bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing electrical conductivity and electron field emission properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films by copper ion implantation and annealing
Authors: Sankaran K. J. , Panda K. , Sundaravel B. , Tai N. H. , Lin I. N.
Published: February 2014

Copper ion implantation and subsequent annealing at 600 °C achieved high electrical conductivity of 95.0 (Ωcm)−1 for ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films with carrier concentration of 2.8 × 1018 cm−2 and mobility of 6.8 × 102 cm2/V s. Transmission electron microscopy examinations reveal that the implanted Cu ions first formed Cu nanoclusters in UNCD films, which induced the formation of nanographitic grain boundary phases during annealing process. From current imaging tunneling spectroscopy and local current-voltage curves of scanning tunneling spectroscopic measurements, it is observed that the electrons are dominantly emitted from the grain boundaries. Consequently, the nanographitic phases presence in the grain boundaries formed conduction channels for efficient electron transport, ensuing in excellent electron field emission (EFE) properties for copper ion implanted/annealed UNCD films with low turn-on field of 4.80 V/μm and high EFE current density of 3.60 mA/cm2 at an applied field of 8.0 V/μm.
‘Our’ Community: Corporate Social Responsibility, Neoliberalisation, and Mining Industry Community Engagement in Rural Australia
Authors: Mayes Robyn , McDonald Paula , Pini Barbara
Published: February 2014

This paper addresses contemporary neoliberal mobilisations of community undertaken by private corporations. It does so by examining the ways in which the mining industry, empowered through the legitimising framework of corporate social responsibility, is increasingly and profoundly involved in shaping the meaning, practice, and experience of ‘local community’. We draw on a substantial Australian case study, consisting of interviews and document analysis, as a means to examine ‘community-engagement’ practices undertaken by BHP Billiton's Ravensthorpe Nickel Operation in the Shire of Ravensthorpe in rural Australia. This engagement, we argue, as a process of deepening neoliberalisation simultaneously defines and transforms local community according to the logic of global capital. As such, this study has implications for critical understandings of the intersections among corporate social responsibility, neoliberalisation, community, and capital.
Allometry in the Syntax of Street Networks: Evolution of Adriatic and Ionian Coastal Cities 1800–2010
Authors: Shpuza Ermal
Published: February 2014

Urban growth is discussed according to the impact of size on metric and topological space syntax measures that describe street networks. The quantitative analysis of three historical stages of cities on the Adriatic and Ionian coastline is supported by a unique database of historical maps and axial map representations. The empirical evidence demonstrates strong and significant allometric relationships of total length of lines to the area of urbanized territory, and total length, total connectivity, overall depth, total choice (betweenness), and total depth entropy to axial map size. In this paper allometric equations are derived for the measures and it is shown that comparative analysis based on means of measures traditionally used in space syntax does not comply with the observed ontogenetic relationships. The allometric trends of length to area and of connectivity to network size are shown to have sublinear scaling exponents, whereas allometric relationships of length, depth, choice, and entropy to network size are expressed with superlinear exponents. The comparison among three historical stages shows that allometry of depth to axial map size maintains statistical equivalence at the ontogenetic scale that transcends various types of street patterns, growth models, and physiographic conditions. In contrast, allometric relationships of depth, choice, and entropy to size reveal distinct universality classes between cities on the Italian and Balkan coasts, and between cities with and without gridiron street patterns.
A New Urban Dispositif? Governing Life in an Age of Climate Change
Authors: Braun Bruce P
Published: February 2014

In an interview in 1977 Michel Foucault proposed the term dispositif for a heterogeneous set of discourses, practices, architectural forms, regulations, laws, and knowledges connected together into an apparatus of government. Drawing upon later articulations of the concept by Gilles Deleuze and Giorgio Agamben, and exploring a range of innovations in the ‘management’ of urban life, this paper reworks Foucault's concept as a means for understanding—and potentially contesting—new modes of government that have emerged in response to the crisis of climate change. Against understandings of ‘government’ in terms of a totalizing plan from which new practices and technologies usher forth, this paper emphasizes the ad hoc, and ex post facto nature of ‘government’ as a set of diverse and loosely connected efforts to introduce ‘economy’ into existing relations in response to a perceived ‘crisis’. The paper concludes by exploring Agamben's notion of ‘profanation’ as an adequate political response to the dispositif of resilient urbanism.
Monitoring liveweight in sheep is a valuable management strategy: a review of available technologies
Authors: Brown D. J. , Savage D. B. , Hinch G. N. , Hatcher S.
Published: February 2014

Liveweight is a widely accepted proxy for the energy status of sheep at a particular point in time. Fleece- and conceptus-free ewe liveweight and liveweight change influence the productivity of the ewe and optimisation may increase whole-farm profitability. Despite this, it is uncommon for producers to monitor ewe liveweight regularly and objectively. The current review discusses why ewe liveweight is important, identifies and assesses available technologies for monitoring sheep liveweight, and highlights future research priorities. The common theme in the literature is that while there are options that could possibly be used to monitor the liveweight of sheep in extensive grazing systems, few of them offer realistic solutions, especially in regard to timeliness of data collection. Thermal and stereo imaging, body measurements and plasma hormonal assays are unlikely to be commercially viable, while visual assessment, although widely practised, offers a surprisingly poor indication of sheep liveweight. Alternatively, assessment of body condition (condition scoring) or fat (fat scoring) offers viable methods of assessing sheep energy status; however, like conventional static weighing, they are performed infrequently and therefore contribute little to the day-to-day tactical management of sheep flocks. Walk-over weighing systems offer a feasible alternative for regular monitoring of sheep liveweight. Such systems are fully automated, and may be operated remotely. Currently, there are challenges associated with monitoring the liveweight of individual animals using such systems and hence there is little commercial opportunity for individual animal management. Mob-based walk-over weighing, which generates flock average liveweight estimates, offers greater potential in the short term, although the technology would benefit from further research and development, primarily to increase the frequency and repeatability of liveweight capture.
Ewe lamb diet selection on plantain (Plantago lanceolata) and on a herb and legume mix, including plantain, chicory (Cichorium intybus), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: Cave L. M. , Kenyon P. R. , Morris S. T. , Lopez-Villalobos N. , Kemp P. D.
Published: February 2014

The objective of Experiment 1 was to examine the diet selection and grazing preference of ewe lambs for plantain (Plantago lanceolata), chicory (Cichorium intybus), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens). This was examined in a herb and legume sward mix containing plantain, chicory, red clover and white clover between seasons under both hard- and lax-grazing. During early spring, the sward predominately comprised plantain (63%) and chicory (21%) and ewe lambs grazed a greater proportion (P < 0.05) of these species and displayed greater (P < 0.05) grazing preference for plantain and chicory ahead of red and white clover. From late spring onward, ewe lambs had a greater (P < 0.05) defoliation rate and a greater (P < 0.05) grazing preference for red clover than for all other species. This greater selection of red clover was particularly evident in summer and autumn when red clover made a greater (P < 0.05) contribution to the sward composition (8–9%) and the overall sward nutritive value dropped. This supports previous evidence, suggesting that diet selection is intrinsically affected by availability, access and palatability. The objective of Experiment 2 was to determine whether ewe lamb grazing behaviour during late summer was affected by time since a pure plantain sward was previously grazed. Ewe lambs were observed while grazing plantain of varying weeks since previous grazing (3, 6,10 or 16 weeks). Experiment 2 found no difference (P > 0.05) in the average number of ewe lambs grazing each sward of varying weeks since previous grazing. However, ewe lambs grazed the 3-week-old plantain growth to a lower (P < 0.05) post-grazing sward height than the height of the swards of greater number of weeks since previous grazing. Organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy content did not differ (P > 0.05) among all swards, regardless of weeks since previous grazing. This suggests that the palatability of plantain is not affected by the time since it was last grazed.
Corrigendum to: Metabolomic characterisation of the functional division of nitrogen metabolism in variegated leaves
Authors: Tcherkez Guillaume , Guérard Florence , Gilard Françoise , Lamothe Marlène , Mauve Caroline , Gout Elisabeth , Bligny Richard
Published: February 2014

Many horticultural and natural plant species have variegated leaves, that is, patchy leaves with green and non-green or white areas. Specific studies on the metabolism of variegated leaves are scarce and although white (non-green) areas have been assumed to play the role of a ‘nitrogen store', there is no specific studies showing the analysis of nitrogenous metabolites and the dynamics of nitrogen assimilation. Here, we examined the metabolism of variegated leaves of Pelargonium × hortorum. We show that white areas have a larger N : C ratio, more amino acids, with a clear accumulation of arginine. Metabolomic analyses revealed clear differences in the chemical composition, suggesting contrasted metabolic commitments such as an enhancement of alkaloid biosynthesis in white areas. Using isotopic labelling followed by nuclear magnetic resonance or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, we further showed that in addition to glutamine, tyrosine and tryptophan, N metabolism forms ornithine in green area and huge amounts of arginine in white areas. Fine isotopic measurements with isotope ratio mass spectrometry indicated that white and green areas exchange nitrogenous molecules but nitrogen export from green areas is quantitatively much more important. The biological significance of the metabolic exchange between leaf areas is briefly discussed.
Minor class splicing shapes the zebrafish transcriptome during development
Authors: Markmiller Sebastian , Cloonan Nicole , Lardelli Rea M. , Doggett Karen , Keightley Maria-Cristina , Boglev Yeliz , Trotter Andrew J. , Ng Annie Y. , Wilkins Simon J. , Verkade Heather , Ober Elke A. , Field Holly A. , Grimmond Sean M. , Lieschke Graham J. , Stainier Didier Y. R. , Heath Joan K.
Published: February 2014

Significance

The accurate removal of introns by pre-mRNA splicing is a critical step in proper gene expression. Most eukaryotic genomes, from plant to human, contain a tiny subset of “minor class” introns with unique sequence elements that require their own splicing machinery. The significance of this second splicing pathway has intrigued RNA biologists for two decades, but its biological relevance was recently underscored when defects in the process were firmly linked to human disease. Here, we use a novel zebrafish mutant with defective minor class splicing to investigate how this pathway shapes the transcriptome during vertebrate development. We link its pleiotropic phenotype to widespread changes in gene expression that disrupt essential cellular pathways, including mRNA processing.
Pheromone evolution and sexual behavior inDrosophilaare shaped by male sensory exploitation of other males
Authors: Ng Soon Hwee , Shankar Shruti , Shikichi Yasumasa , Akasaka Kazuaki , Mori Kenji , Yew Joanne Y.
Published: February 2014

Significance

How sexual features and preferences originate and evolve is one of the most important and contentious problems in evolutionary biology. In some species, females choose male traits that indicate genetic quality or confer benefits. Thus, male traits and female preferences are assumed to originate at the same time and to coevolve. In contrast, sensory exploitation occurs when males take advantage of females’ preexisting sensory biases. We show inDrosophilasensory exploitation of males by other males through the use of a pheromone to gain sexual advantage. Notably, sensory exploitation leads to male sensory adaptation. These findings provide a mechanism for the evolutionary origins of a pheromone and are a previously unidentified example of sensory exploitation between males.
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 is critical for invariant natural killer T-cell development and effector function
Authors: Shin Jinwook , Wang Shang , Deng Wenhai , Wu Jinhong , Gao Jimin , Zhong Xiao-Ping
Published: February 2014

Significance

The mechanistic or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates various environmental signals/cues to regulate cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. The promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger transcription factor (PLZF) is known to be critical not only for invariant natural killer T (
i
NKT)-cell development and effector program differentiation of lymphocytes, but also for many other developmental programs. Our study demonstrates that mTOR is a crucial regulator of PLZF via control of PLZF localization to special nuclear compartments, which is essential for
i
NKT-cell lineage development and effector function.
Control of a
Salmonella
virulence operon by proline-charged tRNA
Pro
Authors: Lee Eun-Jin , Choi Jeongjoon , Groisman Eduardo A.
Published: February 2014

Significance

Pathogens must express their virulence genes in the correct locales to cause disease. This task requires a pathogen’s ability to sense host signals and to transduce this information to its expression machinery. Here we establish that the facultative intracellular pathogen
Salmonella enterica
responds to a decrease in the levels of proline-charged tRNA
Pro
by promoting expression of the
mgtCBR
virulence operon. We determine that hyperosmotic stress and proline limitation reduce proline-charged tRNA
Pro
levels and show that the compartment harboring
Salmonella
is limited in proline and that
Salmonella
experiences high osmolarity inside macrophages. Our findings indicate that
Salmonella
detects host cues by the changes they produce on bacterial constituents.
High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction
Authors: Burgess Seth D. , Bowring Samuel , Shen Shu-zhong
Published: February 2014

Significance

Mass extinctions are major drivers of macroevolutionary change and mark fundamental transitions in the history of life, yet the feedbacks between environmental perturbation and biological response, which occur on submillennial timescales, are poorly understood. We present a high-precision age model for the end-Permian mass extinction, which was the most severe loss of marine and terrestrial biota in the last 542 My, that allows exploration of the sequence of events at millennial to decamillenial timescales 252 Mya. This record is critical for a better understanding of the punctuated nature and duration of the extinction, the reorganization of the carbon cycle, and a refined evaluation of potential trigger and kill mechanisms.
Structural insights into the effects of 2′-5′ linkages on the RNA duplex
Authors: Sheng Jia , Li Li , Engelhart Aaron E. , Gan Jianhua , Wang Jiawei , Szostak Jack W.
Published: February 2014

Significance

The nonenzymatic replication of RNA is thought to have been a critical step in the emergence of simple cellular life from prebiotic chemistry. However, the chemical copying of RNA templates generates product strands that contain 2′-5′ backbone linkages and normal 3′-5′ linkages. Our recent finding that RNAs with such mixed backbones can still fold into functional structures raised the question of how RNA accommodates the presence of 2′-5′ linkages. Here we use X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations to reveal how 3′-5′–linked RNA duplexes accommodate interspersed 2′-5′ linkages. The diminished thermal and chemical stability of such RNA duplexes reflects local structural changes, but compensatory changes result in a global RNA duplex structure with relatively minor alterations.
Parallel pathways convey olfactory information with opposite polarities in
Drosophila
Authors: Wang Kaiyu , Gong Jiaxin , Wang Qingxiu , Li Hao , Cheng Qi , Liu Yafeng , Zeng Shaoqun , Wang Zuoren
Published: February 2014

Significance

Olfactory information is relayed from the antennal lobes (ALs) to higher regions via parallel pathways formed by different projection neurons (PNs) in insects. Here we have systematically investigated the functional connectivity, odor responses, and behavioral significance of GABAergic mediolateral PNs that link AL with the lateral horn in
Drosophila
. Our findings demonstrated that the two pathways formed by GABAergic PNs and cholinergic PNs, respectively, shared the same primary input, interacted with each other via cholinergic and electrical synapses, and carried olfactory information coordinately in opposite polarities. This organization could be important for olfactory processing and proper behavior.
Resveratrol and aspirin eliminate tetraploid cells for anticancer chemoprevention
Authors: Lissa Delphine , Senovilla Laura , Rello-Varona Santiago , Vitale Ilio , Michaud Mickaël , Pietrocola Federico , Boilève Alice , Obrist Florine , Bordenave Chloé , Garcia Pauline , Michels Judith , Jemaà Mohamed , Kepp Oliver , Castedo Maria , Kroemer Guido
Published: February 2014

Significance

One hypothetical pathway leading to oncogenic transformation involves a transient phase of tetraploidization, followed by asymmetric cell divisions, aneuploidy, and genomic instability. By means of a pharmacological screen, we identified resveratrol and salicylate as compounds that kill tetraploid cells more efficiently than their parental diploid counterparts. Resveratrol and salicylate reduced the frequency of tetraploid cells arising from primary epithelial cell cultures exposed to mitotic inhibitors. In a mouse model of intestinal oncogenesis resembling familial adenomatous polyposis both resveratrol and aspirin, the salicylate prodrug, reduced the frequency of tetraploid cells accumulating in the gut, correlating with their chemopreventive action. These findings underscore the relationship between tetraploidy and oncogenesis as they unveil the mechanisms through which aspirin can prevent the development of cancer.
Androgens regulate ovarian follicular development by increasing follicle stimulating hormone receptor and
microRNA-125b
expression
Authors: Sen Aritro , Prizant Hen , Light Allison , Biswas Anindita , Hayes Emily , Lee Ho-Joon , Barad David , Gleicher Norbert , Hammes Stephen R.
Published: February 2014

Significance

Androgens are primarily considered detrimental to women’s health. However, androgen-receptor KO mouse models have been used to establish that androgens are actually necessary for normal ovarian function and female fertility. Despite these observations, how androgens regulate female fertility is not known. Here we show that androgens promote follicular development via two mechanisms: (
i
) prevention of follicular atresia by inducing the expression of an antiapoptotic microRNA (miR),
miR-125b
; and (
ii
) promotion of follicle growth by increasing follicle-stimulating hormone receptor levels in a transcription-independent fashion. These data considerably change our understanding of androgen effects in female reproduction, and help explain the ovarian physiology seen in patients with too little or too much androgen.
A repulsion mechanism explains magnesium permeation and selectivity in CorA
Authors: Dalmas Olivier , Sandtner Walter , Medovoy David , Frezza Ludivine , Bezanilla Francisco , Perozo Eduardo
Published: February 2014

Significance

CorA is one of the major Mg
2+
uptake systems in prokaryote, yet the mechanism of selectivity permeation is unknown. In CorA, Mg
2+
plays a dual role of charge carrier and gating factor. Here, we use electrophysiological recordings on a CorA gating mutant to establish that Mg
2+
selectivity arises from high-affinity divalent binding at the Gly-Met-Asn (GMN) signature motif at the extracellular loop of the channel. A repulsion mechanism through a second incoming Mg
2+
accelerates the rate of permeation while precluding monovalent ion flux. This work establishes CorA as a multiion channel and improves our understanding of the physical properties underlying Mg
2+
selectivity in this class of ion channels.
A 3,500-year tree-ring record of annual precipitation on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Bao , Qin Chun , Wang Jianglin , He Minhui , Melvin Thomas M. , Osborn Timothy J. , Briffa Keith R.
Published: February 2014

Significance

This paper describes the production and climatic interpretation of a tree-ring width chronology that is currently the longest, absolutely dated series produced for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and one of the longest in the world. The method of chronology construction enables comparison of variations in precipitation totals over long timescales as well as shorter periods. Precipitation in this region during the last 50 years has been historically high—likely higher than for any equivalent length period in at least 3,500 years, even when considering the chronology and interpretational uncertainty. Notable dry periods occurred in the 4th century BCE and in the second half of the 15th century CE.
Microwave conductance in random waveguides in the cross-over to Anderson localization and single-parameter scaling
Authors: Shi Zhou , Wang Jing , Genack Azriel Z.
Published: February 2014

Significance

A full account of electrical conductance in disordered solids requires the probability distributions of the conductance in many equivalent samples for different sample lengths in the cross-over from freely diffusing to strongly localized waves. But the probability distribution of conductance for localized waves has not been measured. Here we show that predictions of single-parameter scaling theory of localization in 1D hold in multichannel samples. We find a Gaussian distribution for the logarithm of the transmittance of microwave radiation for deeply localized waves. On the way to localization, we find an anomalous asymmetrical distribution of transmittance and explain this using a charge model that captures the repulsion between values of transmission in channels.
G-quadruplex formation in telomeres enhances POT1/TPP1 protection against RPA binding
Authors: Ray Sujay , Bandaria Jigar N. , Qureshi Mohammad H. , Yildiz Ahmet , Balci Hamza
Published: February 2014

Significance

This paper uses a single-molecule imaging approach based on energy transfer to study how telomeric DNA is protected against the DNA damage-signaling protein replication protein A (RPA). Telomeres terminate with a single-stranded overhang, which is protected by protection of telomere (POT1) and POT1-interacting protein 1 (TPP1) against RPA. Telomeric overhangs have a guanine-rich sequence, forming a four-stranded G-quadruplex structure. Using model telomeric DNA, we studied the competition between POT1/TPP1 and RPA to access telomeric G-quadruplexes in vitro. We showed that G-quadruplex formation of telomeres significantly enhances the ability of POT1/TPP1 to block RPA’s access to telomeres. The results suggest that secondary structure of the telomeric overhang plays an important role in suppressing the DNA damage signals in telomeres.
Urban adaptation can roll back warming of emerging megapolitan regions
Authors: Georgescu Matei , Morefield Philip E. , Bierwagen Britta G. , Weaver Christopher P.
Published: February 2014

Significance

Conversion to urban landforms has consequences for regional climate and the many inhabitants living within the built environment. The purpose of our investigation was to explore hydroclimatic impacts of 21st century urban expansion across the United States and examine the efficacy of commonly proposed urban adaptation strategies in context of long-term global climate change. We show that, in the absence of any adaptive urban design, urban expansion across the United States imparts warming over large regional swaths of the country that is a significant fraction of anticipated temperature increases resulting from greenhouse gas-induced warming. Adapting to urban-induced climate change is geographically dependent, and the robust analysis that we present offers insights into optimal approaches and anticipated tradeoffs associated with varying expansion pathways.
Very early warning of next El Niño
Authors: Ludescher Josef , Gozolchiani Avi , Bogachev Mikhail I. , Bunde Armin , Havlin Shlomo , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim
Published: February 2014

The most important driver of climate variability is the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which can trigger disasters in various parts of the globe. Despite its importance, conventional forecasting is still limited to 6 mo ahead. Recently, we developed an approach based on network analysis, which allows projection of an El Niño event about 1 y ahead. Here we show that our method correctly predicted the absence of El Niño events in 2012 and 2013 and now announce that our approach indicated (in September 2013 already) the return of El Niño in late 2014 with a 3-in-4 likelihood. We also discuss the relevance of the next El Niño to the question of global warming and the present hiatus in the global mean surface temperature.
Splice isoform and pharmacological studies reveal that sterol depletion relocalizes α-synuclein and enhances its toxicity
Authors: Valastyan Julie S. , Termine Daniel J. , Lindquist Susan
Published: February 2014

Significance

The small, lipid-binding protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. α-Syn exists in various splice isoforms, and isoform expression varies with disease, but how these isoforms affect protein function is unknown. Using a yeast model expressing α-syn splice variants, we show that inhibition of sterol synthesis differentially affects α-syn plasma membrane association, vesicular association, and cellular toxicity, depending on which α-syn isoform is expressed. This result suggests that higher membrane sterol concentrations may be protective of synucleinopathy progression. Given the common use of cholesterol-reducing statins and their potential effects on membrane-binding proteins, further investigation of how sterol concentration and α-syn splice isoforms affect vesicular trafficking in synucleinopathies is warranted.
Synthesis of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor as homogeneous glycoforms and early comparisons with yeast cell-derived material
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Johnston Eric V. , Shieh Jae-Hung , Moore Malcolm A. S. , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: February 2014

Significance

As biologically active glycoproteins are increasingly investigated as potential therapeutic agents, there is a growing demand for the development of strategies for the synthesis of homogeneous, single-glycoform constructs for the purposes of rigorous evaluation. Currently, most glycoproteins are accessed through recombinant methods as complex mixtures of glycoforms. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important glycoprotein therapeutic, used to stimulate the immune system following bone-marrow transplant and chemotherapy. GM-CSF is also being explored as a potential immunoadjuvant for anticancer vaccines. We have completed a chemical synthesis of homogeneous, single-glycoform GM-CSF. Through adaptation of this modular synthetic route, it will be possible to gain access to a menu of single-glycoform GM-CSF congeners for a wide range of biological studies.
High-coherence semiconductor lasers based on integral high-
Q
resonators in hybrid Si/III-V platforms
Authors: Santis Christos Theodoros , Steger Scott T. , Vilenchik Yaakov , Vasilyev Arseny , Yariv Amnon
Published: February 2014

Significance

The data rate of modern optical fiber communication channels is increasingly constrained by the noise inherent in its principal light source: the semiconductor laser (SCL). Here, we examine the phase noise of SCLs due to the spontaneous recombination of excited carriers radiating into the lasing mode as mandated by quantum mechanics. By incorporating a very high-
Q
optical resonator as an integral part of a hybrid Si/III-V laser cavity, we can remove most of the modal energy from the optically lossy III-V active region, thereby reducing the spontaneous emission rate while increasing the number of phase-stabilizing stored photons. Our fabricated SCLs boast more than a 10× linewidth improvement compared with commercial SCLs, with the possibility of a further major coherence increase.
The strength of SMAD1/5 activity determines the mode of stem cell division in the developing spinal cord
Authors: Le Dréau Gwenvael , Saade Murielle , Gutiérrez-Vallejo Irene , Martí Elisa
Published: February 2014

The different modes of stem cell division are tightly regulated to balance growth and differentiation during organ development and homeostasis. However, the mechanisms controlling such events are not fully understood. We have developed markers that provide the single cell resolution necessary to identify the three modes of division occurring in a developing nervous system: self-expanding, self-renewing, and self-consuming. Characterizing these three modes of division during interneuron generation in the developing chick spinal cord, we demonstrated that they correlate to different levels of activity of the canonical bone morphogenetic protein effectors SMAD1/5. Functional in vivo experiments showed that the premature neuronal differentiation and changes in cell cycle parameters caused by SMAD1/5 inhibition were preceded by a reduction of self-expanding divisions in favor of self-consuming divisions. Conversely, SMAD1/5 gain of function promoted self-expanding divisions. Together, these results lead us to propose that the strength of SMAD1/5 activity dictates the mode of stem cell division during spinal interneuron generation.
The SUN protein Mps3 controls Ndc1 distribution and function on the nuclear membrane
Authors: Chen Jingjing , Smoyer Christine J. , Slaughter Brian D. , Unruh Jay R. , Jaspersen Sue L.
Published: February 2014

In closed mitotic systems such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and the spindle pole body (SPB) must assemble into an intact nuclear envelope (NE). Ndc1 is a highly conserved integral membrane protein involved in insertion of both complexes. In this study, we show that Ndc1 interacts with the SUN domain–containing protein Mps3 on the NE in live yeast cells using fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Genetic and molecular analysis of a series of new ndc1 alleles allowed us to understand the role of Ndc1–Mps3 binding at the NE. We show that the ndc1-L562S allele is unable to associate specifically with Mps3 and find that this mutant is lethal due to a defect in SPB duplication. Unlike other ndc1 alleles, the growth and Mps3 binding defect of ndc1-L562S is fully suppressed by deletion of POM152, which encodes a NPC component. Based on our data we propose that the Ndc1–Mps3 interaction is important for controlling the distribution of Ndc1 between the NPC and SPB.
Structural and functional analysis of MiD51, a dynamin receptor required for mitochondrial fission
Authors: Richter Viviane , Palmer Catherine S. , Osellame Laura D. , Singh Abeer P. , Elgass Kirstin , Stroud David A. , Sesaki Hiromi , Kvansakul Marc , Ryan Michael T.
Published: February 2014

Mitochondrial fission is important for organelle transport, inheritance, and turnover, and alterations in fission are seen in neurological disease. In mammals, mitochondrial fission is executed by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a cytosolic guanosine triphosphatase that polymerizes and constricts the organelle. Recruitment of Drp1 to mitochondria involves receptors including Mff, MiD49, and MiD51. MiD49/51 form foci at mitochondrial constriction sites and coassemble with Drp1 to drive fission. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the cytosolic domain of human MiD51, which adopts a nucleotidyltransferase fold. Although MiD51 lacks catalytic residues for transferase activity, it specifically binds guanosine diphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. MiD51 mutants unable to bind nucleotides were still able to recruit Drp1. Disruption of an additional region in MiD51 that is not part of the nucleotidyltransferase fold blocked Drp1 recruitment and assembly of MiD51 into foci. MiD51 foci are also dependent on the presence of Drp1, and after scission they are distributed to daughter organelles, supporting the involvement of MiD51 in the fission apparatus.
Career guidance for stem cells
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: February 2014

BMP pathway spurs neuron progenitors to remain undifferentiated.
A current-driven electromagnetic mode in sheared and toroidal configurations
Authors: Pusztai István , Catto Peter J , Parra Felix I , Barnes Michael
Published: February 2014

The induced electric field in a tokamak drives a parallel electron current flow. In an inhomogeneous, finite beta plasma, when this electron flow is comparable to the ion thermal speed, the Alfvén mode wave solutions of the electromagnetic gyrokinetic equation can become nearly purely growing kink modes. Using the new ‘low-flow’ version of the gyrokinetic code GS2 developed for momentum transport studies (Barnes et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett.

111 055005), we are able to model the effect of the induced parallel electric field on the electron distribution to study the destabilizing influence of current on stability. We identify high mode number kink modes in GS2 simulations and make comparisons to analytical theory in sheared magnetic geometry. We demonstrate reassuring agreement with analytical results both in terms of parametric dependences of mode frequencies and growth rates, and regarding the radial mode structure.
Estimating the Price Elasticity of Residential Water Demand: The Case of Phoenix, Arizona
Authors: Yoo James , Simonit Silvio , Kinzig Ann P. , Perrings Charles
Published: February 2014

Changes in water availability, and hence price, are expected to be amongst the most disruptive effects of climate change in many parts of the world. Understanding the capacity of society or consumers to adapt to such changes requires understanding the responsiveness of water demand to price changes. We estimate the price elasticity of residential water demand in Phoenix, Arizona, which is likely to be strongly impacted by climate change. Most existing approaches to the estimation of water demand functions have limited capacity to isolate the effect of price on water consumption where there is little variation in water price. A recent study by Klaiber et al. (2012) attempts to address this issue by using differences in consumption levels, and weather‐related characteristics to isolate the price effect on water demand, and by using a constant term in a differenced regression model. We also estimate a differenced regression model, but include direct measures of changes in water prices. This inclusion successfully isolates the price effect on water demand, and enables us to distinguish between the short‐ and long‐run price elasticity of water demand, and hence the short‐and long‐run adaptation to changes in water availability.
Localized Cognitive Functions
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 3 discusses aspects of normal and abnormal language function, followed by a brief description of disorders of calculation (acalculia) and of higher-order motor control (apraxia). The second half of the chapter deals with disturbed right hemisphere functions: neglect phenomena, dressing and constructional apraxia, and complex visuo-perceptual deficits (agnosias).
The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination—Revised and Supplementary Test Suggestions
Authors: Hodges John R.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 7 describes the use of the revised version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination: ACE-R. The original test was developed in our clinics in the 1990s and was shown to be sensitive to early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and to differentiate AD from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). This chapter also describes the ACE-R together with scoring criteria and normative data followed by suggestions for ‘add-on’ bedside tasks that test areas not well covered by the ACE-R.
Metaphyseal Dysplasia, Schmid Type (Mim 156500)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 2 covers metaphyseal dysplasia (MIM 156500), including radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia (Mim 250250)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 3 covers cartilage-hair hypoplasia (MIM 250250), including major clinical findings, laboratory findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Metaphyseal Dysplasia, Spahr Type (Mim 250400)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 4 covers metaphyseal dysplasia spahr type (MIM 250400), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Shwachman Syndrome (Mim 260400)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 5 covers Shwachman Syndrom (MIM 260400), including major clinical findings, laboratory findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Metaphyseal Anadysplasia (Mim 602111, 613073)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 7 covers metaphyseal anadysplasia (MIM 602111; 613073), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Metaphyseal Acroscyphodysplasia (Mim 250215; 609990; 609989)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 8 covers metaphyseal acroscyphodysplasia (MIM 250215; 609990; 609989), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Cinca (Chronic Infantile Neurologic Cutaneous and Articular) Syndrome (Mim 607115)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 11 covers CINCA (Chronic Infantile Neurologic Cutaneous and Articular) syndrome (MIM 607115), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Sulfate Transporter Group
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 12 covers sulfate transporter group (achondrogenesis type 1B (MIM 600972) atelosteogenesis type II (MIM 256050), diastrophic dysplasia (MIM222600) multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, recessive type (RMED; MIM 226900), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Greenberg Dysplasia/Dappled Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Mim 215140)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 15 covers Greenberg dysplasia/dappled diaphyseal dysplasia (MIM 215140), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Child (Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform Erythroderma and Limb Defects) Syndrome (Mim 308050)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 17 covers CHILD (congential hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) syndrome (MIM 308050), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Brachytelephalangic Type (Mim 302950; 602497)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 19 covers chondrodysplasia punctata, brachytelephalangic type (MIM 302950, 602497), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Tibia-Metacarpal Type (Mim 118651)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 21 covers chondrodysplasia punctata, tibia-metacarpal type (MIM 118651), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Filamin B Group
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 23 covers disorders of the Filamin B group (Boomerang dysplasia/atelosteogenesis type 1 (MIM 112310, 108720), atelosteogenesis type 2 (MIM 108721), Larsen syndrome, autosomal dominant (MIM 150250), spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (MIM 272460), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Type 2 Collagen Group
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 24 covers disorders of the Type 2 collegen group (achondrogenesis type 2 (MIM100610), hypochondrogenesis (MIM 200610), spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia Torrance type (MIM 151210), spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (MIM 183900), Kniest dysplasia (MIM 256550), spondyloperipheral dysplasia (MIM 271700), spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with metatarsal shortening (MIM 609162), autosomal dominant spondyloarthropathy (MIM 604864), vitreoretinopathy with phalangeal epiphyseal dysplasia (MIM 120140.0037), Stickler dysplasia (MIM 108300, 604841)), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
TYPE 11 COLLAGEN GROUP
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 25 covers disorders of the Type 11 collagen group (fibrochondrogenesis (MIM 228520), otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED) (MIM 184840, 277610, 215150)), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Perlecan Group
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 26 covers disorders of the Perlecan group (dyssegmental dysplasia, Silverman-Handmaker type (MIM 224410), dyssegmental dysplasia, Rolland-Desbuquois type (MIM 224400), Schwartz-Jampel syndrom (MIM 255800)) , including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Tarda, Autosomal Recessive (MIM 609223)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 28 covers spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda autosomal recessive (MIM 609223), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Aggrecan-Associated Skeletal Dysplasias (MIM 608361, 612813)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 29 covers Aggrecan-associated skeletal dysplasias (MIM 608361, 612813), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome (MIM 226980)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 30 covers Wolcott-Rallison syndrome (MIM226980), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Schimke Immunoosseous Dysplasia (MIM 242900)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 31 covers Schimke immunoosseous Dysplasia (MIM 242900), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Spondylo-Megaepiphyseal-Metaphyseal Dysplasia (Smmd) (Mim 613330)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 33 covers spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD - MIM 613330), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia, Sedaghatian Type (Omim 250220)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 34 covers spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, sedaghatian type (OMIM250220), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia, Sutcliffe/Corner Fracture Type (Mim 184255)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 36 covers spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Sutcliffe/corner fracture type (MIM 184255), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Spondyloenchondrodysplasia (Mim 271550)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 37 covers spondyloenchondrodysplasia (MIM 271550), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Axial Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia (Mim 602271)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 39 covers axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (MIM 602271), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
TRPV4 Group
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 40 covers disorders of theTRPV4 group, including metatropic dysplasia (MIM 156530, 168400), spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, maroteaux type (MIM 184095), spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Kozlowski type (MIM 184252), and brachyolmia, autosomal dominant (MIM 113500), as well as major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses for each.
Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Dysplasia (Mim 223800)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 42 covers Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia (MIM 223800), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia with Leptodactyly (Mim 603546)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 45 covers spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with leptodactyly (MIM 603546), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.
Chondrodysplasia with Joint Luxations, Chst3-Related (Mim 143095)
Authors: Spranger Jürgen W. , Brill Paula W. , Nishimura Gen , Superti-Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila
Published: February 2014

Chapter 46 covers chondrodysplasia with joint luxations, CHST3-related (MIM 143095), including major clinical findings, radiographic features, and differential diagnoses.