bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathology and immunohistochemistry of papillomavirus-associated cutaneous lesions in Cape mountain zebra, giraffe, sable antelope and African buffalo in South Africa
Authors: Williams J. H. , Van Dykb E. , Nel P. J. , Lane E. , Van Wilpe E. , Bengis R. G. , De Klerk-Lorist L-M. , Van Heerden J.
Published: August 2012

Skin lesions associated with papillomaviruses have been reported in many animal species and man. Bovine papillomavirus (BVP) affects mainly the epidermis, but also the dermis in several species including bovine, the best-known example being equine sarcoid, which is associated with BVP types 1 and 2. This publication describes and illustrates the macroscopic and histological appearance of BPV-associated papillomatous, fibropapillomatous or sarcoid-like lesions in Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) from the Gariep Dam Nature Reserve, 2 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) from the Kruger National Park, and a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) from the Kimberley area of South Africa. An African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) cow from Kruger National Park also had papillomatous lesions but molecular characterisation of lesional virus was not done. Immunohistochemical staining using polyclonal rabbit antiserum to chemically disrupted BPV-1, which cross-reacts with the L1 capsid of most known papillomaviruses, was positive in cells of the stratum granulosum of lesions in Giraffe 1, the sable and the buffalo and negative in those of the zebra and Giraffe 2. Fibropapillomatous and sarcoid-like lesions from an adult bovine were used as positive control for the immunohistochemistry and are described and the immunohistochemistry illustrated for comparison. Macroscopically, both adult female giraffe had severely thickened multifocal to coalescing nodular and occasionally ulcerated lesions of the head, neck and trunk with local poorly-circumscribed invasion into the subcutis. Necropsy performed on the 2nd giraffe revealed neither internal metastases nor serious underlying disease. Giraffe 1 had scattered, and Giraffe 2 numerous, large, anaplastic, at times indistinctly multinucleated dermal fibroblasts with bizarre nuclei within the sarcoid-like lesions, which were BPV-1 positive in Giraffe 1 and BPV-1 and -2 positive in Giraffe 2 by RT-PCR. The sable antelope presented with a solitary large lesion just proximal to the right hind hoof, which recurred after excision, and was BPV-1 positive by RT-PCR. Other wart-like growths were present elsewhere on the body. The Cape mountain zebra either succumbed from their massive lesions or were euthanased or removed from the herd because of them. The lesions wereBPV-1 and/or -2 positive byRT-PCR. The buffalo lesions were wart-like papillomatous projections in the inguinal and udder region. Stratum granulosum cells that stained immunohistochemically positive in the various species appeared koilocyte-like, as described in human papillomaviral lesions.
A survey of the prevalence of blowfly strike and the control measures used in the Rûens area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Scholtz A. J. , Cloete S. W. P. , Du Toit E. , Van Wyk J. B. , De K van der Linde T. C.
Published: August 2012

Blowfly strike and the methods used to combat blowfly strike were recorded on 33 properties in the Rûens area of South Africa during 2003/2004. Data were recorded on Merino and Dohne Merino hoggets (n = 4951) with at least 3 months’ wool growth. The following data were captured: presence or absence of strike, site of the strike (body or breech), presence or absence of dermatophilosis as well as subjective scores for wool quality and wool colour. Control measures recorded include: chemical treatment (preventative and spot treatment), crutching, mulesing and the use of the Lucitrap® system. Blowfly strike was not significantly influenced by gender or breed. Hoggets suffering from dermatophilosis were more likely to be struck, compared with contemporaries not suffering from the skin disorder (0.057 vs 0.027; P 0.05). Merino hoggets generally had higher scores than their Dohne Merino contemporaries for wool quality (32.6 vs 27.4; P0.05) and wool colour (29.0 vs 27.2; P0.05). There was an indication that the Lucitrap® system may have reduced flystrike, but the effect was not statistically significant (P = 0.19 for overall strikes and P = 0.12 for body strike). The Mules operation benefited overall flystrike (0.013 vs 0.110; P 0.05); mainly through an effect on breech strike (0.010 vs 0.109; P 0.05). The proportion of fly strikes increased with wool length, and declined with an increase in farm size in wool colour score. None of the ethically acceptable control measures assessed could substantially reduce blowfly strike on their own, and an integrated pest management programme was proposed.
Nicotiana glauca poisoning in ostriches (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Botha C. J. , Steenkamp P. A. , Olivier A. , Bekker L. C.
Published: August 2012

Putative Nicotiana glauca (wild tobacco) poisoning was diagnosed in a flock of ostriches near Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Post mortem examinations (n = 7) were performed on ostriches (Struthio camelus) that had died. Suspicious leaf remnants (weighing 80–770 g), packed in a layer on top of other plant material, were carefully separated from the proventricular content and submitted for chemical determination of anabasine, the major toxic principle contained by this plant. A standard solid phase extraction method was used followed by an optimised liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure. Anabasine was detected in the leaf remnants (114–177 μg/g dry weight) removed from the proventriculus of the ostriches that succumbed as well as in control N. glauca leaves (193 μg/g dry weight). The analytical methods used in this study revealed the presence of anabasine in the suspicious leaf remnants, indicating that the birds had been exposed to N. glauca and had died of this poisoning.
Variability of yellow tulp (Moraea pallida Bak.) toxicity
Authors: Snyman L. D. , Schultz R. A. , Van den Berg H.
Published: August 2012

Yellow tulp (Moraea pallida Bak.), collected predominantly during the flowering stage from a number of sites in South Africa, showed large variation in digoxin equivalent values, indicating variability in yellow tulp toxicity. Very low values were recorded for tulp collected from certain sites in the Northern Cape.
Piroplasm parasites of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) in the Kruger National Park, and their relation to anaemia
Authors: Govender D. , Oosthuisen M. C. , Penzhorn B. L.
Published: August 2012

As part of a larger survey to map the geographical distribution of Babesia and Theileria parasites in the southern African rhinoceros population, white rhinoceroses were sampled during routine immobilisations in the Kruger National Park. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse line blot (RLB) hybridisation assays were used to screen for the presence of piroplasms and complete blood counts were used to assess associated changes in clinical parameters. Of the 195 rhinoceroses sampled, 71 (36.4 %) tested positive for the presence of Theileria bicornis, with no significant change in the haematological parameters measured, while 18 (9.2 %) tested positive for Theileria equi. None of the rhinoceroses sampled tested positive for Babesia bicornis, a parasite associated with mortalities in black rhinoceroses.
Serial haematology results in transfused and non-transfused dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi
Authors: Scheepers E. , Leisewitz A. L. , Thompson P. N. , Christopher M. M.
Published: August 2012

This prospective longitudinal study investigated the progression of haematological changes in 32 transfused and 54 non-transfused dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi over the 1st 6 days following diagnosis and treatment. The effect of patient age on the results of complete blood counts was determined. Haematology data were analysed at presentation and at 24 hours, 3 days and 6 days after presentation. Dogs were treated with diminazene aceturate at diagnosis and a blood transfusion was given if deemed clinically required. Mildly to moderately regenerative normocytic normochromic anaemia was observed in all dogs throughout the study period. Transfused dogs more often had an inflammatory leukogram at presentation and at 24 hours, than dogs that were not transfused. In dogs with a left shift, a concurrent normal or decreased segmented neutrophil count was found more commonly than neutrophilia. Severe thrombocytopenia that resolved within a week was common. Blood transfusion alleviated the anaemia, but had no significant effect on white blood cell or platelet responses. Blood cell responses were not significantly influenced by age. In conclusion, the red blood cell and white blood cell responses were less than expected in dogs with babesiosis, given the degree of anaemia and inflammation present. The magnitude of thrombocytopenia and rapid return of the platelet count to normal suggested a possible immune-mediated mechanism for the thrombocytopenia.
A preliminary disease survey in the wild Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) population in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Authors: Leslie A. J. , Lovely C. J. , Pittman J. M.
Published: August 2012

The objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary survey of diseases that might be present in the wild Nile crocodile population in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Blood samples were collected from crocodiles ranging in size from 34.0cmto 463.0cmtotal length. Samples were examined for blood parasites and underwent a haematological analysis. Before release the crocodiles were examined for various clinical abnormalities. Of the 144 crocodiles examined, none were visibly sick or displayed any signs of disease. No antibodies to Mycoplasma crocodyli were detected. Hepatozoon pettiti was present in 55.3 % of blood smears examined, but there was no significant difference in any of the haematological values between the infected and uninfected crocodiles, and a high prevalence of Hepatozoon infection is not uncommon in other species. Only 7.6 % of the examined crocodiles were infested with leeches. Further research is required for several of the crocodilian diseases, in particular to elucidate the role of wild crocodilians as reservoirs of infection.
A pilot study of common health problems in smallholder pigs in Angónia and Boane districts, Mozambique
Authors: Matos C. , Sitoe C. , Afonso S. , Banze J. , Baptista J. , Dias G. , Rodrigues F. , Atanásio A. , Nhamusso A. , Penrith M-L. , Willingham III A. L.
Published: August 2012

Apilot survey was conducted in 2 districts in Mozambique to determine the most important health problems facing smallholder pig producers. While African swine fever is the most serious disease that affects pigs at all levels of production in Mozambique, it is likely that productivity is reduced by the presence of mange and gastrointestinal parasites, while in traditional systems the conditions are favourable for the development of porcine cysticercosis caused by the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, which poses a health risk to communities. Results of the pilot survey confirmed that, with the exception of African swine fever, ecto- and endoparasites are probably the most important health risks for producers. Porcine cysticercosis is more prevalent among pigs in traditional, free-ranging systems, while mange becomes a serious factor when pigs are permanently confined.
Antebrachial chondrodysplasia in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Pulker T. , Carstens A. , Williams J.
Published: August 2012

Rabbits obtained from a South African rabbit breeder exhibited deformities of the distal forelimbs. The clinical, radiological and histological presentation of mid-antebrachial valgus formation (a.k.a distal foreleg curvature) in these rabbits was consistent with an autosomal recessive trait associated with a chondrodystrophic lesion of the distal ulna epiphysis 1st described in the 1960s. The impact this might have on South African farming enterprises and laboratory facilities has not been established, but the heritability and welfare implications of this condition make it a concern. Mildly affected animals can adapt to the deformity with some housing adjustments, but severely affected animalsmayrequirehumaneeuthanasia.
Fatal congenital anaplasmosis associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in a crossbred calf
Authors: Pypers A. R. , Holm D. E. , Williams J. H.
Published: August 2012

Clinical disease resulting from the vertical transmission of Anaplasma marginale has only been reported on 5 occasions despite studies demonstrating successful in utero transmission. During the reported experimental induction of congenital anaplasmosis in calves, the outcome was variable but mostly led to inapparent or mild infection. There are previous case reports of fatal congenital anaplasmosis following natural infection. The clinical findings in a 2-day-old calf presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital with clinical signs of congenital anaplasmosis, which was unresponsive to treatment, are described. Subsequent post mortem diagnostic tests revealed that this calf was co-infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). It is postulated that immunosuppression resulting from BVDV infection predisposed to severe, fatal anaplasmosis in this calf.
Uterine torsion in a Sprague Dawley rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Erlwanger K. H. , Costello M. A. , Meyer L. C. R.
Published: August 2012

Uterine torsion is a twisting of the uterus or uterine horn perpendicular to its long axis.We report a case of uterine torsion in an adult breeding Sprague Dawley rat. The rat died a month after her last recorded delivery. Post mortem examination of the rat revealed 270° torsion of the right uterine horn. The uterus contained a single foetus. The liver was pale and enlarged. The rest of the viscera appeared normal. Histopathological examination showed acute hepatic necrosis and pulmonary congestion with mild lymphocytic infiltrates peribronchially. The acute hepatic necrosis may have been associated with septicaemia due to compromised blood vessels following the uterine torsion. The presence of a single foetus could have resulted in foeto-maternal disproportion with resultant uterine torsion. Torsion of the uterus can be accompanied by haemostatic and metabolic complications, which could have caused the death of the rat. Although uterine torsion is a rare condition in rats, it should be considered as a potential complication of gestation in animal breeding units.
Application of European standards for health and quality control of game meat on game ranches in South Africa
Authors: Van der Merwe M. , Jooste P. J. , Hoffman L. C.
Published: August 2012

The health and quality compliance of game carcasses (n = 295) intended for the South African export market and aspiring to comply with the strict hygiene requirements of the European Union were compared with game carcasses (n = 330) available for the local market and currently not subjected to meat safety legislation. Samples were collected in similar seasons and geographical areas in South Africa from 2006 to 2009. Aerobic plate counts (APC) of the heart blood verified that both groups possessed similar ante mortem bacterial status. For health compliance APC, tests for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were performed on the carcasses. Surfaces of the local carcasses were swabbed using the European Enviro-biotrace sponge technique at 3 and 72 h post mortem. Unskinned but eviscerated export carcasses in the abattoir were skinned and sampled by incision using a cork borer 72h post mortem . Temperature andpHreadings were recorded at 3 and 72 h post mortem from the longissimus dorsi muscle and the readings at 3 h differed (P = 0.035). Temperatures at 72 h were lower for export than local carcasses (P 0.001) because of earlier introduction and maintenance of the cold chain. The pH readings also differed between groups at 3 and 72 h (P0.001). APC results for the local group exceeded the maximum permissible count (105). S. aureus results showed differences (P 0.001), with readings from the local group being higher. The same tendency was exhibited for E. coli (P = 0.008). Imposition of hygiene guidelines for game ranchers producing meat for the local market is therefore recommended.
Radiographic changes in Thoroughbred yearlings in South Africa
Authors: Furniss C. , Carstens A. , Van den Berg S. S.
Published: August 2012

This study involves the evaluation of pre-purchase radiographic studies of South African Thoroughbred yearlings. Radiographic changes were recorded and compared with similar international studies. The study differs from other studies in that a lower prevalence of pedal osteitis (1.26 %), dorsal osteochondral fragmentation of the metatarsophalangeal joint (1.60 %), distal metacarpal sagittal ridge changes (15.7 %), ulnar carpal bone lucencies (8.33 %), carpal osteophytes (1.19 %), distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joint radiographic changes (9.92 %), tarsal osteochondrosis lesions (4.40 %) and stifle osteochondrosis lesions (0.4 %) was found. The prevalence of dorsal osteochondral fragments in the metacarpophalangeal joint was similar to other studies (1.60 %). A higher prevalence of vascular channels as well as irregular borders and lucencies was evident in the proximal sesamoid bones. There was a higher prevalence of palmar metacarpophalangeal and plantar metatarsophalangeal osteochondral fragments (2 % and 7.10 % respectively). Palmar metacarpal disease, metacarpal supracondylar lysis, proximal sesamoid bone fractures and carpal osteochondral fragmentation were absent in the current study. Additional findings recorded in the current study were proximal interphalangeal joint hyperextension (left front 15.13 %, right front 18.91 %), the solar angle (right front 2.38°, left front 2.79°), the prevalence of carpal bone 1 (30.95 %) and carpal bone 5 (1.59 %). Management, nutrition and genetics in the various groups of Thoroughbred yearlings should be further investigated in order to explain the reasons for the differences recorded in the current study.
Seroepidemiological survey of Rhodococcus equi infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys from southeast Turkey
Authors: Tel O. Y. , Arserim N. B. , Keskin O.
Published: August 2012

n order to assess the level of Rhodococcus equi infection in southeast Turkey, 679 sera from healthy foals and adult horses and 78 sera from donkeys were tested by indirect ELISA using a R. equi reference strain (ATCC 33701) as antigen. Eighty (11.7 %) sera from horses and 9 (11.5 %) sera from donkeys with titres 0.85 were positive. The prevalence of seropositive horses in Sanliurfa Province was higher than in Diyarbakir Province; 56 (13.9 %) horses in Sanliurfa Province and 24 (8.7 %) horses in Diyarbakir Province were defined as seropositive. In Sanliurfa Province 14.5 % of female (n = 343) and 10.1 % of male (n = 59) horses tested were defined as seropositive, while in Diyarbakir Province more males (11.4 %, n = 114) were seropositive than females (6.7 %, n = 163). Horses 1 to 5 years of age were found to have the highest seropositivity rate in both provinces. A total of 78 sera from donkeys were investigated in Sanliurfa Province, of which 9 (11.5 %) were positive by ELISA. Among the 9 positive sera, 6 (12.8 %) were from donkeys 1-5 years old and 3 (13.6 %) were from donkeys 5years of age. Nopositive sera were found in donkeys less than 1 year old. Five(12.5 %) sera of females and 4(10.5 %) sera of males tested were positive. These results indicate the existence of R. equi in the horse populations in Sanliurfa and Diyarbakir Provinces. Similar infection rates were found for donkeys in Sanliurfa. This suggests the importance of serological surveys to diagnose R. equi infection in the region and to prevent the zoonotic risk.
A literature review and investigation of staphylococcal necrotic dermatitis in sheep
Authors: Bath G. F. , Janse van Rensburg A. , Pettey K. P. , Van Vuuren M. , Kidanemariam A.
Published: August 2012

An outbreak of necrotic dermatitis in sheep was intensively investigated. Initially 19 of 147 Letelle (Merino-type) ewes were identified but closer inspection revealed 57 sheep that had skin lesions, some very slight, and that the majority (46 or 80 %) had lesions only above the lips. A small number of them had multiple lesions on the legs or vulvae apart from lip lesions. Seven had only vulvar lesions and 2 only leg lesions. Among the sheep with lip lesions, twice as many had lesions on the right as on the left. Electron micrographs did not reveal any virus particles from the lesions, but all bacterial swabs yielded pure cultures of beta-haemolytic, Gram-positive cocci that were catalase, coagulase and DNase positive. The organism was identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Histopathology was consistent with a dermotoxic insult. A review of available literature indicated that this outbreak was consistent with a diagnosis of ovine necrotic (staphylococcal) dermatitis, supported by data on signalment, lesions, distribution, size, number, epidemiology as well as specific tests. The range of differential diagnoses and possible confusers are discussed.
Barbiturate ingestion in three adult captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and concomitant fatal botulism of one : clinical communication
Authors: Williams J. H. , Bester L. , Venter L. , Pretorius D. , Greyling F.
Published: August 2012

Zoo animals, including tigers, have been reported to suffer from barbiturate intoxication, with pentabarbitone being most commonly recorded. Clinical signs range from mild ataxia to general anaesthesia with recovery over hours to days with several factors affecting hepatic barbiturate metabolism and tissue partitioning. Botulism is an often fatal intoxication in man, animals, birds and certain fish. The occurrence in carnivores is uncommon to rare, with only 2 reports found of botulism in felids. This report relates to 3 adult captive cohabiting tigers that simultaneously developed signs of abdominal discomfort, progressive ataxia, recumbency and comatose sleep resembling stage 2 anaesthesia, alternating with periods of distracted wakefulness and ataxic movements. These signs occurred 4 days after being fed the carcass of a horse that had ostensibly died of colic and not been euthanased. The male tiger that was the dominant animal in the feeding hierarchy was worst affected and had to be given intravenous fluids. The female that was lowest in hierarchy was unaffected. After 48-72 hours of treatment at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital the females could eat and made an uneventful recovery. The male tiger showed partial recovery but died during the night a few hours after drinking water on his return to the owner. Necropsy revealed severe oesophageal dilation and impaction with decaying grass; some of this material and water were present in the pharynx and trachea, and had been aspirated causing acute widespread bronchopneumonia. Colon content tested negative for common pesticides but, together with liver, tested positive for barbiturate. Serum taken on the day of admission had tested negative for barbiturate and the residual serum from the 3 animals later tested negative for botulinum toxin. Colon and oesophageal content from the male at necropsy were positive for Clostridium botulinum toxin type C by the mouse bioassay neutralisation test, confirming that this male had had concomitant barbiturate toxicity and botulism, and had succumbed to aspiration bronchopneumonia secondary to pharyngeal, laryngeal and oesophageal paralysis and oesophageal impaction.
A case study of rabies diagnosis from formalin-fixed brain material : short communication
Authors: Coertse J. , Nel L. H. , Sabeta C. T. , Weyer J. , Grobler A. , Walters J. , Markotter W.
Published: August 2012

Rabies is caused by several Lyssavirus species, a group of negative sense RNA viruses. Although rabies is preventable, it is often neglected particularly in developing countries in the face of many competing public and veterinary health priorities. Epidemiological information based on laboratory-based surveillance data is critical to adequately strategise control and prevention plans. In this regard the fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in brain tissues is still considered the basic requirement for laboratory confirmation of animal cases. Occasionally brain tissues from suspected rabid animals are still submitted in formalin, although this has been discouraged for a number of years. Immunohistochemical testing or a modified fluorescent antibody technique can be performed on such samples. However, this method is cumbersome and cannot distinguish between different Lyssavirus species. Owing to RNA degradation in formalin-fixed tissues, conventional RT-PCR methodologies have also been proven to be unreliable. This report is concerned with a rabies case in a domestic dog from an area in South Africa where rabies is not common. Typing of the virus involved was therefore important, but the only available sample was submitted as a formalin-fixed specimen. A real-time RT-PCR method was therefore applied and it was possible to confirmrabies and obtain phylogenetic information that indicated a close relationship between this virus and the canid rabies virus variants from another province (KwaZulu-Natal) in South Africa.
Parasitological Society of Southern Africa : congress abstracts
Authors: Horak, et al I.
Published: August 2012

The following are abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 39th Annual Congress of the Parasitological Society of Southern Africa (PARSA), 10-13 October 2010, Drakensville Resort, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Supplementary list of the Solifugae,scorpions and Pepipalpi of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: August 2012

Supplementary list of the Solifugae,scorpions and Pepipalpi of the Kruger National Park
The Pseudoscorpions (False-Scorpions) of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: August 2012

The Pseudoscorpions (False-Scorpions) of the Kruger National Park
Scarabaeidae from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Ferreira M. C.
Published: August 2012

Scarabaeidae from the Kruger National Park
Burrow systems of Desmodillus Auricularis in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Nel J. A. J.
Published: August 2012

Burrow systems of Desmodillus Auricularis in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Die geologie van die Bontebokpark, distrik Swellendam
Authors: Theron J. M.
Published: August 2012

Die geologie van die Bontebokpark, distrik Swellendam
Operation "Khomandlopfu"
Authors: Pienaar Ph.D, U. De V.
Published: August 2012

Shangaan (Tsonga) for 'capture the elephants'
The ecological significance of roads in a National Park
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

The ecological significance of roads in a National Park
The freshwater fished of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

The freshwater fished of the Kruger National Park
Two sympatric spesies of the Mamuya Striata Complex (Sauria: Scincidae) in the Southern Kalahari
Authors: Broadley Donald G.
Published: August 2012

Two sympatric spesies of the Mamuya Striata Complex (Sauria: Scincidae) in the Southern Kalahari
The influence of the African Elephant on the vegetation of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Van Wyk P. , Fairall N.
Published: August 2012

The influence of the African Elephant on the vegetation of the Kruger National Park
The use of the eye lens technique in deriving the age structure and life table of an Impala (Aepyceros melampus)
Authors: Fairall N.
Published: August 2012

The use of the eye lens technique in deriving the age structure and life table of an Impala (Aepyceros melampus)
'N nota oor die gebruik van die benaming "Kwagga"
Authors: Penzhorn B.L.
Published: August 2012

'N nota oor die gebruik van die benaming "Kwagga"
The use of drugs in the management and control of large carnivorous mammals
Authors: Pienaar U. De V. , Le Riche E. , Le Roux C. S.
Published: August 2012

The use of drugs in the management and control of large carnivorous mammals
Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park
The Pygmy Falcon Polihierax Semitorquatus
Authors: Maclean G. L.
Published: August 2012

The Pygmy Falcon Polihierax Semitorquatus
A note on the occurrence of Bat-Eared Fox Otocton Megalotis (Desmarest) in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

A note on the occurrence of Bat-Eared Fox Otocton Megalotis (Desmarest) in the Kruger National Park
South African ACARI II check-list of mites in our Parks (Part i)
Authors: Meyer Magdalena K. P.
Published: August 2012

South African ACARI II check-list of mites in our Parks (Part i)
A check-list of the flowering plants in the Herbarium of the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Penzhorn B. L.
Published: August 2012

A check-list of the flowering plants in the Herbarium of the Mountain Zebra National Park
The recolonisation history of the Square-lipped (White) Rhinoceros Ceratotherium Simum Simum(Burchell) in the Kruger National Park (October 1961 - November 1969)
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

The recolonisation history of the Square-lipped (White) Rhinoceros Ceratotherium Simum (Burchell) in the Kruger National Park (October 1961 - November 1969)
The birds of the Augrabiese Falls National Park
Authors: Winterbottom J. M.
Published: August 2012

The birds of the Augrabiese Falls National Park
A notable Ichthyological find in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Pienaar U De V.
Published: August 2012

A notable ichthyological find has been made in the Kruger National Park with the recording, during April 1970, of a specimen of the marine fish, Acanthopagrus berda Forskal) near the confluence of the Crocodile and Komati Rivers. This is the first record of the River or Mud Bream within the fresh water river system of the Transvaal and also the furthest point inland that this fish has been collected.
Studies on the food and feeding behaviour of the Reedbuck Redunca Arundinum Boddaert, 1785 in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Jungius Hartmut
Published: August 2012

Feeding behaviour of the reedbuck was observed near Pretoriuskop and in the Shawu vlei in the Kruger National Park from March 1967 to April 1968. Grazing behaviour, rumination, grazing sites and competition with other herbivores are discussed as well as an analysis of the food species.
A note on the smaller mammals of the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Nel J. A. J. , Pretorius J. J. L.
Published: August 2012

Collecting in April 1971 yielded 74 specimens of 16 species. Of these, seven species (Elephantulus rupestris, Lepus saxatilis, Pronolagus crassicaudatus, Graphiurus murinus, Aethomys namaquensis, Desmodillus auricularis and Gerbillurus paeba) are new records for the park. Distribution in habitat-types for each species known to occur are described.
Observations on inshore and pelagic Dolphins on the South-Eastern Cape coast of South Africa
Authors: Saayman G. S , Bower D , Tayler C. K
Published: August 2012

The occurrence, size and seaward distribution of schools of inshore and pelagic dolphins is described for three study areas on the south-eastern Cape coast (Algoa Bay; the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park and Plettenberg Bay). Inshore dolphins {Tursiops and Sousa sp.) frequented the coastline in relatively small schools whereas pelagic dolphins {Delphinus delphis and Stenella caeruleoalba) occurred in very large schools far out to sea. Different ecological zones were used by Sousa for feeding and for social behaviour and maintenance activities. The frequency of occurrence of Sousa at Plettenberg Bay was not affected by seasonal fluctuations in sea surface temperatures. The role of dolphins as predators and their implication in the regulation of the ecosystem of the Tsitsikama Coastal National Park is discussed.
Biochemical Polymorphism in the South African Impala (Aepyceros Melampus)
Authors: Osterhoff D. R , Ward-Cox I. S , Young E
Published: August 2012

In a random sample of impala, biochemical polymor- phism could be established in the serum transferrins (144 animals), the haemoglobins (101 animals) and the serum albumins (49 animals). Possible applications of these results are discussed.
Notes on the chemical immobilisation and restraint of the Addo Elephant (Loxodonta Africana)
Authors: Young E
Published: August 2012

The physiological response of Addo elephants (Loxo- donta africana) to etorphine hydrochloride (M-99) and acetylpromazine maleate is discussed. As in the case of Kruger National Park elephants, the described dosage rates of drugs are highly effective for safe anaesthesia of these elephants.
Notes on the use of Azaperone and Fentanyl in the immobilization of the Bontebok (Damaliscus Dorcas Dorcas) in the Bontebok National Park
Authors: Barkhuizen G. F
Published: August 2012

The use of Azaperone and Fentanyl in the immobiliza- tion of the bontebok (Damaliscus dorcas dorcas) is briefly discussed, and the resulting reactions of the animals to the drugs noted. Measurements of body and horn values are also given for 14 male individuals.
A survey of existing sound recordings of mammals and birds of Southern AFrica (During the period december 1971 @ February 1972)
Authors: De Graaff G , Martin B
Published: August 2012

The present status of sound recording of mammals and birds in Southern Africa is assessed. It is clear that the most significant collections of recordings are the result of private initiative by a very small number of individuals. Only some 9 of mammals and 61 of birds have been recorded. Possible ways and means to overcome hazards for recording unrecorded species are indicated. The idea of a national wildlife sound collection is supported and recordists are encouraged to place their recordings (or copies) with the South African Broadcasting Corporation Sound Archives.
Short-term response in ungulate numbers to rainfall in the Nossob river of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park
Authors: Bothma J Du P
Published: August 2012

Counts of springbok, gemsbok, red hartebeest and blue wildebeest were made in the Nossob riverbed of the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park to measure the response in abundance of these species to the onset of the summer rains. Springbok and red hartebeest showed an immediate increase in numbers, probably in response to improving grazing as the first green sprouts of the riverbed vegetation appeared. Gemsbok showed a delayed reaction, their numbers increasing only after the vegetation in the riverbeds grew tall enough to be utilized by them. Blue wildebeest showed a relatively small decline in numbers which could be due to local movements or the start of their annual east-west movement in winter.
A note on the sex ratio of Steenbok Raphicerus Campestris in TransvaaL Lowveld Mopane Colophospermum Mopane Woodland
Authors: Oates L. G
Published: August 2012

Field observations on steenbok in Transvaal Lowveld Mopane Woodland reveal a 1 : 1 sex ratio. This is corroborated by Held observations in the Kruger, Wankie and Kalahari Gemsbok National Parks.
Overstraining disease (Capture Myopathy) in the Tsessebe, Damaliscus Lunatus and Oribi Ourebia Ourebi
Authors: Young E
Published: August 2012

Overstraining disease in tsessebe and oribi is described for the first time. Reference is made to the symptomatology, pathology and treatment of this very important syndrome in the mentioned species.
Enkele morfologiese aspekte van die podocarpus-soorte van die Tsitsikama- Bos en -Seekus nasionale parke
Authors: Sghoonraad Eezabe
Published: August 2012

The genus Podocarpus includes the largest forest treesof South Africa. Four species are known in South Africa, of which two, viz. P. falcatus and P. latifolius, occur in the Tsitsikama National Parks.The wood of both species is of economic importance. In forests where leaf and cone material is not always easily accessible, the two species may be identified by means of thestructure of the bark.The leaves of P. falcatus are falcate and the petioles twist through an angle of 90 degrees while the leaves of P. latifolius are straightand the petioles not twisted.
Parasites and diseases of Cape Mountain zebra, black wildebeest, mountain reedbuck and blesbok in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Young E. , Zumpt F. , Boomker J. , Penzhorn B.L. , Erasmus B.
Published: August 2012

The results of a special survey are supplemented inthis report with a review of all other applicable information onthe diseases and parasites of Cape mountain zebra, black wildebeest, mountain reedbuck and blesbok in the Mountain ZebraNational Park. The possible significance of some of these infections is discussed and various suggestions are made which aim atthe continued and successful preservation of the Cape mountainzebra and other species in this National Park.
Notes on the parasitology, pathology and bio-physiology of springbok in the Mountain Zebra National Park
Authors: Young E. , Zumpt F. , Basson P. A. , Erasmus B. , Boyazoglu P. A. , Boomker J.
Published: August 2012

Thirteen species of parasitic metazoa and two protozoa have been identified. Pathological effects are described where applicable. Serological tests for virus diseases were negative but biochemical analyses revealed certain mineral deficiencies. The possible decimating effects of the former are discussed and appropriate guide lines for control suggested.
Survey of the adequacy of existing conserved areas in relation to wild animal species
Authors: Von Richter W.
Published: August 2012

The following mammals larger than the silver fox (Vulpes Chama) were considered to be endangered within South and South West Africa
Pouoogmotte (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) van die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin
Authors: Van den Berg M.A.
Published: August 2012

More male than female emperor moths were attracted to ultra-violet light. Females fly mainly before and males mainly after midnight. Among the 16 emperor moth species collected in the Kruger National Park, were the mopani emperor (Gonimbrasia belina (Westw.)) and the poplar emperor (Pseudobunaea irius (F.)). Ludia delegorguei (Bsd.) was collected at Punda Milia, which proves that the species does occur in the Transvaal.
Notes on the occurrence of rodents in South African National Parks
Authors: De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

The object of a national park is mentioned and it is emphasized that considerable ecological data are available for the larger mammals. The important role that smaller mammals (especially rodents) play in such areas is of importance for conservation and management policies. The physical features of existing national parks are tabulated, followed by a resume of genera and species which occur. Of the 35 genera and 63 species occurring in South Africa and South West Africa, some 17 genera (48,5 per cent) and 24 species (38,0 per cent) do not occur in any national park. A brief outline is given of technical data which have to be amassed in order to assess the importance of rodents in ecosystems of national parks.
Habitat-preference in South African antelope species and its significance in natural and artificial distribution patterns
Authors: Pienaar U. De V.
Published: August 2012

The unequal distribution of species is due to different environmental conditions of the various regions of the globe. The environmental factors governing the occurrence, distribution and abundance of large herbivorous mammals may be divided into physical, historical and biotic. Vegetation is all-important in herbivore biology as it provides habitat, cover and food. Many of the distribution patterns and structural attributes of species are associated with living in and utilizing particular vegetation zones. Africa has an enormous diversity of habitats and animal species utilizing these habitats. An attempt is made to characterize the patterns of habitat preference of South African antelope species and the significance of the habitat requirements of the individual species is discussed in thelight of natural and artificial distribution patterns. It is stressed that artificial introduction of species without prior knowledge of the habitat requirements of such species may lead to disastrous consequences.
Dystocia in a giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis
Authors: De Vos V. , Bourquin O.
Published: August 2012

Dystocia in a free-living giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis in the Willem Pretorius Nature Reserve is described. Posterior presentation and a unilateral engaged hock flexion posture caused a complete obstacle to parturition. Both parties, maternal and foetal, died as a result of the condition.
Observations on the white-backed Vulture Gyps africanus in the Kruger National Park, with notes on other Avian Scavengers
Authors: Kemp A.C. , Kemp M.I.
Published: August 2012

Observations on the breeding biology of vultures in the central Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, were made over two consecutive seasons. The breeding success of the White-backed Vulture Gyps africanus appeared to be lower than in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Its incubation period was about 8 weeks and its nestling period about 4,5 months. The relative abundance of vultures species recorded at food, is similar to results from other areas of Africa. Some resightings of marked birds indicate that vultures roam at least over the whole of the Kruger National Park.
Pre- and postnatal growth phenomena of Burchell's Zebra Equus Burchelli Antiquorum
Authors: Smuts G.L.
Published: August 2012

Between 1969 and 1972 growth data were collected from 175 zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum and 138 zebra embryos and foetuses from the Central District of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. Statistical analysis of data indicated no significant difference between body mass of adult stallions (range == 267,3 to 373,3 kg; mean = 318,5 kg; n = 57) and adult non-pregnant mares (range = 272,6 to 386,9 kg; mean = 321,6 kg; n = 51) (t = 0,587). The heaviest zebra had a body mass of 429,4 kilogram. This was a pregnant mare carrying a 35,2 kg foetus. Von Bertalanffy growth curves indicated that shoulder heights in young zebra may reach the adult range by one year of age, the adult body mass range is, however, only attained after three years of age. These curves also showed that age classification of free roaming zebra is only reliable up to the age of about two years, after which individual variation is too great. Stallions were significantly taller at the shoulder than mares (mean = 1,8 cm) (t = 2,032) and neck thickness was the only body dimension showing visible sexual dimorphism in adults. Here the stallion had a neck girth on average 8,1 cm greater than the mare. Regression equations for estimating body mass from body dimensions were calculated by using a standard logarithmic transformation and fitting a linear regression by the method of least squares and also by undertaking standard straight line linear regression analyses. Exponential curves obtained by the first method indicated that growth was not isometric (not linear) and that the ratios of any of the dimensions of length to body mass were con- stantly changing, i.e. growth is allometric. Marked allometric growth differences existed between the two sexes except in the case of the heart girth-body mass relationship. Comparison of growth data from E. b. antiquorum with that of E. b. boehmi from Tanzania (Sachs 1967), indicates that E. b. antiquorum is considerably larger. Body masses differ by an average of 70 kg and 102 kg for stallions and mares respectively. Average birth mass for zebra was 33,7 kg. The largest foetus had a body mass of 39,0 kilogram. Foetal growth curves are provided. The first signs of body stripes occur at between 250 and 270 days of pregnancy (gestation period = 375 days).
Small mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Swanepoel P.
Published: August 2012

A survey of the small mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park resulted in a checklist, as well as information on relative numbers, distribution within the Park, reproductive activity, sex ratios, and body measurements. Forty mammals species occur in the Park, while three re-introduced species probably do not occur any longer. Of the 40 species 28 are considered small mammals comprising 13 rodent, eight carnivore, two shrew, two bat, one primate and one lagomorph species, as well as the aardvark: Crociduraflavescens, C. cyanea infumata, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Eptesicus capensis, Cercopithecus pygerythrus, Canis mesomelas, Ictonyx striatus, Poecilogale albinucha, Genetta sp., Herpestes pulverulentus, Suricata suricatta, Proteles cristatus, Felis caracal, Orycteropus afer, Lepus saxatilis, Cryptomys hottentotus, Hystrix africae-australis, Pedetes capensis, Graphiurus murinus, Aethomys namaquensis, Praomys natalensis, Rhabdomys pumilio, Mus minutoides, Rattus rattus, Saccostomys campestris, Desmodillus auricularis, Otomys irroratus and 0. unisulcatus.
A ring recovery of a lesser spotted Eagle Aquila Pomarina Brehm
Authors: Mendelsohn H.P.
Published: August 2012

During ringing operations in the Punda Milia area of the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, a Lesser Spotted Eagle, Aquila pomarina, Roberts Nr. 136, was caught by means of a bal-chatri trap at Magoane. The bird, an adult, had a mass of 1,26 kg, which appears light for its size; it was probably a male. It was fitted with a flanged ring of 16 mm diameter, No. 526-0727 at the time of capture - 29.11.1972, 08h00. A number ofconspecifics were observed in the area at the time. The eagle was recovered on 30.10.1973 and, as the ring was returned, it is presumed to be dead. The place of recovery was Azerbaijan SSR, near Kusary, U.S.S.R., co-ordinates 41 24'N, 48 27'E, which places it just north of the Caucasus Mountains and west of the Caspian Sea. It would appear that the eagle met its end shortly before or during migration, as the date of recovery given is only thirty days prior to the date on which the bird was ringed in the proceeding year.
Another new bat record for the Kruger National Park
Authors: Rautenbach I.L
Published: August 2012

In aid of a zoogeographical survey of the mammals of Transvaal, Republic of South Africa, the National Parks Board of Trustees kindly allowed the author to study the reference collection of small mammals from the Kruger National Park, during August 1974. This collection at Skukuza formed the basis of a checklist for smaller mammals of the Kruger National Park (Pienaar 1964, 1972).
References
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Scientific bibliography on the national parks of South Africa
Author index
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2012

Scientific bibliography on the national parks of South Africa
Die verkenning van die Krugerwildtuin deur die Hollandse Oos-Indiese Kompanje, 1725
Authors: Punt Dr. W. H. J.
Published: August 2012

Die verkenning van die Krugerwildtuin deur die Hollandse Oos-Indiese Kompanje, 1725
Veldaangeleenthede en beweging van wild in die Kalahari - Gemsbokpark
Authors: Morris J. J.
Published: August 2012

Veldaangeleenthede en beweging van wild in die Kalahari - Gemsbokpark
A Culicine Mosquito survey of the Kruger National Park
Authors: Schulz Karl Hechter , Steyn J. J. , Rose-Innes R.
Published: August 2012

Published by permission of the Secretary for Health and the Director, National Parks Board of Trustees, Pretoria.
A phytosociological and phytogeographical study of Augrabies Falls National Park, Republic of South Africa
Authors: Werger M. J.A. , Coetzee B. J.
Published: August 2012

An outline of the physiography and climate of the Augrabies Falls National Park is given. The plant communities occurring in the Park are described and their ecology is briefly discussed. A brief discussion on the phyto-geography of the area, and on the flora and growth forms is added.
Parabuthus Kalaharicus, a new species of scorpion from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park in the republic of South Africa (buthidae, scorpionida)
Authors: Lamoraal Bruno H.
Published: August 2012

A new species of scorpion Parabuthus kalaharicus, family Buthidae, is described from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, in the northern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. P. kalaharicus is most closely related to P. granulatus (H. & E., 1828) and a key separating the two species is provided