bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus in Zaire
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Badrian Noel L. , Badrian Alison J.
Published: February 2006

The locomotor behavior of Pan paniscus was studied over a four‐week period in Equateur, Republic of Zaire. Bonobos were found to be both arboreal and terrestrial in their daily activities. In the trees adult bonobos are basically quadrupedal, but they also have significant components of armswinging, diving, leaping, and bipedalism in their locomotor repertoire.
Tooth size of Ticuna Indians, Colombia, with phenetic comparisons to other Amerindian
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Nweeia Martin T.
Published: February 2006

This study reports on odontometric analyses of unadmixed, adult Ticuna Indians, Colombia, South America. This group is characterized by crown diameters intermediate in size relative to the known Amerindian range and, in turn, to the range in modern man. Sex dimorphism is absent in Ticuna tooth size; there is a strong retention of the M1 > M2 size sequence.

The Ticuna are compared multivariately to other Indian groups reported in the literature, using the size and shape coefficients of L.S. Penrose. Tooth size clusters the groups into small, medium, and large‐toothed classes, but does not yield a pattern attributable to known genetic or historical affinities. Shape coefficients distinguish Indians from non‐Indians (Caucasian, Negroid, and Australian samples), primarily on the basis of I1–I2 proportionalities. Neither size nor shape discriminates between North and South American groups.
Age differences in craniofacial dimensions among adults from Indian Knoll, Kentucky
Authors: Ruff Christopher B.
Published: February 2006

Adult craniofacial expansion with aging has recently been documented in a living US white population sample (Israel, '73a, '77). The present study extends these findings to a prehistoric Amerindian skeletal sample from the Indian Knoll, Kentucky site. Sixteen craniofacial dimensions available for 136 adult males were compared in younger (20–34 years) and older (35–50 years) age groups. Of these, six dimensions showed a significant difference between age groups; all significantly different dimensions were larger in the older adult age group. The multivariate (T2) difference between age groups was highly significant. Comparison of results before and after a size standardization indicated that the majority of differences between age groups were associated with an overall size increase, or expansion with aging, and did not represent merely remodeling, or “shape” changes. The pattern of craniofacial change with age appeared generally similar to that observed in the modern US white sample; however, some differences were noted. It is shown that the age trends observed at Indian Knoll are most likely to reflect true craniofacial growth in size among the adult male inhabitants of the site, rather than secular trends or other artifacts of the sampling procedure.

The causes for continuing adult craniofacial expansion are unknown, and probably involve a complex interaction of many factors. However, this pattern of change with age among adults does appear to be characteristic of population samples of widely differing genetic and environmental backgrounds.
Skin colorimetry and admixture measurement: Some further considerations
Authors: Korey Kenneth A.
Published: February 2006

Several techniques for using skin colorimetric data to measure admixture contributions to a hybrid population have been reviewed by Lees and Relethford ('78), who find this general approach to be useful. This paper extends their evaluation, providing a method for obtaining an error term and considering at greater length certain potential sources of estimate bias. Questions are raised about their discussion of the appropriate employment of distance statistics in this context, and an alternative procedure for obtaining a single estimate of admixture proportions jointly over all reflectance measurements is offered. While it is shown that the hybrid reflectance curves do not support entirely an assumption of unlinked loci contributing equally and additively to skin color, preliminary findings indicate that admixture estimates made from these data are apparently unbiased and reasonably efficient.
Communalities for rates of diaphyseal elongation of short bones of the hand of children with Down syndrome
Authors: Chumlea Wm. Cameron , Malina Robert M. , Rarick G. Lawrence , Seefeldt Vern D.
Published: February 2006

Communality indices for rates of elongation of diaphyses of short bones of the hand were computed from serial data for children with Down syndrome, 7 to 14 years of age. Communalities were larger for adjacent than for nonadjacent bones and also larger for bones grouped in rows rather than rays of the hand. This pattern is similar to that reported for normal children. Communality indices for rates of diaphyseal elongation for girls with Down syndrome were lower than those of boys with Down syndrome and normal children.
The pattern of involvement of appendicular degenerative joint disease
Authors: Jurmain Robert D.
Published: February 2006

Patterns of degenerative joint disease are investigated in the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints of the macerated remains of approximately 800 individuals from 20th century American and two prehistoric populations. Age is an important contributory factor in all joints, but its effects are seen most directly in the shoulder and hip. Patterns of right‐left involvement also indicate the elbow is the most susceptible area to local factors. Multiple joint involvement is seen more often in females from contemporary populations but more often in males from archeological groups. No significant association is found between degenerative involvement and osteometric measurements, and cause of death is probably only incidentally associated with degenerative disease.
Movement patterns of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Central positioning of walking infants
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Hendy Helen M. , Stillwell‐Barnes Robin , Westlund Bruce J. , Westlund Heather D.
Published: February 2006

According to DeVore and Washburn's protection theory of the spatial organization of moving baboon troops, walking infants, which are among the most vulnerable and least self‐sufficient of all troop members, should tend to occupy the troop's center. The protection theory is an ultimate hypothesis from which persistently recurring behavior is expected. Two troops living in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, were compared with troops studied at other locations. Walking infants tended to occupy the center of their troop and to be underrepresented primarily in the frontal portion of progressions and secondarily in the rear. The lead position of progressions was analyzed using 82 walking infants, 11 troops, three locations, two species, and three studies involving eight or more observers employing somewhat different procedures at the different study sites. Despite so many opportunities for variation, 1,317 observations from these 11 troops did not produce a single instance in which a walking infant led the troop and very few in which one was in the frontal twelfth.
The natural history of the helicoidal occlusal plane and its evolution in early Homo
Authors: Tobias Phillip V.
Published: February 2006

In modern man the pitch of the oclusal plane may vary along the tooth‐row. When anterior cheek‐teeth show a plane sloping upward palatally, whilst that on posterior cheek‐teeth slopes upward buccally, there results a twisted or helicoidal occlusal plane (Ackermann). Several hypotheses have been proposed for the structural basis of the helicoidal occlusal plane. Campbell's proposal ('25) has gained widest acceptance, namely that the helicoid results from anteroposterior differences in upper and lower alveolar arch width.

In the early 1960s, while studying the Olduvai hominids assigned to Homo habilis, the author noted changing occlusal slopes along the tooth‐row and a slight helicoid, although these features had not been noted in other early hominids. Subsequently, Wallace showed a total absence of the helicoid from South African australopithecines, and its presence in Swartkrans Homo, SK 45 and SK 80.

Recent studies confirm the presence of the helicoid in all available specimens of H. habilis, including Stw 53 found at Sterkfontein in 1976. Hence, this trait may distinguish between Australopithecus and early Homo. Measurements of the maxillary arch widths have shown that, whereas in Australopithecus arch widths increase to a maximum at M3, in early Homo maxillary arch widths are greatest at M2. The decline in posterior maxillary arch width is part of a general reduction of that region. Thus, despite striking elongation of premolars and M1 in early Homo, M2 and M3 are mesiodistally abbreviated. It is hypothesized that the onset of posterior arch reduction, with the appearance of a helicoid, was a structural and functional concomitant of the transition from the presumed australopithecine ancestor to H. habilis.
Brachymesophalangia‐V in five samples of children: A descriptive and methodological study
Authors: Buschang Peter H. , Malina Robert M.
Published: February 2006

The occurrence of brachymesophalangia‐V (BMP‐V) in 2,012 individuals from five samples of children of different ethnic backgrounds was determined using two indices. Frequencies of BMP‐V were analyzed for three variants: BMP‐V alone, BMP‐V with clinodactyly, and BMP‐V with a cone‐shaped epiphysis. The two indices used to identify BMP‐V indicated highest relative frequencies among Mexican children, moderate frequencies among children of European ancestry (Pennsylvania White, Canadian, West German), and lower frequencies in Pennsylvania Black children. Index 1, based on the ratio of the width to the length of the fifth mid‐phalanx, consistently produced higher frequencies than Index 2, based on the ratio of the length of the fifth to the length of the fourth midphalanges. Index 1 was also more selective of BMP‐alone, while Index 2 selected primarily BMP‐V with clinodactyly and/or cone‐shaped epiphyses. The differences between indices were largely due to the fact that Index 1, which basically defines shape, selected both the shortest and/or widest mid‐phalanges, while Index 2 related actual length differences. It is suggested that Index 2 provided a more suitable criterion of BMP‐V in comparative studies, due to possible population differences in phalangeal shape.
Autopsies on two native American mummies
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Benitez Jaime , Fry Gary , Lynn George E. , Ortner Donald J. , Reyman T. A. , Small Parker A.
Published: February 2006

An interdisciplinary team performed autopsies on an adult male and an infant male mummy from the American Southwest. Cause of death has not been determined for the infant. The presence of an unhealed skull fracture associated with an apparent hematoma in the adult male is suggestive of trauma as the cause of death in the adult. Evidence of disease is minimal.

Analysis of powder thought to be dried blood from the thoracic cavity of the adult suggests the presence of human IgG. The instability of this protein may indicate the presence of proteolytic activity by enzymes that degrade immunoglobulins upon rehydration. The possibility of enzymatic degradation of proteins will be an important factor in future studies of such immunoglobulins in mummy remains and also indicates the importance of maintaining the desiccated condition of mummy tissues.
Agonism, ranking, and the social behavior of adult male baboons
Authors: Harding Robert S. O.
Published: February 2006

An ingrained technique in primatological analysis is to rank individual animals in a hierarchical system that is usually but not always based on the outcome of agonistic encounters. An explication of group structre and function is then sought by correlation these rankings with aspects of behavior. When the behavior of the adult males in a free‐ranging troop of olive baboons is examined, ranking is found to be inadequate to represent the behavioral variability existing between individuals. The relationships maintained by these animals is analyzed, emphasizing amounts of time devoted to specific activities, and it is recommended that affiliative rather than agonistic behavior be stressed in future studies.
Sexing the human sternum
Authors: Jit Indar , Jhingan Veena , Kulkarni Mangala
Published: February 2006

For differentiating a male from a female sternum, a metrical study of 400 adult North Indian sterna (312 males and 88 females) obtained from medicolegal postmortems was made. If the combined length of the manubrium and mesosternum was more than 140 mm. the sternum was male, and if less than 131 mm. it was female. No opinion could be given if the length was between 131 and 140 mm. By this measurement 72.12% male and 62.50% female sterna could be sexed with 100% accuracy. The length of the mesosternum alone could also determine the sex correctly in 50.32% male and 29.55% female specimens. The length of the manubrium, manubrium–corpus index, width of the first or third sternebra or their index, were not found to be useful in sexing a given sternum.

By using multivariate analysis the probability of correctly identifying the sex of a sternum was over 85%.
Paternity exclusion in six captive groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Smith David Glenn
Published: February 2006

Five genetic markers were employed to attempt to identify the fathers of 135 Macaca mulatta offspring living in large outdoor field cages. Family studies of two of these markers to confirm mode of inheritance of phenotypes had not heretofore been reported. Of the 284 exclusions required to identify the fathers of all 135 monkeys, 198 (or 70 percent) were possible using only these five genetic polymorphisms. For 58 (or 43 percent) of these 135 offspring the father was identified. These data were applied to estimate the association between dominance rank of fathers and reproductive success. Fertility of first‐ and second‐ranking fathers was judged to be about twice as high as that of third‐ and fourth‐ranking fathers.
Gm and Inv studies on eight Iranian populations with distance measures among the six from the Caspian Littoral
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: February 2006

Serum samples from six populations living in the Caspian Littoral and from two populations (Armenians and Muslims) living in Teheran were tested for Gm(1,2,3,5,6,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26) and for Inv(1). The Gm data show that all six populations from the Littoral have African and Mongoloid admixture. Genetic distance among these six populations was estimated using Nei's standard distance measure, and its standard error, based on the 11 loci analyzed by Kirk et al. (1977); on these 11 loci plus Gm; and on the foregoing 12‐plus Inv. Only the distance measures for populations 1 and 4, and 2 and 3 are significantly different in all three measures of distance, and then only at the 5% level. More loci will have to be studied before firmly based conclusions may be drawn concerning the relation of these populations to each other.

The Armenian population, unlike the remaining seven populations, shows no evidence of African admixture, but it does show Mongoloid admixture.

The Muslim population shows African and Mongoloid admixture and, in addition, has the unusual haplotype Gm3,5,10,11,13,14,17,26 at polymorphic frequencies.
Experimental stress analysis of topographic diversity in early hominid gnathic morphology
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Molnar Stephen
Published: February 2006

Reconstructing the biomechanics of early hominid mastication is a key element in most models of hominid differentiation. Traditionally, ostelogical features marking muscle attachment surfaces have served as a reference system from which the vector geometry of the masticatory force system and resultant force distributions could be predicted. To augment traditional morphological and computational approaches, we developed a simulation system capable of replicating human and non‐human primate chewing motions. The forces of occlusion are recorded as photoelastic fringes in a urethane alveolar process. Simulation experiments evaluating the functional correlates of topographic diversity in zygomatic root position and mandibular ramus height in early hominids indicated that the mandibles and dentitions of robust australopithecines are well adapted to sustain high magnitude, low gradient load distributions.
An unusual distribution for height among males in a Warao Indian village: A possible case of lineal effect
Authors: Fleischman Mark L.
Published: February 2006

The Warao Indian village of Jobure has two modes for height within its adult male population. One mode is at 158 cm and the second occurs at 169 cm. Mean height for adult males and females for this village is significantly higher (α ≤ 0.05) than for the other Warao villages studied. Examination of the males involved shows that all unusually tall males, except two, are siblings or first cousins and are related to a taller than average village patriarch who is married to the tallest woman in the village.

The Warao posses a social system that encourages the formation of small enclaves that are biased samples of the general population and consist of closely related individuals. The physical environment is such that villages only short distances apart may be socially isolated, thus inhibiting gene flow from adjacent settlements. The height distribution observed in the village of Jobure is considered to be the result of repetitive sampling along kinship lines and has been preserved by the physical and social environment.
Craniofacial growth of fetal Macaca nemestrina: A cephalometric roentgenographic study
Authors: Sirianni J. E. , Newell‐Morris L.
Published: February 2006

The prenatal growth of the macaque craniofacial skeleton is described using lateral radiographs of 82 fetal and 25 neonatal Macaca nemestrina whose known gestational ages range from 50 to 186 days. The ossification sequence of the craniofacial bones resembles that in the human fetus. During gestation, the macaque neurocranium loses its round, globular shape, becoming flattened and elongated in an anteroposterior direction. In contrast, the morphologic pattern of the face is established early in fetal life, and little change takes place during the remaining prenatal period. The macaque craniofacial dimensions develop along the general skeletal growth pattern, unlike the human craniofacial dimensions, which follow an intermediate pattern between the neural and general skeletal patterns. However, despite minor differences, the macaque and human fetal faces follow the same basic patterns of growth.
Strength and robusticity of the Neandertal tibia
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Trinkaus Erik
Published: February 2006

Three Neandertal tibias are naturally broken at or near midshaft allowing calculation of geometrical and mechanical parameters. Comparisons are made with a sample of 15 modern human tibias using identical methods. Relative torsional and bending strengths of the Neandertal specimens were twice those of the comparative sample. Basic morphometrics of the Neandertal tibia are also included.
Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors (ULI) and the morphology of other teeth in man
Authors: Le Bot Pierre , Gueguen Alice , Salmon Denise
Published: February 2006

A sample of 192 male propositi with at least one ULI either missing or reduced has been compared with 197 male controls in terms of the morphology of the other teeth. Every class of propositi exhibits modifications in the following characters: Significant differences between propositi and controls were found for molar cusp number and groove pattern, particularly in the lower first molar and in propositi with reduced ULI. Significant differences between propositi and controls were also found with respect to caniniform pattern of the lower first premolar. The Carabelli's cusp is rarer in propositi. A hypothesis to account for these observations is proposed.
The caingang revisited: Blood genetics and anthropometry
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Jacques S.M. Callegari , Franco M.H.L.P. , Hutz M. H. , Weimer T. A. , Silva R. S. , Da Rocha F. J.
Published: February 2006

A total of 248 individuals belonging to four populations of Caingang Indians from southern Brazil were stuided in relation to 23 genetic systems that are expressed in blood and one manifested on saliva. These results were compared with those obtained in 400 members of these same communities that were subjected to 11 body measurements. Nine polymorphic loci (MNSs, P, Rh, Duffy, Diego, Hp, PGM1, ESD, and Gc) were chosen for the calculation of the genetic distances between the four populations, which were compared with Mahalanobis's D2 differences. The two sets of values proved to be intercorrelated but neither showed a relationship with the geographic distances separating the four communities. The Caingang were previously classified linguistically as Gê, and they show several affinities with the Gê tribes, both when hematological, and morphological, characteristics are considered. A variant PGD phenotype is also described, showing a curious storage effect.
A reanalysis of the South African australopithecine natural endocasts
Authors: Falk Dean
Published: February 2006

Sulcal patterns of six previously available South African australopithecine natural endocasts are reexamined and compared to sulcal patterns of 17 human, 12 gorilla and six chimpanzee brains. In addition, a seventh natural endocast, from STS 58, is described for the first time and compared to an artificial endocast from the same specimen. Using the Taung endocast as a focal point, it is shown that sulcal patterns reproduced on natural endocasts of australopithecines appear to be pongid‐like rather than human‐like. Contrary to earlier descriptions, the lunate sulcus occupies a rostral position similar to that found in pongids. Since South African australopithecine brains do not appear to be reorganized along human lines at a gross external neuroanatomical level, the concept of neurological reorganization is best applied at finer neurological levels, perhaps at the level of the neuron or at a neurochemical level. Thus, future studies by comparative neuroscientists are more likely to elucidate the fine details of neurological reorganization that occurred during early human evolution than are studies by paleontologists who directly observe the australopithecine fossil record of natural endocasts.
Age, sex, and antemortem loss of teeth in prehistoric Eskimo samples from point hope and Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: Costa Raymond L.
Published: February 2006

The incidence of teeth lost antemortem was investigated in 244 archeologically derived dried skeletal specimens from the Ipiutak and Tigara burials at Point Hope, Alaska, and 83 Koniag Eskimo specimens excavated at Jones Point, Uyak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska. Ipiutak skeletal remains date from approximately 1500 years B.P. and the Tigara remains from 300–400 years B.P. The Kodiak Island sample is undated. Specimens were sexed and aged in five‐year groupings using standard techniques. Teeth lost antermortem were identified as having occupied tooth sockets which showed healing of alveolar bone following exfoliation. Numbers of lost teeth were calculated as percentages of total number of tooth sites of each tooth classification for each age, sex, and site subgrouping.

Tooth loss was very low in the Kodiak Island sample, with little difference between sexes and no identifiable age trends. The Tigara ramains displayed moderate tooth loss, with strong correlations to increasing age and little differentiation between the sexes. The Ipiutak specimens lost the most teeth antemortem, with notable between‐sex differences and strong correlations with increasing age. In all groups loss of anterior teeth was probably due to accident or heavy wear, while loss of posterior teeth was due to heavy wear, periodontal disease, or agenesis.
Allometry of primate hair density and the evolution of human hairlessness
Authors: Schwartz Gary G. , Rosenblum Leonard A.
Published: February 2006

Allometric analyses of hair densities in 23 anthropoid primate taxa reveal that increasingly massive primates have systematically fewer hairs per equal unit of body surface. Considering the absence of effective sweating in monkeys and apes, the negative allometry of relative hair density may represent an architectural adaptation to thermal constraints imposed by the decreasing ratios of surface area to volume in progressively massive primates. Judging by estimates of body volume, denudation of the earliest hominids should have progressed to a considerable extent prior to their shift from a forest to a grassland habitat during the Pliocene. We propose that, lacking a reflective coat of hair, the exploitation of eccrine sweating emerged as the primary mechanism for adaptation to the increased heat loads of man's new environment and permitted further reduction of the remnant coat to its present vestigial condition.
Estimating prehistoric American Indian population size for united states area: Implications of the nineteenth century population decline and nadir
Authors: Thornton Russell , Marsh‐Thornton Joan
Published: February 2006

Implications of a revised United States American Indian nadir population and the pattern of decline leading to it are examined. Substituting the new nadir for that used by Dobyns (1966) lowers by several million his estimates of Indian population for the United States (and Canada) area. These estimates then become more compatible with ones currently being suggested by other scholars. The nineteenth century decline leading to this nadir is found to be remarkably linear. Assuming linearity in decline from initial European contact through the eighteenth century, an aboriginal population estimate of 1,845,183 for the United States area may be extrapolated, along with estimates for intervening years. The nineteenth century decline is then graphed with the data extrapolated to 1492. The resulting pattern of population decline is quite different from the ones suggested by Mooney (1928) and Dobyns (1966).
The S‐leut anthropometric traits: Genetic analysis
Authors: Paganini‐Hill A. , Martin Alice O. , Spence M. Anne
Published: February 2006

Genetic analyses were conducted on 51 anthropometric measurements and on four factors derived from them by factor analysis. These variables were obtained on 784 members of a religious isolate, the S‐leut. Correlations were computed between relatives, and heritabilities were estimated using information on extended families. Longitudinal measurements generally exhibited the highest heritabilities. The test for fit of a major gene model was significant for 13 of the 55 variables, the circumferential and breadth measurements giving the strongest evidence for major gene control. In another approach to establishment of genetic control, linkage analysis was performed between the anthropometric variables and blood group and serum protein polymorphisms. Several traits showed some evidence for linkage but none achieved statistical significance.
An analysis of australopithecine dentition
Authors: Finkel David J.
Published: February 2006

The means and variances of dental length, breadth, and area measurements of South and East African gracile and robust australopithecines are analyzed to determine the existence of statistically significant differences due possibly to different niche utilization and divergent evolution. The study material is divided into four groups: South African gracile, South African robust, East African gracile, and East African robust.

Comparison of East and South African graciles, East African robusts and graciles, and South African robusts and graciles shows few significant F‐ratios; a high frequency of significance is observed between East and South African robusts. High frequencies of significance are observed in t tests between all groups. Probit analysis, carried out on each of the four groups separately for each measurement, shows little or no significant deviation from normality; similar results are obtained when the groups are combined, suggesting the joint‐normal distribution of the total australopithecine sample. High frequencies of significant t tests and low frequencies of significant F‐ratios are observed when all graciles are compared with all robusts; yet few significant t tests and many significant F‐ratios occur when all East African forms are combined with all South African forms.

Observed differences in dental measurements in australopithecines tend to occur on a regional rather than a morphologic basis, especially with regard to robust samples from South and East Africa. While analysis of variance and probit analysis cannot be used to establish taxonomic divisions, results suggest the inappropriateness of dental measurements in establishing an australopithecine taxonomy.
The effects of aging and secular trend on adult stature in rural western Ireland
Authors: Relethford John H. , Lees Francis C.
Published: February 2006

Cross‐sectional data, consisting of anthropometric measurements for 347 adult males and 261 adult females in western Ireland measured during the 1930s, were used to determine the effects of aging and secular change upon stature. Estimates of statural loss due to aging were obtained using partial regression of stature on age while controlling for subischial length, and regression of the difference between observed stature and maximum predicted stature on age. Males show the effects of aging to a greater extent than do females. After correction for the effects of aging, the adjusted values of stature were regressed on age to estimate secular trend of stature. For males, there is a general increase of stature with time, excepting those born around 1878, while females generally show random variation with time. Both male and female adjusted stature decrease sharply around 1878, for which alternative historical explanations are proposed, relating to differential migration and survival.
The role of body mass in thermoregulation
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: February 2006

Inbred Fisher and Buffalo rats were raised in small and in large litters and by such litter manipulation, large‐ and small‐bodied animals were obtained within the same strain. When the rats were exposed to extreme cold and heat, it appeared that large‐bodied rats in both strains survived longer in cold and small‐bodied rats survived longer in heat. The two trends were clearly evident, and individual correlations between survival time and body mass were generally significant. However, there were also irregularities in such correlations. It is concluded that this is due to the fact that body mass is only one factor determining temperature tolerance in addition to hypothalamic, endocrine, and possibly neurochemical factors not known to be correlated to body mass.
Computed tomography in paleopathology: Technique and case study
Authors: Wong Patricia A.
Published: February 2006

With the development of computed tomography, soft tissues and foreign body collections are distinguished with remarkable resolution. This distinction is particularly useful when examining desiccated human remains, both in construction of research strategies and when invasive procedures (i.e., traditional autopsies, needle biopsies, etc.) are not possible. Though the organs differ markedly from living tissue, it is possible to distinguish major organs with some certainty. One case study exhibited three separate pathological conditions which were not demonstrated with traditional radiological procedures.
Dermatoglyphics of the nganasans and the forest entsy from the Taimir Peninsula
Authors: Galaktionov O. K. , Efimov V. M. , Goltsova T. V. , Lemza S. V.
Published: February 2006

Dermatoglyphic data on 17 traits (digital arches, ulnar loops, whorls, patterns on the hypothenar and thenar/I,II,III, and IV interdigital areas, main line C absence and its incompleteness, mean digital ridge‐count, a–b, b–c, and c–d ridge–counts, atd angle, pattern intensity index, and main line index) are presented in this paper for 194 males and 224 females from the Taimir Peninsula. Also presented is a population analysis of the Taimir aborigines based on quantitative traits, and comparisons of this population with some Siberian and North American populations.
Kinship, demographic, social, and geographic characteristics of mate choice in Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland
Authors: Brennan Ellen R.
Published: February 2006

The study examines marriage patterns for Sanday, a small, rural isolate in the Orkney Islands, during periods of rapid change in population growth and size. Kinship, demographic, social, and geographic characteristics of married residents born when fertility was high and population size large, are compared with those of couples born after both fertility and size began to decrease. Although social composition of spouses remained relatively unaffected for cohorts born between 1800 and 1964, significant changes in patterns of mate choice were observed with respect to consanguinity, age at marriage, age difference between spouses, birth order, sibship size, geographic propinquity, and the interaction of kinship with the other variables. Implications of observed changes in patterns of mate choice are discussed in relation to changes in population size and isolate breakdown.
The nut‐crackers – a new theory of the adaptations of the Ramapithecinae
Authors: Kay Richard F.
Published: February 2006

Molar enamel is thicker among frugivorous extant Old World monkeys and apes than among their folivorous close relatives. Furthermore, species that have the thickest molar enamel reportedly eat fruits, seeds, and nuts that are so hard that they cannot be broken by their sympatric thinner‐enameled relatives. Species with relatively thick enamel show no tendency toward a terrestrial feeding pattern. Members of the Ramapithecinae, the stock which probably gave rise to Pliocene‐Recent hominids, had very thick molar enamel. This suggests that they ate hard seeds, nuts, and fruits previously available only to arboreal rodents and forest‐floor pigs. There is no reason to believe that these anatomical features had to evolve in non‐rain‐forest environments, as others have argued.
Ontogenetic and interspecific skeletal allometry in nonhuman primates: Bivariate versus multivariate analysis
Authors: Jungers William L. , German Rebecca Z.
Published: February 2006

The critical problem confronting all allometric studies is the choice of an appropriate size variable, especially when body mass or some other measure of total size is unavailable. A method proposed by Jolicoeur (1963a,b) claims to generate an internal size variable by a principal components analysis of the covariance matrix of logarithmically transformed data, from which allometric coefficients can be computed. Despite the current popularity of this method, the precise relationship and degree of compatibility between such multivariate coefficients and the exponent of the bivariate power function (Y = βXα) is unknown. This study evaluates the comparability and interpretability of allometric values computed by Jolicoeur's procedure and by standard bivariate regressions (least squares and major axis). Two primate data sets with known measures of size were utilized for these purposes: (1) longitudinal growth data from radiographs of two species of capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella and Cebus albifrons; and (2) interspecific osteometric data from a series of adult lemurs, species of prosimians from Madagascar.

Consistent differences exist between multivariate and bivariate allometric coefficients for both ontogenetic and static data sets. Multivariate analysis underestimated the coefficients in the former and overestimated them in the latter. The internal size variable generated by principal components analysis is clearly not equivalent to, and hence not a suitable substitute for, known measures of size. Moreover, multivariate coefficients are very sensitive to the composition of variables in a given data set; α values of a variable changed appreciably depending on the other variables included in the analysis. The multivariate coefficients are also sample‐specific, and provide misleading biological information when compared between samples (e.g., between species of capuchin monkey). For allometric investigations designed to evaluate scaling parameters relative to total size, alternative analytical solutions to the Jolicoeur method should be considered.
Sexual dimorphism and allometry in primate ossa coxae
Authors: Steudel Karen
Published: February 2006

Five measurements were taken on the ossa coxae of 454 adult primates representing Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. Sex differences in these variables and their relationships to overall body size and sexual dimorphism were tested by means of Student's t‐test and regression analysis. The study attempts to clarify the nature of primate pelvic sexual dimorphism, including allometric effects, and more specifically, test the assertion made by Mobb and Wood (1977) that sexual dimorphism in body size in not an important determinant in pelvic sex differences.

Variables that contribute to the size of the birth canal tend to be larger in females than males in all taxa studied except two. In these, Hylobates and Alouatta, there were no significant differences between the sexes for any of the five variables. In general, sexual dimorphism in variables contributing to the size of the birth canal was correlated (r ≃ 0.8) with sexual dimorphism in body size. Furthermore, the coefficients of allometry underlying pelvic sex differences were shown to be moderately correlated (r ≃ 0.5) with sexual dimorphism in size. The influence of other adaptive factors on primate pelvic sexual dimorphism are also briefly discussed.
Hemoglobin variations on a small bahamian island
Authors: Halberstein R. A. , Davies J. E. , Mack A. K.
Published: February 2006

Hemoglobin characteristics were investigated in 492 blood specimens collected in a small island community (1,450 inhabitants) in the Bahamas. Using two different methods, abnormal variants were detected in 20.3% of the sample, including genotypes AS, AC, AF(A/HPFH), SC, and SF. Biodemographic evidence suggests that the origin and distribution of the hemoglobinpathies in this population have been influenced by historical migrations and genetic drift. The opportunity for drift has been particularly heightened by the “founder effect,” the maintenance of small population size, a relatively endogamous mating structure, and restricted immigration. Health survey results reveal a wide discrepancy between the actual prevalence of abnormal hemoglobins and that indicated by informant reports.
Blood protein variation in a population of ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops)
Authors: Turner T. R.
Published: February 2006

Seven small groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops), totaling 124 individuals, from Awash National Park, Ethiopia, were trapped and blood samples were obtained. Twenty‐three loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis and four loci, Tf, E, ADA, and PMG2 were found to be polymorphic. The average heterozygosity (H̄) of the population was calculated to be 5.6%. No significant deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium proportions occurred and a chi‐square test for group homogeneity was also not significant. Average FST for all polymorphic loci was calculated to be 0.062. This suggests that the entire group functions as a single Mendelian population.
A multivariate analysis of temporal change in Arikara craniometrics: A methodological approach
Authors: Key Patrick , Jantz R. L.
Published: February 2006

We have examined temporal changes in the cranial architecture of Arikara Amerindians from five archaeological sites in South Dakota which span a time period of approximately 230 years (ca. A.D. 1600–1830). We have utilized a multivariate statistical method based on a principal components analysis of the pooled within‐groups correlation matrix rather than the more traditional methods of ascertaining morphological relationships, e.g., discriminant functions, Mahalanobis' D2, or Penrose's Size and Shape. Our component structure, based on a regional sample and the mathematically simpler principal components analysis, is very similar to the factor structure obtained by Howells (1973) using a world‐wide sample and factor analysis proper. This supports the notion of the “universality” of cranial structure. An axis of temporal variation was introduced into the component space by means of multiple regression. This analysis indicates that a substantial portion of the intergroup variation is temporal in nature and that systematic temporal changes occur along the facial height, transverse frontal flatness, and frontal profile flatness components. Earlier analyses of the same material by more conventional methods either did not detect the temporal trends at all or failed to isolate the specific nature of the temporal changes. The success of the present analysis attests to the value of examining morphological relationships by means of principal components.
A revision of the Oligocene apes of the Fayum Province, Egypt
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: February 2006

Three years of field excavations in the Oligocene strata of the Fayum Province, Egypt, have yielded more than two dozen new jaws and teeth of fossil apes. This material contributes significantly to our understanding of catarrhine systematics and phylogeny. Here we present a systematic revision of the earliest apes and discuss their relationship with Miocene forms.

Two ape species have been recovered from Quarries I and M in the Upper Fossil Wood zone of the Jebel el Qatrani Formation, Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and Propliopithecus (=Aeolopithecus) chirobates. Female Propliopithecus chirobates have small canines which somewhat resemble those of the enigmatic Propliopithecus haeckeli, but have a longer, narrower P3 than the latter. No specimens of either P. haeckeli or Moeripithecus markgrafi have been found in the Upper Fossil Wood zone after ten field seasons, suggesting that these species may occur only lower in the section.

Aegyptopithecus and Propliopithecus have no shared derived features that exclude them from the ancestry either of Old World monkeys or apes. Thus, Aegyptopithecus, the better known form, is suitably primitive to have been the ancestor of all later Old World monkeys and apes (and hominids). The possibility of a separate gibbon or hominid lineage going back to the Oligocene is unlikely on present evidence.
Dental microwear and diet: Implications for determining the feeding behaviors of extinct primates, with a comment on the dietary pattern of Sivapithecus
Authors: Covert Herbert H. , Kay Richard F.
Published: February 2006

Dental microwear is of special interest for two reasons. First, it has been proposed that specific dental microwear patterns are associated with specific diets and therefore that the diets of extinct forms may be deduced by analysis of microwear. Second, it has been suggested that the geometry of wear striations indicates the direction of masticatory movement. We tested these ideas by analyzing microwear of laboratory animals fed different diets. Twelve American opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) were fed soft cat food for 90 days. Two control animals were fed only this base diet, five animals had plant fiber added to their diet, four animals had chitin added to their diet, and one animal had fine ground pumice added to its diet (for the last 30 days of the feeding period). We examined the wear surface below the paracristid on the M3 and M4 of each animal by SEM. No microwear pattern differences were observed on the plant fiber‐fed, chitin‐fed, or control animal's molars. The pumice‐fed opossum had a distinct microwear pattern with many parallel striations, resembling those found on the teeth of grass‐eating hyraxes (Walker et al., 1978). These results suggest that (1) exogenous grit (this study) or plant parts containing opaline phytoliths (Walker et al., 1978) produce similar microwear patterns, and (2) the diets of extinct forms cannot always be deduced by the analysis of dental microwear. The absence of fine parallel striations on teeth of Sivapithecus examined by us suggests that grass parts were not an important part of its diet and that it avoided dietary fine grit. Furthermore, we found striations on opossum molars with deep, broad heads and shallow, narrow tails oriented in opposite directions on the the same Phase I wear facet. This suggests that the geometry of striations on Phase I wear facets does not allow one to determine the direction of masticatory movement.
Medial pterygoid muscle activity during the closing and compressive phases of human mastication
Authors: Hannam Alan G. , Wood William W.
Published: February 2006

The lack of specific data correlating activity in the human medial pterygoid muscle with displacement of the jaw during mastication, and the hint of possible differences in function between certain mammalian species, prompted a study of unilateral mastication in six adult subjects. Muscle activity in the medial pterygoid, masseter, and anterior temporal muscles was recorded simultaneously with three‐dimensional movement of an incisor point on the mandible. Signals from muscles and displacement transducer were sampled by a disc‐based computer system programmed to analyze data averaged over 30 chewing cycles on each side and in some instances over 30 open‐close and clench cycles.

Patterns of medial pterygoid activity were consistent for the group as a whole, demonstrating activation of both muscles early in the closing cycle with strong ipsilateral muscle activity before and throughout the intercuspal phase of mastication. By contrast contralateral activity ceased during the crushing phase of the cycle, reappearing in some subjects just before the end of intercuspation. Medial pterygoid activity mirrored masseter and anterior temporal activity only during certain phases of the closing cycle, suggesting that these muscles should be considered as being selectively coactivated with, rather than synergists of, the major elevators of the jaw. The muscles were active during horizontal components of movement of the incisor teeth in chewing, but were inactive during the open‐close and clench task despite vigorous contraction of the masseter muscles.

Overall, the observations complement previous reports of medial pterygoid muscle activity in humans. They also confirm, for these muscles at least, a general similarity between man and the little brown bat, a relationship hitherto suspected but unsubstantiated.
A quantitative comparison of the Hominoid Thalamus. IV. Posterior association nuclei—the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus
Authors: Armstrong Este
Published: February 2006

Nuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya in the thalamic association complex, the pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei (Pu‐LP) were compared among two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans. The human Pu has approximately twice as many neurons as do the great apes, whereas the human and gorilla LP have a similar number. The numbers of neurons in the human Pu and combined Pu‐LP complex were predictable from the ape data. Nevertheless, a shift in perikaryal sizes from a unimodal to a bimodal population distinguished the human specimen. It is hypothesized that during human evolution Pu expanded in proportion to the rest of the brain, but that not all parts of Pu expanded equally.