bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Platelet Concentrates Stored at 22°C Need Oxygen The Significance of Plastics in Platelet Preservation
Authors: Wallvik Jonas , Åkerblom Olof
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet concentrates prepared by platelet apheresis were stored in plastic blood bags with different gas permeability properties. Inadequate oxygen supply gave an insufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration and a compensatory increase in glycolysis and lactic acid production, giving a rapidly falling pH. At pH below 6.0 the glycolysis was inhibited, oxygen consumption ceased, and ATP dropped towards depletion. Adequate oxygen supply kept the lactic acid production low with small pH changes only, and allowed a sufficient ATP regeneration. The release of α‐granular platelet Factor 4 (PF4) was almost total at pH below 6.0, while at intact metabolic function there was a slow release of PF4. Platelet preservation is enhanced by the use of blood bags with adequate gas exchange properties. In our study one polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) bag gave poor results, while another PVC bag and a polyolefin bag showed intact metabolism for 5 days and a moderate release of PF4.
Quantitative Determination of the Number of FITC‐Molecules Bound per Cell in Immunofluorescence Flow Cytometry
Authors: de Bruin H. G. , de Leur‐Ebeling I. , Aaij C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Results obtained by flow cytofluorometry are expressed in ‘arbitrary’ units, which have a relative significance only. A method is described to make this unit to represent a number of fluorochrome molecules per cell, i.e. to give it an absolute value. The method makes use of an antibody labeled with a fluorochrome (FITC) as well as a radioactive marker (I25I). From the amount of radioactivity bound per cell on the one hand and the fluorescence measured by flow cytofluorometry on the other, the amount of FITC per unit of fluorescence follows by straight‐forward calculation. The method described is rather simple to perform and is quite reliable. Some of its restrictions are discussed.
Assessment of Infectiousness of Male Malaysian Blood Donors
Authors: So‐Har Ton , Gladys Lopez Cynthia , Ramli Noriah
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HBeAg and anti‐HBe were determined in the blood of 189 male blood donors. The incidence of HBsAg was 6.9% while that for HBeAg and anti‐HBe was 1.6 and 18%, respectively. Of the 13 samples positive for HBsAg, two (15.4%) were positive for HBe while six (46.2%) were positive for anti‐HBe. One specimen was negative for HBsAg but was positive for HBeAg and anti‐HBe. The observations are discussed.
Screening Blood Donors for Plasmodium falciparum Malariae Application of Ready‐to‐Use Homologous Antigens
Authors: Deroff P. , Reguer M. , Simitzis A.M. , Boudon A. , Saleun J.P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Prevention of post‐transfusion malaria remains a worrying problem. Until now it was very difficult to obtain homologous antigens, and immunologic methods used to detect malaria were expensive. We tested the ready‐to‐use Plasmodium falciparum prepared slides using the IFA (indirect fluorescent antibody) test on 866 selected potentially dangerous donors and known malaria cases. We found that it is a simple, quick, reliable and inexpensive method that can be easily used by blood banks and improve blood transfusion safety.
Blood Group Chimeras: A Review
Authors: Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. More than 70 spontaneous chimeric propositi in man are known. This review attempts to summarize the information given by 32 twin chimeras, 32 dispermic chimeras and 11 chimeras of unestablished type.
Transfusion Requirements after HLA‐Identical Marrow Transplantation in 82 Patients with Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Wulff J.C. , Santner T.J. , Storb R. , Banaji M. , Buckner CD. , Clift R. , Stewart P. , Sanders J. , Slichter S. , Thomas E.D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) transfusion requirements during the first 13 weeks after HLA‐identical marrow transplantation were studied in 82 patients with aplastic anemia. On the average, patients were given 9 units of RBCs (1–82) and 44 units of PLTS (6–468). The greatest need for support was during the first 4 weeks postgrafting. A multivariate statistical analysis of 22 variables showed that RBC and PLT requirements increased with age. In addition, RBC requirements increased if the patient had isohemagglutinins against the marrow donor's RBC, i.e., if the marrow transplant was across a major ABO barrier.
Effects on Blood Group Antigens from Storage at Low Ionic Strength in the Presence of Neomycin1
Authors: Malyska Harry , Kleeman Jeanine E. , Masouredis S.P. , Victoria E.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red blood cells (RBC) stored without plasma in a neomycin, low ionic strength medium at 4°C in excess of 24 h show alterations in antigen reactivity. There is a loss of protease‐sensitive RBC antigens and a protease‐type increased IgG saline agglutinability of Rh antigens that is associated with increased binding of 125I anti‐D. Both the serological findings and the alteration in RBC membrane polypeptides are consistent with protease modification of the membrane due to contamination of the RBC by leukocytes. Neomycin, low ionic strength or leukocytes alone or in dual combination do not produce the observed changes in antigen reactivity. The role of neomycin and low ionic strength in this phenomenon and implication for quality control of reagent RBC used for antibody detection and identification are discussed.
Platelet Function after Shipment of Room Temperature Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Koerner K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet concentrates stored for 48 or 72 h were shipped up to 10 h at 22 or 4°C. Thereafter platelet function was compared with platelet concentrates stored under optimal blood bank conditions with continuous agitation and strict temperature control. Platelet function measured by hypotonic shock response, aggregation and serotonin uptake is better maintained at 22 than at 4°C. The only difference between shipping and continuous agitation is seen in the hypotonic shock response after a total storage time of 72 h. Shipped platelets showed a marked drop in hypotonic‐shock response. The data indicate that shipment of platelet concentrates does not significantly impair platelet function.
Preparation of Leukocyte‐Free Platelets for Transfusion by Filtration through Cotton Wool
Authors: Sirchia G. , Parravicini A. , Rebuild P. , Bertolini F. , Morelati F. , Marconi M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Filtration through Imugard filters of random platelet concentrates or platelets obtained by plateletpheresis allow the preparation of leukocyte‐free platelets for transfusion. The procedure is simple and determines only a small platelet loss (less than 10%). Filtered platelets seem to function normally in vivo. The use of leukocyte‐free red cell and platelet transfusions for the support of patients suffering from leukemia or aplastic anemia could prevent major complications, such as refractoriness to platelet transfusion and to bone marrow transplantation.
Ata (August) and El (Eldr) Are Synonymous
Authors: Brown A. , Harris P. , Daniels G.L. , Frank S. , Moore B.P.L. , Berger R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum and eluates known to contain anti‐Ata failed to react with El (—) red cells. Conversely, anti‐El failed to react with At(a‐) red cells. These findings show that the same high‐frequency antigen is being recognised by both anti‐Ata and anti‐El and it is suggested that the name Ata be retained.
Severe Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Complicating an ABO‐Incompatible Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Warkentin Phyllis I. , Yomtovian Roslyn , Hurd David , Brunning Richard , Swanson Jane , Kersey John H. , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 26‐year‐old, blood group O bone marrow transplant recipient experienced a severe, delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 6 days following transplantation of marrow from his HLA‐mixed lymphocyte culture ‐ identical, blood group AB sister. The patient's pretransplant serum contained both anti‐A (IgG titer = 1:128; IgM = 1:32) and anti‐B (IgG = 1:16; IgM = 1:64) which was reduced by a two‐plasma volume plasma exchange followed by transfusion of four units of incompatible, donor type red cells. The patient experienced no immediate adverse reaction. On the 6th posttransplant day, he became acutely dyspneic. His hematocrit dropped to 18%; the direct antiglobulin test was positive for IgG and complement; anti‐A and anti‐B were eluted from his red cells. His peripheral blood smear demonstrated extensive agglutination resembling a mixed field reaction. This case demonstrates that significant morbidity may be associated with major ABO‐incompatible bone marrow transplantation, that the transfusion of incompatible red cells should be undertaken with extreme caution, and that efforts should be continued to develop methods of pretransplant in vitro red cell removal from the infused bone marrow.
Autoantibodies Mimicking Anti‐Jkbplus Anti‐Jk3 Associated with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in a Primipara Who Delivered an Unaffected Infant
Authors: Ellisor S.S. , Reid M.E. , O'Day T. , Swanson J. , Papenfus L. , Avoy D.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A serum sample from a nontransfused 2 5‐year‐old Caucasian primipara contained weak anti‐Jkbplus anti‐Jk3. The direct antiglobulin test on the patient's red cells was strongly positive. Anti‐Jkbwas recovered in a heat eluate. An ether eluate contained anti‐Jk3. Her red cells typed as Jk(a‐b+)Jk:3. The anti‐Jkband anti‐Jk3 reactivity was completely absorbed both by red cell samples lacking and red cells possessing the corresponding antigens, indicating these antibody specificities to be of the mimicking variety. At 41 weeks gestation she delivered a normal, healthy infant with no detectable serum or cell bound antibody.
Direct Comparisons between a Radio‐Immune Antiglobulin Test, an Enzyme‐Linked Antiglobulin Test, and a Haemagglutination Assay: Application to the Screening of Anti‐RBC Sera and Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Bessos Hagop , Yule Alex
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Direct comparative studies between a radio‐immune antiglobulin test (RIAT), an enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test (ELAT) and a haemagglutination assay (HA) were carried out using anti‐RBC hybridoma culture supernatants, monoclonal antibodies of established specificity, and immune mouse sera. The direct comparisons revealed that in many cases, RIAT and ELAT were slightly more sensitive than HA for the detection and study of anti‐RBC antibodies. RIAT and ELAT detect non‐agglutinating antibodies and sub‐agglutinating concentrations of antibodies which would be missed if HA is used as the only screening test for hybridoma supernatants.
A Caucasian Family with the i Phenotype and Congenital Cataracts
Authors: Macdonald E.B. , Douglas R. , Harden P.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A three‐generation consanguineous Caucasian family in which 2 siblings have autosomal recessive cataracts and the phenotype I negative, i positive is described.
Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia gravis Complicated with Complement Activation and Urticarial Reactions Using Fresh‐Frozen Plasma as Replacement Solution1
Authors: Rosenkvist J. , Berkowicz A. , Holsøe E. , Sørensen H. , Taaning E.
Published: March 2009

6 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) underwent 26 plasma exchanges (PE) using fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) as replacement solution. After each procedure, complement C3 conversion products (C3c) were detected in the plasma of all the patients. 3 patients had one or more attacks of urticaria during or immediately after the procedure. Using 5% albumin‐saline solution as plasma replacement solution, complement activation and urticarial reactions were not seen. It is concluded that infusion of FFP to patients with MG should be avoided as it may induce complement activation and allergic reactions.
A New Monoclonal Anti‐A Culture Supernatants with the Performance of Hyperimmune Human Reagents
Authors: Lowe A.D. , Lennox E.S. , Voak D.
Published: March 2009

By proper selection for good growth and high avidity, we have prepared a new anti‐A monoclonal antibody producing cell line that gives culture supernatants as potent as US‐licensed commercial hyperimmune human reagents and which meet USA FDA standards without the need for concentration. The production and use of this reagent is cost effective and makes it a candidate to replace conventional anti‐A typing reagents.
Inactivation of Hepatitis B and Hutchinson Strain Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis Viruses by Exposure to Tween 80 and Ether1
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Horowitz Bernard , Brotman Betsy , Huima Tellervo , Richardson Linda , van den Ende M.C.
Published: March 2009

Titrated stocks of hepatitis B virus and Hutchinson strain non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus were diluted in normal serum to contain, respectively, ≥106 and ≥104 chimpanzee infectious doses (CID50) per milliliter and exposed to 1% Tween 80 and 20% ether at 4°C for 18 h. After evaporation of the ether, the treated sera were each inoculated into two chimpanzees. The animals remained free of serologic and biochemical evidence of hepatitis during a 6‐month follow‐up period, and were then shown to be susceptible to infection by challenge with the original untreated inocula.

To assess the effect of exposure to Tween 80/ether on coagulation factors, four lots of antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate and 2 lots of commercial factor IX concentrate were treated as above. For the AHF concentrate there was an average of 70% recovery of factor VIII procoagulant activity, 93% recovery of factor VIII‐related antigen, and 73% recovery of fibronectin opsonin activity and no detectable change in ristocetin cofactor activity or in fibronectin antigen.

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed no change in migration rate of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF), although the quantity of fibrinogen was reduced. Factor VIII procoagulant activity and vWF activity remained associated during chromatography on BioGel A15.
Use of Imugard IG500 Filters for Preparation of Leukocyte‐Poor Blood for Cancer Patients
Authors: Lichtiger Benjamin , del Valle Luis , Armintor Margie , Trujillo Jose M.
Published: March 2009

In order to determine the efficiency of Imugard IG500 filters in producing leukocyte‐poor blood (LPB), 109 units of red cell concentrates were processed using cold (4°C) or room temperature saline solution without the application of pressure to the blood bag. The results obtained in terms of red blood cell recovery, white blood cell removal, residual white blood cells, and free hemoglobin in the supernatant of the filtered units are comparable to those processed with the IBM 2991. LPB processed without pressure application to the blood bag and room temperature saline solution can be rapidly, efficiently and safely prepared in any size blood bank/transfusion service. This technique is definitely cost‐saving in terms of equipment, software, space and personnel training.
Reaction of Anti‐Gd, Anti‐Fl and Anti‐Sa Cold Agglutinins with p Erythrocytes
Authors: Roelcke D.
Published: March 2009

Among four anti‐Gd cold agglutinins two showed a slight preferential reaction with p erythrocytes, two did not. Anti‐Fl and anti‐Sa cold agglutinins, sharing some serologic characteristics with Gd antibodies, showed no preferential reactions with p cells. The findings point to different fine specificities of monoclonal anti‐Gd cold agglutinins.
An Anti‐I Cold Auto‐Agglutinin Enhanced in the Presence of Sodium Azide1
Authors: Reviron M. , Janvier D. , Reviron J. , Lagabrielle J.F.
Published: March 2009

Difficulty in determining the ABO blood group led to the discovery of an anti‐I cold auto‐agglutinin in the serum of a blood donor. The peculiarity of this antibody is that its activity is enhanced in the presence of a preservative found in manufactured anti‐sera: sodium azide. At 4°C, the auto‐antibody agglutinates RBCs even without NaN3 but the drug increases its effect in the cold. At 22°C, the drug is necessary for the adsorption of the antibody on red cells.
Conformational Changes and Loss of Opsonic Function in Frozen or Heat‐Treated Plasma Fibronectin
Authors: Boughton B.J. , Simpson A. , Wharton C.
Published: March 2009

Using human peripheral blood monocytes to assay opsonic protein activity, we have examined the efficiency of various procedures for isolating fibronectin from plasma for experimental or therapeutic use. In addition, we have assessed the protein's opsonic activity after cold storage, and after heat treatment to inactivate hepatitis virus. The purification procedures recovered only 30% of available plasma fibronectin whilst cold storage and heat treatment of the purified protein removed all of its remaining opsonic activity. This was associated with no alteration in overall molecular weight or in subunit size but was accompanied by changes in ultraviolet spectrum, suggesting a conformational change in the protein structure. Initial experiments to protect the purified protein against these changes were unsuccessful and unless further attempts are more encouraging, fresh‐frozen plasma may be the only current economic source of opsonically active fibronectin. Since this would waste other valuable proteins required for other purposes, the widespread use of plasma fibronectin outside of clinical trials may be unjustified at this present time.
Pasteurization of C1 Inactivator in the Presence of Citrate Salts1,2
Authors: Williams Craigenne , Wickerhauser Milan , Busby Thomas F. , Ingham Kenneth C.
Published: March 2009

Conditions have been determined under which the C1 inactivator (C1‐INA) can be pasteurized to reduce the risk of transfusion hepatitis associated with its use for replacement therapy in patients with genetic or acquired deficiencies. Recovery of 90% of the biological and immunological activity of a C1‐INA concentrate was achieved following heat treatment for 10 h at 60°C in the presence of 3 M potassium citrate. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in heparinized agarose was used to demonstrate the ability of the pasteurized C1‐INA to bind heparin and to form a precipitation pattern with antibody which was almost indistinguishable from that of an unheated control. High pressure liquid chromatography and enhancement of the fluorescence of 1,8‐anilinonaphthalene sulfonate were used to show that other proteins present in the concentrate were also stabilized.
A Process for Preparation of ‘High‐Purity’ Factor VIII by Controlled Pore Glass Treatment
Authors: Margolis J. , Gallovich C.M. , Rhoades P.
Published: March 2009

A simple process for large‐scale manufacture of ‘high‐purity’ factor VIII is described in detail. A crude concentrate prepared from washed cryo is treated with controlled pore glass (CPG, 500Å pore diameter) in proportion of 20–30 ml of CPG to 1 g input of protein. The slurry is poured into a separation column and the effluent purified concentrate collected. The remaining factor VIII in the void volume is displaced by a wash solution. After passage through a 0.2 μm membrane filter the product is dispensed and lyophilized. Maintaining the operating pH at 6.5–6.7 and adding synthetic amino acids improved the yield and solubility. The current concentrate contains 1 unit of factor VIII per mg protein (10 units mg fibrinogen) with a recovery of 250 units/kg plasma. The CPG stage is non‐destructive, yielding more than 90% of the input factor VIII. In 1980–1983, more than 3times106 units have been used in New South Wales, mostly for massive cover in surgical patients. In collaboration with the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, it is intended to expand production for use in other Australian States.
Serology and Genetics of an MNSs‐Associated Antigen Dantu
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Green Carole , Humphreys June , Tippett Patricia , Daniels Geoff , Teesdale Phyllis , Armitage Susan , Lubenko Anatole
Published: March 2009

Dantu, a previously undescribed low‐incidence red cell antigen, is inherited as a Mendelian dominant character. The Dantu antigen is associated with very weak s antigen, protease resistant N antigen and either very weak or no U antigen. Two of the propositi had previously been shown to have an unusual hybrid MNSs sialoglycoprotein, and it is probably this which carries these unusual N, s and U antigens as well as the Dantu antigen. A study of the family of one propositus suggests, by conventional genetics, that Dantu is not controlled by the MNSs locus; a possible explanation is given. Several examples of anti‐Dantu are known, one was found to cause a positive direct antiglobulin reaction on neonatal red cells.
Importance of White Blood Cells in Platelet Storage1
Authors: Gottschall Jerome L. , Johnston Victoria L. , Rzad Lanette , Anderson Alfred J. , Aster Richard H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelet concentrates from 290 healthy donors collected in CPD anticoagulant and PL‐146 polyvinylchloride containers were stored for 72 h at 22±0.5°C under standard conditions to investigate variables affecting the quality of stored platelets. In addition to the expected inverse relationship between pH and platelet count (p < 0.001), a significant inverse correlation between pH and white blood cell count (WBC) was also noted (p < 0.01). Platelets from female donors developed a lower pH than those from male donors; this difference could not be accounted for by any of the variables analyzed other than sex. To investigate the relationship between WBC and pH further, 15 units of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) were depleted of WBCs by slow centrifugation prior to being stored for 3 days. This resulted in a mean loss of 10% of the platelets and 75% of the WBCs. The average post‐storage pH of the 15 WBC‐poor concentrates (7.06 ± 0.02) was significantly higher than that of routinely prepared concentrates containing the same number of platelets (6.54 ± 0.43) (p < 0.001). Production of lactic acid and consumption of glucose was markedly diminished in leukocyte‐poor concentrates. These data suggest that WBCs significantly affect the metabolic activity of platelet concentrates and that the quality of stored platelets can be improved by reducing the number of contaminating leukocytes. Measurement of leukocytes may be important in quality control of platelet concentrates.
Cold Agglutinin Vo: An IgMλ Monoclonal Human Antibody Recognizing a Sialic Acid Determined Antigen Fully Expressed on Newborn Erythrocytes1
Authors: Roelcke D. , Kreft Heidi , Pfister Anne‐Marie
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An IgMλ cold agglutinin reacted preferentially with newborn (i cord) and i adult erythrocytes. The whole serum of patient Vo and the antibody isolated by warm elution reacted moderately with native and neuraminidase‐treated red cells but strongly with papainized red cells. Papainization of erythrocytes enhanced markedly the susceptibility of the corresponding antigen not only to antibody binding but also to the action of neuraminidase, indicating that sialic acid is the immunodominant component of the cryptic antigen. The cold agglutinin Vo is the first example of a human monoclonal antibody recognizing a sialic acid‐dependent, developmentally regulated antigen fully expressed on newborn erythrocytes.
Hemagglutination and the Closest Distance of Approach of Normal, Neuraminidase‐ and Papain‐Treated Erythrocytes
Authors: van Oss C.J. , Absolom D.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. By means of potential energy versus distance diagrams, derived from electrophoretic and surface tension data, the minimum distances of approach of normal (NOR) and of neuraminidase‐treated (NEU) and papain‐treated (PAP) human erythrocytes could be determined. The minimum distances between the actual cell membranes of two opposing red cells are: 184 Å (NOR), 111 Å (NEU), and 113 Å (PAP), which agrees well with the fact that anti‐D (Rho) antibodies of the IgG‐class (which have a maximum distance of ≅ 120 Å between the two antibody‐active sites) can hemagglutinate NEU and PAP cells, but are incapable of hemagglutinating normal D (Rho)‐positive erythrocytes.
Milne, a New Low‐Frequency Antigen
Authors: Pinder L.B. , Fan D.E. , Woodfield D.G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new low‐incidence red cell antigen (Milne) has been detected. The antigen is inherited as an autosomal dominant and is not controlled by MNSs, Kell, Duffy, or Se. Anti‐Milne is not uncommon and is often found in sera containing antibodies to other low‐frequency antigens.
Automated Determination of ABO/Rh in Microplates1
Authors: Severns M.L. , Schoeppner S.L. , Cozart M.J. , Friedman L.I. , Schanfield M.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A semi‐automated system for determining the ABO group and Rh type of blood samples has been developed using a commercially available automated microplate (ELISA) reader and a microcomputer. Optimization of serologic, measurement and interpretation parameters was accomplished without significantly changing an existing manual procedure. The first pass noninterpretation rate of this system in the laboratory prior to field trials is 7.1%. A commercial system of this type should be cost‐effective as a primary instrument for small to medium sized blood centers and transfusion services.
Detection of IgG‐Associated Determinants in Reduced and Alkylated Preparations of Human IgG3 by Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Brown Adrienne M. , Dumas Michael L. , Reimer Charles B. , Louie Robert E. , Harmon Richard C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using classical typing antisera, previous experiments have failed to demonstrate IgG3 in partially reduced and alkylated preparations of human IgG intended for intravenous application (IGIV). To establish that IgG3 is actually present in such preparations, we designed an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies as solid‐phase reagents and protein A‐purified IgG3 as antigen. Three different samples of reduced and alkylated antigen were used: (1) IgG3 isolated from a ready‐for‐infusion IGIV; (2) IgG3 which was purified from an intramuscular (Cohn fraction II) IgG solution before being subjected to a mild reduction and alkylation procedure, and (3) completely reduced and alkylated IgG3. The reduction and alkylation procedure did not affect the solubility of IgG3, indicating that IGIV prepared in this manner should contain normal quantities of IgG3. In the ELISA, solid‐phase monoclonals which were cross‐reactive with multiple IgG subclasses clearly reacted with reduced and alkylated IgG3. Furthermore, there was no substantial difference between the quantities of modified and native antigen required for 50% maximal ELISA signal. In contrast, solid‐phase monoclonals with IgG3‐restricted specificity did not recognize reduced and alkylated material. These results indicate that IGIV prepared by reduction and alkylation has a normal IgG3 content and confirm that some IgG3‐specific determinants are altered by the modification procedure.
Studies on Low‐Dose Hydroxyethyl Starch Leukapheresis: Rate of Elimination of HES in vivo and Function of the Harvested Granulocytes in vitro1
Authors: Szymanski Irma O. , Teno Richard A. , Gandhi Jitendra G. , Newburger Peter E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We studied the rate of in vivo elimination of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) given during low dose HES leukapheresis in 9 donors and the effect of this procedure on the in vitro function of granulocytes in 3 donors. HES was eliminated more rapidly than has been previously reported for standard leukapheresis. Serum HES declined to one‐half of peak concentration between 1 and 2 days and to one‐tenth of peak in 23 days. No HES could be detected in serum 90 days after leukapheresis. The function of the harvested granulocytes was compared to that of granulocytes collected just prior to the procedure by measuring superoxide generation, ingestion and cell motility. There was no significant difference in the function of granulocytes harvested by low dose HES leukapheresis compared to those collected by venipuncture before the procedure.
High Frequency of Anti‐A and Anti‐B Haemolysins in Certain Ethnic Groups of Nigeria
Authors: Kulkarni A. G. , Ibazebe R. , Fleming A. F.
Published: March 2009

Out of 11,480 blood donors, 5,380 (46.9%) belonging to a blood group O were screened for the presence of anti‐A and anti‐B haemolysins. Strong haemolysins (complete lysis of A and/or B cells) were detected in 1,739 (32.3%) of these blood donors. A striking observation was the high frequency of these haemolysins amongst ethnic groups originating from the southern part of Nigeria. Possible causes and consequences during blood transfusion and pregnancy are discussed.
Failure of Passively Administered Anti‐Rh to Prevent Secondary Rh Responses
Authors: De Silva Mahes , Contreras Marcela , Mollison P. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Rh‐negative women, immunized to Rh by previous pregnancies, with only low concentrations of IgG anti‐Rh(D) in their plasma were assigned at random to test and control groups (7 subjects in each group). Both groups were challenged with an intravenous injection of 0.28 ml of Rh‐positive red cells; in addition, the test group received 500 μg anti‐Rh intramuscularly. 2 weeks after the injections, all subjects showed an increase in plasma anti‐Rh concentration; levels in test and control groups were similar. It is concluded that in Rh‐immunized subjects with low levels of IgG anti‐Rh a secondary response to Rh cannot be prevented by giving passively administered anti‐Rh with the red cells.
Passively Acquired Antibody Directed at Human Erythrocytes Seen during Therapy with Minnesota Antilymphoblast Globulin
Authors: Wick Mark R. , DeLong E. Nicole , Moore S. Breanndan
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 6 renal transplant patients, seen at the Mayo Clinic between July 1982 and April 1983, received Minnesota antilymphoblast globulin (MALG) for treatment of allograft rejection and demonstrated warm‐acting ‘auto’‐antibodies during such therapy. These antibodies represented xenogeneic reactivity in equine MALG, rather than the products of patient‐derived immune responses, since they were not detected before or after the period of therapy with this immunosuppressive agent in any of the 6 cases. They interfered with crossmatch procedures for red cell transfusion, and were only variably removed by autoabsorption techniques. Heat treatment of sera containing MALG‐related red cell antibodies was ineffective in abrogating their reactivity and also compromised the reactivity of some red cell alloantibodies which were tested as controls. Transfusion of ‘least‐incompatible’ red blood cells had no adverse effects in 2 cases where it was necessitated by clinical circumstances, despite an inability to obtain suitable serological samples for crossmatching.
Studies on the Mechanism of Human Red Cell Loss of Viability during Storage at +4°C in vitro.
Authors: Högman Claes F. , De Verdier Carl‐Henric , Ericson Å. , Hedlund Kenneth , Sandhagen Bo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells stored in SAGM medium for 42 days at +4°C were rejuvenated by bicarbonate, pyruvate and adenosine. Autologous 24‐hour posttransfusion survival was determined in untreated as well as rejuvenated cells and showed an improvement from 77.4±4.7 to 89.2±7.2%. The erythrocyte adenylate energy charge decreased relatively more than the total adenylate concentration during storage, but the latter correlated better with posttransfusion red cell survival. Considerable deteriorations in red cell morphology (expressed as morphology index) and in deformability (measured as red cell fluidity) were observed during storage but were partly reversed by rejuvenation. The morphology index and the posttransfusion survival showed a significant correlation (r = 0.95, p<0.005) after, but not before, rejuvenation, indicating that the remaining changes are more permanent and decisive of survival. It is suggested that, in the proportion of stored erythrocytes which respond to rejuvenation, the capacity and time dependence of recovery of normal shape and flexibility are important.
Properties of Human Anti‐Lipopolysaccharide Gamma Globulin: Specificity and Protective Effects
Authors: Gaffin Stephen L. , Badsha N. , Vorster B. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood donated to the Natal Blood Transfusion Service was screened by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti‐lipopolysaccharide (anti‐LPS) anti‐bodies. Plasma units with high concentrations (>40 μg/ml) of anti‐LPS IgG were pooled and fractionated to obtain a gamma globulin (lot LG‐1). The binding of LG‐1 antibodies to LPS prepared from 14 bacterial species and strains was found to be the highest to LPS from Shigella flexneri, Salmonella abortus equi and Salmonella typhimurium and intermediate with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli 026: B6. Differential absorption experiments showed that LG‐1 contained a mixture of specific and cross‐reacting antibodies. A large proportion of antibodies binding to Sh. flexneri LPS were mainly specific, while those binding to S. typhimurium and the other Salmonella species tested were largely cross‐reactive. There was little correlation between the spectrum of activity of the LG‐1 antibodies and the incidence of gram‐negative bacteria in blood cultures taken from hospital patients in an area covered by the Transfusion Service. Mice treated with LG‐1 prior to inoculation with P. aeruginosa were significantly protected against morbidity and mortality compared to controls.
A Pasteurized Antithrombin III Concentrate for Clinical Use
Authors: SmithM J.K. , Winkelman L. , Evans D.R. , Haddon M.E. , Sims G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for large‐scale production of a pasteurized antithrombin III (AT III) concentrate for therapeutic use has been adapted from published methods. It includes the following steps: (1) batchwise adsorption onto heparin‐Sepharose from plasma depleted of cryoprecipitate and prothrombin complex; (2) chromatographic elution at high salt concentration; (3) pasteurization for 10 h at 60°C in the presence of added citrate ion; (4) desalting on Sephadex G‐25, and (5) sterile filtration and freeze‐drying.

Seven batches prepared in this manner gave a mean yield of 269 UAT III/kg plasma. The product passed all the usual animal safety and pyrogenicity tests and has been used successfully in several courses of treatment of congenital deficiencies.
Pilot‐Plant Scale Preparation of Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Hao Yu‐lee
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Pilot‐plant scale experiments using production scale fractionation equipment have been carried out to prepare human serum albumin according to a two‐step simple method reported previously. Results have indicated that scale‐up is feasible and the resultant albumin is of at least the same quality but with better yield when compared to that obtained by the conventional ethanol fractionation method. Filtration to replace centrifugation in one of the steps for liquid‐solid separation was also attempted. It proved to be superior to centrifugation in terms of time and labor savings, but a small percentage of albumin was not recoverable. However, because of the simplicity and higher yield of this fractionation method the final albumin yield is still higher than that obtained by the conventional ethanol method even if the filtration step is introduced. Diafiltration and ultrafiltration are used for solvent removal and concentration, instead of lyophilization and reconstitution to prepare the final albumin solutions.
Estimation of the Degree of Opsonization of Homologous Erythrocytes by IgG for Intravenous and Intramuscular Use
Authors: Jungi T. W. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In an effort to evaluate the capacity of polyspecific IgG preparations to sensitize homologous erythrocytes, immunoglobulin G for intramuscular use and an IgG preparation for intravenous use were tested for their tendency to associate with and to opsonize homologous erythrocytes. It was found that the amount of IgG associated with erythrocytes by far exceeded the opsonic moiety. Erythrocytes incubated in IgG in amounts higher than that achieved in vivo after 5 infusions of 0.4 g/kg body weight each, were sometimes lightly opsonized when tested on rosette formation with and phagocytosis by adherent monocytes. IgG for intravenous use was lower than IgG for intramuscular use in its opsonic activity and did often not reach the level of significance. Comparison with rosette formation and phagocytosis of erythrocytes with known amounts of antibodies allowed the prediction that following high‐dose infusion of IgG, less than 25 opsonic molecules per red blood cell are achieved in recipients of blood groups A, B, and AB (and probably even less in those of blood group (O). Erythrocytes preincubated in polyspecific IgG failed to inhibit phagocytosis of optimally sensitized erythrocytes by cultured macrophages.
ABO Haemolytic Anaemia in Transplanted Patients
Authors: Bevan Philip C. , Seaman Muriel , Tolliday Brian , Chalmers Donald G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A case of severe intravascular haemolysis, due to an ‘auto‐anti‐B antibody’, and a case of transient haemolytic anaemia, due to an ‘auto‐anti‐A antibody’, following allogeneic organ transplantation, are reported. Both patients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin A and were non‐secretors of A, B and H substances.
Effect of Dithiothreitol Treatment of Plasma on Automated Anti‐D Assay
Authors: Ashford P. R. , Love M. , Payne S. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A study of automated anti‐D quantitation on untreated and dithiothreitol (DTT) pre‐treated plasma has been undertaken. The results indicate that in most cases pre‐treatment of plasma with DTT causes a reduction in the anti‐D level detected. In one case such treatment caused the anti‐D level to fall to less than 50% of its original value. DTT treatment prior to quantitation may give a more accurate assessment of the IgG anti‐D level present in plasma and thus be of assistance in the selection of suitable plasma for anti‐D immunoglobulin preparation. The technique may also have applications in the diagnosis and management of haemolytic disease of the newborn.
Two Blood Group M Epitopes Disclosed by Monoclonal Antibodies1
Authors: Nichols Margaret E. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Rubinstein Pablo
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two cloned mouse hybridomas, designated G8 and E3, produced anti‐M of immunoglobulin classes IgG2b and IgG1, respectively. No discrepancies were observed in testing over 5,000 normal donor blood samples with appropriately diluted G8 and E3 culture supernatant fluids in parallel with rabbit anti‐M and anti‐N typing reagents. The specificity and titer of antibodies produced by G8 and E3 were minimally affected by changes in temperature (37°C, 22°C, 4°C). G8 and E3 showed reduced activity with type MM red cells that had been treated with either neuraminidase or papain, but differences were observed in the susceptibility of the respective epitopes to treatment with neuraminidase. Furthermore, G8 and E3 exhibited different specificities when used to test the red cells of nonhuman primates and erythrocytes of the rare MgMg human blood type. These results indicate the existence of at least two M antigen epitopes.
Biochemical Characterisation of A Blood Group Activity on Human Platelets
Authors: Dunstan Robert A. , Mansbach Charles M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A butanol extraction procedure has been used to isolate the blood group A antigen determinants from platelet membranes and to determine their biochemical structure ‐glycolipid and/or glycoprotein. The blood group A serological activity was found to reside entirely in the butanol (organic) fraction. When this fraction was analyzed by thin‐layer chromatography, the A‐inhibitory activity was found to comigrate with extracts of erythrocyte typeAa, Ab and Ac variant structures. The results of this study indicate that the ABO blood group A determinants on human platelets are glycolipid, similar in structure to glycolipid A determinants on erythrocytes.
Thirty‐Five‐Day Modified Red Cells and 7‐Day Stored Platelet Concentrates from Triple Bags of Identical PVC Formulation
Authors: Lovric V. A. , Archer G. T. , Wisdom L. , Robson J. , Raftos J. , Coulits N. , Ribeiro A. , Stewart M. , Jindra J. , Schuller M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. There is continuous need for blood components with long shelf life. To this end the ‘circle’ triple pack has been modified to provide 35‐day red cell and 7‐day platelet concentrates, in PVC bags of identical formulation and 0.4 mm thick. The plasticizer is a mixture of DEHP and TOTM (CLX Mark II). The primary pack contains 63 ml of CP 277.5 mM glucose. The third pack contains 100 ml of citric acid 2 mM, trisodium citrate 20 mM, NaH2PO4 20 mM, NaCl 123 mM, glucose 40 mM, and adenine 1.26 mM. Plasma is adenine‐free. With these modifications both hard‐ and soft‐spun red cells gave satisfactory biochemical and autologous survival indices up to 35 days of storage, the haematocrit not exceeding 60%. Platelet concentrates were acceptable at 7 days of shelf‐life.
In vitro and in vivo Activities of Different Immunoglobulin G Preparations from the Rabbit against Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Trautmann M. , Müller‐Leutloff Y. , Hofstaetter T. , Seiler F.R. , Hahn H.
Published: March 2009

Specific rabbit IgG, prepared against three enterobacterial strains, was modified according to procedures used for the production of human IgG preparations suitable for intravenous infusion. The resulting products were examined for their in vitro opsonic and in vivo protective activity against the respective bacterial strains. A sulfonated IgG preparation (S‐sIgG) and the enzymatically derived fragments F(ab')2 and Fab/Fc were opsonic in vitro and provided in vivo protection against lethal enterobacterial infection in mice. Protection by Fab fragments varied in the different in vivo models.
Deficiency of Autologous Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction in Patients with Idiopathic Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Conte Roberto , Tazzari Pier Luigi , Finelli Carlo
Published: March 2009

Alterations in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (autologous MLR) have been reported in many autoimmune diseases and in diseases with a derangement of T regulatory function. We have studied autologous MLR in 10 patients with idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia (IAHA). All patients had decreased autologous MLR which averaged 4,106+1,332 cpm (SEM) compared to 12,153+4,166 cpm for simultaneously studied controls. A marked decrease in phytohemagglutinin response and an imbalance of T‐cell subsets were also observed. These findings suggest a possible abnormality of T immuno‐regulatory function in IAHA patients.
Antiglycolipid Antibodies in Normal and Pathologic Human Sera and Synovial Fluids
Authors: Kaise Shunji , Yasuda Tatsuji , Kasukawa Reiji , Nishimaki Tomoe , Watarai Shinobu , Tsumita Toru
Published: March 2009

Antiglycolipid antibodies were measured in normal and pathologic sera and synovial fluids by means of a modified microplate method of complement‐mediated immune lysis of fluorescent dye‐trapped liposomes. All sera of normal subjects had antibodies against globopentaosylceramide (IV3 GalNAcGbOse4Cer), ganglioside GMI, gangliotriaosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, and galactosylneolactotetraosylceramide antigens. Most sera of normal subjects had antibodies against lactotriaosylceramide, N‐glycolylneuraminosyl‐neolactotetraosylceramide (NeuGcnLcOse4Cer), GM3 ganglioside with N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGcGM3) and GDIa antigens. Differences of titers against IV3GalNAcGbOse4Cer, neolactotetraosylceramide, NeuGcGM3 and NeuGcnLcOse4Cer antigens were observed between sera of normal subjects and pathologic sera from cases of leukemias, lymphomas, several autoimmune diseases and liver diseases.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Due to Anti B Autoantibody
Authors: Atichartakarn Vichai , Chiewsilp Pimol , Ratanasirivanich Pimolparn , Stabunswadgan Sunee
Published: March 2009

An anti B autoantibody was found during a routine cross‐matching of the blood of two patients who presented with fever and hemolytic anemia. It appeared transiently and was shown to be IgM‐ and cold‐reacting. The patients had an excellent response to a short course of corticosteroid treatment.
Removal of Hepatitis B Virus Infectivity from Human Gamma‐Globulin Prepared by Ion‐Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Zolton Raymond P. , Padvelskis John V. , Kaplan Paul M.
Published: March 2009

Hepatitis B virus infectivity can be removed from human plasma used to prepare a gamma‐globulin product by ion‐exchange chromatography with commercially available resins. A pooled human plasma sample free of hepatitis markers was contaminated with 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus per milliliter from a known infectious inoculum. The contaminated plasma was diluted to yield a weakly positive radioimmunoassay result for HBsAg and then processed over a double‐column chromatography system containing anionic ion‐exchange resins to yield highly purified gamma‐globulin. Two chimpanzees were each inoculated intravenously with this product while a control animal received non‐treated material. The 2 experimental animals each received a potential challenge of 3,000 ID and showed no serologic evidence of the disease during 9 months of evaluation. The control animal received 100 ID and developed hepatitis B 25 weeks after the challenge.
T Lymphocytes from Hemophiliacs Proliferate after Exposure to Factor VIII Product
Authors: Matheson David S. , Green Bridget J. , Poon Man‐Chui , Bowen Thomas J. , Fritzler Marvin J. , Hoar David I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Chronic exposure of hemophiliacs to allogeneic proteins via factor VIII concentrate for control of bleeding could lead to a state of chronic antigen stimulation. Immune function from eight hemophiliacs requiring large amounts of factor VIII concentrate was assessed. It was found that 5 of 8 had a positive blastogenic response to low concentrations of factor VIII in a 7‐day thymidine uptake assay. Separation of lymphocyte subpopulations indicated that the reactivity was contained in the T cell‐enriched fraction. There was no blast transformation noted secondary to the factor VIII product in 20 controls tested in a 7‐day assay nor was there any mitogenic effect of the factor VIII in a 3‐day assay. In fact, high concentrations of factor VIII impaired that T lymphocytes from hemophiliacs are antigenically primed to some constituent in the lyophilized factor VIII concentrate.
Influence of the Primary Anticoagulant on the Recovery of Factor VIII in Cryoprecipitate
Authors: de Wit H.J.C. , Scheer G. , Muradin J. , van der Does J.A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The influence of anticoagulant on overall factor VIII‐yield was measured by drawing blood from one donor simultaneously in three bags containing ACD, CPD and heparin, respectively. After parallel processing factor VIII:C and factor VIII:CAg were measured. It is concluded that, under the circumstances used in this experiment, CPD gives the highest yield of factor VIII.
Selection of Plasma Donors Suitable for Tetanus Boosting
Authors: Leen C.L.S. , Barclay G.R. , McClelland D.B.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. As a result of a comparative trial examining the immunogenicity and clinical reactivity of two tetanus vaccines, 33 donors with high antibody levels were plasmapheresed over 6 months for the collection of tetanus hyperimmune plasma. Serial antibody assay results and the frequency of adverse reactions were analysed to define the donors most suitable for an immune plasma programme. A high proportion of boosted donors were withdrawn from plasmapheresis because of poor persistence of antibody levels. Donors most suitable for boosting appear to be males under 25 years old with a tetanus antibody level of around 8 IU/ml prior to boosting.