bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review
Authors: Bairstow Damaris
Published: November 2014

‘Of the hut I builded‘. The Archaeology of Australia's History. By G. Connah. Cambridge University Press, Sydney, 1988. ISBN 0‐521‐34567‐7. Pp. xvi + 176. Price $A35.00.
Islands in the interior: a model for the colonization of Australia's arid zone
Authors: Veth Peter
Published: November 2014

A colonization model is proposed to explain the timing of human occupation in different regions of the arid zone and the reasons for inferred demographic changes through time. A biogeographic approach views changes in human economy and technology against the backdrop of climatic oscillations of the last 40,000 years. This model stands in strong contrast to that of the ‘conservative desert culture’ proposed by Gould, which has become untenable as data from arid zone excavations are increasingly argued to reflect significant changes in human economy, technology and demography through time. The results of regional survey and excavation from the Pilbara and sandy deserts of north‐west Australia, from central Australia, the Flinders Ranges and adjacent dunefields and from semi‐arid Queensland suggest that the occupation of the arid zone from the late Pleistocene on is likely to have been a highly dynamic process. The notion of a stable human adaptation to the diverse landforms and environments of the arid zone finds little support in the archaeological record.
The case for a resident human population in the Central Australian Ranges during full glacial aridity
Authors: Smith M.A.
Published: November 2014

The full glacial climate was marked by enhanced aridity, suggesting that there would be no human occupation of the interior of the continent at the glacial maximum. However, evidence from Puritjarra Rockshelter shows that the Central Australian Ranges continued to be occupied between 22,000 and 13,000 BP. The repeated use of Puritjarra, together with its location away from any natural corridor for travel into the region, indicates the presence of a resident local population. The archaeological evidence is complemented by a model of human ecology in Central Australia at 18,000 BP, showing that there is no a priori reason for expecting the region to have been totally abandoned during the last glacial maximum.
Review
Authors: Dunnett Gary
Published: November 2014

The archaeology of prehistoric coastlines. Edited by G. Bailey and J. Parkington. Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN 0‐521‐25036‐6. Pp. 154. Price $A90.00.
Chronology and explanation in western Victoria and south‐east South Australia
Authors: Bird C.F.M. , Frankel David
Published: November 2014

Archaeological evidence from western Victoria and southeast South Australia has been used to develop models of late Holocene change. In this paper we reassess some of the primary data, concentrating on radiocarbon dates available from over eighty sites in the area. A general methodological critique and discussion of each different site‐type exposes fundamental problems in establishing a basic sequence and demonstrating the nature of change. An argument is put forward that late Holocene developments in this area are the latest in a continuous series, and do not require the special explanation of ‘intensification‘.
Detection of amorphous alumino‐silicate by X‐ray diffraction and chemical analysis to detect firing in archaeological sediments
Authors: Singh Balwant , O'Connor Sue , Veth Peter , Gilkes Robert
Published: November 2014

Fire modifies sediments and soil by converting some crystalline clay minerals to amorphous alumino‐silicate minerals that can be determined using a combination of X‐ray diffraction and chemical analysis procedures. Recognition of these materials provides a test for occupation that is independent of, and complementary to, criteria based on the occurrence of cultural or magnetic properties of sediments. This novel procedure has been evaluated for artificial mineral mixtures heated in simulated hearth fires and for Pleistocene and Holocene sediments from caves in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. An index based on amorphous Al in the samples has been developed to separate heated and unheated samples.
Review
Authors: Kennedy Jean
Published: November 2014

Niuatoputapu: the prehistory of a Polynesian kingdom. By Patrick Vinton Kirch. Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum, Monograph No. 5, Seattle, 1988. ISBN 0‐929598‐01‐6. Pp. x + 286. $US25.00.
Review
Authors: Gathercole Peter
Published: November 2014

Saying so doesn't make it so. Papers in honour of B. Foss Leach. Edited by D.G. Sutton. N.Z. Archaeological Association Monograph 17, 1989. ISBN 0‐9597915‐0‐7. Pp. 303 $NZ25.00.
Ascent to the sky. A shamanic initiatory engraving from the Burrup Peninsula, northwest Western Australia
Authors: Sales Kim
Published: November 2014

A ‘neuropsychological model’ has been proposed which links rock art production with shamanistic experiences whilst in altered states of consciousness. The model claims universality, and hence this paper seeks to apply it to a rock art panel from the Pilbara region, Western Australia, in an assessment of its utility. Evidence of shamanism as practiced in Australia is gleaned from the ethnographic literature, entoptic motifs are identified in Australian rock art and an interpretation of the particular panel is advanced in the light of this. The potential of the model to amplify our understanding of Australian rock art is indicated.
The timing and nature of prehistoric island use in northern Australia
Authors: O'Connor Sue
Published: November 2014

This paper presents new data for island use in the north west of Australia. The data from High Cliffy Shelter indicate that there are significant similarities in the prehistoric use of islands between northeast and northwest Australia. These findings have implications for previous theories regarding the impetus for initial offshore island use in north east Australia. Furthermore, it is argued that the pattern of offshore island use in northern Australia can be differentiated from island use in southern Australia. Reasons for this variability are examined
Review
Authors: Huchet Bernard
Published: November 2014

Rock art and prehistory. Edited by Paul Bahn and Andrée Rosenfeld. Oxbow Monograph 10. The Short Run Press, Exeter. 1991. ISBN 0 946897 32 8. Pp. VII + 147. UK Pounds 18.00 (posted).
How old are subspecies?: A tiger's eye‐view of human evolution
Authors: Groves Colin P.
Published: November 2014

‘Replacement’ and ‘Regional Continuity’ models of Homo sapiens evolution are still subject to lively debate, but the human case has been discussed without reference to what happens in other animals. It happens that some large mammal species have fossil records that are good enough to permit, to some degree, the history of their subspeciation and of their mode of origin. With one rather dubious exception, there is no case of Regional Continuity. Some can be demonstrated to originate from their parent species and then subspeciate; subspecies may evolve and continue in situ, or there may be a complicated pattern of intra‐species replacements.

Many of the species concerned are rare or endangered, and have been subject to genetic studies directed towards captive management. Genetic distances tend to correlate poorly with known or inferred fossil information; except for the White Rhinoceros the separation time of the two living subspecies as calculated from mtDNA is consistent with the fossil record.

The implications of this for human evolution are discussed.
Cowrie shell tools: fact or fiction?
Authors: Spennemann Dirk H.R.
Published: November 2014

Fragmented cowrie shells found in Oceanic archaeological sites are very often interpreted as artefacts. This paper investigates the ethnographic record of documented uses of cowrie shells and compares the archaeological record. Based on experimental data an argument is advanced that some of the observed breakage is due to biogenic causes based on shell structure rather than on intentional anthropogenic action.
Palaeoenvironmental evidence for human settlement of New Caledonia
Authors: Stevenson Janelle , Dodson John R.
Published: November 2014

Human occupation sites dating back to the late Pleistocene have been uncovered in the Bismarck Archipelago and northern Solomon Islands. Beyond this region to the east, however, no archaeological site pre‐dates 3500 BP. This dramatic discontinuity in time raises the question of whether an earlier migration beyond the Solomons may have taken place and it is this possibility that has been examined for New Caledonia. Sediment from Saint Louis Lac in the south of the main island was analysed for indirect indicators of human impact. Changes in charcoal influx and vegetation indicative of disturbance (ferns and grass) were examined. These were analysed in conjunction with the site's changing stratigraphy, sedimentation rates and mineral magnetic properties. Grass pollen and fern spores abruptly increase around 3000 BP which corresponds with a significant change in charcoal influx. Human activity, within the vicinity of Saint Louis Lac, is therefore interpreted as commencing around 3000 BP, a finding in close accordance with New Caledonia's current archaeological record.
Late Pleistocene behavioural variation and time trends: the case from Tasmania
Authors: Cosgrove Richard
Published: November 2014

The newly discovered archaeological site of Parmerpar Meethaner, located in the Forth River valley Tasmania, is described. This important site, 1) has evidence of repeated long term human occupation extending from c.780 BP to c.34,000 BP, 2) crosses all the major large scale climatic events such as the beginning, middle and end of the LGM and the late Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, 3) supports the notion that Tasmania was first occupied 35,000 radiocarbon years ago, 4) has a different settlement history to sites in Southwest Tasmania, and 5) provides the missing archaeological evidence of human responses to changing forested conditions. The paper describes the material from Parmerpar Meethaner and examines how they fit with what is currently known about late Pleistocene Tasmanian occupation in terms of dating patterns of discard behaviour, Bass Strait landbridges and colonising events.
Seriation as a method of chronologically ordering architectural design traits: an example from Hawai'i
Authors: Graves Michael W. , Cachola‐Abad C. Kēhaunani
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Seriation, a relative dating method, can be employed to chronologically order traditional Hawaiian religious sites (known as heiau) in terms of their masonry architectural traits. This method is applied to 107 heiau identified and recorded on the island of Maui. By first separating the sites into four different geographic zones and then constructing seriations for each zone, the potential temporal orders of the seriations can be compared. Radiocarbon dates from the final construction episodes at a number of sites are available and these correspond with the relative order of heiau for windward and leeward regions of the island. Seriation is a cost effective dating method that is also relatively precise. Finally, we evaluate the seriations of Maui heiau against hypotheses which stipulate design change and the introduction of new religious architecture from central East Polynesia.
Recent developments in the study of New Caledonia's prehistory
Authors: Sand Christophe
Published: November 2014

Since the 1960's and 1970's, a number of archaeological overviews associating chronological evolution and cultural transformation in Oceanian archipelagos have been published (Yen and Gordon 1973; Kirch and Yen 1982; Best 1984; Davidson 1984; Kirch 1985, 1988b). These works are often based on determinist and evolutionist concepts (Kirch 1984) which, over and above typological elements such as the evolution of pottery and hook forms, take into consideration other factors such as the slow human colonisation of islands, population growth, human influence on the environment, occupation of the land and division into different social and political areas, and the intensification of horticultural crops.

This type of global approach to the reconstitution of prehistoric chronology has recently been attempted in New Caledonia (Sand 1994a, 1995c). It focussed on the progressive colonisation of most of the ecological zones on the Grande Terre and the Loyalty Islands, as well as the constraints placed on people by the natural environment, in an attempt, amongst other things, to understand the origins and validity of the social mechanisms presented in anthropological studies. In a recent article, Kirch and Lepofsky summarised in one sentence the view that most archaeologists share with regard to the prehistory of this Southern Melanesian archipelago ‘the antiquity of New Caledonian terracing technology thus remains wholly enigmatic (not unlike other aspects of the island's prehistory!)’. Despite the Grande Terre (Mainland) of New Caledonia, the largest of the Pacific Islands, being the focus of attention for the first generation of archaeologists studying Oceania (Gifford and Shutler 1956, Golson 1962), archaeological research has never really taken off in New Caledonia. Yet prehistoric vestiges are an integral part of the landscape: three thousand years of pre‐European Oceanian populations modelled and shaped the very depths of inhabitable valleys, scattering house mounds along ridges and petroglyph sites beside creeks, taro pondfields as far as the eye can see across the hills as well as frequently renewed occupancy along beaches.

The aim of this article is to present some new data obtained through recent research by the Archaeology Department of New Caledonia. Attention will focus first on the beginnings of Austronesian populations, the evolution of ceramic traditions and various other aspects of material culture, before analysing the evolution of settlement patterns and the variety of horticultural structures. The ensuing discussion reconsiders certain sociocultural factors, offering a different view of sociocultural dynamics throughout the pre‐European history of the New Caledonian archipelago.
Review
Authors: Rowley‐Conwy Peter
Published: November 2014

The Illusion of Riches. Scale, resolution and explanation in Tasmanian Pleistocene Human Behaviour. By Richard Cosgrove. British Archaeological Reports, International Series, 608. ISBN 0‐86054‐787‐6. Pp. 234. UKP33.
Ancient lead weight found with Loisels Pumice near Hook Point, Fraser Island, Queensland
Authors: Ward W.T. , Little I.P. , Roberts G.M. , Gulson B.L. , O'Leary B.M. , Price D.M.
Published: November 2014

A lead weight was recovered between 2.2 and 2.4 m depth in stranded beach sands at the southern end of Fraser Island. Its isotope values indicate a close affinity with lead from mines in France. Pumice found with the lead occurs elsewhere at sites dated 480±100 y BP and 520±75 y BP, and one fragment appears to be Loisels Pumice, for which a similar radiocarbon age has been reported from New Zealand. The data are difficult to assess but suggest that the lead weight could have reached this ancient beach between 1410 and 1630 AD.
Minimum ages for pecked rock markings from Jinmium, north western Australia
Authors: Watchman Alan , Taçon Paul , Fullagar Richard , Head Lesley
Published: November 2014

Sixteen accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) determinations for oxalate crusts overlying three pecked rock markings (cupules) at three separate localities in the Keep River area of north western Australia provide age estimates from 1430–11,000 years since the markings were last retouched. These are the first direct dates reported for rock‐art of this kind. While these determinations do not lend strong support to previous arguments for a Pleistocene cupule age they also do not refute such arguments. We maintain the age of the crusts is more closely related to climatic fluctuations rather than when cupules were produced, with crust formation directly related to the nature of local ecological conditions. We discuss implications for estimating the time‐depth of rock‐art sequences in northern Australia, and general problems with the direct dating of rock‐art.
Review
Authors: Davidson Iain
Published: November 2014

Archaeology and linguistics. Aboriginal Australia in global perspective Edited by P. McConvell and N. Evans. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1997. ISBN 0 19 553728 9 (hbk) 0 19 550670 7 (pbk). Pp. xvi + 460. $AU65.
Review
Authors: Bowdler Sandra
Published: November 2014

Redefining Archaeology: Feminist Perspectives. Edited by Mary Casey, Denise Donlon, Jeannette Hope and Sharon Welfare. Research Papers in Archaeology and Natural History No.29. ANH Publications, RSPASS, Australian National University, Canberra, 1998. ISBN 0 90952 4041. Pages ix + 245. AU$62.
Review
Authors: Cosgrove Richard
Published: November 2014

Prehistory of Australia By John Mulvaney and Johan Kamminga. Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1999. ISBN 1 86448 950 2. Pp. 480. $AU39.95.
Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Jing , Huang Yao‐Wen , Zhao Yiping
Published: November 2014

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants and food contaminants, which exhibit potent carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques, especially Raman spectroscopy and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), can be potentially used as an alternative technique to liquid and gas chromatography in PAH analysis. However, there is limited information on the intrinsic Raman and SERS fingerprints of PAHs. In this study, we have acquired the Raman and SERS spectra of seven PAH compounds and compared their experimental spectra with theoretical Raman spectra calculated by density function theory (DFT). The vibrational modes corresponding to the Raman peaks have also been assigned using DFT. Characteristic Raman and SERS peaks have been identified for five PAH compounds, and the limits of detection were estimated. Such information could be useful for developing SERS assays for simple and rapid PAH identification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of capsaicin‐loaded microemulsion for enhanced oral bioavailability
Authors: Zhu Yuan , Zhang Jiajia , Zheng Qianfeng , Wang Miaomiao , Deng Wenwen , Li Qiang , Firempong Caleb Kesse , Wang Shengli , Tong Shanshan , Xu Ximing , Yu Jiangnan
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Capsaicin, as a food additive, has attracted worldwide concern owing to its pungency and multiple pharmacological effects. However, poor water solubility and low bioavailability have limited its application. This study aims to develop a capsaicin‐loaded microemulsion to enhance the oral bioavailability of the anti‐neuropathic‐pain component, capsaicin, which is poorly water soluble.

RESULTS

In this study, the microemulsion consisting of Cremophor EL, ethanol, medium‐chain triglycerides (oil phase) and water (external phase) was prepared and characterized (particle size, morphology, stability and encapsulation efficiency). The gastric mucosa irritation test of formulated capsaicin was performed in rats to evaluate its oral feasibility, followed by the pharmacokinetic study in vivo. Under these conditions, the encapsulated capsaicin revealed a faster capsaicin release in vitro coupled with a greater absorption in vivo when compared to the free capsaicin. The oral bioavailability of the formulated capsaicin‐loaded microemulsions was 2.64‐fold faster than that of free capsaicin. No significant irritation was observed on the mucosa from the pathological section of capsaicin‐loaded microemulsion treated stomach.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that the developed microemulsion represents a safe and orally effective carrier for poorly soluble substances. The formulation could be used for clinical trials and expand the application of capsaicin. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Selective efficacy of zoledronic acid on metastasis in a patient‐derived orthotopic xenograph (PDOX) nude‐mouse model of human pancreatic cancer
Authors: Hiroshima Yukihiko , Maawy Ali A. , Katz Matthew H.G. , Fleming Jason B. , Bouvet Michael , Endo Itaru , Hoffman Robert M.
Published: November 2014

Background and Objectives

Patient‐derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude‐mouse models replicate the behavior of clinical cancer, including metastasis. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of zoledronic acid (ZA) on metastasis of a patient‐derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude‐mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Methods

In the present study, we examined the efficacy of ZA on pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis in a PDOX nude‐mouse model.

Results

ZA monotherapy did not significantly suppress primary tumor growth. However, the primary tumor weight of gemcitabine (GEM) and combination GEM + ZA‐treated mice was significantly decreased compared to the control group (GEM: P = 0.003; GEM + ZA: P = 0.002). The primary tumor weight of GEM + ZA‐treated mice was significantly decreased compared to GEM‐treated mice (P = 0.016). The metastasis weight decreased in ZA‐ or GEM‐treated mice compared to the control group (ZA: P = 0.009; GEM: P = 0.007. No metastasis was detected in combination GEM + ZA‐treated mice compared to the control group (GEM + ZA; P = 0.005).

Conclusions

The results of the present study indicate that ZA can selectively target metastasis in a pancreatic cancer PDOX model and that the combination of ZA and GEM should be evaluated clinically in the near future for this highly treatment‐resistant disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:311–315. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein Compatibility of Selected Cross‐linking Reactions for Hydrogels
Authors: Hammer Nadine , Brandl Ferdinand P. , Kirchhof Susanne , Messmann Viktoria , Goepferich Achim M.
Published: November 2014

The compatibility of selected cross‐linking reactions with lysozyme is investigated. Michael‐type additions of nucleophilic amino acids to maleimide, vinyl sulfone and acrylamide groups are detected by gel electrophoresis. The degree of modification depends on the polymer and the pH. Complete modification with more than five PEG chains is observed after incubation with mPEG5k‐vinyl sulfone at pH 9, whereas 96% of the protein remains unmodified after incubation with mPEG5k‐acrylamide at pH 4. Incubation with mPEG5k‐thiol results in thiol‐disulfide exchange reactions. Hydrogel preparation is simulated by using polymer mixtures. Protein modifications are detected, which may affect the protein structure, decrease activity and bioavailability, and increase the risk for immune responses.
Myths and facts about the EARLYSTIM study
Authors: Schüpbach W.M. Michael , Rau Jörn , Houeto Jean‐Luc , Krack Paul , Schnitzler Alfons , Schade‐Brittinger Carmen , Timmermann Lars , Deuschl Günther
Published: November 2014

DBS of the STN improves quality of life (QoL) and motor function not only in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but also in PD with early motor complications, as shown in the recent EARLYSTIM study. In spite of the evidence in favor of STN‐DBS, the findings of the EARLYSTIM study have recently been controversially debated. Here, we argue that a placebo or lessebo effect is unlikely to have relevantly contributed to the favorable outcome of STN‐DBS in the EARLYSTIM study. The method of quantification of the placebo effect of DBS in a previous publication reveals flaws leading to implausible results, and therefore the placebo effect of DBS remains currently elusive, especially because blinding of PD patients with STN‐DBS as a crucial preassumption for assessing a placebo effect is practically impossible. Moreover, we claim that the extent of such a placebo effect is most likely very small. Specific challenges of STN‐DBS at an earlier stage of PD and inclusion criteria are the risk of inclusion of patients who later evolve to atypical parkinsonism, the risk of a floor effect for the benefit from DBS, the need for experienced multidisciplinary care including prevention of suicidal behavior, and the need for highly qualified long‐term follow‐up. The EARLYSTIM study has shown that STN‐DBS may be proposed earlier on in the course of PD, as soon as motor complications start to cause relevant disability despite proper medical management. This can lead to a gain of several years of improved QoL. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Stroke‐related effects on maximal dynamic hip flexor fatigability and functional implications
Authors: Kuhnen Henry R. , Rybar Megan M. , Onushko Tanya , Doyel Ryan E. , Hunter Sandra K. , Schmit Brian D. , Hyngstrom Allison S.
Published: November 2014

Introduction: Stroke‐related changes in maximal dynamic hip flexor muscle fatigability may be more relevant functionally than isometric hip flexor fatigability. Methods: Ten chronic stroke survivors performed 5 sets of 30 hip flexion maximal dynamic voluntary contractions (MDVC). A maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) was performed before and after completion of the dynamic contractions. Both the paretic and nonparetic legs were tested. Results: Reduction in hip flexion MDVC torque in the paretic leg (44.7%) was larger than the nonparetic leg (31.7%). The paretic leg had a larger reduction in rectus femoris EMG (28.9%) between the first and last set of MDVCs than the nonparetic leg (7.4%). Reduction in paretic leg MDVC torque was correlated with self‐selected walking speed (r2 = 0.43), while reduction in MIVC torque was not (r2 = 0.11). Conclusions: Reductions in maximal dynamic torque of paretic hip flexors may be a better predictor of walking function than reductions in maximal isometric contractions. Muscle Nerve 51: 446–448, 2015
Voiding dysfunction in older women with overactive bladder symptoms: A comparison of urodynamic parameters between women with normal and elevated post‐void residual urine
Authors: Park Jeongok , Lavelle John P. , Palmer Mary H.
Published: November 2014

Aims

To compare urodynamic parameters in two groups of older women who have overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms: those with normal and those with elevated post‐void residual (PVR).

Methods

Secondary data analyses were conducted on medical record data from 203 women who were 65 years or older and who completed urodynamic testing. Of these, 151 (74%) medical records met the study criteria. A PVR of 100 ml or greater during the pressure‐flow study was considered elevated for this study. Maximal flow rate (Qmax) and detrusor pressure at Qmax, bladder capacity, voiding volume, and voiding pattern were compared between these two groups.

Results

The mean Qmax and detrusor pressure at Qmax were 19.63 ml/sec (SD = 8.74) and 16.15 cmH2O (SD = 11.19) for the overall sample, respectively. The elevated PVR group (n = 54) had significantly higher detrusor pressure at Qmax and bladder capacity than the normal PVR group (n = 97) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). An interrupted voiding pattern accounted for 47.4% of the normal PVR group and 77.4% of the elevated PVR group, respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Older women with an elevated PVR required on average a higher detrusor pressure at Qmax and greater bladder capacity than women with a normal PVR. Although an interrupted voiding pattern was more prevalent in the elevated PVR group, many women in the normal PVR group also had an interrupted voiding pattern. These findings indicate that many women may habitually strain to void as well as strain due to inadequate detrusor function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:95–99, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding the perceptions and experiences of Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists regarding handovers: a focus group study
Authors: Testa Denise , Emery Susan
Published: November 2014

Aim

The aim of this exploratory study was to gain further insight into the perceptions and experiences of Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists regarding intraoperative handovers of care.

Background

Handovers of care often result in adverse events in hospitalized patients and this risk is increased in the operating room setting where handovers occur frequently. Handovers between nurse anaesthetists, who provide the majority of anaesthesia in the United States today, is under‐researched.

Design

Focus groups with Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists.

Methods

Two groups of nurse anaesthetists were recruited to participate in focus groups exploring their perception and experiences with intraoperative handovers of care. Content analysis was used to construe meaning from the context of the interviews. The findings were interpreted and discussed in a framework of Relationship‐Based Care.

Findings

There were four main themes that emerged from the data: (1) characteristics of the setting are a threat to handover quality; (2) individual provider characteristics have an impact on handover quality; (3) The timing of the handover represents a threat to handover quality and (4) individual patient characteristics have an impact on handover quality.

Conclusion

The specific threats to safe handover of care between nurse anaesthetists were perceived to fall into four major themes; this provides information needed to strengthen the environment of care and to improve safety in handover of care in the operating suite.
Ovarian function in female survivors after multimodal Ewing sarcoma therapy
Authors: Raciborska Anna , Bilska Katarzyna , Filipp Ewa , Drabko Katarzyna , Rogowska Elżbieta , Chaber Radosław , Pogorzała Monika , Połczyńska Katarzyna , Adrianowska Natalia , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Maciejewski Tomasz
Published: November 2014

Background

With advances in cancer care, more young women with Ewing sarcoma (ES) survive after treatment. Thus, we sought to analyze the ovarian function in prepubertal, pubertal and postpubertal females and young women receiving multimodal therapy for ES, and to identify patients at risk of infertility on whom fertility preservation would be indicated.

Procedures

Twenty‐seven female survivors of ES were included in this retrospective multiinstitutional study. Patients were classified into four groups according to the treatment received: chemotherapy (CHT) without pelvic radiation (pRT), chemotherapy and pRT, CHT and autologous hematopoietic cell stem rescue (aHSCT) without pRT, and CHT + pRT + aHSCT. The ovarian function and fertility outcomes were analyzed.

Results

At a median follow‐up of 5.7 years from diagnosis, and at median age at follow‐up of 16.3 years, 67% of the survivors had premature ovarian insufficiency, including all patients receiving pelvic RT and 87.5% of patients who underwent aHSCT, independent of chemoprotection. Thirty‐seven percent of patients had a clinical syndrome of premature menopause. The relative risk (RR) of premature ovarian insufficiency of a survivor was 3.9 (p 0.03) for pRT, and 2.4 (p 0.07) for aHSCT. On multivariate analysis, radiation therapy was a significant predictor of higher risk of premature ovarian insufficiency over chemotherapy alone.

Conclusions

A large proportion of women receiving multimodal therapy for ES develop premature ovarian insufficiency. Patients and guardians should be informed about the reproductive potential and strategies for preservation of ovarian function should be considered individually. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:341–345. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of adaptive functioning and psychosocial adjustment in children with pediatric brain tumor: A report from the brain radiation investigative study consortium
Authors: Robinson Kristen E. , Wolfe Kelly R. , Yeates Keith O. , Mahone E. Mark , Cecil Kim M. , Ris M. Douglas
Published: November 2014

Background

Children are at risk for psychosocial and adaptive morbidities following diagnosis of and treatment for a pediatric brain tumor. This study examined whether familial/demographic, developmental, diagnostic, or treatment‐related variables best predict the acute psychosocial adjustment and adaptive functioning of children soon after an initial diagnosis.

Procedure

Participants included 56 children (mean age = 10.72, SD = 4.02) newly diagnosed with a pediatric brain tumor. Parents completed background/demographic forms and completed ratings of children's behavioral and emotional symptoms, and adaptive behavior. Diagnostic and treatment‐related information was abstracted from medical records.

Results

Parent ratings of behavioral symptoms and adaptive functioning were within normative expectation, although rates of clinical impairment in adaptive functioning exceeded expected rates. A combination of familial/demographic and diagnostic variables were associated with acute functioning. In multiple regressions, tumor size best predicted adaptive functioning after initial diagnosis, whereas tumor location best predicted variance in behavioral symptoms.

Conclusions

Children may be more vulnerable to acute impairment in adaptive functioning following diagnosis of a pediatric brain tumor, but rates of behavioral symptoms were within expectation. Familial, sociodemographic, and diagnostic variables may help to identify those most at risk of impairment. Screening of these factors within tertiary care settings will be useful to identify those most in need of psychosocial care during the initial phases of treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:509–516. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fisher and Shannon information in orbital‐free density functional theory
Authors: Nagy Ágnes
Published: November 2014

The Euler equation of the orbital‐free density functional theory is formulated with the specific Shannon and Fisher information. One of the new forms contains only the specific Shannon information. In spherically symmetric systems, the Euler equation can be formalized with the specific Fisher information only. Both the Fisher information and the length of the local wave vector are descriptors of the spherically symmetric Coulomb systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mass spectrometry studies of lycodine‐type Lycopodium alkaloids: sauroxine and N‐demethylsauroxine
Authors: Cifuente Diego A. , Vallejo Mariana G. , Ortega Maria G. , Cabrera José L. , Martín Víctor S. , Tonn Carlos E. , Agnese Alicia M. , Ardanaz Carlos E.
Published: November 2014

RATIONALE

Sauroxine and N‐demethylsauroxine are lycodine‐type Lycopodium alkaloids. In recent years, Lycopodium alkaloids have gained significant interest due to their unique skeletal characteristics as well as due to their acetylcholinesterase activity. It is known that drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase can be used to treat the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

METHODS

Sauroxine and N‐demethylsauroxine were isolated from the aerial parts of Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. Electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI‐MS) (low resolution) and collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID‐MS/MS) fragmentation was conducted using an ion trap, GCQ Plus mass spectrometer with MS/MS. Electron ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry (EI‐HRMS) was performed in a magnetic sector mass spectrometer (Micromass VG).

RESULTS

Using GC/EI‐CID‐MS/MS we obtained different fragmentation routes that connect all the ionic populations. In addition, the use of EI‐HRMS allowed us to measure the exact masses of all the fragment ions, and, with all this information gathered, we tried to establish a fragmentation scheme concordant with the ascendant and descendant species.

CONCLUSIONS

The mass spectrometry studies presented in this work complete our mass studies of Lycopodium alkaloids. The mass spectrometry work presented has been very useful to confirm the structures as well as to support the biogenetic relationships between the lycodine‐type Lycopodium alkaloids: sauroxine and N‐demethylsauroxine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid, high‐precision measurements of boron isotopic compositions in marine carbonates
Authors: McCulloch Malcolm T. , Holcomb Michael , Rankenburg Kai , Trotter Julie A.
Published: November 2014

RATIONALE

The isotopic composition and elemental abundance of boron (B) in marine carbonates provide a powerful tool for tracking changes in seawater pH and carbonate chemistry. Progress in this field has, however, been hampered by the volatile nature of B, its persistent memory, and other uncertainties associated with conventional chemical extraction and mass spectrometric measurements. Here we show that for marine carbonates, these limitations can be overcome by using a simplified, low‐blank, chemical extraction technique combined with robust multi‐collector inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICPMS) methods.

METHODS

Samples are dissolved in dilute HNO3 and loaded first onto on a cation‐exchange column with the major cations (Ca, Mg, Sr, Na) being quantitatively retained while the B fraction is carried in the eluent. The eluent is then passed directly through an anion column ensuring that any residual anions, such as SO42−, are removed. Isotopic measurements of 11B/10B ratios are undertaken by matching both the B concentration and the isotopic compositions of the samples with the bracketing standard, thereby minimising corrections for cross‐contamination.

RESULTS

The veracity of the MC‐ICPMS procedure is demonstrated using a gravimetrically prepared laboratory standard, UWA24.7, relative to the international reference standard NIST SRM 951 (δ11B = 0‰). This gives values consistent with gravimetry (δ11B = 24.7 ± 0.3‰ 2sd) for solutions ranging in concentration from 50 to 500 ppb, equivalent to ~2–10 mg size coral samples. The overall integrity of the method for carbonate analysis is demonstrated by measurements of the international carbonate standard JCp‐1 (δ11B = 24.3 ± 0.34‰ 2sd).

CONCLUSIONS

A streamlined, integrated approach is described here that enables rapid, accurate, high‐precision measurements of boron isotopic compositions and elemental abundances in commonly analysed biogenic carbonates, such as corals, bivalves, and large benthic forams. The overall simplicity of this robust approach should greatly facilitate the wider application of boron isotope geochemistry, especially to marine carbonates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power calculations for delta‐adjusted pattern‐mixture models
Authors: Lu Kaifeng
Published: November 2014

Pattern‐mixture models provide a general and flexible framework for sensitivity analyses of nonignorable missing data in longitudinal studies. The delta‐adjusted pattern‐mixture models handle missing data in a clinically interpretable manner and have been used as sensitivity analyses addressing the effectiveness hypothesis, while a likelihood‐based approach that assumes data are missing at random is often used as the primary analysis addressing the efficacy hypothesis. We describe a method for power calculations for delta‐adjusted pattern‐mixture model sensitivity analyses in confirmatory clinical trials. To apply the method, we only need to specify the pattern probabilities at postbaseline time points, the expected treatment differences at postbaseline time points, the conditional covariance matrix of postbaseline measurements given the baseline measurement, and the delta‐adjustment method for the pattern‐mixture model. We use an example to illustrate and compare various delta‐adjusted pattern‐mixture models and use simulations to confirm the analytic results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Program equivalence by circular reasoning
Authors: Lucanu Dorel , Rusu Vlad
Published: November 2014

We propose a logic and a deductive system for stating and automatically proving the equivalence of programs written in languages having a rewriting-based operational semantics. The chosen equivalence is parametric in a so-called observation relation, and it says that two programs satisfying the observation relation will inevitably be, in the future, in the observation relation again. This notion of equivalence generalises several well-known equivalences and is appropriate for deterministic (or, at least, for confluent) programs. The deductive system is circular in nature and is proved sound and weakly complete; together, these results say that, when it terminates, our system correctly solves the given program-equivalence problem. We show that our approach is suitable for proving equivalence for terminating and non-terminating programs as well as for concrete and symbolic programs. The latter are programs in which some statements or expressions are symbolic variables. By proving the equivalence between symbolic programs, one proves the equivalence of (infinitely) many concrete programs obtained by replacing the variables by concrete statements or expressions. The approach is illustrated by proving program equivalence in two languages from different programming paradigms. The examples in the paper, as well as other examples, can be checked using an online tool.
Does pollen limitation affect population growth of the endangered Dracocephalum austriacum L.?
Authors: Castro Sílvia , Dostálek Tomáš , van der Meer Sascha , Oostermeijer Gerard , Münzbergová Zuzana
Published: November 2014

Reproductive strategies can have significant consequences for the viability of plant populations. Still, the effects of lower fruit set due to pollen limitation on plant demography and population persistence have rarely been explored. The objectives of this study were to assess the ecological factors determining female reproductive success and to study the impact of pollen limitation on population growth of Dracocephalum austriacum L. (Lamiaceae), a critically endangered species with a discontinuous distribution across Europe. Despite the significant background information gathered on the population dynamics and genetic diversity of D. austriacum, little is known about its reproductive strategy and the effect it has on population growth. Thus, the reproductive system, pollinator assemblage and pollen limitation were studied in natural populations and the impact of pollen‐limited seed production on population growth was assessed using existing transition matrix models. The results revealed that D. austriacum is protandrous self‐compatible species that produces very few seeds in the absence of pollinators. The flowers are visited by several insects, including legitimate pollinators (e.g., Bombus hortorum, Osmia spp.) and nectar robbers (other Bombus spp., O. aurulenta). Fruit and seed production was significantly pollen‐limited in all populations studied. However, despite the positive effect of pollen supplementation on seed production, the resulting increase in seed number did not significantly increase population growth rates in any of the studied populations. Hence, we conclude that populations are demographically stable and current natural seed production is sufficient for the species’ persistence.
A Race Model for Responses and Response Times in Tests
Authors: Ranger Jochen , Kuhn Jörg-Tobias , Gaviria José-Luis
Published: November 2014

Latent trait models for responses and response times in tests are often pure statistical models without a close connection to features of the assumed response process. In the present paper, a new model is presented that is more closely related to assumptions about the response process. The model is based on two increasing stochastic processes. Each stochastic process represents the accumulation of knowledge with respect to one of two response options, the correct and incorrect response. Both accumulators compete and the accumulator that first exceeds a critical level determines the response. General assumptions about the accumulators result in a race between two response times that follow a bivariate Birnbaum Saunders distribution. The model can be calibrated with marginal maximum likelihood estimation. Feasibility of the estimation approach is demonstrated in a simulation study. Additionally, a test of model fit is proposed. Finally, the model will be used for the analysis of an empirical data set.
Catholic Religious Sisters’ Identity Dilemmas as Committed and Subjugated Workers: A Narrative Approach
Authors: Eze C. , Lindegger G. C. , Rakoczy S.
Published: November 2014

Catholic religious sisters in their construction of identity position themselves as happy and committed workers for God. In addition, their narratives revealed that they are positioned by authority figures of religious life as subjugated workers, who are required to sacrifice professional skills, self-care and even their very commitment as religious to become subservient workers. Based on a doctoral thesis which sampled 18 participants from two religious congregations in Nigeria and using the lens of dialogical self-theory I-positions, this paper portrays the dilemmas of identity construction whereby the religious sisters integrate mutual and opposing positions to constructing a coherent sense of ‘who they are’ and ‘are becoming.’ Analyzing these findings, this paper presents the tensions and contradictions the participants encounter within the context of living religious life in reference to work. Consequently, this paper calls for further research toward exploring the impact of work on Catholic religious sisters’ identity construction.
What do mothers want to know about teens' activities? Levels, trajectories, and correlates
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Rote Wendy M.
Published: November 2014

Middle class mothers (n = 169) of middle adolescents (M = 15.69 years old) in the U.S. rated how much they want to know and responded qualitatively about what they “always” and “never” want to know about adolescents' risky prudential (e.g., drinking alcohol, using illegal drugs), personal (e.g., teens' private conversations), and multifaceted (involving overlapping prudential and personal concerns) activities. Latent growth curve modeling over one year showed that mothers wanted to know most about prudential, less about multifaceted, and least about personal activities; wanting to know declined over time for each type of activity, but less for prudential than for other activities. With teen problem behavior controlled, psychologically controlling parenting, supportive and negative interactions with teens, knowledge of adolescents' activities, and teens' age were associated with individual differences in mothers' initial ratings and trajectories of wanting to know, although results varied by domain and were moderated by teen gender.
American Red Cross Digital Operations Center (DigiDOC): An Essential Emergency Management Tool for the Digital Age
Authors: Markenson David , Howe Laura
Published: November 2014

Social media is becoming the first source of information and also the first way to communicate messages. Because social media users will take action based on the information they are seeing, it is important that organizations like the Red Cross be active in the social space. We describe the American Red Cross’s concept for a Digital Operations Center (DigiDOC) that we believe should become an essential part of all emergency operations centers and a key piece of all agencies that operate in disasters. The American Red Cross approach is a practical and logical approach that other agencies can use as a model.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:445-451)