bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Written Action Plans in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Sauder Maxwell B. , McEvoy Alana , Sampson Margaret , Kanigsberg Nordau , Vaillancourt Regis , Ramien Michele L. , Zemek Roger
Published: January 2016

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic dermatosis requiring a stepwise and dynamic approach to management. The use of written action plans has been shown to improve outcomes in other chronic diseases that require a similar incremental approach. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effect of a written eczema action plan (EAP) in AD management and to identify characteristics of effective action plans in children with eczema. Only two trials were identified as eligible, which highlights the need for more research on EAPs.
Clinical Efficacy of Herbal Medicine for Pediatric Lymphatic Malformations: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hashizume Naoki , Yagi Minoru , Egami Hideaki , Asagiri Kimio , Fukahori Suguru , Ishii Shinji , Saikusa Nobuyuki , Yoshida Motomu , Masui Daisuke , Tanaka Yoshiaki
Published: January 2016

Background

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system that commonly affect the head and neck region and cause marked cosmetic and functional complications. In this pilot study, we present eight children with LMs treated using an herbal medicine for this indication.

Methods

Between January 2009 and May 2014, eight children (four boys, four girls) with LMs were treated using oral administration of an herbal medicine, Eppikajyutsuto (TJ‐28; Tsumura, Tokyo, Japan), as monotherapy.

Results

Four of the cases were macrocystic and four were mixed micro‐ and macrocystic. The mean treatment duration was 7.2 ± 2.9 months (range 5–12 mos). The mean LM volume shrinkage on magnetic resonance imaging was 54.5 ± 38.3% (macrocystic 73.6 ± 27.0%; mixed micro‐ and macrocystic 35.4 ± 41.5%). One of four macrocystic lesions had a marked reduction, two had a moderate reduction, and one had no response. A marked reduction was observed in three of the four mixed micro‐ and macrocystic cases; the other mixed cystic case had no response. The treatment was well tolerated, without severe adverse events.

Conclusions

This preliminary study demonstrates the beneficial effects of TJ‐28. Further evaluations of this therapeutic modality are warranted.
Pharmacokinetic Profile, Safety, and Tolerability of Crisaborole Topical Ointment, 2% in Adolescents with Atopic Dermatitis: An Open‐Label Phase 2a Study
Authors: Tom Wynnis L. , Van Syoc Merrie , Chanda Sanjay , Zane Lee T.
Published: January 2016

Background

Phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) is an emerging target in treating inflammatory skin diseases. Crisaborole topical ointment, 2% is a novel, boron‐based, topical PDE4 inhibitor under investigation for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD).

Methods

Adolescent patients aged 12 to 17 years with treatable AD lesions involving ≥10% to ≤35% body surface area (BSA) were enrolled into a phase 2a, open‐label study comprising pharmacokinetic (PK), safety, tolerability, and efficacy assessments. Crisaborole topical ointment, 2% was applied twice daily to affected areas for 28 days, with dosage based on baseline treatable BSA. PK blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), laboratory parameters, and vital signs. Efficacy assessments included the Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA) score and severity of AD signs and symptoms.

Results

Twenty‐three patients were enrolled; 22 completed the study (1 patient discontinued due to an AE [application site dermatitis]). PK analysis demonstrated limited exposure to crisaborole topical ointment, 2% after 8 days of dosing. Ten patients reported a total of 19 AEs, most commonly application site pain and nasopharyngitis (3 patients each). There were no clinically meaningful changes in laboratory or vital sign parameters. Efficacy was demonstrated by reductions in mean ISGA and AD sign and symptom severity scores. At day 29, eight patients (35%) had achieved an ISGA score ≤1 with ≥2‐grade improvement. Mean treatable BSA declined from 17.6% to 8.2%.

Conclusion

These results provide preliminary evidence for the limited systemic exposure, safety, and effectiveness of crisaborole topical ointment, 2% in adolescents with mild to moderate AD.
Software‐assisted morphometric and phenotype analyses of human peripheral blood monocyte‐derived macrophages induced by a microenvironment model of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nishio Mari , Urakawa Naoki , Shigeoka Manabu , Takase Nobuhisa , Ichihara Yumi , Arai Noriaki , Koma Yu‐ichiro , Yokozaki Hiroshi
Published: January 2016

Human macrophages play important roles in tumor promotion and are called tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs). We previously demonstrated that human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) contain TAMs and that these TAMs tend to have tumor‐supporting features. Here we exposed human macrophages to conditioned media of TE‐series human ESCC cell lines (TECMs) to generate an ESCC extracellular stimuli‐influenced TAM model. CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes (PBMos) from healthy donors were treated with M‐CSF and with additional IL‐4 or TECM exposure. Morphological changes of the cells and the induction of CD163/CD204 proteins were detected in the TECM‐exposed model TAMs by immunofluorescence. A software‐assisted immunofluorescent cell image analysis showed increased CD163/CD204 positivity in the model TAMs and a weak to moderate positive correlation between the cytoplasmic area and the sum fluorescent intensity of CD204. Morphological changes of the cells were significantly reflected by several cytomorphometric parameters. PBMos were elongated with M‐CSF treatment, then enlarged with TECM exposure. The cytoplasmic aspect ratio was decreased by M‐CSF treatment and slightly increased by TECM exposure. The nuclear‐cytoplasmic ratio decreased during the whole process of cell differentiation. This system is useful for quantitative assessments of TAM‐like morphological changes of macrophages and the induction of CD163/CD204 in a model ESCC microenvironment.
Does continuous positive airway pressure therapy improve non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease?
Authors: Kohler Malcolm , Stradling John R.
Published: January 2016

See article, page 378
Aggression, anger and hostility: Evaluation of moral disengagement as a mediational process
Authors: Rubio‐Garay Fernando , Carrasco Miguel A. , Amor Pedro J.
Published: January 2016

This study examines how the mechanisms underlying moral disengagement serve as a mediator between anger and hostility and physical and verbal aggression. The study was carried out on 424 participants (61.1% females), aged 15 to 25 years, assessing the direct and indirect effects of the distinct variables using a hierarchical multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that anger and hostility contribute independently and positively to physical and verbal aggression. Moreover, the relationships between anger, hostility, and aggression appear to be mediated by moral disengagement. Indeed, this process of mediation was invariant across sexes, and it tended to be stronger for physical – as opposed to verbal – aggression.
Detection of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies toward common airborne allergens, peanut, wheat, and latex in solvent/detergent‐treated pooled plasma
Authors: Apelseth Torunn O. , Kvalheim Venny L. , Kristoffersen Einar K.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Allergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) present with a broad range of symptoms probably caused by mediators released from mast cells and basophil granulocytes upon activation. Passive immunoglobulin (Ig)E sensitization may yield clinical symptoms and positive allergy tests. Unexpected findings of IgE antibodies in pooled solvent/detergent (S/D)‐treated plasma (Octaplas, Octapharma) during routine analysis initiated an investigation of serum proteins.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Consecutive batches of S/D‐plasma transfused during September 2014 through March 2015 were investigated for IgE, IgG, IgA IgM, C3, C4, haptoglobin, anti‐nuclear antibodies (ANAs), and red blood cell (RBC) antibodies.

RESULTS

During the study period, 4203 S/D‐plasma units were transfused. Nineteen (14 Octaplas A and five Octaplas AB) of 20 batches of S/D‐plasma were included, representing 99.9% of total number of plasma units. A total of 0.4% of units and five batches reported ATRs. Concentrations of total IgE higher than expected values in adults (<120 kU/L) were observed in 18 of the 19 (95%) batches investigated (median concentration [quartiles], 161 [133‐183]). Specific IgE antibodies (expected < 0.35 kilounits antigen [kUA]/L) against house dust mite (2.52 [1.01‐5.09]), timothy (2.83 [2.48‐3.24]), cat (1.13 [0.58‐1.52]), dog (0.83 [0.50‐1.05]), mugwort (0.69 [0.53‐0.97]), birch (0.62 [0.28‐0.92]), peanut (0.52 [0.29‐075]), wheat (0.46 [0.33‐0.69]), and latex (0.32 [0.21‐0.53]) were also detected. IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, and haptoglobin were within or below normal ranges. No RBC antibodies were observed, but 18% of batches showed low levels of ANA (anti‐RNP).

CONCLUSION

Specific IgE antibodies against airborne allergens, food allergens, and latex were detected in S/D‐treated pooled plasma.
Dengue virus persists and replicates during storage of platelet and red blood cell units
Authors: Sutherland Michael R. , Simon Ayo Y. , Serrano Katherine , Schubert Peter , Acker Jason P. , Pryzdial Edward L.G.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Dengue virus (DENV) is a transfusion‐transmissible arbovirus that threatens blood donor systems with approximately 200 million high‐titer asymptomatic infections occurring annually. Here we investigated the viability of DENV during storage of donor‐derived platelet (PLT) and red blood cell (RBC) units. While purified PLTs have been shown to generate viable DENV, RBCs are replication incompetent. Combined with different storage criteria, distinct virus persistence profiles were anticipated in PLT and RBC units.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Mimicking the virus titer of asymptomatic donors, purified DENV was spiked (105‐106 infectious units/mL) into PLT or RBC units produced and stored according to blood bank operating procedures. DENV was measured by infectious plaque‐forming assays and by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

In both PLT (7 days, 20‐24°C) and RBC (42 days, 1‐6°C) units, infectious DENV persisted throughout storage despite logarithmic decay. In buffer alone, DENV infectivity was insignificant by Day 1 at 20 to 24°C or 14 days at 1 to 6°C. Infectious virus production was identified in stored PLT units using a translation inhibitor and supported by virus genome replication. Surprisingly, DENV was also produced in RBC units, implying the involvement of cells other than RBCs.

CONCLUSION

Both virus propagation and effects independent of cell function mitigate the intrinsic lability of DENV. Nevertheless, the overall rapid storage decay suggests that aged PLT and RBC units may be safer. These data raise awareness to the possible persistence of other conceivably more robust RNA viruses during the storage of cellular blood products.
Rituximab‐refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura responsive to intravenous but not subcutaneous bortezomib
Authors: Patel Priyank P. , Becker Joanne , Freyer Craig , Griffiths Elizabeth , Thompson James E. , Wang Eunice S.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is often characterized by formation of antibodies against a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeat, member 13 (ADAMTS13). Therapeutic plasma exchange (PEX) is the basis of TTP therapy, with additional immunosuppression to eradicate ADAMTS13 antibody–producing B cells.

CASE REPORT

We describe a case of a 22‐year‐old female with TTP refractory to PEX, high‐dose corticosteroid therapy, and rituximab. Laboratory blood tests showed a severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and the presence of an inhibitor. Although one cycle of subcutaneous bortezomib resulted in clinical improvement, the patient remained PEX dependent. A second course of intravenous (IV) bortezomib resulted in a complete remission without evidence of relapse after 18 months.

CONCLUSION

This case confirms the efficacy of bortezomib for refractory TTP and suggests that the in vivo activity of IV bortezomib may be distinct from subcutaneous drug in this setting.
Exploring new biomarkers in the tumour microenvironment of canine inflammatory mammary tumours
Authors: Raposo T. P. , Pires I. , Prada J. , Queiroga F. L. , Argyle D. J.
Published: January 2016

Human inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and canine inflammatory mammary cancer (CIMC) are the most aggressive forms of mammary cancer. Current research aims to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we investigated gene expression levels of biomarkers associated with the inflammatory microenvironment. A total of 32 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of canine mammary carcinoma (CIMC = 26; non‐CIMC = 6) were used and their cDNA subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to establish gene expression levels for mediators commonly implicated in linking carcinogenesis with inflammation. Gene expression differences between CIMC and non‐CIMC types were obtained for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) (P = 0.004), synuclein gamma (SNCG) (P = 0.006), tribbles 1 (P = 0.025), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P = 0.017) and CSF1R (P = 0.045). Among these biomarkers correlations were found, particularly between SNCG and tribbles 1 (r = 0.512, P = 0.001). The efficient metastasis of CIMC is intimately linked to components in the tumour microenvironment. This study suggests that upregulation and correlation of SNCG and tribbles 1 deserves to be further explored.
Ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in the Yellow‐Bellied Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta)
Authors: Hernández Juan D. , Orós Jorge , Artiles Minerva , Castro Pedro , Blanco Alfonso
Published: January 2016

Background

The classification of blood cells from the Yellow‐Bellied Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta) is relevant due to their increasing importance as pets and as object of study in clinical settings and research projects. However, no previous ultrastructural characterization of blood cells from turtles of the genusTrachemyshas been reported.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to provide an ultrastructural characterization of blood cells of the Yellow‐Bellied Slider Turtle.

Methods

Blood samples from 10 healthy adult turtles (5 males and 5 females) were obtained and processed for transmission electron microscopy using standard methods.

Results

Some erythrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusions compatible with hemoglobin precipitates; mitochondria and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes were also observed. Five types of white blood cells were ultrastructurally identified: heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Heterophils were similar to those described from Sea Turtles, with only one morphologic variation of this cell. Eosinophils were homogeneous in size and had intracytoplasmic granules without crystalline structures. Basophils were ultrastructurally described for the first time for a turtle and had heterogeneous intracytoplasmic granules. Lymphocytes and monocytes were similar to those described from other chelonians. Some thrombocytes had an irregularly lobulated nucleus and intracytoplasmic canalicular structures.

Conclusion

This study provides the first ultrastructural classification of blood cells inTrachemys scripta scripta, as a baseline for further hematologic studies in this species.
Corneal edema in four horses treated with a superficial keratectomy and Gundersen inlay flap
Authors: Scherrer Nicole M. , Lassaline Mary , Miller William W.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of four horses with severe corneal edema caused by suspected endothelial disease treated with a superficial keratectomy and Gundersen inlay flap and to determine whether this procedure (i) reduces corneal edema, (ii) reduces ocular pain, (iii) eliminates recurrent corneal ulceration, and (iv) improves vision in these horses.

Animals studied

Four horses met inclusion criterion of (i) diagnosis with endothelial disease by a board‐certified veterinary ophthalmologist and (ii) surgical treatment with a superficial keratectomy and Gundersen inlay flap.

Procedure

Retrospective medical record review of included horses was used to determine breed, age and sex of included horses, as well as details of medical and surgical therapy, and visual outcome.

Results

Four horses were presented with a complaint of focal corneal edema that progressed to diffuse corneal edema. Epithelial bullae and ulceration were present in all cases. The disease process was unresponsive to standard medical treatment with a hyperosmotic agent and topical and systemic anti‐inflammatories. However, treatment with a superficial keratectomy and Gundersen inlay flap performed under general anesthesia was associated with (i) a significant decrease in corneal edema, (ii) increased comfort, (iii) elimination of corneal ulceration, and (iv) retention of vision postoperatively with little to no need for medical therapy. Follow‐up time was 15, 12, 6, and 3 months.

Conclusions

The superficial keratectomy and Gundersen inlay flap may provide a surgical alternative to chronic medical treatment of severe corneal edema in horses.
Uveal cysts in domestic cats: a retrospective evaluation of thirty‐six cases
Authors: Blacklock Benjamin T. , Grundon Rachael A. , Meehan Melissa , Tetas Pont Roser , Hartley Claudia
Published: January 2016

Objective

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate uveal cysts in domestic cats by identifying prevalence, predispositions, location, presumed etiologies, and sequelae.

Animals studied

The clinical databases of two referral hospitals (The Animal Health Trust in theUKand Animal Eye Care in Australia) were searched to identify cats that had been diagnosed with uveal cysts, either as an incidental finding or as the reason for referral. Thirty‐six cases were found.

Procedures

The signalment of the patients was recorded, along with any relevant previous clinical history, treatment, follow‐up, and sequela. The data were compared with the unaffected feline populations examined by ophthalmologists in the two hospitals over the same 10‐year time period.

Results

Thirty‐six cats were affected, from a total examined population of 5017 (prevalence 0.72%). Twenty‐one of the 36 cats were Burmese. The two centers examined 516 Burmese cats in the same time period, giving an incidence in Burmese cats of 4.1%. The mean age of affected cats at presentation was 10.25 years (SD= 4.12 years), and female cats accounted for 23 of 36 of the cases. Only 2 of 36 cats had concurrent intraocular disease.

Conclusions

Uveal cysts in domestic cats are rare ophthalmic findings, and in most cases, they do not cause any clinical problems The Burmese breed is overrepresented in the data, with a relatively high prevalence of uveal cysts.
Assessment of a smartphone‐based camera for fundus imaging in animals
Authors: Balland Olivier , Russo Andrea , Isard Pierre‐François , Mathieson Iona , Semeraro Francesco , Dulaurent Thomas
Published: January 2016

Objective

To assess the use of an optical device (D‐EYE; Si14 S.p.A.) attached to a modern smartphone (iPhone 5; Apple Inc.) for imaging the fundus in small animals.

Animals studied

Five dogs, five cats, and five rabbits with clear media were imaged using a prototype of the D‐EYE.

Procedure

The optical device was composed of lenses, polarizing filters, a beam splitter, a diaphragm, and mirrors, attached to a smartphone via a metal shell. Images were obtained 20 min after pupil dilation with topical 0.5% tropicamide in a darkened room, to ensure maximum pupillary dilation. Focus was set to the infinite when the autofocus was overwhelmed. Light intensity was adapted to each animal via the application (minimum light intensity for imaging the tapetal region, maximum light intensity for imaging the nontapetal region). Both still images and video sequences were recorded for each animal.

Results

Posterior segment structures were visible in all animals: optic nerve head, tapetum lucidum (when present), nontapetal region, retinal vessels, and choroidal vessels (when the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroidal pigmentation were discreet). Focal light artifacts were common when photographing the tapetum lucidum. Recording videos allowed the visualization of dynamic phenomena.

Conclusions

The D‐EYE assessed appears to be an easy means of obtaining images of the posterior segment structures.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITH BRAIN DISEASE
Authors: Ertelt Katrin , Oevermann Anna , Precht Christina , Lauper Josiane , Henke Diana , Gorgas Daniela
Published: January 2016

Brain disease is an important cause of neurologic deficits in small ruminants, however few MRI features have been described. The aim of this retrospective, case series study was to describe MRI characteristics in a group of small ruminants with confirmed brain disease. A total of nine small ruminants (six sheep and three goats) met inclusion criteria. All had neurologic disorders localized to the brain and histopathologic confirmation. In animals with toxic‐metabolic diseases, there were bilaterally symmetric MRI lesions affecting either the gray matter (one animal with polioencephalomalacia) or the white matter (two animals with enterotoxemia). In animals with suppurative inflammation, asymmetric focal brainstem lesions were present (two animals with listeric encephalitis), or lesions typical of an intra‐axial (one animal) or dural abscess (one animal), respectively. No MRI lesions were detected in one animal with suspected viral cerebellitis and one animal with parasitic migration tracts. No neoplastic or vascular lesions were identified in this case series. Findings from the current study supported the use of MRI for diagnosing brain diseases in small ruminants.
Seroepidemiology of Hepatitis E in Selected Population Groups in Croatia: A Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Vilibic‐Cavlek T. , Vilibic M. , Kolaric B. , Jemersic L. , Kucinar J. , Barbic L. , Bagaric A. , Stevanovic V. , Tabain I. , Sviben M. , Jukic V. , Mlinaric‐Galinovic G.
Published: January 2016

Hepatitis E has become an emerging infection in many European countries. We analysed the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in selected population groups in Croatia. Overall HEV IgG seropositivity was 5.6%, while 1.9% participants showed IgM antibodies suggestive of recent infection. No IgM‐positive sample was positive for HEV RNA. HEV IgG antibodies were most prevalent in alcohol abusers (8.9%) and war veterans (8.6%), compared with 6.1% among injecting drug users and 2.7% in healthcare professionals. No individual with high‐risk sexual behaviour tested HEV seropositive. HEV IgG positivity increased significantly with age from 1.8% to 2.3% in individuals younger than 40 years to 11.3% in individuals older than 50 years (P = 0.023). The mean age of HEV‐positive participants was significantly higher than that of HEV‐negative participants (50.9 ± 11.8 years versus 41.2 ± 11.8 years, P = 0.008). Seroprevalence rates were significantly higher in residents of suburban and rural areas compared with residents of urban areas (14.5% versus 2.5%, P = 0.003). Additionally, an increasing prevalence of HEV IgG antibodies was observed from 1.8% in participants living in families with two household members to 12.1% in those living with more than four members (P = 0.046). Gender, marital status, educational level, sexual orientation, source of drinking water, history of blood transfusions, surgical procedures, tattooing and travelling were not associated with HEV seroprevalence. Logistic regression showed that living in suburban/rural areas was the main risk factor for HEV seropositivity (OR = 6.67; 95%CI = 1.89–25.0; AOR = 7.14, 95%CI = 1.89–25.0).
The molecular actions of oestrogen in the regulation of vascular health
Authors: Usselman Charlotte W. , Stachenfeld Nina S. , Bender Jeffrey R.
Published: January 2016

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

This review summarizes the beneficial actions of oestrogen on the vasculature, highlighting both molecular mechanisms and functional outcomes.

What advances does it highlight?

The net effect of oestrogen on the vascular health of women continues to be debated. Recent advances have provided strong evidence for the role of membrane‐bound oestrogen receptors in the maintenance of normal endothelial function. On a broader scale, functional outcomes of oestrogen actions on the vasculature may mediate the reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women.

The conflicting implications of the large‐scale clinical menopausal hormone therapy trials in humans versus the findings of studies on experimental animals underscore the limitations within our understanding of the molecular actions of oestrogen. However, recent research has provided improved insight into the actions of oestrogen on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. This review outlines the actions of oestrogen as it contributes to vascular structure, function and health.
Which Matrices Show Perfect Nestedness or the Absence of Nestedness? An Analytical Study on the Performance of NODF and WNODF
Authors: Britton Nicholas , Almeida Neto Mario , Corso Gilberto
Published: January 2016

Nestedness is a concept employed to describe a particular pattern of organization in species interaction networks and in site-by-species incidence matrices. Currently the most widely used nestedness index is the NODF (Nestedness metric based on Overlap and Decreasing Fill), initially presented for binary data and later extended to quantitative data, WNODF. In this manuscript we present a rigorous formulation of this index for both cases, NODF and WNODF. In addition, we characterize the matrices corresponding to the two extreme cases, (W)NODF=1 and (W)NODF=0, representing a perfectly nested pattern andthe absence of nestedness respectively. After permutations of rows and columns if necessary, the perfectly nested pattern is a full triangular matrix, which must of course besquare, with additional inequalities between the elements for WNODF. On the other hand there are many patterns characterized by the total absence of nestedness. Indeed, any binary matrix (whether square or rectangular) with uniform row and column sums (or marginals) satisfies this condition: the chessboard and a pattern reflecting an underlying annular ecological gradient, which we shall call gradient-like, are symmetrical or nearly symmetrical examples from this class.
Shear Cavitation in an Annular Jet Pump Under Recirculation Conditions
Authors: Xiao Longzhou , Long Xinping , Zhang Junqiang
Published: January 2016

Recirculation accompanied by shear cavitation is a key flow feature in annular jet pumps (AJPs). In this study, a high-speed camera was used to capture the recirculation region and various types of cavity clouds. By monitoring the trajectories of the small bubbles, the main recirculation regions under each flow rate ratio were obtained. As the flow rate ratio decreases, the recirculation region continued expanding with the separation point moving upstream, while the reattachment point remained nearly stationary regardless of the decreasing flow rate ratio. Hill's spherical vortex theory was adopted to evaluate the variations of the recirculation regions. Moreover, the minimum local static wall pressure in the recirculation region decreases as well, which can promote the inception and development of shear cavitation. There are numerous vortices simultaneously induced by the large velocity gradient in the shear layer, the core of which becomes a potential site for cavitation. Consequently, with the growth of the recirculation region, three types of cavity clouds, viz., the ribbonlike, annular, and merged cavity clouds, appear in turn. The movement characteristics of these cavity clouds, including their inception, distortion, and collapse, are illustrated based on the high-speed imaging results. The ribbonlike and annular cavity clouds are both induced by the small vortices in the shear layer because of the low local pressure in the vortex core. However, the merged cavity clouds are caused by a combination of several ribbonlike and annular cavity clouds, which provides a larger scale and a longer life span. Hence, the collapse of the merged cavity clouds can cause a large pressure pulsation near the reattachment point of the recirculation region. The corresponding frequency spectra were also demonstrated based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method.
Cavitation Erosion Mechanisms of Solution Treated X5CrNi18-10 Stainless Steels
Authors: Bordeaşu I. , Mitelea I. , Sălcianu L. , Crăciunescu C. M.
Published: January 2016

The cavitation erosion resistance of an X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel, solution treated at temperatures in the range of 1000–1100 °C for 5–50 mins, was investigated using a piezoceramic vibrating system. The variation of the technological parameters led to changes in the degree of the chemical homogeneity and the grain size of the austenite. Heating at 1050 °C for 25 mins, followed by water quenching, led to an increase in the cavitation erosion resistance of about 2.45 times compared to the samples heated for 50 mins. A significant improvement of the cavitation resistance was obtained for the sample maintained at 1050 °C compared to the samples annealed at 1000 and 1100 °C. It was found that the associated cavitation erosion resistance is improved for finer granulation and for higher degree of chemical homogeneity of the austenite.
Development and Validation of a Uniaxial Nonlinear Viscoelastic Viscoplastic Stress Model for a Fuel Cell Membrane
Authors: May Jessica A. , Ellis Michael W. , Dillard David A. , Case Scott W. , Moore Robert B. , Li Yonqiang , Lai Yeh-Hung , Gittleman Craig A.
Published: January 2016

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in operating fuel cells are subjected to varying thermal and hygral loads while under mechanical constraint imposed within the compressed stack. Swelling during hygrothermal cycles can result in residual in-plane tensile stresses in the membrane and lead to mechanical degradation or failure through thinning or pinhole development. Numerical models can predict the stresses resulting from applied loads based on material characteristics, thus aiding in the development of more durable membrane materials. In this work, a nonlinear viscoelastic stress model based on the Schapery constitutive formulation is used with a viscoplastic term to describe the response of a novel membrane material comprised of a blend of perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) ionomer and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). Uniaxial creep and recovery experiments characterize the time-dependent linear viscoelastic compliance and the fitting parameters for the nonlinear viscoelastic viscoplastic model. The stress model is implemented in a commercial finite element code, abaqus®, to predict the response of a membrane subjected to mechanical loads. The stress model is validated by comparing model predictions to the experimental responses of membranes subjected to multiple-step creep, stress relaxation, and force ramp loads in uniaxial tension.
A Holistic Evaluation of Data Center Water Cooling Total Cost of Ownership
Authors: Demetriou Dustin W. , Kamath Vinod , Mahaney Howard
Published: January 2016

The generation-to-generation information technology (IT) performance and density demands continue to drive innovation in data center cooling technologies. For many applications, the ability to efficiently deliver cooling via traditional chilled air cooling approaches has become inadequate. Water cooling has been used in data centers for more than 50 years to improve heat dissipation, boost performance, and increase efficiency. While water cooling can undoubtedly have a higher initial capital cost, water cooling can be very cost effective when looking at the true life cycle cost of a water-cooled data center. This study aims at addressing how one should evaluate the true total cost of ownership (TCO) for water-cooled data centers by considering the combined capital and operational cost for both the IT systems and the data center facility. It compares several metrics, including return-on-investment for three cooling technologies: traditional air cooling, rack-level cooling using rear door heat exchangers, and direct water cooling (DWC) via cold plates. The results highlight several important variables, namely, IT power, data center location, site electric utility cost, and construction costs and how each of these influences the TCO of water cooling. The study further looks at implementing water cooling as part of a new data center construction project versus a retrofit or upgrade into an existing data center facility.
Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit With Embedded Microfluidic Cooling: Technology, Thermal Performance, and Electrical Implications
Authors: Zhang Xuchen , Han Xuefei , Sarvey Thomas E. , Green Craig E. , Kottke Peter A. , Fedorov Andrei G. , Joshi Yogendra , Bakir Muhannad S.
Published: January 2016

This paper reports on novel thermal testbeds with embedded micropin-fin heat sinks that were designed and microfabricated in silicon. Two micropin-fin arrays were presented, each with a nominal pin height of 200 μm and pin diameters of 90 μm and 30 μm. Single-phase and two-phase thermal testing of the micropin-fin array heat sinks were performed using de-ionized (DI) water as the coolant. The tested mass flow rate was 0.001 kg/s, and heat flux ranged from 30 W/cm2 to 470 W/cm2. The maximum heat transfer coefficient reached was 60 kW/m2 K. The results obtained from the two testbeds were compared and analyzed, showing that density of the micropin-fins has a significant impact on thermal performance. The convective thermal resistance in the single-phase region was calculated and fitted to an empirical model. The model was then used to explore the tradeoff between the electrical and thermal performance in heat sink design.
The Effect of Cycling Intensity on Cycling Economy During Seated and Standing Cycling
Authors: Arkesteijn Marco , Jobson Simon , Hopker James , Passfield Louis
Published: January 2016

Background:

Previous research has shown that cycling in a standing position reduces cycling economy compared with seated cycling. It is unknown whether the cycling intensity moderates the reduction in cycling economy while standing.

Purpose:

The aim was to determine whether the negative effect of standing on cycling economy would be decreased at a higher intensity.

Methods:

Ten cyclists cycled in 8 different conditions. Each condition was either at an intensity of 50% or 70% of maximal aerobic power at a gradient of 4% or 8% and in the seated or standing cycling position. Cycling economy and muscle activation level of 8 leg muscles were recorded.

Results:

There was an interaction between cycling intensity and position for cycling economy (P = .03), the overall activation of the leg muscles (P = .02), and the activation of the lower leg muscles (P = .05). The interaction showed decreased cycling economy when standing compared with seated cycling, but the difference was reduced at higher intensity. The overall activation of the leg muscles and the lower leg muscles, respectively, increased and decreased, but the differences between standing and seated cycling were reduced at higher intensity.

Conclusions:

Cycling economy was lower during standing cycling than seated cycling, but the difference in economy diminishes when cycling intensity increases. Activation of the lower leg muscles did not explain the lower cycling economy while standing. The increased overall activation, therefore, suggests that increased activation of the upper leg muscles explains part of the lower cycling economy while standing.
Selective Effects of Training Against Weight and Inertia on Muscle Mechanical Properties
Authors: Djuric Sasa , Cuk Ivan , Sreckovic Sreten , Mirkov Dragan , Nedeljkovic Aleksandar , Jaric Slobodan
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

To explore the effects of training against mechanically different types of loads on muscle force (F), velocity (V), and power (P) outputs.

Methods:

Subjects practiced maximum bench throws over 8 wk against a bar predominantly loaded by approximately constant external force (weight), weight plates (weight plus inertia), or weight plates whose weight was compensated by a constant external force pulling upward (inertia). Instead of a typically applied single trial performed against a selected load, the pretest and posttest consisted of the same task performed against 8 different loads ranging from 30% to 79% of the subject’s maximum strength applied by adding weight plates to the bar. That provided a range of F and V data for subsequent modeling by linear F–V regression revealing the maximum F (F-intercept), V (V-intercept), and P (P = FV/4).

Results:

Although all 3 training conditions resulted in increased P, the inertia type of the training load could be somewhat more effective than weight. An even more important finding was that the P increase could be almost exclusively based on a gain in F, V, or both when weight, inertia, or weight-plus-inertia training load were applied, respectively.

Conclusions:

The inertia training load is more effective than weight in increasing P and weight and inertia may be applied for selective gains in F and V, respectively, whereas the linear F–V model obtained from loaded trials could be used for discerning among muscle F, V, and P.
Effects of Long-Haul Transmeridian Travel on Subjective Jet-Lag and Self-Reported Sleep and Upper Respiratory Symptoms in Professional Rugby League Players
Authors: Fowler Peter M. , Duffield Rob , Lu Donna , Hickmans Jeremy A. , Scott Tannath J.
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

To examine the effects of 24-h travel west across 11 time zones on subjective jet-lag and wellness responses together with self-reported sleep and upper respiratory symptoms in 18 professional rugby league players.

Methods:

Measures were obtained 1 or 2 d before (pretravel) and 2, 6, and 8 d after travel (post-2, post-6, and post-8) from Australia to the United Kingdom (UK) for the 2015 World Club Series.

Results:

Compared with pretravel, subjective jet-lag remained significantly elevated on post-8 (3.1 ± 2.3, P < .05, d > 0.90), although it was greatest on post-2 (4.1 ± 1.4). Self-reported sleep-onset times were significantly earlier on post-2 than at all other time points (P < .05, d > 0.90), and large effect sizes suggested that wake times were earlier on post-2 than on post-6 and post-8 (d > 0.90). Although significantly more upper respiratory symptoms were reported on post-6 than at pretravel (P < .05, d ˃ 0.90), no incidence of injury and negligible changes in wellness and muscle strength and range of motion (P > .05, d < 0.90) were evident after travel.

Conclusions:

Results suggest that westward long-haul travel between Australia and the UK exacerbates subjective jet-lag and sleep responses, along with upper respiratory symptoms, in professional rugby league players. Of note, the increase in self-reported upper respiratory symptoms is a reminder that the demands of long-haul travel may be an additional concern in jet-lag for traveling athletes. However, due to the lack of sport-specific performance measures, it is still unclear whether international travel interferes with training to the extent that subsequent competition performance is impaired.
Impairment of Sprint Mechanical Properties in an Actual Soccer Match: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nagahara Ryu , Morin Jean-Benoit , Koido Masaaki
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

To assess soccer-specific impairment of mechanical properties in accelerated sprinting and its relation with activity profiles during an actual match.

Methods:

Thirteen male field players completed 4 sprint measurements, wherein running speed was obtained using a laser distance-measurement system, before and after the 2 halves of 2 soccer matches. Macroscopic mechanical properties (theoretical maximal horizontal force [F0], maximal horizontal sprinting power [Pmax], and theoretical maximal sprinting velocity [V0]) during the 35-m sprint acceleration were calculated from speed–time data. Players’ activity profiles during the matches were collected using global positioning system units.

Results:

After the match, although F0 and Pmax did not significantly change, V0 was reduced (P = .038), and the magnitude of this reduction correlated with distance (positive) and number (negative) of high-speed running, number of running (negative), and other low-intensity activity distance (negative) during the match. Moreover, Pmax decreased immediately before the second half (P = .014).

Conclusions:

The results suggest that soccer-specific fatigue probably impairs players’ maximal velocity capabilities more than their maximal horizontal force-production abilities at initial acceleration. Furthermore, long-distance running, especially at high speed, during the match may induce relatively large impairment of maximal velocity capabilities. In addition, the capability of producing maximal horizontal power during sprinting is presumably impaired during halftime of a soccer match with passive recovery. These findings could be useful for players and coaches aiming to train effectively to maintain sprinting performance throughout a soccer match when planning a training program.
The Work Endurance Recovery Method for Quantifying Training Loads in Judo
Authors: Morales Jose , Franchini Emerson , Garcia-Massó Xavier , Solana-Tramunt Mónica , Buscà Bernat , González Luis-Millán
Published: January 2016

Purpose:

To adapt the work endurance recovery (WER) method based on randori maximal time to exhaustion (RMTE) for combat situations in judo.

Methods:

Eleven international-standard judo athletes (7 men and 4 women; mean age 20.73 ± 2.49 y, height 1.72 ± 0.11 m, body mass 67.36 ± 10.67 kg) were recruited to take part in the study. All participants performed a maximal incremental test (MIT), a Wingate test (WIN), a Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), and 2 RMTE tests. They then took part in a session at an international training camp in Barcelona, Spain, in which 4 methods of load quantification were implemented: the WER method, the Stagno method, the Lucia method, and the session rating of perceived exertion (RPEsession).

Results:

RMTE demonstrated a very high test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .91), and correlations of the performance tests ranged from moderate to high: RMTE and MIT (r = .66), RMTE and WIN variables (r = .38–.53), RMTE and SJFT variables (r = .74–.77). The correlation between the WER method, which considers time to exhaustion, and the other systems for quantifying training load was high: WER and RPEsession (r = .87), WER and Stagno (r = .77), WER and Lucia (r = .73). A comparative repeated-measures analysis of variance of the normalized values of the quantification did not yield statistically significant differences.

Conclusions:

The WER method using RMTE is highly adaptable to quantify randori judo sessions and enables one to plan a priori individualized training loads.
Differences in the Control of Unconstrained Three-Dimensional Arm Motions of the Dominant and the Nondominant Arm
Authors: Hansen Clint , Rezzoug Nasser , Gorce Philippe , Isableu Brice
Published: January 2016

For the dominant limb, a velocity-dependent change in rotational axes during the kinesthetic control of unconstrained 3D arm rotations was reported, and thus the question arises if this can be reproduced for the nondominant arm. The rotation axes considered are the axes of minimum inertia (e3), the shoulder–center of mass axis (SH-CM), and the shoulder–elbow axis (SH-EL). The objective of this study was to examine whether the minimum inertia axis would constrain internal–external rotations of the shoulder at fast velocity. Participants performed cyclic rotations of their arms in 2 sensory conditions and at 2 velocities. The elbow configurations were either set to 90° or 140° to yield a constant separation between e3, SH-CM, and SH-EL. Our results showed that the limb’s rotational axis coincide with the SH-EL axis across velocity conditions, although higher variability was seen at higher velocity. This was true for both the dominant and the nondominant arm. Together, the results showed that cognitive instruction prevented a velocity-dependent rotation axis change toward e3 and/or SH-CM, as proposed in the minimum inertia principle.
Physical Activity in the Acute Ward Following Hip Fracture Surgery is Associated with Less Fear of Falling
Authors: Kronborg Lise , Bandholm Thomas , Palm Henrik , Kehlet Henrik , Kristensen Morten Tange
Published: January 2016

Early mobilization following hip fracture surgery reduces medical complications and mortality, but may increase the risk of falling. The aim was to objectively measure the physical activity (time spent upright) the first week after hip fracture surgery and relate it to functional performance and fear of falling at discharge. The 24-hr upright time was measured for a median of six days using a thigh-worn accelerometer in 37 patients (mean 80 years ± 8.4) and increased from median 13 (IQR 6–31) min to 46 (11–107) min at day 7. More upright time at discharge was associated with less fear of falling (r = –.48, p = .01, n = 27), which also was associated with fast gait speed (r = –.50, p = .02, n = 23) and a faster Timed Up and Go test time (r = .54, p < .01, n = 22), indicating a need for further studies on motivation and limitations for more physical activity following hip fracture surgery.
The Relationship Between Toe Grip Strength and Dynamic Balance or Functional Mobility Among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Uritani Daisuke , Fukumoto Takahiko , Matsumoto Daisuke , Shima Masayuki
Published: January 2016

Evaluating toe flexor strength may be an important method for predicting and preventing walking dysfunction and falls, particularly among older adults. In this study, toe grip strength (TGS), the functional reach (FR, a measure of dynamic balance) test, the timed up and go (TUG) test (a measure of functional ability), isometric knee extension strength (IKES), sex, age, weight, and height were analyzed among 665 healthy Japanese older adults. Statistical analyses were used to assess the relationships between TGS and FR or TUG and to investigate whether TGS was independently associated with FR or TUG. Our results indicate that, among both men and women, TGS was associated with TUG, independent of age, height, weight, and IKES, but TGS was not associated with FR. These results may facilitate the development of strategies for improving functional mobility through physical therapy.