bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Analogues of some Human Trypsin‐binding Proteins in Swine Serum with Special Reference to Pregnancy Zone Protein (PZ) and Pregnancy Diagnosis
Authors: Martinsson Kjell , Carlström Kjell
Published: August 2010

Antisera were produced against 3 serum proteins in swine which had trypsin‐binding properties. By different methods it was concluded that the anti‐sera reacted with α1‐antitrypsin, α2‐macroglobulin and pregnancy zone protein (PZ) respectively. It was also found that the concentration of PZ was lower in sera from pregnant sows compared to sera from non‐pregnant sows and castrated males. Therefore it was concluded that PZ does not behave in the same way in swine as in humans and cannot be used for pregnancy diagnosis in swine.

Analoge von einigen humanen trypsinbindenden Proteinen im Schweineserum mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des „Pregnancy zone” Proteins (PZ) und der Trächtigkeitsdiagnose

Es wurden Antiseren gegen 3 Schweineserumproteine mit trypsinbindenden Eigenschaften hergestellt. Auf verschiedenem Wege konnte festgestellt werden, daß die Antiseren mit α1‐Antitrypsin, α2‐Makroglobulin und dem „Pregnancy zone” Protein (PZ) reagierten. Die Konzentration von PZ war in den Seren trächtiger Sauen geringer als in den Seren von nichtträchtigen Sauen und kastrierten männlichen Tieren. Offensichtlich verhält sich das PZ beim Schwein anders als beim Menschen und kann deshalb nicht für Trächtigkeitstests beim Schwein herangezogen werden.

Analogie de quelques protéines humaines liées á la trypsine dans le sérum de pore en considérant particulièrement la protéine «Pregnancy zone» (PZ) et le diagnostic de gestation

Des antisérums contre 3 protéines du porc possédant des propriétés de liaison avec la trypsine ont été produits. On a pu établir de différentes manièrse que les antisérums réagissaient avec α1‐antitrypsine, α2‐macroglobuline et avec la protéine «Pregnancy zone» (PZ). La concentration de PZ fut plus faible dans les sérums des truies gestantes que dans les sérums des femelles non portantes et des mâles castrés. PZ se comporte apparemment de façon différente chez le porc par rapport à l'être humain et ne peut pas être utilisé dans le test de gestation chez le porc.

Análogos de algunas proteínas humanas fijadoras de la tripsina en el suero sanguíneo porcino con la consideración especial de la proteína „zona de gestación” (ZG) y del diagnóstico de gestación

Se obtuvieron antisueros frente a 3 proteínas séricas porcinas con propiedades fijadoras de la tripsina. Por caminos diferentes pudo comprobarse que los antisueros reaccionaban con antitripsina α1, macroglobulina α2 y la proteína „zona de gestación” (ZG). La concentración de ZG era menor en los sueros sanguíneos de cerdas gestantes que en los sueros de cerdas no preñadas y animales machos castrados. Es evidente que la ZG se comporta en la cerda de otro modo que en la mujer y, por tanto, no se puede aprovechar para la prueba de gestación en la cerda.
A New Method of Bacteriological Examination of Surface with Foam Rubber (Polyether‐Polyuritan) Pads
Authors: Radan M. , Welgreen H.
Published: August 2010

A new method for bacteriological surface examination with foam rubber (Polyether‐Polyuritan) pads is described. This method permits the examination of various types and sizes of surfaces, including irregular ones. The method opens new perspectives in bacteriological surface examination.

Eine neue Methode zur bakteriologischen Prüfung von Oberflächen mit Schaumgummikissen

Es wird eine neue Methode zur bakteriologischen Prüfung von Oberflächen mit Schaumgummikissen (Polyether‐Polyuritan) beschrieben. Mit dieser Methode kann man, unabhängig von der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit, verschiedene Arten und Größen von Oberflächen untersuchen. Die Methode eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten zur bakteriellen Oberflächenuntersuchung.
Haemolytic and Conglutinating Complement in Bovine Perinates
Authors: Barta Ota , Barta Vera , Hubbert William T.
Published: August 2010

Haemolytic complement activity against sensitized guinea pig erythrocytes was detected in all 33 samples of bovine fetuses (95 to 225 days of fetal age) and newborns. Conglutinating complement activity against sensitized sheep erythrocytes was detected in all samples of fetuses older than 150 days. The results indicate that complement is formed within the first one third of fetal life and its concentration increases steadily during the prenatal period of life. The high sensitivity of guinea pig cells to the lytic activity of bovine complement was confirmed.

Hämolytisches und konglutinierendes Komplement bei Rinderfoeten und Neugeborenen

Hämolysierende Komplementaktivität gegenüber sensibilisierten Meerschweinchen‐Erythrocyten wurde in allen 33 Proben von Rinderfoeten (95 bis 225 Tage alt) und Neugeborenen nachgewiesen. Konglutinierende Komplementaktivität gegenüber sensibilisierten Schaferythrocyten wurde in allen Foeten, die älter waren als 150 Tage, entdeckt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Komplement während des ersten Drittels des foetalen Lebens gebildet wird und daß seine Konzentration während des pränatalen Lebens stetig zunimmt. Bestätigt wurde die hohe Empfindlichkeit von Meerschweinchen‐Erythrocyten gegenüber der lytischen Aktivität von Rinderkomplement.
Abortion in a Goat Caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes
Authors: Rahman H. , Patgiri G. P. , Boro B. R.
Published: August 2010

A case of caprine abortion due to Corynebacterium pyogenes is reported.

Ziegenabort, verursacht durch Corynebacterium pyogenes

Es wird über einen Fall von Ziegenabort berichtet. Als Erreger wurde Corynebacterium pyogenes identifiziert.
Antibody to neuritogenic myelin protein P2 in equine paresis due to equine herpesvirus 1
Authors: Klingeborn B. , Dinter Z. , Hughes R. A. C.
Published: August 2010

Antibody to neuritogenic protein P2 was found in the serum of severely affected horses with paresis due to equine herpesvirus 1. The antibody was absent from the serum of horses which recovered. This clinical correlation suggests that the antibody marks an immune reaction which is relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen neurogenes Myelinprotein P 2 bei equiner Herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1)‐Parese

Im Serum von schwer an EHV‐1‐Parese erkrankten Pferden wurden Antikörper gegen das neurogene Protein P2 nachgewiesen. Die Antikörper wurden nicht im Serum wieder genesender Pferde gefunden. Diese Übereinstimmung läßt vermuten, daß der Antikörpernachweis Ausdruck einer Immunreaktion ist, die für die Pathogenese der Erkrankung eine Rolle spielt.

Mise en évidence d'anticorps contre la protéine neurogène P2 lors d'une parésie à Herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) chez le cheval

Des anticorps contre la protéine neurogène P2 ont été mis en évidence dans le sérum de chevaux gravement atteints de parésie à EHV‐1. Les anticorps n'ont pas été trouvés dans le sérum de chevaux sains. Ces résultats laissent supposer que la mise en évidence de ces anticorps est l'expression d'une réaction immunologique qui joue un rôle pour la pathogénèse de la maladie.

La identificación de anticuerpos contra la mielinoproteína neuritógena P2 en la paresia equina debida al virus herpes equino 1 (EHV‐1)

En el suero sanguíneo de caballos enfermos graves de paresia EHV‐1 se pusieron en evidencia anticuerpos contra la mielinoproteína neuritógena P2. Estos anticuerpos no fueron hallados en el suero de los caballos convalecientes. Dicha concordancia hace sospechar que la puesta en evidencia de anticuerpos es expresión de una reacción inmunitaria, la cual juega cierto papel en la patogenia de la enfermedad.
Mesothelioma in Cattle — A Rare or an Unidentified Tumour?
Authors: Klopfer U. , Brenner G. , Nobel T. A. , Perl S. , Yakobson B.
Published: August 2010

Five cases of bovine mesothelioma were submitted for examination during a period of 5 years. Four of these cases came frome one slaughter‐house. These findings, compared with surveys in other countries, involving much larger numbers of livestock, may give the impression of a relatively high incidence of bovine mesothelioma in Israel but a previous ten year survey of tumours in this country did not include a single mesothelioma. Thus it seems that bovine mesotheliomas are either misdiagnosed or overlooked on gross examination in many countries and that this type of tumour is most probably not as rare as was formerly thought.

Das Mesotheliom des Rindes — eine seltene oder unerkannte Geschwulst?

Im Laufe von 5 Jahren wurden 5 Fälle von Mesotheliomen eingesandt. Vier davon kamen aus einem Schlachthof. Diese Befunde, verglichen mit Beobachtungen aus anderen Ländern, mit größerer Zahl von Schlachtrindern, können den Eindruck von einem hohen Vorkommen von Mesotheliomen erwecken. In einer vorherigen 10jährigen Übersicht, wurden im Lande keine Mesotheliome gefunden. Daher scheint es, daß die Mesotheliome entweder fehldiagnostiziert wurden, oder bei makroskopischer Untersuchung übersehen wurden, und daß sie möglicherweise nicht so selten sind wie angenommen wird.

Mésotheliome du bétail — une tumeur rare ou non identifiée?

Pendant une période de 5 ans, 5 cas de mésotheliomes nous ont été soumis pour examen. Quatre de ces cas proviennent d'un abattoir. Ces resultats, comparés avec ceux d'autre pays, impliquant beaucoup plus de bétail, peuvent donner l'impression d'une incidence relativement plus haute de mésotheliomes dans notre pays. Dans une enquete préalable portant sur 10 années, on n'a pas trouvé de mésotheliomes. Par conséquent, il semblerait que les mésotheliomas du bétail on été mal diagnostiqués ou n'ont pas été remarqués à l'examen macroscopique dans beaucoup de pays et que cette tumeur est probablement moins rare que l'au ne croit.

El mesotelioma bovino — ?un tumor raro o no identificado?

En el transcurso de 5 años nos fueron remitidos 5 casos de mesotelioma para que fueran sometidos a examen. Cuatro de estos casos procedían de un matadero. Estos resultados obtenidos, comparados con los de otros países con una cantidad mayor de vacunos, podrían causar la impresión de una incidencia relativamente elevada de mesotelioma bovino en Israel. En estudios previos durante un periodo de 10 años no se manifestó la enfermedad, lo cual parece indicar que el mesotelioma bovino no fue diagnosticado de forma correcta en macropatología en numerosos países y que esta variedad tumoral no sea posiblemente tan rara como se consideraba hasta la fecha.
The effect of dietary zinc bacitracin on the resistance status of intestinal Escherichia coli and enterococci from broiler chickens
Authors: Walton John R.
Published: August 2010

The inclusion of zinc bacitracin (Albac) in the diet of broiler chickens did not result in the selection of any antibiotic cross‐resistance in faecal E. coli or enterococci.

Die Wirkung von Zinkbacitracin in diätetischer Dosierung auf die Resistenzbildung bei E. coli‐Keimen und Enterokokken aus dem Darmtrakt von Mastküken

Die Aufnahme von Zinkbacitracin (Albac) in das Futter von Mastküken hatte bei E. coli‐Keimen und Enterokokken aus dem Darm keine Selektion einer Antibiotika‐Kreuzresistenz zur Folge.

Effet de la zinc‐bacitracine à dose alimentaire sur la formation d'une résistance chez des germes E. coli et des entérocoques du tube digestif de poulets d'engraissement

L'inclusion de zinc‐bacitracine (Albac) dans l'aliment de poulets d'engrais n'a pas eu pour conséquence une sélection de résistance croisée aux antibiotiques pour des germes E. coli et des entérocoques.

El efecto de bacitracina de cinc en dosificación dietética sobre la formación de resistencia en Escherichia coli y enterococos intestinales de pollitos de broilers

La incorporación de bacitracina de cinc (Albac) en la dieta de pollitos de engorde no trajo consigo ninguna selección de una resistencia cruzada frente a antibióticos en gérmenes E. coli y enterococos del intestino.
Untersuchungen zur Virusätiologie einer mit Hepatitis und Befiederungsstörungen einhergehender Krankheit bei Wellensittich‐Nestlingen (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Authors: Kaleta E.F. , Herbst W. , Kaup F.‐J. , Jank‐Ladwig Rita , Marschall H.‐J. , Drommer W. , Krautwald Marina
Published: August 2010

Aus fünf Einsendungen von Wellensittich‐Nestlingen (Melopsittacus undulatus), die von einer mit Hepatitis und Befiederungsstörungen einhergehenden Krankheit betroffen waren, konnte in Hühnerembryofibroblasten‐Kulturen ein zytopathisches Agens isoliert werden. Dies erwies sich als Chloroform‐stabil und empfindlich gegenüber Joddeoxi‐Uridin. Elektronenmikroskopisch konnten in Ultradünnschnitten infizierter Zellen intranukleär gelagerte Viruspartikel nachgewiesen werden. Nach Negativkontrastierung zeigten sich sphärische Partikel mit einem Durchmesser von 35 bis 45 nm und deutlichen Kapsomeren.

Studies on viral aetiology of a disease of budgerigar fledglings (Melopsittacus undulatus) with hepatitis and feather disturbance

From five samples of material from budgerigar nestlings with a disease characterized by hepatitis and feather disturbance a cytopathogenic agent was isolated in chick embryo fibroblast culture. The isolate was chloroform‐stable and susceptible to iodo‐deoxyuridine. Electronmicroscopically, in ultrathin sections of infected cells, intranuclear virus particles were found. Using negative contrast, spherical particles with a diameter of 35–45 nm and clearly visible capsomeres were seen.

Recherches sur une étiologie virale d'une maladie avec hépatite et troubles du plumage apparue chez des oisillons de perruche ondulée (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Un agent cytopathique a été isolé dans des cultures de fibroblastes d'embryons de poulet à partir de cinq envois d'oisillons de perruche ondulée (Melopsittacus undulatus) atteints d'une hépatite et de troubles du plumage. Cet agent était stable au chloroforme et sensible à la jod‐deoxi‐uridine. Des particles virales intranucléaires ont pu être mises en évidence au microscope électronique dans des ultra‐coupes de cellules infectées. Des particules sphériques d'un diamètre de 35 à 45 nm et des capsomères distinctes sont apparues après un contraste négatif.

Estudios acerca de la etiología virósica de una enfermedad en periquitos (Melopsittacus undulatus) pequeños en el nido acompañada de hepatitis y trastornos en la plumazón

De cinco envíos de periquitos (Melopsittacus undulatus) de nido, afectados por una enfermedad combinada con hepatitis y trastornos en el plumaje, se pudo aislar un agente citopático en cultivos de fibroblastos de embrión de pollo. El mismo se mostró como estable frente al cloroformo y sensible frente a yododeoxi‐uridina. Con el microscopio electrónico se pudieron poner en evidencia partículas virósicas intranucleares en cortes ultradelgados por células infectadas. Tras contrastación negativa se manifestaron partículas esféricas con un diámetro de 35 hasta 45 nm y capsomeros evidentes.
Cross Neutralization of Maedi‐Visna Virus Strains*
Authors: Hyllseth B. , Larsen H. J.
Published: August 2010

Cross‐neutralization of four Norwegian, two Icelandic and one Danish maedi‐visna virus strains was carried out with a panel of sheep antisera. Sheep antiserum to visna virus glycoprotein was the only one that did not show cross‐neutralization. The other sera showed varying degrees of cross‐reactivity. Results show that the strains tested are antigenically different and that antisera differ in their ability to differentiate strains.

Kreuzneutralisation von Maedi‐Visna‐Virusstämmen

Eine Kreuzneutralisation von vier norwegischen, zwei isländischen und einem dänischen Maedi‐Visna‐Virusstamm wurde mit einer Reihe von Schaf‐Antiseren durchgeführt. Ein Schaf‐Antiserum gegen das Glykoprotein des Visna‐Virus war das einzige, das keine Kreuzneutralisation zeigte. Die anderen Seren führten zu verschiedenen Stufen von Kreuzreaktionen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die getesteten Stämme antigenisch unterschiedlich sind, und daß die Antiseren in ihrer Fähigkeit Stämme zu differenzieren voneinander abweichen.

Neutralisation croisée de souches du virus Maedi‐Visna

Une neutralisation croisée de quatre souches norvégiennes, deux souches islandaises et une souche danoise du virus Maedi‐Visna a été réalisée avec une série d'antisérums de moutons. Un antisérum ovin contre la glycoprotéine du virus Visna fut le seul à ne pas montrer une neutralisation croisée. Les autres sérums ont conduit à des degrés divers à des réactions croisées. Les résultats montrent que les souches testées sont antigénétiquement différentes et que les antisérums divergent les uns des autres dans leur capacité à différencier les souches.

Neutralización cruzada de estirpes de virus Maedi‐Visna

Se llevó a cabo una neutralización oruzada de cuatro estirpes noruegas de virus Maedi‐Visna, dos islandesas y una danesa con una serie de antisueros ovinos. Un antisuero ovino contra la glucoproteína del virus Visna era lo único que no mostraba neutralización cruzada. Los sueros restantes conducían a diversos grados de reacciones cruzadas. Muestran los resultados que las estirpes examinadas son antigénicamente diferentes, y que los antisueros difieren entre sí en su capacidad de diferenciar estirpes.
Occurrence of VHS virus in wild white fish (Coregonus sp.)
Authors: Ahne W. , Thomsen I.
Published: August 2010

VHS virus was isolated from white fish (Coregonus spec.) showing scattered haemorrhages in the skeletal muscle and in the swim bladder. The isolate proved to be pathogenic to white fish and to rainbow trout.

Das Virus der haemorrhagischen Septikämie der Forellen (VHS) wurde von wildlebenden Renken (Coregonus sp.), mit ausgedehnten Blutungen in der Muskulatur und in der Schwimmblase, isoliert. Das Isolat envies sich sowohl für Renken als auch für Regenbogenforellen als pathogen.
Vorschlag zur Behandlung einer Syphacia muris‐Infektion mit dem Wirkstoff Pyrviniumpamoat bei der Laborratte
Authors: Veletzky S. , Bubna‐Littitz H. , Prosl H.
Published: August 2010

Ein Behandlungsversuch mit dem Wirkstoff Pyrviniumpamoat, in einer Dosierung von 12 mg/kg Ratte über das Futter gegeben, wird beschrieben. Nach einer zweimaligen Behandlung waren 100 % der Tiere parasitenfrei. Die Autoren weisen jedoch auf die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Reinfektion hin, da auch weitreichende hygienische Mafinahmen nicht den Erfolg sichern können. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer mehrmaligen Wiederholung der Therapie in Abständen von einer Woche, um die Chance einer Reinfektion zu vermindern.

Treatment for Syphacia muris infection in laboratory rats with Pyrvinium pamoate

An experimental study with the agent Pyrvinium pamoate in a dosage of 12 mg/kg per rat in the feed is described. After two treatments 100% of the animals were free from parasites. The authors point out, however, the likehood of reinfection since even strict hygienic measures are not always successful. It is thus advisable to repeat the treatment at weekly intervals in order to reduce the chance of reinfection.
Survival of Contagious Equine Metritis Organisms (CEMO) in Different Transport Media as Influenced by Storage Time, Temperature and Contaminating Flora
Authors: Engvall A.
Published: August 2010

A modified Stuart's medium and a modified Amies' medium with three different levels of agar were tested for their suitability as transport media for the contagious equine metritis organism. The modified Stuart's medium was inferior to the other tested media for this purpose. Amies' media with 0.6% agar or 1.0% agar were equally effective as transport media, whereas Amies' medium with 0.4 % agar was liquified when transported.

Ein modifiziertes Stuart's‐Medium und ein modif. Amies'‐Medium mit drei verschiedenen Agar‐Konzentrationen wurden auf ihre Brauchbarkeit als Transportmedium für den contagious equine metritis‐Erreger untersucht. Das modifizierte Stuart's‐Medium war den anderen getesteten Medien für diesen Zweck unterlegen. Amies'‐Medien mit 0,6% Agar oder 1,0% Agar waren als Transportmedium gleichgut brauchbar, während Amies'‐Medium mit 0,4% Agar beim Transport verflüssigt wurde.

Survivance de l'agent de la métrite équine contagieuse dans différents milieux de transport en fonction du temps de conservation, de la température et de la flore contaminante

Un milieu de Stuart modifié et un milieu d'Amies modifié à trois concentrations d'agar différentes ont été étudiés en fonction de leur utilisation comme milieu de transport pour l'agent de la métrite équine contagieuse. Le milieu de Stuart modifié fut inférieur aux autres milieux dans ce but. Les milieux d'Amies avec 0,6% ou 1% d'agar furent également valables pour le transport alors que le milieu d'Amies avec 0,4% d'agar s'est liquifié lors du transport.

La supervivencia de los organismos de la metritis equina contagiosa (CEMO) en vehículos diferentes de transporte a medida que son influenciados por el tiempo de almacenamiento, temperatura y flora contaminate

Se analizaron un medio de Stuart modificado y un medio de Amies modificado con tres concentraciones diferentes de agar en cuanto a su aptitud como vehiculo de transporte para el agente etiológico de la metritis equina contagiosa. El medio de Stuart modificado era inferior para esta finalidad a los otros medios contrastados. Los medios de Amies con un 0,6% de agar o 1,0% de agar eran igual de aptos como vehículo de transporte, mientras que el medio de Amies con un 0,4% de agar se licuaba durante el transporte.
Production of Interferon and of Plaque Enhancing Factor by Rinderpest‐Virus*
Authors: El‐Zein A. , Srour E.
Published: August 2010

Rinderpest virus required high multiplicity of infection and prolonged growth in cell cultures for optimal interferon production. More interferon was produced by “aged” than by “young” cultures. Early after infection, culture medium had a plaque‐enhancing effect on vesicular stomatitis virus but when the same materials were treated with heat instead of low pH the plaque‐enhancing activity was lost.

Produktion von Interferon und Plaque‐vergrößernde Faktoren beim Rinderpestvirus

Mit Rinderpestvirus ist eine starke Vermehrung der infektiösen Einheiten und eine verzögerte Anzucht in Zellkulturen nötig, um eine optimale Interferonproduktion zu induzieren.

Es wurde von „älteren” Zellkulturen mehr Interferon synthetisiert als von „jün‐geren”.

Kurz nach der Infektion bewirkte das Kulturmedium eine Vermehrung der Plaquebildung durch das Virus der Vesikulären Stomatitis (VSV), aber wenn dasselbe Material antsatt mit Hitze mit niederem pH behandelt wurde, ging diese Plaquevermehrende Aktivität verloren.

Production d'interféron et du vacteur d'augmentation de plaques chez le virus de la peste bovine

Une forte multiplication des unités infectieuses et une production accélérée dans des cultures de cellules sont nécessaires avec le virus de la peste bovine pour induire une production optimale d'interféron. Les cultures cellulaires plus «vieilles» ont synthétisé davantage interféron que les plus «jeunes».

Le milieu de culture a provoqué peu après l'infection une augmentation de la formation de plaques avec le virus de la stomatite vésiculeuse (VSV), mais si le même matériel avait été traité avec un pH plus bas à la place de la chaleur, cette activité d'augmentation des plaques se perdait.

La producción de interferón y del factor que aumenta los plaqués por el virus peste bovina

Para inducir la producción óptima de interferón con el virus peste bovina, se precisa de una multiplicación muy intensa de las unidades infecciosas y un prendimiento retardado en cultivos celulares.

Los cultivos celulares «más viejos» sintetizaron más interferón que los «jóvenes».

Poco después de la infección provocaba el medio de cultivo una multiplicación de la formación de plaqués por el virus de la estomatitis vesicular (VEV), pero cuando el mismo material era tratado con un pH bajo, en lugar de con calor, se perdía esta actividad multiplicadora de los plaqués.
Openings in the body of ‘capitalism’: Capital flows and diverse economic possibilities in Kiribati
Authors: Pretes Michael , Gibson Katherine
Published: August 2010

Much of the post‐development agenda is concerned with decoupling Eurocentric imaginings of development from development practices in ‘remote’ regions and exploring new forms of economy that can enhance local well‐being. In the South Pacific (and elsewhere), small peripheral economies have confronted globalisation in varying ways. Some places, such as the Micronesian island state of Kiribati, have engaged directly with the global economy by investing capital generated locally in international financial markets rather than in domestic industries. Kiribati's trust fund, the Revenue Equalisation Reserve Fund, maintains a balanced portfolio of international equity and fixed income assets that produces a financial return, helping to augment Kiribati's other national income sources. In this paper we explore the results of capital flowing from Kiribati to global financial markets, noting that this alternative development practice can enhance local well‐being.
PREDICTION‐FOCUSED MODEL SELECTION FOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS
Authors: Claeskens Gerda , Croux Christophe , Van Kerckhoven Johan
Published: August 2010

In order to make predictions of future values of a time series, one needs to specify a forecasting model. A popular choice is an autoregressive time‐series model, for which the order of the model is chosen by an information criterion. We propose an extension of the focused information criterion (FIC) for model‐order selection, with emphasis on a high predictive accuracy (i.e. the mean squared forecast error is low). We obtain theoretical results and illustrate by means of a simulation study and some real data examples that the FIC is a valid alternative to the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for selection of a prediction model. We also illustrate the possibility of using the FIC for purposes other than forecasting, and explore its use in an extended model.
Adorno on Kant, Freedom and Determinism
Authors: Jütten Timo
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper I argue that Adorno's metacritique of freedom in Negative Dialectics and related texts remains fruitful today. I begin with some background on Adorno's conception of ‘metacritique’ and on Kant's conception of freedom, as I understand it. Next, I discuss Adorno's analysis of the experiential content of Kantian freedom, according to which Kant has reified the particular social experience of the early modern bourgeoisie in his conception of unconditioned freedom. Adorno argues against this conception of freedom and suggests that freedom is always conditioned by our embodiment and by our social and historical situation. Finally, I turn to Adorno's criticism of Kant's discussion of freedom and determinism in the Critique of Pure Reason and argue that while his philosophical argument against Kant fails, his metacritical argument remains suggestive. Scepticism about freedom arises when the standpoint of theoretical reason encroaches upon the standpoint of practical reason and assimilates persons to things.
Genetic contribution of major histocompatibility complex class II region to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis susceptibility in Venezuela
Authors: Fortes María del Pilar , Machado Irma V. , Gil Gisselle , Fernández‐Mestre Mercedes , Dagher Lucy , León Roberto V. , Bianco Nicolás E. , Tassinari Paolo
Published: August 2010

Aims: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive liver disease characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies, hypergammaglobulinaemia and a favourable response to immunosuppressive treatment. Although the pathogenesis of type 1 AIH is unknown, disease susceptibility is partially determined by genes linked to the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex. Type 1 AIH has been associated with DRB1*03, DRB1*04 and DRB3 alleles in European and North American Caucasians, with DRB1*0405 in Japanese, with DRB1*0404 in Mexican, and with DRB1*1301 in Argentinean populations.

Methods: To analyse the molecular basis of these associations in Venezuela (mestizo population), we examined the frequency of human leucocyte antigens (HLA)‐A ‐B ‐C, HLA‐DQ and HLA‐DR genes by low‐ and high‐resolution oligonucleotide typing in a population of 41 type 1 AIH patients and 111 ethnic‐ and aged‐matched healthy subjects.

Results: The frequencies of both DRB1*1301 (P<0.0001) and DRB1*0301 (P<0.005) were significantly higher in patients than in controls. In addition, patients showed a strong association with the DRB3 allele (P<0.01). In contrast, the DQB1*04 allele was significantly decreased in the patient group (P<0.01). The frequencies of haplotypes A*01‐B*08‐DQB1*02‐DRB1*03‐DRB3, DQB1*05‐DRB1*1301, DQB1*06‐DRB1*1301 and A*02‐DRB1*1301, B*45‐DRB3 were significantly increased in type 1 AIH patients compared with the controls (P<0.01).

Conclusions: In conclusion, our data indicate that type 1 AIH predisposition in a Venezuelan mestizo population of different ethnic backgrounds is associated with DRB1*1301 and DRB1*0301 alleles. In addition, our findings suggest that protection against disease might be conferred by the DQB1*04 allele, with distinct ethnic differences from other populations.
A new hepatic encephalopathy model to monitor the change of neural amino acids and astrocytes with behaviour disorder
Authors: Isobe‐Harima Yumiko , Terai Shuji , Miura Izumi , Segawa Makoto , Murata Tomoaki , Itamoto Kazuhito , Taura Yasuho , Shinoda Koh , Sakaida Isao
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: To elucidate the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), we developed a new HE model with behaviour disorder.

Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four treatment groups: a HE model: acetaminophen (APAP)+3‐methylcholanthrene (3‐MC) group (APAP+MC group); control group: acetaminophen group; 3‐methylcholanthrene group; and a no‐treatment group. We monitored the changes of neural amino acids in the synaptic cleft and astrocytes in the brain during behaviour disorder.

Results: In the APAP+MC group, alanine amino transferase, blood ammonia and glucose increased from 3 h and total bilirubin increased at 6 h. Prothrombin time was prolonged from 3 h in the APAP+MC group. The APAP+MC group exhibited centrilobular necrosis in the liver after 8 h. In the APAP+MC group, rats jumped vertically and this vertical activity increased significantly from 4 to 7 h. During the behaviour disorder, we found that glutamate and aspartate increased in the synaptic cleft from 4 h after treatment with APAP+3‐MC, glutamate increased 23.9‐fold at 7 h and aspartate increased 16.1‐fold at 4 h, whereas glutamine did not change. At that time, we observed morphological changes of the astrocytes by immunostaining for the glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Conclusions: Our new HE model demonstrated that increased excitatory neural amino acids and morphological change in astrocytes were involved in the behaviour disorder that occurs with HE.
Prevalence of hepatic iron overload and association with hepatocellular cancer in end‐stage liver disease: results from the National Hemochromatosis Transplant Registry
Authors: Ko Cynthia , Siddaiah Narendra , Berger Jose , Gish Robert , Brandhagen David , Sterling Richard K. , Cotler Scott J. , Fontana Robert J. , McCashland Timothy M. , Han Steven H. B. , Gordon Frederic D. , Schilsky Michael L. , Kowdley Kris V.
Published: August 2010

Background: It is unclear whether mild to moderate iron overload in liver diseases other than hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma. This study examined the association between hepatic iron grade and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with end‐stage liver disease of diverse aetiologies.

Methods: The prevalence of hepatic iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma was examined in 5224 patients undergoing liver transplantation. Explant pathology reports were reviewed for the underlying pathological diagnosis, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma and degree of iron staining. The distribution of categorical variables was studied using χ2 tests.

Results: Both iron overload and hepatocellular carcinoma were the least common with biliary cirrhosis (1.8 and 2.8% respectively). Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common in patients with hepatitis B (16.7%), followed by those with hepatitis C (15.1%) and HH (14.9%). In the overall cohort, any iron overload was significantly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (P=0.001), even after adjustment for the underlying aetiology of liver disease. The association between hepatic iron content and hepatocellular carcinoma was the strongest in patients with biliary cirrhosis (P<0.001) and hepatitis C (P<0.001).

Conclusions: Iron overload is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with end‐stage liver disease, suggesting a possible carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic role for iron in chronic liver disease.
Plasmatic vitamin C in nontreated hepatitis C patients is negatively associated with aspartate aminotransferase
Authors: Souza dos Santos Rosane M. , De Bem Andreza F. , Colpo Elisângela , Bertoncello Iara , Nogueira Cristina W. , Rocha João B. T.
Published: August 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the possible relationship between aminotransferases levels and markers of oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis C patients.

Design and methods: Patients without treatment for hepatitis were divided in to group I (15–39 U/L); group II (41–76 U/L) and group III (81–311 U/L) of activity alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Blood markers of oxidative stress [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thiobarbituric acid‐reactive species (TBARS), nonprotein and protein thiol (NP‐SH and P‐SH) groups and vitamin C] were determined.

Results: P‐SH and NP‐SH levels, TBARS, GPx and CAT were not different between groups. Vitamin C was significantly decreased in groups II (P=0.03) and III (P=0.001) when compared with group I and correlated negatively with aspartate aminotransferase (AST; r=−0.29, P=0.042).

Conclusion: Vitamin C levels were negatively associated with AST, suggesting that vitamin C could be an additional indicator of hepatitis C severity.
Overexpression of NK2 promotes liver fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride‐induced chronic liver injury
Authors: Hagiwara Satoshi , Otsuka Toshiyuki , Yamazaki Yuichi , Kosone Takashi , Sohara Naondo , Ichikawa Takeshi , Sato Ken , Kakizaki Satoru , Takagi Hitoshi , Mori Masatomo
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibits liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in animal models. NK2 is a natural splice variant of HGF, but its in vivo function remains to be elucidated. We investigated the in vivo effects of NK2 on CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis.

Methods: NK2 transgenic mice and wild‐type (WT) mice were injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 twice a week. The extent of hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by Azan–Mallory staining. Expression levels of mRNAs of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) were examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), c‐Met and its phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis.

Results: Liver fibrosis was significantly more severe in NK2 transgenic mice than in WT mice. CCl4 administration increased the expression levels of TGF‐β1 mRNA and α‐SMA protein, and decreased the expression of MMP‐13 mRNA in livers of NK2 transgenic mice compared with those of WT mice. c‐Met protein expression in the liver was compatible with the degree of fibrosis. As for c‐Met activation, no difference was found between NK2 and WT livers.

Conclusion: Overexpression of NK2 acts as an antagonist of HGF and promotes liver fibrosis in CCl4‐induced chronic liver injury.
Lack of cilia and differentiation defects in the liver of human foetuses with the Meckel syndrome
Authors: Clotman Frédéric , Libbrecht Louis , Killingsworth Murray C. , Loo Christine C. K. , Roskams Tania , Lemaigre Frédéric P.
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: Meckel syndrome is an autosomal‐recessive disease characterized by a combination of renal cysts, anomalies of the central nervous system, polydactyly and ductal plate malformations (DPM), which are hepatic anomalies consisting of excessive and abnormal foetal biliary structures. Among the genomic loci associated with Meckel syndrome, mutations in four genes were recently identified. These genes code for proteins associated with primary cilia and are possibly involved in cell differentiation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the formation of the primary cilia and the differentiation of the hepatic cells in foetuses with Meckel syndrome.

Methods: Sections of livers from human foetuses with Meckel syndrome were analysed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Results: The primary cilia of the biliary cells were absent in some Meckel foetuses, but were present in others. In addition, defects in hepatic differentiation were observed in Meckel livers, as evidenced by the presence of hybrid cells co‐expressing hepatocytic and biliary markers.

Conclusions: Defects in cilia formation occur in some Meckel livers, and most cases show DPM associated with abnormal hepatic cell differentiation. Because differentiation precedes the formation of the cilia during liver development, we propose that defective differentiation may constitute the initial defect in the liver of Meckel syndrome foetuses.
New ablation procedure for a radiofrequency liver tissue coagulation system using an expandable needle
Authors: Hirakawa Miharu , Ikeda Kenji , Kawamura Yusuke , Kobayashi Masahiro , Hosaka Tetsuya , Yatsuji Hiromi , Sezaki Hitomi , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: August 2010

Objective: The stepwise hook extension technique for an expandable needle, which we reported previously, allowed roll‐off in short time with low power. The aim of this study was to investigate experimentally the efficacy of a modified extension procedure.

Methods: Three pigs underwent 10 radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedures using the 10‐hook electrode of LeVeen needle. The conventional technique was used in five RFA (group 1; the electrode was deployed in four steps to full extension), while the new technique was used in the other five RFA (group 2; the electrode was closed after the same three steps as group 1 and then fully extended).

Results: The shape of the RFA‐induced zone was cone‐like or irregular in group 1 and oval‐like in group 2. The diameter vertical to the shaft was larger in group 2 (37, range 33–42 mm) than in group 1 (23, range 20–29 mm). The median ablation time was longer in group 2 (10 min 13 s) than in group 1 (3 min 56 s). Although the required energy was higher in group 2 than in group 1, that per volume was comparable between the groups (median 0.9 vs. 1.4 kJ/mm3).

Conclusions: Our new procedure requires a longer session but produces larger necrosis of a uniform ellipsoid volume, making it potentially suitable for tumours more than 3 cm in diameter.
In vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy‐derived metabolite variations between acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and acute liver failure
Authors: Verma Ashish , Saraswat Vivek Anand , Radha Krishna Y. , Nath Kavindra , Thomas M. Albert , Gupta Rakesh Kumar
Published: August 2010

Background and Aims: Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF), acute liver failure (ALF) and chronic liver disease (CLD) are common forms of liver failure and present with similar clinical profiles. The aim of this study was to compare brain metabolite alterations in all the three groups of patients with controls, using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and to look for any significant differences in metabolites that may help in differentiating between these three conditions.

Methods: Nine patients with ACLF, 10 with ALF, 10 patients with CLD and 10 age‐matched controls were studied. The relative concentrations of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), glutamine/glutamate (Glx) and myoinositol (mI) with respect to creatine (Cr) were measured.

Results: ACLF (3.07±0.72), ALF (4.39±1.25) and CLD (3.15±0.69) patients exhibited significantly increased Glx/Cr ratios compared with controls (2.14±0.42). The NAA/Cr ratio was significantly decreased in both ACLF (mean=0.84±0.28) and CLD (mean=0.97±0.21) patients as compared with that in controls (mean=1.24±0.20). No significant difference among ALF, ACLF and CLD patients was noted in the Cho/Cr ratios. ACLF patients showed significantly lower mI/Cr and Glx/Cr ratios compared with the ALF group.

Conclusion: In vivo proton MRS‐derived cerebral metabolite alterations in hepatic encephalopathy owing to ALF are significantly different from the one owing to ACLF and CLD; these may be due to the differences in the pathogenesis of these two overlapping clinical conditions.
Large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels modulate vascular tone in experimental cirrhosis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vilarrupla Aina , Graupera Mariona , Matei Vasilica , Bataller Ramón , Abraldes Juan G. , Bosch Jaume , García‐Pagán Joan‐Carles
Published: August 2010

Background:Large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium (BKCa) channels regulate vascular tone in different vascular systems. Moreover, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) contain BKCachannels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of BKCachannels in the regulation of vascular tone in control (CT) and carbon tetrachloride‐cirrhotic (CH) rat livers.

Methods:Changes in intrahepatic vascular resistance were assessed by evaluating the portal perfusion pressure (PP) response to methoxamine (Mtx) in the presence of Iberiotoxin (Ibtx; a BKCachannel blocker), NS1619 (a BKCachannel opener), Ibtx plus the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor,NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA) orl‐NNA alone. In addition, in CH livers, PP dose–response curves to the NO donor,S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐d,l‐penicillamine (SNAP), were performed after pre‐incubation with Ibtx or its vehicle. BKCamRNA expression was assessed in liver homogenates, and BKCaprotein expression in HSC isolated from CT and CH livers.

Results:In CH livers, Ibtx significantly increased baseline PP and exacerbated the PP response to Mtx. Conversely, NS1619 induced a mild nonsignificant decrease of baseline PP and attenuated the hyperresponse to Mtx. CH livers exhibited an upregulation of both mRNA and protein of the α‐subunit of BKCa.

Conclusion:Large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels are overexpressed in CH livers and might represent a compensatory mechanism modulating the increased hepatic vascular tone of cirrhosis.
Steatosis correlates with hepatic expression of death receptors and activation of nuclear factor‐κB in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Hung Chao‐Hung , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Kuo Fang‐Ying , Jiang Shu‐Rong , Hu Tsung‐Hui , Chen Chien‐Hung , Wang Jing‐Houng , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Eng Hock‐Liew , Changchien Chi‐Sin
Published: August 2010

Background: Steatosis is recognized as a predictor of the severity as well as the progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. The mechanisms that cause increased hepatocellular injury associated with steatosis remain largely unknown.

Methods: We studied the correlation of hepatic expression of death receptors: Fas and tumour necrosis factor‐α receptor 1 (TNF‐R1), and downstream caspase (caspase‐3) with hepatic steatosis by immunohistochemical study in chronic hepatitis C and determined the role of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB).

Results: Ninety patients (49 males and 41 females, mean age of 50.5 ± 10.4 years, genotype 1 or 2) with chronic hepatitis C virus infection were recruited. The factors associated with steatosis grade were body mass index (P=0.004) and fibrosis stage (P=0.034). Moderate/severe steatosis was an independent variable associated with advanced fibrosis stage by stepwise logistic regression analysis. The expression of immunoreactivity for Fas, TNF‐R1 and active caspases‐3 in liver tissues was significantly correlated with the steatosis grade (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P<0.001 respectively). The extent of active caspases‐3 correlated significantly with the expression of Fas (r=0.659, P<0.001) and TNF‐R1 (r=0.617, P<0.001). NF‐κB p65 expression correlated significantly with the extent of Fas (r=0.405, P<0.001), TNF‐R1 (r=0.448, P=0.002) and active caspase‐3 (r=0.313, P=0.003), and correlated with steatosis grade (P<0.001) but not with inflammatory and fibrosis scores.

Conclusion: Our observations suggest a mechanism whereby steatosis contributes to the progression of liver injury in chronic hepatitis C through upregulation of death receptors and activation of NF‐κB.
Molecular bases of the fetal liver–placenta–maternal liver excretory pathway for cholephilic compounds
Authors: Marin Jose J. G. , Macias Rocio I. R. , Briz Oscar , Perez Maria J. , Blazquez Alba G. , Arrese Marco , Serrano Maria A.
Published: August 2010

Potentially toxic endogenous compounds, such as bile acids (BAs) and biliary pigments, as well as many xenobiotics, such as drugs and food components, are biotransformed and eliminated by the hepatobiliary system with the collaboration of the kidney. However, the situation is very different during pregnancy because the fetal liver produces biliary compounds despite the fact that this organ, owing to its immaturity, is not able to eliminate them into bile. Moreover, the excretory ability of the fetal kidneys is also very limited. Thus, during the intra‐uterine life, the major route to eliminate fetal BAs and biliary pigments is their transfer to the mother across the placenta. The maternal liver and, to a lesser extent, the maternal kidney, are then in charge of their biotransformation and elimination into faeces and urine respectively. This review describes current knowledge of the machinery responsible for the detoxification and excretion of cholephilic compounds through the pathway formed by the fetal liver–placenta–maternal liver trio.
Tenofovir plus lamivudine as rescue therapy for adefovir‐resistant chronic hepatitis B in hepatitis B e antigen‐positive patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Choe Won Hyeok , Kwon So Young , Kim Byung Kook , Ko Soon Young , Yeon Jong Eun , Byun Kwan Soo , Kim Gyun‐Hwan , Lee Chang Hong
Published: August 2010

Background/Aims: There is no consensus on the management of patients with adefovir (ADV)‐resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) combined with lamivudine (LMV) is effective and safe in patients with resistance to or non‐response to ADV.

Methods: Six patients with HBV‐related cirrhosis, viral breakthrough during LMV therapy and viral breakthrough or non‐response during ADV therapy were treated daily with TDF plus LMV for at least 6 months. The HBV DNA level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the Child–Pugh score and serum creatinine were monitored. Genotypic LMV‐ or ADV‐resistant mutations were measured in stored samples.

Results: In five of six patients, ADV‐resistant mutations at rt181 or rt236 were detected during ADV therapy. At 6 months of starting TDF/LMV combination, HBV DNA levels became undetectable (detection limit, 400 copies/ml) in four of six patients. Within 12 months, HBV DNA levels became undetectable in all patients, and ALT levels were normalized in four of six patients. These responses persisted up to the end of the observation period (median duration 16.5 months, range 6–21 months). The Child–Pugh scores improved in two of three patients with hepatic decompensation. No significant changes in serum creatinine were observed.

Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that TDF plus LMV safely and markedly suppressed HBV replication in patients with resistance to or non‐response to ADV. This study suggests that this combination may be a promising rescue therapy for these patients, particularly those with liver cirrhosis or pre‐existing LMV resistance.