bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Missiology and Orthography: The Unique Contribution of Christian Missionaries in Devising New Scripts
Authors: Unseth Peter
Published: January 2017

Throughout history and within a number of language communities, orthographies have enabled the initial transcription of spoken languages. This paper examines the few cases in which a person from outside a language community devised a script for a previously unwritten language. In all of the cases studied, the outsiders who devised scripts for the language communities were Christian missionaries. Among the eight cases are several common factors, and in all the cases, devising something unique for the community (rather than introducing something from the missionaries' own culture) was part of a successful strategy for church planting within these groups.
God Makes a World of Difference: The Dialectic of Motivation and Meaning at the Creation of an African Theistic Worldview
Authors: Burlington Gary
Published: January 2017

Worldview as a way to understand Christianity (Naugel 2002) and competing accounts of reality (Sire 1997, 2004) focuses on cognitive, rational structures of meaning. But how are worldviews created? What is the relationship of cognition to historical contingency and psychological motivation? To answer these questions, I present original research on the thoughts of Emilio Mulolani Chishimba, founder of Zambia's Mutima Church, and view them through the lens of Charles W. Nuckolls' (1996) theory of culture and myth formation. Missiologists are better prepared to engage the world when they understand the nexus of factors that create specific worldviews.
Community Formation in Contemporary Japanese Religions and the Implications for Missional Christianity
Authors: Sherrill Michael J.
Published: January 2017

Community formation in Japanese religiosity has played a central role in providing social organization and relational meaning. The stability it once lent to society has been largely undone by rapid modernization. This fragmentation drives many Japanese to seek meaning for their lives in “new” and “new-new” religions. This article examines several contemporary religious groups, with special attention to relational formation. The role of popular culture and manga is also considered. Insights gained from this examination are applied to the Christian context in Japan, with suggestions for how the church might pursue being missional in the contemporary Japanese context.
Dialogue and Its Discontents: Theological and Anthropological Reflections
Authors: Mallon Colleen Mary
Published: January 2017

Dialogue or diatribe? With the global advancement of media and communication technologies comes an increase in niche communities of like-mindedness. How is our global predicament shaping our ecclesial notion of dialogue? In this paper, I first explore the theological understanding of dialogue from a Roman Catholic perspective. Then I approach the question, “Can we talk?” from three distinct anthropological viewpoints and conclude by suggesting areas of missiological concern.
Identification in the Missionary Task
Authors: Reyburn William D.
Published: January 2017

With experience ranging from the Andes to the grasslands of West Africa, Dr. Reyburn approaches the much-discussed subject of missionary identification with refreshing insight. Few missionaries have tried (and succeeded) in “identifying” with as many different peoples on two such different continents as have the Reyburns. But, as Reyburn says in this article, it is not the sheer quantity of identification that counts. Rather, he explores the obstacles to missionary identification, as they range from gesture to skin color, from repugnance at eating certain foods to ideological insulation. His comments on “authority” and “liberty” are most illuminating, as is his conclusion on the Christian basis for identification.
Indifference to Modern Education in a Thai Farming Community
Authors: Hanks L. M.
Published: January 2017

Programs which seek to “modernize” the school systems of foreign countries must, inevitably, reckon with the indigenous assumptions concerning education. The following essay enquires into a cluster of assumptions found in Thailand, which establish the nature of knowledge, teaching, and learning. With these concepts as defined in Thai culture, we seek to account for the apathetic reception of modern education among the rice-farmers of Bang Chan, a community of some 1600 people in the central plains near Bangkok. The data were collected during a study of this community in 1953–54, sponsored by Cornell University. We refer especially to Bang Chan, although conditions there differ only in detail from neighboring Thai communities. Our first section describes the traditional assumptions concerning education in general and then we turn to the sequence where Bang Chan meets the various steps toward compulsory education promulgated by the central government. A third section dwells on the interaction of government, teachers, farmers, and pupils in the current scene and, finally, we reconsider the assumptions concerning education to explain the evident indifference of Thai farmers.
What is Christian Education?
Authors: Taber Charles R. , Smalley William A.
Published: January 2017

Over the past two years Practical Anthropology has had an exchange of discussion on the nature and relevance of Christian education in the Cross-cultural situation. It started with an editorial which posed very briefly the problem of the effectiveness of our witness to bring to men an understanding of God and of their relation to him.1 It continued when William J. Samarin raised the question of goals for Christian education among non-Christian peoples.2 Samarin agreed with the major point of the editorial, but raised important practical issues in defense of the present approach to education. Chester J. Jump of Congo, Wesley J. Culshaw of India, and the editor made some remarks in reply. Now Charles R. Taber discusses the issues again.
The Indigenous Churches in Latin America
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: January 2017

In Chile the independent, Pentecostal-type churches are probably four times the size of all the other denominations put together. In Mexico they are undoubtedly equal to all the other groups, and in Puerto Rico and Cuba they are growing rapidly. In Argentina the Pentecostals, having received much of their inspiration and dynamic from Chilean brethren, are growing with amazing vitality, both in the spreading urban areas and in certain rural regions. In the town of Sáenz Peña, in the northern part of Argentina, a small group of Bulgarian peasants who emigrated to Argentina after the war have now grown into a church of almost 300 members and have just completed the building of a Bible school, headed up by a Mexican pastor whom they have hired to develop the program. In Mexico City there is a group of some 8,000 people, who form the “Portales Church,” which has not only an imposing structure in the colonia of Portales, but some 100 small chapels in surrounding areas. The following article analyzes some of the characteristics of indigenous churches of Latin America, with special attention to their structure and to the content of their message.
Searching and Syncretism: A West African Documentation
Authors: Turner H. W.
Published: January 2017

This is a simple, but fascinating account of the books and some other objects in an Africans home. The implications derived from the inventory are most pertinent. Of the vast array of religious objects, habits, ceremonies, and ideas which confronts the variegated world of humanity, which ones are being chosen by those people, or groups of people who are free to make their own choice? Why are these choices being made? What are they doing with their selections? Such could be the subjects of many significant articles in Practical Anthropology.
From “Anthropology in Action” to “Action Anthropology”
Authors: Buswell James O.
Published: January 2017

Outside the pages of this journal, the term “practical anthropology” has been applied far more often to problems associated with colonial administration than it has to those of the preaching of the gospel or the growth and life of the church. The emphasis of Practical Anthropology, however, has some of its roots in the application of anthropological insights to other such questions. In this article the history of the development of various programs and approaches in the application of anthropological science to colonial administration is sketched briefly. A second article will follow, with some of the theoretical points of view which have been held, and their significance. These articles are background articles to put Practical Anthropology in perspective.
Correspondence Courses in Anthropology
Authors: Kraft Charles
Published: January 2017

The need for anthropological study1 on the part of missionaries is widely recognized today. The great interest in such publications as P.A. and the many recent hooks and articles dealing with anthropology as related to the missionary task2 is evidence of this fact. Yet, many are those engaged in missionary vocations who have had little, if any, opportunity to come formally into contact with an ordered presentation of the source materials of anthropology. Correspondence study on the field offers a real opportunity for a missionary to broaden his base and acquire a new understanding of the people and problems which he faces daily.
Ways Forward in Mission Studies: Theory or Image?
Authors: Naish Tim
Published: January 2017

Contemporary missiology needs to work through images as much as conceptual theories. Appropriate imagery has the potential to combine clarity and openness, to bring together global and local dimensions of mission. The imagery of displacement is a fruitful one to explore. It offers, as such imagery must, scriptural richness; contemporary relevance; linkage to other areas of theology and practice; fertility and flexibility; emotive as well as intellectual appeal; continuity with the tradition as well as new directions for the future; and possibilities for transcending traditional missiological disagreements.
Conversion to Catholicism in Zambia: 1891-1924
Authors: Carmody Brendan
Published: January 2017

Following Robin Horton's theory of religious change in Africa, the author argues that major social change facilitated initial Catholic conversion in Zambia. Prior to Catholic evangelization, local cosmologies began to center on the High God and a more universal worldview. However, the emergence ofa deep conversion demanded by Catholic missionaries depended on a catechetical and school system that often entailed impersonal memorization of catechism answers and strict observance of Catholic rubrics. Missionaries devoted little attention to indigenization ofthe Catholic message, even though they frequently became fluent in the local languages and familiar with indigenous traditions. Converts thus received a new and essentially foreign religious message. Such conversion formed a separate layer of consciousness that rarely touched the deeper levels of the Zambian psyche.
Unintended Consequences: The Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society and the Beginnings of Pentecostalism in Norway and Chile
Authors: Bundy David
Published: January 2017

The results of mission work may be quite different from what was intended. This essay examines two such cases for the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society. From 1870 through 1910, Mission Society efforts to control the process and results of mission from New York led to conflict with those influenced by William Taylor's concept of “self-supporting” or “Pauline missions.” T. B. Barratt (Norway) and Willis Hoover (Chile) worked with the board and were successful pastors. However, both became alienated and were expelled from the mission. Both became globally influential Pentecostal leaders, and the churches founded by them grew rapidly.
The Stigma of Psychiatric Discourse
Authors: Slovenko Ralph
Published: January 2017

Language has consequences. The stigma of mental illness is linked to psychiatric discourse. It has always been that way, but in this age of psychobabble, psychiatric language has replaced the curse words of yesterday. Changing labels is the game of the name, but important as labels are in forming attitudes, behavior is crucial to it.
Assessing Competence in Psychiatric Contexts
Authors: Lambie Ian
Published: January 2017

Competence allows people the unencumbered legal right to choose how they will manage their personal affairs, or when to accept (or reject) health care. Those who are not capable of making informed choices for themselves, typically the elderly and those with intellectual and psychiatric conditions, generate a range of dilemmas in meeting the needs of people whose competence is called into question. Over the past two decades, medicine and law have attempted to devise practical and legal processes for the authorization of procedures or decisions when an individual is unable to provide consent. Despite this, there remains a lack of consensus on both the exact criteria and the method for assessing mental competency. What is clear, however, is the need for professionals, whether they are involved in developing the criteria and methods of assessment or in applying them, to look closely at each individual in the context of his or her everyday life. This paper examines the wider area of competence, how it is determined and applied from a medical and legal paradigm, and the implications that arise from this. It also discusses the various models of competence at a conceptual level and provides an overview of New Zealand's recent adult-guardianship laws.
Transition From the Military Into Civilian Life
Authors: Cooper Linda , Caddick Nick , Godier Lauren , Cooper Alex , Fossey Matt
Published: January 2017

In this article, we employ the theoretical framework and concepts of Pierre Bourdieu to examine the notion of “transition” from military to civilian life for U.K. Armed Forces personnel. We put Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital, and field to work in highlighting key differences between military and civilian life. The use of social theory allows us to describe the cultural legacy of military life and how this may influence the posttransition course of veterans’ lives. There may be positive and negative transition outcomes for service personnel when moving into civilian life, and by applying Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts, we explain how such outcomes can be understood. We suggest that the “rules” are different in military environments compared to civilian ones and that service personnel must navigate a complex cultural transition when moving between environments. There are numerous and significant implications—including policy applications—from understanding transition through a Bourdieusian lens, and these are highlighted throughout.
Aiming High
Authors: Padavic Irene , Prokos Anastasia
Published: January 2017

This study investigates how veteran status influences earnings for working-age American women. Recent increases in women’s participation in the U.S. military mean that the proportion of female veterans is rising and is forecast to increase over the next 30 years. Yet we still know relatively little about the relationship between women’s military experience and later labor-market outcomes. Drawing on American Community Survey data from 2008 to 2010 and employing a new set of occupational categories better suited to veterans, we investigate how occupation and race/ethnicity influence the effect of veteran status on women’s earnings. Findings corroborate previous support for the “bridging hypothesis” in two ways. First, veterans are overrepresented in higher paying occupations and underrepresented in the lowest paying ones, partially accounting for their higher earnings. Second, military experience particularly enhances the earnings of disadvantaged race/ethnic minority women.
Football and the Military in Contemporary Britain
Authors: Penn Roger , Berridge Damon
Published: January 2017

This article examines the relationship between football (soccer) and the military in Britain to explore how “invisible nationalism” has evolved. Here, invisible nationalism refers to the phenomena by which the presence of the military at major British sporting events is both highly visual and has been rendered culturally and politically invisible: It is hidden “in plain sight.” We applied the conceptual framework associated with the “Annales” School of structuralist history to explore how the inextricable links between football, the military, the monarchy, and established church have influenced the evolution of invisible nationalism. We conducted ethnographic fieldwork, including observations, interviews, and focus groups, and also analyzed visual data. These comprised television broadcasts of national sporting events and figures taken at English football clubs. We conclude that the power of the dominant metanarratives of British nationalism serves to render these phenomena invisible to most spectators, especially those who consume football via television.
The Organizational Imperative
Authors: Hart David K. , Scott William G.
Published: January 2017

The American value system has undergone a recent and pervasive transformation. The immediate cause has been “the organizational imperative”: the primary values absolutely necessary for modern organization. This essay analyzes the organizational imperative: its a priori propositions, its rules for behavior, and its administrative norms. Particular attention is given to its impact on social values, for the organizational imperative has transformed them into supportive administrative norms. This is of concern because it has made us a significantly different people than we presumed we would be. The new values pose serious questions about their compatibility with traditional assumptions about the innate moral nature of man.
Consciousness and Organization
Authors: Glass James
Published: January 2017

This essay looks at the self-destructive and masochistic nature of action in organizations from the perspective of Kafka's Joseph K (The Trial) and Heller's Bob Slocum (Something Happened). Both Kafka's “Court” and Heller's “Company” impose corrosion, frenzy, and pain on awareness; and for the protagonists in these novels, the bureaucratic formations, rather than creating a healthy psychological space, contribute to a more general pathology. Further, the pathology of the bureaucracy mirrors an extensive sickness or derangement in the culture itself. K and Slocum represent this “sickness” and some of its implications. Consideration is given to the Hobbesian basis of action, particularly evident in Heller's account, and the connection of Hobbesian theories of action and human nature with Freudian interpretive models. It is argued that Freud provides useful analytical categories for understanding both the destructive impact of bureaucracy on the “self”, and for unraveling the difficult but very real contractions of a competitive and unfeeling universe (demonstrated through the thoughts, impressions, and reactions of figures like Joseph K and Bob Slocum).
Possession, Good and Bad—Ritual, Effects and Side-Effects: the Baptism of Jesus and Mark 1.9-11 From a Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: DeMaris Richard E.
Published: January 2017

This study challenges the longstanding and solid consensus among scholars that Jesus' baptism is historically certain but the vision (or theophany) that follows has little or no claim to historicity (Mk 1.9-11). Such visions and related phenomena are commonplace, however, in the many cultures that sanction entry into altered states of consciousness, which include Mediterranean culture, ancient and modern. From a cross-cultural perspective, what happens to Jesus at his baptism has the character of an altered state of consciousness anthropologists call possession trance. Possession trances can be positive or negative and are usually distinguished by the presence or absence of ritual activity. The followers of Jesus may have intro duced the baptismal rite into the story of his possession, therefore, in order to iden tify what happened to him as positive rather than negative, that is, as possession by Holy Spirit and not by a demon. Because of this possibility, Jesus' baptism has less claim to historicity than what follows, a conclusion that reverses the current schol arly consensus.

As it closes, this study considers the Sitz im Leben of Mk 1.9-11 and suggests a second reason for joining baptism to vision. The second evangelist may have juxta posed the two as a way of counteracting undesirable consequences the baptismal rite had for the early Jesus movement.
Parents’ reports of lexical and grammatical aspects of toddlers’ language in European Portuguese: Developmental trends, age and gender differences
Authors: Silva Carla , Cadime Irene , Ribeiro Iolanda , Santos Sandra , Santos Ana Lúcia , Viana Fernanda Leopoldina
Published: January 2017

The results from a large-scale study on toddlers’ language acquisition in European Portuguese are presented. Toddlers’ lexical and grammatical competencies were assessed using the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences. The results, based on 3012 reports completed by parents, indicate an increase in the lexical size and on five measures of grammatical development (production of regular morphology, irregular morphology, over-regularizations, mean length of utterances and sentence complexity) across age groups. A main effect of gender was found for lexical size, production of regular and irregular morphology, production of over-regularizations and sentence complexity, with girls obtaining overall higher scores than boys. All lexical and grammatical development measures are positively correlated, even after controlling for age and gender effects. These findings are discussed in terms of their consistency with those obtained for other languages.
Developmental relationships between production and comprehension of mental terms
Authors: Moore Chris , Furrow David , Chiasson Lorraine , Patriquin Maria
Published: January 2017

Mental terms, including belief and desire terms, were studied in a sample of 14 mother-child pairs longitudinally when the children were 2;0, 3;0, and 4;0 in order to examine the acquisition of these terms. Percentage use of utterances involving belief and desire terms in naturalistic interactions were calculated for each subject. In addition, children at 4;0 were tested for comprehension of the distinctions between the belief terms know, think and guess, using a task designed to assess the understanding of the expression of relative certainty. Results showed an interlocking of mothers' use of belief terms, children's use of desire and belief terms, and children's comprehension of belief terms. Children's use of desire terms at 2;0 was related to their use of belief terms at 3;0 and their comprehension of belief terms at 4;0, perhaps reflecting their developing theory of mind. Maternal use of belief terms when their children were 2;0 was significantly related to their children's concurrent use of desire terms, and significantly predicted their children's use of belief terms both one and two years later. Mothers' use of belief terms at 2;0 also predicted their children's comprehension of belief terms at 4;0. These results are consistent with a picture of maternal linguistic scaffolding of their children's developing theory of mind.
A quantitative analysis of the single-word stage
Authors: Robb Michael P. , Bauer Harold R. , Tyler Ann A.
Published: January 2017

A quantitative analysis of the single-word stage was performed by evaluating children's production of words, relative to nonwords, along a monthly developmental continuum. The vocalizations of six children were sampled over a period of one year, spanning the first two years of life. The development of word use was studied by calculating the ratio of words to nonwords in each child's monthly vocalization sample. Results of the analyses indicated that nonwords were present in the children's vocalizations throughout the single-word stage of development. Further, individual children had distinct 'word curves' defining their early lexical development. The resulting word curves are discussed in the context of stage models of vocalization development and existing measures of speech and language acquisition.
On the overgeneralization of progressive marking on stative verbs: bioprogram or input?
Authors: Shirai Yasuhiro
Published: January 2017

Although several researchers have claimed that overgeneralization of progressive markers rarely, if ever, occurs, the validity of such claims has been questioned. In this study, the spontaneous speech of three children acquiring English, and of their mothers, was analysed for their use of verbs with respect to stativity and progressive marking. The results show that overgeneralization of progressive inflections to stative verbs does occur, and that the mother of a child who frequently produced stative progressives also used stative progressives substantially, while the other two mothers never used them in speech addressed to their children. The strong association observed between maternal speech and the pattern of children's use of verb morphology casts doubts on the claim that the lack of overgeneralization is innate (Bickerton 1981). A prototype account of the phenomenon is proposed as an alternative.
Mothers' social regulatory language to young children in family settings
Authors: Halle Tamara , Shatz Marilyn
Published: January 2017

We investigate the language mothers use to regulate social conduct in family settings with their older (4- to 5-year-old) and younger (2-year-old) children. Samples of spontaneous conversations between British mothers and their children were collected over six months. Twenty-five percent of mothers' child- directed speech was social regulatory, with significantly more such language directed to younger children. Although the most common kind of regulatory language directed to both children was imperative mands used prescriptively, our data also suggest permission statements to younger children were used often to restrict activity, whereas permission statements to older children were used largely to permit activity. We discuss results with regard to maternal sensitivity to children's developmental differences, conversational constraints in family settings, and possible cultural influences on speech styles.
'Sneak-shoes', 'sworders' and 'nose-beards': a case study of lexical innovation
Authors: Becker Judith A.
Published: January 2017

Children often invent new words to express meanings for which they have learned no words or cannot recall conventional words. They do not do so randomly, but appear to utilize their knowledge of word-formation devices. The present study investigated the development of spontaneous lexical innovations during the preschool years. Instances of lexical innovations were identified in transcripts of 210 naturalistic conversations between an American English-speaking boy (2;4 through 5;0) and his parents. The boy's innovations generally support and extend Clark's findings regarding categories of innovations and provide some support for her developmental predictions based on the principle of simplicity. Many usages seem to be based on common, productive word-formation devices in English, particularly compounding, whereas others appear to be based on novel rules and language play. Various influences on the development of lexical innovation are discussed.
Do children with autism acquire the phonology of their peers? An examination of group identification through the window of bilingualism
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Staunton Ruth
Published: January 2017

Normal children whose parents have different native languages tend to develop an accent which is closer to their peers than to either parent. It was predicted that children with autism, because of their social deficits, might not acquire the accent of their peers, perhaps because of the lack of the normal drive to identify with peers. Bilingualism was used as a window into such social factors in language acquisition. Using audiotaped speech samples, the study found that in a sample of children with autism who were brought up in England and whose mothers were not English, 83.3% acquired their mother's (non-English) accent. In contrast, among normally- developing siblings of children with autism who were brought up in England and whose mothers were not English, only 12.5% acquired their mother's (non-English) accent. We suggest that such studies of unusual populations are of value in furthering our understanding of the larger population of children with autism, and the influences on normal social development.
The use of Hebrew verb morphology by children with specific language impairment and children developing language normally
Authors: Leonard Laurence B. , Dromi Esther
Published: January 2017

Hebrew-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) are reported to use grammatical morphology to the same degree as younger normally-developing children with comparable mean lengths of utterance (MLU). Given the difficulty that English-speaking children with SLI seem to experience with morphology and the fact that Hebrew morphology is complicated, such a finding is noteworthy. This issue is explored in the present study through a more thorough assessment of the use of verb inflections by a group of Hebrew-speaking children with SLI and two groups of normally-developing children, one matched with the children with SLI according to age, the other according to MLU. The findings revealed that for a range of verb inflections the Hebrew-speaking children with SLI showed percentages of use that were similar to those seen for the MLU-matched control children. Furthermore, the children with SLI, like their normally- developing counterparts, showed evidence of creative productions, suggesting that more than the memorization of unanalysed forms was at work. The implications of these findings for current accounts of morphological deficits are discussed.
Phonological constraints and overextensions
Authors: Elsen Hilke
Published: January 2017

The present paper reports the analysis of a diary study of a German-speaking child and reveals interrelations between semantic and phonological development: some of the subject's overextensions were explained by a deliberate avoidance of a form and the use of an easily pronounecable substitute rather than by erroneous attempts to map linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge. These results suggest that there may be phonological as well as lexical or conceptual reasons for children to (apparently) overextend the meaning of a word. The findings emphasize the danger of a modular analysis. Different linguistic levels should not be seen individually and independent of one another.
Attachment and Self-Regulation
Authors: Orehek Edward , Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis Anna , Quick Ellen , Weaverling G. Casey
Published: January 2017

Close relationships and self-regulation are inextricably intertwined, yet many of the details regarding how interpersonal processes influence self-regulation are not well understood. To gain a better understanding of this link, we investigated the association between attachment styles and self-regulatory mode orientations. According to regulatory mode theory, locomotors are concerned with initiating goal-directed movement, whereas assessors are concerned with appraising potential means and goals. We predicted that the presence of an attachment figure with whom one has an anxious attachment would be associated with higher assessment tendencies. In addition, we predicted that the presence of an attachment figure with whom one has an avoidant attachment would be associated with lower locomotion tendencies. Five studies ( N = 1,434) supported our predictions, and demonstrated that attachment styles and self-regulatory mode orientations covary across interaction partners.
Leader Humility and Team Performance: Exploring the Mediating Mechanisms of Team PsyCap and Task Allocation Effectiveness
Authors: Rego Arménio , Owens Bradley , Yam Kai Chi , Bluhm Dustin , Cunha Miguel Pina e , Silard Anthony , Gonçalves Lurdes , Martins Mafalda , Simpson Ace Volkmann , Liu Wenxing
Published: January 2017

Although there is a growing interest toward the topic of leader humility, extant research has largely failed to consider the underlying mechanisms through which leader humility influences team outcomes. In this research, we integrate the emerging literature of leader humility and social information processing theory to theorize how leader humility facilitates the development of collective team psychological capital, leading to higher team task allocation effectiveness and team performance. While Owens and Hekman (2016) suggest that leader humility has homogeneous effects on followers, we propose a potential heterogeneous effect based on the complementarity literature (e.g., Tiedens, Unzueta, & Young, 2007) and the principle of equifinality (leaders may influence team outcomes through multiple pathways; Morgeson, DeRue, & Karam, 2010). In three studies conducted in China, Singapore, and Portugal, including an experiment, a multisource field study, and a three-wave multisource field study, we find support for our hypotheses that leader humility enhances team performance serially through increased team psychological capital and team task allocation effectiveness. We discuss the theoretical implications of our work to the leader humility, psychological capital, and team effectiveness literatures; and offer suggestions for future research.
1950s Milwaukee
Authors: Connell Tula
Published: January 2017

Overwhelmingly white and middle class, Milwaukee in the 1950s stood at the brink of rapid demographic change as thousands of African Americans from the U.S. South migrated to the city. From 1950 to 1960, Milwaukee’s black population grew from 21,772 to 62,458, a 187 percent increase that alarmed many white residents and provided fuel for a race-baiting mayoral campaign against the city’s liberal mayor in 1956. But even as the new residents challenged long-held notions of white privilege, their arrival also was not uniformly welcomed by the city’s longtime middle- and upper middle-class African American residents, whose classist perspective often aligned with white municipal lawmakers and community and labor leaders. The increased number of low-income African American migrants living in Milwaukee brought into sharp relief the inability of all black Milwaukeeans to secure jobs and decent housing. Furthermore, African American job seekers found little recourse in the local labor movement, with union leaders and members mirroring the city’s sociocultural biases. African American migrants faced a combination of racial discrimination and class-based bias built on perceptions that all black migrants were lower skilled, low-income workers who did not fit into the city’s “culture,” a euphemism frequently employed to reference “class.” This article examines how the response of labor, lawmakers, and the community in 1950s Milwaukee, like Detroit and Chicago in earlier years, set the direction for decades to come.
Living in the Red
Authors: Wagner Venise
Published: January 2017

A database built from recently released archival bankruptcy records shows that African-American steelworkers compared with white steelworkers were disproportionately represented as bankruptcy petitioners soon after the 1959 national steel strike began. On its face, it would appear that the strike forced low-level workers in the mills toward a financial precipice, but a deeper exploration finds that black steelworkers in Chicago at this time, despite their security in the union, faced a myriad of financial barriers, which when combined hindered workers’ ability to build wealth and lead their families into the middle class. Even though black workers enjoyed the benefits of the union’s promise to deliver wage and pension security, as well as better workplace conditions, the union failed to address the most pressing matter for black workers—equity in the workplace. In addition, the union’s outward look at civil rights did little to combat social policies that left black steelworkers disenfranchised along with other African-Americans in Chicago. Union policies, in contrast, secured coveted positions for white steelworkers in the mills and fortified their ability to build wealth and higher economic status for their families. The combined impact of financial and social barriers for blacks in the mills—workplace segregation, residential segregation, restricted access to mortgage financing, susceptibility to predatory lending, and usurious credit practices—are explored. Michael Brown et al.’s theory of disaccumulation of economic opportunity helps illustrate the enduring wealth gap between white and black workers, even those African-Americans who held well-paying steel manufacturing jobs.
Quality Indicators for Assistive Technology Services in School Settings
Authors: Zabala Joy , Blunt Merv , Carl Diana , Davis Sharon , Deterding Cheryl , Foss Teresa , Hamman Terry , Bowser Gayl , Hartsell Kim , Korsten Jane , Marfilius Scott , McCloskey-Dale Susan , Nettleton Sandra , Reed Penny
Published: January 2017

The consideration of assistive technology devices and services is required during the development of every Individualized Educational Program (IEP) according to the Individuals with Disabilities Act, Amendments of 1997 (IDEA'97). Assistive technology devices and services, which the IEP team determines are required by a student in order to benefit from a free appropriate public education (FAPE), must be written into the IEP. Despite this requirement, mere has been no agreed upon description of high quality assistive technology services. This article describes the activities of a national group of assistive technology professionals known as the Quality Indicators for Assistive Technology Services (QIAT) Consortium. The QIAT Consortium was formed to initiate a nationwide dialogue regarding quality indicators for a variety of assistive technology service areas. The work of the Consortium to date is discussed and the current set of indicators is included. Processes used in the development of the indicators are described. Implications for future use of the indicators and future development activities are discussed.
Teacher Education
Authors: Smith Sean
Published: January 2017

In this issue's Teacher Education and Technology column, a description by Belva Collins and Jean Hess of a course offered at the University of Kentucky focused on the delivery of distance education is featured. This overview offers an excellent example of the issues one needs to address when delivering distance education. Similarly, the University of Kentucky offers a model for a course on the delivery of distance education. From their experience, the authors illustrate ways technology can be used to convey content information while also preparing future educators to use this technology in their teaching.
Effects of Technology-Enhanced Practice on Scoring Accuracy of Oral Reading Fluency
Authors: Riccomini Paul J. , Stecker Pamela M.
Published: January 2017

Two types of independent practice activities to improve accuracy of pre-service teachers' measurement of oral reading fluency (ORF) were contrasted. Forty pre-service teachers, enrolled in an introductory special education course, received instructor-delivered classroom instruction on measuring ORF. After lecture and guided practice, participants were divided randomly into two groups. Each group practiced assessing ORF either with classmates acting as student readers or by accessing a Web page containing audio clips of stories read by an adult acting as a student reader. Two weeks after the practice session, participants were evaluated on their accuracy. Results indicated that pre-service teachers in the technology-enhanced practice condition reduced their scoring errors to the same degree as teachers did in the traditional practice format.
The Effect of Active Student Responding during Computer-Assisted Instruction on Social Studies Learning by Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Jerome Annamaria , Barbetta Patricia M.
Published: January 2017

An alternating treatments design with a best treatments phase was used to compare two active student response (ASR) conditions and one on-task (OT) condition on the acquisition and maintenance of social studies facts during computer-assisted instruction. Each week for six weeks, five students were provided daily computer-assisted instruction on 21 unknown facts divided randomly into Clicking-ASR (active responses with computer mouse), Repeating-ASR (active oral responses) or Listening-OT (on task or passive responses). For all five students, Repeating-ASR resulted in more facts correct on same-day, next-day, and one-and two-week maintenance tests. During weeks 7 and 8 with implementation of the best treatment condition, Repeating-ASR produced higher scores than all conditions (including Repeating-ASR) during the first 6 weeks.
Handwritten and Word-Processed Story Retellings by School-Aged Students Who are Deaf
Authors: Stoner Melody L. , Easterbrooks Susan R. , Laughton Joan M.
Published: January 2017

Research on children with normal hearing shows that the word-processed narratives they produce are better than their handwritten narratives. Hearing children come to school with prior experience in narrating stories, and in school they learn to transfer this to written narrative form. However, children who are deaf and hard of hearing have less experience with storytelling than their same-age hearing peers, and putting stories into written form is a challenge. The purpose of this study was to compare the handwritten narratives of students who are deaf or hard of hearing with their word-processed narratives to see if the benefits experienced by hearing students hold true for students who are deaf. Twenty middle-school age students were asked to provide a narrative using cartoons as stimuli for obtaining written and word-processed samples. Results were compared for length of t-unit, narrative level, and story grammar. For the subjects in this study, the word-processed samples received higher scores for length of t-unit than did the handwritten products, indicating that word-processing encourages more complete products than handwriting. Implications are discussed.
Considering Response Efficiency as a Strategy to Prevent Assistive Technology Abandonment
Authors: Johnston Susan S. , Evans Joanna
Published: January 2017

Often, specialists in the field of Assistive Technology (AT) are presented with the challenge of teaching learners to utilize AT in order to increase, maintain, or improve their capabilities. Despite best efforts, rates of AT abandonment are alarmingly high. Understanding the factors that may influence an individual's choice to utilize AT may assist interventionists in designing and implementing effective interventions that prevent technology abandonment. This paper discusses some variables that may influence an individual's choice to utilize AT. Furthermore, the potential applicability of manipulating these variables to decrease the probability of AT abandonment are discussed.
Increased Content Knowledge of Students with Visual Impairments as a Result of Extended Descriptions
Authors: Ely Richard , Emerson Robert Wall , Maggiore Theresa , Rothberg Madeleine , O'Connell Trisha , Hudson Laurel
Published: January 2017

The National Center for Accessible Media has developed a technology and protocol for inserting extended, enhanced descriptions of visually based concepts into artificially paused digital video. These “eDescriptions” describe material not fully explained by a narrator and provide analogies and explanation specifically designed for students who are visually impaired. In two experiments, fourth-grade students with visual impairments listened to video clips of narrated, age-appropriate curricular material with eDescriptions inserted along different organizational frameworks, as well as video with only standard narration. Students were first assessed on prior knowledge of the content to be covered in the videos. After three weeks, each student listened to the videos and answered questions assessing content acquired from the presentations. Students performed better on content tests for material that included eDescriptions than for material that only had standard narration. This effect was strongest when eDescriptions were placed prior to relevant material in a video. While the most effective strategy was using descriptions followed by the relevant video, both students and teachers preferred hearing a word first, followed by its definition. Other elements determined important to the creation of effective eDescriptions included selection of developmentally age appropriate vocabulary, length of individual eDescriptions, and overall length of a video when eDescriptions were added. The usefulness of eDescriptions for increasing acquisition of content information points to the need for further research into auditory description.
Does the Model Matter? Comparing Video Self-Modeling and Video Adult Modeling for Task Acquisition and Maintenance by Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Cihak David F. , Schrader Leigh
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of learning and maintaining vocational chain tasks using video self-modeling and video adult modeling instruction. Four adolescents with autism spectrum disorders were taught vocational and prevocational skills. Although both video modeling conditions were effective for acquiring and maintaining vocational skills, one participant performed more effectively during video self-modeling instruction. Two participants acquired skills more efficiently during video self-modeling instruction and the fourth participant showed no functional preference for self-modeling or adult modeling conditions. In addition, the classroom teacher indicated that video modeling methods were socially acceptable for school settings and would recommend them to other teachers.
A Device to Provide Immediate Feedback for On-Task Behavior
Authors: Adams Gary L. , Taylor Ronald L. , Jedlicka Sherryl
Published: January 2017

Keeping students on-task is a major problem in educational programs. In this study, a woman with a long past history of off-task behavior was trained to attend to a vocational task through the use of an inexpensive feedback device with accompanying back-up reinforcers.
Toward a Technology of Teacher Observation in Special Education Personnel Preparation
Authors: Agran Martin
Published: January 2017

Observational systems can yield important information on a student teacher's performance. However, many observational systems may not be based upon reliable observation and recording procedures. Thus, it is possible that information regarding student teacher performance may be inaccurate. The present study investigated an observation instrument designed to assess student teacher performance. Two methods were used to examine interobserver agreement: (a) point-by-point and (b) kappa. The degree of reliable data on student teacher performance collected across the duration of the study (6 weeks) was reported.

Analysis of the data revealed differences in mean levels of agreement were obtained for each method. The results were discussed in terms of selecting measures that provide indices of reliability as well as useful data on student teacher performance.