bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in the diagnosis of the gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants
Authors: Amarante Alessandro Francisco Talamini do , Amarante Mônica Regina Vendrame
Published: June 2016

A quantificação de ovos de nematoides em amostras de fezes e a identificação morfológica das larvas de terceiro estágio a partir de culturas de fezes têm sido amplamente utilizadas, com resultados satisfatórios para o diagnóstico das infecções por nematoides gastrintestinais em ruminantes. Com o intuito de melhorar a sensibilidade na detecção dos ovos, outras técnicas, tais como Flotac e Miniflotac, têm sido empregadas. Resultados obtidos em diferentes estudos indicam que a contagem de ovos nas fezes é uma medida confiável e representativa da magnitude da carga parasitária. No entanto, o estado imunológico dos animais deve ser considerado na interpretação dos resultados coproparasitológicos. As técnicas moleculares também têm sido úteis no diagnóstico das enfermidades parasitárias. Os maiores avanços no diagnóstico têm sido propiciados pelo desenvolvimento de plataformas robóticas, que separam os ovos das fezes com pouca manipulação, propiciando a obtenção de DNA de ovos de boa qualidade, o que resulta em uma amplificação que possibilita indicar o grau da infecção pelas diferentes espécies de parasitas em infecções mistas. O método ideal deve ser preciso, rápido e de fácil execução por não-especialistas. Com o avanço da robótica, bioinformática e biologia molecular, espera-se que equipamentos com tais características se tornem disponíveis e acessíveis para serem utilizados na rotina laboratorial para o diagnóstico de nematoides gastrintestinais de ruminantes.
Severe Obesity Is Associated With Increased Risk of Early Complications and Extended Length of Stay Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery
Authors: Terada Tasuku , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Norris Colleen , Padwal Raj , Qiu Weiyu , Sharma Arya M. , Janzen Wonita , Forhan Mary
Published: June 2016

Background

Better understanding of the relationship between obesity and postsurgical adverse outcomes is needed to provide quality and efficient care. We examined the relationship of obesity with the incidence of early adverse outcomes and in‐hospital length of stay following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Methods and Results

We analyzed data from 7560 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Using body mass index (BMI; in kg/m
2
) of 18.5 to 24.9 as a reference, the associations of 4
BMI
categories (25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, 35.0–39.9, and ≥40.0) with rates of operative mortality, overall early complications, subgroups of early complications (ie, infection, renal and pulmonary complications), and length of stay were assessed while adjusting for clinical covariates. There was no difference in operative mortality; however, higher risks of overall complications were observed for patients with
BMI
35.0 to 39.9 (adjusted odds ratio 1.35, 95%
CI
1.11–1.63) and ≥40.0 (adjusted odds ratio 1.56, 95%
CI
1.21–2.01). Subgroup analyses identified obesity as an independent risk factor for infection (
BMI
30.0–34.9: adjusted odds ratio 1.60, 95%
CI
1.24–2.05;
BMI
35.0–39.9: adjusted odds ratio 2.34, 95%
CI
1.73–3.17;
BMI
≥40.0: adjusted odds ratio 3.29, 95%
CI
2.30–4.71). Median length of stay was longer with
BMI
≥40.0 than with
BMI
18.5 to 24.9 (median 7.0 days [interquartile range 5 to 10] versus 6.0 days [interquartile range 5 to 9],
P
=0.026).

Conclusions

BMI
≥40.0 was an independent risk factor for longer length of stay, and infection was a potentially modifiable risk factor. Greater perioperative attention and intervention to control the risks associated with infection and length of stay in patients with
BMI
≥40.0 may improve patient care quality and efficiency.
Short-term Music Training Enhances Complex, Distributed Neural Communication during Music and Linguistic Tasks
Authors: Carpentier Sarah M. , Moreno Sylvain , McIntosh Anthony R.
Published: May 2016

Musical training is frequently associated with benefits to linguistic abilities, and recent focus has been placed on possible benefits of bilingualism to lifelong executive functions; however, the neural mechanisms for such effects are unclear. The aim of this study was to gain better understanding of the whole-brain functional effects of music and second-language training that could support such previously observed cognitive transfer effects. We conducted a 28-day longitudinal study of monolingual English-speaking 4- to 6-year-old children randomly selected to receive daily music or French language training, excluding weekends. Children completed passive EEG music note and French vowel auditory oddball detection tasks before and after training. Brain signal complexity was measured on source waveforms at multiple temporal scales as an index of neural information processing and network communication load. Comparing pretraining with posttraining, musical training was associated with increased EEG complexity at coarse temporal scales during the music and French vowel tasks in widely distributed cortical regions. Conversely, very minimal decreases in complexity at fine scales and trends toward coarse-scale increases were displayed after French training during the tasks. Spectral analysis failed to distinguish between training types and found overall theta (3.5–7.5 Hz) power increases after all training forms, with spatially fewer decreases in power at higher frequencies (>10 Hz). These findings demonstrate that musical training increased diversity of brain network states to support domain-specific music skill acquisition and music-to-language transfer effects.
Justifying a Dichotomy in Defences. The Added Value of a Distinction between Justifications and Excuses in International Criminal Law
Authors: Haenen I.
Published: June 2016

The distinction between justifications and excuses is a much-debated topic in legal doctrine. Justifications are said to negate the wrongfulness of the act; excuses negate the blameworthiness of the actor. This article discusses the (moral and legal) significance of distinguishing between justifications and excuses and explores the value this dichotomy has for international criminal law.
Muslim Atmospheres as Neighbourhoods of Religious Diasporic Microspheres
Authors: Boos Tobias
Published: June 2016

In many countries around the globe, Muslims not only form a statistical religious minority, but also are mainly regarded as a homogeneous group by the average citizen, the press and politicians. Concepts of Muslim diaspora seem to frequently reinforce this idea, implying that Muslims are building a global community endangering supposedly peaceful cohabitation within nation-states. In contrast, this article, based on a case study in Argentina, shows that diasporic communities can be fruitfully conceptualised as socio-cultural orders with a special ‘atmosphere’, which is formed by the emotional connections between group members and their surroundings, which transcend borders of nation-states. Furthermore, it shows that one of the aims of Muslims in Argentina is to be recognised as integrated into the host society. This analysis is based on data collected during field work in Argentina as well as on ethnographies by various scholars and literature produced by Muslim organisations and their websites.
Peasant Revolts as Anti-Authoritarian Archetypes for Radical Buddhism in Modern Japan
Authors: Shields James Mark
Published: May 2016

The late Meiji period (1868–1912) witnessed the birth of various forms of “progressive” and “radical” Buddhism both within and beyond traditional Japanese Buddhist institutions. This paper examines several historical precedents for “Buddhist revolution” in East Asian—and particularly Japanese—peasant rebellions of the early modern period. I argue that these rebellions, or at least the received narratives of such, provided significant “root paradigms” for the thought and practice of early Buddhist socialists and radical Buddhists of early twentieth century Japan. Even if these narratives ended in “failure”—as, indeed, they often did—they can be understood as examples of what James White calls “expressionistic action,” in which figures act out of interests or on the basis of principle without concern for “success.” Although White argues that: “Such expressionistic action was not a significant component of popular contention in Tokugawa Japan”—that does not mean that the received tales were not interpreted in such a fashion by later Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa-era sympathizers.
Introduction
Authors: Park Sowon S.
Published: June 2016

The essays collected in this special issue think about literature through the prism of script. The emphasis is primarily on the cultural sphere inscribed by Chinese characters, or the “Chinese Scriptworld” (漢字文化圈)—China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam. All of the countries in this “scriptworld” use, or have used, Chinese characters for writing though each has its own distinct language(s). By examining the interrelations between writing, speech, thought and culture in and outside this region, the special issue investigates the significance of script and builds a case for the scriptworld as a useful analytical unit for world literature. A more complete study of world literatures, as classified by script, will bring a dimension that is currently missing from world literary theories of translation and circulation.
Systematics and phylogeny of the genus Caenomastax Hebard, 1923
(Orthoptera: Eumastacidae: Eumastacinae)
Authors: CADENA-CASTAÑEDA OSCAR J. , GARAY ANDREA , CASTAÑEDA DIDIER M. , CARDONA-GRANDA JUAN MANUEL , GARCÍA ALEXANDER GARCÍA
Published: May 2016

Eumastacinae are well-recognized because most genera feature showy colors, and because of particular morphological characteristics of the phallic complex. This orthopteran subfamily includes the genus Caenomastax, distributed in mid-elevations in the departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Santander in Colombia. Three new species are described for this genus: Caenomastax similis n. sp., C. bimaculata n. sp. and C. magdalenensis n. sp. A phylogenetic analysis was performed based on morphological characters for 10 species (five ingroup and five outgroup) and 61 characters, which comprised external and genital morphology. Among the main results cast by this analysis was the proposition of Hebardomastax n. gen., within which C. atopa was previously placed, and a clarification was made on the status of the genus Zeromastax. Using the analyzed characters, an identification key is proposed for the genus.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wu Guo-Cui , Leng Rui-Xue , Lu Qi , Fan Yin-Guang , Wang De-Guang , Ye Dong-Qing
Published: June 2016

We evaluated the differences in major markers of cardiovascular (CV) risk between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and controls by a systematic review and a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for literature comparing CV risk markers in IBDs and controls. The overall mean carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT), flow-mediated dilation (FMD%), and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) difference between patients with IBDs and control groups were calculated. Twenty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis, including 16 studies with data on CIMT, 7 studies reporting FMD%, and 9 studies on cfPWV. Compared to controls, patients with IBDs showed significantly higher CIMT (standardized mean difference [ SMD]: 0.534 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.230 to 0.838; P = .001), significantly lower FMD% ( SMD, −0.721%; 95% CI, −1.020 to −0.421; P < .0001), and significantly increased cfPWV ( SMD, 0.849; 95% CI, 0.589 to 1.110; P < .0001). When analyzing subgroups with ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease (CD), all results were still significant except CIMT in CD. Our findings support the current evidence for an elevated CV burden in patients with IBD and support the clinical utility of markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in the management of these patients.
Influence of Office Systems on Pediatric Vaccination Rates
Authors: Zweigoron Rachael T. , Roberts James R. , Levin Marcia , Chia Jean , Ebeling Myla , Binns Helen J.
Published: May 2016

This study seeks to better understand the impact of practice-level factors on up-to-date (UTD) rates in children. We compared practice-level vaccination rates for 54 practices to survey data regarding office practices for staffing, vaccine delivery, reminder-recall, and quality improvement. Vaccination rates at 24 and 35 months were analyzed using t tests, analysis of variance, and linear regression. Private practices and those using standing orders had higher UTD rates at 24 months ( P = .01; P = .03), but not at 35 months. Having a pediatrician in the office was associated with higher UTD rates at both 24 and 35 months ( P < .01). Participating in a network and taking walk-in patients were associated with lower UTD rates ( P = .03; P = .03). As the percentage of publicly insured patients decreases, the UTD rate rises at 24 and 35 months ( r = −0.43, P = .001; r = −0.037, P = .007). Reported use of reminder recall-systems, night/evening hours, and taking walk-in patients were not associated with increased UTD rates.
Effective use of cohesive zone-based models for the prediction of progressive damage at the fiber/matrix scale
Authors: Ballard Michael K , Whitcomb John D
Published: June 2016

The onset and growth of damage in fiber/matrix composites under transverse loads were modelled using cohesive elements and representative volume elements of randomly arranged fibers. Switching between iterative schemes, using an appropriate tolerance and load increment size, and using an extrapolated solution as an initial guess for load increments led to over an order of magnitude reduction in the solution time. The effect of several model parameters on the failure properties for the next larger scale was studied. The crack path did exhibit a dependence on the mesh, but the RVE strength and amount of dissipated energy in the representative volume element did not vary more than 4% for any of the mesh refinements considered. Periodic boundary conditions minimally interfered with the localization of damage when the localized band of damage did not extend across the entire RVE or when the damage naturally localized parallel to a boundary or diagonal of the representative volume element. A local method for quantifying the energy dissipated within the representative volume element was proposed, which provides an improved accuracy and flexibility. An approach to precisely define the dominant crack was given, which allowed the energy dissipate diffusely and along the dominant crack to be separated. It was shown that the predicted critical strain energy release rate for the representative volume element was sensitive to the representative volume element unless the diffusely dissipated energy was accounted for separately. The proposed technique for calculating failure properties within a multiscale framework has the potential to be applied to other damage models.
Developmental Regulation of the Growth Plate and Cranial Synchondrosis
Authors: Wei X. , Hu M. , Mishina Y. , Liu F.
Published: June 2016

Long bones and the cranial base are both formed through endochondral ossification. Elongation of long bones is primarily through the growth plate, which is a cartilaginous structure at the end of long bones made up of chondrocytes. Growth plate chondrocytes are organized in columns along the longitudinal axis of bone growth. The cranial base is the growth center of the neurocranium. Synchondroses, consisting of mirror-image growth plates, are critical for cranial base elongation and development. Over the last decade, considerable progress has been made in determining the roles of the parathyroid hormone–related protein, Indian hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt signaling pathways in various aspects of skeletal development. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates the important role of the primary cilia signaling pathway in bone elongation. Here, we review the development of the growth plate and cranial synchondrosis and the regulation by the above-mentioned signaling pathways, highlighting the similarities and differences between these 2 structures.
An Existential–Humanistic Perspective on Black Lives Matter and Contemporary Protest Movements
Authors: Hoffman Louis , Granger Nathaniel , Vallejos Lisa , Moats Michael
Published: June 2016

Contemporary protests movements, which are distinguished from historic movements by relying on decentralized leadership and utilizing social media and technology, have a central role in addressing social justice issues. Black Lives Matter represents one of the most influential and controversial of the contemporary protests movements. Much of the controversy is connected to misunderstanding, distorted portrayals, and attempts to discredit the movement. Through an examination of the history of Black Lives Matter, and consideration of issues such as privilege and polarization, it can be recognized that the Black Lives Matter movement is providing a healthy cultural critique and creative use of pain, anger, and suffering to advocate for human dignity and positive cultural change. Furthermore, the principles of existential–humanistic psychology can be used to deepen the understanding of Black Lives Matter and other protest movements, while also offering important guidance on how to avoid various potential risks to the movement’s success.
Weapons of choice
Authors: Dreher Axel , Kreibaum Merle
Published: June 2016

This article investigates the effect of natural resources on whether ethno-political groups choose to pursue their goals with nonviolent as compared to violent means, distinguishing terrorism from insurgencies. It is hypothesized that whether or not the extraction of fossil fuels sparks violence depends both on the group’s characteristics and the state’s reaction. Data are taken from the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior (MAROB) project, covering 118 organizations in 13 countries of the Middle East and North Africa over the 1980–2004 period. The multinomial logit models combine group- and country-specific information and show that ethno-political groups are more likely to resort to rebellion rather than using nonviolent means or becoming terrorists when representing regions rich in oil. This effect is enhanced for groups already enjoying regional autonomy or being supported by a foreign state but can be mitigated by power-sharing arrangements. These results are thus in line with the argument that economic considerations, or ‘greed’, dominate over political considerations, or ‘grievances’, with regard to violent conflicts. The opposite appears to hold considering terrorism, as we do not find any evidence for a resource curse here, but find an increasing effect of political discrimination and a decreasing effect of regional autonomy.
Free and fair elections
Authors: Bishop Sylvia , Hoeffler Anke
Published: June 2016

The holding of elections has become universal but only about half of all elections are free and fair. Electoral malpractice not only distorts the quality of representation but has implications for political, social and economic outcomes. Existing datasets either provide information on election quality for a large number of elections but offer little detail, or they provide very detailed information for a small number of elections. Our data collection effort closes this gap by providing ten variables of election quality for all leadership elections for the period 1975–2011. We use these data to provide an assessment of elections that is closely tied to the commonly used term ‘free and fair’. We define ‘freeness’ of the election as the rules of the election and the process leading up to the election, and ‘fairness’ of the election refers to the events on the election day. Our data show that the quality of elections has declined over time. These electoral problems are mainly due to issues in the run-up to the elections. Using probit regressions we investigate the possible causes of election malpractice. Our analysis suggests that the freeness and the fairness of the elections are related to a number of variables, such as income, aid, executive constraints and the presence of election monitors, but that these variables have differential effects on freeness and fairness.
Ketamine alone or combined with midazolam or dexmedetomidine does not affect anxiety-like behaviours and memory in adult Wistar rats
Authors: Magalhães Ana , Valentim Ana , Venâncio Carlos , Pereira Mariana , Melo Pedro , Summavielle Teresa , Antunes Luis
Published: June 2016

Ketamine administration has been associated with controversial behavioural impairments and psychotic episodes. Even though ketamine alone and in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine are frequently used in laboratory animals, the side-effects of such protocols are not well known. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effects of ketamine alone and in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on emotional reactivity, as well as the effects on learning and memory in adult rats at least 48 h after anaesthesia. The evaluation of the potential influence of 100 mg/kg ketamine administered alone and in combination with midazolam (5 mg/kg), or dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg/kg) on spatial learning and recognition memory was studied in adult Wistar rats using the radial maze as well as object recognition and location tests. The influence of these combinations on emotional reactivity was investigated using the new exploration test and the elevated plus maze. Results showed that ketamine alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine affected neither spatial and recognition memory, nor emotional reactivity. These results reinforce the safe clinical use of ketamine and its combinations in rats in a research context since the administration of these anaesthetic combinations did not produce significant changes with regard to spatial and recognition memory or emotional reactivity. Furthermore, these results indicate that the quality of scientific data produced in adult rat neurobehavioural research is not jeopardized by the use of these anaesthetic protocols.
Featherless Dinosaurs and the Hip-Hop Simulacrum
Authors: Kruse Adam J.
Published: June 2016

This article offers considerations for music teachers interested in including hip-hop music in their classrooms but who might feel concerned with or overwhelmed by issues of appropriateness. Two concerns related to hip-hop music are examined: language and negative social themes. Commercial interests in hip-hop music have created a simulacrum (or simulated reality) on which many music educators’ concerns may be based. Suggestions are included for workarounds and direct engagement with these issues.
Fostering Musical Independence
Authors: Shieh Eric , Allsup Randall Everett
Published: June 2016

Musical independence has always been an essential aim of musical instruction. But this objective can refer to everything from high levels of musical expertise to more student choice in the classroom. While most conceptualizations of musical independence emphasize the demonstration of knowledge and skills within particular music traditions, this article offers a larger vision. Musical independence can be framed by a simple but elusive aim: that students make musical decisions that matter. Among its implications is the contention that in today’s increasingly diverse and polyglot musical landscape, students must learn to work “with, through, and beyond” a variety of musical forms. Noting that this suggestion has consequences for traditional and nontraditional classrooms, we propose the idea of the “collective” as a guiding paradigm for fostering musical independence. Through this conception, considerations of civic participation are conjoined with the ideals presented in the new Core Arts Standards.
Another Perspective
Authors: Stauffer Sandra
Published: June 2016

The core music education narrative is a powerful story firmly established in the public imagination as well as in the profession. Core narratives develop over time and create a sense of epistemological certainty that is resistant to change. In other words, the power and persistence of a core narrative can become problematic through limiting the kinds of stories that are told and heard. What would it mean to re-frame the core narrative of music teaching and learning and re-place music education into more vibrant, open, collaborative both/and spaces that include more than the place of school?
Asymptotic Corrections of Standardized Extended Caution Indices
Authors: Sinharay Sandip
Published: June 2016

Sato and Tatsuoka suggested the caution index, several extended caution indices (ECIs), and their standardized versions. Among these indices, the standardized versions of the second and fourth ECIs (denoted as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively, by Tatsuoka) are arguably the most popular and have been used by several researchers to assess person fit. While Tatsuoka stated that there is satisfactory evidence that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] may approximately follow the normal distribution under no person misfit, she also stated that it would be ideal if their theoretical distributions can be derived algebraically. This article derives the “asymptotic” (or “theoretical large-sample”) null distributions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and suggests corrected versions of them that have asymptotic standard normal null distributions. The derivations are based on the asymptotic correction of person-fit statistics suggested by Snijders. A simulation study shows that the Type I error rate and power of the corrected versions are mostly superior compared with those of the corresponding uncorrected versions. A real data illustration follows. The suggested corrected versions appear to be satisfactory tools for assessing person fit.
Variants of Epistemic Capitalism
Authors: Fochler Maximilian
Published: June 2016

Capitalist dynamics in knowledge production are not limited to situations in which economic interests influence researchers’ practices. Building on laboratory studies and the French “pragmatic” tradition in sociology, this article proposes an approach to tackle more pervasive capitalist logics at work in contemporary research and their consequences. It uses the term epistemic capitalism to denote the accumulation of capital, as worth made durable, through the act of doing research, in and beyond academia. In doing so, it conceptualizes capitalism primarily not as a system of circulation and accumulation of monetary value but rather as a cultural way of producing, attributing, and accumulating specific forms of worth, which need not be monetary. Empirically, the article studies variants in epistemic capitalism by addressing the differing role of the accumulation of different forms of capital and the regimes connected to it in two institutional settings in Austria, academic life science laboratories and biotechnology start-up companies. Concluding, it argues that analytically dissociating the concept of capitalism from its link to economic value allows a finer-grained cultural analysis of the importance and effects of processes of accumulation in contemporary research. It ends with discussing the normative implications of these findings for debates about the commercialization of academia.
Political liberalism and religious claims
Authors: Stoeckl Kristina
Published: June 2016

This article gives an overview of 4 important lacunae in political liberalism and identifies, in a preliminary fashion, some trends in the literature that can come in for support in filling these blind spots, which prevent political liberalism from a correct assessment of the diverse nature of religious claims. Political liberalism operates with implicit assumptions about religious actors being either ‘liberal’ or ‘fundamentalist’ and ignores a third, in-between group, namely traditionalist religious actors and their claims. After having explained what makes traditionalist religious actors different from liberal and fundamentalist religious actors, the author develops 4 areas in which political liberalism should be pushed further theoretically in order to correctly theorize the challenge which traditional religious actors pose to liberal democracy. These 4 areas (blind spots) are: (1) the context of translation; (2) the politics of exemptions; (3) the multivocality of theology; and (4) the transnational nature of norm-contestation.
The impact of the European Union’s policy towards China’s intellectual property regime
Authors: Wyzycka Natalia , Hasmath Reza
Published: June 2016

This article evaluates the effectiveness of two major European Union technical assistance programmes, IPR2 and IP Key, in shaping China’s regional intellectual property (IP) enforcement. It argues that although technical assistance programmes have been effective in influencing the national IP legal framework, it has been less successful in assisting regional policy enforcement. This is primarily the result of divergent economic priorities at the sub-national level. The article further assesses potential priorities for future IP technical assistance.
Hanging together or not? Impacts of social media use and organisational membership on individual and collective political actions
Authors: Zhang Xinzhi , Lin Wan-Ying
Published: June 2016

Do social media help individuals without organisational memberships to engage more in politics or do they only facilitate political participation for those already involved? We examine how social media use and organisational membership jointly affect participation. Comparative surveys in Hong Kong and Taipei reveal that information sharing and virtual political engagement on social media mobilised users to engage in collective political actions. The influence of social media on individual-based participation is conditional on organisational membership, as reflected by the number of organisations joined. Organisational membership moderates the relationship between social media use and political behaviours differently in Hong Kong and Taipei.
The Global South writes 1325 (too)
Authors: Basu Soumita
Published: May 2016

The passage and subsequent implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 at the international level tend to be associated with efforts of governments, non-governmental organizations and international organizations that are based primarily in the Global North. While such skewed dynamics of global governance are not unique to women, peace and security (WPS) issues, widely shared assumptions about the Global North being the conceptual, material and (not least) institutional home of the resolutions appear to inform debates on UNSCR 1325 in ways that limit its potential. In response, this article seeks to bring attention to the Global South’s contributions to the evolution of the international WPS agenda. The agency of actors – governmental and non-governmental – in the Global South is identified in both implementation and ‘non-implementation’ of the WPS resolutions. The actors are seen to actively contribute to ‘writing’ UNSCR 1325, the follow-up resolutions, and indeed the broader discourse on women, peace and security.
Dendriform pulmonary ossification in a patient with mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Triki Meriam , Kallel Rim , Hentati Abdessalem , Hentati Yosr , Mnif Hela , Boudawara Tahya
Published: June 2016

Dendriform pulmonary ossification is a chronic process characterized by the presence of heterotopic bone within the interstitium and alveolar walls. It usually occurs in the setting of chronic inflammation. We report an unusual case of a 54-year-old man with a history of relapsing Hodgkin lymphoma who was diagnosed with concomitant mucoepidermoid pulmonary carcinoma and dendriform ossifications. The radiological features were initially misinterpreted as post-radiation pulmonary fibrosis and bronchiectasis. The diagnosis was finally established after considering both the radiological and pathological findings. Dendriform pulmonary ossification is an under-recognized disease that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lung chronic diseases.
A spatially based artificial neural network mass valuation model for land consolidation
Authors: Demetriou Demetris
Published: June 2016

Land consolidation, which aims to promote sustainable development of rural areas, involves the reorganization of space through land reallocation, both in terms of ownership and land parcel boundaries. Land reallocation, which is the core part of such schemes, is based on land values because each landowner is entitled to receive a property with approximately the same land value after land consolidation. Therefore, land value, which in the case of Cyprus is the market value, is a critical parameter, and hence it should be reliable, accurate, and fairly valued. However, the conventional land valuation process has some weaknesses. It is carried out manually and empirically by a five-member Land Valuation Committee, which visits every unique parcel in the consolidated area to assign a market value. As a result, it is time consuming and hence costly. Moreover, the outcomes can be inconsistent across valuators for whom, in the case of such a mass appraisal procedure, it is hard to analytically calculate the scores for a series of land valuation factors and compare all of these for hundreds of land parcels using a manual process. A solution to these shortcomings is the use of automated valuation models. In this context, this paper presents the development, implementation, and evaluation of an artificial neural network automated valuation model combined with a geographical information system applied in a land consolidation case study area in Cyprus. The model has been tested for quality assurance based on international standards. The evaluation showed that a sample of 15% of the selected land parcel values provided by the Land Valuation Committee is adequate for appraising the land values of all parcels in the land consolidation area with a high or acceptable accuracy, reliability, and consistency. Consequently, the automated valuation model is highly efficient compared to the conventional land valuation method since it may reduce time and resources used by up to 80%. Although the new process is based partly on the Land Valuation Committee sample, which inherently carries inconsistencies, it is systematic, analytical, and standardized, hence enhancing transparency. The comparison of artificial neural networks with similar linear and nonlinear models applied to the same case study area showed that it is capable of producing better results than the former and similar outcomes to the latter.
Epileptiform activity and spreading depolarization in the blood–brain barrier-disrupted peri-infarct hippocampus are associated with impaired GABAergic inhibition and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Lippmann Kristina , Kamintsky Lyn , Kim Soo Young , Lublinsky Svetlana , Prager Ofer , Nichtweiss Julia Friederike , Salar Seda , Kaufer Daniela , Heinemann Uwe , Friedman Alon
Published: June 2016

Peri-infarct opening of the blood–brain barrier may be associated with spreading depolarizations, seizures, and epileptogenesis as well as cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying neural network pathophysiology in the blood–brain barrier-dysfunctional hippocampus. Photothrombotic stroke within the rat neocortex was associated with increased intracranial pressure, vasogenic edema, and peri-ischemic blood–brain barrier dysfunction that included the ipsilateral hippocampus. Intrahippocampal recordings revealed electrographic seizures within the first week in two-thirds of animals, accompanied by a reduction in gamma and increase in theta frequency bands. Synaptic interactions were studied in parasagittal hippocampal slices at 24 h and seven days post-stroke. Field potential recordings in CA1 and CA3 uncovered multiple population spikes, epileptiform episodes, and spreading depolarizations at 24 h. Input–output analysis revealed that fEPSP-spike coupling was significantly enhanced at seven days. In addition, CA1 feedback and feedforward inhibition were diminished. Slices generating epileptiform activity at seven days revealed impaired bidirectional long-term plasticity following high and low-frequency stimulation protocols. Microarray and PCR data confirmed changes in expression of astrocyte-related genes and suggested downregulation in expression of GABAA-receptor subunits. We conclude that blood-brain barrier dysfunction in the peri-infarct hippocampus is associated with early disinhibition, hyperexcitability, and abnormal synaptic plasticity.
Human Action Perception is Consistent, Flexible, and Orientation Dependent
Authors: Loucks Jeff , Pechey Matthew
Published: June 2016

Previous research has found that observers of object-directed human action pay more attention to information regarding hand contact over information regarding spatial trajectories in action, and that processing of trajectory information is disrupted by inversion. However, observers can also flexibly modulate their attention to spatial trajectory depending on the goal or context of the actor. In Experiments 1(a) and 1b of the current research, we directly compared attention with hand and trajectory information across placing and dropping actions in order to determine whether the hand bias is always present or whether flexibility in action perception can attenuate this bias. Results demonstrated that observers attend more to hand information for placing, but attend equally to hand and trajectory information for dropping. Experiment 2 explored the role of the actor’s goal in processing spatial trajectory for mimed dropping actions and non-human control stimuli, and the role of goals in the inversion effect. Results indicated that goal relevance increases processing of trajectory information, and that processing of all spatial trajectories in human action is disrupted by inversion, regardless of the actor’s goal. The present findings highlight the role of prediction in action perception, and suggest that human action is processed with expertise.
In search of Britain’s Muslim ghettoes
Authors: Johnston Ron , Manley David , Jones Kelvyn
Published: June 2016

The local media have recently carried a number of stories suggesting that Muslim ghettoes are developing in British cities – a claim also made about European cities more generally. Analysis of data from the 2001 and 2011 Censuses of England and Wales suggests that these representations are journalistic hyperbole: most British Muslims live in small city blocks where they form only a minority of the local population.
Long-term occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache
Authors: Leone Massimo , Proietti Cecchini Alberto , Messina Giuseppe , Franzini Angelo
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Chronic cluster headache is rare and some of these patients become drug-resistant. Occipital nerve stimulation has been successfully employed in open studies to treat chronic drug-resistant cluster headache. Data from large group of occipital nerve stimulation-treated chronic cluster headache patients with long duration follow-up are advantageous.

Patients and methods

Efficacy of occipital nerve stimulation has been evaluated in an experimental monocentric open-label study including 35 chronic drug-resistant cluster headache patients (mean age 42 years; 30 men; mean illness duration: 6.7 years). The primary end-point was a reduction in number of daily attacks.

Results

After a median follow-up of 6.1 years (range 1.6–10.7), 20 (66.7%) patients were responders (≥50% reduction in headache number per day): 12 (40%) responders showed a stable condition characterized by sporadic attacks, five responders had a 60–80% reduction in headache number per day and in the remaining three responders chronic cluster headache was transformed in episodic cluster headache. Ten (33.3%) patients were non-responders; half of these have been responders for a long period (mean 14.6 months; range 2–48 months). Battery depletion (21 patients 70%) and electrode migration (six patients – 20%) were the most frequent adverse events.

Conclusions

Occipital nerve stimulation efficacy is confirmed in chronic drug-resistant cluster headaches even after an exceptional long-term follow-up. Tolerance can occur years after improvement.
Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width Is Associated With Decreased Ventilator-Free Days in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Otero Tiffany M. N. , Yeh D. Dante , Bajwa Ednan K. , Azocar Ruben J. , Tsai Andrea L. , Belcher Donna M. , Quraishi Sadeq A.
Published: June 2016

Introduction:

Elevated red cell distribution width (RDW) is associated with mortality in a variety of respiratory conditions. Recent data also suggest that RDW is associated with mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although respiratory failure is common in the ICU, the relationship between RDW and pulmonary outcomes in the ICU has not been previously explored. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the association of admission RDW with 30-day ventilator-free days (VFDs) in ICU patients.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis from an ongoing prospective, observational study. Patients were recruited from medical and surgical ICUs of a large teaching hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. The RDW was assessed within 1 hour of ICU admission. Poisson regression analysis was used to investigate the association of RDW (normal: 11.5%-14.5% vs elevated: >14.5%) with 30-day VFD, while controlling for age, sex, race, body mass index, Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill score, the presence of chronic lung disease, Pao2/Fio2 ratio, and admission levels of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, phosphate, albumin, C-reactive protein, and creatinine.

Results:

A total of 637 patients comprised the analytic cohort. Mean RDW was 15 (standard deviation 4%), with 53% of patients in the normal range and 47% with elevated levels. Median VFD was 16 (interquartile range: 6-25) days. Poisson regression analysis demonstrated that ICU patients with elevated admission RDW were likely to have 32% lower 30-day VFDs compared to their counterparts with RDW in the normal range (incidence rate ratio: 0.68; 95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.83: P < .001).

Conclusions:

We observed an inverse association of RDW and 30-day VFD, despite controlling for demographics, nutritional factors, and severity of illness. This supports the need for future studies to validate our findings, understand the physiologic processes that lead to elevated RDW in patients with respiratory failure, and determine whether changes in RDW may be used to support clinical decision-making.
Modified Labial Button Technique for Maintaining Occlusion After Caudal Mandibular Fracture/Temporomandibular Joint Luxation in the Cat
Authors: Goodman Alice E. , Carmichael Daniel T.
Published: June 2016

Maxillofacial trauma in cats often results in mandibular symphyseal separation in addition to injuries of the caudal mandible and/or temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Caudal mandibular and TMJ injuries are difficult to access and stabilize using direct fixation techniques, thus indirect fixation is commonly employed. The immediate goals of fixation include stabilization for return to normal occlusion and function with the long-term objective of bony union. Indirect fixation techniques commonly used for stabilization of caudal mandibular and temporomandibular joint fracture/luxation include maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with acrylic composite, interarcade wiring, tape muzzles, and the bignathic encircling and retaining device (BEARD) technique. This article introduces a modification of the previously described “labial reverse suture through buttons” technique used by Koestlin et al and the “labial locking with buttons” technique by Rocha et al. In cases with minimally displaced subcondylar and pericondylar fractures without joint involvement, the labial button technique can provide sufficient stabilization for healing. Advantages of the modified labial button technique include ease of application, noninvasive nature, and use of readily available materials. The construct can remain in place for a variable of amount of time, depending on its intended purpose. It serves as an alternative to the tape muzzle, which is rarely tolerated by cats. This technique can be easily used in conjunction with other maxillomandibular repairs, such as cerclage wire fixation of mandibular symphyseal separation. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a modified labial button technique for maintaining occlusion of feline caudal mandibular fractures/TMJ luxations in a step-by-step fashion.
Quantification of Canine Dental Plaque Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence
Authors: Wallis Corrin , Gill Yadvinder , Colyer Alison , Davis Ian , Allsopp Judi , Komarov Gleb , Higham Susan , Harris Stephen
Published: June 2016

The aim of this work was to evaluate Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLFTM) as an alternative to the established Logan and Boyce method for determining plaque coverage of dogs’ teeth. In a series of studies in conscious and anesthetized dogs, QLF showed good intra-photographer repeatability (coefficient of variation [CV] of 7.5% for undisclosed teeth) and inter-photographer reproducibility (CV of 3.2% for undisclosed teeth and 8.5% for disclosed teeth). The QLF software accurately identifies areas of plaque as demonstrated by comparison to the variability of 5 human scorers, manually marking plaque on QLF-acquired images ( P = 0.1). There was good agreement with the modified Logan and Boyce method in the percentage reduction in plaque accumulation measured when dogs were fed an oral care chew versus no chew. To see a 15% difference in plaque accumulation, which is considered sufficient by the Veterinary Oral Health Council to differentiate between 2 treatments, a retrospective power analysis (90%) of the data established that only 7 dogs would be required, compared to 19 dogs for the modified Logan and Boyce method. QLF is a reliable method for measuring dental plaque in dogs with the added advantage that it is not subjective and requires fewer animals.
The Genetics of Success
Authors: Belsky Daniel W. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Corcoran David L. , Domingue Benjamin , Harrington HonaLee , Hogan Sean , Houts Renate , Ramrakha Sandhya , Sugden Karen , Williams Benjamin S. , Poulton Richie , Caspi Avshalom
Published: June 2016

A previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of more than 100,000 individuals identified molecular-genetic predictors of educational attainment. We undertook in-depth life-course investigation of the polygenic score derived from this GWAS using the four-decade Dunedin Study ( N = 918). There were five main findings. First, polygenic scores predicted adult economic outcomes even after accounting for educational attainments. Second, genes and environments were correlated: Children with higher polygenic scores were born into better-off homes. Third, children’s polygenic scores predicted their adult outcomes even when analyses accounted for their social-class origins; social-mobility analysis showed that children with higher polygenic scores were more upwardly mobile than children with lower scores. Fourth, polygenic scores predicted behavior across the life course, from early acquisition of speech and reading skills through geographic mobility and mate choice and on to financial planning for retirement. Fifth, polygenic-score associations were mediated by psychological characteristics, including intelligence, self-control, and interpersonal skill. Effect sizes were small. Factors connecting DNA sequence with life outcomes may provide targets for interventions to promote population-wide positive development.