bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Surgical Biopsy
Authors: Nahum Alan M. , Bernstein Paul E. , Saltzstein Sidney
Published: April 2016

A cost‐benefit analysis of biopsy techniques for deep cervical lesions reveals that the aspiration biopsy is superior in terms of cost, speed, and morbidity but inferior in accuracy. Aspiration is most accurate for the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes. An early diagnosis of malignancy by needle aspiration can be of benefit in several stages of patient management.
Hemangiopericytoma of the Nasal Cavity
Authors: Gorenstein Aryeh , Facer George W. , Weiland Louis H.
Published: April 2016

Only 12 cases of nasal hemangiopericytoma have been reported in the literature. Ten additional cases are presented herein. Surgical excision is the recommended treatment; cryosurgery was used in one of our patients. Four of the ten patients had recurrences, one of which proved to be malignant (with distant metastases to the lung) and was ultimately fatal.
The Otolaryngologic Presentation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Carpenter Robert J. , McDonald Thomas J. , Howard Frank M.
Published: April 2016

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive degenerative neuromuscular disease of insidious onset. It involves upper and lower motor neurons and causes both spastic and atrophic muscular symptoms. More than one fourth of patients have complaints relating to the head and neck (bulbar palsy); thus, the otolaryngologist may be the first physician to see them. Predominant symptoms are slurred speech, hoarseness, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Muscular weakness, atrophy, and fasciculation are noted on examination. The course is relentless, and only 20% of patients survive five years after diagnosis.
The Use of Reconstituted Bovine Collagen for Tympanic Membrane Grafting
Authors: Abbenhaus James I.
Published: April 2016

Reconstituted bovine collagen is an incomplete protein; it will not support bacterial growth and causes minimal local reaction. It has been used in numerous experiments on animals throughout the phylogenetic scale. With these facts, tympanoplasty was performed on 63 persons. Five years of follow‐up indicate acceptable tympanic membrane repair with eight failures.
Experimental Studies on the Role of Vitamin a in the Inner Ear
Authors: Chole Richard A.
Published: April 2016

With the sole exception of the hair cells of the inner ear, where information is lacking, all special somatic afferent receptor cells have been shown to be dependent upon vitamin A for normal function. In view of the paucity of information on the role of vitamin A in the inner ear, three experiments were performed to examine this relationship.

Temporal bone histopathology was studied in rats deprived of vitamin A. In a second experiment, vitamin A‐deficient rats were maintained with vitamin A acid and the histopathology was studied under the light microscope. In the third experiment, a microfluorometric estimate of the content of vitamin A in the guinea pig cochlea was performed. A fluorescent compound with the exact spectral characteristics of vitamin A was found in the guinea pig cochlea at a concentration of 21.2μg/gm, which is ten times the vitamin A concentration found in most other tissues.
Emerging Characteristics of the Acoustic Reflex in Infants
Authors: Stream Richard W. , Stream Kathryn S. , Walker James R. , Breningstall Galen
Published: April 2016

One hundred ninety‐nine infants (birth to 15 weeks) were administered an impedance battery to describe emerging characteristics of the acoustic reflex in this age range. Tympanometry results suggest that the middle ear system changes from a highly flaccid state at birth to a relatively normal compliance by 15 weeks. Acoustic reflexes were observed infrequently in the newborn population and gradually increased as a function of age, but never exceeding 43% of the ears tested. A conservative approach regarding the relevance of the presence of the reflex in young children is warranted.
Dermal‐Fat‐Fascia Grafts
Authors: Conley John J. , Clairmont Albert A.
Published: April 2016

Free dermal‐fat‐fascia grafts are used for subdermal augmentation in soft tissue or bony deficiencies resulting from surgical extirpation of cancer, congenially arrested development, and trauma. The most important determinant for graft survival is the health of the recipient area and the volume of the graft. At least 70% resorption of these large grafts must be anticipated. Initial overcorrection has some justification but may be self‐defeating. Calcification of dermal‐fat‐fascia grafts, common in other areas of the body, does not appear to be a problem in the head and neck region. When possible, other types of augmentation procedures should be considered.
Arteriovenous Malformation of the Mandibledr
Authors: Selfe Robert W. , Sherman Maurice , Miller Thomas F.
Published: April 2016

A recent case of a vascular malformation involving the mandible prompted the review of this subject. There are less than 80 cases of this rare but serious disease reported in the literature. There is no accepted standard treatment, but recent contributions have improved the safety and effectiveness of therapy.
Fibronectin‐laminin combination enhances peripheral nerve regeneration across long gaps
Authors: Woolley Audie L. , Hollowell James P. , Rich Keith M.
Published: April 2016

An exogenous fibronectin‐laminin (FN‐LAM) solution was added into silicone chambers to determine the effects on peripheral nerve regeneration across 18‐mm long gaps. The sciatic nerves of adult rats were sutured into silicone chambers 20 mm in length, creating an 18‐mm gap between the proximal and distal nerve stumps. The chambers were filled with either a mixture of fibronectin and laminin (500 μg/ml each) or a solution of cytochrome C (1 mg/ml) as the control. After six weeks, the animals were killed and the chambers were examined for regeneration. Seventy percent of the animals from the FN‐LAM group demonstrated regeneration across the 18‐mm gaps, compared to only 30% in the control group. The combination of FN‐LAM significantly increased the number of axons that grew into the distal end of the chamber (FN‐LAM, 1325 ± 522; cytochrome C, 153 ± 104; p = 0.03). Examination of the distal tributaries of the sciatic nerve revealed axons only in the FN‐LAM group; none were found in the control group. Quantitative analysis of neurons, retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase via injection of the sciatic nerve distal to the regenerated segment, revealed a greater number of sensory and motor neurons in the FN‐LAM group compared to the control group. Morphometric studies revealed that the mean area of the regenerated segment in the FN‐LAM group was 37% larger than the controls, and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated a more mature regenerated nerve. This is the first in vivo demonstration that this combination of fibronectin and laminin significantly enhances the regeneration of myelinated axons across a long nerve gap in the rat sciatic nerve.
Interleukin 1 causing bone destruction in middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Ahn Jeffrey M. , Huang Cheng‐Chun , Abramson Maxwell
Published: April 2016

We previously reported the localization of interleukin 1 in the epithelial layer of human cholesteatomas. On the basis of other studies that showed interleukin 1 can stimulate fibroblasts and macrophages to produce collagenases and prostaglandins, we then proposed that interleukin 1 may play an important role in cholesteatoma‐related bone resorption, also. Our immunocytochemical study involving more human cholesteatoma samples revealed the presence of interleukin 1 in bone cells and monocytes in the region of active bone destruction. In the present study, the effect of interleukin 1 on these cells found at the bone resorption site was examined. By radioimmunoassay, interleukin 1 was shown to stimulate the production of prostaglandin E2 by osteoblasts in vitro. Interleukin 1 also promoted the migration and multinucleation of bone marrow‐derived monocytes. These osteoclast‐like cells formed from monocytes contained tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, and caused the resorption of the devitalized bone in vitro. Above findings suggest that interleukin 1 could cause the bone destruction in cholesteatomas, not only by stimulating the local bone cells, but also by recruiting monocytes for osteoclastic bone resorption.
Suppression of lymphokine‐activated killer cell cytotoxicity by a soluble factor produced by squamous tumors of the head and neck
Authors: Strasnick Barry , Lagos Nestor , Lichtenstein Alan , Mickel Robert A.
Published: April 2016

Incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in the presence of interleukin‐2 results in the generation of lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells that are highly cytotoxic to a variety of autologous and allogenic tumor targets. We have identified a noncytotoxic, soluble factor, produced by human squamous cell cancers of the head and neck, that profoundly inhibits the generation of LAK cytotoxicity. Inhibition of the generation of cytotoxicity was demonstrated with coculture of PBL and freshly disaggregated tumor cells in a Transwell two‐chamber system. Alternatively, Inhibition occurred when LAK cells were generated in the presence of tumor‐conditioned supernatants alone. These effects were not observed with conditioned supernatants from autologous or allogenic lymphocytes, human fibroblasts, or the erythroleukemia cell line K562. The presence of this inhibitory factor(s) was not required during the entire period of LAK generation. Suppression of cytotoxicity, measured after 4 days of LAK generation, could also be demonstrated when the conditioned tumor supernatant was present in only the last 24 hours of incubation. Suppression is mediated by a heat‐labile factor with a molecular weight of >75 kd. These results suggest that LAK cytotoxicity may be significantly impaired by soluble immunoregulatory factors present within the tumor milieu of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Further characterization of these factors may lead to the development of more rational and effective forms of immunotherapy.
A management plan for tongue base cancer that includes brachytherapy
Authors: Sessions Roy B. , Harrison Louis B. , Strong Elliott W. , Spiro Ronald H.
Published: April 2016

For physiologic as well as oncologic reasons, there has been an increasing interest in radiation therapy as the primary treatment of base of tongue carcinoma. At Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center, we have used such a plan, using external beam conventional therapy in combination with an interstitial boost of iridium 192 to the primary site, plus planned neck dissections in selected patients. Between 1981 and 1986, 17 patients with untreated base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma were treated in this manner. Thirteen of the 17 are disease‐free as a result of this therapy. Two patients have failed locally, yielding an actuarial local control of 87% at a median followup of 2 years. These data would suggest that primary radiation that includes interstitial therapy as part of the plan, along with neck dissection in certain situations, is a worthwhile method management of base of tongue carcinoma.
Diagnosis and treatment of arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa
Authors: Haberkamp Thomas J. , Monsell Edwin M. , House William F. , Levine Samuel C. , Piazza Leonard
Published: April 2016

Arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa are rare. When arachnoid cysts are encountered, the presenting symptoms are frequently otologic, with hearing loss and imbalance occurring commonly. Three cases are presented with a previously unreported otologic symptom, that of bilateral hearing loss, which in one case was fluctuant. None of the patients had the common symptoms of unilateral hearing loss and headache. With the advent of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, these cysts may be readily identified, usually with diagnostic imaging alone. Unfortunately there is often a delay in diagnosis because of the vague and fleeting nature of the symptoms. Because no single diagnostic symptom pattern is able to characterize all cases, it is believed computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging or both are indicated in patients with long‐standing otologic complaints—even in the absence of unilateral symptoms. Treatment of posterior fossa arachnoid cysts primarily consists of surgical procedures designed to decompress the cyst. In this series, treatment with diuretics alone resulted in improvement of symptoms duirng several years of followup, with no evidence of enlargement of the cysts.
Significance of cadmium from artists’ paints to agricultural soil and the food chain
Authors: Bandow Nicole , Simon Franz-Georg
Published: April 2016

Background

An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists’ paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning, used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year.

Results

The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists’ paints was in most cases 1 % or lower in the experiments performed.

Conclusions

Application of sewage sludge containing Cd from artist paints does not increase the amount of Cd leached from this soils. Furthermore, the quantity of Cd from artists’ paints calculated in the restriction dossier is negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore, ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk.
Burns infection profile of Singapore: prevalence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and the role of blood cultures
Authors: Song Christopher Tam , Hwee Jolie , Song Colin , Tan Bien Keem , Chong Si Jack
Published: April 2016

Background

With various changes implemented such as perioperative antibiotics for tangential excision, this retrospective study reviews the infection profile of burn patients at Singapore’s only centralized burns unit. Worldwide, the appearance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) continues to worsen patient outcomes. This study also surveys the role of blood cultures in burns at our unit.

Methods

Four hundred fifty-two burn patients admitted to the unit between 2011 and 2013, and with cultures performed, were included in the study. The yields of various cultures were evaluated and 2684 samples were amassed, of which 984 (36.7 %) were positive. Patient variables for predictors of MDR A. baumannii infection acquisition and bacteremia were evaluated through multivariate analyses.

Results

Pseuodomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (67 patients) was the most common organism in those with total body surface area (TBSA) burn <20 % while MDR A. baumannii (39 patients) was most prevalent in those with TBSA burn ≥20 %. We found a yield of 1.1 % positive blood cultures for TBSA burn <20 % and a yield of 18.6 % positive cultures in TBSA burn ≥20 %. The median time between surgery and bacteremia was 6.5 days (range -18 to 68 days, interquartile range 4.5); 2.9 and 8.8 % of bacteremic episodes occurred within 24 and 48 h, respectively. This is a decrease from a predeceasing study (45.3 % for 24 h and 60 % for 48 h). Multivariate analysis revealed that length of hospital stay and TBSA burn ≥20 % were predictors of MDR A. baumannii infection and positive blood cultures.

Conclusions

MDR A. baumannii infection burdens patient management, especially in those with TBSA burn ≥20 % and longer hospital stay. Prophylactic antibiotics may reduce perioperative bacteremia, but their role in MDR infections needs to be evaluated. The role of blood cultures in TBSA burn <20 % needs reconsideration.
Ομιλία του κ. Αδαμαντίου περί των ψηφιδωτών του ναού Δαφνίου
Authors: ΑΔΑΜΑΝΤΙΟΥ Αδαμάντιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Έκθεσις των εργασιών του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου από 1 Ιανουαρίου 1899 - 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1899
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Υπόμνημα περί των Χριστιανικών Αρχαιοτήτων της Ελλάδος αναγνωσθέν και κατατεθέν εν τω κατά την Παγκόσμιον Έκθεσιν του 1900 εν Παρισίοις προσκληθέντι Διεθνεί Συνεδρίω της Συγκριτικής Ιστορίας
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Εγκύκλιος περί του εν Αθηναις Μουσείου της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Το Υπουργείον των εκκλησιαστικών και της δημόσιας εκπαιδεύσεως προς τους Πανοσιωτάτους Ηγουμένους των ανά το Κράτος διατηρουμένων ευαγών Μοναστηρίων και τους περί αυτούς Οσιωτάτους Συμβούλους
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract

 
Έκθεσις των εργασιών του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου από 1 Ιανουαρίου - 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1902
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Αρχαί της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας κατά το έτος 1902
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Έκθεσις περί των του Μουσείου και Περιηγήσεις του έτους 1903
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Προσφώνησις Γ. Λαμπάκη. Τη 25 Μαρτίου 1905 4μ.μ. επί του Αρείου Πάγου προς τους εκ Ρώμης κ.κ.Orazio Marucchi, αντιπρόσωπον του Πάπα Ρώμης, τον πρωτονοτάριον κ. Niccolo Marini και τον Ακαδημαϊκόν κ. Ulisse de Nunzio, επί τη αναγορεύσει αυτών ως επιτίμων μελών της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Αντιφώνησις Ορατίου Μαρούκη
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος , ΜΑΡΟΥΚΗΣ Οράτιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Χριστιανικαί επιγραφαί εν Ορτυγία
Authors: ΒΙΖΗΛΟΣ Νικόλαος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Δωρεαί εις το Χριστιανικόν Αρχαιολογικόν Μουσείον κατά το έτος 1906 και 1907
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Δημοσίευμα περί νομίσματος των χρόνων του αυτοκράτορος Ιουστινιανού επ'ευκαιρία της ανακαινίσεως του επί του φρέατος της Σαμαρείτιδος αρχαίου ιερού ναού
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Περιηγήσεις κατά το έτος 1908
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Ο εξ Αλαγονίας Προκόπιος, Οικουμενικός Πατριάρχης
Authors: ΔΟΥΚΑΚΗΣ Δημήτριος Χ.
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Προσθήκη καταλόγου φωτογραφιών κατά τόπους
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Ανέκδοτοι εγκύκλιοι και έγγραφα της Μητροπόλεως Λαρίσσης
Authors: ΔΥΟΒΟΥΝΙΩΤΗΣ Κ. Ι.
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Επίμετρον. Εργασίαι στερεώσεως βυζαντινών μνημείων κατά το έτος 1923
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
The Minimum Expected Penalty Relocation Problem for the Computation of Compliance Tables for Ambulance Vehicles
Authors: van Barneveld Thije
Published: April 2016

We study the ambulance relocation problem in which one tries to respond to possible future incidents quickly. For this purpose, we consider compliance table policies: a relocation strategy commonly used in practice. Each compliance table level indicates the desired waiting site locations for the available ambulances. To compute efficient compliance tables, we introduce the minimum expected penalty relocation problem (MEXPREP), which we formulate as an integer linear program. In this problem, one has the ability to control the number of waiting site relocations. Moreover, different performance measures related to response times, such as survival probabilities, can be incorporated. We show by simulation that the MEXPREP compliance tables outperform both the static policy and compliance tables obtained by the maximal expected coverage relocation problem (MECRP), which both serve as benchmarks. Besides, we perform a study on different relocation thresholds and on two different methods to assign available ambulances to desired waiting sites.
What Does Risk-Neutral Skewness Tell Us About Future Stock Returns?
Authors: Stilger Przemysław S. , Kostakis Alexandros , Poon Ser-Huang
Published: April 2016

This study documents a positive relationship between the option-implied risk-neutral skewness (RNS) of individual stock returns’ distribution and future realized stock returns during the period 1996–2012. A strategy that goes long the quintile portfolio with the highest RNS stocks and short the quintile portfolio with the lowest RNS stocks yields a Fama–French–Carhart alpha of 55 basis points per month (t-statistic of 2.47). The significant underperformance of the portfolio with the most negative RNS stocks is driven by those stocks that are also perceived as relatively overpriced according to a series of overvaluation proxies and are too costly or too risky to sell short, thereby hindering the price correction mechanism. Our findings indicate that a highly negative RNS value, when reflecting high hedging demand for options by investors who perceive the underlying stock as relatively overpriced but hard to sell short, is a robust signal of significant future stock underperformance.

This paper was accepted by Jerome Detemple, finance.
Space to be yourself
Authors: Rogers Anne
Published: April 2016

Anne Rogers suggests things to think about when it comes to setting up the different areas of your provision, and ensuring that all children can enjoy what is on offer. Creating a nurturing environment is the aim.
Ready for change
Authors: Williams Brenda
Published: April 2016

Celebrate the fleeting nature of spring and prepare children for the many charms of summer. Use the poem to focus on the natural world, its changing weather and look ahead to holidays and picnics.
Exploring decay
Authors: Garner Lynne
Published: April 2016

Change and decay are fascinating subjects for children, especially when they can observe how matter alters over time. Hilary White suggests experiments which are a powerful link to Understanding the World.
Bronchial Asthma and Obesity in Childhood
Authors: Kryštofová Jana , Jeseňák Miloš , Bánovčin Peter
Published: April 2016

Bronchial asthma and obesity is among a group of multietiologic complex diseases which influence each other in their origin, and development. The impact on the patient‘s quality of life and prognosis is significant, health costs included. Because of the increasing prevalence worldwide, there has been an increase in the amount of studies dealing with reciprocal associations between asthma and obesity.
Clear Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma of the Maxilla
Authors: Yazici Zahide Mine , Mete Ozgur , Elmalı Zubeyde , Sayin İbrahim , Yilmazer Rasim , Kayhan Fatma Tulin
Published: April 2016

Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) is a rare odontogenic tumor associated with aggressive clinical behavior, metastasis and low survival. We report a case of CCOC affecting the maxilla of 62 year-old woman. It was first described as a clinicopathological entity in 1985 and to date only 67 cases were described in the English literature. We are understanding of the behavior of this carcinomas was depend on limited case reports. For these reason we found important to report this case of CCOC in the maxilla.
Pneumocystis Pneumonia During Medicamentous Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome – A Description of Two Cases
Authors: Gabalec Filip , Zavřelová Alžběta , Havel Eduard , Cerman Jaroslav , Radocha Jakub , Svilias Ioannis , Čáp Jan
Published: April 2016

Only a few cases of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in Cushing’s syndrome have been published in the literature so far. In the majority of these patients, the pneumonia occurred after reduction of the hypercortisolism with medicamentous treatment. We report two cases of PCP during conservative treatment of hypercortisolism. We describe clinical, imaging and laboratory findings in two patients and review published cases of pneumocystits pneumonia in Cushing’s syndrome. A 60-year-old woman and 20-year-old man with Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic ACTH syndrome were treated at our department. Both developed pneumocystis pneumonia early after treatment with ketoconazole and ethomidate bromide had been introduced and the levels of cortisol rapidly decreased. PCP prophylaxis in patients with high cortisolemia should be started before treatment of hypercortisolism in current practice. Gradual lowering of plasma cortisol should also reduce the risk of infection by Pneumocystis jiroveci.
A review on heterocyclic moieties and their applications
Authors: Sabir Syed , Alhazza Mansour Ibrahim , Ibrahim Ahmed Aidid
Published: April 2016

Several described in literature crosslinking methods to obtain heterocyclic moieties were discussed in this review. Selected important properties of polyamides and their synthesis reactions were briefly presented. The heterocyclic moieties displayed a wide range of applications in medicine and industry. New heterocyclic derivatives obtained by linking heterocyclic moiety to amic acids and imides found diverse applications: as surfactants, antimicrobial agents, or corrosion inhibitors. The present article describes the state-of-the art synthesis methods of the heterocyclic compounds and their application.
Whole Cell Bioconversion of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone in 100 % Organic Phase using Yarrowia lipolytica 2.2ab
Authors: Palmerín-Carreño Dulce M. , Rutiaga-Quiñones Olga M. , Verde-Calvo José R. , Prado-Barragán Arely , Huerta-Ochoa Sergio
Published: April 2016

The aim of this work was to assess the whole cell bioconversion of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone in 100 % organic phase (orange essential oil) using a stirred tank bioreactor. Yarrowia lipolytica 2.2ab was used to perform bioconversion experiments; 600 mL of orange essential oil was inoculated with 50 cm3 of cell paste containing 13.5 g of biomass previously permeabilized with 0.2 % (w/v) of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and enriched with 2.0 mM niacin. Experiments were conducted at 200 rpm, 0.5 vvm and 30 °C. The highest (+)-nootkatone yield was ca. 773 mg L−1 after 4 days of conversion. Bioconversion percent and volumetric productivity increased to 82.3 % and 8.06 mg L−1 h−1 compared to those reported previously using a three-phase partitioning bioreactor. The absence of free water in the system did not affect the performance of Y. lipolytica 2.2ab.
Toxicology of a Peruvian botanical remedy to support healthy liver function
Authors: Semple Hugh A. , Sloley B. Duff , Cabanillas José , Chiu Andrea , Aung Steven K. H. , Green Francis H. Y.
Published: April 2016

Background: The purpose of these studies was to determine the safety of a botanical treatment for supporting healthy liver function developed in Peru. The formulation, A4+, contains extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizome (A4R), Cordia lutea Lam. flower (A4F) and Annona muricata L. leaf (A4L). The tests were used to support an application for a non-traditional Natural Health Product Licence from the Natural Health Product Directorate of Health Canada and future clinical trials.

Methods: Besides reviewing the scientific and clinical information from Peru on the ingredients and conducting an initial Ames test for mutagenicity, we analysed A4+ for its chemical profile and tested genotoxicity (micronucleus test) and general toxicity (28-day repeated dose).

Results: A4+ and extracts from the three plants provided distinctive chemical fingerprints. A4L contained acetogenins, requiring a second chromatographic method to produce a specific fingerprint. The Ames test proved positive at the highest concentration (5,000 μg/mL) but A4+ showed no evidence of genotoxicity in the more specific mouse micronucleus test. The 28-day repeated dose (general toxicity) study in rats showed no toxicity at 2,000 mg/kg.

Conclusions: We conclude that under the conditions of these studies, A4+ shows no evidence of toxicity at the levels indicated. A no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 2,000 mg/kg was assigned.
Particle Swarm Optimization with Enhanced Global Search and Local Search
Authors: Wang Jie , Li Hongwen
Published: April 2016

In order to mitigate the problems of premature convergence and low search accuracy that exist in traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO), this paper presents PSO with enhanced global search and local search (EGLPSO). In EGLPSO, most of the particles would be concentrated in global search at the beginning. Along with the iteration, the particles would slowly focus on local search. A new updating strategy would be used for global search, and a partial mutation strategy is applied to the leader particle of local search for a better position. During each iteration, the best particle of global search would exchange information with some particles of local search. EGLPSO is tested on a set of 12 benchmark functions, and it is also compared with other four PSO variants and another six well-known PSO variants. The experimental results showed that EGLPSO can greatly improve the performance of traditional PSO in terms of search accuracy, search efficiency, and global optimality.
Crystal structure of 5,5-bis(4-iodophenyl)-5H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dipyridine, C23H14I2N2
Authors: Yin Guo-jie
Published: April 2016

C23H14I2N2, tetragonal, P41212, a = 11.86217(15) Å, b = 11.86217(15) Å, c = 13.9664(3) Å, V = 1965.23(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0387, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1035, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of poly[bis(adipate-κ4
O,O′:O′′, O′′′)(1,4-bis(2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)benzene-κ2
N:N′)dizinc(II), C36H38N4O8Zn2
Authors: Xu Chunying , Fu Liyan , Lou Xinhua
Published: April 2016

C36H38N4O8Zn2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.144(3) Å, b = 9.0091(18) Å, c = 15.468(3) Å, β = 112.56(3)°, V = 1691.6(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0468, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0980, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of 1-(2,3-dihydro-4-methyl-3-phenyl-2-thioxothiazol-5-yl)-1-ethanone, C12H11NOS2
Authors: Mabkhot Yahia N. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Al-Aizari Faiz A. , Al-Showiman Salim
Published: April 2016

C12H11NOS2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 12.4674 (6) Å, b = 6.7357 (3) Å, c = 14.0709 (6) Å, β = 98.189 (2)°, V = 1169.58 (9) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0316, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0802, T = 100.
Turkish ATB Relativization: Implications on Relative Clause Formation
Authors: Meral Semra Baturay , Meral Hasan Mesut
Published: April 2016

This paper discusses Turkish across-the-board relativization in relation to the two relative clause formation strategies: (i) the empty operator movement analysis of
Ni4 and Ni3Ga clusters as building units in Ca3Ni4Ga4 and Sr3Ni3□Ga4
Authors: Seidel Stefan , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: April 2016

The gallides Ca3Ni4Ga4 and Sr3Ni3Ga4 were synthesized from arc-melted NixGay precursor alloys and the respective alkaline earth metal in sealed niobium tubes in an induction furnace. Redetermination of the Ca3Ni4Ga4 structure from X-ray single crystal diffractometer data confirmed the X-ray powder data: Na3Pt4Ge4 type, I4̅3m, a=740.6(1) pm, wR2=0.0245, 169 F2 values, 9 variables. The nickel atoms build tetrahedral Ni4 clusters (256 pm Ni–Ni) that are end-on coordinated by gallium atoms (234 pm Ni–Ga). These [Ni4Ga4] units show a bcc packing and leave cavities Ca@Ga4Ni4Ga4 for the calcium atoms. Sr3Ni3Ga4 crystallizes with a new structure type: R3m, a=1039.8(2), c=698.2(1) pm, wR2=0.1048, 636 F2 values, 23 variables. The structure shows twinning by inversion with a domain ratio of 79/21. The structures of Sr3Ni3Ga4 and Ca3Ni4Ga4 are related by a group–subgroup scheme (R3m is a translationengleiche subgroup of I4̅3m). The 8c Ni and Ga subcell sites split into site 3a and 9b each. This allows formation of ordered Ni3Ga tetrahedra (264 pm Ni–Ga) along with ordered gallium vacancies.
A Procedure to Construct Conservation Laws of Nonlinear Evolution Equations
Authors: Yaşar Emrullah , San Sait
Published: April 2016

In this article, we established abundant local conservation laws to some nonlinear evolution equations by a new combined approach, which is a union of multiplier and Ibragimov’s new conservation theorem method. One can conclude that the solutions of the adjoint equations corresponding to the new conservation theorem can be obtained via multiplier functions. Many new families of conservation laws of the Pochammer–Chree (PC) equation and the Kaup–Boussinesq type of coupled KdV system are successfully obtained. The combined method presents a wider applicability for handling the conservation laws of nonlinear wave equations. The conserved vectors obtained here can be important for the explanation of some practical physical problems, reductions, and solutions of the underlying equations.
Consecutive three- and four-component coupling-Bagley-Bohlmann-Rahtz syntheses of tri- and tetrasubstituted pyridines
Authors: Dohe Janis , Müller Thomas J.J.
Published: April 2016

The concatenation of the modified Sonogashira alkynone synthesis and the Bagley-Bohlmann-Rahtz pyridine synthesis gives novel consecutive three- and four-component coupling-Bagley-Bohlmann-Rahtz (cBBR) syntheses of tri- and tetrasubstituted pyridines in a one-pot fashion. With these processes 15 differently substituted 3-ethoxycarbonyl 2-methylpyridines can be readily obtained in modest to moderate yields.
A cross‐fostering analysis of bromine ion concentration in rats that inhaled 1‐bromopropane vapor
Authors: Ishidao Toru , Fueta Yukiko , Ueno Susumu , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Hori Hajime
Published: April 2016

Objective

Inhaled 1‐bromopropane decomposes easily and releases bromine ion. However, the kinetics and transfer of bromine ion into the next generation have not been clarified. In this work, the kinetics of bromine ion transfer to the next generation was investigated by using cross‐fostering analysis and a one‐compartment model.

Methods

Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to 700 ppm of 1‐bromopropane vapor for 6 h per day during gestation days (GDs) 1‐20. After birth, cross‐fostering was performed between mother exposure groups and mother control groups, and the pups were subdivided into the following four groups: exposure group, postnatal exposure group, gestation exposure group, and control group. Bromine ion concentrations in the brain were measured temporally.

Results

Bromine ion concentrations in mother rats were lower than those in virgin rats, and the concentrations in fetuses were higher than those in mothers on GD20. In the postnatal period, the concentrations in the gestation exposure group decreased with time, and the biological half‐life was 3.1 days. Conversely, bromine ion concentration in the postnatal exposure group increased until postnatal day 4 and then decreased. This tendency was also observed in the exposure group. A one‐compartment model was applied to analyze the behavior of bromine ion concentration in the brain. By taking into account the increase of body weight and change in the bromine ion uptake rate in pups, the bromine ion concentrations in the brains of the rats could be estimated with acceptable precision.
Barriers to the acceptance of work colleagues infected with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C in Japan
Authors: Ishimaru Tomohiro , Wada Koji , Arphorn Sara , Smith Derek R.
Published: April 2016

Background

Healthcare workers infected with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may undertake patient care activities if provider‐to‐patient transmission risks have been assessed in terms of viral load and clinical procedures. The present study investigated potential barriers to the acceptance of colleagues infected with HBV/HCV in healthcare settings after appropriate risk assessment.

Methods

We conducted an anonymous, internet‐based survey of Japanese nurses. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to assess factors associated with willingness to accept colleagues infected with HBV/HCV after risk assessment.

Results

In total, 992 nurses responded to the survey, with 16% indicating that colleagues infected with HBV/HCV should not have patient contact after risk assessment. Willingness to accept HBV/HCV‐infected colleagues was negatively associated with attitudes regarding the avoidance of contact with HBV/HCV‐infected colleagues (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.28‐0.85). Previous professional contact with HBV/HCV patients (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.36‐2.12), experience of accidental injection from or personal exposure to HBV/HCV patients (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.42‐2.61), knowledge of HBV/HCV (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.52‐2.49), and female sex (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.17‐2.09) were positively associated with a willingness to accept HBV / HCV‐infected colleagues.

Conclusions

This study suggests that attitudes regarding the avoidance of contact with HBV/HCV‐infected colleagues may be barriers to accepting these colleagues even after risk assessment has been performed. To protect the employment of nurses infected with HBV/HCV, employers should provide comprehensive education for nurses to reduce stigma and improve understanding about the management of staff infected with infectious diseases, such as HBV or HCV.
Control banding assessment of exposure of offset printing workers to organic solvents
Authors: Tsukahara Teruomi , Miyauchi Hiroyuki , Kuwada Daisuke , Kikuchi Tomoko , Tsuda Yoko , Yanagiba Yukie , Arito Heihachiro , Nomiyama Tetsuo
Published: April 2016

Objectives

We aimed to assess the exposure of offset printing workers to hazardous substances in the rinsing processes of small‐sized companies using a control banding method.

Methods

We obtained half‐year amounts of hazardous substances purchased through a questionnaire survey and the hazardous information from the safety data sheets (SDSs) and related literature.

Results

The amount of petroleum kerosine and carbon hydride markedly increased in 2013 compared with that in 2010. In contrast, the amount of dichloromethane (DCM) decreased in 2013, and 1,2‐dichloropropane (DCP) was not used in either 2010 or 2013. Mineral oil and xylene were allocated to Hazard Group D and judged to require Control Approach 3. In addition to DCM with Global Harmonization System's carcinogenic category 1, mildly treated mineral oil and solvent naphtha, allocated into Hazard Group E, are carcinogenic to humans and were judged to require Control Approach 4. There are two limitations of the control banding assessment: first, only limited and scarce hazard information could be obtained from SDSs, and second, safe‐sided judgment for control technology for industrial hygiene.

Conclusion

Small‐sized enterprises are encouraged to implement control banding assessment for hazardous substances and to access expert advice available from Regional Industrial Health Centers. Easy access to appropriate expert advice is important to compensate for the limited and scarce hazard information and safe‐sided judgment for control technology for Control Approaches 3 and 4.
Parental Perception of Weight Status and Weight Gain Across Childhood
Authors: Robinson Eric , Sutin Angelina R.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Parents of children who are overweight often fail to accurately identify their child’s weight status. Although these misperceptions are presumed to be a major public health concern, little research has examined whether parental perceptions of child weight status are protective against weight gain during childhood. Our objective was to examine whether parental perceptions of child weight status are associated with weight gain across childhood.

METHODS:

Data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used to assess parental perceptions of child weight status and to examine changes in researcher measured child BMI z scores across childhood, from 4 to 13 years old. Participants included 3557 Australian children and their parents.

RESULTS:

Children whose parents perceived their weight as being “overweight,” as opposed to “about the right weight,” gained more weight (increase in BMI z score) from baseline to follow-up in all analyses. This finding did not depend on the actual weight of the child; the association between perceiving one’s child as being overweight and future weight gain was similar among children whose parents accurately and inaccurately believed their child was overweight.

CONCLUSIONS:

Contrary to popular belief, parental identification of child overweight is not protective against further weight gain. Rather, it is associated with more weight gain across childhood. Further research is needed to understand how parental perceptions of child weight may counterintuitively contribute to obesity.
Entre el nachleben y el paradigma indiciario: Carlo Ginzburg y el método warburgiano en la historia del arte
Authors: Ardila Garcés Federico
Published: April 2016

El presente artículo analiza la producción histórica de Carlos Ginzburg en la disciplina de la historia del arte y, en particular, sus relaciones teórico-metodológicas con la obra del historiador alemán Aby Warburg. El balance historiográfico que presenta parte de las recientes lecturas sobre la obra de Warburg acuñadas por Didi-Huberman que recuperan la cuestión del tiempo y las supervivencias como problema metodológico fundamental en la disciplina de la historia visual.
Max Hering Torres y Nelson A. Rojas eds., Microhistorias de la transgresión (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Universidad del Rosario, 2015), 465 pp.
Authors: Ardila Garcés Federico , Evans Restrepo Michelle , Hernández Ciro Eulalia
Published: April 2016

Reseña de libro.
Presentación. Reflexiones sobre la Microhistoria italiana: conceptos, método y estudio de casos
Authors: Chaves Maldonado María Eugenia
Published: April 2016

Presentación del Dossier
Feminicidios en la frontera chilena: el caso de Alto Hospicio
Authors: Vásquez Mejías Ainhoa
Published: April 2016

Entre 1999 y el 2001, varias adolescentes desaparecieron en el norte de Chile y, posteriormente, fueron encontradas muertas. La novela Alto Hospicio (2008), de Rodrigo Ramos Bañados, recrea estos feminicidios desde la visión del cómplice del único inculpado por estos crímenes. En el presente artículo se plantea que el escritor utiliza la noción de frontera como aparato crítico, con el fin de desestabilizar barreras espaciales, simbólicas y textuales que se agrupan en cuatro ejes: Bolivia-Chile, santas-putas, racionalidad-locura, ficción-realidad. Así, la novela cuestiona y deconstruye los límites para hablarnos de estos feminicidios desde un punto indeterminado, que funciona como espejo de la incertidumbre e irresolución de este caso en la justicia chilena.
Strong approximation of continuous local martingales by simple random walks
Authors: Székely B. , Szabados T.
Published: April 2016

The aim of this paper is to represent any continuous local martingale as an almost sure limit of a nested sequence of simple, symmetric random walk, time changed by a discrete quadratic variation process. One basis of this is a similar construction of Brownian motion. The other major tool is a representation of continuous local martingales given by Dambis, Dubins and Schwarz (DDS) in terms of Brownian motion time-changed by the quadratic variation. Rates of convergence (which are conjectured to be nearly optimal in the given setting) are also supplied. A necessary and sufficient condition for the independence of the random walks and the discrete time changes or equivalently, for the independence of the DDS Brownian motion and the quadratic variation is proved to be the symmetry of increments of the martingale given the past, which is a reformulation of an earlier result by Ocone [8].
A remark on a theorem of the Goldbach-Waring type
Authors: Bauer C.
Published: April 2016

Let pi, 2 ≤ i ≤ 5 be prime numbers. It is proved that all but ≪ x23027/23040+ε even integers N ≤ x can be written as N = p21 + p32 + p43 + p45.
Biodiversity of Cellulolytic Bacteria Isolated from the Solid Wastes of Agar Seaweed Processing Industry
Authors: Munifah Ifah , Sunarti Titi Candra , Irianto Hari Eko , Meryandini Anja
Published: April 2016

Agar is polysaccharide extracted from the seaweed Gracilaria sp. It is commonly used for food, medical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The red seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa is the most common material used for the extraction of agar, processed into sheet and powder. A total of 7169 tons solid waste is produced from the agar industry in Indonesia which can further result in 4301.4 tons per year of cellulose. However, solid wastes from agar seaweed processing industry have not been managed and used optimally, and therefore seaweed solid wastes can be used as one of alternative source of cellulose and cellulolytic bacteria. In this research, we reported the isolation of cellulose-producing bacteria from seaweed processing industry wastes using specific media 1 % LIA (Limbah Industri Agar, waste of seaweed processing industry). Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes amplified from the obtained 7 isolates identified them as Serratia marcescens, Chryseobacterium indovlogenes, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, Strenatrophomonas maltophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
SAJSM 1987 No.1
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1987 No.1
SAJSM 1990 No.3
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1990 No.3
SAJSM 1991 No.4
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1991 No.4
SAJSM 1995 No.2
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1995 No.2
SAJSM 1997 No.4
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

SAJSM 1997 No.4
SAJSM 2001 No.1
Authors: . .
Published: April 2016

.
Fitness levels of South African youth of Indian Descent - 1977-1997
Authors: Coopoo Y , Naidoo K
Published: April 2016

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 4-8
Knee injury patterns among young basket ball players in Cape Town
Authors: Louw Quinette , Grimmer Karen , Vaughan Kit
Published: April 2016

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(1) 2003: 9-15
Behavioural response to exercise in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: McKune AJ , Pautz J , Lomjbard J
Published: April 2016

SA Sports Medicine Vol.15(3) 2003: 17-21
Attitudes towards the risk of HIV transmission in sport
Authors: Reddy S , Coopoo Y
Published: April 2016

Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes, demographics, knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes. Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high, medium and low-risk sports, and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds, who competed at national, provincial or at first-division level, were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions. Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive, and 62% believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88%) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58% felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive. Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 11-18