bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roches et minéraux du collectionneur: Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val-d'Or (Ontario et Québec)
Authors: Sabina A P
Published: October 2013

Occurrences of minerals and rocks are described for localities between Kirkland Lake, Ontario, and Val-d'Or, Quebec. The Kirkland Lake-Rouyn-Noranda-Val-d'Or area lies within the mineralized belt of Precambrian rocks extending from Timmins to and beyond Val-d'Or.
The collecting area includes the Kirkland Lake gold mines, and the gold and gold-copper mines in the Rouyn-Noranda-Val-d'Or area. The area also contains deposits of lead-zinc, iron, nickel, copper, bismuth, molybdenum, and asbestos, and occurrences of beryl, spodumene, and pollucite. Minerals and
rocks suitable for lapidary purposes include jasper, serpentine, gabbro, rhyolite, feldspar porphyry, and chrome-muscovite (fuschite) rock.

Inactive mines and prospects constitute most of the collecting localities. Roadcuts furnish additional sites. In general, operating mines are not open to collectors. Some famous old mines, no longer accessible, are included for historical interest.
Adipsia and hypernatraemia in a 6-month-old Staffordshire bull terrier
Authors: McClure Vanessa , Dvir Eran
Published: October 2013

A 6-month-old female Staffordshire bull terrier cross presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital with lethargy, weakness, decreased appetite, abnormal vocalisation, twitching of the facial muscles and ears, circling, alopecia, pruritus, seborrhoea sicca and erythema. Serum biochemistry revealed severe hypernatraemia (200.4 mmol/L; Reference Interval 140 mmol/L – 155 mmol/L). Treatment required careful administration of intravenous fluids. The electrolytes were monitored to ensure slow and controlled sodium normalisation (the target reduction of Na concentration was by 0.5 mmol/L/h –1 mmol/L/h or 12 mmol/L/24 h – 24 mmol/L/24 h). Despite the careful fluid calculations and close monitoring, the serum sodium levels dropped more than the recommended 0.5 mmol/L/h – 1 mmol/L/h in the first 4 h and the fluids had to be adjusted. The patient’s habitus improved and the central nervous system signs started to resolve after 1 day of fluid treatment. The puppy started eating food mixed with water, but made no attempt to drink water. The pruritus and erythema resolved once the sodium levels normalised and the seborrhoea sicca began to resolve. At a follow up visit 20 days post discharge the skin was normal. A diagnosis of hypernatraemia as a result of pure water loss due to hypodipsia or adipsia was made, as the puppy made no attempt to drink water when her serum sodium levels increased (a strong thirst stimulus). Hypernatraemia recurred if she was not forced to take in adequate amounts of water mixed with her food. Dermatological changes such as seborrhoea, hyperkeratosis and alopecia have been reported in a few other cases of hypernatraemia in dogs and sodium levels should be investigated in dermatological patients when no other cause can be established. This study, supported by another retrospective study done in 2008, suggests that the Staffordshire bull terrier may be a breed that is predisposed to hypernatraemia.
Abdominal cocoon
Authors: Sureka Binit , Mittal Mahesh Kumar , Sinha Mukul , Mittal Aliza , Thukral Brij Bhushan
Published: October 2013

Abdominal cocoon is an acquired benign condition in which there is encapsulation of bowel loops by a fibrous membrane. Pre-operative clinical diagnosis is usually difficult. Imaging plays a critical role in timely and accurate diagnosis. We present a brief discussion on this topic with relevant imaging findings.
Changes in Methylation Patterns of Kiss1 and Kiss1r Gene Promoters across Puberty
Authors: Wyatt Amanda K. , Zavodna Monika , Viljoen Jean L. , Stanton Jo-Ann L. , Gemmell Neil J. , Jasoni Christine L.
Published: October 2013

The initiation of mammalian puberty is underpinned by an increase in Kisspeptin (Kiss1) signaling via its receptor (Kiss1r/GPR54) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Animals and humans with loss-of-function mutations in Kiss1 or Kiss1r fail to go through puberty. The timing of puberty is dependent on environmental factors, and malleability in puberty timing suggests a mechanism that can translate environmental signals into patterns of Kiss1/Kiss1r gene expression. Epigenetics is a powerful mechanism that can control gene expression in an environment-dependent manner. We investigated whether epigenetic DNA methylation is associated with gene expression changes at puberty. We used bisulfite-PCR-pyrosequencing to define the methylation in the promoters of Kiss1 and Kiss1r before and after puberty in female rats. Both Kiss1 and Kiss1r showed highly significant puberty-specific differential promoter methylation patterns. By identifying key differentially methylated residues associated with puberty, these findings will be important for further studies investigating the control of gene expression across the pubertal transition.
Accuracy assessment of water vapour measurements from in situ and remote sensing techniques during the DEMEVAP 2011 campaign at OHP
Authors: Bock O. , Bosser P. , Bourcy T. , David L. , Goutail F. , Hoareau C. , Keckhut P. , Legain D. , Pazmino A. , Pelon J. , Pipis K. , Poujol G. , Sarkissian A. , Thom C. , Tournois G. , Tzanos D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Development of Methodologies for Water Vapour Measurement (DEMEVAP) project aims at assessing and improving humidity sounding techniques and establishing a reference system based on the combination of Raman lidars, ground-based sensors and GPS. Such a system may be used for climate monitoring, radiosonde bias detection and correction, satellite measurement calibration/validation, and mm-level geodetic positioning with Global Navigation Satellite Systems. A field experiment was conducted in September–October 2011 at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP). Two Raman lidars (IGN mobile lidar and OHP NDACC lidar), a stellar spectrometer (SOPHIE), a differential absorption spectrometer (SAOZ), a sun photometer (AERONET), 5 GPS receivers and 4 types of radiosondes (Vaisala RS92, MODEM M2K2-DC and M10, and Meteolabor Snow White) participated in the campaign. A total of 26 balloons with multiple radiosondes were flown during 16 clear nights. This paper presents preliminary findings from the analysis of all these data sets. Several classical Raman lidar calibration methods are evaluated which use either Vaisala RS92 measurements, point capacitive humidity measurements, or GPS integrated water vapour (IWV) measurements. A novel method proposed by Bosser et al. (2010) is also tested. It consists in calibrating the lidar measurements during the GPS data processing. The methods achieve a repeatability of 4–5%. Changes in the calibration factor of IGN Raman lidar are evidenced which are attributed to frequent optical re-alignments. When modelling and correcting the changes as a linear function of time, the precision of the calibration factors improves to 2–3%. However, the variations in the calibration factor, and hence the absolute accuracy, between methods and types of reference data remain at the level of 7%. The intercomparison of radiosonde measurements shows good agreement between RS92 and Snow White measurements up to 12 km. An overall dry bias is found in the measurements from both MODEM radiosondes. Investigation of situations with low RH values (< 10%RH) in the lower and middle troposphere reveals, on occasion, a lower RH detection limit in the Snow White measurements compared to RS92 due to a saturation of the Peltier device. However, on other occasions, a dry bias is found in RS92, instead. On average, both RS92 and Snow White measurements show a slight moist bias at night-time compared to GPS IWV, while the MODEM measurements show a large dry bias. The IWV measurements from SOPHIE (night-time) and SAOZ (daytime) spectrometers, AERONET photometer (daytime) and calibrated Raman lidar (night-time) showed excellent agreement with the GPS IWV measurements.
Semi-autonomous sounding selection for OCO-2
Authors: Mandrake L. , Frankenberg C. , O'Dell C. W. , Osterman G. , Wennberg P. , Wunch D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Many modern instruments generate more data than may be fully processed in a timely manner. For some atmospheric sounders, much of the raw data cannot be processed into meaningful observations due to suboptimal viewing conditions, such as the presence of clouds. Conventional solutions are quick, empirical-threshold filters hand-created by domain experts to weed out unlikely or unreasonable observations, coupled with randomized down sampling when the data volume is still too high. In this paper, we describe a method for the construction of a subsampling and ordering solution that maximizes the likelihood that a requested data subset will be usefully processed. The method can be used for any metadata-rich source and implicitly discerns informative vs. non-informative data features while still permitting user feedback into the final features selected for filter implementation. We demonstrate the method by creating a selector for the spectra of the Japanese GOSAT satellite designed to measure column averaged mixing ratios of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2). This is done within the Atmospheric CO2 Measurements from Space (ACOS) NASA project with the intention of eventual use during the early Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission. OCO-2 will have a 1.5 orders of magnitude larger data volume than ACOS, requiring intelligent pre-filtration.
Do we (need to) care about canopy radiation schemes in DGVMs? An evaluation and assessment study
Authors: Loew A. , van Bodegom P. M. , Widlowski J.-L. , Otto J. , Quaife T. , Pinty B. , Raddatz T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM) are an essential part of current state-of-the-art Earth System Models. In recent years, the complexity of DGVM has increased by incorporating new important processes, like e.g. nutrient cycling and land cover dynamics while biogeophysical processes, like surface radiation have been not much further developed. Canopy radiation models are however very important for the estimation of absorption and reflected fluxes and are essential for a proper estimation of surface carbon, energy and water fluxes. The present study provides an overview about current implementations of canopy radiation schemes in a couple of state-of-the-art DGVMs and evaluates their accuracy in simulating canopy absorption and reflection for a variety of different surface conditions. Systematic deviations in surface albedo and fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (faPAR) are identified and potential impacts are assessed. The results show clear deviations for both, absorbed and reflected, surface solar radiation fluxes. FaPAR is typically underestimated which results in an underestimation of Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) for the investigated cases. The deviation can be as large as 25% in extreme cases. Deviations in surface albedo range between −0.15 ≤ Δ α ≤ 0.36 with slight positive bias in the order of Δ α ≈ 0.04. Potential radiative forcing caused by albedo deviations is estimated as −1.25 ≤ RF ≤ −0.8 [W m−2] caused by a neglecting the diurnal cycle of surface albedo. The present study is the first one that provides an evaluation of canopy RT schemes in different currently used DGVMs together with an assessment of the potential impact of the identified deviations. The paper illustrates that there is a general need to improve the canopy radiation schemes in DGVMs and provides different perspectives for their improvement.
Isotopomeric characterization of nitrous oxide produced by reaction of enzymes extracted from nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria
Authors: Yamazaki T. , Hozuki T. , Arai K. , Toyoda S. , Koba K. , Fujiwara T. , Yoshida N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and produced in denitrification and nitrification in environmental nitrogen cycle by various microorganism. Site preference (SP) of 15N in N2O, which is defined as the difference in the natural abundance of isotopomers 14N15NO and 15N14NO relative to 14N14NO, has been reported to be a useful tool to quantitatively distinguish N2O production pathway. To determine representative SP value for each microbial process, we firstly measured SP of N2O produced in the enzyme reaction of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) purified from two species of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosococcus oceani, and that of nitric oxide reductase (NOR) from Paracoccus denitrificans, respectively. The SP value for NOR reaction (−5.9 ± 2.1‰) showed nearly the same value as that reported for N2O produced by P. denitrificans in pure culture. In contrast, SP value for HAO reaction (36.3 ± 2.3‰) was a little higher than the values reported for N2O produced by AOB in aerobic pure culture. Using the SP values obtained by HAO and NOR reactions, we calculated relative contribution of the nitrite (NO2–) reduction (which is followed by NO reduction) to N2O production by N. oceani incubated under different O2 availability. Our calculations revealed that previous in vivo studies might have underestimated the SP value for NH2OH oxidation pathway possibly due to a small contribution of NO2– reduction pathway. Further evaluation of isotopomer signatures of N2O using common enzymes of other processes related to N2O would improve the isotopomer analysis of N2O in various environments.
Terrigenous input off northern South America driven by changes in Amazonian climate and the North Brazil Current retroflection during the last 250 ka
Authors: Govin A. , Chiessi C. M. , Zabel M. , Sawakuchi A. O. , Heslop D. , Hörner T. , Zhang Y. , Mulitza S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We investigate changes in the delivery and oceanic transport of Amazon sediments related to terrestrial climate variations over the last 250 ka. We present high-resolution geochemical records from four marine sediment cores located between 5 and 12° N along the northern South American margin. The Amazon River is the sole source of terrigenous material for sites at 5 and 9° N, while the core at 12° N receives a mixture of Amazon and Orinoco detrital particles. Using an endmember unmixing model, we estimated the relative proportions of Amazon Andean material ("%-Andes", at 5 and 9° N) and of Amazon material ("%-Amazon", at 12° N) within the terrigenous fraction. The %-Andes and %-Amazon records exhibit significant precessional variations over the last 250 ka that are more pronounced during interglacials in comparison to glacial times. High %-Andes values observed during periods of high austral summer insolation reflect the increased delivery of suspended sediments by Andean tributaries and enhanced Amazonian precipitation, in agreement with western Amazonian speleothem records. However, low %-Amazon values obtained at 12° N during the same periods seem to contradict the increased delivery of Amazon sediments. We propose that reorganisations in surface ocean currents modulate the northwestward transport of Amazon material. In agreement with published records, the seasonal North Brazil Current retroflection is intensified (or prolonged in duration) during cold substages of the last 250 ka (which correspond to intervals of high DJF or low JJA insolation) and deflects eastward the Amazon sediment and freshwater plume.
A worldwide analysis of trends in water-balance evapotranspiration
Authors: Ukkola A. M. , Prentice I. C.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Climate change is expected to alter the global hydrological cycle, with inevitable consequences for freshwater availability to people and ecosystems. But the attribution of recent trends in the terrestrial water balance remains disputed. This study attempts to account statistically for both trends and interannual variability in water-balance evapotranspiration (ET), estimated from the annual observed streamflow in 109 river basins during "water years" 1961–1999 and two gridded precipitation data sets. The basins were chosen based on the availability of streamflow time-series data in the Dai et al. (2009) synthesis. They were divided into water-limited "dry" and energy-limited "wet" basins following the Budyko framework. We investigated the potential roles of precipitation, aerosol-corrected solar radiation, land use change, wind speed, air temperature, and atmospheric CO2. Both trends and variability in ET show strong control by precipitation. There is some additional control of ET trends by vegetation processes, but little evidence for control by other factors. Interannual variability in ET was overwhelmingly dominated by precipitation, which accounted on average for 54–55% of the variation in wet basins (ranging from 0 to 100%) and 94–95% in dry basins (ranging from 69 to 100%). Precipitation accounted for 45–46% of ET trends in wet basins and 80–84% in dry basins. Net atmospheric CO2 effects on transpiration, estimated using the Land-surface Processes and eXchanges (LPX) model, did not contribute to observed trends in ET because declining stomatal conductance was counteracted by slightly but significantly increasing foliage cover.
The Relevance of Voice for Understanding Ethical Concerns Raised by Nabokov’s 'Lolita' and Burgess’s 'A Clockwork Orange'
Authors: Estournel Nicolas
Published: October 2013

In Nabokov’s Lolita and Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange controversial situations of misbehaviour are represented: Humbert and Alex rape, kill, and fight people. While the reader might find the justifications of the characters’ misbehaviour inadequate, s/he is asked, as a result of Cohn’s double pact of fictional autobiography, to accept it as true and coherent. Not only is the reader trapped inside the narrator’s mind, but other characters’ inner selves are also made unreachable. Lolita and the State in A Clockwork Orange are purely Others, and the narrator does not feel any guilt for hurting them. Initially, Quilty and F. Alexander are purely Others too. Nevertheless, both these third-person characters reveal themselves to be symbolically related to the narrators’ selves, mirroring their subjectivity, thus – unusually for first-person novels – forcing the reader to adopt an external point of view on the solipsistic narrators. This distanciation provides the reader with a landmark and gives him or her a chance to perceive the narrator’s unethicality. Such a detachment emphasises the fact that it is possible to consider two contradictory interpretations in Lolita and A Clockwork Orange at the same time. The unethical first-person narrative paradoxically makes the book ethical: the reader is uncomfortably led into the realm of unethicality, and it is his or her own responsibility to question it or not.
De la responsabilité individuelle au « vivre ensemble » : une recherche-action sur la sanction à l’école
Authors: Ollivier Christian , Paltrinieri Luca
Published: October 2013

Nous rendons compte ici de la conduite d’une recherche-action sur la sanction dans deux classes d’une section BAC Professionnel d’une école de l’environnement de la Chambre de Commerce de Paris. Nous présentons la problématique de recherche à partir d’une perspective historique pour expliciter les présupposés théoriques de notre recherche et des solutions que nous avons esquissées : repenser collectivement les règles du « vivre ensemble » au lieu de réformer tout simplement le système de sanction. Nous décrivons ensuite la co-construction et l’évaluation d’un dispositif de recherche-action basé sur la participation active des étudiants, des enseignants, des chercheurs et qui a pour but de reformuler certaines parties du règlement de l’école.
L’apprentissage du vivre ensemble par la pratique du dialogue philosophique en classe : propos d’adolescents
Authors: Gagnon Mathieu , Couture Élisabeth , Yergeau Sébastien
Published: October 2013

L’apprentissage du vivre ensemble est considéré par l’UNESCO (2010) comme une mission éducative fondamentale. Seulement, au-delà de la noblesse de cette finalité, se pose la question des moyens et stratégies à mettre en place afin de rencontrer les composantes associées à un tel apprentissage, dont l’ouverture d’esprit, la tolérance, l’attention, le respect des différences, l’écoute, l’autocritique, l’autocorrection... En ce sens, certaines études tendent à montrer des liens entre la pratique du dialogue philosophique (PDP) et le développement du jugement moral (Leleux, 2009 ; Robert, Roussin, Ratte et Guèye, 2009). Cependant, ces études portent essentiellement sur des enfants et ne prennent pas en compte le point de vue des élèves. Les résultats exposés à l’intérieur du présent article s’appuient sur une enquête menée auprès de 97 élèves du secondaire pratiquant la philosophie sur une base régulière. Selon 94% d’entre eux, la PDP a des impacts positifs sur leurs relations avec les autres. Ces apports sont présentés à partir de 7 catégories émergentes, à savoir: ouverture d’esprit, pensée critique et habiletés intellectuelles, pratique réflexive, vie courante, pratique dialogique, résolutions de conflits et entraide, questionnement éthique.
Le traitement du judaïsme dans les manuels scolaires d’éthique et culture religieuse au Québec contribue-t-il à un meilleur vivre-ensemble ?
Authors: Hirsch Sivane , Mc Andrew Marie
Published: October 2013

Cet article présente une analyse du traitement du judaïsme dans les manuels d’éthique et culture religieuse du secondaire en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à sa contribution potentielle à un meilleur vivre-ensemble au sein de la société québécoise. Plus spécifiquement, il sera question ici de la place accordée aux manifestations locales du judaïsme, tant dans le patrimoine religieux québécois que dans la présentation de la pratique de la religion. Un certain attachement des manuels à une image d’une religion venue d’ailleurs sera aussi discuté.
Les notions du vivre-ensemble dans les manuels scolaires de l’enseignement de base en Côte d’Ivoire et leurs perceptions par les acteurs
Authors: Insiata Goïta Ouattara Kanndanan
Published: October 2013

Cet article se propose d’une part de mettre en relief les notions du vivre ensemble contenues dans les manuels scolaires de l’enseignement de base en Côte d’Ivoire. D’autre part, il identifie les supports utilisés pour leur enseignement et leurs perceptions par les formateurs et les apprenants. Pour répondre à ces préoccupations, la méthodologie a consisté en une analyse de contenu des manuels scolaires et guides-programmes en vigueur; puis à celle des entretiens réalisés avec les acteurs. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la solidarité, la paix, la tolérance, la discipline et l’alliance interethnique sont entre autres, des notions enseignées pour préparer l’esprit des futurs potentiels acteurs sociopolitiques à adopter un comportement de paix. D’ailleurs, ces notions sont perçues positivement par les acteurs et les bénéficiaires.
Échec du vivre-ensemble au Rwanda : quelle est la responsabilité des manuels scolaires d’histoire ?
Authors: Mutabazi Éric
Published: October 2013

Le Rwanda, enclavé dans la région des Grands Lacs en Afrique centrale, a connu la guerre et les massacres aboutissant au génocide de 1994. Plusieurs penseurs et chercheurs ont tenté d’expliquer les raisons de ces massacres inhumains et monstrueux qui ont ravagé ce pays. Alors que les facteurs politiques, historiques et économiques sont plus souvent évoqués pour justifier ces horribles événements, cette contribution consiste à dégager la responsabilité des manuels scolaires d’histoire dans l’échec du vivre-ensemble au Rwanda avant le génocide. Notre analyse des contenus des manuels scolaires révèle que certaines valeurs transmises à travers l’enseignement de l’histoire du Rwanda ont généré toutes sortes d’injustices, d’inégalités, de victimisation, de souffrances, etc., à l’école et dans la société. Nous essaierons de montrer en quoi le contenu des manuels a contribué à l’échec du vivre-ensemble au Rwanda et nous proposerons des perspectives qui pourraient guider l’élaboration du nouveau contenu contribuant à la paix, à l’unité et au vivre-ensemble au Rwanda après le génocide.
Peut-on enseigner le vivre-ensemble ?
Authors: Plante Maxime
Published: October 2013

La nécessité de former au vivre-ensemble témoigne du caractère problématique de celui-ci. Pourquoi le vivre-ensemble est-il problématique sinon parce qu’il sous-entend qu’il nous faut à tout prix coexister, soi et l’autre, c’est-à-dire vivre ensemble dans la différence ? Le respect d’une telle injonction grâce au support de l’éducation est-il possible ? Deux écueils à éviter tracent la voie à emprunter. Celui, d’une part, d’une éducation dont l’herméneutique ne peut que violer le principe de respect de l’altérité au moment même où elle prétend l’enseigner. De l’autre, celui de considérer l’éthique simplement comme ouverture totale à la différence. Entre ces deux écueils, une voie difficile à négocier, celle d’une responsabilité face à des choix éducatifs immanquablement voués à trahir l’Autre.
Soustraite aux regards, une éducation alternative d’enfants « placés » dans une famille illettrée
Authors: Derycke Marc
Published: October 2013

Se rendant invisible de par son illettrisme, une « famille d’accueil » reçoit des enfants rendus invisibles eux aussi, en ce que, retirés à leur famille, ils sont intégrés avec les enfants biologiques. Certains de ces enfants placés présentent des problèmes de comportement qui nuisent au vivre ensemble dans l’espace domestique. Le matériau empirique est prélevé selon une méthode ethnographique liant son interprétation dans le cadre d’une démarche dialectique associant chercheurs, enquêtés et professionnels (« sensing »). Il est encadré par une réflexion philosophique portant sur la prise de part au monde commun développée par Rancière (1987). Les résultats positifs que le couple obtient enrichissent cette orientation ; elle peut servir de source d’inspiration.
« Nous autres aussi on aimerait ça garder notre culture » : les attitudes des élèves d’origine québécoise envers les élèves issus de l’immigration
Authors: Steinbach Marilyn , Grenier Naomi
Published: October 2013

La présente étude décrit et analyse les attitudes d’élèves d’origine québécoise envers des élèves issus de l’immigration de trois écoles secondaires situées dans une région du Québec. Des attitudes assimilationnistes et des conflits intergroupes observés dans cette région (Steinbach, 2010a) nous ont amenés à explorer, dans cette étude, les perspectives et les attitudes de ces élèves. Des données ont été recueillies par le biais de 11 entrevues individuelles et de six entretiens de groupes avec 39 élèves de trois écoles. Les résultats mettent en exergue des attitudes négatives et divergentes selon le contexte des écoles. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de développer une approche administrative plus inclusive afin de permettre le développement de contacts intergroupes positifs.
Citoyenneté et éducation à la citoyenneté : points de vue d’enseignants et d’enseignantes du secondaire au Gabon
Authors: Zoo Eyindanga René Casimir
Published: October 2013

Le présent article vise à dégager les significations que des enseignants et enseignantes de quelques écoles secondaires du Gabon attribuent à la citoyenneté et à l’éducation à la citoyenneté sur la base d’un sondage effectué auprès d’une soixantaine d’entre eux, dont plusieurs enseignent l’éducation civique. Le contexte de la démocratie est évoqué, sur fond d’exigences sociales nouvelles, contexte qui commande un regard renouvelé sur l’éducation civique dispensée à l’école. Les points de vue exprimés, qui font écho à l’expérience personnelle et professionnelle des pédagogues concernés, rendent compte d’une conception quelque peu normative de la citoyenneté bien qu’ouverte sur la participation, mais aussi de l’obligation qu’a l’école d’assurer une éducation civique plus robuste malgré les obstacles sociaux et scolaires rencontrés.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Tarsal Somatic Dysfunction: A Case Study
Authors: Batt Joshua , Neeki Michael M.
Published: October 2013

The authors present a case of a 24-year-old woman with left foot pain that began after an inversion injury obtained while running. The pain minimally improved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Clinical examination revealed a relatively normal foot with palpable changes in the bony structures at the midfoot consistent with a tarsal subluxation. Cuboid reduction was performed using high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation, after which the patient reported immediate and near-complete pain relief. The authors also review mechanisms of injury, clinical findings, and treatment modalities for patients with tarsal subluxation.
A partitioned update scheme for state‐parameter estimation of distributed hydrologic models based on the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Xie Xianhong , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: October 2013

Sequential data assimilation methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), provide a general framework to account for various uncertainties in hydrologic modeling, simultaneously estimating dynamic states and model parameters with a state augmentation technique. But this technique suffers from spurious correlation for impulse responses, such as the rainfall‐runoff process, especially in the case of high‐dimensional state spaces containing various parameters. This paper presents a partitioned forecast‐update scheme based on the EnKF to reduce the degree of freedom of the high‐dimensional state space and to correctly capture covariances between states and parameters. In this update scheme, the parameter set is partitioned into several types according to their sensitivities, and each type of sensitive parameter is estimated in an individual loop by repeated forecast and assimilation. We test this scheme with a synthetic case and a distributed hydrologic model concerning the real case of the Zhanghe river basin in China. The results from the synthetic experiments show that this new scheme can retrieve optimal parameter values and represent the correlations in a more stable manner when compared with the standard state augmentation technique. The real case further demonstrates the robustness of the partitioned update scheme for state and parameter estimation owing to the low estimation errors of streamflow in the assimilation and the prediction periods.
Distributions of particulate Hemebin the Atlantic and Southern Oceans—Implications for electron transport in phytoplankton
Authors: Gledhill Martha , Achterberg Eric P. , Honey David J. , Nielsdottir Maria C. , Rijkenberg Micha J. A.
Published: October 2013

Concentrations of hemeb, the iron‐containing component ofb‐type hemoproteins, ranged from < 0.4 to 5.3 pM with an average of 1.18 ± 0.8 pM (± 1σ;n = 86) in the Iceland Basin (IB), from < 0.4 to 19.1 pM with an average of 2.24 ± 1.67 pM (n = 269) in the tropical northeast Atlantic (TNA) and from 0.6 to 21 pM with an average of 5.1 ± 4.8 pM (n = 34) in the Scotia Sea (SS). Hemebconcentrations were enhanced in the photic zone and decreased with depth. Hemebconcentrations correlated positively with chlorophylla(chla) in the TNA (r = 0.41,p < 0.01,n = 269). Hemebdid not correlate with chlain the IB or SS. In the IB and SS, stations with high‐chlorophyll and low‐nutrient (Fe and/or Si) concentrations exhibited low hemebconcentrations relative to particulate organic carbon (< 0.1 μmol mol−1), and high chla:hemebratios (> 500). High chla:hemebratios resulted from relative decreases in hemeb, suggesting proteins such as cytochrome b6f, the core complex of photosystem II, and eukaryotic nitrate reductase were depleted relative to proteins containing chlorophyll such as the eukaryotic light‐harvesting antenna. Relative variations in hemeb, particulate organic carbon, and chlacan thus be indicative of a physiological response of the phytoplankton community to the prevailing growth conditions, within the context of large‐scale changes in phytoplankton community composition.
Aerosol optical depths over oceans: A view from MISR retrievals and collocated MAN and AERONET in situ observations
Authors: Witek Marcin L. , Garay Michael J. , Diner David J. , Smirnov Alexander
Published: October 2013

In this study, aerosol optical depths over oceans are analyzed from satellite and surface perspectives. Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aerosol retrievals are investigated and validated primarily against Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) observations. Furthermore, AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) data from 19 island and coastal sites is incorporated in this study. The 270 MISR/MAN comparison points scattered across all oceans were identified. MISR on average overestimates aerosol optical depths (AODs) by 0.04 as compared to MAN; the correlation coefficient and root‐mean‐square error are 0.95 and 0.06, respectively. A new screening procedure based on retrieval region characterization is proposed, which is capable of substantially reducing MISR retrieval biases. Over 1000 additional MISR/AERONET comparison points are added to the analysis to confirm the validity of the method. The bias reduction is effective within all AOD ranges. Setting a clear flag fraction threshold to 0.6 reduces the bias to below 0.02, which is close to a typical ground‐based measurement uncertainty. Twelve years of MISR data are analyzed with the new screening procedure. The average over ocean AOD is reduced by 0.03, from 0.15 to 0.12. The largest AOD decrease is observed in high latitudes of both hemispheres, regions with climatologically high cloud cover. It is postulated that the screening procedure eliminates spurious retrieval errors associated with cloud contamination and cloud adjacency effects. The proposed filtering method can be used for validating aerosol and chemical transport models.
Crack Mitigation during Dealloying of Au25Cu75
Authors: Zhong Yi , Markmann Jürgen , Jin Hai‐Jun , Ivanisenko Yulia , Kurmanaeva Lilia , Weissmüller Jörg
Published: October 2013

The suggested use of nanoporous gold for functional and structural applications requires uniform and specifically crack‐free monolithic bodies, ideally with a structure size in the range of 10 nm or below. Here we investigate electrochemical dealloying of two different starting alloys, Au25Ag75 and Au25Cu75, as pathways towards that goal. With an emphasis on the processes that lead to crack formation, we discuss the role of the parameters (i) lattice parameter change, (ii) dealloying potential and rate, and (iii) thermo‐mechanical treatment of the master alloys. The Cu‐based alloys are found to give superior homogeneity at very small structure sizes, provided that intermediate temperature treatments are avoided. A complete suppression of crack formation was achieved by application of a dealloying potential of 1.1 V versus Ag/AgCl, at a ligament size of 11 nm.
Solution‐Processed Highly Efficient Alternating Current‐Driven Field‐Induced Polymer Electroluminescent Devices Employing High‐k Relaxor Ferroelectric Polymer Dielectric
Authors: Chen Yonghua , Xia Yingdong , Sun Hengda , Smith Gregory M. , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Carroll David L.
Published: October 2013

Organic thin‐film electroluminescent (EL) devices, such as organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), typically operate using constant voltage or direct current (DC) power sources. Such approaches require power converters (introducing power losses) and make devices sensitive to dimensional variations that lead to run away currents at imperfections. Devices driven by time‐dependent voltages or alternating current (AC) may offer an alternative to standard OLED technologies. However, very little is known about how this might translate into overall performance of such devices. Here, a solution‐processed route to creating highly efficient AC field‐induced polymer EL (FIPEL) devices is demonstrated. Such solution‐processed FIPEL devices show maximum luminance, current efficiency, and power efficiency of 3000 cd m−2, 15.8 cd A−1, and 3.1 lm W−1 for blue emission, 13 800 cd m−2, 76.4 cd A−1, and 17.1 lm W−1 for green emission, and 1600 cd m−2, 8.8 cd A−1, and 1.8 lm W−1 for orange‐red emission. The high luminance and efficiency, and solution process pave the way to industrial roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of solid state lighting and display.
Analysis of available data from liquefied natural gas rollover incidents to determine critical stability ratios
Authors: Arjomandnia Pooya , Tade Moses O. , Pareek Vishnu , May Eric F.
Published: October 2013

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) rollover refers to the sudden mixing of stratified LNG layers, which can cause the generation of significant amounts of boil‐off gas. Such events are a significant safety concern in LNG storage but there are no reliable models for its description at industrial scales available in the open literature. In this article, the data and models for LNG rollover existing in the open literature are reviewed and a new framework for quantitatively analyzing the limited available data is presented. We extended the definition of the hydrostatic stability ratio for binary mixtures to allow its estimation for multicomponent mixtures, either from the reported LNG layer compositions or measurements of the LNG layer densities. By analyzing the graphical data of Bates and Morrison (Int J. Heat Mass Transfer. 1997;40:8) the critical value of the stability ratio, Rc, separating the diffusive phase of LNG rollover from the penetrative convection phase was estimated to be 3.8 ± 0.5. This is significantly larger than the critical ratio of 2 reported for saline solutions and is also larger than the initial stability ratio of 1.7 estimated from the best documented LNG rollover incident at La Spezia in 1971. Lumped‐parameter models for LNG rollover reported in the literature have successfully described the La Spezia incident by using the Reynolds analogy to estimate mass transfer rates from heat transfer correlations. However, these same models are unsuccessful when applied to other reported LNG rollover incidents, with the predicted rollover time being too short because the mass‐transfer coefficient is overestimated. The results presented here suggest that these limitations could be overcome by using a smaller mass‐transfer coefficient (estimated, e.g., from the Chilton‐Colburn analogy) and by tracking the multicomponent system's stability ratio until the critical value is reached whereupon the mass transfer regime changes. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 362–374, 2014
Optimal design of split partial second pass reverse osmosis network for desalination applications
Authors: Saif Yousef , Almansoori Ali , Elkamel Ali
Published: October 2013

Reverse osmosis (RO) network design problem is presented in this study for seawater desalination. The RO pressure vessel is multiple spiral wound modules connected in series. We exploit in this study the RO pressure vessel operation by considering stream property variations within the pressure vessel itself. The design problem allows extraction of high‐quality permeates from different locations along the pressure vessel length. Superstructure optimization is adopted to model the RO network in order to find: (1) optimal arrangement of the process units, (2) optimal permeate extraction locations, and (3) production of several permeate streams with different qualities. Several case studies are presented to show the applications of the proposed mathematical programming model. In general, lower treatment cost and higher permeate recovery can be achieved by allowing permeate extraction streams from the RO pressure vessels. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 520–532, 2014
Production and examination of oxygen‐carrier materials based on manganese ores and Ca(OH)2 in chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling
Authors: Pour Nasim M. , Azimi Golnar , Leion Henrik , Rydén Magnus , Lyngfelt Anders
Published: October 2013

This study concerns production of oxygen‐carrier particles using six different manganese ores. The ores were made to react with Ca(OH)2 at elevated temperature, forming calcium manganite. The method utilized to manufacture particles was extrusion. Methane and syngas conversion and oxygen release of the samples in inert atmosphere were investigated. The oxygen carrier based on South African (B) manganese ore, showed good methane conversion and was able to transfer oxygen corresponding to 1.5% of its mass during reduction with gaseous fuel. All examined oxygen carriers were capable of converting syngas completely. The ability to release gaseous oxygen was examined by adding wood char in a stream of nitrogen for four selected samples sintered at 1300°C/6 h. These samples released an amount of oxygen corresponding to 0.37–0.68% of their mass. The reactivity of all the ores was improved after the proposed treatments. Reactivity results of the oxygen carrier made from South African (B) ore and Ca(OH)2, sintered at 1300°C for 6 h were the most promising. Attrition measurements with a jet cup of the oxygen carriers sintered at 1300°C/6 h showed that all the samples made from ores were at least three times more resistant to mechanical attrition compared to particles made from synthetic Mn2O3. Producing feasible oxygen carriers directly from ores could potentially cut the cost of chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling and have a significant impact on its competitiveness among other carbon capture technologies. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 645–656, 2014
Polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans in patients with yusho and their toxicological significance: A review
Authors: Masuda Yoshito , Yoshimura Hidetoshi
Published: October 2013

The rice oil ingested by the patients with Yusho and their blood, liver, and adipose tissue were analyzed for individual congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The individual congeners identified were examined for accumulation in the liver of monkeys and rats, inducing activities of benzo[a]pyrene 3‐hydroxylase, benzphetamine demethylase, and DT‐diaphorase in rats, and gravimetric changes of the thymus and liver in rats. Among the six PCB congeners detected in Yusho patients, 2,3,4,5,3′,4′‐hexa‐CB seems to be the compound most related to Yusho judging from its strong enzyme‐inducing activities in the liver and the thymus atrophy and liver hypertrophy caused by feeding it to rats. PCDF congeners identified in the patients' tissues showed a stronger toxicity in rats than these PCBs, exhibiting stronger enzyme induction activities and gravimetric changes of the tissues. These PCDF congeners, especially 2,3,4,7,8‐penta‐CDF, were also very accumulative in the liver. Therefore, they are considered as the most important etiologic agents for the current symptoms and signs of Yusho patients.
Causal Agents of Yusho
Authors: Kunita Nobuharu , Kashimoto Takashi , Miyata Hideaki , Fukushima Shigehiko , Hori Shinjiro , Obana Hirotaka
Published: October 2013

Through the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) retained in the blood of Japanese and Taiwanese patients who had been poisoned by ingesting contaminated cooking oils, in the blood of workers occupationally exposed to PCBs, and in the blood of unexposed individuals, it was strongly suggested that PCDFs might be the responsible compounds for the development of Yusho disease. To confirm this, animal experiments were done. The dermal signs resembling those of Yusho were observed among the cynomolgus monkeys that received a PCDF mixture consisting of PCDF components similar to those in the Yusho oils. In addition, significant thymic atrophy and decreased body weight gain were noted in the rats fed PCDFs. However, the administration of PCBs or PCQs alone failed to cause such signs in the monkeys or rats. As a result, it became clear that PCDFs were the main causative agents in the pathogenesis of Yusho disease.
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzofurans, and quaterphenyls in the toxic rice‐bran oil and PCBs in the blood of patients with PCB poisoning in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Paul Hsi‐Sung , Luo Mei‐Lan , Wong Chu‐Kwan , Chen Chiou‐Jye
Published: October 2013

A mass outbreak of poisoning occurred in central Taiwan in 1979 due to the ingestion of rice‐bran oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition to PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs) were also found in the contaminated oil. The levels of toxic agents in the rice‐oil samples collected from factory and school cafeterias and the families of the intoxicated patients were in the range of 53–99 ppm, 0.18–0.40 ppm, and 25–53 ppm for PCBs, PCDFs, and PCQs, respectively. Major components of PCBs and PCDFs in the toxic oil were separated and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using glass capillary columns. The most toxic PCB reported in commercial PCB preparations, 3,4,3′,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl, was found in the toxic oil as well as in one of the patients' blood and adipose tissue at an early stage of poisoning. The blood samples of 165 patients collected 9 to 18 months after the onset of poisoning contained 10 to 720 ppb of PCBs with a mean value of 38 ppb. One of the most toxic PCDFs, 2,3,4,7,8‐pentachlorodibenzofuran, was retained in the liver of a deceased patient. This compound could play an important role in the etiology of PCB poisoning in Taiwan.
A trial of fasting cure for PCB‐poisoned patients in Taiwan
Authors: Imamura Motoo , Tung Ta‐Cheng
Published: October 2013

Sixteen patients poisoned by ingestion of a rice oil contaminated with polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in Taiwan voluntarily joined a trial of fasting cure for either seven or ten days approximately 26 or 35 months after being poisoned. During fasting, mixed juice made of fresh vegetables and fruits and milk or “tohnyu,” that is, boiled soybean juice, were given on a fixed schedule. All these patients showed improvements of their symptoms and signs caused by the poisoning. Some of them enjoyed a dramatic relief of their sufferings such as severe headache, lumbago, arthralgia, pain at the sole, cough, sputa, and/or acneiform eruptions. The eruptions forming abscesses or cysts were, however, hard to cure. Thus, the fasting cure was demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of the patients. PCB concentrations in blood were rather elevated during and after the fasting.
A proportional mortality ratio study of workers in a construction equipment and diesel engine manufacturing plant
Authors: Mallin Katherine , Berkeley Lon , Young Quentin
Published: October 2013

The mortality of 461 workers who were employed 10 or more years in a Midwest engine and construction equipment plant was examined, using the method of proportional mortality ratios. Both state and national deaths were used as the standard population. Major exposures in this plant included solvents, cutting oils, and metal fumes and dusts. However, precise exposure data were not available. Among white males, no significant deviations from expected deaths were found. Among black males, significant excess deaths were found for all malignant neoplasms combined, for cancer of the pancreas, and for non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. Proportional cancer mortality ratios produced similar results, although the excess of pancreatic cancer in blacks was only significant among those with 20 or more years of service. Although complete occupational histories were not available, these results may provide hypotheses for future studies of workers in heavy machinery production.
Chronic cadmium intoxication: Tissue response in an occupationally exposed patient
Authors: Garry Vincent F. , Pohlman Barbara L. , Wick Mark R. , Garvey Justine S. , Zeisler Rolf
Published: October 2013

This case report describes the natural history of chronic cadmium intoxication in a woman who was exposed to excessive cadmium in her occupation. We document the clinical, laboratory, and tissue response to the toxicant.