bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nacidos para salvar. Un análisis constitucional del «bebé medicamento»
Authors: Pinto Palacios Fernando
Published: December 2016

ResumenLa Ley 14/2006, de 14 de mayo, de Técnicas de Reproducción Humana Asistida introdujo por primera vez en el ordenamiento jurídico español la técnica del «bebé medicamento». Esta revolución biotecnológica permite la creación de un donante ad hoc para satisfacer las necesidades terapéuticas de un hermano gravemente enfermo. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar aquellos derechos, intereses o valores con relevancia constitucional que se ven afectados durante el desarrollo de este proceso científico. A tal efecto, nos centramos en el estatuto jurídico-constitucional del embrión in vitro, el derecho a la protección de la salud del hijo enfermo y el derecho a la reproducción de los padres.AbstractLaw 14/2006 of May 14, on Assisted Human Reproduction Techniques, introduced firstly in the Spanish legal system the technique of the «saviour sibling». This biotechnology revolution allows the creation of an ad hoc donor to satisfy the therapeutic needs of a seriously ill sibling. The aim of this work consists of an analysis of the rights, interests or values with constitutional relevance that are concerned during the development of the scientific process. For this purpose, we will focus on the legal and constitutional status of the in vitro embryo, the ill child’s health protection right and the parents’ reproduction right.
Role of the intermediate phases InSe and Cu9(In1−
xGax)4 in fabricating Cu(In1−
xGax)Se2 films by selenization of Cu–In–Ga precursors
Authors: Huang Yongliang , Han Anjun , Wang Xian , Liu Xiaohui , Liu Zhengxin , Meng Fanying
Published: December 2016

A cosputtered Cu–In–Ga metal precursor was first selenized in H2Se atmosphere, and then subsequently annealed in N2 atmosphere. The microstructural evolution of Cu(In1−

x
Ga
x
)Se2 (CIGS) films during thermal treatment was investigated, and it was found that the morphology and Ga distribution of the CIGS absorber were governed by selenization and annealing. The intermediate phases InSe and Cu9(In1−

x
Ga
x
)4 formed in the selenization step are beneficial to Ga diffusion and grain growth during annealing. Therefore, the open-circuit voltage and fill factor of a CIGS solar cell were enhanced by the combination of a sufficient amount of intermediate phases and 580 °C annealing, attributed mainly to the higher Ga content near the front surface and better crystallinity of the CIGS absorber. The conversion efficiency of CIGS solar cell was increased 1.24-fold with optimized selenization and annealing conditions.
Soil carbon dioxide emissions from the Mojave desert: Isotopic evidence for a carbonate source
Authors: Soper Fiona M. , McCalley Carmody K. , Sparks Kimberlee , Sparks Jed P.
Published: December 2016

Arid soils represent a substantial carbonate pool and may participate in surface‐atmosphere CO2 exchange via a diel cycle of carbonate dissolution and exsolution. We used a Keeling plot approach to determine the substrate δ13C of CO2 emitted from carbonate‐dominated soils in the Mojave desert and found evidence for a nonrespiratory source that increased with surface temperature. In dry soils at 25–30°C, the CO2 substrate had δ13C values of −19.4 ± 4.2‰, indicative of respiration of organic material (soil organic matter = −23.1 ± 0.8‰). CO2 flux increased with temperature; maximum fluxes occurred above 60°C, where δ13CO2 substrate (−7.2‰ ± 2.8‰) approached soil carbonate values (0.2 ± 0.2‰). In wet soils, CO2 emissions were not temperature dependent, and δ13CO2 substrate was lower in vegetated soils with higher flux rates, higher organic C content, and potential root respiration. These data provide the first direct evidence of CO2 emissions from alkaline desert soils derived from an abiotic source and that diurnal emission patterns are strongly driven by surface temperature.
Three‐dimensional numerical modeling of thermal regime and slab dehydration beneath Kanto and Tohoku, Japan
Authors: Ji Yingfeng , Yoshioka Shoichi , Manea Vlad Constantin , Manea Marina , Matsumoto Takumi
Published: December 2016

Although the thermal regime of the interface between two overlapping subducting plates, such as those beneath Kanto, Japan, is thought to play an important role in affecting the distribution of interplate and intraslab earthquakes, the estimation of the thermal regime remains challenging to date. We constructed a three‐dimensional (3‐D) thermal convection model to simulate the subduction of the Pacific plate along the Japan Trench and Izu‐Bonin Trench, including the subduction of the Philippine Sea beneath Kanto and investigated the slab thermal regime and slab water contents in this complex tectonic setting. Based on the subduction parameters tested in generic models with two flat oceanic plates, a faster or thicker plate subducting in a more trench‐normal direction produces a colder slab thermal regime. The interplate temperature of the cold anomaly beneath offshore Kanto was approximately 300°C colder than that beneath offshore Tohoku at a same depth of 40 km and approximately 600°C colder at a depth of 70 km. The convergence between the two subducting plates produces an asymmetric thermal structure in the slab contact zone beneath Kanto, which is characterized by clustered seismicity in the colder southwestern half. The thermo‐dehydration state of the mid‐ocean ridge basalt near the upper surface of the subducted Pacific plate controls the interplate seismicity beneath the Kanto‐Tohoku region according to the spatial concurrence of the thermo‐dehydration and seismicity along the megathrust fault zone of the subducted Pacific plate.
Changing Work–Family Equilibria and Social Inequality
Authors: Scherer Stefani
Published: December 2016

Profound changes in families and in employment patterns challenge the conventional view of work and family as two separate spheres, and finding a balance between them has become vitally important in economic, social, and even demographic terms for today's societies. Current trends also potentially alter families' role in societies' stratification system and overall inequality. Only recently research started to systematically link demographic and employment behavior and the family to the consequences for societies' inequality structure. Often the empirical impact is much less straightforward than parts of the literature suggest, and for a detailed understanding lifetime inequality and stratification rather than distributional inequality will need to gain major attention.
Schooling, Learning, and the Life Course
Authors: Pallas Aaron M.
Published: December 2016

The modern life course is characterized by three major trends: (i) schooling has increased worldwide and penetrates virtually all phases of life; (ii) the globalization of the economy has rendered work, and the features of modern life that stem from it, less predictable; and (iii) new technologies and the ongoing institutionalization of the self allow for participation in an ever‐increasing number of communities. These shifts open up new ways of thinking about the life course, moving from the traditional framing of the life course as a sequence of role transitions to a view that highlights competent membership in a configuration of communities of practice, particularly in the domains of work, family, and leisure. This shift also entails moving from schooling as credentials and human capital to understanding what is learned in school that is relevant to being a competent adult. Theories of how what is learned in school might transfer to adult life continue to outstrip the prevailing technologies for assessment of that learning.
The Development of Expertise in Scientific Research
Authors: Feldon David F.
Published: December 2016

Scientific research is a fundamental mechanism for both advancing human knowledge about the natural world and facilitating technological innovations that fuel economic development. As such, understanding and optimizing the pathways to expertise and professional success in this endeavor is vital to ensure sustained intellectual and financial benefits of scientific research. This essay summarizes the research on the development of expertise in the sciences from the psychology of science and research on graduate education. Examining new research trends that present an emerging picture of a specific trajectory for the development of research skills and frame the development of scientific research skills as direct outcomes of specific training practices, new directions for research that bridge the cognitive and socialization lenses are identified.
Robot‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Herring Susan C.
Published: December 2016

Since telepresence robots began entering the US commercial market over a decade ago, telepresence robot‐mediated communication (RMC) has become increasingly prevalent and relevant. In this essay, I describe key technological properties of telepresence robots, summarize findings regarding communication and social interaction through such robots, and propose a framework to guide future study of telepresence robot‐mediated discourse and language use. In concluding, I reimagine how telepresence robots could be reconceptualized and redesigned, for example, by moving beyond human metaphors to incorporate “superhuman” attributes, and raise questions about the intended and unintended consequences of RMC.
The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions
Authors: Kahan Dan M.
Published: December 2016

This is the second in a pair of essays on politically motivated reasoning. The first presented a conceptual model of this dynamic: the “Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm” (PMRP). This essay uses PMRP to highlight a set of unsettled issues, including the rationality of politically motivated reasoning; the association of it with ideological conservatism; the power of monetary incentives to neutralize it; and the interaction of it with expert judgment.
Diffusion: From Facebook to (Management) Fashion
Authors: Strang David , Patterson Kelly
Published: December 2016

Diffusionrefers to the spread of ideas and behaviors across a population. The field does not cohere around a central question whose solution would clarify fundamental issues. Instead, what we see is the constant and fruitful exploration of new social worlds, and the adaptation of research methods and theoretical concepts to capture central realities of these worlds. We begin by describing two lines of diffusion research whose core assumptions and analytic strategy are diametrically opposed: network models of online behavior and translation studies of organizational fashion. We then survey contemporary trends in organizational research that broaden the scope of diffusion studies, focusing, in particular, on the study of politically contested practices that pit the interests of organizations and elites against various stakeholders such as current and prior employees, customers, and the public at large.
Spirituality as Foundation of Agency in Turbulent Economic Times
Authors: Kuchinke K. Peter
Published: December 2016

The changing meaning of work calls for care and concern for the spiritual dimension of the workplace. Toward this end, a more liberal form of workforce education and human resource development in response to workplace preparation for managers is needed.
To Address Suffering That the Majority Can't See: Lessons from Black Women's Leadership in the Workplace
Authors: Dillard Cynthia B.
Published: December 2016

This chapter explores how both historically and in contemporary times of escalating violence against our bodies, minds, and spirits worldwide, Black women lead, love, and live within contexts of suffering.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cycloaddition of N‐tert‐Butoxycarbonylhydrazones with Alkynes for the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrroles via C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Chan Chun‐Ming , Zhou Zhongyuan , Yu Wing‐Yiu
Published: December 2016

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed cycloaddition of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonylhydrazones with internal alkynes was developed. The reaction features a regioselective α‐imino alkyl C(sp3)−H bond functionalization resulting in selective formation of highly functionalized NH‐free pyrroles. Our studies showed that utilizing the N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl (N‐Boc) as the oxidizing directing group is critical for achieving the observed pyrrole formation versus the isoquinoline formation. To account for the pyrrole formation, we hypothesized that a prior tautomerization of the N‐Boc‐hydrazones to enamines should occur, followed by regioselective C(sp2)–H cleavage to form a putative five‐membered rhodacycle. Subsequent coupling of the rhodacycle with the alkynes would afford the pyrrole products.

magnified image
Zink in der Umwelt
Authors: Malle K.‐G.
Published: December 2016

Weltweit wurden 1990 rund 7 Mio. Tonnen Zink hergestellt. Hauptanwendungsgebiete sind Oberflächenschutz durch Verzinkung, Legierungen wie Messing und Rotguß sowie Zinkblech und Gußmetall.

Bei einem mittleren Gehalt der Erdkruste von 70 ppm Zink schwankt der natürliche Gehalt in Böden zwischen 10 und 300 ppm Zink. Unbelastetes Oberflächenwasser enthält < 10 mg/m3 Zink. An zivilisationsfernen Orten in der Luft liegen die Zinkgehalte bei 1–10 ng/m3. Solche natürlichen Gehalte werden in der Nähe von Zinklagerstätten und durch anthropogene Einflüsse vielerorts um Größenordnungen überschritten. Zink kann sich in Sedimenten und Klärschlämmen anreichern. Mollusken und Algen haben häufig hohe Zinkgehalte.

Zink ist ein essentielles Element. Bei den heutigen Verzehrgewohnheiten liegt die Versorgung des Menschen an der unteren Grenze des Zinkbedarfs. Es gibt keine Anreicherung von Zink in der Nahrungskette bis hin zum Menschen. Eine chronische übermäßige Belastung des Menschen mit Zink ist nicht bekannt. Es gibt keine Anzeichen für teratogene oder mutagene Wirkung, ein Verdacht auf kanzerogene Wirkung konnte nicht bestätigt werden.

Für Tierzucht und Pflanzenanbau ist eine Mindestzufuhr an Zink erforderlich. Gegen erhöhte Zinkgehalte im Boden sind Pflanzen relativ unempfindlich.

Bei einer toxikologisch‐ökologischen Gesamtbeurteilung ist die Wirkung auf niedere marine Organismen wie Algen, Daphnien, Würmer, Krebse die kritische Größe. Entscheidend ist dabei jedoch nicht der Gesamt‐Zink‐Gehalt, sondern der vom Fremdionen‐Gehalt und pH‐Wert abhängige verfügbare Anteil.
Changes of Acute Toxicity of Organic Chemicals to Daphnia magna in the Presence of Dissolved Humic Material (DHM)
Authors: Steinberg C. E. W. , Sturm A. , Kelbel J. , Lee S. Kyu , Hertkorn N. , Freitag D. , Kettrup A. A.
Published: December 2016

With a series of substituted anilines, a series of substituted phenols as well as diazinon and tetrabromobisphenol‐A alterations of short‐term acute toxicity to the waterflea Daphnia magna have been studied in the presence of dissolved humic material (DHM). The results may be categorised as follows:

No alteration in acute toxicity occurred with: tetrabromobisphenol‐A, o‐toluidine, 3,4‐dichloroaniline, and pentachlorophenol. Toxicity decreases significantly with: diazinon, 4‐chloroaniline, and 4‐nitrophenol. Significant toxicity increases were observed with 2,4‐dichlorophenol and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol.

As demonstrated for diazinon, our study reveals that in the presence of DHM and light the chemical speciation of this chemical is altered and daughter products are produced most likely via photoactive species of DHM. Most probably the toxicity of both the parent and daughter compounds is changed as well.

Alterations in acute toxicity of organic chemicals may thus be attributed to the adsorption to DHM as well as to the photoactive species mediated production of daughter products with toxicity different from that of the parent compounds.
Drug screening in 3D in vitro tumor models: overcoming current pitfalls of efficacy read‐outs
Authors: Santo Vítor E. , Rebelo Sofia P. , Estrada Marta F. , Alves Paula M. , Boghaert Erwin , Brito Catarina
Published: December 2016

There is cumulating evidence that in vitro 3D tumor models with increased physiological relevance can improve the predictive value of pre‐clinical research and ultimately contribute to achieve decisions earlier during the development of cancer‐targeted therapies. Due to the role of tumor microenvironment in the response of tumor cells to therapeutics, the incorporation of different elements of the tumor niche on cell model design is expected to contribute to the establishment of more predictive in vitro tumor models. This review is focused on the several challenges and adjustments that the field of oncology research is facing to translate these advanced tumor cells models to drug discovery, taking advantage of the progress on culture technologies, imaging platforms, high throughput and automated systems. The choice of 3D cell model, the experimental design, choice of read‐outs and interpretation of data obtained from 3D cell models are critical aspects when considering their implementation in drug discovery. In this review, we foresee some of these aspects and depict the potential directions of pre‐clinical oncology drug discovery towards improved prediction of drug efficacy.
Das Rätsel der Metastasierung
Authors: Schumacher Udo , Stürken Christine
Published: December 2016

Trotz aller Fortschritte in dem molekularen Verständnis bösartiger Tumoren sind die Heilungsaussichten bei den klinisch bedeutsamen Tumoren wie Lunge, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Dickdarm und Eierstockkrebs in den letzten Jahrzehnten nicht wesentlich verbessert worden. Das Therapieversagen kann damit erklärt werden, dass diese Tumoren frühzeitig metastasieren und Tumoren im metastasierten Stadium meistens nicht mehr erfolgreich behandelt werden können. Ohne ein tieferes Verständnis der Metastasierung dürfte es schwierig sein, hier größere Fortschritte zu erzielen. Ein weiteres Problem besteht darin, dass größere Primärtumoren und Metastasen einen Flüssigkeitsdruck entwickeln, der dem Eindringen von Medikamenten entgegen wirkt. Auch dieses Problem stellt eine entscheidende Hürde für eine erfolgreiche Krebstherapie dar.
Die Vogelwelt von La Graciosa
Authors: Bergmann Hans‐Heiner
Published: December 2016

Die kleine Insel La Graciosa ist Teil eines Archipels direkt nördlich der Kanareninsel Lanzarote. Sie besteht vorwiegend aus Halbwüste mit Dünen und dürrem Gesträuch. Die terrestrische Vogelwelt ist artenarm, enthält aber Endemiten auf Art‐ und Unterartniveau. Sie konzentriert sich rund um die einzige Ortschaft, wo es Süßwasser und eine reichere Pflanzenwelt gibt.
Die Verhandlungskunst der Leuchtbakterien
Authors: Tetsch Larissa
Published: December 2016

Die Symbiose zwischen Zwergtintenfisch und Leuchtbakterien ist ein Paradebeispiel für eine gelungene zwischenartliche Kommunikation. Die Bakterien befinden sich im Leuchtorgan des Tintenfischs und tragen durch ihre Lichtproduktion zu dessen Tarnung bei der nächtlichen Jagd bei. Die Reifung des Leuchtorgans beginnt bald nach der Besiedlung durch die Symbionten und wird durch Vesikel ausgelöst, die bei der Rotation der Geißel von der bakteriellen Zellhülle abgeschnürt werden.
Some Thoughts on Preserving Functions of Library Catalogs in Networked Environments
Authors: Golub Koraljka
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Classification and subject indexing systems have long been the mainstay of established information providers to deliver content precisely on topic. Logical semantic hierarchies and rich interconnections of related terms and synonyms enable accurate retrieval and browsing of similar resources and ideally should be available in online environments. But the cost of features may not be sustainable with massively growing resources. Efforts to merge databases and map disparate subject terminology require considerable human intervention. A possible solution combines controlled and uncontrolled terms from three sources: authoritative professional indexing, automated term suggestion and uncontrolled keywords proposed by authors or end users' social tags. Research is required to investigate the effectiveness, cost and applicability of combining controlled and uncontrolled terms for information retrieval.
The Need for Comprehensive Reform: From Access to Completion
Authors: Bailey Thomas
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines why typical reforms at community colleges in recent years have not improved institutional graduation rates. It argues that substantially increasing college completion requires comprehensive institutional reform with a focus on measurable student success, an intentional and cohesive package of programmatic components, and a culture of evidence.
Using Career Pathways to Guide Students Through Programs of Study
Authors: Bragg Debra D. , Krismer Marianne
Published: December 2016

This chapter describes career pathways that evolved through a Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training consortium grant designed to help students complete programs of study and enter health care careers.
pH Control on the Sequential Uptake and Release of Organic Cations by Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Mikulu Lukas , Michalicova Romana , Iglesias Vivian , Yawer Mirza A. , Kaifer Angel E. , Lubal Premysl , Sindelar Vladimir
Published: December 2016

Cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) is a macrocycle with the ability to form the most stable supramolecular complexes in water ever reported for an artificial receptor. Its use for the design of advanced functional materials is, however, very limited because there is no example of a fully reversible CB7 based supramolecular complex enabling repetitious dissociation/association controlled by external stimuli. We report the synthesis of a new ferrocene amino acid that forms with CB7 a 1:1 inclusion complex that is stable in submicromolar concentration at low pH but dissociates at high pH. This reversible process was used for the sequential uptake and release of bispyridinium and antraquinone guests by CB7, which is controlled by adjusting the pH of the solution.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Caged siRNA with Terminal Single Vitamin E Modification
Authors: Yang Jiali , Yu Lijia , Zhang Liangliang , Long Xingsu , Ji Yuzhuo , Tang Xinjing
Published: December 2016

RNA‐induced gene silencing has been widely applied as a powerful research tool in drug development due to its sequence‐specific degradation of target mRNA. Conditional regulation of gene functions with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is highly useful, especially when specific gene expression regulation with spatiotemporal resolution and amplitude is desired. Here, the synthesis of a series of new caged siRNAs with vitamin E (vitE) modification and/or a single photolabile linker at the 5′ terminal is described. Their capability of photolysis was investigated by PAGE gel analysis. Then, a dual reporter firefly/renilla luciferase assay with siQuant vectors and GFP/RFP reporter genes was applied to show the effect of vitE‐modified caged and non‐caged siRNAs on gene expression. The intracellular distribution and cellular uptake pathways of caged siRNAs are also discussed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pachytene Chromosome Preparation in Populus deltoides Marsh
Authors: Xin Haoyang , Lan Yue , Shi Jisen , Ma Yan , Xi Mengli
Published: December 2016

A technique that produces large numbers of good quality pachytene chromosome preparations has been developed for Populus. Anthers at the pachytene stage of meiosis are used as materials. There are two main modifications in our method relative to the traditional squashing method that address the challenges the thick cytoplasm observed during the pachytene phase of meiosis presents. One is the temperature during squashing, i.e., the slide is placed on a 52°C heater for squashing. The other is the removal of the cover slip using 45% acetic acid. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Single‐Trial Multiclass Classification of Various Motor Imagery Tasks for EEG‐Based Brain–Computer Interface Communication
Authors: MISAWA TADANOBU , MATSUDA JUMPEI , HIROBAYASHI SHIGEKI
Published: December 2016

We studied the brain activity (alpha and beta rhythms) with various motor imagery tasks for improvement of brain–computer interface (BCI) usability using 14 electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes in five healthy subjects. For this purpose, we estimated two‐class and four‐class classification accuracy on the EEG signals with four motor imagery tasks derived from each type motor imagery (three classical motor imagery and one proposed mental strategy) task using t‐test and super vector machine. The proposed mental strategy was imagery writing Kanji (Japanese characters). It has the possibility of both sensorimotor cortex and the visual cortex activation. Therefore, we expected to extract the distinct activity different from the activation with classical motor imagery tasks. In the two‐class classification results, the classification accuracy was 73.7% on average in all combination of derived motor imagery task. Moreover, we demonstrated that four‐class classification accuracy was 40.1% and the proposed task had possibility of the visual cortex activation dominantly. In experimental results, we proposed the new way for improvement of BCI application usability.
Spatial and ecological variation in dryland ecohydrological responses to climate change: implications for management
Authors: Palmquist Kyle A. , Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K.
Published: December 2016

Ecohydrological responses to climate change will exhibit spatial variability and understanding the spatial pattern of ecological impacts is critical from a land management perspective. To quantify climate change impacts on spatial patterns of ecohydrology across shrub steppe ecosystems in North America, we asked the following question: How will climate change impacts on ecohydrology differ in magnitude and variability across climatic gradients, among three big sagebrush ecosystems (SB‐Shrubland, SB‐Steppe, SB‐Montane), and among Sage‐grouse Management Zones? We explored these potential changes for mid‐century for RCP8.5 using a process‐based water balance model (SOILWAT) for 898 big sagebrush sites using site‐ and scenario‐specific inputs. We summarize changes in available soil water (ASW) and dry days, as these ecohydrological variables may be helpful in guiding land management decisions about where to geographically concentrate climate change mitigation and adaptation resources. Our results suggest that during spring, soils will be wetter in the future across the western United States, while soils will be drier in the summer. The magnitude of those predictions differed depending on geographic position and the ecosystem in question: Larger increases in mean daily spring ASW were expected for high‐elevation SB‐Montane sites and the eastern and central portions of our study area. The largest decreases in mean daily summer ASW were projected for warm, dry, mid‐elevation SB‐Montane sites in the central and west‐central portions of our study area (decreases of up to 50%). Consistent with declining summer ASW, the number of dry days was projected to increase rangewide, but particularly for SB‐Montane and SB‐Steppe sites in the eastern and northern regions. Collectively, these results suggest that most sites will be drier in the future during the summer, but changes were especially large for mid‐ to high‐elevation sites in the northern half of our study area. Drier summer conditions in high‐elevation, SB‐Montane sites may result in increased habitat suitability for big sagebrush, while those same changes will likely reduce habitat suitability for drier ecosystems. Our work has important implications for where land managers should prioritize resources for the conservation of North American shrub steppe plant communities and the species that depend on them.
On the “How” of Social Experiments: Using Implementation Research to Get Inside the Black Box
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: December 2016

Implementation research supports impact evaluation by determining how programs have been carried out prior to evaluation, studying what internal features explain high and low performance in a program, and exploring possible new applications of a program model. Permission to interview staff and data availability may limit opportunities for implementation research. Evaluation cannot succeed alone but only as part of a broader process of governmental learning that includes implementation research.
On the “How” of Social Experiments: Analytic Strategies for Getting Inside the Black Box
Authors: Peck Laura R.
Published: December 2016

Analysis of postrandom assignment (endogenous) events or experiences in experimental evaluation data is becoming increasingly widespread. This chapter highlights some analytic strategies for revealing mediators of program impacts. In particular, it considers the kinds of research questions that instrumental variables (IV) estimation is suited to answer and how using IV in conjunction with a randomized experiment can advance what we know about the mediational effects of policies or programs. It also explains how the Analysis of Symmetrically Predicted Endogenous Subgroups (ASPES) can assist in answering other, related kinds of evaluation questions. It illustrates how these approaches have been used in practice with an example from the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) Demonstration.
Feeding 11 billion on 0.5 billion hectare of area under cereal crops
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: December 2016

Despite impressive increase in global grain production since 1960s, there are 795 million food‐insecure and ~2 billion people prone to malnutrition. Further, global population of 7.4 billion in 2016 is projected to increase to 9.7 billion by 2050, with almost all increase occurring in developing countries. Thus, it is recommended that global food production be increased by 60 to 70% between 2005 and 2050. Global crop production increased threefold between 1965 and 2015 with a net increase of only 67 million ha (Mha) of cropland area. Nonetheless, agronomic yield of food staples can still be tripled or quadrupled in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), South Asia (SA), and the Caribbean by a widespread adoption of site‐specific best management practices of sustainable intensification (SI). Rather than expanding the area under cropland, agriculturally marginal and degraded soils can be set aside for nature conservancy. The global average cereal yield of 3.27 Mg ha−1 in 2005 can be increased to 5 Mg ha−1 by 2050, 6 Mg ha−1 by 2080 and 7 Mg ha−1 by 2100 through SI of agroecosystems in SSA, SA and elsewhere. The strategy of “producing more from less” necessitates restoration of soil health and increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration to be more than 1.5–2.0% in the rootzone. The goal of SOC sequestration is in accord with the “4 per Thousand” initiative proposed at COP21 in 2015. Therefore, global food demands can be met despite the decreasing trends in the per capita cropland area by 2050 – 0.17 ha in the world and 0.15 ha in developing countries. While enhancing productivity by SI, the strategy is to simultaneously reduce food waste, increase access and distribution of food, and promote plant‐based diet. The goal is to reconcile high production with better environmental quality, develop urban agriculture (aquaponics, aeroponics, and vertical farms), promote nutrition‐sensitive farming, and restore degraded soils. Sustainable intensification of agroecosystems can produce enough food grains to feed one person for a year on 0.045 ha of arable land.
CO2/brine/rock interactions in Lower Tuscaloosa formation
Authors: Soong Yee , Howard Bret H. , Dilmore Robert M. , Haljasmaa Igor , Crandall Dustin M. , Zhang Liwei , Zhang Wu , Lin Ronghong , Irdi Gino A. , Romanov Vyacheslav N. , Mclendon Thomas R.
Published: December 2016

Saline aquifers are the largest potential continental geologic CO2 sequestration resource. Understanding of potential geochemically induced changes to the porosity and permeability of host CO2 storage and sealing formation rock will improve our ability to predict CO2 plume dynamics, storage capacity, and long‐term reservoir behavior. Experiments exploring geochemical interactions of CO2/brine/rock on saline formations under CO2 sequestration conditions were conducted in a static system. Chemical interactions in core samples from the Lower Tuscaloosa formation from Jackson County, Mississippi, with exposure to CO2‐saturated brine under sequestration conditions were studied through six months of batch exposure. The experimental conditions to which the core samples of Lower Tuscaloosa sandstone and Selma chalk were exposed to a temperature of 85°C, CO2 pressure of 23.8 MPa (3500 psig), while immersed in a model brine representative of Tuscaloosa Basin. Computed tomography (CT), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), brine chemistry, and petrography analyses were performed before and after the exposure. Permeability measurements from the sandstone core sample before and after exposure showed a permeability reduction. No significant change of the permeability measurements was noticed for the core sample obtained from Selma chalk after it was exposed to CO2/brine for six months. These results have implications for performance of the storage interval, and the integrity of the seal in a CO2 storage setting. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Academic Motherhood: Mid‐Career Perspectives and the Ideal Worker Norm
Authors: Ward Kelly , Wolf‐Wendel Lisa
Published: December 2016

This chapter explores how mid‐career tenured women faculty, who are mothers and academics, manage multiple roles. The women represent faculty at a variety of institutional types and in a variety of disciplines. The chapter looks at these experiences in light of ideal worker norms.
Undergraduate Single Mothers’ Experiences in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Beeler Sydney
Published: December 2016

Using Astin's (1993) College Impact Model, this chapter explores the current literature as it relates to single mothers in undergraduate postsecondary education. The chapter looks at the ways that undergraduates who are single mothers are counter to the “ideal‐student” norms. Policy and best‐practice recommendations conclude the chapter.
GEOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING AMONG INDIGENOUS AND NON‐INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS
Authors: Tomyn Adrian J. , Mellor David , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Cummins Robert A. , Tanton Robert
Published: December 2016

Published data that describe the subjective well‐being (SWB) of Indigenous people across Australia are scarce. This study reports differences in the SWB of 3 sample groups–mainstream Australian adults, Indigenous adolescents, and non‐Indigenous adolescents–in 5 geographic areas classified by remoteness. Both groups of adolescents were participating in a national program for disengaged youth. Consistent with results from general population samples, the SWB for people living in rural centers was higher than for those in either major cities or very remote areas. This suggests that there may be an optimum size of community that acts as a buffer to the well‐being of both Indigenous and non‐Indigenous adolescents and adults. This may be achieved through greater community connection, as well as having a reasonable level of amenities available. The results of this study are likely relevant to Indigenous populations in other countries, and the implications of these findings for service delivery are discussed.
Cover Image, Volume 92, Issue 1
Authors: González‐González Mirna , González‐Valdez José , Mayolo‐Deloisa Karla , Rito‐Palomares Marco
Published: December 2016

The cover image, by Marco Rito‐Palomares et al., is based on the Perspective Monolithic chromatography: insights and practical perspectives, DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5040.

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Cell Proliferation Pattern and Twist Expression in an Aplacophoran Mollusk Argue Against Segmented Ancestry of Mollusca
Authors: Redl Emanuel , Scherholz Maik , Wollesen Tim , Todt Christiane , Wanninger Andreas
Published: December 2016

The study of aplacophoran mollusks (i.e., Solenogastres or Neomeniomorpha and Caudofoveata or Chaetodermomorpha) has traditionally been regarded as crucial for reconstructing the morphology of the last common ancestor of the Mollusca. Since their proposed close relatives, the Polyplacophora, show a distinct seriality in certain organ systems, the aplacophorans are also in the focus of attention with regard to the question of a potential segmented ancestry of mollusks. To contribute to this question, we investigated cell proliferation patterns and the expression of the twist ortholog during larval development in solenogasters. In advanced to late larvae, during the outgrowth of the trunk, a pair of longitudinal bands of proliferating cells is found subepithelially in a lateral to ventrolateral position. These bands elongate during subsequent development as the trunk grows longer. Likewise, expression of twist occurs in two laterally positioned, subepithelial longitudinal stripes in advanced larvae. Both, the pattern of proliferating cells and the expression domain of twist demonstrate the existence of extensive and long‐lived mesodermal bands in a worm‐shaped aculiferan, a situation which is similar to annelids but in stark contrast to conchiferans, where the mesodermal bands are usually rudimentary and ephemeral. Yet, in contrast to annelids, neither the bands of proliferating cells nor the twist expression domain show a separation into distinct serial subunits, which clearly argues against a segmented ancestry of mollusks. Furthermore, the lack of twist expression during the development of the ventromedian muscle argues against homology of a ventromedian longitudinal muscle in protostomes with the notochord of chordates.
Evaluation of an institutional project to improve venous thromboembolism prevention
Authors: Minami Christina A. , Yang Anthony D. , Ju Mila , Culver Eckford , Seifert Kathryn , Kreutzer Lindsey , Halverson Terri , O'Leary Kevin J. , Bilimoria Karl Y.
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) was historically a poor performer on the venous thromboembolism (VTE) outcome measure. As this measure has been shown to be flawed by surveillance bias, NMH embraced process‐of‐care measures to ensure appropriate VTE prophylaxis to assess healthcare‐associated VTE prevention efforts.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of an institution‐wide project aimed at improving hospital performance on VTE prophylaxis measures.

DESIGN

A retrospective observational study.

SETTING

NMH, an 885‐bed academic medical center in Chicago, Illinois

PATIENTS

Inpatients admitted to NMH from January 1, 2013 to May 1, 2013 and from October 1, 2014 to April 1, 2015 were eligible for evaluation.

INTERVENTION

Using the define‐measure‐analyze‐improve‐control (DMAIC) process‐improvement methodology, a multidisciplinary team implemented and iteratively improved 15 data‐driven interventions in 4 broad areas: (1) electronic medical record (EMR) alerts, (2) education initiatives, (3) new EMR order sets, and (4) other EMR changes.

MEASUREMENTS

The Joint Commission's 6 core measures and the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) SCIP‐VTE‐2 measure.

RESULTS

Based on 3103 observations (1679 from January 1, 2013 to May 1, 2013, and 1424 from October 1, 2014 to April 1, 2015), performance on the core measures improved. Performance on measure 1 (chemoprophylaxis) improved from 82.5% to 90.2% on medicine services, and from 94.4% to 97.6% on surgical services. The largest improvements were seen in measure 4 (platelet monitoring), with a performance increase from 76.7% adherence to 100%, and measure 5 (warfarin discharge instructions), with a performance increase from 27.4% to 88.8%.

CONCLUSION

A systematic hospital‐wide DMAIC project improved VTE prophylaxis measure performance. Sustained performance has been observed, and novel control mechanisms for continued performance surveillance have been embedded in the hospital system. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:S29–S37. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors: a review of their use in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chen Angela X. , Thynne Tilenka
Published: December 2016

Traditional treatment options for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) target the primary pathophysiological defects of increased insulin resistance, hepatic glucose overproduction and progressive pancreatic beta‐cell dysfunction. Sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the newest class of medication for T2DM and provide an alternative, insulin‐independent, pathway for addressing hyperglycaemia, by reducing renal glucose reabsorption. SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and recent trials have indicated, for empagliflozin at least, reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a slower progression of kidney disease. These characteristics make SGLT2 inhibitors attractive second‐line agents. Adverse effects include an increased risk of genitourinary tract infections, hypotension, fractures and acute renal impairment. Common events in hospitalised older patients, such as volume depletion, indwelling catheter use, potential renal insults (e.g. aminoglycosides or intravenous contrast administration) and unpredictable haemodynamics, may exacerbate these adverse effects, suggesting SGLT2 inhibitors may be best avoided in this setting. Clinical heterogeneity of the older patient cohort calls for individualised management. As there is a lack of evidence to guide diabetes management in older people, this review aims to summarise the available evidence from clinical trials and meta‐analyses and provide a practical perspective on how best to use SGLT2 inhibitors in older patients.
Semi‐automated delineation of breast cancer tumors and subsequent materialization using three‐dimensional printing (rapid prototyping)
Authors: Schulz‐Wendtland Rüdiger , Harz Markus , Meier‐Meitinger Martina , Brehm Barbara , Wacker Till , Hahn Horst K. , Wagner Florian , Wittenberg Thomas , Beckmann Matthias W. , Uder Michael , Fasching Peter A. , Emons Julius
Published: December 2016

Objective

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has become widely available, and a few cases of its use in clinical practice have been described. The aim of this study was to explore facilities for the semi‐automated delineation of breast cancer tumors and to assess the feasibility of 3D printing of breast cancer tumors.

Methods

In a case series of five patients, different 3D imaging methods—magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and 3D ultrasound—were used to capture 3D data for breast cancer tumors. The volumes of the breast tumors were calculated to assess the comparability of the breast tumor models, and the MRI information was used to render models on a commercially available 3D printer to materialize the tumors.

Results

The tumor volumes calculated from the different 3D methods appeared to be comparable. Tumor models with volumes between 325 mm3 and 7,770 mm3 were printed and compared with the models rendered from MRI. The materialization of the tumors reflected the computer models of them.

Conclusion

3D printing (rapid prototyping) appears to be feasible. Scenarios for the clinical use of the technology might include presenting the model to the surgeon to provide a better understanding of the tumor's spatial characteristics in the breast, in order to improve decision‐making in relation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy or surgical approaches. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:238–242. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sleep and Processing of Trauma Memories
Authors: Kobayashi Ihori , Mellman Thomas A. , Altaee Duaa , Howell Mary Katherine , Lavela Joseph
Published: December 2016

Sleep has been implicated in learning processes that appear to underlie recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The importance of quality and timing of sleep following exposure‐based therapies has been suggested. The present study evaluated relationships between sleep and adaptive emotional processing following written narrative exposure (WNE) to memories of traumatic events experienced by participants with clinically significant PTSD symptoms. Participants included 21 urban‐residing nontreatment‐seeking adults with full or subthreshold symptoms of PTSD who completed 4 sessions of 30‐min WNE with the first session either in the evening or the morning. There was a significant reduction of PTSD symptom severity after WNE sessions (partial η = .65), but there was no interaction between group assignment based on the initial session's proximity to sleep and initial reduction of PTSD symptom severity (partial η = .01). Polysomnography following evening WNE revealed increased duration of total sleep and N2%, reduced N3%, and increased eye movement density during REM sleep compared with baseline recordings (dz = 0.65 to 1.15). Reduced N3% and increased REM density were associated with less improvement of PTSD symptoms (r = .58 & −.63). These findings suggest a relationship between preservation of diminished arousal during sleep and adaptive trauma memory processing.
Brief Practical Screeners in English and Spanish for Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children
Authors: Kassam‐Adams Nancy , Marsac Meghan L.
Published: December 2016

With millions of children experiencing acute traumatic events, validated screening tools are needed in both research and service contexts. We aimed to identify and evaluate short forms of the Acute Stress Checklist for Children in English (ASC‐Kids) and Spanish (Cuestionario de Estrés Agudo‐Niños [CEA‐N]), using data from 4 samples (Ns of 254, 225, 176, and 80) of children with recent acute trauma. Confirmatory factor analyses of the full checklist in the largest sample guided item selection for 6‐item and 3‐item short forms. Across samples, both short forms (ASC‐6/ASC‐3 in English; CEA‐6/CEA‐3 in Spanish) were correlated with acute stress disorder (ASD) symptom severity on the full checklist (r = .79 to .92), and on an interview measure (r = .52 to .62). Receiver operating curve analyses for each short form detecting current ASD status showed high areas under the curve (.76 to .95). Cutoff scores identified based on Sample 1 provided acceptable sensitivity (.59 to 1.00) and specificity (.57 to .86) across samples. Children scoring above the cutoff on each screener reported greater concurrent impairment from ASD symptoms and more severe posttraumatic stress 3 months later. These very brief measures could expand clinicians’ and researchers’ ability to screen for acute posttraumatic stress in children.
X‐ray diffraction (XRD)‐studies on the temperature dependent interface reactions on hafnium, zirconium, and nickel coated monocrystalline diamonds used in grinding segments for stone and concrete machining
Authors: Tillmann W. , Tolan M. , Pinho Ferreira M. , Paulus M. , Becke M. , Stangier D.
Published: December 2016

Diamond impregnated metal matrix composites are the state of the art solution for the machining of mineral materials. The type of interface reactions between the metal matrix and diamond surface has an essential influence on the tool performance and durability. To improve the diamond retention, the diamonds can be coated by physical vapour deposition with metallic materials, which enforce interface reactions.

Hence, this paper focuses on the investigation of the interfacial area on metal‐coated monocrystalline diamonds. Hafnium and zirconium, both known as carbide forming elements, are used as coating materials. The third coating, which is used to determine its catalytic influences when applied as a physical vapour deposition (PVD)‐layer, is nickel. Additionally, the coated diamond samples were heat‐treated to investigate the starting point of the formation of new phases. X‐ray diffraction‐analyses revealed the assumed carbide formation on hafnium and zirconium coated samples. The formation temperature was identified between 800 °C and 1000 °C for hafnium and zirconium coatings.
NICE guidance on the diagnosis and early management of sepsis
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: December 2016

In July, NICE issued a guideline on the recognition, diagnosis and early management of sepsis, in response to the publication of evidence showing significant shortcomings in care. This article summarises the main recommendations of the new guidance.