bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome: Is There a Role for Oxidative Stress?
Authors: Rubattu Speranza , Mennuni Silvia , Testa Marco , Mennuni Mara , Pierelli Giorgia , Pagliaro Beniamino , Gabriele Erica , Coluccia Roberta , Autore Camillo , Volpe Massimo
Published: November 2013

Cardiorenal syndrome is a frequently encountered clinical condition when the dysfunction of either the heart or kidneys amplifies the failure progression of the other organ. Complex biochemical, hormonal and hemodynamic mechanisms underlie the development of cardiorenal syndrome. Both in vitro and experimental studies have identified several dysregulated pathways in heart failure and in chronic kidney disease that lead to increased oxidative stress. A decrease in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism has been reported in cardiomyocytes during heart failure. This is balanced by a compensatory increase in glucose uptake and glycolysis with consequent decrease in myocardial ATP content. In the kidneys, both NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial metabolism are important sources of TGF-β1-induced cellular ROS. NOX-dependent oxidative activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB and c-jun leads to increased expression of renal target genes (phospholipaseA2, MCP-1 and CSF-1, COX-2), thus contributing to renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation. In the present article, we postulate that, besides contributing to both cardiac and renal dysfunction, increased oxidative stress may also play a crucial role in cardiorenal syndrome development and progression. In particular, an imbalance between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, and inflammation may favour cardiorenal syndrome through an excessive oxidative stress production. This article also discusses novel therapeutic strategies for their potential use in the treatment of patients affected by cardiorenal syndrome.
Alonso Cueto y la novela de las víctimas
Authors: Camacho Delgado José Manuel
Published: November 2013

RÉSUMÉ - Dans son roman La hora azul (2005) » l'écrivain péruvien Alonso Cueto recrée la «sale guerre» entre groupes subversifs, notamment le Sentier Lumineux (dans une moindre mesure le mouvement Túpac Amaru) et forces de sécurité de l'État péruvien au cours des années 1980-2000. Cueto scrute le phénomène de la violence en adoptant la perspective des victimes. Il utilise le biais d'un personnage de l'élite liménienne, l'avocat Adrián Ormache qui, grâce à diverses enquêtes de type policier, découvre le passé sinistre de son père, l'histoire d'amour vécue avec une prisonnière et sa condition de bourreau et tortionnaire dans une caserne de Huanta (Ayacucho).
The myxocoumarins A and B from Stigmatella aurantiaca strain MYX-030
Authors: Gulder Tobias A M , Neff Snežana , Schüz Traugott , Winkler Tammo , Gees René , Böhlendorf Bettina
Published: November 2013

The myxobacterial strain Stigmatella aurantiaca MYX-030 was selected as promising source for the discovery of new biologically active natural products by our screening methodology. The isolation, structure elucidation and initial biological evaluation of the myxocoumarins derived from this strain are described in this work. These compounds comprise an unusual structural framework and exhibit remarkable antifungal properties.
Situational Context of Student Bullying Victimization and Reporting Behavior: A Conjunctive Analysis of Case Configurations
Authors: Hart Timothy C. , Hart Jennifer L. , Miethe Terance D.
Published: November 2013

Bullying victimization is a growing problem for students, parents, teachers, and school administrators. Despite existing scholarship on various aspects of school bullying, certain facets of this important social issue remain underexplored. Using a pooled sample of 6th through 12th graders (N = 16,244), the current study analyzes the situational context of school bullying victimization. Findings from a conjunctive analysis of case configurations suggest that incidents of school bullying victimization are highly contextual, with few relevant factors demonstrating a constant “main effect” across situational profiles. Analyzing the situational context of bullying provides new insight into the dynamics of bullying, which are well documented in the literature. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the existing research and their implications for future study and policy.
Gouvernance hybride, participation et accès à l'eau potable Le cas des associations d'usagers de l'eau (AUE) au Burkina Faso
Authors: Baron Catherine , Bonnassieux Alain
Published: November 2013

Les Réformes institutionnelles qu’ont connues les pays en développement sous régime d’aide, depuis les années 1980, ont eu un impact sur la politique sectorielle des services d’eau potable. Afin d’illustrer ces évolutions, nous avons choisi d’étudier le cas du Burkina Faso, pays innovant de ce point de vue. Le concept de gouvernance hybride que nous mobilisons permet tout d’abord de rendre compte de l’emboîtement complexe des échelles. Nous l’abordons en explicitant la manière dont la diffusion du référentiel néolibéral à l’échelle internationale se décline dans des politiques sectorielles nationales, et sur des territoires (urbain, semi-urbain et rural) aux frontières parfois difficiles à cerner. Par ailleurs, le principe de participation est mis en exergue dans ces Réformes, mais son opérationnalisation s’avère complexe dans un contexte de décentralisation qui va de pair avec de nouvelles relations entre acteurs. Nous le montrons à travers le cas des associations d’usagers de l’eau (AUE), innovation organisationnelle majeure au Burkina Faso.
La pensée comme excitation et son partage
Authors: Clam Jean
Published: November 2013

L’article est une réflexion sur la nature excitationnelle des actes de pensée. Il montre que Freud est le premier à rompre avec le biais cognitiviste de l’approche philosophique de la pensée et à poser que les complexes d’actes de pensée peuvent être analysés comme des complexes d’affection. Il est le premier à en proposer un modèle économique. En dédoublant l’approche freudienne par celle de Sartre qui, dans Question de méthode, comprend la pensée comme étant toujours la pensée d’une époque, et comme ne pouvant le devenir que si elle a pour cette époque, vigueur et élan, nous pouvons poser que la pensée est excitation partagée parce qu’elle correspond à l’élan chercheur d’une classe d’hommes qui ont en commun une affection, qui adhèrent à une poussée désirante d’ascension. Cela veut dire qu’une excitation commune les tend vers la prise d’objets qui échappaient jusque-là à la direction d’emprise qui était la leur dans le monde. C’est dans un tel cadre que se pose au mieux la question de la responsabilité des individus en lesquels la pensée époquale se fait le plus intensément sentir en son excitation..
Le mur et le rire de la servante
Authors: Peuch-Lestrade Jean
Published: November 2013

La crise, qui a secoué la psychanalyse dans ses rapports à l’autisme bascule autour de la diffusion sur internet du documentaire « Le mur », qui se révèle être un pamphlet très violent contre elle. Son originalité tient à l’utilisation de l’arme du rire pour rendre les psychanalystes ridicules. Dans cet article, je fais un parallèle avec le rire de la servante de Thrace lorsque Thalès tombe dans le puits, même si ici le puits se trouve être un piège, celui des médias. Je montre d’abord comment le destin du rire de la servante en philosophie peut nous donner un autre éclairage sur cette crise, car de nombreux éléments, comme ceux du rapport à la science, de l’incompréhension de la théorie ou de la déformation professionnelle peuvent se retrouver en psychanalyse. J’explore ensuite la cause de ce rire pour avancer dans la compréhension de cette controverse dont un des enjeux est la disparition d’une psychogénèse, voire plus largement de toute théorie du psychisme. Je termine sur la question de savoir s’il reste une place pour l’esprit dans la médecine contemporaine.
Engagement politique des intellectuels et psychanalystes
Authors: Barzin Nader
Published: November 2013

Faisant référence à l’exemple de Freud, Arendt, Spinoza, Chomsky et Bourdieu, l’engagement politique des intellectuels et psychanalystes est examiné ici. Une attention particulière est portée à la dimension d’appartenance dans les choix d’engagement. La vérité en psychanalyse est comparée à celle en sciences humaines et politique. Un cas récent sur l’engagement des psychanalystes français pour la libération d’une psychanalyste iranienne, hospitalisée de force à Téhéran, sert à mettre en lumière les arguments théoriques.
Managing the maintenance inventory of a cement manufacturer
Authors: Eloff Morne , Carstens Stephen
Published: November 2013

Inventory management is a crucial aspect of managing a company successfully. This is even more apparent in the case of maintenance inventories for production equipment, which impact directly on production equipment efficiency. This is a typical inventory management issue for a cement manufacturer that faces the problem of managing its maintenance inventories optimally when certain maintenance items have exceptionally long lead times (100 weeks) and values in excess of R500 000. An assessment of the cement manufacturer’s approach to managing its maintenance inventories indicated various shortcomings, which have resulted in a significant level of obsolescence. One approach to managing maintenance inventories efficiently is to implement a classification of the inventory items in terms of their criticality to the cement production process. The critical nature of a component could be established through a risk-based approach (minimisation of the risk of production loss) and taking into account the type of maintenance (planned vs unplanned) that the component is required for. A risk-based approach should form the basis of the maintenance inventory management of the cement manufacturer as this would allow the cement manufacturer to utilise other inventory management methods effectively. In addition, it is important to ensure that employees are well versed in the different inventory management approaches utilised and that high levels of integration between departments are pursued.
The development of the MACE work-family enrichment instrument
Authors: De Klerk Marissa , Nel Jan Alewyn , Hill Carin , Koekemoer Eileen
Published: November 2013

Orientation: An instrument based on a theoretical model is necessary to measure the positive side of the work-family interface.Research purpose: To develop items for measurement of work-family enrichment based on the elements contained within a theoretical model and to evaluate the latent trait functioning of these items.Motivation for the study: Major limitations exist regarding the conceptualisation and scale development of the positive side of the work-family interface.Research design, approach, and method: A quantitative research approach using scale development procedures was employed to develop the 95-item instrument. A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data randomly from selected employees; data were processed using Rasch analysis.Main findings: The five-category scale works well for the most part, although a four-category scale could be considered. Thirty-five items either over-fitted or under-fitted the work-family enrichment model. Person ability was measured in the low to middle ranges of work-family enrichment. Participants’ experience of work-family enrichment could be represented accurately. Sub-scale items displayed misfit, bias or both.Practical/managerial implications: The developed instrument can be investigated further to identify work-family enrichment factors that can measure workers’ experience of enrichment in their work and family domains.Contribution/value-add: This study furthers theory building and empirical research in industrial psychology, by developing a new theory-based measuring instrument for the positive side of the work-family interface in the South African context. This study expanded on the model proposed by Greenhaus and Powell, by including all five categories of resources gains. Furthermore, the total of the resources was diversified, since some of the content of these resources encompasses multiple meanings.
Percutaneous pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine: A cadaveric study
Authors: Hardin Carolyn , Nimjee Shahid , Karikari Isaac , Agrawal Abhishek , Fessler Richard , Isaacs Robert
Published: November 2013

Study Design: A cadaveric study to determine the accuracy of percutaneous screw placement in the thoracic spine using standard fluoroscopic guidance. Summary of Background Data: While use of percutaneous pedicle screws in the lumbar spine has increased rapidly, its acceptance in the thoracic spine has been slower. As indications for pedicle screw fixation increase in the thoracic spine so will the need to perform accurate and safe placement of percutaneous screws with or without image navigation. To date, no study has determined the accuracy of percutaneous thoracic pedicle screw placement without use of stereotactic imaging guidance. Materials and Methods: Eighty-six thoracic pedicle screw placements were performed in four cadaveric thoracic spines from T1 to T12. At each level, Ferguson anterior-posterior fluoroscopy was used to localize the pedicle and define the entry point. Screw placement was attempted unless the borders of the pedicle could not be delineated solely using intraoperative fluoroscopic guidance. The cadavers were assessed using pre- and postprocedural computed tomography (CT) scans as well as dissected and visually inspected in order to determine the medial breach rate. Results: Ninety pedicles were attempted and 86 screws were placed. CT analysis of screw placement accuracy revealed that only one screw (1.2%) breached the medial aspect of the pedicle by more than 2 mm. A total of four screws (4.7%) were found to have breached medially by visual inspection (three Grade 1 and one Grade 2). One (1.2%) lateral breach was greater than 2 mm and no screw violated the neural foramen. The correlation coefficient of pedicle screw violations and pedicle diameter was found to be 0.96. Conclusions: This cadaveric study shows that percutaneous pedicle screw placement can be performed in the thoracic spine without a significant increase in the pedicle breach rate as compared with standard open techniques. A small percentage (4.4%) of pedicles, especially high in the thoracic spine, may not be safely visualized.
Clinical Communication in Diagnostic Imaging Studies
Authors: Niazkhani Z. , Bal R. , Pirnejad H.
Published: November 2013

Objective: To examine how and why the quality of clinical communication between radiologists and referring physicians was changed in the inpatient imaging process after implementation of a hospital information system (HIS).

Methods: A mixed-method study of the chest X-ray (CXR) requests and reports, and their involved processes within a pre- and post-HIS implementation setting.

Results: Documentation of patient age, patient ward, and name and signature of requesting physician decreased significantly in post-HIS CXR requests (P<0.05). However, documentation of requested position and technique increased significantly (P<0.05). In post-HIS CXR reports, documentation of patient age, patient chart number, urgent/normal status of requisition, position and technique of CXR, name of referring physician, and date of request were increased significantly (P<0.05). However, documentation of discussion for important findings was decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mean number of words in the body text of post-HIS reports was increased significantly (18.65 vs. 16.3, P = 0.00).Our qualitative findings highlighted that involving nursing and radiology staff in the communication loop between physicians and radiologists after the implementation resulted in extra steps in the workflow and more workload for them. To cope with the new workload, they adopted different workarounds that could explain the results seen in the quantitative study.

Conclusion: The HIS improved communication of administrative and identification information but did not improve communication of clinically relevant information. The reason was traced to the complications that the inappropriate implementation of the system brought to clinical workflow and communication loop.

Citation: Pirnejad H, Niazkhania Z, Bal R. Clinical communication in diagnosticimaging studies - mixedmethod study of pre- and post-implementation of a hospital information system. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 541–555

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-06-RA-0042
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. (U.S. Sup. Ct.)
Authors: Keitner Chimène I.
Published: November 2013

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum is the United States Supreme Court’s second decision interpreting the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), 28 U.S.C. § 1350, which was enacted by the First Congress as part of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The ATS provides that federal district courts “shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States.” Absent the ATS, such claims could only be brought in state, not federal, courts.
Comentario al libro “En búsqueda de esperanza: migración ngäbe en Costa Rica y su impacto en la juventud”, de José Alberto Idiáquez, S.J.
Authors: Sarsaneda del Cid Jorge
Published: November 2013

En Panamá hay un profesor que aparece como ‘analista político’ en programas televisivos y habla diariamente por radio. Él dice que las Comarcas no deberían existir porque son un Estado dentro de otro Estado y eso es ilegal. También hay muchos panameños que piensan de esta manera errónea. Quiero pensar que es un punto de vista producto de la ignorancia y no del racismo.Para la presentación de este libro de José Alberto Idiáquez Guevara, S.J., he pensado solamente tocar un punto que me parece vital y tiene mucho que ver con el tema: la Comarca y su sentido.
Car Talk Puzzler // Got Pennies?
Authors: Madden Seán P. , Lim Louis
Published: November 2013

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article. Exponents and working with large numbers are the underlying mathematical ideas this month.
Delving Deeper: Fibonacci Foils Euclidean Efficiency
Authors: Kieftenbeld Vincent
Published: November 2013

The author guides readers through an investigation of the efficiency of the Euclidean algorithm, leading to a remarkable connection with the Fibonacci numbers.
Therapeutic Targeting of Oncogenic K‐Ras by a Covalent Catalytic Site Inhibitor
Authors: Lim Sang Min , Westover Kenneth D. , Ficarro Scott B. , Harrison Rane A. , Choi Hwan Geun , Pacold Michael E. , Carrasco Martin , Hunter John , Kim Nam Doo , Xie Ting , Sim Taebo , Jänne Pasi A. , Meyerson Matthew , Marto Jarrod A. , Engen John R. , Gray Nathanael S.
Published: November 2013

We report the synthesis of a GDP analogue, SML‐8‐73‐1, and a prodrug derivative, SML‐10‐70‐1, which are selective, direct‐acting covalent inhibitors of the K‐Ras G12C mutant relative to wild‐type Ras. Biochemical and biophysical measurements suggest that modification of K‐Ras with SML‐8‐73‐1 renders the protein in an inactive state. These first‐in‐class covalent K‐Ras inhibitors demonstrate that irreversible targeting of the K‐Ras guanine‐nucleotide binding site is potentially a viable therapeutic strategy for inhibition of Ras signaling.
Sorption of Indoles by Montmorillonite
Authors: Sofer Z. , Heller L. , Yariv S.
Published: November 2013

Infra‐red spectra supported by chemical, differential thermal and X‐ray analyses indicate that indole and methylated indoles are sorbed by variously substituted montmorillonites in seven different configurations. The type of configuration formed depends upon the indoles and the interlayer cations. It affects the layer separation and the thermal stability of the assemblages.
Political Mobilisation, Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion: The Conditional Effect of Political Parties
Authors: Helbling Marc , Reeskens Tim , Stolle Dietlind
Published: November 2013

Recent research on the consequences of ethnic diversity for social cohesion indicates that the effects of diversity are not necessarily universal. In this article we hypothesise that the rhetoric of political parties conditions whether diversity negatively affects generalised trust. Political campaigns might highlight the salience of cultural diversity issues in their discourse or, moreover, use a divisive rhetoric of ‘nationalistic’ positions. Thus political mobilisation might heighten the perceived conflict between those who are native born and immigrants, especially in diverse societies. In order to test this argument, we investigate the influence of political rhetoric framed on cultural diversity issues, that is, nationalism and multiculturalism — obtained from the Comparative Manifestos Project– on generalised trust in 21 European democracies. We find that the negative impact of ethnic diversity on trust is particularly strong when these issues are mobilised by political parties. It does not, however, matter whether these issues are presented in a positive or negative light.
The limits of the binary power law describing spatial variability for incidence data
Authors: Xu X.‐M. , Madden L. V.
Published: November 2013

Taylor's power law (TPL), an empirical law relating the observed variance to mean density (or abundance), has found wide applicability for characterizing heterogeneity in many disciplines. However, when the density variable has an upper bound, the TPL does not hold and the binary power law (BPL) needs to be used instead. The BPL has been shown to describe the heterogeneity of numerous plant disease epidemic systems. In this study, a generic stochastic simulator was used to study the extent to which the BPL can satisfactorily describe incidence data. Results showed that the symmetrical BPL does hold whenever there is a positive correlation among neighbours on the probability of a plant becoming infected, or where disease development is not influenced by the neighbours. These results held for a wide range of neighbourhood sizes, strengths of neighbourhood influence, and size of the sampling quadrats. However, the symmetrical BPL did not hold when there is a negative influence among neighbours. The more general asymmetrical BPL (ABPL) fitted the data with positive or negative neighbourhood influence, but because a negative neighbourhood effect is generally unlikely for plant epidemics, the symmetrical BPL is preferred over the ABPL because of its parsimony. The magnitude of the estimated BPL parameters increased with increasing neighbourhood influence and sampling‐quadrat size. However, except when the power parameter equals 1, inferring specific underlying mechanisms generating the data or comparing BPL estimates from different studies is difficult, because of the large effect of sampling on the BPL parameter estimates.
Diagnosing developmental coordination disorders
Authors: Kirby Amanda , Sugden David , Purcell Catherine
Published: November 2013

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) affects around 5% of children and commonly overlaps with other developmental disorders including: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and specific language impairment (SLI). There is evidence to demonstrate the wide-ranging impact on all areas of functioning including psychiatric and learning domains. There is increasing evidence of the continuing impact into adulthood and the long-term negative effects on relationships and employment. There is a need for early identification and intervention to limit the likelihood of these secondary consequences from emerging. This paper addresses the diagnosis of DCD.
Heterogeneous Tin Catalysts Applied to the Esterification and Transesterification Reactions
Authors: José da Silva Márcio , Lemos Cardoso Abiney
Published: November 2013

The interest in the development of efficient and environmentally benign catalysts for esters synthesis has increased exponentially, mainly due to the demand for biodiesel. In general, fatty esters are used as bioadditive, cosmetic ingredients, polymers, and, more recently, biofuel. Nevertheless, most of the production processes use nonrecyclable and homogenous alkaline catalysts, which results in the reactors corrosion, large generation of effluents, and residues on the steps of separation and catalyst neutralization. Heterogeneous acid catalysts can answer these demands and are an environmentally benign alternative extensively explored. Remarkably, solid acid catalysts based on tin have been shown highly attractive for the biodiesel production, mainly via FFA esterification reactions. This review describes important features related to be the synthesis, stability to, and activity of heterogeneous tin catalysts in biodiesel production reactions.
Threshold Routing to Trade Off Waiting and Call Resolution in Call Centers
Authors: Zhan Dongyuan , Ward Amy R.
Published: November 2013

In a call center, agents may handle calls at different speeds, and also may be more or less successful at resolving customers' inquiries, even when only considering customers calling with similar requests. One common measure of successful call resolution is whether or not the call results in the customer calling back. This presents a natural trade-off between speed and quality, where speed is defined as the average time before an incoming call is answered (the average waiting time) and quality is defined as the percentage of all arriving calls that do not result in callbacks (the call resolution). The relevant control is the routing, that is, the decision concerning which agent should handle an arriving call when more than one agent is available. In an inverted-V model setting, we formulate an optimization problem with the dual performance objective of minimizing average customer waiting time and maximizing the call resolution. We solve this optimization problem asymptotically in the Halfin–Whitt many-server limit regime, interpret its solution as a routing control for the discrete-event system, and show via simulation that the interpreted routing control is on the efficient frontier. In particular, any routing control that has a lower average waiting time (higher call resolution) must also have a lower call resolution (higher average waiting time).
Modos de morar de pessoas com transtorno mental grave no Brasil: uma avaliação interdisciplinar
Authors: Furtado Juarez Pereira , Tugny Augustin de , Baltazar Ana Paula , Kapp Silke , Generoso Cláudia Maria , Campos Florianita Coelho Braga , Guerra Andréa Maris Campos , Nakamura Eunice
Published: November 2013

Apresentamos pesquisa avaliativa qualitativa sobre modos de morar de pessoas com transtorno mental grave, vinculadas às redes municipais de saúde mental de três cidades de grande porte. Realizamos observação participante de dez moradores e respectivos cuidadores de Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos (SRT) e acompanhamos o cotidiano de oito usuários de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) que constituíram suas moradias por iniciativas próprias. Os moradores e usuários também foram entrevistados em profundidade. O material de campo foi analisado, segundo o método interpretativo, da perspectiva de arquitetos, antropólogos, psicanalistas e sanitaristas. Os resultados apontam carência de processos sistemáticos de reabilitação psicossocial dos moradores de SRT e despreparo dos cuidadores para lidarem com a complexidade de demandas para seu acompanhamento, além de baixo envolvimento dos CAPS com os SRT. Por outro lado, usuários ligados aos CAPS, que não moram em SRT, apresentaram criativa diversidade nos modos de constituir suas moradias e maior interação com a comunidade, embora alguns contem com o apoio de albergues e asilos para resolver suas necessidades. Algumas direções para a superação dos problemas encontrados são apontadas ao final do texto.
Funny Bone finds a home: A musical featuring the Body of Christ
Authors: Branch Robin Gallaher
Published: November 2013

This play is a teaching tool and examines the concepts of unity and disunity in the Body of Christ. Based on 1 Corinthians 12:12–27, the play contains as characters the body parts mentioned by Paul in his instruction on the need for honouring different ministries and functions in the church. Combining humour and song, the play follows in the steps of ancient medieval allegories and illustrates a biblical teaching in a contemporary way.Hierdie musiekblyspel kan vir onderrigdoeleindes gebruik word. Dit ondersoek die eenheids- en konflikaspekte in verband met die Liggaam van Christus. Dit is gebaseer op 1 Korintiërs 12:12-27 en die karakters van die toneelstuk beeld die verskillende liggaamsdele uit soos deur Paulus genoem in sy opdrag om die verskillende evangeliebedienings en funksies van die kerk te erken. Deur humor en sang te kombineer, volg die toneelstuk die voetspore van ‘n antieke Middeleeuse sinnebeelding en illustreer bybelse onderrig op ’n hedendaagse wyse.
Unusual intracytoplasmic inclusions in acute myeloblastic leukemia
Authors: Wolf David J. , Fialk Mark A. , Mouradian Janet , Gottfried Eugene L. , Pasmantier Mark W.
Published: November 2013

Unusual intracytoplasmic inclusions within early granulocyte precursor cells from a patient with acute myeloblasts leukemia (AML) are described. Based upon their staining characteristics and electron‐ and light‐microscopic appearance, the inclusions are distinctly different from any previously described. The inclusions display a variety of shapes, including rectangles, squares, circles, ovals, and irregular, globular forms. Most of the inclusions are refractile and crystal‐like. The possible composition of these inclusions is discussed. They are compared with inclusions previously described within leukemic and granulocytic cells.
Treatment of surgically resectable colorectal peritoneal metastases
Authors: Moran B J , Cecil T D
Published: November 2013

Need for centres and training standards
Modern treatment of acute mesenteric ischaemia
Authors: Acosta S , Björck M
Published: November 2013

Background

Diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischaemia in the early stages is now possible with modern computed tomography (CT), using intravenous contrast enhancement and imaging in the arterial and/or portal venous phase. The availability of CT around the clock means that more patients with acute mesenteric ischaemia may be treated with urgent intestinal revascularization.

Methods

This was a review of modern treatment strategies for acute mesenteric ischaemia.

Results

Endovascular therapy has become an important alternative, especially in patients with acute thrombotic superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion, where the occlusive lesion can be recanalized either antegradely from the femoral or brachial artery, or retrogradely from an exposed SMA after laparotomy, and stented. Aspiration embolectomy, thrombolysis and open surgical embolectomy, followed by on-table angiography, are the treatment options for embolic SMA occlusion. Endovascular therapy may be an option in the few patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis who do not respond to anticoagulation therapy. Laparotomy is needed to evaluate the extent and severity of visceral organ ischaemia, which is treated according to the principles of damage control surgery.

Conclusion

Modern treatment of acute mesenteric ischaemia involves a specialized approach that considers surgical and, increasingly, endovascular options for best outcomes.
Simultaneous quantitative analysis of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorphenamine in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ding Ying , Huang Kai , Chen Lan , Yang Jie , Xu Wen‐Yan , Xu Xue‐Jiao , Duan Ru , Zhang Jing , He Qing
Published: November 2013

A sensitive and accurate HPLC‐MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorphenamine in human plasma. Three analytes were extracted from plasma by liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate and separated on a Kromasil 60‐5CN column (3 µm, 2.1 × 150 mm) with mobile phase of acetonitrile–water (containing 0.1% formic acid; 50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Quantification was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode using positive electrospray ionization. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.01–5 ng/mL for dextromethorphan, 0.02–5 ng/mL for dextrorphan and 0.025–20 ng/mL for chlorphenamine. The lower limits of quantification for dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorphenamine were 0.01, 0.02 and 0.025 ng/mL, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were within 11% and accuracies were in the range of 92.9–102.5%. All analytes were proved to be stable during sample storage, preparation and analytic procedures. This method was first applied to the pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single oral dose of the formulation containing dextromethorphan hydrobromide (18 mg) and chlorpheniramine malaeate (8 mg). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput salting‐out‐assisted homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction with acetonitrile for determination of baicalin in rat plasma with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Tingting , Zhang Lei , Tong Ling , Liao Qiongfeng
Published: November 2013

Baicalin is the main indicator for qualitative and quantitative analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and its prescription in vivo and in vitro. Owing to its insolubility and instability, the analysis of baicalin in biological samples is analytically challenging. Although there have been many pharmacokinetic or metabolism studies on baicalin, the current reported sample pretreatment methods are not the optimal choice with regard to absolute recovery and operation procedure. Here we report a high‐throughput salting‐out‐assisted homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction method with acetonitrile and ammonium sulfate. Eight kinds of commonly used salts, preferred salt concentration and auxiliary solvents were investigated. The extraction efficiency in the presence of ammonium salt and auxiliary solvent (methanol) in comparison to that from the salt‐free aqueous increased to above 90%. The performance of the developed pretreatment method was further evaluated through testing specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery and stability. In particular, the stability investigation results proved that the operation at low temperature would no longer necessary be for salting‐out‐assisted homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction compared with protein precipitation, and the pretreatment method would be valuable if the compounds were unstable within matrices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Young People Transitioning From Out‐of‐Home Care: A Critical Analysis of Leaving Care Policy, Legislation and Housing Support in the Australian State of Victoria
Authors: Mendes Philip , Baidawi Susan , Snow Pamela
Published: November 2013

Young people transitioning from out‐of‐home care are a particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged group. In recent years, there have been significant improvements in Victorian policy and legislation providing support to care leavers. However, these supports remain discretionary rather than mandatory, and many care leavers experience difficult transitions in key areas such as housing, health, education and employment. This study reports on a research project based on a partnership between Monash University and seven non‐government child and youth welfare agencies. A key aim was to identify practices and policies that could reduce the over‐representation of young people transitioning from out‐of‐home care in the youth justice system. The interviews and focus groups conducted with 77 stakeholders revealed major limitations in the application of leaving care policy and legislation, and associated deficits in the availability of appropriate housing. Some key implications for policy and practice reform are identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘many care leavers experience difficult transitions in key areas such as housing, health, education and employment’

Key Practitioner Messages

Many care leavers have difficult transitions from out of home care due to the absence of a safety net.

Post‐care supports should be mandatory, not discretionary.

Care leavers should be assisted according to their developmental needs, rather than a random chronological age
Distribution of gastrin‐releasing peptide in the rat trigeminal and spinal somatosensory systems
Authors: Takanami Keiko , Sakamoto Hirotaka , Matsuda Ken Ichi , Satoh Keita , Tanida Takashi , Yamada Shunji , Inoue Kaihei , Oti Takumi , Sakamoto Tatsuya , Kawata Mitsuhiro
Published: November 2013

Gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) has recently been identified as an itch‐specific neuropeptide in the spinal sensory system in mice, but there are no reports of the expression and distribution of GRP in the trigeminal sensory system in mammals. We characterized and compared GRP‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) with those in the rat spinal dorsal root ganglion (DRG). GRP immunoreactivity was expressed in 12% of TG and 6% of DRG neurons and was restricted to the small‐ and medium‐sized type cells. In both the TG and DRG, many GRP‐ir neurons also expressed substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide, but not isolectin B4. The different proportions of GRP and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 double‐positive neurons in the TG and DRG imply that itch sensations via the TG and DRG pathways are transmitted through distinct mechanisms. The distribution of the axon terminals of GRP‐ir primary afferents and their synaptic connectivity with the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei and spinal dorsal horn were investigated by using light and electron microscopic histochemistry. Although GRP‐ir fibers were rarely observed in the trigeminal sensory nucleus principalis, oralis, and interpolaris, they were predominant in the superficial layers of the trigeminal sensory nucleus caudalis (Vc), similar to the spinal dorsal horn. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that GRP‐ir terminals contained clear microvesicles and large dense‐cored vesicles, and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with a few dendrites in the Vc and spinal dorsal horn. These results suggest that GRP‐dependent orofacial and spinal pruriceptive inputs are processed mainly in the superficial laminae of the Vc and spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1858–1873, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Locomotion Control of MEMS Microrobot Using Pulse‐Type Hardware Neural Networks
Authors: Saito Ken , Okazaki Kazuto , Ogiwara Tatsuya , Takato Minami , Saeki Katsutoshi , Sekine Yoshifumi , Uchikoba Fumio
Published: November 2013

This paper presents the locomotion control of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microrobot. The MEMS microrobot demonstrates locomotion control by pulse‐type hardware neural networks (P‐HNN). P‐HNN generate oscillatory patterns of electrical activity like those of living organisms. The basic component of P‐HNN is a pulse‐type hardware neuron model (P‐HNM). The P‐HNM has the same basic features as biological neurons, such as the threshold, the refractory period, and spatiotemporal summation characteristics, and allows the generation of continuous action potentials. P‐HNN has been constructed with MOSFETs and can be integrated by CMOS technology. Like living organisms, P‐HNN has realized robot control without using software programs or A/D converters. The size of the microrobot fabricated by MEMS technology was 4 × 4 × 3.5 mm. The frame of the robot was made of a silicon wafer, equipped with rotary actuators, link mechanisms, and six legs. The MEMS microrobot emulated the locomotion method and the neural networks of an insect by rotary actuators, link mechanisms, and the P‐HNN. We show that the P‐HNN can control the forward and backward locomotion of the fabricated MEMS microrobot, and that it is possible to switch its direction by inputting an external trigger pulse. The locomotion speed was 19.5 mm/min and the step size was 1.3 mm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 43–50, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22473
An Approach to a Higher‐Power‐Density Power Supply for a 380‐V DC Distribution System
Authors: Hayashi Yusuke , Mino Masato
Published: November 2013

A methodology for realizing a higher‐power‐density DC‐DC converter has been proposed for a power unit installed in a 380‐V DC distribution system. The possibility of the converter design will be strengthened by using the series–parallel connection topology for isolated DC‐DC converters. A converter prototype with a power density of 10 W/cm3 has been fabricated, and the feasibility of the converter design has been confirmed experimentally. This result contributes to the realization of a highly efficient and highly space‐saving 380‐V DC distribution system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 51–62, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22494
Policy Mixes, Policy Interplay and Low Carbon Transitions: The Case of Passenger Transport in Finland
Authors: Kivimaa Paula , Virkamäki Venla
Published: November 2013

The promotion of low‐carbon transport systems is largely dependent on the interplay between technology, innovation, markets, people's behaviour and policy. Various policies jointly influence the development of transport systems, some policies implying different or even contradictory designs for future transport systems. Policy interplay has not been much addressed in previous research on sustainability transitions. This article combines the technological innovation system (TIS) functions, within the transitions framework, with policy analysis to empirically map multiple policies and their intended paths towards low‐carbon transport systems. Empirically, the article provides a systematic review of Finnish national‐level policies for transport and transport‐related innovation. The discussion examines the contribution of the current policy mix to sustainability transitions based on its degree of attempt to re‐design the transport system. The findings reveal that policy support is more comprehensive regarding more energy‐efficient vehicles and low‐carbon fuels than based on reduced transport demand or alternative transport modes. A holistic policy approach towards low‐carbon transitions is only achieved to a degree and innovation policy gaps are identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Why Does the Coordination Mode of Physiological Bis(L‐histidinato)copper(II) Differ in the Gas Phase, Crystal Lattice, and Aqueous Solutions? A Quantum Chemical Study
Authors: Marković Marijana , Ramek Michael , Sabolović Jasmina
Published: November 2013

In bis(L‐histidinato)copper(II), the amino acid L‐histidine can bind to copper(II) in glycine‐like (G), histamine‐like (H), and imidazole–propionic acid like (I) coordination modes. This complex is known as the predominant copper(II)–amino acid complex in human blood serum. Numerous experimental studies of this physiological complex reported several coordination modes to coexist in aqueous solutions, but without providing complete structures. This paper is the first to investigate the relative stability of all possible copper(II) coordination modes and conformations of isolated bis(L‐histidinato)copper(II), and several conformers surrounded with up to 22 water molecules by DFT/B3LYP calculations. The vibration wavenumbers of four bis(L‐histidinato)copper(II)·20H2O structures were calculated and assigned for IR and Raman spectra. Among 83 isolated conformers obtained, 37 are in trans configuration, 45 in cis configuration, and one exhibits a trigonal‐bipyramidal structure. The most stable isolated conformer has a trans‐GG coordination. A comparison between the known X‐ray crystal and B3LYP vacuum molecular structures of bis(L‐histidinato)copper(II) dihydrate showed that the X‐ray cis‐HG mode with an intramolecular apical Cu–Ocarboxylato bond is unstable under vacuum and thus is greatly affected by crystal‐lattice effects. In the systems with 20 water molecules, the lowest energy was estimated for the conformer with a cis‐HH coordination and two axial Cu–Ocarboxylato bonds. This structural finding complements previous experimental studies, which reported an HH coordination mode as the prevailing in aqueous solutions under physiological conditions. The axial Cu–Ocarboxylato bond, unformed in any of the 83 isolated conformers, is stabilized by intermolecular interactions. The arrangement of water molecules around the complex might affect the coordination mode formation and stability.
2DE‐based approach for estimation of number of protein species in a cell
Authors: Naryzhny Stanislav N. , Lisitsa Andrey V. , Zgoda Victor G. , Ponomarenko Elena A. , Archakov Alexander I.
Published: November 2013

Insufficient sensitivity of methods for detection of proteins at a single molecule level does not yet allow obtaining the whole image of human proteome. But to go further, we need at least to know the proteome size, or how many different protein species compose this proteome. This is the task that could be at least partially realized by the method described in this article. The approach used in our study is based on detection of protein spots in 2DE after staining by protein dyes with various sensitivities. As the different protein spots contain different protein species, counting the spots opens a way for estimation of number of protein species. The function representing the dependence of the number of protein spots on sensitivity or LOD of protein dyes was generated. And extrapolation of this function curve to theoretical point of the maximum sensitivity (detection of a single smallest polypeptide) allowed to counting the number of different molecules (polypeptide species) at the concentration level of a single polypeptide per proteome. Using this approach, it was estimated that the minimal numbers of protein species for model objects, Escherichia coli and Pirococcus furiosus, are 6200 and 3400, respectively. We expect a single human cell (HepG2) to contain minimum 70 000 protein species.
Organometallic Clay Complexes: Part I
Authors: Bodenheimer W. , Kirson B. , Yariv SH.
Published: November 2013

The formation of organometallic complexes in the clay interlayers has been studied titrimetrically and the organometallic clay complexes formed have been investigated by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis.
The Synthesis and Properties of 2,2‐Diphenylindoxyl
Authors: Sarel S. , Klug J. T.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of the unknown 2,2‐diphenylindoxyl (Ia) following the path VI → VII → VIII → Ia it herein described. The chemical evidence, and the infrared and ultraviolet spectra are in consonance with the structural formula. The unresolved signal at 5.24 p.p.m., appearing in the NMR spectrum of Ia is assigned to the N ‐ H proton.
The Ionisation Sequence of Hypoxanthine and 6‐Mercaptopurine
Authors: Bergmann F. , Kleiner M. , Neiman Z. , Rashi M.
Published: November 2013

The sequence of acid dissociation in hypoxanthine is 9 (7) → 1 and in 6‐mercaptopurine 1 → 9 (7). In the former compound, formation of either the mono‐ or the bis‐anion is accompanied by bathochromic shifts, in the latter by hypsochromic displacements. Analogous changes are observed upon conversion of these two purines into the respective O‐ and S‐methyl ethers.
Synthesis of 1,2,2 — Trimethylazacyclodecane
Authors: Breuer S. W. , Ginsburg D.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of 1,2,2‐trimethylazacyclodecane is described.
Colorimetric Determination of Organotin Hydrides with Isatin or Ninhydrin
Authors: Frankel M. , Wagner D. , Gertner D. , Zilkha A.
Published: November 2013

Two new colorimetric methods were developed for the quantitative determination of organotin hydrides. They are based on the reduction of the carbonyl groups of isatin or ninhydrin by organotin hydrides. In the first case colourless dioxindole is formed, and the lowering in the optical density of an isatin solution is taken as the basis for the determination. In the second case the coloured salt of 2‐hydroxyindanedione is formed. The reactions are sensitive and it is possible to determine concentrations of organotin hydride to about 10−4 mole/1.