bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical reflection workshops and knowledge exchange: findings from a Scottish project
Authors: Cree Viviene E. , Macrae Rhoda , Smith Mark , Knowles Nancy , O'Halloran Susan , Sharp Douglas , Wallace Elaine
Published: September 2014

In 2013, academics from a Scottish university came together with social work managers and practitioners from two local authorities (LAs) in Scotland to run a knowledge exchange (KE) project co‐sponsored by the Economic and Social Research Council and the LAs. The project's aim was an ambitious one: to contribute to culture change in the children and families' departments in the two partner agencies. The project grew out of an earlier KE venture that had explored ways of engaging better with involuntary service users in social work; it thus both anticipated and reflected wider concerns about services for children that were also demonstrated in Munro's Review of Child Protection. The KE project had three components: training for managers, practitioner research projects and critical reflection workshops. Whether, and to what degree, the KE project changed culture is not the focus of this paper, which is written jointly by academic researchers and practitioners. Instead, one element of the KE project, namely the critical reflection workshops, is discussed. Findings provide strong evidence of the pressures currently experienced by children and families' services in the UK public sector. They also indicate how important good relationships are in building meaningful KE.
Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in unselected breast cancer patients from Peru
Authors: Abugattas J. , Llacuachaqui M. , Allende Y. Sullcahuaman , Velásquez A. Arias , Velarde R. , Cotrina J. , Garcés M. , León M. , Calderón G. , de la Cruz M. , Mora P. , Royer R. , Herzog J. , Weitzel J.N. , Narod S.A.
Published: September 2014

The prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among breast cancer patients in Peru has not yet been explored. We enrolled 266 women with breast cancer from a National cancer hospital in Lima, Peru, unselected for age or family history. DNA was screened with a panel of 114 recurrent Hispanic BRCA mutations (HISPANEL). Among the 266 cases, 13 deleterious mutations were identified (11 in BRCA1 and 2 in BRCA2), representing 5% of the total. The average age of breast cancer in the mutation‐positive cases was 44 years. BRCA1 185delAG represented 7 of 11 mutations in BRCA1. Other mutations detected in BRCA1 included: two 2080delA, one 943ins10, and one 3878delTA. The BRCA2 3036del4 mutation was seen in two patients. Given the relatively low cost of the HISPANEL test, one should consider offering this test to all Peruvian women with breast or ovarian cancer.
p.L18P: a novel IDUA mutation that causes a distinct attenuated phenotype in mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients
Authors: Pasqualim G. , Ribeiro M.G. , da Fonseca G.G.G. , Szlago M. , Schenone A. , Lemes A. , Rojas M.V.M. , Matte U. , Giugliani R.
Published: September 2014

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of α‐l‐iduronidase (IDUA) which leads to a wide spectrum of clinical severity. Here, we describe the case of four male patients who present the previously undescribed p.L18P mutation. Patient 1 (p.L18P/p.L18P) presents, despite multiple joint contractures, an attenuated phenotype. Patient 2 (p.L18P/p.W402X) was diagnosed at 4 years of age with bone dysplasia, coarse facies, limited mobility, claw hands and underwent bilateral carpal tunnel surgery at 6 years of age. Patients 3 and 4 (both p.L18P/p.L18P) are brothers. Patient 3 was diagnosed at 4 years of age, when presented claw hands, lower limb and shoulder pain, restricted articular movement and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Patient 4 was diagnosed at 17 months of age when presented lower limb pain at night, respiratory allergy and repeated upper airways infections. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that p.L18P mutation reduces the signal peptide to 25 amino acids and alters its secondary structure. In conclusion, we report a new IDUA variant that alters the structure of the signal peptide, which likely impairs transport to lysosomes. Moreover, it leads to a distinct attenuated phenotype with mainly bone and cartilage symptoms, without visceromegalies, heart disease, or cognitive impairment.
792. NERINE BOWDENII SUBSP. WELLSII
Authors: Duncan Graham
Published: September 2014

A subspecific name for the very hardy northern Drakensberg form of Nerine bowdenii Watson from South Africa is validated as N. bowdenii Watson subsp. wellsii C.A. Norris ex G.D. Duncan. A description and details of its history, taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements are given, accompanied by a watercolour painting, habitat photographs and distribution map.
Trapped by climate: interglacial refuge and recent population expansion in the endemic Iberian adder Vipera seoanei
Authors: Martínez‐Freiría Fernando , Velo‐Antón Guillermo , Brito José C.
Published: September 2014

Aim

Climate variability is a major force affecting diversification processes and restricting species to specific areas, and thus, it has important impacts on species biogeographic patterns. This study aims to infer the role of climate in the evolutionary history of the endemic Iberian adder Vipera seoanei.

Location

Northern Iberian Peninsula and south‐western France.

Methods

We combined genetic analyses with ecological niche‐based modelling. Genetic analyses, based on sequencing of mitochondrial markers (cyt b, ND4), include phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses, spatial interpolations of genetic variability and diversity, and identification of putative geographical origin of the most recent common ancestor of the species. Ecological modelling involved the combination of six modelling algorithms and projections to past conditions (Last Interglacial – LIG, Last Glacial Maximum – LGM) and the identification of climatic stable areas.

Results

The species shows a shallow phylogeographic structure, dated at middle‐upper Pleistocene, and low haplotype diversity, with the highest genetic diversity located in north‐western Iberia. This region is identified as the putative origin of the ancestral populations. Projections to past periods spatially fit genetic results, indicating range contractions to north‐western Iberia during the LIG and expansions during the LGM.

Main conclusions

This study exemplifies how the combination of phylogeographic and ecological niche‐based models is a powerful tool for inferring evolutionary scenarios and responses of species to Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Vipera seoanei responded accordingly to a cold temperate model and fits a simplified example of ‘R’ type species where interglacial warming periods during the Pleistocene probably caused major range reductions with persistence in a single refuge in north‐western Iberia. The single mtDNA lineage observed in this study does not support the differentiation at subspecific level in V. seoanei. Our work highlights the importance of climate in explaining evolutionary processes and current biogeographical patterns of species with restrictive ranges.
The Advantages of Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Assessment of Tricuspid Valve Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Sungur Aylin , Hsiung Ming C. , Meggo Quiroz Luis D. , Öz Tuğba Kemaloğlu , Haj Asaad Ayman , Joshi Deepak , Dönmez Cevdet , Güvenç Tolga S. , Nanda Navin C.
Published: September 2014

Currently, tricuspid valve infective endocarditis (TVIE) is encountered in daily clinical practice more frequently due to the increasing prevalence of illicit intravenous drug use and the implantation of intracardiac devices. In this study, we compared findings from intra‐operative live/real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiograms (3DTEE) and two‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiograms (2DTEE) of 10 patients who underwent surgery for native tricuspid valve (TV) endocarditis. Unlike 2DTEE, 3DTEE allowed en face visualization of the 3 TV leaflets from both, atrial and ventricular aspects, in 9 of the 10 cases. In the remaining patient, in whom 3DTEE could not identify all 3 leaflets en face, the TV was found essentially destroyed at surgery. Using 3DTEE, the number of vegetations was accurately reported when compared with the surgical record. Furthermore, the orientation of each vegetation was the same as noted in the surgical findings. 2DTEE missed the identification of vegetations in 5 patients. The attachment site of vegetations to the TV were also not characterized by 2DTEE in 5 patients. In all 10 cases, 3DTEE characterized the vegetations more accurately with larger dimensions, including those in the azimuthal axis, and volumes. In addition, a perivalvular abscess that lead to surgical intervention was identified by 3DTEE, however, missed by 2DTEE. In conclusion, 3DTEE allows en face visualization of the TV apparatus permitting accurate description of the number and dimensions of vegetations identified by our surgical standard, which ultimately informs patients' prognosis and dictates the timing and planning for surgical intervention. Its use should be in conjunction with 2DTEE when evaluating TVIE.
Prognostic role of Twist or Snail in various carcinomas: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Ping , Hu Pingping , Shen Hongchang , Yu Jianyu , Liu Qi , Du Jiajun
Published: September 2014

Background

Twist and Snail are considered as key transcriptional repressors of E‐cadherin tightly related to epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression. Numerous studies have investigated the prognostic value of Twist and Snail. However, the published results were controversial or even opposite. Our article aimed to evaluate the prognostic role of Twist and Snail in patients with cancer.

Design

A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science was conducted. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed to quantify the prognostic role.

Results

The pooled HR with 38 studies for Twist was 2·18 (95% CI: 1·77–2·68, I2 = 69·8%, P = 0·000) and for Snail with 40 studies was 1·58 (95% CI: 1·33–1·87, I2 = 70·0%, P = 0·000), suggesting high Twist/Snail expression predicted poor prognosis related to all clinical outcomes. For Twist, the pooled HR for overall survival (OS) was 2·07 (95% CI: 1·63–2·63, I2 = 72·6%, P = 0·000) and for progression‐free/recurrence‐free/metastasis‐free/disease‐free/cancer‐free survival (PFS/RFS/MFS/DFS/CFS) was 2·36 (95% CI: 1·76–3·17, I2 = 65·0%, P = 0·000). For Snail, the pooled HR for OS was 1·63 (95% CI: 1·33–1·99, I2 = 70·8%, P = 0·000) and for PFS/RFS/MFS/DFS/CFS was 1·54 (95% CI: 1·17–2·02, I2 = 59·1%, P = 0·001). All of those results were suggesting that high Twist/Snail expression was associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, when grouped into different types of cancers, the pooled HRs were also calculated for the subgroups. No publication bias was found except studies evaluating all clinical outcomes of Twist (P = 0·006 for Begg's test and 0·006 for Egger's test).

Conclusions

Elevated Twist or Snail expression in tumour tissue indicated poor prognosis for cancer.
The Acclimation of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to Temperature: Behavioural and Neurochemical Responses
Authors: Manciocco Arianna , Toni Mattia , Tedesco Amanda , Malavasi Stefano , Alleva Enrico , Cioni Carla
Published: September 2014

Studies on fish behavioural and neurophysiological responses to water temperature change may contribute to an improved understanding of the ecological consequences of global warming. We investigated behavioural and neurochemical responses to water temperature in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) acclimated to three temperatures (18, 22 and 28°C). After 21 d of acclimation, three groups of 25 fish each were exposed to four behavioural challenges (foraging, olfactory, aversive and mirror tests). The expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was then analysed by Western blotting inCNShomogenates (from a subset of the same fish) as a marker for cholinergic system activity. In both foraging and olfactory tests, fish acclimated to 28°C exhibited significantly higher arousal responses than fish acclimated to lower temperatures. All specimens showed fright behaviour in the aversive test, but the latency of the escape response was significantly less in the fish at 28°C. Finally, the highest mirror responsiveness was exhibited by the fish acclimated to 22°C. As in the case of cholinergic neurotransmission, significantly higher ChATlevels were detected in the telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum and spinal cord of fish acclimated to 22 or 28°C in comparison with those maintained at 18°C. Lower ChATlevels were detected in the mesencephalon (optic tectum) at 22 and 28°C than at 18°C. These data indicate that neuronal functions are affected by water temperature. Increases or decreases in ChATexpression can be related to the functional modulation of brain and spinal cord centres involved in behavioural responses to temperature change. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the environmental temperature level influences behaviour andCNSneurochemistry in the European sea bass.
Histopathological assessment of intrinsic laryngeal musculature in horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse
Authors: Fjordbakk C. T. , Revold T. , Goodwin D. , Piercy R. J.
Published: September 2014

Reasons for performing study

The pathogenesis of bilateral dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion (DLC) of horses is unknown but might be associated with intrinsic laryngeal muscle weakness.

Objectives

To investigate histopathological characteristics of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, the cricothyroid (CT) and the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscles in DLC‐affected horses and compare these with unaffected controls. Our hypotheses were that evidence of neurogenic atrophy of the CT or cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscles would be found in DLC‐affected horses and that observed changes would be symmetrically (left/right) distributed, or that muscle fibre diameter would be significantly reduced in DLC‐affected horses compared to unaffected controls, reflecting an underlying paresis.

Study design

Case–control study.

Methods

Five DLC horses and 8 controls were included. Muscle samples were harvested immediately following euthanasia. Fibre type proportions and size were evaluated by multiple immunofluorescence labelling of cryosections, and compared between sides (left/right) and groups (DLC‐affected cases/ unaffected controls). Subjective and objective assessments of fibre type grouping were compared between sides and groups.

Results

Fibre type proportions, fibre size and the subjective assessment of fibre type grouping did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the groups. Objective assessment of fibre type grouping revealed significantly more large clusters of T1 fibres within the left cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle of DLC‐affected cases versus controls, and within the right CT muscle of control horses compared to the DLC‐cases.

Conclusions

The absence of bilateral symmetric fibre type grouping, fibre type loss and fibre atrophy in the DLC‐affected cases do not support a neuromuscular component within the pathogenesis of DLC. The objective assessment of fibre type grouping revealed some statistical differences between the DLC‐affected cases and the unaffected controls; however, these findings were inconsistent with regard to DLC. An alternative aetiology of DLC seems likely.
Effects of anti‐TNF‐α agents on circulating endothelial‐derived and platelet‐derived microparticles in psoriasis
Authors: Pelletier Fabien , Garnache‐Ottou Francine , Biichlé Sabeha , Vivot Aurore , Humbert Philippe , Saas Philippe , Seillès Estelle , Aubin François
Published: September 2014

Psoriasis involves TNF‐α secretion leading to release of microparticles into the bloodstream. We investigated the effect of TNF blockers on microparticles levels before and after treatment in patients (twenty treated by anti‐TNF‐α agents and 6 by methotrexate) with severe psoriasis. Plasmatic microparticles were labelled using fluorescent monoclonal antibodies and were analysed using cytometry. Three months later, 70% of patients treated with anti‐TNF‐α agents achieved a reduction in PASI score of at least 75%. The clinical improvement in patients treated with anti‐TNF‐α agents was associated with a significant reduction of the mean number of platelet microparticles (2837/μl vs 1849/μl, P = 0.02) and of endothelial microparticles (64/μl vs 22/μl, P = 0.001). Microparticles are significantly decreased in psoriatic patients successfully treated by anti‐TNF‐α. Microparticles levels as circulating endothelial cells represent signs of endothelial dysfunction and are elevated in psoriasis. Then, TNF blockade may be effective to reduce cardiovascular risk through the reduction of circulating microparticles.
Egr‐1 is a key regulator of IL‐17A‐induced psoriasin upregulation in psoriasis
Authors: Jeong Sang Hoon , Kim Hee Joo , Jang Yeonsue , Ryu Woo In , Lee Hana , Kim Jin Hee , Bae Hyun Cheol , Choi Jae Eun , Kye Young Chul , Son Sang Wook
Published: September 2014

The early growth response (Egr)‐1 is a transcriptional factor which plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, cell survival and immune responses. Emerging evidences including our data demonstrate that the Egr‐1 expression is up‐regulated in the psoriatic skin lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance and regulatory mechanism of Egr‐1 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Through microarray analysis, we found out that psoriasin (S100A7) expression was increased in the Egr‐1 overexpressed cells. Our results showed that IL‐17A increased Egr‐1 expression in the skin of psoriatic patients and cultured human keratinocytes. We then investigated activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase as an upstream signal regulator of Egr‐1 expression. IL‐17A‐induced Egr‐1 expression was suppressed by ERK inhibitor. In addition, IL‐17A induced psoriasin expression in cultured keratinocytes and the skin of IL‐17A intradermally injected mouse. IL‐17A‐mediated psoriasin upregulation was reduced after treatment of small interfering RNAs against Egr‐1. Furthermore, the results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Egr‐1 directly binds the psoriasin promoter. Our findings present a novel signalling mechanism by which IL‐17A can induce the Egr‐1‐dependent psoriasin expression via the ERK pathway in human keratinocytes. This study suggests that Egr‐1 may be a novel and important modulator in IL‐17A‐mediated immune response in psoriasis.
Molecular mechanisms of disease‐related human β‐actin mutations p.R183W and p.E364K
Authors: Hundt Nikolas , Preller Matthias , Swolski Olga , Ang Angella M. , Mannherz Hans G. , Manstein Dietmar J. , Müller Mirco
Published: September 2014

Cytoplasmic β‐actin supports fundamental cellular processes in healthy and diseased cells including cell adhesion, migration, cytokinesis and maintenance of cell polarity. Mutations in ACTB, the gene encoding cytoplasmic β‐actin, lead to severe disorders with a broad range of symptoms. The two dominant heterozygous gain‐of‐function β‐actin mutations p.R183W and p.E364K were identified in patients with developmental malformations, deafness and juvenile‐onset dystonia (p.R183W) and neutrophil dysfunction (p.E364K). Here, we report the recombinant production and functional characterization of the two mutant proteins. Arg183 is located near the nucleotide‐binding pocket of actin. Our results from biochemical studies and molecular dynamics simulations show that replacement by a tryptophan residue at position 183 establishes an unusual stacking interaction with Tyr69 that perturbs nucleotide release from actin monomers and polymerization behavior by inducing a closed state conformation. The replacement of Glu364 by a lysine residue appears to act as an allosteric trigger event leading to the preferred formation of the closed state. Thus, our approach indicates that both mutations affect interdomain mobility and nucleotide interactions as a basis for the formation of disease phenotypes in patients.
Distribution of Ownership, Short Sale Constraints, and Market Efficiency: Evidence from Cross‐Listed Stocks
Authors: Gagnon Louis , Witmer Jonathan
Published: September 2014

We investigate the interplay between the distribution of ownership, short sale constraints, and market efficiency. Using minute‐by‐minute data during the period surrounding the short sale ban of 2008, we demonstrate that short sale restrictions cause price disparities among cross‐listed stocks when ownership in the stocks is distributed unevenly across the two markets. The stocks tend to trade at a premium in the market where long sellers are relatively scarcer, which reduces the speed at which prices adjust to bad news. The premium is driven primarily by an increase on the ask side of the market where ownership is thinner, is only evident when prices are moving down, and disappears quickly.
Polygonal tundra geomorphological change in response to warming alters future CO2 and CH4 flux on the Barrow Peninsula
Authors: Lara Mark J. , McGuire A. David , Euskirchen Eugenie S. , Tweedie Craig E. , Hinkel Kenneth M. , Skurikhin Alexei N. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Grosse Guido , Bolton W. Robert , Genet Helene
Published: September 2014

The landscape of the Barrow Peninsula in northern Alaska is thought to have formed over centuries to millennia, and is now dominated by ice‐wedge polygonal tundra that spans drained thaw‐lake basins and interstitial tundra. In nearby tundra regions, studies have identified a rapid increase in thermokarst formation (i.e., pits) over recent decades in response to climate warming, facilitating changes in polygonal tundra geomorphology. We assessed the future impact of 100 years of tundra geomorphic change on peak growing season carbon exchange in response to: (i) landscape succession associated with the thaw‐lake cycle; and (ii) low, moderate, and extreme scenarios of thermokarst pit formation (10%, 30%, and 50%) reported for Alaskan arctic tundra sites. We developed a 30 × 30 m resolution tundra geomorphology map (overall accuracy:75%; Kappa:0.69) for our ~1800 km² study area composed of ten classes; drained slope, high center polygon, flat‐center polygon, low center polygon, coalescent low center polygon, polygon trough, meadow, ponds, rivers, and lakes, to determine their spatial distribution across the Barrow Peninsula. Land‐atmosphere CO2 and CH4 flux data were collected for the summers of 2006–2010 at eighty‐two sites near Barrow, across the mapped classes. The developed geomorphic map was used for the regional assessment of carbon flux. Results indicate (i) at present during peak growing season on the Barrow Peninsula, CO2 uptake occurs at ‐902.3 106gC‐CO2 day−1 (uncertainty using 95% CI is between −438.3 and −1366 106gC‐CO2 day−1) and CH4 flux at 28.9 106gC‐CH4 day−1(uncertainty using 95% CI is between 12.9 and 44.9 106gC‐CH4 day−1), (ii) one century of future landscape change associated with the thaw‐lake cycle only slightly alter CO2 and CH4 exchange, while (iii) moderate increases in thermokarst pits would strengthen both CO2 uptake (−166.9 106gC‐CO2 day−1) and CH4 flux (2.8 106gC‐CH4 day−1) with geomorphic change from low to high center polygons, cumulatively resulting in an estimated negative feedback to warming during peak growing season.
Understanding heat and groundwater flow through continental flood basalt provinces: insights gained from alternative models of permeability/depth relationships for the Columbia Plateau, USA
Authors: Burns E. R. , Williams C. F. , Ingebritsen S. E. , Voss C. I. , Spane F. A. , DeAngelo J.
Published: September 2014

Heat‐flow mapping of the western USA has identified an apparent low‐heat‐flow anomaly coincident with the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, a thick sequence of basalt aquifers within the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG). A heat and mass transport model (SUTRA) was used to evaluate the potential impact of groundwater flow on heat flow along two different regional groundwater flow paths. Limited in situ permeability (k) data from the CRBG are compatible with a steep permeability decrease (approximately 3.5 orders of magnitude) at 600–900 m depth and approximately 40°C. Numerical simulations incorporating this permeability decrease demonstrate that regional groundwater flow can explain lower‐than‐expected heat flow in these highly anisotropic (kx/kz ~ 104) continental flood basalts. Simulation results indicate that the abrupt reduction in permeability at approximately 600 m depth results in an equivalently abrupt transition from a shallow region where heat flow is affected by groundwater flow to a deeper region of conduction‐dominated heat flow. Most existing heat‐flow measurements within the CRBG are from shallower than 600 m depth or near regional groundwater discharge zones, so that heat‐flow maps generated using these data are likely influenced by groundwater flow. Substantial k decreases at similar temperatures have also been observed in the volcanic rocks of the adjacent Cascade Range volcanic arc and at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, where they result from low‐temperature hydrothermal alteration.
Translocation of CIDEC in hepatocytes depends on fatty acids
Authors: Li Hongqiang , Chen Ao , Shu Le , Yu Xiaolan , Gan Li , Zhou Lei , Yang Zaiqing
Published: September 2014

The CIDEC protein is located in lipid droplets (LDs) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is induced in fat deposition. However, the binding domain, the functional domain and the underlying mechanism of CIDEC in stimulating lipid accumulation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the subcellular localization and function of pig CIDEC and confirmed CIDEC promotes unilocular development of LDs, reduces the specific surface area (SSA) of LDs and stimulates lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. By analyzing a series of CIDEC mutants, we showed the N‐domain (1–173 amino acid) is involved in LD localization and the C‐domain (174–238 amino acid) is necessary for LD fusion. Further analysis indicated that the 106–173 amino acid region includes an ER‐binding domain. Moreover, CIDEC stayed in the ER under lipid‐deficient conditions and translocated to LDs under fatty acid stimulation suggesting that localization of CIDEC in the ER is before the LD. Our data indicated additional fatty acids stimulated hepatic CIDEC expression and an increasing level of CIDEC induced hepatic LD fusion and lipid accumulation. Our work suggests that CIDEC protects LDs by decreasing the SSA of LDs and is involved in the regulation of hepatic lipid deposition.
Deep secrets of a sun and surf resort in the Atlantic
Authors: Brooks Kent
Published: September 2014

The majority of igneous rocks can be classified into either the basalt–gabbro group, or the rhyolite–granite group. However, there also exist a wide range of rocks whose composition lies outside these broad groupings, some of which are compositionally extreme and contain many rare minerals, sometimes as essential components. Petrologists have always interested themselves in these unusual rock types, just as collectors always value rare items over the commonplace. Many of these unusual rock types have been given weird and wonderful names, driving non‐petrologists to distraction, although a more scientific system of nomenclature has yet to receive general acclaim. The giving of a plethora of names to igneous rocks was largely a phenomenon of the early years of petrology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and many will be surprised to learn that new names are still being coined as with the, as yet unauthorized, bermudite, not surprisingly, called after the island of Bermuda.
Geology and the war on the Western Front, 1914–1918
Authors: Doyle Peter
Published: September 2014

The First World War started a hundred years ago this year. On 4 August 2014 the United Kingdom marked the anniversary of involvement in this war with a remembrance event at Mons, and over the next four years there will be new museums and exhibitions, services and events, conferences and colloquia world‐wide. The aim of this collective recognition of a major event in world history is to pick over the impact and effects, innovations and consequences of a war that claimed the lives of at least 16 million people and left the world with geopolitical issues that still reverberate today. One of its notable innovations was the use of geology in warfare. As is well known, compared with the open war fought against the Russians on the eastern front, the war in the west very quickly became positional, with opposing trench lines locked into a position that would dictate the war's approach. And with trench warfare, came the need to understand the geology of the land over which the men were fighting.
Service user governors in mental health foundation trusts: accountability or business as usual?
Authors: MacDonald Dee , Barnes Marian , Crawford Mike , Omeni Edward , Wilson Aaron , Rose Diana
Published: September 2014

Context

National Health Foundation Trusts present opportunities for individual mental health service users to be active in the governance of trusts. This is one of a range of mechanisms for patient and public involvement and one which promotes an individual rather than collective approach to involvement.

Objective

Within the context of a broader study of the impact of service user involvement in mental health services, the objective of this article was to explore the experience of service user governors in foundation trusts and their capacity to hold boards to account.

Design, setting and participants

The Council of Governors in three foundation trusts were observed for a year. Focus groups with service user governors were undertaken in each trust.

Results

Service users had different expectations and understandings of the role and approached it in different ways. Key themes that emerged concerned: the role of a governor, conduct and content of meetings, agenda setting, relationships and representation.

Discussion and conclusions

The experiences of mental health service user governors need to be understood within the complex environment of patient and public involvement in general and of mental health service user involvement in particular. The dislocation of the service user governor role from other forms of service user activity and involvement result in confusion about how notions of holding a trust to account and representation of other service users can be addressed within a boundaried institutional environment.
Histological overlap between colorectal villous/tubulovillous and traditional serrated adenomas
Authors: Hafezi‐Bakhtiari Sara , Wang Lai Mun , Colling Richard , Serra Stefano , Chetty Runjan
Published: September 2014

Aims

To ascertain the degree of histological overlap between conventional villous/tubulovillous (VA/TVAs) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA).

Methods and results

A total of 180 polyps from the left colon/rectum diagnosed as VA/TVAs were retrieved randomly and reviewed by five pathologists looking specifically at luminal serration, cytoplasmic eosinophilia and the presence of ectopic crypt foci (ECF). For comparative purposes, 100 tubular adenomas and 80 TSAs were also examined. Twenty VA/TVAs were reclassified as TSA. Luminal serration as noted in TSA was not seen in any of the remaining 160 polyps, ECFs were noted in 55 of the 160 VA/TVAs (34%), while cytoplasmic eosinophilia (constituting <50% of the adenoma) was noted in only 10 of 160 cases (6.2%).

Conclusions

Ectopic crypt foci and cytoplasmic eosinophilia are encountered in sporadic VA/TVAs but not to the same extent and degree as in TSA. ECFs were found in one‐third of cases, but cytoplasmic eosinophilia is rare. The pattern of luminal serration in TSA is very characteristic and not recapitulated in VA/TVA. The occurrence of all three histological features together occurs only in TSA. ECFs are not a sine qua non for TSA and are encountered commonly in VA/TVAs. VA/TVAs often contain occasional glands typical of TSA.
Cell block samples from malignant pleural effusion might be valid alternative samples for anaplastic lymphoma kinase detection in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhou Jianya , Yao Hongtian , Zhao Jing , Zhang Shumeng , You Qihan , Sun Ke , Zou Yinying , Zhou Caicun , Zhou Jianying
Published: September 2014

Aim

To evaluate the clinical value of cell block samples from malignant pleural effusion (MPE) as alternative samples to tumour tissue for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) detection in patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods and results

Fifty‐two matched samples were eligible for analysis. ALK status was detected by Ventana immunohistochemistry (IHC) (with the D5F3 clone), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) in MPE cell block samples, and by FISH in tumour tissue block samples. In total, ALK FISH results were obtained for 52 tumour tissue samples and 41 MPE cell block samples. Eight cases (15.4%) were ALK‐positive in tumour tissue samples by FISH, and among matched MPE cell block samples, five were ALK‐positive by FISH, seven were ALK‐positive by RT‐PCR, and eight were ALK‐positive by Ventana IHC. The ALK status concordance rates between tumour tissue and MPE cell block samples were 78.9% by FISH, 98.1% by RT‐PCR, and 100% by Ventana IHC. In MPE cell block samples, the sensitivity and specificity of Ventana IHC (100% and 100%) and RT‐PCR (87.5% and 100%) were higher than those of FISH (62.5% and 100%).

Conclusions

Malignant pleural effusion cell block samples had a diagnostic performance for ALK detection in advanced NSCLC that was comparable to that of tumour tissue samples. MPE cell block samples might be valid alternative samples for ALK detection when tissue is not available. Ventana IHC could be the most suitable method for ALK detection in MPE cell block samples.
Development of Silicon Nitride‐Based Ceramic Radomes — A Review
Authors: Kandi Kishore Kumar , Thallapalli Nagaveni , Chilakalapalli Surya Prakash Rao
Published: September 2014

Radome is an aerodynamic structural part attached to the fore‐end of a missile. It transmits electromagnetic signals with minimum attenuation and also protects radar communication system, and thus, the radomes are made of ceramics as they have desirable properties required by the radomes. The flexural strength, dielectric constant, and loss tangent values of various ceramic materials used in the development of radomes are important in the selection of radome materials. Different nose cone shapes of missile radomes are also important. Ceramic materials show variational properties with sintering time, temperature, and other additives. The existing different near‐net shape fabrication techniques for manufacturing of ceramic radomes are discussed and compared. Gelcasting is one of the manufacturing techniques to produce radomes with homogeneous and high green strength. Gelcast parts of silicon nitride ceramics are hard, tough, brittle, and wear‐resistant and are difficult to machine using conventional methods of machining. Therefore, laser‐assisted machining is used for fine finish of ceramic radomes with excellent surface integrity and productivity. This paper deals with a review of development of ceramic radomes, manufacturing methods for variety of applications.
On Christian Discernment and the Problem of the Theological
Authors: Westerholm Martin
Published: September 2014

This article lays the groundwork for a theology of discernment that seeks to address modern anxieties about the integrity of the theological by showing how Christian believers are sanctified for the identification of true speech about God. It does so by arguing that post‐Kantian understandings of the activity of the human subject in judgement need not be seen as inimical to an account of Christian discernment, that recognition of Paul's understanding of the place of discernment in the Christian life points to alternatives to Barth's attempt to resolve the difficulties of the theological through an exclusive appeal to divine activity, and that Augustine develops a helpful account of the place of a theology of discernment in addressing the problem of the theological by treating the connection between these topics as an element within theologies of sanctification and creaturely vocation.
The impact of advanced vocational education and training on earnings in Sweden
Authors: Andersson Roland , Nabavi Pardis , Wilhelmsson Mats
Published: September 2014

Researchers have established a relationship between greater education and training and higher earnings but it is difficult to infer that the former causes the latter if those with higher earnings tend to engage in more education and training. The present study attempts to control for ability and family background to see if stronger inferences can be made about education and training as the independent variable. The study focuses upon advanced vocational education and training (AVET) in Sweden. This is post‐secondary school education for individuals who are 20 years of age or older. The aim of this article is to estimate the effects of AVET on earnings by controlling for selection bias. We used various approaches such as instrumental variables, Hausman–Taylor estimates, fixed effects estimates and propensity score matching to achieve this aim. A panel, or longitudinal, data set for eight different labor markets in Sweden for the period 1996–2008 was used. The results indicate that earnings from AVET are higher than the return on investment in comprehensive education. The average effect on income is estimated to be in the range of 3–8 percent.
An Economics of Wellbeing: What Would Economics Look Like if it were Focused on Human Wellbeing?
Authors: Pouw Nicky , McGregor Allister
Published: September 2014

This paper makes a number of fundamental proposals to reconsider economics by putting human wellbeing at the centre. It emerges from a pluralist perspective in economics and the ontological, conceptual, axiomatic and methodological propositions that are made lead to the construction of what we call an inclusive economy matrix (IEM). In particular, the paper draws on heterodox economics to redefine the scope of economics, economic agency, rational behaviour and put emphasis on wellbeing rather than welfare. Furthermore, from the acknowledgement of human wellbeing as a three‐dimensional concept, the economic aggregation problem is reconsidered and the methodological implications discussed. The IEM is proposed as a comprehensive and robust analytical framework that gives space to bring social equity and sustainable development considerations forward as a priori concerns for economic development. As such, the IEM can serve as a point of departure for formulating new research questions, exploring new relationships between human wellbeing and economic development, and building economic models that bring us closer to people's realities on the ground.
Flows and Practices: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in African Contexts
Authors: Mehta Lyla , Movik Synne
Published: September 2014

For the past two decades, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has been considered the dominant paradigm in water resources. It is the flagship project of supranational global bodies such as the Global Water Partnership (GWP) and has also been actively promoted by multilateral and regional development banks (e.g. the World Bank; African Development Bank) as well as bilateral donor agencies which make it out to be the panacea to address the water management crisis in the global south, leading to major water reforms programmes and the rewriting of national policies drawing on IWRM principles in a range of countries in southern Africa. This paper offers a conceptual approach for studying the evolution, spread and uptake of IWRM. It then turns to the actual practices, and how IWRM has been interpreted in multiple ways, and how it aligns with existing patterns of legal pluralism. The paper proposes a conceptual framework that builds on three main themes, the flow of IWRM as an idea in international and national fora, the translation and adoption of IWRM into national contexts, and the practice of IWRM in local contexts. In constructing such a conceptual framework, we draw on several strands of thought, including policy discourse, network and regime theory (flows), translation theory and donor‐recipient studies (translation and adoption) and theories of legal pluralism, institutional bricolage and agency (practices). With this framework we hope it will be possible to trace the spread, transformation and uptake of IWRM across global, national and local scales, to unearth the convergences and divergences in understandings and applications of the notion of IWRM raising challenges and issues for debate and further research and key actors operating at different levels mediating/moderating/articulating the travel of policy ideas. The latter may create generic insights on policy processes and practice that goes beyond the concept of IWRM and the water world. This framework will guide the critical study of various interpretations and challenges of how policy ideas travel at multiple political and geographical scales, from macro political forums to localised arenas and communities, speaking to wider themes such as policy translation and uptake and the politics of the development process.
Understanding and Enhancing the Role of Business in International Development: A Conceptual Framework and Agenda for Research
Authors: Humphrey John , Spratt Stephen , Thorpe Jodie , Henson Spencer
Published: September 2014

It is now commonplace for development policy makers to refer to the contributions of businesses to the achievement of development goals and the importance of collaborations between businesses and development agencies. Many businesses give greater attention to the development impacts of their activities. There has been relatively little systematic and critical thinking about where and how businesses can contribute most effectively to the achievement of development objectives and, accordingly, how development agents should prioritise and focus their collaborations with businesses. This paper initiates such a systematic and critical approach, starting from the question ‘How can development policy work with and on businesses and the business environment so that the private goals of businesses contribute to most effectively to public development objectives?’ It identifies three basic categories of business and development initiatives: increasing the overall level of business activity, addressing sustainability challenges and promoting business activities that are particular benefit to the poor. The paper considers three major challenges for maximising the contributions businesses to the achievement of development goals. The first is increasing the alignments between business and objectives and development objectives, and the paper considers both the different ways this can be achieved and when such alignments are overly difficult to achieve. The second is to prioritise interventions. When resources are scarce, it is essential to pursue interventions that have the biggest development impact. This implies choosing interventions with goals and approaches that are most likely to be successful; in so doing, examining issues of feasibility, effectiveness and efficiency. So that scarce resources are focused on the areas of greatest benefit. The third is to achieve scaling up and systemic change. There are many examples of business activities that have positive development impacts but which are being pursued at small‐scale and/or in quite specific geographical or sectoral contexts. How can such initiatives be up‐scaled, translated and/or replicated in order to enhance impacts on the poor in ways that endure beyond the specific interventions applied?
Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Drivers and Priorities for the Post‐MDG Era
Authors: Smith Lisa , Haddad Lawrence
Published: September 2014

As the post‐MDG era approaches in 2016, reducing child undernutrition is gaining high priority on the international development agenda, both as a maker and marker of development. Revisiting Smith and Haddad (2000), we use data from 1970–2012 for 116 countries, finding that safe water and sanitation, women's education and empowerment, and the quantity and quality of food available in countries have been key drivers of past reductions in stunting. Income growth and governance played essential facilitating roles. Complementary to nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive programmes and policies, accelerating reductions in undernutrition in the future will require increased investment in these priority areas.
Climatically stable landscapes predict patterns of genetic structure and admixture in the Californian canyon live oak
Authors: Ortego Joaquín , Gugger Paul F. , Sork Victoria L.
Published: September 2014

Aim

We studied which factors shape contemporary patterns of genetic structure, diversity and admixture in the canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). Specifically, we tested two alternative hypotheses: (1) that areas with high habitat suitability and stability since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sustain higher effective population sizes, resulting in increased levels of genetic diversity; and (2) that populations from areas with lower habitat stability show higher levels of genetic admixture due to their recurrent colonization by individuals originating from genetically differentiated populations. Furthermore, we analysed the relative importance of past and current habitat suitability and their additive effects on contemporary patterns of genetic structure.

Location

California, USA.

Methods

We sampled 160 individuals from 33 localities across the distribution range of the canyon live oak in California and then combined information from 13 nuclear microsatellite DNA markers and climate niche modelling to study patterns of genetic variation in this species. We used Bayesian clustering analyses to analyse geographical patterns of genetic structure and admixture, and circuit theory to generate isolation‐by‐resistance (IBR) distance matrices.

Results

We found that the degree of genetic admixture was higher in localities with lower inferred population stability, but that genetic diversity was not associated with habitat suitability or stability. Landscape genetic analyses identified habitat stability as the primary driver of population genetic differentiation.

Main conclusions

This study shows that habitat stability can be a major factor shaping genetic variation in wind‐pollinated trees and supports the idea that stable regions contribute to genetic connectivity across different climatic periods. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report an association between patterns of genetic admixture and stability of local habitat.
Plasma Renin Activity and Its Association With Ischemic Heart Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, and Cerebrovascular Disease in a Large Hypertensive Cohort
Authors: Sim John J. , Shi Jiaxiao , Al‐Moomen Rushdy , Behayaa Hind , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar , Jacobsen Steven J.
Published: September 2014

Plasma renin activity (PRA) may be a surrogate for vascular damage. The authors hypothesize that PRA is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CED). A cross‐sectional study (January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2009) was performed on hypertensive individuals 18 years and older using multivariable logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and CED based on PRA quartiles controlling for age, sex, race, diabetes mellitus (DM), and medication use. Among 7887 individuals (60% women; 34% whites, 23% blacks, and 19% Hispanics; and 29% with DM), the adjusted ORs (95% CI) for IHD were 0.94 (0.80–1.10), 1.09 (0.92–1.29), and 1.18 (1.00–1.39); for CHF were 1.23 (0.99–1.53), 1.27 (1.01–1.61), and 1.41 (1.13–1.77); and for CED were 0.95 (0.78–1.17), 0.77 (0.61–0.97), and 0.97 (0.78–1.20) for the second, third, and fourth quartiles compared with the first quartile. Higher PRA was associated with greater likelihood for prevalent IHD and CHF but not CED in this large ethnically diverse population of hypertensive individuals.