bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas simulations with a coupled meteorological and transport
model: the predictability of CO2
Authors: Polavarapu Saroja M. , Neish Michael , Tanguay Monique , Girard Claude , de Grandpré Jean , Semeniuk Kirill , Gravel Sylvie , Ren Shuzhan , Roche Sébastien , Chan Douglas , Strong Kimberly
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A new model for greenhouse gas transport has been developed based on Environment and Climate Change Canada's operational weather and environmental prediction models. When provided with realistic posterior fluxes for CO2, the CO2 simulations compare well to NOAA's CarbonTracker fields and to near-surface continuous measurements, columns from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and NOAA aircraft profiles. This coupled meteorological and tracer transport model is used to study the predictability of CO2. Predictability concerns the quantification of model forecast errors and thus of transport model errors. CO2 predictions are used to compute model–data mismatches when solving flux inversion problems and the quality of such predictions is a major concern. Here, the loss of meteorological predictability due to uncertain meteorological initial conditions is shown to impact CO2 predictability. The predictability of CO2 is shorter than that of the temperature field and increases near the surface and in the lower stratosphere. When broken down into spatial scales, CO2 predictability at the very largest scales is mainly due to surface fluxes but there is also some sensitivity to the land and ocean surface forcing of meteorological fields. The predictability due to the land and ocean surface is most evident in boreal summer when biospheric uptake produces large spatial gradients in the CO2 field. This is a newly identified source of uncertainty in CO2 predictions but it is expected to be much less significant than uncertainties in fluxes. However, it serves as an upper limit for the more important source of transport error and loss of predictability, which is due to uncertain meteorological analyses. By isolating this component of transport error, it is demonstrated that CO2 can only be defined on large spatial scales due to the presence of meteorological uncertainty. Thus, for a given model, there is a spatial scale below which fluxes cannot be inferred simply due to the fact that meteorological analyses are imperfect. These unresolved spatial scales correspond to small scales near the surface but increase with altitude. By isolating other components of transport error, the largest or limiting error can be identified. For example, a model error due to the lack of convective tracer transport was found to impact transport error on the very largest (wavenumbers less than 5) spatial scales. Thus for wavenumbers greater than 5, transport model error due to meteorological analysis uncertainty is more important for our model than the lack of convective tracer transport.
Effects of shrub cover increase on the near surface atmosphere in northern Fennoscand
Authors: Rydsaa Johanne H. , Stordal Frode , Bryn Anders , Tallaksen Lena M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Shrub expansion in high latitudes is a widely observed response to climate change. Extensive evidence has shown that shrub expansion can lead to positive feedbacks to the regional climate. In this study we evaluate the sensitivity to a potential expansion in shrub and tree cover in the northern Fennoscandia region. Two perturbation experiments are performed in which we prescribe a gradual increase of vegetation height in the alpine shrub and tree cover according to empirically established climatic zones within the study region. The first experiment is based on present day climate, and the second is based on a future 1 K increase in temperature. To evaluate the sensitivity of the atmospheric response to inter-annual variations, simulations were conducted for two different years, one with warmer and one with colder spring and summer conditions. We have applied the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) with the Noah-UA land surface module in evaluating biophysical effects of increased shrub cover on the near surface atmosphere on a fine resolution (5.4 km x 5.4 km). We find that shrub cover increase leads to a general increase in near surface temperatures with the peak influence occurring during the snow melting season. It has the largest effect in spring, by advancing the onset of the melting season, and more moderate effect on summer temperature. We find that the net SW absorbed by the surface is sensitive to the shrub and tree heights, which act to strengthen the albedo decrease. Counteracting effects include increased snow cover and enhanced evapotranspiration causing increased cloud cover and precipitation. We find that the strength of the feedback effects resulting from increased shrub cover is more sensitive to snow cover variations than summer temperatures. Taller vegetation has a stronger influence on both spring and summer temperatures. Our results show that the positive feedback to high latitudes warming induced by increased shrub and tree cover is a robust feature across inter-annual differences in meteorological conditions, and will likely play an important role in the future.
A data-model synthesis to explain variability in calcification
observed during a CO2 perturbation mesocosm experiment
Authors: Krishna Shubham , Schartau Markus
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A series of studies were conducted during the last two decades to investigate effects of ocean acidification (OA) on phytoplankton physiology, plankton ecology, and biogeochemical dynamics of marine ecosystems. Among those studies are experiments with tanks or bags called mesocosms, with some enclosed water volume that typically comprised a natural plankton community found in the surrounding environment. The Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 – Enrichment Study PeECE-I experiment is one such study, where mesocosms were perturbed and exposed to different carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations to determine responses in growth dynamics of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi, a marine calcifying algae. The data from replicate mesocosms of PeECE-I show some natural variability and significant differences were revealed in the accumulation of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) between mesocosms of similar CO2 treatments. In our study we reanalyse PeECE-I data and apply an optimality-based model approach to understand most of the variability observed, with major focus on total alkalinity (TA) and calcification. We explore how much of the observed variability in data can be explained by variations of initial conditions and by the effect of CO2 perturbations. According to our model approach, changes in cellular calcite formation are resolved at the organism-level in response to variations in CO2. With a data assimilation (DA) method we obtain three distinctive ensembles of model solutions, with low, medium and high calcification rates. Optimised values of initial conditions turned out to be correlated with estimates physiological model parameters. The spread of ensemble model solutions captures most of the observed variability, corresponding to the combinations of parameter estimates. Optimised model solutions of the high CO2 treatment are shown to systematically overestimate observed PIC production. Thus, the simulated CO2 effect on calcification is likely too weak. At the same time our model results yield large differences in optimal mass flux estimates of carbon and of nitrogen even between mesocosms exposed to similar CO2 conditions.
Application of machine learning for real-time evaluation of salinity (or
TDS) in drinking water using photonic sensors
Authors: Roy Sandip Kumar , Sharan Preeta
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The world is facing an unprecedented problem in safeguarding 0.4 % of potable water, which is gradually depleting day-by-day. From a literature survey it has been observed that the refractive index (RI) of water changes with a change in salinity or total dissolved solids (TDS). In this paper we have proposed an automatic system that can be used for real-time evaluation of salinity or TDS in drinking water. A photonic crystal (PhC) based ring resonator sensor has been designed and simulated using the MEEP (MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation) tool and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm. The modelled and designed sensor is highly sensitive to the changes in the RI of a water sample. This work includes a real-time-based natural sequence follower, which is a machine learning algorithm of the naive Bayesian type, a sequence of statistical algorithms implemented in MATLAB with reference to training data to analyse the sample water. Further interfacing has been done using the Raspberry Pi device to provide an easy display to show the result of water analysis. The main advantage of the designed sensor with an interface is to check whether the salinity or TDS in drinking water is less than 1000 ppm or not. If it is greater than or equal to 2000 ppm, the display shows “High Salinity/TDS Observed”, and if ppm are less than or equal to 1000 ppm, then the display shows “Low salinity/TDS Observed”. The proposed sensor is highly sensitive and it can detect changes in TDS level because of the influence of any dissolved substance in water.
Areal rainfall estimation using moving cars – computer experiments
including hydrological modeling
Authors: Rabiei Ehsan , Haberlandt Uwe , Sester Monika , Fitzner Daniel , Wallner Markus
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The need for high temporal and spatial resolution precipitation data for hydrological analyses has been discussed in several studies. Although rain gauges provide valuable information, a very dense rain gauge network is costly. As a result, several new ideas have emerged to help estimating areal rainfall with higher temporal and spatial resolution. Rabiei et al. (2013) observed that moving cars, called RainCars (RCs), can potentially be a new source of data for measuring rain rate. The optical sensors used in that study are designed for operating the windscreen wipers and showed promising results for rainfall measurement purposes. Their measurement accuracy has been quantified in laboratory experiments. Considering explicitly those errors, the main objective of this study is to investigate the benefit of using RCs for estimating areal rainfall. For that, computer experiments are carried out, where radar rainfall is considered as the reference and the other sources of data, i.e., RCs and rain gauges, are extracted from radar data. Comparing the quality of areal rainfall estimation by RCs with rain gauges and reference data helps to investigate the benefit of the RCs. The value of this additional source of data is not only assessed for areal rainfall estimation performance but also for use in hydrological modeling. Considering measurement errors derived from laboratory experiments, the result shows that the RCs provide useful additional information for areal rainfall estimation as well as for hydrological modeling. Moreover, by testing larger uncertainties for RCs, they observed to be useful up to a certain level for areal rainfall estimation and discharge simulation.
Are we using the right fuel to drive hydrological models? A climate
impact study in the Upper Blue Nile
Authors: Liersch Stefan , Tecklenburg Julia , Rust Henning , Dobler Andreas , Fischer Madlen , Kruschke Tim , Koch Hagen , Hattermann Fred
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Climate simulations are the fuel to drive hydrological models that are used to assess the impacts of climate change and variability on hydrological parameters, such as river discharges, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration. Unlike with cars, where we know which fuel the engine requires, we never know in advance what unexpected side-effects might be caused by the fuel we feed our models with. Sometimes we increase the fuel's octane number (bias-correction) to achieve better performance and find out that the model behaves differently but not always as was expected or desired. This study investigates the impacts of projected climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Blue Nile catchment using two model ensembles consisting of five global CMIP5 Earth System Models and ten Regional Climate Models (CORDEX Africa). WATCH forcing data were used to calibrate an eco-hydrological model and to bias-correct both model ensembles using slightly differing approaches. On the one hand it was found that the bias-correction methods considerably improved the performance of average rainfall characteristics in the reference period (1970–1999) in most of the cases. This also holds true for non-extreme discharge conditions between Q20 and Q80. On the other hand, bias-corrected simulations tend to overemphasise magnitudes of projected change signals and extremes. A general weakness of both uncorrected and bias-corrected simulations is the rather poor representation of high and low flows and their extremes, which were often deteriorated by bias-correction. This inaccuracy is a crucial deficiency for regional impact studies dealing with water management issues and it is therefore important to analyse model performance and characteristics, the effect of bias-correction, and eventually to exclude some climate models from the ensemble. However, the multi-model means of all ensembles project increasing average annual discharges in the Upper Blue Nile catchment and a shift in seasonal patterns, with decreasing discharges in June and July and increasing discharges from August to November.
El diminutivo en el español de Santo Domingo
Authors: Aleza-Izquierdo Milagros
Published: September 2016

Esta investigación analiza el uso del sufijo diminutivo en un corpus oral de jóvenes de la República Dominicana. El material procede de la transcripción de veinte entrevistas orales realizadas en los años noventa en Santo Domingo. En este estudio se realiza un análisis de las ocurrencias documentadas, su morfología, sus preferencias en cuanto a la selección de las clases de palabras que se toman como base para la formación de diminutivos, sus posibles valores semánticos y comunicativos, y, por último, se determina la frecuencia de uso del diminutivo en función del sexo de los hablantes.
Correlation between anxiety and academic self-concept in interpreter trainees
Authors: Arnaiz-Castro Patricia , Pérez-Luzardo Díaz Jessica
Published: September 2016

This paper focuses on two basic issues: the anxiety-generating nature of the interpreting task and the relevance of interpreter trainees’ academic self-concept. The first has already been acknowledged, although not extensively researched, in several papers, and the second has only been mentioned briefly in interpreting literature. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the anxiety and academic self-concept constructs among interpreter trainees. An adapted version of the Foreign Language Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986), the Academic Autoconcept Scale (Schmidt, Messoulam & Molina, 2008) and a background information questionnaire were used to collect data. Students’ t-Test analysis results indicated that female students reported experiencing significantly higher levels of anxiety than male students. No significant gender difference in self-concept levels was found. Correlation analysis results suggested, on the one hand, that younger would-be interpreters suffered from higher anxiety levels and students with higher marks tended to have lower anxiety levels; and, on the other hand, that younger students had lower self-concept levels and higher-ability students held higher self-concept levels. In addition, the results revealed that students with higher anxiety levels tended to have lower self-concept levels. Based on these findings, recommendations for interpreting pedagogy are discussed.
Being impolite while pretending to be polite. The rupture of politeness conventions in electoral debates
Authors: Fernández García Francisco
Published: September 2016

This paper is a part of a larger research that pursues a global understanding of impoliteness in face-to-face electoral debates. That research distinguishes three essential axes, three complementary analytical perspectives: functional strategies of impoliteness, linguistic-discursive mechanisms to implement them and social impacts of impolite acts. In this frame, the present work develops an in-depth analysis of a special category of mechanisms, namely the rupture of politeness conventions, a subgroup within postliteral implicit mechanisms. This subgroup acquires its identity by the fact of carrying out a linguistic action that is conventionally associated with a polite attitude, but doing it in a rhetorically insincere way: the consequence is that apparent politeness becomes impoliteness. Relevant aspects in the characterization of ruptures are isolated and, on this basis, it is developed a detailed analysis of three specific kinds of mechanisms in which ruptures take shape: using ironic statements, developing different forms of overpoliteness and adopting a falsely collaborative attitude toward the interlocutor. The analysis of that group of mechanisms takes into account, simultaneously, the other two axes of the main research, strategies and social impacts.
Calificación del test oral EEE-4: análisis del discurso basado basado en redes complejas
Authors: Lǐ 李戈 Gē
Published: September 2016

Con el desarrollo de la informática, en la investigación del lenguaje se introdujo la teoría y metodología de redes complejas, que transforma el sistema de la lengua en las redes complejas compuestas de nodos y enlaces para hacer un análisis cuantitativo de la estructura de la lengua. El desarrollo de la gramática de dependencias proporciona un apoyo teórico a la construcción del corpus anotado (treebank), por lo que el análisis estadístico con las redes complejas se hace posible. Este artículo presenta la teoría y metodología de las redes complejas y construye las redes sintácticas de dependencia a base del corpus anotado (treebank) de las expresiones orales del examen EEE-4 (Examen del Español como Especialidad - Nivel 4). Mediante el análisis de las características generales de las redes, incluyendo el número de nodos, los enlaces, el grado medio, la longitud media de los caminos, la distribución de grados y la centralización, tiene como objetivo descubrir la diferencia y similitud potencial entre las expresiones orales de distintos niveles. Además, con el análisis de conglomerados, esta investigación pretende demostrar la capacidad discriminatoria de las variables de las redes complejas y proporcionar una referencia potencial para el trabajo de calificación.
Psychological Realism in Early Prose Narrative: Dreams in the 1001 Nights and the Greek Novel
Authors: Bowles Henry
Published: September 2016

The erstwhile dominant received wisdom that psychological “realism” is unique to the European novel after the seventeenth century is now definitively untenable. Subjugation of deed and act to psyche and affect is, as this article shows, neither especially Modern nor especially European. “Realism” of heart and mind suffuses post-Classical Greek and Arabic prose narrative, appearing as it does in the guise of the various species of the pathetic fallacy, or the externalizing of affect in free-indirect discourse, perspectival ekphrasis, and phantasy (diurnal or no). As in the Modern novel, inordinate focus on characters' “inner” life seems related to a democratizing of literature in urban milieux, the banal desire of non-heroic characters finding itself subject to unusually earnest treatment. This article examines feeling's displacement, especially in the oneiric phantasy, in Daphnis kai Chloē, Longus's novel of the fourth century CE, and al-Nāʾim wa-l-yaqẓān (The Sleeper and the Waker), a cycle of Alf layla wa-layla (The 1001 Nights). Plot in each bends to the characters' erōs (love) and shahwa (desire), as the guileless lovers of the first learn to realize their mutual lust in phantasy first and the dissolute wag of the second is made “caliph for a day” in a factitious dream.
Beckford's Vathek in Italy: The Reception by Mario Praz, Alberto Moravia, and Giaime Pintor
Authors: Niedda Daniele
Published: September 2016

The focus of this article is on three relevant, and very different, intellectual Italian figures, whose interest in William Beckford in the first half of the twentieth century lit an important spark of originality among three literary luminaries: Mario Praz, Alberto Moravia, and Giaime Pintor. Praz introduced Beckford to the Italian literary scene and Moravia wrote the introduction to the first Italian translation of Beckford's most significant work, Vathek, which Pintor had finished but could not see into print due to his premature death. Beckford was an inspiring example in the 1930s and 1940s for intellectual outsiders such as Praz, Moravia, and Pintor, a model defiant not only of the homophobic muscularity of Fascistic aesthetics, but also of the hegemony of Italian neo-idealism, which predated Fascism and remained long after. Praz the critic and Pintor the translator enjoy a larger share of this essay because Beckford was their discovery and appealed to them in very different ways. It is in this very difference in their fascination with Beckford, I argue, that their diverse marginality can be more fully appreciated.
Seeking the Divine, Divining the Seekers: The Status of Outsiders Who Seek Yahweh in Ezra 6:21
Authors: Jones Christopher M.
Published: September 2016

This article argues, pace Thiessen, that the boundaries of restored Israel in Ezra 1–6 are porous: the texts that establish the community's exclusivism do so only provisionally, in place of a working temple cult. This is shown especially in Ezra 2:61–63, where priests who cannot find written proof of their ancestry must wait for Urim and Thummim. Thus, during the Passover in Ezra 6:19–21, the cult (rather than written documents) ultimately establishes boundaries, permitting the inclusion of outsiders.
The Impact of Liquidity on the Capital Structure: Evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Ghasemi Maziar , Hisyam Ab Razak Nazrul
Published: September 2016

For many years, liquidity of a company’s asset and its effect on the optimal debt level has been a controversial issue among scholars in finance studies. Prior studies have demonstrated that in some countries, asset liquidity increased debt level while in other countries liquid companies were less leveraged and more regularly financed by their own capital. This study investigates the effect of liquidity on the capital structure among the 300 listed companies in the Main market of Bursa Malaysia from 2005 to 2013 fiscal years. Pooled OLS is applied to investigate the impact of liquidity ratios on different Debt ratios. Liquidity of a company, which is the independent variable of this study, is measured by two common ratios which are: quick ratio and current ratio. Additionally, the Debt/Equity and Debt/Asset ratios represent the capital structures based on the short-term, long-term and total debt. The results show that all the measures of liquidity have significant impacts on all the proxies of leverage. According to the results, Quick ratio has a positive effect on leverage; although, Current ratio is negatively related to leverage. Moreover, short-term debt is more influenced by liquidity compared to long-term debt.
An Analytical Study on Investors’ Preference towards Mutual Fund Investment: A Study in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Noor Nahar , Rahman Sarabia
Published: September 2016

Mutual fund is an investment instrument which assembles the savings of millions of small and retail investors into large capital formation. The fundamental objective behind investment in mutual fund is to earn good return with relatively low risk. Mutual fund is acting as an important investment alternatives for general investors. In Bangladesh, mutual fund was first introduced by Investment Corporation of Bangladesh (ICB) in 1980. The main purpose of doing this research is to analyze the investors’ preference towards mutual fund and factors affecting the investors’ preference towards mutual fund. By using 5-point Likert scale in structured questionnaire, researchers have measured the factors affecting the attitude of investors towards mutual fund. Descriptive statistical tools like chi square test have been used for analyzing the data. It is found that, the demographical factors- gender, income and savings have significant influence on the investor’s attitude towards mutual funds investment. Investors prefer mutual fund as safety of life and return on investment. It is identified that, most of the investors are not satisfied with their investment. The study has suggested some important policy measures such as regulatory change, creating investors awareness, encouraging the private companies to raise fund through mutual fund.
Financial Development and Economic Growth in the WAEMU Zone: A Causality Analysis according to Granger
Authors: Martin Zahore Gnoleba
Published: September 2016

The present article deals with the empirical links between the financial development and the economic growth in the WAEMU zone. The sample includes eight countries and concerns the period 1990-2014. The study is based on the VAR approach (Vector auto regression), test of co-integration of Johansen and models with correction of error of the integrated variables. The results suggest that the financial development and the economic growth are co-integrated. Besides these relations are characterized by causality in the sense of Granger unidirectional going from the financial development towards the economic growth. These results show that the countries of the WAEMU zone have to set up appropriate measures to booster the development of their financial systems.
Determinants of Swaziland’s Sugar Export: A Gravity Model Approach
Authors: Dlamini Sotja G. , Edriss Abdi-Khalil , R. Phiri Alexander , Masuku Micah B.
Published: September 2016

The sugar industry in Swaziland is the highest contributor to the government treasury through taxation, social services and trade. The sugar industry also plays a crucial role in the Swaziland’s economy by influencing economic growth and employment. Given the role of the Swaziland’s sugar industry, it is therefore important to understand the influencing factors of the Swaziland sugar exports volumes to its major trading partners. The study objective was to analyze the factors determining sugar export from Swaziland to her trading partners using a gravity model approach. The study used panel dataset for the period 2001 to 2013. The results showed that Swaziland’s GDP, importer’s GDP, importer’s land area and official common language had significant positive effects on Swaziland’s sugar exports. The study further revealed that the creation of COMESA and EU trading blocs had significant positive effects on the Swaziland’s sugar exports. This implies that the above-mentioned factors have contributed to the sugar trade flows increase during the time period under study. On the other hand, importer’s population, Swaziland openness and distance between Swaziland and her trading partner’s capital cities had a significant negative effect on Swaziland’s sugar export flows. It is therefore recommended that policies that lead to the exceptional advancement of the Swaziland and importer’s economy should be promoted which will have an effects on the Swaziland GDP and importer’s GDP. Trading with less self-sufficient, neighbouring countries and deepening the economic integration processes enhances Swaziland sugar exports flows.
The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis, Does It Sustain?
Authors: Al-Zu'bi Bashar , Salameh Hussein , Abu Eid Qasim Mousa
Published: September 2016

This paper studies the short and long term relationship between S&P500 USA stock market index and the stock market indices of 30 countries around the world over the period June 2010-April 2015. We implement OLS regression and use error correction model to examine the short and long term relationship between the variables. Empirically, we find that there is a relationship on the short and long term between S&P500 and the indices of 27 countries from East Asia, Europe, Latin America, Middle East as well as the countries of Australia and Canada. These results conclude that the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 significantly and lengthy increased the already high level of co-movement between the USA financial market and the observed stock market for 27 countries around the world. The findings from our research are important; however, we believe that further research based on our findings is necessary.
Social and Emotional Learning with Families
Authors: Dinallo Anna Marie
Published: September 2016

A Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) framework was used in this study to gather and analyze the perceptions of mothers involved in a critical family literacy program designed to foster social and emotional development. Through narrative inquiry, participants discussed perceptions of their children’s social-emotional development and the expanded use of existing parenting tools. Even though parents are primary agents of change, the cultural backgrounds of families has too often been a missing ingredient in both the curriculum development and participation phases of and social and emotional learning within school-based programs. Family engagement programs are particularly important for Latino parents who are recent immigrants, as they have the additional burden of contending with such stressors in school settings as race, language barriers, and stereotypes afflicting educators. All participants in this study had existing knowledge in the area of emotional development and were able to discuss the value of self-care and self-regulation with respect to parenting their children. This research contributes to studies in the fields of family engagement and popular education pedagogy besides providing the reader with an examination of the implications of effective socio-emotional curriculum in elementary school settings.
Degree Splitting of Heronian Mean Graphs
Authors: Sandhya S. S. , Raja Merly E. Ebin , Deepa S. D.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we prove Heronian Mean labeling of some degree splitting graphs. Already we have proved Heronian Mean labeling for some standard graphs. Here we prove that degree splitting of Path P3, Path P4, P3ʘK1, P2ʘK1,2, P2ʘK1,3,  P2ʘK3 are Heronian Mean graphs.
Bij een honderdste verjaardag: over rechtsmacht van de burgerlijke rechter in de Cariben op grond van de regel ‘distributie is attributie’
Authors: van den Heuvel R.F.
Published: September 2016

Bij een honderdste verjaardag: over rechtsmacht van de burgerlijke rechter in de Cariben op grond van de regel ‘distributie is attributie’

De vuistregel ‘distributie is attributie’ heeft inmiddels beperkingen, die met name zichtbaar worden als toepassing ervan leidt tot het moeten baseren van rechtsmacht van de burgerlijke rechter op artikel 103b Rv. Dat artikel kan niet dienen als grondslag voor rechtsmacht. Andere rechtsgeldige grondslagen voor rechtsmacht, die met toepassing van de regel ‘distributie is attributie’ over het hoofd worden gezien, zijn te vinden in het internationale recht. Wanneer men de internationale of interregionale bevoegdheidsvraag beantwoordt vóór toe te komen aan de relatieve bevoegdheidsvraag (top down in plaats van bottom up), vermijdt men vast te lopen in de beperkingen van de vuistregel.
A MÍDIA COMO CONTEÚDO PROGRAMÁTICO NA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES
Authors: dos Santos Carvalho Anderson , Madia Mantovani Aline , Perna Silva Tatyane , Pugliesi Abdalla Pedro
Published: September 2016

This paper aims to analyze the dissemination of content on physical culture by the media and develop ideas about the training of Physical Education teachers. The media, while diffusing institution information, it uses its power to convey symbolic references to bodily beauty models associated with notions of health are not always consistent with the reality of the majority of the population, spreading the elements of physical culture as a major means for this purpose. Being a local school for building/dissemination of knowledge, it is up to their teachers analyze such media messages and work with students in order to question them and relates them to the best reality brought. Thus, training courses for teachers in Physical Education are the gateway to the start of this type of questioning, enabling subjects to access the theoretical elements so that they can reflect on the information and images transmitted by the media, including mainly the spectacle of the sport, this study focus. As above, the foregoing discussion is of fundamental importance for the future teachers have access to knowledge about how the information related to the body and bodily practices are produced and disseminated in society today. Consequently, these individuals may perform a reading quality content circulating in the media through put and may have a different future role in society, against standards of beauty, health and pre-established body.
Editorial: Theoretical and Empirical Islamic Economics
Authors: B. Ghassan Hassan
Published: September 2016

Editorial
« Musa levis gloria magna » : la recusatio chez les poètes élégiaques des Lumières
Authors: Loubère Stéphanie
Published: September 2016

Les cheveux flottants, l’élégie a traversé les siècles de sa démarche inégale, et fait résonner ses chants déliés sans jamais se fixer en un lieu. Comme son inspiration, ses inflexions sont vagabondes mais reconnaissables à leur étrange façon d’imposer leur légèreté avec une morgue discrète. Peu de formes poétiques ont poussé aussi loin l’art de cultiver l’indécision sur l’ambition qu’elles poursuivent : à l’âge classique, l’élégie reste le genre insaisissable apparu lorsque les poètes antiques ont brigué une gloire en dehors de la grande tradition héroïque et donné au roman du coeur ses lettres de noblesse poétiques. Ses diverses métamorphoses et les débats qui ont accompagné sa survie littéraire n’ont jamais effacé cette ambiguïté constitutive, qui fait d’elle un genre en quête de reconnaissance dans un système de hiérarchie qu’elle contribue, de par son existence même, à renverser. C’est ainsi qu’au xviiie siècle, l’élégie a participé de près à l’effervescence problématique de la poésie, en un siècle dont la métromanie peut se comprendre à la fois comme signe d’une vigueur et comme symptôme d’un déclin. Dans ce contexte, l’élégie a focalisé un certain nombre de questions qui renvoient plus ou moins directement à la « crise de la poésie » qui affecte le siècle.
L’éclat, le gémissement et la plainte. De l’oraison funèbre classique ou de l’impondérable élégie en prose (Bossuet et Fléchier)
Authors: Van der Schueren Éric
Published: September 2016

La plainte a trouvé, dès l’Antiquité grecque, sa forme fixe en poésie dans l’élégie. Mais elle ne lui appartient pas en propre et a contaminé, depuis l’Antiquité, les genres en prose. Dans la France classique, le premier d’entre eux semble être l’éloquence funèbre, où la déploration se mêle à l’élévation spirituelle de son public. Or, dans la suite des prescriptions de Cicéron, toujours admises alors, la poésie et ses ornements ne peuvent se retrouver dans la prose. Malgré cette injonction répétée, sinon respectée, Bossuet et Fléchier, appelés à faire l’oraison funèbre de telle ou telle grande figure défunte de leur temps, n’hésiteront pas à recourir aux tonalités et aux moyens de l’élégie, tout en respectant les contraintes propres à l’éloquence dans son absolu mais aussi à la pratique d’un genre qui s’inscrit d’abord dans un rituel chrétien et eucharistique. Cette difficile négociation entre prestiges poétiques et prescriptions taxinomiques de l’éloquence sacrée est ici analysée, à partir de certains textes comme de leurs commentateurs du xviiie siècle.
De la Caserne au volcan : les Poésies érotiques de Parny entre xviiie siècle et modernité
Authors: Aravecchia Massimiliano
Published: September 2016

Malgré la renommée qui l’a accompagné de son vivant, Évariste Parny (1753-1814) demeure un auteur oublié de nos jours. Parmi les causes de cet oubli, la condamnation que les poètes romantiques (notamment Lamartine) ont prononcé contre la volupté et l’impiété de ses oeuvres tient une place de choix. Néanmoins, ses Poésies érotiques (1778) informent à bien des égards l’évolution de la poésie lyrique à la frontière entre Ancien Régime et xixe siècle. L’amalgame de biographie et de fiction annonce chez Parny la problématique définition du sujet lyrique propre au romantisme ; en outre, l’insistance sur une destinataire unique et les traits d’exotisme de son oeuvre constituent autant d’éléments qu’exploiteront les poètes du xixe siècle. L’originalité majeure des Poésies érotiques repose essentiellement sur le renouveau du genre élégiaque : à travers l’addition d’un livre d’« Élégies », le poète met en perspective son expérience amoureuse ; il ouvre ainsi le « chant du moi » à une temporalité qu’ignorait la poésie « fugitive » du xviiie siècle et qui prélude au topos romantique de la fuite du temps.
The Effect of Input Enhancement and Concordance-based Activities on Iranian EFL Learners' Acquisition and Retention of Phrasal Verbs
Authors: BEHZADIAN KHATEREH
Published: September 2016

Phrasal verbs are commonly used in spoken English but they are difficult for learners to acquire. This is mainly because such verbs, in their combinations with various prepositional/adverbial particles, often exhibit figurative senses not readily clear to the learner. Due to the problems experienced by Iranian EFL learners in acquiring phrasal verbs, this study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of reading with input enhancement and concordance-based materials on 60 Iranian EFL learners' acquisition and retention of phrasal verbs. To this end, three intact classes were assigned to: 1) reading with input enhancement group, 2) concordance-based group, and 3) a control group. These classes had equal numbers of participants and prior to the treatment, participants were asked to complete a pre-test to ascertain their unfamiliarity with the target phrasal verbs. After a ten- session treatment period, the production and retention of the target phrasal verbs were tested through a post-test and a delayed posttest. The results of the ANOVA revealed the superiority of the reading with input enhancement group over concordance-based group in both acquisition and retention of phrasal verbs. In addition, through Pearson Correlation it was found that the knowledge of phrasal verbs has a positive relationship with learners' cloze reading comprehension. The study concluded with some pedagogical implications.
Pascal's Wager and the Long Conversation: Preserving the Scholarly Record in the Academic Library
Authors: BLACK DOUGLAS M
Published: September 2016

This essay explores ubiquity and transience in information resources, raising questions about the nature of a work and how researchers and librarians may need to adjust our assumptions about the nature of the scholarly record. In the academic library, keeping up with the accelerating pace of information production and the development of formats has become extremely difficult. While one of the long-assumed functions of libraries is to preserve the human record, the task has reached impossible proportions. Our current environment challenges our basic notions of what constitutes the human record. As information online moves into formats less fixed but more accessible, along with the format shifts have come significant changes in ownership and access models, forcing us to reconsider how we interact with information. Today's information ubiquity helps us see that we have created far more material documenting human experience than libraries have ever captured and preserved, and we may not have been preserving the human record as comprehensively as we have believed. The concurrent transience of information—the increasing pace at which it is changing and even becoming deliberately changeable—points to the difficulty of continuing to believe that content is static and that preservation is what research libraries do. We may need to begin thinking differently about what constitutes the scholarly record and how we create, evaluate, and use it. We may need to begin accepting that our lives and their documentation are more transitory than we have ever wanted to think.
Developing a predictive risk model for first‐line antiretroviral therapy failure in South Africa
Authors: Rohr Julia K , Ive Prudence , Horsburgh C Robert , Berhanu Rebecca , Shearer Kate , Maskew Mhairi , Long Lawrence , Sanne Ian , Bassett Jean , Ebrahim Osman , Fox Matthew P
Published: September 2016

Introduction

A substantial number of patients with HIV in South Africa have failed first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although individual predictors of first‐line ART failure have been identified, few studies in resource‐limited settings have been large enough for predictive modelling. Understanding the absolute risk of first‐line failure is useful for patient monitoring and for effectively targeting limited resources for second‐line ART. We developed a predictive model to identify patients at the greatest risk of virologic failure on first‐line ART, and to estimate the proportion of patients needing second‐line ART over five years on treatment.

Methods

A cohort of patients aged ≥18 years from nine South African HIV clinics on first‐line ART for at least six months were included. Viral load measurements and baseline predictors were obtained from medical records. We used stepwise selection of predictors in accelerated failure‐time models to predict virologic failure on first‐line ART (two consecutive viral load levels >1000 copies/mL). Multiple imputations were used to assign missing baseline variables. The final model was selected using internal‐external cross‐validation maximizing model calibration at five years on ART, and model discrimination, measured using Harrell's C‐statistic. Model covariates were used to create a predictive score for risk group of ART failure.

Results

A total of 72,181 patients were included in the analysis, with an average of 21.5 months (IQR: 8.8–41.5) of follow‐up time on first‐line ART. The final predictive model had a Weibull distribution and the final predictors of virologic failure were men of all ages, young women, nevirapine use in first‐line regimen, low baseline CD4 count, high mean corpuscular volume, low haemoglobin, history of TB and missed visits during the first six months on ART. About 24.4% of patients in the highest quintile and 9.4% of patients in the lowest quintile of risk were predicted to experience treatment failure over five years on ART.

Conclusions

Age, sex, CD4 count and having any missed visits during the first six months on ART were the strongest predictors of ART failure. The predictive model identified patients at high risk of failure, and the predicted failure rates over five years closely reflected actual rates of failure.
Secretagogin expression delineates functionally-specialized populations of striatal parvalbumin-containing interneurons
Authors: Garas Farid N , Shah Rahul S , Kormann Eszter , Doig Natalie M , Vinciati Federica , Nakamura Kouichi C , Dorst Matthijs C , Smith Yoland , Magill Peter J , Sharott Andrew
Published: September 2016

Corticostriatal afferents can engage parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons to rapidly curtail the activity of striatal projection neurons (SPNs), thus shaping striatal output. Schemes of basal ganglia circuit dynamics generally consider striatal PV+ interneurons to be homogenous, despite considerable heterogeneity in both form and function. We demonstrate that the selective co-expression of another calcium-binding protein, secretagogin (Scgn), separates PV+ interneurons in rat and primate striatum into two topographically-, physiologically- and structurally-distinct cell populations. In rats, these two interneuron populations differed in their firing rates, patterns and relationships with cortical oscillations in vivo. Moreover, the axons of identified PV+/Scgn+ interneurons preferentially targeted the somata of SPNs of the so-called ‘direct pathway’, whereas PV+/Scgn- interneurons preferentially targeted ‘indirect pathway’ SPNs. These two populations of interneurons could therefore provide a substrate through which either of the striatal output pathways can be rapidly and selectively inhibited to subsequently mediate the expression of behavioral routines.
Automated structure refinement of macromolecular assemblies from cryo-EM maps using Rosetta
Authors: Wang Ray Yu-Ruei , Song Yifan , Barad Benjamin A , Cheng Yifan , Fraser James S , DiMaio Frank
Published: September 2016

Cryo-EM has revealed the structures of many challenging yet exciting macromolecular assemblies at near-atomic resolution (3–4.5Å), providing biological phenomena with molecular descriptions. However, at these resolutions, accurately positioning individual atoms remains challenging and error-prone. Manually refining thousands of amino acids – typical in a macromolecular assembly – is tedious and time-consuming. We present an automated method that can improve the atomic details in models that are manually built in near-atomic-resolution cryo-EM maps. Applying the method to three systems recently solved by cryo-EM, we are able to improve model geometry while maintaining the fit-to-density. Backbone placement errors are automatically detected and corrected, and the refinement shows a large radius of convergence. The results demonstrate that the method is amenable to structures with symmetry, of very large size, and containing RNA as well as covalently bound ligands. The method should streamline the cryo-EM structure determination process, providing accurate and unbiased atomic structure interpretation of such maps.
Correlation Between Standardize Patients’ Perceptions of Osteopathic Medical Students and Students’ Self-Rated Empathy
Authors: McTighe Adam J. , DiTomasso Robert A. , Felgoise Stephanie , Hojat Mohammadreza
Published: September 2016

Context: The use of standardized patients (SPs) promotes and enhances interpersonal skill sets of medical students and provides a critical opportunity for students to display their relational competence during simulated patient encounters.

Objective: To investigate whether SPs’ ratings of osteopathic medical students’ empathy and interpersonal skills correlate with students’ self-rated empathy.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional quantitative design. After SP encounters, first-, second-, and third-year osteopathic medical students self-rated empathy using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy medical student version. Standardized patients also assessed students’ empathy using the Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy and interpersonal skills using the Professionalism Assessment Ratings Scale.

Results: Of 780 first-, second-, and third-year students, 717 students returned the survey (91.9%). In total, 383 students were women (53.4%) and 334 were men (46.6%). Of 717 SP encounters, SPs returned surveys for 648 encounters (90.3%). Ratings from SPs regarding their perceptions of osteopathic medical students’ empathetic abilities and interpersonal skills did not correlate with students’ self-rated empathy scores. Second- and third-year students were perceived by SPs as having better-developed empathetic and interpersonal skill sets when compared with first-year students. Results of SPs’ ratings indicated that the higher the interpersonal skills, the higher the SP-perceived empathy for students across all years (r=0.66; P<.001).

Conclusion: Students’ self-rated empathy did not correlate with SP-perceived empathy. However, the findings validated that students’ core relational competencies increase as they progress through medical school.