bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Natural Fibres for Sustainable Discontinuous Fibre Composite Materials
Authors: Kandemir Ali , Pozegic Thomas R. , Hamerton Ian , Eichhorn Stephen J. , Longana Marco L.
Published: May 2020

Growing environmental concerns and stringent waste-flow regulations make the development of sustainable composites a current industrial necessity. Natural fibre reinforcements are derived from renewable resources and are both cheap and biodegradable. When they are produced using eco-friendly, low hazard processes, then they can be considered as a sustainable source of fibrous reinforcement. Furthermore, their specific mechanical properties are comparable to commonly used, non-environmentally friendly glass-fibres. In this study, four types of abundant natural fibres (jute, kenaf, curaua, and flax) are investigated as naturally-derived constituents for high performance composites. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the natural fibres are examined to evaluate their suitability as discontinuous reinforcements whilst also generating a database for material selection. Single fibre tensile and microbond tests were performed to obtain stiffness, strength, elongation, and interfacial shear strength of the fibres with an epoxy resin. Moreover, the critical fibre lengths of the natural fibres, which are important for defining the mechanical performances of discontinuous and short fibre composites, were calculated for the purpose of possible processing of highly aligned discontinuous fibres. This study is informative regarding the selection of the type and length of natural fibres for the subsequent production of discontinuous fibre composites.
A Decentralized Framework for Parameter and State Estimation of Infiltration Processes
Authors: Bo Song , Liu Jinfeng
Published: May 2020

The Richards’ equation is widely used in the modeling soil water dynamics driven by the capillary and gravitational forces in the vadose zone. Its state and parameter estimation based on field soil moisture measurements is important and challenging for field applications of the Richards’ equation. In this work, we consider simultaneous state and parameter estimation of systems described by the three dimensional Richards’ equation with multiple types of soil. Based on a study on the interaction between subsystems, we propose to use decentralized estimation schemes to reduce the complexity of the estimation problem. Guidelines for subsystem decomposition are discussed and a decentralized estimation scheme developed in the framework of moving horizon state estimation is proposed. Extensive simulation results are presented to show the performance of the proposed decentralized approach.
Exact Traveling and Nano-Solitons Wave Solitons of the Ionic Waves Propagating along Microtubules in Living Cells
Authors: Abdel-Aty Abdel-Haleem , Khater Mostafa M. A. , Attia Raghda A. M. , Eleuch Hichem
Published: May 2020

In this paper, the weakly nonlinear shallow-water wave model is mathematically investigated by applying the modified Riccati-expansion method and Adomian decomposition method. This model is used to describe the propagation of waves in weakly nonlinear and dispersive media. We obtain exact and solitary wave solutions of this model by using the modified Riccati-expansion method then using these solutions to determine the boundary and initial conditions. These conditions are employed to evaluate the semi-analytical wave solutions and calculate the absolute value of error. The values of absolute error show the accuracy of the obtained solutions. Some solutions are sketched to show the perspective view of the solution of this model. Moreover, the novelty of the obtained solutions is illustrated by showing the similarity and differences between our and previous solutions of the model.
Existence of Solutions for Some Coupled Systems of Fractional Differential Inclusions
Authors: Cernea Aurelian
Published: May 2020

We study two coupled systems of nonconvex fractional differential inclusions with certain nonlocal boundary conditions and we prove the existence of solutions in the case when the set-valued maps are Lipschitz in the state variables.
Optimal One-Point Iterative Function Free from Derivatives for Multiple Roots
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Sharma Janak Raj , Argyros Ioannis K.
Published: May 2020

We suggest a derivative-free optimal method of second order which is a new version of a modification of Newton’s method for achieving the multiple zeros of nonlinear single variable functions. Iterative methods without derivatives for multiple zeros are not easy to obtain, and hence such methods are rare in literature. Inspired by this fact, we worked on a family of optimal second order derivative-free methods for multiple zeros that require only two function evaluations per iteration. The stability of the methods was validated through complex geometry by drawing basins of attraction. Moreover, applicability of the methods is demonstrated herein on different functions. The study of numerical results shows that the new derivative-free methods are good alternatives to the existing optimal second-order techniques that require derivative calculations.
Logarithmic Decay of Wave Equation with Kelvin-Voigt Damping
Authors: Robbiano Luc , Zhang Qiong
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we analyze the longtime behavior of the wave equation with local Kelvin-Voigt Damping. Through introducing proper class symbol and pseudo-diff-calculus, we obtain a Carleman estimate, and then establish an estimate on the corresponding resolvent operator. As a result, we show the logarithmic decay rate for energy of the system without any geometric assumption on the subdomain on which the damping is effective.
Cone Metric Spaces over Topological Modules and Fixed Point Theorems for Lipschitz Mappings
Authors: Branga Adrian Nicolae , Olaru Ion Marian
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we introduce the concept of cone metric space over a topological left module and we establish some coincidence and common fixed point theorems for self-mappings satisfying a condition of Lipschitz type. The main results of this paper provide extensions as well as substantial generalizations and improvements of several well known results in the recent literature. In addition, the paper contains an example which shows that our main results are applicable on a non-metrizable cone metric space over a topological left module. The article proves that fixed point theorems in the framework of cone metric spaces over a topological left module are more effective and more fertile than standard results presented in cone metric spaces over a Banach algebra.
Grain Refinement Assisted by Deformation Enhanced Precipitates through Thermomechanical Treatment of AA7055 Al Alloy
Authors: Zuo Jinrong , Hou Longgang , Shu Xuedao , Peng Wenfei , Yin Anmin , Zhang Jishan
Published: May 2020

Fine-grained sheets of AA7055 Al alloy were produced by an improved double-stage rolling thermomechanical treatment (DRTMT) assisted by deformation-enhanced precipitates (DEPs). The DRTMT composed of a low temperature pre-deformation, an intermediate annealing, and a final hot rolling exhibited significantly superior tensile ductility to the conventional rolling thermomechanical treated alloy (CRTMT). Numerous fine spherical DEPs appeared after the pre-deformation. Those DEPs could exert a strong drag force on the migration of boundaries and dislocations. Dislocation cells were formed due to the drag force and dynamic recovery. These dislocation cells become polygon sub-grains by static recovery during the subsequent intermediate annealing. After the final hot deformation, with further deformation and rising temperature, low angle grain boundaries gradually stabilized and transferred to high angle grain boundaries. Due to the transformation, fine equiaxed grains were formed after DRTMT. The DRTMT alloys display superior elongation to the CRTMT alloy while maintaining high strength for grain refinement. Thus, DRTMT would be a good alternative to manufacture different heat-treatable Al alloys with fine grains efficiently.
Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Mg2Si–Al Composites Fabricated Using Semi-Solid Extrusion
Authors: Liu Xiaobo , Yang Miao , Zhou Dekun , Zhao Yuguang
Published: May 2020

In situ Mg2Si–Al composites were prepared by using gravity casting and semi-solid extrusion. After P modification, the primary Mg2Si transformed to polygonal blocks. Extraction tests showed that the Mg2Si crystals had octahedral and tetrakaidekahedral morphologies. The semi-solid microstructure of the double-spheroidized α-Al matrix and reinforced-phase Mg2Si was successfully obtained by using semi-solid extrusion. Extraction tests showed that the Mg2Si crystals had a spherical morphology. Dry sliding wear behaviors of in situ Mg2Si–Al composites fabricated by using gravity casting and semi-solid extrusion with isothermal heat treatment holding times of 50, 60, and 160 min against 45 steel, under conditions of different sliding speeds and loads, were investigated. The worn surfaces were analyzed using SEM and EDS techniques. The results showed that Mg2Si–Al composites fabricated by using semi-solid extrusion were superior in terms of wear resistance to Mg2Si–Al composites fabricated by using gravity casting, because the former had uniformly distributed spherical reinforced phase particles of Mg2Si with weaker stress concentration around the particles, delaying the generation and expansion of cracks. The Mg2Si particles were not easily detached from the matrix, and once they fell off, the Mg2Si particles only served as spherical abrasive grains, with relatively small cutting and wear properties for the composite material. It was found that the Mg2Si/Al composite fabricated by using semi-solid extrusion with an isothermal heat treatment holding time of 60 min had the best wear resistance. The failure mechanisms of Mg2Si/Al composites were found to be mainly adhesive wear and abrasive wear.
Large-Scale Fabrication of Photonic Nanojet Array via Template-Assisted Self-Assembly
Authors: Zhang Pengcheng , Chen Xi , Yang Hui
Published: May 2020

A large-scale homogenized photonic nanojet array with defined pattern and spacing facilitates practical applications in super-resolution imaging, subwavelength-resolution nanopatterning, nano objects trapping and detection technology. In this paper, we present the fabrication of a large-scale photonic nanojet array via the template-assisted self-assembly (TASA) approach. Templates of two-dimensional (2D) large-scale microwell array with defined pattern and spacing are fabricated. Melamine microspheres with excellent size uniformity are utilized to pattern on the template. It is found that microwells can be filled at a yield up to 95%. These arrayed microspheres on the template serve as microlenses and can be excited to generate large-scale photonic nanojets. The uniformly-sized melamine spheres are beneficial for the generation of a homogenized photonic nanojet array. The intensity of the photonic nanojets in water is as high as ~2 fold the background light signal. Our work shows a simple, robust, and fast means for the fabrication of a large-scale homogenized photonic nanojet array.
Integrated On-Chip 3D Vascular Network Culture under Hypoxia
Authors: Olmedo-Suárez Miguel Ángel , Sekiguchi Tomohiro , Takano Atsushi , Cañizares-Macías Maria del Pilar , Futai Nobuyuki
Published: May 2020

We developed a portable device made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for long-term 3D cell culture of vascular endothelial cells for the development of a vascular network and evaluated the device under different transitions between normoxia and hypoxia with good optical accessibility. The combination of a nested reservoir device and a bicarbonate/ascorbate buffer system accomplished on-chip incubation with 4.91 ± 0.86% pO2 and 5.19 ± 1.70% pCO2 for up to 10 days. Seventy-two hours of normoxic incubation preceding hypoxic culture increased the cell viability, network formation, and size and stability of the resulting lumens compared with those completely maintained in normoxia for the same total duration. We employed different parameters of the network (e.g., total mesh area, total length, number of branches, among others) for the comparison of different oxygen treatments in the device. The differential effect of hypoxic conditions based on the maturity of the vessels may be used as an external factor to improve vascular development in vitro.
Editorial for the Special Issue on “Nanodevices for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Applications”
Authors: Huynen Isabelle
Published: May 2020

Initially inspired by the work of Richard Feynman in 1959 during his famous talk “There is plenty of room at the bottom”, nanoscience and nanotechnology have moved during the 2000s from laboratory developments to daily life applications [...]
A 5-nV/√Hz Chopper Negative-R Stabilization Preamplifier for Audio Applications
Authors: Nebhen Jamel , Alnowaiser Khaled , Meillere Stephane
Published: May 2020

This paper presents a low-noise and low-power audio preamplifier. The proposed low-noise preamplifier employs a delay-time chopper stabilization (CHS) technique and a negative-R circuit, both in the auxiliary amplifier to cancel the non-idealities of the main amplifier. The proposed technique makes it possible to mitigate the preamplifier 1/f noise and thermal noise and improve its linearity. The low-noise preamplifier is implemented in 65 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The supply voltage is 1.2 V, while the power consumption is 159 µW, and the core area is 192 µm2. The proposed circuit of the preamplifier was fabricated and measured. From the measurement results over a signal bandwidth of 20 kHz, it achieves a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 80 dB, an equivalent-input referred noise of 5 nV/√Hz and a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 1.9 within the frequency range from 1 Hz to 20 kHz.
Products of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Strain F17 and Leuconostoc lactis Strain H52 Are Biopreservatives for Improving Postharvest Quality of ‘Red Globe’ Grapes
Authors: Fang Xiang , Duan Qinchun , Wang Zhuo , Li Fuyun , Du Jianxiong , Ke Wencan , Liu Diru , Beier Ross C. , Guo Xusheng , Zhang Ying
Published: May 2020

‘Red Globe’ table grapes are large, edible, seeded fruit with firm flesh that tastes good, but can have poor postharvest shelf-life. This study was conducted to explore the effects of products of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain F17 and Leuconostoc lactis strain H52 on ‘Red Globe’ table grapes for the enhancement of shelf-life and improvement of grape quality characteristics during postharvest storage. Strains F17 and H52 were isolated from traditional fermented yak milk obtained in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Samples from untreated and treated grapes were analyzed for physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological properties (weight loss, decay rate, pH, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, total phenols, sensory evaluation, and microbial growth) for 20 days. The results demonstrated that supernatants from both strains significantly reduced weight loss, decay rate, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, and coliform bacteria counts; delayed maturity and senescence of table grapes; and reduced titratable acidity and total phenols. However, the supernatant of strain F17 was more effective and resulted in better sensory evaluations and had a significant inhibitory effect on yeast and molds by day 5. Meanwhile, the supernatant from strain H52 had a significant inhibitory effect on fungi over the whole storage period. In addition, the results of the Pearson correlation analysis suggested that weight loss, decay rate, total soluble solids content, and microorganisms were highly correlated with the sensory evaluation data and quality of postharvest grapes when treated with the products of strain F17. On the basis of these data and sensory organoleptic qualities, the supernatant containing products from strain F17 had the best potential as a biopreservative to improve the postharvest quality of ‘Red Globe’ table grapes.
Occurrence and Composition of Columbite-(Fe) In the Reduced A-Type Desemborque Pluton, Graciosa Province (S-SE Brazil)
Authors: Siachoque Astrid , Garcia Rodolfo , Vlach Silvio R.F.
Published: May 2020

Columbite-(Fe) is a post-magmatic accessory mineral occurring within syenogranites and greisens from the Desemborque Pluton. The petrographic (SEM) and geochemical (EPMA and LA-ICPMS) examination of this mineral shows two distinct textural types within both the rocks, named columbite-1 and columbite-2. The columbite-1 type is characterized by zoned crystals with two stages of crystallization: i) An early Nb-rich cores with low Ta/(Ta + Nb) and Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios (0.02–0.08 and 0.17 to 0.21 apfu, respectively), and ii) a later Ta-rich rims with higher Ta/(Ta + Nb) ratios (0.11–0.26) and similar Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios (from 0.14 to 0.22) relative to the former cores. On the other hand, the columbite-2 type is defined by irregular crystals with patchy textures and very low Ta/(Ta + Nb) ratios (0.008–0.038) and moderate Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios between 0.20 and 0.38. Trace element compositions of all columbite-(Fe) crystals are relatively enriched in HREEs and HFSEs; however, the columbite-2 presents higher abundances of REEs, Y, Th, U, Pb, Sc, and Sn relative to the columbite-1. This study highlights a unique hydrothermal origin for both the columbite types, but the textural relations of the columbite-2 crystals indicated that its formation is related to fluid-induced alterations of post-magmatic fluorite and/or cassiterite crystals at the final stage of the post-magmatic evolution.
Local Structure and Magnetism of Fe2O3 Maghemite Nanocrystals: The Role of Crystal Dimension
Authors: Coduri Mauro , Masala Paolo , Del Bianco Lucia , Spizzo Federico , Ceresoli Davide , Castellano Carlo , Cappelli Serena , Oliva Cesare , Checchia Stefano , Allieta Mattia , Szabo Dorothee-Vinga , Schlabach Sabine , Hagelstein Michael , Ferrero Claudio , Scavini Marco
Published: May 2020

Here we report on the impact of reducing the crystalline size on the structural and magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 maghemite nanoparticles. A set of polycrystalline specimens with crystallite size ranging from ~2 to ~50 nm was obtained combining microwave plasma synthesis and commercial samples. Crystallite size was derived by electron microscopy and synchrotron powder diffraction, which was used also to investigate the crystallographic structure. The local atomic structure was inquired combining pair distribution function (PDF) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). PDF revealed that reducing the crystal dimension induces the depletion of the amount of Fe tetrahedral sites. XAS confirmed significant bond distance expansion and a loose Fe-Fe connectivity between octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Molecular dynamics revealed important surface effects, whose implementation in PDF reproduces the first shells of experimental curves. The structural disorder affects the magnetic properties more and more with decreasing the nanoparticle size. In particular, the saturation magnetization reduces, revealing a spin canting effect. Moreover, a large effective magnetic anisotropy is measured at low temperature together with an exchange bias effect, a behavior that we related to the existence of a highly disordered glassy magnetic phase.
XPS Modeling of Immobilized Recombinant Angiogenin and Apoliprotein A1 on Biodegradable Nanofibers
Authors: Manakhov Anton , Permyakova Elizaveta , Ershov Sergey , Miroshnichenko Svetlana , Pykhtina Mariya , Beklemishev Anatoly , Kovalskii Andrey , Solovieva Anastasiya
Published: May 2020

The immobilization of viable proteins is an important step in engineering efficient scaffolds for regenerative medicine. For example, angiogenin, a vascular growth factor, can be considered a neurotrophic factor, influencing the neurogenesis, viability, and migration of neurons. Angiogenin shows an exceptional combination of angiogenic, neurotrophic, neuroprotective, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, this protein is a promising molecule that can be immobilized on carriers used for tissue engineering, particularly for diseases that are complicated by neurotrophic and vascular disorders. Another highly important and viable protein is apoliprotein A1. Nevertheless, the immobilization of these proteins onto promising biodegradable nanofibers has not been tested before. In this work, we carefully studied the immobilization of human recombinant angiogenin and apoliprotein A1 onto plasma-coated nanofibers. We developed a new methodology for the quantification of the protein density of these proteins using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and modeled the XPS data for angiogenin and apoliprotein A1 (Apo-A1). These findings were also confirmed by the analysis of immobilized Apo-A1 using fluorescent microscopy. The presented methodology was validated by the analysis of fibronectin on the surface of plasma-coated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers. This methodology can be expanded for other proteins and it should help to quantify the density of proteins on surfaces using routine XPS data treatment.
Unveiling Fabrication and Environmental Remediation of MXene-Based Nanoarchitectures in Toxic Metals Removal from Wastewater: Strategy and Mechanism
Authors: Ibrahim Yassmin , Kassab Amal , Eid Kamel , M. Abdullah Aboubakr , Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Elzatahry Ahmed
Published: May 2020

Efficient approaches for toxic metal removal from wastewater have had transformative impacts to mitigating freshwater scarcity. Adsorption is among the most promising purification techniques due to its simplicity, low cost, and high removal efficiency at ambient conditions. MXene-based nanoarchitectures emerged as promising adsorbents in a plethora of toxic metal removal applications. This was due to the unique hydrophilicity, high surface area, activated metallic hydroxide sites, electron-richness, and massive adsorption capacity of MXene. Given the continual progress in the rational design of MXene nanostructures for water treatment, timely updates on this field are required that deeply emphasize toxic metal removal, including fabrication routes and characterization strategies of the merits, advantages, and limitations of MXenes for the adsorption of toxic metals (i.e., Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr). This is in addition to the fundamentals and the adsorption mechanism tailored by the shape and composition of MXene based on some representative paradigms. Finally, the limitations of MXenes and their potential future research perspectives for wastewater treatment are also discussed. This review may trigger scientists to develop novel MXene-based nanoarchitectures with well-defined shapes, compositions, and physiochemical merits for efficient, practical removal of toxic metals from wastewater.
Elevated Glucose and Insulin Levels Decrease DHA Transfer across Human Trophoblasts via SIRT1-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Mishra Jay S. , Zhao Hanjie , Hattis Sari , Kumar Sathish
Published: May 2020

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) results in reduced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transfer to the fetus, likely due to placental dysfunction. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a nutrient sensor and regulator of lipid metabolism. This study investigated whether the high glucose and insulin condition of GDM regulates DHA transfer and expression of fatty acid transporters and if this effect is related to SIRT1 expression and function. Syncytialized primary human trophoblasts were treated with and without glucose (25 mmol/L) and insulin (10−7 mol/L) for 72 h to mimic the insulin-resistance conditions of GDM pregnancies. In control conditions, DHA transfer across trophoblasts increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Exposure to GDM conditions significantly decreased DHA transfer, but increased triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid transporter expression (CD36, FABP3, and FABP4). GDM conditions significantly suppressed SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression. The SIRT1 inhibitor decreased DHA transfer across control trophoblasts, and recombinant SIRT1 and SIRT1 activators restored the decreased DHA transport induced by GDM conditions. The results demonstrate a novel role of SIRT1 in the regulation of DHA transfer across trophoblasts. The suppressed SIRT1 expression and the resultant decrease in placental DHA transfer caused by high glucose and insulin levels suggest new insights of molecular mechanisms linking GDM to fetal DHA deficiency.
The Nutritional Quality of Organic and Conventional Food Products Sold in Italy: Results from the Food Labelling of Italian Products (FLIP) Study
Authors: Dall’Asta Margherita , Angelino Donato , Pellegrini Nicoletta , Martini Daniela
Published: May 2020

The market for organic products is growing rapidly, probably attributable to the general customer perception that they are healthier foods, with a better nutritional profile than conventional ones. Despite this, the available studies show limited differences in the nutrient profile of organically and conventionally primary food products. Apart from this literature, no studies have focused on the nutrition profile of commercially prepacked foods. Thus, the aim of the present survey was to compare the nutritional quality intended as nutrition facts of organic and conventional prepacked foods sold in Italy. A total of 569 pairs of prepacked products (organic and their conventional counterparts) were selected from nine food categories sold by online retailers. By comparing organic and conventional products in the “pasta, rice and other cereals” category, the former were lower in energy, protein, and higher in saturates compared to the latter. Organic “jams, chocolate spreads and honey” products were lower in energy, carbohydrates, sugars and higher in protein than their regular counterparts. No differences were found for energy, macronutrients and salt for other categories. Therefore, based on the mandatory information printed on their packaging, prepacked organic products are not of a superior nutritional quality than conventional ones, with just a few exceptions. Consequently, the present study suggests that organic certification cannot be considered an indication of better overall nutritional quality. Further studies examining the nutritional quality of organic foods, taking into account the ingredients used, might better explain the results obtained.
Resting Energy Expenditure during Breastfeeding: Body Composition Analysis vs. Predictive Equations Based on Anthropometric Parameters
Authors: Bzikowska-Jura Agnieszka , Szulińska Adriana , Szostak-Węgierek Dorota
Published: May 2020

Accurate estimation of energy expenditure in a breastfeeding woman is crucial for maintaining the proper nutritional status of the woman and healthy development of the infant. The current literature does not contain data regarding resting energy expenditure (REE) in breastfeeding women. Using mathematical equations is the most common method of REE assessment. However, due to changes in metabolism and body composition during pregnancy and lactation, the mathematical equations used among the general population may not apply. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resting energy expenditure of exclusively breastfeeding women by using body composition analysis–estimated REE (eREE) and to provide the most appropriate predictive equations–predicted REE (pREE) based on anthropometric parameters to estimate it. This was a pilot study with 40 exclusively breastfeeding women. Height and weight were measured and body composition analysis was performed. We predicted REE using fourteen self-selected equations, based on anthropometric parameters and/or age, and/or sex. The median eREE was 1515.0 ± 68.4 kcal (95% Cl, 1477–1582 kcal) and the pREE ranged from 1149.7 kcal (95% Cl, 1088.7–1215.0) by Bernstein et al., to 1576.8 kcal (95% Cl, 1479.9–1683.4), by Müller et al. Significant differences between eREE and all pREE were observed (p < 0.001, except Korth et al. equations). The Müller et al. equation was the most accurate with the smallest individual variation. All predictive equations showed low agreement, and in most cases, the results were underestimated. These findings indicate the need for further studies to propose more suitable methods to determine the energy requirements for breastfeeding women.
Perceptions of Oncology Providers and Cancer Survivors on the Role of Nutrition in Cancer Care and Their Views on the “NutriCare” Program
Authors: Keaver Laura , Yiannakou Ioanna , Folta Sara C. , Zhang Fang Fang
Published: May 2020

Cancer patients and survivors can experience treatment related side effects that impact nutrition status, as well as unwanted weight loss, weight gain and poor dietary quality. Therefore, they are a group that would benefit from nutrition intervention. A qualitative study was conducted online (six focus groups and two interviews) with 12 oncology providers and 12 survivors in the United States. Participants were asked about the role of nutrition in survivors’ health, appropriate components of nutrition care for cancer patients, and strategies to integrate nutrition into oncology care. Feedback on a proposed program, “NutriCare”, was also sought. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes. Four main themes emerged: (1) nutrition is an important component of oncology care and source of empowerment for cancer patients; (2) in the NutriCare program, the prescription pad component was viewed as a critical aspect, and there was also a preference for dealing with patients and survivors separately; (3) for implementation, the most appropriate time for providers to talk to patients about nutrition is during the development of the treatment plan. Reinforcement of key nutrition messages by providers was also highlighted; (4) major barriers included lack of time and motivation by providers. Survivors were interested in and providers supportive of integrating nutrition into oncology care.
Long-Term Coffee Consumption is Associated with Fecal Microbial Composition in Humans
Authors: González Sonia , Salazar Nuria , Ruiz-Saavedra Sergio , Gómez-Martín María , de los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G. , Gueimonde Miguel
Published: May 2020

Coffee consumption has been related to a preventive effect against several non-transmissible pathologies. Due to the content of this beverage in phytochemicals and minerals, it has been proposed that its impact on health may partly depend on gut microbiota modulation. Our aim was to explore the interaction among gut microbiota, fecal short chain fatty acids, and health-related parameters in 147 healthy subjects classified according to coffee consumption, to deepen the association of the role of the (poly)phenol and alkaloid content of this beverage. Food daily intake was assessed by an annual food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Coffee consumption was categorized into three groups: non-coffee-consumers (0–3 mL/day), moderate consumers (3–45 mL/day) and high-coffee consumers (45–500 mL/day). Some relevant groups of the gut microbiota were determined by qPCR, and concentration of fecal short chain fatty acids by gas chromatography. Serum health related biomarkers were determined by standardized methods. Interestingly, a higher level of Bacteroides–Prevotella–Porphyromonas was observed in the high consumers of coffee, who also had lower levels of lipoperoxidation. Two groups of coffee-derived (poly)phenol, methoxyphenols and alkylphenols, and caffeine, among alkaloids, were directly associated with Bacteroides group levels. Thus, regular consumption of coffee appears to be associated with changes in some intestinal microbiota groups in which dietary (poly)phenol and caffeine may play a role.
Cluster Analysis of Physical Activity Patterns, and Relationship with Sedentary Behavior and Healthy Lifestyles in Prepubertal Children: Genobox Cohort
Authors: Leis Rosaura , Jurado-Castro Jose Manuel , Llorente-Cantarero Francisco Jesus , Anguita-Ruiz Augusto , Iris Rupérez Azahara , Bedoya-Carpente Juan Jose , Vázquez-Cobela Rocío , Aguilera Concepción María , Bueno Gloria , Gil-Campos Mercedes
Published: May 2020

Sedentary habits during childhood are associated with adverse health outcomes. The aim of this work was to cluster lifestyle behaviors and metabolic biomarkers to establish different patterns in children. Their physical and sedentary activities were evaluated by accelerometry, and questionnaires that included lifestyle behaviors, such as adherence to a Mediterranean diet, anthropometry and blood biochemical markers. Cluster analysis was performed to establish different groups based on physical activity levels. A total of 489 children were finally selected. Cluster 1 included children with a mostly sedentary state, whereas Cluster 3 included the most active children and Cluster 2 included children that did not fit into either the sedentary or the highly active groups. In Cluster 3, 56% of children were in a sports club, and a lower percentage used electronic devices in their rooms compared to the other groups. Cluster 1 children exhibited higher insulin, HOMA-IR and triacylglycerides with respect to the other groups. No differences were found regarding adherence to a Mediterranean diet. The choice to practice an extracurricular sport could be an influencing factor to increase exercise and ensure an active lifestyle in children. Reducing or limiting screen time mainly in children’s rooms could contribute to an active lifestyle.
Association between Preoperative Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Chen Su-Chan , Yang Ya-Ling , Wu Cheng-Hsueh , Huang Shao-Sung , Chan Wan Leong , Lin Shing-Jong , Chou Chia-Yu , Chen Jaw-Wen , Pan Ju-Pin , Charng Min-Ji , Chen Ying-Hwa , Wu Tao-Cheng , Lu Tse-Min , Hsu Pai-Feng , Huang Po-Hsun , Cheng Hao-Min , Huang Chin-Chou , Sung Shih-Hsien , Lin Yenn-Jiang , Leu Hsin-Bang
Published: May 2020

Background: Malnutrition is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cancer, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Methods: We recruited a cohort of 3118 patients with CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from 2005 to 2015. Nutritional status was evaluated using the CONUT score, with higher scores reflecting worse nutritional status. Results: After adjustment for comorbidities and medication, an increased CONUT score was independently associated with a higher risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03–1.24), cardiovascular (CV) death (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.30), congestive heart failure (CHF) (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04–1.18), a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07–1.22), and total CV events (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.07–1.15). The subgroup analyses demonstrated that the association of the CONUT score existed independently of other established cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, CONUT significantly improved risk stratification for myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death, CHF, MACEs and total CV events compared to conventional risk factors in CAD patients by the significant increase in the C-index (p < 0.05) and reclassification risk categories in cardiac death and MACEs. Conclusions: The CONUT score improved the risk prediction of adverse events compared to traditional risk factors in CAD patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Does Eating Addiction Favor a More Varied Diet or Contribute to Obesity?—The Case of Polish Adults
Authors: Jezewska-Zychowicz Marzena , Małachowska Aleksandra , Plichta Marta
Published: May 2020

The rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity indicates a need to search for their main causes. Addictive-like eating and associated eating patterns might result in overconsumption, leading to weight gain. The aim of the study was to identify the main determinants of food intake variety (FIV) within eating addiction (EA), other lifestyle components, and sociodemographic characteristics. The data for the study were collected from a sample of 898 Polish adults through a cross-sectional survey in 2019. The questionnaire used in the study included Food Intake Variety Questionnaire (FIVeQ), Eating Preoccupation Scale (EPS), and questions regarding lifestyle and sociodemographic factors. High eating addiction was found in more than half of the people with obesity (54.2%). In the study sample, physical activity at leisure time explained FIV in the greatest manner, followed by the EPS factor: eating to provide pleasure and mood improvement. In the group of people with obesity, the score for this EPS factor was the best predictor of FIV, in that a higher score was conducive to a greater variety of food intake. Sociodemographic characteristics differentiated FIV only within groups with normal body weight (age) and with overweight (education). In conclusion, food intake variety (FIV) was associated with physical activity at leisure time, and then with EPS factor “Eating to provide pleasure and mood improvement”, whereas sociodemographic characteristics were predictors of FIV only within groups identified by body mass index (BMI). Nevertheless, our observations regarding the eating to provide pleasure and mood improvement factor and its associations with food intake variety indicate a need for further research in this area. Future studies should also use other tools to explicitly explain this correlation.
Obesity, Bioactive Lipids, and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Insulin Resistance
Authors: Kojta Iwona , Chacińska Marta , Błachnio-Zabielska Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The exact mechanism by which adipose tissue induces insulin resistance is still unclear. It has been demonstrated that obesity is associated with the adipocyte dysfunction, macrophage infiltration, and low-grade inflammation, which probably contributes to the induction of insulin resistance. Adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes numerous bioactive molecules, namely adipokines and cytokines, which affect the metabolism of both lipids and glucose. Disorders in the synthesis of adipokines and cytokines that occur in obesity lead to changes in lipid and carbohydrates metabolism and, as a consequence, may lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is also associated with the accumulation of lipids. A special group of lipids that are able to regulate the activity of intracellular enzymes are biologically active lipids: long-chain acyl-CoAs, ceramides, and diacylglycerols. According to the latest data, the accumulation of these lipids in adipocytes is probably related to the development of insulin resistance. Recent studies indicate that the accumulation of biologically active lipids in adipose tissue may regulate the synthesis/secretion of adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines. Although studies have revealed that inflammation caused by excessive fat accumulation and abnormalities in lipid metabolism can contribute to the development of obesity-related insulin resistance, further research is needed to determine the exact mechanism by which obesity-related insulin resistance is induced.
Validation of Malnutrition Screening Tools in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Traub Julia , Bergheim Ina , Horvath Angela , Stadlbauer Vanessa
Published: May 2020

Malnutrition in liver cirrhosis is frequently underestimated. To determine if a patient is at risk of malnutrition, several screening tools have been established. However, most of them are not validated for patients with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, we compared the RFH-NPT (Royal Free Hospital Nutritional Prioritizing Tool) as the validated gold standard for malnutrition screening in cirrhosis patients with GMS (Graz Malnutrition Screening), NRS-2002 (Nutritional Risk Screening) and MNA-SF (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form). Based on common validity criteria for screening tools, only the MNA-SF showed fair correlation (12/15 points) with the RFH-NPT, whereas NRS-2002 and GMS performed worse (6/15 points). Taken together, our results suggest that NRS-2002 and GMS are not suitable for screening of malnutrition in cirrhosis patients. A cirrhosis-specific screening tool like RFH-NPT should be used to assess malnutrition and to identify those at risk of malnutrition.
Association between Three Low-Carbohydrate Diet Scores and Lipid Metabolism among Chinese Adults
Authors: Tan Li-Juan , Kim Seong-Ah , Shin Sangah
Published: May 2020

This study investigated the blood lipid levels of 5921 Chinese adults aged >18 years using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. Diet information was collected through 3 day, 24 h recalls by trained professionals. The low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score was determined according to the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrate, protein, and fat consumption. Dyslipidemia was defined when one or more of the following abnormal lipid levels were observed: high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using logistic regression models. After adjusting the confounding variables, in males, the OR of hypercholesterolemia was 1.87 (95% CI, 1.23–2.85; p for trend = 0.0017) and the OR of hypertriglyceridemia was 1.47 (95% CI, 1.04–2.06; p for trend = 0.0336), on comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of the LCD score. The animal-based LCD score showed a similar trend. The OR of hypercholesterolemia was 2.15 (95% CI, 1.41–3.29; p for trend = 0.0006) and the OR of hypertriglyceridemia was 1.51 (95% CI, 1.09–2.10; p for trend = 0.0156). However, there was no significant difference between plant-based LCD scores and dyslipidemia. In females, lipid profiles did not differ much among the quartiles of LCD scores—only the animal-based LCD score was statistically significant with hypercholesterolemia. The OR of hypercholesterolemia was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.06–2.55), on comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of the LCD score. In conclusion, a higher LCD score, indicating lower carbohydrate intake and higher fat intake, especially animal-based fat, was significantly associated with higher odds of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in Chinese males. Future studies investigating the potential mechanisms by which macronutrient types and sex hormones affect lipid metabolism are required.
Circulating Levels of Muscle-Related Metabolites Increase in Response to a Daily Moderately High Dose of a Vitamin D3 Supplement in Women with Vitamin D Insufficiency—Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Bislev Lise Sofie , Sundekilde Ulrik Kræmer , Kilic Ece , Dalsgaard Trine Kastrup , Rejnmark Lars , Bertram Hanne Christine
Published: May 2020

Recently, we demonstrated negative effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength and physical performance in women with vitamin D insufficiency. The underlying mechanism behind these findings remains unknown. In a secondary analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled trial designed to investigate cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health, we employed NMR-based metabolomics to assess the effect of a daily supplement of vitamin D3 (70 µg) or an identically administered placebo, during wintertime. We assessed the serum metabolome of 76 postmenopausal, otherwise healthy, women with vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L), with mean levels of 25(OH)D of 33 ± 9 nmol/L. Compared to the placebo, vitamin D3 treatment significantly increased the levels of 25(OH)D (−5 vs. 59 nmol/L, respectively, p < 0.00001) and 1,25(OH)2D (−10 vs. 59 pmol/L, respectively, p < 0.00001), whereas parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were reduced (0.3 vs. −0.7 pmol/L, respectively, p < 0.00001). Analysis of the serum metabolome revealed a significant increase of carnitine, choline, and urea and a tendency to increase for trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and urinary excretion of creatinine, without any effect on renal function. The increase in carnitine, choline, creatinine, and urea negatively correlated with muscle health and physical performance. Combined with previous clinical findings reporting negative effects of vitamin D on muscle strength and physical performance, this secondary analysis suggests a direct detrimental effect on skeletal muscle of moderately high daily doses of vitamin D supplements.
Frequency of Resistance to Benzimidazoles of Haemonchus contortus Helminths from Dairy Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Buffaloes in Greece
Authors: Arsenopoulos Konstantinos , Minoudi Styliani , Symeonidou Isaia , Triantafyllidis Alexandros , Katsafadou Angeliki , Lianou Daphne , Fthenakis George , Papadopoulos Elias
Published: May 2020

The study investigated the presence of resistance to benzimidazoles in Haemonchus contortus helminths from ruminant species in Greece through the detection of the Phe/Tyr polymorphism in the amino acid at position 200 of the β-tubulin protein. In total, 288 adult female H. contortus helminths collected from the abomasum of various ruminant animals in Greece were tested. Of these, 96 were collected from sheep, 96 from goats, 48 from cattle, and 48 from buffaloes. The frequencies of the homozygous and heterozygous resistant genotypes at the position 200 of the β-tubulin gene of helminths recovered from sheep were 96.9% and 3.1%, respectively. The frequencies of the homozygous and heterozygous resistant genotypes, respectively, were 100.0% and 0.0% in helminths from goats, 25.0% and 75.0% in helminths from cattle and 8.3% and 91.7% in helminths from buffaloes. In all parasitic populations, no homozygous susceptible genotypes were detected. The present study highlighted, for the first time, the emergence of benzimidazole-resistant H. contortus in goats, cattle, and buffaloes in Greece, using an allele-specific PCR. It is postulated that benzimidazole-resistant alleles were transferred from sheep or goats to cattle and buffaloes at the commonly grazing pastures in Greece.
“The Difference between Plan b and ella®? They’re Basically the Same Thing”: Results from a Mystery Client Study
Authors: Kaur Guneet , Fontanilla Tiana , Bullock Holly , Tschann Mary
Published: May 2020

Pharmacy staff can serve an important role educating patients about emergency contraceptive pills (ECP), particularly ulipristal acetate (UPA), which requires a prescription. We conducted a secondary analysis of a previously completed mystery client study, assessing accuracy of information provided by pharmacy staffers to patients inquiring by telephone about filling a prescription for UPA. From the period December 2013 to July 2014, researchers used a mystery client methodology, contacting 198 retail pharmacies in Hawaiʻi. Researchers posed as patients or providers attempting to fill a prescription for UPA. During the course of the call, they asked about differences between UPA and levonorgestrel ECPs. Nearly half of all pharmacy staffers were unfamiliar with UPA. The majority of responses describing differences between the medications were incorrect or misleading, such as responses implying that UPA is an abortifacient. Lack of familiarity and incorrect information provided by pharmacy staffers may act as additional barriers in patient access to UPA. Health practitioners prescribing UPA should ensure patients receive evidence-based counseling at the time of prescription, while efforts should also be made to improve pharmacy staff familiarity with emergency contraceptive options.