bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfil sociodemográfico del intermediario político: diferencias entre hombres y mujeres
Authors: Guerrero-Martelo Manuel , Galván Gonzalo , Granados-García Alejandro
Published: September 2018

Objetivo. el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en una muestra de intermediarios políticos que consiguen votos para un patrón a través de incentivos materiales o simbólicos. Se comparan algunas características sociodemográficas de la participación en este tipo de trabajo, así como la presencia de estabilidad económica del hogar, la diferencia en la participación femenina y masculina por el tipo de zona rural o urbana, la proveniencia de una familia autoritaria, la confianza hacia el jefe o patrón político, y la confianza hacia el Estado. Método. Diseño no experimental, transversal descriptivo. Se obtuvo una muestra de 49 intermediarios políticos o brókeres, trece mujeres (26,5%) y 36 hombres (73,5%), de varios municipios del departamento de Córdoba. La edad de la muestra osciló entre los veinte y los setenta años (M=45,16 DE=11,60). Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la variable estrato socioeconómico (p≤0,01), la confianza en el estado (p≤0,05) y el nivel educativo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el resto de variables. Conclusiones. hay pocas diferencias en la participación de hombres y mujeres como intermediarios políticos. Se sugiere que, para decrecer la actividad del clientelismo, se puede trabajar un enfoque diferencial entre mujeres y hombres, al aumentar el nivel de educación y de conocimiento hacia el Estado en las mujeres, así como también al ofrecerles oportunidades de trabajo en los estratos más bajos.
Mapificación de los centros de acogida de menores en la Comunidad Valenciana, España
Authors: Climent-López Marta , Caravantes-López-de-Lerma Gloria-María
Published: September 2018

Tras casi veinte años, se realizó recientemente en España una reforma normativa que afecta al sistema de protección a la infancia y a la adolescencia, a través de la Ley 26/2015, del 28 de julio, y de la Ley Orgánica, del 22 de julio, de modificación del sistema de protección. En ellas, vuelve a establecerse que el servicio de acogimiento residencial será una de las medidas de protección que se podrá decretar cuando nos encontremos ante un niño o niña en situación de desprotección. Al ser uno de sus principios normativos “mantener al/la menor lo más cerca posible de su entorno de origen”, nos propusimos conocer cuál era la mapificación de los centros de acogida existentes en la Comunidad Valenciana (España), además de la titularidad y gestión de los mismos, para comprobar la posibilidad de cumplir con tal principio normativo. Para tal fin, realizamos un estudio de carácter exploratorio, que nos permitió configurar la mapificación de los centros de acogida de menores de la Comunidad Valenciana, a través de la explotación de datos y de la observación directa. Como resultado, se observó una clara desigualdad de oportunidades debido a la ubicación física en la que se encuentran dichos centros.
Palma de aceite en tierras campesinas
Authors: Castellanos Navarrete Antonio
Published: September 2018

Este artículo explica cómo y por qué numerosos pequeños productores han sembrado palma de aceite en el Soconusco y la Selva Lacandona en Chiapas, y para ello recurre a la ecología política y el concepto de hegemonía. Los resultados de esta investigación indican que la expansión de este cultivo en los ejidos de Chiapas es producto de una amalgama de prácticas políticas neoliberales y neocorporativas, puestas en marcha por el Estado y hasta cierto punto consentidas por la población rural, dada la historia agraria y ambiental de las regiones de estudio. Este artículo aboga por considerar cómo, más allá de la cuestión económica, la dimensión política es clave para comprender por qué ciertos cultivos y modelos de desarrollo rural llegan a ser predominantes.
Impacto de las revistas españolas de Biblioteconomía y Documentación y repercusión de las autocitas en su índice h
Authors: Salvador-Oliván José Antonio , Marco-Cuenca Gonzalo , Arquero-Avilés Rosario
Published: September 2018

El número de citas que recibe un artículo es un indicador de su impacto en la comunidad científica. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto de los artículos más citados que han sido publicados en las dos revistas españolas de Biblioteconomía y Documentación incluidas en el Journal Citation Reports (JCR), así como determinar la influencia de las autocitas en su índice h. Los resultados muestran que los artículos son citados principalmente por autores y revistas iberoamericanas, con un impacto internacional muy bajo debido, prácticamente en su totalidad, a la presencia de artículos escritos en inglés. Las revistas más citantes son las mismas para ambos casos, la revista mexicana Investigación Bibliotecológica, las revistas españolas El Profesional de la Información (EPI) y Revista Española de Documentación Científica (REDOC), y una revista internacional (Scientometrics). La tasa de autocitación conjunta de revistas y autores es muy alta (40 %); la eliminaciónde las autocitas de revista afecta al índice h y proporciona una medida más objetiva y real del impacto.
Origen y desarrollo de la editorial Espasa-Calpe Mexicana (1927-1975)
Authors: Sánchez Vigil Juan Miguel
Published: September 2018

La comercialización del libro en América fue una de las actividades económicas que más contribuyó al desarrollo industrial español a partir de la década de los veinte del siglo pasado, especialmente en México, donde se desarrolló una ardua tarea en favor de la cultura. Una de las primeras editoriales en establecerse allí fue Espasa-Calpe, que llevó a cabo una labor excepcional en la publicación y venta de obras de autores españoles y mexicanos. Es objeto de este trabajo presentar la actividad de Espasa-Calpe Mexicana desde su origen en 1927 hasta el final de la dictadura del general Franco en 1975, analizando las distintas fases de su desarrollo con el objetivo específico de aportar nuevos datos para la historia de la edición en ambos países.
¿Qué determina la morosidad en las microfinanzas? El caso de la Asociación Civil Avanzar
Authors: Golman Matías Alejandro , Bekerman Marta
Published: September 2018

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo distinguir las variables determinantes sobre el mayor o menor grado de morosidad en el pago de los prestatarios microfinancieros en un estudio de caso correspondiente a la Asociación Civil Avanzar. Es a partir del análisis de la base de datos de dicha institución social argentina, que se analizan las características más relevantes de los prestatarios, incluyendo las personales, del hogar y del mismo crédito otorgado, para explicar el comportamiento frente al pago de sus cuotas. Se obtuvieron interesantes conclusiones que pueden permitir avanzar sobre los problemas de información existentes al momento de otorgar créditos para instituciones con similares características a la considerada en este estudio.
El impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en el empleo en México
Authors: Minian Isaac , Martinez Monroy Ángel
Published: September 2018

En el presente estudio se evalúa la vulnerabilidad del empleo ante el avance de las nuevas tecnologías. Con la metodología de Frey y Osborne (2013), se estima que
63% del empleo total y 64.5% del empleo manufacturero en México está en riesgo
de ser automatizado, ocasionando que sean los trabajadores menos calificados los más vulnerables. Para ello se estimó exclusivamente la factibilidad técnica de automatización; el empleo que realmente sería desplazado requeriría analizar factores económicos, políticos y sociales. Históricamente, la principal consecuencia de la automatización han sido los cambios significativos en la estructura laboral y no el desempleo masivo. Los mecanismos de mercado y las políticas públicas han compensado los impactos de los shocks tecnológicos. De tal manera que aunque el cambio tecnológico desplaza trabajadores, también genera nuevos empleos al crear oportunidades de inversión.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TRANSFEROSOMAL GEL
Authors: Thakur Neha , Jain Prabhat , Jain Vivek
Published: September 2018

Transfersomes are particularly optimized, ultradeformable (ultraflexible) lipid supramolecular aggregates, which are able to penetrate the mammalian skin intact. Transfersome is a type of carrier system which is capable of transdermal delivery of low as well as high molecular weight drugs. Transfersomes penetrate through the pores of stratum corneum which are smaller than its size and get into the underlying viable skin in intact form. Acne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous follicle characterized by non-inflammatory (open and closed comedones) and inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules, and nodules). In such situation transdermal drug delivery remains the most preferential mode of administration. But, stratum corneum forms the most formidable barrier for the penetration of drug through skin. To overcome the stratum corneum barrier, the use of lipid vesicles like transfersomes in delivery systems has involved increasing attention in recent years. The aim of the present study was to statistically optimize the vesicular formulations (Transfersomes) for enhanced skin delivery of a model drug Clindamycin Phosphate.

Keywords: Transfersomes, Acne vulgaris, Clindamycin Phosphate
Citrus limon L Burmf peel: Potential anthelmintic agent against Indian Earthworm Eicinia foetida
Authors: Upadhyaya Sristisri
Published: September 2018

Helminthiasis or worm infection is a common infection in human, affecting a large population of the world. Considering this, anthelmintic activity of citrus limon peel was carried out in this experiment. Citrus limon belongs to family Rutaceae. Ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol extracts of citrus limonn peel have been evaluated for anthelmintic activity against Indian Earthworm species Eicinia foetida.The results reveal a dose dependent increase in activity of the extracts at 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml concentrations. All the extracts exhibited better activity then standard compound Albendazole. Ethanol extract exhibited highest activity among the extract.

Keyword: Anthelmintic activity; Eicinia Foetida, Albendazole.
Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. (Dichapetalaceae)
Authors: Priyanka GS , Bharadwaj Nitish A , Sachin MB , Prashith Kekuda TR
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. belongs to the family Dichapetalaceae. In the present study, we investigated antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaf and fruit of D. gelonioides.

Methods: Maceration process was carried out for extraction of leaf and fruit of D. gelonioides. Agar well diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibacterial activity of extracts against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Poisoned food technique was performed to investigate antifungal activity of extracts against two seed-borne fungi. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing assays. 

Results: Both leaf and fruit extracts were effective in causing inhibition of all test bacteria. Highest and least inhibitory activity was observed against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. Both Aspergillus niger and Bipolaris sp. were inhibited to >50% by leaf and fruit extracts. Extent of inhibition of Bipolaris sp. was slightly higher when compared to A. niger. Both leaf and fruit extracts showed a dose dependent scavenging of DPPH radicals with high activity being showed by leaf extract. Leaf extract was shown to exhibit marked reducing potential than fruit extract.

Conclusions: Overall, leaf extract was shown to be more effective in displaying antioxidant activity and causing inhibition of bacteria and fungi when compared to fruit extract. The results indicate that the plant possess active principles which are to be purified, characterized and subjected for antimicrobial and antioxidant assays in further studies.

Keywords: Dichapetalum gelonioides, Maceration, Agar well diffusion, Poisoned food technique, DPPH, Ferric reducing
Antioxidant and antifungal activity of Geophila repens (L.) I. M. Johnst. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Sahana BK , Akhilesha Shahneel , Priyanka GS , Prashith Kekuda TR
Published: September 2018

Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the potential of leaf extract of Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. (Rubiaceae) to exhibit antioxidant and antifungal potential.

Methods: Extraction of powdered leaf material was carried out by maceration process using methanol. Antioxidant activity of leaf extract was assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing assay. Antifungal activity of leaf extract was determined by Poisoned food technique.

Results: Leaf extract was shown to scavenge DPPH radicals dose dependently with IC50 value of 51.39µg/ml. An increase in the absorbance on increasing concentration of leaf extract indicated ferric reducing activity. The extract showed more or less similar inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger and Bipolaris sp. (>50% inhibition).

Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that leaf extract possesses bioactive principles with activity against oxidative damage and seed-borne fungi which are to be purified and screened for antioxidant and antifungal activity.

Keywords: Geophila repens, Maceration, DPPH, Ferric reducing, Seed-borne fungi, Poisoned food technique
EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF LEUCOMERIS SPECTABILIS EXTRACT IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Baiga Ved Pal , Kumar Kuldeep , Yadav Shivansh , Kumar Prevesh , Shukla Divakar , Mani Munesh
Published: September 2018

The objective of the study is to investigate the hydro alcoholic leaves extract of Leucomeris spectabilis (Asteraceae) for hypoglycemic effects in normal and diabetic rats. Acute oral toxicity study indicated that HAE was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight of rats and screened for antidiabetic activity in alloxan (120 mg/ kg, i.p.) induced diabetic rats for 21 days along with phytochemical analyses of HAE were also carried out. In-vivo evaluation of the extracts decreased blood sugar levels with significant improvement in blood glucose level, serum marker enzymes (SGPT, SGOT and ALP) and the content at the end of 1, 2 and 3rd weeks after HAELC treatment. The results suggest of antidiabetic activity study revealed that HAE possesses significant (p < 0.05) hypoglycemic activity compared to diabetic rats group. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic leaves extract has significantly most of effect in 200mg/kg.

 Keywords: Leucomeris spectabilis, Leaves, Acute oral toxicity, Alloxan, Ant-diabetic activity.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROSPHERES OF NITAZOXANIDE BY CHEMICAL CROSSLINKING METHOD
Authors: Sachan A K , Gupta A , Kumari K , Ansari A
Published: September 2018

The work investigated the design and evaluation of microspheres of Nitazoxanide by Ionotropic gelation technique met. 32 Factorial designs were used and concentration of polymer carbopol-934 (X1) and Ethyl cellulose (X2) were selected as the independent variables. The surface morphology study by SEM indicated that microspheres were spherical with smooth surface. There was no interaction between the drug and polymers, as studied by FTIR study. The prepared microspheres were characterized by entrapment efficiency, particle size micromeritic properties. It was observed that on increasing polymer concentration of formulations, % yield, the entrapment efficiency and particle size were increased whereas % drug release decreased. The In Vitro release study was done using U.S.P. dissolution rate basket type apparatus in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 for 10 hr. It shows that on increasing polymer concentration the drug release of all formulations was gradually decreased. In Vitro mucoadhesion study depicts that as the polymer concentration increased, mucoadhesive nature of the formulation was also increased. The microspheres of NTZ (formulation F9) showed best results due to highest drug entrapment efficiency (85.50%), and percentage drug release after 10.0 hr. was 50.25%. The rate of release followed First order kinetics. The microspheres exhibits good mucoadhesive properties in  in- vitro wash-off test at pH 7.4 (Intestinal pH) than pH 1.2 (gastric pH),because the drug was completely absorbed in Gastrointestinal tract, Therefore, it can be concluded that Nitazoxanide Loaded algino-carbopol-934 microspheres can be formulated for sustained drug delivery of Nitazoxanide used in Chronic Hipatitis-C.

Keywords: Mucoadhesive microspheres, Nitazoxanide, Carbopol-934, Ethyl cellulose, Sodium Alginate, Factorial design.
IN-VITRO FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING POTENTIAL OF FLAVONOIDS WITH SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF THEIR COMBINATION
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Sharma Shailendra
Published: September 2018

The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible synergistic interactions on antioxidant efficacy of some selected flavonoids in the present study, synergistic antioxidant effects of two flavonoids, rutin and quercetin, have been investigated by. DPPH, NO, free radical scavenging assays. Biological free radicals are highly unstable molecules that react with various organic substrates such as lipids, proteins, DNA causing cellular injury. At high concentrations, they generate oxidative stress, a damaging process that can damage all cell structures. At present, the research is focused on the use of antioxidants in preventing many diseases caused by the free radicals. The study was designed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant potential of quercetin, rutin, individually and synergistic antioxidant effects by using various in-vitro antioxidant assays i.e. DPPH, NO, assays.  The scavenging effect of quercetin, rutin and standard on the DPPH radical was 83±2.71 %, 79±1.51% and 86±1.04 % at 60μg/ml. On NO Quercetin, rutin and standard exhibited 83±0.09 %, 76±0.09 % and 85±0.22%. The scavenging activity increased in a dose dependent manner. The results indicate drugs shows significant free radical scavenging and their combination demonstrated considerable synergistic effect as compared to standard.

Keywords: Quercetin, Rutin, Free radical scavenging, Antioxidant
AN UPDATED REVIEW ON USTUKHUDOOS PLANT
Authors: Siddiqui Aisha , Afrin Zeba , Jafri MA
Published: September 2018

Lavandula stoechas Mill. commonly known as Ustukhudoos, is perhaps the most important medicinal plant in the unani system of medicine. Whole part, flowers and essential oil of the plant is used to treat a variety of diseases. A number of ailments are treated by the plant which is used either alone or in combination with other plants. It is used for the treatment of various neurological disorders like hemiplegia, facial paralysis, tremors, epilepsy, melancholia, neurasthenia. Moreover, it is used in sinusitis, liver disorders and urinary disorders etc. L. stoechas possesses antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, sedative, hepatoprotective activities. This article discusses and summarizes the important medicinal values of Ustukhudoos in the perspective of Unani literature as well as modern scientific research.

Keywords: Ustukhudoos, Lavandula stoechas, neurological, epilepsy
REVIEW ON POTENT ANTI-DIABETIC PLANTS OR HERBS FROM TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Authors: Kolhe Shilpa S. , Rachh Punit  R.
Published: September 2018

This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. diabetes is one of the major causes of death and disability in the world. Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. Phytochemicals identified from medicinal plants present an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus. Most prevalent among phytochemical groups are the alkaloids, glycosides, polysaccharides, and phenolics such as flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera.

Keywords: Phytochemicals, diabetes, standardized extracts, bioactive compounds.
OBSTRUCTED PAN CAKE KIDNEY IN A CHILD MANAGED BY IMAGE GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY
Authors: Kumar Sheo , Mishra Prabhaker , Singh Swish Kumar
Published: September 2018

Pancake kidney, also called pelvic fused kidney, lump or cake kidney, is a rare type of congenital renal fusion anomaly. It is characterized by the presence of a lobulated pelvic renal mass which has a dual parenchymatous system without an intervening septum.  Pancake kidney is prone to obstruction due to abnormal rotation of collecting system and calculus. When a patient presents with a nonfunctioning and obstructed kidney, a temporary nephrostomy preserves any recoverable renal tissue. Many a times a seemingly alarming radiological appearance where little functional recovery is expected, dramatic improvement in renal function has been noticed. We report a case of pancake kidney with right PUJ and left ureteric calculus causing hydronephrosis in a 9-years-old male child, evaluated by ultrasonography and MDCT, underwent image guided (sonography and fluoroscopy) percutaneous nephrostomy for relieving the ureteric obstruction.

Keywords: Renal fusion, pancake kidney, percutaneous nephrostomy, nephrostogram.
ANALYSIS OF PATIENT ADMISSIONS IN HOSPITAL DUE TO ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
Authors: Shete Shivkumar Kashinath , Sattanathan K
Published: September 2018

The present study is prospective and observational non-interventional study was conducted in tertiary care center. All suspected ADRs which are observed in hospital stay will be assessed for causality, severity, preventability and predictability. The results were presented as number and percentage. Among the 7697 cases ( both males and females), a total of 240 ADRs were detected, an overall incidence of 03.11 % adverse drug reactions in inpatients. The high prevalence of ADR mostly observed in the age group between 1-10 years 48 (20.00%)  From this 240 ADR’s where 7.96% on continuing t, 38.36% are recovering, 47.08% are recovered.

Keywords: Adverse drug reaction, Causality, Severity, Preventability, Probability.
The Traditional Approaches for the Management of Mental Diseases W.S.R. to Indigenous Herbs in Manovikara
Authors: Vaidya Chaitanya H.
Published: September 2018

The uses of ayurveda not only reside around as main stream of ancient science but it also served as complementary or alternate medicine. Ayurveda provides principles to maintain good healthy status of mind, body and soul. Ayurveda also offer therapies for the management of mental health issues including; shodhna therapy, use of herbs & formulation and yoga therapy. The use of indigenous herbs & plants greatly recommended by ancient acharya in mental illness such as; Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Amla, Mucuna, Zizyphus jujube, Kava and Saffron. This article describe role of indigenous herbs and traditional medicine in the management of mental problems.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Mental Health, Kaya-Chikitsa, Indigenous Herbs and Swasthya.
Physicochemical and Microbiological Assays for Quality Evaluation of a Brand of Mentha piperita Tisanes in Costa Rica Market: Employment of the Central American Technical Regulation
Authors: Mora Román Juan José , Agüero Brenes Natalia , Angulo Morales Camila , Castro Solís Jose , Hidalgo Carrillo Gabriela , Van Hoof Gómez Mónica , Loría Gutiérrez Arlene , Blanco Barrantes Jeimy
Published: September 2018

Mentha piperita is a natural hybrid of water mint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), that are consumed as tisanes. For that reason, the present work evaluated physicochemical and microbiological aspects for the quality control of a commercial brand of Mentha piperita herbal tea distributed in Costa Rica, using assays established by the Central American Technical Regulation (RTCA) 11.03.56.09 (Pharmaceutical products. Natural medicinal products for human use. Quality verification), and determined if they have uniformity for different batches of this brand. To verify the quality of three batches of this product, the following assays were done: Labeling requirements, organoleptic, minimum fill, foreign organic matter, loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, lead and arsenic limits, microbial enumerations and specific microorganisms (E. coli and Salmonella sp.) assays. As conclusion, the batches were in compliance for all the assays, except for labeling test, since information corresponding to the primary (batch number and expiration date) and secondary packaging (qualitative-quantitative composition of active ingredients interactions and adverse effects) were not presented. Furthermore, one of the batches did not have information about the employment, contraindications and warnings. Also, the manufacturing company maintained a good reproducibility between one batch and another, and the improvements that can be made are in the product labeling and better controls in its filling.

Keywords: Natural product, Mentha piperita, quality control, tisane, pharmacopoeia, Central American Technical Regulation.
ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF CAESALPINIA CRISTA SEED EXTRACTS
Authors: Reddy M. Swapna , Kuber B. Ramya
Published: September 2018

Objective: To evaluate antiplasmodial activity of Caesalpinia crista seed extracts

Methods:  Antiplasmodial activity of the seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista against rodent malaria infections in chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falcipuram strain was investigated, and oral acute toxicity of seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista was also evaluated.

Results: The findings of this study revealed significant (P < 0.05) and dose dependent decrease in parasitaemia in the parasitized groups treated with varying doses of the extract (50-200 mg/kg p.o.) in both suppressive and curative tests. There was also significant decrease in parasitaemia density in the chloroquine treated group. The alcoholic extract was found no toxicity in wistar rats and the oral LD50 was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg.

Conclusion: Seed extracts of Caesalpinia crista extract possesses potent antiplasmodial activity and may therefore, serve as potential sources of new antimalarial agents

Keywords: Plasmodium falcipuram, Caesalpinia crista, Plant extracts, Phytochemicals, Toxicity tests, malaria.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE AMONG OPERATORS OF PHARMACIES AND PATENT MEDICINE STORES IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
Authors: Awosan KJ , Yunusa A , Yakubu I , Yunusa KK , Auwal AM
Published: September 2018

Background: The weak pharmacovigilance (PV) systems in many developing countries of the world have undoubtedly hampered the global quest for safe drug use. Operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores have important roles to play in developing the PV systems in these countries being the main source of medicines for acute conditions. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 249 operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with a set of pretested self- administered, semi-structured questionnaire.

Results: Although, the majority, 173 (69.5%) of the 249 respondents were aware of PV, less than a fifth (17.3%) had good knowledge of it. Despite positive attitude towards PV, only about half, 56 (52.3%) of the 107 respondents that had observed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in clients reported; and of these, only about a tenth (12.8%) formally reported to the organization in charge of PV. The most commonly cited reasons for non-reporting were that they didn’t know where and how to report (51.0%), and unavailability of reporting forms (23.5%).

Conclusion: This study showed poor knowledge of PV and sub-optimal ADRs reporting despite positive attitude towards it by operators of pharmacies and patent medicine stores in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Sensitization of the populace and training of healthcare providers on PV and ADRs reporting are necessary for revitalizing the PV system in Sokoto State, Nigeria.

Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, knowledge, attitude, practice
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DOXORUBICIN CONTAINING NANOGELS FOR DELIVERY TO CANCER CELLS
Authors: Kumar Manish , Sharma Hemant K.
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study is to prepare nanogels were prepared via charged gellan gum. It was prepared by in situ cross linking reaction between two oppositely charged materials by green method without use of chemical cross linking agents. The prepared nanogels were characterized by Dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X- Ray diffractometry. The prepared formulation had average particle size of 226 nm with polydispersity index of 0.3. The doxorubicin loaded nanogel demonstrated sustained release for 20 h. The prepared nanogels were hemocompatible and cyctocompatible as revealed by hemocompatibility and MTT assay respectively. All results confirmed that these nanogels can be used for cancer treatment.

Keywords: Nanogel, Chitosan, Gellan gum, Doxorubicin, Cancer.
STUDY ON ANTICANCER EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC BIOGENIC SOURCE OF GERMACRENE A
Authors: Cao Haiyan , Li Zihui , Li Ruqi , Mao Boyang , Liu Chen , Li Yutong , Zhang Guowei
Published: September 2018

Objective: Based on obtaining germacrene A, which is the analogue of synthetic β-elemene, by means of synthetic biology，this experiment aims to explore the anti-tumor effect of germacrene A.

Results: After administration, the volume of T24 cells was significantly reduced. The shape of the T24 cells gradually changed from wedge-shaped and polygonal to round, and the T24 cells soon fell off, atrophied and disintegrated. After Tet blue staining, a large number of T24 cells after administration were observed to be dead; It was found by means of MTT assay that T24 cells were inhibited to varying degrees by the effects of different concentrations of germacrene A.

Conclusion: The above experimental results show that the synthetic biological source of germacrene A has obvious inhibitory effect on bladder cancer T24 cells, and this effect has obvious time and concentration dependence.

Keywords：Germacrene A; Synthetic drugs; Antitumor; β-elemene
AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW ON PRASUGREL
Authors: Nagaraju GV , Subrahmanyam SN , Pavan Kumar GV
Published: September 2018

In an attempt prasugrel increase in the overall use of this medication comparing to the anti thembolytics like heparin and wararin, with less patients complaints includes side effects a significant portion of patients receiving the medication for off label indications. More importantly, this agent is used in a substantial number of patients with known contraindications. Prasugrel are more intense platelet inhibition confirmed by the observation of highest percentage of minor or moderate bleeding among patients taking prasugrel, although there was no significant increase in the rate of severe, major, or life-threatening bleeding.

Keywords: prasugrel, thembolytics, wararin, heparin
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS OF LAFUTIDINE
Authors: Dolas Ramdas T. , Sharma Shalindra , Sharma Madhuraj
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this research was to develop a novel gastroretentive drug delivery system based on wet granulation technique for sustained delivery of active agent. Quick GI transit could result in incomplete drug release from the drug delivery system above the absorption zone leading to decreased efficacy of the administered dose and thus less patient compliance. Gastroretentive floating tablets, which was designed to provide the desired sustained and complete release of drug for prolonged period of time. Gastroretentive floating tablets of lafutidine were prepared by wet granulation technique using different concentrations of Gum Kondagagu, Gum olibanum and Locust bean Gum. The optimized formulation (LF14) exhibited 99.54% drug release in 12 hrs, while the buoyancy lag time was 33 sec. In-vitro drug release kinetics was found to follow both the Zero order and the possible mechanism of lafutidine release from the optimized formulation might be attributed to super case II transport mechanism. The Optimized formulation (LF14) showed no significant change in physical appearance, drug content, floating lag time, in vitro dissolution studies after 75%±5% RH at 40±20C relative humidity for 6 months.

Keyword: Wet granulation, Floating lag Time, Gastroretentive, Lafutidine
Pesticidal residue analysis and phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn.
Authors: Dheer Reema , Swarnkar Surendra
Published: September 2018

In the present study emphasize on phytochemical screening in leaves and roots of Barleria prionitis Linn. The extract of plant materials total ash content, extractive value, water soluble ash, and loss on drying values were identified. Medicinal plant materials are liable to contain pesticide residues, which accumulate from agriculture practices, such as spraying, treatment of soils during cultivation and administration of fumigants during storage. It is therefore recommended that every sample of medicinal plants used for such type of studies should be analyzed for the pesticidal residues. Therefore in the present study parts of the herb used for their antidiabetic potential were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, which are persistent and remain in the food chain for longer periods. The samples of leaf and root of Barleria prionitis were ground coarsely and then preceded for the extraction procedure. The sample of extracts were analysed for residues of organochlorine pesticides by Gas Chromatography (GC). Analysis were carried out on a Schimadzu Model 2010 Gas Chromatograph (GC) equipped with 63 NI electron capture detector (ECD) and a capillary column HP ultra 2. The instrument was supported by Lab Solution software. The pesticide residues detected in them in the GC were within the limits. For phytochemical screening, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained were prepared and subjected to various qualitative tests in order to reveal the presence or absence of common phytopharmaceuticals by using standard tests.

Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Pesticidal residues, Barleria prionitis Gas Chromatography, Ash value, extractive value.
Synthesis, characterization of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives and evaluation of antimicrobial activity
Authors: Shahnaz M , Kaur Parminder , Parkash J , Parsad DN
Published: September 2018

Benzimidazole has attracted a great deal of importance due to their interesting chemistry and wide utility. Benzimidazole has wide range of uses and applications and is produced in great quantities throughout the world. The current research work was aim to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of series of benzimidazole derivatives. A series of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized by reacting the various amine derivatives of o phenylene diame with carbon disulphide in presence of Potassium hydroxide. All the bis derivatives were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and chromatography method (TLC). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by their MIC and zone of inhibition of synthesized compounds by taking ciprofloxacin as reference standard. The microbiological assay revealed that the compounds show promising antibacterial activity.

Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Benzimidazole, antibacterial activity.
EFFECT OF MURMUKI (Cammiphora myrrh) WITH BOILED EGG IN LEUCORRHOEA (Sailan-ur- Reham): A SINGLE CASE STUDY
Authors: Iqbal Arsheed , Jan Afroza , Quraishi Haider Ali , Sheeraz Md. , Shah Arjumand , Huma Huma , Rather Shameem Ahmad , Raheem A
Published: September 2018

Leucorrhoea is a universal problem of women. Nobody usually escapes from this illness. It is a very common condition that has been faced by most women of all ages particularly in reproductive period. It is symptom of underlying pelvic pathology. Sometimes this symptom is so severe that it over shadow actual disease and women seek the treatment for only this symptom. The white discharge is, however caused by the presence of infection in the genital tract and variety of other reasons. This was the case study of 29 year old female suffered from leucorrhoea treated with Murmuki (Cammiphora myrrh) along with boiled egg.

Keywords: Leucorrhoea, Unani medicine, Murmuki, Sailan-ur- Reham
IMPROVEMENT OF DISSOLUTION PROPERTIES OF ALBENDAZOLE FROM DIFFERENT METHODS OF SOLID DISPERSION
Authors: Azad A.K. , Jahan K , Sathi TS , Sultana4 R , Abbas SA , UddinUddin ABMH
Published: September 2018

Poor aqueous solubility of drugs results in poor absorption and bioavailability.  The objective of Solid dispersion technology is to increase the dissolution properties of highly lipophilic drugs, by using different hydrophilic carriers thereby improving their bioavailability. This technology is useful for enhancing the dissolution, absorption and therapeutic efficacy of drugs in dosage forms.  Albendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent used for the treatment of a variety of parasitic worm infestations. It is practically insoluble in water but slightly soluble in solvents like chloroform, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile. The aim of our study was to improve the dissolution profile of Albendazole using HPMC K 100 LV, Kollidon VA64 and Mannitol as carriers by solid dispersion techniques. From the prepared solid dispersion, formulation code CSF5 showed better result where carrier was HMPC K 100 LV at 1:10 ratio in solvent evaporation method. Among the carrier used here to conduct our study, HPMC K 100 LV showed better result for both kneading and solvent evaporation methods. And among the method employed here, solvent evaporation method showed better solubility of drug at 60 min also at 1:10 ratio which was 78.86%.
THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC FACTORS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN KAZEROON CITY IN 2017
Authors: Mehbodi Mohammadrafi , Yazdanpanah Abbas , Alvaani Jamalledin
Published: September 2018

Today, environment protection is one of main pillars of observing human right, so that protection and maintenance of environment is one of main duties of present and future. After investigating and identifying environmental factors including internal and external environment of waste management and preparing a list of the most important strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats ( 40 factors) and selecting the most important factors participatory (24 factors) using EFE and IFE matrix, they were analyzed and evaluated and the score was determined and in the following, using the matrix and regarding internal and external factors, the most suitable strategies were introduced for optimal management of waste system of the studied region and in the next stage, using the matrix score of evaluating internal and external factors and strategies of matrix formation matrix, the present status of the organization (IE), the preservative approach was selected as goal approach and attraction of any preservative  strategies was specified in the qualitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM). It should be said that the order of approaches priority is based on their so-called genera weight rate and movement towards sustainable development that based on the attraction score, the priorities became in this order that the first priority is related to strategy and then respectively optimizing various stages of wastes management, increasing awareness and changing the individuals attitude towards correct method of waste management like reduction of waste production, separation of recyclable materials at home and method of collecting through holding training classes, preparing and distributing advertising posters in the cities, implementing plan of separation from origin and its success requires public participation and cooperation.
FAST DISSOLVING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: FORMULATION, PREPARATION TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION
Authors: Singh Satbir , Virmani Tarun , Virmani Reshu , Mahlawat Geeta , Kumar Pankaj
Published: September 2018

The Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems sets a new benchmark was an expansion that came into existence in the early 1980’s and combat over the use of the different dosage form like tablets, suspension, syrups, capsules which are the other oral drug delivery systems. Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System (FDTS)  has a major advantage over the conventional dosage forms since the drug gets rapidly disintegrated and dissolves in the saliva without the use of water .In spite of the downside lack of immediate onset of action; these oral dosage forms have valuable purposes such as self medication, increased patient compliance, ease of manufacturing and lack of pain. Hence Fast Disintegrating Tablets (FDTS) technology has been gaining importance now-a-days with wide variety of drugs serving many purposes. Fast Disintegrating Tablets (FDTS) has ever increased their demand in the last decade since they disintegrate in saliva in less than a minute that improved compliance in pediatrics and geriatric patients, who have difficulty in swallowing tablets or liquids. As fast dissolving tablet provide instantaneous disintegration after putting it on tongue, thereby rapid drug absorption and instantaneous bioavailability, whereas Fast dissolving oral films are used as practical alternative to FDTS. These films have a potential to deliver the drug systemically through intragastric, sublingual or buccal route of administration and also has been used for local action. In present review article different aspects of fast dissolving  tablets and films like method of preparations, latest technologies, evaluation parameters are discussed. This study will be useful for the researchers for their lab work.
Respons Sitokin TNF-Α Dan Il-4 Pasca Stimulasi Antigen Fusi Resat-6-CFP-10
Authors: Pratiwi Rahma Indah , Nugraha Jusak , Tambunan Betty Agustina , Tanoerahardjo Francisca Srioetami
Published: September 2018

AbstractProtective immunity of tuberculosis (TB) infection is highly dependent on the balance of Th1 and Th2cytokines. TNF-α cytokines produced by Th1 cell retain a latent status, and IL-4 produced by Th2 aidsin the production of antibodies. The recent development of the vaccine candidates shows that rESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion antigen is specific to induce protective immune responses. The objective of the study wasto determine the immune response. This study used a quasi experimental design in the laboratory in vitrowith cultured PBMC of patients with new cases of pulmonary TB, latent TB and healthy individuals.Examination of TNF-α and IL-4 levels was done by ELISA. The highest TNF-α mean levels were 866,05in the latent TB group, compared to 814,56 in active TB and 414,58 in healthy individuals, but they werenot significantly different. The highest IL-4 mean levels were 1,39 in the active TB group, compared to0,88 in latent TB and 0,74 in healthy individuals, but they were not significantly different. High levels ofTNF-α and low levels of Il-4 in latent TB post-stimulation of rESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion antigen show thatthe candidate vaccine is capable of providing protective reponse against Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection.Key words : TNF-α, IL-4, PBMC, ELISA, rESAT-6-CFP-10

AbstrakImunitas protektif terhadap infeksi tuberculosis sangat bergantung terhadap keseimbangan sitokinT-helper (Th)-1 dan Th2. Sitokin TNF-α yang disekresi oleh sel Th1 mampu mempertahankan status laten,dan IL-4 yang disekresi oleh Th2 membantu produksi antibodi. Pengembangan kandidat vaksin terbaruyaitu antigen fusi rESAT-6-CFP-10 bersifat spesifik terhadap respons imun protektif. Tujuan penelitianini untuk mengetahui respons imun seluler melalui kadar TNF-α dan IL-4 pasca stimulasi antigen fusirESAT-6-CFP-10. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen semu di laboratorium secara in vitropada kultur PBMC. Pemeriksaan kadar sitokin TNF-α dan IL-4 dengan metode ELISA. Rerata kadarTNF-α pasca stimulasi paling tinggi ditemukan pada kelompok TB laten 866,05, dibandingkan TBaktif 814,56 dan orang sehat 414,58, tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna. Reratakadar IL-4 pasca stimulasipaling tinggi ditemukan pada kelompok TB aktif, dibandingkan TB laten dan orang sehat, tetapi tidakberbeda bermakna. Kadar TNF-α yang tinggi dan kadar IL-4 yang rendah pada TB laten pasca stimulasiantigen fusi rESAT-6-CFP-10 menunjukkan bahwa kandidat vaksin mampu memberikan repons protektifterhadap infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis secara invitro.Kata kunci : TNF-α, IL-4, PBMC, ELISA, rESAT-6-CFP-10.
Marcadores histopatológicos de estrés ambiental en el pez Odonthestes bonariensis (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae) en dos embalses de Argentina
Authors: Leone Oscar , Valdecantos Soledad , Martínez Virginia
Published: September 2018

El embalse Cabra Corral es el principal sitio de recreación y pesca deportiva del noroeste argentino, existe un gran interés en la preservación de sus condiciones ambientales. El Cabra Corral recibe desde el río Arenales materia orgánica proveniente de efluentes domiciliarios e industriales, como de actividades ganaderas y agrícolas que se desarrollan en el valle de Lerma; también recibe una importante contribución de minerales desde el río Guachipas. En este cuerpo de agua se ha encontrado altos niveles de mercurio y cadmio. Evaluamos las condiciones sanitarias de las poblaciones de Odonthestes bonariensis del embalse Cabra Corral, que presenta un alto impacto antrópico en relación con las poblaciones de otro embalse, el Campo Alegre con menor impacto antrópico. Analizamos marcadores histopatológicos en órganos blanco a fin de establecer si existen diferencias entre los dos cuerpos de agua. Realizamos muestreos bimensuales, se extrajeron muestras de hígado, riñón y branquias, las que se procesaron con técnicas histológicas de rutina; se analizaron muestras de agua para determinar su calidad. En el embalse Cabra Corral encontramos un gran número de histopatologías, el hígado es el órgano más afectado, seguido por el riñón y en menor medida las branquias. En el embalse Campo Alegre, las histopatologías también se hallaron pero en menor proporción. En el Cabra Corral se destacan las parasitosis hepáticas y renales causadas por coccidios asociados a procesos inflamatorios. La identificación y evaluación de los marcadores histopatológicos confirmó que existen marcadas diferencias en el estado de salud de las poblaciones de O. bonariensis entre los dos embalses estudiados.
Absence of a molecular structural effect on the thermodynamic properties of several biodiesel materials
Authors: Alvarado-Montero Hermes R. , Monge-Montero Carmen , Vargas María Sol , Lutz Giselle , Mata-Segreda Julio F.
Published: September 2018

In the search to develop the production of vegetable oils for non-food purposes biodiesel stands out for its great versatility as technical material and a cleaner energy technology. Physic nut (Jatropha curcas), castor-oil (Ricinus communis), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), wine palm (Attalea butyracea) and macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) were chosen for study in our laboratory, because they are oleaginous plants with convenient oil yields to produce biodiesel. No significant effect from the nature of fatty-acid chains in biodiesel is observed on thermodynamic properties such as heat of combustion, cubic-expansion thermal coefficient, isothermal compressibility, enthalpy of vaporisation and Hildebrand solubility parameter. Activation energies for viscous flow of biodiesels correlates with the same property of their vegetable oil feedstocks.