bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Germicide Feasibility of TiO2/Glass Fiber and Ag-TiO2/Glass Fiber Photocatalysts
Authors: Pham Thanh Dong , Lee Byeong Kyu , Nguyen Minh Viet , Lee Chi Hyeon
Published: June 2012

Photocatalysts TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 supported on glass fiber were prepared by sol-gel method. Glass fibers were used not only as a substrate for TiO2 coating to increase surface area of TiO2 but also as an adsorbent for bacteria removal by photocatalytic reaction. The surface topography, and optical properties of materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope , and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The prepared photocatalysts were applied to investigate disinfection effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in nursing facilities. Ag-TiO2/glass fiber exhibits much higher photocatalytic activity for disinfection of E. coli under visible light. This increased photocatalytic activity is probably due to the Ag loading effect by narrowing the band gap of the photocatalyst and preventing the fast recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers.
Investigation on the Characteristic of Fly Ash in Electrostatic Precipitators
Authors: Qi Li Qiang , Zhang Ya Juan
Published: June 2012

The dielectric characteristic of fly ash is an important factor to influence the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators (ESP). By studying on the volt-ampere characteristic, the resistivity characteristic and the electric breakdown characteristic of fly ash burned coal, it is found that the relation among the voltage forced to the ash layer, the leak current flowed to the ash layer and the specific resistivity of fly ash does not always follow the classical ohm’s law, that is, V/I is not always constant. The volt-ampere characteristic curves of fly ash have different shapes while the voltage is in the different phases. Along with the voltage increasing, the specific resistivity is tending downward, and the range is less than 1 order of magnitude. Different fly ash has different capacity characteristic. And there are three methods to the breakdown of fly ash: the volume breakdown, the surface breakdown, and the interstice breakdown. The ways of breakdown is influenced with the particle characteristic, the surface characteristic and the electrostatic characteristic.
Study on Ecological Environment Material in Industrial Design
Authors: Zhang Qim Mei , Zhang Wei Mei
Published: June 2012

This paper introduces the concept of ecological environment material, its relationship with the society and its classification as well as application of several kinds of typical ecological environment materials. It points out that ecological environment material is one of the latest trends in development of material science and analyzes the current research trend of ecological environment material and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of materials.
The Progress and Application of High Specific Surface Materials in Environmental Protection
Authors: Fu Ting Ting , Zhang Ning , Zhou Yong Hui , Kan Hong Min , Wang Xiao Yang
Published: June 2012

High specific surface materials were widely applied in water pollution control, air pollution control and recycling of organic solvents due to their excellent physical and chemical properties such as large specific surface area, redox characteristic, high adsorption and desorption speed and large adsorptive capacity. The characteristics of activated carbon fiber, nanometer titanium dioxide and their applications in environmental protection such as air purification, the treatment of drinking water and industrial wastewater and the recycling of organic solvent were investigated in present work.
Assessment of Indoor Air Quality Using Different Air-Condition for Cooling
Authors: Wang Wei , Yu Zhuang , Zhang Hui , Wang Hai Tao
Published: June 2012

Based on observation of characteristics of NAI concentration of part of an office-building in Shenzhen, air quality of different equipments for cooling were assessed using ion polarity ratio (q) and air ion assessment index (CI). The result show that the air cleanness degree of the natural ventilation indoor is better than mechanical ventilation, using renewable energy for cooling is better than normal air-conditioning, and placed the negative ion generator has improved indoor air quality significantly. So the authors suggest to take NAI concentration as a monitoring and assessment indicators of the indoor environment, so as to provide a scientific basis and design concept for energy planning and environmental protection in the future.
Risk Assessments of Exposure to Airborne Volatile Organic Compounds in Gumi Industrial Complex Area, Korea
Authors: Yun Ying Wei , Fan Feng Li , Lim Hee Su , Kim Tae Oh
Published: June 2012

This paper carried out the lifetime risk assessment of exposure to airborne Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in environmental atmosphere in one Korean industrial city-Gumi based on the measured concentrations of VOCs at five representative outdoor monitoring sites. According to the measured VOCs concentration, toluene, trichloroethylene and dichloromethane are three main VOCs in Gumi. The carcinogenic risks for each of the carcinogenic VOCs in all five designated sites are more than the benchmark concentration (1.0E-6). The predominant risks in industrial areas are chloroform, benzene and trichloroethylene. And the predominant risks in other sites are benzene and chloroform and their proportions to cancer risk are not less than 90%. Based the analysis, effectively decreasing the emission of chloroform, benzene, Trichloroethylene and 1,2-dichloropropane will rapidly reduce the cancer risks in Gumi.
Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of NiO Nanoparticles in Gracilaria lemaneiformis
Authors: Han Zhao Xiang , Zhang Meng , Lv Chun Xia
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Little is known about the potential behavior and ecotoxicity of nanoparticles to aquatic organisms. To carefully address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive toxicity assessment, including NiO nanoparticles accumulation and toxicity tests as well as Lipid peroxidation (LPO), MDA content, mitochondrial depolarization and Reactive oxygen radical (ROS) analysis using Gracilaria lemaneiformis as a model organism. Our results demonstrated that the concentration of NiO Nanoparticles accumulated in Gracilaria lemaneiformis increased with the extended incubation time and a considerable amount of NiO Nanoparticles were still present in the bodies of Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Exposure to NiO nanoparticles led to significant reductions of cell viability between 20 and 60% relative to controls. Elevated lipid peroxidation in Gracilaria lemaneiformis exposed to NiO nanoparticles compared to control and induced increases in MDA levels with incubation time. Significantly enhanced percent of mitochondrial depolarization in nanometer size compared to controls and NiO nanoparticles significantly elevated ROS levels more than three fold at the highest concentration. Taken together, these findings indicate that NiO nanoparticles exposure, especially for long periods of time, may exert negative impact on population of aquatic organisms and on food web dynamics in aquatic systems.
Health Care Products Branding: The New Facts of Life Connecting on Health and Environment
Authors: Yang Xue Xin
Published: June 2012

The soaring rates of dietary-related diseases have increased the need for communicating consumers' health and food resource environment. As a wholesome food, health care products improve the nutrition content of food products and make consumers change their food choices. Therefore, branding is considered an important tool in connecting on the value of health and contributing towards healthier food resource environment. Being faced with Chinese health care products brand development and the problems of creation and new regulatory situation and opportunities for engineering, government departments should establish and improve relevant scientific technology evaluation system , regulatory standards , and innovative mechanisms in the premise of food safety insurance through health education and other means , to strengthen market supervision and guidance of the masses, and to promote the health care products development and improve the food resource environment.
Heavy Metal Sources and Associated Risk in Response to Rapid Urbanization in Surface Sediments of Shantou Bay, South China
Authors: Qiao Yong Min , Yang Yang , Liu Zhen Qian , Tao Ran
Published: June 2012

Shantou Bay in China is a good example of a site where human pressures and ecological values collide with each other. Twenty eight sediment samples collected from the bay were analyzed for grain size and geochemistry to reveal geochemical sources of selected metals and geochemical processes influencing their distribution, and to assess their enrichment and pollution in the sediments. Results showed that heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments varied from 0.7 mg/kg for Cd to 604.3 mg/kg for Mn. Four geochemical sources were identified as river input, runoff from city, sewage discharge and port pollution by the correlation analysis and principal component analysis. Hydrodynamic condition and input sources are major factors controlling the regional distribution of metals, reflected by a seaward decreasing pattern with some hotspots at the vicinity of river mouths and sewage outlets. Enrichment Factors reveal the anthropogenic sources for Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb. It is supported by the Geo-accumulation Index. The majority of the sediment samples can be occasionally and frequently associated to toxic biological effects, according to the effect-range classification for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn.
Studies on Salt and Water Movement in Secondary Salinized Greenhouse Soil under Subsurface Drainage
Authors: Chang Ting Ting , Shao Xiao Hou , Zhang Jie , Wang Long
Published: June 2012

The secondary salinized greenhouse soil was provided with subsurface pipe drainage system with drainage spacing 6 m and drain depth 0.4m to study the movement of salt and water. The field investigations indicated that the resalination rates of the surface soil with subsurface drainage system were lower than those with non-drained system (CK) in an irrigation circle of the crop. The resalination rate of the surface soil right above the drainage tubes (T1) was significantly lower than that between the two drainage tubes (T2). At the 5th day after irrigation, the soil volumetric moisture contents of different treatments were significantly decreased and the resalination of surface soil were obvious. The results showed a considerable increase of resalination rate after irrigation that was varied at the 5th day as following sequence: CK(10.6%) > T2(8%) > T1(7%).
The Application of Catastrophe Progression Method and GIS Technology to the Safety Evaluation of Human Settlements
Authors: Yang Xue Hong , Wu Chun , Huang Zheng Wen
Published: June 2012

The safety of urban human settlements has ever aroused extensive attention of the whole world. And the safety of urban human settlements and the evaluation are scarcely studied. The safety evaluation index system of urban human settlements was put forward, the safety evaluation model based on the catastrophe theory and GIS technology was built up. And the model was applied in the case study of cities in Sichuan Province. According to the above index and catastrophe progression method, the scoring and ranking of every 17 indicators of the safety evaluation in 18 prefecture-level cities in Sichuan Province were calculated. Finally, the grading map of the safety evaluation of Human Settlements in Sichuan Province was obtained. The results showed that the evaluation result is basically accordant with people's perceptions. According to concrete conditions of different cities, it should make corresponding measures and analyze deeply to get the scientific and feasible scheme.
Intelligent Control and Optimization of the Coal Slime Flotation
Authors: Yang Xiao Ping , Chen Yan Ru
Published: June 2012

The inchoate algorithm for the coal slime flotation control is the feed-forward control to the feed concentration and the reagent quantity. This control model is widely utilized because of the easy realization once the used sensors are reliable. However the control results are usually not so good as it cannot adapt the quality fluctuation of the feed, obtain the on-line quality of the feed and the products, and also cannot statistically calculate the flotation recovery and other production management information. The appearance of the coal slurry ash detector provides the new method for resolving the problems above. This paper studies how to increase the production rate and decrease the reagent consumption through the optimizing control under the premise of the accepted concentrate ash. The industrial application of the intelligent and optimal control of the coal slime flotation results in a high concentrate recovery and a decrease of the reagent consumption, ensuring a highly efficient operation.
Sulfidisation Promotion Effect of Ammonium Sulfate on Flotation of Copper Oxide Ore
Authors: Liu Dian Wen , Fang Jian Jun , Zhang Xiao Lin , Wen Shu Ming , Wei Zhi Cong , Bai Shao Jun , Xu Bing Liang , Zhang Wen Bin
Published: June 2012

This paper presents the sulfidisation promotion effect of ammonium sulfate on the sulfidisation flotation of both malachite and copper oxide ores. Copper oxide ores are commonly difficult-to-float due to its molecular structure, and adding sodium sulfide as activator is necessary; however, its dosage to the flotation pulp must be strictly controlled, as it is also a powerful depressant for copper sulfide minerals, and will, if in excess, depress the activated copper oxide minerals. This depression will be alleviated while ammonium sulfate is added, as it accelerates the speed of sulfidisation, and alleviates excessive sulfide ions on the depression of copper oxide minerals. Ammonium sulfate, therefore, may be a sulfidisation promoter, and plays a role of sulfidisation promotion effect; it makes the coating of sodium sulfide on the ore surface more dense and stable, which is ready for xanthate adsorption on the surface of copper oxide minerals. The results of experiments show that the flotation recovery is increased 12.28% while ammonium sulfate is added in the presence of excessive sodium sulfide in the pulp, and the highest recovery is obtainable when the ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfide are in the same dosages. The sulfidisation promotion effect of ammonium sulfate is confirmed by pure copper oxide mineral flotation test and copper oxide ores flotation test, as well as by SEM images of floated malachite.
Experiment Study on Oil Displacement Efficiency of Oil Sands under Fluctuation-Chemical Compound Conditions
Authors: Liu Jing , Pu Chun Sheng , Qin Guo Wei
Published: June 2012

Oil displacement efficiency of oil sands can be improved by combining low-frequency resonant wave with chemical displacement agent. Through experiments targeted on oil displacement effect of the compound oil displacement agent, we selected the most suitable one for a certain oilfield: 15~20 g/L NaOH+20~25 g/L Na2CO3＋9~12 g/L XY. Besides, on the basis of selected compound oil displacement agent, the influence of vibrational wave on oil displacement effect was also investigated according to vibration principle of low-frequency artificial vibration. Results show that, when the frequency of artificial vibration is 25-40Hz, acceleration exceeds 0.6 m/s2 and effective time is 12min, oil displacement efficiency achieved 97.26%, indicating that oil displacement effect of recombination action is better than that of chemical method alone, hence low-frequency resonant wave can be used in oil sands displacement.
Laboratory Studies of High-Temperature-Compound Steam Drive on Heavy Oil
Authors: Huang Hai , Zheng Wei Shi , Chen Bo , Liu Yi Fei
Published: June 2012

This paper presents experimental work on the research of the mechanism of oil displacement of steam drive and high-temperature-compound steam drive, which in order to improve the conventional steam drive technology and increase the recovery of heavy oil. Many experiments were done with the sand-packed model under the formation condition. The results show that: (a) the high-temperature-compound steam drive could extend the water breakthrough time, increase the permeability of oil phase, reduce the residual oil saturation; (b) reducing the viscosity by CO2 dissolution, maintaining the pressure, improving the oil flow ratio, dissolved gas drive，Improving oil displacement efficiency，all of above were the increase production mechanism of high- temperature-compound steam drive.
Production Features of Flue Gas Assisted SAGD Technology
Authors: Lu Teng , Li Zhao Min , Sun Xiao Na , Li Bin Fei , Gao Yong Rong
Published: June 2012

The SAGD test zone in the Guantao reservoir of the Du84 Block in the Liaohe Oilfield belongs to a massive reservoir with top water, which may have the challenge of top water breakthrough along with the propagation of steam chamber. Flue gas assisted SAGD technique is proposed to slow down water break through. Laboratory experiments have been conducted to study the dissolubility of flue gas in Liaohe dehydrated super-heavy oil. The result of the experiments indicates that the viscosity of oil/gas mixture reduces drastically, and the rate of viscosity reduction almost shows linear increase after flue gas dissolved in super-heavy oil. The steam chamber extension feature and development characteristics of SAGD and flue gas assisted SAGD were compared by numerical simulation. The results show that flue gas exits in the top of reservoir because of gravitational differentiation, which can inhibit steam overlay, reduce heat loss to cap rock, and increase heat efficiency.
Experimental Research for Breakthrough Position of Horizontal Wells in Reservoirs with Bottom Water
Authors: Li Li Feng , Yue Xiang An , Zhang Li Juan
Published: June 2012

Finding the breakthrough position of horizontal wells is essential to water plugging and improving oil production in bottom water drive reservoirs. Physical modeling was carried out in this paper to research the law of bottom water’s movement. The experimental results indicated that: pressure drop in wells, well trajectory and area reservoir heterogeneity were all sensitive factors for breakthrough of bottom water, and the entry points of horizontal wells were determined by the combined function of them. In different well trajectory models, the concave down part of the well cooperate with pressure drop influenced the breakthrough position. Bottom water below the heel end reached the well earliest if the concave down part located at the heel end. When the concave part located at the middle of the well, the two factors played role respectively which resulted in breaking through of bottom water at two places with larger swept area. In different heterogeneous models, permeability difference and pressure drop were both favorable factors for bottom water’s non-uniformly rise. In the model that the heel end located at high permeability part, bottom water under the heel end reached the well earliest. If the heel end was set at the low permeability part, the breakthrough of bottom water occurred at the middle of the well.
Gas Separation Properties of Polyimide Membranes Based on 2,2-Bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane
Authors: Zheng Yan Hong , Zhai Yu , Guo Jian Mei , Yu Hong Yan , Wang Lian Cai , Zeng Xin Miao
Published: June 2012

A series of polyimides (PIs) by thermal imidization of polyamic acid (PAA) were prepared in order to investigate the gas separation property. The single gas permeability of He, H2, CO2, O2, N2 and CH4 were measured and compared in order to determine the effect of the reaction content and thermal imidization temperature on the gas separation properties. The results showed that the higher the thermal imidization temperature is, the more beneficial for the gas separation properties of the PI membranes. The optimum polycondensation reaction content on preparing PI was 25 wt%. The highest ideal selectivity of He/CH4, H2/CH4, CO2/CH4 and H2/N2 is 2814.88, 1652.38, 216.63 and 191.58, respectively.
Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Volcanic Rocks from Zhangjiakou Formation in the Chaoyang Basin, Western Liaoning
Authors: Peng Yan Dong , Xing De He
Published: June 2012

The Zhangjiakou Formation of Late Jurassic is mainly distributed in the Chaoyang basin in Western Liaoning. Zhangjiakou volcanic cycle may be divided into three subcycles. The volcanic rocks of Zhangjiakou Formation mainly consist of rhyolites, trachyte and trachyandesites. The volcanic rocks are characterized by high SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and Na2O, and comparatively low MgO and TiO2 components. σ=1.76-4.34, the average value is 2.59. Chemical composition of volcanic rocks indicates that they belong to the high-K calc-alkaline magmatic serious. The volcanic rocks are obviously enriched in incompatible elements (K, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, Pb, Li), and depleted in compatible elements (Ti, Co, Ni, Cr, V).The volcanic rocks is rich in LREE. The spider patterns are the right-incline. There is a slight low Eu negative abnormality and low Ce negative abnormality. The geochemistry characteristic shows that volcanic rocks of Zhangjiakou volcanic cycle were formed in the transitional environment of compressional orogeny and extensional structure. They have the basic characteristics of continental intra-plate volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks were mainly derived from the crust materials. The lithogenesis take partial melting as a major part.
Study on the Oilfield Produced Water Geothermal Resource Utilization
Authors: Zhu Huan Lai , Shi Shang Ming , He Chun Bo , Fang Xiao Meng
Published: June 2012

Oilfield produced water geothermal resource that is very easy overlooked or wasted in the exploitation of oilfield geothermal resources is a special form of sedimentary basin geothermal resource. Based on detailed analysis of oilfield produced water geothermal resource formation mechanism, its concept is firstly proposed. The paper expounds oilfield produces water geothermal resource characteristics from three aspects of resource potential, development cost and market prospect, proposes the idea of using heat and adverse water, discusses the feasibility of development water geothermal resource to service in oil production and circumjacent dweller by using heat pump technology and lays a solid foundation for its in-depth exploitation.
A Fuzzy Method to Classify Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Duan Cheng Gang , Zhang Ji Cheng
Published: June 2012

Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical method of the study of sample (or variables) classification, gradually classified by the analysis of the sample or the similarity between the variables. In this paper, taking the case of Daqing low permeability reservoir, according to the movable fluid saturation, the average throat radius and the starting pressure gradient, we used cluster analysis method to conduct the multi-parameter classification of low permeability porous media, and achieved good results. The results showed that: The method in low permeability porous media category is feasible and has strong rationality.
Analysis of Interwell Communication by Rate Correlation Degree Method
Authors: Li Hong Mei
Published: June 2012

In the process of oilfield development, understanding of interwell communication and judging directions of water drive and breakthrough are the premise of formulating development plans and adjusting producing measures. Rate correlation degree analysis method of grey theory is applied to calculate the rate correlation degree between water injection and water/oil production, and to quantitatively describe interwell communication. This method, avoiding the tedious work of researching interwell communication through sedimentary microfacies and numerical simulation methods, overcomes the shortcoming of being affected by extremum as in absolute correlation degree analysis method. Applications indicate that rate correlation degree analysis method is practicable
Analysis of Perforation Parameters under Fluid-Solid Coupling Theory
Authors: Zhang Li Gang , Ren Wei , Wang Yun Tao , Chai Qiing
Published: June 2012

In this paper, The use of the basic mechanics model, based on the use of fluid-structure coupling of thinking, the use of finite element software simulations, And Then quantitative study the effect of perforation parameters such as perforating depth, aperture,shooting density,shot phasing,drawdown on hole stability and well yield,make sure the weight size relationship of each perforation parameters about hole stability and well yield based on the orthogonal analysis. In the end based on the actual lithology information and original crustal stress distribution in longxi area of Daqing ,to design optimum perforating parameter of this block well.
Experimental Study on Ball Sealer Diversion for Lateral Well
Authors: Li Song Yan , Li Zhao Min
Published: June 2012

Simulation lateral well for ball sealer diversion was established in this paper. Experiments under different conditions were conducted in the laboratory. The results show that ball sealer diversion technique can really improve water injection profile. When the number of blocking balls in one layer is less than 10, flow rate change of layers is not obvious. When the number of blocking balls is more than 10, flow rate of the layer reduces quickly. When the formation variation coefficient is 0.62 and 0.79, the goal of ball sealer is very clear. Generally 42 to 48 balls are needed to achieve good diversion effect. Balls injected near the target layer can improve diversion effect, and increase of total flow rate can improve diversion effect. In the experiment, the overall utilization rate of the injected balls is from 30% to 50%, and accurate blocking rate is from 20% to 30%.
Initial Analysis on Tectonic and Magmatism of Xinqiao Mining Area in Tongling of Anhui Province
Authors: Wei Xiang , Zhang Wen Gao , Yang Xing Ke , He Hu Jun
Published: June 2012

There are significant hiatus between Devonian Wutong and Carboniferous Huanglong formation in Xinqiao mining area of Tongling. The two formations have very different lithology, Wutong formation is mainly continental clastic sediments, while Huanglong formation is carbonate rocks. The unconformity interface between Devonian Wutong formation and Carboniferous Huanglong formation is structural weak part, favors the aggregation of ore-forming elements. Magmatism mineralization forms significant industrial value layered massive sulfide ore body and structural weak part is as a major seam position.
Experimental Study on the Scaling of Water Injection Wells in Xianhe
Authors: Zhang Ding Yong , Liu Xiao Jie , Ma Tao , Li Xiao Yu , Yang Xiao Xi
Published: June 2012

According to the scaling status of the water injection wells in XianHe, scaling experiment using coupon is carried out with the pipe material N80 and J55, which are used in the water injection wells in XianHe. The results of the experiments show that the scales separated from the injection water are carbonate. Combined with the results of the experiments, comprehensive analysis of the effect the parameters on the scaling of the injection system are made, these parameters including the concentration of the scaling ion, temperature, pressure, flowing condition, surficial condition of the pipe, total suspend matter, pipe material and so on.
Inflow Performance for Slanted Wells in Anisotropic Reservoirs Considering Wellbore Pressure Drop
Authors: Wang Hai Jing , Xue Shi Feng , Tong Xing Hua
Published: June 2012

The inflow performance prediction is very important to completion optimization of slanted wells. A reservoir/wellbore coupling model for slanted wells in anisotropic parallelepiped reservoirs considering wellbore pressure drop is presented based on source function method and superposition principle and solution methodology is described. On this basis, the inflow behavior of a slanted well in an anisotropic, infinite slab reservoir with impermeable top and bottom boundaries is investigated. Potential drop in the wellbore can cause flux difference, which is greatest under isotropic, and decreases with vertical anisotropy. Well productivity decreases with vertical anisotropy and the decrease is more significant for larger inclination angles than for smaller ones. Well inclination angle has a greater influence on inflow performance of wells in higher-anisotropy reservoirs than in lower-anisotropy ones and should be determined cautiously in the reservoir engineering design.
On the Development and Performance Evaluation of Potassium Silicate Polyol Drilling Fluid
Authors: Wang Ping Quan , Bai Yang , Qian Zhi Wei , Peng Gang , Liu Yi , Lv Zhi Qiang
Published: June 2012

It has been long known that the drilling hole stability is often a major issue faced by drilling workers. And for such a great challenge, a lot of work has been done both at home and abroad in the aspect of the chemical stability of wall, including developing and successfully applying such a series of drilling fluid systems as formate, oil base, synthetic base, silicate, polyol. Since silicate and polyol are often added into drilling fluid system as aggregation inhibitors and lubricants, there is no mixing use of them. In this paper, from the perspective of the comprehensive role of treating agent, the chemical effect of potassium silicate (gel sedimentation) and the physical effects of polyol (cloud point effect) are put into composite application so that a set of drilling fluid system of membrane structure and silicon potassium polyol with gel - cloud point effect is established, and a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the system is given a complete explanation, opening up a new research direction for drilling fluid's stabilizing well wall.
Performance Evaluation for High Temperature Blocking Agent of Tannin Foam System
Authors: Li Song Yan , Li Zhao Min
Published: June 2012

Cyclic steam stimulation is a kind of recover method for heavy oil. Along with steam stimulation cycles increased, steam channeling interference phenomenon will appear. To solve the problem, one of the most effective methods is high temperature profile control technology. In this paper, a new type of high temperature plugging agent of tannin foam system was researched, and the influencing factors on it were analyzed. Through foam system selection and static evaluation high temperature profile control agent of tannin foam system has been selected. The formula is: foaming agent DHG-1 for 0.5%, tannin for 7.5%, formaldehyde for 4.0%, phenol for 1.0%, CaCl2 for 1000ppm. The tannin foam system can be used in steam stimulation well.
On the Forward Simulation of the Geophysical Characteristics in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Xie Xiong Ju , Wang Xun Lian , Cheng Yuan Feng
Published: June 2012

Anisotropic information of pre-stack 3D azimuth P wave from seismic data is already one of the most efficient and economic methods from reservoir fracture examination, which requires a wide azimuth for seismic data gathering. By forward simulation of the geophysical characteristics in fractured reservoirs, the relationship between azimuth distribution areas of seismic data gathering and fracture direction is studied. Narrow azimuth for seismic data gathering is also somewhat effective to describe fracture distribution characteristics. In addition, significant seismic property difference (amplitude, damping and frequency) can be made in fractured reservoirs, thus, fracture can be effectively examined by the seismic information of different offsets. All the results in the paper get excellent practical application.
Study on Long-Core Experiment of Gas Driving in Dual-Media Reservoir
Authors: Du Jian Fen , Ding Jing Chen , Guo Ping , Du Yu Hong
Published: June 2012

Reservoir X is a fractured-porous dual-media reservoir. According to the geological conditions and exploration and development statuses of reservoir X, this paper designs a long-core experiment and then carries it on. As a result, the diffeSubscript textrent enhance displacement efficiency effects under different driving methods (water flooding, gas flooding, WAG, pulsed gas injection, gas slug flooding) and different driving media (flue gas, CO2) are obtained. The results show that among all those driving methods, water alternating CO2 injection (WAG) reaches the best effect. WAG has an injection rate of 0.8HCPV and enhances displacement efficiency by 26.93% on the basis of water flooding. The injection rate of gas slug/water flooding after CO2 slug flooding is 0.3HCPV and these two methods have similar good results, 13.66% and 13.95% respectively. So considering the economic factor, we draw a conclusion that water flooding after CO2 slug flooding is the optimum choice.
Study on Pumping Perforation Technique for Horizontal Wells
Authors: Jiao Guo Ying , Pei Ping Ting , Zhao Hong Li , Kai Tang , Hai Wang
Published: June 2012

Aiming at the deficiencies of tubing-conveyed oriented perforating technology for horizontal well, a pumping perforation technology in horizontal well has been developed. Pumping perforation technology process is a perforation process transferring the perforating gun string into perforation section of the horizontal well with pumping fluid, and then completing the perforation while perforating bullets exploding after powering on, and finally towing back the perforating gun to the ground with cable. It is of the advantages such as simple perforation column, simple and convenient process and the shorter operating time. Perforating gun string is acted on by the impact, gravity and buoyancy of pumping liquid during moving in the horizontal section. Based on the theory of metal friction and the hydraulics principles, the calculation model of the critical injection rate (namely pumping displacement ) in the horizontal section is established by considering the effect of the composition of the gun string, buoyancy, friction coefficient, heavy guns, gun ramps, pumping fluid density, and calculated the impact of impact, effects of assembly components of gun string, pumping-fluid buoyancy, frictional coefficient, weight of gun, angle of gun-string, pumping-fluid density and computing method of impacting force. Field applications show that the calculation model established can meet the construction needs.
Andesite Geochemistry Features of Late Triassic Tumugou Formation, in Zhongdian, Yunnan Province
Authors: Huang Jian Guo , Han Run Sheng , Tao Ren , Li Zhi Qiang
Published: June 2012

The Late Triassic Tumugou Formation volcanic rocks which belongs to typical island arc volcanic rocks in southern end of Yidun island arc belt is located at the eastern of the Zhongdian ,NW Yunnan, SW China. The volcanic rocks can be divided into three categories:andesitic basalt, andesite, quartz andesite, etc. Through geochemical analysis the major elements, rare earth ele and trace element in volcanic rocks, SiO255.18-57.59×10-2,TiO21.16-1.45×10-2,Na2O+K2O5.11-8.05×10-2.consider it is calc-alkaline- alkaline Series of high-K andesite, volcanic may be controlled by the crystal fractionation of magma.Rb31.50-101×10-6,Ba1310-12300×10-6,Nb/Ta11.4-15.5,REE166.07-240.78×10-6,δEu0.74-1.00,REE distribution patterns show oblique to the HREE side and enrichment in LREE .Eu anomaly is not obvious. It is can see from the relevant figure about trace element, it is very similar in magmatic distribution patterns between volcanic rock and Volcanic-arc rock, indicating that the volcanic in this area may be formed in volcanic-arc environment. From east to west, Magma source depth have regular change with the really thickness of mainland shell. Explain that Tumugou Formation volcanic rock is subduction by Ganzi- Litang Ocean basin from east to west. Hongshan-Ousaila region of eastern edge of Zhongdian is the volcanic island arc system during the passive continental margin into an active continental margin.
Study on the Mechanism of Casing Damage due to Water Injection
Authors: Zhang Zhi Yong , Ai Chi , Zheng Hong
Published: June 2012

The theories of rock and soil mechanics and nonlinear finite element method were introduced to casing damage analysis, the physical models of casing damage were established, the relation between the water injection pressure and strata dislocation was investigated, also the influence of fault was considered. The results based on the nonlinear finite element method show that the water injection pressure is the direct cause of strata dislocation. The fault has significant influence to strata dislocation. When the fault exists, even the natural pressure of water injection may cause considerable local strata dislocation. The high pressure of water injection will not produce strata dislocation at the absence of faults. The casing damage near the fault is probably caused by strata dislocation, but the casing damage far from the fault may be considered causing by other factors. The present method offers theoretical reference for taking measures scientifically to prevent and control casing damage, and also offers a new idea for casing damage analysis.
The Research of Borehole-Ground DC Method Detecting Anomaly of Underground Dynamic High-Resistivity Conductor and Case Hole Effect
Authors: Zhang Shu Jie , Wu Jian Sheng , Zhang Ping Song
Published: June 2012

In exploration of coalbed methane, the release and accumulation of absorbed gas driven by underground water is equal to existence of high-resistivity conductor. Application of numerical modeling conducted with finite difference to analyze anomaly sounding corresponding to underground high-resistivity conductor in borehole-ground DC method, and research of casing effect for DC method combining with physical modeling, may attribute to development of borehole-ground DC method which is capable for exploration of coalbed methane.
Two Typical Cases Analysis of Casing Connection Pullout
Authors: Pan Zhi Yong , Feng Chun , Zhang Hua Jia , Li Dong Feng , Yang Peng
Published: June 2012

Research on a round thread casing connection pullout case and a buttress thread casing connection pullout accident was carried out combining relative theorys with tests. Macroscopic analysis and dimension measurement and material’s physical and chemical properties were checked for casings and couplings. Thread inspection and full-scale tests were done for casing simples that are same lot with pullout casing. Comprehensive analysis was carried out on these results. Two cases history showed that casing connection dropout may take place if make-up location cann’t reach standard location or make-up torque is too little even if the quality of casing and coupling are in accordance with corresponding standards.
Well Logging in Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediment: A Review
Authors: Liu Li , Jiang Guo Sheng , Ning Fu Long , Yu Yi Bing , Zhang Ling , Tu Yun Zhong
Published: June 2012

In exploration for natural gas hydrates, drilling, coring and well logging are the most important access to make deep understanding of the nature of hydrate reservoirs, besides the seismic prospecting methods. Because of the harsh conditions for hydrate stability and the complex of occurrence formations, the drilling and coring generally have a great difficulty and high cost. Therefore, the well logging becomes the priority method. The resistivity and sonic logging method, which were applied as the earliest logging method in the evaluation of hydrate reserviors, have been continuously applied ever since and the evaluation results derived from them have a relative accuracy and reliability. Other logging tools, such as borehole imaging, density, electromagnetic, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. are also used to make integrated interpretation and evaluation for the hydrate reservoirs. Until now the applied porosity and hydrate saturation evaluation models are better suitable to the homogeneous reservoirs. However, they still need to be amended or improved for the anisotropism (e.g., fracture sediment) and shale-rich reservoirs. In addition, the external factors such as drilling fluid washout and invasion will also affect the well logging results. The combination of various well logging methods is an effective way to improve the accuracy of identification and quantification of hydrate reservoirs.
Dispersion Polymerization of Microgel in Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Sulfate and its Oil Displacement Efficiency Study
Authors: Jia Hu , Zhao Jin Zhou , Liu Rui , Pu Wan Fen , Zhao Tian Hong
Published: June 2012

Microgel can be used as a novel deep profile control (conformance control) agent in the aspect of EOR(Enhanced oil recovery) in mature oil field development. Dispersion polymerization of microgel has been successfully carried out in aqueous AS (ammonium sulfate) media by using AM (acrylamide), PEG 200 DA (Poly(ethylene glycol(200) diacrylate)), PVP (Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)), V-50(2,2’-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride), as the monomer, cross-linker, stabilizer and initiator, respectively. The effect of ammonium sulfate and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) concentrations are strongly on microgels successfully polymerization. POM（polarization microscope） and SEM （scanning electron microscope）results show that the shape of microgels is in oval or nonspherical state. The surface structure of microgel is rather accidented full of mesoporous. Addition of inorganic salts interacting with poly(acrylamide) microgel can affect its micromorphology and results in the appearance of single crystal clusters. Sand pack flowing experiment shows that the microgel has perfect propagating property during the process of injection and can achieve a high oil recovery efficiency of 23.4% by the total of 0.4 PV microgel solution injection.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vaporization System Using Solar Energy
Authors: Jing You Yin , Shi Guo Hua
Published: June 2012

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an important source of residential gas in China. Conventional LPG vaporizer mainly depends on electric heating as its heat source. In this paper, a new LPG vaporization system using solar thermal energy is designed for a residential community in Beijing. A detailed economic analysis of the solar LPG vaporization system is performed by the use of life cycle savings (LCS) method. Mortgage payment, maintenance cost, fuel cost, income tax, salvage value and the time value of money are also taken into account. It is concluded that the solar vaporization system has a significant life cycle savings of 77,589 Yuan after 15 years and is more economical than the conventional electric vaporization system with the same vaporization capacity.
Study on Thermogravimetry and Pyrolysis Dynamics of Tung Oil
Authors: Yang Jian Jun , Guai Wei Sheng , Che Hong Rong
Published: June 2012

In this paper, Tung oil from the south of Shaanxi province was assayed, and the behavior of its thermal decomposition was investigated by thermogravimetry. The pyrolysis characteristics of Tung oil experimentally studied using thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA).The TG curves and DTG curves were examined under different operating conditions such as heating rate and different atmospheres. The mechanism equation of pyrolysis reaction, activation energy (E) and frequency factor (A) were obtained by using differential method to fit experimental data. The experimental results shown that there are two temperature ranges in the organic matter pyrolysis period: 350-420°C and 420-500°C in air, but 350-450°C in nitrogen. The effects on Tung oil pyrolysis of different heating rates were indistinct. The activation energy in the first period was more than that in the second period.
Volatile Constituents and Antioxidant Properties of the Ligarine Extracts of Twig, Leaf and Root of Clerodendrum Inerme
Authors: Li Dong Hai , Liang Zhen Yi , Zhou Jing , Bu Guang Fa , Yang Xiao Bo , Xu Jing
Published: June 2012

Volatile constituents were isolated from twig, leaf and root parts of Clerodendrum inerme by ligarine extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There were 6, 12 and 10 volatile constituents identified from different parts, respectively. All the extracts have in common a great percentage of esters (28.59–69.76%) and a high amount of fatty acids (19.27–41.85%), with the exception of the extract from root, which consisted mainly of meroterpene (37.61%). The antioxidant activity by DPPH test was investigated for all the extracts. The root extract exhibited strong antioxidant property with IC50 value of 67.5 μg/ml, about 26% of the potency of known antioxidantα-tocopherol, which probably due to the presence of 6-methylene-3,3-diphenyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (2.12%). And the characteristic odor of root extract could be attributed to the presence of ferruginol (37.61%) with strong sensory property. The results present here indicated a potential source suitable for using as antioxidant agent and offered theoretic basis for utilization of the traditional folk herb C. inerme.
Sources, Toxicity, Potential Cancer Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods for Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Guo Jing Song , Ntakirutimana Theoneste , Gao Xu , Gong De Chun
Published: June 2012

Pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has drawn much attention around the world. Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in developing low cost and reliable methods for the detection and precise determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), because of their carcinogenicity and toxicity. A comprehensive review focusing on sources, accumulation and toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons is presented. The review also highlights the current best practices for analysis of PAHs and discus in details the potential cancer risk assessment of Human risk exposure to PAH via three pathways. There is an increased need for laboratories in developing countries to determine such class of chemicals. A major focus revealed the need for low cost method that can be easily implemented such as Dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction.
Study on the Technology of Resources Utilization of Oilfield Heavy Oil Sewage Sludge
Authors: Wang Wan Fu , Liu Peng , Duan Li , Wang Jing Jing
Published: June 2012

The paper introduces the whole process ideas of pyrolysis and resources utilization of the heavy oil sewage sludge. Experiments of pyrolysis temperature optimization, the yields and composition analysis of pyrolysis products, the conditions optimization experiment of recycling aluminum salt from pyrolysis residue and the analysis of pyrolysis residue adsorptivity were carried out. These experiments shown that: when pyrolysis temperature was 600°C, oil content of pyrolysis residue could be controlled within 3.0‰, oil recovery rate could hit 10%, and C1-C3 hydrocarbons components of pyrolysis gas could reach 90%; gasoline, kerosene, diesel and other light components in pyrolysis oil could be amounted to 60%. When the following conditions were chosen: decarburization temperature of pyrolysis residue was 700-750°C, calcination time was 0.5-1h, acid dissolution time at normal temperature was 2-5h, concentration of HCl was 25-30%, molar ratio of Al and HCl was 1:1.0-1:1.2, aluminum dissolution rate could hit 90%, aluminum concentration of dissolved liquid could hit 10%. When pyrolysis final temperature was 600°C, residue with adsorption properties on the removal effect of COD and oil from oilfield oil sewage could be better than activated carbon.