bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teamwork Makes the Dream Work: Experiences of Student-Athletes in STEM with Dual Advising
Authors: Grafnetterova Nikola , Aguirre Hilda Cecilia Contreras , Banda Rosa M.
Published: June 2021

Despite the nation's critical need for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) college graduates, the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I student-athletes represent a small portion of STEM majors. Student-athletes pursuing STEM disciplines benefit from the assistance of academic and athletic advisors; this study explored student-athletes' experiences with such dual advising. Building on Terenzini and Reason's (2005) comprehensive model of influences on student learning and persistence, our findings highlighted STEM athletes' need for individualized advising, support engagement in STEM, and options and flexibility in the curriculum. The study also exposed uncertainty about the different roles of academic and athletic advising units and the ways limited communication diminishes the effectiveness of the advising units' collaborative efforts.
Characteristics of Academic Advising That Contribute to Racial and Ethnic Minority Student Success at Predominantly White Institutions
Authors: Museus Samuel D. , Ravello Joanna N.
Published: June 2021

Racial and ethnic minority student departure continues to be a major concern for higher education researchers, policy makers, and practitioners. We explore the role that academic advisors play in facilitating success among students of color at predominantly White institutions that have demonstrated effectiveness at generating ethnic minority success. Three themes emerged from the findings and underscore the characteristics of academic advising that contribute to that success. First, participants noted the importance of advisors who humanized the practice of academic advising. Second, they highlighted the impact of those who adopted a multifaceted approach to advising. Finally, participants emphasized the importance of proactive academic advising. Implications for academic advising practices are discussed.
NAS BORDAS DO TEMPO: A REPRESENTAÇÃO SIMBÓLICA DO DUPLO VAMPIRO/JUDEU ERRANTE EM UM CONTO DE AGUALUSA
Authors: Pandolfi Maira Angélica , Da Cruz Tiago Souza
Published: June 2021

RESUMO: No conto “O último dia do ano”, do escritor angolano José Eduardo Agualusa, dois velhos conhecidos que vagam, há séculos, por cenários catastróficos, tem um encontro marcado em um restaurante de Manhattan. São heróis desterritorializados, figuras mitológicas que carregam uma maldição histórica: a de vagar por toda eternidade. Assim, vampiro e judeu errante perambulam por espaços reais, carregados pela corrente fluida do tempo. Eles penetram na memória dos acontecimentos passados e, ao mesmo tempo, anseiam pela ruptura do interminável ciclo da vida, como se esperassem por um milagre. Há também um terceiro elemento, denominado “ELE” para compor a tríade da (arqui)estrutura vampírica, conectando passado e futuro nessa borda do tempo, nesse místico cronotopo que é o último dia do ano em Manhattan. A análise se pauta em uma leitura a partir da perspectiva simbólica, contando com os estudos de Bruno Berlendis de Carvalho (2010) e Pierre Brunel (2005) para a reflexão sobre a visitação aos mitos literários do vampiro e do judeu errante, além do aporte teórico de Stuart Hall (2003) sobre as diásporas e de reflexões sobre a cultura e o entre-lugar, tratados por Homi Bhabha (1998). Consideramos, ainda, as contribuições de Maurice Halbwachs (1990) sobre o tema da memória coletiva e das relações entre memória e história. A partir disso, concluímos que as figuras míticas utilizadas por Agualusa problematizam questões recorrentes em seu projeto político-literário. É o caso das diásporas, que desencadeiam relações complexas de identidades fronteiriças e de memória na Pós-Modernidade.
A loucura entre nós: A epidemia em O Horla, de Guy de Maupassant, e na política atual do novo coronavírus
Authors: Martins Fabiane Alves
Published: June 2021

Através do estudo da vertente fantástica no escritor francês Guy de Maupassant, o presente artigo se dispõe a analisar a presença do tema da epidemia em sua novela O Horla, produção de grande importância em meio ao seu rico repertório literário. Em um paralelo com a obra, será abordada a atual pandemia de coronavírus, em um estudo de diferentes medidas adotadas por países que se destacaram no combate ao vírus. Enquanto alguns governos tiveram resultados encorajadores desde o início do surto da doença, outros apresentaram diversos problemas na contenção do vírus, que revelou deficiências profundas na liderança de certas nações. Em uma abordagem intimista, a obra de Maupassant traz um ser de fora que ameaça a segurança de seu personagem, em um fenômeno que ele identifica como uma epidemia de loucura que, na narrativa, teria origem no Brasil. Na atualidade, essa passagem ganha vida na maneira como certos países lidaram com a crise em suas mãos. Tendo como estratégia presidencial um negacionismo extremo, esse fenômeno se mostrou bastante presente em governos como os do Brasil e dos EUA, que se apoiaram em um discurso cada vez mais distanciado da perspectiva científica. Em meio ao caos surgido da atual pandemia, O Horla mostra seu caráter atemporal.
EPIDEMIA DO SILÊNCIO: LEITURA COMPARADA DE DEMÔNIOS E CIDADE ADORMECIDA
Authors: Niels Karla Menezes Lopes , Borges Isabella Melim , Curanishi Fernanda Tonholi Sasso , Farinha Marciana Gonçalves
Published: June 2021

O temor da morte e da doença são medos muito latentes no ser humano. Uma forma de exorcizar esses medos passa pela ficção. Por isso, a partir do diálogo entre os contos “Demônios”, de Aluísio de Azevedo, e, “Cidade Adormecida”, de Marcel Schwob, o presente  artigo abordará questões intrínsecas ao medo da peste e da morte, sobretudo, o silêncio que tal medo enseja, como consequência das insólitas “epidemias” presenciadas pelos narradores. Trata-se de questões que se aproximam de experiências vividas em situações extremas, a exemplo, de outras pestes, como a que hoje presenciamos, isto é, a pandemia de Covid-19. Embasamos esse diálogo nos estudos seminais acerca do fantástico, bem como nos estudos de Jean Delumeau (2009), Eni Orlandi (2008) e Edgar Morin (1970).
As sociabilidades necessárias ao capital: o trabalho em migalhas no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19
Authors: Do Amaral Angela Santana
Published: June 2021

Este texto discute as configurações do trabalho e as sociabilidades construídas pelo capital na fase atual da sua acumulação, destacando o contexto da pandemia, seus efeitos sobre o mercado de trabalho e as renovadas estratégias de gestão, controle e disciplinamento da força de trabalho. Analisa as determinações gerais da crise capitalista e os mecanismos de recomposição do seu domínio, através do trabalho mediado pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação e formas de superexploração da força de trabalho que combinam o moderno e o arcaico. Nesse contexto, considera que a ampliação da informalidade e precariedade na sociedade contemporânea bem como as ideologias que orientam a formação de um trabalhador de novo-tipo, constituem os vetores que determinam os modos de ser, pensar e agir das classes trabalhadoras. Palavras-Chave: trabalho; sociabilidade; crise capitalista; pandemia; precariedade.
Coração de Estudante”: registros fotográficos do cotidiano na pandemia
Authors: “Questão Social em Foto” Coletivo
Published: June 2021

Essa mostra de fotografia, intitulada “Coração de Estudante”, faz parte do resultado preliminar da segunda fase (qualitativa) da pesquisa “A realidade das (os) estudantes da FSS/UERJ em tempos de pandemia do novo Coronavirus: enfrentamentos cotidianos e desdobramentos na vida acadêmica”, sob a coordenação das professora Paula Bonfim, Graziela Scheffer e Mônica Alencar.
Diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastric ulceration: a case report
Authors: Santos Sara
Published: June 2021

Helicobacter pylori bacteria can infect the gastrointestinal tract, with the potential to cause causing gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and/or gastric cancer. There are various diagnostic tools for H. pylori, with invasive gastroscopic biopsy as the gold standard. Infection can be eradicated with a combination of omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. This article presents a case study of a 56-year-old woman who was diagnosed with an H. pylori-associated gastric ulcer and successfully treated with triple eradication therapy. It also explores the pathophysiology of H. pylori, covering its mechanisms of mobility, pH regulation and adhesion, as well as its virulence, expression of cytotoxins and potential progression to cancer.
Development of a Small Electric Robot Boat for Mowing Aquatic Weeds
Authors: Kaizu Yutaka , Shimada Tetsuo , Takahashi Yusuke , Igarashi Sho , Yamada Hiroyuki , Furuhashi Kenichi , Imou Kenji
Published: June 2021

Highlights

A small, automatically guided electric robot boat was developed to control the growth of aquatic plants in lakes.

The robot boat was able to mow without becoming entangled with aquatic plants due to the paddle propulsion mechanism.

The average speed was 0.41 m s-1, and the lateral deviation from the set path was 9.4 cm.

The growth restraint effect was confirmed using aerial images collected by a drone.

Abstract. At present, aquatic plants are becoming a problem in various lakes. Aquatic weeds that grow to high densities cause decreases in the oxygen concentration in the water, accumulation of sludge, and adverse effects on water use facilities and fisheries. Although there are large machines for cutting and harvesting aquatic plants, their use is limited due to their high cost, large size, and heavy weight. On the other hand, manual cutting is very labor intensive and inefficient. Therefore, in this research, we developed a labor-saving and low-cost robot boat to mow aquatic plants. This robot boat is automatically controlled by a real-time kinematic global navigational satellite system (RTK-GNSS) and is characterized by its small size, light weight, excellent portability, and low energy consumption. In addition, a paddle mechanism that replaces a conventional propeller was introduced as a propulsion mechanism to prevent entanglement of water plants and enable long-term automatic navigation. Mowing lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in Lake Izunuma, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, confirmed that mowing could be properly conducted with a lateral deviation of 9.4 cm, average speed of 0.41 m s-1, and average power consumption of 518 W even when lotus was at its densest growth. If the cutting width of the robot boat was 1.2 m and the sidelap width was 0.3 m, the theoretical field work rate would be 0.133 ha h-1. Images captured by a drone confirmed that cutting with the robot boat was effective in suppressing the growth of lotus. It was found that the effect of suppressing growth was maximized by mowing at the time when the stopping leaves appeared in the late growth stage of lotus. Keywords: Autonomous navigation, Lotus, Moving baseline, Robot operation system, RTK-GNSS, Virtual private network.
255. Recursos na Internet para pesquisa em Ciências Humanas: as obras fundamentais da Geografia
Authors: Nabarro Sergio Aparecido
Published: June 2021

Nas últimas três décadas se observa nas pesquisas em Ciências Humanas um retorno ao estudo das obras e autores considerados fundamentais. No caso específico da Geografia este regresso à leitura e análise das obras originais foi intensificado nos países latino-americanos a partir da metade dos anos 1980, mas atualmente ainda encontramos enormes dificuldades em relação ao acesso às obras. Por isso, o esforço de bibliotecas e institutos de documentação de vários países em digitalizar e disponibilizar seus acervos na internet é de grande valor para a realização de levantamentos bibliográficos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar ao leitor as principais plataformas digitais que disponibilizam parte ou a totalidade do seu acervo online, destacando aquelas que ofertam o maior número de obras vinculadas às Ciências Humanas.
Astrophotonics: introduction to the feature issue
Authors: Dinkelaker Aline N. , Rahman Aashia , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Cantalloube Faustine , Ellis Simon , Feautrier Philippe , Ireland Michael , Labadie Lucas , Thomson Robert R.
Published: June 2021

Astrophotonics is an emerging field that focuses on the development of photonic components for astronomical instrumentation. With ongoing advancements, astrophotonic solutions are already becoming an integral part of existing instruments. A recent example is the €60M ESO GRAVITY instrument at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, Chile, that makes heavy use of photonic components. We envisage far-reaching applications in future astronomical instruments, especially those intended for the new generation of extremely large telescopes and in space. With continued improvements in extreme adaptive optics, the case becomes increasingly compelling. The joint issue of JOSA B and Applied Optics features more than 20 state-of-the-art papers in diverse areas of astrophotonics. This introduction provides a summary of the papers that cover several important topics, such as photonic lanterns, beam combiners and interferometry, spectrographs, OH suppression, and coronagraphy.
Probing layered structures by multi-color backscattering polarimetry and machine learning
Authors: Zhu Yuanhuan , Dong Yang , Yao Yue , Si Lu , Liu Yudi , He Honghui , Ma Hui
Published: June 2021

Polarization imaging can quantitatively probe the characteristic microstructural features of biological tissues non-invasively. In biomedical tissues, layered structures are common. Superposition of two simple layers can result in a complex Mueller matrix, and multi-color backscattering polarimetry can help to probe layered structures. In this work, multi-color backscattering Mueller matrix images are measured for living nude mice skins. Preliminary analysis of anisotropy parameter A and linear polarizance parameter b show signs of a layered structure in the skin. For more detailed examinations on polarization features of layered samples, we generate Mueller matrices by experimenting with two-layered thick tissues and concentrically aligned silk submerged in milk. Then we use supervised machine learning to identify polarization parameters that are sensitive to layered structure and guide the synthesis of more parameters. Monte Carlo simulation is also adopted to explore the relationship between parameters and microstructures of media. We conclude that multi-color backscattering polarimetry combined with supervised machine learning can be applied to probe the characteristic microstructure in layered living tissue samples.
Universal optical network architecture for future wireless LANs [Invited]
Authors: Edirisinghe Sampath , Ranaweera Chathurika , Lim Christina , Nirmalathas Ampalavanapillai , Wong Elaine
Published: June 2021

Ultra-high-capacity indoor wireless connectivity is considered a key technology enabler to support end-to-end delivery of new services in the beyond-5G and 6G era. With physical layer data rates well beyond 10 Gbps, optical wireless communication (OWC) technology is positioning itself as a prospective candidate to support these services. While OWC is capable of handling multi-gigabit data rates in the wireless domain, the underlying distribution network architecture is not designed to transport the projected high volumes of data as well as the expected added complexity of managing and coordinating multiple narrow beams, beamsteering, and femto cells. To future proof wireless local area networks (LANs) including those using the radio spectrum, we propose a universal network architecture that features centralized software/hardware resource pools as well as control and data plane separation in conjunction with virtualization support and a high-capacity fiber distribution network. Such an architecture has the potential to realize interoperability between existing and future high-capacity wireless LAN technologies such as Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi in the 60 GHz range, as well as dynamic and flexible allocation of resources in response to changing user bandwidth demand. Our results demonstrate the benefits of the universal network architecture in supporting high throughput performance, low delay, and increased resiliency.
Generation of additive colors with near unity amplitude using a multilayer tandem Fabry–Perot cavity
Authors: Kosger Ali Cahit , Ghobadi Amir , Rashed Alireza Rahimi , Caglayan Humeyra , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the generation of additive red-green-blue (RGB) colors in reflectance mode with near unity amplitude is demonstrated. For this purpose, a multilayer structure made of metal–insulator–metal–semiconductor–insulator stacks is designed to achieve

>

0.9

reflection peaks with full-width-at-half-maximum values

<

0.3

λ

p
e
a
k

. The proposed design also shows near zero reflection in off-resonance spectral ranges, and this, in turn, leads to high color purity. The optimized designs are fabricated, and simulation and theoretical results are verified with characterization findings. This work demonstrates the potential of multilayer tandem cavity designs in the realization of lithography-free large-scale compatible functional optical coatings.
Response thresholds alone cannot explain empirical patterns of division of labor in social insects
Authors: Ulrich Yuko , Kawakatsu Mari , Tokita Christopher K. , Saragosti Jonathan , Chandra Vikram , Tarnita Corina E. , Kronauer Daniel J. C.
Published: June 2021

The effects of heterogeneity in group composition remain a major hurdle to our understanding of collective behavior across disciplines. In social insects, division of labor (DOL) is an emergent, colony-level trait thought to depend on colony composition. Theoretically, behavioral response threshold models have most commonly been employed to investigate the impact of heterogeneity on DOL. However, empirical studies that systematically test their predictions are lacking because they require control over colony composition and the ability to monitor individual behavior in groups, both of which are challenging. Here, we employ automated behavioral tracking in 120 colonies of the clonal raider ant with unparalleled control over genetic, morphological, and demographic composition. We find that each of these sources of variation in colony composition generates a distinct pattern of behavioral organization, ranging from the amplification to the dampening of inherent behavioral differences in heterogeneous colonies. Furthermore, larvae modulate interactions between adults, exacerbating the apparent complexity. Models based on threshold variation alone only partially recapitulate these empirical patterns. However, by incorporating the potential for variability in task efficiency among adults and task demand among larvae, we account for all the observed phenomena. Our findings highlight the significance of previously overlooked parameters pertaining to both larvae and workers, allow the formulation of theoretical predictions for increasing colony complexity, and suggest new avenues of empirical study.
Past and present of cystic echinococcosis in Bolivia
Authors: Ali Viterman , Martinez Eddy , Duran Pamela , Villena Erick , Deplazes Peter , Alvarez Rojas Cristian A.
Published: June 2021

Viable eggs of the canine intestinal tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infect various intermediate hosts causing cystic echinococcosis (CE). Furthermore, CE represents a serious zoonosis causing a significant global burden of disease. CE is highly endemic in South America, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Peru. For Bolivia, no official data concerning the incidence in humans or the number of livestock and dogs infected are available. However, it is well known that CE occurs in Bolivia. We aim here to fill the gap in the current knowledge of the epidemiological situation of CE in Bolivia, providing a historical overview of documents published within the country, which have never been comprehensively reviewed. The very first documentation of E. granulosus infection in animals dates in 1910, while the first human case was reported in 1913. In total, 876 human CE cases have been reported in the scientific literature, with an apparent increase since the 1970s. In the absence of other epidemiological studies, the highest prevalence in human comes from Tupiza, Potosí Department, where 4.1% (51/1,268) of the population showed signs of CE at mass ultrasound screening in 2011. In the same report, 24% of dog faecal samples were positive for coproantigens of E. granulosus s.l. in ELISA. The highest prevalence in intermediate hosts reported at abattoir reached 37.5% in cattle from Potosí, followed by 26.9% in llamas from Oruro, 2.4% in pigs and 1.4% in sheep from La Paz. Finally, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5), and Echinococcus intermedius (G7) have been identified in Bolivia. Data reviewed here confirm that E. granulosus s.l. is circulating in Bolivia and that a proper prospective nationwide epidemiological study of CE is urgently needed to define transmission patterns as a basis for the planning and implementation of future control measurements.
Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle in China during 2010–2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gong Qing-Long , Chen Yu , Tian Tian , Wen Xiaobo , Li Dong , Song Yu-Hao , Wang Qi , Du Rui , Zhang Xiao-Xuan
Published: June 2021

Background

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by members of theMycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex bacteria, mainlyMycobacterium bovis(M.bovis), is a major threat to public health and economic development. There has been no systematic epidemiological assessment concerning bTB in dairy cattle in China.

Methodology/principal findings

Literature related to bTB in China was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, ScienceDirect, VIP Chinese Journals Database, and Wan Fang Database to build the first meta-analysis for estimating the prevalence and infection moderators of bTB in dairy cattle in China. A total of 100 relevant studies published from 2010 to 2019 were included. We estimated the overall prevalence of bTB was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.1–2.8) during this decade. In the sampling year subgroup, the prevalence was lowest in 2017 or later at 0.8% (95% CI: 0.3–1.5). The lowest prevalence was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5–1.0) in Northwestern China. The lowest prevalence was 2.1% (95% CI: 1.8–2.5) using SIT test. Heifer cows had the highest prevalence, which was 27.1% (95% CI: 9.7–49.2). The prevalence in scale farming was 3.7% (95% CI: 3.1–4.3), significantly higher than that in free-range farming (1.7%, 95% CI: 1.1–2.4). The prevalence of bTB was highest in summer at 4.0% (95% CI: 1.7–7.0). In addition, the influence of different geographical factors (altitude, longitude, latitude, precipitation, temperature, humidity) on the prevalence was analyzed.

Conclusions/significance

The results showed that bTB was widespread in China but has been gradually reduced through concerted national intervention. It is suggested that different countries should formulate corresponding prevention and control measures according to the epidemic situation in its cattle industry. Enhanced monitoring of warm and humid areas may play an important role in reducing the incidence of bTB. In addition, when large-scale breeding is promoted, attention should be paid to standardizing breeding management and improving animal welfare to reduce the prevalence of bTB in cattle.
Bacillus thuringiensis chimeric proteins Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 to control soybean lepidopteran pests: New domain combinations enhance insecticidal spectrum of activity and novel receptor contributions
Authors: Chen Danqi , Moar William J. , Jerga Agoston , Gowda Anilkumar , Milligan Jason S. , Bretsynder Eric C. , Rydel Timothy J. , Baum James A. , Semeao Altair , Fu Xiaoran , Guzov Victor , Gabbert Karen , Head Graham P. , Haas Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2021

Two new chimeric Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins, Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2, were constructed using specific domains, which provide insecticidal activity against key lepidopteran soybean pests while minimizing receptor overlaps between themselves, current, and soon to be commercialized plant incorporated protectants (PIP’s) in soybean. Results from insect diet bioassays demonstrate that the recombinant Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 are toxic to soybean looper (SBL) Chrysodeixis includens Walker, velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, southern armyworm (SAW) Spodoptera eridania, and black armyworm (BLAW) Spodoptera cosmioides with LC50 values < 3,448 ng/cm2. Cry1B.2 is of moderate activity with significant mortality and stunting at > 3,448 ng/cm2, while Cry1A.2 lacks toxicity against old-world bollworm (OWB) Helicoverpa armigera. Results from disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays suggest that receptor utilization of Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 proteins are distinct from each other and from current, and yet to be commercially available, Bt proteins in soy such as Cry1Ac, Cry1A.105, Cry1F.842, Cry2Ab2 and Vip3A. However, as Cry1A.2 contains a domain common to at least one commercial soybean Bt protein, resistance to this common domain in a current commercial soybean Bt protein could possibly confer at least partial cross resistance to Cry1A2. Therefore, Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 should provide two new tools for controlling many of the major soybean insect pests described above.
Therapeutic targeting of STAT3 pathways in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical literature
Authors: Peisl Sarah , Mellenthin Claudia , Vignot Lucie , Gonelle-Gispert Carmen , Bühler Leo , Egger Bernhard
Published: June 2021

Background/Objectives

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly lethal disease with increasing incidence. Due to high resistance, chemo/radiotherapy has limited success in pancreatic cancer and only marginally prolongs patient survival. Therefore, novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are needed. In the present review, we performed a comprehensive summary of therapeutic approaches targeting the GP130/JAK/STAT3 pathway.

Methods

We systematically reviewed the PubMed and Embase databases for preclinical and clinical studies, from inception to October 4, 2020, on drugs targeting the GP130/JAK/STAT3 pathway. Bias assessments and qualitative analyses were performed.

Results

Twenty-five preclinical and nine clinical trials were included in the review. All preclinical studies reported a favorable outcome in terms of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression. Futhermore, drugs targeting the GP130/JAK/STAT3 pathway were shown to be efficient chemosensitizers. However, high publication bias was assumed. In the clinical setting, bazedoxifene and itacitinib improved patient outcomes.

Conclusion

Preclinical studies strongly suggest significant efficacy of drugs targeting GP130/JAK/STAT3 in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and that these molecules are effective chemosensitizers. Though only a few trials have shown the efficacy in a clinical setting, the STAT3 pathway remains a promising drug target for future treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and may help overcome chemotherapy resistance.
Effectiveness of blended learning in pharmacy education: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Balakrishnan Athira , Puthean Sandra , Satheesh Gautam , M. K. Unnikrishnan , Rashid Muhammed , Nair Sreedharan , Thunga Girish
Published: June 2021

Background & objective

Though blended learning (BL), is widely adopted in higher education, evaluating effectiveness of BL is difficult because the components of BL can be extremely heterogeneous. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BL in improving knowledge and skill in pharmacy education.

Methods

PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify published literature. The retrieved studies from databases were screened for its title and abstracts followed by the full-text in accordance with the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodological quality was appraised by modified Ottawa scale. Random effect model used for statistical modelling.

Key findings

A total of 26 studies were included for systematic review. Out of which 20 studies with 4525 participants for meta-analysis which employed traditional teaching in control group. Results showed a statistically significant positive effect size on knowledge (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91 to 1.78, p<0.00001) and skill (SMD: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.19 to 1.16; p = 0.006) using a random effect model. Subgroup analysis of cohort studies showed, studies from developed countries had a larger effect size (SMD: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.06), than studies from developing countries(SMD: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.65, studies with MCQ pattern as outcome assessment had larger effect size (SMD: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.76 to 3.85) than non-MCQs (SMD 0.53, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.74), and BL with case studies (SMD 2.72, 95% CI 1.86–3.59) showed better effect size than non-case-based studies (SMD: 0.22, CI: 0.02 to 0.41).

Conclusion

BL is associated with better academic performance and achievement than didactic teaching in pharmacy education.
Factors influencing the iodine status of children aged 12 to 59 months from Jaffna District, Sri Lanka in the post-iodization era; a descriptive, cross-sectional study
Authors: Karthigesu Kandeepan , Sandrasegarampillai Balakumar , Arasaratnam Vasanthy
Published: June 2021

Background

Iodine status, including Iodine Deficiency (ID) of the children aged 12–59 months of Jaffna District, Sri Lanka, have never been studied. This study thus aimed to assess ID among children aged 12–59 months by monitoring the Urinary Iodine Concentrations (UIC), the prevalence of goitre, and the factors causing ID.

Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 846 children aged 12–59 months in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. Sociodemographic characteristics and other factors were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Dietary pattern of children was obtained using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We performed urinary iodine estimation and physical examinations to detect the goitre, according to the World Health Organization criteria. A multivariate logistic linear regression model was used to identify the factors that causing ID.

Result

The median UIC was 146.4 μg/L (interquartile range = 112.6–185.3 μg/L). Based on the UIC (<100 μg/L), 17.8% had ID, of which 15.7% and 2.1% had mild and moderate ID. The mean consumption of iodine from food was 128.7 (±20.2) μg/day. Gender variation had no influence on ID (p>0.05). Median UIC was significantly associated with living area, wealth status, type of drinking water, and method of iodized salt usage. A higher percentage of ID was significantly associated with younger age [AOR 2.32 (95% CI: 1.31–4.10)], urban area [AOR 1.94 (95% CI 1.27–2.96)], inland regions [AOR 3.20 (95% CI 1.85–5.55)], improper method of iodized salt usage [AOR 3.63 (95% CI: 1.38–9.56)], and low consumption of iodine-containing foods. The neck palpation revealed that only three children had goitre (0.4%).

Conclusion

This study revealed that high ID among the children in Jaffna children was due to improper usage of iodized salt, even though the iodized salt is freely available in the region, living area, and age, while the prevalence of goitre was not significantly identified as a public health problem.
The effectiveness of peer-support for people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Berg Rigmor C. , Page Samantha , Øgård-Repål Anita
Published: June 2021

Background

The practice of involving people living with HIV in the development and provision of healthcare has gained increasing traction. Peer-support for people living with HIV is assistance and encouragement by an individual considered equal, in taking an active role in self-management of their chronic health condition. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effects of peer-support for people living with HIV.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review in accordance with international guidelines. Following systematic searches of eight databases until May 2020, two reviewers performed independent screening of studies according to preset inclusion criteria. We conducted risk of bias assessments and meta-analyses of the available evidence in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The certainty of the evidence for each primary outcome was evaluated with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.

Results

After screening 219 full texts we included 20 RCTs comprising 7605 participants at baseline from nine different countries. The studies generally had low risk of bias. Main outcomes with high certainty of evidence showed modest, but superior retention in care (Risk Ratio [RR] 1.07; Confidence Interval [CI] 95% 1.02–1.12 at 12 months follow-up), antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence (RR 1.06; CI 95% 1.01–1.10 at 3 months follow-up), and viral suppression (Odds Ratio up to 6.24; CI 95% 1.28–30.5 at 6 months follow-up) for peer-support participants. The results showed that the current state of evidence for most other main outcomes (ART initiation, CD4 cell count, quality of life, mental health) was promising, but too uncertain for firm conclusions.

Conclusions

Overall, peer-support with routine medical care is superior to routine clinic follow-up in improving outcomes for people living with HIV. It is a feasible and effective approach for linking and retaining people living with HIV to HIV care, which can help shoulder existing services.

Trial registration

CRD42020173433.
Policy liberalism and source of news predict pandemic-related health behaviors and trust in the scientific community
Authors: Reinhardt Madeleine , Findley Matthew B. , Countryman Renee A.
Published: June 2021

In March of 2020, the United States was confronted with a major public health crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study aimed to identify what factors influence adherence to recently implemented public health measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing, trust of scientific organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on information pertaining to the pandemic, and level of perceived risk. Data were collected from June 30, 2020 to July 22, 2020 on 951 adult residents of the United States using an online survey through Microsoft Forms. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the strongest predictors for compliance to pandemic-related health measures, trust in the scientific community, and perceived risk. Results showed that the strongest predictor of all variables of interest was degree of policy liberalism. Additionally, participants who consumed more conservative news media conformed less to the pandemic health guidelines and had less trust in the scientific community. Degree of policy liberalism was found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between gender and conformity to pandemic-related health behaviors. These findings have concerning implications that factors like degree of policy liberalism and source of news are more influential in predicting adherence to life-saving health measures than established risk factors like pre-existing health conditions.
Experiences of Dutch maternity care professionals during the first wave of COVID-19 in a community based maternity care system
Authors: van Manen Eline L. M. , Hollander Martine , Feijen-de Jong Esther , de Jonge Ank , Verhoeven Corine , Gitsels Janneke
Published: June 2021

Background and objective

During the COVID-19 pandemic the organization of maternity care changed drastically; this study into the experiences of maternity care professionals with these changes provides suggestions for the organization of care during and after pandemics.

Design

An online survey among Dutch midwives, obstetricians and obstetric residents. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between the respondents’ characteristics and answers.

Results

Reported advantages of the changes were fewer prenatal and postpartum consultations (50.1%). The necessity and safety of medical interventions and ultrasounds were considered more critically (75.9%); 14.8% of community midwives stated they referred fewer women to the hospital for decreased fetal movements, whereas 64.2% of the respondents working in hospital-based care experienced fewer consultations for this indication. Respondents felt that women had more confidence in giving birth at home (57.5%). Homebirths seemed to have increased according to 38.5% of the community midwives and 65.3% of the respondents working in hospital-based care. Respondents appreciated the shift to more digital consultations rather than face-to-face consultations. Mentioned disadvantages were that women had appointments alone, (71.1%) and that the community midwife was not allowed to join a woman to obstetric-led care during labour and subsequently stay with her (56.8%). Fewer postpartum visits by family and friends led to more tranquility (59.8%). Overall, however, 48.0% of the respondents felt that the safety of maternity care was compromised due to policy changes.

Conclusions

Maternity care professionals were positive about the decrease in routine care and the increased confidence of women in home birth, but also felt that safety in maternity care was sometimes compromised. According to the respondents in a future crisis situation it should be possible for community midwives to continue to deliver a personal handover after the referral of women to the hospital, and to stay with them.
Evaluation of postoperative refractive error correction after cataract surgery
Authors: Antwi-Adjei Ellen Konadu , Owusu Emmanuel , Kobia-Acquah Emmanuel , Dadzie Emmanuella Esi , Anarfi Emmanuel , Wanye Seth
Published: June 2021

Suboptimal cataract surgery outcomes remain a challenge in most developing countries. In Ghana, about 2 million people have been reported to be blind due to cataract with about 20% new cases being recorded yearly. The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative correction of refractive errors after cataract surgery in a selected eye hospital in Ashanti Region, Ghana. This was a retrospective study where medical records of patients (aged 40–100) who reported to an eye hospital in Ghana from 2013–2018 were reviewed. Included in the study were patients aged ≥40 years and patients with complete records. Data on patient demographics, type of surgery, intra-ocular lens (PCIOL) power, availability of biometry, postoperative refraction outcomes, pre- and postoperative visual acuity were analyzed. Data of two hundred and thirteen eyes of 190 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test were carried out to determine the mean, median, standard deviation and relevant associations. The mean ± SD age was 67.21±12.2 years (51.2% were females). Small Incision Cataract Surgery (99.5%) with 100% IOL implants was the main cataract surgery procedure in this study. Pre-operative biometry was performed for 38.9% of all patients on their first eye surgery and 41.5% for second eye surgeries. About 71% eyes in this study were blind (presenting VA<3/60) before surgery; 40.4% had post-operative VA <3/60. Pre-existing ocular comorbidities discovered post- surgery, attributed to suboptimal visual outcomes. More than half (55.3%) of patients did not undergo postoperative refraction due to loss to follow-up. Year of surgery (p = .017), follow up visits< 2months (p < .0001) and discovered comorbidity post-surgery (p = .035) were the factors significantly associated with postoperative refraction. Myopia and compound myopic astigmatism were the dominant refractive error outcomes. The timing of post-operative refraction had a significant effect on postoperative refraction done. These findings indicate a clinically meaningful significance between completion of postoperative care and postoperative refraction done. Consequently, with settings in most developing countries, where less biometry is done, it is appropriate that post-operative refractive services are encouraged and done earlier to enhance the patients’ expectations while increasing cataract surgery patronage.
12-month clinical outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy for open-angle glaucoma in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ansari Ejaz , Loganathan Deva
Published: June 2021

Background/Objectives

To describe intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular hypotensive medication outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy with the Kahook Dual Blade (KDB; New World Medical, Inc, Rancho Cucamonga, CA) in adults with cataract and open-angle glaucoma (OAG).

Subjects/Methods

Retrospective chart review of existing medical records. Data collected included intraocular pressure (IOP) and IOP-lowering medication use preoperatively and through up to 24 months postoperatively. Paired t-tests were utilized to compare preoperative to postoperative mean IOP and mean medications used.

Results

Data from 32 eyes of 26 subjects were analyzed. Subjects were predominantly Caucasian (25/26) had mean (standard error) age of 79.3 (1.2) years, and eyes had moderate-advanced OAG (mean visual field mean deviation -8.3 [1.3] dB). Mean IOP was 19.8 (0.8) mmHg at baseline and 15.5 (0.6) mmHg (p<0.0001) after mean follow-up of 11.5 (1.0) months; IOP reductions of ≥20% were achieved in 20/32 eyes (62.5%). Mean medication use declined from 2.4 (0.2) medications per eye at baseline to 0.5 (0.2) at last follow-up (p<0.0001); 23/32 eyes (71.9%) were medication-free at last follow-up. No vision-threatening complications were observed.

Conclusions

Combined phacoemulsification and ab interno trabeculectomy with the KDB safely provided mean IOP reductions of 21.7% and mean IOP medication reductions of 83% after mean follow-up of 12 months in eyes with moderate to advanced OAG. This procedure provides medication-independence in most eyes with statistically and clinically significant IOP reductions.
Predictors of incident viral symptoms ascertained in the era of COVID-19
Authors: Marcus Gregory M. , Olgin Jeffrey E. , Peyser Noah D. , Vittinghoff Eric , Yang Vivian , Joyce Sean , Avram Robert , Tison Geoffrey H. , Wen David , Butcher Xochitl , Eitel Helena , Pletcher Mark J.
Published: June 2021

Background

In the absence of universal testing, effective therapies, or vaccines, identifying risk factors for viral infection, particularly readily modifiable exposures and behaviors, is required to identify effective strategies against viral infection and transmission.

Methods

We conducted a world-wide mobile application-based prospective cohort study available to English speaking adults with a smartphone. We collected self-reported characteristics, exposures, and behaviors, as well as smartphone-based geolocation data. Our main outcome was incident symptoms of viral infection, defined as fevers and chills plus one other symptom previously shown to occur with SARS-CoV-2 infection, determined by daily surveys.

Findings

Among 14, 335 participants residing in all 50 US states and 93 different countries followed for a median 21 days (IQR 10–26 days), 424 (3%) developed incident viral symptoms. In pooled multivariable logistic regression models, female biological sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% CI 1.39–2.20, p<0.001), anemia (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.16–1.81, p = 0.001), hypertension (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08–1.68, p = 0.007), cigarette smoking in the last 30 days (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.35–2.55, p<0.001), any viral symptoms among household members 6–12 days prior (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.67–2.55, p<0.001), and the maximum number of individuals the participant interacted with within 6 feet in the past 6–12 days (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.25, p<0.001) were each associated with a higher risk of developing viral symptoms. Conversely, a higher subjective social status (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83–0.93, p<0.001), at least weekly exercise (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.47–0.70, p<0.001), and sanitizing one’s phone (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63–0.99, p = 0.037) were each associated with a lower risk of developing viral symptoms.

Interpretation

While several immutable characteristics were associated with the risk of developing viral symptoms, multiple immediately modifiable exposures and habits that influence risk were also observed, potentially identifying readily accessible strategies to mitigate risk in the COVID-19 era.
Examination of National Basketball Association (NBA) team values based on dynamic linear mixed models
Authors: Ulas Efehan
Published: June 2021

In the last decade, NBA has grown into a billion-dollar industry where technology and advanced game plans play an essential role. Investors are interested in research examining the factors that can affect the team value. The aim of this research is to investigate the factors that affect the NBA team values. The value of a team can be influenced not only by performance-based variables, but also by macroeconomic indicators and demographic statistics. Data, analyzed in this study, contains of game statistics, economic variables and demographic statistics of the 30 teams in the NBA for the 2013–2020 seasons. Firstly, Pearson correlation test was implemented in order to identify the related variables. NBA teams’ characteristics and similarities were assessed with Machine Learning techniques (K-means and Hierarchical clustering). Secondly, Ordinary linear regression (OLS), fixed effect and random effect models were implemented in the statistical analyses. The models were compared based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Fixed effect model with one lag was found the most effective model and our model produced consistently good results with the R2 statistics of 0.974. In the final model, we found that the significant determinants of team value at the NBA team level are revenue, GDP, championship, population and key player. In contrast, the total number of turnovers has a negative impact on team value. These findings would be beneficial to coaches and managers to improve their strategies to increase their teams’ value.