bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stand-Alone GNSS Sensors as Velocity Seismometers: Real-Time Monitoring and Earthquake Detection
Authors: Hohensinn Roland , Geiger Alain
Published: October 2018

By means of the time derivatives of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier-phase measurements, the instantaneous velocity of a stand-alone, single GNSS receiver can be estimated with a high precision of a few mm/s; it is feasible to even obtain the level of tenths of mm/s. Therefore, only data from the satellite navigation message are needed, thus discarding any data from a reference network. Combining this method with an efficient movement-detection algorithm opens some interesting applications for geohazard monitoring; an example is the detection of strong earthquakes. This capability is demonstrated for a case study of the 6.5 Mw earthquake of October 30, 2016, near the city of Norcia in Italy; in that region, there are densely deployed GNSS stations. It is shown that GNSS sensors can detect seismic compressional (P) waves, which are the first to arrive at a measurement station. These findings are substantiated by a comparison with data of strong-motion (SM) seismometers. Furthermore, it is shown that the GNSS-only hypocenter localization comes close (less than a kilometer) to the solutions provided by official seismic services. Finally, we conclude that this method can provide important contributions to a real-time geohazard early-warning system.
The University, Neighborhood Revitalization, and Civic Engagement: Toward Civic Engagement 3.0
Authors: Taylor, Jr. Henry Louis , Luter D. Gavin , Miller Camden
Published: October 2018

This essay analyzes and syntheses key theories and concepts on neighborhood change from the literature on anchor institutions, university engagement, gentrification, neighborhood effects, Cold War, Black liberation studies, urban political economy, and city building. To deepen understanding of the Columbia University experience, we complemented the literature analysis with an examination of the New York Times and Amsterdam newspapers from 1950 to 1970. The study argues that higher education’s approach to neighborhood revitalization during the urban renewal age, as well as in the post-1990 period, produced undesirable results and failed to spawn either social transformation or build the neighborly community espoused by Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy. The essay explains the reasons why and concludes with a section on a more robust strategy higher education can pursue in the quest to bring about desirable change in the university neighborhood.
Women in the German Workplace: What Facilitates or Constrains Their Claims-Making for Career Advancement?
Authors: Luekemann Laura , Abendroth Anja-Kristin
Published: October 2018

To contribute to the understanding of gender inequalities within the workplace, this article explored gender differences in claims-making for career advancement and how they depend on workplace contexts based on unique German linked employer–employee data. Applying organizational fixed-effects models, we found that women were less likely than men to make claims, especially when they had children, and that this was related to their working fewer hours. The gender gap in claims-making further depended on workplace characteristics that influenced women’s ability and their feeling of deservingness to work in more demanding positions. Although claims by mothers’ increased in work–life supportive workplaces, highly demanding workplace cultures seemed to hinder women’s attempts to negotiate for career advancement. Thus, the dominance of the ideal worker norm was a relevant driver for the gender gap in claims-making. Whereas this gap in making claims was found to be only partially related to the workplace gender structure, the formalization of human resource practices, such as performance-based evaluations in the workplace, fostered mothers’ claims-making, indicating that these evaluations were used to legitimize their claims in the workplace.
The Effect of Values and Secularism on Attitude towards Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis of Embryos
Authors: Di Marco Graziella , Hichy Zira , Coen Sharon , Rodriguez-Espartal Noelia
Published: October 2018

In this study we tested the associations of four high-order values (openness to change, self-transcendence, conservation, and self-enhancement, devised according to Schwartz’s model) and secularism of state with individuals’ attitude towards pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of embryos. Moreover, we tested the mediating effects of secularism of state on the relationship between values and attitude towards this issue related to embryos. Participants were 289 Spaniards who completed a questionnaire. Results showed that attitude towards pre-implantation genetic diagnosis was negatively affected by conservation and positively by self-transcendence. Moreover, results indicated that attitude towards a secular state positively correlates with attitude towards pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Finally, results showed that secularism mediated the effects of conservation and self-transcendence, but not the effect of openness to change and self-enhancement on attitude towards pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Taken together, results of this study suggest that people adopting values emphasizing the defence of the tradition reject pre-implantation genetic diagnosis because they want state laws to represent religious traditional values; on the other hand, people endorsing values emphasising the welfare of all accept pre-implantation genetic diagnosis because they want state laws to be free from religious values.
A Review of Conventional and Innovative- Sustainable Methods for Cleaning Reflectors in Concentrating Solar Power Plants
Authors: Bouaddi Sahar , Fernández-García Aránzazu , Sansom Chris , Sarasua Jon Ander , Wolfertstetter Fabian , Bouzekri Hicham , Sutter Florian , Azpitarte Itiziar
Published: October 2018

The severe soiling of reflectors deployed in arid and semi arid locations decreases their reflectance and drives down the yield of the concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. To alleviate this issue, various sets of methods are available. The operation and maintenance (O&M) staff should opt for sustainable cleaning methods that are safe and environmentally friendly. To restore high reflectance, the cleaning vehicles of CSP plants must adapt to the constraints of each technology and to the layout of reflectors in the solar field. Water based methods are currently the most commonly used in CSP plants but they are not sustainable due to water scarcity and high soiling rates. The recovery and reuse of washing water can compensate for these methods and make them a more reasonable option for mediterranean and desert environments. Dry methods, on the other hand, are gaining more attraction as they are more suitable for desert regions. Some of these methods rely on ultrasonic wave or vibration for detaching the dust bonding from the reflectors surface, while other methods, known as preventive methods, focus on reducing the soiling by modifying the reflectors surface and incorporating self cleaning features using special coatings. Since the CSP plants operators aim to achieve the highest profit by minimizing the cost of cleaning while maintaining a high reflectance, optimizing the cleaning parameters and strategies is of great interest. This work presents the conventional water-based methods that are currently used in CSP plants in addition to sustainable alternative methods for dust removal and soiling prevention. Also, the cleaning effectiveness, the environmental impacts and the economic aspects of each technology are discussed.
An Emergy and Decomposition Assessment of China’s Crop Production: Sustainability and Driving Forces
Authors: Liu Zuoxi , Wang Yongyang , Wang Shanshan , Dong Huijuan , Geng Yong , Xue Bing , Gu Jiaming , Li Run Dong , Yang Tianhua
Published: October 2018

With a growing demand for crop products in China, a great deal of local resources and industrial inputs are consumed including agricultural machineries, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and energies, which results in many environmental issues such as resource depletion, water pollution, soil erosion and contamination, and CO2 emissions. Thus, this study evaluated the trend of sustainability of China’s crop production from 1997 to 2016 in terms of emergy and further explored the driving forces using decomposition analysis methods. The results showed that the total emergy used (U) increased by 50% from 7.82 × 1023 in 1997 to 1.17 × 1024 solar emergy Joule (sej) in 2016. Meanwhile, the values of the emergy sustainability index (ESI) were all smaller than one with a declining trend year by year, indicating that China’s crop production system is undergoing an unsustainable development pattern. From the results of the ESI decomposition, the renewable resource factor (R/GDP) and land use factor (L/A) are two key factors impeding the sustainable development of the crop production system. Therefore, the increased capacity of renewable resources and enough labor forces engaged in crop production will be the key strategies for its sustainable development.
Upland Italian Potato Quality—A Perspective
Authors: Pacifico Daniela
Published: October 2018

Upland potatoes satisfies consumer demand for high quality foods linked to traditional areas of origin and for new specialties and niche products endowed with added nutritional value, as it is commonly thought that the crop and environment synergy improves the potential beneficial properties of the tuber and gives it a special taste and a renowned quality. Herein, we report considerations on Italian germplasm and the effect of altitude on the sensorial and nutritional value of potato tubers, and investigate the possibility of addressing the nutritional challenge through mountain, eco-friendly, and social agriculture. Finally, we discuss the molecular and biochemical results concerning the impact of altitude on the compositional quality of the tuber, in order to justify promotional claims.
Performance-Based Evaluation of Courtyard Design in China’s Cold-Winter Hot-Summer Climate Regions
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Luo Fenlan , Wang Wei , Hong Tianzhen , Fu Xiuzhang
Published: October 2018

A courtyard is a traditional and popular construction feature found in China’s urban buildings. This case study evaluates the performance of the traditional courtyard design of the Jiangnan Museum, located in Jiangsu Province. In the evaluation, the spatial layout of courtyards is adjusted, the aspect ratio is changed, and an ecological buffer space is created. To model and evaluate the performance of the courtyard design, this study applied the Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, Parabolic Hyperbolic Or Elliptic Numerical Integration Code Series (PHOENICS), for wind environment simulation, and the EnergyPlus-based software, DesignBuilder, for energy simulation. Results show that a good combination of courtyard layout and aspect ratio can improve the use of natural ventilation by increasing free cooling during hot summers and reducing cold wind in winters. The results also show that ecological buffer areas of a courtyard can reduce cooling loads in summer by approximately 19.6% and heating loads in winter by approximately 22.3%. The study provides insights into the optimal design of a courtyard to maximize its benefit in regulating the microclimate during both winter and summer.
Managing Healthcare Service Ecosystems: Abstracting a Sustainability-Based View from Hospitalization at Home (HaH) Practices
Authors: Polese Francesco , Carrubbo Luca , Caputo Francesco , Sarno Debora
Published: October 2018

Sustainability seems to be a hot topic today upon which a paradigmatic transformation is going on; this affects many fields and sectors by revealing the significant implications for actors’ participation, such as in healthcare. Today, healthcare calls for renewing and increasing its own main processes of hospitalization, as inspired by the current new light of sustainability; hospitalization at home (HaH) practices allow for new forms of hospitalizations, which are much more adherent to the real needs of patients and caregivers. Studies in service dominant logic (S-D logic) on service ecosystems help us in understanding which are the dynamics that are shaping actual conditions in healthcare. With the aim of contributing to the challenging debate about the role of “sustainability for healthcare”, this manuscript proposes a conceptual framework for investigating healthcare domains through the interpretative lens provided by the service ecosystems view. Previous managerial contributions are analyzed in an attempt to emphasize the contact points between studies about service ecosystem and sustainability so as to outline the possible roadmaps for sustainability in the healthcare domain. The three dimensions of HaH—efficiency of healthcare service, effectiveness in resource usage, and patients’ satisfaction—have been identified as possible levers on which promoting healthcare processes inspired by sustainability principles and their relations with the three pillars of sustainability science—the economy, society, and environment—have been analyzed. The reflections herein are finally discussed for proposing possible future directions for research interested in promoting a sustainability-based healthcare management.
Business Model Innovation for Sustainable Performance in Retail and Hospitality Industries
Authors: Cheah Sarah , Ho Yuen-Ping , Li Shiyu
Published: October 2018

In the service sector, technological innovation is typically dominated by suppliers, and hence involves external knowledge that can be easily acquired and imitated by competitors. However, innovation that can sustain superior performance in retail and hospitality firms tends to be internal and non-technical, involving business models. Building on the perspectives of the resource-based view and dynamic capability, this study aims to understand how industry turbulence in retail and hospitality affects the sustainable competitive advantage of the firms operating in these service industries. Based on a quantitative study of 214 retail and food services companies, our study has empirically demonstrated that firms operating in an industry with high turbulence have a higher probability of achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Second, our findings establish that a firm’s business model innovation (BMI) activities partially mediate this positive relationship. This suggests that BMI plays a role in enhancing the firm’s ability to address the challenges of the present, as well as prepare itself to adapt to the industry evolution and revolution of the future. BMI not only influences the acquisition and application of external innovations, it also affects the generation of internal innovations.
The Economic Potential to Support Sustainability through Household Consumption Choices
Authors: Claudelin Anna , Järvelä Sini , Uusitalo Ville , Leino Maija , Linnanen Lassi
Published: October 2018

The amount of money that could potentially be saved by households by reducing unnecessary consumption and directed to sustainable investments without compromising the social needs in Finnish households was studied. The study was conducted by using statistical data and by creating short- and long-term scenarios to assess potential savings resulting from changes in household behaviour. According to the results, a Finnish household could save and subsequently allocate an average of €3400–€15,000 annually to invest in sustainability. The greatest potential for preventing unnecessary consumption is related to (1) food and drinks, and (2) transportation. In the long-term scenario, reducing expenditures in the category of housing also provides opportunities for high savings. A significant share of the saving created by sustainable patterns of consumption can be directed for example to investments in renewable energy.
Towards Low-Carbon Interurban Road Strategies: Identifying Hot Spots Road Corridors in Spain
Authors: Sobrino Natalia , Monzon Andres
Published: October 2018

Reducing traffic emissions is key in transport planning and infrastructure management in order to achieve a sustainable transport system. This paper contributes to this topic in two ways. The first step describes a comprehensive methodology for identifying hot spots road segments and corridors with problems of GHG emissions to enable low-carbon actions. The Highway Energy Assessment (HERA) methodology is applied to the national road network of Spain in order to estimate interurban traffic emissions and calculate the emissions index to assess strategies. The results are shown graphically on a GIS, allowing to identify seven corridors with emissions problems comprising 25% of the network and being responsible for 51% of the total GHG emissions in 2012. Inefficient corridors were those with high rates of heavy vehicles, high speeds and steep gradients. The second step consists of the application of a set of strategies to reduce their emissions and their comparison to the reference scenario. The Mediterranean corridor—the most inefficient corridor—was selected to apply a set of abatement strategies. The most effective strategy was speed enforcement for light vehicles. A speed reduction of 10 km/h could produce a 3.5% savings in emissions compared to the reference scenarios, and decrease emissions intensity from 254 gCO2eq/veh-km to 246 gCO2eq/veh-km.
Can Social Capital and Psychological Capital Improve the Entrepreneurial Performance of the New Generation of Migrant Workers in China?
Authors: Ma Hongyu , Topolansky Barbe Federico , Zhang Yongmei Carol
Published: October 2018

The new generation of migrant workers may play a crucial role in boosting China’s rural economy. With the rise of knowledge economy and the advent of the information age, it is difficult for human capital and economic capital alone to gain advantages in entrepreneurship. Thus, the study of social capital and psychological capital becomes more prominent. Within this context, this paper explores the relationships among entrepreneurs’ psychological capital, social capital, and entrepreneurial outcomes for the new generation of migrant workers in the Shaanxi province. This study uses a quantitative research approach. Primary data were collected from 525 rural households in the Shaanxi province. A structural equation model is used to verify the association between social capital, psychological capital, and entrepreneurial performance. The psychological capital of the new generation of migrant workers is found to exert a more significant impact on their entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial environment perception than social capital. Both entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and entrepreneurial environment perception of the new generation of migrant workers are conducive to the improvement of entrepreneurial performance. Nevertheless, the intermediary role of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition is more prominent than entrepreneurial environment perception.
The Role of Breadfruit in Biocultural Restoration and Sustainability in Hawai‘i
Authors: Langston Blaire , Lincoln Noa
Published: October 2018

The Hawaiian Islands today are faced with a complex mix of sustainability challenges regarding food systems. After European arrival, there was a change of dietary customs and decline in traditional Hawaiian agriculture along with the cultural mechanisms which sustained them. Recently, there has been a resurgence for local food and culture alongside an enthusiasm for breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)—a Polynesian staple crop. To investigate the role of breadfruit and biocultural restoration in Hawai‘i, we conducted surveys and interviews with local breadfruit producers. Overall, we found that breadfruit has the potential to provide holistic, practical and appropriate solutions to key issues in Hawai‘i, including food security, environmental degradation and public health, while simultaneously lending to the revival of cultural norms and social relationships. As breadfruit cultivation expands rapidly in Hawai‘i, the opportunities for increased social and environmental benefits can be realized if appropriately encouraged.
International R&D Spillovers and Innovation Efficiency
Authors: Liu Jianping , Lu Kai , Cheng Shixiong
Published: October 2018

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of international research and development (R&D) spillovers on innovation efficiency of specific R&D outcomes, employing the country-level panel data for 44 countries in the 1996–2013 period. Fully considering the heterogeneity of different R&D outputs, scientific papers, PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) patents, US patents, and domestic patents are observed separately, which enriches the angles of measuring international R&D spillovers. By applying a stochastic frontier analysis to knowledge production function, we find that foreign R&D capital stock positively contributes to the innovation efficiency of scientific papers, but suppresses the productivity of domestic patents, whereas it does not really matter for PCT or US patents. These results are robust to control for a set of institutional factors and also in sensitivity analyses. Hence, dependence on international R&D spillovers seems neither to be the right way for emerging economies to catch up, nor to be a sustainable model for developing countries to fill the technical gap. Local R&D capital stock, instead, keeps an essential contributor to all four R&D outputs, so raising internal R&D expenditure is actually the key to improving innovation level and sustainable development ability.
Restoration of ‘Āina Malo‘o on Hawai‘i Island: Expanding Biocultural Relationships
Authors: Lincoln Noa Kekuewa , Rossen Jack , Vitousek Peter , Kahoonei Jesse , Shapiro Dana , Kalawe Keone , Pai Māhealani , Marshall Kehaulani , Meheula Kamuela
Published: October 2018

Before European contact, Native Hawaiian agriculture was highly adapted to place and expressed a myriad of forms. Although the iconic lo‘i systems (flooded irrigated terraces) are often portrayed as traditional Hawaiian agriculture, other forms of agriculture were, in sum, arguably more important. While pockets of traditional agricultural practices have persevered over the 240 years since European arrival, the revival of indigenous methods and crops has substantially increased since the 1970s. While engagement in lo‘i restoration and maintenance has been a core vehicle for communication and education regarding Hawaiian culture, it does not represent the full spectrum of Hawaiian agriculture and, on the younger islands of Hawai‘i and Maui in particular, does not accurately represent participants’ ancestral engagement with ‘āina malo‘o (dry land, as opposed to flooded lands). These “dryland” forms of agriculture produced more food than lo‘i, especially on the younger islands, were used to produce a broader range of resource crops such as for fiber, timber, and medicine, were more widespread across the islands, and formed the economic base for the powerful Hawai‘i Island chiefs who eventually conquered the archipelago. The recent engagement in the restoration of these forms of agriculture on Hawai‘i Island, compared to the more longstanding efforts to revive lo‘i-based cultivation, is challenging due to highly eroded knowledge systems. However, their restoration highlights the high level of place-based adaptation, demonstrates the scale and political landscape of pre-European Hawai‘i, and provides essential elements in supporting the restoration of Hawaiian culture.
Correction: Xu J., et al. Dynamic Analysis of Ecological Environment Quality Combined with Water Conservation Changes in National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1202
Authors: Xu Jie , Xie Gaodi , Xiao Yu , Li Na , Yu Fuqin , Pei Sha , Jiang Yuan
Published: October 2018

The authors were not aware of errors made in the proofreading phase, and, hence, wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Some Globally Stable Fixed Points in b-Metric Spaces
Authors: Batsari Umar Yusuf , Kumam Poom , Sitthithakerngkiet Kanokwan
Published: October 2018

In this paper, the existence and uniqueness of globally stable fixed points of asymptotically contractive mappings in complete b-metric spaces were studied. Also, we investigated the existence of fixed points under the setting of a continuous mapping. Furthermore, we introduce a contraction mapping that generalizes that of Banach, Kanan, and Chatterjea. Using our new introduced contraction mapping, we establish some results on the existence and uniqueness of fixed points. In obtaining some of our results, we assume that the space is associated with a partial order, and the b-metric function has the regularity property. Our results improve, and generalize some current results in the literature.
Protein Synthesis Inhibition Activity of Mesothelin Targeting Immunotoxin LMB-100 Decreases Concentrations of Oncogenic Signaling Molecules and Secreted Growth Factors
Authors: El-Behaedi Salma , Landsman Rebekah , Rudloff Michael , Kolyvas Emily , Albalawy Rakan , Zhang Xianyu , Bera Tapan , Collins Keith , Kozlov Serguei , Alewine Christine
Published: October 2018

LMB-100 is a mesothelin-targeted recombinant immunotoxin (iTox) that carries a modified Pseuodomonas exotoxin A (PE) payload. PE kills cells by inhibiting synthesis of new proteins. We found that treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with LMB-100 for 24–48 h did not change total protein level despite inducing protein synthesis inhibition (PSI). Further, increased levels of ubiquitinated proteins were detected, indicating that cells may have limited ability to compensate for PSI by reducing protein degradation. Together, these data suggest that PE depletes concentrations of a minority of cellular proteins. We used reverse phase protein array and Luminex assay to characterize this subset. LMB-100 decreased the abundance of 24 of 32 cancer-related proteins (including Bcl-x, Her2, Her3 and MUC16) without compensatory increases in other analytes. Further, cancer cells failed to maintain extracellular concentrations of cancer cell secreted growth factors (CCSGFs), including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) following treatment with cytostatic LMB-100 doses both in culture and in mouse tumors. Decreased VEGF concentration did not change tumor vasculature density, however, LMB-100 caused tissue-specific changes in concentrations of secreted factors made by non-cancer cells. In summary, our data indicate that PSI caused by cytostatic LMB-100 doses preferentially depletes short-lived proteins such as oncogenic signaling molecules and CCSGFs.
Immunogenicity of Pigeon Circovirus Recombinant Capsid Protein in Pigeons
Authors: Stenzel Tomasz , Dziewulska Daria , Tykałowski Bartłomiej , Śmiałek Marcin , Kowalczyk Joanna , Koncicki Andrzej
Published: October 2018

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is the most frequently diagnosed virus in pigeons and is thought to be one of the causative factors of a complex disease called the young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS). The development of a vaccine against this virus could be a strategy for YPDS control. Since laboratory culture of PiCV is impossible, its recombinant capsid protein (rCP) can be considered as a potential antigen candidate in sub-unit vaccines. The aim of this basic research was to evaluate the immune response of pigeons to PiCV rCP. Sixty six-week-old carrier pigeons were divided into two groups (experimental immunized with PiCV rCP mixed with an adjuvant, and control immunized with an adjuvant only), and immunized twice in a 21-day interval. On the day of immunization and on two, 23, 39, and 46 days post first immunization (dpv), samples of blood, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were collected from six birds from each group to examine anti-PiCV rCP IgY, anti-PiCV rCP IgY-secreting B cells (SBC), IFN-γ gene expression, and percentage of T CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and B IgM+ lymphocytes. The results indicated a correct immune response to PiCV rCP both in humoral and cell-mediated immunity, which was manifested by seroconversion since 23 dpv, by a significantly higher anti-PiCV rCP IgY-SBC number on two and 23 dpv, and significantly higher IFN-γ gene expression since two dpv. There were no significant differences or trends noted between particular T and B lymphocyte subpopulations. To conclude, PiCV rCP may be deemed immunogenic and could be considered as an antigen candidate in sub-unit vaccines against PiCV infections in pigeons.
Application of a Rapid and Simple UV-Spectrophotometric Method for the Study of Desorption of Esterquat Collectors in Tailings–Seawater Systems
Authors: Ibragimova Olga , Kleiv Rolf Arne
Published: October 2018

The growing demand for mineral resources followed by the steady increase in mining activity result in the need for the disposal of large amount of tailings. Submarine tailings placements (STPs) is a viable option to land-based waste disposal. However, disposal of tailings with accumulated chemicals continues to contribute to the degradation of the marine environment. Replacement of chemicals towards more environmentally friendly alternatives is a good initiative aimed at preservation and protection of the marine ecosystem. Among the cationic surfactants esterquats-containing reagents have attracted particular attention due to their specific ability to degrade rapidly into non-surface-active and environmentally friendly fragments followed by inorganic end products. The important decomposition reaction is the hydrolysis in the presence of water. In this study the rate of esterquats-containing reagent FLOT 2015 desorption by seawater and the probable mechanism of its chemical degradation in aqueous mediums were investigated with the aid of a simple and adequate UV-spectrophotometric technique. By investigating the desorption characteristics of the adsorbed collector FLOT 2015 on mineral samples, important information regarding its mobility and stability was obtained that would be valuable for environmental impact assessment.
Advances in Water Distribution Networks
Authors: Creaco Enrico , Pezzinga Giuseppe
Published: October 2018

This Editorial presents a representative collection of 10 papers, presented in the Special Issue on Advances in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs), and frames them in the current research trends. Four topics are mainly explored: simulation and optimization modelling, topology and partitioning, water quality, and service effectiveness. As for the first topic, the following aspects are dealt with: pressure-driven formulations, algorithms for the optimal location of control valves to minimize leakage, benefits of water discharge prediction for the remote real time control (RTC) of valves, and transients generated by pumps operating as turbines (PATs). In the context of the second topic, a topological taxonomy of WDNs is presented, and partitioning methods for the creation of district metered areas (DMAs) are compared. With regards to the third topic, the vulnerability to trihalomethane is assessed, and a statistical optimization model is presented to minimise heavy metal releases. Finally, the fourth topic focusses on estimation of non-revenue water (NRW), inclusive of leakage and unauthorized consumption, and on assessment of service under intermittent supply conditions.
Delineation of Saline-Water Intrusion Using Surface Geoelectrical Method in Jahanian Area, Pakistan
Authors: Hasan Muhammad , Shang Yanjun , Akhter Gulraiz , Jin Weijun
Published: October 2018

Groundwater is the main supply of fresh water in many parts of the world. The intrusion of saline water into the fresh water is a serious threat to groundwater resources. Delineation of fresh-saline aquifer zones is essential to exploit the potable fresh water. The conventional method to differentiate fresh-saline water interface is to collect and test groundwater samples from boreholes using a number of laboratory tests. However, such techniques are expensive and time consuming. A non-invasive geoelectrical method, in combination with borehole data and physicochemical analysis, is proposed to assess the fresh-saline aquifers. This investigation was conducted in Jahanian area of Pakistan with forty-five vertical electrical soundings (VES) using Schlumberger array, nine bore wells and fifty physicochemical samples. The fresh-saline aquifers are delineated by aquifer resistivity and Dar-Zarrouk parameters namely transverse unit resistance and longitudinal unit conductance. The aquifer potential of fresh-saline water zones is estimated by the aquifer parameters namely transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity. Integration of subsurface resistivity with hydrogeological information reveals the subsurface formation of five layered succession, that is, topsoil having dry strata with resistivity greater than 30 Ωm, clay containing saline water with resistivity less than 15 Ωm, clay-sand with brackish water having resistivity between 15 and 25 Ωm, sand containing fresh water with resistivity ranging from 25 to 45 Ωm and gravel-sand having fresh water with resistivity greater than 45 Ωm. The geoelectrical columns and geological cross-sections constructed by the aquifer resistivity provide effectiveness of the interpretations for the evaluation of fresh-saline aquifers. The results of physicochemical analysis using WHO guideline validate the fresh-saline aquifer zones delineated by the geophysical method. This investigation contributes towards predicting the fresh-saline water interface using inexpensive geoelectrical method.
Étude des défauts cristallins par les moirés sur des cristaux d'or et de molybdénite
Authors: Gillet M.
Published: October 2018

L'observation au microscope électronique des cristaux lamellaires montre un très grand nombre de dislocations ; leur étude directe, souvent difficile, est facilitée par l'observation des moirés. Notre étude met en évidence, par ce procédé, des dislocations parfaites ou partielles sur des cristaux lamellaires d'or et de molybdénite.
Présence de pigeonite et d'orthopyroxène dans certaines laves du Massif central français : leur répartition et leur origine
Authors: Maury René Charles , Brousse Robert
Published: October 2018

Two occurrences of pigeonite (found for the first time in the French Massif central) and three of orthopyroxene from the alkali basalt series of chaîne des Puys, Mont-Dore and Cantal are described. It is shown that these occurrences are normal by respect to the increase of silica activity (appearance of oversaturated lavas) in these series. Ca-poor pyroxenes replace olivine, and are replaced by amphibole. The relative stabilities of pigeonite and orthopyroxene are in good agreement with their commonly admitted stability domains.
Influence du mélange réactionnel sur les hydroxyapatites obtenues par voie hydrothermale dans le système CaO-P2O5-H2O : étude par thermoluminescence
Authors: Baumer Alain , Lapraz Dominique
Published: October 2018

On montre qu'une variation du rapport molaire Ca/P dans le mélange réactionnel entraîne une modification importante de la thermoluminescence de cristaux d'hydroxyapatite activés au Mn.
La Minéralogie à la Sorbonne
Authors: Wyart Jean
Published: October 2018

Histoire de la Minéralogie et de la Cristallographie à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris depuis sa création, en 1809 par Napoléon Ier, jusqu'à son départ, en 1970, de la Sorbonne.
Sur la morphologie des cristaux
Authors: Hartman Piet
Published: October 2018

Il est montré que la signification de la loi généralisée de Bravais est que la vitesse de croissance d'une face est d'autant plus petite que l'énergie d'attachement est plus petite. Les principes de la méthode des PBC sont décrites. Un aperçu est donné du rôle de la sursaturation et de l'adsorption des impuretés dans le changement de faciès. La présence de faces à indices élevés est attribuée à une croissance lente de gradins dont l'énergie d'interaction devient répulsive quand les gradins se rapprochent. Finalement la morphologie structurale du quartz est discutée en détail. Les formes F sont m {1010}, r {1011} et z {1011}. L'absence de la base et des faces S entre la base et les rhomboèdes r et z est attribuée au fait que ces faces ont un caractère K. L'absence de faces S entre les faces du prisme est due au fait que deux faces voisines ne contiennent pas le même PBC. La présence de (5161) au lieu de (6151) est attribuée à la stabilisation, par adsorption de l'eau, de la surface ayant la structure la plus ouverte.
Croissance épitaxique (aspects topologiques et structuraux)
Authors: Kern Raymond
Published: October 2018

Cet article de revue concerne les acquisitions des vingt dernières années sur les mécanismes de la croissance épitaxique. Des considérations thermodynamiques permettent de faire un certain nombre de prévisions générales sur le mode de croissance. Des méthodes expérimentales sont passées en revue dans le but de vérifier les prévisions dans les tout premiers stades de l'épitaxie. Des exemples sont choisis afin d'illustrer les méthodes et les acquisitions.
Étude expérimentale de la distribution des alcalins K, Rb, Cs et des alcalino-terreux Ca, Sr, Ba, entre albite cristallisée et fondue et solution saline hydrothermale
Authors: Delbove François
Published: October 2018

On étudie, aux températures de 800° et 890° C, et à la pression de x 500 bars, les équilibres de partage de K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr et Ba entre solution hydrothermale et albite, cristallisée puis fondue. On en déduit les coefficients de partage D entre albite cristallisée et albite fondue : 1,4 • 10-1 (K) ; 1,45 • 10 (Rb) ; 8. 10-3 (Cs) ; 3,85 (Ca) ; 11,45 (Sr) ; 4,05 (Ba).

Une analyse thermodynamique faisant appel à la loi de Henry et l'observation de la fonction — RTLn D montrent que le caractère magmatophile des alcalins, qui croît avec leur rayon, est à relier à la difficulté croissante que présente leur substitution dans le réseau de l'albite cristallisée. Ce facteur joue également pour les alcalino-terreux, mais il est contrebalancé par une énergie de stabilisation voisine de 3 RT, ce qui rend compte de leur caractère magmatophobe.

Ceci permet de prévoir le comportement de ces éléments dans des processus magmatiques mettant en jeu des feldspaths autres que l'albite.

Ces prévisions se trouvent assez bien vérifiées par les observations reportées dans la littérature sur les évolutions géochimiques dans les systèmes granitiques naturels.
The crystal chemistry of stilbites and stellerites
Authors: Passaglia Elio , Galli Ermanno , Leoni Leonardo , Rossi Giuseppe
Published: October 2018

A total of 65 samples of stilbite and stellerite have been chemically analyzed and X-rayed. By using F-unit cell also for monoclinic stilbites, the lattice constants ranges are : a = 13.570-13.605 Â, b = 18. 198-18.270 Â, c = 17.823-17.863 Â for stellerites, and a = 13.595-13.657 À, b = 18. 197-18.309 Â, c = 17.775-17.842 Â, β = 90. 06-90.91° for stilbites. Most samples have a half-unit cell content of 4 Ca atoms ; if no other cations are present, the mineral is an orthorhombic stellerite ; if some (Na + K) is present, the mineral is a monoclinic stilbite. The higher the contents in alkalis, the higher the deviation of β from 90°. Four atypical samples have Ca remarkably lower than 4 ; these samples are interpreted as cation-exchanged. The sum of (Si + Al) is constant, and neither cation-deficiency nor cation-excess was detected. There is no gap between sterellites and stilbites. Many samples resulted heterogeneous.
Études spectroscopiques du fer dans les heulandites rouges de Val Fassa (Tyrol italien)
Authors: Bonnin Dominique , Calas Georges
Published: October 2018

Des échantillons de heulandite de Val Fassa (Italie) ont été étudiés par différentes méthodes spectroscopiques : spectre d'absorption optique, résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE), spectrométrie Mössbauer. Il est montré que la moitié du fer se trouve sous forme d'inclusions d'hématite où l'aluminium se substitue légèrement au fer. Un quart des atomes de fer se trouverait dans les canaux sous formes d'ions Fe3+. Le reste du fer observé serait dû à la présence de faibles quantités de marcassite.
Un enregistreur décrépitométrique à filtrage électronique
Authors: Pulou Raymond , Baudracco-Gritti Célestine
Published: October 2018

Un échantillon de minéral pulvérisé est chauffé dans un four à température régulièrement croissante. A l'aide d'un microphone sensible on enregistre la fréquence de décrépitation en fonction de la température. L'interprétation de la courbe obtenue permet d'avoir la température approchée de dépôt du minéral. Un dispositif de filtrage original est utilisé pour réduire ou éliminer les bruits parasites des signaux microphoniques et facilite l'interprétation.
Données nouvelles dans l'étude minéralogique de résines fossiles de France
Authors: Savkevitch Sviatoslav-S. , Popkova Tatiana N.
Published: October 2018

Les résines fossiles, en particulier l'ambre, ne peuvent pas être caractérisées par les méthodes classiques utilisées pour l'étude des minéraux. L'utilisation de nouvelles méthodes physiques et physico-chimiques permet d'envisager maintenant leur caractérisation.

On compare ici les spectres IR dans le domaine 1 900-700 cm-1 d'une série de résines fossiles provenant de France, et on en déduit leur classification en plusieurs espèces distinctes.
De la séduction à l’orgasme : sensualité du toucher chez les poètes latins du début de l’Empire
Authors: Girod Virginie
Published: October 2018

Dans l’empire romain, la séduction et la sexualité obéissaient à de nombreuses règles sociales, morales et juridiques. L’homme, ontologiquement supérieur à la femme, devait faire sa cour de manière progressive jusqu’à l’obtention des faveurs de sa belle. Cette cour passait par une série de gestes, d’effleurements, d’attouchements dont l’intensité dépendait du lieu dans lequel on se trouvait et qui avaient pour but de signifier ou de susciter le désir. Une fois la femme rendue désirante, une plus grande intimité pouvait naître entre les deux amants mais jusque dans la chambre, la morale et l’ordre social déterminaient la manière dont on devait se toucher pour éprouver du plaisir. Dans cette société phallocentrique, on estimait que le pénis était l’organe principal qui permettait de donner et recevoir du plaisir. Ainsi, les stimulations manuelles du clitoris apparaissaient comme étant une pratique aussi marginale que raffinée.
Toucher l’autre sur scène : corps en contact dans les comédies de Plaute
Authors: François-Garelli Marie-Hélène
Published: October 2018

Touching the Others on Stage : Bodies in Contact in Plautus’ Comedies.

There is a wide variety of dramatic situations that may bring a character of a Plautinian comedy to touch one of his partners during the play. These communication situations are framed by a dialogue which gives them a specific meaning. Physical contact often involves an attempt of moral, social, sexual dominance. The variants highlight the ambivalence of these scenes and place emphasis on the numerous possibilities of diversion of ordinary situations. In this context, dialogue plays a major role in placing violence at a distance through derealization, that results from excess and humorous discrepancy.
Les corps des acteurs de l’arène : du rapport sensuel à l’objectivation
Authors: Soler Matthieu
Published: October 2018

Les acteurs de l’arène sont des infâmes. De ce fait, leur contact physique est soumis à certains usages sociaux. Les femmes de naissance libre et de la haute société qui se laissent séduire par ces combattants sont dénigrées par les auteurs anciens, même si elles peuvent elles-mêmes tirer une forme d’orgueil de leur relation avec un combattant victorieux. Les gladiateurs ont aussi une vie et sont mariés à des femmes de basse extraction. Il faut reconnaître que le spectacle qu’ils offrent est souvent considéré comme une image du combat amoureux comme en témoignent la figure de Vénus sur les casques de gladiateurs ou la sigillée gauloise. Pourtant, les infâmes sont un «autre » inquiétant, appartenant au monde sauvage et dont le sang est utilisé dans les pratiques magiques.
Secare et urere : le thème de la chirurgie dans l’œuvre philosophique de Sénèque
Authors: Courtil Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2018

La présence abondante d’images chirurgicales dans l’oeuvre d’un philosophe stoïcien peut paraître surprenante. En réalité, l’utilisation du thème de la chirurgie, toujours lié à la notion-clé de douleur physique, permet de mettre en place la conception d’une philosophie énergique, dans laquelle la vertu s’acquiert au prix d’efforts et de souffrances. Ainsi, l’image de la chirurgie est le lieu où apparaît de manière évidente l’utilité de la douleur, que celle-ci permette de manifester son courage, de s’entraîner à supporter les maux, ou de terrasser des vices trop invétérés. Car, pour parvenir à la guérison, le philosophe doit toucher l’âme avec la même fermeté que le chirurgien touche le corps, quelles que soient les souffrances engendrées. Toutefois, la violence de cette thérapeutique n’exclut pas pour autant sa durée, nécessaire à l’endurcissement progressif de l’âme.
Toucher les dieux : rituels, expérience sensible et modes de contact avec le divin dans le monde grec
Authors: Grand-Clément Adeline
Published: October 2018

L’anthropomorphisme des dieux grecs qui prévaut dans la tradition littéraire fondée par Homère et Hésiode rend possible une proximité physique, voire une forme d’intimité entre hommes et dieux, dans les récits qui les mettent en scène. Mais qu’en est-il des pratiques rituelles grecques effectives, qui ont précisément pour objectif d’établir le contact entre le monde terrestre et la sphère divine ? Le fidèle peut-il «toucher » le corps des dieux ? Et, mieux, cherche-t-il à le faire ? Telles sont les questions qui servent de départ à la réflexion. L’analyse porte ainsi sur les différents types de contacts physiques possibles entre les Grecs et les statues de leurs dieux, afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure ils permettent aux fidèles de «toucher » les dieux eux-mêmes. Les exemples étudiés, à partir de la documentation littéraire, épigraphique et archéologique, concernent principalement les époques archaïque, classique et hellénistique.
A propos de la lex Scantinia. Réflexions sur la répression des relations homosexuelles entre citoyens romains durant la République et sous l’Empire
Authors: Jalet Nicolas
Published: October 2018

Cet article est consacré au contenu de la lex Scantinia, qui a déjà fait couler beaucoup d’encre. Punissait-elle, comme on l’a écrit, les stupra, c’est-à-dire tout type de relations sexuelles illicites entre citoyens romains, ou visait-elle les seuls actes homosexuels entre citoyens romains, enfants et jeunes adolescents y compris ? Après un examen attentif de la documentation, il semble que la loi ne concernait que les relations homosexuelles entre citoyens romains ayant dépassé l’âge légal de la pueritia. Cette hypothèse permet de revenir sur sa date probable de création en 149 a. c., à une période durant laquelle se développaient les premiers iudicia publica.

Le mode d’application de la loi appartenant à un schéma républicain, nous essaierons de comprendre si ce texte ne serait pas devenu désuet avec le développement d’une justice mieux organisée à partir de l’époque d’Auguste.
The macula servitutis of Roman freedmen. Neque enim aboletur turpitudo, quae postea intermissa est?
Authors: Vermote Kristof
Published: October 2018

Le macula servitutis des affranchis romains. Neque enim aboletur turpitudo, quae postea intermissa est ?

Les limitations dans la vie publique des affranchis romains sont traditionnellement expliquées par leur stigmatisation due à leur passé d’esclaves. Cette macula servitutis

est devenue le slogan répandu dans les études sur des affranchis. Le but principal de cette contribution est de montrer que les efforts visant à réduire la condition sociale des affranchis à de telles descriptions essentialistes souffrent d’incohérences et des lacunes importantes. En analysant des sources littéraires, épigraphiques et juridiques, on aspire à déconstruire ce modèle de macula. L’expression et ses dérivés seront situés dans leur contexte historique et juridique et, en utilisant une perspective comparative, on situera sémantiquement aussi bien que sur le plan du contenu la notion de tache et de stigmatisation en termes généraux. Les remarques finales présentent une alternative au modèle de macula et servent à stimuler le débat en l’élargissant aux autres domaines et aspects de la vie des affranchis.