bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical inactivity as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in retired elite male athletes
Authors: Tudor M I , Iconaru E I , Ciucurel C , Georgescu L
Published: November 2010

The protective role of intense physical activity (PA) on chronic diseases is sustained by the high aerobic capacity, muscle strength and also the low evidence of metabolic alteration in elite athletes. Studies on detrained athletes have demonstrated the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) onset, physical inactivity in retired athletes being associated with changes in insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and body composition. To study the impact of physical inactivity on MS onset in retired elite male athletes, the authors completed a longitudinal retrospective case-control study, using two samples of retired top male athletes, who were involved in contact sports: an experimental group, with low level of PA (N=50, average age: 52 years) and a control one, with normal level of PA (N=50, average age: 54 years). The assessed variables were: body mass index (BMI), diagnostic parameters of MS and PA level (evaluated using the Romanian PA Questionnaire). Reporting to the tested parameters, the experimental group subjects, not involved in regular PA, had a higher risk for MS comparing to the control group subjects (p=0.001, RA=94.11%, OR=17). Retired athletes who renounce all forms of PA expose themselves to greater risks for weight gain, glucose intolerance and induction of MS than their correspondents with an active lifestyle. Remaining physically active may be helpful in protecting against much of the deterioration in health status in middle age.
Regular pace training increases endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in untrained women
Authors: Reihmane D , Tretjakovs P , Jurka A
Published: November 2010

Almost all scientific research that investigates how exercise training affects the circulatory system estimates main arteries, like brachial artery and few focus on the cutaneous microvascular function. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of 25 Programmed Aerobic/Anaerobic/Accommodating Circuit Exercise (PACE) training sessions on changes in vasomotor reactions (microvascular beds of the skin) in healthy untrained women. PACE training is a short duration (∼30 min), intense physical activity that includes both aerobic and anaerobic states, that changes after every 30 s. 20 women participated in this study (age 35±10 years; body mass index 26.7±4.2). The laser Doppler flow technique (MoorLDI2) was used to estimate the regional blood flow changes on the upper part of the palm induced by local acetylcholine (1% Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (1% SNP) iontophoresis; assessment of concentrations of C reactive protein and cortisol were made with the Immulite 2500. There was an increase in endothelium-dependent vasodilatation after 25 PACE training sessions, that was estimated by laser dopplerography test with 1% Ach iontophoresis (292±80 PU vs 335±88 PU, p<0.01). 25 PACE training sessions did not cause any significant changes in endothelium-independent vasodilatation (1% SNP iontophoresis). There was a negative correlation between 1% Ach-induced vasodilatation and C reactive protein (p<0.05; r=−0.38), but there was a positive correlation between 1% SNP-induced vasodilatation and cortisol (p<0.01; r=0.53), when data from pre and post 25 PACE training sessions are taken together (n=40). In conclusion, 25 PACE training sessions improve endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, but have no effect on endothelium-independent vasodilatation. Inflammatory processes (higher C reactive protein level) reduce the capacity of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation.
Relationships among salivary cortisol, RPE and training intensity in duet synchronised swimmers during pool session training
Authors: Tan A Y W , Long Y
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations of stress hormone responses, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training intensity of duet synchronised swimmers during pool training sessions over a 1-week training cycle. Five synchronised swimmers (21±3 years, body mass 52±4 kg, height 163±3 cm) undertook their weekly pool training session. A 2-min saliva sample was collected before and after training for the analysis of salivary cortisol. Total training time, heart rate and rating of RPE were recorded at the end of the session. Exercise intensity was defined as “light” (≤54%), “moderate” (55%-69%), “high” (70%-89%) and “very high” (≥90%) in relation to maximum heart rate. Swimmers spent 39%, 34%, 25% and 2% of their total training time for light, moderate, high and very high intensity, respectively. Post-training salivary cortisol was correlated with RPE (r=0.64, p<0.005). Post-training salivary cortisol and RPE was correlated with all four intensities, (p<0.000; p<0.001; p<0.000; p<0.005); the increase in post-training cortisol and RPE was highly correlated with high intensity training (r=0.68, p<0.000). The results show that post-training salivary cortisol and RPE are closely correlated and are highly correlated to high intensity in synchronised swimmers' pool training. Both salivary cortisol and RPE can be used to indicate the pool session training intensity accurately.
Blood volume changes and water appearance in the circulation from water and 3% and 6% carbohydrate drinks
Authors: Shirreffs S M , Maughan R J
Published: November 2010

This study investigated water absorption and blood volume changes after drinking water and 3% and 6% carbohydrate drinks. Nine healthy male volunteers completed this crossover study after giving informed consent to participate. On three separate occasions they consumed 500 ml of Evian water (W), a 3% carbohydrate drink (3% CHO) or a 6% carbohydrate drink (6% CHO) to which had been added 10.00±0.01 g of deuterium oxide. Blood samples were collected 10 and 5 min before drink ingestion and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min after drink ingestion. In addition, subjective feeling questionnaires were completed at intervals throughout and subjects urinated before and after the study period. Blood samples were analysed for haematocrit and haemoglobin, glucose and deuterium concentrations. There was a significant increase in blood glucose concentration after consumption of both the 3% CHO and 6% CHO drinks, with the increase being greater after consumption of the 6% CHO drink. Both the 3% CHO and 6% CHO drinks promoted a significant blood and plasma volume expansion after their consumption whereas there was no change in blood and plasma volumes when water was consumed. Blood deuterium enrichment increased after consumption of all three drinks, but there was no significant difference between drinks. The results suggest that when a significant expansion of blood volume is desired, this can be achieved by consumption of the 3% CHO or 6% CHO drink rather than with plain water consumption. This is likely to be due to the sodium and carbohydrate content of these drinks.
Relationship between corticotrophin and endorphin responses to a single bout of competitive swimming
Authors: Carrasco L , Martínez-Díaz I C , de Hoyo M , Sañudo B
Published: November 2010

The aims of this investigation were to determine the corticotrophin (ACTH) and endorphin (END) responses to a single bout of competitive swimming exercise and to examine the relationship between them. Plasma ACTH and ENDs concentrations were determined in 13 male swimmers at three time points: basal conditions, and before and after swimming competition (100 m freestyle). The results showed an END response to precompetition stress, since an increase in END plasma levels was observed (from 36.3±2.9 pg/ml assessed in basal conditions to 51.8±3.2 pg/ml, p≤0.01). However, ACTH plasma levels remained unchanged at this time-point (10.1±0.9 pg/ml and 10.9±1.2 pg/ml for basal conditions and precompetition respectively). After competitive swimming effort ACTH and END levels rose significantly, reaching values of 39.4±5.2 pg/ml and 128.6±18.1 pg/ml for ACTH and END, respectively, and showing statistical differences with precompetition (p≤0.001) and basal condition levels (p≤0.001). Significant correlations were found between ACTH and END levels both in precompetition (r=0.647; p≤0.05) and in postcompetition (r=0.725; p≤0.01). It is concluded that single bout of competitive swimming induces a psychological and physiological stress which stimulates the same pattern of response for ACTH and END.
Training behaviour of coaches for junior football teams
Authors: Azim Ne Abdel , Al-Gelani M , Amin M
Published: November 2010

Through supervising local competitions and following up the training of some games at the under 13-year-old level, the authors observed that coaches at that stage are not professionally trained to deal with junior players. Coaches seem unaware of the real objective behind training those junior players or of holding competitions for them: the coaches focus on one goal only, which is wining the match. This perspective puts the players under heavy psychological pressures and the fear of committing mistakes and bringing defeat to their team. Therefore, the authors sought to identify coaches' behaviour and their ability to deal with beginners under 13 years old. This study aimed to identify the training behaviour of football coaches for junior teams. The study included 40 randomly selected coaches of junior teams in Egypt, aged 30-40 years and with 6±1 total years of experience. The authors developed a written questionnaire as a self-report named training behaviour for coaches. Statistical calculations included correlations between items, Cronbach's α of the total questionnaire, and principal component factor analysis with oblique rotation. The value of coefficient α=(0.769) while the ratio of continuous flow intersection=(61.8%). Factor analysis produced five factors that explained 62% of the variance. The first factor included self-efficacy items, the second includedcommunicationitems, the third included self-confidence, the fourth included controlling, and the fifth includedcommitment. The results indicated a low content related to training behaviour for football coaches of junior teams, which indicates a need for preparing coaches of junior teams through specialised educational programmes before allowing them to train junior players.
Changes in haematological indices and swimming performance after intermittent normobaric hypoxia exposure: a case study
Authors: Tan A Y W , Urquhart G
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this case study was to quantify the changes in basic haematological indices and swimming performance after intermittent normobaric hypoxia exposure (IHE) in two Olympian swimmers. Two female swimmers, middle-distance (MD) age 18 years, and long-distance (LD) age 22 years, completed a 15-day continuous regimen of 60-min a day IHE. Following routine pool training in the morning, swimmers were exposed to hypoxia for 6 min by having them breathe through a simulated device that restricted delivery of O2to the body. This was followed by 4 min of normoxia breathing room air. Hypoxic conditions were replicated in a graded declination in percentage of O2saturation as recommended by manufacturer: 90% (for the first 2 days), 85% (second 2 days), 80% (third 2 days) and 75% (last 9 days). Before and after the IHE, blood samples were collected for the analysis of red cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and haematocrit (Hct) while a 16×100-m incremental swimming test (with the final 100 m in all-out effort) was conducted to track performance changes. There were no significant changes in RBC, Hb or Hct of either swimmer after IHE. Heart rate during the graded swim test was the same before and after IHE. Rating of perceived exertion during each stage was lowered in MD but unaltered in LD. Performance time of 100 m all-out effort showed 4.8% and 1.6% declines in MD and LD, respectively. IHE does not seem to bring about positive changes in haematological response and swimming performance of highly competitive female swimmers. This might be because the hypoxic dose of IHE in the present study did not reach the threshold stimulus for haematological and performance benefits.
Combined effects of elastic band exercise and line dance on health-related fitness
Authors: Lim C K , Kim T U , Park G H
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of elastic band exercise and line dance on health-related fitness, oestrogen, bone metabolism indicators and immune functions in menopause women. For this purpose, 20 women with the age of 53 years in B City were recruited and they were divided into an exercise group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). Elastic band exercise and line dance were executed with intensity equivalent to 40%-50% heart rate recovery (HRR) during the first period (week 1-4) and exercise equivalent to 50%-60% HRR during the second periods (week 5-12), three times a week, 60 min for 12 weeks. All data were analysed by repeated with analysis of variance for comparison between groups and interaction, and the comparison for within group change was using paired t test, of SPSS V.12.0 program and the α level of p<0.05 was set for all tests of significance. The results of comparative analysis are as follows: the exercise group showed a significant decrease in %fat, but lean body mass was not changed. The interaction effect between group and period according to factors was observed in %fat, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance, respectively. There was an interaction effect between group and period according to the factor, showing the effect of exercise in oestrogen level, BALP, CD8 and CD19.
Relationship between the amount of fluid ingestion and renal concentrating ability during heavy exercise in the heat
Authors: Otani H
Published: November 2010

This study examined whether the prevention of body mass loss during exercise in the heat by fluid ingestion would attenuate the decline in renal concentrating ability. Seven untrained subjects performed 105 min of intermittent exercise (15 min of exercise alternating with 3 min of rest) on a cycle ergometer at 70% VO2max(32°C and 60% RH). Subjects were tested under four conditions: (1) no fluid ingestion (NF), (2) ad libitum fluid ingestion (AF), (3) fluid ingestion equal to 1% of body mass (1% FL), (4) fluid ingestion equal to 2% of body mass (2% FL). Fluid was ingested immediately before exercise and at 15, 33, 51, 69 and 87 min of exercise in AF, 1% FL and 2% FL. Urine and blood samples were taken before and after exercise. During NF, AF, 1% FL and 2% FL, body mass loss was 2.2±0.1%, 1.1±0.2%, 1.1±0.1%, 0.1±0.1%, respectively. Total sweat loss was approximately 2% of body mass in all trials. Urine flow rate during exercise was 0.3±0.0, 0.4±0.1, 0.4±0.1, 0.5±0.1 ml/min during NF, AF, 1% FL and 2% FL, respectively, and was lower (p<0.05) than the pre-exercise level in NF and AF. Urine to serum osmolality ratio in 2% FL was higher (p<0.05) during exercise than the pre-exercise level. Creatinine clearance decreased (p<0.05) in all trials, and was higher (p<0.05) in 2% FL than in NF. Osmolar clearance was lower (p<0.05) during exercise than the pre-exercise level in NF, AF and 1% FL, and was higher (p<0.05) in 2% FL than in NF. Free water clearance increased (p<0.05) during exercise than the pre-exercise level in NF, AF and 1% FL, and was lower (p<0.05) in 2% FL than in NF. During exercise, 2% FL resulted in a concentrated urine production. Fluid ingestion in amounts equal to body mass loss at approximately 2% reduction in body mass is capable of attenuating the decline in renal concentrating ability during heavy exercise in the heat.
Influence of fluid ingestion and carbohydrate supplementation on physical and mental performance during intermittent high-intensity exercise
Authors: Watson P , Davison C A , Smithies S , Maughan R J
Published: November 2010

Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion results in positive effects on exercise capacity, repeated sprint speed and sport-specific skill performance during intermittent exercise. This study evaluated the effects of lower concentrations of CHO on performance during intermittent exercise. Ten healthy males (mean±SD age 25±3 years; height 1.75±0.06 m; mass 75.9±6.4 kg; VO2max54.2±5.0 ml/kg/min) completed four 15-min periods of intermittent running, consisting of maximal sprinting interspersed with periods of running and walking (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test). This was followed by the multistage shuttle-running fitness test (MSFT) to volitional exhaustion. Subjects consumed 3 ml/kg body mass of plain water, a 3% CHO solution or a 6% CHO solution before exercise and a further 1.5 ml/kg body mass of the appropriate drink after each 15-min block. A trial with no fluid ingestion was also completed. Sprint time, heart rate, core temperature, perceived exertion and thermal stress were recorded at regular intervals. Cognitive function was assessed using a computer-based test battery. Time to exhaustion in the MSFT was 9.9±2.0 min, 10.2±2.0 min, 10.9±1.9 min and 11.2±1.8 min in the no fluid, water, 3% and 6% CHO trials, respectively (p=0.004). Core temperature reached 38.9±0.4°C during the no fluid trial, 38.5±0.4°C in the water trial and 38.6±0.3°C at the end of the CHO trials (p=0.011). There was no change in response times to a visual search task in the no fluid and water trials, but CHO ingestion improved response times after exercise (3% CHO, p=0.036; 6% CHO, p=0.041). These data suggest that drinks containing lower CHO concentrations can produce improvements in exercise capacity and motor response times similar to those observed with the ingestion of the amounts of CHO found in many sports drinks. The study was carried out in relation to the product Powerade and was funded in part by The Coca-Cola Company.
Systematic examination of the influence of carbohydrate supplementation on physical and mental performance in cool conditions
Authors: Watson P , Ferguson D , Ewington A , Maughan R J
Published: November 2010

Most commercially available sports drinks contain 6%-8% carbohydrate (CHO). The present study systematically evaluated the effects of lower concentrations of CHO on physical and mental performance. Twelve healthy males (mean±SD age 22±2 years; height 181±8 cm; mass 73.5±8.1 kg; VO2max4.0±0.5 l/min) exercised to volitional exhaustion at a workload corresponding to 70% VO2maxat 10°C, 60% RH. Subjects ingested 3 ml/kg body mass of a 0%, 2%, 4% or 6% CHO solution immediately before exercise and a further 1.5 ml/kg body mass of the appropriate solution every 10 min during exercise. Heart rate, core temperature, perceived exertion and thermal stress were recorded at regular intervals. Expired gas samples were collected to determine rates of substrate utilisation. Cognitive function was assessed using a computerised test battery. Exercise time to exhaustion was 102.6±33.9 min, 109.2±33.9 min, 121.0±25.7 min and 122.4±29.9 min in the 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% trials, respectively (p=0.012). Drink CHO content did not influence heart rate (p=0.261) or core temperature (p=0.545). Rates of CHO (p=0.244) and fat (p=0.136) oxidation were not influenced by the treatment, but total CHO utilisation was greater during the 4% (454±125 g) and 6% (441±118 g) trials than on the 0% (325±105 g) and 2% (364±106 g; p=0.001). Exercise resulted in a slowing of response times to a visual search task in all trials (p=0.006). This response appeared to be attenuated by CHO ingestion during the complex/interference level, but this just failed to reach significance (p>0.05). The present study demonstrated a progressive increase in endurance performance with increasing CHO concentration. There was some suggestion that CHO may also attenuate decrements in motor skills tasks performed after exhausting exercise. The study was carried out in relation to the product Powerade and was funded in part by The Coca-Cola Company.
Pilot study to examine the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and fluid retention in humans
Authors: Evans G , Bevan A , Evans A , Kinsey T , Steel A , Ashworth J
Published: November 2010

Following ingestion of a variety of drinks, subsequent urine excretion in humans shows large variability.1 The reasons for this are currently unknown. Aldosterone, the end product of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), increases sodium and water re-absorption in the kidney. Circulating concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a key component of the RAAS, are affected by a polymorphism in the ACE gene involving the deletion (D) or insertion (I) of a 287 base pair sequence, with DD genotypes resulting in higher circulating concentrations of ACE.2 Following ethical approval, 29 healthy Caucasian males participated in this investigation. Participants arrived at the laboratory hydrated after an overnight fast. Following arrival, participants' height and body mass were measured before a 15-min supine rest period. Total body water was measured before a fingerprick blood sample was obtained in order to determine ACE genotype. Participants then provided a urine sample before ingesting 600 ml of a commercially available sports drink over a period of 5 min. A further urine sample was obtained 60 min later. Urine samples were analysed for osmolality and sodium concentration. The I allele (corresponding to either ID or II genotypes) was found in 12 participants and 17 participants were found not to have the I allele (corresponding to a DD genotype). Baseline characteristics of the two groups were the same (p>0.05) with the exception of height. Pre-ingestion urine volume and osmolality were the same for both groups (p>0.05). Following ingestion of the drink, urine volume amounted to 420±258 ml for those with the I allele and 337±160 ml for those without the I allele (p=0.293). This pilot study found that, although not statistically significant, participants with the I allele had a lower urine volume than those without the I allele, amounting to a reduction of approximately 80 ml (19%). Further investigations are now warranted in a larger participant cohort to determine whether the ACE genotype is statistically associated with fluid retention after ingestion.
Aquatic training with and without weights and its impact on agility and explosive power among volleyball players
Authors: Kamalakkannan K , Vijayaragunathan N , Kalidasan R
Published: November 2010

The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of aquatic training with and without weights on agility and explosive power among volleyball players. Thirty male physically active and interested undergraduate Engineering volleyball players between 18 and 20 years of age volunteered as participants. Participants were randomly categorised into three groups of 10 each: Group I (control) was not exposed to any specific training/conditioning (CG), group II was involved in aquatic training (ATG) and group III was given aquatic training combined with weights (ATWG). The aquatic training package was designed by the investigators and was administered for a period of 6 weeks, 3 days a week; a session each day, each session lasted 2 h. Both experimental groups underwent their respective experimental treatment. The aquatic training schedule was specifically designed to improve the fitness levels of the volleyball players. The weight training was meted out for 60 min to group III. Aquatic training and weights were given on alternative days. Agility (shuttle run) and explosive power (broad jump) were selected as variables for this investigation. The pre and post-test were conducted 1 day before and after the experimental treatment. Analysis of covariance was used to analyse the collected data. Scheffe's test was used as a post-hoc test to determine which of the paired mean differ significantly. There was no significant difference in pre-test data of control and experimental groups: agility(s) CG 14.5±CG1.2; ATG 15.0±0.9; ATWG 14.3±0.8, post-test mean values were CG 14.5±1.2; ATG 14.9±0.9; ATWG 14.2±0.7. Pre-test explosive power (m) was CG 2.38±0.15; ATG 2.28±0.08; ATWG 2.28±0.19: Post-training mean values were: CG 2.38±0.11; ATG 2.35±0.08; ATWG 2.37±0.40. The results of the study reveal that both aquatic training and ATWG produced positive impacts on the agility and explosive power among volleyball players.
Developing a dynamic elastomeric fabric orthosis to aid return to sport after lumbopelvic injury
Authors: Sawle L , Mathews M , Freeman J , Marsden J
Published: November 2010

Lumbopelvic pain (LPP) often results from trauma or overuse that can lead to conditions including adductor tears, sacroiliac joint dysfunction and osteitis pubis. Such injuries are often refractory to treatment and can limit the return to competitive sport. Previous research shows that selective compressive forces applied transversely to the pelvis can result in improved lumbopelvic stability and reduced pain, and, compression shorts may aid in preventing athletic lumbopelvic injury. This study applies transverse and diagonal compressive forces to the pelvis in athletes with LPP, and investigates the effects on pain and function. Participants with athletic LPP were screened using five clinical tests. They were included if at least two tests provoked pain. Transverse and diagonal circumferential forces were applied via a belt. Four belt arrays (anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS), right-left across the pelvis, left-right across the pelvis and in combination) and a "no-belt condition" were assessed with the order of presentation randomised. A force of 50 N was applied (determined using a load cell lying in series with the belt). The effect of the belt array on rest pain, pain associated with an active straight leg raise (ASLR) and a 1-m broad jump was assessed using a numerical rating scale. During resisted bilateral hip adduction the onset of pain was indicated using a hand held switch; the maximal force of adduction determined via a load cell. Data were analysed using paired t tests. Preliminary data on 12 participants (9 females, mean 37±10 years) indicate that different belt arrays can alleviate pain both at rest and during active tasks. Pain during ASLR (ipsilateral to the pain) improved with combined belts compared to an ASIS belt (p=0.025). Preliminary results suggest the direction and angle of force application relative to the laterality of pain is important in determining the degree and pattern of pain relief. A larger sample is needed to confirm this (required sample of 31 based on effect size of 0.51 and 80% power). Results will inform the design of a dynamic elastomeric fabric orthosis whose effect on athletic LPP and function will be assessed.
Tackle technique training
Authors: Hendricks S , Jordaan E , Lambert M I
Published: November 2010

The tackle event in rugby union places players at the highest risk of injury compared to any other facet of play. National programmes such as the RugbySmart (New Zealand) and BokSmart (South Africa) equip players, coaches and support staff with information to reduce the risk of injury by promoting safe technique. For the tackle, technical instructions are usually given as a set of points for pre, during and postcontact. The study aimed to determine: (1) which pre, during and postcontact points are emphasised during training to promote safe technique? (2) where do players receive their information on tackle technique? (3) at what playing level do players learn the most on tackle technique? and (4) do factors associated with technique and safety carry over into matches? A questionnaire was designed to assess attitude and behaviour on a five-point Likert scale. The study was conducted at the 2009 Cape Schools week rugby tournament. Questionnaires were handed out to 220 players at the tournament and 75% (n=164) completed questionnaires were returned for analysis. Player demographics: age 17±1 years; height 179±9 cm; body mass 84.5±13.0 kg; playing experience=8±3 years. As a tackler, players felt coaches place the most emphasis on body position and aiming for the waist before contact. During contact, leg drive and staying on feet was emphasised the most. After contact, following through and staying on your feet was emphasised the most by coaches. Televised rugby matches and programmes had more influence on players' tackling technique than rugby training videos or books. Most of their knowledge on tackle technique was obtained at under 19 level. During matches, bringing the opposition player down at all cost was more important than proper technique, staying on your feet and safety. Coaches seem to be emphasising good techniques during tackle training. However, the importance of these techniques is not carried over into matches.
Body composition of Brazilian beach volleyball players
Authors: Medeiros A , Mesquita I , Oliveira J , Loureiro A C C , Afonso J , Monteiro L Z , Castro J M
Published: November 2010

The development of a beach volleyball athlete is the result of highly planned training process, and should consider the specificity of this sport and the demands regarding body composition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the values and distribution of fat mass among Brazilian beach volleyball players. The sample consisted of 16 male beach volleyball players from the Brazilian Circuit 2009. For the evaluation of body composition, the recommendations of FILHO, 2003, were applied: every measure was taken on the right side of the body, before the morning practice session; the reading took three seconds, to diminish reading errors; each measure was taken three times by the same researcher. Jackson and Pollock's seven-skinfolds model was utilised, since there are no protocols specific for volleyball. Subjects' mean age was 28 years, height 1.94 m, and they had played beach volleyball for approximately 8 years. The greatest average value of skin fat was found for the abdominal skinfold (12.5 mm), followed by the suprailiac (11.4 mm) and thigh (10.8 mm). The minimum percentage body fat found was 4.6%, with the maximum being 16.0%, and the average 8.7%, below the mean theoretical ideal percentage of 15%. Characterisation of the players' anthropometric profile helps in monitoring the training process, suggesting possible deficiencies and allowing specific intervention. It may also assist in selecting players with the adequate profile for the sport. In spite of a descriptive design having being applied in the study, the results provided some insights for training and competition. A more extensive data collection from beach volleyball players of different countries and levels of competitions will provide a database for characterisation of the beach volleyball player, allowing the setting of specific benchmarks for training.
Relationships between submaximal performance parameters over time when endurance cycling performance improves: implications for interpretation of the Lamberts and Lambert submaximal cycle test
Authors: Capostagno B , Lamberts R P , Lambert M I
Published: November 2010

To achieve the greatest possible gains in athletic performance it is necessary to find the balance between the optimal training stimulus and the shortest, but sufficient recovery period. The Lamberts and Lambert submaximal cycle test (LSCT), which was used to monitor the status of fatigue in a world-class cyclo-cross cyclist, showed changes in retinal pigmented epithelial, submaximal power and heart rate recovery (HRR). The purpose of the present study was the retrospective analysis of the same variables in a group of well-trained cyclists who had completed 2 weeks of high-intensity interval training, to determine whether the cyclists who adapted positively could be differentiated from the others who did not. Twelve well-trained cyclists were recruited for participation in the present study. The participants performed a 40-km time trial (40-km TT) before and after 2 weeks of high-intensity training, which included four high-intensity interval training sessions. The participants were then retrospectively divided into two groups based on whether they improved (group A, N=6) their 40-km TT performance or not (group M, N=6). The LSCT was completed before each performance test and each training session resulting in the capture of eight LSCTs in total. Changes over time within the parameters of the LSCT (power, RPE and HRR) were analysed between the two groups. Group A improved their 40-km TT time (analysis of variance repeated measures; p<0.01). There was a relationship between submaximal power and time (ie, days of training) in the second (r=0.74; p=0.0369) and third (r=0.81; p=0.0159) stages of the LSCT in group A. A similar relationship was found between HRR and time in group A (r=0.89; p=0.0031). These differences/relationships did not occur in group M. These results support previous findings which demonstrate the relationship between outcome measures of the LSCT and cycling performance and highlight the importance of considering more than one variable when monitoring training adaptation.
Effects of a carbohydrate solution on technique during prolonged rowing
Authors: Kirk T , Breuker C , Simpson C
Published: November 2010

Rowing is an endurance sport with an important skill component. This study evaluated the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) solution ingestion on rowing technique before and after 60 min of ergometer rowing. On two occasions, eight male rowers (age 22±2 years, height 182±4 cm, weight 72.9±2.1 kg, VO2max4.9±0.2 litre/min) rowed as a group in an indoor rowing tank for 6 min at 18 strokes per minute before and after 60 min of ergometer rowing at 60% of VO2max. Participants ingested either a 6% CHO solution or a flavoured placebo (PLA) in a randomised, counterbalanced fashion. Physiological and technical measures were analysed using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Oar handle curves were analysed using Geometric Morphometrics (principal component analysis). There were no differences in heart rate or rating of perceived exertion between the treatments, indicating similar physiological strain. There were no changes in stroke length over the 60-min period with either treatment. Oar handle velocity decreased from 49.7±3.6 to 47.4±2.8°/s (p<0.05) over the 60-min period in PLA but did not change in CHO (48.9±2.2-48.2±1.9°/s). Oar handle curves did not differ between CHO and PLA (procrustes distance=0.645). Maximum blade depth declined similarly by 20±16% in both CHO and PLA (p<0.01). This change is likely to decrease the resistance of the water upon the oar blade during the drive phase of the rowing stroke. In conclusion, selected measures of rowing tank technique deteriorated in response to 60 min of ergometer rowing in both PLA and CHO. Ingestion of CHO may help to maintain velocity of movement as rowers fatigue. Future research should investigate technique during on-water rowing to evaluate the effects of fatigue and CHO ingestion on rowing technique in the natural competitive environment.
Relationship among salivary androstenedione, body composition and physical activity in young girls
Authors: McKune A J , DuBose K D
Published: November 2010

High androgenic activity in young girls may be associated with adiposity and the development of metabolic disturbances. This study examined the relationship between salivary androstenedione, body composition and physical activity (PA) levels in young girls. Twenty-three prepubescent girls (8.4±0.9 years), 9 normal and 14 overweight, according to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index (BMI) percentile ranking, wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for 5 days. Skinfolds were measured for per cent body fat and fat free mass calculation. Saliva samples were collected three times at home over 1 day (waking, 30-min postwaking and evening). Previously published cut points estimated the minutes of moderate, moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), vigorous and very vigorous PA. Meeting PA recommendations was defined as accumulating 60 min/day of MVPA. t Tests, correlation and regression analysis examined relationships between the variables. Only 35% of the girls met current PA recommendations. Evening androstenedione levels were significantly higher among girls who did not meet the PA recommendations. Evening androstenedione levels were negatively related to time spent performing very vigorous PA and positively related to the per cent change in androstenedione from waking to evening. There were no correlations between androstenedione and BMI or per cent body fat. Salivary androstenedione is related to PA, but not either BMI or per cent body fat in young girls. This suggests an important role for PA in determining androgenic activity independently from the proposed mechanism linking adiposity with elevated androgenic activity.
Comparison of five practice schedules located along the contextual interference continuum on the learning of novel motor skills
Authors: Cheong J P G , Lay B , Grove R , Medic N , Razman R
Published: November 2010

A majority of contextual interference (CI) studies have focused on block and random practice conditions which are located at the extreme ends of the CI continuum. There is an increasing need to investigate other practice schedules with different combinations of interference within applied settings. This study was designed to investigate the effect of five practice schedules located along the CI continuum on the learning of three basic field hockey skills. Fifty-five pre-university students (males: age=18, SD=0) with no prior experience in field hockey were assigned into low interference (block), moderate (serial, randomised blocks, block random) or high interference (random) treatment groups. Participants practiced the Indian dribble, push pass and hit in six acquisition sessions, with 15 trials of each skill executed in each session. All participants completed a pre-test, two acquisition tests and a retention test 1 week after the final practice session. Indian dribble ball control, speed and accuracy of the push pass and hit were assessed. A significant time effect was found (p<0.05) for Indian dribble ball control as well as push pass and hit speed. Follow-up analysis revealed that the pre-test scores were lower than the acquisition and retention scores indicating that collectively, the five practice conditions led to improvements in both the acquisition and learning of novel motor skills. However, significant differences were not found between the five experimental groups in either the acquisition or retention phase. As the CI effect was not present in this study, it is suggested that low, moderate or high interference practice schedules can be used effectively when learning a novel skill.
Previous high-intensity activity affects lower limb strength ratios
Authors: Bampouras T M , Orme D , Relph N , Small K
Published: November 2010

Lower limb strength ratios are important in assessing muscular imbalances. Typically, these ratios are derived from assessment of explosive, maximum effort activities. Such assessment can be functional or isokinetic. The single-effort nature of these assessments does not provide information on imbalance changes after muscular contractions. Any such change could indicate an increased risk of injury after a period of activity, thus raising questions as to the correct procedure of muscle imbalance assessment. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess muscle imbalances over maximum effort repeated cycling sprints. Seventeen healthy, physically active young adults (females: n=4, height 1.62±0.03 m, body mass 68.0±6.5 kg; males: n=13, height 1.80±0.06 m, body mass 80.5±13.8 kg) performed five 6-s sprints with 24-s rest interval on a Lode Excalibur bike with torque and power data recorded for each leg. Average, average maximum (average of maximum from each sprint) and peak torque (TAv, TAvM and TP respectively) and power (PAv, PAvM and PP respectively) were obtained for each leg. Ratios of these variables were calculated as[Stronger leg−Weaker legAverage of two legs×100]. Wilcoxon's test revealed a significantly stronger leg (p<0.05) for all torque and power variables. Friedman's test indicated a significant ratio increase between TAv (11.7±6.8%) and TAvM (4.6±3.0%, p=0.001) and TP (4.1±3.5%, p=0.001), as well as between PAv (8.8±5.0%) and PAvM (4.5±2.9%, p=0.003) and PP (4.2±2.6, p=0.003%) but not between TAvM and TP (p=0.421) or PAvM and PP (p=0.981). The results indicate that high-intensity activity increases lower limb strength imbalance, resulting in different ratios. The authors posit that muscle imbalance assessment activities conducted at rested state may not accurately reflect the true strength difference between limbs, leading to inaccurate training or rehabilitation advice.
Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype differences of Iranian elite female basketball and handball players
Authors: Gholami M , Rad L Sabbaghian
Published: November 2010

The aims of the this study were: (A) to determine the anthropometric profile, body composition and somatotype of female basketball (B), and handball (H) players, (B) to compare the mean scores among H and B and (C) to detect possible differences in relation to competition level. A total of 28 female athletes (B=15, H=13), all members of the Iranian national teams, participated in this study. Anthropometric measures required for the calculation of body composition indexes and somatotype components were obtained according to the established literature. These measurements were height, weight, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and calf skinfolds, bi-epicondylar diameter of femur and humerus, and flexed biceps and calf girths. All skinfold measurements were taken on the right side of the body with the Yagamy skinfold caliper. Measurements were taken during the peak of the competition season. Subjects' somatotypes were determined by using the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Somatotype was calculated using the Heath-Carter method.1 Data were analysed using t test with significance accepted at p<0.05. There was no significant difference of body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, fat weight, fat per cent, fat-free weight, waist to hip ratio and stature, weight and triceps skinfold thickness among B and H group. Although B and H group had homogeneity in somatotype characteristics (p<0.05). There was a difference somatotype characteristics among B and H group (p<0.001). Somatotype characterised as mesoendomorph in B group (3.6, 3.5, 2.4) and H athletes' somatotype was mesoendomorph (3.6, 4.7, 1.7). Anthropometric and body composition variables of elite female basketball and handball players were same, but they had different somatotype characteristics. Selection criteria, hours of training and sport-specific physiological demands during the game could explain the observed differences.
Evaluation of customised dynamic elastomeric fabric orthoses for aiding return to sport after lumbopelvic injury
Authors: Sawle L , Mathews M , Freeman J , Marsden J
Published: November 2010

The aim was to evaluate effectiveness of a customised dynamic elastomeric fabric orthosis (DEFO) in aiding return to sport after lumbopelvic injury. Relevance: athletic lumbopelvic dysfunction (LPD) is a common problem. Pelvic belts have been used in the management of LPD, but with limited success. The authors designed a DEFO to aid LPD management and evaluated its effectiveness using a series of single case studies. Participants were one female and two male athletes, experiencing LPD during sport or at rest were recruited from local gyms and sports clubs. Three single case studies (AB design) with a randomised onset of intervention. Fifteen daily assessments were undertaken, with at least six during each phase. In the intervention phase participants wore the DEFO during pain-provoking activities. Measures were self-reported pain (Numerical Rating Scale): at rest, during resisted bilateral hip adduction, an active straight leg raise and a broad jump. Maximal resisted hip adduction was measured via a load cell. In each phase measures were repeated twice, separated by a 10-min rest. At baseline regular shorts were worn during both tests; during the intervention phase participants first wore the regular shorts and then the DEFO. Training diaries were kept. At 1 month participants were retested and completed a questionnaire about DEFO use. Visual analysis of trend, level and slope was undertaken on all data. Mean (±2 SD) was plotted for force data and pain scores, preceded by celeration lines. In two cases, force production significantly increased during the intervention phase. In all cases, during intervention, pain scores significantly reduced for all activities. Questionnaire data and diaries indicated enhanced sports participation with DEFO use. Preliminary evidence is provided supporting the use of this customised DEFO to aid the management of athletic lumbopelvic pain. This orthosis may support physiotherapeutic management of athletic LPD. Further work examining its impact on performance is required.
Impact of exercise training and/or diet on the lipoprotein–lipid profiles in young overweight women
Authors: Rad L Sabbaghian , Gholami M
Published: November 2010

This study examined the independent and combined effects of exercise training, weight loss and changes in dietary quality on the serum lipid profile in sedentary, healthy and overweight young women. 83 women 18-25 years with body mass index>25 were randomly assigned to four groups, control (C), diet (D), exercise (E) and exercise and diet (ED). Height, weight, per cent body fat (BF%), TC, HDL-C, TG and LDL-C were measured before and after an 8-week intervention period. Subjects in the two exercise groups walked five times a week, 45 min per session, at 60%-80% of maximum heart rate (MHR). Duration and intensity of exercise were gradually increased over a 3-week period from 25 to 30 min/sessions at 60%-65% of MHR during week 1 to 45 min at 70% to 80% MHR from weeks 4 through 8. Subjects in the two nonwalking groups (C and D) reported to the exercise facility 5 days per week for 45 min of stretching and mild range of motion calisthenics. The intent was to keep heart rate below 100 beats per minute. One-way ANOVA was the statistical test (α=0.05). Relative to control group, the ED and D groups displayed a 4.2% and 4.1% reduction in body mass, 9% and 7% reduction in BF%, 29% and 26% reduction in TG. LDL-C fell by 12% in ED group. For each kg of weight loss there was a decrease of 0.05, 0.02 and 0.015 mg/dl in TC, LDL-C and TG respectively. No change of body mass occurred in E group. Exercise alone was insufficient to stimulate change in any lipid or lipoprotein measures. These results demonstrated that weight loss mostly was due to diet, because the exercise was the same in groups E and ED. The lipid profile improved and body mass decreased.
Peak cardiac output in trained males
Authors: Schlader Z J , Mundel T , Barnes M J , Hodges L D
Published: November 2010

Previous investigations into peak cardiac power output (CPOpeak) have been limited to clinical populations and healthy, but nonathletic adults, and normative data on trained individuals would allow a greater understanding of this parameter. Following ethics approval, eight healthy, well-trained male cyclists were recruited. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was assessed using an incremental ergometer test, and after a 40-min recovery period, peak cardiac output (QTpeak) was measured during a constant load test that elicited VO2peak(±5%) using the Defares CO2rebreathing technique. CPOpeakwas calculated (CPO peak=MAP×QT×K, where mean arterial pressure (MAP) is given in mm Hg, QT in l/min, and K is the conversion factor 2.22×10-3, which expresses the output in watts (W)). Mean (SD) values during the constant load test were: VO2peak, 4.94±0.41 l/min; QTpeak, 36.5±3.7; mean arterial pressure, 123±8 mm Hg and CPOpeak, 9.9±1.0 W. These results demonstrate CPOpeakin a well-trained population to be approximately twice that observed in healthy, but nonathletic adults. The current data provide useful information regarding the upper limits and possible “trainability” of cardiac pumping capacity for sedentary and clinically compromised individuals.