bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro radiation‐induced expression of XPC mRNA as a possible biomarker for developing adverse reactions during radiotherapy
Authors: Wiebalk Katrin , Schmezer Peter , Kropp Silke , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Celebi Oktay , Debus Jürgen , Bartsch Helmut , Popanda Odilia
Published: July 2007

Repair of radiation‐induced DNA damage is believed to play a critical role in developing adverse reactions during radiotherapy. Ionizing radiation induces transcription of several DNA repair genes including XPC as a part of the p53‐transmitted stress response. XPC gene induction was measured to analyze whether it predicts occurrence of therapy‐related acute side effects. Prostate cancer patients (n = 406) receiving radiotherapy were monitored for development of acute adverse effects using common toxicity criteria. For gene induction analysis, lymphocytes from 99 patients were selected according to their observed grade of clinical side effects. Cells were irradiated in vitro with 5 Gy and analyzed after 4 hr for XPC gene induction using reverse transcription and quantitative real‐time PCR. Analysis of modulation of XPC induction by personal, clinical or lifestyle factors was included. Inter‐individual induction of XPC expression by ionizing radiation varied up to 20‐fold (0.29–5.77) and was significantly higher in current or exsmokers than in never‐smokers (p value: 0.008). Patients with XPC induction above the 90th percentile compared to those with lower induction levels were at increased risk of suffering from adverse reactions during radiotherapy (odds ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2–24.5; adjusted for smoking). In summary, XPC mRNA levels induced by ionizing radiation were shown for the first time to be strongly affected by smoking and to be associated with an approximately 5‐fold increased risk for developing acute side effects of radiotherapy. The predictive value of DNA damage‐induced XPC levels as a possible biomarker for radiosensitivity has to be further investigated. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: Relationship with status of viral hepatitis
Authors: Nanashima Atsushi , Abo Takafumi , Sumida Yorihisa , Takeshita Hiroaki , Hidaka Shigekazu , Furukawa Katsurou , Sawai Terumitsu , Yasutake Toru , Masuda Junichi , Morisaki Tomohito , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: July 2007

Background and Objectives

Viral hepatitis may modulate the status of liver dysfunction, tumor biology, and postoperative course in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

To determine the characteristics of HCC in different types of viral hepatitis, we conducted a comparative analysis of clinicopathological features and outcomes in 243 Japanese HCC patients following hepatic resection. Patients were divided into four groups; non‐B‐non‐C group, hepatitis B (HBV) group, hepatitis C (HCV) group, and co‐infection with HB, and HC (HBCV) group.

Results

Liver function was worst and prevalence of cirrhosis was highest in HBCV group than in compare to HBV and non‐B‐non‐C group. The prevalence rates of intrahepatic metastasis, tumor vascular involvement, and low curability in HBCV group were higher than in the other groups. Uncontrolled ascites and hepatic failure were significantly more common in HBCV group than other groups. The disease‐free and overall survival rates of non‐B‐non‐C group were better than those of the other groups; both survival rates were the worst in HBCV group than the other groups.

Conclusions

HCC patients with co‐infection of HBV and HCV had poorer liver function and more advanced tumors compared with the other groups. This might explain the poor prognosis of such patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:487–492. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computable metrization
Authors: Grubba Tanja , Schröder Matthias , Weihrauch Klaus
Published: July 2007

Every second‐countable regular topological space X is metrizable. For a given “computable” topological space satisfying an axiom of computable regularity M. Schröder [10] has constructed a computable metric. In this article we study whether this metric space (X, d) can be considered computationally as a subspace of some computable metric space [15]. While Schröder's construction is “pointless”, i. e., only sets of a countable base but no concrete points are known, for a computable metric space a concrete dense set of computable points is needed. But there may be no computable points in X. By converging sequences of basis sets instead of Cauchy sequences of points we construct a metric completion ($ \tilde X $, $ \tilde d $) of a space (X, d) together with a canonical representation $ \tilde X $, $ \tilde \delta $. We show that there is a computable embedding of (X, d) in ($ \tilde X $, $ \tilde d $) with computable inverse. Finally, we construct a notation of a dense set of points in ($ \tilde X $, $ \tilde d $) with computable mutual distances and prove that the Cauchy representation of the resulting computable metric space is equivalent to $ \tilde \delta $. Therefore, every computably regular space has a computable homeomorphic embedding in a computable metric space, which topologically is its completion. By the way we prove a computable Urysohn lemma. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction of Sheep Bone Marrow Stromal Cells With Biodegradable Polyurethane Bone Substitutes
Authors: Schlickewei Carsten , Verrier Sophie , Lippross Sebastian , Pearce Simon , Alini Mauro , Gogolewski Sylwester
Published: July 2007

Summary: Autogenous cancellous bone graft is often used in clinical practice to promote bone healing in large, critical‐size defects. Bone harvesting has numerous drawbacks which calls for new alternatives. Potentially, an alternative to bone grafting may be offered by a tissue engineering approach that utilizes a suitable scaffold seeded with osteogenic cells. In this study the interaction of sheep bone marrow stromal cells with biodegradable microporous polyurethane scaffolds designed as bone substitutes was investigated. The scaffolds were produced from the same polyurethane but had two different pore sizes in the ranges of 140–400 µm and 200–600 µm. The scaffolds were impregnated with platelet‐rich plasma or fibrin to evaluate whether impregnation affects cell attachment, growth and proliferation. It has been found that scaffolds promote attachment, differentiation and proliferation of sheep bone marrow stromal cells. The cells adhered well to the scaffold's surface and infiltrated its porous structure. The DNA content and the mRNA expression increased with time of culture. Histological and immunohistochemical stainings showed that the cells were viable and differentiated into osteoblasts. There was an evident effect of the scaffolds' pore size on cell attachment and proliferation. Cell growth was more efficient in the scaffolds with smaller pore sizes than in the scaffolds with larger pores. Scaffolds with larger pores underwent calcification. No calcium was found in the scaffolds with smaller pore sizes. The pore size had no effect on cell morphology. The stromal cells differentiated into osteoblasts, which process was more pronounced in the scaffolds with larger pores. Impregnation of the scaffolds with fibrin or platelet‐rich plasma facilitated cell growth and proliferation. This effect was more pronounced for scaffolds impregnated with platelet‐rich plasma than for scaffolds impregnated with fibrin.
Effects of Laminin For Osteogenesis in Porous Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Yoshikawa Masataka , Tsuji Norimasa , Shimomura Yasunori , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Ohgushi Hajime
Published: July 2007

Summery: As a tooth is composed of hard tissue covering pulp, it may be suitable for tooth regeneration to use porous cylindrical hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds with a hollow center. Generally, in vivo examination, bone marrow cell suspension for osteogenesis in cell/HA composite scaffold without subculture is prepared at a density of 1 × 107 cells/ml or higher. In dentistry, stem cells would be obtained from tooth pulp. For dentine formation, a smaller number of stem cells must be used. In this study, a suspension of rat bone marrow cells at 1 × 106 cells/ml of density was prepared to estimate the adhesive effect of laminin. After immersion of HA scaffold in laminin solution, bone marrow cells were seeded in the pores of the HA scaffolds by immersion in the cell suspension for preparing the cell/HA composite scaffolds. The specimens were respectively implanted in the dorsal subcutis of 7‐week‐old male Fischer 344 rats for 4 weeks for histological examination. Comparing with the results of in vivo examination, alkaline phosphatase activity of bone marrow cells on laminin‐coated plate with and without dexamethasone cultured for 2 weeks was measured in vitro. It was considered that laminin contributed to bone formation in pores of a scaffold.
In Vitro Investigation on Interaction of Ranitidine Hydrochloride in the Presence of Cross‐Linked Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium.
Authors: Grimling B. , Pluta J.
Published: July 2007

Summary: The adsorbance of ranitidine hydrochloride – drug selective H2 histamine receptor inhibitor used In the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer was investigated in the presence of croscarmellose, a cross‐ linked polymer of polysaccharide character used as a swelling additive in oral pharmaceutical formulations – capsules, tablets and granules.

The evaluation of adsorbance capability was carried out by means of a statistical method in in vitro conditions, taking into account environmental pH, concentration of the investigated drug as well as the properties of the polymer. Obtained results prove that the analyzed active agent is adsorbed on polymer at all the investigated pH ranges and the capability of polymer binding depends on environmental pH. The highest binding capability was revealed in samples with pH of 7.6, (adsorbance capacity k = 0.6958) while the lowest binding capability was observed at pH 1.5 (adsorbance capacity k = 0.0005) in the presence of croscarmellose sodium. Level of adsorption depends on the analyzed drug concentration and adsorption on polymer in increasing concentration and pH environment.
A continued‐fraction‐based high‐order transmitting boundary for wave propagation in unbounded domains of arbitrary geometry
Authors: Bazyar Mohammad Hossein , Song Chongmin
Published: July 2007

A high‐order local transmitting boundary is developed to model the propagation of elastic waves in unbounded domains. This transmitting boundary is applicable to scalar and vector waves, to unbounded domains of arbitrary geometry and to anisotropic materials. The formulation is based on a continued‐fraction solution of the dynamic‐stiffness matrix of an unbounded domain. The coefficient matrices of the continued fraction are determined recursively from the scaled boundary finite element equation in dynamic stiffness. The solution converges rapidly over the whole frequency range as the order of the continued fraction increases. Using the continued‐fraction solution and introducing auxiliary variables, a high‐order local transmitting boundary is formulated as an equation of motion with symmetric and frequency‐independent coefficient matrices. It can be coupled seamlessly with finite elements. Standard procedures in structural dynamics are directly applicable for evaluating the response in the frequency and time domains. Analytical and numerical examples demonstrate the high rate of convergence and efficiency of this high‐order local transmitting boundary. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HMM‐based surface reconstruction from single images
Authors: Nagai Takayuki , Ikehara Masaaki , Kurematsu Akira
Published: July 2007

In this paper, a novel method of surface reconstruction from a single monocular image is proposed. Our proposed approach (called “shape from object‐specific knowledge”) is based on knowledge of objects, acquired by learning from a number of samples. To achieve this, we investigate the use of the Subband Pseudo 2D Hidden Markov Model (SPHMM), which is an extended version of normal Pseudo 2D HMMs. SPHMMs can model the correspondence between an intensity image and its depth information. We have applied our algorithm to 3D face, 3D hand, and 3D car reconstruction from single images, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 80–89, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10685
Phospholipase D activity in hexane
Authors: Simpson T. D.
Published: July 2007

Phospholipase D converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA) at 65° C in water‐saturated hexane. Presumably, the active site of the enzyme remains hydrated in the interior of a lipid micelle. Enzyme activity at elevated temperatures in a nonaqueous medium contrasts sharply with inactivation at high temperature in aqueous solution. Results demonstrate that nonhydratable phospholipids can be produced enzyma‐tically under conditions comparable to those during oil extraction in commercial soybean processing.
A process for solid fat from castor oil by simultaneous hydrogénation and dehydration
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Paulose M. M. , Vishwanadham B. , Laxminarayana J. , Ramalingaswamy P. A.
Published: July 2007

A single step process has been developed on a pilot plant scale (15 kg/batch) for simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydration of castor oil using nickel catalyst and attapulgite to yield solid fats having a hydroxyl value of 7–33 and an iodine value of 41–56. The polymer and keto fatty acid contents in the products were up to 2% and 3.2%, respectively. The product can be used in the manufacture of soap as the hard fat component and in textile sizing.
Changes in dielectric constant as a measure of frying oil deterioration
Authors: Fritsch C. W. , Egberg D. C. , Magnuson J. S.
Published: July 2007

A soybean oil, a hydrogenated vegetable frying shortening and an animal‐vegetable shortening were heated at 190 C for 8 hours each day for 4 days with and without the frying of potatoes. Samples were taken periodically and analyzed for various changes normally used to measure frying oil deterioration. The changes in the dielectric constant were determined with a patented instrument called the Food Oil Sensor. This instrument is standardized with 3. sample of the fresh oil, and it then measures the change in the electric capacitance of the heated oil samples. The dielectric constant of all three shortenings increased linearly with heating time. The greatest change occurred in the soybean oil sample and the smallest change in the hydrogenated vegetable shortening. For each shortening the increase was somewhat greater during frying than during heating without frying. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between instrument readings and increase in the total polar materials, the color, the peroxide values, the diene content, and the free fatty acids and the decrease in the iodine values.
Formulating characteristics of high and low 2‐phenyl linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in liquid detergents
Authors: Drozd Joseph C. , Gorman Wilma
Published: July 2007

Detergent range linear alkylbenzene (LAB) currently is manufactured by two different processes, using either aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride as the alkylation catalyst. The alkylates from the two processes are not exactly the same. Furthermore, the properties of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactants made by sulfonation of the LABs also differ. Because LAS is used in most types of detergent products, it is important to known how the properties of each type of LAS differ. This paper compares the formulating characteristics (such as viscosity, solubility and foaming) of high and low 2‐phenyl LAS in some typical household cleaning product formulations. It is concluded that the two types of LAS should not be used interchangeably without first checking carefully all the physical properties required in a product.
Different activities of the largest subunit of replication protein A cooperate during SV40 DNA replication
Authors: Taneja Poonam , Boche Irene , Hartmann Hella , Nasheuer Heinz-Peter , Grosse Frank , Fanning Ellen , Weisshart Klaus
Published: July 2007

Replication protein A (RPA) is a stable heterotrimeric complex consisting of p70, p32 and p14 subunits. The protein plays a crucial role in SV40 minichromosome replication. Peptides of p70 representing interaction sites for the smaller two subunits, DNA as well as the viral initiator protein large T‐antigen (Tag) and the cellular DNA polymerase α‐primase (Pol) all interfered with the replication process indicating the importance of the different p70 activities in this process. Inhibition by the peptide disrupting protein–protein interactions was observed only during the pre‐initiation stage prior to primer synthesis, suggesting the formation of a stable initiation complex between RPA, Tag and Pol at the primer end.
An analysis of the relationship between plasma urea and ammonia concentration in dairy cattle fed a consistent diet over a 100-day period
Authors: Laven Richard A , Claire Wathes D , Lawrence Kevin E , Scaramuzzi Rex J
Published: July 2007

Measurement of plasma urea concentration is often used to identify a risk of dietary nitrogen-associated infertility. However, the use of plasma urea concentration in this way relies on it being an effective predictor for other potential toxic products associated with nitrogen metabolism (such as plasma or uterine ammonia). Recent research has shown that dietary nitrogen-associated infertility can be produced by diets which elevate plasma ammonia concentration without markedly increasing plasma urea concentration. Thus for cattle on different diets plasma urea concentration cannot be used to predict plasma ammonia concentration. This study evaluated whether plasma urea concentration could be used to predict plasma ammonia concentration in cattle kept on consistent diets. Data were analysed from a study where 42 cattle had been fed a control diet or the control diet plus 250 g urea per cow per day and had had weekly measurements of post-prandial plasma urea and ammonia concentrations. This analysis found that over a 100-d period, plasma urea concentration was relatively constant and unaffected by time while plasma ammonia concentration was significantly more variable, being affected by time since the study started, and whether cows began the study in the first or second group. Correlation between plasma ammonia and urea was limited; plasma urea concentration explained only 3·8% of the variation in plasma ammonia concentration. These data suggest that, even in cows on consistent diets, plasma urea concentration is not a good predictor of plasma ammonia, and that a simple urea threshold may not accurately identify the risk of dietary nitrogen-associated infertility.
Staphylococcus aureusstrains in primiparous and multiparous cows in six herds with a high prevalence ofStaph. aureusintramammary infections
Authors: Tenhagen Bernd-Alois , Scheibe Nicole , Zucker Bert-Andree , Köster Gudrun , Heuwieser Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

The proportion of different strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswas tested in four groups of lactating dairy cows in six herds with a high overall prevalence ofStaph. aureususing random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Group 1 included primiparous cows in early lactation (<50 days in milk, DIM). Group 2 consisted of primiparous cows in late lactation (>250 days in milk). Groups 3 and 4 were multiparous cows in the respective stages of lactation. Eight cows from each group on each farm were tested. Overall quarter prevalence ofStaph. aureusranged from 23·4 to 32·0% in the herds. Of the 130 isolates included in the analysis 86·9% were high prevalence strains (more than three isolates per herd), while 13·1% were strains that were only identified in one or two samples. Low prevalence strains were found in all six herds. The proportion of low prevalence strains was higher in multiparous than in primiparous cows (odds ratio, OR 4·4, 1·2–16·6). It is concluded that low prevalenceStaph. aureusstrains are common even in herds with a high prevalence ofStaph. aureusand that their frequency is lower in primiparous cows than in older cows.
Bourbon Intervention in the Peruvian Tobacco Industry, 1752–1813
Authors: VIZCARRA CATALINA
Published: July 2007

During the second half of the eighteenth century the Spanish Crown monopolised the tobacco industry in its American colonies, creating vertically integrated organisations which included factories for the production of cigars and cigarettes. A detailed analysis of the regulations, organisation and policies applied during the Peruvian viceroyalty suggests that Bourbon officials were effective managers. The monopoly was successful at curbing contraband and extracting rents. The evolution of monopoly policies, however, reflected political constraints on the Crown's efforts to raise revenues. The archival evidence suggests that Bourbon officials closed the tobacco factories in Peru in 1791 as a result of public opposition.
JAMES TENNEY REMEMBERS: EXCERPTS FROM THE LAST INTERVIEWS
Authors: Smigel Eric , Krausas Veronika
Published: July 2007

James Tenney, who has been called ‘America's most famous unknown composer’, exerted a lasting influence not only in the artistic fields of music, painting, theatre, and film, but also in the scientific realms of psychology, electroacoustics, and computer technology. The fact that Tenney's active presence can be charted across several areas of study reflects his own multifarious interests and provides an opportunity to examine how individuals in different disciplines reciprocally affected the composer.
Functional connectivity in the brain and human intelligence
Authors: Schmithorst Vincent J.
Published: July 2007

A parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) model of human intelligence has been proposed based on a review of neuroimaging literature and lesion studies. The P-FIT model provides an important basis for future research. Future studies involving connectivity analyses and an integrative approach of imaging modalities using the P-FIT model should provide vastly increased understanding of the biological bases of intelligence.
On images from correlations
Authors: Norgate Sarah , Richardson Ken
Published: July 2007

The difficulty of making reliable interpretation from a dense cloud of unreliable correlations means that the grounds for making a testable “biological,” or brain-based, theory of intelligence remain very shaky. We briefly discuss the conceptual and methodological problems that arise and suggest one possible alternative interpretation of the data.
Beautiful minds (i.e., brains) and the neural basis of intelligence
Authors: Haier Richard J. , Jung Rex E.
Published: July 2007

The commentaries address conceptual issues ranging from our narrow focus on neuroimaging to the various definitions of intelligence. The integration of the P-FIT and data from cognitive neuroscience is particularly important and considerable consistency is found. Overall, the commentaries affirm that advances in neuroscience techniques have caused intelligence research to enter a new phase. The P-FIT is recognized as a reasonable empirical framework to test hypotheses about the relationship of brain structure and function with intelligence and reasoning.
Ion energy increase in laser-generated plasma expanding through axial magnetic field trap
Authors: Torrisi L. , Margarone D. , Gammino S. , Andò L.
Published: July 2007

Laser-generated plasma is obtained in high vacuum (10−7 mbar) by irradiation of metallic targets (Al, Cu, Ta) with laser beam with intensities of the order of 1010 W/cm2. An Nd:Yag laser operating at 1064 nm wavelength, 9 ns pulse width, and 500 mJ maximum pulse energy is used. Time of flight measurements of ion emission along the direction normal to the target surface were performed with an ion collector. Measurements with and without a 0.1 Tesla magnetic field, directed along the normal to the target surface, have been taken for different target-detector distances and for increasing laser pulse intensity. Results have demonstrated that the magnetic field configuration creates an electron trap in front of the target surface along the axial direction. Electric fields inside the trap induce ion acceleration; the presence of electron bundles not only focuses the ion beam but also increases its energy, mean charge state and current. The explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the electric field modification inside the non-equilibrium plasma because of an electron bunching that increases the number of electron-ion interactions. The magnetic field, in fact, modifies the electric field due to the charge separation between the clouds of fast electrons, many of which remain trapped in the magnetic hole, and slow ions, ejected from the ablated target; moreover it increases the number of electron-ion interactions producing higher charge states.
High energy self-phase-stabilized pulses tunable in the near-IR by difference frequency generation and optical parametric amplification
Authors: Vozzi C. , Cirmi G. , Manzoni C. , Benedetti E. , Calegari F. , Luër L. , Sansone G. , Stagira S. , De Silvestri S. , Nisoli M. , Cerullo G.
Published: July 2007

We generate self-phase-stabilized pulses by difference-frequency generation of a hollow-fibre broadened supercontinuum followed by two-stage optical parametric amplification. This system allows the production of broadband pulses widely tuneable in the near-IR wavelength region. Energies up to 0.2 mJ with 15 fs pulse width are demonstrated. These characteristics make this source suitable as a driver for attosecond pulse generation.
The nature and origin of pegmatites in a fluorine-rich leucogranite, East Kemptville Tin Deposit, Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Kontak Daniel J. , Ansdell Kevin , Dostal Jaroslav , Halter Werner , Martin Robert , Williams-Jones Anthony E.
Published: July 2007

Pegmatites at the East Kemptville Sn-Zn-Cu-Ag deposit occur within a F- and P-rich, 370 Ma topaz-muscovite leucogranite, the most evolved phase of the chemically zoned Davis Lake Pluton. Structural observations and geochronology indicate that the leucogranite intruded into an active shear/fault zone environment. Pegmatites are preferentially located near the roof zone of the intrusion and include: (1) quartz-feldspar pods (≤ 1–2 m) aligned parallel to a foliation in the leucogranite. Such pegmatites have marginal aplites or may be cored by aplites; (2) aplite-pegmatite zones with well-developed crenulate and unidirectional solidification textures; and (3) muscovite-bordered miarolitic cavities lined with quartz-feldspar ± cassiterite. Associated with areas of pegmatites are irregular- to cuspate-shaped zones enriched in muscovite. Mineralogically the pegmatites are simple, consisting of clear to black quartz, albite, microcline perthite and muscovite; topaz may be enriched in aplites coring pegmatites and coarse euhedral cassiterite is rare.

Chemically the leucogranites marginal to pegmatites are similar to the host leucogranite, but some aphanitic felsic dykes indicate extreme differentiation, as reflected by REE depletion and P-enrichment. Enrichment of pegmatitic feldspar in P2O5 (to 1 wt. %) indicates that melts contained 2–3 wt. % P2O5, whereas muscovite chemistry (to 5 wt. % F) reflects the F-rich nature of the melt. Trace and REE contents of pegmatitic feldspars are consistent with local segregation of volatile-rich melts to form pegmatites rather than extreme crystal-chemical fractionation.

Fluid inclusion studies of pegmatitic quartz and cassiterite indicate the presence of a highly saline brine (40 wt. % eq. NaCl; Na > K > Fe > Mn > Ca > Sr) of magmatic origin. Isochores modelled for a 40 wt. % eq. NaCl fluid constrain pegmatite formation at 550–600°C, thus the depressed solidus is consistent with the volatile-rich (F, P, H2O) nature of the melt. Stable isotopes demonstrate that a magmatic fluid (δ18OH2O = +5·5 to +10‰, δDH2O = −33 to −41‰ for 450–500°C) equilibrated with the pegmatites and the system cooled abruptly at c. 425°C.

The low volume of pegmatite at East Kemptville suggests that the melt was not near volatile saturation, instead pegmatite generation is interpreted to have resulted from rapid decompression related to the active shear zone setting of the granite. Although feldspar chemistry reflects a local segregation model, the chemistry of aphanitic dyke rocks indicates that the leucogranite did evolve into a more fractionated melt. The local presence of cassiterite in pegmatites and miarolitic cavities indicates that locally, saturation of Sn occurred, but not throughout the EKL where elevated Sn contents are attributed to infiltration of mineralising fluids (i.e. deuteric alteration).
Towards a unified model for granite genesis
Authors: Chappell B. W.
Published: July 2007

Most granites result from partial melting within the crust. Granite melts produced at the lowest temperatures of partial melting mainly comprise close to equal amounts of the haplogranite components Qz, Ab and Or, with H2O. Many felsic granites were formed by partial melting under such conditions and are low-temperature types, with crystals of zircon and other restite minerals present in the initial magma. Such magmas evolve in composition, at least initially, through fractionation of that restite. If one of the four haplogranite components either becomes depleted or too low in amount to contribute further to the melt, then melting may proceed to higher temperatures without a contribution from that component. Melting will advance to significantly higher temperatures if there is a critical deficiency in one or more components and a high-temperature granite magma forms, in which zircon is completely soluble. Such magmas are extracted from the source in a completely molten state and may evolve by fractional crystallisation. They are monzonitic, tonalitic or A-type, depending on whether the critical deficiency occurred in the Qz, Or or H2O component. If the Ab component is critically deficient, as in pelitic rocks, the rocks may be infertile for granite production. The control that source rock compositions exert on both the physical and chemical properties of granite magmas provides a unifying element in granite gen
Timing of Early Proterozoic magmatism along the Southern margin of the Siberian Craton (Kitoy area)
Authors: Poller Ulrike , Gladkochub D. P. , Donskaya T. V. , Mazukabzov A. M. , Sklyarov E. V. , Todt W.
Published: July 2007

Several granites and basement gneisses along the southern margin of the Siberian Craton were sampled to obtain precise age constrains and compositional isotopic data. The analysed granite plutons are interpreted to have been emplaced between 1880 and 1850 Ma, and are related to Palaeoproterozoic collisional and post-collisional events. Pb-Pb whole data of a granulite (1884 ± 26 Ma) and a two mica granite (1821 ± 29 Ma) constrain these U-Pb single zircon ages. Sr, Nd and Pb-Pb isotope data reveal the crustal origin of the investigated rocks and the reworking of Archaean material. Nevertheless, a minor influence of a mantle component is still visible in the Pb isotopes. Geodynamically, the magmatic and metamorphic ages in the Kitoy area are linked to several Early Proterozoic events along the southern margin of the Siberian Craton. Since these events are all older than the assembly of Rodinia (about 1·4 Ga ago) the collisional processes are linked to the consolidation of the Siberian Craton itself in Early Proterozoic times.
A model of reconstruction for the oral apparatus of the Ordovician conodont genus Protopanderodus Lindström, 1971
Authors: Mellgren Johanna S. , Eriksson Mats E.
Published: July 2007

Elements of the Ordovician conodont genus Protopanderodus have been investigated in order to provide a model of reconstruction for its oral apparatus. In total, 4,202 elements from the five named species representing this genus in the Swedish Middle Ordovician are included in this study: P. rectus, P. parvibasis, P. graeai, P. robustus and P. calceatus. The well-preserved specimens were studied in detail for identification of distinct element types and calculations were made to determine element ratios and minimum number of elements in a single apparatus. Three element groups, M, S and P, were recognised for all five species and their relative ratio is indicative of apparatuses consisting of at least 21 elements. However, the number of element types and their distribution varies between the species. The four bicostate species, P. rectus, P. parvibasis, P. graeai and P. robustus, have similar morphological characters and are believed to belong to the same evolutionary lineage. They possessed apparatuses consisting of M, Sa, Sb1, Sb2, Sc, Pa and Pb elements. By contrast, the multicostate species P. calceatus is morphologically different and had an apparatus consisting of M1, M2, Sa, Sb, Sc, “Sd”, Pa, Pb1 and Pb2 elements. These differences indicate that P. calceatus is not so closely related to the other species, possibly representing a separate evolutionary lineage, and may warrant an exclusive generic assignment.
Global 30–240 keV proton precipitation in the 17–18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms: 3. Impact on the ionosphere and thermosphere
Authors: Fang Xiaohua , Ridley Aaron J. , Liemohn Michael W. , Kozyra Janet U. , Evans David S.
Published: July 2007

NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites 30–240 keV proton precipitation measurements in the 17–18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms are used with a Monte Carlo ion transport model to obtain ionization and heating rates that are subsequently fed into the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model to investigate the proton impact on the ionosphere and thermosphere. Simulation results show that after the addition of proton precipitation in a moderate geomagnetic storm (specifically, the one during mid‐April 2002), there are places at low altitudes (100–120 km) on the nightside undergoing significant increases in electron and nitric oxide (NO) densities. The enhancement can be as large as several factors or even by an order of magnitude. Moreover, the temporal profiles of the enhancement in ionospheric electron densities demonstrate a direct correlation with proton precipitation imposed on the topside boundary, and there is no integral effect. This is in contrast with a continuous buildup process illustrated in the time variation of the thermospheric NO density enhancement because NO at these altitudes has a long lifetime. In addition, by including high‐energy precipitating protons in a global ionosphere thermosphere coupled model, significant changes take place in the ion convection (locally around ±20%) and in the neutral winds (locally around ±40%). This study represents the first attempt to understand the global influence of proton precipitation on the ionosphere and thermosphere using in situ observational data.
Pressure effects on bending elasticities of surfactant monolayers in a ternary microemulsion composed of aerosol-OT∕D2O/decane
Authors: Kawabata Youhei , Seto Hideki , Nagao Michihiro , Takeda Takayoshi
Published: July 2007

Pressure effects on the bending elasticities of surfactant monolayers have been investigated in a microemulsion system composed of aerosol-OT (AOT), D2O, and deuterated decane by means of small angle neutron scattering, neutron spin echo (NSE), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In this system, a water-in-oil droplet structure, at ambient temperature and pressure, decomposes into two phases, under both increasing temperature and pressure. The authors’ previous study showed that the bending modulus κ of monolayers slightly decreased with increasing temperature, while it increased with increasing pressure. Temperature and pressure dependencies of κ were explained in terms of a microscopic model, which takes into account the interactions between surfactant molecules. In this paper, the authors present the temperature and pressure dependencies of κ obtained by the analysis combined with DLS and NSE experiments. The values of the bending modulus and mean displacement of the second-order droplet deformation are reasonable. It was further confirmed that an increase in the attractive interaction between hydrocarbon tails of AOT molecules with increasing pressure could be the origin of the pressure-induced phase transition.
Controlled formation of metallic nanoballs during plasma electrolysis
Authors: Toriyabe Yu , Watanabe Seiichi , Yatsu Shigeo , Shibayama Tamaki , Mizuno Tadahiko
Published: July 2007

Formation of spherical nanoparticles (hereafter “nanoballs”) in a gas/liquid mixed dual phase system during plasma electrolysis is reported. A gas/vapor sheath is formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface when the applied voltage is high enough to induce discharge plasma. Through this nonequilibrium process, the authors have produced Ni, Ti, Ag, and Au metallic nanoballs from the cathode mother materials with a certain size controllability. The electrode surface is partially melted by the local current concentration induced by electrothermal instability followed by an immediate cooldown, yielding nanoballs without contamination from electrolyte.
Submicron pentacene-based organic thin film transistors on flexible substrates
Authors: Haas U. , Gold H. , Haase A. , Jakopic G. , Stadlober B.
Published: July 2007

The authors demonstrate the fabrication of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on pentacene with submicron channels on flexible substrates. Nanoimprint lithography is used for the patterning of the source and drain electrodes and processed directly on the spin-on gate dielectric, the structured gate electrode, and the flexible substrate. The use of sub-100-nm thin organic gate dielectrics enables full drain current saturation for devices with channel lengths down to 500nm. The submicron OTFTs exhibit negative threshold voltages with an absolute value well below 5V and have subthreshold swings around 0.5V/decade. This demonstrates the possibility to fabricate fully structured and miniaturized OTFTs operating at low voltages and paves the way for a low-cost fabrication of downscaled high performance organic electronic circuits.
Differences in zoospore germination and host penetration in response to temperature among Western Australian isolates of Plasmopara viticola
Authors: Williams M. G. , Magarey P. A. , Sivasithamparam K.
Published: July 2007

Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of grape downy mildew, was first detected in Western Australia (WA) in widespread commercial viticulture in the Swan Valley (–31.85 S, 116.02 E) in 1998. It has since been found in all viticultural areas in WA, which extend from the far north (–15.75 S, 128.74 E) to the far south (–35.02 S, 117.80 E) of the state across a diverse range of climate zones. Not all of these zones are considered conducive for the development of grape downy mildew. The early infection behaviour of P. viticola isolates, obtained from climatically different grape-growing locations, was examined under different temperatures of incubation (10, 20, and 30°C). Variation in early infection behaviour was used to discern ecotypes of the pathogen. Ten isolates were obtained from WA and 8 of these responded similarly. Three isolates obtained from the east of Australia and used as comparisons in the study behaved similarly to most of the WA isolates. Zoospore germination and host penetration occurred at 10 and 20°C for all isolates. None of the isolates penetrated the host at 30°C. Only 2 isolates, from WA, germinated at 30°C. The early infection behaviour of most of the P. viticola isolates examined in this study appears to be reasonably analogous, despite the influence of varied local environmental conditions. The capacity of certain isolates to germinate under a wider spectrum of temperatures could be indicative of ecotypic specialisation. Such behaviour could confer advantage for the pathogen in viticultural regions that experience high temperatures throughout the growing season.
Producer Services in the Urban Core and Suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona
Authors: Ó hUallacháin Breandan , Leslie Timothy F.
Published: July 2007

Recent research shows growing concentration of corporate decision-making functions in metropolitan cores and strong relationships between managerial activities and producer services. The paper investigates the location of 12 disaggregated producer service sectors in Phoenix, Arizona. Concentration of legal, accounting and computer services underpin the economy of the inner core. Second-order unweighted and employment-weighted distance-based clustering of establishments in each sector are calculated. Clustering of legal establishments is particularly high and there is a consistent pattern of higher clustering levels among the larger establishments of most sectors. Establishment size in several sectors is inversely related to distance from the centre. These results are interpreted as evidence that large establishments are drawn to central locations to exploit information externalities. Concentration in the inner core, clustering and the sensitivity of establishment size to distance from the CBD are significantly correlated.
Industrial Park Development across the Taiwan Strait
Authors: Chou Tsu Lung , Lin Yu Chun
Published: July 2007

The growth of Taiwan's manufacturing investments in China has bred an emerging cross-border industrial park development. This paper investigates the processes involved by exploring the interactive relations between the nation-states and actors concerned. In the context of the cross-border political tensions between Taiwan and China, the roles played by the two states are extensively examined. A case study of Kunshan Science Park in Suzhou is also discussed in detail. It is concluded that the industrial park development across Taiwan Strait is socially constructed through the interactions of vertical and horizontal governance within interfirm, intrafirm and extrafirm networks, upon which the states and related political economies across the Strait have imposed particular influences.
Characterization of Troponin Responses in Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Injury in the Hanover Wistar Rat
Authors: York Malcolm , Scudamore Cheryl , Brady Sally , Chen Christabelle , Wilson Sharon , Curtis Mark , Evans Gareth , Griffiths William , Whayman Matthew , Williams Thomas , Turton John
Published: July 2007

The investigations aimed to evaluate the usefulness of cardiac troponins as biomarkers of acute myocardial injury in the rat. Serum from female Hanover Wistar rats treated with a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of isoproterenol (ISO) was assayed for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (ACS: 180SE, Bayer), cTnI (Immulite 2000, Diagnostic Products Corporation) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) (Elecsys 2010, Roche). In a time-course study (50.0 mg/kg ISO), serum cTnI (ACS:180SE) and cTnT increased above control levels at 1 hour postdosing, peaking at 2 hours (cTnI, 4.30 μg/L; cTnT, 1.79 μg/L), and declined to baseline by 48 hours, with histologic cardiac lesions first seen at 4 hours postdosing. The Immulite 2000 assay gave minimal cTnI signals, indicating poor immunoreactivity towards rat cTnI. In a dose-response study (0.25 to 20.0 mg/kg ISO), there was a trend for increasing cTnI (ACS:180SE) values with increasing ISO dose levels at 2 hours postdosing. By 24 hours, cTnI levels returned to baseline although chronic cardiac myodegeneration was present. We conclude that serum cTnI and cTnT levels are sensitive and specific biomarkers for detecting ISO induced myocardial injury in the rat. Serum troponin values reflect the development of histopathologic lesions; however peak troponin levels precede maximal lesion severity.
Book review
Authors: Shubin Vladimir
Published: July 2007

Globalization and Emerging Trends in African States’ Foreign Policy‐making Process: A Comparative Perspective of Southern Africaby Kowra Gombe Adar & Rok Ajulu (eds.), Aldershot: Ashgate 2002, 357pp. ISBN 0 7546 1822 6.
Reviews
Authors: Wallace Tina
Published: July 2007

Eritrean Journeyby Doris Burgess, Jenny Pierce, Jenny Rossiter, Trish Silkin, War on Want London, 1986 (£1.75) and Fighting The Famineby Nigel Twose and Mike Goldwater, Pluto, London 1985, (£4.95)
Book reviews
Authors: Thabane Motlasti , Leach Adam
Published: July 2007

Land Law in Lesotho: The Politics of the 1979 Land Act
(1995), by Anita Shanta Franklin. Avebury: Aldershot, 1995. (I) ‐ v111+206pp. Reviewed by Motlatsi Thabane, National University of Lesotho.

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism
(1996) by Mahmood Mamdani. James Currey, ISBN 0–85255–399–4. Reviewed by Adam Leach.
The Intoxicated Society
Authors: Baume Peter
Published: July 2007

Abstract: In this presentation to the annual conference of the Australian Medical Society on Alcohol and Drug Related Problems, held in Sydney, 1984, the outcomes of the Senate Standing Committee's 1977 report on drug problems in Australia are considered, seven years on. The report's success in attracting public concern to the abuse of alcohol and tobacco is highlighted. The need to pursue the issue of corporate sponsorship is stressed.
Evaluating Programs on Drug and Alcohol Related Problems
Authors: Rotem Arie , Irvine Susan
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Program evaluation is concerned with the systematic gathering and interpretation of information about a program to enable decisions about its development to be made on a rational basis. It is a distinct activity from research and does not attempt to generate new knowledge or to prove causality. It emphasises the need to assess problems that are important to solve rather than the ones that are just easy to measure precisely. In this review the principles of program evaluation are outlined and relevant examples to the dependency field are given.
Alcohol and Drug Toxicity — A Review of Mechanisms
Authors: Batey R.
Published: July 2007

This review examines the major processes associated with the production of drug toxicity, with a particular focus on ethyl alcohol.
Suggested Guidelines for Terminology Concerning Psychoactive Drugs
Authors: Sinclair R. , Batey R.G. , Burns F. Harding , Wodak A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The existing terminology relating to alcohol and other drugs, and recent publications on this subject, have been reviewed. Present terminology was found to be imprecise and emotive. There is no unanimity in several recent proposals for uniform terminology. A major objective has been to evolve a system of terminology which is precise, neutral and can be adopted for general use. Units preferred for expressing quantities and concentrations are also presented.
Developing a Perspective on Women's Drinking Behaviour
Authors: Beckwith Joan B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Women's drinking behaviour has recently emerged as an issue. Problem drinking per se has been researched, but the emphasis on gender is a relatively novel focus. In the present paper, recommendations are made for a theoretical framework to guide research. They are developed from discussion of previous perspectives, and the trend from ethical to medical to diversified theory is noted. Previous research on gender differences is discussed, as well as work directed specifically at women. The proposed framework recognises the likelihood of a common core of theory which would be supplemented by gender‐specific aspects. The need for a multidisciplinary approach is also discussed, as is the logic of treating drinking behaviour on a continuum. Finally, a recommendation is made for studying drinking behaviour in a context of other indulgent/appetitive behaviours such as eating and smoking.