bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of a candidate sex determination region and sex-specific molecular markers based on whole-genome re‑sequencing in the sea star Asterias amurensis
Authors: Wang Yanlin , Yang Hongliang , Wang Yixin , Li Yulong , Ni Gang , Cummins Scott F , Chen Muyan
Published: January 2025

Sex determination systems are diverse in echinoderms, however, our understanding is still very limited in this research field, especially for Asteroidea species. The northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis, has attracted widespread concern due to its population outbreaks and high-risk invasions. Using whole-genome re-sequencing data from 40 females and 40 males, we identified a candidate sex determination region in A. amurensis. Based on the distribution characteristics of 525 sex-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, identified by GWAS analysis, 119 sex-specific loci were isolated combining a custom Perl script, PCA analysis, and the selection signatures of fixation index FST, suggesting that a 7-12 Mb region on chromosome 10 is a candidate sex-determining region. The existence of female-specific sequences and the genotypes of sex-specific loci indicated that A. amurensis might utilize a ZZ/ZW sex-determination system. We also developed two pairs of sex-specific primers that could distinguish the genetic sex of this starfish with 100% accuracy. As the first study on sex determination in Asteroidea, it will provide novel insights into diverse sex determination systems in echinoderms and allow for in-depth studies on sex-related eco-physiological issues in A. amurensis.
A two sample size estimator for large data sets
Authors: O’Connell Martin , Smith Howard , Thomassen Øyvind
Published: January 2025

In GMM estimators, moment conditions with additive error terms involve an observed component and a predicted component. If the predicted component is computationally costly to evaluate, it may not be feasible to estimate the model with all the available data. We propose a simple two sample size “large-small” estimator that uses the full data set for the computationally cheap observed component, but a reduced sample size for the predicted component. We derive a practical criterion for when the large-small estimator has a lower variance than standard GMM with the reduced sample size. As an alternative, we show how the asymptotically efficient CEP-GMM estimator of Chen et al. (2005) and Chen et al. (2008) can also be used to reduce computational cost in our setting. We compare the performance of the estimators in a Monte Carlo study of a panel-data random coefficients logit model, and illustrate the use of our estimator in an empirical application to alcohol demand.
Effects of climate and soil variables on a simultaneous crown radius model system: a case study for Korean pine plantations in Northeast China
Authors: Yan Yunfei , Tian Dongyuan , Zhang Zipeng , Gaire Damodar , Jiang Lichun
Published: January 2025

Crown radius (CR) and crown width are fundamental indicators used to describe tree crown sizes and are widely included as predictors in growth and yield models. Crown width is the arithmetic average of two perpendicular diameters to each other, obtained from measurements of four crown radii: east, south, west, and north. Climate change and soil variations influence the physiological activities of trees, thereby impacting tree crown development. However, most CR studies do not quantify the impact of climate and soil factors on CR. In this study, we developed a nonlinear mixed-effects simultaneous CR model system to address the above problems. This study used 7188 trees from 98 plantation plots of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) in northeast China. The results showed that climate (extreme temperature and precipitation) and soil (total nitrogen) variables improved the model performance of the simultaneous CR model system. The CR of large-sized trees was more sensitive to climate and soil variables as compared to smaller trees. Incorporating plot-level random effects into the nonlinear mixed-effects simultaneous CR model system improved both the fitting accuracy and predictive performance of CR and crown width. Our results provide new insights into the environmental variability of crown sizes in planted forests and suggest that integrating environmental factors in CR modeling can improve CR model results. These findings may become relevant for improving forest management strategies under changing climate conditions.
Exploring the Potential Effect of GLP1R Agonism on Common Ageing-Related Diseases via Glucose Reduction: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Jiang Wei , Ding Kaixi , Yang Maoyi , Hu Zhipeng , Yue Rensong
Published: January 2025

Abstracts

Background

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs) are widely used in manageing type 2 diabetes mellitus and weight control. Their potential in treating ageing-related diseases has been gaining attention in recent years. However, the long-term effects of GLP1RAs on these diseases have yet to be fully revealed.

Methods

Using genetic variant in the GLP1R gene to model the long-term effects of GLP1RAs, this Mendelian randomization (MR) study systematically explored potential causal associations between GLP1R agonism and 12 ageing-related diseases and indicators. Genetic summary datasets used in this study were obtained from previous genome-wide association studies.

Results

The primary MR analysis results suggested that GLP1R agonism was potentially positively causally associated with appendicular lean mass (Beta = 0.246, 95% CI = 0.096 - 0.396), whole body fat-free mass (Beta = 0.202, 95% CI = 0.048 - 0.355), and lung function (FVC) (Beta = 0.179, 95% CI = 0.152 - 0.205) (p < 0.05). Additionally, a potential negative causal association was observed with myocardial infarction (OR = 0.430, 95% CI = 0.249 - 0.745) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The present MR study provides exploratory evidence suggesting potential causal associations between GLP1R agonism and appendicular lean mass, whole-body fat-free mass, lung function (FVC), and myocardial infarction. Given the exploratory nature of these findings and the limitations of the MR methodology, further research is needed to validate these results and investigate the underlying biological mechanisms.
Gaussian curvature of the slowness surface in vicinity of singularity point in anisotropic media
Authors: Stovas Alexey , Roganov Yuriy , Roganov Vyacheslav
Published: January 2025

By using the Taylor series of Christoffel polynomial, we analyse the Gaussian curvature of the slowness surface in vicinity of the double (S1S2) and triple (PS1S2) singularity point for triclinic anisotropy model. For each point, we consider all type of degeneracy classes. The parabolic lines (zero Gaussian curvature) associated with the singularity points are defined for double and triple singularity point. It is shown the symmetry of anisotropic model results in the specific class of degeneracy for a given singularity point.
Rapid identification of organogelator types in oleogel using a near-infrared spectroscopy-based SIMCA model
Authors: Ayvaz Hüseyin , Albayrak Elif , Öğütcü Mustafa
Published: January 2025

This research explores the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy together with Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA), a chemometric approach, to promptly identify gelators in oleogels. Formulations of oleogels involved using diverse gelators such as beeswax, carnauba wax, shellac wax, sunflower wax, monoglycerides, and laurel oil as the oil component. Texture analysis, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to assess the structural characteristics of the oleogels. These methods unveiled notable differences in the firmness, stickiness, crystalline structure, and crystallinity index based on the type of gelator utilized. Thermal characteristics were evaluated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), revealing weight loss ratios and thermal stability changes among the various formulations. The chemometric analysis of NIR spectra led to apparent discriminations among oleogels, demonstrating each gelator’s unique structural and thermal characteristics. The SIMCA analysis revealed high classification accuracy, indicating that the technique could be used for quality control and product authentication in the food and cosmetic industries. This study highlights the significance of NIR spectroscopy for analyzing and monitoring oleogel formulations, highlighting its non-destructive, fast, and environmentally friendly nature.
Exploring the transformative effects of solid-state fermentation on the structure, texture, and metabolism of oat-based dough
Authors: Sun Juan , AL-Ansi Waleed , Lu Lu , Gu Yao , Fan Mingcong , Li Yan , Qian Haifeng , Fan Liuping , Wang Li
Published: January 2025

This study examines the impact of mixed strains solid-state fermentation on the properties of oat flour dough. Specifically, it focuses on the changes in rheological, thermomechanical, structural, and metabolic characteristics. By utilising Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, notable alterations in the viscoelastic properties of the dough were found. Fermentation improved both the storage and loss moduli, indicating a shift towards a more solid-like behaviour. Thermomechanical investigation using Mixolab revealed a higher water absorption rate of 95.25% compared to the control’s 73%, indicating superior hydration dynamics. The X-ray diffraction examination demonstrated a decrease in the degree of crystallinity. However, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy suggested a 15% rise in the proportion of β-sheet structure, implying a more organised protein shape. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance revealed enhanced water mobility in fermented dough. A total of 354 metabolites were discovered using metabolomic analysis, showing significant variations in carbohydrate (24.32%), lipid (24.32%), peptide (8.11%), and organic acid (10.81%) profiles. Analysis using the KEGG pathway identified interconnected metabolic networks, with a particular emphasis on glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism. This study emphasises the capacity of solid-state fermentation to improve the nutritional and functional characteristics of oat-based dough, offering useful knowledge for food innovation and the creation of better, environmentally friendly food choices.
Impact of fish myofibrillar protein and apple pectin–konjac glucomannan on the physical, thermal, and micro-structural properties of biodegradable blend film
Authors: Singh Nongthongbam Sureshchandra , Nath Harjeet , Mehta Naresh Kumar , Pati Bikash Kumar , Vaishnav Anand , Waikhom Gusheinzed , Parhi Janmejay , Priyadarshini Mocherla Bhargavi , Desai Ajay Shivajirao
Published: January 2025

The present study aims to develop a biodegradable film using apple pectin (AP), konjac glucomannan (KG), and different concentrations (1%–4% w/v) of fish myofibrillar protein (FMP). The results revealed a concomitant increase in thickness with FMP levels in apple pectin–konjac glucomannan film-forming solution and a reduced visible and UV light transmittance to below 60%. Disappearance of myosin heavy chain bands was noticed in FMP-added films. The different wavenumbers of Fourier transform infra red spectra suggest the interaction ofprotein and polysaccharide components. The third endothermic peaks represent cross-links of polysaccharide and protein chains. The residual weights at the end of the second stage without FMP were 37.51% and with FMP ranged between 47% and 72%, respectively, suggesting lower mass loss and increased thermal stability. Scanning electron miscroscopy images indicated a decline in surface homogeneity with FMP content. The biodegradable films with enhanced light/UV barrier properties and thermal properties can be prepared utilising optimised levels of FMP.
Investigation of various plant protein ingredients for processed cheese analogues: physical properties and microstructure compared with milk proteins
Authors: Lu Di , Roy Debashree , Acevedo-Fani Alejandra , Singh Harjinder , Ye Aiqian
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated various structural and physical properties of several plant proteins in the context of processed cheese analogues (PCAs). A total of 9 plant protein sources were selected to formulate PCA samples. The samples were processed at 90 °C for 10 min using either a rapid visco analyzer or water bath for different tests. Rheological analysis revealed that PCA samples formulated with plant proteins all exhibited solid-like behaviour. PCAs containing legume proteins had a higher storage modulus (G’) than that of rennet casein (RC) cheese samples, while canola protein samples showed the lowest G’ values. Zein-based PCA had the highest hardness and chewiness but softened when subjected to heat during the stretchability test. In contrast, PCAs containing chickpea, mung bean, or pea proteins exhibited similar hardness to RC-based cheeses but had poorer springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience. Plant protein-based PCAs also lacked melting and stretchability properties due to the absence of a continuous protein network. When ranking all proteins in PCAs based on viscosity, rheological, and textural properties, lentil protein scored the highest, followed by hemp and quinoa proteins, performing most similarly to casein protein. The presented comparison of different plant proteins in PCAs provides valuable insights for cheese analogue development.
Increasing the stability of ascorbic acid through encapsulation in food-grade vesicles: an approach for nutritional improvement
Authors: Tissera Carolina E , Barnetche María Eugenia , Silva Oscar Fernando , Fernández Mariana A
Published: January 2025

l-ascorbic acid (AA), vitamin C, is a potent antioxidant, important in combating bacterial infections, facilitating detoxification reactions, and contributing to the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue, skin, and capillaries. AA is obtained by humans from food. However, its sensitivity to external stimuli, such as light, heat, and oxygen, limits the processing of foods that contain it. The objective of this work was to improve the stability of AA through encapsulation in food-grade nanovesicles. AA was encapsulated in amounts that met the recommended daily intake of vitamin C. The impact of food processing-related parameters such as temperature, ionic strength, pasteurisation, freezing, and freeze-drying on niosomal systems was investigated. It was found that the shelf life of AA could be extended to at least 40 days after freeze-drying and rehydration, maintaining adequate amounts of the vitamin. Under this treatment, the integrity and morphological characteristics of AA-loaded niosomes were preserved. Furthermore, the system retained at least 87% of the antioxidant capacity, making it an interesting alternative for possible use in food fortification.
Deacidification characteristics of Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 with a special focus on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities during currant juice and wine processing
Authors: Guo Huihui , Lu Yiwei , Yang Guang , Gao Liping , Wang Jinling
Published: January 2025

Issatchenkia terricola WJL-G4 (WJL-G4), known for its strong deacidification ability, was selected for processing currant juice (CJ) and wine to address the issue of excessive acidity. This research aimed to examine how acid-reducing fermentation (ARF) impact the quality of juices and wines in terms of bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacities. In CJ (black, red, white), citric acid degradation reached 80.55%, 79.60%, and 77.51% after 80, 84, and 88 hr of ARF, respectively. The results indicated a decrease in bioactive compounds in juices post-ARF, whilst the impact on wines was less pronounced. However, concentrations of isovitexin, epicatechin, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, and rutin were increased after ARF. Significantly, the antioxidant capacities of red currant wine with WJL G4 were markedly higher compared to red currant wine without WJL-G4. This study revealed that I. terricola WJL-G4 ARF reduced organic acid content whilst preserving bioactive compounds and enhancing wine colour.
Digitalisation, bioinformatics, and delivery systems in sustainable nonthermal extraction of proteins
Authors: Režek Jambrak Anet , Nutrizio Marinela , Dukić Josipa , Djekić Ilija , Vinceković Marko , Jurić Slaven , Pataro Gianpiero , Tiwari Brijesh , Goksen Gulden , Semenčić Mojca Čakić , Slavica Anita , Sabljak Iva , Diminić Janko , Pecina Ena , Sabol Andrija , Tixier Anne-Sylvie Fabiano , Donsi Francesco
Published: January 2025

Sustainable development integrates social, economic, technological, scientific, and environmental challenges through the framework of 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Industry 4.0, digitalisation, plant-based processing, environmental challenges, and alternative protein sources are vastly researched and present the foundation of innovative processing in the food processing industry. The exploitation of agroindustrial discards and plant-based by-products as an alternative source of valuable nutrients, including proteins, highlights the potential of upcycling (new economic value) while addressing sustainability challenges. Within the idea of nonthermal extraction of proteins and its process digitalisation, it is crucial to innovate, connect elements of Industry 4.0 and valorise the term sustainability. Innovative approaches in extractions such as ultrasound, plasma, pulsed electric fields, high-intensity pulses, and others, have an energy-saving effect with limited use of toxic chemicals and/or solvents. Usage of software for solvent selection, incorporating digitalisation, and development of protein and peptide databases can help in the prediction, optimisation, and efficiency of nonthermal extractions of proteins from agroindustrial discards. It is also important to select optimal delivery systems like electrospinning, electrospraying, or encapsulation as useful and efficient processes. The environmental, economic, and societal impact of innovative processing needs to be monitored and valorised using specific tools. Life cycle assessment methodology assesses the environmental impact throughout the life cycle of a commercial product, service, or process. The current review shows that extracting protein from agroindustrial discards and by-products of plant and animal origins is a complex matter. The need for a comprehensive approach that considers various viewpoints on extraction is suggested.
The green method of enriching linseed oil with antioxidants as well as flavour and aroma components from herbs and spices
Authors: Hrebień-Filisińska Agnieszka M , Aydin Merve , Proch Michał
Published: January 2025

The influence of ultrasonic maceration on the extraction of antioxidant and flavour ingredients from cloves and sage directly into linseed oil was investigated. The ingredients were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total polyphenols, flavonoids, oxidation level, and organoleptic quality was examined. The clove macerate had the best antioxidant, flavour, and aroma properties (eugenol 406.9 mg/100 g, DPPH 86%, polyphenols 447.9 mg/100 g, and flavonoids 7.39 mg/100 g). Next in the ranking was sage macerate (carnosic acid 29.58 mg/100 g, carnosol 4.57 mg/100 g, DPPH 21%, polyphenols 109.6 mg/100 g, and flavonoids 5.54 mg/100 g). Ultrasonic extraction from appropriate plant species makes it possible to obtain, in a simple and ecological way, oil macerates rich in phytochemicals, which can be a functional addition to other food or cosmetic products.
High pressure and heat-induced potato protein nanocomplexes as carriers for curcumin: influence of pH and curcumin addition pathway
Authors: Khati Paula , Marchesseau Sylvie , Cunault Charles , Picart-Palmade Laetitia , Chevalier-Lucia Dominique
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to assess the potential of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and heat treatment (HT) in facilitating the formation of nanoassemblies of potato proteins (PPs) and curcumin to protect this sensitive bioactive compound. Curcumin was introduced into patatin-rich protein dispersions (4% wt/wt) according to two pathways: before (pathway 1) or after (pathway 2) HHP treatment (400 or 600 MPa for 8 hr at pH 6 and pH 7) or HT (55 °C for 5 min at pH 6) to optimize curcumin–protein complexation efficiency (CE). Treatments increased PP surface hydrophobicity which facilitated curcumin binding and protein aggregation, as confirmed by protein particle size increase. The highest CE was obtained with pathway 1 at 600 MPa pH 7, while HT limited curcumin complexation. Whatever the pathway, the antioxidant activity of the processed dispersions treated at 600 MPa for 8 hr or 55 °C for 5 min was increased compared to untreated ones and preserved after 10 days of storage at 4 °C. These nanocomplexes could potentially be applied in functional foods.
Bioavailable fraction from the edible leaf of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. inhibits neurotoxicity in human microglial HMC3 cells and promotes lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Phoraksa Onuma , Vongthip Wudtipong , Juntranggoor Pichakorn , Maiuthed Arnatchai , Tuntipopipat Siriporn , Charoenkiatkul Somsri , Tencomnao Tewin , Muangnoi Chawanphat , Sukprasansap Monruedee
Published: January 2025

Neurodegeneration is involved in the deterioration and death of cells in the central nervous system. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. has exhibited antioxidant and health benefits. This study focused on the protective effect and underlying mechanism of the bioavailable fraction of A. lebbeck leaf (BAL) against toxicity of glutamate-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death in human microglial HMC3 cells, as well as evaluated the longevity and antioxidant effects of BAL in Caenorhabditis elegans. The BAL was obtained from the in vitro digestion of A. lebbeck leaf coupled with Caco-2 cells. Results showed that treating HMC3 cells with BAL attenuated glutamate-induced ER stress and apoptosis by decreasing the protein expressions of calpain1, caspase-12, Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-9 while increasing the antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Additionally, LC–MS/MS results showed that BAL contained flavonoids and carotenoids such as quercetin-3β-D-glucoside, robinetin, vitexin, kaempferol, kuromanin, daidzein, tanshinon I, nootkatone, rutin, and luteolin. We further investigated molecular docking to illustrate these bioactive compounds on apoptosis-related mechanisms. The results demonstrated that luteolin, kaempferol, and nootkatone inhibited Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase-9 functions. We found that BAL also extended the lifespan of C. elegans and distinctly increased survival in response to juglone-induced oxidative stress. Interestingly, treating C. elegans with BAL could increase superoxide dismutase 3 expression, relating to the anti-stress response. These findings suggest that BAL possesses beneficial function in neuroprotection and longevity, supporting its potential for preventing age-related neurodegeneration.
The pharmacodynamics of fosfomycin in combination with meropenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae studied in an in vitro model of infection
Authors: MacGowan Alasdair P , Griffin Pippa , Attwood Marie L G , Daum Aimee M , Avison Matthew B , Noel Alan R
Published: January 2025

Background

Intravenous fosfomycin is used in combination with other antimicrobials for the management of severe and/or multidrug resistant Gram-negative infection. We used an in vitro pharmacokinetic model to study the combination of fosfomycin plus meropenem.

Methods

Six Klebsiella pneumoniae fosfomycin MICs 8–1024 mg/L, meropenem MICs 0.06–>1024 mg/L were employed. A dilutional pharmacokinetic model was used to generate fosfomycin exposure ranges up to a fAUC/MIC 500. Exposure-ranging experiments were repeated in the presence of meropenem at exposures associated with 2 g 8-hourly human dosing for strains with meropenem MICs ≥32 mg/L and at half the bacteriostatic fT > MIC for strains with MICs <32 mg/L. The log change in bacterial burden from the initial inoculum after 24 h drug exposure was taken as the primary endpoint and fAUC/MIC ratios for antibacterial effects were calculated. The risk of emergence of resistance was assessed by measurement of the population profiles.

Results

Fosfomycin fAUC/MIC for bacteriostatic effect at 24 h were >500 for 5/6 K. pneumoniae strains. Meropenem fT > MIC for static effect were 16.6%–77.9% for the strains with meropenem MIC ≤ 64 mg/L. Strains with MICs of >1024 mg/L were not tested. Fosfomycin fAUC/MICs in the presence of meropenem were all reduced and for 5/6 strains the fAUC/MIC for static effect was <10 and <30 for a 2 log drop. Addition of meropenem suppressed changes in fosfomycin population profiles. There were no changes in meropenem population profiles exposed to the combination.

Conclusion

Addition of meropenem to fosfomycin had a dramatic impact on the fosfomycin fAUC/MIC exposures required for bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects and suppressed emergence of fosfomycin resistance.
Antibiotic use at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Zone d'Abomey Calavi/Sô-Ava (CHUZ/AS) in Benin: a point prevalence survey
Authors: Gnimavo Morelle Sèssiwèdé , Boya Bawa , Mudenda Steward , Allabi Aurel Constant
Published: January 2025

Background

Antimicrobial stewardship promotes the appropriate use of antibiotics to prevent the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study evaluated the use of antibiotics using a point prevalence survey at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Zone d'Abomey Calavi/Sô-Ava (CHUZ/AS) in Benin.

Methods

This cross-sectional study utilized the WHO point prevalence survey methodology for monitoring antibiotic use among inpatients in hospitals. The survey was conducted from 11 January 2022 to 19 January 2022 among hospitalized patients before 8:00 a.m. on the day of the survey.

Results

Of the 111 inpatient medical files reviewed, the prevalence of antibiotic use was 82.9%. The number of antibiotics received per patient ranged from 1 to 5, with a mean of 2.45 ± 1.11 and a median of 2. The most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics was beta-lactams (46.7%), aminoglycosides (20.6%) and nitroimidazoles (19.7%). According to the WHO AWaRe classification, 30.4% of inpatients received the Access group of antibiotics and 44% received a combination of Access and Watch group antibiotics; treatment was empiric in 94.5% of encounters. Only 22.7% of patients were treated based on microbiological examination/culture and sensitivity testing.

Conclusions

This study found a high prevalence of antibiotic use among inpatients at the CHUZ/AS Tertiary Care Hospital in Benin. The most prescribed antibiotics were ampicillin, metronidazole and ceftriaxone. Consequently, the study found a low use of culture and sensitivity testing to guide treatment, particularly in the paediatric and surgical population, and the preference for broad-spectrum antibiotics suggests that antibiotic use at the CHUZ/AS Tertiary Care is not optimal. Therefore, antimicrobial stewardship programmes, policies and guidelines must be instigated and strengthened to address these gaps and promote rational use of antibiotics.
Interactive effects between yields of Bt and non-Bt corn and planting dates in the southeastern United States
Authors: Reay-Jones Francis P F , Buntin G David , Reisig Dominic D
Published: January 2025

Transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) expressing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) helps to control or suppress injury from a range of target insect pests. This study summarizes the yield benefits of Bt corn from field trials in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina evaluating Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids from 2009 to 2023. For Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 and Cry1Ab + Cry1F Bt corn, the percentage increase in yield between Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids did not vary significantly among years or states. Across years, the percentage increase in yield for both Bt traits relative to non-Bt corn hybrids increased with planting date, indicating that the yield benefit of planting Bt corn was greater later in the growing season. On average, Bt hybrids in both families had a significantly higher yield compared to their non-Bt pairs, with yields declining in later planting dates. Yields declined with increasing kernel injury from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and leaf injury from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in both Bt and non-Bt hybrids. While insect pressure increased in later planted corn trials, identifying causal relationships between increases in insect damage and associated yield losses in corn is challenging given the numerous factors that influence corn yield during the season. In addition to illustrating the highly variable yield benefits of planting Bt corn, our study suggests that yield increases in Bt corn may occur more frequently than previously documented in the southeastern United States.
Attributes of Pediatric Music Therapists: A Qualitative Analysis of Parent Descriptions
Authors: Harman Elizabeth , Stegenga Kristin , Robb Sheri L
Published: January 2025

Therapist attributes are known to contribute to positive therapeutic outcomes and are important to effective training and clinical practice. Although well researched in psychology and play therapy, few studies have directly explored music therapist attributes. To explore and understand these descriptions, we conducted a secondary analysis of parent interview data from a multisite trial investigating a music therapist-delivered intervention for young children with cancer and their parents. We used qualitative descriptive analysis to identify music therapists’ attributes as described by parents who participated in the intervention. Our inductive analysis of 28 interviews revealed 135 descriptors of music therapists. We discovered that these descriptions grouped naturally using essential therapist attributes of supportive, attuned, and nonjudgemental, as identified in the extant literature. This analysis highlights music therapists’ attributes perceived as central to their work with parents and young children in cancer settings.
Antimicrobial Activity of Imipenem/Relebactam and Comparator Agents Against Gram-Negative Isolates Collected From Pediatric Patients: SMART 2018–2022 Global Surveillance
Authors: DeRyke C Andrew , Wise Mark G , Bauer Karri A , Siddiqui Fakhar , Young Katherine , Motyl Mary R , Sahm Daniel F
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of recent Gram-negative pathogens collected from pediatric patients to imipenem/relebactam (IMI/REL) and comparator agents.

Methods

From 2018 to 2022 254 hospitals in 62 countries collected Enterobacterales or Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients <18 years old as part of the SMART global surveillance program. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)s were determined using CLSI broth microdilution and interpreted with 2024 CLSI breakpoints. Most isolates non-susceptible to IMI/REL were queried for their acquired β-lactamase content.

Results

Overall, 96.8% of all non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales (NME) isolates from pediatric patients (n = 12 060) were IMI/REL-susceptible. Most NME were also susceptible to imipenem alone (93.9%), meropenem (96.0%), and ertapenem (94.4%); isolates were less susceptible to piperacillin/tazobactam (82.8%), cefepime (76.3%), and ceftazidime (74.4%). Non-Morganellaceae Enterobacterales collected in Asia were the least susceptible to IMI/REL (91.6%), while those from Australia/New Zealand were the most (99.3%). Imipenem/relebactam was equally potent against NME isolates regardless of infection source, hospital ward, age, and length of hospitalization. In total, 90.8% of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 3046) were IMI/REL-susceptible; ceftolozane/tazobactam also inhibited >90% of the P. aeruginosa. Regionally, P. aeruginosa isolates from Eastern Europe were least susceptible to IMI/REL. Molecular characterization revealed that, globally, most resistance to IMI/REL among the NME could be attributed to the presence of NDM-type metallo-β-lactamases, while no acquired β-lactamases were detected in approximately half the IMI/REL non-susceptible P. aeruginosa examined.

Conclusion

Based on in vitro data, IMI/REL represents a good therapeutic option for most hospitalized pediatric patients infected with common Gram-negative pathogens.
A domain calculus based on Heyting-valued logic
Authors: Lastovicka Jan
Published: January 2025

We present a domain calculus for databases that store information in the form of $L$-relations, where $L$ is a complete Heyting algebra. First-order formulas serve as a query language for such databases. However, the set of formulas needs to be restricted to those that are safe to use. The main motivation is to study databases in which incomplete information is modeled by $L$-relations.
Moving-mesh non-ideal magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the collapse of cloud cores to protostars
Authors: Mayer Alexander C , Zier Oliver , Naab Thorsten , Pakmor Rüdiger , Caselli Paola , Ivlev Alexei V , Springel Volker , Walch Stefanie
Published: January 2025

Magnetic fields have been shown both observationally and through theoretical work to be an important factor in the formation of protostars and their accretion discs. Accurate modelling of the evolution of the magnetic field in low-ionization molecular cloud cores requires the inclusion of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) processes, specifically Ohmic and ambipolar diffusion and the Hall effect. These have a profound influence on the efficiency of magnetic removal of angular momentum from protostellar discs and simulations that include them can avoid the ‘magnetic-braking catastrophe’ in which discs are not able to form. However, the impact of the Hall effect, in particular, is complex and remains poorly studied. In this work, we perform a large suite of simulations of the collapse of cloud cores to protostars with several non-ideal MHD chemistry models and initial core geometries using the moving-mesh code arepo. We find that the efficiency of angular momentum removal is significantly reduced with respect to ideal MHD, in line with previous results. The Hall effect has a varied influence on the evolution of the disc which depends on the initial orientation of the magnetic field. This extends to the outflows seen in a subset of the models, where this effect can act to enhance or suppress them and open up new outflow channels. We conclude, in agreement with a subset of the previous literature, that the Hall effect is the dominant non-ideal MHD process in some collapse scenarios and thus should be included in simulations of protostellar disc formation.
Lyman-α feedback prevails at Cosmic Dawn: implications for the first galaxies, stars, and star clusters
Authors: Nebrin Olof , Smith Aaron , Lorinc Kevin , Hörnquist Johan , Larson Åsa , Mellema Garrelt , Giri Sambit K
Published: January 2025

Radiation pressure from Lyman-$\alpha$ (Ly$\alpha$) scattering is a potentially dominant form of early stellar feedback, capable of injecting up to $\sim 100 \, \times$ more momentum into the interstellar medium (ISM) than ultraviolet continuum radiation pressure and stellar winds. Ly$\alpha$ feedback is particularly strong in dust-poor environments and is thus especially important during the formation of the first stars and galaxies. As upcoming galaxy formation simulations incorporate Ly$\alpha$ feedback, it is crucial to consider processes that can limit it to avoid placing Lambda-cold dark matter in apparent tension with recent JWST observations indicating efficient star formation at Cosmic Dawn. We study Ly$\alpha$ feedback using a novel analytical Ly$\alpha$ radiative transfer solution that includes the effects of continuum absorption, gas velocity gradients, Ly$\alpha$ destruction (e.g. by $2p \rightarrow 2s$ transitions), ISM turbulence, and atomic recoil. We verify our solution for uniform clouds using extensive Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) tests, and resolve a previous discrepancy between analytical and MCRT predictions. We then study the sensitivity of Ly$\alpha$ feedback to the aforementioned effects. While these can dampen Ly$\alpha$ feedback by a factor $\lesssim \textrm {few} \times 10$, we find it remains $\gtrsim 5 - 100 \, \times$ stronger than direct radiation pressure and therefore cannot be neglected. We provide an accurate fit for the Ly$\alpha$ force multiplier $M_{\rm F}$, suitable for implementation in subgrid models for galaxy formation simulations. Our findings highlight the critical role of Ly$\alpha$ feedback in regulating star formation at Cosmic Dawn, and underscore the necessity of incorporating it into simulations to accurately model early galaxy evolution.
Signatures of high-redshift galactic outflows in the thermal Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect
Authors: Sun Guochao , Furlanetto Steven R , Lidz Adam
Published: January 2025

Anisotropies of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect serve as a powerful probe of the thermal history of the universe. At high redshift, hot galactic outflows driven by supernovae (SNe) can inject a significant amount of thermal energy into the intergalactic medium, causing a strong y-type distortion of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum through inverse Compton scattering. The resulting anisotropies of the y-type distortion are sensitive to key physical properties of high-z galaxies pertaining to the launch of energetic SNe-driven outflows, such as the efficiency and the spatio-temporal clustering of star formation. We develop a simple analytic framework to calculate anisotropies of y-type distortion associated with SNe-powered outflows of galaxies at $z\gt 6$. We show that galactic outflows are likely the dominant source of thermal energy injection, compared to contributions from reionized bubbles and gravitational heating. We further show that next-generation CMB experiments such as LiteBIRD are likely to detect the contribution to y anisotropies from high-z galactic outflows through the cross-correlation with surveys of Lyman-break galaxies by e.g. the Roman Space Telescope. Our analysis and forecasts demonstrate that thermal SZ anisotropies can be a promising probe of SN feedback and outflows in early star-forming galaxies.
Selecting genes for analysis using historically contingent progress: from RNA changes to protein–protein interactions
Authors: Lalit Farhaan , Jose Antony M
Published: January 2025

Progress in biology has generated numerous lists of genes that share some property. But advancing from these lists of genes to understanding their roles is slow and unsystematic. Here we use RNA silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans to illustrate an approach for prioritizing genes for detailed study given limited resources. The partially subjective relationships between genes forged by both deduced functional relatedness and biased progress in the field were captured as mutual information and used to cluster genes that were frequently identified yet remain understudied. Some proteins encoded by these understudied genes are predicted to physically interact with known regulators of RNA silencing, suggesting feedback regulation. Predicted interactions with proteins that act in other processes and the clustering of studied genes among the most frequently perturbed suggest regulatory links connecting RNA silencing to other processes like the cell cycle and asymmetric cell division. Thus, among the gene products altered when a process is perturbed could be regulators of that process acting to restore homeostasis, which provides a way to use RNA sequencing to identify candidate protein–protein interactions. Together, the analysis of perturbed transcripts and potential interactions of the proteins they encode could help prioritize candidate regulators of any process.
Predicting critical surgical characteristics of intracranial meningiomas on MRI—A prospective study on 100 consecutive patients
Authors: Winter Fabian , Furtner Julia , Dunst Astrid , Kasprian Gregor , Weber Michael , Woehrer Adelheid , Roessler Karl , Dorfer Christian
Published: January 2025

Background

This study aimed to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers predictive of essential surgical characteristics in meningiomas, including consistency, ease of dissection of meningioma from surrounding brain tissue, and vascularity, which are crucial for surgical decisions and outcomes.

Methods

We conducted preoperative MRI using a standardized protocol to measure signal intensities (SI) within meningiomas. Additionally, we administered intraoperative questionnaires and performed histological analyses on each tumor.

Results

A total of 100 consecutive patients (mean age, 58 years ± 13, 69 female) were enrolled in this prospective clinical trial. Meningioma volumes varied (0.4–185.6 cm3) with surgeries lasting on average 176 min (range 35–610 min). SI measurements on T1-weighted, time-of-flight (TOF), and T2-weighted imaging were significantly associated with tumor consistency and vascularity. Specifically, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting consistency grades above 3 (on a 1–5 grade scale) were 75% and 55% postcontrast on T1-weighted imaging (SI ≥ 711) and 73% and 70% on TOF imaging (SI ≥ 124.5). For vascularity grades above 5 (on a 1–10 grade scale), the values were 73% sensitivity and 54% specificity on TOF imaging (SI ≥ 123). No correlation was found between the surgical cleavage plane and MRI data; however, dissection plane type significantly influenced surgery duration and hospitalization length. A lower SI on T2-weighted imaging correlated with specific histological features.

Conclusion

Key surgical aspects of meningiomas can be predicted using conventional MRI sequences. This may improve patient counseling and surgical planning.
When politicians feel pressure to represent: Evidence from South Africa
Authors: Mugglin Leonie , Murahwa Brian , Ruedin Didier
Published: January 2025

This article explores whether representatives from minority groups feel under pressure to represent the group they are associated with. We use a representative survey experiment in South Africa (N = 1,252), combined with semi-structured interviews with elected representatives (N = 25). In the survey, there are clear expectations in the population that groups should be represented by a member of ‘their’ group. However, in the survey experiment which captures a behavioural response, members of the general population do not trust representatives of ‘their’ group more. In the interviews, the representatives confirm that they are aware of the expectations of the population, and to some extent feel under pressure to represent the group they are associated with and its interests. They often express a reluctance to represent groups because they want to focus on substantive issues. From their perspective, there is a tension between representing groups and norms against clientelism.
Red peel regulator 1 links ethylene response factor 25 and β-citraurin biosynthetic genes to regulate ethylene-induced peel reddening in citrus
Authors: Sun Quan , He Zhengchen , Wei Ranran , Ye Junli , Chai Lijun , Cheng Yunjiang , Xu Qiang , Deng Xiuxin
Published: January 2025

The reddish apocarotenoid β-citraurin, produced by CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 4b (CsCCD4b), is responsible for peel reddening in citrus (Citrus spp.). Ethylene induces the characteristic red color of citrus peel, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we identified red peel regulator 1 (CsRP1), a trihelix transcriptional activator that regulates ethylene-induced peel reddening by directly binding to a key V-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB)-binding site in the CsCCD4b promoter, thus activating its transcription. Furthermore, 2 drought-responsive cis-elements in the CsRP1 promoter are bound by the ethylene response factor ethylene response factor 25 (CsERF25). We reconstructed the CsERF25–CsRP1–CsCCD4b transcriptional regulatory cascade through transient expression of CsERF25 and CsRP1 in citrus peel and via stable transformation of citrus calli. In this cascade, CsERF25 expression was induced by ethylene to activate CsRP1 expression, and then, CsRP1 directly induced CsCCD4b transcription to catalyze β-citraurin biosynthesis. CsRP1 and CsERF25 also bound to the promoters of other carotenogenic genes and induced their transcription, thereby promoting β-citraurin accumulation. Collectively, our findings reveal a complex regulatory network modulating ethylene-induced citrus peel reddening and provide innovative strategies for improving the nutritional and esthetic values of citrus and other fruit crops.
Repertoires of research value: performing societal impact across countries
Authors: Williams Kate , Michalska Sandra
Published: January 2025

In recent years, research policy has increasingly prioritized the societal impact of academic work, emphasizing external relevance, public value, and collective benefit. In many countries, a wealth of data has been generated by national assessments that require universities to submit narratives on their contributions outside the academy. Despite this, limited attention has been paid to variation in the expression of research value between countries with similar policy frameworks. This article draws on a mixed method analysis, integrating a quantitative embeddings approach and qualitative content analysis, to analyse a dataset of 7,275 impact case studies from the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Australia. By examining ‘cultural repertoires’—the knowledge, skills, and symbols that inform action—the study reveals that, despite convergence in research policy and assessment, the expression of research value diverges significantly across countries. The findings highlight the nuanced connection between global policy trends and local cultural contexts, offering new insights into how research value is performed in diverse national settings.
Treatment-emergent major adverse cardiovascular and thromboembolic events were infrequent during clinical trials of pegloticase
Authors: Troum Orrin M , Duong Mai , Obermeyer Katie , Padnick-Silver Lissa , LaMoreaux Brian
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Long-term maintenance of serum urate levels <6 mg/dl reduces gout flare frequency. However, urate-lowering therapy (ULT) initiation can induce gout flare. The incidence of thromboembolic (TE) and cardiovascular (CV) events has been shown to increase in the 30 and 120 days following gout flare, respectively; therefore, the question of ULT initiation increasing patient risk for CV/TE events has been raised. Here, we investigate CV/TE event incidence following pegloticase initiation in clinical trials.

Methods

This post hoc analysis of pooled data from four trials examined treatment-emergent gout flare and CV/TE events in patients with uncontrolled gout. Studies included two phase 3 trials (NCT00325195), the MIRROR open-label trial (NCT03635957), and the MIRROR randomized controlled trial (NCT03994731). Per protocol, pegloticase (8 mg) was administered every 2 (all trials) or 4 weeks (phase 3 trials); data from the first 24 weeks of therapy were included in this analysis. Some MIRROR patients received MTX (15 mg/week) as co-therapy. Based on prior studies, the high-risk window for CV/TE events was defined as 120 days following flare onset.

Results

Overall, 5/328 (1.5%) patients experienced ≥1 CV/TE event during pegloticase treatment, including 3/244 (1.2%) patients who received on-label (biweekly) dosing (35.4 events/1000 person-years). All events occurred within the 120-day gout flare exposure window.

Conclusions

CV/TE event incidence during pegloticase treatment was similar to the general gout population (31.7 events/1000 person-years). These findings suggest that pegloticase initiation does not put patients at a higher risk for CV/TE events.