bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS FLOATING – RING JOURNAL BEARINGS OPERATING WITH AN IMPROVED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Abass Basim A. , Hussan Alaa' M. , Hameed Lekaa'
Published: March 2024

The static characteristics of porous floating ring journal bearing under hydrodynamic lubrication condition when operating with an improved boundary conditions are theoretically analyzed. An isothermal finite bearing theory was adopted during this analysis. The effect of different parameters, namely, permeability, geometrical dimensions of the ring and the bearing are considered. It was assumed that oil is supplied through the outside diameter of the bearing under low supply pressure. The angular extent of the oil – film formed in journal – ring and ring – bearing oil films was obtained by applying the integral momentum equation at the leading edge of the oil – film to define the beginning of the oil extent. While, the continuity of flow across the trailing edgewas used to define the end of the oil extent. Numerical results show that the bearing performance affected by different parameters namely, permeability, eccentricity ratios of inner and outer oil – film, the clearance ratios, and the radii ratios.
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS FLOATING – RINGJOURNAL BEARINGS OPERATING WITH AN IMPROVEDBOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Abass Basim A. , Hussan Alaa' M. , Hameed Lekaa'
Published: March 2024

The static characteristics of porous floating ring journal bearing under hydrodynamic lubrication condition when operating with an improved boundary conditions are theoretically analyzed. An isothermal finite bearing theory was adopted during this analysis. The effect of different parameters, namely, permeability, geometrical dimensions of the ring and the bearing are considered. It was assumed that oil is supplied through the outside diameter of the bearing under low supply pressure. The angular extent of the oil – film formed in journal – ring and ring – bearing oil films was obtained by applying the integral momentum equation at the leading edge of the oil – film to define the beginning of the oil extent. While, the continuity of flow across the trailing edgewas used to define the end of the oil extent. Numerical results show that the bearing performance affected by different parameters namely, permeability, eccentricity ratios of inner and outer oil – film, the clearance ratios, and the radii ratios.
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW FIELD INSIDE ARTERIES AND VEINS
Authors: Abdulla Najdat Nashat , Mahmood Hussain Yousif , Abdullah Sadiq Elias
Published: March 2024

Numerical and experimental investigation of blood flow through stenotic and tapered arteries under pulsation condition are studied. Blood is considered as non-Newtonian fluid. Artery is considered as a rigid wall tapered vessel with different tapering angles (0.5o, 1o ,1.5o ), as well as, straight vessel for comparison. The governing equations have been written in stream- vorticity method and are transformed into generalized coordinate system. The time marching has been employed to solve the resulting partial differential equations. The experimental work carried out to examine pressure in vessel and pressure drop across the stenosis under pulsation condition. Differential pressure transducer coupled to the data acquision card type PCI-911DG, which is built in computer was used to record pressure data. The results showed that, as a tapering angle increases (0.5o , 1o , 1.5o ) both wall shear stress and pressure drop increasing, also as stenosis increases (50%, 60%, 75%) both wall shear stress and pressure drop increasing. These behaviors are found in literature, pressure drop is used to compare experimental data and numerical results, which indicates agreement. As the distance into taper section increased both wall shear stress and pressure drop are increased, as well as, both wall shear stresses and pressure drop increased with inlet flow rate increased, while decreased with inlet diameter increase.
BIOSORPTION OF DISSOLVED Pb(II) IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY USING AGRO-WASTE PRODUCTS
Authors: Al-Hashimi Mohammed Ali I. , Jabir Ban Ali
Published: March 2024

The potential to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using four raw dead plant biomasses (karab, bardie, rice hulls and corn-cobs) was investigated in batch tests and compared with that for the PAC. From tests, it was found that the four types of dead-plant biomasses had shown high removal efficiency with the descending order (karab, bardie, rice hulls and corn cobs). Their percent removal (% R) of Pb(II) were (98.76, 96.10, 95.16 and 94.70) respectively at pH 4 with 0.2 g of sorbent/100 ml of 10 ppm lead solution , while it was (99.8 %) for PAC. Generally through batch system at a laboratory scale, karab has proved to be an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions with low initial ion concentration (1–10 mg Pb(II)/ℓ) at pH (4 - 4.5). The EPA discharge limit (0.1 ppm) for lead was achieved. The biosorption rate is quite rapid and within 5 min of mixing more than 90 % of Pb(II) ions were removed by the karab biomass. Varying agitation speed has no influence on the rate of uptake and the Pb(II) uptake was not affected by karab particle size. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms described the data well. According to the evaluation using Langmuir equation, the maximum capacity q max obtined from equilibrium biosorption isotherm test was 13.2 mg/l for pb (II) . The ultimate sorption capacity KF in the Frendlich model was 3.1 .
ستراتجيات العمارة الشمسية
Authors: جبار صبا , ياسين رنا مجيد
Published: March 2024

تمثل عممية البناء الشكمي لمعمارة الشمسية عممية منيجية تعتمد عمى ما وجود من اساليب تطور ت عمى اساسيا نظم وتفاصيل جديدة تحدد بنية الشكل المثالي الكفوء لحفظ الطاقة ، وتقترب من النظرية الوظيفية في البناء الشكمي كما تتاثر بالنظريات االخرى ،وتتغير من مصمم الى أخر لتحقيق االبداع الشخصي في قضايا الشكل المتعمقة عادة بالحدس الذاتي والتركيز عمى استراتجية دون أخرى واالستفادة من المناورة التصميمية ضمن ماىو ممكن لموصول الى حمول مناسبة واحيانا مبدعة . اال ان تاثر المصممين بالتقانة المعاصرة و تبني فكرة دمج التقانة الذكية بالعمارة الشمسية ضمن طرح سائد في اعتبارىا داللة الى تقانة منفصمة تربط بالمبنى سبب ظيور نماذج شكمية مختمفة ، وىو ما يعتبره البحث فكرة تحمل جانبا من المصداقية اال انيا فكرة مجتزئة الحقيقة ، اذ ان التقانة في وقتنا المعاصر عنصر ميم يمثل البنية المتغيرة المستجيبة لمتغيرات الحاصمة في البيئة المحيطة بالمبنى لتيئ ظرف راحة انسانية ،ولكي تكون فاعمة البد ان تكون متكاممة مع الكيان المادي لممبنى ككل . لذا ينطمق البحث من مشكمة معرفية تتناول دراسة ستراتجيات بناء الشكل المثالي لمعمارة وتكامل النظم التقنية معو لتفعيل االستفادة من الطاقة الشمسية ضمن العمارة بيدف تحديد ستراتجية البناء الشكمي لمعمارة الشمسية في الوقت المعاصر عموما وضمن خصو صية المناطق الحارة الجافة خصوصا اذ توصل البحث الى فرضية مفادىا ان لالبنية الديناميكية اداء افضل من االبنية الساكنة، ولكي يحقق االعتماد عمى الطاقة الذاتية فانو البد ان يمتمك المبنى بنيتين متكاممتين تتميز البنية االولى باالستقرار تمثل ستراتجيات تصميم الشكل المثالي وحددىا البحث " كبنية ثابتة " فيما تكون البنية الثانية مرحمة الحقة لتصميم البنية الثابتة تعتمد عمييا في حساباتيا وتصميم نظميا تتميز بالحركة والتغير المستمر وفق ثالث انواع من السيطرة تكون اما يدوية او ميكانيكة او كالييما معا وىي ضمن العمارة المعاصرة تكون تقانة ذكية تممك استجابة ذاتية بسيطرة ميكانيكية ، حددىا البحث " كبنية ديناميكية "
PREDICTION OF ZINC CONSUMPTION AS SACRIFICIAL ANODE IN CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STEEL IN SEA WATER USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: YARO APRAEL S.
Published: March 2024

Corrosion has gained special attention due to its significance, when predicting corrosion rates. However, the complexity and variability makes it hard to model its effects. This study evaluates the usefulness of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to predict the corrosion rate as a function of several factors which have been related in previous studies to the protectiveness of low carbon steel in sea water, i.e. Temperature, Flow rate, pH, and time. Results showed that neural networks are a powerful tool and that the validity of the results is closely linked to the amount of data available and the experience and knowledge that accompany the analysis. Statistical analysis showed that the proposed correlation has an Average Absolute Relative Error (AARE) of 0.09% and Standard Deviation (S.D) 0.46%
NUMERICAL STUDY OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN NON-CIRCULAR DUCTS WITH CUSP CORNERS
Authors: Hassan Abdulkarim A. , Hunaehn Qassim K.
Published: March 2024

A numerical finite-volume calculation method was used for application to fully-developed flow and heat transfer in straight ducts with 2-Cusp, 3-Cusp and 4-Cusp cross-sectional area. The method was formulated with reference to a non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system which was fitted exactly into duct shape. In turbulent flow, the Reynolds stresses were calculated by using the coupled algebraic stress model of Launder and Ying (1973) with a (k ) transport model. This turbulent stress model enabled secondary flows to be included in the non-circular duct calculations. In heat transfer solution, three thermal boundary conditions were investigated. Predictions were compared with available numerical and experimental data. The turbulent flow predictions of secondary and axial velocity, wall shear stress and Nusselt number were in reasonable agreement with experiment for the fully-developed flow cases. It is concluded that, although the maximum secondary flow was found to be (1.5%-2.5%) of the mean axial flow, the absence of this flows have significant influence on the flow and heat transfer parameters. Moreover, these flows will increase when the corners of a duct become more acute. Heat transfer results showed that the peripheral temperature variation around the duct has a significant effect on the heat transfer results, and confirmed the inadequacy of the hydraulic radius concept in the cases of the very non-circular ducts when comparison is made with Blasius correlation.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR AC/DC CONVERETER
Authors: Shaker Amina Mahmoud , Salih Ali M. , Ismail Kais S.
Published: March 2024

One of the biggest problems in power quality aspects is the harmonic contents in the electrical system. Most of the current harmonics are due to the nonlinear operation of the power converters and arc furnaces . These harmonics cause overheating of the magnetic cores of transformers and motors beside their effect on the torque –speed of the later . These problems have lead to the creation of design standards for purpose of limiting the allowable harmonics on the power lines, and hence to improve the power factor. This paper presents two types of power factor correction (PFC) for single phase AC/DC converter, the Boost converter and the Buck- Boost converter. The output of the Boost converter is fixed (400V , 3kW) while the output of the Buck – Boost converter is variable (150-400V, 3kW-1kW) and due to the discontinuous inductor current mode operation of the Buck mode of the Buck- Boost converter an average charge current control is used in the inner current loop control. From harmonic analysis the two types of converters has less harmonics as compared with the IEC1000-3-2 standards. The Buck Boost converter eliminates the problem of high inrush input current produced by the Boost converter type.
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF ONE AND TWO DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION PROBLEMS FOR UNBOUNDED SATURATED SOIL MEDIA
Authors: YOUSIF N. B. , ABDUL-HAMEED S. D.
Published: March 2024

Soil in general is not a linear material, in which the relation between stress and strain is more complicated than the simple, linearly elastic relation. To make accurate deformation analysis of clay deposits, the incremental Biot's theory of consolidation is used together with elasto-viscoplastic constitutive relations based on the critical state concept using the modified Cam-clay model. One and two dimensional consolidation problems were analyzed numerically by the infinite-finite elements. Results show that the proposed method can describe the effect of sample thickness on consolidation phenomena. Also the two dimensional behavior of a clay foundation during the construction of embankment was analyzed.
AN INDIRECT ROTOR-FLUX-ORIENTED CONTROL OF A TWO-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE
Authors: Hassan Turki K.
Published: March 2024

A vector control is proposed for a two phase induction motor drive . The motor is driven by H-bridge current-regulated pulsewidth modulated voltage source inverter. The vector control is based upon rotor field orientation concepts that have been adopted for this type of machine. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the system operation and the MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used for simulation.
ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF REGENERATED GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON BY DIFFERENT METHODS
Authors: Sulaymon Abbas H. , Abood Waleed M.
Published: March 2024

In this study regeneration process was carried out for exhausted activated carbon, which has been used for adsorption process of furfural from its solution by three different methods (washing with dilute alcohol ethanol 20%, washing with boiled distilled water at 100Co؛ and thermal processat (200 – 900) Co؛. The regenerated activated carbon has been reused in the column system of fixed – bed in order to estimate the adsorption quantities and comparing the value with adsorptionquantity of original activated carbon under same condition (furfural with concentration 0.2 kg/m³,bed depth 5 cm, flow rate of liquid 16.16 × 10-5 m³/min and particular size of activated carbon (1.5-0.5) mm) in order to estimate the regeneration efficiency for each method which ranged (60-90)%.
The Concept of Technique Systems in the Notion of Smart Buildings Architecture
Authors: ألبدري أمجد محمود عبد هللا , عبد الرزاق حيدر اسعد
Published: March 2024

The magical brilliance between the information abilities and the abilities ofcontrolling the environment and consuming power, which distinguishes the smartbuildings. It becomes unavoidable and common things in different fields ofarchitecture like governmental, public, service and productive. Even on the level ofplanning the city center and urban.That might be attributed in first rank to the vital role of the computer in allaspects of life until the conditioned buildings that are able to fulfill necessary needs ofthe consumer. It also becomes necessary to provide the conditions of comfort,kindness and entertainment, as regard smart buildings depends in basically in designand the work of the internal, utilitarian and service structure on service systems. Theyare developed technological techniques that depend in their work on highdevelopment and keeping pace with the changes and developments of the informationrevolution in order to give the fruit of perfect and interactive buildings that offers tothe resident comfort environment in order to able to perform their tasks highly.
دراسة مموثات غازات العادم المنبعثة من سيارات الكازولين في الطرق العراقية
Authors: علي كريم خلف
Published: March 2024

The work aims to calculate pollutants gases concentration that are emitted from gasolineengine Vehicles exhaust .These concentration are compared with emission limits in othercountries. These gases are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons(HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), lead oxides, particulate matter and soot. The research is carried out on a new and old cars .which are widely used in Iraqi roads .these cars are different in product year , distance travelled and in Exhaust- gas treatment techniques which used. The analysis of exhaust gases carried out by using the electronic exhaust gas analysis system (T156D). Which is maunfactured in Italy and operate with windows system. The results show decrease in concentration of the (CO, HC, NOx, SOOT) emitted from Exhaust gases cars which have low travel distance (new cars model ) these cars use electronic systems to controll on injection , ignition and use exhaust gas pollutant control systems such as early fuel evaporation ( EFE) , exhaust gas recirculation ( EGR) ,catalytic converter , positive crankcase ventilation (PCV ). the results show that there are increases in pollutants concentration emitted from old model which have long work time and not have controller systems on the mixing and ignition systems as well as have lowe maintenance. the results show that ratio of cars which use exhaust gas treatment techniques and satisfy the emits limits is 32% only .but the larger ratio approximately 40% don't satisfy the emits limits.
DESIGN OF SPACE TIME TRELLIS CODED OFDM
Authors: Abbas S. M.
Published: March 2024

Space Time Trellis Code (STTC) is a technique that can be used to improve the performance ofthe Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system over wireless channels byproviding both coding gain and diversity gain. STTC is combined from two codes, Trellis CodeModulation (TCM) as an inner code and Space Time Block Code (STBC) as an outer code. TCMwhich combines the choice of a modulation scheme with that of a convolutional code provides thecoding gain, and the other code provides the diversity gain. Simulation is done over flat fading andfrequency selective Rayleigh fading channel for Eight Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK) TCM. It foundthat the best results are obtained for the case of two transmitters and three receivers which have again of about 18dB over that without STBC.
PREDICTION OF EROSION EFFECT DUE TO CAVITATION ON AL-MOSUL POWER PLANT TURBINE
Authors: Hassan Jafar M. , Ismail Laith W.
Published: March 2024

In the field of hydraulic power plant, the cavitation is responsible of sever erosion which requires periodic unit shutdowns for inspection and repairs. Al-Mosul hydroelectric power plant is chosen as model in this study. Computer programs are developed by using the velocity gradient method to analyze the flow in the runner blades of the turbine (Francis Turbine) to calculate the available cavitation and compared with the critical cavitation. The erosion of the runner material (erosion rate, weight of lost material and mean depth of erosion) is also calculated to limit the operation hours of the power plant. The presented work shows that the cavitation appears on the underside of the turbine (Francis Turbine) blades in the trailing edge at distance of 82% from the leading edge due to decrease in pressure, flow separation and interference zone. This causes erosion depth of about 4 mm for the first four years of operation which represents about 17% of the blade thickness of the trailing edge. It is found that the operation hours of Al-Mosul power plant should not exceed 24000 operation hour. A good agreement is found between the prototype data obtained from the computer program analysis and experimental visualization shown in the literature and theoretical solution.
COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR UNSTEADY MOTION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL AIRFOIL
Authors: Ali Anmar H.
Published: March 2024

A numerical method is developed for calculation of the wake geometry and aerodynamic forces on two-dimensional airfoil under going an arbitrary unsteady motion in an inviscid incompressible flow (panel method). The method is applied to sudden change in airfoil incidence angle and airfoil oscillations at high reduced frequency. The effect of non-linear wake on the unsteady aerodynamic properties and oscillatory amplitude on wake rollup and aerodynamic forces has been studied. The results of the present method shows good accuracy as compared with flat plate and for unsteady motion with heaving and pitching oscillation the present method also shows good trend with the experimental results taken from published data. The method shows good results for a wide range of unsteady motion of a two-dimensional airfoil.
انتاج خرسانة عالية الاداءباستخدام انواع مختلفة من البوزولانات المحلية
Authors: فوزي ندى مهدي , حمد علياء فالح
Published: March 2024

High Performance Concrete (HPC) is considered as one of the most important products known by the construction industries during the last years in the field of producing new and improved types of concrete. This new type of concrete has an essential importance due to its high compressive strength, superior resistance for external salt attack and its low permeability. This paper is concerned with experimental investigations for evaluation of high performance concrete using a new type, locally available pozzolan. The results are compared with that obtained from using well known micro silica. The experimentalwork also includes the possibility of activation in order to improve the quality of HPC; the experiments mainly deal with the chemical analysis and the selection for the optimum dosages of additive. The properties of HPC are studied in both fresh and hardened stages. The effect of pozzolan additive on shrinkage was also considered to provide an index for the durability of concrete.
PID CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THE SATELLITE ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Ar-Ramahi Sami Kadhim Hasan
Published: March 2024

A PID controller satellite attitude yaw-axis control system was designed to step the angle of the satellite body via actuating a precise angular position of a DC motor as quickly and accurately as most optimally possible. The (PID) controller was advantageously chosen for its quick transient response and zero steady-state error. A mathematical model has been derived for the whole satellite attitude yaw-axis controlsystem. Then, the computation power of the MATLAB is utilized to obtain a generalized optimal controller design that enables the satellite attitude yaw-axis control system to have the quickest settling time without excessive overshoot and zero steady state error.
BUILDING AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS ((SOME WATER PROJECTS AS A CASE STUDY))
Authors: Al- Suhaili Rafa H. , Fadhal Ziyad J.
Published: March 2024

Many useful softwares in projects management are available now. Ms Project and Primavera are someexamples of these softwares. Those programs need to be fed by information by the user. The usersusually collect this information from the project and design documents. This collection process needsconsiderable time and efforts, and usually accompanied of some errors in data transfer process.In order to reduce the required time and efforts and to eliminate individual errors in data transferprocess, an Integrated System is needed. This Integrated System can extract the graphical informationfrom an AutoCAD drawing and transfer it to a digital form suitable for processing in the projectmanagement softwares such as Excel and Ms Project.In this research an Integrated System (IS) was built, to connect three softwares, AutoCAD, Excel andMs Project, using Active X data transfer technology. The Integrated System was tested using three casestudies. Al-Nahrain University waste water network, the Islamic University water supply network, andan irrigation and drainage project. The results indicated the capability of the system to transfer thegraphical data into digital data, and to conduct the quantity of survey of the selected projects.It is worthy to mention that this system requires some modification that is should be adopted in theAutoCAD drawings. The drawings should be performed using layers, and definition blocks for objects.These modifications are simple and can be done easily. Moreover the system was built in a way thatgives the ability of adding other case studies (i.e., other types of projects).
EFFECT OF ICE FORMATION ON AIRFOILS PERFORMANCE (PART-I)
Authors: Abdullah Najdat N. , Hasoun Haitham Q.
Published: March 2024

A numerical investigation was conducted to study the effect of simulated ice accreted on airfoilaerodynamics performance. The simulated ice shapes were tested on NACA 0012 airfoil wing atdifferent Mach numbers. The study includes the one of the famous types of ice accreted on theairfoils called the rime ice.The calculation of ice droplet trajectories was performed by solving the trajectories governing equations of the droplet using FVM. A numerical model based on staggered FVM is built up to solve the governing equations of a body fitted grid, trajectories equation, continuity equation and momentum equation using FORTRAN 97. The turbulence model of (k-ε) has been adopted in the programming to evaluate the turbulence effect. The program is valid for any type of 4 or 5 digits airfoil. The program is available to evaluate the rime ice accumulation. The pressure, lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients are computed and compared with that of clean case results. The program was run over different Mach numbers, to compare the results obtained at these Mach Numbers. The investigation of the work was tested on NACA 0012 in a range of angle of attack 0º to 6º, where stall starts at this angle of attack as demonstrated by the results. The results show that the severity of ice formation could be more dangerous with increasing the angle of attack or the Mach number.
PREPARATION OF Nd – FLUORIDE LASER GLASS AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Rahmatallah Saad S. , Rasheed Ziyad H.
Published: March 2024

Fluorophosphate neodymium laser glass has been prepared by discontinuous melting technique.Special melting and casting conditions were followed to prevent devitrification of glass samples.Furnace melting followed by slow cooling resulted formation of non vitreous glass. Problems ofhigh viscosity melt and incomplete solubility and immiscibility of glass components wereencountered by adjusting composition of glass components. X-ray diffraction analysis of theprepared glass samples proved the formation of amorphous phase. The prepared Nd – fluoride glasshas low refractive index which is an important parameter for high power laser application. Opticalproperties of Nd – fluoride glass samples were investigated. UV – visible spectra showed almosttotal absorbance of light at wave length below 400 nm, while in the visible range a typical spectrumof Nd3+ ions covers the entire range. Infra – red spectral properties of these samples were studied.Transmission of the glass was found to be dependent on neodymium concentration.
معامل الفعالية البوزولانية للفلدسبار المحلي
Authors: رؤوف زين العابدين , فوزي ندى مهدي
Published: March 2024

يتناول هذا البحث دراسة معامل الفعالية البوزولانية للفلدسبار المحلي المتواجد في مقالع قرب بحر النجف ومقارنته مع معامل الفعالية لدقيق السليكا المستورد. تم استعمال الفلنسيار المطحون والمنعم الى (1200م2 / كغم) بمقياس بلين (Blaine). وتم فحص الفعالية البوزولانية بموجب المواصفة الأمريكية (02-311-ASTM C حيث أظهرت النتيجة بأن معامل الفعالية البوز ولائية للفلدسبار (97%) مقارنة بـ (92%) لدقيق السليكا، والتي تشير إلى أمكانية استخدام الفلسبار المطحون كمادة بوزولانية نشطة في تحضير الخرسانة عالية الأداء والخرسانة عالية الرص.
STABILITY INDEX OF THE TREATED WATER FROM ALKARKH AND AL-RASHEED WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN BAGHDAD CITY
Authors: Alsaqqar Awatif Soaded , Abdul- Khalek Mohammed
Published: March 2024

An analysis was performed on the treated water from two water treatment plants in Baghdadcity. This analysis was used to evaluate the stability of the treated water from these plants andthat will flow in the distribution system to consider its corrosivity. The variation in waterstability with time and distance from the north to the south of Baghdad was indicated. Theanalysis showed that the flowing water in the distribution system in Baghdad is corrosive to verycorrosive water by calculating Ryznar stability index (RI). In Al- Karkh WTP in the north, RImaximum ranged between 7.958 to 9.403 where RI minimum ranged between 7.03 to 7.915.Where in the south Al-Rasheed WTP, RI maximum ranged between 7.119 to 8.63 and RIminimum ranged 6.679 to 7.994. The corrositivity of water decreased in the water flowing downstream. The water quality parameters affecting RI was discussed which were calcium, alkalinity,total dissolved solids and pH.
COLOR SATELLITE IMAGES DENOISING USING WAVELETS
Authors: Al-Rubiae Hawrra H.Abbas
Published: March 2024

The satellite image is multi band image,the first three bands have the largest wavelength and image information and usually contain noise due to different reason such as image band acquisition or transmission. In this paper an adaptive method implemented to denoising the satellite image byusing the Haar wavelet transform applied to the principle components bands of the satellite image.The image denoising by Haar wavelet transform is applied on the first band(PC1).This band has found contain about 90% of the image information, in this case the time required for processing and storage size are reduced ,and the image appearance are more suitable than the processing the image bands directily.
DEVELOPING A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR MODELING THE STADIA MEASUREMENTS FOR TACHEOMETRY WORKS
Authors: Ibraheem Asma Th. , Daham Afrah M.
Published: March 2024

Tacheometry is used to measure the lengths of traverse sides, to check the more accurate taped distances in order to uncover gross errors or mistakes and to determine differences of elevation between points. It's most general use is found in the compilation of planimetric and topographic maps by field methods alone, by which distances, elevations and directions to points are to be determined from field control points whose positions have been established by a higher order of accuracy. The principles of stadia measurement by use of the transit or theodolite or total station is one of the main method of tacheometry. This paper presents the principles of stadia measurement and a computer program MSM (Modeling the Stadia Measurements). The program is formulated and written by using the Visual Basic language, Version 6. This version of the language is objecting oriented provided with comprehensive tools to simplify the task of programming and to provide the programmer with wide range of options for design of the user interface system.
HYDROISOMERIZATION OF n-ALKANE OVER ZEOILTE SUPPORTED CATALYST
Authors: Mohamed Abdul-Halim A.K. , Kamel Mohamed
Published: March 2024

The conversion of nC5-nC7 over 0.32wt%Pt/HY-Zeolite catalyst was studied with temperature range 240-270ºC, liquid hourly space velocity range 1-3h-1, hydrogen to n-alkane mole ratio 8-24 and atmospheric total pressure. The effect of the PH2, PnC5, PnC6, and PnC7 orders on the overall reaction rate was studied. For nC7, the reaction order with respect to hydrogen varied between -0.998 and -0.948 while with respect to nC7 varied between 0.154 and 0.156. For nC6, the reaction order varied between -0.811 and -0.808 while with respect to nC6 varied between 0.332 and 0.337. For nC5, the reaction order with respect to hydrogen varied between -0.652 and -0.620 while the reaction order with respect to nC5 was varied between 0.336 and 0.339. The values of apparent activation energy were obtained and found to be varied between 110 and 111 kJ/mol for nC7, 120 to 122 kJ/mol for nC6, and 145 to 148 kJ/mol for nC5.
ACTIVE NETWORK SECURITY BASED RSA ALGORITHM
Authors: Fadhil Ahmed Freidoon , Abbood Wisam haitham
Published: March 2024

The difficulty of building a secure network is due to the changing nature of the enterprise coupled with the increasing sophistication of the hacker threat, both from inside and outside of the network. Active networks enable individual user or groups of users to inject customized programs into the nodes of the network.The proposed system depends on the basic concepts (authentication and authorization) and uses RSA algorithm to add additional level of security. The proposed system also depends on active packet architecture, the packet will represented in the active node as input, and when the packet is retransmitted to another active node it carries information about each node it visits. The result of execution the packet will display in the first node where the packet started.
INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETERS AFFECTING LOST FOAM CASTING
Authors: Doos Qasim M. , Al-Naimi Ihsan K. A.
Published: March 2024

The lost-foam casting process using expanded polystyrene foam pattern allows more complex and detailed passages to be cast directly into the part. The advantages of the lost-foam casting process involve, forms complex internal and external shapes without cores, reduces part mass with near net-shape capability, eliminates parting lines, and reduces machining operation and costs, Complex shapes with various sizes castings were produced in this technique in the foundry of the State Company for Electrical Industrials to evaluate the process. Successful complete castings were made. Many experimental works were done to further complements about fluidity parameter dealing with lost-foam casting process. Empirical linear and non-linear formulas were obtained from those experimental works to find the minimum temperature for pouring molten metal. Aluminum alloys were the material of choice for this work, due to the best combination of mechanical properties and castability, but the performance requirements and manufacturability issues will drive the choice of a specific aluminum that was aluminum-silicon alloy, which were used in this work.The macroscopic properties of the alloy depend strongly on the microstructure. Therefore, photomicrographs of microstructures of various castings with different foam pattern densities were done and made comparisons with common sand castings. Mechanical tests were conducted on the castings which produced by the common sand casting and the lost-foam casting processes. These tests include tensile, hardness, and impact. Because of using the expandable polystyrene as a pattern that gave, more gasses in the cavity of the mold during casting, so the mechanical tests show some differences between the two processes.
BOUNDING SURFACE COUPLED FINITE ELEMENT CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS OF NORMALLY AND OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAYS
Authors: Al-Damluji Omar Al-Farouk S. , Al-Ebady Ayad N.
Published: March 2024

The radial mapping version of the bounding surface plasticity model is implemented in a computer program to predict the response of cohesive soils. The eight-noded isoparametric element and Biot’s theory are used in this study for analyzing soil consolidation problems. The model has been used in the analysis for two classes of problems. The first involves the comparison of model predictions with the results of laboratory tests in compression and extension for normally and overconsolidated clays. The second class involves using the model to predict the results of one- and two-dimensional finite element problems of soil consolidation. The comparisons with experiments demonstrate that the model, through its simplicity, can describe realistically the soil response under different monotonic loading conditions at any overconsolidation ratio. The comparison between the bounding surface plasticity model with the classical modified Cam clay model shows considerably different rates and magnitudes of settlement, and different pore pressure behavior during the consolidation process.
STUDY ON ABSORPTION OF OZONE IN WATER USING PERFORATED SIEVE TRAY COLUMN
Authors: Jaber Sarmad Foad
Published: March 2024

The aim of this work is concerned with detailed study of transfer of ozone into water.. Since ozone cannot be stored or conveniently purchased by the gram, pound, gallon or ton, it must be produced on site as needed, (where needed and when needed). The process will carried out with two important assumptions; first that ozone is the only active species that physically dissolves in water. And second that there is no chemical reaction .the process carried out in a perforated sieve tray column with 1 m long and 33 cm diameter. The effects of process variables such as (Water flow rate, pH and air flow rate which is refer to the concentration of free ozone in the gas phase in the absorption column). The result show that the absorption rate increases with increasing the water flow rate and decreasing the air flow rate in a pH range (7-8).
THE HOLLY QURAN ENCOURAGE RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
Authors: ألعمري حفصة رمزي , قاسم حسان محمود الحاج
Published: March 2024

The science of architectural history is considered one of the basic fields of the architectural studies because it reflects civilization, intelligence and creation .The present research problem takes to account the confusion image of the importance of studying architectural history in Islamic architectural theory . Research hypothesis is '' The holly quran encourage research history''. The research contain Ayat al quran that in sure the importance of studying history and explain examples from historical buildings the research in sure the importance of studying historical civilization and buildings, and draw some conclusions from al quran miracles.
STUDY OF IMPORTANT VARIABLES OF AERODYNAMICS FOR SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT USING ADVANCED AIRCRAFT ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
Authors: Al-Omran Asaad T. , Habeeb Sattar J. , Daood Israa Yheaa
Published: March 2024

This study presents the important variables of aerodynamics of subsonic aircraft using AAA software, moreover to comprehensive preview of some imperical and mathematical equations where needs in this analysis process. Cruise mission chose for this study comparing with another mission of flight such as Take-off, Climb, Dive & Descent, and Landing according to important of the mission and cruise mission has large rung during the flight mission. These analyses of process submit to more and complex iteration process until we access to correct solution. Lift, drag, and moment coefficients along the lift surfaces such as wing, and horizontal tail were showed. Also this paper explain the effect of flight level, aircraft speed, aspect ratio of lift surfaces on lift curve. Results show that, increase the value of altitude, load factor,aspect ratio leads to increase the value of lift coofficent and decrease the airplane velocity.
APPLYING ADAPTIVE FUZZY NEURAL ALGORITHM FOR INTRUSION DETECTION
Authors: Hasan Mokhtar Mohammed , Ibraheem Noor Adnan
Published: March 2024

Many Network applications used as remote login have some ways for detecting the intruders which are classical ways applied by comparison of operations between login user interface and system stored information. The proposed system tried to detect the intrusions happened by the network intruders using new technique called Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network which have the ability to detect the intrusions at the same time even if the number of users is large. The proposed system consists of two stages, the first stage is for monitoring all events that happen and analyzing them, and the second stage is to detect intrusions. The detection operation combines anomaly intrusion detection and misuse intrusion detection using the Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network system, which is a suggested method in our paper used to learn the normal network traffic and detect the abnormal traffic.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR OXIDATION OF PHENOL BY FENTONS REAGENT
Authors: Abdullah Sama Mohammed
Published: March 2024

The oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution was studied at atmospheric pressure in a batchreactor. Fenton reaction was used to degrade this component. Phenol (50 - 100 ppm) oxidation was carried out in the acidic medium range of (pH=2.7 - 5.8) under mild conditions of temperature (28 - 48°C), stochiometric excess percentage of H2O2 (S.EH2O2%) of (0 - 100%), and Fe(II) to phenol concentrations ratio of (0 - 0.63). The results indicate that the oxidation by Fenton reaction was an efficient method to eliminate phenol, also the amount of catalyst and temperature had the large effect on the phenol degradation. Finally the simple kinetic model for the reaction was established.
CALCULATION OF SOIL WATER DIFFUSIVITY USING A MODEL FOR SOIL MOISTURE PROFILE UNDER DIFFERENT SALINITY CONDITIONS
Authors: Aoda Mahdi I. , Younan Taghreed F.
Published: March 2024

A closed formed model modified from that of van Genuchten (1980) was used to fitthe data of soil moisture profile ( θ vs. λ ) from which the slope dλ/dθ can be evaluatedand then the soil water diffusivity [D(θ)] can be calculated. Diffusivity was calculated for three soil textures under different salinity conditions.The results showed that the model fitted the data very well with 1% confidence level (R2 > 0.93). D(θ) increased sharply with soil moisture for all soils but its values were lower when the texture got finer. At a certain sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), D(θ)increase with the increase of salt concentration (C) of the water infiltrating. Increasing SAR of water caused a decrease in D(θ) at any level of C. Same trends were obtained for the values of weighted mean diffusivity D .
STUDY OF CO AND NOx EMISSIONS OF S.I.E FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTED HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE
Authors: Chaichan Miqdam T.
Published: March 2024

This paper include study of CO and NOx emissions exhausted from single cylinder, 4-stroke S.I. engine, Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, worked by supplementary hydrogen to gasoline.The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing on CO and NOx emissions submitted from engine.The study showed that exhaust gas emissions depend mainly on equivalence ratio.The higher value of NOx concentrations was in lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and reduced when getting far from this ratio.CO concentrations were too small in the lean side, and the effect of equivalence ratio on it was too small in this side also, it increased in the rich side.It was observed that retarding spark timing reduces the NOx concentrations by a large percentage; there was no effect of spark timing on CO concentrations.The effect of speed on NOx concentrations was studied, and it was observed that these emissions became higher at medium speeds and reduced in higher and low speeds, CO concentrations increased with increasing speed also.NOx concentrations increased with increasing hydrogen volumetric ratio in mixture while CO concentrations reduced by this increase.
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS MODELLING FOR SMALL/LARGE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
Authors: Hussain Imad A. , Jweeg Muhsin J. , Hamza Muhsin N.
Published: March 2024

In this paper the boundary elements method is used as numerical techniques for solving elastomeric materials (rubber or rubber-like materials) under small and large strains analysis. Under small deformations, the formulations are based on assuming that the elastomer is linear elastic isotropic incompressible solid. While for the large deformation, the formulation is based on decomposing the 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stresses into linear and nonlinear parts. Thereafter, the final derived equations are composed of both boundary integral and non-linear domain integrals. The non-linear analyses were performed using an incremental procedure with an iterative algorithm.Solving some numerical examples and comparing the results with that obtained from some available results and ANSYS 10.0 showed that the boundary elements method is a good numerical technique for solving incompressible elastomeric materials. And the formulation used for the boundary elements derivations for large strain analysis gave satisfactory results as compared with that of ANSYS ver. 10.0.
THE APPLICATION OF A STEP BY STEP TECHNIQUE FOR THE PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT SURFACE CONDENSERS
Authors: Tarrad Ali Hussain , Majeed Laith Mouayyad
Published: March 2024

In the present work, the step by step technique is used to predict the performance of the power plant condenser. The procedure includes the calculation of pressure distribution, condensation temperature, water inlet and outlet temperature, condensation load distribution and single phase heat transfer sub-cooling. A quasi two dimensions model is applied, one in the tube water direction and the other in the vapor direction. It is applied with different operating conditions of the condenser such as operating pressure, air percentage mixed with steam, cooling water temperature and fouling factor on tube side for summer and winter seasons.The present model revealed that the fouling resistance has a great effect and plays the major part of the decline in the condenser performance. This is because it decreases the overall heat transfer coefficient and condensation rate. The performance of the condenser when the cooling water enters at the lower pass is better than the upper pass, due to the balance in the distribution of the heat transfer and the condensation rate between tube passes. The model is verified with field operating conditions of Southern Baghdad thermal power station. It has revealed that there is a good agreement between the field data and the present technique. The accuracy fell within (98) % and (89) % for the cooling water temperature prediction for summer and winter respectively, while it showed accuracy of (98) % and (99) % for the condensate exit temperature prediction for summer and winter respectively.
BENDING MOMENT INFLUENCE SURFACES FOR RECTANGULAR CONCRETE PLATES SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT THREE EDGES AND BUILT-IN AT THE FOURTH EDGE
Authors: Razouki Sabah S. , Al-Ani Zena R.
Published: March 2024

Presented in this paper is a series of bending moment influence surfaces for concrete rectangular plates simply supported at three edges and built-in at the fourth edge. The solutions are obtained analytically on the basis of thin plate's theory with small deflection using double Fourier series. The influence surfaces are presented for two observation points namely the center of the plate as well as the midpoint of the built-in edge. A computer program was written in FORTRAN language to generate the influence surfaces making use of the developed analytical solutions of this work. The validity of the computer solution was confirmed by comparing its results with published results for zero Poisson's ratio and excellent agreement was obtained. An application of the influence surfaces for the case of a line load as well as a strip load is also presented.The paper reveals that the bending moment influence surfaces depend on the actual value of Poisson's ratio, aspect ratio of the plate, and position of the observation point.
ANALYSIS OF FUEL LONGTERM EFFECTS USING SUBCHANNEL CODES
Authors: AMIN E.A. , ABDUL-AHAD M.Y.
Published: March 2024

Thermohydraulic computer codes such as COBRA3C are now becoming in practical use as part of power plant licensing process. One of the areas of interest to reactor designer is the effect due to longterm operations and the changes that might occur either due to irradiation (burnup) effects or thermal stresses in the reactor. The present study is an attempt to predict coolant channel temperature profiles at the core End Of Life. In addition deeper insight is given to the individual single partial contribution to the changes in Begin Of Life and End Of Life profiles. The effects due to fuel swelling, rod bowing, and changes in physical properties are studied in details using COBRA3C code. The codes COBRA3C and the kinetic code AIREKMOD together a structure routine are joined in a modular system. As a result coupling between the different transient parameters in normal and abnormal operation conditions could be performed. Results of such coupling are shown to improve the prediction of DNBR.
BUILDING OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR WWTP OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT: RUSTIMIYAH SOUTH WWTP AS A CASE-STUDY
Authors: Al-Suhaili Rafa H. , Khalaf Al-Daami Bashar J.
Published: March 2024

This paper presents the building of expert system to enable the inexperience plants operators to application of better of wastewater treatment plant. This methodology consists of three steps: (i) creation of a decision trees (algorithms) for the diagnosis operational problems; (ii) implementation into a real-based system; and (iii) verification. This system called expert system for Rustimiyah south wastewater treatment plant operation (ES-RS-WWTPO). The knowledge acquisitions to build this system ware extracted from literature. Moreover local experience ware also incorporated using the results of a well designed questionnaire. The results obtained in the application three operational states showed that the system was able to diagnosis (correctly) state of plant with reasonable accuracy. The programmer language for built this system id Visual Basic 6.0.