bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Profile of Rural Youth in Marathwada:Implications for Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Bhoyar S.D. , Jakkawad S.R. , Kadam R.P. , Ahire R.D. , Kapse P.S. , Deshmukh P.R.
Published: February 2025

The present study was conducted with the specific objective to occupational Aspirations in Marathwada region, India. For the study, Parbhani, Nanded, Hingoli and Jalna districts were selected randomly from Marathwada region. From each districts two talukas were selected randomly. From each taluka three villages were selected randomly and from each village ten rural youth were selected randomly. Thus, total sample size 240. According to National Youth Policy India 2014, youths between the age of 15 to 29 from all educational streams were selected. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in this study. From the study it was found that, from total rural youth 61.25 per cent were male, 52.50 per cent respondents were graduate and above, 27.08 per cent respondent’s father were educated up to primary level, mother’s educated up to 35.83 per cent, 61.25 per cent had medium family size, 60.84 per cent belongs to nuclear family, 62.08 per cent respondent’s family had farming as an occupation, 51.25 per cent had medium family income, 41.25 per cent small land holding, 54.17 per cent had medium social participation, 62.92 per cent had medium exposure to mass media, 65.83 per cent had medium economic motivation and 67.92 per cent had medium risk orientation. These variables influence the occupational aspirations of rural youth, they do so to a moderate extent. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to enhance the aspirations of rural youth toward occupations that align with regional and national development goals.
Development of Preliminary Evaluation Methodology for Fire-Following Earthquake Risk Assessment
Authors: Kim Dong-Gyu , Kang Jae-Do , Kang Taewook , Shin Jiuk
Published: February 2025

Fire-following earthquakes (FFEs) represent critical secondary damage phenomena following large-scale seismic events. Existing methodologies for FFE risk assessment often involve complex procedures and specialized processes, which limit their accessibility to non-experts. Consequently, a growing need for a practical and simplified methodology that enables rapid and user-friendly assessment of FFE risks is evident. This study addresses this challenge by proposing a streamlined FFE risk assessment methodology that eliminates the need for cluster formation and geographic information system (GIS) data by treating administrative districts as single clusters. Furthermore, this study introduces two modification factors, namely nx and ny, derived from the existing static evaluation framework, to enhance the reliability of the methodology and mitigate possible underestimation scenarios. This methodology was applied to several regions to demonstrate its capability to provide swift and reliable evaluation outcomes, and thereby validate its practical applicability to seismic disaster management.
Assessment of Rainfall and Flood Prediction Accuracy in the Seomjin-River Basin Using the Local Data Assimilation Prediction System
Authors: Lim Somang , Yu Wansik , Hur Young Teck , Lee Dae Eop , Byun Jisun
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of utilizing rainfall predictions from numerical forecasting systems for managing frequent localized flash floods caused by climate change. A flood event in the Seomjin River Basin in August 2020 was selected to evaluate the accuracy of rainfall predictions from the Local Data Assimilation Prediction System (LDAPS) and verify the reliability of discharge predictions using the forecasted rainfall. The forecasted rainfall data were combined at 6-, 12-, 24, and 48-h intervals for validation. The 6-h combination demonstrated the highest reproducibility, while the 12-hour combination provided satisfactory results. Thus, discharge modeling using LDAPS provides relatively reliable results for short-term predictions; however, long-term predictions require improvement. The findings of this study can facilitate the evaluation of the potential of LDAPS for flood prediction and management.
Study on the Estimating the Contribution Rate of Livestock-Induced Pollution in River Basins using Correlation Coefficients by Branch
Authors: Kim Hayoung , Kim Minkyung , Park Sung Soo , Jun Hwandon , Song Young-Chae , Kim Keugtae
Published: February 2025

The recent expansion of livestock farming has significantly increased livestock wastewater discharge, which contains a higher pollutant load compared to other wastewater sources and poses a serious threat to river water quality. This study quantitatively evaluates the impact of livestock wastewater on river water quality and proposes optimal management measures. The Hwanggujicheon watershed in Gyeonggi Province was selected as the study area, with the main river stretch defined from the upstream micro-watershed endpoint (Q0) to the downstream micro-watershed endpoint (Q1). Additionally, four sub-watersheds—BJ (Q2), SM (Q3), G (Q4), and HG (Q5)—were analyzed. To evaluate pollution contributions, statistical methods were employed to assess the influence of upstream pollutant loads on Q1. Livestock non-point source pollution contributions were estimated based on livestock status survey data and national pollution source survey data, following the guidelines for total water pollution load management. The results revealed that the Galcheon (Q4) sub-watershed had the most significant impact on river water quality, with livestock pollution contributing 1.851%, 11.85%, and 7.20% to total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorus (T-P), and biological oxygen demand (BOD), respectively. These findings confirm that statistical contribution analysis is an effective tool for quantitatively evaluate the impact of livestock-related pollution on river water quality. Furthermore, the alignment of the statistical analysis with field survey data validates this approach as a reliable scientific analysis method. Effective management of major pollution sources, such as the Galcheon (Q4) sub-watershed, is crucial in improving downstream water quality. This study provides a scientific foundation in developing livestock-related pollution management and non-point source pollution control policies. By quantitatively identifying the contribution of livestock-related pollution sources to river water quality through advanced statistical methods, the findings emphasize the importance of systematic management in preserving river ecosystems and promoting sustainable watershed management. Moreover, the study offers practical insights in formulating effective water quality improvement strategies.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Charles Singer and the early years of the British

Society for the History of Science
Authors: CANTOR GEOFFREY
Published: July 2002

Presidential addresses offer an opportunity to reflect on the

history of our subject and

where the history of science stands in our own day. Such

reflections are particularly

appropriate with the fiftieth anniversary of the founding

of the British Society for the

History of Science (BSHS) which is marked in 1997. Some may consider that
looking

back over our past is either an unacceptable luxury or an occasion for
the kind of

celebration that can all too easily degenerate into hagiography and

an excuse to rake over

the past in a thoroughly uncritical manner. This address – and

I trust the events of 1997

– will try to avoid such excesses and instead contribute to the

historiography of our subject.
Negligent Inspectors and Flying Machines
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: July 2002

This article examines how courts determine whether proximity exists as between parties to a dispute in the “borderland” between two categories of negligence, viz. that concerning acts which cause physical harm and that concerning misstatements which cause pure economic losses. It is argued that these case categories cannot be delineated as neatly as the courts have assumed and that the kind of proximity typical of each is likely to be founded upon, at minimum, the presence of a close causal connection between ‘action’ and damage. In light of these findings, the article also considers the place of the notion of ‘directness’ in the tort of negligence.
Abstracts of papers presented at the tenth Mammalian Genetics and Development Workshop
(Incorporating the Promega Young Geneticists' Meeting) held at the Institute of Child Health,
University College London on 17–19 November 1999
Authors: COPP ANDREW J. , FISHER ELIZABETH M. C.
Published: July 2002

Sponsored by: The Genetical Society, Promega (UK) Ltd and B&K Universal Group Ltd
NAZI ATROCITIES AGAINST ALLIED AIRMEN: STALAG LUFT III AND THE
END OF BRITISH WAR CRIMES TRIALS
Authors: JONES PRISCILLA DALE
Published: July 2002

This article addresses one aspect of the legal proceedings known
collectively as the
‘Nuremberg trials’: British policy towards, and trials of,

Nazi war criminals in the British zone of
occupied Germany. The killing of fifty allied airmen after their
escape from Stalag Luft III illustrates
how atrocities against British POWs affected British war crimes
policy. The article examines one
part of that policy: the efforts to expedite trials and the
decision to end them. It examines the
ambivalence that characterized British attitudes towards war
crimes trials, and also discusses British
hopes for an expeditious trial programme and political and legal
objections to delays in prosecutions.
Finally, it shows that concerns about the Stalag Luft III case led
to extensions in the trial programme,
but that eventually the programme was subordinated to Britain's
broader policy of reintegrating Germany into the western fold.
MEHRZAD BOROUJERDI, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1996). Pp 256.
Authors: Tavakoli-Targhi Mohamad
Published: July 2002

Mehrzad Boroujerdi's Iranian Intellectuals and the West explores the works of three generations of Iranian writers and academics who contributed to the formation of a counter-Western “nativist” discourse. It opens with an exposition of the concepts that constitute the theoretical grid of the book and provide the title of its first chapter. “Otherness, Orientalism, Orientalism in Reverse, and Nativism.” Informed by contemporary critical theories, Boroujerdi argues for the centrality of the “other” to the formation of modern self-identity. Re-encapsulating the main theses of Said's Orientalism, he recounts that “the Islamic world came to be perceived as the embodiment of all that was recently left behind in Europe: an all-encompassing religion, political despotism, cultural stagnation, scientific ignorance, superstition, and so on” (p. 7). He then explains “Orientalism in reverse,” a concept formulated by the Syrian critic Sadik al-Azm. Preferring this clumsy concept to “Occidentalism” or “self-Orientalizing,” Boroujerdi defines Orientalism in reverse as “a discourse used by ‘oriental’ intellectuals and political elites to lay claim to, recapture, and finally impropriate their ‘true’ and ‘authentic’ identity” (pp. 11–12). As a counter-narrative of Orientalism, this discourse “uncritically embraces orientalism's assumption of a fundamental ontological difference separating the natures, peoples, and cultures of the Orient and the Occident” (p. 12). Boroujerdi attributes the popularity of Orientalism in reverse to the “seductive lure of nativism,” which is defined as “the doctrine that calls for the resurgence, reinstatement, or continuance of native or indigenous cultural customs, beliefs, and values” (p. 14). Surprisingly enough, Boroujerdi does not divulge that this seductive and pervasive “ nativism” has no discursively significant equivalent in Iranian cultural politics.
PRECOLONIAL AKAN TOWNS Building Technology and Settlement Planning in a West African

Civilization: Precolonial Akan Cities and Towns. By TARIKHU

FARRAR. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996. Pp. xi + 217. No

price given (ISBN 0-7734-2262-5).
Authors: PARKER JOHN
Published: July 2002

Judging from the recent conference on Africa's Urban

Past held at London's School of Oriental and African

Studies, historians are increasingly – if somewhat belatedly

– joining their colleagues in the social sciences in recognizing

the continent's towns and cities as fruitful fields of research.

While urban historians of North America and Europe have long regarded

the built environment as a valuable source, the form of towns is only

beginning to emerge as a topic of serious consideration in the African

context. It is gratifying to note, therefore, that a number of

contributors to the SOAS conference chose to focus on the ways in

which both indigenous concepts of settlement and the physical

organization of space have shaped Africa's urban centres as

arenas of social, political and economic conflict. It is with these

issues in mind that the reviewer approached this study of the

architectural history of a people with a long tradition of urbanism

and a highly nuanced terminology of settlement, the Akan of southern

Ghana.
Operational Research, Agriculture and the Environment
Authors: AUDSLEY E.
Published: July 2002

The Agricultural and Related Industries Study Group of the Operational Research Society held a one-day
meeting on ‘Operational Research, Agriculture and the Environment’ on 27 November 1998 at Silsoe
Research Institute, Bedfordshire, UK. The group promotes the use of the scientific method in solving
management problems. The aim of this meeting was to look at models concerned with the effects of
management of the environment in agriculture. Two looked at decision support systems – one for land use
balancing different interests and one from the point of view of biodiversity. Andrew Moxey however
highlighted the difficulties of interdisciplinary projects and the risk of the ‘illusion of technique’ in decision
support systems. Three other papers were more specific – concerned with livestock and climate change,
nitrogen fertilizer rates and slurry application.
Review Essay The Environmental Imagination: Walden and its Readers
Authors: FENDER STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

Laurence Buell, The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau,

Nature Writing, and

the Formation of American Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University

Press, 1995, £27.95). Pp. 586. ISBN 0 674 25861 4.

In an MLA survey conducted in 1991 American professors proclaimed Walden

the single most important work to teach in the country's nineteenth-century

literature. Walden got 45% of the vote, as against 34% for The Scarlet
Letter and

29% for Moby Dick. And, as Professor Buell reminds the readers of this
wide-ranging,

scholarly, and beautifully written book, Walden has always had a popular

readership to match its early incorporation into the canon of American
classics as

studied in schools and universities. And there is hardly an American special-interest

group – from nudists and whole-earthers, through civil-rights marchers,

John-Birchers and survivalist cults – that has not claimed Thoreau

at one time or

another as its patron saint. The Unabomber is said to have been a particularly
avid

reader. Above all, it has been an inspiration to ecologists and environmentalists,

starting with the pioneer of conservation legislation, John Muir.
Revivalism as a Medieval Religious Genre
Authors: DICKSON GARY
Published: July 2002

Perhaps because the classification of religious behaviour in the
Middle Ages has not received much attention, there seems to be no
scholarly consensus concerning the number or nature of its genres.
This means that at present we tend to have either inadequately
differentiated, broad categories of medieval religious acts, or somewhat
incoherent lists of highly specific religious practices. That a good number
of these religious forms pre-existed and continued long after the Christian
Middle Ages is not in doubt; nor is the fact that such religious behaviours
are not necessarily confined to the Christian tradition. The present
discussion, however, will focus exclusively upon the Latin Christian
tradition, c. 1000–c. 1500.

Surveying the expressive modes of medieval religion presents less
difficulty than grouping such behaviours within larger intelligible
categories. Current scholarly literature makes it clear that certain
varieties of medieval religious practice are almost universally
acknowledged: veneration of the saints; attendance at sermons; private
prayer; participation in public, collective liturgies (for example, processions
on diverse occasions); acting under the influence of prophecy;
setting off on pilgrimage, whether penitential or devotional; taking the
Cross; performing formal or informal acts of devotion or piety (‘devotion’
is one aspect of the medieval religious life urgently in need of sharp
definition); and attempting, often through ascetic exercises, to experience
God (mysticism). By no means is this an exhaustive list. The titular
subject of this essay, as the reader will have noticed, does not appear in
it.
Analytical investigation of two-dimensional

unsteady shock-on-shock interactions
Authors: LI H. , BEN-DOR G.
Published: July 2002

The unsteady inviscid two-dimensional flow field and the wave configurations

which result when a supersonic vehicle strikes a planar oblique shock wave

were modelled and

analytically predicted using some approximations and simplifying assumptions.
Based

on the two- and three-shock theories together with the geometric shock
dynamics

theory, both regular (windward) and irregular (leeward) shock-on-shock
(S-O-S)

interactions were investigated, and the transition criterion between them

was suggested.

For the case of regular S-O-S interaction, the transmitted shock wave

reflects over the

vehicle body surface either as a regular (RR) or a Mach reflection (MR)
depending on

the inclination angle and the strength of the impingement shock wave. A
pronounced

peak surface pressure jump was found to exist during the transition from
RR to MR.

A RR[harr ]MR transition criterion when the flow ahead of the shock pattern
is not

quiescent was proposed. Predictions based on the model developed here are
superior

to those of approximate theories when compared to the available experimental
data

and numerical simulations.
Oscillatory flow in a tube of time-dependent
curvature. Part 1. Perturbation to flow in a
stationary curved tube
Authors: WATERS S. L. , PEDLEY T. J.
Published: July 2002

Motivated by the study of blood flow in the coronary arteries,
this paper examines
the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a tube of time-dependent
curvature.
The flow is driven by an oscillatory pressure gradient with the same dimensionless

frequency, α, as the curvature variation. The dimensionless governing
parameters of
the flow are α, the curvature ratio δ0, a secondary
streaming
Reynolds number Rs
and a parameter Rt representing the
time-dependence of curvature. We consider the
parameter regime δ0<Rt<1

(Rs and α remain O(1) initially)

in which the effect of
introducing time-dependent curvature is to perturb the flow driven by an
oscillatory
pressure gradient in a fixed curved tube. Flows driven by low- and high-frequency

pressure gradients are then considered. At low frequency
(δ0<Rt<α<1)
the flow
is determined by using a sequence of power series expansions
(Rs=O(1)). At high frequency
(δ0<Rt<1/α2<1)

the solution is obtained using matched asymptotic
expansions for the region near the wall (Stokes layer) and the region away
from the
wall in the interior of the pipe. The behaviour of the flow in the interior
is then
determined at both small and intermediate values of Rs.

For both the low and high
frequency cases, we find the principal corrections introduced by the time-varying

curvature to the primary and secondary flows, and hence to the wall shear
stress. The
physiological application to flow in the coronary arteries is discussed.
The effect of weak shear on finite-amplitude
internal solitary waves
Authors: CLARKE S. R. , GRIMSHAW R. H. J.
Published: July 2002

A finite-amplitude long-wave equation is derived to describe the effect of weak
current shear on internal waves in a uniformly stratified fluid. This effect is manifested
through the introduction of a nonlinear term into the amplitude evolution
equation, representing a projection of the shear from physical space to amplitude
space. For steadily propagating waves the evolution equation reduces to the steady
version of the generalized Korteweg–de Vries equation. An analysis of this equation
is presented for a wide range of possible shear profiles. The type of waves
that occur is found to depend on the number and position of the inflection points
of the representation of the shear profile in amplitude space. Up to three possible
inflection points for this function are considered, resulting in solitary waves and
kinks (dispersionless bores) which can have up to three characteristic lengthscales.
The stability of these waves is generally found to decrease as the complexity of the
waves increases. These solutions suggest that kinks and solitary waves with multiple
lengthscales are only possible for shear profiles (in physical space) with a turning
point, while instability is only possible if the shear profile has an inflection point.
The unsteady evolution of a periodic initial condition is considered and again the
solution is found to depend on the inflection points of the amplitude representation
of the shear profile. Two characteristic types of solution occur, the first where
the initial condition evolves into a train of rank-ordered solitary waves, analogous
to those generated in the framework of the Korteweg–de Vries equation, and the
second where two or more kinks connect regions of constant amplitude. The unsteady
solutions demonstrate that finite-amplitude effects can act to halt the critical
collapse of solitary waves which occurs in the context of the generalized Korteweg–de
Vries equation. The two types of solution are then used to qualititatively relate
previously reported observations of shock formation on the internal tide propagating
onto the Australian North West Shelf to the observed background current shear.
Argentine Riddle: The Pinedo Plan of
1940 and the Political Economy of the Early War Years
Authors: CRAMER GISELA
Published: July 2002

By mid-1940, the Argentine economy seemed to be heading for a major

crisis because many of her traditional export markets had suddenly become

inaccessible. In response, Finance Minister Federico Pinedo and his team

developed a wide range of initiatives. These aimed to overcome the crisis
and
restructure the Argentine economy in order to accommodate it to a changing
and
difficult international environment.

This article analyses the nature, successes and failures of these
policies.
It argues that while
Pinedo's initiatives certainly entailed visionary elements
which anticipated major problems
of the Argentine and Latin American development of the post-war era, they
should not be
regarded as some ‘golden opportunity’ for sound
economic modernisation that was missed only
because Pinedo and his fellow conservatives failed to win political approval
and were later
pushed aside by the rising force of populism.
On the distribution of resumptive pronouns and wh-trace in Welsh
Authors: WILLIS DAVID
Published: July 2002

Welsh has generally been analyzed as allowing two types of relative clauses and other
A´-constructions, one involving movement leaving a wh-trace, the other involving a
resumptive pronoun in situ. In this paper, I argue that, despite the appearance of
agreement, which seems to license a null resumptive pronoun, relative clauses
formed on a number of syntactic positions (object of periphrastic verb, object of
preposition, embedded subject) may involve movement. Both movement and non-movement
strategies are argued to be available for some syntactic positions (object
of preposition, embedded subject), and separate constraints must therefore be
established for the distribution of each. Resumptive pronouns are argued to be
subject to a variant of the A´-Disjointness Requirement. For wh-trace, the Welsh
evidence is compatible only with an account involving multiple cyclic movement via
a VP-external position (SpecAgrOP) as well as SpecCP.
Modelling the relaxation of a dilute electron gas interacting with a three-dimensional gas of neutral and excited atoms
Authors: PEYRAUD-CUENCA N. , FAUCHER P.
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of a free electron gas interacting with neutral and
excited atoms whose populations are assumed fixed is considered in the case of
a three-dimensional model. An analytical form of the time-dependent electron
distribution function for arbitrary initial conditions is obtained when
interactions are only inelastic and superelastic between two atomic levels. It is
shown that this electron gas reaches a stationary state. We deduce an
experimental method for the measurement of the population of excited atoms
in a neutral gas by injecting a dilute electron beam into the gas.
Over-reflection of magnetoacoustic ion-cyclotron plasma waves
Authors: EL MEKKI O. M.
Published: July 2002

The over-reflection of magnetoacoustic ion-cyclotron waves in
a warm Hall plasma is investigated. It is shown that the effect of the
Hall term is to strongly
support over-reflection, thereby destabilizing the flow. Its
relevance to the
current-vortex sheet of the magnetosheath resulting from the
interaction of the
solar wind and the Earth's magnetopause is pointed out.
SDS-PAGE identification of raw and cooked clams of the Veneridae family
Authors: Passamonti Marco , Mantovani Barbara , Scali Valerio
Published: July 2002

Clam species belonging to the family Veneridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) represent very important marine products, especially in the European countries. The increasing economic interest in marine edible molluscs has strongly enhanced the need for a routine method of unambiguous recognition of species in fresh and preserved material, mainly intended to prevent mislabelling and commercial frauds. Here a procedure for identification of soft parts is proposed, by means of SDS-PAGE total protein patterning. In fresh material, this technique allowed recognition of four main regions of diagnostic bands, which have been named V1 (111–99 kDa), V2 (44 kDa), V3 (33–30 kDa) and V4 (19–13 kDa). The main diagnostic region appears to be the V3 band series. SDS-PAGE analysis allows the same technique to be used with denatured samples, such as cooked and preserved soft parts, giving reproducible results, very similar to those of fresh material.
Sighting of Thysanoteuthis rhombus egg mass in Indonesian waters and observations of embryonic development
Authors: Billings V.C. , Sullivan M. , Vine H.
Published: July 2002

The egg mass of the diamond-shaped squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Oegopsidae: Thysanoteuthidae) was sighted in surface waters off south-east Sulawesi. It was a sinuous hollow tube-like structure about 2 m long and 0·15 m diameter. It was estimated to contain in the order of 180,000 purple eggs of 1 mm diameter with little or no yolk. Development of the embryos from early differentiation to hatching took between 47 and 57 h at about 28°C.
A note on a hitherto unreported association between Photis longicaudata (Crustacea: Amphipoda) and Cerianthus lloydii (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)
Authors: Moore P.G. , Cameron K.S.
Published: July 2002

A hitherto unreported association between the isaeid amphipod Photis longicaudata and the hexacorallian Cerianthus lloydii is described and illustrated from material collected near Millport, Clyde Sea area. By building their tubes around the outside rim of the anemones' tubes, this amphipod presumably gains proximity protection from predators.
Small-scale spatial structure of two flatfish species, in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan
Authors: Gomelyuk Victor E. , Shchetkov Sergej Y.
Published: July 2002

Density and spatial distributions on an intermediate scale of two flatfishes—marbled flounder Pleuronectes yokohamae, and the brown sole Pleuronectes herzensteini (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes) within large (10,000–100,000 m2 patches of homogenous substratum (sand and silted sand)) were studied. Both species dominated in the demersal fish community. Densities of brown sole, were significantly higher in both types of habitat. Flatfish distribution was highly patchy and the mean fish densities in groups were as much as ten times higher than the mean fish densities in the area. More than 85% of all recorded flatfish were found within groups. Mixed groups with both species were most prevalent. The number of flatfish in one group ranged from 2 to 20. Brown sole was more abundant in the area and dominated in mixed groups. Levels of contacts between group members and densities within groups were inversely related to visibility condition. It is suggested that flatfish form a group and stay in the group, attracted by foraging movements of other flatfish and by plumes of upset particles caused by their bottom digging movements.
Copepoda (Siphonostomatoida) from Pacific hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, including Dirivultus spinigulatus sp. nov. in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Humes Arthur G.
Published: July 2002

Dirivultus spinigulatus sp. nov. (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) is described from vestimentiferans at a deep-water hydrothermal site near Lihir Island in the South Pacific. The species is characterized by several features: sexual dimorphism in the second segment of the antennule, the rostrum with lateral spines, the oral cone with four conspicuous spines, the mandible without palp, the maxilla without an axillary seta, the endopod of leg 1 with segments 1 and 2 partly fused, and leg 5 in the female represented by a conspicuous ventrally located spine but in the male by a free segment having setae. A key is included to the 11 genera of the family Dirivultidae, whose members are endemic to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.
Manufacturing Village Identity and Its Village: The View From Nineteenth-Century Andhra
Authors: Katten Michael
Published: July 2002

Upon inquiring into a boundary dispute between Tooringi and the Dutch-owned village of Jagannaikpuram, Leveston G. K. Murray asked generally of inhabitants ‘how far they supposed their ground extended’. But on that day in April 1795, and to Murray's dismay, he ‘received no other answer than that they did not know’. L. G. K. Murray and Mr Topander, both East India Company officials based in Masulipatam on the Teluga-speaking Andhra Coast of Southeast India, then tried a different approach, and showed those gathered a ‘Gentoo Paper’ containing a Dutch account of the nature of the boundary between the two villages. The consensus among the Telugu-speaking onlookers, in fact, was that the document was in order. No one proposed any problems with its authenticity to those Company officers.
The law of Christ
Authors: WINGER MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Paul's phrase ‘the law of Christ’, used without explanation in Gal 6.2, means neither some form of words (such as Lev 19.18), nor a norm constituted by the example of Christ himself. It is rather a metaphor for what, in the life of those who belong to Christ, occupies the place that law had in the life of those who came before Christ: it means the Spirit, as described in Gal 5.16–25. Incidentally, the phrase serves to relativize ‘law’, implying that the Jewish law is just one form of law and not the highest.
Veterinary Parasitology – recent developments in immunology,
epidemiology and control
Authors: MARTIN RICHARD J. , SCHALLIG HENK D. F. H. , CHAPPELL L. H.
Published: July 2002

There have been important developments in the field
of veterinary parasitology over the last few years.
This symposium was called to collect individuals
together, who have made significant contributions to
their field of study, to present and summarize their
work.

I would like to pause for a moment before
introducing the Symposium in this preface to
comment on the sad loss of Professor Peter Nansen,
a particularly eminent Danish scientist who developed
our field of study. I, like many others,
remember him with affection. He was a very helpful
colleague and outstanding leader of the Danish
Centre for Experimental Parasitology, Royal Veterinary
and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg
C. We are all saddened by his death and will
continue to carry our memories of him with us.
Chemoprophylaxis of Onchocerca infections: in a
controlled, prospective study ivermectin prevents calves
becoming infected with O. ochengi
Authors: TCHAKOUTÉ V. L. , BRONSVOORT M. , TANYA V. , RENZ A. , TREES A. J.
Published: July 2002

Onchocerciasis (‘River Blindness’), caused by the filarial
nematode Onchocerca volvulus is of major public health
importance in West Africa. Ivermectin, a drug originally developed for
veterinary use, is now being incorporated in control
strategies but whilst it has potent efficacy against L1 larvae
(microfilariae), ivermectin is not lethal to adult (L5) O.
volvulus,
nor to adults of the related cattle parasite O. ochengi. We have
exploited this model to determine if ivermectin has
prophylactic activity against naturally transmitted, O. ochengi
infections in a controlled, prospective study in northern
Cameroon. Calves were treated monthly with ivermectin at either 200 μg/kg
or 500 μg/kg for 21 months. None of 15
treated calves developed adult worm infection, whereas 5/6 untreated
controls became infected (P<0·001) with a total
of 54 O. ochengi nodules, and all 5 developed patent microfilaridermia.
These results have significant implications for the
use of ivermectin in humans, and suggest that strategic chemotherapy at
times of maximal transmission will confer
prophylactic as well as therapeutic benefits.
Inferring infection processes of a parasitic nematode using
population genetics
Authors: PATERSON S. , FISHER M. C. , VINEY M. E.
Published: July 2002

The distribution of genetic differentiation in a population of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides ratti divided between
rat hosts was determined. We applied population genetic theory to these data to determine the source of new infections.
We estimate the rate at which a rat acquires a new infection from (a) the existing subpopulation of parasites within that
rat (‘self-reinfection’) versus (b) the wider environment (‘immigration’). We find that the observed levels of genetic
diversity and differentiation in the study population are consistent with low to moderate rates of self-reinfection and
inconsistent with high rates of self-reinfection.
Charles Antaki & Sue Widdicombe (eds.), Identities
in talk. London: Sage Publications, 1998. Pp. ix,
224. Pb $26.95.
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: July 2002

This is a collection of studies of identity in
the framework of Conversation Analysis. Many of the essays
make explicit use of Harvey Sacks's descriptions of
the “membership categorization devices” by
which people construct attributions of identity in the
course of interaction, as a way of accomplishing particular,
situated goals. Many mount explicit arguments against psychological
accounts of personal identity and social categorization
according to which people bring preexisting identities
into interactions. With one or two exceptions, the contributions
are well argued, clearly written, and free of the jargon
that sometimes makes work in Conversation Analysis inaccessible
to outsiders. Readers of Language in Society should
find the collection thought-provoking.
Localist representation can improve efficiency for detection and counting
Authors: Barlow Horace , Gardner-Medwin Anthony
Published: July 2002

Almost all representations have both distributed and localist aspects, depending upon what properties of the data are being considered. With noisy data, features represented in a localist way can be detected very efficiently, and in binary representations they can be counted more efficiently than those represented in a distributed way. Brains operate in noisy environments, so the localist representation of behaviourally important events is advantageous, and fits what has been found experimentally. Distributed representations require more neurons to perform as efficiently, but they do have greater versatility.
Control variables in movement production: An experimentally derived concept
Authors: Feldman Anatol G. , Levin Mindy F.
Published: July 2002

The basic concepts of motor control formulated in our target
article were derived from specific experiments, a fact which is
disregarded in Dalenoort's comments. A purely academic approach
to motor control may not result in a clearer understanding of control
concepts.
Nearly Bayesian uncertain reasoning methods
Authors: Snow Paul
Published: July 2002

Subjects are reported as being somewhat Bayesian, but as
violating the normative ideal on occasion. To abjure probability
altogether is difficult. To use Bayes' Theorem scrupulously when
weighing evidence can incur costs without corresponding benefits. The
subjects' evident nuanced probabilism appears both realistic and
reasonable.
Flavors of self-deception: Ontology and epidemiology
Authors: Sackeim Harold A. , Gur Ruben C.
Published: July 2002

Mele questions the prevalence and ontological status of
strong forms of self-deception, as well as our attempt at experimental
demonstration. Without validated indicators outside laboratory
contexts, statements about prevalence are purely speculative.
Conceptualizing self-deception without positing the motivated lack
of awareness of a contradictory belief is unsatisfactory in dealing
with issues of “agency,” that is, how can we stop the
processing of threatening information unless we recognize that the
information is threatening?
Processing demands associated with relational complexity: Testing predictions with dual-task methodologies
Authors: Berch Daniel B. , Foley Elizabeth J.
Published: July 2002

We discuss how modified dual-task approaches may be used to
verify the degree to which cognitive tasks are capacity demanding. We
also delineate some of the complexities associated with the use of the
“double easy-to-hard” paradigm for testing claim of
Halford, Wilson & Phillips that hierarchical reasoning imposes
processing demands equivalent to those of transitive
reasoning.
The missing link's missing link: Syllabic vocalizations at 3 months of age
Authors: Bloom Kathleen
Published: July 2002

If syllables are the link between nonhuman calls and human
speech, as MacNeilage suggests, then that link is actually revealed in
the “syllabic” sounds of the 3-month-old infant, well
before the reduplicative babbling of the 8-month-old. Anatomical,
acoustic, cognitive, and social perceptual evidence supports this
earlier landmark.
If you've got an effect, test its significance; if you've got a weak effect, do a meta-analysis
Authors: Kihlstrom John F.
Published: July 2002

Statistical significance testing has its problems, but so do
the alternatives that are proposed; and the alternatives may be both
more cumbersome and less informative. Significance tests remain
legitimate aspects of the rhetoric of scientific persuasion.
Out of the mouths of babes . . . and beaks of birds? A broader interpretation of the frame/content theory for the evolution of speech production
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M.
Published: July 2002

Much of the material MacNeilage cites to support his
frame/content theory for the evolution of speech production
in humans is not unique to mammals. Parallels can be drawn
for comparable evolution of vocal flexibility (specifically the
reproduction of human speech) in birds. I describe several such
parallels and conclude that MacNeilage's hypotheses may
have broader application than he envisioned.
Do features arise out of nothing?
Authors: Tijsseling Adriaan
Published: July 2002

This commentary questions the validity of the claim that new
features can be constructed out of nothing during categorization. A
minimal set of fixed features based on what human beings are able to
detect is sufficient for categorization.
Input limitations for cortical combination-sensitive neurons coding stop-consonants?
Authors: Schreiner Christoph E.
Published: July 2002

A tendency of auditory cortical neurons to respond at the
beginning of major transitions in sounds rather than providing a
continuously updated spectral-temporal profile may impede the
generation of combination-sensitivity for certain classes of stimuli.
Potential consequences of the cortical encoding of voiced
stop-consonants on representational principles derived from orderly
output constraints are discussed.
The effect of auditory distractors on saccades toward visual targets
Authors: Colonius H. , Arndt P.
Published: July 2002

The Findlay-Walker model does not consider saccades generated by auditory targets or nontargets (distractors), or by bimodal stimulation. Empirical results suggest that the effects of auditory stimulation cannot easily be incorporated into the model, neither in the WHEN nor in the WHERE system. A two-stage model by Colonius and Arndt gives a quantitative account of the facilitative effects of auditory distractors on saccadic latencies toward visual targets.
What neuron doctrines might never explain
Authors: Gunderson Keith
Published: July 2002

My focus is on the inability of neuron doctrines to provide
an explanatory context for aspects of consciousness that give rise
to the mind–body and other minds problem(s). Neuroscience and
related psychological sciences may be viewed as richly contributing
to our taxonomic understanding of the mind and conditions underlying
consciousness, without illuminating mind–body and other minds
perplexities.
Neurobiology: Linguistics' millennium bug?
Authors: Munsat Stanley
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar pose a dilemma for linguistics should
neurobiology win out as the science of mind. The dilemma can be avoided
by reestablishing linguistics as an autonomous discipline, rather than a
branch of the science of mind. Independent considerations for doing this
are presented.
On the existence of ergodic continuous invariant measures for folding transformations
Authors: BOYARSKY ABRAHAM , GÓRA PAWEL , LIOUBIMOV VADIM
Published: July 2002

We present a sufficient condition for the existence of ergodic continuous invariant measures (ECIMs) for continuous folding transformations. We apply this result to prove the existence of ECIMs for general set expanding Markov transformations and $n$-dimensional tent maps.
Conformally maximal polynomial-like dynamics and invariant
harmonic measure
Authors: BALOGH ZOLTAN , POPOVICI IRINA , VOLBERG ALEXANDER
Published: July 2002

Let $f : V \to U$ be a (generalized) polynomial-like map. Suppose that
harmonic measure $\omega= \omega(\cdot,\infty)$ on the Julia set $J_{f}$ is equal to
the measure of maximal entropy $m$ for $f : J_{f} \hookleftarrow$. Then the
dynamics $(f,V,U)$ is called maximal. We are going to give a criterion for the
dynamics to be conformally equivalent to a maximal one, that is to be
conformally maximal. In the second part of this paper we construct an
invariant ‘harmonic’ measure $\mu$ such that ${d\mu}/{d\omega}$ is Hölder
for certain dynamics. This allows us to prove in this class of dynamical
systems that $\omega\approx m$ is necessary and sufficient for $(f,V,U)$ to be
conformally maximal. In the particular case when $f$ is expanding and $J_{f}$
is a circle, our result becomes a theorem of Shub and Sullivan; so throughout
the paper we are dealing with an analog of a theorem of Shub and Sullivan on
‘wild’ (e.g. totally disconnected) $J_{f}$ and for certain non-expanding
$f$. We also construct (under certain assumptions) invariant harmonic measure on
$J_{f}$. In this respect, our work stems from one of the works of Carleson.
$C^\ast$-Algebras of singular integral operators and Toeplitz operators associated with measure-preserving transformations
Authors: XIA JINGBO
Published: July 2002

We show in the setting of measure-theoretical dynamical systems that certain singular integral operators and Toeplitz operators with the same coefficients but represented on different $L^2$-spaces are $C^\ast $-algebraically equivalent.
Topological entropy of semi-dispersing billiards
Authors: BURAGO D. , FERLEGER S. , KONONENKO A.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we continue to explore the applications of the connections between singular Riemannian geometry and billiard systems that were first used in [6] to prove estimates on the number of collisions in non-degenerate semi-dispersing billiards.

In this paper we show that the topological entropy of a compact non-degenerate semi-dispersing billiard on any manifold of non-positive sectional curvature is finite. Also, we prove exponential estimates on the number of periodic points (for the first return map to the boundary of a simple-connected billiard table) and the number of periodic trajectories (for the billiard flow). In \S5 we prove some estimates for the topological entropy of Lorentz gas.
Reagan, Gorbachev and the emergence of ‘New Political Thinking’
Authors: PATMAN ROBERT G.
Published: July 2002

This article contends that the interaction between domestic circumstances in the USSR and the radical change in the international environment occasioned by the advent of the first Reagan administration played a substantial part in the early emergence of ‘New Political Thinking’ in the Soviet Union. That process had begun shortly after Brezhnev’s death. The Reagan factor loomed large in an internal Soviet debate over the direction of Soviet foreign policy. Four types of causal association are identified. While the Reagan administration was not the sole cause of the Soviet crisis that brought new thinking to the fore, it certainly contributed to a climate that strengthened the position of advocates of this perspective within the Soviet ruling elite.
Reports and
Surveys
Authors: Rudall B. H.
Published: July 2002

1. Joint Venture Prograamme at Cranfield (UK)

The
Joint Venture Programme, newly launched by the Cranfield School of
Management, offers help to companies that are looking to expand their business
in developing countries. It is claimed that valuable European Community (EU)
grants are being lost, and the Cranfield initiative offers a fast track through
what they describe as the bureaucracy involved in making applications for aid to
develop partnerships abroad. This is particularly true of companies involved
with automation and robotics who because of their intense development and
marketing activities fail to take advantage not only of EU programmes that offer
financial assistance, but even the help that is at hand from their own
government's initiatives.
Conference Report ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTATION FOR MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Swadling Margaret
Published: July 2002

The UK Magnetics Society's one-day seminar Advances in
Instrumentation for Magnetics Measurements was held at the University of
Wales Cardiff on 10 July 1996. Ten presentations were made during the event
which was attended by over 65 participants.
Introduction to the special issue: Intelligent robotic assembly
Authors: Cho Hyung Suck
Published: July 2002

“Intelligent robotic assembly” indicates a complete degree of autonomy and a high adaptability in performing assembly tasks. For instance, a highly flexible and intelligent assembly system appears to be one that can autonomously perform any assembly work in entirely unstructured environments. This system does not require organized, orderly forms of part transport and presentation devices, such as assembly jig and fixture, part feeding devices, tray, magazine, conveyor, etc., but needs only an assembly table where parts to be assembled are stacked up in a cluttered manner.
Introduction to the special issue on rehabilitation robotics
Authors: Hillman M.
Published: July 2002

This special issue of “Robotica” gives an opportunity to present a cross-section of the wide range of research and development projects in rehabilitation robotics. Rehabilitation Robotics (RR) is the application of robotic technology to the rehabilitative needs of people with disabilities as well as the growing elderly population. The papers were originally presented at the ICORR'97 conference, organised by the
Bath Institute of Medical Engineering and held in April 97 at the University of Bath. ICORR'97 was the fifth in the series of International Conferences on Rehabilitation Robotics and, after a break of three years, was a welcome and overdue time for sharing of ideas between workers in the field.