bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-climatic signal in ice core records: lessons from Antarctic megadunes
Authors: Ekaykin Alexey , Eberlein Lutz , Lipenkov Vladimir , Popov Sergey , Scheinert Mirko , Schröder Ludwig , Turkeev Alexey
Published: June 2016

Abstract. We present the results of glaciological investigations in the megadune area located 30 km to the east of Vostok Station (central East Antarctica) implemented during the 58th, 59th and 60th Russian Antarctic Expedition (January 2013–2015). Snow accumulation rate and isotope content (δD, δ18O and δ17O) were measured along the 2 km profile across the megadune ridge accompanied by precise GPS altitude measurements and ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey. It is shown that the spatial variability of snow accumulation and isotope content covaries with the surface slope. The accumulation rate regularly changes by 1 order of magnitude within the distance < 1 km, with the reduced accumulation at the leeward slope of the dune and increased accumulation in the hollow between the dunes. At the same time, the accumulation rate averaged over the length of a dune wave (22 mm w.e.) corresponds well with the value obtained at Vostok Station, which suggests no additional wind-driven snow sublimation in the megadunes compared to the surrounding plateau. The snow isotopic composition is in negative correlation with the snow accumulation. Analysing dxs ∕ δD and 17O-excess ∕ δD slopes (where dxs  =  δD − 8 ⋅ δ18O and 17O-excess  =  ln(δ17O  ∕  1000 +  1) −0.528 ⋅ ln (δ18O ∕ 1000 + 1)), we conclude that the spatial variability of the snow isotopic composition in the megadune area could be explained by post-depositional snow modifications. Using the GPR data, we estimated the apparent dune drift velocity (4.6 ± 1.1 m yr−1). The full cycle of the dune drift is thus about 410 years. Since the spatial anomalies of snow accumulation and isotopic composition are supposed to drift with the dune, a core drilled in the megadune area would exhibit the non-climatic 410-year cycle of these two parameters. We simulated a vertical profile of snow isotopic composition with such a non-climatic variability, using the data on the dune size and velocity. This artificial profile is then compared with the real vertical profile of snow isotopic composition obtained from a core drilled in the megadune area. We note that the two profiles are very similar. The obtained results are discussed in terms of interpretation of data obtained from ice cores drilled beyond the megadune areas.
Haitian orphan population and protective factors against caries
Authors: Rea Madelyn
Published: June 2016

Objective In Haiti, families were torn apart and children were left orphans after the 2010 earthquake. In the aftermath of this natural disaster many children were relocated to orphanages across the country and adopted internationally. Years later these children find themselves catching up in growth physically, mentally and emotionally after an extremely traumatic event during a crucial time in their health development. Another important marker of development is the primary dentition and the presence of caries.  We report estimates of early childhood caries (ECC) frequency, risk factors and quality of health among Haitian children. Methods Medical and dental professionals conducted a descriptive cross sectional study through the Pittsburgh Kids Foundation and their partnership with IDADEE children’s home, EBAC orphanage and New Vision Children’s home. Vital signs were taken and recorded to create a health/growth history for each child. Brief dental screenings were conducted and topical fluoride treatments were administered. Risk factors and quality of health information was obtained from discussions with the caregivers present. The children and caregivers were given oral hygiene education and supplies (i.e. toothbrushes, toothpaste, floss).  Results Physical exams and dental screenings were conducted on the 40 children ages 3-10 years of age living in the IDADEE children’s home. Two children had cavitated teeth. Eight children had teeth that were stained. Four children had evidence of dental trauma. 26 out of the 40 children had otherwise healthy dentition. Conclusion The IDADEE children’s home and New Vision Children’s home have hopes to expand their capacity with new construction scheduled to be finished in 2016. As more children enter these homes action is needed to educate caregivers on ways to identify high-risk children to prevent ECC and ways they can be treated before irreversible damage is done to the developing permanent dentition.
Forord
Authors: Cappelen Inger , Daltveit Anne Kjersti
Published: June 2016

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Finnish health and social welfare registers in epidemiological research
Authors: Haukka Jari
Published: June 2016

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Reducing indoor air pollution with a randomised intervention design - a presentation of the Stove Intervention Study in the Guatemalan Highlands
Authors: Smith-Sivertsen m.fl Tone
Published: June 2016

Indoor air pollution from the burning of solid fuels (like wood and coal) in simple stoves is a global problem especially affecting people living in poor rural areas of the world. When typically burnt on open fires, the resulting indoor pollution levels may be orders of magnitude higher than levels recommended by international guidelines. The most important health effects seem to be acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women. So far, health risks from solid fuel use have only been studied with observational designs, often with poor assessment of exposures. Hence there is good reason to conduct a well-designed randomised intervention study.                                          In this randomised study, conducted in a poor rural community in Guatemala, indoor exposure burden in the intervention group is reduced by replacing open fires with new chimney stoves burning the same wood fuels. Participating households (n=534) all started the project with a child less than four months or a pregnant woman, and are being followed until the child reaches 18 months. At the end of follow-up, the control households receive their new stove. The main health outcome investigated is the incidence of ALRI in infants. Also, respiratory and cardiovascular health in women is studied. Preparations are also being made to study asthma/atopy in the children as they grow older. This study will define the relationship between exposure and disease more completely, quantify the impacts of reducing indoor air pollution and document the potential for prevention of ill-health that new stoves give. It is the first randomised controlled trial ever performed on health effects from combustion pollutants in normal populations.
Ultrafiolett stråling og sykdomsrisiko
Authors: Robsahm Trude Eid , Tretli Steinar
Published: June 2016

The major source of human exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is sunlight, and UV-exposure influences the human health in two ways. Firstly, the ultraviolet components of sunlight are established as the main cause of all skin cancers. Based on this knowledge, encouragement of sun-protective behaviour seems to be the most effective public health measure to reduce incidence of skin cancer in the white population. Secondly, solar radiation is our main source of vitamin D, which is synthesised in the skin as a response to UV exposure. The hormone form of vitamin D is involved in several biological mechanisms. During the last few years, an increasing number of studies indicate that vitamin D inhibit the progression of several cancer forms and, thus, may increase the survival rate. A high level of vitamin D is also associated with a reduced risk of bone and skin diseases, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The two potential effects of UV-exposure are not necessarily contradictory if the UV-exposure is moderate.
A cost-effect analysis of an intervention against radon in homes
Authors: Stigum Hein , Strand Terje , Magnus Per
Published: June 2016

Background  Key words  : Radon exposure, lung cancer, cost-effect analysis, attributable risk, models-mathematical: Radon is a radioactive gas that may leak into buildings from the ground. Radon exposure is a risk factor for lung cancer. An intervention against radon exposure in homes may consist of locating homes with high radon exposure (above 200 Bq m-3) and improving these, and of protecting future houses. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the costs and the effects of this intervention. Methods: We performed a cost-effect analysis from the perspective of the society, followed by an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. The distribution of radon levels in Norwegian homes is lognormal with mean=74.5 Bq/m3, and 7.6% above 200 Bq/m3. Results: The preventable attributable fraction of radon on lung cancer was 3.8% (95% uncertainty interval: 0.6%, 8.3%). In cumulative present values the intervention would cost $238 (145, 310) million and save 892 (133, 1981) lives, each life saved costs $0.27 (0.09, 0.9) million. The cost-effect ratio was sensitive to the radon risk, the radon exposure distribution, and the latency period of lung cancer. Together these three parameters explained 90% of the variation in the cost-effect ratio. Conclusions: Reducing the radon concentration in present and future homes to below 200 Bq/m3 will cost $0.27 (0.09, 0.9) million per life saved. The uncertainty in the estimated cost per life is large, mainly due to uncertainty in the risk of lung cancer from radon. Based on estimates from road construction, the Norwegian society has been willing to pay $1 million to save a life. We therefore conclude that the intervention against radon in homes is justifiable. The willingness to pay is also larger that the upper uncertainty limit of the cost per life. Our conclusion is therefore robust against the uncertainties in the parameters.
Geokjemi og helse
Authors: Bølviken Bjørn
Published: June 2016

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Kjøring med mistanke om påvirkning av andre rusmidler enn alkohol
Authors: Christophersen Asbjørg S. , Skur Svetlana
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGStatens rettstoksikologiske institutt har i løpet av de siste år registrert en stor økning av prøver fra bilføreremistenkt for kjøring under påvirkning av andre rusmidler enn alkohol. Antall positive saker økte 42% fra1994 til 1995. De hyppigste påviste stoffer er tetrahydrocannabinol, amfetamin, benzodiazepiner og opiater(morfin/kodein). Bruk av tyngre narkotiske stoffer har blitt mer vanlig i trafikksammenheng og antall positivetilfeller har økt betydelig mer enn totalt antall saker. Fra 1994 til 1995 økte antall positive amfetaminprøvermed 75% (fra 533 til 937) og antall positive prøver som følge av heroininntak økte med 87% (fra 92 til 172).Bruk av flere stoffer samtidig er vanlig, over 60 % av sakene i 1995 var positive på mer enn ett stoff, alkoholikke medregnet. De fleste tilfeller var representert av menn i alderen 25-32 år (37%). Kvinner var representerti ca. 11% av sakene.Christophersen AS, Skurtveit S, Mørland J. Drivers suspected to drive under the influence of drugs otherthan alcohol. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 45-48.ENGLISH SUMMARYThe National Institute of Forensic Toxicology has registered a large increase in the number of samples fromdrivers suspected to drive under influence of drugs other than alcohol. The number of drug positive casesincreased 42% from 1994 to 1995. The most frequent drugs detected are tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamine,benzodiazepines and opiates (morphine/codeine). The frequency of hard narcotic drug use has increased morethan the total number of cases. From 1994 to 1995, the number of amphetamine positive samples increased75% (from 533 to 937) and the number of samples positive due to heroin use (detection of the metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine) increased 87%. Multi-drug use is common and more than one drug wasdetected in more than 60% of the cases from 1995, alcohol not included. Most of the cases were representedby men 25-32 years old (37%). Women were represented in about 11% of the cases.
Alkoholbruk blant ungdom i Oslo, 1970-95
Authors: Skretting Astrid
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFra 1970 fram til i dag har det funnet sted en viss nedgang i andelen ungdom i alderen 15-20 år i Oslo somnoen gang har drukket alkohol. På samme måte har det samlede forbruk av alkohol blant ungdom i Oslo ide senere år vist en nedgang, mens debutalderen for de ulike typer alkohol synes å ha vært stabil. Det erimidlertid bare blant gutter at alkoholforbruket har gått ned, mens forbruket blant jenter har vært mer ellermindre det samme. Det er forskjell mellom jenter og gutter i hva de drikker. Gutter drikker i hovedsak ølog brennevin, mens vin utgjør en større andel av jentenes alkoholforbruk både relativt og absolutt. Det erlangt flere gutter enn jenter som oppgir hyppig beruselsesfrekvens. Utviklingen over tid viser imidlertid atmens andelen gutter med høy beruselsesfrekvens har vært stabil, er det en langt større andel jenter i dagsom rapporterer om hyppig beruselse enn det vi fant for 20 år siden. Selv om det er forskjeller isammensetningen av hva gutter og jenter drikker er det flere ting som tyder på at drikkemønsteret blantgutter og jenter ligger atskillig nærmere hverandre i dag enn det gjorde for 20-25 år siden.Skretting A. Alcohol use among Oslo youth, 1970-95. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 77-84. ENGLISH SUMMARYThere seems to have been a decrease in the proportion of young people aged 15-20 in Oslo who have atsome time drunk alcohol. Whereas début age for drinking different types of alcohol seems to have beenstable, total consumption of alcohol among young people in Oslo has shown a decrease in recent years.However, it seems as though only boys have decreased their consumption. There are also many more boysthan girls who report having been frequently intoxicated. However, the trend shows that the proportion ofboys who have been frequently intoxicated has been stable, whereas there is a much higher proportion ofgirls today compared to 20-25 years ago who report having been frequently intoxicated. This means thatthere is much less difference in the way girls and boys drink alcohol today than there was 20-25 years ago.
A Call for Empowering the Non-Native EFL Teacher through Professional Development in Pragmatics: Focus on Thai-EFL
Authors: Kala Prakash Lakshmi
Published: June 2016

The Non-Native EFL teacher is most often the by-product of an educational system blamed for the language skills of its EFL learners. An EFL community such as Thailand is no exception. A canon of research into the need for enhancing the organizational competence of a learner in the L2 has been conducted and reported over several decades. In addition, empirical studies in pragmatics involving and benefiting the learner have gained ground in several ESL and EFL countries. However, the EFL teacher, who is usually the chief facilitator in an EFL context, is marginalized both as a focus of research and in the development of their pragmatic skills in English. An unfair reason generally given is that adult learners have a sufficient stockpile of already acquired pragmatics knowledge in their L1, which would serve them as needed. Yet, as observed over the years this assumption is proving costly. The academic paper authored here, based on literature and a recent needs analysis, makes a case for the immediacy of including explicit instruction in pragmatics through professional development workshops in the Thai EFL context with the chief aim of empowering the Asian EFL teacher.
Literature Review on Good Governance in the Organizations through Human Resource Management: A Corporate Level Analysis
Authors: Arulrajah Anthonypillai Anton
Published: June 2016

The objective of this review is to analyze the contribution of human resource management (HRM) in creating good governance in the organizations. A theoretical framework concerning the characteristics of good governance and the contribution of human resource management based on those characteristics were developed. The relationship between human resource management and creating good governance in the organizations, which is based on social, ethical, democratic, and economic basis, involves some important aspects concerning people management aspects such as participation, consensus orientation, accountability, transparency, responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, equity and inclusiveness, and following the laws and regulations. The integration of characteristics of good governance with possible approaches and practices of HRM leads to developing a model which underpins the contribution of HRM to create and practice good governance in the organizations. Based on this model, propositions and recommendations for future research on this theme are presented.
Civil Liability of Notaries in Iran’s Law
Authors: Bayat Hamzeh Esfandiari , Razmi Mehrzad , Mahmoodi Bahram
Published: June 2016

In the past centuries there was no specific institution for documentation and due to this some people who were more literate would do documentation but they constantly evaded their responsibility and this would sometimes bring about complications; thus, in the present century the legislator founded an institution called “notary offices” in order to resolve these problems, and gave the responsibility to a person called “notary”, and based on this he/she codified specific regulations in order to create the civil liability resulting from the liability-causing actions of notaries, and only by attaining certain conditions and within the boundary of regulations, civil liability of notaries will be met.
Enzymes Involved in Naproxen Degradation by Planococcus sp. S5
Authors: WOJCIESZYŃSKA DANUTA , DOMARADZKA DOROTA , HUPERT-KOCUREK KATARZYNA , GUZIK URSZULA
Published: June 2016

Naproxen is a one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) entering the environment as a result of high consumption. For this reason, there is an emerging need to recognize mechanisms of its degradation and enzymes engaged in this process. Planococcus sp. S5 is a gram positive strain able to degrade naproxen in monosubstrate culture (27%). However, naproxen is not a sufficient growth substrate for this strain. In the presence of benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or vanillic acid as growth substrates, the degradation of 21.5%, 71.71%, 14.75% and 8.16% of naproxen was observed respectively. It was shown that the activity of monooxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxyegnase in strain S5 was induced after growth of the strain with naproxen and 4-hydroxybenzoate. Moreover, in the presence of naproxen activity of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, enzyme engaged in 4-hydroxybenzoate metabolism, was completely inhibited. The obtained results suggest that monooxygenase and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase are the main enzymes in naproxen degradation by Planococcus sp. S5.
Characterization of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Biomaterial-Associated Infections and their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns
Authors: SZCZUKA EWA , BOSACKA KAROLINA , KAZNOWSKI ADAM
Published: June 2016

This work aims to provide an insight into staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements and antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The dominating type was SCCmec – IV. Fifteen isolates were assigned to SCCmec type III, two isolates to SCCmec type II. Most isolates were resistant to at least three of the non-β-lactam antibiotics tested. None of the strains exhibited resistance to new generation antibiotics, such as daptomycin and linezolid. Also, none of these strains showed resistance to tigecycline and only four strains were resistant to rifampin i.e. antibiotics which are very efficient in treating biofilm-associated infections.
Enteroviruses Associated with Aseptic Meningitis in Poland, 2011–2014
Authors: WIECZOREK MAGDALENA , FIGAS AGNIESZKA , KRZYSZTOSZEK ARLETA
Published: June 2016

A 4-year study (2011–2014) of patients with meningitis was performed. Out of the 686 cerebrospinal fluid samples, 465 (67.8%) were positive for eneteroviruses using RT-PCR and out of 334 clinical samples, 216 (64.7%) were positive for enteroviruses using cell culture methods. The highest detection rate was observed in the summer and autumn. In total, 185 enteroviruses were identified by using neutralization test. Echovirus 6 and 30 were the most common (41.7% and 37.5% respectively). The highest frequency of neurological infections (32.7%) occurred in children aged 5–9 years, mostly males (63.9%).
Monitoring of Virulence Genes, Drug-Resistance in Campylobacter coli Isolated from Golden Retrievers
Authors: SELWET MAREK , GALBAS MARIOLA , SŁOMSKI RYSZARD , CŁAPA TOMASZ , PORZUCEK FILIP
Published: June 2016

The investigation was performed on 75 of Golden Retriever puppies. Faecal samples were collected on the 42 day of the puppies life (control). Probiotic preparation was administered on 43 day of the puppies life and 10 days after the application of the probiotic, faecal samples were collected again (on 53 day of puppies life). All isolates of Campylobacter coli isolated prior to the administration of the probiotic were found to contain the cadF gene responsible for adhesion, as well as, the flaA gene influencing motility of the examined bacteria. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were recorded only in the case of enrofloxacin.
Recursive Differential Evolution Algorithm for Inertia Parameter Identification of Space Manipulator
Authors: Liu Zhengxiong , Huang Panfeng , Lu Zhenyu
Published: June 2016

This paper proposes a recursive differential evolution (RDE) algorithm to identify the inertial parameters of an unknown target and simultaneously revise the friction parameters of space manipulator joints. The inertia parameters of a space manipulator, which govern the dynamic behaviours of the entire system to a significant extent, can change for many reasons during the process of on-orbit operations; consequently, it is essential to trace these changes within the control system to ensure the stability and accuracy of the entire system. RDE is inspired by a recursive least squares algorithm, using approximate gradient information to guide the mutation operation in the standard DE. A series of contrast simulations are employed to confirm the feasibility of the RDE algorithm. The simulation results show that the identification of the RDE algorithm is more precise than for a GA (genetic algorithm) and LS (least square) algorithm, and has an appropriate convergence rate. The RDE identification method is suitable for linear, nonlinear and combined systems, and can follow system dynamics exactly.
Mobile Robot Based on the Selection of Fuzzy Behaviours for following Trajectories in Crops
Authors: Urrea Claudio , Muñoz José
Published: June 2016

This article addresses the problem of trajectory tracking in crops by a weed sprayer mobile robot (WSMR). This problem arises because to fumigate, the robot must follow a predefined path and avoid any obstacles it may encounter.

To achieve both trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance, a control scheme based on different behaviours is proposed, which consists essentially of an adaptive controller with a reference model for trajectory tracking and a fuzzy reactive for obstacle avoidance. Each of these controllers is executed according to the selection of the fuzzy behaviour controller, which uses information delivered by anti-collision sensors located on the robot.

As a result of the implementation of this behaviour-based architecture and by means of computer simulations and experimental laboratory tests, the WSMR demonstrates the capability of autonomously following a desired trajectory between the rows of a crop in the presence of obstacles. The results are evaluated by taking into account trajectory tracking curves and the operating requirements of each controller, as well as the application of different errors indices for quantitatively evaluating the proposed control scheme.
A Bounded Strategy of the Mobile Robot Coverage Path Planning Based on Lorenz Chaotic System
Authors: Li Caihong , Song Yong , Wang Fengying , Wang Zhiqiang , Li Yibin
Published: June 2016

According to the requirements of the mobile robot complete coverage path planning for some special missions, this paper introduces a bounded strategy based on the integration of the Lorenz dynamic system and the robot kinematics equation. Chaotic variables of the Lorenz system are confined in a limited range, while when they are used to produce the robot's coordinate position, the trajectory range is determined by the starting point, iterative times, and iterative step. The proposed bounded strategy can constrain all the robot positions in the workplace by a mirror mapping method that can reflect the overflow waypoints returning to it. Moreover, the statistical characteristics of the Lorenz chaotic variables and the robot trajectory are discussed in order to choose the best mapping variable. The simulation results show that the bounded strategy that uses the chosen variable can achieve a higher coverage rate contrary to other similar works.
Calcidius on Matter : A Minimalist Dualism
Authors: Reydams-Schils Gretchen ,   Editua Polirom
Published: June 2016

Cette contribution est le résumé d’une communication sur la notion de la matiere dans le commentaire de Calcidius sur le Timée de Platon. Pour arriver a un dualisme minimal, Calcidius (a) combine des éléments d’Aristote, des Stoiciens, et de Numénius, mais (b) rejette la notion qu’il attribue aux Hébreux, certains aspects de la notion de Numénius, et d’une notion qu’il attribue a certains Platoniciens.
Le dualisme en question dans le Commentaire au Timée de Calcidius
Authors: Bakhouche Béatrice ,   Editua Polirom
Published: June 2016

Before I reply to the account of Gretchen Reydams‑Schils on the theory of matter in the Commentary on Timaeus by Calcidius, I would like to clarify the organization of various topics into the commentary. Nevertheless the first point will deal with the study of dualism in Plato’s dialogue. Then I will show that the cosmos works as a continuum and I will present the ‘symphonic’ composition of the Latin exegesis. About the matter‑hyle, I will try to link it with the soul.
Matiere «issue du Pere» ou matiere «primordiale» ?
Authors: Saudelli Lucia , Lecerf Adrien ,   Editua Polirom
Published: June 2016

In this response, we discuss Professor Seng’s proposal according to which the Chaldaean Oracles call the matter πατρογενής («derived from the Father») and not πρωτογενής («primordial»). We first explain the philosophical problem raised by this philological reading and we formulate an objection to it ; secondly, we take into consideration the Late Neo‑Platonic tradition as an eventual confirmation of the πατρογενής hypothesis.
Gnose, dualisme et les textes de Nag‑Hammadi
Authors: Dubois Jean‑Daniel ,   Editua Polirom
Published: June 2016

Gnostic studies in the XXeth century have been influenced by Hans Jonas’ The Gnostic Religion and his existentialist approach of Gnostic movements, until the discovery of the Coptic Nag Hammadi texts, in 1945, gave access to a series of documents coming from the Gnostics themselves. Progressively, the panorama of Gnostic sects and movements deeply changed, calling into question the notion of “dualism” used by the Church Fathers when refuting their Gnostic opponents. If Plotinus criticizes the Gnostic contempt of the world and their life without ethics, the recently commented texts from Nag Hammadi attest the use of the Platonic demiurge understood in the frame of the biblical version of the creation. The beauty of the world is not absent from Gnostic texts. The role of the Gnostic demiurge in documents like the Apocryphon of John or the Valentinian Tripartite Tractate, for example, shows that access to salvation is possible in a philosophical and theological system that is monistic. The heresiological category of “dualism” has too often hindered the study of the Gnostics which does not correspond to what the new documentation brings out.
La monarchia dans les Homélies clémentines et l’origine du Mauvais
Authors: Le Boulluec Alain ,   Editua Polirom
Published: June 2016

As the most rigorous upholder of monotheism, the pseudo‑Clementine homilist is at strife with the Marcionite dualism. More precisely, he comes up against the Apelles’ doctrine, which is all the more dangerous as it establishes the unicity of God and reduces the demiurge of the world and author of the Law to a created power. The theory of the «false pericopes» of the Scriptures is specially directed against Apelles, in order to protect the identity between the supreme God and the Creator of the world. It seems that the conjectures about the origin of the Evil One, which attempt to avoid a new form of dualism, are also directed towards the refutation of Apelles : to the obedient demiurgical angel is opposed the providential function of the Evil One, who has to put the human beings’ piety to trial ; and against Apelles who maintains the severance between corporeal reality and God’ being, the homilist makes use of the audacious theory of the mixing of the elements to settle both the connaturality of the Evil One and of the body of God and the blamelessness of God with reference to the will of the Tempter, which is contingent.
Enuma elish, le récit babylonien de la création
Authors: Ziegler Nele ,   Editua Polirom
Published: June 2016

The Babylonian Poem of Creation Enuma Elish tells the story of Apsu and Tiamat begetting the first generations of gods, of Marduk vanquishing Tiamat and creating from its corps the whole universe. Can the story of this fight be a hint to a dualistic vision of the universe in Mesopotamia ? The author stresses some arguments against this conclusion even if some of the main elements of dualistic cosmologies are present : combatting forces, non‑existence – creation of the universe, male – female opposition.
A Cultural Semiotic Aesthetic Approach for a Virtual Heritage Project
Authors: Voutounos Chrysanthos , Lanitis Andreas ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2016

This paper presents an integrated framework applied towards the design and evaluation of a virtual museum of Byzantine art that combines the theorized fields of semiotics, virtual heritage (VH), and Byzantine art. A devised semiotic model, the case study semiosphere, synthesizes important principles from the theoretical background justifying the overall design and evaluation methodology. The approach presented has theoretical extensions to the understanding of the role technology plays in promoting a consummatory aesthetic experience for Byzantine art in virtual environments, complementing the experience received from traditional Byzantine art media. Part A of the work presents the development of the semiotic foundation of the study prior to presenting the applied potential of the approach in design and evaluation of VH for Byzantine art, which appears in Part B. The final task of the proposed approach aims to support a meaningful interpretation, assisting in the promotion of the significance (value) of the virtual museum to potential interpreters/visitors.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE-PB: ANALYSIS FROM HISTORICAL SERIES OF PRECIPITATION
Authors: Pereira Patrícia Alves , Cavalcante Juliana Ibiapina , Souza Werônica Meira , Galvíncio Josiclêda Domiciano
Published: June 2016

Currently, the climate changes have generated many discussions, constituting one of the major concerns with regard to their effects. Several are the impacts arising from climate change, whether in social, economic and environmental context. Some climate models have shown trends of reduction of rains to the northeast in the wettest months, which could increase the frequency and intensity of droughts and reduce the availability of water resources. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the trends and variability of climatological precipitation series in the city of Campina Grande-PB, using daily series of pluvial precipitation over a period of 50 years. The statistical analysis and the preparation of the graphics were made with the ClimAp Software, which have been assessed the extremes of precipitation (days with rainfall ≥ 1 mm; days with rainfall ≥ 10 mm; days with rainfall ≥ 20 mm); Per95p and Pr99p (number of days with precipitation ≥ 95% and the 99%) of significant rainfall, highest rainfall in 1 day rain, annual total and its standardized deviation, monthly and quarterly averages of precipitation, annual total-linear regression, and sequential Mann-Kendall test.  Through this research was possible to conclude that the city of Campina Grande presents annual distributions of irregular precipitation, with a slight increase in year-to-year variability, but without statistical significance
Screening Tools for Anxiety in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Litster Brittany , Fiest Kirsten M. , Patten Scott B. , Fisk John D. , Walker John R. , Graff Lesley A. , Bolton James M. , Sareen Jitender , Marriott James J. , Berrigan Lindsay I. , Bernstein Charles N. , Zarychanski Ryan , Singer Alexander , Hitchon Carol A. , Peschken Christine A. , Marrie Ruth Ann ,   for the CIHR Team “Defining the Burden and Managing the Effects of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Chronic Immunoinflammatory Disease”
Published: June 2016

Background: Anxiety is prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Screening measures are used to identify symptoms of anxiety, but the optimal measure to screen for anxiety disorders in MS has not been established.

Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES Full Text, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from database inception until August 7, 2015. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full-text reports for study inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We included studies that evaluated the criterion validity of anxiety screening tools when measuring anxiety in individuals with well-documented MS, as measured by sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.

Results: Of the 3181 abstracts screened, 18 articles were reviewed in full text, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria. The criterion validity of three screening tools was assessed: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety (HADS-A), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). The HADS-A was validated against the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) interview, and the BAI. The BAI was validated against the SCAN, and the GAD-7 was validated against the HADS-A. The HADS-A had higher measures of sensitivity and specificity than did the BAI and the GAD-7.

Conclusions: Based on this small sample, the HADS-A shows promise as an applicable measure for people with MS. Screening scales used to identify anxiety in MS must be validated against appropriate reference standards.
Religiosity in Europe: an index, factors, and clusters of religiosity
Authors: Coutinho José Pereira
Published: June 2016

This paper has three aims. The first aim is to measure religiosity across all European countries through an index that combines beliefs, practices, and attitudes. The second aim is to analyse the strength of societal factors on religiosity, including modernisation, communist rule, national identity, religious pluralism, and religious freedom. The final aim is to group European countries by religiosity and to characterise each cluster by dominant religions and these five societal factors. Based on EVS 2008, it was applied multivariate analysis to reach these aims. Cluster 1 is mainly composed of Orthodox, Muslims, and Catholics; cluster 2 of Catholics, Orthodox, and people without religion; cluster 3 by people without religion, Protestants, and Catholics. Across clusters, the degree of human development, religious pluralism, and religious freedom increase, while the degree of national identity decreases.
The social structure of european inequality: a multidimensional perspective
Authors: Mauritti Rosário , Martins Susana Da Cruz , Nunes Nuno , Romão Ana Lúcia , Costa António Firmino da
Published: June 2016

The aim of this article is to present some contributions to the understanding of social inequality in Europe today. We analyse the distributional inequalities of economic and educational resources as well as the categorical inequalities between nation states and between social classes. The source of the empirical data was the European Social Survey 2012. We were able to calculate European income deciles, build a matrix of class-country segments, and analyse the intersections of this structural matrix with the distributions of income and schooling. The results reveal high degrees of distributional inequality in Europe. They also show the structural configurations assumed in Europe by the intersection of distributive and categorical inequalities.
An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for cAMP elicited axonal regeneration involves direct activation of the dual leucine zipper kinase DLK
Authors: Hao Yan , Frey Erin , Yoon Choya , Wong Hetty , Nestorovski Douglas , Holzman Lawrence B , Giger Roman J , DiAntonio Aaron , Collins Catherine
Published: June 2016

A broadly known method to stimulate the growth potential of axons is to elevate intracellular levels of cAMP, however the cellular pathway(s) that mediate this are not known. Here we identify the Dual Leucine-zipper Kinase (DLK, Wnd in Drosophila) as a critical target and effector of cAMP in injured axons. DLK/Wnd is thought to function as an injury ‘sensor’, as it becomes activated after axonal damage. Our findings in both Drosophila and mammalian neurons indicate that the cAMP effector kinase PKA is a conserved and direct upstream activator of Wnd/DLK. PKA is required for the induction of Wnd signaling in injured axons, and DLK is essential for the regenerative effects of cAMP in mammalian DRG neurons. These findings link two important mediators of responses to axonal injury, DLK/Wnd and cAMP/PKA, into a unified and evolutionarily conserved molecular pathway for stimulating the regenerative potential of injured axons.
Direct observation of the symmetry breaking of the nanometer-scale local structure in the paraelectric cubic phase of BaTiO3 using convergent-beam electron diffraction
Authors: Tsuda Kenji , Tanaka Michiyoshi
Published: June 2016

Nanometer-scale local structures of the cubic phase of barium titanate (BaTiO3) are investigated by convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) using a nanometer-size electron probe. Breaking of the cubic symmetry has been discovered in the nanometer-scale areas of the cubic phase. This indicates the existence of local polarization clusters as a precursor of the phase transition. Symmetry-breaking index maps for the fourfold rotation symmetry are given at different temperatures with the combined use of scanning transmission electron microscopy and CBED methods (STEM-CBED). A spatially hierarchical structure of the cubic phase is proposed, which may explain different local symmetries reported using different experimental probes.
Theoretical studies on ultraviolet nearly lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN quantum well structures with quaternary BAlGaN barriers
Authors: Park Seoung-Hwan , Ahn Doyeol
Published: June 2016

Light emission characteristics of B
x
Al
y
Ga1−

x

−

y
N/BAlGaN quantum well (QW) structures with quaternary BAlGaN barrier were investigated using the multiband effective-mass theory. The internal field in the BAlGaN well of the BAlGaN/AlN QW structure is shown to be large (∼10 MV/cm) under the lattice-matched condition (

%). On the other hand, the internal field is significantly reduced by using BAlGaN barrier and the peak intensity of the spontaneous emission coefficient of the lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW structure is comparable to that of the conventional BAlGaN/AlN QW structure. We observe that the light intensity of the lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW structure is comparable to that of the conventional BAlGaN/AlN QW structure. Also, we observe that the nearly lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW structure with small strain (0.5%) has about 3 times larger peak intensity than the conventional QW AlGaN/AlN structure. Hence, BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW system could be used as a UV light source with a higher light emission and a higher crystal quality, compared to conventional AlGaN/AlN QW structures with larger strain (1.78%).
A propagation time difference evaluation for a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter for low-pressure gas
Authors: Nishiguchi Hiroshi , Sawayama Toshiyuki , Nagamune Kouki
Published: June 2016

We have been studying the development of a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter for measuring the gas flow rate, especially at low-pressure gas such as atmospheric pressure. In this study, we evaluated the propagation time difference of ultrasonic wave for measuring the airflow at atmospheric pressure. We placed a pair of ultrasonic transducers outside a pipe and generated ultrasonic waves aslant to the flow direction. We observed the propagation time difference of the ultrasonic wave as a function of the gas flow velocity, and found that the difference was proportional to the gas flow. Therefore, it was shown that we were able to measure the atmospheric pressure gas flow rate with a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. Moreover, we evaluated the dependency of ultrasonic wave intensity on gas pressure.
Electron transport analysis in water vapor
Authors: Kawaguchi Satoru , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Satoh Kohki , Itoh Hidenori
Published: June 2016

A reliable set of electron collision cross sections for water vapor, including elastic, rotational, vibrational, and electronic excitation, electron attachment, and ionization cross sections, is estimated by the electron swarm method. In addition, anisotropic electron scattering for elastic and rotational excitation collisions is considered in the cross section set. Electron transport coefficients such as electron drift velocity, longitudinal diffusion coefficient, and effective ionization coefficient are calculated from the cross section set by Monte Carlo simulation in a wide range of E/N values, where E and N are the applied electric field and the number density of H2O molecules, respectively. The calculated transport coefficients are in good agreement with those measured. The obtained results confirm that the anisotropic electron scattering is important for the calculation at low E/N values. Furthermore, the cross section set assuming the isotropic electron scattering is proposed for practical use.
Bottom-electrode effect on switching behavior and interface reaction in nanoionic-based resistive changing memory
Authors: Nagata Takahiro , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Imura Masataka , Oh Seungjun , Kobashi Kazuyoshi , Chikyow Toyohiro
Published: June 2016

The bottom-electrode effect on a Cu/HfO2 stack structure, which is an oxide-based resistive random access memory (ReRAM) structure, and the resistance switching behavior of the structures were investigated by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by comparing the Pt and TiN bottom electrodes. In the Pt bottom electrode, a forward bias voltage induced the reduction of the unintentionally oxidized Cu top electrode and the Cu ion migration in the HfO2 layer, resulting in the switching from the high resistivity to the low resistivity at approximately ±1 V. In contrast, the TiN bottom electrode induced the formation of oxygen vacancies in the HfO2 layer and the thick Cu2O layer at the Cu/HfO2 interface, namely, it induced oxygen migration rather than Cu migration. The switching voltage of the Cu/HfO2/TiN structure was twice that of the Cu/HfO2/Pt structure. The switching mechanism in a nanoionic-type ReRAM structure can be controlled by changing the bottom electrode.
Delivery of membrane proteins into small and giant unilamellar vesicles by charge‐mediated fusion
Authors: Biner Olivier , Schick Thomas , Müller Yannic , von Ballmoos Christoph
Published: June 2016

One of the current challenges in synthetic biology is the production of stable membrane mimetic systems and the insertion of components in these systems. Here, we employ fusion of oppositely charged liposomes to deliver separately reconstituted membrane proteins into a common lipid bilayer. After a systematic evaluation of different lipid compositions by lipid mixing and size distribution analysis, suitable conditions were further investigated for proteoliposome fusion. With this technique, we functionally coreconstituted bo3 oxidase and ATP synthase from Escherichia coli into unilamellar liposomes ranging from 100 nm to 50 μm in size. The presented method is a simple and versatile tool for oriented membrane protein reconstitution to produce biomimetic systems with increased complexity.
Impact of land surface states within the flux footprint on daytime land‐atmosphere coupling in two semiarid ecosystems of the Southwestern U.S.
Authors: Anderson Cody A. , Vivoni Enrique R.
Published: June 2016

Land surface states play important roles in the turbulent exchanges between ecosystems and their overlying atmosphere. Field methods to estimate turbulent fluxes have time‐variable source areas, while land surface observations are typically obtained at single plots with a smaller measurement scale. In this study, we characterize land‐atmosphere interactions in two semiarid ecosystems in the southwestern U.S. At each study site, we combine the eddy covariance method with a distributed network of soil moisture and temperature sensors, high‐resolution imagery of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soil patches, and novel spatiotemporal analyses to characterize the turbulent flux footprint analytically and identify the soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation conditions underlying the eddy covariance measurements. Four methods for aggregating the land surface observations to the scale of the daily flux footprint are tested. Our results reveal a large degree of spatial variability in the footprint, with stronger variations in soil moisture than in soil temperature. Single plot measurements are less reliable than the distributed network in capturing footprint conditions, particularly for soil moisture. Furthermore, a marked improvement is observed in the relations between turbulent fluxes and land surface states for methods capturing the footprint variability. We also identify that the composition of vegetation and soil patches in the time‐variable source area affects the relative magnitudes of the turbulent fluxes and the partitioning of evapotranspiration. Our study points to the importance of monitoring the spatial distribution of land surface states (e.g., soil moisture and temperature) and vegetation and soil patches when assessing land‐atmosphere interactions.