bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observer bias and the detection of low‐density populations
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Preisser Evan L. , Ellison Aaron M. , Elkinton Joseph S.
Published: September 2009

Monitoring programs increasingly are used to document the spread of invasive species in the hope of detecting and eradicating low‐density infestations before they become established. However, interobserver variation in the detection and correct identification of low‐density populations of invasive species remains largely unexplored. In this study, we compare the abilities of volunteer and experienced individuals to detect low‐density populations of an actively spreading invasive species, and we explore how interobserver variation can bias estimates of the proportion of sites infested derived from occupancy models that allow for both false negative and false positive (misclassification) errors. We found that experienced individuals detected small infestations at sites where volunteers failed to find infestations. However, occupancy models erroneously suggested that experienced observers had a higher probability of falsely detecting the species as present than did volunteers. This unexpected finding is an artifact of the modeling framework and results from a failure of volunteers to detect low‐density infestations rather than from false positive errors by experienced observers. Our findings reveal a potential issue with site occupancy models that can arise when volunteer and experienced observers are used together in surveys.
Generalized Hydraulic Calculation Method for Axial Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Eccentric Annuli
Authors: Pilehvari Ali , Serth Robert
Published: September 2009

The flow of non-Newtonian fluids through eccentric annuii is prevalent during drilling and cementing operations of directional and horizontal wells. The flow pattern in an eccentric annulus can differ greatly from that in a concentric annulus, and this difference affects both the pressure drop and the flow rate at which the laminar-turbulent transition occurs. Errors resulting from ignoring the effect of eccentricity on frictional pressure drop and equivalent circulating density can lead to formation fracture or well-control problems in some situations.

In this paper, a new method is presented for calculating pressure losses in eccentric annuli. The method is based on an effective diameter that accounts for the effects of both conduit geometry and fluid rheology. Predictions of the method are compared with an extensive set of data for drilling fluids obtained from a large-scale flow loop. The results demonstrate that the new method is capable of reliably predicting the pressure drop of most drilling fluids in both laminar and turbulent flow regimes for eccentric annular geometries of practical interest.
Gypsum, a Tricky Material
Authors: Herrero J. , Artieda O. , Hudnall W.H.
Published: September 2009

The familiarity of mankind with gypsum and its simple composition are in contrast with the frequent mistakes reported for its behavior and role in nature. Gypsum has been studied as a raw material, as a rock constituent, as an indicator of geological and archaeological conditions, and from other points of view. However, its role in Earth surface processes, its relationship to life through calcium in the equilibrium of carbonates and its structural water molecules, seems overlooked. Moreover, errors of gypsum formulation, analysis, and behavior obscure some of its roles within nature. The semi‐solubility of gypsum explains its actions in many soils. The softness, fragility, and crystal water of gypsum are often not considered. Routinely drying at 105°C and pulverizing samples for lab analyses casts suspicion on all analytical results because gypsum becomes anhydrite and/or bassanite at this temperature. Specific physicochemical models are needed to predict the behavior of soils mainly composed of gypsum.
No‐till Induced Increase in Organic Carbon Reduces Maximum Bulk Density of Soils
Authors: Blanco-Canqui Humberto , Stone L. R. , Schlegel A J. , Lyon D. J. , Vigil M. F. , Mikha M. M. , Stahlman P. W. , Rice C. W.
Published: September 2009

Compaction can be a problem in some no‐till (NT) soils, but accumulation of soil organic C (SOC) with time may reduce the soil's susceptibility to compaction. Relationships between SOC and soil maximum bulk density (BDmax), equivalent to maximum soil compactibility, have not been well documented, particularly in NT systems. We assessed near‐surface BDmax using the Proctor test under long‐term (>19 yr) moldboard plow (MP), conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and NT conditions in the central Great Plains and determined its relationships with SOC, particle size distribution, and Atterberg consistency limits. The experiments were located on silt loam soils at Hays and Tribune, KS, and loam soils at Akron, CO, and Sidney, NE. The near‐surface BDmax of the MP soil was higher than that of the NT soil by 13% at Sidney, while the near‐surface BDmax of the CT was higher than that of the NT soil by about 6% at Akron, Hays, and Tribune. Critical water content (CWC) for BDmax in the NT soil was higher than in the CT and MP soils except at Tribune. The BDmax decreased with increase in CWC (r = ‐0.91). The soil liquid limit was higher for NT than for MP by 82% at Sidney, and it was higher than for CT by 14, 9, and 31% at Akron, Hays, and Tribune, respectively. The SOC concentration in NT soil was higher than in MP by 60% at Akron and 76% at Sidney, and it was higher than in CT soil by 82% at Hays. The BDmax decreased (r = −0.64) and the CWC increased (r = 0.60) with an increase in SOC concentration. Across all soils, SOC concentration was a sensitive predictor of BDmax and CWC. This regional study showed that NT management‐induced increase in SOC improves the soil's ability to resist compaction.
Parental Care AIDS, but Parental Overprotection Hinders, College Adjustment
Authors: Klein Matthew B. , Pierce John D.
Published: September 2009

Previous work has shown that students who have troublesome relationships with their parents show higher risk factors for poorer college adjustment. In the present study, we focused on the balance between two key aspects of parenting style, parental care and overprotection, as they affect the transition to college life. Eighty-three undergraduate college students completed the College Adjustment Scales and the Parental Bonding Instrument. The most successful college adjustment was seen in students with parents viewed as providing the unique combination of high care and low overprotection. Higher parental care and less overprotection were significantly associated with better college adjustment across several domains of college-related problems, including academic problems, anxiety, interpersonal problems, depression, self-esteem problems, and family problems. Both maternal and paternal care was critical for successful college adjustment. These results have important implications for understanding how familial issues powerfully influence college adjustment and student retention, and provide compelling evidence of the need for limits to parental support in students entering college.
Understanding Student Swirl: The Role of Environmental Factors and Retention Efforts in the Later Academic Success of Suspended Students
Authors: Wang Yan , Pilarzyk Tom
Published: September 2009

“Student swirl,” or the inconsistent flow in and out of college coursework from term-to-term, institution-to-institution, reflects the non-traditional nature of many community college students. Swirl can be triggered by such stressors as: balancing work, school, and family obligations; financial challenges; and health problems. In turn, it influences irregular enrollment and lack of academic success. Swirl also occurs intra-institutionally, affected by college re-entry policies once students are suspended for academic reasons. Three initiatives serve as pathways back into college for suspended students at one Midwestern institution. This study explores their effects on success, as well as the role of life challenges, academic-related skills, and student background and commitment to succeed. While retention initiatives affect later performance, factors contributing to intra-institutional swirl playa stronger role. Implications for both student retention and institutional effectiveness are discussed.
The Prediction of College Student Academic Performance and Retention: Application of Expectancy and Goal Setting Theories
Authors: Friedman Barry A. , Mandel Rhonda G.
Published: September 2009

Student retention and performance in higher education are important issues for educators, students, and the nation facing critical professional labor shortages. Expectancy and goal setting theories were used to predict academic performance and college student retention. Students' academic expectancy motivation at the start of the college significantly predicted cumulative GPA at the end of their first year. Compared to students who did not return, students that returned for their sophomore year reported greater peer competition with respect to academic goals, perceived good grades to be more attractive, and reported more effort to get good grades. Students' SAT scores and high school grade point average were significantly related to both cumulative GPA and retention after the first year. Study implications are discussed with an emphasis on the motivational set of college applicants, in conjunction with more traditional criteria (e.g., high school GPA) that together may increase student performance and retention.
Instructional Issues and Retention of First-Year Students
Authors: Giaquinto Richard A.
Published: September 2009

Literature on retention for first-year students appears to focus on the emotional, interpersonal, and financial problems these students face when beginning their post-secondary education. The article accepts the importance of these issues and their effect on retention. However, the article suggests that there are other issues that should be addressed when we try to uncover reasons why some students lack the persistence and do not complete their degrees. They are respectively the cognitive development of these students, their perception of teaching and learning, and most importantly the type of instruction they receive in their beginning classes. Each of these areas is discussed and a model of instruction is presented that calls for this cohort of students to receive instruction that actively engages them in their own learning. Suggestions are provided for instructors in an effort to help them make their students more active and engaged learners.
A Multilevel Approach to Assessing the Interaction Effects on College Student Retention
Authors: Bai Haiyan , Pan Wei
Published: September 2009

The present study utilizes a multilevel approach to assess the effects of four different types of intervention on college student retention, focusing on the interaction effects between the student characteristics and the types of intervention. The program effects on a 3-year trend are also explored. The findings of the present study reveal that the social integration programs improved the first-year retention rates for female students, the advising programs and the social integration programs worked better in the first year for students from more selective colleges within the university, and the first-year experience programs had a significant lasting effect across the 3 years on retention for elder students and male students. It is also found that the advising programs were significantly more effective on the first-year retention rates than the general orientation programs. This study provides empirical evidence for researchers and administrators in higher education to improve the effectiveness of intervention programs for students with specific characteristics.
Attitudes toward Death and Brain Death among Turkey's Physicians: A Brief Research Report
Authors: Hot Inci , Vatanoglu Elif , Dirican Ahmet , Dogan Hanzade
Published: September 2009

Brain death is a relatively new concept that became topical as a result of organ transplantation. Debate about this concept is currently continuing. This study was carried out to determine the attitudes of physicians toward brain death and to examine the effect of religion and education on the issue. Eight-hundred physicians who were randomly selected from 6 different cities in Turkey were questioned: 23.7% of physicians do not regard brain death as real death; 76.8% of relatives of these physicians' patients said that they have difficulty in understanding brain death. The reason for this is that brain death is an artificial concept created to meet the needs of organ transplantation. However, physicians are of the opinion that the attitudes toward death and brain death can be changed by education. In conclusion, the authors suggest that the brain death issue must be discussed by physicians, other professionals in Turkish society, and the general public so to reach a better concensus.
Building Bridges in American Indian Bereavement Research
Authors: Walker Andrea C.
Published: September 2009

Due to the severity of the risks involved in violation of ethical principles with research of American Indian populations, more attention in literature is needed on the topic. This article reviews discussions of ethical and methodological issues, uses Muscogee Creeks' responses from the author's prior study (Walker, 2008; Walker & Balk, 2007) as an example and application, and specifically focuses on the research of death and bereavement. The article provides ethical reflection and recommendations for designing death and bereavement research as an outsider to the culture, as well as for building trust with participants in American Indian populations.
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008
Authors: Blanton Jesse D. , Robertson Kis , Palmer Dustyn , Rupprecht Charles E.
Published: September 2009

Summary—During 2008, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,841 cases of rabies in animals and 2 cases in humans to the CDC, representing a 3.1% decrease from the 7,060 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2007. Approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,389 (34.9%) raccoons, 1,806 (26.4%) bats, 1,589 (23.2%) skunks, 454 (6.6%) foxes, 294 (4.3%) cats, 75 (1.1%) dogs, and 59 (0.9%) cattle. Compared with numbers of cases reported in 2007, numbers of cases reported in 2008 increased among cats, cattle, and skunks and decreased among dogs, raccoons, bats, and foxes. Numbers of rabid raccoons reported during 2008 decreased in 11 of the 20 eastern states where raccoon rabies was enzootic; overall number of rabid raccoons reported decreased by 8.6% during 2008, compared with 2007.

On a national level, the number of rabies cases involving skunks increased by 7.7% during 2008, compared with the number reported in 2007; this was the first increase in the number of reported rabid skunks since 2006. The total number of cases of rabies reported nationally in foxes decreased 1.7% in 2008, compared with 2007. The 1,806 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 6.7% decrease, compared with the number reported in 2007. One case of rabies in a dog imported from Iraq was reported at a quarantine station in New Jersey during 2008. Follow-up of potentially exposed animals in the same shipment did not reveal any secondary transmission. The United States remained free from dog-to-dog transmission of canine rabies virus variants. Total number of rabid dogs reported decreased 19.4% in 2008, compared with 2007.

Two human rabies cases were reported from California and Missouri during 2008. The California case involved a recent immigrant from Mexico and was attributed to a newly identified rabies virus variant most likely associated with Mexican free-tailed bats. The case in Missouri was attributed to a rabies virus variant associated with eastern pipistrelle and silver-haired bats.
Rabies in vaccinated dogs and cats in the United States, 1997–2001
Authors: Murray Kristy O. , Holmes Kelly C. , Hanlon Cathleen A.
Published: September 2009

Objective—To identify cases of rabies involving vaccinated dogs and cats in the United States.

Design—Retrospective data review.

Sample Population—41 states that reported ≥ 1 rabid dog or cat between 1997 and 2001.

Procedures—States were contacted to request information on numbers of dogs and cats tested for rabies between 1997 and 2001. For animals with a history of rabies vaccination, respondents were asked to provide details of the vaccination history, age, history of exposure to rabid animals, time between exposure and onset of clinical signs, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, and whether the animal had died or was euthanatized.

Results—21 of the 41 (51%) states agreed to participate in the study. A total of 264 rabid dogs and 840 rabid cats were identified during the study period. Thirteen (4.9%) rabid dogs and 22 (2.6%) rabid cats had a history of rabies vaccination. Of these, 2 dogs and 3 cats were classified as currently vaccinated. Overall, 6 animals (1 dog and 5 cats) had a history of receiving 2 doses of rabies vaccine in their lifetime, including 2 cats that were classified as currently vaccinated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that rabies is uncommon in vaccinated dogs and cats but can occur. Veterinarians should include rabies in the differential diagnosis for any dog or cat with clinical signs compatible with rabies regardless of vaccination history. Continued surveillance is imperative to document vaccination failure and identify trends related to vaccination failure.
Randomized, controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of fluoxetine for treatment of compulsive disorders in dogs
Authors: Irimajiri Mami , Luescher Andrew U. , Douglass Genefer , Robertson-Plouch Carol , Zimmermann Alan , Hozak Rebecca
Published: September 2009

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of fluoxetine hydrochloride for treatment of compulsive disorders in dogs.

Design—Randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Animals—63 dogs with compulsive disorders.

Procedures—The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of analysis of videotapes of the dogs' behavior by 3 veterinary behaviorists, results of physical examination and clinicopathologic testing, and, when necessary, telephone interviews with owners. Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment with fluoxetine (1 to 2 mg/kg [0.45 to 0.9 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) or a placebo. Owners did not receive any advice regarding behavioral or environmental modifications. Severity of episodes was measured through telephone interviews every 2 weeks and on the basis of a daily diary kept by each owner.

Results—42 days after the initiation of treatment, the proportion of dogs with a decrease in severity of the compulsive disorder, as reported by the owners, was significantly higher for dogs treated with fluoxetine than for control dogs, and dogs treated with fluoxetine were significantly more likely (odds ratio, 8.7) to have a decrease in severity of the compulsive disorder. However, mean number and duration of compulsive episodes, as determined from daily diary entries, did not differ significantly between groups. The most common adverse effects were decreased appetite and mild lethargy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that fluoxetine may be efficacious in the treatment of compulsive disorders in dogs, although results were equivocal. The present study did not examine whether fluoxetine was more efficacious than or synergistic with behavioral and environment modifications.
Evaluation of plasma ACTH, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone, and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods in clinically normal horses and ponies and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
Authors: Beech Jill , Boston Raymond C. , McFarlane Dianne , Lindborg Sue
Published: September 2009

Objective—To measure plasma ACTH, D-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (D-MSH), and insulin concentrations during various photoperiods between February and October in horses and ponies with and without pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID).

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—13 clinically normal (control) ponies, 14 clinically normal (control) horses, 7 ponies with PPID, and 8 horses with PPID.

Procedures—Blood samples were collected from February through October during 8 photoperiods: 1, February 13 through March 2; 2, April 4 through 6; 3, June 19 through 22; 4, August 6 through 7; 5, August 14 through 17; 6, September 4 through 6; 7, September 26 through 28; and 8, October 16 through 18. Plasma ACTH, D-MSH, and insulin concentrations at each photoperiod were compared among groups.

Results—Log ACTH concentration was increased during photoperiod 4 through 8, compared with photoperiod 1 through 3, in all groups. In photoperiod 3 through 7, log ACTH concentrations were higher in horses and ponies with PPID, compared with values for control horses and ponies. D-Melanocyte–stimulating hormone (log and raw value) concentration was higher in photoperiod 2 through 8, compared with photoperiod 1, in control horses and ponies. In horses and ponies with PPID, log D-MSH concentration was higher in photoperiod 3 through 8, and D-MSH concentration was higher in photoperiod 4 through 8, compared with photoperiod 1. In control horses and ponies, plasma insulin concentration was lower in photoperiod 3 than in photoperiod 1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma D-MSH and ACTH concentrations increased as daylight decreased from summer solstice (maximum daylight hours) to 12 hours of daylight.
Partial resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus for the treatment of three foals with bilateral tympany of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)
Authors: Sparks Holly D. , Stick John A. , Brakenhoff Jeffery E. , Cramp Phil A. , Spirito Micheal A.
Published: September 2009

Case Description—3 foals were referred for treatment of tympany of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch).

Clinical Findings—Bilateral guttural pouch tympany was diagnosed in all 3 foals on the basis of clinical signs and results of radiographic and endoscopic evaluations and gutturocentesis. In each foal, previous medical or surgical interventions or both had failed to correct the problem.

Treatment and Outcome—Bilateral surgical resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus was performed. Follow-up telephone interviews with owners 8 months to 3 years after surgery revealed that long-term resolution of the tympany had been achieved in each foal, with few to no postsurgical complications.

Clinical Relevance—Surgical correction of refractory bilateral guttural pouch tympany can be accomplished by resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus within the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. In the foals of this report, permanent resolution of tympany was apparently achieved without interfering with upper airway function, providing support for the use of surgical resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus in the treatment of bilateral guttural pouch tympany.
Intermediate Term Outcome of the Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Claridge Richard J. , Sagherian Bernard H.
Published: September 2009

Background:

Although ankle arthrodesis provides pain relief and improved function, newer generation total ankle arthroplasty designs, with improved kinematic properties, have emerged and showed encouraging results. The purpose of this study was to review the intermediate term outcome of the Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty prosthesis.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective review was performed on 28 total ankle arthroplasty procedures performed over a period of 5 years. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire was used for evaluation. Pre-existing medical and surgical conditions that could potentially affect outcome were recorded. The mean age at surgery was 68.5 years with 39% males and 61% females.

Results:

The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score improved significantly from 34.9 to 76.4 ( p < 0.001). Pain relief was the main factor in improving the score followed by improved function. Complications varied from delayed wound healing, wound infection, painful hardware, iatrogenic malleolar fracture and arterial injury, to patients requiring free flap coverage. Despite the high rate of complications, which were successfully treated, most patients were satisfied at the last followup.

Conclusion:

Total ankle arthroplasty using the Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty prosthesis has clinically encouraging outcomes; however the high complication rate should prompt surgeons to carefully select patients for this procedure. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Tumors of the Foot and Ankle: Experience with 153 Cases
Authors: Chou Loretta B. , Ho Yvette Y. , Malawer Martin M.
Published: September 2009

Background:

Both primary and metastatic tumors in the foot and ankle have been reported as rare. The purpose of this study was to describe 153 cases of foot and ankle tumors from a 20-year experience in a tertiary referral center specializing in orthopaedic oncology. It is the largest reported series of both bone and soft tissue tumors in the foot and ankle.

Materials and Methods:

Between 1986 and 2006, a retrospective chart review was performed of a total of 2,660 tumors surgically treated in all anatomic sites by a single surgeon at a musculoskeletal tumor referral center.

Results:

One hundred fifty-three patients (5.75%) with bone and/or soft tissue tumors of the foot and ankle were treated. There were 84 women and 69 men. The patients' ages ranged from 1 to 84, with a median age of 30 and mean of 33.2. The tissue types included 80 soft tissue and 73 bone tumors. Overall, 60 (39.2%) were malignant, and 93 (60.8%) were benign. The most common diagnosis was giant cell tumor. In addition, giant cell tumor was the most common bone tumor, while pigmented villonodular synovitis and giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath were the most common soft tissue tumors.

Conclusion:

The incidence of tumors of the foot and ankle in this series of a single surgeon over a 20-year practice was 5.75%. The results of this study reaffirm that awareness, correctly diagnosing, and appropriately treating or referring to an orthopaedic oncologist may help with an improved outcome for patients. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
In vitro Regeneration and Flower Induction on Solanum nigrum L. from Pachamalai hills of Eastern Ghats
Authors: Kolar Amzad Basha , Vivekanandan L . , Basha M Ghouse
Published: September 2009

Explants of Solanum nigrum L., collected from Pachamalai hills callused successfully on MS basal medium supplemented with IAA and BAP. The highest frequency of green compact callus and multiple shoots were obtained on MS containing 2.0 mg/l IAA and 0.5 mg/l BAP. The callus when cultured on MS basal medium fortified with different concentrations of BAP (3.0 - 8.0 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l) showed multiple shoot formation. The highest frequency of multiple shoots was obtained on MS containing 6.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA. For in vitro flowering, the node explants were cultured on MS fortified with different concentrations of BAP (2.0 - 7.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l). The highest number of multiple shoots were obtained in MS supplemented with 6.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA. The in vitro flowering was observed on MS containing 2,4-D and BAP 1.5 mg/l, respectively. The best rooting was obtained on MS containing 0.5 mg/l IBA. The well-rooted plants were hardened and finally planted in the garden.  Key words: In vitro studies, Medicinal plant, Solanum nigrum, Node, Callus D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i1.3264 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(1): 43-48, 2008 (June)
Rapid Multiplication of Boerhaavia diffusa L. Through In vitro Culture of Shoot tip and Nodal Explants
Authors: Roy P. K.
Published: September 2009

A rapid in vitro multiple shoot regeneration protocol has been developed in culture of Boerhaavia diffusa. Shoot tips and nodal segments of field grown plants were used as explants and cultured on MS supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP, Kn and NAA for multiplication of shoots. Maximum multiple shoots were found in MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA. After three weeks when they were subcultured in the same medium, the number of shoots per culture increased. Addition of coconut milk in the medium enhanced the number of shoots per culture. For best rooting, well-developed shoots were excised and implanted individually in rooting medium containing half strength of MS fortified with 1.0 mg/l each of IBA and IAA. Ninety per cent of the cultured shoots produced roots within four weeks of culture. Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimated and established in soil. About 80% plantlets survived under field conditions. Key words: Regeneration, Multiple shoots, Boerhaavia diffusa, Explants D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i1.3265 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(1): 49-56, 2008 (June)
Improved Salt Tolerance and Morphological Variation in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Transformed with a Catalase Gene from E. coli
Authors: Prodhan Shamsul H. , Hossain A. , Nagamiya Kenji , Komamine Atsushi , Morishima Hiroko
Published: September 2009

In an attempt to improve the salt tolerance of rice, we introduced katE, a catalase gene of Escherichia coli, into the indica rice cultivar Kasalath. Transformation was carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 harboring a binary vector pIES6/Hm/katE which contains genes for catalase katE, hygromycine resistance gene HPT and kanamycin resistance gene NPTII in the T-DNA region. With the inclusion of acetosyringone, higher amount of transgenic cells and regenerated plants were obtained. Transformation was confirmed by PCR with katE and HPT primer. Transgenic plants at a very young stage (three - four days) were able to grow up to 15 days in 100 mM NaCl solution and seven days in 250 mM NaCl solution whereas control plants died within five days in 100 mM and seven days in 50 mM NaCl. Plants stressed for four weeks could survive for a long time and were able to flower. Different morphological characters varied in transgenic compared to control plants. Introduction of katE gene significantly improved the salt tolerance of the transgenic indica lines which could matureand set seed under stress. Key words: Rice, Oxidative stress, Enhanced salt tolerance, Transformation, Morphological variation D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i1.3266 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(1): 57-63, 2008 (June)
Mutual Intelligibility of Standard and Regional Dutch Language Varieties
Authors: Impe Leen , Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk
Published: September 2009

In this experimental study, we aim to arrive at a global picture of the mutual intelligibility of various Dutch language varieties by carrying out a computer-controlled lexical decision task in which ten target varieties are evaluated – the Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch standard language as well as four regional varieties of both countries. We auditorily presented real as well as pseudo-words in various varieties of Dutch to Netherlandic and Belgian test subjects, who were asked to decide as quickly as possible whether the items were existing Dutch words or not. The experiment's working assumption is that the faster the subjects react, the better the intelligibility of (the language variety of) the word concerned.
The Space of Tuscan Dialectal Variation: A Correlation Study
Authors: Montemagni Simonetta
Published: September 2009

The paper illustrates the results of a correlation study focusing on linguistic variation in an Italian region, Tuscany. By exploiting a multi-level representation scheme of dialectal data, the study analyses attested patterns of phonetic and morpho-lexical variation with the aim of testing the degree of correlation between a) phonetic and morpho-lexical variation, and b) linguistic variation and geographic distance. The correlation analysis was performed by combining two complementary approaches proposed in dialectometric literature, namely by computing both global and place-specific correlation measures and by inspecting their spatial distribution. Achieved results demonstrate that phonetic and morpho-lexical variations in Tuscany seem to follow a different pattern than encountered in previous studies.
What Role does Dialect Knowledge Play in the Perception of Linguistic Distances?
Authors: Heeringa Wilbert , Gooskens Charlotte , De Smedt Koenraad
Published: September 2009

The present paper investigates to what extent subjects base their judgments of linguistic distances on actual dialect data presented in a listening experiment and to what extent they make use of previous knowledge of the dialects when making their judgments. The point of departure for our investigation were distances between 15 Norwegian dialects as perceived by Norwegian listeners. We correlated these perceptual distances with objective phonetic distances measured on the basis of the transcriptions of the recordings used in the perception experiment. In addition, we correlated the perceptual distances with objective distances based on other datasets. On the basis of the correlation results and multiple regression analyses we conclude that the listeners did not base their judgments solely on information that they heard during the experiments but also on their general knowledge of the dialects. This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that the effect is stronger for the group of listeners who recognised the dialects than for listeners who did not recognise the dialects on the tape.
Chemistry of the M (M=Fe, Ca, Ba)-Se-H2O Systems at 25 °C
Authors: Nishimura Tadahisa , Hata Ryosuke , Hasegawa Fumihiko
Published: September 2009

The chemistry of the M (M=Fe, Ca, Ba)-Se-H2O systems at 25 °C is reviewed based on our previous papers. In this paper, the phase equilibria in the Fe(III)-Se(IV)-H2O, Ca-Se(IV,VI)-H2O and Ba-Se(IV,VI)-H2O systems at 25 °C are discussed. Then, the three-stage process for removal of selenium from industrial waste water [Se(IV,VI) < 1,500 mg/L] containing sulfuric acid was introduced. This seems to be a promising process for selenium removal from acidic sulfate waste water containing high concentration levels of selenium to below 0.1 mg/L.
Development of a High-Throughput Assay for Screening of γ-Secretase Inhibitor with Endogenous Human, Mouse or Drosophila γ-Secretase
Authors: Wang Lie-Feng , Zhang Ru , Xie Xin
Published: September 2009

Selective lowering of amyloid-β levels with small-molecule γ-secretase inhibitors is a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease. In this work, we developed a high throughput assay for screening of γ-secretase inhibitors with endogenous γ-secretase and a fluorogenic substrate. The IC50 values of known γ-secretase inhibitors generated with this method were comparable with reported values obtained by other methods. The assay was optimized and applied to a small-scale screening of 1,280 compounds. The discovery of several new inhibitors warrants further investigation. This assay was also proven to be easily adopted to test compounds for drosophila and mouse γ-secretase, which could be very useful to assess compounds activity against γ-secretase from different species before the in vivo test in animal models.
Correction: Ramos-Pérez, I. et al. Calibration of Correlation Radiometers Using Pseudo-Random Noise Signals. Sensors 2009, 9, 6131-6149
Authors: Ramos-Pérez Isaac , Bosch-Lluis Xavi , Camps Adriano , Rodriguez-Alvarez Nereida , Marchán-Hernandez Juan , Valencia-Domènech Enric , Vernich Carlos , De la Rosa Sonia , Pantoja Sebastián
Published: September 2009

It has come to our attention that in the original version of a paper published in Sensors recently, the names of four co-authors were misspelled with several hyphens missing. [...]
THE CONSTRUCTION COMMON PRODUCT CODING SYSTEM
Authors: Pan Nai-Hsin
Published: September 2009

The primary technological barrier in effectively transferring information automatically and adopting Auto ID/EDI technologies in construction is the lack of a construction common product coding system (CCPCS) for encoding and transferring information. To facilitate the information transfer between different components of the construction process and using new Auto ID technologies in construction application, the paper proposes a construction common product coding system (CCPCS). It is a set of agreed‐upon standards that will facilitate communication among parties in the construction process especially using automated data collection processes and possibly technologies to transfer information in electronic form. The CCPCS the paper proposed can be classified as internal or external, permanent or temporary, primary or secondary etc. The research use barcode technology and EDI as the primary technologies to explore the impact of the CCPCS in construction application. However, the concepts of CCPCS still are advantageous for the applications of other Auto ID technologies individually or integration in construction. Santrauka Viena iš pirmųjų kliūčių perkeliant informaciją ir taikant Auto ID/EDI technologijas statyboje yra bendrojo statybos produkto kodavimo sistemos (CCPCS) trūkumas. Ja galima užkoduoti ir perkelti informaciją. Norint palengvinti skirtingų statybos proceso elementų informacijos perdavimą ir pritaikyti statybai naujas Auto ID technologijas, straipsnyje buvo pasiūlyta bendrojo statybos produkto kodavimo sistema (CCPCS). CCPCS yra rinkinys nustatytų standartų, kurie palengvins statybos proceso dalyvių bendravimą, ypač naudojant automatinius duomenų rinkimo procesus ir technologijas, kurios paverstų informaciją elektronine forma. Siūloma CCPCS gali būti skirstoma į išorinę, vidinę, laikinąją ir pastoviąją, pirminę, antrinę ir t. t. Tyrime naudojama brūkšninio kodo technologija ir EDI, kaip pirminės technologijos, kuriomis nustatomas CCPCS taikymo statyboje poveikis. CCPCS koncepcija vis dar yra naudinga taikant Auto ID technologijas tiek individualiai, tiek integruojant į statybą.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE GAZA STRIP
Authors: Enshassi Adnan , Mohamed Sherif , Abushaban Saleh
Published: September 2009

Construction projects located in the Gaza Strip, Palestine suffer from many problems and complex issues. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to identify the factors affecting the performance of local construction projects; and to elicit perceptions of their relative importance. A comprehensive literature review was deployed to generate a set of factors believed to affect project performance. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed to 3 key groups of project participants; namely owners, consultants and contractors. The survey findings indicate that all 3 groups agree that the most important factors affecting project performance are: delays because of borders/roads closure leading to materials shortage; unavailability of resources; low level of project leadership skills; escalation of material prices; unavailability of highly experienced and qualified personnel; and poor quality of available equipment and raw materials. Based on these findings, the paper recommends that: 1) project owners must work collaboratively with contractors and facilitate regular payments in order to overcome delays, disputes and claims; 2) project participants should actively have their input in the process of decision‐making; and 3) continuous coordination and relationship between project participants are required through the project life cycle in order to solve problems and develop project performance. Santrauka Statybos projektai Gazos Ruože, Palestinoje, kenčia nuo daugelio problemų ir sudėtingų klausimų. Todėl pagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas yra nustatyti veiksnius, darančius įtaką vietos statybos projektams įgyvendinti, ugdyti suvokimą apie jų santykinę svarbą. Iš viso 120 respondentų buvo suskirstyti į tris pagrindines projektų dalyvių grupes: savininkai, konsultantai ir rangovai. Apklausa parodė, kad visos trys grupės sutinka, kad svarbiausi veiksniai, lemiantys projekto įgyvendinimą, yra: atidėliojimas, susijęs su sienų (kelių) uždarymu ir lemiantis medžiagų stygių; negaunamos atsargos; menki vadovavimo projektams įgūdžiai; nepagrįsta medžiagų kaina; patyrusio ir kvalifikuoto personalo stoka ir prasta įrankių ir žaliavos kokybė. Pasitelkiant šias išvadas, straipsnyje rekomenduojama: 1) projektų savininkai turi dirbti kartu su rangovais ir reguliariai atsiskaityti norėdami išvengti atidėliojimų, ginčų ir pretenzijų; 2) projekto dalyviai turėtų aktyviai dalyvauti priimant spendimus; 3) nuolatinė projekto dalyvių kontrolė ir jų tarpusavio santykis yra reikalingi per visą projekto įgyvendinimo ciklą norint išspręsti iškilusias problemas ir įgyvendinti projektą.
Le frisson fait-il la manifestation ?
Authors: Mariot Nicolas
Published: September 2009

Résumé Il est fréquent de faire reposer l’efficacité intégrative reconnue aux rassemblements de foule sur les émotions éprouvées par les participants. Le « frisson dans le dos » ferait l’union des consciences, quand il n’est pas le creuset d’un engagement citoyen : voilà ce que suggèrent nombre de commentateurs observant avec tendresse les manifestations lycéennes ou estudiantines. Nuançant ce type d’argument, l’article s’efforce de discuter l’idée que les manifestations de rue auraient, de part leur seul caractère collectif, des vertus de socialisation.
La rue en toutes franchises
Authors: Mangin David
Published: September 2009

Résumé Pour atteindre les objectifs d’une moindre dépendance automobile dans la vie quotidienne (accès à l’école, aux transports en commun, aux commerces de proximité) et créer une offre foncière plus diversifiée, il faut opposer « la ville passante », réticulaire, composée par une hiérarchie viaire connectée aux voies existantes à « la ville franchisée » au sens domanial du terme, telle qu’elle se constitue majoritairement aujourd’hui à partir d’environnements sécurisés. Ces derniers ne peuvent être combattus à partir d’un seul discours idéologique sur les méfaits de l’entre-soi ou par la dénonciation des illusions du tout-sécuritaire. L’expérience montre qu’il faut faire la démonstration aux élus, électeurs, usagers et professionnels que les enclaves programmées – et elles ne se limitent pas, loin de là, aux produits résidentiels type gated-communities – ont des conséquences directes sur la vie de la cité car ces dispositifs obligeant à de considérables parcours de contournement pour accéder aux services quotidiens.
L'attractivité de la haute fonction publique est-elle en déclin ?
Authors: Schweitzer Louis
Published: September 2009

Résumé L’article fait le constat que l’attractivité de la haute fonction publique mesurée par le nombre de candidats aux concours d’entrée ne faiblit pas. Cela dit, certains des éléments qui fondent cette attractivité en France, le privilège des écoles ouvrant l’accès à la fonction publique, la valorisation dans un parcours de carrière d’un passage par la fonction publique tendent à être remis en cause. C’est pourquoi il convient d’agir pour garantir les fondements d’une attractivité positive de la fonction publique, c’est-à-dire un statut valorisé, des responsabilités réelles associées aux moyens de les exercer pleinement. L’article propose quelques voies d’action en ce sens.
La privatisation du service de l'État
Authors: Delvolvé Pierre
Published: September 2009

Résumé La privatisation des serviteurs de l’État s’entend de l’attribution d’une situation de salariés de droit privé à des agents qui accomplissent directement ou indirectement des fonctions au service de l’État. Elle peut résulter d’une transformation du service lui-même, attribué à une entreprise privée ou géré dans des conditions industrielles et commerciales. Elle pourrait être envisagée pour des agents remplissant directement certaines fonctions administratives. On rencontre déjà des solutions contradictoires. Une privatisation des agents publics ne peut être que prudente et limitée.
La fonction publique française aux prises avec une double européanisation
Authors: Eymeri-Douzans Jean-Michel
Published: September 2009

Résumé Notre fonction publique est soumise à un double mouvement d’européanisation, juridique et sociologique, qui, sans mettre en péril ses grandes règles (existence du statut, règne du concours.), remet en cause plusieurs éléments de son « compromis historique » fondamental et alimente ainsi un processus de transition historique vers un modèle de fonction publique pour partie renouvelé, dont les contours sont encore imprécis même si l’orientation générale est perceptible.
La politique orientale polonaise
Authors: Potel Jean-Yves
Published: September 2009

Résumé Du fait de sa situation géopolitique, la Pologne a élaborée de longue date « une politique orientale ». Conçue dans l’opposition à la « souveraineté limitée » du bloc soviétique, elle rompt également avec les deux stéréotypes polonais traditionnels de la Russie : soit obscure ennemie de la Pologne et du progrès, soit libératrice des peuples. Elle envisage une autre configuration : la coexistence d’une Russie renonçant à son empire, et d’une Pologne réconciliée avec ses voisins ukrainien, lituanien et biélorusse. Tous les gouvernements depuis 1989 ont agi dans ce cadre cherchant notamment à favoriser le rapprochement entre l’Union européenne et l’Ukraine. Cette action est toutefois limitée par la nouvelle diplomatie de Vladimir Poutine, surtout après le 11 septembre 2001, avec son rapprochement des États-Unis, et par les visées stratégiques des principaux États membres de l’UE. Ces limites furent évidentes, à l’automne 2004, lors de la « révolution orange » en Ukraine, et plus récemment dans la définition de la politique énergétique européenne.
La révolution ne sera plus télévisée.
Authors: Vedel Thierry
Published: September 2009

Résumé Alors que les médias traditionnels sont souvent accusés de dégrader la qualité de l’information et du débat politiques, l’Internet est communément présenté comme le ferment d’une nouvelle démocratie. Grâce à ses fonctionnalités, il transformerait les internautes en citoyens éclairés, offrirait de véritables forums de discussion et instaurerait un dialogue direct, que rien ne parasite, entre gouvernants et gouvernés. Mais cette vision d’une démocratie revitalisée grâce à la puissance de la technique correspond-elle aux pratiques et usages politiques de l’Internet que l’on peut observer depuis une dizaine d’années ? C’est à cette interrogation que se propose de répondre cet article en s’appuyant sur les enquêtes et études réalisées en France et à l’étranger sur le sujet.
Embryons de solutions
Authors: Rocard Michel
Published: September 2009

Résumé La télévision française tant publique que privée suit une dérive dangereuse où l’intensité de la recherche de publicité pousse au racolage dans un mépris croissant de toute éthique. Remédier à cette situation suppose d’abord de convaincre l’opinion de cette nécessité, sous cette pression les professionnels devront définir leurs engagements éthiques. L’Éducation nationale doit entreprendre d’éduquer à la critique de l’image comme elle le fait pour celle de l’écrit. Enfin il est possible et nécessaire de supprimer la publicité pour le secteur public de la télévision.
Surviving Cardiac Arrest
Authors: McDonough Marjorie
Published: September 2009

Surviving cardiac arrest requires high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation, advanced life support interventions, and optimal post-cardiac arrest care. After return of spontaneous circulation and stabilization of airway, breathing, and circulation, the focus shifts to the treatment of post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Research indicates this unique and complex syndrome requires specific treatment strategies.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(9):391–392.