bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Condition of Pipelines Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Vankov Yuri , Rumyantsev Aleksey , Ziganshin Shamil , Politova Tatyana , Minyazev Rinat , Zagretdinov Ayrat
Published: February 2020

Pipelines are structural elements of many systems. For example, they are used in water supply and heat supply systems, in chemical production facilities, aircraft manufacturing, and in the oil and gas industry. Accidents in piping systems result in significant economic damage. An important factor for ensuring the reliability of energy transportation systems is the assessment of real technical conditions of pipelines. Methods for assessing the state of pipeline systems by their vibro-acoustic parameters are widely used today. Traditionally, the Fourier transform is used to process vibration signals. However, as a rule, the oscillations of the pipe-liquid system are non-linear and non-stationary. This reduces the reliability of devices based on the implementation of classical methods of analysis. The authors used neural network methods for the analysis of vibro-signals, which made it possible to increase the reliability of diagnosing pipeline systems. The present work considers a method of neural network analysis of amplitude-frequency measurements in pipelines to identify the presence of a defect and further clarify its variety.
Evolutionary Game on Government Regulation and Green Supply Chain Decision-Making
Authors: Xu Jiayang , Cao Jian , Wang Yunfei , Shi Xiangrong , Zeng Jiayun
Published: February 2020

Sustainability issues have gained growing awareness in recent years. Governments play an important role in environment and resources problems since they can affect enterprises’ production activities by enacting policies and regulations. To promote green production in the long term associated with the consideration of financial intervention of governments, we establish a three-population model of suppliers, manufacturers and governments based on evolutionary game theory, and analyze the evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) of their unilateral and joint behaviors. Further, system dynamics (SD) is applied to empirical analysis for exploring the dynamic interaction of the populations’ strategy, and the key factors affecting ESS are also discussed in detail. The results show that: (1) the proportion of green suppliers and manufacturers in their groups determines whether the government implements regulation; (2) any party of the supplier and manufacturer that adopts green strategy could promote green behavior of the other; (3) the government is advised to supervise and implement reward and punishment mechanism under the low proportion of green supply chain; (4) government regulation could promote the corporations to adopt green behavior and should preferentially implements the mechanism on manufacturers. The results provide insights into the policy-making of governments and enterprises management on sustainable development.
Modelling Dynamics of a Log-Yard through Discrete-Event Mathematics
Authors: Kons Kalvis , La Hera Pedro , Bergström Dan
Published: February 2020

This article deals with the topic of modelling the log-yard of one of our industry partners. To this end, our framework is based on discrete-events modelling (DEM), as consequence that many stages of the process run as a sequence of events. The sequence starts when trucks, trains or ships arrive loaded with logs to the log-yard. A machine unloads these logs and accumulates them in different storage areas. Consequently, a machine transports logs from these areas to the pulp mill, thus finishing the process. As using probability density functions is the core concept of DEM, the necessary process data to build these PDFs have been partly provided by the company. Other necessary data have been acquired through time studies, and by defining operational requirements. The company data tell when trucks, trains, or ships arrive to the log-yard, and the amount of volume they carry. The objective is to develop the necessary formulations, model calibration techniques, and software, such that computer simulations reproduce the quantities observed in these data. To this end, this work suggests two alternatives to analyse the data itself. These two alternatives lead to two different models: (1) The first being a hybrid model, in the sense that it involves the events in the process, and the logic decisions taken by machine operators for handling the incoming load, and (2) the second containing only the main mathematical essence of the process. After running 100 simulations, both mathematical models show that the simulated values for input and output, in terms of transport units and their volume, differ only by less than 3% compared to company data. The first model has also shown the ability to replicate the decision making that a machine operator undergoes for driving the logs to the storage areas, and from there to the mill. Therefore, the framework adopted provides the necessary mathematical tools and data analysis to model the log-yard and obtain highly reliable results via simulations.
Effects of Castration on miRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA Profiles in Mice Thymus
Authors: Li Bingxin , Zhang Kaizhao , Ye Yaqiong , Xing Jingjing , Wu Yingying , Ma Yongjiang , Li Yugu
Published: February 2020

Thymic degeneration and regeneration are regulated by estrogen and androgen. Recent studies have found that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in organ development. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results showed that ovariectomy significantly affected 333 lncRNAs, 51 miRNAs, and 144 mRNAs levels (p < 0.05 and |log2fold change| > 1), and orchiectomy significantly affected 165 lncRNAs, 165 miRNAs, and 208 mRNA levels in the thymus. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were closely related to cell development and immunity. Next, we constructed two lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks using Cytoscape based on the targeting relationship between differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and DEGs and differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) analyzed by TargetScan and miRanda. Besides, we screened DEGs that were significantly enriched in GO and in ceRNA networks to verify their expression in thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells (TECs). In addition, we analyzed the promoter sequences of DEGs, and identified 25 causal transcription factors. Finally, we constructed transcription factor-miRNA-joint target gene networks. In conclusion, this study reveals the effects of estrogen and androgen on the expression of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs in mice thymus, providing new insights into the regulation of thymic development by gonadal hormones and non-coding RNAs.
Interaction between the Circadian Clock and Regulators of Heat Stress Responses in Plants
Authors: Mody Tejasvinee , Bonnot Titouan , Nagel Dawn H.
Published: February 2020

The circadian clock is found ubiquitously in nature, and helps organisms coordinate internal biological processes with environmental cues that inform the time of the day or year. Both temperature stress and the clock affect many important biological processes in plants. Specifically, clock-controlled gene regulation and growth are impacted by a compromised clock or heat stress. The interactions linking these two regulatory pathways include several rhythmic transcription factors that are important for coordinating the appropriate response to temperature stress. Here we review the current understanding of clock control of the regulators involved in heat stress responses in plants.
Comparing Single-Objective Optimization Protocols for Calibrating the Birds Nest Aquifer Model—A Problem Having Multiple Local Optima
Authors: Lyons Richard T. , Peralta Richard C. , Majumder Partha
Published: February 2020

To best represent reality, simulation models of environmental and health-related systems might be very nonlinear. Model calibration ideally identifies globally optimal sets of parameters to use for subsequent prediction. For a nonlinear system having multiple local optima, calibration can be tedious. For such a system, we contrast calibration results from PEST, a commonly used automated parameter estimation program versus several meta-heuristic global optimizers available as external packages for the Python computer language—the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm; the DYCORS optimizer framework with a Radial Basis Function surrogate simulator (DRB); and particle swarm optimization (PSO). We ran each optimizer 15 times, with nearly 10,000 MODFLOW simulations per run for the global optimizers, to calibrate a steady-state, groundwater flow simulation model of the complex Birds Nest aquifer, a three-layer system having 8 horizontal hydraulic conductivity zones and 25 head observation locations. In calibrating the eight hydraulic conductivity values, GWO averaged the best root mean squared error (RMSE) between observed and simulated heads—20 percent better (lower) than the next lowest optimizer, DRB. The best PEST run matched the best GWO RMSE, but both the average PEST RMSE and the range of PEST RMSE results were an order of magnitude larger than any of the global optimizers.
Clinical and Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Filippini Tommaso , Fiore Maria , Tesauro Marina , Malagoli Carlotta , Consonni Michela , Violi Federica , Arcolin Elisa , Iacuzio Laura , Oliveri Conti Gea , Cristaldi Antonio , Zuccarello Pietro , Zucchi Elisabetta , Mazzini Letizia , Pisano Fabrizio , Gagliardi Ileana , Patti Francesco , Mandrioli Jessica , Ferrante Margherita , Vinceti Marco
Published: February 2020

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease of the motor neurons. The etiology of ALS remains largely unknown, particularly with reference to the potential environmental determinants. Methods: We performed a population-based case-control study in four provinces from both Northern and Southern Italy in order to assess non-genetic ALS risk factors by collecting through tailored questionnaires information about clinical and lifestyle factors. We estimated ALS risk by calculating odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) using unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age and educational attainment. Results: We recruited 230 participants (95 cases and 135 controls). We found a possible positive association of ALS risk with trauma, particularly head trauma (OR = 2.61, 95% CI 1.19–5.72), electric shock (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 0.62–7.06), and some sports, although at a competitive level only. In addition, our results suggest an increased risk for subjects reporting use of private wells for drinking water (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.73–2.27) and for use of herbicides during gardening (OR = 1.95, 95% CI 0.88–2.27). Conversely, there was a suggestion of an inverse association with overall fish consumption (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.12–0.60), but with no dose-response relation. Consumption of some dietary supplements, namely those containing amino acids and, in the Southern Italy population, vitamins and minerals such as selenium, seemed associated with a statistically imprecise increased risk. Conclusions: Our results suggest a potential etiologic role a number of clinical and lifestyle factors with ALS risk. However, caution is needed due to some study limitations. These include the small sample size and the low number of exposed subjects, which affect statistical precision of risk estimates, the potential for exposure misclassification, and the uncertainties about mechanisms underpinning the possible association between these factors and disease risk.
Interannual Survey on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Seawater of North Nanao Bay, Ishikawa, Japan, from 2015 to 2018: Sources, Pathways and Ecological Risk Assessment
Authors: Mundo Rodrigo , Matsunaka Tetsuya , Iwai Hisanori , Ogiso Shouzo , Suzuki Nobuo , Tang Ning , Hayakawa Kazuichi , Nagao Seiya
Published: February 2020

To improve the understanding of the emission sources and pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal environments of remote areas, their particulate and dissolved concentrations were analyzed on a monthly basis from 2015 to 2018 in surface waters of Nanao Bay, Japan. The concentration of the targeted 13 species of PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority pollutant list in dissolved and particle phases were separately analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector. Particulate and dissolved PAHs had average concentrations of 0.72 ng∙L−1 and 0.95 ng∙L−1, respectively. While most of the samples were lower than 1 ng∙L−1, abnormally high levels up to 10 ng∙L−1 were observed in the winter of 2017–2018 for particulate PAHs. Based on the isomer ratios of Flu to Flu plus Pyr, it was possible to determine that the pyrogenic loads were greater than the petrogenic loads in all but four out of 86 samples. The predominant environmental pathway for PAHs in winter was determined to be long-range atmospheric transportation fed by the East Asian winter monsoon, while for the summer, local sources were more relevant. By the risk quotients method, it was determined that PAHs in surface seawater presented a very low risk to marine life during the interannual survey.
Pedagogical Function of Referees in Youth Sport: Assessment of the Quality of Referee–Player Interactions in Youth Soccer
Authors: Firek Wiesław , Płoszaj Katarzyna , Czechowski Marcin
Published: February 2020

We assume that all institutions and individuals involved in the organization of sport for children and young people should utilize the educational potential of sport. We assessed the quality of referee interactions with children during sports competitions in soccer. Based on the developmental theory and research suggesting that interactions between kids and adults are the primary mechanism of their development and learning, we focused on the quality of the referee–player interactions in terms of (1) emotional support, (2) game organization, and (3) instructional support. Twenty-five soccer referees who refereed matches for children aged 9–12 years were recruited. The Referee Educational Function Assessment Scoring System (REFASS) was used to assess the quality of the referee–player interactions. This tool was developed based on Classroom Assessment Scoring System—Upper Elementary. Regarding the REFASS dimensions, the mean scores for positive climate, Sensitivity, behavior management, content understanding and quality of feedback were in the medium range, while productivity and negative climate in the high range. In the case of the positive climate variable, the lowest mean ratings were recorded compared to other assessed dimensions. The assessments of the quality of referee–player interactions obtained for particular dimensions translated into the ratings for the specified domains. The highest ratings were given to game organization (6.0 ± 0.8; Me = 6.0), whereas the emotional support and instructional support were in the medium range (4.6 ± 1.5; Me = 4.5, and 5.2 ± 1.8; Me = 6.0, respectively). Referees are usually not aware of their pedagogical function and the complexity of their respective responsibilities. They are commonly considered to be ordinary technicians and evaluators of performance in competition. Based on the results, a postulate was formulated that referees should consciously perform a pedagogical function in the youth sport. Therefore, it is necessary to train them in educational methods and techniques appropriate to the age and needs of the child. The referees will then be prepared to take actions to prevent negative behavior of players on the field and to encourage prosocial behavior.
Impact of Communication Measures Implemented During a School Tuberculosis Outbreak on Risk Perception among Parents and School Staff, Italy, 2019
Authors: Gentili Davide , Bardin Andrea , Ros Elisa , Piovesan Cinzia , Ramigni Mauro , Dalmanzio Maria , Dettori Marco , Filia Antonietta , Cinquetti Sandro
Published: February 2020

Risk perception has a significant impact on decisions people make when facing a threat: a mismatch between actual hazard and perceived risk can lead to inappropriate behaviours and suboptimal compliance to recommended public health measures. The present study was conducted in the aftermath of a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak that occurred in 2019 in a primary school in Italy. The aim was to evaluate the impact of communication measures implemented by local health authorities (including face-to-face meetings between LHAs and the local population, weekly press announcements, implementation of a telephone hotline and of an information desk, and social media communication), on risk perception among parents of schoolchildren and school staff, and to identify factors related to a change in risk perception before and after the said activities. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to parents of schoolchildren (n = 846) and to school staff (n = 70). Participants were asked about the level of risk they had perceived at two distinct times: when they first became aware of the outbreak and following implementation of communication activities. A significant reduction of perceived risk was found in both groups (p < 0.001) following the communication activities. The largest reduction was found among participants who reported having appreciated the meetings with the LHA healthcare staff. Our findings suggest that keeping an open approach, explaining the actual threat to the population and adapting communication to different listening skills, are essential for health authorities to successfully manage a public health emergency.
Impact of Dining Hall Structural Changes on Food Choices: A Pre-Post Observational Study
Authors: Carins Julia , Rundle-Thiele Sharyn , Ronto Rimante
Published: February 2020

Change that benefits individuals and organisations while delivering health outcomes and benefits society requires a research focus that extends ‘beyond the individual’ to environment shapers. A pre-post observational study assessed two food provision structural changes to understand the role food service environments had on food selections. Diners were observed prior to (lunch n = 1294; dinner n = 787) and following (lunch n = 1230; dinner n = 843) structural changes in a buffet-style dining room—including provision of a healthy convenient meal alternative for lunch (healthy lunch bag), and a pleasurable dinner (make-your-own pizza). Food choices shifted with 19% of diners opting for a healthy lunch bag and 29% of diners selecting a pizza dinner, moving away from the existing buffet. Examination of selections by those continuing to select from the concurrent buffet selections established that the availability of healthy alternatives in the buffet partially explained food choices, moderating any observed changes in food selections. The food service sector is a promising avenue through which dietary behaviours can be improved. Further studies, particularly those that measure selections over the longer term, and that include measures of satisfaction and profit, are needed.
Ambulance Transport of Patients with Mild Conditions in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yazaki Hiroshi , Nishiura Hiroshi
Published: February 2020

Understanding the epidemiological distributions of ambulance transport for patients with mild conditions according to age, disease, and geographic region could help in achieving optimal use of ambulance services. In the present study, we explored the descriptive epidemiology of ambulance transports in Hokkaido, the northernmost prefecture of Japan, identifying potential factors that determine the frequency of transports for mild diseases. Of the total 153,667 ambulance transports in Hokkaido during 2016, we found that two-thirds were for older people, of which about 60% resulted in hospital admission. There were 74,485 transports for mild cases, which were most commonly for psychiatric disorders among working-age adults (n = 4805), heart diseases among older people (n = 4246), and sensory organ diseases among older people (n = 3589). Examining the ecological correlations over 58 geographic units of ambulance services, the total unemployment rate and distance to the nearest tertiary care hospital were, respectively, positively and negatively correlated with the standardized transport ratio for multiple mild diseases. The proportion of working-age adults was uniquely identified as a possible positive predictor in mild cases of psychiatric disorders. As the identified potential predictors could be helpful in considering countermeasures, the causal links should be examined in future studies.
The Association between Body Mass Index and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: So Wi-Young , Kalron Alon
Published: February 2020

(1) Purpose: Conflicting information exists regarding the relationship between obesity, leisure-time physical activity (PA), and disability in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). We aimed to investigate the association between leisure-time PA and weight status in a relatively large cohort of PwMS. Furthermore, we examined this relationship according to the level of neurological disability. (2) Methods: The study included 238 PwMS (138 women) with a mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 2.5 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.7), mean disease duration of 6.4 (SD = 8.2) years, and mean age of 40.5 (SD = 12.9) years. Obesity was defined using two different metrics, each based on body mass index (BMI). Leisure-time PA was determined by the Godin–Shephard leisure-time PA questionnaire. Statistical analyses included multivariate logistic regression, the chi-square test, and Pearson coefficient correlations. (3) Results: The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) between leisure-time PA and BMI based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition was 1.070 (p = 0.844) for overweight and 1.648 (p = 0.254) for obesity. The adjusted OR was 1.126 (p = 0.763) for overweight and 1.093 (p = 0.847) for obesity after adjustment for age, gender, and disability status. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant correlation between leisure-time PA and obesity (p = 0.564) according to the BMI threshold for PwMS. The unadjusted OR (95% confidence interval [CI]) between disability level and BMI based on the WHO definition was 1.674 (p = 0.220) for overweight and 0.618 (p = 0.460) for obesity. The adjusted OR was 1.130 (p = 0.787) for overweight and 0.447 (p = 0.234) for obesity after adjustment for age, gender, and leisure-time PA. Similarly, chi-square analysis revealed no significant correlation between disability level and obesity (p = 0.701) per the BMI threshold for PwMS. (4) Conclusions: No association was found between leisure-time PA and BMI in PwMS. An additional finding was the absence of any association between obesity and neurological disability level in the multiple sclerosis cohort.
Amateur Runners’ Commitment: An Analysis of Sociodemographic and Sports Habit Profiles
Authors: Parra-Camacho David , Alonso Dos Santos Manuel , González-Serrano María Huertas
Published: February 2020

The aim of this work is to analyse the commitment to running among urban runners by identifying groups regarding commitment to this sport and by defining their sociodemographic profile and their sports habits. A sample of 1806 participants in popular urban races in the city of Valencia was interviewed using an 11-item questionnaire on commitment to running, sociodemographic characteristics, and sports habits. The psychometric properties of the running-commitment scale allowed for the identification of two factors in commitment to running: enthusiasm for running (6 items) and affliction from running (5 items). Subsequently, a cluster analysis combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods was performed, identifying three groups of runners: highly committed (n = 650), moderately committed (n = 749), and slightly committed (n = 407). Highly committed runners positively rate all aspects of running enthusiasm (M = 4.15), while moderately committed runners show a more neutral attitude (M = 3.41) and slightly committed runners disagree on these aspects (M = 2.41). Both highly (M = 1.32) and moderately (M = 2.04) committed runners disagree on the affliction-related aspects of running, while slightly committed runners show a trend towards neutrality on some affliction indicators. The variables referring to age, level of studies, sports habits, and running addiction contributed to differentiating the identified groups.
Canadian Arctic Contaminants and Their Effects on the Maternal Brain and Behaviour: A Scoping Review of the Animal Literature
Authors: Fong-McMaster Claire , Konji Sandra , Nitschke Amanda , Konkle Anne TM
Published: February 2020

Background: Environmental toxicants such as methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides are potentially harmful pollutants present in contaminated food, soil, air, and water. Exposure to these ecologically relevant toxicants is prominent in Northern Canadian populations. Previous work focused on toxicant exposure during pregnancy as a threat to fetal neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the individual and combined effects of these toxicants on maternal health during pregnancy and post-partum. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to synthesize the current knowledge regarding individual and combined effects of methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides on maternal behaviour and the maternal brain. Relevant studies were identified through the PubMed, Embase, and Toxline databases. Literature involving animal models and one human cohort were included in the review. Results: Research findings indicate that exposures to these environmental toxicants are associated with neurochemical changes in rodent models. Animal models provided the majority of information on toxicant-induced alterations in maternal care behaviours. Molecular and hormonal changes hypothesized to underlie these alterations were also addressed, although studies assessing toxicant co-exposure were limited. Conclusion: This review speaks to the limited knowledge regarding effects of these persistent organic pollutants on the maternal brain and related behavioural outcomes. Further research is required to better comprehend any such effects on maternal brain and behaviour, as maternal care is an important contributor to offspring neurodevelopment.
Effects and Mechanisms of Calcium Ion Addition on Lead Removal from Water by Eichhornia crassipes
Authors: Zhou Jin-mei , Jiang Zhong-cheng , Qin Xiao-qun , Zhang Lian-kai , Huang Qi-bo , Xu Guang-li
Published: February 2020

Karst water is rich in calcium ions (Ca2+) and exhibits poor metal availability and low biodegradation efficiency. This study sought to analyze the effects and mechanisms of Ca2+ on lead (Pb) removal and absorption by Eichhornia crassipes (a floating plant common in karst areas). Moreover, the morphology and functional groups of E. crassipes in water were characterized via SEM, and FTIR. The results demonstrated that the removal rate of Pb in karst water (85.31%) was higher than that in non-karst water (77.04%); however, the Pb bioconcentration amount (BCA) in E. crassipes roots in karst water (1763 mg/kg) was lower than that in non-karst water (2143 mg/kg). With increased Ca2+ concentrations (60, 80, and 100 mg/L) in karst water, the Pb removal rate increased (85.31%, 88.87%, and 92.44%), the Pb BCA decreased (1763, 1317, and 1095 mg/kg), and the Ca BCA increased (6801, 6955, and 9368 mg/kg), which was attributed to PbCO3 and PbSO4 precipitation and competitive Ca and Pb absorption. High Ca2+ concentrations increased the strength of cation exchange, alleviated the fracture degree of fibrous roots, reduced the atrophy of vascular bundles, protected the cell wall, promoted C–O combined with Pb, enhanced the strength of O‒H, SO42−, C=O, and reduced the oxidization of alkynyl acetylene bonds.
The Impact of the University Classroom on Managing the Socio-Educational Well-being: A Global Study
Authors: González-Zamar Mariana-Daniela , Ortiz Jiménez Luis , Sánchez Ayala Adoración , Abad-Segura Emilio
Published: February 2020

The university learning classroom, in addition to a space for activities and architectural object, has a direct impact on the academic motivation, well-being and social relationships of the students. Thus, the link between the university classroom and the management of the socio-educational well-being of the student, in accordance with the principles of well-being theory, is a challenge that the current university must manage. The progress of worldwide research on this topic has been studied during the period 2004–2018. For this aim, a bibliometric study of 1982 articles has been applied. The results provide data of the scientific productivity of the journals, authors, institutions and countries that contribute to this research. The evidence reveals growing interest, especially in the last six years. The main category is Social Sciences. The most productive journals are Computers and Education, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, and Theory into Practice. The author with most articles is Reddy, from Rutgers University. The most productive institution is the University of Virginia. The United States is the country with most academic publications, citations and with most international collaborations in its works. Worldwide research has followed an increasing trend, with optimum publication levels in latest years.
Comparative Analysis of the Reproduction Accuracy of Main Methods for Finding the Mandible Position in the Centric Relation Using Digital Research Method. Comparison between Analog-to-Digital and Digital Methods: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Stafeev Andrey , Ryakhovsky Aleksandr , Petrov Pavel , Chikunov Sergey , Khizhuk Aleksandr , Bykova Marina , Vuraki Nataliya
Published: February 2020

Purpose: To compare the aspect of the reproduction accuracy in studied methods of determination of the (CR) of jaws using the digital research methods. The methods used were bilateral manipulation by P.E. Dawson, frontal deprogrammer, leaf gauge, and intraoral device for recording of Gothic arch angle. Methods: To determine the reproduction accuracy of the centric relation of jaws, we examined 5 patients with intact dentition in a prosthetic dentistry clinic (first class in Angle’s system). For each method, 20 registrations of the centric jaw relation were carried out by one operator. The breaks between definitions were 30 minutes. A total of 400 CR recording operations were carried out (400 records of CR). In order to study the reproducibility of CR determination methods, 200 recorded mandible positions were analyzed by means of an analog-to-digital method (a macro kit Canon 650D, Canon 60 mm macro IS USM f2.8, Canon macro ring MR-14 EX and the computer program Adobe Photoshop) to assess the first occlusal contact obtained in the CR of jaws, while the other 200 were analyzed by means of a digital method (the computer program Avantis for 3D modeling, Prime as a laboratory 3D scanner (DOF), and Trios as an intraoral scanner (3Shape)) to assess the spatial position of the mandible in the CR. Statistical analysis was carried out using STATISTICA-10. In all statistical analysis procedures, the critical significance level p was assumed to be 0.05. Results: In the study of the data by means of the computer program Avanti 3D, the reproducibility of the mandible position in the CR reached 0.119 ± 0.012 mm for frontal deprogrammer, 0.225 ± 0.028, p ≤ 0.05 for bilateral manipulation by Dawson P.E., 0.207 ± 0.02, p ≤ 0.05 for leaf gauge, and 0.120 ± 0,013, p ≤ 0.05 using an intraoral device for recording the Gothic arch angle. The analog-to-digital method showed an identical tendency for reproduction of the mandible position. Conclusions: The digital analysis we made using the Avantis 3D program showed, with high confidence, that the maximum reproducibility of the CR position was reached by using our own design frontal deprogrammer and the device for recording Gothic arch angle.
A Double-Activity (Green Algae Toxicity and Bacterial Genotoxicity) 3D-QSAR Model Based on the Comprehensive Index Method and Its Application in Fluoroquinolones’ Modification
Authors: Yang Lu-ze , Liu Miao
Published: February 2020

The comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) model of double-activity quinolones targeting green algae toxicity and bacterial genotoxicity (8:2) was constructed in this paper on the basis of the comprehensive index method. The contour maps of the model were analyzed for molecular modifications with high toxicities. In the CoMSIA model, the optimum number of components n was 7, the cross-validated q2 value was 0.58 (>0.5), the standard deviation standard error of estimate (SEE) was 0.02 (<0.95), F was 1265.33, and the non-cross-validated R2 value was 1 (>0.9), indicating that the model had a good fit and predicting ability. The scrambling stability test parameters Q2, cross-validated standard error of prediction (cSDEP), and dq2/dr2yy were 0.54, 0.25, and 0.8 (<1.2), respectively, indicating that the model had good stability. The external verification coefficient r2pred was 0.73 (>0.6), and standard error of prediction (SEP) was 0.17, indicating that the model had a good external prediction ability. The contribution rates of the steric fields, electrostatic fields, hydrophobic fields, hydrogen bond donor, and acceptor fields were 10.9%, 19.8%, 32.7%, 13.8%, and 22.8%, respectively. Large volume groups were selected for modification of ciprofloxacin (CIP), and the derivatives with increased double-activity characterization values were screened; the increase ratio ranged from 12.31–19.09%. The frequency of derivatives were positive and total energy, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence was reduced, indicating that the CIP derivatives had good environmental stability and friendliness. Predicted values and CoMSIA model constructed of single activities showed that the CoMSIA model of double activities had accuracy and reliability. In addition, the total scores of the derivatives docking with the D1 protein, ferredoxin-NADP (H) reductases (FNRs), and DNA gyrase increased, indicating that derivatives can be toxic to green algae by affecting the photosynthesis of green algae. The mechanism behind the bactericidal effect was also explained from a molecular perspective.
Rapid and Effective Generation of Nanobody Based CARs using PCR and Gibson Assembly
Authors: De Munter Stijn , Van Parys Alexander , Bral Layla , Ingels Joline , Goetgeluk Glenn , Bonte Sarah , Pille Melissa , Billiet Lore , Weening Karin , Verhee Annick , Van der Heyden Jose , Taghon Tom , Leclercq Georges , Kerre Tessa , Tavernier Jan , Vandekerckhove Bart
Published: February 2020

Recent approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy by the European Medicines Agency (EMA)/Federal and Drug Administration (FDA) and the remarkable results of CAR T clinical trials illustrate the curative potential of this therapy. While CARs against a multitude of different antigens are being developed and tested (pre)clinically, there is still a need for optimization. The use of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) as targeting moieties hampers the quick generation of functional CARs and could potentially limit the efficacy. Instead, nanobodies may largely circumvent these difficulties. We used an available nanobody library generated after immunization of llamas against Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 20 through DNA vaccination or against the ectodomain of CD33 using soluble protein. The nanobody specific sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned by Gibson Assembly into a retroviral vector containing two different second-generation CAR constructs. After transduction in T cells, we observed high cell membrane nanoCAR expression in all cases. Following stimulation of nanoCAR-expressing T cells with antigen-positive cell lines, robust T cell activation, cytokine production and tumor cell lysis both in vitro and in vivo was observed. The use of nanobody technology in combination with PCR and Gibson Assembly allows for the rapid and effective generation of compact CARs.
Targeting Macromolecules to CNS and Other Hard-to-Treat Organs Using Lectin-Mediated Delivery
Authors: Acosta Walter , Cramer Carole L.
Published: February 2020

The greatest challenges for therapeutic efficacy of many macromolecular drugs that act on intracellular are delivery to key organs and tissues and delivery into cells and subcellular compartments. Transport of drugs into critical cells associated with disease, including those in organs protected by restrictive biological barriers such as central nervous system (CNS), bone, and eye remains a significant hurdle to drug efficacy and impacts commercial risk and incentives for drug development for many diseases. These limitations expose a significant need for the development of novel strategies for macromolecule delivery. RTB lectin is the non-toxic carbohydrate-binding subunit B of ricin toxin with high affinity for galactose/galactosamine-containing glycolipids and glycoproteins common on human cell surfaces. RTB mediates endocytic uptake into mammalian cells by multiple routes exploiting both adsorptive-mediated and receptor-mediated mechanisms. In vivo biodistribution studies in lysosomal storage disease models provide evidence for the theory that the RTB-lectin transports corrective doses of enzymes across the blood–brain barrier to treat CNS pathologies. These results encompass significant implications for protein-based therapeutic approaches to address lysosomal and other diseases having strong CNS involvement.
Genome-Wide Analysis of the MYB Transcription Factor Superfamily in Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Pu Xiaojun , Yang Lixin , Liu Lina , Dong Xiumei , Chen Silin , Chen Zexi , Liu Gaojing , Jia Yanxia , Yuan Wenya , Liu Li
Published: February 2020

MYB transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest TF families in plants to regulate numerous biological processes. However, our knowledge of the MYB family in Physcomitrella patens is limited. We identified 116 MYB genes in the P. patens genome, which were classified into the R2R3-MYB, R1R2R3-MYB, 4R-MYB, and MYB-related subfamilies. Most R2R3 genes contain 3 exons and 2 introns, whereas R1R2R3 MYB genes contain 10 exons and 9 introns. N3R-MYB (novel 3RMYB) and NR-MYBs (novel RMYBs) with complicated gene structures appear to be novel MYB proteins. In addition, we found that the diversity of the MYB domain was mainly contributed by domain shuffling and gene duplication. RNA-seq analysis suggested that MYBs exhibited differential expression to heat and might play important roles in heat stress responses, whereas CCA1-like MYB genes might confer greater flexibility to the circadian clock. Some R2R3-MYB and CCA1-like MYB genes are preferentially expressed in the archegonium and during the transition from the chloronema to caulonema stage, suggesting their roles in development. Compared with that of algae, the numbers of MYBs have significantly increased, thus our study lays the foundation for further exploring the potential roles of MYBs in the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
Untargeted Metabolomics for Metabolic Diagnostic Screening with Automated Data Interpretation Using a Knowledge-Based Algorithm
Authors: Haijes Hanneke A. , van der Ham Maria , Prinsen Hubertus C.M.T. , Broeks Melissa H. , van Hasselt Peter M. , de Sain-van der Velden Monique G.M. , Verhoeven-Duif Nanda M. , Jans Judith J.M.
Published: February 2020

Untargeted metabolomics may become a standard approach to address diagnostic requests, but, at present, data interpretation is very labor-intensive. To facilitate its implementation in metabolic diagnostic screening, we developed a method for automated data interpretation that preselects the most likely inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). The input parameters of the knowledge-based algorithm were (1) weight scores assigned to 268 unique metabolites for 119 different IEM based on literature and expert opinion, and (2) metabolite Z-scores and ranks based on direct-infusion high resolution mass spectrometry. The output was a ranked list of differential diagnoses (DD) per sample. The algorithm was first optimized using a training set of 110 dried blood spots (DBS) comprising 23 different IEM and 86 plasma samples comprising 21 different IEM. Further optimization was performed using a set of 96 DBS consisting of 53 different IEM. The diagnostic value was validated in a set of 115 plasma samples, which included 58 different IEM and resulted in the correct diagnosis being included in the DD of 72% of the samples, comprising 44 different IEM. The median length of the DD was 10 IEM, and the correct diagnosis ranked first in 37% of the samples. Here, we demonstrate the accuracy of the diagnostic algorithm in preselecting the most likely IEM, based on the untargeted metabolomics of a single sample. We show, as a proof of principle, that automated data interpretation has the potential to facilitate the implementation of untargeted metabolomics for metabolic diagnostic screening, and we provide suggestions for further optimization of the algorithm to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Assembling Magnetic Nanoparticles on Nanomechanical Resonators for Torque Magnetometry
Authors: Firdous Tayyaba , Potter David K.
Published: February 2020

We report a highly compliant process for patterning nanoparticle arrays on micro- and nanomechanical devices. The distinctive step involves the single layer self-assembled nanoparticles on top of released nanomechanical devices. We demonstrate the process by fabricating sizable arrays of nanomechanical devices on silicon-on-insulator substrates, acting as nanomechanical torque magnetometers. Later, the nanoparticles were self-assembled in geometrical shapes on top of the devices by a unique combination of top-down and bottom-up methods. The self-assembled array of nanoparticles successfully showed a magnetic torque signal by magnetic actuation of the magnetometer. This patterning process can be generalized for any shape and for a wide range of nanoparticles on the nanomechanical resonators.
Contributions of Myosin Light Chain Kinase to Regulation of Epithelial Paracellular Permeability and Mucosal Homeostasis
Authors: He Wei-Qi , Wang Jing , Sheng Jian-Ying , Zha Juan-Min , Graham W. Vallen , Turner Jerrold R.
Published: February 2020

Intestinal barrier function is required for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Barrier dysfunction is thought to promote progression of both intestinal and systemic diseases. In many cases, this barrier loss reflects increased permeability of the paracellular tight junction as a consequence of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activation and myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Although some details about MLCK activation remain to be defined, it is clear that this triggers perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) contraction that leads to molecular reorganization of tight junction structure and composition, including occludin endocytosis. In disease states, this process can be triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and several related molecules. Of these, TNF has been studied in the greatest detail and is known to activate long MLCK transcription, expression, enzymatic activity, and recruitment to the PAMR. Unfortunately, toxicities associated with inhibition of MLCK expression or enzymatic activity make these unsuitable as therapeutic targets. Recent work has, however, identified a small molecule that prevents MLCK1 recruitment to the PAMR without inhibiting enzymatic function. This small molecule, termed Divertin, restores barrier function after TNF-induced barrier loss and prevents disease progression in experimental chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
Effects of the Size, the Number, and the Spatial Arrangement of Reactive Patches on a Sphere on Diffusion-Limited Reaction Kinetics: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Eun Changsun
Published: February 2020

We investigate how the size, the number, and the spatial arrangement of identical nonoverlapping reactive patches on a sphere influence the overall reaction kinetics of bimolecular diffusion-limited (or diffusion-controlled) reactions that occur between the patches and the reactants diffusing around the sphere. First, in the arrangement of two patches, it is known that the overall rate constant increases as the two patches become more separated from each other but decreases when they become closer to each other. In this work, we further study the dependence of the patch arrangement on the kinetics with three and four patches using the finite element method (FEM). In addition to the patch arrangement, the kinetics is also dependent on the number and size of the patches. Therefore, we study such dependences by calculating the overall rate constants using the FEM for various cases, especially for large-sized patches, and this study is complementary to the kinetic studies that were performed by Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation methods for small-sized patches. The numerical FEM and BD simulation results are compared with the results from various kinetic theories to evaluate the accuracies of the theories. Remarkably, this comparison indicates that our theory, which was recently developed based on the curvature-dependent kinetic theory, shows good agreement with the FEM and BD numerical results. From this validation, we use our theory to further study the variation of the overall rate constant when the patches are arbitrarily arranged on a sphere. Our theory also confirms that to maximize the overall rate constant, we need to break large-sized patches into smaller-sized patches and arrange them to be maximally separated to reduce their competition.
Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson
Authors: Sun Yue , Yang Angela Wei Hong , Lenon George Binh
Published: February 2020

Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson (CMC) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been widely grown and used in Asia. It is also known as “She chuang zi” in China (Chinese: 蛇床子), “Jashoshi” in Japan, “Sasangia” in Korea, and “Xa sang tu” in Vietnam. This study aimed to provide an up-to-date review of its phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. All available information on CMC was collected from the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines, PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and China Network Knowledge Infrastructure. The updated chemical structures of the compounds are those ones without chemical ID numbers or references from the previous review. A total of 429 chemical constituents have been elucidated and 56 chemical structures have been firstly identified in CMC with traceable evidence. They can be categorized as coumarins, volatile constituents, liposoluble compounds, chromones, monoterpenoid glucosides, terpenoids, glycosides, glucides, and other compounds. CMC has demonstrated impressive potential for the management of various diseases in extensive preclinical research. Since most of the studies are overly concentrated on osthole, more research is needed to investigate other chemical constituents.
Effects of Modified Nano-SiO2 Particles on Properties of High-Performance Cement-Based Composites
Authors: Rong Zhidan , Zhao Mingyu , Wang Yali
Published: February 2020

In this research, silane coupling agent was used to modify the surface of nano-SiO2, particles and the effects of modified nano-SiO2 particles on the mechanical properties of high-performance cement-based composites and its mechanism were systematically studied. The results indicated that the optimum modification parameters were a coupling agent content of 10%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 8 h. Compared with the unmodified nano-SiO2, the modified nano-SiO2 promoted and accelerated the hydration process of cement. The pozzolanic effect, filling effect, and nucleation effect of modified nano-SiO2 made the microstructure of the composite more compact, and thus improved static mechanical properties of cement-based composites.