bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Torrico Keila Jimenez , Santos Nelson Jessé Rodrigues dos , Abate Hugo Luca , Martins Felippe Danyel Cardoso , Barros Luiz Daniel de , Seixas Mércia , Martins Thais Agostinho , Garcia João Luis , Vidotto Odilon
Published: December 2019

Protozoans are widely distributed, and several species may parasitize the digestive tracts of cats (Felis catus), and can be transmitted to humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the species and occurrence of gastrointestinal protozoans in cats in the city of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. A total of 206 cat fecal samples were tested, of which 141 were from shelter animals, and 65 were from pets owned by local people. Samples were processed by parasitological techniques. Coproparasitological techniques (Willis, Faust and Ziehl-Neelsen) were performed for detection of protozoan parasites. Subsequently, all samples were processed by PCR protocols specific to Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. PCR products from positive samples were selected for sequencing. No samples were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Using specific PCR protocols, 1/206 (0.48%) samples tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. After purification, this one positive sample was sequenced, and it demonstrated a 100% identity match to Cryptosporidium muris. Using specific PCR protocols, 13/206 (9.22%) cat fecal samples tested, including 2/65 (3.08%) pet cat fecal samples, were positive for T. gondii. PCR analysis revealed that 37/206 (17.96%) of cat fecal samples were positive for Giardia spp., including 27/141 (19.15%) of shelter cat fecal samples, and 10/65 (15.38%) pet cat fecal samples (p = 0.5124). When sequenced, these positive samples showed a 100% identity match with Giardia duodenalis. This study demonstrated that infections with Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Giardia duodenalis are present in the population of both pet cats and shelter cats in the city of Londrina. This poses a risk to public health, because these parasites have a high zoonotic potential.
Half a century of research on cattle foot and claw diseases: a scientometric analysis
Authors: Silva Danilo Conrado , Queiroz Paulo José Bastos , Borges Pedro Augusto Cordeiro , Pedroso Ana Carolina Barros da Rosa , Arnhold Emmanuel , Cruz Alex Silva da , Cruz Aparecido Divino da , Silva Luiz Antônio Franco da
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate scientific publications on cattle foot and claw diseases using the Scopus database. A combination of keywords "hoof disease AND bovine OR cattle OR cow" was used. Publications were classified according to the type, language, subject area, source title, author, affiliation, and country/territory. The documents were grouped later into thematic topics. The diseases evaluated in each study were quantified separately and in related groups, and distributed by decades. The frequencies of the thematic topics and diseases were compared by the chi-square test for adherence. In total, 642 publications were analyzed (595 articles, 46 reviews, and 1 note). Most of these papers were written in English (518). The main subject areas were Veterinary; Agricultural and Biological Sciences; and Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology. Journal of Dairy Science was the journal that published most articles in the area, with the best citations (SCImago Journal Rank = 1.21). The authors with the highest number of publications were Johann Kofler with 19, and David Nixon Logue and Jan Keith Shearer with 18 documents each. By affiliation, the institution with the highest number of publications was the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. By country or territory, the United States of America (22%), the United Kingdom (17%), Germany (11%), and Canada (10%) together accounted for 60% of the publications. The classification of the documents into thematic topics resulted in four groups: Specific hoof diseases (70%), General hoof diseases (14%), Lameness (11%), and Healthy hoof characterization (5%). Eighteen foot and claw diseases have been studied, with the following being the most frequent: digital dermatitis (17%), sole ulcer (15%), and white line disease (11%). When grouped, laminitis-related diseases represented 48% and infectious diseases represented 38% of the studies. Overall, just over half a century of research on cattle foot and claw diseases, bovine digital dermatitis is the most studied disease. Grouping related disorders revealed that laminitis-related diseases are being studied more than infectious diseases since the 1980s, from when studies on individual foot diseases in cattle increased to the detriment of studies that aimed to evaluate them as a unique problem. Our study, the first scientometric analysis in the subject area, compiles valuable information that can help researchers to develop future projects.
Meta-analysis of corn plants, green fodder (ensilage), and silages of different types of maize hybrids used in experimental conditions in Brazil
Authors: Velho João Pedro , Zardin Pagiel Bernardi , Jobim Clóves Cabreira , Haygert-Velho Ione Maria Pereira , Alessio Dileta Regina Moro , Giotto Ênio , Conceição Gabriel Menegazzi da , Gehrke Cássio Rodrigo
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of scientific publications from January 1994 to December 2014, to evaluate the chemical composition of corn plants, green forage, and silages of three different types of maize hybrids (simple, double, and triple) used in experimental conditions in Brazil. The sub-bases Corn Cultivation and Green Fodder were composed of 49 experiments, consisting of 481 treatments, and the sub-base Silage consisted of 24 studies composed of 163 treatments, involving 478 silos. In the Corn Cultivation sub-base, the variables of spacing, plant height, grain yield, organic matter content, and total carbohydrates of maize silage differed (P < 0.05) according to the hybrid type. The number of corn plants per hectare, number of spikes per plant, and the levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, and lignin did not differ (P > 0.05) according to the hybrid type. In the Green Forage sub-base (ensilage), the main difference (P < 0.05) was regarding the in vitro dry matter digestibility, whereby the triple hybrids (59.38%) had lower values than the simple (73.05%) and double (72.74%) hybrids. In the Silage sub-base, the variables of organic matter, total carbohydrates, cellulose, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and pH differed (P < 0.05) according to the hybrid type. While the variables dry matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, lignin, total digestible nutrients, ethereal extract, crude protein, and ammonium nitrogen did not differ (P > 0.05) according to the hybrid type. The variability in the determination of parameters, such as dry matter yield, dry matter content, and non-fibrous carbohydrates of corn silage, and the non-determination of the starch content demonstrated that the chemical compositions of Brazilian corn silage have not yet been fully clarified. The types of maize hybrids (simple, double, and/or triple) mainly differ in terms of grain production. In many situations, the silage processes are not conducted in an ideal way, and the differences as a function of the maize plants (type of hybrid) are minimized due to losses during the ensiling process.
Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system
Authors: Ferro Mariane Moreno , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Barros Livia Vieira de , Araujo Claudio Vieira de , Paula Nelcino Francisco de
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, bean residue, wet brewer’s grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for castor meal and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, bean residue, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal. Thus, our findings suggest that the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation were affected as a function of the amount of incubated sample.
Physicochemical characteristics of unripe and ripe banana ‘FHIA 18’ submitted to phosphorus fertilizer over three production cycles
Authors: Bolfarini Ana Carolina Batista , Souza Jackson Mirellys Azevêdo , Putti Fernando Ferrari , Silva Marcelo de Souza , Ferreira Rafael Bibiano , Leonel Magali , Tecchio Marco Antonio , Leonel Sarita
Published: December 2019

The banana fruits of ‘FHIA 18’ have sensory properties like the ‘Prata’ ones. However, there is no information regarding to phosphorus (P) requirement of this hybrid and its effects on postharvest quality. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of ‘FHIA 18’ banana fruits submitted to different phosphorus levels under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the municipality of São Manuel, state of São Paulo, during three successive production cycles. Therefore, different levels of Phosphorus (0 [0%], 20 [50%)], 30 [75%], 40 [100%], 50 [125%] and 60 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5 [150%]) were applied during three production cycles. A completely randomized design and split plot structure was used, the plots consisted of six phosphorus fertilizers doses and three production cycles (2014, 2015 and 2016) in sub plots. For unripe fruits, we evaluated the contents of dry matter, starch, total sugars, reducing sugars and phosphorus. For ripe fruits, we analyzed firmness, peel colour descriptors, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, maturity index, total sugars and reducing sugars. Results showed that P fertilizer provided an increase in P content in unripe fruits until the application of 100% of the recommended dose; besides an increase in the reducing sugar contents until the application of 61% over the first production cycle. Results also indicated that applying lower phosphorus doses ( ? 100% of the recommended dose) promoted lower total titratable acidity and higher maturity index (52-53% of recommendation) in ripe fruits. Regardless of P2O5 dose, the contents of dry matter, starch and phosphorus increased in unripe fruits from first to third crop cycle, as well as the firmness, total soluble solids contents, maturity index and sugar content in ripe fruits.
Serological survey of porcine circovirus 2 antibodies in Northeastern Brazil by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay
Authors: Duque Priscila Rocha , Silva Antonio Samuel Alves da , Barros Júnior Marconi Rego , Sergio Andreza Maria Tenório , Barbosa Clara Nilce
Published: December 2019

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) specific antibodies were evaluated in pigs at 15 to 25 weeks of age by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. Serum samples (n = 575) were obtained from 16 commercial farms located in six states of northeastern Brazil, including two in Ceará (n = 85), three in Rio Grande do Norte (n = 92), two in Paraíba (n = 49), three in Pernambuco (n = 107), two in Alagoas (n = 39), and four in Bahia (n = 203). Out of the 575 evaluated sera, 470 (81.74%) were reagents with antibody titers ranging from 20 to 5,120. All farms presented reactive animals. There was a statistically significant difference in reactivity proportions between the states of Bahia and Ceará (p < 0.05) and between Bahia and Rio Grande do Norte (p < 0.05). This study provides the first serological investigation for PCV2 in pigs from commercial farms in Northeastern Brazil.
Quality of re-ensiled sorghum silages after prolonged periods of environmental exposure
Authors: Lima Tamires Oliveira de , Lino Adriano de Almeida , Sanches Luis Aurelio , Brito Vinícius Martins , Santos-Araujo Sabrina Novaes dos , Sant’Anna Milton Augusto Cassiano , Araujo Leandro Coelho de
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of re-ensiling on the fermentability coefficient (FC), chemical composition and fermentation profile of untreated whole-crop sorghum silage after prolonged periods of environmental exposure. Treatments comprised eight times of exposure to the environment (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) and two procedures for conservation (conventional and re-ensiling) in a completely randomized design with two factors and three replicates. Experimental silos made of 12-L plastic buckets were used in trials. Silage nutritive value, fermentation profile, and dry mass (DM) losses were analyzed before and 90 days after re-ensiling. Regression analyses were performed, and ANOVA was used to compare means. The FC was higher than 45 even when the silage was exposed to air for 120 h before re-ensiling (59.2±2.54). Regression equations were fitted to the data with low accuracy (R2 < 0.47). Moreover, we observed that the main effect occurred between before and after re-ensiling, decreasing the contents of DM (42 to 37 %) and water-soluble carbohydrates (7.0 to 5.8 % DM), neutral detergent fiber (60.4 to 55.4 % DM), and acid detergent fiber (49.5 to 33.5 % DM), but increasing those of lactic acid (0.52 to 0.96 % DM) and ammoniacal nitrogen (1.58 to 2.51 % total N). The DM losses were linear with increasing times of air exposure; however, silage nutritive value and fermentation profile showed no disturbing changes for silage conservation and animal feeding.
Photosynthetic model for citrus cultivar Huangguogan
Authors: Liao Ling , Ronga Yi , Qiua Xia , Donga Tiantian , Wang Zhihui
Published: December 2019

Grafting is an effective measure to improve the photosynthetic rate of citrus. The light responses of photosynthesis in leaves of two-year old grafted Huangguogan (citrus cultivar Huangguogan), Huanggougan / Trifoliate (HG/PT), Huanggougan / Tangerine (HG/CR), and Huanggougan / Ziyang Xiangcheng (HG/CJ) were studied using the LI-COR 6400 portable photosynthesis system. Light-response curves and photosynthetic parameters were analyzed and fitted using the rectangular hyperbola model (RHM), the exponential model (EM), the non rectangular hyperbola model (NRHM), and the modified rectangular hyperbola model (MRHM). The results showed that: (1) Grafting can change the photosynthetic characteristics of Huangguogan, and the value of photosynthesis rate of HG/CJ is the greatest; (2) The light-response curves of net photosynthetic rate (PN), the light compensation point (LCP), and the dark respiration rate (RD) were well fitted using the above four models. The modified rectangular hyperbola was the best model in fitting the data; the nonrectangular hyperbola model was the second, and the rectangular hyperbola model was the poorest one.
Yield and technological performance of sugarcane cultivars grown under Af climate conditions
Authors: Miranda Augusto Sousa , Domingues Felipe Nogueira , Godoy Bruno Spacek , Rêgo Aníbal Coutinho do , Faturi Cristian , Azevedo Jorge Cardoso de
Published: December 2019

Sugarcane crops are grown in almost all regions of Brazil, in various types of soil and under the influence of different climate conditions, which results in diverse production environments as climate factors directly influence the yield and technological quality of a sugarcane crop. The present study evaluated the agronomic and technological characteristics of sugarcane cultivars grown in Af climate conditions. The agronomic traits (natural matter production and the number, length, and diameter of stalks) and technological attributes (Brix, purity, Pol, reducing sugars, total reducing sugars, moisture, and fiber content) of three sugarcane cultivars, IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011, were determined in a three-year experiment with a randomized block design using four blocks and two repetitions per block. The cultivars IACSP93-6006 and SP79-1011 exhibited superior agronomic traits compared to RB83-5486, showing better adaptation to the soil and climate conditions of the study area. However, the technological attributes, which were below the minimum standard levels required by the sugar and ethanol industry, were not statistically different among the studied cultivars. The abundant rainfall and high temperatures, characteristics of an Af climate, were not favorable for sucrose accumulation in the IACSP93-6006, RB83-5486, and SP79-1011 cultivars. Therefore, despite the high yield, sugarcane intended for industrial purposes should not be grown under Af climate conditions, owing to the insufficient technological parameters.
Sprouting, phenology, and maturation of the Italian grapevine ‘Fiano’ in Campo Largo, PR, Brazil
Authors: Fowler João Guilherme , Margoti Gislâine , Biasi Luiz Antonio
Published: December 2019

Despite the expansion of viticulture in Brazil, the lack of chilling hours is a factor that requires the use of growth inducers to promote sprouting. Erger™ is a product of low toxicity and efficient in the bud induction of apple. However, there is a lack of studies testing such a product on the grapevine. This research was carried out to evaluate the sprouting and phenological cycle of ‘Fiano’ grapevine after Erger™ and calcium nitrate application in comparison to hydrogen cyanamide, as well as characterizing its production in Brazil. The experiment was carried out in Campo Largo, PR, under a trellis system, with plants spaced at 1.25 × 2.7 meters. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications and three plants per plot. Different concentrations of Erger™ and calcium nitrate (3%, 5%, 7%, and control) were tested compared to the standard dose of Dormex™ (4%) to induce sprouting in ‘Fiano’ grapevine, while phenological aspects of this cultivar were evaluated following the BBCH scale. Soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and pH were evaluated weekly after the beginning of berry maturation. The main biometric and qualitative characteristics of bunches were evaluated at harvest. All treatments presented satisfactory sprouting rates in 2014, but a lower cold accumulation was observed in 2015, and Erger™ application significantly increased sprouting when compared to the control. Plants treated with Erger™ had a delay in sprouting in the two years of study, requiring more time to reach a satisfactory percentage of open buds. The anticipation of sprouting was also observed in all treatments in the second agricultural season due to higher temperatures in relation to the previous year when the occurrence of low temperatures led to a longer time to start bud opening, which was related to ecodormancy. The cultivar Fiano is productive and adapted to the conditions of Campo Largo, PR, Brazil.
Alleviation of aluminum and cadmium toxicity by biochar and its potential toxicity to sorghum
Authors: Almeida Jane Bruna de , Santos Laura Souza , Pandey Sugandha Dogra , Nunes Claudineia Ferreira , Colen Fernando , Sampaio Regynaldo Arruda , Frazão Leidivan Almeida , Pegoraro Rodinei Facco , Fernandes Luiz Arnaldo
Published: December 2019

Biochar has been used as an alternative in organic wastes management and to alleviate trace elements toxicity. The aim of this research was to use a rapid and simple test to detect the potential toxic effects of biochar and its ability to alleviate aluminum and cadmium toxicity to seeds and seedlings of Sorghum bicolor L. Two experiments were carried out in Petri dishes with two different biochars where sorghum seeds were exposed to aluminum (experiment 1) and cadmium (experiment 2) solutions. The experimental designs were completely randomized, with five doses of aluminum or cadmium in aqueous solution (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mmol/L of Al or Cd), combined with or without the addition of 0.25 g of biochar from sugarcane bagasse or from sewage sludge. Compared to treatments without biochar, in the treatments with biochar, higher seed germination rate and growth of sorghum seedlings were obtained. Moreover, the biochars were not toxic to sorghum and they decreased the toxicity of aluminum and cadmium, mainly the biochar from sewage sludge that presented higher pH and greater occurrence of functional groups in its particles.
Heritage image-making. How digital documentation makes the artefact in ethnographic museum collecting
Authors: Gowlland Geoffrey
Published: December 2019

This article reflects on the relationships between artefacts newly collectedby ethnographic museums and the digital images that illustrate such artefacts inmuseum archives and catalogues. Taking three examples derived from collectingactivities and ethnographic fieldwork in China and Taiwan, the article reflectson the potential of images to not simply “contextualise” artefacts, but to shapethe relationships that are established between museums, the makers of artefacts,and the related source communities. More specifically, through three cases it isdiscussed how images can: 1) come to position makers within a tradition, 2)offer solutions to issues of rights over designs, and 3) link the collected artefactto the land from which materials were gathered. In the concluding discussion,four aspects of “images of collecting” are discussed: their materiality, their role inthe creation of value, risks of misinterpretation, and responsibilities involved inediting and selecting images.
Mapping the fields. Geographies of knowledge production. Et forskningsprosjekt om romlige-digitale-arkivale sammenfiltringer
Authors: Skåden Kristina
Published: December 2019

Mapping the Fields: Geographies of Knowledge Production, is ahumanities experiment, exploring fieldworks of the nineteenth century. By studyingfieldworks, the project investigates production and circulation of knowledge,and the role of space and place in these practices. Furthermore, and that is theconcern of this article, Mapping the Fields is one possible answer to an ongoingdiscussion about how the building of a database, data model, and digital mapsmay be fruitful for research related to Norwegian Folklore Archives. The projectengages the general idea of mapping as a process within network relations. In thisarticle, it is argued that concepts developed in relations between geography andliterature studies are fruitful within a Culture History approach to Spatial History.The article problematizes how “the digital” stabilizes “facts” and contributes toinspiration, new research questions and new knowledge.
Permanent exhibitions. Luomus, Natural History Museum of Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Brichet Nathalia
Published: December 2019

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Johansson, Christina & Bevelander Pieter (eds). Museums in a Time of Migration. Rethinking museums’ roles, representations, collections, and collaborations.
Authors: Varutti Marzia
Published: December 2019

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Der Familienbegriff im deutschen Ausländerrecht
Authors: Druschke Carina
Published: December 2019

This work examines how to determine whether a particular family status fulfils the legal requirements for family reunification in Germany, and thereby addresses the field at which public and private law overlap. With reference to three case study groups, the author examines whether and how European guidelines on family reunification and freedom of movement affect the determination of the legal status of family relations. She also clarifies the relevance of official public records in the process of family reunification. Subsequently, she uses various examples in order to highlight the interdependence between the German law on foreigners and private law. If the legal validity of a family relationship and the right to freedom of movement have been proved in accordance with international private law in another EU Member State, she proposes forgoing a (further) examination of the case according to international private law in Germany.
Die Begrenzung von Versorgungsrisiken der betrieblichen Hinterbliebenenversorgung
Authors: Ernst Sebastian
Published: December 2019

Regulations regarding company benefits for surviving dependants in Germany are confusingly complex. The Company Pensions Act doesn’t stipulate how to design a pension scheme for surviving dependants.
However, a company has to observe a large number of statutory provisions besides the Company Pensions Act when implementing a pension scheme. The new anti-discrimination legislation in particular sets new standards for company benefits for surviving dependants.
The thesis aims to systematically analyse the legal situation and to find answers to the unresolved questions regarding typical contract designs for company benefits for surviving dependants.
Od "krásneho mesta pre pracujúcích" k "europskému štandartu". Premeny obrazu ideálného mesta v plánovaní Brna 1951-2007
Authors: Ferenčuhová Slavomíra
Published: December 2019

Článek rozebírá rozdíly mezi představami o "ideálním městě" v komunistickém a post-komunistickém v urbánním plánování. Nejprve nabízí přehled akademických prací, které buď líčí ideje plánování za komunistického režimu, anebo popisují představy propagované v praxi plánování od 90. let 20. století v post-komunistických zemích. Ve druhém kroku text analyzuje reprezentace "ideálního města" v koncepcích plánování připravených pro město Brno v letech 1951, 1966, 1973, 2002 a 2007. Poznatky z literatury o "post/komunistickém" plánování ukazují na podobnost mezi urbánním plánováním v Brně a několika dalších městech. Srovnání idejí o žádoucím městském rozvoji pro město Brno během uplynulých šesti dekád však také poukazuje na určitou neměnnost reprezentací "ideálního města" v "komunistickém" a "post-komunistickém" plánování.
Exodus zemřelých: Počátky medikalizace smrti v pozdně osvícenských Čechách
Authors: Tinková Daniela
Published: December 2019

Studie se zabývá proměnou pohřebních praktik a forem zacházení s mrtvým tělem v osvícenské době. Jde o klíčovou periodu, kdy byla poprvé v křesťanské éře přijata osvícenským státem celá řada nařízení, jejichž ncílem – ve jménu zachování zdraví populace - byla marginalizace kontaktu světa živých a světa mrtvých. Vedle kněze si tehdy u lůžka umírajícího – poprvé v evropských dějinách – vybojoval ústřední místo také lékař. Proslulé „pohřbívání v pytlích“ představuje jen jeden z prvků celé řady opatření, která zasáhla do tisíciletých tradic a senzibility obyvatelstva (nejen) našich zemí. Zaváděly se nepříliš populární praktiky, ať už šlo o pouhé odsouvání pohřebišť mimo obydlená místa, o zřízení „instituce márnice“, o proslulé pohřbívání v pytlích i o další „novoty“. Nás bude mimo jiné zajímat, jak na jejich zavádění reagovali obyvatelé Čech. I když jde o problematiku, v níž se osvícenská „hygienizace veřejného prostoru“ projevila možná nejmarkantněji, naše historiografie jí dosud nevěnovala v podstatě žádnou pozornost. Tato studie se pokusí představit problém „vypovídání“ „škodlivých těl“ (i problémy, na které tato novota narážela u prostého obyvatelstva) především na základě studia dosud nepublikovaných (a dosud nestudovaných) pramenných materiálů z fondů Českého gubernia a Zemského protomedikátu, uložených v Národním archivu v Praze. Doplněny budou samozřejmě i dobovými (především německými) tisky, především lékařskými a policejními.
Sebejisté a troufalé, ale ne vzrušující. Osobnost značek českých politických stran v perspektivě prvovoličů
Authors: Šimon Jiří , Chytilek Roman
Published: December 2019

Článek se věnuje jedné z dimenzí konceptu politické značky – její osobnosti. Představuje dosavadní výzkum v dané oblasti a metodou případové studie vnímání osobnosti značky hlavních českých politických stran prvovoliči se snaží prověřit možnosti přenosu konceptuálních nástrojů na zkoumání osobnosti značky převážně britské provenience do českého prostředí. Ukazuje se, že šestidimenzionální měřicí nástroj (Smith 2009) je i v našem prostředí víceméně použitelný, osobnost značky ani jedné z českých politických stran však prozatím není vnímána respondenty příliš jednotně. U všech stran dále nacházíme vzorec, který ukazuje, že shoda o tom, jaká je osobnost značky, je větší mezi sympatizanty strany než mezi ostatními respondenty.
Vytváření sociologické teorie náboženství
Authors: Lužný Dušan
Published: December 2019

Text je rozvržen do tří částí. První se věnuje způsobům, jakými sociologie (resp. sociologie náboženství) vytvářela teorii náboženství a jaké jsou možné strategie vytváření sociologické teorie náboženství. V této části jsou také zmíněny některé významné principy, které jsou nutné pro každou sociologickou teorii náboženství dnes (např. mezikulturní komparace, resp. snaha o formulaci teorií, konceptů či postulátů, které je možno/nutno podrobit mezikulturní komparaci). Druhá část shrnuje základní přínosy a nedostatky dvou nejvýznamnějších soudobých sociologických teorií náboženství, kterými jsou teorie sekularizace a teorie racionální volby. Třetí část představí základy autorova pokusu o formulování východisek sociologické teorie náboženství. Jedním z obecných principů tohoto pojetí je snaha začlenit do sociologické teorie náboženství (která je vytvářena jako teorie náboženského chování) mimosociologické poznatky a přístupy (především inspirace z religionistiky, antropologie, archeologie, evoluční psychologie a kognitivní vědy).
Deti medzi emancipáciou a sociálnou využiteľnosťou: nová sociológia detstva a „našepkaná emancipácia“
Authors: Kaščák Ondrej , Pupala Branislav
Published: December 2019

Při aktuálním zkoumání dětí a dětství lze identifikovat dvě zásadní „paradigmata“ uplatňující se jednak na akademické a taktéž na školskopolitické úrovni. Jednu tvoří diskurz nové sociologie dětství vyvíjející se od 90. let 20. století, druhou tvoří neoliberální diskurz o vzdělávání prosazující se zejména ve vědách o výchově a ve školské politice v posledních deseti letech (v kontextu střední Evropy). Obě pracují s emancipační logikou aktivního, autonomního a svých práv si vědomého dítěte aktivně se angažujícího v sociálním životě. Nová sociologie dětství soustřeďuje tuto argumentaci na zrovnoprávnění dětské perspektivy ve výzkumu a v sociálním životě (i ve vztahu k dospělým), vycházeje přitom hlavně ze sociálněkonstruktivistických teorií, neoliberální diskurz emancipuje děti ve vztahu k autonomnímu budování jejich „lidského kapitálu“ a jejich aktivní nasměrovanosti na životní úspěch – odvolávajíc se taktéž na výzkumy sociálního konstruktivismu. V sociologii se uvedené diskurzy prolínají a otevírají zásadní otázky o povaze dětského bytí a dětství v současnosti a zejména otázku o skutečné autonomii dětí a povaze jejich emancipace. Výsledkem analýzy je pochybnost o faktickém zrovnoprávnění a hypotéza o mizení dětství překrývajícím se s paralelním mizením dospělosti v ideologii celoživotního vzdělávání.
Za návrat k ranému Durkheimovi. Kulturněsociologické inspirace v Pravidlech sociologické metody a Společenské dělbě práce
Authors: Horák Vít
Published: December 2019

Myšlenku kulturní sociologie odstartoval nový pohled na francouzského sociologického klasika Émila Durkheima prezentovaný ve sborníku Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies editovaným Jeffreym Alexanderem (1988). Odmítnut byl Durkheim - positivista, materialista, předchůdce strukturního funkcionalismu a teorie systémů, a pro kulturní sociologii byl objeven Durkheim jako teoretik náboženství a kultury, Durkheim subjektivistický. S tím Alexander spojil svébytnou periodizaci klasikova díla, která je založena na radikálním rozporu mezi pozdními a ranými pracemi. Inspirace pro kulturní sociologii byly čerpány téměř výlučně z pozdějšího období kolem díla Elementární formy náboženského života. Tento článek se bude snažit prozkoumat i rané Durkheimovy práce – Pravidla sociologické metody a Společenskou dělbu práce – a hledat v nich nové zdroje inspirace pro kulturní sociologii. V první zmíněné knize bych chtěl rehabilitovat Durkheimův positivismus, který nemusí být nutně chápan jako rozporný s kulturní sociologií. Naopak by mohl přispět k diskuzi o kulturní autonomii. Ve druhé zmíněné knize chci výrazněji odlišit ekonomickou a kulturní rovinu a diskutovat, jak by kulturní sociologie mohla chápat pojmy solidarity a dělby práce. Zvláštní důraz kladu na dva typy mezilidské vzájemnosti (sounáležitost/doplňující se různost), jež Durkheimovi slouží jako základ pro pojmy mechanické a organické solidarity. Kulturní sociologie by tyto typy podle mého názoru mohla dobře využít pro pojem kulturní identity.
Pozměňovací návrh jako indikátor při přijímání české legislativy životního prostředí
Authors: Skalík Jan
Published: December 2019

Článek se zabývá vlivy na hlasování u legislativy životního prostředí v Poslanecké sněmovně Parlamentu České republiky. V úvodní části textu na základě kvantitativní analýzy porovnáme vliv skupiny sociodemografických a členských charakteristik poslanců na jejich hlasování. Na základě vyhodnocení vlivu délky mandátu a věku zákonodárců, příslušnosti k poslaneckému klubu a poslaneckým výborům, vzdělání, pohlaví a volebnímu regionu zákonodárce na 156 hlasování z let 1995 až 2010 docházíme k závěru, že rozhodující vliv na hlasování o životním prostředí má příslušnost k politické straně, která výrazně koreluje i s dalšími výraznými faktory jako je pohlaví nebo volební období. Přes vysokou stranickou jednotnost hlasování existuje v Parlamentu možnost, jak legislativu ovlivnit individuálně prostřednictvím poslanecké zákonodárné iniciativy. Institut poslaneckých pozměňovacích návrhů, který se na případové studii zákona o ochraně ovzduší demonstruje v druhé části textu, se nicméně opět ukazuje být využíván spíše jako nástroj stranických legislativních strategií. Při snaze o zvýšení transparentnosti a adresné odpovědnosti v českém Parlamentu se tak může jevit snaha o regulaci individuálních poslaneckých iniciativ nedoplněná zprůhledněním stranických procesů jako neúčinná.
Náboženství v laboratoři sociální implicitní kognice: víra v automatických reakcích jako implicitní postoj a dovednost
Authors: Hampejs Tomáš
Published: December 2019

Tento text na rozhraní teoretické eseje a přehledové studie poukazuje na metodologické paradigma experimentální sociální psychologie jako na vhodný prostor pro zkoumání a vysvětlování náboženské víry mezi universalistickým pojetím kognitivní vědy o náboženství s jejím důrazem na evolučně vyvinuté kognitivní kapacity lidského chování a tradičními historiografickými a antropologickými metodami s jejich důrazem na socio-kulturní kontext. Snaží se odpovědět na některé otázky po možnosti smysluplné redukce a experimentalizace náboženské víry a jejího měření za hranicemi dotazovacích metod s jejich limitem introspekce a sebeprezentačním zkreslením. Představuje experimentální prostor psychologické laboratoře jako místo, kde se paradoxně díky redukci a dekontextualizaci studovaného jevu plasticky odhaluje klíčová role situačního kontextu i přes reduktivní rámec vysvětlující vědy. Případná „náboženskost“ a náboženská víra tak o to více ukazuje svoji závislost na konkrétní praxi a performanci. Cílem textu je ukázat jak může experimentálně podložené pojetí afektivní složky víry jako implicitního postoje přispět k deesencializaci víry jako ryze náboženského znaku.
Kultúrny kapitál a formovanie edukačného poľa v Bosne a Hercegovine počas rakúsko-uhorskej okupácie
Authors: Mentel Andrej
Published: December 2019

Článek analyzuje sociální důsledky vytváření centralizovaného školského systému v Bosně a Hercegovině během rakousko-uherské okupace (1878-1918). Ve smyslu koloniální politiky Benjamina von Kállaya je vytvoření centralizovaného školského systému jednou ze zásadních podmínek ekonomického a sociálního rozvoje. Tento projekt však vedl k různým odlišným trajektoriím založeným na příslušnosti k jednotlivým etno-religiózním skupinám produkujícím odlišný habitus. Muslimská populace ztratila svou dosavadní dominantní pozíci ve společnosti, zatímco srbsko-pravoslavná část městského osídlení začala získávat prestiž a společenský vliv. Daný vývoj interpretuji na základě popisu dynamiky edukačního pole. V této studii formuluji hypotézu odlišných druhů lingvistického kapitálu, pričemž ten starší byl generovaný a oceňovaný na poli islamské učenosti, kdežto ten novější se vytvářel v nově vytvořeném systému státního školství.
Evoluční teorie a právo (státní a unijní)
Authors: Sehnálek David
Published: December 2019

Článek se zabývá problematikou evoluce v oblasti práva. V úvodní části si autor klade otázku, zda a do jaké míry lze naše znalosti o evoluci vůbec přenést do oblasti práva. Kriticky přitom analyzuje jednotlivé doktrinální evoluční přístupy v právu. Následně jsou definovány výchozí evoluční principy platné pro oblast práva tak, aby v poslední části článku bylo možné aplikovat zjištěné poznatky na problematiku evropské integrace v rámci Evropské unie.
Book Review: The Bathroom: A Social History of Cleanliness and the Body
Authors: Sprochi Amanda K
Published: December 2019

Alison Hoagland has written a thought-provoking book on the history of the smallest room in the house that no one talks about. The Bathroom: A Social History of Cleanliness and the Body, delves into the history, evolution, psychology, and socioeconomic implications of the American bathroom and its development from the Civil War onwards. She demonstrates how much of the discourse around cleanliness, sanitation, consumerism, and technology has come to be centered on the bathroom in the United States, and discusses the many forms this takes in advertising, public health, and urban and rural infrastructure.
Book Review: Hammer Complete: The Films, the Personnel, the Company
Authors: Carr Tracy
Published: December 2019

Imagine that you are the most devoted fan of your favorite thing, be it NASCAR, collecting salt and pepper shakers, or birdwatching. From childhood on, your interest in the minutiae regarding the subject of your fandom only grows. Eventually, your dream comes true, and you write an encyclopedia about your favorite subject. This scenario seems likely as this reviewer considers how Howard Maxford’s Hammer Complete: The Films, the Personnel, the Company came into being.
Ciclagem de nutrientes em diferentes condições topográficas em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Pinheiral-RJ
Authors: Santos Gilsonley Lopes dos , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Corrêa Neto Thais de Andrade , Mendonça Victória Maria Monteiro , Menezes Carlos Eduardo Gabriel
Published: December 2019

Nos ecossistemas florestais, a dinâmica da serapilheira está relacionada à tipologia vegetal e as condições climáticas dos ambientes, as quais são influenciadas pela heterogeneidade topográfica da paisagem. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se diferentes condições de relevo (pedoformas convexa e côncava) alteram a dinâmica da serapilheira em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na sub-bacia do ribeirão Cachimbal, Pinheiral-RJ. Foram selecionadas duas pedoformas adjacentes com relevo do tipo convexa (convexa-divergente) e côncava (côncava-convergente), sendo essas divididas em minissítios (MS) I, II, e III na pedoforma convexa e IV, V e VI na pedoforma côncava. Nos diferentes ambientes foram avaliados o estoque e a decomposição da serapilheira em duas estações do ano (chuvosa e seca). Para avaliar o estoque foram coletadas dez amostras de serapilheira de cada um dos MS, utilizando um gabarito quadrado com 25 cm de lado. Para avaliar a taxa de decomposição da serapilheira, foram selecionadas 10 g de folhas, as quais foram acondicionadas em litterbags, instalados no campo e coletadas em diferentes intervalos de tempo. O estoque e os teores de nutrientes da serapilheira foram influenciados em função do tipo da pedoforma, variação do gradiente topográfico e estação do ano, maiores estoques foram observados na pedoforma convexa, em estação seca e os maiores teores de K+ e Mg+2 foram observados nos MS inferiores das pedoformas. Por outro lado, os teores de carbono foram influenciados apenas pela estação do ano como maiores teores na estação chuvosa. A decomposição da serapilheira ocorre de maneira diferenciada em função da pedoforma, do gradiente topográfico e da estação do ano, cujos maiores valores foram observados na pedoforma convexa e na estação chuvosa.
Avaliação de modelo probabilístico de propagação de incêndios florestais utilizando autômatos celulares aplicado a pequenas áreas
Authors: Santos Everton dos , Turci Luiz Felipe Ramos , Almeida Rodolfo Maduro
Published: December 2019

O Parque Municipal da Serra de São Domingos, localizado em Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brasil, apresenta ocorrências de incêndios anuais, que promovem perdas ambientais e socioeconômicas. A utilização de um modelo de propagação de incêndio que possa auxiliar no planejamento do combate, e até na prevenção desses incêndios, seria extremamente benéfico para o município e para Corpo de Bombeiros. Os objetivos deste trabalho são a apresentação dos estudos de incêndios na área e a parametrização e avaliação de um modelo probabilístico de propagação de incêndio, baseado na metodologia dos autômatos celulares, similar a modelos utilizados na região do bioma Cerrado. A caracterização dá-se a partir de utilização de ferramentas de sensoriamento remoto e dados meteorológicos, e a parametrização do modelo utilizou dados de um incêndio com área afetada bem mapeada e ponto de ignição bem conhecido, procedendo-se o ajuste do modelo aplicando-se o algoritmo meta-heurístico de enxame de vagalumes. A eficácia do modelo foi posteriormente testada com duas ocorrências de incêndio distintas, ambas com área atingida bem mapeada, porém, com ponto de ignição desconhecido. O modelo mostrou-se capaz de representar até 57% da área real afetada pelo incêndio, e alguns parâmetros foram considerados satisfatórios, como as probabilidades elementares de sustentabilidade e ignição do fogo. Entretanto, os estudos indicam que há a necessidade de maior refinamento nos dados utilizados no modelo, principalmente, dados de umidade e ponto de ignição dos incêndios.
Troncos de árvores monumentais como indicadores de degradação florestal no sul do Brasil
Authors: Scipioni Marcelo Callegari
Published: December 2019

As maiores árvores foram as primeiras a serem extraídas das florestas. Desta forma, há poucos registros dos tamanhos dos indivíduos arbóreos de grande porte, o que gera desconhecimento sobre muitas espécies ameaçadas de extinção. O objetivo desta nota técnica foi mensurar os monumentos históricos de troncos de Araucaria angustifolia e Ocotea porosa e comparar com a situação atual dos remanescentes florestais. Monumentos de troncos acima de 2 m de diâmetro foram amostrados em ambas as espécies. Os monumentos foram visitados in loco, foram obtidos os registros biométricos de perímetro do tronco por meio de amostragem preferencial. Esses foram comparados com árvores vivas catalogadas nos inventários florestais estaduais, ressaltam a perda de grandes árvores e destacam a degradação ambiental pela ausência delas. Tais monumentos de grandes árvores serviram como indicadores ambientais e são um patrimônio natural que deve ser preservado e estudado pela ciência, assim como as últimas grandes árvores na Mata Atlântica. Novas políticas públicas de catalogação de árvores de grande porte devem ser priorizadas. É também necessário que a classificação de tamanho das maiores árvores seja disponibilizada para a sociedade, visando à preservação ambiental, estudos científicos, manejo e turismo de natureza.
Da ilegalidade à certificação florestal: estudo de caso do manejo florestal comunitário no Baixo Amazonas
Authors: Waldhoff Philippe , Silva Edson José Vidal da
Published: December 2019

Este artigo analisa as mudanças no arranjo produtivo da madeira oriunda da extração comunitária, no município de Boa Vista do Ramos – Amazonas, decorrentes das alterações nas políticas ambientais e normas voltadas ao manejo florestal sustentável. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva baseada em um estudo de caso desenvolvido a partir de observação participante e entrevistas não estruturadas, realizados entre 1999 e 2007, período de contato direto com uma associação de produtores florestais e o ambiente. Foram verificados documentos relacionados à formalização e legalização das atividades e realizada uma revisão sobre as políticas e normas voltadas ao manejo florestal. A análise dos dados se deu a partir de 2011.Os resultados demonstram que os extratores de madeira, que desenvolviam suas atividades de maneira tradicional, tiveram de se adaptar às novas orientações políticas e técnicas. Houve uma mudança de um padrão de produção informal e ilegal para o manejo florestal comunitário juridicamente institucionalizado sob a forma de associação, com licença ambiental e certificação florestal. A coerção da sociedade visando à diminuição do desmatamento na Amazônia e o desenvolvimento de um ambiente favorável ao manejo florestal comunitário podem ser considerados como causas desta mudança. O conhecimento tradicional aliado ao técnico-científico foi o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um projeto de referência para a região. Por fim, a falta de estratégias específicas para o empoderamento dos manejadores florestais aliado a mudanças nas políticas públicas pode ter levado à busca por arranjos produtivos mais simples, mudando a orientação do manejo florestal de comunitário para o individual/familiar.
Compositional nutrient diagnosis in two oil palm genetic materials
Authors: Matos Gilson Sergio Bastos de , Rodrigues Graziele Rabelo , Gama Marcos André Piedade , Galvão Jessivaldo Rodrigues , Viégas Ismael de Jesus Matos , Macedo Neto Antonio Anízio Leal
Published: December 2019

Oil palm is a hybrid formed from different genetic materials, where different genetic varieties possibly have different nutritional demands. The O x G hybrid is supposed to need more nutrient than the Afriacana palm. The diagnosis of nutritional composition is made by the method of diagnosis of compositional nutrients, which uses nutritional standards in cormercia plantations, this method also supports the recommendation of fertilization. The objective was to generate standards for the diagnosis of nutritional composition (CND) in oil palm for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B leaf and to perform diagnoses in tenera and interspecific hybrids (O x G). The CND and Sufficiency Ranges (FS) method was used in 240 samples of plantations in Pará, up to 6 years old, as well as data on the yield of dried fruit cluster (FFB) and chemical analysis of leaves for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. Oil palm plantations are located in the Moju municipality, in the north of the state of Pará. Reference values ​​were obtained based on the multivariate relationships between CND indices and nutrients. . Comparing leaf contents and degree of agreement (DA) with sufficiency ranges (SR). In both methods, the nutrient with the highest deficiency was S. The plots with tenera and O x G presented, respectively, more cases of B and S deficiency by CND. This method points out different nutritional needs among genetic materials, as well as may help better fertilization recommendations.