bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Object Identification and Confidence: Influence of Appearance, Amount of Context, and Familiarity
Authors: Kleine Robert E. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: August 2011

In an experimental study of the everyday, what-is-this? perceptual encounter, the strategies subjects used to identify a focal object were influenced by the object's physical appearance, the amount of context in which it was displayed, and subjects' familiarity with the object. These factors also affected subjects' confidence in the accuracy of their identifications. The results appear to support the contention that visual processing is a middle-out rather than either a top-down or bottom-up sequence.
Arousability and Eating Problems of College Women
Authors: Brassington Glenn S. , Welter Melisa G. , Lucero Kristy , Bramlette Julie , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

A significant relationship between arousability and abnormal eating patterns, computed from the responses of 184 college women to the Arousability Predisposition Scale and the Eating Attitudes Test, provided a constructive replication of earlier results by Mehrabian and his colleagues.
Personal Determinants of Leisure-Time Exercise Activities
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley , Melamed Samuel , Weisberg Esther , Tal Daniel , Ribak Joseph
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the importance of personal determinants such as self-efficacy, beliefs about the contribution of exercise, health locus of control, and dispositional optimism for leisure-time exercise in a working population. The main predictors of such exercise were beliefs and self-efficacy with the generalization of the latter to eat correctly. Beliefs and efficacy expectations were highly correlated. Neither health locus of control nor dispositional optimism was related to leisure-time exercise; however, optimism was related to the positive belief that exercise contributes to health. Ramifications of the findings were carefully described.
Self-Monitoring and Identification of Olfactory Dimensions
Authors: Gabassi Pier Giorgio , Zanuttini Lucia
Published: August 2011

The basic categories of odors are not agreed on. Many classifications of odors have been proposed, but none has met widespread acceptance. The variability among qualitative judgments of odors which makes it difficult to construct reliable classifications may depend on cultural or personal idiosyncrasies. To check personality factors in odor evaluation, we asked 40 subjects, who had previously completed a personality questionnaire, to make qualitative judgments about 10 odors on 10 semantic differential scales. From comparison of two different self-monitoring groups, on the semantic differential, reliable differences did not emerge. While high self-monitoring subjects tended to maintain intermediate positions, for some odors, low self-monitors hazarded more polarized evaluations.
Cognitive and Somatic State Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Cheerleading Competition
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Dinucci James N. , McCune E. Donice , McCune Sandra L.
Published: August 2011

77 cheerleaders participating in a national collegiate championship competition were administered the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 immediately prior to performance. Significant correlations were found between cognitive and somatic state anxiety, a finding consistent with previous research. Negative correlations were found between both cognitive and somatic anxiety and self-confidence, also as previously reported. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that significant discrimination between the teams could be accomplished by a combination of the state-anxiety variables. Both groups, 36 men and 41 women, differed significantly from normative scores on the somatic subscale.
Comparison of Frame Size and Body Mass Index Methods of Assessment in the Study of Blood Lipids
Authors: Battinelli Thomas , Gleason Ray E.
Published: August 2011

This study compared frame size and body mass index methods of assessment in relation to blood lipid levels. The data were obtained from the records of 84 men and 193 women who voluntarily participated in health fairs held at two suburban hospitals. Significant relationships and differences were found between the anthropometric and lipid variables studied. The two methods of classification denoted moderate association and reflected some divergence in classification between them.
Distance Perception in the Spiny Mouse Acomys Cahirinus: Vertical Jumping
Authors: Goldman Marjorie , Skolnick Alexander J. , Hernandez Teresa P. , Tobach Ethel
Published: August 2011

Acomys cahirinus, a precocial muroid, that has shown precise jumping in the natural habitat, did not jump from 25 cm in a laboratory situation. To investigate this further, A. cahirinus were observed jumping from platforms at two different heights, onto different sized checkered substrates and from a visual cliff. Adult animals discriminated between platforms that were 6.4 cm and 25.4 cm above the substrate and between small and large checkered patterns on the floor. Most adult animals and neonates jumped down on the shallow side of the visual cliff. Animals developed individual patterns of jumping over a series of trials, with some jumping often, some rarely, and others jumping only from the low platform. Good distance perception was indicated when they did not jump from heights, and by their making appropriate postural adjustment when they did jump from heights and landed without mishap. Different spacing of trials indicated that height was a more effective stimulus for animals which had all four conditions on the same day, while floor pattern was more effective for animals with each of the four conditions on a separate day.
Differential Parental Attachment; Empirical Support for the Self-in-Relation Model
Authors: Calloni Judith C. , Handal Paul J.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the self-in-relation model of development for men and women. Retrospective and current maternal and paternal attachment scores were assessed for 52 college men and 197 women. Analysis indicated that differential parental attachment occurs as a function of gender. The observed pattern of differences supports the self-in-relation model as applied to women.
Mathematical Performance Before, During, and following Cycling at Workloads of Low and Moderate Intensity
Authors: Szabo Attila , Gauvin Lise
Published: August 2011

Mental arithmetic performance before, during, and following low (40% maximal heart-rate reserve; ≈ 90 watts exercise for 15 min.) and moderate (60% maximal heart-rate reserve; ≈ 150 watts exercise for 10 min.) intensity cycling by 20 male students ( M age = 28.1 yr.) was studied. Subjects were grouped, by using a median-split on their total mathematical performance scores, into a group of 10 low in arithmetic skill and a group of 10 high in arithmetic skill. The numbers and percentages of right answers to 1-min. mathematical problem-sets of either group were not different in the various conditions, suggesting that 25 min. of progressive cycling exercise did not influence mathematical problem-solving efficacy.
Spatial Localization and Auditory Lateralization: Binaural Cues and Their Absence
Authors: Cheatham Bart H. , Herbig Ralph
Published: August 2011

In 1990 Cheatham suggested there might be a right-ear advantage for the perception of speech and music for right-handed individuals, which confirms Kinsbourne's observation of a general right-ear advantage. These findings, however, contrast with Segalowitz and Plantery's work that supports attentional bias in lateralized processing of these stimuli. The attentional bias model has also been criticized by Bryden on the basis of its circularity. At present there has not been sufficient evidence to settle this debate empirically. The author suggests that the controversy may best be resolved by disentangling the folklore surrounding spatial localization and auditory lateralization to reexamine this field in light of recent empirical findings by Bryden and by Porac, Coren, and Duncan, who inferred an inherent rightward bias to many kinds of stimulation, including auditory, in right-handed individuals. The present focus is that Cheatham's 1990 data lend themselves more readily to the rightward bias that occurs in right-handed subjects and not to previous structural or attentional models.
Use of Reinforcement to Increase Independence in Physical Fitness Performance of Profoundly Mentally Retarded Youth
Authors: Rogers-Wallgren Janet L. , French Ron , Ben-Ezra Vic
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement on the level of independent performance on abdominal strength and endurance, lower back and hip flexibility, and upper body strength/endurance exercises of 12 profoundly mentally retarded, ambulatory youth, ages 10 to 18 years. A single-subject AB design with a control group was used to assess the difference in performance of physical fitness under the baseline condition of no reinforcement and under the two experimental conditions of verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement. In contrast to previous results reported in the literature, verbal praise and verbal praise plus music or vibratory reinforcement were not effective in increasing the level of independence in performing selected physical fitness tasks.
Gender Difference in Voice Onset Time
Authors: Swartz Bradford L.
Published: August 2011

Voice onset time is known to be affected by phonetic context, age, native language of the speaker, or presence of a communication disorder in the speaker. The role of gender in VOT production has not been investigated. The present study reports a significant gender difference in VOT production of the /d/ and /t/ stops, with men having shorter VOTs than women ( n subjects = 16). Qualitative differences in VOT based on gender are also noted. Although a significant difference in speaking rate between the genders was found, this was not correlated with VOT. Gender differences in VOT have implications for other research.
Effects of Subliminal Backward-Recorded Messages on Attitudes
Authors: Swart Lyle C. , Morgan Cynthia L.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to measure the effects of subliminal backward messages on attitudes. It was hypothesized that subliminal backward-recorded messages would influence the attitudes of listeners. Three subliminal backward-recorded messages from a popular song were used. 82 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: a three-message group heard a tape containing the backward messages recorded three times in succession, a six-message group heard a tape with the same backward messages recorded six times in succession, two control groups heard nonbackward recorded music. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups on a posttape attitude questionnaire. The results are discussed in terms of unconscious processing and the tricomponent theory of attitudes and attitude change.
The Threat of Nuclear War and Rates of Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

An index of the likelihood of nuclear war from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was not associated with rates of personal violence in the USA from 1946 to 1986.
Medical Resources and Suicide Prevention
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Infant mortality rates, a measure of the quality of medical care, was associated with homicide rates, but not suicide rates, over nations and over the American states.
Relation of Eye Color and Gender to Type a Scores and Vocational Preference
Authors: Rohmer Sylvia C. , Meadows Mark E.
Published: August 2011

Type A behavior scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey, Form T, and ACT Interest Inventory data were collected for 90 male and 90 female university students who equally represented three eye-color groups, black/brown, blue, and other. Chisquared analyses indicated no statistically significant associations at the .05 level. Observations which may be of interest to researchers are noted.
Enhanced Incidence of “The Sensed Presence” in People Who Have Learned to Meditate: Support for the Right Hemispheric Intrusion Hypothesis
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

If the “sensed presence” is the transient intrusion of the right hemispheric equivalent of the left hemispheric (and highly linguistic) sense of self, then any process that facilitates interhemispheric electrical coherence should enhance these experiences. As predicted, the “ego-alien intrusion” (sensed presence) factor was specifically and significantly elevated in 221 people who had learned to meditate (65 to 70% were involved in Transcendental Meditation) compared to 860 nonmeditators. Variants of a sensed presence were more frequent in female than in male meditators and were particularly evident in left-handers who had learned to meditate. The effect size suggests that learning a meditation technique is counterindicated for subpopulations, such as borderline, schizotypal, or dissociative personalities, who display very fragile self-concepts.
Some Students' Perceptions about Aids: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

The results of a convenience sampling of 558 undergraduate business students suggests that, while there is widespread knowledge of the existence of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the fact that one having the disease need not necessarily feel sick and look bad, there appears to be comparatively little awareness of the availability of drug therapies and the relative safety of the practice of donating blood.
Effects of Septal Lesions on a Higher-Order Conditioned Taste Aversion: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Compton David M. , Weed James
Published: August 2011

Septal-lesioned rats ( n = 7) and nonsurgical controls ( n = 7) were exposed to a higher-order conditioned taste aversion procedure and the effects of septal lesions on the development of a higher-order conditioned taste aversion examined. In Phase 1, septal and control rats were permitted to consume a sodium chloride solution and illness was produced by an injection of cyclophosphamide. Following a recovery period, in Phase 2, both groups were allowed access to a saccharin solution followed by 1 ml of sodium chloride placed directly inside the mouth of the rat. Subsequent preference tests for the septal-lesion group, the control group, and a second unconditioned control group ( n = 5) showed the former two groups learned the higher-order conditioned taste aversion, as demonstrated by a marked aversion to the saccharin solution, and the septal lesions attenuated the severity of the conditioning process.
Body-Image Dissatisfaction among American Male and Female College Students: A Computer-Based Graphical Approach
Authors: Gustavson Joan C. , Gustavson Carl R. , Gabaldon Monica P.
Published: August 2011

College students (56 women and 43 men) attending state colleges in the southwestern United States were tested for body-image dissatisfaction using a computer-based graphical body-image task. A reliable relationship between desired stature and desired body-image was observed for the women. Women of large stature showed a greater discrepancy between verbally reported desired stature and redrawn images of desired stature than women of average or smaller than average stature. No reliable discrepancy between desired body-image and verbally reported desired stature was shown by the men.
Visual Preferences of Preschool Children for Abstract and Realistic Paintings
Authors: McGhee Katherine , Dziuban Charles D.
Published: August 2011

40 children ages 2 or 3 years were asked to express preferences for 9 abstract and 9 realistic paintings on two separate occasions. Children showed no clear preferences and these were stable over occasions. Their drawings were classified in the scribble stage. These results were consistent with downward extensions of aesthetic preference theories. Implications for the usual environments of young children were discussed.
Comparison of Cholesterol in Habitually High and Low Active School-Age Children
Authors: Blessing Daniel L. , Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R.
Published: August 2011

While risk-factor screening programs for coronary artery disease have been effective among adults, few programs are available for school-age children. 31 children were screened (16 active and 15 inactive) for cholesterol levels. The physically active group had a nonsignificantly lower mean which may reflect the small sample.
Brief Treatment of Children's Dental Pain and Anxiety
Authors: Heitkemper Thomas , Layne Christopher , Sullivan David M.
Published: August 2011

Pain interferes with children's dental care, but anxiety and pain are often confounded. We tested a classical-conditioning model of dental pain with 45 8-to 11-yr.-old children but found little support for it. Instead, different treatments for pain were effective in reducing the children's expectations of discomfort. Expected discomfort may be the most important part of dental pain, so expectations might well be the focus of such treatments.
Age-Related Decline of Psychomotor Speed: Effects of Age, Brain Health, Sex, and Education
Authors: Houx Peter J. , Jolles Jellemer
Published: August 2011

A cross-sectional study into age-related decline of psychomotor speed is reported. A newly introduced choice response task was used, involving three conditions: simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT), and CRT with stimulus-response incompatibility. Subjects were 247 volunteers, aged 20 to 80 yr. in seven age levels. Although all subjects thought themselves to be normal and healthy, a post hoc division could be made based on biological life events (BLE, mild biological or environmental factors that can hamper optimal brain functioning, such as repeated general anesthesia). Performance was poorer by subjects who had experienced one or more such event: slowing was comparable to the effect of age, especially in the more difficult task conditions. There were significant effects of sex and education, men being consistently faster than women, and more highly educated subjects performing better than subjects with only low or medium education. These findings replicate observations from other test methods. They are also in line with several other studies giving interactions between the effects of aging and physical fitness. This study questions the validity of much research on aging, as the data suggest that a more rigorous health screening for biological life events in subjects recruited from the normal, healthy population can reduce performance effects normally ascribed to aging.
Behavior Engineering Proposals: 6. Experienced and Inexperienced Photocopier Users' Perceptions of Possible and Useful Functions
Authors: Andre Thomas , Chambers Sharon K. , Alexander Joel E. , O'Boyle Michael W. , Howard Carolyn K. , Motoyama Tetsuro , Eastman Valerie
Published: August 2011

Current problem-solving theory suggests that users will have particular difficulty solving problems using photocopier functions when their current beliefs indicate that the functions are not available. Identifying users' beliefs about what is or is not possible on a photocopier provides a database upon which researchers can draw. College students, college faculty, and clerical staff completed two questionnaires in which they rated, on a 10-point scale, the likelihood that 84 copier functions were possible on an existing photocopier and their perception of the usefulness of these 84 functions. Experienced users were more accurate in their perceptions of what was possible than were faculty or students. The latter could conceptualize a broader range of utility, while clerical employees' decisions about usefulness seemed bounded by their day-to-day job experience. Existing functions that users believed were not possible also were identified. Carrying out tasks involving these functions should be especially problematic for users. Also identified were functions users believed might be useful but which do not currently exist. These functions might provide new directions for design engineers to pursue. Finally, there were differences between executive and clerical users in what functions they viewed as useful. These differences may have implications for photocopier design and marketing strategy.
Paranormal and Religious Beliefs May Be Mediated Differentially by Subcortical and Cortical Phenomenological Processes of the Temporal (Limbic) Lobes
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The vectorial hemisphericity concept predicts that endorsements of beliefs in paranormal phenomena are associated with elevated subcortical (complex partial epileptic-like signs) temporal lobe experiences while endorsements of religious beliefs are associated with experiences of the right (cortical) hemispheric equivalent (the sensed presence) of the linguistic sense of self. Partial correlation analyses, which removed the expected shared variance, supported this hypothesis for 400 men and 400 women; religious affiliation did not contribute any statistically significant influence. However, agreements with extreme religious beliefs, such as killing others in God's name, were associated with weekly church attendance and were primarily endorsed by men but not by women.
Correlations of the Kahn Intelligence Test and the WAIS—R IQs among Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Raggio Donald J.
Published: August 2011

Correlations of scores on the WAIS—R and Kahn Intelligence Test: Experimental (KIT) were examined. The 21 subjects were moderately and severely adaptively impaired adults. The WAIS—R is frequently included in the evaluation of moderately and severely retarded adults but its use has been questioned given the problem of statistical floor because institutionalized mentally retarded adults were excluded from the standardization sample. Tasks demand verbal communication and timed performance. The KIT is utilized as a test of intelligence that requires limited verbal skills, is less influenced by cultural/educational factors, and has an adequate statistical floor. Results suggested significantly lower mean scores on the KIT than on WAIS—R. If further evidence supports these conclusions, the KIT may be a valuable instrument in the assessment of moderately and severely retarded adults.
Relationship among Socialization, Attitude, and Placement with Participation in Physical Activity of Students with Emotional Disorders
Authors: Merriman William J.
Published: August 2011

206 students, with emotional disorders, ages 14 to 21 years in main-streamed and adapted physical education classes, were surveyed concerning their participation in physical activity, attitude toward physical activity, and the influence of significant others in their participation. Significant relations were found between participation in and attitude toward physical activity, influence of social systems, and physical education placement. Subjects showed activity preferences and rates of participation in physical activity similar to those of nondisabled peers. Subjects expressed positive attitudes toward physical activity and indicated that encouragement from parents, siblings, peers, teachers, and coaches was important in their participation.
Assessing Stressors Experienced through News Media
Authors: Safran Marc A.
Published: August 2011

The Persian Gulf war of 1991 and the Los Angeles riots of 1992 highlight the importance of better understanding the effects of specific stressors that come to be known to the population solely through the news media. A standard scale to measure or categorize such stressors is suggested as a means of promoting further research.
Curricular Integration at the University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine
Authors: Arnold Louise , Willoughby T. Lee
Published: August 2011

In its combined Baccalaureate-M.D. degree program, the University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine endeavors to foster interdisciplinary integration by intertwining the humanities, clinical medicine, and basic sciences throughout the curriculum. Analysis over 6 years (1986–1991) of 547 students' scores on comprehensive examinations and ratings of 464 to 478 graduates' clinical abilities suggest that the integrative elements of the curriculum have a counterpart in performance. Such experience would recommend possible steps to encourage interdisciplinary integration at other schools: allow students to acquire disciplinary understandings but offer early clinical exposure for context and relevance, arrange productive repetition of material, pair more with less advanced students for integrated learning, and choose faculty who model integration and expect students to do so.
The Method of Reproduction and Mueller-Lyer Changes
Authors: Devane Joseph R.
Published: August 2011

In a three-variable study of Mueller-Lyer decrement, each of eight independent groups of 10 subjects responded 30 times to one of the two Mueller-Lyer components by the Method of Reproduction. The mean of the initial Out response was significantly greater absolutely than that of the In response. All three interactions were significant. The In figure demonstrated illusion decrement across the 30 trials, but the Out figure demonstrated illusion increment.
Venturesomeness, Impulsiveness, and Risky Behavior among Older Adolescents
Authors: Moore Susan M. , Rosenthal Doreen A.
Published: August 2011

Links of high risk behavior with personality dimensions of venturesomeness and impulsiveness were established for 237 college students ages 18 to 20 years.
Speed of Technique and Age in Shotokan Karateka
Authors: Layton Clive
Published: August 2011

Correlations between reaction-time + movement-time and age on two punching and two kicking techniques were nonsignificant. This was interpreted as providing some evidence to support the contention that the very practice of Shotokan karate keeps speed of technique at a fast level.
Polygraph Lie Detection on Real Events in a Laboratory Setting
Authors: Bradley M. T. , Cullen M. C.
Published: August 2011

This laboratory study dealt with real-life intense emotional events. Subjects generated embarrassing stories from their experience, then submitted to polygraph testing and, by lying, denied their stories and, by telling the truth, denied a randomly assigned story. Money was given as an incentive to be judged innocent on each story. An interrogator, blind to the stories, used Control Question Tests and found subjects more deceptive when lying than when truthful. Stories interacted with order such that lying on the second story was more easily detected than lying on the first. Embarrassing stories provide an alternative to the use of mock crimes to study lie detection in the laboratory.
Visual Perceptual Differences in the Dyslexic Reader: Evidence of Greater Visual Peripheral Sensitivity to Color and Letter Stimuli
Authors: Dautrich Barbara R.
Published: August 2011

The present study replicated the 1987 work of Geiger and Lettvin and of Grosser and Spafford in 1989 in providing evidence for greater peripheral sensitivity to individual letter and color stimuli for 10 dyslexics as compared to 10 normal readers. Earlier studies have demonstrated that dyslexics tend to favor clearer images in the peripheral retina as compared to the foveal advantage of proficient readers. For letter and color stimuli individually presented there was a statistically significant difference between dyslexics and proficient readers based on the ability of dyslexics to recognize both letter and color stimuli at greater peripheral distances from the point of fixation. This study directly supports the consideration of visual perceptual factors in the identification and discussion of dyslexia.
Concept Mapping of Movement-Related Knowledge
Authors: Blais Christine
Published: August 2011

Concept mapping was developed by Novak and Gowin in 1984 as a technique to examine an individual's knowledge-base in a given domain. In the motor domain, however, with a heavy emphasis on automated and tacit knowledge there may not be a base of information which can be verbally reported. 52 subjects with similar academic backgrounds were asked to explain all they knew about the concept of movement, and these reports were transcribed and assessed by four judges. Subjects also completed a pattern-recognition task related to procedural knowledge for movement. Over-all, the judges were able to identify a clear hierarchy in the levels of movement-related knowledge, suggesting that this technique may be useful in research on movement. However, this declarative knowledge appeared to be distinct from associated procedural knowledge, supporting Anderson's (1982) theory and the need for several tools to provide a more complete reflection of the knowledge base in a particular domain.
Diagnosis of Multi-Infarct Dementia: Predictive Value of Clinical Criteria
Authors: Reichman William E. , Coyne Andrew C. , Shah Anish
Published: August 2011

Clinical and neuroimaging features that best discriminated a multi-infarct dementia diagnosis from a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease were retrospectively reviewed for 192 patients of a university-based dementia diagnostic clinic. Only a subset of features usually ascribed to multi-infarct dementia actually distinguished that diagnosis from the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Male Lifestyle and Demographic Variables in Relation to Selection of Clothing for Professional and Social Situations
Authors: Oliver Nancy A.
Published: August 2011

267 men responded to a questionnaire measuring lifestyle and demographic characteristics in relation to selection of clothing for professional and social situations. For professional situations selection of clothing was based on concern about appearance. In social situations, activities and attitudes toward traditional ideas influenced selection. Demographically as income, profession, education, and age increased selection of clothing became more conservative.
Effectiveness of a Mnemonic Study Strategy for Retention of Geographic Names and Locations by College Students
Authors: Meshbane Alice , Morris John D.
Published: August 2011

A comparison of the effectiveness of a mnemonic ( n = 26) and a non-mnemonic ( n = 17) strategy for delayed retention of 27 place locations by 43 college students showed the researcher-supplied mnemonic hints gave better recall.
Relation between Sports Context, Competitive Trait Anxiety, Perceived Ability, and Self-Presentation Confidence
Authors: Wong Eugene H. , Lox Curt L. , Clark Steven E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relations among athletic context, i.e., team-sport versus individual-sport, competitive trait anxiety, perceived ability, and self-presentation confidence for 62 men and 34 women athletes. The analyses showed that the athletic context is associated with variations in competitive trait anxiety and self-presentation confidence; however, no main effect or interaction was noted for perceived ability. Results support the notion that aspects of the sports context are significantly related to various precompetitive cognitions.
Emotional States, Attentional Resources, and Cognitive Activity: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Versace Rémy , Monteil Jean-Marc , Mailhot Louis
Published: August 2011

This study explored the link between emotional state and attentional resources. A neutral or negative emotional state was induced in 50 subjects, then they performed a path-learning task followed by a word-memorization task while reproducing the prelearned path. Memory performance was assessed on a free-recall test. Analysis indicated that a previous induction of a negative emotional state disrupted path learning. Recall was not significantly affected by the subjects' emotional states, but recall was higher for subjects who had automatized the path prior to memorizing the words.
Comments on Hudesman and Page's Reply to Fudin's Comments on Hudesman, Page and Rautianen's Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation Experiment
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: August 2011

Hudesman and Page's contention that Gustafson and Källmén's 1991 results indicate that subsequent subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments do not require the controls suggested by Fudin in 1986 is questioned. The rationale for Fudin's 1993 comment concerning the limited generalizability of Hudesman, et al.'s (1992) results, a comment Hudesman and Page contended is unfounded, is discussed.
Correlations between Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-Being among White and Black Employees in South Africa
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

In a South African manufacturing company the correlations between perceived job insecurity and psychological well-being were examined among 54 white managers in relatively ‘safe’ jobs and 78 black production workers in relatively ‘unsafe’ jobs. The former felt more secure in their jobs but not less anxious or depressed than the latter. Job insecurity was positively related to both anxiety and depression (.30 to .40) in both groups, confirming the benefits of perceived job security to employees, irrespective of whether they felt initially secure or not in their jobs.
The Relationship between Children's Perceived and Actual Motor Competence
Authors: Rudisill Mary E. , Mahar Matthew T. , Meaney Karen S.
Published: August 2011

To examine the relationship between children's perceived and actual motor competence, 218 children between the ages of 9 and 11 years individually completed the Motor Skill Perceived Competence Scale. After completing the scale, the subject's actual motor competence was measured on a series of gross motor tests. Incomplete principal component analysis identified two actual motor competence dimensions from the motor test battery. The two factors included a lower-body and an upper-body factor of actual motor competence. A two-factor analysis of variance indicated that the boys and girls differed in perceived competence and actual competence. The boys showed higher perceived competence and actual motor competence. In addition, the 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old age groups differed from each other on the lower-body factor of actual motor competence. As age increased, lower-body competence increased. Regression analysis indicated that actual and perceived motor competence was moderately correlated. Adding age to the multiple regression model significantly increased the multiple correlation. Adding gender to the model did not increase the correlation, showing that perceived competence was a function of actual motor competence and age, and this finding held for boys and girls. These findings showed that 9-, 10-, and 11-yr.-old children can assess personal motor competence. However, practitioners should attempt to understand children's perceived competence given that their assessments are not extremely accurate.
Hand Performance of French Children on a Finger-Tapping Test in Relation to Handedness, Sex, and Age
Authors: Carlier Michele , Dumont Anne Marie , Beau Jacques , Michel François
Published: August 2011

Hand performance and laterality scores on a unimanual tapping test were studied in relation to age, sex, and handedness in a sample of 209 French children. Each child performed three trials with each hand. Older children were faster, but differences between hands were not related to age. Right-handed girls were more lateralized than right-handed boys. Left- and right-handers could be differentiated more clearly by tapping speed than by variability of tapping. A subsample of 36 right-handers were retested to estimate reliability. The coefficients were high, especially when using the mean of trials as the dependent variable. Correlations between performance on the tapping task and another test of hand-efficiency (dot-filling task) were low.
Students' Perceptions of the Value of Teaching Evaluations
Authors: Dwinell Patricia L. , Higbee Jeanne L.
Published: August 2011

This research examined how 187 students assessed a course evaluation form, the anonymity of the evaluation process, the fairness and accuracy students attribute to the task of completing evaluations of instruction, and students' perceptions of the extent to which teachers and administrators make use of the information provided by evaluations. 92% of the student-participants believed that the rating forms provided an effective means of evaluating instruction. The majority thought instructors pay attention to evaluation results and change their behavior accordingly. Only 2% believed that their anonymity was not protected. Students appeared to have more faith in their own evaluations than in those of other students. They also lacked confidence in the use of evaluations for determining salary increases or tenure and promotion.
Approximation Formula for Unit Lattice Average Distance in the Population Density Index Model
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

An accurate and rapid approximation formula for calculating the bounds of the population density index is presented. The formula is useful in obtaining rough estimates of the density model's component measures.
Auditory Subliminal Stimulation: Methods
Authors: Urban Michael
Published: August 2011

From a brief description of the consequences of various methods of masking, a proposal for standardization of method is made and a flow chart showing steps in making a subliminal audiotape is given.
Use of Magnitude-Estimation Scaling for Predicting Hemispheric Processing of Lexical Decisions
Authors: Ellis Lee W. , Kaderavek Joan N. , Rastatter Michael P.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and validity of magnitude-estimation scaling as an alternative to a traditional, somewhat more cumbersome reaction-time procedure in the assessment of hemispheric processing asymmetry. Lexical decision vocal reaction times and magnitude-estimation scaling values were obtained for 16 normal subjects to tachistoscopically presented concrete and abstract words. Analysis of variance showed identical interactions of field x stimuli for each dependent variable while all pair-wise correlations between these measures were significant. Magnitude-estimation scaling may be a sensitive measure of visual psychophysical differences in hemispheric processing and may circumvent problems with variance of latencies associated with disordered populations.
Comparative Genetic Approach to the Study of Body Image of Children from 4 to 14 Years of Age Using the Fairy Tale of the Ant
Authors: De Tychey Claude
Published: August 2011

This work was designed to study the body image of 3 groups of normal children ( ns = 40) whose ages were 4 to 14 years with the assistance of a new projective technique, the tale of the ant from Royer. The data provide partial validation of this new procedure. Indicators of normal and pathological answers are given. Directions for research are suggested.
Health Beliefs in South Africa
Authors: Pillay A. L. , Akoo A. K.
Published: August 2011

The lay belief that “bile” causes physical illnesses was examined in 380 patients with implications for self-medication and improvement of health services.
A Search for Search Asymmetry in Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)
Authors: Tomonaga Masaki
Published: August 2011

Two chimpanzees and two humans were trained on visual search tasks with several sets of geometric forms composed of 1 and 2 elements (graphemes). When the double-grapheme item was the target and single grapheme item was the distractor, both chimpanzees and humans searched the target quickly irrespective of the display size. On the other hand, when the single-grapheme item was the target and double-grapheme item was the distractor, they showed an increase in response times as a function of the display size on some sets of stimuli. These results were considered as evidence for search asymmetry by chimpanzees.
A Test of Exercise Analgesia Using Signal Detection Theory and a Within-Subjects Design
Authors: Fuller A. K. , Robinson M. E.
Published: August 2011

Evidence for the existence of exercise-induced analgesia has been weak, inconsistent, or anecdotal. The present study addresses criticisms of previous research by using a signal-detection analysis of pain perception in a within-subjects, repeated-measures research design with 22 endurance athletes who exercised in a naturalistic setting. Analysis showed discriminability measures from the lower intensities of a radiant-heat pain-perception task were significantly lower after exercise than the subjects' discriminability after a no-exercise period. This is consistent with discriminability decreases seen in studies of subjects who are under the influence of analgesic chemicals such as morphine and nitrous oxide. Discriminability differences were not seen in this study at the higher intensities of the stimulus, suggesting that exercise generates perceptual changes that may not reach pain-mediating levels. Visual analogue data suggest cognitive and motivational factors also play a role in report of pain after exercise.
Psychiatric Norms for the Rey 15-Item Visual Memory Test
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Emmons Judith , Lawson Karen A.
Published: August 2011

The 15-item Visual Memory Test was proposed by Rey in 1964 as a measure of malingering of visual memory. Among psychiatric patients the task has a significant cognitive component, with IQ accounting for 37% of the variance in scores ( r = .60). Any interpretation of scores on this task should be ability-based. Such ability-based norms are provided in this study of psychiatric patients ( N = 300). Use of a single cut-off score to indicate malingering or any other interpretation is inappropriate given the psychometric properties of the task. In the assessment of immediate visual memory the task has some utility, which is greatly enhanced with the use of ability-based norms.
Application of Hick's Law of Response Speed in Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases
Authors: Mahurin Roderick K. , Pirozzolo Francis J.
Published: August 2011

Reaction time in normal subjects is known to increase in a log-linear fashion relative to the number of alternative choices. However, this relationship (formalized as “Hick's law”) has received limited investigation in populations with neurological cognitive impairment. The present study used timed sorting of standard playing cards to test Hick's law for 20 young control subjects, and 20 each of age-matched elderly subjects with Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and no cognitive abnormalities. Although Parkinson patients were slowest in the simple tasks of dealing out the cards and sorting by color, Alzheimer patients showed the greatest slowing for the more cognitively complex conditions of sorting by suit and rank of the cards. The performance of all four groups followed Hick's law in displaying a significant linear relationship between response time and log2 of the number of choices. These findings suggest that, although limitations of information-processing speed in Alzheimer and Parkinson disease affected choice response time, there may be sparing of fundamental cognitive organization in these disorders.
Effects of Predictable and Unpredictable Auditory Stimuli on Selective Attention
Authors: Kiger Derick M.
Published: August 2011

6 normal male and 10 normal female high school students completed two versions of the Stroop Color-Word Task in the presence of predictable and unpredictable auditory stimuli. Selective attention was hypothesized to be facilitated by predictable auditory stimuli and unaffected or hindered by unpredictable auditory stimuli. A one-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance showed selective attention was facilitated significantly by the predictable auditory stimuli on a paced version of the Stroop Color-Word Task.
The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty in Canada
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Simple correlational analysis of data from Canada from 1926 to 1958 showed that the number of executions and the number per capita population were positively correlated with the homicide rate, whereas complex regression analysis indicated that the number of executions per homicide was negatively associated with the homicide rate.
Negative Addiction in Male and Female Runners and Exercisers
Authors: Furst David M. , Germone Kris
Published: August 2011

72 male and 26 female runners and 60 male and 30 female exercisers were tested on the Negative Addiction Scale of Hailey and Bailey along with demographic questions to examine the relationships among gender, age, years of exercise experience, and addiction to exercise. Analysis showed no differences in addiction scores by age, gender, or type of activity. A trend showed longer involvement in physical activity was associated with higher addiction scores.
Laboratory Sleep Patterns and Dream Content of Type A and B Scoring College Students
Authors: Koulack David , Nesca Marc , Stroud Bradley M.
Published: August 2011

The suggestion that there may be a discrepancy between subjective and objective measures of sleep led us to explore the sleep and dreams of 7 Type A and 7 Type B scorers in our laboratory over a three-night period. In earlier studies, Type A scorers had indicated that their sleep was somewhat more disturbed and their dream content generally more active and negative in tone than that of Type B scorers. However, in this study the only differences were that Type A scorers had a greater number of body movements and greater dream recall than did Type B scorers. These results seem to indicate that the impression Type A scorers have of the quality of their sleep and dreams may be a function of their waking life-style.
Biomedical Applications of Hand-Held Force Gauges: A Bibliography
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

Hand-held force gauges have been used increasingly in recent years to measure sensory and motor performance. In an effort to identify comprehensively journal articles in which the biomedical use of hand-held force gauges is described, five bibliographic data bases were searched, reference lists of relevant articles were examined, and current journals were scanned. The multifaceted process resulted in a bibliography of 158 articles describing the use of the instruments to measure muscle performance, resistance to joint movement, and force or pressure sensitivity.
An Occluded Contour Becomes Visible with Reversal of Disparity
Authors: Fujita Naofumi
Published: August 2011

Suppose that there is a circle in front of a cross, the central part of which is occluded by the circle. One usually perceives these figures as such, although the objective description of the stimulus pattern might be that there is a circle with four limbs attached to it. Here the occluded contours of the cross might be ‘inferred.’ Until now it has not been demonstrated clearly whether this ‘inference’ is based on higher cognitive processes or on perceptual processes. However, by manipulating binocular disparity so that the four limbs are seen in front of the circle, the occluded contours become visible, the color of the limbs spreads into the inside of the contours, and the color spreading surface appears transparent, suggesting that the ‘inference’ is on a perceptual basis. Interestingly, cornered subjective contours of the cross are observed.
Topographical Patterns of ERP Elicited by Different Visual Information-Processing Tasks
Authors: Kotani Kentaro , Freivalds Andris , Horii Ken
Published: August 2011

Topographical patterns of event-related potentials were compared on a visual display terminal for a data-input task and a number-comparison task. Maximum negative peaks were found in the frontal and central regions for the former but at midline locations for the latter. Latencies were shorter in the occipital regions than in the frontal regions for the former and the opposite pattern was found for the latter. An analysis of variance indicated that hemispheric location significantly affected the amplitude of peaks. On the other hand, latencies were affected by the task, frontal and occipital regions, and their interaction. These results suggest that a pattern of the topographic display of event-related potentials can be used as an objective means for classifying visual tasks.