bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association analysis among morphological and physiological traits of grain yield in wheat and meteorological parameters
Authors: SHWETA AHLAWAT  , ASHOK K. CHHABRA  , R.K.BEHL  , O. P. BISHNOI  , S. S. BISHT  , SAGARI BARAL  , M. L. KHICHAR
Published: April 2022

In order to identify potential traits determining yield under terminal heat stress during grain filling stages, correlation and path coefficients analyses were conducted to study character associations among 25 morphological and physiological traits in a set of genetically divergent 36 bread wheat genotypes under normal and late sown conditions. Grain yield depicted positive association with grain weight (GW), grains/spike (G/S), biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI) under normal (NS) and late sown (LS) conditions, GGR-3 (grain growth rate at 28 days after anthesis) in LS and negative association with DM (days to maturity) , HU (heat units) and PTU (photothermal unit) in NS and with ChA-1(CHB “a” at anthesis), CHB “a”-1 (total CHB at anthesis) and CHB “a”-2 (total CHB at 28 days after anthesis) in LS. Path coefficient analysis revealed that out of eight characters significantly related to yield under normal sown conditions, PTU, harvest index, biological yield and grains per spike directly affected the grain yield in positive direction. On the basis of strong association with yield and marked direct influence on yield, the numbers of grains are considered to be first order yield components and ought to have top priority in selection under normal sown conditions. Under late sown conditions BY, harvest index (HI), CHB “a”-1 and grain weight had direct positive effect but the grains per spike exhibited negative direct effect despite of the fact that it possessed a positive significant correlation with grain yield. Based on results, it is suggested that high numbers of grains and high grain weight should be given priority for selection of high yielding genotypes in NS and LS, respectively.
Surface energy fluxes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated ecosystem
Authors: JOYDEEP MUKHERJEE  , S.K. BAL  , GURJOT SINGH  , B.K. BHATTACHARYA  , HARPREET SINGH  , PRABHJYOT KAUR
Published: April 2022

The surface energy fluxes were measured over irrigated wheat during winter season. 2008-09 and 2009-10 sown on first week of November. Study revealed that the net radiation flux (Rn) varied from 420 to 693 was during 2008-09 and 328 to 926 W m-2 during 2009-10 in different growth stages. The soil heat flux was higher during initial and senescence growth stages (13 to 15 % of net radiations) as compared to peak crop growth stages (6 to 9 % of net radiations). The latent heat flux showed apparent correspondence with the growth which varied from 247 to 387 W m-2 during 2008-09 and 209 to 569 W m-2 during 2009-10 in different growth stages. Study revealed that LAI was positively related with intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR).
Canopy reflectance spectra of wheat as related to crop yield, grain protein under different management practices
Authors: S. PRADHAN  , K.K. BANDYOPADHYAY  , D. K. JOSHI
Published: April 2022

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2010-2011 in a sandy loam soil at the Research Farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to study the relationship of canopy reflectance with the yield and protein content of wheat as infuenced by different irrigation and nitrogen levels. Three spectral reflectance indices (SRI) related to canopy photosynthetic area were calculated using spectral reflectance values viz., Red normalized difference vegetation index (RNDVI), Green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and Simple ratio (SR). The RNDVI, GNDVI and SR increased from Crown Root Initiation (CRI) to booting stage and there after decreased progressively till maturity. Among the three SRIs, GNDVI at milking stage was most closely related to grain yield (r=0.97**) and biomass yield (r= 0.93**) of wheat and at booting stage it was most closely related to the protein content (r=0.90**). The GNDVI was the best index for prediction of grain yield, biomass yield and grain protein percentage in wheat.
Trends in climate variability over Himachal Pradesh
Authors: RANBIR SINGH RANA  , R. M. BHAGAT  , MAN MOHAN SINGH  , VAIBHAV KALIA  , SHARDA SINGH  , RAJENDER PRASAD
Published: April 2022

The study indicates warming signals in all the study sites except Shimla during 1969 to 87. The study indicated of higher than average signals of warming in Himachal Pradesh upland than lowland regions viz. Fatehpur and Palam Valley in recent decades. The data analyzed in terms of day and night temperature indicated that the warming was predominantly due to an increase in maximum temperature. The annual rainfall in all the regions experienced decreasing trends. The rainfall during rabi season found to be increased by 1.0 to 7.44 mm y-1in the regions receiving snowfall during winter months.. The Palam and Kullu valley experienced decreasing trends in evaporation whereas relative humidity showed increasing trends at all elevations.
Climatic trends in Gujarat and its likely impact on different crops
Authors: M. M. LUNAGARIA  , VYAS PANDEY  , H. R. PATEL
Published: April 2022

Maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall of Anand, Junagadh, Mahuva, Navsari and SK Nagar stations of Gujarat were analyzed on seasonal (winter, summer, monsoon and postmonsoon) and annual time scales using long period data. Linear regression/least squares time series slope (parameteric) and Theil-Sen slope (non-parameteric) were used to investigate the trends of climate va riability. Parametric and non-parametric trend analysis showed fair agreement in result except some cases where the non-parametric approach revealed very high magnitude in slope. During winter season minimum temperature is increasing and maximum temperature is decreasing at Junagadh. At Mahuva minimum temperature is decreasing and maximum temperature is increasing during summer. Only Anand station showed statistically significant increasing annual trend for minimum and maximum temperatures. There was no significant trend for any temperature time series of SK Nagar station. The rainfall of Saurashtra region (Junagadh and Mahuva) showed increasing trend. The impact of increasing temperature on different crops was found negative while decreasing temperature was found positive in most of crop studied.
Micrometeorological dynamics within mustard (Brassica juncea) crop canopy under semi-arid conditions of northern India
Authors: TARUN ADAK  , GOPAL KUMAR  , BHASKAR NARJARY  , N.V.K. CHAKRAVARTY
Published: April 2022

Field experiments were conducted for two years (2005-06 and 2006-07) at IARI, New Delhi, India research farm to assess the variations of micrometeorological parameters under differential hydrothermal regimes in mustard crop. Changes in sowing time and branch removal/defoliation treatments were imposed in order to create variations in hydrothermal regimes under phenology based irrigation scheduling. It was inferred that near-ground surfaces in the debranched plot where microenvironment was modified, air temperatures were higher (2 to 3 0C) as compared to control plots, decreased at 35 cm and remained almost similar with further increase in height at 1130 hrs while at 1430 hrs the magnitude of temperature variations was relatively higher. In contrast to air temperature, the relative humidity in debranched plot was less than that of the control plot. At near-ground, even at higher canopy height about 10% higher RH variations were observed in control plot as compared to debranched plot both in morning and afternoon hours. Furthermore, leaf area index could explain variations in temperature and RH to the tune of 40-50%. Radiation penetration and soil moisture depletion pattern also indicated significant impact of microclimatic variations near the ground.
Incidence of Insect Pest Damage in Rice Crop in Relation to Meteorological Parameters in Punjab – A Plant Clinic Data Based Case Study
Authors: SUBASH SINGH  , PRABHJYOT KAUR  , VIJAY KUMAR  , HARPREET SINGH
Published: April 2022

The data incidence of insect pest of rice crop received at Plant Clinic, PAU Ludhiana during 2000-2009 were used to a study to analyse the effect of various meteorological parameters. Under Punjab conditions, maximum number (percent) of insect pest damage samples received at Plant Clinic were for plant hopper (44%) followed by leaf folder (30%) and stem borer (29%). The weather conditions conducive for the build up of rice pest population were cloudy weather coupled with a well distributed rainfall received in more number of rainy days during the crop season. Such conditions were observed during the high pest infestation years (pest samples >200) a well distributed (more number of rainy days) near or above normal rainfall was received during June to October, The climatic normals alongwith the interaction of rice crop, weather and insect population dynamics and these can be used as a tool for preparation of weather based agro-advisory.
Impact of weather variables on yield and yield attributes in Okra under different growing environments
Authors: S. K. DHANKHAR  , D. P. DESWAL  , SURENDER SINGH
Published: April 2022

Okra variety Hisar Unnat was sown on eight different dates during March to July of 2008 and 2009. Results revealed that high seed yield was obtained in okra sown on 15th June, 25th June and 5th July Seeds per fruit, test weight and standard germination were also found superior during this period. Average relative humidity had significantly positive correlation with seed yield (r=0.76), number of seeds per fruit (r=0.72), test weight (r=0.79) and standard germination (r=0.79). Maximum, minimum and mean temperatures and evaporation expressed significantly negative association with above parameters. High seed yield of okra can be harvested, when maximum, minimum, and mean temperature remains around 33.5-36oC, 19.5-24oC, and 26.9-30oC, respectively with average relative humidity 65-75% and 4.1 -5.7 mm evaporation. Seed yield prediction would be more reliable when temperature, relative humidity and evaporation were taken together instead of individual weather variable in regression equation.
Influence of weather parameters on incidence of yellow vein mosaic virus in okra
Authors: S. K. DHANKHAR  , P. K. CHOHAN  , SURENDER SINGH
Published: April 2022

Investigation was undertaken to find out influence of different weather parameters on incidence of YVMV disease in okra. Twelve okra genotypes were sown in randomized block design with three replications accommodating sixty plants of each genotype during rainy season of years 2007, 2008 and 2009. Incidence of YVMV disease was recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing in each genotype. Pooled data on per cent incidence of YVMV was subjected to correlation and regression analysis. Per cent incidence of YVMV disease was higher in 90 days old crop followed by 60 and 30 days old crops. Bright sunshine hours showed significantly positive association (r = 0.94**) and minimum temperature showed significantly negative correlation (r=-0.89**) with YVMV disease incidence. Morning relative humidity expressed positive correlation (r = 0.14) whereas, evening relative humidity expressed negative correlation (r = -0.61) with the disease incidence. All weather parameter except minimum temperature (78%) and bright sunshine hours (84%) expressed poor potential (below 2.0%) for the spread of the disease. However, when these parameters were taken together in the form of multiple regression equation, prediction potential was improved to the tune of 98%. Thus, most of the weather parameter in combination influenced the incidence of this disease. However, bright sunshine hours (9.0 ± 0.5 hrs) coupled with low night temperature (21.5 ± 20C) played important role for the spread of YVMV disease in okra.
Predictive model for mustard aphid infestation for eastern plains of Rajasthan
Authors: B. BAPUJI RAO  , A. P. RAMARAJ  , C. CHATTOPADHYAY  , Y. G. PRASAD  , V.U.M. RAO
Published: April 2022

An attempt has been made here to predict the appearance and development of aphids on mustard crop using data collected from a field experiment conducted during rabi seasons of 2001-2005 with c.v. Varuna and 10 dates of sowing. Minimum temperature and maximum temperature showed significant negative correlation whereas morning RH and rainfall showed positive correlation with aphid population. The afternoon relative humidity did not show any association with aphids. Aphid population build up, decline and thermal time were found to be non-linearly related. Functional relations with different lead periods involving maximum, minimum and mean temperatures were developed which may be utilized in the development of DSS for eastern plains of Rajasthan.
Growth and yield prediction of wheat in relation to agroclimatic indices under irrigated and rainfed condition
Authors: MAHENDER SINGH  , M. K. KHUSHU
Published: April 2022

Field experiments were conducted during rabi season of 2005-06 and 2006-07 in irrigated as well as rainfed conditions under subtropical condition of Jammu with three cultivars (PBW-343, RSP-81 and Raj-3765) of wheat sown on normal dates of sowing with four replications. The different agroclimatic indices were derived at different phenophases. The results revealed that crop experienced 1670 oC day, 19584oC day hours and 10371oC day hours accumulated growing degree days (GDD), cumulative photothermal (PTU) and heliothermal units (HTU), respectively for attaining the maturity under irrigated conditions. The variety PBW 343 took higher thermal time (1602oC days) as compared to Raj 3765 (1576 oC days) and RSP81 (1574 oC days) for attaining physiological maturity. Maximum heat use efficiency (HUE) by variety PBW343 (5.87 kgha-1 oC days) was found under irrigated situation as compared to other cultivars. GDD was found best indices for prediction of phenology followed by PTU, HTU.
Validation of degree day based forewarning model of mustard aphid in Bundelkhand agro-climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh
Authors: A. K. SRIVASTAVA  , R. K. PRAJAPATI
Published: April 2022

To validate the temperature based aphid forewarning model of Chakravarty and Gautam (2002), data on aphid population were collected from mustard crop grown on farmer’s field during two rabi seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 in Tikamgarh district of Bundelkhand Agro-climatic zone. The growing degree day (GDD) was calculated from 1st to 25th January in both the seasons. It was observed that GDD accumulation from 1st to 15th January in both the seasons has capability to forewarn the peak aphid population in Bundelkhand Agro-climatic zone. The correlation coefficients between maximum, minimum and mean temperature and aphid population were found to be marginally higher in case of late sown conditions. The rainfall affected aphid population but it was not significantly related with aphid population.
Long term trends in rainfall and its probability for crop planning in two districts of Bundelkhand region
Authors: SUCHIT K. RAI  , PRADEEP BEHARI  , SATYAPRIYA  , A. K. RAI  , R. K. AGRAWAL
Published: April 2022

Annual and weekly rainfall data for the period of 69 years (1942-2008) of Datia and (1939-2007) of Jalaun districts of Bundelkhand region were analyzed. The overall mean annual rainfall was 778.8 mm with 27.3% variability for Jalaun and 831.8 mm with 30.3 % variability for Datia region. Mann-Kendall rank statistics and Gaussian low pass filter revealed the long-term a decreasing trend in total amount of annual rainfall at Jalaun. However, in past 13 years (1996 to 2008), both regions exhibited significant decreasing trend in total amount of annual rainfall. At Datia, the probability more than 10 mm during 26th (25 June-1 July) and 27th (2-7, July) standard meteorological week (SMW) suggested to initiate field preparation operation for Kharif crop and sowing in subsequent week due to assured probability (70%) of more than 20 mm rainfall. The 27th and 28th (8-15, July) SMW is also an ideal time for the crop fertilization. Overall expected rainfall for getting more than 20 mm rainfall at 60% probability level is for 10 weeks at Datia suggesting that short duration varieties of various crops can be ideal in the region. At Jalaun, the trend analysis showed that field operation may be a week delay than Datia due to late onset on monsoon. Therefore, the ideal combination of crops of the regions may be sorghum for the grain purpose intercropped with cowpea for the fodder purpose as livestock is an integral part of rainfed rural economy.
Comparison of different models for estimation of net primary productivity in India
Authors: G. PRANUTHI  , SUNIL KUMAR DUBEY  , S. K. TRIPATHI
Published: April 2022

Net primary productivity (NPP) and biomass production potential were estimated for 167 stations of India by different models using weather parameters downloaded from CLIMWAT database of FAO. Moisture adequacy index (MAI) as suggested by Hargreaves was calculated. Chikugo model (NPPch), Miami models (NPPmp) and (NPPmt); Thornthwaite (NPPth) and Waginengen, (BIOwag) models were selected for estimating NPP. Correlation and best fit regression equations between MAI and NPP values showed positive relation with Chikugo (NPPch) and Miami based on precipitation (NPPmp) models but negative relation with others. Negative relations of MAI and NPP are not natural therefore the suitability of those models was rejected. The correlation coefficient with MAI to NPPch & NPPmp was 0.76 and 0.71 respectively. Chikugo model (NPPch) was found to be more sensible than Miami model because it estimated NPP in a broader range. The best fit equation developed using NPPch and MAI values showed a logarithmic relation (NPPcheq = 32.6 ln (MAI) + 33.13, R2 = 0.788) confirming that the net primary productivity by Chikugo model can also be estimated for the country using this as an alternative equation.
Estimation of minimum and maximum air temperature using MODIS data over Gujarat
Authors: D. B. SHAH  , M. R. PANDYA  , H. J. TRIVEDI  , A. R. JANI
Published: April 2022

Minimum and maximum air temperatures are important input parameters for meteorological and agricultural models. Generally minimum and maximum air temperatures are measured at weather stations on the ground. However these measurements are not available with enough spatial density which makes it difficult to be used in real-time applications. Compensation of this lack of information can be achieved by satellite-based methods. The present study investigates the potential of deriving the spatial distribution of minimum and maximum air temperatures with the help of land surface temperature (Ts) and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) products from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor and air temperature (Ta) data from automatic weather stations (AWS) over Gujarat region of India. The minimum Ta was successfully retrieved through a regression analysis between night time MODIS Ts and AWS measured minimum Ta over all stations, since the minimum Ta is stronglyassociated with night time Ts. While, the maximum Ta was retrieved using a method, namely, temperature vegetation index (TVX) approach based on the linear relationship between Ts and NDVI data. Results showed that MODIS estimated minimum Ta were in good agreement with the measured values by mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.49 0C and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.95 0C. While, maximum Ta retrieved through TVX approach showed a good retrieval accuracy with a MAE of 1.96 0C and RMSE of2.46 0C.
Climate suitability evaluation for Poplar in Uttarakhand using GIS application
Authors: HARSH VARDHAN PURANIK  , A. S. NAIN  , N.S. MURTY  , RENU PANWAR
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of climate for poplar in Uttarakhand. The study area located between latitude 28º43’N and 31º27’N and longitude 77º34’E and 81º02’E. and covers approximately 53,485 sq km. The identified theme layers include temperature (maximum, minimum and average temperature), precipitation and soil properties. Those thematic layers with their associated attribute data were encoded in GIS database. Overlay operation was performed on those layers as the suitability model assigned. The model was a result of the crop requirement analysis. Models were applied to the overlay process and to formulate the suitability classes. The result indicated that 41.8%, 26.4%, 10.7%, 1.6% and 19.5% area of the total geographical area of the state, the most suitable, suitable, moderate suitable and less suitable, respectively for poplar plantation. On the basis of the results, it can be recommended that poplar can be grown on the larger area of Uttarakhand state, especially the wastelands can be utilized for cultivation of poplar which will not only be beneficial for socio-economic point of view but also sequester the carbon from the atmosphere.
Determination of crop coefficients and optimum irrigation schedules for bidi tobacco and pearl millet crops in central Gujarat
Authors: B. KRISHNA RAO  , GOPAL KUMAR  , R. S. KUROTHE  , VYAS PANDEY  , P. K. MISHRA  , A. K. VISHWAKARMA  , M. J. BARAIYA
Published: April 2022

An attempt was made to determine the rate of ETc and crop coefficients during various growth stages of bidi tobacco and pearl millet crops in central Gujarat by water balance approach. From the crop coefficients and meteorological data, optimum irrigation schedules with furrow and drip irrigations were developed. The duration of various growth stages of bidi tobacco crop identified as 30, 40, 50, 30 days for initial, development, mid season and late season respectively. The crop coefficients for these periods Kc initial, Kc mid, Kc end were found to be 0.42, 0.85 and 0.44 all in respective order. Similarly for the pearl millet crop identified as 15, 25, 30, 15 days for initial, establishment, maturity and late season respectively. The crop coefficients for these periods Kc initial, Kc mid, Kc end were found to be 0.33, 0.73 and 0.42 respectively. The identified duration of crop growth stages and respective derived crop coefficients for various growth stages of bidi tobacco and pearl millet crops will be useful to estimate crop water requirements and further developing optimum irrigation schedules for achieving higher water productivity.
Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of hybrid napier + berseem intercropping system under organic and inorganic nutrition
Authors: J. B. SINGH  , PRADEEP BEHARI  , R. K. AGRAWAL  , SUNIL KUMAR
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2009 and 2010 to assess the crop evapotranspiration of hybrid napier+berseem intercropping system using four weighing lysimeters under organic and inorganic nutrition. The estimated water use efficiency of the system shows that the maximum water use efficiency coincides with the second cutting and it was higher in case of organic as compared to inorganic nutrition. Cut wise water use efficiency of the intercropping system as a function of evapotranspiration under both situations showed a significant (P < 0.05) negative linear relationship. The crop coefficient value at each cutting interval has crossed the unit value (>1) and the highest value coincides with the first cutting in organic as well as inorganic situation.
Agrometeorological indices of white clover (Trifolium repens) in western Himalayas
Authors: RAKESH KUMAR  , MUNISH KAUNDAL  , S. K. VATS  , SANJAY KUMAR
Published: April 2022

Field experiments were conducted during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 to study the growth performance of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) under different temperature regimes over the crop growth period. The agroclimatic indices for temperature viz., growing degree days (GDD), heliothermal units (HTU) and photothermal units (PTU) were computed for different phenological stages of the crop. Changes in weather parameters concomitant to different sowing time caused significant variation in the performance of the crop. The results indicated that the early sown crop had longer crop span (205 days) than the late sown (142 days). From emergence to seed maturity, white clover accumulated GDD of 2314±72 °C days, HTU of 17791±409 °C days hour and PTU of 29412±742 °C days hour, respectively. Positive correlations were found between fresh leaf weight, fresh stem weight and fresh root weight for GDD, HTU and PTU.
Thermal time requirement and energy use efficiency for single cross hybrid maize in south Telangana agro climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: P. LEELA RANI  , G. SREENIVAS  , D. RAJI REDDY
Published: April 2022

Field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 at Agricultural Research Institute, A.N.G.R. Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to study heat and radiation use efficiency of maize crop. The experiment was in four dates of sowing (7 July, 21 July, 6 August and 22 August in 2009 and 18 June, 02 July, 17 July and 02 August in 2010) with recommended dose of fertilizer (200kg ha-1). Results revealed that the mean AGDD, AHTU and APTU were 1740+29, 9025+1477 and 21155+812, respectively from emergence to physiological maturity. Crop took 110+4 calender days from emergence to physiological maturity. Progressive delay in sowing caused a decrease in AGDD i.e., 1754 to 1717 in 2009 and 1788 to 1746 in 2010. Higher heat use efficiency of 8.44 and 8.42kg oC day-1 for biomass and 4.93 and 4.68 kg oC day-1 for grain and radiation use efficiency of 7.99 and 8.19 kg MJ-1 for biomass and for grain 4.55 and 4.57 kg MJ-1were obtained in crop sown on 21 July in 2009 and 18 June in 2010 respectively.
Accumulated heat unit requirement and yield of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under different crop growing environment in central Punjab
Authors: HARI RAM  , GURJOT SINGH  , G. S. MAVI  , V. S. SOHU
Published: April 2022

Field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 to study the phenology, accumulation of growing degree days (GDD), helio-thermal unit (HTU), photo-thermal unit (PTU), pheno-thermal index (PTI) and performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties grown under different sowing dates. The crop sown on October 25 took maximum calendar days, growing degree days, photo-thermal unit and helio-thermal unit for 75% earing and maturity which got reduced significantly with subsequent delay in sowing time. The grain yield recorded in October 25 was statistically at par with November 5. The significant reduction in grain yield of timely sown varieties was recorded when sowing was delayed beyond November 15. Among the varieties ‘PBW 621’ recorded the highest grain yield which was statistically on par with ‘PBW 550’. The timely sown wheat varieties like ‘PBW 621’, ‘PBW 343’, ‘DBW 17’ and ‘WH 542’ took highest calendar days, GDD, HTU, PTU and PTI for earing and maturity. However, in medium duration varieties like ‘PBW 550’ the significant reduction was noticed when sowing was delayed beyond November 25. The variety ‘PBW 550" recorded the highest grain yield at November 15 sowing as compared to all other sowing dates.
Validation of CROPGRO-peanut model in middle Gujarat agroclimatic region
Authors: P. M. GULED  , A.M. SHEKH  , H. R. PATEL  , VYAS PANDEY  , G. G. PATEL
Published: April 2022

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the CROPGRO-Peanut model for phenological and yield attributes of three groundnut cultivars V1-M 335 (Virginia spreading type), V2-GG 20 (Virginia semi-spreading type) and V3-GG 5 (Spanish bunch type) sown under three environments. Model output showed that the simulated values of phenology, growth parameters and pod yield of the groundnut cultivars were close to the corresponding observed values.
Effect of weather parameters on the incidence of stripe rust in Punjab
Authors: K. K. GILL  , INDU SHARMA  , M. M. JINDAL
Published: April 2022

To identify the meteorological factors which favour the development of stripe rust disease in wheat correlation and regression analysis was carried out by using 7 years (2004-11) data. In order to evaluate the reasons for the same an effort has been made to short list the weather parameters responsible for this wide variation in the occurrence of the disease. The maximum temperature for 48th and 49thstandard meteorological weeks (SMW) were positively correlated while sunshine duration for 49th to 50th SMWs were negatively related. On the other hand, minimum temperature, rainfall and RH during 2nd and 3rd SMWs were positively corelated with the disease intensity. As such the disease will be higher in those years, when temperature will be higher than normal coupled with high relative humidity during December and January.
Sucking pest population dynamics of cotton crop in relation to agrometeorological parameters and spectral indices
Authors: NARESH KUMAR  , RAM NIWAS  , M. L. KHICHAR  , R. K. SAINI  , BARUN BISWAS
Published: April 2022

Present study was designed to reveal the impact of different meteorological factors on sucking pest population dynamics and to work out multiple regression equations using different weather parameters and spectral indices. Leafhopper population was positively correlated with Tmax (Maximum temperature), Tmin (Minimum temperature), RHM (Morning RH) and RHE (Evening RH) and negatively associated with VPD (Vapour pressure deficit). However, whitefly population was negatively correlated with Tmax, Tmin and VPD and positively related with RHM and RHE. In case of leafhopper, regression equation consisting all the weather variables were more suitable to predict their population (R2 = 0.79). But for whitefly population, equation with only temperature variables explained more variability (R2 = 0.89). Multiple regression analysis with spectral indices showed variable performance for these pests.
Effect of elevated CO2 on growth and yield of rice crop in open top chamber in Sub humid climate of eastern India
Authors: S. S. SINGH
Published: April 2022

This study was conducted during 2011 and 2012 at the experimental farm of ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India in Open top chamber (OTC) as well as in open field condition. Four rice genotypes (Local/Indigenous:Rajshree, promising HYV of state: Rajendra Bhagwati, promising HYV of eastern region: Swarna sub 1 and ruling variety in state: MTU 7029) were used for the study. The1 hr averages of CO2 in the elevated CO2 OTC ranged between 455 and 510 ppm with a mean of 482 ppm and a standard deviation (S.D.) of 12.7ppm. LAI of the elevated CO2 treatment was significantly ( p<0.05) greater than the control OTC and open field at all times in both kharif seasons. The higher grain yields in rice crops under elevated CO2 were primarily due to their greater biomass production capacity and not due to a greater fraction of total biomass being partitioned to grains. The greater biomass under elevated CO2 was brought about by an increase in RUE, during both pre- and post-anthesis periods. In both the years, rice growing under elevated CO2 had significantly greater grain numbers and grain yields than under ambient CO2 and open field conditions, which did not differ significantly. The percentage of filled grains also was significantly greater in the elevated treatment.
Increased arid and semi-arid areas in India with associated shifts during 1971-2004
Authors: A.V.R. KESAVA RAO  , SUHAS P. WANI  , K.K. SINGH  , M. IRSHAD AHMED  , K. SRINIVAS  , ` SNEHAL D. BAIRAGI , O. RAMADEVI
Published: April 2022

Climate change is one of the major challenges in 21st century faced by Agriculture in India, more so in the Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT) of the country. In recent years, natural and anthropogenic factors have impacted climate variability and contributed to a large extent to climate change. Based on one degree gridded data of India Meteorological Department (IMD) for 34 years (1971-2004), climatic water balances are computed for 351 pixels in India and used for classifying in to six climate types following Thornthwaite’s moisture regime classification and areas falling under different climatic zones in India are delineated. Considerable changes in the country’s climate area observed between the two periods; 1971-90 and 1991-2004. Increased semi-arid area by 8.45 M ha in five states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Punjab, and decreased semi-arid area by 5 M ha in eleven states, contributed to overall increase in SAT area of 3.45 M ha in the country.Overall, there has been a net reduction of 10.71 M ha in the dry sub-humid area in the country. Results indicated that dryness and wetness are increasing in different parts of the country in the place of moderate climates existing earlier in these regions. ICRISAT’s Hypothesis of Hope through Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management(IGNRM) using climate ready crops and Integrated Watershed Management could be a potential adaptation strategy by bridging the yield gaps for developing climate resilient agriculture in the country.
Precipitation periodicities in Kurdistan – Iraqi region
Authors: MIRAN AKRAM OMAR
Published: April 2022

Periodicities in the annual precipitation of Sulaimani, Erbil and Duhok cities of Kurdistan, Iraq have been studied visualising the data for 70 years. The three precipitation series, North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) index series and Southern oscillation index series were subjected to spectral analysis by Blackman-Tukey method to investigate the possible periodicities exist that in the rainfall series and their relations to NAO, ENSO and solar cycle. It was found that the cycles of 2, 2.7, 3.6, 4 and 10 years are related to NAO cycles, 5.4 year cycle is related to ENSO cycle and 11.1 year cycle is related to the solar cycle at Sulaimani site. The common rainfall cycles among the three sites were 2.8, 4.8 and 10 years.
Spectral reflectance characteristics of healthy and yellow mosaic virus infected soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves in a semiarid environment
Authors: D. K. DAS  , S. PRADHAN  , V.K. SEHGAL  , R.N. SAHOO  , V.K. GUPTA  , R. SINGH
Published: April 2022

Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2009 and 2010 at IARI farm, New Delhi to study the spectral reflectance characteristics of YMV susceptible (JS-335) and tolerant (Pusa-9814) varieties. In both the years, 90-100% leaves of the variety, JS-335 and 5-10% leaves of the variety, Pusa-9814 were infected with the disease in the field. In order to characterize spectral reflectance of healthy andYMV infected soybean crop, soybean leaves were collected from YMV-infected crop (JS-335) and healthy crop (Pusa-9814) and taken to laboratory for reflectance measurement under controlled condition. Leaf chlorophyll content was measured using DMSO method. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI), Greeness Index (GI), Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and Leaf Moisture Vegetation Index 1 (LMVI1) were computed and it was observed that NDVI was found to be useful in detecting yellow mosaic virus infected soybean.
Thermal requirements for flowering and fruit yield attainment in advance lines of okra
Authors: S. K. DHANKHAR  , SURENDER SINGH
Published: April 2022

The field experiment comprising 12 advance lines of okra was carried out to assess thermal requirement for flowering and total fruit yield during rainy seasons at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The results revealed that okra crop required 762.4 dayoC accumulated heat units for flowering and 1600.5 dayoC accumulated heat units for total fruit yield production. Advance line HRB 108-2 required minimum for flowering (664.4 dayoC) and highest 1644.8 dayoC for total fruit production with better thermal use efficiency (9.1 kg ha-1 ºD) indicating its suitability for early and more fruits availability for longer period. Fruit yield production showed significant positive association with heat unit requirement in all the years. The R2 values of regression equation could explain the variation  between 63-87% of the total variation in fruit production in okra.
Simulation of growth and yield of four wheat cultivars using WOFOST model under middle Gujarat region
Authors: S. K. MISHRA  , A.M. SHEKH  , S. B. YADAV  , ANIL KUMAR  , G. G. PATEL  , VYAS PANDEY  , H. R. PATEL
Published: April 2022

WOFOST is a mechanistic crop growth simulation model capturing the complex effect of climate, genotype and agronomic variable through several functions. Results showed that mean observed days to anthesis were 57.9 ± 2.5, 61.1 ± 2.1, and 59.5 ± 1.6 during 2009-10, 2010-11 and for pooled data, while simulated days to anthesis were 60.3 ± 3.9, 62.8 ± 2.0 and 61.6 ± 2.2, respectively. The values ofRMSE for simulated maximum LAI were 0.11, 0.08 and 0.08 for 2009-10, 2010-11 and for pooled data, respectively. The observed mean yields were 3406 ± 223, 3757 ± 684 and 3581 ± 430 kg ha-1 during 2009-10, 2010-11 and for pooled analysis while, respective simulated mean yields were 3496 ± 435, 4061 ± 684 and 3778 ± 494 kg ha-1. Likewise, measured above ground production were 8349 ± 752, 8495 ± 953 and 8422 ± 796 kg ha-1 during 2009-10, 2010-11 and for pooled data, while corresponding simulated biomass were 8787 ± 698, 8910 ± 733 and 8889 ± 653 kg ha-1, respectively. The very low value of correlation coefficient r=0.30 and standard deviation ± 4.26 proves the failure of WOFOST model for simulation of harvest index during 2009-10. However, during second year and for pooled analysis the model efficiently and accurately simulated the harvest index. The model performance was somewhere underestimated or overestimated but found within quite acceptable limits. The WOFOST model may be used for simulation and forecasting the yield of wheat.
Impact of climate change on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) in India and Mexico
Authors: P. PADMAVATHI  , S. M. VIRMANI
Published: April 2022

Twenty years (1990-2010) of climatic data of safflower growing region of India (Indore and Solapur) and Mexico (Hermosillo and Ciudad Oberagon) were used to tind out the trend and were related to productivity in the respective countries. The safflower growing environment were characterised and adapation measures are suggested under changing climatic condition in both the countries.
Calibration and validation of DSSAT model for kharif groundnut in north-Saurashtra agro-climatic zone of Gujarat
Authors: P. K. PARMAR  , H. R. PATEL  , S. B. YADAV  , VYAS PANDEY
Published: April 2022

The DSSAT model was calibrated and validated for kharif groundnut (cv. GG-2 and GG-20) using past experimental data (2007 to 2009) of Dry Farming Research station, J.A.U., Targhadia, Rajkot (200 18È N 700 56È E), Gujarat with two dates of sowing (D1: Onset of monsoon 1st July; D2: After 15 days of D1 15th July). The yield and yield attributes, phenological stages, harvest index, shelling percentage as simulated by model were compared with the observed data. The results revealed that the model underestimated the LAI and haulm yield for both the cultivars and overestimated rest of the parameters. The average error percent of pod yield for cv. GG-2 as simulated by DSSAT model was 2.2 % and for cv. GG-20 it was 1.6 %.
Weather based forewarning model for Alternaria leaf spot of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in scarcity zone of Maharashtra
Authors: D. R. MURUMKAR  , D. V. INDI  , M. A. GUD  , S. K. SHINDE  , J. D. JADHAV  , V. R. BAVDEKAR  , J. R. KADAM
Published: April 2022

An experiment was carried out in post rainy (rabi) seasons of 2006-07 to 2010-11 for studying the effect of environmental factors and crop phenology on Alternaria leaf spot disease development in safflower under three different sowing conditions viz., early, normal and late at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Solapur in Maharashtra, India. The studies revealed that subnormal temperature coupled with above normal humidity and rainfall contributed significantly for the disease incidence and its spread under different sowing situations. Safflower plants were susceptible to Alternaria carthami at all growing stages, but susceptibility increased as the plants matured. Further, the percent disease index (PDI) has progressed at linear rate throughout the plant growth and it was negatively correlated with maximum temperature under late sown condition, while it was positively correlated with rainfall, minimum temperature, relative humidity (morning and evening) in addition to age of crop. By employing step down linear regression models, the incidence of Alternaria leaf spot on safflower can be predicted to an extent of 97.6%, 95.3% and 92.2% accuracy under early, normal and late sowing conditions, respectively while with non-linear models the prediction rate for the leaf spot under above sowing situations was improved to 99.8%, 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively.
Effect of abiotic factors on population of aphid and damage by shoot & fruit borer in okra during summer and kharif season at Anand in Gujarat
Authors: M. V. DABHI  , D. J. KOSHIYA  , D. M. KORAT
Published: April 2022

A field experiment was conducted at Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to study the impact of weather variables on population dynamics of aphid, Aphis gossypii and shoot & fruit borer, Earias vittella in summer and kharif okra for two consecutive years (2005-06 and 2006-07). Peak activity of aphid population was found during 12th & 14th and 13th & 15th Meteorological Standard Week (MSW) whereas, the peak infestation to fruits due to E. vittella observed in the 13th & 15th and 29th & 32nd MSW during summer and kharif season, respectively. Bright sunshine hours, temperature (maximum and minimum), vapour pressure (morning and evening) and wind speed had significant positive effect on population of aphid during summer season, while Bright sunshine hours, maximum temperature and temperature range showed significant negative impact with aphid population during kharif season. Maximum and minimum temperature had significantly negative effect, while morning and evening relative humidity significant positive effect on fruit damage due to E. vittella during kharif season. However, per cent fruit damage showed significant positive impact with BSS, temperature (maximum and minimum) and vapour pressure deficit (morning and evening) during summer season.
Climate change and shifts in etiology of anthracnose disease of grapevines in India
Authors: INDU S. SAWANT  , DINESH S. SHETTY  , SHUBHANGI P. NARKAR  , SHASHIKANT GHULE  , S. D. SAWANT
Published: April 2022

An analysis of the temperature trends of two geographically and climatologically distinct grape growing locations of India viz. Solapur and Ludhiana, shows that there is a perceptible increase in temperature, especially the minimum (Tmin) temperatures. This increase may have created conditions favourable for C. gloeosporioides, which can grow at comparatively higher temperatures, to replace E. ampelina as the dominant pathogen of anthracnose. Regression analysis of weather and disease data also indicated that Tmin was significantly contributing to disease development. Further the number of occasions on which the temperature remained above 350C showed increasing trend at both Ludhiana and Solapur which could have affected survival of E. ampelina during non-active summer season.
Volatility spillover effects among crude oil future market, SAR/EUR and Saudi Arabia CDS Market: The evidence of DCC-FIGARCH model
Authors: Tsiaras Konstantinos , Papanikolaou Anna , Poulios Konstantinos , Simos Theodoros
Published: April 2022

This empirical study examines the time-varying spillover and contagion effects between one major future market, one major FOREX market and six major Islamic CDS markets. We use daily data for crude oil future, SAR/EUR and Saudi Arabia CDS markets. The data spans from February 15, 2011 to August 27, 2020, which entails major economic events. In this paper, we deploy DCC-FIGARCH process. The empirical findings indicate volatility effects spilling over from crude oil future returns to SAR/EUR returns and CDS market returns. Dynamic Conditional Correlations provide empirical evidence of strong contagion effects between the market returns. Conclusions of this paper are of interest to investors diversifying their portfolios of the above markets and to financial derivative markets regulators providing regulations for the under investigation derivative markets.
The Development of a Disease Is Not Contagious in Thailand
Authors: Wongsaroj Kiatisuk
Published: April 2022

Over the past three decades, the public health landscape in Thailand has shifted remarkably. Currently chronic non-communicable diseases represent the largest cause of mortality in the Thai population. In light of the current situation, this paper synthesizes what is known about the chronic non-communicable disease situation in Thailand and analyzes current policy responses. Relevant contextual factors such as socio-economic transitions, health systems development, and health workforce capacities are also considered. Primary data for this study were collected by a review of policy documents, government statements, and statistics reported by the Thailand Ministry of Public Health. Secondary data were obtained by a thorough review of the existing literature. The paper finds that while current policy responses to chronic non-communicable diseases in the health sector have focused on improving prevention and control of risk factors, a stronger emphasis on chronic disease treatment and management may be needed in the future. The paper concludes with an exploration of the potential for developing and implementing realistic public health responses to the growing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases in a Southeast Asian country context by utilizing existing capacities in research, policy, and health workforce development.
Comparison of Trauma Scoring Ability to Predict Survival Rate in Countries with Low to Middle-Income
Authors: Banin Servasius Ratu , Yueniwati Yuyun , Utami Yulian Wiji
Published: April 2022

The use of trauma scoring in the hospital is very important because it has a significant impact both clinically and economically. However, not all trauma scoring that we know today is suitable for use in low to middle-income countries or applied in hospitals with limited resources. The purpose of compiling a systematic review is to identify which trauma scoring is most appropriate for use in low to middle-income countries. This systematic review was built by identifying scientific articles published between 2010-2019. Search for articles was carried out with the keywords "Trauma Scoring" and "Low And Middle-Income Country". The search was carried out with the help of databases including ProQuest, science direct, and PubMed and SpringerLink. From this search, we found 3802 articles. Furthermore, the 3802 articles were screened with the help of PRISMA flow diagrams and criticized with the JBI tool. After that, 9 articles relevant to the research question were obtained to be analyzed into a systematic review. The results showed that 4 articles were stating that the Kampala Trauma Score (KTS) had a higher AUC ROC value when compared to another trauma scoring. Also, in these four articles, KTS had the lowest AIC score. Thus, it can be concluded that VCT is trauma scoring which is most suitable to be applied in low to middle-income countries or hospitals in rural areas with limited resources.