bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Document delivery Websites
Authors: Jacobs Neil , Chambers Jenny , Morris Anne
Published: July 2002

Document delivery is a fast‐changing practice, being highly subject to economic and technological developments. The FIDDO project, supported by the UK Electronic Libraries Programme, has as a major objective to supply relevant and up‐to‐date information to library managers in this dynamic field. This review of Websites concerned with document delivery aims to contribute to that objective. The review identifies a selection of the more important Websites that might be used by a library manager, and supplies a review of each from both practitioner and academic perspectives.The Websites reviewed include indexes of document suppliers, reports of research projects, system developments and national initiatives, and professional sites. The scope of the review is worldwide, although a specific effort has been made to include sites based outside the USA.
Unmediated document delivery: a project using FirstSearch and EBSCOdoc
Authors: Crowley Gwyneth H.
Published: July 2002

Staffing costs account for 65 per cent of research libraries’ expenditures for interlibrary borrowing. Due to this cost and pressure to provide better access, library administrators are showing an increased interest in unmediated document delivery. In a pilot project at Texas A&M University, faculty and graduate students in the Agricultural Economics Department used ArticleFirst, PapersFirst, and EBSCOdoc as a substitute for traditional interlibrary loan. Participants could order materials not owned by the three university libraries. Four document suppliers, the British Library Document Supply Centre, EBSCOdoc, ISI’s Genuine Article and UMI were used. Users were allowed to select the vendor and method of delivery which included fax, mail, Ariel, and express mail. Data gathered included the usage patterns for the different delivery methods and document suppliers, the costs of items, problems encountered by users, and general information on user satisfaction.
Interlending and document supply: a review of recent literature – XXXVI
Authors: Connolly Pauline
Published: July 2002

Reviews the advantages gained by remote users and distance learners from the growth in information technology and looks at the impact of this technology on the delivery of documents via the World Wide Web. Discusses the increase in electronic publications and the resulting copyright problems. Reports on the comparisons and developments in commercial document supply and briefly covers articles on interlibrary loan procedures and co‐operation.
A local optimisation method for obtaining material model parameters
Authors: Macdougall Duncan , Petrinic Nikica
Published: July 2002

A local optimisation method for obtaining material parameters in finite element simulations has been developed. The method is based on the minimisation of an error function which reflects the accuracy of a numerical prediction with respect to the results of simple specimen tests. The experimental data were obtained from high strain rate tensile tests on the alloy 90 per cent titanium – 6 per cent aluminium – 4 per cent vanadium (Ti6Al4V) using the tensile split‐Hopkinson pressure bar. The behaviour of the tensile specimen was monitored during the test using high‐speed photography and transient recorders. Finite element simulations were performed using ABAQUS/Explicit employing the Zerilli‐Armstrong material model for bcc metals).
Comparison of different error estimators for contact problems
Authors: Rieger A. , Wriggers P.
Published: July 2002

Several a posteriori error indicators and error estimators for frictionless contact problems are compared. In detail, residual based error estimators, error indicators relying on superconvergence properties and error estimators based on duality principles are investigated. Applications are to 2D solids under the hypothesis of nonlinear elastic material behaviour associated with finite deformations. A penalization technique is applied to enforce multilateral boundary conditions due to contact. The approximate solution of the problem is obtained by using the finite element method. Several numerical results are reported to show the applicability of the adaptive algorithm to the considered problems.
Non‐linear finite element analysis of a reinforced concrete cooling tower shell
Authors: Hara Takashi , Kato Shiro , Nakamura Hiroshi
Published: July 2002

Reinforced concrete (R/C) hyperbolic cooling towers are the largest thin‐shell structures ever constructed. These towers stand more than 150m tall and have wall thicknesses of 0.20‐0.25m. Therefore, these can be classified as thin‐shell structures. Analyses the influences of both the reinforcing ratio and the tensile strength of the concrete on the strength of the R/C cooling tower shells. In the numerical analysis Port Gibson tower is adopted for the numerical model and the finite element method is applied to examine the non‐linear behaviour of the cooling tower shells. From the load displacement curves the initial crack strength and the ultimate strength are determined. Also presents the stress redistribution processes and demonstrates the influences of these problems on the strength of the cooling tower shells.
Simulation model for hot and cold forging by mixed methods including adaptive mesh refinement
Authors: César de Sá J. , Costa Sousa Luisa , Luisa Madureira Maria
Published: July 2002

Uses a rigid viscoplastic formulation to simulate hot and cold forging processes. The finite element solution uses mixed methods in which the independent variables can be velocities, pressures and deviatoric stresses. Uses interface elements both in the mechanical and the thermal analysis, to take into account the effects of contact and friction, thermal conductivity of lubricants and heat generated by friction. The code developed includes an adaptive mesh refinement, triggered by an error estimator based on energy norms evaluated from nodal stress values, recovered from a local continuous polynomial expansion, and those given by the numerical solution. Assesses the code developed, using experimental results.
An inverse thermal field problem based on noisy measurements: comparison of a genetic algorithm and the sequential function specification method
Authors: Wood R.L.
Published: July 2002

Draws a comparison between the use of a genetic algorithm and the sequential function specification method for the solution of a one‐dimensional linear inverse thermal field problem, based on the use of noisy measurements. In solving this problem aims to estimate the value of a single constant convective heat transfer coefficient. Documents the findings that both approaches can provide estimates within 1 per cent of the target solution and that the sensitivity and robustness of each approach to measurement location, time step size and measurement errors are markedly different.
Non‐linear finite element analysis of post‐tensioned concrete structures
Authors: Nikolic Zeljana , Mihanovic Ante
Published: July 2002

Presents a non‐linear numerical model for the computations of post‐tensioned plane structures. Generally curved prestressing tendons and reinforcing bars are embedded into the concrete and they are modelled independently of the concrete mesh using one‐dimensional curvilinear elements. Among the losses which influence the decrease in the prestress force, it is possible to compute the losses caused by friction between tendons and the concrete, the losses which result from the concrete deformation and the losses in the anchorage zone. The computation for post‐tensioned structures is organized in phases: the phase preceding prestressing (Phase I), the prestressing phase (Phase II) and the phase following prestressing (Phase III). The load is applied incrementally until failure. The model is tested on a number of examples.
MUIApp: an object‐oriented graphical user interface application framework
Authors: Rajagopala Mukunda G. , Hsieh Shang‐Hsien , Sotelino Elisa D. , White Donald W.
Published: July 2002

Motif User Interface Application (MUIApp) is an object‐oriented graphical user‐interface application framework. It simplifies the task of writing, modifying, and debugging window‐based applications by application of object‐oriented programming to the construction and manipulation of graphical user interface (GUI) components using a well‐established window system. The key means adopted in the design include: encapsulation of tedious X‐window programming details, construction of high‐level GUI components using Motif and Xt widgets as the primary building blocks, and definition of collaboration mechanisms between GUI components. Reports that the abstractions and mechanisms provided by MUIApp facilitate the development of graphical user interfaces for applications. Simplicity, extensibility and reusability are the key concerns in the design. MUIApp is written in C++ and runs mainly on top of Motif.
Dynamic stability of a rotating cantilever beam with in‐plane base acceleration
Authors: Lee H.P.
Published: July 2002

Derives the equation of motion in matrix form of a rotating cantilever beam with constant in‐plane base acceleration based on Hamilton’s principle and the assumed mode method. Investigates the effects of varying parameters such as rotational speed of the beam, base radius, length, and internal damping of the beam on unstable regions.
Investigation into non‐steady‐state three‐dimensional helical extrusion of twisted sections by the rigid‐plastic finite element method
Authors: Park Y.B. , Yang D.Y.
Published: July 2002

In metal forming, there are problems with recurrent geometric characteristics and without explicitly prescribed boundary conditions. In such problems, so‐called recurrent boundary conditions must be introduced. The present study deals with non‐steady‐state three‐dimensional finite element analysis for helical extrusion of twisted clover and trocoidal gear sections through a curved die. A boundary‐directed remeshing scheme based on the modular remeshing technique has been proposed to reduce the errors arising in mapping of variables between old and new mesh systems. The computed extrusion pressures in reaching the near steady‐state loading stage are compared with the results of the experiments as well as the steady‐state analysis. The three‐dimensional deformed pattern involving warping at the extruded end due to torsional deformation mode is demonstrated. For twisted clover and trocoidal gear sections, the twisted angle of an extruded product is smaller than that of the die, and the simpler the shape of the sections, the larger the amount of the deviation.
Optimal (distributed or boundary) control of the vibrations of continuous systems solved numerically in a space‐time domain
Authors: Bazezew A. , Bruch J.C. , Sloss J.M.
Published: July 2002

Presents numerical algorithms which easily solve both optimal distributed and optimal boundary control problems in a space‐time domain. Analyses two simple cases of continuous systems. These are the vibrating string and the axially vibrating rod. Using finite difference recurrence schemes, gives numerical results which compare the behaviour of the controlled and uncontrolled systems. Compares the results for special cases in which analytical solutions are obtainable are compared with the results using the general numerical schemes.
On a mixed approach to the finite element solution of large strain elastoplastic problems
Authors: Rojc Tomazˇ
Published: July 2002

A mixed approach to large strain elastoplastic problems is presented in a somewhat different way to that usually used within the context of the additive split of the rate of deformation tensor into an elastic and plastic part. A non‐linear extended mixed variational equation, in which the Jacobian of the deformation gradient and the pressure part of the stress tensor appear as additional independent variables, is introduced. This equation is then linearized in the accordance with the Newton‐Raphson method to obtain the system of linear equations which represent the basis of the mixed finite element procedure. For the case of a bilinear isoparametric interpolation of the displacement field, and for piece‐wise constant pressure and Jacobian, simplified expressions, differing from similar expressions corresponding to mixed finite element implementations, are obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed mixed approach is demonstrated by means of two examples.
A computer system for solving inverse and optimization problems
Authors: Rodič T. , Grešovnik I.
Published: July 2002

A system for solving a wide variety of inverse and optimization problems in solid mechanics is introduced. The system consists of a general purpose finite element method (FEM) analysis system “Elfen” and a shell which controls this system. The shell functions as a stand‐alone programme, so the system is physically divided into two separated parts. The “optimization part”, which corresponds to the shell, possesses optimization and inverse problem solution algorithms. The “analysis part”, which corresponds to an FEM system, serves for the definition of the objective function to which these algorithms are applied. The shell has a user interface implemented in the form of file interpreter which imposes a great flexibility at the definition of various optimization and inverse problems, including parameter identification in constitutive modelling, frictional contact problems and heat transfer. Concepts of the shell are discussed in detail.
Metal forming simulation
Authors: Anza J.J. , Gutierrez M.A.
Published: July 2002

The numerical simulation of metal forming processes follows a highly non‐linear analysis where general aspects such as elastoplasticity, finite deformation and contact mechanics are combined. Approximated solutions obtained by finite element techniques require strong computational effort, that contradicts the need of interactive industrial applications. The first part of the work deals with the description of the main elements of the formulation, with attention to mathematical modelling and the approximating algorithms in the incremental iterative frame of non‐linear analysis, ending with the results obtained in hot rolling simulation. The second part is dedicated to computational efficiency analysis and the presentation of the related methods and results obtained in this work.
Computations of an engine to analyze cylinder distortion
Authors: Soua Ali , Touratier Maurice , Polac Laurent
Published: July 2002

The aim of the research work presented here is to control the geometric distortions of engine cylinders, which involve both noise and oil consumption. The final goal is then to limit pollution from engines. The simulation deals initially with the cold stamping and crushing operations of a cylinder head gasket; based on using solid finite element models from the Abaqus computer code (version 5.3) for large deformation with plasticity and contact, including friction. In addition, experiments have been carried out to identify the plasticity rule for the materials used in order to simulate the crushing of the cylinder head gasket under a given normal pressure representing the clamping operation. The main difficulty of this work is to correlate the cylinder head gasket behaviour and cylinder distortions with the main function of the gasket, i.e. pressurized gas sealing. The cylinder head gasket is a complex multilayered structure made of three spot welded metal sheets. This assembly has many holes of different shapes. Around the cylinder hole on both outer layers of the gasket, there is a small size embossment to ensure gas sealing between the engine block and cylinder head. This rib is not circular because of the combustion chamber shape.
On the integration of stresses in large deformations plasticity
Authors: Marcon A.F. , Bittencourt E. , Creus G.J.
Published: July 2002

Discusses an alternative formulation for the incremental determination of stresses in strain measures that can be used to replace the stress rates currently employed. The formulation is based on Doyle‐Hill generalized definition of strain, the corresponding conjugate stresses and an isotropic hyperelastic constitutive equation. When used to analyze the simple shear deformation, the proposed formulation avoids the pathologies usually observed (oscillations, pressure build up, path dependence). The origin and importance of these pathologies is then discussed in relation to different materials behavior. It is shown that the incremental procedure used together with the logarithmic definition of strain is the most convenient, but that other approximations may be used in well defined particular situations. The numerical algorithms proposed are detailed in an Appendix.
A multi‐level frontal algorithm for finite element analysis and its implementation on parallel computation
Authors: Xicheng Wang , Baggio P. , Schrefler B.A.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a multi‐level frontal algorithm and its implementation and applications on parallel computation. A multi‐frontal program is given which may be used for unsymmetric finite element matrix equations. The parallel program is developed on a cluster of workstations. The PVM (parallel virtual machine) system is used to handle communications among networked workstations. The method has advantages such as numbering of the finite element mesh in an arbitrary manner, simple programming organisation, smaller core requirements and computation times. An implementation of this parallel method on workstations is discussed, the speedup and efficiency of this method being demonstrated and compared with general domain decomposition method based on band matrix methods by numerical examples.
A sub‐structure based parallel solution of coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical modelling of unsaturated soil
Authors: Thomas H.R. , Yang H.T. , He Y.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a parallelised substructure based finite element approach to the solution of fully coupled heat, moisture and deformation problems in partially saturated soil. A numerical model, based on previous work, is developed so that it is capable of solving larger and more complex problems with limited computing resources. The algorithm also offers the advantage of the strategy for further development within the context of parallel computing. A refinement to the standard substructure algorithm has been introduced for the matrix condensing procedure employed at the sub‐structure level, to improve computational efficiency. A numerical simulation is then performed using a parallel computer code for the fully coupled analysis, operating on a MIMD parallel computer (the Paramid). The benefits of the new approach are thus displayed. As a check on the accuracy of the new method, good correlation with other independent solutions are observed. Finally, the computing work performed indicates that the algorithm is yielding encouraging results, providing confidence in the further development of the approach.
Finite element analysis of machine elements
Authors: Mackerle Jaroslav
Published: July 2002

This paper gives a review of the finite element techniques (FE) applied in the analysis and design of machine elements; bolts and screws, belts and chains, springs and dampers, brakes, gears, bearings, gaskets and seals are handled. The range of applications of finite elements on these subjects is extremely wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore the aim of this paper is to give FE researchers/users only an encyclopaedic view of the different possibilities that exist today in the various fields mentioned above. An Appendix included at the end of the paper presents a bibliography on finite element applications in the analysis/design of machine elements for 1977‐1997.
FLINT ‐ fine line interconnect ‐ project: development of technologies for the production of HDI‐boards
Authors: Griesinger Andreas , Guenther Bernd
Published: July 2002

In September 1996 six leading European companies all involved in printed wiring board (PWB) manufacturing and electronic packaging decided to start a common development project. The “FLINT ‐ fine line interconnect” project was born. One main objective of the project is to develop fine‐line technologies for PWBs down to 50μm lines and spaces up to high volume capability. Additionally, laser‐ and photo‐processes for microvia formation down to 50μm diameter have been developed and compared. For the precise ablation of the soldermask as required for flip‐chip assembly a laser process has been developed. Functional demonstrators and test vehicles have been built using a range of build‐up dielectrics to prove the reliability of the new technologies. The project will be finished in December 1999. This paper presents some results of the FLINT project.
Non‐precious Metal Finishes for Fine Pitch Assembly
Authors: McGrath P. , Soutar A.
Published: July 2002

The industry trend towards higher density interconnect
on PWBs has caused board fabricators to explore alternatives to the traditional hot air solder
levelling (HASL) technology. Problems with pad planarity in the assembly of fine
pitch devices with high I/O counts are well documented. Organic finishes based on
substituted imidazoles address some of the assembly requirements, as do precious metal finishes
such as gold and palladium. However, both types of solderable finish have limitations or
undesirable characteristics. This paper discusses and compares other
non‐precious metal systems as alternative solderable finishes. Immersion plating
processes based upon bismuth and silver have been developed, and the data presented
demonstrate that the solderability of these systems is superior to that of organic and palladium
finishes. Test results on hole‐fill, solder‐spread and meniscograph
(wetting balance) are extensively discussed in this study. Potential concerns over joint
reliability and diffusion are addressed. The chemistry of these non‐precious
metal systems also affords benefits to the PWB fabricator. These include increased yields,
reduced costs and the elimination of soldermask compatibility issues. Considering
possible future industry trends, a significant advantage of these materials is their full
compatibility with lead‐free solders. Data on compatibility with solder replacements and
wire‐bonding technology are also presented.
Recent Developments in Taiwan’s Electronics
Industry
Authors: Lee C.S. , Pecht M.
Published: July 2002

This paper summarises recent developments in
Taiwan’s electronics industry, with a focus on the three major sectors of the
industry:computers (information electronics), communications, and consumer
electronics. Current major business practices and prospects of each industrial sector are discussed. The
paper concludes with an assessment of the future development possibilities of Taiwan's
electronics industry.
Elemental distribution of parts and materials making up an electronic box
Authors: Dunn B.D.
Published: July 2002

The various electronic component parts and materials that are used in the construction of spacecraft electronic boxes have been chemically analysed. An elemental distribution is recorded for items that include paint, aluminium alloy structure, printed circuit boards and their soldered joints, attachment screws and ten different conventional leaded components. This data may be of use to future projects and to those involved in recycling electronic hardware.
A new small CTE system from COPNA resin/E‐glass fabrics
Authors: Nawa Kazunari , Ohkita Masakazu
Published: July 2002

Based on the superior properties of the COPNA resin laminate exhibiting Tg at 255∞C, small CTE at 5‐7 ppm (xy‐axis) and at 29 ppm (z‐axis), reliability of both two‐layered and six‐layered printed wiring boards using COPNA resin as a matrix were evaluated. In the case of the two‐layered system, it exhibited higher reliability than the FR‐4 graded epoxy‐resin laminate in the entire tests, and exhibited higher reliability than the BT resin laminate in the THB test, heat‐shock test, and heat‐cycle test. In the case of the six‐layered system, it also exhibited higher reliability than the BT system in both heat‐shock test and PC test.
Surface evaluation of the silver finishes via sequential electrochemical reduction analysis (SERA)
Authors: Bratin P. , Pavlov Michael , Chalyt Gene
Published: July 2002

This paper extends our study of the sequential electrochemical reduction analysis (SERA) technique for evaluation of various alternative finishes and it discusses the application of the SERA technique to assess the surface conditions of the silver finish. The tarnishing products of the silver formed under ambient and artificially created conditions were analyzed, the protective effect of an anti‐ tarnishing film was evaluated, and the influence of the elevated temperatures (reflow) on the stability of the organic inhibitor and the formation of the tarnishing film will be shown.
Manufacture of high density interconnection substrates by co‐lamination of inner layers and programmed interconnection joining layers
Authors: Fjelstad Joseph , Karavakis Konstantine , Haba Belgacem
Published: July 2002

While promising significant improvements in the cost and performance of electronic systems, the advent of new area array packaging concepts such as the BGA and newer area array CSPs has placed significant new demands on the substrates used in their interconnection. New methods such as build‐up multilayers and micro vias and co‐lamination of inner layers have been described and implemented by a number of different firms in an attempt to address this important issue. One such method employs simple double‐sided plated through hole flex circuits and the use of conductive pastes and bondplies to provide reliable electrical and mechanical connection between layers during a simple lamination cycle. The process, briefly described herein as a co‐laminated multilayer flex, is detailed in terms of both process steps and manufacturing flow. The structure of the interconnection substrate is also modeled and examined to determine its electrical performance potential according to electrical modeling software. Finally, detailed are the performance of the structure in reliability testing and an analysis of the expected design and performance advantages that might be obtained by such type constructions in combination with BGAs and area array CSPs.
Deaf people and libraries ‐ should there be special considerations? Part 2: material and technological developments
Authors: Jeal Yvette , de Paul Roper Vincent , Ansell Elaine
Published: July 2002

Reports on findings of a study of libraries in the north‐west of England and their service provision to deaf and hard of hearing people. A first article reported on current thoughts within the library profession and developments in staff training, the improvement and promotion of stock, and user education. This article reports on material and technological developments such as minicom, building adaptations and computer and videophone service initiatives. Examines their potential in revolutionizing the approach of deaf people in acquiring information. Considers two apparent contradictory fears: will the introduction of enhanced services stimulate a demand that libraries could not cope with under their current staffing levels, and will the technology ‐ as with experiences in services to visually impaired people ‐ be underused?
The UNIverse project
Authors: Murray Robin , Pettman Ian
Published: July 2002

Provides an outline of the UNIverse project, describing its major objectives, its origins, its evolution and its developed form. Agrees with the findings of the Library Programme in the 4th Framework that live trials of emergent technologies are the single most critical success factor in validating scenarios. Describes the organization of the User Group Interest Groups, formed to carry out these trials.
More news fit to print
Authors: Day Alan
Published: July 2002

To highlight its activities and services the British Library issues a number of authoritative newsletters to inform the library and information community of the latest developments in the Library’s services departments. Provides a brief outline of four recent newsletters, including starting dates and a glimpse of content and purpose, along with a list of contact names and addresses. Together, they cover a wide variety of topics from the preservation of eleventh‐century Buddhist manuscripts to the specialist collection of traditional, ethnic and folk music.
Electronic access to information from the library catalogue
Authors: Stafford Janet
Published: July 2002

The academic library user demands a variety of information, but moving between the online catalogue and other databases can be difficult, confusing and cumbersome. Indeed, the ability to access information directly from the library catalogue, without the need to repeat the search on the Web or an alternative database, would provide a useful advantage. Information Services at the University of Sunderland has employed Pac Plus for Windows (running on Costar software), an Ameritech Library Services online public catalogue product to provide an alternative to, but not replace, the existing front end of the public catalogue, and to facilitate the provision of access to full‐text examination papers, module guides and selected journal contents papers. The project looks at the scanning and set‐up implications, advantages, user reaction and future developments.
Training and Certification of Safeguards Inspectors
Authors: Ellacott Thomas W.
Published: July 2002

Describes a systematic approach to training, based on the actual tasks
performed by the job incumbent, which has proven to be the most
efficient and effective means of achieving the highest level of job
performance, especially in situations where complex training
requirements are encountered. The Canadian Safeguards Support Program,
in co‐operation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), has
recently established a performance‐based training system in Vienna for
IAEA safeguards inspectors assigned to Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU),
the Canadian‐designed power reactor with on‐power refueling
capabilities, worldwide. The approach embodies both the instruction and
certification of the trainee on specific areas of the subject matter.
Building a consortium alliance for learning – the Volvo
experience
Authors: Branch John , Smith Bryan , Cannon Jim , Bedingham Keith
Published: July 2002

Describes experiences of building a consortium alliance for
learning among three partner providers to a single client – Volvo
Car UK. Explores the events leading up to establishing a rationale for a
consortium approach, proposes a hypothesis and explains how the process
was built, focusing specifically on programme design and programme
delivery. Notes the learning for client, participants and partner
providers (consultants) and links it to programme outcomes. Highlights
implications for the future. Generalizes learning from this specific
client experience and pinpoints key issues of wider application.
Explores the potential for different consortium approaches of
single/several providers to single/several clients and identifies
helping and hindering factors aimed at securing added value in
consortium alliances.
Viewpoint increasing your competitive edge
Authors: Lowe Jimmy
Published: July 2002

Presents a number of views concerning methods to improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of change implementation in organizations.
Indicates that UK organizations do not consistently achieve change and
improvement. Provides a list of reasons which stop organizations
achieving desired improvement and asks the reader to consider which
relates to their organization. Suggests a number of objectives to
strengthen organizations; outlines a programme to follow to achieve
them; reveals obstacles that organizations must overcome and suggests
systems to reinforce strategies.
Lifelong learning in Japan
Authors: Lorriman John
Published: July 2002

Based on the book Japan′s Winning Margin – Management,
Training and Education, co‐authored with Professor Takashi Kenjo and
published by Oxford University Press in April 1994, argues that learning
should be lifelong and worldwide. In particular, there are lessons from
Japan, whose industrial successes have been largely a result of their
very well developed systems of learning. Finds Japan′s key strengths are
in its very effective education system, the approach to training and in
the role of managers. Describes an Anglo‐Japanese comparative research
project carried out by the author, concludes that the lessons of use for
all are in structured competence development, personal development plans
(including new software versions developed by the author), the
management of knowledge and in clarity of vision.
A study of the quality of open learning materials supplied to the
engineering industry
Authors: Cooper Mark
Published: July 2002

Describes how, in August 1989, the Engineering Industry Training
Board (EITB) were commissioned by the Training Agency to evaluate the
quality of open learning materials supplied to the industry. In
parallel, the EITB entered into a collaborative research agreement with
Aston University. A range of 67 products, in eight subject areas and
from 39 suppliers, were evaluated. The majority (48) were either
text‐based (32) or video‐led (16). The remainder (19) were audio,
computer‐based training (CBT) and interactive video (IV) packages.
Details three main findings emerging from the research. First, that
price alone is not a predictor of quality. Second, good quality products
exist across the entire price range including some at less than
£50. Third, text‐based materials form the majority of the good
quality products (24 out of 34), followed by video‐led (5) and
interactive video (4). Results from the small sample of audio products
(5) suggest that this may not be an effective medium for open learning.
Management with new technology for women:
Authors: Roffe Ian
Published: July 2002

Describes and analyses the distinctive characteristics of a
training programme to help women to re‐enter the labour market, skilled
in methods of management using new technology. Launched in 1984 at
University of Wales, Lampeter, it has a well‐defined rural catchment
area whose remoteness has meant relatively little external complexity in
the interaction of policies or intervention from other training
providers. Highlights the importance in a rural area of interdependent,
as well as independent, learning and also the value of providing
comprehensive trainee support and of tracking European developments.
Improvisation in training: freedom within corporate structures
Authors: Jackson Paul Z.
Published: July 2002

Improvisation techniques and theatre‐based games and exercises
bring a new, active, dynamic dimension to training within companies.
Particularly effective in developing leadership skills, communication
skills, effective personal presentation, team‐building and trust. They
help personnel to deal with change, and to bring imagination and
creativity to bear. All the benefits of outward‐bound, with greater
focus, less cost and more safety.
Enhancing the competitive advantage of transcultural businesses
Authors: Gatley Stephen , Lessem Ronnie
Published: July 2002

Describes the results of a two‐year research programme, part of
which has been carried out in partnership with the management teams of
major companies with international activities. The programme has taken a
fresh look at the subject of transcultural management, both in its
national and corporate manifestation, and has built on the existing
models of culture to develop a novel audit system by which intercultural
and intracultural diversity may be assessed and managed. The system
provides opportunities for the avoidance of conflict. It may also,
however, be used to provide enhanced competitive advantage through the
harnessing of the considerable synergies which exist between apparently
conflicting cultural opposites.
The UK′s National Vocational Qualifications: the story so for
Authors: Shackleton J.R. , Walsh S.
Published: July 2002

Outlines the development of the UK′s system of National Vocational
Qualifications (NVQs), discussing the rationale for NVQs and considering
some of the criticisms of these qualifications made by industrialists,
economists and educators. Goes on to offer some new evidence on the
early take‐up of NVQs showing that some trainees do not receive the
award for which they are aiming. Although more people are becoming
qualified, it seems that there is significant underrepresentation of
particular groups, occupations and industries.
The purchasing function as a professional service firm: implications for training and development
Authors: Humphreys Paul , McIvor Ronan , McAleer Eddie
Published: July 2002

Purchasing has undergone significant changes in many organizations and has moved from a reactive activity to a strategic one, contributing to a firm’s competitive success. The skills and competencies required by professionals in the past are not the same as those required today. This article charts the development of the purchasing function within a multinational aerospace company as a result of introducing major structural changes. Maister’s Professional Service Firm model is then applied in an operational manner to outline the changing roles and responsibilities of the procurement function and to identify potential areas for training and development. It is proposed that this framework not only illustrates how planning and organizing issues can be addressed using the concepts developed by Maister, but also provides an illustration of how one model propounded by management educators can provide a foundation for enhancing organizational performance.
Training and development in the Danish context: challenging education?
Authors: Madsen Per , Larsen Henrik H.
Published: July 2002

There have been many new initiatives within the Danish educational system during the last few years. These initiatives are based on an unshakable belief that “…within a knowledge and service society continuous competency development is decisive … for companies’ ability to compete” (Ministry of Education, 1997, p. 22). In other words, there are new demands on both companies and employees. This paper seeks to describe the nature of education and training provision in Denmark. Labour market policies and infrastructure are examined, the education system is described and analysed and recent empirical data on corporate training and development are discussed. Finally, an attempt is made to indicate key challenges facing the Danish learning environment into the future.
Copyright awareness and training for textile design protection
Authors: Woods Adrian , Coles Anne‐Marie , Dickson Keith
Published: July 2002

The right to copyright protection is an important asset in industries which rely on individual creativity for competitiveness. Considers the role and function of UK copyright law for design protection in the furnishing fabric sector, with particular reference to the implications for introducing knowledge of the law into design training. Reports on the findings of an industry survey which investigated both the actual experience of design infringement and practitioners’ views about potential measures of improving awareness of copyright law. The increasing propensity to find copies in overseas markets is documented along with data pertaining to the sources of information on legal measures to which currently designers have recourse. It is concluded that, due to changing factors in the industry, modern design training courses need to review the educational requirements of future designers in this area.
Electromagnetism and academic training of electrical engineers
Authors: Kettunen Lauri
Published: July 2002

In this paper an attempt is made to examine the status and the role of the basic courses of electromagnetism in academic training of electrical engineers. The subject is viewed from several angles, trying to reflect the complexity of teaching and of the learning process. In addition, some opinions of why the studies in electromagnetism are an important part of the curriculum in electrical engineering are presented.
Surge attenuation in cable systems
Authors: Davies A.E. , Lewin P.L. , Tong Y.K.
Published: July 2002

Details an equivalent circuit model used to stimulate voltage surge attenuation within concentric cylindrical transmission systems. The model is frequency independent and accommodates the linear parameters of the current return path. To illustrate the validity of the approach, calculates the theoretical current distribution within an insulated cable and compares it with results obtained using a finite element analysis package. Finds that there is a good correlation between the two methods. Concludes that the model is simple to implement, has short computational times and can be readily adapted into any transient analysis program.
Towards a good characterization of spectrally correct finite element methods in electromagnetics
Authors: Caorsi S. , Fernandes P. , Raffetto M.
Published: July 2002

Spurious modes often appear in the computed spectrum when an electromagnetic eigenproblem is solved by the finite element method. Demonstrates that the inclusion condition, often claimed as the theoretical reason for the absence of (non‐zero frequency) spurious modes, is a sufficient but not necessary condition for that. Does this by proving that edge elements, which are spectrally correct, do not satisfy the inclusion condition. As intermediate steps towards this result, proves the equivalence of the inclusion condition to a less cryptic one and gives two more easily‐checked necessary conditions for the latter. Concludes that from this investigation, the inclusion condition seems too strong to be useful as a sufficient condition. Works out the present analysis in the framework of spectral approximation theory for non‐compact operators, which emerges as a basic tool for a deeper understanding of the whole question of spurious modes.
Comparison between finite element method and magnetic equivalent scheme to model an induction machine
Authors: Leplat P.M. , Lemaire‐Semail B. , Clenet S. , Piriou F.
Published: July 2002

Proposes to compare two models ‐ finite element method and “magnetic” equivalent scheme ‐ for numerical modelling of electromagnetic systems. Both these approaches coupled with electric circuit equations take into account saturation effects. Uses a machine of 5.5kW as a model to show the validity of these approaches. Compares the results obtained from numerical calculation with experimental ones.
Effect of non‐uniform resistivity on eddy‐currents in the rotor bar
Authors: Dcabrowski Mirosl‐aw
Published: July 2002

Develops the algorithms for numerical analysis of current density distribution in squirrel‐cage rotor bar of arbitrary shape, taking the non‐uniform resistivity into account. Gives the structure of a computer program for this strong non‐linear problem. Presents, as an example, the results of investigations of wedge‐shaped bar.
Physical models in device simulation of SI power pin‐diodes for optimal fitting of simulation results to measured data
Authors: Isberg M. , Jonsson P. , Keskitalo N. , Masszi F. , Bleicher H.
Published: July 2002

Shows how a sensitivity analysis of different mobility models was carried out in order to reach the best fit of simulation results to measured data. Simulated data were compared to both electrical (IV‐characteristics) and optical (excess charge carrier distribution) results. The simulations included both steady state and transient investigations on a temperature scale ranging from room temperature up to 150°C. Concerning lifetimes, a two‐trap Shockley‐Read‐Hall (SRH) recombination model was implemented into the simulation code to be able to model the local lifetime variations of the irradiated samples. At high carrier concentration, the overall dominating recombination process is the Auger process. From experimental data the Auger coefficients seem to be concentration dependent too, and in addition, proposes a temperature dependence to the Auger coefficient.
Computer formulation of state space equations for systems containing electrically separate but magnetically coupled circuits
Authors: Saad‐Saoud Z. , Williamson A.C.
Published: July 2002

Presents a new approach for formulating the state space equations associated with electrical systems containing circuits which are coupled only magnetically. Presents an algorithm which automatically determines the state space matrix of a system which can take any topological form. Describes a new way of representing semiconductor devices which gives increased flexibility in system representation, and reduces computation time, together with a technique for satisfactorily accounting for the discontinuous behaviour of semiconductor devices. Illustrates the application of the proposed technique by means of a relatively simple example for which an analytical solution is possible. Compares illustrative test results obtained from more complex circuits with those from simulation to demonstrate further the validity of the method.
Fast computation of coupled fields in complex, 3‐D, industrial electromagnetic structures
Authors: Turowski J.
Published: July 2002

Recent progress in the development of electromagnetic field theory and sophisticated software for solution of complicated, non‐linear, 3‐D structures is not always accompanied with relatively cheap and simply presented engineering instructions, easy to use for regular industrial design. In the paper some theoretical and practical examples are given as to how one can get over a excessive calculating difficulties to obtain quickly simple design directions and reduce complicated theory to simple practical conclusions. The fast and cheap package RNM‐3D is validated by comparison with industrial test data and with the interactive graphics system is the final illustration of the effectiveness of such an approach. RNM‐3D is used successfully in many transformer works the world over.
A boundary element analysis of magnetic shielding for electron microscopes
Authors: Igarashi H. , Kost A. , Honma T.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a boundary element analysis of magnetic shieldings for electron microscopes. Since the thickness of the shielding layer is considerably small compared with its overall size, numerical analysis of electromagnetic fields inside the layer leads to an ill‐conditioned matrix. This problem can be overcome by analytical evaluation of the interior electromagnetic field, which yields the impedance boundary condition (IBC) valid for static and eddy current fields, which expresses the relationship between the electromagnetic fields on both surfaces of the layer. In this paper the magnetic fields around a shielding layer are analyzed by the boundary element method under the IBC on the shielding layer. Two‐dimensional and axisymmetric magnetic fields are analyzed to evaluate the shielding efficiency of shielding immersed in an ac magnetic field. It is shown that magnetic disturbances can be reduced to less than one‐hundredth inside a shielding consisting of double shielding layers.
Examination of optimal design method using die press model (problem 25)
Authors: Takahashi N. , Natsumeda M. , Otoshi M. , Muramatsu K.
Published: July 2002

Factors affecting convergence of the simulated annealing method are investigated using an actual model. The convergence characteristics of various optimization methods are examined using the contour line of objective function. Two kinds of combination methods with the simulated annealing method and the Rosenbrock’s method are investigated.