bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF THE DIGITAL SIMULATION LANGUAGE PDEL IN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES1
Authors: Tarn Wing Cheung , Karplus Walter J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Digital simulation languages have become popular means for the simulation and analysis of systems on a digital computer. However, the use of these languages for the simulation of systems characterized by partial differential equations has been very limited. In hydrologic studies, mathematical models involving elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations are most common. This paper describes the application of the digital simulation language PDEL to analyze problems in hydrologic studies. PDEL is designed specifically to solve partial differential equations of the elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic types. The language provides convenient and easy‐to‐learn statements for the description of problem to the computer. A computer program is automatically generated to solve the problem and the numberical solution printed and plotted. Two important hydrologic problems are used for illustration. The first is the analysis of ground‐water table recession in large unconfined aquifers and the second is the growth of ground‐water mounds in response to uniform percolation.
THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN AN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Ferebee R. N. , Guthrie R. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Heterotrophic, mesophilic bacteria derived from, and maintained in, a freshwater environment were subjected to three classes of herbicides. Diuron, 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and paraquat, used as water soluble solutions, were added (0.7 and 1.4 mgA) to a laboratory culture of bacteria. Total numbers of the bacteria, representing several genera, were monitored for alteration of numbers and types. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were monitored and the culture medium was tested for residual herbicide. Alterations observed in populations were considered to result from herbicide additions. Each herbicide tested was found to affect bacterial populations differently. Reasons for observed differences are discussed. In this aquatic environment the herbicides remained qualitatively measurable for periods up to three weeks.
DATA REQUIREMENTS OF A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM1
Authors: Ward Robert C. , Freeman L. Russell
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Routine data collection currently consumes a large amount of the total resources devoted to water quality management. All too often data collection becomes an end in itself, with little thought given to the purpose of the data collection. The problem generally stems from a lack of proper routine surveillance system design and a failure on the part of the designers to initially identify the data needs of the management program. This study attempts, in a general way, to delineate the data needs of a water quality management program. This first required an identification of the activities involved in water quality management. The activities were then discussed in terms of the types of information needed to successfully complete their assigned tasks. Several detailed examples are given. The results of the discussion are summarized and several strategies are proposed to relate the results to surveillance system design.
TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF RECREATIONAL BOATING IN THE ADIRONDACK LAKES REGION1
Authors: Echelberger Herbert E. , Moeller George H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Results of a study to determine the relationship between physical characteristics of Adirondack lakes and variations in peak boat‐use intensity indicated that 69 percent of the variation in peak use can be accounted for by the number of public and commercial boat‐launching facilities per mile of lake shoreline. Other lake characteristics related to peak boat use were: the number of commercial overnight accommodations available, number of boat slips, lake size, and miles of lake shoreline. Lake characteristics not related to peak use were: accessibility, configuration, tent spaces available, surrounding landscape quality, volume of traffic and availability of other lakes. This information should provide recreation managers and planners with a better understanding of factors related to variation in peak boating‐use periods.
MEASURING IMPACTS OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTS ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Baker Janet K. , Dee Norbert , Finley James R.
Published: June 2007

The parameters and the measurement procedures described in this paper are seen as being part of the first stage in development of the human environment assessment process. Additional parameters need to be identified, and methods of measuring impacts reflected by the parameters must be developed and refined. Considerations of the human environment and those elements of the natural environment that are of importance to people must be included as an integral part of the environmental impact assessment process. Therefore, there is a need for continuing to identify parameters of the human environment and to develop methods of measuring impacts so that these considerations will become a well‐integrated part of the environmental impact assessment process.
AN INTERPRETATIVE ANALYSIS OF FAMILY AND INDIVIDUAL ECONOMIC COSTS DUE TO WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Donnermeyer Joseph F. , Korsching Peter F. , Burdge Rabel J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This article reports information on the economic costs not covered by resettlement procedures to forced migrants from a flood‐control reservoir. Data come from a sample of 200 families relocated due to construction of the Carr Fork Reservoir in the Coal Regions of Eastern Kentucky (Knott County). Responses indicated that economic costs were greater than the monetary settlement provided by the Corps of Engineers and that economic loss was not randomly distributed among the relocated persons. Analysis showed that persons who were more likely to be victims of greater economic costs due to relocation were landowners, older families with one or two members, persons with lower incomes and persons who were long time residents of the area. It is suggested that change angencies not only include property purchased by necessity in the cost‐benefit ratio, but also other costs that have a direct affect on the welfare of the target population. In addition, it is suggested that case workers visit migrants during and after the relocation process to assist in solving various adjustment problems.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLES1
Authors: Williams D. C. , Cartee Charles P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Development of community water systems in rural areas through the Farmers Home Administration, U. S. D. A., has been marked since the initiation of the program in the early 1%O's. System development in Mississippi has been very rapid and now numbers the largest among the states excepting Texas. Concurrent with this growth, however, has been a concern for operational quality and efficiency as well as questions of community impacts. The paper is purposed with describing the results of research conducted relative to these areas and methods currently being employed or considered for dealing with problematic items.
WATER AND THE ENERGY CRISIS1
Authors: Viessman Warren , Stork Karen E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water and energy are inextricably bound. Energy is consumed and sometimes produced by every form of water resources system. Opportunities for future development and production of energy resources abound as well as those for significant reductions in energy consumption through wise water development and management. Technological, political, social, economic and environmental factors interrelate in the energy‐water mix. The role of the water resources planner will have to be expanded to include assessment of water‐energy impacts in addition to traditional planning considerations. An energy conservation account may well have to be added to the dimensions of national economic development and environmental quality in water resources planning. Ways must be found to reduce amounts and rates of water used and energy consumed through new manufacturing processes, improved irrigation practices, better management, new or altered social‐political‐economic arrangements and other procedures. To do this will require setting priorities and making difficult management decisions. The water fraternity can play a major role in alleviating the energy crisis we now face.
SIMULATION – A TOOL FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Donigian Anthony , Waggy W. Henry
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Proper economic evaluation of alternative plans will maximize the utility achieved from the resources available for water resource management. A knowledge of the frequency of occurrence of the events under study is necessary to fully utilize the advantages of economic evaluation in planning. Frequency information is widely used in flood control and water supply, but relatively unknown in water quality planning. A continuous, dynamic hydrologic and water quality model is presented to develop frequency curves for various water quality criteria. Results from the Denver Regional Water Quality Management Study are discussed as an example of the use of frequency analysis for economic evaluation of water quality management.
INTERDISCIPLINARY MODELING IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE SALINITY PROBLEMS OF THE SAFFORD VALLEY1
Authors: Muller Anthony B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A groundwater quality change of +0.13 millimhos electrical conductivity was documented between 1940 and 1 972 in the Safford Valley. The change is attributable to four principal mechanisms: pumping‐encouraged saline artesian aquifer leakage, natural recharge of the water table aquifer by saline waters, leaching of agricultural waters into the aquifer and the lateral flow of groundwater through saline lacustrine beds. A hydrologic study of the area has shown the first of these mechanisms to be predominant. Salinity modeling has shown three regions of salinity change, and salinity increase projections for each are determined. An economic analysis and an economic model are then combined with the physical model, yielding information as to when certain economic conditions are reached with respect to the salinity increase. This combined model shows that, based on projected salinity trends, cotton, the principal agricultural crop of the valley, will remain economical to cultivate for a significant time beyond the model's limit of prediction. Alfalfa, on the other hand, should go out of production in large areas of the valley by 1990, and not be under economical cultivation by 2040. A sociologic model, based on the cluster analysis of questionnaire data, shows an awareness of the salinity problems of the area but little concern over them. Interdisciplinary model based salinity control regulations are made.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THE MULLICA RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Dueand James B. , Granstrom Marvin L. , Rudolph Natelie S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The potential withdrawal of water from the Mullica River‐Great Bay Estuary is southern New Jersey prompted a joint study by biologists and engineers to determine the maximum supply of water that could be diverted from the basin without causing undue environmental impacts. The effect of removal of water from the basin over long periods of time was simulated by review of records of a severe drought. Based on analysis of streamflows and salinities during these drought conditions, minimum mean monthly streamflows were determined corresponding to the maximum salinities tolerable by the fish and shellfish communities, important sources of revenue and recreation in the region. A physically optimized, chance constrained linear programming model was developed for the conjunctive use of ground and surface waters. Adjusting water withdrawal from streamflow and groundwater sources according to physical and seasonal criteria would permit maximum use of the basin's resources, with no additional burden on the ecology of the estuary.
FLOOD PROOFING DECISIONS WITH UNCERTAIN EVENTS1
Authors: Willis Cleve E. , Alkiku Petros
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The addition of flood proofing to other (structural and non‐structural) flood damage reduction measures broadens the choice among existing alternatives for decision makers and consequently enables the possibility of improved expected net benefits from an overall flood damage reduction scheme. Planners are interested in more than just expected values of net benefits, however. The inherent riskiness of various alternative plans must be considered as well. Therefore, a partial equilibrium framework is specified for purposes of estimating means and variances of a measure of net benefits from flood proofing. The model is applied to selected communities in the Connecticut River Basin and sample computer results are provided.
MATERIALS INPUT OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN: A SYNOPTIC APPRAISAL1
Authors: Potash Milton , Henson E. Bennette
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The complex morphometry of Lake Champlain requires that detailed, regional studies be made, and the results integrated, to yield total lake conditions. Using specific conductance measurements, and values of total dissolved solids calculated from them, we present an approach to assessing the materials budget of the lake. The sampling program involved inventorying all 319 tributaries, determining the watershed area for each, and dividing the Champlain basin into appropriate hydrographic regions. Data were obtained from samples collected from 41 selected streams (representing 97.5% of the annual water input), sampling occurring in all seasons of the year since 1970. Results indicate that over one million metric tonnes of total dissolved solids enter Lake Champlain annually, about two‐thirds (63%) from the eastern (Vermont) portion and almost one‐fourth (22%) from the western (New York) part of the drainage basin, the remainder (15%) entering from the south end. Of the total quantity added annually, 17.4% is retained in the lake, indicating that a solids build‐up is occurring, at a significant rate. We suggest that specific conductance, and therefore total dissolved solids, be utilized as a convenient indicator of water quality conditions, and results applied to permit more efficient watershed management.
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT‐PLANNING FOR ACTION1
Authors: Paulette R.G. , Klatt W.R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Proper planning of water resource management programs is the essential ingredient for effective decision‐making. Increasing demands on our finite water resources make it more vital that programs get off the shelf and are acted upon. There is a gap between our intentions for and OUI results from the planning process. We should examine our failures, identify causes, and learn from them. One of the primary causes is failure to identify the potentials of the implementing agencies early in the planning process. These agencies constitute a hierarchy of governmental units at national, state, regional and local levels. Each of these levels has its own interests, point of view, capabilities and constraints. A plan which is technically and functionally sound can fail as a program if these conflicting interests are not accounted for. The implementation mechanisms must be identified as an initial phase of the planning process. All levels of the governmental hierarchy must be involved throughout the planning process. The successful plan must also provide for suitable assignment of responsibilities which are accepted by the executing agency and monitored for satisfactory fulfillment. Consistency and continuity of the advocate agency are further essential elements to the success of the plan. Experience in water resource management planning has shown that these strategies will produce programs which are accepted, implemented and accomplish the goals and objectives of the planning process.
AN APPLICATION OF DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS TO PREDICT INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL FLOOD PLAIN LOCATION1
Authors: Meyer Carl F. , Corbeau Andre B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the techniques of factor and discriminant analyses to isolate and quantify the statistical differences between firms located on flood plains and those located off flood plains. The research effort described consists of three segments: data collection, isolation of potential classification variables, and the determination of the appropriate discriminant functions to classify a given fm as either on or off the flood plain. Significant classification functions are developed for both manufacturing and commercial establishments, whose arguments include dollar sales volume, total shipping cost, total employee cost, dollar valuations on the building and inventories, all on an annual basis, and the square footage of the site.
OPTIMAL WEIGHTING FUNCTION IN WATER QUALITY MODELING1
Authors: Lee E. Stanley , Misra P.K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In an earlier paper [1], the invariant imbedding concept was applied to the dynamic modeling of stream quality. In this approach, a set of weighting functions is introduced. The initial conditions for these weighting functions must be estimated. It has been found that these initial conditions influence the convergence rate tremendously. In many water quality control situations, the number of experimental data points are limited. In order to obtain the best estimates with limited experimental data, the best convergence rate should be used. In this work, the least squares criterion combined with various optimization techniques is ued to obtain the optimal initial conditions for the weighting functions. It is shown that the proposed schemes greatly improve the convergence rate.
WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BALANCED VERSUS UNBALANCED INVESTMENT STRATEGIES1
Authors: McCuen Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A number of recent investigations have attempted to determine whether or not a relationship exists between water resource investment and economic growth. Reasons for the disparity in the conclusions of these investigations are examined. The degree of balance in an investment strategy may be a primary cause of the disparity in the conclusions and in determining the extent to which investment in water resources induces economic growth. Providing definitions of balanced and unbalanced investment strategies that involve water development is complicated by the polarity associated with the terms and the wide spectrum of possible components in an investment strategy. Interpretations of the polar concepts of balance and imbalance are provided and form a basis for examining the potential role of water resource development in an investment strategy and the ability of water investment to induce economic growth.
SEISMIC REFRACTION ANALYSIS OF WATERSHED MANTLE RELATED TO SOIL, GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Yamamoto Teruo
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An extensive hammer seismic refraction survey was carried out in three contiguous watersheds (217, 89, and 190 acres) on a laccolith near Sturgis, South Dakota to test its utility in rugged mountain terrain. Isopachs (lines connecting points of equal mantle thickness), area‐elevation curves (hypsometry), and structure contours were used together with drill cores, petrography, hydrographs, and soil information to interpret the nature and role of porous mantle in the waterflow behavior of the watersheds. Refraction profiles produced only one geologically meaningful seismic contrast within the loccolith. Drill cores indicated a shallow stony profile on a sheeted horizon terminating on isotropic crystalline rock impervious except for tight joints. Means of refraction and core interpretations were not statistically different. Apparent seismic discontinuities deeper within the bedrock lacked geological identity. Storm hydrographs and water yields are better related to soil type differences and porous mantle distribution than to average porous mantle depth. On the other hand, slope of flow‐duration curves correlate with average porous mantle depth. Porous mantle isopachs also indicate that measured flow from each basin is total area flow. Thus, porous mantle isopachs and hypsometry, and soil type delineation are complimentary in our interpretation of watershed behavior.
OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF WATER QUALITY CONTROLS IN URBANIZING RIVER BASINS1
Authors: Walker Wynn R. , Skogerboe Caylord V. , Huntzinger Thoms L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Urbanizing river basins in the west are encountering serious water quality degradation resulting from the expanded water utilization. In order to avoid aggravating such conditions, water quality controls need to be implemented. The important questions are, therefore, where and how to impose such constraints on the urban and agricultural sectors to achieve the desired level of pollution control. An application of the model developed to address such questions is made in the Utah Lake drainage area of Central Utah as a test of the model's utility. The region is subdivided into five major sub‐basins containing both municipal and agricultural water demands. A submodel of each sub‐basin is developed which optimizes the water quality control strategies by linking the urban to the agricultural uses and then evaluating the levels of control for each sector. From these results, a cost‐effectiveness function for each sub‐basin is generated. By jointly considering the cost‐effectiveness relationship for each sub‐basin, an optimum policy for the entire basin is determined.
ARE WE READY FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT, AND REUSE ‐ TECHNOLOGY VS. PSYCHOLOGY?1
Authors: Huang Ju‐Chang , Smith Russell L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Up to date there are still not many instances that can be found on the practice of a totally closed system of water supply, treatment, and reuse. In the United States, this is partly because the Public Health Service has discouraged such a practice. However, are there sound scientific reasons to support such a decision or is it purely a matter of psychological reason? Are the treatment technologies available today able to achieve the integrated closed system at a reasonable cost, yet without risking the public health? Are there some extra precautions that must be taken in practicing the direct reuse for the drinking purpose? These questions are discussed in this article. Current available technologies for advanced waste treatment are briefly reviewed and the treated effluent qualities obtained by the authors and others are used as a focal point of discussion on the feasibility of practicing the closed system. For this purpose, the treated effluent qualities are compared to the “Ranges of Promulgated Standards for Raw Water Sources of Domestic Water Supply” which have been used by the Public Health Service and several state regulatory agencies.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF VOLLENWEIDER'S NUTRIENT BUDGET MODEL AND OTHER RELATED MODELS1
Authors: Dillon P.J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Early attempts at nutrient budget modeling considered only the case where there was no loss of the material by sedimentation, i.e. the substance was assumed to be conservative. Nonstratified and stratified conditions have both been investigated under these terms. An elegant model, taking into account loss of a substance by sedimentation as well as flushing was presented by Vollenweider in 1969. Although this model has several shortcomings, it is particularly valuable because it can have immediate practical value in terms of water management policy development. These basic shortcomings in the model are analyzed and suggestions are made to alter the model to take these factors into account.
RESERVOIR OPERATION THROUGH OBJECTIVE TRADE‐OFFS1
Authors: Croley Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water resource development has progressed to the stage where various human factors are now being considered in reservoir design and operation. The introduction of human factor objectives complicates the problem since they are noncommensurate with other objectives and they are difficult to identify quantitatively. Some of the problems that now arise concern the proper methods for consideration of several different, sometimes subjectively identified, objectives in reservoir planning. The classical systems analysis approach to decision making for multiple objective problems is outlined and the inherent difficulties associated with multiple objectives and subjective estimates are identified. Techniques being used in reservoir design and operation are reviewed and discussed. An alternate technique for considering noncommensurate, subjectively identified, objectives, which relates the objectives in terms of real trade‐off costs and eliminates the need for a priori estimates of objective worth is then presented. The method is illustrated with three examples, including a reservoir operation problem and a cooling tower design problem.
THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH: A SATISFACTORY MODEL OF WATERSHED RESPONSE?1
Authors: Heerdegen Richard G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Some 96 flood events larger than the mean annual flood from 16 watersheds in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were used to derive unit hydrographs by the least‐squares method. Analyses of the unit hydrographs were conducted to ascertain their response to watershed parameters, climatic and storm variables and locations within different hydrologic regions. Significant differences both within and among watersheds led to the formulation and testing of hypotheses stating that differences among watersheds are caused by physiographic differences while differences within watersheds result from climatic and storm differences. The analysis showed, that while many watersheds parameters strongly influence the shape of the unit hydrograph, only the storm variables duration and volume of precipitation excess produce significant differences. Seasonal differences were apparent but not proven statistically significant.
RIVER BASIN WATER PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS IN THE 60's1
Authors: Hoggan Daniel H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The 15 federal‐state interagency river basin studies (designated as Type 2 or Level B in the planning program of the Water Resources Council) of the 1960's brought together in each of the study regions, in many cases for the fist time, state and federal water resources agencies, and afforded an opportunity for coordination. Examination of the studies, however, reveals that many organizational problems remain to be solved in preparing truly comprehensive plans that effectively integrate and balance the diverse values held by study participants and concerned citizens. Burgeoning changes in state and federal laws, in planning concepts, and in public attitudes influenced the studies. Increased interest in the environment and greater emphasis on a multiple objective approach to planning for example, had significant effect. The type of organization used for carrying out these studies was a coordinating committee with one of the agencies ‐ in most cases, the Corps of Engineers, ‐ serving as lead agency. Some of the observed weaknesses of this arrangement were the lack of an effective mechanism for screening individual agency project proposals; unbalanced participation of agencies ‐ for example, construction vs. non‐construction, state vs. federal; agency representatives without sufficient delegated authority; insufficient control of the planning organization over individual agency participation and punctuality; and lack of emphasis on plan formulation and public participation. Suggested improvements, some of which are already being implemented in more recent studies include centralized planning staff and funding, formalized work agreements, a dynamic and continuous planning process with mechanisms for monitoring technological and social changes and evaluating planning effectiveness, planning guidelines and evaluative criteria, and a formalized training program for planners.
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND WATER RATES: A REPLY1
Authors: Mann Patrick
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Mercer and Morgan provide several valid criticisms of a previous analysis on political influence and water rates. More sophisticated statistical analyses may be justified given the high degree of interdependence among regulated firm variables. Theoretically, there are numerous measures of political activity superior to the one employed in the original analysis; however, data unavailability precludes their use. A better (and yet practical) measure of consumer leverage may be relative dominance by a specific political party. Until relatively easy access is obtained to municipal election data, the possible political variables that can be employed in more elegant analyses are few in number, and each has theoretical limitations.
PERCEPTION OF WATER QUALITY BY SELECT RESPONDENT GROUPINGS IN INLAND WATER‐BASED RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS1
Authors: Kooyoomjian K. Jack , Clesceri Nicholas L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines four lake environments which are paired by lake size and by trophic state, where trophic state is employed as an identifier of water quality. Two large lakes and two intermediate‐sized lakes, with each pair having one oligotrophic lake and one eutrophic lake are selected for cross‐sectional survey‐oriented questionnaire research. This paper focuses upon one aspect of the research, namely, the perception of water quality by three user groups. The user groups examined are recreationists, cottage and homeowners, and fishermen. The groups are compared utilizing percentage response profiles and cluster level groupings. It appears from a preliminary analysis of the data that the lakes selected are viable trophic state endpoints for questionnaire analysis of respondents. Each user group surveyed does appear sensitive to select water quality parameters; where shifts in sensitivity appear within and between user groups with changes in ecological settings, as well as with factors independent of ecological settings.
A SURROGATE‐PARAMETER APPROACH TO MODELING GROUNDWATER BASINS1
Authors: Labadie John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A surrrogate‐prarmeter approach to modeling groundwater basins is presented, which has the following advantages over current simulation‐type methods: (i) conducivness to modeling nonhomogeneous and nonisotropic basins; (ii) there is no need to guess boundary conditions if accurate information is not available; (iii) the model is amenable to systematic calibration or identification through the use of optimization techniques; and (iv) compatibility with systematic algorithms for analyzing a wide range of management strategies. Since the parameter identification problem is large‐scale and nonconvex, it is decomposed through application of generalized duality theory, into several subproblems of smaller size which are solved independently a number of times in order to achieve an overall solution. Results are presented for a hypothetical system of four interacting wells.
LAND SUBSIDENCE: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1
Authors: McCauley Charles , Gum Russell
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft has been assumed to be one of Arizona's major water related problems. This paper investigates the premise from an economic point of view and concludes that in the case of Arizona the physical fact of land subsidence has little or no economic significance.
ANALYSIS OF LAS, ABS AND COMMERCIAL DETERGENTS BY TWO‐PHASE TITRATION1
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Yung John Y. , Ross Robert G. , Wang Mu Hao
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐phase titration method was developed and evaluated to determine the concentration of linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS), branched‐chain alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), dishwashing detergents, and laundry detergents in water. This method is capable of quantitatively determining anionic surfactants in either fresh water or saline water and it is therefore superior to the widely used Methylene Blue Method. To simplify the titration method for adoptation to remote field utilization, a field test kit was developed. This test kit includes only a separatory funnel, a titration burette, a set of liquid measuring apparatus, and some chemicals. Emphasis was placed on compactness of the kit and simplicity in the test manipulation, so that its operation can be performed by relatively unskilled wastewater monitoring personnel.
REGIONAL SEWERING AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE SOUTHERN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY1
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sewage effluent is commonly disposed of on land in arid regions, and the majority usually recharges the groundwater. Few evaluations have been made of the effect of effluent disposal on groundwater quality in the west. Groundwater hydrologists are rarely involved with treatment plant design and operation or effluent disposal in the San Joaquin Valley, California. The author's purpose is to evaluate the effect of regional sewering programs on groundwater quality in this valley. Research was conducted on past studies of sewage effluent disposal. An extensive water sampling program was undertaken near the Fresno Sewage Treatment Plant. Chloride contents were used to trace recharged effluent. The extent of recharged effluent was delineated and traced for about ten miles. Sampling between the plant and the urban Fresno area indicated a high probability of large‐scale leakage of raw sewage into the groundwater.
A “RATIONAL” POLICY FOR THE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRISES1
Authors: Gysi Marshall
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The present energy and environmental crises are due to increasing per capita demands as well as increasing populations. The role that traditional pricing policies have played in promoting these demands is discussed. The reduction or stabilizing of per capita demands is advocated through the use of Conservational Pricing mechanisms which charge higher average prices for high consumption. An example of the effect of Conservational Pricing in the water supply industry is given.
PROCEDURE FOR SELECTING A MINIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ROUTING FOR A WATER CONVEYANCE CANAL1
Authors: Wells Dan M. , Mertes James D. , Allen B. L. , Click Arthur N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Several techniques for selecting a least environmental impact corridor have been proposed. Two approaches have been found workable; the computer graphics and the map overlay. This report combines features of both to determine an appropriate routing for a water conveyance canal. The study was conducted by an interdisciplinary planning team. Environmental factors were mapped and weighted on overlay maps. Alternative routes were identified and carefully studied. Several critical environmental implications were noted. Aesthetic factors, out door recreation interpretation, visitor safety and disruption of human and animal travel routes were considered and dealt with.
AN IMPLICIT APPROACH TO PRICING AGRICULTURAL WATER TRANSFERS TO URBAN USES1
Authors: Walker Wynn R. , Skogerboe Gaylord V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The increased agricultural efficiency of the American farmer has been a substantial impetus to this nation's rapid urbanization. In many western regions where total water supplies are limited, urbanization has required the transfer of heretofore agricultural water rights to the urban use. A major problem in such transfers has been the value or price of the water. A management level model of a typical urban water system was developed to optimize water supply, distribution, and wastewater treatment alternatives. The values of agricultural transfers were determined as the cost advantages of increasing allowable reuse levels of urban effluents which imply the use of a downstream right. This procedure is justified by the economic theory of alternative cost. Results for a test application to the Denver, Colorado area indicate values on the order of $1,000 per acre‐foot of transferable water depending on effluent water quality restrictions and operational policies.
ESTIMATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF KINEMATIC WAVE PARAMETERS1
Authors: Singh Vijay P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study presents analytic and graphical techniques for estimation and optimization of kinematic wave parameters. Because the techniques are derived from the kinematic wave theory, the optimized parameter values will have minimum bias in them.
COMPARISON OF THERMAL SCANNING AND IN SITU TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING THERMAL DISCHARGES1
Authors: Marmer Gary J. , Tokar John V. , Madding Robert P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In situ and remote sensing techniques for measuring thermal plumes are compared for data taken at the Point Beach Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan for five separate occasions. The in situ method employed a boat whose position was determined with a microwave ranging system. Temperatures at the surface and at various depths were measured with fast response thermistor probes. The remote sensing technique utilized an infrared scanner in the 8 to 14 micron range. Comparison of the plumes indicates good agreement with respect to plume configurations, areas within isotherms and centerline temperature decays for all except one occasion, a calm day characterized by no waves, low wind and ambient current velocities. Robable reasons for disagreement under such ambient conditions are discussed. The inherent advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in light of the results of the five sets of data. This includes both the data collecting and data analyzing procedures. It is concluded that judicious combination of both methods offers a better picture of thermal plumes than can be obtained by either technique alone.
EFFICIENCY PROBLEMS FROM USER FEES IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT1
Authors: Marshall Harold E. , Ruegg Rosalie T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Environmental Protection Agency administers a construction grant program to encourage abatement of wastewater pollution by sharing with municipalities the costs of wastewater treatment facilities. The enabling legislation (P.L. 92–500) specifies that EPA's cost share will be 75% of construction costs. It further requires municipalities to collect user fees from industrial users of the facilities to repay that part of the federal grant allocable to the treatment of industrial wastewater. The municipality must return half of the user fees collected to the U.S. Treasury; the municipality is allowed to retain the remaining half. Retention by municipalities of these user fees lowers their effective cost shares and results in the following consequences: (1) a bias for municipalities to select certain kinds of abatement techniques regardless of whether or not they are the least‐cost techniques from the national perspective; (2) a bias for municipalities to select larger‐than‐optimal scales of abatement facilities; (3) a hidden federal subsidy to industry; and (4) grants that favor industrial communities. This article examines the legislative and regulatory requirements for user charges, derives the algebraic expressions for calculating the real federal, municipal, and industrial cost shares with user fees; computes municipal cost shares for selected values of the determinant factors; evaluates efficiency and other consequences of current user fee arrangements; and concludes that the efficiency distortions brought about by the impacts of user fees on cost sharing could be eliminated by requiring that all user fees collected from industry against the federal cost share be returned to the U.S. Treasury.
MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRADE‐OFFS AND PUBLIC POLICY: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Pendse Dilip , Wyckoff J. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The search for an adequate methodology to quantify environmental trade‐offs led to a simulation technique, the Priority Evaluator Technique (PET). The PET was applied to determine values and trade‐off preferences for environmental variables related to a proposed reservoir project. The PET simulates real world situations and allows the respondents to evaluate their preferences within a fixed cost framework. It systematically checks the respondents's perception of the existing conditions and compares the changes sought. From the responses obtained via interviewing, one can establish the extent to which respondents are satisfied with the prevailing conditions, the magnitude and direction of changes sought, the quality trade‐offs, and the relative value of different situations. The PET is flexible and can accommodate alternative planning decisions, prices, incomes, and end factors. The promise shown by this application of the PET should encourage further exploration and evaluation.
FLOOD MANAGEMENT: WHO BENEFITS AND WHO PAYS1
Authors: Foster John H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The distribution of costs and benefits among groups in society of alternative flood management actions is examined in terms of their final incidence or resting place‐their influence on real estate values. The alternatives examined include structures, disaster relief, floodproofing, watershed land treatment, floodplain zoning, and flood insurance. The impact of each alternative on the amount of flood disability cost paid by the landowner is examined and variations among alternatives are used to explain the past political success of structures and relief as compared to zoning, floodproofing, and insurance.
SOCIAL WELL‐BEING AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Brown Leonard R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: For many years, Federal water resources projects have been subjected to benefit‐cost analysis to establish their economic feasibility. Several years ago social well‐being was added as a consideration. This paper discusses the state‐of‐the‐art in analyzing and evaluating aspects of social well‐being. It stresses current short‐falls and advocates a direction for further efforts.
THE USE OF MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS IN PREDICTING SEDIMENT YIELD1
Authors: Weber Jean E. , Fogel Martin M. , Duckstein Lucien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Four commonly used models for predicting sediment yield are analyzed and compared using previously published data. Three of these models involve logarithmic transformations. Some of the problems involved in transforming data are discussed in the context of logarithmic transformations. These problems are illustrated using the results of standard regression analyses and economic loss function analyses. For the data analyzed, the linear model is preferable to each of the logarithmic models on the basis of each analysis, and the usual multiple objective nature of the model choice problem is thus modified. The extent to which these results can be generalized is discussed in the context of model choice.
A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF CONTAMINANT MOVEMENT IN GROUNDWATER1
Authors: Cabrera Guillermo , Marino Miguel A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Transient, two‐dimensional solutions are developed which describe the movement and distribution of a conservative substance in a stream‐aquifer system. The solutions are obtained by solving sequentially the groundwater flow and mass transport equations. A variational approach in conjunction with the finite element method is used to solve the groundwater flow equation. Galerkin's approach coupled with the finite element method is used to solve the mass transport equation. Linear approximated triangular elements and a centered scheme of numerical integration are employed to calculate the hydraulic head distribution and the concentration of solute in the flow region. The linear approximation used to define the concentration function within each element is not appropriate for cases involving steep concentration gradients. For such cases, higher order approximations are necessary to assure the continuity of gradients across interelemental boundaries. Numerical examples that illustrate the applicability of the model are presented.
ACCELERATED SALT TRANSPORT METHOD FOR MANAGING GROUND WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Helweg Otto J. , Labadie John W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper briefly reviews the problem of ground water degradation from irrigation and present approaches to controlling ground water quality. As an alternative to these approaches, a management scheme called the Accelerated Salt TRANsport (ASTRAN) method is proposed as being a feasible solution to the problem of salt build‐up in irrigated areas. A management algorithm for implementing the ASTRAN method is described. Results from modeling studies indicate that the ASTRAN method is cost‐effective and encourages conjunctive use of ground water and surface water.
FACTORS AFFECTING SPRING RUNOFF ON TWO FORESTED WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Baker Malchus B. , Mace Arnett C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Spring runoff from two forested watersheds in northern Minnesota is a function of annual snowfall, soil water recharge, and water supply rates. A drainage basin with a clay soil and a hardwood overstory had greater snowmelt and water supply rates than another drainage basin with a sandy soil and conifer overstory. The average soil water recharge rate for the clay soil was 28 percent less than for the sandy soil. The lower recharge rate of the clay soil resulted in spring runoff which averaged 40 percent of water supplied during the three year study while an average of two percent was produced on the sandy soil. Soil frost which affected soil water recharge varied between soil types and was influenced by amount of soil water storage and snow cover.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LAND USE AND URBAN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Delleur J. W. , Miller W. L. , Potter H. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The patterns of land use and their relationship to urban water resources are examined from the point of view of population growth, consumer behavior, and preferences of price, income, and land use controls. The changes that need to be made in present social attitudes or water resources laws to satisfy the desired new developments are examined. Several implementation methods that are feasible and effective for changing urban development patterns are considered as well as models for assessing alternate development plans. The needs for research are outlined.
AN EVALUATION OF PRECIPITATION GAGE DENSITY IN A MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN1
Authors: Chang Mingteh
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Inter‐station analysis was employed to evaluate the adequacy of the precipitation network in topographically complex West Virginia. A 25‐year period was determined as the minimum lingth of record needed for relatively stable and fairly accurate estimates of long‐term (50‐year) precipitation and in frequency analysis. Data from the 83 National Weather Service stations with 25‐year records were adjusted for consistency and evaluated separately by zones east (31 stations) and west (52 stations) of the Appalachian divide. Correlation coefficients (r) and average standard errors of estimate were computed for all station pairs within 50 miles distance and 1000 feet elevation difference of each other. The third polynomial equation of inter‐station distance eliminated using elevation and land slope as the criteria in network design in this mountainous terrain. A network with (r) = 0.9 estimates annual precipitation with accuracy as great as 5 percent, but requires about 250 additional gages (i.e., about 200 percent of the present density).
INCOME AND PRICE ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND FOR WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Katzman Martin T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The income and proce elasticity of demand for domestic water is estimated for Penang Island, Malaysia. A cross‐sectional analysis of a random sample of 1400 households indicated an income‐elasticity of zero for low‐income families (per capita income less than US$300) and an elasticity of 0.2‐0.4 for higher‐income families. A time‐series analysis of a subsample of individuals of varying income levels suggests a short‐run price elasticity of ‐0.1 to ‐0.2. The implications of these results for demand forecasting are discussed.