bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Party Cooperation and Post-Communist Politics: Euroscepticism in Transnational Perspective
Authors: Pridham Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Much literature on Europeanization trends has tended to focus primarily on policy redirection and to a lesser degree on institutional adaptation with some vague attention to social and cultural matters. Political aspects of this now undeniable pattern have been little explored; and, that goes also for the study of political parties and European integration with some exceptions (Gaffney 1996). But growing evidence of the politicization of European Union (EU) affairs makes this deficiency ever more serious, especially as it relates to legitimacy problems of the EU system as demonstrated in referendums held over the past decade.
How Deep Is the Wider Europe? Elites, Europeanization, and Euroscepticism in the CEECs
Authors: Hughes James , Sasse Gwendolyn , Gordon Claire
Published: November 2023

European Union (EU) enlargement has been a decade-long process that still leaves undecided the debate of the early 1990s over whether there should be a deepening or widening of the EU. Enlargement has certainly provided an impetus for renewed debate over deepening in the EU, most notably in the constitutional treaty which resulted from the convention on Europe. The question remains, however, to what extent the enlargement to the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs), the socalled new Europe, will spread thin the ideal of European integration.
Popular Palestine: The Holy Land as Printed Image, Spectacle, and Commodity
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan
Published: November 2023

Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure (1895) depicts a world embedded in biblical and Christian imagery: dashing home, still overwhelmed by his Pisgah sight, the anxious Jude tries not to think of ‘Apollyon lying in wait for Christian’ (p. 17). Yet, rather than signify the pilgrim’s other-worldly aspirations, Jude’s New Jerusalem represents a very practical progress: education, cultivation, self-help. Christminster, which acquires ‘a tangibility, a permanence, a hold on his life’ (p. 18), is the Promised Land of social mobility. Of course, as with the earthly Jerusalem, the distant view is often deceptive. When he finally settles in Christminster—as a stonemason, not a scholar—Jude visits an ‘itinerant exhibition, in the shape of a model of Jerusalem’, to which schools were admitted ‘at a penny a head in the interests of education’.
Thomas Hardy, A Biography Revisited
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Michael Millgate's classic biography of Thomas Hardy, great novelist and poet, was first published in 1982. Much new information about Hardy has since become available, often in volumes edited or co-edited by Millgate himself, and many established assumptions have been challenged and revolutionized by scholarly research. In this extensively revised, fully reconsidered, and considerably-expanded new edition Millgate, the world's leading Hardy scholar, draws not only upon these new materials but upon an exceptional understanding of Hardy gained from long immersion in the study of his life and work. Many large and small aspects of Hardy's life are here freshly illuminated, including his family background, his fumbling self-education as a poet, his difficult relations with his first wife and hers with his family, his sexual infatuations, his secret collaborations with aspiring women writers, his clandestine composition of his own official biography, and the memory-invoking techniques by which he sustained his remarkable creativity into extreme old age. Thorough, authoritative and eminently readable, Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited will become the standard life of Hardy for a new generation.
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Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

‘The General Strike is over,’ wrote Empson on Wednesday, 12 May. ‘I am disappointed, there was some hope of stopping mathematics, of being forced to do something active which might rouse crude enthusiasm and physical satisfaction, and some intellectual initiative. But no, the miners are the kindliest of men, and my door is closed. Incidentally I suppose it has been a great disaster politically, we shall yet see.’ There is no other indication in his papers that he had come to regard mathematics as a stagnant or enervating course of study, or that he needed to be prodded out of inertia.
The Making of Seven Types of Ambiguity: Influence and Integrity
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

The briefest definition of Cambridge English would be: Contemporary, Comparative, College-based. We never troubled ourselves unduly about ‘covering the syllabus’; yet while Richards was at Cambridge, there was true balance between the centripetal force of his lectures and the more intimate college teaching. There was a general feeling that a student ought to have his wits stretched. We tended to prefer the difficult poets—Donne, or Marvell, or Eliot. ‘Strenuous’ was a word of praise. We were not very charitable to fools. The over-earnest young woman whom C. S. Lewis depicts in Rehabilitations (p. 97) is myself.
The Trials of Tokyo
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

On his first night in Tokyo, Empson caused a farcical incident that might have marred relations with his hosts. After booking into the Station Hotel, not far from the Imperial Palace, he gamely set of in search of food, drink, and tobacco. When he returned, it was so late that the hotel had already been locked up for the night. He was far from sober and set about trying to force an entrance through a ground-floor window—which happened to give access only to the redbrick station next to the hotel. ‘
Postscript
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

In the face of all the personal and professional difficulties he had shouldered in China, and with his vexed view of the country’s political and military situation, what had ultimately kept him going for those two years? ‘China is extremely short of trained men in all the departments necessary to her defence and reorganisation, and cannot let the training lapse during a war which may take a very long time,’ he had written in his unpublished essay on ‘Students in China’.
The War Within the BBC
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Ralf Bonwit ‘s arrival at the BBC was all the more timely since it coincided with the advent of a new Counsellor at the Chinese Embassy who would serve as Director of the Chinese Ministry of Information. This illustrious personage was none other than Empson ‘s old comrade-in-exile from Lianda days, George Yeh (Yeh Kung Chao), who landed in London at the end of May 1942. Empson had not seen him for nearly three years. Now in his late thirties (Empson was 35), Yeh had temporarily left China in September 1941, when he went to Singapore
Homing to Yorkshire
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

The family finally sailed from Hongkong on the P & Oliner Corfu at the end of August 1952, reaching London a month later. They were met at London docks by Empson ‘s sister Molly and brother Arthur, who drove them back, past all the many vacant lots where bombed buildings were still being cleared away, to Studio House in Hampstead. It was a dishevelled and disheartening place to come home to. The house was still being used as a camping ground by a variety of lodgers including A. G. (Dinah) Stock, the author and anarchist, and John Wright (who had established in Studio House, under the auspices of the Hampstead Artists ‘ Council,
From Poetry to the Queen
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Empson ‘s Collected Poems was published in the UK by Chatto & Windus on 29 September 1955, in an edition of 2,400 copies. It was a propitious moment for the reception of Empson ‘s arguably rather specialized verses, for the volume won more comprehensive and searching evaluation than any of his poetry had been accorded for twenty years. The astringent, witty, problem-revolving aspects of the poems seemed to strike a chord with a reading public that felt eager to move on from the linguistic exuberances of a Dylan Thomas.
Ménage à Trois
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

one occasion he wrote for her (in 1971) a letter to The Times suggesting that research might be done on a possible connection between the spraying of tobacco with pesticides and an increase in the risk of chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. Is it not possible, she suggested through his words, that trace compounds of pesticide origin might add to the number of carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke or else introduce a poisonous element into the situation by altering the way in which the tobacco burns ‘I think there was a sigh of relief all round when Hetta went to, ‘ Alice Stewart reXected in interview, ‘because life had been getting too hectic. ‘
‘They think good literature is a tremendous scolding ’:From SheYeld to Legon
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

sarcasm. ‘Thank you for your delightful letter of June 1st, ‘ he replied conspiratorially. The formation of the committee, with other members including Michael Foot, Kingsley Martin, Sir Compton Mackenzie, J. B. Priestley, Sir Herbert Read, and Kenneth Tynan, was announced in the Times on 10 June. However, Empson was not a man merely to put down his name and then sit on his hands. As the debate about the unconvincing Wndings of the Warren Commission raged on throughout the summer of 1964, he took pains to position himself among the disbelievers, in a letter to the New Statesman in October 1964:
The Forms of Liberal Multiculturalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: November 2023

There is no universally accepted definition of ‘liberal multiculturalism ‘, and any attempt to provide a single definition to encompass all of its different forms is likely to be too vague to be useful. We could say, for example, that liberal multiculturalism is the view that states should not only uphold the familiar set of common civil, political, and social rights of citizenship that are protected in all constitutional liberal democracies, but also adopt various group-specific rights or policies that are intended to recognize and accommodate the distinctive identities and aspirations of ethnocultural groups. This definition is fair enough, as far as it goes, but doesn ‘t take us very far.
Reaching For The Big Picture: An Update On Small Arms Transfers
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

Following the format established in Small Arms Survey 2004, this chapter provides an annual update of the authorized trade1 in small arms and light weapons. It looks in detail at the major reported exporters and importers, their trading partners, and the types of small arms exchanged. As in previous years, our understanding of the trade remains partial, for several reasons. Data on exports and imports is still limited for certain countries and certain types of small arms; it is at times difficult to interpret, so that many contradictions remain; and there is a time lag in reporting (for many of the calculations in this chapter, we have had to rely on data covering 2002).
Risk as an Interdisciplinary Research Area
Authors: Zinn Jens O , Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: November 2023

Risk issues initially attracted attention as the growing complexity of technical processes and enterprises generated interest in practical problems of risk management. Two factors—the realization that accidents and errors were not simply technical issues, and the increased opposition of members of the public to innovations—directed attention to psychological and sociological approaches to risk. As theoretical and empirical work developed, researchers from different perspectives recognized the importance of the sociocultural embeddedness of risk perceptions.
The Ulster Renaissance Poetry in Belfast 1962—1972
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: November 2023

This is the first full-length study of the extraordinary period of intense poetic activity in Belfast known as the Ulster Renaissance - a time when young Northern Irish poets such as Seamus Heaney, Derek Mahon, Michael Longley, James Simmons, and Paul Muldoon began crafting their art, and tuning their voices through each other. Drawing extensively upon new archival material, as well as personal interviews and correspondence, The Ulster Renaissance argues that these poets' friendships and rivalries were crucial to their autonomous artistic development. The book also sheds new light on the idea of a collaborative Belfast coterie - often treated derisively by critics - and shows that the poets frequently engaged in efforts to promote a cohesive 'Northern' literary community, distinct from that which existed in London and Dublin. It suggests that it was this cohesion - at turns inclusive and confining - which ultimately challenged the Belfast poets to find their individual voices.
Hans Morgenthau and the world state revisited
Authors: Craig Campbell
Published: November 2023

A basic paradox runs through Hans Morgenthau’s conception of the world state, at least in his writings after 1955 or so.1 His realist critique of international idealism is at its most devastating when it comes to existing plans and hopes for the construction of world government; yet at the same time Morgenthau suggests that the advent of nuclear weapons has made the nation state obsolete and world government necessary for human survival. The sentiment he most ruthlessly dismisses becomes the sentiment required to prevent species extinction.
Tristan Corbière and the Poetics of Irony
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

Tristan Corbière is often viewed as the archetypal poète maudit, a misunderstood rebel and bohemian prankster. This is a study of the poet's innovative use of language. It uses the critical tool of irony to analyse his idiosyncratic verse, showing how he contributed to the general revolution in poetic language that marked the 1870s in France. Corbière's poetry pushed the ironic element in Baudelaire to its limit and exerted an important influence on Laforgue, Pound, and Eliot. It played a key role in the ironic tradition of Symbolism which is often overshadowed by the 'pure' poetry of contemporaries like Mallarmé. Using close textual readings of poems from Les Amours jaunes (1873), the only collection published in Corbière's lifetime, this book outlines a method of reading his self-contradictory verse. It tackles the difficulty of interpreting ironic discourse and demonstrates how irony operates in Les Amours jaunes at all levels from verbal device to world-view, showing how the doubts of modern man and the spiritual void of commodity culture shape the very language of his poetry. Synthesizing critical approaches from continental and Anglo-American traditions, it analyses his use of puns, oral diction, dialogue, quotation, and intertextuality. It shows how he systematically undercuts habitual strategies of reading, by importing novelistic techniques into verse to deride it from within, and by ironizing irony itself. This is an introduction to the work of a challenging poet and a study of the practice of reading French verse.
Describing Brittany: Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

In the ‘Armor’ and ‘Gens de mer’ sections of Les Amours jaunes, Corbière’s voice-defying style is used to describe the external world of Brittany and the sea. These so-called Brittany poems are generally seen as narrative and descriptive, and contrasted with the more self-reflexive and personal Paris poems.
Introduction
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with the design of experiments when random variation in the measured responses is appreciable compared with the effects to be investigated. Under such conditions, statistical methods are essential for experiments to provide unambiguous answers with a minimum of effort and expense. This is particularly so if the effects of several experimental factors are to be studied. The emphasis will be on designs derived using the theory of optimum experimental design. Two main contributions result from such methods. One is the provision of algorithms for the construction of designs, which is of particular importance for non-standard problems.
Experimental Strategies
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

In this book we are mainly concerned with experiments where the purpose is to elucidate the behaviour of a system by fitting an approximating function or model. The distinction is with experiments where the prime interest is in estimating differences, or other contrasts, in yield between units receiving separate treatments. Often the approximating function will be a low-order polynomial. But, as in Chapter 17, the models may sometimes be non-linear functions representing knowledge of the mechanism of the system under study. There are several advantages to summarizing and interpreting the results of an experiment through a fitted model.
Criteria For A Good Experiment
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The results of Chapter 5 illustrate that the variances of the estimated parameters in a linear model depend upon the experimental design, as does the variance of the predicted response. An ideal design would provide small values of both variances. However, as the results of Table 5.4 show, a design which is good for one property may be less good for another. Usually one or a few important properties are chosen and designs found that are optimum for these properties. In this chapter we first list some desirable properties of an experimental design. We then illustrate the dependence of the ellipsoidal confidence regions (5.22) and of the variance of the predicted response (5.24) on the design.
Bayesian Optimum Designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The design of the experiments considered so far has depended in an informal way on prior information. In the discussions in Chapters 2 and 3 the purpose of the experiment, the range of the variables and possible models, among other aspects, all reflect the prior knowledge and experience of the experimenters. However, the only aspect of this knowledge that has been susceptible to mathematical analysis is the information matrix M (ξ). In this chapter we extend the design criteria to allow formal inclusion of prior information about the parameters of the model. In the resulting Bayesian designs the mathematical analysis again reduces to the study of the implications for design of various forms of information matrix.
Projective Geometry: An Introduction
Authors: Casse Rey
Published: November 2023

This lucid and accessible text provides an introductory guide to projective geometry, an area of mathematics concerned with the properties and invariants of geometric figures under projection. Including numerous worked examples and exercises throughout, the book covers axiomatic geometry, field planes and PG(r, F), coordinating a projective plane, non-Desarguesian planes, conics and quadrics in PG(3, F). Assuming familiarity with linear algebra, elementary group theory, partial differentiation and finite fields, as well as some elementary coordinate geometry, this text is ideal for 3rd and 4th year mathematics undergraduates.
Introduction
Authors: Casse Rey
Published: November 2023

Definition 2.1 In the Euclidean plane, ℝ2 = {(x, y) | x, y ϵ ℝ}Convince yourself (by drawing with the help of a straight edge and a pencil) that the following two theorems may well in general be true in the Euclidean plane ℝ2 = {(x, y) : x, y ϵ ℝ}.
Quadrics in PG (3, F)
Authors: Casse Rey
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 7, we found that conics (quadrics of PG(2,F )) are rich in properties. We expect quadrics of PG(3,F ) also to have interesting properties. First, we have an introductory look at the situation in PG(r, F ).The set of points (x0, x1, ... , xr) of PG(r, F ) satisfying a homogeneous polynomial ϕ in x0, ..., xr of degree twois called a quadric, and is denoted by  . Dually, the set of hyperplanes of PG( r, F ) satisfying a homogeneous polynomial of degree two is called a quadric envelope.
Things Fall Apart Presence and Palimpsest in the Colonial-scape
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Chinua Achebe’s life and work encapsulate key areas of colonial and postcolonial experience in West Africa. Born in Igboland in 1930, at the height of British imperial rule in Nigeria, Achebe followed the educational pathways opened by Christianity and colonialism for African youths: he attended mission school and government school in eastern Nigeria, and in the early 1950s progressed to University College, Ibadan, in the Yoruba-speaking west of Nigeria. All around him from the 1930s to the 1950s, increasing numbers of educated Nigerians were questioning missionary and colonial ‘civilization’ projects, and nationalists were calling for self-rule.
Popular Literature
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

West Africa’s international and canonical texts are often less import- ant to local readers than the popular texts which are produced by local publishers and have been a feature of the region’s literary culture since the 1940s. This chapter considers this large body of popular literature, paying particular attention to the tastes, preferences, and aesthetic sensibilities of West African readers between the 1950s and the present day.
Why Is Indigeneity Important?
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The term ‘indigeneity’ is something of a mouthful.1 You would not find it in the Oxford English Dictionary, which insists on ‘indigenousness’ or the ugly ‘indigenity’ (which it describes as rare). Like its near-synonym, ‘aboriginality’, the word ‘indigeneity’ forms an abstract noun from an adjective we use to apply to certain peoples. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘aboriginality’ as ‘[t]he quality of being aboriginal; existence in or possession of a land at the earliest stage of its history’
A Journey Through Ruins
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

A unique evocation of Britain at the height of Margaret Thatcher’s rule, A Journey Through Ruins views the transformation of the country through the unexpected prism of every day life in East London. Written at a time when the looming but still unfinished tower of Canary Wharf was still wrapped in protective blue plastic, its cast of characters includes council tenants trapped in disintegrating tower blocks, depressed gentrifiers worrying about negative equity, metal detectorists, sharp-eyed estate agents and management consultants, and even Prince Charles. Cutting through the teeming surface of London, it investigates a number of wider themes: the rise and dramatic fall of council housing, the coming of privatization, the changing memory of the Second World War, once used to justify post-war urban development and reform but now seen as a sacrifice betrayed. Written half a century after the blitz, the book reviews the rise and fall of the London of the post-war settlement. It remains one of the very best accounts of what it was like to live through the Thatcher years.
Galápagan Epiphany
Authors: McCarthy Dennis
Published: November 2023

When Charles Darwin first boarded the HMS Beagle, eager to embark on the most colossal adventure of his life, he was still a conventionally religious young man. Like most naturalists of his time, Darwin had no doubt that God was the Creator of the Universe, the Grand Designer of both the celestial and the earthly. He knew that God created the stars and that God conjured the organic, breathing life into species in all their forms and placing them in the various regions of the Earth. Darwin believed that God wisely chose to set camels in the deserts, mountain.
The Bloody Fall of South America and the Last of the Triassic Beak-Headed Reptiles
Authors: McCarthy Dennis
Published: November 2023

Imagine New Zealand had remained completely undiscovered by scientists until today, and that the first person to step onto its shoreline was a biogeographer. In the beginning, she would probably not suspect a thing. New Zealand is, of course, an island in the middle of an ocean. It is 1250 miles (2000 km) from Australia, and the life that clings to it, on first inspection, certainly seems to reflect its location. As with essentially all the other 25,000 islands in the Pacific, the intrepid voyagers—the ferns, terns, and other ocean island taxa—are prevalent.
Introduction: Ideas of India
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

Few postcolonial literary genres have been either as prominent or as contentious as the Indian novel in English. Even as several anglophone writers from decolonizing regions have achieved a global readership in recent years and even canonical status in some cases (Walcott, Naipaul, Soyinka, among others), novelists from the Indian subcontinent have dominated the international scene in unprecedented numbers. This is manifest partly in their repeated appearances on shortlists for the Booker and the Commonwealth Prize as well as increasing, indeed, guaranteed, attention from reviewers in prestigious literary institutions, including the New York Review of Books and the Times Literary Supplement. Writers such as Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, and Arundhati Roy are staples on postcolonial and ‘world literature’ syllabi. While these writers as well as others such as Anita Desai and Amitav Ghosh now have assured access to international publishing houses with considerable global reach, less-established figures also benefit from a relatively well-developed publishing industry for English-language works in India itself; Penguin India alone, for instance, publishes scores of original anglophone novels each year.
Bombay and the Novel
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

Midnight’s Children’s evocation of the infinite possibilities of postcolonial India had a paradigmatic location: they were embodied by what its protagonist, Saleem, describes, in opposition to the ‘Xat-boiled odours of acquiescence’ of Karachi, as ‘the highly-spiced non-conformity’ of Bombay. In Rushdie’s fifth novel, The Moor’s Last Sigh, he would expand on this idea: ‘Bombay was central, had been so from the moment of its creation: the bastard child of a Portuguese English wedding, and yet the most Indian of Indian cities . . . all rivers flowed into its human sea. It was an ocean of stories; we were all its narrators and everybody talked at once’ (Rushdie 1997: 350).
Imagining ‘Origins’: The Literature of Migration
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

The idea of India in the literary imagination was, as we have seen, usually tied to a specific geographical locale, inhering powerfully in cities such as Bombay that appeared to encapsulate its most fundamental cultural and political realities. It was often explored in its contradictions and tensions, particularly as these emerged through the juxtaposition of small stories with the larger epic of nation, or private narratives of everyday life with the great sweep of public History. The question of ‘Indianness’ is never far away in these anglophone novels but often elucidated through its messy elusiveness. But over the years, the question of what it means to be Indian has been posed not only by novelists whose work was set in the geographical terrain that has come to be known as India, but increasingly and with different resonances, by those who belong to the growing Indian ‘diaspora’ or communities generated by the experience of migration, many of whom fall under the governmental category, ‘Persons of Indian Origin’.
Forecasting mortality: applications and examples of age-period-cohort models
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we consider the proposal that the models introduced in Chapter 5 should be extended to include components that represent a cohort effect, as well as how this proposal has been implemented. We illustrate this implementation with a case study based on the UK experience. The justification for this proposal comes initially from some descriptive studies of mortality trends in the United Kingdom which demonstrate that there is a strong birth cohort effect present. Thus, the Government Actuary’s Department, which was responsible at the time for the official UK population projections, has highlighted, in a series of reports (GAD 1995, 2001, and 2002), the existence of cohorts in the United Kingdom who have experienced rapid mortality improvement, relative to those born previously or more recently. The generations (of both sexes) born approximately between 1925 and 1945 (and centered on the generation with year of birth 1931) seem to have experienced this more rapid mortality improvement.
The Legitimacy Of The European Union After Enlargement
Authors: Thomassen Jacques
Published: November 2023

Throughout its history the European Union ‘s (EU) legitimacy has been a matter of concern. A major challenge to its legitimacy was the 2004 enlargement with ten new member states, eight of them previously communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. This enlargement was without precedent in the history of the Union and its earlier incarnations. It is still to be seen how well the institutions as well as the citizens of the Union will be able to cope with the consequences of this operation. The institutions of the Union were never designed for such a large number of members. As a consequence, the Union is going through a laborious process of adapting its institutions to the changing circumstances.
European Citizenship and Identity after Enlargement
Authors: Thomassen Jacques , Bäck Hanna
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we focus on the first dimension of legitimacy distinguished in Chapter 1, the dimension of identity and citizenship, from the perspective of the citizens themselves. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to try to assess the effect of the 2004 enlargement on the legitimacy of the European Union (EU) with regard to the dimension of identity. For this purpose we should first clarify what we mean by a European demos and a European identity. It is beyond dispute that the very idea of democracy, and of people ‘s sovereignty, presupposes the existence of a people, a demos.
William Hazlitt
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

Romanticism is where the modern age begins, and Hazlitt was its most articulate spokesman. No one else had the ability to see it whole; no one else knew so many of its politicians, poets, and philosophers. By interpreting it for his contemporaries, he speaks to us of ourselves - of the culture and world we now inhabit. Perhaps the most important development of his time, the creation of a mass media, is one that now dominates our lives. Hazlitt's livelihoo was dependent on it. As the biography argues, he took political sketch-writing to a new level, invented sports commentary as we know it, and created the essay-form as practised by Clive James, Gore Vidal, and Michael Foot. Duncan Wu's profile of one of the greatest journalists in the language draws on over a decade of archival research in libraries across Britain and North America, to reveal for the first time such matters as why Godwin broke with Hazlitt; how Hazlitt came to know Sir John Soane and J. M. W. Turner; the true nature of Hazlitt's dealings with Thomas Medwin, and what the likes of Joseph Farington and Sir Thomas Lawrence thought of him. In addition, it sheds new light on Hazlitt's dealings with such figures as Francis Jeffrey, Robert Stodart, John M'Creery, Henry Crabb Robinson, Joseph Parkes, John Cam Hobhouse, and Stendhal. It benefits also from Wu's New Writings of William Hazlitt, many of which make their appearance here, illuminating hitherto obscure passages of Hazlitt's life.
chapter 23
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

Godwin was in for an unpleasant surprise. One day in early May 1826 he read in the paper that Hazlitt’s new collection, The Plain Speaker, contained ‘anecdotes’ about him. Irritated, he wrote to its publisher, Henry Colburn: In the larger announce of ‘The Plain Speaker,’ I find my name among others, as one of the persons of whom the author thinks proper to retail his anecdotes. No curiosity can be more natural, & few desires more venial, than the wish to know what sort of anecdotes respecting one’s self any one of the lounging public may be amused with, that chuses it Would you then oblige me with the loan of the book? I will promise not to detain it more than a week.
chapter 24
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

There was trouble brewing at home. Now fifteen, William Jr had been in Paris nearly a year. Never an easy child, he was once described by Keats as ‘that little Nero’, and loyalty to his mother (who he thought ‘had been ill used’) prevented him finding a modus vivendi with Isabella. Not only was he ‘very pointed and severe in his remarks’ to her, but his own son said he ‘was much distressed and hurt at the second marriage’ (an understatement), indicating a permanent disinclination to accept her. By the time Hazlitt returned to Paris in July 1827, the friction between them was intolerable, not eased by the fact that Isabella paid for the boy’s upkeep and education.
the ancient greeks and modern realism:ethics, persuasion, and power
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2023

There is widespread recognition that the realist tradition reached its nadir in neorealism. In his unsuccessful effort to transform realism into a scientific theory, Kenneth Waltz, father of neorealism, denuded the realist tradition of its complexity and subtlety, appreciation of agency, and understanding that power is most readily transformed into influence when it is both masked and embedded in a generally accepted system of norms. Neorealism is a parody of science. Its key terms like power and polarity are loosely and haphazardly formulated and its scope conditions are left undefined. It relies on a process akin to natural selection to shape the behaviour of units in a world where successful strategies are not necessarily passed on to successive leaders and where the culling of less successful units rarely occurs. It more closely resembles an unfalsifiable ideology than it does a scientific theory, and its rise and fall has had little to do with conceptual and empirical advances. Its appeal lay in its apparent parsimony and superficial resemblance to science; something that says more about its adherents that it does about the theory.
Integration and Identity Politics
Authors: Saggar Shamit
Published: November 2023

Western Europe, and increasingly North America, has in the later part of the twentieth century become associated with significant Muslim-minority populations as a result of large-scale immigration. Descriptions of those migratory flows and the Muslim populations that have settled in Western Europe were provided in Chapter 2. That chapter noted the large element of internal differentiation and heterogeneity in the various Muslim communities of Western Europe. Although a number of those communities are associated with post-war labour migration into growing industrial economies, it is also clear that the sources and circumstances of their migration has varied a great deal. The Turkish guest worker-derived community of Germany differs in important ways from the North African communities of France, for example. The heavy influx of refugee communities into the Netherlands, many from Muslim regions such as the Horn of Africa and the Maghrib, has resulted in a different dynamic. Meanwhile, Britain’s more recent Bangladeshi influx has tended to originate from a poor, rural, agrarian background to a much greater extent than its other longer-standing South Asian communities. In this chapter, the focus of the discussion changes to examine in some detail the dominant ideas and approaches towards the inclusion of migrants and foreigners across Western Europe. The localized context of migrants and the descendents, in other words, is sufficiently important as a set of explanatory variables. Therefore, some space needs to be devoted to exploring not just the varied experiences of European Muslims but also the specific historical and ideological environments in which they live, if not always easily, with their non-Muslim neighbours.
Strategic Responses
Authors: Saggar Shamit
Published: November 2023

The study thus far has examined various aspects of the emerging problem of Muslim religious and political extremism in Western societies. The problem has been viewed from a range of perspectives and approaches. For example, in Chapter 3, we examined the nature of religious identity in a largely secular environment and the areas of tension that this threw up in relation to Western Muslim communities. In Chapter 4, our attention turned to theories and practices to build integration across ethnic and religious lines in Western immigration societies. And the concern of Chapter 5 was to pin down with as much detail as possible the nature and extent of radicalism and extremism within Western Muslim communities. In this chapter, we will draw on these findings and emerging conclusions to inform understanding not just of a bigger picture of the central issue. The central purpose of this chapter is to assess the task or tasks facing government or governments across the Western family of nations. This, as previously noted, is the main objective of this book, namely, to describe a story and assess responses as viewed from the perspective of government itself.
Rwanda: Milking the Cow. Creating Policy Space in Spite of Aid Dependence
Authors: Hayman Rachel
Published: November 2023

When dealing with donors you are dealing with humans, and you have to deal with them as you would milking a cow. Treat them nicely and more milk flows than you would have expected; treat them badly and they kick over the bucket.2 Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda is highly dependent upon flows of external assistance for maintaining economic stability and undertaking socio-economic development programmes. Since the late 1990s, donor agencies have converged around Rwanda’s poverty reduction strategy as the country’s main policy agenda. This represents a joint policy, which is ‘owned’ by Rwanda but has involved considerable external input, enabling the Rwandan government to negotiate aid around a set of mutually agreed priorities. These priorities reflect both Rwandan needs and dominant global norms for development, incorporating neo-liberal economic reforms as well as social and political development activities focused on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and poverty reduction.
Mali: Patterns and Limits of Donor-Driven Ownership
Authors: Bergamaschi Isaline
Published: November 2023

Since 1999, Mali has become a laboratory for the implementation of the Paris Declaration in West francophone Africa. However, the much-wanted recipient ownership is very weak. Some donors working in Mali describe it as an example of ‘donor-driven ownership’, meaning that there are few signs of genuine policy ownership and that the government lacks both the ‘capacity’ and ‘political will’ to pursue development goals and take the lead in the aid relationship. This chapter argues that as donors’ influence over policy has increased, the government’s capacity and will to take the lead in managing aid have decreased. Indeed, if the current political situation seems characterized by a certain degree of inertia, a lack of development strategy, weak capacities, and compliance with donors, it can only be understood as the result of several decades of aid dependence, the weakening of the state, and donor entanglement in national institutions.
Island of a Thousand Tongues and a Wild, Wild Landscape
Authors: Novotny Vojtech
Published: November 2023

New Guinea is the world’s largest tropical island, with vast virgin forests, great rivers and swamps, high mountain chains, and even a little glacier, as well as hundreds of island satellites ringed with coral reefs. In short, a most diverse and extraordinarily impenetrable land. Its area, ten times the size of the Czech Republic, is home to a mere six million people who speak 1,043 languages at the last count. For us Czechs, members of an exceptionally large nation in New Guinean eyes, this wealth of languages is hard to imagine.
Discrimination of Orientation
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

In our original paper we reported a demonstration of good discrimination of the orientation of successively presented bars, either horizontal vs. vertical or vertical vs. diagonal. We followed this up in a further study in February 1976, when we were also interested in the difference in performance between the left and right eyes (see Chapter 7). The first test, however, was binocular. D.B. was seated in a semi-darkened hospital office room, and a white bar was projected onto the wall for 125 msec. (using a Compar shutter placed in front of a Leitz Type 31 044 000, 150-watt projector). He was told that a vertical or horizontal bar would be flashed into his blind field, and he was to respond either ‘up-and-down’ or ‘across’. The order of each block of 30 trials was quasi-random, and the same slide was used for both orientations. The size of the bar was 21.6 cm long × 1.27 cm wide, and the fixation distance was 91.4 cm.
Matching within the Impaired Field
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, matching between stimuli in the impaired and the mirror-symmetrical normal field is possible for D.B., at least for X vs. O, at a moderate level of success. But, as mentioned, it is possible that the performance was carried out successively. That is, it is already clear that he can make a successive discrimination between these two stimuli when they are projected singly in the impaired field. To store what was presented in the good field for a short interval while making a decision about the impaired field would not be a demanding task, and would enable a match to be made efficiently. The matter could, perhaps, be pursued by careful analysis of reaction times in the single vs. double field presentations.
Modeling Evolution an introduction to numerical methods
Authors: Roff Derek A
Published: November 2023

Computer modeling is now an integral part of research in evolutionary biology. The advent of increased processing power in the personal computer, coupled with the availability of languages such as R, SPLUS, Mathematica, Maple, Mathcad, and MATLAB, has ensured that the development and analysis of computer models of evolution is now within the capabilities of most graduate students. However, there are two hurdles that tend to discourage students from making full use of the power of computer modeling. The first is the general problem of formulating the question and the second is its implementation using an appropriate computer language. Modeling Evolution outlines how evolutionary questions are formulated and how, in practice, they can be resolved by analytical and numerical methods (with the emphasis being on the latter). Following a general introduction to computer modeling, successive chapters describe "Fisherian" optimality models, invasibility analysis, genetic models, game theoretic models, and dynamic programming. A common chapter plan facilitates tuition and comprises an introduction (in which the general approach and methods are described) followed by a series of carefully structured scenarios that have been selected to highlight particular aspects of evolutionary modeling. Coding for each example is provided in either R or MATLAB since both of these programs are readily available and extensively used. This coding is available on the author's web site allowing easy implementation and study of the programs. Each chapter concludes with a list of exemplary papers which have been chosen on the basis of how well they explain and illustrate the techniques discussed in the chapter.
Electrophoretic and Immunoblotting Methods
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: November 2023

Peptide hormones are a particular set of soluble proteins which may be characterized by the application of those electrophoretic methods available generally for protein analysis. There is a wide variety of types of such analytical methods. The information obtainable from the use of a suitable selection of these will usually provide sufficient data for either the unequivocal identification or the de nova description of the proteins or peptides in question.
Immunometric Assays
Authors: Siddle K
Published: November 2023

The potential of a peptide to react in a two-site assay therefore depends on it being antigenically polyvalent, and of a minimum size such that two antibodies can bind simultaneously to their respective epitopes without mutual steric interference. Polyvalency can reflect either the presence of multiple copies of a given epitope, as in oligomeric proteins, or more usually, distinct epitopes recognized by the two antibodies. It is unlikely that peptides of less than 20—30 amino acids in length would readily permit simultaneous binding of two antibodies and the two-site assay format is therefore not applicable for short peptides, or molecules normally considered as haptens.
Cytoplasmic free calcium: measurement and manipulation in Iiving cells
Authors: Hallett Maurice B , Dormer Robert L , Campbell Anthony K
Published: November 2023

The survival, specialized functions, and reproduction of eukaryotic animal and plant cells, and many prokaryotes, requires Ca2+ in the medium bathing the cells (1, 2, 3). In 1883, Sydney Ringer showed that the normal beating frog heart requires external Ca2+. The problem facing cell physiologists over the century since these pioneering experiments is how can one distinguish a ‘passive’ structural role for Ca2+ in a particular cell type from an ‘active’ regulatory one? In the latter case it is a change in free Ca2+ at a particular site within the cell which is responsible for initiating a response, for example cell movement, secretion or division.
Exo Utero surgery
Authors: Muneoka Ken , Wanek Nancy , Trevino. Christopher , Bryant Susan v.
Published: November 2023

Much of our current understanding of vertebrate development has been derived from analyses of amphibian and avian embryos which are readily accessible for observation and experimentation. Studies on mammalian embryos during critical stages of organogenesis are complicated by the inaccessibility of the embryos. Only limited manipulations have been possible on embryos in utero (Chapter 3) and, although intact embryos may he manipulated in vitro (Chapters 1 and 15), these studies are restricted by the relatively short period during which embryos develop normally in culture. We have been able to circumvent some of the problems of embryo accessibility in the mouse by showing that embryonic development can occur normally outside the confines of the uterus (exo utero) as long as the placental uterine association remains undamaged.
In utero manipulations
Authors: Papaioannou Virginia E
Published: November 2023

Postimplantation stages of mammalian development are accessible through short-term in vitro culture of whole embryos (see Chapter 1) and exoutero preparations (see Chapter 2). Another approach is the introduction of cells or substances into the implanted conceptus in utero. These methods can be used to follow the outcome of a manipulation on a postimplantation embryo over an extended period including birth and postnatal development. What follows is a description of these methods as they have been developed for the mouse. They have not been widely employed, largely because of the lack of precision in the placement of introduced cells, limitations on the success of colonization, and the high mortality following the disturbance of gestation. None the less, they have been successfully applied to specific questions of cell lineage in the postimplantation embryo. This chapter also covers techniques useful in the follow--up of in utero manipulations, such as the recognition and staging of intrauterine death and Caesarean delivery of offspring.