bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Large‐Scale Surface Change Using SAR Amplitude Images: Crater Morphology Changes During the 2019–2020 Shishaldin Volcano Eruption
Authors: Angarita M. , Grapenthin R. , Plank S. , Meyer F. J. , Dietterich H.
Published: August 2022

Morphological processes often induce meter‐scale elevation changes. When a volcano erupts, tracking such processes provides insights into the style and evolution of eruptive activity and related hazards. Compared to optical remote‐sensing products, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observes surface change during inclement weather and at night. Differential SAR interferometry estimates phase change between SAR acquisitions and is commonly applied to quantify deformation. However, large deformation or other coherence loss can limit its use. We develop a new approach applicable when repeated digital elevation models (DEMs) cannot be otherwise retrieved. Assuming an isotropic radar cross‐section, we estimate meter‐scale vertical morphological change directly from SAR amplitude images via an optimization method that utilizes a high‐quality DEM. We verify our implementation through simulation of a collapse feature that we modulate onto topography. We simulate radar effects and recover the simulated collapse. To validate our method, we estimate elevation changes from TerraSAR‐X stripmap images for the 2011–2012 eruption of Mount Cleveland. Our results reproduce those from two previous studies; one that used the same dataset, and another based on thermal satellite data. By applying this method to the 2019–2020 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, we generate elevation change time series from dozens of co‐registered TerraSAR‐X high‐resolution spotlight images. Our results quantify previously unresolved cone growth in November 2019, collapses associated with explosions in December–January, and further changes in crater elevations into spring 2020. This method can be used to track meter‐scale morphology changes for ongoing eruptions with low latency as SAR imagery becomes available.
Modeling Radiation Belt Electrons With Information Theory Informed Neural Networks
Authors: Wing Simon , Turner Drew L. , Ukhorskiy Aleksandr Y. , Johnson Jay R. , Sotirelis Thomas , Nikoukar Romina , Romeo Giuseppe
Published: August 2022

An empirical model of radiation belt relativistic electrons (μ = 560–875 MeV G−1 and I = 0.088–0.14 RE G0.5) with average energy ∼1.3 MeV is developed. The model inputs solar wind parameters (velocity, density, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) |B|, Bz, and By), magnetospheric state parameters (SYM‐H and AL), and L*. The model outputs the radiation belt electron phase space density (PSD). The model is operational from L* = 3 to 6.5. The model is constructed with neural networks assisted by information theory. Information theory is used to select the most effective and relevant solar wind and magnetospheric input parameters plus their lag times based on their information transfer to the PSD. Based on the test set, the model prediction efficiency (PE) increases with increasing L*, ranging from −0.043 at L* = 3 to 0.76 at L* = 6.5. The model PE is near 0 at L* = 3–4 because at this L* range, the solar wind and magnetospheric parameters transfer little information to the PSD. Using solar wind observations at L1 and magnetospheric index (AL and SYM‐H) models solely driven by solar wind, the radiation belt model can be used to forecast PSD 30–60 min ahead. This baseline model can potentially complement a class of empirical models that input data from low earth orbit (LEO).
Decoherence of nitrogen-vacancy spin ensembles in a nitrogen electron-nuclear spin bath in diamond
Authors: Park Huijin , Lee Junghyun , Han Sangwook , Oh Sangwon , Seo Hosung
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have been developed into essential hardware units for a wide range of solid-state-based quantum technology applications. While such applications require the long spin coherence times of the NV centers, they are often limited due to decoherence. In this study, we theoretically investigate the decoherence of NV-spin ensembles induced by nitrogen impurities (P1 centers), which are one of the most dominant and inevitable magnetic field noise sources in diamond. We combined cluster correlation expansion and density functional theory to compute the Hahn-echo spin-coherence time of the NV centers for a broad range of P1 concentrations. Results indicate a clear linear dependence of T2 on P1 concentrations on a log scale with a slope of −1.06, which is in excellent agreement with previous experimental results. The interplay between the Jahn–Teller effect and the hyperfine interaction in the P1 center plays a critical role in determining the bath dynamics and the resulting NV decoherence. Our results provide a theoretical upper bound for the NV-spin T2 over a wide range of P1 densities, serving as a key reference for materials optimization and spin bath characterization to develop highly coherent NV-based devices for quantum information technology.
Spatially resolved clonal copy number alterations in benign and malignant tissue
Authors: Erickson Andrew , He Mengxiao , Berglund Emelie , Marklund Maja , Mirzazadeh Reza , Schultz Niklas , Kvastad Linda , Andersson Alma , Bergenstråhle Ludvig , Bergenstråhle Joseph , Larsson Ludvig , Alonso Galicia Leire , Shamikh Alia , Basmaci Elisa , Díaz De Ståhl Teresita , Rajakumar Timothy , Doultsinos Dimitrios , Thrane Kim , Ji Andrew L. , Khavari Paul A. , Tarish Firaz , Tanoglidi Anna , Maaskola Jonas , Colling Richard , Mirtti Tuomas , Hamdy Freddie C. , Woodcock Dan J. , Helleday Thomas , Mills Ian G. , Lamb Alastair D. , Lundeberg Joakim
Published: August 2022

Defining the transition from benign to malignant tissue is fundamental to improving early diagnosis of cancer1. Here we use a systematic approach to study spatial genome integrity in situ and describe previously unidentified clonal relationships. We used spatially resolved transcriptomics2 to infer spatial copy number variations in >120,000 regions across multiple organs, in benign and malignant tissues. We demonstrate that genome-wide copy number variation reveals distinct clonal patterns within tumours and in nearby benign tissue using an organ-wide approach focused on the prostate. Our results suggest a model for how genomic instability arises in histologically benign tissue that may represent early events in cancer evolution. We highlight the power of capturing the molecular and spatial continuums in a tissue context and challenge the rationale for treatment paradigms, including focal therapy.
Neural network analysis of quasistationary magnetic fields in microcoils driven by short laser pulses
Authors: Kochetkov Iu. V. , Bukharskii N. D. , Ehret M. , Abe Y. , Law K. F. F. , Ospina-Bohorquez V. , Santos J. J. , Fujioka S. , Schaumann G. , Zielbauer B. , Kuznetsov A. , Korneev Ph.
Published: August 2022

Optical generation of kilo-tesla scale magnetic fields enables prospective technologies and fundamental studies with unprecedentedly high magnetic field energy density. A question is the optimal configuration of proposed setups, where plenty of physical phenomena accompany the generation and complicate both theoretical studies and experimental realizations. Short laser drivers seem more suitable in many applications, though the process is tangled by an intrinsic transient nature. In this work, an artificial neural network is engaged for unravelling main features of the magnetic field excited with a picosecond laser pulse. The trained neural network acquires an ability to read the magnetic field values from experimental data, extremely facilitating interpretation of the experimental results. The conclusion is that the short sub-picosecond laser pulse may generate a quasi-stationary magnetic field structure living on a hundred picosecond time scale, when the induced current forms a closed circuit.
Microstructural and nanoindentation study of TaN incorporated ZrB2 and ZrB2–SiC ceramics
Authors: Delbari Seyed Ali , Namini Abbas Sabahi , Lee Seonyong , Jung Sunghoon , Wang Jinghan , Lee Sea-Hoon , Cha Joo Hwan , Cho Jin Hyuk , Jang Ho Won , Kim Soo Young , Shokouhimehr Mohammadreza
Published: August 2022

This study assessed the sinterability and microstructure of ZrB2-SiC-TaN and ZrB2-TaN ceramics. Spark plasma sintering at 2000 °C and 30 MPa for 5 min produced both ceramics. The relative density of ZrB2 ceramic containing TaN was 95.3%; the addition of SiC increased this value to 98.1%. SiC’s contribution to the elimination of ZrB2 surface oxides was the primary factor in the advancement of densification. The in situ formation of hexagonal boron nitride at the interface of TaN and ZrB2 was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field emission-electron probe microanalyzer, X-ray diffractometry, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the in situ graphite might be produced as a byproduct of the SiC-SiO2 process, hence boosting the reduction of oxide compounds in the ternary system. The SiC compound had the highest hardness (29 ± 3 GPa), while the ZrB2/TaN interface exhibited the greatest values of elastic modulus (473 ± 26 GPa) and stiffness (0.76 ± 0.13 mN/nm).
Deviation from the planned axis of three toric intraocular lenses
Authors: Sheen-Ophir Shira , Reitblat Olga , Levy Adi , Assia Ehud I. , Kleinmann Guy
Published: August 2022

In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the deviation from the planned axis of 3 Toric intraocular lenses (TIOL). Included in the study 190 eyes, operated by two surgeons using two different manual marking techniques. The patients were implanted with either AcrySof IQ Toric SN6AT (Alcon) (n = 90), POD FT (PhysIOL) (n = 50), or TECNIS Symfony Toric (J&J) (n = 50). At least 1 month postoperatively, the IOL was photographed, and the axis was measured using a designed software. The difference between the planned and actual axis was defined as axis deviation. The effect of IOL type, astigmatism direction, and marking techniques on the average degree and direction of the IOL deviation were evaluated and compared. There was no significant difference in the average deviation between the IOLs (TECNIS Symfony: 4.03° ± 4.34, POD FT: 3.52° ± 3.38, and SN6AT: 4.24° ± 4.10), and its direction (55.8%, 39.0%, and 56.6% clockwise (CW) deviation, respectively). With the rule, astigmatism had significantly more CW deviation compared with against the rule and oblique astigmatism (64.3%, 43.8%, and 41.7%, respectively, P = 0.027), but the average deviation was similar. The marking techniques did not influence the degree or direction of the deviation.
Improvement in the neutron beam collimation for application in boron neutron capture therapy of the head and neck region
Authors: Hu Naonori , Tanaka Hiroki , Kakino Ryo , Yoshikawa Syuushi , Miyao Mamoru , Akita Kazuhiko , Aihara Teruhito , Nihei Keiji , Ono Koji
Published: August 2022

In June 2020, the Japanese government approved boron neutron capture therapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer. The treatment is usually performed in a single fraction, with the neutron irradiation time being approximately 30–60 min. As neutrons scatter in air and loses its intensity, it is preferable to bring the patient as close to the beam port as possible to shorten the irradiation time. However, this can be a challenge, especially for patients with head and neck cancer, as the shoulders are an obstacle to a clean positioning. In this study, a novel neutron collimation system for an accelerator based neutron source was designed to allow for a more comfortable treatment, without compromising the irradiation time. Experimental measurements confirmed the simulation results and showed the new collimator can reduce the irradiation time by approximately 60% (under the same condition where the distance between the source and the patient surface was kept the same). The dose delivered to the surrounding healthy tissue was reduced with the new collimator, showing a 25% decrease in the D50 of the mucosal membrane. Overall, the use of the newly designed collimator will allow for a more comfortable treatment of the head and neck region, reduce the treatment time, and reduce the dose delivered to the surrounding healthy tissue.
Identification of novel prognostic risk signature of breast cancer based on ferroptosis-related genes
Authors: Wang Nan , Gu Yuanting , Li Lin , Chi Jiangrui , Liu Xinwei , Xiong Youyi , Jiang Shan , Zhang Wudi , Zhong Chaochao
Published: August 2022

Ferroptosis is a type of cell regulated necrosis triggered by intracellular phospholipid peroxidation, which is more immunogenic than apoptosis. Therefore, genes controlling ferroptosis may be promising candidate biomarkers for tumor therapy. In this study, we investigate the function of genes associated with ferroptosis in breast cancer (BC) and systematically evaluate the relationship between ferroptosis-related gene expression and prognosis of BC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. By using the consensus clustering method, 1203 breast cancer samples were clustered into two clearly divided subgroups based on the expression of 237 ferroptosis-related genes. Then differentially expressed analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator were used to identify the prognosis-related genes. Furthermore, the genetic risk signature was constructed using the expression of prognosis-related genes. Our results showed that the genetic risk signature can identify patient subgroups with distinct prognosis in either training cohort or validation, and the genetic risk signature was associated with the tumor immune microenvironment. Finally, the Cox regression analysis indicated that our risk signature was an independent prognostic factor for BC patients and this signature was verified by the polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Within this study, we identified a novel prognostic classifier based on five ferroptosis-related genes which may provide a new reference for the treatment of BRCA patients.
Interactive exploration of a global clinical network from a large breast cancer cohort
Authors: Sella Nadir , Hamy Anne-Sophie , Cabeli Vincent , Darrigues Lauren , Laé Marick , Reyal Fabien , Isambert Hervé
Published: August 2022

Despite unprecedented amount of information now available in medical records, health data remain underexploited due to their heterogeneity and complexity. Simple charts and hypothesis-driven statistics can no longer apprehend the content of information-rich clinical data. There is, therefore, a clear need for powerful interactive visualization tools enabling medical practitioners to perceive the patterns and insights gained by state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms. Here, we report an interactive graphical interface for use as the front end of a machine learning causal inference server (MIIC), to facilitate the visualization and comprehension by clinicians of relationships between clinically relevant variables. The widespread use of such tools, facilitating the interactive exploration of datasets, is crucial both for data visualization and for the generation of research hypotheses. We demonstrate the utility of the MIIC interactive interface, by exploring the clinical network of a large cohort of breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). This example highlights, in particular, the direct and indirect links between post-NAC clinical responses and patient survival. The MIIC interactive graphical interface has the potential to help clinicians identify actionable nodes and edges in clinical networks, thereby ultimately improving the patient care pathway.
Modeling SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infections and antiviral treatments in human lung epithelial tissue equivalents
Authors: Zarkoob Hoda , Allué-Guardia Anna , Chen Yu-Chi , Garcia-Vilanova Andreu , Jung Olive , Coon Steven , Song Min Jae , Park Jun-Gyu , Oladunni Fatai , Miller Jesse , Tung Yen-Ting , Kosik Ivan , Schultz David , Iben James , Li Tianwei , Fu Jiaqi , Porter Forbes D. , Yewdell Jonathan , Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Cherry Sara , Torrelles Jordi B. , Ferrer Marc , Lee Emily M.
Published: August 2022

There is a critical need for physiologically relevant, robust, and ready-to-use in vitro cellular assay platforms to rapidly model the infectivity of emerging viruses and develop new antiviral treatments. Here we describe the cellular complexity of human alveolar and tracheobronchial air liquid interface (ALI) tissue models during SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Our results showed that both SARS-CoV-2 and IAV effectively infect these ALI tissues, with SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting a slower replication peaking at later time-points compared to IAV. We detected tissue-specific chemokine and cytokine storms in response to viral infection, including well-defined biomarkers in severe SARS-CoV-2 and IAV infections such as CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-10. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed similar findings to that found in vivo for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including dampened IFN response, increased chemokine induction, and inhibition of MHC Class I presentation not observed for IAV infected tissues. Finally, we demonstrate the pharmacological validity of these ALI tissue models as antiviral drug screening assay platforms, with the potential to be easily adapted to include other cell types and increase the throughput to test relevant pathogens.
PIKfyve-specific inhibitors restrict replication of multiple coronaviruses in vitro but not in a murine model of COVID-19
Authors: Logue James , Chakraborty Arup R. , Johnson Robert , Goyal Girija , Rodas Melissa , Taylor Louis J. , Baracco Lauren , McGrath Marisa E. , Haupt Robert , Furlong Brooke A. , Soong Mercy , Prabhala Pranav , Horvath Viktor , Carlson Kenneth E. , Weston Stuart , Ingber Donald E. , DePamphilis Melvin L. , Frieman Matthew B.
Published: August 2022

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has claimed more than 6 million lives and continues to test the world economy and healthcare systems. To combat this pandemic, the biological research community has shifted efforts to the development of medical countermeasures, including vaccines and therapeutics. However, to date, the only small molecules approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in the United States are the nucleoside analogue Remdesivir and the protease inhibitor Paxlovid, though multiple compounds have received Emergency Use Authorization and many more are currently being tested in human efficacy trials. One such compound, Apilimod, is being considered as a COVID-19 therapeutic in a Phase II efficacy trial. However, at the time of writing, there are no published efficacy data in human trials or animal COVID-19 models. Here we show that, while Apilimod and other PIKfyve inhibitors have potent antiviral activity in various cell lines against multiple human coronaviruses, these compounds worsen disease in a COVID-19 murine model when given prophylactically or therapeutically.
Thermodynamics of correlated electrons in a magnetic field
Authors: Ding Jixun K. , Wang Wen O. , Moritz Brian , Schattner Yoni , Huang Edwin W. , Devereaux Thomas P.
Published: August 2022

The Hofstadter–Hubbard model captures the physics of strongly correlated electrons in an applied magnetic field, which is relevant to many recent experiments on Moiré materials. Few large-scale, numerically exact simulations exists for this model. In this work, we simulate the Hubbard–Hofstadter model using the determinant quantum Monte Carlo (DQMC) algorithm. We report the field and Hubbard interaction strength dependence of charge compressibility, fermion sign, local moment, magnetic structure factor, and specific heat. The gross structure of magnetic Bloch bands and band gaps determined by the non-interacting Hofstadter spectrum is preserved in the presence of U. Incompressible regions of the phase diagram have improved fermion sign. At half filling and intermediate and larger couplings, a strong orbital magnetic field delocalizes electrons and reduces the effect of Hubbard U on thermodynamic properties of the system.
Discovering sparse interpretable dynamics from partial observations
Authors: Lu Peter Y. , Ariño Bernad Joan , Soljačić Marin
Published: August 2022

Identifying the governing equations of a nonlinear dynamical system is key to both understanding the physical features of the system and constructing an accurate model of the dynamics that generalizes well beyond the available data. Achieving this kind of interpretable system identification is even more difficult for partially observed systems. We propose a machine learning framework for discovering the governing equations of a dynamical system using only partial observations, combining an encoder for state reconstruction with a sparse symbolic model. The entire architecture is trained end-to-end by matching the higher-order symbolic time derivatives of the sparse symbolic model with finite difference estimates from the data. Our tests show that this method can successfully reconstruct the full system state and identify the equations of motion governing the underlying dynamics for a variety of ordinary differential equation (ODE) and partial differential equation (PDE) systems.
The synthesis and antibacterial activity study of ruthenium-based metallodrugs with a membrane-disruptive mechanism against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Chen Yushou , Liu Lianghong , Wang Xuerong , Liao Zhouyuji , Wang Runbin , Xiong Yanshi , Cheng Jianxin , Jiang Guijuan , Wang Jintao , Liao Xiangwen
Published: August 2022

Ruthenium-based antibacterial agents with a membrane-disruptive mechanism were designed and synthesized. The complex Ru2 showed excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo.
Improved synthetic routes toN-heterocyclic carbene-metal-diketonato complexes of gold and copper
Authors: Ibni Hashim Ishfaq , Tzouras Nikolaos V. , Ma Xinyuan , Bourda Laurens , Van Hecke Kristof , Nolan Steven P. , Cazin Catherine S. J.
Published: August 2022

A synthetic route making use of a weak inorganic base has been developed to easily access [M(diketonato)(NHC)] complexes.
Emission of primary bioaerosol particles from Baltic seawater
Authors: Freitas Gabriel P. , Stolle Christian , Kaye Paul H. , Stanley Warren , Herlemann Daniel P. R. , Salter Matthew Edward , Zieger Paul
Published: August 2022

Bioaerosols within sea spray are particles of biological origin with various important atmospheric implications. These particles were characterized here using novel single-particle spectroscopy and microbial community composition analysis.
Impact of beaver ponds on biogeochemistry of organic carbon and nitrogen along a fire-impacted stream
Authors: Roth Holly K. , Nelson Amelia R. , McKenna Amy M. , Fegel Timothy S. , Young Robert B. , Rhoades Charles C. , Wilkins Michael J. , Borch Thomas
Published: August 2022

Beaver ponds act as biological "hotspots" with unique geochemistry and microbiomes in fire-impacted systems.
Accelerating colloidal quantum dot innovation with algorithms and automation
Authors: Munyebvu Neal , Lane Esmé , Grisan Enrico , Howes Philip D.
Published: August 2022

This review discusses how high-throughput experimentation and data-driven strategies, such as the use of machine learning models, are being used to enable rapid advances in colloidal quantum dot technologies.
Modular synthesis of zwitterionic, xanthene bridged, low twist angle chromophores with high hyperpolarizability
Authors: Mohammad-Pour Gavin S. , de Coene Yovan , Wiratmo Meryl , Maan Aditya , Clays Koen , Masunov Artëm E. , Crawford Kaitlyn E.
Published: August 2022

Push–pull chromophores exhibit useful electro-optic (EO) properties that have the potential to significantly improve non-linear EO applications ranging from telecommunications to quantum informatics.
Building a DC electric field-driven wheat leaf-like surface pattern with a cholesteric liquid crystal fluoropolymer for directional droplet manipulation
Authors: Li Deyan , Mai Zhijian , Feng Yancong , Min Hui , Liao Jinglun , Wang Yao , Li Hao , Zhou Guofu
Published: August 2022

A wheat leaf-like surface pattern emerged above the solid coating of fluorinated cholesteric liquid crystal polymer under actuation of one-side DC electric field, to trigger directional droplet motion for precise and low-energy droplet manipulation.
Tuning photoelectron dynamic behavior of thiolate-protected MAu24 nanoclusters via heteroatom substitution
Authors: Yu Xueke , Sun Yuanze , Xu Wen-wu , Fan Junyu , Gao Junfeng , Jiang Xue , Su Yan , Zhao Jijun
Published: August 2022

Heteroatom substitution of MAu24(SR)18 nanoclusters enables precise tuning of their physicochemical properties at the single-atom level, including the electronic structures, vibrational properties, and photocarrier dynamic behavior.
Direct synthesis of a stable radical doped electrically conductive coordination polymer
Authors: Yan Yong , Zhang Ning-Ning , Tauche Lisa Marie , Thangavel Kavipriya , Pöppl Andreas , Krautscheid Harald
Published: August 2022

K-ONDI, a directly synthesized coordination polymer, contains NDI˙− radicals that are stable in air and in common organic solvents. Benefiting from π–π interactions and unpaired electrons, K-ONDI exhibits an electrical conductivity of 10−6 S cm−1.
A CoNi telluride heterostructure supported on Ni foam as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Qi Yu , Yang Zhi , Dong Youcong , Bao Xiao-Qing , Bai Jilin , Li Hong , Wang Mitang , Xiong Dehua
Published: August 2022

The excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance of a CoNi telluride heterostructure (0.4CoNi LDH@Te-180C) can be attributed to the inherent layered structure, interconnected nanoarray structures and the synergistic effect of Co and Ni species.
Fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells in open air through adopting a dye interlayer
Authors: Gu Ningxia , Feng Ye , Song Lixin , Zhang Pengyun , Du Pingfan , Ning Lei , Sun Zeyuan , Chen Xiang , Jiang Hua , Xiong Jie
Published: August 2022

In this work, we synthesized a dye molecule, HQTh-EC, and used it as an interlayer to reduce trap density and to improve charge transport, achieving a PCE of 20.08% for planar PSCs with negligible hysteresis under air conditions without a glovebox.
Large-scale dynamo model for accretion disks
Authors: Peralta C. , Sraibman L. , Minotti F.
Published: August 2022

Context. Magnetic fields in accretion disks play an important role in the rich dynamics of these systems. A dynamo theory describing the generation of these magnetic field is in general very complex and requires many assumptions in order to be of practical use. In this respect, a theory with as few assumptions as possible is desirable.

Aims. To investigate the generation of magnetic fields in accretion disks around magnetized central objects, a large-scale dynamo model is employed that includes feedback effects on the mass motion due to the Lorentz force. The dynamo model was developed from the fundamental magnetohydrodynamics equations with a minimum of hypothesis, and was tested in the case of the Sun and other stars. It is applied to accretion disks for the first time.

Methods. The magnetic field in the disk, generated by the mentioned dynamo theory, was matched to that of the central object, considered dipolar, and to that of a magnetosphere described with the Grad–Shafranov equation. The relation between axial current and magnetic flux required in the Grad–Shafranov equation was not imposed, but was self-consistently determined along with the full solution.

Results. The model is able to reproduce the patterns of magnetic field lines obtained in several works, such as closed magnetic lines near the central object and open lines for larger radii. The maximum value of the field is located near the internal radius of the accretion disk, where the currents in the disk force the concentration of field lines of the central object in the magnetosphere around this region. By varying the values of stellar mass, stellar magnetic field, mass accretion rate, and internal radius of the disk, it is found that the stellar magnetic field is the most important parameter in the determination of the disk magnetic field. The stellar mass is of secondary importance. It affects the azimuthal component of the disk magnetic field. The internal radius of the disk affects the disk zonal magnetic field and is likewise less important.
N and S Dual-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanostructure as a High Performance and Durable Metal Free Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalyst
Authors: Saejio Apichat , Pitipuech Nattawan , Kongpunyo Kultida , Buntao Nutsuda , Nernprom Kittimaporn , Boonkor Khemika , Wichienwat Kitisak , Chanunpanich Noppavan , Chanlek Narong , Shanmugam Sangaraju , Ketpang Kriangsak
Published: August 2022

Discovering a high performance, durable, and cost-effective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst is a key strategy for widespread use of the high efficiency and environmentally friendly fuel cell and metal-air battery technologies. Herein, we fabricate a high performance and durable metal free N and S dual-doped mesoporous carbon nanostructure (NS-VXC) ORR catalyst using solid state thermolysis at 700 °C for 1 h. The fabricated catalyst exhibits nanocarbon aggregated chain-like morphology with a high surface area and mesoporous structure. The amount of N and S dopants embedded in mesoporous carbon nanostructure is found to be 3.2 and 1.1%, respectively which significantly attribute to the synergistic effect of spin and charge density leading to not only superior ORR performance but excellent durability in the alkaline environment as well. Rotating ring disk electrode analysis reveals the codoped NS-VXC catalyst possesses a direct 4-electron transfer number pathway with extremely low peroxide intermediate content. Compared to the benchmark Pt/C catalyst, the fabricated NS-VXC catalyst generated 10 mV ORR performance outperform and negligible performance degradation after the 10,000 ORR cycling test. These results suggest that an innovative solid state thermolysis methodology can be a powerful nanomaterial fabrication technique to generate high performance and excellent durability electrocatalyst for green energy applications.
Hot ductility improvement of copper-arsenic steel by rare earth cerium
Authors: Liang Yuyu , Xin Wenbin , Zhang Jing , Meng Qingyang , Jiang Yinju , Deng Yongchun
Published: August 2022

The effect of Ce on hot ductility of Cu-As bearing steel in the temperature ranging from 700 to 1100 °C was investigated using Gleeble-3800 thermal-mechanical simulator. The hot ductility evaluation and fracture morphology observation showed that the hot ductility was obviously improved as Ce content increased from 0 to 0.0290 wt%. Detailed, the upper limit temperature of the ductility trough was decreased from 1057 to 765 °C, and the temperature corresponding to the minimum reduction of area was decreased from 850 to 750 °C. The fracture morphology was overall transformed from the dominantly intergraular brittle failure to the ductile failure characterized by the large and deep dimples. Analysis of metallographic, inclusions and grain boundary elements suggested that increasing Ce content inhibited the proeutectoid ferrite formation, which enhanced hot ductility of the steel bearing Cu and As. Moreover, the competitive grain boundary segregation of the solute Ce and As in steel with 0.0022 wt% Ce without arsenious rare earth inclusions decreased the quantity of As distributed at grain boundaries and thereby improved the hot ductility. When the Ce content reached 0.0290 wt%, a large number of arsenious rare earth inclusions were formed, and the grain boundary segregation of As was further decreased As, which was more beneficial to hot ductility than that with the lower Ce content in austenite single phase region.
Clinical Experience with the New EASY (Endoscopic Approach to the Symphysis) Preparation Technique for Injuries of the Anterior Pelvic Ring
Authors: Küper Markus Alexander , Stöckle Ulrich , Stuby Fabian , Trulson Alexander
Published: August 2022

Background High-energy injuries of the anterior pelvic ring and especially disruptions of the pubic symphysis usually require surgical stabilization. There is a conflict between
biomechanical stability and size in the surgical approach. We have previously presented a minimally invasive approach for symphyseal plating.

Methods Our current endoscopic surgical technique is presented step-by-step and is illustrated in a video. The results and courses of the first seven patients treated with the EASY
preparation are presented.

Results In all seven patients, the EASY preparation was successful. In four of the seven patients with an anterior pelvic ring injury, we performed a complete endoscopic plate
osteosynthesis of the pubic symphysis. One patient gave consent only for endoscopic preparation, in one patient, we converted to open plate due to ventilation problems, and in one patient,
the superior pubic rami fracture was stable. There were no surgical complications.

Conclusion The EASY is a feasible minimally invasive preparation technique to stabilize anterior pelvic ring injuries in the most biomechanically stable manner by performing plate
osteosynthesis. However, further scientific monitoring is necessary to improve the technique and validate our data.
Probing hydrogen properties at conditions found inside red dwarf stars
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: August 2022

Modified fusion experiment provides an ideal testbed for uncovering hydrogen absorption behavior at extreme densities
Explosion dynamics of thin flat foils at high current density
Authors: Shelkovenko T. A. , Tilikin I. N. , Pikuz S. A. , Mingaleev A. R. , Romanova V. M. , Atoyan L. , Hammer D. A.
Published: August 2022

This paper presents characteristic features of the explosion of thin flat foils for currents and pulse risetimes ranging from 8 kA at 350 ns to 1000 kA at ∼100 ns. Foils made of aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium with thicknesses of 1–100 µm are tested. Various diagnostics in the optical, UV, and x-ray spectral ranges are used to image the exploding foils from initial breakdown to complete destruction or pinching. It is shown that foil explosion is a complex process that depends on many factors, but features common to all foils are found that do not depend on the parameters of the generators or, accordingly, on the energy deposited in the foil: for example, the breakdown of flat foils under different conditions occurs at the edges of the foil. For the first time, the formation of a precursor over the central part of the foil is shown, which significantly changes the dynamics of the foil explosion.
Mode locking in gaseous detonation propagation in a channel with periodically varying friction
Authors: Goldin Andrei Yu. , Medvedeva Tatiana O. , Kasimov Aslan R.
Published: August 2022

We consider a one-dimensional gaseous detonation wave propagating in a channel with a spatially periodic friction factor with the purpose of understanding how non-uniform momentum losses affect the detonation dynamics. The problem is investigated by means of the shock-fitting numerical integration of reactive Euler equations. We examine in detail the detonation velocity oscillations for a range of wavelengths of the variation of the friction factor. It is found that such periodic momentum losses lead to mode locking whereby the oscillations of the detonation velocity are locked into particular simple modes imposed by the variable friction. Outside of the mode locking regions, the dynamics is found to be highly irregular. For such regimes, we estimate the largest Lyapunov exponents of the detonation-velocity signal that points to the presence of friction-driven chaotic solutions.
Intellectual property rights and access to agbiotech by developing countries
Authors: Mayer Jorge E.
Published: August 2022

This review addresses the issue of whether global intellectual property protection regimes are hindering access to agricultural biotechnologies by developing countries. It is assumed that harmonization of worldwide legislation and regulations on intellectual property rights will continue. As such, emphasis is placed on the ways in which developing countries are or should be dealing with these issues. Opportunities arising from an increased availability of information and from little obstruction by patents in the developing world most often do not compensate for the lack of capacity and infrastructure to absorb the technologies. Capacity building is needed in the scientific as much as in the legal aspects of agbiotech in order to take advantage of those opportunities.
Suppression of ruminal methanogenesis by decreasing the substrates available to methanogenic bacteria.
Authors: Hino T. , Asanuma N.
Published: August 2022

Methanogenesis in the rumen is one way of disposing of reducing equivalents and facilitating the oxidation of energy substrates. Direct inhibition of methanogenic bacteria often depresses overall ruminal fermentation and fibre digestion. When low-fibre diets are fed, ruminal methanogenesis generally decreases. Yet, it is desirable to utilize fibre maximally for improved ruminant production. Addition of polyether ionophores, such as monensin, to feed reduces methanogenesis, but ionophores also depress fibre digestion and protozoal growth. The beneficial effects of ionophores are of short duration. Thus, careful use of these ionophores is recommended. Fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, reduce methanogenesis, but also depress fibre digestion and protozoal growth. Therefore, limited amounts of fats and oils should be used as feed additives. It is more desirable to reduce methanogenesis by decreasing the substrates for methanogenesis, mainly H
2
. Theoretically, ruminal H
2
can be decreased by decreasing H
2
production or increasing H
2
utilization by way of increasing electron-accepting reactions in the rumen. The fermentation pathways leading to propionate production include electron-accepting reactions. Hence, it follows that the augmentation of propionate production results in a decrease in H
2
. In fact, addition of fumarate to cattle feed increased ruminal propionate production and decreased methanogenesis. Propionate production could also be augmented by altering the fermentation pathway in specific bacteria. Another important electron-accepting reaction is nitrate reduction to ammonia. In this series of reactions, nitrite reduction is the limiting step. Therefore, stimulation of nitrite reduction is one potential avenue for directing reducing equivalents away from methanogenesis. Reductive acetogenesis also involves H
2
-utilizing reactions, but acetogenic bacteria are present in lower numbers in the rumen and have a lower affinity for H
2
than methanogenic bacteria. Further research into methods for reducing methane production efficiently is needed, in view of the problems involved. A combination of various methods may be the approach to suppress methanogenesis with the least adverse effect. Control of bacterial fermentation and metabolism, as well as the use of specific bacteria as probiotics, will be important goals in future research.
Mechanisms involved in the regulation of intestinal iron absorption.
Authors: Sharp P. A. , Qureshi M. A. , Qureshi M. A.
Published: August 2022

Iron is one of the most abundant metals in the human body. However, it is only recently that many of the molecular mechanisms involved in the absorption and metabolism of this essential trace element have been elucidated. Dietary non-haem iron is absorbed via the divalent metal transporter (DMT1) following conversion from Fe(III) to Fe(II) by both dietary reducing agents and the endogenous ferric reductase Dcytb. Efflux of iron into the plasma is achieved by the IREG1 protein working in concert with a ferrioxidase, hephaestin to allow Fe(III) to be loaded onto transferrin for onward transport in the plasma. Current consensus suggests that the regulation of intestinal iron absorption relies on signals generated in the main sites of iron storage (the liver) and utilization (the bone marrow) to indicate body iron status, which together co-ordinate intestinal uptake with body requirement. This information, conveyed by factors such as transferrin saturation and serum levels of hepcidin, is integrated by the duodenal crypt cells, which act as iron sensors and pre-programme the level of expression of the iron transport proteins relative to body iron status. Recent data suggest that mature enterocytes also possess significant plasticity and can respond rapidly (within minutes to a few hours) to local changes in dietary iron levels, fine-tuning absorption to efficiently match the body's metabolic requirements. DMT1 expression is also down-regulated by other heavy metals thought to be substrates for this transporter. This may be an adaptive mechanism to avoid toxic build up of these metals in the body.
Canola in pig nutrition: a South African perspective.
Authors: Brand T.
Published: August 2022

This article reviews the chemical composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid profiles, and mineral content of full-fat canola, solvent-extracted and expeller-extracted canola meal. The relatively high fibre content as well as the presence of non-starch polysaccharides is discussed. The importance of the presence of anti-nutritional factors like glucosinolates, sinapine, phytic acid, tannins and erucic acid is also discussed. Results of studies with pigs on the palatability of full-fat, expeller-extracted and solvent-extracted canola and production of pigs given diets with different levels of full-fat canola and canola oilcake are presented and compared with studies performed in other countries. Maximum recommended inclusion levels are given and the relative value of these feed sources calculated. Certain recommendations when including full-fat canola and canola oilcake in pig diets are also given.
High-energy diets for reproductive rabbit does: effect of energy source.
Authors: Pascual J. J. , Cervera C. , Blas E. , Fernández-Carmona J.
Published: August 2022

The main energy diets developed and evaluated in recent decades for reproductive rabbit does are reviewed, with the emphasis on the effect of the energy source (animal fat, vegetable oil, and cereal starch) used. During gestation, energy supplementation of diets usually produces a decrease in feed intake due to energy intake regulation, but in some cases females are unable to regulate their feed intake with high-starch diets, leading to excessive energy intake. This overfeeding can cause fattening of does, sometimes related to greater pup mortality at birth. During lactation, reproductive rabbit does clearly increase their energy intake when fed with fat-enriched diets. This energy supplement is mainly utilized to increase their milk energy production (higher milk yield with a higher energy content), and higher litter growth and survival is consequently observed with fat-enriched diets. However, higher milk yield of these does is usually related to a greater negative energy balance and lower fertility values. In lactating does given cereal starch-enriched diets, primiparous rabbit does, whose voluntary intake is physically limited, usually show a higher energy intake, whereas multiparous does even decrease their energy intake. In any case, milk yield and composition of does given starch-enriched diets are not improved and may even worsen, negatively affecting litter performance and survival. However, does fed high-starch diets frequently present better energy balance during lactation as a consequence of their lower milk yield (lower lactation strain). Therefore, the addition of animal fat to the diet seems to improve the utilization of ingested energy for milk production, whereas the inclusion of higher dietary starch content can decrease the negative energy balance that reproductive rabbit does usually experience. The results obtained with vegetable oil-added diets are between those observed for animal fat- and starch-supplemented diets, showing similar milk production and litter performance but with lower body reserve depletion.
Grapevine genetic engineering: tool for genome analysis or plant breeding method? Which future for transgenic vines?
Authors: Bouquet A. , Torregrosa L. , Chatelet P.
Published: August 2022

Though the production of transgenic grapevines for commercial release is not conceivable for another ten or fifteen years, the current interest focused on public hostility against food products from genetically modified plants has led to a slowdown in research on grapevine transformation, at least in European grape-growing countries. The usefulness of transgenic grapevine cultivars is questioned, in spite of the benefits for health and environment that could be derived through the reduced use of chemical sprays to protect grapevines genetically modified for higher resistance to or tolerance of pathogens. However, grapevine transformation is a valuable tool to understand the genetics and mechanisms of plant growth, development and metabolism. Thus, the availability of improved and efficient techniques of transformation is needed to sustain the current development of grapevine genomics.
Food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic: vulnerabilities, adaptations, and resilience
Authors: Hobbs Jill E.
Published: August 2022

This paper reviews the emerging literature on food systems and food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four themes are explored: consumer demand and retail market effects; supply-side shocks; food system and supply chain resilience; and developing countries and food insecurity. The effect of demand-side shocks is explored, including the sudden shift in expenditures from food service to food retail. Longer-run structural changes in the food retailing landscape include the expansion of online food delivery. The effect of supply-side shocks is examined extensively in the literature, including short-run adaptations as supply chains pivoted from the food service sector to food retail, along with supply-side disruptions due to labour force outbreaks of COVID-19. Resilience is a common theme in the literature, at both food system and food supply chain levels. While a variety of perspectives are offered, most assessments point to a surprising degree of resilience and adaptability, while identifying the points of vulnerability. The pandemic increased food insecurity through the effect on household incomes from reduced labour mobility, lockdowns, and a contraction in economic activity. These effects were particularly prominent among vulnerable populations in developing countries. Significant attention has been paid to the short- and medium-run effects of the pandemic on food systems, with further research needed to understand any longer-term structural changes that may arise. The COVID-19 pandemic offers lessons for the robustness of food systems and the importance of timely, well-informed policy responses in preparation for future global shocks.
Systematic study of the SU(3)
c
⊗SU(3)
L
⊗ U(1)
X
local gauge symmetry
Authors: Benavides Richard H , Giraldo Yithsbey , Muñoz Luis , Ponce William A , Rojas Eduardo
Published: August 2022

We review in a systematic way how anomaly free SU(3)
c
⊗ SU(3)
L
⊗ U(1)
x
models without exotic electric charges can be constructed, using as basis closed sets of fermions which includes each one the particles and antiparticles of all the electrically charged fields. Our analysis reproduces not only the known models in the literature, but also shows the existence of several more independent models for one and three families not considered so far. A phenomenological analysis of the new models is done, where the lowest limits at a 95% CL on the gauge boson masses are presented.