bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small Fiber Neuropathy in Patients with Chronic Pain and a Previous Diagnosis of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome
Authors: Fileccia Enrico , Incensi Alex , Ventruto Francesco , Rizzo Giovanni , Galimberti Damiano , Rao Giacomo , Salvi Fabrizio , Liguori Rocco , Donadio Vincenzo
Published: August 2021

Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is characterized by the involvement of Aδ and C fibers leading to sensory, mainly pain, and/or autonomic symptoms. Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome (MCS) is an incompletely defined condition characterized by the onset of various symptoms in patients after exposure to several chemical substances. Pain is a common symptom in these patients. In this study, we report the histological and clinical data of a cohort of 21 patients who had been diagnosed as having MCS and who were referred to us with the suspicion of SFN because of chronic pain. All patients underwent neurological clinical examination, (including scales for pain and autonomic disorders), and a skin biopsy. Age-matched healthy subjects were used as controls for the skin biopsies. Nerve conduction studies and serum screening to exclude possible causes of peripheral neuropathy were also performed. Skin biopsies disclosed a somatic SFN in all patients. Although the majority (18 out of 21) of patients also had autonomic symptoms. we found sparing of autonomic innervation in the biopsies. These observations suggest that chronic pain in MCS could be secondary to the presence of somatic SFN, although more data are needed to confirm these observations.
Characterizing Canopy Openness Across Large Forested Landscapes Using Spherical Densiometer and Smartphone Hemispherical Photography
Authors: Beeles Katie L , Tourville Jordon C , Dovciak Martin
Published: August 2021

Canopy openness is an important forest characteristic related to understory light environment and productivity. Although many methods exist to estimate canopy openness, comparisons of their performance tend to focus on relatively narrow ranges of canopy conditions and forest types. To address this gap, we compared two popular approaches for estimating canopy openness, traditional spherical densiometer and modern smartphone hemispherical photography, across a large range of canopy conditions (from closed canopy to large gaps) and forest types (from low-elevation broadleaf to high-elevation conifer forests) across four states in the northeastern United States. We took 988 field canopy openness measurements (494 per instrument) and compared them across canopy conditions using linear regression and t-tests. The extensive replication allowed us to quantify differences between the methods that may otherwise go unnoticed. Relative to the densiometer, smartphone photography overestimated low canopy openness (<10%) but it underestimated higher canopy openness (>10%), regardless of forest type.
Pure laparoscopic living donor right hepatectomy (with video)
Authors: Gamez B , Benitez J , Puelma F , Jarufe N
Published: August 2021

Only a few centers in the world perform pure laparoscopic right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. In this procedure, right lobe donation is mostly preferred in view of the higher graft volume usually needed for the recipient. In the area, laparoscopic surgery has had a minor development given the greater technical difficulty and risks for both donor and preservation of the graft. Nevertheless, last 3 years, the advances in major laparoscopic liver surgery suggest that pure laparoscopic right hepatectomy could be a feasible and safe procedure in appropriately selected donors, and mostly, when is performed by surgeons with significant experience in both laparoscopic liver surgery and liver transplantation with living donor liver grafts. This video shows the surgical technique of a pure laparoscopic right hepatectomy in a 30-year-old female volunteered for living donation to her brother.
‘Time Is Not All Powerful’: The Johannine Eschatological Vision in Eugene Vodolazkin’s Laurus
Authors: Bowlby Ewan
Published: August 2021

Eugene Vodolazkin’s Laurus employs literary ‘distortion’ to capture and convey the eschatological paradoxes of the Fourth Gospel. Having outlined the complexity and contradictions of the Johannine eschatological vision, this article describes how Laurus meets the challenge presented by this vision. Rather than seeking to resolve the tension between vertical and horizontal eschatological dimensions, Vodolazkin reshapes time itself to accommodate both realised and future-oriented eschatologies. This remythologising of time is a distortion that brings the reader closer to the rich imaginative depths of Scripture: a powerful form of resistance to limited, inflexible accounts of the ‘real’.
Impact of binary stars on planet statistics – I. Planet occurrence rates and trends with stellar mass
Authors: Moe Maxwell , Kratter Kaitlin M
Published: August 2021

Close binaries suppress the formation of circumstellar (S-type) planets and therefore significantly bias the inferred planet occurrence rates and statistical trends. After compiling various radial velocity and high-resolution imaging surveys, we determine that binaries with a < 1 au fully suppress S-type planets, binaries with a = 10 au host close planets at 15$_{-12}^{+17}$ per cent the occurrence rate of single stars, and wide binaries with a > 200 au have a negligible effect on close planet formation. We show that F = 43 ± 7 per cent of solar-type primaries in magnitude-limited samples do not host close planets due to suppression by close stellar companions. By removing spectroscopic binaries from their samples, radial velocity surveys for giant planets boost their detection rates by a factor of 1/(1-F) = 1.8 ± 0.2 compared to transiting surveys. This selection bias fully accounts for the discrepancy in hot Jupiter and close Neptune occurrence rates inferred from these two detection methods. Correcting for both planet suppression by close binaries and transit dilution by wide binaries, the occurrence rate of small planets orbiting single G-dwarfs is 2.1 ± 0.3 times larger than the rate inferred from all G-dwarfs in the Kepler survey. Additionally, about half (but not all) of the observed increase in small, short-period planets towards low-mass hosts can be explained by the corresponding decrease in the binary fraction.
Investigating the true nature of three hard X-ray sources
Authors: Molina M , Malizia A , Masetti N , Bassani L , Bazzano A , Bird A J , Fiocchi M , Palazzi E , Ubertini P
Published: August 2021

Many of the new high energy sources discovered both by INTEGRAL/IBIS and Swift/BAT have been characterized thanks to extensive, multiband follow-up campaigns, but there are still objects whose nature remains to be asserted. In this paper, we investigate the true nature of three high energy sources, IGR J12134−6015, IGR J16058−7253, and Swift J2037.2+4151, employing multiwavelength data from the near-infrared to the X-rays. Through Gaia and ESO-VLT measurements and through Swift/XRT X-ray spectral analysis, we re-evaluate the classification for IGR J12134−6015, arguing that the source is a Galactic object and in particular a cataclysmic variable. We were able to confirm, thanks toNuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array(NuSTAR) observations, that the hard X-ray emission detected by INTEGRAL/IBIS and Swift/BAT from IGR J16058−7253 is coming from two Seyfert 2 galaxies which are both counterparts for this source. Through optical and X-ray spectral analysis of SwiftJ2037.2+4151 we find that this source is likely part of the rare and peculiar class of symbiotic X-ray binaries and displays flux and spectral variability as well as interesting spectral features, such as a blending of several emission lines around the iron line complex.
On asymmetric dark matter constraints from the asteroseismology of a subgiant star
Authors: Rato João , Lopes José , Lopes Ilídio
Published: August 2021

The asteroseismic modelling of solar-like stars has proved to be valuable in constraining dark matter. In this work, we study for the first time the influence of asymmetric dark matter (ADM) in the evolution of a subgiant star (KIC 8228742) by direct comparison with observational data. Both spectroscopic and seismic data are analysed with a new approach to the stellar calibration method, in which DM properties can also be considered as free inputs. In another phase of this study, a calibrated standard stellar model (without DM) is used as the benchmark for DM models. We find that the latter models consistently outperform the former for 10−40 ≤ σSD < 10−38 cm2, hinting that the presence of ADM in stars of this type does not go against observations. Moreover, we show that stellar seismology allows us to suggest exclusion limits that complement the constraints set by direct detection experiments. Different seismic observables are proposed to study DM properties and ΔΠℓ is found to be the most reliable, having the potential to build future DM exclusion diagrams. This new methodology can be a powerful tool in the analysis of the data coming from the next generation of asteroseismic missions.
Two-wind interactions in binaries with two orbiting giant stars
Authors: Castellanos-Ramírez A , Rodríguez-González A , Meliani Z , Rivera-Ortiz P R , Raga A C , Cantó J
Published: August 2021

Some red giant envelopes present spiral structures (seen either in dust-scattered stellar continuum or in molecular line emission), the most striking example probably being AFGL 3068. This object has been modeled (both analytically and numerically) in terms of a wind ejected from a star in orbit around a binary companion. We revisit both analytical models and 3D simulations of a wind from an orbiting red giant star, and extend the numerical simulations to the case of a binary with two red giants with strong winds. We find that most two-wind models on the orbital plane show a ‘double spiral’ structure close to the binary source, and that these two arms merge into a single spiral structure at larger distances. However, for the case of a binary with two identical winds, the two spiral arms are still present at large distances from the binary source. We also find that for models of two (not identical) dynamically important winds, a region close to the orbital plane has material from both winds. Also, an approximately conical region centered on the orbital axis is filled exclusively by the wind with larger momentum rate. These two structures lead to morphologies reminiscent of the so-called ‘hour glass’ planetary nebulae. Finally, we find that increasing wind velocity disparities lead to the formation of clumpy structures along the spiral arms. Observations of ‘clumpy spirals’ are therefore likely to indicate the presence of two strong winds from the stars in the central binary system.
Massive young stellar objects in the Local Group irregular galaxy NGC 6822 identified using machine learning
Authors: Kinson David A , Oliveira Joana M , van Loon Jacco Th
Published: August 2021

We present a supervised machine learning methodology to classify stellar populations in the Local Group dwarf-irregular galaxy NGC 6822. Near-IR colours (J − H, H − K, and J − K), K-band magnitudes and far-IR surface brightness (at 70 and 160 $\mu$m) measured from Spitzer and Herschel images are the features used to train a Probabilistic Random Forest (PRF) classifier. Point-sources are classified into eight target classes: young stellar objects (YSOs), oxygen- and carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars, red giant branch and red supergiant stars, active galactic nuclei, massive main-sequence stars, and Galactic foreground stars. The PRF identifies sources with an accuracy of ∼ 90 per cent across all target classes rising to ∼96 per cent for YSOs. We confirm the nature of 125 out of 277 literature YSO candidates with sufficient feature information, and identify 199 new YSOs and candidates. Whilst these are mostly located in known star-forming regions, we have also identified new star formation sites. These YSOs have mass estimates between ∼15 and 50 M⊙, representing the most massive YSO population in NGC 6822. Another 82 out of 277 literature candidates are definitively classified as non-YSOs by the PRF analysis. We characterize the star formation environment by comparing the spatial distribution of YSOs to those of gas and dust using archival images. We also explore the potential of using (unsupervised) t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding maps for the identification of the same stellar population classified by the PRF.
Infrared dust echoes from neutron star mergers
Authors: Lu Wenbin , McKee Christopher F , Mooley Kunal P
Published: August 2021

A significant fraction of binary neutron star mergers occur in star-forming galaxies where the UV-optical and soft X-ray emission from the relativistic jet may be absorbed by dust and re-emitted at longer wavelengths. We show that, for mergers occurring in gas-rich environment ($n_{\rm H}\gtrsim 0.5\rm \, cm^{-3}$ at a few to tens of pc) and when the viewing angle is less than about 30°, the emission from heated dust should be detectable by James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), with a detection rate of $\sim 1\rm \, yr^{-1}$. The spatial separation between the dust emission and the merger site is a few to 10 milli-arcsecs (for a source distance of 150 Mpc), which may be astrometrically resolved by JWST for sufficiently high signal-noise-ratio detections. Measuring the superluminal apparent speed of the flux centroid directly gives the orbital inclination of the merger, which can be combined with gravitational wave data to measure the Hubble constant. For a line of sight within the jet opening angle, the dust echoes are much brighter and may contaminate the search for kilonova candidates from short gamma-ray bursts, such as the case of GRB 130603B.
Coherent curvature radiation: maximum luminosity and high-energy emission
Authors: Cooper A J , Wijers R A M J
Published: August 2021

High brightness temperature radio transients such as pulsars and fast radio bursts (FRBs) require the coherent radiation of particles. The antenna class of coherent radiation models require a large number of charged particles radiating in phase, therefore the particles must be spatially confined and have well-aligned velocities. Given these necessary conditions, we look at the magnetic field induced by the currents associated with coherently emitting accelerated particles and consider the interaction between the radiating particles and the induced magnetic field. We find a maximum luminosity of coherent curvature radiation that depends on source parameters such as surface magnetic field and neutron star spin period. We find that coherent radio emission across all luminosities can be explained by coherent curvature radiation and suggest it could be universally responsible for both FRBs and extreme galactic sources. Using the Crab Pulsar as an example, we constrain the emission parameters and origin of the most extreme nanoshots to within 60 km of the pulsar surface assuming coherent curvature radiation. In agreement with recent observations, we also predict simultaneous X-ray emission from small-scale particle gyration due to the induced field.
The RNA binding protein Quaking represses splicing of the Fibronectin EDA exon and downregulates the interferon response
Authors: Liao Kuo-Chieh , Chuo Vanessa , Fagg W Samuel , Modahl Cassandra M , Widen Steven , Garcia-Blanco Mariano A
Published: August 2021

Quaking (QKI) controls RNA metabolism in many biological processes including innate immunity, where its roles remain incompletely understood. To illuminate these roles, we performed genome scale transcriptome profiling in QKI knockout cells with or without poly(I:C) transfection, a double-stranded RNA analog that mimics viral infection. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data shows that QKI knockout upregulates genes induced by interferons, suggesting that QKI is an immune suppressor. Furthermore, differential splicing analysis shows that QKI primarily controls cassette exons, and among these events, we noted that QKI silences splicing of the extra domain A (EDA) exon in fibronectin (FN1) transcripts. QKI knockout results in elevated production and secretion of FN1-EDA protein, which is a known activator of interferons. Consistent with an upregulation of the interferon response in QKI knockout cells, our results show reduced production of dengue virus-2 and Japanese encephalitis virus in these cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that QKI downregulates the interferon system and attenuates the antiviral state.
Insights into the dual functions of AcrIF14 during the inhibition of type I-F CRISPR–Cas surveillance complex
Authors: Liu Xi , Zhang Laixing , Xiu Yu , Gao Teng , Huang Ling , Xie Yongchao , Yang Lingguang , Wang Wenhe , Wang Peiyi , Zhang Yi , Yang Maojun , Feng Yue
Published: August 2021

CRISPR–Cas systems are bacterial adaptive immune systems, and phages counteract these systems using many approaches such as producing anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. Here, we report the structures of both AcrIF14 and its complex with the crRNA-guided surveillance (Csy) complex. Our study demonstrates that apart from interacting with the Csy complex to block the hybridization of target DNA to the crRNA, AcrIF14 also endows the Csy complex with the ability to interact with non-sequence-specific dsDNA as AcrIF9 does. Further structural studies of the Csy–AcrIF14–dsDNA complex and biochemical studies uncover that the PAM recognition loop of the Cas8f subunit of the Csy complex and electropositive patches within the N-terminal domain of AcrIF14 are essential for the non-sequence-specific dsDNA binding to the Csy–AcrIF14 complex, which is different from the mechanism of AcrIF9. Our findings highlight the prevalence of Acr-induced non-specific DNA binding and shed light on future studies into the mechanisms of such Acr proteins.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits of a gluten-free diet and/or casein-free diet for children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Quan Liuliu , Xu Xinjie , Cui Yonghong , Han Heze , Hendren Robert L , Zhao Lidan , You Xin
Published: August 2021

Context

It has been suggested that a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet may alleviate the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and facilitate neurodevelopment of children with ASD. Studies to date have been inconclusive.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate (through quantitative meta-analysis) the efficacy and safety of a GFCF diet for children with ASD. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an analysis has been carried out.

Data Sources

Eight electronic databases were searched, from the establishment of each database up to March 27, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases.

Data Extraction

Two authors independently performed the data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment.

Data Analysis

A quantitative meta-analysis was performed with standard procedures by using Stata SE 15 software. Within the total of 8 studies, with 297 participants, 5 studies reported significant reductions in stereotypical behaviors [standard mean difference (SMD) = –0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.68 to –0.15], and 3 studies reported improvements in cognition (SMD = –0.46, 95% CI: –0.91 to –0.01) following GFCF dietary intervention . No statistically significant changes were observed in other symptomatic categories (all P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The current meta-analysis showed that a GFCF diet can reduce stereotypical behaviors and improve the cognition of children with ASD. Though most of the included studies were single-blind, the benefits of a GFCF diet that have been indicated are promising. Additional studies on a larger scale are warranted.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020177619.
Pink pressure: beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) as a possible novel medical therapy for chronic kidney disease
Authors: Moreira Laís de Souza Gouveia , Fanton Susane , Cardozo Ludmila , Borges Natalia A , Combet Emilie , Shiels Paul G , Stenvinkel Peter , Mafra Denise
Published: August 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) manifests with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis, resulting in metabolic disorders and elevated rates of cardiovascular disease–associated death. These all correlate with a high economic cost to healthcare systems. Growing evidence indicates that diet is an indispensable ally in the prevention and management of CKD and its complications. In this context, the root vegetable beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) deserves special attention because it is a source of several bioactive compounds, such as nitrate, betaine, and betalain, and has shown beneficial effects in CKD, including reduction of blood pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant actions by scavenging radical oxidative species, as observed in preclinical studies. Beetroot consumption as a possible therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical treatment of patients with CKD and future directions for clinical studies are addressed in this narrative review.
Wage growth and inflation in Europe: a puzzle?
Authors:   By, Boranova Vizhdan , Huidrom Raju , Nowak Sylwia , Topalova Petia , Tulin Volodymyr , Varghese Richard
Published: August 2021

In many European countries, prior to the pandemic, wages rose faster than productivity, yet consumer price pressures remained subdued. This is puzzling as theory suggests that inflation would pick up with a rise in wage growth that exceeds productivity growth. To shed light on this puzzle, we analyze the transmission of wage shocks to core inflation for a sample of 27 European countries over the period 1995Q1–2019Q1. More importantly, we assess how the transmission depends on a set of factors. We find that historically wage growth has led to higher inflation but the impact has weakened since the global financial crisis. Our analysis shows that the passthrough from wage growth to inflation is significantly lower in periods of subdued inflation and inflation expectations, greater competitive pressures, and robust corporate profitability.
Introduction
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

The book is arbitrarily structured around the parameters of melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, and pre-compositional approaches. All chapters start with a brief note on terminology and general recommendations for the instructor and the student. The first five chapters offer a variety of exercises that range from analysis and style imitation, to the use of probabilities. The chapter about pre-compositional approaches offers original techniques that a student composer can implement in order to start a new work. This last section of the book fosters creative connections with other disciplines such as math, visual arts, and architectural acoustics. Each of the 100 exercises contained in the book proposes a unique set of guidelines and constraints intended to place the student in a specific compositional framework. Through those compositional boundaries the student is encouraged to produce creative work within a given structure. Using the methodologies in this book, students will be able to create their own outlines for their compositions, making intelligent and educated compositional choices that balance reasoning with intuition.
Melody (Exercises 1–20)
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

In this chapter, the exercises focus on the single melodic line. Exercises 1 to 6 are based on the idea of writing melodies with given pitch collections (ordered and unordered), using focal points and pitch collections that have elements in common. The goal of frameworks 7 and 8 is to compose melodies using concatenated triads; 9 and 10 focus on the use of segments (of equal and unequal duration); 11 proposes the “translation” of a given image into sound; 12 through 14 incorporate the concept of integer notation. Simple use of probabilities is the basis of exercise 15. Numbers 16 and 17 use 12-tone rows and simple transformations. In 18 the objective is to use analysis (specifically the inventory of interval types from a given melody) in a creative way. Exercises 19 and 20 use the concept of simple melodic motifs and processes of elimination to compose melodies.
Harmony (Exercises 21–40)
Authors: Variego Jorge
Published: August 2021

This chapter focuses on sounds that occur simultaneously. The concept of harmony here is broad and has a far-reaching scope; it includes functional and non-functional harmonies, color, and any other approach to simultaneous sonorities. Exercise 21 suggests the implementation of voice leading as a constructive principle through stylistic imitation. Number 22, in which “melody becomes harmony,” proposes the harmonization of a melody using exclusively its pitch content. Exercise 23 incorporates symmetrical harmonies; 24 and 25 use the harmonic series to create harmonies. In 26 the harmonies are built around major and minor triads with pitches in common. Exercise 27 incorporates the use of integer notation; 28 uses scale degrees but not triads. The base of exercise 29 is the 12-tone row; 30 uses the concept of “circle” progression or harmonies that move around the circle of fifths; 31 and 32 incorporate harmonies that move in major and minor thirds; 33 and 34 discuss overlapping triads and polytonality; 35 provides an opportunity to work with pedal tones; 36 incorporates the church modes and 37 the use of clusters (i.e., harmonies based exclusively on minor a major seconds). Exercise 38 is based on harmonic sequences; 39 and 40 discuss implied harmonies and writing “contrafacts.”
Entangled Emancipations
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores how the revolutionary utopias that unfolded in the Russian colonies influenced their European host societies. It argues that Russians became omnipresent—as both actors and symbols—in European discussions about the meaning of freedom. They played crucial roles in the discourse about refugees and asylum, in the creation of a new international left, and in the struggles for women’s rights and against empire. However, discussions about Russian radicalism also raised new concerns about the dangers of cross-border revolutionary networks and the threats that Russians posed to the very core values that Europeans had developed in dialogue with Russians.
Émigré Dystopias
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the collapse of émigré utopias in the 1890s and 1900s. Beginning in the 1870s, small groups of tsarist apologists active abroad—both Russians and Europeans—mobilized to change continental society’s generally positive views of Russians. By the 1880s, the Russian secret police, or Okhrana, joined this effort, engaging in informal public relations campaigns as well as violent provocations intended to divide émigrés and to undermine their reputations. By about 1890, these campaigns had succeeded in transforming the discrete concerns that had emerged about Russian exiles in Europe into a cohesive narrative that portrayed the Russians as terrorists, criminals, and moral reprobates. The ensuing wave of hostility directed at exiles led to the rapid unraveling of émigré rights across the continent.
“The Party of Extreme Opposition”
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the ways in which Bolshevism was shaped by the émigré milieu. On the one hand, the chapter treats Lenin’s new movement as a response to the failures of émigré politics. On the other hand, the early Bolsheviks continued the august émigré tradition of living the revolution and depended on the unique space of the colonies as well as the encounters that they generated to define their new revolutionary program. Although the emergence of Bolshevism infused émigré society with new energy, it also intensified its discontents. The Bolsheviks’ polemical stance on the so-called Jewish question proved particularly destructive.
Epilogue
Authors: Hillis Faith
Published: August 2021

This short epilogue traces the fate of one-time émigrés after 1921–22. Those who refused to submit to the Bolsheviks, including many prominent members of the Bund and the Menshevik party, spent the rest of their lives in distant exile or chose to return to Europe. Others accommodated themselves to the party’s will. Yet even as the Bolsheviks became ascendant, the émigré experience haunted the party. This chapter argues that Stalin’s hostility toward the original Old Bolsheviks—almost of all of whom, unlike him, had spent substantial time in exile—was at least in part informed by his suspicion of the strong bonds they had developed overseas.
Prologue I
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

Prologue I, God and Buckley at Yale (1951); Prologue II, Henry Sloan Coffin’s Yale (1897); Prologue III, Yale Embattled: Noah Porter versus William Graham Sumner (1880). Three historical vignettes in reverse historical order suggest changing stages regarding how Christianity might be related to a modern university. William F. Buckley’s God and Man at Yale (1951) challenged the university’s claims to be Christian. Defenders of Yale dismissed any anti-Christian influences in the curriculum as matters of academic freedom and pointed to the extracurricular religious influences at the university. When William Sloan Coffin (’97), who chaired a special committee to answer Buckley, was a student, a broad character-oriented Protestantism held a respected place among Yale students and faculty. Going back to 1880, though, it was no longer possible for the Yale President to insist on Christian teaching, as President Noah Porter discovered in his efforts to restrict the teachings of Social Darwinist William Graham Sumner. Despite the imminent disappearance of explicit Christian influences in public culture, it was possible with the broadened definition of religion to see the situation as the spread of religious enlightenment.
The Burden of Christendom
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

The Founding of Harvard was a first order of business in Puritan Massachusetts. The Puritans had inherited not only the university tradition from Christendom, but also a strong emphasis, as part of their heritage from John Calvin, on educated clergy and educated lay leadership. Harvard College was designed to serve both church and state. It adopted the standard classic university curriculum, supplemented by theological training and Christian worship. William Ames, who had hoped to come to Massachusetts, proposed alternatives that would have better integrated theology with more secular learning, such as treating both metaphysics and ethics as subdisciplines of theology in the arts curriculum and removing Aristotle from these parts of the curriculum while retaining Plato.
Two Kinds of Sectarianism
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

In the era of the early republic, Thomas Jefferson at the University of Virginia headed the leading effort to promote nonsectarian higher education, freed from religious control. Throughout the colonies the Presbyterians, representing in alliance with New Englanders the Reformed heritage, had become the principal rivals in establishing colleges. They pointed out that Jefferson’s views were not neutral, but just a different sort of sectarianism. That led to conflicts, especially in the South, where Jefferson’s ally, Thomas Cooper, was eventually removed from the presidency of the University of South Carolina. Within a generation of Jefferson’s death, rather than steadily liberalize as he had imagined, most American colleges were under more traditionalist Protestant influence. In 1845 Presbyterian William H. McGuffey became Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Virginia.
The John the Baptist of the German University Ideal
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

Henry P. Tappan, president of the University of Michigan, was, in the era before the Civil War, the leading advocate of the new German ideal for the modern university. While the Whig ideal was built on Enlightenment principles of common sense and fixed truths, the more progressive nineteenth-century thought was shaped by romantic ideals of progress. While Tappan had a strong evangelical pedigree, he was strongly against sectarianism at Michigan. He believed that what distinguished a university from a lower school was great scholars and their research. Although he did not entirely transform Michigan before his abrupt dismissal in 1863, he did make it into a leading university and recruited some leading scholars.
The Christian Legacy in the Age of Science
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

The era after the Civil War saw growing efforts to turn the old-style colleges into modern universities. Particularly important was the scientific ideal, not only promoting science and technology but also promoting scientific standards as the model for most of academic thought. Andrew Dixon White, who with the financial backing of Ezra Cornell founded Cornell University, was a leading proponent of the idea that Darwinism provided scientific justification for freeing academic thought from traditional Christian theology–related restrictions. White faced criticism that his Cornell University was “godless.” However, he still recommended a broadly Christian moral purpose for the modern universities.
The Obstacles to a Christian Presence
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

By the 1920s and 1930s those concerned with keeping a Christian presence faced many challenges. One solution was for mainline Protestant denominations to strengthen their student ministries, especially on state university campuses. One approach was to sponsor “Bible chairs” in which qualified professors taught courses on the Bible or Christian religious themes for credit. By 1940 virtually all church-related schools and most state universities had departments of religion. These were liberal Protestant institutions and emphasized scientific and literary study of religion. Despite these efforts higher education was rapidly growing in many other areas, so religion remained peripheral to most of their activities. As compensation this was an era of building huge chapels. Student religious life declined; the YMCA and YWCA in particular declined as did evangelical religious interests. Chapel requirements largely disappeared. The dominant liberal Protestants emphasized teaching character and becoming good citizens grounded in the broadly Christian tradition.
Searching for a Soul
Authors: Marsden George M.
Published: August 2021

The crisis for Christianity in the interwar years was intensified by the crisis in Western civilizations. Universities were to serve the needs of industrial society but also wanted to find meaning in the humanities and the best of the Western heritage. But critics like Carl Becker raised the question of whether humans could find meaning. Ruth Benedict was one who critiqued Western culture for its racism. John Dewey believed Americans could find a secular “common faith.” Chicago’s President Robert Maynard Hutchins presented in The Higher Education in America the most scathing critique. Humane education was undermined by dehumanizing scientific models and by business interests. These issues were sharply debated during the war years. Hutchins, Mortimer Adler, and some religious thinkers such as Pitirim Sorokin and Jacques Maritain argued for higher law either from either religion or metaphysics. John Dewey, Sidney Hook, and others argued for more pragmatic secular approaches.
The History and Growth of Judicial Review, Volume 2
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow
Published: August 2021

This second volume builds on the story of Volume I as to the origins and growth of judicial review in the key G-20 constitutional democracies, which include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, India, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, Mexico, and the European Union. In addition to discussing the judicial review systems of the major civil law countries in this Volume, I also discuss the birth and growth in power of the European Court of Justice and of the European Court of Human Rights, both of which hear cases ffrom common law as well as civil law countries. This Volume considers the four major theories that help to explain the origins of judicial review, which I discussed as to common law countries. Volume II identifies which theories of the origination and growth in power of judicial review apply best in the various countries discussed. Volume II considers not only what gives rise to judicial review originally, but also what leads to the growth of judicial power over time. My positive account of what causes the birth and growth of judicial review in so many very different countries over such a long period of time may have normative implications for those constitution writers who want a strong form of judicial review to come into being.
Why Do Good People Do Bad Things?
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

People are evolved to be ethical animals, but also evolved not to be perfectly moral. We suffer from predictable moral failings. Managing for better behaviors requires us to diagnose why good people act badly so that we can form proper strategies for overcoming their foibles. Further, some might be skeptical that there can be a universal ethics and instead assume that ethics is culturally relative. This position, rather than promoting tolerance, requires us to accept absurd conclusions.
The Business of Business Is Business
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

There is a division of labor in modern democratic societies. The main way businesses serve society is by producing products and services people want at prices they can afford to pay. A good business exercises corporate social responsibility simply by delivering its core service. There is a role for charitable giving and other causes, but having a well-crafted corporate social responsibility campaign is no substitute for ethics. Indeed, one of the dangers of the focus on corporate social responsibility is that business people might rationalize that unethical ways of making money are acceptable because the business later donates time or money to “good causes.” But ethics is primarily about how a business makes money, not what it does with the money it makes.
Why Aren’t We All Saints?
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

People are complicated. Morality is part of what makes us human. We are not just social animals, but animals evolved to have some innate moral concerns. Why, then, do ordinary people sometimes act badly? The answer is: it’s complicated. It’s not as simple as “People are selfish.” Instead, it’s a mix of problems. Sometimes we face bad incentives and take the bait. Sometimes, the problem is that we are conformists who don’t know how to say “no” and don’t even realize saying “no” is an option. Sometimes, the problem is that we operate on auto-pilot; we are blissfully unaware anything morally significant is at stake. Sometimes, the problem is that we suffer from self-deception and so trick ourselves into taking shortcuts. Sometimes, the problem is that we have run out of willpower and we haven’t learned to sustain our moral stamina.
Addressing Moral Confusion
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

Business ethics primarily concerns how businesses conduct themselves and how they make their money. Sometimes businesspeople act badly because they suffer from moral confusion—that is, they are genuinely unsure what moral principles apply to their situation or how to apply them correctly. There are at least five major principles of business ethics which are inherent or built-in to the very idea of doing business. These include that personal responsibility is inalienable, that we must respect the autonomy of others, that coercion, discrimination, and deception are forbidden, and that contracts must be honored. Further, building these ethical principles into each stage of the strategic planning process helps to ensure that businesses act well.
Psychological Factors
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

People are predominantly but not entirely selfish. However, they do generally have strong degrees of altruistic motivation in certain situations. Good management strategies must be careful not to crowd out intrinsic motivation—in which people do what things for their own sake—for extrinsic motivation—in which people are motivated primarily by rewards and punishments. It is important to structure work environments so that people find their work meaningful. Too much focus on extrinsic motivation can not only cause people to behave morally worse, but to perform worse in general.
Psychological Factors
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter
Published: August 2021

SMART objectives are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. DUMB values are Disconnected, Unincentivized, Measureless, and Boilerplate. Effective ethical and strategic management techniques promote SMART objectives and avoid DUMB values. However, business leaders often fall into the trap of pursuing DUMB values in part because it allows them to look good without putting much constraints on their actual choices.
Framboid Shapes
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

The original idea that framboids were generally spherical was due to the limitations of the contemporary optical microscopic methods. Later scanning microscopic investigations showed that many framboids were at least partly faceted and some display polygonal icosahedral forms. This is significant since the assumption of framboid sphericity informed earlier explanations of how they could form. It cannot be assumed, for example, that framboids necessarily require a precursor template, such as a spherical space or spherical organic globule, to develop. There is a continuum in original framboid shapes between ellipsoid, oblate spheroids, prolate spheroids, and spheroids. Irregularly curved shapes are common, especially in clusters of framboids, and result from deformation under the influence of gravity, analogous to soft sediment deformation. Framboidal icosahedra have varying triangular faces and are similar to the pseudo-icosahedral habit of pyrite macrocrystals. Framboids with mixtures of curved and faceted faces are common and these may result in part by local organized internal microcrystal domains. Various framboid clusters have been described as polyframboids, but the term is strictly reserved to spherical clusters of framboids. The constituent framboids may number 100–200 in these polyframboids, and they commonly show evidence of soft-sediment deformation.
Geochemistry of Framboids
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

The stoichiometry of pyrite in framboids is unknown. The trace element content of framboids has been reported since framboids usually constitute the earliest pyrite phase in a sediment and therefore are more likely to pick up trace element variations in contemporary seawater. The trace element ratios in sedimentary framboids are similar to those in the host shales. Analyses of hydrothermal framboids are fewer, and As, Sb, and Tl appear to be enriched in hydrothermal framboids, with As, Sb, Ni, and Co also being enriched in framboids formed during metamorphism. In contrast with trace element distributions, no spatial variations in sulfur isotopic compositions have been reported within individual framboids. Framboids pick up a more accurate measure of the sulfur isotopic composition of the prevailing dissolved sulfide and are likely to retain this over geologic time. Although it is probable that pyrite framboids collect the local environmental trace element variations, interpretations of the results in terms of paleoenvironmental reconstructions are currently complex. The original sequestration of trace elements is likely to be in part determined by the pyrite crystal chemistry, and there may be a limit to how much of any given trace element can be sequestered by pyrite. This is likely to be enhanced during late diagenesis and early metamorphism and it is not altogether clear how individual trace elements behave over geologic time.
Nucleation of Framboids
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboid microcrystals, which are intrinsically similar in size and habit within any individual framboid, must have all nucleated and grown at the same time. The formation of many thousands of equidimensional and equimorphic microcrystals in framboids is the fundamental evidence for burst nucleation. This is conventionally described by the LaMer model, which is characterized by (1) a lag phase before nucleation becomes significant; (2) burst nucleation where the rate of nucleation increases exponentially and may be completed in seconds; and (3) a short growth phase where nucleation becomes again insignificant. The growth phase is limited by the diffusion of Fe and S in stagnant, diffusion limited environments. By contrast, individual pyrite crystals evidence isolated nucleation and unlimited growth in advecting systems. The reaction with surface =FeS provided by sulfidized iron oxyhydroxides may a major route for producing individual pyrite crystals, rather than framboids, especially in sediments. Framboid formation by the nucleation of pyrite in solution can be described by classical nucleation theory (CNT), which leads to results consistent with observed critical supersaturation ranges, critical nucleus radius, and surface energies.
Framboid Microcrystal Growth
Authors: Rickard David
Published: August 2021

Framboid microcrystals grow through surface reaction of S2(-II) or H2S with =FeS moieties at defect sites on the pyrite crystal surface. The surface energies of pyrite vary from the most stable cubic through octahedral to pyritohedral and dodecahedral surfaces. Microcrystals commonly develop as truncated octahedra as the supersaturation decreases during crystal growth in sedimentary environments, although cubic forms may be favored under hydrothermal conditions. Screw dislocation growth followed by surface nucleation growth are the normal growth modes in sediments, whereas surface nucleation growth is likely to dominate in hydrothermal systems. The rate of crystal growth of framboids is unknown but appears to be very fast and normally diffusion-limited. Linear approximations to the diffusion equations show that average 6 μ‎m diameter framboids form in five days in sediments, and formation times increase exponentially from a few hours for ca. 2 μ‎m framboids to three years for the largest 250 μ‎m framboids.
Measures of Learning Agility
Authors: Boyce Christine E. , Boyce Anthony S.
Published: August 2021

This chapter critically evaluates existing, publicly available, learning agility assessments so that interested readers can more readily select the tool or tools most relevant to their needs. It begins by examining different methods for assessing learning agility and their relative strengths and weaknesses, specifically self-report measures, multirater surveys, interviews, and simulations. Next, it reviews specific measures of learning agility and the properties of those tools. Details are provided regarding the dimensions measured by each, their respective frameworks and development histories, psychometric characteristics, report and norm availability, and certification requirements. It concludes with a discussion of the limitations of existing measures and some recommendations for future research.