bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sex Difference Question
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura
Published: November 2023

When NFL coach Bill Parcells was frustrated with receiver Terry Glenn for taking several weeks to recover from a hamstring injury when the two were with the New England Patriots in 1996, Parcells vented his displeasure with a single word. He referred to Glenn as “she.” Parcells was not the first to use the feminine pronoun to deride a male athlete. It has long been a motivational tool among coaches, and Parcells is known for his verbal zingers. The practice, however, reflects a troubling perception, not only that males and females are inherently different, but that the female difference is a lacking. To be “she” is to be less than “he.” Male performance is the standard against which female performance is measured. Females may excel in “feminine” sports like dance, gymnastics, and figure skating. However, in other sports, particularly traditionally “male” sports like wrestling, baseball, or basketball, women are—sight unseen—presumed inherently, biologically, physically disadvantaged. If they do perform well, their femininity may be suspect.
Title IX: Old Norms In New Forms
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura
Published: November 2023

By the time she was five years old, Donna Lopiano wanted to pitch for the New York Yankees. Far from an idle dream, Lopiano recalled growing up in Stamford, Connecticut, “on a street with 15 boys and one girl” where she prepared for her imagined future, throwing 500 pitches a day against the side of her parents’ garage. “By the time I was 10, I had developed a rising fastball and an impressive curve that would drop off the table, and I was hard at work on a Bob Turley drop,” noted Lopiano. So when it came time for Lopiano to take the ritual first step for an aspiring young baseball player—joining a Little League team—she was more than ready. Lopiano remembers well the Saturday morning she and her friends, all of them boys, went to tryouts. Everyone was nervous, but Lopiano had anticipated this day for years. She was enormously talented, and it soon became apparent that she was the most skilled player in tryouts. She was drafted the number one player. This didn’t surprise her because she knew—as did everyone else—that she was the best.
Sex-Segregated Sports On Trial
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura
Published: November 2023

The scene on August 18, 1920, was a dramatic one. For over 70 years, suffrage reformers had been trying to win for women the right to vote. Finally, on June 4, 1919, both Houses of Congress passed with a two-thirds majority the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibiting states from disqualifying women from the franchise solely because of their sex. The notion of women voting, however, was still so controversial that getting the required thirty-six states to ratify the amendment was by no means a foregone conclusion. All southern states had voted no, but thirty-five states had voted yes. Tennessee was the final, thirty-sixth state, on which the fate of woman suffrage rested. Lobbying in the Tennessee legislature for and against the woman suffrage amendment on that fateful day was intense. Forces on both sides of the issue had swarmed to Nashville, each intent on victory. Anti-suffrage legislators wore red roses in their lapels to indicate how they would cast their votes and pro-suffrage supporters wore yellow ones. The problem was that right before the roll call vote, the red roses outnumbered the yellow ones on the floor of the Tennessee legislature 49 to 47. Gasping for air, however, woman suffrage reformers were given a lifeline when one legislator switched his vote from nay to yea. Now the votes for and against woman suffrage were tied at 48 to 48. Another roll call vote would have to be taken, and another legislator wearing a red rose would have to switch and vote yea, if woman suffrage was to succeed. However, on the next roll call vote, there were no switches, requiring yet another roll call vote.
Breaking Barriers
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura
Published: November 2023

So far we have argued that sports are more than entertainment, that they represent a site which reflects, reinforces, and constructs the meaning of race, class, and sex differences in American society. Beyond that, athletics can also be used to challenge inequalities and injustices that are inconsistent with the egalitarian promise of American society. We often see sports used as a conservative tool to maintain social, economic, and political inequalities and injustices. But sports can just as well be a transformative tool for deconstructing social norms that perpetuate old hierarchies and stereotypes of racial, class, and gender groups, thus producing what some refer to as the paradox of sports. What is critical to the culture of a democratic society is not so much what sports are played as how they are played. Sports were once segregated by race, thereby reflecting racial inequalities, injustices, and tensions in American society. Such policies mirrored assumptions that African Americans were inferior to whites in general, a flawed belief then extended to sports. The racial segregation of sports competitions reflected and reinforced racial segregation as an operating principle in the American state. This, in turn, supported underlying assumptions about the racial inferiority of African Americans and the social impropriety of whites and blacks interacting, which included playing sports together.
Pass The Ball
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura
Published: November 2023

When former (and 2007 fill-in) Yankees pitcher and frequent Cy Young Award recipient Roger Clemens earned career victory 300 on June 13, 2003, he won kudos not only from sports fans but also political figures. Two weeks after the win, a New York Times reporter spotted two congratulatory letters atop a black case near Clemens’s locker—one from U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson and one from President George W. Bush, who praised Clemens as a “positive role model.” Left unsaid was exactly what kind of positive role model Bush thought Clemens was, but that was hardly the point. Praise was message enough. Athletic feats are more than play and athletes more than players. Sports matter in American society, and not only for the personal pleasure provided to participants or the entertainment value to fans. Sports represent power. From small-town life to the national stage, from the boardroom to Capitol Hill, the drama of athletic contests and admiration for winning athletes (and those involved in sports at a variety of levels from coaching to the media) define what we mean in America by “success.”
Gene Function and Molecular Evolution
Authors: Lovell Simon C
Published: November 2023

Francis Crick (1916-2004), along with James Watson, is best known for predicting the structure of DNA, probably the greatest success in the history of molecular modeling. He also published important work on virus structure where he and Watson argue that the only way a stretch of DNA can encapsulate itself with protein is if multiple repeating subunits are used, he published a paper on helix packing in proteins where he suggests the reader should knock nails into broom-handles to visualize the point being made (Crick 1953; Figure 13.1), he suggested that “selfish DNA” may exist and be “the ultimate parasite,” he suggested that there must be “adaptors” in protein synthesis (now known to be transfer RNAs) and, arguably most importantly, suggested the “sequence hypothesis” and the central dogma of molecular biology.
Evolution of Genetic Variance-Covariance Structure
Authors: Phillips Patrick C , Mcguigan Katrina L
Published: November 2023

One of the features of organisms that makes the study of biology so compelling is their apparent complexity. Molecular, cellular, developmental, physiological, neurological, and behavioral systems are each fascinating in and of themselves, but it is their interaction that generates what we see as the organism as a whole. By necessity, biologists have a tendency to break down organisms into their component parts to see how they work. Yet, no trait is an island (Dobzhansky 1956). In particular, we need to consider the organism in its entirety when looking at evolutionary change. This perspective is necessitated simply by the fact that it is the whole individual, not specific traits or particular alleles, that lives and dies. The whole individual is therefore the central unit of selection (Lewontin 1970). How can we deal with the complexity inherent in trying to intes grate biological function and evolutionary change across the whole organism? Quantitative genetics provides an attractive potential framework because it attempts to summarize important features of the genetic system while focusing firmly at the level of the phenotype. The multiple trait (multivariate) formulations of quantitative genetics that we will discuss here can be seen both as a conceptual framework for integrating multiple systems at many levels and as a tool for making quantitative predictions about evolutionary change. Whether it succeeds on either count is the subject of active debate (Barton & Turelli 1989). Ways of successfully building upon the traditional statistical framework of quantitative genetics is one of the exciting areas of future growth within the field of evolutionary genetics.
The Evolutionary Genetics of Senescence
Authors: Promislow Daniel E L , Bronikowski Anne M
Published: November 2023

This book includes chapters on how natural selection has led to the evolution of a variety of adaptations, from social behaviors (Frank, Ch. 23 of this volume) to developmental systems (Stern, Ch. 15 of this volume; Siegal and Bergman, Ch. 16 of this volume) to pathogen resistance (Kover, Ch. 29 of this volume). We typically think of evolutionary genetics as a field that helps us to understand the genetic basis of adaptation. Here we turn our attention to senescence, a trait that is at best a product of direct selection on other traits whose side-effects lead to aging, and at worst a maladaptation, the losing outcome of a continually tossed coin, with the benefits of selection on one side countered by the costs of mutation on the other. Senescence is not an adaptation, per se. But in trying to understand how and why organisms gradually fail, we have developed fundamental insights into how and why they work. Just as we can learn a great deal about the nature of evolution from the study of the outcomes of selection, so too can we learn about evolution by studying what happens in the absence of selection. The study of aging is the study of diverse phenomena. And perhaps more than any other topic, the study of aging has brought evolutionary biologists together with economists, demographers, physiologists, and molecular biologists. The biology of aging may serve as the touchstone by which we measure the value of interdisciplinary research in biology, with evolutionary genetics as its foundation.
Nothing Alive Can Be Calculated: The Psychobiographical Study of Artists
Authors: Schultz William Todd
Published: November 2023

Attitudes toward psychobiographies of artists tend to fall into two general camps: Some see nothing wrong with such a practice; others see everything wrong with such a practice. My sentiments lie with the former position, but I ‘ve thought a lot about the reasoning behind the latter, having been faced with it a few times in the course of my researches. Those who reject psychobiographies of artists by definition seem concerned, first and foremost, with issues of framing. That is, they feel too much information about the deeper motives of the artist, or even the artist ‘s biography, interferes with perception of the art. Not only is such information unnecessary, they say, it also sullies the art itself, detracting from intrinsic qualities felt to be of higher purity. In short, art must stand on its own.
Psychobiography in Context: Predicting the Behavior of Tyrants
Authors: Glad Betty
Published: November 2023

Psychobiography can help solve political puzzles, as long as political behavior is not seen reductively as a simple reenactment of childhood adaptations. As Schultz (chap. 1 this vol.) points out, excessive reductionism signifies bad psychobiography. Behavior, after all, is modulated by context, and the political leader with great power is in a very special position—able, perhaps, to change the environment in which he and others operate. It is this interaction—particularly relevant in the case of a tyrant—that is the focus of this study. I look at how certain leaders affect their environment and how their behavior is in turn influenced by what they create.
The T7 Group
Authors: Molineux Ian J
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophage T7 is the prototype member of the T7 group of phages that are traditionally thought to be obligately lytic. Although isolated in 1945, early studies on T3 and T7 were much less extensive than those on the T-even phages. However, in 1969 a comprehensive genetic map of T7 was published (269, 276), several phage-coded enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription were purified and studied biochemically (22, 27, 85, 96), and T7 rapidly became a focus of attention. These studies have continued to the present, the mechanism of transcription by T7 RNA polymerase is known in exquisite detail, and in vitro DNA replication catalyzed by T7 proteins is one of the best understood model systems. In more recent times, T7 RNA polymerase-based expression systems (279; also see chapter 43), DNA sequencing using Sequenase, and a T7 display system (229), have all made people extremely familiar with T7 parts, if not with the phage itself. The ease of laboratory manipulation of T7, its fast growth rate, and of course the wealth of information that has accrued in the past decades, has also made T7 a prime model system for experimental molecular evolution and evolutionary genetics (17^19, 48, 100).
Control of Bacteriophage in Commercial Microbiology and Fermentation Facilities
Authors: Bogosian Gregg
Published: November 2023

There are an estimated 5 x1030 bacterial cells on Earth (29), suggesting a global population of about 1 x1031 bacteriophages. Roger Hendrix, in his characteristic whimsical fashion, has calculated that if bacteriophages were the size of cockroaches, they would cover the surface of the Earth in a layer 50,000 km deep. This type of thinking sends chills through those who work in commercial fermentation facilities, where bacteriophages really are considered cockroaches.
Combining Music with Thought to Change Mood
Authors: Eich Eric , Ng Joycelin T W , Macaulay Dawn , Percy Alexandra D , Grebneva Irina
Published: November 2023

Experimental methods for modifying mood are a mainstay of modern research in the area of cognition and emotion. Reflecting the popularity of this approach, a survey of Psychological Abstracts spanning the past three decades reveals a steady increase in the number of research reports dealing with experimentally engendered moods: from fewer than 10 between 1973 and 1977 to over 170 within the most recent 5-year period, 2001–2005.
The Information-Processing Approach to Emotion Research
Authors: Colin Edward Wilson , Campbell MacLeod Lynlee
Published: November 2023

The past two decades have witnessed a remarkable growth of interest in cognitive aspects of emotional vulnerability. Stimulated initially by the work of clinical theorists such as Aaron Beck (Beck, 1976; Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985) and cognitive psychologists such as Gordon Bower (1981), much of this research has been designed to address predictions concerning the selective processing of emotional information. The general idea under experimental scrutiny most often has been that heightened levels of susceptibility to negative emotions, such as anxiety or depression, reflect idiosyncratic processing biases that operate to favor the encoding and retrieval of negative information and to yield negative interpretations of ambiguity. In order to objectively test such hypotheses, many researchers now have systematically mined the rich potential offered by cognitive-experimental psychology, drawing on and creatively adapting established methodologies for assessing selective encoding, interpretation, and memory. This line of investigation has greatly enhanced our understanding of the patterns of biased cognition that underpin individual differences in emotional vulnerability.
An Unnatural Process: Why It Is Not Inherently Wrong to Seek a Cure for Aging
Authors: Caplan Arthur L
Published: November 2023

Not everyone thinks it is a good idea to live longer lives. Some writers, perhaps, most notably Daniel Callahan, the cofounder of the Hastings Center, argue that the quest to extend life is not a self-evident good (Callahan, 1995; Barlow, 2002). A longer life, Callahan contends, is not necessarily a better life. Other writers, such as the philosopher /physician Leon Kass (2002), the political theorist Francis Fukuyama (Fukuyama, 2002), and the theologian Gilbert Meilander (2002) argue that the extension of life should not be pursued because lengthening life is not consistent with human nature. It is “unnatural” to extend human lives beyond the proverbial three score and ten that the demographers assure us is what the average citizen of an economically developed nation can expect.
Unraveling the Enigma: Clinical Research on Depersonalization Disorder
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The human brain, the only organ capable of studying itself, has in the last century turned its attention toward the mysterious phenomenon of depersonalization, examining it from many perspectives. Depersonalization disorder (DPD) remains one of the most frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed conditions in modern psychiatry. Why? Likely for several reasons. DPD is often accompanied by anxiety, depression, or other disorders, and patients may have trouble or hesitation expressing its vagaries in words that anyone but fellow sufferers can understand. Patients often wind up being treated for depression or anxiety, even though they have tried to make clear that they were depressed or anxious only initially in their depersonalization course, or only well after depersonalization had set in. The patients are often clear that what they are struggling most with are feelings of “unreality,” “deadness,” or “no self” and that they know the difference from being solely depressed or anxious. Clinicians, however, do not always agree, possibly because they have solid training in—and are more comfortable dealing with—the domains of anxiety and depression.
The Biology of Depersonalization
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Einstein’s advice, above, is particularly relevant when it conies to discussing the human brain, the most complex structure in all creation. While more is known about the brain than ever before, mass culture has developed a tendency to liken its functions to that of a computer, or explain serious disorders in terms of simple chemical imbalances. Such generalizations just don’t do the brain justice. Let’s first take a scientific look at the basic anatomy and function of the brain, then move on to a closer look at those parts of the brain that may be most dysfunctional in depersonalization.
Psychotherapy Treatment of Depersonalization
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Can depersonalization be successfully treated with psychotherapy? Although traditionally the psychotherapy literature has been rather pessimistic on this issue, more recent advances in psychotherapy technique aimed specifically at treating this condition leave us with more reason to be optimistic. To say that psychotherapy works, or always works fully, may be misleading or overly optimistic. But to say that it cannot work, at least for some, and cannot lead to important symptom improvement and better life adaptation would be overly pessimistic and incorrect. Logically, therapeutic approaches can sometimes seem as diverse as the manifestations of depersonalization disorder (DPD) itself, but this isn’t tantamount to a hit-or-miss philosophy. Evidence of success stories that have emerged through therapy tailored to the psychological makeup and specific symptoms of patients, has, over time, accumulated into a body of suggested approaches that are now worth considering. In this chapter, we first examine the more traditional approaches, some of which are outdated, while others remain relevant and useful. Later, we’ll look at the state-of-the-art therapies that have proven to be most effective thus far.
Rogue Regime
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

How combustible is the Korean crisis? Very, is the only sensible answer. In 1994, the united states came close to launching a pre-emptive strike against North Korea. Since then perhaps three million have died of starvation in the North, a disaster worse than Pol Pot’s Cambodia. North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-II is closer than ever to developing an inter-continental ballistic missile and an armoury of nuclear weapons. A perpetual merry go-round of international diplomacy has not brought peace within sight, despite the high expectations raised by the south’s ‘Sunshine Policy’. South Korea, arguably the greatest economic and political success story in Asia, confronts its evil twin in an extraordinary and little-understood drama. Managing this crisis has become the top priority for the United States and its greatest challenge. Jasper Becker reveals the historical roots of the current conflict and offers straightforward explanations of the motives and strategy of the major players. He sheds light on North Korea’s continuing survival and lays out the rationale behind the often seemingly strange and bizarre policies pursued by North and South - and their larger neighbours. Providing crucial context for a little-understood region, this highly accessible and compact volume will be a valuable guide for all readers.
Introduction To Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with the lives of real people whose behaviour, emotions, or thinking abilities have become disordered, disrupted, or unusual as a result of some type of brain disorder or damage. The study of human behaviours, emotions, and thoughts and how they relate to the brain, particularly the damaged brain, is the subject matter of clinical neuropsychology.
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

In its extreme form, the quantitative method of assessment involves the standardized use of a set group, or battery, of tests. These tests are scored quantitatively, and the resulting data are compared with normative data from a group of non-brain-damaged people, preferably matched to the patient in regard to important variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic group, culture, and years of formal education. To establish whether a patient’s scores are typical of the scores of other people with similar disorders, comparisons with the scores of groups of patients with similar disorders or lesions in a similar area of the brain can sometimes be made. The advantage of the quantitative method is that the assessment can be conducted by a trained technician (psychometrist) who does not necessarily need to understand the concepts underlying the tests or their interpretation; a computer can score the tests and even interpret them according to the most likely pathology based on the best fit with normative and research data. The Halstead-Reitan Battery (Halstead 1947; Reitan and Davison 1974) is designed to be used in this way.
Marooned In The Moment:H.M., A Case Of Global Amnesia
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

H.M. is perhaps the most famous of all neurological cases. As a result of a neurosurgical procedure carried out in an attempt to reduce his epileptic seizures, H.M. became globally amnesic. From the time of his operation when he was 27 years old until the present (H.M. is in now in his late 70s), he has been unable to learn consciously or remember any new information ( anterograde amnesia). In addition, he has suffered a dense memory loss for a period of 11 years preceding his surgery ( retrograde amnesia). In essence, H.M.’s knowledge base remains as it was when he was a teenager, although his intelligence in other areas is largely unimpaired. It is as though time stopped for H.M. around the age of 16 years, and today he lives in a timeless vacuum, interacting intelligently minute by minute with whatever stimuli impinge directly upon him.
The Breakdown Of Language
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

I have a poignant, vivid visual memory of Luke from the first time I met him. A powerfully built Maori man with a mane of tangled black hair and tattoos on both arms and bare chest, he was sitting upright in his hospital bed in the sunny hospital ward. His left hand was hovering over a large board covered with letters and numbers, and as I approached his bed he looked up at me. It was the image of fear distorting his strong face and shadowing his dark eyes that struck me so forcibly and remains with me still.
A Body In The Mind
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

One of the most exciting aspects of working in the area of clinical neuropsychology is the ever-present possibility that a patient will present with behaviors you have never seen before and at first find almost unbelievable. Even when your case is very unusual, a literature search will probably turn up a few other cases with similar symptoms. These cases will provide you with some background knowledge and assist you in your choice of tests with which to begin assessing and comparing your patient with previous cases. Nevertheless, it is likely that the case will not be exactly the same as other published cases, and you may need to use all your creativity to design new tests that will enable you to gradually narrow down the possible underlying causes of your patient’s deficits. If the patient has a stable brain lesion, you will be able to take your time and not only read the literature carefully but also analyze one set of test results before embarking on the design of follow-up tests. Michael, the man with visual agnosia and prosopagnosia, is an example of such a case (Chapter 8). His lesion is stable, and his deficits have remained relatively unchanged over many years, allowing thoughtful and ongoing assessment of his deficits to test new hypotheses about brain– behavior relations.
The Impaired Executive A Case Of Frontal-Lobe Dysfunction
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

The executive and personality impairments associated with frontal-lobe dysfunction are well known to all practicing neuropsychologists. In the 1930s and 1940s, frontal lobotomies in which the frontal lobes were completely removed or severed from the rest of the brain were a relatively common treatment for psychiatric disorders (Freeman and Watts 1942; Moniz 1954), although it soon became apparent that for many patients the results of the lobotomy were worse than the disorder it was meant to alleviate (Walsh 1994, p 176). Psychosurgery (brain surgery for the purpose of decreasing psychiatric symptoms) decreased substantially from the 1950s on, although centers in some countries still practice modified procedures called leukotomies. In these operations, the frontal lobes are partially disconnected from the rest of the cortex by sectioning the thalamofrontal fibers in the lower medial quadrant of the frontal lobe. These and similar greatly modified operations are reported to provide relief from the psychiatric symptoms with minimal frontal-lobe symptoms (McKenzie and Kaczanowski 1964).
Beating The Odds
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

The following speech,1 given to a traumatic brain injury (TBI) support group by Neil, a 22-year-old former university student who had sustained a severe TBI (also called severe head injury) 3 years previously, provides a moving prologue to this chapter: This time three years ago, I was an A student at university studying third-year engineering. I was a good sportsman and enjoyed a great social life. One afternoon while riding my motorbike home from university, I hit the center lane of the motorway for some reason. I broke my neck, badly damaged my right arm, and I suffered severe head injuries. For the nonmedical of you, that means I bashed shit out of my head.
The Unseen Injury
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

My first impression of Rachel was of a tall, attractive young woman who conducted herself in a composed, mature manner. If I had been asked to estimate her age, I would have said she was at least 16, possibly older. Even after discovering she was only 14, I often found it difficult to think of her as a “young” teenager, primarily because of her mature and thoughtful outlook rather than because of her appearance. At times it would come as a surprise to find that many of her life experiences (e.g., relationships with boys) were those of an “average” 14-year-old girl and that she was not as emotionally mature as she first appeared.
Explosions In The Mind
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

It was a hot midsummer day with not a cloud in the sky, and Danielle, her husband Adam, and their two children, 12-year-old twins Emma and Andrew, were on their last day of their summer holiday before the twins had to return to school and Danielle and Adam to work. They were staying in Danielle’s parents’ holiday home at Piha, a ruggedly beautiful black sand surf beach west of Auckland. As it was a Sunday, the crowds were out, and between the lifeguards’ flags, the surf was alive with screaming, happy children on body boards, and parents trying to keep track of them. Adam was surfing on the big waves out the back, and Danielle and the twins were competing on their body boards to see who could catch the longest wave. Suddenly, without warning, Danielle’s head exploded (as she recalled later). Fortunately she was in waist-deep water and she managed to stagger out of the sea, collapsing on the sand. The twins, realizing she was not behaving normally, grabbed her board and rushed out of the surf to her side. She managed to tell them that she had been hit on the head by a surfboard, and was feeling very sick.
Twenty Years Too Late
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is a 38-year-old man named Peter. When he was 32, Peter would probably have been described by his friends as a typical New Zealand family man. He worked hard as a spray painter so that he could pay off the house mortgage and provide his children with a higher quality of life than he had growing up. He and his wife enjoyed each other’s company and socialized on weekends with other couples and families with similar interests. Peter’s three sons were his pride and joy, and he spent quality time with them playing sports and taking them fishing and swimming.
Mind Over Matter
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

Recently I read two wonderful novels, both of which included among the central characters a man with Parkinson’s disease (PD). When I began the novels I had no idea that they had anything to do with PD or any other neurological disorder—I was planning on reading for relaxation, not for work—but as I became involved in the books, I soon forgot about work, although at one level I was impressed by the accurate and empathic picture each novel painted of a man struggling with PD. In both novels, Jonathan Franzen’s The Corrections (2001) and Rohinto Mistry’s Family Matters (2002), PD itself is not the central theme, but the complex effects the symptoms of the disorder have on the victim and on his family are used as a pivot (or perhaps excuse) for family disarray and dysfunction. The Corrections centers on an all-American family, in contrast to Family Matters, which revolves around an Indian family living in Britain. Although the books are very different, both in style and in content, there are many similarities as these two families from vastly different cultures try to deal with and understand their Parkinsonian relative.
Introduction to dose-response curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Dose-response curves can be used to plot the results of many kinds of experiments. The X axis plots concentration of a drug or hormone. The Y axis plots response, which could be almost any measure of biological function. For example, the response might be enzyme activity, accumulation of an intracellular second messenger, membrane potential, secretion of a hormone, change in heart rate, or contraction of a muscle. The term “dose” is often used loosely. In its strictest sense, the term only applies to experiments performed with animals or people, where you administer various doses of drug. You don’t know the actual concentration of drug at its site of action-you only know the total dose that you administered. However, the term “dose-response curve” is also used more loosely to describe in vitro experiments where you apply known concentrations of drugs. The term “concentration-response curve” is therefore a more precise label for the results of these types of experiments. The term “dose-response curve” is occasionally used even more loosely to refer to experiments where you vary levels of some other variable, such as temperature or voltage.
The Application of Structural Equation Modeling and Item Response Theory to Cross-Cultural Positive Psychology Research
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro
Published: November 2023

Many positive psychology researchers are interested in life satisfaction, positive emotions, optimism, meaning in life, relationship quality, and other human strengths. Although the mental health movement came earlier (Jahoda, 1958; Rogers, 1961), the contemporary positive psychology movement started in the late 1990s in the United States (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). With the globalization of psychology and society in general, the application of these key constructs to diverse populations has become a critical issue. This chapter addresses the basic measurement issues in cross-cultural research of positive psychology, using structural equation modeling (SEM) and item response theory (IRT).
Consultation by David Rudd, Ph.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

Suicide is a loss of human potential, a loss of love and intimacy, a loss of creativity and hope; in short, a loss of the preciousness that is life. It is a loss that reaches far beyond the bounds of the individual. This is clear from the interviews so elegantly conducted by Dr. Shneidman. Rather than putting an end to emotional suffering, it has transformed itself into something different, a new brand of suffering or psychache— a legacy of pain and loss. After reading the interviews, one can have little doubt that suffering persists. We see this in the persistent questions of the relatives and their efforts to explain the loss; it is even evident in the suicide note, with its numerous apologies and reassurances.
Consultation by Avery Weisman, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

This is an unusual psychological autopsy in that the significant others are so available, verbal, and articulate. The parents, siblings, best friend, ex-wife, and recent girlfriend added more information than is ordinarily reported in autopsy protocols. According to those who should know, Arthur talked about his inevitable suicide from childhood on. This does not imply, however, that he was depressed from childhood on, although he was in psychotherapy for tantrums and so forth at an early age. Later, he was socially isolated, but then at some point he became very popular, with many friends.
Sediment Entrainment and Transport
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

As noted in section 2.3, most natural streams are alluvial; that is, their channels are made of particulate sediment that is subject to entrainment and transport by the water flowing in them. This sediment is entrained during sporadic periods of higher flows and deposited as discharge subsides. It may be entrained, transported, deposited, and stored as part of the channel or floodplain many times over and for widely varying time periods as it moves inexorably seaward. In the long geological view, this sediment movement is a link in the geologic/tectonic cycle of the destruction and construction of continents. Understanding the processes by which and conditions under which entrainment and transport of particulate sediment occur is clearly of immense scientific and practical import. We begin our development of this understanding by defining some of the basic terminology and the techniques used to measure sediment in streams. We then explore empirical relations between sediment transport and streamflow and how these relations are used to estimate continental denudation rates and to understand some fundamental aspects of geomorphic processes. Next, we formulate the basic physics of the forces that act on sediment particles in suspension and on the stream bed to provide an essential foundation for understanding entrainment and transport processes.
Spirituality Recent Progress
Authors: Emmons Robert A
Published: November 2023

The primary purpose of this chapter is to present the most recent developments in the scientific study of spirituality. At the outset, I must confess the near impossibility of this task. Recent research on religion and spirituality as human phenomena is almost as vast and diverse as religious and spiritual life itself. A literature search using the PsycINFO database for the 10year period 1994–2003 returned nearly 1,800 citations for the terms “spirituality” and “spiritual” and nearly 1,300 for “religion” and “religiosity.” This review, therefore, must of necessity be quite selective. A substantial majority of the studies on religion and spirituality have occurred within the applied areas of clinical, counseling, and health psychology and have examined links between religion and mental health and psychological, physical, and interpersonal wellbeing (for reviews, see Ferriss, 2002; Hackney & Sanders, 2003; Kim, 2003; Koenig, McCullough, & Larson, 2001; Smith, McCullough, & Poll, 2003). I will not attempt to summarize this voluminous literature here.
America’s Large Purposes in the New Century
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

America’s large purposes in the twenty-first century are to provide security for its people, to expand opportunity at home and abroad, and to promote liberal democracy in the world. Providing security is primarily a domestic concern, though it is inseparable from America’s role in the world and therefore international security. Expanding opportunity is also principally a domestic purpose; but, in the age of globalization and information, it is likewise intertwined with expansion of opportunity worldwide. Promotion of liberal democracy is primarily a goal of America’s international relations, and intimately linked with expansion of opportunity globally, but it must arise from the pursuit of a more perfect democracy at home.
Not Just Posturing:Configural Processing of the Human Body
Authors: Reed Catherine L , Stone Valerie E , McGoldrick John E
Published: November 2023

Artists have long understood the power of manipulating visual representations of the human body. German artist Georg Baselitz is known for his provocative, upside-down human figures (Figure 11.1). He inverted his figures to minimize the emotional and meaningful aspects of the human body and to compel viewers to focus on the abstract structure of the composition. As he explained it, “An object painted upside down is suitable for painting because it is unsuitable as an object.” The transformation of a human body into an abstract form via inversion suggests that the human visual-object recognition system has specific processes that give rise to our perception of human bodies and their actions. In this chapter, we will learn from the artist and try to understand what perceptual and cognitive processes underlie human body perception.
Axiomatic Design and Fabrication of Composite Structures
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

The idea that materials can be designed to satisfy specific performance requirements is relatively new. With high-performance composites, however, the entire process of designing and fabricating a part can be worked out before manufacturing. The purpose of this book is to present an integrated approach to the design and manufacturing of products from advanced composites. It shows how the basic behavior of composites and their constitutive relationships can be used during the design stage, which minimizes the complexity of manufacturing composite parts and reduces the repetitive "design-build-test" cycle. Designing it right the first time is going to determine the competitiveness of a company, the reliability of the part, the robustness of fabrication processes, and ultimately, the cost and development time of composite parts. Most of all, it should expand the use of advanced composite parts in fields that use composites only to a limited extent at this time. To achieve these goals, this book presents the design and fabrication of novel composite parts made for machine tools and other applications like robots and automobiles. This book is suitable as a textbook for graduate courses in the design and fabrication of composites. It will also be of interest to practicing engineers learning about composites and axiomatic design. A CD-ROM is included in every copy of the book, containing Axiomatic CLPT software. This program, developed by the authors, will assist readers in calculating material properties from the microstructure of the composite. This book is part of the Oxford Series on Advanced Manufacturing.
How the Public Views Women Candidates
Authors: Dolan Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Although women win office as often as men, this does not mean that they do not face special gender-based challenges. In this chapter, Kathleen Dolan explores voter attitudes toward women candidates. Her research shows that, currently, voters express high levels of support for women candidates. Still, many continue to be influenced by gender stereotypes when judging candidates. For example, the public tends to see female candidates as warm, compassionate, kind, and passive. Men are perceived as strong, knowledgeable, tough, direct, and assertive. This stereotyping extends to the issues arena: voters judge women as more competent on health care, education, women’s issues, and family issues; men are seen as better qualified to deal with foreign policy, military intervention, and crime. The important question is the extent to which these stereotypes govern voting decisions. Dolan concludes that gender stereotypes are complex and interact with the party identification of the voter and the candidate, the context of the election (such as time periods in which domestic concerns are paramount versus those, such as the 2004 election, in which foreign policy dominates), and incumbency status.
Women Leading Legislatures: Getting There and Getting Things Done
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon
Published: November 2023

Has women’s presence in legislative life extended to positions of power in these institutions? Cindy Simon Rosenthal shows that, as of 2003, women held 13.6 percent of the leadership positions in state legislatures (including roles as speaker of the House or Assembly, senate president or president pro tempore, and majority and minority leaders) and composed 18.9 percent of standing committee chairs (compared to 22.4 percent of legislative seats). As is true of women’s legislative presence generally, their representation in leadership positions varies a great deal across states, and women leaders are most common in states with more legislative women. Most central is Rosenthal’s interest in whether women’s leadership styles differ from men’s and, if so, the implications of those differences. By studying committee chairs across states, she found that women perceived themselves as harder-working and more focused on accomplishing tasks than their male counterparts. There are two important implications of Rosenthal’s findings related to the main themes of this volume. First, women’s representation in leadership is likely to have an impact on the policies and procedures that flow from legislatures. Second, emphasis on task orientation is one way women can overcome the disadvantages of gendered political environments— even at the higher cost of harder work.
Soldiers to Citizens
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

A hell of a gift, an opportunity. "Magnanimous." "One of the greatest advantages I ever experienced." These are the voices of World War II veterans, lavishing praise on their beloved G.I. Bill. Transcending boundaries of class and race, the Bill enabled a sizable portion of the hallowed "greatest generation" to gain vocational training or to attend college or graduate school at government expense. Its beneficiaries had grown up during the Depression, living in tenements and cold-water flats, on farms and in small towns across the nation, most of them expecting that they would one day work in the same kinds of jobs as their fathers. Then the G.I. Bill came along, and changed everything. They experienced its provisions as inclusive, fair, and tremendously effective in providing the deeply held American value of social opportunity, the chance to improve one's circumstances. They become chefs and custom builders, teachers and electricians, engineers and college professors. But the G.I. Bill fueled not only the development of the middle class: it also revitalized American democracy. Americans who came of age during World War II joined fraternal groups and neighborhood and community organizations and took part in politics at rates that made the postwar era the twentieth century's civic "golden age." Drawing on extensive interviews and surveys with hundreds of members of the "greatest generation," Suzanne Mettler finds that by treating veterans as first-class citizens and in granting advanced education, the Bill inspired them to become the active participants thanks to whom memberships in civic organizations soared and levels of political activity peaked. Mettler probes how this landmark law produced such a civic renaissance. Most fundamentally, she discovers, it communicated to veterans that government was for and about people like them, and they responded in turn. In our current age of rising inequality and declining civic engagement, Soldiers to Citizens offers critical lessons about how public programs can make a difference.
Introduction
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

When he was young, Luke LaPorta never imagined that he would attend college, let alone obtain a doctorate. The son of an Italian immigrant, LaPorta grew up in an ethnic neigh-borhood in Queens, New York. During the Great Depression, his family, like many during that time, struggled to get by, needing public assistance to make ends meet. Although he had been a good student in high school, college seemed entirely out of the question. Nobody in his family or even in his neighborhood had gone: there wasn’t the money for it, and it was not something that people like them could even consider. Once LaPorta finished high school, World War II had begun, so he enlisted in the Navy and served aboard a minesweeper that patrolled the Atlantic coast of the United States. Upon his return from the war, LaPorta had an experience that would profoundly change the course of his life. He accompanied friends from the military on a campus visit to Syracuse University, though having no intention of actually going himself. “It was a lark.