bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De Glorious Revolution van 1688 herdacht
Authors: Groenhuis G.
Published: September 2015

A.G.H Bachrach, Willem III, de stadhouder-koning en zijn tijd
R. Bastiaanse, H. Bots, Glorieuze Revolutie. De wereld van Willem & Mary. Glorious Revolution. The world of William & Mary
M. van Doorn, Koning-stadhouder Willem III, triomfator. De triomfale intocht in Den Haag in 1691
D. Jacques, A.J. van der Horst, De tuinen van Willem en Mary
A. van der Kuijl, Glorieuze overtocht. De expeditie van Willem III naar Engeland in 1688
J. Kuijpers, A.D. Renting, Boeken van Oranje. De Oranje-Nassaubibliotheek ten tijde van Willem III
R. van Leeuwen, Paintings from England. William III and the Royal Collections
R.P. Maccubbin, M. Hamilton-Philips, The age of William III & Mary II. Power, politics and patronage 1688-1702. A reference encyclopedia and exhibition catalogue
K. Ottenheym, Daniel Marot. Vormgever van een deftig bestaan. Architectuur en interieurs van Haagse stadspaleizen
S. van Raay, In het gevolg van Willem III & Mary. Huizen en tuinen uit hun tijd
D. Swetschinski, L. Schönduve, De familie Lopes Suasso, financiers van Willem III
H. van der Zee, B. van der Zee, 1688. Revolution in the family
H. van der Zee, B. van der Zee, William and Mary
J.D. Hunt, The Anglo-Dutch garden in the age of William and Mary. De gouden eeuw van de Hollandse tuinkunst
R. Turner, G. de Bruin, A.H. Huussen jr., [Koning-stadhouder Willem III triomfator]
R. Hatton, W. Troost, W.F. Leemans, Oranje-Nassau museum jaarboek 1988
Een elite-trio
Authors: Buist M.G.
Published: September 2015

M.R. Prak, Gezeten burgers. De elite in een Hollandse stad, Leiden 1700-1780
J.J. de Jong, Met goed fatsoen. De elite in een Hollandse stad. Gouda 1700-1780
L. Kooijmans, Onder regenten. De elite in een Hollandse stad, Hoorn 1700-1780
Literatuur en stadscultuur tussen Middeleeuwen en Nieuwe Tijd
Authors: Dhanens E.
Published: September 2015

H. Pleij, De sneeuwpoppen van 1511. Literatuur en stadscultuur tussen Middeleeuwen en moderne tijd
Een fraaie synthese op een wankele basis
Authors: Zanden J.L. van
Published: September 2015

J.I. Israel, Dutch primacy in world trade, 1585-1740
J.I. Israel, Nederland als centrum van de wereldhandel, 1585-1740
Schatten, rekenen ...en bewijzen
Authors: Roessingh H.K.
Published: September 2015

Ph. Kint, Prometheus aangevuurd door Demeter. De economische ontwikkeling van de landbouw in Oost-Vlaanderen, 1815-1850
Het Vlaanderen van Thoen
Authors: Hoppenbrouwers P.C.M.
Published: September 2015

E. Thoen, Landbouwekonomie en bevolking in Vlaanderen gedurende de late middeleeuwen en het begin van de moderne tijden. Testregio: de kasselrijen van Oudenaarde en Aalst (einde 13de-eerste helft 16de eeuw)
Over het reformatorisch volksdeel en zijn verleden
Authors: Schutte G.J.
Published: September 2015

A.A. van der Schans, Kuyper en Kersten. IJveraars voor herkerstening van onze samenleving
C.J. Meeuse, De toekomstverwachting van de nadere reformatie in het licht van haar tijd. Een onderzoek naar de verhouding tussen het zeventiende-eeuwse chiliasme en de toekomstverwachting van de Nadere Reformatie, met name bij Jacobus Koelman
F.A. van Lieburg, Levens van vromen. Gereformeerd piëtisme in de achttiende eeuw
O.J. de Jong, W. van 't Spijker, H. Florijn, Het eigene van de Nederlandse nadere reformatie
L.F. Groenendijk, F. van Lieburg, Voor edeler staat geschapen. Levens- en sterfbedbeschrijvingen van gereformeerde kinderen en jeugdigen uit de 17e en 18e eeuw
H. Florijn, De ledeboerianen. Een onderzoek naar de plaats, invloed en denkbeelden van hun voorgangers tot 1907
W. Fieret, De staatkundig gereformeerde partij 1918-1948. Een bibliocratisch ideaal
G. van den End, Guiljelmus Saldenus (1627-1694). Een praktisch en irenisch theoloog uit de nadere reformatie
T. Brienen, Figuren en thema's van de nadere reformatie, II
A.Th. Boone, J. van Ekeris, Zending tussen woord en daad. Twee hoofdstukken uit de geschiedenis van gereformeerd piëtisme en zending
Tussenbalans van een bronnenpublikatie
Authors: Groen P.M.H.
Published: September 2015

S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, VI, 29 oktober 1946-5 jan. 1947
S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, VII, 6 jan.-20 maart 1947
S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, VIII, 21 maart-20 mei 1947
S.L. van der Wal, P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, IX, 21 mei-20 juli 1947
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, X, 21 juli-31 augustus 1947
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XI, 1 september-25 november 1947
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XII, 26 november 1947-19 februari 1948
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XIII, 20 februari-4 juni 1948
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XIV, 5 juni-31 augustus 1948
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XV, 1 september-30 november 1948
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XVI, 1 december 1948-12 januari 1949
P.J. Drooglever, M.J.B. Schouten, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, XVII, 13 januari-28 februari 1949
KPM. Macht, markt en ruimte. Imperialisme en pakketvaart
Authors: Vries Joh. de
Published: September 2015

J.N.F.M. à Campo, Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij. Stoomvaart en staatsvorming in de Indonesische archipel 1888-1914
Literatuur en Duitse bezetting, 1940-1945
Authors: Bank J.Th.M.
Published: September 2015

A. Venema, Verleden tijd. Memoires; P. Calis, Het ondergronds verwachten. Schrijvers en tijdschriften tussen 1941 en 1945
P. Calis, Speeltuin van de titaantjes. Schrijvers en tijdschriften tussen 1945 en 1948
A. Venema, Schrijvers, uitgevers en hun collaboratie, I, Het systeem
A. Venema, Schrijvers, uitgevers en hun collaboratie, II, De harde kern
A. Venema, Schrijvers, uitgevers en hun collaboratie, IIIA, De kleine collaboratie
A. Venema, Schrijvers, uitgevers en hun collaboratie, IIIB, S. Vestdijk
A. Venema, Schrijvers, uitgevers en hun collaboratie, IV, Uitgevers en boekhandelaren
Zes studies over verzuiling
Authors: Rooy P. de
Published: September 2015

F. Groot, Roomsen, rechtzinnigen en nieuwlichters. Verzuiling in een Hollandse plattelandsgemeente, Naaldwijk 1850-1930
D.J. Wolffram, Bezwaarden en verlichten. Verzuiling in een Gelderse provinciestad, Harderwijk 1850-1925
De laatste ronde van pre-moderne economische groei
Authors: Zanden J.L. van
Published: September 2015

J. de Vries, A. van der Woude, Nederland 1500-1815. De eerste ronde van moderne economische groei
Orde in de chaos
Authors: Dunk Th.H. von der
Published: September 2015

Recensie-artikel naar aanleiding van Auke van der Woud, Waarheid en karakter. Het debat over de bouwkunst 1840-1900 (Rotterdam: NAi uitgevers, 1997, 483 blz., ISBN 90 5662 044 4)
Geschiedschrijving over de Republiek
Authors: Mijnhardt W.W.
Published: September 2015

J.I. Israel, The Dutch Republic. Its rise, greatness, and fall 1477-1806
J.I. Israel, De Republiek 1477-1806, I, tot 1647, II, vanaf 1647
De geest van Munster. De botsende economische en commerciële belangen van België en Nederland en de invloed op de wederzijdse beeldvorming (1830-1940)
Authors: Waele M. de
Published: September 2015

The spirit of Munster. The conflicting economic and commercial interests of Belgium and the Netherlands and the influence this had on their perceptions of one another (1830-1940)The treaty of Munster, which at the request of the Dutch officially decided the closure of the Scheldt in 1648, cast a long shadow. When the separation between Belgium and Holland was settled in 1839, the terms regarding the statute of the Scheldt and the waterways between the Scheldt, the Meuse and the Rhine were perceived as distinctly disadvantageous in Belgium and its main port Antwerp. The intransigence of the Dutch during later rounds of talks confirmed their reputation for greed and meanness. More than one Belgian diplomat remained convinced that the notorious Munster spirit was still very much alive. The outbreak of the first World War put the problem of the waterways in a different bilateral and international perspective. Several leading Belgian politicians and diplomats aspired to incorporate the Dutch territories of Zeeland Flanders and Limburg. Although these claims were mainly inspired by strategic motives, those advocating them realised that this would allow Belgium to settle the waterways problem in its favour once and for all. Other policymakers, although opposed to territorial gains, hoped that the war would result in a favourable settlement of this tricky problem. However, the Belgians' territorial claims and their aggressive nationalist campaign so angered the Dutch that during the Paris negotiations in 1919 they were more intransigent than ever. This round of talks reached a deadlock in the spring of 1920, and an agreement was not found before 1940.
Feminisme revisited
Authors: Ribberink A.
Published: September 2015

R. Oldenziel, C. Bouw, Schoon genoeg. Huisvrouwen en huishoudtechnologie in Nederland 1898-1998; H. Pott-Buter, K.G. Tijdens, Vrouwen. Leven en werk in de twintigste eeuw; G. Blauwhof, Van passie tot professie. Vrouwelijke vliegers in de Nederlandse luchtvaart; N. Manneke, Vrouwen van kaliber. Politievrouwen in de twintigste eeuw; R. van Daalen, M. Gijswijt-Hofstra, Gezond en wel. Vrouwen en de zorg voor gezondheid in de twintigste eeuw; J. Poelstra, Vrouwen aan het Spaarne. Op zoek naar nieuwe wegen; M. Grever, B. Waaldijk, Feministische openbaarheid. De nationale tentoonstelling van vrouwenarbeid in 1898; K. Kruisheer, De dokter, dat ben ik! 65 Jaar Vereniging van Nederlandse vrouwelijke artsenFeminism revisitedThe extent to which women's and gender history has been integrated in contemporary political history can be described as being 'fairly positive'. This trend can be stimulated by the further development of the discipline of women's and gender history. As far as this is concerned, 1998 proved to a fruitful year in that a huge number of publications were published. Most of them were brought out to commemorate the anniversary of the 1898 National Exhibition of Women's Labour. Eight of these recent books are discussed in this paper. In this literature, the importance of the first and second feminist movements is stressed. During the first feminist wave (1860- 1920) and the period preceding the second feminist wave (1920-1970) the predominant opinion in the Netherlands was that of 'difference', that is the belief that differences between the sexes are more important than similarities. During the second feminist wave (1970-1990), at least in the beginning, this view was curtailed and the opposite view, which stressed the similarities between the sexes, began to prevail.
De volledigheidswaan van biografen
Authors: Liagre Böhl H. de
Published: September 2015

A. Kuiper, Een wijze ging voorbij. Het leven van Abel J. Herzberg; L. van Driel, J. Noordegraaf, De Vries en Te Winkel. Een duografie; W. Hazeu, M.C. Escher. Een biografie; J.W. Renders, Zo meen ik dat ook jij bent. Biografie van Jan Hanlo; M. Derks, S. Verheesen-Stegeman, Wetenschap als roeping. Prof. dr. Christine Mohrmann (1903-1988), classica; F. Zwart, Willem Mengelberg (1871-1951). Een biografie 1871-1920The delusion that the scope of a biography is ever fully completeThis review article observes that, since the 1980s, the art of writing biographies has become fully accepted once more in academic circles in the Netherlands. This revival has been stimulated by positive collaborative efforts between historians and Dutch specialists. This harmony is based on their commitment to the principles of the Modem Biography, a style which counts since the first World War as the ‘ideal type’ of the whole genre. This style — which is mostly identified with Lytton Strachey’s Eminent Victorians (1918) - mediates between literature and historical studies. Their followers want to combine: 1. literary eloquence, 2. scholarly accuracy, 3. an analytic and a explicative concept about the personage and his or her work, 4. the skill of placing the character in the context of his or her time. Those four desiderata are used in this article as a point of departure for assessing six Dutch biographies that appeared in 1998. Some of them are excellent, however, all of them show a propensity towards empiricism and prolixity. Unfortunately this trait is characteristic of many recent biographies in The Netherlands
De grote school van de natie. Legerartsen over drankmisbruik en geslachtsziekten in het Belgisch leger (circa 1850-1950)
Authors: Nys L.
Published: September 2015

The training ground of the nation: Army doctors dealing with alcohol abuse and venereal disease in the Belgian army (circa 1850-1950)In the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century, Belgian army doctors were very concerned about the high incidence of alcoholism and venereal disease in the army. They launched a vigorous campaign to combat these 'diseases'. The underlying motives for this campaign were many and various. In the first place, the army's medical staff wanted to improve the general health and physical fitness of the military. At the same time, they used their campaign to reverse the negative opinion of the army prevalent amongst the general public by trying to reform the moral standards in the barracks. Another important motive for their radical measures against alcoholism and venereal disease was to enhance military and national efficiency. Finally, towards the end of the nineteenth century, more and more army doctors considered alcoholism and venereal disease to be major causes of racial degeneration, and this further legitimised their continued action against these two evils. Ultimately, the army doctors expected the results of their drastic campaign to transcend the confines of the army and have a positive impact on the entire nation as well. In this way, the army would truly become 'la grande école nationale'.
Verborgen motieven en uitgesproken persoonlijkheden. Eer en reputatie in de vroege socialistische arbeidersbeweging van Amsterdam
Authors: Bos D.
Published: September 2015

Hidden motives and outspoken personalities. Honour and reputation in the early socialist labour movement in AmsterdamThis article analyses the role of personal reputations and honour codes among the first generations of socialist working-class activists in Amsterdam, in the thirty-year period that preceded the rise of the 'modern' Social Democratic Workers Party (SDAP). The 'old movement' as it became known, did not possess a strictly defined ideology or a very solid organisational structure, but was able to compensate for this by placing a strong emphasis on questions of honour and personal reputation. In doing so, the early socialists successfully appealed to existing mentalities within their class.
De hand van Romme. C.P.M. Romme als staatkundig hoofdredacteur van De Volkskrant (1945-1952)
Authors: Broersma M.
Published: September 2015

Romme's hand: The politician C.P.M. Romme as editor-in-chief of the 'De Volkskrant' (1945-1952)Between 1945 and 1953, C.P.M. Romme held two posts simultaneously; he was both the political leader of the Katholieke Volkspartij (KVP) and editor-in-chief of the newspaper 'De Volkskrant'. Many assumptions have been made about this joint position, mostly by theorists and researchers into the subject of 'pillarization'. However, Romme's actual influence on the content of the 'Volkskrant' has not yet been properly researched. This article explores the role that Romme the politician played during his editorship of the 'Volkskrant'. It aims to show how Romme used the newspaper to attain his political goals; especially with regard to maintaining Catholic political unity and social solidarity. He wrote leading articles to influence public opinion, acted in a censorial capacity and invited journalists and political supporters to contribute articles that supported his own views. In 1952, the owner of the newspaper, the 'Katholieke Arbeidersbeweging' (The Trade Union for Catholics), forced Romme to resign. Ironically, it was a conflict about maintaining Catholic political unity - Romme's main political goal – that ultimately led to his resignation.
Carolus van Europa. Keizer Karel V in 2000 herdacht
Authors: Mout M.E.H.N.
Published: September 2015

Th. Coppens, Antonius Mor. Hofschilder van Karel V R. de Dijn, De vrouwen van de keizer. Een tocht door Europa met Karel V A. Kohler, Karl V. 1500-1558. Eine Biographie H. Verbrugge, Keizer Karel. Testament van een Habsburger H. Lox, Van stropdragers en de pot van Olen. Verhalen over Keizer Karel E. Schreurs, De schatkamer van Alamire. Muziek en miniaturen uit keizer Karels tijd (1500-1535) E. Schulin, Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereiches M.F. Alvarez, Carlos V, el césar y el hombre P.N. Palacio, Carolus V imperator F. Maes, The empire resounds. Music in the days of Charles V H. Soly, J. van de Wiele, Carolus. Keizer Karel V 1500-1558 R. Hoozee, J. Tollebeek, T. Verschaffel, Mise-en-scène. Keizer Karel en de verbeelding van de negentiende eeuw H. Soly, Karel V, 1500-1558. De keizer en zijn tijd S. MacDonald, Charles V. Ruler, dynast and defender of the faith 1500-58 W. Blockmans, Keizer Karel V 1500-1558. De utopie van het keizerschap G. Vanpaemel, T. Padmos, Wereldwijs. Wetenschappers rond keizer Karel T. Padmos, G. Vanpaemel, De geleerde wereld van keizer Karel. Catalogus tentoonstelling Wereldwijs. Wetenschappers rond keizer Karel W. Blockmans, Het keizerschap van Karel V. Europese droom versus regionale werklijkheidCarolus of Europe. The Emperor Charles V commemorated in the year 2000The commemoration of 1500, the year of Charles's birth, has led to many and multifarious publications. In some of them a not unattractive mixture of scholarly research and literary imagination prevails. The big exhibitions evoke an image of the Emperor placed on the intersection between political power and cultural flourishing. Specialized studies examine themes from musicology and the history of science. Biographies vary between modest introductions and bulky volumes full of detail. A few research desiderata, especially in the field of economic and financial history, are still unfulfilled. In every book reviewed the European perspective prevails, contrary to the predominantly national approach of bygone days.
Graaf Willem I van Holland (1202-1222): ridderschap en machtspolitiek
Authors: Janse A.
Published: September 2015

Count William I of Holland (1203-1222): Chivalry and Power PoliticsWilliam I, Count of Holland (1203-1222) is generally known as a chivalric prince who was more interested in the international theatre of war than in governing his own estate. William did indeed participate in two crusades (1189-1191 and 1217-1219), one major 'European' battle (Bouvines 1214) and a French invasion in England (1216). However, these 'chivalric' activities did not stem from sheer personal impetuosity and a lust for adventure. In all cases, political motives played a role. Chivalric behavior went hand in hand with pragmatic power politics.
In de ban van de Joodse Raad
Authors: Blom J.C.H.
Published: September 2015

P. Schrijvers, Rome, Athene, Jeruzalem. Leven en werk van prof. dr. David Cohen
Het format van de stad. Een evaluatie van recente Nederlandse stadsgeschiedenissen
Authors: Kooij P.
Published: September 2015

R. Kunst, Leeuwarden 750-2000. Hoofdstad van Friesland; A. van der Schoor, N. Schadee, Stad in aanwas. Geschiedenis van Rotterdam tot 1813; P. van de Laar, Stad van formaat. Geschiedenis van Rotterdam in de negentiende en twintigste eeuw; R.E. de Bruin, 'Een paradijs vol weelde'. Geschiedenis van de stad Utrecht.The shape of the city. An evaluation of recent historical studies on Dutch townsUrban history in the Netherlands started roundabout 1970. It was initially promoted by mainly economic and social historians who used concepts derived from geography which centred on town and country relations, urban networks, and migration. The spatial factor was considered to be a core feature, also inside the towns and cities. An alternative view, however, argued that a completely introspective urban history, focussing on one city, would result in more integration. This hypothesis has been proved in a number of recent, more or less integral urban histories, commissioned by several independent municipal authorities in individual cities. They show that a combination of internal and external elements offers the best results with regard to integration.
Binnenlandse constituties of buitenlandse omstandigheden?
Authors: Fritschy W.
Published: September 2015

Internal rules or external circumstances?While De Vries and Van der Woude scorned 'institutional economics' in favour of the Annalesschool of thought in their The First Modern Economy on the period 1500-1815, Van Zanden and Van Riel paid lip service to North's new 'institutional economics' in their book on Dutch social-economic history during the period 1780-1914. However, their attempt to link developments in the structure and growth of the Dutch economy with consecutive Dutch constitutional law is not that convincing. Oddly enough, the figures of the National Accounts database, which lies at the very heart of their book, do not corroborate their thesis of a modern economic development in the first half of the 19th Century concomitant with the 'modern' constitution of 1815. The fact that the Netherlands was no longer a force to be reckoned with on the international stage, either economically or politically, during the second half of the 18th Century, was evidently more due to the growing protectionism of the other countries and the small domestic market of the Netherlands than to an institutional structure which, by the way, had not altered since the 'successful' first half of the 17th Century. Nevertheless, their analysis of the influence of the 'arena of collective action of pressure groups' on economic development is are certainly convincing, even brilliant, and makes this book a definite 'must'. This review is part of the discussion forum Nederland 1780-1914 (J.L. van Zanden, A. van Riel).
Het fin-de-siècle als vertoning
Authors: Krul W.
Published: September 2015

In their publication entitled 1900: Hoogtij van burgerlijke cultuur, the authors, Jan Bank and Maarten van Buuren, failed to pay adequate attention to the contrasts and differences that typified Dutch culture at the fin de siècle. The book therefore lacks analytical precision. The term 'bourgeois culture' should not have been applied in such an all-inclusive and unambiguous manner. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1900.
Keuzes en accenten
Authors: Bosscher D.
Published: September 2015

The author tries to assess the merits of Welvaart in zwart-wit [Affluence in black-and-white] by Kees Schuyt and Ed Taverne. He concludes that notwithstanding a certain lack of originality, Schuyt and Taverne have written a highly interesting and valuable book which convincingly captures the enigmatic spirit of the period around 1950. Schuyt and Taverne show themselves to be extremely well-versed in their established areas of expertise and answer a number of questions on the 1940s and 1950s with outstanding flair. It is rather disappointing, however, that a joint endeavour by two such erudite scholars ultimately produced so little added value. Their approaches did not in fact lead to a synthesis of scholarly disciplines, and sadly especially not concerning the issues that originally prompted the creation of this series of books: the theory of demography, culture and multiculturalism. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1950.
De beste stuurgroep staat aan wal. Een antwoord op kritische opmerkingen van Karel Davids en anderen over het prioriteitsprogramma 'De Nederlandse cultuur in Europese context'
Authors: Fokkema D. , Grijzenhout F.
Published: September 2015

Douwe Fokkema, Frans GrijzenhoutThe authors take issue with the critical remarks that were levelled at the research project 'Dutch Culture in its European Context' and, in particular, those made about the series entitled Rekenschap: 1650-2000 which they edited. They maintain that Dutch culture was correctly depicted as a 'debating culture' ; one in which consensus was actively pursued and which in turn led to compromises being reached. Open debates were feasible because of the small-scale nature of the discussions and the absence of a powerful aristocracy or any other strict hierarchical social structure, for example in ecclesiastical quarters. The project focussed on the cultural exchange with other nations rather than on giving a description of the cultural identity of the Netherlands. It was inspired by the idea of a united Europe.
Leven, wonen en werken in onzekere tijden. Patronen van bevolking en arbeid in België in de 'lange negentiende eeuw'
Authors: Vanhaute E.
Published: September 2015

Lifestyles, living conditions and employment in uncertain times. Population and employment patterns in Belgium during the 'long, drawn-out nineteenth century', Eric VanhauteIn recent decades, historic-demographic research has asked new questions, used new sources and experimented with new methods. Yet these innovative trends which have produced a wealth of findings, have failed to revive the debate about broad, overarching patterns and models, which is still dominated by all-encompassing modernization concepts such as the 'demographic transition'. This article argues for a renewed, unbiased dialogue between micro and macro approaches and formulates some ideas about bridging the gap between the rich but splintered domain of demographic micro research and historicising models of social transitions. A survey is presented on the accumulated knowledge about important transitions in demographic trends witnessedin 19th century Belgium: Population growth, birth rates, death rates, nuptuals and fertility, conditions in which people lived together and family formations, as well as housing and employment. These processes are subsequently interpreted within the context of the structural transition to an 'extensive' 19th century and an 'intensive' 20th century social model, respectively.
Leiderschap en calvinisme
Authors: Deursen A.Th. van
Published: September 2015

Leadership and Calvinism, Arie van DeursenTe Velde's comparative study of five Dutch Prime Ministers attempts to examine how leadership changes with the passage of time. It would appear that each one's inimitable style reflected the demands of the particular era in which he lived. This was especially true of Thorbecke. He found his own comfortable niche in a time when politics was the monopoly of a small, elite group of prominent individuals. There are certain rules that govern political leadership, which functions for as long as the circumstances of the time allow these rules to be followed. However, the book does not reveal the nature of these rules in the period between Thorbecke and Kuyper. One also wonders whether Colijn's perception of the task that lay ahead of him did not have more to do with the political faction to which he belonged than with the time in which he lived. Te Velde's use of the term 'Calvinistic' to describe a petty, bourgeois way of life is also extremely questionable. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Stijlen van leiderschap' (H. te Velde).
Het Srebrenica-rapport en de geschiedenis van het heden
Authors: Lagrou P.
Published: September 2015

The Srebrenica report and the history of present times, P. LagrouThe Srebrenica report, compiled by the Dutch Institute for War Documentation, is an unprecedented venture into genuinely contemporary history. The enquiry started one year after the massacre in July 1995 and the report was published less than six years later. The Dutch government granted the team of researchers exceptional access to public archives, but the investigation also benefited from the ongoing proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague. The report produced spectacular political results, culminating in the resignation of the Dutch government, but its implications for the debate on the chronological limits of the exercise of history as a scientific discipline will be longer lasting. Is the self-imposed limit, whereby historians only concern themselves with things past, that are at least a few decades old, merely circumstantial, due to the inaccessibility of the sources, and thus destined to disappear when the rules of access are changed or are they a fundamental condition of the historian's method? The report can be credited with impressive achievements in the reconstruction of the massacre through a thorough combination of very diverse source materials. It also raises fundamental questions in that it shows that a national approach is no longer sufficient to analyse the complex functioning of European politics at the close of the twentieth century. However, the most important objection one can level against the report's approach is that the fundamental problem of exclusive access granted to one specific research team, yet unavailable to contradictory investigations, was considerably aggravated by the redactional choice of a streamlined end-result that does not accommodate dissenting opinions or internal debate. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Srebrenica, een "veilig" gebied' (J. C. H. Blom, B. G J. de Graaff, D. C. L. Schoonoord).
Oordelen in uitersten
Authors: Blom J.C.H. , Graaff B.G.J. de , Schoonoord D.C.L.
Published: September 2015

Judging in the extreme, J. C. H. Blom, B. G J. de Graaff, D. C. L. SchoonoordThis article is a reply to the remarkably different contributions from J.W.L. Brouwer, J.W. Honig and P. Lagrou. Against this differing background in terms of appreciation for the Srebrenica report and the point of view taken, attention is given to the manner in which the enquiry was conducted. The researchers never intended to produce a definitive history of what happened at Srebrenica, rather their aim was to provide a thorough and meaningful contribution to the debate. A convincing study, both from an international, Dutch and local perspective, could only be produced in the light of the violent disintegration of the Former Yugoslavia and the subsequent involvement of the international community and organisations. Only within that framework could the role of the Netherlands Government and the Dutch military be surveyed. But the main focus of the report is not Dutch history in the making, even if a lot of attention was paid to the Netherlands. It would lead too far afield to agree with Lagrou that the researchers had an unshakeable belief that the verified facts would speak for themselves. Nevertheless, the essence of their enquiry was to work according to the traditional methods of their trade, i.e. to rely on the sources. With regard to Honig's alternative interpretation, there are no grounds for stating that the mass murders and the attack on Srebrenica would have required more advance planning. The available sources point in a different directionThis response is part of the discussion forum 'Srebrenica, een "veilig" gebied' (J. C. H. Blom, B. G J. de Graaff, D. C. L. Schoonoord).
Militaire hervormingen in het Staatse leger en de opbouw van het wapenbedrijf, 1585-1621
Authors: Jong M.A.G. de
Published: September 2015

M. A. G. de Jong, Military reforms in the State army and the growth of the arms industry, 1585-1621This article looks at the consequences of the military reforms carried out under Prince Maurice of Orange upon the demand and supply of arms and munitions for the State army, especially the infantry. Five key aspects of these military reforms were examined: the increasing use of firearms; the standardization of arms; the growth of the State army; the increasingly important role that sieges had come to play in warfare; and, regular payments to the troops. When combined, these developments influenced the scale and nature of the demand made by the army in particular and, subsequently, the development of the arms industry as a whole. In their efforts to address this rapid increase in demand, a clear tendency towards concentration became evident among the entrepreneurs in the arms industry. The increased level of production that was required led to a number of important changes in the structure and organisation of the arms industry: standardization, granting buyers credit in the form of raw materials, fixed contracts, the distribution/dispersal and division of labour. During this process, the Dutch authorities consistently played an expressly guiding role. Through the direct link between the troops of the State army and the suppliers of arms on the one hand, and the provincial authorities on the other, the decentralised state system could furnish the State army with its requirements in an efficient and effective manner. This article is part of the special issue 'Legerorganisatie en oorlogvoering in de Lage Landen tijdens de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw'.
Bezoldiging, bevoorrading en inkwartiering van de koninklijke troepen in de Spaanse Nederlanden (1567-1700)
Authors: Rooms E.
Published: September 2015

Etienne Rooms, The salaries, provisions and quarters of the Royal troops in the Spanish NetherlandsSpain wished to play a leading role in Europe and, for this reason, the strategic location of the Southern Netherlands was of the utmost importance. Consequently, ever expanding armies had to be stationed in the Southern Netherlands. In addition to this, military exertions were also necessary in Italy, the German Empire, on the Iberian peninsula and in the colonies. From the seventeenth century onwards, it became increasingly obvious that Spain lacked the financial capacity to carry out such an ambitious policy. As a result, troops in the Southern Netherlands were paid on an irregular and partial basis. Supplies also left a lot to be desired and there was no money left over to provide the soldiers with winter quarters. In order to avoid mutiny and pillage, the local authorities often had to step in and assume responsibility for these matters. The quality of the royal troops therefore fell to an all-time low. In the end, Spain had no means to defend the positions in the Southern Netherlands against French aggression. The only reason why Louis XIV could not annex the Southern Netherlands to his kingdom was because England and the Dutch Republic gave their full military support to thwart this annexation. This article is part of the special issue 'Legerorganisatie en oorlogvoering in de Lage Landen tijdens de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw'.
Degeneratie en dressuur. Natuurgeneeswijze, vegetarisme en naturisme als ontwerpen voor een moderne samenleving, 1890-1950
Authors: Peeters E.
Published: September 2015

Degeneration and dressage. Natural cures, vegetarianism and naturalism as building blocks for a modern society, 1890-1950Aloïs van Son, a natural therapist from Antwerp, presided over a successful medical practice in the 1920s en 1930s and strongly believed that his search for a drug-free ‘natural’ therapy was rooted in a much broader struggle against a ‘degenerate’ society that had lost touch with nature. It was only by changing oneself (Selbstreform), Van Son preached, that the modern individual could heal society. In this article, a crucial autobiographical confession by this headstrong and charismatic therapist will help to deepen our understanding of the ‘life reform’ movement (Lebensreform) as it developed between 1890 and 1950 not only in societies of natural therapists, vegetarians and naturists in Germany, but also among their Belgian counterparts. My aim is not, as has been done before, to provide an accurate qualification of the ‘modern’ or ‘antimodern’ character of the exterior ideology of this movement. On the contrary; I will try to lay bare the interior dynamics of ‘life reform’ practices. I will argue that opponents like Van Son found in the ascetic experience that these practices not only provided a refuge from but also gave access to modern reality.
Orthodoxie, ketterij en consensus, 1670-1850. Drie historische vertogen over religie en openbaarheid
Authors: Eijnatten J. van
Published: September 2015

Orthodoxy, heresy and consensus, 1670-1850. Three historical discourses on religion and the public sphereThe idea of a ‘religious consensus’ hardly seems applicable to the religious history of the Netherlands during the ‘long’ eighteenth century (1670-1850). It appears to contradict such religious phenomena as ‘tolerance’ and ‘pillarization’, which are considered to be typical features of Dutch history. Consequently, church historical accounts tend to project a form of confessional apartheid on the Dutch religious past. Religious history is rarely interpreted in terms or concepts that are not derived from the Christian church or from Christianity. Moreover, Dutch church history has a strong tendency to focus on biographical, archival or philological research. This article contains a sketch of three interconnected intellectual discourses on orthodoxy, heresy and consensus. Together, they provide a conceptual framework which allows us to interpret religious ideas in a light not informed by religious ideology. During the long eighteenth century, a period that marks the transition from the ancien regime to the nation state, each of the three discourses contributed to the formation of a religious public sphere. Focusing respectively on politics, history and culture, the three discourses fit into the more general development of the religious public sphere from ‘confessional’ to ‘pedagogical’. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
Het protestantisme en de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De casus Nederland en de casus Frankrijk
Authors: Bank J.
Published: September 2015

Protestantism and World War II. The Dutch case and the French caseThis paper on the Protestant churches of France and the Netherlands during the Second World War is the preliminary result of a research project on religion in Europe in the 1940s. The project is part of a larger European Science Foundation programme on The Impact of National Socialist and Fascist Occupations in Europe (INSFO). Three main themes are discussed. The first looks at the institutional relations between the Churches and the new regimes in 1940: the Nazi regime in occupied Holland and the government of Vichy France. The second covers the confrontation between theology and the National Socialist ideology, looking at the influence of the radical theology of Karl Barth on the younger generation of ministers in both countries in particular. The third theme explores the types of resistance that resulted from Protestant ideologies, such as the duty to help refugees based on historical arguments. In this respect, special attention is given to Lutheranism in the Alsace under the German Reich, and to the effect of a particularly pious brand of Dutch Calvinism on its followers’ attitudes to resistance and suffering. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
Oral history en het vreemde sterven van het Nederlandse christendom
Authors: Rooden P. van
Published: September 2015

Oral history and the strange demise of Dutch ChristianityDuring the last forty years, Dutch society has gone through a sudden and far-reaching dechristianisation process. Sociologists specialising in religion have monitored this development and explained it using the secularist theory. However, an exploratory oral history approach, based on 43 interviews, and using the modern social history of West European religion, propels us in another direction. The vibrant Dutch Christianity of the 1950s was based on collective rituals and discursive practices that were taken for granted. Although it was possible for individuals to become well-versed in this religion, they did not use the religious rites and rituals in order to think about their own situation. This peculiar nature of Dutch Christianity made it very vulnerable to the cultural revolution of the 1960s, interpreted here as the rise within mass-culture of the practices and ideals of the expressive and reflexive self. People did not choose to leave the churches, but instead drifted away, almost without realising it, as the religious practices from their youth gradually became less important within their lives. The churches were unable to create a form of Christianity that could adapt itself to the new ideal and practices of the self and effectively compete in the cultural marketplace. This article is part of the special issue 'Godsdienst in Nederland'.
De mislukte missie van mr. Maarten van Naarden als luitenant-stadhouder van Stad en Lande 1541-1557
Authors: Postma F.
Published: September 2015

Maarten van Naarden’s failed mission  as lieutenant-stadholder of the province of Groningen, 1541-1557In November 1557, Maarten van Naarden resigned from his post as lieutenant-stadholder of the province of Groningen and left the province after staying there for sixteen years. Van Naarden’s resignation was preceded by a number of conflicts with the Groningen town council and the States of the province. However, these conflicts were neither confined to Van Naarden nor the province of Groningen. They had also taken place  in other provinces in the Northeast of the Netherlands. What makes Van Naarden’s clash with the Groningen provincial authorities in the 1550s so important is that it clarifies the principles that were at stake. These principles were less apparent in the conflicts between the representatives of the central government in Friesland, Overijssel and Gelderland. It was a struggle in which Van Naarden tried, as his opponents rightly saw it, to introduce the ‘constitution’ of Utrecht in the town and county of Groningen. In Utrecht, which had been annexed by Charles V in 1528, the autonomy of the province had been reduced to next to nothing. The only authority still resting with the States was the surveillance of the provincial dikes and waterways. All their other areas of authority had been taken over by the provincial court of which Van Naarden had been president between 1537 and 1541. To avoid the same thing happening to them, Van Naarden was ordered to appear before the Groningen States assembly in January 1556. At this meeting, the weakness of his position became crystal clear. None of the members took his side. Because the government lacked the means to keep Van Naarden in office, his withdrawal from Groningen was inevitable. What we see behind the story of Van Naarden more clearly than in the conflicts in the neighbouring provinces is the outline of the absolute state that Van Naarden’s superiors had in mind for the Netherlands.
TIN-20 in het perspectief van de economische en sociale geschiedenis
Authors: Kooij P.
Published: September 2015

This review is part of the discussion forum 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' (J. Schot, H. Lintsen, A. Rip, A. Albert de la Bruhèze).
De stand van de geschiedschrijving van de Nederlandse politieke partijen
Authors: Voerman G.
Published: September 2015

The position of the historiography of the Dutch political partiesFor a long time time, the historiography of the Dutch political parties was used by different groups in their struggle for political and social emancipation; groups such as labourers, Protestant ‘small folk’ and Catholics. This approach, in which society is vertically segregated in pillars, was deeply hagiographic and one-sided in nature. In order to inspire their supporters, any achievements gained were set against the background of the higher ideals that these liberating movements strove to realise. The need for, and with it the right to exist of, this pillarised approach towards historiography diminished as these groups gradually became fully emancipated after World War II. During the 1970s and 1980s, this was largely replaced by a modern, more objective and scientific approach of the political party. A historiographical survey is presented in this article showing the results of this scientific historiography during the last fifteen to twenty years (taking as its starting point the inventory in P. Luykx and N. Bootsma, (eds.), De laatste tijd. Geschiedschrijving over Nederland in de 20e eeuw, Utrecht, 1987).
De taal van het anti-parlementarisme. Poëzie en politiek in Nederland 1870-1940
Authors: Broek I. van den
Published: September 2015

The language of anti-parliamentarianism. Poetry and politics in the Netherlands 1870-1940‘The language of anti-parliamentarianism’ discusses the intertwinement between Dutch political history during the late nineteenth century and the interwar period and experiments in poetry that were going on at the same time. Doubts were expressed both inside and outside parliament about the power and possibilities of language. Politics was often criticized as a futile activity consisting of endless rounds of debates and meetings. This criticism was levelled at Parliament in particular; the symbol of political rhetoric and the bastion of (liberal) civilisation. Indeed, it was in the realm of poetry that the boundaries of language were explored: What if the accepted rules and forms were abandoned? And what if language itself was abandoned? Rhetorically, there was a solution: the act. ‘Acting’, however, had been discredited as it had descended into violence during the Second World War and the Holocaust. Thereafter, language once again became the only legitimate weapon in politics. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
'Een schadelijke instelling'. Kritiek op het parlement in België in het interbellum
Authors: Gerard E.
Published: September 2015

A harmful institution. Critique of the Belgian parliament during the interwar periodTwo key features that characterise the interwar period are the crisis within the parliamentary system and the rise of fascism. The wave of criticism directed at the Belgian parliament can be attributed to this overall climate, although it also has its own peculiarities that originate from Belgian’s political culture, particularly its strong parliamentary tradition. The First World War acted as a catalyst for this strong antiparliamentary critique through the outburst of nationalism and the cult of violence it unleashed along with the temporary suspension of parliamentary activity and the concomitant process of democratisation. The criticism that had been confined to extremist groups from both the left and the right during the 1920s reached a crescendo and became endemic after 1933, particularly among the younger generations. Abuse of power, acting as a front for shady practices, unable to deal with economic issues, disrupting national unity, unrepresentative, and mediocre MPs; these were just some of the recurring themes in the anti-parliamentary debate, which was not so much the result of carefully balanced arguments as the reflection of a popular trend. The Belgian parliament acknowledged its shortcomings, but was unable to turn back the tide. The scope of the anti-parliamentary criticism can be measured by the power shift at the end of the 1930s which favoured the monarchy at the expense of parliament. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.