bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race, Class, and Shame in the Fiction of Philip Roth
Authors: Tenenbaum David
Published: January 2007

A central irony that runs through Roth's work is that where his protagonists attempt to evade the importance of ethnicity, they ultimately make it the defining element of their personal relationships. The characters in Portnoy's Complaint (1969), My Life as a Man (1974), The Professor of Desire (1977, and The Human Stain (2001) attempt to find through their intimacy with the cultural Other some element of their essential identity, the "true self," that they believe is stanched through the ethnic or racial associations that define them. In his three initial novels depicting elements of his own marriage gone sour, as well as later in The Human Stain, Roth portrays characters who attempt to escape what they perceive as a shameful element of their cultural heritage through their relationship with one of the many embodiments of his late wife, Margaret Martinson Williams. These men's efforts to escape the associations of their ethnicity through the cultural Other ultimately alienates them from the identity that they hope to realize.
Where Life-Worlds Converge: Reflections on a Visit To Mattersburg
Authors: Vertlib Vladimir , Lorenz Dagmar C. G.
Published: January 2007

At first sight nothing seems out of the ordinary in the little-known Austrian town of Mattersburg, which is located in the rural Burgenland close to the Hungarian border. Inserted into the one-story houses characteristic of the local architecture is the obligatory high rise, erected in the 1950s as a symbol of prosperity and wealth. However, a Jewish cemetery with brand new headstones put up by the Chevra Kadisha strikes the narrator's attention immediately; and upon further investigation, he learns that the otherwise unremarkable high rise was built on the site of the town's destroyed Jewish quarter. This essay explores the fate of the Jews of Mattersburg, the events that precipitated the demise of their community during the Nazi era, and the significance of the reconstructed graveyard, a monument to a sizeable traditional Jewish community. To the narrator, the lost shtetl of Mattersburg calls to mind similar sites in his native Russia that to this day have remained unmarked and forgotten; he sketches a cultural panorama that extends from Mattersburg to the Russian Pale of Settlement, where his family had its roots.
The Smallholder's Dilemma
Authors: Stoll Steven
Published: January 2007

Nearly absent from the current popular interest in food is a sense of the political and ecological implications of corporate control over agriculture and the countryside. In Raising Less Corn, More Hell: The Case for the Independent Farm and Against Industrial Food, George Pyle expresses anger for the way that corporate agriculture and the United States government have shaped production by producing food of low quality while pushing out small-scale farmers. The logic of small-scale farming is the subject of a series of books that might be called the agrarian school of political ecology—the study of land and its control as a political process, with social as well as environmental implications. The books considered in this article consider swidden agriculture, farming for use value rather than exchange value, and the history of small-hold farmers in Europe and east Asia. All of these books speak to the independence of farmers as indistinguishable from the way they farm.
All for All: Equality, Corruption, and Social Trust
Authors: Rothstein Bo , Uslaner Eric M.
Published: January 2007

The importance of social trust has become widely accepted in the social sciences. A number of explanations have been put forward for the stark variation in social trust among countries. Among these, participation in voluntary associations received most attention. Yet there is scant evidence that participation can lead to trust. In this article, the authors examine a variable that has not gotten the attention it deserves in the discussion about the sources of generalized trust, namely, equality. They conceptualize equality along two dimensions: economic equality and equality of opportunity. The omission of both these dimensions of equality in the social capital literature is peculiar for several reasons. First, it is obvious that the countries that score highest on social trust also rank highest on economic equality, namely, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and Canada. Second, these countries have put a lot of effort in creating equality of opportunity, not least in regard to their policies for public education, health care, labor market opportunities, and (more recently) gender equality. The argument for increasing social trust by reducing inequality has largely been ignored in the policy debates about social trust. Social capital research has to a large extent been used by several governments and policy organizations to send a message to people that the bad things in their society are caused by too little volunteering. The policy implications that follow from the authors' research is that the low levels of trust and social capital that plague many countries are caused by too little government action to reduce inequality. However, many countries with low levels of social trust and social capital may be stuck in what is known as asocial trap. The logic of such a situation is the following. Social trust will not increase because massive social inequality prevails, but the public policies that could remedy this situation cannot be established precisely because there is a genuine lack of trust. This lack of trust concerns both “other people” and the government institutions that are needed to implement universal policies.
Substituent Effects on Crosslike Packing of 2′,7′‐Diaryl‐ spiro(cyclopropane‐1,9′‐fluorene) Derivatives: Synthesis and Crystallographic, Optical, and Thermal Properties
Authors: Wang Z. , Shao H. , Ye J. , Zhang L. , Lu P.
Published: January 2007

A series of 2′,7′‐diarylspiro(cyclopropane‐1,9′‐fluorene) derivatives are efficiently synthesized and characterized to determine the reason for the “green‐light” emission of these compounds. These compounds exhibit bright‐violet to blue photoluminescence (PL) (λPLmax = 353–419 nm) with excellent PL quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 83–100 %) in solution and show high thermal stabilities (Td = 267–474 °C). The variation of the optical properties of these molecules in the solid state depends on the different stacking modes of these compounds containing different substituents, which are revealed by crystallographic analysis. CH…π hydrogen bonds instead of intermolecular π–π interactions act as the driving force between adjacent fluorenes, even though a very small dialkyl group (cyclopropane) is introduced at the C‐9 position of fluorene. The crosslike molecular stacking efficiently reduces the energy transfer between the herring‐like aggregates and therefore results in the absence of a “green‐light” emission tail. In order to determine the cause of the “green‐light” emission tails, the fluorescence spectra of the films annealed in N2 or in air are recorded. Broad green‐light emission tails were observed for the films annealed in air, which might be caused by fluorenone defects generated during processing or during the course of the photophysical analysis by reaction with residual oxygen.
Computational study of the absorption spectra of green fluorescent protein mutants
Authors: Patnaik Soumya S. , Trohalaki Steven , Naik Rajesh R. , Stone Morley O. , Pachter Ruth
Published: January 2007

In this work, we present a theoretical study of the relationship between molecular structure and the red‐shift in absorption spectra of S65G and S65T green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutants. To identify the effects of the protein environment, we combined results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations to obtain structural properties, and applied time‐dependent density functional theory to calculate the excitation energies. By using results from the MD simulations, we were able to provide a systematic analysis of the structural details that may effect the red‐shift in the absorption spectra when taking into account temperature effects. Furthermore, a detailed study of hydrogen bonding during the MD simulations demonstrated differences between S65G and S65T, for example, regarding hydrogen bonding with Glu222. An analysis of the absorption spectra for different forms of the chromophore emphasized the dominance of the anionic forms in solution for the S65G and S65T GFP mutants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 253–263, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Switch‐peptides as folding precursors in self‐assembling peptides and amyloid fibrillogenesis
Authors: Tuchscherer Gabriele , Chandravarkar Arunan , Camus Marie‐Stéphanie , Bérard Jérémy , Murat Karine , Schmid Adrian , Mimna Richard , Lashuel Hilal A. , Mutter Manfred
Published: January 2007

The study of conformational transitions of peptides has obtained considerable attention recently because of their importance as a molecular key event in a variety of degenerative diseases. However, the study of peptide selfassembly into β‐sheets and amyloid β (Aβ) fibrils is strongly hampered by their difficult synthetic access and low solubility. We have recently developed a new concept termed “switch‐peptides” that allows the controlled onset of polypeptide folding and misfolding at physiologic conditions. As a major feature, the folding process is initiated by chemically or enzyme triggered O,N‐acyl migration in flexible and soluble folding precursors containing Ser‐ or Thr‐derived switch (S)‐elements. The elaborated methodologies are exemplified for the in situ conversion of NPY‐ and Cyclosporine A‐derived prodrugs, as well as for the onset and reversal of α and β conformational transitions in Aβ peptides. In combining orthogonally addressable switch‐elements, the consecutive switching on of S‐elements gives new insights into the role of individual peptide segments (“hot spots”) in early processes of polypeptide self‐assembly and fibrillogenesis. Finally, the well‐known secondary structure disrupting effect of pseudoprolines (ΨPro) is explored for its use as a building block (S‐element) in switch‐peptides. To this end, synthetic strategies are described, allowing for the preparation of Ψ Pro‐containing folding precursors, exhibiting flexible random‐coil conformations devoid of fibril forming propensity. The onset of β‐sheet and fibril formation by restoring the native peptide chain in a single step classify Ψ Pro‐units as the most powerful tool for inhibiting peptide self‐assembly, and complement the present methodologies of the switch‐concept for the study of fibrillogenesis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 239–252, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A new sequence representation as applied in better specificity elucidation for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease
Authors: Liang Gui Z. , Li Shengshi Z.
Published: January 2007

Factor analysis scales of generalized amino acid information (FASGAI) involving hydrophobicity, alpha and turn propensities, bulky properties, compositional characteristics, local flexibility, and electronic properties were derived from 516 property parameters of 20‐coded amino acids, and was then employed to represent sequence structures of 746 peptides with 8 amino acid residues. Cleavage site prediction models for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease by linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine with radial basis function kernel were constructed to identify if they could be cleaved or not, and were further utilized to investigate the cleavage specificity. These diversified properties, including the bulky properties, secondary conformation characteristics, electronic properties, and hydrophobicity at the first, the second, the fourth, the fifth, and the sixth residue, are possibly important factors in determining HIV PR cleavage or not. Particularly, maximal positive and negative influences result from the bulky properties of different sites. Further results from analysis of variance also likely reflect that the HIV PR recognizes diversified key properties of various sites in the octameric sequences. Satisfactory results show that FASGAI can not only be used to represent sequence structures of various functional peptides, but alsoprovide a potential feasible measure for exploring relationship between protein motif sequences and their functions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 401–412, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Relationship of complex spike synchrony bands and climbing fiber projection determined by reference to aldolase C compartments in crus IIa of the rat cerebellar cortex
Authors: Sugihara Izumi , Marshall Sarah P. , Lang Eric J.
Published: January 2007

Synchronous complex spike (CS) activity occurs most often among cerebellar Purkinje cells located in a narrow longitudinal (parasagittal) strip of cortex (synchrony band). The relationship of the anatomical organization of the olivocerebellar projection to these synchrony bands has not been investigated in detail. Thus, we studied this relationship by using the aldolase C (zebrin II) expression pattern, another landmark for the cerebellar longitudinal organization, as a reference frame in rat crus IIa. Crus IIa consists of 10 aldolase C‐positive and ‐negative longitudinal compartments. Aldolase C labeling after multiple‐electrode recording of CSs indicated that in lateral crus IIa (compartments 5+ to 7+) synchrony bands were generally constrained to single compartments. In contrast, in medial crus IIa (compartments 4a− to 5a−) the synchrony within and across the compartments was much higher than in lateral crus IIa, resulting in wide synchrony bands covering multiple compartments. Retrograde labeling of olivary neurons by injections of biotinylated dextran amine into aldolase C compartments in crus IIa showed that compartments in medial crus IIa were all innervated by the caudal part of the medial accessory olive. On the other hand, each aldolase C compartment in the lateral crus IIa was innervated by a region in a different subnucleus in the rostral inferior olive. These regions in different subnuclei were located close to each other. These results suggest that CS synchrony bands reflect the olivocerebellar compartmental projection pattern and neuronal coupling within a particular olivary subnucleus, and that medial and lateral crus IIa may be functionally distinct. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:13–29, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical and thalamic connections of the representations of the teeth and tongue in somatosensory cortex of new world monkeys
Authors: Iyengar Soumya , Qi Hui‐Xin , Jain Neeraj , Kaas Jon H.
Published: January 2007

Connections of representations of the teeth and tongue in primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) and adjoining cortex were revealed in owl, squirrel, and marmoset monkeys with injections of fluorescent tracers. Injection sites were identified by microelectrode recordings from neurons responsive to touch on the teeth or tongue. Patterns of cortical label were related to myeloarchitecture in sections cut parallel to the surface of flattened cortex, and to coronal sections of the thalamus processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Cortical sections revealed a caudorostral series of myelin dense ovals (O1–O4) in area 3b that represent the periodontal receptors of the contralateral teeth, the contralateral tongue, the ipsilateral teeth, and the ipsilateral tongue. The ventroposterior medial subnucleus, VPM, and the ventroposterior medial parvicellular nucleus for taste, VPMpc, were identified in the thalamic sections. Injections placed in the O1 oval representing teeth labeled neurons in VPM, while injections in O2 representing the tongue labeled neurons in both VPMpc and VPM. These injections also labeled adjacent part of areas 3a and 1, and locations in the lateral sulcus and frontal lobe. Callosally, connections of the ovals were most dense with corresponding ovals. Injections in the area 1 representation of the tongue labeled neurons in VPMpc and VPM, and ipsilateral area 3b ovals, area 3a, opercular cortex, and cortex in the lateral sulcus. Contralaterally, labeled neurons were mostly in area 1. The results implicate portions of areas 3b, 3a, and 1 in the processing of tactile information from the teeth and tongue, and possibly taste information from the tongue. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:95–120, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus‐related cellular changes measured by cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy and chromatin texture
Authors: Scheurer Michael E. , Guillaud Martial , Tortolero‐Luna Guillermo , McAulay Calum , Follen Michele , Adler‐Storthz Karen
Published: January 2007

Background:

Image cytometry has provided two highly sensitive markers for the identification of the malignant potential of squamous lesions. Aneuploidy and chromatin texture have been investigated as quantitative measures of nuclear damage in premalignant lesions and carcinoma. Real‐time PCR methods have evolved to yield highly specific measurements of mRNA expression in very sparse cellular samples.

Methods:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 E7 mRNA expression was measured using quantitative RT‐PCR. DNA index and chromatin measures were taken from image cytology samples. The chromatin features, through discriminant analysis, were aggregated into a score, and both measurements were related to mRNA expression.

Results:

mRNA level and DNA index show an increasing trend over increasing histological grades. However, DNA index and chromatin score were not correlated to mRNA levels in these samples. Chromatin score differed by mRNA type found with HPV 18 infected samples having a higher score than those with HPV 16. Samples infected with HPV 16 and HPV 18 had even higher chromatin scores.

Conclusions:

DNA index and chromatin score were not directly correlated with mRNA levels. However both mRNA and DNA index were related to histological grade, and chromatin score was associated with HPV type. Therefore, DNA index and mRNA levels could be independent predictors of cervical dysplasia, and chromatin score could be related to the viral integration process in cells infected with HPV 18 or dual infections. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Assessing immunophenotyping performance: Proficiency‐validation for adopting improved flow cytometry methods
Authors: Hultin Lance E. , Menendez Frederick A. , Hultin Patricia M. , Jamieson Beth D. , O'Gorman Maurice R. G. , Borowski Luann , Matud Jose L. , Denny Thomas N. , Margolick Joseph B.
Published: January 2007

Background:

The continuous improvement and evolution of immune cell phenotyping requires periodic upgrading of laboratory methods and technology. Flow cytometry laboratories that are participating in research protocols sponsored by the NIAID are required to perform “switch” studies to validate performance before methods for T‐cell subset analysis can be changed.

Methods:

Switch studies were conducted among the four flow cytometry laboratories of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), comparing a 2‐color, lyse‐wash method and a newer, 3‐color, lyse no‐wash method. Two of the laboratories twice failed to satisfy the criteria for acceptable differences from the previous method. Rather than repeating more switch studies, these laboratories were allowed to adopt the 3‐color, lyse no‐wash method. To evaluate the impact of the switch to the new method at these two sites, their results with the new method were evaluated within the context of all laboratories participating in the NIH‐NIAID‐Division of AIDS Immunology Quality Assurance (IQA) proficiency‐testing program.

Results:

Laboratory performance at these two sites substantially improved relative to the IQA standard test results. Variation across the four MACS sites and across replicate samples was also reduced.

Conclusions:

Although switch studies are the conventional method for assessing comparability of laboratory methods, two alternatives to the requirement of repeating failed switch studies should be considered: (1) test the new method and assess performance on the proficiency testing reference panel, and (2) prior to adoption of the new methods, use both the old and the new method on the reference panel samples and demonstrate that performance with the new method is better according to standard statistical procedures. These alternatives may help some laboratories' transition to a new and superior methodology more quickly than if they are required to attempt multiple, serial switch studies. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
The unimolecular elimination kinetics of benzaldoxime in the gas phase
Authors: Julio Libia L. , Herize Armando , Tosta Maria , Dominguez Rosa M. , Lafont Jennifer , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: January 2007

The kinetics of the gas‐phase elimination of benzaldoxime was determined in a static reaction system over the temperature and pressure range 350°C–400°C and 56–140 Torr, respectively. The products obtained were benzonitrile and water. The reaction was found to be homogeneous, unimolecular, and tend to obey a first‐order rate law. The observed rate coefficient is represented by the following Arrhenius equation:

equation image

According to kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, the reaction proceeds through a concerted, semi‐polar, four‐membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 145–147, 2007
Evidence for the receipt of DNA damage stimuli by PML nuclear domains
Authors: Varadaraj A , Dovey CL , Laredj L , Ferguson B , Alexander CE , Lubben N , Wyllie AH , Rich T
Published: January 2007

Promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear domains (PML‐NDs) comprise a shell of PML protein and many labile cargo proteins. The nature of their cargo, their juxtaposition to foci of damaged DNA following ionizing radiation (IR), and the altered DNA damage responses in PML null cells all implicate PML‐NDs in the DNA damage response. In this work, the propensity of PML‐NDs to increase in number and decrease in size following IR has been studied. Serial quantitative studies of endogenous PML‐NDs prove that the PML‐ND response to IR is not the result of the asymmetry in cell cycle distribution that can follow IR, but reflects more directly the process of DNA damage. The response is swift, sensitive (evident after 1 Gy), and potentially reversible in untransformed fibroblasts. In these cells and in HCT116 colon cancer cells, failure to restore PML‐ND number within 24 h correlates with later loss of growth potential—in fibroblasts, through prolonged cell cycle arrest and in HCT116 cells, through apoptosis. Failure to express an intact ATM/CHK2 DNA damage signalling pathway in either cell type leads to a delay in the PML‐ND response to IR. Conversely, cell cycle progression following IR in cells that detect damaged DNA accelerates PML‐ND reorganization. Collectively, these data show that the increase in PML‐ND number seen after irradiation is, in part, triggered by the receipt of the DNA damage stimulus. The senescent cell state is also associated with chronic DNA damage and Hayflick‐limited fibroblasts were found to express nuclei with elevated numbers of PML‐NDs before IR that remained unresponsive to IR. Though the underlying reasons for damage‐induced PML alteration remain obscure, it is noteworthy that significant numbers of PML‐NDs juxtapose with ionizing radiation‐induced foci after IR. The co‐regulation of these structures may necessitate the stereotyped increases in PML‐ND number following damage. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC‐photodiode array detection analysis of curcuminoids in Curcuma species indigenous to Indonesia
Authors: Bos Rein , Windono Tri , Woerdenbag Herman J. , Boersma Ykelien L. , Koulman Albert , Kayser Oliver
Published: January 2007

An optimized HPLC method with photodiode array detection was developed and applied to analyse the curcuminoids curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bis‐demethoxycurcumin in rhizomes of Curcuma mangga Val &. v. Zijp, C. heyneana Val. & v. Zijp, C. aeruginosa Roxb. and C. soloensis Val. (Zingiberaceae), indigenous to Indonesia. The method was validated with an isocratic system, a short run time of 10 min and a baseline separation. The curcuminoid content was 0.18–0.47% for C. mangga, 0.98–3.21% for C. heyneana, 0.02–0.03% for C. aeruginosa and 0.40% for C. soloensis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Native proteomic analysis of protein complexes in murine intestinal brush border membranes
Authors: Babušiak Marek , Man Petr , Petrak Jiri , Vyoral Daniel
Published: January 2007

Intestinal epithelial cell protrusions referred as microvilli or brush border membranes (BBMs) are specialized in the digestion, uptake, and transport of nutrients, trace elements and vitamins from intestinal lumen into the circulation. Disorders of intestinal absorption are common in human pathology and include serious defects such as malabsorption. A detailed description of native digestive protein complexes in BBMs is therefore essential for understanding the physiology and pathology of digestion and absorption. In this study, we employed blue native PAGE (BN‐PAGE) technique to separate protein complexes from purified mouse intestinal BBMs. We found 23 distinct protein complexes, which were cut off from the gel, and their protein composition was determined by LC‐MS/MS. A total of 55 individual proteins were identified including peptidases, enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, membrane transporters, cytoskeletal proteins, chaperones, and regulatory enzymes. From the identified proteins, 50% represent molecules with at least one predicted transmembrane domain as predicted by SOSUI software. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt aimed to characterize the native membrane proteome of intestinal BBM. As demonstrated here, BN‐PAGE is a powerful tool for the separation of not only mitochondrial, but also membrane hydrophobic proteins in general. In addition, BN‐PAGE technique preserves metal–protein interactions, as shown by the presence of 65Zn in metalloprotein complexes, isolated from zinc‐radiolabeled BBMs.
Photogenerated glycan arrays identify immunogenic sugar moieties of Bacillus anthracis exosporium
Authors: Wang Denong , Carroll Gregory T. , Turro Nicholas J. , Koberstein Jeffrey T. , Kováč Pavol , Saksena Rina , Adamo Roberto , Herzenberg Leonore A. , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Steinman Lawrence
Published: January 2007

Using photogenerated glycan arrays, we characterized a large panel of synthetic carbohydrates for their antigenic reactivities with pathogen‐specific antibodies. We discovered that rabbit IgG antibodies elicited by Bacillus anthracis spores specifically recognize a tetrasaccharide chain that decorates the outermost surfaces of the B. anthracis exosporium. Since this sugar moiety is highly specific for the spores of B. anthracis, it appears to be a key biomarker for detection of B. anthracis spores and development of novel vaccines that target anthrax spores.
New mortalin and histidyl tRNA synthetase isoforms point out a pitfall in proteomic analysis of Egr1 genetically modified mice
Authors: Chardonnet Solenne , Decottignies Paulette , Amar Laurence , Le Caer Jean‐Pierre , Davis Sabrina , Laroche Serge , Le Maréchal Pierre
Published: January 2007

Egr1 (Zif268) is an immediate early gene encoding an inducible transcription factor involved in synaptic plasticity and several forms of memory in rodents. Using 2‐DE and MS, we compared proteomes of hippocampal subregions and cortex in Egr1‐deficient and wild‐type littermates. Two significant differences were identified: a shift in the pI of the molecular chaperone mortalin (mtHsp70/PBP74/Grp75) and the apparent disappearance of histidyl tRNA synthetase (HisRS). We found that the pI shift for mortalin in Egr1‐deficient mice was caused by a difference in protein sequence: D626G. Using cDNA sequencing, we demonstrated for both mortalin and HisRS that protein differences were not due to a lack of Egr1 but to DNA polymorphism between the C57Bl/6J and 129/Sv strains used to generate the Egr1‐deficient mice. Our results show that mortalin and HisRS genes, which map closely to the Egr1 locus, have conserved the 129/Sv haplotype despite numerous back‐crossing of the null mice progeny with C57Bl/6J animals. This demonstrates that allelic differences between mouse strains can introduce variations in differential proteomic analyses of genetically modified organisms. Finally, we report the identification of new isoforms of HisRS and mortalin (mot‐3) encoded by the 129/Sv haplotype.
Korean 4‐ to 11‐year‐old student conceptions of heat and temperature
Authors: Paik Seoung‐Hey , Cho Boo‐Kyung , Go Young‐Mi
Published: January 2007

The aim of the present study is to shed light on the conceptions that young students have of heat and temperature, concepts that are both important in school science curricula and closely related to daily life. The subjects of the study were students from a rural district in South Korea and they ranged in age from 4 to 11 years. Interviews were conducted with each student on the basis of questions on temperature, thermal insulation, and heat equilibrium. After calculating the frequency and percentage of student responses and analyzing the rationale for their answers, it was found that younger students tended to view temperature as “size” or a “summation of numbers.” This tendency gradually diminished in older students. Most students had alternative conceptions of thermal insulation regardless of age; however, reasoning differed according to age. Younger students displayed a greater tendency to view insulation as a material property, whereas older students showed a greater tendency toward rational heat and temperature conceptions. Most students did not have clear concepts of heat equilibrium regardless of age, but possessed numerous alternative conceptions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 284–302, 2007
The development of sampling techniques for populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Mukerji M. K.
Published: January 2007

The relationship of ‘mean crowding’ to mean density showed that counts of nymphs and adults of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Beauv.), on birdsfoot trefoil were aggregated and that the index of basic contagion approached zero for each developing stage. Aggregation increased gradually from the first to the fourth instar and then decreased through the adult stage. The mortality process from the first to the fifth instar was inversely density dependent.

Inter‐sample variance was the major source of population variance although significant variance was occasionally associated with blocks and plots owing to heterogeneity of the host stand. The most appropriate sample unit was a 3 sq. ft. area of foliage and substrate. This was divided into four quarters; application of the variance component technique indicated that in most cases one quarter drawn at random was optimal for sampling different stages. The number of samples required to attain a given level of precision varied inversely with population density. The cost function for sampling was determined for specified levels of precision.
Spatial distribution of the green peach aphid used in estimating the populations of gynoparae
Authors: Tamaki George , McGuire J. U. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: January 2007

In 2 years, during the initial invasion of peach leaves by the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), the number of gynoparae was low, and the distribution on leaves was random. Then as the mean number increased, the distribution became intermediate and could not be distinguished from either a Poisson or a negative binomial. Finally, as the mean continued to increase, the variance increased rapidly, and the population was found to fit a negative binomial distribution. Thus the aggregation response was verified because the dispersion pattern fitted a contagious distribution. A sampling plan was devised by which the dispersion parameter k was used to estimate the density of aphids per leaf based on the percentage of leaves infested. Sampling the third year of the study confirmed the validity of the sampling parameter that had been calculated from data for the 2 previous years.
Productivity modifications to flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) by gamma radiation (60Co) of one or both sexes and by the addition of radiated males or females to population
Authors: Erdman Howard E.
Published: January 2007

The effects on productivity by the addition of various numbers of radiated adult males or females to populations of two densities were determined for two species of flour beetles.

Modifications in productivity after exposure to gamma radiation from60Co included:

females of T. confusum were sterilized by an exposure between 2620 to 5230 R.

females of T. castaneum were not sterilized by 10, 200 R.

males were not sterilized by 10, 200 R.

sterile females may serve as depositories for normal sperm thereby reducing the productivity. Addition of such females to populations of flour beetles did not reduce the numbers of progeny.

since sterile females did not suppress population development, and since they destroy grain and cereal products, they should be eliminated from control programs featuring the sterile insect release technique.

population density decreased the numbers of progeny.

The use of the sterile insect release technique to control insects of stored grain products does not seem likely with present day sanitary standards since large numbers of insects need be added to effect control.
An interpretation of aphid population development by statistical model
Authors: Shiyomi Masae
Published: January 2007

Shiyomi (1967a and b) proposed two models which describe the reproduction and the plant‐to‐plant movement of aphids. For the explanation of the whole process of development of population of aphids, the above two models were incorporated into a new model (called Model C). This model is superior in the following points to the negative binomial model:

Model C has 7 parameters and gives a fuller explanation compared with the negative binomial model which has 2 parameters.

Model C describes the structure of population at any stage of its development, while the negative binomial model describes that of a well developed stage of population.
Studies on the interference among larvae of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrellastainton (lepidoptera: Phyllocnistidae)
Authors: Murai Minoru
Published: January 2007

Observation of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrellaStainton suggested that contacts among larvae frequently occur and either of two larvae encountered is sometimes killed by the interference. A model to describe the competitive interactions in the process of interference was constracted with this species.

The distribution of hatchling on an area was considered in the model. The model was based on that of encounters in randomly moving particles in two dimensions. First the time when first death occurs was calculated and n hatchlings were reduced to n−1. Further calculation was made to obtain the time that next death occurs. Such calculation was repeated until the number of larvae was reduced to 1 or the area of mine attained to the completed size. By the simulation based on the data observed on the citrus leaf miner, the numbers of survivors were calculated at different hatchling densities and on different leaves in size.

Based on this simulation analysis it was suggested that the following characteristics observed in the present studies enable the maximul number of individuals to become adults.

When two hatchlings occur on a leaf, they tend to be separated by the midrib. This implies that female moths tend to reject to lay eggs on the area which has already contained the egg.

The larva sometimes avoids the contact immediately before it occurs.

The larval mortality caused by a contact is reduced with the larval growth. Since the frequency of contacts increases as the mine is enlarged, the change to high survival prevents the larva from high mortality caused by the increase of contacts.

The larval survival does not decrease in spite of the reduction of the area available for mining.
Population dynamics of Trigoniulus lumbricinus (gerst) (Diplopoda: Trigoniulidae)
Authors: Banerjee Barundeb
Published: January 2007

The number of the diplopod, Trigoniulus lumbricinus (Gerst) in the leaf litter varies between months. The annual population peak is reached during May to July after which the population declines. The seasonal population change is statistically correlated with the rainfall, but a causal relationship is difficult to establish: there is no indication that the population is regulated by any density related process either. It is speculated that a long term study of the population in different parts of its distribution range can only clarify the density relations.
Thermal analysis of palm stearine by DSC
Authors: Busfield W. Ken , Proschogo Peter N.
Published: January 2007

The chemical composition and thermal properties of palm stearine have been investigated. The sample consists of triglycerides containing mainly the fatty acid residues: palmitic (P) 51.4%; oleic (O) 32.7%; linoleic (L) 8.3% and stearic (S) 5.0%. The sample melts as almost two independent components in separate temperature ranges. DSC analysis and analogy with the work of Persmarket al. (1) indicate that the high melting component, consisting mainly of the triglycerides POP (33%), PPP (≈15%), POS (4%) and PPS (2%), crystallizes initially in an α crystal form which rearranges on tempering successively to β′ and β crystal forms. The constitution of the lower melting component is much more dependent on thermal history but is mainly POO (14% overall), PLP (13% overall) and SOO (1% overall). It crystallizes initially in a sub α form which rearranges to β′ when tempered at 0°C and to the β crystal form when tempered at 10°C. The liquid phase contains mainly PLO (8% overall), OOO (6% overall), PLL (4% overall) and LOO (1% overall).
Factors governing dynamical behaviour of insect populations: A theoretical inquiry
Authors: Kuno Eizi
Published: January 2007

A difference‐equation model is presented which describes the growth of insect populations in relation to the underlying biological processes.

The parameters involved in the model are sex ratio (W), mate‐searching efficiency (a), fecundity (F), survival rates before and after larval competition (SI and SII), degree of aggregation in larval distribution (1/k), degree of asymmetry in larval competition (ρ), habitat's carrying capacity (K), and intensity of mutual interference among adults (h).

The model is capable of generating a wide variety of dynamical population behaviours according to the parameter conditions. The significance of individual parameters in determining patterns of those behaviours is explored on the basis of their effects on the three aspects of population pattern, i. e. minimum population size for survival, equilibrium population level, and intrinsic population stability in terms of the slope of reproduction curve at equilibrium.

The conditions that are effective in reducing minimum population size for survival are high FSISII (reproductive capacity), high a and even sex ratio.

The conditions that are effective in raising equilibrium population level are high K, high FSISII, high ρ, low 1/k and low h.

The conditions that increases intrinsic population stability are high ρ, high 1/k, high h and low FSI.

Implications of these theoretical results are discussed with reference to population characteristics of insects in nature.
Peanut protein and product functionality
Authors: Cherry John P.
Published: January 2007

Interest in the potential of peanut seed as a source of edible vegetable protein products has been stimulated by an increase in our understanding of protein physicochemical properties, improved protein extraction, fractionation and characterization techniques, advanced technologies to produce high quality and diverse protein ingredients and understanding the interrelationship between physicochemical, functional and nutritional characteristics of protein products. Further expansion in the processing and utilization of peanut products may be constrained by economic conditions rather than by limitations in functionality, nutritional quality, or consumer acceptability. Should changes occur to improve the competitive position of peanuts, the potential contributions of their protein products may be more fully realized.
Effect of simulated freeze damage on soybean seed composition and functionality
Authors: Sternberg K. J. , Wei L. S. , Nelson A. I.
Published: January 2007

Two soybean varieties (Beeson and Williams) were harvested at various maturation levels by applying paraquat directly to the growing plant. The application of this herbicide to arrest growth was used to simulate freeze damage. The free fatty content and the photometric index declined from 0.61% to 0.19% and 301.56 to 201.90, respectively, as maturation progressed for the Beeson variety. Similar trends were found with the Williams variety. However, the amount of trypsin inhibitor differed between the two varieties depending upon maturation level.
Membrane processing of crude vegetable oils: Pilot plant scale remoyal of solvent from oil miscellas
Authors: Köseoglu S. S. , Lawhon J. T. , Lusas E. W.
Published: January 2007

The recovery of solvents used in the extraction step of edible oil processing is required for economical, environmental, and safety considerations. The miscella (mixture of extracted oil and solvent) exits the extractor at 70 to 75 wt% solvent content. Currently, the solvent is recovered by distillation.

This paper reports the results of a study on separation of vegetable oils from commercial extraction solvents using various types of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes.

Solvent permeation rates and separation performances of various RO and UF membranes were determined by using ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and hexane as the solvents. One membrane exhibited a flux of 200 GFD (ethanol) with 1% oil remaining in the permeate. However, hexane rapidly deteriorated all but one of the membranes tested. The membrane that was compatible with hexane had a low flux and unacceptably low oil retention.

Industrial‐scale membranes were also evaluated in pilot plant trials. A hexane separation was attempted with a hollow‐fiber membrane unit, and it was noted that the pores of the fibers swelled almost closed. Some of the commercially available membranes selectively removed solvent (ethanol or isopropanol) from the edible oil miscellas with reasonable flow rates.

The research reported has shown that membranes manufactured from polyamide were the least affected by hexane. Fluxes achieved during solvent‐oil separations were increased by increases in either temperature or pressure and decreased by increases in oil concentration in the feed. The processing temperature affected the percentage of oil in solution in either ethanol or isopropanol as well as the viscosity of the feed. Both of these factors in turn influenced the flux achieved.

Approximately 2 trillion Btu/yr could be saved using a hybrid membrane system to recover solvents used in the extraction step of crude oil production. Studies to date report marginal success. The development of hexane‐resistant membranes may make this application viable.
Yield and quality of tofu made form soybeans and soy/peanut blends
Authors: Lim Bon Tong , deMan J. M. , deMan L.
Published: January 2007

The yield and quality of tofu made from blends of soybeans and raw peanuts, partially defatted peanut flour, and defatted peanut flour were investigated. Defatted peanut flour appears to be the most compatible with soybeans for tofu making, followed by partially defatted peanut flour and raw peanuts. Raw peanuts could be incorporated at levels of 10% while partially defatted or defatted peanut flour could be incorporated at a level of 20%: higher levels produced tofu with either poor texture or low yield.

SEM images of tofu made from 100% soybeans showed a uniform, continuous, three‐dimensional honeycomb‐like protein network structure. When 10% of the soybeans was replaced by either raw peanuts; partially defatted peanut flour; or defatted peanut flour, the protein strands that make up the network structure were thicker than those of 100% soybean tofu. When soybeans were replaced with either of the three peanut products at a 30% level, the protein strands of the network structure were either less continuous or appeared perforated.
Triterpene alcohols, 4‐methylsterols and 4‐desmethylsterols of sal and illipe butters
Authors: Soulier Pierre , Farines Marie , Soulier Jacques
Published: January 2007

Four 4‐desmethylsterols, four 4‐methylsterols and eight triterpene alcohols were isolated from sal and illipe butters and identified by1H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. In addition to some components which had been shown to be present in these fats, several triterpene alcohols and one 4‐methylsterol are described for the first time in these fats. An analytical method for detection of sal or illipe butters in foodstuffs is suggested.
Influence of heat on oxidative stability and on effectiveness of metal‐inactivating agents in vegetable oils
Authors: Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D. , Schwab A. W. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Metal‐inactivating agents, such as citric acid, sorbitol, lecithin, and carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid, are not active in unheated vegetable oils. Apparently trace metals present in normal glyceride oils are held within a complex of unknown structure. After heating an oil, the metals can be complexed by metal‐inactivating agents, such as citric acid. The release of metals appears to be associated closely with the breakdown of the fatty acid hydroperoxides. Formation of some association or complex between the metal and the hydroperoxide group or between the metal and the unsaturated linkage of the fatty hydroperoxide is suggested. The metals are held very tenaciously within this unknown structure. Although the metal is not available as an uncomplexed metallic ion, it does behave as a very strong pro‐oxidant catalyst. The application of heat releases the metal so it can be complexed by added metal inactivators.
The effect of mono‐enoic fatty acid esters on the growth and fecal lipides of rats
Authors: Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A. , Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm M. J.
Published: January 2007

The growth rates of rats fed a purified diet containing 5% corn oil or the methyl esters of oleic, eicosenoic, orerucic acid have been compared. At this level none of the esters significantly depressed the growth of male rats, but all three reduced the growth of females below that of those fed corn oil. Food efficiency and food consumption were not significantly reduced by any of the esters. Symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency occurred only among rats fed the fatty acid esters and not among rats fed the fat‐free diet.

Methyl erucate increased the excretion of true fatty acids, acidic material not soluble in hexane and unsaponifiable matter, as compared to methyl oleate. The true fatty acid excreted was largely erucic. Methyl eicosenoate gave results not appreciably different from methyl oleate except for a slight increase in the excretion of mono‐unsaturated fatty acid from rats fed eicosenoate. Both corn oil and methyl erucate increased the excretion of unsaponi‐fiable matter. The coefficient of digestibility of methyl eicosenoate and erucate were 96% and 90%, respectively, which are higher values than have been previously reported.