bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology Acceptance Predictors among Student Teachers and Experienced Classroom Teachers
Authors: Smarkola Claudia
Published: August 2007

This study investigated 160 student teachers' and 158 experienced teachers' self-reported computer usage and their future intentions to use computer applications for school assignments. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used as the framework to determine computer usage and intentions. Statistically significant results showed that after completing a student teaching practicum, students have greater intentions to integrate computer applications into their lessons. Both student and experienced teachers perceived computer usage as useful for their classroom lessons. No differences between the teacher groups were found for computer usage activities (i.e., student assignments, teacher-led classroom lessons, and administrative work). However, experienced teachers used spreadsheets and subject-specific and educational software to a greater extent than did student teachers. Practical suggestions are made for teacher preparation programs and educational technology researchers. Recommendations propose the expansion of TAM to include behavioral control issues when dealing with teachers.
Religiosity, Anxiety, and Depression among a Sample of Iranian Medical Students
Authors: Vasegh Sasan , Mohammadi Mohammad-Reza
Published: August 2007

Objective:

There are many studies of religion and mental health in a Christian context, but studies in Islamic countries are few. Most previous studies used only a single question for measuring religion, and several of them showed negative associations between religion and indexes of anxiety or depression among older people. This study preliminary assesses the associations between religious variables, anxiety, and depression in a sample of Muslim students.

Method:

This cross-sectional study examines a sample of medical students (N=285) for association(s) between religiosity, anxiety, and depression. The subjects completed a Muslim religiosity questionnaire including religious beliefs, emotions, and behaviors subscales and the Beck anxiety and depression inventories during their psychiatry rotation at Roozbeh psychiatric hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Results:

all the three religious subscales were negatively associated with and negatively predicted depression and anxiety; but only prediction of anxiety by the religious beliefs score was statistically significant.

Conclusions:

These findings provide further evidence for a protective role of religion against anxiety and depression but more studies are required.
Supporting Learners with Low Domain Knowledge When Using the Internet
Authors: Desjarlais Malinda , Willoughby Teena
Published: August 2007

Having low domain knowledge is a significant constraint when using the Internet. This study examined the effectiveness of three potential supports for learners with low domain knowledge, including having plenty of time to search the Internet, using notes taken during the search when writing an essay about the topic, and having high levels of motivation to use the Internet. Sixty undergraduate students were randomly assigned to: a) search the Internet for 60 minutes prior to writing an essay with notes present; b) search the Internet for 60 minutes prior to writing an essay without notes present; or c) write an essay with no prior search of the Internet. Participants completed two essays, one in a high knowledge domain and another in a low knowledge domain. Searching the Internet facilitated learning regardless of domain knowledge. The significant support for low domain knowledge was providing plenty of time to search the Internet.
The Prevalence of Anxiety Symptoms and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Somatic Disorders in Urban China: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Fu Chao-Wei , Tan Alison W. , Sheng Feng , Luan Rong-Sheng , Zhan Si-Yan , Chen Wei-Qing , Wang Wei-Bing , Rosenberg Daniel M. , Xu Biao
Published: August 2007

Objective:

To assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with somatic diseases in urban China.

Method:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in four major cities of China from June to August in 2004. There were 2111 eligible subjects with Stroke, Parkinson's Disease, Epilepsy, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Dyspepsia, and Menopausal Syndrome, and 317 Post-natal women were recruited from general hospitals. Self-completed hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) questionnaire was used for screening anxiety and/or depressive symptoms. Subjects with a HAD score of >=9 were further assessed with Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) by certified psychologists or psychiatrists.

Results:

The prevalence of “screened” depressive and anxiety symptoms using HAD were 11 ∼ 19% and 11 ∼ 22% respectively in patients with above somatic diseases and post-natal women. Assessed by HAMA/HAMD scale, the prevalence of “definite” depressive symptoms was 30% ∼ 59% in subjects with “screened” depressive symptoms, and 44% ∼ 84% in subjects with “screened” anxiety symptoms. About half of the subjects had co-morbidity depressive and anxiety symptoms. Less than one-fourth of these subjects had ever been diagnosed as depressive/anxiety disorders and been treated prior to the investigation.

Conclusion:

There is a high prevalence and low diagnosis and treatment rate of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with these somatic diseases in China.
Online Students' Expectations: Enhancing the Fit between Online Students and Course Design
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jonathan , Koroghlanian Carol M.
Published: August 2007

Learner analysis and needs assessments are basic elements of all instructional design models and are of concern to those designing distance education courses. Mismatches between students' expectations and actual course features may impact learning. This investigation surveyed 249 geographically dispersed online students for the course features they valued and the course features included in their distance education courses. Results revealed general agreement between course features desired by students and those included in their current courses, however, there were mismatches; particularly concerning the use of instant messaging, team assignments, and creating biography pages. Implications for online course design are presented.
Cognitive and Affective Benefits of an Animated Pedagogical Agent: Considering Contextual Relevance and Aesthetics
Authors: Veletsianos George
Published: August 2007

Choi and Clark (2006) argue that learning is attributed to the instructional method rather than the specific medium used to deliver instruction (i.e., the pedagogical agent). Additionally, they consider pedagogical agents as unnecessarily expensive tools, whose instructional affordances can be replicated by less expensive options. In this response to Choi and Clark (2006), I argue that pedagogical agents are not a new iteration of the media debate because the anthropomorphous features and social affordances of pedagogical agents elicit psychological responses from learners that other media cannot educe. As such, when considering the implementation of pedagogical agents, researchers need to consider the agent's (a) contextual relevance, and (b) aesthetic properties. It is important to note that none of these factors influence the instructional method used to deliver instruction via a pedagogical agent.
Role of Temporary Arterial Shunt in the Reimplantation of a Traumatic Above-Elbow Amputation
Authors: Davins Meritxell , Llagostera Secundino , Lamas Claudia , López Susana
Published: August 2007

Although the feasibility of reimplantation has increased greatly with the development of new surgical techniques, long-term functional prognosis is unpredictable. Injury to a major nerve is an important factor in long-term outcome, and prolonged ischemia time also has a negative effect. We present a 26-year-old woman whose right arm was sectioned above the elbow in an accident. The limb presented a complete section, with soft tissue loss of the humeral artery and vein, basilic vein, and cephalic vein. Median and radial nerve tissue was missing, and a supracondylar fracture with substantial loss of the humerus was also observed. During reimplantation surgery, a temporary arterial shunt reduced ischemia time. A venous and arterial bypass was performed, and the 12-month results were good.
Effects of cholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate on naive rats and rats with a model of hypoxia-induced impaired memory
Authors: Dimitrova Darinka , Getova Damianka , Belovezdov Vesselin
Published: August 2007

Cholinesterase inhibitors are currently used in the therapy of different kind of dementia to improve brain memory functions. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor metrifonate was studied in naive rats and in rats with a model of sodium nitrite-induced hypoxia. One active avoidance test and in two passive avoidance tests were used. In the active avoidance test metrifonate increased the number of avoidances during the learning session only. In both passive avoidance tests, metrifonate prolonged latency differently during the learning session and in short-term or in long-term memory retention. Hypoxic rats showed lower numbers of avoidances in learning and memory retention sessions. Metrifonate increased the number of avoidances during the learning session for hypoxic rats. In the step-through passive avoidance test, metrifonate increased the latency of reactions in the learning session and in long-term memory retention tests. In the step-down passive avoidance test, the groups with hypoxia and metrifonate did not change the latency of reaction in the learning and long-term memory retention sessions, but increased the latency of reactions in the short-term memory retention test. Morphological data showed a significant impaired neuronal structure in a CA1 zone of the hippocampus in hypoxic rats and a tendency to preserving in rats treated with metrifonate. Our results suggest that metrifonate improves cognitive functions in naive and in hypoxic rats.
Narrowing the DYT6 dystonia region and evidence for locus heterogeneity in the Amish–Mennonites
Authors: Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Raymond Deborah , Senthil Geetha , Kramer Patricia , Ohmann Erin , Deligtisch Amanda , Shanker Vicki , Greene Paul , Tabamo Rowena , Huang Neng , Tagliati Michele , Kavanagh Patricia , Soto‐Valencia Jeannie , Aguiar Patricia de Carvalho , Risch Neil , Ozelius Laurie , Bressman Susan
Published: August 2007

The DYT6 gene for primary torsion dystonia (PTD) was mapped to chromosome 8p21‐q22 in two Amish–Mennonite families who shared a haplotype of marker alleles across a 40 cM linked region. The objective of this study was to narrow the DYT6 region, clinically characterize DYT6 dystonia in a larger cohort, and to determine whether DYT6 is associated with dystonia in newly ascertained multiplex families. We systematically examined familial Amish–Mennonite dystonia cases, identifying five additional members from the original families, as well as three other multiplex Amish–Mennonite families, and evaluated the known DYT6 haplotype and recombination events. One of the three new families carried the shared haplotype, whereas the region was excluded in the two other families, suggesting genetic heterogeneity for PTD in the Amish–Mennonites. Clinical features in the five newly identified DYT6 carriers were similar to those initially described. In contrast, affected individuals from the excluded families had a later age of onset (46.9 years vs. 16.1 years in the DYT6), and the dystonia was both more likely to be of focal distribution and begin in the cervical muscles. Typing of additional markers in the DYT6‐linked families revealed recombinations that now place the gene in a 23 cM region surrounding the centromere. In summary, the DYT6 gene is in a 23 cM region on chromosome 8q21‐22 and does not account for all familial PTD in Amish–Mennonites. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth hormone analysis and treatment in Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Authors: Versteegh Florens G.A. , Buma Sannine A. , Costin Gertrude , de Jong Wilfried C. , Hennekam Raoul C.M. ,   EvC Working Party
Published: August 2007

Little is known on growth, growth hormone (GH) levels and GH treatment in patients with Ellis–van Creveld syndrome (EvC). The aim of the present study was to assess growth, growth hormone status and the possible effectiveness of GH treatment in literature and in a small series of EvC patients. A review of literature indicated retarded growth for most EvC patients (−2 to −4.5 SDS) and minimal data on GH levels or treatment which did not allow any conclusion. We studied eight EvC patients, seven of whom were treated with GH. Four were GH deficient (GHD) and four were GH sufficient. In all patients treated with GH, first year growth velocity increased. In three of the four GHD and in one GH‐sufficient patient a gain in height SDS was noted. In the present small EvC series GHD occurred more often than expected. Patient acquisition through the Growth Hormone Database will have caused a significant bias, but the present results indicate that GH treatment may improve growth in at least some patients with EvC. Therefore we conclude that EvC patients may benefit from being tested for GHD and, if indicated, treated. In addition a prospective study to evaluate GH status and linear growth in patients with EvC as well as the potential effectiveness of GH treatment is warranted. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal detection and outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) associated with deletion of chromosome 15q26: Two patients and review of the literature
Authors: Klaassens M. , Galjaard R.J.H. , Scott D.A. , Brüggenwirth H.T. , van Opstal D. , Fox M.V. , Higgins R.R. , Cohen‐Overbeek T.E. , Schoonderwaldt E.M. , Lee B. , Tibboel D. , de Klein A.
Published: August 2007

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect characterized by a defect in the diaphragm with pulmonary hypoplasia and postnatal pulmonary hypertension. Approximately 50% of CDH cases are associated with other non‐pulmonary congenital anomalies (so called non‐isolated CDH) and in 5–10% of cases there is a chromosomal etiology. The majority of CDH cases are detected prenatally. In some cases prenatal chromosome analysis reveals a causative chromosomal anomaly, most often aneuploidy. Deletion of 15q26 is the most frequently described structural chromosomal aberration in patients with non‐isolated CDH. In this paper we report on two patients with a deletion of 15q26 and phenotypes similar to other patients with CDH caused by 15q26 deletions. This phenotype consists of intra‐uterine growth retardation, left‐sided CDH, cardiac anomalies and characteristic facial features, similar to those seen in Fryns syndrome. We propose that when this combination of birth defects is identified, either pre‐ or postnatally, further investigations to confirm or exclude a deletion of 15q26 are indicated, since the diagnosis of this deletion will have major consequences for the prognosis and, therefore, can affect decision making. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A microduplication of CBP in a patient with mental retardation and a congenital heart defect
Authors: Thienpont Bernard , Breckpot Jeroen , Holvoet Maureen , Vermeesch Joris R. , Devriendt Koen
Published: August 2007

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome is a well‐characterized genetic syndrome caused by haploinsufficiency of CBP in a majority of individuals. In 10% of cases a microdeletion in 16p13.3 affecting CBP is detected. We report on a patient with a de novo 345–480 kb micro‐duplication the region, encompassing only CBP and TRAP1. This boy presented with various minor physical anomalies, moderate mental retardation, and an atrial septal defect, but none of the other typical characteristics of the Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, such as the broad thumbs and first toes or facial characteristics. This finding implicates CBP as one of the causative genes for the trisomy 16p13 syndrome, and indicates this is a contiguous gene syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two siblings with 46,XY DSD, congenital adrenal hypoplasia, aniridia, craniofacial, and skeletal abnormalities and intrauterine growth retardation: A new syndrome?
Authors: Coman David J. , White Susan M. , Amor David J.
Published: August 2007

We report on two siblings with an unusual constellation of congenital anomalies comprising 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD), congenital adrenal hypoplasia, aniridia, dysmorphic facial features, intrauterine growth retardation, and minor skeletal abnormalities. This combination of abnormalities is yet to be recognized in the medical literature. As such, we propose that our patients represent either a new dysmorphic syndrome or a thus far unrecognized variation of a known syndrome, such as IMAGe syndrome. The sibling recurrence suggests autosomal recessive or X‐linked patterns of inheritance. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parenting children with Proteus syndrome: Experiences with, and adaptation to, courtesy stigma
Authors: Turner Joyce , Biesecker Barbara , Leib Jennifer , Biesecker Leslie , Peters Kathryn F.
Published: August 2007

Courtesy stigma refers to the stigmatization an unaffected person experiences due to his or her relationship with a person who bears a stigma. Parents of children with genetic conditions are particularly vulnerable to courtesy stigma, but little research has been done to explore this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the courtesy stigma experiences of parents of children with Proteus syndrome (PS) and related overgrowth conditions. Thematic analysis of transcripts from 31 parents identified three distinct themes: stigma experiences, social‐emotional reactions to stigmatizing encounters, and coping responses. Four types of stigmatizing experiences were identified: intrusive inquires, staring and pointing, devaluing remarks, and social withdrawal. Additionally, we uncovered eight strategies parents used to cope with courtesy stigma: attributing cause, assigning meaning to social exchanges, concealing, withdrawing socially, taking the offensive, employing indifference, instructing and learning from family, and educating others. Parents' choices of strategy type were found to be context dependent and evolved over time. This is the first study to document the adaptive evolution of coping strategies to offset courtesy stigma by parents of children with genetic conditions. These results provide groundwork for genetic counseling interventions aimed at addressing issues of courtesy stigma and further investigation of the phenomenon itself. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of palm trees as a sleeping site for hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) in Ethiopia
Authors: Schreier Amy , Swedell Larissa
Published: August 2007

Hamadryas baboons sleep on cliffs throughout their range, and this can be attributed to the safety cliffs provide against predators in the absence of tall trees. In this paper, we report the first documented occurrence of hamadryas baboons sleeping in doum palm trees rather than on cliffs. Data derive from a study of hamadryas baboons at the Filoha site in lowland Ethiopia. During all‐day follows, data were collected on travel patterns, band activity, and location. Variation in the baboons' home range was characterized using vegetation transects. We discovered that one band in this population, Band 3, occasionally slept in doum palm trees (Hyphaene thebaica). The palm tree sleeping site differed from other palm fragments in the baboons' home range in that it contained a higher density of palm trees. Possible factors influencing this unique use of palm trees as a sleeping site include access to palm fruit, avoiding contact with Afar nomads, avoiding sharing sleeping cliffs with other bands, protection from predators, and the lack of cliffs in a section of the baboons' home range. Evidence from this study suggests that the palm tree sleeping site is used because it affords better protection from predators than other palm fragments in an area of the band's home range that does not contain cliffs. Am. J. Primatol. 70:107–113, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Friedreich's ataxia: clinical pilot trial with recombinant human erythropoietin
Authors: Boesch Sylvia , Sturm Brigitte , Hering Sascha , Goldenberg Hans , Poewe Werner , Scheiber‐Mojdehkar Barbara
Published: August 2007

To determine the role of recombinant human erythropoietin as a possible treatment option in Friedreich's ataxia, we performed an open‐label clinical pilot study. Primary outcome measure was the change of frataxin levels at week 8 versus baseline. Twelve Friedreich's ataxia patients received 5,000 units recombinant human erythropoietin three times weekly subcutaneously. Frataxin levels were measured in isolated lymphocytes by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, urinary 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine and serum peroxides, were measured. Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin showed a persistent and significant increase in frataxin levels after 8 weeks (p < 0.01). All patients showed a reduction of oxidative stress markers. Ann Neurol 2007
Riluzole in Huntington's disease: a 3‐year, randomized controlled study
Authors: Landwehrmeyer G. Bernhard , Dubois Bruno , de Yébenes Justo Garcia , Kremer Berry , Gaus Wilhelm , Kraus Peter H. , Przuntek Horst , Dib Michel , Doble Adam , Fischer Wilhelm , Ludolph Albert C.
Published: August 2007

Objective

We conducted a randomized double‐blind trial of riluzole in Huntington's disease to investigate the efficacy of this antiexcitotoxic drug in slowing disease progression.

Methods

The study included 537 adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of Huntington's disease confirmed by genotyping. Patients were randomized (2:1) to treatment with riluzole (50mg twice daily) or placebo for 3 years. Concomitant use of antichoreic medication was forbidden, and introduction of such medication was a predefined end point. The primary outcome measure was change in a combined score derived from the motor and total functional capacity subscores of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale. Safety was also evaluated.

Results

A total of 379 patients completed the study (mean age, 47 [standard deviation, 9.5] years; 50% female patients). The principal reason for discontinuation was introduction of antichoreic medication. The median change from baseline in the combined score (primary outcome) for the “per protocol” population was 13.7 (95% confidence interval, 11.1–17.2) in the placebo group and 14.3 (95% confidence interval, 11.7–16.6) in the riluzole group. No intergroup difference in outcome could thus be demonstrated (p = 0.93, Mann–Whitney U test). No differences in secondary efficacy outcome variables were observed except for more frequent recourse to antichoreic medication in the placebo group. No unexpected adverse events were reported, and tolerability was acceptable.

Interpretation

No neuroprotective or beneficial symptomatic effects of riluzole in Huntington's disease were demonstrated. Ann Neurol 2007
Hierarchical Nanomanufacturing: From Shaped Zeolite Nanoparticles to High‐Performance Separation Membranes
Authors: Snyder Mark A. , Tsapatsis Michael
Published: August 2007

Despite more than a decade of intense research on the high‐resolution selectivity of thin zeolite films as alternatives to energy‐intensive industrial separations, membranes consisting of intergrown, oriented zeolite crystals have fallen short of gaining wide commercial application. Factors including poor performance, high cost, and difficulties in scale up have contributed to this, and have also stunted their application in other niche markets. Until recently, rational design of these materials was limited because of the elusive mechanism of zeolite growth, and forced more empirical approaches. New understanding of zeolite growth along with recent advances in the molecular engineering of crystal microstructure and morphology, assembly of crystal monolayers, and synthesis of ordered films constitute a strong foundation for meeting stringent industrial demands in the future. Together with new processing capabilities, such a foundation should make it possible to synthesize commercially viable zeolite membranes through hierarchical approaches. Such advances open exciting prospects beyond the realm of separations for assembly of novel and complex functional materials including molecular sensors, mechanically stable dielectrics, and novel reaction‐diffusion devices.
Spin coating cellulose derivatives on quartz crystal microbalance plates to obtain hydrogel‐based fast sensors and actuators
Authors: Sannino A. , Pappadà S. , Giotta L. , Valli L. , Maffezzoli A.
Published: August 2007

Cellulose based superabsorbent hydrogels were spin coated and chemically crosslinked on Quartz Crystal Microbalance plates to obtain a thin superabsorbent layer. The hydrogel network was obtained by crosslinking hydroxiethylcellulose (HEC) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) by the difunctional Divinylsulfone (DVS). The presence of the polyelectrolyte CMC was found to be responsible for the material high sorption sensitivity to changes in ionic strength and pH of the external solution, due to the Donnan type equilibrium established between the internal of the gel and the external solution. Since the hydrogel was synthesized in the form of a thin layer, there is negligible barrier to water diffusion through the material, which results in a fast swelling response to changes in the external solution properties. The device was immersed in a flux of water solution, where the ionic strength was continuously changed. The fast change in the equilibrium sorption capacity of the spin coated hydrogel were converted to an electrical signal by the apparatus. The time lag of the response was comparable to the inverse of the quartz oscillation frequency (approximately 10−7s), and the accuracy in the weight change measurement was of the order of the nanogram. FTIR microscope analysis was used to determine the presence of hydrogel and its distribution on the QCM plate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Novel polyion complex films from chitosan and quarternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐carboxymethylpyridine) containing zwitterion structure units
Authors: Liu Changhua , Xiao Chaobo , Huang Yuming
Published: August 2007

Novel polyion complexes films of chitosan and quarternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐carboxymethylpyridine) containing zwitterion structure units were prepared by casting method. The aim of this work was to produce a hydrophilic film with the potential use as a hydrophilic membranes of the types used in membranes distillation and osmotic distillation for separating azeotropic, close‐boiling, and aqueous organic mixtures. Their structure and properties were studied by infrared, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile tester, and swelling measurements. The results indicated that polyion complexes occurred between chitosan and quarternized poly (4‐vinyl‐N‐carboxymethylpyridine) containing zwitterion structure units. The thermostability of these blends decreased with the increase of quarternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐carboxymethylpyridine) content. Initially, appreciable improvement in tensile strength and breaking elongation were achieved with increase of quarternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐carboxymethyl‐pyridine) content to 30%, the maximum value of 46.65 MPa tensile strength and 25.67% breaking elongation were achieved, respectively. The maximum degree of swelling was achieved when the weight ratio of chitosan versus poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐carboxymethylpyridine) was 50 : 50. Meanwhile, the relationship between their structure and properties was also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Numerical simulation of DSC and TMDSC curves as well as reversing and nonreversing curve separation
Authors: Cao Jinan
Published: August 2007

The basic physical meaning of temperature modulation for DSC is an arguable research topic, and its interpretation affects the development of thermal analysis and polymer science. This article studies the basic physical meaning of TMDSC by numerical simulation. DSC and TMDSC output curves are computed for a sample with step changes in its specific heat and for a sample with crystallites melting over the temperature range. The TMDSC curves are further analyzed to obtain the reversing and nonreversing components. It is shown that separation of the reversing and nonreversing components from the underlying heat flow cannot be justified. Some common misconceptions regarding TMDSC are discussed as well. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Enantioselective synthesis of (2R, 3S)‐ and (2S, 3R)‐4,4,4‐trifluoro‐N‐Fmoc‐O‐tert‐butyl‐threonine and their racemization‐free incorporation into oligopeptides via solid‐phase synthesis
Authors: Xiao Nu , Jiang Zhong‐Xing , Yu Y. Bruce
Published: August 2007

An efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of (2R, 3S)‐ and (2S, 3R)‐4,4,4‐trifluoro‐N‐Fmoc‐O‐tert‐butyl‐threonine on multigram scales was developed. Absolute configurations of the two stereoisomers were ascertained by X‐ray crystallography. Racemization‐free coupling conditions for the incorporation of tfT into oligopeptides were then explored. For solution‐phase synthesis, tfT racemization was not an issue under conventional coupling conditions. For solid‐phase synthesis, the following conditions were identified to achieve racemization‐free synthesis: if tfT (3.0 equiv) was not the first amino acid to be linked to the resin (1.0 equiv), the condition is 2.7 equiv DIC/3.0 equiv HOBt as the coupling reagent at 0°C for 20 h; if tfT (3.0 equiv) was the first amino acid to be linked to the resin (1.0 equiv), then 1.0 equiv of CuCl2 needs to be added to the coupling reagent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 781–796, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Predictive value of common symptom combinations in diagnosing colorectal cancer
Authors: Thompson M R , Perera R , Senapati A , Dodds S
Published: August 2007

Background

This study compared the diagnostic values of age and single symptoms of colorectal cancer with those of age and symptom combinations.

Methods

Consecutive patients with lower gastrointestinal symptoms referred to a surgical clinic over a 12-year period were studied prospectively. The diagnostic value of age and common symptoms of bowel cancer, individually and in combination, was determined by measuring positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity.

Results

In total, 467 (5·5 per cent) of 8529 patients had colorectal cancer. Symptom combination analyses showed that patients presenting with rectal bleeding and change in bowel habit without anal symptoms had the highest risk of cancer. Those with rectal bleeding and perianal symptoms without change in bowel habit were at the lowest risk of having cancer. Symptom subgroups defined by age had positive predictive values for cancer that varied from less than 1 to 35 per cent.

Conclusion

Symptom combinations defined by age have greater diagnostic value than single symptoms alone.
Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy without cystic duct ligation
Authors: Sinha I , Smith M Lawson , Safranek P , Dehn T , Booth M
Published: August 2007

Background

Cholecystectomy is made hazardous by distortion of the anatomy of Calot's triangle by acute or chronic inflammation. Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy (LSTC) without cystic duct ligation is an alternative to conversion to open surgery in difficult cases.

Methods

This prospective study included all cholecystectomies performed in a district general hospital upper gastrointestinal unit between 2003 and 2005, after the introduction of LSTC.

Results

Of 889 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, 28 LSTCs without cystic duct ligation were performed in 18 men and ten women of median age 68 years. Median operating time was 90 min and median duration of hospital stay was 3 days. Two temporary bile leaks resolved spontaneously on days 14 and 19. Three patients required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, extraction of bile duct stones and stent insertion for persistent leaks. All five bile leaks were expected from peroperative findings. One patient had a myocardial infarction and one developed a subphrenic abscess. There were no deaths. Open conversion rates were reduced from 5·0 per cent in 1997–2002 to 0·3 per cent in 2005 (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

LSTC without cystic duct ligation is an alternative to open conversion when dissection of Calot's triangle is hazardous. Bile leaks are predictable and readily managed.
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: Toomey D P , Swan N , Torreggiani W , Conlon K C
Published: August 2007

Background

Approximately 2 per cent of pancreatic masses resected for suspected malignancy are found instead to be a form of chronic pancreatitis defined by a characteristic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. This condition is now commonly classified as ‘autoimmune pancreatitis’.

Methods

A literature review of autoimmune pancreatitis was performed using Medline and PubMed. The reference lists of identified articles were searched for further relevant publications.

Results

Patients are predominantly 55-65 years old and present with obstructive jaundice, abdominal pain and weight loss. Imaging may show a mass of malignant appearance or pancreatobiliary tree strictures precipitating surgical exploration. Raised serum levels of IgG4 and specific autoantibodies, when combined with particular radiological features and a biopsy negative for malignancy, enable a preoperative diagnosis and successful treatment with steroids.

Conclusion

Autoimmune pancreatitis is not uncommon and steroid treatment can effect a dramatic improvement. Care is needed to ensure that pancreatic cancer is not misdiagnosed.
Randomized clinical trial of the effect of adding subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery to standard great saphenous vein stripping
Authors: Kianifard B , Holdstock J , Allen C , Smith C , Price B , Whiteley M S
Published: August 2007

Background

This randomized trial was undertaken to investigate the fate of incompetent perforating veins (IPVs) following saphenofemoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV), with or without subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS).

Methods

Patients with venous reflux (greater than 0·5 s) of the GSV and additional IPVs were allocated randomly to standard surgery (saphenofemoral ligation, stripping and phlebectomies alone) or with the addition of SEPS. Patients with ulceration, recurrent veins, deep venous reflux/thrombosis or saphenopopliteal reflux were excluded. Duplex ultrasonography was carried out before operation, and at 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Quality of life questionnaires were completed and visual analogue scale scores collected at the same time points.

Results

Thirty-eight patients were allocated to SEPS and 34 to the no SEPS group. Two patients in the no SEPS group were excluded (one withdrew and the other had the wrong treatment). There were no differences between the two groups with respect to pain, mobility or quality of life scores during follow-up. A significantly higher proportion of patients in the no SEPS group had IPVs on duplex imaging at 1 year (25 of 32 versus 12 of 38; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

IPVs do not remain closed following standard varicose vein surgery. The addition of SEPS was not associated with significant morbidity but did reduce the number of IPVs. Up to 1 year this had no effect on recurrence rates or quality of life, but late results remain to be seen. Registration number: ISRCTN18288048 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Randomized clinical trial comparing partial parotidectomy versus superficial or total parotidectomy
Authors: Roh J-L , Kim H S , Park C I
Published: August 2007

Background

In recent decades the treatment of benign parotid tumours has shifted from superficial or total parotidectomy to partial parotidectomy. This study examined whether current surgical techniques improved functional outcomes after surgery for benign parotid tumours.

Methods

One hundred and one patients were assigned randomly to conventional (49 patients) or function-preserving (52) surgery. The latter consisted of modified facelift incision, greater auricular nerve preservation, partial parotidectomy and coverage with parotid fascia.

Results

The mean duration of operation was 0·7 h shorter and the overall complication rate significantly lower in the functional surgery group. In this group, more patients were satisfied with their scars and facial contours, the auricular nerve sensory recovery rate was high, and transient facial paralysis and Frey's syndrome were infrequent (12 and 6 per cent respectively). Stimulated salivary flow on the operated side decreased to 71·9 per cent after function-preserving surgery compared with 20·7 per cent after conventional operation. There was no tumour recurrence in either group during a mean follow-up of 48 months.

Conclusion

Compared with conventional procedures, function-preserving surgery for benign parotid tumours improved cosmetic, sensory and salivary functions, and reduced the duration of surgery and operative morbidity.
The lack of a critical perspective in environmental management research: distortion in the scientific discourse
Authors: Ählström Jenny , Macquet Monica , Richter Ulf
Published: August 2007

Although a lack of critical perspective in environmental management has been acknowledged, the frequency of this perspective has not been measured. This was noted in the editorial of Business Strategy and the Environment (BSE) 1998, where Richard Welford called for more critical theory in environmental management. BSE can be seen as a forerunner in the field. Therefore, it could be expected that the most critical and reflective research contributing to sustainable development in companies could be published in the journal. In order to analyse the extent to which critical perspective is present in environmental management, we reviewed the last six years of BSE. We found that the studies undertaken generally follow the positivist paradigm, which almost exclusively echoes marginal adjustments. Papers with a critical perspective are in the minority. Using Jürgen Habermas' work on communicative action and discourse, we conclude that there is a distortion in this scientific discourse. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Differences in prognostic factors and survival among white and Asian men with prostate cancer, California, 1995–2004
Authors: Robbins Anthony S. , Koppie Theresa M. , Gomez Scarlett L. , Parikh‐Patel Arti , Mills Paul K.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND.

There are very limited data concerning survival from prostate cancer among Asian subgroups living in the U.S., a large proportion of whom reside in California. There do not appear to be any published data on prostate cancer survival for the more recently immigrated Asian subgroups (Korean, South Asian [SA], and Vietnamese).

METHODS.

A study of prognostic factors and survival from prostate cancer was conducted in non‐Hispanic whites and 6 Asian subgroups (Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, SA, and Vietnamese), using data from all men in California diagnosed with incident prostate cancer during 1995–2004 and followed through 2004 (n = 116,916). Survival was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS.

Whites and Asians demonstrated significant racial differences in all prognostic factors: age, summary stage, primary treatment, histologic grade, socioeconomic status, and year of diagnosis. Every Asian subgroup had a risk factor profile that put them at a survival disadvantage compared with whites. Overall, the 10‐year risk of death from prostate cancer was 11.9%. However, in unadjusted analyses Japanese men had significantly better survival than whites; Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese men had statistically equal survival; and SA men had significantly lower survival. On multivariate analyses adjusting for all prognostic factors, all subgroups except SA and Vietnamese men had significantly better survival than whites; the latter 2 groups had statistically equal survival.

CONCLUSIONS.

Traditional prognostic factors for survival from prostate cancer do not explain why most Asian men have better survival compared with whites, but they do explain the poorer survival of SA men compared with whites. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Within‐stage racial differences in tumor size and number of positive lymph nodes in women with breast cancer
Authors: McBride Russell , Hershman Dawn , Tsai Wei‐Yann , Jacobson Judith S. , Grann Victor , Neugut Alfred I.
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND.

Black women have higher breast cancer mortality rates, are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease, and have worse stage‐for‐stage survival than white women. It was hypothesized that differences in the tumor size and number of positive lymph nodes within each disease stage contribute to the survival disparity.

METHODS.

In the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, black and white women diagnosed with a first primary tumor (TNM stage I‐IIIA breast cancer) between 1988 and 2003 were identified. The demographic and clinical characteristics were compared by race. Logistic regression models of the association between race and tumor size and lymph node status were developed. Cox proportional hazards models of the association between mortality and race, tumor size, lymph node status, and other covariates were also examined.

RESULTS.

Among 256,174 SEER cases (21,861 black and 234,313 white women), more black than white women with lymph node‐negative breast cancer had tumors measuring ≥2.0 cm. Adjusted for tumor size, more black than white women had ≥1 positive lymph nodes (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.20–1.28). The age‐adjusted and TNM stage‐adjusted mortality rate ratio for blacks versus whites was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.51–1.61). Adjustment for within‐stage differences in tumor size and lymph node involvement were found to have a negligible effect. With adjustment for additional covariates, the rate ratio was 1.39 (95% CI, 1.35–1.44). In addition, the rate ratio reflecting racial disparity increased as the stage of disease increased.

CONCLUSIONS.

Adjusting for within‐stage differences in tumor size and lymph node status did not appear to reduce the racial disparity. The finding that disparities increased with higher stage of disease suggests that interventions aimed at reducing these differences should target women with more advanced disease. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic resonance image‐guided salvage brachytherapy after radiation in select men who initially presented with favorable‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Nguyen Paul L. , Chen Ming‐Hui , D'Amico Anthony V. , Tempany Clare M. , Steele Graeme S. , Albert Michele , Cormack Robert A. , Carr‐Locke David L. , Bleday Ronald , Suh W. Warren
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND.

The authors prospectively evaluated the late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) control of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided brachytherapy used as salvage for radiation therapy (RT) failure.

METHODS.

From October 2000 to October 2005, 25 men with a rising PSA level and biopsy‐proven, intraprostatic cancer at least 2 years after initial RT (external beam in 13 men and brachytherapy in 12 men) who had favorable clinical features (Gleason score ≤7, PSA < 10 ng/mL, negative pelvic and bone imaging studies), received MRI‐guided salvage brachytherapy to a minimum peripheral dose of 137 gray on a phase 1/2 protocol. Estimates of toxicity and cancer control were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

RESULTS.

The median follow‐up was 47 months. The 4‐year estimate of grade 3 or 4 GI or GU toxicity was 30%, and 13% of patients required a colostomy and/or urostomy to repair a fistula. An interval < 4.5 years between RT courses was associated with both outcomes with a hazard ratio of 12 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.4–100;P= .02) for grade 3 or 4 toxicity and 25 (95% CI, 1.1–529;P= .04) for colostomy and/orurostomy. PSA control (nadir +2 definition) was 70% at 4 years.

CONCLUSIONS.

The current results indicated that MRI‐guided salvage brachytherapy in men who are selected based on presenting characteristics and postfailure PSA kinetics can achieve high PSA control rates, although complications requiring surgical intervention may occur in 10% to 15% of patients. Prospective randomized studies are needed to characterize the relative cancer control and toxicity after all forms of salvage local therapy. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Architectonic analysis of the auditory‐related areas of the superior temporal region in human brain
Authors: Fullerton Barbara C. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: August 2007

Architecture of auditory areas of the superior temporal region (STR) in the human was analyzed in Nissl‐stained material to see whether auditory cortex is organized according to principles that have been described in the rhesus monkey. Based on shared architectonic features, the auditory cortex in human and monkey is organized into three lines: areas in the cortex of the circular sulcus (root), areas on the supratemporal plane (core), and areas on the superior temporal gyrus (belt). The cytoarchitecture of the auditory area changes in a stepwise manner toward the koniocortical area, both from the direction of the temporal polar proisocortex as well as from the caudal temporal cortex. This architectonic dichotomy is consistent with differences in cortical and subcortical connections of STR and may be related to different functions of the rostral and caudal temporal cortices. There are some differences between rhesus monkey and human auditory anatomy. For instance, the koniocortex, root area PaI, and belt area PaA show further differentiation into subareas in the human brain. The relative volume of the core area is larger than that of the belt area in the human, but the reverse is true in the monkey. The functional significance of these differences across species is not known but may relate to speech and language functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:470–498, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.