bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Znaczenie efektu Cantillona w teorii ekonomii
Authors: Sieroń Arkadiusz
Published: March 2020

The Role of Cantillon Effect in EconomicsThe aim of this article is to examine the role of the Cantillon effect in economics. The literature of economic theory lacks the detailed discussion of the implications of the first-round effect for economics. This paper attempts to fill this gap. The article is mainly theoretical, but considerations presented are illustrated by relevant empirical data. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that the effect of Cantillon develops particularly the theory of money and inflation, the theory of banking and central banking, the theory of business cycle and price bubbles, the theory of income distribution and income and wealth inequalities, and the theory of public choice.
Wpływ współczesnego kryzysu ekonomicznego na stan finansów publicznych państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej
Authors: Mielczarek Mikołaj
Published: March 2020

The impact of contemporary economic crisis on public finances of the Visegrad GroupThe article attempts to assess the state of public finances of the Visegrad Group V4 during the contemporary economic crisis. At the beginning there are shown two faces of the economic crisis in the European Union and that this crisis firstly took the form of abanking crisis, and next extend to the public finance sector. Analysis of GDP proved that when we have crisis in the European Union in all V4 countries there has been adecline in the volume of GDP, and in the next years there were rather its growth. Analysis of the budget deficit showed that in 2008-2015 the V4 countries had problems in complying with the deficit below 3% of GDP. At the same time analysis of public debt showed that as aresult of the economic crisis public debt in the Visegrad Group had atendency to rather increase, but in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, it was less than 60% of GDP, while in Hungary exceeded 71% of GDP.
The contribution of Polish technical thought to the quality of life in developed countries
Authors: Wachowska Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

The contribution of Polish technical thought to the quality of life in developed countriesDue to the fact that technological progress is an important factor influencing the quality of life, the purpose of the paper is to determine what is the contribution — measured by the number of inventions — of mobile Poles to increasing the quality of life of their host countries. The paper considers two fundamental questions: 1 how many inventions, including area of technology, Poles generate for the benefit of countries which they emigrate to and 2 what part of the inventive output of the host countries, including the area of technology, are inventions created by immigrants from Poland.The paper uses the method of quantitative and qualitative analysis of patent applications made in the years 2004–2012 within the frames of international procedure by residents from developed economies of Europe, the United States and Japan a total of 9 countries, which has made it possible to: 1 separate those applications in the case of which the creator of the technical solution is an immigrant from Poland and 2 determine the number of inventions created abroad by Poles for the benefit of their countries of destination.The study involves individuals exceptionally endowed with high human capital who have especially contributed to technological changes occurring in the world, i.e. creators of inventions filed for patent protection within the frames of international procedure — The Patent Cooperation Treaty — who at the time of making the applications lived in the developed countries covered by the study and came from Poland.The analysis of over 1700 PCT patent applications has made it possible to say that in the years 2004–2012: 1 Poles to the largest extent contributed to increasing the quality of life of Americans, for whom they created a total of 828 inventions, then Germans and Britons, whose inventive output they increased by 425 and 143 inventions, respectively, while their contribution to the improvement of the quality of life of the Japanese, Swedes or Finns was very small; 2 Poles to the largest extent contributed to increasing the quality of life of the inhabitants of developed countries by generating inventions in the following areas of technology: a chemistry; metallurgy and b human necessities. Starting from 2009, the creative activity of immigrants from Poland is less and less related to the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants of their economies of destination.
Uwarunkowania zarządzania własnym zdrowiem
Authors: Mruk Henryk
Published: March 2020

Determinants of personal health managementThe state will not be able to finance the growing needs of patients in the field of health protection. Patients will increasingly finance the use of medical services from their own income. In this situation, more than ever they will also be interested in care for their own health. Conclusions resulting from the development of behavioral economics can be helpful for patients in managing their own health. The introduction of pharmaceutical care to pharmacies in Poland can effectively help patients maintain their health and quality of life.
The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of Poland
Authors: Matsuieva Julia
Published: March 2020

The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of PolandIn this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state’s budgets and the rational use of public fi nances.
Styl życia a świadomość ekologiczna konsumentów na rynku turystycznym — relacje, uwarunkowania i problemy
Authors: Markiewicz Ewa , Niezgoda Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Lifestyle and ecological awareness of consumers in the tourist market — relations, conditions and problemsEcological awareness and the resulting ecological behaviors during the tourist trip are important issues for the future of resources and absorption of the tourism market. Authors put up a thesis that ecological awareness can be related with the way of life and the ways of consumption, but pro-ecological activities can also be the result of short-lived fashion. The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between ecological awareness, lifestyle and real consumer behavior in the tourist market. The author presents the authoritative division of environmental factors of consumer behavior in the tourist market: personal, social conformist and ideological conditions. According to the suggestions presented in the Report from the analysis of awareness, attitudes and ecological behavior of Poles conducted in Poland in 2009–2015 for the Ministry of the Environment, qualitative research in the form of focused group interviews was used for empirical verifi cation of relations between ecological awareness and tourists’ activities. It was noted that young people represent a high level of ecological awareness and understand the need to care for natural resources. However, behaviors are primarily influenced by social conformist conditions, which result from the acceptance of processes and phenomena that are happening in modern society: fashion for ecology, mandatory regulations, the desire to save money, etc. But youth also presents ecological behaviors that are the result of deep concern for the future. In order for ecological education to be effective and an integral part of the lifestyle, awareness of nature conservation should translate into real action. This is possible if the basic behavioral determinants are those described in this article as ideological as opposed to personal and conformist.
Kontrowersje w postrzeganiu kredytów w walutach obcych w Polsce i ich weryfikacja w ujęciu ekonomiczno-finansowym
Authors: Radzikowski Marek
Published: March 2020

Controversies in the perception of foreign currency loans in Poland as well as their verification from the economic and financial perspectiveThis article is devoted to the verification of the following seven popular opinions on the foreign currency loans in Poland: I banks create money out of nothing; II the banks that were granting foreign currency loans did not actually possess the foreign currencies; III the banks possessed foreign currencies, but only for the loans denominated in foreign currencies, and not for the ones indexed in them; IV the banks that were granting foreign currency loans made a profit on the appreciation of these currencies; V a conversion of foreign currency loans at the exchange rate from the day of granting the loan would not entail high costs for the banking sector; VI it was unjustified to use the foreign exchange spreads by the banks that were granting the foreign currency loans; VII the foreign exchange spreads used by the banks were excessive, which means that the banks obtained an undue profit on them. The author critically evaluates these opinions and on the basis of current economic and financial knowledge, concludes that they are wrong.
Zjawisko firm zombie i jego przyczyny
Authors: Góra Daniel
Published: March 2020

The causes of the existence of zombie firms The aim of this paper is to specify and describe the factors that contribute to the prevalence of zombie firms, defined as old, unprofitable, nearly insolvent firms which normally would exit the market. Based on the review of the literature, mostly published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD, the Bank for International Settlements BIS and central banks, we conclude that the main causes of the rise of zombie firms in the last 10–20 years have been loose monetary policy especially after the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, weak banking sector, overbanking of economies, government subsidies to enterprises and weaknesses of insolvency law. We consider the zombification of economies as a highly important issue since zombie companies could be lowering the pace of capital formation, productivity and economic growth by raising entry barriers, curbing Schumpeterian creative destruction and misallocating capital.
Czy prawo własności nieruchomości w Polsce jest nadal prawem własności?
Authors: Suchy Jonasz
Published: March 2020

Is legal estate in land still legal according to Polish law?The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of implementing Murray Rothbard’s concept of absolute property right in Polish civil procedure. The historical background of this reflection is the time of dispossessions and the policies undertaken by the Polish communist government toward rightful owners of immovable property living in post-war Warsaw. The process of dispossessions was based on the edict imposed by the president of Poland at that time, Bolesław Bierut. Therefore, another aim of the study is to examine the results of Bierut’s edict, including its substantive and procedural legal effects. Furthermore, the article has shown the advantages of primal ownership rule as a fundamental and arbitrary title to being an owner of real estate as the non-aggression principle would be restored. By taking these assumptions under consideration, the author wants to highlight that the undertaken dispossessions were lawless in the normative as well as ethical view. The logical consequence of the abovementioned philosophy is the thesis that the attitude toward this issue of recent Polish governments, which have not done anything to enable legal owners to get their ownerships back from the state, could not be tolerated as it was also unlawful. Moreover, if the Polish government had acted according to the law, the rightful owners of dispossessed legal estate would have received a convenient way to regain their property as well an opportunity to demand payment and compensation.By referring to the concept of absolute property right, the author wishes to indicate that each act of dispossession undertaken by using governmental force was unlawful as it could not be justified by ethical rules of natural law. It has also been concluded that it would be worth deliberating the implementation into Polish civil procedure of an institution which would allow owners who had lost their ownership to regain their right to property. Such proceedings would remain valid not just inter partes between the parties but also erga omnes toward all.The article is also supplemented with a reflection of the economic effects of Bierut’s edict while taking into consideration the policy’s influence upon the possibility of conducting a rational economic calculation.
Co słychać w Zakopanem? Wspomnienia Władysława Matlakowskiego na tle relacji podhalańskich z przełomu wieków
Authors: Kuniczuk-Trzcinowicz Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

How are things in Zakopane? Władysław Matlakowski’s Wspomnienia [Memories] compared to turn-of-the-century accounts from PodhaleThe author introduces the figure of Władysław Matlakowski, a 19th-century “modern man” of many talents, today slightly forgotten despite his important contribution to science and culture in the second half of the 19th century. Chałubiński — awell-known Warsaw physician — became strongly assimilated into the Tatra landscape and people, when he was suffering from tuberculosis. That is why he became passionate about trying to save the highlanders’ culture and language. His memories of his journey and journal of his illness constitute avaluable source of information about how Matlakowski viewed the world around him, and show the sensitivity of this writer and translator.
Zakryte Zaryte, czyli zakopiańszczyzna na styku kultur. Dygresje na marginesie lektury Witkacego
Authors: Łoboz Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

Zakryte Zaryte, or Zakopane art where cultures met. Digressions following the reading of WitkacyThe article is an attempt to describe the cultural phenomenon of Zakopane in the early 20th century on the basis of Witkacy’s Pożegnanie jesieni [Farewell to Autumn]. In the dynamic and multi-layered plot of his novel Witkacy, emotionally involved but also with his usual sarcastic and critical distance, presents a collection of characters who make up a collective model of a specific group of residents of Zakopane set against the background of a clearly defined mountain space the action of the novel takes place in Zakopane. The key motifs of the novel correspond to the narcotic Zakopane demonism — a style characteristic of the Zakopane culture at the turn of the centuries and using the legend and creative capital of the Young Poland movement in the Tatras. An important pla­ne bringing together the protagonists’ sentimental sublimations in the novel is music as a universal form of art, using the power of sound, i.e. communication tool available to all sensitive recipients. Two protagonists compose and perform it Żelisław Smorki and Prince Azalin Prepudrech, others listen to it. Smorski is a pupil of Karol Szymanowski who lived in Zakopane at the time; the name of the composer recurs several times, which testifies to the author’s intention to make his literary fiction credible. The model of the protagonists’ pianistic interpretation also draws on the virtuoso method of Egon Petri, who in the inter-war period ran his own piano school in Zakopane.
Symboliczne i mityczne góry Kaszubów. Ich rola w kulturze i literaturze kaszubskiej od XIX wieku do okresu międzywojennego
Authors: Řezník Miloš
Published: March 2020

The symbolic and mythical mountains of the Kashubians. Their role in Kashubian culture and literature from the 19th century till the inter-war periodThe geographical location within the Kashubian region is of particular significance for the symbolic role of mountains and hills in the regional identity building. The most important of them, described in the literature and journalistic writings, are to be found in the current Kashubian lan­guage area, mostly in its geographical centre, primarily in Kashubian Switzerland and Kashubian Lake District. The exception is Rowokół, which is not located centrally. This mountain symbolically marks the border of the area in which the Kashubian language is used and which was settled by the Kashubians in the modern period. It even symbolises a retreat of the language as well as the decline of the Slovincian language. However, it is this particular mountain which since the 19th century has been associated with relatively new content mixed with older religious and folk tradition.The mountains and hills appearing in the Kashubian literature in 1880–1930 probably never existed only for themselves and in themselves. They were always part of a broader picture of Kashubia. The contribution offers a typology of four groups of symbolic relevant hills and mountains, accordingly to their function in the Kashubian discourse and tradition: 1. abstract imagination of a “hilly landscape” as typical for the Kashubian country; 2. groups of hills with similar names and connected to similar folklore or literary traditions; 3. unique mountains with special significance for the all-Kashubian discourse; 4. hills as Kashubian places of pilgrimage.
Grenzen im Aufstieg. Berge als Transgressionsräume von Geschlechtergrenzen
Authors: Gugglberger Martina
Published: March 2020

ASCENTS WITH LIMITS: MOUNTAINS AS SPACES FOR GENDER TRANSGRESSIONMountains and Alpine spaces are historical places where determined national, economic and cultural norms as well as practices were and still are negotiated. The article focuses on the question of gender in the mountains as a social space, which the author explores, drawing on the example of the history of climbing expeditions to the highest mountains in the world, the Himalayas. Against this background she presents, from the point of view of gender history, the so-called female expeditions, i.e. mountain expeditions initiated, organised and conducted from the mid-1950s by all-female teams. They serve as analytical lenses to look into gender relations in mountaineering and their transformations in 1955–2014. Drawing on four social spaces the author raises questions about crossing gender boundaries due to socially-constructed gender norms as well as strategies for overcoming them.The first part of the article is devoted to female expeditions undertaken in 1955–1962 by British female climbers. These enterprises expanded the areas in which female mountaineers operated, without, however, questioning social gender stereotypes. The organisers of the expeditions deliberately presented themselves in accordance with social gender norms, and by choosing reasonable mountain goals, didn’t join the competition associated with the Himalayan eight-thousanders. The importance of gender based boundaries in high altitude mountaineering in the late 1950s is revealed in part two of the article when for the first time a female team set a famous eight-thousander as a goal for themselves. Press reports from before and after the expedition reflect prejudice and scepticism, presenting the female climbers in a manner that affronted them as overambitious and incompetent. It was not until the 1970s that a younger generation of female climbers openly and critically spoke against sexism and discrimination of women in high mountain climbing, as the author describes in part three. Female expeditions allowed women to avoid exclusion from male teams and attempt to climb the highest peaks on their own. The article ends with a presentation of the significance of female expeditions in the Himalayan state of Nepal, where since the 1990s such expeditions have provided Nepalese women with opportunities to made their mark on the tourist trade. On the other hand, female expeditions have been used by tourist and political institutions as an instrument of raising public awareness of issues like equality policy, climate protection or promotion of tourism.
Historia polskiego himalaizmu. Lodowi Wojownicy i ich wpływ na himalaizm światowy
Authors: Kastrau Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

THE HISTORY OF POLISH HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINEERING. THE ICE WARRIORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON WORLD HIMALAYAN MOUTANEINEERINGThe history of Polish Himalayan mountaineering, i.e. all ascended summits, new routes and records, is extremely rich and fascinating. It is impossible to describe all of this on just a few pages, which is why the aim of my paper is to describe the most outstanding expeditions, those that completely changed our thinking about Himalayan mountaineering and showed that we can deceive not only our bodies but also our subconscious.The first attempts to ascend an eight-thousander were made as early as in the 1920s; unfortunately, they all failed. Owing to the harsh conditions in the mountains, the first successful ascent of an eight-thousander did not take place until 1950, when Annapurna was ascended. The first Polish expedition was organised in 1939. Unfortunately, the Second World War and the political situation in Poland prevented Polish climbers from making further attempts for many years. The political situation in the country made it impossible for Poles to travel abroad. But Himalayan mountaineering at the time was developing very rapidly. The Poles, hungry for success, wanted to go down in history. Given the fact that all eight-thousanders had already been ascended, the Poles began a new chapter — winter Himalayan mountaineering, challenging Edmund Hillary’s assertion that in winter no form of life had a chance to survive over 7000 metres above sea level. In my paper I focus on presenting the most remarkable achievements. I describe the Golden Age of Polish Himalayan mountaineering, like the first winter ascent of Everest or Krzysztof Wielicki’s extraordinary one-day ascent of Broad Peak. There is also room for expeditions featuring Jerzy Kukuczka, an icon of Himalayan mountaineering. Climbing two eight-thousanders in one winter season and establishing a new route on K2 are still unbeaten feats. A part of my paper is devoted to women. The first all-female expeditions headed by Wanda Rutkiewicz were also a Polish domain. The number of great achievements in the mountains are truly numerous. Each of them in described in the paper, as is the death of the greatest Himalayan climbers, which led to a crisis and revisions. The paper ends with a fragment concerning an attempt to revive Polish Himalayan mountaineering.
Górska wędrówka w służbie wychowania „nowego” człowieka w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym
Authors: Tałuć Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Mountain hikes in the service of the education of a “new” man in the interwar periodAfter the end of the First World War and rebirth of the Polish state, one of the most important objectives in visions of social education was the formation of a lasting system of moral concepts of Poles, a system that was the basis of constructing a “new” citizen. Inspirations for actions undertook by Polish teachers and tutors, which were to bring about a strengthening of values like patriotism, freedom, friendship, tolerance, respect for work, were ideas promoted by national and international organisations, e.g. League of Nations, International League of New Education, Society of Teachers from Schools and Higher Education Institutions, Polish Teachers’ Union or youth organisations of e.g. scouts. Methods of upbringing described in Polish pedagogical literature and applied in practice, which were appreciated by European scholars, included various forms of working with students outside school. These included excursions, trips, hiking camps, also in the mountains. The value of being in the mountains, the effort involved in climbing them, the need to educate a generation of young tourists respecting the natural environment were discussed in guides for tutors, teachers, regional studies specialists, and in the tourist press. The author examines selected publications, primarily tourist press addressed to young readers Orli Lot, Młody Krajoznawca Śląski, Młody Taternik in order to reconstruct the means used to functionalise the topic of mountain hikes in the interwar period.
Opis jednej podróży. W Górach Olbrzymich Stanisława Bełzy
Authors: Kuniczuk-Trzcinowicz Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

A description of a journey: Stanisław Bełza’s W Górach Olbrzymich In the Giant MountainsThe author presents to the readers a 19th-century account of a journey to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze mountains. It was written by Stanisław Bełza, who noted down his impressions from a 1893 expedition to the Giant Mountains. The account is examined in its function of both a guidebook and an artistic description of the author’s experiences in the mountains.
Z problematyki przestępczości zorganizowanej w prawie francuskim
Authors: Brzezińska Joanna
Published: March 2020

On the issues of organized crime in French lawThe purpose of this article is to characterize organized crime from the perspective of French law in three aspects. As the first one, was presented the analysis of the definition of the studied phenomenon, noting that its penalization in French law took place just in 2004. Next, criminal behavior connected with the organized crime was identified and systematized in the following categories: illegal trade, financial crimes, cybercrimes. The third area of analysis covers the indication of a catalogue of measures undertaken in order to fight against the subject pathology. In the conclusions it was underlined that taking into account the heterogeneous character of organized crime and the new methods of its spreading, it is impossible to completely eliminate this phenomenon, as well as minimize it, for the above mentioned reasons, may present significant difficulties.
Wolność słowa — ujęcie prawnokarne
Authors: Płatek Monika
Published: March 2020

Freedom of speech — legal aspects of the conceptThe text refers to relations between freedom of speech and criminal law. It examines the ratio behind limiting the freedom of expression when personal psychological harm might occur. The inspiration is drawn from Professor Tomasz Kaczmarek’s works on the axiology of criminal law. The ratio of criminal law and ratio of democratic legal state is tested within freedom of speech. Article 196 of criminal law, among the others, is critically reviewed as far as its rationale for being included in the criminal law vis-à-vis Article 212 of criminal law and constitutional provisions confirming freedom of speech as the human right.
Privatisierung der Strafverfolgung — Königsweg oder Irrweg?
Authors: Sieg Rainer
Published: March 2020

Privatization of criminal prosecution — a royal road or a wrong track?The comprehensive use of private individuals by the company management for the systematic clearance of suspected economic crimes has been for decades a tried and tested fact-finding method in the US legal system. In Germany this form of corporate private investigations took not place or was unknown to the public prosecution. This changed dramatically with the discovery of spectacular corruption affairs with international relation in 2007. “Internal Investigations” have developed since then to a lucrative commercial model particularly for American solicitor’s offices, because only these are accepted by the American authorities America only.However, the adherence to examination standards of a state under the rule of law must be also protected in the job. The judiciary must win back the inquiry sovereignty in the fight against economic crime.The fight against international economic crime can no longer be left to a single country alone. The fight against anti-competitive corruption should be a priority for the entire community. As an adequate means supplements to the Convention on the Fight against Corruption of the Council of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD on the Laws of Transnational Criminal Prosecution of Economic Offenses come into consideration.
Security measures in combating document falsifiers
Authors: Cieśla Rafał
Published: March 2020

Evolution of political and economic transformation has to a considerable degree contributed to the increase of crimes committed with fake documents. Development of civilisation and technological progress necessitate protection of public documents. To ensure security and trust to the institutions issuing documents their producers and issu­ers use various security measures to protect them against falsification. Combination of advanced technologies with biometric identifiers is a necessary solution. Implementation of advanced security measures should, at least for a certain period of time, hinder produc­tion of falsified documents. Producers and issuers of secured documents should persist in their efforts to look for new and effective technical and legal solutions in protecting docu­ments. In this context legislative work on creating a comprehensive legal act on public documents in Poland is a necessary solution.
Assessment of natural variations in letter formations incorporating master pattern of handwriting
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Garg Rakesh K. , Nath Surinder
Published: March 2020

Handwriting is made up of countless habitual patterns. An individual’s handwriting is made up of a complexity of habitual patterns that are repeated within a typical range of vari­ation around the model patterns. The muscle coordination of these and perceptions of how an individual sense form helps each one to develop one’s own Master Pattern of writing. A total number of 540 60 samples from each age group — 30 samples each from males & females, has been collected from 9 different age groups. Three handwriting samples — two in present handwriting with a gap of 5–10 minutes between the two handwritings and one old or past handwriting sample collected from each individual gap ranged from 2–33 years between present and old handwritings.With the due effect of the findings gathered from the present investigation the cases lacking in contemporary handwritings can be undertaken with ease by taking into account the letters — ‘f, y, r and i’ which have a major effect of natural variations on them which in turn makes them unreliable and should be avoided in the process of comparison as well as while forming an opinion.
Testament examination
Authors: Kipouràs Pàvlos
Published: March 2020

The testament’s examination should be methodologically approached very carefully by the document examiner. He has to take into consideration the clinical condition of the presumed testator, the particular historical circumstances of the testament’s production, and information regarding the age of the writer and his personal history. Presentation of different cases with particularities which could orientate the investigation’s hypothesis and lead to the right conclusion.
Targnięcie się pokrzywdzonego na własne życie jako typ kwalifikowany przestępstwa stalkingu
Authors: Muszyńska Anna , Jaskóła Anna
Published: March 2020

Attempt against one’s life by the aggrievedas an aggravated type of stalkingThis article is devoted to the issue of criminal liability for the crime of attempt against one’s life by the aggrieved as an aggravated type of stalking. It is related to validity of penalisation of this type of behaviour. It was pointed to interpretative doubts concerning appearances of a crime, as well as joining a discussion about bittiness within the scope of regularising the penal sanction.
On the phenomenon of female juvenile delinquency
Authors: Brzezińska Joanna
Published: March 2020

The purpose hereof was to verify the thesis about the steady growth of crime among under-aged girls and enhancement of aggression accompanying their behaviour in the case of this category of offenders. In the course of the presented research, the first of the views indicated that the above has not been confirmed. It has been noticed that in the period 2008–2015, the frequency of committing criminal offences and other instances of demoralising behaviour by young girls usually aged 13 to 16 fell. Moreover, such a decrease was also reported in the category of female offenders suspected of committing offences from the Criminal Code. What is more, it is difficult to definitively prove that in the analysed population of female offenders, a radical evolution of the aggression manifested by teenagers has taken place. The decrease in frequency of the offences committed by them contradicts this belief. At the same time, the frequency of carrying out acts which may be qualified as affray, assault, as well as threats even with the decrease in their frequency as of 2010 remained relevant for younger under-aged persons aged under 16 and was at a decidedly lower level among older female offenders aged from 17 to 20.
Instytucja odroczonego warunkowego zwolnienia skazanych w postępowaniu karnym wykonawczym art. 164 § 2 k.k.w.
Authors: Myrna Bogdan
Published: March 2020

Suspended conditional release in criminal enforcement proceedings Article 1642 of the Criminal Enforcement CodeThe author of the article examines suspended conditional release in criminal enforcement proceedings Article 1642 of the Criminal Enforcement Code. He discusses the institution in question, presenting its origins, analysing the provisions concerning both the substantive and formal legal rules and basis of such conditional release, as well as considering its usefulness in social reintegration of former prisoners.
Problematyka przejścia wierzytelności o naprawienie szkody wyrządzonej przestępstwem — wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Muszyńska Anna , Jura Angelika
Published: March 2020

Issues related to a transfer of receivables for damages caused by a crime — selected issuesThe article is devoted to the issue of the victim’s handing over a claim for compensation for damage caused by a crime to a third party by way of conclusion of a civil law contract. Reference has been made to a status of a buyer of a claim for damages, the possibility of its occurrence as a party to a criminal process, status of an aggrieved party, as well as the characteristic context of the criminal law obligation to repair a damage, with its main concepts: damage and the aggrieved party.
Ink protection of security documents
Authors: Mansour Saleh
Published: March 2020

Security documents are valuable documents protected by a mixture of security fea­tures, starting from security paper, inks, printing techniques, and additional security prop­erties. However, this article will discuss the main security features, supported by genuine and forged examples, to demonstrate the most frequent modern use of security features to protect valuable documents, and giving useful hints to detect forgeries and imposters as well.
An integrated approach to solving the problems of establishing the prescription of the application of handwritten and printed requisites of documents
Authors: Shesteperova Elena Lukinichna , Orlovskaya Rita Konstantinovna
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this study is to reveal the advantages of the integrated approach to the fulfillment of expertise in the framework of technical examination of documents requisites and materials. The authors, using the main research methods measuring, microscopic, photographic, chromatographic, spectrophotometric, X-ray microanalysis, describe their work experience supporting conclusions with photographs from practical material of the forensic technical examination of documents.
The significance of non-invasive methods of document examination in evidentiary proceedings
Authors: Cieśla Rafał
Published: March 2020

Due to a document’s important role in social interaction it is frequently forged or counterfeited, which has its impact on penal, civil and administrative legal proceedings. In the interest of evidential proceedings it is paramount that a document suffers minimum damage during an examination. Moreover, due to the need to implement various examination methods and the limitations of their effectiveness, the results of document examination sometimes fall short of expectations, which is reflected in the ambiguity of final conclusions. This article discusses effective use of non-invasive methods in forensic examination of documents. The presented case involved several non-invasive methods, including colorimetry. Confronting a few methods implemented in a particular case of document examination increases the accuracy and objectivity of its results and improves chances for formulating correct final conclusions
Crime victims’ rights in the European area of justice and Polish legislation
Authors: Banach-Gutierrez Joanna Beata
Published: March 2020

In recent years, more and more attention has been focused on the interests of crime victims, including their enlarging role in criminal proceedings. The procedural rights of, and assistance to, victims of crime are gradually becoming essential aspects of contemporary criminal justice systems. In the transnational context at the European Union level, the Directive 2012/29/EU establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime is of significant importance as this legal instrument contains some concrete rights for victims of crime and clearer obligations imposed on the competent national authorities. Unfortunately, in many EU Member States the regulations on the standing victims in criminal proceedings are not properly or fully implemented into national legislation. This paper aims to give some insight to the provisions of the EU Victims’ Directive, and also the issue regarding its transposition into the Polish legal order.
How much reasonableness is there in the standard of a reasonable man? A few remarks regarding a reasonable man in Polish criminal law
Authors: Tarapata Szymon
Published: March 2020

In this article the author presents how the figure standard of a reasonable man model citizen is used in Polish criminal law. It was shown that this standard is helpful mainly to determine the scope of unlawfulness adequate in a given situation limits of the conduct norm. The article also presents what factors are important in the process of applying a reasonable man standard.
Przestępstwa gospodarcze z Kodeksu spółek handlowych w świetle danych statystycznych
Authors: Ochman Piotr
Published: March 2020

Economic offenses under the Commercial Companies Code in the light of statistical dataThe aim of the article is to analyze convictions of adults for economic crimes in the Commercial Companies Code. The analysis concerns both the structure of convictions and their dynamics in the field of convictions in general, as well as the structure of punishments for crimes. An attempt is also made to explain the trends in this area.
At the Border of History and AutoBiography — Portraying Lech Wałęsa through Text and Experience
Authors: Czyżak Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

The article ana­lyzes selected works by Janusz Głowacki which were created in various moments of his life, and thus in different historical conditions. A narrative on the Polish August written in the 1980s, the later autobio­graphical writings about his émigré experience and the account of the work on the script for the film on Lech Wałęsa all have features of an autobiographical confession, being at the same time the testimony of changes in the Polish identity at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. But most of all they remain a challenge — an ironical critique of national stereotypes and community myths. The article attempts to trace conditions which determined the changes in perceiving recent Polish history and its role in shaping individual and collective identities.
Między postkomunizmem a postmodernizmem. Najnowszy dramat rosyjski w poszukiwaniu tożsamości kulturowej
Authors: Mięsowska Lidia
Published: March 2020

Between post-communism and postmodernism. The new Russian drama in search for its cultural identity. Russian drama after 1991, suspended between memory and oblivion, attempts to process an overwhelming trauma of its own tragic history. Evgeny Grishkovets, Vladimir Sorokin, Ludmila Petrushevskaya, Alexey Shipenko, Oleg Bogayev, Vasily Sigarev, the Presnyakov brothers, Ivan Vyrypaev and others show experiences preceding and following Perestroika and demonstrate the scale of traumatic consequences of old structures disintegration as well as dangers connected with entering the area of freedom. This way Russian drama underwent all the development stages ranging from admiration for freedom to its negation, all the time without losing an interest in the internal man. Therefore criticism of the communist ideology as a kind of utopia and visions showing the risk of the rebirth of totalitarianism in Russia coexist along with the stream of consciousness depicting what is happening in the soul of a contemporary Russian. The process of self-identification of the human being that is decentralised, standardised and attached to stereotypes of mass awareness takes place within the framework of postmodernist mixture of stylistics and aesthetics, deconstruction of the reality and the language, play with culture codes, which is most fully expressed through the ongoing process of searching for cultural identity of the discussed works.Между посткоммунизмом и постмодернизмом. Современная русская драматургия в поисках культурной иден­тичности.Русская драматургия после 1991 года, зависшая между памятью и забвением, пытается проработать сковывающую травму своей трагической истории. Евгений Гришковец, Владимир Сорокин, Людмила Петрушевская, Алексей Шипенко, Олег Богаев, Василий Сигарев, братья Пресняковы, Иван Вырыпаев и др. показывают опыт «до» и «после» революции перестройки, демонстрируют масштаб травматических последствий распада предыдущих структур, а также опасности, сопряженные с вхождением в сферу свободы. Таким образом, драматургия в России прошла все стадии развития — от восторга до отрицания свободы, не теряя одновременно заинтересованности внутренним человеком. Отсюда критика утопического характера комму­нистической идеологии или образы, указывающие на опасность возрождения тоталитаризма в России, которые сосуществуют с потоком сознания, воссоздающим то, что происходит в душе современного русского человека. Процесс самоидентификации децентрализованного, стан­дартного и привязанного к стереотипам массового сознания человека происходит в рамках постмодернистского смешения стилистик и эстетик, деконструкции действительности и языка, игры с культурными кодами, что наиболее полно показывает незаконченный процесс поиска культурной идентичности обсуждаемого творчества.
Świat przedstawiony i nieprzedstawiony byłej Jugosławii na przełomie wieków
Authors: Jovanka Ćirlić-Mentzel Dorota
Published: March 2020

The world presented and not presented in the former Yugoslavia. Not everyone puts their eternal myths on banners in order to kill others. The question is how a nation transforms myths into art, and in particular into theatre. A sudden focus in the Yugoslavia, which no longer existed, on topics that used to be forbidden, was a natural reaction to the previous existence of taboo. When Poland was celebrating its accession to the European community, the citizens of Yugoslavia were experiencing the nightmare of war. Later, the transformation reached them as well. And with it came corruption, theft, gangsters and kitch-coloured life. The dissolution of Yugoslavia was overzealously supported by ideologues and politicians. The authors of the new generation, such as Biljana Srbljanović and Milena Marković Serbia, Ivana Sajko and Tena Štivičić Croatia, Dorutina Basha an Albanian from Kosovo, write about what people living in the former Yugoslavia lost irretrievably. And in this way they fight the servile function of art towards the official ideology. But does anyone want to hear what the theatre warns against? Transformation of the world is a political project, which always finds its place in the theatre, if only a group of people meet, sharing common beliefs and ideas and wishing to change the world. Someone said so once in the former Yugoslavia.Prikazan i neprikazan svet bivše Jugoslavije. Ne ispisuju svi svoje prastare mitove na barjacima kako bi ubijali druge. Ono što je bitno je kako svaki narod pretvara mitove u umetnost, a posebno u pozorište. Naglo okretanje prethodno zabranjenim temama bila je, u već nepostojećoj Jugoslaviji, prirodna reakcija na dotadašnje tabue. Dok se Poljska radovala zbog pridruženja ujedinjenoj Evropi, građani Jugoslavije doživljavali su košmar rata. Onda je i kod nijh stigla transformacija. A sa njom korupcija, lopovluk, gangsteri i kičasto-šareni život. Raspad Jugoslavije je postignut uz svesrdnu podršku ideologa i političara. O tome što su ljudi, koji su tamo živeli, nepovratno izgubili, pišu autori nove generacije kao što na primer Bilijana Srbljanović i Milena Marković Srbija, Ivana Sajko i Tena Štivičić Hrvatska, Dorutina Basha Albanka iz Kosowa. I na taj se način suprotstavljaju stavu da umetnost prati zvaničnu ideologiju. Ali da li iko želi da čuje na šta upozorava pozorište? Menjanje sveta je politički projekat koji će naći mesto u pozorištu kada se okupi grupa istomišljenika koji imaju volju da menjaju svet. Jednom je neko tako rekao u bivšoj Jugoslaviji.
Strategie artystyczne i narracyjne w projekcie Lii i Andrija Dostlievów „Rekonstrukcja pamięci” przesiedlenia na Krymie i Donbasie
Authors: Kupidura Ryszard , Dworak-Mróz Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Artistic and Narrative Strategies in the Project of Lia Dostlieva and Andrij Dostliev “Restoring Memory” Resettlements in the Crimea and DonbassThe annexation of Crimea, carried out by the Russian Federation, as well as the war waged on the eastern Ukraine resulted in about 1.5 million people being forced to leave their households. The rushed escape from the homeland deprived many people of their material keepsakes. In a situation of radical detachment from the past, the condition of the present is obviously threatened and projecting of the future seems impossible to realize. It is indispensable to become aware of this fact and to voice the problem and analyze the trauma. The curators of the project Restoring of Memory, Lia Dostlieva and Andrij Dostliev, collected testi­monies of several artists from the area of military operations, who shared the experience of resettlement. Their first-person narrations, supported via various artistic media such as installations, photography, performance constitute a collective history which was exhibited in the galleries of European cities.Художественные и нарративные стратегии в проекте Лии и Андрея Достлевых «Восстановление памяти» о переселенцах из Крыма и Донбасса Спровоцированная РФ аннексия Крыма, а также война в восточных регионах Украины, повлекли за собой последствия, в связи с которыми за короткий период времени около 1,7 миллиона граждан были вынуждены покинуть свои дома. Теперь же, спустя два года после данных событий, стало очевидно, что проблемы, вызванные принудительным переселением, не ограничиваются только лишь бытовой сферой.Поспешное бегство из родного очага лишили многих людей, кроме прочего, материальной памяти. Ведь семейные реликвии, как правило, имеют небольшой шанс уместиться в двух-трёх чемоданах, с которыми человек вынужденно покидает привычное место жительства.Собственно, в ситуации радикального отсечения от прошлого под угрозой находится состояние настоящего, а планирование будущего кажется практически невозможным в реализации. Однако обязательным должно быть осознание, высказывание и анализ возникнувшей травмы.Проект под кураторством Лии и Андрея Достлевых поставил целью собрать свидетельства нескольких художников Украины из районов военных действий, судьба которых связана с опытом переселения. Их личные рассказы, воплощенные с помощью художественных практик составляют вместе коллективную историю, которая повествуется и экспонируется в галереях европейских городов.