bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eficiency of aminoglycoside antibiotics cryptosporidiosis of calfs
Authors: Shcherbina Y. A. , Gavrilova N. A.
Published: May 2022

The effectiveness of aminoglycoside antibiotics, paromomycin, for cryptosporidiosis in calves was determined based on the results of a coprological study and an assessment of the physiological state before and after the treatment of the animals. Calves with signs of diarrhea, dehydration, cachexia, and were later diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, were given the drug «Protostop» orally, containing 100,0 mg of paromomycin sulfate in 1,0 g. The animals were separated into 5 groups, 10 calves in each: four experimental and one control. Animals from groups № 1 and № 2 were given the drug «Protostop» orally, at a dose of 250 mg per 1 kg of the animal’s weight, in a course of 3 and 5 days, respectively. The animals in groups № 3 and № 5, the drug «Protostop» was given orally at a dose of 350 mg per 1 kg of the animal’s weight, in a course of 3 and 5 days, respectively. Calves in the control group (№ 5) underwent therapy with an analogue drug, «Parofor 70». After administration of the drug «Protostop» orally with liquid for 3 days at a dose of 250 mg per1 kg of the animal’s weight (group №1), as well as at a dose of 350 mg per 1 kg (group № 2), significant improvements were noted, which confirmed the results of scatological studies, but Cryptosporidium oocysts continued to stand out. Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected, after the introduction of the oral drug «Protostop» for 5 days at a dose of 350 mg per 1 kg of animal weight (group № 4). In samples of feces from calves of the control group (№ 5), which received therapy with the drug «Parofor 70», single oocysts of Cryptosporidium werefound after a 5-day course of treatment.
Morphological features of the skin cattle
Authors: Nadorov A. V. , Bushukina O. V.
Published: May 2022

The article discusses the comparative morphological features of the skin of cattle of the Holstein-Frisian breed of the frontal region of the head, the gluteal region of the back, the umbilical region of the abdomen, the region of the pastern of the pelvic limb during puberty of the animal. The purpose of this study was to study the topographical features of localization of structural components of the skin of cattle of the HolsteinFrisian breed. The work was performed at the Department of Morphology, Physiology and Veterinary Pathology of the Agrarian Institute of the Ogarev Moscow State University. The object of the study was the skin of Holstein-Frisian cows bred in farms of the Republic of Mordovia. The study material was the skin of the frontal region of the head, the gluteal region of the back, the umbilical region of the abdomen, the pastern region of the pelvic limb. The processing of the material was carried out in the scientific laboratory of "Histophysiology" of the department. Pieces of skin for research were fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Histological preparations were made according to the standard procedure for light microscopy. Histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson and Mallory. Morphometric studies were carried out using the Image J program. Statistical data processing was carried out using MS Excel 2007 and Statistica 6.0 application programs. The differences were considered significant at a significance level of less than 0.05 (p<0.05). The presence of pedigree morphological features of the skin of four areas of the body was established. They are characterized by differences in the thickness of the skin and its layers, the depth of the sebaceous, sweat glands and hair roots. The matrix of the papillary and mesh layers of the dermis has topographic features of the architectonics of the fibrous component.
To the microstructure of the needle surface injectable
Authors: Sakhno N. V. , Vatnikov Yu. A. , Yagnikov S. A. , Kuznetsov V. I. , Kulikov E. V. , Tutkyshbay I. A. , Petrukhina O. A.
Published: May 2022

Post-injection abscesses, unfortunately, still occur in the practice of veterinary medicine, which indicates the unresolved problem of the use of medicinal solutions to accompany both surgical intervention and postoperative therapy. Depending on the presence, nature and severity of defects in injection needles, they cause various damage to biological tissues when they are punctured. In the article, the authors describe the influence of the surface microstructure of various injection needles on the nature of tissue repair at the injection site. Established microdefects in disposable injection needles for disposable syringes of different volumes (bending of its needle tips and much more) can increase the traumatism of animal tissues during injections. This implies higher requirements in the production of disposable injection needles, which should be minimally traumatic to biological tissues, as well as to quality control of their manufacture (checking for sharpness and the presence or absence of burrs when viewed with more than 2.5-fold magnification). The issue of possible clogging of tissues at the injection site with dust microparticles, which are formed when disposable syringes and injection needles are removed from sterile packages made of uncoated medical paper and transparent film, is also considered. Dust microparticles could most likely be formed in the process of damage to that part of the package, which is made of uncoated medical paper (paper is more structured than film).
Influence of the types of higher nervous activity in cows on the milk flow process
Authors: Golovan V. T. , Yurin D. A.
Published: May 2022

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the type of higher nervous activity on the excretory function of the mammary gland. Cows are classified according to the types of higher nervous activity (HNA): First type - strong, balanced, mobile; Second type - strong unbalanced; Third type - strong inert; Fourth type – weak breaking. Under standard milking conditions, in cows of the first higher nervous activity type there were observed: a tendency or a significant increase in single milk yield and milking time in comparison with other types. The conditioned stimulus “foreign milkmaid”, when applied once or twice, caused an increase in the number of milk flow cycles in first and second higher nervous activity type cows with a decrease in the duration of one cycle both in the morning and lunchtime milking, compared with standard conditions. The following positively correlates with the intensity of milk flow: single milk yield, the milk flow rate for the first and second minutes of milking and maximum, the percentage of milk yield for the first and second minutes, the number of milk production cycles for two, three minutes and in general for milking. Negatively correlates the time of milk yield, the achievement of the maximum rate of milk flow and the total milking time. The process of inhibition of milk flow weakens these connections. The type of higher nervous activity in cows affects the relationship of indicators of milk flow both under conditions of varying degrees of readiness for milk flow, and action of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli on the animals used in the experiment.
The features of integral hematological indexes of non-specific resistance in poltava meat breed pigs when exposed to technological stress factors
Authors: Garskaya N. A. , Peretiatko L. G. , Tkachev A. V.
Published: May 2022

Nonspecific resistance is a stable trait of a species. In farm animals, it’s defined by the breed and its pureness. The aim of the work is to determine the level of nonspecific resistance using integral hematological indices in breeding pigs of the Poltava Meat Breed under the influence of technological stress factors, depending on the genotype.The main boars and sows of the Poltava Meat Breed, in accordance with the genotype, were divided into three groups according to the principle of analogous pairs: Group I – animals obtained “clean”, Group II – animals with the admixture of EarlyMaturing Meat Breed blood (in order to increase the adaptability), Group III – animals, with the admixture of the Finnish Landrace blood (in order to improve meat qualities). All animals belonged to the elite and first classes. To characterize nonspecific resistance, several integral hematological indices were used, such as: leukocyte index, immunoreactivity index, neutrophillymphocyte coefficient, Breddeck index, stress index, adaptation index, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, neutrophil to monocyte ratio, allergization index. The results were processed statistically. It was found that boars and sows of the Poltava Meat Breed had significant differences in the level of the body's defenses, determined by the integral hematological indices. The research results showed that the genotype did not have a significant effect on the performance of certain indices in boars. In sows, a significant difference in genotypes was established only by the index of the neutrophil to monocyte ratio. In pigs of the Poltava Meat Breed under conditions of technological stress, specific features in the functioning of the nonspecific resistance mechanisms were found, most of them depending on the sex of the animals. The influence of the genotype on defense responses when exposed to technological stress was established only in sows. The obtained results are of great importance for the development of breeding measures and technological methods of animal keeping, which contribute to an increase in the functional capabilities of highly productive animals and obtaining high-quality products from them.
Rate of detection of erythrocytes with micronuclei in peripheral blood of rabbits in spontaneous coccidiosis
Authors: Petrova I. V. , Semikrasova A. N. , Zhilina K. V.
Published: May 2022

Coccidiosis is the most common disease in rabbits, causing great economic damage in rabbit farming. The aim of this work was to study the effect of coccidia on the parameters of the micronucleus test, since the authors did not come across data on the study of the mutagenic effect of Eimeria metabolites on the chromosomal apparatus of somatic cells in rabbits in the literature. For the experiment, 4 groups of rabbits, 10 heads each, with high, medium, low intensity of invasion (II) by oocysts of coccidia and healthy animals were formed. In experimental and control rabbits, blood was taken from the marginal ear vein, smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa dye. To carry out the micronucleus test, microscopy of blood preparations was performed and the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was calculated. It was found that in rabbits with low IS, the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was 1.49 + 0.10, which was 1.6 times higher than that of the control group (p <0.001). In the group of rabbits with medium IS, the frequency of appearance of erythrocytes with micronuclei was 2.3 times higher than in the control group (p <0.001) and was 2.15 + 0.09. The frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei in the group with high IS exceeded the control indicator by 3.1 times and amounted to 2.88 + 0.13 ‰. According to the results of laboratory studies, it was found that the change in the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei in the peripheral blood of rabbits depends on the degree of invasion by eimeria, thereby proving the mutagenic effect of eimeria metabolites on the chromosomal apparatus of the host somatic cells.
Determination of the effectiveness of ovarian ultrasound during synchronization of sexual hunting in cows
Authors: Pereryadkina S. P. , Galchenko V. A. , Lisichenko G. O.
Published: May 2022

The article presents the results of an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of the estrus synchronization program under ultrasound control for diagnosing the state of the ovaries in cows. In this work, the influence of hormonal preparations on the dynamics of lysis of the corpus luteum and the growth of follicles in the ovaries in cows with the help of an ultrasound machine is determined. Evaluation of the effectiveness of synchronization of estrus and determination of the effect of hormonal preparations on the state of the ovaries in dairy cows was carried out from March to August 2021 in the Volgograd region on the farm of Donskoye JV LLC. To conduct a production experiment, two experimental groups of Holstein cows were formed, 30 heads each.For ultrasound examination of the ovaries in the second experimental group, an Easi-Scan Curve ultrasound scanner from BCF Technology was used. Linear matrix converters with a frequency range from 5.0 to 7.5 MHz. Transrectal ultrasound was performed by introducing an ultrasound transducer into the rectum. This made it possible to visualize and evaluate the architecture of the ovaries.As a result, the analysis of the ultrasound image revealed that the double use of Prosolvin contributes to the regression of the corpus luteum. Before the use of prostaglandin, the corpus luteum had a size of 3x2 cm, but after the intramuscular injection of Prosolvin, the corpus luteum regressed, its size began to decrease, then it completely disappeared. After the use of Ganodin, the level of luteinizing hormone in the blood of animals begins to increase, which contributes to folliculogenesis, ovulation of follicles and the manifestation of estrus.Thus, ultrasound diagnostics of the ovaries made it possible to reduce the cost of hormonal preparations and timely put the animals on treatment.
The role of a negative energy balance in cows after calving in the pathogenesis of uterine inflammation
Authors: Loshchinin S. O. , Avdeenko V. S. , Firsov G. M. , Plemyashov K. V. , Nikitin G. S. , Mikhalev V. I.
Published: May 2022

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of negative energy balance in cows in the transition period in the development of postpartum uterine pathologies. On the sonogram, metritis is presented as a hypoechoic uniform thickening of the layers of the uterine wall. With pyometra, thinning of the uterine wall occurs. On the sonograms obtained during the study, cavities of considerable diameter (average 67.8 ± 4.6 mm) with hypoechoic content, with the presence of hyperechoic inhomogeneous inclusions of varying echo intensity, are visualized. During the histological examination of the obtained biopsy, it was determined that the proportion of the integumentary epithelium in cows with pyometra and metritis is higher than in clinically healthy animals. Changes were also noted regarding the proportion of the uterine glands in assessing the overall structure of the endo metrium. With metritis, this indicator was 5.22 ± 0.03%, and with pyometra 4.07 ± 0.01%, which is more than 7 times lower than when assessing the same indicator in co ws without clinical signs of metritis and pyometra . A change in these indicators indicates the development of degenerative - dystrophic processes in the uterus, including the uterine glands, which occur in combination with catarrhal -purulent lesions of the uterus. As a result of blood tests, we found that purulent-catarrhal inflammation of the uterus in newborn cows occurs against the background of oxidative stress. It was found that the concentration of catalase in the blood of cows with metritis and pyometra was increased by 43.0% (p<0.05). Also, sick cows showed a significant increase in the content of malondialdehyde (p<0.05). In contrast to the data obtained from clinically healthy cows in patients with catarrhal-purulent lesions of the uterus, a decrease in the content of vitamin C was noted – by 30.9% (p<0.05) and vitamin E – by 2.02 times (p<0.01) . Also, in sick cows, a number of changes were revealed in the biochemical study of blood serum, indicating the presence of a violation of various types of metabolism, in particular dysproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia and an increase in enzyme activity.
Therapy of ovarian dysfunction in cows in the conditions of farms of the udmurt republik
Authors: Rudakov R.
Published: May 2022

Increasing the reproductive qualities of animals is the main task of dairy farms. Replacement of the main breeding stock with young animals, often leads to the fact that young animals, being exposed to ovarian diseases, undergo a longer recovery time and reduce the effectiveness of artificial insemination. This work highlights the issue of infertility of cows in specific farms, under certain feeding and housing conditions. The aim of the work was to develop a system therapy of infertility of cows with ovarian diseases.The experiment was conducted in two farms of Uvinsky district of the Udmurt Republic, with the formation of six groups of animals in each farm for each individual disease. In particular, the main diseases were ovarian hypofunction and ovarian follicular cysts. Six schemes of ovarian therapy were developed.During a gynecological examination, hypofunction of the ovaries was found in 14% of cows in the SPK "collective farm Udarnik" and in 18% of cows in OOO "Riko-Agro". Follicular ovarian cysts were found in 10% of cows in the SPK "collective farm Udarnik" and in 12% of cows in LLC "RikoAgro". During the experiment, the activity of the manifestation of sexual characteristics in cows was monitored. At the same time, it was found that with hypofunction of the ovaries, all experimental cows came into heat only according to scheme No. 2. This scheme includes drugs such as Surfagon and ASD-2fr emulsion. and Tetravit. In the treatment of follicular ovarian cysts, attention was paid to the regression of cysts. The greatest amount of cyst regression (100%) was achieved using scheme No. 5, which includes Metrostim, Fertagon and Estrofan. As a result of the work, we found that in the case of ovarian hypofunction, the most effective treatment regimen included Surfagon, ASD-2fr. and Tetravit. The rate of cow fecundation was over 67% of cows in both farms on the first insemination. With follicular ovarian cysts the greatest efficiency of therapy was achieved using the scheme including Metrostim, Fertagon and Estrofan.Fertilization of cows at the first insemination after therapy was also more than 80%. For the purpose therapy of these diseases, we recommend to use schemes including the above mentioned drugs.
Factors of choising the timing of the patella luxation surgical treatment in dogs
Authors: Degtyarev M. V.
Published: May 2022

Musculoskeletal system diseases are in the first place in the structure of dogs’ admission to veterinary clinics. Lameness in dogs are diagnosed in about 70% of the cases in the hind limb, whereof about 50% are attributed to the knee joint. One of the most frequently diagnosed pathologies of the knee joint is the patella luxation (PL). The aim of our study is to determine a relation between the development of comorbid pathologies of the knee joint (such as patella luxation, cranial cruciate ligament disease, osteoarthritis) with the degree of dislocation, age, general condition of the animal, changes in hematological and biochemical parameters of blood, and based on this to justify the need for PL surgical treatment at an earlier age. The study was conducted at the facilities of St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine and VEGA veterinary clinic chain in the city of St. Petersburg, Russia. The study was carried out on 48 dogs with different breeds, gender and age, with varying PL grade, which had not previously undergone knee joint surgical treatment. The animals were allocated into two groups depending on the knee joint concurrent pathologies: 20 dogs with PL only — in group 1, 28 dogs with knee joint polypathologies (PL, cranial cruciate ligament disease, and osteoarthritis) — in group 2. According to the results of statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U-test, the average age (3.4 years and 6.9 years, respectively) and the degree of lameness (2.0 and 3.0, respectively) are statistically significantly different in dogs of the 1st and 2nd groups. There are also statistically significant differences in the levels of segmented neutrophils (5.8 and 9.6×10^3/mkl in dogs of the 1st and 2nd groups, respectively) and lymphocytes (7.2 and 9.6×10^3/ mkl, respectively). A statistically significant increase of the serum concentration of bilirubin, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, GGT and triglycerides was detected.The obtained results allow to recommend surgical treatment of PL at an earlier age, since in the absence of timely treatment, comorbid knee joint arthropathies, such as PL, cranial cruciate ligament disease, osteoarthritis, develop, which requires more serious surgical interventions against the background of a more severe general condition of animals.
Effect of thymogen immunocorrected boar castration on biochemical indicators
Authors: Reshetnyak V. V. , Stekolnikov A. A. , Burdeyniy V. V. , Malakhova L. V.
Published: May 2022

The article presents the results of the dynamics of indicators of protein, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism during castration of boars in industrial production against the background of immunocorrection with thymogen. The studies were carried out on 14 boars (aged 5 months), selected by random sampling from 38 animals in compliance with the principle of paired analogues and divided into two groups ‒ control and experimental ones (n=7 in each). All boars were castrated by an open method with preoperative medical support according to the methodology adopted in the farm. Animals of the experimental group were additionally injected with thymogen for a five-day course. During the experiment, the content of C-reactive and total proteins, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, glucose was determined in the blood serum. Albumin-globulin ratio was determined by the calculation method. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that castration of boars was accompanied in both groups at all stages of the experiment by an increase in the content of C-reactive protein, changes in protein metabolism, mainly in the catabolic phase of the postoperative period ‒ a decrease in the concentration of total protein, globulin below the norm in the control group with similar dynamics of indicators in the experimental group, but within the reference intervals. Further dynamics were positive in the direction of normalization at the anabolic phase. The dynamics of urea and creatinine in both groups had a wave-like character, not going beyond the normative values, the level of urea increased with a subsequent decrease, creatinine – vice versa. Their final levels were lower than the original ones.The use of thymogen largely leveled the intensity of changes in the catabolic phase of the pathological process and contributed to the normalization of the biochemical profile at the final stage of the experiment.
Evaluation of mineral metabolism of immunocorrected boars during castration
Authors: Reshetnyak V. V. , Stekolnikov A. A. , Burdeyniy V. V. , Malakhova L. V.
Published: May 2022

The article presents data on the effect of castration on changes in indicators reflecting mineral metabolism. The work was performed on 14 boars (aged 5 months) divided into two groups ‒ control and experimental ones (n = 7 in each). Before castration by an open method, all animals were intramuscularly injected with ketoject; and in the postoperative period, medical support consisted of repeated use of the abovementioned drug, as well as cobactan and hipratopic. The boars of the experimental group were additionally injected with thymogen. Blood sampling was performed before the surgery, on the 14th and 30th day after it, the serum was obtained using the conventional method. The content of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium was evaluated.It was found that the indicators of sodium, potassium, chlorine and magnesium before castration of boars were within the physiological norm in both groups, while the indicators of both calcium and phosphorus exceeded physiological norm in the control and experimental groups by 1.46 ‒ 1.51 and 1.14 ‒ 1.22 times, respectively.Further dynamics of calcium and phosphorus was accompanied (in the catabolic phase) by hypocalcemia, a decrease in the level of phosphorus to reference values, in the anabolic phase by normalization of the calcium content against the background of a slight excess increase in phosphorus.The use of thymogen in the experimental group contributed to a decrease in the intensity of changes on the 14th day and normalization of calcium and phosphorus on the 30th day. There were no significant fluctuations in the dynamics of sodium and chlorine. Potassium levels in both groups in the catabolic phase exceeded both the initial and standard values (mostly in the control), in the anabolic phase this trend persisted in relation to the control against the background of normalization in the experimental group. The content of magnesium in the blood serum of boars was characterized by positive dynamics: indicators were below the norm before castration, the reference values were subsequently noted in the control group on the 14th day, in the experimental group ‒ on the 30th. The presented research results indicate that the protective effect of thymogen in optimizing mineral metabolism during castration of boars is mainly realized at the level of calcium and phosphorus dynamics.
Development of the experimental composition based on the mycelial fungi Fusarium sambucinum and evaluation of its efficiency as a means for the prevention of diarrhea in calves
Authors: Potekhin R. M. , Tremasova A. M. , Frolov A. V. , Titova V. Yu.
Published: May 2022

The main task in livestock complexes is to ensure the safety of livestock and to obtain healthy young animals. It is known that in the last months of pregnancy in cows, the fetal weight increases by 70-75 %, all the organs of the immune defense and the enzymatic system develop, and, consequently, the general resistance of the newborn young is formed. This underlines the importance of creating optimal conditions for feeding and keeping pregnant animals. Therefore, when developing rational measures for the prevention and control of diseases of nascent young animals, it is necessary to consider this complex as a single system, since the physiological immaturity of newborns cannot be further compensated even by ideal growing conditions.The use of a composition based on a mycelial fungus and an organosulfur compound is a promising preventive agent that does not have a pronounced negative effect on the animal's body. The proposed therapeutic two -component composition for pregnant cows consists of selimaccide and a commercial preparation «Milife» containing a culture of the mycelial fungus Fusarium sambucinum strain VKPM F-139. Selimaccide is the diethylammonium salt of N-methylamino-1-phenylmethanesulfonic acid, belongs to the new chemical compounds of the class of aminomethanesulfonates, is a white crystalline powder with a specific odor, well soluble in water, alcohol, dimethylsulfoxide.Daily watering of the proposed composition to pregnant cows 12 days before calving 2 times a day at a dose of 500 cm3 / head with an interval of 6 to 8 hours ensures the birth of calves resistant to gastrointestinal disorders.The aim of the research was to study the effectiveness of the drug, which is a combination of selimaccide and the mycelial fungus Fusarium sambucinum strain VKPM F-139 as a means of preventing gastrointestinal disorders in newborn calves when applied to pregnant cows.
The effect of chronic heart failure on the rick of intraoperative hypoxia
Authors: Filipenkova A. A. , Nazarova A. V.
Published: May 2022

Any surgical intervention is a surgical trauma, which severity depends on the type and degree of surgical intervention. Several changes occur in the patient's body in response to surgical trauma, which degree depends on the functional state of systems and organs in the preoperative period. In our study, we investigated how chronic heart failure (CHF) affects the development of such a factor of surgical trauma as hypoxia. The aim of our study is to determine whether CHF is a risk factor for the development of intraoperative hypoxia in animals during surgical interventions lasting up to 60 minutes. Lactate level was chosen as a marker of hypoxia. The study was conducted at the facilities of St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine and VEGA veterinary clinic chain in the city of St. Petersburg, Russia. The study was carried out on 20 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). The animals were allocated into three groups depending on the stage of the disease: seven dogs with MMVD in stage B1 — in group 1, eight dogs with MMVD in stage B2 — in group 2, five dogs with MMVD in stage C — in group 3. The lactate level in whole venous blood was measured in all animals before the operation (at rest and under load), during the operation and two hours after the operation. The mean lactate increase under load in group 2 dogs was 0.08 mmol/L, and in group 3 dogs — 0.20 mmol/L. According to the results of statistical analysis, the increase in lactate under load in dogs with MMVD in stage C statistically significantly exceeds the increase in the level of lactate under load in animals with MMVD in stage B2. Thus, MMVD in stage C can be considered a risk factor for the development of intraoperative hypoxia.
Bile acids as a diagnostic indicator of the state of homeostasis: a systematic descriptive analysis
Authors: Kuznetsov Yu. E. , Lunegov A. M. , Ponamarev V. S. , Romashova E. B.
Published: May 2022

Diseases of the hepatobiliary system occupy a leading position among diseases of non-contagious etiology in animals. Hepatopathy of various origins cause significant economic damage to livestock farms due to a decrease in overall resistance, a decrease in productivity, as well as an increase in the cost of both therapeutic and preventive measures. The prerequisites for an increase in the number of cases of such diseases are mainly violations of the conditions of keeping and feeding animals.Bile acids are increasingly being evaluated as complex metabolic integrators and signaling factors for various metabolic disorders. Increased attention to bile acids as metabolic regulators has led to two main research questions: how do bile acid dominants change in metabolic diseases and how can the activity of bile acids be used to treat metabolic diseases? Both issues will be addressed in this review. We searched for original studies in the scientific databases PubMed, Elsevier Science (Scopus) and Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science) to identify the biochemical, signaling and target functions of bile acids, after which a formalized content analysis of the found publications was carried out. In recent years, much attention has been paid to bile acids, not only as the end products of cholesterol metabolism and the main components of bile, but also their role in a number of pathological conditions of the body. Thus, the data obtained by various researchers show that they can be markers of differential diagnosis between hepatopathy of various origins, which makes them one of the most promising diagnostic models.
Dynamics of indices of nonspecific resistance in chicken blood following ofloxacin administration
Authors: Moiseeva A. A. , Prisnyi A. A. , Skvortsov V. N. , Gorbaneva A. S.
Published: May 2022

In the present publication we share the results of our research into the effect of ofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone class drug, on leukocyte indices of Hisex Brown male chicks. We studied the indices in 2 groups: I – control group, which received pure drinking water, II – experimental group, which received ofloxacin via drinking water at concentration 200 mg/L for 10 consecutive days. Blood samples were drawn at Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7 and Day 9 after the drug withdrawal. We performed WBC differential for all the employed chicks; then by applying computational method we studied the dynamics of Krebs index (KI), leukocyte index (LI) and index of immunoreactivity (IIR). We observed a transitory decrease in KI by 25% on Day 3 and an increase in LI by 23% on the same day. These reliable changes occurring only once show that ofloxacin did not have a marked negative effect on these indices. We also observed a shift in IIR, here the dynamics was ambiguous. Accordingly IIR increased reliably by 47% on Day 1 as compared to control, but on Day 5 and Day 7 it decreased by 41% and 54% respectively. We noted continuous dynamics in IIR on Day 1, Day 5 and Day 7 but on the final day of the experiment, at the close, there were no reliable changes and that proves, with high probability, the absence of any negative effect of ofloxacin, when administered at concentration 200 mg/L, on physiological state of Hisex Brown chickens at young age.
The use of azithromycin in the treatment of mastitis in lactating cows
Authors: Gamayunov V. M. , Onufriev V. A. , Tselueva N. I.
Published: May 2022

The paper presents studies on the therapeutic efficacy of the drug mastomycin in serous -catarrhal mastitis of cows. The drug contains: gentamicin sulfate, clindomycin and prednisone.Experimental studies were carried out in the laboratory of the Institute and in CJSC named after. Michurin, Smolensky district, Smolensk region in the pasture period on lactating cows.The mammary gland of lactating cows is constantly functioning, while it and the body as a whole are affected by adverse environmental factors: unsanitary conditions with an abundance of conditionally pathogenic microflora, disruption of the rhythm of the milking machine, etc. All this reduces the overall resistance of the body, and leads to the disease mastitis. Mastitis causes significant economic damage to the economy: they reduce annual milk yields and lead to premature culling of high-yielding cows.In many farms, the treatment of mastitis is carried out for a long time (over three years) with the same drug, which creates conditions for the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms.The incidence of cows with mastitis according to statistics in the farms of the region remains high, with a subclinical form from 30 to 50% of the herd, with a clinical manifestation from 8 to 20%. Mastomycin was used for the first time on the farm for the treatment of mastitis, 82.3% of cows recovered during the three-day course of treatment, which is 23.6% higher than from the premolact used for a long time on the farm.The results of the performed studies indicate the high therapeutic effectiveness of the mastomycin newly used in the farm.
Research of acute toxicity of l-carnitin preparation on laboratory animals
Authors: Sabirzyanova L. I. , Lunegov A. M. , Konovalova G. V. , Tokar V. V.
Published: May 2022

To date, there is no registered injectable dosage form of levocarnitine for veterinary use on the territory of the Russian Federation. The purpose of our work was to conduct preclinical studies of l-carnitine for veterinary use, in particular acute toxicity, in laboratory animals and to establish the class of acute toxicity. Acute toxicity studies were conducted on outbred rats in October 2021 at the vivarium of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. When studying acute toxicity after intragastric administration, l-carnitine was administered at an initial dose of 2 ml / kg of animal weight. When studying acute toxicity after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, lcarnitine was administered at an initial dose of 2 ml / kg of animal weight. During three days of observations, the death of animals was not revealed. After the expiration of three days, we introduced the drug in the same dose and by the same routes of administration to other animals (three animals for each route of administration). During 14 days of observation, the death of the animals was not detected, other disorders of the general condition and any signs indicating the toxic effect of the studied drug were absent. As a result of acute toxicity studies on laboratory animals of the drug l-carnitine for veterinary use with intragastric, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration, it was found that a dose of 2 ml/kg did not cause death of experimental animals. The investigated drug l-carnitine, according to GOST 32644-2014, can be classified as hazard class V in accordance with the globally agreed system of hazard classification and labeling of chemical products or in class V in accordance with the toxicity classification according to Hodge and Sterner.
The influence to the sports horses performance traits of the compound feeds from the heat-treated grain insertion in the diet
Authors: Sharaskina O. G.
Published: May 2022

The efficiency of the horse, high sports results and the effectiveness of recovery after stress, are largely dependent on the characteristics of the organization of nutrition and diet. The comparative assessment of the performance traits and the speed of recovery after workloads in the Oryol trotterhorseis presented in this work. Six horses were each fed diets of hay and cereal grains (HG), hay and combination of cereal grains and compound feed (HGM) in a 2 x 2 Latin-square design study. The performance was assessed by heart rate (HR) indicators using a Polar M400 monitor with an H10 heart rate sensor. Recovery of the heart rate to 80 beats / min after medium work (the average heart rate to 120 beats / min) at HG and HGM horses had no statistically significant differences. Recovery of heart rate to 60 beats / min in the HGM was significantly faster (P <0.05) than in the HG. Under intense workloads (average heart rate above 120 beats / min, or at least 5% of work at a heart rate of 180 beats / min or more), the HGM showed a significant (P <0.05) faster recovery of heart rate values after work than in horses HG. In the course of the study, it was also found that the use of partial replacement of grain concentrates with specialized feeds allows us to reduce the volume of the ration and the total amount of concentrates without changing the structure of the ration.
What is useful to know about the use of organic acids in feed and water for poultry
Authors: Okolelova T. M. , Engashev S. V.
Published: May 2022

The ban on the use of antibiotic stimulators of poultry productivity, as well as the growing awareness of consumers in the field of food safety and poultry health, were an incentive for the introduction of alternative concepts for maintaining the health of the gastrointestinal tract, on the condition of which 70% of feed costs in the structure of the cost of production depend. We have summarized the results of our own research on the use of acidifiers through feed and water. It is shown that in order to select an effective dose of the drug, it is necessary to determine the acid-binding properties of the components (KSS), which differ significantly and if this is not taken into account, then adding an acidifier to compound feeds with low KSS can cause cloacitis. At the same time, on compound feeds with high KSS, the addition of an acidifier contributed to a decrease in the indicator by 20-36%, which led to an improvement in the microbiological balance in the gastrointestinal tract, an increase in the digestibility of protein, fat, fiber by 3.1; 2.1 and 4.9%, respectively. The use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus increased by 5.6; 4.1; 4.9%, and the productivity of broilers by 3.1% while reducing feed costs per unit of production by 4.21 and 7.38%, respectively, in physical and monetary terms. When using organic acids (KisOrg) through water (300 ml/t to pH-4.5) five times for three days in a row during the period of rearing repair young, the live weight of chickens and roosters increased by 1.92% and 2.6%, the uniformity by weight increased by 5.6% and 7.3%, respectively. The same mixture of acids, when applied three times through water in an amount of 350ml / t (pH 4.0) when growing broilers, contributed to an increase in live weight by 3.1% while reducing feed costs by 4.5%.
Termitomyces cryptogamus sp. nov. associated with Macrotermes natalensis in Africa
Authors: van de Peppel Lennart J.J. , de Beer Z. Wilhelm , Aanen Duur K. , Auxier Ben
Published: May 2022

A new species of Termitomyces symbiotic with the termite Macrotermes natalensis is described from Africa. As there are no records of field collected basidiocarps within this lineage, traditional basidiocarp-based morphological taxonomy is not practical. While basidiocarps
may be obtained rarely from incubation of fungal comb fragments, their practical use for taxonomical purposes is limited. Therefore, the species is described based on an ITS nucleotide sequence, with comparisons to an asexual culture. Based on samples with similar ITS sequences, this species
is likely associated with multiple termite hosts across a large part of Africa.
Conversion of glucose into calcium gluconate and determining the process feasibility for further scaling-up: An optimization approach
Authors: Roy Rupak , Shil Saurav , Choudhary Deokrishna Kumar , Mondal Purav , Adhikary Piyali , Manna Ujjwal , Das Arunava , Mondal Avik , Maji Mayukh
Published: May 2022

The present study investigates the conversion efficacy of glucose into calcium salt of gluconic acid (calcium gluconate) through fermentation by using the fungus Aspergillus niger (A. niger). The study further evaluates the impact of various process parameters and thereby identifies the optimum parameters to maximize the output. The different process parameters evaluated in this study were glucose concentration, pH, temperature, and aeration. After that, the optimized process pre-treatment parameters were used to determine the feasibility of the process for further industrial scale-up. The obtained results indicated enough competency of the optimized parameters to be reproduced at the industrial level. The obtained product was expected to meet the requirement as per the specifications led by various industrial requirements like food and feed, pharmaceutical industry, aquaculture and food industries, etc. The overall scheme of work presented in this study will help to define the techno-economic viability (in terms of energy consumption, environmental concerns, and higher yield) of the process and thereby will benefit various stakeholders.
A review on phyto-remediation by aquatic macrophytes: A natural promising tool for sustainable management of ecosystem
Authors: Saha Aloke , Mukherjee Pronoy , Roy Koyel , Sen Koushik , Sanyal Tanmay
Published: May 2022

Heavy metal pollution is a significant source of pollution in the environment. Heavy metal contamination in aquifers endangers public health and the freshwater and marine ecosystems. Traditional wastewater treatment methods are mainly expensive, ecologically damaging, ineffective, and take much time. Phyto-remediation is a plant-based technique that gained popularity by discovering heavy metal accumulating plants that can accumulate, transport, and consolidate enormous quantities of certain hazardous contaminants. This is a low-cost sustainable evolving technique featuring long-term utility. Several terrestrial and aquatic vegetation have now been examined for their ability to repair polluted soils and streams. Several submerged plants have already been discovered to remove harmful pollutants such as Zn, As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb & Hg. The most important part of effective phyto-remediation is selecting and choosing effective plant species. Aquatic macrophytes have high effectiveness for removing chemical contaminates. Watercress, hydrilla, alligator weed, pennywort, duckweed plants, water hyacinth are examples of aquatic macrophytes. Several macrophytes' metal absorption capability and procedures have now been explored or analyzed. Most of these research demonstrated that macrophytes had bioremediation capability. The bioremediation capability of macrophytes can be increased even more by employing novel bioremediation techniques. To demonstrate the extensive application of phyto-remediation, a comprehensive summary assessment of the usage of macrophytes for phyto-remediation is compiled.
Assessment of the impact of the different point sources of pollutants on the river water quality and the evaluation of bioaccumulation of heavy metals into the fish ecosystem thereof
Authors: Mondal Purav , Adhikary Piyali , Sadhu Soumok , Choudhary Deokrishna Kumar , Thakur Durganand , Shadab Mohammad , Mukherjee Disha , Parvez Sk Soyal , Pradhan Soumya Ranjan , Kuntia Mink A. S. , Manna Ujjwal , Das Aishwariya
Published: May 2022

The present study focuses on the evaluation of the river (Ganga) water quality by estimating  various quality indicators (also termed the physicochemical parameters) such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Rise in the concentration of the pollution signifies an upsurge in a load of pollution due to the different sources namely, sewage arising from domestic sources, effluents arising from industrial discharge, and effluents arising due to various anthropogenic activities. For the purpose of the comparative evaluation of the river water quality, the water samples were collected from the three different banks of the Ganga River for a well-organized interpretation.Obtained results indicate thatthe discharge of the various effluents has a grave impact on the water quality of the river. Industrial effluents mixing with the river water were noted to have the most deleterious impact on the deterioration of the water quality parameter. The extended aim of the study was to collect the fish samples from the three above-mentioned sampling points and thereby detect the presence of the heavy metal concentration (determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy or AAS). Obtained results also indicates that the fish specimen collected from the sampling point where the industrial effluents are mixing have the highest levels of heavy metals in the tissues of the selected fish sample. Accordingly, the study indicated a novel approach toward the characterization of the river water and thereby indicating the impact of bioaccumulation of heavy metals into the fishtissues which indicates the novelty of this work. The authors strongly believe that this work will be beneficial to various stakeholders and will be definitely helpful to various competent national and international authorities for decision-making and strategies formulation.
Utility of iodine catalyzed tandem oxidation, cross-coupling and cyclisation reactions in organic synthesis
Authors: Biswas Titas Biswas , Biswas Swapan Kumar
Published: May 2022

Molecular iodine is an eco-friendly, powerful catalyst and plays an important role in pharmaceutical, medicinal and organic chemistry. For a long time, molecular iodine has been hugely applied in carbohydrate chemistry. Due to the huge application of molecular iodine in oxidation, cross coupling and cyclisation reactions, it has emerged as an elegant tool in organic synthesis. Earlier I discussed (Biswas, 2021) on iodine mediated cascade oxidative functionalisation, cyclisation and annulation reactions. In this review, I describe the utility of iodine catalysed tandem oxidation, cross coupling, and cyclisation reactions in organic synthesis. Molecular iodine catalysed mild oxidative conditions yielding desired products, and oxidising techniques applied to the efficient synthesis tolerate a wide range of starting materials with aryl or alkyl replacements. These reactions were carried out as a one-pot or multi-step eco-friendly process that could be used for a wide range of drug and pharmaceutical product synthesis.