bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disease Progression in Children With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Correlates With Increased PD-1+ CD8 T Cells That Coexpress Multiple Immune Checkpoints
Authors: Tailor Janki , Foldi Julia , Generoso Matthew , McCarty Bret , Alankar Aparna , Kilberg Max , Mwamzuka Mussa , Marshed Fatma , Ahmed Aabid , Liu Mengling , Borkowsky William , Unutmaz Derya , Khaitan Alka
Published: April 2021

Background

PD-1 marks exhausted T cells, with weak effector functions. Adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have increased levels of PD-1+ CD8 T cells that correlate with HIV disease progression, yet little is known about the role of PD-1+ CD8 T cells in children with perinatal HIV.

Methods

We enrolled 76 Kenyan children with perinatal HIV and 43 children who were HIV unexposed and quantified PD-1 levels on CD8 T cells; their coexpression with immune checkpoints (ICs) 2B4, CD160, and TIM3; correlates with immune activation and HIV disease progression; and HIV-specific and -nonspecific proliferative responses.

Results

PD-1+ CD8 T-cell frequencies are elevated in children with perinatal HIV and associated with disease progression. The majority of PD-1+ CD8 T cells coexpress additional ICs. ART initiation lowers total PD-1 levels and coexpression of multiple ICs. The frequency of PD-1+2B4+CD160+TIM3– in PD-1+ CD8 T cells predicts weaker HIV-specific proliferative responses, suggesting that this subset is functionally exhausted.

Conclusions

Children with perinatal HIV have high levels of PD-1+ CD8 T cells that are a heterogeneous population differentially coexpressing multiple ICs. Understanding the complex interplay of ICs is essential to guide the development of PD-1–directed immunotherapies for pediatric HIV remission and cure.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Total and Subgenomic RNA Viral Load in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Dimcheff Derek E , Valesano Andrew L , Rumfelt Kalee E , Fitzsimmons William J , Blair Christopher , Mirabelli Carmen , Petrie Joshua G , Martin Emily T , Bhambhani Chandan , Tewari Muneesh , Lauring Adam S
Published: April 2021

Background

Previous studies demonstrated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA can be detected for weeks after infection. The significance of this finding is unclear and, in most patients, does not represent active infection. Detection of subgenomic RNA has been proposed to represent productive infection and may be a useful marker for monitoring infectivity.

Methods

We used quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to quantify total and subgenomic nucleocapsid (sgN) and envelope (sgE) transcripts in 185 SARS-CoV-2–positive nasopharyngeal swab samples collected on hospital admission and to relate to symptom duration.

Results

We find that all transcripts decline at the same rate; however, sgE becomes undetectable before other transcripts. The median duration of symptoms to a negative test is 14 days for sgE and 25 days for sgN. There is a linear decline in subgenomic compared to total RNA, suggesting that subgenomic transcript copy number is dependent on copy number of total transcripts. The mean difference between total and sgN is 16-fold and the mean difference between total and sgE is 137-fold. This relationship is constant over duration of symptoms, allowing prediction of subgenomic copy number from total copy number.

Conclusions

Subgenomic RNA may be no more useful in determining infectivity than a copy number threshold determined for total RNA.
The role of co-production in Learning Health Systems
Authors: Gremyr Andreas , Andersson Gäre Boel , Thor Johan , Elwyn Glyn , Batalden Paul , Andersson Ann-Christine
Published: April 2021

Background

Co-production of health is defined as ‘the interdependent work of users and professionals who are creating, designing, producing, delivering, assessing, and evaluating the relationships and actions that contribute to the health of individuals and populations’. It can assume many forms and include multiple stakeholders in pursuit of continuous improvement, as in Learning Health Systems (LHSs). There is increasing interest in how the LHS concept allows integration of different knowledge domains to support and achieve better health. Even if definitions of LHSs include engaging users and their family as active participants in aspects of enabling better health for individuals and populations, LHS descriptions emphasize technological solutions, such as the use of information systems. Fewer LHS texts address how interpersonal interactions contribute to the design and improvement of healthcare services.

Objective

We examined the literature on LHS to clarify the role and contributions of co-production in LHS conceptualizations and applications.

Method

First, we undertook a scoping review of LHS conceptualizations. Second, we compared those conceptualizations to the characteristics of LHSs first described by the US Institute of Medicine. Third, we examined the LHS conceptualizations to assess how they bring four types of value co-creation in public services into play: co-production, co-design, co-construction and co-innovation. These were used to describe core ideas, as principles, to guide development.

Result

Among 17 identified LHS conceptualizations, 3 qualified as most comprehensive regarding fidelity to LHS characteristics and their use in multiple settings: (i) the Cincinnati Collaborative LHS Model, (ii) the Dartmouth Coproduction LHS Model and (iii) the Michigan Learning Cycle Model. These conceptualizations exhibit all four types of value co-creation, provide examples of how LHSs can harness co-production and are used to identify principles that can enhance value co-creation: (i) use a shared aim, (ii) navigate towards improved outcomes, (iii) tailor feedback with and for users, (iv) distribute leadership, (v) facilitate interactions, (vi) co-design services and (vii) support self-organization.

Conclusions

The LHS conceptualizations have common features and harness co-production to generate value for individual patients as well as for health systems. They facilitate learning and improvement by integrating supportive technologies into the sociotechnical systems that make up healthcare. Further research on LHS applications in real-world complex settings is needed to unpack how LHSs are grown through coproduction and other types of value co-creation.
Activity of novel lactone ketolide nafithromycin against multicentric invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal isolates collected in India
Authors: Veeraraghavan Balaji , Varghese Rosemol , Saigal Karnika , Balasubramanian S , Bai P Sulochana Putli , Lal Y Binesh , Neeravi Ayyanraj , Baskar Pavithra , Anandhan Kavipriya , Kumar C P Girish , Jayaraman Yuvraj , Nag Vijaya Lakshmi , Baveja Sujata , J Bhavana , Joshi Shrikrishna A , Iyer Ranganathan
Published: April 2021

Background

India is among the nations reporting substantial healthcare burden linked to pneumococcal infections. Nafithromycin is a novel lactone ketolide antibiotic, which recently entered Phase 3 development in India for the indication of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP).

Objectives

To assess the in vitro activity of nafithromycin against serotyped invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, collected from nine medical centres across India.

Methods

A total of 534 isolates of S. pneumoniae were collected during 2015–20 and serotyped as per CDC protocol. A subset of erythromycin-non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (n = 200) was screened for the presence of erm(B) and mef(A/E) genes. A subset of MDR isolates (n = 54) were also subjected to MLST. The MICs of antibiotics were determined by the reference agar-dilution method (CLSI). Susceptibilities of the comparators were interpreted as per CLSI criteria.

Results

Fifty-nine distinct serotypes were identified among the 534 isolates. Among erythromycin-non-susceptible isolates, erm(B) and mef(A/E) genes were found in 49% and 59% strains respectively, while MLST showed clonal diversity. Azithromycin (67.6% non-susceptible) and clindamycin (31.8% non-susceptible) showed limited activity. Penicillin (for non-meningitis) or quinolone non-susceptibility was low (<11% and <6%, respectively). Nafithromycin showed potent activity with MIC50 and MIC90 of 0.015–0.03 and 0.06 mg/L, respectively, regardless of the macrolide resistance mechanisms.

Conclusions

Indian pneumococcal isolates show poor susceptibilities to macrolides, in concordance with the global trend. Nafithromycin overcomes erm as well as mef-mediated macrolide resistance mechanisms expressed individually or concurrently in S. pneumoniae. This study supports continued clinical development of nafithromycin for pneumococcal infections including CABP.
A novel interpretation of speciation, hybridization, and genetic population structure of the stone crabsMenippe mercenaria(Say, 1817–1818) andM. adinaWilliams & Felder, 1986 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Menippidae)
Authors: Seyoum Seifu , Gandy Ryan L , Crowley Claire E , Puchulutegui Cecilia
Published: April 2021

Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase (COI) and microsatellite DNA loci were used to better explain the speciation events, history of hybridization, and genetic population structure of the stone crabs Menippe adinaWilliams & Felder, 1986 and M. mercenaria (Say, 1817–1818). A survey of a 670-bp COI sequence of 711 stone crabs collected from Texas to North Carolina and from Belize, Central America showed the presence of two well-defined mtDNA lineages, Lin-A and Lin-B. Based on molecular clock calibrations of a published study these lineages shared a common ancestor between 1.5 to 1.8 million years. Lin-A was evident throughout the range of the two Menippe species, but Lin-B was found only in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and does not represent any of the two species. Our findings refute the claim that the eastern Gulf hybrid zone is the product of hybridization between M. adina and M. mercenaria. We propose that the hybrid zone is instead a relic of introgressive hybridization between the M. mercenaria of eastern Gulf stone crab nDNA Lin-AA that carries Lin-A and the new nDNA Lin-BB that carries Lin-B, forming the hybrid nDNA Lin-AB. Lin-B emerged from a founder effect in the Okefenokee Trough and introgressed into the eastern Gulf. There is no Lin-B in the Atlantic, hence no hybridization in that region. Using stone crab-specific microsatellite markers we found no evidence of an ongoing hybridization in the eastern Gulf and this region cannot be called a hybrid zone since hybridization here ceased probably soon after the last glacial episode. The microsatellite-marker analyses also suggested that the stone crab was geographically divided into four genetic clusters by three barriers to gene flow, the strongest of which is the one between the two species, M. adina and M. mercenaria, around Cape San Blas, Apalachicola Bay, Florida.
Social Ties and the Influence of Public Policies on Individual Opinions: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage Laws
Authors: Blasco Sylvie , Moreno Galbis Eva , Tanguy Jeremy
Published: April 2021

This paper evaluates if same-sex marriage (SSM) laws, approved in several European Union countries over the past decades, have contributed to favor gay-friendly opinions among people depending on their social interactions. We propose a dyadic model in which individuals learn about the social norm conveyed by a law through strong and weak ties. We show that the relative importance of these social ties in shaping individuals’ opinions depends on the alignment between the law and the local social norm. Using the 2002–2016 European Social Surveys, we test the theoretical predictions with a pseudo-panel dynamic difference-in-difference setting relying on the progressive adoption of SSM in European countries. We show that strong ties induce a lower increase in gay-friendly opinions following the adoption of SSM when the law is aligned with the local social norm. When the law clashes with this norm, strong ties induce a larger increase. (JEL J12, J18, K36, Z1).
Comparing Contributions of Passive and Active Tick Collection Methods to Determine Establishment of Ticks of Public Health Concern Within Illinois
Authors: Lyons Lee Ann , Brand Mary E , Gronemeyer Peg , Mateus-Pinilla Nohra , Ruiz Marilyn O’Hara , Stone Chris M , Tuten Holly C , Smith Rebecca L
Published: April 2021

In Illinois, between 1990 and 2017, tick-borne diseases in humans increased 10-fold, yet we have insufficient information on when and where people are exposed to vector ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae). The aims of our research were to compare contributions of passive and active tick collection methods in determining establishment of ticks of public health concern and obtain information on tick distributions within Illinois. We used three surveillance strategies within the Illinois Tick Inventory Collaboration Network to gather information about the ticks of public health concern: 1) passive collection (voluntary submission by the public); 2) systematic collection (biweekly active surveillance); and 3) special collections (active collections in locations of special interest). Of collected adult and nymphal ticks, 436 were from passive collections, 142 from systematic collections, and 1,270 from special collections. Tick species distribution status changed in 36 counties. Our data provide noteworthy updates to distribution maps for use by public health agencies to develop prevention and control strategies. Additionally, the program built a network of collaborations and partnerships to support future tick surveillance efforts within Illinois and highlighted how the combination of the three surveillance strategies can be used to determine geographic spread of ticks, pinpoint locations in need of more surveillance, and help with long-term efforts that support phenology studies.
Case report: actinomycosis of the abdominal wall
Authors: Tarzi Mario , Douedari Alma , Aldakhil Rama , Danial Aghyad Kudra , Al-Haj Ahmad
Published: April 2021

Primary abdominal wall actinomycosis is rare, but even rarer when it comes to intestinal infiltration; it is usually misdiagnosed as a neoplasm in computed tomography till proved otherwise with pathological examination.

We report a 59-year-old diabetic male presented with a year-old abdominal wall mass, diagnosed by pathology after surgical excisional biopsy, and treated with penicillin for 6 months. We recommend consideration of actinomycosis in cases of abdominal wall mass, especially in immunocompromised patients, as a differential diagnosis of neoplastic lesions.
Best Medical Advice: Providing Medical Leadership in Uncertain Times
Authors: Greco Anthony J , Wilson Ramey L
Published: April 2021

Military physicians must often balance medical and operational priorities when providing advice to operational commanders. This case describes how a Navy Medical Corps Officer serving with a Marine Corps helicopter squadron during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic helped manage risk.
Revealing the physical properties of gas accreting to haloes in the EAGLE simulations
Authors: Wright Ruby J , Lagos Claudia del P , Power Chris , Correa Camila A
Published: April 2021

The inflow of cosmological gas on to haloes, while challenging to directly observe and quantify, plays a fundamental role in the baryon cycle of galaxies. Using the eagle suite of hydrodynamical simulations, we present a thorough exploration of the physical properties of gas accreting on to haloes – namely, its spatial characteristics, density, temperature, and metallicity. Classifying accretion as ‘hot’ or ‘ cold’ based on a temperature cut-off 105.5 K, we find that the covering fraction (fcov) of cold-mode accreting gas is significantly lower than the hot-mode, with z = 0 fcov values of ${\approx}50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and ${\approx}80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, respectively. Active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in eagle reduces inflow fcov values by ${\approx}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, with outflows decreasing the solid angle available for accretion flows. Classifying inflow by particle history, we find that gas on first-infall on to a halo is metal depleted by ≈2 dex compared to pre-processed gas, which we find to mimic the circum-galactic medium (CGM) in terms of metal content. We also show that high (low) halo-scale gas accretion rates are associated with metal-poor (rich) CGM in haloes below $10^{12}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, and that variation in halo-scale gas accretion rates may offer a physical explanation for the enhanced scatter in the star-forming main sequence at low (${\lesssim}10^{9}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) and high (${\gtrsim}10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) stellar masses. Our results highlight how gas inflow influences several halo- and galaxy-scale properties, and the need to combine kinematic and chemical data in order to confidently break the degeneracy between accreting and outgoing gas in CGM observations.
The impact of tidal friction evolution on the orbital decay of ultra-short-period planets
Authors: Alvarado-Montes Jaime A , Sucerquia Mario , García-Carmona Carolina , Zuluaga Jorge I , Spitler Lee , Schwab Christian
Published: April 2021

Unveiling the fate of ultra-short-period (USP) planets may help us understand the qualitative agreement between tidal theory and the observed exoplanet distribution. Nevertheless, due to the time-varying interchange of spin–orbit angular momentum in star–planet systems, the expected amount of tidal friction is unknown and depends on the dissipative properties of stellar and planetary interiors. In this work, we couple structural changes in the star and the planet resulting from the energy released per tidal cycle and simulate the orbital evolution of USP planets and the spin-up produced on their host star. For the first time, we allow the strength of magnetic braking to vary within a model that includes photo-evaporation, drag caused by the stellar wind, stellar mass-loss, and stellar wind enhancement due to the in-falling USP planet. We apply our model to the two exoplanets with the shortest periods known to date, NGTS-10b and WASP-19b. We predict they will undergo orbital decay in time-scales that depend on the evolution of the tidal dissipation reservoir inside the star, as well as the contribution of the stellar convective envelope to the transfer of angular momentum. Contrary to previous work, which predicted mid-transit time shifts of ∼30–190 s over 10 yr, we found that such changes would be smaller than 10 s. We note this is sensitive to the assumptions about the dissipative properties of the system. Our results have important implications for the search for observational evidence of orbital decay in USP planets, using present and future observational campaigns.
Cancer LncRNA Census 2 (CLC2): an enhanced resource reveals clinical features of cancer lncRNAs
Authors: Vancura Adrienne , Lanzós Andrés , Bosch-Guiteras Núria , Esteban Mònica Torres , Gutierrez Alejandro H , Haefliger Simon , Johnson Rory
Published: April 2021

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in cancer and are at the vanguard of precision therapeutic development. These efforts depend on large and high-confidence collections of cancer lncRNAs. Here, we present the Cancer LncRNA Census 2 (CLC2). With 492 cancer lncRNAs, CLC2 is 4-fold greater in size than its predecessor, without compromising on strict criteria of confident functional/genetic roles and inclusion in the GENCODE annotation scheme. This increase was enabled by leveraging high-throughput transposon insertional mutagenesis screening data, yielding 92 novel cancer lncRNAs. CLC2 makes a valuable addition to existing collections: it is amongst the largest, contains numerous unique genes (not found in other databases) and carries functional labels (oncogene/tumour suppressor). Analysis of this dataset reveals that cancer lncRNAs are impacted by germline variants, somatic mutations and changes in expression consistent with inferred disease functions. Furthermore, we show how clinical/genomic features can be used to vet prospective gene sets from high-throughput sources. The combination of size and quality makes CLC2 a foundation for precision medicine, demonstrating cancer lncRNAs’ evolutionary and clinical significance.
Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, Cardiovascular Risk, and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Qin Li-Qiang , Arafa Ahmed , Eshak Ehab S , Hu Yonghua , Dong Jia-Yi
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Quitting smoking usually results in weight gain, rising the concern that weight gain after smoking cessation may attenuate the benefits of smoking quitting on cardiovascular health.

Aims and Methods

We aimed to examine the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among smoking quitters compared with smokers, stratified by post-cessation weight change. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for eligible studies published before September 2020. Cohort studies examining the relative risk of CVD among smoking quitters stratified by post-cessation weight change, with smokers being treated as the reference, were included. Two investigators extracted the key characteristics of each included study using a standard electronic form.

Results

We identified nine studies for this meta-analysis. Compared with smokers, the pooled RRs (95% confidence interval) of CVD among quitters with weight gain and among those without were 0.74 [0.66, 0.83] and 0.86 [0.80, 0.92], with no evidence of heterogeneity between studies being observed. Moreover, the associations appeared to be significantly stronger among quitters with weight gain than those without, particularly in the analysis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke (pooled RRs = 0.65 [0.59, 0.71] vs. 0.79 [0.71, 0.88] for CHD and 0.67 [0.62, 0.73] vs. 0.76 [0.72, 0.81] for stroke, respectively; p for interaction <.05).

Conclusions

Smoking cessation was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, regardless of post-cessation weight gain. A greater risk reduction among quitters with weight gain than those without merits further investigations.

Implications

Quitting smoking usually results in weight gain and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. We found that the risk reduction in CVD and all-cause mortality associated with smoking cessation was greater in quitters with weight gain than that in quitters without, especially in CHD and stroke. Despite weight gain and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, quitting smoking remains effective in the prevention of CVD.
Japanese Naval Power
Authors: Patalano Alessio
Published: April 2021

The chapter develops for the first time in the Japanese context a framework to comprehend the role of naval power as a tool of statecraft and why it matters to Japan’s foreign and security policy. The chapter employs a strategic studies methodology to overcome the explanatory limits of mainstream perspectives narrowly focused on debating the nature of Japanese military power from a normative perspective. In so doing, it aims to make three distinctive contributions. First, the chapter argues that Japan’s military posture is not the result of a constrained legal framework. As a liberal democracy with an export-oriented economy, the shape of Japanese military power is consistent with the model of a “seapower state.” Second, the chapter argues that the most significant changes in Japanese naval power do not concern the expansion of capabilities or renewed commitment to the US-Japan alliance. They concerned the empowerment of Japanese foreign policy with the option to actively “shape” international stability. Third, the chapter explores how Prime Minister Abe’s impact on the use of naval power has not negated constitutional constraints. Rather, he focused naval power’s shaping potential to underpin and reinforce his signature Free and Open Indo-Pacific initiative.
Japan-US Relations
Authors: Krauss Ellis S.
Published: April 2021

The US-Japan relationship has survived for three-quarters of a century, despite economic and security crises, and consistent pressure from the United States to build contribute more to the alliance and open its domestic markets. This chapter analyzes these developments since the US Occupation imposed its postwar “pacifist constitution” on Japan. That constitution’s pacifism was ignored almost from the beginning, but it left an indelible imprint on public opinion, opposition parties, and what (and how) the perennial conservative governments could accomplish in security relations and the alliance. The chapter shows how economic and security relations have been related, how major international changes and domestic politics have been intertwined, and how the three main approaches to international relations have characterized the relationship. Finally, we discuss the relationships’ successful management and some implications for Japan’s democracy.
A Theoretical Account of Turkish Foreign Policy under the AKP
Authors: Oğuzlu Tarık
Published: April 2021

Turkish foreign policy has evolved significantly in different directions since 2002. The chapter sheds light on Turkey’s foreign policy during this period and argues that neoclassical realism, which successfully merges the impact of internal and external factors, is the most helpful theoretical perspective to understand this evolution. Turkey is a middle power country located in a delicate regional environment. Structural changes in the dynamics of politics at international and regional levels have produced immense effects on how Turkey’s rulers have defined Turkey’s foreign policy interests and behaviors. While systemic factors have had a strong influence on Turkish foreign policy, their impact has been mediated via the perceptions and interpretations of Turkish ruling elites. Accordingly, the political ideology and interests of these elites have shaped their interpretations of and responses to external developments. Building on this framework, the chapter analyzes Turkish foreign policy since 2002 in three periods: realist pro-Westernism shaping Turkish foreign policy decisively between 2002 and 2011; liberal assertiveness between 2011 and 2015; and re-securitization since 2015. Each period corresponds to a different set of external and internal factors pushing Turkish decision makers to pursue different foreign policies.
Ages of Empire
Authors: Vance Norman
Published: April 2021

This article surveys connections between usually crumbling empires, ancient and modern, with the barbarians almost at the gates, and manifestations of cultural or individual decadence. Greek and Roman historians usually disapproved, developing a decadence narrative to explain historical eclipse. But the luxury and wayward behaviors of once mighty empires and narcissistic emperors, ranging from Sardanapalus in ancient Assyria and Xerxes in Persia to Nero and Elagabalus in ancient Rome, sent interestingly mixed messages to modern empires (British, French, German, and Russian), encouraged escapist dreams, and intrigued and stimulated writers such as Byron, Verlaine, Stefan George, Alexander Blok, and Gore Vidal. Was decadence a cause or consequence of imperial weakening? Was it even a perverse consequence of multicultural empire-building in the first instance?
Racial Socialization and Racism
Authors: Hagerman Margaret A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter illustrates key connections between the traditional field of symbolic interactionism and the study of racial socialization and racism. When researching and writing about racial socialization and racism from a micro-level perspective, it is important to not lose sight of the mutually sustaining relationship between the shared meaning making processes that unfold in everyday life and the big, broad structures that shape and reinforce those meanings. This is particularly true when thinking about theories of how the newest members of a society, through an interpretive process, come to understand the concept of race. Understanding how children learn about race requires taking into account how this learning process is shaped by both micro-level meaning making and macro-level structures. And this is a key theoretical principle of symbolic interactionism. The chapter then explores how race as a concept develops for young people through processes of social interaction within particular contexts.
The End of the Ottoman Empire and the Emergence of Nation-States
Authors: Anscombe Frederick F.
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the end of the Ottoman Empire, looking at three case studies which illustrate the pattern of change seen in the transition from the Ottoman Empire to nation-states. Greece, the first Ottoman territory to gain independence (1830), set precedents in establishing government by non-natives, introducing religious and legal institutions based on European models and working single-mindedly to instill national identity in its population. Almost a century later, King Faysal I (r. 1921–1933) of Iraq followed a similar path, albeit under British direction. The Republic of Turkey was founded in 1922 and offered a slight variation on the pattern in that it built on selected legacies from the late Ottoman Empire. It was the only post-Ottoman country founded primarily by internal effort rather than by European intervention, and the national identity it worked to entrench in the population drew upon the political ideas of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which had dominated Ottoman government from 1908 to 1918. Despite that continuity, the republican government pursued the agenda of tearing down Ottoman institutions and rebuilding state and society as national projects. Such nation-building ultimately succeeded, producing its own instabilities; in new post-Ottoman countries, such as Greece, Iraq, and Turkey, social and political re-engineering aroused resistance within the population.
Maritime Coastal and Island Societies of Australia and New Guinea
Authors: Rowland Michael , Shaw Ben , Ulm Sean
Published: April 2021

Coasts, islands, and marine resources played a central role in the dispersal of people into and across Sahul (the combined landmass of New Guinea and Australia). This vast area spans tropical and temperate latitudes, with changes in the abundance and distribution of coastal resources having greatly influenced how people used these landscapes. Little is known of early coastal and island occupation in the millennia after colonisation because sites of this antiquity are now under water, and most islands formed in the Holocene following the postglacial rise in sea level. Current evidence indicates that small, mobile populations harvested nearshore shellfish and fish by 44–42 ka, with long-distance sea voyaging and interisland trade apparent by 25–20 ka. Increasingly intensive coast and island use is evident by the Mid-Holocene, with specialised maritime economies emerging in tropical latitudes throughout the Late Holocene. Although large gaps remain in our understanding of coastally oriented lifeways, multidisciplinary studies are increasingly challenging global paradigms about the antiquity and importance of marine resources on human cultural development.
Aesthetic Experience, Social Interfaces, and the Phenomenology of Music
Authors: Savage Roger W. H.
Published: April 2021

The distinction that John Blacking draws between music that serves a social purpose and music that he regards as enhancing human consciousness calls for a further consideration of how the experiences that music affords are the source of its meaning and significance. Drawing on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s phenomenological analysis of play, the author sets out a hermeneutical approach that accounts for music’s expressive vehemence. Paul Ricoeur’s theory of mimesis provides a hermeneutical foundation for understanding how music’s expression of moods and feelings gives rise to different ways of inhering in the world. Music’s exemplification of the moods and feelings to which it gives voice, the author accordingly argues, is the spring of its worlding power. Conversely, Thomas Turino’s adaptation of Peirce’s semiology both draws on and supports ethnographic descriptions of emotive, musical behaviors. In turn, these descriptions presuppose the meaningfulness of the experiences that music occasions. Blacking’s insight into the primary significance of what he identifies as “music for being” thus reserves a place within ethnomusicological discourse for a phenomenological hermeneutics for which music’s worlding power is the ground of the interfaces between music’s expressive force and its place in social life.
Human Resource Management in the Not-for-Profit Sector
Authors: Parry Emma , Kelliher Clare
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines human resource management (HRM) in organizations in the not-for-profit sector. It examines the use of HRM practices relating to recruitment, selection, training, reward, performance management, communication, and diversity in not-for profit organizations, drawing on data collected via the Cranet survey. In the light of ongoing debate about how the not-for-profit sector differs from, or is similar to, the public and private sectors, we compare the findings across sectors. Furthermore, in line with commentary about the increasing importance of HRM in this sector, we compare the data collected in 2014/15 with the findings from the 2009/10 survey. We show that many of the HRM practices used in the not-for-profit sector are similar to those used in the public and private sectors, making it difficult to identify a unique not-for-profit approach to HRM. However, we also suggest that some elements of the commonly cited values-based approach to HRM remain.
Human Resource Management in the Germanic Context
Authors: Krebs Benjamin P. , Wach Bernhard A. , Wehner Marius C. , Reichel Astrid , Mayrhofer Wolfgang , Sender Anna , Staffelbach Bruno , Ligthart Paul
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines how cultural and institutional differences within Germanic Europe shape cross-national variation in the approaches of firms to strategic integration of human resource management (HRM) and developmental HRM practices. Despite some cultural and institutional similarities, a comparison of societal cultural practices and institutional approaches reveals meaningful dissimilarities within the Germanic Europe cluster. Using data from the Cranet surveys 2004/5, 2009/10, and 2014/15, this chapter shows that the institutional and, to a lesser extent, cultural differences within the Germanic Europe cluster mirror the degree to which HRM is strategically integrated. In contrast, the study found many more similarities among the Germanic cluster countries and a high level of professionalization concerning developmental HRM practices. The findings indicate that cross-national differences in the strategic integration of HRM and developmental HRM practices are partially time-invariant, resulting from persistent differences in the institutional environment. The present study therefore contributes to the literature on the diffusion and adoption of HRM policies and practices from a comparative perspective.
Wayne McGregor
Authors: Butterworth Jo , McGregor Wayne
Published: April 2021

In 2006, contemporary choreographer Wayne McGregor made Chroma for The Royal Ballet and was subsequently invited to become resident choreographer of the Royal Opera House in London. His work was described variously as hyperactive, hyperextended, minimalist, and highly inventive. This chapter traces the choices of intent, methods, and processes of creation of three works for The Royal Ballet, through McGregor’s own observations and perceptions, and by interrogating those of his artistic collaborators and critics, whose critical responses signal a wide range of perceptions initiated by his aesthetic. How can his works be seen to dismantle traditional balletic constructs, avoiding the linear perspective, making the art form relevant to contemporary society? Frameworks for investigation are provided through in-depth interviews with Wayne McGregor, referencing the writings of Roslyn Sulcas, Erika Fischer-Lichte, and Freya Vass-Rhee.
Reclaiming the Studio
Authors: Gaiser Casey Carrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter follows contemporary choreographers Cathy Marston and Annabelle Lopez Ochoa as they create their ballets Snowblind and Guernica, respectively, for San Francisco Ballet’s 2018 “Unbound: A Festival of New Works.” The work discusses the choreographic processes of each woman and how these modes of movement generation impact aesthetic product. In particular, the chapter reflects on the relational dynamics of the studio space and how such dynamics intersect with the work being created. In light of the attention drawn to the gender imbalance in the field of ballet choreography, the chapter considers the challenges and opportunities for women choreographing ballets today.
Inside Enemy
Authors: McManus Thomas
Published: April 2021

The first part of this chapter was initially published in German in 2004. It offers a firsthand look into what it is like to be onstage and inside the mind of a dancer as he propels himself through a furious solo choreographed by William Forsythe for the contemporary ballet Enemy in the Figure. The second part explains the parameters of improvisation which Forsythe and his ballet practitioners in Frankfurt experimented in the time leading up to the creation of Enemy. It shows how those experiments led them to rethink, and partially deconstruct, their daily practice of ballet training. The chapter, offering quotes from interviews with Forsythe as well as from previously published articles about this ballet, explains why Enemy in the Figure continues to be one of the most celebrated and performed ballets in the entire Forsythe repertory.
Amy Seiwert
Authors: Murphy Ann
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes the career of Amy Seiwert, a Bay Area choreographer who, over a period twenty years, moved from neoclassical ballerina to full-time contemporary ballet choreographer with a desire to reformulate the classical dance lexicon. Her goal was to create dances, as well as dance practices, that could maintain the beauty of the classical language while reflecting and commenting on the realities of contemporary life. Thanks to the experimental dance scene in San Francisco, California, she eagerly exposed herself to the many choreographic tools long familiar in contemporary and postmodern dance. These included improvisation, scoring, movement games, and aleatory processes, all of which are organized forms of play. Play, and the agency and daring it requires, brought forth new, imaginative embodiments of movement problems and strategies for Seiwert; through them she has been able to address pressing social and existential questions and prove contemporary ballet’s relevance to the twenty-first century.
William Forsythe
Authors: Nugent Ann
Published: April 2021

William Forsythe questions the nature of dance and ways of thinking about choreography. Searching to bring ballet’s past into a new, and sometimes strange, present, he scrutinizes classically ordered systems. He initiates processes of deconstruction that enable the body to move into multiple kinespheres, linking his findings to improvisation strategies that change the bodily architecture. Thus distinctions blur between the dance’s outer appearance and the dancers’ inner awareness. In this chapter, Forsythe’s direction of the Ballett Frankfurt, and before that as a choreographer with the Stuttgart Ballet, is explored. The concept of the Forsythescape is introduced as a metaphor for a choreographic landscape that draws on different styles, identities, and social/cultural approaches. Focus turns to Artifact and Eidos:Telos, two long works of labyrinthine complexity. They change entrenched habits of looking at dance—and help to explain why the American Forsythe is renowned across the globe.
Jean-Christophe Maillot
Authors: Cappelle Laura
Published: April 2021

Jean-Christophe Maillot is one of the few French choreographers to have achieved international recognition in the field of contemporary ballet in recent years. This chapter explores his fraught early development as a classically trained artist in the midst of a contemporary dance boom in France and his subsequent career at the helm of Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo. There, he found the practical support and creative freedom to build a large repertoire, both narrative and abstract, from 1993 onward. Finally, Maillot’s process and style are explored through a case study: The Taming of the Shrew, a ballet he created for Moscow’s Bolshoi Ballet in 2014. On the basis of studio-based sociological observations and interviews conducted during the rehearsals, this creation is envisioned as an example of the hybrid nature of new works in ballet today and the influence of the environment in which they are made.
William Forsythe
Authors: Foster Susan Leigh
Published: April 2021

This chapter situates the work of William Forsythe in relation to ballet as an institutionalized practice, examining the various ways that he both implemented and challenged basic tenets of the form. The chapter argues that as director of the Frankfurt Ballet, Forsythe slowly transformed the company from a machinery for the production of spectacle into a collective of choreographers who consistently reflected on their own processes of dancemaking. In devising entirely new vocabularies of ballet movement, reorienting the aesthetic goals of ballet performance, and reorganizing the functional operations of the ballet company, he profoundly changed ballet’s meaning and purpose and fundamentally intervened in its history.
Shapeshifters and Colombe’s Folds
Authors: Tomić-Vajagić Tamara
Published: April 2021

The collaboration between William Forsythe and Issey Miyake in Ballett Frankfurt’s The Loss of Small Detail (1991) includes the Colombe dress, used in the finale of the first act, “the second detail.” If seen as a parallel choreographic object in Forsythe’s work, Miyake’s Colombe as “one piece of cloth” concept suggests the fold (Deleuze, 1993) as a potent epistemological principle that unites various versions of the work. Used in the solo dance that bridges two acts, the Colombe dress via the figure of fold visually hints at Forsythe’s choreographic gestures that open out balletic épaulement through “disfocus.” When Miyake’s and Forsythe’s topological gestures are juxtaposed, their discrete works reveal analogous shapeshifting that promotes multidirectional links between ballet and fashion as artistic forms that use historical and cultural frictions to fold into contemporaneity.
Dance Theatre of Harlem
Authors: Wideman-Davis Tanya
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the women of the Dance Theatre of Harlem company and the radical acts of resistance they executed to subvert ballet’s dominant white normative culture: from the debated act of women wearing flesh-tone tights and pointe shoes, to joining the picket line in the country’s first strike by unionized dancers, negotiating gender-based, color-biased casting, and women performing ballet in natural hairstyles as an act of defining black female agency. The chapter illuminates how the black ballerinas of Dance Theatre of Harlem existed within the American social structure of white racist values against black female bodies performing ballet and the radical acts that emerged.
“Ballet” is a Dirty Word
Authors: Rochelle Henrique
Published: April 2021

Professional dancing in São Paulo, Brazil, developed from the 1950s on, with a constant and strong influence from modern dance. As modernism looked disapprovingly at ballet, seeing it as something from the past, prejudice grew in the city toward the form. Directors and choreographers of dance companies currently speak about ballet and contemporary ballet as something that is done, but always by others, never themselves. Even the word “ballet” is avoided, since it seems to diminish the works being discussed, as it became something strictly associated with dance training, and not professional dance. This chapter investigates the roots of ballet in São Paulo, discussing both its origins and the origins of its rejection, while pointing to the recent indications of its newfound public interest.
Long-Term Non-anthropocentric Ethics
Authors: Nolt John
Published: April 2021

Homo sapiens is Earth’s most intelligent species—and its most destructive. This intelligence has wrought wonders, but among them are astounding feats of arrogance, acquisitiveness, denial, and self-deception. Much harm has already been done. Current trajectories of growth in population and consumption insure the inevitability of more. Yet the inevitability of great harm does not justify acquiescence to greater harm. Cultivation and practice of a broad and objective ethic could help to counter these tendencies. Ethics can be expanded in at least two ways: (1) spatiotemporally, across the planet and into the distant future (long-term ethics) and (2) beyond the human species (non-anthropocentric ethics). This chapter concerns the union of the two.
Justice Between Coexisting Generations
Authors: Bidadanure Juliana
Published: April 2021

The field of intergenerational ethics has been largely centered on the question of what we owe those who are temporally distant. This interest was prompted by the growing awareness that many natural resources were nonrenewable and that future generations risked being disadvantaged or harmed in a variety of central respects. This understandable emphasis on temporal distance should, however, not lead one to disregard matters of justice between contemporary generations (between baby boomers and millennials, for instance) as straightforward or uninteresting. Inequalities between young and old crystallize significant and complex political and economic tensions in the sphere of employment, pensions, healthcare, housing, and political representation. This chapter introduces and responds to significant philosophical puzzles about the fair distribution of resources between individuals at different stages of their lives. The author provides a conceptual framework to approach matters of both age group and birth cohort justice and looks at how one of the chief values of distributive justice—equality—plays out in the field of justice between coexisting generations.
Accountability Courts and Diversion Programs
Authors: Shomade Salmon
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on prosecutors’ roles in accountability courts and diversion programs, details their participation in creating these specialized courts and programs, explains their gate-keeping responsibilities, and discusses ethical rules raised by their participation. Specifically, the chapter describes drug courts and veterans courts, which are two of the most prominent specialized courts. Using these two specialized courts as representatives of other similarly situated courts, the chapter explains the history behind the creation of these courts, their structures, operations, and their specific goals of addressing the underlying causes of criminal defendants’ criminal behaviors. In the United States specialized court settings, the prosecutor, rather than being adversarial, tends to be collaborative with other court practitioners. In non-U.S. specialized courts, the prosecutors’ roles are not that significantly different from those of their U.S. counterparts. With ongoing efforts on reforming the U.S. criminal justice system, especially as it concerns issues addressed by specialty courts, U.S. prosecutors are likely to continue their support of these courts.