bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Digital Standard to Specify Surface Requirements of Cast Metal Surfaces
Authors: Voelker M. M. , Peters F. E.
Published: February 2017

Communication of specifications between a customer and a manufacturer is important for meeting form, fit, and functional requirements of any part. Current standards for the requirements of cast metal surfaces use qualitative methods, including comparator plates and images of surfaces, to specify the surface quality allowing ample room for variation in interpretation of the standard. The length scale of existing contact surface measurements is too small for most casting surfaces. This paper covered a proposed digital standard for specifying cast metal surfaces. The proposed digital standard used point cloud data of a cast surface, likely attained using a non-contact capture method, in order to identify roughness properties and anomalies caused by the casting process. Unlike current qualitative methods, this standard does not specify the potential causes of surface issues, such as porosity or inclusions. This standard was developed in order to reduce measurement variation and eliminate confusion between the customer and manufacturer. Assigning quantitative criterion to the surface allows the customer to specify exactly what is needed as opposed to limiting them to a subjective comparator or image to base their requirements. Additionally, this quantitative method could be used to verify visual inspection results among the inspectors within a production facility to reduce their measurement error and improve productivity.
Sub-Micro Laser Modifications of Tribological Surfaces
Authors: Voyer J. , Ausserer F. , Klien S. , Ristow A. , Velkavrh I. , Diem A. , Zehetner J. , Stroj S. , Heidegger S. , Bertschler C. , Edlinger J.
Published: February 2017

In order to address necessary improvements and optimizations of actual highly stressed tribological systems, their overall energy efficiency must be increased through the deployment of pinpointed surface solutions. For this purpose, not only wear, but also the friction behavior of these tribological systems has to be improved. Lubricants and greases are widely used in the industry to reduce adequately the friction and wear of a wide range of tribological systems, but for certain systems, they possess some drawbacks (reduced cleanliness, limited working temperatures, etc.). Therefore, alternative solutions such as laser texturing, which can modify the lubricant dynamics and the materials surface properties, offer new possibilities to decrease the friction and improve the wear properties of tribological systems. In the present study, channel and nanostructured ripple structures (also known as laser induced periodic surface structures or LIPSS) were produced, using an ultra-short pulse laser on mirror-polished 42CrMo4 discs, and characterized. The LIPSS distinguish themselves from the channel structure through their waveform with amplitude smaller than 1 μm. In order to investigate the effects of such surface structures on the overall tribological performance, oscillating wear tests (120 N, 90°C, 25 Hz, 4 mm, 2 h) with a SRV4-Tribometer using polished 100Cr6 convex cylinders as counter bodies were performed. The results obtained from these investigations with the 2 different surface structures were compared with a benchmark system (surfaces without structures). The tribological investigations showed that the nanostructured LIPSS tested against anti-friction coated cylinders significantly reduced the friction coefficient by a factor of 25 % in comparison to the benchmark, without influencing negatively the wear behavior.
Maskless Electrochemical Texturing of Automotive Cylinders
Authors: da Silva L. R. R. , Costa H. L.
Published: February 2017

In internal combustion engines, friction between the rings and the cylinder liner is responsible for considerable energy losses. The surface topography of the contacting surfaces has direct effects on lubrication and friction. Different techniques for surface texturing have been used, such as laser and photochemical texturing. In this work, a recently developed technique is adapted to texture gray cast-iron diesel cylinder liners. This technique, called maskless electrochemical texturing (MECT), features great simplicity, low cost, high speed, and low complexity of the apparatus involved. The tool is cathodic and the workpiece to be textured is anodic under pulsed voltage. The electrolyte passes through perforated microcavities in the tool, resulting in texturing of the workpiece. This work aimed to adapt MECT to texture cylindrical surfaces and to find adequate texturing parameters for gray cast-iron cylinder liners. The process variables investigated in this work and how they affect the depth of features, the amount of overcut, and the anodic dissolution localization were the distance between the tool and workpiece, the voltage, and the texturing time. Patterns containing arrays of chevrons were successfully produced in cylinder liners.
Error-Induced Blindness: Error Detection Leads to Impaired Sensory Processing and Lower Accuracy at Short Response–Stimulus Intervals
Authors: Buzzell George A. , Beatty Paul J. , Paquette Natalie A. , Roberts Daniel M. , McDonald Craig G.
Published: February 2017

Empirical evidence indicates that detecting one's own mistakes can serve as a signal to improve task performance. However, little work has focused on how task constraints, such as the response–stimulus interval (RSI), influence post-error adjustments. In the present study, event-related potential (ERP) and behavioral measures were used to investigate the time course of error-related processing while humans performed a difficult visual discrimination task. We found that error commission resulted in a marked reduction in both task performance and sensory processing on the following trial when RSIs were short, but that such impairments were not detectable at longer RSIs. Critically, diminished sensory processing at short RSIs, indexed by the stimulus-evoked P1 component, was predicted by an ERP measure of error processing, the Pe component. A control analysis ruled out a general lapse in attention or mind wandering as being predictive of subsequent reductions in sensory processing; instead, the data suggest that error detection causes an attentional bottleneck, which can diminish sensory processing on subsequent trials that occur in short succession. The findings demonstrate that the neural system dedicated to monitoring and improving behavior can, paradoxically, at times be the source of performance failures.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe performance-monitoring system is a network of brain regions dedicated to monitoring behavior to adjust task performance when necessary. Previous research has demonstrated that activation of the performance monitoring system following incorrect decisions serves to improve future task performance. However, the present study provides evidence that, when perceptual decisions must be made rapidly (within approximately half a second of each other), activation of the performance-monitoring system is predictive of impaired task-related attention on the subsequent trial. The data illustrate that the cognitive demands imposed by error processing can interfere with, rather than enhance, task-related attention when subsequent decisions need to be made quickly.
Different CaV1.3 Channel Isoforms Control Distinct Components of the Synaptic Vesicle Cycle in Auditory Inner Hair Cells
Authors: Vincent Philippe F.Y. , Bouleau Yohan , Charpentier Gilles , Emptoz Alice , Safieddine Saaid , Petit Christine , Dulon Didier
Published: February 2017

The mechanisms orchestrating transient and sustained exocytosis in auditory inner hair cells (IHCs) remain largely unknown. These exocytotic responses are believed to mobilize sequentially a readily releasable pool of vesicles (RRP) underneath the synaptic ribbons and a slowly releasable pool of vesicles (SRP) at farther distance from them. They are both governed by Cav1.3 channels and require otoferlin as Ca2+sensor, but whether they use the same Cav1.3 isoforms is still unknown. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in posthearing mice, we show that only a proportion (∼25%) of the total Ca2+current in IHCs displaying fast inactivation and resistance to 20 μmnifedipine, al-type Ca2+channel blocker, is sufficient to trigger RRP but not SRP exocytosis. This Ca2+current is likely conducted by short C-terminal isoforms of Cav1.3 channels, notably Cav1.342Aand Cav1.343S, because their mRNA is highly expressed in wild-type IHCs but poorly expressed inOtof−/−IHCs, the latter having Ca2+currents with considerably reduced inactivation. Nifedipine-resistant RRP exocytosis was poorly affected by 5 mmintracellular EGTA, suggesting that the Cav1.3 short isoforms are closely associated with the release site at the synaptic ribbons. Conversely, our results suggest that Cav1.3 long isoforms, which carry ∼75% of the total IHC Ca2+current with slow inactivation and confer high sensitivity to nifedipine and to internal EGTA, are essentially involved in recruiting SRP vesicles. Intracellular Ca2+imaging showed that Cav1.3 long isoforms support a deep intracellular diffusion of Ca2+.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAuditory inner hair cells (IHCs) encode sounds into nerve impulses through fast and indefatigable Ca2+-dependent exocytosis at their ribbon synapses. We show that this synaptic process involves long and short C-terminal isoforms of the Cav1.3 Ca2+channel that differ in the kinetics of their Ca2+-dependent inactivation and their relative sensitivity to thel-type Ca2+channel blocker nifedipine. The short C-terminal isoforms, having fast inactivation and low sensitivity to nifedipine, mainly control the fast fusion of the readily releasable pool (RRP); that is, they encode the phasic exocytotic component. The long isoforms, with slow inactivation and great sensitivity to nifedipine, mainly regulate the vesicular replenishment of the RRP; that is, the sustained or tonic exocytosis.
Astrocytic Orosomucoid-2 Modulates Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation
Authors: Jo Myungjin , Kim Jong-Heon , Song Gyun Jee , Seo Minchul , Hwang Eun Mi , Suk Kyoungho
Published: February 2017

Orosomucoid (ORM) is an acute-phase protein that belongs to the immunocalin subfamily, a group of small-molecule-binding proteins with immunomodulatory functions. Little is known about the role of ORM proteins in the CNS. The aim of the present study was to investigate the brain expression of ORM and its role in neuroinflammation. Expression of Orm2, but not Orm1 or Orm3, was highly induced in the mouse brain after systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Plasma levels of ORM2 were also significantly higher in patients with cognitive impairment than in normal subjects. RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that astrocytes are the major cellular sources of ORM2 in the inflamed mouse brain. Recombinant ORM2 protein treatment decreased microglial production of proinflammatory mediators and reduced microglia-mediated neurotoxicityin vitro. LPS-induced microglial activation, proinflammatory cytokines in hippocampus, and neuroinflammation-associated cognitive deficits also decreased as a result of intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant ORM2 proteinin vivo. Moreover, lentiviral shRNA-mediated Orm2 knockdown enhanced LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and microglial activation in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, ORM2 inhibited C-C chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4)-induced microglial migration and activation by blocking the interaction of CCL4 with C-C chemokine receptor type 5. Together, the results from our cultured glial cells, mouse neuroinflammation model, and patient studies suggest that ORM2 is a novel mediator of astrocyte–microglial interaction. We also report that ORM2 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating microglial activation and migration during brain inflammation. ORM2 can be exploited therapeutically for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeural cell interactions are important for brain physiology and pathology. Particularly, the interaction between non-neuronal cells plays a central role in regulating brain inflammation, which is closely linked to many brain disorders. Here, we newly identified orosomucoid-2 (ORM2) as an endogenous protein that mediates such non-neuronal glial cell interactions. Based on the critical role of astrocyte-derived ORM2 in modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, ORM2 can be exploited for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of devastating brain disorders that have a strong neuroinflammatory component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.
Goal-Directed and Habit-Like Modulations of Stimulus Processing during Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Luque David , Beesley Tom , Morris Richard W. , Jack Bradley N. , Griffiths Oren , Whitford Thomas J. , Le Pelley Mike E.
Published: February 2017

Recent research has shown that perceptual processing of stimuli previously associated with high-value rewards is automatically prioritized even when rewards are no longer available. It has been hypothesized that such reward-related modulation of stimulus salience is conceptually similar to an “attentional habit.” Recording event-related potentials in humans during a reinforcement learning task, we show strong evidence in favor of this hypothesis. Resistance to outcome devaluation (the defining feature of a habit) was shown by the stimulus-locked P1 component, reflecting activity in the extrastriate visual cortex. Analysis at longer latencies revealed a positive component (corresponding to the P3b, from 550–700 ms) sensitive to outcome devaluation. Therefore, distinct spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity were observed corresponding to habitual and goal-directed processes. These results demonstrate that reinforcement learning engages both attentional habits and goal-directed processes in parallel. Consequences for brain and computational models of reinforcement learning are discussed.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe human attentional network adapts to detect stimuli that predict important rewards. A recent hypothesis suggests that the visual cortex automatically prioritizes reward-related stimuli, driven by cached representations of reward value; that is, stimulus–response habits. Alternatively, the neural system may track the current value of the predicted outcome. Our results demonstrate for the first time that visual cortex activity is increased for reward-related stimuli even when the rewarding event is temporarily devalued. In contrast, longer-latency brain activity was specifically sensitive to transient changes in reward value. Therefore, we show that both habit-like attention and goal-directed processes occur in the same learning episode at different latencies. This result has important consequences for computational models of reinforcement learning.
Cortical Spreading Depression Closes Paravascular Space and Impairs Glymphatic Flow: Implications for Migraine Headache
Authors: Schain Aaron J. , Melo-Carrillo Agustin , Strassman Andrew M. , Burstein Rami
Published: February 2017

Functioning of the glymphatic system, a network of paravascular tunnels through which cortical interstitial solutes are cleared from the brain, has recently been linked to sleep and traumatic brain injury, both of which can affect the progression of migraine. This led us to investigate the connection between migraine and the glymphatic system. Taking advantage of a novelin vivomethod we developed using two-photon microscopy to visualize the paravascular space (PVS) in naive uninjected mice, we show that a single wave of cortical spreading depression (CSD), an animal model of migraine aura, induces a rapid and nearly complete closure of the PVS around surface as well as penetrating cortical arteries and veins lasting several minutes, and gradually recovering over 30 min. A temporal mismatch between the constriction or dilation of the blood vessel lumen and the closure of the PVS suggests that this closure is not likely to result from changes in vessel diameter. We also show that CSD impairs glymphatic flow, as indicated by the reduced rate at which intraparenchymally injected dye was cleared from the cortex to the PVS. This is the first observation of a PVS closure in connection with an abnormal cortical event that underlies a neurological disorder. More specifically, the findings demonstrate a link between the glymphatic system and migraine, and suggest a novel mechanism for regulation of glymphatic flow.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTImpairment of brain solute clearance through the recently described glymphatic system has been linked with traumatic brain injury, prolonged wakefulness, and aging. This paper shows that cortical spreading depression, the neural correlate of migraine aura, closes the paravascular space and impairs glymphatic flow. This closure holds the potential to define a novel mechanism for regulation of glymphatic flow. It also implicates the glymphatic system in the altered cortical and endothelial functioning of the migraine brain.
Unresponsive Choline Transporter as a Trait Neuromarker and a Causal Mediator of Bottom-Up Attentional Biases
Authors: Koshy Cherian Ajeesh , Kucinski Aaron , Pitchers Kyle , Yegla Brittney , Parikh Vinay , Kim Youngsoo , Valuskova Paulina , Gurnani Sarika , Lindsley Craig W. , Blakely Randy D. , Sarter Martin
Published: February 2017

Some rats [sign-trackers (STs)] are prone to attribute incentive salience to reward cues, which can manifest as a propensity to approach and contact pavlovian cues, and for addiction-like behavior. STs also exhibit poor attentional performance, relative to goal-trackers (GTs), which is associated with attenuated acetylcholine (ACh) levels in prefrontal cortex (Paolone et al., 2013). Here, we demonstrate a cellular mechanism, linked to ACh synthesis, that accounts for attenuated cholinergic capacity in STs. First, we found that electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain increased cortical choline transporter (CHT)-mediated choline transport in GTs, paralleled by a redistribution of CHTs to the synaptic plasma membrane. Neither increases in choline uptake nor translocation of CHTs occurred in STs. Second, and consistent with uptake/translocation alterations, STs demonstrated a reduced ability to support cortical ACh releasein vivocompared with GTs after reverse-dialysis to elevate extracellular potassium levels. Third, rats were significantly more likely to develop sign-tracking behavior if treated systemically before pavlovian conditioned approach training with the CHT inhibitor VU6001221. Consistent with its proposed mechanisms, administration of VU6001221 attenuated potassium-evoked ACh levels in prefrontal cortex measured within vivomicrodialysis. We propose that loss of CHT-dependent activation of cortical cholinergic activity in STs degrades top-down executive control over behavior, producing a bias for bottom-up or stimulus-driven attention. Such an attentional bias contributes to nonadaptive reward processing and thus identifies a novel mechanism that can support psychopathology, including addiction.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe vulnerability for addiction-like behavior has been associated with psychological traits, such as the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues that is modeled in rats by sign-tracking behavior. Sign-trackers tend to approach and contact cues associated with reward, whereas their counterparts, the goal-trackers, have a preference for approaching the location of the reward. Here, we show that the capacity of presynaptic cholinergic synapses to respond to stimulation by elevating presynaptic choline uptake and releasing acetylcholine is attenuated in sign-trackers. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of choline transport induced sign-tracking behavior. Our findings suggest that reduced levels of cholinergic neuromodulation can mediate an attentional bias toward reward-related cues, thereby allowing such cues to exert relatively greater control over behavior.
LINGO-1 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation through the Cytoplasmic Gelsolin Signaling Pathway
Authors: Shao Zhaohui , Lee Xinhua , Huang Guanrong , Sheng Guoqing , Henderson Christopher E. , Louvard Daniel , Sohn Jiho , Pepinsky Blake , Mi Sha
Published: February 2017

Differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) involve the assembly and disassembly of actin microfilaments. However, how actin dynamics are regulated during this process remains poorly understood. Leucine-rich repeat and Ig-like domain-containing Nogo receptor interacting protein 1 (LINGO-1) is a negative regulator of OPC differentiation. We discovered that anti-LINGO-1 antibody-promoted OPC differentiation was accompanied by upregulation of cytoplasmic gelsolin (cGSN), an abundant actin-severing protein involved in the depolymerization of actin filaments. Treating rat OPCs with cGSN siRNA reduced OPC differentiation, whereas overexpression of cGSN promoted OPC differentiationin vitroand remyelinationin vivo. Furthermore, coexpression of cGSN and LINGO-1 blocked the inhibitory effect of LINGO-1. Our study demonstrates that cGSN works downstream of LINGO-1 signaling pathway, which enhances actin dynamics and is essential for OPC morphogenesis and differentiation. This finding may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMyelin loss and subsequent axon degeneration contributes to a variety of neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding the regulation of myelination by oligodendrocytes is therefore critical for developing therapies for the treatment of MS. We previously demonstrated that leucine-rich repeat and Ig-like domain-containing Nogo receptor interacting protein 1 (LINGO-1) is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and that anti-LINGO-1 promotes remyelination in preclinical animal models for MS and in a phase II acute optic neuritis clinical trial (RENEW). The mechanism by which LINGO-1 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that LINGO-1 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation through the cytoplasmic gelsolin signaling pathway, providing new drug targets for the treatment of demyelination diseases.
Modeling Social Evolution, 1964–1973
Authors: Grodwohl Jean-Baptiste
Published: February 2017

In 1964, William Hamilton presented a mechanism for the evolution of altruism, which was perceived by its main promoters as an alternative to explanations based on “group selection,” invoking advantage to the population to account for the evolution of such traits. Less than ten years later, Hamilton used the framework developed by George Price to model the evolution of an altruistic gene in a structured population, a result that has been interpreted as a spectacular conversion to group selection. This paper revisits the modeling research on altruism and the considerable semantic ambiguities concerning the levels of selection in the late 1960s and early 1970s, by studying in close detail the reflections and exchanges among Hamilton, Price, Robert Trivers, and Ilan Eshel. The challenge in this research was not simply to find and model robust mechanisms for the evolution of altruism, but to interpret their properties in unambiguous terms that could be accepted by other researchers. The continuing debate over the levels of selection results from the tension between the properties of the models and the words used in interpreting them.
The Emergence of Forest Genetics in Portugal
Authors: García-Pereda Ignacio
Published: February 2017

This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the history of biology and forestry in Portugal. It will focus on the one state-owned cork oak station devoted to forestry research, showing how its foresters and scientists shaped, and relied on, the state-controlled unions, both for producing and distributing varieties of cork oak and for controlling the seeds and plants forest owners used. Portugal played a very special role in the international development of Mediterranean forest genetics during the first half of the twentieth century. Forestry genetics were decisive for the Estado Novo government, and the Alcobaça Station became a model for the future organization of other countries’ applied forestry research centers. The paper shows how the milieu of forestry scientists and breeders played an important role in the development and institutionalization of genetics in Portugal. The paper will explore how these relationships made it possible for the scientists to test, multiply, and distribute the seeds and plants they produced at the laboratory throughout the Portuguese landscape, thus demonstrating the role of scientists as active agents of state formation and landscape transformation within a corporate political economy. The history of the Alcobaça Forest Station is an important example of fascist institution building.
Mobile Introns Shape the Genetic Diversity of Their Host Genes
Authors: Repar Jelena , Warnecke Tobias
Published: February 2017

Self-splicing introns populate several highly conserved protein-coding genes in fungal and plant mitochondria. In fungi, many of these introns have...

Self-splicing introns populate several highly conserved protein-coding genes in fungal and plant mitochondria. In fungi, many of these introns have retained their ability to spread to intron-free target sites, often assisted by intron-encoded endonucleases that initiate the homing process. Here, leveraging population genomic data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Lachancea kluyveri, we expose nonrandom patterns of genetic diversity in exons that border self-splicing introns. In particular, we show that, in all three species, the density of single nucleotide polymorphisms increases as one approaches a mobile intron. Through multiple lines of evidence, we rule out relaxed purifying selection as the cause of uneven nucleotide diversity. Instead, our findings implicate intron mobility as a direct driver of host gene diversity. We discuss two mechanistic scenarios that are consistent with the data: either endonuclease activity and subsequent error-prone repair have left a mutational footprint on the insertion environment of mobile introns or nonrandom patterns of genetic diversity are caused by exonic coconversion, which occurs when introns spread to empty target sites via homologous recombination. Importantly, however, we show that exonic coconversion can only explain diversity gradients near intron–exon boundaries if the conversion template comes from outside the population. In other words, there must be pervasive and ongoing horizontal gene transfer of self-splicing introns into extant fungal populations.
Prevalence of tuberculosis among health care workers in tuberculosis specialized hospitals in China
Authors: Du Jian , Pang Yu , Ma Yan , Mi Fengling , Liu Yuhong , Li Liang
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Tuberculosis (TB) specialized hospitals are playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with TB in China. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TB among health care workers (HCWs) in TB specialized hospitals in China.

Methods

We conducted a crosssectional survey to collect longitudinal information on the number of HCWs and patients with TB from HCWs among 203 TB hospitals in China.

Results

Overall, these 186 TB cases accounted for the incidence of 985 per 100,000 population. The prevalence ratios among medical professionals (PR = 2.40) and laboratory technicians (PR = 2.17) were significantly higher than other hospital staff (PR = 1.04). In addition, general hospitals with TB clinics had the highest prevalence ratio of TB (PR = 5.15), while designated TB hospitals had the lowest prevalence ratio (PR = 1.48).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that HCWs are suffering from an increased risk of infection with TB in China, and medical professionals (physicians and nurses) and general hospitals with TB clinics have the highest prevalence ratio of TB.
Minimally Important Differences in Patient or Proxy-Reported Outcome Studies Relevant to Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ebrahim Shanil , Vercammen Kelsey , Sivanand Arunima , Guyatt Gordon H. , Carrasco-Labra Alonso , Fernandes Ricardo M. , Crawford Mark W. , Nesrallah Gihad , Johnston Bradley C.
Published: February 2017

CONTEXT:

No study has characterized and appraised all anchor-based minimally important differences (MIDs) associated with patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments in pediatric studies.

OBJECTIVE:

To complete a comprehensive systematic survey and appraisal of published anchor-based MIDs associated with PRO instruments used in children.

DATA SOURCES:

Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO (1989 to February 11, 2015).

STUDY SELECTION:

Studies reporting empirical ascertainment of anchor-based MIDs among PROs used in pediatric care.

DATA EXTRACTION:

All pertinent data items related to the characteristics of PRO instruments, anchors, and MIDs.

RESULTS:

Of 4179 unique citations, 30 studies (including 32 cohorts) proved eligible and reported on 28 unique PROs (8 generic, 13 disease-specific, 5 symptoms-specific, 2 function-specific), with 9 (32%) classified as patient-reported, 11 (39%) proxy-reported, and 8 (29%) both patient- and proxy-reported. Of the 30 studies, we rated 14 (44%) as providing highly credible estimates of the MID. Most cohorts (n = 20, 62%) recorded patients’ direct response to the target PRO and the use of an independent standard of comparison (n = 25, 78%). Most, however, failed to effectively report measurement properties of the anchor (n = 24, 75%).

LIMITATIONS:

We have not yet addressed the measurement properties of instrument to measure credibility; our search was restricted to 3 electronic sources, and we used a single data abstractor.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our study found 28 PROs that have been developed for children, with fewer than half providing credible estimates. Clinicians, clinical trialists, systematic reviewers, and guideline developers seeking to effectively summarize and interpret results of studies addressing PROs in child health are likely to find our comprehensive compendium of MIDs of use, both in providing best estimates of MIDs and identifying credible estimates.
Politização da criminalidade e vulnerabilidade social: entre os paradigmase da justiça criminal e da seletividade penal
Authors: Tourinho Luciano De Oliveira Souza , Sotero Ana Paula Da Silva , Lima Mariana Gomes , Nonato João Leles
Published: February 2017

O contexto contemporâneo reforça a existência de um processo de politização da justiça, resultando no abandono do caráter jurisdicionalpelos atores judiciais, que passam a perseguir objetivos políticos, a partir da substituição dos critérios relativos ao âmbito legal por paradigmas de oportunidade. Dessa forma, o processo penal, em sua concretude, direciona-se às classes sociais mais vulneráveis, numa relação de seletividade por vulnerabilidade, implicação negativa da relação entre disponibilidade de recursos materiais ou simbólicos e o acesso às múltiplas oportunidades. O poder político é exercido, como regra, por indivíduos que integram classes dominantes da sociedade: são os interesses desta que costumam ser contemplados, gerando prejuízos às camadas sociais menos favorecidas. A presente construção teórica objetiva explorar a relação entre política e seu exercício arbitrário, a partir da criminalização de condutas de grupos selecionados, resultando da revisão de literatura atinente às temáticas abordadas, com utilização do método dialético e uma abordagem crítica.
“Estado de exceção”, populismo penal e a criminalizaçãoa daa política
Authors: Dornelles João Ricardo W.
Published: February 2017

No contexto contemporâneo verifica-se a ampliação das práticas penais como meio de regulação dos conflitos na sociedade. Isso tem levado à utilização do aparato do Judiciário nas práticas políticas, com o campo penal ocupando centralidade neste processo. O protagonismo do Poder Judiciário nos processos de criminalização ampliada é um dos pontos mais importantes no enfraquecimento da ordem constitucional democrática e o crescimento significativo dos espaços de exceção. No Brasil tais características têm sido aprofundadas como forma de intervenção na luta política, em especial nas ações da chamada “Operação Lava Jato”, tendo como consequência imediata a criminalização da política e retrocessos no campo do reconhecimento de direitos.
KAJIAN KEBERLANJUTAN PENGELOLAAN BUDIDAYA IKAN BANDENG DI GRESIK
Authors: Mulyawan Irwan , Zamroni Achmad , Priyatna Fatriyandi Nur
Published: February 2017

Perikanan budidaya bandeng telah lama menjadi bagian dari usaha masyarakat pesisir. Permasalahan pengelolaan budidaya bandeng semakin hari menjadi semakin kompleks. Sedikitnya ada lima aspek yang terlibat: ekologi, ekonomi, sosial, teknologi dan kelembagaan. Oleh karena itu, kajian singkat (rapid) terhadap pengelolaan perikanan budidaya bandeng dilakukan untuk melihat keterkaitan lima aspek tersebut. Dengan penggunakan analisis Rapid Appraisal Of Fisheries (Rapfish) diuraikan tingkat keberlanjutan pengelolaan perikanan budidaya bandeng berdasarkan dimensi (aspek) dan atribut (variable) yang dikembangkan. Dihasilkan bahwa keberlanjutan pengelolaan perikanan budidaya bandeng berada pada kondisi cukup (cenderung buruk) sehingga perlu re-orientasi pengelolaan. Perlu melakukan penyeimbangan aspek ekologi dan ekonomi, dengan mengurangi tekanan pada ekosistem mangrove dan memperbanyak tujuan pasar / orientasi pemasaran produk bandeng.Title: Study On Sustainable Management Of Milkfish Fish Farming In GresikMilkfish aquaculture has been part of the efforts of coastal communities for a long time. Milkfish aquaculture management issues become more complex. There are at least five aspects involved: ecological, economic, social, technological and institutional. Therefore, a brief assessment (rapid) for the management of aquaculture of milkfish is done to see how the five aspects. By using an analysis Rapid Appraisal Of Fisheries (Rapfish) described the level of sustainability of aquaculture of milkfish by dimensions (aspects) and attributes (variables) were developed. Produced that the sustainability of aquaculture of milkfish in condition enough (likely worse) that need re-orientation of management. Need to do a balancing ecological and economic aspects, by reducing the pressure on the mangrove ecosystem and increase market destination / product marketing orientation for milkfish.
Doctors with dyslexia: a world of stigma, stonewalling and silence, still?
Authors: Shaw Sebastian Charles Keith , Anderson John Leeds
Published: February 2017

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction:Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty, affecting 10% of the UK and worldwide populations. It is also becoming increasingly recognised within medical education.There is little research into the experiences of doctors with dyslexia. This paper forms part five of a programme of research from the authors into the experiences of UK medical students and junior doctors with dyslexia.Our research question is: "what are the lived experiences of medical students and junior doctors with dyslexia?" Methods:This is an Interpretive Phenomenological (qualitative) study. Dyslexic doctors were recruited from a single UK Foundation School. Participants were interviewed, in-depth, by telephone. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. These underwent a thematic Template Analysis, which was verified in an iterative manner by both researchers.Results:Eight participants were interviewed. Core themes emerging for junior doctors' experiences were:Their "disease"; perception from others; stonewalling; emotional responses; disclosure; influence on career pathway; and working life as the real word. Conclusions:Our results highlight a world of stigma, stonewalling, bullying and a reluctance to disclose. These results may suggest a need for education and public information about dyslexia, to begin to tackle this prejudice. Making adjustments to time in undergraduate exams may also not be enough. One of the most startling findings was the fear of being identified as "dyslexic".
Stability of intact slopes with tensile strength cut-off
Authors: Michalowski R. L.
Published: February 2017

The Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, typically used in slope stability analyses, predicts the uniaxial as well as the isotropic (triaxial) tensile strength. In this study, the tensile strength was reduced or eliminated from the yield condition in order to determine whether it has any consequences on the outcome of the stability analyses of slopes. It was discovered that the consequences on the slope stability factor are very significant. Slopes that are most affected by the tension cut-off are steep slopes, particularly in the presence of seepage. The difference in stability factor for steep slopes calculated with the classical Mohr–Coulomb strength envelope and a criterion with tensile strength cut-off can exceed 50% for steep slopes subjected to seepage (70% for vertical slopes). Tension cut-off used in the analysis permits deformation modes with the dilatancy angle exceeding the internal friction angle, and this is the likely cause of producing more critical mechanisms of slope collapse. The novelty of this study is in presenting a new slope stability analysis that accounts for tension cut-off, and in demonstrating the significant impact of reduced tensile strength on the outcome of the stability assessment.
Scour geometry at long skewed bridge piers under shallow water flows
Authors: Ahmad Nordila , Melville Bruce W. , Mohammad Thamer Ahmad , Ali Faisal , Yusuf Badronnisa
Published: February 2017

Experiments were conducted to investigate the geometry of the scour hole and sediment ridge at long skewed bridge piers under shallow water flows. The study aimed to investigate the influence of long pier orientations on cohesionless bed sediment under uniform flows occurring in shallow water regions such as rivers and estuaries. Experiments were conducted on long rectangular skewed piers with the pier Reynolds number (Rep) within the range 2·2 × 104 ≤ Rep ≤ 2·1 × 105. The observations showed that the geometric dimensions of the equilibrium scour hole and sediment ridge length increased steadily with the angle of attack (α). The experimental evidence also revealed that Rep had a parabolic relationship with the equilibrium dimensionless scour hole width (Ws/Bα) and the equilibrium dimensionless sediment ridge length (Lr/Bα) at long skewed piers. The dimensionless expressions were compared with the most accurate relationship found in the literature, as applied to the compiled database. The mean error was reduced from 44·66% to 10·74%. The results also demonstrated that the scouring volume (Vs) was much higher than the sediment ridge volumes (Vd) as the skewness of a long pier increased.
Near-Infrared (NIR) Western Blot Detection (nitrocellulose membrane) v4
Authors: Biosciences LI-COR
Published: February 2017

Infrared fluorescence detection with Odyssey Family Imaging Systems provides a quantitative two-color detection method for Western blots. This protocol is designed to help you achieve success with NIR Western blot detection methods, using the nitrocellulose membrane. Read the entire protocol carefully before beginning your optimization experiments.
MENGKAJI DAN MENANTI IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERMENDIKNAS RI NOMOR 25 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG STANDAR TENAGA PERPUSTAKAAN SEKOLAH/ MADRASAH
Authors: Susilana Rudi
Published: February 2017

AbstrakKebijakan pengelolaan dan tenaga pengelola perpustakaan sekolah/ madrasah sudah cukup lama ditetapkan. Setidaknya ada tiga kebijakan yang terkait dengan hal tersebut, yaitu: Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 2007 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan, Permendiknas Nomor 19 Tahun 2007 tentang Standar Pengelolaan Pendidikan, dan Permendiknas Nomor 25 Tahun 2008 tentang Standar Tenaga Perpustakaan Sekolah/ Madrasah. Namun demikian, implementasi ketiga kebijakan tersebut masih belum terlihat hasilnya secara nyata di lapangan, bahkan sekedar sosialiasi dari ketiga kebijakan tersebut masih belum banyak terdengar dan terinformasikan ke khalayak sasaran, khususnya para pengelola pendidikan di sekolah/ madrasah. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Perpustakaan Sekolah/ Madrasah, Implementasi Kebijakan.
PERANAN MANAJEMEN PERPUSTAKAAN SEKOLAH DALAM MENDUKUNG TUJUAN SEKOLAH
Authors: Suhardi Dini
Published: February 2017

AbstrakPerpustakaan sekolah merupakan bagian integral dari program sekolah yang mendukung proses belajar mengajar di sekolah, berada pada lingkungan sekolah dan sepenuhnya dikelola oleh sekolah yang bersangkutan. Untuk mengelola perpustakaan sekolah diperlukan manajemen yang bersifat menata dan mengatur pelaksanaan kegiatan di perpustakaan karena jika tidak ada manajemen dikhawatirkan peran perpustakaan sekolah sebagai pusat sumber belajar tidak dapat memberikan konstribusi terhadap kegiatan belajar mengajar yang pada akhirnya harapan untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia belum dapat diwujudkan. Pada kenyataannya, manajemen perpustakaan sekolah belum berjalan sebagaimana seharusnya, hal ini terjadi karena masih ada hambatan-hambatan antara lain anggaran dan sumber daya manusia. Kata Kunci: perpustakaan sekolah, manajemen, manajemen perpustakaan sekolah
SISTEM LAYANAN INFORMASI DI PERPUSTAKAAN PADA ABAD KE-21
Authors: - Damayanty
Published: February 2017

AbstrakPesatnya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi pada abad ke-21 yang menimbulkan banjirnya informasi telah menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan dalam segala aspek yang berkaitan dengan informasi, mulai dari jenis dan bentuk sumber informasi, teknik pengelolaan informasi, serta kebutuhan dan kelompok pengguna informasi.Perpustakaan sebagai salah satu lembaga yang bertugas mengelola informasi mengalami perubahan paradigma. Paradigma baru perpustakaan yaitu perpustakaan adalah sesuatu yang hidup, dinamis, segar menawarkan hal-hal yang baru, produk layanannya inovatif, dan dikemas sedemikian rupa, sehingga apa yang ditawarkan oleh perpustakaan akan menjadi atraktif, interaktif, edukatif, dan rekreatif bagi pengunjungnya. Untuk mendukung terciptanya layanan prima yang sesuai dengan tuntutan paradigma baru perpustakaan, kepuasan pengguna harus tetap menjadi target layanan. Agar tujuan tersebut dapat tercapai maka penerapan manajemen modern dalam pengelolaan perpustakaan menjadi suatu kebutuhan. Wujud manajemen modern dalam pengelolaan perpustakaan kini diantaranya adalah konsep ‘information commons’/ informasi umum dan Perpustakaan 2.0 (library 2.0). Kedua konsep tersebut berupa sistem layanan perpustakaan yang melibatkan partisipasi pengguna/ user centered, serta memanfaatkan bantuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Kata Kunci : Perpustakaan, Sistem Layanan informasi, paradigma baru AbstractThe rapid development of science and technology in the 21st century which leads to the rapid flow of information has brought some changes to every aspect related to information, from type and form of information, information process technique, to the needs and groups of users. Library as an institution that is in charge for managing information has undergone change of paradigm. The new paradigm is more lively, dynamic, fresh and offers new things, innovative service product which is packed in such a way that anything offered by the library will be attractive, interactive, educative, and recreational for its users. In order to support the realization of excellent service which conforms to the demand of the new paradigm, users satisfaction should remain become the target of servicing. To achieve the goal, the application of modern management in managing a library is necessary. This is manifested through the concept of information commons and library 2.0. Both concepts are applied in the library service system which involves users participation (user centered) and utilize assistance from information and communication technology. Keywords: library, information service system, new paradigm
Peran Perpustakaan dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Secara Mandiri di Perguruan Tinggi
Authors: Hanoum R. Nadia
Published: February 2017

AbstrakTujuan akhir dan utama dari pembelajaran bahasa adalah kemampuan pembelajar bahasa untuk menggunakan bahasa yang dipelajari. Namun sayangnya lembaga pendidikan formal selama ini terpaku pada pendekatan-pendekatan tradisional yang lebih banyak memberikan penekanan pada struktur bahasa dan bukan pada bagaimana menggunakan bahasa untuk berkomunikasi. Selain karena faktor ukuran kelas yang besar yang tidak ideal untuk pembelajaran bahasa, hal ini juga dipicu oleh terbatasnya waktu tatap muka di kelas yang tidak memungkinkan terjadinya suatu proses pembelajaran bahasa yang efektif. Di tingkat perguruan tinggi dimana seorang peserta didik dituntut untuk lebih mandiri, permasalahan ini seharusnya dapat diatasi dengan meningkatkan peran dan layanan perpustakaan yang mendukung terlaksananya proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris secara mandiri. Perpustakaan yang dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik akan mampu menciptakan suasana pembelajaran mandiri yang dapat menunjang pembelajaran tatap muka di kelas. Selain itu, keberadaan sebuah Self Access Center (SAC), yaitu sebuah sarana belajar bahasa mandiri yang menungkinkan pengguna untuk belajar sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kemampuannya akan mampu secara signifikan meningkatkan minat dan motivasi mahasiswa untuk belajar secara mandiri sehingga tujuan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris dapat tercapai. Kata Kunci: perpustakaan, pembelajaran bahasa Inggris, belajar mandiri, Self Access Center AbstractThe ultimate goal of learning English is the ability to use the target language. Unfortunately, formal education tends to use tradisional approach which focuses more on the language form instead of language use. This is triggered not only by the large class size but also by the limited time allocated for learning process in the class. In tertiary level where students are expected to be more independent in their learning, this problem should have been able to be solved by increasing the role and service of university library which supports self-directed independent learning. Library which can fulfill its functions well will be able to create the athmosphere of independent learning that assist learning process in the class. In addition, the establishment of a Self Access Center (SAC) in the library which enable students to learn according to their own needs and abilities will significantly increase students’ interest and motivation to learn independently so that the goal of learning English can be accomplished. Keywords: library, English learning, self-directed independent learning, Self Access Center
SURAT PUSTAKAWAN DARI NEDERLAND
Authors: A-Kwoei Tjen
Published: February 2017

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HUBUNGAN KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA BAPUSIPDA TERHADAP BRAND JUDGMENT PEMUSTAKA
Authors: Monika Winda , Wahyudin Dinn
Published: February 2017

Abstrak. Masalah yang menjadi kajian dalam penelitian ini adalah brand judgement pemustaka di Bapusipda Provinsi Jawa Barat. Inti kajiannya difokuskan pada salah satu faktor yang memiliki hubungan dengan brand judgement pemustaka yaitu kepemimpinan Kepala Bapusipda. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, pokok masalah diungkap dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana hubungan kepemimpinan Kepala Bapusipda dengan brand judgement pemustaka. Teknik sampling pada penelitian ini menggunakan disproportionate stratified random sampling. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif korelational dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data diketahui kepemimpinan Kepala Bapusipda memiliki hubungan kuat dengan brand judgement pemustaka dengan korelasi. Hasil pengujian hubungan kepemimpinan Kepala Bapusipda dengan brand judgement pemustaka menunjukkan indikator kebijakan/keputusan memiliki korelasi dengan derajat hubungan pada kategori sedang, indikator komunikasi memiliki korelasi dengan derajat hubungan pada kategori sedang, indikator motivasi memiliki korelasi dengan derajat hubungan pada kategori kuat, dan penyeleksian sumber daya manusia oleh Kepala Bapusipda memiliki korelasi dengan derajat hubungan pada kategori kuat.