bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise de fatores de resistência a Tospovirus em acessos de Solanum (secção Lycopersicon)1
Authors: Oliveira Renata Maria de , Cunha Marcos Gomes da , Fonseca Maria Esther Noronha , Boiteux Leonardo Silva , Dianese Érico de Campos
Published: October 2015

RESUMOO cultivo ininterrupto e intensivo de tomateiro tem favorecido o estabelecimento de diversas doenças que afetam a produção e a qualidade dos frutos. A resistência genética é o melhor método para o controle da doença chamada 'viracabeça' (causada por distintas espécies do gênero Tospovirus), sendo o Sw-5 o primeiro gene de resistência efetivamente identificado para o seu controle no tomateiro. Objetivou-se avaliar novas potenciais fontes de resistência às tospoviroses, em germoplasma de espécies selvagens de Solanum (Lycopersicon), bem como conduzir análises filogenéticas relacionadas à característica evolutiva do gene Sw-5b, em acessos de espécies selvagens de tomateiro. Essas análises evidenciaram que as diferentes espécies de tomateiros pertencem a distintos grupos evolutivos. A maioria dos acessos com resistência ampla contra espécies de Tospovirus correspondem a variantes alélicas muito próximas da cópia original do gene Sw-5b. No entanto, acessos resistentes de S. chilense e S. habrochaites localizamse em grupos filogeneticamente distintos, indicando que eles podem representar fontes promissoras de novos genes/alelos, condicionando resistência ampla aos tospovírus.
Calcium sources applied to soil can replace leaf application in ‘Fuji’ apple tree1
Authors: Danner Moeses Andrigo , Scariotto Silvia , Citadin Idemir , Penso Gener Augusto , Cassol Luís César
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTCalcium increases postharvest conservation of apples. Consequently, several calcium foliar sprays are generally applied to apple trees. Due to the low mobility of calcium in the phloem, foliar sprays may have low efficiency to supply calcium in the fruits. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different sources of calcium applied to the soil, compared to the foliar application, on the content of calcium in the soil, leaves and fruits, on yield and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple trees. The following treatments were tested: control, soil application of calcium chloride, gypsum, Nitrabor®, hydrated lime and pulp sludge, and foliar application of calcium chloride. For all sources in the soil, 80 kg of calcium ha-1 year-1 were applied. For the foliar treatment, ten sprays with 0.4 % of calcium chloride were performed. The experiment was conducted in two seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010), in a complete randomized blocks design, with four replicates and two apple trees per plot. Even in a soil with high calcium content, the sources of calcium increase the calcium content in the soil and leaves, as well as the firmness of apples stored for 90 days. The use of gypsum and pulp sludge increase the calcium content in the flesh of ‘Fuji’ apples after two successive applications (2009/2010). The sources of calcium applied to the soil can replace the leaf application commonly used in apple orchards, in order to reduce production costs, provided there is no water restriction in the orchard.
Growth suppression of sandspur grass by cover crops1
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Fonseca da , Pacheco Leandro Pereira , Soares Leandro dos Santos , Fonseca Wéverson Lima , Oliveira João Batista da Silva , Santos Adaniel Sousa dos
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTSandspur grass has hindered the integrated weed management in the Brazilian crop systems. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of biomass levels of different cover crops on the soil surface to control the sandspur grass. A complete randomized blocks design with four replications, in a 6 x 5 + 1 factorial arrangement, was used. The first factor consisted of six cover crops (Pennisetum glaucum-ADR 7010 and ADR 300 cultivars, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Urochloa ruziziensis, Fagopyrum tataricum and Crambe abyssinica) and the second one consisted of five biomass levels of each species (2 t ha-1, 4 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, 12 t ha-1 and 16 t ha-1), plus a control treatment without soil cover. The variables analyzed were the total number of emerged plants, germination speed index, leaf area, root volume and shoot and root dry biomass. U. ruziziensis excelled in the suppression of C. echinatus growth by reducing the number of emerged plants, emergence speed index, shoot and root dry biomass, root volume and leaf area.
Alternativas na fertilização de feijão visando a reduzir a aplicação de N-ureia1
Authors: Bertoldo Juliano Garcia , Pelisser Amanda , Silva Raquel Paz da , Favreto Rodrigo , Oliveira Luciene Antunes Dias de
Published: October 2015

RESUMOEm virtude da crescente utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados químicos, e seus impactos econômico e ambiental, é necessário buscar métodos alternativos para melhorar a fertilidade do solo, como, por exemplo, a fixação biológica de nitrogênio e/ou suplementos alternativos desse nutriente. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inoculação e aplicação de extrato de alga, molibdênio e pó de rocha, como alternativa à aplicação de ureia, em feijão. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram utilizadas duas cultivares de feijão (Pérola e FEPAGRO 26), bem como os seguintes métodos de cultivo: i) convencional; ii) inoculação com a mistura de três inoculantes recomendados para o feijão; iii) inoculação + complementação via sementes, com extrato da alga Ascophyllum nodosum e fertilizante mineral contendo pó de rocha e molibdênio; iv) inoculação + complementação via foliar, utilizando-se produtos com extrato da alga Ascophyllum nodosum e fertilizante mineral contendo pó de rocha e molibdênio. A inoculação, por si só, não é suficiente para atingir patamares similares aos do método convencional, no rendimento de grãos. O método de cultivo inoculação + complementação via sementes propicia a manutenção do rendimento de grãos com menor custo, em relação ao método de cultivo convencional.
Avaliação físico-química e sensorial de frutos de genótipos melhorados de mamoeiro1
Authors: Viana Eliseth de Souza , Reis Ronielli Cardoso , Ronielli Cardoso Siomara Costa Santana da , Neves Taís Teixeira das , Jesus Jaciene Lopes de
Published: October 2015

RESUMOA sustentabilidade e a expansão da cultura do mamoeiro dependem do desenvolvimento de genótipos com características superiores, para atender às demandas dos agricultores. Este estudo objetivou avaliar frutos de mamoeiro, quanto às características físico-químicas e sensoriais, visando a identificar novos genótipos com potencial para o mercado. Foram avaliados frutos de genótipos melhorados do grupo Solo (L60, L47-05, L47-08 e H54.78) e do grupo Formosa (L33 e H36.45) e as variedades comerciais Tainung nº 1 e Sunrise Solo. Analisouse o rendimento de polpa, peso, comprimento, diâmetro (fruto e cavidade interna) e firmeza e cor da polpa, além das avaliações sensoriais. As linhagens L47-05 e L47-08, do grupo Solo, apresentaram os maiores valores para peso (838,30 g e 803,94 g, respectivamente) e firmeza de fruto (8,35 kgf cm-2 e 7,74 kgf cm-2, respectivamente), portanto, são mais resistentes a injúrias mecânicas. A cultivar Tainung nº 1 apresentou os maiores valores para peso (842,77 g), comprimento (20,76 cm) e diâmetro (9,70 cm). Os genótipos do grupo Solo L47-05, L47-08, H54.78 e a testemunha Sunrise Solo apresentaram teor de sólidos solúveis acima de 14 ºBrix. A aceitação do híbrido H54.78 foi estatisticamente igual à da testemunha Sunrise Solo para todos os atributos sensoriais avaliados. Os genótipos H36.45 e L33, do grupo Formosa, foram estatisticamente iguais à testemunha Tainung nº 1 para todos os atributos. Com base na qualidade dos frutos, os genótipos H54.78 (grupo Solo) e H36.45 e L33 (grupo Formosa) são os mais promissores para o mercado e podem competir com as cultivares comerciais Sunrise Solo e Tainung nº 1.
Disponibilidade hídrica do substrato e teor de água da semente na germinação de niger1
Authors: Gordin Carla Regina Baptista , Scalon Silvana de Paula Quintão , Masetto Tathiana Elisa
Published: October 2015

RESUMOO niger é uma espécie oleaginosa cujo cultivo encontrase em expansão, porém, com poucas informações sobre os efeitos de condições adversas, durante a fase de estabelecimento de plântulas. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da disponibilidade hídrica do substrato e do teor de água da semente na germinação de niger. As sementes foram umedecidas pelo método da atmosfera úmida por 0; 24; 48; e 72 horas, obtendo-se os teores de água de 7,0 %; 12,8 %; 16,8 %; e 32,2 %. A semeadura foi feita em substrato umedecido com soluções de PEG 6000, com os seguintes potenciais osmóticos: 0,0 Mpa (controle); -0,1 Mpa; -0,2 Mpa; -0,3 Mpa; e -0,4 Mpa. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 (teores de água x potenciais osmóticos), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes. Avaliou-se a primeira contagem, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e das raízes e massa seca de plântulas.À medida que há redução no potencial hídrico do substrato, a germinação de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas de niger diminuem, independentemente do teor de água, porém, com maior evidência em sementes com teores de água abaixo de 32,2 % e 12,8 %, respectivamente.
Supressão da murcha de fusário em tomateiro por rizobactérias do gênero Bacillus1
Authors: Carrer Filho Renato , Dianese Érico de Campos , Cunha Marcos Gomes da
Published: October 2015

RESUMOMurchas vasculares em tomateiro constituem importante grupo de doenças incitadas por patógenos habitantes de solos, com destaque para Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. lycopersici, que ocasiona perdas significativas de produção. A introgressão de genes que expressam resistência é a principal medida de controle, mas, devido à rápida emergência de raças que suplantam a resistência, vem aumentando a importância do biocontrole, em integração com o controle genético. Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade de isolados de rizobactérias, especialmente do gênero Bacillus, como agentes de biocontrole da murcha de fusário em tomateiro. O ensaio de laboratório consistiu na verificação da habilidade de os isolados atuarem como inibidores de crescimento micelial, além da detecção de genes envolvidos na expressão de polipeptídios de ação antimicrobiana. Em casa-de-vegetação, o ensaio foi composto por sementes microbiolizadas e adição, ao solo, de suspensão de propágulos de cada rizobactéria, no momento do transplantio das mudas de tomateiro. Todos os isolados de rizobactérias apresentaram controle variável do patógeno in vitro. Os isolados UFG-07 e UFG-10, com alta similaridade a Bacillus subtilis e Bacillus circulans, destacaram-se na supressão da doença. Resultados da PCR detectaram genes-alvo para expressão de polipeptídios, o que reforça a hipótese da ação de substâncias antimicrobianas no biocontrole.
Localização e concentração de atividades logísticas no Brasil
Authors: Catapan André , Luna Mônica Maria Mendes
Published: October 2015

ResumoO presente trabalho analisa a localização e concentração das atividades logísticas no Brasil, com destaque para os estados de Pernambuco, Goiás e Santa Catarina. Para identificar estas concentrações foram usados dados relativos ao número de funcionários que atuam nos vários grupos de atividades econômicas relacionados a transporte e logística. Os resultados mostram que há concentrações de atividades logísticas em torno dos grandes mercados consumidores, dos complexos industriais, de algumas zonas de produção agrícola e dos terminais portuários. Com base na revisão de literatura, a caracterização dos fatores que contribuem para a decisão de localização destas instalações, bem como para o fenômeno de concentração, também é apresentada. Por fim, as concentrações de atividades logísticas são classificadas de acordo com a taxonomia proposta por Savy (2005).
Análise da ocupação veicular para a inserção de beneficiários no transporte coletivo urbano
Authors: Ferreira Sérgio Silvestrini , Barbosa Heloisa Maria
Published: October 2015

ResumoEste trabalho apresenta um método capaz de acompanhar e avaliar as taxas de ocupação críticas nos ônibus urbanos nos trechos mais carregados durante a operação. O objetivo é detectar períodos do dia com taxas inferiores às máximas estabelecidas nos contratos de concessão do serviço, para inclusão de beneficiários sem necessidade do pagamento integral da tarifa. O método, baseado em pesquisas de movimentação de passageiros e no tratamento e análise estatística dos dados do Sistema de Bilhetagem Eletrônica – SBE, foi aplicado para o caso de Belo Horizonte-MG. Foi formulado um parâmetro de qualidade, Índice de Conforto Desejável para determinar a capacidade ociosa da frota em operação e quantificar os beneficiários com descontos na tarifa por períodos determinados. A avaliação econômica mostra que em Belo Horizonte, no entrepico, podem ser inseridos mais de 100.000 beneficiários, aproximadamente o total de desempregados na cidade. O estudo demonstrou que investimentos em tecnologias de transportes permitem implantar políticas de inclusão econômica e tornar o ônibus acessível às categorias excluídas, sem provocar alterações no nível de qualidade e desequilíbrios financeiros ao sistema.
Micropilar and embryonic events during hydration of Melanoxylon brauna Schott seeds
Authors: Borges Eduardo Euclydes de Lima e , Ataíde Glauciana da Mata , Matos Antônio César Batista
Published: October 2015

Abstract:Germination is a complex process that involves molecules properties that make up the cell walls, hydrolytic enzymes that break the bonds between the polymers and action of reactive oxygen substance. Melanoxylon braunais a forest species of high economic value. In order to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the embryonic axis during germination, fresh matter, length, activities of the enzymes pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide levels were quantified in the embryonic axis. Furthermore, in the micropyle area the composition of carbohydrates and micropyle physical resistance were evaluated with and without drying. During soaking, if there are increases in fresh matter and length of the embryonic axis, there is the same trend of polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase enzymes. The hydrogen peroxide content was reduced during the soaking, as well as the puncture force of the micropylar area. It is concluded that the seed coat and the cotyledons are responsible for 90% of the water soaked by the seeds. The events in the micropyle and embryonic axis occur independently in the first 16 hours. The weakening of the micropyle features an elastic step and a plastic one. Enzymes pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase act in cellular expansion of the embryonic axis.
Late Pleistocene sea-level changes recorded in tidal and fluvial deposits from Itaubal Formation, onshore portion of the Foz do Amazonas Basin, Brazil
Authors: Bezerra Isaac Salém Alves Azevedo , Nogueira Afonso César Rodrigues , Guimarães José Tasso Felix , Truckenbrodt Werner
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe Pleistocene deposits exposed in the Amapá Coastal Plain (onshore portion of the Foz do Amazonas Basin, northeastern South America) were previously interpreted as Miocene in age. In this work, they were named as "Itaubal Formation" and were included in the quaternary coastal history of Amazonia. The study, through facies and stratigraphic analyses in combination with optically stimulated luminescence (single and multiple aliquot regeneration), allowed interpreting this unit as Late Pleistocene tidal and fluvial deposits. The Itaubal Formation, which unconformably overlies strongly weathered basement rocks of the Guianas Shield, was subdivided into two progradational units, separated by an unconformity related to sea-level fall, here named as Lower and Upper Units. The Lower Unit yielded ages between 120,600 (± 12,000) and 70,850 (± 6,700) years BP and consists of subtidal flat, tide-influenced meandering stream and floodplain deposits, during highstand conditions. The Upper Unit spans between 69,150 (± 7,200) and 58,150 (± 6,800) years BP and is characterized by braided fluvial deposits incised in the Lower Unit, related to base-level fall; lowstand conditions remained until 23,500 (± 3,000) years BP. The studied region was likely exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum and then during Holocene, covered by tidal deposits influenced by the Amazon River.
Intermontane eolian sand sheet development, Upper Tulum Valley, central-western Argentina
Authors: Dal' Bó Patrick Francisco Fuhr , Basilici Giorgio
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThe intermontane Upper Tulum eolian sand sheet covers an area of ca. 125 km² at north of the San Juan Province, central-western Argentina. The sand sheet is currently an aggrading system where vegetation cover, surface cementation and periodic flooding withhold the development of dunes with slipfaces. The sand sheet surface is divided into three parts according to the distribution of sedimentary features, which reflects the variation in sediment budget, water table level and periodic flooding. The central sand sheet part is the main area of eolian deposition and is largely stabilized by vegetation. The sedimentary succession is 4 m thick and records the vertical interbedding of eolian and subaqueous deposits, which have been deposited for at least 3.6 ky with sedimentation rates of 86.1 cm/ky. The construction of the sand sheet is associated with deflation of the sand-graded debris sourced by San Juan alluvial fan, which is available mainly in drier fall-winter months where water table is lower and wind speeds are periodically above the threshold velocity for sand transport. The accumulation of sedimentary bodies occurs in a stabilized eolian system where vegetation cover, thin mud veneers and surface cementation are the main agents in promoting accumulation. The preservation of the sand sheet accumulations is enabled by the progressive creation of the accommodation space in a tectonically active basin and the continuous burial of geological bodies favored by high rates of sedimentation.
Central Santa Catarina coastal dunefields chronology and their relation to relative sea level and climatic changes
Authors: Mendes Vinícius Ribau , Giannini Paulo César Fonseca , Guedes Carlos Conforti Ferreira , DeWitt Regina , Andrade Helena Asmar de Abreu
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTDuring the past decades, there have been contrarian explanations for the formation and stabilization of coastal dunefields: while many authors believe the dunes formation would be enhanced by falling sea level, others argue that a rising or stable sea level context would be favorable. For Brazilian coastal dunefields, the second hypothesis seems to be more consistent with the luminescence ages found so far; however, most of these data were obtained without using the SAR protocol. Another point of concern is the role of climate change in the aeolian system, which is still not very clear. The aim of this paper is to try to clarify these two questions. To this end, five coastal dunefields were selected in central Santa Catarina coast. The remote sensing and dating results allowed the discrimination and mapping of at least four aeolian generations. Their age distribution in relation to the global curve of relative sea level variation during the Late Pleistocene allows us to suggest that the formation of Aeolian dunefields in the coastal context is supported by stable relative sea level. However, relative sea level is not the only determinant for the formation and preservation of the aeolian coastal dunes. Evidences of climatic control indicate that the initiation of dunefields would be favored by periods of less humidity while their stabilization would occur preferably during the periods of rain intensification, connected to monsoon activity.
Geochemical modeling of diagenetic reactions in Snorre Field reservoir sandstones: a comparative study of computer codes
Authors: Klunk Marcos Antonio , Damiani Leonardo Hax , Feller Gustavo , Conceição Rommulo Vieira , Abel Mara , De Ros Luiz Fernando
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTDiagenetic reactions, characterized by the dissolution and precipitation of minerals at low temperatures, control the quality of sedimentary rocks as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Geochemical modeling, a tool used to understand diagenetic processes, is performed through computer codes based on thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. In a comparative study, we reproduced the diagenetic reactions observed in Snorre Field reservoir sandstones, Norwegian North Sea. These reactions had been previously modeled in the literature using DISSOL-THERMAL code. In this study, we modeled the diagenetic reactions in the reservoirs using Geochemist's Workbench (GWB) and TOUGHREACT software, based on a convective-diffusive-reactive model and on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters compiled for each reaction. TOUGHREACT and DISSOL-THERMAL modeling showed dissolution of quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclase in a similar temperature range from 25 to 80°C. In contrast, GWB modeling showed dissolution of albite, plagioclase and illite, as well as precipitation of quartz, K-feldspar and kaolinite in the same temperature range. The modeling generated by the different software for temperatures of 100, 120 and 140°C showed similarly the dissolution of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and kaolinite, but differed in the precipitation of albite and illite. At temperatures of 150 and 160°C, GWB and TOUGHREACT produced different results from the DISSOL-THERMAL, except for the dissolution of quartz, plagioclase and kaolinite. The comparative study allows choosing the numerical modeling software whose results are closer to the diagenetic reactions observed in the petrographic analysis of the modeled reservoirs.
The Cogollo Group and the oceanic anoxic events 1a and 1b, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela
Authors: Dot José Alejandro Méndez , Baamonde José Méndez , Reyes Dayana , Whilchy Rommel
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTCarbonates of Cogollo Group (Apón, Lisure and Maraca formations) constitute the broader calcareous platform system originated during Aptian and Albian of Cretaceous in north-western South America, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. On the shallow shelf, a variety of calcareous sedimentary facies were deposited during marine transgressive and regressive cycles. Some of them developed porosity and constitute important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Due to some major marine transgressions, from early Aptian, the anoxic environment and characteristic facies of a pelagic environment moved from the outer slope and basin to the shallow shelf, during specific time intervals, favouring the sedimentation of organic matter-rich facies, which correspond to the oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) 1a and 1b. The source rock of Machiques Member (Apón Formation) was deposited during early Aptian OAE 1a (~ 120 Ma). The source rock of Piché Member, located at the top of the Apón Formation, was deposited during late Aptian OAE 1b (~ 113 Ma). Finally, La Luna Formation, from Cenomanian, that covers the OAE 2 (~ 93 Ma), represents the most important source rock in the Maracaibo Basin. In this way and based on sedimentological and organic geochemistry results from the determinations performed on 247 samples belonging to six cores in the Maracaibo Basin, we propose these two organic-rich levels, deposited on the shallow shelf of the Cogollo Group, as "effective source rocks", additional to La Luna Formation, with oil migration in relatively small distances to the porosity facies.
CARCINOID TUMOR OF THE DUODENUM:
Authors: WAISBERG Jaques , JOPPERT-NETTO George , VASCONCELLOS Cidia , SARTINI Gustavo Henrique , MIRANDA Lucimar Sonja Villela de , FRANCO Maria Isete Fares
Published: October 2015

ContextDuodenal carcinoids are extremely rare, and their characteristics and biological behavior have not been fully elucidated.ObjectiveTo analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with resected duodenal carcinoids.MethodsTwenty patients (12 females and 8 males) were investigated. Their average age was 66.4 ± 5.8 years old (43 to 88 years old). The data corresponding to the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with duodenal carcinoid tumors subjected to resection over a period of 18 years (1993-2011) were analyzed.ResultsThe most common symptoms were dyspepsia (50%) and epigastric pain (45%) followed by weight loss (10%) and vomiting (5%). Carcinoid syndrome was not observed in any patient. The lesion was located on the first part of the duodenum in 15 (75%) patients, the second part in 4 (20%) patients, and the third part in 1 (5%) patient. The diagnosis of a carcinoid tumor was established through an endoscopic excision biopsy in 19 (95%) patients and an histopathological examination of the surgical specimen in 1 (5%) patient. The average tumor size was 1.1 cm ± 0.4 cm (0.3 cm to 6.0 cm). Nineteen (95%) patients were initially treated by endoscopic resection of the duodenal lesion. One patient (5%), whose tumor was on the third part of the duodenum underwent a duodenectomy of the third and fourth duodenal parts and duodenojejunal anastomosis. The duodenal carcinoid resection margin was involved in four (20%) patients. Four (20%) patients were subjected to a partial gastrectomy to fully remove the lesion. The tumor was restricted to the submucosal layer in 16 (80%) cases, and it penetrated into the muscular layer in 4 (20%) cases. All patients exhibited positive chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and/or synaptophysin immunostaining. The average duration of the follow-up period was 39.6 months (3 to 96 months). Twelve (60%) of the 20 cases in this series are alive without any evidence of active disease. Only one (5%) patient died due to liver metastases of the duodenal carcinoid.ConclusionsDuodenal carcinoids are rare and indolent tumors usually associated with a benign progression. Duodenoscopy, computerized tomography, and endoscopic ultrasound should be performed to evaluate the tumor size, the level of wall invasion, and the presence of regional or distant lymphatic metastases. Endoscopic removal of tumors smaller than 1.0 cm without periampullary localization or evidence of muscular propria layer invasion assessed by histology and/or endoscopic ultrasound is recommended. The endoscopic resection with a carcinoid tumor size between 1.0 cm and 2.0 cm can be incomplete and require new endoscopic resection or even surgical removal. Duodenal carcinoid larger than 2.0 cm require full-thickness resection and concomitant lymphadenectomy.
PANCREATIC SPLENOSIS MIMICKING NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS:
Authors: ARDENGH José Celso , LOPES César Vivian , KEMP Rafael , LIMA-FILHO Eder Rios , VENCO Filadelfo , SANTOS José Sebastião dos
Published: October 2015

ContextPancreatic splenosis is a benign condition which can mimic a pancreatic neoplasm.ObjectiveTo describe the role of the endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic nodules suspicious for pancreatic splenosis.MethodFrom 1997 to 2011, patients with pancreatic solid tumors suspicious for splenosis by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging were referred to EUS-FNA. Those cases with pancreatic splenosis confirmed by EUS-FNA or surgery were included. Endosonographic findings and clinicopathologic features were also analysed.ResultsA total of 2,060 patients with pancreatic solid tumors underwent EUS-FNA. Fourteen (0.6%) cases with pancreatic splenosis were found. After applying exclusion criteria, 11 patients were selected. Most patients were male (7), young (mean age: 42 years) and asymptomatic (8). Endoscopic ultrasound imaging alone suspected pancreatic splenosis in 6 cases, and neuroendocrine tumors in 5 cases. Pancreatic splenosis was found most commonly in the tail, was round, hypoechoic, with homogeneous pattern, regular borders, and with scintigraphy negative for somatostatin receptors. The average diameter of these nodules identified by endoscopic ultrasound was 2.15 cm. Microhistology obtained by EUS-FNA confirmed the diagnosis in 9/10 patients.ConclusionPancreatic splenosis can be diagnosed by EUS-FNA. Microhistology prevents unnecessary surgeries, and reassures asymptomatic patients with hypoechoic, homogeneous, and well circumscribed pancreatic nodules.
PROGRESSION OF LIVER FIBROSIS IN MONOINFECTED PATIENTS BY HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND COINFECTED BY HCV AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
Authors: TOVO Cristiane Valle , BECKER Smile Calisto da Costa , ALMEIDA Paulo Roberto Lerias de , GALPERIM Bruno , CHAVES Silvia
Published: October 2015

ContextThe progression of liver fibrosis in patients coinfected by hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HCV/HIV) has been increasingly studied in the past decade. Studies made before the highly active antiretroviral therapy suggest that HIV can change the natural history of the HCV infection, leading to a faster progression of the liver fibrosis.ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the fibrosis progression in two groups of patients (HCV/HIV coinfected and HCV monoinfected)MethodsSeventy patients HCV monoinfected and 26 patients HCV/HIV coinfected who had not undertaken HCV treatment and were submitted to serial percutaneous liver biopsies were retrospectively evaluated. There was no difference in the fibrosis progression between the two groups.ConclusionThe fibrosis grade evolution was not worse in the coinfected patients. The immunosuppression absence and the shortest time period between the biopsies in the coinfected group are possible explanations.
WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS REGARDING ACCEPTANCE TO THE COLONOSCOPY?
Authors: USSUI Vivian Mayumi , SILVA Ana Luiza Werneck da , BORGES Luana Vilarinho , SILVA José Guilherme Nogueira da , ZEITUNE José Murilo Robilotta , HASHIMOTO Cláudio Lyoiti
Published: October 2015

ContextColonoscopy plays an indubitable role in the setting of clinical practice, however, it is an invasive exam; complex, lengthy, embarrassing, not devoid of risks and discomfort that yields fear and anxiety in the majority of patients. In a new era of rising competition between health institutions, where the quality of health care and client satisfaction are praised, studies regarding tolerance-related colonoscopy issues yield great potential to be explored. In the present study, tolerance is defined as willingness to repeat the exam.ObjectivesEvaluate information associated to bowel preparation, the exam itself and post-examination period that might interfere with the tolerance to the colonoscopy.MethodsAnalysis of the tolerance to the colonoscopy at three stages (pre, post, and during) through a checklist: patient's questionnaire and a medical assessment form were used.ResultsIn this present study, 91.2% of 373 patients exhibited positive tolerance to the colonoscopy. Aspects related to a negative level of tolerance were patient gender (12.9% of women versus 3.2% of men would not repeat the exam), age extremes (less than 20 years and greater than 80 years of age), and abdominal pain, both during the bowel preparation and after the procedure.ConclusionsGender, age, patient cooperation and abdominal pain were the decisive components regarding tolerance to the colonoscopy. Notably, in two phases of the exam, the abdominal pain was the most important feature associated to a lessened tolerance.
EFFECT OF A BITTER BOLUS ON ORAL, PHARYNGEAL AND ESOPHAGEAL TRANSIT OF HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Authors: ALVES Leda Maria Tavares , SECAF Marie , DANTAS Roberto Oliveira
Published: October 2015

ContextDuring swallowing, boluses stimulate sensory receptors of the oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions. Sweet and tasteless foods are more acceptable for swallowing than bitter foods. A bitter bolus is unpleasant for most subjects. Our hypothesis was that the ingestion of a bitter bolus might alter the oral behavior, pharyngeal and esophageal transit when compared to a sweet bolus.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the bitter taste of a liquid bolus causes alteration on oral, pharyngeal and/or esophageal transit in normal subjects in comparison with sweet bolus.’MethodScintigraphic evaluation of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal transit was performed in 43 asymptomatic subjects, 22 women and 21 men, ages 23-71 years, without problems with the ingestion of liquid and solid foods, and without digestive, cardiac or neurologic diseases. Each subject swallowed in random sequence and at room temperature 5 mL of a liquid bolus with bitter taste, prepared with 50 mL of water with 2 g of leaves of Peumus boldus, heated until boiling (boldus tea), and 5 mL of a liquid bolus with sweet taste, prepared with 50 mL of water with 3 g of sucrose, both labeled with 37 MBq of technetium phytate (Tc99m).ResultsThere was no difference between the bitter bolus and the sweet bolus in mouth, pharynx and esophageal transit and clearance duration and in the amount of residues.ConclusionA bitter bolus, considered an unpleasant bolus, does not alter the duration of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing, when compared with a sweet bolus, considered a pleasant bolus.
DYSPHAGIA AND SIALORRHEA:
Authors: NICARETTA Denise Hack , ROSSO Ana Lucia , MATTOS James Pitágoras de , MALISKA Carmelindo , COSTA Milton M. B.
Published: October 2015

ContextDysphagia and sialorrhea in patients with Parkinson's disease are both automatically accepted as dependent on this neurological disease.ObjectiveThe aim were to establish if these two complaints are a consequence or associated manifestations of Parkinson's disease.MethodTwo Parkinson's diseases groups from the same outpatients' population were studied. Patients in the first group, with dysphagia, were studied by videofluoroscopy. The second, with sialorrhea, were studied by the scintigraphic method,ResultsVideofluoroscopic examination of the oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing showed that 94% of Parkinson's diseases patients present, structural causes, not related to Parkinson's diseases, able to produce or intensify the observed disphagia. The scintigraphic examination of Parkinson's diseases patients with sialorrhea showed that there is no increase of serous saliva production. Nevertheless, showed a significantly higher velocity of saliva excretion in the Parkinson's diseases patients.ConclusionsDysphagia can be due to the muscular rigidity often present in the Parkinson's diseases patient, or more usually by non Parkinson's disease associated causes. In Parkinson's diseases patients, sialorrhea is produced by saliva retention. Nevertheless, sialorrhea can produce discomfort in swallowing, although without a formal complaint of dysphagia. In this case, subclinical dysphagia must be considered. Sialorrhea is indicative of dysphagia or at least of subclinical dysphagia. As final conclusion, Parkinson's diseases can be an isolated cause of dysphagia and/or sialorrhea, but frequently, a factor unrelated to Parkinson's diseases is the main cause of or at least aggravates the dysphagia.
IMPROVEMENT OF INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY WITH ALANYL-GLUTAMINE IN HIV PATIENTS:
Authors: LEITE Robério Dias , LIMA Noélia Leal , LEITE Christiane Araujo Chaves , FARHAT Calil Kairalla , GUERRANT Richard Littleton , LIMA Aldo Angelo Moreira
Published: October 2015

ContextGlutamine is the main source of energy of the enterocyte and diarrhea and weight loss are frequent in HIV infected patients.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of alanyl-glutamine supplementation on intestinal permeability and absorption in these patients.MethodsRandomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study using isonitrogenous doses of alanyl-glutamine (24 g/day) and placebo (glycine, 25 g/day) during 10 days. Before and after this nutritional supplementation lactulose and mannitol urinary excretion were determined by high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsForty six patients with HIV/AIDS, 36 of whom were male, with 37.28 ± 3 (mean ± standard error) years were enrolled. Twenty two and 24 subjects were treated with alanyl-glutamine and with glycine respectively. In nine patients among all in the study protocol that reported diarrhea in the 14 days preceding the beginning of the study, mannitol urinary excretion was significantly lower than patients who did not report this symptom [median (range): 10.51 (3.01–19.75) vs. 15.37 (3.93–46.73); P = 0.0281] and lactulose/mannitol ratio was significantly higher [median (range): 0.04 (0.00–2.89) vs. 0.02 (0.00–0.19); P = 0.0317]. There was also a significant increase in mannitol urinary excretion in the group treated with alanyl-glutamine [median (range): 14.38 (8.25–23.98) before vs 21.24 (6.27–32.99) after treatment; n = 14, P = 0.0382].ConclusionOur results suggest that the integrity and intestinal absorption are more intensely affected in patients with HIV/AIDS who recently have had diarrhea. Additionally, nutritional supplementation with alanyl-glutamine was associated with an improvement in intestinal absorption.
INCREASE INCOME AND MORTALITY OF COLORRECTAL CANCER IN BRAZIL, 2001-2009
Authors: GUIMARÃES Raphael Mendonça , ROCHA Paulo Guilherme Molica , MUZI Camila Drumind , RAMOS Raquel de Souza
Published: October 2015

ContextSeveral international studies have observed a correlation between the improvement of socio-demographic indicators and rates of incidence and mortality from cancer of the colon and rectum.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to estimate the correlation between average per capita income and the rate of colorectal cancer mortality in Brazil between 2001 and 2009.MethodsWe obtained data on income inequality (Gini index), population with low incomes (½ infer the minimum wage/month), average family income, per capita ICP and mortality from colon cancer and straight between 2001-2009 by DATASUS. A trend analysis was performed using linear regression, and correlation between variables by Pearson's correlation coefficient.ResultsThere was a declining trend in poverty and income inequality, and growth in ICP per capita and median family income and standardized mortality rate for colorectal cancer in Brazil. There was also strong positive correlation between mortality from this site of cancer and inequality (men r = -0.30, P = 0.06, women r = -0.33, P = 0.05) income low income (men r = -0.80, P<0.001, women r = -0.76, P<0.001), median family income (men r = 0.79, P = 0.06, women r = 0.76, P<0.001) and ICP per capita (men r = 0.73, P<0.001, women r = 0.68, P<0.001) throughout the study period.ConclusionThe increase of income and reducing inequality may partially explain the increased occurrence of colorectal cancer and this is possibly due to differential access to food recognized as a risk factor, such as red meat and high in fat. It is important therefore to assess the priority of public health programs addressing nutrition in countries of intermediate economy, as is the case of Brazil.
EVALUATION OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE OF HIV INFECTED CHILDREN BY TRANSMISSION AND SCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPY
Authors: LEITE Christiane Araujo Chaves , FAGUNDES-NETO Ulysses , HAAPALAINEN Edna Freymüller
Published: October 2015

ObjectivesTo describe HIV children's small intestinal ultrastructural findings.MethodsDescriptive, observational study of small intestine biopsies performed between August 1994 and May 1995 at São Paulo, SP, Brazil. This material pertained to 11 HIV infected children and was stored in a laboratory in paraffin blocks. Scanning and transmission electronic microscopy were used to view those intestine samples and ultrastructural findings were described by analyzing digitalized photos of this material. Ethical Committee approval was obtained.ResultsIn most samples scanning microscopy showed various degrees of shortening and decreasing number of microvilli and also completes effacements in some areas. Derangement of the enterocytes was seen frequently and sometimes cells well defined borders limits seemed to be loosened. In some areas a mucous-fibrin like membrane with variable thickness and extension appeared to partially or totally coat the epithelial surface. Fat drops were present in the intestinal lumen in various samples and a bacterium morphologically resembling bacilli was seen in two occasions. Scanning microscopy confirmed transmission microscopy microvilli findings and also showed little “tufts” of those structures. In addition, it showed an increased number of vacuoles and multivesicular bodies inside various enterocytes, an increased presence of intraepithelial lymphocytes, mitochondrial vacuolization and basement membrane enlargement in the majority of samples analyzed. However, some samples exhibited normal aspect.ConclusionsOur study showed the common occurrence of various important intestinal ultrastructural alterations with variable degrees among HIV infected children, some of them in our knowledge not described before.
Hospitalization flow in the public and private systems in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Rocha Juan Stuardo Yazlle , Monteiro Rosane Aparecida , Moreira Marizélia Leão
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To describe the migration flows of demand for public and private hospital care among the health regions of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Study based on a database of hospitalizations in the public and private systems of the state of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2006. We analyzed data from 17 health regions of the state, considering people hospitalized in their own health region and those who migrated outwards (emigration) or came from other regions (immigration). The index of migration effectiveness of patients from both systems was estimated. The coverage (hospitalization coefficient) was analyzed in relation to the number of inpatient beds per population and the indexes of migration effectiveness. RESULTS The index of migration effectiveness applied to the hospital care demand flow allowed characterizing health regions with flow balance, with high emigration of public and private patients, and with high attraction of public and private patients. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in hospital care access and opportunities among health regions in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
THE POWER OF THE SMALL: THE EXAMPLE OF Paracoccidioides brasiliensis CONIDIA
Authors: RESTREPO Angela , CANO Luz Elena , GONZALEZ Ángel
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYResearch on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has centered in the yeast cell probably because of the lack of distinctive features in the mycelium. In 1942 and for the first time, lateral conidia were noticed in the fungus' hyphae. Later on, Brazilian, Venezuelan and Argentinean researchers described "aleurias" when the fungus was grown in natural substrates. In 1970 authors became interested in the conidia and were able to obtain them in large numbers and treat them as individual units. Their shape and size were defined and the presence of all the elements of a competent eukaryotic cell were demonstrated. Conidia exhibited thermal dimorphism and, additionally, when given intranasally to BALB/c male mice, they converted into yeasts in the lungs and produce progressive pulmonary lesions with further dissemination to other organs. Studies on the phagocyte-conidia interaction were revealing and showed that these versatile structures allow a better understanding of the host- P. brasiliensisinteractions.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Authors: MARTINEZ Roberto
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYThe epidemiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed and updated. The new endemic areas in Brazil were discussed in the section regarding the geographic distribution of the mycosis. Subclinical infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was discussed on the basis of skin test surveys with antigens of the fungus, seroepidemiological studies, and disease cases outside Latin America. Large case series permitted a comparison of the prevalence of the mycosis in different regions, its estimated incidence and risk factors for the development of the disease. Aspects modulating the expression of the clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are also presented. This review also deals with diseases associated with the mycosis, opportunistic paracoccidioidomycosis, lethality, mortality and infection and disease in animals.
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS: CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VACCINE AGAINST AN ENDEMIC MYCOSIS IN THE AMERICAS
Authors: TABORDA Carlos. P. , URÁN M.E. , NOSANCHUK J. D. , TRAVASSOS L.R.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by Paracoccidioides spp, is an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. There are two recognized Paracoccidioides species, P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii, based on phylogenetic differences; however, the pathogenesis and disease manifestations of both are indistinguishable at present. Approximately 1,853 (~51,2%) of 3,583 confirmed deaths in Brazil due to systemic mycoses from 1996-2006 were caused by PCM. Antifungal treatment is required for patients with PCM. The initial treatment lasts from two to six months and sulfa derivatives, amphotericin B, azoles and terbinafine are used in clinical practice; however, despite prolonged therapy, relapses are still a problem. An effective Th1-biased cellular immune response is essential to control the disease, which can be induced by exogenous antigens or modulated by prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines. Stimulation of B cells or passive transference of monoclonal antibodies are also important means that may be used to improve the efficacy of paracoccidioidomycosis treatment in the future. This review critically details major challenges facing the development of a vaccine to combat PCM.
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis AND Paracoccidioides lutzii, A SECRET LOVE AFFAIR
Authors: ARANTES Thales Domingos , BAGAGLI Eduardo , NIÑO-VEGA Gustavo , SAN-BLAS Gioconda , THEODORO Raquel Cordeiro
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYTo commemorate Prof. Carlos da Silva Lacaz's centennial anniversary, the authors have written a brief account of a few, out of hundreds, biological, ecological, molecular and phylogenetic studies that led to the arrival of Paracoccidioides lutzii, hidden for more than a century within Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Lacaz's permanent interest in this fungus, and particularly his conviction on the benefits that research on paracoccidioidomycosis would bring to patients, were pivotal in the development of the field.
PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS TREATMENT
Authors: SHIKANAI-YASUDA Maria Aparecida
Published: October 2015

SUMMARYConsidered to be an emerging endemic mycosis in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis is characterized by a chronic course and involvement of multiple organs in immunocompromised hosts. Infection sequelae are mainly related to pulmonary and adrenal insufficiency. The host-parasite interaction results in different expressions of the immune response depending on parasite pathogenicity, fungal load and genetic characteristics of the host. A few controlled and case series reports have shown that azoles and fast-acting sulfa derivatives are useful treatment alternatives in milder forms of the disease. For moderate/severe cases, more prolonged treatments or even parenteral routes are required especially when there is involvement of the digestive tract mucosa, resulting in poor drug absorption. Although comparative studies have reported that shorter treatment regimens with itraconazole are able to induce cure in chronically-infected patients, there are still treatment challenges such as the need for more controlled studies involving acute cases, the search for new drugs and combinations, and the search for compounds capable of modulating the immune response in severe cases as well as the paradoxical reactions.