bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music genre recognition using convolutional recurrent neural network architecture
Authors: Bisharad Dipjyoti , Laskar Rabul Hussain
Published: June 2019

The genre is an abstract feature, but still, it is considered to be one of the important characteristics of music. Genre recognition forms an essential component for a large number of commercial music applications. Most of the existing music genre recognition algorithms are based on manual feature extraction techniques. These extracted features are used to develop a classifier model to identify the genre. However, in many cases, it has been observed that a set of features giving excellent accuracy fails to explain the underlying typical characteristics of music genres. It has also been observed that some of the features provide a satisfactory level of performance on a particular dataset but fail to provide similar performance on other datasets. Hence, each dataset mostly requires manual selection of appropriate acoustic features to achieve an adequate level of performance on it. In this paper, we propose a genre recognition algorithm that uses almost no handcrafted features. The convolutional recurrent neural network‐based model proposed in this study is trained on melspectrogram extracted from 3‐s duration audio clips taken from GTZAN dataset. The proposed model provides an accuracy of 85.36% on 10‐class genre classification. The same model has been trained and tested on 10 genres of MagnaTagATune dataset having 18,476 clips of 29‐s duration. The model has yielded an accuracy of 86.06%. The experimental results suggest that the proposed architecture with melspectrogram as input feature is capable of providing consistent performances across the different datasets
Bone biology: insights from osteogenesis imperfecta and related rare fragility syndromes
Authors: Besio Roberta , Chow Chi‐Wing , Tonelli Francesca , Marini Joan C. , Forlino Antonella
Published: June 2019

The limited accessibility of bone and its mineralized nature have restricted deep investigation of its biology. Recent breakthroughs in identification of mutant proteins affecting bone tissue homeostasis in rare skeletal diseases have revealed novel pathways involved in skeletal development and maintenance. The characterization of new dominant, recessive and X‐linked forms of the rare brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and otherOI‐related bone fragility disorders was a key player in this advance. The development ofin vitromodels for these diseases along with the generation and characterization of murine and zebrafish models contributed to dissecting previously unknown pathways. Here, we describe the most recent advances in the understanding of processes involved in abnormal bone mineralization, collagen processing and osteoblast function, as illustrated by the characterization of new causative genes forOIandOI‐related fragility syndromes. The coordinated role of the integral membrane proteinBRILand of the secreted proteinPEDFin modulating bone mineralization as well as the function and cross‐talk of the collagen‐specific chaperonesHSP47 andFKBP65 in collagen processing and secretion are discussed. We address the significance ofWNTligand, the importance of maintaining endoplasmic reticulum membrane potential and of regulating intramembrane proteolysis in osteoblast homeostasis. Moreover, we also examine the relevance of the cytoskeletal protein plastin‐3 and of the nucleotidyltransferaseFAM46A. Thanks to these advances, new targets for the development of novel therapies for currently incurable rare bone diseases have been and, likely, will be identified, supporting the important role of basic science for translational approaches.
Continental‐scale determinants of population trends in European amphibians and reptiles
Authors: Falaschi Mattia , Manenti Raoul , Thuiller Wilfried , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: June 2019

The continuous decline of biodiversity is determined by the complex and joint effects of multiple environmental drivers. Still, a large part of past global change studies reporting and explaining biodiversity trends have focused on a single driver. Therefore, we are often unable to attribute biodiversity changes to different drivers, since a multivariable design is required to disentangle joint effects and interactions. In this work, we used a meta‐regression within a Bayesian framework to analyze 843 time series of population abundance from 17 European amphibian and reptile species over the last 45 years. We investigated the relative effects of climate change, alien species, habitat availability, and habitat change in driving trends of population abundance over time, and evaluated how the importance of these factors differs across species. A large number of populations (54%) declined, but differences between species were strong, with some species showing positive trends. Populations declined more often in areas with a high number of alien species, and in areas where climate change has caused loss of suitability. Habitat features showed small variation over the last 25 years, with an average loss of suitable habitat of 0.1%/year per population. Still, a strong interaction between habitat availability and the richness of alien species indicated that the negative impact of alien species was particularly strong for populations living in landscapes with less suitable habitat. Furthermore, when excluding the two commonest species, habitat loss was the main correlate of negative population trends for the remaining species. By analyzing trends for multiple species across a broad spatial scale, we identify alien species, climate change, and habitat changes as the major drivers of European amphibian and reptile decline.
Root dentine demineralisation according to frequency of sucrose exposure using high‐fluoride dentifrice
Authors: Rolim Fabiana , Melo Clésio , Silva Miquéias , Tabchoury Cinthia , Vale Glauber
Published: June 2019

Objective

To evaluate root dentine demineralisation, biomass and loosely bound fluoride (CaF2) concentration according to different frequencies of sucrose exposure using a high‐fluoride dentifrice.

Background

Although high‐fluoride dentifrice has been recommended to arrest root dentine lesions, it is not clear whether it can protect dentine from increased frequencies of sucrose exposure.

Methods

An in situ, crossover, split‐mouth study was conducted in 3 phases with 7 days each, in which 10 volunteers used a palatal device containing 4 bovine root dentine slabs (2 on each side) with predetermined initial hardness. Cariogenic challenge consisted in dripping a 20% sucrose solution 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 times/d in each block. Volunteers used high‐fluoride dentifrice (NaF, 5000 µg F/g) 3 times/d. After each phase, final hardness was measured and the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL) calculated. Also, biomass and CaF2 concentration on dentine were determined. The data were processed and analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test with significance level set at 5%. The relationship between the variables was analysed by linear regression and Pearson correlation (r).

Results

%SHL and biomass were significantly greater than control for sucrose frequencies higher than 6 times/d (P < 0.001), while CaF2 concentration decreased from sucrose frequency higher than 2 times/d (P < 0.001). Regression analysis data showed a significant linear fit between sucrose exposure frequency and the studied variables with a strong correlation (r) for %SHL and CaF2 and moderate for biomass (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

High‐fluoride dentifrice is able to reduce root dentine demineralisation if sucrose consumption is not higher than 6 times/d.
Investigation of e‐commerce in China in a geographical perspective
Authors: Zhang Xiang
Published: June 2019

In recent years, e‐commerce has become a phenomenal symbol for the ongoing socio‐economic transformation in China. Driven by the growth of the Internet and cyberspace, e‐commerce changes both the traditional patterns of economic transactions and the social relations embedded in social activities. E‐commerce is a new catalyst for economic growth in China as it reduces restrictions to market access and the costs of transaction. This research examines the geography of e‐commerce in China within a theoretical framework grounded by social theory and neoclassical economics. After presenting a background of the development of e‐commerce in China, the spatiality of e‐commerce and its correlation to socio‐economic variables are examined with both quantitative and geovisualization techniques. Results of this research address that the growth of e‐commerce in China presents a nationwide inequality constrained by local economic, politic, and infrastructure conditions. The growth of e‐commerce in China presents a hybrid feature in terms of spatiality, which relies on structures in both cyberspace and physical space. Policy implications and suggestions for future research were suggested based on these empirical results. A discussion of limitations associated with this research and a concluding note close the research.
Dissolution, bioactivity behavior, and cytotoxicity of rare earth‐containing bioactive glasses (RE = Gd, Yb)
Authors: Zambanini Telma , Borges Roger , Faria Pamela C. , Delpino Giulia P. , Pereira Isis S. , Marques Márcia M. , Marchi Juliana
Published: June 2019

Rare earth‐containing bioactive glasses (RE‐BGs) have been poorly explored in the biomaterials field, although RE has optical, nuclear, and magnetic properties that could be used in different biomedical applications. In order to verify whether these glasses can be promising as biomaterials, we studied the dissolution, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity of RE‐BGs based on the SiO2–Na2O–CaO–P2O5–RE2O3 (RE = Gd, Yb) system. The glasses were obtained by melting‐quenching and their particle size was determined by laser diffraction. Their dissolution behavior was studied in Tris‐HCl, while bioactivity was performed in simulated body fluid solution under physiological conditions during several periods. The cytotoxicity test was performed using glass‐derived conditioned medium and mesenchymal stem cell derived from deciduous teeth. The dissolution results showed that the glasses dissolved under two different kinetics, which are lower for rare earth‐containing glasses, due to the more covalent character of Si–O–RE bonds. The bioactivity results evidenced that all glasses showed bioactivity after 24 hours. However, gadolinium and ytterbium promoted a more calcium phosphate deposition, which contrasts with the slower dissolution kinetics of rare earth‐containing glasses. All the glasses were considered biocompatible, showing cell viability higher than 80%. The overall results showed that RE‐BGs are promising materials for applications that require bioactivity and/or biocompatibility.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the effect of acitretin and systemic steroid treatments on Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2 levels in cutaneous lichen planus patients
Authors: Ozturk Murat , Ozaydın Yavuz Goknur , Yavuz İbrahim H. , Erten Remzi , Gunes Bilgili Serap , An Isa
Published: June 2019

Background

Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease that affects skin, hair follicles, mucous membranes, and nails. Ki‐67 is an antigen associated with the proliferation of cells in all stages of cell cycle except G0. Bcl‐2 is a protooncogene that protects cells from apoptosis. COX‐2 is an antiapoptotic protein that increases in inflammation. The infiltration of T cells in LP seems to be responsible in the apoptosis of the basal keratinocytes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prednisolone and acitretin treatments on Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2 expression and apoptosis in patients with LP and the role of Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2 proteins in LP.

Methods

Fifty‐eight patients with clinically and histopathologically diagnosed LP who had not been treated with systemic treatment before and 15 healthy volunteers were evaluated prospectively. Pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies were immunohistochemically stained with Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2. The percentage of the stained cells were calculated and recorded.

Results

Although the percentage of staining with Ki‐67 and Bcl‐2 after treatment with prednisolone and acitretin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups, there was no significant difference between groups (P > 0.05). COX‐2 decreased but was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

With this study in cutaneous lichen planus, prednisolone and acitretin treatments reduced Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67 levels and did not effect COX‐2 levels. It should be clarified whether these results can be obtained with any treatment effective in cutaneous lichen planus.
Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus rehabilitation and husbandry at Santos Municipal Aquarium, Brazil
Authors: de Mendonça Santos N. B. , de Carvalho D. M. R. , dos Santos Ribeiro A. S. L. , Dutra G. H. P. , Nascimento C. L. , da Silva A. N. E. , Silvestre Martins R.
Published: June 2019

Between late austral autumn and early winter, some of the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus population foraging on the Patagonian continental shelf move towards the southern Brazilian coast (22–32°S). Many of these vagrant birds wash ashore in very poor health condition. The Santos Municipal Aquarium, Brazil, takes in some of those stranded individuals and provides a programme of rehabilitation. The surviving birds are retained for public exhibition and environmental education. This study describes the husbandry practices and veterinary care for the penguins developed at the Aquarium, including data on survivorship, sex, ontogeny, death rates, reproduction and time in captivity. Most of the received penguins were found in Santos (23·9°S), but there were animals collected between Bertioga and Cananéia (23·7–25·3°S). The highest incidence of stranded animals was recorded in 2008. Most animals were collected during austral winter and no penguins were received in March and April. Most animals were juvenile on arrival at the institution. The average time rehabilitated birds remained in captivity (i.e. the quarantine period plus time on public exhibition) was 294 days, with a longest time of 3681 days. The most common diseases recorded in captivity were bumblefoot and aspergillosis, whereas helminth parasite infestations were the commonest ailment recorded in newly rescued birds. One individual hatched at the Aquarium in 2001 and two others in 2017.
The persistence of welfare stigma: Does the passing of time and subsequent employment moderate the negative perceptions associated with unemployment benefit receipt?
Authors: Schofield Timothy P. , Haslam Nick , Butterworth Peter
Published: June 2019

People receiving welfare payments are stigmatized. However, previous studies of welfare recipient stereotypes have not examined whether the stigma endures after payments are no longer received and have rarely considered the stigma associated with specific categories of welfare payments. We examined whether welfare stigma endures in three experiments (total N = 873) focused on one category of welfare recipient, people receiving government income support due to their unemployment. To test if this stigmatized identity marked or scarred how people are perceived, we compared evaluations of currently unemployed benefit recipients to currently employed people who either previously received this benefit or who had no stated history of benefit receipt. Across the three experiments, we found that current recipients of unemployment benefits were evaluated as much less conscientious, less human, and poorer workers, but as somewhat more extraverted than currently employed individuals irrespective of their welfare history. Moreover, we found that currently employed individuals were evaluated similarly, regardless of whether they had a prior history of benefit receipt, and the recency of this prior benefit experience. This pattern of results suggests that receiving unemployment benefits does not scar how a person is perceived by others, but only temporarily marks how they are perceived. These findings suggest that welfare stigma may create an evaluative barrier to returning to work, but that if this barrier can be overcome there are no negative evaluations of former recipients’ character. Overall, community members seem accepting of prior benefit receipt once a person returns to work.
Technological viability of biobased films formulated with cassava by‐product and Spirulina platensis
Authors: Cardoso Taís , Esmerino Luís Antônio , Bolanho Beatriz Cervejeira , Demiate Ivo Mottin , Danesi Eliane Dalva Godoy
Published: June 2019

Biobased films are alternative packaging formed with starch and other polymers that can be used for extending the shelf life of food and reducing the use of non‐renewable materials. The aim of this study was to produce films with mixtures of gelatin, cassava bagasse, and Spirulina platensis, using cassava starch and glycerol as a basis solution. There was not differences (p > 0.10) for grammage. Spirulina platensis and cassava bagasse addition influenced the color, viscosity, solubility, thickness, and the moisture of the films. The swelling increased during the period of 60 min, with the highest values recorded in acid medium. The maximum elongation value was found in the biobased films that had 66% of S. platensis, 17% of cassava bagasse, and 17% of gelatin. The micrographs showed the effect of fiber addition from cassava bagasse and rectangular structure of S. platensis. The films developed showed potential to be applied as food package.

Practical applications

The use of biobased films as coating is an attractive method of preserving fresh foods. The applicability becomes of greater interest when using low‐value raw materials, as cassava bagasse, making the packaging of value industrially competitive. At same time, the addition of S. platensis can be attractive due to its functional properties. This work seeks to establish the best formulation among the biobased films produced based on the measurement of their technological properties to apply them in practice as cover or coating for foods.
Pressure to Attend Therapy, Dyadic Adjustment, and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Direct and Indirect Effects on the Therapeutic Alliance in Couples Therapy
Authors: Anderson Shayne R. , Banford Witting Alyssa , Tambling Rachel R. , Ketring Scott A. , Johnson Lee N.
Published: June 2019

In this study we examine the role that pressure to attend therapy, dyadic adjustment, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) play in developing the therapeutic alliance. A total of 351 couples received treatment as usual at three family therapy training clinics. Participants rated predictor variables at intake and alliance at the fourth session. Results of a path analysis indicate that each partner's dyadic adjustment is directly associated with the quality of her or his own alliance. In addition, when male partners report more ACEs and pressure to attend treatment, their own alliance scores decrease. Additionally, when one partner reports feeling pressure to attend therapy, the other partner's alliance decreases. Finally, for males, there is an indirect effect of dyadic adjustment on alliance through pressure to attend therapy. These results suggest that clinicians should routinely assess relationship adjustment, how pressured each partner is feeling to attend treatment, and ACEs; as these may impact alliance quality.
Hind foot drumming: morphological adaptations of the muscles and bones of the hind limb in three African mole‐rat species
Authors: Sahd L. , Bennett N. C. , Kotzé S. H.
Published: June 2019

Seismic signalling in the form of hind foot drumming plays an integral role in the communication of several species of African mole‐rats (Bathyergidae). To produce these vibrational signals, alternating hind limbs strike the ground repetitively at high speeds by flexion and extension of the hip and knee. This descriptive study aimed to determine whether anatomical differences in hind limb osteology and/or musculature between drumming and non‐drumming species of three Bathyergidae species could be detected. Formalin‐fixed left and right hind limbs of 24 animals (N = 48) consisting of three species (n = 16 each) of two drumming species, Georychus capensis and Bathyergus suillus, and one non‐drumming species, Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis, were dissected to determine the origins and insertions of individual muscles. After dissection, all soft tissue was removed by maceration. Hind limb bones, including the pelvis, were photographed, and the exact muscle origin and insertion points were electronically mapped onto the images using imaging software. On lateral view, the acetabular position was parallel to the sacrum in G. capensis, while being more ventral in position in the other two species. The shape of the femur head was spherical and the neck defined in all species. The distal shaft of the femur was gracile and the epicondyles were robust and prominent in the non‐drumming C. h. natalensis compared with the drumming species. Shallow and relatively wide patellar grooves were observed in all three species. In the two drumming species, m. gracilis was single, whereas it was double in C. h. natalensis. In all three species, m. tensor fasciae latae was absent. The more dorsal positioning of the acetabulum in G. capensis may be needed to increase the stability of the spine and allow for more force to be exerted on the pelvis during drumming. It is unlikely that m. gracilis plays a role in drumming, as the singularity or doubling thereof is variable among rodents. It is additionally postulated that m. gluteus superficialis has taken the hip rotator role of m. tensor fasciae latae as it partially inserted onto the lateral fascia of the thigh. The more robust ilia, femoral shafts and tibiae observed in the two drumming species studied here are possible adaptations for hind foot drumming, as robust bones are able to withstand the additional biomechanical loading during drumming.
No rose without a thorn: Hedonic testing of live rose plants
Authors: Grygorczyk Alexandra , Jenkins Amy E. , Bowen Amy J.
Published: June 2019

Sensory and consumer testing of live rose bushes presents several unique logistical challenges due to product size and the need to present roses during a small window of opportunity when they are in full bloom, the timing of which differs from plant to plant. The current study determined whether online (close up photographs of rose blooms) and in‐person (live plants) liking tests produced comparable results and discusses the logistical considerations of in‐person testing. Three studies were conducted: two in‐person to compare two different study design strategies (n = 199, n = 206) and one online (n = 209). Photos of rose blooms evaluated online did not correlate with in‐person liking evaluations (R2 = .00003). The best approach for in‐person testing (completing testing in 1 week with only blooming roses versus spreading out testing over 3 weeks) depended on the project budget and whether a particular rose of interest needed to be in the sample set.

Practical Applications

Many consumer studies on nonfoods have used photographs of products to obtain consumer feedback rather than presenting a live prototype as this approach is more resource‐efficient. However, the present study demonstrates that a photograph of rose blooms (as shown in rose catalogues and plant tags) does not yield comparable liking scores to in‐person evaluation. Because rose bushes are large, highly variable and have fine details, it is challenging to evaluate them from photos that fit on a computer screen.

The current study also describes a protocol for in‐person consumer hedonic testing of flowering plants. A new experimental design (Sudoku design) is presented, suitable for products that are too large to fit in a sensory booth or otherwise immobile requiring panelists to move around the room from product to product to make their evaluations. Two approaches are discussed which account for the difference in timing of rose blooming across cultivars.
“I felt some prejudice in the back of my head”: Nursing students’ perspectives on learning about mental health from “Experts by Experience”
Authors: Happell Brenda , Waks Shifra , Bocking Julia , Horgan Aine , Manning Fionnuala , Greaney Sonya , Goodwin John , Scholz Brett , van der Vaart Kornelis Jan , Allon Jerry , Hals Elisabeth , Granerud Arild , Doody Rory , MacGabhann Liam , Russell Siobhan , Griffin Martha , Lahti Mari , Ellilä Heikki , Pulli Jarmo , Vatula Annaliina , Platania‐Phung Chris , Bjornsson Einar , Biering Pall
Published: June 2019

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Consumer participation in mental health services is embedded in mental health policy in many countries. The negative attitudes of nurses and other health professionals to consumer participation poses a significant obstacle to this policy goal

Involving mental health “Experts by Experience” in the education of nursing students demonstrates positive attitudinal change

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

More detailed understanding of nursing students’ experiences and perspectives about being taught mental health nursing by “Experts by Experience”

An international focus, extending understandings about how Experts by Experience might be perceived in a broader range of countries

What are the implications for practice?

Positive attitudes towards people labelled with mental illness are essential for quality nursing practice

Nurses have an important leadership role in facilitating consumer participation within health services. It is critical that their attitudes are professional and optimistic.

Introduction

Consumer participation is central to mental health policy. Negative attitudes of health professionals are barriers to realizing policy goals. Evidence suggests consumers (Experts by Experience) can influence positive attitudes in nursing students. Research in this area to date is limited and primarily from Australia and New Zealand.

Aim

To enhance understanding of nursing students’ perspectives and experiences of being taught mental health by an Expert by Experience.

Method

A qualitative exploratory approach was used. Focus groups were conducted with nursing students from seven universities in Australia and Europe. Data were analysed thematically.

Results

Student participants described how exposure to Experts by Experience challenged their views and attitudes and provided a mechanism for reflection, critique and change. The main theme “changing mindset” includes two subthemes: exposing stereotypes and reflection.

Discussion

This unique international study demonstrates the capacity for Experts by Experience to contribute to positive attitudinal change towards mental illness in nursing students. This changed mindset must occur for policy goals to be realized.

Implications for practice

Nurses in all areas of practice will work with people labelled with mental illness and experiencing mental distress. Overcoming stereotypes and adopting more positive attitudes is essential to deliver quality mental health care.
Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic versus non‐brachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies
Authors: Eivers Caroline , Chicon Rueda Rocio , Liuti Tiziana , Salavati Schmitz Silke
Published: June 2019

Background

Idiopathic esophageal dysmotility (ED) is increasingly recognized in young dogs of brachycephalic breeds. Few studies have objectively associated specific videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) features with brachycephaly, leading to under‐recognition of ED in brachycephalic breeds.

Hypothesis/objectives

To describe and compare VFSS in brachycephalic dogs versus non‐brachycephalic dogs presented for dysphagia or regurgitation, and to investigate associations between these imaging findings and patient signalment.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of VFSS of dogs presented for dysphagia or regurgitation (not megaesophagus) from 2006 to 2017. Cases were divided into brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds. The VFSS were reviewed using a standardized protocol by 2 examiners. Esophageal motility was assessed using specific criteria, and particular imaging features were noted and graded. Fisher's exact test was used to determine associations among signalment (including brachycephaly), final diagnosis, outcomes, and ED features.

Results

Thirty‐six dogs were included (n = 10 normal, n = 26 presumed ED). Twenty dogs (77%) with presumed ED were brachycephalic with a median age of 1 year (range, 0.2‐10.5 years). Most common were prolonged esophageal transit time (ETT; n = 21/26), decreased propagation of secondary peristaltic waves (n = 20/26), and gastroesophageal reflux (GER; n = 18/28). Eight dogs (all brachycephalic) had hiatal herniation (HH). Morphological esophageal variations were only observed in brachycephalic dogs. Brachycephaly was significantly associated with ED (P= .005), prolonged ETT (P= .41), GER (P= .02), and HH (P= .03).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The majority of dogs with presumed ED was young and brachycephalic and had specific abnormalities that were less frequent in mesaticephalic dogs with regurgitation or dysphagia.
Maternal anxiety and internet‐based food elimination in suspected food allergy
Authors: Beken Burcin , Celik Velat , Gokmirza Ozdemir Pinar , Sut Necdet , Gorker Isik , Yazicioglu Mehtap
Published: June 2019

Background

Food allergy is associated with stress, anxiety, and impairment in quality of life in both children and families. This study aimed to assess the anxiety of mothers in the case of suspected food allergy in their children and the influence of Internet usage on their levels of anxiety and food elimination.

Methods

Ninety‐two patients aged 0‐2 years presented at a pediatric allergy department following either a physicians' presumptive diagnosis or family's suspicion of food allergy (Group 1) and 99 healthy controls (Group 2) were evaluated. The clinical diagnosis of food allergy was confirmed or excluded by oral food challenge (OFC). The validated Turkish version of Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was applied to the mothers of both groups on admission and to Group 1 3 months after OFC.

Results

The state and trait anxiety (STAI‐S and STAI‐T) scores were significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (P < 0.001, z = 5.410, and P = 0.021, z = 2.304, respectively). Seventy‐nine mothers (85.9%) had been eliminating foods on admission. Thirty‐seven (40.2%) mothers had eliminated foods on their own. The performance of food allergy–related Web searches was significantly higher among mothers who eliminated foods by themselves than those who did not (P = 0.004, χ2 = 8.391, df = 1). The second STAI‐S score was significantly lower among mothers whose children's food allergy diagnosis was excluded than confirmed (effect size = 1.06 (95% CI: 0.56‐1.57), P = 0.001, z = 3.442).

Conclusion

It is important to make a correct food allergy diagnosis with a detailed allergy work‐up, including OFC, to avoid anxiety and not cause unnecessary food elimination.
Role of esophageal manometry in children with refractory gastroesophageal reflux symptoms
Authors: Hsing Tzu‐Yun , Tsai I‐Jung , Hsu Chien‐Ting , Wu Jia‐Feng
Published: June 2019

Background

We investigated the prevalence of psychiatric referral, frequency of repeat upper gastrointestinal (UGI) contrast studies, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in children with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) before the confirmation of esophageal dysmotility.

Methods

A total of 19 children (nine boys, 10 girls; mean age, 13.80 ± 5.10 years) with symptoms of refractory gastroesophageal reflux (GER) who underwent high‐resolution esophageal impedance manometry (HRIM) were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Refractory GER symptoms were defined as persistent symptoms even under acid‐suppression therapy for 8 weeks in this study. Clinical data including age, gender, time from symptom onset to diagnosis, and number of UGI contrast studies and EGD before diagnosis were obtained. HRM parameters and the prevalence of psychiatric referral were also analyzed.

Results

There are 14 children (73.68%) diagnosed with IEM by HRIM, and another 5 children (26.32%) diagnosed as GER disease (GERD) by EGD. A significant proportion of IEM children were misdiagnosed with psychological problems compared with the GERD children (78.57% vs 20.00%, P = 0.04). Three IEM children (21.43%) received antipsychotic and antidepressant agents before diagnosis of IEM, and all of them discontinued these medications after diagnosis. IEM children underwent a greater number of UGI contrast studies (1.07 ± 0.92 vs 0.20 ± 0.45; P = 0.02) and EGD (2.36 ± 2.50 vs 0.60 ± 0.55; P = 0.03) before HRM than GERD children.

Conclusions

Esophageal manometry for the diagnosis of IEM should be considered in children with GER symptoms refractory to acid‐suppression therapy for 8 weeks to avoid repeat UGI contrast studies, EGD, and psychological therapy.
Measles, mumps, rubella (vaccine) and varicella vaccines in pediatric liver transplant: An initial analysis of post‐transplant immunity
Authors: Yoeli Jordan K. , Yoeli Dor , Miloh Tamir A. , Rana Abbas , Goss John A. , Munoz‐Rivas Flor
Published: June 2019

Varicella and measles infection represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality for pediatric LT recipients. We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of post‐transplant immunity in pediatric LT recipients previously immunized against measles (n = 72) and varicella (n = 67). Sixteen of seventy‐two (22%) patients were measles non‐immune, and 42/67 (63%) were varicella non‐immune after LT. Median time from LT to titers for measles and varicella was 4.0 and 3.3 years, respectively. In the measles cohort, non‐immune patients received fewer pretransplant vaccine doses (P = 0.026) and were younger at both time of vaccination (P = 0.006) and LT (P = 0.004) compared with immune patients. Upon multivariable analysis, weight > 10 kg at LT (OR 5.91, 95% CI 1.27‐27.41) and technical variant graft (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01‐0.37) were independently, significantly associated with measles immunity. In the varicella cohort, non‐immune patients received fewer pretransplant vaccine doses (P = 0.028), were younger at transplant (P = 0.022), and had less time lapse between their last vaccine and transplant (P = 0.012) compared with immune patients. Upon multivariate analysis, time > 1 year from last vaccine to LT was independently, significantly associated with varicella immunity (OR 3.78, CI 1.30‐11.01). This study demonstrates that non‐immunity to measles and varicella is a prevalent problem after liver transplantation in children and identifies 3 unique risk factors for non‐immunity in this high‐risk population.
Association of serious adverse events with Cheyne–Stokes respiration characteristics in patients with systolic heart failure and central sleep apnoea: A SERVE‐Heart Failure substudy analysis
Authors: Javed Faizan , Tamisier Renaud , Pepin Jean‐Louis , Cowie Martin R. , Wegscheider Karl , Angermann Christiane , d'Ortho Marie‐Pia , Erdmann Erland , Simonds Anita K. , Somers Virend K. , Teschler Helmut , Levy Patrick , Armitstead Jeff , Woehrle Holger
Published: June 2019

Background and objective

Increases in Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR) cycle length (CL), lung‐to‐periphery circulation time (LPCT) and time to peak flow (TTPF) may reflect impaired cardiac function. This retrospective analysis used an automatic algorithm to evaluate baseline CSR‐related features and then determined whether these could be used to identify patients with systolic heart failure (HF) who experienced serious adverse events in the Treatment of Sleep‐Disordered Breathing with Predominant Central Sleep Apnea by Adaptive Servo Ventilation in Patients with Heart Failure (SERVE‐HF) substudy.

Methods

A total of 280 patients had overnight diagnostic polysomnography data available; an automated algorithm was applied to quantify CSR‐related features.

Results

Median baseline CL, LPCT and TTPF were similar in the control (n = 152) and adaptive servo‐ventilation (ASV, n = 156) groups. In both groups, CSR‐related features were significantly longer in patients who did (n = 129) versus did not (n = 140) experience a primary endpoint event (all‐cause death, life‐saving cardiovascular intervention or unplanned hospitalization for worsening HF): CL, 61.1 versus 55.1 s (P = 0.002); LPCT, 36.5 versus 31.5 s (P < 0.001); TTPF, 15.20 versus 13.35 s (P < 0.001), respectively. This finding was independent of treatment allocation.

Conclusion

Patients with systolic HF and central sleep apnoea who experienced serious adverse events had longer CSR CL, LPCT and TTPF. Future studies should examine an independent role for CSR‐related features to enable risk stratification in systolic HF.
Early life risk factors for childhood obesity—Does physical activity modify the associations? The MoBa cohort study
Authors: Bernhardsen Guro Pauck , Stensrud Trine , Nystad Wenche , Dalene Knut Eirik , Kolle Elin , Ekelund Ulf
Published: June 2019

Objectives

High maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), high birth weight, and rapid infant weight gain are associated with increased risk of childhood obesity. We examined whether moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) or vigorous physical activity (VPA) in 9‐ to 12‐year‐olds modified the associations between these early life risk factors and subsequent body composition and BMI.

Methods

We used data from a sub‐cohort of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), including 445 children with available data on accelerometer assessed physical activity (PA). All participants had data on BMI, 186 of them provided data on body composition (dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)). We used multiple regression analyses to examine the modifying effect of PA by including interaction terms.

Results

Maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and infant weight gain were more strongly related to childhood body composition in boys than in girls. Higher VPA attenuated the association between maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and BMI in boys (low VPA: B = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.41; high VPA B = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.31). Birth weight was unrelated to childhood body composition, and there was no effect modification by PA. PA attenuated the associations between infant weight gain and childhood fat mass (low MVPA: B = 2.32, 95% CI = 0.48, 4.17; high MVPA: B = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.10, 1.90) and percent fat (low MVPA: B = 3.35, 95% CI = 0.56, 6.14; high MVPA: B = 1.41, 95% CI = −0.06, 2.87) in boys, but not girls.

Conclusion

Findings from this study suggest that MVPA and VPA may attenuate the increased risk of an unfavorable body composition and BMI due to high maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and rapid infant weight gain in boys, but not in girls.
Equality, equity, or inequality duplication? How preschoolers distribute necessary and luxury resources between rich and poor others
Authors: Essler Samuel , Lepach Anja C. , Petermann Franz , Paulus Markus
Published: June 2019

The present study investigated preschoolers' multiple sociomoral considerations (equality, equity, and perpetuating inequality) in a third‐party context of social inequality. Using a resource allocation task involving one wealthy and one poor character, we examined how 3–5‐year‐old children (N = 100) allocated either necessary (must‐have) or luxury (nice‐to‐have) resources. In addition, preschoolers' emotions, reasoning, and judgments were assessed. Results indicated that preschoolers distributing more resources to wealthy than poor others displayed a decision‐making pattern distinct from preschoolers allocating equally or equitably and largely matched the numeric proportions of the inequality in their allocations. In addition, preschoolers were sensitive to the differential implications of necessary and luxury resources, thereby considering others' needs in their moral decisions. Emotions were related to reasoning, but did not mediate the relationship between judgment and behavior. These findings demonstrate novel aspects of preschoolers' multifaceted moral considerations in the context of resource inequality.
Retrospective evaluation of factors influencing transfusion requirements and outcome in cats with pelvic injury (2009–2014): 122 cases
Authors: Gant Poppy , Asztalos Imola , Kulendra Elvin , Lee Karla , Humm Karen
Published: June 2019

Objective

To characterize a population of cats with pelvic trauma and evaluate factors influencing transfusion requirement and outcome.

Design

Retrospective case series (2009–2014).

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

One hundred twelve client‐owned cats with pelvic trauma.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and main results

Twenty‐one (18.8%) cats received a transfusion. Most cats required only 1 fresh whole blood transfusion (85.8%). Packed cell volume at admission was significantly lower in cats that required transfusion but was not associated with hospitalization time or survival to discharge. Increasing Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score at admission was significantly associated with transfusion requirement (P = 0.0001) and nonsurvival to discharge (P = 0.03). Number of pelvic fractures was not associated with transfusion requirement but cats with sacroiliac luxations and pubic fractures were more likely to require a transfusion (P = 0.0015 and P = 0.0026, respectively). However, fracture type was not associated with survival to discharge. Most cats (86%) required a surgical procedure and half of transfusions were administered preoperatively. No surgical comorbidities were associated with transfusion requirement or survival. Transfusion requirement was associated with longer length of hospitalization but not survival to discharge.

Conclusions

Transfusion requirement in this population of cats with pelvic fractures was fairly high. Transfusion requirement was associated with lower packed cell volume, higher ATT score at admission, longer length of hospitalization, and certain types of pelvic fractures. Transfusion requirement was not associated with surgical comorbidities, surgical intervention, or survival to discharge. Lower ATT score at admission was associated with survival to discharge.
Fibronectin‐derived Epiviosamines enhance PDGF‐BB‐stimulated human dermal fibroblast migrationin vitroand granulation tissue formation in vivo
Authors: Prasad Atulya , Lin Fubao , Clark Richard A. F.
Published: June 2019

Fibronectin (FN) is a multimodular glycoprotein that is a critical component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) anlage during embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and wound repair. Our laboratory has previously described a family of FN‐derived peptides collectively called “epiviosamines” that enhance platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB)‐driven tissue cell survival, speed burn healing, and reduce scarring. In this study, we used an agarose drop outmigration assay to report that epiviosamines can enhance PDGF‐BB‐stimulated adult human dermal fibroblast (AHDF) outmigration in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, these peptides can, when delivered topically, stimulate granulation tissue formation in vivo. A thiol‐derivatized hyaluronan hydrogel cross‐linked with polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used to topically deliver a cyclized epiviosamine: cP12 and a cyclized engineered variant of cP12 termed cNP8 to porcine, full‐thickness, excisional wounds. Both cP12 and cNP8 exhibited dose‐dependent increases in granulation tissue formation at day 4, with 600 μM cNP8 significantly enhancing new granulation tissue compared to vehicle alone. In contrast to previous studies, this study suggests that epiviosamines can be used to increase granulation tissue formation without an exogenous supply of PDGF‐BB or any cell‐binding peptides. Thus, epiviosamine may be useful topically to increase granulation tissue formation in acute wounds.
Medicine contends with how to use artificial intelligence
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: June 2019

Barriers include lack of reproducibility across hospitals and populations.
France is wary of science and vaccines, global survey finds
Authors: Rabesandratana Tania
Published: June 2019

Researchers attribute suspicion to institutional scandals.
Singular angular magnetoresistance in a magnetic nodal semimetal
Authors: Suzuki T. , Savary L. , Liu J.-P. , Lynn J. W. , Balents L. , Checkelsky J. G.
Published: June 2019

Mind the angle

Interplay between real- and momentum-space properties of materials can lead to exotic phenomena. Suzuki
et al.
studied electrical transport in the presence of a magnetic field in cerium-aluminum-germanium, a Weyl semimetal that also harbors magnetism (see the Perspective by Hassinger and Meng). As they varied the orientation of the applied field, they noticed spikes of resistivity sharply centered around the high symmetry axes of the material. The spikes were a consequence of the small overlap of Fermi surfaces—which “live” in momentum space—on either side of magnetic domain walls, which occur in real space. This extreme angular sensitivity may be useful in practical applications.

Science
, this issue p.
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; see also p.
324
Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits
Authors: Chen Lei , Qiu Qiang , Jiang Yu , Wang Kun , Lin Zeshan , Li Zhipeng , Bibi Faysal , Yang Yongzhi , Wang Jinhuan , Nie Wenhui , Su Weiting , Liu Guichun , Li Qiye , Fu Weiwei , Pan Xiangyu , Liu Chang , Yang Jie , Zhang Chenzhou , Yin Yuan , Wang Yu , Zhao Yue , Zhang Chen , Wang Zhongkai , Qin Yanli , Liu Wei , Wang Bao , Ren Yandong , Zhang Ru , Zeng Yan , da Fonseca Rute R. , Wei Bin , Li Ran , Wan Wenting , Zhao Ruoping , Zhu Wenbo , Wang Yutao , Duan Shengchang , Gao Yun , Zhang Yong E. , Chen Chunyan , Hvilsom Christina , Epps Clinton W. , Chemnick Leona G. , Dong Yang , Mirarab Siavash , Siegismund Hans Redlef , Ryder Oliver A. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Lewin Harris A. , Zhang Guojie , Heller Rasmus , Wang Wen
Published: June 2019

Phylogeny and characteristics of ruminants

Ruminants are a diverse group of mammals that includes families containing well-known taxa such as deer, cows, and goats. However, their evolutionary relationships have been contentious, as have the origins of their distinctive digestive systems and headgear, including antlers and horns (see the Perspective by Ker and Yang). To understand the relationships among ruminants, L. Chen
et al.
sequenced 44 species representing 6 families and performed a phylogenetic analysis. From this analysis, they were able to resolve the phylogeny of many genera and document incomplete lineage sorting among major clades. Interestingly, they found evidence for large population reductions among many taxa starting at approximately 100,000 years ago, coinciding with the migration of humans out of Africa. Examining the bony appendages on the head—the so-called headgear—Wang
et al.
describe specific evolutionary changes in the ruminants and identify selection on cancer-related genes that may function in antler development in deer. Finally, Lin
et al.
take a close look at the reindeer genome and identify the genetic basis of adaptations that allow reindeer to survive in the harsh conditions of the Arctic.

Science
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, p.
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