bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative Toxicities of Insecticides to Entomophagous Insects and Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, 1982
Authors: Wilkinson J. D. , Puttier B. , Biever K.D.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted with 12 inch (30.48 cm) spacing in 50 ft (15.38 m) rows 36 inches (0.914 m) apart on “Prairie Winds” farm south of Prairie Home, MO. The test compounds were applied 17 Aug to 12 ft (3.7 m) sections of adjacent rows, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The sprays were applied with a 2-gal (7.57 1) hand held compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre (935.27 1/ha) 30 psi (2.09 g/cm2). Just prior to spray application, 1 laboratory reared Colorado potato beetle (CPB) egg mass 8-24 h old was attached to the underside of the first large leaf down from the terminal of 2 plants in each replicate. Ten adult E. puttleri or 3rd instar P. maculiventris were released on a plant to which the CPB eggs had been attached ca. 3 h post application. The attached CPB eggs were recovered 3 days posttreatment to assess effects of the compounds on predation, and host feeding and parasitization by E. puttleri. Evaluation criteria were direct counts of number CPB larvae/4 plants, and number hatched, collapsed, or parasitized CPB eggs from the released CPB eggs/2 plants/rep.
Squash Vine Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

Yellow Straightneck’ squash was planted 3 Jun near Benson, NC. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-inch centers. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle delivering 50 gal/acre at 60 psi. Applications were made 7, 12, 18 and 25 Jul. The number of squash vine borer entry points was evaluated on 1 Aug.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Tomatoes with Vydate and Pydrin, 1984
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seedlings were planted bare root in 35 ft rows on 29 May ’84. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on one side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Foliar spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at a rate of 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied with a custom built row crop sprayer equipped with 6 drop nozzles per row. The sprayer was tractor drawn and equipped with a PTO driven pump. Foliar sprays were applied 5, 12, 19, 26 Jun, and 3 Jul. Transplant water treatments were applied at the rate of 400 gal of water/acre (7 oz/plant) on 29 May. Bed drench treatments were planted on 29 May but the plants were drenched on 25 May. Vydate 2L was applied as a drench (100 gal/2,000 sq ft) to tomato transplants in the bed with a water sprinkler can at 0, 1, 2 and 4 pt/100 gal water. Soil surface temp was 70°F and at the 6-inch depth it was 60°F at time of transplanting. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the no. of Colorado potato beetle larvae and adults/10 ft of row and the % defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 16 Aug.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Tomatoes, 1984
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded on 2 Feb ’84 in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15 ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and overhead irrigation. Bravo 500 (1.5 qt/acre) was applied weekly and Benlate (1 lb/acre) was applied for 2 consecutive wks when the plants initiated blooming. There were 6 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly from 8 Mar to 2 May for a total of 9 applications. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles per row, 250 psi, and in 100 gal of water per acre. On 3 Apr the total no. of leafmines and live leafminer larvae per leaf (third fully expanded leaf from terminal) were counted from 10 randomly selected plants per plot. Mature green to ripe fruit were harvested on 8 May. The % fruit damaged by southern green stink bug and southern armyworm was determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit per plot. All insect populations were normal.
Phytotoxicity of Two Insecticides on Watermelon, 1984
Authors: Farrar Charles A. , Perring Thomas M.
Published: March 2022

Watermelon seeds were planted 13 Tun on 90-inch centers and plants were furrow irrigated. Plots were 4 rows wide by 35 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of 2 rates each of 2 materials and an untreated check replicated 4 times. The middle 2 rows of the plots were treated weekly beginning 2 Aug. Four applications of Pounce (through 23 Aug) and 8 of resmethrin (through 20 Sep) were made. Spray applications were made using a 2-row handheld CO2-driven backpack sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 24 gal/acre @ 40 psi. On 27 Sep plots were rated in terms of 5 criteria. At 4 sites in each plot foliage in a 1-m-diam circle was scored on a scale of 0 to 3, the lower figure representing no damage. The characters rated were leaf russeting and the presence of necrotic spots on the leaves. Also, within that circle fruit was rated on the same scale for surface injury. Fruit counts were taken from the center 2 rows of each plot and each plot was rated according to % damage to the overall stand.
Control of Spotted Alfalfa Aphids and Pea Aphids with Foliar Sprays in Idaho, 1984
Authors: Baird C. R. , Frohlich D. R. , Blackmer J. L.
Published: March 2022

Foliar insecticide sprays were applied to blooming alfalfa on 26 Jun 1984. Treatment plots were .01 acre (21 ft X 21 ft), 4 replicates arranged in randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied using a CO2 back pack sprayer delivering 50 gal water/acre at 30 psi. Evaluations were conducted using a 15-inch diam sweep net with 5 (90°) sweeps per plot.
Alfalfa, Grasshopper Control, Missouri, 1984
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Kirfman G. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted near Gallatin, Mo, on a pure stand of stubble alfalfa. Sprays were applied-on 18 Jul ’84 to 60 by 60 ft plots with 3 replications. Grasshopper composition was 90% differential grasshoppers. Sprays were applied at 16.5 gal/acre and 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles on a 20-ft spray boom. Evaluations were made by taking twenty 180° sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net at 24 h, 5 and 13 days posttreatment. Conditions at treatment were 88° F with 3 mph winds. Data were transformed by X + 0.5. Means in the table are of actual counts.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control, Minnesota, 1984
Authors: Stucker D. S. , Radcliffe E. B.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station on the first regrowth of third year ‘Pacer’ alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft X 52 ft in size, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 8 Jim in 38 gal/acre at 300 psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 3 days posttreatment, and 14 days posttreatment using a 15-inch diam sweep-net and taking 20 pendulum sweeps per plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Molluskicides for Control of Slugs in No-Till Corn, 1984
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design in a commercial field at St Georges, DE. Each plot was 10 ft wide (4 rows) by 20 ft long with a 5-ft buffer at the end of each plot. The field was planted 10 May and the treatments were applied 24 May (at the third leaf stage). The treatments: Mesurol, Borderland Black, Fenvalerate technical, and Amdro oil were mixed with fine cracked corn and applied broadcsat. Zectran on an apple pumice bait was also broadcast. Broot was applied as a 7-inch band over the row using a Noble applicator. Deadline was applied using a hand sprayer with the nozzle removed to increase the flowability of the product through the hand wand. Droplets the size of quarters were placed 3-inches away from the rows with the droplets spaced 12-inthes along both sides of the row. SAN 410 I SC72 (Bt with Exotoxin) was applied using a backpack sprayer. The boom used had 3 nozzles per row with a spacing of 15-inches and was calibrated to deliver 62 gal/acre at 40 psi of pressure. CO2 was used as the propellant. Injury ratings and slug counts were taken 5, 8, and 11 days after treatments were applied. The injury ratings were taken from all the plants located 17.6 ft in the center 2 rows of each plot. Slug counts were taken randomly from 5 plants in this same area. Slugs were counted if they were on the plant, or were within 2-inches of the base of the plant under the corn residue mulch.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Levine Eli
Published: March 2022

Foliar and planting time treatments of registered and experimental insecticides to control first generation European corn borer larvae were evaluated in a fall plowed, spring disked field in Champaign, IL. Corn (B73 x M017) was planted in 60-inch rows (so as to accommodate a tractor during insecticide application) on 8 May. Each insecticide treatment consisted of a single 30-ft row arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. Seeds treated with UC 80502 were planted at the same time the remainder of the plot was planted. The planting time treatment of Furadan 15G was applied in a 7-inch band over the row one day after planting with a Noble metering unit attached to a bicycle-wheeled applicator equipped with drag chains. Forty plants in each treatment (10 plants per treatment by 4 reps) were artificially infested with approximately 30 freshly hatched larvae on 20 Jun and again on 21 Jun. Mean extended leaf height of these plants on 21 Jun was 46 inches. A 15% natural infestation of first generation European corn borer larvae also existed in the plot. The foliar insecticides were applied on 27 Jun, just as larvae were beginning to tunnel into the plants. Liquid foliar insecticides were applied directly over the plant whorls with a CO2 sprayer equipped with a 1 nozzle wand (8002 even flat fan nozzle, 3.0 ft/s, 20 psi, 10 gal of water/acre based on a row width of 40 inches). Granular foliar insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band directly over the plant whorls with Noble metering units driven by an tractor-mounted electric drive. Infested plants were evaluated for corn borer damage (number of cavities) on 23 Jul by splitting the stalks from the tassel to the ground of 20 plants from each treatment (5 plants per treatment by 4 reps).
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in Field Corn, 1984
Authors: Ostlie Kenneth R.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time applications of soil insecticides were evaluated for their perfor-mance against corn rootworm larvae at 3 locations in Minnesota. The experimental design of each test was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots measured 4 rows x 55 ft. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band over the center 2 rows of each plot using modified Noble metering units and were lightly incorporated. Fields were planted on 11, 17, and 22 May at Morris, Waseca, and Lamberton, respectively. Rootworm feeding damage was rated on 5 washed roots per plot using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale (1 = no feeding, 6 = 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). Damage ratings were made on 26 Jul, 1 Aug and 2 Aug at Waseca, Morris, and Lamberton, respectively. Yields were determined by machine-harvesting 1/290 acre and converting yields to No. 2 shelled corn at 15.5% moisture. Rainfall from planting to 1 Jul exceeded normal levels at all three sites, but particularly at Lamberton. Cumulative rainfall was recorded at 7.26, 8.51, and 7.33 inches compared to normal levels of 6.08, 4.65, and 6.62 inches at Morris, Lamberton, and Waseca, respectively.
Laboratory Evaluations of Insecticides Against Carmine Spider Mites on Cotton, 1984
Authors: Treacy Michael F. , Hanna Ralph L.
Published: March 2022

A completely randomized 2 factor factorial experiment was conducted in the laboratory to determine the effectiveness of an organophosphate, Azodrin, and a synthetic pyrethroid, FMC 54800, against adult female carmine spider mites under different constant temperatures. The mites were collected from cotton fields in the College Station, Texas area and reared on cotton seedlings for 6 mo prior to beginning the study. Individual cotton plants were grown to the second true leaf stage and were then infested with the cultured mites. The method of infestation consisted of clipping a leaf from a cotton seedling and transferring it, and the mites on it, to a test plant. The infested plants were held 48 h in a temperature cabinet to acclimate the mites to the test conditions (i.e. constant 26.5 or 32°C, 65% relative humidity and a 14:10 h fluorescent lamp photo: scotopha.se). Following a pre-treatment count of adult female mites, the insecticides were applied to the plants with a modified hand held sprayer calibrated (at 25 psi) to deliver ca. 6 gal per acre. At 72 h post-treatment, the plants were inspected for the presence of live mites to determine the efficacy of the pesticides. The experiment consisted of 4 replications of each treatment combination with 5 mite infested plants per replicate.
Control of June Beetles in Pasture, 1984
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a pasture in Todd, North Carolina (Watauga Co.). There was no measurable thatch, soil contained 20% organic matter. Air temperature at treatment time (27 Sep) was 63°; soil temperature at 4 inches was 55°F. The larvae were third instars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 18 X 20 ft. The granular material was applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader. Liquid applications were made using a John Bean centrifugal pump sprayer with three 11005 Teejet nozzles mounted on a boom operating at full throttle with a 1(H) ml per sec rate, at 1(H) gal water per acre. Three days after treatment 0.28 inches rain occurred. Surviving larvae were sampled 239 days after treatment by cutting five 7 X 7 X 3-inch deep plugs into each 20 X 18 ft plot.
Greenbug (Biotype E) Control on Grain Sorghum with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted in a dryland field of grain sorghum at the Kans. Br. Agric. Exp. Stn., Garden City, KA. Eleven insecticide treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows wide (76-cm row spacing) and 10.7 m long. Treatments were applied as broadcast sprays over the row with a compressed air backpack sprayer delivering ca. 145 liters/ha at an operating pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. A single application of insecticide was made on 2 Aug at which time plants were in the boot stage. Air temp at application was 24.4°C and wind was recorded at 8 km/h from the SW. Rainfall during the posttreatment sampling period was 0.25 cm on 4 Aug. Greenbugs were visually counted on 4 plants in each plot on 29 Jul (pretreatment) and 5, 9, 16 Aug (posttreatment). Yields were determined by machine harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 20 Sep and converting the data to kg/ha at 12.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Insect Pests, 1984
Authors: Yanes Jaime , Boethel David J.
Published: March 2022

Plots of soybean were established near St. Gabriel, Iberville Parish, LA. Plots measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (36-inch row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots receiving Dimilin (0.03 lb(AI)/acre) on 21 Aug were treated when plants were at the R3 growth stage. Although the treatment was not applied in combination with fungicides, the timing corresponded to that recommended for the second application of fungicides. The remaining plots were treated at the R5 growth stage on 8 Sep. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at a rate of 15.5 gal of finished formulation/acre at 30 psi. Posttreatment samples were taken at 2, 7 and 14 days using 50 sweeps per plot.
Comparison of Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (Scb), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1983
Authors: Hensley S. D. , White W. H. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray insecticide concentrates were applied in water to a field of sugarcane (plant cane crop) located at Little Texas plantation near Labadieville, LA for control of season-long SCB infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 3 times. Individual plots ranged in size from 1.7 to 2.3 acres; each plot consisted of a contiguous block of sugarcane surrounded by headlands and ditchbanks. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy from an airplane flown on 60-ft (10 row) swaths at a rate of 2 gal of finished formulation/acre/ application. The first application of insecticides was made after sugarcane internodes were visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks harbored small 1st to 3rd stage larvae in leafsheaths; they were repeated only when that level of infestation was found again in Guthion-treated plots. However, weekly SCB population monitoring was terminated 15 Sep when SCB damage is considered to no longer pose a threat to the Louisiana sugarcane crop. Only 2 applications were required to restrict SCB populations in guthion-treated plots below the economic threshold of crop damage; application dates were 16 Jul and 23 Aug. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was determined 29-30 Sep by comparing the percentages of sugarcane internodes bored (damaged) by season-long SCB larval infestations in treated plots to that found in untreated; 5 (10-stalk) samples randomly selected in each plot were scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
European White Birch, Bronze Birch Borer Control, Ashland-Mansfield, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. , Lanphear L. S.
Published: March 2022

Mauget’s Inject-A-Cide B (Bidrin) was evaluated for controlling bronze birch borer in infested trees. Fifteen landscape birches, heavily infested but with not more than 50% top dieback, were selected for evaluation. Injection procedures and rates outlined in the Mauget field manual were followed by a skilled technician using capsules containing 1 ml of Bidrin. Five trees were injected on 23 Jun and 5 Aug. All 10 injected and 5 untreated trees were felled and sampled between 31 Aug and 2 Sept. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the number of live larvae beneath 3 sections of bark (30 cm wide x tree circumference) from each tree.
Effect of Liquid Aqua Gro on Efficacy of Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, 1984
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied with and without AquaGro* wetting agent and tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a lawn area in Waltham, Mass. Insecticides were applied at half the normal rate, and AquaGro* was applied (mixed directly with the insecticide) at 0, 8, or 16 fluid oz per 1,000 ft2. The materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 3 qt water from a 3-gal capacity watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All tests were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. Plots were watered with 1.5 cm irrigation (pH 7.8) 2 h after application. All plots were treated 8 Aug and sampled 10 Oct. Two distinct square foot sections of sod, 3 inches deep, were removed from the center of each plot (at least 2.5 ft from any edge), inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Control of Leafminer Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Products and Other Insecticides as Foliar Sprays, 1984
Authors: Knodel-Montz J. J. , Larew H. G.
Published: March 2022

Insecticidal testing was conducted from 4 Jun to 29 Aug in a leafminer infested commercial greenhouse in Perry Hall, MD. Chrysanthemums were grown as single stem disbuds. Each treatment plot (2.3 m X 1 m) consisted of 150 plants and plots were arranged randomly in a bed. Treatments included: water check; Tween-20 check; neem + Tween-20; Margosan-0 (an experimental formulation of neem developed by Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI); Avid; Trigard; and Avid/Trigard. All treatments except Avid/Trigard were sprayed biweekly on 12 Jun, 26 Jun, 10 Jul, 24 Jul, 7 Aug, and 28 Aug using a handheld sprayer. For the Avid/Trigard treatment, Avid and Trigard were alternated weekly from 12 Jun to 28 Aug. Each treatment consisted of 1 liter per plot. Four plants from each treatment were sampled starting 19 Jun and continued biweekly until bloom (29 Jul). Numbers of mines, emerged pupae and adults were counted from samples.
Control of Leafminer Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Drenches, 1984
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel-Montz J. J.
Published: March 2022

Crude neem seed extract and an experimental formulation of neem, Margosan-0 (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI), were applied as soil drenches and compared for efficacy with Trigard in a leafminer-infested commercial greenhouse in Perry Hall, MD. Bed-grown, disbudded chrysanthemums were treated and sampled (4 plants/plot) biweekly, 5 times during the cropping cycle (19 Mar-13 Jun). Each treatment plot (2.3 m x 1 m) contained 150 plants, and plots were arranged randomly along the length of the bed. Except for the Trigard-sprayed plot, each plot was drenched with 15.6 liters of specified solution on each treatment date. Bed (23 m x 1 m) soil consisted of topsoil to which a bale of peat had been added. Plants were fertilized daily with a solution of 20N:20P:20K. Greenhouse temperatures averaged 27°C (day) and 16°C (night). Foliage from sampled plants was removed, and leafminers were reared from foliage at 24°C, 18:6 h photoperibd.
Persistence Study of Insecticides Used for Elm Leaf Beetle Control, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Seedling nursery trees at the C.S.U. State Forest Service Nursery were sprayed once on 4 different treatment dates: 11, 18, 27, and 25 Jun. All applications were made to run-off using a CO2 compressed air sprayer. Treated plots were 10-ft of bed (4 rows) and all trees were in the second year of development (2-3 ft tall). High temperatures and repeated sprinkler irrigation of plots occurred during the trial. Following the last treatment date, foliage was collected from all plots, cut, mixed, and fed to elm leaf beetle larvae. Larvae used were late instars collected from area trees and confined in Petri dishes at a 10 larvae/dish density. A total of 100 larvae were used for each date x insecticide treatment. Fresh foliage was given larvae, if needed, 48 h after the experiment began. Percent mortality was determined 72 h after the initial exposure of larvae to the treated foliage.
Balsam Fir, Control of Balsam Gall Midge, 1984
Authors: Bradbury R. L. , Osgood E. A.
Published: March 2022

A Christmas tree plantation in Plymouth, Maine was used for the insecticide evaluations. Insecticides were applied to 0.25-acre blocks on 28 May using a Stihl SG 17 mistblower at a rate of 5 gal finished spray/acre. Insects were predominantly first instar although some unhatched eggs were present. Rain occurred 2 h after the last block was treated; however, the insecticides had dried on the foliage. Temperature at the time of application was 45-50°F. Two additional blocks were treated on 5 and 10 Jun with diazinon to provide efficacy data as gall formation progressed. No rain occurred within 24 h of either treatment and the temperature was 45-50°F at time of treatment. Counts of live larvae were made on 17 Jul to determine the level of control. The sampling unit was 2 current-year shoots taken from the upper third of the crown of 10 trees per block. Visual observations of damage were made in October.
Canadian Hemlock, Oriental/Asiatic Garden Beetle Grub Control, Long Island, Ny, 1984
Authors: Baker P. B.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected turf insecticides was evaluated against Oriental/Asiatic garden beetle grub on Canadian hemlock trees growing in a commercial nursery. Experimental design consisted of treating 4 adjacent rows (ca 13.7 m) with ca 12 trees/row. Three check rows were established between treatments. All materials were liquids, premeasured in the laboratory, and applied with 3 gal of water per row through a watering can on 14 Aug. Materials were applied to the base of all trees. At treatment time the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature (1 inch), 79°F, (3 inch) 78°F; soil type, sandy loam; soil moisture, 1.11 (w/d); water pH, 5.7; and sunny. On 23 Sep, five trees were randomly selected from each of the center 2 rows/treatment. Trees from the center row were randomly selected for the control. Trees were dug up as if to be shipped. The soil on the roots and within a 6-inch radius was screened through a US Standard Sieve Series #6 wire mesh screen. Species identifications were determined in the laboratory.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Treated Tree Bands, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. , Dripps James E.
Published: March 2022

A mixed forest stand with red oaks (7-12 m tall) was selected in Centre Co., PA on Jun 3 after inspection revealed numerous hatching gypsy moth egg masses. On Jun 8 plastic foam bands (approx. 8 cm wide) were placed around selected trees at 1.5 m above ground level. Plastic bands were either flat or had a 3-cm flap overhang at the top. Each often treatments were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. Treatments consisted of 3 aerosol foam formulations of 0.1% fenvalerate applied to the tree bands with and without flaps and foliar sprays (0.37% resmethrin). Treatments were applied between 13:00 and 15:00 with wind at 2-5 mph and temperature at 76-83°F. Tree bands were then treated every 7 days. Larval assessment was made by taking 1-minute counts of larvae by a single evaluator.
Gypsy Moth Larval Control Using Carbaryl with Different Sprayers and a Spreader Sticker, Pa, 1984
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. , Dripps James E.
Published: March 2022

White oak trees (7-10 m tall) intermixed with red oaks and red maple were selected in Centre Co., PA on 11 Jun after inspection revealed a moderate population of second to fourth instar larvae were present. Two formulations of carbaryl with and without a spreader sticker (Nu-film 17) were applied using a hydraulic sprayer or a Solo backpack mist blower. The 12 pesticide treatments plus a control were replicated four times in a RCB design. Larval assessment was made using a 1-minute visual count of larvae performed by 1 observer. The pesticides were applied between 09:00 and 12:00 with wind 1-3 mph and temperature 65-70°F. Rainfall data were collected during each count period. Pre-spray counts indicated no differences between blocks. Rainfall totals were: 11-18 Jun (0.5 inch); 18-25 Jun (3.5 inch); 25 Jun-2 Jul (1.2 inch); 2-9 Jul (0.5 inch).
Pine Spittlebug Control, Howard, Pa, 1983
Authors: Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

White pine trees (2-2.5 m tall) were selected on 17 May near Howard, PA, Centre Co. if they contained at least 3 spittle masses. Five treatments plus a water control (replicated 5 times in a RCB design) were applied to run-off on 19 May using a 1.5-gal stainless steel hand-pump compression sprayer. Counts were made by inspecting spittle masses or live nymphs and counts were discontinued after 1 Jun because of adult emergence. Pre-spray counts showed that the blocks were not significantly different.
Scots Pine, Control of Spring Generation Crawlers of a Pine Needle Scale, Portage Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Pinus sylvestris (1.5-2 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against settled first stage nymphs. Heavily infested trees were sprayed 24 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperature setting 3 for 30 sec. to deliver ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates per treatment. Skies were sunny at 24°C and a breeze of 2-6 kph. All crawlers had hatched and were settled first instars when treatments were applied. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 30 May by collecting infested needle fascicles from at least 3 locations on each tree, when possible. Fascicles were placed in coin envelopes and transported under refrigeration to the laboratory where viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a dissecting scope was determined. Counts were always made from at least 3 fascicles.
Taxus/Euonymus/Rhododendron, Efficacy of Insecticides Against Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of insecticides against black vine weevil adults was evaluated by spraying plants growing in containers and feeding sprayed foliage to weevils at specified intervals after application. A CO2 compression sprayer with a single SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 40 psi was used to spray plants of each species with each treatment to runoff on 4 Sep. Plants were sprayed in a greenhouse where they remained until the first foliage samples were taken. Twenty-four h after application, two 10 to 15-cm twigs were removed from each plant and placed in a 1-liter fonda cup along with 4 ovipositing weevils. Cups were supplied with mesh tops to enhance ventilation. Weevils had been collected from a taxus nursery in Lake Co. and maintained on taxus foliage in the laboratory at 21-23°C and a 16-h photoperiod until used in the test. After the first sampling, plants were moved outdoors and received 1.27 cm of overhead irrigation every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Residue efficacy was also evaluated 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after application, as above, except only 3 weevils were placed with foliage in fonda cups.
Evaluation of Ear Tag Devices for Face Fly and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1983
Authors: Holscher Ken
Published: March 2022

Atroban permethrin 10% AI ear tags (2 tags/cow), Ectiban permethrin 0.9 g AI ear tag tapes (1 tape/cow), Ectrin fenvalerate 8% AI ear tags (2 tags/cow) and Permectrin permethrin 10% AI ear tags (2 tags/cow) were evaluated for horn fly and face fly control on 8, separately pastured, mixed-breed beef cattle herds. Treatment herd size ranged from 20 to 50 cows/herd. A separately pastured, untreated herd of 50 mixed-breed beef cows served as a control. Horn fly and face fly counts were made on 10 randomly selected cows in each herd at weekly posttreatment intervals. Horn flies were counted on 1 side and face flies on the entire face of each animal.
Efficacy of Insect Suppression Treatments, Avian Influenza (Ai) Eradication Task Force, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1983-84
Authors: Schmidtmann E. T. , Wilson D. D.
Published: March 2022

Observations were conducted during Nov and Dec 1983 at 20 Al-infected poultry premises; 10 premises were high-rise houses (layer hens or pullets), 5 were broiler-breeder houses and 5 were shallow-pit houses (layer hens). Each house was treated with a regimen of 4 insecticidal applications to control insects in conjunction with the disinfection and cleanup of Al-quarantined poultry operations. The first treatment, a pyrethrin space spray, was applied within 24 h after depopulation of the flock. The second and third treatments were applied on the same day as the space spray or as soon as possible thereafter, and consisted of a 0.5% stirofos or 0.1% permethrin water-base spray to exterior building and ground surfaces around air vent fans, and a 0.5% stirofos water-base spray applied to manure under bird cages at 2 gal per 100 ft2. The fourth treatment, a 0.1% permethrin water-base spray to interior surfaces, was applied after approval for cleanup and disinfection, but before flock repopulation 30 days later. Treatments were applied by a commercial certified applicator consistent with label instructions. Insect populations were sampled on 2 occasions: 1) before application of space spray treatment and 2) after space spray and manure treatment but within 7 days following the pretreatment sample. Sampling procedures were as follows: In each high-rise house, the numbers of adult house flies and black garbage flies were counted on one side of 10 posts. Insects on and in manure down to a depth of 10-15 cm were talleyed by species and life stage (larvae or adult) at 10 sites on both sides of a central pathway; each sample site consisted of an area extending from the crest or middle of the manure bed to the center of the walkway and ca. 12 inches wide (ca. 3 ft2). Broiler-breeder houses were sampled by counting adult flies on 10 ceiling-support posts in the lower floor and by examining ca. 1 ft2 of litter at 10 sites around the base of posts, under feeders and at the base of walls. Shallow-pit houses were sampled by counting numbers of adult flies in an area of ca. 5-ft wide extending from the middle of the walkway to the top tier of cages. Insects on and in manure were sampled by the same procedure used in high-rise housing.
Evaluation of Fireban 12.5Wp for Red Imported Fire Ant Control, 1984
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Knight R. L. , Nolan M. P. , Kissam J. B.
Published: March 2022

Fireban 12.5WP was evaluated as a mound drench for control of red imported fire ants in Boykin, South Carolina. In an unused pasture at the prison farm, 14 circular plots (100 ft diam) were delineated with the loction of fire ant mounds in each plot mapped. The degree of activity and size of each mound were also recorded. Activity was determined by slightly prodding the mound with a thin metal wire and then estimated by the number of ants coming to the surface using the following scale: 0 = inactive mound, 1 = 1-100 ants, 2 = 101-1000 ants, and 3 = greater than 1000 ants. A minimum of 5 mounds were found in each plot. To each of the 14 plots, 1 of 7 treatments was assigned randomly. The treatments were as follows: untreated check, water drench, chlorpyrifos 0.5% (standard) and Fireban 12.5WP at the following rates 2.0 oz in 1 gal water/sq ft mound, 4.0 oz in 1 gal water/sq ft mound, 2.0 oz in 2 gal water/sq ft mound and 4.0 oz in 2 gal water/sq ft mound. All water requiring treatments were poured at least 12 inches around the mound before drenching the mound itself (no more than one pint of material was used to treat the soil surrounding the mound). Mounds were left undisturbed prior to treating. Treatments were applied on 18 Jun 84. Any new mounds appearing in a plot during the second week posttreatment were plotted and treated at the same rate as the original mounds.
Laboratory Evaluation of Igr’S and Toxicants Against the Larvae of the Oriental Rat Flea, 1984
Authors: Chamberlain W. F.
Published: March 2022

A 10-g sample of a mixture of fine sand flea larval diet was placed in a 25-ml screw-capped vial. An appropriate concentration of technical IGR or toxicant in 500 µl of acetone was added to the mix; after stirring, the acetone was evaporated at room temperature. Twenty-four h later, 200 p.1 of water was added and stirred into the mix. Twenty-five laboratory-reared, 2nd-stage larvae were added. Vials were covered with 0.3-mm mesh marquisette cloth and held in separate chambers at 75% RH, 26°/31°± 1° C and corresponding 8/16 dark/light cycle. Each test was replicated 2 to 4 times. Control vials containing the sand-diet mix were treated with the acetone only and handled in the same manner as test vials. At 30 days after establishment the vials were examined. Any emerged fleas were killed with a drop of chloroform, and the number of cocoons and emerged fleas were counted. The highest concentration of IGR or toxicant tested was 100 ppm; dilutions to 0.01 ppm were tested, as needed to obtain reduced mortality.
Leafroller Control Programs, 1984
Authors: Pickel C. , Steenwyk R. Van , Coates W. W.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of leafrollers near Hollister, CA on 15-year-old Bleinheim apricot trees. Individual tree plots were replicated 10 times in randomized complete block design. One unsprayed buffer tree surrounded each replicate. Sprays were applied until run-off with a hydraulic hand gun sprayer operating at 300 psi. All sprays were applied on 7 Jun. Evaluations were made midseason (15 Jun) with 500 fruit/treatment and harvest (7 Jul) with 5,000 fruit/treatment.
Cranberry, Grub Control, 1984
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticides were applied on 21 May at Site 1 and 15 May at Site 2 using a hand shaker made from a pint jar with perforated lid. Treatments were arranged in a 5 X 5 Latin square of contiguous, 7 x 7-ft plots at Site 1 and in 3, widely separated randomized blocks of 12 x 8-ft plots at Site 2. A portable overhead irrigation system was used to apply about 2.5 inches of water to each site in a 20 h period. The soil at Site 2 consisted almost entirely of sand, whereas that at Site 2 contained much organic matter. Pre- and post-treatment grub counts were done in the same manner. At Site 1, four, square-foot samples dug to a depth of 6 inches were removed from each plot, placed on a large, plastic sheet, and examined for both grub species. At Site 2, four, 2 x 2-ft samples were dug to a depth of 4 inches in each plot, rolled back, and inspected for P. anxia. Counts were made 16 and 9 days prior to treatment and 21 and 24 days after treatment at Sites 1 and 2, respectively. All specimens were placed in plastic vials, identified in the laboratory, and classified according to head capsule width.
Control of Imported Currantworm on Currant, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Imported currantworm larvae, in late stadia, were collected 11 Jun at the Plant Environmental Research Center, Ft. Collins, CO. Larvae were divided into groups of 5 and placed in petri dishes, for a total of 55 larvae/treatment. Immediately after collection, foliage was sprayed until point of run-off, with a hand operated compressed air sprayer. After foliage dried, it was collected and fed to larvae. Mortality of larvae was observed 48 h after treatment.
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes in California, 1984
Authors: Beevers M. H.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a mixed population of leafhoppers in a randomized block design consisting of 3 vine plots replicated 4 times per treatment. One application was made on 19 Jul ’84 with an orchard handgun operated at 200 lb/in2 delivering 400 gal/acre to 5-year-old vines. Evaluations were made by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs per 10 leaves for each plot.
Insecticidal Control of the Grape Berry Moth, 1984
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

An 18-year-old experimental vineyard at Wooster, OH was used for this experiment. Rows were 2.7 m on center with 2.4 m between vines within a row. Plots consisted of single vines having 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Insecticidal applications for this experiment were made on 19 Jun, 2 Jul, 16 Jul and 1 Aug. All applications were made at the rate of 1870 1/ha (200 gal/acre) using a hand-operated constant pressure CO2 sprayer at 3.2 kg/cm2 (45 psi) and equipped with a 9505E-Tee Jet nozzle. On 3 Oct, 10 clusters of grapes were harvested at random from each replicate, and the number of stung berries were recorded.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of Leaf Form of Grape Phylloxera, 1984
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Separate tests were conducted and evaluated for control of the grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. Test 1 (‘Concord’) consisted of 6 treatments applied on 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 18 Jul, and 6 Aug. Test 2 (‘Clinton’) consisted of 4 treatments applied on 7 Jun, 20 Jun, and 2 Jul. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent grape vines, having 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Temik granules (Test 2) were distributed by hand uniformly in the bottom of 5-cm-deep furrows 0.45 m away from each side of the row and immediately covered with soil on 18 May. Soil moisture was good at time of application; granules were not watered-in. Other treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi (3.52 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505E Tee Jet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 700 liters/ha. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Orange Tortrix Larva Control, 1984
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chamberlain Jimmie D.
Published: March 2022

Single treated rows, 200-250 ft long and 9 ft apart, were alternated with untreated rows of the same length. Each treated row was divided into 4 or 5 subunits. Larval counts from each subunit were compared with counts from adjacent subunits in the untreated rows on each side of the treated row. The insecticides were applied as sprays with a vertical boom in 115 gal of water per acre at 150 psi. The first spray was applied on 18 Jun ’84, which was ca. 2 wk after the peak catches of male orange tortrix moths in pheromone traps (ca. 150/trap/week). Heavy rains on Jun 19 and 20 (total 1.7 inches) plus very low larva populations on 26 Jun caused us to reapply the sprays on 2 Jul. No rain fell during the following week. Treatments were evaluated on 9 Jul by examining 50 primocane tips in each subunit. The number of larval-infested tips was recorded.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1984
Authors: Childers Carl C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. Trees were on a 25 x 25-ft spacing (70 trees/acre) and approximately 22 ft tall with an 18-ft canopy diameter. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 11 to 13 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on 24 May. Water pH was 7.0. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit using a 10X hand lens. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in the San Joaquin Valley, 1984
Authors: Elmer H. S. , Morse J. G.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations on navel oranges at the Lindcove Field station near Exeter, CA. All but 1 treatment were applied with a hand gun using a hydraulic sprayer at ca. 500 psi applying ca. 12 gal/tree (1200 gal/acre). The fourth treatment (**) was applied as a low-volume coverage (100 gal/acre) with an FMC CP-267. Each treatment was replicated in 3 4-tree plots with 2 of the 4 trees selected at random prior to treatment as data trees that were then used on each sample date (6 total). Using a hand lens, live adult female mites were counted on randomly selected leaves (2 leaves from each of 4 terminals per quadrant; 32 per tree) on each sample date.
Corn Earworm Control on Snap Bean, 1984
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted 10 Aug at the Jerry Marler farm at Lowell, AR. Plots were four 50-ft rows (40-inch spacing) with 6-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. One row buffers were left between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 7 treatments replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a manually propelled bicycle sprayer when the majority of plants bore 2-inch pods (9 Oct). Final spray volume was 11.5 gal/acre. Insecticide effectiveness on corn earworm larvae was compared 11 Oct by making 25 sweeps with a 15-inch diam insect net on each of the eastern-most rows in each plot. This procedure was repeated 17 Oct on the remaining rows. Plots were harvested 29 Oct by hand-picking 2 row-m from the center rows of each plot. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by comparing the % pod damage and the no. earworm larvae in each harvested sample.
Control of Cabbage Aphids on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Bowman J. S. , Everich R. C.
Published: March 2022

A block of cabbage transplanted on 10 Jul ’84 on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N.H., was utilized. A high population of cabbage aphid developed soon after transplanting making it possible to obtain information on its control even though the treatments were intended for the control of cabbage caterpillars. Spray applications of the various treatments were made on 3 and 10 Aug to plots consisting of 20-ft rows replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made on both sides of the row using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi) at a rate of 29 gal/acre. Aphid control evaluations were made on 14 Aug by determining the percentage of plants per replicate with at least 1 established aphid colony.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Gurecki Tom , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was direct-seeded on 27 Jun at Rock Springs Agricultural Research Center, Centre County, PA. Three-row plots 20 ft long on 36-inch centers were arranged in a randomized comlete block design replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 28 Aug and 5 Oct. Applications were made using a tractor-mounted boom delivering 22 gal per acre at 66 psi. Ortho X-77 surfactant was added to all treatments. Thiodan 3E (2 lb/acre) was applied on 7, 13 and 24 Jul to control flea beetles. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 10 plants/plot and counting the no. of ICW and CL larvae. Cabbage looper populations were very low in 1984. Cabbage was harvested on 8 Nov and rated for foliage injury as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding: 2) 0-1% of leaf area eaten; 3) 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) 6-10% leaf area eaten, minor damage to head; 5) 11-30% leaf area eaten, moderate to heavy damage to head; 6) considerable feeding on head and leaves. Heads receiving a rating of 1 or 2 were considered suitable for fresh market.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1984
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 21 Feb in Myakka fine sand on the University of Florida’s Central Florida Research and Education Center in Sanfbrd. A plot consisted of one 30 ft row with 12 inch plant spacing. Each plot row was separated by 2 unplanted rows; row spacing was 30 inches. Nemacur 15G 2 lb (AI)/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-inch band for nematode control. Randox 4EC and Vegedex 4EC both at 3 lb (AI)/acre were applied for weed control. Treatments were replicated in 5 randomized complete blocks separated by 25 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers Model G tractor. Three nozzles (D3-45) were used per row; 1 overhead and 1 drop on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 50 psi and a speed of 2 mph. Sprays were applied 17, 19, 25, 30, Apr, 8 and 16 May. In each plot on 29 May 20 plants were rated for damage on the head and first 4 wrapper leaves using a scale of 1-6 as in Green et al., Jour, of Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800. The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less.