bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges for marine macroalgal biomass production in Indian coastal waters
Authors: Ingle Kapilkumar Nivrutti , Traugott Hadar , Golberg Alexander
Published: January 2020

Due to its large, exclusive economic zone, India has considerable potential for implementing large-scale cultivation of macroalgae. However, such cultivation requires the availability of, and access to, sites where technical, legal, governmental, and environmental factors are favorable. This review discusses the challenges that have held back the development of seaweed cultivation in India. The review is based on a literature survey and informal discussions with industry-related personnel. It cites the strong need for clear and definitive policies related to access to and use of coastal waters to enable the Indian seaweed industry to reach its full potential. The main challenges that the expansion of macroalgal cultivation in India face are related to legal and regulatory aspects that can be resolved by focusing the policy issues on providing planning tools toward success. In addition, there is a strong need for an adequate bioeconomy that clearly defines the need for marine macroalgal biomass for food, chemicals, and biofuels. Furthermore, the Indian government needs to allocate sufficient funds for accelerating seaweed R&D in areas of seaweed cultivation, harvesting, processing technologies, and their implementation in the local industry.
Seaweed resources of Poland
Authors: Michalak Izabela
Published: January 2020

Poland, a Central European country with a Baltic Sea coastline of 634 km, has no tradition of nearshore cultivation of seaweeds or utilization of this biomass. The Baltic is known for its eutrophication. Numerous attempts are being made to combat this phenomenon as well as to find applications for the beach-cast and free-floating macroalgae, which are a nuisance in many areas. Seaweed harvesting can mitigate eutrophication by the reduction of nutrients – especially nitrogen and phosphorus – in water. Collected biomass can be utilised in agriculture as biofertilisers and used as a valuable raw material for the manufacture of high-value macroalgal products, such as biostimulants of plant growth, feed additives, components of cosmetics, food additives or biogas as a form of renewable energy. The Baltic abounds in green macroalgae (Ulva sp. and Cladophora sp.) with brown (Ectocarpus sp., Pilayella sp., Fucus vesiculosus) and red algae (Vertebrata sp., Ceramium sp., Furcellaria sp.) occurring in much smaller quantities. These seaweeds are also of great interest as bioindicators of environmental pollution. The seaweeds in the southern Baltic Sea still represent an unexploited biomass and can be a huge source of innovation. New approaches towards macroalgal utilisation are in demand.
‘With the greatest sincerity’: expressing genuineness of feeling in nineteenth-century business correspondence in English
Authors: Shvanyukova Polina
Published: January 2020

This article is concerned with the history ofyours sincerely, a popular closing formula in English epistolary discourse. The formula was already used sporadically in the seventeenth century, gradually increased in frequency in the Late Modern period, and was the preferred subscription in English business correspondence by the end of the 1950s. This study investigates patterns of usage of closing formulae in a bestselling business letter-writing manual William Anderson’s Practical Mercantile Correspondence, A Collection of Modern Letters of Business, etc., whose first edition was published by Effiingham Wilson in 1836 in London. The first half of the nineteenth century was a period during whichsincerelyappears to have been gaining in popularity. The analysis of the repertoire of the closing formulae in Anderson shows thatsincerelywas starting to compete withtrulyfor the same slot within the matrix of the extended type of closing formulae. This competition ofsincerelywithtrulycan be read as an indicator of a larger social and cultural change, which saw the rise ofsincerity, reinterpreted as genuineness of feeling, as the new cultural buzzword.
Bound states in the continuum and strong phase resonances in integrated Gires-Tournois interferometer
Authors: Bykov Dmitry A. , Bezus Evgeni A. , Doskolovich Leonid L.
Published: January 2020

Photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs) are eigenmodes with an infinite lifetime, which coexist with a continuous spectrum of radiating waves. BICs are not only of great theoretical interest but also have a wide range of practical applications, e.g. in the design of optical resonators. Here, we study this phenomenon in a new integrated nanophotonic element consisting of a single dielectric ridge terminating an abruptly ended slab waveguide. This structure can be considered as an on-chip analog of the Gires-Tournois interferometer (GTI). We demonstrate that the proposed integrated structure supports high-Q phase resonances and robust BICs. We develop a simple but extremely accurate coupled-wave model that clarifies the physics of BIC formation and enables predicting BIC locations. The developed model shows that the studied BICs are topologically protected and describes the strong phase resonance effect that occurs when two BICs with opposite topological charges annihilate.
Improving nanoscale terahertz field localization by means of sharply tapered resonant nanoantennas
Authors: Aglieri Vincenzo , Jin Xin , Rovere Andrea , Piccoli Riccardo , Caraffini Diego , Tuccio Salvatore , De Angelis Francesco , Morandotti Roberto , Macaluso Roberto , Toma Andrea , Razzari Luca
Published: January 2020

Terahertz resonant nanoantennas have recently become a key tool to investigate otherwise inaccessible interactions of such long-wavelength radiation with nano-matter. Because of their high-aspect-ratio rod-shaped geometry, resonant nanoantennas suffer from severe loss, which ultimately limits their field localization performance. Here we show, via a quasi-analytical model, numerical simulations, and experimental evidence, that a proper tapering of such nanostructures relaxes their overall loss, leading to an augmented local field enhancement and a significantly reduced resonator mode volume. Our findings, which can also be extended to more complex geometries and higher frequencies, have profound implications for enhanced sensing and spectroscopy of nano-objects, as well as for designing more effective platforms for nanoscale long-wavelength cavity quantum electrodynamics.
Materials characterization of advanced fillers for composites engineering applications
Authors: Lapčík Lubomír , Vašina Martin , Lapčíková Barbora , Hui David , Otyepková Eva , Greenwood Richard W. , Waters Kristian E. , Vlček Jakub
Published: January 2020

Four different minerals were investigated; hollow spheres of calcium carbonate, platy mica, needle like wollastonite and glassy perlite and characterized via iGC for surface energy, Freeman powder rheology for flow characterization, cyclic uniaxial die compaction for modulus of elasticity and frequency dependent sound absorption properties. Particle surface energy and particle shape strongly affected the packing density of powder beds. In the case of higher porosity and thus lower bulk density, the powders acoustic absorption was higher in comparison with higher packing density materials. Surface energy profiles and surface energy distributions revealed clear convergence with powder rheology data, where the character of the powder flow at defined consolidation stresses was mirroring either the high cohesion powders properties connected with the high surface energy or powder free flowing characteristics, as reflected in low cohesion of the powder matrix.
Humic acid assisted stabilization of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites
Authors: Hu Tao , Jing Hongwen , Li Luan , Yin Qian , Shi Xinshuai , Zhao Zhenlong
Published: January 2020

Significant research has been done in recent decades in the field of the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions and the reinforcement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, the cementitious mixture, as an alkaline environment, easily leads to the re-agglomeration of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and influences their enhancing effects. Humic acid (HA) is a type of natural organic matter which can assist the stabilization of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites. The present study characterizes the influence of HA in stabilizing the dispersion of SWCNTs by means of ultraviolet spectrophotometer tests. The fluidity of fresh cement slurry and mechanical performance of hardened OPC pastes were measured to better illustrate the dispersion of SWCNTs in real cement composites. The results not only reveal that the addition of an alkaline environment to the SWCNT suspensions results in a rapid decrease of the dispersion, but also suggest that the appropriate content of HA (0.12 wt.%) can play a significant role in stabilizing the dispersion of SWCNTs. When the mixed hybrid of SWCNTs and HA with a concentration of HA/c equal to 0.05 wt.% is used, the fluidity of the fresh cement slurry experiences a maximum decline and this mixture content of materials will dramatically increase the compressive and flexural strength by about 31% and 48%, which indicates that more SWCNTs are in a dispersed state under this concentration. SEM images further prove that a suitable HA/c can inhibit the expansion of cracks in the cementitious composites.
New Complex Solutions to the Nonlinear Electrical Transmission Line Model
Authors: Gulluoglu Mehmet Tahir
Published: January 2020

In this paper, with the help of an analytical approach, new complex singular and travelling dark solutionsto the nonlinear electrical transmission line are successfully constructed. 2D and 3Dfigures along with contour figures are plotted. Finally, at the end of manuscript, general conclusions about these novel findings, which differ from existing results, are given.
Key Frame Extraction of Multi-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Under Quality Constraint
Authors: Liu Yijun , Zhang Ziwen , Li Feng
Published: January 2020

In key frame extraction of multi-resolution remote sensing image using traditional key frame image feature extraction method, only the feature information of remote sensing images, rather than cluster operation of the remote sensing images is considered, which leads to low efficiency and poor quality of extraction results. To this end, the key frame extraction algorithm of multi-resolution remote sensing image under quality constraint was proposed. Through similarity between image features and the selected image frame, rough key frame can be extracted. On this basis, the key frame extraction of multi resolution remote sensing image based on quality constraints was used to perform clustering operation for multi-resolution remote sensing image corresponding to rough key frame, which shortened the time length for retrieval of key frame image. According to the clustering results, multi-resolution remote sensing images were divided into several clusters. The key frame of each cluster can be obtained by calculating the distance between remote sensing image and cluster center. For key frames that had been determined, their quality was evaluated to meet standard, so as to realize effective extraction of key frame of multi-resolution remote sensing images. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the quality of key frame extraction of multi-resolution remote sensing images.
Interference of Zr(IV) during the extraction of trivalent Nd(III) from the aqueous waste generated from metallic fuel reprocessing
Authors: Prathibha T. , Swami K. Rama , Sriram S. , Venkatesan K. A.
Published: January 2020

A metallic alloy of uranium–zirconium and uranium–plutonium–zirconium has been proposed as a fuel for fast reactors, owing to the possibility of achieving high breeding ratio in a short span of time. About 6–10 wt.% of zirconium has been added to these actinide fuels to increase the melting temperature and thermal-mechanical stability. Aqueous reprocessing of the spent metallic fuel generates the high-level liquid waste (HLLW) that contains about 60 % of the total zirconium from the fuel. In view of this, the extraction behavior of a trivalent representative ion, Nd(III) in the presence of Zr(IV) was studied from nitric acid medium using the candidate ligands proposed for trivalent actinide separation from HLLW, such as N,N,N′N′-tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA), and N,N-di-octyl-2-hydroxyacetamide (DOHyA). The extraction was studied as a function of nitric acid concentration, zirconium and neodymium concentration and Nd(III) to Zr(IV) ratio. The findings of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ATR-FTIR spectral techniques were used for understanding the complex chemistry of Zr(IV) extraction under different conditions. Poor extraction of nitric acid, smaller aggregate size, no third phase formation during the extraction of Zr(IV) and Nd(III) and other unique solvent properties favor the DOHyA molecule in n-dodecane as a solvent for partitioning of trivalent actinides from HLLW generated from metallic fuel reprocessing.
A comprehensive study on the bacterial biosorption of heavy metals: materials, performances, mechanisms, and mathematical modellings
Authors: Aryal Mahendra
Published: January 2020

Discharges of waste containing heavy metals (HMs) have been a challenging problem for years because of their adverse effects in the environment. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent findings on bacterial biosorption and their performances for sequestration of HMs. It highlights the significance of HM removal and presents a brief overview on bacterial functionality and biosorption technology. It also discusses the achievements towards utilisation of bacterial biomass with biosorption of HMs from aqueous solutions. This article includes different types of kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic models used for HM treatments using different bacterial species, as well as biosorption mechanisms along with desorption of metal ions and regeneration of bacterial biosorbents. Its fast kinetics of metal biosorption and desorption, low operational cost, and no production of toxic by-products provide attraction to many researchers. Bacteria can easily be produced using inexpensive growth media or obtained as a by-product from industries. A systematic comparison of the literature for a metal-binding capacity of bacterial biomass under different conditions is provided here. The properties of the cell wall constituents such as peptidoglycan and the role of functional groups for metal sorption are presented on the basis of their biosorption potential. Many bacterial biosorbents as reported in scientific literature have a high biosorption capacity, where some are better than commercial adsorbents. Based on the reported results, it seems that most bacteria have the potential for industrial applications for detoxification of HMs.
The Impact of Quantitative Easing on Bank Loan Supply and Monetary Policy Implementation in the Euro Area
Authors: Horst Maximilian , Neyer Ulrike
Published: January 2020

In March 2015, the Eurosystem launched its QE programme. The asset purchases induced a rapid and strong increase in excess reserves, implying a structural liquidity surplus in the euro area banking sector. Against this background, the first part of this paper analyses the Eurosystem’s liquidity management duringnormal times,crisis timesandtimes of too low inflation. With a focus on the latter, the second part of this paper develops a relatively simple theoretical model in which banks operate under a structural liquidity surplus. The model shows that increasing excess reserves have no or even a contractionary impact on bank loan supply. As the newly created excess reserves are heterogeneously distributed across euro area countries, the impact of QE on bank loan supply may differ across countries. Moreover, we derive implications for monetary policy implementation. Increases in the central bank’s main refinancing rate as well as in the minimum reserve ratio and decreases in the central bank’s deposit rate develop expansionary effects on loan supply – contrary to the case in which banks face a structural liquidity deficit.
In-situ-Röntgenverfahren zur Messung von Verwindung und Wölbung elektronischer Komponenten während eines Lötvorgangs
Authors: Albrecht Oliver , Wohlrabe Heinz , Oppermann Martin , Zerna Thomas
Published: January 2020

Die Röntgeninspektionstechnik ist aus der Werkstoffanalytik und der physikalischen Fehlersuche nicht mehr wegzudenken. Besonders interessant für die Zuverlässigkeitsforschung auf dem Gebiet der elektronischen Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik ist die Beobachtung des mechanischen Verhaltens von Baugruppe und Bauelement unter thermischer Belastung. Viele Erkenntnisse dazu konnten durch Thermoiré-Messungen

Thermoiré-Messung = Messung der Topologie einer Probenoberfläche durch Anwendung des Schattenmoiré-Verfahrens (siehe Abschnitt 2).

erzielt werden (H. Wohlrabe, K.-J. Wolter: „Changes of the coplanarity of SMT-Components during Soldering and their Measurement,“ 3rd Electronics System Integration Technology Conference ESTC, Berlin, Germany, September 13–16, 2010; Y. Wang, P. Hassell: „Measurement of Thermal Deformation of BGA Using Phase-shifting Shadow Moiré,“ submitted to Post Conference Proceedings, SEM 97’ Spring Conference, Bellevue, WA, June 2–4, 1997. DOI:10.1109/EPTC.1997.723923). Für verdeckte Strukturen, wie die Anschlüsse von BGAs, ist diese Methode ohne Präparation und Zerstörung der Originalgeometrie nicht einsetzbar. Vergleichbare Ergebnisse verspricht hier die Beobachtung der Vorgänge mittels Röntgenstrahlung in einer beheizbaren In-situ-Kammer, an deren Entwicklung und Weiterentwicklung seit einigen Jahren am IAVT/ZmP

IAVT = Institut für Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik der TU Dresden; ZmP = Zentrum für mikrotechnische Produktion der TU Dresden.

geforscht wird. Besonderes Augenmerk muss dabei auf die Algorithmen zur Bildverarbeitung und geometrischen Entzerrung gelegt werden.
Numerical Study of Mixing Enhancement in 2D Supersonic Ejector
Authors: Dandani M. , Desevaux P. , Ghezal A. , Lepiller V.
Published: January 2020

The present study deals with the numerical study of the mixing process in a 2D supersonic ejector. The performance parameters such as momentum flux, degree of mixing and stagnation pressure loss are used to analyse mixing process. The evolution of the kinetic energy of turbulence is also observed. The investigation is carried out on a conventional 2D supersonic ejector and on a 2D supersonic ejector equipped with wall slot injectors along the mixing chamber. The performance parameters show a significant mixing enhancement when transverse micro-jets are used.
Therapeutic impacts of enzyme-responsive smart nanobiosystems
Authors: Fathi Marziyeh , Safary Azam , Barar Jaleh
Published: January 2020

An important arena of the sophisticated nanosystems (NSs) is the combination of the responsive features of NSs with the biocatalytic properties of enzymes. The development of such smart drug delivery systems (DDSs) has seminal effectiveness in targeting, imaging, and monitoring of cancer. These NSs can exhibit site-specific delivery of the toxic cargo in response to the endogenous/exogenous stimuli. Enzyme responsive/targeted DDSs display enhanced accumulation of cargo molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) with a spatiotemporal controlled-release behavior. Based on the unique features of enzyme responsive/targeted DDSs, they offer incredible promise in overcoming some limitations of the currently used conventional DDSs. Taken all, targeting TME with the enzyme-responsive targeted DDSs may lead to versatile clinical outcomes in various malignancies.
PEGylated gold nanoparticles-ribonuclease induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Akbarzadeh Khiavi Mostafa , Safary Azam , Barar Jaleh , Farzi-Khajeh Hamed , Barzegari Abolfazl , Mousavi Rahimeh , Somi Mohammad Hossein , Omidi Yadollah
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Currently, drug-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediating apoptosis pathway have extensively been investigated in designing effective strategies for colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy. Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) represents a new class of cytotoxic and non-mutagenic enzymes, and has gained more attention as a potential anticancer modality; however, the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitors (RIs) restrict the clinical application of this enzyme. Nowadays, nanotechnology-based diagnostic and therapeutic systems have provided potential solutions for cancer treatments.
 Methods: In this study, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized, stabilized by polyethylene glycol (PEG), functionalized, and covalently conjugated with RNase A. The physicochemical properties of engineered nanobiomedicine (AuNPs-PEG-RNase A) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV-vis spectrum. Then, its biological impacts including cell viability, apoptosis, and ROS production were evaluated in the SW-480 cells.
 Results: The engineered nanobiomedicine, AuNPs-PEG-RNase A, was found to effectively induce apoptosis in SW-480 cells and result in a significant reduction in cancer cell viability. Besides, the maximum production of ROS was obtained after the treatment of cells with an IC50 dose of AuNPs-PEG-RNase A.
 Conclusion: Based on the efficient ROS-responsiveness and the anticancer activity of RNase A of the engineered nanomedicine, this nanoscaled biologics may be considered as a potential candidate for the treatment of CRC.
Comparative impact of platelet rich plasma and transforming growth factor-β on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells
Authors: Hesari Roya , Keshvarinia Mina , Kabiri Mahboubeh , Rad Iman , Parivar Kazem , Hoseinpoor Hoorieh , Tavakoli Rezvan , Soleimani Masoud , Kouhkan Fatemeh , Zamanluee Soheila , Hanaee-Ahvaz Hana
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is known as standard chondrogenic differentiation agent, even though it comes with undesirable side effects such as early hypertrophic maturation, mineralization, and secretion of inflammatory/angiogenic factors. On the other hand, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is found to have a chondrogenic impact on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, with no considerable side effects. Therefore, we compared chondrogenic impact of TGF-β and PRP on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), to see if PRP could be introduced as an alternative to TGF-β.
 Methods: Differentiation of ADSCs was monitored using a couple of methods including glycosaminoglycan production, miRNAs expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium content assays.
 Results: Accordingly, the treatment of differentiating cells with 5% (v/v) PRP resulted in higher glycosaminoglycan production, enhanced SOX9 transcription, and lowered TNFα and VEGF secretion compared to the control and TGF-β groups. Besides, the application of PRP to the media up-regulated miR-146a and miR-199a in early and late stages of chondrogenesis, respectively. Conclusion: PRP induces in vitro chondrogenesis, as well as TGF-β with lesser inflammatory and hypertrophic side effects.
Propagation of limbal stem cells on polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone/gelatin fibrous scaffolds and transplantation in animal model
Authors: Sanie-Jahromi Fatemeh , Eghtedari Masoomeh , Mirzaei Esmaeil , Jalalpour Mohammad Hassan , Asvar Zahra , Nejabat Mahmood , Javidi-Azad Fahimeh
Published: January 2020

Introduction: This study was conducted to compare the effect of nanofibrous polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL/gelatin (PCL/Gel) on limbal epithelial stem cell (LESC) and its efficiency for transplantation in animal model.
 Methods: PCL and PCL/Gel with a mass ratio of 70:30 and 50:50 was fabricated by electrospinning method. Human LESCs were cultured on PCL and PCL/Gel scaffolds and the effect of each scaffold on LESC proliferation, attachment and corneal epithelial regeneration in an animal model was evaluated, considering ease of use of scaffold and final transparency of the cornea.
 Results: Our data showed that PCL was more suitable than PCL/Gel for LESCs adherence, induction of epithelial morphology and proliferation. Histopathologic analysis of corneal sections from transplanted animals showed that epithelium was regenerated almost similar in PCL and PCL/Gel groups; however, vascularization and inflammation were significantly lower in the group receiving PCL.
 Conclusion: The represented data indicated the priority of PCL to PCL/Gel for the LESC attachment, proliferation and final outcome in an animal model of alkaline injury. This finding might be promising for cell therapy of corneal diseases.
Role of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in cardiovascular responses to hypoxia and baroreceptor activation in anesthetized rats
Authors: Mirzaei-Damabi Nafiseh , Rostami Bahar , Hatam Masoumeh
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Parabrachial Kölliker-Fuse (KF) complex, located in dorsolateral part of the pons, is involved in the respiratory control, however, its role in the baroreflex and chemoreflex responses has not been established yet. This study was performed to test the contribution of the KF to chemoreflex and baroreflex and the effect of microinjection of a reversible synaptic blocker (Cocl2) into the KF in urethane anesthetized rats.
 Methods: Activation of chemoreflex was induced by systemic hypoxia caused by N2 breathing for 30 seconds "hypoxic- hypoxia methods" and baroreflex was evoked by intravenous injection (i.v.) of phenylephrine (Phe, 20 µg /kg/0.05–0.1 mL). N2 induced generalized vasodilatation followed by tachycardia reflex and Phe evoked vasoconstriction followed by bradycardia.
 Results: Microinjection of Cocl2 (5 mM/100 nL/side) produced no significant changes in the Phe-induced hypertension and bradycardia, whereas the cardiovascular effect of N2 was significantly attenuated by the injection of CoCl2 to the KF.
 Conclusion: The KF played no significant role in the baroreflex, but could account for cardiovascular chemoreflex in urethane anesthetized rats.
National Football League Scouting Combine Tests Correlated to National Football League Player Performance
Authors: LaPlaca David A. , McCullick Bryan A.
Published: January 2020

LaPlaca, DA and McCullick, BA. National Football League scouting combine tests correlated to National Football League player performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1317–1329, 2020—The National Football League (NFL) Scouting Combine has been used since 1982 to collect performance information on the top-rated NFL prospects including physical test results from the vertical jump, broad jump, 3 cone drill, shuttle run, 40-yd dash, and bench press. The correlation between NFL Scouting Combine test results and NFL player performance is frequently questioned, and thus this study endeavored to identify significant relationships between NFL Scouting Combine test results and NFL player performance indicators for all offensive and defensive positions, including quarterback (n = 107), fullback (n = 31), running back (n = 228), wide receiver (n = 336), tight end (n = 137), offensive tackle (n = 204), guard (n = 128), center (n = 66), cornerback (n = 276), free safety (n = 92), strong safety (n = 96), outside linebacker (n = 215), inside linebacker (n = 116), defensive end (n = 212), and defensive tackle (n = 223). A Spearman rank-order correlation analysis set at a p of ≤0.01 and p of ≤ 0.05 level of significance indicated that every offensive and defensive positions had at least 1 NFL Scouting Combine test result that correlated with NFL player performance. These results can be useful for those in charge of making player personnel decisions in the NFL, such as general managers, draft analysts, and scouts by helping them select NFL prospects. Furthermore, these results could inform strength and conditioning coaches in preparing athletes to excel in the NFL.
Concurrent Resistance Training Enhances Performance in Competitive Distance Runners: A Review and Programming Implementation
Authors: Barrie Brittney
Published: January 2020

Concurrent training, defined as resistance training sessions programmed alongside endurance training sessions during the same cycle, is a tool that highly trained runners can use to augment performance. A review of the current literature explains how resistance training focused on increasing maximal force development and power output can improve running economy, a key performance indicator for endurance running. This review explains the current concepts in concurrent training for competitive distance runners, discusses misconceptions related to concurrent training, and offers practical implementation examples for coaches, athletes, and strength and conditioning practitioners working with this special population.
Youth Physical Activity Is All About the “F-Words”
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D. , Rebullido Tamara Rial , Chulvi-Medrano Iván
Published: January 2020

The “F-words” of youth physical activity (family, facilitators, facilities, force, fitness, function, fun, feeling, and future) illustrate the complex web of factors that influence participation in active play, exercise, and sport activities in children and adolescents. The “F-words” can be used to expand our conceptual thinking about youth physical activity and inform research and practice in the field of pediatric exercise science.
Divisively Normalized Integration of Multisensory Error Information Develops Motor Memories Specific to Vision and Proprioception
Authors: Hayashi Takuji , Kato Yutaro , Nozaki Daichi
Published: January 2020

Both visual and proprioceptive information contribute to the accuracy of limb movement, but the mechanism of integration of these different modality signals for movement control and learning remains controversial. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of multisensory integration for motor adaptation by evaluating single-trial adaptation (i.e., aftereffect) induced by visual and proprioceptive perturbations while male and female human participants performed reaching movements. The force-channel method was used to precisely impose several combinations of visual and proprioceptive perturbations (i.e., error), including an instance when the directions of perturbation in both stimuli opposed each another. In the subsequent probe force-channel trial, the lateral force against the channel was quantified as the aftereffect to clarify the mechanism by which the motor adaptation system corrects movement in the event of visual and proprioceptive errors. We observed that the aftereffects had complex dependence on the visual and proprioceptive errors. Although this pattern could not be explained by previously proposed computational models based on the reliability of sensory information, we found that it could be reasonably explained by a mechanism known as divisive normalization, which was the reported mechanism underlying the integration of multisensory signals in neurons. Furthermore, we discovered evidence that the motor memory for each sensory modality developed separately in accordance with a divisive normalization mechanism and that the outputs of both memories were integrated. These results provide a novel view of the utilization and integration of different sensory modality signals in motor adaptation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanism of utilization of multimodal sensory information by the motor control system to perform limb movements with accuracy is a fundamental question. However, the mechanism of integration of these different sensory modalities for movement control and learning remains highly debatable. Herein, we demonstrate that multisensory integration in the motor learning system can be reasonably explained by divisive normalization, a canonical computation, ubiquitously observed in the brain (Carandini and Heeger, 2011). Moreover, we provide evidence of a novel idea that integration does not occur at the sensory information processing level, but at the motor execution level, after the motor memory for each sensory modality is separately created.
ОСВІТА МІСТА СТАНИСЛАВОВА В ПЕРІОД ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ (1914–1918 рр.)
Authors: Адамович Сергій
Published: January 2020

У статті досліджено освітні процеси в Станиславові в період Першоїсвітової війни. Проаналізовано прояви русифікаційної політики окупаційної адміністрації у сфері освіти та спроби учительства міста всупереч усім складнощамсоціально-економічного життя здійснювати навчальний процес.
ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ТА ЕТАПИ СТВОРЕННЯ «ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДИЧНОГО СЛОВНИКА»
Authors: Борчук Степан
Published: January 2020

Лютнева революція 1917 р. у Росії, а відтак й розгортання подій Українськоїреволюції 1917‒1921 рр. кардинально змінила ситуацію у суспільно-політичному життіколишньої імперії Романових. За цих обставин завершення енциклопедичного проекту«Украинский народ в его прошлом и настоящем», попри усю проведену підготовчу роботу,втрачало сенс. На порядок денний висувалося питання підготовки власної українознавчої йукраїномовної енциклопедії.З початком подій Української революції більшість активістів петербурзькоїукраїнської «Громади», у тій чи іншій мірі задіяних у підготовці української енциклопедії,асинхронно, але переїздять в Україну, де зосереджується центр національного життя йвідбуваються складні процеси державотворення.Розкриваються важкі етапи створення та написання «Енциклопедичного словника». Висвітлюються історичні події, які призводили до певної зміни у зібраний матеріалта вплив на життя і діяльність керівників проекту.
Словотвірна спроможність українських похідних дієслів
Authors: Ґрещук Василь
Published: January 2020

Рецензія
ВОКАЛЬНА ФРАНКІАНА У СУЧАСНИХ ЗВУКОЗАПИСАХ КАНАДИ
Authors: Карась Ганна
Published: January 2020

Стаття присвячена огляду сольних вокальних творів українських композиторів на слова Івана Франка, сучасний звукозапис яких здійснено в Канаді врамках міжнародного проекту антології української мистецької пісні (TheUkrainian Art Song Project). Виокремлена роль всесвітньо відомого співака ПавлаГуньки з Великобританії у реалізації проекту.
Characterization of the Genetic Architecture Underlying Eye Size Variation WithinDrosophila melanogasterandDrosophila simulans
Authors: Gaspar Pedro , Arif Saad , Sumner-Rooney Lauren , Kittelmann Maike , Bodey Andrew J , Stern David L , Nunes Maria D S , McGregor Alistair P
Published: January 2020

The compound eyes of insects exhibit striking variation in size, reflecting adaptation to different lifestyles and habitats. However, the genetic and developmental bases of variation in insect eye size is poorly understood, which limits our understanding of how these important morphological differences evolve. To address this, we further explored natural variation in eye size within and between four species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. We found extensive variation in eye size among these species, and flies with larger eyes generally had a shorter inter-ocular distance and vice versa. We then carried out quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of intra-specific variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both D. melanogaster and D. simulans. This revealed that different genomic regions underlie variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both species, which we corroborated by introgression mapping in D. simulans. This suggests that although there is a trade-off between eye size and inter-ocular distance, variation in these two traits is likely to be caused by different genes and so can be genetically decoupled. Finally, although we detected QTL for intra-specific variation in eye size at similar positions in D. melanogaster and D. simulans, we observed differences in eye fate commitment between strains of these two species. This indicates that different developmental mechanisms and therefore, most likely, different genes contribute to eye size variation in these species. Taken together with the results of previous studies, our findings suggest that the gene regulatory network that specifies eye size has evolved at multiple genetic nodes to give rise to natural variation in this trait within and among species.
Differential Contributions of DNA-Binding Proteins to Polycomb Response Element Activity at theDrosophila giantGene
Authors: Ghotbi Elnaz , Lackey Kristina , Wong Vicki , Thompson Katie T , Caston Evan G , Haddadi Minna , Benes Judith , Jones Richard S
Published: January 2020

Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins utilize epigenetic mechanisms to maintain the transcriptional silence of target genes. Recruitment of Drosophila PcG proteins to target genes requires the presence of a Polycomb Response Element (PRE). Some PcG target genes, including...

Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins are evolutionarily conserved epigenetic regulators whose primary function is to maintain the transcriptional repression of target genes. Recruitment of Drosophila melanogaster PcG proteins to target genes requires the presence of one or more Polycomb Response Elements (PREs). The functions or necessity for more than one PRE at a gene are not clear and individual PREs at some loci may have distinct regulatory roles. Various combinations of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are present at a given PRE, but only Pleiohomeotic (Pho) is present at all strong PREs. The giant (gt) locus has two PREs, a proximal PRE1 and a distal PRE2. During early embryonic development, Pho binds to PRE1 ∼30-min prior to stable binding to PRE2. This observation indicated a possible dependence of PRE2 on PRE1 for PcG recruitment; however, we find here that PRE2 recruits PcG proteins and maintains transcriptional repression independently of Pho binding to PRE1. Pho-like (Phol) is partially redundant with Pho during larval development and binds to the same DNA sequences in vitro. Although binding of Pho to PRE1 is dependent on the presence of consensus Pho-Phol-binding sites, Phol binding is less so and appears to play a minimal role in recruiting other PcG proteins to gt. Another PRE-binding protein, Sp1/Kruppel-like factor, is dependent on the presence of Pho for PRE1 binding. Further, we show that, in addition to silencing gene expression, PcG proteins dampen transcription of an active gene.
Inventario florístico en un bosque amenazado por la expansión agrícola en la reserva del Centro Turístico Los Chocuacos, Costa Rica
Authors: Cedeño-Fonseca Marco , Flores-Leitón José Miguel , Quesada-Román Adolfo , Flores Rodolfo
Published: January 2020

[Introducción]: La expansión de monocultivos de palma africana (Elaeis guineensis) y piña (Ananas comosus) en Costa Rica, ha degradado en forma progresiva el entorno natural del país, particularmente la región del distrito de Potrero Grande de Buenos Aires. [Objetivo]: Se buscó evidenciar la importancia de la conservación en la reserva del Complejo Turístico Los Chocuacos (CTLC), que conserva un mosaico de bosque, entre secundario y primario, de aproximadamente 30 años y la cual, está amenazada por el crecimiento de monocultivos. [Metodología]: En un área de 25 ha, se realizó un inventario florístico mediante recorridos aleatorios en el borde del bosque, los senderos, las áreas sin senderos, las quebradas y nacientes, donde se recolectaron especímenes botánicos en estado reproductivo, que fueron herborizados y depositados en el Herbario Luis A. Fournier Origgi de la Universidad de Costa Rica. [Resultados]: Se obtuvo una riqueza florística de 75 familias, 219 géneros y 266 especies. Se encontró un nuevo registro para el país del arbusto Eugenia veraguensis y una especie del género Aristolochia que en la actualidad está siendo descrita como una nueva especie para la ciencia. La forma de vida más representativa es árbol, siendo el hábito, principalmente presente terrestre. Las familias Fabaceae, Rubiaceae y Malvaceae fueron las que poseen mayor riqueza de especies. [Conclusiones]: Este estudio evidencia la importancia de los inventarios florísticos para aumentar el conocimiento de especies presentes en zonas poco estudiadas del trópico que están siendo afectadas por el desordenado cambio en el uso de la tierra.
Dynamics of a diffusive predator–prey model with herd behavior
Authors: Li Yan , Li Sanyun , Zhang Fengrong
Published: January 2020

This paper is devoted to considering a diffusive predator–prey model with Leslie–Gower term and herd behavior subject to the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Concretely, by choosing the proper bifurcation parameter, the local stability of constant equilibria of this model without diffusion and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are investigated by analyzing the distribution of the eigenvalues. Furthermore, the explicit formula for determining the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions are also derived by applying the normal form theory. Next, we show the stability of positive constant equilibrium, the existence and stability of periodic solutions near positive constant equilibrium for the diffusive model. Finally, some numerical simulations are carried out to support the analytical results.
Hot Topics in Medical Treatment of Diverticular Disease: Evidence Pro and Cons
Authors: Brandimarte Giovanni , Bafutto Mauro , Kruis Wolfgang , Scarpignato Carmelo , Mearin Fermìn , Barbara Giovanni , ŠTIMAC Davor , VRANIĆ Luka , Cassieri Claudio , Lecca Piera Giuseppina , D'Avino Alessandro , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: January 2020

Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease (SUDD) is the most common clinical form of Diverticular Disease (DD). The therapy should be aimed at reducing both the intensity and frequency of symptoms as well as preventing complications. The pharmacological treatments include fibers, not absorbable antibiotics (for example rifaximin), anti-inflammatory drugs (for example 5-amino-salycilic acid) and probiotics, alone or in combination with other drugs. Although some of these treatments seem to be effective in treating SUDD, but their efficacy in preventing complications of the disease is still uncertain. It has been hypothesized that microbial imbalance associated with bacterial overgrowth of the colon, may be the key to the development of diverticular disease (DD). Therefore, drugs that can manipulate gut microbiota such as probiotics or rifaximine are considered as a potential key therapy. Rifaximine is able to modulate the intestinal ecosystem, restoring eubiosis. Traditionally, DD of the colon is thought to be related to low grade of inflammation. By analogy with other inflammatory bowel diseases mesalazine has been studied also in DD. There are several evidences that may support the use of mesalazine in the SUDD. Unfortunately, mesalazine cannot be used to prevent diverticulitis because of the paucity of high-quality studies. Currently, mesalazine has a limited place for the management of SUDD. In SUDD probiotics have been proven as an effective therapy in reducing abdominal symptoms, but unfortunately there has been limited number of relevant studies regarding efficacy of this therapy.
Critical Issues on Diverticular Disease
Authors: Stollman Neil , Picchio Marcello , Biondo Sebastiano , Lahat Adi , Dumitrascu Dan L. , Regula Jaroslaw , Walker Marjorie M.D.
Published: January 2020

In this session diverse critical issues in diverticular disease were considered, including “In or outpatient management of uncomplicated diverticulitis?”, “Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis: what is it?”and “Diverticular inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer?”. The conclusions drawn are outlined in the statements but in summary, outpatient management is safe in selected patients, as long as correct diagnosis and stage are assured, and this can allow a cost effective treatment. Non-antibiotic management is also safe but should be confined as an outpatient treatment in carefully selected patients. 

Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis (SCAD) is a defined pathological entity (only diagnosed on biopsy) characterized by an inflammatory bowel disease-like pathology, occurring principally in the sigmoid colon, with rectal and right colon sparing.  The pathogenesis is unclear but may include a genetic predisposition, microbiome alteration and ischaemia. Treatment can last months, and depends on severity, options include antibiotics, 5 ASA and probiotics for mild cases. Severe disease needs systemic steroids or even anti TNFα treatment. 

Whether diverticular inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer was debated and the conclusion that within the first eighteen months of diagnosis of diverticular disease associations with cancer are found, likely due to similar symptoms and misclassification of disease. After that time, diverticular disease does not increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Therefore, this is recommended to exclude cancer with imaging and colonoscopy after healing of the first episode of diverticulitis.
Budesonide MMX Is Effective in Patients Having Persistent Symptoms and Raised Fecal Calprotectin Following Treatments for Diverticular Disease
Authors: Tursi Antonio , Cassieri Claudio , Colucci Raffaele , Elisei Walter , Picchio Marcello , Brandimarte Giovanni
Published: January 2020

Background and Aim: Although rifaximin and mesalazine seem to be effective in treating the majority of people suffering from diverticular disease (DD), some patients still experience symptoms following those treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of budesonide MMXTM in managing symptoms and raised fecal calprotectin (FC) in patients with endoscopic diagnosis of DD and not responding to standard treatments.

Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the patients enrolled in the DICA prospective study. All patients were at the first diagnosis of DD, scored according to DICA classification. We assessed abdominal pain, meteorism, constipation and diarrhea (scored from 0 to 10) and FC expression at baseline and after six months. Patients were treated with budesonide MMXTM for 4 weeks (9 mg/day for 2 weeks, followed by 9 mg every other day for further 2 weeks), followed by mesalazine 2.4 grams/day for further 5 months.

Results: We studied 24 patients (18 females and 6 males, median age 64, inter quartile range (IQR): 57.5- 73.5), previously treated with mesalazine and/or rifaximin (equally subdivided between DICA 2 and DICA 3). At 6-month follow-up, a significant reduction of all symptoms assessed was observed (abdominal pain and meteorism: p<0.001; constipation: p=0.007; diarrhea: p=0.009). Median (IQR) FC level was 244.5 (171.5- 322.0) μg/g at baseline and 51.0 (IQR: 35.5-61.5) μg/g (p< 0.001) after 6 months. No side effects were recorded.

Conclusions: Treatment with budesonide MMXTM seems to be effective in obtaining symptoms’ control and dropping of FC in patients with DD and not responding to standard treatments.
Education for a positive self-image in a contemporary school
Authors: SIMEL SANJA
Published: January 2020

In today’s world characterized by changed systems of values and materialism, peda-gogy should emphasize education for a positive self-image, especially in the contempo-rary school, whose educational goals are freedom, independence and individuality. This theoretical analysis provides a review of research on the importance and relationship of a positive self-image with other factors, such as social skills and academic achievement. Simultaneously, the methods and procedures by which teachers can foster a student’s posi-tive self-image are displayed. Although the degree of positive self-thinking is for the most part formed in interaction with other people, it is extremely important to raise students’ awareness about their own internal strengths as well as their possibility of choice. The edu-cation of a positive self-image can be considered a part of „positive pedagogy” or „positive education” which focuses on traditional skills and happiness, but also joy - fervor that ac-companies being (Fromm, 2004, p. 130)