bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote Modification of Bidentate Phosphane Ligands Controlling the Photonic Properties in Their Complexes: Enhanced Performance of [Cu(RN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6] in Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Arnosti Nina , Brunner Fabian , Susic Isidora , Keller Sarah , Junquera‐Hernández José M. , Prescimone Alessandro , Bolink Henk J. , Sessolo Michele , Ortí Enrique , Housecroft Catherine E. , Constable Edwin C.
Published: March 2020

A series of copper(I) complexes of the type [Cu(HN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6] and [Cu(BnN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6], in which N^N = bpy, Mebpy, and Me2bpy, HN‐xantphos = 4,6‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐10H‐phenoxazine and BnN‐xantphos = 10‐benzyl‐4,6‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐10H‐phenoxazine is described. The single crystal structures of [Cu(HN‐xantphos)(Mebpy)][PF6] and [Cu(BnN‐xantphos)(Me2bpy)][PF6] confirm the presence of N^N and P^P chelating ligands with the copper(I) atoms in distorted coordination environments. Solution electrochemical and photophysical properties of the BnN‐xantphos‐containing compounds (for which the highest‐occupied molecular orbital is located on the phenoxazine moiety) are reported. The first oxidation of [Cu(BnN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6] occurs on the BnN‐xantphos ligand. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations have been used to analyze the solution absorption spectra of the [Cu(BnN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6] compounds. In the solid‐state, the compounds show photoluminescence in the range 518–555 nm for [Cu(HN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6] and 520–575 nm for [Cu(BnN‐xantphos)(N^N)][PF6] with a blue‐shift on going from bpy to Mebpy to Me2bpy. [Cu(BnN‐xantphos)(Me2bpy)][PF6] exhibits a solid‐state photoluminescence quantum yield of 55% with an excited state lifetime of 17.4 µs. Bright light‐emitting electrochemical cells are obtained using this complex, and it is shown that the electroluminescence quantum yield can be enhanced by using less conducting hole injection layers.
Suppressing Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Close‐Packed Quantum‐Dot Thin Film: Toward Efficient Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency over 21.6%
Authors: Zhang Heng , Su Qiang , Chen Shuming
Published: March 2020

Colloidal II–VI quantum dots (QDs) exhibit near‐unity photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) when they are dissolved in dilute solution. However, when they are assembled into thin film, the PL QY is decreased significantly due to the presence of nonradiative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) among the close‐packed QDs. In this work, the FRET is suppressed by developing a binary‐QD light emission layer (EML), where blue‐QDs are introduced as spacers to spatially separate the red‐QDs. Due to the separation of red‐QDs, the FRET among red‐QDs is effectively suppressed and thus the emission properties of red‐QDs are well preserved. As a result, the PL QY of red‐QD thin film is enhanced by 1.5 times. When the binary‐QD EML is integrated into devices, the resultant QD light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) exhibit a high external quantum efficiency of 21.64%. The work offers a new, simple and effective approach to suppress the FRET and improve the QY of QD thin film, which may open up a new avenue for developing efficient QLEDs with near‐unity internal quantum efficiency.
Polyvinyl Alcohol/SiO2 Hybrid Dielectric for Transparent Flexible/Stretchable All‐Carbon‐Nanotube Thin‐Film‐Transistor Integration
Authors: Zhang Ziwei , Du Chunhui , Jiao Haoxuan , Zhang Min
Published: March 2020

Flexible and stretchable electronic (FSE) transistors create various novel applications. Carbon nanotubes possess high intrinsic mobility and exceptional mechanical and optical characteristics, which lead to a great potential as channel and electrodes in FSE transistors. At the same time, gate dielectric is also required to be intrinsically flexible/stretchable and integratable. However, few high‐performance solutions have been reported. By adopting polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/SiO2 hybrid layer as dielectric, the integration of high‐performance intrinsically flexible/stretchable carbon‐nanotube‐based thin film transistors is proposed and realized simply by traditional photolithography‐etching and low‐temperature solution processes. The PVA/SiO2 dielectric simultaneously provides a relatively high‐k value, improves the carrier conduction interface, increases the carbon nanotube (CNT) density, and protects the PVA from plasma damage. Soft transistors with carbon nanotube channel and electrodes exhibit carrier mobility of 14 cm2 V−1 s−1 within an operation voltage of 0.3 V. These transistors show a small bending radius of 3 mm, and the stretchable transistors can withstand 50% strain with no significant electrical degradation observed, when measured in situ and along different directions for more than 1000 cycles. This work provides a solution for soft transparent transistor integration, indicating promising applicability to soft circuits, displays, and wearable electronics.
Needle‐Like Ferroelastic Domains in Individual Ferroelectric Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Zhen , Schold Elijah , Karpov Dmitry , Harder Ross , Lookman Turab , Fohtung Edwin
Published: March 2020

Superior structural, physical, and electronic properties make ferroelectric nanocrystals essential in enabling a range of next‐generation devices. Ferroelectric responses are determined by crystal structure and domain morphology. The ability to reversibly displace, create, and annihilate elastic domains is critical to device applications. Although electric‐field control has been demonstrated for ferroelectric 180° surface domain walls and vortices, similar control of ferroelastic domains and domain boundaries within individual nanocrystals remains challenging. Using controlled external compressive and tensile axial stress, deterministic and reversible control of highly mobile ferroelastic domains and axial polarization in three dimensions is demonstrated. While many studies exist on ferroelastic domains in thin films and bulk, little is known about ferroelastic interactions at the single nanoparticle level, especially involving domain boundaries. Through combining Bragg coherent X‐ray diffractive imaging and Landau theory, strain gradients in individual BaTiO3 nanocrystals are shown to stabilize needle‐like ferroelastic twin domains. These domains are highly labile under applied axial stress, producing a locally enhanced electric polarization mediated by a ferroelectric phase transition. The efficacy of Bragg coherent X‐ray diffractive imaging in studying in operando domains in three dimensions is demonstrated, while synergy with theory provides a paradigm for domain boundary engineering and potential for nanoscale functional devices.
Shared neural substrates of cognitive function and postural control in older adults
Authors: Sparto Patrick J. , Rosso Andrea L. , Divecha Ayushi A. , Metti Andrea L. , Rosano Caterina
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Poor cognitive function and postural control co‐occur in older adults. It is unclear whether they share neural substrates.

Methods

Postural sway error during a novel visual tracking (VT) condition and gray matter volume (GMV) were compared between participants with normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia (n = 179, mean age 82, 56% females, 56% white). Associations between VT error, cognitive function, and GMV were examined.

Results

Greater VT error was associated with having dementia compared to NC or MCI (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.15 [1.38, 3.36] and 1.58 [1.05, 2.38]). Regions with lower GMV related to greater VT error and worse cognition were: bilateral hippocampi, parahippocampi, entorhinal, and parietal cortices (all P ≤0.05). GMV of bilateral hippocampi and left parahippocampus explained >20% of VT error between dementia and NC.

Discussion

Postural control during visuospatial tasks and dementia may share neural substrates, specifically memory‐related regions.
Emerging 2D Semiconducting Materials: Tin Diselenide for Ultrafast Photonics
Authors: Liu Jishu , Li Xiaohui , Guo Yixuan , Qyyum Abdual , Shi Zhaojiang
Published: March 2020

SnSe2, a novel 2D semiconducting material with good photoelectric properties and tunable bandgaps structure, has been widely studied in high‐performance photodetectors and superconductivity applications, etc. Herein, another excellent property, nonlinear optical absorption, is applied to ultrafast photonics. The measured nonlinear optical absorption curve of SnSe2 with modulation depth of 5.52% is obtained. Q‐switching and mode‐locking in Er‐doped fiber lasers based on SnSe2 is reported. A Q‐switched fiber laser can be obtained with a 0.5‐m‐long gain fiber and a 50:50 optical coupler. With 0.75‐m‐long active fiber and a 40:60 optical coupler, mode locking can be obtained. Furthermore, a third‐order bound‐state soliton pulse with a pulse duration of 882 fs can be achieved. The experimental results show that SnSe2 is an excellent optical saturable absorber for the applications of ultrafast photonics.
Underestimated Color Centers: Defects as Useful Reducing Agents in Lanthanide‐Activated Luminescent Materials
Authors: Suta Markus , Lavoie‐Cardinal Flavie , Wickleder Claudia
Published: March 2020

Inorganic hosts, such as SrB4O7 or certain nitrides, intrinsically stabilize Eu2+ even when the dopant is an Eu3+‐based precursor and reducing conditions are not employed in the synthesis. Although this concept is well known in the synthesis of phosphorescent materials, the mechanistic details are scarcely understood. Herein, we demonstrate that trapped charge carriers, such as color centers, can also act as redox partners to stabilize certain oxidation states of activators. Eu‐activated CsMgCl3 and CsMgBr3 are used as examples. Upon doping with EuCl3 and in the absence of reducing conditions during the synthesis, dominant cyan or green luminescence from Eu2+ ions was observed. Photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K revealed that the reduction is correlated to color centers localized at defects. Although defects are typically undesired in phosphors, we have shown that their role may be underestimated and they could be used on purpose in the preparation of selected inorganic phosphors.
Mechanical properties of transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites reinforced with core–shell polyacrylonitrile/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers
Authors: Borhani Sedigheh , Zadhoush Ali , Fathi Meysam
Published: March 2020

Having considered the mechanical and optical properties related to microstructure, the authors of the present work did a study of the in situ interface formation between polyacrylonitrile/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PAN/PMMA) core–shell nanofibers and PMMA resin so as to prepare reinforced PMMA nanocomposites (NCs). The NCs were produced using the dip‐coating method. The core–shell nanofibers were generated via phase separation of PAN/PMMA solution during the conventional electrospinning. The results of attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer confirmed the formation of core–shell structure of the PAN/PMMA nanofibers. According to the findings of the study, the NCs reinforced with 1.7% volume fractions (v
f) of the core–shell nanofibers, having the composition of 50/50 (PAN/PMMA), had the highest tensile and bending properties. The obtained results showed that by increasing the v
f of nanofibers from 1.7 to 2.9%, the tensile and bending moduli increased by 29.9 and 44.2%, respectively. Increasing v
f to 5.7% decreased the just‐mentioned properties. Moreover, the transparency of NCs decreased by less than 1, 10, and 18%, respectively, when the aforementioned volume fractions were applied. The theoretical values for the tensile modulus were calculated using the models proposed by Manera, Pan, and Halpin–Tsai–Nielsen. The best prediction was made when the model proposed by Halpin–Tsai–Nielsen was applied.
Morphology evolution of poly(lactic acid) during in situ reaction with poly(butylenesuccinate) and ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate: The formation of a novel 3D star‐like structure
Authors: Xue Bin , He He‐Zhi , Huang Zhao‐Xia , Zhu Zhiwen , Li Jiqian , Zhan Zhiming , Chen Ming , Wang Guozhen , Xiong Chengtian
Published: March 2020

Morphology control of polymer alloys is an attractive topic for investigators due to its ability to improve the performance of products for years. However, it is hard to control the morphology of immiscible polymer blends during melt processing. Herein, we studied the morphology evolution of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with the inclusion of ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA). Scanning electron microscopy of both cryo‐fractured and etched cryo‐fractured samples indicates that the in situ reaction among PLA, PBS, and EGMA can induce the morphology change and result in a novel 3D star‐like structure. Rheology behaviors of the samples under different angular frequencies were used to validate the formation of 3D networks in the samples. Tensile stiffness reinforcements at both room temperature and high temperature were provided through dynamic mechanical analysis. In addition, a 10‐fold improvement in impact strength is also monitored by the unnotched impact test to indicate the superior toughening effect. Furthermore, the crystalline behavior and thermal properties of the blends were also studied. It is believed that our work not only gives a deeper understanding of the reaction‐induced morphology evolution of the PLA/PBS/EGMA blends but also reveals an avenue toward morphology control by melt processing.
Solid–Electrolyte Interphase at Positive Electrodes in High‐Energy Li‐Ion Batteries: Current Understanding and Analytical Tools
Authors: Zampardi Giorgia , La Mantia Fabio
Published: March 2020

Abstract: The operating potentials of the Li‐ion batteries active materials usually exceed the stability window of the electrolyte, leading to its irreversible reduction or oxidation. Often, as an effect of these side reactions, a surface layer is deposited onto the electrodes’ materials. These surface layers play a pivotal role on the battery performance, rate capability, irreversible charge losses, and safety. Despite their importance, such interphases are difficult to analyse because of their small thickness and sensitive chemical composition. With this review, the authors intend to describe the already established analytical tools for the analysis of the interphase layers formed at the electrodes’ surface in Li‐ion batteries, together with the novel, unconventional ones under current development, focusing on the strengths and weak points of each technique. Particular attention will be given to the surface layers formed onto the positive electrodes through a summary of their current understanding. This is of main importance since understanding the interphase at the positive electrode side could enable the next generation of high energy Li‐ion batteries.
Ein Ansatz zur Bewertung des Verstärkungsbedarfs von Massivbrücken
Authors: Peeters Michael , Schnellenbach‐Held Martina
Published: March 2020

Aufgrund des Zustands der Brücken und der stetig steigenden Verkehrsbelastung ergibt sich neben dem Ersatzneubau ein enormer Bedarf an tragfähigkeitsrelevanten Brückenverstärkungen. Daher müssen die zur Verfügung stehenden finanziellen Mittel für die Erhaltung des Brückenbestands und zur Aufrechterhaltung einer funktionsfähigen Infrastruktur effizient und effektiv im Rahmen eines Erhaltungsmanagements eingesetzt werden. Der hier vorgestellte Ansatz zur Ermittlung des grundsätzlichen Verstärkungsbedarfs von Massivbrücken liefert eine weitere Komponente für die Entscheidungsfindung, welche Brückenkategorien einer Verstärkung bedürfen und welche Brücken hinsichtlich einer Verstärkung als eher unkritisch angesehen werden können. Die Ermittlung erfolgt dabei auf der Grundlage von Methoden der Risikobewertung und auf der Basis von realen Schadensdaten an Überbauten von etwa 1.240 Massivbrücken im Zuge der Bundesfernstraßen. Die Risikobewertung erfolgte zum einen anhand von Ausmaß‐Häufigkeits‐Diagrammen unter Berücksichtigung von Risikomatrizen, zum anderen anhand von Risikozahlen, jeweils getrennt für die Bewertungsmerkmale der Standsicherheit und der Dauerhaftigkeit.
Der BIM‐Prozess in der Tragwerksplanung
Authors: Stracke Julia , Kepplin Ragna
Published: March 2020

Im Zusammenhang mit der fortschreitenden Einführung von Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Deutschland werden im vorliegenden Beitrag die Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsprozesse in der Tragwerksplanung untersucht. Die Planungsschritte, wie aus der HOAI bekannt, können den Abläufen bei BIM‐Projekten zugeordnet und durch zusätzliche Leistungen ergänzt werden. Es zeigt sich aber eine Verschiebung des Aufwands in die frühen Leistungsphasen. Inwieweit sich für den Tragwerksplaner durch die BIM‐Methode ein Mehraufwand oder ein Mehrwert ergibt, hängt im Wesentlichen vom Beauftragungsumfang, von der eingesetzten Software und von der Kompatibilität der Schnittstellen ab. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss BIM auf die statische Berechnung selbst hat. Das Vorhandensein eines 3D‐Fachmodells der Tragwerksplanung führt häufig zu der Erwartung, dass die statische Berechnung auf Basis dieses Modells ebenfalls als 3D‐Statik durchgeführt wird. Dies ist aber im Zusammenhang mit BIM nicht zwingend erforderlich. Eine 2D‐Positionsstatik lässt sich gleichermaßen gut in den BIM‐Prozess integrieren. Ob eine 2D‐ oder eine 3D‐Statik gewählt wird, muss der Tragwerksplaner unabhängig von BIM vielmehr in Abhängigkeit vom individuellen Projekt und von der damit verbundenen Bemessungsaufgabe entscheiden.
A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence immunoassay for chloramphenicol based on gold nanoparticle‐loaded enzyme
Authors: Luo Liegao , Zhou Xinchun , Pan Yanting , Zhao Kang , Deng Anping , Li Jianguo
Published: March 2020

A simple and ultrasensitive flow injection chemiluminescence competitive immunoassay based on gold nanoparticle‐loaded enzyme for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in shrimp and honey has been developed. Due to their good biocompatibility and large specific surface area, carboxylic resin beads can be used as solid phase carriers to immobilize more coating antigens (Ag). In addition, gold nanoparticles could provide an effective matrix for loading more CAP antibody and horseradish peroxidase, which would effectively catalyze the system of luminol–p‐iodophenol (PIP)–H2O2. A competitive immunoassay strategy was used for detection of CAP, in which CAP in the sample would compete with the coating Ag for the limited antibodies, leading to a chemiluminescence (CL) signal decrease with increase in CAP concentration. A wide linear range 0.001–10 ng ml−1 (R2 = 0.9961) was obtained under optimized conditions, and the detection limit (3σ) was calculated to be 0.33 pg ml−1. This method was also been successfully applied to determine CAP in shrimp and honey samples. The immunosensor proposed in this study not only has the advantages of high sensitivity, wider linear range, and satisfactory stability, but also expands the application of flow injection CL immunoassay in antibiotic detection.
Pregenual or subgenual anterior cingulate cortex as potential effective region for brain stimulation of depression
Authors: Jing Ying , Zhao Na , Deng Xin‐Ping , Feng Zi‐Jian , Huang Guo‐Feng , Meng Meng , Zang Yu‐Feng , Wang Jue
Published: March 2020

Background

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is the standard stimulation target for the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of major depression disorder (MDD). A retrospective study by Fox and colleagues found that a more negative resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI) functional connectivity (FC) between left DLPFC and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) in a large group of healthy participants is associated with a better curative effects of rTMS in MDD, suggesting that the sgACC may be an effective region. However, a recent meta‐analysis on RS‐fMRI studies found that the pregenual ACC (pgACC), rather than the sgACC, of MDD patients showed increased local activity.

Methods

We used the stimulation coordinates in the left DLPFC analyzed by Fox et al. to perform RS‐fMRI FC between the stimulation targets obtained from previous rTMS MDD studies and the potential effective regions (sgACC and pgACC, respectively) on the RS‐fMRI data from 88 heathy participants.

Results

(a) Both the pgACC and the sgACC were negatively connected to the left DLPFC; (b) both FCs of sgACC‐DLPFC and pgACC‐DLPFC were more negative in responders than in nonresponders; and (c) the associations between DLPFC‐sgACC functional connectivity and clinical efficacy were clustered around the midline sgACC.

Conclusions

Both the pgACC and the sgACC may be potential effective regions for rTMS on the left DLPFC for treatment of MDD. However, individualized ACC‐DLPFC FC‐based rTMS on depression should be performed in the future to test the pgACC or the sgACC as effective regions.
Investigation of the psychological health of first‐year high school students with myopia in Guangzhou
Authors: Li Qiaoli , Yang Jiezheng , He Yan , Wang Ting , Zhong Lei , Zhu Ziqian , Wang Tao , Ling Shiqi
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in anxiety and depression between adolescents with myopia and those with normal vision and to examine the relationship between the level of anxiety and depression and the degree of myopia.

Methods

A total of 1,103 first‐year high school students aged 14–17 years were included in the study. The study group comprised 916 persons with myopia, while the control group comprised 187 persons without refractive error. Volunteers underwent routine eye examinations and completed a set of questionnaires about anxiety and depression. Then, the Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self‐Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores were compared between groups, and the relationships between anxiety and the degree of myopia and between depression and the degree of myopia were analyzed.

Results

There was a significant difference in anxiety rate between the students with normal vision and those with myopia. The SAS scores among students with mild, moderate, and severe myopia were also significantly different. However, compared with the students with normal vision, the rate of depression was not significantly increased in the students with myopia, except in cases of severe myopia. Additionally, the SAS scores correlated closely with the diopters of the participants’ glasses (r = 0.43, p = .045), while the relationship between SDS scores and the diopters of glasses was not significant (r = 0.19, p = .325).

Conclusion

There was a correlation between myopia and mental health in adolescent students, especially in terms of anxiety.
Combination of inflammatory score/liver function and AFP improves the diagnostic accuracy of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ding Yezhou , Liu Kehui , Xu Yumin , Zhao Qingqing , Lou Shike , Xiang Xiaogang , Yan Lei , Cao Zhujun , Xie Qing , Zhu Chuanwu , Bao Shisan , Wang Hui
Published: March 2020

Background

Alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), routinely used for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is limited with relatively low sensitivity and high false positivity in HBV‐related HCC (HBV‐HCC). Thus, an alternative approach was explored to improve specificity/sensitivity for diagnosis of HBV‐HCC, using the combination of AFP, inflammatory score, and liver function.

Methods

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (n = 510) and HBV‐HCC (n = 473) patients were identified retrospectively for this study. The diagnostic value of single vs combined biomarkers for HBV‐HCC was analyzed, using ROC curve.

Results

It was observed that elderliness, male sex, cirrhosis, HBeAg+ or no‐antiviral therapy, and elevation of ALT, AST, neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and AFP were associated with developing HBV‐HCC. However, the cut‐off ALT defined by Chinese standard, but not by AASLD, was a risk factor. Interestingly, AFP of HBeAg‐ HBV‐HCC patients without cirrhosis was significantly higher than that of the HBeAg+ patients. AUC values for AFP, ALT, AST, or NLR were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.815‐0.862), 0.533 (95% CI: 0.501‐0.565), 0.696 (95% CI: 0.666‐0.725), or 0.684 (95% CI: 0.654‐0.713) with optimal cut‐off at 7.21 ng/mL, 43 IU/mL, 38 IU/mL, or 2.61, respectively. Combination of AFP with ALT, AST, and NLR improved the diagnostic performance for HBV‐HCC, compared to any of the single biomarkers or any other combinations among these patients (except no‐cirrhosis).

Conclusions

Elderliness, male sex, elevated ALT, AST, NLR, AFP, cirrhosis, HBeAg+, and no‐antiviral treatment were independent risk factors for HBV‐HCC. AASLD standard of ALT cut‐off value may not be suitable for the Chinese population. Regular monitoring of HCC among HBeAg‐ patients with abnormal AFP may improve the management of HBV‐HCC. The diagnostic performance of AFP combined with ALT, AST, and NLR for HBV‐HCC was superior to single biomarker or any other combinations among these patients, and its diagnostic equation can be used as useful tool for differentiation of HBV‐HCC from CHB.
Utilization potential of Glutograph in wheat breeding programs and the influence of genotype and environment on bread wheat quality
Authors: Kaplan Evlice Asuman , Pehlivan Aliye , Sanal Turgay , Salantur Ayten , Kilic Gokhan , Dugan Gulcin , Boyaci Ismail H. , Koksel Hamit
Published: March 2020

Background and objectives

Glutograph is a relatively new instrument to determine the stretch (GS) and relaxation (GR) properties of wheat gluten. The aims of this research were to determine heritability values of GS and GR and to investigate the effects of genotype and environment on some quality parameters and yield. The relationship between Glutograph parameters and other traits was also investigated by using correlation and biplot analyses.

Findings

Wide ranges of variability values were observed among both genotypes and environments for Glutograph parameters and other investigated characteristics. Genotype was found to be the most significant source of variation (~69%), and high heritability values (~0.95) were calculated for Glutograph parameters. Glutograph parameters had strong relationships with gluten index (GI) and Alveograph deformation energy (W) based on correlation and biplot analyses. Biplot analysis performed on 24 genotypes and nineteen traits demonstrated that especially eight genotypes had similar responses for GS, GI, grain protein content, Alveograph elasticity index, W, and Zeleny sedimentation values.

Conclusion

Glutograph could be a beneficial quick screening test especially in early stages of breeding programs for improving the baking quality of wheat.

Significance and novelty

The high heritability values indicate that Glutograph has a great potential for evaluation of gluten quality, especially in breeding programs.
Sustainable Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes to Anilines with Highly Active in‐situ Generated Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Kinik F. Pelin , Nguyen Tu N. , Mensi Mounir , Ireland Christopher P. , Stylianou Kyriakos C. , Smit Berend
Published: March 2020

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are usually stabilized by a capping agent, a surfactant, or a support material, to maintain their integrity. However, these strategies can impact their intrinsic catalytic activity. Here, we demonstrate that the in‐situ formation of copper NPs (Cu0NPs) upon the reduction of the earth‐abundant Jacquesdietrichite mineral with ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB) can provide an alternative solution for stability issues. During the formation of Cu0NPs, hydrogen gas is released from AB, and utilized for the reduction of nitroarenes to their corresponding anilines, at room temperature and under ambient pressure. After the nitroarene‐to‐aniline conversion is completed, regeneration of the mineral occurs upon the exposure of Cu0NPs to air. Thus, the hydrogenation reaction can be performed multiple times without the loss of the Cu0NPs’ activity. As a proof‐of‐concept, the hydrogenation of drug molecules “flutamide” and “nimesulide” was also performed and their corresponding amino‐compounds were isolated in high selectivity and yield.
EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF 3D‐PRINTED T‐STUB MODELS
Authors: Daniel Carazo‐Álvarez , Pedro Herranz‐Colomina , Beatriz Aranda‐Martínez , Jaime Ruiz‐Canales
Published: March 2020

3D printing does not stop advancing as a technique for manufacturing and prototyping new pieces. In the present work, the behaviour of models of T‐Stub connections obtained by means of 3D printing is investigated. Models with different thickness and four different materials have been tested. The deformation of the pieces has been registered using Digital Image Correlation. The initial resistance and rigidity values obtained experimentally are compared with those predicted by the Eurocode. Significant differences are observed mainly due to the brittle behaviour of these pieces, as opposed to the ductility of the steel structures.
Control over the Aspect Ratio of Supramolecular Nanosheets by Molecular Design
Authors: Sasaki Norihiko , Yuan Jennifer , Fukui Tomoya , Takeuchi Masayuki , Sugiyasu Kazunori
Published: March 2020

Recent developments in kinetically controlled supramolecular polymerization permit control of the size (i.e., length and area) of self‐assembled nanostructures. However, control of molecular self‐assembly at a level comparable with organic synthetic chemistry and the achievement of structural complexity at a hierarchy larger than the molecular level remain challenging. This study focuses on controlling the aspect ratio of supramolecular nanosheets. A systematic understanding of the relationship between the monomer structure and the self‐assembly energy landscape has derived a new monomer capable of forming supramolecular nanosheets. With this monomer in hand, the aspect ratio of a supramolecular nanosheet is demonstrated that it can be controlled by modulating intermolecular interactions in two dimensions.
Synthesis and Aromaticity of Benzene‐Fused Doubly N‐Confused Porphyrins
Authors: Uno Hidemitsu , Muramatsu Kota , Hiraoka Shogo , Tahara Hiroyuki , Hirose Mako , Tamura Eidai , Shiraishi Tatsumi , Mack John , Kobayashi Nagao , Mori Shigeki , Okujima Tetsuo , Takase Masayoshi
Published: March 2020

A bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene(BCOD)‐fused bis(dipyrromethane) derivative was reacted with methylal in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid followed by oxidation with chloranil to give a doubly N‐confused phlorin derivative, which did not undergo the retro‐Diels–Alder reaction extruding an ethylene molecule on heating. In contrast, a 7‐tert‐butoxybicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene(7‐BuOBCHD)‐fused bis(dipyrromethane) yielded benzene‐ring‐fused doubly N‐confused porphyrins by following similar reaction sequences.
A Noninvasive Delivery of DNA into Zygotes by AuNPs−PEI for Transgenic Mice
Authors: Zhang Di , Wang Qi , Cheng Xiaocui , Li Huanhuan , Wang Qiuyue , Yu Fangfang , Wang Wenying , Xin Jing , Li Qingmei , Dou Changfeng , Wu Xiaoqing , Qian Hongli , Fang Wei , Wu Fengrui , Liu Yong , Jiang Shuanglin , Li Wenyong , Wang Rong
Published: March 2020

A transgenic system of noninvasive cytosolic transport based on exogenous plasmid DNA (pIRES2−EGFP) loading on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with polyethyleneimine (PEI) was successfully constructed, which can remove the technical threshold and possible damage of microinjection to oocytes and embryo development. In this study, mouse zygotes were cultured in KSOM medium containing the complex of AuNPs−PEI−DNA (APD) until formation of blastocyts, and then transferred into pseudopregnant female mice for obtaining transgenic offspring. Fluorescence observations confirm the expression of GFP in early embryos; importantly, data from identifying experiments by genotyping, immunofluorescence and DNA sequencing show that the GFP sequence indeed integrates into the chromosome of offspring individuals and is expressed. Furthermore, TUNEL test and analysis on cell differentiation of blastocysts indicate an excellent safety of APD to the development of embryos. All these results suggested that AuNPs, being an alternative technique to traditional microinjection, can efficiently introduce biomolecules into early embryonic cells without the prerequisite of expensive micromanipulators and skilled technicians, which will greatly promote study of life sciences in various aspects.
Visualizing Human Protein‐Protein Interactions and Subcellular Localizations on Cell Images Through CellMap
Authors: Dallago Christian , Goldberg Tatyana , Andrade‐Navarro Miguel Angel , Alanis‐Lobato Gregorio , Rost Burkhard
Published: March 2020

Visualizing protein data remains a challenging and stimulating task. Useful and intuitive visualization tools may help advance biomolecular and medical research; unintuitive tools may bar important breakthroughs. This protocol describes two use cases for the CellMap (http://cellmap.protein.properties) web tool. The tool allows researchers to visualize human protein‐protein interaction data constrained by protein subcellular localizations. In the simplest form, proteins are visualized on cell images that also show protein‐protein interactions (PPIs) through lines (edges) connecting the proteins across the compartments. At a glance, this simultaneously highlights spatial constraints that proteins are subject to in their physical environment and visualizes PPIs against these localizations. Visualizing two realities helps in decluttering the protein interaction visualization from “hairball” phenomena that arise when single proteins or groups thereof interact with hundreds of partners. © 2019 The Authors.

Basic Protocol 1: Visualizing proteins and their interactions on cell images

Basic Protocol 2: Displaying all interaction partners for a protein
Strategies to Enhance Carbon Dioxide Capture in Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Piscopo Calogero Giancarlo , Loebbecke Stefan
Published: March 2020

The dramatic increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration is responsible for a fast and potentially unpredictable global climate change. Therefore, the implementation of negative carbon technologies such as direct air capture (DAC) is needed. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have the potential to perform CO2 DAC and achieve unprecedented performances. Herein strategies to improve the CO2 capture efficiency of MOFs and their potential implementation in real applications are discussed. Three main categories of targeted modifications to the frameworks are usually performed to enhance the CO2 uptake capacity and adsorption selectivity: 1) modifications to the metal unit; 2) modifications to the linker unit; 3) confinement of solvents within MOFs. The synthesis of MOF composites using other porous materials as support is also a useful method to improve the CO2 capture performances. Another approach involves the synthesis of amine‐functionalized MOFs that can chemically bind carbon dioxide.
Amplification Techniques for the Detection of Misfolded Prion Proteins in Experimental and Clinical Samples
Authors: Haley Nicholas
Published: March 2020

This article describes two methods for amplifying prions present in experimental and clinical samples: the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay and the real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) assay. Protocols for preparation of amplification substrate and analysis of results are included in addition to those for the individual assays. For each assay, control and suspect samples are mixed with appropriate amplification substrate, which is whole brains from mice in the case of PMCA and recombinant prion protein produced in bacteria for RT‐QuIC, followed by cyclic amplification over a number of cycles of sonication (PMCA) or shaking (RT‐QuIC) at a consistent incubation temperature. The resultant amplification products are then assessed either by western blotting (PMCA) or based on fluorescent emissions (RT‐QuIC). The equipment and expertise necessary for successfully performing either assay vary and will be important factors for individual laboratories to consider when identifying which assay is more appropriate for their experimental design. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Prion amplification via protein misfolding cyclic amplification

Support Protocol 1: Collection of whole brains from mice and preparation of normal brain homogenate

Basic Protocol 2: Prion amplification via real‐time quaking‐induced conversion

Support Protocol 2: Preparation of recombinant truncated white‐tailed‐deer prion protein
Perennial cereal rye performance and comparisons with winter annual cereal forages in the semiarid, subtropical southwestern United States
Authors: Marsalis Mark A. , Lauriault Leonard M. , Darapuneni Murali K.
Published: March 2020

The demand for forage for livestock production is increasing in semiarid regions. Winter annual cereal forages are commonly used to fill autumn through spring forage gaps where dry winters occur. Perennial cereal rye (Secale cereale L. × S. montanum Guss., P‐CR) shows promise for forage in other areas. Randomized complete block studies were conducted during the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 autumn through spring growing seasons at two locations in the semiarid, subtropical US Southwest for a total of six site‐years (Los Lunas [two irrigation regimes] and Tucumcari, NM) to evaluate local adaptation and possible perennation of P‐CR as an alternative to winter annual cereal forages. Poor establishment of P‐CR occurred in the 2013–2014 season and prevented data collection; however, the P‐CR variety tested did not perennate in any of these site‐years in the southwestern United States. Generally, across site‐years, as annual cereal forages harvested at boot stage, P‐CR and triticale [× Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)] had equal and greater dry matter yields than annual cereal rye (S. cereale, A‐CR) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., WW) (11.89, 7.43, 11.32, and 9.66 Mg ha−1 for P‐CR, A‐CR, triticale, and WW, respectively; P < 0.0001, SEM = 0.36). Additionally, across environments, fiber components (acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin) were generally higher, and crude protein and 48‐h neutral detergent fiber digestibility were generally lesser for P‐CR than for the annual species (110, 180, 144, and 133 g crude protein kg−1 for P‐CR, A‐CR, triticale, and WW, respectively; P < 0.0001, SEM = 6). Currently used annual species (cereal rye, triticale, or wheat) continue to be recommended.
A prospectus for sustainability of rainfed maize production systems in South Africa
Authors: Haarhoff Stephanus J. , Kotzé Theunis N. , Swanepoel Pieter A.
Published: March 2020

The rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) production systems of South Africa require an integrated approach to use the limited soil available water more efficiently, and to increase system productivity and sustainability. The soils across the major maize production regions are highly susceptible to wind and water erosion. Rigorous soil tillage, maize monoculture, and fallow periods are common, which depletes the soil from organic matter and nutrients. Despite the pressing need for transforming the highly degraded rainfed maize production systems, adoption of more sustainable management approaches has been limited, likely due to a shortage of local scientific field trials to evaluate current and alternative maize agronomic management practices. Erratic interseasonal rainfall patterns cause high variability in maize grain yields. Major challenges associated with no‐tillage are poor crop establishment, subsoil compaction, and high maize grain yield variability. The use of fallow in the maize–fallow production system leads to excessive runoff and soil erosion losses despite increased maize grain yields. Crop intensification and alternative crops are needed to increase rainfall water use efficiency and lower fallow frequency. The use of cover and forage crops may provide the opportunity to diversify and intensify maize production systems. Cover crop biomass could be beneficial in livestock‐integrated production systems providing livestock feed in either winter or summer. Research is drastically required to improve the understanding of current South African rainfed maize production systems and to facilitate the development of fitting sustainable agronomic management practices.
Does strategic fit matter in measuring organizational performance? An empirical analysis
Authors: Farrukh Muhammad , Meng Fanchen , Sajid Muhammad , Shahzad Imran
Published: March 2020

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a valuable organizational asset which is considered to be a driver of superior organizational performance (OP). However, some studies challenge this notion and show a negative link between EO and OP. This deviation may be rooted in the contingent‐theoretic approach, which postulates the need to align an organization's strategic posture with various other factors to achieve strategic fit. Therefore, leaning on contingent‐theoretic approach this research aims to test a direct and synergistic effect of EO and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on OP in the context of developing (Pakistan) and developed (United Kingdom) economies. A survey is conducted and the data are analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM). The results show a significant direct effect of EO and CSR on OP. In addition, we found that CSR significantly mediates the impact of EO on OP across both countries. This study suggests that specific strategic actions, such as EO and CSR, should be studied in combination with other strategic actions to provide a holistic understanding of OP.
Practical Guidelines for Optimization and Characterization of the Beckman Coulter CytoFLEX™ Platform
Authors: Bhowmick Debajit , Sheridan Rachael T.C. , Bushnell Timothy P. , Spalding Kirsty L.
Published: March 2020

Cytometer characterization is critical to define operational bounds within which the data generated are reliable and reproducible. Existing instrument optimization and characterization protocols were developed for cytometers relying on photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) for photon detection. Recently, instrument manufacturers have begun incorporating avalanche photodiodes (APDs) in place of PMTs. Differences in noise and signal amplification properties of the two detector types make many of the established PMT characterization protocols inappropriate for APD‐based instruments. In this article, we tested (three machines on two different sites) a variety of approaches to determine the best method for APD optimization on the Beckman Coulter CytoFLEX™ (CytoFLEX). From this, we propose easy‐to‐implement guidelines for CytoFLEX characterization and operation. These protocols are not designed to compare APD versus PMT based systems, nor are they designed to directly compare different CytoFlex instruments. Following these protocols will allow CytoFLEX users to characterize their instruments and help to identify optimized settings that allow for the generation of consistent and reproducible data. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Learning automata–based multilevel medium access control in cyber physical system–based smart wireless networks
Authors: S Kavitha , P Venkata Krishna , Muthukumar Pounambal
Published: March 2020

The performance of cyber physical system–based smart wireless networks depends on effective channel access by reducing the blocking, the dropping probability, and collisions. The aim of this proposed algorithm is to reduce the collisions in cyber physical system–based smart wireless networks. In this paper, multilevel medium access control in cyber physical system–based smart wireless networks is proposed. The optimal number of levels of gateways is determined using the concept of learning automata. Priority and time limit are assigned to every packet that is being transmitted. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with two‐level medium access control in cyber physical system–based smart wireless networks, which is referred as priority with counter modified backoff (PCMB). The parameters used for evaluating the performance are throughput, delay, % of collisions, and number of packets dropped. The results project that the proposed algorithm accomplishes improved performance than PCMB.
Laptop bans don't violate disability rights even though accommodations are visible
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: March 2020

A growing number of faculty have forbidden students from using laptops, tablets, and cell phones in their classrooms. Although disability services offices may exempt students with a disability‐related need for a laptop from laptop bans, some disability rights advocates still wrongly criticize laptop bans as a disability rights violation. They argue that requiring a student to register with a Disability Services Office to obtain an accommodation discourages some students from coming forward, and that those who do obtain an accommodation to use laptops effectively reveal to their classmates that they have an invisible disability. In short, the complaint goes, by obtaining an accommodation to use a laptop, students must out themselves as a person with a hidden disability.
Stay cool during power struggles
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: March 2020

Once upon a time, I was the dean of an evening and weekend college at a small faith‐based university. We shared a building with the school of religion. I found myself in a power struggle with the faculty of religion. They held a lot of power at the university.
Changes in tree community structure in defaunated forests are not driven only by dispersal limitation
Authors: Hazelwood Kirstie , Paine C. E. Timothy , Cornejo Valverde Fernando H. , Pringle Elizabeth G. , Beck Harald , Terborgh John
Published: March 2020

Bushmeat hunting has reduced population sizes of large frugivorous vertebrates throughout the tropics, thereby reducing the dispersal of seeds. This is believed to affect tree population dynamics, and therefore community composition, because the seed dispersal of large‐seeded trees depends upon large‐bodied vertebrates.

We report on a long‐running study of the effect of defaunation on a tropical tree community. In three censuses over 11 years, we compared sapling recruitment between a hunted and a nonhunted site, which are nearby and comparable to one another, to determine the extent to which species composition has changed through time following defaunation. We expected to find a reduced abundance of tree species that rely on large frugivores for dispersal at the hunted site and altered community structure as a consequence.

Although community composition at the hunted site diverged from that at the nonhunted site, the changes were independent of dispersal syndrome, with no trend toward a decline in species that are dispersed by large, hunted vertebrates. Moreover, the loss of large‐bodied dispersers did not generate the changes in tree community composition that we hypothesized. Some species presumed to rely on large‐bodied frugivores for dispersal are effectively recruiting despite the absence of their dispersers.

Synthesis: The presumption that forests depleted of large‐bodied dispersers will experience rapid, directional compositional change is not fully supported by our results. Altered species composition in the sapling layer at the hunted site, however, indicates that defaunation may be connected with changes to the tree community, but that the nature of these changes is not unidirectional as previously assumed. It remains difficult to predict how defaunation will affect tree community composition without a deeper understanding of the driving mechanisms at play.