bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some advances in osmotic dehydration of fruit/Algunos avances en deshidratación osmótica de frutas
Authors: Fito P. , Chiralt A. , Barat J. , Salvatori J.D. , Andrés A.
Published: March 2007

There are many works in the field of osmotic dehydration of fruit where kinetic studies using a macroscopic approach are reported. However, very few studies have been developed from a microscopic point of view, taking into account the compartment structure of the cellular tissue and the complex cell to cell transport phenomena. The latter could allow a better understanding of the process and therefore a more accurate model, but in many cases it is not possible to establish an adequate bridge between microscopic models and practical applications. The analysis of the concentration profiles during mass transfer phenomena in structured foods, being a macroscopic approach, is a very useful tool to clarify the mass transfer mechanisms as well as to calculate the corresponding kinetics. In this paper the concentration profiles of water and solutes, developed throughout the fruit osmotic dehydration, are discussed as a function of the temperature and sample thickness for apple. The profile development is modeled in terms of a new mathematical model, which could avoid some of the restraints of the Fickian equations, usually utilized in this kind of modeling. Another aspect involved in this work is the equilibrium status of the fruit in the osmotic process. Equilibrium data are required to evaluate the true driving force of the mass transfer process. Nevertheless, a lack of studies in this area was detected. The results of extensive work on the behavior of samples until equilibrium is reached in osmotic treatments are also discussed.
Efecto del envasado individual con películas plásticas en la calidad de mandarinas Dancy almacenadas en refrigeración / Effect of individual seal packaging in plastic films on the quality of Dancy mandarins stored under refrigeration
Authors: Pérez-Guzmán A.E. , Saucedo-Veloz C. , Arana-Errasquín R.
Published: March 2007

Seal packaging of individual fruits of Dancy mandarin ( Citrus reticulata) with polyolefin (0.019 mm) and PVC (0.025 mm) significantly delayed their deterioration, and maintained firmer fruits with bet ter appearance than non-sealed fruits. The films were applied to fruits that had received conventional treatments of washing and disinfection, after which the fruits were stored with non-sealed fruits under refrigeration conditions (5 and 10 °C) during eight weeks plus six days at 20 °C. The results showed that the weight loss and deformation were significantly reduced by the effect of plastic films, at both storage temperatures. Furthermore, significant reductions in the internal atmosphere (CO, content) and ethanol content were observed in sealed fruits. In the sensory evaluation, the juice of sealed fruits showed a fresh flavor at the end of storage, whereas the juice of non-sealed fruits held at 10 °C developed off-flavors. The ripening index (°Brix/acidity ratio) increased significantly only in sealed fruits held at 10°C. The color index was not significantly modified by the effect of plastic films. However, the vitamin C content was significantly lower in sealed fruits at both storage temperatures.
The fermentation of whole wheat flour by Pediococcus pentosaceus / Fermentación de harina de trigo integral con Pediococcus pentosaceus
Authors: Raccach M. , Tully T.
Published: March 2007

A whole wheat flour:water brew (1:3) was fermented (at 32 °C) with a Pediococcus pentosaceus culture at inoculation levels ( I) of log10 I = 0 (control), 5, 6, 7 and 8 cfu/g brew. A direct relationship was observed between the inoculation level and the absolute values of the b and c parameters of the fitted fermentation equation: pH = a + bt + ct2. The first derivative of the fermentation equation was used to determine the duration of the lag phase period. When the inoculation level was increased from log 10 I = 0 to log10 I = 8 cfu/g brew the lag phase period ( Lp) and the fermentation time ( t) decreased from 5.2 to 0.8 h and from 18.0 to 4.2 h, respectively. The model lag phase period and the model fermentation time at inoculation levels other than those examined in this study were calculated using the equa tions LpM= 5.2 + 0.0245 I - 0.0714 I2 and tM5.0 = 18 - 1.15 I- 0.075 I2, respectively. The acid production phase comprised 68% of the fermentation period. The fermentation rate ( F) within each of the three periods of the fermentation increased as the inoculation level increased. The acid production rate- inoculation plot showed a discontinuity at an inoculation level of log10 I = 7.0 cfu/g brew.
Influence of processing and storage conditions in strawberry jam color / Influencia de las condiciones de tratamiento y de almacenamiento en el color de confituras de fresa
Authors: García-Viguera C. , Zafrilla P. , Tomás-Barberán F.A.
Published: March 2007

The influence of time and temperature of processing on the color of strawberry jams, and the time and presence of light during their storage is evaluated. Results showed that processing time is the determinant for obtaining color quality products, as boiling for over 15 min has a deleterious effect. The effect of daylight during storage caused insignificant color and anthocyanin losses, when com pared with storage under dark conditions. However, there was no direct relationship between antho cyanin loss during processing and storage and the color observed under any of the assayed condi tions. The freezing of fruit for long periods (one year) for future jam preparation provoked 77% of anthocyanin losses. Nevertheless, fruit could be stored at -20°C for six months, since less than 20% loss of anthocyanins was noted.
Transcultural Nursing Websites
Authors: DePalma Judith A.
Published: March 2007

Nurses and health care executives have access to a wealth of information right in their own office. This article provides an overview of transcultural online sites and criteria for evaluation of sites.
Care of the elderly patient receiving continuous 5-Fluorouracil at home
Authors: Mitchell Mary M. , Higginbotham Patti L.
Published: March 2007

Fifty percent of all cancers occur in individuals over age 60. Participation in their own antineoplastic therapy is particularly important for persons in this age group. The authors offer information on the normal aging process, the management of side effects and line complications, and the use of infusion pumps. The goal of a well-planned program for self-administration is to provide the optimum in care for elderly persons suffering from cancer.
Pediatric HIV infection: Clinical and social management issues
Authors: Lincoln Priscilla , Hanley Eileen
Published: March 2007

Caring for children with HIV infection presents many challenges to the home health care team, yet there is no better place to care for these children. A high incidence of pediatric infection occurs in already affected families. This article summarizes clinical manifesta tions and psychosocial issues and presents AIDS services the Visiting Nurse Service of New York has developed to assist this growing population. The issues and programs presented can act as a resource for other home health agencies.
Home oral anticoagulation monitoring
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses oral anticoagulants and all the current information on these drugs. A home anticoagulation monitoring program is presented that may be used as a model for any agency. A nursing care plan is also included.
Collaborative care planning with the arthritic client at home
Authors: Comunale Deborah L.
Published: March 2007

The arthritic patient requires an interdisciplinary approach to care. The goal, as quoted in this article, is relief of symptoms, restoration of mobility and strength, and above all, the development of a sense of self-worth. A sample care plan is included.
Meeting the educational needs of home health care nurses
Authors: Feldman Rosalind
Published: March 2007

As home health care nursing changes to meet the demands of the community, so does the educational needs of this group. This article shares the results of a study of education needs. Included is a sample orientation program, types of inservices presented at home health care agencies, and examples of continuing educational programs.
Strengths and Limitations of Governmental Support for Environmental Technology in Japan
Authors: Miller Alan S. , Moore Curtis A.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, Japanese government and industry have initiated a wide range of policies, programs, and investment strategies responsive to the growing agenda of domestic and global environmental problems. For the most part, these actions have not been due to any significant domestic envi ronmental political pressure but primarily because of the perception that "green" products and manufacturing methods are simply good business. These strategies have, therefore, been closely linked to export and foreign aid policies of long-term benefit to the Japanese economy.

A strength of the Japanese approach to environmental policy is the govern ment's ability to bring together a range of business to create a climate for long-term investment in promising new technologies such as fuel cells and electric vehicles. Because this approach is done to advance industrial policy as much as environmental goals, industrial interests are responding to busi ness opportunities, rather than environmental constraints. The Japanese sys tem is, however, not without its own blind spots and limitations. For exam ple, very little has been done to improve the energy efficiency of consumer products, including automobiles, since the mid 1980s. Japanese industry has so far not demonstrated much awareness of concepts like "design for envi ronment" that imply a fundamental reexamination of manufacturing meth ods and materials. The Japanese response to conservation issues that tend not to have technological solutions or potential for business development has also not been as impressive.
Should the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder be considered in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder?
Authors: Frazier J.A. , Biederman J. , Bellordre C.A. , Garfield S.B. , Geller D.A. , Coffey B.J. , Faraone S.V.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To assess the overlap between Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a consecutive sample of referred youth. We hypothesized that children with PDD plus ADHD-like symptoms would have a symptom profile similar to ADHD children.

Method: Subjects were consecutively referred children meeting DSM-III-R criteria for PDD with (PDD+ADHD, N = 50) and without (PDD, N= 10) ADHD-like symptoms and ADHD without PDD (ADHD, N= 105). All subjects were comprehensively assessed with structured diagnostic interviews.

Results: Clinical characteristics of PDD were similar in those PDD children who did and who did not have ADHD, and ADHD features were very similar in ADHD children with and without PDD.

Conclusion: These results suggest that children with PDD with concomitant symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity may have true comorbid ADHD. If confirmed, these findings challenge the exclusionary criteria for the diagnosis of ADHD in PDD youth.
A review of the pharmacotherapy of adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wilens Timothy E. , Spencer Thomas J. , Biederman Joseph
Published: March 2007

Objective: Despite the increasing recognition of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults, the use of pharmacotherapeutics remains less established.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature identified 15 studies (N = 435 subjects) of stimulants, and 22 studies of non- stimulant medications (N = 421 subjects) including antidepressants, antihypertensives, amino acids, and wake-promoting agents for the treatment of ADHD in adults.

Results: Studies with stimulants and antidepressants demonstrated significant short-term improvement in ADHD symptoms compared to placebo in adults. Methylphenidate (MPH) and amphetamine had an immediate onset of action whereas the ADHD response to pemoline and antidepressants appeared delayed. The response to amphetamine and MPH appears to be dose-dependent. Controlled data on nicotonic and noradrenergic compounds appear promising. There was considerable variability In diagnostic criteria, dosing parameters, and response rates between the various studies.

Conclusions: Under controlled conditions, the aggregate literature shows that the stimulants and noradrenergic antidepressants had a clinically and statistically significant beneficial effect on treating ADHD in adults.
Cognitive functioning in adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Murphy Patricia
Published: March 2007

objectives: Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) appear to be deficient in executive control. The purpose of this study was to determine if adults with ADHD are also deficient in executive control.

Method: The performance of 18 adults with ADHD and 18 control subjects was compared on two tests of executive control, and two control tasks. The executive control tasks used in the study were the Trail Making Test (B), and the Tower of Hanoi. The control tasks used were the Trail Making Test (A), and the Benton Facial Recognition Test.

Results: The subjects with ADHD performed more poorly than did the normal controls on the executive control tasks. The subjects with ADHD, however, also performed more poorly on the Trail Making Test (A).

Conclusions: The ADHD subjects showed a deficit in executive control, but this deficit was not confined to the executive control domain.
Driving anger and other driving-related behaviors in high and low ADHD symptom college students
Authors: Richards T.L. , Deffenbacher J.L. , Rosén L.A.
Published: March 2007

This study examined differences between college students with high and low symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Fifty-nine introductory psychology students completed ADHD diagnostic measures and were compared on measures of driving anger and driving anger expression; accident-rotated, aggressive, and risky driving behaviors; general anger; and general anger expression.

Results indicated high ADHD symptom college students experience more driving anger, display such anger in more hostile/ aggressive ways, are more aggressive and risky on the road, experience more crash-related outcomes, are more generally angry, and tend to display anger in socially unacceptable ways. Results are discussed In regard to the understanding and treatment of ADHD.
Vasectomies: Who's Having Them ... and Why?
Authors: Merwin Grier H.
Published: March 2007

Means of increasing vasectomy's acceptance for contraceptive purposes are examined cross-culturally. Given the questionable value of this method as a primary agent for reducing population growth, emphasis is placed on vasectomy's appropriateness as a family planning measure in multifaceted health and social welfare programs created to accomplish the goals of a given community.
Values Clarification and the Cardiac Patient
Authors: Berger Bonnie , Hopp Joyce W. , Raettig Velma
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study tested the feasibility and potential of values- clarification methods in patient education with 20 chronic heart patients participating in the cardiac classes of a university medical center. Strengths and limitations of the methods were identified, with greater feasibility and responsiveness demonstrated in patients between 51 and 60 years of age, those who had accepted their cardiac problem, and in home visits rather than clinical settings.
Psychosocial Correlates of Delayed Decisions to Abort
Authors: Bracken Michael B. , Kasl Stanislav V.
Published: March 2007

Two samples of women aborting in New York and Connecticut during 1972 and 1973 were studied In all, six hundred and fifty eight women about to undergo first and second trimester procedures completed a self-administered questionnaire. Items include: demographic, psychosocial and personality parameters, and a detailed review of the decision process leading to abortion Analyses of the correlates of delay are organized around four components: acknowledgment of pregnancy; seeing a physician ; deciding to abort; and locating a clinic. Other analyses focus on the role of decisional conflict in delay. Methodological issues, implications for educational practice and for theory of decision-making are discussed
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Initiatives: Some Legal Considerations
Authors: Pollard Michael R. , Brennan John T.
Published: March 2007

*Dr. Pollard was a Senior Staff Officer and Director, Division of Legal, Ethical, and Educa tional Aspects of Health when this paper was written; and Dr. Brennan is a Legal Research Asso ciate, in the Institute of Medicine, National A cademy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Address requests for reprints to Dr. Pollard, Office of Policy Planning, Federal Trade Com mission, Washington, D.C. 20580.
Analytic Models of Supercomputer Performance in Multiprogramming Environments
Authors: Menascé Daniel A. , Almeida Virgilio A. F.
Published: March 2007

Supercomputers run multiprogrammed time-sharing operating systems, so their facilities can be shared by many local and remote users. Therefore, it is important to be able to assess the performance of supercomputers in multiprogrammed environments. Analytic models based on Queueing Networks (QNs) and Stochastic Petri Nets (SPNs) are used in this paper with two purposes: to evaluate the performance of supercomputers in multi programmed environments, and to compare, perfor mance-wise, conventional supercomputer architectures with a novel architecture proposed here. It is shown, with the aid of the analytic models, that the proposed architecture is preferable performance-wise over the existing conventional supercomputer architectures. A three-level workload characterization model for super computers is presented. Input data for the numerical ex amples discussed here are extracted from the well- known Los Alamos benchmark, and the results are vali dated by simulation.
A Fast Algorithm To Simulate the Microcanonical Dynamics of the Ising Model
Authors: Brower R.C. , Moriarty K.J.M. , Tamayo P.
Published: March 2007

We describe a computer program that simulates the microcanonical Ising model at a peak speed of 100 mil lion spin updates per second on a single processor of a Class VII supercomputer. The program is vectorized and multispin coded for lattices of all sizes and dimensions by introducing multiple copies for lattices smaller than 128 on a side. Autocorrelations are measured to monitor the effects of critical slowing down and to calculate dy namical critical exponents.
Global Four-Band Spectral Classification of Jupiter's Clouds: Color/Albedo Units and Trends
Authors: Thompson W. Reid
Published: March 2007

Voyager 2 digital images of Jupiter have been used to construct a global data base of cloud reflectance (normal albedo) in four spectral bands: three wideband "colors" with effective wavelengths at 431 nm (VI), 564 nm (GR), and 599 nm (OR), plus the narrowband CH4 filter cen tered at 621 nm. This data base has been spectrally classified at 0.5° resolution (625 km at Jupiter's equator) to separate the complex scene into cloud color/albedo units on a pixel-by-pixel basis, revealing 20 distinct and 5 tentative units. These include both large, globally dis tributed units and very small, localized units. Global color maps and unit membership maps in printed and reprojected video form are used to highlight associations and trends. Of note are the common spectral properties of areas within white ovals and zones, and within brown barges and belts, but the spectral uniqueness of the Great Red Spot, barge cores, and other small features.
Glass Transition
Authors: Yonezawa Fumiko , Sakamoto Shoichi , Nosé Shuichi
Published: March 2007

Computer simulations of melting, crystallization, glass transition, and annealing for a model system of 864 Lennard-Jones (LJ) atoms under a periodic boundary condition are carried out using constant-pressure molec ular dynamics techniques with temperature control. When an fcc crystal of LJ atoms is heated, melting occurs; however, an LJ liquid, when quenched slowly, crystallizes into layers with stacking faults. Each layer forms a two-dimensional, close-packed structure with occasional point defects but without dislocations. When the quench rate is high enough, an LJ liquid transforms into a disordered structure without a discontinuous change in volume. The dependence of the glass transi tion on the quench rate is determined by examining macroscopically observable physical features. Several microscopic structure parameters are introduced to ana lyze, at the atomic level, the structures of glasses pro duced by different quench rates. When annealed, a glass made with a low enough quench rate is stable against crystallization. Identifying the number of atoms in the system having local icosahedral symmetry is a prom ising method of characterizing the glass's stability. The microscopic structural changes in the annealing pro cesses are presented in the companion video to this paper.
Methods for the Efficient Calculation of the (Mhd) Magnetohydrodynamic Stability Properties of Magnetically Confined Fusion Plasmas
Authors: Anderson D.V. , Cooper W.A. , Gruber R. , Merazzi S. , Schwenn U.
Published: March 2007

A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is applied to the problem of the stability of magnetically confined ther monuclear plasmas of interest in the pursuit of fusion power. Previous studies limited to two-dimensional con figurations are here generalized to three-dimensional toroidal plasmas. Using finite Fourier representations in the angle coordinates and finite hybrid elements in the radial direction, we solve the discretized Euler-Lagrange equations to determine the linear stability properties of the plasma.
Why Curricula in Tourism and Commercial Recreation?
Authors: Gunn Clare A.
Published: March 2007

With the increased proliferation of programs throughout the United States and the world, it is very timely to hold this forum on present trends and issues in curricula for tourism and commer cial recreation. And, it is especially appropriate because this appears to be the very first time at a national scale that the curricular interlacings between recreation, in its traditional public sense, and the fields of recreation and tourism in a commercial sense have been considered. This paper addresses just three questions: 1. What is a model curriculum? 2. Are current programs educating or training? 3. Have aims, goals and objectives been defined?
A Case Study of the Relationship Between Cognitive Style and Experiential Learning in Hospitality Management Education
Authors: Shortt G.B.
Published: March 2007

The practical application of the cognitive style concept has been a problem that has received a considerable amount of attention from educational researchers and practitioners. This paper reports research, performed in the classroom, and using management/supervisory students as participants, that attempted to examine the responses of students to experiential learning along cognitive style dimensions.
Contemporary Problems in Hotel and Restaurant Law: Innkeeper Bailments
Authors: Alberto Louis M.
Published: March 2007

The following represents important legal facts designed to give innkeeper/ managers a better understanding of their rights, obligations, and liabilities that accrue when a bailment situation is set up with guests. Innkeepers must understand common law and statutory bailment law with respect to making restitution for a guest's personal property that is lost or damaged while a bailment is in effect. Innkeepers should develop specific written policies, maintain adequate training of employees and constantly audit strict employee adherence to those policies and to statutory requirements in the area of bailment law so as to lessen or eliminate their liability for the loss of or damage to a guest's property. Key Words: Bailment Situations, Conspicuous Posting, Statutory Law, Common Law, "Infra Hospitium," Limiting Recovery Statutes
Training the Handicapped as a Resource for the Foodservice Industry
Authors: Scarpatl Stan , Lattuca Frank
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a training model in which undergraduates In food service management are trained through coursework and practical experience to work with the handicapped. The training curriculum emphasizes skill development in a supported work environment where the handicapped work with undergraduates under real work situations to prepare and serve meals. Techniques from applied behavior analysis are used to develop skills for future use in competitive employ ment. The training of the future managers is intended to assist the transition process bygiving the undergraduates an understanding of the handicapped as an employee resource. The program is based on the philosophy that through supported work the handicapped can playa vital role in overcoming the projected employmentneeds of the food service industry. Additionally, future managers are given an opportunity to train workers and become better prepared to develop the handicapped and effec tively evaluate their performance while they are competitively employed. Key Words: Handicapped, Training.
The 1988-89 Academic Characteristics and Faculty Compensation in U.S. Hospitality Management Programs
Authors: Pizam Abraham , Milman Ady
Published: March 2007

A sample of 259 hospitality educators in four-year U. S. institutions was used to identify the academic structure of their organizations, as well as faculty compensa tion and working conditions.
A Conceptual and Empirical Investigation of Workplace Burnout in Foodservice Management
Authors: Krone Christopher , Tabacchi Mary , Farber Bonnie
Published: March 2007

The authors conducted a study of burnout within the foodservice environments of five major hotel chains. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, a psychometric instrument, was used to measure three dimensions of burnout:

• Emotional Exhaustion (EE)

• Depersonalization (DP)

• Personal Accomplishment (PA).

Findings show a significant incidence of high burnout according to Maslach's three domains-especially on the emotional exhaustion (28%) and depersonalization (20%) subscales. We have also unequivocally demonstrated that the Maslach inventory is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring burnout in the food-service industry.
Alumni Involvement With Hospitality Programs: Dedication and Dollars
Authors: McCleary Ken W. , Lepisto Lawrence R. , Damitio James W.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the potential contributions that alumni of a hospitality program can make to its quality. The benefits of these contributions are explained and suggestions are presented for the implementation of an alumni program. Suggestions are based on the results of an extensive program implemented at Central Michigan University.
An Analysis of Factors Influencing U.S. Tour Operators' Actions Concerning Package Tours To Korea
Authors: Chol Yong Kim
Published: March 2007

Among three neighboring countries in EastAsia, Korea, Japan, and Hong Kong, Korea receives the leastnumberof U. S. visitors, despite her great efforts to increase the visitation through U.S. tour operators. This study examined the factors that influenced U.S. touroperators' decisions to develop and sell package tours to Korea and analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of Korea as a tourist destination, as perceived by U. S. tour operators. Questionnaires were mailed to 240 tour operators in the U. S. to collect data. The studyfound that "compliance with customer demands" and "the negative image of Korea" are the two most important factors influencing U. S. tour operators' decisions concerning package tours to Korea. Most of U.S. tour operators who were not engaged in the business of package tours to Korea stated that "negative images of country" and "lack of information on Korea travel" were the most influential factors among others that discouraged them from developing tours to Korea. The survey also found that the strengths of Korea as a tourist destination for U. S. tour operators were "different culture and history" and "shopping opportuni ties, "while the weaknesses were "perceived political instability"and "lack of tourists' knowledge about κorea." Recommendations were presented to both U.S. tour operators and the Korean tourism authority to improve the situations.
An Interorganizational Macroculture: the Case of All-Suite Hotels
Authors: O'Neill John W.
Published: March 2007

Recent performance of all-suite hotels in the United States indicates that the rapid development of new all-suite hotel brands, including fourteen new ones in 1996, may not be warranted. The development of such new brands may be based more on the macroculture of the hospitality industry than on any actual future viability of this hotel type. The mutual support organizations encompassing the macroculture provide to one anothermaybe maintaining this momentum of brand development, despite the fact that during 1996, the average daily vacancy in all-suite hotels actually increased by 17%. As the previous downturn of the hotel industry in the late 1980s and early 1990s indicates, while mutual support is comfortable in the short term, itmaybe dysfunctional and disastrous in the long term.
Association Involvement and Convention Participation
Authors: Oppermann Martin
Published: March 2007

The role of association involvement in convention participation has not been studied previously. This study applies the concept of involvement to the conference participation decision-making process in order to examine potential differences among association members who have a different degree of involvement with the association. An e-mail survey of a sample of the Association of American Geographers' member ship yielded a 50% response rate and the respondents were classified into three categories according to their involvement with the association. Highly involved mem bers were much more likely to attend the annual convention than those with low or medium levels of involvement. The results from the study suggest that associations should create an "association culture" with ensuing high involvement of many of its members. This will ensure a higher convention participation rate among the member ship and, therefore, increase the economic gains from such events. These results might be of particular importance for many of the new associations in the field of tourism that are essentially vying for the same people.
A Comparison of the Response Rates, Re Turn Times, Return Methods and Costs for Surveys Faxed and Mailed in Clubs
Authors: Ferreira Raymond R.
Published: March 2007

The study investigated the response rate for surveys utilizing fax technology and the standard mail system. The results of the study indicated that surveys sent and received through a fax machine to private club members had a higher response rate and were returned faster than those sent to private club members by the traditional postal system. This study indicated that private clubs should be able to use a fax machine to gather vital information and market research data using a short survey with repeat customers who were likely to have a fax machine and were within a local area phone number. The costs associated with mailing the surveys was 18.9% higher than faxing them.
A Conversation with Richard C. Sonnichsen
Authors: Sporn Douglas L.
Published: March 2007

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and interviewees may be one person or several; for example, one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, or a panel of interviewers may interview one or more interviewees. Douglas L. Sporn of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is coordinating the interview section of Evaluation Practice.
The Third Generation of Community Policing: Moving Through Innovation, Diffusion, and Institutionalization
Authors: Oliver Willard M.
Published: March 2007

Community policing has become the paradigm of contemporary policing, evolving significantly over the past 20 years. That which was called community policing in the late 1970s and early 1980s only somewhat resembles community policing as it is practiced today. This article presents a conceptual framework characterizing community policing as having moved through three generations, which can be labeled appropriately as innovation, diffusion, and institutionalization. Conceptualizing community policing as having evolved through three generations can alleviate some of the confusion over the term, and knowing where we have been can assist us in knowing where community policing is going in the future.
Evaluating Educational Reform in a Small State
Authors: Van der Eyken Willem , Goulden Derek , Crossley Michael
Published: March 2007

Drawing on their experience of managing and evaluating a major international education project in Belize, Central America (as well as other international projects) the authors seek to draw attention to potential conflicts that arise when western assumptions are presumed in evaluating major educational reform programs in small states. In particular, they draw attention to the political dimensions that underlie such projects; to the issues of State vs Church; to cultural differences and to the issue of absorptive capacity. In doing so, they question whether characteristics which have been attributed uniquely to small states are, in fact, not more generally to be found in all societies where resources are scarce. They conclude with a checklist of approaches that seek to address these issues.
Assessing the Framework Programmes
Authors: Georghiou Luke
Published: March 2007

The European Union's Framework Programmes for research and technological development have been subject to a variety of evaluative activities over the past 10 years. These have included evaluations by panels, studies of impacts upon individual Member States, horizontal or issue-based evaluations and high-level reviews by, or on behalf of the principal stakeholders. This article reviews this experience, covering issues such as the interaction between peer review panels and supporting studies by evaluation specialists, the difficulties of establishing comparability across diverse national R&D systems, and the problems involved in addressing the Programmes' higher-level goals such as enhancing the competitiveness of European industry. The different perspectives taken by the main stakeholders, the Commission, the Member States and the European Parliament, are noted. In the light of recent proposals to develop the evaluation of the Framework Programme, conclusions are drawn on a series of topics. In particular, it is argued that the broader strategies of actors, and of the Union itself should be included within the scope of evaluations. In the final section recommendations are made on ways in which evaluation may be further institutionalized in order to increase the use made of it.
Roles for Evaluation in Learning Organizations
Authors: Owen John M. , Lambert Faye C.
Published: March 2007

There is an emerging need for evaluators to assist with strategic decision making in organizations committed to ongoing learning and renewal. While some evaluators have developed rapid-response techniques to assist decision-makers fine tune their programs, new evaluation techniques are required to serve the needs of learning organizations which are committed to systems thinking as a way of improving their effectiveness. This article argues that evaluators can make major contributions to strategic decision- making by using procedures which clarify the nature of programs in their trial stage and outline the implications of implementing the program for the organization as a whole. A case study of the use of these procedures in an educational setting is outlined for the purposes of illustration.
Demonstration, Exemplification, Duplication and Replication in Evaluation Research
Authors: Tilley Nick
Published: March 2007

The nature and meaning of replication is crucial not only for those undertaking studies of efforts at replication, but also for those conducting, using and evaluating demonstration projects, since their rationale lies in lessons learned for use elsewhere. The issue of replication is discussed using as a case study the highly influential British Burglary Prevention Project in Kirkholt, Rochdale and efforts to emulate it. Three ways of construing replication are presented: 'strict', 'relativist' and 'scientific realist'. Serious weaknesses are identified in the first two, and the third is advocated. Major lessons for practitioners and evaluators are drawn, in order that most benefit can be obtained for practice and policy from demonstration projects and their successors.
An Atypical Hysteria Epidemic in Tripura, India
Authors: Chowdhury A.N. , Nath A.K. , Chakraborty J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports an atypical hysteria epidemic in a tribal village of the State of Tripura, India. Twelve persons, eight female and four male, were affected in a chain reaction within a span of ten days. The cardinal feature was an episodic trance state of 5 to 15 minutes duration with restlessness, attempts at self-injury, running away, inappropriate behaviour, inability to identify family members, refusal of food and intermittent mimicking of animal sounds. The illness was self-limiting and showed an individual course of one to three days duration. Sociocultural aspects of the epidemic are discussed.
Neurasthenia in European Psychiatric Literature
Authors: Starcevic Vladan
Published: March 2007

Neurasthenia has been a frequent diagnosis in Europe, particularly in some Eastern European countries. This article reviews European contributions to neurasthenia over the past 20 years. The review shows that there are considerable cross-national differences in the way neurasthenia is conceptualized, understood etiologically, and treated. These differences can to a certain extent be attributed to different social and political forces that operate in different settings. The implications of such a diversity of views are discussed, with respect to diagnosis, nosology and cross-cultural utility of the concept of neurasthenia.
Raising the Attainment of Ethnic Minority Pupils — What Strategies Are Recognised?
Authors: Macauley Barbara
Published: March 2007

In the last 40 years there have been continual outcries about the education of children whose parents are not indigenous to Britain. The waves of migration to Britain from the colonies and the wider Commonwealth has intro duced languages, cultures, religions and social customs to Britain and for the most part these have been or are still being absorbed. The original mass school structures were intended to provide literacy and numeracy for the mainly homogenous industrial and working class. Even with post- Beveridge reforms, the Education Reform Act and the National Curriculum and its statutory assessment, there are still enormous challenges for modern educators if the needs of ethnic minority communities are to be met. This fact has been acknowledged in the many initiatives which have followed local Section 11 provision which has sought to meet the needs of the groups in question.
Getting the Most Out of School- Based Initial Teacher Education: Professional Development Possibilities for Teachers
Authors: Carney Stephen
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the ways in which teachers might benefit professionally from their involvement in school- based ITT. Based on a qualitative investigation conducted in a large English comprehensive school, and informed by a number of preliminary investigations in other schools, the paper considers teachers' claims about their profes sional development through working with student teachers. Nevertheless, whilst a large member of positive outcomes are reported, the paper sounds a note of caution, suggesting that many conditions must be satisfied in order for teachers and their schools to benefit significantly from their teacher education work.
Super-Efficient Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Berry John
Published: March 2007

A novel ventilation system has been installed in build ings constructed for the New Campus of the University of Nottingham. Super-efficient mechanical ventilation has been used as part of an integrated environmental strategy and operates with fan input powers below 0.5 WI-1.S -1 of airflow. The complete plant was assem bled from innovative low-pressure components and has exceptional performance. A key element of the design is that components of the system are bypassed when not in use. At the heart of the system is a low-velocity, high- efficiency thermal wheel. Evaporative cooling reduces summertime peak temperatures. A tracking wind-as sisted exhaust cowl further reduces the dependence on fan power. The low fan power requirement is matched by a 450-m2 photo-voltaic array effectively giving zero energy ventilation.
Formaldehyde in Occupied and Unoccupied Caravans in Australia
Authors: Dingle P. , Tan R. , Cheong C.
Published: March 2007

A study of 132 unoccupied and 60 occupied caravans was conducted to determine levels of formaldehyde and factors which may affect these levels. Repeat monitoring was carried out 6 months later in 50 of the occupied caravans. A questionnaire was also used to assess po tential factors associated with the recorded levels. Mean formaldehyde levels of 100 ppb in unoccupied caravans and 29 ppb in occupied caravans were recorded. A nega tive correlation was found between formaldehyde levels and the age of caravans. There were significant seasonal differences in formaldehyde levels measured, with high er levels recorded in winter.
Controlling Indoor Mite Exposure: The Relevance of the Acarex Test
Authors: Haouichat H. , Pauli G. , Ott M. , Hedelin G. , de Blay F. , Verot A. , Bessot J.C.
Published: March 2007

The Acarex test is an easy, rapid and cost-effective means of assessing exposure to house dust mites. The present study was designed to evaluate the correlation between the Acarex test using a 4-point and a 7-point scale and the major allergens content (Der p1 + Der f1 ) of house dust samples measured by an ELISA technique and also to assess the validity of the test with regard to both sampling and reading of the colour scale. Some 719 house dust samples from patients' homes were evaluat ed using the supplied 4-point scale (classes 0, 1, 2, 3) and again with interpolation of 3 intermediate scale points (classes 0.5, 1.5, 2.5) and Der p1 + Der f1 content using ELISA. Reliability of sampling was studied in 39 dwell ings comparing results obtained by householders and technicians. Reproducibility of reading the colorimetric scale was evaluated in 3 trained technicians and 15 untrained people. The correlation between the Acarex and the ELISA results was 0.68 (p < 0.0001) with class 0 reliable for assessing low allergen levels, class 1 unable to discriminate, and classes 2 and 3 reflecting high aller gen levels (class 3 identified 94.2% of samples with an allergen content greater than 10 μg.g-1). Discrepancies between Acarex scores for samples collected by patients and those collected by technicians did not exceed half a scale point. Reproducibility of reading by trained techni cians gave intraindividual and interindividual coeffi cients of variation of 0% for classes 0 and 3 and about 20% or more for the other classes. On average readings by untrained participants had 42% discrepancies, mostly in classes 1 and 2. We conclude that the Acarex test is a useful home test whether used by patients or techni cians ; misclassifications of colour readings were less fre quent at the scale extremes. Copyright©2001 S. KargerAG, Basel
Determination of Selected Pollutants and Measurement of Physical Parameters for the Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in School Buildings in Athens, Greece
Authors: Siskos Panayotis A. , Bouba Konstantina E. , Stroubou Aspasia P.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this paper were to characterise the indoor air quality in 20 naturally ventilated classrooms at 10 different public schools in Athens, to compare the measured concentrations with the established standards and to propose measures to improve air quality. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and formaldehyde were determined simultaneously and temperature, relative humidity and noise were mea sured. Temperature and relative humidity were within 'comfort ranges' in almost all classrooms. The noise lev el was too high both in classrooms (61 dBA) and out doors (77 dBA). CO2 concentrations exceeded 1,800 mg.m-3, suggesting inadequate ventilation in 75% of classrooms, CO and NO2 were at levels that posed no health threats. TVOC concentrations were found to be <1 mg.m-3, except in renovated buildings, and formal dehyde levels were >0.1 mg.m-3 in 92% of classrooms.
Suggestion for an Indicator of 'Seriousness' in Radiation Protection
Authors: Pasquier J.-L.
Published: March 2007

Now is an appropriate time to elaborate on an indicator for the 'seriousness' of radioactivity to make general sense of the concepts of radio-protection. A number of solutions could be proposed, but the simplest and most understandable one for the public would consist of com paring each incident or accident of exposure to a refer ence situation, chosen by some convention; hence the idea of a 'radioactive decibel'.
Revisiting the Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Lee Peter N , Forey Barbara , Fry John S.
Published: March 2007

There is highly significant (p < 0.001) heterogeneity between estimates from 47 studies of the lung cancer risk in lifelong non-smoking women associated with each 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the husband or with whether or not the husband smokes. Sources of this heterogeneity were investigated by relating risk esti mates to 15 different study characteristics using multiple logistic regression analysis. There was a marked tenden cy for risk estimates to be higher in the 11 studies that had not adjusted for age, and there is a strong case for removing such studies from meta-analyses as being of unacceptable quality. Studies which report dose-re sponse results for smoking by the husband also report higher risks, demonstrating that estimates of the risk per 10 cigarettes per day smoked by the husband based only on those studies will be biased upward. There is also evi dence that risk estimates tend to be lower in large stud ies, in studies published in the 1990s, in studies not requiring histological confirmation of all cases and in studies where the proportion of proxy respondents was

The work was supported by the Tobacco Manufacturers Associa tion. The views expressed are those of the authors. no higher in cases than in controls, though these associa tions are not independent. Variation in risk by study char acteristics largely explains the apparently low relative risk reported in one large Chinese study, arguing against the view that it is an outlier and should be excluded from meta-analyses.