bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrolyte Flow Field Variation: A Cell for Testing and Optimization of Membrane Electrode Assembly for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Pichugov Roman D. , Konev Dmitry V. , Petrov Mikhail M. , Antipov Anatoly E. , Loktionov Pavel A. , Abunaeva Lilia Z. , Usenko Andrey A. , Vorotyntsev Mikhail A.
Published: August 2020

A great deal of research has been dedicated to improving the performance of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). In this work, we propose the design of a cell for testing membrane electrode assembly of VRFB, which enables the optimization of the flow field, conditions of charge‐discharge tests, and the nature of components (electrodes, membrane) with minimal time and material expenses. The essence of the proposed cell is that the system of channels distributing the electrolyte is made by cutting shaped holes in the sheets of graphite foil (GF). This manner allows easy modification of the flow field configurations. Polarization curves for serpentine, interdigitated, and flow‐through systems were measured according to procedures used in such studies. Cell with GF plates being tested with vanadium‐sulfuric acid electrolyte, outperforms the cell with conventional graphite plates with the same parameters of the flow field. It demonstrates 734 mW cm−2 of peak power density at SOC 50 and 84.3 % of energy efficiency at 84.5 % of electrolyte utilization under galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling with 75 mA cm−2.
Challenges and opportunities for peace educators: Lessons from a youth‐led effort in Pakistan
Authors: Bokhari Fatima , Ahmed Zahid Shahab
Published: August 2020

Since the beginning of the “War on Terror” in 2001, there has been a sudden rise in interest in countering violent extremism through peace education. In Pakistan, the focus has largely been on Islamic seminaries (madrassas), but nongovernmental organizations have also been working in public and private schools. For over a decade, there have been numerous youth‐led peace education interventions in Pakistan, but still little is known about their impact; therefore, this empirical research aims to address that gap in scholarship. The study uses a case study approach to present analysis covering a youth‐led nongovernmental peace education intervention of Ravvish in three secondary schools based in Lahore. The analysis covers organizational dynamics, curricula, delivery, impact, and challenges. Despite its weaknesses in being a young organization led by inexperienced peace educators, it is argued in the paper that the organization is still able to meet its key objective of promoting critical thinking among students. The students appreciated the approach used by the Ravvish to talk about sensitive topics. It was also found that the majority of the students retained the knowledge from the workshops even after 6–12 months.
Substituent Pattern Effects on the Redox Potentials of Quinone‐Based Active Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Schwan S. , Schröder D. , Wegner H. A. , Janek J. , Mollenhauer D.
Published: August 2020

Quinone‐based, aqueous redox flow batteries are a promising technology for large‐scale, low‐cost energy storage. To understand the influence of substituent and substituent pattern effects of quinone‐based derivatives on the redox potential, a screening study was performed that included benzoquinone, naphtaquinone, and anthraquinone derivatives. The order of substituent influence is −OH>−Me/−OMe for decreasing the redox potential and −F<−SO3−<−CN, −NO2 for increasing the redox potential, which is in agreement with general expectations. We found that the consideration of resonance and inductive effects design strategies of redox‐active materials can be extended by the ability of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation, steric hindrance, and energetic differences of conformers for oxidized and reduced species. Due to the complexity and overlap of these effects, theoretical screening studies can provide guidance for the design of new molecular materials. In addition to the redox potential, other parameters such as stability, solubility, and kinetic rate constant or synthetic accessibility are crucial to consider.
Cytologic features and immunohistochemical findings of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) in effusion: A case series
Authors: Jebastin Thangaiah Judith , Hanley Kelly , Nomani Laila , Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa
Published: August 2020

Background

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare malignant vascular tumor characterized by WWTR1‐CAMTA1, t (1:3) (p36;q25) translocation in 90% of cases. Without prior EHE history, it can mimic other malignant effusions. Recently, CAMTA1 was published as an excellent immunohistochemical surrogate marker for molecular testing for WWTR1‐CAMTA1 fusion in surgical specimens.

Methods

A 6‐year retrospective search using our computer system was performed for cases diagnosed as EHE on effusion cytology and surgical specimens. The clinical presentation, cytologic findings and immunohistochemical stain results, including CAMTA1 were reviewed.

Results

Four pleural and one peritoneal effusions were identified. The median age was 52 years with a female to male ratio of 3:2. Most patients presented with pulmonary symptoms. The cytologic features were non‐specific easily mimicking other malignancies; especially in the absence of known prior malignancy. This was exemplified by one of our cases which was initially misdiagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Intracytoplasmic erythrocytes were present only on the cell blocks but not on cytology. The cytology cell blocks from patients with prior EHE confirmed on surgical biopsies stained positive for vascular markers (CD31, ERG) and CAMTA1.

Conclusion

The features of EHE in effusion are non‐specific and a diagnostic pitfall in cytology. In the absence of prior EHE diagnosis, inclusion of this entity in the differential diagnoses and application of immunohistochemical stain panels will be prudent in avoiding a misdiagnosis. However, in cases with prior EHE diagnosis, CAMTA1 could serve as diagnostic marker; especially on limited cytology material. Additional studies will be helpful in supporting our results.
Oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (OMEC) of the parotid gland in a 12‐year‐old patient: A diagnostic challenge on cytology
Authors: Qayoom Sumaira , Singh Ajay K , Chakrabarti Deep , Singh Hitendra P , Singh Uma S
Published: August 2020

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm comprising approximately 10% of all tumours of the major salivary gland. Owing to a plethora of morphological variations, it poses a diagnostic challenge on fine‐needle aspiration cytology. Oncocytic variant of mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a rare subtype seen in the age group of 20‐80 years. It is crucial to make the correct diagnosis on cytology as it has therapeutic implications. Oncocytes can be present in a wide range of salivary gland lesions ranging from non‐neoplastic conditions to benign and malignant lesions. We report a case of oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland in a 12‐year‐old boy which is the youngest age reported for the same. On cytology, this case was initially diagnosed as Warthin's tumour and was supported by radiology. However, histomorphological findings clinched the diagnosis of an oncocytic variant of mucoepidermoid carcinoma with the aid of immunohistochemistry.
Cell death in the developing vertebrate limb: A locally regulated mechanism contributing to musculoskeletal tissue morphogenesis and differentiation
Authors: Montero Juan A. , Lorda‐Diez Carlos I. , Sanchez‐Fernandez Cristina , Hurle Juan M.
Published: August 2020

Our aim is to critically review current knowledge of the function and regulation of cell death in the developing limb. We provide a detailed, but short, overview of the areas of cell death observed in the developing limb, establishing their function in morphogenesis and structural development of limb tissues. We will examine the functions of this process in the formation and growth of the limb primordia, formation of cartilaginous skeleton, formation of synovial joints, and establishment of muscle bellies, tendons, and entheses. We will analyze the plasticity of the cell death program by focusing on the developmental potential of progenitors prior to death. Considering the prolonged plasticity of progenitors to escape from the death process, we will discuss a new biological perspective that explains cell death: this process, rather than secondary to a specific genetic program, is a consequence of the tissue building strategy employed by the embryo based on the formation of scaffolds that disintegrate once their associated neighboring structures differentiate.
Differential expression of BMP inhibitors gremlin and noggin in Hydra suggests distinct roles during budding and patterning of tentacles
Authors: Krishnapati Lakshmi Surekha , Khade Samiksha , Trimbake Diptee , Patwardhan Rohan , Nadimpalli Siva Kumar , Ghaskadbi Surendra
Published: August 2020

Background

Mechanisms regulating BMP and Wnt pathways and their interactions are not well studied in Hydra.

Results

We report identification of BMP inhibitor gremlin, comparison of its expression with that of noggin and possible antagonism between Wnt and BMP signaling in Hydra. Gremlin is expressed in body column with high levels in budding region and in early buds. Noggin, on the other hand, is expressed in the hypostome, base of tentacles, lower body column, and basal disc. During budding, noggin is expressed at the sites of tentacle emergence. This was confirmed in ectopic tentacles in polyps treated with alsterpaullone (ALP), a GSK‐3β inhibitor that leads to upregulation of Wnt pathway. RT‐PCR data show that upregulation of Wnt is accompanied by downregulation of bmp 5‐8b though noggin and gremlin remain unaltered till 24 hours.

Conclusions

Different expression patterns of gremlin and noggin suggest their roles in budding and patterning of tentacles, respectively. Further, bmp 5‐8b inhibition by activated Wnt signaling does not directly involve noggin and gremlin in Hydra. Our data suggest that Wnt/BMP antagonism may have evolved early for defining the oral‐aboral axis, while the involvement of BMP antagonists during axial patterning is a recent evolutionary acquisition within the Bilateria lineage.
Evaluating the link between predation and pest control services in the mite world
Authors: Roy Lise , Taudière Adrien , Papaïx Julien , Blatrix Rumsais , Chiron Geoffrey , Zriki Ghais , Bonato Olivier , Barnagaud Jean‐Yves
Published: August 2020

Pest regulation by natural enemies has a strong potential to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides in agroecosystems. However, the effective role of predation as an ecosystem service remains largely speculative, especially with minute organisms such as mites.

Predatory mites are natural enemies for ectoparasites in livestock farms. We tested for an ecosystem level control of the poultry pestDermanyssus gallinaeby other mites naturally present in manure in poultry farms and investigated differences among farming practices (conventional, free‐range, and organic).

We used a multiscale approach involving (a) in vitro behavioral predation experiments, (b) arthropod inventories in henhouses with airborne DNA, and (c) a statistical model of covariations in mite abundances comparing farming practices.

Behavioral experiments revealed that three mites are prone to feed onD. gallinae. Accordingly, we observed covariations between the pest and these three taxa only, in airborne DNA at the henhouse level, and in mites sampled from manure. In most situations, covariations in abundances were high in magnitude and their sign was positive.

Predation on a pest happens naturally in livestock farms due to predatory mites. However, the complex dynamics of mite trophic network prevents the emergence of a consistent assemblage‐level signal of predation. Based on these results, we suggest perspectives for mite‐based pest control and warn against any possible disruption of ignored services through the application of veterinary drugs or pesticides.
DIY ecology class: Transitioning field activities to an online format
Authors: Creech Catherine , Shriner Walter
Published: August 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic has forced the transition of many traditional face‐to‐face classes into an online format with little time to prepare best practice guidelines. In this article, we share a case study of how we adapted a group field activity into an individual laboratory assignment that can be completed during shelter‐in‐place restrictions. We conclude with ideas for future applications while staying mindful of the ways in which this pandemic has highlighted the inequities of the classroom, especially at community colleges.
Geographical variation of multiplex ecological networks in marine intertidal communities
Authors: Lurgi Miguel , Galiana Núria , Broitman Bernardo R. , Kéfi Sonia , Wieters Evie A. , Navarrete Sergio A.
Published: August 2020

Understanding the drivers of geographical variation in species distributions, and the resulting community structure, constitutes one of the grandest challenges in ecology. Geographical patterns of species richness and composition have been relatively well studied. Less is known about how the entire set of trophic and non‐trophic ecological interactions, and the complex networks that they create by gluing species together in complex communities, change across geographical extents. Here, we compiled data of species composition and three types of ecological interactions occurring between species in rocky intertidal communities across a large spatial extent (~970 km of shoreline) of central Chile, and analyzed the geographical variability in these multiplex networks (i.e., comprising several interaction types) of ecological interactions. We calculated nine network summary statistics common across interaction types, and additional network attributes specific to each of the different types of interactions. We then investigated potential environmental drivers of this multivariate network organization. These included variation in sea surface temperature and coastal upwelling, the main drivers of productivity in nearshore waters. Our results suggest that structural properties of multiplex ecological networks are affected by local species richness and modulated by factors influencing productivity and environmental predictability. Our results show that non‐trophic negative interactions are more sensitive to spatially structured temporal environmental variation than feeding relationships, with non‐trophic positive interactions being the least labile to it. We also show that environmental effects are partly mediated through changes in species richness and partly through direct influences on species interactions, probably associated to changes in environmental predictability and to bottom‐up nutrient availability. Our findings highlight the need for a comprehensive picture of ecological interactions and their geographical variability if we are to predict potential effects of environmental changes on ecological communities.
The impact of obesity on severe disease and mortality in people with SARS‐CoV‐2: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Seidu Samuel , Gillies Clare , Zaccardi Francesco , Kunutsor Setor K. , Hartmann‐Boyce Jamie , Yates Thomas , Singh Awadhesh Kumar , Davies Melanie J. , Khunti Kamlesh
Published: August 2020

Background

Obesity accompanied by excess ectopic fat storage has been postulated as a risk factor for severe disease in people with SARS‐CoV‐2 through the stimulation of inflammation, functional immunologic deficit and a pro‐thrombotic disseminated intravascular coagulation with associated high rates of venous thromboembolism.

Methods

Observational studies in COVID‐19 patients reporting data on raised body mass index at admission and associated clinical outcomes were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library up to 16 May 2020. Mean differences and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were aggregated using random effects models.

Results

Eight retrospective cohort studies and one cohort prospective cohort study with data on of 4,920 patients with COVID‐19 were eligible. Comparing BMI ≥ 25 vs <25 kg/m2, the RRs (95% CIs) of severe illness and mortality were 2.35 (1.43‐3.86) and 3.52 (1.32‐9.42), respectively. In a pooled analysis of three studies, the RR (95% CI) of severe illness comparing BMI > 35 vs <25 kg/m2 was 7.04 (2.72‐18.20). High levels of statistical heterogeneity were partly explained by age; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was associated with an increased risk of severe illness in older age groups (≥60 years), whereas the association was weaker in younger age groups (<60 years).

Conclusions

Excess adiposity is a risk factor for severe disease and mortality in people with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This was particularly pronounced in people 60 and older. The increased risk of worse outcomes from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in people with excess adiposity should be taken into account when considering individual and population risks and when deciding on which groups to target for public health messaging on prevention and detection measures.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020179783.
Intramolecular Alkene Hydroamination with Hybrid Catalysts Consisting of a Metal Salt and a Neutral Organic Base
Authors: Stegner Philipp C. , Fischer Christian A. , Nguyen D. Thao , Rösch Andreas , Penafiel Johanne , Langer Jens , Wiesinger Michael , Harder Sjoerd
Published: August 2020

Hybrid catalysts consisting of alkaline earth iodides (AeI2) and the Schwesinger base tBuP4 catalyse the intramolecular alkene hydroamination of H2C=CHCH2CR2CH2NH2 [CR2=CPh2, C(CH2)5, CMe2]. Activities decrease along the row: Ca > Sr >> Mg > Ba. Hybrid catalysts consisting of tBuP4 and ZnI2, AlI3, FeCI3 or NaI were found to be fully inactive. Also, the hybrid catalyst tBuP3/CaI2 was not active which means that the base strength of the non‐nucleophilic organic base must be higher than that of tBuP3 (pKa BH+ = 38.6). Combinations of tBuP4 with CaX2 (X = Cl, Br, OiPr, OTf, NTf2) were found to be fully inactive which may in part be explained by poor solubility. The hybrid catalysis method is therefore limited to the combination tBuP4/CaI2 but the iodide ligands may be partially or fully replaced by chiral ligands. Chiral modifications of the hybrid catalysts gave in intramolecular alkene hydroamination ee values up to 33 %.
Novel Application of Polymer Networks Carrying Tertiary Amines as a Catalyst Inside Microflow Reactors Used forKnoevenagelReactions
Authors: Berg Patrik , Obst Franziska , Simon David , Richter Andreas , Appelhans Dietmar , Kuckling Dirk
Published: August 2020

A novel application is described for utilizing hydrogel dots as organocatalyst carriers inside microfluidic reactors. Tertiary amines were covalently immobilized in the hydrogel dots. Due to the diffusion of reactants within the swollen hydrogel dots, the accessible amount of catalysts inside a microfluidic reactor chamber can be increased compared to the accessible amount of surface‐bound catalysts. To perform fastKnoevenagelreactions, important flow parameters had to be validated to optimize the reactor performance while keeping the dimensions of the reactor chamber constant; e.g. the height of the hydrogel dots had to be adjusted to the invariable dimensions of the reactor chamber, or an adjustment of organocatalysts in the hydrogel dots had to be validated to achieve the highest conversion rate during a certain residence time. To characterize the conversion, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and UV/Vis‐spectroscopy were utilized as an offline and online method, respectively. With suitable hydrogel dots, the influence of different flow parameters (e.g., operating flow rate and reactant concentration) on the selected model reactions in the microfluidic reactor was investigated. Finally, a variety of reactants were screened with the optimized flow parameters. With these results, the turnover frequency was determined for theKnoevenagelreactions in a microfluidic reactor, and the results were compared with published data that were determined by other synthetic approaches.
Linear Coumarinacenes Beyond Benzo[g]coumarins: Synthesis and Promising Characteristics
Authors: Kumar Abhinav , Rajpoot Anuj , Imroze Fiheon , Maddala Sudhakar , Dutta Soumya , Venkatakrishnan Parthasarathy
Published: August 2020

New heteroacenes, named coumarinacenes, have been designed, synthesized and characterized. They possess visible absorption and orange‐red emission that are far beyond those of benzo[g]coumarins. They exhibit deep HOMO energy levels, and reveal excellent thermal, photochemical and air stabilities as compared to tetracene/pentacene. Their preliminary thin‐film devices display encouraging transistor characteristics, moderate mobility and considerable environmental stability paving way into electronics.
Quaternary Ammonium Based Carboxyl Functionalized Ionic Liquid for Covalent Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Development of Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor
Authors: Murphy Manoharan , Theyagarajan K. , Thenmozhi Kathavarayan , Senthilkumar Sellappan
Published: August 2020

A novel electrochemical biosensor was developed using a judiciously designed platform for the rapid and accurate determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) based biosensor was constructed by covalent anchoring of the enzyme to a newly synthesized quaternary ammonium‐based carboxyl functionalized ionic liquid (TBA−COOH−IL) immobilized on a multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited glassy carbon electrode (MWCNT/GCE). A stable amide bond is formed between HRP enzyme and IL by utilizing the terminal −NH2 of HRP and −COOH groups of TBA−COOH−IL, while the pi‐pi stacking holds the TBA−COOH−IL firmly on the MWCNT/GCE and forms HRP/TBA−COOH−IL/MWCNT/GCE. Thus fabricated HRP/TBA−COOH−IL/MWCNT/GCE displayed a well‐resolved redox peak at a formal potential (E°’) of −0.32 V, which corresponds to the concealed FeIII/FeII redox centre of the immobilized HRP enzyme. Further, the developed biosensor was employed for the electrocatalytic determination of H2O2 in static and dynamic conditions, which showed a wide linear range from 0.02 to 4.30 mM with a high sensitivity and low detection limit of 160.6 μA mM−1 cm−2 and 6 μM, respectively. The excellent performance of the fabricated biosensor is attributed to the stable covalent anchoring of freely water‐soluble enzyme on the newly designed, highly conducting and biocompatible platform. Furthermore, the fabricated biosensor exhibited good reproducibility with an extended long‐term stability.
Discussion on A high‐resolution bilevel skew‐t stochastic generator for assessing Saudi Arabia's wind energy resources
Authors: Porcu Emilio , Rysgaard Jonas , Eveloy Valerie
Published: August 2020

We provide a detailed discussion on the analysis presented by Tagle and co‐authors, who suggested an approach to improve earlier models for handling non‐Gaussianity in spatial wind field speed data by simplifying the model formulation to better accommodate large data sets. Our discussion focuses on the energy and socio‐economic context of wind potential assessment in Saudi Arabia – an oil‐rich country, statistical aspects associated with wind field forecasting, and the prediction of the wind electricity production potential from the wind field forecast.
Adjusting a finite population block kriging estimator for imperfect detection
Authors: Higham Matt , Ver Hoef Jay , Madsen Lisa , Aderman Andy
Published: August 2020

A finite population version of block kriging (FPBK) estimates a total or a mean when there is perfect detection of population units. However, many environmental datasets challenge the assumption of perfect detection. We consider two extensions of FPBK that incorporate imperfect detection. Spatial population estimator with detection: ratio then add (SPEDRA) adjusts observed counts by the estimated detection probability prior to spatial modeling. Spatial population estimator with detection: add then ratio (SPEDAR) uses spatial modeling on observed counts and then adjusts by mean detection probability. Unlike classical sampling approaches such as simple random sampling, SPEDRA and SPEDAR allow for spatial correlation among counts, and, being moment‐based, are less computationally intensive than a fully Bayesian model. Both SPEDRA and SPEDAR perform similarly in some simulation settings and give comparable estimates for a moose population total when applied to data from Togiak National Wildlife Refuge (AK). In settings where detection probability varies widely across sites, however, SPEDRA outperforms SPEDAR in reducing root mean square prediction error. We recommend SPEDRA in surveys with imperfect detection because it is more theoretically sound and generally performs better.
Effect of initial C/N ratio on composting of two‐phase olive mill pomace, dairy manure, and straw
Authors: Ekinci Kamil , Tosun İsmail , Kumbul Barbaros Salih , Şevik Fevzi , Sülük Kemal , Bıtrak Necati Berk
Published: August 2020

Composting plants should be operated at a high degradation rate in order to lower their capital and operational costs. Initial C/N ratio is one of the most influential factors on the composting process. This study aimed to determine the impacts of initial C/N ratio on operational composting parameters of two‐phase olive mill pomace with separated dairy manure. Five initial C/N ratios ranging from 29.43 to 43.33 were examined using fifteen 100 L cylindrical reactors. The highest decomposition rate was estimated at 0.02 day−1 with the C/N ratio of 34.49. The maximum relative heat generation was obtained with the C/N ratio of 36.07. The C/N ratio of ≅33 reduced the composting cost of process‐based total airflow supplied per dry matter and organic matter loss. The maximum throughput capacity was obtained when the compost blend had the C/N ratio of ≅37.24. It was concluded that operating the composting of two‐phase olive mill waste, separated dairy manure, and straw with the boundary of the initial C/N ratios between 33 and 37 was recommended.
SecRIP: Secure and reliable intercluster routing protocol for efficient data transmission in flying ad hoc networks
Authors: Bhardwaj Vinay , Kaur Navdeep , Vashisht Sahil , Jain Sushma
Published: August 2020

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) come up with eminent opportunities for military and civilian applications. Such opportunities come with unique challenges. The high mobility of UAVs leads to the frequent change in the network topology that results in packet loss or routing path failure, and so on. Moreover, secure routing is one of the most important features while organizing wireless communication among UAVs. To counter these challenges, a secure and reliable routing protocol (SecRIP) for the flying ad hoc network is proposed for efficient and reliable data transfer. This SecRIP works toward the enhancement of the quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) metrics. The SecRIP works on two algorithms: (i) a chaotic algae algorithm and (ii) dragonfly algorithm; these algorithm serves the functionality of cluster selection, management, and data transmission in intercluster. The proposed technique is compared with other existing techniques using a network simulator. The results show that the proposed technique is capable of maintaining the higher QoS and the QoE standards and also helps the nodes conserve their power without compromising on the performance. The simulated results show improvement as it decreases the delay incurred in SecRIP is 24%, and routing overhead is 19%, where the PDR of SecRIP is increased by 32% in comparison with existing protocols. In an extreme case, when node density increases, the SecRIP helps to limits the delay to 41%, and the PDR is 28% higher than the other existing protocols. Finally, the result demonstrates that the SecRIP protocol achieves secure and reliable data transmission.
Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) berries, seeds, leaves, and essential oils: New undiscovered sources of natural compounds with promising health benefits
Authors: Giampieri Francesca , Cianciosi Danila , Forbes‐Hernández Tamara Y.
Published: August 2020

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is a typical plant of the coasts of Mediterranean area, which grows spontaneously as a shrub or a small tree. Myrtle berries, leaves, seeds, and essential oils are natural sources of several nutrients and bioactive compounds with marked health effects. In the ancient medicine, it has been indeed used for treating several common diseases, including gastrointestinal, urinary, and skin disorders, whereas currently it is widely employed in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This review aims to describe the nutritional and the phytochemical compositions of different parts of myrtle plant, as well as their antioxidant activities. In addition, several in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies are also presented to give a general overview of the potential effects of myrtle on human health. Finally, a critical analysis of the limitations related to the current research on myrtle is given.
Antioxidant and hepatorenal protective effects of bee pollen fractions against propionic acid‐induced autistic feature in rats
Authors: Al‐Salem Huda S. , Al‐Yousef Hanan M. , Ashour Abdelkader E. , Ahmed Atallah F. , Amina Musarat , Issa Iman S. , Bhat Ramesa Shafi
Published: August 2020

In the brain, propionic acid (PA) can cross cell membranes and accumulate within cells, leading to intracellular acidification, which may alter neurotransmitter release (NT), communication between neurons, and behavior. Such elevation in levels of PA constitutes a neurodevelopmental metabolic disorder called propionic acidemia, which could clinically manifest as autism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of different fractions of bee pollen (BP) on PA‐induced autism in rats, and to evaluate their effects on the expression of liver and renal biomarkers. Groups of rats received treatments of different fractions of BP at a dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight/day for a period of 1 month. Normal control group I and group II were orally administered with phosphate‐buffered saline and propionic acid, respectively, for 3 days. BP contains various health‐promoting phenolic components. Different fractions of BP administered pre‐ and post‐treatment with PA showed significant reduction in the levels of liver and renal biomarkers (p < .05). Also, a significant enhancement in the levels of glutathione S‐transferase (GST), catalase CAT), and ascorbic acid (VIT C) was observed. Supplementation with BP significantly reduced biochemical changes in the liver, kidneys, and brain of rats with PA‐induced toxicity. It exhibited protective effects against oxidative damage and reactive oxygen species produced by PA‐induced adverse reactions in rats. Taken together, our study shows that BP possesses protective effects in PA‐induced liver and kidney damage.
Neo‐Tethyan slab tearing constrained by Palaeocene N‐MORB‐like magmatism in southern Tibet
Authors: Tian Ye , Huang Feng , Xu Jifeng , Wang Baodi , Liu Han , Zeng Yunchuan , Liu Xijun , Yang Changqi , Yu Hongxia , Wen Yaqian , Zhang Zhao , Zhang Liying , Zhang Yutong
Published: August 2020

Southern Tibet is a key region for investigating the magmatism that occurredduring the collision between India and Asia. The break‐off of the Neo‐Tethyan slab, after the onset of continental collision at ca. 65–60 Ma, affected the lithospheric thermal regime and led to a series of magmatic and tectonic events. Many magmatic rocks generated by slab break‐off have been reported in southern Tibet; however, which of these record the initial slab break‐off (i.e., slab tearing) is still an open question. The Lianxiang gabbros, which intrude an ophiolite in central‐southern Tibet, provide an ideal opportunity to investigate the footprint of the initial slab break‐off. Zircon U–Pb ages show that the Lianxiang gabbros crystallized at 57–53 Ma, coeval with other mafic dikes in southern Tibet. The Lianxiang gabbros are characterized by high Na2O (2.13–5.42 wt%), Al2O3 (13.86–17.13 wt%), and V (188–346 ppm) contents and moderate Mg# (40.8–65.9). The gabbrosare slightly depleted in light rare earth elements [LREE; (La/Yb)N = 0.45–0.76], similar to normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (N‐MORB). They also have low 87Sr/86Sri ratios (0.703538–0.705698) and high εNd(t) values (9.49–10.68), indicating that they were derived mainly from a shallow asthenospheric mantle source. Combining our results with data from other magmatism at ~57 Ma in the southern Lhasa Terrane, we propose that the N‐MORB‐type rocks reflect the tearing of the Neo‐Tethyan slab. The process of slab break‐off differed between western and eastern southern Tibet, possibly as a result of different lithospheric structures and compositions.
Effects of conflict on child health: Evidence from the 1990–1994 Northern Mali Conflict
Authors: Tsujimoto Takahiro , Kijima Yoko
Published: August 2020

This study evaluates the impact of the 1990–1994 conflict in northern Mali on child health at different timings of exposure (in utero and after birth). Two anthropometric variables (height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height Z‐scores) are used as indicators of child health. The empirical strategy relies on the difference‐in‐difference approach based on birth cohort, GIS residence information, and conflict intensity. The intensity of conflict exposure is measured by the number of deaths resulting from a conflict that broke out within a 10‐km radius of each community. The estimation results show that the more severe the exposure to children and their mothers, the greater is the negative impact on the height, but not on the weight, of children. Additionally, the timing of conflict exposure plays a critical role in the outcome of a child's health: exposure to conflict in utero, rather than after birth, negatively affects health. Placebo test as well as tests of selective migration, fertility, and mortality are conducted and confirmed the robustness of the main results. The differential effects of the timing of exposure in utero suggest that the heightened maternal stress is the main mechanism.
Association of Epstein–Barr virus with regression after withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs and subsequent progression of iatrogenic immunodeficiency‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with autoimmune diseases
Authors: Fujimoto Katsuya , Hatanaka Kanako C. , Hatanaka Yutaka , Kasahara Ikumi , Yamamoto Satoshi , Tsuji Takahiro , Nakata Masanobu , Takakuwa Yasunari , Haseyama Yoshihito , Oyamada Yumiko , Yonezumi Masakatsu , Suzuki Hiroaki , Sakai Hajime , Noguchi Hiroko , Mori Akio , Nishihara Hiroshi , Teshima Takanori , Matsuno Yoshihiro
Published: August 2020

Patients with autoimmune diseases (AIDs) may develop lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) during treatment with immunosuppressive agents (IS) such as methotrexate (MTX), biological agents, or tacrolimus. Some LPDs in patients with AIDs (AID‐LPDs) regress after withdrawal of IS, and a high incidence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) positivity in such patients has been reported. To identify characteristics and factors predictive of the response to treatment and disease progression, we retrospectively analyzed clinical and histopathological data for 81 patients with AID‐LPDs. Almost all of them (96%) had been treated with MTX. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma was the most common LPD type (61%) and seven patients (9%) had classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). EBV was detected by in situ hybridization with an EBV‐encoded small RNA (EBER) probe in 43% of the examined cases. In 59 patients, IS was discontinued as the initial treatment, resulting in regression of LPDs in 69% of them, and multivariate analysis showed that EBER positivity was an independent factor predictive of such regression (p = 0.022). Two‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival for the patients overall were 63% and 83%, respectively. Poor PFS was associated with advanced stage (p = 0.024), worse performance status (PS, p = 0.031), CHL histology (p = 0.013), and reactivation of EBV‐related antibodies (p = 0.029). In conclusion, EBV positivity demonstrated using an EBER probe is useful for prediction of successful regression after withdrawal of IS in patients with AID‐LPDs. Patients with advanced stage disease, worse PS, CHL histology, or reactivation of EBV‐related antibodies should be closely monitored after initial treatment.
Engaging “hard‐to‐reach” men in health promotion using the OPHELIA principles: Participants' perspectives
Authors: Kinsman Leigh , Radford Jan , Elmer Shandell , Ogden Kathryn , Randles Sarah , Jacob Alycia , Delphin Denise , Burr Nettie , Goss Mick
Published: August 2020

Issue addressed

Men in the Northern Suburbs of Launceston, Tasmania, experience substantially poorer health outcomes and socio‐economic disadvantage than most Australians. They are often described as “hard‐to‐reach,” meaning difficult to engage in research, health promotion, policy and planning. This paper summarises the OPHELIA process to combine health literacy profiling with engagement of local men in health promotion, and their experience of the process and outcomes.

Methods

Interviews were conducted to explore the experiences of middle‐aged men with the OPHELIA process and subsequent interventions.

Results

Local data and health literacy profiling revealed experiences of isolation, lack of trust in the system, medication non‐adherence, mental illness and chronic pain, which formed the basis for generation of ideas to improve their well‐being and understanding of health. Tailored interventions were implemented, including suicide prevention, “Numeracy for Life” and “Healthy Sheds” courses.

Interviews with six participants revealed that the process contributed to a sense of worth, social support and ability to break “old habits.”

Conclusions

Prioritising the lived experience of “hard‐to‐reach” men through the OPHELIA process resulted in co‐design of interventions that were valued by participants.

So what?

Health literacy profiling and genuine community engagement can empower vulnerable, under‐represented communities to co‐design, and engage in, health promotion.
Effect of nanoparticle shapes on irreversibility analysis of nanofluid in a microchannel with individual effects of radiative heat flux, velocity slip and convective heating
Authors: Sindhu Sundar , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna
Published: August 2020

In this study, the flow of a nanoliquid in a microchannel is examined. Two distinct metallic nanoparticles, titanium and silver, are used in this study. The slip regime and convective boundary are considered to compute the momentum and energy balance equation. The mathematical expressions are made dimensionless by using nondimensional quantities. A numerical approach called Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg scheme is employed to obtain the solution. Effects of the internal heat source and radiative flux on fluid model are examined. The upshots of the pertinent flow parameter and the physical features are visualized through graphical elucidations. The effect of flow constraints on the second law analysis for the described physical phenomenon is predicted. Conclusion indicates that lowering of temperature of the nanofluid is obtained by higher values of nanoparticle volume fraction. The causes of irreversibility in a thermal system is explored in this investigation. The results indicate that nonspherical nanoparticles has higher thermal conductivity ratio as compared with spherical nanoparticles. Minimization of entropy can be attained through increasing volume fraction of titanium and silver nanoparticles. Besides, it is emphasized that entropy generation is high in case of disc‐shaped nanoparticles, followed by needle and sphere shapes.
The relationship of theory of mind and maternal emotional expressiveness with aggressive behaviours in young Japanese children: A gender‐differentiated effect
Authors: Mizokawa Ai , Hamana Mai
Published: August 2020

The aim of this study was to test the relationship of theory of mind (ToM) and maternal emotional expressiveness with children's aggressive behaviours (i.e., relational aggression, physical aggression). ToM is vital to relational aggression, which involves harming others through purposeful manipulation and damaging peer relationships. However, little is known about how ToM and family emotional environment are interactively associated with aggressive behaviours. Fifty‐one Japanese children, aged 4 and 5 years, completed measures of ToM and receptive vocabulary. Mothers reported their emotional expressiveness towards their children and classroom teachers rated each child's aggressive behaviours. The results revealed that when boys have mature ToM and their mothers show high negative emotional expressiveness, they exhibit higher relational aggression in their peer relationships. Such interaction effect was not found for girls. The findings suggest that boys with mature ToM are likely to learn to use ToM for antisocial purposes via negative family emotional environments.

Highlights

This study examined the relationship of Theory of Mind (ToM) and maternal emotional expressiveness with aggressive behaviours in young Japanese children.

When boys had both mature ToM and mothers who express high negative emotional expressiveness, they exhibited higher relational aggression in their peer relationships.

The results suggest that there is a gender‐differentiated effect of family emotional environment on children's socio‐cognitive development.
Reliability assessment of scenarios generated for stock index returns incorporating momentum
Authors: Guo Xiaoshi , Ryan Sarah M.
Published: August 2020

Stochastic programming models for portfolio optimization rely on scenario paths for returns derived from stochastic process models. This paper investigates a variant of the geometric Brownian motion process for stock index returns that incorporates index momentum. Based on this model, three different processes for generating scenarios on a rolling basis are devised, which differ according to how frequently the momentum parameter is updated and whether it is estimated according to a simple moving average or an exponentially weighted moving average of returns. The reliability of scenario sets generated for multiple instances is assessed by applying a recently developed statistical tool. Backtesting is conducted in case studies of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index and the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index for two different historical periods. The numerical results show that the frequency with which the expected return is updated does not significantly influence the performance of the scenario generation procedure, whereas how the expected return is calculated affects the autocorrelation and dispersion of generated scenarios drastically. All scenario generation schemes are highly sensitive to the estimated volatility of the index returns. Among the three processes tested, the algorithms that incorporate momentum estimates according to an exponentially weighted moving average can generate reliable scenarios when the volatility estimation error is small.
Monetary policy news and systemic risk at the zero lower bound
Authors: Kapinos Pavel S.
Published: August 2020

This paper employs a recent contribution to the construction of the shadow nominal interest rate during the zero lower bound episode and Greenbook forecasts to obtain a measure of monetary policy shocks over that time period. It then identifies monetary policy news shocks as a novel measure of the forward‐looking conduct of monetary policy in the U.S. Using the data from 1987—2010, it shows that neither monetary news nor surprises affected alternative measures of systemic risk over the full sample. However, monetary news shocks announcing future reductions in interest rates were effective in lowering most (but not all) systemic risk measures during the zero lower bound period, unlike monetary surprises.
Dynamic risk attributes in Malaysia stock markets: Behavioural finance insights
Authors: Tuyon Jasman , Ahmad Zamri
Published: August 2020

This paper proposes a quasi‐rational multi‐factor stock‐pricing determinants model with fundamental (rational) and behavioural (irrational) risk factors that highlight academic and practical merits. Academically, this study provides proofs to the notion of bounded rational and dynamic risk–return relationships. Practically, ways to uncover dynamics risk attributes in equity markets are highlighted. The empirical tests are performed based on a sample of 238 Malaysian firm stock returns with monthly data spanning from 1996:01 to 2014:12. The panel regression and quantile panel regression methods are employed in estimations to uncover the dynamic risk–return relationships. Collectively, the analyses provide evidence to support the dynamic of risk attributes due to quasi‐rational risk factors and given different prospects namely; firm characteristics, market states, as well as losses and gains. In theory, the results lend support to the validity of the suggested stock‐pricing determinants model. In practice, the study provides valuable insights to capture multi‐attributes risk dynamics in stock market that will benefits practitioners for trading strategies and policymakers for market efficiency governance policymaking.
Integration of the Baltic stock markets with developed European markets
Authors: Harkmann Kersti
Published: August 2020

This paper examines the extent of integration of the Baltic stock markets with the financial markets in Western Europe. The long‐run relationships between the stock markets of the Baltic States and selected developed stock markets are studied by means of cointegration analysis on the weekly returns. For the Baltic stock markets and key indices from the European markets, the empirical results over period 2005–2015 provide clear evidence that the Baltic stock markets are integrated with the Swedish stock market, and that this cointegrating relationship implies transmission of shocks from Sweden to the Baltic States. The cointegration analysis is also conducted for rolling windows over consequent sub‐samples, which only verifies the robustness of the integration between the stock markets of the Baltic States and Sweden. Given that there is no support for the long‐term relationships between the Baltic market and euro area, it may be that Baltic markets offer diversification benefits for the euro area indices.
Bubble tests in the London housing market: A borough level analysis
Authors: Petris Panagiotis , Dotsis George , Alexakis Panayotis
Published: August 2020

In this study, we apply a recursive right‐tailed test to investigate for evidence of “bubbles” in the London housing market. We implement the test using data from all London boroughs. Aggregate tests indicate long periods of explosive behaviour of housing prices in the London residential market. Applying the test at a regional level, we identify house price booms in five boroughs, and we detect bubbles in only three, out of the total 32 London boroughs. The test finds no‐bubble condition in the inner London boroughs, even in the Prime Central London areas, where the highest house prices have been recorded.