bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coactivators in PPAR-Regulated Gene Expression
Authors: Viswakarma Navin , Jia Yuzhi , Bai Liang , Vluggens Aurore , Borensztajn Jayme , Xu Jianming , Reddy Janardan K.
Published: August 2010

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α,β(also known asδ), andγfunction as sensors for fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives and control important metabolic pathways involved in the maintenance of energy balance. PPARs also regulate other diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, inflammation, and neoplasia. In the nucleus, PPARs exist as heterodimers with retinoid X receptor-αbound to DNA with corepressor molecules. Upon ligand activation, PPARs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the dissociation of corepressor molecules and invoke a spatiotemporally orchestrated recruitment of transcription cofactors including coactivators and coactivator-associated proteins. While a given nuclear receptor regulates the expression of a prescribed set of target genes, coactivators are likely to influence the functioning of many regulators and thus affect the transcription of many genes. Evidence suggests that some of the coactivators such as PPAR-binding protein (PBP/PPARBP)/thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 220 (TRAP220)/mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) may exert a broader influence on the functions of several nuclear receptors and their target genes. Investigations into the role of coactivators in the function of PPARs should strengthen our understanding of the complexities of metabolic diseases associated with energy metabolism.
Inferior ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Associated with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Koeth Oliver , Zeymer Uwe , Schiele Rudolf , Zahn Ralf
Published: August 2010

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is usually characterized by transient left ventricular apical ballooning. Due to the clinical symptoms which include chest pain, electrocardiographic changes, and elevated myocardial markers, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is frequently mimicking ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the absence of a significant coronary artery disease. Otherwise an acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery can produce a typical Takotsubo contraction pattern. ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is frequently associated with emotional stress, but to date no cases of STEMI triggering TCM have been reported. We describe a case of a female patient with inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by TCM.
Endurance and Resistance Training in Radically Treated Respiratory Cancer patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Salhi B. , Demedts I. , Simpelaere A. , Decraene S. , Vermaelen K. , Surmont V. , van Meerbeeck J. P. , Derom E.
Published: August 2010

Introduction. Respiratory cancer and its treatment are known to contribute to muscle weakness and functional impairment.Aim. To assess the effects of rehabilitation in patients with respiratory cancer.Methods. Radically treated respiratory cancer patients were included in a 12-week multidisciplinary rehabilitation program.Results. 16 patients (age: 61 ± 7 years; FEV1: 57 ± 16% pred.) showed a reduced exercise tolerance (VO2max: 56 ± 15% pred.; 6 MWD: 67 ± 11% pred.), muscle force (PImax: 54 ± 22% pred.; QF: 67 ± 16% pred.), and quality of life (CRDQd: 17 ± 5 points; CRDQf: 16 ± 5 points). Exercise tolerance, muscle force, and quality of life improved significantly after rehabilitation.Conclusion. Radically treated patients with respiratory cancer have a decreased exercise capacity, muscle force, and quality of life. 12 weeks of rehabilitation leads to a significant improvement in exercise capacity, respiratory muscle force, and quality of life.
Inflammation, a Link between Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Wang Zhaoxia , Nakayama Tomohiro
Published: August 2010

Obesity, the most common nutritional disorder in industrialized countries, is associated with an increased mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is primarily considered to be a disorder of energy balance, and it has recently been suggested that some forms of obesity are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. The present paper focuses on the current status of our knowledge regarding chronic inflammation, a link between obesity and CVDs, including heart diseases, vascular disease and atherosclerosis. The paper discusses the methods of body fat evaluation in humans, the endocrinology and distribution of adipose tissue in the genders, the pathophysiology of obesity, the relationship among obesity, inflammation, and CVD, and the adipose tissue-derived cytokines known to affect inflammation. Due to space limitations, this paper focuses on C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, apelin, and retinol binding protein 4 as adipokines.
Stochastic Finite Element for Structural Vibration
Authors: Wenhui Mo
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a new method of calculating stochastic field. It is an improvement of the midpoint method of stochastic field. The vibration equation of a system is transformed to a static problem by using the Newmark method and the Taylor expansion is extended for the structural vibration analysis with uncertain factors. In order to develop computational efficiency and allow for efficient storage, the Conjugate Gradient method (CG) is also employed. An example is given, respectively, and calculated results are compared to validate the proposed methods.
Robust Design of S‐Shaped Box Beams Subjected to Compressive Load
Authors: Khakhali A. , Darvizeh A. , Masoumi A. , Nariman-Zadeh N. , Shiri A.
Published: August 2010

In order to design the automotive components considering probabilistic uncertainties in the decision variables, it is desired to perform a robust design process. The peak crushing force of the energy absorber components is one of the important objectives of the design of such components. In this paper, at first, the peak crushing force of the S‐shaped box beams, as a highly simplified model of front member of a vehicle body, is extracted mathematically. Using such obtained mathematical model and Monte Carlo simulation, genetic algorithm is then used for the robust design of the S‐shaped box beams having probabilistic uncertainties in material and geometrical parameters. In this way the variance‐per‐mean ratio of the peak crushing force (Pmax) is considered as the objective function. It is shown that some interesting relationships as useful robust design principles involved in the performance of the S‐shaped box beams can be discovered by the robust design of the obtained mathematical model.
Holographic Duality with a View Toward Many‐Body Physics
Authors: McGreevy John
Published: August 2010

These are notes based on a series of lectures given at the KITP workshop Quantum Criticality and the AdS/CFT Correspondence in July, 2009. The goal of the lectures was to introduce condensed matter physicists to the AdS/CFT correspondence. Discussion of string theory and of supersymmetry is avoided to the extent possible.
A Novel Nanocomposite Particle of Hydroxyapatite and Silk Fibroin: Biomimetic Synthesis and Its Biocompatibility
Authors: Niu Lin , Zou Rui , Liu Qida , Li Quanli , Chen Xinmin , Chen Zhiqing
Published: August 2010

A novel bone‐like biomaterial of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and silk fibroin (SF) composite was developed by biomimetic synthesis. The composite was precipitated from drops of Ca(OH)2 suspension and H3PO4 solution with SF. With this method, the HAP nanocrystals were obtained by self‐assembling on a SF surface whose c‐axis was aligned with the long‐axis direction of SF in microstructures; this shares the same misconstrues of collagen and HAP with that in the natural bone. The HAP/SF composite then demonstrated that it could promote osteoblast proliferation in vitro and new bone formation in vivo. The novel biomaterial is a promising material for bone replacement and regeneration.
Morphology of the Prosternal Glands ofHeliconius erato(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Borges Eliane de Oliveira , Faccioni-Heuser Maria Cristina , Moreira Gilson Rudinei Pires
Published: August 2010

Two types of exocrine glands, located midventrally on the prosternum, are described for the larval stage ofHeliconius erato(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). The first type, formed by a single, flat secreting pouch, opens as a transverse slit on the anterior portion of the prosternum. The second, composed of a pair of ellipsoid secreting units, opens laterally by fine ducts on the distal portion of a cone-shaped sac, which is protruded by hemostatic pressure posteriorly between the prothoracic legs. The morphology of these glands is described and illustrated by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The varied terminologies adopted in the literature for describing these glands are discussed, and we propose a single term, prosternal glands.
Spectral Properties and Finite Pole Assignment of Linear Neutral Systems in Banach Spaces
Authors: Xia Xuewen , Liu Kai
Published: August 2010

We will consider a pole assignment problem for a class of linear neutral functional differential equations in Banach spaces. We will think of the neutral system studied as that of involving no time delays and reduce the study of adjoint semigroups and spectral properties of neutral equations to those of Cauchy problems. Under the
assumption that both the control and eigenspace of pole are finite dimensional, we establish the rank conditions for finite pole assignability.
Bioactivity of Powder and Extracts from Garlic,Allium sativumL. (Alliaceae) and Spring Onion,Allium fistulosumL. (Alliaceae) againstCallosobruchus maculatusF. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Cowpea,Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp (Leguminosae) Seeds
Authors: Denloye Abiodun A.
Published: August 2010

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to investigate the bioactivity of powders, extracts, and essential oils fromAllium sativumL. (Alliaceae) andA. fistulosumL. (Liliaceae) against adults, eggs, and larvae ofCallosobruchus maculatusF. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). On the basis of 48 hr median lethal toxicity (LC50), test plant powders and extracts fromA. sativumwere more toxic toC. maculatusadults than those fromA. fistulosum. The 48 hrLC50values for the powder against the test insect species were 9.66 g/kg and 26.29 g/kg forA. sativumandA. fistulosum, respectively. Also the 48 hrLC50values obtained show that aqueous extracts of the test plant species, 0.11 g/L (A. sativum) and 0.411 g/L (A. fistulosum) were more toxic toC. maculatusthan the corresponding ethanol extracts. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of vapours from the two test plant species againstC. maculatus, althoughA. sativumgave lower values. The study shows thatA. sativumandA. fistulosumhave potentials for protecting stored cowpea from damage byC. maculatus.
Field Emission Properties of the Dendritic Carbon Nanotubes Film Embedded with ZnO Quantum Dots
Authors: Zuo Shu , Li Xin , Liu Weihua , He Yongning , Xiao Zhihao , Zhu Changchun
Published: August 2010

Response on the effects of individual differences of common carbon nanotubes on the field emission current stability and the luminescence uniformity of cathode film, a new type of cathode film made of dendritic carbon nanotubes embedded with Zinc oxide quantum dots is proposed. The film of dendritic carbon nanotubes was synthesized through high-temperature pyrolysis of iron phthalocyanine on a silicon substrate coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. The dendritic structure looks like many small branches protrude from the main branches in SEM and TEM images, and both the branch and the trunk are embedded with Zinc oxide quantum dots. The turn-on field of the dendritic structure film is∼1.3 V/μm at a current of 2 μA, which is much lower than that of the common carbon nanotube film, and the emission current and the luminescence uniformity are better than that of the common one. The whole film emission uniformity has been improved because the multi-emission sites out from the dendritic structure carbon nanotubes cover up the failure and defects of the single emission site.
Visible Drug Delivery by Supramolecular Nanocarriers Directing to Single-Platformed Diagnosis and Therapy of Pancreatic Tumor Model
Authors: Kaida Sachiko , Cabral Horacio , Kumagai Michiaki , Kishimura Akihiro , Terada Yasuko , Sekino Masaki , Aoki Ichio , Nishiyama Nobuhiro , Tani Toru , Kataoka Kazunori
Published: August 2010

Nanoparticle therapeutics are promising platforms for cancer therapy. However, it remains a formidable challenge to assess their distribution and clinical efficacy for therapeutic applications. Here, by using multifunctional polymeric micellar nanocarriers incorporating clinically approved gadolinium (Gd)–based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and platinum (Pt) anticancer drugs through reversible metal chelation of Pt, simultaneous imaging and therapy of an orthotopic animal model of intractable human pancreatic tumor was successfully performed without any serious toxicity. The strong tumor contrast enhancement achieved by the micelles correlated with the 24 times increase of r1 of the Gd chelates, the highest for the formulations using clinically approved Gd chelates reported to date. From the micro-synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectrometry scanning of the lesions, we confirmed that both the Gd chelates and Pt drugs delivered by the micelles selectively colocalized in the tumor interior. Our study provides new insights for the design of theranostic micelles with high contrast enhancement and site-specific clinical potential. Cancer Res; 70(18); 7031–41. ©2010 AACR.
Psychological Aspects of Female Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Lv Xiaofei , Han Demin , Xi Lin , Zhang Luo
Published: August 2010

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) has been shown to impair social life and psychological functioning. The objective of our study was to explore the relationships between moderate-to-severe persistent AR and personality traits in non-psychiatric female outpatients. Methods: Female subjects were assigned to the allergic (n = 52, 24 singletons and 28 non-singletons) or non-allergic group (n = 28, 11 singletons and 17 non-singletons) on the basis of skin prick tests (SPT) and allergic symptoms. Individuals in this study were only allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and/or D. farinae. The psychological aspects of the female subjects were assessed by using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results: The allergic group scored significantly higher than the non-allergic group on 6 clinical scales [hypochondriasis (Hs), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), psychasthenia (Pt), schizophrenia (Sc), social introversion (Si)] and 1 validity scale [infrequency (F)]. Analysis of female singleton outpatient MMPI profiles showed that allergic subjects scored significantly higher on D, Hy, masculinity/femininity (Mf), Pt, and F. In addition, the grade of skin index (resulting from an SPT) was positively correlated with T-scores on the Hs, Hy, Pt, and Sc scales. Conclusion: Women with moderate-to-severe persistent AR, especially singleton patients, show poorer psychological functioning, indicating the close relationship between moderate-to-severe persistent AR and psychological functioning.
Proliferation Activity Is Significantly Elevated in Partially Embolized Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Sandalcioglu I. Erol , Asgari Siamak , Wende Doreen , van de Nes Johannes A.P. , Dumitru Claudia A. , Zhu Yuan , Gizewski Elke R. , Stolke Dietmar , Sure Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Background: The natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is yet to be determined. It has been shown that angiogenic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of AVMs, in particular in partially embolized lesions. This study was conducted to investigate the expression of angiogenic and proliferative factors in relation to different clinical conditions and treatment modalities. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed for 145 consecutive cases of cerebral AVMs. The specimens were stained with antibodies against VEGF, bFGF, Ki 67, CD 34 and CD 31. Expression was correlated with clinical presentation (haemorrhage, seizures or other symptoms), AVM localization, size, eloquence and venous drainage, as well as with preoperative AVM embolization. Results: Whereas no correlation was found between the expression of angiogenic factors and different clinical conditions, we observed a significantly increased proliferation activity as shown by Ki 67 expression in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (p = 0.02) and in patients with preoperative embolization (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Increased proliferation activity in partially embolized AVMs supports a ‘no-touch’ strategy and clinical observation in high-risk AVMs and demands complete AVM elimination in treatable lesions.
Oral and Vocal Fold Diadochokinesis in Children
Authors: Modolo Daniela J. , Berretin-Felix Giédre , Genaro Katia Flores , Brasolotto Alcione Ghedini
Published: August 2010

Aim: To establish reference values concerning the results of oral and vocal fold diadochokinesis (DDK) assessment, as well as to analyze the differences among gender and age. Methods: One hundred and fifty Brazilian-Portuguese-speaking children from 8 to 10 years old were assessed. The DDK was assessed through the repetition of ‘pa’, ‘ta’, ‘ka’, ‘pataka’, ‘a’ and ‘i’. Results: As age increased there was a rise in the average DDK rate, a rise in the coefficient of variation of period for syllable ‘ka’ and a rise in the coefficient of variation of the peak intensity for the syllable ‘ta’. The number of utterances per second of ‘ta’ was higher for girls than for boys. In trisyllables, 8-year-old girls presented a lower number of utterances than the other subgroups. As age increased, there was a rise in the average DDK rate of the vowel ‘i’ for girls; there was also a smaller standard deviation and perturbations of the period for this same vowel. Conclusion: Oral and vocal fold DDK reference values were established and differences as to gender and age were observed.
The Impact of Vocal Intensity and Pitch Modulation on Nasalance Scores: A Pilot Study
Authors: Van Lierde Kristiane M. , Van Borsel John , Cardinael An , Reeckmans Stephanie , Bonte Katrien
Published: August 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of pitch and intensity modulation on nasalance scores. Methods: A single-group pretest-posttest design was used in which subjects produced reading passages at different pitch and intensity levels. The Nasometer™ was used for the registration of nasalance scores in subjects with and without cleft palate. Results: An increase in intensity in the non-cleft group resulted in a small but significant decrease in nasalance. Lowering the pitch level resulted in a small but significant decrease in nasalance scores for both the non-cleft and cleft palate subjects. Conclusions: The nasalance changes after vocal modulations during connected speech are reliable and not biased but the impact of these vocal changes on speech intelligibility and daily communication and the usefulness of these vocal modulations as part of a behavioral management program is not yet proven.
High School Physical Educators’ Beliefs About Teaching Differently Abled Students in an Urban Public School District
Authors: Hersman Bethany L. , Hodge Samuel R.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine general physical education (GPE) teachers’ beliefs about teaching differently abled students in inclusive classes.The participants were 5 GPE teachers from a large urban school district. The research method was explanatory multiple-case study situated in planned behavior theory. Data were gathered using a demographic questionnaire, attitude survey, and interviews. Survey data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and revealed that the teachers’ judgments vary on inclusion and their level of acceptance in teaching differently abled students. The teachers agreed that more professional training was a need. Interview data were analyzed with constant comparative method.The emergent themes were: (a) teachers’ pedagogies troubled, (b) dependent self-efficacy, (c) paradoxes, (d) motives, and (e) concerns. Findings thus implied that urban school districts should regularly engage teachers in professional development focused on teaching differently abled students.
The State in Transition
Authors: García Linera Álvaro
Published: August 2010

The Bolivian state, viewed as a correlation of political forces, a mechanism for institutionalization, and a shared idea that guarantees moral consensus between governors and governed, is undergoing structural change. The coalition that achieved power with the 2005 elections differs in class and ethnicity from the previous power bloc, and as a result there is a gap in communication and a high level of societal conflict. To stabilize its power, the new power bloc has incorporated the armed forces into its project, nationalized the country’s natural resources and invested the new revenues in public works, and developed the nucleus of a new symbolic discourse. It is the political system—its hierarchies, leadership, alliances, and procedures—that is still contested. The bifurcation point of the process—the moment when disorder becomes order—has not yet been reached but may be closer than it appears.
When States Act Like Movements
Authors: Gustafson Bret
Published: August 2010

Ethnographic approaches to sovereignty have focused on de jure or de facto practices and relations of rule constituted through culturally mediated violence inscribing incorporation or exclusion onto human bodies. Sovereignty as such is historically and territorially variegated, even within nation-state borders, and observable as emergent processes that seek to (re)order authority, territoriality, and sociality within, against, or in complicity with the formal operations of the state. In post-neoliberal Bolivia, state and social-movement efforts to “seat” (sentar) sovereignty and “reestablish” (refundar) the state pose an interpretive challenge to critical ethnographers of power because sovereignty-making practices have instrumentalized the production of sacrificial subjects in alliance with subaltern movements rather than enactments of violence against them. Examination of a conflict over the Guarani territory of Alto Parapetí reveals the way state and movement tactics of transnational witnessing, legal inscription, and the visualization of violence on the ground are deployed as strategies that shift conventional understandings of sovereign violence and its subjects on the margins of a state in transformation.
Women’s Voices on the Executive Council
Authors: Dosh Paul , Kligerman Nicole , Lerager James
Published: August 2010

In the 2000s, Bolivia and Ecuador were marked by battles over natural resources in which mass mobilizations challenged the neoliberal privatization of resources such as water and natural gas. In El Alto and Quito, these mobilizations boosted the public standing of women whose frontline militancy helped confront privatization and build momentum for the election of women to top leadership. Although gender discrimination persisted, women’s activism in these resource battles demonstrated to men their capacity to lead in arenas other than health, family, and education. In the wake of these conflicts, variations in women’s voice—the power to speak, set agendas, and dictate discourse—on the executive councils of popular organizations prove to be determined by societal sexism, leadership and training opportunities for women, the presence of more women on the executive council, the status of the council seats won by women, and the particular organization’s decision-making process.
Un pueblo eminente
Authors: Peña Claros Claudia
Published: August 2010

Ernesto Laclau’s perspective on populism allows for a more accurate understanding of the current political scene in Bolivia than a focus on the concept of “social movements.” In Santa Cruz, Bolivia’s economically strongest department, certain historical and social characteristics have produced strong regionalist sentiment against the central government and a militant and absolutist identity discourse. The Cruceño opposition movement revolves around a civic institutionalism allied with the region’s economic and cultural powers represented by the Comité Pro Santa Cruz (Pro—Santa Cruz Committee). Since the October 2003 crisis, without being a political party, it has managed to position itself as a conservative actor with tremendous power of assembly in challenging the policies of the Morales government.
Does Depression Moderate or Mediate the Relations Between Deficits in Competence and Aggression?
Authors: Shin Hyeonsook
Published: August 2010

This study was conducted to examine the role of child depression in the relations between deficits in competence and aggression by replicating and extending the study by Cole et al. (1996). In a two-wave longitudinal study, 6th-grade children ( n = 329) completed self-report measures of three domains of competence (i.e. social, academic, behavioural), depression and aggression. Parents also reported information about their child’s competence in the three domains, depression and aggression. The participants were all residents in lower-middle- to middle-class urban areas in a large southwestern city of Korea. Data were collected through paper/pencil questionnaires administered twice during the school year (near the end of the first and second semesters in 2008) approximately 6 months apart. Hierarchical regression analyses were implemented to examine whether Wave 2 depression moderates or mediates the relations between deficits in Wave 1 competence and Wave 2 aggression. To take account of the domain-specificity of child competence, separate hierarchical regression analyses for the three domains of competence were conducted. Self-reports and parent reports for each variable were standardized and combined into a composite index. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses were summarized as follows. First, depression did not moderate the relations between deficits in competence and aggression. Second, depression served as a mediator only in the relation between deficits in behavioural competence and aggression. In contrast, depression did not mediate the relation between lowered social or academic competence and aggression. The findings of this study provide partial evidence for the competence-based model of childhood depression and for the role of depression as a trigger of aggressive behaviours among children who lack in behavioural competence. The results imply that school psychologists and school counsellors should not overlook deficits in behavioural competence and depression among aggressive children while providing screening and intervention services for these children.
Racial Bullying and Victimization in Canadian School-Aged Children
Authors: Larochette Anne-Claire , Murphy Ashley Nicole , Craig Wendy M.
Published: August 2010

Numerous individual factors, including race, have been identified to date that may place children at risk for bullying involvement. The importance of the school’s environment on bullying behaviours has also been highlighted, as the majority of bullying occurs at school. The variables associated with racial bullying and victimization, however, have rarely been specifically examined. The purpose of the current study, therefore, was to determine which individual- and school-level factors are associated with racial bullying and victimization. Canadian records from the 2001/2002 Health Behaviors in School-Aged Children Survey (HBSC) were used for the current analyses. Participants included 3,684 students and their principals from 116 schools from across the country. Results indicated that racial bullying and racial victimization were more strongly related to individual factors such as race and sex than school-level factors. African-Canadian students were found to engage in racial bullying as well as report being racially victimized. In addition, school climate did not account for observed differences between schools on racial bullying and victimization, but racial bullying appeared to decrease in supportive schools with higher teacher diversity.
Brazilian Adaptation of the Woodcock-Johnson III Cognitive Tests
Authors: Muglia Wechsler Solange , Sancineto Nunes Carlos , Waltz Schelini Patricia , Pasian Sonia Regina , Vertoni Homsi Silvia , Moretti Lucia , Ayach Anache Alexandra
Published: August 2010

An adaptation of the standard battery of Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ-III) for Brazilian children and youth was investigated. The sample was composed of 1094 students (54 percent girls), ages 7—17, living in Sao Paulo state (91 percent). Items from Brazilian school books as well as from the WJ-III Spanish version (Batería-R) were added to comprehension-knowledge tests. Brazilian words were adapted to the auditory tests according to syllabic division and stressed syllables. Items were examined through IRT and age differences through analysis of variance. Results indicated the need to remove items from all WJ-III subtests with the exception of the visual learning test. Analysis of Variance indicated significant age differences ( p ≤ 0.001) for all tests. Thus, the importance of a Brazilian adaptation for the WJ-III was confirmed.
Dose-sensitive steroid-induced hyperglycaemia
Authors: Gannon Craig , Dando Nicholas
Published: August 2010

Steroids cause significant but under-appreciated and poorly managed glucose intolerance. In this case we describe a patient with steroid-induced hyperglycaemia who obtained a large positive impact on glycaemic control from a small reduction in her steroid dose, sufficient to alleviate the need for insulin. Developments in the treatment of steroid-induced hyperglycaemia may mean that a more active approach needs to be considered when treating steroid-related diabetes in patients whose management is palliative. We advise checking for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia by testing capillary blood glucose values 2 hours after the lunchtime meal and recommend a single morning dose of long-acting insulin to treat the condition.
Clinicopathological Characterization in Poultry of Three Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated From Recent Outbreaks
Authors: Susta L. , Miller P. J. , Afonso C. L. , Brown C. C.
Published: August 2010

Newcastle disease is a severe threat to the poultry industry and is caused by Newcastle disease virus, a member of the genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. The virus is rapidly evolving, and several new genotypes have been discovered in the past few years. Characterization of these strains is important to evaluate field changes, anticipate new outbreaks, and develop adequate control measures. Three Newcastle disease isolates (APMV-1/duck/Vietnam, Long Bien/78/2002, APMV-1/chicken/Australia/9809-19-1107/1998, and APMV-1/double-crested cormorant/USA, Nevada/19529-04/2005) from recent outbreaks were investigated via clinicopathological assessment, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization, virus isolation, and serology in experimentally infected 4-week-old chickens. Phylogenetic studies showed that Australia isolate belongs to class II genotype I, Long Bien to class II genotype VIId, and Nevada cormorant to class II genotype V. Even though all 3 viruses had a virulent fusion protein cleavage site and ICPI values greater than 1.5, they all differed in their ability to cause clinical signs, in their lesions, and in their viral distribution in body tissues. The Long Bien isolate showed the most severe clinicopathological picture and the most widespread viral distribution. The Australia and Nevada cormorant isolates had a milder pathological phenotype, with viral replication restricted to only a few organs. The variability in clinicopathological characteristics despite the similarity in ICPI suggests that full clinicopathological assessment is necessary to fully characterize new isolates and that there are differences in pathogenesis among viruses of different genotypes.
It is Strange: A Reply to Vrasti
Authors: Rancatore Jason P.
Published: August 2010

A reply to Vrasti’s recent article in Millennium is useful on four counts. Selected criticisms are overdrawn; what might be considered ‘pure’ ethnography is left unexplored; the relationship between method and methodology is not discussed; and useful methodological reflection is left unattended. This article proceeds to address these issues by first offering comments on Vrasti’s treatment of the most methodologically sophisticated of the scholars reviewed: Pouliot and Neumann. Then the rest of Vrasti’s reductive types are unpacked by way of critique of Cohn and Enloe. Framed by these presentations, the third section explores Vrasti’s understanding of ‘ethnography’ in relation to the anthropological review and critiques of the use of ethnographic methods in IR. Finally, the article engages Vrasti’s conclusions on the value of ‘ethnographic IR’, offering a different direction than the author tables, arguing that the inherent ethical dilemmas that confront the researcher using ethnographic methods are themselves potentially useful findings.
“Looking Good and Sounding Right”
Authors: Williams Christine L. , Connell Catherine
Published: August 2010

Upscale retail stores prefer to hire class-privileged workers because they embody particular styles and mannerisms that match their specialized brands. Yet retail jobs pay low wages and offer few benefits. How do these employers attract middle-class workers to these bad jobs? Drawing on interviews with retail workers and Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, the authors find that employers succeed by appealing to their consumer interests. The labor practices we identify contribute to the re-entrenchment of job segregation, race and gender discrimination, and fetishism of consumption. The conclusion argues against rewarding aesthetic labor and suggests other rationales for upgrading low-wage retail employment.
Workers, Managers, and Customers
Authors: Lopez Steven Henry
Published: August 2010

The sociology of service work has blossomed in the 10 years since Work and Occupations first published a special issue on this subject. This introductory essay chronicles developments and new debates around emotional labor, worker–customer relationships in the service triangle, and the nexus of gender and control in service work. Several neglected themes are highlighted, including the relationship between race and the organization of work on the shop floor, as well as a number of themes that were once prominent in industrial sociology but which have fallen into relative neglect in the sociology of service work despite their continuing relevance.
Nursing Home Deficiency Citations for Abuse
Authors: Castle Nicholas
Published: August 2010

Deficiency citations for resident abuse from U.S. nursing homes from 2000 to 2007 are examined. Deficiency citations are given to nursing homes that are in violation of Medicare/Medicaid regulations and four specific deficiency citations (representing, abuse; neglect by staff; criminal screening investigating and reporting; and, abuse prevention and policy development and implementation) were examined. The data came from the Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting (OSCAR) system data ( N = 173,219) and the analyses used generalized estimating equations. Abuse deficiency citation rates were relatively stable (from 2000 to 2007), with approximately 20% of facilities per year receiving any one of these citations. For the factors of interest, few significant findings were identified for staffing levels; whereas, a high number of deficiency citations related to quality of care, high number of the most severe deficiency citations, high Medicaid reimbursement rates, and the Medicaid occupancy/reimbursement rate interaction were significantly associated with a greater likelihood of receiving a deficiency citation for abuse.
Assessing the management of healthcare waste in Hawassa city, Ethiopia
Authors: Israel Deneke Haylamicheal  , Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie  , Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw  , Hanibale Atsbeha Zegeye
Published: August 2010

Inadequate management of healthcare waste is a serious concern in many developing countries due to the risks posed to human health and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate healthcare waste management in Hawassa city, Ethiopia. The study was conducted in nine healthcare facilities (HCFs) including hospitals (four), health centres (two) and higher clinics (three) in two phases, first to assess the waste management aspect and second to determine daily waste generation rate. The result showed that the median quantity of waste generated at the facilities was 3.46 kg bed-1 day-1 (range: 1.48-8.19 kg bed-1 day-1). The quantity of waste per day generated at a HCF increased as occupancy increased (p < 0.001). The percentage hazardous waste generated at government HCFs was more than at private HCFs (p < 0.05). The proportion of hazardous waste (20—63.1%) generated at the different HCFs was much higher than the WHO recommendation (10-25%). There was no waste segregation in most HCFs and only one used a complete color coding system. Solid waste and wastewater were stored, transported, treated and disposed inappropriately at all HCFs. Needle-stick injuries were prevalent in 25—100% of waste handlers employed at these HCFs. Additionally, low levels of training and awareness of waste legislation was prevalent amongst staff. The study showed that management of healthcare waste at HCFs to be poor. Waste management practices need to be improved through improved legislation and enforcement, and training of staff in the healthcare facilities in Hawassa.
Review: Breastfeeding Peer Counseling: From Efficacy Through Scale-Up
Authors: Chapman Donna J. , Morel Katherine , Anderson Alex Kojo , Damio Grace , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael
Published: August 2010

An increasing number of publications have evaluated various breastfeeding peer counseling models. This article describes a systematic review of (a) the randomized trials assessing the effectiveness of breastfeeding peer counseling in improving rates of breastfeeding initiation, duration, exclusivity, and maternal and child health outcomes and (b) scientific literature describing the scale-up of breastfeeding peer counseling programs. Twenty-six peer-reviewed publications were included in this review. The overwhelming majority of evidence from randomized controlled trials evaluating breastfeeding peer counseling indicates that peer counselors effectively improve rates of breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity. Peer counseling interventions were also shown to significantly decrease the incidence of infant diarrhea and significantly increase the duration of lactational amenorrhea. Breastfeeding peer counseling initiatives are effective and can be scaled up in both developed and developing countries as part of well-coordinated national breastfeeding promotion or maternal-child health programs. J Hum Lact. 26(3):314-326.
Breastfeeding Women’s Experience of Expressing: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Clemons Sarah N. , Amir Lisa H.
Published: August 2010

There is an increasing trend in Australia and elsewhere for mothers to express breast milk. The purpose of this study was to explore breastfeeding women’s experiences of expressing breast milk. An anonymous online questionnaire was sent to Victorian members of the Australian Breastfeeding Association via an e-mail link. Response fraction was 903 of 3024 (29.9%). The most common reason for expressing milk was to “store extra breast milk” (57%, 479/836). The most important reason was “not enough milk”/“to make more milk” (15%, 118/771). The majority of women (65%, 666/843) used an electric breast pump, and this method of expressing was preferred by 59% (454/769) of women. Adverse effects of pumps were pain (17%, 126/737) and damage to nipples (11%, 86/737). Breast pumps may have a role in enabling women to extend the duration of breast milk feeding, but further research is needed. J Hum Lact. 26(3):258-265.
“Practicing Electoral Politics in the Cracks”
Authors: Howard Frederick Angela
Published: August 2010

Previous research on gender and political leadership has narrowly defined gender consciousness, failing to account for the broader commitments, concerns, and loyalties held by women of color. In this article, the author calls for an intersectional approach to analyzing the gender consciousness of political leaders. She presents findings from four months of participant observation in a Latina candidate’s campaign for city council. The author finds that the campaign presented an intersectional consciousness in the candidate’s messages, using gendered discourses to frame her commitment to issues of greatest concern to Hispanic and low-income communities. The campaign’s mobilization efforts targeted both women and Hispanics, but focused most of its resources into courting the vote of middle- and upper-class white women. Contrary to recent claims that intersectionality has outlived its usefulness as an analytic tool, the author argues that intersectionality remains an underutilized and much-needed framework for helping to close gaps in the understanding of political life.
The Temporal Emotion Work of Motherhood
Authors: Lois Jennifer
Published: August 2010

Drawing on fieldwork and in-depth interviews with homeschooling mothers in the Pacific Northwest, the author reveals several ways the temporal experience of motherhood was emotionally problematic. The intensive demands of homeschooling left them stressed and dissatisfied with the amount of time they had to pursue their own interests. Mothers tried to allocate their time differently to manage these feelings, yet their efforts were unsuccessful, which led them to become frustrated and resentful. To resolve these troublesome feelings, mothers resorted to manipulating their subjective experiences of time through a process the author calls “temporal emotion work.” In the conclusion, the author examines the theoretical confluence of emotions and temporality, suggesting that the dominant form of motherhood is culturally defined as a “time-sensitive identity” and that “temporal emotions” are unique tools in managing the emotional difficulties inherent in the trajectories of some identities.
Introduction: Childhood and migration — mobilities, homes and belongings
Authors: Ní Laoire Caitríona , Carpena-Méndez Fina , Tyrrell Naomi , White Allen
Published: August 2010

This article introduces a special issue on childhood and migration. It argues that understandings of the ways in which children form belongings and attachments are enhanced by conducting research with children who migrate or who live mobile and transnational lives. The articles in this collection highlight the mobile and translocal nature of children’s lives, from different perspectives and in different global and migration contexts. Taken together, they make a number of key contributions to an emerging literature on the lives of migrant, mobile and diasporic children and young people. They emphasize the situated and contextualized nature of migrant children’s negotiations of home and belonging. In particular, the collection explores children’s and young people’s constructions of home and belonging, often negotiated in contradictory or challenging circumstances and frequently destabilizing powerful assumptions about the nature of migration, mobility and childhood, such as ideals of childhood based on notions of residential fixity.
Effect of Increasing the Hard Segment Percentage on the Mechanical Response of Selected Polyurethane Films
Authors: Prisacariu Cristina , Scortanu Elena
Published: August 2010

This paper describes a study which investigated aspects of the mechanical responses of selected polyurethane films (PUs) when the hard segment percentage was varied. The range of structures achieved included the chain extender ethylene glycol (EG), the macrodiol polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) (molar mass 2000), and two di-isocyanates: 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) and 4,4′-dibenzyl diisocyanate (DBDI) generating dibenzyl-based hard segments of conformational mobility. The influence of increasing the hard segment percentage from 20 to 80%, on the mechanical properties was followed. The study of the PUs stress—strain response included tensile tests, and load—unload cycles at constant rate of extension, with measurement of hysteresis and strain recovery. As shown, the mechanical properties of such materials were greatly enhanced by hard-phase crystallinity, through its effect on the flow stress. Increasing the hard segment percentage led systematically to increases in the input strain energy elongation. With increasing hard segment percentage the polymers based on DBDI hard segments, displayed higher stiffness and strength than the conventional MDI-based PUs. Both features of the response were attributed to differences in hard phase plastic flow stress, resulting from crystallinity in the DBDI phase. With increasing hard segment percentage, lower strain recovery and strain energy recovery on cycling were observed in the case of PUs derived from dibenzyl structures.
Influence of sport on personal development and social investment among Botswana Olympic athletes
Authors: Shehu Jimoh , Moruisi Moses
Published: August 2010

Keeping in mind the constructed, partial and shifting nature of identity, this study explores the role of sport in shaping the personal development and capacities for social investment among 17 Botswana Olympic athletes. A qualitative, phenomenological approach was employed to generate the data analysed in this study. Written and oral narratives were collected through a self-administered open-ended questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Long-term sport participation appears to symbolize reformation power for the respondents in this study, providing them with structures for self-realization and requiring them to construct, alter or acquire certain values; and to engage in self-conscious evaluations and interpretations of what it means to be a social being. The situated and gendered stories constructed by the participants in this study exemplify the significance of social contexts for understanding the interface between sport values, sportsperson identity development and social investment.
Does Electoral Reform Increase (or Decrease) Political Equality?
Authors: Rigby Elizabeth , Springer Melanie J.
Published: August 2010

Over recent decades, the American states have implemented electoral reforms that make it easier for citizens to register and vote. This article examines the “equality effects” of these reforms: the degree to which reform serves to equalize or further skew participation rates between the rich and poor. Using the Voter Supplement to the Current Population Survey, the authors generate state-level estimates of income bias in registration and voting for elections from 1978 to 2008. Findings support their theory that some electoral reforms promote equality, while others further stratify the electorate—particularly when state registration rolls are already unrepresentative in terms of income groups.
Measuring Case Salience in State Courts of Last Resort
Authors: Vining Richard L. , Wilhelm Teena
Published: August 2010

Scholars recognize that both citizens and elites may alter their behavior in response to salient stimuli. Epstein and Segal’s (2000) measure of salience for the United States Supreme Court provided a valid and reproducible way to assess the political salience of cases. No comparable measure exists for state high courts. The authors introduce a measure of case salience for state supreme courts that is comprehensive and similar to the Epstein-Segal measure. We discuss the utility of this measure, compare it to several alternatives, provide descriptive statistics, and discuss the relationship between case salience and judicial behavior in state supreme courts.