bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ressourcen‐ und Kosteneffizienz von Niederdruckplasmaprozessen
Authors: Oehr Christian
Published: February 2010

Bei der Entscheidung für den Einsatz neuer Verfahren zur Oberflächenbehandlung sind zwei Aspekte von entscheidender Bedeutung. Der erste betrifft die zu erwartenden Kosten pro Bauteil. Um einen Überblick zu geben, sind im Folgenden einige beispielhafte Anwendungen bei Anlagenbauern und Lohnbeschichtern erfragt worden, auf deren Basis sich ein vernünftiges Konzept für Plasmabehandlungen unter Berücksichtigung der Kostensituation ergibt.

Der zweite Aspekt betrifft die Ressourceneffizienz, das heißt, wie viel Material und Energie wird benötigt, um die gewünschten Oberflächeneigenschaften zu realisieren. Dieser Aspekt wird in Zukunft weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen. Zu beiden Aspekten möchte der vorliegende Artikel einen Beitrag leisten.
Media(ted)discourses and climate change: a focus on political subjectivity and (dis)engagement
Authors: Carvalho Anabela
Published: February 2010

Research has shown that the media are the main source of information and the main factor shaping people's awareness and concern in relation to climate change and therefore have an important role in setting the public agenda. As a key forum for the production, reproduction, and transformation of the meaning of public issues, the media influence understandings of risks, responsibilities, as well as the functioning of democratic politics. This article argues that the media also matter to citizens' perception of their (potential) political agency or their political subjectivity. Media representations construct particular ‘subject positions’ for individuals and cultivate dispositions to action or inaction. The article discusses the importance of citizens' political engagement with climate change and points out some aspects of media(ted) discourses that may constrain the perceived possibilities of participation in the politics of climate change. While engagement with climate change has multiple dimensions and a number of barriers have been identified through empirical studies, this article offers a critique of the role of the media in political engagement with the problem and suggests avenues for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Social Amplification/Attenuation of Climate Risks
Energy value determinations of industrialized foods: the potential of using X‐ray spectroscopy and partial least squares
Authors: Terra J. , Antunes A. M. , Prado M. A. , Bueno M. I. M. S.
Published: February 2010

This work reports the use of multivariate calibration models to determine energy values (EV) of industrialized dried vegetable products prepared for human consumption. These methods use energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectra allied to chemometrics of the respective samples to substitute conventional EV determinations that are subject to several laborious steps. The samples are grouped in accordance with their principal raw material (corn, wheat, soy, milk and cassava). The chemometric tools applied reveal that the X‐ray scattering spectrum region furnishes the main contribution to the calibration models, where the presence of organic compounds is manifested through small variations in X‐ray scattering effects. These results are expected because EV values are based on the organic contents. The EV determination is fast, does not generate residuals and does not involve toxic reagents. The good results of the validation process (deviations < 14%) indicate that this is an alternative to conventional analytical methods and is very attractive for routine analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indications for Routine Pathologic Examination of Specimens Removed During Trauma Operations
Authors: Gertz Ryan , Salim Ali , Teixeira Pedro , Ley Eric J. , Inaba Kenji , Chandrasoma Para , Anderson Dennis , Margulies Daniel R.
Published: February 2010

Background

Surgical specimens removed during trauma operations are routinely submitted for examination by pathology. This practice has not been systematically evaluated and the incidence of abnormal results from these examinations remains unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the incidence and management implications of abnormal findings at pathology review of trauma specimens.

Methods

This is a retrospective chart and pathology review of all surgical specimens obtained during laparotomy or thoracotomy for trauma between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2005. Reports were assessed for significant abnormal findings, including malignancy, infectious processes, and chronic inflammation. Additional clinical and demographic data were obtained. The main outcome measure was any change in management due to the pathology result.

Results

A total of 1686 specimens were obtained from 1307 trauma patients. Ten patients (0.8%) were identified as having clinically significant abnormal findings on pathology. Six findings (0.5%) were evidence of malignancy. The pathology reports did not alter care in any patients. In all instances malignancy was known or highly suspected prior to specimen examination based on other diagnostic modalities or gross examination during surgery. Patients with an abnormal finding were significantly older than the patients with normal pathology reports (70.5 vs. 30.4, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The routine pathology review of specimens obtained during trauma operations did not alter patient care and should not continue. In all instances of abnormal pathology, preoperative imaging or gross intraoperative findings led to increased suspicion of occult disease. The suggestion of abnormalities on imaging or intraoperatively warrants pathologic examination, especially in older patients.
Phosphorus acquisition and competitive abilities of two herbivorous zooplankton, Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula
Authors: Iwabuchi Tsubasa , Urabe Jotaro
Published: February 2010

Contrary to an expectation from the size‐efficiency hypothesis, small herbivore zooplankton such as Ceriodaphnia often competitively predominate against large species such as Daphnia. However, little is known about critical feeding conditions favoring Ceriodaphnia over Daphnia. To elucidate these conditions, a series of growth experiments was performed with various types of foods in terms of phosphorus (P) contents and composition (algae and bacteria). An experiment with P‐rich algae showed that the threshold food level, at which an individual's growth rate equals zero, was not significantly different between the two species. However, the food P:C ratio, at which the growth rate becomes zero, was lower for Daphnia than for Ceriodaphnia, suggesting that the latter species is rather disfavored by P‐poor algae. Ceriodaphnia showed a higher growth rate than Daphnia only when a substantial amount of bacteria was supplied together with a low amount of P‐poor algae as food. These results suggest that an abundance of bacteria relative to algae plays a crucial role in favoring Ceriodaphnia over Daphnia because these are an important food resource for the former species but not for the latter.
Deep and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Rice Plants Infested by the Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and Water Weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)
Authors: Venu R. C. , Sheshu Madhav M. , Sreerekha M. V. , Nobuta Kan , Zhang Yuan , Carswell Peter , Boehm Michael J. , Meyers Blake C. , Korth Kenneth L. , Wang Guo-Liang
Published: February 2010

The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus) are two important insect pests in rice production. To identify insect-responsive genes in rice, we performed a deep transcriptome analysis of Nipponbare rice leaves infested with both beet armyworm and water weevil using massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS). Many antisense, alternative, and novel transcripts were commonly and specifically induced and suppressed in the infested tissue. Key genes involved in the defense metabolic pathways such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathways were up-regulated in the infested leaves. To validate the MPSS results, we analyzed the transcriptome of the rice leaves infested with water weevils using Solexa’s sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) method. The MPSS and SBS data were highly correlated (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.85), and 83% of genes had similar gene expression in both libraries. Our comprehensive and in-depth survey of the insect-infested libraries provides a rich genomic resource for further analyzing the function of key regulatory genes involved in insect resistance in rice.
Chasing Zero: Our Journey to Preventing Surgical Site Infection
Authors: Roesler Rosemarie , Halowell Christine C. , Elias Georgiana , Peters Julie
Published: February 2010

After an increase in methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections was discovered at a health care facility in Arizona, a multidisciplinary team convened to investigate the underlying problem and work toward eliminating surgical site infections. The team investigated environmental factors, held inservice sessions to reinforce sterile technique, and made important changes to the facility culture in efforts to eliminate surgical site infections. The team's efforts were put into practice on October 30, 2008, and only one surgical site infection was identified in the following seven months.
Developing Critical Thinking in the Perioperative Environment
Authors: Jones Jackie H.
Published: February 2010

Critical thinking is considered an essential skill for nurses by many, including major accrediting agencies, health care administrators, and AORN. This is in part because of the environment in which nurses function. Health care, medicine, technology, and nursing are dynamic and constantly changing. The perioperative environment is complex, fast paced, unique, and oftentimes unpredictable. Critical thinking skills enable perioperative nurses to function effectively and evolve in this ever‐changing environment. Nursing education programs are mandated to teach critical thinking skills. It is the practice arena, however, that refines, hones, and grows these skills. This article provides an overview of critical thinking in the context of nursing, as well as strategies and interventions designed to teach critical thinking skills.
Nurse Anesthesia
Authors: Jensen Susan A.
Published: February 2010

Nurse Anesthesia John J. Nagelhout, Karen Plaus 4th edition 2010, Elsevier Mosby Saunders 1,408 pages, $110 hardcover
7 Summits: A Nurse's Quest to Conquer Mountaineering and Life
Authors: Edel Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2010

7 Summits: A Nurse's Quest to Conquer Mountaineering and Life Patrick Hickey 2010, Jones and Barlett Publishers 250 pages, $34.95 softcover
Ectopic recombination in the central and peripheral nervous system by aP2/FABP4‐Cre mice: Implications for metabolism research
Authors: Martens Katrin , Bottelbergs Astrid , Baes Myriam
Published: February 2010

aP2‐Cre mice have amply been used to generate conditional adipose selective inactivation of important signaling molecules. We show that the efficiency of Cre mediated recombination in adipocytes and adipose selectivity is not always guaranteed. In particular, Cre activity was found in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in adrenal medulla and in neurons throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Because these tissues have an important impact on adipose tissue, care should be taken when using aP2‐Cre mice to define the role of the targeted genes in adipose tissue function.
A molecular mechanism for proton‐dependent gating in KcsA
Authors: Cuello Luis G. , Cortes D. Marien , Jogini Vishwanath , Sompornpisut Amornrat , Perozo Eduardo
Published: February 2010

Activation gating in KcsA is elicited by changes in intracellular proton concentration. Thompson et al.[1] identified a charge cluster around the inner gate that plays a key role in defining proton activation in KcsA. Here, through functional and spectroscopic approaches, we confirmed the role of this charge cluster and now provide a mechanism of pH‐dependent gating. Channel opening is driven by a set of electrostatic interactions that include R117, E120 and E118 at the bottom of TM2 and H25 at the end of TM1. We propose that electrostatic compensation in this charge cluster stabilizes the closed conformation at neutral pH and that its disruption at low pH facilitates the transition to the open conformation by means of helix–helix repulsion.
The SLO3 sperm‐specific potassium channel plays a vital role in male fertility
Authors: Santi Celia M. , Martínez-López Pablo , de la Vega-Beltrán José Luis , Butler Alice , Alisio Arturo , Darszon Alberto , Salkoff Lawrence
Published: February 2010

Here we show a unique example of male infertility conferred by a gene knockout of the sperm‐specific, pH‐dependent SLO3 potassium channel. In striking contrast to wild‐type sperm which undergo membrane hyperpolarization during capacitation, we found that SLO3 mutant sperm undergo membrane depolarization. Several defects in SLO3 mutant sperm are evident under capacitating conditions, including impaired motility, a bent “hairpin” shape, and failure to undergo the acrosome reaction (AR). The failure of AR is rescued by valinomycin which hyperpolarizes mutant sperm. Thus SLO3 is the principal potassium channel responsible for capacitation‐induced hyperpolarization, and membrane hyperpolarization is crucial to the AR.
Oxysterol represses high‐affinity IgE receptor‐stimulated mast cell activation in Liver X receptor‐dependent and ‐independent manners
Authors: Nunomura Satoshi , Endo Kaori , Makishima Makoto , Ra Chisei
Published: February 2010

Oxysterols activating liver X receptors (LXRs) repress expression of pro‐inflammatory genes and have anti‐inflammatory effects. Here, we show for the first time that bone marrow‐derived murine mast cells (BMMCs) predominantly express LXRβ. 25‐hydroxycholesterol, a representative LXR activating oxysterol, suppressed IL‐6 production and degranulation response in BMMCs following engagement of high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Interestingly, 25‐hydroxycholesterol reduced cell‐surface FcεRI expression by inhibiting assembly of FcεRIα and FcεRIβ. We demonstrate that LXR activation was involved in the suppression of IL‐6 production in BMMCs, but that reduced FcεRI expression and degranulation response was mediated in an LXR‐independent manner.
Swa2p‐dependent clathrin dynamics is critical for Flo11p processing and ‘Mat’ formation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Martineau Céline N. , Melki Ronald , Kabani Mehdi
Published: February 2010

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to form complex multicellular structures called mats on low‐density agar Petri plates. Mat formation strictly depends on Flo11p, a cell surface mannoprotein that mediates the adhesion of yeast cells to the agar surface. Here, we show that Swa2p, an auxilin ortholog required for clathrin‐coated vesicle uncoating, is strictly required for biofilm formation. We show that the maturation and cellular levels of Flo11p are affected in Δswa2 cells, yet without compromising invasive growth. Both the TPR and J‐domains of Swa2p, but not its clathrin‐binding and ubiquitin‐association motifs, are required for its function in Flo11p processing.
Crystal structure of the LMAN1‐CRD/MCFD2 transport receptor complex provides insight into combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII
Authors: Wigren Edvard , Bourhis Jean-Marie , Kursula Inari , Guy Jodie E. , Lindqvist Ylva
Published: February 2010

MINT‐7557086: lman1 (uniprotkb:P49257) and mcfd2 (uniprotkb:Q8NI22) bind (MI:0407) by X‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)
The Cvt pathway as a model for selective autophagy
Authors: Lynch-Day Melinda A. , Klionsky Daniel J.
Published: February 2010

Autophagy is a highly conserved, ubiquitous process that is responsible for the degradation of cytosolic components in response to starvation. Autophagy is generally considered to be non‐selective; however, there are selective types of autophagy that use receptor and adaptor proteins to specifically isolate a cargo. One type of selective autophagy in yeast is the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. The Cvt pathway is responsible for the delivery of the hydrolase aminopeptidase I to the vacuole; as such, it is the only known biosynthetic pathway that utilizes the core machinery of autophagy. Nonetheless, it serves as a model for the study of selective autophagy in other organisms.
Characteristics of HPV prevalence among women in Liaoning province, China
Authors: Sun Zheng‐Rong , Ji Yao‐Hua , Zhou Wei‐Qiang , Zhang Shu‐Lan , Jiang Wei‐Guo , Ruan Qiang
Published: February 2010

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence rates of specific human papillomavirus (HPV) types infecting women in Liaoning Province, China.

Methods

Specimens from 4780 patients with cervical disease and 165 age‐matched controls were tested for HPV genotypes using a chip hybridization assay.

Results

The infection rates were 35.66% for patients with cervicitis, 54.61% for those with ASCUS, 64.14% for those with CIN, 83.76% for those with cervical cancer in situ, and 83.12% for those with invasive cervical cancer. The most common HPV genotype was HPV‐16, followed by HPV‐58, HPV‐52, HPV‐33, HPV‐53, and HPV‐31. There were 1529 single and 731 multiple infections among the 4780 patients. Single infections with high‐risk genotypes were associated with various cervical diseases. HPV‐16 was present in 399 of the patients with multiple infections.

Conclusion

Compared with prevalence rates for other populations, the rates of specific HPV types infecting women are different in Liaoning Province of China.
The issue of reinfibulation
Authors: Serour Gamal I.
Published: February 2010

Reinfibulation is resuturing after delivery or gynecological procedures of the incised scar tissue resulting from infibulation. Despite the global fight against female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), reinfibulation of previously mutilated or circumcised women is still performed in various countries around the world. A good estimate of the prevalence of reinfibulation is difficult to obtain, but it can be inferred that 6.5–10.4 million women are likely to have been reinfibulated worldwide. Women who undergo reinfibulation have little influence on the decision‐making and are usually persuaded by the midwife or birth attendant to undergo the procedure immediately following labor or gynecological operation. Although medicalization of reinfibulation may reduce its immediate risks, it has no effect on the incidence of long‐term risks. Reinfibulation is performed mainly for the financial benefit of the operator, and cultural values that have been perpetuated for generations. Reinfibulation has no benefits and is associated with complications for the woman and the unborn child. Its medicalization violates the medical code of ethics and should be abandoned. International and national efforts should be combined to eradicate this practice.
Feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus andBartonellaspecies in stray cats on St Kitts, West Indies
Authors: Kelly Patrick J. , Moura Lenita , Miller Tanya , Thurk Jaime , Perreault Nicole , Weil Adriana , Maggio Ricardo , Lucas Helene , Breitschwerdt Edward
Published: February 2010

Stray cats trapped in various areas of Basseterre, the capital of St Kitts in the West Indies, were tested for infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) using commercial kits. Of 99 (51 male and 48 female) cats trapped in 2006/7, 15% (12 males and three females) were positive for FIV while none were positive for FeLV. Of 72 (41 males and 31 females) cats trapped in 2009, 14% (nine males and one female) were positive for FIV while none were positive for FeLV. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed DNA of Bartonella species in whole blood collected from 60/95 (63%) cats trapped in 2006/7. Sequencing of the 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region of a convenience sample of nine amplicons and the 11 isolates made from 43 blood samples which were cultured using Bartonella alpha Proteobacteria (BAPGM) enrichment medium revealed B henselae (14) and B clarridgeiae (six).
The radical right in Romania: Political party evolution and the distancing of Romania from Europe
Authors: Sum Paul E.
Published: February 2010

Increasingly, European radical right parties have capitalized on citizen dissatisfaction with the European Union institutions. As a new EU member, to what extent have supporters of the radical right in Romania turned away from Europe? I evaluate this question by tracking the evolution of radical right parties in Romania. I find that supporters of the radical right in Romania are generally do not support or do not trust the EU. The Greater Romania Party is well-positioned to expand its electoral base in the foreseeable future if it can widen its appeal to those Romanians who are ambivalent to the EU.
From Oblivion to Apotheosis: The Ironic Journey of Alexis de Tocqueville
Authors: MANCINI MATTHEW J.
Published: February 2010

Scholarship on the theme of Alexis de Tocqueville's changing roles in American culture constitutes a remarkably coherent discourse with distinctive conventions, structures, metaphors, and plots. Especially pronounced in the literature is a constantly repeated narrative – really a myth – that portrays Tocqueville as a vanished hero who suffered a prolonged period of oblivion and then made a celebrated return to play the role of guide to Americans as they faced the perils of the postwar world. Because of the lack of empirical support for this narrative, scholars inadvertently find themselves violating or disregarding elementary rules of evidence and logical argument when they address it. The extraordinary stability and coherence of this discourse are its most notable features: they have persisted, with no oppositional counternarrative, decade after decade for the past forty years. But all discourses have cracks and fissures. This essay reveals the ubiquity as well as the banality of the standard tragic-heroic narrative, and it provides a taxonomy of Tocqueville metaphors – Tocqueville as Orpheus, as Proteus, and as Christ. The supposed facts of Tocqueville's reception (with which these metaphoric clusters are identical) are false. There was no departure, oblivion, or triumphant return of Tocqueville. The mythic discourse advanced an account that had no support in the historical record.
Vortex-induced instabilities and accelerated collapse due to inertial effects of density stratification
Authors: DIXIT HARISH N , GOVINDARAJAN RAMA
Published: February 2010

A vortex placed at a density interface winds it into an ever-tighter spiral. We show that this results in a combination of a centrifugal Rayleigh–Taylor (CRT) instability and a spiral Kelvin–Helmholtz (SKH) type of instability. The SKH instability arises because the density interface is not exactly circular, and dominates at large times. Our analytical study of an inviscid idealized problem illustrates the origin and nature of the instabilities. In particular, the SKH is shown to grow slightly faster than exponentially. The predicted form lends itself for checking by a large computation. From a viscous stability analysis using a finite-cored vortex, it is found that the dominant azimuthal wavenumber is smaller for lower Reynolds number. At higher Reynolds numbers, disturbances subject to the combined CRT and SKH instabilities grow rapidly, on the inertial time scale, while the flow stabilizes at low Reynolds numbers. Our direct numerical simulations are in good agreement with these studies in the initial stages, after which nonlinearities take over. At Atwood numbers of 0.1 or more, and a Reynolds number of 6000 or greater, both stability analysis and simulations show a rapid destabilization. The result is an erosion of the core, and breakdown into a turbulence-like state. In studies at low Atwood numbers, the effect of density on the inertial terms is often ignored, and the density field behaves like a passive scalar in the absence of gravity. The present study shows that such treatment is unjustified in the vicinity of a vortex, even for small changes in density when the density stratification is across a thin layer. The study would have relevance to any high-Péclet-number flow where a vortex is in the vicinity of a density-stratified interface.
Turbulent pair dispersion of inertial particles
Authors: BEC J. , BIFERALE L. , LANOTTE A. S. , SCAGLIARINI A. , TOSCHI F.
Published: February 2010

The relative dispersion of pairs of inertial point particles in incompressible, homogeneous and isotropic three-dimensional turbulence is studied by means of direct numerical simulations at two values of the Taylor-scale Reynolds number Reλ ~ 200 and Reλ ~ 400, corresponding to resolutions of 5123 and 20483 grid points, respectively. The evolution of both heavy and light particle pairs is analysed by varying the particle Stokes number and the fluid-to-particle density ratio. For particles much heavier than the fluid, the range of available Stokes numbers is St ∈ [0.1 : 70], while for light particles the Stokes numbers span the range St ∈ [0.1 : 3] and the density ratio is varied up to the limit of vanishing particle density. For heavy particles, it is found that turbulent dispersion is schematically governed by two temporal regimes. The first is dominated by the presence, at large Stokes numbers, of small-scale caustics in the particle velocity statistics, and it lasts until heavy particle velocities have relaxed towards the underlying flow velocities. At such large scales, a second regime starts where heavy particles separate as tracers' particles would do. As a consequence, at increasing inertia, a larger transient stage is observed, and the Richardson diffusion of simple tracers is recovered only at large times and large scales. These features also arise from a statistical closure of the equation of motion for heavy particle separation that is proposed and is supported by the numerical results. In the case of light particles with high density ratio, strong small-scale clustering leads to a considerable fraction of pairs that do not separate at all, although the mean separation increases with time. This effect strongly alters the shape of the probability density function of light particle separations.
Giving Consumers of British Public Services More Choice: What can be Learned from Recent History?
Authors: 6 PERRI
Published: February 2010

British Prime Minister Tony Blair announced in the autumn of 2001 that he wanted to extend individual consumer choice in the public services (Blair, 2001). What do we know from recent experience about the conditions under which such policies can be sustained? In this article, the experience of individual consumer choice over the last ten, and in some cases, fifteen years, is compared across nine fields of British public services. The article identifies the policy goals for introducing choice, considers how far they were typically achieved, and identifies problems and unintended side-effects, including distributional problems, inefficiencies and one type of political risk. This provisional evaluation is based on a widely ranging review of literature spanning several disciplines. The principal products of the argument are two detailed tables, setting out, respectively, the degree to which the goals seem to have been achieved for each choice programme, as far as the available literature can tell us, and how far distributional, efficiency and political risk problems have dogged consumer choice in each field. In the discussion section, trends and variations are summarised. Finally, some lessons are drawn from the comparisons, for policy makers who may be considering the further extension of consumer choice in public services.
Molecular and spatial epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis: source association and genotype-related risk factors
Authors: MULLNER P. , SHADBOLT T. , COLLINS-EMERSON J. M. , MIDWINTER A. C. , SPENCER S. E. F. , MARSHALL J. , CARTER P. E. , CAMPBELL D. M. , WILSON D. J. , HATHAWAY S. , PIRIE R. , FRENCH N. P.
Published: February 2010

The epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis is complex but in recent years understanding of this disease has advanced considerably. Despite being a major public health concern in many countries, the presence of multiple hosts, genotypes and transmission pathways has made it difficult to identify and quantify the determinants of human infection and disease. This has delayed the development of successful intervention programmes for this disease in many countries including New Zealand, a country with a comparatively high, yet until recently poorly understood, rate of notified disease. This study investigated the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni at the genotype-level over a 3-year period between 2005 and 2008 using multilocus sequence typing. By combining epidemiological surveillance and population genetics, a dominant, internationally rare strain of C. jejuni (ST474) was identified, and most human cases (65·7%) were found to be caused by only seven different genotypes. Source association of genotypes was used to identify risk factors at the genotype-level through multivariable logistic regression and a spatial model. Poultry-associated cases were more likely to be found in urban areas compared to rural areas. In particular young children in rural areas had a higher risk of infection with ruminant strains than their urban counterparts. These findings provide important information for the implementation of pathway-specific control strategies.
Reflection paper on MRSA in food-producing and companion animals: epidemiology and control options for human and animal health
Authors: CATRY B. , VAN DUIJKEREN E. , POMBA M. C. , GREKO C. , MORENO M. A. , PYÖRÄLÄ S. , RUŽAUSKAS M. , SANDERS P. , THRELFALL E. J. , UNGEMACH F. , TÖRNEKE K. , MUŇOZ-MADERO C. , TORREN-EDO J.
Published: February 2010

The scope of this reflection paper was to review the latest research on the risk of MRSA infection and colonization in animals. Attention focused on occurrence, risk factors for colonization and infection, and human contact hazard for livestock, horses, and companion animals. Whereas the clonal relationship between MRSA strains of CC398 is straightforward in livestock this is less obvious in horses. Small companion animals typically share MRSA strains that seem to exchange with a human reservoir. Management and therapeutic options have been suggested for livestock, horses, companion animals, as well as instructions on safety measures for persons in contact with animals. Conclusions were drawn with emphasis on future research activities, especially to confirm the apparent evolution of the organism and to demonstrate efficiency of control strategies.
A Q fever outbreak in a psychiatric care institution in The Netherlands
Authors: KOENE R. P. M. , SCHIMMER B. , RENSEN H. , BIESHEUVEL M. , DE BRUIN A. , LOHUIS A. , HORREVORTS A. , LUNEL F. VERDUYN , DELSING C. E. , HAUTVAST J. L. A.
Published: February 2010

In May 2008 the Nijmegen Municipal Health Service (MHS) was informed about an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in three in-patients of a long-term psychiatric institution. The patients had been hospitalized and had laboratory confirmation of acute Q fever infection. The MHS started active case finding among in-patients, employees of and visitors to the institution. In a small meadow on the institution premises a flock of sheep was present. One of the lambs in the flock had been abandoned by its mother and cuddled by the in-patients. Samples were taken of the flock. Forty-five clinical cases were identified in employees, in-patients and visitors; 28 were laboratory confirmed as Q fever. Laboratory screening of pregnant women and persons with valvular heart disease resulted in one confirmed Q fever case in a pregnant woman. Of 27 samples from animals, seven were positive and 15 suspect forCoxiella burnetiiinfection. This outbreak of Q fever in a unique psychiatric setting pointed to a small flock of sheep with newborn lambs as the most likely source of exposure. Care institutions that have vulnerable residents and keep flocks of sheep should be careful to take adequate hygienic measures during delivery of lambs and handling of birth products.
High prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in slaughterhouse workers in contact with live pigs in The Netherlands
Authors: VAN CLEEF B. A. G. L. , BROENS E. M. , VOSS A. , HUIJSDENS X. W. , ZÜCHNER L. , VAN BENTHEM B. H. B. , KLUYTMANS J. A. J. W. , MULDERS M. N. , VAN DE GIESSEN A. W.
Published: February 2010

Livestock-associated MRSA has been found in various animals, livestock farmers and retail meat. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of nasal MRSA carriage in pig slaughterhouse workers. Three large pig slaughterhouses in The Netherlands were studied in 2008 using human and environmental samples. The overall prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage in employees of pig slaughterhouses was 5·6% (14/249) (95% CI 3·4–9·2) and working with live pigs was the single most important factor for being MRSA positive (OR 38·2,P<0·0001). At the start of the day MRSA was only found in environmental samples from the lairages (10/12), whereas at the end of the day MRSA was found in the lairages (11/12), the dirty (5/12) and clean (3/12) areas and green offal (1/3). The MRSA status of the environmental samples correlated well with the MRSA status of humans working in these sections (r=0·75). In conclusion, a high prevalence of nasal MRSA carriage was found in pig-slaughterhouse workers, and working with live pigs is the most important risk factor. Exact transmission routes from animals to humans remain to be elucidated in order to enable application of targeted preventive measures.
FURTHER NOTES ON A RARE SPECIES OF SELAGINELLA (PTERIDOPHYTA – SELAGINELLACEAE) FROM THE CERRADOS OF EASTERN BOLIVIA
Authors: Huaylla H. , Scotland R. W. , Wood J. R. I.
Published: February 2010

Study of additional collections of Selaginella chiquitana M.Kessler, A.R.Sm. & M.Lehnert shows it to be conspecific with S. arroyoana M.Kessler & A.R.Sm. The apparent relationships of Selaginella arroyoana, its ecology and conservation status are discussed more fully. Scanning electron micrographs of spores and a map of its distribution are provided.
IMPORTANT PLANT AREAS IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
Authors: Al-Abbasi T. M. , Al-Farhan A. , Al-Khulaidi A. W. , Hall M. , Llewellyn O. A. , Miller A. G. , Patzelt A.
Published: February 2010

An Important Plant Area programme has been initiated for the Arabian region by the IUCN Arabian Plant Specialist Group. The aim of this programme is to assess hotspots of plant diversity in the region and designate the most important as Important Plant Areas. These assessments are conducted on the basis of specific criteria and this paper presents the criteria which have been adopted for the Arabian Peninsula countries of Saudi Arabia, Oman and Yemen. These Arabian criteria differ from those originally developed for Europe, and so they are presented here in full. This paper also discusses the context of the Important Plant Area programme and its ability to provide a framework for conservation planning.
THE GENUS SCAPHOCHLAMYS (ZINGIBERACEAE – ZINGIBEREAE): A COMPENDIUM FOR THE FIELD WORKER
Authors: Searle R. J.
Published: February 2010

Scaphochlamys Baker (Zingiberaceae – Zingibereae) is found in southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. In this treatment 31 species and six varieties are recognised. A new combination is made for Scaphochlamys anomala (Hallier f.) R.J.Searle; Scaphochlamys mat-kilau C.K.Lim, Scaphochlamys biloba (Ridl.) Holttum var. lanceolata (Ridl.) Holttum and Scaphochlamys longifolia Holttum are placed in synonymy. Included in this compendium is an analysis of the morphology of the genus, a brief historical review, a key to the species and a generic outline, as well as full generic and specific descriptions, maps, illustrations, and a full list of all names and types.
A REVISION OF BEGONIA SECTION DIPLOCLINIUM (BEGONIACEAE) ON THE PHILIPPINE ISLAND OF PALAWAN, INCLUDING FIVE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Hughes M. , Coyle C. , Rubite R. R.
Published: February 2010

Begonia sect. Diploclinium (Begoniaceae) is revised for the Philippine island of Palawan. Five new species, Begonia acclivis C.Coyle, B. cleopatrae C.Coyle, B. gutierrezii C.Coyle, B. rubiteae M.Hughes and B. wilkiei C.Coyle, are described, giving a total of 10 species, nine of which are endemic. Of the 10 species, two are considered to belong to the IUCN category Endangered, five are Vulnerable, two are Least Concern and one is Data Deficient.
LITOSTIGMA, A NEW GENUS FROM CHINA: A MORPHOLOGICAL LINK BETWEEN BASAL AND DERIVED DIDYMOCARPOID GESNERIACEAE
Authors: Wei Yi-Gang , Wen Fang , Chen Wen-Hong , Shui Yu-Min , Möller M.
Published: February 2010

Litostigma, a new Chinese genus of Gesneriaceae, is described and illustrated. It is characterised by its large flowers in comparison to its small leaves; slightly revolute leaf margins; 1-flowered cymes; crateriform or disciform stigma; and long ovoid capsule. Rather surprisingly, Litostigma falls among the basal didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae. Two new species, Litostigma coriaceifolium Y.G.Wei, F.Wen & M.Möller and Litostigma crystallinum Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen, are described.
Th'interpretation of t'definite article in t'North of England
Authors: LODGE KEN
Published: February 2010

A non-standard form of the definite article is used by upwards of a million speakers every day and yet it has received little attention in terms of a phonological analysis. The most recent discussions have been a historical and contemporary survey, spectrographic investigations and sociolinguistic surveys. It is clearly a complex issue and has relevance to a number of theoretical questions, some of which are rarely addressed. We need to know the range of phonetic forms; the phonological distribution of the forms; the historical development and whether this helps with a synchronic analysis; and the number and nature of the lexical storage forms. The distribution varies between localities and between speakers; many speakers also use standard English the. The historical development is not at all clear, but does throw some light on what the synchronic grammars should be like. There appears to be a break between those grammars in which the phonetic forms of the definite article are predictable in terms of the phonological environment and those later grammars that have lexically specific forms. The changes that have taken place cannot be explained in terms of simple system-internal mechanisms and some knowledge of the sociohistorical background to the emergence of the new grammars is necessary. This article looks at historical sources from the mid seventeenth century onwards to try to determine the changes that have taken place in the northern dialects concerned, and proposes population movements and expansion as a determining factor in the changes that are in evidence. One possible scenario in terms of new-dialect formation during the nineteenth century is suggested. For the modern variants polysystemic, declarative grammars are proposed, with the possibility of grammar-switching under certain circumstances, such as repair or interaction with outsiders.
The rise of theto-infinitive: evidence from adjectival complementation
Authors: VAN LINDEN AN
Published: February 2010

This article presents a diachronic corpus-based study of the distribution of mandativethat- andto-clauses complementing deontic adjectival matrices in the extraposition construction, as inIt is essential to work upwards from easier workloads(CB). It shows that theto-infinitive encroaches on thethat-clause from Early Middle English onwards and comes to predominate in Late Middle English. It thus adduces evidence for Los's (2005) account of the rise of theto-infinitive as verbal complement: against the generally held view that theto-infinitive replaced the bare infinitive, Los (2005) shows that it spread at the expense of the subjunctivethat-clause in Middle English, e.g. after intention verbs and manipulative verbs. After considering various factors such as the distribution of theto-infinitive in the adjectival complementation system, the tense of the matrix of the adjectival constructions and the Anglo-Saxon versus Romance origin of the adjectives, I conclude that the rise of theto-infinitive with adjectival matrices in Middle English has to be explained by analogy between verbal and adjectival mandative constructions. In addition, this study shows that – unlike with the verbal constructions – theto-infinitive with adjectival matrices stabilizes at roughly a 3:1 ratio to thethat-clause from Early Modern English onwards. For these later periods, finally, it is proposed that the clausal variation may be motivated by lexical determination, discourse factors such as information structure, and stylistic preferences.
Anyone for non-scalarity?
Authors: DUFFLEY PATRICK J. , LARRIVÉE PIERRE
Published: February 2010

This article examines the status of scalarity in the analysis of the meaning of the English determinerany. The latter's position as a prime exemplar of the category of polarity-sensitive items has led it to be generally assumed to have scalar meaning. Scalar effects are, however, absent from a number of common uses of this word. This suggests thatanydoes not involve scales as part of its core meaning, but produces them as a derived interpretative property. The role of three factors in the derivation of the expressive effect of scalarity is explored: grammatical number, stress and the presence of gradable concepts in the NP. The general conclusions point to the importance of developing a causal semantic analysis in which the contributions of each of the various meaningful components of an utterance to the overall message expressed are carefully distinguished.
BOWIT–Bochumer Wissenstest
Authors: Liepmann Detlev , Beauducel André
Published: February 2010

Mit dem von Hossiep und Schulte (2008) vorgelegten Bochumer Wissenstest (BOWIT) wird auf der Grundlage der DIN 33430 ein Instrument für den deutschsprachigen Raum vorgelegt, das eine Brücke zwischen grundlagen- und anwendungsorientierten Fragestellungen schlägt. Das Instrument bildet vornehmlich semantisch-deklaratives Wissen ab und steht thematisch neueren Intelligenzkonzepten nahe. Es erfolgt eine Differenzierung in 11 inhaltlich zu trennende Facetten, die sich empirisch zu zwei Faktoren aggregieren lassen und als (a) Gesellschafts- und Geisteswissenschaftliches Wissen bzw. (b) Naturwissenschaftlich-technisches Wissen bezeichnet werden. Für die Auswertung stehen bei zwei parallelen Versionen 30 verschiedene Normtabellen (Langform) zur Verfügung. Die ausschließliche Verwendung verbaler Kodierungen im BOWIT muss als Einschränkung der Inhaltsvalidität betrachtet werden. Für eine nächste Auflage wäre eine Erweiterung der Befunde zur konvergenten bzw. diskriminanten Validität anzustreben.
Der Work Design Questionnaire
Authors: Stegmann Sebastian , Dick Rolf van , Ullrich Johannes , Charalambous Julie , Menzel Birgit , Egold Nikolai , Wu Tina Tai-Chi
Published: February 2010

Der Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ, Morgeson & Humphrey, 2006 ) ist ein Fragebogen zur Analyse von Arbeitstätigkeiten. Er umfasst Aufgaben-, Wissens-, soziale und kontextuelle Arbeitsplatzmerkmale (insgesamt 21 Skalen). In diesem Beitrag wird eine deutsche Übersetzung des WDQ vorgestellt. Wir berichten Ergebnisse aus vier Studien, in denen die deutsche Version erstmals eingesetzt und überprüft wurde. In Studie 1 zeigten sich gute bis sehr gute interne Konsistenzen für die Skalen. Im Hinblick auf die Validität der Skalen konnten einige postulierte Zusammenhänge der über den WDQ erfassten Arbeitsplatzmerkmale mit Zufriedenheit, Arbeitsmotivation, Bedeutsamkeit, Verantwortlichkeit und dem Wissen um die Resultate nachgewiesen werden. Das differenzierte Muster der Zusammenhänge spricht für die getrennte Erfassung aller 21 Konstrukte. In Studie 2 konnten die Ergebnisse zu Reliabilität und Kriteriumsvalidität aus der ersten Studie repliziert werden. Darüber hinaus konnte die postulierte Faktorstruktur durch konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestätigt werden. Es zeigten sich theoretisch plausible Unterschiede hinsichtlich Berufsgruppe, Selbstständigkeit und Führungsverantwortung. In Studie 3 konnte eine ausreichende zeitliche Stabilität der WDQ-Skalen nachgewiesen werden. In Studie 4 gaben wir den WDQ einer Stichprobe von Pflegekräften vor. Die Angaben sind deutlich homogener als in heterogenen Stichproben, was eine Erfassung von objektiv gegebenen Arbeitsmerkmalen durch den WDQ andeutet. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse der vier Studien für die Reliabilität und Validität des deutschen WDQ.
Closure in the Earth's angular momentum budget observed from subseasonal periods down to four days: No core effects needed
Authors: Dickey Jean O. , Marcus Steven L. , de Viron Olivier
Published: February 2010

Short period variations in the Earth's rotation rate, length‐of‐day (LOD), are driven mainly by the atmosphere with smaller contributions by the oceans. Previous studies have noted a lag of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) with LOD that would imply another source. We examine AAM from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis series, along with oceanic angular momentum (OAM) from the ECCO consortium; land hydrological effects made no discernible impact. The NCEP reanalysis together with OAM produces a significant lag with LOD, while the ECMWF reanalysis AAM with OAM shows no phase lag. We find significant coherence with LOD variations down to periods of 4 days; coherence losses at shorter periods likely arise from the inverted barometer assumption and unmodeled dynamical processes. Thus the inclusion of core effects is not needed to balance the axial angular momentum budget on sub‐seasonal time scales.
JPL/USC GAIM: On the impact of using COSMIC and ground‐based GPS measurements to estimate ionospheric parameters
Authors: Komjathy Attila , Wilson Brian , Pi Xiaoqing , Akopian Vardan , Dumett Miguel , Iijima Byron , Verkhoglyadova Olga , Mannucci Anthony J.
Published: February 2010

The University of Southern California (USC) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have jointly developed the Global Assimilative Ionospheric Model (GAIM) to monitor space weather, study storm effects, and provide ionospheric calibration for space weather applications. JPL/USC GAIM is a physics‐based 3‐D data assimilation model that uses both four‐dimensional variational analysis and Kalman‐filter techniques to solve for the ion and electron density state and key drivers such as equatorial electrodynamics, neutral winds, and production terms. Here we report on GAIM Kalman filter‐based assimilation results using ground‐based GPS and COSMIC‐derived total electron count (TEC) measurements. We find that assimilating COSMIC measurements into GAIM improves critical ionospheric parameters such as NmF2 and HmF2. Assimilating COSMIC data produces higher‐accuracy vertical electron density profile “shapes,” as verified by comparisons to independent electron density profiles measured at Arecibo, Jicamarca, and Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (ISR). We also find significant improvement in global vertical TEC (VTEC) maps when assimilating COSMIC measurements, verified by comparing GAIM output with VTEC measurements from the Jason ocean altimeter. For 3 days in June 2006, improvement in accuracy compared to ground‐data‐only assimilation is found to be 30%, 28%, and 44%, respectively.