bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DICCIONARIO HISTÓRICO-CRÍTICO DEL MARXISMO Investigación social de intervención
Authors: Haug Frigga
Published: December 2020

El proyecto del Diccionario se fue gestando a partir de 1983, con motivo del centenario de la muerte de Karl Marx, sobre la base del plan original de producir suplementos complementarios al Diccionario Crítico del Marxismo (DCM) de Georges Labica. Es un proyecto del Instituto de Teoría Crítica de Berlin (Berliner Institut für Kritische Theorie o InkriT), y que se publica a través de la editorial Argument con sede en Hamburgo. La publicación del primer volumen del Diccionario Histórico-Crítico del Marxismo (DHCM) como tal data del año 1994.
ANALISIS PARTISIPASI PEREMPUAN STUDI KASUS DI DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH (DPRD) KABUPATEN KERINCI
Authors: Mandasari Nanik
Published: December 2020

Title. Analysis of Women's Participation Case Study in the Kerinci Regency Regional House of Representatives (DPRD). This research was carried out in the Kerinci Regency Regional House of Representatives (DPRD). Women's participation in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD) in the election of DPRD members has not participated maximally because only one female DPRD member is elected because women's participation is not as optimal as men's women's space and time limitations in entering politics there are still half measures and voters do not understand and know for sure the female candidates they have chosen. The research problem formulation is, What is the Participation of Women in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD)? The research objective is to find out the participation of women in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD). This research uses a qualitative approach where data is obtained through field interview guidelines for 5 informants referring to 6 research indicators namely 1. Formal education 2. Organizational Experience 3. Recruitment System 4. Social and Religious Perception 5. Cultural Perception 6. Cultural Perception. The data obtained in the field were analyzed based on the classification of the informant's answers described in the results and discussion of the study which was then interpreted by the researcher. it is known that Women's Participation in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD), for indicators one to six has not been carried out to the maximum that is women's participation in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD) has not been able to represent the number of women in the Kerinci Regency because women are elected in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD), only one person. For this reason, the writer suggests that the participation of women in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD) can be increased and the number is higher and women in the Kerinci Regency choose female candidates so that women's participation in the Kerinci Regency Regional Representative Council (DPRD) can contribute. in the development of the Kerinci Regency.
The Relationship of Global Exposure and Intercultural Effectiveness among Secondary
Youth
Authors: Vincent Stacy , Turley Courtney , Austin Ashley
Published: December 2020

This study evaluated the impact of varying amounts of global exposure and previous travel experiences have on secondary agriculture students’ intercultural effectiveness (ICE) and global experiences through the lens of Mere Exposure Theory. Using a descriptive correlational approach, we surveyed 387 secondary agriculture seniors from 11 randomly selected schools in Kentucky to evaluate participant self-awareness, exploration, global mindset, relationship interest, positive regard, and emotional resilience. Findings revealed the majority of participants excelled in exploration but lacked in global mindsets. Benefits of successful ICE when applied are expected to increase communication and work effectiveness. Ignoring this approach would create poor abilities to connect with individuals of different cultural backgrounds.

Keywords: intercultural effectiveness, global exposure, youth, agricultural education, mere exposure
The Development and Validation of a Personal Agency Scale Based in the Community Capitals Framework
Authors: Borron Abigail , Lamm Kevan , Atkins Keith
Published: December 2020

Used in a variety of community contexts and needs, the Community Capitals Framework (CCF) is an analytical tool to holistically examine the complex and unique characteristics that exist at the local level. While CCF—which focuses on social, human, cultural, political, natural, financial, and built capitals—has been used to collect community information to identify and assess suitable programming efforts, a gap currently exists in the literature providing agricultural and extension educators with the tools necessary to examine CCF characteristics, both at the community and individual levels. Designed as a pilot study targeting six counties in [STATE], this research developed a personal agency scale that was based on the seven capitals and intended to measure individuals’ perceived ability within a community. Internal structure validity was established by analyzing the response distributions of the individual items, evaluating internal consistency, and conducting exploratory factor analyses of the hypothesized latent variables. These results indicate that such a scale has potential to serve as a baseline set of data when considering program design, implementation, and evaluation purposes.

Keywords: community capitals, community development, personal agency, scale development
Lived Experiences during International Service Learning: A Semiotic Analysis of Photo Journals
Authors: Dobbins Catherine , Gibson Kristin , Edgar Leslie , Dooley Kim
Published: December 2020

International service learning (ISL) is a pedagogical approach used to prepare students to be global citizens and has emerged as a popular short-term program model for international experiences. Few studies of ISL have integrated semiotic photo analysis into their evaluations. Combining students’ photographs with text encourages reflection on knowledge and experiences as well as how they are related. The current study used semiotic analysis to understand the lived experiences of students on an ISL to Guatemala. The participatory nature of the research process was critical to the semiotic analysis, as the researchers had an understanding of the cultural perspectives and traditions that emerged in the images which could have been overlooked by a researcher without knowledge of the specific cultural context. Participants kept a photo journal of 10 images and associated narratives to depict their experiences on the ISL. Both semiotic and content analysis were conducted on each journal entry. Coding yielded nine themes: new perspectives, personal connections, impact of coffee, intercultural comparisons, reality of life in Guatemala, cultural values, impact of ISL, connection to photograph, and sense of place. Combining the semiotic and content analysis yielded concurrent meanings through narrative and visual reflections, which, when combined with the researchers’ participatory knowledge of the experience, informed future ISL projects for the research and teaching team. The combination of visual and narrative methods required students to think about what story they will tell about their experience, and brings new layers of meaning to the reflection process.

Keywords: photo-based methods, experiential education, educational evaluation, Guatemala
How Asian aerosols impact regional surface temperatures across the
globe
Authors: Merikanto Joonas , Nordling Kalle , Räisänen Petri , Räisänen Jouni , O'Donnell Declan , Partanen Antti-Ilari , Korhonen Hannele
Published: December 2020

Abstract. South and East Asian anthropogenic aerosols mostly reside in an air mass extending from the Indian Ocean to the North Pacific. Yet the surface temperature effects of Asian aerosols spread across the whole globe. Here, we remove Asian anthropogenic aerosols from two independent climate models (ECHAM6.1 and NorESM1) using the same representation of aerosols via MACv2-SP (a simple plume implementation of the 2nd version of the Max Planck Institute Aerosol Climatology). We then robustly decompose the global distribution of surface temperature responses into contributions from atmospheric energy flux changes. We find that the horizontal atmospheric energy transport strongly moderates the surface temperature response over the regions where Asian aerosols reside. Atmospheric energy transport and changes in clear-sky longwave radiation redistribute the temperature effects efficiently across the Northern hemisphere, and to a lesser extent also over the Southern hemisphere. The model-mean global surface temperature response to Asian anthropogenic aerosol removal is 0.26 ± 0.04 °C (0.22 ± 0.03 for ECHAM6.1 and 0.30 ± 0.03 °C for NorESM1) of warming. Model-to-model differences in global surface temperature response mainly arise from differences in longwave cloud (0.01 ± 0.01 for ECHAM6.1 and 0.05 ± 0.01 °C for NorESM1) and shortwave cloud (0.03 ± 0.03 for ECHAM6.1 and 0.07 ± 0.02 °C for NorESM1) responses. The differences in cloud responses between the models also dominate the differences in regional temperature responses. In both models, the Northern hemispheric surface warming amplifies towards the Arctic, where the total temperature response is highly seasonal and weakest during the Arctic summer. We estimate that under a strong Asian aerosol mitigation policy tied with strong climate mitigation (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 1-1.9) the Asian aerosol reductions can add around 8 years' worth of current day global warming during the next few decades.
Approximation and analysis of transient responses of a reverberation chamber by pulsed excitation
Authors: Pasche Konstantin , Ossevorth Fabian , Jacobs Ralf T.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Reverberation chambers show transient behaviour when excited with a pulsed signal. The field intensities can in this case be significantly higher than in steady state, which implies that a transient field can exceed predefined limits and render test results uncertain. Effects of excessive field intensities of short duration may get covered and not be observable in a statistical analysis of the field characteristics. In order to ensure that the signal reaches steady state, the duration of the pulse used to excite the chamber needs to be longer than the time constant of the chamber. Initial computations have shown that the pulse width should be about twice as long as the time constant of the chamber to ensure that steady state is reached. The signal is sampled in the time domain with a sampling frequency according to the Nyquist theorem. The bandwidth of the input signal is determined using spectral analysis. For a fixed stirrer position, the reverberation chamber, wires, connectors, and antennas can jointly be considered as a linear time-invariant system. In this article, a procedure will be presented to extract characteristic signal properties such as rise-time, transient overshoot and the mean value in steady state from the system response. The signal properties are determined by first computing the envelope of the sampled data using a Hilbert transform. Subsequent noise reduction is achieved applying a Savitzky–Golay filter. The point where steady state is reached is then computed from the slope of the envelope by utilising a cumulative histogram. The spectral analysis is not suitable to examine the transient behaviour and determine the time constants of the system. These constants are computed applying the method of Prony, which is based on the estimation of a number of parameters in a sum of exponential functions. An alternative to the Prony Method is the Time-Domain Vector-Fit method. In contrast to the first mentioned variant, it is now also possible to determine the transfer function of the overall RC system. Differences and advantages of the methods will be discussed.
Experimental Investigation of a Nonlinear Energy Storage Effect due to High Power Electromagnetic Excitation
Authors: Michels Robert , Schaarschmidt Martin , Gronwald Frank
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The susceptibility of interference victims can significantly be influenced by the presence of nonlinear circuit elements. In addition to the well known occurrence of intermodulation-frequencies, other effects can be observed as well. Recently,
a nonlinear energy storage effect has been discovered which is due to the
presence of nonlinearly loaded loop antennas if excited by an HPEM-excitation. In this contribution, this effect is further studied by experiment. It is seen that the
nonlinear energy storage effect can be reproduced by means of a rather simple experimental setup. This allows to straighforwardly study parameter variations in order to attain an improved understanding of the considered effect.
Water flow controls the spatial variability of methane emissions in a northern valley fen ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Hui , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Korrensalo Aino , Räsänen Aleksi , Virtanen Tarmo , Aurela Mika , Penttilä Timo , Laurila Tuomas , Gerin Stephanie , Lindholm Viivi , Lohila Annalea
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Northern peatlands are projected to be crucial in future atmospheric methane
(CH4) budgets and have a positive feedback on global warming. Fens
receive nutrients from catchments via inflowing water and are more sensitive
than bogs to variations in their ecohydrology. Yet, due to a lack of data
detailing the impacts of moving water on microhabitats and CH4 fluxes
in fens, large uncertainties remain with respect to predicting CH4 emissions
from these sites under climate changes. We measured CH4 fluxes with
manual chambers over three growing seasons (2017–2019) at a northern boreal
fen. To address the spatial variation at the site where a stream flows
through the long and narrow valley fen, we established sample plots at
varying distances from the stream. To link the variations in CH4
emissions to environmental controls, we quantified water levels, peat
temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, vegetation composition, and leaf
area index in combination with flux measurements during the growing season
in 2019. We found that due to the flowing water, there was a higher water
level, cooler peat temperatures, and more oxygen in the peat close to the
stream, which also had the highest total leaf area and gross primary
production (GPP) values but the lowest CH4 emissions. CH4
emissions were highest at an intermediate distance from the stream where the
oxygen concentration in the surface peat was low but GPP was still high.
Further from the stream, the conditions were drier and produced low CH4
emissions. Our results emphasize the key role of ecohydrology in CH4
dynamics in fens and, for the first time, show how a stream controls CH4
emissions in a flow-through fen. As valley fens are common peatland
ecosystems from the Arctic to the temperate zones, future projections of
global CH4 budgets need to take flowing water features into account.
The GPU version of LICOM3 under HIP framework and its
large-scale application
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Jiang Jinrong , Lin Pengfei , Ding Mengrong , Wei Junlin , Zhang Feng , Zhao Lian , Li Yiwen , Yu Zipeng , Zheng Weipeng , Yu Yongqiang , Chi Xuebin , Liu Hailong
Published: December 2020

Abstract. A high-resolution (1/20°) global ocean general circulation model with Graphics processing units (GPUs) code implementations is developed based on the LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model version 3 (LICOM3) under Heterogeneous-compute Interface for Portability (HIP) framework. The dynamic core and physics package of LICOM3 are both ported to the GPU, and 3-dimensional parallelization is applied. The HIP version of the LICOM3 (LICOM3-HIP) is 42 times faster than what the same number of CPU cores dose, when 384 AMD GPUs and CPU cores are used. The LICOM3-HIP has excellent scalability; it can still obtain speedup of more than four on 9216 GPUs comparing to 384 GPUs. In this phase, we successfully performed a test of 1/20° LICOM3-HIP using 6550 nodes and 26200 GPUs, and at the grand scale, the model’s time to solution can still obtain an increasing, about 2.72 simulated years per day (SYPD). The high performance was due to putting almost all of computation processes inside GPUs, and thus greatly reduces the time cost of data transfer between CPUs and GPUs. At the same time, a 14-year spin-up integration following the phase 2 of Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2) protocol of surface forcing has been conducted, and the preliminary results have been evaluated. We found that the model results have little differences from the CPU version. Further comparison with observations and lower-resolution LICOM3 results suggests that the 1/20° LICOM3-HIP can not only reproduce the observations, but also produce much smaller scale activities, such as submesoscale eddies and frontal scales structures.
Grados de individuación spinozianos: filosofía demostrada según el orden óptico
Authors: Aguilar Claudia
Published: December 2020

Partiendo del rechazo de la concepción de Spinoza como un pensador aislado que crea solitariamente sus escritos filosóficos, sostengo que dicha filosofía es producto de un filósofo que es un modo finito en relación con muchos otros modos finitos. Si bien algunas investigaciones sostienen que la filosofía de Spinoza no está relacionada con los interrogantes científicos del momento de su creación; mi hipótesis es que los grados de individuación spinozianos se comprenden mejor si consideramos tanto los textos de Spinoza como el contexto científico de Europa (y de Holanda en particular) en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII. Contexto focalizado en el perfeccionamiento y la utilización de telescopios y microscopios. Para este propósito analizaré la serie de cartas que intercambian Spinoza y Oldenburg en 1665 en conjunción con secciones de la Ética y los acontecimientos y producciones científicos de ese momento. Sostengo que la recepción que realiza Spinoza de las ideas contemporáneas a él se solapa con la creación de lo que se conoce como su concepción de los grados de individuación.
El origen, objetivo y función de la comunidad ética en 'La religión dentro de los límites de la mera razón 'de Kant
Authors: Quiroga Noelia Eva
Published: December 2020

En el presente trabajo se ofrece una lectura de Religión dentro de los límites de la mera razón que busca esclarecer el origen y el objetivo de la comunidad ética, y con ello comprender cuál es la función que tiene la comunidad ética en relación a la teoría del mal radical, del bien supremo y de la analogía con la comunidad política. Para dicho propósito, primero argumentaré que aquello que hace necesaria la comunidad ética es el mal radical. En segundo lugar, argumentaré que el objetivo compartido por todos los miembros de la comunidad ética es el bien supremo. En tercer lugar, mostraré que el bien supremo social de la Religión no es el bien supremo de la Primera Crítica. Por último, destacaré algunas diferencias entre la comunidad ética y la comunidad política y daré algunas conclusiones respecto de la analogía política.
O potencial de desenvolvimeno turístico em Corguinho, MS
Authors: Lima Matheus Guimarães , Silva Jean Farhat de Araújo da
Published: December 2020

Tourism is a rapidly expanding activity, so places with potential for tourism development, previously outside the tourism market, have been inserted in contemporary tourist routes. Brazil, being a country of continental dimension, has different tourist attractions in different regions. As for the states with great tourist potential, we highlight Mato Grosso do Sul, although many places in it are almost unknown and little-publicized. Thus, we present here an analysis of Corguinho which has outstanding ecotourism potential, but also could attract tourists in other modalities as scientific and mystical tourism. In this text, we seek to present alternatives that can trigger an eventual tourism development process in the municipality following a model of sustainable economic and social development in line with the local environmental preservation.
Geodiversity from the perspective of the population of small cities: a case study in the Northeast of Brazil
Authors: Albani Rafael Aloe , Mansur Kátia Leite , Carvalho Ismar de Souza , Santos Wellington Francisco Sá dos
Published: December 2020

Geodiversity of value must be conserved and thus bring benefits to the local population. The goal of this study was to analyze the perception of João Dourado inhabitants regarding their geodiversity, as well as to seek suggestions from the residents on its geoconservation. The opinion survey was carried out with 280 residents and we found that 254 respondents understand that the city's rocks, water, and caves are considered as heritage and 231 believe that they may have associated economic value. Most people show confidence in the benefits that geodiversity could offer in economic and social terms, such as attracting geotourists to the city.
A produção científica brasileira sobre travestilidades e transexualidades: da doença à resistência
Authors: Santos Adelaine Ellis Carbonar dos , Chagas Bruna Iara Lorian , Ornat Marcio Jose
Published: December 2020

The main goal of this article is to evidence the Brazilian scientific production from the published researches in the Thesis Catalog of dissertations from CAPES, about transvestites and transsexuals. Therefore, in a universe of more than a million academic researches published until April 2019, it is evidenced a total of only 573 papers related to the theme, representing 0,05 of the total productions. Even with the verified increase of the publishes from the year 2008, these numbers still not represent the little representativity of the research area, pointing to the marginalization of these studies, in the scientific Brazilian production scenario. However, in this article, we evidence the emergency of other themes, such as body, transphobia, health, gender studies, indicating that the perspective if the diseases have been undermined towards the resistance perspective, while the reflections around the promotion of the citizenship of these people have won emphasis in the researches.
Análise bibliométrica do tema geodiversidade no Brasil em revistas no período 2010-2016 e suas regiões de concentração
Authors: Barbosa Renata Nunes , Aquino Cláudia Maria Saboia de
Published: December 2020

This paper provides an overview of the main researches carried out on geodiversity and related themes in Brazil in journals CAPES classification A1, A2, B1, and B2. Based on the survey carried out between 2010 and 2016, there was an increase, albeit small in concerning the number of publishers works, since for the 2010-2012 three-year period 29 publications were identified and, for the quadrennium of 2013-2016 this number totaled 35 articles. For the 2010-2012 triennium, the region of the country that displayed primacy over publications related to geodiversity and other related concepts, was the Southeast Region of the country, followed by the Northeast and South regions. For the 2013-2016 quadrennium, there was a concentration of surveys in the Northeast, followed by the Southeast and South. The surveys address the relationship between geodiversity and geotourism, discussing the importance of recognizing geodiversity and using sustainable bases for geotourism in the different regions of the country.
Entrevista con Dr. Juan Pedro Ruiz Sanz
Authors: Angeoletto Fábio , Lima Gedeone Ferreira
Published: December 2020

Dr. Juan P. Ruiz es profesor titular de Ecología en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Estudió Zoología y Planificación Rural e hizo un doctorado sobre la etnoecología de los ganaderos de la Sierra de Madrid. Imparte clases de Ecología Humana, Evaluación y Gestión del Paisaje y Seminario Interdisciplinar sobre Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente en los grados de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales. Siempre le interesó la ciencia en las fronteras Interdisciplinares, el papel de la ciencia en educación, la relación entre literatura, ciencia y filosofía, la ecología política y los grandes debates sociales de nuestro tiempo. Ha hecho investigación aplicada sobre evaluación, percepción y planificación participativa del paisaje en España, Australia, Venezuela, Cuba, América Central, Colombia y Brasil con una docena de tesis doctorales dirigidas. En la actualidad escribe la novela definitiva sobre el Poder, la crisis ambiental global, la inteligencia artificial en una trama de detective sobre una crisis mundial en la globalización. (Aunque el virus le ha dejado la crisis de ficción muy disminuida y le obligará a reescribir, como a toda la humanidad). Su foto incluye la bandera de Samoa Occidental porque se identifica con Robert Louis Stevenson y su epitafio en su casa de Vailima, que tuvo la oportunidad de visitar en su aventura vital de explorar/impactar la Biosfera: "under the wide and starry sky dig the grave and let me lie... Home is the sailor, home from sea, and the hunter, home from the hill". Esos versos y el poema del también escocés Robbie Burns "To a mouse" resumirían su biofilia, su curiosidad por el universo y su empatía biosférica. Es padre, anarquista y mediterráneo.
Weed Interference on Growth and Leaf Nutrient Accumulation in Two Cassava Varieties
Authors: Moratelli Gustavo , Ferreira Silvio Douglas , Canavessi Hiago , Fey Emerson , Rangel Marcos Antonio Sedrez , Costa Neumarcio Vilanova da
Published: December 2020

The development of cassava varieties with more efficient nutrient absorption can prevent losses caused by weed competition. The objective of this study was to evaluate dry matter accumulation and leaf nutrient content in traditional and improved cassava varieties, with and without coexistence with weeds throughout the cycle. A randomized complete block design was used in a 2 x 2 x 11 factorial scheme with four replications. The first factor consisted of two varieties (Baianinha and Clone 56-03); the second factor was composed of the conditions with and without coexistence with weeds, and the third factor was 11 harvest periods. Coexistence with weeds reduced leaf contents of N (20.8% and 24.8%), P (26.7% and 4.6%) and K (27.1% and 12.6%) for 'Baianinha' and 'Clone 56-03', respectively. For coexistence with 'Baianinha', the period up to the maximum daily nutrient accumulation rate (N, P and K) ranged from 82 to 99 days after planting (DAP), while for 'Clone 56-03', coexistence in this period ranged from 80 to 88 DAP. The plants from the variety 'Clone 56-03' presented higher total dry mass and root dry mass accumulation, as well as higher leaf contents of N, P and K than the traditional cassava variety 'Baianinha', especially when in coexistence with weeds during the whole cycle.
Lobby no Desenvolvimento da Norma Contábil Internacional sobre Leasing – IFRS 16
Authors: Schlotefeldt Josiane De Oliveira , Schlup Daiani , Klann Roberto Carlos
Published: December 2020

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as características e possíveis práticas de lobby dos diversos grupos de interesses em relação à IFRS 16 – Leasing, apresentadas pelas comment letter – CT (cartas de comentários) na fase de Exposure Draft – ED (Rascunho de Exposição) de 2013. Para tanto, foram analisadas 246 cartas de comentário, por meio de análise descritiva, contagem dos argumentos, frases e grau de concordância e discordância de cada pergunta. Os resultados demonstram que a maior parte dos respondentes é dos Estados Unidos da América, constituindo-se de empresas de serviços financeiros. Por meio de análise de conteúdo, os resultados sugerem que devido a poucos argumentos e frases por carta, não houve a ocorrência de lobby pelas partes interessadas. Porém, a influência dos grupos de interesse pode ter se dado pelos comentários adicionais, não analisados neste estudo, o que incentiva pesquisas futuras.
Editorial
Authors: Klein Luciana
Published: December 2020

.
Relative Versus Fundamental Valuation: An Empirical Study of US Biotechnology Firms Around the 2000 High-Tech Bubble
Authors: Nguyen Dzung Viet
Published: December 2020

This study is related to the issue of whether the stock market reflects the fundamental value of high-tech firms around the 2000 high-tech bubble. We extend the literature on firm valuation by exploiting the conceptual difference between intrinsic and relative values. We apply the residual income model and valuation multiples to estimate these two values respectively and make a comparison for a sample of biotechnology firms. Under realistic assumptions, it seems that estimated fundamental values of these firms fail to be reflected by the stock market. Their market valuation is rather based on relative value for both periods before and after the fall of high-tech stocks.
Utilization and Reimbursement Trends Based on Certificate of Need in Single-level Cervical Discectomy
Authors: Ziino Chason , Bala Abiram , Cheng Ivan
Published: December 2020

Objective:

To compare utilization and reimbursement for cervical discectomy in certificate of need (CON) and non-CON states.

Summary of Background Data:

Cervical discectomy is a commonly performed procedure, but little is known about utilization and reimbursement patterns in the CON setting.

Introduction:

Cervical discectomy is increasingly used and remains effective. Increasing healthcare costs have led to decreased reimbursement and a push toward outpatient procedures. CON programs were established to ensure that expansion of medical facilities were within acceptable use; however, the literature on their impact in spine surgery is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of CON status on both reimbursement and utilization in cervical decompression in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

Methods:

We analyzed a private payer and Medicare database from 2007 to 2015. All single-level cervical discectomies were selected then split into CON and non-CON states. Each group was then further split into inpatient and outpatient. Utilization and reimbursement were analyzed using the compound annual growth rate (CAGR), with reimbursement adjusted by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index.

Results:

We identified 1,580 single level cervical decompressions in our study period: 888 were done in the inpatient setting, whereas 692 were done in the outpatient setting. Adjusted reimbursement only increased in the non-CON outpatient setting, with a CAGR of 2.0%. All other settings had decreased reimbursement. Utilization increased across all four settings, with the highest growth seen in the CON outpatient setting, with a CAGR of 12.7%. The highest average reimbursement was in the non-CON outpatient setting at $4,237.

Discussion:

Cervical discectomy is seeing increased utilization most rapidly in the outpatient setting, although reimbursement is declining with the exception of procedures done in the non-CON outpatient setting. Surgeons should be aware of these trends in the changing healthcare economic climate.

Study Design:

A retrospective database review
Interviewing in the Wake of COVID-19: How Orthopaedic Residencies, Fellowships, and Applicants Should Prepare for Virtual Interviews
Authors: Hagedorn John C. , Chen Jie , Weiss William M. , Fredrickson Saul W. , Faillace John J.
Published: December 2020

On May 7, 2020, the Coalition for Physician Accountability's released “Medical Students in the Class of 2021: Moving Across Institutions for Post Graduate Training,” which comprises official recommendations on keeping programs and medical students safe during the upcoming match cycle with the challenges posed by COVID-19. In these recommendations, away rotations are discouraged, and all programs are compelled to commit to virtual interviews. Unlike employers and applicants in other industries, orthopaedic residency/fellowship programs and candidates seeking those positions have not routinely conducted virtual interviews. Without in-person interviews, applicants may perceive a limited ability to demonstrate their qualifications, judge program culture, and gauge ultimate program compatibility. Likewise, programs may perceive the inability to evaluate a candidate in real time, physically show program strengths, and ultimately judge applicant compatibility. Careful preparation and execution of a virtual interview can overcome these perceived limitations, whereas benefits, such as decreased cost for both programs and applicants, can make virtual interviews appealing. The purpose of this review was to help define a virtual interview, illustrate the benefits, and offer tips to both programs and applicants on how to prepare and perform optimally on an interview day.
Ghaenat (Iran) earthquake of November 14,1979
Authors: Adeli Hojjat
Published: December 2020

This paper is a concise report of Ghaenat (Iran) Earthquake of November 14, 1979 in which 280 people died and several villages were destroyed. Observations from earthquake effects on the ground as well as buildings are briefly discussed.
Hybrid Solar and Wind Power Generation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzaid Omar S. , Salim Basharat , Orfi Jamal , Khan Salah , Alshehri Hassan
Published: December 2020

Solar and wind energy systems are attractive hybrid renewable energy systems suitable for various applications and most commonly for power generation. Compared to standalone wind and solar devices, hybrid systems have several advantages, including requiring lesser or no storage devices, being more reliable, damping the daily and seasonal variations and ensuring constant energy flows. This work aims to conduct a feasibility study and a performance analysis of a hybrid wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) power system in selected regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A detailed review on the potential of PV, wind energy and hybrid energy systems in KSA, to reason out the potential areas of study, has identified two sites to be selected to carry out the investigation. A small size power system driven by solar and wind energy has been modeled and simulated for a year period in the selected locations. Various configuration schemes of integrated solar and wind with storage devices for such a small capacity system have been proposed and their respective performances have been evaluated. Techno-economic aspects have been included. The simulation results indicated that the developed model shows a promising future of implementing the renewable energy system in the eastern and southern regions of the Kingdom. 
A INFLUÊNCIA DA REALIDADE VIRTUAL SOBRE A VELOCIDADE DA MARCHA E AVALIAÇÃO DA SATISFAÇÃO DE INDIVÍDUOS COM DOENÇA DE PARKINSON
Authors: da  Cruz  Souza Mariana , Larissa de  Araujo  Biazini Paola , Toshimi  Furuta Débora , Haniuda  Moliterno Alice , Ribeiro Uliam Nicoly , Fernandes de Oliveira Dyenifer , Cristina Leoci Isabella , Bortolim Frasson Isabela , de  Oliveira  Damasceno Silas , Nunes  Gonzaga Caroline , Yassuyuki  Tacao Guilherme , Cesinando de Carvalho Augusto
Published: December 2020

Virtual Reality (VR) is a promising tool used in the rehabilitation of individuals with Parkinson's Disease(PD) as it promotes motor learning through multisensory feedback in real time. This is an experimental study with a single arm whose objective was to analyze the influence of VR on gait speed and satisfaction assessment of individuals with PD. In the initial assessment (IA1) a 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) was applied, followed by the protocol of 10 sessions with VR using Nintendo WiiTM console. In the final evaluation (FE2), the 10MWT was reapplied, followed by the Abbreviated Patients’ Satisfaction with Mental Health Services Scale (SATIS-BR). The 10MWT showed 0.91 ± 0.20 in IA1 and 1 ± 0.22 in FE2 with no significant difference (p= 0.187) while SATIS-BR scored 4.8 ± 0.22 out of 5. It is concluded that despite the non-significant result, the gait speed was maintained, exposing expressive values of the participants' satisfaction.
Migration als Chance statt als Problem
Authors: El-Komboz Sophia Abou
Published: December 2020

Local integration policies provide alternatives to the German federal policy towards refugees which puts emphasis on security concerns. A theoretical conception of the former following the logic of peace includes the proactive handling of uncertainties and a differentiated, inclusive design. It perceives migration as a chance and aims to improve the opportunities to participate for all inhabitants. It strives to strengthen the population’s intercultural openness and to organize integration processes with civil society and refugees alike. Respect for human dignity constitutes its central orientation point. In the observation of integration processes, it adopts an extended perspective.
Aufklärung – Wissenschaft – Religion. Zur Struktur unseres neuzeitlichen Spannungsfelds
Authors: Enskat Rainer
Published: December 2020

Our modern world is - at least, since the 17th and the 18th century - deeply structured, if not scattered by several not-reconciled, though classical traditions: By the Platonic-Socratic conception of enlightenment, by the lutheran reformation and the catholic counterreformation, by the Encyclopédie-tradition of science-specific enlightenment, by Rousseau‘s auto-critique of enlightenment and by Kant’s philosophical deepening of the human rights-tradion as essential part of the republican tradition.
Fact or fiction? Library leadership of a campus-wide intellectual theme
Authors: Sweet Christopher
Published: December 2020

Every year Illinois Wesleyan University organizes a campus-wide intellectual theme. In 2019, the Ames Library at Illinois Wesleyan proposed the topic of fact or fiction for the annual intellectual theme. This program is noteworthy to the profession because the intellectual themes are truly campus-wide, engaging students at all levels and integrating curricular and co-curricular components. These intellectual themes go beyond the more common shared first-year experiences or One Book, One School programs. This article is a brief case study of the library-led Fact or Fiction intellectual theme.
Welcome to NCTM's New Journal
Authors: Lindqulst Mary
Published: December 2020

I'm delighted to welcome Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School to the NCTM's family of publications! As an ofiicial publication of the Council, I know this journal will be an invaluable reource for middle school teachers, teacher educators, and others. A goal of NCTM is to make mathematics accessible to every student This journal will help us focus on that goal by specifically addressing the needs of students at the middle school level.
Assessment: A Room with More Than One View
Authors: Stemnark Jean Kerr , Beck Pam , Asturias Harold
Published: December 2020

This play is a continuation of the dramatization used in the NCTM's in-service videotape Mathematics Assessment: Alternative Approaches. Some of the characters are based on those in the videotape.
Now & Then: From Cashier to Scan Coordinator
Authors: Barnes Sue , Michalowicz Karen Dee
Published: December 2020

Now … mary huddleston began work for the piggly wiggly Grocery chain in 1973, the same year that manufacturers began using the UPC (universal product code) on their products. However, stores in the area where Mary lives and works were not equipped with the computer systems needed to facilitate bar-code technology, and she began as a cashier by keying in the plice of each grocery item on a cash register.
Now & Then: The Long-Distance Doctor
Authors: Bennett Betsy K.
Published: December 2020

Now… Bernard A. Harris JR., MD, the first african american astronaut to walk in space, is an engineer, physician, medical research scientist, and pioneer space doctor. He defines “space doctor” as a physician of the future who will know how to keep people healthy while they are living on a space station, how to treat space-related illnesses and injuries, and what measures to take so that a long-term stay at a space station will not cause health problems when the workers return to earth. He describes his own work as learning all that he can from human experience in space and spacelike conditions so that physicians can be well-prepared, competent space doctors when the first space station is built in the immediate future.
May's: Menu of Problems
Authors: Greer Gerry , Wantuck Larry
Published: December 2020

A light fare to whet your mathematical appetite.
Mathematics Investigator: Shaking Out Rug Prices
Authors: Lancaster Ron
Published: December 2020

The Carpet Baggers, which carries various Persian carpets, is both advertising its product while trying to educate consumers about the competition's pricing scheme. Use the information in this advertisement to answer the following questions. Cost refers to what a store pays to buy a carpet from the manufacturer, which is the same as the wholesale cost. The retail price refers to the amount the customer has to pay. Assume that the wholesale cost is the same for products from both The Carpet Baggers and all its competitors.
Professional Development: Preparing Teachers to Present Techniques of Exploratory Data Analysis
Authors: Browning Christine A. , Channell Dwayne E. , Meyer Ruth A.
Published: December 2020

Why Study Statistics? We are bombarded every day with an overwhelming amount of information presented in various forms. If we are to interpret and understand the information, we must be familiar with the methods and tools of statistics. Developing an understanding and an appreciation of statistics should begin in the elementary school classroom. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics's document Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) states that the mathematics curricula for grades K-4 and 5-8 should include experiences with data analysis that involve students in collecting, organizing, describing, and interpreting data. Burrill (1990) suggests that such experiences should use real data whenever possible, progress from the concrete to the pictorial to the abstract, and use calculators and computers whenever appropriate.
Report of the Executive Director
Authors: Gates James D.
Published: December 2020

During the five years since the release of the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989), NCTM membership has increased from 77 000 (54 000 individuals) to 106 000 (79 000 individuals). These totals include both individual and institutional members. The most recent issues of the Arithmetic Teacher, Mathematics Teacher, and Journal for Research in Mathematics Education had circulations of 67 000, 61 000, and 12 000, respectively.
Mathematics Investigator
Authors: Lancaster Ron
Published: December 2020

The Consolidated Edison Company of New York will raise its electricity rates on May 1 by $55.1 million, or 1.1 percent, the company said yesterday.
Professional Development: Promoting Problem-Solving Expertise
Authors: Richbart Carolyn M. , Richbart Lynn A.
Published: December 2020

We are all looking for ways to make our students better problem solvers. This article presents some ideas to accomplish this goal. Cognitive research and the experience of teachers form the basis for the suggestions made for ways that the teacher can promote class discussion. The suggestions follow the “guided discovery” approach mentioned by Yackel et al. (1990) in which the teacher first analyzes the problem and then asks guided questions to facilitate students' analysis of the problem.
Power On! Looking at Random Events with Logo Software
Authors: Charischak Ihor , Berkman Robert
Published: December 2020

How does a teacher feel when a classroom lesson turns students into mathematicians? When such a transformation occurs—usually not as often as most teachers would like-thoughts arise of bottling this inquisitiveness and releasing it at times when students are not so inclined. This wishful thinking can turn into a more realistic reflection on the characteristics of the learning environment—the content, the process, and the assessment—that mark certain memorable lessons. Many such lessons share two points. First, the students are genuinely interested and engaged in the activity. They act independently, as if they have chosen the activity themselves and the teacher is just a more seasoned coexplorer. Second, they use powerful tools, notably computers, to help them solve the problems they encounter. This second aspect can be a key to generating the first—if it is used in powerful ways.
Our Diets May Be Killing Us
Authors: Shannon Brenda K. J.
Published: December 2020

A push seems to be on for more real-world applications in the mathematics curriculum at all grade levels. Recommendations from such sources as the NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (1989) and the National Research Council's Everybody Counts (1989) advocate making mathematics more than just a subject taught one class period of each school day. The time has come to bring mathematics out of the classroom and show the students that the knowledge and skills from mathematics can be beneficial in their everyday lives. But how do we, as educators, actually accomplish this goal?
Mathematics Investigator
Authors: Fleener M. Jayne
Published: December 2020

Having heard on a TV ad there were more than four million miles of road in America, Doug and Nancy Abby decided one day to drive them all. In the interest of economy, convenience, and comfort, they rented a car from Alamo. Averaging 350 miles a day, on six-lane roads, one-lane roads, and all the roads in between, the Abbys stopped only to eat, sleep,…, and have a son, Robert,…, and later, a daughter, Catherine.
Power On! Exploring Mean, Median, and Mode with a Spreadsheet
Authors: Wilson Melvin R. (Skip) , Krapfl Carol M.
Published: December 2020

Deeply entrenched intuitions and understandings not consistent with commonly accepted statistical facts prevent some students from having success with activities involving statistics. For example, we have talked to many students who, despite knowing the common algorithm for mean, believe that adding zero to a set of data will not change the mean of the set. This notion is consistent with other research findings (Bright and Hoeffner, 1993). Another commonly held belief is that a small sample reliably represents a given population (Garfield and Ahlgren 1988; Shaughnessy 1992). Some people are influenced more by personal anecdotes or advice from individuals than by data gathered from large, diverse samples (Nisbett and Ross 1980). In many situations, conceptions are so deeply ingrained that mere exposure to statistical ideas is not sufficient to overcome them (Mevarech 1983). Simply introducing computational rules will not give students enough experience to overcome their generally inaccurate conceptions and intuitions about statistics. Nor will traditional instruction help students develop a sufficiently deep understanding of key statistical concepts so that they can transfer their knowledge to new problems and situations. Students need to confront their often inaccurate and inconsistent beliefs about statistics through experimentation and prediction (Shaughnessy 1992).
Students as Researchers: An Inclined-Plane Activity
Authors: Edwards Thomas G.
Published: December 2020

A number of years ago in geneva, switzerland, Barbel Inhelder and Jean Piaget (1958) conducted a series of experiments to study the development of logical thinking in young children. One of those experiments involved rolling balls of different masses down inclines of varying heights. The object was to see if young children could make appropriate inferences regarding the relationship among the variables in the problem.
Teacher to Teacher: My Way and the Highway
Authors: Miller Louis
Published: December 2020

My way” is to find Mathematics Virtually everywhere and to bring it into the classroom. “The highway” refers to a recent discovery made while on a twelve-hour automobile trip. A road atlas contains a rich source of examples of mathematics in use all around us: the interstate highway system (see fig. 1). A valuable mathematical, as well as geographical, experience can be extracted from a short instructional unit based on these roadway patterns.