bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El pacto de Dios con Isaac y las promesas a Ismael: Implicaciones misiológicas
Authors: De Souza Elias Brasil
Published: April 2022

This article addresses Ishmael’s place vis-à-vis Isaac within the framework of the Abrahamic covenant. The study addresses some essential aspects of the Abrahamic covenant that are related to the promises, unity, and conditionality of the covenant. Then, it undertakes a close examination of Isaac in the context of the promises and blessings of the Abrahamic covenant. And finally, it examines Ishmael’s role in the Abrahamic covenant and his characterization vis-à-vis Isaac. Clearly, the Bible by no means regards Ishmael out of the purview of the covenant blessings. No people group has special privileges or priorities to the exclusion of others when it comes to salvation. Jesus is the true seed of Abraham.
Universal Legal Justification: Brief Description and Evaluation
Authors: Rodríguez Ángel Manuel
Published: April 2022

Universal legal justification attempts to provide a third alternative to the Reformed-Arminian debate over the nature and extent of salvation. This article summarizes some of the most important arguments used by the proponents of universal legal justification to support their theology and provides an evaluation of its view, demonstrating that it does not really provide a third alternative to Arminianism and Calvinism. Further, assuming universal legal justification implies that there is hardly any room left for Christ’s work of mediation before the Father in heaven. Finally, universal legal justification’s interpretation of the Pauline phrases “in Adam” and “in Christ,” as well as its understanding of substitution in connection with the use of the "in Christ"motif, is problematic.
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Published: April 2022

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Published: April 2022

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Teaching Descriptive Writing via Google Classroom Stream: Perception Among Year 6 Primary Students
Authors: Lim Shinyee , Tan Kimhua
Published: April 2022

Technology is very much pervasive in today's world and the educational systems are rapidly adjusting to technology to the extent that it contributed to the advancement of education. Information, communication, and technology (ICT) are significant now by seeing it being introduced into a wide range of schooling activities like Google Classroom. Google Classroom is a technology that connects educators and students, allowing them to communicate with one another through a virtual online class with the various feature. This study intends to investigate students' perception toward Google Classroom Stream, one of the GC's features, as well as the difficulties they faced when utilising it in a writing class. The research involved 35 participants consisting of Year 6 primary students in SJK(C) Shih Chung Cawangan, a Chinese Primary school located in Penang Island, Malaysia. This research study used a descriptive qualitative method and the data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire is made up of nine questions divided into two themes: the first is about students' acceptance while the second is regarding their performance about Google Classroom Stream. Fifteen students were interviewed to seek more information about their challenges using the platform. The findings of this study demonstrated that students have positive opinions of learning through Google Classroom Stream, owing to the availability of feedback and quick access to learning materials. The main issues that arose were the lack of internet access, as well as the varying displays on different devices and preferences on a private chat section.
The Effect of Using the Strategy of Flipped Class on Teaching Arabic as a Second Language
Authors: Al-Assaf Nadia Mustafa , Al-Wazzan Khetam Mohammad , Al-Marayat Sanaa Hssni
Published: April 2022

Teachers in classrooms use many strategies and methods so to make students able to communicate. Amongst these strategies is the strategy of the flipped learning which is the focus of the study in hand. This study focuses on two points; first, it deals with the theoretical part of this strategy. Second, it sheds light on the effect of using this strategy in the classes that taught Arabic as a second language. To assess the effect of this strategy, the researchers of the study in hand conducted a research study on foreign students who studied Arabic. They are in the first and the second levels in the languages centre/ Jordan University. The study also includes the students of the American Middlebury program in Jordan University who were in the second and the third levels. The quasi experimental method was applied on the study sample who were (120) students during a length of five semesters. By conducting a pre-test and post test for each group, the effectiveness of the flipped class strategy on students' performance in learning Arabic language was evident. The experimental group that studied based on the flipped class achieved higher degrees than the control group who studied based on the traditional method. This means that learning Arabic language based on the flipped class strategy enhances students' abilities towards learning Arabic language better than before.
Negotiation in Indonesian Culture: A Cultural Linguistic Analysis of Bahasa Indonesia Textbooks
Authors: Mokoginta Karmila , Arafah Burhanuddin
Published: April 2022

One of the important goals of education is to shape good character among the students, and one of the sources of good character is culture. Therefore it is important to ensure that materials used in the teaching process are culturally appropriate. This article aims to elaborate on cultural content in Bahasa Indonesia textbooks especially in terms of negotiation. Using the Cultural Linguistics analysis, this study revealed three cultural schemas related to the role of building a good relationship, assertiveness, and communication style in negotiations.
The Great Indian Kitchen: Serving of an Unpalatable Tale of Male Chauvinism in Home
Authors: Shalini Lourdes Antoinette , C Alamelu
Published: April 2022

The feminist movements played a vibrant role in enriching women for gaining self-sufficiency, which significantly influenced society. “With the advent of new feminist theories which reflects the varicoloured making of women’s cinema as the globalised society have adverse effects on women particularly in the developing countries” (Shalini & Alamelu, 2017). The opinions and visions of the movement are expressed through several works. They are also reflected in films as feminist films. The objective of feminist films is to portray the traditional and patriarchal society in which gender inequality, women’s subjectivity, toil and subjugation are expressed in varied forms. Mozhgan Sadat Marandi expounds that, “Filmmakers have opportunities to question, however subtly, the roles and relations of women in society” (Marandi, 2011). The selected film for the present research, The Great Indian Kitchen (2021), deals with traditional and patriarchal family notions and the never-ending tasks of women’s lives in the kitchen. The role played by the protagonist is confined to the kitchen doing her homely traditional duties as her family insisted on foregoing her desire for her career. The Great Indian Kitchen (2021) is a revolutionary movie made subtly to ensure that the audience empathises with the women’s experience in their families. The objective of the present research is to analyse the movie The Great Indian Kitchen (2021) through the lens of liberal feminism.
An Empirical Study on the Use of Emojis by College Students From the Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Lu Yuehua , Wu Jiahao
Published: April 2022

The present paper, by referring to the theory of Symbolic Interactionism, through the questionnaire survey among college students, studies the functions and influences of emoji use in online communication. It is found that emojis have linguistic, social and aesthetic functions. However, it also has certain disadvantages and limitations.
Comparative Study Between International and Domestic English Proficiency Standards From a Diachronic Perspective
Authors: Liu Yu
Published: April 2022

This paper intends to explore the relationship between international English-language proficiency scales and the English teaching syllabus for domestic universities by comparing their objectives, standards and definitions of proficiency. The results show that the development of English proficiency standards in China is always accompanied by the evolution of international language proficiency theory, and combined with its practical application in various countries. It is suggested that the college-level standard of English proficiency in China should be set based on the research of domestic and international scholars and organizations on language proficiency scales. At the same time, by drawing lessons from proficiency scales and adapting them to the English language scales used in China, a standard, comprehensive language proficiency system for teaching English can be established.
Strategies Subtitlers Use in Rendering English Slang Expressions Into Arabic
Authors: Hashish Ruba , Hussein Riyad F.
Published: April 2022

Film translation has become a worldwide field in which subtitlers translate and transfer language and style from one culture into another. Subtitling has always been affected by cultural elements. The purpose of this study was to find out how professional subtitlers differ from fansubbers when dealing with such expressions concerning the strategies that both groups use to subtitle these expressions. To achieve the goals of this study, the researchers identified 120 slang expressions from two American movies, Goodfellas and Training Day, but chose only 30 slang expressions to report on how they were rendered by both groups.  Results of the study showed that the professional subtitler and the fansubbers faced many challenges and used varying strategies when subtitling slang expressions. The challenges were related to the presence of some cultural terms and different types of slangs which are unfamiliar to most subtitlers. The most frequent strategies used by the professional subtitler and fansubbers were paraphrase, euphemism, omission, and calque. The study recommends that further studies be conducted on a larger sample of slang expressions in American or British movies and TV series. In addition, the subtitling of these slang expressions can be investigated in other target cultures and languages such as Spanish, Persian, Turkish, Greek, and Kurdish.
Factors Contributing to Willingness to Communicate in English of Thai Undergraduate Students in the Immersion Programs
Authors: Suvongse Nitchamon , Chanyoo Natthapong
Published: April 2022

The present study investigated psychosocial and psychocultural variables contributing to willingness to communicate in English as a second language (L2WTC) and determined the influence of the variables towards L2WTC of Thai undergraduate students in the immersion programs. Three hundred and forty-one students in the immersion programs at a Thai public university participated in the study. A mixed-method research design was employed with a questionnaire, focus group interview questions, and observation record. Data were analyzed utilizing frequency, percentage, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that the psychosocial variables influencing L2WTC of the participants were communication apprehension, introversion, and instrumental motivation, and select psychocultural variables of kwam kreng jai, fear of losing face, unity, and teacher status. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the variables altogether accounted for 78% of influencing variables on L2WTC, including self-perceived communicative competence, fear of losing face, teacher status, introversion, and communication apprehension, respectively. The results of this study explain the L2WTC contexts of Thai students in immersion programs that teachers, course designers, and scholars can take into account to design a more effective learning environment for students to speak out where participation in English is required.
Research on C-E Emergency Interpreting Service for the Immigrant Elderly Groups With Hearing Impairment in China
Authors: Xie Hong , Wang Peng
Published: April 2022

The Disaster Prevention Guideline for hearing-impaired groups, issued by the World Federation of the Deaf and the International Sign Language Translation Association, aims to help hearing-impaired groups to get accurate, timely information in the event of disasters or other emergency situations. In order to provide feasible interpreting strategies for immigrant elderly groups with hearing impairment, this study employs the corpus statistics method to analyze this guideline based on the Emergentist Model of Pragmatics. The results of this study demonstrate that the elderly can be divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups in information vulnerability. Therefore, this article puts forward corresponding interpreting strategies for them. For mild groups, interpreters can commonly use positive words, focusing on short sentences. For moderate groups, interpreters can usually use positive words, simple sentences, loud voices and gestures. For severe groups, interpreters should explain and retell loudly close to their ears by positive words with low loading significance, supplementing information by body movements. All of these strategies attempt to accurately convey emergency information to these groups and reduce their harm in emergency events. It is hoped that this can promote the research of emergency interpreting services in China.
The Representation of Women’s Dependence on Men in Little Women
Authors: Asriyanti Satri , Arafah Burhanuddin , Abbas Herawaty
Published: April 2022

This study aims to describe the representation of women’s dependence on men in Little Women. The descriptive qualitative approach was applied in this research. The data for this study were gathered from the talks of the characters in the novel’s Little Women. The data of this research are collected from Cinderella Complex syndrome through their actions and words. The research results showed the level to which characters are affected by the Cinderella Complex varies depending on how the Cinderella Complex influences their thoughts and behavior, either consciously or unconsciously. Meg's most dominant Cinderella Complex is Fear of losing femininity, and the most dominant factor is self-concept. Jo’s character showed only rely on man as the aspect and persona maturity as the factor. Meg and Jo were unconsciously reflected by Cinderella Complex syndrome.
Analysis of Hermaphroditism in Jeffrey Eugenides’ Middlesex
Authors: S Amuthavalli , Rajkumar Saradha
Published: April 2022

Middlesex, written by Jeffrey Eugenides, gives a memorable voice to one of those "coherent" gender beings. As Judith Butler mentions in one of her works, "If sex and gender are radically distinct, then it does not follow that to be a given sex is to become a given gender; in other words, "woman" need not be the cultural construction of the female body, and "man" need not interpret male bodies" (Butler 1999, 142). In short, this paper brings the chronological and biological defects that haunted Cal/Lie’s growth as a whole person as opposed to the person she/he wanted to be. Adding to that, the novel deals with wide themes and narrative structures. Much research has focused on ethnography, cultural identity, and immigrant life in search of a home and all. This paper focused on the hermaphroditism of the main protagonist from the novel, who narrates the entire generational epic concluding with hers.
An Analytical Study of Translating Astronomical Technology in the Yuan Dynasty to the West
Authors: Liu Yanyan , Liu Jinyu
Published: April 2022

As an indispensable part of Chinese science and technology, astronomical technology in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty serves as a link between the development of the preceding periods and the following ones. It is a typical representative of splendid Mongolian culture and national history as well. The translation of Chinese science and technology can not only promote the cultural transmission but it is also of academic value. This article discusses the translation problems and strategies in translating astronomical technology in the Yuan Dynasty. Based on the text type of the technological monographs, and combining the two strategies of domestication and foreignization, this article attempts to render a proper way for the translation in the related field, contributing a share to the construction of China’s foreign discourse system and dissemination of excellent Chinese culture.
Conceptual Metaphor in COVID-19 Speeches of the American President Joe Biden
Authors: Abdel-Qader Lina Mahmoud , Al-Khanji Rajai Rashead
Published: April 2022

This qualitative and quantitative study aims at shedding the light on the use of metaphor in COVID-19 speeches of the American President Joe Biden. Metaphor is considered to be one of the common linguistic strategies that are pervasively used in different types of discourse including speech. This study focuses on analyzing metaphor according to their source domains and to investigate their functions using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) as a semantic cognitive approach. As opposed to the decorative approach, CMT states that metaphor “plays a central role in thought, and is indispensable to both thought and language” (Degani, 2005). This approach was first elaborated by Lakoff and Johnson and is the most accepted theory that relates metaphor to cognition. The study aims at answering the following questions: (1) What are the most frequent source-domain categories of conceptual metaphors used in COVID-19 speeches of Joe Biden?; (2) What is the density of metaphor in various speeches delivered by Joe Biden? and finally (3) What are the main functions of metaphors found in Biden’s speeches? The findings revealed that the most common used source domains are Unity, Object, person, spatial and War metaphors, respectively. Moreover, the study has found that Urges America to Wear Masks is denser in metaphor than COVID-19 Response& Vaccine and Biden's Speech on Corona Virus. Finally, metaphor is used for several functions such as simplifying, convincing people and for emotive functions.
In Vitro Study of Hyaluronic Acid Based Scaffolds and Its Effect on Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Rajabi Ali , Pourentezari Majid , Dortaj Hengameh , Shahedi Abbas , Yadegari Maryam , Izadi Sepideh , Zakizadeh Fatemeh , Sharifian Dastjerdi Zeinolabedin
Published: April 2022

Recently, it has been proven that cartilage healing is difficult. The most commonly used treatments are autogenously cartilage grafting and allogeneic bone grafting, but grafts cannot fully meet treatment goals because of source, price, safety, and other concerns. Thus, a combination of biological materials and tissue engineering technology has become a recent trend in studies. Among the studies performed on tissue engineering cartilage materials are hydrogels that exhibit biological activity, post-decomposition adsorption, flexibility, and easy preparation. Cell-containing hydrogels are often used in cartilage tissue engineering because of their biocompatibility, ease of use, and ability to adapt to different defects. Hydrogels are used to mimic extracellular matrices. Although multiple materials can configure and form hydrogels, hyaluronic acid and its derivatives are distinguished. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an extracellular molecule with several physical and biological functions found in many tissues, including cartilage. HA is formed in several biomaterial systems and scaffolding. HA hydrogels have many interests, including increased adhesion, cell proliferation, and wound healing. In addition, they represent adequate biological acting for stimulating a microenvironment for the survival of cells. However, their disadvantages include a slow degradation rate and low mechanical properties. Here, HA-based hydrogels and their applications in cartilage tissue engineering are briefly reviewed.
Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages from Wastewater against Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Marzban Abdolrazagh , Beiranvand Marjan , Sedighi-Khavidak Samaneh
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims: In the current study, two bacteriophages were isolated from the wastewater sources and characterized by lytic activity against the Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) bacterium.
Materials and Methods: 50 wastewater samples were collected from the disposal sites. The phages were isolated from the treated samples using the double agar overlay method with L. monocytogenes as the host bacterium. Plaque morphology, temperature, pH, titration of phage lysate, host range, and scanning electron microscopic morphology were used to characterize the isolated phages.
Results: Bacteriophage was found in two samples taken from wastewater treatment plants. Phages were proliferated and released under optimal bacterial growth conditions at pH 7; 37 °C in 36-hour incubation. A 10:1 ratio of bacterial cells to phage produced the greatest lytic ability. The highest phage titrated under optimal conditions was estimated at 9×109 pfu/ml. The scanning electron microscopic image revealed a bacteriophage morphology corresponding to the head and tail group. The host range observations demonstrated that L. monocytogenes were unique to the isolated phage. The elimination of L. monocytogenes growth in milk and whey samples revealed that this bacteriophage targeted bacteria and resulted in a 75% reduction in bacterial contamination.
Conclusion: The results suggest that the phages obtained from L. monocytogenes may be utilized to combat this pathogen in dairy, agri-food, wastes, and other associated infections.
Molecular and Clinical Characterization of 7 Iranian Patients with Severe Congenital Factor V Deficiency: Identification of 4 Novel Mutations
Authors: Satari Sedighe , Shams Mahmood , Tabibian Shadi , Zaker Farhad , Rezvany Mohammad Reza
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims: Congenital factor V (FV) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder with 1 in 1000000 persons in the general population. Individuals with FV activity <1% and very low FV antigen levels are characterized as severe FV deficient patients. Little data is available about the molecular basis of this bleeding disorder in Iran.
Materials and Methods: We analyzed 7 unrelated Iranian FV deficient patients regarding clinical manifestation and genotype. The molecular dynamic simulation was carried out to analyze the effect of novel mutations on the FV structure.  
Results: All cases had recurrence epistaxis, oral cavity bleeding, and hematoma were frequent in our patients. The molecular analysis led to the identification of three already reported mutations (IVS 19+3 A>T, 4014-4017 del TCAG and p.P419R) and four novel mutations (IVS9-1 G>C, Y478D, L1844P, I1556T) in the FV gene of our patients. According to the molecular modeling results, it seems that in the two mutations Y478D and I1556T, an increased number of H-bonds in mutant proteins compared to natural ones reduces the flexibility and increases the stability of the mutant proteins. The results also show that in L1844P and I1556T mutations, the total solvent accessible surface area (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic) significantly decreases compared to the natural variants.   
Conclusion: Identifying the causative mutation in patients with FV deficiency helps to determine the molecular basis of this bleeding disorder and gain more insight into explaining the variable clinical manifestations of patients with FV deficiency.
A Root Cause Analysis of Haemolysis Encountered in Leuco-filtration of Stored Packed Red Cells Units
Authors: R Amita , AB PGDBBT Arya , S Sathyabhama , Gupta Debasish
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims: Leukoreduction of blood components has reduced the incidence of transfusion-associated adverse events. Leucofiltration is the most effective method of leukoreduction. We encountered haemolysis in a series of leucofiltered units. This stressed our precious inventory, added to financial loss, increased our turn-around time to issue leucofiltered blood units, and placed doubts on the safety of our leucofiltered products. A systematic root cause analysis was done to identify the reason for haemolysis.
Materials and Methods: A total of 69 units were leucofiltered during the study period, of which 13 units showed lysis following filtration.
Results: This study warranted a review of our existing leucofiltration standard operating procedures to keep strict adherence to manufacturer instructions to ensure quality in the end product.
Conclusions: Among the leucofiltered units showing hemolysis, 62% were due to higher temperature, 23% due to increased time for filtration, and 15% due to increased holding time of red cell units.
CNV Analysis Using Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification in Iranian Families with Non-Syndromic Congenital Heart Defects: Early Diagnosis of Non-Syndromic Patients
Authors: Khaksari Soheila , Aghaei Moghadam Ehsan , Nozari Ahoura , Boroughani Zahra , Ghasemi Firouzabadi Saghar , Behjati Farkhondeh
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims: Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common type of congenital disability. Copy number variations (CNVs) have been found as one of the genetic etiology of non-syndromic CHD, and researchers have detected several pathogenic CNVs in patients with cardiac defects.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, 70 patients with familial (20 patients) and sporadic (50 patients) non-syndromic CHD were evaluated to find whether CNVs in the GATA4, NKX2-5, TBX-5, CREL, BMP4 genes, and 22q11.2 region contribute to the pathogenesis of non-syndromic CHD. We have used the Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) technique as a molecular method to identify CNVs in predefined loci.
Results: Normal MLPA results were demonstrated for GATA4, NKX2-5, TBX-5, CRELD, and BMP4 genes for all sporadic and familial cases. However, we found three patients with imbalances for the 22q11.2 region. One patient with 22q11.2 deletion showed tetralogy of fallot, and the other had ventricular septal defects/ pulmonary atresia/ multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries. A duplication of the 22q11.2 region was detected in one patient with patent ductus arteriosus.
Conclusion: Identifying genomic imbalances in 6% of the non-syndromic sporadic patients indicates that recurrent CNVs could be associated with non-syndromic CHD. It seems that it is the first CNV analysis using MLPA carried out in Iranian patients with cardiac defects. We suggest that 22q11.2 imbalances should be considered in patients with cardiac lesions to provide an accurate diagnosis and appropriate genetic counseling in affected families.
Comparative study on the effects of filgrastim and pegfilgrastim in the treatment of fever and neutropenia in patients with leukemia in the west of Iran
Authors: Golpayegani Mohammad Reza , Faranoush Pooya , Rasouli Mohammad Hossein , Foroughi-Gilvaee Mohammadreza , Sadighnia Negin , Zandi Ashkan , Mosavi-Kiasary SeyedMohammad Sadegh , Faranoush Mohammad
Published: April 2022

Background: The current research seeks to present a comparative study of the effect of filgrastim and pegfilgrastim in the treatment of fever and neutropenia in leukemia patients.
Materials and Methods: The present study is a blind randomized clinical trial. The study population is comprised of 120 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who were admitted to the hospital due to mild febrile neutropenia during 2019. Included patients were divided into two groups. Filgrastim (10 micrograms/ kilogram, daily subcutaneously) and pegfilgrastim (100 micrograms per kilogram of a subcutaneous dose) were used for groups, respectively. Fever monitored every 6 hours, and neutrophil count was performed every 48 hours. The questionnaire designed in the study included age, type of drug side effects, number of days of neutropenia, and fever cessation time. Then, the data were analyzed by SPSS software.
Result:  Leukemic children with fever and neutropenia (N=120) were included in the study, which was 59 (49.1%) male and 61 (50.9%) female by the mean age of 79±44 months. The mean days of neutropenia correction in the filgrastim and pegfilgrastim groups were 5 and 4 days, respectively, which was not significantly different (p =0.08). There was no correlation between patients’ complications and types of treatments (p>0.05). Muscular pain was the most common complication observed among 4 cases and 1 case following filgrastim and pegfilgrastim administration, respectively. Furthermore, hyperleukocytosis following pegfilgrastim consumption was observed in two cases.
Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between the duration until the cessation of fever and the number of neutropenia days in the two groups receiving pegfilgrastim and filgrastim. Therefore, the fever and neutropenia improve with pegfilgrastim earlier than filgrastim; besides, fewer injections, patient comfort, and less musculoskeletal pain can be observed.
Etiology of Childhood Lymphadenopathy: A Report by a Single-center (2016-2018)
Authors: Raji Hojatollah , Edalatkhah Roohollah , Ashjaei Bahar , Mohseni Seifollah
Published: April 2022

Background: Lymphadenopathy is an enlargement of a lymph node. Pathologic Lymphadenopathy is when there is a symptom of infectious and noninfectious abnormalities or malignant diseases. Most Lymphadenopathies are benign and are associated with a short period of symptoms. Concerning diagnosis and management of adenopathy, especially in the case of children, research is still underway. For this reason, our study investigated and analyzed the causes of lymphadenopathy in children.
Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at the Pediatric Department of children's medical center of Tehran University of medical science. In this study, 130 children with cervical lymphadenopathy aged under 12 years underwent lymph node biopsy. Then under general anesthesia and evaluation of a senior pathologist, the lymph node was excised and biopsied.
Results: During the study, twenty-five cases were excluded. Fifty-three patients (50.47%) demonstrated infection history, 22 cases (21%) had neoplasia, and reactive inflammatory changes with nonspecific origin were seen in 42 cases (40.0%). We observed chronic lymphadenitis in 3(2.9%) cases, and finally, 1(1.0%) case was metastatic. Mean lymph node size proved to be greater than two cm in metastatic (2.22cm), lymphoma (2.33cm), and granulomatous (3.17cm) lymphadenopathies. The average lymph node size turned out to be 1.53 cm in reactive lymph nodes (P =0.021). The diagnosis was obtained by excisional biopsy and histopathology.
Conclusion: Acute infections are the most common reason for lymphadenopathy in pediatric conditions. It is better to be suspicious of malignancy with a high index in cases of cervical lymphadenopathy, especially if the lymph node size is higher than 2 cm. History, clinical features, and paraclinical tests can be used for lymphadenopathy in children.
The cutoff of ferritin for evaluation of osteoporosis in patients with Thalassemia Major: A cross-sectional analytic study
Authors: Baghersalimi Adel , Darbandi Bahram , Sadeghivash Azadeh , Koohmanaee Shahin , Hassanzadeh Rad Afagh , Firouzi Hossein , Dalili Setila
Published: April 2022

Background: This study aimed to assess cutoff of ferritin for evaluation of osteoporosis in patients with Thalassemia Major (TM).
Materials and Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in17 Shahrivar children's hospital, Rasht, Iran, from November 2017 to November 2018. The inclusion criteria were indicated as the presence of  TM in patients aged 12-19 years old with records of their regular visits. The exclusion criteria were noted as the presence of any chronic bone diseases such as osteomalacia or osteogenesis imperfecta, delayed puberty, hypothyroidism, parathyroid dysfunction, renal failure, liver failure, and growth hormone deficiency. Ferritin level was assessed, and bone densitometry was performed for all patients with TM.
Results: In this study, 53 females (54.6%) and 44 males (43.4%) were enrolled. Results showed that 36 (37.1%), 49 (50.5%), and 12 (12.4%) patients had a normal bone density, osteopenia, and osteoporosis, respectively. Comparing these three groups showed that despite higher mean serum level of ferritin in TM patients with osteoporosis than patients with osteopenia and normal bone density, no significant statistical difference was noted in these three groups (P >0.05). Besides, the mean ferritin level in patients with abnormal bone densitometry (osteopenia and osteoporosis) was higher than in patients with normal ones. A significant difference was noted between abnormal and normal densitometries (p=0.03). The Area under the Curve for ferritin was 0.708, and the cutoff point was indicated for ferritin was 2006 ng/ml.
Conclusion:  Regarding the results, there was a high frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia in teenagers with TM. As bone density abnormality formation is time-consuming, and prevention is the primary strategy for management, it is highly recommended to assess bone mineral density regularly starting from early childhood.
Evaluating Sleep Habits and Related Factors in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Soheilipour Fahimeh , Faranoush Mohammad , Ghanbari Jolfaei Atefeh , Tafreshi Roya Isa , Kashaninasab Fatemeh
Published: April 2022

Background: Sleep habits may play a role in the onset of sleep disorders. Several factors affect sleep habits. This study aimed to investigate sleep habits and related factors in childhood cancer survivors (CCS).
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 children (age range: 5-15 years) who recovered from cancer in Tehran, Iran, in 2020. A 35-item Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to determine children’s sleep habits. Correlation coefficient test, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the correlation between results.
Results: Participants’ mean age was 10.45± 12.3 years (49% males vs. 51% females). The mean total score of the CSHQ was 58.53±7.8. There was a negative and significant relationship between age and the total score of CSHQ (P=0.009). Independent t-test showed that the subscales and the total score of the CSHQ were not significantly different between males and females (P=0.834). There was no significant relationship between the total score of the CSHQ and the duration after recovery (P=0.08).
Conclusions:  The CCS are at higher risk of sleep disorders and the possibility of sleep disorders is higher in younger patients. Girls and boys who have survived cancer are equally prone to sleep disorders. There is a possibility of developing sleep disorders at any time during the recovery period. Factors such as the family’s socioeconomic status, level of physical health, duration of cancer, and the age of the children should be considered when assessing and treating sleep problems in CCS.
Comparing Mental and Physical Health of Full-Service Sex Workers in the United States to the Health of the General Population in 2019-2020
Authors: Ramos Stephen , Guerra Winifred , Bois Steff Du
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Full-service sex workers (FSSWs) are relatively prevalent in the U.S. and are known to face criminalization, stigma, and other factors relating to poor health. The main aim of this study was compare the mental and physical health of full-service sex workers in the United States in 2019-2020
Methods: In this prospective cohort study, participants were recruited through national community samples from U.S.-based FSSW advocacy and community organizations. Data were collected from November 2019 to February 2020. The study sample (n=83) included mostly of the white (81.9%), cisgender females (66.3%), who were relatively young (28.01 [4.25]), and identified as a sexual minority (57.8%). Participants completed an online survey on mental (e.g., depression, anxiety) and physical (e.g., sleep, fatigue) health, using the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS-29). Mean (SD) and Frequency (%) were used for description and for data analysis z-tests in SPSS version 27 with 5% significant level were used.
Results: The sample of FSSWs reported significantly poorer health in all health domains compared to the U.S. general population reference indices. FSSWs showed higher levels of depression (p <.001), anxiety (p <.001), fatigue (p <.001), sleep difficulties (p <.001), lower levels of physical functioning (p <.001) and the ability to participate in social activities (p =.03) compared with the U.S. reference indices.
Conclusions: FSSWs experience significant mental and physical health disparities compared to general population.  the need for further investigation of the social-ecological determinants of health for members of this marginalized community, many of whom are known to face health inequities.
The Death awareness and Spiritual Experience of Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Nobahari Ali , Fathi Elham , Malekshahi Beiranvand Fateme , Varzaneh Abolfazl Hatami
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The present study aims to identify the death awareness and spiritual experience of the health care workers in Iran.
Methods: Eleven health care workers involved with Coronavirus patients were selected through purposeful sampling and had in-depth semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was utilized to analyze the data.
Results: The conventional content analysis revealed four themes: 1- Increasing death awareness 2- Effective spiritual strategies; 3- Effective spiritual beliefs; 4- Pleasant and unpleasant existential experiences.
Conclusion: We can conclude that health care workers in dealing with epidemics such as coronavirus as a front-line force need spiritual heath to help themselves and the patients.
Spatial analysis of the COVID-19 prevalence pattern in Yazd province, Central part of Iran (February 2020 to January 2021)
Authors: Madadizadeh Farzan , Ghelmani Seyed Yaser , Fallah Tafti Tahare
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Yazd province is the center of Iran and the highway for travelers to other cities. This province is susceptible to disease transmission in Iran. This study aimed to spatial analysis of corona virus prevalence, predicting the spread and determination of hot spot areas in Yazd province, central part of Iran.
Methods: This analytical Cross-sectional study was conducted in Yazd province from February 2020 to January 2021. Patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospitals in Yazd province were selected by census. Required information includes the number of patients as well as their place of residence were collected through the hospital information system (HIS) of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The inclusion criteria were positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19 and registration of patient information in the hospital emergency department. After collecting the data, it was entered into the ArcGIS software is 9.3.1. software. Moran's I measure and chi square test were used to data analysis. Significant level were considered 5 %.
Results: Overall disease prevalence in Yazd province was equal to 0.0053. The prevalence of disease was higher in men women (55.7%, 3412 cases). The highest prevalence of the disease occurred in Yazd city (0.0096) and the highest death occurred in Meybod city (20.8%). Bahabad city also had the highest number of transfer (2.7%). Areas one (15.2% and 932 patients) and two (15.9% and 975 patients) of Yazd city were the most infected areas. There was no significant spatial pattern between the prevalence of the disease in the cities (Moran's Index: 0.18, P-value = 0.58).
Conclusion: There was no spatial pattern in the prevalence of the disease and only in the city of Yazd, regions one and two need the special attention of policymakers.
An Attached Odontoma to the Roots of a Mandibular Molar Tooth: A Case Report
Authors: Jahanshahiafshar Zahra , Yazdizadeh Mina , Nafarzadeh SHima , Mohammadi Mansoureh , GHorbani Hakimeh
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Odontomas are the most common odontogenic tumors. These lesions are usually considered a hamartoma than a neoplasm. Unlike normal tooth morphology, tissue arrangement is irregular in these lesions. Odontoma has self-limiting and slow growth, and if left untreated, its size will not increase over time. Most of these lesions are clinically asymptomatic and are detected on routine radiographs prepared for other purposes. Odontomas usually are located pericoronally and cause tooth eruption disorders such as the lack of permanent teeth or retention of deciduous teeth. In some cases, an odontoma can cause swelling and expansion of the jaw. The purpose of the current report is presenting an unusual complex odontoma in a 10-year-old boy, which was closely related to the roots of tooth #30. Odontomas are usually located pericoronally and near the roots of adjacent teeth, separated by a septum of bone. There are a few reported cases such as the current case, with fusion to the tooth structure. There was slight intraoral swelling and tenderness in the affected region. Unlike most reported cases, tooth eruption disturbance was not observed. Extreme proximity of odontoma and the roots of tooth were detected in Cone-beam Computed Tomography examination. Separative bone septum and the sharp outline of the tooth roots did not detected. The lesion and the related tooth were removed by surgical treatment, and the patient was followed for 2 years.
Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Women with Lupus
Authors: Hoseini Seyedeh Somayeh , Talebi Seyedeh Solmaz , Motaghi Zahra , Rahmanian Vahid
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune progressive connective tissue disease characterized by multiple organ involvement and a highly variable clinical course. The aim of this study was to predict the health-related quality of life of women with lupus based on perceived stress, fear of perceptual body image and psychological resilience.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 189 women with lupus in Hafez Hospital in Shiraz in 2019. Data were collected through the quality of life questionnaire (LupusQol), perceived stress questionnaire (PSS-14), body image fear inventory (BICI), and Conners and Davidson Technology Questionnaire, and they were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software with descriptive statistics and linear regression.
Results: The mean age and duration of the disease were 40.37±9.47 and 9.45±6.01 years, respectively. Based on the level of education, 43.79% of the patients were undergraduates, 86.8% were housewives and 57.7% were in the active phase of the disease. The mean score of resilience was 67.56±16.07, quality of life 57.30±22.68, stress 25.31±7.78 and fear of body image was 37.07±13.96. Stress, fear of body image, resilience, disease phase, education and occupation accounted for 52% of the total quality of life variability.
Conclusion: The quality of life of the women with lupus is affected by the variables such as stress, fear of body image and resilience. Thus, the higher the stress and fear of body image in women with lupus and the lower the rate of resilience, the lower the quality of life.
Effect of Rosemary Essential Oil on BIM Apoptotic Gene Expression in MCF 7 Breast Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Shakhseniaie Mozhgan , Nikoonahad Lotfabadi Narges , Haghirossadat Fatemah
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and its treatment is associated with many side effects. Herbal medicine has fewer side effects than chemical drugs, so they are especially important in the treatment of many diseases. Rosemary plant has anti-cancer effects due to its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rosemary essential oil on BIM gene expression in MCF-7 cell line.
Methods: In this experimental study, to evaluate the cellular toxicity of rosemary essential oil, MCF-7 cells were exposed to different concentrations of essential oil for 24, 48 and 72 hours, and their survival was investigated using MTT assay. Then, MCF-7 cells were exposed to essential oil for 24 hours to determine the BIM gene expression using the Real Time PCR technique. Statistical analysis of data was performed using T-Student test and SPSS version 16 software.
Results: The results of the MTT assay show that cell death is dose- and time-dependent. The effect of different amounts of essential oil on the survival rate of cancer cells was statistically significant (p˂0.05) and the lowest survival rate was 19% in 72 hours and with increasing essential oil concentration, cell death also increased. Real Time PCR results show a significant increase in BIM gene expression after essential oil treatment.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the cytotoxic effect of rosemary essential oil on breast cancer cells and it can increase the expression of BIM, an apoptotic gene and induce anticancer effects.
In Vitro Investigation and Characterization of Silicone Matrix IVR Loaded with Levonorgestrel: A Propper Method for Hormon Replacement Therapy
Authors: Hosseinzade Fateme , Tabesh Hadi , Farzaneh Farah
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Among 3 to 30 percent of women of reproductive age, experience abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Vaginal rings are one of the systems of interest for the local delivery of hormones that due to their polymeric structure allow prolonged release of drug. In this study, the design and fabrication of matrix vaginal rings containing levonorgestrel (LNG) were investigated.
Methods: In this experimental study, at first, two pieces of aluminum mold were designed, then base (A) and cross-linker parts (B) of polymer with LNG were mixed and 48 polymeric rings containing LNG were manufactured by injection molding method. To achieve the desired drug release values in a given time, the effect of temperature, rpm, release environment, different initial loading, cross-linker percentage and a mathematical model to predict release and swelling test were investigated.
Results:  As a result of the experiments, it was revealed that with increasing drug loading, the release rate rises, while increasing the cross-linker percentage reduced the drug release. Finally, the ring A:B=100:9.5 with an initial loading of 0.2 % LNG relative to silicon was selected as an appropriate ring, and release experiments were performed at 37 °C, shaker speed of 80 rpm, and release medium containing 10 % ethanol. Drug release values were measured by spectrophotometer and analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 16.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be deduced that matrix vaginal ring containing LNG is a suitable drug delivery system for prolonged release of LNG for treatment of AUB that depending on the drug initial loading and cross-linker percentage, the required diffusion coefficient, and release rate can be achieved in a certain time.