bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential curves and inelastic cross sections for low energy collisions of O+ and He
Authors: Augustin S. D. , Miller W. H. , Pearson P. K. , Schaefer H. F.
Published: February 2004

Potential curves corresponding to all the valence states of HeO+ have been calculated with a minimum basis set and full configuration interaction. The principal inelastic process in low energy collisions of ground state He and O+ is seen to be the S4→ 2D excitation O+, the transition arising from a spin-orbit interaction at a crossing of the lowest 4Σ and 2Π states of HeO+. Much more accurate calculations were thus carried out for these two states, as well as a semiclassical calculation of the cross section for He+O+(4S)→ He+O+(2D). The cross section has no activation energy other than its energetic threshold (3.3 eV) and rises to a maximum of ∼8.6× 10−3 Å2 at ∼ 6 eV. There is a residual oscillatory structure in the energy dependence of the cross section, and it is shown how experimental observation of this could be used to obtain precise information concerning the relevant potential curves.
Fine structure of the 2 3P state of the helium atom
Authors: Corsaro Felicia A. , Hameka Hendrik F.
Published: February 2004

The fine structure of the 2 3P state of the He atom depends on the spin-spin and spin-orbit interactions. It follows from the experimental splittings that the matrix element of the spin-spin interaction is 0.052767 cm−1 and the matrix element of the spin-orbit interaction is −0.196519 cm−1. We calculated the spin-spin interaction from a simple correlated wavefunction that may be used also for more complex systems. Our result is 0.053614 cm−1; this agrees with the experimental value to within 1.8%. We found that our correlation wavefunction is not particularly suitable for calculating the spin-orbit coupling.
Measurements of F2, NO, and ONF Raman cross sections and depolarization ratios for diagnostics in chemical lasers
Authors: Hoell James M. , Allario Frank , Jarrett Olin , Seals Robert K.
Published: February 2004

We report measurements of the depolarization ratio and the Raman scattering cross sections of F2, NO, and ONF relative to that of N2 for laser excitation at 4880 Å. Measurements of the minimum detectable concentration of F2 indicate that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool for diagnostics in a chemical laser. Data are also presented which suggest that the ratio of the rate constants, k2/k1, for the NO–F2 reaction (F2+NOk1→ ONF+F and F+NOk2→ ONF) with a N2 diluent is approximately one. This implies that the fractional dissociation of F2 molecules into F atoms produced by this reaction can be as high as 18%.
Physical basis for exponential carrier trap distributions in molecular solids
Authors: Reucroft P. J. , Mullins F. D.
Published: February 2004

A physical model to explain exponential carrier trap distributions in molecular solids is presented. It is considered that carrier traps are introduced by local polarization energy changes in the crystal lattice which arise from molecules being perturbed from their ideal crystal lattice positions. Molecules will be perturbed slightly or to a great extent with a range of perturbations between these extremes. In general, a greater fraction of slightly perturbed molecules will be found. In this model the relative contributions among a range of perturbed molecules will determine the trap parameter kTc If relatively large fractions of highly perturbed molecules occur, kTc will be large and a significant density of deep traps will be found. If only a small fraction of the total perturbed molecules are highly perturbed, kTc will be smaller and the majority of traps will be shallow.
Study of the libration of the ammonium ion in ammonium bromide in the ordered tetragonal phase by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Wang C.H. , Wright R.B.
Published: February 2004

The frequency, intensity, spectral bandwidth, and the Raman polarizability correlation function associated with the librational motion of the NH4+ ion in NH4Br below Tλ has been studied in detail as a function of temperature by Raman spectroscopy. From the second moment data, the earlier proposed reorientational mechanism was ruled out as a cause for the spectral broadening. The correlation time and spectral linewidth versus temperature data both show an Arrhenius type of temperature dependence. This temperature dependence was attributed to the thermally induced hydrogen bond breaking process.
Calculation of potential energy curves for S2 perturbed by a frozen inert gas matrix environment
Authors: Brabson G. D. , Volkmar R. L.
Published: February 2004

When S2 is trapped in a frozen inert gas matrix, both the equilibrium internuclear distance re and the vibrational parameter ωe are perturbed by the matrix environment. If it is assumed that the Morse potential adequately represents the lowest part of the potential energy curve, the perturbation of re can be related to the perturbation of ωe as follows: Δ re=−constant Δ ωe. The validity of this result is demonstrated by the fact that, if experimental values of Δ ωe are used to calculate predicted values of Δ re, these predicted values are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Photochemistry of trifluoromethyl benzenes. II. 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene
Authors: Gray David , Phillips David
Published: February 2004

The vapor of 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene excited near the 0–0 transition of the first absorption band has been shown to fluoresce with a quantum efficiency of 0.145, and intersystem cross to the triplet manifold with a quantum yield of 0.83. At shorter wavelengths, other competing processes occur. Rate parameters for quenching of the excited singlet state of 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene by O2 and various olefins are tabulated.
Pure quadrupole resonance spectra of perrhenates and periodates
Authors: Rogers Max T. , Rao K. V. S. Rama
Published: February 2004

Rhenium pure quadrupole resonances have been observed in sodium, ammonium and silver perrhenates and the frequencies of both transitions for both rhenium isotopes recorded at room temperature and at 77°K, except in the case of ammonium perrhenate, where no signal is observed below about 257°K. The pure iodine quadrupole resonances in sodium and potassium periodates have also been observed. The crystals all have the scheelite structure and some distortion of the anion from a regular tetrahedron is probable. Values of the point-charge field-gradient tensors have been computed where reliable x-ray data are available. The structure of the ions and the nature of the bonding is discussed.
Calculation of moments of NMR absorption lines from free-induction decay curves
Authors: Parker G. W.
Published: February 2004

A new method of obtaining experimental values for the even and odd moments of an NMR absorption line from the corresponding free induction decay (fid) curves is described. The method involves integration over an fid curve and can be used to evaluate the moments in spite of the fact that the initial portion of the fid is not observed.
Distinguishable electron method (DEM) for electronic structure calculations. V. Static polarizability of H2 in the screened valence bond (Wang) approximation
Authors: Scott W. R. , Kirtman B.
Published: February 2004

The distinguishable electron method is used to calculate the static polarizability tensor of H2, at three different internuclear distances, starting with the screened valence bond (Wang) initial approximation. As usual, a first-order correlation correction is obtained by means of accessible expressions which do not require correlated wavefunctions. Since the polarization potential is linear in the Cartesian electron coordinates, the one-electron molecular perturbation functions can be determined exactly from pure atomic equations. Our results are comparable to the coupled Hartree-Fock values, but are obtained much more easily. Finally, it is shown that nonsymmetric perturbation treatments, which ignore exchange, are unsatisfactory because of large errors in determining the first-order correlation correction.
Hydrogen transport in lithium hydride as a function of pressure
Authors: Catlett Duane S. , Spencer J. N. , Vogt G. Jerry
Published: February 2004

The exchange process for the reaction between deuterium gas and lithium hydride single crystals has been studied as a function of deuterium pressure over the range 32–555 torr at 465°C. The kinetic data could be fit best by considering the rate of the exchange process to be controlled by the diffusion of D−. By using solutions to Fick's second law and considering the surface concentration of D2 to vary with pressure, the diffusion coefficients were found to be independent of pressure. The tracer diffusion coefficients thus found were 1.4 × 10−9 cm2 sec−1 for a one-dimensional model and 1.9 × 10−9 cm2 sec−1 for a three-dimensional model.
On the lower excited electronic states of decacyclene
Authors: Brugman C. J. M. , Scherpenzeel P. J. van , Rettschnick R. P. H. , Hoijtink G. J.
Published: February 2004

Absorption and emission spectra of decacyclene are presented. The experimental data are compared with the results of configuration interaction calculations of the Pariser-Parr type including doubly excited configurations. The agreement between the experimental and the calculated term schemes is satisfactory for the lower excited states. It can be shown that the S0-S1 transition is symmetry forbidden.
Deuteron, proton, and sodium magnetic resonance study of sodium bromide dihydrate and sodium chloride dihydrate
Authors: Håland Kjell E. , Pedersen Bjo/rn
Published: February 2004

The cw-deuteron magnetic resonance spectra of the completely deuterated dihydrates of sodium bromide and sodium chloride, NaBr · 2 H2O and NaCl· 2 H2O have been recorded at three different temperatures. The spectra have been analyzed in terms of flipping water molecules at high temperatures and ``static'' water molecules at low temperatures. The potential barriers hindering the flip motion of the water molecules have been estimated. The electric field gradient (efg) tensor at the four crystallographically distinct H sites have been determined. Minor, but significant changes in the atomic positions for the H atoms have been derived from the efg's. The observed values of the largest component of the efg's are qualitatively in agreement with crystallographic and infrared data. A single, selected cw-proton magnetic resonance spectrum of each of the two compounds has been analyzed in detail. The observed spectrum of the bromide is shown to be in agreement with the calculated spectrum from the new H positions. A ``shift'' in the spectrum of the chloride earlier observed by Rockelmann and Sillescu is explained by the fact that half of the water molecules forms ``dimers'' in the structure leading to strong intermolecular coupling. The cw-23Na magnetic resonance spectra of completely deuterated NaBr · 2 H2O have been recorded at room temperature. The efg at the sodium site has been determined, and found to be closely similar to earlier determination of the sodium efg in NaCl · 2 H2O. In general the magnetic resonance data for the two isotypic compounds are closely similar, showing that the static and dynamic structure of the two hydrates also must be closely similar.
Multipole polarizabilities and London dispersion forces between neon and helium atoms using double perturbation theory
Authors: Broussard J. T. , Kestner Neil R.
Published: February 2004

Using an interchange theorem the polarizability of the neon atom at imaginary frequencies is calculated correct to first order in electron correlation. These results are then used to evaluate the long-range dispersion interactions between two neon atoms and between neon and helium atoms. For neon-neon interactions we find −(5.308 / R6) [1+(11.53 / R2) + (189.5 / R4)], while for neon-helium we find −(2.641 / R6) [1+(10.63 / R2) + (157.9 / R4)].
Band structures in N2 Rydberg complexes
Authors: Carroll P. K.
Published: February 2004

Some general features of p-complex theory are discussed with particular reference to the different ways in which the energy levels in case b correlate with those in case d depending on whether the 1Σ state of the complex lies above or below the Π1 state. The appropriate correlations are made for the case of the np complexes of N2 which give absorption Rydberg series converging to the ground state of N2+. The relative intensities of lines are calculated for lower complexes by applying line strength formulas recently derived by Kovacs and using the constants derived from rotational analyses. The results are illustrated for the cases of the 5p and 8p complexes. For the higher np complexes of which rotational analyses cannot be made, extrapolated constants are used in the expressions for energy levels and intensities, and band profiles are computed. The theoretical profiles are compared with those observed experimentally and in this way characteristic changes in structure with increasing n can be interpreted.
Theory of molecular interactions. III. A comparison of studies of H2O polymers using different molecular-orbital basis sets
Authors: Del Bene Janet E. , Pople J. A.
Published: February 2004

This paper presents a survey of recent ab initio SCF calculations on water polymers and examines the relationship between calculated results and the choice of basis set used in the LCAO expansion. It is found that current studies give similar descriptions of the general features of the hydrogen bond, although variations do occur due to the nature and size of the basis set used. In many cases, differences in intermolecular properties can be correlated with differences in the calculated value of the monomer dipole moment.
Nonequilibrium relaxation methods. Acoustic effects in transient chemical reactions
Authors: Gilbert R. , Ortoleva P. , Ross John
Published: February 2004

The hydrodynamic equations of motion describing the interaction of sound with transient chemical reactions are written for adiabatic conditions to take account of changes in enthalpy and stoichiometry, and the possibility of temperature and pressure dependent rate coefficients. The equations are linearized in small inhomogeneous perturbations away from the time-dependent homogeneous state of the reacting system and solved by asymptotic expansion methods in the limit of high acoustic frequencies. Depending on the properties of the reaction, amplification, attenuation, and frequency changes of the sound may occur. Details are given for the ideal gas reactions A → B+C, A → B. Numerical solutions of the hydrodynamic equations of motion confirm the predictions of the theory quantitatively. The asymptotic expansion method is compared to WKB-type solutions and, in lowest order, the results of the two methods agree for the acoustic but not the reactive modes. Measurements of the rate of change of amplitude and frequency of the sound wave due to reaction provide information on rate coefficients and their temperature and pressure dependence. The theory is developed for standing acoustic waves and propagating wave packets. The analysis provides an extension of relaxation methods to transient reactions far from chemical equilibrium.
Empirical intermolecular potentials for N2 and CO2 from crystal data
Authors: Jacobi N. , Schnepp O.
Published: February 2004

Lattice frequencies and energies are calculated with an n-6 atom-atom potential to fit recent Raman spectra of solid N2 and neutron scattering data of solid CO2. It is found that n ∞ 9 provides a slightly better fit than the previously used n = 12. The atom-atom potential, giving a fit of about 10% to experimental data, is compared with other potentials and it is pointed out that it can be modified and supplemented by other terms (a quadrupole potential) so as to yield a more realistic potential model, having the expected forms at the limits of large and small intermolecular distance.
Collinear collisions of an atom and string oscillator
Authors: Hanson Marvin P. , Werbelow Lawrence G.
Published: February 2004

A comparison is made between quantum and classical treatments of impulsive collinear collisions between an atom and string oscillator. The quantum mechanical transition probabilities are evaluated numerically and show a strong dependence upon the masses of the atom and oscillator. This mass dependence is found to parallel the effect observed upon the transition probability when the interaction potential between the atom and the oscillator is varied. A classical argument is used to rationalize this parallel as resulting from the effect of impact multiplicity. The classical transition probabilities and average energy transfer per collision are given explicity for four systems of varying mass. The quantum average energy transfer is generally well approximated by the classical result. However, a large discrepancy appears for certain masses of atom and oscillator.
Excitation of luminescence from KCl:Tl+, KBr:Tl+, and KI:Tl+ by slow electron impact
Authors: Hiraoka Kenzo , Hamill William H.
Published: February 2004

Luminescence of Tl+-doped KCl, KBr, and Kl evaporated thin films at 290 and 77 °K is excited by slow electron impact. Emission spectra at ≥ 15 eV excitation correspond to those observed under uv excitation, but they are insensitive to the electron energy. The excitation spectra resemble closely the characteristic electron energy loss spectra of the pure alkali halides, the latter being unchanged by 10−3 mole fraction of thallous halide. Of the three pure alkali halides, only KI emits intrinsic luminescence at 77°K and only KI:Tl+ emits both intrinsic and Tl+-characteristic luminescence at 77°K. The A, B, C, and D absorption bands of Tl+ overlap the lower part of the excitation spectrum for electron impact, but that is required by the energetics. All luminescence excitations, including those below the first optical exciton, appear to be intrinsic to the alkali halide. In that case, all excitations involve migration of excitons, including those below the first optical exciton.
Vacuum ultraviolet and photoelectron spectra of fluoro-chloro derivatives of methane
Authors: Doucet J. , Sauvageau P. , Sandorfy C.
Published: February 2004

The photoelectron and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectra (200–120 nm) of CF3Cl, CF3Br, CF2HCl, CFH2Cl, CFHCl2, CF2Cl2, and CFCl3 are reported and discussed. The lowest ionization potentials belong to the chlorine or bromine lone pair orbitals, the next highest ones to the bonding orbitals of mainly C–Cl or C–Br character. In the absorption spectra the lowest freuqency bands are due to weak valence-shell type transitions. At higher freuqencies we find much stronger Rydberg type bands related to the first ionization potential. All absorption bands up to 84 000 cm−1 depart from chlorine or bromine lone pair orbitals. Some of the bands exhibit vibrational fine structure. An increase in the number of the fluorine atoms causes a shift to either higher or lower energies of the ionization potentials belonging to orbitals of mainly C–H or C–Cl character according to the cases while the lone pair ionization potentials and the absorption spectra shift to higher energies in all cases.
Fluctuation effects of a Rouse chain on the transverse nuclear magnetization dynamics
Authors: Cohen-Addad J. P. , Battezzati M.
Published: February 2004

It is shown that the Rouse model can qualitatively accout for the time evolution of the transverse magnetization of protons bound to cis-1, 4-polybutadiene chains, in the molten state. The extension of the Rouse model from dilute chain solutions to molten polymers is based on the hypothesis of a weak local viscosity.
On the equilibrium pressure of phases with very small dimensions
Authors: Bonissent Alain , Mutaftschiev Boyan
Published: February 2004

Following Mayer's and Frenkel's statistical treatment of condensation, two difference equations are proposed, that could be considered as most general forms of the Thomson-Gibbs formula relating the equilibrium vapor pressure of small phases with their dimension. The first equation (18) assumes the knowledge of the complete ``cluster integral'' for particles of each size. The second one (19) takes into account the internal partition function of the most stable configuration only. Both equations, being discontinuous, give supersaturation ranges in which particles could be considered as critical nuclei in the condensation process. The computer calculation of the cluster integrals for (2- to 14-atomic) particles of a monatomic substance with central forces, using the Lennard-Jones 6–12 potential, shows a negligible difference between the numerical values of the supersaturations obtained by Eqs. (18) and (19). On the other hand, from the comparison of these data with the Thomson-Gibbs formula for the same model, it follows that the latter is a fairly good approximation even for particles of only a few atoms. A discussion of the most stable structure of small particles and of the smoothing effect of their entropy terms on the vapor pressure curve, enables us to affirm that such particles have a pronounced liquid character even at low temperatures.
Optimization of variational trial functions
Authors: Bloemer William L. , Bruner Buddy L.
Published: February 2004

It is shown that the first and second partials of an upper or lower bound with respect to an arbitrary set of nonlinear parameters may be exactly calculated from the corresponding partials of the defining matrix elements after one variational determination of the trial function. A stable and quadratically convergent minimization procedure is presented which efficiently exploits the availability of the partials to permit optimization of the trial functions with respect to the nonlinear parameters. The formalism for applications in the area of atomic and molecular theory including Hartree-Fock and variational-perturbation techniques is explicitly developed. Results for optimizations of atomic orbital exponents and molecular geometries are presented.
Hindered rotational energy levels of a tetrahedron in a tetrahedral crystal field
Authors: Smith David
Published: February 2004

The energy levels for the motion of a rigid tetrahedral molecule in a tetrahedral crystal field have been computed by the method developed by King and Hornig. The symmetry group of the Hamiltonian is T̄× T, where T̄ is the tetrahedral group of rotations about body-fixed axes and T is the tetrahedral group of rotations about space-fixed axes.
Carbon and fluorine x-ray emission and fluorine K absorption spectra of the fluoromethane molecules, CH4−nFn(0 ≤ n ≤ 4). II
Authors: LaVilla Robert E.
Published: February 2004

The carbon and fluorine Kα emission and the fluorine K absorption spectra of the molecular gases CH4−nFn(0 ≤ n ≤ 4) are reported. All the spectra were obtained on a single flat crystal spectrometer with photon counting. The emission spectra, which were excited by direct electron bombardment, are in fair agreement with an interpretation based on electric dipole transitions between single vacancy states and molecular orbital theory for the molecules. The applicability of x-ray emission spectra to the determination of orbital order of a molecule is illustrated. The proximity of the resonance structure in the fluorine K absorption spectra for CH4−nFn(1 ≤ n ≤ 4) to their respective fluorine K shell thresholds suggests that the resonance structure is due to transitions to excited valence states 1a→ V* rather than Rydberg states.
Molecular collisions. XVII. Formal theory of rotational and vibrational excitation in collisions of polyatomic molecules
Authors: Hunter L. W. , Curtiss C. F.
Published: February 2004

The theory of collisions of two rotating, vibrating polyatomic molecules is treated quantum mechanically. Four scattering cross sections are expressed in terms of a quantity S, which is related to the usual scattering matrix by a unitary transformation. The quantity S is determined by a symmetrical set of coupled differential equations.
Calculation of the dynamic polarizability of H2 by the distinguishable electron method
Authors: Venanzi Thomas J. , Kirtman Bernard
Published: February 2004

The first four Cauchy coefficients for H2 are computed by the distinguishable electron method starting with the screened valence bond (Wang) initial approximation. In order to avoid the problem of evaluating two-center integrals with Slater-type orbitals of high principal quantum number, we use a set of fitted polarization functions determined by a minimum quadratic deviations procedure. Our Cauchy coefficients agree well with a previous accurate calculation by Victor et al., but are consistently smaller than the coupled Hartree-Fock values.
Rate constants for the thermal energy reactions of He+, He(21S), and He(23S) with HCl and HBr
Authors: Bush Y. A. , McFarland M. , Albritton D. L. , Schmeltekopf A. L.
Published: February 2004

The rate constants for the reactions of He+, He(21S), and He(23S) with HCl and HBr are reported. The charge-transfer reactions are dissociative and the rate constants lie between the Langevin and locked dipole rates. The Penning ionization rate constants are also large. The ratio of singlet-to-triplet cross sections is 2.3.
Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with rumen-protected tuna oil enriches milk fat with n-3 fatty acids without affecting milk production or sensory characteristics
Authors: Kitessa Soressa M. , Gulati Suresh K. , Simos Gillian C. , Ashes John R. , Scott Trevor W. , Fleck Eva , Wynn Peter C.
Published: February 2004

The present study was conducted to determine the pattern of incorporation of dietary EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into milk, and to evaluate consequent changes in milk fat composition and sensory characteristics. Fourteen multiparous cows in early lactation were divided into two groups and were offered supplements for 10 d. While individual stalls after each morning milking, one group was offered a mixture of rumen-protected tuna oil (RPTO)–soyabean supplement (2 kg; 30:70, w/w; +RPTO) and the second group was offered the basal ration without RPTO (−RPTO). Both groups grazed together on a spring pasture after supplementation. Feeding supplemental RPTO increased the concentrations of EPA and DHA in milk fat from undetectable levels in −RPTO cows to 6·9 and 10·1 g/kg milk fat respectively. Total n-3 PUFA concentration in milk fat was increased three- to fourfold by tuna-oil supplementation (8·4 to 32·0 g/kg milk fat). There were no significant effects on milk production (35·4 v. 33·9 l/d), milk protein (28·2 v. 30·1 g/kg) or milk fat (36·2 v. 40·4 g/kg for −RPTO and +RPTO respectively). The concentration of total saturated fatty acids in milk fat was significantly reduced (568 v. 520 g/kg total fatty acids) and there was a 17 % reduction in the atherosclerotic index of milk after tuna-oil supplementation. Untrained consumer panellists (n 61) rated milk from both groups of cows similarly for taste and smell. We conclude that it is possible to enrich milk with n-3 PUFA without deleterious effects on yield, milk composition or sensory characteristics.
Disaccharidase activity in the intestinal tract of Wistar–Furth, diabetes-resistant and diabetes-prone BioBreeding rats
Authors: Courtois Philippe , Sener Abdullah , Scott Fraser W. , Malaisse Willy J.
Published: February 2004

Diabetes-prone BioBreeding (BBdp) rats often present an enteropathy that may precede the onset of autoimmune insulitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of sex, the time course, the strain specificity, the distribution along the intestinal tract and the effect of diet for the changes in the activity of gut invertase, maltase and lactase found in BBdp rats, as compared with both Wistar–Furth (WF) and diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (BBc) rats. These hydrolases were measured, therefore, at day 10, 30, 45, 70, 95 and 120 in three intestinal segments of WF, BBc and BBdp rats fed, after weaning, either a protective high-casein diet, which decreases the incidence of diabetes in the BBdp rats, or one of two diabetogenic diets (National Toxicology Program; NTP or wheat-gluten-based; WG). Except for a somewhat lower lactase activity in the BBdp rats, no obvious difference in hydrolyase activity between the three strains of rats was observed at day 10. Between days 30 and 120, however, the activity of the hydrolases, especially that of invertase and lactase, was lower in the BBdp rats than in either the WF or BBc rats, at least when considering the animals fed either the NTP or WG diet. These findings support the view that BBdp rats exposed to a diabetogenic diet develop an enteropathy well before the onset of autoimmune insulitis, in a manner somehow comparable with the situation found in some type 1 diabetic patients, in whom coeliac disease may be diagnosed before diabetes onset.
Ganoderma lucidum(‘Lingzhi’), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study
Authors: Wachtel-Galor Sissi , Tomlinson Brian , Benzie Iris F. F.
Published: February 2004

Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a woody mushroom highly regarded in traditional medicine and is widely consumed in the belief that it promotes health and longevity, lowers the risk of cancer and heart disease and boosts the immune system. However, objective scientific validation of the putative health benefits of Lingzhi in human subjects is lacking, and issues of possible toxicity must be addressed. The present double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention study investigated the effects of 4 weeks Lingzhi supplementation on a range of biomarkers for antioxidant status, CHD risk, DNA damage, immune status, and inflammation, as well as markers of liver and renal toxicity. It was performed as a follow-up to a study that showed that antioxidant power in plasma increased after Lingzhi ingestion, and that 10 d supplementation was associated with a trend towards an improved CHD biomarker profile. In the present study, fasting blood and urine from healthy, consenting adults (n18; aged 22–52 years) was collected before and after 4 weeks supplementation with a commercially available encapsulated Lingzhi preparation (1·44 g Lingzhi/d; equivalent to 13·2 g fresh mushroom/d) or placebo. No significant change in any of the variables was found, although a slight trend toward lower lipids was again seen, and antioxidant capacity in urine increased. The results showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity with Lingzhi intake, and this is reassuring. The present study of the effects in healthy, well-nourished subjects provides useful, new scientific data that will support controlled intervention trials using at-risk subjects in order to assess the therapeutic effect of Lingzhi in the promotion of healthy ageing.
Digital reference services: how do the library‐based services compare with the expert services?
Authors: Cloughley Karen
Published: February 2004

Reports on the performance of five free digital reference services (DRS) in answering ten reference questions. The first five questions were of a simple, factual, nature which should have ready answers. The second set of five were based on the subject of film studies. The answers to these questions varied from a simple one‐ or two‐word response, to more extensive information, such as question 10. This study notes the use of various delivery methods for DRS: chat, Web forms, e‐mail. It outlines the individual and co‐operative approaches; and the challenges posed to the academic libraries by the so‐called expert services. This study also intends to check if the services would ask for further information to ensure accuracy or simply provide the best answer based on the first query. It finds that there is often a trade‐off between speed of response and quality or accuracy of response.
Just another channel? Marketing communications in e‐business
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: February 2004

In the digital world, marketing communications is concerned with creating presence, creating relationships, and creating mutual value. The Internet as a marketing channel is interactive, accessible, ubiquitous, and integrates marketing communication with commercial transactions and service delivery. As a channel, the Internet both sends content to an audience, and acts as a route to a group of customers. In order to build presence, e‐merchants enter a world of new marketing concepts such as banner ads, click through, affiliate networks, URL's and portals. The role and value of brands takes on new dimensions. The potential for building relationships is inherent in every transaction and dialog. No longer does the marketer need to speculate about customer needs; they actually know customer‐purchasing profiles. Customer service, customer profiles and customisation present important marketing opportunities. Value creation both requires and strengthens mutual dependence. Communities, including customer communities and virtual business communities are important contexts through which mutual value can be created. By drawing a broad picture of marketing communication in an Internet world, this article seeks to establish a context for innovation, development and research.
Reliability‐based analysis of service recovery
Authors: Simons Jacob V.
Published: February 2004

To succeed, service businesses must offer their customers high‐quality, reliable service. However, many of the characteristics that make services unique also make it difficult to ensure consistently correct performance. To promptly identify and correct errors when they occur, service managers have been advised to include recovery steps in their service processes. However, while service recovery has anecdotal support, the literature has so far not offered management tools for analytically evaluating a system's needs for recovery measures or assessing their potential benefit. To provide such a tool, this paper transfers the logic of reliability theory, which is widely used in the design of electrical and mechanical systems. The application of this approach yields several useful insights for managers, to include the effects of various process structure characteristics.
Consumer attitudes toward marketing in a transitional economy: a replication and extension
Authors: Chan Tsang‐Sing , Cui Geng
Published: February 2004

Burgeoning consumerism in transitional economies has significant implications for both multinational corporations and local companies. Based on a survey of four cities in mainland China, this research examines consumer attitudes toward marketing, and compares the findings with those of previous studies of other economies. The results suggest that consumers in mainland China are less critical of marketing than their counterparts in advanced economies. Furthermore, consumer attitudes toward marketing, beliefs about business, and their interactions have significant effects on consumer satisfaction. The implications for marketing operations in transitional economies and avenues for future research are explored.
The effect of brand extension strategies upon brand image
Authors: Martínez Eva , de Chernatony Leslie
Published: February 2004

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect that a brand extension strategy has on brand image. Specifically, the paper analyzes how variables related to the parent brand and the extension influence brand image after the extension. From a sample of 389 consumers the paper demonstrates that the extension strategy dilutes the brand image. Through a regression analysis it is shown that the perceived quality of the brand and consumers’ attitudes towards the extension positively influence both the general brand image (GBI) and the product brand image (PBI) after the extension. While familiarity with the products of the brand only affect the GBI, the perceived degree of fit affects the PBI.
Managing a growth culture: how CEOs can initiate and monitor a successful growth‐project culture
Authors: Benko Cathy , McFarlan Warren
Published: February 2004

Today, all companies are more dependent than ever on projects for growth; that is how innovations begin and are implemented. The problem is deciding, in an uncertain environment, which projects are truly the high values ones and which ones need to be cancelled. This article offers a project management methodology as a solution. The three key premises: (1) successful management of your business’ project portfolio largely determines its ability to innovate and grow; (2) using an integrated analysis of the projects as a portfolio will better align them to the company’s strategic intent, promote agility to adapt to changing business conditions, redirect resources to higher‐value opportunities, and build improved capabilities; (3) adoption of three innovative practices to change the project management culture will manifest numerous performance improvements.
Place, kinship and the case for non‐ethnic nations
Authors: Eriksen Thomas Hylland
Published: February 2004

Abstract.One of A. D. Smith's most controversial contributions to the theory of nationalism is his view of the role of theethniein the historical emergence of nationhood. He sees theethnie, its shared memories, myths and territorial belonging as important conditions for stable national identities based on deep emotional commitments, thereby arguing against radical modernist and constructivist views of nationhood. While Smith's view has much to recommend it, this paper argues for a wider, more metaphorical conceptualisation of his central terms, using examples to support the view that both kinship (ethnicity) and place (territory) – basic elements in political identity everywhere – may be construed on the basis of diverse materials. However, and here Smith's interventions have been extremely valuable, the resulting collective identity must be based on some notion of kinship and place in order to be a national identity proper.
From ethnic group toward the modern nation: the Czech case
Authors: Hroch Miroslav
Published: February 2004

Historians usually try to understand and interpret the reasons for the successful result of national movements. Less attractive seems to be the question, why the early ‘nationalists’ took the decision to persuade the members of their ethnie to accept a new national identity, i.e., why did Phase B start? The author of this article formulated many years ago the hypothesis that this decision had to do with the identity crisis caused by great reforms and changes which put in question the old system of values and legitimacy, and eroded old pre‐modern ties in patriarchal or late ‘feudal’ societies. The article tries to check this hypothesis analyzing the turn towards Phase B in the case of Czech intellectuals (in Bohemia) at the end of the eighteenth and first decade of the nineteenth centuries, in the time of radical enlightened reforms and of the wars against the French Revolution. Loosening their old ties and traditional values, these intellectuals tried to find a new identity with their nation‐to‐be. The author argues that this decision was not a voluntarist mood or ‘nationalist’ plague but that it had serious social motivation. The same can be said about the turn of the incipient Czech national movement towards language and literature.
Eating behaviors of elderly persons with hyperlipidemia in urban Chiang Mai
Authors: Aree Patcharaporn , Tanphaichitr Vichai , Suttharangsri Wandee , Kavanagh Kathryn
Published: February 2004

The objective of the present ethnographic study was to describe the eating behaviors of elderly persons with hyperlipidemia. Twenty‐one elderly subjects with hyperlipidemia and their relatives volunteered to be included in the study. Focus group and in‐depth interviews with participant observations were used for data collection. Each transcript from interviews and observations were analyzed using content analysis. Subjects were asked to validate findings and ethical considerations were maintained throughout the study. When discussing the meaning of food, three themes emerged: (i) substances make people strong or healthy; (ii) food is like medicine and; (iii) food causes illness. Most subjects had learned about food and nutrition from their parents or relatives and from school. Regarding food procurement, most bought food such as fish or other seafood, meat and eggs from the fresh markets nearby almost daily. All subjects cooked their own traditional northern Thai food, such as Hung‐le (northern curry) and preferred seasoning such as fish sauce, pepper and herbs. They ate when they were hungry or after they had finished working. The present study reflected that northern Thai culture strongly influences the participants’ eating behaviors.
Predictors of nurses’ intent to stay at work in a university health center
Authors: Sourdif Jacynthe
Published: February 2004

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate nurses’ intent to stay at work and to determine the associations between intent to stay and various predictors. A sample of 108 nurses at a single tertiary care hospital filled in a questionnaire on intent to stay, satisfaction at work, satisfaction with administration, organizational commitment and work group cohesion. The results showed that the majority of nurses are planning to stay in their current job. Satisfaction at work and satisfaction with administration are the best predictors of intent to stay and explained 25.5% of intent to stay variance. It is possible that developing strategies based on the predictors of intent to stay at work could improve that intent. Healthcare organizations could consider this with the objective of increasing nurses’ intent to stay at work and, consequently, retention.
The prevalence of urinary incontinence in women in four European countries
Authors: Hunskaar S. , Lose G. , Sykes D. , Voss S.
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence, type and treatment behaviour of women with urinary incontinence in four European countries.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Data were collected using a postal survey which was sent to 29 500 community‐dwelling women aged ≥ 18 years in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Subjects were asked about the type of urinary incontinence they had experienced and their treatment behaviour.

RESULTS

Of the women who responded, 35% reported involuntary loss of urine in the preceding 30 days; stress urinary incontinence was the most prevalent type. The lowest prevalence was in Spain (23%), while the prevalence was 44%, 41% and 42% for France, Germany and the UK, respectively. About a quarter of women with urinary incontinence in Spain (24%) and the UK (25%) had consulted a doctor about it; in France (33%) and Germany (40%) the percentages were higher. Overall, < 5% of the women had ever undergone surgery for their condition. While pads were used by half of the women, there were some differences among the countries.

CONCLUSIONS

Millions of women in Europe have urinary incontinence; the consultation and treatment rates were low in the European countries included in this study.
Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: experience in children
Authors: Kuwertz‐Broeking E. , Brinkmann O.A. , Von Lengerke H.‐J. , Sciuk J. , Fruend S. , Bulla M. , Harms E. , Hertle L.
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVES

To report a retrospective study of unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidneys (MCDK) in children, assessing the contralateral kidneys and urinary tract, the functional consequences, and the urological and nephrological management and outcome, as unilateral MCDK is the most common cause of renal cystic disease in children, and malformations of the contralateral urinary tract and kidney (pelvi‐ureteric obstruction, megaureter, reflux, renal dysplasia) have been reported.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 97 patients (60 boys, 37 girls) with MCDK seen between 1985 and 1998; 82 were diagnosed in utero by ultrasonography (US). After birth, the diagnosis was verified by US, renal scanning (in 93) or intravenous urography (in four), and 89 (92%) had voiding cysto‐urethrography (VCUG). Of the 97 children, 87 (90%) had a mean (range) follow‐up of 44.3 (15–115) months.

RESULTS

The MCDK was removed in 17 children; the follow‐up of 75 children (five lost to follow‐up) showed total involution of the MCDK in 25%, shrinkage in 60% and a stable size in 15%. None had any sign of malignancy. The contralateral kidney showed anomalies in 19 of 97 children (20%); 12 had a dilated renal pelvis (two with megaureter), six had a high echogenicity of the contralateral kidney (one had reflux, and two also pelvic dilatation). In only four of the 89 children was reflux found by VCUG; 16 of the 19 anomalies were detected by US. Five children needed surgery on the contralateral urinary tract (three a pyeloplasty, and one each a pyeloplasty plus ureteroneocystostomy, and an antireflux procedure). Of the contralateral kidneys 43% showed compensatory hypertrophy. There was mild renal insufficiency in three children; renal function seemed to be slightly impaired in many. Five infants had hypertension (four with spontaneous resolution) caused by renal scarring after pyelonephritis or inborn dysplasia of the contralateral kidney. There were symptomatic urinary tract infections in seven children.

CONCLUSION

US can be used safely to diagnose unilateral MCDKs and malformations of the contralateral urinary tract and kidney. In cases where US of the dysplastic kidney remains uncertain renal scintigraphy is necessary to detect the lack of renal function. The low rate of reflux makes routine VCUG unnecessary if the contralateral upper urinary tract and kidney appear to be normal on US. Nephrectomy of the dysplastic kidney in typical cases is also unnecessary. A long‐term nephro‐urological follow‐up of children with MCDK is recommended.
Increased expression of caveolin‐1 and microvessel density correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Joo H.J. , Oh D.K. , Kim Y.S. , Lee K.B. , Kim S.J.
Published: February 2004

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship of caveolin‐1 expression and microvessel density (MVD), a reflection of angiogenesis, with metastasis and prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of clear cell RCC from 67 patients who had undergone radical nephrectomy were stained immunohistochemically with specific antibodies against caveolin‐1 and CD34. Caveolin‐1 immunostaining was semi‐quantitatively estimated based on the proportion (percentage of positive cells) and intensity. MVD was determined with CD34‐stained slides. The expression pattern of caveolin‐1 and MVD was compared with the clinicopathological variables.

RESULTS

Eighteen patients had either synchronous or metachronous metastases and 11 died during the follow‐up. Caveolin‐1 intensity was significantly correlated with tumour size (P = 0.005), TNM stage (P = 0.028), M stage (P = 0.012), grade (P = 0.015), and metastasis (synchronous or metachronous; P < 0.001). The caveolin‐1 proportion (P = 0.037) and MVD (P = 0.011) were significantly correlated with metastasis. MVD was correlated with caveolin‐1 intensity (r = 0.385, P = 0.001) and caveolin‐1 proportion (r = 0.388, P = 0.001). There was no difference in the expression of caveolin‐1 and MVD between primary and metastatic sites. The survival of patients with higher caveolin‐1 intensity was significantly worse than that of patients with lower caveolin‐1 intensity. Multivariate analyses indicated that only M‐stage was an independent prognostic factor for cancer‐specific survival and caveolin‐1 expression was not an independent factor.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased expression of caveolin‐1 and MVD is associated with metastasis and a worse prognosis in clear cell RCC. Caveolin‐1 expression is correlated with MVD. These results suggest that caveolin‐1 may be important in the progression of clear cell RCC and angiogenesis may be affected by caveolin‐1 during the progression of RCC.