bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen K-edge x-ray absorption near edge structure of pyrimidine-containing nucleotides in aqueous solution
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Minami Hirotake , Okuizumi Naoto , Sakuma Ichiro , Ukai Masatoshi , Fujii Kentaro , Yokoya Akinari , Fukuda Yoshihiro , Saitoh Yuji
Published: May 2015

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) was measured at energies around the N K-edge of the pyrimidine-containing nucleotides, cytidine 5′-monophosphate (CMP), 2′-deoxythymidine 5′-monophosphate (dTMP), and uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP), in aqueous solutions and in dried films under various pH conditions. The features of resonant excitations below the N K-edge in the XANES spectra for CMP, dTMP, and UMP changed depending on the pH of the solutions. The spectral change thus observed is systematically explained by the chemical shift of the core-levels of N atoms in the nucleobase moieties caused by structural changes due to protonation or deprotonation at different proton concentrations. This interpretation is supported by the results of theoretical calculations using density functional theory for the corresponding nucleobases in the neutral and protonated or deprotonated forms.
Optomechanical coupling in phoxonic–plasmonic slab cavities with periodic metal strips
Authors: Lin Tzy-Rong , Huang Yin-Chen , Hsu Jin-Chen
Published: May 2015

We theoretically investigate the optomechanical (OM) coupling of submicron cavities formed in one-dimensional phoxonic–plasmonic slabs. The phoxonic–plasmonic slabs are structured by depositing periodic Ag strips onto the top surfaces of dielectric GaAs slabs to produce dual band gaps for both electromagnetic and acoustic waves, thereby inducing the coupling of surface plasmons with photons for tailoring the OM coupling. We quantify the OM coupling by calculating the temporal modulation of the optical resonance wavelength with the acoustic phonon-induced photoelastic (PE) and moving-boundary (MB) effects. We also consider the appearance of a uniform Ag layer on the bottom surface of the slabs to modulate the photonic–plasmonic coupling. The results show that the PE and MB effects can be constructive or destructive in the overall OM coupling, and their magnitudes depend not only on the quality factors of the resonant modes but also on the mode area, mode overlap, and individual symmetries of the photonic–phononic mode pairs. Lowering the mode area could be effective for enhancing the OM coupling of subwavelength photons and phonons. This study introduces possible engineering applications to achieve enhanced interaction between photons and phonons in nanoscale OM devices.
Liquid phase epitaxy of binary III–V nanocrystals in thin Si layers triggered by ion implantation and flash lamp annealing
Authors: Wutzler Rene , Rebohle Lars , Prucnal Slawomir , Bregolin Felipe L. , Hübner Rene , Voelskow Matthias , Helm Manfred , Skorupa Wolfgang
Published: May 2015

The integration of III–V compound semiconductors in Si is a crucial step towards faster and smaller devices in future technologies. In this work, we investigate the formation process of III–V compound semiconductor nanocrystals, namely, GaAs, GaSb, and InP, by ion implantation and sub-second flash lamp annealing in a SiO2/Si/SiO2 layer stack on Si grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Raman spectroscopy, Rutherford Backscattering spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy were performed to identify the structural and optical properties of these structures. Raman spectra of the nanocomposites show typical phonon modes of the compound semiconductors. The formation process of the III–V compounds is found to be based on liquid phase epitaxy, and the model is extended to the case of an amorphous matrix without an epitaxial template from a Si substrate. It is shown that the particular segregation and diffusion coefficients of the implanted group-III and group-V ions in molten Si significantly determine the final appearance of the nanostructure and thus their suitability for potential applications.
Single trap in liquid gated nanowire FETs: Capture time behavior as a function of current
Authors: Gasparyan F. , Zadorozhnyi I. , Vitusevich S.
Published: May 2015

The basic reason for enhanced electron capture time, τc, of the oxide single trap dependence on drain current in the linear operation regime of p+-p-p+ silicon field effect transistors (FETs) was established, using a quantum-mechanical approach. A strong increase of τc slope dependence on channel current is explained using quantization and tunneling concepts in terms of strong field dependence of the oxide layer single trap effective cross-section, which can be described by an amplification factor. Physical interpretation of this parameter deals with the amplification of the electron cross-section determined by both decreasing the critical field influence as a result of the minority carrier depletion and the potential barrier growth for electron capture. For the NW channel of n+-p-n+ FETs, the experimentally observed slope of τc equals (−1). On the contrary, for the case of p+-p-p+ Si FETs in the accumulation regime, the experimentally observed slope of τc equals (−2.8). It can be achieved when the amplification factor is about 12. Extraordinary high capture time slope values versus current are explained by the effective capture cross-section growth with decreasing electron concentration close to the nanowire-oxide interface.
Electronic and chemical structure of an organic light emitter embedded in an inorganic wide-bandgap semiconductor: Photoelectron spectroscopy of layered and composite structures of Ir(BPA) and ZnSe
Authors: Dimamay Mariel , Mayer Thomas , Hadziioannou Georges , Jaegermann Wolfram
Published: May 2015

Luminescent organic phases embedded in conductive inorganic matrices are proposed for hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diodes. In this configuration, the organic dye acts as the radiative recombination site for charge carriers injected into the inorganic matrix. Our investigation is aimed at finding a material combination where the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the organic dye are situated in between the valence and conduction bands of the inorganic matrix in order to promote electron and hole transfer from the matrix to the dye. Bilayer and composite thin films of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and a red iridium complex (Ir(BPA)) organic light emitter were prepared in situ via UHV thermal evaporation technique. The electronic and atomic structures were studied applying X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. The measured energy band alignments for the ZnSe/Ir(BPA) bilayer and ZnSe+Ir(BPA) composite reveal that the HOMO and LUMO of the organic dye are positioned in the ZnSe bandgap. For the initial steps of ZnSe deposition on a dye film to form Ir(BPA)/ZnSe bilayers, zinc atoms intercalate into the dye film leaving behind an excess of selenium at the interface that partly reacts with dye molecules. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the composites shows the same species suggesting a similar mechanism. This mechanism leads to composite films with increased content of amorphous phases in the inorganic matrix, thereby affecting its conductivity, as well as to the presence of nonradiative recombination sites provided by the intercalated Zn atoms.
Elastic properties of perovskite ATiO3 (A = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) and PbBO3 (B = Ti, Zr, and Hf): First principles calculations
Authors: Pandech Narasak , Sarasamak Kanoknan , Limpijumnong Sukit
Published: May 2015

The mechanical properties of perovskite oxides depend on two metal oxide lattices that are intercalated. This provides an opportunity for separate tuning of hardness, Poisson's ratio (transverse expansion in response to the compression), and shear strength. The elastic constants of series of perovskite oxides were studied by first principles approach. Both A-site and B-site cations were systematically varied in order to see their effects on the elastic parameters. To study the effects of A-site cations, we studied the elastic properties of perovskite ATiO3 for A being Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba, one at a time. Similarly, for B-site cations, we studied the elastic properties of PbBO3 for B being Ti, Zr, or Hf, one at a time. The density functional first principles calculations with local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) were employed. It is found that the maximum C11 elastic constant is achieved when the atomic size of the cations at A-site and B-site are comparable. We also found that C12 elastic constant is sensitive to B-site cations while C44 elastic constant is more sensitive to A-site cations. Details and explanations for such dependencies are discussed.
Kinetic isotope effect of the 16O + 36O2 and 18O + 32O2 isotope exchange reactions: Dominant role of reactive resonances revealed by an accurate time-dependent quantum wavepacket study
Authors: Sun Zhigang , Yu Dequan , Xie Wenbo , Hou Jiayi , Dawes Richard , Guo Hua
Published: May 2015

The O + O2 isotope exchange reactions play an important role in determining the oxygen isotopic composition of a number of trace gases in the atmosphere, and their temperature dependence and kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) provide important constraints on our understanding of the origin and mechanism of these and other unusual oxygen KIEs important in the atmosphere. This work reports a quantum dynamics study of the title reactions on the newly constructed Dawes-Lolur-Li-Jiang-Guo (DLLJG) potential energy surface (PES). The thermal reaction rate coefficients of both the 18O + 32O2 and 16O + 36O2 reactions obtained using the DLLJG PES exhibit a clear negative temperature dependence, in sharp contrast with the positive temperature dependence obtained using the earlier modified Siebert-Schinke-Bittererova (mSSB) PES. In addition, the calculated KIE shows an improved agreement with the experiment. These results strongly support the absence of the “reef” structure in the entrance/exit channels of the DLLJG PES, which is present in the mSSB PES. The quantum dynamics results on both PESs attribute the marked KIE to strong near-threshold reactive resonances, presumably stemming from the mass differences and/or zero point energy difference between the diatomic reactant and product. The accurate characterization of the reactivity for these near-thermoneutral reactions immediately above the reaction threshold is important for correct characterization of the thermal reaction rate coefficients.
Electret transducer for vibration-based energy harvesting
Authors: Hillenbrand J. , Pondrom P. , Sessler G. M.
Published: May 2015

Vibration-based electret energy harvesters with soft cellular spacer rings are presented. These harvesters are closely related to recently introduced electret accelerometers; however, their development targets are partially differing. Various harvesters with seismic masses from 8 to 23 g and surface potentials in the 500 V regime were built and characterized and powers of up to 8 μW at about 2 kHz and an acceleration of 1 g were measured. An analytical model is presented which, for instance, allows the calculation of the frequency response of the power output into a given load resistance. Finally, experimental and calculated results are compared.
Room temperature structures beyond 1.5 Å by serial femtosecond crystallography
Authors: Schmidt Marius , Pande Kanupriya , Basu Shibom , Tenboer Jason
Published: May 2015

About 2.5 × 106 snapshots on microcrystals of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) from a recent serial femtosecond crystallographic (SFX) experiment were reanalyzed to maximum resolution. The resolution is pushed to 1.46 Å, and a PYP structural model is refined at that resolution. The result is compared to other PYP models determined at atomic resolution around 1 Å and better at the synchrotron. By comparing subtleties such as individual isotropic temperature factors and hydrogen bond lengths, we were able to assess the quality of the SFX data at that resolution. We also show that the determination of anisotropic temperature factor ellipsoids starts to become feasible with the SFX data at resolutions better than 1.5 Å.
Effects of soluble organic carbon addition on CH4 and CO2 emissions from paddy soils regulated by iron reduction processes
Authors: Peng Qi-an , Shaaban Muhammad , Hu Ronggui , Mo Yongliang , Wu Yupeng , Ullah Bashir
Published: May 2015

An incubation experiment with the addition of glucose was conducted to evaluate the effects of carbon and iron (Fe(III)) reduction on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from paddy soils. Soils of a rice–rapeseed (Brassica napus) rotation and rice–fallow/flooded rotation were collected from Qianjiang (QR and QF, respectively) and Xianning (XR and XF). Incubation was conducted under flooding at 25°C ± 1°C with or without (CK) glucose over 40 days. With glucose addition, cumulative CH4-C emissions from QR, QF, XR and XF soils were 5.31, 35.26, 13.92 and 27.58 mg kg–1, respectively, and cumulative CO2-C emissions were 594.33, 620.49, 549.42 and 792.46 mg kg–1. Compared with CK, glucose addition significantly (P < 0.05) increased cumulative CH4 fluxes in QR and QF soils 11.07-fold and 1.39-fold, respectively, and cumulative CO2 fluxes 0.41-fold and 0.44-fold, whereas the effects of glucose addition on CH4 and CO2 fluxes in XR and XF soils were negligible. In addition, the soil Fe(II)/(Fe(II) + Fe(III)) fraction correlated positively with CH4 fluxes during the major emission period (P < 0.05), and the Fe(II) production rate was positively correlated with the CO2 flux during the whole incubation period. Furthermore, Fe(III) reduction strongly competed with CH4 emission, especially in XR and XF soils, which derived from quaternary red clay. The results suggest that Fe(III) reduction plays a key role in mediating the carbon cycle of paddy soils.
The 3D structure of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus LANA C-terminal domain bound to DNA
Authors: Hellert Jan , Weidner-Glunde Magdalena , Krausze Joern , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Ritter Christiane , Schulz Thomas F. , Lührs Thorsten
Published: May 2015

Significance

KSHV is the etiological agent of Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman disease. During latency, this dsDNA tumor virus expresses only a small subset of its more than 90 ORFs. Among these is ORF73/latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which acts as the origin binding protein and chromatin anchor of the extrachromosomal viral genome. This work provides detailed structural insights into the DNA-binding characteristics of LANA. We also report a previously unrecognized, third LANA binding site within the minimal replicator of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus. In addition to its mechanistic implications for latent viral persistence, the X-ray crystal structure of LANA bound to LANA binding site 1 DNA may assist in the tailored development of therapeutic LANA inhibitors.
Effects of Waterborne Lead Exposure in Mozambique Tilapia: Oxidative Stress, Osmoregulatory Responses, and Tissue Accumulation
Authors: Kaya Hasan , Akbulut Mehmet
Published: May 2015

We studied the oxidative stress and osmoregulatory damage as well as the accumulation of lead in Mozambique Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to different sublethal concentrations—low, medium, and high (0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/L)—of waterborne lead for 14 d in a semistatic condition. The accumulated levels of Na+,K+-ATPase, glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined from samples of gill, liver, intestine, brain, kidney, and muscle tissues. At the end of the experiment, the GSH levels of most tissues were higher in the treated group than in the control group (especially in the liver and kidney) but lower in the intestine. The levels of TBARS in the gill and brain tissues of the fish exposed to high lead doses were significantly higher than those of fish in the control group. Na+,K+-ATPase activity seemed to be significantly inhibited in the gill, intestine, and brain tissues across all treatment groups. At the end of the study, the total amount of lead that had accumulated within the various tissues ranked as follows: intestines > kidney > brain > gill > liver > muscle. Our findings suggest that sublethal concentrations of lead can disrupt the health of Mozambique Tilapia and cause oxidative stress and osmoregulatory damage.

Received March 30, 2014; accepted November 28, 2014
Supercuspidal ramification of modular endomorphism algebras
Authors: Bhattacharya Shalini , Ghate Eknath
Published: May 2015

The endomorphism algebra

X
f

X_f

attached to a non-CM primitive cusp form

f
f

of weight at least two is a 2-torsion element in the Brauer group of a number field

F
F

. We give formulas for the ramification of

X
f

X_f

locally at primes lying above the odd supercuspidal primes of

f
f

. We show that the local Brauer class is determined by the underlying local Galois representation together with an auxiliary Fourier coefficient.
pez: phylogenetics for the environmental sciences
Authors: Pearse William D. , Cadotte Marc W. , Cavender-Bares Jeannine , Ives Anthony R. , Tucker Caroline M. , Walker Steve C. , Helmus Matthew R.
Published: May 2015

Summary:  pez is an R package that permits measurement, modelling and simulation of phylogenetic structure in ecological data. pez contains the first implementation of many methods in R, and aggregates existing data structures and methods into a single, coherent package.

Availability and implementation:  pez is released under the GPL v3 open-source license, available on the Internet from CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org). The package is under active development, and the authors welcome contributions (see http://github.com/willpearse/pez).

Contact:  will.pearse@gmail.com
Putting Both a Person and People First
Authors: Crepaz-Keay David , Fulford K. W. M. , van Staden C.W.
Published: May 2015

We draw on recent work on peer-supported recovery to explore the roles respectively of values-based practice and of its African-enhanced form,Batho Pele, in co-production and other positive practice initiatives in mental health. Interdependence, as the aim of peer-supported recovery, is set in context first with the dependence of asylum hospital care and then with the independence of community care. Each has positive and negative aspects reflecting the diversity of values in mental health. We then show how the resources of values-based practice support effective engagement with diversity of values. The traditional formulation of values-based practice, focusing mainly on individual values, has limitations when applied to the individual-community values of interdependence. Here,Batho Pelecomes into play. Building on the combined individual-community values of the African concept of ubuntu,Batho Peleoffers a novel resource for interdependence in peer-supported recovery practice and other areas of co-productive positive mental health practice.
Monitoring Memory in Old Age
Authors: Castel Alan D. , Middlebrooks Catherine D. , McGillivray Shannon
Published: May 2015

Although a variety of memory changes accompany old age, an important question is the degree to which older adults are aware of these changes, and how older adults may or may not accurately monitor their own memory. Monitoring refers to the ability to assess how well one will remember certain information at a later time. In some cases, older adults may be overconfident about memory performance, whereas, in other situations, older adults may be highly aware of their memory abilities and demonstrate appropriate predictions and insight. This chapter will provide an overview of current research regarding this topic to shed light on the degree to which metacognitive monitoring may be intact in older adults. We discuss why this has implications for how older adults can use strategies to selectively remember important information, as well as future directions for metacognitive aging research.
The Role of Technology in Managing the Work and Nonwork Interface
Authors: Olson-Buchanan Julie B. , Boswell Wendy R. , Morgan Timothy J.
Published: May 2015

Technology has markedly changed the work and nonwork domains as well as the way in which individuals navigate between them. This chapter offers a review of the literature on the role of information communication technology (ICT) in the work–nonwork interface. The key theoretical grounding in the literature, boundary theory and boundary management, is presented, particularly as it relates to technology. The predictors, consequences, and moderating factors of ICT use across role domains are examined. Relevant literature within the teleworking context is also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research avenues on the topic to enhance our understanding of the role of communication technologies within the work–nonwork domains.
Assessing Acute Risk of Violence in Military Veterans
Authors: Elbogen Eric B. , Graziano Robert
Published: May 2015

Research has shown aggression toward others is a problem in a subset of military veterans. Predicting this kind of aggression would be immensily helpful in clinical settings. To our knowledge, there currently are no risk assessment tools or screens that have been validated to specifically evaluate acute violence among veterans. This chapter reviews what we do and do not know about violence in veterans so that clinicians who are making decisions about acute violence can be informed by the existing scientific knowledge base. Examining these empirically supported risk and protective factors using a systematic approach may optimize clinical decision making when assessing acute violence in veterans.
The Psychopharmacological Treatment of Individuals at Risk of Recurrent Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Bradley John C.
Published: May 2015

Mental illness is the primary risk factor for suicidal ideation, attempts, and completion. Effective treatment of the psychiatric condition is the foundational strategy to reduce the risk of suicide associated with these conditions, but few medications can be demonstrated to independently reduce the risk of suicide. This chapter will describe how psychopharmacological treatment can be included as a component of bio-psycho-social treatments within the context of a recovery model for suicide prevention. The evidence for medication therapies will be reviewed both for specific behavioral health conditions and for any reduced suicide risk independent of general therapeutic effects to treat underlying conditions. A framework strategy will be described for the integration of evidence-based clinical decision making to provide the most effective treatment that also specifically targets suicide risk for patients.
Religious Group Discrimination
Authors: Ghumman Sonia , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: May 2015

According to the laws of many countries, religion is a protected class and religious discrimination in the workplace on the basis of one’s religion is prohibited. However, due to various factors (e.g., sociopolitical events, increases in religious diversity), religious discrimination claims have been on the rise since the early 2000s, thus necessitating the need for researchers and practitioners alike to gain a deeper understanding of religious discrimination in the workplace. Consequently, the purpose of this chapter is to review the workplace religious discrimination literature. The chapter highlights why religion has come to be a stigmatized characteristic in the work context, how it is unique in regard to other protected classes such as race and gender, and what are the specific contributors of workplace religious discrimination. It also offers several directions for future areas of research and practical implications for managers.
Modern Discrimination
Authors: Marchiondo Lisa , Ran Shan , Cortina Lilia
Published: May 2015

Workplace discrimination, though often not as overt as in times past, remains prevalent across organizations. Aptly labeled modern discrimination, discriminatory treatment today is often characterized by subtle and covert behaviors that can skirt below laws and organizational policies. This chapter reviews literature on modern discrimination and its related constructs (e.g., interpersonal discrimination, aversive racism, everyday discrimination, selective incivility). It highlights similarities and differences between modern discrimination constructs that researchers should consider when selecting a discrimination construct for study. It also provides a model of targets’ meaning-making (e.g., appraisals, emotions, attributions, social identity comparisons) of modern discrimination, proposing mechanisms through which this lower-intensity mistreatment causes harm. Finally, it outlines gaps and opportunities for future research within the modern discrimination literature, including attention to other stigmatized identities, intersectional perspectives, convergence and divergence between constructs, and strategies for reducing modern discrimination.
Legal Consciousness, Mobilization, and Discrimination Disputes at Work
Authors: Hirsh C. Elizabeth , Louie Patricia
Published: May 2015

Engaging theories of legal consciousness, rights mobilization, and workplace conflict, we detail the factors that lead workers to mobilize their rights under US antidiscrimination laws and the obstacles that they face. Drawing on quantitative data from defendants in discrimination lawsuits as well as qualitative data from interviews with plaintiffs in discrimination cases, we examine how workers perceive the law, the meaning of discrimination, and their legal rights; what motivates workers to seek legal redress despite the seemingly insurmountable odds they face; and how workplace conditions affect workers’ willingness to use the law to solve workplace disputes. Analysis suggests that workers pursue litigation as a last resort, after multiple experiences of bias, with the hope of seeking formal validation of their experience and, ultimately, social change. Workforce composition, corporate culture, and access to workplace information are important contextual factors for the emergence of legal claims.
The Causes and Consequences of Women’s Competitive Beautification
Authors: DelPriore Danielle J. , Prokosch Marjorie L. , Hill Sarah E.
Published: May 2015

Much empirical evidence suggests that “what is beautiful is good,” particularly for women. Whether in the courtroom or the classroom, attractive females enjoy a variety of benefits not available to their less attractive peers. It is therefore often in a woman’s best interest to engage in efforts to enhance her appearance. Women utilize a number of strategies to increase their physical attractiveness (e.g., wearing cosmetics, dieting), particularly when competing for romantic partners. Due to the competitive advantage it provides, however, a woman’s beauty can also evoke aversive psychological responses from same-sex competitors. These negative responses—such as decreased self-esteem and increased envy—can have costly consequences for the attractive women who elicit them. In this chapter, we review research suggesting that women strategically enhance their beauty in order to facilitate competitive success. We also address several important questions about the causes and consequences of women’s competitive beautification.
Women and Gender in Ben Jonson’s Underwood
Authors: Evans Robert C.
Published: May 2015

This chapter traces nearly every reference to women—real or imagined, literal or symbolic—that appears in Ben Jonson’s important collection of poems titled Underwood. It discusses in particular his references to the muses and other figures of classical myth, and it also discusses the ways in which his references to ‘real’ women often add to the vividness and effectiveness of the collection. Often, however, ‘real’ women and ‘real’ events are also treated in highly symbolic ways. The chapter ends by considering the larger issue of ‘gender’ in Underwood, including the possibility of homoerotic overtones.
Ben Jonson and Religion
Authors: Searle Alison
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the complex role played by religion in Jonson’s life; his relationship to the theatre; his works in various genres (plays, poetry, and masques), and in the critical reception of his writings. It considers the biographical evidence surrounding Jonson’s multiple religious conversions within the broader context of recusancy culture in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. It then examines some of the ways in which religion is represented in his plays and how this influenced and was shaped by the changes in religious culture that characterized Jonson’s lengthy professional career from the 1590s until the 1630s. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the relationship between religion and the theatre as it impacted upon Jonson’s writing and his own instrumentality—as a key cultural player—in redefining that relationship in early modern England.
Victorian Aesthetics
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: May 2015

Although the field of aesthetics was consolidated in the nineteenth century, its study has been shaped by two contradictory tendencies: (1) the insistence that the aesthetic realm needs to be autonomous, independent of the world of common experience; (2) the ethical or political insistence that autonomy is impossible. Starting from this characteristic antinomy, and tracing it back to early theoretical formulations in Kant and Schiller, this chapter illuminates the ways in which the constant pull between form and reality, or between art and experience, was a fundamental characteristic of aesthetics in the Victorian period. The writings of Matthew Arnold, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning, George Eliot, Walter Pater, William Morris, John Ruskin, and others show the challenges of negotiating a concept that at times seems the only thing reconciling one to the world and at other times seems to be pulling one away to an impossible realm outside human existence.
Family Approaches in Music Therapy Practice with Young Children
Authors: Oldfield Amelia
Published: May 2015

Family-based music therapy has developed as a specialist practice through the late twentieth century to the present time. A range of influence have contributed to the rise of the family as the focus of treatment and care including new models of social care and education for vulnerable families, and a greater recognition of the family unit as one of the most influential sources of support and growth for the infant and young child. As music therapists have developed and elaborated their skills they have published, researched, and disseminated their approaches to this work. This chapter provides an overview of some of these developments with reference to the clinical work of the author over many years.
Developmental Music Therapy
Authors: Edwards Jane , Noone Jason
Published: May 2015

Developmental music therapy (DMT) is a model that underpins music therapy practice with multiple client groups. The resonances of DMT can be found whenever music therapists use any or all of their understanding of developmental stages, family context, and social and cultural frameworks to consider needs and interactions within individual or group music therapy. Music therapy training courses teach developmental theories, and therefore most practising music therapists use these theoretical perspectives in their interactions with clients. Thus chapter will show how developmental music therapy refers to three major theoretical orientations: (1) Theories of stress, coping, and adaption; (2) Human life span development, including stage models of development, and musical milestones of development; and (3) Ecological perspectives such as Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of development (Bronfenbrenner 1979). Boxill consistently termed her approach developmental music therapy (Boxill 1989). Therefore, this chapter provides an overview of Boxill’s writings and theoretical positioning within DMT.
Question-based Models of Information Structure
Authors: Velleman Leah , Beaver David
Published: May 2015

We present approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of information structure which centre on Questions Under Discussion (QUDs). Questions, explicit or implicit, are seen as structuring discourse, and information structural marking is seen as reflecting that underlying discourse structure. Our presentation of the model is largely cast in terms of extensions of Roberts’s (2012b) analysis, which is itself related to Rooth’s (1985/1992) Alternative Semantics and Hamblin’s (1973) approach to the semantics of questions. We present the model in terms of a range of constraints that relate information structure to discourse structure, notably constraints on the ‘Relevance’ of utterances, on the ‘Congruence’ of answers to questions, and on the ‘Availability’ of discourse antecedents. We discuss the application of the approach to the interpretation of focus and some cases of contrastive topics, to discourse structure, to the interpretation of focus sensitive operators, and to certain cases of presupposition projection.
Roman Pottery Research in Germany
Authors: Biegert Susanne , Helfert Markus
Published: May 2015

This chapter deals with archaeological research on Roman pottery in Germany. It looks at a number of key archaeological sites and groundbreaking studies, with particular reference to two German provinces. It also considers specific imported finewares such as terracottas and terra sigillata. More specifically, it describes various terra sigillata production centres such as Rheinzabern, Trier, Nürtingen, Waiblingen, Stuttgart-Kräherwald, and Haltern. In addition, the chapter discusses archaeological excavations involving coarsewares at sites such as Hofheim, Niederbieber/Weißenthurm, Alzey, Schwabmünchen, Wimpfen, Frankfurt-Heddernheim, and Heidelberg. Finally, it outlines the development of analyses and evaluation methods for the scientific study of Roman ceramics.
Archaeology of Germania Inferior
Authors: Hanel Norbert
Published: May 2015

This chapter focuses on the archaeology of the first urban settlements of Roman type found in Germania Inferior. It first describes coloniae such as the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and Colonia Ulpia Traiana, along with the archaeological excavations carried out at the sites. It then turns to the vici, industrial settlements, and agricultural settlements, and concludes with a theoretical explanation of how various forms of urban centres arose in Lower Germany during the period between the Batavian revolt and the Gallic Empire.
Job Loss and Job Search: A Social-Cognitive and Self-Regulation Perspective
Authors: Kanfer Ruth , Bufton Gina M.
Published: May 2015

This chapter reviews social-cognitive and self-regulatory perspectives on involuntary job loss and subsequent job search. We begin by organizing different social-cognitive and self-regulatory perspectives along the temporal continuum of job loss and job search, and discuss the experience of job loss and its impact on the individual during subsequent job search. Using a motivational/self-regulatory frame, we then review findings related to goal generation and goal striving and outline important considerations for research design, including temporal, social, and measurement issues. Finally, we highlight the successes that have been made in the field thus far, and provide suggestions for promising future research avenues.
The Skin-in-the-Game Heuristic for Protection Against Tail Events
Authors: Taleb Nassim N. , Sandis Constantine
Published: May 2015

Standard economic theory recognizes the agency problem but not the compounding of moral hazard in the presence of informational opacity, particularly concerning high-impact events in fat-tailed domains. Nor does it look at exposure as a filter that removes nefarious risk takers from the system so they stop harming others. But the ancients did, and so do many aspects of moral philosophy. The authors propose a global and morally mandatory heuristic that anyone involved in an action that can possibly generate harm for others, even probabilistically, should be required to be exposed to some damage, regardless of context. In the language of probability, “skin in the game” creates an absorbing state for the agent, not just the principal. Although insufficient, the heuristic is necessary to counter risk hiding—and risk transfer—in the tails. The authors link the rule to various philosophical approaches to ethics and moral luck.
Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics in the Context of Family and Couple Problems
Authors: Beach Steven R.H. , Brody Gene H. , Kogan Steven M.
Published: May 2015

Genetic and epigenetic processes are becoming increasingly relevant to our understanding of couple and family processes. We first briefly review the emerging literature on genetic influences on couple and family processes with a particular focus on the use of family-centered prevention trials as a potentially powerful vehicle for testing molecular genetic hypotheses. We then discuss the emergence of epigenetics in the couple and family arena and its potential to change our view of development within the family. We argue that couple and family researchers may benefit from increased familiarity with the broad themes that are emerging in genetic and epigenetically informed family literatures.
The Prevalence of Pseudoexfoliation and the Long-term Changes in Eyes With Pseudoexfoliation in a South Indian Population
Authors: Vijaya Lingam , Asokan Rashima , Panday Manish , Choudhari Nikhil S. , Sathyamangalam Ramesh V. , Velumuri Lokapavani , George Ronnie
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

To report the prevalence, long-term changes and associated factors for pseudoexfoliation (PEX) in a population aged 40 years and above from rural and urban south India.

Materials and Methods:

At baseline (the Chennai Glaucoma Study), 7774 subjects were examined. After 6 years, as a part of the incidence study, 133 of the 290 subjects diagnosed with PEX at baseline were reexamined for long-term changes. Participants had detailed examination at base hospital.

Results:

At baseline PEX was noted in 290 [3.73%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.3-4.2] subjects. It was associated with glaucoma in 24 (8.3%), ocular hypertension (OHT) in 21 (7.2%), and occludable angles in 24 (8.3%) subjects. The age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence was 3.41% (95% CI, 3.39-3.43). Increasing age was a significant associated factor. Using the 40- to 49-year age group as a reference, the odds ratio increased from 8.4 (95% CI, 4.1-17.1) for the 50- to 59-year age group to 51.2 (95% CI, 25.8-101.6) for the 70 years and above age group. Other associated factors were rural residence (P<0.001), higher intraocular pressure (P<0.001), cataract (P<0.001), being underweight (P=0.01), manual labor (P=0.03), and aphakia (P<0.001). Of the 133 subjects reexamined, 8 (6.0%) subjects developed glaucoma and all had OHT at baseline. Rates of cataract surgery were (P<0.001) higher in subjects with PEX.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of PEX was higher in rural population and baseline OHT was a significant factor for conversion to glaucoma.
Evaluation of the Retro-Orbital Fatty Tissue Volume in Delayed Orbital Blow-Out Fractures
Authors: Pilanci Ozgur , Ceran Fatih , Sagir Mehmet , Teken Abdurezzak , Kuvat Samet Vasfi
Published: May 2015

Purpose:

In patients where diplopia and enophthalmia are manifest, surgical intervention is usually necessary. The pathogenesis of these symptoms usually includes the prolapse of orbital tissues into the sinus or compression by the surrounding bone structures. Although the retro-orbital fatty tissue, orbital fascia, and the muscle tissue can be reduced to the original place after being incarcerated into the maxillary space, it is obvious that the procedure can lead to significant fibrosis in these structures. The authors have aimed to carry out a quantitative evaluation of the fatty tissue volumes in patients with repair delayed for more than two weeks.

Methods:

The preoperative and postoperative fatty tissue volumes and the changes in total orbital volume were evaluated by using CT on the patients (n = 9) who were consulted to the authors’ clinic from other health centers.

Results:

Although no significant correlation was observed between the prolapsed volume and the postoperative reduction in the fatty tissue, the reduction in the retro-orbital fatty tissue was statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Evaluating postoperative retro-orbital fatty tissue volumes may have implications for surgical intervention in the future.
Low genetic diversity in pygmy blue whales is due to climate-induced diversification rather than anthropogenic impacts
Authors: Attard Catherine R. M. , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Jenner K. Curt S. , Gill Peter C. , Jenner Micheline-Nicole M. , Morrice Margaret G. , Teske Peter R. , Möller Luciana M.
Published: May 2015

Unusually low genetic diversity can be a warning of an urgent need to mitigate causative anthropogenic activities. However, current low levels of genetic diversity in a population could also be due to natural historical events, including recent evolutionary divergence, or long-term persistence at a small population size. Here, we determine whether the relatively low genetic diversity of pygmy blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda) in Australia is due to natural causes or overexploitation. We apply recently developed analytical approaches in the largest genetic dataset ever compiled to study blue whales (297 samples collected after whaling and representing lineages from Australia, Antarctica and Chile). We find that low levels of genetic diversity in Australia are due to a natural founder event from Antarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) that occurred around the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by evolutionary divergence. Historical climate change has therefore driven the evolution of blue whales into genetically, phenotypically and behaviourally distinct lineages that will likely be influenced by future climate change.
Polygyny without wealth: popularity in gift games predicts polygyny in BaYaka Pygmies
Authors: Chaudhary Nikhil , Salali Gul Deniz , Thompson James , Dyble Mark , Page Abigail , Smith Daniel , Mace Ruth , Migliano Andrea Bamberg
Published: May 2015

The occurrence of polygynous marriage in hunter–gatherer societies, which do not accumulate wealth, remains largely unexplored since resource availability is dependent on male hunting capacity and limited by the lack of storage. Hunter–gatherer societies offer the greatest insight in to human evolution since they represent the majority of our species' evolutionary history. In order to elucidate the evolution of hunter–gatherer polygyny, we study marriage patterns of BaYaka Pygmies. We investigate (i) rates of polygyny among BaYaka hunter–gatherers; (ii) whether polygyny confers a fitness benefit to BaYaka men; (iii) in the absence of wealth inequalities, what are the alternative explanations for polygyny among the BaYaka. To understand the latter, we explore differences in phenotypic quality (height and strength), and social capital (popularity in gift games). We find polygynous men have increased reproductive fitness; and that social capital and popularity but not phenotypic quality might have been important mechanisms by which some male hunter–gatherers sustained polygynous marriages before the onset of agriculture and wealth accumulation.
A model for non-monotonic intensity coding
Authors: Nehrkorn Johannes , Tanimoto Hiromu , Herz Andreas V. M. , Yarali Ayse
Published: May 2015

Peripheral neurons of most sensory systems increase their response with increasing stimulus intensity. Behavioural responses, however, can be specific to some intermediate intensity level whose particular value might be innate or associatively learned. Learning such a preference requires an adjustable trans- formation from a monotonic stimulus representation at the sensory periphery to a non-monotonic representation for the motor command. How do neural systems accomplish this task? We tackle this general question focusing on odour-intensity learning in the fruit fly, whose first- and second-order olfactory neurons show monotonic stimulus–response curves. Nevertheless, flies form associative memories specific to particular trained odour intensities. Thus, downstream of the first two olfactory processing layers, odour intensity must be re-coded to enable intensity-specific associative learning. We present a minimal, feed-forward, three-layer circuit, which implements the required transformation by combining excitation, inhibition, and, as a decisive third element, homeostatic plasticity. Key features of this circuit motif are consistent with the known architecture and physiology of the fly olfactory system, whereas alternative mechanisms are either not composed of simple, scalable building blocks or not compatible with physiological observations. The simplicity of the circuit and the robustness of its function under parameter changes make this computational motif an attractive candidate for tuneable non-monotonic intensity coding.
Buckling of a coated elastic half-space when the coating and substrate have similar material properties
Authors: Fu Y. B. , Ciarletta P.
Published: May 2015

This study investigates the buckling of a uni-axially compressed neo-Hookean thin film bonded to a neo-Hookean substrate. Previous studies have shown that the elastic bifurcation is supercritical if
r
≡
μ
f
/
μ
s
>1.74 and subcritical if
r
<1.74, where
μ
f
and
μ
s
are the shear moduli of the film and substrate, respectively. Moreover, existing numerical simulations of the fully nonlinear post-buckling behaviour have all been focused on the regime
r
>1.74. In this paper, we consider instead a subset of the regime
r
<1.74, namely when
r
is close to unity. Four near-critical regimes are considered. In particular, it is shown that, when
r
>1 and the stretch is greater than the critical stretch (the subcritical regime), there exists a localized solution that arises as the limit of modulated periodic solutions with increasingly longer and longer decaying tails. The evolution of each modulated periodic solution is followed as
r
is decreased, and it is found that there exists a critical value of
r
at which the deformation gradient develops a discontinuity and the solution becomes a static shock. The semi-analytical results presented could help future numerical simulations of the fully nonlinear post-buckling behaviour.
Centrifugal instability of Stokes layers in crossflow: the case of a forced cylinder wake
Authors: D'Adamo Juan , Godoy-Diana Ramiro , Wesfreid José Eduardo
Published: May 2015

The wake flow around a circular cylinder at
Re
≈100 performing rotatory oscillations has been thoroughly discussed in the literature, mostly focusing on the modifications to the natural Bénard–von Kármán vortex street that result from the forced shedding modes locked to the rotatory oscillation frequency. The usual experimental and theoretical frameworks at these Reynolds numbers are quasi-two-dimensional, because the secondary instabilities bringing a three-dimensional structure to the cylinder wake flow occur only at higher Reynolds numbers. In this paper, we show that a three-dimensional structure can appear below the usual three-dimensionalization threshold, when forcing with frequencies lower than the natural vortex shedding frequency, at high amplitudes, as a result of a previously unreported mechanism: a pulsed centrifugal instability of the oscillating Stokes layer at the wall of the cylinder. The present numerical investigation lets us in this way propose a physical explanation for the turbulence-like features reported in the recent experimental study by the present authors.
Stability analysis of matrix Wiener–Hopf factorization of Daniele–Khrapkov class and reliable approximate factorization
Authors: Kisil Anastasia V.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents new stability results for matrix Wiener–Hopf factorization. The first part of the paper examines conditions for stability of Wiener–Hopf factorization in the Daniele–Khrapkov class. The second part of the paper concerns the class of matrix functions which can be exactly or approximately reduced to the factorization of the Daniele–Khrapkov matrices. The results of the paper are demonstrated by numerical examples with partial indices {1,−1}, {0,0} and {−1,−1}.