bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nursing Administration: Aspects that Can Facilitate and Hinder Care in a Coronary Unit
Authors: Fernandes de Aguiar Daniele , Conceição-Stipp Marluci Andrade , Leite Joséte Luzia , Zadra de Mattos Valéria , Silva de Andrade Karla Biancha ,   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Published: July 2014

La asistencia de enfermería en la Unidad Coranariana requiere un equipo de cuidados de salud especializado, equipamientos de alta tecnología y un liderazgo atento a las facilidades y dificultades diarias del cuidado de enfermería. Objetivo: discutir los aspectos que facilitan y dificultan la administración de enfermería en la unidad coronariana. Métodos: se realizó una investigación bibliográfica en la base de datos SciELO y recolección de datos, utilizando un plan de entrevista semiestructurada con 6 enfermeras líderes del sector de la unidad coronaria del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro. Resultados: acerca de los aspectos que facilitan la administración de enfermería, los estudios seleccionados y las enfermeras apuntaron factores objetivos y subjetivos, respectivamente, como el uso de instrumentos de la distribución del equipo y la buena comunicación y relación interpersonal. Sobre los aspectos que la dificultan, han señalado la mecanización de la enfermera, la complejidad de una unidad de cuidados críticos y la escasez de recursos materiales. Conclusiones: es deber de la administración de enfermería identificar estos factores, para permitir mejor desempeño de los profesionales y, en consecuencia, asistencia más eficaz y segura para los pacientes y sus familias.
Spinal Cord Injuries and Disabilities: A Review
Authors: Henao-Lema Claudia Patricia , Pérez-Parra Julio Ernesto ,   Universidad Autónoma de Manizales
Published: July 2014

La lesión medular es una entidad neurológica causante de importantes procesos de discapacidad. Su incidencia en el país puede estar cercana a los mayores estimativos mundiales debido a las condiciones actuales de violencia. El aumento de la expectativa de vida de esta población —gracias a los avances tecnológicos y científicos en prevención, atención y manejo de complicaciones— lleva a la necesidad de proveer servicios de rehabilitación integrales que trasciendan los aspectos funcionales y permitan la inclusión social. Para este propósito es necesario un abordaje integral de la situación, que en el ámbito de la evaluación debe incluir no sólo la estimación de la condición de salud, sino todo lo relacionado con el funcionamiento de las personas en su vida diaria. La clasificación internacional del funcionamiento, la discapacidad y la salud, brinda un marco conceptual para abordar la discapacidad y el funcionamiento humano relacionado con la salud desde un enfoque biopsicosocial que articula las dimensiones corporal, individual y social de las personas y su relación con los factores del ambiente. Este enfoque de abordaje, plasmado en el instrumento de evaluación denominado WHO-DAS II, se considera un referente importante para evaluar la discapacidad asociada a la lesión medular.
The Importance of Evaluating Symptoms and Functional Alterations in Chronic Neurological Diseases: Experiences in Palliative Care and Rehabilitation at a Colombian Institution
Authors: León-Delgado Marta Ximena , Flórez-Rojas Sandra Patricia , Torres Marcela , Rengifo-Varona María Leonor , Prada Diana ,   Universidad de La Sabana
Published: July 2014

Existe un incremento en la prevalencia de enfermedades neurológicas y su carga de enfermedad. Debido a ello, identificar la frecuencia de síntomas y las alteraciones funcionales es de vital importancia para definir un adecuado plan de tratamiento. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal para identificar los síntomas principales y las alteraciones funcionales en pacientes neurológicos de un centro de referencia colombiano para manejo de rehabilitación. Se encontraron como síntomas y alteraciones funcionales más frecuentes: alteraciones de la marcha (65,5%), desórdenes de comunicación (36,98%), alteraciones emocionales y de memoria (38%), dolor (29,45%) y alteraciones en las actividades básicas cotidianas (24,3%). El 50% de los pacientes que reportaron dolor, el 30% de los que manifestaron insomnio y el 80% de los que refirieron estreñimiento no recibieron tratamiento en la primera consulta. Algunos de los síntomas identificados no son características que definen la enfermedad, y no siempre son objeto de intervención. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir a reconocer la carga de los síntomas de las enfermedades neurológicas, sensibilizando a los profesionales de la salud acerca de la importancia del cuidado paliativo en pacientes con enfermedades progresivas no oncológicas.
Parietal Foci for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Targets for LORETA Neurofeedback with Outcomes
Authors: Cannon Rex L.
Published: July 2014

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) continues to present challenges to researchers and clinicians across disciplines. Many of the arguments and disagreements at hand may originate from the box, or polemic camps, we have created, rather than the disorder itself. With this in mind, this article presents a novel approach for neurofeedback training, neuropsychometric evaluation, and outcome reporting specific to ADHD. In short, for ADHD to be treated effectively and empirically, outcomes must show learning (acquisition) has taken place, the electroencephalogram (EEG) or EEG current source density has changed, and psychometric data correspondingly has improved. It is time for novel approaches to take form as the toll ADHD exacts on the individual across the lifespan continues to progress. The author proposes a protocol for assessment, using a LORETA-based quantitative EEG to identify a network of brain structures on the cortical surface and below, with abnormal activation and LORETA-guided neurofeedback training to normalize activity in this network.
Medication Prediction with Electroencephalography Phenotypes and Biomarkers
Authors: Gunkelman Jay
Published: July 2014

This article reviews current medication practices for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, diagnostic category of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. A wide range of medication classes are in use clinically, based on divergent pharmacological mechanisms, from stimulants to anticonvulsants to antidepressants, and including even more esoteric medications such as oxytocin and the various channel blockers. The author proposes that quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) patterns can provide a more reliable basis for medication selection than diagnostic category. The EEG's neurophysiological indicators for these medication classes are summarized and reviewed based not only on 41 years of experience in the field but also on outcomes from psychiatric practices, in an evidence-based approach to medication prediction.
The Foundations Supporting Biofeedback and Neurofeedback: II. FERB Supports Research in Biofeedback
Authors: Kerson Cynthia R.
Published: July 2014

Research in the field of biofeedback has suffered both for lack of adequate methodological rigor and lack of adequate funding. The ISNR Research Foundation and the AAPB Foundation for Education and Research in Biofeedback are nonprofit foundations developed to promote and support a broad program of research in biofeedback and neurofeedback. A previous article featured an interview with the director of the ISNR Research Foundation, David Trudeau. The present article provides an interview with Paul Lehrer, Chair of the AAPB Foundation for Education and Research in Biofeedback. This interview series provides insight into the two foundations and invites professionals in the broad field of self-regulation therapies to support both.
Z-Score LORETA Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapy for ADHD
Authors: Koberda J. Lucas , Koberda Paula , Moses Andrew , Winslow Jessica , Bienkiewicz Andrew , Koberda Laura
Published: July 2014

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of relatively high prevalence and frequently contributes to poor school and work performance. Neurofeedback (NFB) has proven to be an effective therapeutic modality in the treatment of ADHD. Recently introduced z-score LORETA neurofeedback offers promise as a tool, and appears to provide a more efficient therapy than standard two-channel neurofeedback. This advantage is based on the ability to train 19 channels simultaneously, and the ability to directly target an electrically dysregulated area of the brain, which may be more difficult to access with standard neurofeedback therapy (areas addressed with LORETA neurofeedback include the cingulate gyrus and hippocampal structures). This paper presents our experience with Z-score LORETA neurofeedback in the treatment of ADHD.
Special Issue: Advances in the Use of QEEG and Neurofeedback for ADHD
Authors: Donald Moss , Cannon Rex , Thatcher Robert , Koberda J. Lucas , Gunkelman Jay
Published: July 2014

The cover of this special issue shows a three-dimensional graphic of a brain depicting the “reward network” as a target for biofeedback intervention. The article by Robert Thatcher in this issue discusses the use of functional network analyses and a Z-score approach to selectively target a network of brain areas for training. (The editors are grateful to Dr. Thatcher for this graphic.)
Silence Dogood and the Leather-Apron Men
Authors: Kulikoff Allan
Published: July 2014

This article plumbs the origin and meaning of Benjamin Franklin's use of the phrase “leather apron man” in his first “Silence Dogood” essay, written in 1722 as a youth of sixteen. Wearing leather aprons had long been a marker of plebeian craft labor and class hostility: shoemakers and carpenters, as Shakespeare knew, wore leather aprons; gentlemen did not. From a genteel perspective, calling someone a “leather-apron man” constituted an insult. In his Silence Dogood essay, Franklin transformed the meaning of the phrase “leather apron,” turning it into a proud badge of honor, marking the virtuous labor of handycraftsmen. Although Franklin supported the aspirations of “leather apron men” his entire life, his working-class identity did not endure; nor did he ever use the phrase again in his known writing.
Pennsylvania Historical Association Oral History Project
Authors: Frantz John B. , Guenther Karen
Published: July 2014

The Pennsylvania Historical Association has recently undertaken an oral history project, with the goal of interviewing and recording the stories of key leaders in the field of Pennsylvania history. Fittingly, our first interview features Dr. John B. Frantz, one of the association's most dedicated members. It was conducted by Dr. Karen Guenther, a former student of Dr. Frantz and also a dedicated member of the PHA, on November 20, 2013.
Mural Endocarditis Caused by Corynebacterium mustelae in a Dog With a VSD
Authors: Winter Randolph L. , Gordon Sonya G. , Zhang Shuping , Hariu Crystal D. , Miller Matthew W.
Published: July 2014

A 6 yr old female spayed large Munsterlander was evaluated following a 3 wk history of lethargy, inappetence, intermittent fever, and a recent change to the timing of her previously diagnosed heart murmur. Physical examination revealed marked dehydration, lethargy, and a grade 5/6 to-and-fro heart murmur that was auscultated best at the right sternal border. The dog was febrile, and echocardiography revealed a large, mobile, vegetative lesion in the right ventricular outflow tract associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Mild aortic insufficiency was present. Corynebacterium mustelae (C. mustelae) was isolated from a pooled blood culture. Treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) was initiated along with supportive care, and the patient was discharged 9 days later. The dog remained without clinical signs 132 days after discharge. VSD is rarely mentioned as a predisposing factor for development of IE in veterinary literature; however, this report highlights that dogs with a VSD may be at risk for IE. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of a canine infection with C. mustelae. Infection with C. mustelae in this case represents a novel agent for IE in the dog.
Assessment of a Veterinary Dipstick for Determination of Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio in Canines
Authors: Mamone Christina , Mitchell Mark , Beaufrere Hugues , Acierno Mark
Published: July 2014

The urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) is a widely used screening test of glomerular barrier function. It usually requires sending urine samples to a distant laboratory, which is costly and time consuming. A point-of-care urine dipstick that could accurately measure UPC would increase test utility and utilization. The objective of this study was to determine if there was good correlation and agreement between UPC as measured by a dipstick and a laboratory analyzer. Thirty-one canines undergoing UPC measurement as part of a diagnostic workup were included in the study. A total of 2 mL of urine was collected via cystocentesis. Urine was applied to the dipstick then presented to two blinded reviewers to analyze. The remaining urine was submitted to a clinical pathology laboratory for analysis. UPC data from the dipsticks and the analyzer was converted into an ordinal scale. Correlation and agreement between the individual reviews and the analyzer was calculated. Agreement between reviewers was substantial; however, correlation and agreement between the individual reviews and the analyzer was low. On the basis of this information, use of this veterinary urinary dipstick to determine UPC cannot be recommended at this time.
Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) Envenomation of Dogs: 52 Cases (2004–2011)
Authors: Pritchard Jessica C. , Birkenheuer Adam J. , Hanel Rita M. , Wood Michael W.
Published: July 2014

Copperhead envenomation is common within the US, and no studies exist describing the clinical course of copperhead envenomation in dogs. Almost all treatment decisions regarding those bites are extrapolated from retrospective studies evaluating the clinical course of rattlesnake bites. Because copperheads and rattlesnakes produce venom with different potency, assumptions that treatment of the different envenomations should be similar may be incorrect. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical course of copperhead envenomation in dogs and administered treatments. Medical records of 52 dogs treated for copperhead envenomation were reviewed, and owners were contacted regarding outcome. The most common clinical signs associated with copperhead envenomation included swelling, pain, and ecchymosis. Clinicopathological abnormalities (e.g., thrombocytopenia, elevated clotting times, leukocytosis) were mild, and red blood cell morphology changes and coagulopathies were rare. Most dogs were treated with antimicrobials, analgesics, and fluid therapy. No dogs in this study required the use of antivenin and all survived to discharge. This study found that the clinical course after copperhead envenomation is generally limited to local rather than systemic illness. Copperhead envenomation in dogs is largely self-limiting and responsive to supportive care with hospitalization for monitoring.
Riscos, vulnerabilidade e abordagem socioambiental urbana: uma reflexão a partir da RMC e de Curitiba
Authors: MENDONÇA Francisco
Published: July 2014

A intensificação da urbanização na modernidade gerou inúmeros problemas relacionados à qualidade e às condições de vida na cidade do presente. Muitas têm sido as teorias, concepções e metodologias propostas para a compreensão da problemática ambiental urbana, mas poucas na perspectiva interdisciplinar. Neste sentido algumas novas concepções são aqui discutidas de maneira introdutória, tais como a perspectiva socioambiental do ambiente urbano, impactos, riscos e vulnerabilidade ambiental, e o SAU  Sistema Ambiental Urbano. Alguns problemas observados na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba são utilizados para exemplificar o discurso. Risks, vulnerability and urban socio-environmental approach: a reflection on the CMA and Curitiba Abstract The intensification of urbanization in modern times generated numerous problems related to the quality and conditions of life in todays cities. Many have been the theories, concepts, and methodologies proposed for understanding the urban environmental issue, but few under the interdisciplinary perspective. In this sense, some new concepts are discussed here in an introductory way, such as the urban environment socio-environmental perspective; environmental impacts, risks, and vulnerability; and UES  Urban Environmental System. Some problems observed in the Curitiba Metropolitan Area (CMA) are used as examples in this paper.
Políticas sociambientais brasileiras e o aprendizado de uma nova ação
Authors: Oliveira Anderson Eduardo Silva
Published: July 2014

A partir da análise de três políticas socioambientais implementadas no Brasil (Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos e Política Agrícola), o presente estudo apresenta as características e o modus operandi da formulação e da implementação dessas três políticas e discute a importância das mesmas para a construção da democracia no país. O estudo evidencia os avanços, assim como as limitações e dificuldades encontradas. Ao discutir tais questões, o estudo aborda a permuta entre o desenvolvimento das políticas socioambientais e o estabelecimento da democracia no Brasil.
Large-scale filament formation inhibits the activity of CTP synthetase
Authors: Barry Rachael M , Bitbol Anne-Florence , Lorestani Alexander , Charles Emeric J , Habrian Chris H , Hansen Jesse M , Li Hsin-Jung , Baldwin Enoch P , Wingreen Ned S , Kollman Justin M , Gitai Zemer
Published: July 2014

CTP Synthetase (CtpS) is a universally conserved and essential metabolic enzyme. While many enzymes form small oligomers, CtpS forms large-scale filamentous structures of unknown function in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. By simultaneously monitoring CtpS polymerization and enzymatic activity, we show that polymerization inhibits activity, and CtpS's product, CTP, induces assembly. To understand how assembly inhibits activity, we used electron microscopy to define the structure of CtpS polymers. This structure suggests that polymerization sterically hinders a conformational change necessary for CtpS activity. Structure-guided mutagenesis and mathematical modeling further indicate that coupling activity to polymerization promotes cooperative catalytic regulation. This previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanism is important for cellular function since a mutant that disrupts CtpS polymerization disrupts E. coli growth and metabolic regulation without reducing CTP levels. We propose that regulation by large-scale polymerization enables ultrasensitive control of enzymatic activity while storing an enzyme subpopulation in a conformationally restricted form that is readily activatable.
A new species of Camellia section Dalatia (Theaceae) from Vietnam
Authors: Orel George , Curry Anthony Stephen
Published: July 2014

A new species of Camellia L. (Theaceae) endemic to the Da Lat Plateau in southern Vietnam is described and illustrated: Camellia hongiaoensis Orel & Curry. The newly described species possesses mostly solitary, axillary or terminal flowers; corolla parts (10-15, 11-13); distinctly recognizable outer whorl consisting either of sepals or petaloids, a random arrangement of petals in a tight and uneven spiral, numerous proximally fused stamens and a 4 or 5-carpellate ovary.
Rheology of magnesite
Authors: Holyoke Caleb W. , Kronenberg Andreas K. , Newman Julie , Ulrich Christopher
Published: July 2014

We deformed two natural magnesite aggregates (grain sizes of 1 versus 100 µm) over a wide range of temperatures (400–1000°C) and strain rates (10−7–10−4/s) in order to determine the deformation mechanisms of magnesite and their respective flow laws. Experiments using fine‐grained magnesite were performed in a Heard gas confining medium rock deformation apparatus at a constant effective pressure (= confining pressure − CO2 pressure) of 300 MPa. Experiments using coarse‐grained magnesite were performed in a Griggs piston‐cylinder rock deformation apparatus at a constant effective pressure of 900 MPa. At low temperatures (T < 600°C, strain rate = 10−5/s) both magnesite aggregates deform by crystal plastic mechanisms predominated by dislocation glide. At higher temperatures the coarse‐grained magnesite deforms by dislocation creep and the fine‐grained magnesite deforms by diffusion creep. The strain rate and temperature dependence of the strength of magnesite deforming by low‐temperature plasticity, dislocation creep, and diffusion creep can be described by power law flow laws with stress exponents (n) of 19.7, 3.0, and 1.1 and activation enthalpies of 229, 410, and 209 kJ/mol, respectively. The strength of the low‐temperature plasticity data can also be described using an exponential flow law with α = 0.022 MPa−1 with an activation enthalpy of 233 kJ/mol. Extrapolation of the flow laws to natural conditions indicates that magnesite is generally stronger than calcite and dolomite assuming similar grain sizes. However, its strength is orders of magnitude lower than olivine at all conditions in the Earth's mantle and may promote deep‐focus earthquakes through ductile instabilities.
The evolution of methane vents that pierce the hydrate stability zone in the world's oceans
Authors: Smith Andrew J. , Flemings Peter B. , Liu Xiaoli , Darnell Kristopher
Published: July 2014

We present a one‐dimensional model that couples the thermodynamics of hydrate solidification with multiphase flow to illuminate how gas vents pierce the hydrate stability zone in the world's oceans. During the propagation phase, a free‐gas/hydrate reaction front propagates toward the seafloor, elevating salinity and temperature to three‐phase (gas, liquid, and hydrate) equilibrium. After the reaction front breaches the seafloor, the temperature gradient in the gas chimney dissipates to background values, and salinity increases to maintain three‐phase equilibrium. Ultimately, a steady state is reached in which hydrate formation occurs just below the seabed at a rate necessary to replace salt loss. We show that at the Ursa vent in the Gulf of Mexico, the observed salinity and temperature gradients can be simulated as a steady state system with an upward flow of water equal to 9.5 mm yr−1 and a gas flux no less than 1.3 kg m−2 yr−1. Many of the world's gas vents may record this steady state behavior, which is characterized by elevated temperatures and high salinities near the seafloor.
Thermal and dynamical changes of the zonal mean state of the thermosphere during the 2009 SSW: GAIA simulations
Authors: Liu Huixin , Miyoshi Yasunobu , Miyahara Saburo , Jin Hidekatsu , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Shinagawa Hiroyuki
Published: July 2014

Changes of the zonal mean state of the thermosphere during the 2009 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) have been investigated using the Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA) model. Both the zonal mean thermal and dynamical structure of the thermosphere exhibit pronounced changes during the SSW in terms of zonal mean temperature and winds. First, the zonal mean temperature above 100 km altitude drops at all latitudes except for in a narrow band around 60°N. Such temperature perturbations are found to be dominantly caused by changes in direct heating/cooling processes related to solar radiation and thermal heat conduction at high latitudes, but by dynamical processes in tropical regions. Second, the zonal mean zonal wind experiences a strong westward perturbation in the tropical thermosphere, along with distinct change in the meridional circulation. This change consists of two parts. One is a global scale north‐to‐south flow accompanied with upwelling/downwelling in the northern/southern polar region, the other is a fountain‐like flow in tropical lower thermosphere. The large enhancement of semidiurnal tides is suggested to be the primary cause for the fountain‐like flow.
Multimedia Learning in a Second Language: A Cognitive Load Perspective
Authors: Mayer Richard E. , Lee Hyunjeong , Peebles Alanna
Published: July 2014

What can be done to help college students who are not native speakers of English learn from computer‐based lessons that are presented in English? To help students access the meaning of spoken words in a slow‐paced 16‐minute narration about wildlife in Antarctica, a representational video was added that showed the scenes and animals being described in the narration (Experiment 1). Adding video resulted in improved performance of non‐native English speakers on a comprehension test (d = 0.63), perhaps because the video improved access to word meaning without creating extraneous cognitive load. To help students perceive the spoken words in a fast‐paced 9‐minute narrated video about chemical reactions, concurrent on‐screen captions were added (Experiment 2). Adding on‐screen captions did not improve performance by non‐native English speakers on comprehension tests, perhaps because learners did not have available capacity to take advantage of the captions. Implications for cognitive load theory are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane‐Based Self‐Powered Triboelectric Sensors for Pressure Change Detection and Its Uses in Security Surveillance and Healthcare Monitoring
Authors: Bai Peng , Zhu Guang , Jing Qingshen , Yang Jin , Chen Jun , Su Yuanjie , Ma Jusheng , Zhang Gong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: July 2014

A new membrane‐based triboelectric sensor (M‐TES) is presented as a self‐powered pressure change sensor. It generates a voltage induced by surface triboelectric charges in response to an air pressure change. Extremely high detection resolutions of 0.34 Pa and 0.16 Pa are achieved when the air pressure increases and decreases in a small region away from the ambient standard atmosphere pressure, respectively, indicating an excellent sensitivity. By integrating the M‐TES with a signal processing unit, we demonstrate practical applications of the device in sensing footsteps, respirations, and heartbeat, which suggests widespread use of the M‐TES in fields of security surveillance, chemical engineering, geography research, environment monitoring, and personal healthcare.
Dual blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin‐like growth factor receptor–1 signaling in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Phase Ib and randomized phase II trial of gemcitabine, erlotinib, and cixutumumab versus gemcitabine plus erlotinib (SWOG S0727)
Authors: Philip Philip A. , Goldman Bryan , Ramanathan Ramesh K. , Lenz Heinz‐Josef , Lowy Andrew M. , Whitehead Robert P. , Wakatsuki Takeru , Iqbal Syma , Gaur Rakesh , Benedetti Jacqueline K. , Blanke Charles D.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Targeting a single pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) is unlikely to affect its natural history. We tested the hypothesis that simulataneous targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin‐like growth factor receptor–1 (IGF‐1R) pathways would significantly improve progression‐free survival (PFS) by abrogating reciprocal signaling that promote drug resistance

METHODS

This was a phase Ib/II study testing cixutumumab, combined with erlotinib and gemcitabine (G) in patients with untreated metastatic PC. The control arm was erlotinib plus G. The primary end point was PFS. Eligibility included performance status 0/1 and normal fasting blood glucose. Polymorphisms in genes involved in G metabolism and in the EGFR pathway were also studied

RESULTS

The phase I results (n = 10) established the safety of cixutumumab 6 mg/kg/week intravenously, erlotinib 100 mg/day orally, and G 1000 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28‐day cycle. In the RP2 portion (116 eligible patients; median age, 63), the median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.6 and 7.0 months, respectively, on the cixutumumab arm, and 3.6 and 6.7 months, respecively, on the control arm. Major grades 3 and 4 toxicities with cixutumumab and control were elevation of transaminases, 12% and 6%, respectively; fatigue, 16% and 12%, respectively; gastrointestinal, 35% and 28%, respectively; neutropenia, 21% and 10%, respectively; and thrombocytopenia, 16% and 7%, respecively. Grade 3/4 hyperglycemia was seen in 16% of patients on cixutumumab. Grade 3 or 4 skin toxicity was similar in both arms of the study (< 5%). No significant differences in PFS by genotype were seen for any of the polymorphisms.

CONCLUSIONS

Adding the IGF‐1R inhibitor cixutumumab to erlotinib and G did not lead to longer PFS or OS in metastatic PC. Cancer 2014;120:2980–2985. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Transcription factor Sp4 regulates expression of nervous wreck 2 to control NMDAR1 levels and dendrite patterning
Authors: Sun Xinxin , Pinacho Raquel , Saia Gregory , Punko Diana , Meana J. Javier , Ramos Belén , Gill Grace
Published: July 2014

Glutamatergic signaling through N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is important for neuronal development and plasticity and is often dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. Mice mutant for the transcription factor Sp4 have reduced levels of NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1) protein, but not mRNA, and exhibit behavioral and memory deficits (Zhou et al., [2010] Human Molecular Genetics 19: 3797–3805). In developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), Sp4 controls dendrite patterning (Ramos et al., [2007] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9882–9887). Sp4 target genes that regulate dendrite pruning or NR1 levels are not known. Here we report that Sp4 activates transcription of Nervous Wreck 2 (Nwk2; also known as Fchsd1) and, further, that Nwk2, an F‐BAR domain‐containing protein, mediates Sp4‐dependent regulation of dendrite patterning and cell surface expression of NR1. Knockdown of Nwk2 in CGNs increased primary dendrite number, phenocopying Sp4 knockdown, and exogenous expression of Nwk2 in Sp4‐depleted neurons rescued dendrite number. We observed that acute Sp4 depletion reduced levels of surface, but not total, NR1, and this was rescued by Nwk2 expression. Furthermore, expression of Nr1 suppressed the increase in dendrite number in Sp4‐ or Nwk2‐ depleted neurons. We previously reported that Sp4 protein levels were reduced in cerebellum of subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) (Pinacho et al., [2011] Bipolar Disorders 13: 474–485). Here we report that Nwk2 mRNA and NR1 protein levels were also reduced in postmortem cerebellum of BD subjects. Our data suggest a role for Sp4‐regulated Nwk2 in NMDAR trafficking and identify a Sp4‐Nwk2‐NMDAR1 pathway that regulates neuronal morphogenesis during development and may be disrupted in bipolar disorder. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 93–108, 2015
Gold Decorated Graphene by Laser Ablation for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol and Ethanol
Authors: Kumar V. Lakshman , Siddhardha R. S. Sai , Kaniyoor Adarsh , Podila Ramakrishna , Molli Muralikrishna , Kumar Sai Muthu , Venkataramaniah K. , Ramaprabhu S. , Rao A. M. , Ramamurthy Sai Sathish
Published: July 2014

A well‐known limitation in the fabrication of metal‐graphene composite has been the use of surfactants that strongly adsorb on the surface and reduce the performance of the catalyst. We demonstrate here a novel one‐pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles by laser ablation of gold strip and in‐situ decoration on graphene substrate. Not only the impregnation of nanoparticles was linker free, but also the synthesis by itself was surfactant‐free. The composite materials were well characterized morphologically and functionally using electron microscopy, X‐ray and electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta potential, electrochemical measurements and UV‐Visible spectroscopic techniques. This linker‐free gold‐graphene based composite has been employed for catalytic applications pertaining to electrooxidation. We have explored the use of this composite as a binder‐free electrode in electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol and ethanol in alkaline medium. Additionally, the onset potential for ethanol oxidation was found to be more negative, −100 mV, an indication of its promising application in direct ethanol fuel cells.
Modeling soil erosion using a spatially distributed model in a karst catchment of northwest Guangxi, China
Authors: Feng Teng , Chen Hongsong , Wang Kelin , Zhang Wei , Qi Xiangkun
Published: July 2014

Reliable assessment of the spatial distribution of soil erosion is important for making land management decisions, but it has not been thoroughly evaluated in karst geo‐environments. The objective of this study was to modify a physically based, spatially distributed erosion model, the revised Morgan, Morgan and Finney (RMMF) model, to estimate the superficial (as opposed to subsurface creep) soil erosion rates and their spatial patterns in a 1022 ha karst catchment in northwest Guangxi, China. Model parameters were calculated using local data in a raster geographic information system (GIS) framework. The cumulative runoff on each grid cell, as an input to the RMMF model for erosion computations, was computed using a combined flow algorithm that allowed for flow into multiple cells with a transfer grid considering infiltration and runoff seepage to the subsurface. The predicted spatial distributions of soil erosion rates were analyzed relative to land uses and slope zones. Results showed that the simulated effective runoff and annual soil erosion rates of hillslopes agreed well with the field observations and previous quantified redistribution rates with caesium‐137 (137Cs). The estimated average effective runoff and annual erosion rate on hillslopes of the study catchment were 18 mm and 0.27 Mg ha−1 yr−1 during 2006–2007. Human disturbances played an important role in accelerating soil erosion rates with the average values ranged from 0.1 to 3.02 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for different land uses. The study indicated that the modified model was effective to predict superficial soil erosion rates in karst regions and the spatial distribution results could provide useful information for developing local soil and water conservation plans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of pesticide exposure and the amphibian chytrid fungus on gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) metamorphosis
Authors: Gaietto Kristina M. , Rumschlag Samantha L. , Boone Michelle D.
Published: July 2014

Pesticides are detectable in most aquatic habitats and have the potential to alter host-pathogen interactions. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with amphibian declines around the world. However, Bd-associated declines are more prominent in some areas, despite nearly global distribution of Bd, suggesting other factors contribute to disease outbreaks. In a laboratory study, the authors examined the effects of 6 different isolates of Bd in the presence or absence of a pesticide (the insecticide carbaryl or the fungicide copper sulfate) to recently hatched Cope's gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) tadpoles reared through metamorphosis. The authors found the presence or absence of pesticides differentially altered the mass at metamorphosis of tadpoles exposed to different Bd isolates, suggesting that isolate could influence metamorphosis but not in ways expected based on origin of the isolate. Pesticide exposure had the strongest impact on metamorphosis of all treatment combinations. Whereas copper sulfate exposure reduced the length of the larval period, carbaryl exposure had apparent positive effects by increasing mass at metamorphosis and lengthening larval period, which adds to evidence that carbaryl can stimulate development in counterintuitive ways. The present study provides limited support to the hypothesis that pesticides can alter the response of tadpoles to isolates of Bd and that the insecticide carbaryl can alter developmental decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2358–2362. © 2014 SETAC
Droughts of Indian summer monsoon associated with El Niño and Non‐El Niño years
Authors: Varikoden H. , Revadekar J. V. , Choudhary Y. , Preethi B.
Published: July 2014

Understanding the conditions of droughts are imperative for many purposes especially in planning and agricultural fields. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse rainfall distribution during droughts associated with El Niño and non‐El Niño events using India Meteorological Department (IMD) daily rainfall data set having a spatial resolution of 0.25° latitude × 0.25° longitude grid. Patterns of rainfall during drought years which are not associated with El Niño have below normal rainfall over most places of Indian subcontinent, except peninsular India and eastern region. Most of the drought conditions of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall are associated with El Niño (13 of the 18 years) indicating that about 72% of the drought years are associated with the influence of Pacific Ocean. North India and most of the central Indian regions are under below normal rainfall especially over west coastal stations there the severity of drought is strong. The drought that are associated with El Nino are much intense in most parts of the subcontinent, it severely affected the entire west coastal belts, monsoon zone and eastern regions than the droughts associated with non‐El Nino years. The spatial patterns of rainfall during flood years associated with La Niña events and drought years associated with El Niño reveal that the spatial structure of rainfall is highly non‐linear. These results are also verified using APHRODITE rainfall data. Over central India and Western Ghats (WGs), the drought associated with El Niño gives clear indication of droughts from the early June onward, however, in the case of non‐El Niño‐related droughts, the indication of drought can be seen only after the first week of July. The study suggests that droughts associated with El Niño events bring severe drought conditions over WG region. However, over central India, there is no considerable difference in cumulative rainfall associated with the two types of droughts. The intraseasonal properties of rainfall are prominently different from non‐El Niño to El Niño droughts. During El Niño droughts, the variance of rainfall in both the central Indian and WG regions is weaker than the droughts that are not associated with El Niño.
Evaluation of heat‐shock protein A2 (HSPA2) in male rats before and after varicocele induction
Authors: Afiyani Afsoon Atrian , Deemeh Mohammad Reza , Tavalaee Marziyeh , Razi Mazdak , Bahadorani Mehrnoosh , Shokrollahi Borhan , Nasr‐Esfahani Mohammad Hossein
Published: July 2014

Varicocele is a major cause of infertility and may impair spermatogenesis. This study evaluated the molecular consequences of varicocele on the induction of heat‐shock proteins, intracellular chaperones involved in stress responses, and of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, which is participates in the removal of defective sperm in the testis and epididymis. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: surgically induced left varicocele, sham‐operated, and untreated controls. Two months after surgery, we observed significantly reduced sperm parameters, DNA integrity, and protamine content in the sperm retrieved from the left epididymis compared to the right epididymis in the varicocele group, as well as compared to sperm retrieved from the left epididymis of the sham and control groups. According to Western blot analysis, we observed significantly higher HSPA2 expression in testicular tissue from the left testis compared to the right testis in the varicocele group or the left testis of the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that expression of HSPA2 was higher in the round spermatid and sperm from the left varicocele compared to the control group. There was normally less HSPA2 expressed in the caput and corpus compared to the cauda of the epididymis in the control group, but this pattern was altered in the caput epididymis of the varicocele group. Levels of ubiquitination were also remarkably lower in the left testis of the varicocele group. Therefore, varicocele impacts expression of HSPA2 and ubiquitination. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 766–776, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Investment Returns of Nonprofit Organizations, Part I
Authors: Heutel Garth , Zeckhauser Richard
Published: July 2014

Nonprofit charities and foundations hold endowments and many other kinds of investments. How do these investments perform? Some high‐profile nonprofit endowments, including those of colleges and universities, have been studied previously. This study is the first, to our knowledge, that looks at a large number of the diverse types of nonprofits. We investigate the determinants of investment performance using a large panel data set culled from the 990 forms that nonprofits must file annually with the IRS. In this first part of our article, we discuss our approach and the challenges of using these data to infer investment returns. The IRS data, though less than perfect, yield valuable measures of the investment returns of nonprofits. They reveal that some charities consistently do better in their investment returns than do others.
Pathogenic role of the eight probably/possibly carcinogenic HPV types 26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82 in cervical cancer
Authors: Halec Gordana , Alemany Laia , Lloveras Belen , Schmitt Markus , Alejo Maria , Bosch Franz X , Tous Sara , Klaustermeier Jo Ellen , Guimerà Nuria , Grabe Niels , Lahrmann Bernd , Gissmann Lutz , Quint Wim , Bosch Francesc X , de Sanjose Silvia , Pawlita Michael ,   on behalf of the Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study Group
Published: July 2014

Eight HPV types (HPV26, 53, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73 and 82) that are phylogenetically closely related to 12 WHO‐defined high‐risk (HR) HPV have been rarely but consistently identified as single HPV infections in about 3% of cervical cancer (CxCa) tissues. Due to lack of biological data, these types are referred to as probable/possible (p) HR‐HPV. To analyse their biological activity in direct comparison to HR‐HPV types, we selected 55 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) CxCa tissues harbouring single pHR‐HPV infections (2–13 cases per type) and 266 tissues harbouring single HR‐HPV (7–40 cases per type) from a worldwide, retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Single HPV infection was verified by two genotyping methods. Presence of type‐specific spliced E6*I mRNA transcripts and expression of cellular proteins indicative of HPV transformation were assessed in all cases. In 55 CxCa tissues with pHR‐HPV, E6*I mRNA expression was 100%; high p16INK4a, 98%; low pRb, 96%; low CyD1, 93%; and low p53, 84%. Compared to HPV16 tissues as a reference, individual frequencies of these five markers did not differ significantly, either for any of the eight pHR‐HPV and the 11 other HR types individually or for the groups of pHR and HR types without HPV16. We conclude that the eight pHR‐HPV types, when present as a single infection in CxCa, are biologically active and affect the same cellular pathways as any of the fully recognized carcinogenic HR‐HPV types. Therefore we have provided molecular evidence of carcinogenicity for types currently classified as probably/possibly carcinogenic. Although this evidence is crucial for HPV‐type carcinogenicity classification, per se it is not sufficient for inclusion of these HPV types into population‐wide primary and secondary prevention programmes. Such decisions have to include careful estimation of effectiveness and cost–benefit analyses. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Risk Management in Project Portfolios is More than Managing Project Risks: A Contingency Perspective on Risk Management
Authors: Teller Juliane , Kock Alexander , Gemünden Hans Georg
Published: July 2014

Project risk management aims at reducing the likelihood of project failure. To manage risk in project portfolios, research suggests adopting a perspective that is wider than the individual project risk. The results from a hierarchical multiple regression analysis on a sample of 177 project portfolios suggest that formal risk management at the project level and integration of risk information at the portfolio level are positively associated with overall project portfolio success. Simultaneous risk management at both levels increases this positive effect. Furthermore, risk management at the project level is more important for R&D-dominated project portfolios, whereas the integration of risk information is more important with high levels of turbulence and portfolio dynamics.
Value Management for Exploration Projects
Authors: Maniak Rémi , Midler Christophe , Lenfle Sylvain , Le Pellec-Dairon Marie
Published: July 2014

Whereas exploration projects stand as important drivers in renewing the assets of the firm and creating new business opportunities, it is well recognized that project evaluation and value management methodologies are likely to kill them. This paper provides elements to solving this paradox. We rely on a longitudinal study of three exploration projects and the projects conducted afterward in the automotive and space industries. The analysis suggests that the value creation process can be regarded and managed as a dual process of potential value creation and value realization. This paper discusses the linkages with existing practices and theories.
Giving Back to Our Profession
Authors: Foreman Dan
Published: July 2014

Why you should serve on the ESOMAR Council
Data, analysis, action!
Authors: Bowman Jo
Published: July 2014

How useful is big data—and is the best yet to come?
Inborn errors of pyrimidine metabolism: clinical update and therapy
Authors: Balasubramaniam Shanti , Duley John A. , Christodoulou John
Published: July 2014

Inborn errors involving enzymes essential for pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism have provided new insights into their fundamental physiological roles as vital constituents of nucleic acids as well as substrates of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and in oxidative phosphorylation. Genetic aberrations of pyrimidine pathways lead to diverse clinical manifestations including neurological, immunological, haematological, renal impairments, adverse reactions to analogue therapy and association with malignancies. Maintenance of cellular nucleotides depends on the three aspects of metabolism of pyrimidines: de novo synthesis, catabolism and recycling of these metabolites. Of the ten recognised disorders of pyrimidine metabolism treatment is currently restricted to only two disorders: hereditary orotic aciduria (oral uridine therapy) and mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE; allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplant and enzyme replacement). The ubiquitous role that pyrimidine metabolism plays in human life highlights the importance of improving diagnostic evaluation in suggestive clinical settings, which will contribute to the elucidation of new defects, future development of novel drugs and therapeutic strategies. Limited awareness of the expanding phenotypic spectrum, with relatively recent descriptions of newer disorders, compounded by considerable genetic heterogeneity has often contributed to the delays in the diagnosis of this group of disorders. The lack of an easily recognisable, easily measurable end product, akin to uric acid in purine metabolism, has contributed to the under‐recognition of these disorders.This review describes the currently known inborn errors of pyrimidine metabolism, their variable phenotypic presentations, established diagnostic methodology and recognised treatment options.