bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kulturtraegerzy i dziewicza natura. Puszczy Białowieskiej przypadki podczas Wielkiej Wojny (1914–1918)
Authors: Samuś Paweł
Published: July 2021

Puszcza Białowieska to unikatowy obiekt przyrodniczy w skali światowej, o powierzchni około 1460 km², z czego ponad 1/3 jej obszaru znajduje się w Polsce, pozostała część na Białorusi. Puszcza należy do najlepiej zachowanych pierwotnych lasów niżowych. Ten bezcenny obiekt leśny wyróżnia bogactwo flory i fauny, ale swoją sławę zawdzięcza przede wszystkim żubrowi, który symbolizuje Puszczę. Cały obszar Puszczy Białowieskiej, objęty ochroną, został wpisany na Listę Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. W dawnych czasach Puszcza Białowieska pozostawała pod władaniem książąt ruskich, potem litewskich, a następnie przez kilka wieków królów polskich. Po rozbiorach Polski została włączona do Rosji; w 1888 r. przekazana jako apanaże do prywatnych dóbr carskich stała się chronionym wielkim zwierzyńcem. W okresie I wojny światowej Puszcza Białowieska znalazła się pod okupacją niemiecką (1915–1918). Władze okupacyjne powołały Wojskowy Zarząd Leśny, który prowadził rabunkową eksploatację zasobów Puszczy na potrzeby wojska i gospodarki wojennej Rzeszy Niemieckiej. Okupanci dokonali ogromnej dewastacji drzewostanu Puszczy, wycięli około 5 mln metrów sześciennych drewna, które wywożono do Niemiec jako surowiec lub przerabiano na miejscu w uruchomionych zakładach przemysłowych. Przetrzebiono kilkutysięczną populację puszczańskiej zwierzyny, przy czym niemal doszczętnie wytępiono żubry; spośród żyjących w Puszczy przed wojną ponad 700 żubrów po zakończeniu niemieckiej okupacji ocalały tylko nieliczne.
Wpływ warunków atmosferycznych na niemieckie gąsienicowe wozy bojowe podczas operacji „Barbarossa” w Związku Sowieckim od czerwca do grudnia 1941 roku
Authors: Michalski Hubert
Published: July 2021

Po rozpoczęciu w czerwcu 1941 r. operacji „Barbarossa”, wojska niemieckie walczące w Związku Sowieckim musiały zmagać się nie tylko z Rosjanami, lecz także z ich potężnym sojusznikiem – pogodą; najpierw z suchym i gorącym latem, potem deszczową jesienią a na końcu ostrą, mroźną i przedwczesną zimą. Skrajne warunki atmosferyczne, jakie panowały w III i IV kwartale 1941 r. przyczyniły się po stronie niemieckiej do powstania szeregu problemów, począwszy od tych związanych z logistyką (m.in. trudnościami w transporcie zaopatrzenia), a skończywszy na odciśnięciu piętna na morale żołnierzy. Upał, kurz, piach, błoto, a potem bardzo niskie temperatury oraz śnieg nie pozostawały również bez wpływu na użytkowany sprzęt pancerny, w tym czołgi i inne gąsienicowe wozy bojowe, znajdujące się na wyposażeniu niemieckich wojsk pancernych.
Some Physico-Mechanical Characteristics of Potato Tubers Used as Seed for Development of Potato Planter
Authors:   Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (C.G), Kosariya Yogesh Kumar
Published: July 2021

Agriculture mechanization plays very important role for horticulture crops. Role of machineries is increasing day by day. In order to compensate for labour scarcity, reduce labour drudgery and time consumption in manual or traditional sowing of potato tubers, a prototype was designed on the basis of various mechanical properties of potato tubers and the prototype was evaluated in the field. The potato tubers taken were divided into three categories i.e., round, oblong and long-oblong. Different mechanical properties of potato tubers were used for designing different lead units of the potato tubers planter which is used for direct planting of potatoes in prepared seed bed.
The Human-Fish: Animality, Teratology, and Religion in Premodern Japan
Authors: Castiglioni Andrea
Published: July 2021

This article focuses on the cultural valence of the human-fish (ningyo), a hybrid aquatic creature with a human face and a fish body, in premodern Japan from the eighth to the nineteenth century. Located at the intersection of religious, political, and scientific discourses, the ningyo becomes an exclusive observation point for better understanding the mechanisms of interweaving and mutual fertilization between apparently unrelated semantic fields such as those concerning deities, humans, and animals. Although heteromorphic bodies, here symbolized by the uncanny physicality of the ningyo, are usually dismissed as marginal elements within the broad panorama of relevant intel-lectual productions, this study problematizes this assumption and argues that hegemonic stances are constantly validated, or invalidated, according to their relationships with those on the fringes. Being an interstitial entity, that is, something that lives in the pleats of discourse, the ningyo is characterized by a continuous inclusion within networks of meaning and, at the same time, is doomed to perennial exclusion. This article sheds light on the hermeneutical dynamics that generate the exceptionality of the ningyo, and its never-ending role as a haunting mediator of reality.
Authority and Competition: Shingon Buddhist Monastic Communities in Medieval Japanese Regional Society
Authors: Huang Xiaolong
Published: July 2021

In medieval Japan, the development of Shingon Buddhist monastic communities in regional society greatly depended on communication and religious support from centrally located Shingon monasteries such as Daigoji. However, little is known about associations or competitions among regional Shingon temples. This article focuses on Shingon Buddhist temples in Echizen Province, an important area in which Daigoji monks, such as Ryūgen and Genga, were active in transmitting the minutia of ritual practices. By analyzing documents and sacred teachings related to Takidanji, a Shingon Buddhist temple located in Mikuni Port, its disciple temples, and other Shingon Buddhist temples in the region, this article clarifies the interplay of these institutions in the late medieval period. The article argues that the features of Shingon Buddhist monastic communities in medieval Echizen were multipolar, consisting of Takidanji, Shōkaiji, and Sōjiji. The connection with Daigoji monks, in fact, brought about rivalry among these regional temples.
Faith as Authenticity: Kyoto’s Gion Festival in 2020
Authors: Teeuwen Mark
Published: July 2021

In 2020, the covid-19 pandemic necessitated the cancellation of public events throughout Japan. Kyoto’s Gion Festival was no exception. In an attempt to preserve what they regarded as the festival’s “true meaning,” different groups of actors involved in the Gion Festival came up with alternative ways of bringing the gods to the city. In this article, I trace the tensions that surfaced during the process of composing an alternative festival format. I also analyze media narratives that ex post presented the modified 2020 Gion Festival as a sincere expression of faith and prayer and as uniquely authentic to its “true meaning.” The alternative festival offers a striking example of ways that authenticity can be successfully constructed and projected in a time of crisis that challenges or otherwise alters the continuity of established practices and traditions.
The Impact of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) on Lower Limb Kinematics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Thorne Claire Saliba , Bartolo Erica , Gatt Alfred , Formosa Cynthia
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and diabetes mellitus are factors known to influence gait characteristics. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the extent to which type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and PAD as comorbidities cause limb and gait complications.AIM:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of PAD as a complication of T2D on ankle joint dorsiflexion and knee joint flexion angles using an optoelectronic motion analysis system and to find out whether these alterations are complications secondary to neuropathy or reduced blood
perfusion.METHODS: Ninety participants were recruited in this quantitative study which applied a prospective, comparative, non-experimental approach. Participants with T2D and PAD (n = 60), categorized according to the severity of PAD (mild and severe group), were compared with a control
group consisting of patients with T2D alone. An optoelectronic motion capture system was used to record mean maximum flexion angles of the knee joint and maximum mean dorsiflexion angles of the ankle joint during gait.RESULTS: 180 limbs were analyzed. Both mild and severe PAD participants
exhibited a significant increase in mean maximum ankle joint dorsiflexion angles (p = 0.001) and a significant decrease in mean maximum flexion of the knee joint compared with the control subjects (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that T2D and PAD alter ankle joint and knee
joint kinematics. This research provides biomechanical understanding of limb and gait alterations in this specific patient population which may contribute to an improved understanding of gait alterations and clinical management. The findings suggest that the reduction in ankle joint dorsiflexion
commonly attributed to glycosylation in diabetes may be secondary to neuropathy and not to reduced blood perfusion.
Vitamin D and Cathelicidin (LL-37) Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes andStaphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage
Authors: Plataki Marina N. , Vamvoukaki Rodanthi , Samonis George , Bikis Charalampos , Gorgomiti Maria , Papadakis John A. , Maraki Sofia , Kofteridis Diamantis P.
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is characterized by the dysregulation of innate immunity leading to higher rates of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage, an important risk factor for severe infections. 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH) D) may contribute, via the production
of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37), to epithelial host defense against S. aureus. This study evaluated whether 25(OH)D and LL-37 levels determine S. aureus nasal carriage.METHODS: Two consecutive nasal swabs were obtained from 118 T2D patients to determine
S. aureus nasal carriage status. Serum levels of 25(OH)D and LL-37 were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Supplementation of vitamin D by a number of participants was taken into account and evaluated.RESULTS: Forty-two
T2D patients (35.6%) were found to be colonized by S. aureus. Vitamin D deficiency was detected in sixty-nine patients (65.7%). Median value for LL-37 in T2D patients was 0.89 ng/ml (range 0.05-8.62 ng/ml). Circulating levels of LL-37 were higher in nasal carriers compared to
non-carriers (1.25 ng/ml vs 0.72 ng/ml; p < 0.001). No difference was found in serum 25(OH) D levels between carriers and non-carriers. 25(OH)D and LL37 serum levels correlated positively in non-carriers, while the relationship was inversed in the carrier group. Vitamin D supplementation
was not associated with lower incidence of S. aureus nasal carriage (p = 0.706).CONCLUSIONS: T2D patients presented decreased serum levels of 25(OH)D and LL-37, indicating a potential impairment of innate immunity. Expression of LL-37 may be induced by S. aureus nasal
carriage among people with diabetes. Vitamin D supplementation did not influence S. aureus nasal colonization in T2D patients.
Diseño y validación de receta nutricional de snack elaborado con harina de cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca)
Authors:   , Acosta Coello Camila Sofia , Parodi Redhead, Almendra Beatriz Vitalia
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y validar una receta nutricional de snack realizado con harina de cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca), como también determinar su composición nutricional y calidad microbiológica de la harina. La cáscara de plátano, un residuo de la industria alimentaria ha sido reportada como nutritiva, material de bajo costo que tiene disponibilidad de uso durante todo el año. Una vez transformada en harina, puede ser utilizada como ingrediente funcional debido a su alto contenido de fibra y buenas propiedades funcionales. En general, los estudiantes universitarios tienen un bajo consumo de fibra, debido a patrones alimentarios alterados. Metodología: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde fue obtenida en un estado pre climatérico, se deshidrató mediante un secador de lecho fluidizado, después, se aplicaron análisis para obtener resultados microbiológicos, proximales y de fibra dietaria. La receta nutricional fue diseñada, ajustada y validada con la población objetivo siguiendo la metodología del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición del Perú (CENAN), concluyendo con el análisis nutricional del producto final. Resultados: el contenido de fibra dietaria, carbohidratos totales, proteína, grasa total y grasa total de la harina de cáscara de plátano verde (GBPL) fue: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g y 361.2 kcal por 100 gramos de harina. El snack fue formulado para aportar al menos 5 g de fibra dietaria por porción, teniendo buena aceptación del grupo objetivo basado en las características organolépticas. Conclusión: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde mostró gran potencial como una fuente de fibra dietaria y como ingrediente funcional; por ello, puede ser incluida en recetas nutricionales..
Evaluación del proceso y producto de una propuesta de audiodescripción de tres obras de la exhibición permanente de arte moderno del Museo de Arte de Lima
Authors:   , Castro Fernandez Daniel Alejandro , Cosio Piccone Carla Gianella , Hu Huang Diana
Published: July 2021

La presente investigación evalúa el proceso y producto de nuestra propuesta de audiodescripción de tres obras de la exhibición permanente de arte moderno del Museo de Arte de Lima teniendo como referencia la norma de calidad ISO/IECTS 20071-21:2015, bajo supuesto de que cumplir con dicha norma garantizará la calidad de la audiodescripción. Este estudio está basado en el método de evaluación de proyectos, con énfasis en la intersubjetividad. Los resultados concluyen que la norma ISO carece de pautas específicas para audiodescribir obras de arte, pero sí profundiza en la audiodescripción de otros productos visuales o audiovisuales, por lo que es un excelente punto de partida para realizar audiodescripciones. Así, frente a esta carencia de enfoque hacia la audiodescripción museística, optamos por complementar y evaluar dichas pautas desde los aportes de autores como Snyder (2005), Soler Gallego y Chica Núñez (2014) y Giansante (2003), logrando alcanzar más especificidad en cada caso.
Community Leave No One Behind: Lessons from a Pilot
Authors: Iyer R , Shulka J.P. , Verma A.
Published: July 2021

In 2020, WSSCC’s India Support Unit (now UNOPS) piloted a new participatory approach called Community Leave No One Behind (CLNOB) to support the Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen (SBM-G) Phase II. The pilot took place in five districts in India (Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, Ranchi in Jharkhand, Kamrup in Assam, South 24 Paragnas in West Bengal and Purnea in Bihar). A Prerak (facilitator) was appointed in each district to support this process and work within villages at community level. The Sanitation Learning Hub supported an accompanying learning component of the pilot, facilitating learning sessions between the preraks and the development of a Handbook based on the experience. This learning brief outlines the purpose of CLNOB, the actions generated by the pilot and our reflections of the CLNOB approach. The CLNOB Handbook, a handbook on Community Leave No One Behind, accompanies this Learning Brief. CLNOB was designed to ensure a participatory method to enable sustained access to safely managed sanitation facilities for people who have been ‘left behind’ or left out of the first phase of India’s national sanitation campaign.
Measuring methane emissions from livestock
Authors:   Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada, Coates Trevor , Chen Deli ,   University of Melbourne, Australia, Bai Mei ,   University of Melbourne, Australia
Published: July 2021

This chapter looks at the key techniques used for measurement of CH4 and other gas emissions from livestock production, ranging from individual animal measurements to herd scale measurements for grazing animals and whole farm emissions such as feedlots. Individual animal measurement techniques discussed include whole-animal respiration chambers and head capture measurement. Herd scale measurements include micrometeorological methods and the eddy covariance (EC) technique.
The contribution of animal breeding to reducing the environmental impact of livestock production
Authors:   Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands, de Haas Yvette , Bink Marco C. A. M. ,   Hendrix Genetics Research, Technology & Services B.V., The Netherlands, Borg Randy ,   Cobb Europe B.V., The Netherlands, Koenen Erwin P. C. ,   CRV, The Netherlands, Verschuren Lisanne M. G. ,   Topigs Norsvin Research Center B.V./Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands, Mollenhorst Herman ,   Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
Published: July 2021

Animal production is responsible for 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Approximately half of these emissions originate directly from animal production, whereas the other half comes from feed production. Animal breeding aims at improving animal production and efficient use of resources, which results in a reduction of environmental impact. In this chapter we quantify the contribution of animal breeding to reducing the environmental impact of the four major livestock species in the Netherlands, namely laying hens, broilers and pigs (all monogastrics), and dairy cattle (ruminants). For eggs, and broiler and pig meat we focussed on GHG emissions and nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency, whereas for dairy we focussed on enteric methane emissions, an important contributor to GHG emissions. Results showed that current selection strategies on increased (feed) efficiency indirectly reduces environmental impact per unit of animal product by about 1% per year. If the aim is to directly select on environmental traits, recording of new traits is required; e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus contents of meat and eggs, and methane emission of individual dairy cows.
Quantifying the contribution of livestock health issues to the environmental impact of their production systems
Authors:   Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, Mackenzie Stephen G. , Kyriazakis Ilias ,   Queen’s University of Belfast, UK
Published: July 2021

The focus of this chapter is on the environmental impact consequences of endemic livestock health challenges that lead to deterioration in animal health, and on the potential impacts arising from their mitigations. The first part of the chapter concentrates on the potential of animal health to affect the environmental impact of livestock systems. Subsequently, it reviews the literature to date which has quantified the impact of health challenges for the environmental impacts of livestock systems. The potential of successful health interventions to mitigate negative environmental impacts represents a point of synergy between concerns around environmental sustainability and animal welfare, both of which represent 'hot topics' in the discourse surrounding the livestock industry and its sustainability. The challenges associated with modelling health interventions and their potential to mitigate environmental impacts constitute the last section in the chapter.
Optimizing udder health in dairy cattle
Authors:   Royal GD Animal Health and Utrecht University, The Netherlands, Lam Theo J. G. M. , De Vliegher Sarne ,   M-team, Ghent University and MEX™, Belgium
Published: July 2021

In this chapter several aspects of udder health are discussed. Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, which is generally caused by bacterial infections, is one of the most important and most studied diseases in dairy cattle. Diagnostic approaches are discussed with specific attention for the bacteriological causes of the disease. Subsequently immunological aspects of intramammary infections will be reviewed. Because treatment of mastitis in unavoidable at some point in time in most dairy herds, attention is given to treatment of mastitis with an emphasis on different types of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. The most important part of udder health management, however, is the preventive management. From that perspective, breeding, housing and nutrition are shortly discussed, as are the milking machine and milking procedures. Finally attention is given to problem solving once mastitis has led to a herd level problem and some future trends are discussed.
PENGARUH MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DENGAN PENDEKATAN STEM TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF PADA PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA DI SMA
Authors: Putri Yullya Erlina Eka , Lesmono Albertus Djoko , Nuraini Lailatul
Published: July 2021

The student's activeness in the learning process is indispensable especially in the application of the curriculum 2013. Physics learning conducted in schools is still centered on teachers using lecture methods, so students tend to be passive, bored, and less enthusiastic in learning. Therefore, a learning model is needed can make students be centers during the learning process. This study aims to examine significant differences in students' cognitive learning outcomes when using the Problem Based Learning model with STEM approaches to Business and Energy materials. This type of research is a quasi-experiment and the research design used is pretest and posttest control-group design. The sample of this study is class X IPA 1 and X IPA 3 at MAN 2 Jember. Data collection of cognitive learning outcomes is obtained through tests. The data analysis conduct using the Independent Sample T-Test or Mann-Whitney U. Based on the results of the research, there was an improvement in cognitive learning outcomes between the experimental class and the control class after treatment. However, after being test using Mann-Whitney U showed no significant differences between cognitive learning outcomes between the experimental class and the control class.

Key word: Cognitive Learning Outcomes, Problem Based Learning, STEM Approach
A estrutura psicológica do fascismo
Authors: Bataille Georges , Reiser Bruno , Varandas Adriana
Published: July 2021

O marxismo, após ter afirmado que em última instância a infraestrutura de uma sociedade determina ou condiciona a superestrutura, não tentou nenhuma elucidação geral das modalidades próprias à formação da sociedade religiosa e política. Ele admitiu igualmente a possibilidade de reações da superestrutura mas, ainda assim, não passou da afirmação para a análise científica. Este artículo apresenta, a propósito do fascismo, uma tentativa de representação rigorosa (senão completa) da superestrutura social e de suas relações com a infraestrutura econômica. Trata-se, contudo, apenas de um fragmento pertinente a um conjunto relativamente importante, o que explica um grande número de lacunas, sobretudo a ausência de qualquer consideração sobre o método*; foi mesmo necessário renunciar aqui a dar uma justificação geral de um ponto de vista novo e limitar-se à exposição dos fatos. Porém, a mera exposição da estrutura do fascismo necessitou, como introdução, de uma descrição de conjunto da estrutura social. Não é preciso dizer que a análise da superestrutura pressupõe o desenvolvimento prévio daquela da infraestrutura, estudada pelo marxismo. Nisso está o principal defeito desta exposição que não deixará de espantar e de chocar pessoas as quais não estejam familiarizadas nem com a sociologia francesa, nem com a filosofia alemã moderna (fenomenologia), nem com a psicanálise. Como indicação, pode-se entretanto insistir no fato de que as descrições seguintes se referem à estados vividos e que o método psicológico adotado exclui qualquer recurso à abstração.
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Sebagai Korban Eksploitasi Ekonomi Melalui Jasa Dukungan (Endorsement) di Media Sosial
Authors: Raynardhy Arvian
Published: July 2021

AbstractNow businesses can market their products through social media at a low cost. The marketing of this product is done through endorsement services on social media by influencers on social media. Not only adults, now many children also become influencers who promote various products through social media and they got benefit from it. The purpose of this research is to determine the criminal provisions for users of endorsement services by children and also to determine the regulation of criminal acts of economic exploitation of children through endorsement services on social media. This research is a normative juridical legal research. The research approach uses a statute approach and a conceptual approach. Based on this research, there is a legal vacuum in the application of crimes for perpetrators of economic exploitation of children through endorsement services on social media. The prevailing laws and regulations are considered to be less relevant to the problem of economic exploitation of children through social media arising in the digital era.Keywords: Economic Exploitation Crimes Against Children; Endorsement Services; Social Media.AbstrakKini pelaku bisnis bisa melakukan pemasaran produknya melalui media sosial dengan biaya yang murah. Pemasaran produk ini dilakukan melalui jasa dukungan (endorsement) di media sosial oleh influencer di media sosial. Tak hanya orang dewasa, kini anak-anak pun banyak menjadi influencer yang memasarkan berbagai produk melalui media sosial dan memperoleh keuntungan darinya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan ketentuan pidana bagi para pengguna jasa dukungan oleh anak-anak dan juga untuk mengetahui pengaturan tindak pidana eksploitasi ekonomi terhadap anak melalui jasa dukungan (endorsement) di media sosial. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yuridis normatif. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach) dan pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach). Berdasarkan penelitian ini, ditemukan adanya kekosongan hukum dalam penerapan pidana bagi pelaku tindak eksploitasi ekonomi terhadap anak melalui jasa dukungan (endorsement) di media sosial. Peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dirasa kurang relevan dengan permasalahan eksploitasi ekonomi terhadap anak melalui media sosial yang timbul pada era digital. Kata Kunci: Tindak Pidana Eksploitasi Ekonomi Terhadap Anak; Jasa Dukungan; Media Sosial.
Kealpaan Anak yang Menimbulkan Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas yang Mengakibatkan Kematian Orang Lain
Authors: Delia Hannah Tiara
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe negligence of a person who causes a traffic accident which results in the loss of another person's life can be punished under the provisions of Article 310 paragraph (4) of Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. However, in cases with child offenders, the provisions contained in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Criminal Justice System for Children apply, so that there is a specificity in the imposition of the sentence. This research will discuss about the form of legal responsibility for children who because of their negligence cause traffic accidents that result in the death of others, then also discuss the ratio decidendi of judges in deciding related cases. This research is a doctrinal research using a statute approach, a conceptual approach and a case approach. The results in this study are the form of legal responsibility for children who due to their negligence causing traffic accidents that result in the death of other people, can be in the form of criminal imposition or action. As for judges in deciding cases must be based on the provisions that contained in Law Number 11 of 2012 and prioritize Restorative Justice.Keywords: Traffic Accident; Child Offender; Negligence; Restorative Justice; Diversion.AbstrakKealpaan seseorang yang menimbulkan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengakibatkan hilangnya nyawa orang lain dapat dipidana berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 310 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan. Namun demikian dalam perkara dengan pelaku Anak berlaku ketentuan yang terdapat dalam Undnag-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, sehingga terdapat kekhususan dalam penjatuhan pidananya. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai bentuk pertanggungjawaban hukum anak yang karena kealpaannya menyebabkan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengakibatkan kematian orang lain, kemudian membahas pula mengenai ratio decidendi hakim dalam memutus perkara terkait. Penelitian ini merupakan doctrinal research dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil dalam penelitian ini yaitu bentuk pertanggungjawaban hukum anak yang karena kealpaannya menyebabkan kecelakaan lalu lintas yang mengakibatkan kematian orang lain dapat berupa pengenaan pidana atau tindakan. Adapun hakim dalam memutus perkara harus berlandaskan pada ketentuan Undang-Undang SPPA dan mengutamakan Keadilan Restoratif.Kata Kunci: Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas; Pelaku Anak; Kealpaan; Keadilan Restoratif; Diversi.
Prinsip Proporsionalitas dalam Pengujian Undang-Undang Terhadap UUD NRI 1945 (Studi Perbandingan di Indonesia dan Jerman)
Authors: Rugian Irene Angelita
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn several decisions that have been decided by the Mahkamah Konstitusi, some of the judges considerations only test norms with benchmarks contrary to the UUD NRI 1945 or not? However, MK has not tested the basis of the petition itself, there are limitation of rights, open legal policy, and the real harm felt by the petitioner. Therefore, it is necessary to have a principle of proportionality that can be used by judges to assist in deciding cases related to limiting rights and open legal policy. In order to know the concept of the principle of proportionality, it is necessary to conduct a comparative study between Indonesia and Germany by analyzing the concept and development of this principle. The method used is legal research with a statute approach, a case approach, a comparative approach and a conceptual approach. From the results of these studies, it was found that the principle of proportionality in Germany was well conceptualized and developed rapidly. In fact, this principle has become a general principle in the Germany Federal Constitutional Court. Meanwhile in Indonesia, this principle is still unknown and undeveloped like Germany.Keywords: The Principle of Proportionality; Legitimate Aim; Suitability; Neccesity; Balancing in Narrow Sense.AbstrakDalam beberapa putusan yang telah diputus oleh MK, beberapa pertimbangan hakim hanya menguji norma dengan tolak ukur bertentangan dengan UUD NRI 1945 atau tidak? Namun, MK belum menguji sampai kepada dasar dari permohonan itu sendiri, yaitu pembatasan hak, open legal policy, dan kerugian yang nyata dirasakan oleh pemohon. Maka dari itu, perlu adanya prinsip proporsionalitas yang dapat digunakan para hakim untuk membantu memutus perkara yang berkaitan dengan pembatasan hak dan open legal policy. Agar mengetahui konsep dari prinsip proporsionalitas, maka perlu melakukan studi perbandingan antara Indonesia dan Jerman dengan menganalisis konsep dan perkembangan prinsip tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah legal research dengan pendekatan statute approach, case approach, comparative approach dan conceptual appoach. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa prinsip proporsionalitas di Jerman telah terkonsep dengan baik dan berkembang dengan pesat. Bahkan prinsip tersebut telah menjadi prinsip umum dalam Germany Federal Constitutional Court. Sedangkan di Indonesia, prinsip tersebut masih belum dikenal oleh MK. Sehingga, proporsionalitas belum memiliki konsep yang jelas dan tidak berkembang seperti negara Jerman.Kata Kunci: Prinsip Proporsionalitas; Legitimate Aim; Suitability; Neccesity; Balancing in Narrow Sense.
EFFECT OF SEX DIFFERENCE ON THE HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF BRONCHUS AND NASAL CAVITY IN ANIMAL ASTHMA MODEL
Authors: Rachmadhianto Reinaldi , Yuliawati Tri Hartini , Soegiarto Gatot
Published: July 2021

Background: The prevalence of asthma in prepuberty women is more common than in puberty men. Even after puberty, to a certain age, women dominate more. It is still unclear whether sex hormones affect the histological structure of male and female airways. Objective: This study objective was to examine the effect of sex difference on the histological structure of bronchial and nasal cavity of mice model (Mus musculus) with ovalbumin exposure. Materials and Methods: This study used 24 mice in four groups (male control, female control, male asthma model, and female asthma model). At the sensitization phase in days 0 and 14, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μl of a mixture of 50 μl ovalbumin (200 μl/ml) and 50 μl alum. At the exposure phase in days 21 to 23, the mice were exposed to 1% ovalbumin (aerosol, 30 minutes/per day). The mice were sacrificed 48 hours after the last exposure. The data taken included four variables, bronchial epithelial thickness, bronchial smooth muscle thickness, nasal cavity goblet cells number, and nasal cavity mucosal thickness. Then, Shapiro-Wilk normality test and parametric t-test were conducted. Results: In animal asthma models, mice with male and female exposure did not cause differences in epithelial thickness and smooth muscle thickness in bronchus compared to the control group. However, there were significant differences in the number of goblet cells and mucosal thickness in nasal cavity of male and female mice compared to the control group (respectively, p= 0.002; p= 0.006 and p= 0.003; p = 0.005). There were no significant differences between groups of male and female mice on all variables. Conclusion: In animal asthma models of mice, ovalbumin exposure did not cause differences in the values of all variables between male and female groups.
CHARACTERISTIC OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA PATIENTS AT THE POLYCLINIC OF ONCOLOGY, DR. SOETOMO GENERAL ACADEMIC HOSPITAL, SURABAYA, INDONESIA IN 2017
Authors: Wiyono M. Rifqi , Bintoro Siprianus Ugroseno Yudho , Hernaningsi Yetti
Published: July 2021

Background: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm because of the reciprocal translocation of chromosome 22 to chromosome 9. In the United States, the incidence of CML is 1.9 cases per 100,000 people. Whereas in Indonesia, there is no specific national data on CML prevalence, especially regarding the clinical profile, even though the cancer cases reach 1.4 per 1,000 population. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics and clinical features of CML patients in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study with data from the medical records of CML patients in 2017 at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. The sample in this study was CML patients with positive Breakpoint Clusters Region- Abelson (BCR-ABL), having a minimum age of 18 years and equipped with epidemiological data, complete blood count data, and peripheral blood smear data. Results: Thirty-three patients met the study criteria. The sample was predominantly male, with a ratio of 1.06 : 1 to female patients with a median age of 40 years. Spleno-megaly was found in 87.9% of the patients. The average results of leukocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin counts were 254.58 x 103/μL, 557 x 103/μL, and 9.55 g/dL. From the results of peripheral blood smear obtained normochromic normocytic anisopoikilo-cytosis erythrocyte (57.6%), all patients had a profile of increased leukocytes with blast presence in 97% of the patients, and 51.5% had a profile of an increase in platelets and the discovery of giant platelets in 33.3% of the patients. Conclusion: The sample was predominantly male with the highest incidence at a younger age range of 21-30 years. The clinical characteristics showed high leukocytosis with various stage of maturation and a tendency to develop grade 2 normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombo-cytosis was found in the patients.
COMPARISON OF TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY (TAC)’S PATIENTS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS AND NON-HEMODIALYSIS
Authors: El-Hakim Zaky Firmawan , Thaha Mochammad , Hernaningsih Yetti
Published: July 2021

Background: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is one of the biomarkers to determine a person's health condition through antioxidant and oxidant activity or oxidative stress so that it can help in determining the therapy needed. However, currently, TAC levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and non-hemodialysis (non-HD) are still controversial, so further research is needed. Objective: To analyze the comparison of TAC in HD and non-HD CKD patient. Materials and Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study with clinical observation in CKD patient. A total of 71 CKD patients consisting of 28 CKD HD patients and 43 non-HD CKD patients were enrolled in this study. Data about the characteristics of the subjects were taken using the anamnesis method, while data about TAC were taken using the colorimetric method with COBAS C-501 0837-19 series and 0835-13 series to measure TAC levels in the serum of CKD patients. The data that has been obtained were analyzed using independent sample t-tests. Results: TAC levels were significantly higher in CKD patients undergoing HD compared to non-HD CKD patients (p <0.05). There are data on albumin as an antioxidant and MDA as an oxidative stress biomarker that affects TAC levels. Conclusion: TAC levels found to be higher in hemodialysis CKD patient compared to non-hemodialysis CKD patient.
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS ON GLASSES USED BY STUDENTS OF FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA, SURABAYA, INDONESIA CLASS OF 2016
Authors: Anjani Hana Letitia , Purwanta Marijam , Rochmanti Maftuchah
Published: July 2021

Background: People nowadays suffer from refractive disorder that declines the vision. The most common therapy to overcome this problem is to use glasses. The continuous use of glasses and the difficulties on disinfecting the entire surface can cause bacterial contamination. Those bacteria can cause various eye diseases. This fact pushed the researcher to find out if there were bacterial contaminants on glasses used by students of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, class of 2016. Objective: To prove the species of bacterial contaminants and pathogenic bacteria on glasses used by students of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia class of 2016. Materials and Methods: Cotton swab moistened in sterile distilled water was swabbed to 30 glasses on its inside lens and the part touching the nose. The sample was then inoculated on blood agar and Mac Conkey, and incubated for 24 hours in 37oC. Then, the isolates were identified macroscopically and microscopically. Results: The whole sample that had been examined was contaminated with pathogenic bacteria with risk of causing eye diseases. Those bacteria were identified as Bacillus sp. (50%), Pseudomonas sp. (46%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (16%). Conclusion: The result of this research showed that there was contamination by bacteria on glasses used by students of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia class of 2016. All bacteria found were pathogenic to the eye. This showed that glasses could become a reservoir of the pathogenic bacteria that could potentially cause recurring eye infection.
Importance to use nets against pests in fruit-tree protection in Dogbo district in south-western Republic of Benin, West Africa
Authors: Aïzoun Nazaire
Published: July 2021

The current study was aimed to investigate on the use of nets against pests in fruit-tree protection in couffo department in south-western Republic of Benin, West Africa. The locations of Ayomi, Dévé, Honton, Lokogohoué, Madjrè and Totchangni were surveyed in June 2019 to collect information about the number of fruit-trees protected by nets against pests and those protected by mosquito nets, the kind of fruit-trees protected and the kind of mosquito nets used. The results showed that one hundred and twenty five (125) fruit-trees were protected by mosquito nets in Dogbo district whereas only five (05) fruit-trees were protected by nets against pests. Farmers used different mosquito nets to protect their fruit-trees such as Permanet 2.0 and Olyset nets. The use of mosquito nets in fruit-tree protection in couffo department is a reality in Benin country. For that reason, nets against pests without insecticide must be promoted to the farmers. These nets are different from mosquito nets distributed free by the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP).
Politička instrumentalizacija medijskog diskursa o pandemiji kovida 19 u Srbiji
Authors: Milutinović Irina
Published: July 2021

Predmet istraživanja je medijski diskurs o pandemiji kovida 19 u Republici Srbiji, s posebnim naglaskom na normativne aspekte medijske politike u periodu vanrednog stanja (15.3–6.5.2020). Glavni cilj istraživanja je da ispita da li mediji u Srbiji izveštavaju slobodno i nezavisno o pandemiji kovida 19 ili deluju na instrumentalan način, kao posrednici političke agende. Stoga je prvi deo istraživanja fokusiran na normativni poredak. Metodom uporedne analize pravnih dokumenata pokazana je neusaglašenost instrumentalnih mera medijske politike u naznačenom periodu, sa obavezujućim normama saopštenim u međunarodnim konvencijama i deklaracijama o slobodi govora. U drugom delu istraživanja identifikovani su neki indikatori političke instrumentalizacije medijskog izveštavanja o pandemiji kovida 19, pomoću metoda kritičke analize diskursa. Potvrđena je istraživačka hipoteza da je osnova za političku instrumentalizaciju medijskog izveštavanja o pandemiji kovida 19 u Srbiji uspostavljena na normativan način, primenom neproporcionalnih mera u oblasti informisanja o pandemiji, i da je konsekventno razrađena kroz diskursnu praksu u medijskim redakcijama, sa ciljem mobilizacije podrške javnosti za sprovedene mere izvršne vlasti.
Capital and Marx’s Epistemological Revolution from Neue Marx-Lektüre to Political Marxism
Authors: Čakardić Ankica
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses the thesis about Marx’s “epistemological revolution” by elaborating two issues that incorporate two entirely different contemporary Marxist traditions. To give this undertaking a more precise formulation, in its first part, the study examines the relationship between theory and history within the critique of political economy, proposed by Michael Heinrich under the tradition known as Neue Marx-Lektü re. It then turns to introducing the second part of the discussion related to the “commercialization model” of capitalist development, outlined by Robert Brenner and Ellen Meiksins Wood within the context of the so-called Political Marxism. A special emphasis is thereby put on the latter, since it deals with the contemporary nature of a few distinct epistemological and methodological novelties of the Capital, as well as some posited in the Grundrisse.
North Kosovo and the Serbia-Kosovo normalization dialogue
Authors: Oliveira Teles de Menezes Gustavo
Published: July 2021

The article describes and discusses political and security trends in Serb-majority North Kosovo during the Serbia-Kosovo normalization process launched in 2011. Perspectives from the local Serb population in the face of the interests and policies of the governments of Serbia, Kosovo and the Western great powers that promote normalization are highlighted, showing that critical views of normalization and associated trends are widespread in North Kosovo. In this connection, it is argued that dissatisfaction and insecurity with normalization and associated trends also became present in the region’s political life, pointing to latent challenges to the legitimacy and sustainability of normalization.
Dijete u vremenu
Authors: Vuksan-Ćusa Bartul , Raos Višeslav
Published: July 2021

U članku se na temelju terenskoga anketnog istraživanja provedenog nakon predsjedničkih izbora 2019/2020, te uoči parlamentarnih izbora 2020. analizira odnos dobi i biračkog ponašanja u Hrvatskoj. Pri tome se rad smješta na sjecište između istraživačkih tradicija sociologije mladih i analize društvenih rascjepa i biračkoga ponašanja. Na temelju modela multinominalne logističke regresije testira se odnos prediktora izvedenih iz dimenzija: religija i etika, povijest, stranke, vrijednosti, povjerenje i socioekonomski status, te dobne skupine. Provedeno istraživanje pokazuje kako postoji podudarnost prediktivnih modela za parlamentarne i predsjedničke izbore. Nadalje, pokazuje se kako se biračko ponašanje u Hrvatskoj uvelike grupira u dvije dobne skupine, od kojih jednu čine oni između 18 i 46 godina, a drugu oni od 47 do 99. Mlađu skupinu karakteriziraju niže razine autoritarnosti, niža razina povjerenja u tradicionalne medije, te manje povjerenja u efikasnost izvršne vlasti. Obiteljsko naslijeđe partizanskog pokreta pojedinačno je najznačajnija varijabla, no značajno raste s dobi. Kod školskog vjeronauka primjetan je socijalizacijski efekt, te ga tako mlađe dobne skupine više prihvaćaju od starijih, premda značajnih razlika u religioznosti kao prediktoru dobnih skupina nema. Pored toga, nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike među kohortama na ljestvici liberalno-konzervativno. Zaključno se može reći kako rad pokazuje stanovito naziranje dobnoga jaza u biračkome ponašanju, poglavito s obzirom na temeljni društveni rascjep u Hrvatskoj, baziran na povijesno-identitetskim razlikama, koji kod mlađih‎ naraštaja značajno blijedi.‎ ‎
The NUNAtak Ice Thinning (NUNAIT) Calculator for Cosmonuclide Elevation Profiles
Authors: Rodés Ángel
Published: July 2021

Cosmogenic nuclides are widely used to constrain the landscape history of glaciated areas. At nunataks in continental polar regions with extremely arid conditions, cosmogenic nuclides are often the only method available to date the ice thinning history of the glacier. However, the amount of cosmogenic isotopes accumulated at the surface of nunataks depends not only on the length of time that rock has been exposed since the last deglaciation, but on the full history of the surface, including muon production under ice, exposure during previous interglacials, subaerial weathering rate, glacial erosion rate, and uplift rate of the nunatak. The NUNAtak Ice Thinning model (NUNAIT) simulates the cosmonuclide accumulation on vertical profiles, fitting the aforementioned parameters to a set of multi-isotope apparent ages from samples taken at different elevations over the ice-sheet surface. The NUNAIT calculator is an easy-to-use tool that constrains parameters that describe the geological history of a nunatak from a set of surface exposure ages.