bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rate or Rhythm Control in Older Atrial Fibrillation Patients: Risk of Fall‐Related Injuries and Syncope
Authors: Dalgaard Frederik , Pallisgaard Jannik L. , Numé Anna‐Karin , Lindhardt Tommi Bo , Gislason Gunnar H. , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Ruwald Martin H.
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVES

Management of atrial fibrillation (AF) with rate and/or rhythm control could lead to fall‐related injuries and syncope, especially in the older AF population. We aimed to determine the association of rate and/or rhythm control with fall‐related injuries and syncope in a real‐world older AF cohort.

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Danish nationwide administrative registries from 2000 to 2015.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 100 935 patients with AF aged 65 years or older claiming prescription of rate‐lowering drugs (RLDs) and/or anti‐arrhythmic drugs (AADs) were included. We compared the use of rate‐lowering monotherapy with rate‐lowering dual therapy, AAD monotherapy, and AAD combined with rate‐lowering therapy.

MEASUREMENTS

Outcomes were fall‐related injuries and syncope as a composite end point (primary) or separate end point (secondary).

RESULTS

In this population, the median age was 78 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 72‐84 y), and 53 481 (53.0%) were women. During a median follow‐up of 2.1 years (IQR = 1.0‐5.1), 17 132 (17.0%) experienced a fall‐related injury, 5745 (5.7%) had a syncope, and 21 093 (20.9%) experienced either. Compared with rate‐lowering monotherapy, AADs were associated with a higher risk of fall‐related injuries and syncope. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for the composite end point was 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17‐1.43) for AAD monotherapy and 1.46 [95% CI = 1.34‐1.58] for AAD combined with rate‐lowering therapy. When stratifying by individual drugs, amiodarone significantly increased the risk of fall‐related injuries and syncope (IRR = 1.40 [1.26‐1.55]). Compared with more than 180 days of rate‐lowering monotherapy, a higher risk of all outcomes was seen in the first 90 days of any treatment; however, the greatest risk was in the first 14 days for those treated with AADs.

CONCLUSION

In AF patients aged 65 years and older, AAD use was associated with a higher risk of fall‐related injuries and syncope, and the risk was highest within the first 14 days for those treated with AADs. Only amiodarone use was associated with a higher risk. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2023–2030, 2019
Making the Most of Mealtimes (M3): effect of eating occasions and other covariates on energy and protein intake among Canadian older adult residents in long‐term care
Authors: Trinca V. , Morrison J. , Slaughter S. , Keller H.
Published: July 2019

Background

Food intake varies among long‐term care (LTC) residents and, as a result, some residents are at risk for protein‐energy malnutrition and its consequences, such as sarcopenia. The present study aimed to determine whether eating occasions, as well as other factors that may vary with eating occasions (e.g. family/volunteer presence), were associated with energy and protein intake at meals and snacks.

Methods

The present study comprised a secondary analysis of the cross‐sectional Making the Most of Mealtimes study, including 630 residents (median age 88.00 years, range 62–107 years; 197 males) from 32 Canadian LTC homes. An analysis of variance compared protein and energy intake at meals and snacks. Mixed repeated measures linear regression testing for meal and relevant covariates (e.g. family/volunteer presence) was also conducted.

Results

Energy and protein intake was significantly associated with eating occasions (F = 44.31, P < 0.001; F = 12.72, P < 0.001), with the greatest energy intake at breakfast, and the greatest protein intake at dinner. Regression analysis confirmed these findings when considering other factors. Covariates associated with higher intake included: being male (+79 kcal; +3.4 g protein), living on a dementia care unit (+39 kcal; +2.1 g protein) and family/volunteer presence at meals (+58 kcal; +2.5 g protein). Intake was lowest in the oldest age group (−59 kcal; −3.6 g protein) and for those sometimes requiring eating assistance (−36 kcal; −2.0 g protein).

Conclusions

Energy and protein intake appears to be associated with eating occasions. Based on these exploratory findings, LTC homes may consider providing more protein‐dense foods at breakfast. Protein and energy dense snacks could also be used more extensively to support intake.
Oxygen isotopic composition of an enstatite ribbon of probable cometary origin
Authors: Ogliore Ryan C. , Brownlee Donald E. , Nagashima Kazuhide , Joswiak David J. , Lewis Josiah B. , Krot Alexander N. , Utt Kainen L. , Huss Gary R.
Published: July 2019

Filamentary enstatite crystals are found in interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) of likely cometary origin but are very rare or absent in meteorites. Crystallographic characteristics of filamentary enstatites indicate that they condensed directly from vapor. We measured the O isotopic composition of an enstatite ribbon from a giant cluster IDP to be δ18O = 25 ± 55, δ17O = −19 ± 129, ∆17O = −32 ± 134 (2σ errors), which is inconsistent at the 2σ level with the composition of the Sun inferred from the Genesis solar wind measurements. The particle's O isotopic composition, consistent with the terrestrial composition, implies that it condensed from a gas of nonsolar O isotopic composition, possibly as a result of vaporization of disk region enriched in 16O‐depleted solids. The relative scarcity of filamentary enstatite in asteroids compared to comets implies either that this crystal condensed from dust vaporized in situ in the outer solar system where comets formed or it condensed in the inner solar system and was subsequently transported outward to the comet‐forming region.
Breastfeeding advice for reality: Women's perspectives on primary care support in South Africa
Authors: Doherty Tanya , Horwood Christiane , Haskins Lyn , Magasana Vuyolwethu , Goga Ameena , Feucht Ute , Sanders David , Tylleskar Thorkild , Kauchali Shuaib , Dhansay Muhammad Ali , Rollins Nigel , Kroon Max , Engebretsen Ingunn M. S.
Published: July 2019

Breastfeeding education and support are critical health worker skills. Confusion surrounding infant feeding advice linked to the HIV epidemic has reduced the confidence of health workers to support breastfeeding. High antiretroviral therapy coverage of breastfeeding women living with HIV, and an Infant Feeding policy supportive of breastfeeding, now provides an opportunity to improve breastfeeding practices. Challenges remain in restoring health worker confidence to support breastfeeding. This qualitative study presents findings from focus group discussions with mothers of young infants, exploring their experiences of health worker breastfeeding counselling and support. Analysis followed the thematic framework approach. Six researchers reviewed the transcripts, coded them independently, then jointly reviewed the codes, and agreed on a working analytical framework. Although mothers received antenatal breastfeeding messages, these appeared to focus rigidly on the importance of exclusivity. Mothers described receiving some practical support with initiation of breastfeeding after delivery, but support and advice for post‐natal breastfeeding challenges were often incorrect or absent. The support also ignored the context in which women make infant feeding decisions, including returning to work and pressures from family members. Despite improved breastfeeding policies, restoring confidence in health workers to support breastfeeding remains a challenge. The post‐natal period, when mothers experience breastfeeding difficulties, is particularly critical, and our findings reinforce the importance of continuity of care between communities and health facilities. This research has implications for how health workers are trained to support breastfeeding. Greater attention is needed on developing skills and confidence in identifying, assessing, and supporting women experiencing breastfeeding challenges.
Genomic data reveal deep genetic structure but no support for current taxonomic designation in a grasshopper species complex
Authors: Tonzo Vanina , Papadopoulou Anna , Ortego Joaquín
Published: July 2019

Taxonomy has traditionally relied on morphological and ecological traits to interpret and classify biological diversity. Over the last decade, technological advances and conceptual developments in the field of molecular ecology and systematics have eased the generation of genomic data and changed the paradigm of biodiversity analysis. Here we illustrate how traditional taxonomy has led to species designations that are supported neither by high throughput sequencing data nor by the quantitative integration of genomic information with other sources of evidence. Specifically, we focus on Omocestus antigai and Omocestus navasi, two montane grasshoppers from the Pyrenean region that were originally described based on quantitative phenotypic differences and distinct habitat associations (alpine vs. Mediterranean‐montane habitats). To validate current taxonomic designations, test species boundaries, and understand the factors that have contributed to genetic divergence, we obtained phenotypic (geometric morphometrics) and genome‐wide SNP data (ddRADSeq) from populations covering the entire known distribution of the two taxa. Coalescent‐based phylogenetic reconstructions, integrative Bayesian model‐based species delimitation, and landscape genetic analyses revealed that populations assigned to the two taxa show a spatial distribution of genetic variation that do not match with current taxonomic designations and is incompatible with ecological/environmental speciation. Our results support little phenotypic variation among populations and a marked genetic structure that is mostly explained by geographic distances and limited population connectivity across the abrupt landscapes characterizing the study region. Overall, this study highlights the importance of integrative approaches to identify taxonomic units and elucidate the evolutionary history of species.
Genetic admixture accelerates invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution
Authors: Qiao Hongmei , Liu Wenwen , Zhang Yihui , Zhang Yuan‐Ye , Li Qingshun Q.
Published: July 2019

Genetic admixture, the intraspecific hybridization among divergent introduced sources, can immediately facilitate colonization via hybrid vigor and profoundly enhance invasion via contributing novel genetic variation to adaption. As hybrid vigor is short‐lived, provisioning adaptation is anticipated to be the dominant and long‐term profit of genetic admixture, but the evidence for this is rare. We employed the 30 years' geographic‐scale invasion of the salt marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora, as an evolutionary experiment and evaluated the consequences of genetic admixture by combining the reciprocal transplant experiment with quantitative and population genetic surveys. Consistent with the documentation, we found that the invasive populations in China had multiple origins from the southern Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico in the US. Interbreeding among these multiple sources generated a “hybrid swarm” that spread throughout the coast of China. In the northern and mid‐latitude China, natural selection greatly enhanced fecundity, plant height and shoot regeneration compared to the native populations. Furthermore, genetic admixture appeared to have broken the negative correlation between plant height and shoot regeneration, which was genetically‐based in the native range, and have facilitated the evolution of super competitive genotypes in the invasive range. In contrast to the evolved northern and mid‐latitude populations, the southern invasive populations showed slight increase of plant height and shoot regeneration compared to the native populations, possibly reflecting the heterotic effect of the intraspecific hybridization. Therefore, our study suggests a critical role of genetic admixture in accelerating the geographic invasion via provisioning rapid adaptive evolution.
Strengths and potential pitfalls of hay transfer for ecological restoration revealed by RAD‐seq analysis in floodplain Arabis species
Authors: Dittberner Hannes , Becker Christian , Jiao Wen‐Biao , Schneeberger Korbinian , Hölzel Norbert , Tellier Aurélien , de Meaux Juliette
Published: July 2019

Achieving high intraspecific genetic diversity is a critical goal in ecological restoration as it increases the adaptive potential and long‐term resilience of populations. Thus, we investigated genetic diversity within and between pristine sites in a fossil floodplain and compared it to sites restored by hay transfer between 1997 and 2014. RAD‐seq genotyping revealed that the stenoecious floodplain species Arabis nemorensis is co‐occurring with individuals that, based on ploidy, ITS‐sequencing and morphology, probably belong to the close relative Arabis sagittata, which has a documented preference for dry calcareous grasslands but has not been reported in floodplain meadows. We show that hay transfer maintains genetic diversity for both species. Additionally, in A. sagittata, transfer from multiple genetically isolated pristine sites resulted in restored sites with increased diversity and admixed local genotypes. In A. nemorensis, transfer did not create novel admixture dynamics because genetic diversity between pristine sites was less differentiated. Thus, the effects of hay transfer on genetic diversity also depend on the genetic make‐up of the donor communities of each species, especially when local material is mixed. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of hay transfer for habitat restoration and emphasize the importance of prerestoration characterization of microgeographic patterns of intraspecific diversity of the community to guarantee that restoration practices reach their goal, that is maximize the adaptive potential of the entire restored plant community. Overlooking these patterns may alter the balance between species in the community. Additionally, our comparison of summary statistics obtained from de novo‐ and reference‐based RAD‐seq pipelines shows that the genomic impact of restoration can be reliably monitored in species lacking prior genomic knowledge.
Autosomal recessive hyper‐IgE syndrome successfully treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Lopes Jorge , Teixeira Diogo , Sousa Cristina , Baptista Armando , Moreira Diana , Ferreira Eduarda O.
Published: July 2019

Autosomal recessive hyper‐IgE syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency that results from a mutation in the DOCK8 gene. We report a case of a patient presenting with severe eczema, atopy, and recurrent skin infections since the first months of life. The diagnosis of autosomal recessive hyper‐IgE syndrome was made at the age of 7 by a positive DOCK8 genetic test. The patient underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with complete remission of the various manifestations.
Associations among race, residential segregation, community income, and emergency department use by adults with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Thomas‐Hawkins Charlotte , Flynn Linda , Zha Peijia , Savage Beth
Published: July 2019

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine independent and interactive effects of race, community income, and racial residential segregation on the likelihood of ED revisits by persons with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD).

Design

A retrospective analysis of de‐identified data abstracted from Health Care Utilization and Cost Project's (HCUP) 2014 New Jersey State Emergency Department (ED) Database and American Community Survey (ACS) was conducted.

Sample

The analytic sample was comprised of 2,859 ED encounters in 2014 by non‐Hispanic Black and White persons over 18 years of age with ESRD who were treated and released from the ED.

Measurements

The HCUP database was the data source for ED revisit, race, median community income, and covariate (age, gender, marital status, number of chronic conditions) variables in the study. The 2014 ACS was the source for racial segregation Dissimilarity Index scores across NJ counties.

Results

Living in communities with lower median income and high racial segregation was associated with a higher likelihood of ED revisits. Black race interacted with community income and racial segregation in its effect on ED revisits.

Conclusion

Efforts are needed to direct geo‐targeted interventions and resources to socially disadvantaged communities to lessen disparities in ED visits among dialysis patients.
Insights into the epidemiology of Pierce's disease in vineyards of Mallorca, Spain
Authors: Moralejo E. , Borràs D. , Gomila M. , Montesinos M. , Adrover F. , Juan A. , Nieto A. , Olmo D. , Seguí G. , Landa B. B.
Published: July 2019

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), the causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD), has long been considered a major threat to prosperous European viticulture. In May of 2017, PD was officially detected on a grapevine in Mallorca. To better understand the epidemiology of the first established outbreak of PD in Europe, the disease incidence and severity were assessed, vector transmission experiments were performed, and cultivar responses to Xf infections both in the field and in inoculation experiments were monitored. The genetic structure of Xf local populations was also investigated by multilocus sequence typing analysis, and their whole genome sequences and phylogenetic positions compared with respect to PD strains worldwide. Disease incidence was moderately low (0.07) and highly variable, ranging from 0.0 to 0.99. Its economic impact on wine production was considered low. Vineyards managed under conventional viticulture were significantly less infected than organic farming. Under greenhouse conditions, the insect Philaenus spumarius efficiently transmitted the pathogen from infected to healthy grapevines. In the inoculation experiments, Xf infected, to some degree, 29 of the 30 cultivar × rootstock combinations (n = 239). Cultivars Viura, Gorgollasa and Sauvignon Blanc were the most susceptible ones. All Xf isolates from grapevines belonged to sequence type ST1; they phylogenetically clustered within the Californian ST1 clade, with which they shared a 99.94% identity and the same plasmid. In addition, ST1 caused almond leaf scorch disease, where notably its incidence (0.78) and severity was much higher than PD. The likely reasons for these wide differences are discussed in the context of a 20‐year Xf introduction scenario.
BIG‐BOX RETAILERS, RETAIL EMPLOYMENT, AND WAGES IN THE US
Authors: Peralta Denis , Kim Man‐Keun
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the dynamic interrelationship between the presence of big‐box retailers and retail employment and wages in the United States at county level for 1986–2005 using panel vector autoregressions (Panel VAR). The Panel VAR approach addresses endogenous interactions among the variables in the system. In other words, this approach takes into account the fact that the presence of big‐box retailers can have an impact on retail employment and wages and at the same time, retail employment and wages can influence the presence of big‐box retailers. Results indicate that the presence of big‐box retailers has a positive effect on employment but a negative effect on wages. The effect on wages is relatively greater and is more prolonged than the effect on employment. Both employment and wages have an instant (first year) positive effect on the presence of big‐box retailers, which implies that big‐box stores are located in areas where the economy is growing.
Science as Snake Oil: Rural Development, Discourse, and the Broken Promise of Tech Jobs in Vermont
Authors: Golding Shaun A. , Brannon Monica M.
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the public conversation surrounding two failed technology businesses in rural Vermont communities, documenting a particular techno‐development discourse. Engaging with the literatures of rural development and science and technology studies (STS), the paper frames this discourse as a mechanism of power exercised by private capital. It analyzes how perspectives shared in news and social media functioned to attribute financial, technological, and moral authority to developers while dividing communities and scapegoating the state. Our work highlights the need for scholars to be conscious of techno‐development discourses that prioritize capital interests over community interests. Rather than using hegemonic conceptualizations of technology, we advocate for development that advances more flexible, local understandings of technology. And rather than centering high‐tech development as a vehicle for extending prosperity across space, we propose that greater attention be paid to extending high wages across industrial sectors.
The obesity paradox: A further consideration in dialysis patients
Authors: Kittiskulnam Piyawan , Johansen Kirsten L.
Published: July 2019

Several epidemiological cohorts have demonstrated that higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with lower mortality risk among patients receiving hemodialysis. However, BMI may be an inaccurate indicator of nutritional status among dialysis patients because it does not differentiate between muscle and fat mass or provide information about body fat distribution. More sophisticated methods of body composition analysis are therefore required to address the question of which component is associated with greater survival. Recent evidence has also shown that changes in body weight and body composition are more strongly associated with mortality in dialysis patients than measurement of BMI at a single time point. Given that obesity is common among the dialysis population, weight loss interventions are encouraged for obese dialysis patients who are on a transplant waiting list in order to increase the access for transplantation.
Evaluating nail thickness and stiffness with shear‐wave elastography in nail psoriasis: A preliminary study
Authors: Kaya İslamoğlu Zeynep Gizem , Uysal Emine , Demirbaş Abdullah , İslamoğlu Necat
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing skin disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Nail changes have been reported to occur in up to 40% of patients with mild psoriasis and 50%‐70% with severe disease. Shear‐wave elastography (SWE) is a new non‐invasive ultrasonic technique that evaluates thickness and stiffness of tissues.

Aims

To evaluate nail plate thickness and stiffness of patients with psoriasis and determine whether there are differences among psoriatic patients with and without nail involvement, and to investigate the feasibility of using SWE in assessing this disease.

Materials and Methods

Nail plate thickness and stiffness were investigated in 54 patients with psoriasis and 58 healthy controls. SWE was performed with an Aplio 500 ultrasound system.

Results

Increased nail plate thickness was observed more often in the affected nails of psoriatic patients compared to non‐affected nails of patients and controls. Stiffness was similar in both groups.

Conclusions

Our study is the first report to evaluate the SWE scores in nail psoriasis. While it may not provide reliable information for diagnosis, it can be used for follow‐up treatment.
Determining Prestrains in an Elastomer Through Elliptical Indentation
Authors: Zheng Yue , Cai Shengqiang
Published: July 2019

Residual stresses or prestrains could strongly affect the properties and functionalities of soft materials and tissues. However, non-destructive measurements of residual stresses or prestrains in materials are generally challenging. Previous studies have shown that residual stresses or prestrains can affect indentation tests of different materials, including metals, glassy polymers, soft elastomers, and gels. Nevertheless, an indentation method for determining the state of residual stresses or prestrains of large magnitude in an elastomer is not yet available. In this article, we propose to use elliptical indentation to measure large prestretches in a Neo-Hookean elastomer. We have analytically derived the relationship between the indentation force and indentation depth for both a flat-ended elliptical indenter and an ellipsoidal indenter. We have further shown that such a relationship greatly depends on the rotational angle of the indenter with respect to the direction of principle stretches in the elastomer. Based on the derived analytical results, we construct two diagrams for the flat-ended elliptical indenter and ellipsoidal indenter, respectively, which can be directly used to determine quantitatively large prestrains in an elastomer.
Sparse Scaling Iterative Closest Point for Rail Profile Inspection
Authors: Yang Yue , Liu Long , Li Miaocheng , Yang Guang , Yi Bing
Published: July 2019

The accuracy of rail profile inspections is critical for guaranteeing transport security and rail maintenance, and hence, the laser-based rail profile inspection has frequently been used. However, there are two major challenges in practical applications: the distortion of the measured rail profile and the influences of noise and outliers. In this paper, the sparse scaling iterative closest point method is proposed for rail profile inspection. First, the existing challenges for processing the measured rail profile via a line laser sensor are generally described. After this, a robust registration energy function that evolves both the scale factor and the lp norm is proposed for rail profile registration. Finally, the Hausdorff distance is adopted to visualize the matching results. The experiments indicate that the proposed method can both precisely rectify the distorted rail profile and avoid the influences of noise and outliers when compared with the conventional iterative closest point, sparse iterative closest point, and reweighted-scaling closest point methods.
Load Analysis of Flexible Ball Bearing in a Harmonic Reducer
Authors: Xiong Ying , Zhu Yongsheng , Yan Ke
Published: July 2019

Harmonic reducers are generally supported by flexible bearings. The elastic deformation of the flexible bearing enables the harmonic reducer to satisfy high reduction ratio performance. By considering the flexible outer ring and noncircular inner ring of the flexible bearing, a universal static analysis model was developed to calculate the ball load distribution of flexible bearings in harmonic reducers. The validity of the proposed model was proved by studying two types of flexible bearings mounted on an elliptical cam and a four-force action-type cam, respectively. Several results validate the use of the model to assess the ball load distribution instead of a more time-consuming finite element method. Influences of design parameters in the flexible bearing on the load distribution were investigated, which makes reference for the optimal design of the flexible bearing.
Model Validation Methods for Multiple Correlated Responses via Covariance-Overlap Based Distance
Authors: Hu Jiexiang , Jiang Ping , Zhou Qi , McKeand Austin , Choi Seung-Kyum
Published: July 2019

Model validation methods have been widely used in engineering design to provide a quantified assessment of the agreement between simulation predictions and experimental observations. For the validation of simulation models with multiple correlated outputs, not only the uncertainty of the responses but also the correlation between them needs to be considered. Most of the existing validation methods for multiple correlated responses focus on the area metric, which only compares the overall area difference between the two cumulative probability distribution curves. The differences in the distributions of the data sets are not fully utilized. In this paper, two covariance-overlap based model validation (COMV) methods are proposed for the validation of multiple correlated responses. The COMV method is used for a single validation site, while the covariance-overlap pooling based model validation (COPMV) method can pool the evidence from different validation sites into a scalar measure to give a global evaluation about the candidate model. The effectiveness and merits of the proposed methods are demonstrated by comparing with three different existing validation methods on three numerical examples and a practical engineering problem of a turbine blade validation example. The influence of sample size and the number of partitions in the proposed methods are also discussed. Results show that the proposed method shows better performance on the uncertainty estimation of different computational models, which is useful for practical engineering design problems with multiple correlated responses.
Zirconium oxide particles, by near-ambient pressure XPS
Authors: Shah Dhruv , Bahr Stephan , Dietrich Paul , Meyer Michael , Thißen Andreas , Linford Matthew R.
Published: July 2019

Near-ambient pressure–x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at ca. 2500 Pa, or even higher in some cases. With NAP-XPS, XPS can probe particles, moderately volatile liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly. In this submission, we show survey, narrow (Zr 3p, Zr 3d, and O 1s), and Auger (O KLL) NAP-XPS scans of ZrO2 particles. Charge compensation for this insulating sample took place via the residual gas in the chamber. Zirconia is an important ceramic material. Accordingly, the XPS spectra of zirconia should be useful references.
Influence of vocal fold cover layer thickness on its vibratory dynamics during voice production
Authors: Jiang Weili , Zheng Xudong , Xue Qian
Published: July 2019

The influence of vocal fold cover layer thickness on the flow-induced vibration and voice production was studied by using a continuum-mechanics based computational model. The cover-body thickness ratio of a three-layer vocal fold was systematically varied. The effect on the vocal fold stiffness, eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes, fundamental frequencies, glottal flow rate, vocal fold vibratory dynamics, and synchronization of the eigenmodes were analyzed by using the structure eigen analysis and flow-structure interaction simulations. It was found that the cover-body layer thickness ratio significantly affected the strength and synchronization of the eigenmodes during flow-structure interactions, and ultimately affected the fundamental frequency and vibration pattern. With the increasing cover-body thickness ratio, the strength of the wave-type higher-eigenfrequency modes increased, and that resulted in a nonlinear bifurcation of the system in which the system evolved from a regular periodic vibration to a periodic doubling vibration and then back to a regular periodic vibration with increased fundamental frequencies. During the transition, the system vibrated chaotically. Because of the increased strength of the wave-type modes, the maximum divergent angle of the glottis was also increased with the increasing cover-body thickness ratio.
Oceanic and radiative forcing of medieval megadroughts in the American Southwest
Authors: Steiger Nathan J. , Smerdon Jason E. , Cook Benjamin I. , Seager Richard , Williams A. Park , Cook Edward R.
Published: July 2019

Medieval megadroughts in the American Southwest were caused by unusual ocean variability, quiescent volcanism, and solar forcing.
Fluid assessment in dialysis patients by point-of-care magnetic relaxometry
Authors: Colucci Lina A. , Corapi Kristin M. , Li Matthew , Parada Xavier Vela , Allegretti Andrew S. , Lin Herbert Y. , Ausiello Dennis A. , Rosen Matthew S. , Cima Michael J.
Published: July 2019

Portable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors enable quantitative diagnostic measurements of fluid status in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Bedazzled biomaterials: Crystallized drugs prevent implant fibrosis
Authors: Weaver Jessica D.
Published: July 2019

Crystallized anti-inflammatory drug formulations incorporated into biomaterial devices reduce fibrotic response when implanted in animal models.
Application of the Hartford Hospital Nomogram for Plazomicin Dosing Interval Selection in Patients with Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Asempa Tomefa E. , Kuti Joseph L. , Seroogy Julie D. , Komirenko Allison S. , Nicolau David P.
Published: July 2019

Plazomicin is a new FDA-approved aminoglycoside antibiotic for complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI). In the product labeling, trough-based therapeutic drug management (TDM) is recommended for cUTI patients with renal impairment to prevent elevated trough concentrations associated with serum creatinine increases of ≥0.5 mg/dl above baseline.
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for 5-Hydroxyuridine Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli tRNA
Authors: Lauhon Charles T.
Published: July 2019

Modified nucleotides in tRNA serve to optimize both its structure and function for accurate translation of the genetic code. The biosynthesis of these modifications has been fertile ground for uncovering unique biochemistry and metabolism in cells. In this work, genes that are required for a novel anaerobic hydroxylation of uridine at the wobble position of some tRNAs are identified in both
Bacillus subtilis
and
Escherichia coli
. These genes code for Fe-S cluster proteins, and their deletion reduces the levels of the hydroxyuridine by 50% in both organisms. Additional genes required for Fe-S cluster and prephenate biosynthesis and a previously described ferredoxin gene all display a similar reduction in hydroxyuridine levels, suggesting that still other genes are required for the modification.
Conformational Changes and Nuclear Entry of Porcine Circovirus without Disassembly
Authors: Wang Huijuan , Zhang Kailun , Lin Cui , Zhou Jianwei , Jin Yulan , Dong Weiren , Gu Jinyan , Zhou Jiyong
Published: July 2019

Circovirus is the smallest virus known to replicate autonomously. Knowledge of viral genome release may provide understanding of viral replication and a method to artificially inactivate viral particles. Currently, little is known about the release model of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Here, we report the release of the PCV2 genome from assembled capsid and the intracellular trafficking of infectious PCV2 by alterations in the capsid conformation. Knowledge of PCV2 capsid stability and dynamics is essential to understanding its infectious cycle and lays the foundation for discovering powerful targets for therapeutic and prophylactic intervention.
Whole-Genome Sequences of Pantoea agglomerans BL3, Pseudomonas fluorescens BL, and Pseudomonas stutzeri CM14, Isolated from Hops (Humulus lupulus)
Authors: Sevigny Joseph L. , Lloyd Breana , McComish Catherine , Ramsey Alexis , Koziol Lori
Published: July 2019

Pseudomonas stutzeri
CM14,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
BL, and
Pantoea agglomerans
BL3 were isolated from
Humulus lupulus
cones. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of three bacteria that have been associated with hop plants.
Prison cell spatial density and infectious and communicable diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Simpson Paul L , Simpson Melanie , Adily Armita , Grant Luke , Butler Tony
Published: July 2019

Objective

To summarise the extent and quality of evidence on the association between prison cell spatial density (a measure of crowding) and infectious and communicable diseases transmission among prisoners.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

Embase, PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PsycExtra, ProQuest Databases, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Index to Legal Periodicals, InformitOnline, Cochrane Library, Criminal Justice Abstracts and ICONDA were searched to 31 December 2018.

Eligibility criteria

Studies that reported on the association between prison cell spatial density (measured in square feet or square metres of cell floor area per person) and infectious and communicable diseases in juvenile and adult populations incarcerated in a correctional facility.

Data extraction and synthesis

A review protocol was developed in consultation with an advisory panel. Two reviewers independently extracted data and used the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council’s (NHMRC) checklist to critically appraise individual studies. An assessment of the overall body of the evidence was conducted using the NHMRC’s Evidence Scale and Statement Form.

Results

A total of 5126 articles were initially identified with seven included in the review from Pakistan (2003), Chile (2016), Nigeria (2012, 2013) and the USA (1980s). Infectious and communicable disease outcomes included pneumococcal disease/acute pneumonia,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection, infectious skin conditions and contagious disease reporting to the prison clinic. Five articles reported statistically significant positive associations but were countered by associations possibly being explained by chance, bias or confounding factors. Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis.

Conclusion

Overall, the body of evidence provides some support for an association between prison cell special density and infectious and communicable diseases, but care should be taken in the interpretation and transferability of the findings. Future research and policy responses should adequately consider prospective mediating factors implicated in associations between cell spatial density and health effects.
Delivery of compassionate mental health care in a digital technology-driven age: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Strudwick Gillian , Zhang Timothy , Inglis Fiona , Sockalingam Sanjeev , Munnery Mikayla , Lo Brian , Singh Takhar Shuranjeet , Charow Rebecca , Wiljer David
Published: July 2019

Introduction

As digital technologies become an integral part of mental health care delivery, concerns have risen regarding how this technology may detract from health professionals’ ability to provide compassionate care. To maintain and improve the quality of care for people with mental illness, there is a need to understand how to effectively incorporate technologies into the delivery of compassionate mental health care. The objectives of this scoping review are to: (1) identify the digital technologies currently being used among patients and health professionals in the delivery of mental health care; (2) determine how these digital technologies are being used in the context of the delivery of compassionate care and (3) uncover the barriers to, and facilitators of, digital technology-driven delivery of compassionate mental health care.

Methods and analysis

Searches were conducted of five databases, consisting of relevant articles published in English between 1990 and 2019. Identified articles will be independently screened for eligibility by two reviewers, first at a title and abstract stage, and then at a full-text level. Data will be extracted and compiled from eligible articles into a data extraction chart. Information collected will include a basic overview of the publication including the article title, authors, year of publication, country of origin, research design and research question addressed. On completion of data synthesis, the authors will conduct a consultation phase with relevant experts in the field.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval is not required for this scoping review. With regards to the dissemination plan, principles identified from the relevant articles may be presented at conferences and an article will be published in an academic journal with study results. The authors also intend to engage interested mental health professionals, health professional educators and patients in a discussion about the study findings and implications for the future.
Surveillance arterioveNous fistulAs using ultRasound (SONAR) trial in haemodialysis patients: a study protocol for a multicentre observational study
Authors: Richards James , Hossain Mohammed , Summers Dominic , Slater Matthew , Bartlett Matthew , Kosmoliaptsis Vasilis , Wilson Edward CF , Lagaac Regin , Sidders Anna , Foley Claire , Laing Emma , Hopkins Valerie , Fitzpatrick-Creamer Chloe , Hudson Cara , Thomas Helen , Turner Sam , Tambyraja Andrew , Somalanka Subash , Hunter James , Dutta Sam , Lawman Sarah , Salter Tracey , Aslam Mohammed , Bagul Atul , Sivaprakasam Rajesh , Smith George , Moinuddin Zia , Knight Simon , Gibbs Paul , Motallebzadeh Reza , Barnett Nicholas , Pettigrew Gavin
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are considered the best and safest modality for providing haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. Only 20% of UK centres achieve the recommended 80% target for achieving dialysis of the prevalent dialysis population via permanent access (as opposed to a central venous catheter). This is partly due to the relatively poor maturation rate of newly created fistulas, with as many as 50% of fistulas failing to mature.

The Surveillance Of arterioveNous fistulAe using ultRasound study will examine whether a protocolised programme of Doppler ultrasound (US) surveillance can identify, early after creation, potentially correctable problems in those AVFs that subsequently fail to mature.

Methods and analysis

This is a multicentre observational study that will assess newly created AVFs by Doppler US performed at 2, 4, 6 and 10 weeks after creation. The primary outcome measure will be primary fistula patency at week 10. Secondary outcome measures include: successful use of the fistula; clinical suitability for dialysis; creation of new fistula or radiological salvage; fistula thrombosis; secondary fistula patency rate and patient acceptability.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire Research Ethics Committee and by the Health Research Authority (REC 18/EE/0234). The results generated from this work will be published as open access, within 3 years of trial commencement. We will also present our findings at key national/international renal meetings, as well as support volunteers at renal patient groups to disseminate the trial outcome.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN36033877
Factors associated with team sport participation in South African children
Authors: Hendricks Sharief , Uys Monika , Broyles Stephanie T , Naidoo Niri , Katzmarzyk Peter T , Lambert Estelle V
Published: July 2019

The study purpose was to determine if sex, anthropometry, age or birth period are associated with team sport participation in children aged 9–11 years. Data from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment were used (n=550, 59% girls). Anthropometric measurements included height, body mass, waist circumference, mid-upper arm circumference and body fat percentage. Birth period and team sport participation were measured using a questionnaire. Girls had a 69% lower odds (OR=0.31, 0.19–0.49, p<0.001, n=528) of participating in team sport. For every centimetre of waist circumference, the OR for participating in team sport was 0.94 (0.88–1.00, p<0.05, n=528).
Effects of aerobic exercise on thyroid hormonal change responses among adolescents with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Altaye Kefelegn Zenebe , Mondal Soumitra , Legesse Kesatie , Abdulkedir Mahmud
Published: July 2019

Objective

We aimed to investigate the impact of a 16-week aerobic exercise programme on the changes in the plasma level concentration of thyroid hormones in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

Methodology

Using purposive sampling, a total of 36 adolescents with intellectual disabilities were selected to participate in the study. The training programme consisted of 16 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises at an intensity of 45–75 hours. These exercises were performed in three sessions a week, and each session took 30–45 min: 10 min warm-up, 15–30 min main aerobic workout and 5 min cool-down exercises. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) and of thyroid stimulating hormone were measured before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise intervention.

Results

After 16 weeks of intervention, a significant change was observed in the plasma level concentration of thyroid (T3 and T4) and thyroid stimulating hormones (p<0.05) in the group treated with aerobic exercise.

Conclusion

We concluded that aerobic exercise had an impact on the change in the plasma level concentration of thyroid and thyroid stimulating hormones in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
Evolution of transanal total mesorectal excision according to the IDEAL framework
Authors: Roodbeen Sapho Xenia , lo Conte Annalisa , Hirst Allison , Penna Marta , Bemelman Willem A , Tanis Pieter J , Hompes Roel
Published: July 2019

Tremendous innovations have taken place in surgical procedures, but contrary to drug development, this process has been unregulated in the past. IDEAL promotes a structured framework for the safe implementation and assessment of a new surgical technique or intervention, by describing five stages for evaluating and reporting of innovations:Idea,Development,Exploration,AssessmentandLong term. Transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) is a relatively new technique in rectal cancer surgery that has attracted huge interest and increasing adoption worldwide. This review article aims to provide an overview of the evolution of TaTME, according to the IDEAL framework, which guides us in the difficult yet exciting process of surgical innovation.
Long-term results of low-dose tissue plasminogen activator therapy in acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Hezer Habibe , Kiliç Hatice , Abuzaina Osama , Hasanoğlu‎ H Canan , Karalezli Ayşegül
Published: July 2019

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the most commonly used thrombolytic agent in patients with high risk and intermediate to high mortality risk acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Clinical trials have shown early efficacy and safety of low-dose rt-PA. This study investigated the effects of low-dose rt-PA treatment on acute PE in long-term prognosis, recurrence of pulmonary thromboembolism, or the development of late complications. In this study, 48 patients undergoing low-dose rt-PA for the relative contraindications of thrombolytic therapy and 48 patients undergoing standard-dose therapy were evaluated retrospectively. Long-term follow-up investigated the chronic PE, recurrence, and causes of morbidity and mortality.

In both treatment groups, embolism-induced mortality and overall mortality rates were similar in the first 30 days (p=1.000, p=0.714, respectively). Overall mortality rates in long-term follow-up were 41.7% in the low-dose treatment group and 16.7% in the standard-dose treatment group (p=0.013). The mortality rate at the first year was higher in the low-dose-treated group (p=0.011) and most of the deaths were due to accompanying comorbidities. There was no difference in PE recurrence and duration of recurrence between the groups (p=0.598, p=0.073, respectively). Intracranial hemorrhage due to therapy developed in one patient in both groups.

Low-dose thrombolytic therapy in acute PE reduces PE-related mortality in the early period. Long-term follow-up showed that thrombolytic therapy did not affect mortality rates independently of the dose and PE recurrence.