bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Foreign Investment on US Industral Relations: The Case of California's Japanese-owned Plants
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: March 2007

This paper explores Japanese direct investment in the US and its impact on American workers and organized labor. Against the background of an analysis of the causes and consequences of the recent growth in Japanese direct investment, case study materials on Japanese-owned factories in California are presented. The findings show that outside the automobile industry, such factories do not conform to the 'Japanese' model of 'lean production' with extensive worker participation. Instead, when in America, these plants 'do as the Americans'. They hire US-trained managers, use standard US human resource techniques and follow the lead of US manufacturing firms committed to union avoidance. One result is that Japanese direct investment has done little to enhance the competitive position of the US or the living standards of its population; on the contrary, it may contribute to the continuing erosion of both.
Industnal Relations and ProductMty: Evidence from Sweden and Australia
Authors: Lansbury Russell D. , Sandkull Bengt , Hammarström Olle
Published: March 2007

Two case studies, which are reported in this paper, are part of a wider study comparing matched Swedish and Australian plants in the automotive components industry. The study examined productivity levels in each of the cases and sought to determine which variables were significant in explaining differences between the performance of the two plants. The Swedish plant achieved higher levels of both productivity and quality than its Australian counterpart. This appeared to be related not only to higher levels of investment in technology, but also to a greater emphasis on skills development and work organization which emphasized teamwork and consultation. Not surprisingly, there was a high level of cooperation between the workforce, unions and management in the Swedish case. By contrast, the Australian plant was caught in a vicious cycle of low productivity and quality, poor industrial relations and a declining market share. As a consequence, it will be hard pressed to survive the current recession without radical changes in its operations.
Financing Employee-managed Firms: Some Problems of a Wider Extension
Authors: Engberg Lars
Published: March 2007

A wider extension of employee-managed firms in Western marketa economies is assumed to be limited by three financially related internal obstacles. Employees are: relatively poor, risk-averse and opportunistic. Thus a wider extension implies outside financing (some combination of outside equity and debt). But asymmetric information and opportunism in relation to outside financing lead to agency problems. It is concluded that a wider extension especially to capital-intensive industries implies the building up of separate financial institutions to supply outside financing, some risk-taking by employees to restore incentives and some violation of the employeemanaged firms' autonomy to protect outside financing against default.
Worker Ownership in the UK 1992 and Financial Support Strategies for the Co-operative Movement
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: March 2007

By early 1992 it was unclear whether the new wave' of worker co- operatives in the UK was essentially over or whether there was continued, though less spectacular, growth. Certainly, the more general interest in worker ownership indicated some potential as well as the need for new thinking in terms of financial and other support offered within the UK co-operative movement. This paper gives up-to- date estimates of the size and characteristics of the UK worker co- operative movement, concentrating especially on the changing capital structure of new worker co-operatives. It then gives extracts from a report (Thomas et al., 1992) on consultations undertaken within the movement on possibilities, problems and ideas for the financial support of worker co-operatives, concluding with a discussion of alternative future strategies.
When Push Comes to Shove: Competitiveness, Job Insecurity and Labour- Management Cooperation in Canada
Authors: Wells Donald M.
Published: March 2007

This article questions the widespread view that the Canadian and US labour movements are diverging with respect to their strategic orientations (militant vs cooperativist) towards labour-management relations. Focusing on the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW), the leading example of militant, social unionism in Canada, the article analyses the CAW's movement away from a more militant, rejectionist orientation in the 1980s towards a more complex, cooperativist orientation to labour-management relations at the local level in the 1990s. The CAW's changing orientation may exemplify broader workplace-centred cooperativist trends in Canada that are similar to those in the US. Union strategies in both countries are strongly conditioned by growing job insecurity and other competitiveness constraints in the context of highly decentralized union structures. In the case of the CAW, such cooperation with management reflects a more defensive unionism that is distinguished from a competitive unionism embracing 'high trust' managerial and 'progressive competitive' social democratic agendas. However, both kinds of unionism are considered to be inadequate, disorganized, microeconomic responses to increasing macroeconomic coercion.
Productivity by Systemic Rationalization: Good Work Bad Work No Work?
Authors: Altmann Norbert , DeiB Manfred
Published: March 2007

Since the 'Crisis of Taylorism' in the 1970s, 'new forms of work organization' have been developed that were intended to contain better, if not 'good', work characterized by factors such as vocational qualification, personnel development, participation, and so forth. It is precisely these factors which are endangered by the prevailing strategies of 'systemic rationalization'. In pursuing these strategies, dominant companies aim to reorganize production and value creation chains in order to harness heterogeneous company situations within the production networks so as to increase total productivity. The results consist of either the stabilization or progressive polarization of employee working conditions and new problems regarding in-company interest representation and interest representation by unions. The material and descriptions presented are based on empirical findings gathered from the German automotive industry.
Social Support in a Worksite Smoking Intervention
Authors: Mcmahon Susan D. , Jason Leonard A.
Published: March 2007

To better understand how social support operates in smoking cessation, three models of support were tested: main effect, stress-buffering, and indirect. Employees from 61 worksites received (a) self-help manuals (SH); (b) self-help manuals and incentives (I); or (c) self-help manuals, incentives, and social support groups (G). At 24 months, results suggest that the main effect model of social support was operating in this study. That is, social support had a direct influence on smoking cessation. The group intervention significantly enhanced positive partner support across all time points, and partner support facilitated quitting smoking. Higher levels of appraisal support also significantly predicted successful quitting. The beneficial effects of social support were sustained throughout the process of quitting and long-term maintenance.
Parametric Analysis of Overcorrection Duration Effects
Authors: Cole Gregory A. , Montgomery Robert W. , Wilson Keith M. , Milan Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Positive practice overcorrection (PPOC) has long played a significant role in the behavioral treatment of serious self-stimulatory behavior. Three experiments comparing the effectiveness of 30-second, 2-minute, and 8-minute PPOC on reduction of stereotypic hand behavior of adults with severe to profound developmental disabilities were conducted to resolve inconsistencies in previously reported findings concerning the role of PPOC duration in response suppression. Experiment 1, which used an alternating treatments-multiple baseline design, suggested that the different durations were equally effective in reducing the stereotypic behaviors to near-zero levels. Experiment 2, which used a reversal design, supported the findings of Experiment 1. Experiment 3, which used a reversal design to test the shortest and longest durations, generally confirmed the results of the first two experiments. This study therefore failed to support the oft-claimed superiority of long-duration PPOC. The possible factors underlying these findings and their implications for future research and practice are discussed.
White Bears and Other Elusive Intrusions
Authors: Purdon Christine , Clark David A.
Published: March 2007

According to recent research, deliberate suppression of unwanted thoughts may result in a paradoxical increase in their frequency. Recent cognitive-behavioral theories of obsessivecompulsive disorder now consider active thought suppression to be a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of obsessions. However, there are considerable inconsistencies in the results of studies investigating the thought suppression paradox that make it difficult to apply findings to obsessional problems. Furthermore, many studies have low ecological validity for obsessional problems. This article reviews the thought suppression research, discusses methodological issues relevant to application of the thought suppression paradox to obsessional problems, and offers recommendations for future research.
Effects of Dental Fear Treatment on General Distress
Authors: Vassend Olav , Willumsen Tiril , Hoffart Asle
Published: March 2007

This study aimed to clarify the effects of applied relaxation, cognitive therapy, and nitrous oxide sedation on dental fear and general emotional distress symptoms. Relationships among outcome measures and the Big Five personality dimensions (i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) were also investigated. After treatment, a highly significant decline in a broad range of emotional distress symptoms as well as dental fear was found. No main treatment method effect or treatment X phase interaction effect with regard to dental fear or distress symptoms was found. Thus, the three treatment methods had highly similar effects, at least on a short-term basis. Significant correlations between neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness on one hand, and emotional distress symptoms on the other, were demonstrated. However, when initial symptom level was controlled for in multiple regression analysis, the statistical effects of personality variables generally disappeared.
The Picture Exchange Communication System
Authors: Bondy Andy , Frost Lori
Published: March 2007

The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an alternative/augmentative communication system that was developed to teach functional communication to children with limited speech. The approach is unique in that it teaches children to initiate communicative interactions within a social framework. This article describes the advantages to implementing PECS over traditional approaches. The PECS training protocol is described wherein children are taught to exchange a single picture for a desired item and eventually to construct picture-based sentences and use a variety of attributes in their requests. The relationship of PECS’s implementation to the development of speech in previously nonvocal students is reviewed.
Tactile Stimulus Fading in Treating Vaginismus
Authors: Alford Geary S.
Published: March 2007

Severe vaginismus in a 22-year-old married female was successfully treated by systematically fading in tactile stimuli which successively approximated intra-vaginal penile stimulation. Prior trials with a gynecological dilator and a course of standard imaginal and in vivo desensitization had been unsuccessful. In the present treatment, new stimulus steps were interspersed with previously conditional stimulus steps and were introduced during performance of the desired terminal behavior (i.e., during sexual intercourse-like sensory-motor behavior of the patient). Fading is briefly compared to standard methods of introducing hierarchy items.
Treating Depressive Disorders
Authors: Kovacs Maria
Published: March 2007

The present overview evaluates the evidence in favor of the efficacy of (traditional) behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of clinically significant depressions. The results of single-case and comparison group studies are used to highlight clinical issues that require more systematic attention and to suggest future research directions.
Social Interactions of Normal Preschool Children
Authors: Tremblay Ann , Strain Phillip S. , Hendrickson Jo M. , Shores Richard E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this observational study on preschool children's interactive behaviors was to produce a set of normative data that could be directly used for the identification of socially withdrawn children and the empirical selection of target behaviors for intervention. A total of 60 children, evenly distributed across three-, four-, and five-year-old subject groups, were observed for 10 six-minute sessions across a two-month period. A 14-item observational system was used to assess the frequency of specific social initiations by these children as well as the responses of peers. The results indicate that, in setting the occasion for positive peer responding: (a) specific social initiations varied considerably in frequency of occurrence and effectiveness; (b) frequency of occurrence for specific initiations was negatively correlated (r = -.36) with effectiveness; and (c) motor/gestural initiations were generally more effective than vocal/verbal initiations.
Developing Sharing
Authors: Barton Edward J.
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluated modeling and five other behavioral techniques for facilitating sharing. A multiple baseline design across three groups of five preschool children was used. Instructions, modeling, and praising the model did not influence how frequently the children shared their toys. When given an opportunity to practice the model's behavior, the children showed an increase in sharing. In addition, prompts and praise further facilitated sharing. At the end of the study, when all six behavioral techniques were used, each group was sharing at least four times more often than at the beginning of the study. The results suggest that use of modeling and instructions are not enough to facilitate sharing among young children. It appears that children should be provided with an opportunity to practice sharing and be given prompts and praise for sharing.
Behavioral Treatment of Self-Stimulation in the Developmentally Disabled
Authors: Schrader Carl , Shaull Julia , Elmore Bettye
Published: March 2007

Thirty-eight studies on the behavioral treatment of self-stimulation in the developmentally disabled were reviewed and evaluated across 17 methodological variables. Factors including the techniques employed, measurement of collateral behaviors, and generalization of treatment gains were examined for each study, and a summary of clinical knowledge to data is presented. Results indicated that while behavioral treatment of stereotypy appears to be an effective treatment modality, methodological shortcomings in the majority of studies prevents definitive conclusions. Guides for improving research in this area are provided.
Acquisition of Sign Language Using Positive Practice over correction
Authors: Linton Joy M. , Singh Nirbhay N.
Published: March 2007

The effects of two training procedures for teaching sign language to four me-ntally retarded persons were evaluated. Positive practice overcorrection alone, in combination with positive reinforcement, and a no-training control condition were compared in an alternating treatments design. During baseline, each sub-ject was required to observe the trainer say and sign the target word and then to say and sign the same word upon request. During positive practice overcorre-ction, an error in sign production resulted in the subject having to repeat the correct response five times. For the combined procedure each correct response resulted in positive reinforcement. No assistance or feedback was provided in the no-training control condition. All subjects learned new signs under both training conditions, but the addition of positive reinforcement was superior to positive practice alone with three subjects. Both procedures were equally effect-ive with the fourth subject. No learning took place in the no-training control condition. Two subjects were able to vocalize all words correctly, no change in vocalization was observed in the third, and some improvement was noted in the fourth, particularly under the reinforcement condition.
Theories of Reactivity in Self-Monitoring
Authors: Mace F. Charles , Kratochwill Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Three theoretical explanations have been proposed to account for reactivity in self-monitoring, including Kanfer's cognitive-mediational model, Rachlin's operant recording response model, and Nelson and Hayes's multiple cueing model. The present study compared these models under uniform conditions. Sixty undergraduates were assigned to either self-monitoring (SM); SM plus goal setting (GS); SM, GS, plus self-reinforcement (SR); GS plus SR; or a training only control group. The dependent variable consisted of verbal nonfluencies. Results suggested that although all conditions produced significant reductions in verbal nonfluencies, reactive effects were largest under the two conditions that employed self-reinforcement conditions (i.e., SM + GS + SR, and GS + SR). The role of external contingencies in the reactivity of self-monitoring are discussed.
Rates of Teachers' Verbal Approval and Disapproval
Authors: Wyatt W. Joseph , Hawkins Robert P.
Published: March 2007

Existing rates of teacher approval and disapproval were assessed in 35 classrooms (grades K-4, 9, 12) during various activities. Teachers'mean rates of both approval and disapproval were highest in first grade and lower in upper grades, with the partial exception of the ninth. These data lend certain generality to those reported by White (1975), but there are also substantial differences between the two data sets. White's conclusions-that disapproval predominated after grade 2 and may account for disillusionment of children in grades thereafter-are questioned. Transition was the only activity in which disapprovals exceeded approvals. Approval and disapproval rates were not related to teachers' ages, years of experience, or recency of training. One implication is that teacher training should focus more on skill at verbal approval, particularly in classroom management, and that such training should be conducted by behavior analysts in classrooms.
Paradoxical Punishment as It Relates to the Battered Woman Syndrome
Authors: Long Grace M. , Mcnamara J. Regis
Published: March 2007

Three aspects of punishment are used to describe and conceptualize the behavior of battered women. Both animal-analog and human-subject research provide the basis for three alternative explanations as to why victims remain in abusive relationships: (a) Punishment can operate as a discriminative stimulus for immediate or eventual positive reinforcement; (b) punishment can speed up responding and prolong extinction; and (c) punishment can augment responsiveness by increasing the motivation to obtain positive reinforcement. These three processes are applied to the cyclical patterns of interactions that occur in abusive relationships. The conceptualizations offered herein are intended to augment the existing theories of domestic violence.
Re-establishing Conversational Skills in Overtly Psychotic, Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Wong Stephen E. , Woolsey James E.
Published: March 2007

A discrete trials procedure incorporating graduated prompts, social and consumable reinforcement, corrective feedback, delay of reinforcement, and a chaining procedure was used to teach four actively psychotic, chronic schizophrenic patients rudimentary conversational skills. In a multiple-baseline design, training was sequentially applied to the target conversational skills of giving a salutation, addressing the trainer by his or her name, making a personal inquiry, and asking a conversational question. Results showed systematic training effects in three of the four subjects. Training gains were reliable but slow, requiring over 70 trials to reach acquisition criterion on certain skills. The fourth subject exhibited only unstable gains on the first target response and minor improvements on the second target response, the latter of which disappeared when training procedures were withdrawn. All subjects displayed spontaneous recovery on the generalization measure of answering a personal inquiry.
Variations in Presentation Format
Authors: Cook Donna J. , St.Lawrence Janet S.
Published: March 2007

The early assumption that assertive behavior produces positive interpersonal consequences has been empirically tested with mixed results. and the conclusions reported from different laboratories are often conflicting. These discrepancies may result from different stimulus presentation methods that have been used across studies. The present study evaluated whether different stimulus presentation formats (ty ped vignettes, audiotapes. or videotapes) produce differentials in obserx ers' perceptions of assertive and unassertive behaxvior. A total of 264 subjects completed the lnterpersonal Attraction Inventory after being exposed to assertive or unassertive models in commendatorv or ref'usal situations presented by typewritten signette, audiotape, or videotape. Results indicated different presentation formats produce significantly different interpersonal evaluations (p < 0.001). As expected. significant main effect differences were also revealed for situational context (p < 0.001) and behavioral style (p < 0.001), and a significant two-way interaction wsas obtained for situational context x behavioral style (p < 0.001). Univariate analyses and post hoc comparisons revealed that models presented via videotape were consistently rated as more likable and attractive than were models presented by audiotape or typewritten formats. The results indicate that methodological variables influence observers' evaluations of different behavioral stx les and suggest that presentation formats that provide multiple sensory cues result in more favorable ratings. However, the findings suggest that the different methodologies produce a consistent bias. which does not alter the pattern of results in relation to the contextual variables of primary interest.
Teaching Adolescents with Severe Disabilities to Use the Public Telephone
Authors: Test David W. , Spooner Fred , Keul Patricia K. , Grossi Teresa
Published: March 2007

Two adolescents with severe disabilities served as participants in a study conducted to train in the use of the public telephone to call home. Participants were trained to complete a 17-step task analysis using a training package which consisted of total task presentation in conjunction with a four-level prompting procedure (i.e., independent, verbal, verbal + gesture, verbal + guidance). All instruction took place in a public setting (e.g., a shopping mall) with generalization probes taken in two alternative settings (e.g., a movie theater and a convenience store). A multiple probe across individuals design demonstrated the training package was successful in teaching participants to use the telephone to call home. In addition, newly acquired skills generalized to the two untrained settings. Implications for community-based training are discussed.
Family Interventions for Schizophrenia
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Barrowclough Christine
Published: March 2007

Studies that have attempted to reduce schizophrenic relapse by the use of family interventions are described. Results from studies that implemented behavioral family interventions with patients who were identified as high risk because of the expressed emotion status of their relatives have demonstrated that relapse rates can be significantly reduced over a 2-year postdischarge follow-up period. A number of ongoing studies, especially those that are investigating the interaction of family interventions and different medication regimes, are also discussed. Areas for further investigation are identified, for example: the use of multiple outcome measures, the use of single-case studies and the development of ideographic assessment measures, the interaction of biological and environmental influences, the alleviation of the burden of care, the involvement of the consumer in services, the development of behavioral formulations and analysis of family engagement and compliance, staff training in intervention methods, and the translation of research results into clinical practice.
Self-Recording, Instructions, and Public Self-Graphing
Authors: Critchfield Thomas S. , Vargas Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

This experiment systematically replicated a study by McKenzie and Rushall, who reported that a self-recording intervention enhanced swimming workout performance. In that study, anecdotal evidence suggested that reactive effects resulted at least partially from concomitant increases in coach prompting and praise. In the present study, young competitive swimmers self-recorded during 10-min sessions. Their coach observed but interacted with the swimmers only in a limited, scripted fashion. After a baseline condition in which negligible swimming occurred, instructions to perform, self-recording, and public self-graphing of self-recorded data were introduced in different conditions using a modified multiple-baseline (across-subjects) design. Instructions produced transient increases in swimming rates, whereas self-recording increased and maintained swimming above terminal rates in the instructions-only condition. The self-graphing condition produced no further rate increases but disrupted recording accuracy. The results suggest that direct reactive effects could have been present in McKenzie and Rushall's study and add to a body of literature indicating that reactivity can be independent of immediate social influences.
Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion by Persons with Mental Retardation
Authors: Mcalpine Christopher , Singh Nirbhay N. , Kendall Kathy A. , Ellis Cynthia R.
Published: March 2007

Children and adults with mental retardation were tested on their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. The sample consisted of 80 children and adults with mental retardation and a control group of 80 nonhandicapped children matched on mental age and gender. Ekman and Friesen's normed photographs of the six basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) were used in a recognition task of facial expressions. Subjects were individually read two-sentence stories identifying a specific emotion, presented with a randomized array of the six photographs of the basic facial expressions of emotion, and then asked to select the photograph that depicted the emotion identified in the story. This procedure was repeated with 24 different stories, with each of the six basic emotions being represented four times. Results showed that, as a group, individuals with mental retardation were not as proficient as their mental-age-matched nonhandicapped control subjects at recognizing facial expressions of emotion. Although adults with mild mental retardation were more proficient at this task than those with moderate mental retardation, this finding was not true for children. There was a modest difference between the children with moderate mental retardation and their nonhandicapped matched controls in their ability to recognize facial expressions of disgust.
Acquisition and Generalization of Social Behaviors in Language Disabled Deaf Adolescents
Authors: Rasing Eef J. , Coninx Frans , Cduker Pieter C. , van den Hurk Ardine J.
Published: March 2007

In the present study, two experiments were conducted in which the effectiveness of a training package was assessed on the acquisition and generalization of five social behaviors with language-disabled and severe language-disabled deaf adolescents. The training package encom-passed modeling, self-monitoring, self-reinforcement, and mediator-directed supervision and feedback. Procedures to promote generality of effects and social validity of the procedures were used as well. Target behaviors were Initiating Interaction, Turn Waiting, Keeping to the Subject, Communicating Orally, and Using Correct Sentences. Data were collected within a multiple baseline design across behaviors. Results indicated that the training package was effective in improving the performance of all participants. However, increases in percentage of appropriate target behaviors were more substantial for the language-disabled deaf adolescents than for the severely language-disabled deaf adolescents. Maintenance of effects was demonstrated as well.
Review of Stress Inoculation Taining with Children and Adolescents
Authors: Maag John W. , Kotlash John
Published: March 2007

Stress inoculation training (SIT) is a cognitive-behavioral intervention that has been applied to a wide array of problems and populations. Although it has received considerable attention in the adult treatment literature, less research has been conducted with child and adolescent populations. Its most appealing qualities include its applicability to a wide variety of populations, settings, and problems, the structured training format it offers practitioners in which to match intervention strategies to identified individual-specific deficits, and format for programming generalization. In this article, the authors provide an overview of SIT, including a description of phase components and issues related to child and adolescent problems, and they review the treatment studies with these populations. Of the eight studies reviewed, none reported an attempt to identify the nature of trainees' performance problems, differentially employing intervention strategies to individual-specific deficits, nor programming for generalization. Implications for SIT with children and adolescents are offered.
A Staff Manual to Help Developmentally Disabled Persons Improve Their Work Habits and Productivity
Authors: Martin Garry L.
Published: March 2007

In keeping with the new directions for Behavior Modification, this article presents a treatment manual that has evolved over the past dozen or so years from our research program on vocational habilitation with developmentally disabled persons. The manual presents staff-managed and self-management strategies for helping these people improve work habits and productivity in various settings. The manual was written for front-line staff working with developmentally disabled clients. Strategies are presented as a checklist, making it easy to select the most appropriate components for each client and work setting. The guidelines are supported by research. The manual has been used in numerous training seminars, and feedback has been positive. In a workshop at the 1990 Conference of the Florida Association for Behavior Analysis, for example, mean rating of the manual by participants was 4.5 on a 5-point scale.
A Biobehavioral Approach Toward Managing Encopresis
Authors: Reimers Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a biobehavioral treatment approach for two encopretic children. Both subjects were evaluated and treated by a pediatric gastroenterologist, with behavioral interventions occurring subsequent to, and in conjunction with, the medical intervention. Results showed that the biobehavioral approach resulted in significant improvements for both subjects, and that the use of response cost may be a necessary intervention component for some children. A model is also presented to clarify the relationship between organic and nonorganic factors and their relationship to encopresis.
Self-Directed Behavioral Family Intervention for Parents of Oppositional Children in Rural and Remote Areas
Authors: Connell Sheryl , Sanders Matthew R. , Markie-Dadds Carol
Published: March 2007

Twenty-four parents of oppositional preschoolers were randomly assigned to either a selfdirected behavioral family intervention condition (SD) or to a waitlist control group (WL). The self-directed parent training program, based on self-regulation principles, consisted of a written information package and weekly telephone consultations for 10 weeks. At posttest, in comparison to the WL group, children in the SD group had lower levels of behavior problems on parent report measures of child behavior. At posttreatment, parents in the SD condition reported increased levels of parenting competence and lower levels of dysfunctional parenting practices as compared to parents in the WL condition. In addition, mothers reported lower levels of anxiety, depression, and stress as compared to mothers in the WL condition at posttreatment. Using mother's reports, gains in child behavior and parenting practices achieved at posttreatment were maintained at 4-month follow-up.
Computerized Cognitive Training for Severely Emotionally Disturbed Children with ADHD
Authors: Slate Suzanne E. , Meyer Tracy L. , Burns William J. , Montgomery Doil D.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of Captain's Log (a computerized cognitive-training system) on the behaviors and performance capabilities of 4 severely emotionally disturbed children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ages 7 to 11. Behavioral scales, spectral electroencephalograms, and intelligence and performance tests were assessed pre-and posttreatment. A behavioral point system and monitoring of progress on computer tasks were used throughout treatment to evaluate ongoing improvements. There were 64 training sessions administered over a 16-week period. Outcome of treatment was determined by computer advancement, changes in behavioral points, and pre-and postmeasures. Results support the expectation that children who were most successful in the training would demonstrate the highest levels of generalization of those skills that were the focus of treatnent.
The Effects of Entitativity Beliefs on Implicit Comparisons between Group Members
Authors: Pickett Cynthia L.
Published: March 2007

The present research indicates that perceivers’ beliefs about a group’s level of entitativity can affect the extent to which group members are implicitly compared with one another. To find evidence for these implicit comparisons, a variation of the Ebbinghaus illusion was used. Experiment 1 demonstrated that an identical set of faces produced a greater illusion (indicating greater implicit comparison) when the faces were said to represent fraternity/sorority members than when the faces were said to represent men or women born in the month of May. Experiment 2 replicated these results and also demonstrated that participants’ prior beliefs about how entitative these groups are predicted the magnitude of the Ebbinghaus illusion produced. These findings indicate that entitativity beliefs can have implicit effects on judgment such that members of highly entitative groups are subject to greater intragroup comparison than are members of nonentitative groups.
Implications of Authoritarianism for Young Adulthood: Longitudinal Analysis of College Experiences and Future Goals
Authors: Peterson Bill E. , Lane Marian D.
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal data were used to explore links between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and young adult development. Analyses demonstrated that 4 years of college were related to reductions in RWA and that high-RWA participants who majored in the liberal arts had lower grade point averages. No grade effects were found for students in the professional schools. Explanations centered on the difficulty that high-RWA students might have with the ambiguous nature of liberal arts knowledge (e.g., hermeneutics, conflicting theories and data). In terms of goals after graduation, men and women high on authoritarianism had different expectations. Men scoring high on RWA focused on career goals, whereas high-RWA women experienced career confusion and expected marriage to entail increased responsibilities without personal rewards. Both genders high on RWA were also uninterested in exploring aspects of identity. Although focused on young adulthood, this study suggests that links exist between developmental theory in general and authoritarianism.
Physical Appearance and Control Beliefs in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults
Authors: Andreoletti Carrie , Zebrowitz Leslie A. , Lachman Margie E.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated whether general and domain-specific control beliefs were related to stigmatizing physical appearance qualities in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Being babyfaced, unattractive, or short was associated with diminished control beliefs in young and middle adulthood, whereas being overweight was not. Those who were less attractive, more babyfaced, shorter, or heavier sometimes perceived more rather than less control than their more favored peers, suggesting that individuals whose appearance creates social barriers may compensate with greater efforts to control their social environment. One notable age difference was that high babyfaceness was associated with diminished control beliefs at younger ages but with higher control beliefs in older adulthood.
Validation of Personal Identity as a Terror Management Mechanism: Evidence that Sex-Role Identity Moderates Mortality Salience Effects
Authors: Florian Victor , Mikulincer Mario , Hirschberger Gilad
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the effects of mortality salience on the willingness to interact with sex-typed and cross-sex-typed stereotypic targets while assessing the moderating role of sex-role identity. In both studies, Israeli adolescent participants completed the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, were exposed to a mortality salience or control induction, and rated their willingness to interact with two same-sex targets that were defined by either feminine or masculine stereotypic traits. Study 1 included 169 boys; Study 2 consisted of 200 girls. Results from both studies indicated that mortality salience led sex-typed individuals (masculine boys, feminine girls) to report less willingness to interact with same-sex peers who are cross-sex-typed. In contrast, mortality salience led cross-sex-typed individuals (feminine boys, masculine girls) to report more willingness to interact with same-sex peers who are cross-sex-typed. Findings were discussed in light of the function of personal identity validation as a possible terror management mechanism.
Anticipated Relationship, Salience of Partner and Attitude Change
Authors: Tesser Abraham , Danheiser Priscilla
Published: March 2007

Male subjects were told that they would be either cooperating or competing with either a likeable or dislikeable partner. They then either thought or were distracted from thinking about their partner. Planned comparisons significantly confirmed the prediction that an anticipated cooperative relationship would increase and a competitive relationship decrease, partner's attractiveness and that these changes would be more pronounced with thought.
A Naive Psychological Analysis of Counteraggression
Authors: Carpenter Barbara , Darley John M.
Published: March 2007

Observers witnessed a videotaped fight. Some saw only the fight, others saw a prior sequence which revealed that the fight starter was responding counteraggressively to previous acts of aggression committed by the other person. Both sets of observers recognized the aggressive character of the fight-starting action: those%who saw only the action regarded it as morally illegitimate; those who saw it in the sequence that made it counteraggressive found it morally acceptable. The possible mechanism for this involved a shift in the perceived responsibility for the fight from the fight perpetrator to the other person if the other person had previously been aggressive.
Social Comparison Choices for Evaluating a Sexand Age-Related Ability
Authors: Suls Jerry , Gastorf John , Lawhon John
Published: March 2007

Comparison choices to evaluate performance on a sexand age-related ability were examined. Subjects took a test on which they were told that males or females of the same-age, older or younger excelled. Subjects preferred to compare their performance with same-age-same sex others on their first choice and with sameage-opposite sex others on their second choice. The results provide support for the Related Attribute hypothesis and suggest that sameage-opposite-sex comparisons are more preferred than dissimilar age-same-sex comparisons.
The Effect of Adult Commentary on Reducing the Influence of Televised Violence
Authors: Horton Robert W. , Santogrossi David A.
Published: March 2007

The effects on second through fifth grade children of three types of adult commentary (antiaggressive, nonaggressive, neutral), presented during a violent TV show, were examined and compared to a nonviolent control film. Subjects' latency in seeking adult help when witnessing "real" violence among other children was measured. Antiaggressive and nonaggressive commentary subjects were significantly faster in summoning help than were neutral commentary subjects. Control subjects did not differ from other subjects in responsivity. The results can be interpreted within a cognitional framework.
An Exploratory Study of the Meanings of Injustice and Frustration
Authors: Steil Janice , Tuchman Bruce , Deutsch Morton
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to examine differences in the experiences of injustice and frustration. Ninety-seven high school students were administered four instruments involving word association, incident description, drawing, and completion of forced choice questionnaire items. The data indicate that the sense of injustice is more social while frustration is more personal. Ss reported that an injustice to another was personally experienced by themselves as more painful, more inoral, and more a fl to society than a frustration of another. An injustice also makes them feel more ugly, more angry, more guilty and more motivated to do something about it.
Physical Constancy and Trait Attribution: Attenuation of the Primacy Effect
Authors: Bowman P. C.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-two high school students viewed videotapes in which a confederate's behavior appeared to change markedly over a nominal six-month period. Half the students also saw the confederate's physical appearance (clothes, hairstyle) change significantly. Students observing physical change described the confederate's personality in a manner congruent with the behavior changes observed; students in the physical constancy condition, however, were significantly less likely to revise their trait ascriptions. This finding is discussed in terms of Mischel's suggestion that physical constancy contributes to the persistence of trait attribution processes.
Context Effects for Attributions of Ability
Authors: Reeder Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

Subjects watched a videotape of an actor engaged in a game of billiards and then made inferences about the actor's billiards ability. The level of skill demonstrated in the billiards performance and the situational demands (context) surrounding the performance were systematically varied. Results indicated that inferences based upon a skillful performance were less affected by situational demands than were inferences based upon an unskillful performance. Ratings of observers' uncertainty were also consistent with these findings.
An Integration of Kelley's Attribution Cube and Weiner's Achievement Attribution Model
Authors: Read Stephen J. , Stephan Walter G.
Published: March 2007

The two dimensions of stability and internality, identified by Weiner et al. (1971) as underlying attributions for achievement, can be related to the consensus and consistency dimensions of Kelley's (1967) Anova cube model of attribution. In this study it was predicted that consistency information would be used to assess stability; whereas consensus information would be used to assess internality in making causal attributions in achievement settings. It was found that high consistency increased attributions to stable factors while low consistency increased unstable attributions. In addition, high consensus increased attributions to external factors, while low consensus increased internal attributions.
Third Party Instigated Aggression: Traditional Versus Liberal Sex Role Attitudes
Authors: Nirenberg Theodore D. , Gaebelein Jacquelyn W.
Published: March 2007

Two separate studies of third person instigated aggression are reported. In the first study the results demonstrated that males with traditional attitudes toward women instigated aggression significantly more than males with liberal attitudes. Also, males with traditional attitudes instigated females more than males, while those with liberal attitudes instigated males and females similarly. In the second study, it was observed that females with traditional attitudes and females with liberal attitudes instigated similar amounts of aggression. The females also instigated males and females similarly.
Attributing Evil to the Subject, Not the Situation
Authors: Safer Martin A.
Published: March 2007

After seeing Milgram's Obedience film, students apparently conclude that people are evil and would harm a stranger if given the opportunity. Students overestimate the shock level which subjects deliver when uncoerced by the experimenter.
Communication via Facial Cues in Intimate Dyads
Authors: Sabatelli Ronald M. , Buck Ross , Dreyer Albert
Published: March 2007

The communication of emotion via spontaneous nonverbal expression was studied as it functions in the social penetration process. Two measures of nonverbal sensitivity to facial cues, sensitivity to general or unknown others and sensitivity to a dating partner, were obtained with seventeen exclusively dating, but noncohabiting couples. It was predicted from social penetration theory that both the duration of the relationship and the degree of involvement in the relationship would be reflected in the dating partner's sensitivity to one another. Neither prediction was supported.
Effects of Victims' Race and Organizational Affiliation on Receiving Help from Blacks and Whites
Authors: Shaffer David R. , Graziano William G.
Published: March 2007

The present experiment tested the hypothesis that cross-racial discrimination in helping behavior would be most apparent when subjects had a reason other than race (that is, the victim's questionable associations) for withholding assistance. Black and white subjects received a "wrong number" telephone call in which a black or a white victim who was associated with either a reputable/traditional organization (such as the Red Cross) or a less reputable/nontraditional group (National Organization for Women) requested assistance. The data provided no evidence of cross-race discrimination, regardless of the organizational affiliation of the victim. However, victims associated with reputable/traditional organizations were more likely to receive assistance than were victims associated with less reputable/nontraditional organizations.