bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2A using Water Extraction Indexes over Volta River
Authors: Kwang Clement , Jnr Edward Matthew Osei , Amoah Adwoa Sarpong
Published: December 2017

Remote sensing data are most often used in water bodies’ extraction studies and the type of remote sensing data used also play a crucial role on the accuracy of the extracted water features. The performance of the proposed water indexes among the various satellite images is not well documented in literature. The proposed water indexes were initially developed with a particular type of data and with advancement and introduction of new satellite images especially Landsat 8 and Sentinel, therefore the need to test the level of performance of these water indexes as new image datasets emerged. Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2A image of part Volta River was used. The water indexes were performed and then ISODATA unsupervised classification was done. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient values range from 98.0% to 99.8% and 0.94 to 0.98 respectively. Most of water bodies enhancement indexes work better on Sentinel 2A than on Landsat 8. Among the Landsat based water bodies enhancement ISODATA unsupervised classification, the modified normalized water difference index (MNDWI) and normalized water difference index (NDWI) were the best classifier while for Sentinel 2A, the MNDWI and the automatic water extraction index (AWEI_nsh) were the optimal classifier. The least performed classifier for both Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2A was the automatic water extraction index (AWEI_sh). The modified normalized water difference index (MNDWI) has proved to be the universal water bodies enhancement index because of its performance on both the Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2A image.
Potential of Mangrove Apples (Sonneratia alba) as a Botanical Insecticide
Authors: Siahaya Victor George , Moniharapon Trijunianto , Mailoa Meigy Nelce , Leatemia Johanna Audrey
Published: December 2017

This study aims to determine the potential of mangrove apple extract (Sonneratia alba) as a botanical insecticide. Tests were conducted to observe the bioactivity of mangrove apple extract and phytochemical tests were conducted in order to see the content of bioactive compounds. The test results showed that the mortality rate of test larva (Nezara viridula) reached 98%, while the phytochemical test showed that the mangrove fruit contains phytotoxin compounds that can affect the behavior and even kill the test larvae. The compounds found are flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, phenolics, and saponins. The influence of flavonoid compounds is strong enough to attract insects.
THE NEW EU VOTING SYSTEM - THE OLD WEST-EAST NORTH-SOUTH DIVISION
Authors: Marjan Attila
Published: December 2017

Economic governance reforms and Eurozone consolidation has significant institutional and political consequences: a multiple-tier integration is ever more realistic. „Out” countries seek to mitigate the negative impact of these developments. In this respect V4 - Visegrad countries differ a lot: Slovakia, a relative latecomer in economic reforms is part of the currency union. Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic are not Euro-members. But even this sub-group is divided: Poland intends to join whenever requirements are fulfilled while the Hungarian and the Czech governments are cool on accession. At the same time, further economic federalisation in the Eurozone is to come. Against this background, the question whether a long-term "great divide” among V4 group countries in relation to their EU policies and consequently their future situation in the rapidly altering EU will be maintained, is of key importance.
Migrant Image as an "Other Some" in the Russian Mass Media
Authors: Bakanov Roman P. , Egorova Lilia G. , Tumanov Dmitriy V.
Published: December 2017

This article reveals the main approaches and methods of forming a perception stereotype of the migrant image as "other some" in the Russian mass media. The authors of this article analyzed three federal print publications - "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", "Trud" and "Komsomolskaya Pravda", characterized as mass editions, which enabled to make the most complete coverage of several segments of the readership and to highlight the most widespread meaning of the "migrant" concept in the public consciousness. The study of the dynamics of using the "migrant" concept for the period of 2000-2013 in the Russian print media made it possible to conclude that there were shifts towards a positive assessment of "other some". If the "language of enmity" was used in the public consciousness to form the migrant image at the beginning of the period under investigation, which led to the consolidation of migrant phobia, then the situation changed by 2013 - the migrant image was more often associated with a victim of interethnic tension and corruption. The new migrant image is the image of a migrant who has not found a better life, but has adopted Russia as a second home and therefore trying to adopt new standards and living conditions and helping to solve many of the social and economic problems of Russian society. 
Spectral Performance and Calibration of the Suomi NPP OMPS Nadir Profiler Sensor
Authors: Pan C. , Weng F. , Flynn L.
Published: December 2017

The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) is one of five instruments on board the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite. As part of OMPS, the Nadir Profiler (NP) spectrometer measures Earth's albedo in ultraviolet wavelengths from 250 to 310 nm to profile Earth atmospheric ozone concentration. Since launch in 2011, many changes in the NP radiometric and spectrometric calibration have been made to improve sensor data quality. The most challenging issue is to characterize instrument on‐orbit spectral calibration and to maintain a stable spectral performance to meet sensor design criteria. Validation of the NP sensor data found an average of 3–5% error in the sensor albedo measurements that exceeded 2% requirement, creating 1–2% uncertainty in ozone profile. Data analysis attributes the error to prelaunch calibration uncertainty, ground‐to‐orbit dichroic changes, and on‐orbit detector wavelength registration drifts. A recent update of calibration significantly improved spectral wavelength knowledge as well as the accuracy of the measured solar spectra. As a result, the wavelength‐dependent albedo error is significantly reduced and generally meets the radiometric uncertainty requirement of 2%.
Large Lakes Dominate CO2Evasion From Lakes in an Arctic Catchment
Authors: Rocher‐Ros Gerard , Giesler Reiner , Lundin Erik , Salimi Shokoufeh , Jonsson Anders , Karlsson Jan
Published: December 2017

CO2evasion from freshwater lakes is an important component of the carbon cycle. However, the relative contribution from different lake sizes may vary, since several parameters underlying CO2flux are size dependent. Here we estimated the annual lake CO2evasion from a catchment in northern Sweden encompassing about 30,000 differently sized lakes. We show that areal CO2fluxes decreased rapidly with lake size, but this was counteracted by the greater overall coverage of larger lakes. As a result, total efflux increased with lake size and the single largest lake in the catchment dominated the CO2evasion (53% of all CO2evaded). By contrast, the contribution from the smallest ponds (about 27,000) was minor (<6%). Our results emphasize the importance of accounting for both CO2flux rates and areal contribution of various sized lakes in assessments of CO2evasion at the landscape scale.
Sentinel‐3A Views Ocean Variability More Accurately at Finer Resolution
Authors: Heslop E. E. , Sánchez‐Román A. , Pascual A. , Rodríguez D. , Reeve K. A. , Faugère Y. , Raynal M.
Published: December 2017

This is the first multiplatform evaluation involving data from the new Sentinel‐3A altimeter. An experiment was undertaken in the Algerian Basin, employing an ocean glider and a ship mission, along the same track and synchronous with an overpass of the Sentinel‐3A mission. This provided three independent views of the ocean velocity field, along a section that encompassed three different oceanographic regimes. The results demonstrate the capacity of Sentinel‐3A to retrieve fine‐scale oceanographic features (~20 km). The intercomparison with in situ platforms showed a significant improvement, order 30% in resolution and 42% in velocity accuracy using a synthetic aperture radar mode with respect to lower‐resolution mode of conventional altimetry. In addition, the three‐platform view provided valuable insight into the variability of evolving oceanographic features, in an area of the Mediterranean that remains chronically under sampled.
Influence of the Interplanetary Convective Electric Field on the Distribution of Heavy Pickup Ions Around Mars
Authors: Johnson B. C. , Liemohn M. W. , Fränz M. , Ramstad R. , Stenberg Wieser G. , Nilsson H.
Published: December 2017

This study obtains a statistical representation of 2–15 keV heavy ions outside of the Martian‐induced magnetosphere and depicts their organization by the solar wind convective electric field (ESW). The overlap in the lifetime of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Express (MEX) provides a period of nearly three years during which magnetometer data from MGS can be used to estimate the direction of ESW in order to better interpret MEX ion data. In this paper we use MGS estimates of ESW to express MEX ion measurements in Mars‐Sun‐Electric field (MSE) coordinates. A new methodological technique used in this study is the limitation of the analysis to a particular instrument mode for which the overlap between proton contamination and plume observations is rare. This allows for confident energetic heavy ion identification outside the induced magnetosphere boundary. On the dayside, we observe high count rates of 2–15 keV heavy ions more frequently in the +ESW hemisphere (+ZMSE) than in the −ESW hemisphere, but on the nightside the reverse asymmetry was found. The results are consistent with planetary origin ions being picked up by the solar wind convective electric field. Though a field of view hole hinders quantification of plume fluxes and velocity space, this new energetic heavy ion identification technique means that Mars Express should prove useful in expanding the time period available to assess general plume loss variation with drivers.
Temporal Evolution of Ion Spectral Structures During a Geomagnetic Storm: Observations and Modeling
Authors: Ferradas C. P. , Zhang J.‐C. , Spence H. E. , Kistler L. M. , Larsen B. A. , Reeves G. D. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O.
Published: December 2017

Using the Van Allen Probes/Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron mass spectrometer, we perform a case study of the temporal evolution of ion spectral structures observed in the energy range of 1 to ~50 keV throughout the geomagnetic storm of 2 October 2013. The ion spectral features are observed near the inner edge of the plasma sheet and are signatures of fresh transport from the plasma sheet into the inner magnetosphere. We find that the characteristics of the ion structures are determined by the intensity of the convection electric field. Prior to the beginning of the storm, the plasma sheet inner edge exhibits narrow nose spectral structures that vary little in energy across L values. Ion access to the inner magnetosphere during these times is limited to the nose energy bands. As convection is enhanced and large amounts of plasma are injected from the plasma sheet during the main phase of the storm, ion access occurs at a wide energy range, as no nose structures are observed. As the magnetosphere recovers from the storm, single noses and then multiple noses are observed once again. We use a model of ion drift and losses due to charge exchange to simulate the ion spectra and gain insight into the main observed features.
Synthetic Empirical Chorus Wave Model From Combined Van Allen Probes and Cluster Statistics
Authors: Agapitov O. V. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Mozer F. S. , Hospodarsky G. , Bonnell J. , Krasnoselskikh V.
Published: December 2017

Chorus waves are among the most important natural electromagnetic emissions in the magnetosphere as regards to their potential effects on electron dynamics. They can efficiently accelerate or precipitate electrons trapped in the outer radiation belt, producing either fast increases of relativistic particle fluxes or auroras at high latitudes. Accurately modeling their effects, however, requires detailed models of their wave power and obliquity distribution as a function of geomagnetic activity in a particularly wide spatial domain, rarely available based solely on the statistics obtained from only one satellite mission. Here we seize the opportunity of synthesizing data from the Van Allen Probes and Cluster spacecraft to provide a new comprehensive chorus wave model in the outer radiation belt. The respective spatial coverages of these two missions are shown to be especially complementary and further allow a good cross calibration in the overlap domain. We used 4 years (2012–2016) of Van Allen Probes VLF data in the chorus frequency range up to 12 kHz at latitudes lower than 20°, combined with 10 years of Cluster VLF measurements up to 4 kHz in order to provide a full coverage of geomagnetic latitudes up to 45° in the chorus frequency range 0.1fce–0.8fce. The resulting synthetic statistical model of chorus wave amplitude, obliquity, and frequency is presented in the form of analytical functions of latitude and Kp in three different magnetic local time sectors and for two ranges of L shells outside the plasmasphere. Such a synthetic and reliable chorus model is crucially important for accurately modeling global acceleration and loss of electrons over the long run in the outer radiation belt, allowing a comprehensive description of electron flux variations over a very wide energy range.
June Solstice Equatorial Spread F in the American Sector: A Numerical Assessment of Linear Stability Aided by Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements
Authors: Zhan Weijia , S. Rodrigues Fabiano
Published: December 2017

Previous studies have suggested that weakening downward plasma drifts can produce favorable conditions for the ionospheric Generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor (GRT) instability and explain the occurrence of postmidnight equatorial spread F (ESF). We evaluated this hypothesis using numerical simulations aided by measurements and attempted to explain ESF events observed in the American sector during June solstice, low solar flux conditions. We analyzed plasma drifts and ESF measurements made by the incoherent scatter radar of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (11.95° S, 76.87° W, ∼1° dip). We found adequate measurements during a prototypical, quiet time event on 4–5 June 2008 when the downward drifts weakened and a fully developed ESF appeared. The measured drifts were used as input for the SAMI2 model. SAMI2 reproduced an “apparent” uplift of the ionosphere based on h
F measurements that was consistent with expectations and observations. SAMI2 also provided parameters for estimation of the flux tube linear growth rates of GRT instability associated with the weakening drift event. We found that the weakening drifts did produce unstable conditions with positive growth rates. The growth rates, however, were slower than those obtained for typical, premidnight ESF events and those obtained for similar drift conditions in other longitude sectors. We show, however, that departures in the wind pattern, from climatological model predictions, can produce favorable conditions for instability development. Following the hypothesis of Huba and Krall (2013) and using SAMI2 simulations, we show that equatorward winds, when combined with weakening drifts, could have contributed to the unstable conditions responsible for the postmidnight ESF events.
The Influence of Aerosol Hygroscopicity on Precipitation Intensity During a Mesoscale Convective Event
Authors: Kawecki Stacey , Steiner Allison L.
Published: December 2017

We examine how aerosol composition affects precipitation intensity using the Weather and Research Forecasting Model with Chemistry (version 3.6). By changing the prescribed default hygroscopicity values to updated values from laboratory studies, we test model assumptions about individual component hygroscopicity values of ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, and organic species. We compare a baseline simulation (BASE, using default hygroscopicity values) with four sensitivity simulations (SULF, increasing the sulfate hygroscopicity; ORG, decreasing organic hygroscopicity; SWITCH, using a concentration‐dependent hygroscopicity value for ammonium; and ALL, including all three changes) to understand the role of aerosol composition on precipitation during a mesoscale convective system (MCS). Overall, the hygroscopicity changes influence the spatial patterns of precipitation and the intensity. Focusing on the maximum precipitation in the model domain downwind of an urban area, we find that changing the individual component hygroscopicities leads to bulk hygroscopicity changes, especially in the ORG simulation. Reducing bulk hygroscopicity (e.g., ORG simulation) initially causes fewer activated drops, weakened updrafts in the midtroposphere, and increased precipitation from larger hydrometeors. Increasing bulk hygroscopicity (e.g., SULF simulation) simulates more numerous and smaller cloud drops and increases precipitation. In the ALL simulation, a stronger cold pool and downdrafts lead to precipitation suppression later in the MCS evolution. In this downwind region, the combined changes in hygroscopicity (ALL) reduces the overprediction of intense events (>70 mm d−1) and better captures the range of moderate intensity (30–60 mm d−1) events. The results of this single MCS analysis suggest that aerosol composition can play an important role in simulating high‐intensity precipitation events.
Intercultural Conflict and Conflict Management
Authors: Zhang Qin
Published: December 2017

This entry features intercultural conflict and conflict management, an inevitable occurrence in our increasingly globalized and diverse society. As people from different cultures interact on a daily basis, intercultural conflict likely arises from perceived cultural differences in beliefs, norms, and values, and from cultural misunderstanding or ignorance and different expectations. This entry provides an introduction to intercultural conflict, reviews relevant theoretical and empirical endeavors, summarizes the existing research using etic and emic perspectives, and offers critiques, as well as directions for future research.
Cultural Intelligence
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: December 2017

The demand for better management and understanding of international dealings given the variability of cultures has given rise to contemporary cross‐cultural research and establishment of intercultural communication studies. A recent conception is cultural intelligence contributed by international business and cross‐cultural management scholars. The term refers to an individual's capability to adapt at all levels— cognition, metacognition, and skills—so as to effectively manage interaction in situations with cultural diversity. This entry covers conceptualization of cultural intelligence, related works on theoretical issues and practical considerations, and most recent directions.
Culture Learning Theory
Authors: van der Zee Karen , van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter
Published: December 2017

Transition from one culture to another or local involvement in intercultural settings requires the ability to read different norms and values as well as new behavioral skills. This entry presents both phase and competency models of cultural learning. Moreover, it discusses how the insights from these models can be applied in the context of intercultural training.
Intercultural Communication, the Macro‐Structure
Authors: McDaniel Edwin R.
Published: December 2017

This entry explicates the need to consider a variety of variables influencing intercultural communication in addition to culturally based values (e.g., collectivism, uncertainty, power distance, face, etc.), which constitute only a portion of the factors shaping a worldview (Weltanschauung). Intercultural communication in globalized contexts, particularly state‐level interactions and especially conflict resolution, requires a wider frame of reference to accurately access the participants' worldview perspective. The impact of factors constituting the macro‐structure of cross‐cultural communicative exchanges must be examined in order to attain a more comprehensive, in‐depth understanding of the interactants' motivations, goals, and constraints. Macro‐structural factors include dynamics such as national ideologies, contested geopolitical issues, socioeconomic considerations, and collective historical memories. Relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States are used as a model to illustrate the selected macro‐structural factors influencing cross‐cultural communication at the nation‐state level.
Integrative Communication Theory of Cross‐Cultural Adaptation
Authors: Kim Young Yun
Published: December 2017

The integrative communication theory of cross‐cultural adaptation provides two models to explain how and why people, on relocating from a familiar home culture to a new culture, are changed by continuous experiences of interacting with the host environment. The process model presents the stress‐adaptation‐growth dynamic as the dialectic and cyclic psychological movement underpinning an individual's gradual transformation toward greater functional fitness and psychological health vis‐à‐vis the host environment and an emergent intercultural identity orientation beyond the boundaries of a single culture. The structural model highlights the individual's ability to communicate according to the host cultural norms and practices and active engagement in the host interpersonal and mass communication activities as the main engine driving his/her adaptation process. These communication factors are further explained as influencing, and being influenced by, key conditions of the host environment and the individual's own personal and ethnic predispositions.
Intercultural Communication in Healthcare
Authors: Kirschbaum Kristin A.
Published: December 2017

The complex issue of culture within healthcare has multiple facets. Verbal and nonverbal communication can create barriers to healthcare. Those barriers are exacerbated by increasingly diverse populations worldwide without equally diverse cultural affiliations of healthcare providers. Lack of trained interpreters and lack of cultural sensitivity further aggravate communication difficulties. Language barriers and minimization of cultural differences may also contribute to stereotyping behavior and biased or prejudicial attitudes toward patients and healthcare providers. At the same time, cultural beliefs and approaches to healthcare are deeply ingrained and most often not overtly communicated. Instead culture and beliefs surrounding healthcare are transmitted from one generation to another through observations that are witnessed first‐hand or through recounted experiences of others. The developmental model of intercultural sensitivity is one option that could help providers recognize the complexity of culture toward a goal of increased cultural sensitivity, ethnorelativity, and improved communication.
Synchrony in Intercultural Communication
Authors: Kim Young Yun
Published: December 2017

Research findings unambiguously indicate that a synchronic state of nonverbal configurations and rhythms in face‐to‐face interactions engenders cohesion, cooperation, and resonance between communicators. Mutually engaged interactants form symmetric synchrony when they concurrently mirror each other's nonverbal behaviors. Synchronic forms also can be asymmetric when they complement or reciprocate each other's nonverbal behaviors. Synchrony is a universal phenomenon rooted in both biopsychological and sociocultural forces of entrainment, with each culture providing a unique macro‐level synchronic system. In intercultural encounters, the interactants are likely to experience at least some degree of stress‐inducing dyssynchrony due to differences in their internalized cultural synchronic systems. Such dyssynchrony, in turn, presents opportunities for intercultural communicators to initiate and facilitate synchrony by practicing individuating and consonant communication behaviors and by orienting themselves inclusively toward culturally dissimilar others as partners in communication and with a sense of self that is secure and at ease.
Intercultural Communication Study in India
Authors: Dutta Uttaran
Published: December 2017

Intercultural communication studies as an academic discipline is relatively unknown in the Indian academy, although a few academic institutions teach topics on culture and communication (and related subdomains). While acknowledging this disciplinary gap, this entry illustrates how historically Indian academia has fostered and valued cross‐culture and cross‐cultural exchange processes. The entry then discusses the relevance and scope of potential intercultural communication studies (emphasizing some of its major aspects, such as identity, migration, conflict, competence, language, social media, and co‐cultural issues) in the context of contemporary India.
Intercultural Communication Study in Malaysia
Authors: Tamam Ezhar , Waheed Moniza
Published: December 2017

This entry introduces and describes the state of intercultural communication study in Malaysia. It summarizes where the discipline has been, highlighting the origin, significant milestones, and emerging research themes within the discipline. The entry also presents issues, challenges, and suggests critical areas for future work situated in the Malaysian sociopolitical context.
Interviews, Standardized
Authors: Möhring Wiebke , Schlütz Daniela M.
Published: December 2017

Quantitative interviewing is one of the major data collecting methods and thus has great importance in intercultural communication research. Under certain circumstances, quantitative surveys can produce representative results. As the questionnaire is central to ensure the quality of the whole interview, it is crucial to consider the cognitive answering process and the effects and errors that may go along with it. In intercultural communication research, questions of equivalence and comparability have to be considered. Interviews can be administered personally (face‐to‐face interview), via telephone, or as a self‐administered questionnaire. All modes might be supported by use of a computer, for instance as a CATI interview or a Web survey.
Speech Codes Theory
Authors: Hart Tabitha
Published: December 2017

Rooted in the ethnography of communication and based on empirical research, speech codes theory is a theoretical/methodological tool for studying situated communication practices. Two important applications of speech codes theory are to reveal local cultures and to examine the ways in which people make use of communication to accomplish important goals pertaining to communal life. Speech codes theory offers researchers a systematic approach to describing, interpreting, analyzing, and comparing local communicative practices and the cultures which they instantiate.
Communication Modes,
A
ustralian
Authors: Peeters Bert
Published: December 2017

This entry focuses on communication modes in standard Australian English. It explicitly excludes modes of communication that prevail in idiolects heavily influenced by another community language (of which there are many). The communication modes that stand out are not necessarily absent from other varieties of English, but may be less prominent in the latter. Only rarely are they actively discouraged in the other varieties. They may be grouped into three broad categories that overlap to some extent. One is related to the perceived directness of Australians, another one to the pervasive use of various forms of humor (even when it appears to be totally uncalled for), the third to the many faces of so‐called Australian egalitarianism.
Communication Modes,Chinese
Authors: Chen Guo‐Ming
Published: December 2017

The understanding of Chinese communication is approached from three aspects. First, paradigmatic assumptions reveal that Chinese culture orients to a holistic view of the universe with harmony as its cardinal value, which is sustained by interconnected relationships and an intuitive thinking pattern. Second, harmony,guanxi,mianzi, and authority form the wheel of Chinese communication, and the intertwining of the four concepts of the wheel is regulated by the ethical principles of self‐restraint, reciprocity, and respect. Third, the dynamic aspect of Chinese communication can only be observed when the ethical principles are violated, which leads to the jeopardy of harmony, especially reflected in three behavioral deviations, includingxian li hou bing, revenge, and strategy.
Communication Modes,Greek
Authors: Broome Benjamin J.
Published: December 2017

Greek communication modes are multilayered and difficult to capture, partly due to a long and complex history and Greece's geographical location at the crossroads of East and West. Underlying Greek communication are two fundamental concepts:ingroup–outgroupdistinctions and the role ofphilotimo, a core self‐concept for Greeks that cannot be translated easily into English. Interpersonal relationships are characterized by struggle and conflict, and the communication style of Greeks is usually perceived by Westerners as combative and argumentative.Kouvenda, or conversation, permeates everyday social life to a larger extent than in most Western countries, contributing to a rich oral tradition. In general, both communication and interpersonal relationships tend to be characterized by tension, which many writers believe is the essence of Greek identity.
Communication Modes,
I
talian
Authors: Capone Alessandro
Published: December 2017

This entry examines a number of modes of communication typical of Italian culture. What is common to all such modes is their theatrical nature: Italians speak as if they were acting—gesticulating and making use of iconic signs. The entry also addresses the issue of shouting and its symbolic and expressive potentialities; it examines a mode of communication (“vandiari”) that exploits both shouting and poetic language. The main idea is that communication tends to be an act of public performance and this performance therefore requires an audience for its enactment.
Communication Modes,
W
estern
Authors: Baldwin John R.
Published: December 2017

Western modes of communication include face‐to‐face and mediated modes of communication. Over the years, scholars at times have compared Western to Eastern and other non‐Western cultures by saying that Western communication is more direct, more focused on the exact meaning of the words (low context), more individualistic, and more pragmatic. In terms of mediated communication, high use of media, including Internet and social media, characterizes Western nations. However, all such claims merit caution: There are vast differences among values and communication styles among so‐called Western cultures, even using standard approaches such as Hofstede's dimensions of cultural difference, and there is much media usage and development among non‐Western cultures. This entry considers both the summary claims and the disclaimers, finding some consistency in underlying logic of Western cultures and their ideological treatment of non‐Western cultures.
Identity, Ethnolinguistic
Authors: Noels Kimberly A.
Published: December 2017

Ethnolinguistic identity refers to a subjective feeling of belonging or affiliation with a social group that is defined in terms of a common ethnic ancestry and a common language variety. Ethnolinguistic identity theory posits that people use communication accommodation strategies, including verbal and nonverbal convergence to or divergence from their communication partner in order to emphasize affiliation or disaffiliation, respectively. These microlevel intergroup interactions have implications for large‐scale, macrolevel language maintenance and shift. Related models emphasize the role of ethnolinguistic identity in the acquisition of communicative competence in new languages and the process of acculturation of ethnolinguistic groups. Recent conceptualizations of bicultural and situated identities suggest future directions for research by drawing on developmental, sociocognitive, and cultural psychology, as well as the psychology of language learning.
Intercultural and Multicultural Education
Authors: Mahon Jennifer A.
Published: December 2017

This entry provides a comprehensive account of the historical and intellectual contexts of the topics of intercultural and multicultural education. The entry details their foundational differences, examines the bridges between them, and traces their development to present‐day use. The entry establishes their commonalities and distinctions as well as their relationship to other disciplines such as intercultural communication, intercultural education and training, cross‐cultural psychology, intergroup education, and multicultural and intercultural competence.
Intercultural Training in the United States Military
Authors: Mackenzie Lauren , Miller John W.
Published: December 2017

Although it is widely acknowledged that the military represents a crucial population for which intercultural competence is directly applicable, the forms of such training are as varied as the definition of culture itself. The wide range of missions across the military, the hierarchical rank structure, and the variety of military occupation specialties mandate a broad, multidimensional approach to intercultural training. These differences are often reflected in the features of intercultural training such as topics, modes of delivery, and duration. The major components and outcomes of this training in the US military are highlighted along with the historical context from which the current state emerged.
Asiacentricity
Authors: Miike Yoshitaka
Published: December 2017

This entry discusses the conceptual significance of Asiacentricity for the theory and practice of intercultural communication. It first expounds on the idea of Asiacentricity at the paradigmatic and pragmatic levels and elaborates on its four key concepts, namely, culture, agency, ethics, and centering. It then debunks the myths of Asiacentricity by differentiating its conceptual underpinnings from ethnocentrism, cultural essentialism, antihybridity, and separatism. Finally, the entry briefly addresses the future of the Asiacentric project for culture and communication research.
Complicity Theory
Authors: McPhail Mark Lawrence
Published: December 2017

Complicity theory offers an approach to the critical consideration of difference and identity that highlights the ways in which agents are implicated in social and symbolic systems of oppression and domination. Originally conceived of as a “theory of negative difference,” it has evolved to consider how the adaptive impulses of power and privilege limit the transformative potential of discourse. The theory continues to offer a unique and provocative lens through which to analyze and understand difference, identity, and domination.
Eurocentrism
Authors: Amisi Bertha K.
Published: December 2017

This entry presents an overview of Eurocentrism and intercultural communication. It introduces the idea of Eurocentrism and its use in intercultural communication through a brief survey of the main issues and debates. The survey also highlights the key perspectives informing these debates and the specific areas in the field where the use of the idea is most evident. Also provided is a selection of important literature that has contributed to the advancement of the notion in intercultural communication studies. The main theme of the piece is the significance of this idea for understanding intercultural communication.
Whiteness Theory
Authors: Nakayama Thomas K.
Published: December 2017

This entry addresses the development and importance of whiteness to intercultural communication. The study of whiteness attempts to understand how whiteness as a social construct is deployed to privilege some people's experiences and ways of viewing the world over and above other identities. The entry traces the historical emergence of whiteness and provides an overview of how whiteness has been studied by communication scholars.
Transient performance improvement of model reference adaptive control: LMI‐based resetting
Authors: Davanipour M. , Khayatian A. , Dehghani M.
Published: December 2017

In this paper, a resetting mechanism is proposed to enhance the transient performance of model reference adaptive control. While the suggested method has a simple structure, it is capable of taking into account both the desired steady‐state behavior and the transient response, simultaneously. Whenever the transient specification is not satisfying, there is a jump in the controller parameters. This jump is determined by designing an optimal reset law. At the reset times, the after‐reset values of parameters are calculated based on a minimization problem. The considered cost function is a mixed H2/H∞ criterion, which minimizes the tracking error. The optimization problem is converted to an LMI formulation, and the reset law is designed by solving this LMI at certain reset times. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, simulation results are presented.
Utilizing Low‐Cost Eggshell Particles to Enhance the Mechanical Response of Mg–2.5Zn Magnesium Alloy Matrix
Authors: Parande Gururaj , Manakari Vyasaraj , Kopparthy Sripathi Dev Sharma , Gupta Manoj
Published: December 2017

The search for lightweight high‐performance materials is growing exponentially primarily due to ever‐increasing stricter environmental regulations and stringent service conditions. To cater to these requirements, the use of low‐cost reinforcements has been explored in the Mg matrix to develop Economically Conscious Magnesium (ECo–Mg) composites. In this study, eggshell particles (3, 5, and 7 wt%) reinforced Mg–Zn composites are synthesized using blend‐press‐sinter powder metallurgy technique. The results reveal that the addition of eggshell particles enhances microhardness, thermal stability, damping, and yield strength with an inappreciable change in the density. In particular, Mg2.5Zn7ES composite do not ignite till ≈750 °C. The overall combination of properties exhibited by Mg–Zn–ES composites exceeds many of currently used commercial alloys in the transportation sector. An attempt is made, in this study, to interrelate microstructure and properties and to study the viability of compression and ignition properties with a comparison to commercially used Mg alloys.
Correlation of Disorder and Charge Transport in a Range of Indacenodithiophene‐Based Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Nikolka Mark , Hurhangee Michael , Sadhanala Aditya , Chen Hu , McCulloch Iain , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: December 2017

Over the past 25 years, various design motifs have emerged for the development of organic semiconductors for demanding applications in flexible organic light emitting diode display backplanes or even printed organic logic. Due to their large area uniformity paired with high charge carrier mobilities, conjugated polymers have attracted increasing attention in this respect. However, the performances delivered by current generation conjugated polymers still fall short of many industrial requirements demanding devices with ideal transistor characteristics and higher mobilities. The discovery of conjugated polymers with low energetic disorder, such as the indacenodithiophene‐based polymer indacenodithiophene‐co‐benzothiadiazole, represent an exciting opportunity to breach this chasm if these materials can be further optimized while maintaining their low disorder. Here, it is shown how both the charge transport properties as well as the energetic disorder are affected by tuning the molecular structure of a large range of indacenodithiophene‐based semiconducting polymer derivatives. This study allows to understand better the interplay between molecular design and structure of the polymer backbone and the degree of energetic disorder that governs the charge transport properties in thin polymer films.
Dichotomy of Manganese Catalysis via Organometallic or Radical Mechanism: Stereodivergent Hydrosilylation of Alkynes
Authors: Yang Xiaoxu , Wang Congyang
Published: December 2017

Herein, we disclose the first manganese‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of alkynes featuring diverse selectivities. The highly selective formation of E‐products was achieved by using mononuclear MnBr(CO)5 with the arsenic ligand, AsPh3. Whereas using the dinuclear catalyst Mn2(CO)10 and LPO (dilauroyl peroxide) enabled the reversed generation of Z‐products in good to excellent stereo‐ and regioselectivity. Such a way of controlling the reaction stereoselectivity is unprecedented. Mechanistic experiments revealed the dichotomy of manganese catalysis via organometallic and radical pathways operating in the E‐ and Z‐selective routes, respectively.
Enzymatic characterization of two epsilon‐class glutathione S‐transferases of Spodoptera litura
Authors: Hirowatari Aiko , Chen Zhiwei , Mita Kazuei , Yamamoto Kohji
Published: December 2017

Two cDNAs encoding glutathione S‐transferase (GST) of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, were cloned by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequences of the resulting clones revealed 32–51% identities to the epsilon‐class GSTs from other organisms. The recombinant proteins were functionally overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells in soluble form and were purified to homogeneity. The enzymes were capable of catalyzing the bioconjugation of glutathione with 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, 1,2‐epoxy‐3‐(4‐nitrophenoxy)‐propane, and ethacrynic acid. A competition assay revealed that the GST activity was inhibited by insecticides, suggesting that it could be conducive to insecticide tolerance in the tobacco cutworm.
The relationship between student engagement with online content and achievement in a blended learning anatomy course
Authors: Green Rodney A. , Whitburn Laura Y. , Zacharias Anita , Byrne Graeme , Hughes Diane L.
Published: December 2017

Blended learning has become increasingly common in higher education. Recent findings suggest that blended learning achieves better student outcomes than traditional face‐to‐face teaching in gross anatomy courses. While face‐to‐face content is perceived as important to learning there is less evidence for the significance of online content in improving student outcomes. Students enrolled in a second‐year anatomy course from the physiotherapy (PT), exercise physiology (EP), and exercise science (ES) programs across two campuses were included (n = 500). A structural equation model was used to evaluate the relationship of prior student ability (represented by grade in prerequisite anatomy course) and final course grade and whether the relationship was mediated by program, campus or engagement with the online elements of the learning management system (LMS; proportion of documents and video segments viewed and number of interactions with discussion forums). PT students obtained higher grades and were more likely to engage with online course materials than EP and ES students. Prerequisite grade made a direct contribution to course final grade (P < 0.001) but was also mediated by engagement with LMS videos and discussion forums (P < 0.001). Student learning outcomes in a blended anatomy course can be predicted the by level of engagement with online content. Anat Sci Educ 11: 471–477. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Brückenhebung im Kalten Krieg
Authors: Braun Michael
Published: December 2017

Im Südwesten Berlins bildet seit über 100 Jahren eine sehr schöne Brücke über die Havel die Stadt‐ und die Landesgrenze zu Brandenburg, genauer gesagt zu deren Landeshauptstadt Potsdam. Selten ist wohl über eine Brücke so viel und so einseitig berichtet worden.
Study of the controlled assembly of DNA gated PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 fluorescent sensor
Authors: Chang Zheng , Mi Yinghao , Zheng Xingwang
Published: December 2017

In this paper, polyethylenimine (PEI) and Chitosan were simultaneously one‐step doped into silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles to synthesize PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 composite nanoparticles. The polymer PEI contained a large amount of amino groups, which can realize the amino functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles. And, the good pore forming effect of Chitosan was introduced into SiO2 nanoparticles, and the resulting composite nanoparticles also had a porous structure. In pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the amino groups of PEI had positive charges, and therefore the fluorescein sodium dye molecule can be loaded into the channels of PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 composite nanoparticles by electrostatic adsorption. Furthermore, utilizing the diversity of DNA molecular conformation, we designed a high sensitive controllable assembly of DNA gated fluorescent sensor based on PEI/Chitosan/SiO2 composite nanoparticles as loading materials. The factors affecting the sensing performance of the sensor were investigated, and the sensing mechanism was also further studied.
Anionic Hosts for the Incorporation of Cationic Guests
Authors: Peresypkina Eugenia , Heindl Claudia , Virovets Alexander , Brake Helena , Mädl Eric , Scheer Manfred
Published: December 2017

Pentaphosphaferrocene [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (1 a) represents an excellent building block for the template‐directed synthesis of spherical supramolecules. Here, the self‐assembly of 1 a with CuI and CuII halides in the presence of the template complexes [FeCp2][PF6], [CoCp2][PF6] and [CoCp2] is reported, testifying to the redox behavior of the formed supramolecules. The oxidation or reduction capacity of these reactive complexes does not inhibit their template impact and, for the first time, the cationic metallocene [CoCp2]+ is enclosed in unprecedented anionic organometallic hosts. Furthermore, the large variety of structural motifs, as icosahedral, trigonal antiprismatic, cuboidal and tetragonal antiprismatic arrangements of 1 a units are realized in the supramolecules [FeCp2]@[{1 a}12(CuBr)17.3] (3), [CoCp2]+3{[CoCp2]+@[{1 a}8Cu24.25Br28.25(CH3CN)6]4−} (4), {[Cp2Co]+@[{1 a}8(CuI)28 (CH3CN)9.8]}{[Cp2Co]+@[{1 a)}8Cu24.4I26.4(CH3CN)8]2−} (5), and [{1 a}3{(1 a)2NH}3Cu16I10(CH3CN)7] (6), respectively.