bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Different Drying Methods on Strawberry Aroma Compounds via Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques
Authors: Cengiz Nurten , Abdulvahitoğlu Aslı , Abdulvahitoğlu Adnan
Published: January 2025

Food and food safety, as one of the basic issues of human life, has made it necessary to store foods for a long time with the increasing population. One of the oldest and most common methods of extending the shelf life of food products is the drying process. The drying process contributes to the higher quality of foods in terms of physical, chemical, and microbial properties by ensuring that beneficial contents such as vitamins, minerals, and aroma compounds are better preserved. The aroma values of foods, which consist of taste and smell components, gain importance. In foods, the taste is determined by permanent components, while smell is determined by volatile components. The loss of volatile aroma compounds in the strawberry drying process negatively affects product quality. Small changes in aroma compounds can lead to significant differences in product taste. Therefore, strawberry aroma is a critical factor for consumer appeal and commercial success. In this study, the effects of drying methods on the aroma compounds of strawberry fruit were compared with Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. In this study, PSI-based MCDM techniques were used to make the most appropriate choice among strawberry drying methods. The values of 23 distinct aroma compounds obtained with different drying methods applied to strawberry fruit were analyzed with 7 different MCDM techniques. The calculations gave similar results and these results were combined with the Borda rule. Accordingly, the drying methods with the highest scores were determined as freeze drying.
Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Climate Extremes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Potential Impact of Oceanic Teleconnections
Authors: Zita Lormido Ernesto , Justino Flávio , Gurjão Carlos , Adamu James , Talacuece Manuel
Published: January 2025

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a region vulnerable to extreme weather events due to its low level of adaptive capacity. In recent decades, SSA has been punctuated by more intense climatic phenomena that severely affect its population. Therefore, this study evaluates the performance of the ERA5 and CHIRPS datasets, and the spatio-temporal evolution of extreme weather indices and their potential relationship/response to climate variability modes in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans, namely, the El Niño−Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, and Tropical Atlantic Variability (ENSO, IOD, and TAV). The CHIRPS dataset showed strong positive correlations with CPC in spatial patterns and similarity in simulating interannual variability and in almost all seasons. Based on daily CHIRPS and CPC data, nine extreme indices were evaluated focusing on regional trends and change detection, and the maximum lag correlation method was applied to investigate fluctuations caused by climate variability modes. The results revealed a significant decrease in total precipitation (PRCPTOT) in north−central SSA, accompanied by a reduction in Consecutive Wet Days (CWDs) and maximum 5-day precipitation indices (RX5DAYS). At the same time, there was an increase in Consecutive Dry Days (CDDs) and maximum rainfall in 1 day (RX1DAY). With regard to temperatures, absolute minimums and maximums (TNn and TXn) showed a tendency to increase in the center−north and decrease in the south of the SSA, while daily maximums and minimums (TXx and TNx) showed the opposite pattern. The IOD, TAV, and ENSO modes of climate variability influence temperature and precipitation variations in the SSA, with distinct regional responses and lags between the basins.
Analysis of COVID-19 Lockdown to Understand Air Pollution Processes and Their Impacts on Health: A Case Study in the Western Balkans
Authors: Belis Claudio A. , Djatkov Djordje , Toceva Martina , Knezevic Jasmina , Djukanovic Gordana , Stefanovska Aneta , Golubov Nikola , Jovic Biljana , Gavros Andreas
Published: January 2025

The effect of COVID-19 lockdown (LD) on many ambient air pollutants (NO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, O3 and SO2) was assessed for the first time in the Western Balkans with an innovative approach that evaluates a variety of factors including the stringency of the LD measures, the type of location, the pollution sources, the correlation with traffic fluxes and the meteorology. To that end, observations from 10 urban sites were compared with historical time series. The time window 1 February–30 May 2020 was classified in sub-periods on the basis of the stringency of the circulation restrictions. NO2 and O3 are the pollutants most affected by restrictions to population circulation due to lockdown during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, and are well correlated with traffic fluxes. A reduction in fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations is observed in all sites only during the full LD periods, while the relation between SO2 average and maximum hourly concentrations and LD periods in industrial and traffic sites vary from site to site. The reduction in NO2 concentrations during the LD resulted in a reduction in mortality associated with air pollution in the largest cities, while the interpretation of the changes in O3 and particulate matter is less clear.
Use of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence in Surgical Instrument Recognition
Authors: Haider Syed Ali , Ho Olivia A. , Borna Sahar , Gomez-Cabello Cesar A. , Pressman Sophia M. , Cole Dave , Sehgal Ajai , Leibovich Bradley C. , Forte Antonio Jorge
Published: January 2025

Accurate identification of surgical instruments is crucial for efficient workflows and patient safety within the operating room, particularly in preventing complications such as retained surgical instruments. Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have shown the potential to automate this process. This study evaluates the accuracy of publicly available Large Language Models (LLMs)—ChatGPT-4, ChatGPT-4o, and Gemini—and a specialized commercial mobile application, Surgical-Instrument Directory (SID 2.0), in identifying surgical instruments from images. The study utilized a dataset of 92 high-resolution images of 25 surgical instruments (retractors, forceps, scissors, and trocars) photographed from multiple angles. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, weighted precision, recall, and F1 score. ChatGPT-4o exhibited the highest accuracy (89.1%) in categorizing instruments (e.g., scissors, forceps). SID 2.0 (77.2%) and ChatGPT-4 (76.1%) achieved comparable accuracy, while Gemini (44.6%) demonstrated lower accuracy in this task. For precise subtype identification of instrument names (like “Mayo scissors” or “Kelly forceps”), all models had low accuracy, with SID 2.0 having an accuracy of 39.1%, followed by ChatGPT-4o (33.69%). Subgroup analysis revealed ChatGPT-4 and 4o recognized trocars in all instances. Similarly, Gemini identified surgical scissors in all instances. In conclusion, publicly available LLMs can reliably identify surgical instruments at the category level, with ChatGPT-4o demonstrating an overall edge. However, precise subtype identification remains a challenge for all models. These findings highlight the potential of AI-driven solutions to enhance surgical-instrument management and underscore the need for further refinements to improve accuracy and support patient safety.
Multi-Omics Insights into Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Differential Deposition of Intramuscular and Abdominal Fat in Chickens
Authors: Xing Yuxin , Ma Chenglin , Guan Hongbo , Shen Jianing , Shen Ying , Li Guoxi , Sun Guirong , Tian Yadong , Kang Xiangtao , Liu Xiaojun , Li Hong , Tian Weihua
Published: January 2025

Excessive abdominal fat deposition in chickens disadvantages feed conversion, meat production, and reproductive performance. Intramuscular fat contributes to meat texture, tenderness, and flavor, serving as a vital indicator of overall meat quality. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory mechanisms governing differential deposition of abdominal versus intramuscular fat is essential in breeding higher-quality chickens with ideal fat distribution. This review systematically summarizes the regulatory mechanisms underlying intramuscular and abdominal fat traits at chromatin, genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic-modification scales. Additionally, we summarize the role of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes in governing intramuscular and abdominal fat deposition. These insights provide a valuable theoretical foundation for the genetic engineering of high-quality and high-yielding chicken breeds.
Connections and Unmet Needs: Severe Asthma Biologics and Osteoporosis
Authors: Furci Fabiana , Scaramozzino Marco Umberto , Talesa Giuseppe Rocco , Pelaia Corrado
Published: January 2025

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with the main anti-inflammatory drugs for better disease control being steroids or corticosteroids. The use of steroids in asthma patients, in particular in uncontrolled asthma patients, is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. A single oral corticosteroid course increases the risk of osteoporosis and the continual use of inhaled corticosteroids is correlated over time to an increased risk for both bone conditions. With the use of new, available biologic therapies for asthma, perhaps even anticipating the times of their use in therapeutic management, in the current guidelines and with targeted strategies of prevention it may be possible to improve asthma management, preventing some comorbidities, such as osteoporosis.
Expanded Use of Vorasidenib in Non-Enhancing Recurrent CNS WHO Grade 3 Oligodendroglioma
Authors: Himstead Alexander S. , Chen Jefferson W. , Chu Eleanor , Perez-Rosendahl Mari A. , Zheng Michelle , Mathew Sherin , Yuen Carlen A.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOs) are central nervous system (CNS) World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 gliomas characterized by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation (m)IDH and 1p/19q codeletion. AOs are typically treated with surgery and chemoradiation. However, chemoradiation can cause detrimental late neurocognitive morbidities and an accelerated disease course. The recently regulatory-approved vorasidenib, a brain-penetrating oral inhibitor of IDH1/2, has altered the treatment paradigm for recurrent/residual non-enhancing surgically resected CNS WHO grade 2 mIDH gliomas. Though vorasidenib can delay the time to chemoradiation for grade 2 gliomas, the implications for vorasidenib in non-grade 2 mIDH gliomas are not well understood. Results: We present a case of a 71-year-old male with a grade 3 non-enhancing oligodendroglioma successfully treated with vorasidenib with an 11% reduction in residual tumor volume. Vorasidenib was well tolerated in our patient with a mild elevation in his liver transaminases that resolved following a brief interruption in treatment. Conclusions: Our case suggests that vorasidenib may impart therapeutic benefits in this setting. This case illustrates the need for further investigation into these less commonly addressed scenarios and treatment strategies that extend beyond current guidelines.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of an Electrokinetic Micromanipulator for Biological Applications
Authors: Hadjiaghaie Vafaie Reza , Fardi-Ilkhchy Ali , Sheykhivand Sobhan , Danishvar Sebelan
Published: January 2025

The ability to control and manipulate biological fluids within microchannels is a fundamental challenge in biological diagnosis and pharmaceutical analyses, particularly when buffers with very high ionic strength are used. In this study, we investigate the numerical and experimental study of fluidic biochips driven by ac electrothermal flow for controlling and manipulating biological samples inside a microchannel, e.g., for fluid-driven and manipulation purposes such as concentrating and mixing. By appropriately switching the voltage on the electrode structures and inducing AC electrothermal forces within the channel, a fluidic network with pumping and manipulation capabilities can be achieved, enabling the control of fluid velocity/direction and also fluid rotation. By using finite element analysis, coupled physics of electrical, thermal, fluidic fields, and molecular diffusion transport were solved. AC electrothermal flow was studied for pumping and mixing applications, and the optimal model was extracted. The microfluidic chip was fabricated using two processes: electrode structure development on the chip and silicon mold fabrication in a cleanroom. PDMS was prepared as the microchannel material and bonded to the electrode structure. After implementing the chip holder and excitation circuit, a biological buffer with varying ionic strengths (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 [S/m]) was prepared, mixed with fluorescent particles, and loaded into the microfluidic chip. Experimental results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed chip for biological applications, showing that stronger flows were generated with increasing fluid conductivity and excitation voltage. The system behavior was characterized using an impedance analyzer. Frequency response analysis revealed that for a solution with an electrical conductivity of 0.6 [S/m], the fluid velocity remained almost constant within a frequency range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz. Overall, the experimental results showed good agreement with the simulation outcomes.
SERS Detection of Hydrophobic Molecules: Thio-β-Cyclodextrin-Driven Rapid Self-Assembly of Uniform Silver Nanoparticle Monolayers and Analyte Trapping
Authors: Yuan Qi , Wang Yunqing
Published: January 2025

High-sensitivity and repeatable detection of hydrophobic molecules through the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique is a tough challenge because of their weak adsorption and non-uniform distribution on SERS substrates. In this research, we present a simple self-assembly protocol for monolayer SERS mediated by 6-deoxy-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-SH). This protocol allows for the rapid assembly of a compact silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) monolayer at the oil/water interface within 40 s, while entrapping analyte molecules within hotspots. The proposed method shows general applicability for detecting hydrophobic molecules, exemplified as Nile blue, Nile red, fluconazole, carbendazim, benz[a]anthracene, and bisphenol A. The detection limits range from 10−6to 10−9 M, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of signal intensity are less than 10%. Moreover, this method was used to investigate the release behaviors of a hydrophobic pollutant (Nile blue) adsorbed on the nanoplastic surface in the water environment. The results suggest that elevated temperatures, increased salinities, and the coexistence of fulvic acid promote the release of Nile blue. This simple and fast protocol overcomes the difficulties related to hotspot accessibility and detection repeatability for hydrophobic analytes, holding out extensive application prospects in environmental monitoring and chemical analysis.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Bidirectional, Prestressed, Prefabricated, Composite Hollow-Core Slab
Authors: Jin Junyan , Hu Weicheng , Zheng Fuyan , Wu Bitao
Published: January 2025

Prestressed, precast composite panels are a type of building component that combines prestressing technology with composite materials; but, for most of them, it is difficult to balance structural stress performance and assembly efficiency. This paper proposes a series of novel bidirectional, prestressed, prefabricated, composite slabs, aiming to enhance their bidirectional force characteristics and assembly efficiency. By implanting a kind of specially designed concrete movable core rib with the same geometry as the cavity in the hollow-core slab at medium spacing, the transverse stressing performance of the structure is enhanced without affecting the unidirectional structural performance. Then, in the pre-set transverse apertures, several pieces of unidirectional, prestressed, precast hollow-core slabs that are implanted in the core mold are connected in series with high-strength strands and prestressed; finally, we obtain a bidirectional, prestressed, prefabricated composite slab. Two types of slabs (i.e., 3.3 m × 4.5 m and 4.5 m × 4.5 m) are selected and their mechanical behavior is investigated experimentally and by the finite element method, and the results are in good agreement. The proposed bidirectional, prestressed, precast composite slab not only has better overall bearing performance but also improves the structural stiffness and assembly rate, which can greatly improve the economic benefits and is of great significance for the popularization and application of assembled concrete structures.
Experimental Study on the Photothermal Properties of Thermochromic Glass
Authors: Gao Mingyi , Qian Dewei , Zhao Lihua , Jin Rong
Published: January 2025

Reducing energy consumption in buildings is critical to reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating global warming. Studies have shown that heating and cooling loads account for more than 40% of building energy consumption, and thermochromic glass (TCG) with dynamically adjustable solar transmittance is an excellent way to reduce this load. Although a large number of studies have tested the spectral parameters of TCG in totally transparent and totally turbid states, the impact of dynamic changes in optical properties on the simulation accuracy of building energy consumption has been neglected. In this study, a method is proposed for a hydrogel-type TCG to dynamically test its spectral parameters based on spectrophotometry. The method uses a spectrophotometer and a PID heater to achieve the dynamic optical parameter testing of TCGs at different temperatures. In this paper, the transmission and reflection spectra of the two TCGs at 20~25 °C, 30~35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, and 55 °C were obtained, and the regression segmentation functions of visible transmittance and solar transmittance were established. The R2 of the function model is 0.99. In addition, the test results show that the thermochromic glass selected in this paper can selectively transmit different wavelengths of light, and its transmission mainly occurs in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths from 320 to 1420 nm, while the transmission rate of other wavelengths is very low. As the temperature increases, the visible, solar, and ultraviolet transmittances decrease at a similar rate. In addition, the higher the temperature acting on the thermochromic (TC) layer, the greater its haze.
The Impact of Heating Methods on Respiratory and Allergic Diseases in Preschool Children: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Survey Across Northern and Southern China
Authors: Wang Chenyang , Li Shaohua , Zhang Yan , Zhou Haixia , Zhang Peiwen , Yu Wei
Published: January 2025

Indoor heating methods may influence the prevalence of respiratory and allergic diseases among preschool children. However, limited research has explored the relationship between indoor heating methods and childhood illnesses over time or on a large urban scale, and particularly the relationship between heating methods and asthma or allergic rhinitis among preschoolers from 2010 to 2019. This study conducted cross-sectional investigations in two northern cities (Taiyuan and Urumqi) and two southern cities (Chongqing and Changsha) in China during two periods: Period I (2010) and Period II (2019). Using Pearson’s chi-squared tests, we analyzed the associations between four indoor heating methods—convective heating (CH), convective and radiant heating (CH&RH), radiant heating (RH), and polluting heating (PH)—and nine respiratory and allergic diseases. Logistic regression models were employed to explore the relationships between heating methods and disease prevalence. The results revealed substantial differences in heating method choices between northern and southern Chinese cities (p < 0.001). These differences were significantly associated with the prevalence of respiratory and allergic diseases in preschoolers. Heating behaviors may have contributed to a decrease in the lifetime prevalence of asthma, pneumonia, rhinitis, and the 12-month prevalence of eczema in preschool children. In southern households, CH was linked to a lower risk of lifetime asthma (AOR: 0.63) and 12-month wheezing (AOR: 0.53). However, RH in southern households increased disease risks (AOR: 0.53). This study provides insights into the associations between heating methods and the prevalence of diseases among preschoolers across two periods in China. The findings offer new perspectives and guidance for families in selecting appropriate heating methods.
Predicting the Effectiveness of Resilient Safety in the Building Construction Sector of Rwanda Using the ANN Model
Authors: Umuhoza Esperance , An Sung-Hoon
Published: January 2025

Most construction projects encounter safety issues that may affect project effectiveness and the lives of workers. Although various studies have investigated these factors, in some countries, such as Rwanda, there is still little empirical evidence regarding the important aspects that contribute to safety effectiveness. Therefore, this study was carried out to predict the resilient safety effectiveness in the Rwandan building construction sector via the artificial neural network (ANN) model. Through a literature review, resilient safety variables that may be relevant in the Rwandan construction sector were identified. Data were collected through questionnaires. Moreover, the levels of importance of resilient-safety-effectiveness-related factors were pinpointed and assessed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Consecutively, an ANN model that could predict the effectiveness of resilient safety was developed. This study contributes to the awareness of key factors that may affect the effectiveness of resilient safety, and it helps to forecast the effectiveness of resilient safety not only in Rwanda, but also in other low- and middle-income countries with different conditions by stressing the importance of reducing safety-related risks in building construction projects.
Digitalization of the Workflow for Drone-Assisted Inspection and Automated Assessment of Industrial Buildings for Effective Maintenance Management
Authors: Torres-Barriuso Jorge , Lasarte Natalia , Piñero Ignacio , Roji Eduardo , Elguezabal Peru
Published: January 2025

Industrial buildings are a key element in the industrial fabric, and their maintenance is essential to ensure their proper functioning and avoid disruptions and costly economic losses. Continuous maintenance based on an accurate diagnosis makes it possible to meet the challenges of aging infrastructures, which demands a reliable data-based assessment for maintenance management implementing corrective and preventive actions, according to the damage criticality. This paper researches an innovative digitalized process for the inspection and diagnosis of industrial buildings, which leads to categorizing and prioritizing maintenance actions in an objective and cost-effective way from the inspection data. The process integrates some technical developments carried out in this work, aimed to automate the workflow: the drone-based inspection, the building condition assessment from the definition of a standardized construction pathology library, and a visual analysis of pathology evolution based on photogrammetry. The use of drones for digitalized inspection involves some challenges related to the positioning of the drone for damage localization, which has been herein overcome by developing a geo-annotation system for image acquisition. This system has also enabled the capture of geo-located images intended to generate 3D photogrammetric models for quantifying the pathological process evolution. Moreover, the assessment procedure outlined through multi-criteria decision-making methodology MIVES establishes a single criterion to automatically weight the relative importance of the damage defined in the library. As a result, this procedure yields the so-called Intervention Urgency Index (IUI), which allows prioritizing the maintenance actions associated with the damage while also considering economic criteria. In such a way, the overall process aims to increase reliability and consistency in the results of inspection and diagnosis needed for the effective maintenance management of industrial buildings.
Endovascular Downstaging: A New Method for Managing Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumor Thrombus Invading the Inferior Vena Cava Above the Hepatic Veins (Level III) or into the Heart (Level IV)
Authors: Libertino John A. , Ahmed Malik , Piemonte Thomas , Gee Jason
Published: January 2025

Background: Renal cell carcinoma tends to invade venous structures, frequently extending beyond the inferior vena cava and into the heart itself, such as into the right atrium or right ventricle. Resection of tumor burden, particularly tumor thrombus, often requires cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), which is not feasible for all patients. Methods: Described in this study is a novel, minimally invasive endovascular approach involving endovascular thrombectomy as a viable approach in these select patients. Results: There were no surgical complications, shorter operating times, less blood loss and an average length of stay of 5.5 days in the four patients undergoing this procedure. Conclusions: We demonstrate that this technique can eliminate the need for cardiac bypass and deep hypothermic cardiac arrest and its associated risks, thereby making surgery safer and more accessible for patients with advanced kidney cancers with an inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Furthermore, it allows for this life-saving surgery to be carried out in medical centers or hospitals where cardiac surgery is unavailable, or when cardiopulmonary bypass is medically contraindicated.
Targeting Fibroblast-Derived Interleukin 6: A Strategy to Overcome Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Radioresistance in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Li Xinyang , Escoffier Hugues , Sauter Thomas , Tavassoli Mahvash
Published: January 2025

Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts have been reported to play a central role in driving cancer progression, promoting metastasis, and conferring resistance to therapy in HNSCC. Methods: Indirect and direct co-culture models of HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC cells with fibroblasts were developed to study the effect of fibroblasts on cancer cells. ELISA was used to measure IL-6 secretion in these models. To dissect the underlying signalling mechanisms, the effects of IL-6, an IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) inhibitor, a MAPK/ERK inhibitor, and a JAK/STAT inhibitor were evaluated. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was assessed by measuring EMT markers and conducting scratch assays and spheroid assays. Radioresistance was evaluated using clonogenic assays. Additionally, radioresistant (RR) cell lines were established from parental cells to examine the correlation between radioresistance and EMT. Results: Fibroblasts were found to drive EMT-like changes and heightened radioresistance in HNSCC cells through IL-6 secretion. Remarkably, these Fb-driven effects were robustly reversed using IL-6R and MAPK/ERK inhibitors in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cell lines, whereas JAK/STAT inhibitors proved effective only in HPV-negative cells. RR cell lines exhibit a more aggressive phenotype than their parental counterparts, marked by pronounced EMT features and heightened resistance to radiotherapy. Importantly, these aggressive characteristics were substantially attenuated by targeting IL-6R or MAPK/ERK pathways. Conclusions: This study highlights the critical role of fibroblast-secreted IL-6 in driving and maintaining EMT and radioresistance in HNSCC, resulting in a more aggressive tumour phenotype. Targeting the IL-6/IL-6R/ERK pathway emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for combating CAF-driven tumour progression and improving clinical outcomes in patients with aggressive, therapy-resistant HNSCC.
Advancing Neuroscience and Therapy: Insights into Genetic and Non-Genetic Neuromodulation Approaches
Authors: Zhi Weijia , Li Ying , Wang Lifeng , Hu Xiangjun
Published: January 2025

Neuromodulation stands as a cutting-edge approach in the fields of neuroscience and therapeutic intervention typically involving the regulation of neural activity through physical and chemical stimuli. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluation of different neuromodulation techniques, anticipating a clearer understanding of the future developmental trajectories and the challenges faced within the domain of neuromodulation that can be achieved. This review categorizes neuromodulation techniques into genetic neuromodulation methods (including optogenetics, chemogenetics, sonogenetics, and magnetogenetics) and non-genetic neuromodulation methods (including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial ultrasound stimulation, photobiomodulation therapy, infrared neuromodulation, electromagnetic stimulation, sensory stimulation therapy, and multi-physical-factor stimulation techniques). By systematically evaluating the principles, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and efficacy in modulating neuronal activity and the potential applications in interventions of neurological disorders of these neuromodulation techniques, a comprehensive picture is gradually emerging regarding the advantages and challenges of neuromodulation techniques, their developmental trajectory, and their potential clinical applications. This review highlights significant advancements in applying these techniques to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Genetic methods, such as sonogenetics and magnetogenetics, have demonstrated high specificity and temporal precision in targeting neuronal populations, while non-genetic methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and photobiomodulation therapy, offer noninvasive and versatile clinical intervention options. The transformative potential of these neuromodulation techniques in neuroscience research and clinical practice is underscored, emphasizing the need for integration and innovation in technologies, the optimization of delivery methods, the improvement of mediums, and the evaluation of toxicity to fully harness their therapeutic potential.
Radiographic and Clinical Results of Combined Bone and Soft-Tissue Tailored Surgeries for Hip Dislocation and Subluxation in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Beltrame Giulia , Panou Artemisia , Peccati Andrea , Tsibidakis Haridimos , Pelillo Francesco , Portinaro Nicola Marcello
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study is to present middle-term results of tailored bone and soft-tissue surgeries in subluxated and dislocated hips in children affected by cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of 87 medical records belonging to 73 children affected by CP, treated with combined soft-tissue releases, VDO, and pelvic osteotomy, were reviewed retrospectively. Radiological measurements of AI, RI, and NSA were obtained before surgery, postoperatively, at 12 and 24 months after surgery. Results were assessed globally and by GMFCS, age, and Robin score. Results: Postoperative results are not statistically influenced by age and GMFCS levels at surgery. All three radiographic parameters showed persistent statistically significant improvement after surgery and at follow-up, respectively. Conclusions: Obtaining the best possible concentric reduction of the femoral head in the acetabulum, with simultaneous multilevel soft-tissue rebalancing, creates the best mechanical and biological environment to allow the reshaping of both articular surfaces, obtaining physiological internal joint pressure. The anatomical best congruency is protective from recurrence.
Correlation Analysis Between Multi-Drug Resistance Phenotype and Virulence Factor Expression of Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Xu Wenli , Zhou Runcheng , Pan Jingwei , Liu Zhuangcong , Huang Xuyu , Lin Yueqiao , Li Nan , Chen Kecan , Sun Wenbo , Deng Yi , Yang Anping , Chen Xin
Published: January 2025

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), as a common pathogen of nosocomial infections, has been experiencing an increasing rate of drug resistance with the widespread use and abuse of antimicrobial drugs. High-drug-resistance and high-virulence phenotypes are two distinctive features of the strong pathogenicity of multi-drug-resistant PA. Exploring the characterization of virulence factor expression and its relationship with the multi-drug resistance phenotype is essential to reduce the further development of resistance as well as a high standard of infection prevention and control. A total of 50 PA isolated from clinical practice were collected. The Kirby-Bauer  test was used for drug-sensitive screening, and the results showed that 16 strains were resistant and 16 strains were sensitive. The drug resistance rate of multi-drug-resistant PA against cefepime, cefazolin, ampicillin, and imipenem was up to 100%. The multi-drug-resistant groups were superior in producing pyocyanin and forming biofilm to the sensitive groups. The distribution of isolates with different swarming motility capacities and elastase levels did not show pronounced differences among the multi-drug-resistant and sensitive groups. In addition, biofilm formation was moderately associated with imipenem resistance. Among the strains with strong virulence factor expression, the gene bands showed little difference, suggesting that the gene is highly homologous. The virulence factor matrix analysis showed that there were different degrees of correlation among the 4 virulence factors. The correlation between multidrug-resistant PA and virulence factor expression is complex. PA, which were good at producing pyocyain and forming biofilm, were highly resistant to cephalosporins, beta-lactams and carbepenems; hence, such drugs are not proper for anti-infective treatment in clinics.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Combined Intravaginal Estriol Therapy and Kegel Exercises in Managing Menopausal Atrophic Vulvovaginitis
Authors: Șerbănescu Lucian , Rotar Vadym , Brezeanu Dragoș , Mirea Sebastian , Ionescu Elena-Valentina , Ionescu Paris
Published: January 2025

Background: This is a prospective study. Atrophic vulvovaginitis (VVA), a prevalent condition resulting from estrogen deficiency after the menopause, is characterized by symptoms such as vaginal dryness, itching, burning, dyspareunia, and urinary discomfort. Standard treatment involves systemic estrogen replacement therapy (HRT) and localized estrogen treatments, such as estriol. However, many women with moderate-to-severe VVA may not fully benefit from estrogen therapy alone. Non-hormonal adjunctive treatments, such as pelvic floor exercises (e.g., Kegel exercises), are being explored to enhance clinical outcomes. Objectives: This study investigates the combined effect of local estriol therapy and Kegel exercises in improving VVA symptoms in postmenopausal women. Methods: Fifty postmenopausal women diagnosed with VVA were enrolled and divided into three severity groups: mild, moderate, and severe. All participants received estriol therapy (0.5 mg vaginal tablets daily for 10 days each month) for the first three months. Following this, Kegel exercises were introduced for an additional three-month period, alongside continued estriol therapy. Symptom improvement was evaluated after six months, with outcomes categorized as complete remission, partial remission, or no remission. Results: Significant improvements in symptom remission were observed, particularly in the moderate and severe groups. In the mild VVA group, 81.82% achieved complete remission with combined therapy compared to 68.18% with estriol alone. In the severe group, complete remission was observed in 40% of patients receiving combined therapy compared to 20% with estriol therapy alone. These findings suggest that Kegel exercises enhance the effectiveness of estriol by improving local blood circulation, which facilitates better estrogen absorption and distribution. Conclusions: The addition of Kegel exercises to local estriol therapy significantly improves symptom remission rates, especially in moderate and severe VVA cases. This approach offers a promising strategy for managing postmenopausal VVA, particularly in cases that do not fully respond to estrogen therapy alone.
Influence of the Applied WC/C and CrN + WC/C Coatings on the Surface Protection of X2CrNi18-9 Cavitation Generators
Authors: Borek Wojciech , Linek Tomasz , Tański Tomasz , Sureshkumar Perumal
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the applied WC/C and CrN + WC/C protective coatings applied using various PVD methods as protection for cavitation generators operating in an environment of intense cavitation wear. In order to carry out planned tasks, special devices generating a cavitation environment have been designed and manufactured. As part of this study, an analysis of the surface of cavitation generators, both before applying the coatings and with the applied protective PVD coatings, and also before and after operation in a cavitation environment, was carried out using the following research techniques: stereoscopic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission microscopy, XRD, and confocal microscopy. Despite the use of corrosion-resistant steels as a result of the cavitation environment, this causes surface material wear, especially in the area of the through holes. This is due to the fact that there are no protective coatings inside the through hole. Moreover, it was found that, for the tested steel with multilayer CrN + WC/C coatings, there were significantly fewer cavitation defects both on the surface of the material and on the edge of through holes, which indicates that the use of these multilayer coatings can significantly extend the service life of structural elements operating in such environmental conditions. Based on the conducted research tests, it was proven that the applying protective coatings significantly reduce the wear of the surfaces of the tested cavitation generators, thus allowing the use of cheaper steels, not resistant to corrosion, e.g., P265GH steel, which is five times cheaper than austenitic steel. The P265GH steel is used for structural elements in the heating, petrochemical, energy, food, and chemical industries, as well as for structural elements in the aviation, shipbuilding, and many other industries, and, thus, it is possible to reduce the costs associated with the operation of this construction solution in industrial conditions.
Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Composite Based on Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Acidic Media
Authors: Skakov Mazhyn , Bayandinova Moldir , Kozhakhmetov Yernat , Tuyakbaev Bauyrzhan
Published: January 2025

In this work, the effect of an acidic environment on the structure of composite samples based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) modified with mineral filler in the form of diabase (DB) is studied. The stability of samples was investigated in solutions of sulfuric (H₂SO₄) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids with concentrations of 10 vol% and 20 vol% at room temperature for 16 weeks. It was found that the introduction of 10 wt% DB into the UHMWPE matrix significantly increases the resistance of the composite sample to aggressive media, which is confirmed by the minimum degree of swelling compared to pure UHMWPE and composites with higher filler content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated a uniform distribution of DB in the sample structure and the absence of defects such as agglomeration and cracks. The methods of infrared spectroscopy (IRS) and X-ray structural analysis (XRD) revealed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of the samples after acid exposure, but no significant changes in the chemical structure of the materials were recorded, which confirms their resistance to chemical degradation. The best chemical resistance was demonstrated by composites containing 10 wt% DB, which is associated with the formation of a barrier structure preventing the diffusion of acids. The obtained results indicate the promising application of UHMWPE with DB filler to create samples resistant to aggressive media.
The Influence of Two Spinning Processes of T800 Grade Carbon Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composite Material
Authors: Cui Xu , Sun Xuefeng , Su Weiguo , Wang Shuo , Guo Han
Published: January 2025

Two types of T800 grade carbon fibers, produced using distinct spinning processes, were utilized to fabricate thermoplastic prepregs via the hot melt method. These prepregs were subsequently employed to produce thermoplastic composites. A universal testing machine was used to assess the tensile, bending, and interlaminar shear properties of the composites, evaluating the impact of the two different spinning processes on their mechanical characteristics. The experimental results indicate that the dry spray wet spinning carbon fiber (T800-DJWS) exhibits a smoother surface, more regular cross-section, and more uniform distribution compared to the wet spinning carbon fiber (T800-WS), enhancing the prepreg preparation via the hot melt method. The T800-DJWS/PAEK composite demonstrates a tensile strength that is 706 MPa higher than the T800-WS/PAEK composite, while the latter exhibits a bending modulus 31 GPa higher than the former.
Hacking Exposed: Leveraging Google Dorks, Shodan, and Censys for Cyber Attacks and the Defense Against Them
Authors: Alabdulatif Abdullah , Thilakarathne Navod Neranjan
Published: January 2025

In recent years, cyberattacks have increased in sophistication, using a variety of tools to exploit vulnerabilities across the global digital landscapes. Among the most commonly used tools at an attacker’s disposal are Google dorks, Shodan, and Censys, which offer unprecedented access to exposed systems, devices, and sensitive data on the World Wide Web. While these tools can be leveraged by professional hackers, they have also empowered “Script Kiddies”, who are low-skill, inexperienced attackers who use readily available exploits and scanning tools without deep technical knowledge. Consequently, cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure are growing at a rapid rate, driven by the ease with which these solutions can be operated with minimal expertise. This paper explores the potential for cyberattacks enabled by these tools, presenting use cases where these platforms have been used for both offensive and defensive purposes. By examining notable incidents and analyzing potential threats, we outline proactive measures to protect against these emerging risks. In this study, we delve into how these tools have been used offensively by attackers and how they serve defensive functions within cybersecurity. Additionally, we also introduce an automated all-in-one tool designed to consolidate the functionalities of Google dorks, Shodan, and Censys, offering a streamlined solution for vulnerability detection and analysis. Lastly, we propose proactive defense strategies to mitigate exploitation risks associated with such tools, aiming to enhance the resilience of critical digital infrastructure against evolving cyber threats.
Impact of Bone-Modifying Agents on Post-Bone Metastasis Survival Across Cancer Types
Authors: Tamiya Hironari , Nishino Kazumi , Kato Yuji , Nakahashi-Kato Reina , Kosuga-Tsujimoto Yurika , Kinoshita Shota , Suzuki Rie , Watanabe Makiyo , Wakamatsu Toru , Kakunaga Shigeki , Takenaka Satoshi
Published: January 2025

Background: Bone metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis. Bone-modifying agents (BMA) are commonly used for the prevention or treatment of skeletal-related events (SRE) in patients with bone metastasis; however, whether or not treatment with BMA improves survival remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether BMA was involved in post-bone metastasis survival. Methods: A total of 539 cancer patients were retrospectively analyzed to identify significant independent factors in post-bone metastasis survival. Results: Among the overall population, patients with the following cancers had a median survival longer than 24 months: thyroid, 97.2 months; breast, 51.5 months; prostate, 47.2 months; and kidney, 38.8 months. In contrast, median post-bone metastasis survival was significantly shorter in gastrointestinal (GI) (6.5 months), head and neck (6.3 months), and urinary tract (3.4 months) cancers. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the log-rank test demonstrated that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation was a significant factor for post-bone metastasis survival: EGFR mutation (−) n = 67, median post-bone metastasis survival 11.5 months (95% CI: 6.0–15.2); EGFR mutation (+) n = 39, median post-bone metastasis survival 28.8 months (95% CI: 18.1–35.7) (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, treatment with BMA was a significant positive prognostic factor: BMA (−) n = 203, median post-bone metastasis survival 7.8 months (95% CI: 5.8–12.5); BMA (+) n = 336, median post-bone metastasis survival 21.9 months (95% CI: 16.1–26.4) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the Cox proportional hazards model showed that this was particularly evident in cancer types with poor prognosis such as GI cancer (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.95; p < 0.05) and NSCLC without the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34–0.91; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Treatment with BMA is recommended not only for the prevention and/or treatment of SRE, but also may have a positive impact on post-bone metastasis survival, particularly in cancers with typically poor post-bone metastasis survival such as GI cancer and NSCLC without the EGFR mutation.
Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Diet of Gambusia holbrooki in Different Water Bodies of Karaburun Peninsula (Western Türkiye)
Authors: Saç Gülşah , Ağdamar Sevan , Acar Ümit , Giannetto Daniela
Published: January 2025

The Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859, has been widely introduced into tropical and temperate countries as a biological agent to control mosquitos, which are associated with diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. However, the species exhibits invasive characteristics by competing with native species for food and habitat use. This study investigates the feeding ecology of G. holbrooki populations from three distinct freshwater environments (Lake Iris, Eğlenhoca Reservoir, and Parlak Reservoir) on the Karaburun Peninsula (North-Western Türkiye), a region outside its native range. The primary aim was to evaluate seasonal and spatial variations in the diet of the species. A total of 871 specimens were analysed: 247 from Iris Lake, 318 from Parlak Reservoir, and 306 from Eğlenhoca Reservoir. Low percentages of empty stomachs (≤20%) across all populations indicate high feeding intensity. The results reveal that G. holbrooki exhibits a generalist feeding strategy, consuming a wide range of food items such as insects, zooplankton, and plant material across all the investigated environments. The relative importance of food groups (determined by the Importance Index, MI%) varied seasonally but not spatially. In all three populations, the most important food source in the spring was dipterans, followed by plants in the summer and fall, and cladocerans in the winter. Plants accounted for the largest percentage of the diet in every population (MI% >65%). These findings suggest that G. holbrooki adapts its diet to seasonal food availability.