bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Profile and Phytotoxic Action of Hibiscus trionum Essential Oil
Authors: Zhou Shi‐Xing , Zhu Xun‐Zhi , Wei Cai‐Xia , Shi Kai , Han Cai‐Xia , Zhang Chi , Shao Hua
Published: January 2021

The chemical profile and phytotoxic action of Hibiscus trionum essential oil (EO) was studied. In total 17 compounds were identified via GC/MS, representing 94.18 % of the entire oil, with phytol (40.37 %) being the dominant constituent. Bioassay revealed that the EO inhibited root elongation of Medicago sativa and Amaranthus retroflexus by 32.66 % and 61.86 % at 5 mg/mL, respectively; meanwhile, the major component phytol also exhibited significant phytotoxic activity, suppressing radical elongation of Pennisetum alopecuroides, M. sativa and A. retroflexus by 26.08 %, 27.55 % and 43.96 % at 1 mg/mL, respectively. The fact that the EO showed weaker activity than phytol implied that some constituents might trigger antagonistic action to decrease the oil's activity. Our study is the first on the chemical profile and phytotoxic effect of H. trionum EO.
Luminescent Amphiphilic Aminoglycoside Probes to Study Transfection
Authors: Zimmermann Alexander , Jaber Qais Z. , Koch Johannes , Riebe Steffen , Vallet Cecilia , Loza Kateryna , Hayduk Matthias , Steinbuch Kfir B. , Knauer Shirley K. , Fridman Micha , Voskuhl Jens
Published: January 2021

We report the characterization of amphiphilic aminoglycoside conjugates containing luminophores with aggregation‐induced emission properties as transfection reagents. These inherently luminescent transfection vectors are capable of binding plasmid DNA through electrostatic interactions; this binding results in an emission “on” signal due to restriction of intramolecular motion of the luminophore core. The luminescent cationic amphiphiles effectively transferred plasmid DNA into mammalian cells (HeLa, HEK 293T), as proven by expression of a red fluorescent protein marker. The morphologies of the aggregates were investigated by microscopy as well as ζ‐potential and dynamic light‐scattering measurements. The transfection efficiencies using luminescent cationic amphiphiles were similar to that of the gold‐standard transfection reagent Lipofectamine® 2000.
Catalysis in Confined Spaces
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: January 2021

In recent years, we have seen a rapidly increasing interest in understanding the effects of confinement in catalysis, with the ultimate goal of designing tailored chemical environments to improve the performance of catalysts. This themed collection showcases the most recent developments in the field, sharing novel strategies that take advantage of confinement effects to overcome challenges that are relevant to the wider catalysis community.
Effect of Single‐ and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes with Activated Carbon on Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Jokar Faezeh , Nguyen Dinh Duc , Pourkhalil Mahnaz , Pirouzfar Vahid
Published: January 2021

Carbon nanotubes and nanoporous activated carbons served as adsorbents for hydrogen storage. Carbon nanotubes were prepared by a special chemical vapor deposition method over a Co‐Mo/MgO catalyst, and nanoporous activated carbons were obtained from walnut shells. According to the Fourier transform infrared analysis, oxygenated functional groups were formed on the structures. The X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results let conclude that the structures were not damaged by the acidic vapor method. The maximum experimental value for adsorption capacity was achieved under elevated pressure. The highest capacity of H2 adsorption was detected for nitric acid‐modified carbon.
A new criterion for selection of non‐zero loadings for sparse principal component analysis (SPCA)
Authors: Rahoma Abdalhamid , Imtiaz Syed , Ahmed Salim
Published: January 2021

Sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) has recently emerged as an approach aimed at producing compact principal component loadings by suppressing spurious values and thus overcoming some limitations of the traditional principal component analysis (PCA). This paper proposes a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) method based on SPCA; in this approach, the number of non‐zero loadings (NNZL) of SPCAs is selected based on both the false alarm rate (FAR) and the fault detection rate (FDR). The criterion is to have lower FAR and higher FDR. This new feature makes SPCA better suited for FDD, which is demonstrated by comparing its performance with that of three other methods for finding loadings. The overall FDD performances of both PCA and SPCA‐based techniques are illustrated using the benchmark continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) process. The results show that the PCs derived based on the proposed criterion has a better fault diagnosis ability.
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and grade group progression in localized prostate cancer: An active surveillance cohort
Authors: Gregg Justin R. , Zhang Xiaotao , Chapin Brian F. , Ward John F. , Kim Jeri , Davis John W. , Daniel Carrie R.
Published: January 2021

Background

The Mediterranean diet (MD) may be beneficial for men with localized prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) because of its anti‐inflammatory, antilipidemic, and chemopreventive properties. This study prospectively investigated adherence to the MD with Gleason score progression and explored associations by diabetes status, statin use, and other factors.

Methods

Men with newly diagnosed PCa on an AS protocol (n = 410) completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire, and the MD score was calculated across 9 energy‐adjusted food groups. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to evaluate multivariable‐adjusted associations of the MD score with progression‐free survival; progression was defined as an increase in the Gleason grade group (GG) score over a biennial monitoring regimen.

Results

In this cohort, 15% of the men were diabetic, 44% of the men used statins, and 76 men progressed (median follow‐up, 36 months). After adjustments for clinical factors, higher adherence to the MD was associated with a lower risk of GG progression among all men (hazard ratio [HR] per 1‐unit increase in MD score, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77‐1.01), non‐White men (HR per 1‐unit increase in MD score, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45‐0.92;Pfor interaction = .07), and men without diabetes (HR per 1‐unit increase in MD score, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71‐0.96;Pfor interaction = .03). When joint effects of the MD score and statin use were examined, a similar risk reduction was observed among men with high MD scores who did not use statins in comparison with men with low/moderate MD scores with no statin use.

Conclusions

The MD is associated with a lower risk of GG progression in men on AS, and this is consistent with prior reports about the MD and reduced cancer morbidity and mortality.
Traditional colour theory: A review
Authors: O'Connor Zena
Published: January 2021

Colour theories abound in the literature and occur across diverse fields including art, design, physics, psychology, phenomenology, linguistics, and digital technology. Theoretical discourse and output in each of these fields tend to be characterized by differing ontological perspectives and epistemological traditions which in turn, have led to some confusion and misunderstanding when comparing diverse colour theories. Traditional colour theory is just one of these diverse theories of colour and it is one that has attracted debate and criticism despite a relative lack of a clarity about this branch of colour theory. This article aims to address this gap in the literature and provide a definition of traditional colour theory. The ontological focus and epistemological traditions, gleaned from key colour theorists whose works underpin this branch of colour theory, are discussed as well as the conceptual colour models and constructs common in traditional colour theory. Constructs common in this branch of colour theory include those that focus on colour classification and those that focus on relationships between colour classifications, the latter representing colour application guidelines that are frequently employed as colour strategies in applied design and architecture. The practical nature of this branch of colour theory is examined with reference to the way in which colour was examined and explored, and the colour classification constructs as well as colour relationship constructs that have segued into a vocabulary that has become a useful lingua franca among design and architecture professionals
Assessing engagement levels in a non‐face‐to‐face learning environment through facial expression analysis
Authors: Kim Pyoung Won
Published: January 2021

This study proposes a method for analyzing the level of student engagement in a non‐face‐to‐face learning situation by processing facial expressions. In previous studies, the level of learning engagement was determined through biosignals, such as galvanic skin response feedback. The method proposed in this study assesses engagement levels in an individual education situation by processing emotions revealed through a student's facial expressions in real time. The emotional state revealed through facial expressions can be a useful indicator for assessing the level of immersion in learning. The algorithm proposed in this study is effective because teachers can teach while simultaneously monitoring students' engagement.
CO Oxidation on Planar Au/TiO2 Model Catalysts under Realistic Conditions: A Combined Kinetic and IR Study
Authors: Diemant Thomas , Bansmann Joachim
Published: January 2021

The oxidation of CO on planar Au/TiO2 model catalysts was investigated under pressure and temperature conditions similar to those for experiments with more realistic Au/TiO2 powder catalysts. The effects of a change of temperature, pressure, and gold coverage on the CO oxidation activity were studied. Additionally, the reasons for the deactivation of the catalysts were examined in long‐term experiments. From kinetic measurements, the activation energy and the reaction order for the CO oxidation reaction were derived and a close correspondence with results of powder catalysts was found, although the overall turnover frequency (TOF) measured in our experiments was around one order of magnitude lower compared to results of powder catalysts under similar conditions. Furthermore, long‐term experiments at 80 °C showed a decrease of the activity of the model catalysts after some hours. Simultaneous in‐situ IR experiments revealed a decrease of the signal intensity of the CO vibration band, while the tendency for the build‐up of side products (e. g. carbonates, carboxylates) of the CO oxidation reaction on the surface of the planar model catalysts was rather low.
Evaluating Patients With Impaired Renal Function During Drug Development: Highlights From the 2019 US FDA Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacology Advisory Committee Meeting
Authors: Sahre Martina D. , Milligan Lauren , Madabushi Rajanikanth , Graham Richard A. , Reynolds Kellie S. , Terzic Andre , Benjamin Jessica , Burckart Gilbert J. , Huang Shiew‐Mei , Schuck Robert , Thompson Aliza M. , Zineh Issam
Published: January 2021

Patients with multiple chronic conditions, including more advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), are often excluded from clinical trials, creating challenges in deriving appropriate dosing information and labeling. This article summarizes the May 7, 2019, US Food and Drug Administration Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacology Advisory Committee Meeting, which solicited expert opinions on how to enroll patients with more advanced CKD into clinical trials as well as the assumptions behind and different approaches of exposure‐matching.
Effects of Al2(SO4)3 and K2SiO3 Impurities on the Crystallization of K2SO4 from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Luo Mengjie , Liu Chenglin , Song Xingfu , Yu Jianguo
Published: January 2021

The results of an investigation of the effect of Al2(SO4)3 and K2SiO3 impurities on the crystallization of K2SO4 from aqueous solutions are described and discussed. The metastable zone width (MSZW) of K2SO4 aqueous solutions, without and with known concentrations of the impurities, saturated at 40 and 60 °C is determined, using ultrasonic sensor by the controlled solution cooling method at predefined cooling rates R. It is observed that the value of the MSZW of the two types of saturated solutions increases with an increase in the cooling rate R and the concentration Ci of the two impurities. The experimental data of the dependence of MSZW on cooling rate and impurity concentration are analyzed by an approach based on the classical 3D nucleation theory. The results showed that: 1) both impurities suppress the formation of 3D nuclei by physically blocking the active sites on their surfaces, 2) Al2(SO4)3 impurity is more effective than K2SiO3 impurity, and 3) the purity of the K2SO4 crystals is insignificantly affected by these impurities, but the morphology and size of the obtained crystals are influenced strongly by Al2(SO4)3 impurity.
Comments on the Paper: “Synthesis, Growth and Optical, Mechanical, Electrical and Surface Properties of an Inorganic New Nonlinear Optical Crystal: Sodium Cadmium Tetra Chloride (SCTC)”
Authors: Srinivasan Bikshandarkoil R.
Published: January 2021

The authors of the title paper (Cryst. Res. Technol. 2018, 53, 1700271) report to have grown a new nonlinear optical sodium cadmium tetra chloride (SCTC) single crystal by slow evaporation from an aqueous solution. A critical analysis of the title paper proves that the so‐called SCTC crystal is an improperly characterized material. Taking the title crystal as an example, it is suggested that submission of CIF file to a database be made an essential prerequisite for journal publication of new compounds.
Bone regeneration of a polymeric sponge technique—Alloplastic bone substitute materials compared with a commercial synthetic bone material (MBCP+TM technology): A histomorphometric study in porcine skull
Authors: Intapibool Punyada , Monmaturapoj Naruporn , Nampuksa Katanchalee , Thongkorn Kriangkrai , Khongkhunthian Pathawee
Published: January 2021

Background

Polymeric sponge technique is recommended for developing the desired porosity of Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) which may favor bone regeneration.

Purpose

To investigate the healing of BCP with ratio of HA30/β‐TCP70 (HA30) and HA70/β‐TCP30 (HA70) polymeric sponge preparation, compare to commercial BCP (MBCP+TM).

Materials and Methods

Materials were tested X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. In eight male pigs, six calvarial defects were created in each subject. The defects were the filled with 1 cc of autogenous bone, MBCP+TM (MBCP), HA30, HA70, and left empty (negative group). The new bone formations, residual material particles and bone‐to‐graft contacts were analyzed at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks.

Results

Fabricated BCP showed well‐distributed porosity. At 16 weeks, new bone formations were 45.26% (autogenous), 33.52% (MBCP), 24.34% (HA30), 19.43% (HA70) and 3.37% (negative). Residual material particles were 1.88% (autogenous), 17.58% (MBCP), 26.74% (HA30) and 37.03% (HA70). These values were not significant differences (Bonferroni correction <0.005). Bone‐to‐graft contacts were 73.68% (MBCP), which was significantly higher than 41.68% (HA30) and 14.32% (HA70; Bonferroni correction <0.017).

Conclusions

Polymeric sponge technique offers well‐distributed porosity. The new bone formation and residual material particles were comparable to MBCP+TM, but the bone‐to‐graft contact was lower than MBCP+TM.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Co3O4 Electrocatalyst for Efficient, Selective, and Stable Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Wang Changlong , Bongard Hans‐Josef , Yu Mingquan , Schüth Ferdi
Published: January 2021

Electrochemical oxidation of biomass substrates to valuable bio‐chemicals is highly attractive. However, the design of efficient, selective, stable, and inexpensive electrocatalysts remains challenging. Here it is reported how a 3D highly ordered mesoporous Co3O4/nickel foam (om‐Co3O4/NF) electrode fulfils those criteria in the electrochemical oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to value‐added 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Full conversion of HMF and an FDCA yield of >99.8 % are achieved with a faradaic efficiency close to 100 % at a potential of 1.457 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. Such activity and selectivity to FDCA are attributed to the fast electron transfer, high electrochemical surface area, and reduced charge transfer resistance. More impressively, remarkable catalyst stability under long‐term testing is obtained with 17 catalytic cycles. This work highlights the rational design of metal oxides with ordered meso‐structures for electrochemical biomass conversion.
Coupling CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots with Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Qi , Wang Jin , Wang Ji‐Chong , Hu Xin , Bai Yu , Zhong Xinhua , Li Zhengquan
Published: January 2021

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into value‐added chemical fuels is an appealing approach to address energy crisis and global warming. CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) are good candidates for CO2 reduction because of their excellent photoelectric properties, including high molar extinction coefficient, low exciton binding energy, and defect tolerance. However, the pristine CsPbBr3 QDs generally have low photocatalytic performance mainly due to dominant charge recombination and lack of efficient catalytic sites for CO2 adsorption/activation. Herein, we report a new photocatalytic system, in which CsPbBr3 QDs are coupled with covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) for visible‐light‐driven CO2 reduction. In this hybrid photocatalytic system, the robust triazine rings and periodical pore structures of CTFs promote the charge separation in CsPbBr3 and endow them with strong CO2 adsorption/activation capacity. The resulting photocatalytic system exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity towards CO2 reduction. This work presents a new photocatalytic system based on CTFs and perovskite QDs for visible‐light‐driven CO2 reduction, which highlights the potential of perovskite‐based photocatalysts for solar fuel applications.
Heart rate kinetics during standard cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart transplant recipients: a longitudinal study
Authors: Schumacher Oliver , Trachsel Lukas D. , Herzig David , Mohacsi Paul , Sigurdardottir Vilborg , Wilhelm Matthias , Eser Prisca
Published: January 2021

Aims

Heart transplantation (HTx) results in complete autonomic denervation of the donor heart, causing resting tachycardia and abnormal heart rate (HR) responses to exercise. We determined the time course of suggestive cardiac reinnervation post HTx and investigated its clinical significance.

Methods and results

Heart rate kinetics during standard cardiopulmonary exercise testing at 2.5–5 years after HTx was assessed in 58 patients. According to their HR increase 30 s after exercise onset, HTx recipients were classified as denervated (slow responders: <5 beats per minute [b.p.m.]) or potentially reinnervated (fast responders: ≥5 b.p.m.). Additionally, in 30 patients, longitudinal changes of maximal oxygen consumption and HR kinetics were assessed during the first 15 post‐operative years. At 2.5–5 years post HTx, 38% of our study population was potentially reinnervated. Fast responders were significantly younger (41 ± 15 years) than slow responders (53 ± 13 years, P = 0.003) but did not differ with regard to donor age, immunosuppressive regime, cardiovascular risk factors, endomyocardial biopsy, or vasculopathy parameters. While HR reserve (56 ± 20 vs. 39 ± 15 b.p.m., P = 0.002) and HR recovery after 60 s (15 ± 11 vs. 5 ± 6 b.p.m., P < 0.001) were greater in fast responders, resting HR, peak HR of predicted, and peak oxygen consumption of predicted were comparable.

Conclusions

Signs of reinnervation occurred mainly in younger patients. Maximal oxygen consumption was independent of HR kinetics.
Dirhodium(II,II) Paddlewheel Complexes
Authors: Hrdina Radim
Published: January 2021

This minireview summarizes synthetic approaches towards homoleptic dirhodium(II,II) paddlewheel complexes with the general formula Rh2A4. These complexes have found numerous applications in a wide range of chemical research and industry as catalysts, detectors, enzymatic inhibitors or building blocks for molecular scaffolds. In organic synthesis they are commonly used to transfer electron‐deficient species, they act as Lewis acids to activate unsaturated bonds, serve as hydrogenation catalysts and participate in oxidation/reduction processes. Dirhodium paddlewheel complexes are composed of the Rh‐Rh backbone and four bridging anions, which surround the core. According to the application, the electrochemical potential of the Rh atom can be modulated, as can the geometry and physical and chemical properties of the metal complex. Dirhodium complexes can be prepared in one step from basic inorganic precursors or by post‐functionalization of the paddlewheel structures.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of α‐(Hydroxymethyl)cycloalkanols
Authors: Nassar Youssef , Piva Olivier
Published: January 2021

α‐(Hydroxymethyl)cycloalkanols are pervasive structural scaffolds found in natural products and synthetic intermediates with varied biochemical and physicochemical properties. These profiles have driven numerous research groups to the synthesis of such motifs using innovative methodologies. The presence of vicinal diols attached to a cycloalkane makes from these motifs excellent synthetic intermediates for the synthesis of diverse ring systems. This investigation takes an overview of the literature for the occurrence and synthesis of α‐(hydroxymethyl)cycloalkanol derivatives, concentrating on advances in the last two decades.
Synthesis of Natural Compounds Based on the [3,7]‐Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (Bispidine) Core
Authors: Sacchetti Alessandro , Rossetti Arianna
Published: January 2021

The [3,7]‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (bispidine) structure is found in several interesting naturally occurring alkaloids. The most representative components are the tetracyclic alkaloid (−)‐sparteine and the tricyclic (−)‐cytisine alkaloids. Their biological activities have been known for a long time. In the literature, different syntheses of both tetracyclic and tricyclic structures have been reported, especially in the last few years, when a number of new reports renewed the interest in these fascinating molecules. Bicyclic bispidine derivatives have been thoroughly investigated in recent times also for their applications as catalysts, metal chelating agents, and lately in coordination polymers chemistry. In this review, we describe the most relevant strategies for the synthesis of molecules based on the [3,7]‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core, related to (−)‐sparteine and (−)‐cytisine alkaloids.
Traditional vegetable preservation technologies practiced in Acholi subregion of Uganda improves mineral bioavailability but impacts negatively on the contribution of vegetables to household needs for micronutrients
Authors: Bighaghire Raymond , Okidi Lawrence , Muggaga Christopher , Ongeng Duncan
Published: January 2021

The impact of traditional African preservation methods on the contribution of vegetables to household micronutrient needs (Recommended Dietary Allowance: RDA) has largely remained unquantified. Using Acholi subregion of Uganda as a case area, this study examined using the predominant vegetables consumed in fresh and preserved forms (cowpeas—Vigna unguicullata, okra/lady fingers—Abelmoschus esculentus, Malakwang—Hibscus cannabinus, and eggplants—Solanum melongena), the effect of major traditional vegetable preservation methods (sun drying, boiling and sun drying, and salting and sun drying) on the contents of micronutrients (vitamin A, iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus), the levels of antinutritional factors (total polyphenols, oxalate, tannins, and phytate), bioavailability of iron and zinc, and the contribution of vegetables to the cumulative annual household RDA for micronutrients. Laboratory analysis showed that all the preservation methods, except the sun drying method reduced the contents of micronutrients by 20%–82% (p ≤ .05). The contents of antinutritional factors reduced by 1%–80% while in vitro bioavailability of iron and zinc increased by 21%–296% (p ≤ .05). Nutritional computation revealed that except for calcium, the preservation methods combined, reduced the contribution of the vegetables to cumulative annual RDA for other micronutrients by 28%–60%. These results demonstrate that improvements in bioavailability of essential nutrients (iron and zinc) by traditional preservation methods investigated are associated with significant loss of micronutrients which culminates in significant reduction in the contribution of cultivated vegetables to household RDA for micronutrients. Traditional African preservation methods should be optimized for nutrient retention.
In vitro bioavailability‐based assessment of the contribution of wild fruits and vegetables to household dietary iron requirements among rural households in a developing country setting: The case of Acholi Subregion of Uganda
Authors: Tuyizere Jean Damascene , Okidi Lawrence , Elolu Samuel , Ongeng Duncan
Published: January 2021

Wild fruits and vegetables (WFV) are believed to contain substantial quantities of micronutrients and are commonly consumed in rural areas of developing countries endowed with natural vegetation. Previous studies that provided evidence on the contribution of WFV to household micronutrient intake in a developing country setting did not consider the effect of antinutritional factors. Therefore, applying the in vitro bioavailability assessment technique and using the Acholi subregion of Uganda a case area, this study examined the contribution of commonly consumed WFV to the pooled annual household dietary requirement for iron. Laboratory analysis showed that the concentration of antinutrients varied with plant species but the pool was dominated by phytate (10.5–150 mg/100 g) and phenolic substances (38.6–41.7 mg GAE/g). In vitro iron bioavailability varied with plant species was quantitatively higher from vegetables than fruits by 27% although total concentration of the micronutrient was higher in fruits than vegetables by 142%. Nutritional computation, taking into account, household composition, and physiological status revealed that consumption of WFV resulted in a median contribution of 1.8% (a minimum of 0.02 and a maximum of 34.7%) to the pooled annual household dietary iron requirements on the basis of bioavailable iron fraction. These results demonstrate that WFV contributes meagerly to household iron needs but may serve other dietary and non‐nutrient health purposes.
Physicochemical properties and enzymatic activity of wheat germ extract microencapsulated with spray and freeze drying
Authors: Jamdar Fahimeh , Ali Mortazavi Seyed , Reza Saiedi Asl Mohammad , Sharifi Akram
Published: January 2021

Wheat germ is produced as a by‐product during wheat milling operations and is a relatively inexpensive protein source that, in spite of its exclusive nutritional properties, is mostly used for animal feed formulation and has limited use in the food industry. In this study, wheat germ extract (WGE) was microencapsulated by spray and freeze drying and with different ratios of maltodextrin to whey protein concentrate (M‐W) as the coating material and then physicochemical properties of the microcapsules were evaluated. Results showed decreased moisture content and increased solubility, lipase activity, acid phosphatase activity, and both lipase and acid phosphatase microencapsulation efficiency with increasing M‐W ratios in both drying methods. The M‐W ratios had no significant effects on the DPPH free radical scavenging activity in both methods. With increasing M‐W ratios, particle size decreased and bulk density increased in the spray drying method, while particle size increased and bulk density decreased in the freeze drying method. Spray drying elevated solubility, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, lipase activity, acid phosphatase activity, and both lipase and acid phosphatase microencapsulation efficiency, in comparison with the freeze drying method.
A loss of mature microglial markers without immune activation in schizophrenia
Authors: Snijders Gijsje J. L. J. , van Zuiden Welmoed , Sneeboer Marjolein A. M. , Berdenis van Berlekom Amber , van der Geest Astrid T. , Schnieder Tatiana , MacIntyre Donald J. , Hol Elly M. , Kahn René S. , de Witte Lot D.
Published: January 2021

Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are important for neurodevelopment and have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ). Although previous postmortem studies pointed toward presence of microglial activation, this view has been challenged by more recent hypothesis‐driven and hypothesis‐free analyses. The aim of the present study is to further understand the observed microglial changes in SCZ. We first performed a detailed meta‐analysis on studies that analyzed microglial cell density, microglial morphology, and expression of microglial‐specific markers. We then further explored findings from the temporal cortex by performing immunostainings and qPCRs on an additional dataset. A random effect meta‐analysis showed that the density of microglial cells was unaltered in SCZ (ES: 0.144 95% CI: 0.102 to 0.390, p = .250), and clear changes in microglial morphology were also absent. The expression of several microglial specific genes, such as CX3CR1, CSF1R, IRF8, OLR1, and TMEM119 was decreased in SCZ (ES: −0.417 95% CI: −0.417 to −0.546, p < .0001), consistent with genome‐wide transcriptome meta‐analysis results. These results indicate a change in microglial phenotype rather than density, which was validated with the use of TMEM119/Iba1 immunostainings on temporal cortex of a separate cohort. Changes in microglial gene expression were overlapping between SCZ and other psychiatric disorders, but largely opposite from changes reported in Alzheimer's disease. This distinct microglial phenotype provides a crucial molecular hallmark for future research into the role of microglia in SCZ and other psychiatric disorders.
Investigating the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a couple stress dusty fluid along a stretching sheet in the presence of viscous dissipation and suction
Authors: Gajjela Nagaraju , Nandkeolyar Raj
Published: January 2021

A computational study for investigating the flow and heat transfer phenomena in the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic couple stress dusty fluid flow over a linearly stretching porous surface in the presence of viscous dissipation effects is presented. The governing equations, in nondimensional form, are tackled by the exploitation of the standard spectral quasi‐linearization methodology. The estimations of flow rate and temperature profiles are pictured diagrammatically. In contrast, the local skin friction and heat transfer rates are placed in tabular form for various values of thermofluidic parameters. The numerical results of a current investigation are compared with previously available results and located to be sensible agreement as shown in Tables 1 and 2. It is analyzed that by elevating the specific heat parameter and couple stress parameter, the temperature profile and the resulting thickness of the boundary layer are depressed. In comparison, an increase in thermal boundary layer thickness and a decrease in thickness of the momentum boundary layer were found with the rising magnetic parameter values.
Two‐dimensional Darcy–Forchheimer flow of a dusty hybrid nanofluid over a stretching sheet with viscous dissipation
Authors: Mallikarjuna Hogarehally Basavarajappa , Nirmala Tigalappa , Punith Gowda Ramanahalli Jayadevamurthy , Manghat Radhika , Varun Kumar Ravikumar Shashikala
Published: January 2021

The main objective of the present examination is to design a stable mathematical model of a two‐phase dusty hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with heat transfer in a porous medium, and the Darcy–Forchheimer flow is taken into account with viscous dissipation and melting effect. The equations of motion are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by considering suitable similarity variables. These dimensionless expressions are solved by a well‐known numerical technique known as Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth–fifth order method. The behavioral study and analysis of the velocity and thermal profile in dual phases (fluid phase and dust phase) for diverse values of parameters are estimated using graphs and tables. The result outcome reveals that the velocity gradient declines in the fluid phase and increases in the dust phase for a rise in values of the velocity interaction parameter. Also, the velocity gradients of the both phases diminish for increasing values of the porosity parameter. Furthermore, it is determined that the increase in the value of melting parameter leads to a decline in the thermal gradient of both phases.
A credit scoring model for SMEs using AHP and TOPSIS
Authors: Roy Pranith K. , Shaw Krishnendu
Published: January 2021

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have played a significant role in the development of any economy. However, easy access to finance from financial institutions is a prime challenge for them. Similarly, financial institutions also face difficulties while selecting the potential SMEs for granting credit. The SMEs are often seen as unorganized in terms of financial data as compared to large corporate sectors. The credit risk assessment based on unorganized financial data is a challenge for financial institutions. Most of the existing models used regression to predict the possibility of default of SMEs. However, the regression model may not perform well with limited data points and missing data. The problem can be solved by using a multi criteria decision‐making (MCDM) model. Credit scoring, especially addressing the SMEs, has been infrequently reported in the archived literature. To fill the gaps of literature, the present study proposes a credit scoring model applying the hybrid analytic hierarchy process‐technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (AHP‐TOPSIS) technique. The study has been carried out in three stages. In the first stage, credit rating criteria and sub‐criteria have been identified from the literature review and taking opinions from experts. In the second stage, weights of criteria and sub‐criteria have been calculated using AHP. Finally, in the third stage, weights calculated by AHP have been used in TOPSIS to determine the credit score. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been illustrated through a case study. Further, the results of the proposed model are compared with the commercially available ratings. The proposed model may be a low‐cost alternative for financial institutions for credit scoring of SMEs. Further, the model has the advantage of customization as per the needs of the financial institutions. The suggested model can help the managers to identify the potential SMEs for granting credit.
Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene and nasal polyp in a Turkish population
Authors: Solmaz Avcikurt Ayla , Gencer Nahit , Yazici Hasmet
Published: January 2021

The pathogenesis of nasal polyps is not completely understood. Oxidative damage contributes to polyp formation in the nasal mucosa. The paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme is an important liver enzyme with high antioxidant activity. In this study, we investigated the correlation between Q192R genotypic polymorphism of the PON1 enzyme and nasal‐polyp disease. The study examined 62 nasal‐polyp patients and 88 controls. PON1 Q192R polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. The genotype distribution of the PON1 gene was significantly different between nasal‐polyp patients (QQ = 69.35%, QR = 25.81%, RR = 4.83%) and healthy controls (QQ = 52.27%, QR = 44.31%, RR = 3.40%). Our results suggest that the PON1 QQ genotype (odds ratio [OR] = 2.066, P = .036) is associated with a higher risk of developing the nasal‐polyp disease while QR genotype (OR = 0.437, P = .021) showed a lower risk.
Two immune‐enhanced molecular subtypes differ in inflammation, immune checkpoints, mutations, and prognostic outcome in stage I–II colonic carcinoma
Authors: Tang Dongxin , Huang Wei , Yang Zhu , Wu Xin , Sang Xianan , Wang Kuilong , Cao Gang , Hao Min
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the immune function of the tumor microenvironment and its clinical correlation with colonic carcinoma. Immune genes were downloaded from the The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Five subtypes are obtained by cluster screening based on immune gene expression data. The C3 and C4 subtypes show stronger immune activity. In addition, the C4 subtype has the largest number of gene mutations and the worst prognosis. Most of the immune signatures are upregulated in the C4 subtype, while most of the immune infiltration‐related cells are upregulated in the C3 and C4 subtypes. The different immune microenvironments between these subtypes may provide new ideas for immunotherapy strategies in colon carcinoma.
Recent advances in supramolecular self‐assembly and biological applications of luminescent alkynylplatinum(II) polypyridine complexes
Authors: Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah , Law Angela Sin‐Yee
Published: January 2021

Among various transition metal complexes, platinum(II) complexes are among one of the most extensively explored classes of metal complexes for supramolecular assembly, as their square‐planar molecular geometry allows axial interactions between adjacent complex molecules and access to the formation of supramolecular assemblies with the aid of noncovalent Pt(II)⋯Pt(II) interactions. In the presence of external stimuli, alkynylplatinum(II) polypyridine complexes can self‐assemble with alterations in their spectroscopic and luminescence properties. In light of their inherent advantages, including low‐energy photoexcitation, red to near‐infrared emission, large Stokes shifts, long phosphorescence lifetimes and high photostability, successful applications of alkynylplatinum(II) polypyridine complexes in the detection of biological analytes have been made possible. In this account, presented in part of the FACS Foundation Lecture, we introduce the basic concepts and our recent advances in the development of detection assays for various biomolecules based on luminescent alkynylplatinum(II) polypyridine complexes with selected examples.
Studies on the serological markers for hepatitis B virus infection among type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Ndako James A. , Nwankiti Obinna O. , Olorundare Joy O. , Ojo Stephen K.S. , Okolie Charles E. , Olatinsu Oludolapo , Dojumo Victor T.
Published: January 2021

Background

Hepatitis B infection is a public health concern globally. HBV can be associated with type II diabetes mellitus, as HBV outbreaks have been observed among diabetics in healthcare facilities. This study evaluates the prevalence of HBV infection among patients with type II diabetes mellitus.

Method

A total of one hundred and eighty (180) diabetic patients and one‐hundred non‐diabetics (Controls) were recruited for this study. Structured questionnaires were administered to the consented participants to obtain relevant data. Sera samples obtained were screened using the HBsAg ELISA kit; CTK Biotech, Inc, while the 5 panel kit—rapid diagnostic test, was used to assay for serological markers. Questionnaires were used to obtain relevant information and demographic data.

Result

Overall prevalence of HBV infection among diabetes patients was 13.3%. Breakdown showed 9 (5.0%) seropositivity was obtained among male subjects compared to 15(8.3%) recorded among the females, P = .834; P < .05. Subjects aged 41‐50 years recorded, 7(3.9%) positivity P = .774; P > .05. Educational status of participants showed 22 (12.2%) positivity among subjects with tertiary level of education P = .032; P < .05). Risk factors considered showed that 5(2.8%).seropositive subjects were alcoholic consumers (P value = .9711; P > .05). Result among non‐diabetics (Control) subjects showed (4%) seropositivity among the male subjects compared to (5.0%) seropositivity recorded among the female subjects (P = .739; P > .05).

Conclusion

There is an indication of higher risk of HBV infection among type 2 diabetic patients when compared to non‐diabetics. There is the need for more research on this area of study, to further validate the association between HBV infection and Diabetes Mellitus.
Community lives of adolescents across multiple special needs: Discrimination, community belonging, trusted people, leisure activities, and friends
Authors: Lloyd Jennifer E. V. , Baumbusch Jennifer L. , Zou Danjie
Published: January 2021

We sought to gain insights into the community lives, experiences, and activities of adolescents across multiple categories of special needs. Specifically, we: explored the particular aspects of their lives adolescents felt elicited discrimination; determined whether adolescents feel a sense of community belongingness, as well as the categories of people whom adolescents approach when help is needed; and detailed the leisure activities respondents undertake and with which frequency, in addition to the quantity of friendships they have. We performed assorted descriptive analyses of the McCreary Centre Society's 2013 British Columbia Adolescent Health Survey (BCAHS) database. We found tremendous variation in the survey responses of adolescents, both within and between special needs categories, highlighting the importance of such exploratory analyses. This paper provides inductive population‐based evidence to inform theories about the community lives of adolescents with special needs, as well as to guide programs and policies targeting such youth.
Effects of corticosterone treatment and wound healing on reproductive traits of American bullfrogs
Authors: Prado Débora M. A. , Gomes Fernando R. , Madelaire Carla B.
Published: January 2021

During reproductive season, calling anuran males display high testosterone (T) and episodically high corticosterone (CORT) plasma levels, which are positively associated with higher calling rates and immunocompetence. However, exposure to constant stress stimuli can result in chronically elevated CORT levels, possibly leading to inhibition of reproductive and immune activity. Reproduction and immune responses are energetically expensive, so when an animal is immunologically challenged, a tradeoff might be expressed, with CORT potentially mediating it. Our aim was to test how episodic and chronic CORT treatments, alongside wound healing, would affect reproduction in American bullfrog males (Lithobates catesbeianus). Forty animals were divided in four groups: Episodic CORT (daily transdermic application of CORT), placebo (daily transdermic application of sesame oil), chronic CORT (subcutaneous CORT silastic implants), and sham control (subcutaneous empty silastic implants). One week after treatments began, animals were punctured in the leg with a biopsy needle and the wound was photographed after 45 days to determine wound healing status (WS). Blood samples were collected throughout the experiment to measure CORT and T plasma levels. After animal euthanasia, testes were dissected, fixed, and analyzed histologically to determine spermatogenic activity (germinative cyst [GmC] morphometrics). As expected, the episodic CORT treatment had no effect on T plasma levels or spermatogenic activity. On the other hand, chronic CORT treatment reduced GmC morphometric traits, indicating suppression of reproduction, although T levels were not altered. In addition, animals from sham control and chronic CORT treatments with higher T levels presented higher WS, which indicates an immune‐enhancing T effect.
Analysis of patient safety risk management call data during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Wessels Robin , McCorkle Lisa M.
Published: January 2021

On March 11, 2020, the novel coronavirus disease, COVID‐19, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).1 The pandemic evolved rapidly, forcing providers to face previously unconsidered health care delivery scenarios. Medical and dental professionals sought guidance. This article presents an overview of the questions, concerns, and requests physicians and dentists shared with patient safety risk management consultants (PSRMs) at a large medical professional liability company. During the first 5 months of the pandemic, PSRMs handled more than 1200 calls related to COVID‐19. Analysis of call data provides insight into front line provider concerns as the pandemic evolved.
Clinical characteristic and epidemiological features of SARS CoV‐2 disease patients from a COVID‐19 designated hospital in New Delhi
Authors: Saxena Sonal , Manchanda Vikas , Sagar Tanu , Nagi Nazia , Siddiqui Oves , Yadav Abhishek , Arora Nitin , Hasan Faria , Meena Kavita , Bharti Pradeep , Rana Neha , Hayat Sikander , Tuteja Sanchita , Yadav Ajeet , Puri Devyani , Pumma Palak , Khyati  , Arora Ananya , Jainandra  , Shreya Sunidhi , Kumar Suresh , Sharma Nandini
Published: January 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV‐2) infection is rapidly evolving as a serious global pandemic. The present study describes the clinical characteristics of SARS CoV‐2 infection patients. The samples were subjected to reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction or Rapid Antigen test for diagnosis of SARS CoV‐2. A cohort of 3745 patients with confirmed diagnosis of SARS CoV‐2 infection in a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India were included in this study. Data were collected from offline and online medical records over a period of 6 months. Amongst 3745 SARS CoV‐2 infected patients, 2245 (60%) were symptomatic and 1500 (40%) were asymptomatic. Most common presenting symptom was cough (49.3%) followed febrile episodes (47.1%), breathlessness (42.7%), and sore throat (35.1%). Cough along with breathlessness (24.1) was the most common combination of symptoms followed by fever with cough (22.7). The most common comorbidity found among symptomatic group was diabetes (42.5%) followed by hypertension (21.4%) and chronic kidney disease (18%). Comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, chronic diseases of lungs, heart, and kidneys were found to be common in symptomatic group and this was found to be statistically significant (p < .05). COVID‐19 is an evolving disease and data from our study help in understanding the clinic‐epidemiological profile of patients.
Conceptual uncertainties in groundwater and porewater fluxes estimated by radon and radium mass balances
Authors: Rodellas Valentí , Stieglitz Thomas C. , Tamborski Joseph J. , van Beek Pieter , Andrisoa Aladin , Cook Peter G.
Published: January 2021

Radium isotopes and radon are routinely used as tracers to quantify groundwater and porewater fluxes into coastal and freshwater systems. However, uncertainties associated with the determination of the tracer flux are often poorly addressed and often neglect all the potential errors associated with the conceptualization of the system (i.e., conceptual uncertainties). In this study, we assess the magnitude of some of the key uncertainties related to the determination of the radium and radon inputs supplied by groundwater and porewater fluxes into a waterbody (La Palme Lagoon, France). This uncertainty assessment is addressed through a single model ensemble approach, where a tracer mass balance is run multiple times with variable sets of assumptions and approaches for the key parameters determined through a sensitivity test. In particular, conceptual uncertainties linked to tracer concentration, diffusive fluxes, radon evasion to the atmosphere, and change of tracer inventory over time were considered. The magnitude of porewater fluxes is further constrained using a comparison of independent methods: (1) 224Ra and (2) 222Rn mass balances in overlying waters, (3) a model of 222Rn deficit in sediments, and (4) a fluid‐salt numerical transport model. We demonstrate that conceptual uncertainties are commonly a major source of uncertainty on the estimation of groundwater or porewater fluxes and they need to be taken into account when using tracer mass balances. In the absence of a general framework for assessing these uncertainties, this study provides a practical approach to evaluate key uncertainties associated to radon and radium mass balances.