bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wettbewerbsfähigkeit durch Nachhaltigkeitsorientierung
Authors: Von Gleich Arnim , Gottschick Manuel , Jepsen Dirk
Published: April 2018

Welches Interesse haben Unternehmen an Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien? Was sind die wesentlichen Anknüpfungspunkte für Kooperationen, um solche Strategien zu entwickeln? Ausgehend von Erfahrungen aus dem Projekt Nachhaltige Me­tallwirtschaft Hamburg (1) lassen sich wesentliche Motive und Triebkräfte be­stimmen. Auf den zunehmend nachfragedominierten und dynamischen Märkten dürfte sich eine Nachhaltigkeitsorientierung strategisch auszahlen.
Hin zur Sustainability Governance
Authors: Petschow Ulrich , Clausen Jens
Published: April 2018

Die Beziehungen zwischen Gesellschaft und Natur waren über lange Zeit eher durch eine relativ enge Interaktion geprägt. Störungen machten sich direkt be­merkbar und haben quasi "natürlich" zu Reaktionen – oder zur Wahrnehmung der "exit option" – geführt. Die so genannte tragedy of the commons erweist sich in Wirklichkeit als Problem des unbeschränkten Zugangs. Normen und Re­geln der Bewirtschaftung der Commons haben sich bei globalen Umweltproble­men aber noch nicht entwickelt. Hierin liegt das Kernproblem, das eine nachhal­tigkeitsorientierte Governance lösen muss.
Umweltpolitik in globalen Netzen
Authors: Streck Charlotte
Published: April 2018

Traditionelle (zwischen)staatliche Zusammenarbeit stößt in einer zunehmend globalisierten Welt an die Grenzen ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit. Private Akteure ebenso wie lokale und regionale Gruppen beanspruchen aktive Beteiligung und Einbindung. Die Kooperation aller beteiligten Gruppen ist zu einer Notwendig­keit nachhaltiger internationaler Zusammenarbeit geworden. Am Beispiel des Finanzierungsfonds Global Environmental Facility wird gezeigt, wie internatio­nale Organisationen ihre privilegierte Stellung nutzen können, um Nachhaltig­keit in neuen multisektoralen Netzwerken voranzubringen (1).
Übersehener Beitrag
Authors: Schneider Volker , Ronit Karsten
Published: April 2018

Öffentliche Aufgaben werden zunehmend auf private Träger verschoben. Eine solche Privatisierung öffentlicher Politik kann auch im internationalen Rahmen beobachtet werden. Auch wenn Unternehmen als private Governance-Akteure eigene Interessen verfolgen, können sie unter bestimmten Umständen auch einen Beitrag zur Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter wie Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz leisten. Dies wird am Beispiel Gefahrenminderung bei Farbstoffen illustriert.
Regional Governance als Motor einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung?
Authors: Nischwitz Guido , Molitor Reimar
Published: April 2018

Der dynamische Wandel von Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Umwelt verändert die Kontextbedingungen für eine Steuerung gesellschaftlicher Entwicklung grundlegend. Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Globalisierungs- und Regionalisierungstendenzen erweisen sich herkömmliche, staatliche Regelungsmechanismen als immer weniger geeignet und in der Lage, die Herausforderungen zu bewältigen. Angesichts des Handlungsdrucks entwickeln sich auf der regionalen Ebene Ansätze neuer Steuerungsformen.
Mehr Rück- als Fortschritte
Authors: Korbun Thomas
Published: April 2018

Mit ihren Vorschlägen für das sechste Forschungsrahmenprogramm hat die Euro­päische Kommission die Debatte über die EU-Forschungs-Schwerpunkte für die Jahre 2002-2006 eröffnet. Das Forschungsnetzwerk ökoforum kritisiert in seiner Stellungnahme insbesondere die Technologie- und Großforschungslastigkeit. Es fordert, Nachhaltigkeit in alle Programmbereiche als Leitbild zu integrieren.
Ökologischer Strukturwandel: Oldie but Goldie?
Authors: Nill Jan , Volkens Annette
Published: April 2018

Einführung in das Schwerpunktthema
Zukunftsfähig konsumieren!
Authors: Lass Wiebke
Published: April 2018

Wie "zukunftsfähig” ist die Konsumgesellschaft? Der Bedarf, aber auch das Po­tenzial für ökologischen Wandel ist im Bereich des privaten Konsums sehr hoch. Wegen des Ziels der Konsumentensouveränität handelt es sich zugleich um eines der schwierigsten Terrains ökologischer Politik. Der Blick auf die für den Konsumbereich relevante ökologische Kommunikation eröffnet Erfolg verspre­chende Ansatzpunkte für eine Förderung des ökologischen Strukturwandels (1).
Qualitätsstandards sichern
Authors: Lübke Volkmar
Published: April 2018

Immer mehr Anleger interessieren sich für "ethisches Investment". Neue Instrumente wie die Berichtspflicht hin­sichtlich sozialer und ökologischer Anla­gekriterien im Rahmen der "Riester-Rente" sind im Anmarsch. Je relevanter solche Aktivitäten als potenzielles Steu­erungsinstrument im Sinne einer nach­haltigen Entwicklung werden, desto wichtiger wird es zu garantieren, dass in den einschlägigen Produkten "drin ist, was draußen draufsteht".
Anstoß durch EU-Beitritt?
Authors: Poprawa Anke
Published: April 2018

Die politisch angestrebte Modernisierung der polnischen Landwirtschaft ist auf die Integration in die Europäische Union ausgerichtet. Ökologischer Landbau spielt dabei trotz seiner Potenziale nur eine geringe Rolle. Für eine stärkere Verbreitung müssen noch zahlreiche Hemmnisse überwunden werden.
Auf dem Weg zur institutionalisierten Nicht-Institutionalisierung?
Authors: Drube Carolin
Published: April 2018

Was in den 1970er Jahren als Konfrontationskurs der Neuen Sozialen Bewe­gungen gegen das politische System begonnen hatte, ist heute ein nicht mehr wegzudenkender Bestandteil des politischen Alltags in Deutschland geworden. Nichtregierungsorganisationen machen Politik. Auch Politiker versuchen inzwi­schen, sich dies als politische Ressource nutzbar zu machen. Dies wird von neu­en Governance-Konzepten offensiv aufgegriffen und verändert die Herausfor­derungen für politische Steuerung.
Drehbuch ohne Inszenierungskonzept
Authors: Voß Jan-Peter
Published: April 2018

Handlungsfeld Energie und Klimaschutz
Quadratur des Kreises
Authors: Volkens Annette
Published: April 2018

Handlungsfeld umweltverträgliche Mobilität
Ecopreneurship fördern
Authors: Petersen Holger , Schaltegger Stefan
Published: April 2018

Die Verbindung von Entrepreneurship und konsequenter Umweltorientierung begründet Ecopreneurship. Ecopreneure beeinflussen mit ihrem Unternehmen den Gesamtmarkt sowohl durch eine herausragende Umwelt- als auch Marktorientierung. Die Basis sind weniger Managementsysteme oder technische Verfahren als vielmehr persönliche Fähigkeiten, die entsprechend entwickelt werden sollten.
New Toolkits for Regional Sustainable Development
Authors: Ravetz Joe
Published: April 2018

Zentrale Elemente von Nachhaltigkeit sind ein langfristiger Zeithorizont und Politikintegration. Um dies auf regionaler Ebene zu erreichen, sind neue Kommunikationsformen notwendig. Als Katalysator können eine Reihe neuer, computergestützter Informations- und Kommunikationsinstrumente dienen. Insbesondere ihre Integration trägt dazu bei, kritische Masse-Effekte, zersplitterte Verantwortlichkeiten und Kurzfristdenken zu überwinden.
Agrarwende zu See?
Authors: Jensen Dierk , Becker Carmen
Published: April 2018

Die Agrarwende ist in aller Munde. Aber wie sieht es eigentlich mit Lebensmit­teln aus dem Wasser aus, mit Fisch und Meeresfrüchten? Derzeit sind erste Be­mühungen um ein Ökosiegel auch für Fische aus Aquakulturen zu beobachten. Bei der Hochseefischerei ruhen Hoffnungen auf den Aktivitäten des Marine Ste­wardship Council. Schützenhilfe könnte eventuell von den aktuellen WTO-Ver­handlungen kommen.
Neue Wege im Flussgebietsmanagement
Authors: Brackemann Holger , Markard Christiane , Rechenberg Jörg
Published: April 2018

Mit der Ende 2000 in Kraft getretenen EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie wird der Ge­wässerschutz auf europäischer Ebene umfassend neu geregelt. Auch bei der Um­setzung der Richtlinie werden neue Wege beschritten. In Deutschland stellt auf­grund der föderalen Struktur die Implementierung eine große Herausforderung dar. Hierzu werden unter anderem das Wasserhaushaltsgesetz sowie die 16 Landeswassergesetze koordiniert novelliert. Eine Vielzahl von Arbeitsgruppen kümmert sich um die fachliche Umsetzung.
TA als Kontextualisierungsexpertise
Authors: Böschen Stefan , Dewald Ulrich
Published: April 2018

Seit der Initiierung einer Theoriedebatte der Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA) vor zehn Jahren ist die Zeit nicht stehengeblieben: Die Suche nach transformativer Wissenschaft, nach einem Wandel von Innovationssystemen und deren Governance sowie Debatten um die öffentlich-politische Konstruktion von Expertise bilden Kontexte, zu denen sich TA neu zu positionieren hat. Die seinerzeit als wesentlich erachteten Dimensionen einer TA-Theorie – Folgenorientierung, Wissenschaftlichkeit und Beratungsbezug – gilt es, neu zu hinterfragen. Dies erfordert, so unsere These, TA zwischen einfacher und reflexiver Kontextualisierungsexpertise zu differenzieren und je situationsbezogen anzuwenden.
Technikfolgenabschätzung und Demokratie
Authors: Grunwald Armin
Published: April 2018

Die TA ist vor über 50 Jahren zur Unterstützung demokratischer Meinungsbildung und Entscheidungsfindung entstanden und hat sich seitdem in demokratisch verfassten Gesellschaften entwickelt. Dies ist freilich eine bloß historisch-empirische Feststellung. Im Licht einer Theorie der TA stellt sich hingegen die Frage, ob und inwieweit es zwischen TA und Demokratie nicht nur eine historisch kontingente, sondern eine systematisch notwendige Verbindung gibt. In diesem Beitrag wird unter Bezug auf gesellschaftstheoretische Arbeiten von John Dewey und Jürgen Habermas die These vertreten, dass TA und – insbesondere deliberative – Demokratie grundsätzlich verbunden sind. Dies hat Implikationen für die soziale wie epistemische Inklusion von Stakeholdern, Betroffenen und Bürger/innen in TA-Prozesse, aber auch für ihre Positionierung in aktuellen Krisen der Demokratie.
Artistic Heritage of Palácio das Artes: a study of the costume's preservation process of the shows produced by the Clóvis Salgado Foundation
Authors: Neves Rachel Myrrha , Silva Vânia Myrrha de Paula e
Published: April 2018

The history of Brazilian theatre goes back as far as five hundred years and yet to this day arises the issue of where and how is preserved the memory of such an artistic heritage that is very representative of Brazilian culture. The aim of this paper is to analyze the preservation process of onstage costumes of Palácio das Artes, one of the most important theatres in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais, building upon reference documents, interviews and technical visits undertaken in 2014. A technical analysis of the process and a flowchart are used to encourage the implementation of projects related to management improvement, conservation tools and collection storage adequacy – both functional and museological –, as well as to the development of preservation policies. It is also expected that this study might stimulate the continuation of such practices in this theatre and their adoption by other institutions.
Decadal biomass and area changes in a multi-species meadow in Singapore: application of multi-resolution satellite imagery
Authors: Bramante James F. , Ali Suryati M. , Ziegler Alan D. , Sin Tsai M.
Published: April 2018

Due to the dearth of information regarding current and changing health of seagrass habitat in the Indo-Pacific region, prior research into global trends of seagrass habitat health has included little data from this region, even though it contains the highest abundance and species diversity of seagrass globally. This study evaluates the suitability of four satellite sensors [Worldview-2 (WV2), Advanced Land Imager (ALI), Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+), Operational Land Imager (OLI)] for determining trends in seagrass habitat extent over the past decade in Singapore’s largest seagrass meadow, and thus contributes incrementally to the data available for regional or global analyses of seagrass habitat health. Using all four sensors, we find that seagrass bed extent at Pulau Semakau, Singapore, declined 37% from 2001 to 2015 at an average rate of 3.9% year−1. Using very high spatial resolution satellite images, we calculate that, although bed extent decreased 18% from April 2011 to June 2013, median meadow biomass increased, indicating that complex meadow dynamics may be mediating seagrass response to anthropogenic and environmental pressures. From a technological perspective, we find that, despite their lower spatial resolution, freely available satellite images can be used to measure the extent of a narrow, multi-species seagrass bed and to determine decadal trends reliably.
Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
Authors: Stappen Iris , Tabanca Nurhayat , Ali Abbas , Wanner Jürgen , Lal Brij , Jaitak Vikas , Wedge David E. , Kaul Vijay K. , Schmidt Erich , Jirovetz Leopold
Published: April 2018

In this investigation we examined the essential oils of three aromatic plants, Zanthoxylum armatum, Juniperus communis, and Dysphania ambrosioides, which are used by the local population of the western Himalayan region for medicinal purposes. These plants were studied for their antifungal, larvicidal and biting deterrent activities. Additionally, chemical compositions of the oils were determined by GC-MS and their odor evaluated. The main compounds were 2-undecanone (47.7%) and 1,8-cineol (20.5%) from Z. armatum and α-pinene (43.2%) and limonene (34.7%) from J. communis. p-Cymene (36.3%) and ascardiole (31.2%) were found as the main components of D. ambrosioides essential oil. Antifungal activity was evaluated against three Colletotrichum species. Dyspania ambrosioides oil showed the best activity against these strawberry anthracnose causing fungi. It also demonstrated biting deterrent activity against Aedes aegypti similar to DEET as positive control, whereas Z. armatum and J. communis were less effective against Colletotrichum and mosquitoes.
Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
Authors: Baj Tomasz , Korona-Głowniak Izabela , Kowalski Radosław , Malm Anna
Published: April 2018

Hyssopus officinalis L. is a common plant that is most usually found in three color forms - f. cyaneus (blue), f. ruber Mill. (purple/pink) and f. albus Alef (white). In the present work, we evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from Polish-sourced white- and pink-flowered H. officinalis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil has shown that both forms of color have a different content of main components. The principle essential oil component of white-flowered H. officinalis L. was pinocamphone (51%), while pink-flowered H. officinalis L. contained almost equal amounts of pinocamphone (28.8%) and isopinocamphone (21.9%). Of note, the essential oil of the pink form was more active against Grampositive bacteria, especially against Bacillus subtilis.
Nonlinear Bending of Rectangular Magnetoelectroelastic Thin Plates with Linearly Varying Thickness
Authors: Wang Feng , Zheng Yu-fang , Chen Chang-ping
Published: April 2018

With employing the von Karman plate theory, and considering the linearly thickness variation in one direction, the bending problem of a rectangular magnetoelectroelastic plates with linear variable thickness is investigated. According to the Maxwell’s equations, when applying the magnetoelectric load on the plate’s surfaces and neglecting the in-plane electric and magnetic fields in thin plates, the electric and magnetic potentials varying along the thickness direction for the magnetoelectroelastic plates are determined. The nonlinear differential equations for magnetoelectroelastic plates with linear variable thickness are established based on the Hamilton’s principle. The Galerkin procedure is taken to translate a set of differential equations into algebraic equations. The numerical examples are presented to discuss the influences of the aspect ratio and span–thickness ratio on the nonlinear load–deflection curves for magnetoelectroelastic plates with linear variable thickness. In addition, the induced electric and magnetic potentials are also presented with the various values of the taper constants.
Hematuria as an adverse outcome following provocative growth hormone stimulation testing in children
Authors: Thirunagari Rajeev , Marrone Alexandra , Elsinghorst Hannah , Mastrandrea Lucy D.
Published: April 2018

Background:

Provocative growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing is used to evaluate short stature and growth failure in children. Agents commonly used for testing include clonidine, arginine and glucagon. While stimulation testing is generally considered safe, gross hematuria has been described as a rare idiopathic complication of GH stimulation testing. This study was designed to estimate the incidence of both microscopic and macroscopic hematuria following GH testing with different provocative agents.

Methods:

Subjects undergoing GH stimulation testing were invited to participate in the study. Prior to testing, vital signs were measured and baseline point-of-care (POC) urinalysis was done. The subjects performed urine testing at home on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 following GH stimulation studies. Families notified the study team with any positive findings and returned the data collection tool by mail.

Results:

In total, 34 subjects aged 11.14±2.71 years (91.2% male) completed the study. Agents used in provocative testing included arginine (73.5%), clonidine (94.1%) and glucagon (32.4%). Three subjects developed hematuria after GH stimulation testing (clonidine/arginine). The hematuria resolved by 7 days after testing. Additional adverse effects included nausea, vomiting and hypotension.

Conclusions:

In this study of children undergoing GH testing, hematuria was identified in three subjects. This study demonstrates that side effects to agents used for GH testing are self-limited, yet not rare, and should be discussed with patients and families prior to stimulation testing.
Porous Materials for Immune Modulation
Authors: Jeong Moonkyoung , Kim Hansol , Park Ji-Ho
Published: April 2018

Biocompatible materials have a great potential to engineer immunology towards therapeutic applications. Among them, porous materials have attracted much attention for immune modulation due to their unique porous structure. The large surface area and pore space offer high loading capacity for various payloads including peptides, proteins and even cells. We first introduce recent developments in the porous particles that can deliver immunomodulatory agents to antigen presenting cells for immunomodulation. Then, we review recent developments in the porous implants that can act as a cellattracting/ delivering platform to generate artificial immunomodulatory environments in the body. Lastly, we summarize recent findings of immunogenic porous materials that can induce strong immune responses without additional adjuvants. We also discuss future direction of porous materials to enhance their immunomodulatory potential for immunotherapeutic applications.
Interprofessionelle Perspektiven zu Spiritual Care am Beispiel chronisch Kranker im Akutspital
Authors: Rettke Horst
Published: April 2018

Interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit ist thematisch ‘en vogue’. Sowohl politische als auch wissenschaftliche Interessen sind geweckt. Die Bereitschaft, interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit zu fördern und im Rahmen der Gesundheitsversorgung prominent zu positionieren, wird deutlich ausgesprochen. Dies ist schon deshalb zu begrüßen, weil interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit in der klinischen Praxis an vielen Hürden zu scheitern droht. Weil Fachpersonen im Gesundheitswesen in Bezug auf Spiritual Care ein für viele noch fremdes Feld betreten, könnte gerade im Zusammenhang mit chronischen Erkrankungen ein gemeinsamer interprofessioneller Zugang hilfreich sein.
Spiritual Care in der Langzeitpflege
Authors: Zúñiga Franziska
Published: April 2018

Spiritual Care ist ein integraler Bestandteil der Langzeitpflege, besonders in der Pflege am Lebensende. Anhand einer Literaturübersicht soll aufgezeigt werden, welche spirituellen Bedürfnisse Bewohnende in Alters- und Pflegeheimen beschreiben, wer Spiritual Care gibt, welche Bewohnenden Spiritual Care erhalten und welche Interventionen als Spiritual Care verstanden werden. Zudem soll zusammengetragen werden, wie Spiritual Care bisher in der Langzeitpflege gemessen wurde. Die Literaturübersicht beschränkt sich dabei auf empirische Forschung mit Bewohnenden, Angehörigen und Gesundheitspersonal in Alters- und Pflegeheimen. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich vier Herausforderungen für die Pflegepraxis und -forschung ableiten: 1) Während Spiritual Care individuell und kontextbezogen gelebt wird, braucht es für ihre Weiterentwicklung einen klaren konzeptuellen Rahmen, der sowohl Praxis wie Forschung leiten kann. 2) Es braucht interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit um das „spiritual“ in Spiritual Care mit Inhalt zu füllen. 3) Spiritual Care steht in Gefahr, in der Vermischung mit anderen Konzepten der Pflege, wie personenzentrierte oder psychosoziale Pflege verloren zu gehen. Der eigene Beitrag von Spiritual Care muss herausgearbeitet werden, um zu einer umfassenden Pflege der Bewohnenden beizutragen und 4) während für die Messung von Struktur- und Prozesskriterien Grundlagen vorhanden sind, braucht es für die Erarbeitung von Ergebniskriterien noch einige Grundlagenarbeit.
A highly effective and mild protocol for the production of 1-thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols using 1,3-disulfonic acid imidazolium trifluoroacetate as a dual-functional catalyst
Authors: Karami Mostafa , Zare Abdolkarim
Published: April 2018

A solvent-free protocol for the production of 1-thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols via a one-pot multi-component reaction of arylaldehydes with 2-naphthol and thioacetamide using the ionic liquid 1,3-disulfonic acid imidazolium trifluoroacetate ([Dsim][TFA]) is described. Furthermore, a plausible and attractive mechanism based on the dual functionality of the catalyst is proposed. Because of the dual functionality of [Dsim][TFA] (possessing acidic and basic sites), it is found to be generally highly effective, affording the products in high yields and short reaction times under mild conditions. We claim that this is one of the best protocols for the synthesis of 1-thioamidoalkyl-2-naphthols (in terms of yield, temperature, conditions, and/or the reaction time).
Against reactionary populism: towards a new public archaeology
Authors: González-Ruibal Alfredo , González Pablo Alonso , Criado-Boado Felipe
Published: April 2018

From Brazil to the United Kingdom, 2016 was a critical year in global politics. Heritage, ethics and the way that archaeologists relate to the public were and will all be affected, and it is time to reflect critically on the phenomenon of ‘reactionary populism’ and how it affects the practice and theory of archaeology. ‘Reactionary populism’ can be defined as a political form that is anti-liberal in terms of identity politics (e.g. multiculturalism, abortion rights, minority rights, religious freedom), but liberal in economic policies. It is characterised by nationalism, racism and anti-intellectualism, and as Judith Butler states in a recent interview, it wants “to restore an earlier state of society, driven by nostalgia or a perceived loss of privilege” (Soloveitchik 2016). Our intention here is to argue that the liberal, multi-vocal model of the social sciences and the humanities is no longer a viable option. Instead, we ask our colleagues to embrace an archaeology that is ready to intervene in wider public debates not limited to issues of heritage or of local relevance, is not afraid of defending its expert knowledge in the public arena, and is committed to reflective, critical teaching.
Connecting Early Neolithic worlds: excavating Mala (Nova) Pećina in Dalmatian Zagora, Croatia
Authors: Trimmis Konstantinos P. , Drnić Ivan
Published: April 2018

Recent excavations at Mala Pećina Cave in Croatia have provided new evidence for social and cultural interaction between mobile groups during the Balkan Early Neolithic.
Analytical Model and Testing Method for Equivalent Stress-Strain Relation of Anisotropic Thin-Walled Steel Tube
Authors: Yuan Shijian , Xie Wencai , Lin Yanli , He Zhubin
Published: April 2018

The deformation behavior of sheet metal is currently presented by the stress-strain curve, which gives the variation of flow stress as strain increases. The correlation between stress and strain is also used to characterize the material hardening under different stress states. For anisotropic materials, the deformation behavior depends on stress state, and it is important to realize similar deformation conditions to obtain the stress-strain relationship. In this article, the profile of the free bulging zone was described by a tangent circle model during tube bulging test with fixed ends. In conjunction with the newly suggested linear-model for instantaneous thickness at the middle point, an analytical model and testing method is developed to establish the equivalent stress–equivalent strain relation of tubes. Experiments of STKM11A steel tube have been carried out, and different yield criteria are adopted to define the equivalent stress and equivalent strain. The effect of the anisotropic parameters on the mechanical property is analyzed. Results show that the profile of the free bulging zone can be well reproduced by the tangent circle model for practical application, and the analytical model and data measuring method for the bulging test can be simplified. The equivalent stress–equivalent strain curve by bulging test is rather different from that by uniaxial tension test, with a lower equivalent stress in the initial yielding stage and a greater rate of the equivalent stress increasing with the increase of the equivalent strain. In addition, the shorter the bulging zone length is, the greater the maximum equivalent strain is, because equal-biaxial stress state is approached. As the axial stress is significantly smaller than the hoop stress in bulging test, the anisotropic parameter along the hoop direction has a stronger effect on the determined curve and should be determined precisely.
Methodology and Baseline Results From the Evaluation of a Sexuality Education Activity in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Speizer Ilene S. , Mandal Mahua , Xiong Khou , Hattori Aiko , Makina-Zimalirana Ndinda , Kumalo Faith , Taylor Stephen , Ndlovu Muzi S. , Madibane Mathata , Beke Andy
Published: April 2018

In South Africa, adolescents and young adults (ages 15–24) are at risk of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies. Recently, the Department of Basic Education has revised its sexuality education content and teaching strategies (using scripted lessons plans) as part of its life orientation curriculum. This paper presents the methodology and baseline results from the evaluation of the scripted lesson plans and supporting activities. A rigorous cluster-level randomized design with random assignment of schools as clusters is used for the evaluation. Baseline results from grade 8 female and male learners and grade 10 female learners demonstrate that learners are at risk of HIV and early and unintended pregnancies. Multivariable analyses demonstrate that household-level food insecurity and living with an HIV-positive person are associated with sexual experience and pregnancy experience. Implications are discussed for strengthening the current life orientation program for future scale-up by the government of South Africa.
Tracking Temporal Hazard in the Human Electroencephalogram Using a Forward Encoding Model
Authors: Herbst Sophie K. , Fiedler Lorenz , Obleser Jonas
Published: April 2018

Human observers automatically extract temporal contingencies from the environment and predict the onset of future events. Temporal predictions are modeled by the hazard function, which describes the instantaneous probability for an event to occur given it has not occurred yet. Here, we tackle the question of whether and how the human brain tracks continuous temporal hazard on a moment-to-moment basis, and how flexibly it adjusts to strictly implicit variations in the hazard function. We applied an encoding-model approach to human electroencephalographic data recorded during a pitch-discrimination task, in which we implicitly manipulated temporal predictability of the target tones by varying the interval between cue and target tone (i.e. the foreperiod). Critically, temporal predictability either was driven solely by the passage of time (resulting in a monotonic hazard function) or was modulated to increase at intermediate foreperiods (resulting in a modulated hazard function with a peak at the intermediate foreperiod). Forward-encoding models trained to predict the recorded EEG signal from different temporal hazard functions were able to distinguish between experimental conditions, showing that implicit variations of temporal hazard bear tractable signatures in the human electroencephalogram. Notably, this tracking signal was reconstructed best from the supplementary motor area, underlining this area’s link to cognitive processing of time. Our results underline the relevance of temporal hazard to cognitive processing and show that the predictive accuracy of the encoding-model approach can be utilized to track abstract time-resolved stimuli.
Genetic Ablation of All Cerebellins Reveals Synapse Organizer Functions in Multiple Regions Throughout the Brain
Authors: Seigneur Erica , Südhof Thomas C.
Published: April 2018

Cerebellins are synaptic organizer molecules that bind to presynaptic neurexins and postsynaptic receptors. They are well studied in the cerebellum, but three of the four cerebellins (Cbln1, Cbln2, and Cbln4) are also broadly expressed outside of the cerebellum, suggesting that they perform general functions throughout the brain. Here, we generated male and female constitutive single (KO), double KO (dKO), and triple KO (tKO) mice of Cbln1, Cbln2, and Cbln4. We found that all constitutive cerebellin-deficient mice were viable and fertile, suggesting that cerebellins are not essential for survival. Cbln1/2 dKO mice exhibited salience-induced seizures that were aggravated in Cbln1/2/4 tKO mice, suggesting that all cerebellins contribute to brain function. As described previously, Cbln1 KO mice displayed major motor impairments that were aggravated by additional KO of Cbln2. Strikingly, the Cbln1/2 dKO did not cause alterations in synapse density in the hippocampus of young adult (1- and 2-month-old) mice, but produced a selective ∼50% decrease in hippocampal synapse density in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the CA1 region and in the dentate gyrus of aging, 6-month-old mice. A similar decrease in excitatory synapse density was observed in the striatum and retrosplenial cortex. Behaviorally, the Cbln1 KO produced dramatic changes in motor behaviors that were partly aggravated by additional deletion of Cbln2 and/or Cbln4. Our results show that cerebellins are not essential for survival and do not contribute to initial synapse formation, but perform multiple functions throughout the brain; as a consequence, their ablation results in a delayed loss of synapses and in behavioral impairments.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCerebellins (Cbln1-4) aretrans-synaptic cell adhesion molecules. In the cerebellum, Cbln1 functions as a bidirectional organizer of parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses by binding to presynaptic neurexins and postsynaptic GluRδ2. Little is known about the function of cerebellins outside of the cerebellum; therefore, the present study used single, double, and triple constitutive KO mice of Cbln1, Cbln2, and Cbln4 to analyze the overall function of cerebellins. We show that cerebellins act as important synaptic organizers in specific subsets of neurons and likely contribute to many different brain functions. We also show that cerebellins are not initially required for synapse formation, but rather for specification and long-term synapse maintenance and demonstrate that all cerebellins, not just Cbln1, contribute to brain function.
Bibliography of Periodical Literature
Authors: Scholz Norbert
Published: April 2018

This bibliography lists articles and reviews of books relevant to Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict from the quarter 16 February-15 May 2017. Entries are classified under the following headings: Reference and General; History (through 1948) and Geography; Palestinian Politics and Society; Jerusalem; Israeli Politics, Society, and Zionism; Arab and Middle Eastern Politics; International Relations; Law; Military; Economy, Society, and Education; Literature, Arts, and Culture; and Book Reviews.
Effects of insulin and analogues on carcinogen-induced mammary tumours in high-fat-fed rats
Authors: Mori Yusaku , Ko Eunhyoung , Furrer Rudolf , Qu Linda C , Wiber Stuart C , Fantus I George , Thevis Mario , Medline Alan , Giacca Adria
Published: April 2018

It is not fully clarified whether insulin glargine, an analogue with a high affinity for insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), increases the risk for cancers that abundantly express IGF-1R such as breast cancer or some types of breast cancer. To gain insight into this issue, female Sprague–Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet were given the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and randomly assigned to vehicle (control), NPH (unmodified human insulin), glargine or detemir (n = 30 per treatment). Insulins were given subcutaneously (15 U/kg/day) 5 days a week. Mammary tumours were counted twice weekly, and after 6 weeks of treatment, extracted for analysis. None of the insulin-treated groups had increased mammary tumour incidence at any time compared with control. At 6 weeks, tumour multiplicity was increased with NPH or glargine (P < 0.05) and tended to be increased with detemir (P = 0.2); however, there was no difference among insulins (number of tumours per rat: control = 0.8 ± 0.1, NPH = 1.8 ± 0.3, glargine = 1.5 ± 0.4, detemir = 1.4 ± 0.4; number of tumours per tumour-bearing rat: control = 1.3 ± 0.1, NPH = 2.2 ± 0.4, glargine = 2.7 ± 0.5, detemir = 2.3 ± 0.5). IGF-1R expression in tumours was lower than that in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells, a cell line that shows greater proliferation with glargine than unmodified insulin. In rats, glargine was rapidly metabolised to M1 that does not have greater affinity for IGF-1R. In conclusion, in this model of oestrogen-dependent breast cancer in insulin-resistant rats, insulin and insulin analogues increased tumour multiplicity with no difference between insulin types.
Chromatin reprogramming in breast cancer
Authors: Swinstead Erin E , Paakinaho Ville , Hager Gordon L
Published: April 2018

Reprogramming of the chromatin landscape is a critical component to the transcriptional response in breast cancer. Effects of sex hormones such as estrogens and progesterone have been well described to have a critical impact on breast cancer proliferation. However, the complex network of the chromatin landscape, enhancer regions and mode of function of steroid receptors (SRs) and other transcription factors (TFs), is an intricate web of signaling and functional processes that is still largely misunderstood at the mechanistic level. In this review, we describe what is currently known about the dynamic interplay between TFs with chromatin and the reprogramming of enhancer elements. Emphasis has been placed on characterizing the different modes of action of TFs in regulating enhancer activity, specifically, how different SRs target enhancer regions to reprogram chromatin in breast cancer cells. In addition, we discuss current techniques employed to study enhancer function at a genome-wide level. Further, we have noted recent advances in live cell imaging technology. These single-cell approaches enable the coupling of population-based assays with real-time studies to address many unsolved questions about SRs and chromatin dynamics in breast cancer.
The Evolution of Polymorphic Hybrid Incompatibilities in House Mice
Authors: Larson Erica L , Vanderpool Dan , Sarver Brice A J , Callahan Colin , Keeble Sara , Provencio Lorraine L , Kessler Michael D , Stewart Vanessa , Nordquist Erin , Dean Matthew D , Good Jeffrey M
Published: April 2018

Reproductive barriers are often assumed to arise from fixed genetic differences between species, despite frequent individual variation in the strength of reproductive isolation between populations. Larson et al. report polymorphism...

Resolving the mechanistic and genetic bases of reproductive barriers between species is essential to understanding the evolutionary forces that shape speciation. Intrinsic hybrid incompatibilities are often treated as fixed between species, yet there can be considerable variation in the strength of reproductive isolation between populations. The extent and causes of this variation remain poorly understood in most systems. We investigated the genetic basis of variable hybrid male sterility (HMS) between two recently diverged subspecies of house mice, Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus. We found that polymorphic HMS has a surprisingly complex genetic basis, with contributions from at least five autosomal loci segregating between two closely related wild-derived strains of M. m. musculus. One of the HMS-linked regions on chromosome 4 also showed extensive introgression among inbred laboratory strains and transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in hybrid crosses. Using additional crosses and whole genome sequencing of sperm pools, we showed that TRD was limited to hybrid crosses and was not due to differences in sperm motility between M. m. musculus strains. Based on these results, we argue that TRD likely reflects additional incompatibilities that reduce hybrid embryonic viability. In some common inbred strains of mice, selection against deleterious interactions appears to have unexpectedly driven introgression at loci involved in epistatic hybrid incompatibilities. The highly variable genetic basis to F1 hybrid incompatibilities between closely related mouse lineages argues that a thorough dissection of reproductive isolation will require much more extensive sampling of natural variation than has been commonly utilized in mice and other model systems.
Association between different blood groups, depression and oral health status of dental students
Authors: Yadav Kaluram , Solanki Jitender , Dileep C. L. , Adyanthaya B. R. , Mishra Prashant , Yadav Omprakash
Published: April 2018

Introduction. Knowledge of blood groups and their association with oral diseases and depression is very important, as it may help in early diagnosis and treatment strategies. Method. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among dental students of a private dental college. The study was conducted in two phases, in the first phase the blood samples of each student were collected and sent for blood group examination in laboratory. Data for oral health status was collected by recording oral hygiene, dental caries and questions regarding oral hygiene habits and adverse oral habits. Depression level was recorded using a pre-validated, 21 item close ended questionnaire. Data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis using chi-square and frequency distribution test using SPSS software.Results. The total study subjects were 315, 95 males and 220 females. On applying chi-square test between blood group and Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) score, a highly significant association (p=0.00) was observed. A non-significant association p=0.217 and p=0.668 was observed between gender and DMFT and Oral hygiene index-simplified and Blood group respectively. When comparing blood group and Depression score, a non-significant association (p=0.74) was observed.Conclusion. DMFT score varies in different blood groups and this might suggest a positive association between blood groups and DMFT score, while depression, oral hygiene and gender might not be affected by the different blood groups.
Memoirs and Letters of Polish Authors from the Western Krai (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) from the period of 1795–1918 – A Summary of the Project’s Outcomes and Characteristics of Research Perspectives
Authors: Caban Wiesław , Michalska Bracha Lidia
Published: April 2018

The article discusses the studies conducted in 2012–2017 at the Jan Kochanowski University under the research project entitled Memoirs and Letters of Polish Authors from the Western Krai (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) from the Period of 1795–1918. The project was implemented under the National Programme for the Development of Humanities by an international research team led by Professor Wiesław Caban. The study included inventorying and cataloguing the 19th-century diaries, memoirs and collections of letters of Polish authors from the so-called Western Krai (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) as well as the authors writing about these territories. Surveys of archival materials were conducted in libraries and archives in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia (including Siberia), London and Paris. The outcome of the project is an online database of memoirs and letters available at the Jan Kochanowski University website and a series of publications of the most valuable memoirs from Russian, Lithuanian and Ukrainian archives.
Professional Translator’s Ethics and Gender Issue
Authors: Diachuk Lyudmila
Published: April 2018

This article focuses on the ethical aspects of translation and the question of translators’ responsibility, which nowadays are major issues in Ukraine. The paper demonstrates and reviews numerous cases of copyright infringement. As our research has shown, the texts are sometimes translated into Ukrainian not from their source language, but from Russian translations, which leads to double manipulations with the text. To verify this claim, French women’s belles-lettres texts and their Ukrainian and Russian translations have been analysed and compared. The post-Soviet period of Ukraine’s development has showcased not only the translation-related issues, but also the moral and ethical attitude of translators and publishing houses towards translation as the sphere of copyright. This analysis of Ukrainian translations raises concerns that some book titles, and sometimes the entire belles-lettres works of French women’s prose, have been “copied” from Russian translations. The most significant, in this respect, is the Ukrainian translation of George Sand’s novel “Consuelo”, translated by Viktor Boyko and published in 2011 by the Kharkiv publishing house “Folio”.
A Modified Algorithm for Critical Congenital Heart Disease Screening Using Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Diller Christina L. , Kelleman Michael S. , Kupke Kenneth G. , Quary Sharon C. , Kochilas Lazaros K. , Oster Matthew E.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES:

Determine the performance of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) newborn screening algorithm and the impact of an alternative algorithm.

METHODS:

Screening was performed on term infants without a known CCHD diagnosis at or near 24 hours of age at a tertiary birth hospital by using the AAP algorithm from 2013 to 2016. Retrospective review from the birth hospital and the area’s sole pediatric cardiac center identified true- and false-positives and true- and false-negatives. A simulation study modeled the results of a modified screening algorithm with a single repeat pulse oximetry test instead of 2.

RESULTS:

Screening results were collected on 77 148 newborns . By using the current AAP algorithm, 77 114 (99.96%) infants passed screening, 18 infants failed for an initial saturation of <90%, and 16 failed after not attaining a passing pulse oximetry level after 3 tests. There was 1 true-positive (total anomalous pulmonary venous return), 33 false-positives, and 6 false-negatives, yielding an overall specificity of 99.96%, a sensitivity of 14.3%, and a false-positive rate of 0.043%. Among false-positives, 10 (31.3%) had significant non-CCHD disease. Simulating the modified algorithm, sensitivity remained at 14.3%, and the false-positive rate increased to 0.054%.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although CCHD screening in a tertiary care birth hospital may not detect many new cases of CCHD, it can detect other important diseases in newborns. Modifying the screening algorithm to 1 repeat pulse oximetry test instead of 2 may detect additional infants with significant disease without a substantial increase in the false-positive rate.
Macro-Micromechanical Properties of Sandy Pebble Soil of Different Coarse-Grained Content
Authors: Lu Junfu , Li Di , Xue Xiaoqiang , Ling Shenlin
Published: April 2018

Sandy pebble stratum is a typical discrete particle unstable stratum, mainly consisting of sand and pebble. However, the effect of coarse-grained content on the stability of stratum is not clear. This paper defined the sandy pebble soil of different coarse-grained content in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China as the research object. Research on macro-mesomechanical properties of sandy pebble soil of different coarse-grained content was carried out using the method combining the indoor large-scale triaxial test of coarse-grained soil with the discrete element numerical triaxial test. The research results showed that the stress-strain curve of sandy pebble soil exhibited strain softening with the increase of coarse-grained content; when the confining pressure was the same, the stress peak increased and the strain when the peak was reached decreased gradually with the increase of coarse-grained content. It revealed the functional relationship between coarse-grained content and mechanical indexes of sandy pebble soil such as internal friction angle and cohesion. The internal friction angle and cohesion of sandy pebble soil linearly increased with the rise of coarse-grained material; it proposed the particle discrete element micro parameters of sandy pebble soil of different coarse-grained content, including contact modulus, friction coefficient, particle stiffness ratio, contact bond strength. The research results provided the theoretical support for the new design and construction of sandy pebble stratum project.
A virtude da “mulher adúltera”: Ibn Gabirol e a dignidade da matéria
Authors: De Macedo Cecilia Cintra Cavaleiro
Published: April 2018

Podemos dizer que a predominância da forma sobre a matéria - ontologicamente, em hierarquia e em dignidade - no pensamento medieval é quase unânime. Na maior parte das propostas medievais de compatibilização entre filosofia e religião, a matéria sensível foi vista como bastarda (já que sua origem raramente é explicitada), como fonte da imperfeição, da carência e da falha, e, por vezes, associada diretamente ao mal e ao pecado. A imagem da matéria como mulher pecadora de origem duvidosa está já presente em Ibn Sina e passa a Maimônides que, comparando-a à adúltera, afirma que, apesar de manter um vínculo marital com uma forma, não cessa de mover-se, buscando constantemente outra forma para substituí-la. Pelas particularidades de sua doutrina, Ibn Gabirol não teve problemas ao abordar essa questão, inclusive quanto a indicar a origem da matéria – tema evitado pela maioria dos filósofos - mas não sem despertar fortes críticas de seus leitores contemporâneos e ao longo especificamente em relação à matéria, levantamos aqui as seguintes: 1) matéria não é corpo; 2) a matéria inteligível não é essencialmente distinta da matéria sensível; 3) a matéria não é a fonte da diversidade e da multiplicidade; 4) a matéria provém diretamente da Essência de Deus. Portanto, ainda que Ibn Gabirol mantenha as qualidades que, por outros filósofos, foram entendidas como sendo o caráter volúvel dessa mulher – ou seja, o fato de que ela está sempre apta a receber muitas formas – nada há que desabone sua conduta.