bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatic damage in gluten sensitive enteropathy
Authors: AltuntaŞ Buket , Kansu Aydan , Girgin Nurten
Published: October 2007

Background:
Gluten sensitive enteropathy has been reported to occur concomitantly with liver abnormalities, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Methods:
Duodenal biopsy was performed in nine children (all with short stature, five with chronic diarrhea and three with hepatosplenomegaly of unknown etiology) with a possible diagnosis of gluten sensitive enteropathy. All of the patients had different abnormalities in serum aminotransferase levels. With the help of laboratory investigations, viral, autoimmune, metabolic and toxic etiologies which cause hepatic damage were excluded. Liver biopsy was performed in five of these patients, two showing fibrosis and three non‐specific reactive changes. Gliadin antibodies were measured in six cases.

Results:
Intestinal mucosal histopathology was compatible with gluten sensitive enteropathy in all patients. While immunoglobulin (Ig) G gliadin antibodies were positive in all cases, only three cases were found to have positive IgA gliadin antibodies. After a gluten‐free diet, levels of transaminases fell to normal within 3 months and remained so in seven of these patients. A second intestinal biopsy, which was performed after 1 year of gluten‐free diet revealed normal intestinal mucosa in all patients.

Conclusion:
Gluten sensitive enteropathy should be considered when evaluating a child with elevated levels of serum transaminase and in cases with cryptogenic liver disease.
Hereditary pancreatitis: Report of a family from Turkey
Authors: Kansu Aydan , Girgin Nurten , YurdaydİN Cihan , Cetinkaya HÜLya , Uzunalimoglu ÖZden
Published: October 2007

Chronic pancreatitis is a rare disease in children and is usually secondary to underlying diseases such as hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, hyperlipidemia, prolonged malnutrition, gallstones or anomalies of the biliary‐pancreatic duct system. Hereditary pancreatitis is a common cause of chronic pancreatitis in children but is often unrecognized until months or years later. We report here a family with hereditary pancreatitis in which four members are affected.
Competitive Advantages, Two‐Way Foreign Investment, and Capital Accumulation in Korea
Authors: Lee Keun , Plummer Michael G.
Published: October 2007

This paper provides a simple theoretical framework and an empirical analysis of the relationship among competitive advantages, inward and outward DFI, and domestic capital accumulation, applied to the case of Korea. Outward DFI in Korea is found to originate largely from those sectors in which Korea has proven its competitive advantages in world markets. Inward DFI flows have contributed to enhancing competitive advantages of Korean manufacturing in certain sectors, although it does not seem to lead to a more rapid domestic capital accumulation of the receiving sector, which is largely determined by the profit rates of the various sectors.
The Relative Size of Banks and Industrial Firms in Japan, The U.S. and the EEC
Authors: Thornton John
Published: October 2007

This paper shows that Japanese banks are unusually large when compared to banks and industrial corporations from the four major EEC countries and the U.S. It argues that they are so large as to raise a question regarding the ability of EEC and U.S. banks to compete in the supply of credit to industry. It also argued that monetary unification in the EEC, the EEC's 1992 financial services program, and the dismantling of Glass‐Steagall in the U.S. are the appropriate policy responses. Such changes should lead to a reduction in the regulatory and other costs that forestall the expansion of EEC and American banks. In particular, they should reduce the relative cost‐of‐capital advantage of Japanese banks.
Overvaluation of the Real Exchange Rate and Export‐related Loans in Korea
Authors: Wang Yen Kyun
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses exchange rates, finance for exports and plant and equipment investment for export industries in Korea. The real effective exchange rate of the won was substantially overvalued in 1991 using 1985 as the base year. In addition, the amount of low interest export loans has dropped substantially since 1987. These factors are some of the most important reasons for the sluggish growth of Korean exports in recent years.
Growth and the Subsectoral Pattern of the Manufacturing Sector in Indonesia ‐ A Comparative Study of 16 Countries
Authors: Fukuchi Takio
Published: October 2007

There is a widely held and optimistic view that, based upon the successful implementation of the product‐cycle theory and the technological ladder hypothesis, ASEAN countries, the so‐called Asian near NICs, will follow the Asian NICs up the ladder and take off as the second tier of NICs in the near future. To realise this ambition, each of the near NICs needs to successfully achieve two take‐offs: first, rapid quantitative expansion based upon existing comparative advantage and, second, the successful transformation of their industrial structures to create dynamic comparative advantages.

The Indonesian manufacturing sector recorded an average growth rate of 12% in 1980‐90, but the accompanying structural changes were not great. The ‘rapid growth’but ‘modest structural change’of the Indonesian manufacturing sector raises the important problem of cultivating new leading sectors in the future. Usually the machinery subsector plays a big role in other ASEAN and NIES economies, but it still needs more momentum for development in Indonesia. This implies a strong need for the institutional and physical infrastructures, and supporting industries for the machinery subsector, as well as further diversification of the industrial structure.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the features of industrialization in Indonesia in the 1980s, to measure the capacity of the transformation of the Indonesian manufacturing sector, and to discuss some policy issues related to furthering industrialization in the future. Section I contains some introductory remarks. In Section II, we implement the comparative analysis based upon two aggregate indicators. In Section III, we further analyse the structural changes at a more disaggregate level of 16 subsectors. In Section IV we concentrate on the machinery subsector, and analyse the growth potential and the necessary industrial policy in the medium or long run. In Section V we analyse the possible long‐run development of a specialization pattern in the Indonesia manufacturing sector. We present the summary and conclusions with some relevant policy discussions in Section VI.
An Evaluation of ASEAN Port Performance and Efficiency*
Authors: Tongzon Jose L. , Ganesalingam S.
Published: October 2007

The overall objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance and efficiency of ASEAN ports. Specifically, it first identifies overseas ports similar to ASEAN ports in terms of nature and roles, port management policies, and infrastructure and operations, using the statistical technique of cluster analysis. Having identified the groupings of similar ports, the paper compares the ASEAN port performances and efficiency with their (similar) overseas counterparts. The results of the ‘like for like’comparison show that the ASEAN ports have achieved higher levels of efficiency in the utilization of cranes, berths and storage areas, with the port of Singapore as the top performer. However, they are generally less efficient in terms of timeliness, labour and tug utilization. Charges in ASEAN ports are also significantly higher than those of their (similar) overseas counterparts. Thus, we can say that, although the ASEAN ports are efficient from the port authorities’viewpoint, there is much scope for improving their services to port users, particularly in terms of timeliness and port charges.
The Impact of Energy Pricing Policy on Taiwan's Small Open Economy*
Authors: Bor Yunchang Jeffrey
Published: October 2007

How a fast‐growth country like Taiwan can develop its economy under restrictive energy constraints is an interesting and important research subject. This paper describes the impact of energy pricing policy, such as changes in the prices set by the state for oil or gas, on Taiwan's economy. In order to understand the interrelationships between the energy price shocks and the economy of Taiwan, a computable energy general equilibrium model (EGEM 1.1) is set up to study the problem. In this CGE model, the economy is divided into 13 industrial sectors, 2 primary input sectors, and 4 final demand sectors. There are 16 commodities of interest, 7 of which are major energy commodities. The results in this paper may be useful for providing important recommendations to the government of Taiwan and to other developing countries in Asia.
Factor Substitution, Import Demand, and Developmental Stages: The Evidence from Taiwan, 1961–1991*
Authors: Wang Eric C.
Published: October 2007

This study examines the time variations in the Allen‐Uzawa elasticities of substitution (AUES) of Taiwan's aggregate production, emphasizing the demand for imported inputs. A three‐input (L,K,M) and three‐output (C,I,X) translog cost function is set up to estimate the AUES series in 1961–91. A regression model incorporating per capita GNP and spline time variables is used to test the variations in these series. The testing results indicate that while the AUES(L,K) has a negative relation to income level, the AUES(K,M) and AUES(M,L) have positive ones. Structural shifts in these AUES series are detected. The worldwide energy crisis in 1973–74 and industrial policy modification in 1980s are shown to have profound impacts on the economy.
A Short Term Step in Development of 3D Graphics Standards
Authors: Sabin M.A.
Published: October 2007

Few of the arguments deployed above have been either device dependent or application area dependent. Even if further discussion leads to a resolution of these and future issues differnt from the author's, the case is made that a Transformations chapter could be written which would be naturally included in most application‐oriented 3D graphics standards.
Automatic Contouring of Faulted Seismic Data Sets
Authors: McCullagh M J
Published: October 2007

The theoretical basis for two alternative methods of structuring and then contouring 2D and 3D seismic data with faults is described. Both rely on triangulation systems, but one is more suitable for small memory computers, and the other for large memory machines.
The Development of Programs for the Processing of Parametric Curves
Authors: Koparkar P A , Mudur S P
Published: October 2007

This paper presents the development of a suite of programs for the processing of parametrically defined curves in two and three dimensions. The programs are presented in Dijkstra's non‐deterministic guarded command notation. The development of the proof of correctness for the programs is also described. Three typical curve processing tasks, such as drawing, curve path following and intersection detection, are described.

The algorithms used in these programs are all based on the “divide and conquer (subdivision)” paradigm. Deviation from linearity and Euclidean bounds are two curve shape properties that are used in many of the curve processing tasks. We present fast methods of computing these properties from the algebraic representation of the curve. In particular the paper considers the cubic and the rational quadratic forms of representation.
The Systolic Pixel: A Visible Surface Algorithm for VLSI.
Authors: Mills P L
Published: October 2007

The Systolic Pixel or Spixel is a novel architecture for an intelligent pixel‐based graphics database for geometric‐solid models. An algorithm is described which performs visible surface calculations for any complexity of coloured 3‐dimensional (3‐D) surface and which structures geometric‐solid model data in a natural way. The algorithm/architecture of the spixel features a simple set of priority rules acting upon data in nearest neighbour locations and a simple set of movement rules of data to nearest neighbour locations. The spixel is constructed out of identical functional units. These features are attractive for an implementation of the algorithm in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).
Oriented geometric Objects in Computer Graphics and Numerical Control
Authors: Barbic J. , Dacar F. , Spegel M.
Published: October 2007

Conventional natural ‐ language as well as computer ‐ oriented descriptions of geometric constructions by means of geometric relationships (parallelism, tangency, etc.) and attributes (INSIDE, NEAR, MIDDLE, X‐LARGE, Y‐SMALL, etc.) do not offer a clear and efficient method for selecting a specific object out of a number of possible alternatives. This paper describes a systematic solution to the problem based upon the notions of orientation of geometric objects, of smooth transitions from one object to another (referred to as coherent tangency), and upon locality. Using the notions of object orientation and coherent tangency, some tangent constructions in a plane are developed. The method is shown to employ a minimum set of attributes ‐ at most one, characterizing the intrinsic parameters of geometric objects.
Filtering Edges by Pixel Integration
Authors: Pitteway M.L.V. , Olive P.M.
Published: October 2007

An algorithm is presented which evaluates the area of the triangles formed by the intersection of a straight‐line boundary with pixel elements, yet involves only tests and additions.
3D Icons and Architectural CAD
Authors: Aish Robert
Published: October 2007

3D computer input has been a recurring challenge to engineers developing effective CAD systems. The approach adopted in this paper attempts to address a specific type of 3D input which is applicable to architecture and some engineering design tasks. In these processes, the object being designed is often an assembly of defined components. In a conventional graphics based CAD system these components are usually represented by graphical Icons which are displayed on the graphics screen and are arranged by the user. The system described here consists of 3D modelling elements which the user physically assembles to form his design. Each modelling element contains an element processor consisting of a machine readable label, data paths and control logic. The CAD system interrogates the elements. The logic within the element processors and the data paths are then used to interrogate other adjacent elements in the model. This system can therefore be considered as a “user generated”“machine readable” modelling system. In an architectural application this provides the user with a system of 3D Icons with which to model and evaluate the built environment.
Better Understanding through Formal Specification
Authors: Duce D. A. , Fielding E. V. C.
Published: October 2007

The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) is now registered as an ISO International Standard for computer graphics programming. One of the major innovations of the Standard is the bundled specification of aspects, a mechanism which gives the applications programmer the ability to tailor the appearance of a picture independently on each of the workstations on which it is displayed, using the capabilities of the workstations. GKS also incorporates the traditional method of individual specification of aspects in which each workstation does the best it can to represent global aspect values. In this paper a formal specification technique, the Vienna Development Method (VDM), is used to describe aspect specification. The GKS model of aspect specification is progressively constructed from simpler models. Properties of these simpler models are formulated and the specifications are proved to conform to these. The properties are then traced through the more complex models. The paper demonstrates the applicability of formal specification to the design of graphics software and the ability of formal techniques to catalyse the deeper understanding of designs.
Moving Picture Synthesis at Linkoping University
Authors: Fahlander Olov
Published: October 2007

We believe that in the future we will see a diverse variety of applications in the now emerging technology of real time computer animation. Such animations impose stringent computational and bandwidth demands on the underlying system. It is important to investigate carefully the methods best suited to the particular requirements of animation when motion is involved.1,2,3 In this paper we describe a system ‐ Retina ‐ which is now operational. We discuss the underlying concept of parameterization, which is of fundamental importance to the software design. Some timing data for this system will be given. A short description of the 3D editor, which is currently under development, is also given.
Multiprocessor Ray Tracing
Authors: Cleary John G. , Wyvill Brian M. , Birtwistle Graham M. , Vatti Reddy
Published: October 2007

A multiprocessor algorithm for ray tracing is described. The performance of the algorithm is analysed for a cubic and square array of processors with only local communication between near neighbours. Theoretical expressions for the speedup of the system as a function of the number of processors are derived. These analytic results are supported by simulations of ray tracing on a number of simple scenes with polygonal surfaces. It is found that a square network of processors generally performs better than a cubic network. Some comments are made on the construction of such a system using current (1985) microprocessor technology.
A Geometric Modeller Based on the Exact Octtree Representation of Polyhedra
Authors: Navazo I. , Avala D. , Brunet P.
Published: October 2007

Geometric Modellers based on a Boundary Representation scheme are well suited for display operations, but boolean operations require algorithms with quadratic complexity. Using a class of extended octtrees which is presented here, boolean operations become linear, while exact recomputation of the boundary model in the case of polyhedral objects is possible, and memory requirements are less than in classical octtree encodings. Some bounds on the memory savings are given and discussed. The DMI system, a Geometric Modeller based on a hybrid model Boundary ‐ Extended Octtrees, is presented, discussing the main operations and the interface between both models. Some modelling examples are shown. Finally, a generalization of the extended octtree encoding which allows the exact representation of objects limited by sculptured surfaces is presented.
A Method of Displaying Transformed Picture Rectangles Using GKS Raster Functions
Authors: Schumann H. , Kotzauer A.
Published: October 2007

The GKS raster functions Fill Area and Cell Array allow area primitives in Computer Graphics to be used in a GKS environment.

In implementing these functions, the computing time and memory required are important factors in deciding their usability especially for interactive work. The trend in the implementation of algorithms for such primitives is to use specialized hardware.

In this paper, algorithms are introduced which are suitable for computers of low and middle efficiency and provide a sufficient image quality and an acceptable response time for dialogues.
The Priority Tree, a HL/HSR Approach for PHIGS
Authors: Abi‐Ezzi S.S.
Published: October 2007

The Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Grahics System (PHIGS) specifies an interface for programming device‐independent computer graphics applications. PHIGS provides a powerful data grouping mechanism, called the PHIGS structure, that may be used to model the geometry of 3D objects. Hidden Line/Hidden Surface Removal (HL/HSR) is a required process to produce realistic solid views of the modeled objects. Modeling clip is an essential process for viewing a clipped portion of the modeled objects. A technique is presented that provides HL/HSR and modeling clip as added utilities to PHIGS. The technique is based on the Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) tree (sometimes called priority tree), and involves a back to front sorting of the primitives of a PHIGS structure network to another PHIGS structure. Modeling clip is achieved by limiting the sorting to those primitives in a specified clip ping region of the object space. The resulting structure when displayed on a raster device produces a realistic view of the possibly clipped object that was originally modeled by the PHIGS structure network.
An Economic High Performance Pixel Memory with 3‐D Solids Capability
Authors: Belch F.R.
Published: October 2007

For economic raster graphics equipment capable of the display of high resolution dynamic pictures of 3‐D solids, 3‐D wire frames, and 2‐D wire frames ‐ in decreasing order of stringency, the design of the pixel memory system is a key issue, due to the high pixel writing speeds required. This paper discusses some new architectural possibilities for such a memory system.

To give some idea of problem scale, present investigations indicate that pixel generation rates from an economic tiling circuit of up to 25 Mhz may be possible ‐ 40 ns per pixel. However, using contemporary dynamic RAM'S memory read‐modify‐write cycle, including computation on the data read from the memory (for example masking in the new pixel data or z‐depth‐buffer arithmetic) may take 400 ns i.e. a speed difference of about 10:l exists.

The matching of these differing data rates demands a departure from traditional pixel memory architecture. Here a possible philosophy of approach is discussed together with the results of a simulation study. The proposed architecture is able to keep costs, bulk and power consumption down by using cheap, industry standard, high density memory components. Its use is additionally shown to be compatible with the generation of dynamic views of bolids using depth buffer methods.
Filling Complex Polygons by Region‐Fill Methods on Raster Graphics Terminals
Authors: Richards J.E.
Published: October 2007

A method is described for filling polygons according to the GKS Fill Area definition on terminals that provide only region‐filling capabilities. The advantages and disadvantages of using this algorithm in GKS device drivers are considered.
A Simple and Efficient Haloed Line Algorithm for Hidden Line Elimination
Authors: Franklin W.R , Akman V.
Published: October 2007

An efficient algorithm, HALO, is given to compute haloed line drawings of wire frame objects. Haloed line drawings are described by Appel et al.1

HALO has two parts: CUT and DRAW. CUT uses an adaptive grid to find all edge intersections. It overlays a square grid, whose fineness is a function of the number and length of the edges, on the Scene. It determines the cells that each edge passes through, sorts these by cell to obtain the edges in each cell, and then, in each cell, tests each pair of edges in that cell for intersection. For broad classes of input this takes time linear in the number of edges plus the number of intersections. CUT writes a file containing all the locations where each edge is crossed in front by another. Given a halo width, DRAW reads this file edge by edge. For each edge, it subtracts and adds the halo width to each intersection to get the locations where the edge becomes invisible and visible. It sorts these along the edge, and then traverses the edge, plotting those portions where the number of “Visible” transitions is equal to the number of “invisible” transitions. DRAW takes time hear in the number of edge segments. Dividing HALO into two parts means that redrawing a plot with a different halo width is fast, since only DRAW need to be rerun.

CR Categories and Subject Descriptions: I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling ‐ geometric algorithm, languages, and systems; F.2.2 [Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity]: Nonnumerid Algorithms and Problems ‐geometrical problem and computations

General Terms: Algorithms, design.
New Methods for Improving the GKS Fill Area Output Primitive
Authors: Herman Ivan , Reviczky Janos
Published: October 2007

The fill area primitive is one of the most powerful primitives of GKS and its derivatives (GKS‐3D, PHIGS etc.). Since its specrfication is extremely general, it is important to explore new approaches to achieve higher performance in its implementation. In this paper fast algorithms are presented for special situations, which can be included, together with appropriate tests, into a complete GKS output pipeline. As a result, a speed improvement With a factor of two may be achieved in important practical cases.
Some Aspects of Binding GKS to C++
Authors: Richards J.E.
Published: October 2007

Aspects of a prototype binding of GKS to the C++ programming language are presented. The binding makes use of classes and derived classes to define GKS concepts such as segments and workstations. Operator overloading is used for some GKS Functions.
Evaluation of Standard Graphics Packages
Authors: Klok Fopke
Published: October 2007

In order to compare the quality of different implementations of GKS, the ISO0 standard for computer graphics, an evaluation method for GKS implementations is presented. It is based upon several groups of criteria. One group of criteria is concerned with performance, by which we understand here the memory requirements and time requirements for programs using GKS functions. A program that measures the performance of GKS packages is presented. Results of this evaluation method with several commercially available GKS implementations are described in summary. A checklist for evaluation of standard graphics packages is added as an appendix.
SIGHT‐A Dedicated Computer Graphics Machine
Authors: Naruse Tadashi , Yoshida Masaharu , Takahashi Tokiichiro , Naito Seiichiro
Published: October 2007

The. architecture of, and a performance estimate for, the dedicated graphics processor ‐ SIGHT, a high‐speed ray tracing machine, are presented. Ray tracing is a vector calculation in 3–dimensional (3–D) space and each ray to be traced can be calculated independently. The SIGHT is designed so that it speeds up the execution of the ray tracing algorithm at two levels of parallel operations: the pixel‐level parallel operation by multiprocessors and the instruction‐level parallel operation by the new processing element (PE) architecture. The features of the PE are:
A Prolog Environment for GKS‐Based Graphics
Authors: Milanese V.
Published: October 2007

The Prolog language and GK.S are considered in an integrated fashion in order to create a flexible graphics environment. Prolog descriptive properties are devoted to creating hierarchical schemata which can be instantiated on application data, validated against topological constraints, and handled and drawn, at a low level, by GKS primitives.
Experience with Chisl, a Configurable Hierarchical Interface Specification Language
Authors: Wood C.A. , Gray P.D. , Kilgour A.C.
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the design, implementation and initial evaluation of a graphical dialogue specification language and its interpreter. Features of the system include a hierarchical dialogue structure with the capability to export options to lower levels of the hierarchy, the use of a restricted form of production rule approach to option selection in each unit of the dialogue, and suspended time editing (allowing modification of the dialogue specification during execution without loss of context).
Theoretical Developments on Polygonal Approximation of Parametric Surfaces for Ray Tracing
Authors: Bouatouch Kadi
Published: October 2007

Some theoretical extensions are brought to Koparkar and Mudur's method which deals with a polygonal approximation of parametric surfaces using potential extrema. The proposed extensions allow the determination of both the existence and the equation of a curve solution of potential extrema. Solutions are given to solve the crack problem and to avoid the artificats due to an inexact ray‐surface intersection point near the silhouette or on the higher curvature regions. Moreover, two methods of ray tracing surfaces are proposed.
A Processor for an Object‐Oriented Rendering System
Authors: Schneider Bengt‐Olaf
Published: October 2007

An object oriented approach to the real‐time rendering of raster images is described. The architecture is based on a set of object processors arranged in a pipeline. These object processors scan convert the objects in the scene and interpolate depth and normal vectors across the objects. Hidden surface elimination is distributed along the pipeline. The structure of the object processors and of the algorithms employed are described in detail.

Computing Reviews Classification: C. 1.2, C.3, 1.3.1
A Top Down Method for Interactive Drawing
Authors: Slater Mel
Published: October 2007

Traditional interactive drawing programs adopt a bottom‐up approach, allowing the user to construct a picture by the use of discrete tools, for example, lines, circles, rectangles, and so on. This paper presents a different approach, which allows users to construct graphical objects by stretching and cutting existing objects. The representation is simply implemented, based on a ring of cubic Bezier curves, and use of the de Casteljau algorithm.
Book Reviews
Authors: Owen J.
Published: October 2007

Title: CGM and CGI: Metafile and Interface Standards for Computer Graphics

Title: Computer Graphics: Systems and Concepts

Title: Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling Using Beta‐splines
The Controller Animation System
Authors: John Nigel W. , Willis Philip J.
Published: October 2007

One of the ways in which computer animation can be generated is to use interactive graphics systems. In this paper we describe Controller, an animation system of this type. We concentrate on the operation of Controller and detail how an animator can plan and choreograph the motion of objects and cameras. We have intended to provide a system that gives the animator as much control as possible subject to keeping die interface simple to operate.
Notes on the Mathematics of the PHIGS Viewing Pipeline
Authors: Krammer Gergely
Published: October 2007

It is well known that homogeneous linear matrix transformations of the projective space may be efficiently used for the representation and the execution of common geometrical transformations but the general class of such transformations include also matrices which may cause numerical problems by transforming certain finite geometrical objects to infinity Different methods have been developed for handling such cases and this paper presents a new one called‘UW clipping’which is based on some interesting properties of projective transformations. Furthermore the paper introduces die concept of ‘conic sectors’ as a generalisation to half‐planes and halfspaces respectively, with the invariance property that such sectors are mapped onto other such sectors by projective transformations, and thus enable the transformation of clipping halfplanes and halfspaces. Finally the possibility of transforming die rectangular clipping box into the object space is investigated.
User Interface Management Systems ‐ A Current Product Review
Authors: Prime Martin
Published: October 2007

A User Interface Management System is defined and the essential features are listed. Five products are compared and assessed against these criteria
The Douglas‐Peucker Algorithm for Line Simplification: Re‐evaluation through Visualization
Authors: Visvalingam M. , Whyatt J. D.
Published: October 2007

The primary aim of this paper is to illustrate the value of visualization in cartography and to indicate that tools for the generation and manipulation of realistic images are of limited value within this application. This paper demonstrates the value of visualization within one problem in cartography, namely the generalisation of lines. It reports on the evaluation of the Douglas‐Peucker algorithm for line simplification. Visualization of the simplification process and of the results suggest that the mathematical measures of performance proposed by some other researchers are inappropriate, misleading and questionable.
Giving Coalitions a Good Name
Authors: Temple Michael
Published: October 2007

Opponents of electoral reform believe that proportional representation (PR) will mean the end of stable and responsible government in Britain. Coalitions between political parties (the likely result of PR) are portrayed as essentially alien to our political culture, leading to unstable government and an abandonment of political principles by deals in ‘smoke-filled rooms’. This article challenges such perceptions. The example of hung local government provides powerful support to those who argue electoral reform need not be a recipe for sordid and unstable government.
International Relations and the Reconstruction of Political Theory
Authors: Williams Howard
Published: October 2007

International relations and political theory are generally seen as two distinct disciplines with their afferent methodologies and clusters of problems. This division of labour has in some respects proved useful but may now be too extreme. Political theory and international relations have a common subject matter in political action and state behaviour. The advantages for political theory and international relations in crossing the dividing lines between the disciplines are explored. A case is made for a political theory which is focussed on international relations and an international relations which exploits the approaches and methods of political theory.
Rorty's Poetic Politics
Authors: Ross Craig
Published: October 2007

In reading Rorty as political theorists we must separate his critique of epistemology from his advocacy of a new style of philosophy. If we concentrate on the detail and presuppositions of the latter, we will find insufficient reason to grant that his political project is coherent or that it derives any support from his attack on ‘Enlightenment’ philosophy. We will see that historicist accounts can never reasonably compel belief; that no-one (save the epistemologist manque craving a role) could accept that there is a compelling social need for poetic and literary exclamations; and that great men cannot be allowed to set our political agenda.
Equitable Voting in the EU?: Options for Change
Authors: Baimbridge Mark , Burkitt Brian
Published: October 2007

The disagreement within the European Union (EU) concerning the system of qualified majority voting highlighted the inequalities within the present allocation of votes. With enlargement these inequalities are likely to intensify. We suggest that the EU should examine alternative methods for the allocation of Council votes. Two possible scenarios are allocation according to population size, and second, allocation based upon contributions to the EU budget. We conclude that either of these methods would offer a greater degree of equity, stability and flexibility in the decision-making process of the European Council.
Marginality, Mortality and Majority: The Effect of by-Elections on Government Majorities
Authors: Cowley Philip
Published: October 2007

The possible effect of by-elections on this Government, and future governments with small majorities, is considered, concentrating on by-elections forced on governments through the death of their MPs. Based on the current age structure of the Conservative party in parliament and previous mortality rates among MPs, it is speculated that the Government will have had seven by-elections forced on it by the next election. More serious problems exist for a future Labour Government elected with a similar majority, since Labour MPs seem to die more frequently than Conservatives: over 50% more Labour MPs than Conservatives have died since 1964. This does not seem to be caused by the age structure of the PLP nor the MPs' former occupations. Both the very limited correlation between age and marginality of MPs and the different electoral geography of the parties are discussed, and found to have very little effect on the potential by-elections.
Evaluating Thatcher: Did the Cows Jump over? A Reply to Marsh and Rhodes
Authors: Moon Jeremy
Published: October 2007

Despite agreeing with one of my main points and ignoring the other two, Marsh and Rhodes find fault with my ‘Evaluating Thatcher’. This reply shows that I did not treat Marsh and Rhodes unfairly, that they now misrepresent both their 1992 article and my contribution, and that their evaluation of Thatcher is still open to criticism.
The Limits of Textbook Ideology
Authors: Gann Rose
Published: October 2007

This article critically reviews five recently published textbooks on Modern Ideologies. It argues that these texts rely upon a particular conception of ideology that is useful in providing a framework through which the histories and ideas of specific ideologies are analysed, compared and assessed. However, placed in the context of the wider debate concerning the nature of ideology, it fails to address important issues and its limitations become apparent.
Changing Reputations and Interpretations in the History of Political Thought: J.S. Mill
Authors: Williams Geraint
Published: October 2007

Students of political thought generally focus on the context in which the writer produced his or her work or on the present philosophical or political importance of the text. A neglected area is the reception of the work by contemporaries and the subsequent reputation which the writer enjoyed, both in terms of philosophical coherence and political acceptability. This article looks at the changes in Mill's public image and in the philosophical evaluation given him by commentators from his own day to the present.
New Developments in Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Blaug Ricardo
Published: October 2007

This paper inspects recent theoretical work in deliberative democracy. It identifies three distinct ways in which such theories attempt to justify their claims for an increase in deliberation. Each has its strengths; each has its implications for practice. If the new deliberative theories are to move beyond a critique of liberal democracy in order to articulate a legitimate and practical politics, the respective gains of these three types must be brought together.
British Nationalism and Europe: A Medieval Comparison
Authors: McGlynn Sean
Published: October 2007

This paper draws attention to the notable parallels between the problems faced by John Major and his government over Europe and a comparative situation from the 13th century. It shows that nationalism has been a leading force in politics for far longer than chronocentric analysis has allowed and that rulers – whether kings or prime ministers – ignore it at their own cost.1
Moderation and Dissent. The French Presidential Elections of 1995
Authors: Hewlett Nick
Published: October 2007

The results of the Presidential elections of April-May 1995 confirm that there are currently two parallel trends in French politics. On the one hand the mainstream left and mainstream right are increasingly contesting the middle ground, and a majority of voters accept this. On the other hand, a substantial minority of the electorate is keen to protest against the inability of any of the major parties to remedy France's socio-economic ills, and therefore votes for the marginal parties, the parties of dissension and protest.
The Ambiguity of Ideology
Authors: Vincent Andrew
Published: October 2007

This article responds to Rose Gann's ‘The Limits of Textbook Ideology’ in a previous issue of Politics. It acknowledges that she has performed a service in drawing our attention to the problematic character of the concept, particularly within the ordered world of the academic textbook. However this ambiguity in the concept is not limited to the academic textbook but exists across the whole range of the human and social sciences and is much deeper and more perplexing than her own discussion indicates.
CHOICES AND OPPORTUNITIES: Low‐Income Rental Housing in Indonesia*
Authors: Nelson Kristin W.
Published: October 2007

Rental housing is increasingly acknowledged as a valuable housing solution in developing countries and is therefore becoming a focus for policy discussions. This paper describes the rental market in Indonesia based on the results of 60 semi‐structured renter‐related interviews. It appears that the rental subsector is housing a large and highly varied portion of the urban population quite effectively. The results of this survey indicate that rental units are generally produced on a small scale on or near the same property as the owner's home. The unit construction occurs in increments as funds become available and is rarely financed formally. This represents an easy and flexible form of investment for a group otherwise generally uninterested in placing savings in formal institutions. The typical rental property owner is less motivated by profit accumulations than by the security of a steady supplemental income and the possibility of a future unit for his children. As a result, tenant‐landlord relationships tend to be quite casual and family‐like, unlike the exploitative relationship often described. Further studies need to explore how future policy could support the activities of the Indonesian rental market and improve the quality of rental units that are being produced.
THE OFFICE LOCATION PROBLEM: Implications for the Growth and Structure of Cities in Newly Industrializing Countries
Authors: Polese Mario
Published: October 2007

This paper looks at the dynamics of interurban office location as national economies evolve. Offices are defined as producer service establishments that provide tradeable information‐intensive services, found both within the secondary and the tertiary sectors (i. e. head or branch offices). A simple model of the decision to locate is presented that emphasizes communications cost as well as information and skilled labor input costs. The author suggests that as the firm evolves, and as information outputs become more non‐standardized, the relative weight of externally purchased information‐intensive service inputs will increase, pushing office establishments up the urban hierarchy. Equally, as national economies evolve the demand for information‐intensive inputs will increase, behind the demand for services. Thus, in a growing export‐driven economy (South Korea is taken as an example) the demand for office‐based services will grow rapidly, creating locational pressures in the largest urban centers, in turn pushing more standardized activities (often manufacturing) to more peripheral locations. The end result is the rapid growth of office activities in the largest cities where the upper bounds of the national urban hierarchy will be defined by the (head) office locations of the largest multi‐establishment corporations.
STATE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS AND INDUSTRY EXPERIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES*
Authors: Rees John
Published: October 2007

Because of the growth of new technology based economic development policies at the state level in recent years, this research project provides an assessment of the experiences of users of one such program: the technology research center in microelectronics. A survey of a large number of companies gave us results that should be of interest to decision makers in universities, private industry as well as the public sector. Access to students as future employees was seen as a major reason why companies get involved with universities, more so than research enhancement per se. A univerisity's inability to protect what companies see as confidential research is seen as a major disincentive to further university‐industry relationships, while most companies did not see federal or state tax incentives as encouraging collaboration. Among companies who had direct experience with state‐funded technology center programs, most reacted positively to their experiences. Such collaboration was seen to stimulate related research within many participating companies, while also leading to improvements in the quality of products and production methods. While the majority of companies thought that states should continue to fund technology development programs, particularly at universities, neither universities nor government were seen as important sources of technical knowledge by many companies. A lack of information about state programs was seen among many companies that responded to the survey.
DECENTRALIZED PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The Case of Indonesia*
Authors: Walker Millidge
Published: October 2007

The government of Indonesia frequently has stressed the need for decentralization to achieve effective regional development, but yet has hesitated to proceed because of fears that such action would undermine national unity and disrupt centrally defined national priorities. Furthermore, the entrenched bureaucratic hierarchy, reinforced by the persistence of patrimonialism, would have to surrender its planning and decision making authority to popularly constituted bodies. This paper examines this dilemma and argues that deconcentration of planning and implementation functions to lower administrative levels does not constitute decentralization. The analysis concludes by suggesting that collaboration between government and non‐governmental organizations might be the appropriate means for encouraging popular participation for sustainable development.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT GRANTS IN INDONESIA'S WATER SUPPLY SECTOR
Authors: Cervero Robert
Published: October 2007

Over successive five‐year development plans, Indonesia has channeled large sums of foreign loans and domestic funds into water supply projects with the aim of providing clean water for a majority of households. Most projects have been planned and financed through the central government's public works ministry, though a growing share of rural water projects are being funded through earmarked grants provided to local governments. This paper examines how these central government transfers, in the aggregate, have responded to various indicators of expenditure needs. Overall, past allocations have matched existing demand and supply levels closely–funding has generally favored provinces with large populations, large numbers of water enterprises, extensive distribution networks in place, and high production capacity. They have not, however, worked in favor of either equalization or economic productivity objectives, as reflected by per capita income or GRDP growth rates. This analysis suggests that equity would be promoted either by including income‐related factors in future block grant allocation formulas or by shifting funding emphasis in the water supply sector from grants‐in‐kind controlled by the central government to sectoral grants controlled mainly at the local level. Such policy reforms would also further promote the nation's professed goal of decentralizing infrastructure development.
OPTIMAL PROPERTY TAXATION IN CALIFORNIA: Is Greater Reliance on Land Values Feasible and Desirable?
Authors: Beaumont Marion S.
Published: October 2007

Legal changes to Proposition 13 and fiscal imbalance provide, for the first time since 1978, the environment for serious consideration of restructuring property taxation in California. The background of the current situation is reviewed, and as a first approach to determining the optimal property tax system, Henry George's a priori case for taxing land is noted. Studies in the new public finance, especially optimal taxation theory and applications ‐ for example, general equilibrium modeling in policy analysis ‐ provide encouraging though limited support for greater reliance on site value taxation.