bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The gap between dental education and clinical treatment in temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain
Authors: STEENKS M.H.
Published: June 2007

summary  Implementation of research findings in patient care ideally will follow in a continuous cycle, and clinical questions from practitioners should stimulate research. Even in the most optimal situations, there will be a gap between the steady flow of new findings from research and their eventual implementation in clinical practice. In the clinical practice of temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain (TMD/OFP) simple cases outnumber the more complex cases by far. Therefore, research implications for the general dental practitioner, whose patients are rarely represented in research populations, may differ from what is published and taught. Treatment options like counselling, occlusal treatments (reversible as a rule and irreversible by exception) and physiotherapy can be very successful in the hands of the general dental practitioner. European dental schools should define additional amendments to the recently proposed profile and competencies for the European dentist, in order to focus on the relevant and current knowledge on temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. These amendments should address the adequate diagnosis and management of non‐complex TMD cases and the need to refer to a TMD/OFP specialist in complex cases. Professional organizations such as the European Academy of Craniomandibular disorders can endorse better TMD/OFP education and training.
Cross‐sectional analysis of the implant–abutment interface
Authors: COELHO A. L. , SUZUKI M. , DIBART S. , DA SILVA N. , COELHO P. G.
Published: June 2007

summary  The purpose of this study was to develop a technique to evaluate the implant–abutment gap of an external hexagon implant system as a function of radius. Six implants of 3·75 mm in diameter (Conexao Sistema de Protese Ltda, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and their respective abutments were screw connected and torqued to 20 N cm−1. The implants were mounted in epoxy assuring an implant long‐axis position perpendicular to the vertical axis. Each implant was grounded through its thickness parallel to implant long‐axis at six different distance interval. Implant–abutment gap distances were recorded along the implant–abutment region for each section. Individual measurements were related to their radial position through trigonometric inferences. A sixth degree polynomial line fit approach determined radial adaptation patterns for each implant. Micrographs along implant sections showed a approximately 300 μm length implant–abutment engagement region. All implants presented communication between external and internal regions through connection gaps and inaccurate implant–abutment alignment. Average gap distances were not significantly different between implants (P > 0·086). Polynomial lines showed implant‐abutment gap values below 10 μm from 0 μm to approximately 250 μm of the implant–abutment engagement region. Gap distances significantly increased from approximately 250 μm to the outer radius of the implant–abutment engagement region. The technique described provided a broader scenario of the implant–abutment gap adaptation compared with previous work concerning implant–abutment gap determination, and should be considered for better understanding mechanical aspects or biological effects of implant–abutment adaptation on peri‐implant tissues.
Analysis of brain activity immediately before conscious teeth clenching using magnetoencephalographic method
Authors: IIDA T. , FENWICK P. B. C. , IOANNIDES A. A.
Published: June 2007

summary  The reasons for unconscious teeth clenching have not been clarified. The long‐term goal of our project was the elucidation of processing in the brain immediately before unconscious teeth clenching, in order to clarify its significance in humans. The objective of the present study was to establish a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) method of measuring brain activity immediately before clenching, and to clarify the time‐course of brain activity immediately before conscious clenching. We measured the MEG signal in six subjects before, during and after clenching in a protocol that restricted head movement <5 mm. We derived tomographic estimates of brain activity for each time slice of data, as well as time courses for regional brain activations. Analysis of the tomographic images and time courses yielded statistical maps of activity in the motor, pre‐motor and somatosensory cortices immediately before clenching in all subjects. Activations were found bilaterally, but with a strong unilateral bias in most subjects. Our results demonstrate that the MEG procedures, we have introduced are capable of measuring brain activity immediately before clenching, and indicate that analysis should begin from at least 200 ms before electromyogram onset.
Tissue and life‐stage distribution of a defensin gene in the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum
Authors: TODD S. M. , SONENSHINE D. E. , HYNES W. L.
Published: June 2007

Abstract The transcript sequence of the Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae) defensin, termed amercin (amn), was ascertained and a 219‐bp amn coding region identified. The gene encodes a 72‐amino acid prepropeptide with a putative 37‐amino acid mature peptide. This gene shows little similarity to either of the defensins from Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, the only other Amblyomma species for which a defensin has been described. Sequence comparisons with other tick defensins reveal amn to be shorter (6 bp or 2 amino acids) than the Ixodes scapularis Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae) and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae) defensin sequences. The amercin prepropeptide has 60.8% and 59.5% similarity with the I. scapularis and D. variabilis prepropeptides, respectively, whereas the mature amercin peptide has 73.7% and 71.1% similarity with the mature peptides of these ticks. Similarity with other tick defensins ranges from 42% to 71%. In A. americanum, defensin transcript was found in the midgut, fat body and salivary gland tissues, as well as in the haemocytes. Defensin transcript was also present in early‐stage eggs (less than 48 h old), late‐stage eggs (approximately 2 weeks old), larvae and nymphs of A. americanum and I. scapularis, both of which are vector‐competent for Borrelia spirochetes.
Decoding dumping ducks
Authors: DICKINSON JANIS L.
Published: June 2007

Conspecific brood parasitism, where females of the same species lay eggs in each other's nests, is common in waterfowl, and is usually considered costly to host females, which are stuck looking after eggs and chicks that are not their own. However, since female waterfowl often exhibit an unusual propensity to nest near where they were born, there has been some uncertainty over whether, in ducks and geese, laying in nests of conspecifics really is parasitism. Do parasitic and host females tend to be related? And is parasitism actually a form of cooperation in disguise? In a population in Hudson Bay, Andersson & Waldeck (this issue) found that ‘parasitic’ eggs in nests of the common eider, Somateria mollissima sedentaria, are more closely related to host eggs than expected by chance. In fact, host and ‘donor’ eggs are more closely related than are females breeding at neighbouring nests. The Hudson Bay population of common eiders is unusual, because unlike in more benign climates, females do not tend to breed near their natal nest. Spatial proximity alone cannot account for the high relatedness between host eggs and ‘dumped’ or donor eggs. Instead, the high relatedness values are probably the result of active recognition, where females favour kin, either when dumping or accepting eggs. These new data, along with evidence indicating that the donor lays the first egg in the nest nearly half the time, suggest that what appears to be parasitism in common eiders may be a form of kin‐based cooperation.
Defining Candida albicans stationary phase by cellular and DNA replication, gene expression and regulation
Authors: Uppuluri Priya , Chaffin W. LaJean
Published: June 2007

Stationary phase Candida albicans yeast cells harbour properties of better adherence, virulence and elevated drug resistance. C. albicans stationary phase is not well characterized in vitro either physiologically or molecularly. C. albicans yeast cells were grown in rich medium with 2% glucose. Based on growth and DNA profiles of cells, and by measurement of glucose and ethanol in the medium, we defined the timing of C. albicans entry into different growth transitions. We found that, compared with 24 h cells, mRNA content was less abundant in post‐diauxic shift phase and even less in stationary phase C. albicans cells. Further analysis of the C. albicans transcriptome with oligonucleotide‐based microarrays revealed that although the overall mRNA content had decreased, transcripts of many genes increased in post‐diauxic shift phase as well as stationary phase. Genes involved in processes such as gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, adherence, DNA repair and ageing were expressed at higher levels at and beyond post‐diauxic shift phase. Many C. albicans genes associated with virulence, drug resistance and cell‐wall biosynthesis were expressed only at stationary phase. By screening 108 C. albicans transcription factor and cell‐wall mutants we identified 17 genes essential for either entry or survival in stationary phase at 30°C.
CsrA of Bacillus subtilis regulates translation initiation of the gene encoding the flagellin protein (hag) by blocking ribosome binding
Authors: Yakhnin Helen , Pandit Pallavi , Petty Tom J. , Baker Carol S. , Romeo Tony , Babitzke Paul
Published: June 2007

The global regulatory Csr (carbon storage regulator) and the homologous Rsm (repressor of secondary metabolites) systems of Gram‐negative bacteria typically consist of an RNA‐binding protein (CsrA/RsmA) and at least one sRNA that functions as a CsrA antagonist. CsrA modulates gene expression post‐transcriptionally by regulating translation initiation and/or mRNA stability of target transcripts. While Csr has been extensively studied in Gram‐negative bacteria, until now Csr has not been characterized in any Gram‐positive organism. csrA of Bacillus subtilis is the last gene of a flagellum biosynthetic operon. In addition to the previously identified σD‐dependent promoter that controls expression of the entire operon, a σA‐dependent promoter was identified that temporally controls expression of the last two genes of the operon (fliW‐csrA); expression peaks 1 h after cell growth deviates from exponential phase. hag, the gene encoding flagellin, was identified as a CsrA‐regulated gene. CsrA was found to repress hag′–′lacZ expression, while overexpression of csrA reduces cell motility. In vitro binding studies identified two CsrA binding sites in the hag leader transcript, one of which overlaps the hag Shine–Dalgarno sequence. Toeprint and cell‐free translation studies demonstrate that bound CsrA prevents ribosome binding to the hag transcript, thereby inhibiting translation initiation and Hag synthesis.
Temporal resolution of cold acclimation and de‐acclimation in the Antarctic collembolan,Cryptopygus antarcticus
Authors: WORLAND M. R. , HAWES T. C. , BALE J. S.
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Antarctic collembolan,Cryptopygus antarcticus(Willem), can switch its supercooling point (SCP) between ‘winter’ and ‘summer’ modes of cold hardiness over a matter of hours. High resolution temporal scaling of the acquisition and loss of cold hardiness is undertaken by assaying changes in the proportion of animals freezing below −15 °C in response to cooling rate, acclimation temperature, and access to food and moisture. Rapid de‐acclimation to the ‘summer’ modal state is readily achieved after 1–6 h in response to warming and access to food; however, rapid acclimation to the ‘winter’ modal state is only evident in response to slow cooling and narrow ranges of temperature (0–5 °C). The rapid loss of cold tolerance at higher temperatures with access to food, in particular, emphasizes this species’ opportunistic responses to resource availability in the short polar summers. Cold hardiness is apparently more readily traded off against nutrient acquisition than vice versa in this maritime Antarctic species.
Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: does metabolic activity decline with cell age?
Authors: SPICER R. , HOLBROOK N. M.
Published: June 2007

Sapwood respiration often declines towards the sapwood/heartwood boundary, but it is not known if parenchyma metabolic activity declines with cell age. We measured sapwood respiration in five temperate species (sapwood age range of 5–64 years) and expressed respiration on a live cell basis by quantifying living parenchyma. We found no effect of parenchyma age on respiration in two conifers (Pinus strobus, Tsuga canadensis), both of which had significant amounts of dead parenchyma in the sapwood. In angiosperms (Acer rubrum, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra), both bulk tissue and live cell respiration were reduced by about one‐half in the oldest relative to the youngest sapwood, and all sapwood parenchyma remained alive. Conifers and angiosperms had similar bulk tissue respiration despite a smaller proportion of parenchyma in conifers (5% versus 15–25% in angiosperms), such that conifer parenchyma respired at rates about three times those of angiosperms. The fact that 5‐year‐old parenchyma cells respired at the same rate as 25‐year‐old cells in conifers suggests that there is no inherent or intrinsic decline in respiration as a result of cellular ageing. In contrast, it is not known whether differences observed in cellular respiration rates of angiosperms are a function of age per se, or whether active regulation of metabolic rate or positional effects (e.g. proximity to resources and/or hormones) could be the cause of reduced respiration in older sapwood.
ANAC012, a member of the plant‐specific NAC transcription factor family, negatively regulates xylary fiber development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ko Jae‐Heung , Yang Seung Hwan , Park Andrew H. , Lerouxel Olivier , Han Kyung‐Hwan
Published: June 2007

Vascular plants evolved to have xylem that provides physical support for their growing body and serves as a conduit for water and nutrient transport. In a previous study, we used comparative‐transcriptome analyses to select a group of genes that were upregulated in xylem of Arabidopsis plants undergoing secondary growth. Subsequent analyses identified a plant‐specific NAC‐domain transcription factor gene (ANAC012) as a candidate for genetic regulation of xylem formation. Promoter‐GUS analyses showed that ANAC012 expression was preferentially localized in the (pro)cambium region of inflorescence stem and root. Using yeast transactivation analyses, we confirmed the function of ANAC012 as a transcriptional activator, and identified an activation domain in the C terminus. Ectopic overexpression of ANAC012 in Arabidopsis (35S::ANAC012 plants) dramatically suppressed secondary wall deposition in the xylary fiber and slightly increased cell‐wall thickness in the xylem vessels. Cellulose compositions of the cell wall were decreased in the inflorescent stems and roots of 35S::ANAC012 plants, probably resulting from defects in xylary fiber formation. Our data suggest that ANAC012 may act as a negative regulator of secondary wall thickening in xylary fibers.
Ethylene receptor degradation controls the timing of ripening in tomato fruit
Authors: Kevany Brian M. , Tieman Denise M. , Taylor Mark G. , Cin Valeriano Dal , Klee Harry J.
Published: June 2007

Fruit ripening in tomato requires the coordination of both developmental cues and the phytohormone ethylene. The multigene ethylene receptor family has been shown to negatively regulate ethylene signal transduction and suppress ethylene responses. Here we demonstrate that reduction in the levels of either of two family members, LeETR4 or LeETR6, causes an early‐ripening phenotype. We provide evidence that the receptors are rapidly degraded in the presence of ethylene, and that degradation probably occurs through the 26S proteasome‐dependent pathway. Ethylene exposure of immature fruits causes a reduction in the amount of receptor protein and earlier ripening. The results are consistent with a model in which receptor levels modulate timing of the onset of fruit ripening by measuring cumulative ethylene exposure.
Is there a right to donate blood? Patient rights; donor responsibilities
Authors: Franklin Ian M.
Published: June 2007

summary The objective of this study was to analyse and assess critically whether there is a right to donate blood in the UK.

The aim was to provide a basis for blood services, in particular within the UK and European Union (EU), to address claims from deferred donors that there is a right to donate.

Recent and ongoing campaigns to change the current life‐long deferral from blood donation in the UK, Canada and USA of men who have/have had sex with men (MSM) have highlighted issues over whether individuals have a right to donate blood. The issue is complicated by allegations of discriminatory behaviour, and in some countries politicians have contributed to the argument. As anti‐discrimination and equality legislation is strengthened in the UK, other groups in addition to MSM may wish to claim a right to donate blood.

The methods adopted included discussions with colleagues in UK and European blood services and a review of the medical literature and wider sources using Internet search engines.

No clear right to donate blood is apparent, although it is recommended that donor deferral criteria should have a sound basis of evidence. Potential donors have a right to expect a clear explanation of the reason(s) for refusing a donation. Legal safeguards for recipients to receive safe blood transfusions exist.

It is concluded that blood recipients in the EU have a right to receive safe blood, and that this should be viewed as the overriding responsibility of blood services.
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with palmoplantar keratoderma: an unusual presentation
Authors: Sandhu Kamaldeep , Handa Sanjeev , Kanwar A. J.
Published: June 2007

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED), or Christ–Siemens–Touraine syndrome, was first described in 1848 by Thurnam.1 It is characterized by a partial or complete absence of sweat glands, hypotrichosis and hypodontia. The mode of inheritance is predominantly X‐linked but an autosomal recessive pattern has also been observed.2 Palmoplantar keratoderma is classically a component of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia;3 however, we report herein two brothers who had classical manifestations of AED along with palmoplantar keratoderma.
Transitioning patients from efalizumab to alternative psoriasis therapies: findings from an open‐label, multicenter, Phase IIIb study
Authors: Menter Alan , Hamilton Tiffani K. , Toth Darryl P. , Leung Hoi M. , Wetherill Graham , Hennessey Brian , Garovoy Marvin , Kwon Paul , Pariser David M. ,   (for the Efalizumab Study Group)
Published: June 2007

Background  Rebound in psoriasis is, by definition, a rapid worsening of disease following the discontinuation of therapy for psoriasis; it occurs following the abrupt discontinuation of many therapies. To prevent rebound on discontinuation of efalizumab, this study evaluated the effectiveness of transitioning patients to an alternative psoriasis therapy.

Methods  Patients (n = 130) received subcutaneous efalizumab 1 mg/kg/week for 12 weeks. Efalizumab was discontinued at 12 weeks; patients were evaluated for improvement from baseline in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and a 12‐week transition period was begun. Patients who achieved PASI improvement of 75% or more (PASI‐75) at week 12 of efalizumab treatment were observed during the transition period and treated only if psoriasis recurred. Patients who did not attain PASI‐75 at week 12 of efalizumab treatment were immediately transitioned to an alternative psoriasis therapy at the physician's discretion. All patients were evaluated for signs of rebound following efalizumab discontinuation.

Results  Rebound was not observed in any PASI‐75 responder (n = 46). Rebound was observed in two of 32 patients who achieved between PASI‐50 and PASI‐75, and was more common in nonresponders (14/49). Rebound was observed in none of the eight patients treated with cyclosporine and in two of the 12 patients treated with methotrexate during the transition period.

Conclusions  These results suggest that efalizumab‐responsive patients are less likely to experience rebound than nonresponders and may not require treatment until disease recurrence following efalizumab discontinuation. Efalizumab nonresponders are at higher risk of developing rebound and thus should be considered for transition to an appropriate psoriasis therapy immediately following efalizumab discontinuation.
Giant onychomatricoma: report of two cases with rare clinical presentation
Authors: Estrada‐Chavez Guadalupe , Vega‐Memije M. E. , Toussaint‐Caire S. , Rangel L. , Dominguez‐Cherit J.
Published: June 2007

Background  Onychomatricoma was reported for the first time by Baran and Kint as a rare nail matrix tumor with specific clinical and histologic features, including a macroscopic appearance of filiform digitations originating from the nail matrix which are inserted in the nail plate.1 The appearance of the lesion may resemble that of an “anemone.” All previous reports have been mostly from Europe, with only one case from North America. These are the first case reports from Mexico. They show rare clinical characteristics, in particular tumor involving the entire nail matrix.

Methods  Two cases are presented: Case 1, a 59‐year‐old man with a 2‐year history of deformity of the entire nail apparatus of the right thumb, clinically suggestive of onychomatricoma; Case 2, a 45‐year‐old woman with a 3‐year history of gradual nail dystrophy, initially misdiagnosed as onychomycosis and treated unsuccessfully for several months with antimycotics by a general physician. In both cases, the entire nail plate was affected and, because of the clinical appearance, nail exploration and excisional biopsy of the tumors at the nail matrix were performed.

Results  During nail matrix surgical exploration, including avulsion of the nail plate, characteristic digitiform projections that were firmly attached to the nail plate were observed. In both cases, the entire nail matrix was affected, producing a giant form of onychomatricoma. Hematoxylin and eosin stain showed characteristic filiform projections that corresponded to the clinical appearance, with elongated epithelium from the nail matrix and fibromyxoid stroma with multiple basophilic cells, and typical clefts in between.

Conclusions  Onychomatricoma has a classical clinical appearance; however, it is difficult to identify, as it is not until surgery, when the typical filiform projections are more visible, that the diagnosis can be made. Onychomatricoma is a rare tumor. The involvement of the entire nail matrix, with secondary nail dystrophy, in both cases presented here makes them interesting case reports of this unusual form of tumor.
Evidence for IFN‐γ up‐ and IL‐4 downregulation late post‐transplant in patients with good kidney graft outcome
Authors: Sadeghi Mahmoud , Daniel Volker , Naujokat Cord , Schmidt Jan , Mehrabi Arianeb , Zeier Martin , Opelz Gerhard
Published: June 2007

Abstract: We found recently that patients with good graft outcome showed higher IFN‐γ and IL‐2, and lower IL‐10 plasma levels late post‐transplant than early post‐transplant. In this retrospective study, we compared cytokine plasma levels in 33 symptom‐free outpatients with those of 33 renal transplant recipients with early acute rejection (EAR), 29 with chronic rejection (CR), and 34 healthy controls (HC) to assess whether there is evidence for Th1 activation late post‐transplant in patients with good graft outcome. Cytokines were measured pre‐transplant, one wk, one month, six months, one yr, and two yr after transplantation. Twelve and 24 months post‐transplant, IFN‐γ plasma levels were significantly higher (p = 0.001; p = 0.001, respectively) and IL‐4 plasma levels significantly lower (p = 0.028; p = 0.003, respectively) in patients with stable graft function than those in controls. Six, 12, and 24 months post‐transplant, patients with stable graft function had similar IFN‐γ and IL‐4 plasma levels as patients with successfully treated EAR (p = n.s.), and higher IFN‐γ (p = 0.013; p = 0.001; p = 0.0005, respectively) and lower IL‐4 (p = 0.007; p = 0.417; p = 0.0001, respectively) plasma levels than patients with CR. These data suggest that increased plasma IFN‐γ and decreased plasma IL‐4 late post‐transplant might be involved in the induction of mechanisms that facilitate good long‐term graft outcome.
Long‐term follow‐up ABO‐incompatible adult living donor liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Matsuno Naoto , Nakamura Yuki , Mejit Abudushukur , Hama Koichiro , Iwamoto Hitoshi , Konno Osamu , Jojima Yoshimaro , Akashi Isao , Iwahori Tohru , Ashizawa Tatsuhito , Nagao Takeshi
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  ABO‐incompatible liver transplantation is usually contraindicated. The presence in the recipient of preformed anti‐A/B antibodies located on endothelial cells raises the risk of antibody‐mediated humoral rejection of the graft. We describe four successful cases of steroid withdrawal in adult patients who had living‐donor liver transplantation from ABO‐incompatible donors. Antirejection therapy included multiple perioperative plasmapheresis, splenectomy, and a triple immunosuppressive regimen with tacrolimus, methylprednisolone (MPSL), and cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). The maintenance dose of immunosuppression did not differ from that of ABO‐identical cases. After transplantation, intrahepatic arterial infusion therapy with prostaglandin E1 (PG E1) was used. As a result, all four patients were able to achieve long‐term graft survival without steroid use. They all have good liver function and are leading normal lifestyles. Our experience with these four patients suggests the feasibility of controlling humoral rejection and other complications in adult ABO‐incompatible living donor liver transplantations with intrahepatic arterial infusion of PGE1, splenectomy, and plasmapheresis with a regular base of immunosuppression protocol to prevent antibody‐mediated humoral rejection.
Outcomes of transplantation in children with primary hepatic malignancy
Authors: Beaunoyer Mona , Vanatta Jason M. , Ogihara Makoto , Strichartz Debra , Dahl Gary , Berquist William E. , Castillo Ricardo O. , Cox Kenneth L. , Esquivel Carlos O.
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  HBL and HCC are the most common hepatic malignancies in children. The role of OLT in children with HCC is still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to review our experience of OLT for HCC. Medical records of patients (< 18 yr) who underwent OLT for HCC were reviewed and compared to children who underwent OLT for HBL and for indications other than malignancy. There were 25 patients: HCC (10 cases) and HBL (15 cases). The actuarial patient survival for HCC at one and five yr was 100% and 83.3%, for the HBL group the survival was 86.7% at both one and five yr, and for indications (n = 377) other than malignancy the patient survival for pediatric OLT at our center was 87.7% and 84.7% at one and five yr, respectively. The actuarial recurrence free survival at five yr was 83.3% for HCC and 66.8% for HBL. In conclusion, OLT is a good therapeutic modality for children with HCC and HBL.
Aspergillosis in children after liver transplantation: Single center experience
Authors: Teisseyre Joanna , Kaliciński Piotr , Markiewicz‐Kijewska Małgorzata , Szymczak Marek , Ismail Hor , Drewniak Tomasz , Nachulewicz Paweł , Broniszczak Dorota , Teisseyre Mikołaj , Pawłowska Joanna , Garczewska Barbara
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Aspergillus infection in immunocompromised patients is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We retrospectively reviewed cases of Aspergillosis (A), in a series of 277 children who received LTx between 1990 and 2006. All children were given antifungal prophylaxis after transplantation. Aspergillosis was identified in 10 cases (3.6%) and diagnosis was confirmed when clinical symptoms were associated with identification of Aspergillus sp. or detection of galactomannan antigen. Incidence of Aspergillosis considerably decreased from 6.9% to 0.6% when liposomal amphotericin B was introduced as prophylaxis in high‐risk patients. Mean time since LTx to Aspergillosis was 14.5 days. Histologically, Aspergillosis was diagnosed in two cases. Galactomannan antigen was present in two recipients. Aspergillus infection occurs usually within first 30 days after transplantation as a result of a combination of several risk factors. Following risk factors were observed: multiple antibiotic therapy, prolonged intensive care unit stay, poor graft function, retransplantation, relaparotomies, co‐infection. Amphotericin B was administered in all cases. Two patients (20%) died because of Aspergillosis Liposomal Amphotericin B prophylaxis in high‐risk children decreases the incidence of Aspergillus infection. High index of suspicion and early diagnosis followed by intensive treatment with amphotericin B facilitates achieving mortality rate lower than presented in other reports.
Speciation in killifish and the role of salt tolerance
Authors: FULLER R. C. , MCGHEE K. E. , SCHRADER M.
Published: June 2007

Species pairs whose distributions are tied to environmental conditions provide intriguing candidates for the study of ecological speciation. Here, we examine the role that adaptation to salinity has played in the divergence between two closely related species,Lucania goodeiandLucania parva, whose distributions reflect salinity (L. goodei– fresh water,L. parva– euryhaline). We first tested whether these two species display local adaptation and, subsequently, tested for ecological, genic and behavioural isolation by performing crosses within and betweenL. goodeiandL. parvaand raising offspring under various salinities. We found strong evidence for differential adaptation to salinity and also for behavioural isolation where animals preferentially mated with conspecifics over heterospecifics. However, we found no evidence for F1 hybrid inviability. We discuss the general lack of evidence for genic isolation in teleost fish and whether this is a real phenomenon or simply a reflection of experimental design.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Cuticularwachsen auf die Infektionsfähigkeit pathogener Pilze
Authors: Von Schütt P.
Published: June 2007

The effect of cuticular waxes on the infection rate of pathogenic fungi. 1. Lophodermium pinastri and Botrytis cinerea. Spore germination and growth rate of germ‐hyphae of Lophodermium pinastri and Botrytis cinerea are influenced by low concentrations of cuticular waxes, added to the germination medium. The stimulating effect increases with decreasing resistance of the species or race used for wax sampling. Generally the separately tested alcohol‐, aldehyde‐, ester‐, fatty acid‐ and hydrocarbon fractions induce similiar but less pronounced reactions than total waxes. Exceptions occur. They led to suggestions in direction to single chemical components causing resistance. – Finally alcohol and hydrocarbon chromatOgrams of cuticular waxes for Pinus montana, P. nigra and Picea abies are presented for the first time.
Dünnschichtchromatographische und mikrobiologische Untersuchungen über den Hemmstoffgehalt einiger Pappelklone
Authors: Von Glattes F.
Published: June 2007

Investigations of the content of inhibitory substances in some Poplar clones by thin‐layer chromatography and the use of micro‐organisms. Poplar leaves and stems (T 39 Wettstein Züchtung, T 213 P×‘Forndorf’, T 217 P×‘vernirubens’) from fertilized plots (P N K) and unfertilized plots were tested microbiologically and by thin‐layer chromatography. Leaf extracts contained phenolic compounds which influenced the growth of Septotinia podophyllina Whetz. Stem extracts were found to contain other substances influencing the growth of Cryptodiaporhthe, populea (Sacc.) Butin. Fertilizing frequently influenced phenol production in bark extracts but only seldom in leaf extracts.
A propos de Grovesiella abieticola (Zell. et Goodd.) Morelet et Gremmen
Authors: Per Gremmen J. , Morelet M.
Published: June 2007

On Grovesiella abieticola (Zell. and Goodd.) Morelet and Gremmen. Grovesiella abieticola (=Scleroderris abieticola) is an inoperculate Discomycete (related but distinct from the genera Godronia Moug. et Lév., Durandiella Seaver and Pragmopora Massal.), occurring in Europe and North America on species of the genus Abies Miller. The fungus is associated with branch cankers and dieback of twigs, although its pathogenicity has not been proved so far. After a three‐weeks period of growth in vitro the fungus develops plurilocular pycnidia oozing bacilliform, unicellular microconidia. It demonstrates an optimal growth at 18–20°C.
Considerations on the cause of conifer damage in plantations attributed to the Scleroderris canker
Authors: Pomerleau René
Published: June 2007

From observations, made in Quebec, in red pine, jack pine and white pine plantations, evidence is provided showing that extensive damage, noticed in 1967, was directly caused by summer frosts during the most critical growth period, as had been demonstrated 20 years before in another plantation in the same area. Similar losses recorded and studied in Canada and in the Northeastern United States, since 1935 appear, in most cases, to be the result of the same unfavourable conditions and not due to the primary attack of Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen that should be considered a saprophyte or a secondary parasite on any dead or dying pine branches and stem lesions. Although a disease, attributed to the same fungus in Europe, on pines planted outside their natural range, exhibited different symptoms, its etiology is also questioned.
Environmental factors influencing outbreak of Scleroderris lagerbergii Gremmen
Authors: Donaubauer E.
Published: June 2007

In this contribution some important factors as shading, humidity, frost and soil influencing the outbreak of an epidemic by Scleroderris lagerbergii under Austrian conditions are discussed in detail.
Studies on Ectomycorrhizae of Pine
Authors: Krupa S. , Nylund J.‐E.
Published: June 2007

As a gas phase all the monoterpenes and the sesquiterpene longifolene used in the present study inhibited the extension growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Fomes annosus. The forementioned compounds are constituents of ectomycorrhizal root systems of Scots pine. It is suggested that compounds of host origin play an important role in the disease resistance of ectomycorrhizal root systems.
Die Leitfähigkeit von Fichtenborken‐Extrakten als empfindlicher Indikator für Luftverunreinigungen
Authors: Von Härtel O. , Grill D.
Published: June 2007

The Conductivity of Bark‐Extracts from Spruce, a Sensitive Indicator for Air Poilution. Bark of spruce is a useful and sensitive indicator for air pollution. The latter may be determined more precisely by electrolytic conductivity of bark extracts than by pH‐value or sulphate level of foliage. By an additional simple sulphate analysis of bark extracts the effects of SO2may be distinguished from those of certain components in dust.
Die Prüfung forstlicher Baumarten auf Resistenz gegen parasitäre Pilze1
Authors: Björkman Erik
Published: June 2007

Resistance test against parasitic fungi in forest trees in Sweden. Forest resistance research is carried out at the Department of Forest Botany and Pathology at the Royal College of Forestry in Stockholm in close contact with Forest Genetics research and is performed as a resistance test of plants from seed orchards and tested progenies. Biochemical research concerning the resistance mechanism and an electronmicroscopic investigation is carried out. At present the
“Top‐dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák
Authors: Diamandis S.
Published: June 2007

Culturing needles at early stages of discolouration and a number of experiments failed to show that R. kalkhoffii or any other fungus has a primary involvement in foliar symptoms in “top‐dying” of Norway spruce by attacking the needles or shoots of the last two years'growth.

Fungicides failed to arrest the disease. Needle browning was temporarily prevented by bagging shoots of diseased trees at the start of the flushing period. R. kalkhoffii could colonize pulvini as well as
Ultrastructure of Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Jeng R. S. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Transmission electron microscopic observations of C. ulmi show that there are three distinct types of the hyphae and three distinct layers forming the nscocarp peridium. The cellular organelles of the hyphae and ascocarp peridial layers are described.
Entomosporium leaf spot of Pomoideae (Rosaceae) in Japan. III. Additional basis for identification of the fungus, and distribution of the disease
Authors: Horie H. , Kobayashi T.
Published: June 2007

Treatment by Sivanesan and Gibson (1976), that combined all species of Entomosporium into one species E. mespili (DC. ex Duby) Sacc, was supported through the investigation of many exsiccati and fresh specimens.Morphologically, all specimens and isolates of Entomosporium, which had been differentiated into 4 species, could not be divided into clearly separated groups.The fungus has been recorded on 50 host species and the disease is widespread throughout the world.
Electrical resistance and stem water relations in Verticillium‐infected red maple1
Authors: Newbanks D. , Tattar T. A.
Published: June 2007

An inverse relationship exists between stem water potential and electrical resistance (ER) in healthy red maple Acer rubrum L. (r = ‐ .93 to r = ‐ .98). Stem ER of red maple seedlings was measured at 1 to 2 day intervals during a 14 week course of infection by Verticillium dahliae Klebahn. No significant differences (P = .05) in ER were found between moderately to severely infected and control plants, although stem water potential of infected plants was significantly lower than the control plants. In plants which displayed only slight if any symptoms and in which no significant change in stem water potential occurred, ER of the infected plants was significantly lower than that of the control plants.
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora species to Pacific Northwest Conifers
Authors: Hamm P. B. , Hansen E. M.
Published: June 2007

Phytophthora root rot is described for the first time killing sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) in a seed orchard and four species of true fir (Abies spp.) in a forest nursery. P. cactorum was recovered from true firs and P. megasperma was recovered from sugar pine. P. cryptogea was recovered from sugar pine and true fir but isolates from the two locations differed from each other in pathogenicity and colony appearance. Isolates recovered from these hosts and isolates of 6 Phytophthora species previously recovered from Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were then tested for pathogenicity on seedlings of 9 Northwest conifers. P. megasperma Group 1, P. cryptogea, and P. cinnamomi were pathogenic to all tree species except western redcedar (Thujaplicata). Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and true firs were susceptible to most species tested; ponderosa (P. ponderosa) and sugar pines were damaged only by P. cryptogea and P. cinnamomi; western redcedar was resistant to all isolates.
The effect of different mixtures of NaCl and CaCl2 on the silver fir (Abies alba Miller)
Authors: Sury R. von , Flückiger W.
Published: June 2007

Young potted silver firs were treated with six different mixtures of NaCl and CaCl2. Growth was measured as well as the foliar contents of Cl, Na and Ca and the development of chlorosis and necrosis was recorded. At both concentration levels used, growth inhibition and needle necrosis were more pronounced in test conditions rich in CaCl2, a fact which is probably due to Cl toxicity.
Detection of differential changes in lignin composition of elm xylem tissues inoculated with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi using Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Martin J. A. , Solla A. , Woodward S. , Gil L.
Published: June 2007

Differences in elm susceptibility against Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi have been related with differences in timing and degree of the tree defence responses. In this study, we used Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, coupled with chemometric methods, to detect progressive changes in the metabolic profile of Ulmus minor and U. minor × U. pumila xylem tissues after inoculation with O. novo‐ulmi. Differences between control and inoculated trees were detected at 30 and 60 days post‐inoculation (dpi) in U. minor, and at 15, 30 and 60 dpi in U. minor × U. pumila. These differences were related with increased levels of lignin in the xylem tissues, suggesting an earlier defence response to the infection in the hybrids.
Resistance sources to Valsa canker (Valsa ceratosperma) in a germplasm collection of diverseMalusspecies
Authors: Abe K. , Kotoda N. , Kato H. , Soejima J.
Published: June 2007

Although Valsa canker caused byValsa ceratosperma(Tode ex Fr.) Maire is one of the most destructive diseases in apple (Malus × domesticaBorkh.) especially in eastern Asia, information available to help with breeding against Valsa canker in apples is limited. In this work, 53 accessions of diverseMalusspecies and their interspecific hybrids were tested for resistance toV. ceratosperma, using an excised shoot assay. Dormant shoots and succulent growing shoots from each accession were inoculated with a virulent isolate AVC‐12 ofV. ceratosperma, and the length of necrosis was measured at 10 days post‐inoculation for the dormant shoots and at 7 days post‐inoculation for the growing shoots. The lesion length relative to the susceptible control ‘Fuji' in dormant shoots (RLD) and to that in growing shoots (RLG) were simple but useful parameters to differentiate between resistant and susceptible accessions. Fourteen accessions fromM. baccata,M. florentina,M. halliana,M. micromalus,M. pratii,M. sieboldii,M. yunnanensis,M. × floribundaandM. × platycarpagave low RLDand RLGvalues of less than 0.6 and were evaluated as resistant regardless of the difference in the stage of growth. The highest level of resistance was found inM. sieboldii. This high level of resistance inM. sieboldiiwas effective against different isolates ofV. ceratosperma.
Evaluation of the Karras Spermdensimeter in Relation to the Neubauer Counting Chamber for Sperm Concentration Measurement in Boar Semen
Authors: Vianna WL , Bruno DG , Namindome A , De Campos Rosseto AC , Barnabé RC , De Sant’ Anna Moretti A
Published: June 2007

Contents

The correct measurement of spermatic concentration in boar semen is one of the basic tasks routinely performed at the Swine Artificial Insemination Center (CIAS). This article explains two experiments whose objectives were: Experiment 1: This trial had two objectives: (1) to evaluate the precision of the spermdensimeter (SPM) with relation to the Neubauer count chamber (CN) which is considered the standard technique in the field and (2) to correct the scale on the SPM table. Experiment 2: This trial also had two objectives: (1) to evaluate the time and repetitions required in the SPM and (2) to compare the SPM adjusted table produced in Expt 1 with the SPM standard table. The methods in Expt 1 were used to measure total spermatic concentration in 141 boar ejaculates. The average spermatic concentrations (106 spermatozoids/ml) and average dose number were 229.1 and 22.6 for CN, and 283.6 and 28.0 for SPM. These results indicate that the SPM has a tendency to overestimate spermatic concentration with relation to the CN. The SPM produced a smaller coefficient of variation and needed lesser examination time than the CN (p < 0.05). The SPM adjusted table created in Expt 1 produced similar results as the SPM and CN standard tables (2.96 billion live spermatozoids/dose vs 2.36 billion live spermatozoids/dose). Incorporation and evaluation of supplemental data from other CIAS regarding the use of the SPM adjusted table in the field entitled ‘Adjusted Table for Karras Spermdensimeter LPS‐FMVZ‐USP’ would be valuable to prove its efficiency.
Quaternary tectonic rotation in central Japan: Paleomagnetism of the Eboshidake volcanic rocks
Authors: Itoh Yasuto , Miyazaki Toshiyasu , Nishizaki Seiji
Published: June 2007

Abstract  Neotectonic crustal deformation in central Japan near a triple‐junction of plates is investigated on the basis of paleomagnetic data. The progressive thermal demagnetization test isolated characteristic remanent magnetization from 18 sites of the early Quaternary Eboshidake volcanic rocks erupted around the termination of active strike‐slip faults. The site‐mean directions show considerably large scatter in declinations, and easterly deflection in average (Dm = −161.7°). On the basis of inclination statistics, measured inclinations (Im = −48.9°, δI = 6.6°) are concordant with an expected value from latitude of the study area. Because the sampling was planned to cover a wide stratigraphic range and eliminate the effect of geomagnetic secular variation, an easterly deflection is attributed to clockwise rotation around vertical axis. Together with previous paleomagnetic data, the present study indicates that clockwise‐rotated areas in central Japan are aligned on a northeast–southwest recent shear zone delineated through geodetic survey. Deflection and scatter of paleomagnetic declinations of the Eboshidake volcanic rocks are much greater than those extrapolated from a recent strain rate, and might be explained by complicated motion anticipated at fault terminations and/or enhanced crustal rotation under elevated temperatures around a Quaternary volcanic province.