bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Saini Suresh , Deepanshu
Published: August 2023

The present investigation was carried out at the Central Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh during Kharif 2022-23 to identify the effects of different doses plant growth regulators and its role in growth, yield and quality of Chilli variety TMPH-409. The experiment was laid in Randomized block design with 19 treatments and 3 replications with different combination in plant growth regulators. Under this experiment, overall, 19 treatment was taken including control. Different plant growth regulators (PGRs) used comprised of NAA, GA3, 2-4 D, all four at different doses. According to the current research, the use of Plant growth regulators (PGRs) had a significantly positive impact on the growth and development of chilies. Among the various treatments that were evaluated, T7 yielded the most favourable results in terms of growth viz., plant height (88.06 cm at 90 DAT), number of primary branches (9.97 branches at harvest), leaf area (192.78 cm2), early days to 50% flowering (64.94 DAT) and yield viz., fruit weight (3.71 g), length of fruit (7.96 cm), fruit girth (3.00 cm), number of fruits per plant (251.62 fruits), and yield per plant (878.93 g/plant). T7 consisted of NAA at 40 ppm + GA3 at 100 ppm.
Insights into Rainfall Extremities Across the Agroclimatic Zones of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Devadarshini E. , Geethalakshmi V. , Pazhanivelan S. , Dheebakaran Ga. , Kumaraperumal R. , Bhuvaneswari K. , Kumar S. Mohan
Published: August 2023

Rainfall is a crucial agrometeorological parameter that impacts hydrology and agricultural planning in a region. The spatiotemporal changes in the occurrences of precipitation extremes must be monitored to reduce the hazards caused by the fluctuating rainfall pattern. The extreme rainfall indices for each year categorized under excess, normal and deficit rainfall categories were calculated over the agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu using the high-resolution CHIRPS datasets from 1991 to 2022. The results highlighted that High Rainfall Zone has more consecutive wet days (22 days), minimum consecutive dry days (25 days) and Daily Intensity Index with threshold of 2.5 mm (28.6 mm) compared to other zones. The maximum consecutive dry days of 99 days, a high rainy day of 142 days, and minimum daily intensity of 8.9 mm are experienced by the Cauvery Delta Zone, High Altitude and Hilly Zone, and Western Zone, respectively. Overall, the High Rainfall Zone faces a higher number of extreme rainfall events in terms of wet days and intensity, whereas the average maximum consecutive dry days and minimum rainfall intensity is observed over the north eastern zone and north western zone, respectively indicating high dry periods.
Effect of Non-Chemical Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics and Yield in Blackgram (Vigna mungo)
Authors: Pavithra G. , Velayutham A. , Shanmugam P. M. , Boominathan P. , Bharathi C.
Published: August 2023

The field experiment was conducted at wetlands farms of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University during summer 2022 with an objective of evaluating the non-chemical weed management practices in blackgram (vigna mungo). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice. Treatments included leaf extracts of sorghum, castor and papaya @ 30% concentration, citric acid 5% + garlic 0.2%, dust mulching, mechanical and hand weeding along with weed free, weedy check and chemical check. The results revealed that among the various non-chemical weed management practices pre-emergence application of sorghum leaf extract @ 30% concentration resulted in lower weed density (56.33 No.m-2) and dry weight (3.28 g m-2) at 15 DAS which is higher than chemical check (32 No. m-2 and 2.11 g m-2 respectively). On 30 DAS dust mulching recorded lowest density (73.67 No. m-2) which was on par with sorghum leaf extract (81.33 No.m-2) while weedy check recorded highest density (326.67 No.m-2). PE application sorghum leaf extract @ 30% on 3 DAS fb hand weeding on 30 DAS gave a comparative yield of 875 ka ha-1 which is highest among other non-chemical treatments. Thus, using 30% sorghum leaf extracts can aid in cost-effective non-chemical weed control in summer irrigated blackgram.
Soil Related Issues of South Gujarat, India
Authors: Patil L. M. , Patel K. G. , T. M. Neethu , Patel J. M. , Naik V. R.
Published: August 2023

The soil related issues have been ever since farming on soils initiated. But, it is critically intensified in recent decades because of growing population which posing serious threat to the sustained agricultural production and food security. South Gujarat faces formidable challenge with its lengthy coastal line, salt affected soils, high rainfall areas, hilly undulated territory, irrigated plains and highly industrialize. These challenges will be much severe in the next decades due to issues related to land resources and declining water availability. The South Gujarat has 21.01 lakh ha total geographical area (10.75% of state TGA) which sustains 122.90 lakh populations i.e. 20.36% of the Gujarat state. More than 25 per cent land of total geographical area of south Gujarat is affected with various soil issues which are comparatively much higher than the state (15.95%). The issues are related to soil degradation mainly by soil erosion through water, followed by exclusive salinity, decline in the above ground biomass resulted from deforestation/overgrazing and human interventions that include mining, industrial activities and urbanization. The present paper delivers a brief account of soil issues and causes with special reference to the South Gujarat.
Biochemical Characterization of Parental Inbred Lines and Hybrids of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Irrigation Conditions
Authors: Yadav Pramod Kumar , Tripathi M. K. , Tiwari Sushma , Chauhan Shailja , Tripathi Niraj , Sikarwar R. S. , Solanki R. S. , Yadav Sanjeev Kumar , Rathore Jaya , Singh A. K.
Published: August 2023

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a significant crop with extensive agricultural and economic importance worldwide. With increasing concerns over water scarcity and climate change, understanding the responses of maize plants under water stress conditions is crucial to develop drought-tolerant cultivar (s). In present investigation, alteration in different biochemical parameters, including chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase activities, among 12 parental inbred lines along with 66 hybrids and two checks under irrigated and partial irrigated conditions were examined. Under irrigated conditions, the chlorophyll content was highest in the parental inbred line IL8, intimately followed by IL6, while IL5 exhibited the lowest content. MDA levels were significantly higher in the parental line IL8 and hybrid IL1 × IL6, whereas IL5 and IL3 × IL11 exhibited the lowest levels. H2O2 content was found to be highest in the parental line IL5 and hybrid IL8 × IL12, whereas IL4 and IL2 × IL5 displaying the lowest levels. Peroxidase activity was highest in IL7 and hybrid IL1 × IL7, whilst IL6 and IL4 × IL7 showed the lowest activity. Glutathione reductase activity was found highest in IL1 and IL9 × IL12, whereas IL6 and hybrid IL1 × IL3 exhibited the lowest activity. Catalase activity was highest in IL8 and IL2 × IL10, while IL4 and IL2 × IL6 displayed the lowest activity under irrigated conditions. Under partial irrigated conditions, almost similar trends were documented for the most of parameters, with slight variations in the expression levels. Notably, the drought-tolerant genotypes demonstrated higher chlorophyll content, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase activities, while drought-sensitive genotypes unveiled elevated MDA levels and H2O2 content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five major clusters, indicating significant variability in different biochemical profiles among the genotypes. The heat map analysis supported the identification of distinct expression patterns of biochemical parameters, contributing to our understanding of the genotypic responses to varying irrigation conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for maize breeding programmes aimed to breed drought-tolerant cultivar (s) with enhanced antioxidant defences and stress tolerance.
Effect of Different Growing Media on Growth and Flowering of Petunia (Petunia hybrida L.)
Authors: Sahu Pooja , Kumar Anuj , Sahu Rajnish Kumar , Nagendraprasad H. , Minj Shashi Kiran , Painkra Dayanand Sai
Published: August 2023

The Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, COH, Mandsaur, RVSKVV, Gwalior undertook the current study to assess the effectiveness of various growing media on the growth and flowering of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) (M.P.). The experiment had fourteen treatments, three replications, and was set up using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Different combinations of cocopeat, FYM, sand, soil and vermicompost were used to create the growth media. In terms of number of branches, flowers per plant, days to blooming, length of flowering, fresh weight of root mass, and dried weight of root mass, data showed that T14 [Cocopeat + Sand + Soil + Vermicompost (1:1:1:1)] produced the greatest results. In contrast, T8 [Sand + Vermicompost (1:1)] outperformed all other treatments in terms of floral diameter, fresh above-ground mass weight, and dry above-ground mass weight. Regarding plant length, number of leaf per plant, and stem diameter, treatment T2 [vermicompost] has been shown to be superior to other treatments.
Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Different Forests of Tehri & Pauri-Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Chiluveri Murari , Vempally Prashanth , Kumar Munesh , Shakith M. A. , Thalari Sushanth , Chandra Manoj
Published: August 2023

Garhwal Himalaya is part of the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot and represents the western Himalayan landscape of the Indian Himalayas. The aim of the present investigation was to analyze soil properties in different forest areas across different altitudes of the Garhwal Himalayas, i.e., Quercus leucotrichophora Forest (>1900 m), Anogessious latifolia Forest (1300 m), Mixed Forest (900 m), and Shrub-dominated Forest (600 m). Physical and chemical properties of the soil were estimated using all the standard procedures, such as the Walkley-Black method for SOC and the Kjeldahl method for Nitrogen, in the department laboratory of HNB Garhwal University. The results of this study revealed that the high-altitude temperate Quercus luecotrichophora Forest has dominated in all soil properties and has greater potential to store soil organic carbon stock and Nitrogen (29.64 ± 3.48 t ha-1) (Nitrogen 254.22 ± 27.16 kg ha-1) than sub-tropical Anogeissus latifolia Dominated Forest, Mixed Forest, and Shrub Dominated Forest with SOC stock values of 18.34 ± 2.90, 14.52 ± 2.27, and 10.74 ± 1.57 t ha-1 and Nitrogen values of 205.47±7.10, 197.07±1.50, 193.79±8.15.
Analysis of Employment Generation through Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Uttar Pradesh Pre and Post Covid-19 Pandemic Issues and Challenges
Authors: Husain Tahawwar , Akhtar S. M. Jawed , Kaleem Shahid
Published: August 2023

This study analyses the employment generation trends through the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The study is primarily based on secondary data to examine the performance and effectiveness of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in providing employment to rural people who are willing to do unskilled manual work. The study examines the categorizes-wise employment demanded by households and employment offered to household from 2014-15 to 2022-23. The study shows that MGNREGS provided the highest employment during covid 19. Approximately 12.05 crore people got the job, that has been declined to 77.43 lakh in 2022-23. It also examines the SCs and STs employment status and shows that 29.10 lakh SCs population and 91.72 thousand STs got the job in 2020-21. This study also examines employment provided to disabled persons and shows that 17.43 thousand people got the job in 2020-21 and 14.06 thousand people got the job in 2021-22, and 14.03 thousand people got the job in 2022-23.
Drone‐based surveys improve estimates of tree hollow abundance and accessibility
Authors: Rochelmeyer Ellen , Levick Shaun , Murphy Brett , Stobo‐Wilson Alyson , Richards Anna E.
Published: January 2025

Tree hollows are critical habitat for many species globally, and fauna studies often include assessments of hollow abundance. However, traditional ground‐based surveys for hollows can be inaccurate, either over‐ or under‐estimating hollow abundance and/or accessibility. In order to address this inaccuracy, ground‐based hollow counts have previously been calibrated using a ‘double‐sampling’ method such as felling or climbing trees. Here we test whether drone‐based surveys can be used to count and assess tree hollow accessibility and discuss the considerations and limitations of using drones for hollow surveys.

In this study, we describe a survey of tree hollows in 134 Eucalyptus and Corymbia trees in a tropical savanna south of Darwin, Australia. Tree hollows were first counted from the ground using binoculars, then double‐sampled using drone‐based surveys.

Drone‐based surveys detected more hollows than ground‐based surveys, with the latter underestimating potential habitat hollows by at least 15%. Hollows with estimated entrance diameters of 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm were most likely to be missed by ground‐based surveys. Drone‐based surveys also provided more information on hollow accessibility, identifying that 38% of hollows were inaccessible to fauna due to being ‘blind’ or blocked by termite material.

Practical implication. Drone‐based surveys potentially offer a more accurate method by which to count and assess tree hollow accessibility for fauna, as well as a less biased means of calibrating ground‐based hollow counts. Important considerations for drone‐based hollow surveys include weather restrictions (e.g. wind and rain), time available, vegetation density and potential impacts on wildlife. Where complete hollow surveys by drone are not possible or there is insufficient time available, we recommend that a subset of ground‐surveyed trees are double‐sampled using drone‐based hollow surveys—particularly for studies where small‐ to medium‐sized hollows are important. Ground‐based hollow surveys alone risk underestimating the abundance of an important habitat resource and overestimating the number of currently accessible hollows. Thus, using a more accurate method such as drone‐based surveys to count or calibrate hollow numbers will likely provide improved estimates of landscape‐scale hollow abundance and accessibility.
Insights into the Phylogeography and Demographic History of the Native and Invasive Amphidromous Prawns of Hawai'i
Authors: Mathews Lauren , Cole Kathleen , Rhode Tracy
Published: January 2025

The Hawaiian archipelago is home to two species of amphidromous prawn in the genus Macrobrachium. Macrobrachium grandimanus is native to Hawai'i, whereas Macrobrachium lar was intentionally introduced in the mid‐20th century and has since become established in similar habitats as M. grandimanus. This investigation sought to generate insights into the phylogeography of these two species, which are poorly understood in their Hawaiian range. Data from the mitochondrial COI gene from six collecting sites on four of the main Hawaiian Islands suggest high connectivity among M. grandimanus populations and indicate a possible population expansion characteristic of colonization of remote islands. The data also support a clear separation of the Hawai'i M. grandimanus from populations outside Hawai'i. For M. lar, COI data from five collecting sites on three of the main Hawaiian Islands revealed only three haplotypes, which showed a phylogenetic affiliation to populations in the North Pacific region of the species' native range. In sum, these new insights on population connectivity and phylogenetic affiliations provide relevant information that can assist conservation efforts of the native species M. grandimanus in Hawai'i and suggest that M. grandimanus should be managed as an endemic species. Competition between the two species may place populations of M. grandimanus at risk of decline or habitat shift.
Plasma‐Activated Water/Ultrasound as a Green Method to Modify Wood Fiber By‐Product: Insights of Their Mechanical Performance in Polylactic Acid‐Based Biofilms
Authors: Trejo‐Zuñiga Alexandra , Flores‐Silva Pamela C. , Hernandez‐Hernandez Ernesto , Neira‐Velazquez Guadalupe , Hernandez‐Gamez José F. , Mendez‐Padilla Guadalupe , Saucedo‐Salazar Esmeralda , Sifuentes‐Nieves Israel
Published: January 2025

Exploring new ecological and simultaneous processes to modify wood fibers (WF) by‐products is a required pathway toward circular economy and sustainability. Thus, plasma‐activated water (PAW) and ultrasound (U) were employed as alternative methods to modify WF in a continuous process. Such treatments promoted the etching and cavities on the WF surface that destabilized the hydrogen bonds of the hemicellulose and lignin molecules, increasing the cellulose fraction. The addition of modified WF in the PLA matrix increased the storage modulus (2937 up to 5834) and Young modulus (3990 up to 6000 MPa), indicating well fiber/matrix interactions. The results corroborated that the use of modified WF as fillers could reduce the cost of extruded PLA‐based composites and expand the production of bio‐based materials for the mobility or packaging field.
Reducing Structural Nonidentifiabilities in Upstream Bioprocess Models Using Profile‐Likelihood
Authors: Babel Heiko , Omar Ola , Paul Albert , Bär Joachim
Published: January 2025

Process models are increasingly used to support upstream process development in the biopharmaceutical industry for process optimization, scale‐up and to reduce experimental effort. Parametric unstructured models based on biological mechanisms are highly promising, since they do not require large amounts of data. The critical part in the application is the certainty of the parameter estimates, since uncertainty of the parameter estimates propagates to model predictions and can increase the risk associated with those predictions. Currently Fisher‐Information‐Matrix based approximations or Monte‐Carlo approaches are used to estimate parameter confidence intervals and regularization approaches to decrease parameter uncertainty. Here we apply profile likelihood to determine parameter identifiability of a recent upstream process model. We have investigated the effect of data amount on identifiability and found out that addition of data reduces non‐identifiability. The likelihood profiles of nonidentifiable parameters were then used to uncover structural model changes. These changes effectively alleviate the remaining non‐identifiabilities except for a single parameter out of 21 total parameters. We present the first application of profile likelihood to a complete upstream process model. Profile likelihood is a highly suitable method to determine parameter confidence intervals in upstream process models and provides reliable estimates even with nonlinear models and limited data.
Relational Processes in Videoconference and In‐Person Psychotherapy When Wearing Face Masks: A Cross‐Cultural Study
Authors: Silva Vânia , Ribeiro Eugénia
Published: January 2025

Aim

Prompted by concerns about the quality of the therapeutic relationship due to the impact of COVID‐19's protective measures on communication, we aimed to understand how therapists and clients from different cultural backgrounds perceive the impact of videoconference (VT) and in‐person psychotherapy with face masks (IPTFM) on the relational processes in psychotherapy.

Methods

A sample of 139 therapists and 71 clients participated in an online survey. We conducted an exploratory analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics to examine therapists' and clients' ratings of session quality, therapeutic relationship, communication and expression/perception of emotions in VT and IPTFM.

Results

Therapists and clients generally rated the communication, real relationship and working alliance in IPTFM and VT as good. However, when asked to compare IPTFM and VT with regular in‐person therapy, therapists and clients recognised some differences, especially regarding session quality, communication and emotional expression or perception. There were also differences between therapists and clients in terms of working alliance in IPTFM and post‐session mood in VT. The way therapists and clients perceived the quality of the relational processes in IPTFM and VT also differed based on some cultural aspects (e.g. age, disability, religion, ethnic identity and gender).

Conclusion

The results of the study emphasise the need for therapists to develop cultural competence by becoming aware of their own personal characteristics and inner processes (e.g. expectations, values and beliefs) and exploring clients' expectations of the therapeutic process based on their cultural identity while tailoring therapeutic approaches to the distinct relational and environmental dynamics of VT and IPTFM.
New Technology for a New World: How AI is Creating Opportunities for Students and Faculty
Authors: Behringer Kelsey , Maguire Devyn
Published: January 2025

This article dives into the reality of how, since 2023, generative artificial
intelligence (AI) has emerged as an inescapable force in education and highlights the work of community college faculty in use of AI in teaching and learning. ChatGPT is an example of a relatively new and rapidly evolving aspect of AI research, the large language model. Large language models such as ChatGPT may be the key to providing equitable access to learning as it can provide personalized learning pathways that can augment the impact of instructors. Faculty and colleges thriving in this new era of large language models are those that treat ChatGPT and its peer programs as catalysts to rethink their assignments and assessments so they could do something they've always done: prepare their students for a future that depends increasingly on technology.
A Greener, Safer, and More Understandable AI for Natural Science and Technology
Authors: Martens Harald
Published: January 2025

More rational, open‐minded use of quantitative Big Data in Science and Technology is required for better real‐world problem solving as well as for the stabilization of shared belief structures in society. Modern instrumentation gives informative but overwhelming data streams. A thermal video camera with suitable spatiotemporal subspace modeling allows us to detect surface temperature changes of, for example, engines, that can reveal something going on inside. An RGB video camera responds to both motions and color changes in nature, often with spatiotemporal change patterns that we can discover and describe mathematically, validate statistically, interpret graphically, and then use for sensible things. A hyperspectral Vis./NIR satellite camera with hundreds of wavelengths reveals changes in clouds and at each earth location, again and again. Today we know how to decode such overwhelming streams of high‐dimensional data into physical and chemical causalities by minimalistic hybrid multivariate subspace models. We thereby combine prior knowledge with the ability to discover new, reliable variation patterns. Minimalistic subspace models handle such data. These “open‐ended” multivariate linear hybrid models are computationally fast, statistically safe, and graphically understandable. The minimalistic subspace models are therefore suitable for both data modeling (based on multivariate measurements) and metamodeling (based on input–output simulation results for nonlinear mechanistic models' behavioral repertoire). That makes it easier to combine high‐dimensional streams of real‐world measurements and complicated, slow mechanistic models. Implemented as minimalistic foundation models with hierarchies of extended subspace models, this can form a basis for faster discovery and problem solving in Natural Science & Technology.
Redox‐Active Bisphosphonate‐Based Viologens as Negolytes for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries
Authors: Gonzalez Gabriel , Nechaev Anton A. , Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Martínez‐González Eduardo , Belyaev Andrey , Hamza Andrea , Shahsavan Mahsa , Pihko Petri M. , Peljo Pekka
Published: January 2025

Viologen derivatives feature two reversible one‐electron redox processes and have been extensively utilized in aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs). However, the early variant, methyl viologen (MVi), exhibits low stability in aqueous electrolytes, restricting its practical implementation in AOFB technology. In this context, leveraging the tunability of organic molecules, various substituents have been incorporated into the viologen core to achieve better stability, lower redox potential, and improved solubility. In this work, we introduce bisphosphonate‐substituted viologens (BBPE−Vi and MBPE−Vi) as candidates for AOFBs. The bulkiness and negative charges of the bisphosphonate groups enhance the solubility and the electrostatic repulsion among viologen molecules, minimizing the bimolecular side reactions that lead to degradation. Additionally, the electron‐rich character of this new substituent in its deprotonated state significantly lowers the redox potential. As a result, the proposed viologen derivatives exhibit high solubility (1.45 M in water) and stability (capacity decay of 0.009 %/cycle or 0.229 %/day when tested at 0.5 M). These parameters are coupled with the lowest redox potentials exceeding all previously reported viologens utilized in AOFBs (−0.503 V and −0.550 V against SHE for MBPE−Vi and BBPE−Vi, respectively).
Synthesis of Dendronized Polymers via a “m+n” Grafting‐onto Strategy with Reaction‐Enhanced Reactivity of Intermediates (RERI) Mechanism
Authors: Zhou Yingqing , Xu Yanping , Yin Xiuzhe , Hou Wangmeng , Liu Zhijia , Shi Yi , Chen Yongming
Published: January 2025

Comprehensive Summary

Dendronized polymers (DenPols) with tunable shape and surface property have been recognized as a type of promising unimolecular nanomaterials. However, it still has lacked a rapid and efficient approach to the facile synthesis of DenPols with high‐generation and well‐defined structures. Herein, we report a “m+n” grafting‐onto strategy combined with the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction with reaction‐enhanced reactivity of intermediates (RERI) mechanism for synthesizing DenPols Gm+n by attaching n‐generation dendrons (Gn) onto the m‐generation DenPols Gm. In this “m+n” grafting‐onto strategy, the DenPols Gm (m = 1, 2) bearing 1,3‐triazido branches on the repeating unit were capable of RERI effect that guaranteed the CuAAC reaction in an extremely efficient way with ultrafast kinetics to synthesize third‐, fourth‐ and fifth‐generation DenPols (G1+2, G1+3, G1+4, G2+2, and G2+3) with near quantitative grafting density and narrow distribution. Moreover, these resultant DenPols Gm+n had more terminal groups per repeating unit due to the three branches of 1,3‐triazido structure, exhibiting valuable potential opportunities for molecular surface engineering. The development of this “m+n” grafting‐onto strategy with RERI mechanism not only presents a new avenue for ultrafast preparing DenPols but also holds great promise for preparing unimolecular materials with more functional terminal groups.
Localization of Cholecystokinin/Sulfakinin Neuropeptides in Biomphalaria glabrata, an Intermediate Host for Schistosomiasis
Authors: Rivera Alana , Bracho‐Rincón Dina , Miller Mark W.
Published: January 2025

Snails belonging to the genus Biomphalaria serve as obligatory intermediate hosts for the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent for the most widespread form of schistosomiasis. The simpler nervous systems of gastropod molluscs, such as Biomphalaria, provide advantageous models for investigating neural responses to infection at the cellular and network levels. The present study examined neuropeptides related to cholecystokinin (CCK), a major multifunctional regulator of central nervous system (CNS) function in mammals. A neural transcriptome generated from the CNS of Biomphalaria alexandrina included a transcript encoding two CCK‐related peptides, designated Balex‐CCK1 (pEGEWSYDY(SO3H)GLGGGRF‐NH2) and Balex‐CCK2 (NYGDY(SO3H)GIGGGRF‐NH2). Peptide expression was examined in Biomphalaria glabrata at the mRNA level using the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) protocol and at the protein level using an antibody against Balex‐CCK1. Expression was detected in 60–70 neurons distributed throughout the CNS, as well as in profuse fiber systems connecting the ganglia and projecting to the periphery. CCK‐like immunoreactive (CCKli) fibers were also observed on organs associated with the cardiorespiratory (nephridium, mantle, gill) and male reproductive systems. A comparison of mRNA and peptide localization suggested that CCK expression could be regulated at the level of translation. A potential role of these peptides in mediating responses to infection by larval schistosomes is discussed.
A 2024 Update on US FDA Implementation of Partial Area Under the Curve Into Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Assessments
Authors: Hopefl Robert , Gong Yuqing , Bielski Elizabeth , Pillai Venkateswaran C , Newman Bryan , Qin Bin , Wang Yan , Yoon Miyoung , Zhang Qiangnan , Stier Ethan , Uppoor Ramana , Zhu Hao , Zhang Lei , Fang Lanyan
Published: January 2025

Comparisons of maximum drug concentration (Cmax) and total area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) may be inadequate for bioavailability (BA)/bioequivalence (BE) assessments in cases where the shape of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of a drug impacts the clinical performance. In such cases, partial area under the concentration vs. time curve (pAUC) has been recommended by regulatory agencies to support BA or BE assessments as a measure of drug exposure over specified time intervals of clinical relevance. This white paper serves as an update to the previously published white paper by Fang et al. at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which introduced the general framework to provide pAUC recommendations. Since August 2020, 18 product‐specific guidances (PSGs) have been published or revised using the general framework to provide consistent, science‐ and risk‐based pAUC recommendations. Notable regulatory examples of pAUC applications discussed include loxapine inhalation powder, leuprolide long‐acting injectables (LAIs), and goserelin LAIs. This paper discusses recent applications of pAUC in the United States, highlights key examples of pAUC recommendations for regulatory applications, and provides insights about areas for global harmonization of pAUC recommendations.
Association of Albumin‐To‐Creatinine Ratio With Diabetic Retinopathy Among US Adults (NHANES 2009–2016)
Authors: Dai Han , Liu Ling , Xu Weiwei
Published: January 2025

Objective

This study investigates the relationship between the albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in US adults using NHANES data from 2009 to 2016. This study assesses the predictive efficacy of the urinary serum albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR/SACR Ratio) against traditional biomarkers such as the serum albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (SACR) and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) for evaluating DR risk. Additionally, the study explores the potential of these biomarkers, both individually and in combination with HbA1c, for early detection and risk stratification of DR.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study analysed data from 2594 diabetic adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2009–2016). Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic (sex, age, race and education) and clinical factors (WBC, PLT, RDW, HbA1c, HBP and CHD), examined the associations between biomarkers and DR. Biomarkers were analysed both continuously and in quartiles to assess dose–response relationships. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis evaluated the predictive accuracy of individual biomarkers and combined models.

Results

Elevated SACR levels were inversely related to DR risk, while UACR showed a positive correlation. The UACR/SACR ratio demonstrated superior predictive capability for DR compared to SACR and UACR alone. The most accurate predictive model combined SACR, UACR, UACR/SACR ratio and HbA1c (AUC = 0.614), highlighting DR development complexity. Subgroup analyses revealed stronger associations in participants aged < 60 years and those with hypertension (both p < 0.05), with more pronounced effects observed in males and Mexican Americans, while lifestyle factors showed no significant modifying effect.

Conclusion

The UACR/SACR Ratio emerged as a potentially superior DR predictor, particularly in younger patients and those with hypertension, suggesting its utility in enhancing early detection and risk stratification. Comprehensive evaluation of renal function and glycaemic control biomarkers, considering age‐ and comorbidity‐specific patterns, could improve DR risk prediction and management. Future longitudinal studies should validate these findings, particularly in identified high‐risk subgroups, and investigate underlying mechanisms, potentially advancing personalised DR prediction and management strategies.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Sodium Hypochlorite for Genomic DNA Decontamination
Authors: de Silva Wijeyeratne Ashinsa , Gweon Hyun S.
Published: January 2025

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an increasingly popular, sensitive, and cost‐efficient method for studying biodiversity and detecting species. This noninvasive approach involves collecting environmental samples that contain genetic material shed by organisms into their surroundings. Due to the method's sensitivity, robust decontamination strategies are crucial, with sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach, frequently employed. Despite its widespread use, there is no consensus on the most effective bleach concentration, leading to inconsistencies in how the chemical is used in research. This study aimed to determine the minimum concentration of bleach needed for effective decontamination. Genomic DNA of signal crayfish was treated with various concentrations of bleach, ranging from 0.01% to 5% (w/w). Results were observed using Qubit High Sensitivity reagents, quantitative PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, and the Agilent TapeStation. Our results indicate that a minimum concentration of 0.5% (w/w) bleach is sufficient to prevent the detection of genomic DNA by the techniques tested. These results provide important insights into the use of bleach for decontamination in eDNA research. Establishing a standard bleach concentration for decontamination protocols will help to reduce inconsistencies and enhance the reliability of eDNA studies.
Pancreatic stellate cell: Update on molecular investigations and clinical translation in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Liu Yawei , Xue Ran
Published: January 2025

Pancreatic cancer is a particularly aggressive tumor, distinguished by the presence of a prominent collagenous stroma and desmoplasia that envelops the tumor cells. Pancreatic stellate cell (PSC) contributes to the formation of a dense fibrotic stroma and has been demonstrated to facilitate tumor progression. As the significance of PSCs is increasingly revealed, more explorations are focused on the complex molecular mechanisms and tumor–stromal crosstalk in order to guide potential therapeutic approaches through deactivating or reprogramming PSCs. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist in translating preclinical discoveries into clinical applications. In this review, we expect to offer a comprehensive overview of the latest molecular advancements in PSCs, along with new insights into the clinical therapeutic strategies targeting PSCs.
The association between preterm delivery and autism spectrum disorder in childhood: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ellouk Sapir , Zamstein Omri , Wainstock Tamar , Sheiner Eyal
Published: January 2025

Background

Prematurity complications are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in offspring, including adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The association between preterm birth (PTB) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains debated.

Objective

To investigate the association between PTB and ASD diagnosis during childhood.

Methods

This cohort study analyzed data from community clinics and a tertiary hospital, encompassing deliveries from 2005 to 2017. ASD incidence was compared across gestational age categories: extremely preterm (<28 weeks), very preterm (28–32 weeks), moderate to late preterm (32–37 weeks), and term (≥37 weeks). Additional comparisons were made between all preterm (<37 weeks) and term deliveries (≥37 weeks). Cumulative ASD incidence was assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Among 114 975 pregnancies, 0.3% delivered at <28 weeks, 0.6% at 28–32 weeks, and 6% at 32–37 weeks, with 6.9% preterm deliveries overall. Univariable analysis revealed a significant association between PTB and ASD (1.6% for <28 weeks vs 0.3% for 28–32 weeks vs 0.8% for 32–37 weeks vs 0.7% for term, P = 0.036). Crude ASD incidence was 0.8% (odds ratio [OR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93–1.56, P = 0.15). However, adjusted results showed no significant association: adjusted hazard ratio = 0.74 (95% CI 0.24–2.34, P = 0.61) for <28 weeks, 0.99 (95% CI 0.24–3.99, P = 0.98) for 28–32 weeks, and 1.07 (95% CI 0.81–1.43, P = 0.63) for 32–37 weeks. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed similar cumulative ASD incidence across groups (P = 0.855).

Conclusion

This retrospective cohort study found no significant association between PTB and childhood ASD diagnosis.
Ion specificity of salt glands in zoysiagrass under different exposures to sodium and potassium
Authors: Jespersen David , Saab Jessica Abi , Draughn Max
Published: January 2025

Salt glands are a notable feature on halophytic turfgrass species from the genus Zoysia. Plants were exposed to differing levels of NaCl and KCl to better understand the specificity of salt glands toward secreting specific ions. Plants were exposed to 75 mM NaCl:225 mM KCl, 150 mM NaCl:150 mM KCl, or 225 mM NaCl:75 mM KCl. Ion secretions were measured via leaf washes and compared to ion contents from whole leaf extractions. Salt glands secreted both potassium and sodium but secreted sodium at relatively greater proportions. Gene expression for several ion transporters including high‐affinity potassium transporter (HKT) and Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) genes showed that gene expression is highly variable, and further work is needed to understand the regulation of salt gland activity. This study aims to better understand the specificity of zoysiagrass salt glands for specific ions, particularly under saline conditions, even when sodium is not the dominant ion.
The Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on Genotoxicity (DNA Damage) Induced by Cigarette Smoke in Humans: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pinto Thiago Guedes , Avanci Lorrany da Silva , Renno Ana Claudia Muniz , Hipolide Debora Cristina , Santos Jean Nunes dos , Cury Patricia Ramos , Dedivitis Rogerio Aparecido , Ribeiro Daniel Araki
Published: January 2025

The present systematic review aims to put together human population studies that include some relationship between genetic polymorphisms and genotoxicity as well as to evaluate the quality of the published studies induced by cigarette smoke exposure in vivo. The present systematic review was built according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Different genotoxicity assays were used by different authors, although the major goal was the genotoxicity assessment by means of micronucleus, comet, sister chromatid exchange, and chromosomal aberration assays. Also, different genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by different authors, being closely related to xenobiotics metabolizing and DNA repair genes. Our aim, therefore, was to collect these data so that a quality assessment could be properly carried out. Out of the 18 included studies, 15 reported genotoxicity due to cigarette smoking, and all of these reported some association between a genetic polymorphism and the aforementioned genotoxicity. Also, 14 studies were classified as either strong or moderate, which suggests the aforementioned findings can be trusted in regard to the studies' quality. Taken as a whole, the results suggest that genes associated with detoxification genes and DNA repair genes play a substantial role in the determination of an individual's susceptibility to genomic damage due to cigarette smoking.
Measurement and Analysis of Optical Transmission Characteristics of the Human Skull
Authors: Chen Peiquan , Zhou Liang , Liu Zhaohui , Liu Shuang
Published: January 2025

The brain, as a vital part of central nervous system, receives approximately 25% of body's blood supply, making accurate monitoring of cerebral blood flow essential. While fNIRS is widely used for measuring brain physiology, complex tissue structure affects light intensity, spot size, and detection accuracy. Many studies rely on simulations with limited experimental validation. In this study, we used real adult skulls and agar to create a mimic model, building a transmission optical system with 13 wavelength filters and varying agar thicknesses. Peak intensity of transmitted light and size of scattered spot were measured at different wavelengths, and transmittance, total attenuation coefficient, and spot diameter enlargement of cranial mimics at different wavelengths were obtained. Results showed wavelengths below 550 nm struggled to penetrate the skull, while those above 700 nm penetrated deeper and diffused more. This suggests that short wavelengths capture epidermal PPG signals, whereas longer wavelengths detect both epidermal and intracranial signals.
An Automated Baseline Correction Method for Raman Spectra Based on Piecewise Polynomial Fitting With Adaptive Window
Authors: Ma Jie , Zuo Meiyu , Wu Biwei , Wang Weibo
Published: January 2025

Baseline background tends to cause the Raman spectral signal to be hidden or distorted, making it difficult to accurately acquire spectral information. Although polynomial fitting has been widely proven to be an effective baseline correction method, it is difficult to achieve both high speed and high accuracy. In this paper, we propose a piecewise polynomial fitting method based on a sliding adaptive window(S‐ModPoly). S‐ModPoly relies on the adaptive width selection of a sliding window to automatically split the original spectrum into many different length segments containing complete peak information. Low‐order iterative polynomial fitting is performed for each segment separately, which greatly reduces the computational effort while improving the baseline fitting accuracy. By further correcting the piecewise fitting results, the discontinuities between different intervals after piecewise fitting are eliminated. Furthermore, the true intensity information of the spectral signal is retained. Here, S‐ModPoly is compared with three representative automated methods. The experimental results show that the S‐ModPoly method has lower mean error and higher stability in a very short time (less than 20 ms). Additionally, the experimental results on measured Raman spectra demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in automatically processing various real spectral baselines. It performs well in both low and high intensity background baselines.
Magnetic Resonance–Guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy in a Prospective Cohort of 52 Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Possible Critical Role of Age and Lesion Volume for Predicting Tremor Relapse
Authors: Braccia Arianna , Golfrè Andreasi Nico , Ghielmetti Francesco , Aquino Domenico , Savoldi Anna Paola , Cilia Roberto , Telese Roberta , Colucci Fabiana , Gaudiano Gianfranco , Romito Luigi Michele , Elia Antonio Emanuele , Leta Valentina , Levi Vincenzo , Castelli Nicolò , Devigili Grazia , Rinaldo Sara , Stanziano Mario , Caldiera Valentina , Grisoli Marina , Ciceri Elisa Francesca Maria , Eleopra Roberto
Published: January 2025

Background

Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy of ventral intermediate (Vim) nucleus is useful to treat drug‐resistant tremor‐dominant Parkinson's disease (TdPD), but tremor relapse may occur. Predictors of relapse have been poorly investigated so far.

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of clinico‐demographic, procedural, and neuroradiological variables in determining clinical response, relapse, and adverse events (AEs) in TdPD after MRgFUS Vim‐thalamotomy.

Methods

Fifty‐two TdPD patients who consecutively underwent unilateral MRgFUS Vim‐thalamotomy were prospectively evaluated at baseline and after 24 hours, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months using MDS‐UPDRS‐III in off and on medication conditions. AEs were collected at each evaluation. Lesion volume was calculated at 24‐hour magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients with tremor improvement <30% in off medication were considered nonresponders (when detected after 24 hours) or relapsers (if detected from 1‐month visit onward).

Results

All patients showed tremor improvement >30% at 24 hours. Tremor relapse occurred in 12 patients (23%), exclusively during the first month after thalamotomy. Relapse was associated with younger age (P = 0.030) and smaller lesion volume (P = 0.030). At 1 month, 22 patients (42%) had AEs; at 6 and 12 months, AEs persisted in 19% and 6% of cases. AEs at 6 months were associated with larger lesions (P = 0.018). All AEs were mild.

Conclusions

MRgFUS Vim‐thalamotomy is effective in treating tremor in TdPD. Relapse is associated with younger age and smaller lesion volume, but larger lesions make AEs more likely to persist. We suggest that a lesion volume between 145 and 220 mm3 on T1‐weighted MRI may be the therapeutic window that ensures tremor control without long‐lasting AEs. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.