bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical design of materials: A case study of inorganic open-framework materials
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Dan Meenakshi , Behera J. N.
Published: October 2005

Inorganic open-framework materials are discussed as a case study in the chemical design of materials. Investigations of open-framework zinc phosphates have demonstrated that the formation of the complex 3D architectures may involve a process wherein 1D ladders or chains, and possibly 0D monomers comprising four-membered rings, transform to the higher-dimensional structures. The 1D ladder and the four-membered rings appear to be important building units of these structures. At one stage of the building-up process, spontaneous self-assembly of a low-dimensional structure such as the ladder could occur, followed by the crystallization of a 3D structure. Accordingly, many of the higher-dimensional structures retain structural features of the 0D or 1D structure. It is significant that a four-membered ring zinc phosphate spontaneously yields a linear chain phosphate at room temperature, on addition of piperazine, the chain transforming to a sodalite-type 3D structure under mild conditions. The occurrence of a hierarchy of structures from 0-3 dimensions is found in open-framework metal oxalates as well. Interestingly, the 3D sodalite structure is generated readily by the assembly of metal squarates, possessing the four-membered ring motif. It is noteworthy that open-framework structures are also formed by oxyanions such as sulfate, selenite, and selenate. Transformations of molecules to complex architectures are a worthy area of study, defining a new direction in the chemistry of materials.
Carbon-based materials: From fullerene nanostructures to functionalized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Tagmatarchis Nikos , Prato Maurizio
Published: October 2005

Self-assembly in morphological organization of various fullerene derivatives affords different supramolecular architectures. Nanospheres, tubules, and bundles of nanorods are formed depending on the nature of the organic group in the fullerene unit. The current work highlights an efficient method to fabricate almost perfect and uniformly shaped nanocrystals in a novel connection between spherical fullerene-based materials and fibrous nanotubes. In a parallel research line, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been functionalized using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides. The organically functionalized CNTs, having improved solubility and potential for applications, are characterized by standard analytical methods as well as microscopy techniques.
Synthesis and single-crystal structure analysis of a new layered zinc phosphate
Authors: Zabukovec Logar Natasa , Rajic Nevenka , Stojakovic Djordje , Golobic Amalija , Kaucic Venceslav
Published: October 2005

A new 2D zinc phosphate [H3NCH(CH3)CH2NH3]2+
0.75[COOH(CH2)COOH]0.25(Zn3P3O11OH)2-
* 0.5NH4
+ consists of zinc phosphate layers, which are intercalated by diprotonated 1,2-diaminopropane, malonic acid, and NH4
+ ions. The inorganic layers are composed of alternating ZnO4 and PO4 (PO3OH) tetrahedra that form 8-membered ring apertures. The intercalated species strongly interact with the zinc phosphate layers through hydrogen bonds, which is a key factor in stabilizing the structure. Crystal data: monoclinic, P21/a, a = 8.3457(1) Å, b = 16.8953(3) Å, c = 10.1817(2) Å, β = 95.3121(8)°, Z = 4, R = 0.0423.
Direct synthesis of N-methylurethanes from primary amines with dimethyl carbonate
Authors: Tundo Pietro , Bressanello Salima , Loris Alessandro , Sathicq Gabriel
Published: October 2005

The mechanism of the reaction between amines with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been investigated. Whereas in the absence of bases, they give methylation and carboxymethylation reactions without selectivity (BAl2 and BAc2 mechanisms, respectively), in the presence of bases, the BAc2 mechanism prevails. The carbamate already formed reacts further with DMC via the BAl2 mechanism to give the corresponding N-methyl derivative. Such pronounced double selectivity has been explained in terms of Pearson's Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) theory.

Accordingly, N-methylcarbamates have been prepared from primary aliphatic and aromatic amines, either at reflux temperature of DMC (90 °C) or at 230 °C in autoclave. The reaction can be carried out in one step or through the isolation of the carbamate and the subsequent methylation reaction with DMC. This method is the direct synthesis, in high yield and selectivity, of secondary N-methylamines from the corresponding primary amines.
The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands
Authors: Burnett Christina Duffy
Published: October 2005

The origins of the legal framework of U.S. overseas expansion can be traced to a largely forgotten mid-nineteenth campaign to secure a sprinkling of remote oceanic islands for the benefit of American commerce and industry. These "guano islands," which promised American farmers cheap and nearly miraculous fertilizer (in the form of deep deposits of seabird droppings), aroused enormous public passion in an agricultural nation poised to become a global power. Could the United States acquire these islands? If so, were they "part of the United States"? Who had jurisdiction over them, and what were the implications for the Constitution and the law of nations? This essay offers a legal history of the relationship between American-claimed guano islands and the United States. Examining American efforts to take control over guano islands in the nineteenth century, and to make sense of their legal status, the essay uses the story of these islands to shed light on more familiar features of American territorial expansion and imperialism. Not only were the meanings of specific terms central to the jurisprudence of the post-1898 American empire codified in the legal wranglings over guano islands, so too were larger principles of extra-territorial jurisdiction. In the end, the episode sheds light on a significant dynamic in the law of empire: expansions of power may be attended by legal retrenchments; from the nineteenth century through to the twentieth, the plus ultra of the flag and the creative inertia of the law mutually reinforce colonial ambitions.
Between Camps: Eastern Bloc "Escapees" and Cold War Borderlands
Authors: Carruthers Susan L. (Susan Lisa)
Published: October 2005

During the early cold war, the Truman administration fabricated a new legal status that helped consolidate the cold war border between east and westÑ"slave world" and "free"-by the act of transgressing it. This unique "person" was the escapee. Over the cold war's forty-five year duration, eastern bloc exiles achieved considerable prominence in the United States, whether as dancers, chess players, writers, or physicists. Yet the legal and intellectual ingenuity required to produce the escapee, and the complications this endeavor encountered, have evaded scholarly scrutiny. In the main, scholars have conflated this category with the refugee, commonly asserting that Washington not only molded international conventions to its own ends but reconfigured domestic immigration policy in the interests of opening U.S. borders to symbolically-freighted entrants from the eastern bloc. But on closer inspection, assumptions about the ease with which Washington manipulated cold war escapology appear unwarranted.
Focusing on the United States Escapee Program (launched in 1952), this essay highlights the international and internecine conflicts that surrounded the orchestration of cross-border flight, the fabrication of a unique legal subject, "the escapee," and the production of meaning from this phenomenon. The exhortation to flight, delineation of a specific escapee identity, and disposal of its incumbents were processes simultaneously enabled and constrained by law. To encourage foreign nationals' exodus was a profoundly unorthodox practice of statecraft, destabilizing sovereign norms in its assault on territorial boundaries. Whether Washington wished to encourage a mass exodus of Soviet bloc citizens, or engage in a more restricted policy of encouraging elite defections, wavered in the balance. The most contentious question, however, remained how to employ, and where to resettle, individuals whose symbolic significance exceeded their desirability as putative citizens. The early 1950s constituted a moment when anti-communism and nativism found common cause. Thus for all that the escapee appears a privileged recipient of cold war patronage, reading the cultural narratives spun from escape against the conflicted circumstances of escapees' lives suggests something different. The intimation of inclusion extended by a "nation of escapees" often proved chimerical. Encamped between camps, suspended in both space and time, those who breached the iron curtain existed in precarious limboÑcaught between the administration's desire to promote escape and powerful legislators' disinclination to accommodate those who did so within the United States. Summoned to both defy and define cold war borders, escapees were commonly relegated to the shadowy interstices of sovereign space: the borderland where east and west, foreign and domestic, symbolic and material awkwardly overlapped.
Romantic Sovereignty: Popular Romances and the American Imperial State in the Philippines
Authors: Hebard Andrew
Published: October 2005

"Romantic Sovereignty" examines U.S. imperial governance in the Philippines in relation to popular turn-of-the-century romances. Placing these novels alongside bureaucratic and legal discourses, the essay looks at how the literary modes of realism and romance mapped onto modes of governance. By moving between realism and romance according to a particular narrative logic, these novels created a convention for transforming seemingly insurmountable contradictions between ordinary and extraordinary acts of governance into a powerful form of regulation. The essay claims that this form of regulation ultimately allowed the state to be a peculiar kind of narrative object, one that marked ordinary governance (civil service) as incongruous to extraordinary state actions (like state violence), and yet one that also articulated these forms of state power together. In other words, the convention that this essay explores produced a stable instability that allowed the imperial state a wide latitude for action over racially marked populations and yet still allowed it to appear as a coherent element within the romantic narrative of U.S. empire.
Outlawing "Coolies": Race, Nation, and Empire in the Age of Emancipation
Authors: Jung Moon-Ho
Published: October 2005

Exploring the ambiguous status of "coolies" in nineteenth-century American culture and law, "Outlawing ÔCooliesÕ" proposes an alternative interpretation of the first federal laws restricting immigration into the United States. Rather than focusing on the modern immigration system that the Page Law (1875) and the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) inaugurated, Jung examines their legal and political precedents: slave trade prohibitions. Through diplomatic correspondence from China and Cuba, proslavery propaganda from the Old South, and antislavery legislative efforts in Congress, he demonstrates how "coolies" came to embody coerced labor in the age of emancipation. The antebellum equation of "coolies" with enslaved plantation labor in the Caribbean eventually drove Republicans to prohibit American participation in the international trafficking of "coolies" during the Civil War. This little known law of 1862, he suggests, reflected and established a racial logic that would enable the passage of anti-Asian immigration restrictions as antislavery, pro-immigrant measures. Outlawing "coolies" also allowed the U.S. nation-state to deepen and defend its imperial presence in Asia and the Americas under the banner of freedom.
At the Boundaries of Law: Executive Clemency, Sovereign Prerogative, and the Dilemma of American Legality
Authors: Sarat Austin
Published: October 2005

"At the Boundaries of Law: Executive Clemency, Sovereign Prerogative, and the Dilemma of American Legality"
In this essay the author examines the issue of borders and borderlands in regard to the rule of law itself. Sarat looks at the way courts and judges chart the boundaries of legality as they wrestle with sovereignty and sovereign prerogative. Sovereignty troubles the rule of law by being at once prior to, and yet a product of, it. Sovereignty in a constitutional democracy exists in a legal borderland, where ideas of principled predictability and meaningful constraints on officials meet their limits.
Sarat takes up one example of sovereignty prerogative, namely executive clemency, and examines its treatment in and by law. Executive clemency provides an arena in which to examine how law explains and justifies gaps in its facade of principled predictability and constraint. In its dealings with executive clemency, law authorizes a kind of lawlessness, or acknowledges the limited ability of rules to tell officials how, when, and why they may exercise the power accorded to them. Here we see law constructing and policing its own boundaries, boundaries within which, on its own account, prerogative power cannot be contained. In the jurisprudence of clemency we find lawÕs borderland and, as in all borderlands, uncertainty and anxiety as well as possibility and opportunity.
Athena's Entrance at Eumenides 405 and Hippotrophic Imagery in Aeschylus's Oresteia
Authors: Himmelhoch Leah
Published: October 2005

Most editions of Aeschylus's Eumenides delete verse 405, wherein Athena claims to have driven a chariot from Troy to Athens. Line 405 is omitted because editors believe it contradicts Athena's comments in 403-04. This paper argues, however, that Eumenides 405 ought to be preserved. Moreover, keeping Eumenides 405's chariot entry is not just important to Eumenides. Chariots and chariot images are integral to the entrances and exits of Agamemnon and Orestes. Indeed, hippotrophic imagery is significant to the Oresteia's representation of the lex talionis. Restoring Athena's chariot at Eumenides 405 reveals a significant parallelism of imagery within the Oresteia.
In Memory of Tibullus: Ovid's Remembrance of Tibullus 1.3 in Amores 3.9 and Tristia 3.3
Authors: Huskey Samuel J
Published: October 2005

In Amores 3.9, Ovid frequently alludes to Tibullus 1.3, meticulously correcting Tibullus's fear of death in an unknown land. In Tristia 3.3, Ovid revisits Tibullus 1.3, ostensibly finding comfort in sharing similar circumstances with Tibullus. Since many of the allusions in Tristia 3.3 and Amores 3.9 point to the same passages in Tibullus's poem, Tibullus 1.3 becomes a linchpin, joining two divergent interpretations of the same poem. In each instance, a look back at Amores 3.9 reveals the comparison between Ovid and Tibullus in Tristia 3.3 to be specious, suggesting that Ovid deserves special sympathy for suffering what Tibullus only feared.
An American "Classic": Hillman and Cullen's Mimes of the Courtesans
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E
Published: October 2005

This essay analyzes the collaboration between the translator A. L. Hillman and the illustrator Charles Cullen on a 1928 edition of Lucian's Dialogues of the Courtesans. In particular, it demonstrates how a specific classical text served as fodder for those desiring a more open discourse concerning homoerotic (or otherwise marginalized) sexuality. Through both its quirky translation and its fantastic Art Deco images, the volume engages contemporary trends in classical scholarship and American publishing, as the ancient world is re-appropriated as a tool for contemporary criticism and change.
An "Excess of Democracy" -- Or a Shortage?: The Federalists' Earliest Adversaries
Authors: Holton Woody
Published: October 2005

At the Constitutional Convention, both Elbridge Gerry (on May 31) and
Alexander Hamilton (on June 18) identified the principal problem
facing the United States in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War as
an "excess of democracy." In short, the American Revolution had gone
too far. Although prominent modern scholars tend to echo that
judgment, we will never fully understand the context in which the
Constitution was created until we give serious consideration to the
people who took the contrary position that the Revolution had not gone
far enough. They demanded annual elections, the right to instruct
their representatives, small legislative districts, an ample money
supply, low farm taxes, lower-house legislative supremacy, and a
roughly equal distribution of property. Their diverse tools for
obtaining these objectives included conventions, committees of
correspondence, rhetorical broadsides accusing their opponents of
lacking the natural human capacity for fellow-feeling, efforts to
harmonize divergent proposals using the printed word, insurrections
(and, much more commonly, appeals to public officials' fear of
rebellion), and, perhaps most strikingly, the deliberate withholding
of assembly representatives. In many ways, their critique of the
Framers' elitist economic and political ideas was considerably more
fundamental than the issues raised by the Framers' next (and
considerably better-known) round of adversaries, the Anti-Federalists.
"Slavery Cannot Be Covered Up with Broadcloth or a Bandanna": The Evolution of White Abolitionist Attacks on the "Patriarchal Institution"
Authors: Pierson Michael D
Published: October 2005

This article argues that white abolitionist rhetoric about families, patriarchy, and sex roles changed significantly in the late 1850s. From 1830 to about 1855, white abolitionists critiqued slavery for failing to live up to the generous patriarchal standards that southern planters claimed for themselves. Slavery, abolitionists argued, entailed sexual assault, slave breeding, and the division of families, not kindness and sympathy. In the 1850s, three new reform movements influenced abolitionist rhetoric. The women's rights movement, sex reformers, and the anti-Mormon polygamy campaign taught many white abolitionists that even generous patriarchy was a flawed familial model. Because the memberships in the reform movements overlapped, abolitionists soon found themselves willing to question whether patriarchy was an acceptable benchmark for judging slavery. Many abolitionists now proclaimed that the issue of whether slaves lived in luxury or want was irrelevant; what mattered was that slaves did not possess political, religious, or economic free will. This argument was most fully developed by Lydia Maria Child in "the Patriarchal Institution," a pamphlet published in 1860. Because the article shows that abolition was influenced by three newer reform groups, it argues that historians need to study the broader world of reform. We have long established the influence of abolition on women's rights, but we can also recognize that the newer groups returned the favor by developing ideas that fundamentally altered the logic of abolitionism.
"[A]n Unpleasant Transaction on this Frontier": Challenging Female Autonomy and Authority at Michilimackinac
Authors: Sleeper-Smith Susan
Published: October 2005

In the decades that followed the War of 1812, the United States swiftly and effectively established its sovereignty over the western Great Lakes. In the interstices of nation and empire, the political standing of Indians shifted from relatively autonomous subjects in a diffuse English empire to being wards within an exclusive model of statehood promoted through the Northwest Ordinance. The old French fur trade communities, like Michilimackinac, become part of a hierarchically structured antebellum world, with racial identifiers that consigned people of mixed ancestry to the margins of that society. During the last half of the nineteenth century, memories about the interracial nature of fur trade society were submerged, rejected by the prejudices of hypothetically mixing blood. In negotiating the boundaries of this newly emerging world, mixed-ancestry women proved particularly vulnerable. These women had acquired significant economic authority and increased autonomy under the French and British regimes, particularly when they were left fur trade widows. This article examines the pathways that government agents, particularly Indian agents, used to establish U.S. sovereignty in the region and how undercutting female agency became part of that process. This research suggests that some women often successfully responded to those threats while others were less successful. Memories about who these women were and the role that intermarriage played in this colonial world has been both whitened and homogenized by Great Lakes histories.
Filial Feelings and Paternal Patterns: Transformations of Hamlet in The Gift
Authors: Barskova Polina
Published: October 2005

Nabokov once wrote: "We have a chess set with us, Shakespeare and Pushkin. That's all we need." Literary scholars seem to be seduced by an obvious metonymy. They divide Nabokov's oeuvre into two domains: the Russian, dominated by Pushkin, and the English, centered on Shakespeare. This approach has provided innumerable insights—some of them brilliant—into the intertextual presence of these bards in their respective domains. But at the same time it has set certain boundaries for "cultural exchange" between these two literary kingdoms. This article considers the influence of Shakespeare's Hamlet, which Nabokov attempted to translate in the 1930s, on The Gift; and demonstrates how motives, compositional devices, and images of Shakespeare's play show through the texture of the novel that Nabokov called the "acme" of his Russian period. Nabokov's technique of incorporating subtexts into his oeuvre is again filigreed, diverse, and, at times, sly: he hides and parodies, haunts and highlights his text with the ghosts of the Great Dane, his poignantly maturing son, and the motley crew of comedians around them.
Nabokovis Lolita and Andersen's The Little Mermaid
Authors: Collins Emily
Published: October 2005

The image of the mermaid was important to Nabokov, and Andersen's The Little Mermaid is perhaps its best-known Western incarnation. The story is evoked explicitly and implicitly in Lolita, and a reading of the novel through Andersen's tale sheds light on some of the dynamics between author, narrator, and reader. The same allusions are used differently by author and narrator, and to different effect, according to the reader's attention and education. But Andersen's tale of metamorphosis has itself evolved: fifty years after Lolita's first publication, readers may be more familiar with Disney's animated film version. Considering this perspective brings Lolita into focus as a text of transition.
Narcissism and Demand in Lolita
Authors: Couturier Maurice
Published: October 2005

This article presents a Lacanian reading of Lolita, a novel in which desire and cruelty occupy a key role. Humbert's perversion is not so much pedophilia as narcissism: he seeks not to obtain love objects proper but docile providers of sexual gratification. Being incapable of loving anybody but himself, not even Lolita at first, he cannot be loved by anyone either. His acts of cruelty against Lolita as he tries to keep her for his sexual needs and to fan his waning desire work havoc upon him. When he meets her again after their separation, he discovers that what he desires most from her is not sex but love. As a narrator, he does his utmost to transmute his sexual desire into an aesthetic one in an attempt to gain our understanding as well as Lolita's forgiveness beyond the grave.
The Lesson of Jean Valjean: Lolita and Les Miserables
Authors: Knapp Shoshana Milgram
Published: October 2005

Victor Hugo's Les Misérables can shed light on the vexed question of Nabokov's narrative attitude to the protagonist of Lolita by indicating how we are to judge Humbert Humbert. Nabokov was intimately familiar with the work of Hugo. The parallels between Lolita and Les Misérables (which is specifically mentioned in Lolita) include the doubled names of the protagonists, the relationships of the quasi-fathers and quasi-daughters, and the presence of secret and indefatigable pursuers. Humbert, at times, appears to claim the status of victim; in view of Les Misérables, however, Humbert's self-justifications are revealed not only as specious and absurd, but as transparently so.
Uncle Gustaveis Present: The Canine Motif in Lolita
Authors: Nyegaard Ole
Published: October 2005

In his Lectures, Nabokov often pinpoints themes and motifs. His lecture on Flaubert's Madame Bovary contains a fine passage on the equine theme. It is therefore hardly surprising that Dolores is abducted from the hospital by "her uncle, Mr. Gustave who called for her with a cocker spaniel pup" (246). But Nabokov's leitmotifs differ essentially from those of other writers—such as Flaubert, Bely, and Joyce—who prominently employ the same device. In the hands of Nabokov the leitmotif becomes a multi-operational tool. Moreover, Nabokov's use of motifs also bears on his theory of rereading, as well as on the way we read his fiction.
Form and Fabulation in "The Admiralty Spire"
Authors: Stone Bruce
Published: October 2005

Long overlooked in Nabokov's oeuvre, the 1933 short story "The Admiralty Spire" is a marvel of literary engineering, a triumph, as well as a trumping, of Formalist poetics. Navigating by the theoretical polestars of suzhet and fabula, this article explores the story's rhetorical surface and plumbs its dramatic depths. Within the confines of the epistolary mode, "Spire"'s writer/narrator adopts an unusually animated, and in many ways manipulative, method of narration, systematically juxtaposing competing discursive layers: a scheme that resonates with additional stylistic devices in the text and subtly contributes to the story's affective power. The substance of the narrator's tale—the peculiar chronicle of a romance that expired just as the Revolution sparked— is equally provocative in its thematic articulation. Through the complexities of its character portraits, the nuances of its narrative details, and the cumulative weight of its allusions, the text suggests that the narrator's lost love is a figment of his inflamed imagination: a crisis of authorial reliability that, like the story's intricate design, evokes comparisons with the most prominent works in the Nabokovian pantheon. Far from being discrete concerns, rhetorical mode and narrative matter converge within the story, collapsing the Formalist dichotomy en route to a more expansive transcendence.
Macroeconomic Performance in Post-Derg Ethiopia
Authors: Geda Fole Alemayehu
Published: October 2005

This paper appraises macroeconomic performance in post-Derg Ethiopia, organizing its analysis along four thematic categories important in explaining growth and macrodevelopment: (1) the political framework underpinning the macroeconomic performance, (2) the macrogrowth framework, (3) the market structures under which economic agents function, and (4) constraints to economic agents. The method employed is the before-after approach. The study revealed that although performance is very good when judged in the context of the structural problems of the post-Derg period, sustainability of the results is highly questionable. The latter is the result of the dependence of major macro variables on vagaries of nature, especially a good rainy season, and external shocks that are accentuated by lack of structural transformation in the economy over the last three decades.
Obstacles, Controversies, and Prospects Surrounding Child Abuse Management in Addis Ababa
Authors: Tadele Getnet
Published: October 2005

Corporal punishment by parents or guardians, family members, and relatives is an accepted cultural practice in Ethiopia. Aside from parents and other family members, many children are also abused (physically and sexually) by other persons who by chance meet them. At the same time, concerned institutions in Ethiopia are making efforts to reduce child abuse. This paper examines the situation of child abuse and its management in Addis Ababa, focusing on the challenges and controversies surrounding this social problem. It assesses pertinent issues involved in child abuse management based on information obtained from case studies of abused children and abusers, agents of the criminal justice system (the police, lawyers, and judges), health professionals, social workers, sociologists, psychologists, etc. Child abuse in Addis Ababa appears mainly related to general conditions of poverty. Further, the main problems in child abuse management seem to be the absence of coordination among various agents, and inadequate resources and institutional facilities.
Promoting Child Protection through Community Resources: Care Arrangements for Ethiopian AIDS Orphans
Authors: Varnis Steven
Published: October 2005

One of the key development challenges posed by AIDS in Ethiopia is providing care for the vastly increased number of orphans resulting from the pandemic. Organizational initiatives and policy responses will affect a wide range of developmental indicators, as well as the formative experiences of millions of Ethiopian children in years to come. This paper explores the strategies and basic assumptions of community-based care, which has become the orthodox approach to orphan care in Africa. Two limitations of this approach are discussed. First, it is often based on an outdated understanding and assessment of the capabilities of traditional institutions to care for children. Second, it provides inadequate protection and condones a variety of arrangements that are inconsistent with the needs and interests of orphan children. A set of practices and normative principles is then reviewed by which innovation in orphan care consistent with child protection functions as well as the utilization of available community resources may be promoted.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Watching Out for Its Friends
Authors: Brody Howard , Miller Franklin G , Bogdan-Lovis Elizabeth
Published: October 2005

An old joke states that one need not worry about one's enemies, but may be in danger from one's friends. We review a number of "enemies" and "friends" of evidence-based medicine (EBM). To understand where these enemies and friends have come from, it is important to see how the rise of EBM has created shifts in power, especially within academic medicine. Attacks from "enemies"âespecially the criticism that EBM amounts to overturning a medicine of the individual in favor of an undesirable population medicineâtend to reflect misunderstandings of EBM, or of the degrees of uncertainty inherent in medicine itself, rather than substantive criticisms. The activities of three categories of so-called friends might well give EBM an undesirable reputation. These "friends" are the practitioners of a crude version of EBM (uncritical acceptance of randomized controlled trials while rejecting all other forms of evidence), commercial sponsors of clinical trials whose biases distort the available evidentiary base, and bureaucrats who employ EBM practices in the service of inequitable rationing of health resources.
The Osler-Cushing Covenant
Authors: Duffy Thomas P
Published: October 2005

In 1900 William Osler established a friendship with Harvey Cushing that encompassed the personal and professional aspects of their lives for over two decades. Their shared participation in the covenant of medicine shaped an intense friendship and mentoring relationship that profited both individuals immeasurably. The choice of Cushing as the recipient of Osler's mentoring had its origins in their rearing, avocations, and in the way of life that they shared. In Cushing, Osler identified a surrogate son who joined with him in defining the course of medicine and surgery over the next century.
Lessons for the Stem Cell Discourse from the Gene Therapy Experience
Authors: Friedmann Theodore
Published: October 2005

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells has pointed to the potential use of these cells in developing new approaches to therapy for many major human diseases. While there is general agreement that such applications are possible and will require a great deal of additional basic and preclinical research, some discussions of the therapeutic applications of human embryonic stem cells have been characterized by the kinds of exaggerations and elevated expectations that characterized the field of human gene therapy a decade ago. In the case of gene therapy, public perception of and confidence in the field were damaged by the hype. Most unfortunate of all, the hopes of patients and their advocates were disappointed. The eventual success of a gene therapy approach, albeit one still plagued by serious adverse events, has come through scientific advance and careful clinical application. The probable eventual use of human embryonic stem cells for therapy of human disease will also require thorough basic and clinical research, but that goal is endangered by the current level of inaccurate representations and undeliverable promises.
From Autonomy to Accountability: the role of clinical practice guidelines in professional power
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: October 2005

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) aims to address the persistent problem of clinical practice variation with the help of various tools, including standardized practice guidelines. Based on a systematic evaluation of the available scientific evidence, these guidelines offer recommendations for clinicians about details of patient care and clinical decision making. Because clinical practice guidelines specify how health care should be performed, they could be considered a threat to clinical and professional autonomy. Inspired by the theory of countervailing powers, this article explores how clinical practice guidelines have shifted the focus of professional power from autonomy to accountability. Professional organizations develop clinical practice guidelines as a service to their members but do not require strict adherence to the guidelines. Indeed, implementation studies show at best a modest change in clinical behavior. Such non-adherence might render a profession vulnerable, however, when third parties seize upon guidelines and offer financial incentives to keep clinicians accountable for delivering optimal patient care. [End Page 490]
Witnessing for the Witness: Choice and Destiny by Tsipi Reibenbach
Authors: Friedman RÃ©gine Mihal
Published: October 2005

This last decade has been defined as "the Age of Testimony," mainly in the wake of Claude Lanzmann's Shoah and the wealth of responses it has elicited. In every country where the Holocaust survivors found a shelter, films are produced by the second and even the third generation of the "Aftermath." Designated as "witnesses by the imagination" or "surrogate witnesses," they attempt to tacitly refute Paul Celan's desperate assessment in his poem "Aschenglorie": "Nobody/witnesses/ for the witness."
These testimonial films have been prompted by the same urge: the Negationist scheme regarding the Shoah and the vulnerable condition of the aging eye-witnesses. These works summon the existence of a specific testimonial pact that provides a space of transference between survivor and interviewer and implies a particular quality of listening and empathy. Such is Tsipi Reibenbach's outstanding Choice and Destiny, the first part of her familial trilogy.
Masquerade and Bad Faith in Peeping Toms
Authors: Meiri Sandra
Published: October 2005

This essay argues that Uri Zohar's Peeping Toms (1972) presents an economy of voyeurism and fetishism that unveils the tragic nihilistic existence of the Israeli male in the post-Zionist world. In doing so it describes the sexual and existential misfortunes experienced by the Israeli male protagonist, who uses the phallus—a signifier much appraised by Zionism—to veil not only castration but also the void left by the dissolution of the Zionistic collective ideology. This dissolution created a state of alienation, rendering the individual totally unable to examine (or re-examine) his values. The compulsive attribution of personal responsibility to a higher power, consolidated by the collective ideology based on a heterosexual masculine model, generated a deterministic and fixed male state of mind. Peeping Toms displays a high awareness of this problem through various cinematic devices, while emphasizing the inability of the post-Zionist generation to contend with it.
Actuality of Banality: Eyal Sivan's The Specialist in Context
Authors: Raz Gal
Published: October 2005

Some forty years after the publication of Hannah Arendt's controversial book Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, the Israeli-born filmmaker Eyal Sivan released his documentary film The Specialist, explicitly referring to Arendt's work. Sivan took archive footage filmed in 1961, during the trial of Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and edited it to present a cinematic articulation of Arendt's book. The film discusses the fundamental flaws in the way the trial was conducted as well as the nature of Eichmann's crimes.
This article analyzes Sivan's use of narrative, editing, visual, and auditory stylistic devices to expose the way the trial was used by the Zionist movement and to challenge its active role within Zionist collective memory. If interpreted as part of a more general post-Zionist artistic and intellectual production, The Specialist could be understood as deconstructing the accused / accuser dichotomy, and suggesting that the accusers and their contemporary heirs might themselves be guilty of some of the charges made against the defendant.
Glocalqueering in New Asia: The Politics of Performing Gay in Singapore
Authors: Lim Eng-Beng
Published: October 2005

This essay considers the theatrical production of Asian Boys Vol. 1 in Singapore as it is imbricated in neoliberal, nationalist, and diasporic circuits using a new critical formulation called "glocalqueering." Arguing that the global queering lens is inadequate in understanding the predicament of queer men in global cities like Singapore, the article turns to the play as an example of a queer and trans/national theatre production that unravels the politics of performing gay in Singapore and/as New Asia. While uncovering the glocalqueering circuits of this production, the essay also examines the effectiveness of using global Asian queer boys in the hyper-consumerist and highly regulated context of Singapore for queer self-representation, visibility, and political intervention by sexual minorities.
"The Quack Has Become God"
Authors: MASON NICHOLAS
Published: October 2005

For the British book trade, one of the major by-products of the eighteenth-century advent of a commodity culture was an upswing in the intensity of its advertising efforts. Chief among the new marketing practices was the use of puffery, or insider reviewing, to create hype for new publications. So naturalized had puffery become by the early nineteenth century that many authors saw nothing ethically remiss in arranging for themselves or friends to review their own works. In fact, at some point in his or her career, nearly every major author of the Romantic period bene�ted from reviews penned by friends and literary allies. By the late 1820s, puffery had become so ubiquitous and shameless that several leading writers and critics, including Thomas Carlyle and Thomas Babington Macaulay, blamed corrupt reviewing practices for killing the nation's literary tradition. The recent slump of the literary book trade, it was widely argued, was less the product of the �nancial "Crash of 1826" than of the vitiation of society's tastes by a corrupt, self-interested reviewing establishment.
The Blithedale Romance and Post-Heroic Life
Authors: ANDERSON DOUGLAS
Published: October 2005

Miles Coverdale's complex emotional posture at the close of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance (1852) embodies the plight of post-heroic life in the 1850s: a decade in which the self-proclaimed "children" of America's revolutionary founders wrestled with the lingering contamination introduced into public life by the invidious nexus of slavery and the Mexican War. America, as Theodore Parker fiercely proclaimed in 1846, had become "a dead nation corrupting beside its golden tomb." Hawthorne's third novel in three years-a feverish rate of production-portrays a cultural climate obsessed with its secret and shameful wounds. The prophylactic zone of Blithedale farm, in fact, hosts a variety of spiritual and physical contagions, perfectly suited to Coverdale's epidemiological imagination and reflected in the moody volatility of his story. Each of the book's central characters responds to what its narrator terms the "diseased action" of the heart, forming a collective portrait of social and moral pathology that no utopian dream can effectively check. Zenobia's eloquent delirium at the book's conclusion, and Miles Coverdale's enigmatic malaise, capture in distinct and poignant ways the painful conjunction of majesty and futility to which the post-heroic condition ultimately leads.
"The Blow Which Civilization Has Suffered": American Preservationists and the Great War, 1914–1919
Authors: Lindgren James M.
Published: October 2005

The destruction of Rheims cathedral in 1914 by the invading German armies forced American preservationists to action. While New Yorkers demanded that belligerents respect international laws protecting antiquities, Bostonians requested diplomatic intervention by the Wilson Administration. Virginia preservationists, despite some reservations about the war, stressed Anglo-American unity. With patriotic groups setting the focus and mastering the coalition, preservationists joined the preparedness movement, using historic sites to rally the then-neutral nation. When the United States declared war in April 1917, preservationists aided the home-front effort, recognizing in the end the necessity for more concerted action both at home and abroad.
Garbage in the Garden State: A Trash Museum Confronts New Jersey's Image
Authors: Ard Patricia
Published: October 2005

This essay discusses the Trash Museum which existed in Lyndhurst, New Jersey from 1989 to 1999 and how that institution affected attitudes toward New Jersey. New Jersey's long history of industrial pollution and its myriad garbage dumps had led many to substitute "Garbage State" for "Garden State" as the state's nickname. The museum explained the history of unregulated garbage dumping in the thirty-two-square mile Hackensack Meadowlands area and taught lessons relevant nationally about intelligent garbage disposal. By confronting the worst of its history head on, New Jersey was able to demonstrate to detractors its leadership in garbage disposal and remediation of otherwise ruined lands.
Association of Sleep Quality and Free Time Leisure Activities in Japanese and British Civil Servants
Authors: Nasermoaddeli Ali , Sekine Michikazu , Kumari Meena , Chandola Tarani , Marmot Michael , Kagamimori Sadanobu
Published: October 2005

Association of Sleep Quality and Free Time Leisure Activities in Japanese and British Civil Servants: Ali Nasermoaddeli, et al. Department of Welfare Promotion and Epidemiology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University—Sleep disturbance as a pervasive health problem can directly affect the physical and psychological well‐being of individuals. Factors that positively relate to sleep quality can therefore improve healthy functioning. We examined whether leisure time activities are associated with sleep quality in two culturally different samples of civil servants. In this cross‐sectional study we evaluated 1,682 Japanese, in Toyama prefecture (T) city, and 6,914 British civil servants from the Whitehall II study undertaken in London. The Japanese version of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI‐J) was used in T city and Jenkins’ sleep problem scale was used in the Whitehall II study. Setting a validated cut‐off point of 5.5 for the PSQI‐J global score and the upper tertile point for the Jenkins’ sleep problem scale, we conducted logistic regression analysis to assess the association between leisure time activities and sleep quality. In both populations, those who participated in voluntary activities in clubs or organizations were significantly less likely to have poor sleep quality with Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of 0.73 (95%CI; 0.56–0.97) and 0.85 (95%CI; 0.76–0.95) in Japanese and British civil servants, respectively. Similar findings were apparent for visiting friends and relatives (ORs 0.60 (95%CI; 0.46–0.80) and 0.71 (95%CI; 0.56–0.90) for Japanese and British subjects, respectively). Our findings suggest that engagement in social leisure activities is associated with better sleep quality and consequently better general well‐being.
ECG Changes in Humans Exposed to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields
Authors: Borjanovic Srdjan S. , Jankovic Srdjan M. , Pejovic Zoran
Published: October 2005

ECG Changes in Humans Exposed to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields: Srdjan S. Borjanovic, et al. Institute of Occupational Health “Dr. Dragomir Karajovic”, Serbia and Montenegro—Possible health issues of ELF EMFs include cardiovascular effects since both electrocardiogram and heart‐rate changes have been reported in the literature. A non‐linear relationship between field strength and biological response has been reported in some studies. In this study, a total of 59 subjects, divided into three independent magnetic field strength groups, were compared. A calculated 12‐hour time weighted average (TWA) value of the fields was used as an exposure metric for each of the three locations (“low”: 0.067 µT, “medium”: 1.18 µT and “high”: 5.2 µT) and subsequently used to estimate workers’ exposure at these sites. Electrocardiograms were recorded in the resting position. Five parameters were derived from the ECG: heart rate (HR), duration of P wave and QRS wave, and duration of PR and QT intervals. The QT intervals were normalized to a heart rate of 60 (QTc). The obtained data were analyzed first by means of multivariate analysis of covariance and then oneway univariate analyses of covariances (ANCOVA) using exposure duration as a covariate. Only the ANCOVA on the QTc interval was significant. Our results suggest that the relationship between field strength and response is non‐linear: the adjusted mean QTc values are similar between the “low” and the “high” group, but significantly lower in the “medium” group. One possible interpretation of our results is that a specific exposure pattern might be responsible for the non‐linear effects observed, so that generally, characterizing exposure to electric and magnetic fields using simple metrics such as TWA may be insufficient.
Ten-Year Follow-up of Children Born at <30 Weeks’ Gestational Age Supplemented With Thyroxine in the Neonatal Period in a Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: van Wassenaer Aleid G. , Westera Jolanda , Houtzager Bregje A. , Kok Joke H.
Published: October 2005

Background. Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial with thyroxine (T4) supplementation in infants <30 weeks’ gestation and with the last neurodevelopmental follow-up moment at the age of 5.5 years. T4 supplementation was associated with improved outcome of infants <28 weeks’ gestation and worse outcome of infants of 29 weeks’ gestation. We studied gestational age–dependent effects of T4 supplementation at the mean age of 10.5 years in children participating in our randomized, controlled trial.

Methods. Questionnaires regarding school outcome, behavior, quality of life, motor problems, and parental stress were sent to the parents and children and their teachers at the same time point for all surviving children (9–12 years of age).

Results. Seventy-two percent of the families responded to our questionnaires. Nonrespondents had more sociodemographic risk factors and worse development until 5.5 years. At the mean age of 10.5 years, T4 supplementation was associated with better school outcome in those who were <27 weeks’ gestation and better motor outcome in those who were <28 weeks’ gestation, whereas the reverse was true for those who were born at 29 weeks’ gestation. No other gestational age–dependent outcomes were found.

Conclusions. Gestation-dependent effects of T4 supplementation remain stable over time. These effects do not prove beneficial effects of T4 in infants <28 weeks but should be the background for a new randomized, controlled trial with thyroid hormone in this age group.