bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulated performance of the molecular mapping for young giant exoplanets with the Medium-Resolution Spectrometer of JWST/MIRI
Authors: Mâlin M. , Boccaletti A. , Charnay B. , Kiefer F. , Bézard B.
Published: January 2023

Context. Young giant planets are the best targets for characterization with direct imaging. The Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) of the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of the recently launched James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will give access to the first spectroscopic data for direct imaging above 5 µm with unprecedented sensitivity at a spectral resolution of up to 3700. This will provide a valuable complement to near-infrared data from ground-based instruments for characterizing these objects.

Aims. We aim to evaluate the performance of MIRI/MRS in detecting molecules in the atmosphere of exoplanets and in constraining atmospheric parameters using Exo-REM atmospheric models.

Methods. The molecular mapping technique based on cross-correlation with synthetic models was recently introduced. We test this promising detection and characterization method on simulated MIRI/MRS data.

Results. Directly imaged planets can be detected with MIRI/MRS, and we are able to detect molecules (H2O, CO, NH3, CH4, HCN, PH3, CO2) at various angular separations depending on the strength of the molecular features and brightness of the target. We find that the stellar spectral type has a weak impact on the detection level. This method is globally most efficient for planets with temperatures below 1500 K, for bright targets, and for angular separations of greater than 1′′. Our parametric study allows us to anticipate the ability to characterize planets that will be detected in the future.

Conclusions. The MIRI/MRS will give access to molecular species not yet detected in exoplanetary atmospheres. The detection of molecules acting as indicators of the temperature of the planets will make it possible to discriminate between various hypotheses of the preceding studies, and the derived molecular abundance ratios should bring new constraints on planet-formation scenarios.
Biostimulants and indolebutyric acid improve rooting of wood cuttings from different grapevine rootstocks
Authors: Brighenti Alberto Fontanella , de Freitas Fábio Ribeiro , Malohlava Isadora Teixeira Coelho , Votre Thainá Carolina Graciano , Voltolini José Afonso , da Silva Aparecido Lima , Feldberg Nelson Pires , Würz Douglas André
Published: January 2023

The rooting of rootstocks is considered a critical point in the production of high-quality grapevine planting material. To maximize the cutting rhizogenesis process, plant hormones, such as auxins, are used for the development of adventitious roots. In addition, some groups of biostimulant have as their main role the development of root system, ensuring good growth of the plant aerial part. However, research using algae extract-based biostimulants in vegetative propagation of vine rootstocks is scarce. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of the biostimulant based on algae extract and indolebutyric acid (IBA), in the development of the root system and vegetative growth of grapevine rootstocks. The rootstocks evaluated were ‘3309 C’, ‘101-14 Mgt’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘99 R’, ‘110 R’, ‘Kober 5BB’, ‘SO4’, ‘420A Mgt’, ‘Solferino’, ‘Gravesac’, ‘IAC 572’, ‘IAC 766’, ‘IAC 313’, ‘Harmony’, ‘Freedom’, ‘Salt Creek’ and ‘VR 043- 43’. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, arranged in a factorial scheme, involving 17 rootstocks associated with four treatments to stimulate rooting (IBA, algae extract, IBA + algae extract and control). The use of indolebutyric acid and algae extract-based biostimulant proved to be efficient in rooting woody cuttings from different vine rootstocks. The use of IBA, algae extract-based biostimulant and IBA combined with algae extract resulted in higher rates of rooting and development than the control. The rootstocks presenting the highest rooting rates and vegetative development were ‘IAC 572’ and ‘Freedom’. ‘Gravesac’, ‘101-14 Mgt’ and ‘99 R’, showing high rates of rooting and root development, but low vegetative development. The rootstocks exhibiting the lowest rooting rates and vegetative development were ‘Salt Creek’, ‘VR 043-43’ and ‘110 R’.
Survey on Water Source Classification based on users’ opinions: Case of the Al-Hoceima region, Northern Morocco
Authors: Mchiouer Fatiha , Charki Asmae , El Ouarghi Hossain
Published: January 2023

The purpose of the water sources study according to the opinion of the users in the region of Al-Hoceima, is to present a classification of investigated sources according to physico-chemical and microbiological quality, and to compare the obtained results with the sanitary survey taken from users. The region’s groundwater is known for its low piezometry and, consequently, for its easy and uncontrolled exploitation. Indeed, the lack of drinking water supply in several rural areas or among some vulnerable categories of the population forces them to use water sources for all purposes, including drinking. Moreover, in urban areas and with the availability of treated drinking water, people resort to supplying water from a source as traditions and cultural customs of the users predominate. The public survey results in this study confirm, according to the majority of witnesses, that drinking from these sources is continual, as 50% of the consumers live in the area and they do not have any digestive or intestinal problems; these water sources are more frequented in summer and at weekends. Furthermore, the majority of respondents consider these waters to be healthy and not subject to chemical treatment, and they represent a natural heritage with a good reputation among the population of the region.
Lithostratigraphic analysis and characterization of the upper miocene deformation of the Beni Bou Ifroure massif (Jbel Harcha Unit) eastern Rif Morocco
Authors: Makkaoui Mohamed , Azzouz Omar , Belhaj Kamal , Moqaddem Achraf
Published: January 2023

In the eastern Rif the unit of Jbel Harcha which is part of Beni Bou Ifroure massif, the latter belongs to the Rif chain which was formed during the Alpine orogeny. Lithostratigraphic analysis of the geological map and field investigations shows that this unit is constituted by carbonate facies of limestone attributed to the lower and middle Jurassic. At the level of upper Jurassic and Cretaceous we observe metamorphic terms presented by schists. The structural examination allows to distinguish two types of deformation the first one is penetrative which is materialized by a metamorphism of the formations of upper Jurassic and Cretaceous whose direction of the planes of schistosity varies between N125 and N140. This type is linked to a NE-SW shortening, attributed to the Tortonian and materialized by a set of open and normal faults of direction N040 to N045. The second type is generally characterized by brittle structures presented by dextral strike-slip faults of direction N120 to N140 that intersect the ancient accidents. This episode linked to a N-S to NW-SE shortening is responsible for the N070 thrusting of the Jurassic rocks in the study area.
Study of the spatiotemporal variation of iron and manganese ions content in the Oued Moulouya water (North-East of Morocco)
Authors: Boumediene Ben Cheikh , Khoukhi Yahya , Chafi Abdelhafid , Arabi Mourad
Published: January 2023

Oued Moulouya is one of the most important water resources, not only for water supply, but also for the agro-industrial development of the North-East region of Morocco. However, the remarkable modification in terms of physico-chemical quality of this water resource which is constantly expressed by high concentrations of various mineralogical and organic components. This calls for the necessary measures to be taken to remedy this pollution. To understand the contribution of each source of this imbalance, whether geological and/or anthropogenic, we conducted a study to monitor, during the both wet and dry periods, the spatiotemporal variations of iron and manganese ions at eight stations along the Oued Moulouya. The water samples collected were therefore analysed to determine their pH (in situ) and their contents in these two ions following the method of Inductive Coupled Plasma spectrometry. The results obtained showed disparities in the concentrations of various components between the two periods of the year: wet and dry periods. Thus, the two elements monitored (Fe and Mn), expressed their maximum levels during the dry period, with values of 21.75 mg/l and 4.9 mg/l. These values were recorded at the station near the city of Guercif. While the minimum concentrations of these elements were recorded upstream of the Oued during the rainy months with values of 0.047 mg/l for iron and 0.016 mg/l for manganese. Hence, it is concluded, that the variation of the content of these two elements Fe and Mn is influenced by the geochemical contribution, which occurs during the dry periods and decreases by the physical dilution during the rainy periods.
Development of a food waste prevention strategy: a case study in a hotel in Eastern Morocco
Authors: Omari Abdelouadoud , Chafi Abdelhafid , Mokhtari Ouafae , Zraibi Linda , Azzakhnini Ikram , Ben Cheikh Boumediene , Mchiouer Kaoutar , El Asri Ouahid
Published: January 2023

The present work concerns the development of a food waste prevention strategy in a restaurant operating within a hotel in the city of Saidia in Eastern Morocco. The food service sector was chosen for this study because it is the second highest contributing sector to food waste on the global scale. Therefore, the role it plays in environmental pollution should not be neglected. The food waste prevention strategy adopted in this work consisted in performing a food waste audit at first. Then, the purchasing, storage, and handling conditions of food were improved. Finally, waste sorting was performed. The average daily food waste generated by the case study restaurant was 320.3 kg/day. The highest amount of average daily food waste (166.7 kg/day) was generated during food preparation, while storage waste had the lowest amount (30.1 kg/day). The most wasted food commodities were vegetables (50.8 kg/day), fruits (47.1 kg/day), sauces (39.9 kg/day), and cereals (38.4 kg/day). While the least wasted food commodities were eggs (10.2 kg/day) and dairy products (11.7 kg/day). The majority of the food waste generated in this study was avoidable, and fish and seafood were the food commodities with the lowest Eco-efficiency (high cost – high waste). The food waste percentage decreased from 35% to 20% within approximately 4 months following the execution of the food waste prevention strategy.
Elimination of orthophosphate from synthetic leachate using adsorption on bentonite clay
Authors: Charki Asmae , El Ouarghi Hossain , Ghalit Mohamed , Ahari M’hamed
Published: January 2023

The composition of leachates is very variable and rich in toxic compounds, which requires treatment before discharge into the natural environment in order to avoid their impact on the environment and/or human health and to comply with the requirements of regulatory discharge standards in the natural environment. Among the parameters indicating pollution by leachates, we have COD, BOD5, conductivity, pH, the presence of ammonium ions, nitrite, nitrate, chloride, orthophosphate, etc. This study presents the results of synthetic leachate orthophosphate adsorption tests on bentonite clays. For the determination of the orthophosphate concentration in the synthetic leachate, before and after adsorption, we applied the method of Ultra-Violet adsorption spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of bentonite, the amount needed and the removal efficiency were determined. The orthophosphate adsorption yield on bentonite reaches up to 32.6 % for 5 g/L of bentonite stirred for 4 hours and exceeds 39,19 % after 24 hours of stirring.
Acoustic Splitter Waves Based on Ramified System Made of Waveguides
Authors: El-atmani Ilham , El kadmiri Ilyass , Khaled Aissam , Bria Driss , El Kettani Mounsif Ech Cherif , Maréchal Pierre
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we studied the propagation of acoustic waves in an acoustic ramified system. Our proposed system contains an input waveguide of length d0 and three output lines (three channels), each output line contains a semi-infinite waveguide. The theoretical analysis is based on the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM), which allows us to calculate the three transmission rates T1, T2, T3 and the reflection rate R. We demonstrate that our proposed three-output channels system can be used to design a multifunctional device that functions as an amplitude splitter: an incident sound wave is splited to three output channels. This system is capable of achieving various waveguiding characteristics with perfect channels transmissions.
Tabakrauchen und Krebsrisiko
Authors: Scherübl Hans
Published: January 2023

Tabakrauchen ist die wichtigste vermeidbare Krebsursache in Deutschland. Je mehr und je länger jemand raucht, desto stärker steigt sein Krebsrisiko. Wird Tabakrauch kombiniert mit Alkohol, vervielfacht sich das Krebsrisiko. Bis zu 30 % der Krebstodesfälle können auf das Rauchen zurückgeführt werden. 23,3 % der 18- bis 64-jährigen Bevölkerung rauchen und weitere 11 % sind hierzulande regelmäßig einer Passivrauch­belastung ausgesetzt. Zu den Tabakrauch-assoziierten Malignomen zählen Karzinome der Mundhöhle, der Nase, der Nebenhöhlen, des Pharynx, des Larynx, der Lunge, des Ösophagus, des Magens, des Pankreas, der Leber, der Gallenwege, des Dickdarms, der Nieren, der Ureteren, der Harnblase, der Zervix und der Eierstöcke sowie Leukämien. Bei stattgehabter Tabakexposition soll den Betroffenen frühzeitig zu etablierten Krebsfrüh­erkennungsmaßnahmen geraten werden. Rauchern soll eine professionelle Tabakentwöhnung angeboten werden. Das tabakbedingte Krebsrisiko wird durch den Rauchstopp effektiv und zeitabhängig gesenkt.
Diagnoseverzögernde Faktoren bei hepatischer alveolärer Echinokokkose
Authors: Joos Natalie , Schmidberger Julian , Schlingeloff Patrycja , Kratzer Wolfgang
Published: January 2023

Einleitung Ziel der Studie war die Analyse des diagnostischen Workflows von Patienten mit alveolärer Echinokokkose (AE) und die Identifikation möglicher diagnoseverzögernder Faktoren.

Methoden Untersucht wurden die Anzahl und Art der diagnostischen Prozeduren von Patienten mit der Diagnose einer alveolären Echinokokkose. Die Erfassung der Krankheitsvorgeschichte erfolgte auf Fragebogen-Basis, den vorliegenden Befunden sowie Datenergänzungen aus dem Patienteninformationssystem (SAP). Die statistischen Analysen wurden mit der SAS-Version 9.4 und der Microsoft-Excel Version-16.43 durchgeführt. Das Studienkollektiv der Querschnittstudie umfasste n = 109 Patienten mit einer bestätigten alveolären Echinokokkose.

Ergebnisse Die definitive Diagnose ‚alveoläre Echinokokkose der Leber‘ wurde nach 26,5 ± 65,0 (Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung) Monaten (min – max: 0–344, Median = 3) gestellt. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten wurde wegen eines bildgebenden Zufallsbefundes der Leber diagnostisch abgeklärt (n = 74/109 (67,9%). Insgesamt n = 56/74 (75,7%) aller Zufallsbefunde wurden ambulant, in n = 15/74 (20,3%) der Fälle im Rahmen eines stationären Krankenhausaufenthaltes diagnostiziert. Im Mittel wurde für jeden Patienten 1,1 ± 1,2 (0–11, Median = 1) ionisierende Bildgebungsverfahren eingesetzt. Eine kontrastmittelgestützte Sonografie erhielten 0,3 ± 0,5 (0–2, Median = 0) Patienten. Fast alle Patienten (n = 104/109 (95,4%) wurden zeitweise mit mindestens einer malignen hepatischen oder extrahepatischen Verdachtsdiagnose konfrontiert. Ein Ausschluss des Malignomverdachts erfolgte im Mittel nach 4,1 ± 16,5 Monaten (0 –133,8, Median = 1).

Diskussion Der diagnostische Abklärungsprozess von AE-Patienten ist langwierig und belastend. Die psychische Belastung bei fraglicher maligner Diagnose ist erheblich. Der frühe Einsatz einer kontrastverstärkten Sonografie und gegebenenfalls die Punktion unklarer hepatischer Raumforderungen hilft, den schwierigen Diagnoseprozess zu verkürzen.
58th EASD Annual Meeting from 19 to 23 September 2022, Stockholm, Sweden (Virtual)
Authors: Hussein Wiam I. , Hassanein Mohammed
Published: January 2023

The 58th European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) Annual Meeting was held between 19 and 23 September 2022 in Stockholm, Sweden. It was also fully streamlined online. The authors attended the conference, giving a narrative commentary on what they felt were the highlights of the meeting. Several interesting lectures were presented. The ADA-EASD hyperglycemia management consensus was among the landmark presentations. The development of a particular model that could predict severe hypoglycemia risk in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) was interesting. The remission of T2D data from the ReTUNE analysis backs the “personal fat threshold” concept was very promising. Interestingly, a link between autoimmunity degree and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults' cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was proposed. A benefit of high-intensity exercise for people with impaired hypoglycemia awareness was demonstrated. The CLOuD, namely, early and sustained closed-loop therapy does not stave off β-cell decline, data were shared. Also, subjective energy levels were shown to predict CV events in T2D. Also, C-peptide may be better than C-reactive protein for predicting CV risk in T2D. Furthermore, a fatty liver index may predict mortality and CVD risk in people with T1D. New data suggest that topical esmolol hydrochloride might aid in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Finally, microalbuminuria in pregnancy forecasts adverse outcomes. We hope this short account helps those who did not attend the conference to get a glimpse of the program.
Lebanese Women's Awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Its Complications: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ahmadieh Hala , Aboudib Khaled , Khalaf Iman Al , Dassouki Weam , Charbaji Loulwa
Published: January 2023

Background Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in females with many different presentations and potentially life-threatening complications. However, the awareness of females about this disorder tends to be lacking. This study aims to assess the knowledge about PCOS among Lebanese women in the reproductive age group.

Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 421 women aged between 18 and 51 years from all governorates in Lebanon. Participants signed informed consent prior to their participation, and they were selected through convenient sampling. A well-conducted questionnaire was utilized after the Institutional Review Board's Committee approved the study at Beirut Arab University prior to data collection. Data entry was completed with SPSS (IBM version 23.1) and analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentages, chi-squared test, and p-values.

Results Among 421 participants, 75% were aware of PCOS. Around 50% knew about PCOS's various signs and symptoms, whereas only a minority knew about its complications. Furthermore, most participants were aware of the importance of lifestyle modifications in alleviating PCOS symptoms.

Conclusion The results of this study show that Lebanese women were aware of common symptoms of PCOS. On the other hand, their knowledge was minimal regarding its more complex manifestations and complications.
Clinico-Etiological Profile of Children Admitted with Head Injury in a Tertiary Health Care Centre During the COVID Pandemic
Authors: Puravankara Lemin Mohan , Peethambaran Anil Kumar
Published: January 2023

Background The mechanism of injury, type of pathology, mode of management and specific problems, in the pediatric age group make these a unique population. The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown caused a significant reduction in the number of road traffic accidents during the same period and the resultant number of head injuries in children.

Methods This was a descriptive study of 76 consecutive pediatric patients admitted with head injury between June and December 2020. Children under 18 years with head injury admitted in our hospital were included.

Results The most common etiology of pediatric head injury was found to be fall from height (61.8%) followed by road traffic accidents (27.6%). The most common age group affected was 1 to 5 years with a mean of 6.3 ± 5 years. Road traffic accidents were commonly seen in the 15 to 18 age group. The Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) of 1 (death) was seen in one patient (1.3%) and low disability in 98.7% of patients.

Conclusion Falls formed the most important cause of pediatric head injury during this pandemic, and carefulness on the part of parents can help avoid dangerous consequences for the children. Recovery with minimal disability was observed in approximately all cases in this study. The number of severe traumatic brain injury was very low in this study. This can be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic causing significant reduction in road traffic accidents and the number of severe head injury
Comparative Study of Cerebral Perfusion in Different Types of Decompressive Surgery for Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Choudhary Suresh Kumar , Sharma Achal
Published: January 2023

Introduction Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) brain usefulness in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still being investigated. Comparative research of CTP in the various forms of decompressive surgery has not yet been reported to our knowledge. Patients with TBI who underwent decompressive surgery were studied using pre- and postoperative CTP. CTP findings were compared with patient's outcome.

Materials and Methods This was a single-center, prospective cohort study. A prospective analysis of patients who were investigated with CTP from admission between 2019 and 2021 was undertaken. The patients in whom decompressive surgery was required for TBI, were included in our study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. CTP imaging was performed preoperatively and 5 days after decompressive surgery to measure cerebral perfusion. Numbers of cases included in the study were 75. Statistical analysis was done.

Results In our study, cerebral perfusion were improved postoperatively in the all types of decompressive surgery (p-value < 0.05). But association between type of surgery with improvement in cerebral perfusion, Glasgow Coma Scale at discharge, and Glasgow Outcome Scale-extended at 3 months were found to be statistically insignificant (p-value > 0.05).

Conclusion CTP brain may play a role as a prognostic tool in TBI patients undergoing decompressive surgery.
Cross-plane transport in cyclo[18]carbon-based molecular devices
Authors: Tang Chengkang , Xu Degao , Ouyang Gang
Published: January 2023

The isolated cyclo[18]carbon (C18) has a vertically discrete π-electron conjugate system that possesses unique electronic properties. However, the exploration on cross-plane transport properties of C18-based molecular devices is still in a rudimentary stage. In this work, we propose a type of spin-filtering device with AA-stacked C18 as the central molecule sandwiched between two zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) and investigate the cross-plane transport behaviors in terms of a nonequilibrium Green's function method and a density functional theory. We find that it exhibits the integrated effect of negative differential resistance, spin-filtering, switching, and half-metallic properties. Moreover, it shows conspicuous magnetoresistance (MR) and rectification effects. The MR can be up to 12 480% when it is clamped vertically between two ZGNRs, and the rectification ratio can reach 2926 through inserting a transition metal atom V. Our results provide an avenue for the design of next-generation carbon-based molecular spintronic devices.
A perspective on physical reservoir computing with nanomagnetic devices
Authors: Allwood Dan A. , Ellis Matthew O. A. , Griffin David , Hayward Thomas J. , Manneschi Luca , Musameh Mohammad F. KH. , O'Keefe Simon , Stepney Susan , Swindells Charles , Trefzer Martin A. , Vasilaki Eleni , Venkat Guru , Vidamour Ian , Wringe Chester
Published: January 2023

Neural networks have revolutionized the area of artificial intelligence and introduced transformative applications to almost every scientific field and industry. However, this success comes at a great price; the energy requirements for training advanced models are unsustainable. One promising way to address this pressing issue is by developing low-energy neuromorphic hardware that directly supports the algorithm's requirements. The intrinsic non-volatility, non-linearity, and memory of spintronic devices make them appealing candidates for neuromorphic devices. Here, we focus on the reservoir computing paradigm, a recurrent network with a simple training algorithm suitable for computation with spintronic devices since they can provide the properties of non-linearity and memory. We review technologies and methods for developing neuromorphic spintronic devices and conclude with critical open issues to address before such devices become widely used.
A novel method to measure static and dynamic complexity of time series based on visualization curves
Authors: Dong Wei , Zhang Shuqing , Zhang Xiaowen , Jiang Wanlu , Zhang Liguo
Published: January 2023

In this paper, reverse transition entropy (RTE) is proposed and combined with refined composite multi-scale analysis and generalized fractional-order entropy to construct the refined composite multi-scale reverse transition generalized fractional-order complexity-entropy curve (RCMS-RT-GFOCEC). This measure aims to characterize and identify different complex time series. First, RTE is used to extract the static and dynamic transition probabilities of the temporal structure. Then, the distribution area and variation law of the visualization curves are adopted to characterize different time series. Finally, the time series are identified by the multi-scale curves of RTE, Hαmin, and Cαmax. The characteristic curves (Hqmin and Cqmax) of the refined composite multi-scale q complexity-entropy curves (RCMS-q-CECs) for the comparative analysis are irregular. The experimental results indicate that the RCMS-RT-GFOCEC method could effectively characterize both artificial and empirical temporal series. Moreover, this method can effectively track the dynamical changes of rolling bearing and turbine gearbox time series. The accuracies of the proposed method reach 99.3% and 98.8%, while the recognition rates based on the RCMS-q-CEC method are only 95.7% and 97.8%, suggesting that the proposed method can effectively characterize and identify different complex temporal systems.
Improving nanoparticle superlattice stability with deformable polymer gels
Authors: Lee Margaret S. , Yee Daryl W. , Kubiak Joshua M. , Santos Peter J. , Macfarlane Robert J.
Published: January 2023

The self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles into ordered superlattices typically uses dynamic interactions to govern particle crystallization, as these non-permanent bonds prevent the formation of kinetically trapped, disordered aggregates. However, while the use of reversible bonding is critical in the formation of highly ordered particle arrangements, dynamic interactions also inherently make the structures more prone to disassembly or disruption when subjected to different environmental stimuli. Thus, there is typically a trade-off between the ability to initially form an ordered colloidal material and the ability of that material to retain its order under different conditions. Here, we present a method for embedding colloidal nanoparticle superlattices into a polymer gel matrix. This encapsulation strategy physically prevents the nanoparticles from dissociating upon heating, drying, or the introduction of chemicals that would normally disrupt the lattice. However, the use of a gel as the embedding medium still permits further modification of the colloidal nanoparticle lattice by introducing stimuli that deform the gel network (as this deformation in turn alters the nanoparticle lattice structure in a predictable manner). Moreover, encapsulation of the lattice within a gel permits further stabilization into fully solid materials by removing the solvent from the gel or by replacing the solvent with a liquid monomer that can be photopolymerized. This embedding method therefore makes it possible to incorporate ordered colloidal arrays into a polymer matrix as either dynamic or static structures, expanding their potential for use in responsive materials.
Fractional-order quantum kicked top map and its discrete dynamic behaviors
Authors: Liu Ze-Yu , Xia Tie-Cheng , Wang Ting-Ting
Published: January 2023

A kind of top with a fractional operator is discussed in this paper. The top has a periodic nonlinear pulse kick sequence in the magnetic field and constant precessing around the magnetic field. Then, a fractional quantum kicked top map based on the Caputo derivative is proposed. The numerical solutions of the fractional difference equation are obtained, and the chaotic behavior is observed numerically in three aspects. Fractional quantum dynamics behaviors take place in a finite dimensional Hilbert space where the squared angular momentum is free precession. Finally, the dynamic behaviors of the fractional quantum kicked top map are systematically analyzed by using the bifurcation diagram, the phase diagram, and the maximum Lyapunov exponent.
Effect of aspect ratio on plasma response to resonant magnetic perturbations in tokamak devices
Authors: Li J. W. , Li L. , Liu Y. Q. , Wang Y. F. , Qin P. , Luan Q. B. , Huang X. J. , Guo L. J. , Zhong F. C.
Published: January 2023

A systematic numerical study is carried out, computing and comparing the plasma response to the resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field, applied for controlling edge localized modes (ELMs), in a series of tokamak plasmas with varying aspect ratio and utilizing the MARS-F code. The aspect ratio is scanned either by varying the plasma major radius at a fixed minor radius or by varying the latter while fixing the former. Both approaches yield similar results when compared in terms of quantities with proper normalizations. In general, a non-monotonic dependence of the resonant response field (normalized by the vacuum counterpart) near the plasma edge is found with varying aspect ratio, indicating that a given ELM control coil current configuration strongly favors plasmas with a certain aspect ratio. This optimal aspect ratio, on the other hand, depends on the toroidal as well as poloidal (i.e., coil phasing) spectra of the applied RMP field. The equilibrium (edge) safety factor, the plasma shape, and the plasma toroidal flow are all fixed to ensure that the effects identified here are predominantly due to the plasma aspect ratio.
A consistent scheme of the high-speed source term in probability density function methods for supersonic flows
Authors: Zhang Lin , Chen Yuqiao , Liang Jianhan , Wang Yi , Sun Mingbo
Published: January 2023

To improve the particle energy accuracy of the probability density function (PDF) method in supersonic flows, a consistent numerical scheme for the high-speed source term in the particle energy equation is put forward. The proposed scheme is designed and computed based on the characteristic format, which shares the same right and left eigenvectors for the Jacobian of the convection term of the system. Therefore, this scheme is fully consistent with the spatial discretization of the inviscid term in the finite-difference solver of compressible flows. To show the advantages of the proposed scheme, a redundant energy equation is solved along with the Euler equation. The consistent scheme and the quasi scheme are numerically tested and compared in several canonical flows. The results show that the high-speed source term calculated by the consistent scheme generates much less numerical oscillation than the quasi scheme around discontinuities. Due to the accumulation of the numerical errors of the high-speed source term in every single iteration, the energy redundantly computed by the consistent scheme agrees better with the Euler results than the other scheme. Following this new high-speed source computation scheme, the large eddy simulation-PDF method is further developed and tested in a shock tube problem interacting with an isotropic turbulent flow and a supersonic temporally developing mixing layer. The results show that PDF with this consistent high-speed source scheme can improve the energy accuracy as well as turbulent combustion in supersonic flows.
Controlling interface anisotropy in CoFeB/MgO/HfO2 using dusting layers and magneto-ionic gating
Authors: Bhatnagar-Schöffmann T. , Kovàcs A. , Pachat R. , Ourdani D. , Lamperti A. , Syskaki M.-A. , da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T. , Roussigné Y. , Ono S. , Langer J. , Cherif M. , Dunin-Borkowski R. E. , Schöffmann P. , Ravelosona D. , Belmeguenai M. , Solignac A. , Herrera Diez L.
Published: January 2023

In this work, we present the magneto-ionic response to ionic liquid gating in Ta/CoFeB/MgO/HfO2 stacks, where heavy metal dusting layers of Ta, W, and Pt are inserted at the Ta/CoFeB and CoFeB/MgO interfaces. Dusting layers of W inserted at the Ta/CoFeB interface increase perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) by more than 50%, while no significant changes are seen for Pt. In these samples, gating cannot break the PMA seeded at the CoFeB/MgO interface, only relatively small changes in the coercivity can be induced, about 20% for Ta and Pt and 6% for W. At the CoFeB/MgO interface, a significant quenching of the magnetization is seen when W and Ta dusting layers are inserted, which remains unchanged after gating, suggesting a critical deterioration of the CoFeB. In contrast, Pt dusting layers result in an in-plane anisotropy that can be reversibly converted to PMA through magneto-ionic gating while preserving the polycrystalline structure of the MgO layer. This shows that dusting layers can be effectively used not only to engineer magnetic properties in multilayers but also to strongly modify their magneto-ionic performance.
Direct observation of conformations of a high-mobility n-type low-bandgap copolymer in solutions and solid films
Authors: Li Xinmao , Guan Jianxin , Shen Chengzhen , Yu Zhihao , Zheng Junrong
Published: January 2023

The aggregation morphologies of conjugated polymers in solutions and solid films are important for their optoelectronic applications. Due to the amorphous state of the polymers, it remains a great challenge to determine their conformations in either liquids or solids. Herein, a ps/fs synchronized 2D IR technique is applied to investigate the molecular conformations of a high-mobility n-type low-bandgap copolymer, N2200, dissolved in CHCl3 and CCl4, and in solid films cast from both solutions by the vibrational cross-angle method. In CCl4, the polymer forms more aggregates and folds more and the backbone dihedral angle of C–C(NDI)/C–S(Thiophene) of its average conformation is about 10° more distorted than that in CHCl3 and the most stable conformation for a free molecule. Anti-intuitively, the solid films cast from both solutions have the same molecular conformation, and the conformation is similar to that of the polar CHCl3 rather than the conformation of the less polar CCl4. The results imply that the interaction between the polymer backbones is probably stronger than its interaction with CCl4, which can naturally guide the rearrangement of polymer chains during the evaporation of solvent molecules. This work also implies that the balance and competition between the polymer/polymer interaction and the polymer/solvent interaction seem to be the dominant factors responsible for what morphology can form in a solid film cast from solution. It is not always true that different molecular conformations must exist in solid films grown from different solutions with different polarity or different extents of aggregates with different conformations.
Cell counting and velocity algorithms for hydrodynamic study of unsteady biological flows in micro-channels
Authors: Torrisi Federica , Stella Giovanna , Guarino Francesca M. , Bucolo Maide
Published: January 2023

In this paper, the combination of two algorithms, a cell counting algorithm and a velocity algorithm based on a Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) method, is presented to study the collective behavior of micro-particles in response to hydrodynamic stimuli. A wide experimental campaign was conducted using micro-particles of different natures and diameters (from 5 to 16μm), such as living cells and silica beads. The biological fluids were injected at the inlet of a micro-channel with an external oscillating flow, and the process was monitored in an investigated area, simultaneously, through a CCD camera and a photo-detector. The proposed data analysis procedure is based on the DPIV-based algorithm to extrapolate the micro-particles velocities and a custom counting algorithm to obtain the instantaneous micro-particles number. The counting algorithm was easily integrated with the DPIV-based algorithm, to automatically run the analysis to different videos and to post-process the results in time and frequency domain. The performed experiments highlight the difference in the micro-particles hydrodynamic responses to external stimuli and the possibility to associate them with the micro-particles physical properties. Furthermore, in order to overcome the hardware and software requirements for the development of a real-time approach, it was also investigated the possibility to detect the flows by photo-detector signals as an alternative to camera acquisition. The photo-detector signals were compared with the velocity trends as a proof of concept for further simplification and speed-up of the data acquisition and analysis. The algorithm flexibility underlines the potential of the proposed methodology to be suitable for real-time detection in embedded systems.
The ocean fine spray
Authors: Gañán-Calvo Alfonso M.
Published: January 2023

An important fraction of the atmospheric aerosols comes from the ocean spray originated by the bursting of surface bubbles. A theoretical framework that incorporates the latest knowledge on film and jet droplets from bubble bursting is here proposed, suggesting that the ejected droplet size in the fine and ultrafine (nanometric) spectrum constitutes the ultimate origin of primary and secondary sea aerosols through a diversity of physicochemical routes. In contrast to the latest proposals on the mechanistic origin of that droplet size range, when bubbles of about 10–100 μm burst, they produce an extreme energy focusing and the ejection of a fast liquid spout whose size reaches the free molecular regime of the air. Simulations show that this spout yields a jet of sub-micrometer and nanometric scale droplets whose number and speed can be far beyond any previous estimation, overcoming by orders of magnitude other mechanisms recently proposed. The model proposed can be ultimately reduced to a single controlling parameter to predict the global probability density function of the ocean spray. The model fits remarkably well most published experimental measurements along five orders of magnitude of spray size, from about 5 nm to about 0.5 mm. According to this proposal, the majority of ocean aerosols would have their extremely elusive birth in the collapsing uterus-like shape of small bursting bubbles on the ocean surface.
Influence of season on milk fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of grazing goats in a Mediterranean environment: a sustainable agro-food system
Authors: Lo Presti Vittorio , Tudisco Raffaella , Di Rosa Ambra R. , Musco Nadia , Iommelli Piera , Infascelli Federico , Grossi Micaela , Ferrara Maria , Chiofalo Biagina , Lombardi Pietro , Oteri Marianna
Published: January 2023

Context Pasture is widely used in rural Mediterranean areas as a local resource for animal feeding in a sustainable food system. Aims The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of pasture from a Mediterranean environment on milk fatty acid profile and organoleptic characteristics in grazing Cilentana goats bred in Cilento (Salerno province, southern Italy). Methods Twelve Cilentana dairy goats, grazing on local feeding resources were studied for 5 months (from May to September), starting from 60 days after kidding. Bodyweight and milk yield were recorded, whereas milk samples were collected and analysed for milk chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Milk organoleptic characteristics were analysed using an instrumental sensory platform. Key results Season significantly (P < 0.01) affected the pasture fatty acid profile, with the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content (64.83%) occurring in May. Results of the milk fatty acid composition, permitted to classify as ‘High quality’ the goat milks sampled in May and June, with the significantly (P < 0.01) highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA; 23.98% and 25.37%) and PUFA (4.74% and 4.43%) contents and lowest saturated fatty acid:unsaturated fatty acid (SFA:UFA) ratio (2.50 and 2.36), and as ‘Low quality’ those sampled in August and September with the significantly (P < 0.01) highest SFA (75.79% and 75.84%) content. Milk n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was always lower than 4. Some sensory differences in milk organoleptic characteristics were detected by the artificial senses platform, which would be almost impossible to detect by a human panel. Conclusions Milk samples obtained from grazing goats were influenced by the quality of local feeding resources in terms of nutraceutical value and sensory profile. Implications Pasture influenced the composition of milk functional compounds, improving the UFAs and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, widely recognised as having beneficial effects on human health. The n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, lower than 4, confirms the positive effects of pasture on nutritional characteristics of goat milk and underlines the important role of pasture of marginal areas for the quality of livestock products in the frame of a sustainable agro-food system. Some differences were detected by the artificial senses platform among milk samples, which were almost impossible to detect by a human panel, highlighting the potentiality of the artificial senses to link animal-sourced foods to a territory.
Management of chronic breathlessness in primary care: what do GPs, non-GP specialists, and allied health professionals think?
Authors: Sunjaya Anthony , Martin Allison , Arnott Clare , Jenkins Christine
Published: January 2023

Background To explore the perspectives of GPs, non-GP specialists, and allied health professionals on the role of primary care in diagnosing and managing chronic breathlessness, the barriers faced, and the resources needed to optimise care of patients with chronic breathlessness. Methods This was a qualitative study involving focus group discussions that included 35 GPs, non-GP specialists, and allied health professionals. Topics explored included: (1) views on the role of primary care in diagnosing and managing chronic breathlessness; (2) barriers to optimal assessment in primary care; and (3) facilitators to further optimise the care of patients with chronic breathlessness. Results All participants considered that primary care has a central role to play in the assessment and management of chronic breathlessness, but greater access to referral services, suitable funding structures, and upskilling on the use of diagnostic tests such as spirometry and electrocardiography are required for this to be realised. Both GPs and non-GP specialists described great potential for developing better linkages, including new ways of referral and online consultations, greater ease of referral to allied health services, even if conducted virtually, for patients with functional causes of breathlessness. Participants identified a need to develop integrated breathlessness clinics for patients referred by GPs, which would ensure patients receive optimal care in the shortest possible time frame. Conclusions GPs are crucial to achieving optimal care for breathless patients, especially given the multifactorial and multimorbid nature of breathlessness; however, there are significant gaps in services and resources at present that limit their ability to perform this role.
Disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic response from a Western Australian metropolitan general practice perspective: a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Arnold-Reed Diane E. , Bulsara Caroline E. , Gilkes Lucy
Published: January 2023

Background In 2020 and 2021, Western Australia (WA) was an early adopter of the ‘COVID zero’ policy, eliminating community transmission and pursuing vaccine roll out to enable a ‘soft landing’ once coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infiltrated the community in 2022. Optimisation and augmentation of general practice services were at the forefront of policies. This study explores metropolitan general practice responses to the resulting disruption caused. Methods Qualitative descriptive methodology, purposive sampling and template analysis were used. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken from March to June 2021 with teams from six general practices in metropolitan WA; six general practitioners, four practice nurses and three practice managers. Results Staff at all levels responded rapidly amid uncertainty and workload challenges with marked personal toll (anxiety and fear of exposure to risks, frustrations of patients and balancing work and family life). Self-reliance, teamwork and communication strategies built on inclusivity, autonomy and support were important. Responding to changes in general patient behaviour was to the fore. Increasing use of telehealth (telephone and video) became important to meet patient needs. Lessons learned from what was implemented in early-stage lockdowns provided practices with preparedness for the future, and smoother transitions during subsequent lockdowns. Conclusion The study demonstrates the self-reliance, teamwork and adaptability of the general practice sector in responding to a sudden, unexpected major disruption, yet maintaining ongoing service provision for their patients. Although the COVID-19 landscape has now changed, the lessons learned and the planning that took place will help general practice in WA adapt to similar future situations readily.
Megaherbivores modify forest structure and increase carbon stocks through multiple pathways
Authors: Berzaghi Fabio , Bretagnolle François , Durand-Bessart Clémentine , Blake Stephen
Published: January 2023

Megaherbivores have pervasive ecological effects. In African rainforests, elephants can increase aboveground carbon, though the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we combine a large unpublished dataset of forest elephant feeding with published browsing preferences totaling nearly 200,000 records covering >800 plant species and with nutritional data for 145 species. Elephants increase carbon stocks by: 1) promoting high wood density trees via preferential browsing on leaves from low wood density species, which are more palatable and digestible; and 2) dispersing seeds of trees that are relatively large and have the highest average wood density among tree guilds based on dispersal mode. Loss of forest elephants could cause an increase in abundance of fast-growing low wood density trees and a 6% to 9% decline in aboveground carbon stocks due to regeneration failure of elephant-dispersed trees. These results demonstrate the importance of megaherbivores for maintaining diverse, high-carbon tropical forests. Successful elephant conservation will contribute to climate mitigation at a globally-relevant scale.