bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of microhardness of residual dentin in primary molars following caries removal with chemomechanical agent (BRIX 3000) and polymer burs (ss white)
Authors: Gunjal Pranjali , Chauhan Rashmi Singh , Tirupathi Sunnypriyatham , Patil Vishwas , Kothari Payal
Published: September 2022

Aim: To evaluate and compare microhardness of residual dentin in primary molars following caries removal with chemomechanical agent (BRIX 3000) and polymer burs (SS white). Materials and Method: Extracted maxillary or mandibular primary molars with proximal carious lesion, were selected with active carious cavities extending in to 2/3rd of dentin. The selected teeth were preserved in phosphate buffer saline solution no longer than 30 days. The selected teeth were separated into two experimental groups: group A- chemomechanical method – Brix3000 and Group B- slow speed polymer bur. After caries excavation the microhardness test was carried out on treated dentin using a Knoop indenter. Results: The results suggest a significant difference between among the groups Brix 3000â showed superior results compared to group B (Polymer burs) i.e., The results showed that the microhardness of the remaining dentine after caries excavation with Brix 3000 was found to be greater than the microhardness of the remaining dentine after caries excavation with Polymer bur. Conclusion: In conclusion of the current study, it can be stated that Brix 3000 may be utilized as a successful agent in minimally invasive caries excavation since Polymer burs showed partial removal of carious dentine.
Eight Reasons Why EdTech Doesn’t Scale: How sandboxes are designed to counter the issue
Authors: Simpson Lea , Carter Alice , Rahman Asad , Plaut Daniel
Published: September 2022

The EdTech Hub’s sandbox approach offers implementers and decision makers a clear way to implement and scale only the most effective EdTech interventions.
In this position paper we share our view on why EdTech isn’t scaling and how we see the sandboxes approach addressing them.
Keywords: innovation; implementation; sandboxes; EdTech; scale; experimentation
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
A PERSISTÊNCIA DE NOVOS CASOS DE HANSENÍASE DE 2012 A 2021 NO TERRITÓRIO DA REDE REGIONAL DE ATENÇÃO À SAÚDE DE MARÍLIA-SP E SUA RELAÇÃO SOCIOECONÔMICA: UM ESTUDO ECOLÓGICO
Authors: Carneiro de Camargo Ana Letícia , Chabrour Chehadi Amanda , Leoneide Servano e Dias Nicolau Gelmária , Eugênio Gil Guilherme , De Almeida Martins Matheus , Helou Doca Heloisa
Published: September 2022

Introdução: O Brasil é a segunda nação com mais novos casos de Hanseníase no mundo. Em comparação ao restante do país, a região Sudeste é referência na prevenção e tratamento da doença. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de interseccionar as informações de saúde sobre Hanseníase quanto ao modo de entrada no sistema de saúde dos casos diagnósticos por ano, escolaridade e quantidade de lesões cutâneas dos pacientes a fim de verificar as relações do contexto socioeconômico na persistência da doença na macrorregião do Centro-Oeste do estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico ecológico descritivo, retrospectivo, com dados secundários sobre os casos da Hanseníase por ano diagnóstico no período de 2012 a 2021 no  território da Rede Regional de Atenção à Saúde (RRAS) 10, do Departamento Regional de Saúde de Marília-SP (DRS IX), a qual engloba 62 municípios da macrorregião do Centro-Oeste paulista. Resultados:  Quanto ao modo de entrada dos casos ao sistema de saúde, há predomínio de novos casos. A maior parte são de indivíduos com 4ª série do EF incompleta ou completa, enquanto a menor parcela dessa população possui Educação Superior incompleta ou completa. Há predomínio de condições mais graves com mais de cinco lesões cutâneas. Discussão: Sob análise da variável escolaridade como representante da condição socioeconômica, embora a Hanseníase possa atingir qualquer indivíduo, verifica-se maior prevalência em grupos carentes socioeconomicamente. O predomínio de pacientes multibacilares pode estar relacionado também à escolaridade, uma vez que a baixa compreensão da população sobre a Hanseníase faz com que a busca por atendimento médico aconteça somente quando a doença já está em estágios mais avançados. Conclusão: Há coexistência entre circunstâncias sociais, inferidas pela escolaridade, e prevalência dos casos de Hanseníase no território e período estudados. Reforça-se a necessidade de ações educativas contínuas sobre a doença à população.
We Will Use the Rural Revitalization Strategy to Promote Common Rural Prosperity
Authors: Guan Chunxiao
Published: September 2022

In 2020, China has historically eliminated absolute poverty and entered a new historical stage of making solid progress in common prosperity. The most arduous and arduous task of promoting common prosperity remains in the rural areas. Rural revitalization strategy is an important guiding strategy to promote rural development and build beautiful countryside in China. The construction of beautiful countryside is a complex and huge project. Although the project has made some achievements since its implementation, there are still some problems in the construction process. This paper discusses how to build a beautiful countryside under the perspective of rural revitalization, and puts forward feasible suggestions.
Mecanoquímica: una herramienta importante en la reactividad en el Estado Sólido
Authors: Muñoz Tecocoatzi M. Fernanda , Páez Franco José Carlos , Coyote Dotor Guadalupe , Dorazco González Alejandro , Miranda Ruvalcaba René , Morales Morales David , Germán Acacio Juan Manuel
Published: September 2022

Los inicios de la mecanoquímica pueden remontarse a la prehistoria teniendo registro de su uso en la era de la Grecia antigua presentando importantes avances a inicios del siglo XIX con los trabajos de Lea Carey (considerado el primer mecanoquímico) y de Michael Faraday. A pesar de que la mecanoquímica se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo, esta herramienta sintética no ha recibido la suficiente atención por varias comunidades científicas como un método de preparación robusto de compuestos químicos. Se pueden enumerar distintos factores de este poco entusiasmo hacia la mecanoquímica, siendo los principales la falta de terminología y nomenclatura común, aunado al poco entendimiento de los procesos mecanísticos involucrados (identificación de intermediarios o proposición de mecanismos de reacción). Aún con estas disyuntivas, los métodos mecanoquímicos son procesos de preparación con un alto valor de importancia desde el punto de vista de la Química Verde, ya que las reacciones pueden llevarse a cabo en ausencia o en cantidades catalíticas de disolvente, evitándose el uso de grandes cantidades de este medio. Así, en esta revisión se busca dar un panorama de la situación actual de la mecanoquímica y su uso en distintas áreas de la ciencia.
Analisis Pembelajaran Praktika Laboratorium Metode Daring terhadap Pencapaian Ketrampilan Mahasiswa Pendidikan Vokasi Keperawatan Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta
Authors: Lestari Tami Eka , Laasara Nurun
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketercapaian ketrampilan mahasiswa dengan pmbelajaran praktika metode daring serta menganalisis kendala kendala yang didapat selama pembelajaran praktika metode daring. Penelitian  ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. Pengambilan data penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan September-November 2021 dengan cara memberikan kuesioner kepada 187  mahasiswa Prodi DIII keperawatan dan Sarjana Terapan keperawatan yang telah melakasanakan Praktika di Laboratorium selama Masa pandemi.  Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa  lebih dari 50 % responden tidak setuju bahwa metode pembelajaran praktika secara daring lebih efektif, mudah dipelajarai dan melatih belajar mandiri. Mahasiswa lebih setuju dengan metode pembelajaran secara tatap muka langsung. Sebagian besar responden (65%) menyatakan bahwa pembelajaran secara daring dapat membantu mempelajari 50 % dari pencapaian ketrampilan yang ada di RPS yang bisa dilakukan secara Secara mandiri. Namun demikian sebagian  responden hanya bisa mempelajarai 25 % dari materi yang diberikan. Secara umum dari pertanyaan yang diberikan, responden rata rata menjawab setuju bahwa metode pembelajaran daring dapat membantu tercapainya kompetensi  praktik meskipun tidak sampai 100 % rata rata hanya 25 %.  Sebagian besar responden (55%) menyatakan merasa jenuh merasa jenuh belajar praktik metode daring. Responden sebagian besar (63%) menyatakan kurang senang dengan belajar praktik metode daring. Responden (58%) menyatakan lebih termotivasi untuk belajar praktik dengan bimbingan langsung dari dosen/instruktur. Secara umum dari pertanyaan yang diberikan, rata-rata menjawab setuju bahwa kurang senang dan tidak termotivasi dalam pembelajaran praktik laboratorium secara daring. Kendala yang dihadapi sebagian besar mahasiswa adalah sinyal yang kurang bagus dan alat/instrumen praktika yang kurang sesuai.
The School of Nursing has a problem with diversity, equity and inclusion. Can curriculum revision address it? An educational case study
Authors: Lewis Lisa Scandale , Bell Lacrecia Mebans
Published: September 2022

Introduction: This article describes an educational case study based in a School of Nursing at a private university in the Southeastern United States which is called by students to address structural racism and a lack of diversity, equity and inclusion in the program. In the case study, a decision is made to review and revise the curriculum. A variety of stakeholders are included, and they have a variety of motivations and levels of commitment to the work.Methodology and results: The case was created by nurse educators, and based on a fictitious school with invented characters. Teaching notes are provided for the facilitator, and discussion questions and activities for the learners.Discussion: Current and future nursing faculty may use this case study to learn about curricular revision to support equitable educational practices. Instilling diversity, equity and inclusion in the nursing curriculum equips future nursing professionals to provide culturally congruent health care.
Testing The Applicability Of Scaling Law For Collisional Rate Coefficients
Authors: Sharma M. K. , Chandra S.
Published: September 2022

Calculation of collisional rate coefficients is a challenging and difficult task. When these data are not available, their values may be estimated using a scaling law. In some investigations, we have utilized a scaling law. Accurate collisional rate coefficients for cyclopropenylidene (c-C3H2) as a complete set are available, and thus it may be appropriate occasion to test the applicability of that scaling law. We have considered 50 rotational levels of each of the ortho and para species of c-C3H2 having energies up to 91.53 cm-1 and 87.21 cm-1, respectively. We have compared the results of radiative transfer using accurate collisional rate coefficients with those obtained using the scaling law, and have found that the results of the scaling law are qualitative. Hence, for getting the qualitative behaviour of an analysis, the use of the scaling law is quite reasonable.
La interdisciplinariedad en la formación docente en investigación educativa
Authors: López Norma Lucila Ramírez , Márquez Aurora Farfán
Published: September 2022

INTRODUCCIÓN: De acuerdo con de Delors (1996), la educación es el elemento fundamental para el progreso de la humanidad, en el siglo XXI hacia ideales de paz, libertad y justicia en las naciones, para Rincón (s/f), es uno de los grandes problemas que debe resolver la sociedad contemporánea. OBJETIVO: El presente trabajo exterioriza como las diversas instituciones de educación comparten desde la interprofesionalidad la experiencia innovadora en la formación de investigadores en educación. DESARROLLO: Diversos estudios describen esta necesidad de investigación en educación con el enfoque de la interprofesionalidad, la oportunidad de crear cambios en el trabajo de los docentes. Esta interacción permite intercambiar experiencias que favorecen el trabajo interprofesional. Tal es el ejemplo en el curso en línea de “Formación docente sobre Metodologías de la investigación en educación”, se desarrolló en el entorno virtual Moodle con videos, artículos, libros, páginas y lecciones. Los participantes eran de diversas instancias académicas de la UNAM. La experiencia de formación se llevó a cabo en el marco del Programa de Formación Docente de la Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico de la UNAM que alojó un servidor en la Secretaría de Educación Médica de la Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. CONCLUSIÓN: La oportunidad de identificar intereses en común y áreas de oportunidad que puedan ser desarrolladas desde las distintas profesiones para realizar investigaciones educativas y su relación con las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y la formación docente sobre las metodologías, aporta nuevos mecanismos de elaboración del currículo y el trabajo interprofesional.
El empleo público en España: insuficiente, envejecido y (una parte) precarizado
Authors: García Calavia Miguel Ángel
Published: September 2022

En este artículo se examina el desarrollo del empleo público en España. En primer lugar, su alcance limitado si se compara con otros países de la OCDE. En segundo lugar, su evolución sinuosa: hasta 2020 no se supera el máximo de ocupadas u ocupados en el sector público en 2011, si bien se ha triplicado desde finales de los años setenta del siglo pasado. Esta tendencia creciente, a pesar de su vaivén reciente, está relacionada con la voluntad de construir el Estado de Bienestar. Ahora bien, con el tiempo presenta algunas debilidades, el envejecimiento de los empleados y las empleadas públicas y la contratación con carácter temporal de una parte del mismo (uno de cada tres empleados públicos son trabajadores temporales) lo que puede repercutir en la calidad de los servicios. Estas debilidades se examinan en tercer y cuarto lugar. Las fuentes de información son INE, Eurostat, Ministerio de Política Territorial y Función Pública. Los resultados permiten asegurar que hay margen de aumento y mejora del empleo público, teniendo como horizonte el modelo social europeo.
La desconexión digital en el teletrabajo como medida de prevención de los riesgos psicosociales
Authors: Moreno Solana Amanda
Published: September 2022

En el trabajo a distancia y teletrabajo, los riesgos principales, aunque no exclusivos, se centran en los aspectos ergonómicos y los psicosociales. En este ámbito, se puede producir una importante confusión sobre los límites entre la vida laboral y privada, así como la dificultad de manejar los tiempos de trabajo y la necesidad incontrolada de seguir trabajando. Ante esta situación aparece la denominada desconexión digital que tiene como finalidad principal evitar una afectación a la salud mental de las personas trabajadoras como consecuencia del tecnoestrés en sus distintas manifestaciones (tecnoansiedad, la tecnofatiga, y la tecnoadicción), así como proteger otros derechos fundamentales, como el de la intimidad, la igualdad y la conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la desconexión digital con un enfoque de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, para llegar a la conclusión de que se trata de una medida de prevención de riesgos laborales, teniendo que observar, por tanto, las implicaciones que ello conlleva.
Gwiaździsty plan Nowosolnej – zarys historii
i współczesne problemy konserwatorskie
Authors: Kroc Tomasz , Szewczyk Kacper
Published: September 2022

Historyczny układ przestrzenny osady Nowosolna (obecnie osiedla na terenie Łodzi) jest unikatowym w skali europejskiej przykładem rozparcelowania działek i układu drogowego, który krzyżuje w jednym, centralnym punkcie osiem dróg. Ten wyjątkowy gwieździsty plan ewoluował na przestrzeni lat. Autorzy artykułu mają na celu zaproponowanie syntetycznego podsumowania aktualnego stanu wiedzy w zakresie ewolucji i przemian zachodzących w Nowosolnej, a także kontekstu jej współczesnych problemów. W tym celu dokonano przeglądu istniejącej literatury i źródeł archiwalnych, jak również współczesnej miejskiej polityki planistycznej. Rezultatem prac autorów jest stworzenie przejrzystego obrazu osady Nowosolna z uwidocznieniem jej walorów historycznych i współczesnych problemów.
Tecnología y motivación dentro del proceso de aprendizaje en el bachillerato intercultural bilingüe.
Authors: Barrera-Narváez Paola Nube , Cabrera-Berrezueta Luis Bolívar
Published: September 2022

Explicar el impacto de las TIC en la motivación del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en estudiantes del Sistema Educativo Intercultural Bilingüe del Ecuador en tiempos de COVID-19: Caso bachillerato de la “UECIB Quilloac” periodo 2022, fue el objetivo de la presente investigación en la cual se determinó que la motivación es una cualidad de la personalidad influenciable en el proceso de interaprendizaje. A través de un enfoque mixto de nivel explicativo y la aplicación de un cuestionario a docentes y estudiantes, se establecen la existencia de factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos que impactan en la motivación y que las TIC potencializan una enseñanza personalizada, genera proceso abiertos y flexibles, incrementa los canales de comunicación, reduce barreras temporales y de distancia, pero que su uso debe considerar las características propias de los individuos y sus contextos. Se concluyó que a nivel del sistema Intercultural Bilingüe de educación del Ecuador existen muchos factores que deben analizarse para fomentar la educación hacia procesos modernos y tecnológicos pues por su localización y aspectos demográficos presenta limitaciones.
Gamificación como estrategia de enseñanza de las ciencias naturales en octavo año de educación básica.
Authors: Balseca-Castellano Héctor Fabián , Moscoso Bernal Santiago , Erazo Álvarez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2022

El objetivo principal es fortalecer los procesos de enseñanza del área de Ciencias Naturales en los estudiantes de Octavo Año mediante la gamificación como estrategia activa e innovadora para la consecución de aprendizajes significativos y contextualizados. El trabajo que se desarrollo tiene un diseño no experimental y se aplicara una estadística descriptiva, ya que la población fue pequeña con un análisis de datos cuantitativos, una investigación de cohorte transversal para su recolección de datos, el instrumento de evaluación se utilizó una encuesta, tiene 10 variables valorada por la escala de Likert. El grupo poblacional como objeto de análisis fue los docentes que imparten clases de Ciencias Naturales a los octavos años de diferentes Unidades Educativas donde se evaluó mediante una encuesta de manera presencial a los docentes del Distrito 05D05 Sigchos Educación. Los datos que se analizó estadísticamente se hicieron mediante el SPSS software. Se evidencia que la aplicación de la gamificación da buenos resultados en diferentes ámbitos educativos, lo cual augura éxito en nuestro contexto de aplicación.
Van aktiwiteit na radikale passiwiteit: die ontplooiing van etiese agentskap in Levinas
Authors:   Universiteit van Pretoria, Hofmeyr Benda
Published: September 2022

Die doel van hierdie bydrae is om die ontplooiing van etiese subjektiwiteit in die eerste vier vername werke van Emmanuel Levinas na te spoor ten einde lig te werp op bepaalde vrae wat dit opwerp. Levinas se etiese metafisika bied ’n uiteensetting van die self se a-etiese, ekonomiese bestaan waartydens die eksistent ’n bestaan voer deur van die voorlopige andersheid van die wêreld te geniet. Hier skets Levinas die radikaal onafhanklike bestaan van die eksistent as moontlikheidsvoorwaarde vir sy/haar etiese bekering ten aansien van die Ander. Die self kan slegs as selfonderhoudend die oproep van die hulpbehoewende Ander beantwoord. Dit is in essensie Levinas se posisie in sy eerste drie werke. Een van die vrae wat sigself in hierdie konteks voordoen, is waarom die self sigself toeganklik maak vir die Ander en sy/haar geluk en onafhanklikheid opoffer vir ’n Ander wat ’n enorme verantwoordelikheid oplê, ’n verantwoordelikheid selfs vir die Ander se skuld. ’n Wending vind plaas in Levinas se tweede magnum opus, Autrement qu’être ou au-delà de l’essence (1974) van die self na die Ander, van die aktiwiteit van ekonomiese “self-skepping” na die radikale passiwiteit van die etiese subjek wat deur die Ander te voorskyn geroep word. Hy beweeg van die genot van die eksistent se wêreldse bestaan na die traumatisering van die etiese ontmoeting met die absolute Ander. In hierdie tweede hoofwerk is daar geen verdere melding van die noodsaak van die eksistent se ekonomiese bestaan nie. Die vraag wat die leser hier konfronteer, is wat die aard van die etiese verhouding is as dit wesenlik geen verhouding in die ware sin is nie. Die self word ontneem van sy/haar egoïstiese kern en gekonfronteer met ’n Ander in die Self. Levinas beskryf etiek nie as ’n gemeenskap van vrygewigheid nie, maar as ’n traumatiserende verplettering. Levinas voer uiteindelik aan dat etiek nie gesetel kan wees in die rasionele opweging van opsies nie. Volgens Levinas is die rasionele nadenke oor verantwoordelikheid wat totale vryheid van keuse veronderstel, juis dit wat Kain se sobere, oorwoë bedrieglikheid onderlê het. Vir Levinas moet verantwoordelikheid sy oorsprong vind in iets wat die vryheid van die subjek voorafgaan.
Die impak van die COVID-19-pandemie op Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskapskoerante: ervaring en persepsies
Authors:   Noordwes-Universiteit, Louw Swanepoel Thalyta , Pretorius Cornia
Published: September 2022

Gemeenskapskoerante vervul ’n belangrike rol in plaaslike gemeenskappe deur veral openbarebelang-joernalistiek, waardeur uitdrukking gegee word aan die sektor se diensmandaat teenoor sy lesers. Deur betroubare inligting aan lede van plaaslike gemeenskappe te verskaf sodat hulle sonder druk of inmenging self ingeligte besluite kan neem, vervul die sektor ’n primêre doel van joernalistiek om só demokrasie te ondersteun. Die uitbreking van COVID-19 in 2020 het die gemeenskapsnuussektor wêreldwyd ingrypend geraak. Die ondersoek is derhalwe gedoen om te bepaal wat die impak van die pandemie op tradisionele gemeenskapskoerante in Suid-Afrika was en om vas te stel watter inisiatiewe oorweeg of geïmplementeer is om die volhoubaarheid van die koerante te verseker. Vraelyste in 2020 en opvolgonderhoude in 2021 met gekose deelnemers wat deel vorm van die Forum for Community Journalists (FCJ), ’n nie-winsgewende lidmaatskapsorganisasie wat omsien na die belange van geaffilieerdes, is gebruik om kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Uit die data blyk dat die sektor vir gemeenskapskoerante in Suid-Afrika ook hard getref is deur die pandemie. Afleidings aan die hand van verskeie uitsprake deur redakteurs dui daarop dat koerante weens die erg beperkende toestande die diensmandaat of wesenstaak nie na behore kon uitvoer nie. Van die tasbare gevolge was salarisverminderings, inkorting van ure, sluiting van afdelings, publikasievakansies en samesmeltings, en personeelafleggings, van veral joernaliste. Koerante wat volgens eienaarskapmodelle as korporatief-kommersieel geklassifiseer kan word, is die meeste geraak, wat volgens die persepsies van werknemers nie genoeg gedoen het om die sektor te ondersteun nie. Uit die studie ontstaan die vraag dus tot watter mate korporatiewe eienaars verbind is tot die joernalistieke diensbeginsel van plaaslike koerante. Redakteurs het ’n toename van 10% tot 200% in digitale verkeer gerapporteer in die navorsingstydperk in 2020, wat sedertdien weer grootliks afgeplat het. Hoewel die sektor gedurende 2021 herstel getoon het, is van die pandemie se gevolge nog nie omgekeer nie en bly die sektor kwesbaar.
Vonnisbespreking: Die strafregtelike vervolging, skuldigbevinding en kwytskelding van ’n verloskundige en ginekoloog Van der Walt v S [2020] ZACC 19
Authors:   Universiteit van Suid-Afrika, Slabbert Magda , Labuschaigne Melodie ,   Universiteit van Suid-Afrika
Published: September 2022

To date, few South African doctors have been found guilty of medical negligence in a criminal court (see e.g. R v Van Schoor 1948 4 SA 349; S v Mkwetshana 1965 2 SA 493 (N)). In the field of gynaecology and obstetrics, the unreported case of S v Nell 1987 TPD (see Strauss 1991:280–1) is relevant. In this case, a general practitioner was found guilty of culpable homicide on the ground of negligence during a birth process for attempting to remove the patient’s placenta without the assistance of an obstetrician. The court a quo’s sentence of five years imprisonment, of which three years were conditionally suspended, was changed by the full bench of the Transvaal Provincial Division (TPD; to which the accused appealed) to a fine of R5 000 or to two years’ imprisonment. In Van der Walt v S 2019-4-11, case no. A13/2018, the High Court dismissed an appeal against the merits and the sentence of the Regional Court and sentenced the gynaecologist-obstetrician to five years imprisonment after he was found guilty of culpable homicide. An appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal was dismissed, but the Constitutional Court in Van der Walt v S [2020] ZACC 19 allowed the doctor’s appeal against the judgment on the ground of alleged irregularities in the handling of the case in the court a quo. His contention was that his right to a fair trial, as protected in section 35(3)(i) of the Constitution, was violated in that the magistrate pronounced on the admissibility of only certain exhibits during her judgment. She had also relied on medical textbooks in her judgment that were not disclosed during the trial. His appeal against his sentence was moreover based on the fact that it violated section 12(1)(a) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court subsequently allowed the appeal against the fairness of the trial but dismissed the appeal against the sentence. In order to better contextualise the judgment of the Constitutional Court, the judgment of the High Court requires closer inspection. The High Court judgment detailed the specialist’s negligence towards one of his patients, whose death after giving birth was found to have been caused by severe blood loss not being attended to by the specialist. Both the Regional Court and the High Court (sitting as a court of appeal) found him guilty on a charge of criminal negligence. Regrettably, the Constitutional Court’s focus was limited to the alleged irregularities by the court a quo and not the context in which said irregularities occurred. The Constitutional Court therefore upheld the appeal and directed that the case be referred back to the Director of Public Prosecutions for a decision on whether or not to reinstitute action in a Regional Court in front of another magistrate. As a consequence, the specialist’s sentence fell away following the Constitutional Court’s declaration that the trial in the Regional Court was unfair.
Vonnisbespreking: Privaat vervolgings as meganisme vir die ontwikkeling van ’n grondwetlike regstaat National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development 2017 1 SACR 284 (KH); 2017 4 BCLR 517 (KH)
Authors:   Universiteit van Pretoria, Spies Wian , Curlewis Llewelyn
Published: September 2022

In recent case law it became evident that private prosecutions might be the remedy to unprosecuted criminals in South Africa. South Africa recently obtained its very own private prosecuting unit when the human rights organisation AfriForum hired Advocate Gerrie Nel to join forces and to prosecute alleged criminals. In this discussion the fundamentals of private prosecutions in South Africa will be explored. The historical development and commencement of private prosecutions in a South African context will be explained with specific reference to case law from both the pre- and post-apartheid perspectives. The focus will then be on the decision of the Constitutional Court under discussion (“NSPCA case”) which will be elaborated on, explained and evaluated. In this case the question whether the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 discriminates against juristic persons arose. This aspect of the judgment will also be explored further. Lastly, some crime statistics in South Africa will be examined as well as whether private prosecutors can somehow assist the National Prosecuting Authority in their quest to prosecute all crimes and keep South Africans safe. The conclusion is that the NSPCA case is correct. The court found that the NSPCA has the legal capacity to prosecute. However, the court did not express itself on the question whether section 7(1)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act is in accordance with the Constitution as it clearly discriminates against juristic persons by omitting them from the wording of the section. It is submitted that provision should be made to allow juristic persons to prosecute so that the capacity to prosecute privately in South Africa can be extended. Of course, juristic persons will also have to comply with the requirements of section 7(1)(a) and they will be able to prosecute only after a nolle prosequi-certificate has been issued to them by the National Prosecuting Authority.
Development of Cultural Heritage Registration in Post-Colonial Tanzania
Authors: Biginagwa Thomas J.
Published: September 2022

Although Tanzania is endowed with a significant amount of nationally and internationally renowned cultural heritage resources that span about 3.6 million years to the present, very few of them feature in the national heritage register. The government has only proclaimed and registered fifty-five heritage assets deemed to be of national significance since independence, almost six decades ago. Most of the registered heritage resources are built heritage with colonial ties, at the expense of traditional African ones. Spatially, heritage properties in regions along the Indian Ocean coast dominate the proclaimed heritage properties. This paper investigates the reasons for these trends, by tracing the roots of the heritage registration system in the country to the colonial period and by uncovering the shortcomings in the creation and maintenance of the heritage register, and proposes solutions and strategies for addressing the challenges. The paper cites examples from African countries and beyond to illustrate how comprehensive heritage registers are created and maintained.
Application of Government Regulations in the Implementation of Face-to-face Learning at SMA Negeri 1 Nita in the New Normal Period
Authors: Bela Elisabeth
Published: September 2022

This study aims to find out 1) Application of government rules in the implementation of face to face learning, 2) Constrainst faced by schools in the application of government rules for implementing face to face learning, 3) Solutions in overcoming obstacles faced in SMA Negeri I Nita new normal period. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Nita. This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques used, namely, interview techniques, observations and documentation. Based on the results of interviews with school principals, teachers, students, staffing staff, security quards, and parents in the application of health protocol. 1) The application of health protocol rules is still not implemented properly in accordance with the rules issued by the government, 2) Constraints of students are less obedient during running health protocols such as using masks, maintaining limited learning and learning time, 3) Sulitions ladies and gentlemen, teachers must remid all svhool members  to continue to apkly health protocols during face to face learning in the new normal period
Phytochemical and anti-cancer properties of Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss. crude extracts
Authors: Al-Saraireh Yousef M. , Youssef Ahmed M.M. , Za’al Alsarayreh Ahmad , Al Hujran Tayel A. , Al-Sarayreh Sameeh , Al-Shuneigat Jehad M. , Alrawashdeh Hamzeh Mohammad
Published: September 2022

Context: Euphorbia hierosolymitana is a member of Euphorbia species having a restricted use in traditional medicine in eastern Mediterranean countries. Aims: To phytochemically analyze different extracts of Euphorbia hierosolymitana and to investigate their anti-cancer activity against a panel of different cancer cell lines. Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were extracted by n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Each extract was subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the bioactive compounds. Additionally, the anti-cancer activity of each extract compared to positive control doxorubicin was evaluated against a panel of different cancer and normal cell lines by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the different extracts revealed different compounds of alkane hydrocarbons, fatty acids, sterols, phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, indol alkaloids, terpenoids, pyridine derivatives, and desulphosinigrin. Regarding anti-cancer activity, the n-butanol extract exhibited a significant selective concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the colon cancer cell line (Caco-2) compared to other normal and cancer cell lines. This selective differential was comparable to the positive control, doxorubicin. The ethyl acetate extract, however, showed a significant cytotoxic activity among all the tested cell lines compared to the positive control. This cytotoxicity was in a concentration-dependent manner and weak to normal cell line (Wi38). Conclusions: The selective differential in anti-cancer activity between different types of extracts is attractive and holds significant promise for the development of new cancer therapies.
Molecular target mechanisms of celecoxib induced liver damage in rats and the potential prophylactic roles of melatonin and/or quercetin
Authors: Sulimani Emtenan Sami , Yousef Jehad Mustafa , Mohamed Azza M.
Published: September 2022

Context: Celecoxib (Cele), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is linked with a spectrum of hepatotoxic influences, however the underlying mechanism (s) by which this drug induces liver damage is still unexplored. Aims: To demonstrate the hepatotoxic mechanism (s) of Cele in rats and the prophylactic roles of melatonin (Mel) and/or quercetin(Qr). Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups, GI, served as control group; GII, Mel (12 mg/kg/day) treated group; GIII, Qr (10 mg/kg/day) treated group; GIV, Mel and Qr treated group; GV, Cele (50 mg/kg/day) treated group; GVI, Cele treated group concurrently with Mel GVII, Cele treated group concurrently with Qr; GVIII, Cele treated group concurrently with the combination of the two agents. The efficiency of Mel and/or Qr on hepatic histomorphology was also investigated. Results: Cele significantly reduced hepatic succinate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphate and increased adenosine diphosphate versus the control group. Cele also caused rising in hepatic malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, caspase-3 and hydroxyproline as well as DNA damage along with depletion in catalase and glutathione reductase. Alteration in serum liver function markers and its histologic architecture were also observed in Cele treated group. Co-treatment of Cele treated rats with Mel and/or Qr, effectively ameliorated the deteriorations in the studied parameters as well as the histomorphologic liver pictures. Conclusions: Mel and/or Qr could protect the liver from Cele, toxicity, which was more pronounced in rats treated with the combination of the two agents.
In vitro anti-aging activity of Muntingia calabura L. fruit extract and its fractions
Authors: Nur Syamsu , Angelina Aprilia Angreiny , Aswad Muhammad , Yulianty Risfah , Burhan Asril , Nursamsiar Nursamsiar
Published: September 2022

Context: Premature aging usually occurred due to free radicals reducing the skins’ physiological functions. Muntingia calabura, a plant containing rich antioxidants, has the potential to overcome this problem. Aims: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of M. calabura in inhibiting the premature aging process, to be potentially developed into an antiaging active ingredient. Methods: The samples were extracted using ethanol 96%, and processed into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions, respectively. Total phenolic content was determined, followed by the evaluation of antioxidant capacity through DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. Further, anti-elastase was conducted using human neutrophil elastase as a skin degradation enzyme, followed by an anti-collagenase test. Finally, normal cell proliferation was also evaluated via the MTT method measuring cell viability on HDFa cells. Results: As the results, ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction showed a strong antioxidant effect, having great capacity reducing DPPH, ABTS radicals, and also iron reduction, in contrast to n-hexane fraction that exhibited only weak activity. The antioxidant trend capacities were found directly correlated to total phenolic contents. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction was found to have optimum activity in inhibiting elastase and collagenase enzymes, showing a similar impact on cell viability. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction from M. calabura exhibits the prospect for further development to support its effectiveness as an active ingredient in antiaging cosmetics.
Protective effect of propolis from Tigzirt on epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Authors: Chaa Sara , Boufadi Mokhtaria Yasmina , Keddari Soumia , Benchaib Amina Hayat
Published: September 2022

Context: Epirubicin (EPI), belonging to the anthracycline family, is one of the most effective chemo-therapeutic agents used in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematologic malignant tumors but Its anti-tumor efficacy is dose-dependent, but its clinical use is limited by the development of cardiac, hepatic and nephrotic toxicities. Aims: To evaluate the protective effect of ethyl acetate extract of propolis (EAP) native to Tigzirt on selected antioxidant status parameters and biomarkers of epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups. It orally dosed with (EAP) or quercetin during 15 days before being subjected to toxicity by injection (i.v) of a cumulative dose of 9 mg/kg of epirubicin to repair cardiac and renal damage. Results: Injection of epirubicin to rats induced cardiac and renal dysfunction as evidenced by a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum levels of biochemical markers (CKmb, BNP, LDH, troponin, urea, creatinine and uric acid). This toxicity thus caused lesions, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltrate in the heart and kidneys. The administration of 250 mg/kg of EAP allowed restoring these functions by lowering the level of these parameters. Thus, a balance of oxidative stress was demonstrated with a decrease of +50% in the level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Therefore, significant restoration was observed on organ architecture. Conclusions: These results show that propolis is rich in phenolic substances, which gave the protective and curative effects against epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats.
The effect of early switching from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nguyen Anh Dung , Mai-Phan Tuong-Anh , Tran Minh Hoang , Pham Hong Tham
Published: September 2022

Context: The benefit of early switching from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotic therapy has been controversial during the last few decades. Aims: To evaluate the effect of early switching from IV to PO antibiotics on treatment outcomes in surgical patients at one of the largest public hospitals. Methods: Two hundred and nine patients admitted for a therapeutic antibiotic to orthopedic and general surgery conditions were randomly assigned into three groups: control (non-switching) (n = 69), early switching within 48-72 hours (n = 66), and late switching after 72 hours (n = 74). The rate of effectiveness, length of hospital stay, and cost were recorded and analyzed. Results: Treatment effectiveness was not significantly different among the three groups. However, the length of stay and cost were found reduced in early switching group, with a decrease of 2-3 days of hospital stay and 30-40% of total healthcare spending compared to late or non-switching protocol (p<0.001). Conclusions: Early switching does not compromise the outcome of antibiotic treatment while this protocol is superior to non-switching and late-switching in terms of length of hospital stay and cost of treatment. Early switching should be considered for surgery patients to optimize the treatment.
Viroinformatics investigation of B-cell epitope conserved region in SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 isolates originated from Indonesia to develop vaccine candidate against COVID-19
Authors: Ansori Arif N. M. , Nidom Reviany V. , Kusala Muhammad K. J. , Indrasari Setyarina , Normalina Irine , Nidom Astria N. , Afifah Balqis , Sari Kartika B. , Ramadhaniyah Nor L. , Alamudi Mohammad Y. , Cahyaningsih Umi , Santoso Kuncoro P. , Kuswanto Heri , Nidom Chairul A.
Published: September 2022

Context: SARS-CoV-2, a member of family Coronaviridae and the causative agent of COVID-19, is a virus which is transmitted to human and other mammals. Aims: To analyze the B-cell epitope conserved region and viroinformatics-based study of the SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates to invent a vaccine nominee for overcoming COVID-19. Methods: The sequences of seven Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates, Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate, and WIV04 isolate were extracted from the GISAID EpiCoV and GenBank, NCBI. MEGA X was employed to understand the transformations of amino acid in the S protein and to develop a molecular phylogenetic tree. The IEDB was implemented to reveal the linear B-cell epitopes. In addition, PEP-FOLD3 web server was utilized to perform peptide modeling, while docking was performed using PatchDock, FireDock, and the PyMOL software. Moreover, in silico cloning was developed by using SnapGene v.3.2.1 software. Results: In this study, the changes of amino acid in all seven Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates were uncovered. Furthermore, various peptides based on the B-cell epitope prediction, allergenicity prediction, toxicity prediction from S protein to generate a vaccine contrary to SARS-CoV-2 were identified. Furthermore, the development of in silico cloning using pET plasmid was successfully achieved. Conclusions: This study exhibits the transformations of amino acid in Indonesian B.1.1.7 isolates, and proposes four peptides (“LTPGDSSSGWTAG”, “VRQIAPGQTGKIAD”, “ILPDPSKPSKRS”, and “KNHTSPDVDLG”) from S protein as the candidate for a peptide-based vaccine. However, further advance trials such as in vitro and in vivo testing are involved for validation.
Impact of intervention of community pharmacists on cardiovascular outcomes in Spain: A systematic review
Authors: Manouchehri Marjan , Fernández-Alfonso María S. , Gil-Ortega Marta
Published: September 2022

Context: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality across Spain. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of these premature deaths are preventable by controlling cardiovascular risk factors. Community pharmacists (CPs) are well situated to provide professional educational advice and implement interventions for the reduction of CVD. Aims: To analyze the impact of community pharmacists’ interventions on cardiovascular risk factors and CVD prevention in Spain. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched PubMed/MEDLINE; SCOPUS; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); EMBASE; National Regional Database (LILACS BIREME); CINAHL; Pharm-line; ClinicalTrials.gov; ISRCTN; DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), WHO ICTRP, SCIELO and opengrey.eu and Google Scholar and considered research published between January 2000 and August 2020. The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB2) and ROBINS-I tools were used to evaluate the randomised/quasi-randomised controlled trials and the nonrandomised studies of interventions (NRSI), respectively. Results: The database search resulted in 457 items from which fourteen met our inclusion criteria. A total of 4,250 participants, aged 18 to 85, were included in the pharmacists’ interventions offered in the form of medication reconciliation and patient education. Studies showed a beneficial effect of CPs intervention on medication reconciliation and the control of hypertension, dyslipidaemias, obesity, and diabetes. However, evidence on smoking cessation and alcohol advice services is meager. Conclusions: This study suggests that community pharmacist counselling and personalized intervention could contribute to improving cardiovascular outcomes in Spain.
characterization of physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface water receiving effluent from champion breweries plc in uyo, akwa ibom state, nigeria
Authors: Akpan, S. Udeme  , Umana Umana
Published: September 2022

Physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of surface water receiving effluent from Champion Breweries Plc, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State were analysed to evaluate the effect of the effluent on the physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of the surface water. The water samples were collected using polyethylene bottles that were initially rinsed with 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) then with the sample water. Two samples were collected at each sampling point. One was for physicochemical properties determinations while the other sample was for heavy metal analysis. HNO3 was added in the samples for heavy metal analysis for preservation of the metals. The collected samples were stored in an ice-packed cooler kit and taken to the laboratory for analysis. The results showed that the temperature of the water was within the permissible limit. Mean pH was lower than the permissible range for drinking water especially during the dry season.  Turbidity was above the permissible limit in both dry/wet seasons. Dissolved oxygen was below the permissible limit. Mean biochemical oxygen demand was above the permissible limit. The result of the ratio of chemical oxygen demand to biochemical oxygen demand showed that the compounds in the water were relatively biodegradable. Total suspended solid was above the permissible limit. Mean total dissolved solid was below the permissible limit. Mean electrical conductivity was also below the permissible limit. The concentration of NH4 was at toxic level. The concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulphate were below the permissible limits indicating non-toxicity and lack of these nutrient elements in the water. The contents of Fe, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co and Mn were above permissible levels. The effluent from Champion breweries is considered to be one of the major sources of pollutants of surface water in this area, which efficient treatment of effluent before disposal is recommended.
The Role of the Ruling Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence in Increasing the Efficiency of e-Learning Entrepreneurship
Authors: Albaz Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Purpose: The main purpose of the research is to achieve E-learning in university education through the strategic role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in order to bring about development of university educational systems and continue to maximize competitiveness at the local, regional and global levels. Practical implications: Universities and specialized ministries seek to adopt leadership in e-learning to achieve the ability to in-depth thinking and data analysis in the light of the Sustainable Development Strategy. Originality/Value: It is necessary to move towards adopting artificial intelligence applications in university education to greatly enhance human capabilities and contributions. E-learning. A research article covering the framework of achieving university E-learning. Results: The dimensions of artificial intelligence have a strategic and pivotal role in building Technological Educational Programs and curricula that achieve the highest performance rates for human resources