bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment and Growth of Transplanted Conifers in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Pool Joshua R. , Griffin Jason J. , Boyer Cheryl R. , Warren Stuart L.
Published: August 2020

Pinus spp. (pine) currently experience considerable pressure from numerous pests, diseases, and sometimes harsh climate of the Midwest and Great Plains thus jeopardizing the health of current windbreaks and landscapes. Four species of conifers, Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir), Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress), Picea engelmannii (engelmann spruce), and Thuja × ‘Green Giant’ (‘Green Giant’arborvitae) were spring planted in a sandy loam soil to observe root and shoot growth during the initial 12 months following transplant. Whole plant (roots and shoots) harvests occurred monthly for examination and collection of growth data. Results indicate that C. arizonica exhibited rapid root and shoot growth throughout the growing season with increases in dry weight of 4800 and 6300%, respectively. In contrast, P. engelmannii exhibited a modest increase in root dry weight of 82% throughout the growing season while shoot growth was essentially non-existent. Thuja × ‘Green Giant’exhibited significant increases in shoot (230%) and root (350%) growth throughout the growing season. Abies nordmanniana exhibited minimal yet significant shoot and root growth during the study, with dry weight increases of 13 and 55%, respectively. The data herein suggests that C. arizonica easily establishes following transplant because it rapidly initiates new root and shoot growth.
Effect of Pre and Post Moisture Level on Preemergence Control of Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.) with Flumioxazin
Authors: Yang Q. , Gilliam C.H. , Wehtje G.R. , McElroy J.S. , Sibley J.L. , Chamberlin J.
Published: August 2020

Moisture is an important component to activate preemergence herbicides; however, this aspect had not been investigated in soilless substrate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre-application moisture levels and post-application irrigation levels in the preemergence control of hairy bittercress with flumioxazin in a pine bark substrate. Three similar experiments were conducted over a 13-month period. Treatments were a factorial arrangement at the following variables: three pre-application moisture levels (dry, medium and wet), two flumioxazin formulations (granular and spray), two flumioxazin rates [0.28 and 0.42 kg ai·ha−1 (0.250 and 0.375 lb ai·A−1)] and four levels of single-event, post-application irrigation [0.6, 1.3, 2.5 and 5.1 cm (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 in)]. Treated pots were overseeded with 25 hairy bittercress at 1 week after flumioxazin application. Pre-application moisture did not affect the flumioxazin efficacy at any time and treatment. The spray formulation (SureGuard) provided maximum fresh weight control (≥ 99%) in weed counts up to 12 weeks after application, regardless of rate, pre-moisture level or post-irrigation level. The granular formulation (BroadStar) was less effective than spray formulation, and efficacy was improved with the higher rate and higher levels of post-application irrigation (Experiments 1 and 3).
Fertilizer Applications for Container-Grown Ornamental Tree Production
Authors: Zhu H. , Zondag R. H. , Merrick J. , Demaline T. , Jeon H. , Krause C. R. , Locke J. C.
Published: August 2020

Better management of nutrient applications during a growing season is needed to economically produce marketable container-grown ornamental shade trees. Fertilizer practices were used to test the growth of Acer rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ trees in two commercial nursery fields (each containing four plots) that were irrigated with either city or pond water. In each field, the same 16 treatments were replicated. Two slow-release granular fertilizers (18-5-12 and 12-0-42) were applied separately or together by incorporation, topdress or both to a potting mix for trees grown in 26 liter (7 gal) containers and placed above or below ground. Trees irrigated with pond water also received supplemental liquid nutrients throughout the growing season along with nitric acid to lower the pH of the potting substrate. Tree growth was assessed by stem diameter (caliper), height, canopy size, leaf color and root measurements. Significant higher caliper increases occurred in trees treated with 18-5-12 fertilizer and irrigated with either pond or city water than trees treated with the 12-0-42 fertilizer. Significantly higher percent increases in caliper also occurred for trees irrigated with pond water and top-dressed with 18-5-12 fertilizer than trees with incorporated 18-5-12 fertilizer. With the same slow-release fertilizer applications, trees irrigated with pond water and supplemental nutrients had greater percent increases of caliper, larger canopy areas and better root systems than trees irrigated with city water. The differences in tree height increase were not as great as the caliper increases. However, tree growth irrigated with pond water required additional inputs with extra nutrients and labor costs throughout the growing season.
Doubling Acclimatization Survival of Micropropagated American Chestnuts with Darkness and Shortened Rooting Induction Time
Authors: Oakes Allison D. , Powell William A. , Maynard Charles A.
Published: August 2020

One of the most difficult processes of micropropagation is rooting and acclimatizing in vitro shoot cultures, especially for hardwood tree species. As more transgenic lines of potentially blight-resistant American chestnut (Castanea dentata) are developed, we expect to produce thousands of tiny shoots to be rooted, transferred to potting mix, and grown to a large enough size for planting outdoors. Many shoots are lost during rooting and acclimatization, so pinpointing factors that enhance survival is extremely important. Five factors were examined in relation to acclimatization success — light intensity, light color, time in rooting medium, temperature, and presence of activated charcoal. The percentage of plantlets surviving from rooting initiation to 16 weeks in the growth chamber was increased from 33 to 67% by rooting the shoots in darkness instead of on a light bench. The best combination of rooting factors was to place shoots in rooting medium containing activated charcoal in complete darkness for only four days at 25C. This combination of factors increased plantlet survival from approximately 33% using the original rooting protocol to 73%. Finding that American chestnut plantlets have better acclimatization survival after being placed in rooting medium for only four days should enhance many laboratory practices. Shortening the time in rooting medium and including a period in darkness will increase the survival of novel transgenic American chestnut lines, allowing them to be planted in field trials more quickly.
Effects of Phosphorus Source, Phosphorus Rate, and Liming Rate on Growth and Quality of Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L. ‘New Gold’
Authors: Wells Daniel E. , Bush Edward W. , Beasley Jeffrey S. , Johnson Charles E.
Published: August 2020

Phosphate rock ores, rich in phosphorus (P), are mined in great quantities around the world for the production of P fertilizers. However, availability of phosphate reserves is in question due to decreasing global supplies. Therefore, application of alternative, renewable P sources is of interest. Poultry litter ash (PLA), a byproduct of bioenergy production, contains P concentrations comparable to conventional fertilizers. In this experiment, two P sources, PLA and superphosphate (SP), were compared at two P application rates and two liming rates as fertilizer sources for the production of two commonly-grown greenhouse crops (Verbena canadensis Britton ‘Homestead Purple’ and Lantana camara L.‘New Gold’). Application of PLA produced plants of comparable biomass and quality to those fertilized with SP. Increasing P application rate, across both P sources, increased total flower numbers 42 and 26% for verbena and lantana, respectively. Foliar P concentrations of verbena and lantana increased 27 and 62% for PLA-fertilized plants compared to SP. In addition, substrate pH increased 25% using PLA versus SP. Overall, PLA supplies adequate P fertility and does not reduce pH compared to the more water-soluble, rock phosphate based SP fertilizer.
Assessing Potential Hazards for Phytophthora ramorum Establishment in Oregon Nurseries
Authors: Osterbauer N.K. , Lewis S. , Hedberg J. , McAninch G.
Published: August 2020

In 2011 and 2012, nurseries that ship plants interstate were surveyed for hazardous conditions that may contribute to Phytophthora ramorum establishment within plant production areas. Four-hundred-forty-three nurseries were surveyed for issues related to irrigation water, soil drainage, general sanitation, handling of potting media, potting practices, and the surface on which containerized plants were placed. While most nurseries used best management practices to address those potential hazards, potentially risky conditions were observed at several nurseries. Seventy-nine nurseries used untreated water from rivers and ponds to irrigate their plants. One-hundred-thirteen nurseries had standing water present in greenhouses and/or in plant production areas. Heavy amounts of plant debris were observed in 39 nurseries, while 36 nurseries placed cull piles in risky locations. One-hundred-thirteen nurseries placed containerized plants on native soil and 157 nurseries stored potting media on native soil. Re-using pots was a common practice, although 207 nurseries did not clean or sanitize containers before re-use. Adopting or changing management practices to address these hazardous conditions would help mitigate the risk of P. ramorum becoming established in the nurseries.
Gasified Rice Hull Biochar is a Source of Phosphorus and Potassium for Container-Grown Plants2
Authors: Altland James E. , Locke James C.
Published: August 2020

Biochar materials have been reported to improve the chemical, physical, and biological properties of mineral soils and soilless substrates. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of gasified rice hull biochar (GRHB) on available nutrients in a container substrate. Two experiments were conducted in a glasshouse with geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum ‘Maverick Red’) in 10 cm (4 in) pots. Geranium were potted in commercial soilless medium (Sunshine Mix #2) amended with 0 to 10% GRHB. Control pots were fertilized with a commercial complete liquid fertilizer (20N-4.4P-16.6K-0.15Mg-0.02B-0.01Cu-0.1Fe-0.05Mn-0.01Mo-0.05Zn), while GRHB-amended crops were fertilized with ammonium nitrate. Additional GRHB substrates were amended with either 0 or 0.9 kg·m−3 (1.5 lb·yd−3) micronutrient package (Micromax). The GRHB amendment had little or no effect on substrate pH. Amendment with GRHB increased available phosphate and potassium in substrate leachates compared to the commercially fertilized controls. Substrates amended with GRHB alone were chlorotic and grew less than those amended with GRHB and micronutrients. These data demonstrate that GRHB provides sufficient P and K to support a six week production cycle of geranium, but lacks either the correct concentration or balance of micronutrients for healthy growth.
Carbon Footprint and Related Production Costs of System Components of a Field-Grown Cercis canadensis L. ‘Forest Pansy’ Using Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Hall Charles R.
Published: August 2020

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to analyze the global warming potential (GWP), or carbon footprint, and associated costs of the production components of a field-grown, spade-dug, 5 cm (2 in) caliper Cercis canadensis ‘Forest Pansy’ in the Lower Midwest, U.S. A model production system was determined from interviews of nursery managers in the region. Input materials, equipment use and labor were inventoried for each production system component using international standards of LCA. The seed-to-landscape GWP, expressed in kilograms of carbon dioxide emission equivalent (CO2e), was determined to be 13.707. Equipment use constituted the majority (63%) of net CO2-e emissions during production, transport to the customer, and transplanting in the landscape.

The model was queried to determine the possible impact of production system modifications on carbon footprint and costs to aid managers in examining their production system. Carbon sequestration of a redbud growing in the landscape over its 40 year life, weighted proportionally for a 100 year assessment period, was calculated to be −165 kg CO2e. The take-down and disposal activities following its useful life would result in the emission of 88.44 kg CO2e. The life-cycle GWP of the described redbud tree, including GHG emissions during production, transport, transplanting, take down and disposal would be −63 kg CO2e. Total variable costs associated with the labor, materials, and equipment use incurred in the model system were $0.069, $2.88, and $34.81 for the seedling, liner, and field production stages, respectively. An additional $18.83 was needed for transport to the landscape and planting in the landscape and after the 40 year productive life of the tree in the landscape, another $60.86 was needed for take-down and disposal activities.
Responses of Four Common Shrub Species to Different Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Smith Jason F. , Klett James E.
Published: August 2020

The impact of different irrigation regimes to Cornus sericea L. ‘Isanti’, Hydrangea arborescens L. ‘Annabelle,’ Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. ‘Monlo’, and Salix purpurea L. ‘Nana’ were assessed. Irrigation treatments were based on percentages of evapotranspiration (ETo). Poa pratensis L. was used as a control. The shrubs were tested by being field grown (FG) and in a lysimeter using a pot in pot system (LYS). The FG shrubs had four treatments (0, 25, 50, or 100%) and the LYS shrubs had three treatments (25, 50, or 100%). Data collection included height/width, predawn leaf water potential, leaf and shoot fresh/dry weights, turf IR temperatures, soil moisture, and osmolality. As watering amounts increased for the FG Cornus, Physocarpus, and Salix, various characteristics (water potential, size, osmolality) were also positively affected. However, these three species in the 0% treatment appeared acceptable for landscape use as well. The water potential data suggest that FG Hydrangea needs more than 100% to improve growth and performance. The LYS Cornus and LYS Hydrangea adjusted their growth habits based on water availability. The LYS shrubs used water on a daily basis faster as irrigation treatments increased. Increased water use affected LYS shrub growth and more water resulted in larger shrubs.
Comparison of Organic and Synthetic Fertilizers for Sedum Green Roof Maintenance
Authors: Lubell Jessica D. , Barker Kris J. , Elliott George C.
Published: August 2020

Fertility is an important aspect of green roof maintenance. Aesthetic quality and growth of two sedum species (Sedum album and Sedum rupestre ‘Angelina’) treated with synthetic granular fertilizer [Green View 10N-4.4P-8.3K (10-10-10)] and two organic fertilizers [Coast of Maine 4N-0.9P-1.7K (4-2-2) and Nature Safe 8N-2.2P-4.5K (8-5-5)] at 10 g N·m−2 applied as a single spring application or a split application (spring and summer) and a controlled-release fertilizer [Nutricote 14N-6.1P-11.6K (14-14-14)] at the same rate and a no fertilizer control were evaluated. The best aesthetic quality and growth was for the single application synthetic granular fertilizer, followed by the split application of synthetic granular fertilizer. Also, single applications were better than split application for the organic fertilizers, indicating that sedums use nutrients the most in spring. The organic fertilizers performed poorly because they failed to provide utilizable nutrients in adequate quantities. A low level of microbial activity in green roof media, may have contributed to the minimal amount of utilizable nutrients released by the organic fertilizers. Plants treated with controlled-release fertilizer performed similarly to the control, however, the following spring they had the best aesthetic quality, indicating the prills contained some residual nutrients.
Effect of Plastic Mulch Color on Cut Flower Production of Snapdragon and Dianthus in a High Tunnel Production System
Authors: Sherrer William G. , Kessler J. Raymond , Foshee Wheeler G.
Published: August 2020

The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of colored plastic mulch in a high tunnel production system on cut flower production of ‘Potomac Appleblossom’, ‘Potomac Orange’, ‘Potomac Pink’, ‘Potomac Yellow’, and ‘Supreme Gold Yellow’ snapdragons (Antirhinum majus) in 2007 and ‘Cool Bronze’, ‘Cool Rose’, and ‘Cool White’ snapdragons and ‘Amazon Neon Purple’ dianthus (Dianthus barbatus) in 2008. In 2007, snapdragons were evaluated on blue (BM), red (RM), or white plastic mulch (WM) at the Auburn University, E.V. Smith Research Center (Shorter, AL). Over all cultivars, total stem length, inflorescence length, and stem diameter values were highest on BM and lowest on RM, though inflorescence lengths and stem diameters were not different on BM and WM. ‘Potomac Orange’ and ‘Supreme Gold Yellow’ had the longest total stem lengths and ‘Potomac Yellow’ the shortest while ‘Potomac Pink’ and ‘Potomac Yellow’ had the highest stem diameters and ‘Potomac Appleblossom’ had the lowest over all mulch colors. In 2008, ‘Cool Bronze’, ‘Cool Rose’, and ‘Cool White’ snapdragons and ‘Amazon Neon Purple’ dianthus were evaluated on black (BkM), blue, red, or white mulch or bare ground (BG) at the Auburn University, Wiregrass Experiment Station (Headland, AL). Total stem lengths were highest on BkM and lowest on BG over all cultivars, however the second highest total stem length was on BM, which is in agreement with the 2007 study where BkM was not included. Inflorescence lengths and stem diameters were highest on BkM, BM, and RM in 2008, which agrees with results for 2007 for BM, but not for RM. The same pattern of differences was found for stem diameters. ‘Cool Bronze’ had the highest total stem lengths, inflorescence lengths, and stem diameters while ‘Cool Rose’ had the lowest over all mulch colors. For ‘Amazon Neon Purple’ dianthus, BkM and BM resulted in the highest stem numbers and stem lengths. These studies were conducted at two different locations and at two different times of the year. Though there were inconsistencies in response to mulch color, BkM and BM generally resulted in longer and thicker stems in snapdragons and the highest stem numbers and stem lengths in dianthus.
Shade Intensity Influences Water Use and Growth of Three Viburnum Species
Authors: Shrestha Arjina , Cole Janet C.
Published: August 2020

Water use, growth, and leaf necrosis of Burkwood viburnum, Korean spice viburnum, and leatherleaf viburnum were evaluated on plants grown in 0 (full sun), 30, or 60% shade during 2010 and 2011. In both years, total water use of Burkwood viburnum decreased with increased shade intensity. Water use of leatherleaf viburnum was lowest in 0% and highest in 30% shade. Daily water use was lower in 0% than in 30 or 60% shade for leatherleaf viburnum plants in August of both years and September of 2010 due to greater leaf necrosis, leaf abscission, and less growth in height and width. In both years, growth in height and width, and leaf number at harvest generally increased in all three species with increased shade intensity. All species had a larger leaf area, stem dry weight, and root dry weight in 30 and 60% than in 0% shade. Shade intensity did not influence root to shoot (R/S) ratio in Burkwood viburnum in 2010, but in 2011, a curvilinear relationship occurred between R/S ratio and shade intensity. Root to shoot ratio of Korean spice and leatherleaf viburnum decreased linearly in 2010 but curvilinearly in 2011 with increasing shade. Leaf necrosis ratings were lower in shaded plants of all three species in both years. Results indicate that greater plant growth, quality, and water use efficiency occurs when these three viburnum species are grown in shade than when they are grown in full sun.
Corylus americana ‘Little Filly’
Authors: Lubell Jessica D.
Published: August 2020

A new compact cultivar of Corylus americana named ‘Little Filly’ was selected among a group of container grown seedlings. ‘Little Filly’ has smaller plant size, leaf size, and internode length than the species. In 6 years, ‘Little Filly’ reached 60 cm (23 in) tall and 70 cm (28 in) wide. Mature leaves are 5 to 7 cm (2 to 3 in) long and 2 to 5 cm (¾ to 2 in) wide. Internode length is 1 to 2 cm (⅓ to ¾ in).
Impact of Handling Practices on the Quality of Bare-Root Plants: A Review
Authors: Goyette Bernard , Piché Marlène , Brownbridge Michael , McGrath Darby
Published: August 2020

There is a need to develop methods that would allow plant health and survival potential to be quantified in real time, particularly in the different phases of bare-root handling. Such methods would allow the impact of different stresses experienced throughout storage and transport on establishment success and growth of the bare-root plant to be quantitatively defined. This review concentrates on the impact of pre-lifting, pre-transplanting and post-transplanting considerations and identifies tools that can be applied for monitoring plant quality. Root and shoot culturing, lifting and transplanting timing, water stress and storage/transport handling are all significant factors in the post-transplant performance of bare-root material. Different postharvest tools and indicators are also examined for their efficacy and contribution to plant quality. Chlorophyll fluorescence and root respiration are useful as indicators of water stress and dormancy; however, more practical equipment should be developed in both instances for greater adoption of these practices. Hydrophilic gel slurries can be used either during storage and immediately prior to transplant as an additional prevention of desiccation but will not restore vigor to damaged plants. Cold storage at optimum temperature should be adapted to maintain the target relative humidity; otherwise the storage period should not exceed 4 weeks for unprotected bare-root plants. Many improvements have been made in the ability to predict the effects of stresses experienced by bare-root material. However, more equipment, metrics, species and site specific research would enhance monitoring of bare-root quality.
Arthropod Pests, Plant Diseases and Abiotic Disorders and their Management on Viburnum Species in the Southeastern U.S.: A Review
Authors: Klingeman William E. , White Sarah A. , LeBude Anthony , Fulcher Amy , Gauthier Nicole Ward , Hale Frank
Published: August 2020

The genus Viburnum encompasses a group of about 150 species of evergreen, semi-evergreen or deciduous trees and large shrubs. Viburnums are native to temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of southeastern Asia, eastern North America, Central America, the Caribbean and parts of South America. Native and nonnative Viburnum species have become prominent landscape plants in the southeastern United States due to their beauty, utility, relative ease of maintenance and broad adaptability to the region's climate and soils. Efficient management of viburnum pests to maintain healthy viburnum plants in nurseries and landscape settings is crucial for sustaining the economic competitiveness and profitability of green industry professionals competing in the horticulture marketplace. Diversity of species within the genus, however, is vast, and can contribute to many host-pest complexes that differ among growing environments and cause severe economic or aesthetic losses. Additionally, some abiotic disorders may mimic biotic damage or may render viburnum more susceptible to pests and diseases. This review focuses on viburnum culture in production and landscape settings with an emphasis on major insect and mite pests, plant diseases and abiotic disorders affecting management of Viburnum species in nursery and landscape settings.
Productivity and Quality Responses of Salt-Stressed Roses to Supplemental Calcium
Authors: Solís-Pérez Alma R. , Cabrera Raul I.
Published: August 2020

Plants of Rosa × spp. L. ‘Happy Hour’ grafted on the rootstocks R. × ‘Manetti’ and R. × ‘Natal Briar’ were salinized with 12 mM NaCl and received supplemental calcium (Ca) applications (as CaSO4) of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mM. Additional plants were salinized with 6 mM Na2SO4 and supplemented with 5 mM CaSO4 and compared to non-salinized, no supplemental Ca control plants. Cumulative flowers harvested, shoot length and leaf chlorophyll index were similar for both rootstocks across salt treatments, but Manetti plants had higher dry weights in flowers and most plant tissues except roots. Productivity and water relations in NaCl-salinized plants were not responsive to supplemental Ca. Conversely, calcium-supplemented plants salinized with Na2SO4 had better productivity and quality than those with NaCl, and were similar to non-stressed control plants. Salt injury symptoms were evident only on NaCl-treated plants, regardless of Ca supplements, and closely associated with chloride, but not sodium, accumulation, in leaf tissues. The extent of the ameliorative properties of supplemental calcium applications on salinized rose plants is influenced by the salinity level, the chemical composition of the salinizing solution (major ions and counter-ions) and the cultivar (scion) and rootstock selection.
Evaluation of Eastern Redcedar Substrate in the Production of Four Annual Species
Authors: Edwards Lucy E. , Newby Adam F. , Gilliam Charles H. , Fain Glenn B. , Sibley Jeff L. , Murphy Anna Marie
Published: August 2020

Peat moss and perlite have been major components in greenhouse substrates for over 50 years; however, shortages could occur due to restrictions from environmental concerns, fuel cost, and weather conditions. Due to these factors, research continues to seek available materials as alternative substrate components. These studies evaluated processed eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) as an alternative substrate in the greenhouse production of four annual species: petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Juss.), annual vinca [Catharantus roseus (L.) G. Don], wax begonia (Begonia semperflorens-cultorum Hort.), and plumed cockscomb (Celosia argentea L.). Three screen sizes of hammer-milled eastern redcedar (ERC) were used including 0.64, 0.95, and 1.27 cm (0.25, 0.38, and 0.5 in). Plants were grown in peat moss amended with either 25 or 50% ERC (combinations of three screen sizes) and compared to a standard 80:20 peat:perlite mix. Plant growth was similar for petunia and vinca in 50% ERC (1.27 cm screen size) compared to those grown in 80:20 peat:perlite. Plants grown in 25% ERC were similar to plants grown in 80:20 peat:perlite mix for all species in all screen sizes. Root growth was similar to or greater for plants in substrates with 25% ERC when compared to the standard peat:perlite treatment. Amending peat with up to 25% eastern redcedar is an acceptable practice for the four annual species used in this study.
Effect of Branch-inducing Treatments on Growth of Tissue Culture and Cutting-Propagated Hydrangea quercifolia ‘Alice’
Authors: Cochran Diana R. , Benitez-Ramirez Marisol , Fulcher Amy
Published: August 2020

Cutting-propagated ‘Alice’ oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr.) often produces a few vigorous branches with apical dominance, thus suppressing growth of other branches. As a result, the maturing canopy is sparse and develops asymmetrically, rendering plants unappealing to customers. For this reason, growers prune or apply plant growth regulators (PGRs) to encourage more branching, thereby producing a more desirable product. Propagation through tissue culture may provide another option to increase branching as an outcome of habituation. Habituation occurs when plant cultures continue to respond to a hormone that is no longer being supplied and, in turn, frequently leads to more branching. We evaluated oakleaf hydrangea growth as affected by propagation technique [tissue-cultured (TC) and cutting-propagated (CUT)] and PGR (cyclanilide and benzyladenine) application during container production. Nontreated TC plants had more branches longer than 15.2 cm (6 in) compared to nontreated CUT plants in 2008, although not in 2010. In both years, single applications of cyclanilide did not affect total branch number but two applications increased total branch number compared to nontreated plants, averaged over propagation technique. Plants treated with benzyladenine had similar or fewer total branches compared with nontreated, hand-pruned, and cyclanilide-treated plants (one or two treatments). Propagation technique did not consistently influence response to PGRs.
Auxin Concentration Affects Adventitious Rooting of Mound Layered Caddo Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) and Shantung Maple (Acer truncatum)
Authors: Brock Justin A. , Griffin Jason J.
Published: August 2020

Stump sprouts of stooled caddo sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. subsp. saccharum) (caddo maple) and shantung maple (A. truncatum Bunge) were propagated by mound layering. In early summer, shoot bases were wounded and treated with 0, 10,000, 15,000, or 20,000 ppm (0, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0%) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) dissolved in 50% ethanol or 0, 5,000, or 10,000 ppm (0, 0.5, or 1.0%) of the potassium (K) salt of IBA (K-IBA) dissolved in water. Shoot bases were covered with a commercial growing substrate containing bark, Sphagnum peat moss, and perlite and retained by plastic rings 38 cm (15 in) in height. Rooted shoots were harvested in fall or late winter. Auxin concentration influenced rooting of caddo maple and shantung maple mound-layered shoots. Rooting peaked at 15,000 ppm (1.5%) IBA for both caddo maple (71%) and shantung maple (34%). Mean root number for caddo maple, but not shantung maple, increased as IBA concentration increased. Differences in mean root length were not significant. Results suggest caddo maple can be successfully propagated by mound layering. For shantung maple propagation, mound layering was less successful, so alternatives such as stem cuttings should be considered.
Box Huckleberry Roots at Highest Percentages From Softwood Stem Cuttings
Authors: Kidwell-Slak David , Kramer Matthew , Pooler Margaret
Published: August 2020

Box huckleberry [Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) Gray] is a slow-growing, dwarf evergreen woody groundcover that is native to both the mountains and coastal plains of eight states in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It grows as a low, dense, spreading mat and is affected by few major disease or insect pests. While uncommon in the wild, it has potentially high ornamental value as an evergreen groundcover, growing well in dry shade and acidic soil. Unfortunately, knowledge on the optimal asexual propagation of box huckleberry is lacking. In order to identify optimal propagation timing, we took stem cuttings from five genotypes of box huckleberry every month for two years. Although some genotypes differed, on average 90% or more of the cuttings rooted for those taken during May to July, 30% or fewer for September to December cuttings, and 40 to 70% for cuttings taken in other months. Cuttings generally formed roots faster in months with a higher rooting percentage. Based on these results, the best time to take stem cuttings for box huckleberry propagation is late spring to early summer which corresponds to softwood or semi-hardwood growth.
Caracterização das pastas cerâmicas das unidades arqueológicas Itararé-Taquara e Guarani de sítios da Volta do Uvá, Alto Rio Uruguai
Authors: Carbonera Mirian , Loponte Daniel
Published: August 2020

Neste trabalho analisamos a composição das pastas cerâmicas Guarani e Itararé-Taquara com base em 26 lâminas petrográficas feitas com fragmentos recuperados em sítios arqueológicos da Volta do Uvá, alto rio Uruguai (Santa Catarina). Os principais resultados obtidos permitiram fazer discriminações significativas entre as pastas de ambas as unidades arqueológicas, de acordo com o uso diferenciado de quantidade e tipo das inclusões, proporção da matriz, poros e antiplásticos, bem como o grau em que as pastas foram amassadas. Em termos comparativos, observou-se que as pastas de cada unidade arqueológica apresentam semelhanças entre si e diferenças significativas em relação às amostras da outra unidade arqueológica, evidenciando a existência de diferentes tradições de ceramistas mediatizadas por linhagens de aprendizagem distintas.
NAVARRO, Alexandre Guida. As Estearias do Maranhão: a pesquisa acadêmica do Laboratório de Arqueologia da UFMA
Authors: Funari Pedro Paulo A.
Published: August 2020

Autor de muitos artigos, capítulos e livros, Alexandre Navarro brinda-nos, agora, com esse volume de introdução a um tema tanto fascinante como pouco difundido: as estearias maranhenses. Esteios são estacas colocadas para sustentar algo, no caso, as habitações sobre a água. Esse tipo de ocupação ocorreu em diferentes épocas e lugares. No Maranhão, deu-se, no século IX d.C., período que coincide com o período de consolidação das três grandes religiões monoteístas no Velho Mundo (Judaísmo, Cristianismo e Islamismo), mas também com declínio Maia na Meso-América e com o colapso do governo centralizado na China; alguns relacionarão tudo isso a mudanças climáticas. Na Amazônia oriental, no atual Maranhão, povos indígenas construíram aldeias com arquitetura complexa, muito bem adaptadas ao médio aquático, em comércio com sociedades distantes, no Caribe.
Deixa meu cabelo em paz e outros contos sobre Arqueologia do Racismo à Brasileira
Authors: Abreu e Souza Rafael de
Published: August 2020

Este texto explora possibilidades a uma arqueologia do racismo à brasileira com base em uma auto-arqueologia do passado contemporâneo para o Brasil. Ressalta questões relacionadas à ausência de reflexões sobre o problema na prática arqueológica. Navega pela materialidade de símbolos de opressão que são sutis e discretos, como o próprio racismo à brasileira, que o sustentam, o reproduzem e o materializam, trazendo dor, humilhação, crueldade e destruição. Sugere que a raiva pela qual passamos na profissão e os projetos arqueológicos em torno de temas que abordem a presença e o legado dos africanos no Brasil dão base material a afirmações que podem nos ajudar a lutar por representações a partir de nossos lugares de fala.
Uma biografia pré-histórica
Authors: Blumrich Lukas
Published: August 2020

Em ‘Neandertal, Nosso Irmão – Uma Breve História do Homem’, Silvana Condemi e François Savatier conseguem um feito quase único: sumarizar, de forma completa, instigante e fluida, tudo o que sabemos sobre nossa espécie-irmã, como o livro defende. Resultado de inúmeras horas de pesquisa e encontros em cafés, conforme relata Savatier, o livro pode facilmente ser considerado como um ideal de divulgação científica, ao transformar uma massa grande e confusa de informações em uma narrativa atrativa, linear e criativa. Mas atenção: a linearidade aqui, que se refere à escolha das sequências de temas, é bastante positiva e de forma alguma limita o caráter informativo do texto.
LA PREGUNTA COMO ESTRATEGIA PARA LA FORMACIÓN DEL PROFESORADO. APORTES DESDE LAS DIDÁCTICAS DE LA MATEMÁTICA, DE LA BIOLOGÍA Y DE LA HISTORIA
Authors: Jara Miguel Ángel , Martínez Rosa , Rassetto María Josefa
Published: August 2020

Las didácticas específicas, como disciplinas del campo educativo, se ocupan de problemas relacionados a la enseñanza y al aprendizaje de un objeto de conocimiento particular. En el caso de los profesorados, las prácticas docentes constituyen uno de los espacios fundamentales desde el cual podemos visibilizar los límites y las posibilidades de la formación. En este trabajo rescatamos el lugar de las preguntas como estrategias formativas y articulamos los aportes, experiencias y saberes de las Didácticas de la Matemática, de la Biología y de la Historia, en el espacio de la práctica. Hacemos foco en las preguntas que se formulan los y las practicantes en sus propuestas de enseñanza; también nos interesa poner en tensión el lugar de la pregunta didáctica como estrategia en la formación, para analizar y reflexionar sobre: ¿cómo abordar las preguntas como problema epistemológico didáctico en la formación del profesorado?
LA INCLUSIÓN DE LA NOCIÓN DE INTERCULTURALIDAD AL PROGRAMA DE LA ASIGNATURA DIDÁCTICA GENERAL EN LA FORMACIÓN DOCENTE UNIVERSITARIA
Authors: Ramírez Paula
Published: August 2020

En este artículo se comparten reflexiones en torno a la incorporación de la noción de interculturalidad al programa de Didáctica General de las Carreras de Formación Docente del Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche (CRUB) de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue (UNCo), Argentina. Se plantea la interculturalidad como un nuevo tema en la agenda de la Didáctica General, en tanto dicha noción interpela las prácticas de enseñanza y propicia repensar las construcciones del campo de conocimiento didáctico con un sentido crítico y emancipador. La consideración del aula como espacio de reconstrucción de la cultura y de las subjetividades, la reorientación del papel del profesor, así como el descentramiento epistemológico que la interculturalidad crítica supone, son algunos de los elementos sugeridos para tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar nuevas formas de enseñar y de aprender en los espacios educativos.
EDUCACIÓN INTERCULTURAL Y ANTIRRACISTA: UN ACERCAMIENTO DESDE LA UNIVERSIDAD CUBANA
Authors: Pons Giralt Maikel
Published: August 2020

La revolución cubana minó las bases estructurales del racismo heredado de la sociedad capitalista. Sin embargo, la realidad educativa universitaria cubana evidencia la presencia de estereotipos negativos en profesores y estudiantes, especialmente hacia los negros (as) y el legado cultural africano. Esto se constata en representaciones sociales negativas y el insuficiente conocimiento y tratamiento intercultural que se recibe en la formación de pregrado y posgrado sobre los diferentes componentes étnicos-culturales de la nación cubana. En este artículo se brinda un análisis sobre los antecedentes en la pedagogía cubana, con respecto al fomento de valores interculturales en la preparación, tratamiento y actuación de los docentes, enfocados en los componentes étnicos/raciales de la cultura cubana. Se realiza además una caracterización epistemológica del proceso de educación intercultural y de la educación antirracista en la educación superior cubana.  Los principales métodos y técnicas empleados en la investigación son la revisión documental, el análisis de contenido, la observación, entrevistas, encuestas y grupos focales. Esta investigación ya permite resultados que se concretan en la producción científica y tecnológica, específicamente en publicaciones, participación en eventos, intercambio de experiencias y modelación de proyectos, cursos, tesis de pregrado, maestrías y doctorado que tributan a la temática.
PERSPECTIVAS DE DERECHOS HUMANOS EMERGENTES EN LOS DISCURSOS DE LA EDUCACIÓN PARA LA PRIMERA INFANCIA
Authors: Ochoa Serna Paula Andrea , Gallardo – Cerón Blanca Nelly
Published: August 2020

Las perspectivas frente a los derechos humanos no se reducen a una sola mirada; actualmente su concepción es amplia y diversa, vale la pena aclarar que no son una lista inacabada, o ideales de difícil acceso y cumplimiento. El presente artículo deriva de la investigación Análisis de las perspectivas de derechos humanos emergentes en los discursos de la educación para la primera infancia, y que orientó su objetivo principal a buscar la respuesta a la pregunta de investigación ¿Cuáles son las perspectivas de derechos humanos emergentes en los discursos normativos y educativos que orientan las prácticas de la primera infancia en la Institución educativa Reino de Bélgica Municipio de Medellín Colombia? Como ruta metodológica se acude al análisis documental, la entrevista y el grupo de discusión llevados a cabo en el marco del Análisis Crítico del Discurso basado en la propuesta de Fairclough, para el reconocimiento y la constitución de subjetividades frente a los derechos humanos presentes en los discursos que guían las prácticas de la primera infancia1de la ciudad de Medellín, y en cuyos hallazgos se encontró que la infancia y sus derechos se plantean desde la igualdad y la universalidad como fuente de su singularización, lo que tiene como consecuencia  una infancia asistida, y no escuchada.
EXPLORANDO LA(S) INFANCIA(S) DE LA MANO DE LOS NIÑOS, NIÑAS Y ADOLESCENTES GUAYAQUILEÑOS
Authors: Uribe Lotero Claudia Patricia , Vallejo Robalino Diana , Luzuriaga Uribe Estefanía
Published: August 2020

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo describir las comprensiones acerca de las infancias y su entorno desde los niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) y desde las organizaciones de la sociedad civil vinculadas a los servicios de protección especial en Guayaquil. Para aproximarse a un diagnóstico integral, se realizaron talleres de dibujo con niños, niñas y adolescentes de la ciudad, así como sesiones de trabajo con 25 ONGs que trabajan por la protección y garantía de derechos de los NNA. Se visibilizó que los NNA tienen plena conciencia de las problemáticas que los aquejan y se presentaron temáticas que tienen potencial para realizar planes de acción que integren a todos los actores involucrados en la protección especial de las infancias.
LOS MOVIMIENTOS DE ESTUDIANTES SECUNDARIOS EN CHILE Y BRASIL: PREFIGURANDO UNA EDUCACIÓN AUTOGESTIONADA
Authors: Miranda González Juan David
Published: August 2020

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo interpretar los movimientos de estudiantes secundarios de Chile y Brasil como parte de una nueva oleada de movimientos sociales caracterizada por la lucha contra el neoliberalismo y por la prefiguración de nuevas realidades. Por medio de una revisión bibliográfica de los movimientos sociales y las tomas de liceos ocurridas en el año 2011 en Santiago de Chile y el 2015 en el Estado brasilero de São Paulo, se espera identificar en las rutinas de las y los estudiantes secundarios un potencial prefigurativo de otra educación. El trabajo evidencia que los movimientos analizados poseen un sentido de la educación basado, principalmente, en la autogestión.
CAPITALISMO Y EDUCACIÓN: UN ESTUDIO ACERCA DE LA CONSCIENCIA HISTÓRICA DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE CUARTO MEDIO DEL LICEO DARÍO SALAS Y EL COLEGIO THE NEWLAND SCHOOL POR MEDIO DE LA NARRATIVA HISTÓRICA
Authors: Jiménez Pablo , Plaza Nicolás
Published: August 2020

El siguiente artículo trata sobre una investigación realizada a estudiantes de Cuarto Medio en el Liceo Darío Salas y el Colegio The NewLand School, ambos de Santiago de Chile. Su objetivo es comprender la consciencia histórica de los estudiantes en relación con el sistema social e histórico en el que se desenvuelven sus vidas. Para ello, se realiza una investigación teórica sobre el sistema capitalista y sus formas de subjetividad, centrado principalmente en un diálogo entre las teorías marxistas de la cosificación y los estudios sobre la consciencia histórica que ha levantado la Didáctica de la Historia. La metodología práctica del estudio consiste en la creación de una herramienta investigativa, basada en la narrativa histórica, que nos permite acceder empíricamente a la consciencia histórica de los sujetos estudiados. Nuestra conclusión, aunque limitada por la naturaleza y la especificidad del estudio, es que en la aceptación fatalista de su actual presente histórico, los estudiantes pierden la capacidad de comprenderse a sí mismos como los agentes de cambio y de creatividad en la historia que realmente son. De esta forma, no comprenden que ellos son, efectivamente, los verdaderos agentes de transformación de la historia humana.
AMPLIANDO LAS DINÁMICAS DEL PODER: FREIRE Y LA POLÍTICA DE LA RAZA EN LA EDUCACIÓN
Authors: Apple Michael W
Published: August 2020

En este artículo me enfoco en discutir las formas en que las relaciones de poder se ocultan en la educación, la cultura y la economía, enfatizando en la naturaleza del poder diferencial y sobre los efectos de la política de exclusión y de las realidades opresivas que experimentan las personas. Recordando las conversaciones sostenidas con Paulo Freire vuelvo a reflexionar sobre el significado de la identidad y la raza para una pedagogía de los oprimidos y desarrollo lo que le habría dicho a Paulo si nuestras conversaciones hubiesen continuado. Dirigiré mi atención a las realidades de la raza en las naciones con las que estoy más familiarizado, aunque también me referiré a Brasil, Portugal y otros países. Mi base epistemológica será freireana interrogando la "cultura del silencio" en la que vivimos, especialmente los silencios de los grupos dominantes. Sostengo que los grupos dominantes prefieren vivir en una "niebla epistemológica", en la que no ver, no saber, es crucial para su dominio. Concluyo señalando que ver el mundo de manera más política, a través de los ojos de los oprimidos, es una condición necesaria pero no suficiente para la transformación social. Argumentaré que no es posible comprender completamente la génesis y los efectos de las “reformas” neoliberales y neoconservadoras en la educación y la sociedad en un gran número de naciones, sobre las cuales Freire tenía mucho que decir en sus últimos libros, sin colocar a la raza en el centro del análisis crítico
EPA/SIMCE: RESISTENCIAS Y CONSECUENCIAS EN LA CAPACIDAD DE ARGUMENTAR DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE PRIMERO MEDIO DE UN COLEGIO DE LA REGIÓN METROPOLITANA
Authors: Rivera Mejías Sandra
Published: August 2020

Desde 1988 que el SIMCE está instalado como sistema de evaluación que mide a los establecimientos en el sistema educativo chileno. Actualmente, tener un mal rendimiento en esta evaluación tiene consecuencias negativas tanto para el colegio como para los profesores. Incluso, de manera indirecta, las tiene para los estudiantes, en aquellos contextos en que se incentiva una enseñanza centrada en su entrenamiento. Es por ello por lo que algunas instituciones escolares han enfocado su labor en función de obtener un buen resultado en dicha prueba, realizando prácticas de entrenamiento estilo SIMCE, para que los estudiantes se familiaricen y practiquen bajo la dinámica de esta evaluación. Lo anterior se observó en una instancia de práctica profesional realizada en 2017 con un primero medio en la clase de Lengua y Literatura, en un colegio particular- subvencionado de Santiago. En este contexto la autora implementó un enfoque de evaluación formativo, que encontró límites y resistencias desde las prácticas evaluativas instaladas en el establecimiento que tienen consecuencia en la capacidad de argumentar de los estudiantes. En ese sentido, el presente artículo trata sobre las tensiones que emergen en la práctica entre dos maneras distintas de observar el aprendizaje y de trabajar la evaluación, específicamente entre métodos que tienen la finalidad de entrenar para obtener buenos resultados SIMCE y el enfoque de Evaluación para el Aprendizaje (EpA).