bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined infratemporal fossa and transfacial approach to excising massive tumors
Authors: Shahinian Hrayr K. , Suh Richard H. , Jarrahy Reza
Published: May 2019

Massive tumors of the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa are usually resected via the Fisch type C infratemporal fossa approach. This approach provides the surgeon with wide enough access to safely remove massive tumors, and it allows excellent control of the internal carotid artery without leaving facial scars. The disadvantages of this approach include a total loss of hearing on the affected side and the risk of damage to the facial nerve. The Fisch type D infratemporal preauricular approach provides a limited access to tumors, but it does preserve hearing.

We studied the practice of combining the Fisch type D approach with a transfacial, transmaxillary approach. This allows the removal of massive tumors of the area without the necessity of resorting to the type C approach and the resultant loss of hearing and the possibility of facial paralysis.

The flexibility of the type D infratemporal fossa approach allows the surgeon to combine it with transmaxillary, transmandibular, and periorbital approaches to remove tumors of all sizes from the infratemporal fossa, pterygopalatine fossa, parapharyngeal space, and orbit.
The Use of low-dose Histamine Therapy in Otolaryngology
Authors: King William P.
Published: May 2019

Low-dose histamine therapy has been prescribed by otolaryngologists primarily to treat Bell's palsy, vestibular disorders, vascular headache, Ménière's attacks, and urticaria vasculitis. The scientific explanations for the usefulness of this once-empiric treatment are becoming more apparent. Two methods of establishing the appropriate dosages have emerged: the empiric, optimum-dosage approach and the objective, endpoint-titration approach.

In this article, the author describes and recommends the latter approach. The author also reports on a 100-patient retrospective clinical study that revealed that the objective, endpoint-titration approach was effective in treating 80% of patients. In light of such success and the ease and economy of this treatment, low-dose histamine therapy appears to be a valuable clinical tool.
Geriatric demographics and the practice of otolaryngology
Authors: Shapiro Donald P.
Published: May 2019

Changing demographic trends in our country will have a profound influence on the future practice of otolaryngology. As a result of declining birth rates and increasing lifespans, the geriatric population has already become the fastest-growing segment of our society, and it will continue to be so for decades to come. A larger percentage of patients treated by otolaryngologists will be in the over-65 age group. It will become important to confront not only the medical treatment of this segment of the population, but also the socioeconomic effects of these demographic changes. Familiarity with the terminology, concepts, and statistics of demography is key to understanding the influence that the aging of the population will have on the practice of otolaryngology.
Phonosurgery in the Elderly: A Review
Authors: Slavit David H.
Published: May 2019

Surgery in the elderly requires a knowledge of the changes in the larynx that take place with aging. In the elderly larynx, there are changes in the elastin and collagen fibers within the lamina propria. There is also thinning and atrophy of the mucous membranes and atrophy of the mucous glands. Common disorders are vocal fold atrophy, sulcus vocalis, glottic incompetence, and vocal fold edema. A reduction in the number of lymphatic channels is responsible for the vocal fold edema. Vocal fold atrophy is responsible for the increase in pitch that is frequently heard in elderly men. Other common conditions in the elderly include vocal fold nodules, polyps, and Reinke's edema.

The most common phonosurgical procedures performed in the elderly are vocal fold surgery for benign pathology and laryngeal structure surgery for glottic incompetence. Microsurgical techniques on benign vocal fold lesions aim to avoid injury to the transitional layer, which is rich in fibroblasts. Although the superficial layer of the lamina propria involves less fibroblastic activity, any surgical manipulation of the lamina propria can influence the vibratory properties of the vocal folds, particularly when the basement membrane zone is manipulated. The alterations in phonosurgical techniques used in the elderly are the result of histologic changes in the vocal folds and altered wound healing. Functional voice disorders often develop to compensate for the structural changes in the larynx. Correction of hyperfunctional or abnormal functional technique is as important as phonosurgical correction of vocal fold pathology.
RinoFlow™ Nasal Wash and Sinus System as a Mechanism to Deliver Medications to the Paranasal Sinuses: Results of a Radiolabeled Pilot Study
Authors: Negley Judith E. , Krause Helen , Pawar Surendra , Reeves-Hoché Mary Kathryn
Published: May 2019

Direct delivery of medication to the sinuses with standard nebulizers is difficult to achieve. The nasal inhalation of aerosolized medications is dependent on the size of the particles and the pressure with which they are delivered; when the particles are too small or the pressure is too low, the drug cannot reach the sinuses. The ability of topical medications to treat sinus disorders can be improved if the medication could be delivered directly to the sinuses.

We tested the ability of the RinoFlow™ nasal aerosol delivery device to deposit aerosol directly to the paranasal sinuses. Five normal, healthy subjects used the device to administer technetium Tc 99m nasally. Nuclear scanning was used to detect deposition in the frontal and maxillary sinuses. Three subjects underwent additional testing after administration of a nasal decongestant.

Three of the five subjects showed some evidence of direct delivery to the sinuses, although deposition was not uniform or complete. Pretreatment with a decongestant had no apparent effect on subsequent technetium delivery. We conclude that the results of this study are promising and that further study is warranted.
Giant Ameloblastoma: Report of an Extreme Case and a Description of its Treatment
Authors: Hughes C. Anthony , Wilson William R. , Olding Michael
Published: May 2019

Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumor that usually occurs in the mandible. It is an aggressive but benign tumor of epithelial origin that is rarely metastatic. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman who had a massive ameloblastoma of the mandible. The tumor measured 15.2 × 11.4 × 12.0 cm. The patient had oral bleeding that required a transfusion. The workup included three-dimensional imaging, arteriography, and embolization to control bleeding. Surgical management entailed the resection of the entire left mandible and right symphysis, followed by reconstruction with a free fibular flap. To our knowledge, this is the largest reported ameloblastoma managed with three-dimensional imaging, radical resection, and free-flap reconstruction. This article also reviews aspects of the differential diagnosis, pathology, and management of jaw tumors.
Ductal Eccrine Carcinoma Arising in the Postaural Area
Authors: Kacker Ashutosh , Shaha Ashok R.
Published: May 2019

We describe the case of a 64-year-old man with a 1-year history of a postaural mass, which was diagnosed as ductal eccrine carcinoma. We also briefly describe the characteristics and treatment of this rare entity.
Case Report of a Bleeding Nasal Polyp during Pregnancy
Authors: Scott P.M.J. , van Hasselt Andrew
Published: May 2019

We report a case of a pregnant woman who had a pyogenic granuloma that had caused chronic epistaxis for 1 week's duration. The lesion was excised and the patient recovered fully.
Report of a Rare Case of Vocal Fold Carcinoma that was Obscured by a Prominent Vocal Fold Polyp
Authors: Soylu Levent , Aydogan Barlas , Tunali Nurdan , Özsahinoglu Can
Published: May 2019

We report the case of a 56-year-old man who was evaluated for hoarseness. Telescopic and fiberoptic examination revealed a huge, pedunculated polyp that obscured the vocal folds. Upon further examination, microlaryn-goscopy revealed a coexisting superficial irregular lesion on the upper surface of the left vocal fold, which was identified as a microinvasive carcinoma. This unusual presentation emphasizes the importance of a micro-laryngoscopic examination.
Antileukotriene Therapy for the Relief of Sinus Symptoms in Aspirin Triad Disease
Authors: Ulualp Seckin O. , Sterman Bruce M. , Toohill Robert J.
Published: May 2019

We studied the effect of antileukotriene therapy for the relief of sinus symptoms in patients with aspirin triad disease (ATD). We reviewed the charts of 18 ATD patients who had received antileukotriene therapy. All patients had undergone previous sinus surgery. We then designed a questionnaire to determine the level of each patient's symptoms of chronic rhino sinusitis before and after antileukotriene therapy. Responses were converted to symptom scores. For each patient, the role of therapy in the relief of sinus symptoms was evaluated in three ways: by total symptom scores, by self-reports of overall benefit, and by findings on endoscopic nasal examination.

Fifteen of the 18 patients completed the questionnaire. Symptom scores for both major and minor symptoms indicated that nine patients had improved following antileukotriene therapy; three other patients reported some overall benefit from therapy, despite no improvement in their symptom scores. Endoscopic nasal examination findings were consistent with the reports of overall benefit. We conclude that antileukotriene therapy is an effective treatment for most patients whose symptoms of chronic rhino sinusitis persist following sinus surgery.
An Overview of Sleep Disordered Breathing for the Otolaryngologist
Authors: Sher Aaron E.
Published: May 2019

Sleep disordered breathing was first described in ancient times. It is the result of a three-way interaction between the sleep/wake state-specific mechanisms of respiratory control, the interfacing of these mechanisms during times of state change, and the physical properties of the head and neck. Sleep disordered breathing results in pathological daytime sleepiness and is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity. This paper reviews the history of the field, the physiologic and structural factors that result in sleep disordered breathing, and the implications of these factors for therapy.
Who needs a Sleep Test? The Value of the History in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Goode Richard L.
Published: May 2019

Many experts believe that a polysomnogram to screen for obstructive sleep apnea should be performed on every patient who has a history of loud snoring and sleepiness. In contrast, the author believes that with a careful history and physical examination, there is no need to study all such patients, at least not until home polysomnography units become as convenient and economical as pulse oximetry.
The Use of Sleep Tests for Suspected Sleep Disordered Breathing
Authors: Mickelson Samuel A.
Published: May 2019

Rapid advancements in technology have expanded the range of available methods for testing patients with sleep disordered breathing. This article reviews the components of a sleep test and the currently available technologies that are used in standard attended, laboratory (level 1) studies. This paper also reviews the advantages and limitations of unattended at-home evaluations (level 2, 3, and 4 studies) for patients with suspected sleep disordered breathing.
An Overview of Nasal CPAP Therapy in the Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Piper Amanda J. , Stewart Deirdre A.
Published: May 2019

Obstructive sleep apnea is readily reversible with nasally administered continuous positive airway pressure, although its effectiveness can be limited by poor patient compliance with therapy. With recent developments in technology, the ability to both diagnose and manage this disorder is dramatically improving. Assessment and therapeutic intervention can now be carried out not only in attended settings, such as sophisticated sleep laboratories, but in semiattended and unattended situations, including the home. What impact these advances will have on improving patient tolerance to therapy and reducing long-term clinical consequences of obstructive sleep apnea remains to be seen. However, there is no doubt that sleep-trained professionals now have many more tools at their disposal to diagnose and treat this disorder.
Overview of Phase I Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Li Kasey K. , Powell Nelson B. , Riley Robert W. , Troell Robert , Guilleminault Christian
Published: May 2019

It is well established that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Surgical therapy has been demonstrated to be a viable treatment option for cure. Thorough presurgical evaluation with the identification of the type of airway abnormality is mandatory to allow for the utilization of a surgical protocol that results in improved clinical outcomes. Phase I surgical protocol is designed to apply specific surgical procedures to alleviate the obstruction(s) present. Following a logical, stepwise surgical approach in airway reconstruction will minimize surgical interventions and avoid unnecessary operations. The incorporation of a risk-management protocol will minimize treatment complications while achieving cure.
Overview of Phase II Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Li Kasey K. , Riley Robert W. , Powell Nelson B. , Troell Robert , Guilleminault Christian
Published: May 2019

Maxillomandibular advancement is an extremely effective surgical procedure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. When properly executed, it is associated with minimal morbidity and is well accepted by patients. It is a treatment option that achieves long-term cure.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: Prevention of Complications with the Imbrication Technique
Authors: Bresalier Howard J. , Brandes Warren
Published: May 2019

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is widely used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, and many techniques are described in the literature. However, complications and failures remain a problem. We describe a new imbrication technique that reduces pain, minimizes bleeding, and serves to realign muscle tension, thereby reducing palatal bulk. The imbrication technique has become the standard procedure at our clinic.
Changes in Patient Activation in a Self-Management Intervention
Authors: Struwe Leeza A. , Schmaderer Myra S. , Zimmerman Lani
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare results using individual change in level of patient activation measure (PAM) scores, individual point change scores, and group means in an outcome analysis. We evaluated changes in PAM scores (increase in level or increase of ≥5 points) to mean group PAM scores on patients who completed a self-management intervention compared with usual care on health care utilization and health-related quality of life. The sample was a subset of 91 multimorbid patients with complete data at completion of a self-management intervention. Results indicated that using a change in points allowed for more refined analysis of change compared with level changes; however, both individual measures were more reflective of actual change than group means. When tailoring interventions, we should consider using individual change scores. Further research is needed to evaluate how best to use PAM scores to measure the impact on clinical and health care outcomes.
Violence in Times of Peace: A Reading of Jubilee from the Northern Triangle of Central America
Authors: Reyes Miguel
Published: May 2019

The Northern Triangle of Central America is one of the most violent regions in the world. Although the violence has a long history, the countries of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador are currently experiencing a critical situation with a new threat: criminal gangs. This article explores regional violence and elaborates a peacebuilding proposal based on a reading of the concept of jubilee. Jubilee is explained via the categories of inclusion, reconciliation and rest. The article concludes that for the countries of the northern Central American triangle, the application of jubilee principles represents true peace in times of peace.
A Prophetic Presence in the Margins
Authors: Christian Jayakumar
Published: May 2019

The article sets the tone for the rest of this journal by raising some fundamental question of the relevance of the margins for theology of the local church. It explores a possible theology for the local church (christian presence) in the margins of our society. Purusing the theme of Jubilee as ‘presence’ rather than as activism, the author explores five themes for constructing a missiology for the local church’s in the margins. The article defines the local church in the margins of our society as a disruptive prophetic presence.
An Interreligious Initiative for Peace and Harmony: A Christian Perspective
Authors: Cherian Joyson K
Published: May 2019

Spiritual energy and power can be purposefully used to create structures and conditions that allow religious communities to co-exist. In the context of South Asia and particularly of India, can the very presence of Christians become a gift to the community? A useful pointer could be revisiting the concept of Jubilee Year as described in Leviticus, Isaiah and Luke that portrays the message of atonement, restoration, hospitality and renewal of the divine covenant - all of which are essential for inter-religious dialogue. The following paper seeks possible answers by addressing the concerns of the Christian layman and building up a framework for inter-religious dialogue, with a focus on being faithful to the Christian Gospel. The aim is to create conditions in which different accounts of the world of human experience can flourish together.
Heteronormativity and the (re)construction of gay male entrepreneurial identities
Authors: Rumens Nick , Ozturk Mustafa B
Published: May 2019

This article explores how heteronormativity shapes the (re)construction of gay male entrepreneurial identities. Drawing on in-depth interview data and utilising conceptual resources from queer theory, this article traces the effects of heteronormative entrepreneurial discourses, evident in the types of gay male sexualities discursively mobilised by study participants to (re)construct normal gay male entrepreneurial identities. Study data reveal the regulatory and normalising impact of heteronormativity along three discursive themes: entrepreneurial gay masculine identities; the entrepreneurial (gay) ‘family type guy’; and repudiating the feminine in women and other gay men. This article contributes to the limited LGBT entrepreneurship literature, in particular, the scholarship on heteronormativity and entrepreneurial identities, showing how heteronormativity retrenches both the heterosexual/homosexual binary and the male norm at the core of dominant entrepreneurial discourses.
Scenario Modeling of Autonomous Vehicles with Trip-Based Models
Authors: Bernardin Vincent L. , Mansfield Theodore , Swanson Benjamin , Sadrsadat Hadi , Bindra Sumit
Published: May 2019

While a range of methods have been employed to quantify certain anticipated impacts of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), a comprehensive framework for integrating CAVs into trip-based models, like those used by many metropolitan areas today, is lacking. Without real-world CAV usage data, integrating CAVs into trip-based models today requires speculative modeling assumptions; however, incorporating fundamental parameters into existing travel modeling frameworks is timely for two reasons. First, understanding the range of possible futures from scenario planning or exploratory modeling analysis can assist metropolitan areas anticipate and manage the potential risks and benefits of CAVs. Second, data on the travel behavior of early CAV adopters will become available during the lifespan of many models currently in use or development. This paper summarizes an enhanced trip-based modeling framework incorporating uncertainties related to CAVs initially developed in support of the Michigan Department of Transportation’s statewide model. This framework is now being applied in statewide and metropolitan scale models in Michigan, Illinois, Virginia, Indiana, and South Carolina. An important contribution of this framework is its typology of and methods for representing zero-occupant vehicle (ZOV) trips. Additionally, this paper details an exploratory analysis of CAV scenarios in Vermont using a trip-based model incorporating several elements of the framework. In this application, reasonable assumptions related to induced CAV demand, including ZOV trips, resulted in substantial increases in vehicle miles traveled, vehicle hours traveled, and delay despite capacity increases, demonstrating how relatively basic trip-based scenario modeling of CAVs can be a valuable tool for informing and encouraging public policy discussions.
Novel Divide and Combine-Based Approach to Estimating Mixture Markov Model for Large Categorical Time Series Data: Application to Study of Clusters using Multiyear Travel Survey Data
Authors: Zhang Jingyue , Konduri Karthik C. , Chen Renjie , Ravishanker Nalini
Published: May 2019

Over the last few years, as with many other fields, the transportation discipline has been swept by the big data revolution. This revolution has not only brought about tremendous opportunities for conducting interesting data-driven analysis, it has also highlighted challenges associated with using traditional analytical methods to analyze these large datasets. To this end, this paper proposes a new Divide and Combine-based approach to estimating Mixture Markov models for analyzing large categorical time series data. The validity of this approach is demonstrated using a simulation study. Further, the feasibility and applicability is highlighted by conducting a clustering analysis of large activity–travel sequences using multiyear travel survey datasets. In the case study, each individual’s daily activity–travel behavior is characterized as a categorical time series that attempts to capture multiple aspects of travel and activity engagement simultaneously while also incorporating the timing and the schedule of different episodes. The proposed Divide and Combine-based Mixture Markov models are then used to cluster the large data. Subsequently, cluster compositions are explored to understand within and between-cluster differences and their associations with generational cohort factors, socioeconomic attributes, and demographic variables. As a preliminary exploration, the results suggest that travel patterns of individuals over the last three decades can be categorized into three types of travel patterns. Results also provide evidence in support of recent claims about different generational cohorts and their activity–travel behaviors.
Characteristics and Health Outcomes Associated With Hearing Loss and Hearing Aid Use Among Older Adults
Authors: Wells Timothy S. , Nickels Lorraine D. , Rush Steven R. , Musich Shirley A. , Wu Lizi , Bhattarai Gandhi R. , Yeh Charlotte S.
Published: May 2019

Background: This study recruited older adults to explore physical and psychosocial conditions and other health outcomes associated with hearing loss (HL) and hearing aid use. Method: Survey data were used to categorize 20,244 participants into five groups: no HL, unaided mild HL, aided mild HL, unaided severe HL, and aided severe HL. Results: Individuals with unaided severe HL were more likely to report poor-fair self-rated health and were less likely to leave the home, or exercise 4 to 7 days per week, while there were no such associations for those with aided mild or severe HL. In addition, those with aided hearing were less likely to report depression, low social support, or mobility limitations. Discussion: In several instances, hearing aid use reduced associations between HL and negative psychosocial and physical characteristics, and health outcomes. More research using longitudinal study designs is needed to better understand the true implications of these findings.
Investigation on influences of herringbone grooves for the aerostatic journal bearings applied to ultra-high-speed spindles
Authors: Gao Siyu , Shi Yungao , Xu Linsen , Chen Hong , Cheng Kai
Published: May 2019

Aerostatic bearings are the core parts of ultra-high-speed spindles with maximum running speed greater than 100,000 r/min. In this paper, the influences of herringbone grooves on the performance of aerostatic journal bearings are studied to design spindles with the features of higher precision and higher speed. Parametric studies and sensitivity analyses are executed in terms of the improved finite element method, which is specially developed to solve the compressible Reynolds equation for herringbone grooved air bearings. The calculated results indicate that herringbone grooves significantly improve the performance of aerostatic journal bearings under the conditions of ultra-high speeds and low supply pressures. Groove parameters are nonlinear dependent, and groove depth and length are the dominant influential factors for the load capacity at speed of 200,000 r/min. Experiments are designed and conducted to verify the improved finite element method, which show that the improved finite element method can be used to analyze the influences of herringbone grooves on aerostatic journal bearings and also manifest that suitable herringbone groove geometrical parameters can obviously decrease spindle radial runouts at ultra-high speeds.
The aerodynamic development of the new Porsche Cayenne
Authors: Wolf Thomas
Published: May 2019

With significantly enhanced performance, the third generation of the Porsche Cayenne is even more closely oriented towards the principles of sports cars. In addition to improving the driving-dynamic characteristics, the aim of the development was to lower the drag as a contribution towards the reduction of fuel consumption and emissions. Increasing performance and a simultaneous reduction of drag are conflicting objectives, which led to a number of aerodynamic challenges during the development of the new Cayenne. In addition to detailed aerodynamic optimisations, the solution for the new Cayenne consisted of an extended adaptive aerodynamic concept, which enables a compromise between fuel consumption, performance, and comfort depending on the driving condition. The first part of the concept comprises an extended air flap system that, for the first time, enables complete closing of all cooling air inlets in the front end. The second part of the concept is reserved for the top-of-the-range V8 Turbo model and consists of a multifunctional deployable roof spoiler that adapts to the aerodynamic characteristics of the relevant driving condition and features an air-brake function as a highlight.
Vehicle lane keeping system based on TSK fuzzy extension control
Authors: Wang Hongbo , Cui Wei , Xia Zhi , Jiang Wuhua
Published: May 2019

In the traditional lane keeping system, a single control algorithm is used for global-region control, which often results in poor control effect in some control areas. In view of this problem, a control method combining the extension control and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy control is proposed for lane keeping system control. The extension control strategy based on the idea of control with area division divides different control regions according to the states of the system, and adopts different control algorithms in different control areas to address the limitation of a single control algorithm. For the randomness and inaccuracy of artificial experience in control domain division, a method for control domain division based on the density distribution of characteristic plane is proposed in this article. In order to further improve and explore the performance of extension control, Takagi-Sugeno-Kang extension controller is designed with Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy control theory, and the extension control performance is improved when switching among different control algorithms. The proposed control strategy is simulated and tested on the CarSim/Simulink joint simulation platform and the CarSim/LabVIEW hardware-in-loop test bench, respectively. The results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively keep the vehicle near the center line of the lane, and both the lane keeping control accuracy and vehicle stability are improved, which guarantees driving safety and comfort.
Predictive value of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in acute charcoal-burning carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Moon JM , Chun BJ , Shin MH , Cho YS
Published: May 2019

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using the plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) level at the time of presentation in the emergency department (ED) to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) and the long-term neurological outcomes of acute charcoal-burning carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. This retrospective study included 260 patients who suffered acute charcoal-burning CO poisoning. The median plasma NGAL concentration at the time of presentation in the ED after acute charcoal-burning CO poisoning was 78 (54–115) ng/ml. The NGAL level was an independent predictor of AKI development and could be used to stratify the severity of AKI. However, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the predictive model for AKI that included both the plasma NGAL level and clinical parameters was comparable to that of the predictive model including only the clinical parameters. The plasma NGAL level at the time of presentation in the ED was an independent factor predicting long-term neurological outcomes in patients who did not develop AKI. In these patients, the plasma NGAL level significantly improved the predictive accuracy of the model when used in combination with clinical parameters. In contrast, the plasma NGAL level was not associated with long-term neurological outcomes in patients who developed AKI. Measurement of the plasma NGAL level at the time ED presentation might improve the prediction of long-term neurological outcomes in patients who do not develop AKI after acute charcoal-burning CO poisoning. However, it might not offer additional benefit for AKI prediction compared to previously used markers.
The Social Price of Constant Connectivity: Smartphones Impose Subtle Costs on Well-Being
Authors: Kushlev Kostadin , Dwyer Ryan , Dunn Elizabeth W.
Published: May 2019

Smartphones provide people with a variety of benefits, but they may also impose subtle social costs. We propose that being constantly connected undercuts the emotional benefits of face-to-face social interactions in two ways. First, smartphone use may diminish the emotional benefits of ongoing social interactions by preventing us from giving our full attention to friends and family in our immediate social environment. Second, smartphones may lead people to miss out on the emotional benefits of casual social interactions by supplanting such interactions altogether. Across field experiments and experience-sampling studies, we find that smartphones consistently interfere with the emotional benefits people could otherwise reap from their broader social environment. We also find that the costs of smartphone use are fairly subtle, contrary to proclamations in the popular press that smartphones are ruining our social lives. By highlighting how smartphones affect the benefits we derive from our broader social environment, this work provides a foundation for building theory and research on the consequences of mobile technology for human well-being.
Rain erosion-resistant coatings for wind turbine blades: A review
Authors: Dashtkar Arash , Hadavinia Homayoun , Sahinkaya M Necip , Williams Neil A , Vahid Samireh , Ismail Fanya , Turner Matthew
Published: May 2019

Wind blades are the most expensive parts of wind turbines made from fibre-reinforced polymer composites. The blades play a critical role on the energy production, but they are prone to damage like any other composite components. Leading edge (LE) erosion of the wind turbine blades is one of the common damages, causing a reduction in the annual energy production especially in offshore wind turbine farms. This erosion can be caused by rain, sand and flying solid particles. Coating the blade against erosion using appropriate materials can drastically reduce these losses and hence is of great interest. The sol–gel technique is a convenient method to manufacture thin film coatings, which can protect the blades against the rain erosion, while having negligible effect on the weight of the blades. This article provides an extensive review of the liquid erosion mechanism, water erosion testing procedures and the contributing factors to the erosion of the LE of wind turbine blades. Techniques for improving the erosion resistance of the LE using carbon nanotubes and graphene nano-additives are also discussed.
Polymer composite electrolyte of SPSU(Na)/PPEGMA/hBN for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Hamisu Abubakar , Çelik Sevim Ünügür
Published: May 2019

Polymer composite electrolyte based on polysulfone-sodium sulfonate (SPSU(Na)) blended with poly (polyethylene glycol methacrylate) (PPEGMA) using nano-sized hexagonal boron nitride (nano-hBN) as filler was fabricated using a solution casting technique for use in Na-ion batteries. Polysulfone was sulfonated by a post sulfonation method followed by ion exchange with sodium hydroxide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study SPSU(Na)/PEGMA blend and incorporation of hBN nanoparticle into the SPSU(Na)/PPEGMA blend. Thermal properties of the composites were studied with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry tests. X-ray diffraction was used to study phase change. The TGA curve showed two weight loss regions, where 30% weight loss occurred between 200°C and 350°C due to degradation of sulfonic acid groups, and the polymer backbone degradation occurs above 500°C. Surface morphology of the membranes was examined using scanning electron microscopy which reveals the homogeneous dispersion of the nano-hBN particles in the polymer matrix. Ionic conductivity was studied with impedance spectroscopy and the total ionic conductivity increases with increasing PPEGMA ratio. SPSU(Na)/PPEGMA(1:4) sample showed maximum ion conductivity of approximately 5.5 × 10−6 S cm−1 (5.5 × 10−4 S m−1) at 100°C because of the high content of PPEGMA.
Modelling transversely isotropic fiber-reinforced composites with unidirectional fibers and microstructure
Authors: Barrage Ryan , Potapenko Stanislav , Polak Maria Anna
Published: May 2019

This paper develops a micropolar constitutive model for a transversely isotropic composite material comprised of a polymer matrix and unidirectional fibers. The constitutive law follows Eringen’s model for a generally anisotropic micropolar medium and reduces the model to the transversely isotropic case. The model is then used to develop a boundary value problem with a homogenization procedure, with the goal of obtaining an analytical solution for the homogenized elastic moduli once solved. A variational principle is used to develop the boundary conditions.
Nonlinear forced vibration of graphene/piezoelectric sandwich nanoplates subjected to a mechanical shock
Authors: Ghadiri Majid , S Hosseini S Hamed
Published: May 2019

The nonlinear frequency response of graphene/piezoelectric sandwich nanoplates under the electric voltage exerted on piezoelectric layer and a shock force pulse is the objective of the present paper. First, using von Karman nonlinear relations, Kelvin–Voigt model, piezoelectric nonlocal elasticity theory and Hamilton's principle, the nonlinear governing differential equation of motion is derived. In the second step, to transform the partial differential equations to the ordinary differential ones, Galerkin technique is employed. Then, governing equation is solved based on multiple scale method. At the end, modulation equation of graphene/piezoelectric sandwich nanoplate is obtained. Emphasizing the effect of the electric voltage and the shock force pulse, the results for fundamental frequency response are obtained. The results emphasize that the exciting loads can cause multivaluedness in frequency response and intensify the jump phenomenon. Also, they can be effective to amplify the vibration behavior of the structure to make resonance. In addition, the thickness of piezoelectric layer plays a significant role in nonlinear frequency response.
Thrombosed native hemodialysis fistulas: Technical and clinical outcomes of endovascular recanalization and factors influencing patency
Authors: So Young Ho , Choi Young Ho , Oh Sohee , Jung In Mok , Chung Jung Kee , Lucatelli Pierleone
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate the technical and clinical results of endovascular recanalization of thrombosed native hemodialysis fistula and the factors influencing patency.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted with 73 patients who had thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas and were treated with endovascular methods. Patient characteristics, arteriovenous fistula-related characteristics, and endovascular procedures were analyzed. Technical and clinical results and patency rates were evaluated. The factors influencing patency were analyzed using a univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:

Technical and clinical success rates were 93% (68/73) and 85% (62/73), respectively. At 3, 6, and 12 months, the primary patency rates were 87.9%, 73.3%, and 64.8%; assisted primary patency rates were 89.2%, 78.6%, and 70.7%; and secondary patency rates were 90.8%, 87.2%, and 83.1%, respectively. Previous intervention and cephalic arch stenosis were risk factors for lower primary and assisted primary patency ( p < 0.05 for all). Cephalic arch stenosis was the only risk factor for lower secondary patency ( p < 0.05). No major complications associated with the procedures were noticed.

Conclusion:

Endovascular treatment was effective for the immediate recanalization of thrombosed arteriovenous fistula. In addition, previous intervention and cephalic arch stenosis were significantly related to lower arteriovenous fistula patency.
The Role of Body-Related Afferent Signals in Human Sense of Agency
Authors: Pyasik Maria , Furlanetto Tiziano , Pia Lorenzo
Published: May 2019

At present, most of the neurocognitive models of human sense of agency (ie, “this action is due to my own will”) have been traditionally rooted in a variety of internal efferent signals arising within the motor system. However, recent neuroscientific evidence has suggested that also the body-related afferent signals that subserve body ownership (ie, “this body is mine”) might have a key role in this process. Accordingly, in the present review paper, we briefly examined the literature investigating how and to what extent body ownership contributes to building up human motor consciousness. Evidence suggests that, if required by the context, body ownership per se can act on agency attribution (ie, independently from efferent signals). Hence, a unitary and coherent subjective experience of willed actions (ie, “this willed action is being realized by my own body”) requires both awareness of being an agent and of owning the body.
Undergraduate Dermatology Medical Education: Results of a Large-Scale Patient Viewing Program
Authors: Waller Brittany A. M. , Liu Annie , Fleming Patrick , Lansang Perla
Published: May 2019

Background:

Delivering quality dermatologic instruction to medical students can be difficult; time constraints, limited clinical teachers, and a lack of standardization pose challenges. The literature suggests that many trainees and primary care physicians could benefit from increased clinical dermatology teaching.

Objective:

We sought to deliver and analyze the results of a large-scale patient-viewing undergraduate dermatology education program.

Methods:

A total of 250 third-year medical students participated in a 32-station patient-viewing program. Voluntary pre- and posttest surveys were administered to evaluate knowledge and self-perceived abilities in dermatology. The identical tests were composed of 20 multiple-choice and 5 self-perception questions.

Results:

The response rate for completion of pre- and posttests was 24% (N = 59). Pre- and postknowledge test score means were 69.0% and 93.20%, respectively. Pre- and post–self-perception test score means were 3.95/10 and 7.25/10, respectively. Positive student feedback was received on the patient-viewing educational experience.

Conclusion:

Improvements in knowledge scores and self-assessment scores support the potential integration of structured patient-viewing teaching into undergraduate dermatology medical education curricula.
Mental health support apps and ‘proper distance’: relational ethics in mHealth
Authors: Shaw Frances , McCosker Anthony
Published: May 2019

mHealth programmes and apps have been developed by organisations like Beyond Blue and the Black Dog Institute, as tools to help people manage their mental health. The pace of development raises questions about ensuring sustained engagement and an ethical approach. Derived from ethnographic research at each organisation, this article explores reflections by research and development workers on the relational aspects of technology development, how this is negotiated and considered within mental health organisations, and the mediated relationship between users and organisations as a result. We use Silverstone’s concept of ‘proper distance’ alongside Levinas’ conceptualisation of responsibility to explore the relational ethics of apps. We argue for the importance of relational ethics in mobile mental health, in the way that medical ethics considers the doctor–patient relationship.
Computational modeling for climate change: Simulating and visualizing a resilient landscape architecture design approach
Authors: Ackerman Aidan , Cave Jonathan , Lin Chien-Yu , Stillwell Kyle
Published: May 2019

Coastlines are changing, wildfires are raging, cities are getting hotter, and spatial designers are charged with the task of designing to mitigate these unknowns. This research examines computational digital workflows to understand and alleviate the impacts of climate change on urban landscapes. The methodology includes two separate simulation and visualization workflows. The first workflow uses an animated particle fluid simulator in combination with geographic information systems data, Photoshop software, and three-dimensional modeling and animation software to simulate erosion and sedimentation patterns, coastal inundation, and sea level rise. The second workflow integrates building information modeling data, computational fluid dynamics simulators, and parameters from EnergyPlus and Landsat to produce typologies and strategies for mitigating urban heat island effects. The effectiveness of these workflows is demonstrated by inserting design prototypes into modeled environments to visualize their success or failure. The result of these efforts is a suite of workflows which have the potential to vastly improve the efficacy with which architects and landscape architects use existing data to address the urgency of climate change.
Enhanced antistatic properties of polyethylene film/polypropylene-coated non-woven fabrics by compound of hot-melt adhesive and polymer antistatic agent
Authors: Wang Zongqian , Wang Dengfeng , Zhu Zun , Li Wei , Xie Yanxia
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the compound hot-melt adhesives were prepared by blending alkyl sulfonate polymer antistatic agent with modified rosin hot-melt adhesive and used for the preparation of polyethylene film/polypropylene-coated non-woven fabrics. The effects of the amount of antistatic agent on the melt viscosity, softening point, and thermal stability of the compounded hot-melt adhesives were studied. Then, the antistatic properties and its washing fastness of the coated non-woven fabrics were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the softening point and the melt viscosity of the hot-melt adhesives decreased after compounding, and the thermal stability of the compound hot-melt adhesives decreased in the high temperature range, which was not affected before 200℃. The surface inductive voltage, half-life, and specific resistance of the coated non-woven fabrics prepared from the compound adhesives decreased gradually with the increase of the amount of the antistatic agent, indicating that the antistatic property of the prepared fabrics was gradually improved. In addition, the fabrics still exhibited antistatic properties after soaping for several times. The influence of compound adhesive on the wettability of fabric surface was consistent with that of antistatic property. Finally, the mechanism of the hot-melt adhesive and antistatic agent compounding technology to improve the antistatic performance of the coated non-woven fabrics was elaborated, and the reason for its excellent soaping durability was also explained.
Smartphone Application as an Education Platform in Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery
Authors: Roy Mayank , Dip Fernando , Rosales Armando , Roche Matthew , Hutchins Robert R.
Published: May 2019

Background. There are no data to assess the need for smartphone applications (SA) as an educational tool in hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) surgery. The primary objective of this study was to assess if SA can be used as an educational tool in HPB surgery. The secondary objective was to assess if SA can help as a decision-making tool for fellowship applicants in HPB surgery. Methods. A preapproved questionnaire was e-mailed by International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association to all its 2350 members. Results. Two hundred seventy-one surgeons responded to the survey. Eight were excluded for incomplete data. A total of 48.7% of responders were between 28 and 43 years old (generation X) and 45.2% between 44 and 62 years old (baby boomers). A total of 37.6% of the responders considered SA as an effective method to teach future trainees, and there were slightly higher odds of choosing SA as a teaching tool if the responder considered themselves as an innovator (odds ratio: 2.24). A total of 87.8% of the responders believe that SA in HPB surgery can be directed toward surgical trainees’ education, and 91.6% believed SA can be directed toward a fellow. Ninety-five percent of the responders believed that SA in HPB surgery can possibly help a future applicant to choose an HPB fellowship program. Conclusion. SA can complement other teaching techniques and educational tools in HPB surgery. In addition, it can potentially be used as a platform for HPB surgery fellowship by helping in making a decision regarding appropriate fellowship programs.