controlled ventilation
Authors: GAITINI LUIS , CARMI NURIT , YANOVSKI BORIS , TOME RIAD , RESNIKOV IGOR , GANKIN IGOR , SOMRI MOSTAFA , ALFERY DAVID
Published: February 2008

Background:  The Laryngeal Mask Airway‐Unique (LMAU) and CobraPLATM (Cobra Perilaryngeal Airway) are supraglottic airway devices. There are no published studies comparing these devices in children breathing with pressure controlled ventilation (PCV).

Methods:  Eighty pediatric patients, scheduled for elective general surgery of short duration, were randomly assigned to have either a CobraPLATM or a LMAU used for airway management using PCV. We compared the devices with respect to (i) ability to form an effective cuff seal, (ii) oxygenation, (iii) endtidal carbon dioxide level, (iv) time to achieve an effective airway, (v) airway interventions required for insertion, (vi) fiberoptic score, (vii) respiratory variables and (vii) adverse events.

Results:  Cuff seal pressure was significantly higher for CobraPLATM (27.08 ± 4.15 cmH2O) than for LMAU (20.91 ± 2.47 cmH2O). Oxygenation was similar in both groups while the mean endtidal CO2 in the CobraPLATM group was significantly higher than in the LMAU group (36.47 ± 1.93 mmHg vs 34.71 ± 3.05 mmHg, P = 0.021). Time and ease of insertion were similar, with CobraPLATM requiring more frequent jaw lift and LMAU requiring more frequent adjustment of the head and neck to achieve a proper position. Fiberoptic scores were excellent with both devices. Respiratory variables were similar with the exception that the plateau pressure and mean peak pressures were significantly lower with CobraPLATM. There was a low rate of blood mucosal staining of the devices. No patient in either group reported a sore throat.

Conclusions:  Both devices appear to be safe and effective in establishing an adequate airway in healthy children undergoing surgery of short duration with PCV.
Emergent excision of a prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: TRAN KHA M. , FLAKE ALAN W. , KALAWADIA NINA V. , MAXWELL LYNNE G. , REHMAN MOHAMED A.
Published: February 2008

Prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCT) have higher mortality rates than those diagnosed in the neonatal period. Natural history of SCT varies, and management depends on pathophysiology. Treatment may be minimally invasive or require open surgery. Intervention may take place in the prenatal period, or it may occur within minutes to days after birth. Optimal care requires close follow up and communication between members of a multidisciplinary team. We present a case of prenatally diagnosed SCT and address the evaluation, anesthetic considerations, and mechanisms needed to care for this high risk population.
Colony induction and growth inhibition in Desmodesmus quadrispina (Chlorococcales) by allelochemicals released from the filamentous alga Uronema confervicolum (Ulotrichales)
Authors: Leflaive Joséphine , Lacroix Gérard , Nicaise Yvan , Ten‐Hage Loïc
Published: February 2008

In biofilms, the competition between microorganisms for light, nutrients and space is extreme. Moreover, planktonic algae can be considered as competitors insofar as they decrease the available light for the benthic algae. One of the strategies employed by microorganisms to eliminate competitors is the release of inhibiting compounds, a process known as allelopathy. Here we demonstrate that a benthic/epiphytic alga, Uronema confervicolum, produces allelopathic compounds that induce oxidative stress and growth inhibition in the planktonic Desmodesmus quadrispina. Some of these compounds can also trigger the formation of colony in D. quadrispina. As colonies have higher sedimentation rates than unicells, their induction by U. confervicolum might decrease shading. This study is the first report of colony induction in the context of alga–alga interaction. Our results also suggest the implication of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases in the transduction of the signal leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species in the cells. A comparison with allelochemicals from another planktonic green alga, Monoraphidium aff. dybowski, emphasizes the specificity of colony induction by U. confervicolum, in contrast with oxidative stress which is induced by several compounds. The reciprocal production of inhibiting compounds by D. quadrispina makes this interaction an interesting example of co‐evolution between two microorganisms belonging to different compartments of the ecosystem.
6‐Oxocyclohex‐1‐ene‐1‐carbonyl‐coenzyme A hydrolases from obligately anaerobic bacteria: characterization and identification of its gene as a functional marker for aromatic compounds degrading anaerobes
Authors: Kuntze Kevin , Shinoda Yoshifumi , Moutakki Housna , McInerney Michael J. , Vogt Carsten , Richnow Hans‐Hermann , Boll Matthias
Published: February 2008

In anaerobic bacteria, most aromatic growth substrates are channelled into the benzoyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) degradation pathway where the aromatic ring is dearomatized and cleaved into an aliphatic thiol ester. The initial step of this pathway is catalysed by dearomatizing benzoyl‐CoA reductases yielding the two electron‐reduction product, cyclohexa‐1,5‐diene‐1‐carbonyl‐CoA, to which water is subsequently added by a hydratase. The next two steps have so far only been studied in facultative anaerobes and comprise the oxidation of the 6‐hydroxyl‐group to 6‐oxocyclohex‐1‐ene‐1‐carbonyl‐CoA (6‐OCH‐CoA), the addition of water and hydrolytic ring cleavage yielding 3‐hydroxypimelyl‐CoA. In this work, two benzoate‐induced genes from the obligately anaerobic bacteria, Geobacter metallireducens (bamAGeo) and Syntrophus aciditrophicus (bamASyn), were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized as 6‐OCH‐CoA hydrolases. Both enzymes consisted of a single 43 kDa subunit. Some properties of the enzymes are presented and compared with homologues from facultative anaerobes. An alignment of the nucleotide sequences of bamAGeo and bamASyn with the corresponding genes from facultative anaerobes identified highly conserved DNA regions, which enabled the discrimination of genes coding for 6‐OCH‐CoA hydrolases from those coding for related enzymes. A degenerate oligonucleotide primer pair was deduced from conserved regions and applied in polymerase chain reaction reactions. Using these primers, the expected DNA fragment of the 6‐OCH‐CoA hydrolase genes was specifically amplified from the DNA of nearly all known facultative and obligate anaerobes that use aromatic growth substrates. The only exception was the aromatic compound‐degrading Rhodopseudomonas palustris, which uniquely uses a modified benzoyl‐CoA degradation pathway. Using the oligonucleotide primers, the expected DNA fragment was also amplified in a toluene‐degrading and a m‐xylene‐degrading enrichment culture demonstrating its potential use in less defined bacterial communities. The gene probe established in this work provides for the first time a general tool for the detection of a central functionality in aromatic compound‐degrading anaerobes.
Bridging in social networks: Who are the people in structural holes and why are they there?
Authors: Kalish Yuval
Published: February 2008

The current paper examines the psychological characteristics of people who link tightly connected cliques to each other with friendship ties. Based on the work of sociologist Georg Simmel, I argue that these people are characterized by two separate motivations, which I call entrepreneurial and relationship‐building motivations. Using a complete network from a heterogeneous class of Jewish‐, Arab‐, and Druze‐Israelis, I provide the first empirical evidence of their existence. Gould and Fernandez's brokerage roles were calculated for each participant, and triad proportions from each brokerage type were correlated with well‐established psychological questionnaires. Results indicate the existence of two psychologically distinct network orientations, easily interpretable in terms of Simmel's analysis of processes in triads.
How do shy people expand their social networks? Using social surrogates as a strategy to expand one's network
Authors: Souma Toshihiko , Ura Mitsuhiro , Isobe Chikae , Hasegawa Koji , Morita Akiko
Published: February 2008

The authors examined the use of social surrogates by shy people to expand their social network when entering a new environment, following Bradshaw's social surrogate hypothesis. The authors conducted a panel survey of 70 friendship pairs of students 7 months after they entered university. The results revealed that when a friend acted as a surrogate, the shy students extended their joint networks more. In contrast, not‐shy students extended their networks regardless of whether a friend acted as a surrogate. These results indicate that even shy people can adjust indirectly to new social circumstances because they can expand their social networks by using a close friend as a surrogate.
Old‐age Pensions in Spain: Recent Reforms and Some of Their Consequences for the Risk of Poverty
Authors: Sarasa Sebastián
Published: February 2008

The starting point of this study is based on the supposition that the successive reforms carried out on the Spanish system of old‐age pensions since the 1980s have altered both the intergenerational distribution of income and the risk of poverty for the elderly. The article will first outline how demographic factors and personal incomes affect the risk of poverty among the elderly. The second part focuses attention on the mediating role played by the social security system in the distribution of intergenerational income, and underlines how the adoption of a longitudinal viewpoint of the intergenerational positions helps us to understand the development of the risk of poverty among the elderly. The third part describes in brief the successive reforms that were carried out on the Spanish regime of retirement pensions. Finally, an analysis of the evolution of the personal incomes of the elderly and younger generations has been made, based on the data collected by the European Community Household Panel from 1994 to 2001. This analysis suggests that the reforms have increased the risk of poverty among the over‐60s owing to a combination of two factors. On the one hand, there has been an increasing tendency among the over‐60s to stop working completely, which has reduced job earnings especially for men aged between 60 and 70. Even more important has been the failure of public pensions to keep pace with the increase in the standard of living, though it is true that they have helped maintain the average purchasing power of the less well‐off old‐age pensioners.
ROCKMORE ON ANALYTIC PRAGMATISM
Authors: AIKIN SCOTT F. , TALISSE ROBERT B.
Published: February 2008

Abstact: This article responds critically to Tom Rockmore's essay “On Classical and Neo‐Analytic Forms of Pragmatism,” which appeared in Metaphilosophy in 2005. Rockmore charges analytic pragmatism with having a conflicted epistemology, relying on incoherent appropriations of Hegel, and maintaining an unpragmatic commitment to metaphysical realism. We rebut these charges by arguing that what Rockmore sees as conflicted in analytic pragmatist epistemology is simply fallibilism, that appropriations of Hegel needn't be as global as Rockmore claims, and that commitments to metaphysical realism need not disqualify philosophers from being pragmatists.
FACTIVITY WITHOUT SAFETY
Authors: WHITCOMB DENNIS
Published: February 2008

Abstract: I summarize Timothy Williamson's theory of knowledge, construct some counterexamples to it, and try to diagnose the problem in virtue of which those counterexamples arise. Then I consider possible responses. It turns out that only one of those responses is tenable, and that that response renders Williamson's theory a continuous piece of, rather than a radical paradigmatic break from, recent mainstream work in the theory of knowledge.
The Interaction between the Central Bank and a Single Monopoly Union Revisited: Does Greater Monetary Policy Uncertainty Reduce Nominal Wages?
Authors: Bonatti Luigi
Published: February 2008

Previous papers modelling the interaction between the central bank and a single monopoly union demonstrated that greater monetary policy uncertainty reduces the union's nominal wage. This paper shows that this result does not hold in general, since it depends on peculiar specifications of the union's objective function. In particular, I show that greater monetary policy uncertainty raises the nominal wage whenever union members tend to be more sensitive to the risk of getting low real wages than to the risk of remaining unemployed. This conclusion appears consistent with the evidence showing that greater monetary authority's transparency reduces average inflation.
BUDDHISM AND NEUROETHICS: THE ETHICS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT
Authors: FENTON ANDREW
Published: February 2008

This paper integrates some Buddhist moral values, attitudes and self‐cultivation techniques into a discussion of the ethics of cognitive enhancement technologies – in particular, pharmaceutical enhancements. Many Buddhists utilize meditation techniques that are both integral to their practice and are believed to enhance the cognitive and affective states of experienced practitioners. Additionally, Mahāyāna Buddhism's teaching on skillful means permits a liberal use of methods or techniques in Buddhist practice that yield insight into our selfnature or aid in alleviating or eliminating dukha (i.e. dissatisfaction). These features of many, if not most, Buddhist traditions will inform much of the Buddhist assessment of pharmaceutical enhancements offered in this paper. Some Buddhist concerns about the effects and context of the use of pharmaceutical enhancements will be canvassed in the discussion. Also, the author will consider Buddhist views of the possible harms that may befall human and nonhuman research subjects, interference with a recipient's karma, the artificiality of pharmaceutical enhancements, and the possible motivations or intentions of healthy individuals pursuing pharmacological enhancement. Perhaps surprisingly, none of these concerns will adequately ground a reflective Buddhist opposition to the further development and continued use of pharmaceutical enhancements, either in principle or in practice. The author argues that Buddhists, from at least certain traditions – particularly Mahāyāna Buddhist traditions – should advocate the development or use of pharmaceutical enhancements if a consequence of their use is further insight into our self‐nature or the reduction or alleviation of dukha.
Evaluation of different agroforestry tree species for their suitability in the phytoremediation of seleniferous soils
Authors: Dhillon K. S. , Dhillon S. K. , Thind H. S.
Published: February 2008

Seven agroforestry tree species were grown in a clay loam soil treated with different levels of selenate‐Se, viz. 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg supplied through sodium selenate. After 1 year of growth, a progressive decrease in dry matter of leaves, stem and roots was observed with increasing levels of applied Se. However, a significant decrease in dry matter yield was observed only at or above 2.5 mg Se per kg soil and shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) proved to be highly sensitive to the presence of selenate‐Se in the soil. On average, the largest above‐ground and below‐ground biomass was accumulated by arjun (Terminalia arjuna) and the lowest by the acacia tree (Acacia tortillas). The selenium content of leaves, stem and roots of all the tree species increased significantly with increasing levels of applied Se, although a large variation within species was observed. In the stem portion of different trees, the highest concentration of Se was found in dek (Melia azedarach) (5.1 mg/kg) and the lowest in mulberry (Morus alba) (2.6 mg/kg). The efficiency of selenium removal (including leaves, stem and roots) was the highest in arjun followed by eucalyptus (Eucalyptus hybrid) – Clone 10, mulberry, jambolin (Syzygium cumini), dek, shisham and acacia. Effective removal of Se takes place through the stem portion of different trees where it constitutes 30–50% of total Se. Large variation in Se uptake by different tree species suggests that trees vary in their potential for phytoremediation of seleniferous soils. In one growing season, shisham aged 24 years, poplar (Populus deltoides)– Clone G 48 (10 years old) and eucalyptus – Clone 10 (10 years old) could remove 2385, 1845 and 1407 g Se per hectare respectively. Corresponding reductions in Se capital of the soil varied between 24 and 37, 19 and 29 and 14 and 32%, respectively, in the surface layer (0–15 cm) alone or 7–11, 6–9 and 4–7% for the whole soil profile (0–120 cm). Removal further increased to 4207 g Se per hectare under an agroforestry farming system of poplar–mentha/wheat with Se being reduced from 43 to 65% for the surface layer and from 13 to 20% for the whole profile.
SEASONAL MODULE DYNAMICS INSARGASSUM SUBREPANDUM(FUCALES, PHAEOPHYTA)1
Authors: Ateweberhan Mebrahtu , Bruggemann J. Henrich , Breeman And Anneke M.
Published: February 2008

Module dynamics of the fucoid algaSARGASSUM SUBREPANDUM(Forssk.) C. Agardh was studied in the southern Red Sea. Seasonal variation in thallus density and size was determined, and the initiation, growth, reproduction, and shedding of modules (primary laterals) were ascertained, using a tagging approach. Possible effects of different size‐related parameters on module initiation, growth, reproduction, and shedding were analyzed in the context of contradicting results for other macroalgae, in comparison with terrestrial plants. Thallus density varied little; most of the seasonal variation occurred at the modular level. A restricted period of new module formation early in the cooler season was followed by fast growth and reproduction. Massive shedding of modules occurred toward the end of the cooler season leading to strongly reduced biomass in summer. There was some evidence that high module numbers inhibited new module formation and enhanced the maximum module elongation rate (fastest‐growing module per thallus). On the other hand, elongation rates generally decreased, and apical tissue losses increased with increasing module length. This response was observed over a wide size range, suggesting grazing losses. There was no evidence of suppressed growth in small modules due to intraspecific competition. Elongation rates remained unaffected by reproductive status, indicating that there was no direct trade‐off between growth and reproduction. Module survivorship was independent of module number and size, but fertile modules were more persistent than vegetative ones. We conclude that module dynamics are determined by seasonal changes in the environment, size‐dependent processes, and interactions among the modules.
Comorbid Conditions and Glycemic Control in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, 1988 to 1994 to 1999 to 2004
Authors: Suh Dong‐Churl , Kim Chul‐Min , Choi In‐Sun , Plauschinat Craig A.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the U.S. elderly population between 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2004 and to assess glycemic control and comorbid conditions in this population.

DESIGN: Serial U.S. population‐based cross‐sectional surveys.

SETTING: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988–1994 and 1999–2004).

PARTICIPANTS: Survey participants aged 65 and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

MEASUREMENTS: Glycemic control, measured as hemoglobin A1C (hA1C) less than 7%, prevalence of comorbid conditions, pharmacologic treatment rate, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol.

RESULTS: The prevalence of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in the U.S. elderly population increased from 12.0% to 14.1% (P=.004) between 1988 and 2004. Many patients had comorbid conditions; in 1999 to 2004, 36.7% had nephropathy, 31.5% renal insufficiency, 20.2% history of myocardial infarction, and 17.9% heart failure. The proportion of patients treated with antihyperglycemic medication increased from 75.1% in 1988 to 1994 to 85.6% in 1999 to 2004 (P<.001), and glycemic control rates also improved, from 44.7% to 54.8% (P<.001). Greater improvement in glycemic control rates was evident in patients without comorbidities (P<.001). Adjusted for patient characteristics, including duration of diabetes mellitus, patients with nephropathy or renal insufficiency were 40% less likely to achieve controlled hA1C as those without.

CONCLUSION: Despite improvements in the rates of treatment and glycemic control, approximately half of elderly patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus have hA1C levels of 7% or higher. Many patients suffer from comorbid conditions, which may present a challenge for successful diabetes mellitus management.
Standardizing Assessment of Elderly People in Acute Care: The interRAI Acute Care Instrument
Authors: Gray Len C. , Bernabei Roberto , Berg Katherine , Finne‐Soveri Harriet , Fries Brant E. , Hirdes John P. , Jónsson Pálmi V. , Morris John N. , Steel Knight , Ariño‐Blasco Sergio
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the frequency distributions and interrater reliability of individual items of the interRAI Acute Care instrument.

DESIGN: Observational study of a representative sample of older inpatients; duplicate assessments conducted on a subsample by independent assessors to examine interrater reliability.

SETTING: Acute medical, acute geriatric and orthopedic units in 13 hospitals in nine countries.

PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred thirty‐three patients aged 70 and older (mean age 82.4, range 70–102) with an anticipated stay of 48 hours or longer of whom 161 received duplicate assessments.

MEASUREMENTS: Sixty‐two clinical items across 11 domains. Premorbid (3‐day observation period before onset of the acute illness) and admission (the first 24 hours of hospital stay) assessments were conducted.

RESULTS: The frequency of deficits exceeded 30% for most items, ranging from 1% for physically abusive behavior to 86% for the need for support in activities of daily living after discharge. Common deficits were in cognitive skills for daily decision‐making (38% premorbid, 54% at admission), personal hygiene (37%, 65%), and walking (39%, 71%). Interrater reliability was substantial in the premorbid period (average κ=0.61) and admission period (average κ=0.66). Of the 69 items tested, less than moderate agreement (κ<0.4) was recorded for six (9%), moderate agreement (κ=0.41–0.6) for 14 (20%), substantial agreement (κ=0.61–0.8) for 40 (58%), and almost perfect agreement (κ>0.8) for nine (13%).

CONCLUSION: Initial assessment of the psychometric properties of the interRAI Acute Care instrument provided evidence that item selection and interrater reliability are appropriate for clinical application. Further studies are required to examine the validity of embedded scales, diagnostic algorithms, and clinical protocols.