bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Representation of Coastal Risk: A Fuzzy Approach to Deal with Uncertainty
Authors: Jadidi Amaneh , Mostafavi Mir , Bédard Yvan , Shahriari Kyarash
Published: August 2014

Spatial information for coastal risk assessment is inherently uncertain. This uncertainty may be due to different spatial and temporal components of geospatial data and to their semantics. The spatial uncertainty can be expressed either quantitatively or qualitatively. Spatial uncertainty in coastal risk assessment itself arises from poor spatial representation of risk zones. Indeed, coastal risk is inherently a dynamic, complex, scale-dependent, and vague, phenomenon in concept. In addition, representing the associated zones with polygons having well-defined boundaries does not provide a realistic method for efficient and accurate representing of the risk. This paper proposes a conceptual framework, based on fuzzy set theory, to deal with the problems of ill-defined risk zone boundaries and the inherent uncertainty issues. To do so, the nature and level of uncertainty, as well as the way to model it are characterized. Then, a fuzzy representation method is developed where the membership functions are derived based on expert-knowledge. The proposed approach is then applied in the Perce region (Eastern Quebec, Canada) and results are presented and discussed.
A Comparative Study of Non-Viral Gene Delivery Techniques to Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell
Authors: Halim Nur , Fakiruddin Kamal , Ali Syed , Yahaya Badrul
Published: August 2014

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold tremendous potential for therapeutic use in stem cell-based gene therapy. Ex vivo genetic modification of MSCs with beneficial genes of interest is a prerequisite for successful use of stem cell-based therapeutic applications. However, genetic manipulation of MSCs is challenging because they are resistant to commonly used methods to introduce exogenous DNA or RNA. Herein we compared the effectiveness of several techniques (classic calcium phosphate precipitation, cationic polymer, and standard electroporation) with that of microporation technology to introduce the plasmid encoding for angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT-1) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) into human adipose-derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs). The microporation technique had a higher transfection efficiency, with up to 50% of the viable hAD-MSCs being transfected, compared to the other transfection techniques, for which less than 1% of cells were positive for eGFP expression following transfection. The capability of cells to proliferate and differentiate into three major lineages (chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteocytes) was found to be independent of the technique used for transfection. These results show that the microporation technique is superior to the others in terms of its ability to transfect hAD-MSCs without affecting their proliferation and differentiation capabilities. Therefore, this study provides a foundation for the selection of techniques when using ex vivo gene manipulation for cell-based gene therapy with MSCs as the vehicle for gene delivery.
Juvenile Justice in Mexico
Authors: Frías Armenta Martha , Gómez Martínez Livier
Published: August 2014

The first tribunal in Mexico was established in the central state of San Luis Potosi in 1926. The Law Regarding Social Prevention and Juvenile Delinquency for the Federal District and Mexican territories was promulgated in 1928. In 2005, Article 18 of the Mexican Constitution was modified to establish a comprehensive system (“Sistema Integral de justicia” in Spanish) of justice for juveniles between 12 and 18 years old who had committed a crime punishable under criminal law. Its objective was to guarantee juveniles all the due process rights established for adults, in addition to the special ones recognized for minors. The constitutional reform also provides a framework that includes special tribunals as well as alternative justice options for juveniles. With these reforms, institutionalization of minors was to be considered an extreme measure applicable only to felonies and to juveniles older than 14. In 2006, all states within the Mexican federation enacted the “Law of justice for adolescents”. This system, at both the federal and state levels, formalizes a new global paradigm with regard to the triangular relationship between children, the State and the Law. It recognizes that children are also bearers of the inherent human rights recognized for all individuals, instead of simply objects in need of protection. However, despite formally aligning Mexican juvenile justice law with the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), issues of actual substantive rights remained and new ones have appeared. For example, juveniles younger than 14 who have not committed a felony are released from institutions without any rehabilitation or treatment options, and alternative forms of justice were included without evaluating their possibilities of application or their conditions for success. In addition, the economic status of most juvenile detainees continues to be one of the most important determining factors in the administration of justice. Juveniles lack real access to an adequate defense because they cannot afford to pay lawyers. This disconnection between rights and reality undermines the new system, raising the question of whether recent modifications to bring laws in line with international norms are in fact advancing juvenile justice. By approaching the Mexican juvenile justice systems as a single, multilayered system combining international, federal and local laws and procedures, we can better describe some of the substantive inconsistencies that continue to prevail, even as new ones develop in terms of children’s rights.
Photonic Bandgap Propagation in All-Solid Chalcogenide Microstructured Optical Fibers
Authors: Caillaud Celine , Renversez Gilles , Brilland Laurent , Mechin David , Calvez Laurent , Adam Jean-Luc , Troles Johann
Published: August 2014

An original way to obtain fibers with special chromatic dispersion and single-mode behavior is to consider microstructured optical fibers (MOFs). These fibers present unique optical properties thanks to the high degree of freedom in the design of their geometrical structure. In this study, the first all-solid all-chalcogenide MOFs exhibiting photonic bandgap transmission have been achieved and optically characterized. The fibers are made of an As38Se62 matrix, with inclusions of Te20As30Se50 glass that shows a higher refractive index (n = 2.9). In those fibers, several transmission bands have been observed in mid infrared depending on the geometry. In addition, for the first time, propagation by photonic bandgap effect in an all-chalcogenide MOF has been observed at 3.39 µm, 9.3 µm, and 10.6 µm. The numerical simulations based on the optogeometric properties of the fibers agree well with the experimental characterizations.
Hyperspectral Imaging and Chemometric Modeling of Echinacea — A Novel Approach in the Quality Control of Herbal Medicines
Authors: Sandasi Maxleene , Vermaak IIze , Chen Weiyang , Viljoen Alvaro
Published: August 2014

Echinacea species are popularly included in various formulations to treat upper respiratory tract infections. These products are of commercial importance, with a collective sales figure of $132 million in 2009. Due to their close taxonomic alliance it is difficult to distinguish between the three Echinacea species and incidences of incorrectly labeled commercial products have been reported. The potential of hyperspectral imaging as a rapid quality control method for raw material and products containing Echinacea species was investigated. Hyperspectral images of root and leaf material of authentic Echinacea species (E. angustifolia, E. pallida and E. purpurea) were acquired using a sisuChema shortwave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral pushbroom imaging system with a spectral range of 920–2514 nm. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots showed a clear distinction between the root and leaf samples of the three Echinacea species and further differentiated the roots of different species. A classification model with a high coefficient of determination was constructed to predict the identity of the species included in commercial products. The majority of products (12 out of 20) were convincingly predicted as containing E. purpurea, E. angustifolia or both. The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) in the differentiation of the species presented a challenge due to chemical similarities between the solvent extracts. The results show that hyperspectral imaging is an objective and non-destructive quality control method for authenticating raw material.
Fermented Broth in Tyrosinase- and Melanogenesis Inhibition
Authors: Chan Chin-Feng , Huang Ching-Cheng , Lee Ming-Yuan , Lin Yung-Sheng
Published: August 2014

Fermented broth has a long history of applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Recently, the use of fermented broth in skin care products is in ascendance. This review investigates the efficacy of fermented broth in inhibiting tyrosinase and melanogenesis. Possible active ingredients and hypopigmentation mechanisms of fermented broth are discussed, and potential applications of fermented broth in the cosmetic industry are also addressed.
Design and Synthesis of New Cholesterol-Conjugated 5-Fluorouracil: A Novel Potential Delivery System for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Radwan Awwad , Alanazi Fares
Published: August 2014

Cholesterol-conjugated 5-fluorouracil prodrugs were designed to be carried in vivo via low density lipoproteins (LDL) and subsequently undergo LDL-receptor-mediated internalisation into cancer cells. In vivo anti-cancer evaluation was performed using 5-fluorouracil-cholesterol conjugate in a mouse model. The obtained prodrugs were more potent than 5-fluorouracil control drug at the same 5-fluorouracil content (3 mg·kg−1).
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of a Series of 2-Amino-Naphthoquinones against Human Cancer Cells
Authors: De Moraes Thiago , Filha Maria , Camara Celso , Silva Tania , Soares Bruno , Bomfim Igor , Pessoa Claudia , Ximenes George , Silva Valdemiro
Published: August 2014

The cytotoxicity of a series of aminonaphthoquinones resulting from the reaction of suitable aminoacids with 1,4-naphthoquinone was assayed against SF-295 (glioblastoma), MDAMB-435 (breast), HCT-8 (colon), HCT-116 (colon), HL-60 (leukemia), OVCAR-8 (ovarian), NCI-H358M (bronchoalveolar lung carcinoma) and PC3-M (prostate) cancer cells and also against PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). The results demonstrated that all the synthetic aminonaphthoquinones had relevant cytotoxic activity against all human cancer lines used in this experiment. Five of the compounds showed high cytotoxicity and selectivity against all cancer cell lines tested (IC50 = 0.49 to 3.89 µg·mL−1). The title compounds were less toxic to PBMC, since IC50 was 1.5 to eighteen times higher (IC50 = 5.51 to 17.61 µg·mL−1) than values shown by tumour cell lines. The mechanism of cell growth inhibition and structure–activity relationships remains as a target for future investigations.
Supplementation with Vitamin B6 Reduces Side Effects in Cambodian Women Using Oral Contraception
Authors: Var Chivorn , Keller Sheryl , Tung Rathavy , Freeland Dylan , Bazzano Alessandra
Published: August 2014

Hormonal contraceptives may produce side effects that deter women from their use as a method of family planning. In nutritionally vulnerable populations these effects may be more pronounced due to micronutrient deficiencies and health status. Previous studies have been unable to resolve whether micronutrient supplementation may reduce such side effects. Aim: In a longitudinal study, 1011 women obtaining oral contraception through the public health system in rural Cambodia were allocated to either intervention or control groups, receiving either daily Vitamin B6 supplement or care as usual (without placebo). Results: The intervention participants (n = 577) reported fewer side effects in three categories: nausea/no appetite, headache, and depression compared with control group participants (n = 434). Conclusion: Women taking Vitamin B6 supplement were less likely to report side effects in a nutritionally vulnerable population. Underlying nutrition status should be considered by clinicians and reproductive health policy makers in the context of providing contraceptive services. Further investigation into micronutrient supplementation, particularly with B6, in reproductive-aged women using hormonal contraception should be conducted in other settings to determine the potential for widespread adoption.
Dynamic Response of CoSb2O6 Trirutile-Type Oxides in a CO2 Atmosphere at Low-Temperatures
Authors: Guillén-Bonilla Alex , Rodríguez-Betancourtt Verónica-María , Flores-Martínez Martín , Blanco-Alonso Oscar , Reyes-Gómez Juan , Gildo-Ortiz Lorenzo , Guillén-Bonilla Héctor
Published: August 2014

Experimental work on the synthesis of the CoSb2O6 oxide and its CO2 sensing properties is presented here. The oxide was synthesized by a microwave-assisted colloidal method in presence of ethylenediamine after calcination at 600 °C. This CoSb2O6 oxide crystallized in a tetragonal structure with cell parameters and Å, and space group P42/mnm. To prove its physical, chemical and sensing properties, the oxide was subjected to a series of tests: Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and impedance (Z) measurements. Microstructures, like columns, bars and hollow hemispheres, were observed. For the CO2 sensing test, a thick film of CoSb2O6 was used, measuring the impedance variations on the presence of air/CO2 flows (0.100 sccm/0.100 sccm) using AC (alternating current) signals in the frequency-range 0.1–100 kHz and low relative temperatures (250 and 300 °C). The CO2 sensing results were quite good.
Urgent Protection versus Chronic Need: Clarifying the Dual Mandate of Child Welfare Services across Canada
Authors: Trocmé Nico , Kyte Alicia , Sinha Vandna , Fallon Barbara
Published: August 2014

This study analyzed data from the 1998, 2003 and 2008 Canadian Incidence Study of reported child abuse and neglect (CIS) and compared the profile of children who were reported for an urgent protection investigation versus any other investigation or assessment. As a proportion of all investigations, urgent protection cases have dropped from 28% of all investigations in 1998, to 19% in 2003, to 15% in 2008. Results from the CIS-2008 analysis revealed that 7% of cases involved neglect of a child under four, 4% of cases involved sexual abuse, 2% of cases involved physical abuse of a child under four and 1% of cases involved children who had sustained severe enough physical harm that medical treatment was required. The other 85% of cases of investigated maltreatment involved situations where concerns appear to focus less on immediate safety and more on the long-term effects of a range of family related problems. These findings underscore the importance of considering the dual mandate of child welfare mandates across Canada: intervening to assure the urgent protection and safety of the child versus intervening to promote the development and well-being of the child.
Ecosystem-Based Adaptation for Food Security in the AIMS SIDS: Integrating External and Local Knowledge
Authors: Mercer Jessica , Kurvits Tiina , Kelman Ilan , Mavrogenis Stavros
Published: August 2014

This paper critically reviews ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) approaches for food security under climate change, specifically for the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) comprising the Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS) region. The focus is on integrating different knowledge forms. An analysis of current EbA approaches for food security is undertaken, alongside a review of methodologies for integrating local and external knowledge. Key gaps and actions for EbA for food security in the AIMS region, and potentially further afield, are identified. The gaps indicate the lack of coherence in AIMS SIDS approaching food security, in terms of policies and actions not reflecting the ecosystem-food-climate nexus, the lack of a regional framework despite similarities amongst the SIDS, and the infrequency with which knowledge integration occurs. To fill these gaps, suggested actions highlight knowledge identification and combination, learning from others and from history, using local champions, and regularly monitoring and evaluating progress. These actions will push forward the EbA agenda through improved development and use of knowledge, better connections amongst the AIMS SIDS and farther afield, and more local-national-regional collaboration.
Synthesis of 2-substituted tryptophans via a C3- to C2-alkyl migration
Authors: Mari Michele , Lucarini Simone , Bartoccini Francesca , Piersanti Giovanni , Spadoni Gilberto
Published: August 2014

The reaction of 3-substituted indoles with dehydroalanine (Dha) derivatives under Lewis acid-mediated conditions has been investigated. The formation of 2-substituted tryptophans is proposed to occur through a selective alkylative dearomatization–cyclization followed by C3- to C2-alkyl migration and rearomatization.
Antiviral Therapy for Human Rabies
Authors: Appolinario Camila M , Jackson Alan C
Published: August 2014

Human rabies is virtually always fatal despite numerous attempts at aggressive therapy. Most survivors received one or more doses of rabies vaccine prior to the onset of the disease. The Milwaukee Protocol has proved to be ineffective for rabies and should no longer be used. New approaches are needed and an improved understanding of basic mechanisms responsible for the clinical disease in rabies may prove to be useful for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Antiviral therapy is thought to be an important component of combination therapy for the management of human rabies, and immunotherapy and neuroprotective therapy should also be strongly considered. There are many important issues for consideration regarding drug delivery to the central nervous system in rabies, which are in part related to the presence of the blood–brain barrier and also the blood–spinal cord barrier. Ribavirin and interferon-α have proved to be disappointing agents for the therapy of rabies. There is insufficient evidence to support the continued use of ketamine or amantadine for the therapy of rabies. Minocycline or corticosteroids should not be used because of concerns about aggravating the disease. A variety of new antiviral agents are under development and evaluation, including favipiravir, RNA interference (for example, small interfering [si]RNAs) and novel targeted approaches, including interference with viral capsid assembly and viral egress.
Psychiatric Epidemiology, Nosology, and Treatment: Considering Internet Gambling
Authors: Shaffer Howard J. , Shaffer Paige M.
Published: August 2014

In this article, we consider behavioral addiction by examining the psychiatric aspects of disordered gambling. In particular, we illustrate these considerations with examples based on the growing evidence base associated with Internet-based gambling. We begin our review by focusing on gambling, the epidemiology of gambling disorders, and the place of gambling disorders within the psychiatric nosology. We include a critical discussion about the games that people play and whether certain games are associated with higher rates of gambling disorder. This discussion also includes an evidence-based consideration of the relationship between gambling exposure and adaptation to this experience. We conclude our review by discussing several issues associated with the shift from
DSM-IV
to
DSM-5
diagnostic criteria as well as the treatment of gambling disorder. Throughout this review, we use the Syndrome Model of Addiction as an overarching guide.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(8):371–378.]
Internet Shopping from a Psychiatric Perspective
Authors: Müller Astrid , Mitchell James E.
Published: August 2014

Compulsive buying is characterized by extreme preoccupation with buying, by recurrent episodic purchasing of consumer goods that are unneeded, by losing control over spending, and by continued buying despite harmful consequences, such as psychological distress, familial conflicts, interference in social or occupational functioning, and debts. Compulsive buying episodes serve as a maladaptive coping strategy to satisfy emotional needs. Individuals with compulsive buying report increased material values endorsement and experience high psychiatric comorbidity, with the most common comorbid disorders being social anxiety, depression, hoarding disorder, binge eating disorder, and substance use disorders. A population-based survey estimated the point prevalence of compulsive buying to be approximately 6% in the United States. Compulsive buying may occur in different buying environments, including traditional offline buying in stores and buying on the Internet. Research on online compulsive buying, however, is still relatively sparse. It is likely that psychiatric aspects that play a role in traditional offline compulsive buying may also be of importance in online compulsive buying.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(8):384–387.]
Akathisia: Case Presentation and Review of Newer Treatment Agents
Authors: Sethuram Karthik , Gedzior Joanna
Published: August 2014

Akathisia is a common and potentially debilitating adverse effect of many psychotropic agents. To a physician not specifically screening for this phenomenon, symptoms can appear similar to depression, anxiety, and/or psychosis. Further complicating matters, akathisia may also occur at different points during the treatment period with varying levels of severity in terms of patient distress. Treatment options have been limited by our somewhat poor understanding of akathisia’s neurological basis, but dopamine dysregulation is theorized to play a central role. Most pharmacotherapy regimens focus on beta-adrenergic antagonists (eg, propranolol, the current gold-standard), which are thought to affect noradrenergic inputs into the dopamine pathways of the brain. However, new research suggests a role for serotonin-based pharmacotherapy, particularly those affecting 5-HT2a/c receptors (eg, mirtazapine) in regulating dopamine.[Psychiatr Ann. 2014; 44(8):391–396.]
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Experienced by Stroke Survivors
Authors: Hadidi Niloufar Niakosari , Cullen Kathryn R. , Hall Leah M.J. , Lindquist Ruth , Buckwalter Kathleen C. , Mathews Emily
Published: August 2014

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a noninvasive technique that measures brain activation, has been increasingly used in the past decade, particularly among older adults. Use of fMRI in research with stroke survivors in recent years has substantially contributed to researchers’ understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke sequelae. However, despite the increasing popularity and use of fMRI, little is known about the patient experience of fMRI under research circumstances. The current research brief reports the findings of a pilot study undertaken to understand stroke survivors’ experiences with fMRI under research circumstances. Nine ischemic stroke patients underwent two MRI sessions, each of which lasted 1.5 hours and included several fMRI tasks. Patients were asked about their experiences and to share any advice. All participants reported that they did not feel claustrophobic; in addition, the importance of educating participants about fMRI was a universal theme that emerged. Knowledge of participant experiences may help with enrollment strategies for fMRI studies and improve research outcomes related to the fMRI experience.
[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2014; 7(5):200–205.]
Sobre la viabilidad de los BLISK producidos mediante soldadura por fricción lineal
Authors: Mateo Antonio
Published: August 2014

Las técnicas de soldadura por fricción son procesos en estado sólido que convierten la energía mecánica en calor en la junta a soldar. En el caso de la soldadura por fricción lineal, la coalescencia tiene lugar bajo un contacto compresivo producido rozando un componente contra otro. Se trata de una tecnología relativamente reciente que ha encontrado importantes aplicaciones en el sector aeronáutico. En concreto, los mayores fabricantes mundiales de motores de aviones la emplean para la fabricación de BLISK, un diseño en que disco y álabes son una única pieza. Es obvio que para una función tan crítica la fiabilidad de las soldaduras debe estar totalmente garantizada. El presente trabajo muestra resultados relativos a la caracterización, tanto microestructural como mecánica, de un prototipo de BLISK diseñado para el compresor de presión intermedia de un motor aeronáutico. Además, considerando que las requerimientos de diseño de discos y álabes son diferentes, se seleccionaron aleaciones de titanio disimilares para cada parte, para así mejorar el rendimiento del BLISK. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la soldadura por fricción lineal es un proceso fiable, que puede producir uniones libres de defectos y con propiedades mecánicas comparables a las de los correspondientes materiales base.
Modeling of Software Defined Radio Architecture and Cognitive Radio
Authors: Banerjee Jyoti Sekhar , Chakraborty Arpita
Published: August 2014

Today's wireless networks are characterized by fixed spectrum assignment policy. The spectral scarcity and the inefficiency in the spectrum usage necessitate new communication paradigms to exploit the existing wireless spectrum, opportunistically. Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio (CR) are the very paradigms for wireless communication, in which either a network or a wireless node reconfigures its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently, avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. CR adapts itself to the newer environment on the basis of its intelligent sensing and captures the best available spectrum to meet user communication requirements. When the radio link features are extended to the network layer, the cognitive radios form the cognitive radio network. This chapter is focused on software defined radio, its architecture, its limitations, evolution to cognitive radio network, architecture of the CR, and its relevance in wireless and mobile ad-hoc networks.
Transport Layer for Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Authors: Saleem Yasir , Salim Farrukh
Published: August 2014

The transport layer is responsible for reliable and energy-efficient delivery of packets from source to destination. Since Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN) is an emerging technology, there is a need to develop efficient transport layer protocols for it. Therefore, the main goal of this chapter is to provide design guidelines and highlight design issues and challenges of transport protocols for cognitive radio sensor networks. In this chapter, the authors provide a foundation for development of new transport protocols for cognitive radio sensor networks by presenting characteristics and major existing schemes of traditional transport protocols. Additionally, they provide design guidelines and challenges for the development of transport protocols for cognitive radio sensor networks including a guideline on simulation ground for transport protocols. In summary, this chapter is an initial step towards new directions of research and development of transport protocols for cognitive radio sensor networks.
Applications of Independent Component Analysis in Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Authors: Zahooruddin  , Ahmad Ayaz , Iqbal Muhammad , Alam Farooq , Ahmad Sadiq
Published: August 2014

Independent component analysis is extensively used for blind source separation of different signals in various engineering disciplines. It has its applications in several areas of communication, multiple input multiple output, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, wireless sensor networks, and cognitive radio networks. In this chapter, the authors discuss the general theory of independent component analysis, wireless sensor networks, cognitive radio networks, and cognitive radio sensor networks. The main focus of the chapter is the application of independent component analysis in cognitive radio networks, wireless sensor networks, and cognitive radio sensor networks. The issues and challenges of these emerging technologies are discussed while applying independent component analysis. Cognitive radio sensor network is a promising technology to efficiently resolve the issues of spectrum usage in sensor networks. The authors are the first to discuss the applications of independent component analysis in cognitive radio sensor networks. At the end of this chapter, they discuss some future research problems regarding the applications of independent component analysis in cognitive radio sensor networks.
Integration of Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks and Cloud Computing
Authors: Saleem Yasir , Salim Farrukh , Rehmani Mubashir Husain
Published: August 2014

Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) are composed of sensor nodes equipped with Cognitive Radio (CR) technology with limited resources (e.g., storage, computational speed, bandwidth, security, etc.). In order to overcome resource limitation, cognitive radio sensor nodes are integrated with cloud computing, which provides computing resources (e.g., storage, computation, security, etc.) to sensor nodes. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is integration of cognitive radio sensor networks with cloud computing. In this chapter, the authors first provide background on cloud computing, cognitive radio networks, wireless sensor networks, and cognitive radio sensor networks. This chapter also describes benefits of this integration to both cognitive radio sensor networks and cloud computing, followed by advantages of using cloud computing in cognitive radio sensor networks. Furthermore, it provides applications of cloud-based cognitive radio sensor networks. In the end, the authors provide some issues, challenges, and future directions for such integration.
Monitoring the Vital Signs in a Complex Social System
Authors: Che Xiangdong , Salaymeh Areej , Reynolds Robert
Published: August 2014

It has been conjectured that “Culture is an optimizing process”. That is, the social structures that emerge in a given organization support the efficient solution of problems that the organization must deal with. Here we will present an escalating sequence of static problems to our system. Our goal will be to study how the social network infrastructure affects the overall performance of social system of a given complexity. We develop a Cultural Engine metaphor in terms of measures used to describe the entropy of each of the Cultural Algorithm components. The influence function worked analogous to Maxwell's Demon in order to inject new entropy into the system so as to counteract the effect of the second law of thermodynamics. We then applied the system to the solution of a 150 randomly generated problems of varying complexity produced by a problem generation system based upon complexity theory.
A Heuristic Approach for Optimal Location and Sizing of Multiple DGs in Radial Distribution System
Authors: Sasiraja R.M. , Kumar V. Suresh , Sudha S.
Published: August 2014

A distribution system is known as an interface between the central power system and its consumers. DGs are defined as small scale generation units that are connected near to customer load centres. DGs have the potential of altering power flows, system voltages, and even the performance of the integrated network. With the principle of minimizing line losses in the power systems, it is remarkably imperative to define the optimal size and location of local generations. This paper proposes Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in radial distribution system by minimizing the real power loss and thus improving the voltage shape. The developed algorithm is tested on 33-bus radial distribution system. The proposed method has outperformed than the other methods in terms of the quality of solution and computational competence.
Cooperative Tracking Control for Formation Keeping of Fractionated Spacecraft Based on Error Exchanging
Authors: Niu Ya Feng , Gao Yong Ming
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses the cooperative control for formation keeping of fractionated spacecraft, which is a new concept in recent years. For system of second-order differential equations of formation flying dynamics, knowledge of graph and consensus theory is introduced in study. By means of the idea of sliding mode control, we design a tracking control law for time-varying desired signal. Via exchanging error information among modules, the control law can make errors synchronized up to zero to achieve tracking. Relative velocity information between modules is not needed in this control law, which will efficiently reduce the requirements for relative navigation between modules. Then we prove the stability of the control system. Finally numerical simulation results show the effectiveness of the control law. By configuring the control parameters reasonably, we can achieve high degree of control accuracy.
Liverworts and Hornworts of Sri Lanka: a revised checklist
Authors: Long David G , Rubasinghe Sumudu CK
Published: August 2014

A revised checklist of liverworts and hornworts of Sri Lanka is presented based on an extensive review of published literature sources and incorporating synonymy from numerous floristic reports and taxonomic revisions. A number of erroneous records and doubtfully recorded taxa have been excluded. In total 82 genera and 327 species of liverworts and 4 genera and 5 species of hornworts are accepted. For each species literature sources are listed. For synonyms the source of the synonymy is given. Further, names whose type specimens originated from Sri Lanka are indicated. Two new formal taxonomic changes are propsed: Bazzania obtusa D.G.Long & Rubasinghe, nom. nov. and Heteroscyphus fleischeri (Steph.) D.G.Long & Rubasinghe, comb. nov. An index to all accepted names and synonyms is appended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v43i1.7280 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 43(1): 1-36, 2014
Morphological Characterization of Drupes Reveals a Higher Diversity of Phyllanthus emblica Germplasm in Anuradhapura, Kandy and Kurunegala Districts of Sri Lanka
Authors: Mawalagedera SMUP , Perera GAD , Sooriyapathirana SDSS
Published: August 2014

Phyllanthus emblica L. is a commercially important fruit species and its plant parts are indispensable in indigenous herbal medicine. A total of 475 P. emblica drupes harvested from 66 trees in Anuradhapura, Kandy and Kurunegala districts of Sri Lanka were used for characterizing morphological features. For each drupe, seven morphometric data (height, width and weight of drupes, mesocarp thickness, width, height and weight of stones) were measured. Sixty one drupes were used for the quantitative analysis of the epicarp color of drupes. Bitterness, an organoleptic property was analyzed in relation to drupe size by using a taste panel of independent human subjects. The stone traits showed a lower correlation with other drupe traits suggesting that drupe and stone traits may be governed by two separate sets of genes. The cluster analysis based on drupe size traits characterized the P. emblica germplasm into four clusters. Number of cells in the mesocarp of smaller and larger fruits was more or less the same but the cell size was larger in larger fruits (p<0.05). There were significant differences in quantitative color metrics between small and large drupe groups. Thus, P. emblica gremplasm has a significantly higher morphological diversity in Sri Lanka but the drupe traits did not vary with respect to their locations or the climate. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v43i1.7281 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 43(1): 125-135, 2014
Bird Diversity of Dekinda Forest Reserve, Balana, Sri Lanka: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Wijesundara Chaminda , Wijesundara Manjula
Published: August 2014

Dekinda Forest Reserve, located close to the historic town of Balana,Sri Lanka (7°16’N, 80°29’E, 525-585m above sea level) consists of rainforest plant species spanning an area of about 40 ha. The forest has been maintained since the colonial times as a watershed reserve for nearby plantations, most of which comprised tea and paddy. The objective of the present study was to measure the avifaunal diversity in Dekinda Forest Reserve, as an indicator of its overall biodiversity, and compare it with those of nearby home gardens. The study was conducted from March to June, 2012. Point counts with unlimited distance were used in conjunction with Distance© software (Release 6) to document the abundance and density of bird species. Peak counting hours were between 0600-0900 h and 1600-1830 h. Counts were made weekly. Despite its small size, the forest reserve is home to 58 bird species. Among the notable species, therewere six endemic species, namely, the Sri Lanka wood pigeon (Columba torringtoni) (estimated density 8/km2), Layard’s parakeet (Psittacula calthorpae) (19/km2), Sri Lanka lorikeet (Loriculus beryllinus) (70/km2), yellow-fronted barbet (Megalaima flavifrons) (79/km2), Sri Lanka scimitar babbler (Pomatorhinus melanurus) (11/km2), and brown-capped babbler (Pellorneum fuscocapillus) (10/km2). In addition, four proposed endemic species were also recorded. Given the importance of this forest as a watershed area and the large number of bird species it supports, Dekinda Forest Reserve is clearly an important site for biodiversity conservation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v43i1.7283 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 43(1): 137-146, 2014
Rhynchosia velutina, a Critically Endangered Legume Crop Wild Relative in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasuriya AH Magdon
Published: August 2014

A small population of Rhynchosia velutina Wight & Arn. was found in an unprotected coastal forest area, immediately south of Wilpattu National Park in the Puttalam District, during a recent Environment Impact Assessment of a site earmarked for development. This species was a legume crop wild relative known in Sri Lanka from only two previous collections in 1932 and 1973 from two protected areas in the south eastern coastal forests. The species is very rare and considered critically endangered in Sri Lanka. This new finding is the only record of this species in the west coast of Sri Lanka and therefore this location should be regarded as a refugium as it lies outside protected areas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v43i1.7284 Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 43(1): 147-150, 2014
Interactions between Camelina sativa (Brassicaceae) and insect pests of canola
Authors: Soroka Juliana , Olivier Chrystel , Grenkow Larry , Séguin-Swartz Ginette
Published: August 2014

In an investigation of Camelina sativa (Linnaeus) Crantz (Brassicaceae) and five common insect pests of canola (Brassica napus Linnaeus) (Brassicaceae), little feeding damage to the plant was inflicted by crucifer-feeding specialist flea beetles (Phyllotreta Chevrolat species) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Delia Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) root maggots, or diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)). In choice tests, diamondback moths laid fewer eggs on C. sativa than on B. napus leaves. Diamondback moth larvae consumed less C. sativa leaf tissue, and tended to have a longer developmental period on C. sativa. Larvae of the polyphagous bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)) had similar feeding levels on C. sativa and B. napus plants. However, there was a longer developmental period from larval to pupal stage and pupae weighed less when fed on C. sativa foliage, suggesting that C. sativa contains antibiosis factors against bertha armyworm. Two strains of aster yellows phytoplasma, 16SrI-A and 16SrI-B, were identified in C. sativa and in Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Differences in incidence of aster yellows and abundance of M. quadrilineatus were observed among lines of C. sativa. The findings confirm that C. sativa is unlikely to support high populations of these insect pests on the Canadian prairies.
Differential Control of Mincle-Dependent Cord Factor Recognition and Macrophage Responses by the Transcription Factors C/EBPβ and HIF1α
Authors: Schoenen Hanne , Huber Alexandra , Sonda Nada , Zimmermann Stephanie , Jantsch Jonathan , Lepenies Bernd , Bronte Vincenzo , Lang Roland
Published: August 2014

Trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM), the mycobacterial cord factor, and its synthetic analog Trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB) bind to the C-type lectin receptors macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) and Mcl to activate macrophages. Genetically, the transcriptional response to TDB/TDM has been defined to require FcRγ-Syk-Card9 signaling. However, TDB/TDM-triggered kinase activation has not been studied well, and it is largely unknown which transcriptional regulators bring about inflammatory gene expression. In this article, we report that TDB/TDM caused only weak Syk-phosphorylation in resting macrophages, consistent with low basal Mincle expression. However, LPS-priming caused MYD88-dependent upregulation of Mincle, resulting in enhanced TDB/TDM-induced kinase activation and more rapid inflammatory gene expression. TLR-induced Mincle expression partially circumvented the requirement for Mcl in the response to TDB/TDM. To dissect transcriptional responses to TDB/TDM, we mined microarray data and identified early growth response (Egr) family transcription factors as direct Mincle target genes, whereas upregulation of Cebpb and Hif1a required new protein synthesis. Macrophages and dendritic cells lacking C/EBPβ showed nearly complete abrogation of TDB/TDM responsiveness, but also failed to upregulate Mincle. Retroviral rescue of Mincle expression in Cebpb-deficient cells restored induction of Egr1, but not of G-CSF. This pattern of C/EBPβ dependence was also observed after stimulation with the Dectin-1 ligand Curdlan. Inducible expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) also required C/EBPβ. In turn, HIF1α was not required for Mincle expression, kinase activation, and Egr1 or Csf3 expression, but critically contributed to NO production. Taken together, we identify C/EBPβ as central hub in Mincle expression and inflammatory gene induction, whereas HIF1α controls Nos2 expression. C/EBPβ also connects TLR signals to cord factor responsiveness through MYD88-dependent upregulation of Mincle.
Inhibition of TYK2 and JAK1 Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Dermatitis by Inhibiting IL-22 and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis
Authors: Works Melissa G. , Yin Fangfang , Yin Catherine C. , Yiu Ying , Shew Kenneth , Tran Thanh-Thuy , Dunlap Nahoko , Lam Jennifer , Mitchell Tim , Reader John , Stein Paul L. , D’Andrea Annalisa
Published: August 2014

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the skin and characterized by aberrant keratinocyte proliferation and function. Immune cells infiltrate the skin and release proinflammatory cytokines that play important roles in psoriasis. The Th17 network, including IL-23 and IL-22, has recently emerged as a critical component in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-22 and IL-23 signaling is dependent on the JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases, making JAK inhibition an appealing strategy for the treatment of psoriasis. In this study, we report the activity of SAR-20347, a small molecule inhibitor with specificity for JAK1 and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) over other JAK family members. In cellular assays, SAR-20347 dose dependently (1 nM–10 μM) inhibited JAK1- and/or TYK2-dependent signaling from the IL-12/IL-23, IL-22, and IFN-α receptors. In vivo, TYK2 mutant mice or treatment of wild-type mice with SAR-20347 significantly reduced IL-12–induced IFN-γ production and IL-22–dependent serum amyloid A to similar extents, indicating that, in these models, SAR-20347 is probably acting through inhibition of TYK2. In an imiquimod-induced psoriasis model, the administration of SAR-20347 led to a striking decrease in disease pathology, including reduced activation of keratinocytes and proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with both TYK2 mutant mice and wild-type controls. Taken together, these data indicate that targeting both JAK1- and TYK2-mediated cytokine signaling is more effective than TYK2 inhibition alone in reducing psoriasis pathogenesis.
TGF-β–Induced CD4+Foxp3+ T Cells Attenuate Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease by Suppressing Expansion and Killing of Effector CD8+ Cells
Authors: Gu Jian , Lu Ling , Chen Maogen , Xu Lili , Lan Qin , Li Qiang , Liu Zhongmin , Chen Guihua , Wang Ping , Wang Xuehao , Brand David , Olsen Nancy , Zheng Song Guo
Published: August 2014

The use of TGF-β–induced CD4+Foxp3+ T cells (induced regulatory T cells [iTregs]) is an important prevention and treatment strategy in autoimmune diseases and other disorders. However, the potential use of iTregs as a treatment modality for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) has not been realized because they may be unstable and less suppressive in this disease. We restudied the ability of iTregs to prevent and treat aGVHD in two mouse models. Our results showed that, as long as an appropriate iTreg-generation protocol is used, these iTregs consistently displayed a potent ability to control aGVHD development and reduce mortality in the aGVHD animal models. iTreg infusion markedly suppressed the engraftment of donor CD8+ cells and CD4+ cells, the expression of granzyme A and B, the cytotoxic effect of donor CD8+ cells, and the production of T cell cytokines in aGVHD. Therefore, we conclude that as long as the correct methods for generating iTregs are used, they can prevent and even treat aGVHD.
Basophils Promote Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses in Inflamed Skin
Authors: Kim Brian S. , Wang Kelvin , Siracusa Mark C. , Saenz Steven A. , Brestoff Jonathan R. , Monticelli Laurel A. , Noti Mario , Tait Wojno Elia D. , Fung Thomas C. , Kubo Masato , Artis David
Published: August 2014

Type 2 inflammation underlies allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by the accumulation of basophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in inflamed skin lesions. Although murine studies have demonstrated that cutaneous basophil and ILC2 responses are dependent on thymic stromal lymphopoietin, whether these cell populations interact to regulate the development of cutaneous type 2 inflammation is poorly defined. In this study, we identify that basophils and ILC2s significantly accumulate in inflamed human and murine skin and form clusters not observed in control skin. We demonstrate that murine basophil responses precede ILC2 responses and that basophils are the dominant IL-4–enhanced GFP-expressing cell type in inflamed skin. Furthermore, basophils and IL-4 were necessary for the optimal accumulation of ILC2s and induction of atopic dermatitis–like disease. We show that ILC2s express IL-4Rα and proliferate in an IL-4–dependent manner. Additionally, basophil-derived IL-4 was required for cutaneous ILC2 responses in vivo and directly regulated ILC2 proliferation ex vivo. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unrecognized role for basophil-derived IL-4 in promoting ILC2 responses during cutaneous inflammation.
Determinants of property damage recovery time amongst households affected by an extreme flood event in Metro Manila, Philippines
Authors: Francisco Jamil Paolo
Published: August 2014

This study identified the factors that influence household recovery following an extreme flood event, measured in terms of the length of time to repair, rebuild or replace damaged private property. Data was obtained through a survey of 400 households in Marikina City in Metro Manila, Philippines. Results from the empirical analysis indicated that household income, access to credit (borrowing), the use of a flood alarm system, access to safe shelter, membership in a community organisation, adoption of disaster-specific anticipatory measures and adoption of general preventive measures significantly reduced the time it took for affected households to recover from property damage. Evacuation, relief aid, type of housing, education, household size and frequency of flooding in the area did not have significant effects.