bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Short Communication on Wastewater Treatment Techniques Used in Pharmaceutical Plant
Authors: Simran . , Thakur Nishant , Mahajan Karishma
Published: December 2021

Toxic and difficult to biodegrade pharmaceutical wastewater is complex in composition with high concentrations of organic debris and microorganisms. There may still exit quantities of suspended particles and dissolved organic materials even after further treatment. Advanced treatment is required to improve the quality of pharmaceutical wastewater discharge. In this study, the pharmaceutical technology categorization has been established, and the features of pharmaceutical wastewater effluent quality have been summarized. On the other hand, The methods of advanced treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater have been incorporate, including coagulation and sedimentation, flotation, activated carbon adsorption, membrane separation, advanced oxidation processes, membrane separation, and biological treatment. In the meanwhile, each process's features were specified.
Review of Marginal Adaptation and Fracture Resistance of Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturer (CAD‐CAM) Fabricated Endo-crowns
Authors: Alhaddad Abdulrahman , Abuzinadah Samar , Al-Otaibi Abdullah , Alotaibi Abrar , Alfkih Mohsen , Madhi Mohammed Bin , Almatrafi Mawaddah , Alsharif Fahad , Alfarhan Mohammed , Almatrafi Waad , Alzahrani Malak , Mahfuth Rayan Bin , Niaz Mohammed , Alzahrani Khames T. , Qutub Osama
Published: December 2021

Background: Zirconia-based restorations have become more popular in dentistry during the last two decades. Patients choose metal-free restorations, preferring materials with similar attributes to natural teeth and similar light scattering characteristics, resulting in a nice esthetic appearance. Restoring a root canal treated teeth is one of the hot topics today. endo crown materials can be either; feldspathic, glass-ceramic, monolithic hybrid ceramic or composite material. Considering the marginal gap of endocrown, an important cause of failure of treatment, the current study evaluated the marginal gap of CAD‐CAM concocted endo-crowns.

Materials and Methods: This research is an analysis systemic review study was conducted between January 2020 and October 2021. We followed the PRISMA principles and recorded this systematic review using the PROSPERO database to find and identify published literature related to the marginal adaptation of CAD-CAM-fabricated endocrown. The search will include all relevant articles through the end of 2021. Finally, 24 papers on marginal clearance and fracture resistance in coronary arteries were reviewed.

Results: The electronic database search yielded 98 studies that were relevant. After cross-referencing, further seven studies were added. After a full-text analysis and duplicate reduction, 74 of the 98 articles were eliminated. 5 clinical (prospective) studies, 19 in vitro studies were found.

Conclusion: This analysis of the recent literature on the marginal seating integrity and fracture resistance of CAD/CAM made-up endo-crowns showed that the endo-crown had superior marginal seating integrity than classical full crown. CAM/CAM showed statistically significant higher mean fracture resistance than MAD/MAM.
French Fries-Like Bismuth Oxide: Physicochemical Properties, Electrical Conductivity and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Astuti Yayuk , Musthafa Fauzan , Arnelli Arnelli , Nurhasanah Iis
Published: December 2021

Bismuth oxide synthesis using hydrothermal method has been conducted. This study aims to examine the effect of the hydrothermal reaction time on product characteristics and photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange dye. Bismuth oxide synthesis was initiated by dissolving bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3.5H2O) and Na2SO4 in a distilled water and added NaOH gradually. The solution formed was transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 120 °C with time variations of 8–16 h. The formation of bismuth oxide was indicated by the vibrations of the Bi−O−Bi and Bi−O groups and the crystal structure consisting of a-Bi2O3, β-Bi2O3, and g-Bi2O3. In addition, the highest photocatalytic activity can be examined through several factors, such as: content of Bi−O−Bi and Bi−OH groups, crystal structure, band gap values, morphology, and surface area, acquired as a result of the effect of hydrothermal reaction time. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Microcellular PETs with High Expansion Ratio Produced by Supercritical CO2 Molding Compression Foaming Process and Their Mechanical Properties
Authors: Chen Yichong , Yao Shun , Ling Yijie , Zhong Wenyu , Hu Dongdong , Zhao Ling
Published: December 2021

Supercritical CO2 molding compression foaming is an emerging technology for preparing thick microcellular polymer sheets. In a temperature range of 245–255 °C and CO2 foaming pressure range of 5–20 MPa, the molding compression foaming behavior of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is systematically studied. The maximum expansion ratio of the prepared PET foams is above 30, while the bubble size is only ≈20 μm. It is observed that during the foaming process, the temperature drop caused by rapid depressurization reaches up to 57 °C, which greatly changes the viscoelasticity of PET and limits its foaming behavior. The nucleation and bubble growth behavior of PET is simulated and analyzed based on this change in viscoelasticity. Microcellular PET foams have excellent compression performance due to their smaller cell size and thinner cell wall, and the compression elastic modulus of the prepared microcellular PET sample is twice that of the extrusion foaming PET sample with a similar expansion ratio.
Characterization of Ti–6Al–4V Fabricated by Multilayer Laser Powder‐Based Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Ávila Calderón Luis Alexander , Graf Benjamin , Rehmer Birgit , Petrat Torsten , Skrotzki Birgit , Rethmeier Michael
Published: December 2021

Laser powder‐based directed energy deposition (DED‐L) is increasingly being used in additive manufacturing (AM). As AM technology, DED‐L must consider specific challenges. It must achieve uniform volume growth over hundreds of layers and avoid heat buildup of the deposited material. Herein, Ti–6Al–4V is fabricated using an approach that addresses these challenges and is relevant in terms of transferability to DED–L applications in AM. The assessment of the obtained properties and the discussion of their relationship to the process conditions and resulting microstructure are presented. The quality of the manufacturing process is proven in terms of the reproducibility of properties between individual blanks and with respect to the building height. The characterization demonstrates that excellent mechanical properties are achieved at room temperature and at 400 °C.
Theoretical Prediction of the Mechanical Behavior of Two Solid‐Phase Materials
Authors: Bolzoni Leandro , Yang Fei
Published: December 2021

Optimization of the mechanical properties of two solid‐phase materials is generally done by means of trial and error, which is time and resource intensive. Herein, the reliability of the classical structural models for predicting the strength of two ductile‐phase alloys and two solid‐phase alloys with one faceted phase is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the combinatorial structural models developed are a physically‐based, facile, rapid, and accurate tool to theoretically predict the strength when the microstructure is unknown.
Porous Alginate Scaffolds Designed by Calcium Carbonate Leaching Technique
Authors: Wulf Alena , Mendgaziev Rais I. , Fakhrullin Rawil , Vinokurov Vladimir , Volodkin Dmitry , Vikulina Anna S.
Published: December 2021

One of the main challenges in modern tissue engineering is to design biocompatible scaffolds with finely tuned porous architecture and capacity to load bioactive molecules that guide the growth and differentiation of the cells during tissue reconstruction. This work proposes a strategy to design porous alginate scaffolds (PAS) with well‐tuned architecture by leaching of sacrificial vaterite CaCO3 microspheres packed in alginate. Pore size and interconnectivity depend on CaCO3 sphere dimensions and packing as well as alginate concentration. Varying of these parameters, almost hundred percent pore interconnectivity (or, by contrast, a zero pore interconnectivity) can be achieved. Junctions between interconnected pores are about 50–70% of the pore dimensions that provides molecular transport through the PASs potentially ensuring diffusion of nutrition, oxygen and metabolic products when cell seeding. An opportunity to fabricate a multifunctional scaffold is demonstrated by encapsulation of desired macromolecules into the individual pores of a scaffold (is illustrated by dextran loading). Mechanical properties of PASs are found typical for soft and hydrated structures (Young's modulus of 19 ± 15 kPa) which is appropriate for cell seeding. The three cell lines (HeLa, HEK293, and L929) are cultured on different alginate scaffolds to examine cell viability and adhesiveness.
Lead Leakage Preventable Fullerene‐Porphyrin Dyad for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liang Yuming , Song Peiquan , Tian Hanrui , Tian Chengbo , Tian Wanjia , Nan Ziang , Cai Yuanting , Yang Panpan , Sun Chao , Chen Jingfu , Xie Liqiang , Zhang Qianyan , Wei Zhanhua
Published: December 2021

Designing functional fullerenes with roles beyond defect passivation and electron‐transporting for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is essential to the development of fullerenes and PSCs. Here, the authors design and synthesize a functional fullerene, FPD, composed of a C60 cage, a porphyrin ring, and three pentafluorophenyl groups. The structure features of FPD enable it can form chemical interactions with the perovskite lattices. These interactions enhance the defect passivation effect and prevent the decomposition of perovskite under irradiation. As a result, the FPD‐based device yields an improved power conversion efficiency of 23% with substantially enhanced operational stability (T80 > 1500 h). Furthermore, once got damaged, the FPD can prevent lead leakage by forming a stable and water‐insoluble complex (FPD‐Pb). Their findings provide a novel strategy to achieve high‐performance and eco‐friendly PSCs with functional fullerene materials.
A Naked Eye‐Invisible Ratiometric Fluorescent Microneedle Tattoo for Real‐Time Monitoring of Inflammatory Skin Conditions
Authors: Babity Samuel , Couture Frédéric , Campos Estefânia V. R. , Hedtrich Sarah , Hagen Raphael , Fehr Daniel , Bonmarin Mathias , Brambilla Davide
Published: December 2021

The field of portable healthcare monitoring devices has an urgent need for the development of real‐time, noninvasive sensing and detection methods for various physiological analytes. Currently, transdermal sensing techniques are severely limited in scope (i.e., measurement of heart rate or sweat composition), or else tend to be invasive, often needing to be performed in a clinical setting. This study proposes a minimally invasive alternative strategy, consisting of using dissolving polymeric microneedles to deliver naked eye‐invisible functional fluorescent ratiometric microneedle tattoos directly to the skin for real‐time monitoring and quantification of physiological and pathological parameters. Reactive oxygen species are overexpressed in the skin in association with various pathological conditions. Here, one demonstrates for the first time the microneedle‐based delivery to the skin of active fluorescent sensors in the form of an invisible, ratiometric microneedle tattoo capable of sensing reactive oxygen species in a reconstructed human‐based skin disease model, as well as an in vivo model of UV‐induced dermal inflammation. One also elaborates a universal ratiometric quantification concept coupled with a custom‐built, multiwavelength portable fluorescence detection system. Fully realized, this approach presents an opportunity for the minimally invasive monitoring of a broad range of physiological parameters through the skin.
A Logic‐Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Hydrogel with Multistimuli Responsiveness to Orchestrate Diabetic Bone Regeneration
Authors: Li Dize , Chen Kaiwen , Tang Han , Hu Shanshan , Xin Liangjing , Jing Xuan , He Qingqing , Wang Si , Song Jinlin , Mei Li , Cannon Richard D. , Ji Ping , Wang Huanan , Chen Tao
Published: December 2021

The regeneration of diabetic bone defects remains challenging as the innate healing process is impaired by glucose fluctuation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overexpression of proteinases (such as matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs). A “diagnostic” and therapeutic dual‐logic‐based hydrogel for diabetic bone regeneration is therefore developed through the design of a double‐network hydrogel consisting of phenylboronic‐acid‐crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and gelatin colloids. It exhibits a “diagnostic” logic to interpret pathological cues (glucose fluctuation, ROS, MMPs) and determines when to release drug in a diabetic microenvironment and a therapeutic logic to program different cargo release to match immune‐osteo cascade for better tissue regeneration. The hydrogel is also shown to be mechanically adaptable to the local complexity at the bone defect. Furthermore, the underlying therapeutic mechanism is elucidated, whereby the logic‐based cargo release enables the regulation of macrophage polarization by remodeling the mitochondria‐related antioxidative system, resulting in enhanced osteogenesis in diabetic bone defects. This study provides critical insight into the design and biological mechanism of dual‐logic‐based tissue‐engineering strategies for diabetic bone regeneration.
Preparation and In‐Situ High‐Throughput Screening of Bi Thixotropic Ink
Authors: Yao Lei , Xu Zhuoming , Qiu Junhao , Zhang Jian , Yang Dongwang , Yan Yonggao , Tang Xinfeng
Published: December 2021

Preparing thin‐layer thermoelectric (TE) material libraries through inkjet printing (IJP) combined with selective laser melting (SLM) is a feasible solution to achieve high‐throughput screening (HTS) of high‐performance TE materials. The preparation of stable printable elementary inks with solid particle size in micron‐level is a prerequisite for the realization of the above technical objective. In this work, a series of thixotropic inks containing micron‐sized Bi powder, mixed organic solvent of ethanol/ethylene glycol (EG), and polyurea rheological additive of BYK‐420 are prepared. According to the proposed screening principles for printability and sedimentation stability, the best composition of the Bi thixotropic ink is determined with a solid content of 2–10 vol%, a relative EG content of 2–8 vol%, and a relative additive BYK‐420 content of 2.5 vol%. The effectiveness of the above mentioned HTS method is further proven through the printability Z value and the sedimentation rate of the selected inks. This work provides an effective way for in‐situ high‐throughput screening the printability and sedimentation stability of thixotropic inks, even though the solid density is high and the particle size is in micron‐level. It would lay a solid foundation for further high‐throughput screening of high‐performance TE materials.
A Strategy for Wafer‐Scale Crystalline MoS2 Thin Films with Controlled Morphology Using Pulsed Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition at Low Temperature
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Hun , Ha Min‐Ji , Park Jae Chan , Park Tae Joo , Kim Woo‐Hee , Lee Myoung‐Jae , Ahn Ji‐Hoon
Published: December 2021

2D semiconductor materials with layered crystal structures have attracted great interest as promising candidates for electronic, optoelectronic, and sensor applications due to their unique and superior characteristics. However, a large‐area synthesis process for various applications and practical mass production is still lacking. In particular, there is a limitation in that a high process temperature and a very long process time are required to deposit a crystallized 2D material on a large area. Herein, pulsed metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (p‐MOCVD) is proposed for the growth of wafer‐scale crystalline MoS2 thin films to overcome the existing limitations. In the p‐MOCVD process, precursors are repeatedly injected at regular intervals to enhance the migration of precursors on the surface. As a result, crystalline MoS2 is successfully synthesized at the lowest temperature (350 °C) reported so far in a very short process time of 550 s. In addition, it is found that the horizontal and vertical growth modes of MoS2 can be effectively controlled by adjusting key process parameters. Finally, various applications are presented by demonstrating the photodetector (detectivity = 18.1 × 106 at light power of 1 mW) and chemical sensor (response = 38% at 100 ppm of NO2 gas) devices.
Optical Anisotropy of Carbon Nitride Thin Films and Photografted Polystyrene Brushes
Authors: Giusto Paolo , Kumru Baris , Cruz Daniel , Antonietti Markus
Published: December 2021

Polymer brushes on surfaces enable advanced material design. In the present contribution, transparent and flat photoactive polymeric carbon nitride (pCN) thin films are employed as a photoactive substrate and primer layer to grow polystyrene (PS) brushes. These films are then characterized by ellipsometry. For the first time herein is reported on the optical anisotropy of pCN thin films revealing a high positive birefringence up to 0.71 with an in‐plane nD of 2.54 making this material of high interest for photonic devices. Furthermore and rather surprising, the photografted polystyrene brushes exhibit an unusual high negative birefringence, too. This negative birefringence can be attributed to a practically complete stretching of the polymer chains throughout growth in the radical chain process. As the stretched PS brushes grafted from the pCN surfaces also provide unusual surface properties, the overall system can be of great interest for photonics, but also as mechanical coating and membranes for gas separation.
Efficient Ultra‐Broadband Ga4GeO8:Cr3+ Phosphors with Tunable Peak Wavelengths from 835 to 980 nm for NIR pc‐LED Application
Authors: Yao Leqi , Shao Qiyue , Shi Meiling , Shang Tianqi , Dong Yan , Liang Chao , He Jinhua , Jiang Jianqing
Published: December 2021

Near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) hold great potential for applications ranging from night vision to non‐destructive detection. However, it remains a long‐standing challenge to develop NIR phosphors simultaneously with longer‐wavelength broadband emissions and higher efficiency. Herein, ultra‐broadband Ga4GeO8:Cr3+ (GGO:Cr3+) phosphors are developed, with the NIR emission covering 700–1300 nm. Furthermore, tunable emission bands peaking from 835 to 980 nm are achieved simply by varying the Cr3+ concentration. Particularly, emission maxima (λmax) of GGO:xCr3+ shift from 850 to 900 nm without intensity loss when increasing x values between 0.02 and 0.10. An internal quantum yield of 60% is achieved for GGO:0.02Cr3+ (λmax ≈ 850 nm, full width at half maximum (FWHM) ≈215 nm). The origin of tunable ultra‐broadband emissions of GGO:Cr3+ is revealed on the basis of structural and time‐resolved spectroscopic analysis. The pc‐LED fabricated by GGO:0.02Cr3+ exhibits a maximum NIR output power of ≈56 mW at 400 mA drive current, and its application in high‐penetration quality analysis of fruits is also demonstrated. The results indicate that GGO:Cr3+ phosphors have high promise for practical applications in NIR pc‐LED devices.
Light Management for Enhancing Optical Gain in a Solar‐Pumped Fiber Laser Employing a Solid‐State Luminescent Solar Concentrator
Authors: Masuda Taizo , Aoyagi Kai , Dottermusch Stephan , Howard Ian A. , Richards Bryce S. , Endo Masamori
Published: December 2021

Optical gain of 8.3 km−1 is obtained in a neodymium‐doped silica fiber under simulated sunlight (intensity = 2.1 kW m−2). The fiber gain medium (length = 50 m) is coiled and attached to a solid‐state luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) disk (diameter = 180 mm). The disk/fiber unit is placed in a cavity comprising highly reflective (HRM) and dichroic (DM) mirrors to increase the photon confinement by a factor of 2.2 compared with a liquid LSC (also employing HRM/DM). The enhancement is mainly due to the air gap between HRM/DM and LSC, which affords total internal reflection (TIR) in the solid‐state LSC and an ideal boundary condition for the multilayer mirrors. The numerical calculations indicate that an additional 2.2‐times enhancement is achievable with a side wall exhibiting 90% diffuse reflection. This has been experimentally confirmed (1.9‐times optical‐gain enhancement is realized by adding a polytetrafluoroethylene side‐wall reflector). Overall, the solid‐state LSC‐based solar‐pumped laser (SPL) comprising reflective side walls exhibits a gain factor of 4.2, which is superior to its liquid‐state predecessor. Further improvements employing a solid‐state LSC design and fiber optimization will facilitate the market penetration of SPLs.
Pd‐Catalyzed Atropselective C−H Olefination Promoted by a Transient Directing Group
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Chandra Devesh , Sharma Upendra
Published: December 2021

A Pd(II)‐catalyzed atropselective olefination of biaryls with maleimides is reported using chiral transient directing group (CTDG) strategy L‐tert‐leucine is used as a chiral auxiliary to obtain atropselective biaryl aldehydes with enantiomeric excess ranging from 70 to 99%. The method is also applicable for other olefins such as acrylonitrile, phenyl vinyl sulfone, and N‐tert‐butyl acrylamide, providing corresponding atropselective biaryl aldehydes with 97–99% ee. Non‐linear effect studies suggest that chiral auxiliary is responsible for the atropselectivity of products. Other studies suggested the critical role of reaction time on yield and s‐factor of desired products.

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Crystal Structure Analysis and Magneto‐Transport Investigation of Co1−xFexSi (with x = 0% to x = 20%)
Authors: Schnatmann Lauritz , Lammel Michaela , Damm Christine , Levin Aleksandr A. , Pérez Nicolas , Novikov Sergey , Burkov Alexander , Reith Heiko , Nielsch Kornelius , Schierning Gabi
Published: December 2021

Cobalt monosilicide, CoSi, belongs to the new class of materials, featuring Weyl nodes in the bulk band structure, located very close to the Fermi energy. By shifting the chemical potential into these Weyl nodes using Fe‐doping, quantum effects like the chiral anomaly and weak anti localization have been evidenced. However, the behavior of these effects with respect to the doping concentration is largely unexplored. Crystal structure and the electrical transport properties in single crystalline CoSi micro‐ribbons with different Fe‐doping are studied to identify the characteristic temperatures of electronic quantum and correlation effects. For the crystal structure analysis, transmission electron microscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis with a refined structural model is performed based on Le Bail fitting to analyze the lattice parameter. Hereby, the change of the lattice parameter of Co1−xFexSi is shown with increasing Fe content. In the electrical transport analysis, the occurrence of chiral anomaly and the weak anti localization effect in Fe‐doped CoSi are presented. It is shown that these effect can be tailored by Fe‐doping in CoSi.
Unraveling the Charge‐Carrier Dynamics from the Femtosecond to the Microsecond Time Scale in Double‐Cable Polymer‐Based Single‐Component Organic Solar Cells
Authors: He Yakun , Wang Bingzhe , Lüer Larry , Feng Guitao , Osvet Andres , Heumüller Thomas , Liu Chao , Li Weiwei , Guldi Dirk M. , Li Ning , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: December 2021

Single‐component organic solar cells (SCOSCs) have witnessed great improvement during the last few years with the champion efficiency jumping from the previous 2–3% to currently 6–11% for the representative material classes. However, the photophysics in many of these materials has not been sufficiently investigated, lacking essential information regarding charge‐carrier dynamics as a function of microstructure, which is highly demanded for a better understanding and potential guidance for further improvements. In this work, for the first time, the charge‐carrier dynamics of a representative double‐cable polymer, which achieves efficiencies of over 6% as an active layer in SCOSCs, is investigated across seven orders of magnitude in time scale, from fs–ps charge generation to ns–µs charge recombination processes. Specific emphasis is placed on understanding the impact of thermal post‐treatment on the charge dissociation and recombination dynamics. Annealing the photoactive layer at 230 °C results in the highest photovoltaic performance because of efficient charge generation in parallel to suppressed recombination. This work intends to present a complete picture of the charge‐carrier dynamics in SCOSCs using the representative double‐cable polymer PBDBPBICl.
Truncating and zinc‐finger variants in GLI2 are associated with hypopituitarism
Authors: Corder Megan L. , Berland Siren , Førsvoll Jostein A. , Banerjee Indraneel , Murray Phil , Bratland Eirik , Gokhale David , Houge Gunnar , Douzgou Sofia
Published: December 2021

Variants in transcription factor GLI2 have been associated with hypopituitarism and structural brain abnormalities, occasionally including holoprosencephaly (HPE). Substantial phenotypic variability and nonpenetrance have been described, posing difficulties in the counseling of affected families. We present three individuals with novel likely pathogenic GLI2 variants, two with truncating and one with a de novo missense variant p.(Ser548Leu), and review the literature for comprehensive phenotypic descriptions of individuals with confirmed pathogenic (a) intragenic GLI2 variants and (b) chromosome 2q14.2 deletions encompassing only GLI2. We show that most of the 31 missense variants previously reported as pathogenic are likely benign or, at most, low‐risk variants. Four Zn‐finger variants: p.(Arg479Gly), p.(Arg516Pro), p.(Gly518Lys), and p.(Tyr575His) were classified as likely pathogenic, and three other variants as possibly pathogenic: p.(Pro253Ser), p.(Ala593Val), and p.(Pro1243Leu). We analyze the phenotypic descriptions of 60 individuals with pathogenic GLI2 variants and evidence a morbidity spectrum that includes hypopituitarism (58%), HPE (6%) or other brain structure abnormalities (15%), orofacial clefting (17%) and dysmorphic facial features (35%). We establish that truncating and Zn‐finger variants in GLI2 are associated with a high risk of hypopituitarism, and that a solitary median maxillary central incisor is part of the GLI2‐related phenotypic variability. The most prevalent phenotypic feature is post‐axial polydactyly (65%) which is also the mildest phenotypic expression of the condition, reported in many parents of individuals with systemic findings. Our approach clarifies clinical risks and the important messages to discuss in counseling for a pathogenic GLI2 variant.
Measuring the patient experience of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: qualitative development of a novel symptom diary
Authors: O'Quinn Sean , Shih Vivian H. , Martin Ubaldo J. , Meyers Oren , Crooks Patrick , Bailey Julie , Slagle Ashley F.
Published: December 2021

Background

This qualitative study assessed the experience of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (NP) to inform the development of a novel symptom diary for clinical study use.

Methods

Concept elicitation and cognitive interviews were conducted with patients who had a physician‐verified diagnosis of NP and a history of intranasal corticosteroid use. Concepts were identified via open‐ended and follow‐up questions. Relative symptom/impact disturbance level was assessed using a scale of 0 (not at all disturbing) to 10 (extremely disturbing).

Results

Patients (n = 30) attributed numerous symptoms and impacts to NP; the most prevalent and disturbing were nasal congestion (identified by 100% of patients; average disturbance rating = 7.9), nasal blockage/obstruction (97%; 8.2), difficulty with sense of smell (97%; 7.6), facial pressure (90%; 6.2), postnasal drip (87%; 6.5), runny nose (87%; 6.2), facial pain (80%; 6.3), and headache (77%; 6.5). These symptoms, along with the impact of NP on sleep and daily activities, were included in the Nasal Polyposis Symptom Diary (NPSD). Cognitive interviews confirmed that patients understood the NPSD items and could select a response reflective of their experience at its worst over the past 24 hours using a four‐point scale (none, mild, moderate, or severe).

Conclusion

The most relevant and disturbing symptoms, according to patients with NP, were included in the NPSD. Interviews confirmed the suitability of NPSD in capturing the daily experience of patients. These findings support the content validity of the NPSD as a suitable tool for capturing NP symptoms and impacts.
Progress in Vocal Fold Regenerative Biomaterials: An Immunological Perspective
Authors: Coburn Patrick T. , Li Xuan , Li Jianyu , Kishimoto Yo , Li-Jessen Nicole Y. K.
Published: December 2021

Vocal folds are important to daily breathing, speech, and swallowing functions. Irreversible changes to the vocal fold mucosa, such as scarring and atrophy, require regenerative medicine approaches to promote controlled regrowth of the mucosa. Various biomaterial systems have been engineered with an emphasis on stimulating extracellular matrix production from local fibroblasts. Simultaneously, it is imperative to minimize the foreign body response and associated inflammation that can hinder biomaterial−tissue integration. Biomaterial designs have become increasingly focused on actively harnessing the immune system to accelerate and optimize tissue regeneration. An array of biomaterial parameters have been reported to effectively modulate local immune cells, such as macrophages, to initiate tissue repair and restore the function of the vocal folds. In this perspective article, the unique immunological profile of the vocal folds is first reviewed. Key physical and chemical biomaterial properties relevant to immunomodulation are then highlighted and discussed. A further examination of the physicochemical properties of recent vocal fold biomaterials follows to generate deeper insights into corresponding immune‐related outcomes. Finally, a perspective will be offered on the opportunity of integrating material‐driven immunomodulatory strategies into future vocal fold tissue engineering therapies.
An Activity‐Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for In Vivo Real‐Time Imaging of Hydrogen Molecules
Authors: Gong Wanjun , Jiang Lingdong , Zhu Yanxia , Jiang Mengna , Chen Danyang , Jin Zhaokui , Qin Shucun , Yu Zhiqiang , He Qianjun
Published: December 2021

To reveal the biomedical effects and mechanisms of hydrogen molecules urgently needs hydrogen molecular imaging probes as an imperative tool, but the development of these probes is extremely challenging. A catalytic hydrogenation strategy is proposed to design and synthesize a ratiometric fluorescent probe by encapsulating Pd nanoparticles and conjugating azido‐/coumarin‐modified fluorophore into mesoporous silica nanoparticles, realizing in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of hydrogen molecules. The developed hydrogen probe exhibits high sensitivity, rapid responsivity, high selectivity and low detection limit, enabling rapid and real‐time detection of hydrogen molecules both in cells and in the body of animal and plant. By application of the developed fluorescent probe, we have directly observed the super‐high transmembrane and ultrafast transport abilities of hydrogen molecules in cells, animals and plants, and discovered in vivo high diffusion of hydrogen molecules.
On the thermogravimetric analysis of polymers: Polyethylene oxide powder and nanofibers
Authors: Omosola Oriretan , Chipara Dorina Magdalena , Uddin Mohammad , Lozano Karen , Alcoutlabi Mataz , Padilla Victoria , Chipara Mircea
Published: December 2021

Thermogravimetric analysis of polyethylene oxide (powder and nanofibers obtained by force spinning water or chloroform solutions of polyethylene oxide) was studied using different theoretical models such as Friedman and Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa. A semiempirical approach for estimating the “sigmoid activation energy” from the thermal degradation was suggested and confirmed by the experimental data on PEO powder and nanofibers' mats. The equation allowed for calculating a “sigmoid activation energy” from a single thermogram using a single heating rate without requiring any model for the actual complex set of chemical reactions involved in the thermal degradation process. For PEO (powder and nanofibers obtained from water solutions), the “sigmoid activation energy” increased as the heating rate was increased. The sigmoid activation energy for PEO mats obtained from chloroform solutions exhibited a small decrease as the heating rate was increased. Thermograms' derivatives were fitted to determine the coordinates of the inflection points. The “sigmoid activation energy” was compared to the activation energy determined from the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa model. Similarities between the thermal degradation of polyethylene oxide powder and of the nanofibers obtained from water solutions were discussed. Significant differences between the sigmoid activation energies of the mats obtained from water and chloroform solutions were reported.
Evaluation of a delay and denial tolerance program to increase appropriate waiting trained via telehealth
Authors: Edelstein Matthew L. , Becraft Jessica L. , Gould Kaitlin , Sullivan Alicia
Published: December 2021

The literature on the systematic application of delay and denial to reinforcement is limited to specific delivery models (i.e., in‐person discrete teaching) and particular settings (i.e., highly controlled laboratory or clinical settings). The purpose of the current study is threefold: 1) to extend previous research on a functional communication and delay and denial tolerance training by teaching procedures to caregivers systematically via a telehealth service delivery model, 2) to evaluate delayed access to reinforcement in different clinical populations, and 3) to modify previously published procedures in order to increase participant exposure to evocative setting events. Parents were trained to deliver all direct assessment and intervention procedures to five children, aided by in vivo coaching by their therapists. All participants were able to meet their terminal wait criterion while achieving behavior reductions greater than 90% of baseline. Implications for continued use of telehealth as a primary means of service delivery are discussed.
Hydrostatic pressure promotes chondrogenic differentiation and microvesicle release from human embryonic and bone marrow stem cells
Authors: Luo Lu , Foster Nicola C. , Man Kenny L. , Brunet Mathieu , Hoey David A. , Cox Sophie C. , Kimber Susan J. , El Haj Alicia J.
Published: December 2021

Mechanical stimulation plays in an important role in regulating stem cell differentiation and their release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, effects of low magnitude hydrostatic pressure (HP) on the chondrogenic differentiation and microvesicle release from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) are examined. hESCs were differentiated into chondroprogenitors and then embedded in fibrin gels and subjected to HP (270 kPa, 1 Hz, 5 days per week). hBMSC pellets were differentiated in chondrogenic media and subjected to the same regime. HP significantly enhanced ACAN expression in hESCs. It also led to a significant increase in DNA content, sGAG content and total sGAG/DNA level in hBMSCs. Furthermore, HP significantly increased microvesicle protein content released from both cell types. These results highlight the benefit of HP bioreactor in promoting chondrogenesis and EV production for cartilage tissue engineering.
Time‐domain graphic interface for teaching transient stability
Authors: de Jesus Fernandes Luis F. , da Costa Júnior Edson A.
Published: December 2021

The understanding of transient stability in power systems is one of the most challenging research areas in electrical engineering. The transient stability analysis is considered a domain gramental topic to Electric Engineering undergraduate programs. In this paper, we propose a software oriented for teaching transient stability in undergraduate courses in electrical engineering. The final goal of this simulator is to present timely information about stability margins. The efficacy of the proposed simulator is assessed in a multimachine transmission system using MATLAB simulation under various transient disturbances and operating conditions. It will be shown that the proposed software facilitates the understanding and learning of the basic concepts of transient stability. The teaching experience was evaluated through a survey of several simulations answered by the students enrolled in the last five semesters. On the basis of student responses, the inclusion of the software in regular classes improved learning of the fundamental concepts of the course subject.
Filanesib plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory t(11;14) and 1q21 gain multiple myeloma
Authors: Pan Darren , Kaufman Jonathan L. , Htut Myo , Agrawal Manish , Mazumder Amitabha , Cornell Robert F. , Zonder Jeffrey A. , Fay Joseph W. , Modiano Manuel R. , Moshier Erin L. , Rush Selena A. , Tunquist Brian J. , Chari Ajai
Published: December 2021

Filanesib is a first‐in‐class kinesin spindle protein inhibitor which demonstrated safety and encouraging activity in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in a preliminary analysis of dose‐escalation phase results. This multicenter study included first a dose‐escalation phase to determine maximum tolerated dose of two schedules of filanesib, bortezomib, and dexamethasone and a subsequent dose‐expansion phase using the maximum tolerated doses. In the dose‐expansion phase, 28 patients were evaluable for safety and efficacy. The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (21%) and anemia (18%), which were noncumulative and reversible, and hypertension (18%). The overall response rate was 43% with median duration of response not yet reached (range, 2.8–23.7+ months) with median follow‐up of 6.3 months. A post hoc analysis incorporated 29 dose‐escalation phase patients who received therapeutic filanesib doses, with an overall response rate of 39% and median duration of response of 18.0 months among the 57 total patients with median progression‐free survival of 8.5 months. Notably, the PFS of high risk patients was comparable at 8.5 months, driven by the patients with 1q21 gain, characterized by increased MCL‐1 expression, with a PFS of 9.1 months versus 3.5 months for the remainder of high risk patients. Patients with t(11;14) also had an encouraging PFS of 15.0 months. The combination of filanesib, bortezomib, and dexamethasone continues to show safety and encouraging activity in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, particularly in those patients with 1q21 gain and t(11;14).
Defining comprehensive biomarker‐related testing and treatment practices for advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer: Results of a survey of U.S. oncologists
Authors: Mileham Kathryn F. , Schenkel Caroline , Bruinooge Suanna S. , Freeman‐Daily Janet , Basu Roy Upal , Moore Amy , Smith Robert A. , Garrett‐Mayer Elizabeth , Rosenthal Lauren , Garon Edward B. , Johnson Bruce E. , Osarogiagbon Raymond U. , Jalal Shadia , Virani Shamsuddin , Weber Redman Mary , Silvestri Gerard A.
Published: December 2021

Background

An ASCO taskforce comprised of representatives of oncology clinicians, the American Cancer Society National Lung Cancer Roundtable (NLCRT), LUNGevity, the GO2 Foundation for Lung Cancer, and the ROS1ders sought to: characterize U.S. oncologists’ biomarker ordering and treatment practices for advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC); ascertain barriers to biomarker testing; and understand the impact of delays on treatment decisions.

Methods

We deployed a survey to 2374 ASCO members, targeting U.S. thoracic and general oncologists.

Results

We analyzed 170 eligible responses. For non‐squamous NSCLC, 97% of respondents reported ordering tests for EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF. Testing for MET, RET, and NTRK was reported to be higher among academic versus community providers and higher among thoracic oncologists than generalists. Most respondents considered 1 (46%) or 2 weeks (52%) an acceptable turnaround time, yet 37% usually waited three or more weeks to receive results. Respondents who waited ≥3 weeks were more likely to defer treatment until results were reviewed (63%). Community and generalist respondents who waited ≥3 weeks were more likely to initiate non‐targeted treatment while awaiting results. Respondents <5 years out of training were more likely to cite their concerns about waiting for results as a reason for not ordering biomarker testing (42%, vs. 19% with ≥6 years of experience).

Conclusions

Respondents reported high biomarker testing rates in patients with NSCLC. Treatment decisions were impacted by test turnaround time and associated with practice setting and physician specialization and experience.
Nanofluids as heat transfer fluids: Hurdles to industrial application and economic considerations
Authors: Karthikeyan Adya , Raphael Wendell , Tavares Jason R.
Published: December 2021

Nanofluids have gained substantial interest over the past years due to their enhanced thermal properties. However, these nanoparticle dispersions remain scarcely used in industrial applications. In this work, we demonstrate how the stability of nanofluids and economic factors are the major hurdles preventing their industrial large‐scale use through an economic analysis. The cost‐effectiveness of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)–water and copper oxide–water nanofluids used in a concentric tube heat exchanger as substitutes for freshwater was assessed in four different scenarios. It was determined that three of the four cases were not economically viable, as a deficit was generated due to a recurring annual investment for the renewal of the nanofluids because they destabilized with time. The fourth case, however, was sustainable because of the nanofluid's high stability (5 years) and showed a payback period on investment of less than a year. Finally, a tool illustrating the operating window for nanofluid economics in our selected heat exchanger geometry was developed.
Preparation of nano‐micelles of meloxicam for transdermal drug delivery and simulation of drug release: A computational supported experimental study
Authors: Poustforoosh Alireza , Hashemipour Hassan , Pardakhty Abbas , Pour Maryam Kalantari
Published: December 2021

Meloxicam (MLX) is a generic drug with a wide range of pharmaceutical applications in the world. In this study, the nanostructural form of MLX was prepared using the microemulsion (ME) method. The size distribution of droplets was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Among several substances, oleic acid was chosen as the oily phase, and Tween 80/PEG 400 (1/1) and Tween 80/ethanol (2/1) were selected as surfactants and co‐surfactants to create a stable and large area of the ME zone. The droplet sizes for MEs created for Tween/ethanol and Tween/PEG 400 were about 13 and 800 nm, respectively. This shows that the ME is in the form of nano‐micelles. Despite the small size of Tween/ethanol, the release amount of the drug from Tween/PEG 400 was higher. The release rate of the drug formulation and its variation were experimentally investigated in the Franz diffusion cell using UV spectroscopy detection. In addition, the simulation of the drug release was carried out. The diffusion coefficient of Tween 80/ethanol (1/1), calculated using the simulation, was about 16.8 × 10−13 cm2/s, and it was predicted that the maximum percentage of release after 24 h would be about 70%. Finally, the release of MLX in the skin tissue was predicted by applying the rate of metabolism in the simulation. The results showed that the maximum percentage of MLX released into the skin was about 40%.
Poly(ionic liquid)‐Based Energy and Electronic Devices
Authors: Guo Jiangna , Sun Zhe , Zhou Yingjie , Yan Feng
Published: December 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) refer to a polymeric architecture with repeating ionic liquid species in each unit. They are attracting rapidly increasing interest because of their diverse structures and facial processability. Our group focused on the design and synthesis of PILs for various applications in the past decade, including polyelectrolytes, biomedical materials, and other related fields. In this review, we briefly summarized our recent studies on the application of PILs for energy and electronic devices, emphasizing the controllable synthesis and regulation of specific structures and functions. The unique properties and designable structures of PILs will inspire further investigation in an extensive variety of potential applications.

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?

Synthesis and application of poly(ionic liquid)s for various applications, including polyelectrolytes for energy devices, smart windows, as well as biomedical applications.

How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?

About 15 years ago, I was attracted by the novel properties of ionic liquids, which encouraged me to engage in ionic liquids with polymer science. Keep curiosity, keep learning and hard‐working are very important.

How do you supervise your students?

I always encourage my students to innovate and enjoy their scientific

research. I would like to see motivated and determined characters from my students.

What is the most important personality for scientific research?

I think the most important personality for scientific research is keeping curiosity, innovative spirit and persistence.

How do you keep balance between research and family?

Both research and family are important in my life. I work hard during working hours while spending time with my family as much as possible after work.

Who influences you mostly in your life?

My parents and Prof. Gi Xue.
Subseasonal prediction performance for South American land–atmosphere coupling in extended austral summer
Authors: Chevuturi Amulya , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Guo Liang , Holloway Christopher E. , Guimarães Bruno S. , Coelho Caio A. S. , Kubota Paulo Y. , Young Matthew , Black Emily , Baker Jessica C.A. , Vidale Pier Luigi
Published: December 2021

Land–atmosphere feedbacks, through water and energy exchanges, provide subseasonal‐to‐seasonal predictability of the hydrological cycle. We analyse subseasonal land–atmosphere coupling over South America (SA) during extended austral summer for the soil moisture‐to‐precipitation and soil moisture‐to‐air temperature feedback pathways. We evaluate subseasonal hindcasts from global forecasting systems from the UK Met Office, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and the Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC), for the common period of 1999–2010, against two reanalyses. Biases in land–atmosphere states are established in the first week of hindcasts and increase with lead time. By Week 5, all the models only demonstrate good performance over northern, northeastern and southeastern SA for soil moisture and evapotranspiration and over tropical and subtropical SA for temperature. The hindcasts show stronger coupling at longer lead–lag between variables than reanalyses. Our results highlight possible deficiencies in feedbacks between soil moisture and precipitation in CPTEC and NCEP forecasts over the Amazon due to initial dry soil moisture biases, and in feedbacks between soil moisture and temperature for all four investigated models over southeastern SA due to erroneous representations of evapotranspiration.