bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criteria for Selecting an Optimal Device for the Contralateral Ear of Children with a Unilateral Cochlear Implant
Authors: Jeong Sung-Wook , Kang Min-Young , Kim Lee-Suk
Published: August 2015

Objective: To identify clinical criteria for selecting the aiding device for the contralateral ear of children with a unilateral cochlear implant (CI). Methods: Sixty-five children, including 36 bilateral CI users and 29 bimodal users, participated in the study. A speech perception test (monosyllabic word test) in noise was administered. The target speech (65 dB sound pressure level) was presented from the front loudspeaker, and noise (10 dB signal-to-noise ratio) was presented from 3 directions: from in front of the child and 90° to the child's right and left sides. The test was performed using the first CI alone and under bilateral CI or bimodal conditions. The bilateral benefits to speech perception in noise were compared between bilateral CI users and bimodal users. Results: Significant benefits in speech perception in noise were evident in bilateral CI users in all 3 noise conditions. In bimodal users, the hearing threshold at low frequencies of ≤1 kHz in the nonimplanted ear affected the bilateral benefit. Bimodal users with a low-frequency hearing threshold ≤90 dB hearing level (HL) showed a significant bilateral benefit in various noise conditions. By contrast, bimodal users with a low-frequency hearing threshold >90 dB HL showed no significant bilateral benefits in all 3 noise conditions. Conclusions: Bilateral CI and bimodal listening provide better speech perception in noise than unilateral CI alone in children. The contralateral CI is better than bimodal listening for children with a low-frequency hearing threshold >90 dB HL. A hearing threshold at low frequencies of ≤1 kHz may be a good criterion for deciding on the type of device for the contralateral ear of children with a unilateral CI.
An Intron 9 CYP19 Gene Variant (IVS9+5G>A), Present in an Aromatase-Deficient Girl, Affects Normal Splicing and Is Also Present in Normal Human Steroidogenic Tissues
Authors: Saraco Nora , Nesi-Franca Suzana , Sainz Romina , Marino Roxana , Marques-Pereira Rosana , La Pastina Julia , Perez Garrido Natalia , Sandrini Romolo , Rivarola Marco Aurelio , de Lacerda Luiz , Belgorosky Alicia
Published: August 2015

Background/Aims: Splicing CYP19 gene variants causing aromatase deficiency in 46,XX disorder of sexual development (DSD) patients have been reported in a few cases. A misbalance between normal and aberrant splicing variants was proposed to explain spontaneous pubertal breast development but an incomplete sex maturation progress. The aim of this study was to functionally characterize a novel CYP19A1 intronic homozygote mutation (IVS9+5G>A) in a 46,XX DSD girl presenting spontaneous breast development and primary amenorrhea, and to evaluate similar splicing variant expression in normal steroidogenic tissues. Methods: Genomic DNA analysis, splicing prediction programs, splicing assays, and in vitro protein expression and enzyme activity analyses were carried out. CYP19A1 mRNA expression in human steroidogenic tissues was also studied. Results: A novel IVS9+5G>A homozygote mutation was found. In silico analysis predicts the disappearance of the splicing donor site in intron 9, confirmed by patient peripheral leukocyte cP450arom and in vitro studies. Protein analysis showed a shorter and inactive protein. The intron 9 transcript variant was also found in human steroidogenic tissues. Conclusions: The mutation IVS9+5G>A generates a splicing variant that includes intron 9 which is also present in normal human steroidogenic tissues, suggesting that a misbalance between normal and aberrant splicing variants might occur in target tissues, explaining the clinical phenotype in the affected patient.
Osteoradionecrosis of the Ribs following Breast Radiotherapy
Authors: Nicholls Luke , Gorayski Peter , Harvey Jennifer
Published: August 2015

Introduction: Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the chest wall is a rare complication after whole-breast radiotherapy (RT). Herein, we report a case of ORN involving the underlying ribs following adjuvant whole-breast RT using standard fractionation and conduct a review of the literature. Case Report: A previously well 43-year-old female with right-sided, early-stage, node-negative breast cancer was treated with breast-conserving surgery. She subsequently underwent adjuvant whole-breast RT receiving 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks using standard tangential photon fields with 6 MV photons followed by an electron boost of 10 Gy in 5 fractions according to International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) requirements. Eleven months after RT, the patient developed right lateral chest wall pain, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrating two fractures involving the underlying right fifth and sixth ribs associated with fatty marrow changes in the second to sixth ribs, thus raising the possibility of ORN. Treatments including hyperbaric oxygen, pentoxifylline and vitamin E were used with symptomatic improvements. There was demonstrable resolution on follow-up MRI at 2.5 years. Conclusion: The incidence of ORN utilising modern RT techniques and standard fractionation is rare. Numerous treatments are available, with variable response rates. Emerging evidence of predictive gene profiling to estimate the risk of radiation sensitivity may assist in individualising preventative strategies to mitigate the risk of ORN.
Recanalization Therapies in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Seiffge David J. , Hooff Robbert-JanVan , Nolte Christian H. , Béjot Yannick , Turc Guillaume , Ikenberg Benno , Berge Eivind , Persike Malte , Dequatre-Ponchelle Nelly , Strbian Daniel , Pfeilschifter Waltraud , Zini Andrea , Tveiten Arnstein , Næss Halvor , Michel Patrik , Sztajzel Roman , Luft Andreas , Gensicke Henrik , Traenka Christopher , Hert Lisa , Scheitz Jan F. , De Marchis Gian Marco , Bonati Leo H. , Peters Nils , Charidimou Andreas , Werring David J. , Palm Frederick , Reinhard Matthias , Niesen Wolf-Dirk , Nagao Takehiko , Pezzini Alessandro , Caso Valeria , Nederkoorn Paul J. , Kägi Georg , von Hessling Alexander , Padjen Visnja , Cordonnier Charlotte , Erdur Hebun , Lyrer Philippe A. , Brouns Raf , Steiner Thorsten , Tatlisumak Turgut , Engelter Stefan T.
Published: August 2015

Background—

We explored the safety of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) or intra-arterial treatment (IAT) in patients with ischemic stroke on non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs, last intake <48 hours) in comparison with patients (1) taking vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or (2) without previous anticoagulation (no-OAC).

Methods and Results—

This is a multicenter cohort pilot study. Primary outcome measures were (1) occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in 3 categories: any ICH (ICH
any
), symptomatic ICH according to the criteria of the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II (ECASS-II) (sICH
ECASS-II
) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) thrombolysis trial (sICH
NINDS
); and (2) death (at 3 months). Cohorts were compared by using propensity score matching. Our NOAC cohort comprised 78 patients treated with IVT/IAT and the comparison groups of 441 VKA patients and 8938 no-OAC patients. The median time from last NOAC intake to IVT/IAT was 13 hours (interquartile range, 8–22 hours). In VKA patients, median pre-IVT/IAT international normalized ratio was 1.3 (interquartile range, 1.1–1.6). ICH
any
was observed in 18.4% NOAC patients versus 26.8% in VKA patients and 17.4% in no-OAC patients. sICH
ECASS-II
and sICH
NINDS
occurred in 2.6%/3.9% NOAC patients, in comparison with 6.5%/9.3% of VKA patients and 5.0%/7.2% of no-OAC patients, respectively. At 3 months, 23.0% of NOAC patients in comparison with 26.9% of VKA patients and 13.9% of no-OAC patients had died. Propensity score matching revealed no statistically significant differences.

Conclusions—

IVT/IAT in selected patients with ischemic stroke under NOAC treatment has a safety profile similar to both IVT/IAT in patients on subtherapeutic VKA treatment or in those without previous anticoagulation. However, further prospective studies are needed, including the impact of specific coagulation tests.
High Salt Intake
Authors: Ma Yuan , He Feng J. , MacGregor Graham A.
Published: August 2015

High salt intake is the major cause of raised blood pressure and accordingly leads to cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been shown that high salt intake is associated with an increased risk of obesity through sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Increasing evidence also suggests a direct link. Our study aimed to determine whether there was a direct association between salt intake and obesity independent of energy intake. We analyzed the data from the rolling cross-sectional study–the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008/2009 to 2011/2012. We included 458 children (52% boys; age, 10±4 years) and 785 adults (47% men; age, 49±17 years) who had complete 24-hour urine collections. Energy intake was calculated from 4-day diary and misreporting was assessed by Goldberg method. The results showed that salt intake as measured by 24-hour urinary sodium was higher in overweight and obese individuals. A 1-g/d increase in salt intake was associated with an increase in the risk of obesity by 28% (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.12–1.45;
P
=0.0002) in children and 26% (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.37;
P
<0.0001) in adults, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnic group, household income, physical activity, energy intake, and diet misreporting, and in adults with additional adjustment for education, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Higher salt intake was also significantly related to higher body fat mass in both children (
P
=0.001) and adults (
P
=0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, ethnic group, and energy intake. These results suggest that salt intake is a potential risk factor for obesity independent of energy intake.
Venous Stenosis After Transvenous Lead Placement: A Study of Outcomes and Risk Factors in 212 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Abu‐El‐Haija Basil , Bhave Prashant D. , Campbell Dwayne N. , Mazur Alexander , Hodgson‐Zingman Denice M. , Cotarlan Vlad , Giudici Michael C.
Published: August 2015

Background

Venous stenosis is a common complication of transvenous lead implantation, but the risk factors for venous stenosis have not been well defined to date. This study was designed to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for venous stenosis in a large consecutive cohort.

Methods and Results

A total of 212 consecutive patients (136 male, 76 female; mean age 69 years) with existing pacing or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator systems presented for generator replacement, lead revision, or device upgrade with a mean time since implantation of 6.2 years. Venograms were performed and percentage of stenosis was determined. Variables studied included age, sex, number of leads, lead diameter, implant duration, insulation material, side of implant, and anticoagulant use. Overall, 56 of 212 patients had total occlusion of the subclavian or innominate vein (26%). There was a significant association between the number of leads implanted and percentage of venous stenosis (
P
=0.012). Lead diameter, as an independent variable, was not a risk factor; however, greater sum of the lead diameters implanted was a predictor of subsequent venous stenosis (
P
=0.009). Multiple lead implant procedures may be associated with venous stenosis (
P
=0.057). No other variables approached statistical significance.

Conclusions

A significant association exists between venous stenosis and the number of implanted leads and also the sum of the lead diameters. When combined with multiple implant procedures, the incidence of venous stenosis is increased.
Publication Speed, Reporting Metrics, and Citation Impact of Cardiovascular Trials Supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Authors: Gordon David , Cooper‐Arnold Katharine , Lauer Michael
Published: August 2015

Background

We previously demonstrated that cardiovascular (CV) trials funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (
NHLBI
) were more likely to be published in a timely manner and receive high raw citation counts if they focused on clinical endpoints. We did not examine the metrics of trial reports, and our citation measures were limited by failure to account for topic‐related citation behaviors.

Methods and Results

Of 244 CV trials completed between 2000 and 2011, we identified 184 whose main results were published by August 20, 2014. One investigator who was blinded to rapidity of publication and citation data read each publication and characterized it according to modified Delphi criteria. There were 46 trials (25%) that had Delphi scores of 8 or 9 (of a possible 9); these trials published faster (median time from trial completion to publication, 12.6 [interquartile range {
IQR
}, 6.7 to 23.3] vs. 21.8 [
IQR
, 12.1 to 34.9] months;
P
<0.01). They also had better normalized citation impact (median citation percentile for topic and date of publication, with 0 best and 100 worst, 1.92 [
IQR
, 0.64 to 7.83] vs. 8.41 [
IQR
, 1.80 to 24.75];
P
=0.002). By random forest regression, we found that the 3 most important predictors of normalized citation percentile values were total costs, intention‐to‐treat analyses (as a modified Delphi quality measure), and focus on clinical (not surrogate) endpoints.

Conclusions

NHLBI
CV trials were more likely to publish results quickly and yield higher topic‐normalized citation impact if they reported results according to well‐defined metrics, along with focus on clinical endpoints.
Teacher Preparation Programs and Teacher Quality: Are There Real Differences Across Programs?
Authors: Koedel Cory , Parsons Eric , Podgursky Michael , Ehlert Mark
Published: August 2015

We compare teacher preparation programs in Missouri based on the effectiveness of their graduates in the classroom. The differences in effectiveness between teachers from different preparation programs are much smaller than has been suggested in previous work. In fact, virtually all of the variation in teacher effectiveness comes from within-program differences between teachers. Prior research has overstated differences in teacher performance across preparation programs by failing to properly account for teacher sampling.
Staffing a Low-Performing School: Behavioral Responses to Selective Teacher Transfer Incentives
Authors: Protik Ali , Glazerman Steven , Bruch Julie , Teh Bing-ru
Published: August 2015

We examine behavioral responses to an incentive program that offers high-performing teachers in ten school districts across the country $20,000 to transfer into the district's hardest-to-staff schools. We discuss behavioral responses to the program on high-performing teachers’ willingness to transfer (supply) and the effect of the transfer offer on the internal dynamics of the receiving schools (demand). We found low take-up rates among the 1,514 high-performing teachers who were offered the incentive, with minimal sorting on observable characteristics. Within the new schools, transfer teachers were less likely than their counterparts in a randomized control group to require mentoring and more likely to provide mentoring themselves. No significant differences occurred in school climate, collegiality, or the way in which students were assigned to teachers, but evidence indicates that principals may have strategically assigned existing teachers to grades in both treatment and control schools in response to the quality of the incoming teachers.
New records and new synonyms for the Chilean moss flora
Authors: Müller Frank
Published: August 2015

Seven moss species are reported as new for Chile. Several moss species are reported as new for administrative regions of Chile. Fourteen names have been placed in synonymy and two new combinations proposed.
Bryophytes from the Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador
Authors: Churchill Steven P. , Neill David , C. Edison Jaramillo , Quizhpe Wilson
Published: August 2015

A bryophyte inventory was conducted in the tepui-like region of the Cordillera del Cóndor in southern Ecuador. A total of 166 bryophytes are recorded for the Cóndor. Hepatics are represented by 50 species, 2 subspecies, 33 genera, 16 families, for hornworts 1 species, genus, family, and for mosses 111 species, 2 varieties, 67 genera, and 32 families. Ochrobryum gardneri is a new record for Ecuador
Physiological Aspects of Racomitrium crispipilum Taylor A. (Jaeger) during Dry Season in Páramo de Chingaza, Colombia

Authors: Barón Andrés Felipe , García Walther , Melgarejo Luz Marina , Montenegro Luis Carlos
Published: August 2015

In order to study the response to water deficit of the moss Racomitrium crispipilum (Taylor) A. Jaeger, a bryophyte typical of open sites and expose to water shortage, measurements of its soluble protein and proline contents, and enzymatic activity of catalase and peroxidase were made. Sampling was done in the Páramo de Chingaza, eastern mountain range of Colombia, in the zone of Lagunas de Buitrago during the dry season. We determined that R. crispipilum diminish its relative water content (RWC) from 50% to 4% of its dry mass (DM) (i.e. to <10% of its capacity), without losing the ability to synthesize proteins in the rehydration. Declining RWC was associated with declining soluble protein content and increased activities of catalase and peroxidase. Enzyme activities peacked in the hours at which R. crispipilum exhibited its minimum RWC (21.02 U mg protein-1 min-1 for catalase and 172.66 for peroxidase). Proline was found to be high during the hours of maximum RWC and the earliest hours of diminishing RWC, between 60 and 87.07 mg g dry mass-1 and declines to 18.98 during the afternoon. The results reported in this study give the first evidence that the activities of catalase and peroxidase increase in this species in response to conditions of water deficit. This is likely to be an important component in the mechanism by which this moss tolerates drought periods.
Studies on some pottiaceous mosses from Africa, 4.
Authors: Sollman Philip
Published: August 2015

Nearly all of the Pottiaceous mosses described by G. Negri were recently studied. Six reductions to synonymy are proposed. Tortella fragillima P.de la Varde is Tortella alpicola Dixon. Comments on several nomina nuda are given. Several taxa are reported new for various African countries.
Dixonia orientalis and Trismegistia korthalsii new to mainland China, Taiwan and Hainan Islands

Authors: He Si , Shevock James R. , Redfearn, Jr. Paul L.
Published: August 2015

Dixonia orientalis (Mitt.) H. Akiy. & Tsubota is reported new for China from Yunnan and Taiwan. The genus Trismegistia (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal. is re-established for the Chinese moss flora with Trismegistia korthalsii (Dozy & Molk.) Broth. newly discovered from Hainan Island
Taxonomic delineation of Solanum exarmatum, a new species from Solanum capsicoides All. in Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India
Authors: ANILKUMAR V.S. , NAIR MAYA C , M SOUMYA , MURUGAN K
Published: August 2015

A new species of Solanum from the Western Ghat region of Kerala, India is described and illustrated as Solanum exarmatum sp. nov. The species is dissimilar from its allied species Solanum capsicoides in terms of shape of the leaf, non spiny nature of stem and calyx in contrast to the thick armour of sharp spines in Solanum capsicoides. Spines are present occasionally on the petiole and the lower surface of the leaves but they are slender. Detailed description including distribution with relevant taxonomic notes along with colour photographs is provided.
Two new stygobiotic copepod species from the Tibesti area (Northern Chad) and a re-description of Pilocamptus schroederi (van Douwe, 1915)
Authors: BRANCELJ ANTON
Published: August 2015

Between 4th and 18th March 2014, an international group of biologists carried out a hydrobiological expedition to the Ounianga-Tibesti area of northern Chad (Africa). The Tibesti is a desert volcanic area, intersected by the beds of ancient rivers which were active in the Tertiary. In deep canyons there are small water bodies (gueltas/aguelmans), fed by rain and spring water. They are rich in zooplankton, benthos, and even fish, but their groundwater fauna has previously been unknown. Groundwater samples collected in the vicinity of one guelta contained Syncarida, Isopoda, and Copepoda. Among the latter, two new species were recognised, Haplocyclops (H.) henrii sp. nov. and Parastenocaris joi sp. nov., together with a third species, Pilocamptus schroederi (van Douwe, 1915), previously known only from the littoral zone and wet mosses of Lake Victoria. The Tibesti area is thus the third known location of P. schroederi. All these species have a Gondwanaland distribution and are probably relicts of the Tertiary fauna, formerly widespread in the Sahara. Together with descriptions of two new species, a detailed re-description of P. schroederi is presented, along with remarks on their ecology.
A case of mything teeth: on the presence of vomerine and palatine teeth in the Pomacanthidae (Teleostei)
Authors: GILL ANTHONY C.
Published: August 2015

The presence or absence of teeth on the vomer and palatoquadrate bones has a long history in fish systematics. Dentition of these bones is often consistent across families, and is often included in keys to families and family diagnoses. The angelfish family Pomacanthidae has been almost consistently diagnosed as lacking both vomerine and palatine teeth (e.g., Günther 1860; Day 1875; Jordan & Fowler 1902; Herre & Montalban 1927; Fowler & Bean 1929; Pyle 2001, 2003; McEachran & Fechhelm 2005); the only exceptions I am aware of are Munro (1967) and Jones and Kumeran (1980) who note that vomerine teeth may be present or absent in pomacanthids, Blum (1988) who alludes to vomerine teeth being present in the family, and Lindberg and Krasyukova (1971) who note that weak vomerine teeth may be present in species of Chaetodontoplus Bleeker. I am aware of no accounts that mention palatine teeth in pomacanthids. During a survey of pomacanthid skeletal preparations for a study of relationships of pomacanthids to other fishes (Gill & Leis in prep.), I noticed that species of the genus Pomacanthus Lacepède, type genus of the family, consistently have a narrow band of villiform teeth on the vomer and a small patch of villiform teeth on the anterior part of the palatines (Figure 1). A broader survey of pomacanthids (25 species, including representatives of all but one of the major clades given in Gaither et al. 2014; the missing clade consists of “Apolemichthys” arcuatus, “Centropyge” colini and “C.” narcosis, for which the name Desmoholacanthus Fowler is available) revealed that these bones are otherwise edentate in the family (although only two species of Chaetodontoplus were examined).
Leksykalne wykładniki hipotetyczności w językach polskim i litewskim
Authors: Roszko Roman
Published: August 2015

Lexical indicators of the hypothetical modality in Polish and LithuanianThe dissertation discusses the problem of lexical indicators of the hypothetical modality to be observed in Polish and Lithuanian. To begin with, the definition of the hypothetical modality along with its paraphrase has been formed. Furthermore, the gradational character of the category has been analyzed. There have been distinguished six groups of lexemes, which express particular degrees of the hypothetical modality – ranging from that expressing the trace of uncertainty (minimal degree of probability) to that expressing almost complete certainty (maximum degree of probability). The resemblances and differences between the languages have been noticed. In the research area, the method of contemporary contrastive studies utilizing the interlanguage and the experimental Polish-Lithuanian corpus have been applied. Лексические средства гипотетической модальности в польском и литовском языкахВ статье описывается проблема лексических показателей гипотетической модальности в польском и литовском языках. В самом начале представляется содержание категории гипотетической модальности и ее парафраза (экспликaция). Затем описываются особенности этой категории как изменение по степеням возможности. Выделяются шесть групп лексем, которые связаны с разными степенями возможности. Первая группа связана с лексемами, выражающими легкую возможность, последняя же группа включает лексемы, которых степень возможности приближается к единице (истине, полной уверенности говорящего). Обращается внимание на сходства и различия между сопоставляемыми языками. В исследованиях используются (а) современный метод сопоставления языков – метод теоретического сопоставления естественных языков с использованием так называемого языка-посредника (tertium comparationis), (б) данные экспериментального польско-литовского корпуса.
"Rok", "pora roku", "miesiąc"… – leksyka temporalna w słownikach gwarowych Grodzieńszczyzny i jej literackie ekwiwalenty
Authors: Ostrowski Bogumił
Published: August 2015

Year, season of the year and month… – temporal vocabulary in dialectal dictionaries of the area around Grodno and its literary equivalentsIn this article a very extensive part of temporal vocabulary describing the 5 semasiological fields – year, seasons of the year: spring, summer, autumn, winter, and the lexems connected with the names of the months in the literal Belorussian language and the dialects around Grodno. It must be ascertained that both the lexems of Belorussian literal language and dialects of around Grodno are typically and cultural strong based. They are based on locatives (*godъ, *rokъ, *pora, *vermę, *vesna, *lěto, *osenь, *zima, *mesęcь). The clear precision and accuracy must be closely seen in literary language whereas in presented above lexems, it is observed a great number variety of described derivations. A significant feature of the mentioned above group is a scarcity and standard Belorussian language. Undoubtedly the peculiarity of the vocabulary analysed above is the fact of the searching the origin of the most of them in common heritage of Slavs. Год, время года (сезон), месяц … – темпоральная лексика в словарях говоров Гродненской области и её литературные эквивалентыСтатья посвящена небольшой части временных наименований (нескольких основных тематических групп: год, время/времена года (и их номинации: весна, лето, осень, зима), месяц (в частности их названия), засведетельствованных многими словарями диалектной лексики Гродненской области. Предметом исследования является сопоставление диалектной темпоральной лексики с тождественным, с семантичской точки зрения, стандартным словником общебелорусcкой речи. Временная референция в народных говорах весьма существенно отличается от соответствующей ей в литературном языке. Несмотря на то, что большая часть проанализированных названий – это общее праславянское наследие (ср. *godъ, *rokъ, *pora, *vermę, *vesna, *lěto, *osenь, *zima, *mesęcь), заметно, что в различные периоды развития языка временная лексика (как базовая часть так называемого культурнoго, значит, древнейшего пласта, словарного запаса) являлась потенциальной базой для семантических и деривациoнных преобразований. Доказательством вышесказанного являетя обилие форм и семантических структур, засвидетельствованных в диалектном материале и их заметная (по сравнению с говорами) скудость в литературном варианте языка (что связано с «тщательной точностью» сферы употребления). Иной причниой является продуктивность семантического центра “фазы года, его времени”. Хотя он продуктивен также и в стандартизированном языке, но в большей степени все-таки в говорах, так как языковая картина мира диалектоносителя максимально ориентирована на природные и трудовые процессы. Нельзя забывать и о региональных заимствованиях (главным образом из польского языка), что безусловно следует объяснить исторической и географической спецификой Гродненской области.
Фоно-типологические расстояния между балтийскими и славянскими языками
Authors: Тамбовцев [Tambovtsev] Юрий [IUriĭ]
Published: August 2015

Phono-typological distances between Baltic and Slavonic languagesThe application of “Chi-square” criterion allows us to measure the distances between languages objectively. The phono-typological distance between Baltic and Slavonic languages was measured. The phono-typological distance between Lithuanian and Latvian languages is much greater than between Lithuanian and Old Russian. The sound picture of Lithuanian is more similar to modern Russian (6,07) than to Latvian. In its turn, Latvian’s sound picture is more similar to Old Russian (2,47) than Lithuanian. Latvian is more similar to modern Russian (3,65) than Lithuanian by its sound picture. The closeness of Baltic and Slavonic languages may be explained by the former language unity and by intensive language contacts.
Szlakiem białoruskich Poleszuków (raport z badań terenowych)
Authors: Jankowiak Mirosław , Grajewski Łukasz
Published: August 2015

Tracing the Belorussian Poleszuks (a report on field research)The present article is a report on field research conducted in summer 2010 in order to collect dialectological material. 13 localities were researched altogether: Pinsk and 11 villages of the Pinsk district and one village of the Stolin district. During the interviews the following topics were discussed: the language situation in the village, issues of national identity, visions of Polesia and Poleszuks, traditions and customs, issues of confession, attitude towards the process of draining bogs or image of Poland and Poles. Belorussian linguists (e.g. A. Krywicki) take note of the fact that Polesia, despite frequent dialectological research, has not been described accurately enough by linguists. The rich material collected showed not only well-preserved dialects of Polesia of Ukrainian basis (slight influence mainly of the Russian language can be observed with people of the oldest generation) but also strong though disappearing spiritual and material culture of the inhabitants of Polesia. По следам белорусских полешуков (отчёт по итогам полевых исследований) Настоящая статья является рапортом полевых исследований, проведённых летом 2010 г. с целью сбора диалектологического материала. Исследование охватило 13 населённых пунктов – город Пинск, 11 деревень Пинского района и одну деревню Столинского района Брестской области Беларуси. В интервью затрагивались следующие темы: языковая ситуация в деревне, вопросы национального самосознания, образы Полесья и полешуков, традиции и обычаи, вопросы вероисповедания, отношение к процессу мелиорации, а также образ Польши и поляков. Белорусские филологи (напр. А. Кривицкий) обращают внимание на то, что несмотря на многочисленные диалектологические исследования, Полесье остаётся территорией, которая всё ещё недостаточно подробно описана языковедами. Собранный обширный материал показал не только хорошо сохранившиеся полесские диалекты с украинской основой (среди респондентов старшего поколения видны незначительные влияния в основном русского языка), но и до сих пор сильную, хотя и угасающую духовную и материальную культуру полешуков.
Numerical Study on the Extremely Rapid Intensification of an Intense Tropical Cyclone: Typhoon Ida (1958)
Authors: Kanada Sachie , Wada Akiyoshi
Published: August 2015

Extremely rapid intensification (ERI) of Typhoon Ida (1958) was examined with a 2-km-mesh nonhydrostatic model initiated at three different times. Ida was an extremely intense tropical cyclone with a minimum central pressure of 877 hPa. The maximum central pressure drop in 24 h exceeded 90 hPa. ERI was successfully simulated in two of the three experiments. A factor crucial to simulating ERI was a combination of shallow-to-moderate convection and tall, upright convective bursts (CBs). Under a strong environmental vertical wind shear (>10 m s−1), shallow-to-moderate convection on the downshear side that occurred around the intense near-surface inflow moistened the inner-core area. Meanwhile, dry subsiding flows on the upshear side helped intensification of midlevel (8 km) inertial stability. First, a midlevel warm core appeared below 10 km in the shallow-to-moderate convection areas, being followed by the development of the upper-level warm core associated with tall convection. When tall, upright, rotating CBs formed from the leading edge of the intense near-surface inflow, ERI was triggered at the area in which the air became warm and humid. CBs penetrated into the upper troposphere, aligning the areas with high vertical vorticity at low to midlevels. The upper-level warm core developed rapidly in combination with the midlevel warm core. Under the preconditioned environment, the formation of the upright CBs inside the radius of maximum wind speeds led to an upright axis of the secondary circulation within high inertial stability, resulting in a very rapid central pressure deepening.
Population Displacement and Sustainable Development: The Significance of Environmental Sustainability in Refugee–Host Relationships in the Congo−Brazzaville Crises
Authors: Mbakem Evarist Anu
Published: August 2015

The Republic of Congo experienced repeated outbreaks of armed conflicts between militiamen affiliated to three main political factions, which affected the socioeconomic fabrics of the Congolese society until late 2000. This paper examines the socioeconomic and environmental impact of interactions between the local population and forcibly displaced people from an environmental sustainability perspective. The findings hold that the impact of repeated political violence and associated livelihoods insecurity escalated resentment towards refugees regarded by some members of the local population as scroungers, despite their visible contribution toward innovative community projects. It is also shown here that although refugees’ livelihoods initiatives were environmentally sustainable, institutional disregard and misrepresentations enhanced misleading interpretations and subjectivities. It is proposed therefore that environmental sustainability is one of the key ingredients in refugee−host relations.
Prospects for the UK economy
Authors: Kirby Simon , Carreras Oriol , Meaning Jack , Piggott Rebecca , Warren James
Published: August 2015

The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Bank of England, HM Treasury, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd, Office for National Statistics, Santander (UK) plc and by the members of the NiGEM users group.
Dwelling unit choice in a condominium complex: Analysis of willingness to pay and preference heterogeneity
Authors: Jiang Hai , Chen Shuiping
Published: August 2015

We study the choice of dwelling units in a condominium complex, a problem that has not been thoroughly investigated in the housing research literature. We take a revealed preference approach to quantify home buyers’ preference toward attributes associated with a dwelling unit. In particular, we estimate a mixed logit model using the hierarchical Bayes approach based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. We derive the willingness to pay measures for detailed attributes associated with a dwelling unit including its floor level, orientation, location in the complex, location on a floor level, and the type of bathrooms. We also find strong evidence for the preference heterogeneity among home buyers and conduct regression analysis to explain the preference heterogeneity using home buyers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Our results show that home buyers with older ages and higher annual household income tend to focus more on the quality of the dwelling units, while first-time home buyers are more willing to accept dwelling units with less-desirable attributes.
Impact of Childhood Maltreatment on Recidivism in Youth Offenders
Authors: Li Dongdong , Chu Chi Meng , Goh Joseph Teck Ling , Ng Irene Y. H. , Zeng Gerald
Published: August 2015

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of childhood maltreatment on youth offender recidivism in Singapore. The study used case file coding on a sample of 3,744 youth offenders, among whom about 6% had a childhood maltreatment history. The results showed that the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0 (YLS/CMI 2.0) ratings significantly predicted recidivism for nonmaltreated youth offenders, but not for maltreated youth offenders. Using propensity score matching, the result from a Cox regression analysis showed that maltreated youth offenders were 1.38 times as likely as their nonmaltreated counterparts to reoffend with a follow-up period of up to 7.4 years. The results implied that the YLS/CMI 2.0 measures were insufficient for assessing the risk for recidivism for the maltreated youth offenders, and that other information is needed to help assessors use the professional override when making the overall risk ratings.
Effects of ω‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Homeostasis of CD4+ T Cells and Lung Injury in Mice With Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: Chang Yu‐Fan , Hou Yu‐Chen , Pai Man‐Hui , Yeh Sung‐Ling , Liu Jun‐Jen
Published: August 2015

Background: Sepsis is a common cause of death in critically ill patients. An overwhelming inflammatory response and imbalance of helper T (Th) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are thought to be involved in the progression of sepsis. ω‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were found to have anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This study investigated the effects of ω‐3 PUFAs on the balance of Th subsets, Treg cells, and the inflammatory response in septic mice. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) groups. The 2 groups received an identical nutrient distribution except for the sources of the fat. The SO group was fed soybean oil, while part of the soybean oil was replaced by fish oil in the FO group. The FO group had an ω‐6/ω‐3 PUFA ratio of 2:1. After feeding the diets for 3 weeks, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and mice were sacrificed on days 0, 1, and 3. Results: Compared with the SO group, the FO group had lower inflammatory mediator levels in the plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid after CLP. Also, the FO group had lower Th1, Th2, and Th17 percentages and a higher Th1/Th2 ratio in blood. In lung tissues, neutrophil infiltration was reduced, whereas peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ expression was upregulated. Conclusions: A fish oil diet with an ω‐6/ω‐3 PUFA ratio of 2:1 may elicit more balanced Th polarization, alleviate inflammatory responses, and attenuate lung injury in CLP‐induced sepsis.
Therapeutic angiographic procedures: differences in dose area product between analog image intensifier and digital flat panel detector
Authors: Spira Daniel , Kirchner Sebastian , Blumenstock Gunnar , Herz Klaus , Ketelsen Dominik , Wiskirchen Jakub , Wiesinger Benjamin
Published: August 2015

Background

Radiation exposure remains an unceasing concern in angiographic procedures. Modern angiography machines such as analog image intensifiers (AII) or the new flat panel detectors (FPD) aim at a further dose reduction.

Purpose

To present dose area products (DAP) in a broad spectrum of therapeutic angiographic procedures, comparing an AII to an FPD angiography system.

Material and Methods

A total of 999 peripheral therapeutic angiography procedures performed with an FPD ( n = 562) and an AII system ( n = 437) were evaluated. DAP, fluoroscopy time, and patients' body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Interventions were classified into five main groups: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA); PTA and stent placement; intra-arterial thrombolysis; embolization procedures; and specialized interventions.

Results

DAP values in therapeutic angiographic procedures were significantly higher when performed with the FPD compared to the AII system. The increase of the FPD versus AII system was 100.1% for PTA, 39.9% for PTA and stent placement, 187% for intra-arterial thrombolysis, 31.3% for embolization procedures, and 361% for specialized interventions. These differences persisted after standardizing DAP values to the geometric mean fluoroscopy duration of each procedure. Fluoroscopy times were shorter in all interventions performed at the FPD as compared to the AII system. DAPs increased with higher BMI, but the DAP increase of both systems with elevated BMI was variable, depending on the individual intervention.

Conclusion

In therapeutic angiographic procedures, the FPD system required higher DAPs despite shorter fluoroscopy times as compared to an AII system. Better ergonomics and speediness of the FPD system may be advantageous in the emergency setting.
Comparison of early recovery and cognitive function after desflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia in elderly patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chen Gang , Zhou Youfa , Shi Qingyu , Zhou Haiyan
Published: August 2015

Objectives

A meta-analysis to compare postoperative cognitive function and the time to specific recovery events in elderly patients (aged >65 years) anaesthetized with sevoflurane or desflurane.

Methods

A systematic search of the PubMed®, Embase®, Cochrane Library and Chinese Biomedical databases was performed using the keywords ‘sevoflurane’ and ‘desflurane’. Data and characteristics of appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were extracted.

Results

The meta-analysis included five trials ( n = 300). The time taken to follow commands (mean difference [MD] −3.27; 95% confidence intervals [CI] −4.95, −1.59), extubation (MD −1.59; 95%CI −2.62, −0.55), orientation (MD −4.31; 95%CI −4.99, −3.62), and recovery room discharge (MD −9.38; 95%CI −13.43, −5.42) were significantly shorter in the desflurane group than in the sevoflurane group. There was no significant between-drug difference in the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction or the time taken to open the eyes.

Conclusions

Desflurane is associated with a faster recovery from general anaesthesia than sevoflurane in elderly patients.
An experimental study of the influence from fibre architecture on the permeability of 3D-woven textiles
Authors: Stig Fredrik , Tahir Mohammad Waseem , Åkermo Malin , Hallström Stefan
Published: August 2015

In this work experimental measurements of the permeability of fully interlaced 3D-woven carbon fibre preforms are performed using the unsaturated parallel flow method. The effect on the permeability from three different parameters is studied by altering the architecture of woven preforms and varying mould sizes in a duct flow set-up. Influences from the geometrically different surface layers of the woven preforms, from fibre volume fraction and from warp yarn crimp are studied. The measurements show negligible influence on the permeability from crimp and the fraction of weave surface layers while the fibre volume fraction has a prominent influence. However, the effect is not consistent in terms of fibre volume fraction variation alone but depends on how it is varied.
Rates of Victimization of Violence Committed by Relatives With Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Labrum Travis , Solomon Phyllis L.
Published: August 2015

Persons with psychiatric disorders are at an increased risk of committing violence, with approximately half of all violence being perpetrated against family members. However, family violence perpetrated by persons with psychiatric disorders is a highly under-researched area, so much so that it is impossible to even approximately estimate the extent of the problem. This article presents the results of a national online survey of 573 adults with an adult relative with psychiatric disorders. Nearly half (47%) of all respondents reported being the victim of violence committed by their relative with psychiatric disorders since the onset of their relative’s illness, and 22% reported being the victim of such violence in the past 6 months. Being the victim of minor versus serious violence was examined. The results of this study, in combination with sparse research previously conducted, suggest that 20% to 35% of persons with high levels of contact with a relative with psychiatric disorders have been the victim of violence committed by their relative with psychiatric disorders in the past 6 to 12 months, and that at least 40% have been the victim of said violence since the onset of their relative’s illness. In the present study, no statistically significant differences were detected in rates of victimization based on the relationship type of the respondent to their relative with psychiatric disorders. It is imperative that further research be conducted that may inform the development of policies and interventions aiming to prevent family violence perpetrated by persons with psychiatric disorders.
Exploring Religious Congregations’ Registration With the IRS
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P. , Dollhopf Erica J. , McCarthy John D.
Published: August 2015

Religious congregations hold a unique status among public charities in that they are exempt from having to ask for recognition of their tax-exempt status from the federal government. Despite this privileged status, more than two hundred thousand congregations are registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and the rate of registration appears to be increasing. We examine regional, religious, and administrative patterns among the congregations registered with the IRS. Certain denominations, such as the Latter-day Saints, appear to have taken a centralized stance against congregational registration, whereas others, such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, have made a centralized decision for congregational registration. Other denominations appear to have left the decision up to individual congregations. Of those congregations that are registered, the method of registration, whether independent or through a denomination’s group exemption, appears to be related to the denomination’s centralization of authority.
Managing Identity Conflicts in Organizations
Authors: Chenhall Robert H. , Hall Matthew , Smith David
Published: August 2015

How nonprofit organizations manage multiple and conflicting identities is not well understood. In a case study of a nonprofit welfare organization, we use Pratt and Foreman’s (2000) framework of identity management responses to illuminate different ways that nonprofit organizations can seek to manage and potentially resolve identity conflicts. We focus on the actual practices nonprofit organizations use to manage multiple identities and, in particular, reveal the important role of organizational routines and artifacts in facilitating or constraining particular identity management responses.
Variable-span wing development for improved flight performance
Authors: Santos Pedro , Sousa Joaquim , Gamboa Pedro
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the development and testing of a variable-span wing (VSW) concept. An aerodynamic shape optimisation code, which uses a viscous two-dimensional panel method formulation coupled with a non-linear vortex lattice algorithm and a sequential quadratic programming optimisation routine, is used to solve a drag minimisation problem to determine the optimal values of wing span for various speeds of the vehicle’s flight envelope while subject to geometric constraints. Structural design is performed using the finite element method for static analysis where the particular interface between wing parts is conveniently modelled. A full-scale prototype is built for ground testing the wing/actuator system. The wing is built in composite materials and an electro-mechanical actuation mechanism is developed using an aluminium rack and pinion system driven by two servomotors. Bench tests, performed to evaluate wing under load, showed that the system is capable of performing the required extension/retraction cycles and is suitable to be installed on a UAV airframe fully instrumented for evaluating the VSW concept prototype in flight. The data collected from the performed flights showed full functionality of the VSW and its aerodynamic improvements over a conventional fixed wing for the higher speed end of the flight envelope.