bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Corpora as Translation Tools: A Solution in Practice
Authors: Jensen Vigdis , Mousten Birthe , Laursen Anne-Lise
Published: July 2016

Small bilingual text corpora from a source and target language can be important sources of specialized language tracking for translators. A corpus platform can supplement or replace traditional reference works such as dictionaries and encyclopedia, which are rarely sufficient for the professional translator who has to get a cross-linguistic overview of a new area or a new line of business.  Relevant internet texts can be compiled ‘on the fly’, but internet data needs to be sorted and analyzed for rational use.  Today, such sorting and analysis can be made by a low-tech, analytical software tool.  This article demonstrates how strategic steps of compiling and retrieving linguistic data by means of specific search strategies can be used to make electronic corpora an efficient tool in translators’ daily work with fields that involve new terminology, but where the skills requested to work correspond to being able to perform an advanced Google search. We show the different steps in setting up and working with an ad-hoc corpus, illustrated by means of the software AntConc applied on the SEO area.
INTERVIEW: Knowledge and Terminology Management at Crisplant
Authors: Møller Margrethe H. , Toft Birthe , Kjeldgaard Almsten Lisbeth
Published: July 2016

Margrethe H. Møller interviews Lisbeth Kjeldgaard Almsten(translator/coauthor: Birthe Toft)“If you think that terminology work is simply a matter of buying terminology management software and getting started, you are in for trouble” At Crisplant, we have been doing terminology management for the past 20 years. Today, term bases are used not just for terminology-oriented term management. Recording other types of master data needed by all kinds of professionals in the enterprise is equally important. Within the past year, Crisplant has been acquired by the German BEUMER group, which means that the terminological resources of the two enterprises are in the process of being integrated. The challenges presented by this process demonstrate the importance of adhering to terminological principles when recording terminology resources, while at the same time reminding us what an essential discipline terminology management really is, in enterprise practice as well as in education. Lisbeth Kjeldgaard AlmstenProject Manager & Linguistic Coordinator at Crisplant.Lisbeth Kjeldgaard Almsten is dedicated to language technology, and she plays the role of coordinator vis-à-vis her colleagues in the BEUMER Group, who use the same language technology tools as the ones she works with.
INTERVIEW: Knowledge and Terminology Management at the Danish National Board of Social Services
Authors: Møller Margrethe H. , Toft Birthe , Rosendahl David
Published: July 2016

Margrethe H. Møller interviews David Rosendahl(translator/coauthor: Birthe Toft)“We need to do more than simply create classifications” The concept secretariat of the Danish National Board of Social Services carries out terminology and classification work in connection with IT projects, among others, in the field of social services. This work is interesting for several reasons. On the one hand, terminology work obviously contributes to enhanced efficiency and transparency from the points of view of all types of users. On the other hand, some social services professionals are skeptical vis-à-vis the terminology projects because they fear unification and standardization of their professionalism and working procedures in connection with the introduction of new IT systems. And finally, a number of ethical issues have to be taken into consideration when deciding on terminology in the social services field. All in all, target group and communicative aspects become central to the effort.David Rosendahl Terminology consultant at the Danish National Board of Social ServicesThe Danish National Board of Social Services(“Socialstyrelsen”) is an independent subdivision of The Ministry of Social Affairs and Integration. The Board aims to promote new development and initiatives in social services while also supporting and counselling local authorities in providing services to citizens, i.e. children, young people, socially marginalised groups, elderly and disabled.
Current Trends in Translation
Authors: Maylath Bruce
Published: July 2016

Driven by the growth of a global economy and developments in high technology, the process of creating and translating technical documentation has been evolving rapidly. In particular, machine translation (MT) has shown increasing capabilities of efficaciously accomplishing the early stages of the eight stages of translation identified years ago by Robert Bly. As a consequence, translators have learned to use MT as a tool to accelerate their work, but they have also grown wary of MT’s potential for replacing them. To ensure steady employment, some translators have begun cross-training as technical writers; correspondingly, a few technical writers have begun cross-training as translators, as the two professions appear to be undergoing a gradual trend of convergence. Academic programs are urged to respond to the evolving trends.
Usability Testing of User Manuals
Authors: Møller Margrethe H.
Published: July 2016

Many guidelines and several standards exist for the development of good user manuals. But even though technical writers comply with all guidelines, problems will typically arise when users apply the manual in practice. Therefore, it is useful to have real users test the manual before it is published. This article discusses user tests in the form of think-aloud tests, with examples from the research project ”User Manuals for older adults”.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Kastberg Peter , Møller Margrethe H. , Møller Anne
Published: July 2016

Editorial to the second issue of CLaW
INTERVIEW: Quick, Social and Collaborative - wiki-based user documentation at APC by Schneider Electric
Authors: Møller Margrethe H. , Nielsen Pernille Bagger , Kalianov Stanislav
Published: July 2016

In the software documentation department at APC by Schneider Electric in Kolding, Denmark, Technical Writer Pernille Bagger Nielsen writes user documentation for the software developed by the company. In cooperation with Localization Manager Stanislav Kalianov she reorganised the user documentation for publication as wiki-based documentation on the internet. The new platform supports their strategy of using agile and iterative, topic-based, collaborative writing when developing user documentation. Their experience will interest readers who consider introducing a similar new strategy.
Control, Communication, and Knowledge-Building in Asian Call Centers
Authors: Lombard Maria
Published: July 2016

Communication within international call centers can be significantly complicated by breakdowns that result from multiple layers of corporate language.  This case study explores training sessions and documentation developed and delivered by an American team responsible for training international call center workers located in the Philippines.  Findings show that attempts to standardize and control workplace language can limit meaningful two-way communication, leaving workers to both question what they are told and invent new ways of communicating.  Recommendations are presented in this study for a workplace writing model that can overcome language differences through authentic interaction.
English as a medium of instruction and internationalization at Danish universities: Status, perspectives, and implications for higher education executives
Authors: Lueg Klarissa
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses possible policies to handle English as a medium of instruction for higher education (HE) in Denmark. It summarizes the de-facto status of the institutionalization of English as a lingua franca and EMI in Europe and relates the findings to the status quo of the academic and political discussion about EMI in Denmark. This discussion is classified into three typical approaches: the progressive, the conservative, and the radical conservative. The distinction is supplemented with the results of the author’s own recent study on EMI and the introduction of a fourth perspective: the ‘cautiously progressive perspective’. This perspective supports further introduction of EMI, on condition that careful attention must be given to the way EMI is implemented. Possible lines of reactions, implications, and recommendations are introduced. These are relevant for university teachers that wish to encourage their students to participate in EMI classes and for university management and administration in order to provide the necessary conditions for a reasonable EMI use. They could further provide value for potential employers that support EMI education, especially in the field of communication.
Translation Techniques
Authors: Pinheiro Marcia
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we discuss three translation techniques: literal, cultural, and artistic. Literal translation is a well-known technique, which means that it is quite easy to find sources on the topic. Cultural and artistic translation may be new terms. Whilst cultural translation focuses on matching contexts, artistic translation focuses on matching reactions. Because literal translation matches only words, it is not hard to find situations in which we should not use this technique.  Because artistic translation focuses on reactions, judging the quality of an artistic translation work is one of the most difficult things one can do. We end up having a score of complexity and humanity for each one of the mentioned techniques: Literal translation would be the closest thing we have to the machines world and artistic translation would be the closest thing we have to the purely human world. By creating these classifications and studying the subtleties of each one of them, we are adding degrees of quality to our courses and to translation as a professional field. The main contribution of this paper is then the formalization of such a piece of knowledge. We, however, also lay the foundations for studies of this type.
The Janus Head Article - On Quality in the Documentation Process
Authors: Andersen Henrik , Christoffersen Ellen
Published: July 2016

The god Janus in Greek mythology was a two-faced god; each face had its own view of the world. Our idea behind the Janus Head article is to give you two different and maybe even contradicting views on a certain topic. In this issue the topic is quality in the documentation process. In the first half of this issue’s Janus Head Article translators from the international company Grundfos give us their view of quality and how quality is managed in the documentation process at Grundfos. In the second half of the Janus Head Article scholars from the University of Southern Denmark describe and discuss quality in the documentation process at Grundfos from a researcher’s point of view.
Conference Review - The European Association for Terminology, Third Terminology Summit, Brussels
Authors: Grinsted Annelise
Published: July 2016

The European Association for Terminology held its Third Summit in Brussels on the 13th and 14th of November, 2006. It was a special summit due to the fact that it was also the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the European Association for Terminology.
Added value: The differences that count
Authors: Bouchet Dominique
Published: July 2016

Clinging to a simplistic conceptualization of the concept of added value might impair our capability to develop insights to what really matters today when companies seek to make differences within the global market. Today it is more necessary than ever to take into account the importance of language and culture as competitive factors.
Business English Lingua Franca in intercultural (business) communication
Authors: Kankaanranta, Anne
Published: July 2016

Typically, the term intercultural is used as a synonym for international in the sense that it is used to refer to communication taking place between people with international backgrounds. Thus, a different cultural background equals to a different national background, which suggests that the communicators do not share the same mother tongue. In such situations the communicators basically have two options: first, one party can switch over to the other party’s mother tongue; and second, both can use a common language which is neither party’s native tongue. Both options call for intercultural communication.
Why language is not Enough
Authors: Dohn Nina Bonderup , Kjær Christopher
Published: July 2016

For many larger organisations, increased globalization means that employees, collaborators and customers are distributed throughout the world. This requires a focus within the organisation on the continuing competence development of people from all three groups, in order to make it possible for them to perform  competently in their daily work.
Portrait of a Contender: Doris Marty-Albisser
Authors: Ørsted Jeannette , Marty-Albisser Doris
Published: July 2016

Our business model allows us to act as a business process outsourcing (BPO) partner to our clients covering the entire range of language solutions up to insourcing the clients' in-housetranslation teams.
The Discursive Construction of Cultural Differences
Authors: Mavropoulos Sofia
Published: July 2016

By understanding in depth the actual process of cultural difference creation, businessmen become equipped with a knowledgeable and erudite shield that helps them circumvent cultural misunderstandings that they might encounter in their everyday business transactions. Paying more attention to the actual wordings that the cultural actors use in these transactions could prove very advantageous for the outcome of any business interaction. Only by obtaining a deeper understanding of the origin and manifestation of the differences can the intercultural perplexities be transcended. Only through knowledge and appreciation of the differences, intercultural obstructions need not become a reality.
Terminological recommendations for software localization
Authors: Schmitz Klaus-Dirk
Published: July 2016

After an explosive growth of data processing and software starting at the beginning of the 1980s, the software industry shifted toward a strong orientation in non-US markets at the beginning of the 1990s. Today we see the global marketing of software in almost all regions of the world. Since software is no longer used by IT experts only, and since European and national regulations require user interfaces, manuals and documentation to be provided in the language of the customer, the market for software translation, i.e. for software localization, is the fastest growing market in the translation business.
Management discourse: Talking the power walk in organizational communication
Authors: Norlyk Birgitte
Published: July 2016

How does management talk the power walk in organizations? By giving straightforward orders since this is a traditional managerial prerogative which does not require an understanding of the subtleties of discourse and the finer aspects of interpersonal communication? Or should management avoid potentially face-threatening orders and concentrate on subtle and discreet manifestations of power in which discourse becomes an important tool when communicating with internal and external stakeholders?
Control Freaks: How Online and Mobile Communication is Reshaping Social Contact
Authors: Baron Naomi Susan
Published: July 2016

The year was 1956. At the time, the word “computer” referred to a roomful of hardware. “Telephones” were bulky black devices, tethered to walls (and, at least in the US, exclusively owned by the phone company). But a new gadget appeared on the scene that was destined to revolutionize our perceptions of technology – and our ability to manipulate it.The new contraption was a television remote control.
Odd Fish Finish First
Authors: Post Karen
Published: July 2016

Odd fish are memorable. Odd fish command a premium price. Odd fish exude added dimensions of value. Odd fish finish first.
Portrait of a Contender: Corey Morris
Authors: Morris Corey
Published: July 2016

“Language at Work – Bridging Theory and Practice” caught up with busy Corey Morris on a cold and rainy November day in Denmark. We had two main reasons for looking up Corey at his work. First, we knew that his work takes him to the four corners of the world of branding on a daily basis. Second, we were well aware that Corey would be the right person to ask questions as to where branding is going these days.
The Language Symptom
Authors: Knudsen Anne
Published: July 2016

An editorial originally from "Weekendavisen"
Management Communication with impact!
Authors: Lundholt Marianne Wolff
Published: July 2016

“To be effective in business, you have to communicate well. To be a good manager, you have to communicate exceptionally well”. This was the opening of a newsletter sent to all people managers in Danfoss on October 13, 2010 from Chief Reputation Officer Ole Daugbjerg. Attached was a booklet titled `Management Communication Tool Kit´.
All in a day’s work ... or, ELF in a day’s work: meeting the changing needs of learners and users of English in Higher Education
Authors: Pullin Patricia
Published: July 2016

English as a lingua franca (ELF) has been described as “… the fastest-growing and at the same time the least recognised function of English in the world.” (Mauranen 2009). As a shared language used between speakers who do not have the same lingua cultural backgrounds, English has been the global language of business for some time (Charles 2008) and is increasingly used in academia, not only as the lingua franca of research, but also for teaching and administrative work. As a field of research, ELF focuses on language use in context, notably showing how flexible users of ELF are in negotiating meaning and achieving understanding, despite differences in cultural and linguistic backgrounds (Firth 1996, 2008). Yet, using English as a lingua franca can present challenges, and the research findings have implications not only for users of English in a range of contexts, but also for teachers and learners of English.The focus of this article is on the effect of change with regard to English on curriculum development and syllabus design at the University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Language Center. Drawing on Richards (2001), curriculum development refers here to an overall process of educational planning and implementation, comprising needs analysis, situation analysis, setting of aims and learning outcomes, course design, delivery and assessment. These elements are seen as a “network of interacting systems.” (Richards 2001:41). Syllabus design, on the other hand, deals with the specific content covered in a given course.
Le « contemporain » de la critique : quelques observations à propos d’un récit impossible1
Authors: Auger Manon
Published: July 2016

À partir d’une réflexion sur le concept de « contemporain », vu à la fois comme temps présent mais aussi comme période littéraire, je propose dans cet article une lecture métacritique, à la fois méthodologique et exploratoire, du discours critique qui se consacre à la production littéraire québécoise actuelle. Il s’agit, plus précisément, de présenter quelques pistes et quelques hypothèses sur l’état présent de la littérature québécoise contemporaine, non pas tant à partir des propos que la critique, au sens large, tient sur elle, mais bien plutôt en cernant comment, par une méthodologie et une rhétorique propres, les critiques construisent un discours sur la littérature contemporaine susceptible d’en déterminer la réception. C’est ainsi une forme de portrait « réfléchi » de la littérature actuelle qui permettra de mettre en lumière certains topoï du discours critique, tout autant que les enjeux complexes de la mise en récit du contemporain (questions d’histoire littéraire, bornes temporelles, influences critiques, etc.).
Enhanced conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) film by acid treatment for indium tin oxide-free organic solar cells
Authors: Lin Chun-Chiao , Huang Chih-Kuo , Hung Yu-Chieh , Chang Mei-Ying
Published: July 2016

An acid treatment is used in the enhancement of the conductivity of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin film, which is often used as the anode in organic solar cells. There are three types of acid treatment for PEDOT:PSS thin film: hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acid treatments. In this study, we examine and compare these three ways with each other for differences in conductivity. Hydrochloric acid results in the highest conductivity enhancement, from 0.3 to 1109 S/cm. We also discuss the optical transmittance, conductivity, surface roughness, surface morphology, and stability, as well as the factors that can influence device efficiency. The devices are fabricated using an acid-treated PEDOT:PSS thin film as the anode. The highest power conversion efficiency was 1.32%, which is a large improvement over that of the unmodified organic solar cell (0.21%). It is comparable to that obtained when using indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electrode, ca. 1.46%.
Fabrication of highly ordered Co2Fe0.4Mn0.6Si Heusler alloy films on Si substrates
Authors: Koike Takeo , Oogane Mikihiko , Ono Atsuo , Ando Yasuo
Published: July 2016

The structural and magnetic properties of Si(100)/MgO/Co2Fe0.4Mn0.6Si (CFMS) Heusler alloy thin films were systematically investigated. Highly B2-ordered CFMS Heusler films with an ordering parameter of ca. 70–80% were obtained by both the insertion of a very thin Mg layer into the Si/MgO interfaces to prevent oxidation of the Si surface and the optimization of the annealing temperature for the CFMS films. The prepared CFMS films exhibited high magnetization close to that of the CFMS bulk. Such highly B2-ordered CFMS films are very useful for realizing high spin injection efficiency in Si because of the half-metallicity of the CFMS films.
Gene expression analysis of overwintering mountain pine beetle larvae suggests multiple systems involved in overwintering stress, cold hardiness, and preparation for spring development
Authors: Robert Jeanne A. , Bonnett Tiffany , Pitt Caitlin , Spooner Luke J. , Fraser Jordie , Yuen Macaire M.S. , Keeling Christopher I. , Bohlmann Jörg , Huber Dezene P.W.
Published: July 2016

Cold-induced mortality has historically been a key aspect of mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), population control, but little is known about the molecular basis for cold tolerance in this insect. We used RNA-seq analysis to monitor gene expression patterns of mountain pine beetle larvae at four time points during their overwintering period—early-autumn, late-autumn, early-spring, and late-spring. Changing transcript profiles over the winter indicates a multipronged physiological response from larvae that is broadly characterized by gene transcripts involved in insect immune responses and detoxification during the autumn. In the spring, although transcripts associated with developmental process are present, there was no particular biological process dominating the transcriptome.
Strong ambipolar‐driven ion upflow within the cleft ion fountain during low geomagnetic activity
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Knudsen David J. , Burchill Johnathan K. , Howarth Andrew , Yau Andrew , Redmon Robert J. , Miles David M. , Varney Roger H. , Nicolls Michael J.
Published: July 2016

We investigate low‐energy (<10 eV) ion upflows (mainly O+) within the cleft ion fountain (CIF) using conjunctions of the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP) satellite, the DMSP F16 satellite, the SuperDARN radar, and the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar North (RISR‐N). The SEI instrument on board e‐POP enables us to derive ion upflow velocities from the 2‐D images of ion distribution functions with a frame rate of 100 images per second, and with a velocity resolution of the order of 25 m/s. We identify three cleft ion fountain events with very intense (>1.6 km/s) ion upflow velocities near 1000 km altitude during quiet geomagnetic activity (Kp < 3). Such large ion upflow velocities have been reported previously at or below 1000 km, but only during active periods. Analysis of the core ion distribution images allows us to demonstrate that the ion temperature within the CIF does not rise by more than 0.3 eV relative to background values, which is consistent with RISR‐N observations in the F region. The presence of soft electron precipitation seen by DMSP and lack of significant ion heating indicate that the ion upflows we observe near 1000 km altitude are primarily driven by ambipolar electric fields. DC field‐aligned currents (FACs) and convection velocity gradients accompany these events. The strongest ion upflows are associated with downward current regions, which is consistent with some (although not all) previously published results. The moderate correlation coefficient (0.51) between upflow velocities and currents implies that FACs serve as indirect energy inputs to the ion upflow process.
Gravity wave‐induced variability of the middle thermosphere
Authors: Forbes Jeffrey M. , Bruinsma Sean L. , Doornbos Eelco , Zhang Xiaoli
Published: July 2016

Contemporary theory, modeling, and first‐principles simulations indicate that dissipation of gravity waves (GW) plays an important role in modifying the mean circulation, thermal structure, and composition of the thermosphere. GW can propagate into the thermosphere from various sources in the lower atmosphere, deposit energy, and momentum into the thermosphere, and thereby modify its mean circulation, thermal structure and composition. However, measurements that verify or constrain predictions of GW propagation well into the thermosphere, especially on a global basis, are extremely limited. In this paper total mass densities and cross‐track winds between 230 and 280 km derived from accelerometer measurements on the Gravity Field and Ocean Circulation Earth Explorer (GOCE) satellite between November 2009 and October 2013 are used to reveal the global morphology of horizontal structures between 128 km and 640 km, which are assumed to mainly reflect the presence of GW. The zonal‐mean RMS variability at these scales is quantified in terms of seasonal‐latitudinal dependences and dawn‐dusk differences, which are interpreted in terms of current theoretical and modeling results. Little evidence is found for any longitude variability that can be attributed to specific source regions, except at high latitudes where polar/auroral sources and magnetic control dominate and near the Andes and the Antarctic Peninsula during local winter.
Comparison of the Dielectric Response of Hybrid Polymer Composites Filled with One‐Dimensional and Two‐Dimensional Carbonaceous Materials in the Microwave Range
Authors: Khurram A. A. , Rakha Sobia A. , Ali Naveed , Munir Arshid , Zhou Peiheng , Raza M. Aamir
Published: July 2016

The response of E‐glass/epoxy composites filled with two‐dimensional (2D) graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (xGnPs), and one‐dimensional (1D) multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to microwave is compared in the 8–12 GHz frequency range. The nanocomposites are prepared with 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 wt.% of each type of nanofiller. The results of the complex permittivity shows that the E‐glass/epoxy composites filled with GnPs and xGnPs have superior dielectric properties as compared to that of MWCNTs‐filled composites. However, calculations and simulations of reflection loss (RL) have predicted poor microwave absorbing strength of GnPs and xGnPs composites as compared to that of MWCNTs. The calculations of AC conductivity and skin depth show that GnPs‐ and xGnPs‐filled hybrid composites have very large AC conductivity and short skin depth, which can suppress the ability of the composites to absorb electromagnetic waves. The decrease in wt.% of GnPs below 1.0 has improved the microwave absorption in hybrid composites.
A Mitochondria‐Targeted Photosensitizer Showing Improved Photodynamic Therapy Effects Under Hypoxia
Authors: Lv Wen , Zhang Zhang , Zhang Kenneth Yin , Yang Huiran , Liu Shujuan , Xu Aqiang , Guo Song , Zhao Qiang , Huang Wei
Published: July 2016

Organelle‐targeted photosensitizers have been reported to be effective photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents. In this work, we designed and synthesized two iridium(III) complexes that specifically stain the mitochondria and lysosomes of living cells, respectively. Both complexes exhibited long‐lived phosphorescence, which is sensitive to oxygen quenching. The photocytotoxicity of the complexes was evaluated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The results showed that HeLa cells treated with the mitochondria‐targeted complex maintained a slower respiration rate, leading to a higher intracellular oxygen level under hypoxia. As a result, this complex exhibited an improved PDT effect compared to the lysosome‐targeted complex, especially under hypoxia conditions, suggestive of a higher practicable potential of mitochondria‐targeted PDT agents in cancer therapy.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Redox‐Active Esters with Boronic Acids
Authors: Wang Jie , Qin Tian , Chen Tie‐Gen , Wimmer Laurin , Edwards Jacob T. , Cornella Josep , Vokits Benjamin , Shaw Scott A. , Baran Phil S.
Published: July 2016

A transformation analogous in simplicity and functional group tolerance to the venerable Suzuki cross‐coupling between alkyl‐carboxylic acids and boronic acids is described. This Ni‐catalyzed reaction relies upon the activation of alkyl carboxylic acids as their redox‐active ester derivatives, specifically N‐hydroxy‐tetrachlorophthalimide (TCNHPI), and proceeds in a practical and scalable fashion. The inexpensive nature of the reaction components (NiCl2⋅6 H2O—$9.5 mol−1, Et3N) coupled to the virtually unlimited commercial catalog of available starting materials bodes well for its rapid adoption.
Why Do Lithium–Oxygen Batteries Fail: Parasitic Chemical Reactions and Their Synergistic Effect
Authors: Yao Xiahui , Dong Qi , Cheng Qingmei , Wang Dunwei
Published: July 2016

As an electrochemical energy‐storage technology with the highest theoretical capacity, lithium–oxygen batteries face critical challenges in terms of poor stabilities and low charge/discharge round‐trip efficiencies. It is generally recognized that these issues are connected to the parasitic chemical reactions at the anode, electrolyte, and cathode. While the detailed mechanisms of these reactions have been studied separately, the possible synergistic effects between these reactions remain poorly understood. To fill in the knowledge gap, this Minireview examines literature reports on the parasitic chemical reactions and finds the reactive oxygen species a key chemical mediator that participates in or facilitates nearly all parasitic chemical reactions. Given the ubiquitous presence of oxygen in all test cells, this finding is important. It offers new insights into how to stabilize various components of lithium–oxygen batteries for high‐performance operations and how to eventually materialize the full potentials of this promising technology.
De Novo Synthesis of Furanose Sugars: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Apiose and Apiose‐Containing Oligosaccharides
Authors: Kim Mijin , Kang Soyeong , Rhee Young Ho
Published: July 2016

A de novo synthetic method towards apiose, a structurally unusual furanose, is reported. The key feature is sequential metal catalysis consisting of the palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of an alkoxyallene and subsequent ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). This strategy enabled the efficient synthesis of various apiose‐containing disaccharides and a unique convergent synthesis of trisaccharides.
Hydroacenes Made Easy by Gold(I) Catalysis
Authors: Dorel Ruth , McGonigal Paul R. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: July 2016

A novel strategy for the synthesis of partially saturated acene derivatives has been developed based on a AuI‐catalyzed cyclization of 1,7‐enynes. This method provides straightforward access to stable polycyclic products featuring the backbone of the acene series, up to nonacene.
Influence of the environment during a photodegradation of multilayer films
Authors: Lewandowski Simon , Rejsek‐Riba Virginie , Bernès Alain , Perraud Sophie , Lacabanne Colette
Published: July 2016

The influence of different stratosphere parameters on the degradation of a multilayer film was investigated. The selected multilayer was a three polymeric layers film, a polyamide 6 film inserted between two poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films. Samples were exposed for several ageing under ultraviolet radiations (filtered at 270 nm), varying the atmosphere at 55 mbar pressure (atm, atm + ozone, N2, and T = −55 °C or +23 °C). Evolution of it mechanical properties defined by uniaxial tractions, thermo‐optical properties defined by spectrophotometry UV–vis‐NIR, chemical properties defined by FTIR‐ATR, and thermal and dielectric properties defined, respectively, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical dielectric spectroscopy (DDS), were investigated. Our results showed that UV irradiation causes multilayer films degradations, that is, principally decrease of UV transmittance and stress and strain at break (−50%). An increase of the ageing temperature causes an acceleration of these degradations. Degradations principally occur on the PET side of the multilayer exposed to UV radiation. Moreover, the DDS analysis shows a plasticization effect of the primary mode in the polyamide 6 due to photo‐oxidation. Oxygen diffusion is the principal element for this plasticization, indeed it not occurs in a nonoxidative environment (nitrogen), or at low ageing temperature (−55 °C). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44075.
Interdecadal circumglobal teleconnection pattern during boreal summer
Authors: Wu Bo , Lin Jianshe , Zhou Tianjun
Published: July 2016

A new atmospheric teleconnection pattern on the interdecadal time scale, interdecadal circumglobal teleconnection pattern (ID‐CGT pattern), is identified. The ID‐CGT pattern dominates the interdecadal variability of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical circulation during boreal summer. The ID‐CGT pattern has a great climate effect and can cause an alternatively positive and negative pattern of the NH mid‐latitude land surface temperature anomalies. Compared with its counterpart on the interannual time scale (IA‐CGT pattern), the ID‐CGT pattern shows following three distinctive features. Firstly, although both ID‐CGT and IA‐CGT patterns show zonal wavenumber‐5 structures, the former nodes shift westward relative to the latter by about 1/4 wavelength. Secondly, all the five nodes of the ID‐CGT pattern possess barotropic structures, unlike the IA‐CGT, which has a baroclinic node. Thirdly, the ID‐CGT pattern is associated with the Atlantic multi‐decadal oscillation, whereas the IA‐CGT pattern is with the Indian summer monsoon precipitation anomalies.
Peptide Synthesis on a Next‐Generation DNA Sequencing Platform
Authors: Svensen Nina , Peersen Olve B. , Jaffrey Samie R.
Published: July 2016

Methods for displaying large numbers of peptides on solid surfaces are essential for high‐throughput characterization of peptide function and binding properties. Here we describe a method for converting the >107 flow cell‐bound clusters of identical DNA strands generated by the Illumina DNA sequencing technology into clusters of complementary RNA, and subsequently peptide clusters. We modified the flow‐cell‐bound primers with ribonucleotides thus enabling them to be used by poliovirus polymerase 3Dpol. The primers hybridize to the clustered DNA thus leading to RNA clusters. The RNAs fold into functional protein‐ or small molecule‐binding aptamers. We used the mRNA‐display approach to synthesize flow‐cell‐tethered peptides from these RNA clusters. The peptides showed selective binding to cognate antibodies. The methods described here provide an approach for using DNA clusters to template peptide synthesis on an Illumina flow cell, thus providing new opportunities for massively parallel peptide‐based assays.
Hepatotoxicity due to zinc phosphide poisoning in two patients: role of N‐acetylcysteine
Authors: Oghabian Zohreh , Afshar Arefeh , Rahimi Hamid Reza
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2/ZnP) is used as a rodenticide. The most common signs of toxicity are nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and metabolic acidosis; patients presenting such signs are referred to the emergency department (ED) of the hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to report two cases of hepatotoxicity following accidental and intentional ZnP poisoning and successful management with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC).
Maintenance eculizumab dose adjustment in the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Thomson Nick , Ulrickson Matthew
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) patients treated with eculizumab may require higher doses to achieve and maintain optimal clinical response. Further studies are warranted to elucidate optimal dosing regimens of eculizumab in aHUS patients, and whether dosing regimens can be predicted based on mutational status, eculizumab levels, or other testing.
Hydrothiolation of Alkenes and Alkynes Catalyzed by 3,4‐Dimethyl‐5‐vinylthiazolium iodide and Poly(3,4‐dimethyl‐5‐vinylthiazolium) iodide
Authors: Chun Supill , Chung Junyong , Park Ji Eun , Chung Young Keun
Published: July 2016

The highly selective anti‐Markovnikov addition of thiols to unactivated alkenes and alkynes was demonstrated by using 3,4‐dimethyl‐5‐vinylthiazolium iodide or its polymer, poly(3,4‐dimethyl‐5‐vinylthiazolium) iodide, as a complementary catalyst. The reaction proceeded cleanly under base‐free conditions in air with both aromatic and aliphatic thiols. The polymer catalyst showed a high turnover number (≈5800) and could be reused up to four times without any loss of catalytic activity. DFT calculations supported stabilization of the thiyl radical intermediate by the thiazolium cation, which resulted in reaction of the radical with unsaturated C−C bonds.
Unusually Facile Thermal Homodienyl‐[1,5]‐Hydrogen Shift Reactions in Photochemically Generated Vinyl Aziridines
Authors: Knowles Jonathan P. , Booker‐Milburn Kevin I.
Published: July 2016

A range of photochemically generated tri‐ and tetracyclic vinyl aziridines have been found to undergo a general and surprisingly low temperature ring opening through a [1,5]‐hydrogen shift reaction. The rate of the process was found to be highly dependent on the structure and substitution around the azirdine ring and the alkene terminus, with some substrates being observed to undergo ring opening at temperatures as low as 25 °C. The rigid nature of these polycyclic systems precludes a conformational explanation of these rate differences, and an Eyring study confirmed a negligible entropic barrier to the reaction. However, the Eyring plots for two different aziridines systems showed a significant difference in their enthalpies of activation. It is therefore believed that the levels of aziridine ring strain, as well as electronic effects, are the dominant factors in this sequence.
Self‐Sufficient Formaldehyde‐to‐Methanol Conversion by Organometallic Formaldehyde Dismutase Mimic
Authors: van der Waals Dominic , Heim Leo E. , Vallazza Simona , Gedig Christian , Deska Jan , Prechtl Martin H. G.
Published: July 2016

The catalytic networks of methylotrophic organisms, featuring redox enzymes for the activation of one‐carbon moieties, can serve as great inspiration in the development of novel homogeneously catalyzed pathways for the interconversion of C1 molecules at ambient conditions. An imidazolium‐tagged arene–ruthenium complex was identified as an effective functional mimic of the bacterial formaldehyde dismutase, which provides a new and highly selective route for the conversion of formaldehyde to methanol in absence of any external reducing agents. Moreover, secondary amines are reductively methylated by the organometallic dismutase mimic in a redox self‐sufficient manner with formaldehyde acting both as carbon source and reducing agent.
Sequential block bootstrap in a Hilbert space with application to change point analysis
Authors: Sharipov Olimjon , Tewes Johannes , Wendler Martin
Published: July 2016

A new test for structural changes in functional data is investigated. It is based on Hilbert space theory and critical values are deduced from bootstrap iterations. Thus a new functional central limit theorem for the block bootstrap in a Hilbert space is required. The test can also be used to detect changes in the marginal distribution of random vectors, which is supplemented by a simulation study. Our methods are applied to hydrological data from Germany. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 44: 300–322; 2016 © 2016 Statistical Society of Canada
Distinct subcellular localization of alternative splicing variants of EFA6D, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Arf6, in the mouse brain
Authors: Fukaya Masahiro , Ohta Shingo , Hara Yoshinobu , Tamaki Hideaki , Sakagami Hiroyuki
Published: July 2016

EFA6D (guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP‐ribosylation factor 6 [Arf6]D) is also known as EFA6R, Psd3, and HCA67. It is the fourth member of the EFA6 family with guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Arf6, a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that regulates endosomal trafficking and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. We propose a classification and nomenclature of 10 EFA6D variants deposited in the GenBank database as EFA6D1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1s, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, and 2s based on the combination of N‐terminal and C‐terminal insertions. Polymerase chain reaction analysis showed the expression of all EFA6D variants except for variants a and d in the adult mouse brain. Immunoblotting analysis with novel variant‐specific antibodies showed the endogenous expression of EFA6D1b, EFA6D1c, and EFA6D1s at the protein level, with the highest expression being EFA6D1s, in the brain. Immunoblotting analysis of forebrain subcellular fractions showed the distinct subcellular distribution of EFA6D1b/c and EFA6D1s. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed distinct but overlapping immunoreactive patterns between EFA6D1b/c and EFA6D1s in the mouse brain. In immunoelectron microscopic analyses of the hippocampal CA3 region, EFA6D1b/c was present predominantly in the mossy fiber axons of dentate granule cells, whereas EFA6D1s was present abundantly in the cell bodies, dendritic shafts, and spines of hippocampal pyramidal cells. These results provide the first anatomical evidence suggesting the functional diversity of EFA6D variants, particularly EFA6D1b/c and EFA6D1s, in neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2531–2552, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sexual lifestyle among young adults with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Pinhas‐Hamiel Orit , Tisch Efrat , Levek Noa , Ben‐David Rachel Frumkin , Graf‐Bar‐El Chana , Yaron Mariana , Boyko Valentina , Lerner‐Geva Liat
Published: July 2016

Background

Sexual lifestyles including sexual activity, problems, satisfaction, and the formation and maintenance of relationships are greatly affected by physical health. Data are limited regarding the sexual lifestyle of adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Fear of hypoglycemic episodes during sexual intercourse and intimacy issues can impact individuals with T1DM. The aim of this study was to assess sexual lifestyles of individuals with T1DM.

Methods

Fifty‐three patients with T1DM, 27 (51%) males, mean ± SD age 27.9 ± 8.3 years completed the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey‐II and the Sex Practices and Concerns questionnaire.

Results

Thirty‐seven (70%) reported they never or almost never had concerns in their sexual lifestyles that were related to their diabetes. None experienced severe hypoglycemia during sex, but 21 (40%) reported occasional mild hypoglycemic events. More than two‐thirds do not take any measures to prevent hypoglycemia before sex (decreasing insulin dose, snacks, and measuring blood glucose levels). Fear of hypoglycemia during sex was reported by 18 (35%); those who reported increased fear experienced mild hypoglycemic events during sex (61.1% vs 26.5%, P = .01), were singles (94.4% vs 64.7%, P = .02), and had higher scores on the Worries subscale of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey‐II (42.8 ± 12.8 vs 34.9 ± 10.5, P = .04) compared with those who did not.

Conclusions

Among young people with T1DM, most do not have concerns regarding sex that are related to their diabetes, and most do not take specific measures before or after sex. One‐third, however, fear of hypoglycemia during sex, mostly singles and those who experienced hypoglycemia in the past. Caregivers should be aware and address these concerns. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detailed description of a prepregnancy care program and its impact on maternal glucose control, weight gain, and dropouts
Authors: Perea Verónica , Orois Aida , Amor Antonio J. , Jansà Marga , Vidal Merce , Gimenez Marga , Conget Ignacio , Vinagre Irene
Published: July 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and metabolic changes observed during a prepregnancy care (PPC) program.

Methods

We performed a retrospective, observational, cohort study of 104 women with type 1 diabetes initiating a PPC program from 2011 to 2014. The outcomes measured were changes in HbA1c levels, weight and hypoglycemic events during PPC. Risk factors associated with severe hypoglycemia events, achieving the HbA1c target and dropouts were evaluated.

Results

HbA1c decreased from 7.2 ± 0.8% (55.3 ± 8.8 mmol/mol) to 6.7 ± 0.9% (49.8 ± 10.3 mmol/mol) (P < .001) within a median of 14.2 months (interquartile interval 5.4‐23.2); 71.2% obtained HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol). HbA1c at the end of PPC was associated with baseline HbA1c (β = .318, P = .001) and the number of previous pregnancies (β = .224, P = .038), PPC was accompanied by 1.4 ± 4.0 kg weight gain (P = .003) without changes in severe hypoglycemic events. The risk factors for severe hypoglycemia were severe hypoglycemic events during the 2 years before (odds ratio [OR] 11.99, confidence interval 95% 1.89‐75.95) and PPC duration (OR 1.09, 1.03‐1.16). A total of 33 patients (31.7%) dropped out from PPC during follow‐up, with dropout being associated with age (OR 1.17, 1.04‐1.36) and PPC duration (OR 1.06, 1.02‐1.11).

Conclusions

Our PPC program was associated with an improvement in glycemic control without a significant increase in severe hypoglycemic events, although with some weight gain. A considerable number of patients dropped out during follow‐up, this being related to older age and a longer duration of the program. This information could be of help to design new and more effective PPC approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of ring‐substituted regioisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Segawa Hiroki , T. Iwata Yuko , Yamamuro Tadashi , Kuwayama Kenji , Tsujikawa Kenji , Kanamori Tatsuyuki , Inoue Hiroyuki
Published: July 2016

Chromatographic differentiation of the ring‐substituted regioisomers of amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MA) was performed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The behaviour of the retention against the changes of column temperature and co‐solvent proportion was studied. The obtained information facilitated the optimization of the each regioisomer. As a result, 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐ring‐substituted analogues of AMP and MA with methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, and bromo groups were separated, generally within 6 min. In addition, we found that the separation pattern of the examined regioisomers was classified into two, which depended on the electron donating/withdrawing effect of the substituent. Our results indicate that SFC could be used in forensic drug analysis for fast, reliable identification of structurally similar drugs of abuse. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.