bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serro 2 Virus Highlights the Fundamental Genomic and Biological Features of a Natural Vaccinia Virus Infecting Humans
Authors: Trindade Giliane , Emerson Ginny , Sammons Scott , Frace Michael , Govil Dhwani , Fernandes Mota Bruno , Abrahão Jônatas , De Assis Felipe , Olsen-Rasmussen Melissa , Goldsmith Cynthia , Li Yu , Carroll Darin , Guimarães da Fonseca Flavio , Kroon Erna , Damon Inger
Published: December 2016

Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been implicated in infections of dairy cattle and humans, and outbreaks have substantially impacted local economies and public health in Brazil. During a 2005 outbreak, a VACV strain designated Serro 2 virus (S2V) was collected from a 30-year old male milker. Our aim was to phenotypically and genetically characterize this VACV Brazilian isolate. S2V produced small round plaques without associated comets when grown in BSC40 cells. Furthermore, S2V was less virulent than the prototype strain VACV-Western Reserve (WR) in a murine model of intradermal infection, producing a tiny lesion with virtually no surrounding inflammation. The genome of S2V was sequenced by primer walking. The coding region spans 184,572 bp and contains 211 predicted genes. Mutations in envelope genes specifically associated with small plaque phenotypes were not found in S2V; however, other alterations in amino acid sequences within these genes were identified. In addition, some immunomodulatory genes were truncated in S2V. Phylogenetic analysis using immune regulatory-related genes, besides the hemagglutinin gene, segregated the Brazilian viruses into two clusters, grouping the S2V into Brazilian VACV group 1. S2V is the first naturally-circulating human-associated VACV, with a low passage history, to be extensively genetically and phenotypically characterized.
Achille au chant XXIV de l’Iliade : lion exécrable ou héros admirable ?
Authors: Daix David-Artur
Published: December 2016

In book 24 of the Iliad, as the poem ends, the status of its greatest hero, Achilleus, is not yet definitive. He has just proven, during the funeral games celebrating Patroclus, that, unlike Agamemnon, he knew how to distribute prizes fairly and how to distinguish himself among the Acheans as a just king. However, the problem created by his outrageaous and savage treatment of Hector’s body remains whole and endangers his glory. He hasn’t yet become the «best of the Acheans » . And that is the achievement the last book of the Iliad must confirm to ensure Achilleus’ glory.
Simplicius et le “lieu”. À propos d’une nouvelle édition du Corollarium de loco
Authors: Golitsis Pantelis , Hoffmann Philippe
Published: December 2016

La digression désignée par Hermann Diels comme «Corollarium de loco », dans son édition du Commentaire de Simplicius à la Physique d’Aristote (Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, IX, Berlin 1882), est un texte capital dans le débat, souvent désigné comme magna quaestio par les spécialistes, qui a été suscité par un manque de cohérence, au moins apparent, chez Aristote, entre la définition du «lieu » (τόπος) comme «première limite immobile de l’enveloppant » (Phys. IV, 4, 212 a 20-21) et l’affirmation d’un mouvement (circulaire) du Ciel – alors que l’Univers n’est pas «quelque part » puisqu’il n’est enveloppé par aucun corps qui lui serait extérieur. À la suite de son maître Damascius, et au terme d’une réflexion entamée par les néoplatoniciens postérieurs à Plotin (au premier rang desquels Jamblique, Syrianus et Proclus), Simplicius substitue à la définition aristotélicienne une nouvelle définition du lieu comme «mesure rassemblante » (μέτρον συναγωγόν), au sein d’une liste de quatre «mesures » (nombre, grandeur, lieu, temps) qui sont des puissances de rassemblement destinées à prémunir les réalités (intelligibles et sensibles) contre les dangers de la dispersion liée à la Procession. Cette doctrine situe la Physique dans une perspective résolument théologique puisque, en dernière instance, les puissances d’unification dans le Réel procèdent de l’Un-Bien lui-même. La compréhension de ce texte très important pour notre connaissance de la philosophie néoplatonicienne de la Nature sera améliorée grâce à une nouvelle édition critique (accompagnée d’une traduction en français et de notes), bientôt publiée dans la série Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca et Byzantina (chez de Gruyter) sous les auspices de l’Académie des Sciences de Berlin-Brandenburg, et qui sera basée non seulement sur deux manuscrits déjà connus de Diels (Marciani graeci 227 et 229), mais aussi sur un manuscrit de Moscou (Mosquensis Muz. 3649) inconnu de Diels car il se trouvait au

XIXe siècle dans une collection particulière russe.
Symmetry-based approach to oligostilbenoids: Rapid entry to viniferifuran, shoreaphenol, malibatol A, and diptoindonesin G
Authors: Jung Youngeun , Singh Dileep Kumar , Kim Ikyon
Published: December 2016

The recognition of the local symmetric image within benzofuran-based natural oligostilbenoids guided us to design a modular synthetic approach to these molecules by utilizing a three-step sequence consisting of Sonogashira coupling, iodocyclization, and Suzuki coupling. During our synthesis, the relative reactivities of ester, aldehyde, and alkoxy groups on the same aryl ring toward the neighboring alkyne in the iodine-mediated cyclization reactions were explored. Starting from the symmetrical 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, this route allowed rapid access to 2,3-diarylbenzofuran, a key intermediate to several oligostilbenoid natural products, in good overall yields.
ON THE ISOTROPIZATION OF SOLAR WIND PROTONS
Authors: Yoon Peter H.
Published: December 2016

Protons observed in the solar wind are characterized by temperature anisotropies whose upper and lower bounds can be partially explained by marginal instability conditions associated with various plasma instabilities. However, an outstanding problem is that the majority of data distributed in

space are located away from the boundaries and occupy a broad region with the peak near isotropic condition. The present paper employs macroscopic-kinetic theory that includes adiabatic effects arising from various non-monotonic inhomogeneities of magnetic field and density, the influence from proton-cyclotron and parallel firehose instabilities, and collisional dissipation in order to explore the consequence of each effect. It is found that spatial inhomogeneities are the leading cause of the scattering of the data points away from the marginal stability boundaries in

space, thus providing a potential explanation for observations.
NONCONSERVATIVE MASS TRANSFER IN MASSIVE BINARIES AND THE FORMATION OF WOLF–RAYET+O BINARIES
Authors: Shao Yong , Li Xiang-Dong
Published: December 2016

The mass transfer efficiency during the evolution of massive binaries is still uncertain. We model the mass transfer processes in a grid of binaries to investigate the formation of Wolf–Rayet+O (WR+O) binaries, taking into account two kinds of non-conservative mass transfer models: Model I with rotation-dependent mass accretion, and Model II of half mass accretion. Generally the mass transfer in Model I is more inefficient, with the average efficiency in a range of ∼0.2–0.7 and ≲0.2 for Case A and Case B mass transfer, respectively. We present the parameter distributions for the descendant WR+O binaries. By comparing the modeled stellar mass distribution with the observed Galactic WR+O binaries, we find that highly non-conservative mass transfer is required.
ARE ULTRA-LONG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS CAUSED BY BLUE SUPERGIANT COLLAPSARS, NEWBORN MAGNETARS, OR WHITE DWARF TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS?
Authors: Ioka Kunihito , Hotokezaka Kenta , Piran Tsvi
Published: December 2016

Ultra-long gamma-ray bursts (ulGRBs) are a new population of GRBs with extreme durations of ∼104 s. Leading candidates for their origin are blue supergiant collapsars, magnetars, and white dwarf tidal disruption events (WD-TDEs) caused by massive black holes (BHs). Recent observations of supernova-like (SN-like) bumps associated with ulGRBs challenged both the WD-TDE and the blue supergiant models because of the detection of SNe and the absence of hydrogen lines, respectively. We propose that WD-TDEs can accommodate the observed SN-like bumps if the fallback WD matter releases energy into the unbound WD ejecta. The observed ejecta energy, luminosity, and velocity are explained by the gravitational energy, Eddington luminosity, and escape velocity of the formed accretion disk, respectively. We also show that the observed X-rays can ionize the ejecta, eliminating lines. The SN-like light curves (SN 2011kl) for the ulGRB 111209A are consistent with all three models, although a magnetar model is unnatural because the spin-down time required to power the SN-like bump is a hundred times longer than the GRB. Our results imply that TDEs are a possible energy source for SN-like events in general and for ulGRBs in particular.
GeMS/GSAOI PHOTOMETRIC AND ASTROMETRIC PERFORMANCE IN DENSE STELLAR FIELDS
Authors: Dalessandro E. , Saracino S. , Origlia L. , Marchetti E. , Ferraro F. R. , Lanzoni B. , Geisler D. , Cohen R. E. , Mauro F. , Villanova S.
Published: December 2016

Ground-based imagers at 8 m class telescopes assisted by multi-conjugate adaptive optics are primary facilities with which to obtain accurate photometry and proper motions in dense stellar fields. We observed the central region of the globular clusters Liller 1 and NGC 6624 with the Gemini Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) feeding the Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI) currently available at the Gemini South telescope, under different observing conditions. We characterized the stellar point-spread function (PSF) in terms of FWHM, Strehl ratio (SR), and encircled energy (EE), over the field of view (FOV). We found that, for sub-arcsecond seeing at the observed airmass, we can obtain the diffraction-limited PSF (FWHM

mas), SR ∼ 40%, and EE ≥ 50% with a dispersion around 10% over the FOV of 85″ × 85″, in the K

s
band. In the J band the best images provide FWHMs between 60 and 80 mas, SR

, and

. For seeing at the observed airmass exceeding 1″, the performance worsens but it is still possible to perform PSF fitting photometry with 25% EE in J and 40% in K

s
. We also computed the geometric distortions of GeMS/GSAOI and we obtained corrected images with an astrometric accuracy of ∼1 mas in a stellar field with high crowding.
GAS FRACTION AND DEPLETION TIME OF MASSIVE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z ∼ 3.2: NO CHANGE IN GLOBAL STAR FORMATION PROCESS OUT TO z > 3
Authors: Schinnerer E. , Groves B. , Sargent M. T. , Karim A. , Oesch P. A. , Magnelli B. , LeFevre O. , Tasca L. , Civano F. , Cassata P. , Smolčić V.
Published: December 2016

The observed evolution of the gas fraction and its associated depletion time in main-sequence (MS) galaxies provides insights on how star formation proceeds over cosmic time. We report ALMA detections of the rest-frame ∼300 μm continuum observed at 240 GHz for 45 massive (

), normal star-forming (

), i.e., MS, galaxies at

in the COSMOS field. From an empirical calibration between cold neutral, i.e., molecular and atomic, gas mass

and monochromatic (rest-frame) infrared luminosity, the gas mass for this sample is derived. Combined with stellar mass

and star formation rate (SFR) estimates (from MagPhys fits) we obtain a median gas fraction of

and a median gas depletion time

correction for the location on the MS will only slightly change the values. The reported uncertainties are the

error on the median. Our results are fully consistent with the expected flattening of the redshift evolution from the 2-SFM (2 star formation mode) framework which empirically prescribes the evolution assuming a universal, log-linear relation between SFR and gas mass coupled to the redshift evolution of the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of MS galaxies. While

shows only a mild dependence on location within the MS, a clear trend of increasing

across the MS is observed (as known from previous studies). Further, we comment on trends within the MS and (in)consistencies with other studies.
EVIDENCE FROM SOFIA IMAGING OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FORMATION ALONG A RECENT OUTFLOW IN NGC 7027
Authors: Lau R. M. , Werner M. , Sahai R. , Ressler M. E.
Published: December 2016

We report spatially resolved (FWHM ∼ 3.″8–4.″6) mid-IR imaging observations of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 taken with the 2.5 m telescope on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Images of NGC 7027 were acquired at 6.3, 6.6, 11.1, 19.7, 24.2, 33.6, and 37.1

using the Faint Object Infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST). The observations reveal emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and warm dust (

K) from the illuminated inner edge of the molecular envelope surrounding the ionized gas and central star. The DustEM code was used to fit the spectral energy distribution of fluxes obtained by FORCAST and the archival infrared spectrum of NGC 7027 acquired by the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Best-fit dust models provide a total dust mass of

, where carbonaceous large (a = 1.5 μm) and very small (

) grains, and PAHs (

) compose 96.5, 2.2, and 1.3% of the dust by mass, respectively. The 37 μm optical depth map shows minima in the dust column density at regions in the envelope that are coincident with a previously identified collimated outflow from the central star. The optical depth minima are also spatially coincident with enhancements in the 6.2 μm PAH feature, which is derived from the 6.3 and 6.6 μm maps. We interpret the spatial anti-correlation of the dust optical depth and PAH 6.2 μm feature strength and their alignment with the outflow from the central star as evidence of dust processing and rapid PAH formation via grain–grain collisions in the post-shock environment of the dense (

) photo-dissociation region and molecular envelope.
THE LINEAR INSTABILITY OF DILUTE ULTRARELATIVISTIC e± PAIR BEAMS
Authors: Chang Philip , Broderick Avery E. , Pfrommer Christoph , Puchwein Ewald , Lamberts Astrid , Shalaby Mohamad , Vasil Geoffrey
Published: December 2016

The annihilation of TeV photons from extragalactic TeV sources and the extragalactic background light produces ultrarelativistic

beams, which are subject to powerful plasma instabilities that sap their kinetic energy. Here we study the linear phase of the plasma instabilities that these pair beams drive. To this end, we calculate the linear growth rate of the beam-plasma and oblique instability in the electrostatic approximation in both the reactive and kinetic regimes, assuming a Maxwell–Jüttner distribution for the pair beam. We reproduce the well-known reactive and kinetic growth rates for both the beam-plasma and oblique mode. We demonstrate for the oblique instability that there is a broad spectrum of unstable modes that grow at the maximum rate for a wide range of beam temperatures and wave-vector orientations relative to the beam. We also delineate the conditions for applicability for the reactive and kinetic regimes and find that the beam-plasma mode transitions to the reactive regime at a lower Lorentz factor than the oblique mode due to a combination of their different scalings and the anisotropy of the velocity dispersions. Applying these results to the ultrarelativistic

beams from TeV blazars, we confirm that these beams are unstable to both the kinetic oblique mode and the reactive beam-plasma mode. These results are important in understanding how powerful plasma instabilities may sap the energy of the ultrarelativistic

beams as they propagate through intergalactic space.
ESTIMATING DISTANCES FROM PARALLAXES. III. DISTANCES OF TWO MILLION STARS IN THE Gaia DR1 CATALOGUE
Authors: Astraatmadja Tri L. , Bailer-Jones Coryn A. L.
Published: December 2016

We infer distances and their asymmetric uncertainties for two million stars using the parallaxes published in the Gaia DR1 (GDR1) catalogue. We do this with two distance priors: A minimalist, isotropic prior assuming an exponentially decreasing space density with increasing distance, and an anisotropic prior derived from the observability of stars in a Milky Way model. We validate our results by comparing our distance estimates for 105 Cepheids which have more precise, independently estimated distances. For this sample we find that the Milky Way prior performs better (the rms of the scaled residuals is 0.40) than the exponentially decreasing space density prior (rms is 0.57), although for distances beyond 2 kpc the Milky Way prior performs worse, with a bias in the scaled residuals of −0.36 (versus −0.07 for the exponentially decreasing space density prior). We do not attempt to include the photometric data in GDR1 due to the lack of reliable color information. Our distance catalog is available at http://www.mpia.de/homes/calj/tgas_distances/main.html as well as at CDS. This should only be used to give individual distances. Combining data or testing models should be done with the original parallaxes, and attention paid to correlated and systematic uncertainties.
EXPLORING BIASES OF ATMOSPHERIC RETRIEVALS IN SIMULATED JWST TRANSMISSION SPECTRA OF HOT JUPITERS
Authors: Rocchetto M. , Waldmann I. P. , Venot O. , Lagage P.-O. , Tinetti G.
Published: December 2016

With a scheduled launch in 2018 October, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is expected to revolutionize the field of atmospheric characterization of exoplanets. The broad wavelength coverage and high sensitivity of its instruments will allow us to extract far more information from exoplanet spectra than what has been possible with current observations. In this paper, we investigate whether current retrieval methods will still be valid in the era of JWST, exploring common approximations used when retrieving transmission spectra of hot Jupiters. To assess biases, we use 1D photochemical models to simulate typical hot Jupiter cloud-free atmospheres and generate synthetic observations for a range of carbon-to-oxygen ratios. Then, we retrieve these spectra using TauREx, a Bayesian retrieval tool, using two methodologies: one assuming an isothermal atmosphere, and one assuming a parameterized temperature profile. Both methods assume constant-with-altitude abundances. We found that the isothermal approximation biases the retrieved parameters considerably, overestimating the abundances by about one order of magnitude. The retrieved abundances using the parameterized profile are usually within 1σ of the true state, and we found the retrieved uncertainties to be generally larger compared to the isothermal approximation. Interestingly, we found that by using the parameterized temperature profile we could place tight constraints on the temperature structure. This opens the possibility of characterizing the temperature profile of the terminator region of hot Jupiters. Lastly, we found that assuming a constant-with-altitude mixing ratio profile is a good approximation for most of the atmospheres under study.
THE OXYGEN CHARGE-STATE RATIO AS AN INDICATOR OF FOOTPOINT FIELD STRENGTH IN THE SOURCE REGIONS OF THE SOLAR WIND
Authors: Wang Y.-M.
Published: December 2016

Because of its distinctive compositional properties and high variability, the slow solar wind is widely believed to originate from coronal streamers, unlike high-speed wind, which emanates from coronal holes. Based on measurements from the Advanced Composition Explorer, it has been proposed that an oxygen charge-state ratio O7+/O6+ of 0.145 is the threshold that separates streamer from coronal hole wind. During the 2007–2009 sunspot minimum, however, the median value of O7+/O6+ fell to only 0.06, implying that almost all of the near-Earth wind came from coronal holes, despite the fact that the streamer belt lay much closer to the ecliptic plane at that time than at solar maximum. Employing extrapolations of photospheric field maps to derive the footpoint field strengths B
0 of the near-Earth wind, we find that the median value of B
0 decreased to only 2.6 G during 2007–2009, from a value of 21 G during 1998–2004. The factor of ∼2 decrease in the median value of O7+/O6+ thus reflects the factor of ∼8 decrease in the footpoint field strength. Variations in O7+/O6+ are strongly anticorrelated with the wind speed on timescales of days, but not on long timescales, which are dominated by changes in B
0. We suggest that the charge-state ratio is determined by the amount of energy deposited near the coronal base, which in turn depends on B
0 and the local flux-tube expansion rate. High values of O7+/O6+ are associated with rapidly diverging flux tubes rooted just inside the boundaries of coronal holes with strong footpoint fields.
EVIDENCE FOR CLUSTER TO CLUSTER VARIATIONS IN LOW-MASS STELLAR ROTATIONAL EVOLUTION
Authors: Coker Carl T. , Pinsonneault Marc , Terndrup Donald M.
Published: December 2016

The concordance model for angular momentum evolution postulates that star-forming regions and clusters are an evolutionary sequence that can be modeled with assumptions about protostar–disk coupling, angular momentum loss from magnetized winds that saturates in a mass-dependent fashion at high rotation rates, and core-envelope decoupling for solar analogs. We test this approach by combining established data with the large h Per data set from the MONITOR project and new low-mass Pleiades data. We confirm prior results that young low-mass stars can be used to test star–disk coupling and angular momentum loss independent of the treatment of internal angular momentum transport. For slow rotators, we confirm the need for star–disk interactions to evolve the ONC to older systems, using h Per (age 13 Myr) as our natural post-disk case. There is no evidence for extremely long-lived disks as an alternative to core-envelope decoupling. However, our wind models cannot evolve rapid rotators from h Per to older systems consistently, and we find that this result is robust with respect to the choice of angular momentum loss prescription. We outline two possible solutions: either there is cosmic variance in the distribution of stellar rotation rates in different clusters or there are substantially enhanced torques in low-mass rapid rotators. We favor the former explanation and discuss observational tests that could be used to distinguish them. If the distribution of initial conditions depends on environment, models that test parameters by assuming a universal underlying distribution of initial conditions will need to be re-evaluated.
Consideraciones taxonómicas sobre Barbus moulouyensis Pellegrin, 1924 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) con la descripción de una especie nueva de Luciobarbus Heckel, 1843 de Marruecos
Authors: Doadrio Ignacio , Casal-López Miriam , Perea Silvia
Published: December 2016

En los últimos años ha sido revisada la taxonomia de Barbus Cuvier and Cloquet, 1816 y como consecuencia de esta revisión algunas especies incluidas tradicionalmente en el género Barbus sensu lato han sido asignadas a otros géneros. En el Norte de África las especies del antiguo género Barbus han sido adscritas a los géneros Luciobarbus Heckel, 1843, Carasobarbus Karaman, 1971 y Enteromius Cope, 1867. Nosotros estudiamos las especies del antiguo género Barbus en la cuenca del río Moulouya en Marruecos a través de datos moleculares, morfométricos y osteológicos. Nuestros datos muestran claramente que las poblaciones de la cuenca del río Moulouya descritas como Barbus moulouyensis Pellegrin, 1924 pertenecen al género Carasobarbus y no al género Luciobarbus. Sin embargo, poblaciones del género Luciobarbus existen en la cuenca del río Moulouya y no pudieron ser asignadas a ninguna de las especies previamente descritas. En consecuencia nosotros describimos una nueva especie de la cuenca del río Moulouya.
Cerámica y vibración de la luz. Nuevas técnicas de nacarado e irisado y caracterización colorimétrica
Authors: Echarri Iribarren V. , González Avilés A. B. , Ródenas M. , Olivares J.
Published: December 2016

Los materiales cerámicos han abierto nuevos espacios de innovación en su aplicación en las envolventes de los edificios en los últimos años. Sin embargo, ha sido escasa la investigación en su relación con la vibración de la luz, la percepción visual y su integración en el paisaje. En esta investigación se estudia la producción y aplicación de piezas de gres porcelánico en un auditorio. El uso de un recubrimiento cerámico con un acabado irisado-nacarado con reflejo metálico responde a la intención de generar una piel vibrante en constante cambio frente a la luz natural y el entorno. Se ha diseñado un proceso de vitrificado y deposición de metales, a través de tres cocciones sucesivas. Se analizan las propiedades del esmaltado y los factores de microfisuración que refuerzan el irisado. Se ha hecho un análisis colorimétrico evaluando los colores goniocromáticos o iridiscentes, midiendo el factor de radiancia espectral de la luz.
La bóveda tabicada en el siglo XXI
Authors: López López D. , Van Mele T. , Block P.
Published: December 2016

Los nuevos métodos interactivos de equilibrio para diseñar y analizar estructuras de fábrica han facilitado la construcción de este tipo de estructuras con un lenguaje formal normalmente no asociado a las estructuras a compresión. Estos avances también han reavivado el interés por la bóveda tabicada, y han dado lugar a un redescubrimiento de esta técnica constructiva tradicional.

Los procesos constructivos han sido adaptados para garantizar que las nuevas bóvedas tabicadas de formas complejas puedan continuar materializándose de una manera económica. Por ejemplo, se han introducido sistemas de cimbrado más baratos y sencillos. Así mismo, se ha experimentado con una gran variedad de materiales que permitan construir estructuras abovedadas más sostenibles con recursos locales.

Este artículo presenta una revisión de las últimas innovaciones en técnica tabicada basándose en las obras más representativas de los últimos años con respecto a la forma, el método constructivo y el uso de materiales.
Sociologie d’une spécialité scientifique. Les désaccords entre les chercheurs ‘pro-génétique’ et ‘pro-environnement’ dans la criminologie biosociale états-unienne
Authors: Larregue Julien
Published: December 2016

Cet article analyse la structure de la criminologie bio-sociale états-unienne. Apparemment homogène, la criminologie bio-sociale se divise en réalité en deux branches principales. Si certains criminologues bio-sociaux renouent avec une conception naturaliste du phénomène criminel, d’autres ne voient dans la génétique qu’un moyen de peaufiner les théories structuro-culturalistes dominantes. Ces deux branches sont elles-mêmes associées à des positions plus ou moins dominantes dans le champ criminologique, et donc à un intérêt plus ou moins grand à produire une criminologie subversive et hétérodoxe.
Creating an Environment for Sustainable Leadership at Public HBCUs
Authors: Herron-Williams Sharron Y. , Hoffman Alecia D. , Brown Sidney L.
Published: December 2016

There is a leadership conundrum at HBCUs. There has been a revolving door in the administrative ranks. According to Nichols (2004), “since the Civil War, presidents of HBCUs have struggled with students who are underprepared, inadequate management, dwindling financial resources including low endowments, competition for students and faculty members, an alumni base with not much wealth and students from low-income families who may be unable to pay ever increasing tuition.” At one point, in 2012, there were 19 HBCU presidencies vacant. This causes one to question the reasons for such high turnover/attrition rates. Some would argue it is because in most cases the individual chosen was not a good “fit” for the institution. There are also those who would say they would rather have someone who is familiar with the institution. That is code for alumni. For the purpose of this chapter, we contend there are five important factors which have contributed to the rising number of vacancies in the administrative ranks: 1) lack of succession planning; 2) lack of leadership training in areas such as fiscal management for universities, board relations, alumni relations and academic integrity/student success; 3) lack of professional educational preparation prior to the attainment of a presidency; 4) the power play (the recycling of HBCU presidents); 5) lack of adherence to institutional mission and goals.
Developing Educators' Global Leadership Competencies through Intercultural Immersion Experiences
Authors: Hur Jung Won
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the global leadership competencies that today's school leaders should demonstrate and identify ways to promote them. In order to lead globally competent future citizens, educators need to develop key leadership competencies, including self-awareness, inquisitiveness, empathy, and social skills. It is also important for school leaders who work with people from different cultures demonstrate a high level of cultural intelligence, the ability to interpret unfamiliar cultural behaviors or signals and respond in an appropriate way. Scholars have emphasized that a professional abroad experience is an effective way to promote global leadership competencies, and this chapter introduces a program, Global Studies in Education-South Korea, designed to enhance such skills for educators. The program evaluation study demonstrating the impact of the program is also presented.
Digital Leadership in the New Century
Authors: Wang Victor X. , Torrisi-Steele Geraldine
Published: December 2016

The emergence of information and communication technologies have impacted greatly on organizations and subsequently their leaders. The virtual context in which many leaders now operate both provides opportunities and poses challenges. The virtual environment, demands that leaders develop some different practices but this is not to say that traditional leadership has no place in the new virtual environment. Rather, the traditional leadership theories and leadership styles studied previously conceptualized by researchers and scholars enhances electronic leadership (e-leadership). E-leadership is supported by Rogers' facilitative leadership. It is important to realize that leadership theories are not ideologies that must be followed to the letter but rather that leadership theories can be applied in part or in whole. In the present chapter the authors consider the relevance of existing leadership theories to e-leadership, highlight the impact of technologies on leadership practice, and raise discussion around e-leadership challenges, and key e-leadership skills.
Gender-Based Leadership Barriers
Authors: Storey Valerie A. , Anthony Amanda K. , Wahid Parveen
Published: December 2016

This chapter identifies gender-based leadership barriers according to socio-historical, institutional, and interactional factors that may be external and internal to universities, yet influence women's advancement in the context of higher education. The review suggests problems of under-representation of female faculty leaders in higher education derives from stereotypes attached to women regarding their lack of capacity to hold leadership positions and, consequentially, barriers to navigate the perceived masculine world of leadership. We conclude with contemporary evidence-practices scholars have put forth for addressing gender-based leadership barriers.
Interpersonal Communication Application to Leadership
Authors: Evans Corinth M.
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to study the elements of communication, and to explore the interrelations of interpersonal communication and effective leadership applications. Thanks to the leadership evolution, divergent leadership methodologies have rejuvenated classical studies. An empirical analysis of leadership traits, behaviors, characteristics, types, and styles (e.g., approaches) will be reviewed. Given the theories of leadership, a critical analysis on power and influence are also necessary to understand the sensitivities and delicacies of the leader-follower relationships. Because speaking, listening, writing, and reading are the basic forms of communication, the dynamics of communication is fundamental and an integral element to effective leadership application. Executives, directors, mangers, other leadership staffers, will find this chapter interesting as it aims to link the ideologies of communication-centered and interpersonal trust perspectives to leadership theologies. When analyzing the pragmatics of interpersonal communication, this chapter will examine the behavioral, attitudinal, cognitive-perceptual, and psychosocial processes that attribute to the communicable factors of one's thoughts, ideas, feelings, emotions, motives, attitudes, behaviors, and actions. This chapter may assist leaders in developing social and emotional intelligences. With the relentless pressure to change an organization, emotional and social intelligences give us an entirely new way of looking at the root causes of organizational dysfunctions. The scope and depth of EI and SI, employs interpersonal interactions that cultivates trust and continuity through an exchange of meaningful messages.
Leader Development in an Unpredictable World
Authors: Ruffin T. Ray , Boice William L.
Published: December 2016

Few of us would disagree with the proposition that, under certain conditions, leaders have an impact on organizations (Kozlowski, 2012). The style of the leader makes a difference in the success of the cultures in the workforce. Leaders must use continuous improvement to stay competitive in an ever changing environment. This chapter will provide an overview of theories surrounding leadership and Organizational Development (OD). Included will be an introduction and background of leadership theories, organizational development, levels and skills of leadership, and transferable skills. Organizational success in the future will rely on the practices and processes organizations put in place now. How they develop their leaders to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing and unpredictable world.
Meeting the Cognitive Demands of Leading in Times of Uncertainty
Authors: Lauzon Al
Published: December 2016

This chapter proposes to ask the question “What are the cognitive demands of contemporary leadership?” The chapter begins by exploring the changes we have experienced and continue to experience, and their implications for leadership. These changes will be explored in the context of wicked problems and followed by a section of the implications of wicked problems for leadership. The argument will then be made that in examining the various challenges and opportunities we are being presented with a demand for a structure of consciousness beyond that of modernity's rational-logic. This will be followed by the articulation of an evolutionary framework and its dynamics that focuses on the evolution of consciousness. A specific focus will be on the emergence of a new structure of consciousness—vision-logic— as the necessary structure of consciousness for leaders contending with wicked problems and uncertain times. I will close by looking at the implications for leaders.
Multiple Intelligences for Global Leadership Development
Authors: Breithaupt Julie , Durante Regina
Published: December 2016

Globalization has led to cultural change, convergence, and a rise in multinational organizations. Leaders who can work effectively across nations and cultures are in demand. Today's global leaders face increased complexity due to the need for cultural sensitivity and knowledge of other countries (House et al., 2004). Competent global leaders who can effectively navigate cross-cultural boundaries are more vital to the success of multinational organizations than in previous decades (Ang & Inkpen, 2008). Multinational organizations struggle in determining what knowledge, skills, and abilities are needed to develop competent global leaders (Caligiuri, 2006) for the 21st century. Many organizations understand that competent leadership will lead to a competitive business advantage and have begun focusing leadership programs on developing competencies for global leadership (Bird, 2008). This chapter considers the importance that personality traits, emotional, social, and cultural intelligence play in developing global leaders. It offers leaders an assessment tool for self-reflection and personal inquiry development.
Non-Profit Leadership Success
Authors: Boice William L.
Published: December 2016

While leadership has been studied extensively, non-profit organizational leadership has received little attention. The attention received mostly looks at senior executives and managers within the organization. As these organizations have small staffs and a large volunteer workforce, it would seem prudent to understand if what the leaders espouse is understood and followed by those that work in their organization. This chapter will look at a small, community based non-profit organization and discuss the role of a non-profits' leader in providing a vision and mission for the organization. It will utilize a volunteer satisfaction survey conducted by the organization, observations and interviews to understand workforce perceptions of the organizations vision, mission and culture. The results indicate that the volunteers have knowledge of the vision and mission statement, and easily assimilate in the culture of the organization.
Readdressing Situational Leadership in the New World Order through Technology
Authors: Esquivel Mariana I. Vergara , Wallace Barbara , Du Xiaoxue , Parks Clare , Chang Yi-Hui , Brito Aurora , Ong Fung Ling , Yorks Lyle , Marsick Victoria , Gordon Edmund W. , Mac Quarrie Adam , Tjernstad Carl D. Brustad , Dong Jingyi , Hagen Ingunn , Hoveid Marit Honerød , McInnis Andrew J. K. , Williams Daniel , Tamariz Mariana I. , Pla David Lauri , Morales-Abbud Julia A. , Dennis Yvonne
Published: December 2016

E-learning provides a unique opportunity to reach people across the globe in the most remote locations, such as the Indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest, the focus of our work. We take into consideration teams as learners within the technological context of Mindfulness into Action (MIA) e-learning platform to build upon relationships for sustainability of cultural Indigenous knowledge. The MIA platform goes beyond traditional paradigms and includes the support of Talent Jungle, a program that believes in everyone's uniqueness. Imparting knowledge is not the privilege of professionals, a westernized worldview, but is an inherent right of everyone. The Indigenous people of the Amazon have much to contribute to the western worldview by way of Indigenous natural medicine within their knowledge. Here we are readdressing situational leadership by reconceptualizing leadership skills development in a methodology that emphasizes the importance of social exchange without leaders or followers through technology educational space. By using media to facilitate interdisciplinary research in various fields, MIA is using Indigenous knowledge to take action to protect in the Amazon rainforest. The idea of using Indigenous knowledge is not new. The work of Bates, Chiba, Kube, and Nakashima (2009) states that Indigenous people have a broad knowledge of how to live sustainably. In her work of western-lead teams of researchers, Louise Grenier (1998) found that their development efforts usually fail to attain their objective because they did not take in account local technologies, local systems of knowledge, and the local environment. In order to address this situation, in this chapter we are suggesting to include Indigenous practices in training future research students.
Retention of Rural Latina College Students, Engaging Strategic Leadership
Authors: Neimann Theresa D.
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this study is to understand how the contextual complexities between Chicana feminist theory help leaders of higher education understand Latina retention in rural colleges and what Latina women encounter in their college experience. Despite the vast amounts of research that is known about the barriers they face in urban colleges (AACC, 2012; Biswas, 2005; ETS, 2007; NWLC, 2012; Payne & Fogerty, 2007), little is known about how a rural context affects the barriers and what works for Latinas that attend rural colleges. The purpose of the chapter is to learn from the literature review and from personal testimonials of what works and what these barriers to retention are and how administrators, and college personnel can better assist this population which will help Latinas succeed in rural colleges. This research is significant as a growing number of first generation Latina women are seeking a college education (Excelencia, 2010; McPhail, 2011; Santiago & Callen, 2010). This will have implications in the future of their lives and the future of higher education institutional policy, and not the least the future economic success of Latinas and how they view themselves as part of a positive college going experience (Cavazos, Johnson, & Sparrow, 2010; Gloria & Castellanos, 2012).
Scholarly Practices for Global Educational Leaders
Authors: Marshall Vicki L.
Published: December 2016

Higher education institutions are responding to 21st Century globalization through internationalization, and faculty members are the “main engines” of those processes (Galinova, 2015, p. 31). Therefore, it is essential for higher education faculty members to lead with interculturally competent personal and scholarly practices. Marshall (2016) explored practices of eight successful global educational leaders, including five females and three males from eight different states in the U.S. (Arizona, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Texas, Virginia, and the District of Columbia). All of the leaders have traveled internationally, have worked with international students, and have published or presented on the topic of international education. Emerging themes suggested that global educational leaders who exercised CORE personal practices (Compassion for others, Open communication, Respectfulness, and Ethnorelativism) also implemented scholarly practices that enabled them to REACH across cultures. Scholarly practices included Reading global literature, Establishing global networks, Adapting to cultural diversity, Collaborating, and Helping others to succeed.
Virtual Teams, Technology, and Leadership
Authors: Torrisi-Steele Geraldine
Published: December 2016

Interactions among humans are always very complex and the outcomes of their interactions can be unpredictable. Subsequently, when a group of people are required to come together as a team for the purpose of accomplishing common goals, there is potential for either great success or great failure. When individuals are separated by distance, as is the case in virtual teams, interaction is mediated by technologies and presumably this leads to a greater level of interaction complexity and presents a greater challenge to leaders and managers. In effort to meet the challenges of globalization and the digital age, many organizations are shifting from hierarchical top-down organizational structures to the flatter organizational structures afforded by team-based approaches. Driven by the need for global business and the great array of Web 2.0 technologies, effective leadership in virtual teams is now an important consideration for leaders. The basis for enactment of effective leadership in virtual teams must be an understanding of the nature of virtual teams. The author's rationale for the writing the present chapter is thus to highlight major features of virtual teams and to bring to the fore core issues related to these features which impact significantly on team performance.
Building a Culture of Completers by Understanding the Etiology of Adult Learning Deficits Stemming from Childhood
Authors: Neimann Theresa D. , Stelson Uta M. , Malecek Stefan J.
Published: December 2016

Statistics about achievement gaps and college non-completion have been published in journals geared to inform administrators of higher education, such as the Chronicles of Higher Education and publications by the Community College Research Center (see, for example: Bailey, Jeong & Cho (2008). While the focus is usually on cognitive or systemic remedies, many educators and administrators fail to see the connection between psychological development during childhood and college non-completion as one of the possible problems. Chronic exposure to stress hormones, whether it occurs during the prenatal period, infancy, or childhood has long term effects in adulthood learning. While many educators in higher education have spent hours on professional development processes, many shy away from transformational teaching/learning because a certain amount of vulnerability or unfamiliar paradigms are involved. Concurrently, many administrators fail to see the need to inform their faculty about new teaching modalities, such as transformational teaching, and also fail to allocate funding for professional development in this area, whether in the form of in-service learning opportunities or external conference attendance. The authors suggest that both teachers and educational managers at both the college and state levels, particularly at the level of adult education, need to understand the ramifications of Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs on students' ability to learn and adopt an approach to transformational teaching/learning whereby they can help to offset the gloomy statistics in achievement gaps. In transformational learning the educator becomes a facilitator that enables students to learn through activities that are shared by educators and students. This platform has the potential to empower students and educators to re-examine their roles, beliefs, and assumptions, and ultimately helps to reform teaching practice in teaching environments to the benefit of both educators and their learners. Training of educators to adopt a transformational teaching approach can come at the level of each college, but can also come through statewide trainings conducted by educational managers within each State's Department of Education or Department of Community Colleges and Workforce Development. Thus, the authors seek to encourage educators as well as educational managers to re-consider their philosophy of teaching from the perspective of transformational theory.
Focused Action Research Based Goal Pursuit
Authors: Piggotirvine Eileen
Published: December 2016

Despite the fact that creating employee focus, motivation and improved outcomes through performance review is widely encouraged, such constraining and potentially isolating activity is also equally derided. I argue in this chapter that many obstacles in performance review can be overcome through inclusion of focused goal pursuit which has a simple, collaborative, flexible, personal and organizational learning and improvement, emphasis whilst combining both rigour and responsiveness. I offer an overview cycle for performance review with such an embedded Focused Action Research Goals (FARG) approach. The overview cycle and FARG approach are underpinned by three key principles encouraging: depth of learning; stretch in challenge; and collaboration based on dialogue and openness. The chapter moves beyond outlining processes and principles to drawing links to recent thinking from the neuroscience and neuroleadership fields. Regions of the brain relevant particularly to goal pursuit are discussed alongside the impact of stress and elements considered to enhance this critical organizational function. Some caution about drawing categorical and overly simplistic conclusions is also included.