bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mo Species on the Selective Oxidation of n‐Butane to Maleic Anhydride over Mo‐Promoted VPP
Authors: He Bin , Nan Linlin , Li Zihang , Wen Bo , Niu Jingyang , Liu Ruixia
Published: January 2019

Vanadyl pyrophosphate contained catalysts (VPP) are of great importance for the selective oxidation of light alkane to chemicals. Achieving high conversion of alkane with a high selectivity of target products is critical for the practical applications of VPP. Here we selected three Mo species H5Mo12O41P (PMA), MoO3, and (NH4)6Mo7O4⋅4H2O (HAM) as promoters for VPP catalysts. Performance evaluation shows that all Mo‐promoted VPP catalysts have much better catalytic performance than those without Mo promoter, which are mainly attributed to the different Mo species could induce the formation of active crystal and affect the redox characteristic to varying degrees. Moreover, SEM revealed that the PMA possess a “shape memory” function, which result in crystallinity of (200) in PMA‐VPO is higher than others. H2‐TPR suggested that PMA could increase the amount of oxygen and reduce the reduction activation energy, which is beneficial to enhance the activity of VPP. The presented results may be helpful for selecting superior metal promoter and facilitated the process of VPP catalyst development for n‐butane selective oxidation.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Performance of Anthracene‐Based Small Molecules for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Tao Qiang , Yan Dong , Liao Yunfeng , Huang Xianwei , Deng Jiyong , Yu Donghong
Published: January 2019

Increasing molecular π‐conjugation length generally improves the light‐harvesting ability and enhancing π‐π stacking interactions could improve the charge‐carrier transport ability in small molecules (SMs). Both are beneficial for increasing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in organic solar cells. In this work, two linear (A−D)2Ar‐type SMs of (DTBT‐TPA)2An and (DPP‐TPA)2An were designed and synthesized, in which 4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzothiadiazole (DTBT) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) were selected as electron acceptors (A), triphenylamine (TPA) was used as electron donor (D) and 9,10‐anthracene (An) was used as π‐bridge (Ar group), respectively. For comparison, two D−A‐type SMs of DTBT‐TPA and DPP‐TPA were also prepared without anthracene unit. By systematically comparing their optical and electronic properties, it was found that (A−D)2Ar‐type SMs show stronger photo response with higher absorption coefficients than the D−A‐type counterparts. And introducing anthracene unit could slightly lower their HOMOs of the resulting (A−D)2Ar‐type SMs. In bulk heterojunction solar cells, PCEs of 1.72% and 1.36% were achieved in (DTBT‐TPA)2An and (DPP‐TPA)2An based devices without any solvent additive, which are about 1.5 and 1.9 times the corresponding values of the DTBT‐TPA and DPP‐TPA based devices, respectively.
In Vivo Chemoselective Photoacoustic Imaging of Copper(II) in Plant and Animal Subjects
Authors: Zeng Leli , Ma Gongcheng , Xu Han , Mu Jing , Li Fan , Gao Xiaoting , Deng Zhuoting , Qu Junle , Huang Peng , Lin Jing
Published: January 2019

The detection of Cu2+ in living plants and animals is of great importance for environment monitoring and disease diagnosis. Here, a near‐infrared (NIR) turn‐on photoacoustic (PA) probe (denoted as LET‐2) is developed for Cu2+ detection in living subjects, such as soybean sprouts and mice. The absorbance band of LET‐2 shifts from 625 to 715 nm after the interaction with Cu2+, thus producing strong PA signal output at 715 nm (PA715) as an indicator. The PA715 value is increased as a function of the concentration of Cu2+ (0 × 10−6–20 × 10−6m), with a calculated limit of detection of 10.8 × 10−9m. More importantly, both in vitro and in vivo studies in soybean sprouts and mice indicate that the as‐prepared LET‐2 PA probe is highly sensitive and selective for Cu2+ detection. These findings provide a solution for in vivo detection of metal ions by using chemoselective PA probes.
Effects of the Reduction and/or Fluorination of the TT‐Units in BDT‐TT Polymers on the Photostability of Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Doumon Nutifafa Y. , Koster L. Jan Anton
Published: January 2019

Polymer solar cells have a promising future for applications in our day to day usage of energy in small appliances and portable devices. However, their performance in terms of efficiency is limited by a number of factors, among which is their low open circuit voltage (Voc). It is, therefore, understandable that much effort is channeled by the scientific community in improving the Voc. One way to achieve this goal is the development of novel materials, for example, polymers, through chemical structure modification. Typical examples are addition (chlorination, fluorination, or sulfonylation) and/or reduction (from alkyl‐ester to ketone substituents) mechanisms. This paper reports on the study of the effect of these structural changes for Voc enhancement on the performance of the polymers in polymer:fullerene solar cells. In particular, it looks at seven polymers of the polybenzodithiophene‐thienothiophene family, identifying the structural changes in the thienothiophene units or their moieties as a function of Voc behavior in relation to their UV‐stability. The findings reveal that the fluorination of the TT‐units or having alkyl‐ester groups as substituents on the TT‐units is bad for photostability. However, when these alkyl‐ester groups are reduced into ketone substituents, the photostability behavior improves.
Active load alleviation potential of adaptive wind turbine blades using shape memory alloy actuators
Authors: Karakalas Anargyros A. , Manolas Dimitris I. , Machairas Theodoros T. , Riziotis Vasilis A. , Saravanos Dimitris A.
Published: January 2019

Upscaling of wind turbine blades calls for implementation of innovative active load control concepts that will facilitate the flawless operation of the machine and reduce the fatigue and ultimate loads that hinder its service life. Based on aeroelastic simulations that prove the enhanced capabilities of combined individual pitch and individual flap control at global wind turbine scale level, a shape adaptive concept that encompasses an articulated mechanism consisting of two subparts is presented. Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are investigated and assessed as means to control the shape adaptive mechanism at airfoil section level in order to alleviate the developed structural loads. The concept is embedded in the trailing edge region of the blade of a 10‐MW horizontal axis wind turbine and acts as a flap mechanism. Numerical simulations are performed considering various wind velocities and morphing target shapes and trajectories for both normal and extreme turbulence conditions. The results prove the potential of the concept, since the SMA controlled actuators can accurately follow the target trajectories. Power requirements are estimated at 0.22% of the AEP of the machine, while fatigue and ultimate load reduction of the flap‐wise bending moment at the blade root is 27.6% and 7.4%, respectively.
Thiacalix[4]arene‐Supported Tetranuclear TbIII and EuIII Compounds: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence, and Magnetism
Authors: Ge Jing‐Yuan , Duan Xing , Ma Jian‐Ping , Huang Shuai , Du Jia , Wang Peng
Published: January 2019

Two tetranuclear compounds [Ln4Na(μ4‐OH)(TC4A)2(acac)4] [Ln = Tb (1), Eu (2)] (acac = acetylacetonate) were synthesized and characterized based on p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene (H4TC4A). Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic C2/c space group. There are two crystallographically independent metal atoms in one asymmetric unit. Ln1, Ln2, and two metal atoms generated by the symmetry operation are bridged by one μ4‐OH group to form a planar tetragonal Ln4(μ4‐OH) unit. Each Ln4(μ4‐OH) unit is surrounded by four acac anions and two disordered sodium ions in the planar direction. The upper and lower positions of the Ln4(μ4‐OH) unit are further coordinated by two cone‐shaped TC4A ligands to form a sandwich‐type molecular structure. Luminescent measurements reveal that both compounds 1 and 2 exhibit good photoluminescent properties. Moreover, the static and dynamic magnetic properties of compound 1 were also investigated, which demonstrates that 1 is one functional material candidate combining luminescent and antiferromagnetic properties in one molecule.
Changing Patterns of Industrialization and Emerging States in Twentieth Century China
Authors: Kubo Toru
Published: January 2019

After the middle of the 19th century, China started to struggle for industrial development and eventually achieved it. This chapter proposes to discuss the process of China’s industrialization by distinguishing it into four periods, including the relatively short but critical period of wartime controlled economy, and by referring to the relative weights of three factors that have shaped the economic development of modern China, the global economy, private enterprises, and the government. Such an understanding will help us to situate Mao’s era in the whole process of China’s industrialization. We will also make it clear that China had developed two types of industrialization, capital-intensive industrialization and labour-intensive industrialization, and suggests that the wartime controlled economy under the Nationalist government played a particularly important role in this process.
Inclusive displaced vertex searches for heavy neutral leptons at the LHC
Authors: Abada Asmaa , Bernal Nicolás , Losada Marta , Marcano Xabier
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The inclusion of heavy neutral leptons to the Standard Model particle content could provide solutions to many open questions in particle physics and cosmology. The modification of the charged and neutral currents from active-sterile mixing of neutral leptons can provide novel signatures in Standard Model processes. We revisit the displaced vertex signature that could occur in collisions at the LHC via the decay of heavy neutral leptons with masses of a few GeV emphasizing the implications of flavor, kinematics, inclusive production and number of these extra neutral fermions. We study in particular the implication on the parameter space sensitivity when all mixings to active flavors are taken into account. We also discuss alternative cases where the new particles are produced in a boosted regime.
Awareness and perceptions of clinical guidelines for the diagnostics and treatment of severe behavioural problems in children across Europe: A qualitative survey with academic experts
Authors: Gatej Alexandra-Raluca , Lamers Audri , van Domburgh Lieke , Crone Matty , Ogden Terje , Rijo Daniel , Aronen Eeva , Barroso Ricardo , Boomsma Dorret I. , Vermeiren Robert
Published: January 2019

Background:

Severe behavioural problems (SBPs) in childhood are highly prevalent, impair functioning, and predict negative outcomes later in life. Over the last decade, clinical practice guidelines for SBPs have been developed across Europe to facilitate the translation of scientific evidence into clinical practice. This study outlines the results of an investigation into academic experts’ perspectives on the current prevalence, implementation, and utility of clinical guidelines for SBPs in children aged 6–12 across Europe.

Methods:

An online semi-structured questionnaire was completed by 28 psychiatry and psychology experts from 23 countries.

Results:

Experts indicated that approximately two thirds of the included European countries use at least an unofficial clinical document such as textbooks, while nearly half possess official guidelines for SBPs. Experts believed that, although useful for practice, guidelines’ benefits would be maximised if they included more specific recommendations and were implemented more conscientiously. Similarly, experts suggested that unofficial clinical documents offer a wide range of treatment options to individualise treatment from. However, they stressed the need for more consistent, evidence-based clinical practices, by means of developing national and European clinical guidelines for SBPs.

Conclusions:

This study offers a preliminary insight into the current successes and challenges perceived by experts around Europe associated with guidelines and documents for SBPs, acting as a stepping stone for future systematic, in-depth investigations of guidelines. Additionally, it establishes experts’ consensus for the need to develop official guidelines better tailored to clinical practice, creating a momentum for a transition towards European clinical guidelines for this population.
Roving Eyes: Predictors of Crushes in Ongoing Romantic Relationships and Implications for Relationship Quality
Authors: Belu Charlene F. , O'Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: January 2019

Potential alternative partners can threaten the stability of established relationships, yet a romantic or sexual attraction to someone with whom you are not currently involved (i.e., a ‘crush’) appears common for those in relationships (Mullinax, Barnhart, Mark, & Herbenick, 2016). This study assessed prevalence of such crushes, individual and relationship predictors, and links to infidelity. Adults (N = 247, aged 25–45, 43.3% women) in romantic relationships completed surveys assessing individual characteristics (attention to alternatives, sociosexual orientation, attachment avoidance), relationship quality (satisfaction, commitment, intimacy), and infidelity. The degree of attention to alternatives predicted whether one had a crush on another while in a romantic relationship. Crushes were fairly common and seemed to have had few negative implications for those in established relationships. These findings will be of use to therapists addressing couples’ attraction to others.
Choices that matter: Coalition formation and parties’ ideological reputations
Authors: Falcó-Gimeno Albert , Fernandez-Vazquez Pablo
Published: January 2019

This paper examines how a party’s decision to enter a coalition government affects voter perceptions of the party’s policy position. We argue that, for the decision to change voter beliefs, it must be at odds with voters’ prior opinions about the party. Specifically, the party must join a coalition that is not the one voters perceive as the ideologically closest option. Otherwise, the party’s action simply confirms voters’ pre-existing beliefs. Hence, whether or not joining a coalition alters voter attitudes depends on the type of alternative coalitions the party could enter. We test the hypothesis using three complementary empirical strategies: a cross-country analysis of party reputations in five coalition-prone European countries, individual panel data, and a quasi-experimental test. All three empirical tests provide support for our claim. This paper contributes to our understanding of voter information processing, coalition politics, and party competition.
Documenting 100 Years of Displacement Among Syrian-Armenians: An Interview with Anoush Baghdassarian Conducted by Lauren Broidy
Authors: Baghdassarian Anoush , Broidy Lauren
Published: January 2019

On February 7, 2018, Anoush Baghdassarian (Claremont McKenna College ‘17) conducted a presentation of her undergraduate research on Syrian refugees in Armenia called “Coming ‘Home’: Documenting 100 years of Displacement of Syrian-Armenians.” This interview was lightly edited for clarity.
Validity and Enforceability of Customary Law in Nigeria: Towards a Correct Delimitation of the Province of the Courts
Authors: Enabulele Amos O , Bazuaye Bright
Published: January 2019

With a view to showing that courts do not have the power to validate native law and custom, this article highlights the different roles assigned to the assent of the people governed by native law and custom, and to the court called upon to determine its judicial enforceability. It argues that customary law is validated by the assent of the people and not by courts, and that the tests contained in different statutes by which courts are permitted to intervene in the regime of customary law are tests of enforceability and not tests of validity. As a result, it argues that the term “validity test” is misleading when used in relation to the power of courts to determine the enforceability of native law and custom, and should therefore be discarded.
Real-Option Valuation in Multiple Dimensions Using Poisson Optional Stopping Times
Authors: Lange Rutger-Jan , Ralph Daniel , Støre Kristian
Published: January 2019

We provide a new framework for valuing multidimensional real options where opportunities to exercise the option are generated by an exogenous Poisson process, which can be viewed as a liquidity constraint on decision times. This approach, which we call the Poisson optional stopping times (POST) method, finds the value function as a monotone sequence of lower bounds. In a case study, we demonstrate that the frequently used quasi-analytic method yields a suboptimal policy and an inaccurate value function. The proposed method is demonstrably correct, straightforward to implement, reliable in computation, and broadly applicable in analyzing multidimensional option-valuation problems.
The effect of iodine deficiency during pregnancy on child development
Authors: Bath Sarah C.
Published: January 2019

It is well known that severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause impaired brain development in the child, with effects on cognitive and motor function, hearing and speech. Whether mild-to-moderate deficiency also affects neurological development is less well known, but in the past decade a number of observational studies have been conducted to answer this question and these studies are reviewed in this article. The picture is now emerging that even mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with subtle impairments in cognition and school performance, although the evidence from randomised controlled trials is still lacking. As global efforts to eradicate iodine deficiency in populations continue, it is more likely that mild-to-moderate, rather than severe, iodine deficiency will be the issue of concern in pregnancy, and therefore further research in regions of mild-to-moderate deficiency is required to strengthen the research base and to inform public-health policy.
The relation between dopamine D2 receptor blockade and the brain reward system: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia patients
Authors: Wulff Sanne , Nielsen Mette Ødegaard , Rostrup Egill , Svarer Claus , Jensen Lars Thorbjørn , Pinborg Lars , Glenthøj Birte Yding
Published: January 2019

Background

Psychotic symptoms have been linked to salience abnormalities in the brain reward system, perhaps caused by a dysfunction of the dopamine neurotransmission in striatal regions. Blocking dopamine D2 receptors dampens psychotic symptoms and normalises reward disturbances, but a direct relationship between D2 receptor blockade, normalisation of reward processing and symptom improvement has not yet been demonstrated. The current study examined the association between blockade of D2 receptors in the caudate nucleus, alterations in reward processing and the psychopathology in a longitudinal study of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients.

Methods

Twenty-two antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients (10 males, mean age 23.3) and 23 healthy controls (12 males, mean age 23.5) were examined with single-photon emission computed tomography using 123I-labelled iodobenzamide. Reward disturbances were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a modified version of the monetary-incentive-delay task. Patients were assessed before and after 6 weeks of treatment with amisulpride.

Results

In line with previous results, patients had a lower fMRI response at baseline (0.2 ± 0.5 v. 0.7 ± 0.6; p = 0.008), but not at follow-up (0.5 ± 0.6 v. 0.6 ± 0.7), and a change in the fMRI signal correlated with improvement in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptoms (ρ = −0.435, p = 0.049). In patients responding to treatment, a correlation between improvement in the fMRI signal and receptor occupancy was found (ρ = 0.588; p = 0.035).

Conclusion

The results indicate that salience abnormalities play a role in the reward system in schizophrenia. In patients responding to a treatment-induced blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, the psychotic symptoms may be ameliorated by normalising salience abnormalities in the reward system.
Pose Consensus of Multiple Robots with Time-Delays Using Neural Networks
Authors: Aldana Carlos I. , Munguía Rodrigo , Cruz-Zavala Emmanuel , Nuño Emmanuel
Published: January 2019

This paper proposes a novel control scheme based on Radial Basis Artificial Neural Network to solve the leader–follower and leaderless pose (position and orientation) consensus problems in the Special Euclidean space of dimension three (SE(3)). The controller is designed for robot networks composed of heterogeneous (kinematically and dynamically different) and uncertain robots with variable time-delays in the interconnection. The paper derives a sufficient condition on the controller gains and the robot interconnection, and using Barbalat’s Lemma, both consensus problems are solved. The proposed approach employs the singularity-free, unit-quaternions to represent the orientation of the end-effectors in theSE(3). The significance and advantages of the proposed control scheme are that it solves the two pose consensus problems for heterogeneous robot networks considering variable time-delays in the interconnection without orientation representation singularities, and the controller does not require to know the dynamic model of the robots. The performance of the proposed controller is illustrated via simulations with a heterogeneous robot network composed of robots with 6-DoF and 7-DoF.
Expert Consensus on Screening and Assessment of Cognition in Psychiatry
Authors: McIntyre Roger S. , Anderson Nicole , Baune Bernhard T. , Brietzke Elisa , Burdick Katherine , Fossati Phillipe , Gorwood Philip , Harmer Catherine , Harrison John , Harvey Philip , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Medalia Alice , Miskowiak Kamilla , Ramey Tanya , Rong Carola , Rosenblat Joshua D. , Young Allan , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: January 2019

During the past two decades, it has been amply documented that neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) disproportionately account for burden of illness attributable to chronic non-communicable medical disorders globally. It is also likely that human capital costs attributable to NPDs will disproportionately increase as a consequence of population aging and beneficial risk factor modification of other common and chronic medical disorders (e.g., cardiovascular disease). Notwithstanding the availability of multiple modalities of antidepressant treatment, relatively few studies in psychiatry have primarily sought to determine whether improving cognitive function in MDD improves patient reported outcomes (PROs) and/or is cost effective. The mediational relevance of cognition in MDD potentially extrapolates to all NPDs, indicating that screening for, measuring, preventing, and treating cognitive deficits in psychiatry is not only a primary therapeutic target, but also should be conceptualized as a transdiagnostic domain to be considered regardless of patient age and/or differential diagnosis.
Prospects for metazoan life in sub-glacial Antarctic lakes: the most extreme life on Earth?
Authors: Thatje Sven , Brown Alastair , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter
Published: January 2019

About 400 subglacial lakes are known from Antarctica. The question of whether life unique of subglacial lakes exists has been paramount since their discovery. Despite frequent evidence of microbial life mostly from accretion ice, subglacial lakes are characterized by physiologically hostile conditions to metazoan life, as we know it. Pure water (salinity ≤0.4–1.2%), extreme cold (−3°C), high hydrostatic pressure, areas of limited or no oxygen availability and permanent darkness altogether require physiological adaptations to these harsh conditions. The record of gene sequences including some associated with hydrothermal vents does foster the idea of metazoan life in Lake Vostok. Here, we synthesize the physico-chemical environment surrounding sub-glacial lakes and potential sites of hydrothermal activity and advocate that the physico-chemical stability found at these sites may be the most likely sites for metazoan life to exist. The unique conditions presented by Lake Vostok may also offer an outlook on life to be expected in extra-terrestrial subglacial environments, such as on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus.
Assessment of salt tolerance and analysis of the salt tolerance gene Ncl in Indonesian soybean germplasm
Authors: Cao D. , Yan Y. L. , Xu D. H.
Published: January 2019

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the most important legume crops in the world. However, soybean grain yield is extensively affected by environmental stresses such as soil salinity. In this study, we evaluated the germplasm of 51 Indonesian soybean accessions for salt tolerance to identify salt-tolerant germplasms for possible use in breeding for soybean salt tolerance. Based on experiments under hydroponic conditions, adding 100 mM of NaCl to a 1/2 concentration of Hoagland and Arnon solution, several Indonesian soybean germplasms, such as Java 7, Seputih Raman, Tambora, Ringgit (JP 30217), Sinyonya (early) and Sinyonya (late) were identified as salt-tolerant in terms of salt tolerance rate (STR) and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) taken with the Konica Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. The selected salt-tolerant germplasms were further evaluated under soil medium cultivation in pots irrigated with 100 mM NaCl for around 5 weeks. The six selected soybean germplasms again showed higher salt tolerance in terms of SPAD, STR and shoot dry weight. Expression analysis of the salt tolerance gene Ncl revealed a significant positive correlation between Ncl expression and salt tolerance, suggesting that Ncl is essential for salt tolerance in the Indonesian soybean germplasms we tested. The salt-tolerant Indonesian soybean germplasms identified in this study could be used in local soybean breeding practices for the improvement of salt tolerance.
DIVERSITY AND DIVERSIFICATION RESEARCH
Authors: Gans Herbert J.
Published: January 2019

This paper argues that diversity is more than just a mixing of people perceived as different, and consists of activities and relationships much like other social phenomena. Consequently, there is much to be studied, beginning with the diversification process by which diversity is implemented. Since diversification is often initiated as a deliberate policy, researchers can be helpful to policy makers, especially with empirical research that addresses their policy related questions.
Brief CBT group therapy for Mexican homeless girls
Authors: Castaños-Cervantes Susana
Published: January 2019

Homeless girls suffer labour and sexual exploitation, abuse, discrimination and social exclusion at a higher rate than the rest of the population. However, worldwide information on homeless girls and intervention programmes for this group are scarce. This study examined the preliminary efficacy of a brief cognitive behavioural group therapy tailored to Mexican homeless girls. The intervention targeted subjective well-being and these determinants: symptoms of anxiety, symptoms of depression, assertive behaviours and functional emotion regulation skills. Results revealed statistically significant differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression, assertiveness, emotion regulation strategies and subjective well-being with treatment effects that ranged from moderate to large. Symptoms of anxiety and depression, and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies decreased. Assertive skills, functional emotion regulation strategies, and subjective well-being increased. Outcomes were clinically relevant. At 2-month follow-up, participants showed improvement from pre-treatment on all measures. The current study provides unique findings in terms of a promising preliminary intervention that helps restore homeless girls to a healthier social/emotional developmental path especially in the context of Latin American cities. As a result, the clinical implications of this research highlight the urgent need to design effective interventions based on the observed characteristics and identified needs among homeless girls.
Schema Therapy and the use of Politeness Plural in Greek-speaking populations: a need for cultural adaptation or a quest for early maladaptive schemas/modes?
Authors: Kolonia Konstantina , Tsartsara Eirini , Giakoumaki Ourania
Published: January 2019

This paper is clinical practice-based, and examines the Greek cultural linguistic schema of Politeness Plural in the application of the Schema Therapy mode model. The philosophical principles of Schema Therapy and the importance the model ascribes on creating a warm therapist–client relationship as a pre-requisite for schema healing are discussed. We further explore the need for the therapist to be culturally sensitive to the linguistic use of Politeness Plural in Greek-speaking populations. We are looking into the reasons of why, whilst culturally sensitive, a schema therapist needs to remain inquisitive of potential maladaptive and/or internalized dysfunctional coping mechanisms of inter-relating that are masked by the use of the Politeness Plural linguistic schema. The implications the cultural linguistic schema of Politeness Plural can have in the therapy outcome are considered. Specifically, we argue that holding on to the Politeness Plural cultural linguistic schema may reinforce emotional distancing and compromise schema healing. The authors identify the need for more research to further understand the issues that are raised in this article. Although the focus of the article is on Greek populations, the matters under consideration may be valuable to other cultures.
Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia
Authors: Facal Gabriel
Published: January 2019

The processes of democratisation and liberalisation initiated during the course of the IndonesianReformasiera (1998-) generated a stronger porosity in the State's frontiers and led to the formation of certain semi-institutionalised organisations. The approaching 2019 presidential elections have enabled these organisations to position themselves as political and moral brokers. The Islamic Defenders Front militia (FPI) appears to be one of the main actors in this process. It has succeeded in imposing itself in the public sphere, channelling political support and utilising extensive media coverage.

While avoiding providing direct opposition to the ruling government and the Constitution, this organisation promotes the social morals followed by a large part of the population and encourages radicalism and violent actions in the name of Islam. The organisation collaborates with a section of the regional and national political elites, some sections of the army and police, several groups that are—more or less—criminal in nature, a number of local communities in different areas, and a variety of violent Islamist groups. Thus, it is at the crossroads of multiple political, economic, social, and religious interests.

At the same time, the organisation's leaders maintain their own political objectives. They manipulate the dynamics of the electoral decentralised system to their advantage by obtaining political concessions that serve their personal goals. The capacity of the organisation to impose its discourse on the public stage has led to an urgent need to interrogate both the institutional and ideological transformations initiated by the Indonesian decentralisation since 1999.
Droplet-Size Effects on Control of Chloris spp. with Six POST Herbicides
Authors: Ferguson J. Connor , Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Chechetto Rodolfo G. , Hewitt Andrew J. , Adkins Steve W. , Kruger Greg R. , O’Donnell Chris C.
Published: January 2019

Chloris spp. are warm-season grasses that outcompete crops for scarce resources throughout Australia. In Queensland, mild winters and increased adoption of conservation tillage practices have led to an increase of this warm-season grass family in winter crops. The objective of this study is to understand whether droplet size (nozzle type) effects herbicide efficacy of summer perennial grasses, as previous research found no effect of droplet size (nozzle type) on herbicide efficacy of winter annual grasses. A study to compare droplet-size (nozzle type) effects on control of windmillgrass and its domesticated relative, rhodesgrass, was conducted at the University of Queensland in Gatton, QLD, Australia. Results showed little difference in dry weight reductions for windmillgrass or rhodesgrass across droplet size (nozzle type). Paraquat applications with the TTI nozzle resulted in significantly lower dry weight reductions compared with other droplet-size sprays (nozzle types) for rhodesgrass. Glyphosate, imazamox plus imazapyr, and clodinafop resulted in commercially acceptable control for both species, regardless of the droplet size (nozzle type) selected, indicating droplet size (nozzle type) has relatively little impact on the efficacy of these herbicides. Proper nozzle selection can result in control of Chloris spp., a hard to control weed species, while reducing the occurrence of spray drift to nearby sensitive areas.
The Paleozoic Evolution of the Olga Basin Region, Northern Barents Sea: A Link to the Timanian Orogeny
Authors: Klitzke P. , Franke D. , Ehrhardt A. , Lutz R. , Reinhardt L. , Heyde I. , Faleide J. I.
Published: January 2019

The evolution of the Olga Basin region in the northern Norwegian Barents Sea and its relation to the Caledonian and Timanian orogenies is poorly understood due to sparse geophysical data and the lack of well control. In 2015, the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) acquired deep multichannel seismic lines as well as gravity and magnetic data. The new seismic data reveal that the Olga and Sørkapp Basins evolved as a W‐E striking half‐graben system along a major normal fault in the north and a smaller normal fault in the south, respectively. Deep crustal undulating high‐amplitude reflections below the Olga and Sørkapp Basins coincide with W‐E striking local magnetic maxima and may imply that the basins evolved on top of old collisional fabrics. The absence of major compressional deformation implies a post‐Caledonian onset of subsidence. The W‐E structural configuration of the sedimentary basins is difficult to reconcile with an earlier proposed NE striking Caledonian branch in the northern Barents Sea. Instead, the orientation of the Olga and Sørkapp Basins lines up with Timanian structural trends from the Pechora Basin. We propose that the Olga and Sørkapp Basins experienced transtensional deformation during the late Devonian/early Carboniferous NE‐SW regional extension phase whereby inherited Timanian lineaments controlled the final W‐E basin configuration. A salient pre‐Caledonian Olga‐Sørkapp crustal block in the central Barents Sea would also explain the recently proposed NNW rotation of Caledonian nappes and thrust sheets in the southwestern Barents Sea.
Exploring the Impact of Dust on North Atlantic Hurricanes in a High‐Resolution Climate Model
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Bacmeister Julio T. , Huff J. Jacob A. , Wu Xiaoning , Bates Susan C. , Rosenbloom Nan A.
Published: January 2019

The relationship between African dust and the climatology of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the North Atlantic is explored using the Community Atmosphere Model at a global horizontal resolution of 28 km. A simulation in which the aerosol model is modified to significantly reduce the amount of airborne dust is compared to a standard simulation. The simulation with reduced dust increases TC frequency globally, with the largest increase occurring in the North Atlantic. The increase in TC activity in the North Atlantic is consistent with an environment that is more conducive for the genesis and intensification of storms. TCs are more frequent (27%) and on average significantly longer lived (13%) in the low dust configuration but only slightly stronger (3%). This results in a 57% increase in accumulated cyclone energy per hurricane season on average. This work has implications for projections of future climate and resulting changes in TC activity.
Impact of Colored Dissolved Materials on the Annual Cycle of Sea Surface Temperature: Potential Implications for Extreme Ocean Temperatures
Authors: Gnanadesikan Anand , Kim Grace E. , Pradal Marie‐Aude S.
Published: January 2019

Because colored dissolved materials (CDMs) trap incoming sunlight closer to the surface, they have the potential to affect sea surface temperatures. We compare two models, one with and one without CDMs, and show that their presence leads to an increase in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle over coastal and northern subpolar regions, which may exceed 2 °C. The size and sign of the change are controlled by the interplay between enhanced shortwave heating of the surface, shading and cooling of the subsurface, and the extent to which these are connected by vertical mixing. The changes in the seasonal cycle largely explain changes in the range of temperature extremes, an aspect of climate with important implications for ecosystem cycling. The modeled changes associated with CDMs have an intriguing resemblance to the observed trend in the annual cycle seen in recent decades, suggesting that more attention be paid to the role of “ocean yellowing” in global change.
Ocean Circulation Signatures of North Pacific Decadal Variability
Authors: Wills Robert C. J. , Battisti David S. , Proistosescu Cristian , Thompson LuAnne , Hartmann Dennis L. , Armour Kyle C.
Published: January 2019

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is the dominant pattern of observed sea surface temperature variability in the North Pacific. Its characteristic pattern of eastern intensified warming and cooling within the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension is pervasive across timescales. We investigate the mechanisms for its decadal persistence in coupled climate models, focusing on the role of ocean circulation changes. We use low‐frequency component analysis to isolate the mechanisms relevant at decadal and longer timescales from those acting at shorter timescales. The PDO warm phase is associated with strengthening and expansion of the North Pacific subpolar gyre in response to a deepening of the Aleutian Low. The subpolar gyre takes several years to respond to wind stress forcing through baroclinic ocean Rossby wave adjustment, such that white noise atmospheric forcing is integrated into red noise, increasing variability at long timescales. Sea level anomalies within the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension provide an observable ocean circulation signature of North Pacific decadal variability.
Urban Rainfall Modification: Observational Climatology Over Berlin, Germany
Authors: Lorenz Judith M. , Kronenberg Rico , Bernhofer Christian , Niyogi Dev
Published: January 2019

This study investigates the direct influence of urban areas on storm events (heavy rainfall above 17 mm/hr). An 11‐year climatology of summertime precipitation was performed to capture and describe storm events for Berlin, Germany. An hourly radar composite product from the German Weather Service with a 1‐km grid resolution was used for the analysis. Berlin was chosen due to the relatively modest influences of topography and distinct urban‐rural landscape heterogeneity potentially affecting storms. The analysis identified 96 storm events for the period from 2006 to 2016. Individual storm characteristics were evaluated before the city (upwind), over the city, and behind the city (downwind). Both visual and statistical estimations quantified storm modifications caused by the urban area. Around 60% of the events showed typical patterns of storm alteration by the city. In conformance to earlier studies, we found evidence of urban rainfall intensification about 20 to 50 km downwind of the urban center. Most storms were suppressed, deflected, or split by the city, whereas intensification over the city typically occurred at night or when storms formed over the city. In the present study, results indicate an urban influence on storms in and around Berlin. But, unlike other studies, downwind intensification of storm rainfall was not a typical feature. This study on urban rainfall modification marks one of the first observations‐based climatological assessments for the European region.
Impacts of Wintertime Extratropical Cyclones on Temperature and Precipitation Over Northeastern China During 1979–2016
Authors: Lin Daiyu , Huang Wenyu , Yang Zifan , He Xinsheng , Qiu Tianpei , Wang Bin , Wright Jonathon S.
Published: January 2019

This study examines the synoptic impacts of wintertime extratropical cyclones on northeastern China. The 181 analyzed cyclones mainly originate from eastern Mongolia and dissipate over the North Pacific Ocean. Precursor negative geopotential height anomalies for these cyclones emerge over continental areas near the Barents and Kara Seas. Baroclinic instability and midlatitude westerly winds are the dominant factors driving the development and movement of these cyclones from their precursor signals. Owing to the southeastward migration of the cyclones, temperature over northeastern China first increases and then decreases, resulting in a significant increase in the frequency of extreme weather. These cyclones contribute about 70.6% of the extreme precipitation days over northeastern China. Relative moisture contributions from the East China Sea, the Sea of Japan, and East Asia are all anomalously large during cyclones associated with extreme precipitation days, with moisture from these regions entering northeastern China mainly through its southern and western boundaries. Temperature variations over northeastern China play a critical role in the accumulation of moisture for extreme precipitation and the timing of that precipitation. Moisture transport initially contributes to an increase in precipitable water due to warm temperature anomalies. The added precipitable water is then released as extreme precipitation when the atmosphere over northeastern China starts to cool.
Possible Influence of the Antarctic Oscillation on Haze Pollution in North China
Authors: Zhang Ziyin , Gong Daoyi , Mao Rui , Qiao Lin , Kim Seong‐Joong , Liu Shawchen
Published: January 2019

In this study, the possible influence of the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) on winter haze pollution (indicated by atmospheric visibility after rain, fog, dust, snowstorms, etc. are removed) in North China (NC) was investigated. The results show that the mean winter visibility (December‐January‐February visibility) throughout most of eastern China is negatively correlated with the preceding AAO (August‐September‐October (ASO)‐AAO), especially in NC. The interannual correlation coefficient between DJF‐VIS in NC and the ASO‐AAO is −0.52, which is significant at the 99% level. The negative correlation suggests that an enhancing (weakening) ASO‐AAO could be conducive to increases (decreases) of haze pollution in NC in boreal winter. The responses of local and regional meteorological conditions to the ASO‐AAO support the relationship between the ASO‐AAO and winter air pollution in NC. A preliminary mechanism analysis shows that a positive ASO‐AAO may induce a sea surface temperature warming tendency in the Northwestern Southern Indian Ocean. This warming then causes a wave train‐like pattern in the upper troposphere along the jet stream and an anomalous zonal cell that weakens the regional Hadley circulation from the Maritime continents to East Asia. All of these factors are favorable to the formation of anomalous southerly and haze pollution in NC.
Iron (Oxyhydr)Oxides Serve as Phosphate Traps in Tundra and Boreal Peat Soils
Authors: Herndon Elizabeth M. , Kinsman‐Costello Lauren , Duroe Kiersten A. , Mills Jonathan , Kane Evan S. , Sebestyen Stephen D. , Thompson Aaron A. , Wullschleger Stan D.
Published: January 2019

Arctic and boreal ecosystems are experiencing pronounced warming that is accelerating decomposition of soil organic matter and releasing greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Future carbon storage in these ecosystems depends on the balance between microbial decomposition and primary production, both of which can be regulated by nutrients such as phosphorus. Phosphorus cycling in tundra and boreal regions is often assumed to occur through biological pathways with little interaction with soil minerals; that is, phosphate released from organic molecules is rapidly assimilated by plants or microorganisms. In contrast to this prevailing conceptual model, we use sequential extractions and spectroscopic techniques to demonstrate that iron (oxyhydr)oxides sequester approximately half of soil phosphate in organic soils from four arctic and boreal sites. Iron (III) (oxyhydr)oxides accumulated in shallow soils of low‐lying, saturated areas where circumneutral pH and the presence of a redox interface promoted iron oxidation and hydrolysis. Soils enriched in short‐range ordered iron oxyhydroxides, which are susceptible to dissolution under anoxic conditions, had high phosphate sorption capacities and maintained low concentrations of soluble phosphate relative to soils containing mostly organic‐bound iron or crystalline iron oxides. Thus, substantial quantities of phosphorus in these organic soils were associated with minerals that could reduce bioavailability but potentially also serve as phosphorus sources under anoxic conditions. The implication of this finding is that mineral surfaces effectively compete with biological processes for phosphate and must be considered as a nutrient regulator in these sensitive ecosystems.
Listening to the Forest: An Artificial Neural Network‐Based Model of Carbon Uptake at Harvard Forest
Authors: Eshel Gidon , Dayalu Archana , Wofsy Steven C. , Munger J. William , Tziperman Eli
Published: January 2019

The terrestrial biosphere strongly modulates atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios, whose inexorable rise propels anthropogenic climate change. Modeling and mechanistically understanding C uptake by the terrestrial biosphere are thus of broad societal concerns. Yet despite considerable progress, scaling up point observations to landscape and larger scales continues to frustrate analyses of the anthropogenically perturbed global C cycle. While that up‐scaling is our overarching motivation, here we focus on one of its elements, modeling C uptake at a given site. We devise a novel artificial neural network (ANN)‐based model of C uptake at Harvard Forest that combines locally observed and remotely sensed variables. Most of our model predictors are those used by an established ecosystem C uptake model, the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM), easing comparisons. To those, we add observed cumulative antecedent precipitation and soil temperature. We find that model errors are much larger in winter, indicating that better understanding and modeling of respiration will likely discernibly improve model performance. Comparing the ANN and VPRM results reveals errors attributed to unrealistic treatment of temperature in the VPRM formulation, indicating that better representation of temperature dependencies is also likely to enhance model skill. By judiciously comparing VPRM and ANN errors we thus overcome ANNs' notoriety for concealing the mechanisms underlying their predictive skills. We demonstrate their ability to identify outstanding ecosystem science knowledge gaps and particularly fruitful corresponding model development directions, improving site specific and up‐scaling flux modeling and understanding of the climate impacts of the northern forest.