bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deglaciation chronology, sea-level changes and environmental changes from Holocene lake sediments of Germania Havn Sø, Sabine Ø, northeast Greenland
Authors: Bennike Ole , Wagner Bernd
Published: April 2012

Germania Havn Sø is located at the outermost coast of northeastern Greenland. According to radiocarbon dating, the lake basin was deglaciated in the early Holocene, around 11,000 cal yr BP. At that time the lake was a marine bay, but the lake was isolated soon after deglaciation at ~ 10,600 cal yr BP. The marine fauna was species-poor, indicating harsh conditions with a high sedimentation rate and lowered salinity due to glacial meltwater supply. The pioneer vegetation around the lake was dominated by mosses and herbs. Deposition of relatively coarse sediments during the early Holocene indicates erosion of the newly deglaciated terrain. Remains of the first woody plant (Salix herbacea)appear at 7600 cal yr BP and remains of other woody plants (Salix arctica,Dryas octopetala,Cassiope tetragonaandEmpetrum nigrum) appear around one millennium later. Declining concentrations ofD. octopetalaand the caddis flyApatania zonellain the late Holocene probably imply falling summer temperatures. Only moderate changes in the granulometric and geochemical record during the Holocene indicate relatively stable environmental settings in the lake, which can probably be explained by its location at the outer coast and the buffering effect of the neighboring ocean.
Wideband and wide-angle flat Radomes using dielectric and ferrite layers
Authors: Khalaj-Amirhosseini Mohammad , Razavi Sayed Mohammad Javad
Published: April 2012

A new structure is proposed in this article, to operate as wideband and wide-angle flat Radome. In this structure several dielectric and ferrite layers are placed successively, one next to the other, to behave as a matched layer. First, the relationship between the permittivity and permeability of a required fictitious mixed material is obtained. Then the required permittivity and permeability of dielectric and ferrite layers are obtained at desired incidence angle. The performance of the proposed structure is investigated and validated using some theoretical and simulation examples.
Modeling ring current ion and electron dynamics and plasma instabilities during a high‐speed stream driven storm
Authors: Jordanova V. K. , Welling D. T. , Zaharia S. G. , Chen L. , Thorne R. M.
Published: April 2012

The temporal and spatial development of the ring current is evaluated during the 23–26 October 2002 high‐speed stream (HSS) storm, using a kinetic ring current‐atmosphere interactions model with self‐consistent magnetic field (RAM‐SCB). The effects of nondipolar magnetic field configuration are investigated on both ring current ion and electron dynamics. As the self‐consistent magnetic field is depressed at large (>4RE) radial distances on the nightside during the storm main phase, the particles' drift velocities increase, the ion and electron fluxes are reduced and the ring current is confined closer to Earth. In contrast to ions, the electron fluxes increase closer to Earth and the fractional electron energy reaches ∼20% near storm peak due to better electron trapping in a nondipolar magnetic field. The ring current contribution to Dst calculated using Biot‐Savart integration differs little from the DPS relation except during quiet time. RAM‐SCB simulations underestimate ∣SYM‐H∣ minimum by ∼25% but reproduce very well the storm recovery phase. Increased anisotropies develop in the ion and electron velocity distributions in a self‐consistent magnetic field due to energy dependent drifts, losses, and dispersed injections. There is sufficient free energy to excite whistler mode chorus, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC), and magnetosonic waves in the equatorial magnetosphere. The linear growth rate of whistler mode chorus intensifies in the postmidnight to noon sector, EMIC waves are predominantly excited in the afternoon to midnight sector, and magnetosonic waves are excited over a broad MLT range both inside and outside the plasmasphere. The wave growth rates in a dipolar magnetic field have significantly smaller magnitude and spatial extent.
Numerical modeling of tsunami waves generated by the flank collapse of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands): Tsunami source and near field effects
Authors: Abadie S. M. , Harris J. C. , Grilli S. T. , Fabre R.
Published: April 2012

In this work, we study waves generated by the potential collapse of the west flank of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano (CVV; La Palma, Canary Island, Spain) through numerical simulations performed in two stages: (i) the initial slide motion and resulting free surface elevation are first calculated using a 3D Navier‐Stokes model; (ii) generated waves are then input into a 2D (horizontal) Boussinesq model to further simulate propagation to the nearby islands. Unlike in earlier work on CVV, besides a similar extreme slide volume scenario of 450 km3, in our simulations: (i) we consider several slide scenarios featuring different volumes (i.e., 20, 40, 80 km3), which partly result from a geotechnical slope stability analysis; (ii) we use a more accurate bathymetry; and (iii) an incompressible version of a multiple‐fluid/material Navier‐Stokes model. We find wave trains for each scenario share common features in terms of wave directivity, frequency, and time evolution, but maximum elevations near CVV significantly differ, ranging from 600 to 1200 m (for increasing slide volume). Additionally, our computations show that significant energy transfer from slide to waves only lasts for a short duration (order 200 s), which justifies concentrating our best modeling efforts on the early slide motion phase. The anticipated consequences of such wave trains on La Palma and other Canary Islands are assessed in detail in the paper.
Eddy heat and salt transports in the South China Sea and their seasonal modulations
Authors: Chen Gengxin , Gan Jianping , Xie Qiang , Chu Xiaoqing , Wang Dongxiao , Hou Yijun
Published: April 2012

This study describes characteristics of eddy (turbulent) heat and salt transports, in the basin‐scale circulation as well as in the embedded mesoscale eddy found in the South China Sea (SCS). We first showed the features of turbulent heat and salt transports in mesoscale eddies using sea level anomaly (SLA) data, in situ hydrographic data, and 375 Argo profiles. We found that the transports were horizontally variable due to asymmetric distributions of temperature and salinity anomalies and that they were vertically correlated with the thermocline and halocline depths in the eddies. An existing barrier layer caused the halocline and eddy salt transport to be relatively shallow. We then analyzed the transports in the basin‐scale circulation using an eddy diffusivity method and the sea surface height data, the Argo profiles, and the climatological hydrographic data. We found that relatively large poleward eddy heat transports occurred to the east of Vietnam (EOV) in summer and to the west of the Luzon Islands (WOL) in winter, while a large equatorward heat transport was located to the west of the Luzon Strait (WLS) in winter. The eddy salt transports were mostly similar to the heat transports but in the equatorward direction due to the fact that the mean salinity in the upper layer in the SCS tended to decrease toward the equator. Using a 21/2‐layer reduced‐gravity model, we conducted a baroclinic instability study and showed that the baroclinic instability was critical to the seasonal variation of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and thus the eddy transports. EOV, WLS, and WOL were regions with strong baroclinic instability, and, thus, with intensified eddy transports in the SCS. The combined effects of vertical velocity shear, latitude, and stratification determined the intensity of the baroclinic instability, which intensified the eddy transports EOV during summer and WLS and WOL during winter.
Global observations of L band scintillation at solar minimum made by COSMIC
Authors: Dymond Kenneth F.
Published: April 2012

We report observations of the L band scintillation climatology made during the minimum of solar cycle 23/24 using the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC, also known as FORMOSAT‐3). The measurements of the S4 scintillation index were made using the GPS Occultation Experiment instrument, which is a dual‐frequency GPS receiver used for routine ionospheric measurements via occultation of satellites in the GPS constellation. A method for geolocating the S4 measurements is presented and discussed. The geolocated COSMIC measurements are used to construct monthly climatologies of the S4 scintillation index, which are in good agreement with previous climatologies based on ground‐based measurements. COSMIC measurements of the electron density and S4 index permit an assessment of the correlation of the S4 index with the electron density. The scintillation climatology for March and April 2007 is compared to the coincident monthly climatology of the electron density, and a correlation is observed, but this correlation does not appear to hold globally. The COSMIC measurements are shown to be a powerful data set for studying L band scintillation and its correlation with the underlying ionospheric morphology.
NASA's Dawn mission observes asteroid Vesta at low orbit
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: April 2012

Dawn, a NASA spacecraft launched in 2007 to study two large bodies in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, arrived at its first target—the asteroid Vesta—in June 2011. Since then, it has orbited the asteroid at progressively lower altitudes, collecting detailed observations of Vesta's surface. Vesta is of particular interest because it is thought to be a remnant protoplanet—a small celestial body with a distinct core, mantle, and crust—formed early in the history of the solar system. Thus, by studying Vesta, “we will go back in time, right to the beginning of the solar system,” said Christopher Russell, a professor of geophysics and planetary physics at the University of California, Los Angeles and the principal investigator for the Dawn mission.
White House announces “big data” initiative
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: April 2012

The world is now generating zetabytes—which is 10 to the 21st power, or a billion trillion bytess—of information every year, according to John Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. With data volumes growing exponentially from a variety of sources such as computers running large‐scale models, scientific instruments including telescopes and particle accelerators, and even online retail transactions, a key challenge is to better manage and utilize the data. The Big Data Research and Development Initiative, launched by the White House at a 29 March briefing, initially includes six federal departments and agencies providing more than $200 million in new commitments to improve tools and techniques for better accessing, organizing, and using data for scientific advances. The agencies and departments include the National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense, and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Sean Solomon, principal investigator for NASA's Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission, has been appointed the new director of Columbia University's Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory, the university announced on 4 April. Solomon, who served as AGU president from 1996 to 1998 and is director emeritus at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, begins his new position on 1 July.
Diverse views on climate change
Authors: Garrett Timothy , Dubey Manvendra , Schwartz Stephen
Published: April 2012

Third Santa Fe Conference on Global and Regional Climate Change; Santa Fe, New Mexico, 30 October to 4 November 2011 At the Third Santa Fe Conference on Global and Regional Climate Change, hosted by the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Center for Nonlinear Studies, researchers offered some of the latest thinking on how to observe and model the driving forces as well as the impacts of regional and global climate change, climate system responses, and societal impacts. It was the third in a series of conferences held at 5‐year intervals. More than 140 climate science experts from the United States and foreign universities and research centers attended the conference, held at the La Fonda Hotel in historic downtown Santa Fe. The conference program included more than 80 invited and contributed oral presentations and about 30 posters. The oral sessions were grouped by topic into sessions of four or five talks, with discussion occurring at the end of each session
Kirschvink receives 2011 William Gilbert Award: Response
Authors: Kirschvink Joseph L.
Published: April 2012

Joseph Kirschvink received the William Gilbert Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding and unselfish work in magnetism of Earth materials and of the Earth and planets.
Surges along the Honolulu coast from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai , Pawlak Geno , Lay Thorne
Published: April 2012

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake of Mw9.0 generated a massive tsunami that devastated communities along the northeastern Japan coasts and damaged coastal infrastructure across the Pacific. A nearshore observatory in Honolulu recorded clear signals of the surface elevation and flow velocity at 12 m water depth, where adjacent harbors and marinas experienced persistent hazardous surges. The measurements allow validation of numerical model results, which in turn reveal complex oscillation and flow patterns due to resonance over the insular shelf and reef system. The computed wave amplitude and flow speed increase from 0.4 m and 0.1 m/s at the 100‐m depth contour to 1.6 m at the shore and 3.3 m/s near an entrance to Honolulu Harbor. Although resonance of the tsunami along the Hawaiian Islands produced the strongest surface signal at 42 min period, standing waves with periods 16 min or shorter, which are able to form nodes on the reefs, are the main driving force of the nearshore currents.
Michigan astronomers discover promethium in star
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A rare element that does not exist naturally on earth has been identified in the spectrum of a star by two University of Michigan astronomers.

Working under a National Science Foundation grant, Margo Friedel Aller and Charles Cowley have identified promethium in an unusual star known as HR 465. Promethium is a short‐lived rare earth that previously has been known only as a synthetic element. Although its existence had been predicted as early as 1902, it was not discovered until 1947, among the fission products of uranium.
Title II water resources research contracts and grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Twenty additional research projects have been selected for the Fiscal Year 1971 water resources research program authorized under Title II of the Water Resources Research Act of 1964.

The Title II program provides funds to support the work of highly skilled and knowledgeable water research organizations and individuals, both academic and non‐academic, in undertaking research that seeks solutions to urgent water problems throughout the nation.
International Hydrometry Symposium Koblenz, Germany September 13”19, 1970
Authors: Liu Henry
Published: April 2012

Nearly six hundred scientists and engineers from more than fifty nations attended the International Symposium on Hydrometry in the beautiful West German city of Koblenz. Organized within the framework of the International Hydrological Decade, the symposium was sponsored jointly by Unesco, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Association of Scientific Hydrology (IASH), and the National Committee for the IHD of the Federal Republic of Germany. The purpose of the symposium was to focus attention on modern developments in surface‐water measurements.
Books
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Downs C. E.
Published: April 2012

The preeminence of the computer as a means of managing otherwise overwhelming masses of information is nowhere better illustrated than in this unique 242‐page compilation by the Geological Survey of Alabama.

The Annotated Bibliography contains 1462 entries, each consisting of a reference and a brief ahstract, taken from the world literature on limestone terranes, carbonate rocks, groundwater hydrology, and caves.
The Seventeenth Annual Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Pacific Northwest Region of the American Geophysical Union was held at the University of Puget Sound on October 14, 15, and 16, 1970. There were 74 members and guests from all the states and provinces of the Division in attendance. It was a special pleasure to welcome a foreign visitor, Chang Yee Wang, from the National Taiwan University. A total of 53 papers were presented; all sections were represented
Mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry of the lunar samples
Authors: Albee Arden L.
Published: April 2012

On July 24, 1969, the first extraterrestrial samples, with the exception of meteorites, were returned to earth by Apollo 11. Since then these samples and the samples returned by Apollo 12 have been subjected to scientific investigations by hundreds of scientists from many countries. Drawing on advances from the last 25 years of study of meteorites and terrestrial rocks the variety and sophistication of the techniques used on these samples is truly impressive. It can truthfully be said that 10 years ago we could not have made the measurements, and that, even if we had had the data, we could not have interpreted it. The electron microprobe, the scanning electron microscope, and the mass spectrometer, as well as other instruments and techniques, have joined the microscope as routine tools with which to attack a petrologic problem.
Stable isotope geochemistry
Authors: Clayton Robert N.
Published: April 2012

A review of oxygen isotope geochemistry is presented by Garlick [1969] in the Handbook of Geochemistry. Oxygen isotope geochemistry was also the subject of a chapter by Epstein and Taylor [1967] in Researches in Geochemistry.

In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, a review chapter on the application of oxygen isotopes was written by Taylor [1967], and a chapter on sulfur isotopes was written by Jensen [1967].
Tectonophysics: U.S. National Report, 1967”1971, Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Global Correlations
Authors: Kaula William M.
Published: April 2012

The term ‘correlations’ implies empirical comparisons of two or more different types of data. The comparisons may range in character from quite statistical to completely qualitative. For effective discussion of correlations systematic data compilations and some scheme of classification are required. For global correlations of tectonophysics the pertinent data include nearly all geophysical measurements of the solid earth. A classification scheme is constituted by regions or provinces large enough to be perceptible on a world map, say, more than 1000 km in extent in at least one dimension. We include in this summary data compilations, worldwide statistical analyses of data, attempts at regional classification, and discussions of data correlations that treat all adequately measured examples of at least one class of regions.
Heat flow
Authors: Blackwell David D.
Published: April 2012

In the preceding few years both the number and quality of heat flow measurements have increased dramatically, and, except for the explosion aboard the Apollo 13 spacecraft, we might be able to report the first extraterrestrial heat‐flow measurement [see Langseth et al., 1970].

Between 1965 and August 1969, the number of heat flow measurements increased from 1044 to 3564 [Von Herzen and Lee, 1969; Lee, 1970], and new measurements were appearing at the rate of 600 per year. These figures are for all available data, but the proportional increase in activity in this field by investigators from the United States is at least comparable. Even with twice the data, Von Herzen and Lee found no significant changes in selected averages reported by Lee and Uyeda [1965]. A recent tabulation of heat flow data was published by Simmons and Horai [1968] and the same authors [Horai and Simmons, 1969b] presented spherical harmonic analysis maps of heat flow.
Elastic properties of minerals
Authors: Liebermann Robert C. , Schreiber Edward
Published: April 2012

During the last 4 years research in the elastic properties of minerals has been focused on several major areas: (1) measurement of the pressure and temperature dependence of the elastic properties of the minerals that are primary constituents of earth‐forming rocks; (2) measurement of the ambient properties of additional natural minerals and rocks; (3) study of the effect of rock fabric, porosity, and fluid content on the elastic properties of poly crystalline aggregates; (4) development of new experimental techniques to enable measurement at high temperature and at high pressure simultaneously and to measure velocities in natural rocks more precisely; (5) establishment of systematic trends in the data that lead to the formulation of a semiempirical equation of state relating the zero‐pressure elastic properties of minerals. In this brief report, we attempt only to highlight the major advances that have been made in these areas. The reader is referred to the bibliography for further details.
Representation of the Main Geomagnetic Field
Authors: Zmuda Alfred J.
Published: April 2012

United States representatives were active in the IAGA (International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy) Commission 2 Working Group No. 4 ‘Analysis of the Geomagnetic Field,’ an international group that recommended a reference field for the main geomagnetic field. U.S. members were J. C. Cain, P. F. Fougere, F. T. Heuring, L. Hurwitz, A. B. Kahle, J. F. McClay, and A. J. Zmuda (reporter); U.S. consultants were L. R. Alldredge, D. G. Knapp, J. H. Nelson, and E. H. Vestine.
Unemployment among technical professionals
Authors: Levin Leonard
Published: April 2012

The present tragedy of the unemployed technical professional—although no greater than that of the unemployed blue collar worker—is receiving a lot of attention these days on Capitol Hill. A slew of bills has been presented aimed at ‘retraining’ scientists and engineers for new jobs in new areas of employment outside aerospace and defense; other proposals would give loans and grants to workers and localities to ease the impact of economics. The hearings on these bills have called forth a litany of heralds of a new day for professionals who will now turn their energies toward problems of the environment, urban development, poverty, and other questions whose answers may or may not be technology‐intensive.
Sea Grant awarded to Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

NOAA has awarded a $249,600 Sea Grant to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), Gloucester Point, Virginia. The grant will support the third year's activities in improved management and use of estuarine and coastal resources on Chesapeake Bay.

Emphasizing research to improve crustacean and mollusk fisheries, the VIMS scientists are working on the general biology of the blue crab, are assessing rock crab for commercial potential, and are studying the distribution and habitat preferences of larval blue crabs. They are also working to determine the optimum conditions for holding blue crabs for commercial shedding by the soft crab industry. The VIMS group will increase its efforts to stimulate industry use of clam protection methods already developed in the program. VIMS plans to supply seed clams for commercial plantings while encouraging industry to develop commercial sources.
AAPG‐USGS Underground Waste Symposium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The U. S. Geological Survey and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists will cosponsor a Symposium on Underground Waste Management and Environmental Implications December 6–9, 1971, at the Astroworld Hotel, Houston, Texas. It will include three days of technical sessions and one full day of field trips to chemical plants in the Houston area to observe surface pretreatment and deep‐well waste disposal procedures.

The purpose of the symposium is to assess the current state of knowledge about subsurface waste disposal, to identify problems and areas of uncertainty requiring further investigation, and to anticipate realistic regulatory procedures. Among the principal topics to be discussed in the technical sessions will be hydrogeology, surface pre treatment of fluids, mechanics of injection wells, environmental considerations, and legal aspects.
[Comment to] The first Southern Hemisphere tidal observatory
Authors: Sánchez Rafael N.
Published: April 2012

I read in News section of June EOS, (page 462) an item on ‘The First Southern Hemisphere Tidal Observatory.’

The Australian observatory is actually the second one. In January 1971 operation of the earth tides station in Tucumán, Argentina, began, with two horizontal pendulums (Verbaandert‐Melchior) and an Askania gravimeter, under the auspices of the Instituto de Geodesia y Topografía (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología) of the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán.
The President's Page: Committees (Guest Editorial)
Authors: Zmuda Alfred J.
Published: April 2012

Committees often perform useful work in connection with purely technical programs; for example, they can evaluate scientific developments, recommend future studies, or supply administrative assistance at the national or international level. Some of the work is productive, some is not. The following observations are submitted in an attempt to improve the quality of the collaborative efforts of committees, on which I have served in the past in various capacities and from which the end products have covered the gamut of recommendations, informal and formal reports, and scientific publications.
Lockheed experiment will map Sun's X rays
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A daily X‐ray map that will show the source and level of X‐ray activity on the sun is one major objective of a satellite package being developed by Lockheed Missiles and Space Company.

Described as a ‘mapping X‐ray heliometer,’ the package is being prepared under contract to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center for flight aboard Oso‐I, which will scan the sun.
Scripps receives funds to construct floating platform for research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A $2,280,000 government contract has been awarded to the University of California, San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography for a program of research in advanced oceanographic engineering.

A total of $1,600,000 of this is designated for the initial funds to construct a 15,000 square foot stable floating platform complete with steel superstructure and concrete vertical legs that pivot up to a horizontal position to permit towing to an ocean station. The remaining $680,000 will be allocated to other programs in the area of marine technology.
Publication of proposed geophysical programs in Latin America
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A recent publication by the Comision de Geofisica under the auspices of the Panamerican Institute of Geography and History (a special group of the Organization of American States) describes the multi‐nation programs proposed by member countries in geophysical investigations in Latin America. In particular, the document summarizes the major programs proposed, including their objectives, the names of the countries, and principal investigators associated with each project. A detailed outline of one of the proposed programs—Seismic Network of the Andean Cordillera—is given.
Rent needed geology instruments
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Prospectors, mining firms, and others who need geophysical and geology instruments can get them and begin using them now even though they are not prepared to buy them. This service to the geological exploration field is made possible by the Instrument Rental Program announced by GISCO, the Geophysical Instrument Company in Denver, Colorado.
Experts believe land sinking will increase
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The problems of land subsidence will probably become more common and more serious in vulnerable areas throughout the world, according to Joseph F. Poland, a hydrologist of the U.S. Geological Survey. He noted that new attention has been drawn to the problems of land sinking because of the recently‐published Proceedings of the International Symposium on Land Subsidence held September 1969 in Tokyo.
New National Center for USGS
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Construction has begun on the new U.S. Geological Survey national center in Reston, Virginia.

The Survey will be the first federal agency to locate at Reston. When the facility is completed early in 1974, it will be leased for the USGS from the developer, Gulf Reston, Inc., by the General Services Administration for 20 years to recover construction costs, and then turned over to the government.
USGS studies effects of underground waste storage
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A research program aimed at evaluating the effects of underground waste storage on the nation's subsurface water supplies is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey.

The program was spurred by the growing practice of injecting fluid wastes underground in many areas where present knowledge of the underground natural ‘plumbing systems’ is inadequate to judge the practicality of many specific waste injections.
Notre Dame will assist in development of wastewater treatment system
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Telecommunications Industries, inc. (TII) of Copiague, New York, has asked engineers at the University of Notre Dame to assist in the development of a wastewater treatment system devised by TII.

The process uses sonics and ozone to purify drinking water and wastewater, Chairman of the board of TII, Alfred J. Roach, explained. The ozone is an extremely strong purifying agent that acts to destroy bacteria and break down organic pollutants in the water. However, the ozone does not attack solid masses or particles. Sound at varying high frequencies is used to break up the solid blocks of matter in the water, allowing the ozone to purify the remaining tiny particles of waste.
OWRR supports sanitary landfill study at Notre Dame
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Water Resources Research has awarded the University of Notre Dame $94,580 to support a two‐year study on the effect of sanitary landfills on groundwater quality. The study will be conducted by Philip C. Singer, Assistant Professor of civil engineering.

Titled ‘Hydrogeologic Factors Involved in Predicting the Effects of Sanitary Landfill Operations On Ground Water Quality,’ the study is expected to provide guidlines for the design of landfills that will have minimal effects on the quality of well water.
International Symposium on the Oceanography of the South Pacific
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

An International Symposium on the Oceanography of the South Pacific will be held February 9–1 5, 1972, at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Supported by Unesco, the symposium is organized by The New Zealand National Commission for Unesco with the cooperation of the Royal Society of New Zealand. General topics of the symposium include ocean circulation in the south Pacific; structure, sedimentation, and geologic history of the south Pacific; and fauna and flora of the south Pacific.
The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas
Authors: Kudelin B. I. , Zektser I. S. , Meskheteli A. V. , Brusilovsky S. A.
Published: April 2012

Introductory Note: The dynamic equilibrium of the various factors involved in the world water balance or budget is the central scientific problem of the International Hydrological Decade. One of the potentially vital elements of the balance is groundwater discharge to the oceans. To paraphrase the authors of the following Russian publication, the world water budget can't be properly balanced, statically or dynamically, until there are improved values for the amount of groundwater that is discharged directly to oceans, seas, and enclosed lakes. The following report, with its bibliography, presents some Russian approaches to the problem and provides a few bits of numerical information.

The report was translated by Frank W. Trainer of the U.S. Geological Survey. The text has been slightly reduced in the interests of saving space but the bibliography is given in full and has been transcribed into more or less standard U.S. Geological Survey bibliographical style.
Canadian National Committee, Winnipeg, Manitoba, June 1”2, 1971
Authors: Anoymous
Published: April 2012

The eighth meeting of the Canadian National Committee for the IHD was held in the International Inn in Winnipeg. L.A. Heindl, the Executive Secretary of the U.S. National Committee, attended as an observer (I.C. Brown, the Executive Secretary of the CNC/IHD, often attends U.S. Committee meetings in the same capacity).
Great Lakes water levels
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A new publication, Great Lakes Water Levels, 1860‐1970, has been issued by the Lakes Survey Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The book contains tabular records of monthly and annual average water surface elevations for each of the more than 50 permanent gages in the Lake Survey network. There are also summaries of the average and extreme levels recorded. There are about 180 pages of the various figures, a location map for the permanent gage sites, and a geographical index. The book is to be reissued at five‐year intervals.
Notes and commentary
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Dual symposia on the Role of Snow and Ice in Hydrology are scheduled to take place in Banff, Alberta, Canada September 6–20, 1972. The first, the Symposium on Properties and Processes, is to be convened by Unesco; the second, the Symposium on Measurement and Forecasting, will be convened by the World Meteorological Organization.

Following the symposia, a mountaineer's tour to a glacier (including a night on the mountain) and four field study tours have been arranged. Banff is in the heart of North American Glacier country, so the tours should be of unusual interest.
History of Hydrology
Authors: Eaton E. D.
Published: April 2012

Biswas, Asit K., History of Hydrology. American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1970, 336 pp., $16.

For some years, hydrologists and natural scientists have welcomed Biswas' occasional papers on hydrologic antiquities. They illuminate the field by identifying the origins of current concepts and, by associating various hydrologic concepts with historical periods and persons, these papers humanize an impersonal technical field.
The Body Adiposity Index (Hip Circumference ÷ Height1.5) Is Not a More Accurate Measure of Adiposity Than Is BMI, Waist Circumference, or Hip Circumference
Authors: Freedman David S. , Thornton John C. , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier , Heymsfield Steven B. , Wang Jack , Pierson Richard N. , Blanck Heidi M. , Gallagher Dympna
Published: April 2012

Based on cross‐sectional analyses, it was suggested that hip circumference divided by height1.5 −18 (the body adiposity index (BAI)), could directly estimate percent body fat without the need for further correction for sex or age. We compared the prediction of percent body fat, as assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (PBFDXA), by BAI, BMI, and circumference (waist and hip) measurements among 1,151 adults who had a total body scan by DXA and circumference measurements from 1993 through 2005. After accounting for sex, we found that PBFDXA was related similarly to BAI, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference. In general, BAI underestimated PBFDXA among men (2.5%) and overestimated PBFDXA among women (4%), but the magnitudes of these biases varied with the level of body fatness. The addition of covariates and quadratic terms for the body size measures in regression models substantially improved the prediction of PBFDXA, but none of the models based on BAI could more accurately predict PBFDXA than could those based on BMI or circumferences. We conclude that the use of BAI as an indicator of adiposity is likely to produce biased estimates of percent body fat, with the errors varying by sex and level of body fatness. Although regression models that account for the nonlinear association, as well as the influence of sex, age, and race, can yield more accurate estimates of PBFDXA, estimates based on BAI are not more accurate than those based on BMI, waist circumference, or hip circumference.
Correlation between near infrared-visible absorption, intrinsic local and global sheet resistance of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) thin films
Authors: Herrmann Felix , Engmann Sebastian , Presselt Martin , Hoppe Harald , Shokhovets Sviatoslav , Gobsch Gerhard
Published: April 2012

The ordinary dielectric function of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films was measured using a combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry and photothermal deflection spectroscopy. This method combination allows for a highly sensitive optical characterization of thin films. Hence, even the detection of weak sub-bandgap and intra-band absorptions is enabled. These intraband transitions of free charge carriers were modeled using a Drude-type oscillator to derive an intrinsic resistances for PEDOT:PSS. These optically derived resistances were compared with those determined by a 4-probe measurement setup for two different types of PEDOT:PSS and for varied annealing temperatures. Good agreement between optical and electrical measurements could be obtained for annealing temperatures smaller than 180∘C. Therefore, we conclude that the proposed combination of our two optical methods is well suited to determine electrical resistances of organic layers.
A method to extract absorption coefficient of thin films from transmission spectra of the films on thick substrates
Authors: King Sean W. , Milosevic Milan
Published: April 2012

In this paper we present a method that allows extraction of the absorption coefficient of a thin film from transmittance spectrum of the film on a silicon substrate. The method essentially removes all “optical effects,” such as interference fringes, reflectance losses, substrate absorption, etc. The method requires that the refractive index of the film is known at one wavelength and that the thickness of the film is approximately known, both of which are generally available from ellipsometric measurements. As a by-product of the procedure, the method also extracts optical constants of the film over the entire spectral range of interest and provides improved values of thickness and refractive index over those provided by ellipsometry.
Cryogenic probe station for on-wafer characterization of electrical devices
Authors: Russell Damon , Cleary Kieran , Reeves Rodrigo
Published: April 2012

A probe station, suitable for the electrical characterization of integrated circuits at cryogenic temperatures is presented. The unique design incorporates all moving components inside the cryostat at room temperature, greatly simplifying the design and allowing automated step and repeat testing. The system can characterize wafers up to 100 mm in diameter, at temperatures <20 K. It is capable of highly repeatable measurements at millimeter-wave frequencies, even though it utilizes a Gifford McMahon cryocooler which typically imposes limits due to vibration. Its capabilities are illustrated by noise temperature and S-parameter measurements on low noise amplifiers for radio astronomy, operating at 75–116 GHz.
AlN thin film transducers for high temperature non-destructive testing applications
Authors: Hou Ruozhou , Hutson David , Kirk Katherine J. , Qing Fu Yong
Published: April 2012

AlN thin film ultrasonic transducers are being developed for non-destructive testing (NDT) applications in detection and monitoring in a high temperature environment. The ultrasonic transducers were fabricated by RF sputter deposition of c-axis oriented AlN films on aluminum alloy and carbon steel substrates. High temperature performance and durability of the transducers were investigated using pulse-echo experiments at elevated temperatures, and the transducer failure mode was characterized. Results showed that the sputtered AlN films maintained a stable crystalline structure and orientation at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C. The high temperature performance of the ultrasonic transducers, however, was limited by the deterioration of substrate properties. The high temperature limit for the films on aluminum alloy was found to be the melting temperature of the substrate. The AlN films deposited on the carbon steel substrate operated up to 500 °C, but if the temperature was increased further, rapid surface oxidation of the carbon steel caused the transducer to fail.
On the evaluation of the non-interacting kinetic energy in density functional theory
Authors: Peach Michael J. G. , Griffiths David G. J. , Tozer David J.
Published: April 2012

The utility of both an orbital-free and a single-orbital expression for computing the non-interacting kinetic energy in density functional theory is investigated for simple atomic systems. The accuracy of both expressions is governed by the extent to which the Kohn–Sham equation is solved for the given exchange–correlation functional and so special attention is paid to the influence of finite Gaussian basis sets. The orbital-free expression is a statement of the virial theorem and its accuracy is quantified. The accuracy of the single-orbital expression is sensitive to the choice of Kohn–Sham orbital. The use of particularly compact orbitals is problematic because the failure to solve the Kohn–Sham equation exactly in regions where the orbital has decayed to near-zero leads to unphysical behaviour in regions that contribute to the kinetic energy, rendering it inaccurate. This problem is particularly severe for core orbitals, which would otherwise appear attractive due to their formally nodeless nature. The most accurate results from the single-orbital expression are obtained using the relatively diffuse, highest occupied orbitals, although special care is required at orbital nodes.
Quantum Monte Carlo for the x-ray absorption spectrum of pyrrole at the nitrogen K-edge
Authors: Zubarev Dmitry Yu. , Austin Brian M. , Lester William A.
Published: April 2012

Fixed-node diffusion Monte Carlo (FNDMC) is used to simulate the x-ray absorption spectrum of a gas-phase pyrrole molecule at the nitrogen K-edge. Trial wave functions for core-excited states are constructed from ground-state Kohn-Sham determinants substituted with singly occupied natural orbitals from configuration interaction with single excitations calculations of the five lowest valence-excited triplet states. The FNDMC ionization potential (IP) is found to lie within 0.3 eV of the experimental value of 406.1 ± 0.1 eV. The transition energies to anti-bonding virtual orbitals match the experimental spectrum after alignment of IP values and agree with the existing assignments.
Development of a Nomarski-type multi-frame interferometer as a time and space resolving diagnostics for the free electron density of laser-generated plasma
Authors: Börner M. , Fils J. , Frank A. , Blažević A. , Hessling T. , Pelka A. , Schaumann G. , Schökel A. , Schumacher D. , Basko M. M. , Maruhn J. , Tauschwitz An. , Roth M.
Published: April 2012

This article reports on the development and set-up of a Nomarski-type multi-frame interferometer as a time and space resolving diagnostics of the free electron density in laser-generated plasma. The interferometer allows the recording of a series of 4 images within 6 ns of a single laser-plasma interaction. For the setup presented here, the minimal accessible free electron density is 5 × 1018 cm−3, the maximal one is 2 × 1020 cm−3. Furthermore, it provides a resolution of the electron density in space of 50 μm and in time of 0.5 ns for one image with a customizable magnification in space for each of the 4 images. The electron density was evaluated from the interferograms using an Abel inversion algorithm. The functionality of the system was proven during first experiments and the experimental results are presented and discussed. A ray tracing procedure was realized to verify the interferometry pictures taken. In particular, the experimental results are compared to simulations and show excellent agreement, providing a conclusive picture of the evolution of the electron density distribution.
Intrinsic filtering errors of Lagrangian particle tracking in LES flow fields
Authors: Bianco F. , Chibbaro S. , Marchioli C. , Salvetti M. V. , Soldati A.
Published: April 2012

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of two-phase turbulent flows exhibits quantitative differences in particle statistics if compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) which, in the context of the present study, is considered the exact reference case. Differences are primarily due to filtering, a fundamental intrinsic feature of LES. Filtering the fluid velocity field yields approximate computation of the forces acting on particles and, in turn, trajectories that are inaccurate when compared to those of DNS. In this paper, we focus precisely on the filtering error for which we quantify a lower bound. To this aim, we use a DNS database of inertial particle dispersion in turbulent channel flow and we perform a priori tests in which the error purely due to filtering is singled out removing error accumulation effects, which would otherwise lead to progressive divergence between DNS and LES particle trajectories. By applying filters of different type and width at varying particle inertia, we characterize the statistical properties of the filtering error as a function of the wall distance. Results show that filtering error is stochastic and has a non-Gaussian distribution. In addition, the distribution of the filtering error depends strongly on the wall-normal coordinate being maximum in the buffer region. Our findings provide insight on the effect of sub-grid scale velocity field on the force driving the particles, and establish the requirements that any closure model aimed at recovering sub-grid scale effects on the dynamics of inertial particles must satisfy.
Single atom identification by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Lovejoy T. C. , Ramasse Q. M. , Falke M. , Kaeppel A. , Terborg R. , Zan R. , Dellby N. , Krivanek O. L.
Published: April 2012

Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, single, isolated impurity atoms of silicon and platinum in monolayer and multilayer graphene are identified. Simultaneously acquired electron energy loss spectra confirm the elemental identification. Contamination difficulties are overcome by employing near-UHV sample conditions. Signal intensities agree within a factor of two with standardless estimates.