bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Interrupted Click Reaction: Synthesis of Diverse 5‐Hetero‐Functionalized Triazoles
Authors: Wang Weiguo , Peng Xianglong , Wei Fang , Tung Chen‐Ho , Xu Zhenghu
Published: November 2015

The 5‐heterofunctionalized triazoles are important scaffolds in bioactive compounds, but current click reactions (CuAAC) cannot produce these core structures. A copper(I)‐catalyzed interrupted click reaction to access diverse 5‐functionalized triazoles is reported. Various 5‐amino‐, thio‐, and selenotriazoles were readily assembled in one step in high yields. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with complete regioselectivity. It also features a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility.
High Reactivity of Strained Seven‐Membered‐Ring trans‐Alkenes
Authors: Sanzone Jillian R. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: November 2015

trans‐Oxasilacycloheptenes are highly reactive strained alkenes. Competition reactions showed that these seven‐membered ring trans‐alkenes underwent [4+2] cycloaddition reactions faster than a trans‐cyclooctene. They also reacted with quinones and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to form adducts with high diastereoselectivity. Kinetic studies showed that ring strain increases nucleophilicity by approximately 109.
Dual‐Targeting Nanovesicles for In Situ Intracellular Imaging of and Discrimination between Wild‐type and Mutant p53
Authors: Qian Ruocan , Cao Yue , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: November 2015

p53 is a tumor‐suppressor protein related to the cell cycle and programmed cell apoptosis. Herein, dual‐targeting nanovesicles are designed for in situ imaging of intracellular wild‐type p53 (WTp53) and mutant p53 (MUp53). Nanovesicle‐encapsulated plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were functionalized with consensus DNA duplexes, and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐marked anti‐MUp53 antibody was conjugated to the nanovesicle surface. After entering the cytoplasm, the released AuNPs aggregated through recognition of WTp53 and the double‐stranded DNA. The color changes of AuNPs were observed using dark‐field microscopy, which showed the intracellular WTp53 distribution. The MUp53 location was detected though the immunological recognition between FITC‐labeled anti‐MUp53 and MUp53. Thus, a one‐step incubation method for the in situ imaging of intracellular WTp53 and MUp53 was obtained; this was used to monitor the p53 level under a drug treatment.
Biological Investigations of (+)‐Danicalipin A Enabled Through Synthesis
Authors: Bailey Adrian M. , Wolfrum Susanne , Carreira Erick M.
Published: November 2015

A total synthesis of the chlorosulfolipid (+)‐danicalipin A has been accomplished in 12 steps and 4.4 % overall yield. The efficient and scalable synthesis enabled in‐depth investigations of the lipid’s biological properties, in particular cytotoxicity towards various mammalian cell lines. Furthermore, the ability of (+)‐danicalipin A to increase the uptake of fluorophores into bacteria and mammalian cells was demonstrated, indicating it may enhance membrane permeability. By comparing (+)‐danicalipin A with racemic 1,14‐docosane disulfate, and the diol precursor of (+)‐danicalipin A, we have shown that both chlorine and sulfate functionalities are necessary for biological activity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Si1−xGex (0 ≤ x < 1) Nanoparticles Using Inverse Micelle Surfactants
Authors: Lee Su Jung , Kim Tae Woo , Song Jun Hyun , Lee Myong Euy
Published: November 2015

The freestanding blue luminescent Si1−

x
Ge
x

nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the reduction of SiCl4
and GeCl4
within inverse micelles. Transmission electron microscopy imaging shows that the mean size of the Si1−

x
Ge
x
NPs was 6.85 ± 4.05 nm. The Si and Ge composition of the NPs is characterized by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, resulting in the stoichiometry of the NPs from Si0.

49Ge0

.51 to Si0.

66Ge0

.34 that the NPs are mainly composed of Si and Ge. In the Raman study, the SiGe bond in the NPs is observed at 395 cm−1. In the optical study, the NPs show an emission spectrum (λem = 359 nm).
Influence of Carbon Coating on Beta‐Alumina Membrane for Sodium–Nickel Chloride Battery
Authors: Kim Seon‐Min , Lee Sang‐Min , Jung Keeyoung , Park Yoon‐Cheol , Cho Nam‐ung , Choi Joon‐Hwan , Kim Hyun‐Soo
Published: November 2015

Sodium–nickel chloride batteries have been used as energy storage devices because of their high operating voltage, ease of assembly in a discharged state, the less corrosive nature of the cathode materials, safer cell failure mode, and better tolerance against overcharging. In this study, we fabricated a planar‐type cell equipped with an elastic spring rod in the anode to maintain effective sodium utilization. In addition, we investigated the influence of carbon coating on the β″‐Al2O3 membrane. The carbon coating layer on the β″‐Al2O3 membrane showed improved wettability for sodium metal. The carbon‐coated alumina membrane delivered a higher initial charge/discharge capacity than the pristine membrane cells.
Cr2O3 Nanoparticles on Ba5Ta4O15 as a Noble‐Metal‐Free Oxygen Evolution Co‐Catalyst for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Soldat Julia , Busser G. Wilma , Muhler Martin , Wark Michael
Published: November 2015

The (1 1 1)‐layered perovskite material Ba5Ta4O15 represents a suitable photoabsorber with remarkable photocatalytic activity in overall water splitting. We are the first to demonstrate overall water splitting without the presence of a noble‐metal‐based co‐catalyst over this catalyst. The photocatalytic activity of Ba5Ta4O15 was investigated by overall water splitting after reductive photodeposition of amorphous Cr2O3. The formation of Cr2O3 nanoparticles for water splitting was evidenced by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The reductive photodeposition of very low amounts of Cr2O3 on Ba5Ta4O15 induces stable rates in overall water splitting up to 465 μmol h−1 H2 and 228 μmol h−1 O2.
Filter Media Pore Space Analysis Based on Geometrical Characteristics
Authors: Bälz Gloria , Feuchter Claus , Handel Rainer , Renz Birgit
Published: November 2015

The efficiency of filter media can be improved by applying nanofibers to the surface of the microstructure. In order to gain a deeper insight into the influence of the nanofiber geometry on filtration efficiency in terms of pressure loss, separation efficiency, and dust holding capacity, the microstructure is analyzed by geometrical pore space characteristics such as the degree of vertices function, the spherical contact distribution function, and the pore size distribution function. The pore space characteristics are investigated by using a distance transform and a 3D pore space graph generated by the Ma‐Sonka‐Algorithm with the P‐simple‐points extension.
Oxygen Reduction at Carbon‐Supported Lanthanides: The Role of the B‐Site
Authors: Celorrio Verónica , Dann Ellie , Calvillo Laura , Morgan David J. , Hall Simon R. , Fermin David J.
Published: November 2015

The kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at carbon‐supported transition‐metal oxides in alkaline solutions is systematically investigated as a function of the nature of the B‐site. The study is focused on LaBO3 (B=Cr, Co, Fe, Mn and Ni) nanoparticles synthesized by using an ionic‐liquid route, offering fine control over phase purity and composition. Activity towards the ORR was compared with the commercial Pt/Etek catalyst. Detailed electrochemical analysis employing a rotating ring‐disk electrode provides conclusive evidence that the carbon support plays an important contribution in the faradaic responses. Decoupling the contribution of the carbon support uncovers that the reactivity of LaMnO3 towards the four‐electron ORR pathway is orders of magnitude higher than that for the other lanthanides. We rationalize these observations in terms of changes in the redox state at the B‐site close to the formal oxygen reduction potential.
Mechanistic Insights into the Mode of Action of Bifunctional Pyrrolidine‐Squaramide‐Derived Organocatalysts
Authors: Roca‐López David , Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraim , Carrillo Luisa , Jørgensen Karl Anker , Vicario Jose L. , Merino Pedro
Published: November 2015

The catalytic modes of action of three squaramide‐derived bifunctional organocatalysts have been investigated using DFT methods. The [5+2] cycloaddition between oxidopyrylium ylides and enals was used as the model reaction. Two primary modes were possible for the different catalysts studied. The preference for one mode over the other was due to the possibility of additional favorable π–π interactions between the hydrogen‐bond activated pyrylium ylide and an electron‐deficient aromatic ring bonded to the squaramide NH group. The model can be extended to other reactions catalyzed by the same catalysts, such as formal [2+2] cycloadditions between nitroalkenes and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. The computational results were in excellent concurrence with the available experimental reports on the observed total enantioselectivity and differences in diastereoselectivity depending on the substrate and the reaction.
Seeking Extremes in Molecular Design: To What Extent May Two “Non‐Bonded” Hydrogen Atoms be Squeezed in a Hydrocarbon?
Authors: Firouzi Rohoullah , Shahbazian Shant
Published: November 2015

A series of novel and possibly synthetically accessible rigid hydrocarbon structures is computationally introduced, maintaining ultrashort non‐bonded hydrogen–hydrogen (H⋅⋅⋅H) contacts smaller than 1.2 Å. These are the shortest non‐bonded H⋅⋅⋅H contacts reported to date, bypassing previous world records of both experimentally observed, 1.56 Å, and computationally derived, 1.4 Å, H⋅⋅⋅H contacts in any stable molecular structure.
Similar physical characteristics but distinguishable sn‐2 palmitic acid content and reduced solid fat content of chemically interesterified palm olein compared with native palm olein by dry fractionation: A lab‐scale study
Authors: Mo Shuen‐Yeing , Teng Kim‐Tiu , Nesaretnam Kalanithi , Lai Oi‐Ming
Published: November 2015

The presence of solid fat content (SFC) of vegetable fats at human body temperature (37°C) has been linked to altered fat digestibility and metabolism. In this study, the possibility of reducing the SFC in chemically interesterified palm olein (CIEPO) while maintaining physical properties similar to native palm olein was explored by dry fractionation. Crystallization at 37°C for 155 min produced a CIEPO olein fraction with total fatty acid composition (FAC) broadly resembling that of native palm olein while the high proportion of sn‐2 palmitic acid content was maintained at 39.1%. The CIEPO olein fraction has a reduced SFC at 37°C from 8.6 to 4.2%, overall decreased SFC, slip melting point (SMP) at 33°C, a reduced palmitoyl‐palmitoyl‐palmitoyl (PPP) from 6.0 to 3.7 mol% and lower heating peaks in thermal profile compared with the untreated CIEPO. Both CIEPO olein fraction and palm olein have broadly similar total FAC and SMP below 37°C but very distinguishable sn‐2 palmitic acid content. CIEPO olein fraction and native palm olein can be used as effective comparison in human studies because the differences of both fats in PPP content and SFC at 37°C were narrowed.

Practical applications: Previous human studies investigating the effects of positional distribution of fatty acids on postprandial lipaemia (abnormally high lipid levels in blood after meal) have yielded contradictory findings. Most of these studies require the use of interesterified fats to distinguish the difference in the sn‐2 fatty acid composition when compared with the untreated form of the fats. The inconsistent findings on lipaemic response from these studies have raised the issue on the importance of using groups of test fats with different positional composition but similar physical characteristics in order to differentiate the effects of positional composition from the physical characteristics of test fats. This study serves as a potential solution to the pairing of test fats with distinguishable sn‐2 profile by creating a CIEPO fraction from dry fractionation with lowered SFC at 37°C while maintaining the physical characteristics of its untreated form that is suitable to be used in future human clinical studies.

Human lipid nutrition studies comparing natural dietary fats with interesterified fats require pairs of test fats possessing similar physical properties but distinguishable sn‐2 specific fatty acids content. In the current study, CIEPO was fractionated into olein and stearin at 37°C. Both native palm olein and the CIEPO olein fraction have similar total C16:0 content and SMP below 37°C but distinguishable sn‐2 C16:0 content, whilst the differences of both fats in tripalmitin and SFC at 37°C were narrowed.
Einfluss der Überkonsolidation auf das Sekundärsetzungsverhalten von Klei bei Wiederbelastung
Authors: Tinat Christopher , Rosenberg Matthias
Published: November 2015

Das Sekundärsetzungsverhalten von weichen bindigen Böden stellt eine große Herausforderung für die moderne Baupraxis dar. Das Ziel von Vorbelastungsmaßnahmen ist neben der Vorwegnahme der Lastsetzungen des Bauwerks die bestmögliche Reduzierung der langfristig andauernden Sekundärsetzungen. Auf Grundlage der durchgeführten eindimensionalen Kompressionsversuche an Klei wurde der Einfluss einer Vorbelastung auf das Sekundärsetzungsverhalten bei Wiederbelastung belegt. Die Sekundärsetzungen eines Bodens können durch Überkonsolidation maßgeblich verringert werden. Dabei ist nicht nur das Überkonsolidationsverhältnis, sondern vielmehr das Differenzmaß der auf die Entlastung folgenden Wiederbelastungsspannung eine entscheidende Größe. Im Gegensatz zur Erstbelastung ist der Sekundärsetzungsbeiwert des Bodens bei einer Wiederbelastung spannungs‐ und zeitabhängig. Die Ergebnisse konnten anhand des Cα/Cc‐Konzepts von Mesri unter Berücksichtigung des Prinzips der äquivalenten Spannung belegt werden.

Influence of the overconsolidation on the secondary settlement behavior in the recompression range of organic clay. The secondary settlement behavior of soft cohesive soils is a particular challenge for the modern civil engineering. Apart from anticipating the load ratios of the building the aim of preloading the soil is to reduce at its best the postconstruction secondary settlements to acceptable limits. Based on the one‐dimensional compression tests on clay, the influence of preloading on the secondary settlement could be proved. The secondary settlement of soils can be significantly reduced by overconsolidation. Not only the overconsolidation ratio, but rather the difference between discharge and reloading is a decisive factor. In contrast to the initial loading the secondary compression index of the soil depends on stress and time when reloaded. The results could be retraced on the bases of the Cα /Cc concept of compressibility developed by Mesri by taking the equivalent stress into account.
Gender differences in personal values of national and local Italian politicians, activists and voters
Authors: Francescato Donata , Mebane Minou E. , Vecchione Michele
Published: November 2015

Theorists of politics of presence postulate that women elected to political office would still hold values similar to ordinary women and therefore represent them better than male politicians. Gender differences in personal values, which underline and give coherence to core political values, have been found among voters: males score higher on self‐enhancement values (power and achievement) and females higher on self‐transcendence values (universalism and benevolence). Our study aims to explore if gender differences in personal values are still present among activists, local and national politicians. We administer a shortened version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire to 233 Italian national politicians (46% females), 425 local politicians (56% females), 626 political activists (44% females), and 3249 ordinary citizens (49% females). Our results confirm only partially politics of presence theory: females at all levels of political involvement score higher in self‐transcendent values that emphasise concern for the welfare of others, but no significant gender differences emerge for self‐enhancement, which favour the pursuit of self‐interest. Our findings support ethical struggles for more balanced gender representation: a higher proportion of women in politics could strengthen the political representation of self‐transcendence values.
Identification of a warm‐temperature acclimation‐associated 65‐kDa protein encoded by a temperature‐ and infection‐responsive gene in the Kumgang fat minnow Rhynchocypris kumgangensis
Authors: Im Jisu , Kwon Gibeom , Kong Dongsoo , Ghil Sungho
Published: November 2015

Water temperature is one of the most important factors in fish physiology; thus, it is important to identify genes that respond to changes in water temperature. In this study, we identified a warm‐ temperature acclimation‐associated 65‐kDa protein (Wap65) in the Kumgang fat minnow Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, a small, cold‐freshwater fish species endemic to Korea. Kumgang fat minnow Wap65‐1 (kmWap65‐1) was cloned using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based strategies, and was found to be highly homologous with teleost Wap65‐1 and mammalian hemopexin, a heme‐binding protein that transfers plasma heme into hepatocytes. kmWap65‐1 mRNA was expressed mainly in the liver and its expression levels were significantly increased by both short‐ and long‐term exposure to high temperature, which was evaluated by real‐time quantitative PCR. Furthermore, the expression levels of kmWap65‐1 were highly elevated by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These results indicate that kmWap65‐1 expression is associated with environmental stresses such as increases in water temperature and bacterial infection. J. Exp. Zool. 325A:65–74, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of New Derivatives of 4‐(4,7,7‐Trimethyl‐7,8‐dihydro‐6H‐benzo[b]pyrimido[5,4‐e][1,4]thiazin‐2‐yl)morpholine
Authors: Karimian Azam , Eshghi Hossein , Bakavoli Mehdi , Shiri Ali
Published: November 2015

Cyclocondensation of 5‐amino‐6‐methyl‐2‐morpholinopyrimidine‐4‐thiol (1) and 2‐bromo‐5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione (2) under mild reaction condition afforded 4,7,7‐trimethyl‐2‐morpholino‐7,8‐dihydro‐5H‐benzo[b]pyrimido[5,4‐e][1,4]thiazin‐9(6H)‐one (3). The 1H and 13C NMR data of compound (3) are demonstrated that this compound exists primarily in the enamino ketone form. Reaction of compound (3) with phosphorous oxychloride gave 4‐(9‐chloro‐4,7,7‐trimethyl‐7,8‐dihydro‐6H‐benzo[b]pyrimido[5,4‐e][1,4]thiazin‐2‐yl)morpholine (4). Nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atom of compound (4) with typical secondary amines in DMF and K2CO3 furnished the new substituted derivatives of 4‐(4,7,7‐trimethyl‐7,8‐dihydro‐6H‐benzo[b]pyrimido[5,4‐e][1,4]thiazin‐2‐yl)morpholine (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h). All the synthesized products were characterized and confirmed by their spectroscopic and microanalytical data.
Biofunctionalized Hydrogel Microscaffolds Promote 3D Hepatic Sheet Morphology
Authors: Kim Myung Hee , Kumar Supriya K. , Shirahama Hitomi , Seo Jeongeun , Lee Jae‐Ho , Zhdanov Vladimir P. , Cho Nam‐Joon
Published: November 2015

Development of artificial tissues providing the proper geometrical, mechanical, and environmental cues for cells is highly coveted in the field of tissue engineering. Recently, microfabrication strategies in combination with other chemistries have been utilized to capture the architectural complexity of intricate organs, such as the liver, in in vitro platforms. Here it is shown that a biofunctionalized poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffold, fabricated using a sphere‐template, facilitates hepatic sheet formation that follows the microscale patterns of the scaffold surface. The design takes advantage of the excellent diffusion properties of porous, uniform 3D hydrogel platforms, and the enhanced‐cell–extracellular matrix interaction with the display of conjugated collagen type I, which in turn elicits favorable Huh‐7.5 response. Collectively, the experimental findings and corresponding simulations demonstrate the importance of biofunctionalized porous scaffolds and indicate that the microscaffold shows promise in liver tissue engineering applications and provides distinct advantages over current cell sheet and hepatocyte spheroid technologies.

image
Cellular defects caused by hypomorphic variants of the Bloom syndrome helicase gene BLM
Authors: Shastri Vivek M. , Schmidt Kristina H.
Published: November 2015

Background

Bloom syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by extraordinary cancer incidence early in life and an average life expectancy of ~27 years. Premature stop codons in BLM, which encodes a DNA helicase that functions in DNA double‐strand‐break repair, make up the vast majority of Bloom syndrome mutations, with only 13 single amino acid changes identified in the syndrome. Sequencing projects have identified nearly one hundred single nucleotide variants in BLM that cause amino acid changes of uncertain significance.

Methods and Results

Here, in addition to identifying five BLM variants incapable of complementing certain defects of Bloom syndrome cells, making them candidates for new Bloom syndrome causing mutations, we characterize a new class of BLM variants that cause some, but not all, cellular defects of Bloom syndrome. We find elevated sister‐chromatid exchanges, a delayed DNA damage response and inefficient DNA repair. Conversely, hydroxyurea sensitivity and quadriradial chromosome accumulation, both characteristic of Bloom syndrome cells, are absent. These intermediate variants affect sites in BLM that function in ATP hydrolysis and in contacting double‐stranded DNA.

Conclusion

Allele frequency and cellular defects suggest candidates for new Bloom syndrome causing mutations, and intermediate BLM variants that are hypomorphic which, instead of causing Bloom syndrome, may increase a person's risk for cancer or possibly other Bloom‐syndrome‐associated disorders, such as type‐2 diabetes.
Dietary regulation of adiponectin by direct and indirect lipid activators of nuclear hormone receptors
Authors: Rühl R. , Landrier J. F.
Published: November 2015

Adiponectin is an adipokine mainly secreted by adipocytes that presents antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and antiatherogenic functions. Therefore, modulation of adiponectin expression represents a promising target for prevention or treatment of several diseases including insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Pharmacological agents such as the nuclear hormone receptor synthetic agonists like peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ agonists are of particular interest in therapeutic strategies due to their ability to increase the plasma adiponectin concentration. Nutritional approaches are also of particular interest, especially in primary prevention, since some active compounds of our diet (notably vitamins, carotenoids, or other essential nutrients) are direct or indirect lipid‐activators of nuclear hormone receptors and are modifiers of adiponectin expression and secretion. The aim of the present review is to summarize current knowledge about the nutritional regulation of adiponectin by derivatives of active compounds naturally present in the diet acting as indirect or direct activators of nuclear hormone receptors.
Novel splittable N‐Tx/2N‐Rx transceiver phased array to optimize both signal‐to‐noise ratio and transmit efficiency at 9.4T
Authors: Avdievich Nikolai I. , Giapitzakis Ioannis A. , Henning Anke
Published: November 2015

Purpose

The goal of this study was to optimize signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and parallel receive (Rx) performance of ultrahigh field (UHF) (≥7T) transceiver arrays without compromising their transmit (Tx) efficiency. UHF transceiver head phased arrays with a tight fit improve Tx efficiency in comparison with Tx‐only arrays, which are usually larger so that Rx‐only arrays can fit inside. However, having ≥16 elements inside a head transceiver array presents decoupling problems. Furthermore, the available number of Tx channels is limited.

Methods

A prototype of a splittable transceiver phased array was constructed. The array consisted of four flat surface Tx loops positioned in two rows. Each loop could be split into two smaller overlapped Rx loops during reception.

Results

Experimental data demonstrated that both SNR and parallel reception performance improved substantially by doubling the number of Rx elements from four to eight.

Conclusion

As a proof of concept, we developed and constructed a novel splittable transceiver phased array that allows doubling of the number of Rx elements while keeping both Tx and Rx elements at the same distance from the subject. Both Tx and Rx performance can be optimized at the same time using this method. Magn Reson Med 76:1621–1628, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
A Representative volume model for a CNT composite material
Authors: Bennett Joel G.
Published: November 2015

The concept of a ‘Representative Volume Model’ is used in combination with ‘Equivalent Mechanical Strain’ or Aboudi's ‘Average Strain’ theorem to illustrate how a carbon nanotube reinforced composite material constitutive law for a nano‐composite material can be implemented into a finite element program for modeling structural applications. Current methods of modeling each individual composite layer to build up an element composed of carbon nanotube reinforced composite material may not be the best approach for modeling structural applications of this composite. The approach presented here is based upon presentations given at the National Science Foundation‐Civil and Mechanical Systems division workshop at John Hopkins University in 2004, which is referred to in this paper as the Williams‐Baxter approach. This approach is also used to demonstrate that damage modeling can be included as was suggested in this workshop. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer nanospheres formed by a microfluidic technique with Evans blue dye
Authors: Kucuk Israfil
Published: November 2015

In this work, the V‐shaped microfluidic junction (VMJ) device technique with gas/liquid interface was used to prepare textured polymer nanospheres from bubble bursting for drug delivery. The polymer/dye solution, N2 gas, and a volatile liquid, perfluorohexane (PFH) were simultaneously fed using the tubes into the VMJ device. A high‐pressure injection of N2 gas into the VMJ interacts with PFH and ethanol leading to the preparation of a microbubble system. Once bubbles are ejected from the VMJ outlet, nanospheres calve from the parent bubble. The collection temperature and the N2 gas pressure play a key role in the mechanism by which nanospheres are formed. In addition, the volatile liquid, PFH, is described as a significant surface modifier. The influence of the N2 gas pressure, collection temperature, and the volatile liquid flow rates on nanospheres size distribution and surface roughness were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that the N2 gas pressure and collection temperature are crucial in tailoring the size distribution of the nanospheres and that the nanospheres textured with PFH had significantly rougher surface. Nanospheres coated with Evans blue dye were prepared, and those collected at high temperature exhibited a very different dye release profile compared with those collected at lower temperatures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating the variability of dispersed large PV plants
Authors: Marcos Javier , de la Parra Íñigo , García Miguel , Marroyo Luis
Published: November 2015

A model to simulate the fluctuations generated by a fleet of dispersed photovoltaic (PV) plants solely based on irradiance data measured at one single location is proposed. This simple model has been satisfactorily tested to quantify the power variability of a generic PV fleet, simply by defining two parameters: mean PV plant size and the number of plants in the PV fleet. Specifically, the model provides series of simulated power outputs that may be used in the grid operator simulation programmes, reproducing critical parameters, such as daily maximum fluctuation or the reserves required to offset these fluctuations. The model is created and validated against experimental 1‐s data collected throughout 2013 at six PV plants in Spain dispersed over 1100 km2, totaling 17 MWp. Likewise, the model has been succesfully tested against another irradiance dataset, four sites across the state of Colorado, USA, and spread over 2400 km2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lesson learned by attending 37 years of loss prevention symposia
Authors: Pratt Thomas H.
Published: November 2015

In responding to the request to give a paper at the 50th Loss Prevention Symposium, this article gives a brief synopsis of my career, and how attending the annual LPS meetings over the last 37 years has tremendously supported my professional work. It relates how a theoretical physical chemist was transformed into a consultant having an expertise in electrostatic ignitions of fires and explosions. Of all the reasons, one could have for attending an LPS, networking is singled out, emphasized, and supported by examples. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 35: 5–7, 2016
Exploring the relationship between the causal‐inference and meta‐analytic paradigms for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints
Authors: Van der Elst Wim , Molenberghs Geert , Alonso Ariel
Published: November 2015

Nowadays, two main frameworks for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints, based on causal‐inference and meta‐analysis, dominate the scene. Earlier work showed that the metrics of surrogacy introduced in both paradigms are related, although in a complex way that is difficult to study analytically. In the present work, this relationship is further examined using simulations and the analysis of a case study. The results indicate that the extent to which both paradigms lead to similar conclusions regarding the validity of the surrogate, depends on a complex interplay between multiple factors like the ratio of the between and within trial variability and the unidentifiable correlations between the potential outcomes. All the analyses were carried out using the newly developed R package Surrogate, which is freely available via CRAN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture Using Multiobjective Decision Analysis
Authors: Hilliard Holly , Parnell Gregory S. , Pohl Edward A.
Published: November 2015

The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) of the Department of Homeland Security was created to increase the United States’ ability to detect radiological and nuclear (RN) material that could be obtained and then used by terrorists. The office coordinates the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture (GNDA), an international and interagency strategy for detecting, analyzing, and reporting of RN materials outside of regulatory control. In 2012, the Government Accountability Office expressed concern about the prioritization of GNDA resources as well as the documentation of GNDA improvements over time. As a result, the DNDO asked the National Research Council (NRC) for advice on how to develop performance measures and metrics to quantitatively assess the GNDA's effectiveness. The result of the NRC study was a report titled “Performance Metrics for the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture.” In the report, the committee created a notional strategic planning framework for evaluating the performance of the GNDA. Using the data from the public report, multiobjective decision analysis techniques, and notional data from our research, this paper expands the NRC framework to a complete value model and demonstrates that it is possible to evaluate the potential performance of the GNDA over time and use the model to evaluate the cost effectiveness of potential improvements.
Added value in regional climate modeling
Authors: Rummukainen Markku
Published: November 2015

Regional climate modeling is a dynamical downscaling technique applied to the results of global climate models (GCMs) in order to acquire more information on climate simulations and climate change projections. GCMs and regional climate models (RCMs) have undergone considerable development over the past few decades, and both have increased in resolution. The higher‐resolution edge of RCMs compared to GCMs still remains, however. This has been demonstrated in a number of specific studies. As GCMs operate on relatively coarse resolutions, they do not resolve more variable land forms and similar features that shape regional‐scale climates. RCMs operate on higher resolutions than GCMs, by a factor of 2–10. Some RCMs now explore resolutions down to 1–5 km. This adds value in regions with variable orography, land–sea and other contrasts, as well as in capturing sharp, short‐duration and extreme events. In contrast, large‐scale and time‐averaged fields, not least over smooth terrain and on scales that have been already skillfully resolved in GCMs, are not much affected. RCMs also generate additional detail compared to GCMs when in climate projection mode. Compared to the present‐day climate for which observations exist, here the added value aspect is more complex to evaluate. Nevertheless, added value is meaningfully underlined when there is a clear physical context for it to appear in. In addition to climate modeling and model evaluation‐related added value considerations, a significant relevant aspect of added value is the provision of regional scale information, including climate change projections, for climate impact, adaptation, and vulnerability research. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:145–159. doi: 10.1002/wcc.378

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Equalization attacks against OFDM: analysis and countermeasures
Authors: Shahriar Chowdhury , Clancy T. Charles , McGwier Robert W.
Published: November 2015

This paper introduces, investigates, and proposes power‐efficient equalization jamming attacks against the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and possible countermeasures. Signals known a priori, called pilot tones, are employed in the conventional OFDM‐based systems to estimate the channel response and perform equalization. Attacks against these pilot tones can hamper equalization and degrade target's performance. This paper begins with noise‐based pilot tone jamming and moves onto pilot nulling attack. The paper embraces two mitigation strategies of randomizing the pilot tones. The paper presents mathematical model of effective noise per symbol and simulation results for OFDM systems with conventional and randomized pilot‐tones under such attacks. The paper concludes that the noise‐based pilot tone attacks are power efficient than conventional attacks, and the pilot nulling is capable of doing the most damage, but in the expense of additional channel state information. The paper also claims that the mitigation strategies offer a remedy, but works relatively poorly when no jammer is present. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Global Production Patterns and Impacts on Enterprises and Employment
Authors: Corley‐Coulibaly Marva , Kizu Takaaki , Kühn Stefan , Peels Raphael , Viegelahn Christian
Published: November 2015

This chapter examines global trends in the internationalization of production and presents new estimates of the number of jobs linked to global supply chains, providing both aggregate figures and figures by sector and sex. The chapter finds that 453 million jobs were related to global supply chains in 2013 in the 40 countries covered by the estimates, an increase from 296 million jobs in 1995. The chapter also discusses results of a sector‐level analysis in which empirical relationships between a sector's participation in global supply chains and selected indicators are identified from both the lead and the supplier firm perspective. Results suggest that, at least in developed economies, there is a positive impact of global supply chain participation on productivity, while no such impact on wages is found. The chapter concludes by exploring the policy options that are available to ensure that economic benefits of global supply chain participation translate into benefits for workers.
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint: An overview
Authors: Wang Chan Tze , Hing Lui Tun
Published: November 2015

Proximal tibiofibular joint is a frequently neglected joint which can be a source of lateral knee pain. Open surgery is the current mainstay of surgical management of proximal tibiofibular joint disorders. The proximal tibiofibular arthroscopy allows access to the joint and adjacent important ligamentous structures. This forms the basis of further development of arthroscopic procedures for a variety of pathologies.
Markov partitions and homology for -solenoids
Authors: BURKE NIGEL D. , PUTNAM IAN F.
Published: November 2015

Given a relatively prime pair of integers, $n\geq m>1$, there is associated a topological dynamical system which we refer to as an $n/m$-solenoid. It is also a Smale space, as defined by David Ruelle, meaning that it has local coordinates of contracting and expanding directions. In this case, these are locally products of the real and various $p$-adic numbers. In the special case, $m=2,n=3$ and for $n>3m$, we construct Markov partitions for such systems. The second author has developed a homology theory for Smale spaces and we compute this in these examples, using the given Markov partitions, for all values of $n\geq m>1$ and relatively prime.
Negotiating Global and Interdisciplinary Imperatives for Indigenous Education Scholarship and Pedagogy
Authors: Charles Harvey , Harris Michelle , Carlson Bronwyn
Published: November 2015

Indigenous Studies is a rapidly growing field of enquiry both nationally and internationally. The internationalisation of the discipline is dependent on its interdiciplinarity and on the collaborative efforts of interdisciplinary scholars. Colonised Indigenous people globally share similar experiences despite differences in histories and contexts. In collaborative situations, dedicated scholarship brings together Indigenous people and allies who are committed to the global expansion of Indigenous knowledge through shared understandings of experiences and histories. Collective efforts can improve curriculum development, enhance opportunities for publication, bring scholars together in conferences and symposia and provide opportunities for new research networks for Indigenous scholarship. This paper addresses spheres of collaborative and collective endeavours that continue to reap benefits nationally and internationally in the field of international Indigenous Studies.
The Effect of Taxonomic Corrections on Phanerozoic Generic Richness Trends in Marine Bivalves with a Discussion on the Clade’s Overall History
Authors: Mondal Subhronil , Harries Peter J.
Published: November 2015

This study uses a comprehensive, revised, and updated global bivalve dataset combining information from two major databases available to study temporal trends in Phanerozoic bivalve richness: the Sepkoski Compendium and the Paleobiology Database. This compilation results in greater taxonomic and stratigraphic coverage than possible with either of the two databases alone. However, there are challenges in directly comparing these two sources due to differences in their taxonomic designations and stratigraphic range information. Moreover, both of these datasets are fraught with a number of taxonomic errors, which can significantly bias the overall richness estimate. Additionally, a substantial number of taxonomic corrections were made before a new Phanerozoic bivalve richness curve was produced. The new generic taxonomic curve is comparable with the trajectory of the Sepkoski’s modern fauna and shows rapid and substantial diversification through the Ordovician, followed by a Paleozoic plateau, a Mesozoic high, and Cenozoic diversification after a small reduction in richness associated with the K/Pg extinction. The steep Cenozoic rise documented in the raw richness curve derived from the new dataset is likely real, and reflects the overall robustness and completeness of the bivalve fossil record.
THE HOMERIC TEXT
Authors: Graziosi Barbara , Haubold Johannes
Published: November 2015

Two major editions of the Iliad appeared at the end of the twentieth century: Helmut van Thiel's for Olms (1996), and Martin West's for Teubner (1998-2000). They are radically different in their methodological assumptions, and hence in the texts they offer. Helmut van Thiel trusts the direct transmission, i.e. the best medieval manuscripts. He takes the position that ancient variants reported in the Homeric scholia are usually ‘suggestions’ of ancient scholars (for example Zenodotus) ‘towards the improvement of the text, or…deliberations about it’, and that they are therefore of little significance when constituting the text. He also insists that modern editors not indulge in conjectures of their own. What they should do, rather, is represent the medieval transmission as faithfully as possible. He concedes that this is a modest aim, but one which he considers appropriate, given what can and cannot be known about the Homeric text. According to him, ‘laurels in textual criticism are not to be won from the text of Homer’. Martin West would surely disagree: his edition offers a dazzling display of editorial ambition. He does not trust the medieval manuscripts, and sees his task as that of exposing and mending their shortcomings. In order to restore what he thinks was the original wording of the Homeric text, West makes use of weakly attested ancient variants; and, above all, employs his own critical acumen to weed out corruption and modernisation.
NOBODY'S HOME: METIS, IMPROVISATION AND THE INSTABILITY OF RETURN IN HOMER'S ODYSSEY
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2015

More of me comes out when I improvise.

Edward Hopper

Improvisation is a word for something which can't keep a name; if it does stick around long enough to acquire a name, it has begun to move toward fixity.

Steve Paxton
Smartphone speech-to-text applications for communication with profoundly deaf patients
Authors: Lyall F C , Clamp P J , Hajioff D
Published: November 2015

Objective:

Visual communication aids, such as handwriting or typing, are often used to communicate with deaf patients in the clinic. This study aimed to establish the feasibility of communicating through smartphone speech recognition software compared with writing or typing.

Method:

Thirty doctors and medical students were timed writing, typing and dictating a standard set of six sentences appropriate for a post-operative consultation, and the results were assessed for accuracy and legibility.

Results:

The mean time for smartphone dictation (17.8 seconds, 95 per cent confidence interval = 17.0–18.7) was significantly faster than writing (59.2 seconds, 95 per cent confidence interval = 56.6–61.7) or typing (44 seconds, 95 per cent confidence interval = 41.0–47.1) (p< 0.001). Speech recognition was slightly less accurate, but accuracy increased with time spent dictating.

Conclusion:

Smartphone dictation is a feasible alternative to typing and handwriting. Slow speech may improve accuracy. Early clinical experience has been promising.
The accuracy and timeliness of neuraminidase inhibitor dispensing data for predicting laboratory-confirmed influenza
Authors: PAPENBURG J. , CHARLAND K. M. , DE SERRES G. , BUCKERIDGE D. L.
Published: November 2015

Neuraminidase inhibitor (NI) dispensing has emerged as a possible automated data source for influenza surveillance. We aimed to evaluate its timeliness, correlation, and predictive accuracy in relation to influenza activity in Quebec, Canada, 2010–2013. Our secondary objective was to use the same metrics to compare NI dispensing to visits for influenza-like illness (ILI) in emergency departments (EDs). Provincial weekly counts of positive influenza laboratory tests were used as a reference measure for the level of influenza circulation. We applied ARIMA models to account for serial correlation. We computed cross-correlations to measure the strengths of association and lead-lag relationships between NI dispensing, ILI ED visits, and our reference indicator. Finally, using an ARIMA model, we evaluated the ability of NI dispensing and ILI ED visits to predict laboratory-confirmed influenza. NI dispensing was significantly correlated (R= 0·68) with influenza activity with no lag. The maximal correlation of ILI ED visits was not as strong (R= 0·50). Both NI dispensing and ILI ED visits were significant predictors of laboratory-confirmed influenza in a multivariable model; predictive potential was greatest when NI counts were lagged to precede laboratory surveillance by 2 weeks. We conclude that NI dispensing data provides timely and valuable information for influenza surveillance.
Mental health trajectories from adolescence to adulthood: Language disorder and other childhood and adolescent risk factors
Authors: Bao Lin , Brownlie E. B. , Beitchman Joseph H.
Published: November 2015

Longitudinal research on mental health development beyond adolescence among nonclinical populations is lacking. This study reports on psychiatric disorder trajectories from late adolescence to young adulthood in relation to childhood and adolescent risk factors. Participants were recruited for a prospective longitudinal study tracing a community sample of 5-year-old children with communication disorders and a matched control cohort to age 31. Psychiatric disorders were measured at ages 19, 25, and 31. Known predictors of psychopathology and two school-related factors specifically associated with language disorder (LD) were measured by self-reports and semistructured interviews. The LD cohort was uniquely characterized by a significantly decreasing disorder trajectory in early adulthood. Special education was associated with differential disorder trajectories between LD and control cohorts, whereas maltreatment history, specific learning disorder, family structure, and maternal psychological distress were associated with consistent trajectories between cohorts. From late adolescence to young adulthood, childhood LD was characterized by a developmentally limited course of psychiatric disorder; maltreatment was consistently characterized by an elevated risk of psychiatric disorder regardless of LD history, whereas special education was associated with significantly decreasing risk of psychiatric disorder only in the presence of LD.
L’écrit avant l’écriture: la liaison dans les livres audio pour enfants
Authors: PUSTKA ELISSA
Published: November 2015

Cet article traite d'un aspect jusqu'alors négligé de la liaison en français : l'input donné aux enfants par les livres audio. L’étude basée sur un corpus de plus de 17 heures (avec 7 348 contextes de liaison) met le focus sur la variabilité de la liaison après substantif,c'est, pasetmais. Elle montre que cette variation s'explique, en plus des facteurs internes, par le positionnement morphosyntaxique du texte entre immédiat et distance (p. ex.Le Petit Nicolas vscontes de fée) et, à l'intérieur d'une même lecture, par l'opposition entre récit et discours direct (des différents personnages).