bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteomic Analysis of the Responses of Candida albicans during Infection of Galleria mellonella Larvae
Authors: Sheehan Gerard , Kavanagh Kevin
Published: January 2019

This study assessed the development of disseminated candidiasis within Galleria mellonella larvae and characterized the proteomic responses of Candida albicans to larval hemolymph. Infection of larvae with an inoculum of 1 × 106 yeast cells reduced larval viability 24 (53.33 ± 3.33%), 48 (33.33 ± 3.33%) and 72 (6.66 ± 3.33%) h post infection. C. albicans infection quickly disseminated from the site of inoculation and the presence of yeast and hyphal forms were found in nodules extracted from infected larvae at 6 and 24 h. A range of proteins secreted during infection of G. mellonella by C. albicans were detected in larval hemolymph and these were enriched for biological processes such as interaction with host and pathogenesis. The candicidal activity of hemolymph after immediate incubation of yeast cells resulted in a decrease in yeast cell viability (0.23 ± 0.03 × 106 yeast cells/mL), p < 0.05) as compared to control (0.99 ± 0.01 × 106 yeast cells/mL). C. albicans responded to incubation in hemolymph ex vivo by the induction of an oxidative stress response, a decrease in proteins associated with protein synthesis and an increase in glycolytic proteins. The results presented here indicate that C. albicans can overcome the fungicidal activity of hemolymph by altering protein synthesis and cellular respiration, and commence invasion and dissemination throughout the host.
Semi-Empirical Force-Field Model for the Ti1−xAlxN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) System
Authors: Almyras G. A. , Sangiovanni D. G. , Sarakinos K.
Published: January 2019

We present a modified embedded atom method (MEAM) semi-empirical force-field model for the Ti1−xAlxN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) alloy system. The MEAM parameters, determined via an adaptive simulated-annealing (ASA) minimization scheme, optimize the model’s predictions with respect to 0 K equilibrium volumes, elastic constants, cohesive energies, enthalpies of mixing, and point-defect formation energies, for a set of ≈40 elemental, binary, and ternary Ti-Al-N structures and configurations. Subsequently, the reliability of the model is thoroughly verified against known finite-temperature thermodynamic and kinetic properties of key binary Ti-N and Al-N phases, as well as properties of Ti1−xAlxN (0 < x < 1) alloys. The successful outcome of the validation underscores the transferability of our model, opening the way for large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of, e.g., phase evolution, interfacial processes, and mechanical response in Ti-Al-N-based alloys, superlattices, and nanostructures.
Hygrothermal Analysis of Laminated Composite Skew Conoids
Authors: Chaubey Abhay , Kumar Ajay , Fic Stanisław , Barnat-Hunek Danuta , Sadowska-Buraczewska Barbara
Published: January 2019

The present paper is the first study on the hygrothermal analysis (i.e., effect of temperature and moisture loadings) of laminated composite skew conoids with reasonable depth and thickness. In order to solve the hygrothermal problem of laminated composite skew conoids, the cubic variation in displacement field, along with cross curvature effects of the shell, were considered. In the present analysis, the shear correction factor is not needed due to the parabolic variation of transverse shear strain. The zero transverse shear stress conditions at the top and bottom of the shell were imposed in the mathematical model. The novelty of our model is reflected by the simultaneous addition of twist curvature in the strain field, as well as the curvature in the displacement field allowing the reasonably thick and deep laminated composite rhombic conoid. The conoid behavior differs from the usual shells, like cylindrical or spherical ones, due to its inherent twist curvature with the complex geometry and different location of maximum deflection. The finite element (FE) implementation of the present realistic mathematical model was carried out using a nine-noded curved isoparametric element with seven unknowns at each node. The C0 FE implementation of the present mathematical model was done and coded in FORTRAN. The present model results were compared and found in good agreement with other solutions published in the literature. Hygrothermal analysis was performed for skew conoids having a different skew angle, temperature, moisture concentration, curvatures, ply orientation, thickness ratio, and boundary conditions.
Asymptotic Homogenization Applied to Flexoelectric Rods
Authors: Guinovart-Sanjuán David , Merodio Jose , López-Realpozo Juan Carlos , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle , Rodríguez-Ramos Reinaldo , Guinovart-Díaz Raúl , Bravo-Castillero Julián , Sabina Federico J.
Published: January 2019

In this manuscript, the equilibrium problem for a flexoelectric one-dimensional composite material is studied. The two-scales asymptotic homogenization method is used to derive the homogenized formulation of this problem. The manuscript offers a step-by-step methodology to derive effective coefficients and to solve local problems. As an illustrative example, results reported in the literature for piezoelectric composites are obtained as a particular case of the formulation derived here. Finally, three flexoelectric/piezoelectric composites are studied to illustrate the influence of the flexoelectric property on the effective coefficients and the global behavior of the structure.
A Study on the Optimal Machining Parameters of the Induction Assisted Milling with Inconel 718
Authors: Kim Eun Jung , Lee Choon Man
Published: January 2019

This paper focuses on an analysis of tool wear and optimum machining parameter in the induction assisted milling of Inconel 718 using high heat coated carbide and uncoated carbide tools. Thermally assisted machining is an effective machining method for difficult-to-cut materials such as nickel-based superalloy, titanium alloy, etc. Thermally assisted machining is a method of softening the workpiece by preheating using a heat source, such as a laser, plasma or induction heating. Induction assisted milling is a type of thermally assisted machining; induction preheating uses eddy-currents and magnetic force. Induction assisted milling has the advantages of being eco-friendly and economical. Additionally, the preheating temperature can be easily controlled. In this study, the Taguchi method is used to obtain the major parameters for the analysis of cutting force, surface roughness and tool wear of coated and uncoated tools under various machining conditions. Before machining experiments, a finite element analysis is performed to select the effective depth of the cut. The S/N ratio and ANOVA of the cutting force, surface roughness and tool wear are analyzed, and the response optimization method is used to suggest the optimal machining parameters.
Effective Adsorption of Diesel Oil by Crab-Shell-Derived Biochar Nanomaterials
Authors: Cai Lu , Zhang Yan , Zhou Yarui , Zhang Xiaodie , Ji Lili , Song Wendong , Zhang Hailong , Liu Jianshe
Published: January 2019

This study, for the first time, rendered crab shell activated biochar modified by potassium hydroxide (KOH) impregnation (CSAB), revealing a new potential application in the removal of diesel oil from oily wastewater. The structural characteristics of crab shell biochar (CSB) and CSAB were investigated by SEM, and the crystal structure and optical properties of as-prepared samples were analyzed using XRD and FTIR. Results showed that CSAB had stratified surface structure morphology, abundant functional groups, and that its high specific surface area could reach up to 2441 m2/g, which was about eight times larger than that of untreated CSB (307 m2/g). An adsorption isotherm study indicated that the actual adsorption process both of CSAB and CSB were found to fit better with the Freundlich equation. Moreover, chemical interaction controlled the adsorption kinetics efficiency while the adsorption equilibrium capacity was 93.9 mg/g. Due to its highly developed pore structure, unique surface characteristics, and effective adsorption performance, this low-cost activated carbon had the potential to serve as an efficient adsorbent for water pollution purification.
Design to Achieve Accuracy in Ink-Jet Cylindrical Printing Machines
Authors: Arango Ivan , Cifuentes Catherine
Published: January 2019

Machines for direct digital inkjet printing on cylindrical containers are a new technology out on the market. The commercialization in the industrial sector has been affected by their high precision. This led to the use of mechanisms with narrow manufacturing tolerances and to the searches for topologies that have the least accumulated error without affecting quality. Machines with topologies that work on flat substrates have printing and productivity problems working on cylindrical substrates. This research paper presents the qualitative design of direct digital inkjet printers working over cylindrical substrates comparing five mechanical topologies; three topologies with radial distribution and two topologies with parallel distribution. The aim of these topologies is to find the precision, quality and efficiency of the printer taking into account the restrictions present in its construction. Each topology has separate constitutive mechanisms, the tolerance ranges between the movements of the print head and the substrate in order to determine precision are analyzed. Out of the five topologies described and analyzed in the phase diagram in section 3, three of them meet the requirements. One of the three topologies that meet the requirements is not being developed due to current technological limitations.
Consistent Sets of Soft Contexts Defined by Soft Sets
Authors: Min Won Keun
Published: January 2019

We introduce the notion of consistent sets of soft contexts and investigate its characterizations. For the purpose of studying the characterizations of consistent sets, we introduce the notions of 1 0 and 2 0 classes of independent attributes. By studying the characterizations, we determined that every consistent set has to contain the special class 1 0 called the Essential Zone of consistent sets. This is very important information that we should consider when constructing consistent sets of a given soft context. Additionally, we study the fundamental theorems necessary to construct the consistent sets of a given soft context. In particular, we apply the Fundamental Theorem 2 to obtain the consistent sets of a given soft context, and show that this fundamental theorem provides a more effective way of constructing the consistent sets of a formal context.
Assessing Bank Performance Using Dynamic SBM Model
Authors: Wang Chia-Nan , Luu Quoc-Chien , Nguyen Thi-Kim-Lien , Day Jen-Der
Published: January 2019

Global economic growth has led banks to expand their operations all over the world. The purpose of this research was to understand the efficiency of 18 large bank from all over the world during the period from 2013 to 2017. The performance was estimated by a dynamic slacks-based measure (SBM) model in data envelopment analysis (DEA). This model could be solved using inputs, outputs, and links. The banks variables were considered as follows: Assets, capitalization, and liabilities as inputs; revenue as output; and net interest income as a good link. The final empirical results exhibit the efficiency for each term, and the overall score. The data analysis recommends a feasible solution to refine inefficient terms based on the projections (slacks). This study visually observed the proficiency of the banking industry to equip enterprises with the best choice for their finances.
An Efficient Semi-Analytical Solution of a One-Dimensional Curvature Equation that Describes the Human Corneal Shape
Authors: Abukhaled Marwan , Khuri Suheil
Published: January 2019

In this paper, a numerical approach is proposed to find a semi analytical solution for a prescribed anisotropic mean curvature equation modeling the human corneal shape. The method is based on an integral operator that is constructed in terms of Green’s function coupled with the implementation of Picard’s or Mann’s fixed point iteration schemes. Using the contraction principle, it will be shown that the method is convergent for both fixed point iteration schemes. Numerical examples will be presented to demonstrate the applicability, efficiency, and high accuracy of the proposed method.
Superplastic Behavioral Characteristics of Fine-Grained 5A70 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Li Sheng , Huang Zhongguo , Jin Shunyao
Published: January 2019

A fine-grained 5A70 alloy sheet was obtained through a combination of rolling and heat treatment, with a total deformation reduction of 90% and an average grain size of 8.48 μm. The alloy was studied at 400, 450, 500, and 550 °C and exhibited excellent elongation-to-failures of 205, 321, 398, and 437% with coefficients for the strain rate sensitivity of 0.42, 0.40, 0.47 and 0.46, respectively. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results revealed that the massive grain boundaries were high angle boundaries, suggesting that boundary sliding and grain rotation occurred during superplastic deformation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated that the compositions were the Al6(MnFe) and Mg-rich phase particles of the deformed 5A70 alloy. In addition, the weakening of the pinning effect led to abnormal grain growth at 500 and 550 °C, resulting in strain hardening. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations demonstrated that the applied stress at the head of the precipitated particles and/or grain boundaries exceeded the matrix-structure-promoted cavity nucleation. Cavities grew, interlinked, and coalesced, which resulted in crack formation that eventually led to superplastic fractures. Filaments formed at the fracture surfaces because of second phase precipitation at grain boundaries and the formation of Mg-rich oxides.
Optimization of Process Parameters for Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum and Copper Using the Taguchi Method
Authors: Eslami Nima , Hischer Yannik , Harms Alexander , Lauterbach Dennis , Böhm Stefan
Published: January 2019

Producing joints of aluminum and copper by means of fusion welding is a challenging task. However, the results of various studies have proven the potential of friction stir welding (FSW) for manufacturing aluminum-copper joints. Despite the proven feasibility, there is currently no series application in automotive industry to produce aluminum-copper joints for electrical contacts by means of FSW. To make FSW as efficient as possible for large-scale production, maximized welding speed is desired. Taking this into account, this paper presents results of a parametric investigation, the objective of which was to increase the welding speed for FSW of aluminum and copper in comparison to welding speeds that are considered to be state of the art. Taguchi method was used to design an experimental plan and target figures of the investigations were the resultant tensile strengths and electrical resistances. Dependencies between input parameters and target figures were determined systematically. The optimal welding parameters, at which joints failed in the weaker aluminum material, included a welding speed of 700 mm/min. Consequently, it could be shown that joints with a performance similar to those of the base materials can be obtained using significantly higher welding speeds than reported in the relevant literature.
AA7050 Al Alloy Hot-Forging Process for Improved Fracture Toughness Properties
Authors: Angella Giuliano , Di Schino Andrea , Donnini Riccardo , Richetta Maria , Testani Claudio , Varone Alessandra
Published: January 2019

The conventional heat-treatment standard for the industrial post hot-forging cycle of AA7050 is regulated by the AMS4333 and AMS2770N standards. An innovative method that aimed to improve toughness behavior in Al alloys has been developed and reported. The unconventional method introduces an intermediate warm working step between the solution treating and the final ageing treatment for the high resistance aluminum alloy AA7050. The results showed several benefits starting from the grain refinement to a more stable fracture toughness KIC behavior (with an appreciable higher value) without tensile property loss. A microstructural and precipitation state characterization provided elements for the initial understanding of these improvements in the macro-properties.
The Impact of Particle Reinforcement with Al2O3, TiB2, and TiC and Severe Plastic Deformation Treatment on the Combination of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Pure Aluminum
Authors: Zhukov Ilya A. , Kozulin Alexander A. , Khrustalyov Anton P. , Matveev Alexey E. , Platov Vladimir V. , Vorozhtsov Alexander B. , Zhukova Tatyana V. , Promakhov Vladimir V.
Published: January 2019

It has been found that a high electrical conductivity of 63.1%, the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), and high mechanical properties are achieved by the initial aluminum alloy after undergoing four cycles of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) process. It has been found that when TiB2 particles are introduced into aluminum and the samples are subject to SPD, the mechanical characteristics of the aluminum alloy are improved. Microhardness (HV) increases from 329 to 665 MPa, yield strength (YS) increases from 38 to 103 MPa, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increases from 73 to 165 MPa while maintaining the initial electrical conductivity of cast aluminum without reinforcing particles (53.9–54.1% IACS).
Influences of Alloying Elements on Continuous Cooling Phase Transformation and Microstructures of Extremely Fine Pearlite
Authors: Feng Lulu , Hu Feng , Zhou Wen , Ke Rui , Zhang Guohong , Wu Kaiming , Qiao Wenwei
Published: January 2019

In the present research, the cooling phase transformation characteristics and microstructures of a Co- and Al-containing high-carbon steel were investigated under slow cooling rates (0.02–2.0 °C/s). In addition, by means of a Thermecmastor thermal simulator, the phase transformation temperatures were measured, and the corresponding continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves were plotted. It was found that an extremely fine, fully pearlitic structure with an interlamellar spacing of 45 nm, and a hardness of 425 HV1 (Vickers hardness under 1 kg load) were obtained at a cooling rate of 0.1 °C/s. The addition of Co and Al accelerated the pearlitic reaction and reduced the interlamellar spacing by increasing the free energy of phase transformation, thus a fully pearlitic structure was obtained at slow cooling rates.
Liquid Crystals-Enabled AC Electrokinetics
Authors: Peng Chenhui , Lavrentovich Oleg D.
Published: January 2019

Phenomena of electrically driven fluid flows, known as electro-osmosis, and particle transport in a liquid electrolyte, known as electrophoresis, collectively form a subject of electrokinetics. Electrokinetics shows a great potential in microscopic manipulation of matter for various scientific and technological applications. Electrokinetics is usually studied for isotropic electrolytes. Recently it has been demonstrated that replacement of an isotropic electrolyte with an anisotropic, or liquid crystal (LC), electrolyte, brings about entirely new mechanisms of spatial charge formation and electrokinetic effects. This review presents the main features of liquid crystal-enabled electrokinetics (LCEK) rooted in the field-assisted separation of electric charges at deformations of the director that describes local molecular orientation of the LC. Since the electric field separates the charges and then drives the charges, the resulting electro-osmotic and electrophoretic velocities grow as the square of the applied electric field. We describe a number of related phenomena, such as alternating current (AC) LC-enabled electrophoresis of colloidal solid particles and fluid droplets in uniform and spatially-patterned LCs, swarming of colloids guided by photoactivated surface patterns, control of LCEK polarity through the material properties of the LC electrolyte, LCEK-assisted mixing at microscale, separation and sorting of small particles. LC-enabled electrokinetics brings a new dimension to our ability to manipulate dynamics of matter at small scales and holds a major promise for future technologies of microfluidics, pumping, mixing, sensing, and diagnostics.
Editorial for the Special Issue on Polymer Based MEMS and Microfabrication
Authors: Sameoto Dan
Published: January 2019

Polymers are becoming increasingly important in MEMS and microfabricated products [...]
Do Antimicrobial Proteins Contribute to Overcoming the Hidden Antifungal Crisis at the Dawn of a Post-Antibiotic Era?
Authors: Galgóczy László , Marx Florentine
Published: January 2019

The incidence of fungal infections has been grossly underestimated in the past decades as a consequence of poor identification techniques and a lack of regular epidemiologic surveys in low- and middle-income countries [...]
Socioeconomic Status and the Gut Microbiome: A TwinsUK Cohort Study
Authors: Bowyer Ruth C. E. , Jackson Matthew A. , Le Roy Caroline I. , Ni Lochlainn Mary , Spector Tim D. , Dowd Jennifer B. , Steves Claire J.
Published: January 2019

Socioeconomic inequalities in health and mortality are well established, but the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are less understood. In parallel, the gut microbiome is emerging as a potentially important determinant of human health, but little is known about its broader environmental and social determinants. We test the association between gut microbiota composition and individual- and area-level socioeconomic factors in a well-characterized twin cohort. In this study, 1672 healthy volunteers from twin registry TwinsUK had data available for at least one socioeconomic measure, existing fecal 16S rRNA microbiota data, and all considered co-variables. Associations with socioeconomic status (SES) were robust to adjustment for known health correlates of the microbiome; conversely, these health-microbiome associations partially attenuated with adjustment for SES. Twins discordant for IMD (Index of Multiple Deprivation) were shown to significantly differ by measures of compositional dissimilarity, with suggestion the greater the difference in twin pair IMD, the greater the dissimilarity of their microbiota. Future research should explore how SES might influence the composition of the gut microbiota and its potential role as a mediator of differences associated with SES.
Failure of Staphylococcus aureus to Acquire Direct and Cross Tolerance after Habituation to Cinnamon Essential Oil
Authors: Song Xiaoqiu , Sun Yue , Zhang Qian , Yang Xiaobo , Zheng Feng , He Shoukui , Wang Yifei
Published: January 2019

Utilization of sublethal concentrations of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) for food preservation has been proposed. However, exposure to stressful, sublethal growth conditions may induce bacterial tolerance to homologous or heterologous stressing agents. Hence, the ability of CEO to stimulate bacterial stress response was evaluated in the current work. Staphylococcus aureus was exposed to 1/4 and 1/2 of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 500 μL/L) of CEO for 18 h. It was found that overnight habituation to CEO failed to induce direct tolerance and cross-tolerance to lactic acid (pH 4.5), NaCl (10 g/100 mL) and high temperature (45 °C) in S. aureus. Likewise, S. aureus cells subjected to successive habituation with increasing amounts (1/16 MIC to 2× MIC) of CEO developed no direct tolerance. Taken together, CEO has no inductive effect on the acquisition of stress tolerance in S. aureus.
Slurry Preparation Effects on the Cemented Phosphogypsum Backfill through an Orthogonal Experiment
Authors: Li Xibing , Zhou Yanan , Zhu Quanqi , Zhou Shitong , Min Chendi , Shi Ying
Published: January 2019

The cemented phosphogypsum (PG) backfill technique provides a new method for massive consumption of PG, and therefore alleviating the environmental pollution of PG. This study considered the effects of slurry preparation on the performance of cemented PG backfill. A L16(44) orthogonal experiment was designed to analyze four factors, namely the solid content, phosphogypsum-to-binder ratio (PG/B ratio), stirring time and stirring speed, with each factor having four levels. According to the range analysis, the solid content played the dominant role in controlling the bleeding rate, while the setting times strongly depended on the PG/B ratio. In terms of strength development of the backfill, the PG/B ratio was shown to be the most significant factor determining the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), followed by the solid content, stirring time and stirring speed. Furthermore, the results showed that the slurry preparation affected the environmental behavior of impurities that originated in PG. By analyzing the concentrations of impurities in the bleeding water of the slurry as well as the leachates of the tank leaching test, the results showed that the release of F− and SO42− was aggravated clearly with the increase in the PG/B ratio, while the release of PO43− always remained at relatively low levels.
Surface Features of Fluorapatite and Dolomite in the Reverse Flotation Process Using Sulfuric Acid as a Depressor
Authors: Zou Heng , Cao Qinbo , Liu Dianwen , Yu Xingcai , Lai Hao
Published: January 2019

The surface features of fluorapatite (FA, Ca5(PO4)3F) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) conditioned with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) were examined through flotation experiments, contact angle tests, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and FTIR experiments. The flotation and contact angle results suggested that oleate insufficiently adsorbed onto the H2SO4-treated FA surface such that the FA surface remained hydrophilic. However, using oleate as a collector, the recovery and hydrophobicity of H2SO4-treated dolomite were satisfactory. TOF-SIMS and FTIR studies indicated that sulfate anion bound with Ca atoms on the FA surface, which hindered oleate adsorption onto the FA surface. Meanwhile, sulfate anion and oleate species appeared on the dolomite surface, thereby generating a hydrophobic dolomite and also a satisfactory recovery.
A Time-Resolved Study on the Reactivity of Alcoholic Drinks with the Hydroxyl Radical
Authors: Rodriguez-Muñiz Gemma M. , Miranda Miguel A. , Marin M. Luisa
Published: January 2019

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can provoke damage to cells, where their concentrations are regulated by antioxidants. As the hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the most oxidizing ROS, we have focused our attention on the use of a mechanistically based time-resolved methodology, such as laser flash photolysis, to determine the relative reactivity of alcoholic beverages towards •OH as an indicator of their antioxidant potential. The selected drinks were of two different origins: (i) those derived from grapes such as red wine, white wine, white vermouth, marc and brandy and (ii) spirits not derived from grapes: triple sec, gin, whisky, and rum. Initially, we determined the quenching rate constant of ethanol with •OH and then we explored the reactivity of the different beverages, which was higher than expected based on their alcoholic content. This can be attributed to the presence of antioxidants and was especially remarkable for the grape-derived drinks.
Evaluation of a Nondestructive NMR and MRI Method for Monitoring the Drying Process of Gastrodia elata Blume
Authors: Chen Yannan , Dong Hongjing , Li Jingkun , Guo Lanping , Wang Xiao
Published: January 2019

Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a prominent traditional herb and its dry tuber is officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. To ensure the quality of dried G. elata, the establishment of a nondestructive and convenient method to monitor the drying process is necessary. In this study, a nondestructive low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method was introduced to monitor the drying process of G. elata. Three water states (bound, immobilized, and free) in G. elata samples were investigated through multiexponential fitting and inversion of the NMR data. The variation and distribution of the three water states during drying were monitored by LF-NMR, and the spatial distribution of water and internal structural changes were analyzed by MRI. Linear analysis of the moisture content, L* (lightness), b* (yellowness), and NMR parameters showed good correlations among them. Furthermore, partial least squares regression (PLSR) model analysis, which takes into account all NMR parameters, also showed good correlations among these parameters. All results showed that LF-NMR was feasible and convenient for monitoring moisture content. Therefore, LF-NMR and MRI could be used to monitor the moisture content nondestructively in the drying process of Chinese traditional herbs.
Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of Essential Oil from Peel of Pomelo cv. Guan Xi
Authors: He Wanying , Li Xiaoyan , Peng Ying , He Xiaoyan , Pan Siyi
Published: January 2019

Here, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-melanogenic effects of pomelo peel essential oil (PPEO) from pomelo cv. Guan Xi. The volatile chemical composition of PPEO was analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The most abundant component of PPEO was limonene (55.92%), followed by β-myrcene (31.17%), and β-pinene (3.16%). PPEO showed strong anti-oxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) and superoxide anion free radicals. Based on the B16 melanoma cell system, the effects of PPEO on the viability and morphology of B16 cells and the production of melanin were evaluated. The results revealed that PPEO at concentrations below 50 μg/mL could decrease the melanin content without affecting cell viability and morphology. Intracellular tyrosinase (TYR) activity and Western blot analysis showed that PPEO could down-regulate the expression level of TYR in B16 cells and dose-dependently inhibit TYR activity (by a maximum of 64.54%). In conclusion, PPEO has good anti-oxidant and anti-melanogenic activity, and thus can be widely used as a natural antioxidant in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
A Human Health Risk Assessment of Trace Elements Present in Chinese Wine
Authors: Deng Zhi-Hao , Zhang Ang , Yang Zhi-Wei , Zhong Ya-Li , Mu Jian , Wang Fei , Liu Ya-Xin , Zhang Jin-Jie , Fang Yu-Lin
Published: January 2019

The concentrations of trace elements in wines and health risk assessment via wine consumption were investigated in 315 wines. Samples were collected from eight major wine-producing regions in China. The concentrations of twelve trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Duncan’s multiple range test was applied to analyze significant variations (p < 0.05) of trace elements in different regions. Based on a 60 kg adult drinker consuming 200 mL of wine per day, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of each element from wines was far below the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI). Health risk assessment indicated the ingestion influence of individual elements and combined elements through this Chinese wine daily intake did not constitute a health hazard to people. However, Cr and Mn were the potential contaminants of higher health risk in Chinese wines. The cumulative impact of wine consumption on trace elements intake in the daily diet of drinkers should not be ignored due to the presence of other intake pathways.
Chitosan-Coated Flexible Liposomes Magnify the Anticancer Activity and Bioavailability of Docetaxel: Impact on Composition
Authors: Alshraim Mohammed O. , Sangi Sibghatullah , Harisa Gamaleldin I. , Alomrani Abdullah H. , Yusuf Osman , Badran Mohamed M.
Published: January 2019

Flexible liposomes (FLs) were developed as promising nano-carriers for anticancer drugs. Coating them with chitosan (CS) could improve their drug delivery properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics, pharmacokinetics behavior, and cytotoxic efficacy of docetaxel (DTX)-loaded CS-coated FLs (C-FLs). DTX-loaded FLs and C-FLs were produced via thin-film evaporation and electrostatic deposition methods, respectively. To explore their physicochemical characterization, the particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), morphology, and DTX release profiles were determined. In addition, pharmacokinetic studies were performed, and cytotoxic effect was assessed using colon cancer cells (HT29). Various FLs, dependent on the type of surfactant, were formed with particle sizes in the nano-range, 137.6 ± 6.3 to 238.2 ± 14.2 nm, and an EE% of 59–94%. Moreover, the zeta potential shifted from a negative to a positive value for C-FL with increased particle size and EE%, and the in vitro sustained-release profiles of C-FL compared to those of FL were evident. The optimized C-FL containing sodium deoxycholate (NDC) and dicetyl phosphate (DP) elicited enhanced pharmacokinetic parameters and cytotoxic efficiency compared to those of the uncoated ones and Onkotaxel®. In conclusion, this approach offers a promising solution for DTX delivery.
Synthesis and Telomeric G-Quadruplex-Stabilizing Ability of Macrocyclic Hexaoxazoles Bearing Three Side Chains
Authors: Ma Yue , Iida Keisuke , Sasaki Shogo , Hirokawa Takatsugu , Heddi Brahim , Phan Anh Tuân , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: January 2019

G-quadruplexes (G4s), which are structures formed in guanine-rich regions of DNA, are involved in a variety of significant biological functions, and therefore “sequence-dependent” selective G4-stabilizing agents are required as tools to investigate and modulate these functions. Here, we describe the synthesis of a new series of macrocyclic hexaoxazole-type G4 ligand (6OTD) bearing three side chains. One of these ligands, 5b, stabilizes telomeric G4 preferentially over the G4-forming DNA sequences of c-kit and K-ras, due to the interaction of its piperazinylalkyl side chain with the groove of telomeric G4.
Optical Properties, Synthesis, and Potential Applications of Cu-Based Ternary or Quaternary Anisotropic Quantum Dots, Polytypic Nanocrystals, and Core/Shell Heterostructures
Authors: Bai Xue , Purcell-Milton Finn , Gun’ko Yuri K.
Published: January 2019

This review summaries the optical properties, recent progress in synthesis, and a range of applications of luminescent Cu-based ternary or quaternary quantum dots (QDs). We first present the unique optical properties of the Cu-based multicomponent QDs, regarding their emission mechanism, high photoluminescent quantum yields (PLQYs), size-dependent bandgap, composition-dependent bandgap, broad emission range, large Stokes’ shift, and long photoluminescent (PL) lifetimes. Huge progress has taken place in this area over the past years, via detailed experimenting and modelling, giving a much more complete understanding of these nanomaterials and enabling the means to control and therefore take full advantage of their important properties. We then fully explore the techniques to prepare the various types of Cu-based ternary or quaternary QDs (including anisotropic nanocrystals (NCs), polytypic NCs, and spherical, nanorod and tetrapod core/shell heterostructures) are introduced in subsequent sections. To date, various strategies have been employed to understand and control the QDs distinct and new morphologies, with the recent development of Cu-based nanorod and tetrapod structure synthesis highlighted. Next, we summarize a series of applications of these luminescent Cu-based anisotropic and core/shell heterostructures, covering luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), bioimaging and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Finally, we provide perspectives on the overall current status, challenges, and future directions in this field. The confluence of advances in the synthesis, properties, and applications of these Cu-based QDs presents an important opportunity to a wide-range of fields and this piece gives the reader the knowledge to grasp these exciting developments.
Recent Advances in the Processing and Properties of Alumina–CNT/SiC Nanocomposites
Authors: Momohjimoh Ibrahim , Hussein Mohamed A. , Al-Aqeeli Nasser
Published: January 2019

An alumina-based nanocomposite is fabricated through the addition of secondary nanophase material to an alumina matrix to alter and tailor the properties of alumina. The addition to alumina of semi-conductive materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC), and high conductive materials, such as carbon nanotubes with a characteristic size in the nanometer range, can alter the mechanical strength, hardness, toughness, and electrical and thermal properties of alumina. This paper discusses recent advances in the synthesis of alumina–SiC and alumina-carbon nanotube (CNT) nanopowders and their consolidation using conventional and non-conventional techniques. Mechanical (hardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength) and functional (thermal and electrical) properties are discussed. The influence of the microstructure on the properties of alumina–SiC and alumina–CNT nanocomposites is discussed. Furthermore, potential applications and current related research trends are described.
Simultaneous Generation of Complex Structured Curve Beam
Authors: Wu Jun , Tang Xinquan , Xia Jun
Published: January 2019

At present, people are using holographic technologies to shape complex optical beams for both fundamental research and practical applications. However, most of the reported works are focusing on the generation of a single beam pattern based on the computer-generated hologram (CGH). In this paper, we present a method for simultaneously shaping the multiple beam lattice where the intensity and phase of each individual beam can be prescribed along an arbitrary geometric curve. The CGH that is responsible for each individual beam is calculated by using the holographic beam shaping technique, afterwards all the CGHs are multiplexed and encoded into one phase-only hologram by adding respective linear phase grating such that different curves are appeared in different positions of the focal regions. We experimentally prove that the simultaneous generation of multiple beams can be readily achieved. The generated beams are especially useful for applications such as multitasking micro-machining and optical trapping.
Gammaherpesvirus Readthrough Transcription Generates a Long Non-Coding RNA That Is Regulated by Antisense miRNAs and Correlates with Enhanced Lytic Replication In Vivo
Authors: Kara Mehmet , O’Grady Tina , Feldman Emily R. , Feswick April , Wang Yiping , Flemington Erik K. , Tibbetts Scott A.
Published: January 2019

Gammaherpesviruses, including the human pathogens Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections in hosts and are associated with the development of lymphoproliferative diseases and lymphomas. Recent studies have shown that the majority of the mammalian genome is transcribed and gives rise to numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Likewise, the large double-stranded DNA virus genomes of herpesviruses undergo pervasive transcription, including the expression of many as yet uncharacterized lncRNAs. Murine gammaperherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, MuHV-4, γHV68) is a natural pathogen of rodents, and is genetically and pathogenically related to EBV and KSHV, providing a highly tractable model for studies of gammaherpesvirus biology and pathogenesis. Through the integrated use of parallel data sets from multiple sequencing platforms, we previously resolved transcripts throughout the MHV68 genome, including at least 144 novel transcript isoforms. Here, we sought to molecularly validate novel transcripts identified within the M3/M2 locus, which harbors genes that code for the chemokine binding protein M3, the latency B cell signaling protein M2, and 10 microRNAs (miRNAs). Using strand-specific northern blots, we validated the presence of M3-04, a 3.91 kb polyadenylated transcript that initiates at the M3 transcription start site and reads through the M3 open reading frame (ORF), the M3 poly(a) signal sequence, and the M2 ORF. This unexpected transcript was solely localized to the nucleus, strongly suggesting that it is not translated and instead may function as a lncRNA. Use of an MHV68 mutant lacking two M3-04-antisense pre-miRNA stem loops resulted in highly increased expression of M3-04 and increased virus replication in the lungs of infected mice, demonstrating a key role for these RNAs in regulation of lytic infection. Together these findings suggest the possibility of a tripartite regulatory relationship between the lncRNA M3-04, antisense miRNAs, and the latency gene M2.
Plant-Based Diets for Cardiovascular Safety and Performance in Endurance Sports
Authors: Barnard Neal D. , Goldman David M. , Loomis James F. , Kahleova Hana , Levin Susan M. , Neabore Stephen , Batts Travis C.
Published: January 2019

Studies suggest that endurance athletes are at higher-than-average risk for atherosclerosis and myocardial damage. The ability of plant-based regimens to reduce risk and affect performance was reviewed. The effect of plant-based diets on cardiovascular risk factors, particularly plasma lipid concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure, and, as part of a healthful lifestyle, reversing existing atherosclerotic lesions, may provide a substantial measure of cardiovascular protection. In addition, plant-based diets may offer performance advantages. They have consistently been shown to reduce body fat, leading to a leaner body composition. Because plants are typically high in carbohydrate, they foster effective glycogen storage. By reducing blood viscosity and improving arterial flexibility and endothelial function, they may be expected to improve vascular flow and tissue oxygenation. Because many vegetables, fruits, and other plant-based foods are rich in antioxidants, they help reduce oxidative stress. Diets emphasizing plant foods have also been shown to reduce indicators of inflammation. These features of plant-based diets may present safety and performance advantages for endurance athletes. The purpose of this review was to explore the role of nutrition in providing cardioprotection, with a focus on plant-based diets previously shown to provide cardiac benefits.
Rotavirus Double Infection Model to Study Preventive Dietary Interventions
Authors: Rigo-Adrover Maria del Mar , Knipping Karen , Garssen Johan , Saldaña-Ruíz Sandra , Franch Àngels , Castell Margarida , Pérez-Cano Francisco J
Published: January 2019

Rotaviruses are the main cause of acute diarrhea among young children worldwide with an increased frequency of reinfection. Several life style factors, such as dietary components, may influence such processes by affecting the outcome of the first rotavirus infection and therefore having a beneficial impact on the anti-rotavirus immune responses during any subsequent reinfections. The aim of this research was to develop a double-infection model in rat that mimics real-life clinical scenarios and would be useful in testing whether nutritional compounds can modulate the rotavirus-associated disease and immune response. Three experimental designs and a preventive dietary-like intervention were conducted in order to achieve a differential response in the double-infected animals compared to the single-infected ones and to study the potential action of a modulatory agent in early life. Diarrhea was only observed after the first infection, with a reduction of fecal pH and fever. After the second infection an increase in body temperature was also found. The immune response against the second infection was regulated by the preventive effect of the dietary-like intervention during the first infection in terms of specific antibodies and DTH. A rotavirus-double-infection rat model has been developed and is suitable for use in future preventive dietary intervention studies.
Predictors of Diet Quality as Measured by Malaysian Healthy Eating Index among Aboriginal Women (Mah Meri) in Malaysia
Authors: Chong Su Pei , Appannah Geeta , Sulaiman Norhasmah
Published: January 2019

Socioeconomic status and nutrition knowledge are the determining factors of food choices. However, their relationship with diet quality is ambiguous among aboriginal women in Malaysia. Henceforth, the objective of this study was to examine diet quality and its predictors among the aboriginal women from the Mah Meri ethnic group in Malaysia. Data on socioeconomic characteristics, nutrition knowledge, and 24-h dietary recalls were obtained through face-to-face interviews with the respondents. Household food insecurity was assessed using Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument. The Malaysian Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was used to measure the diet quality of this population. The overall diet quality of the respondents was poor, with a mean Malaysian HEI score of 45.3%. Household income (r = 0.242, p < 0.001) and nutrition knowledge (r = 0.150, p < 0.05) were positively correlated with diet quality. More importantly, the predictors of diet quality were marital status (β = 0.181, p < 0.01), household income (β = 0.237, p < 0.001), food security status (β = −0.151, p < 0.01), and fat intake (β = −0.438, p < 0.001). Women being married and those with higher household income was associated with a better diet quality among Malaysian aborigines.
Feeding Practices and Undernutrition in 6–23-Month-Old Children of Orthodox Christian Mothers in Rural Tigray, Ethiopia: Longitudinal Study
Authors: Desalegn Beruk Berhanu , Lambert Christine , Riedel Simon , Negese Tegene , Biesalski Hans Konrad
Published: January 2019

Fasting period and fasting status affect the feeding practices and nutritional status of Ethiopian Orthodox mothers. Even if children are exempted from fasting, some mothers do not prepare their food from animal sources as it could contaminate utensils for cooking family foods. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess feeding practices and undernutrition in 6–23-months old children whose mothers are Ethiopian Orthodox religion followers during lent fasting and non-fasting periods in rural Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, and to identify associated factors. A community-based longitudinal study was carried out in Ethiopian Orthodox lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Using a multi-stage systematic random sampling technique, 567 and 522 children aged 6–23 months old participated in the fasting and non-fasting assessments, respectively. Statistical analyses were done using logistic regression, an independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank (WSRT) and McNemar’s tests. The prevalences of stunting, underweight and wasting were 31.6–33.7%, 11.7–15.7% and 4.4–4.8%, respectively. The weight-for-height (WHZ) and height-for-age (HAZ) values for children of fasting mothers were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to those of non-fasting mothers. Likewise, the median weight-for-age (WAZ) and diet diversity score (DDS) of children of fasting mothers were also significantly higher in non-fasting than in fasting periods. A small proportion of children (2.3–6.7%) met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in the study population, but these measures were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the children of non-fasting mothers. Mother’s fasting during lactation period of the indexed child was amongst the independent factors common in child stunting, underweight and wasting. Nutritional status and feeding practices of 6–23-month-old children are affected by maternal fasting during the fasting period. Therefore, without involvement of religious institutions in the existing nutritional activities, reduction of undernutrition would not be successful and sustainable.