bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thoughts on Experimental Psychopathology
Authors: Van Den Hout Marcel A. , Engelhard Iris M. , McNally Richard J.
Published: June 2016

Over the years, Experimental Psychopathology has become a major research discipline. In this article, we sketch some historical roots of Experimental Psychopathology and its current disciplinary context. We also outline the logic behind Experimental Psychopathology and discuss some issues raised in the articles in this special issue, including reductionism in this type of research, the use of analogue samples, and the use of self-report measures. Finally, we describe some future directions to increase our understanding of the causal mechanisms of mental disorders, including the new network modeling approach to psychopathology that fits well with Experimental Psychopathology and the way these approaches may reinforce each other. The field has witnessed the emergence and acceptance of many evidence-based treatments, but the room for clinical improvement is large. Experimental Psychopathology should be one of the disciplines to occupy that space.
Evaluation of Non Damaging Flow for a Set of Upstream Sub Basins in a River System
Authors: Choudhury Parthasarathi , Deb Barman Sangita , Nongthombam Jotish
Published: June 2016

A model for evaluating non damaging flow for a set of sub basins in a river system is presented. Linear Programming technique incorporating multiple inflows routing scheme is employed to evaluate upstream flow conditions necessary for satisfying specified downstream flood flow conditions. Non damaging flow for the sub basins are determined by using river system properties. The model is applied to a river system in India having flows from gauged and ungauged sub basins; flow contributions from the ungauged basins are estimated by using unit hydrograph technique. Peak flow studies involving major and minor sub basins indicate relative importance of the basins in the study area. Results obtained in the study depict variations in the non-damaging flow with the flow in the main channel. Model applications show that for flood with peaks exceeding 7566 m3/s regulating intervening basins only may not lead to safe flow at the downstream section(s). The model allows evaluating effectiveness of controlling the intervening basins in a river system; model applications to a real life river system yield results that are useful in adopting flood control measures for the study area.
Motives behind Networking on Social Media and Subsequent Gossip Propensity: A Causal Analysis
Authors: Nadeem Erum , Shehzad Paras , Azam Zubair
Published: June 2016

Research study aims to investigate the nature, strength and direction of associations between motives of using social networking sites and gossip propensity. Data was collected from 240 customers through convenience sampling. Instrument was adapted from existing body of knowledge. Multiple regression and structural equation modeling was performed to quantify the associational relationships. Hypotheses claiming relationship between Motives of social media usage and gossip propensity are proved. Results indicate positive and direct change being caused in gossip propensity by four motives of social media usage. This study offers new empirical support for the proposition that individuals who use social media tend to actively participate in gossiping about brands, companies, incidents and individuals. As such, findings from this study aspires managers to develop social media strategies to increase brand buzz, referral value and net-promoter score.
Exploring the Construct of Learner Autonomy in Writing: The Roles of Motivation and the Teacher
Authors: Yeung Marine
Published: June 2016

Learner autonomy is widely recognized as a desirable educational goal in second language contexts. However, the lack of domain-specificity in research related to learner autonomy, compounded with the diverse views on its connotations, makes it difficult to either nurture or measure. This paper reports on a study that explored the construct of learner autonomy in the area of writing using quantitative data collected in the naturalistic settings of three secondary school classrooms in Hong Kong. In this study, learner autonomy was proposed as a construct consisting of autonomous attitudes including motivation, self-confidence and independence from the teacher, and autonomous skills embracing strategy use and metacognitive knowledge. A questionnaire was designed accordingly to measure changes in the participants after a writing programme that adopted the process writing approach, the potential of which in fostering traits of learner autonomy had been demonstrated in previous studies and was further explored in this study. Findings gathered through factor analysis on the questionnaire data, followed by a paired-sample t-test to investigate changes in the participants after the writing programme, suggest that a degree of independence from the teacher may possibly be a prerequisite for autonomy development in terms of writing skills, while motivation may have a more important role to play in its subsequent development.
A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Two Strategies of Etymological Elaboration and Pictorial Elucidation on Idiom Learning: A Case of Young EFL Iranian Learners
Authors: Haghshenas Mahsa Sadat Mousavi , Hashemian Mahmood
Published: June 2016

This study examined the effect of etymological elaboration, pictorial elucidation, and integration of these 2 strategies on idiom learning by L2 learners. A total number of 80 homogeneous intermediate learners studying English at 3 language institutes in Isfahan, Iran, were selected. The intermediate participants were selected as the result of administering an Oxford Placement Test (OPT) to them. Then, the participants were divided into 4 groups of equal size, that is, control, etymological, pictorial, and etymological/pictorial groups. Before the experiment, all the participants took a pretest to ensure their unfamiliarity with the idioms. The idioms that were known even by 1 participant were crossed out, and finally 30 idioms were chosen for instruction. Then, the experimental groups received their relevant treatments during 15 sessions, whereas the control group learners learned idioms through definitions and example sentences. After the implementation of the experiment, the 4 groups, once again, sat for a test (i.e., the immediate posttest) to see whether the treatments had improved idiom learning. Finally, the data were analyzed by an independent samples t test and one-way between-groups ANOVA. Results showed that all the 3 strategies significantly improved the participants’ idiom learning. Results also pointed to the fact that the etymological elaboration/pictorial elucidation strategy was the most effective strategy on idiom learning.
Developmental programming modulates olfactory behavior in C. elegans via endogenous RNAi pathways
Authors: Sims Jennie R , Ow Maria C , Nishiguchi Mailyn A , Kim Kyuhyung , Sengupta Piali , Hall Sarah E
Published: June 2016

Environmental stress during early development can impact adult phenotypes via programmed changes in gene expression. C. elegans larvae respond to environmental stress by entering the stress-resistant dauer diapause pathway and resume development once conditions improve (postdauers). Here we show that the osm-9 TRPV channel gene is a target of developmental programming and is down-regulated specifically in the ADL chemosensory neurons of postdauer adults, resulting in a corresponding altered olfactory behavior that is mediated by ADL in an OSM-9-dependent manner. We identify a cis-acting motif bound by the DAF-3 SMAD and ZFP-1 (AF10) proteins that is necessary for the differential regulation of osm-9, and demonstrate that both chromatin remodeling and endo-siRNA pathways are major contributors to the transcriptional silencing of the osm-9 locus. This work describes an elegant mechanism by which developmental experience influences adult phenotypes by establishing and maintaining transcriptional changes via RNAi and chromatin remodeling pathways.
Web-Based Faculty Evaluation System of Apayao State College, Philippines
Authors: Taguiam Imelda M.
Published: June 2016

In the evaluation of teaching effectiveness, critical factors being considered may vary depending on the use of results. At higher education institutions, results of evaluation usually merit-academic milestones such as tenure and promotion. The search for outstanding employees, on the other hand, may require a more rigorous scheme of evaluation. Furthermore, positive results may lead to a nomination for a scholarship grant. As methods of assessing teaching effectiveness change, concerns about the fair play of alternative methods come up. The researcher used the Methodology by Nunamaker et al. (1990) in designing the Web-based Faculty Evaluation System, which was created on a PHP/MySQL platform. There are various Methodologies, but the Multi-Methodological Approach of Nunamaker et al. (1990) is the most compelling and comprehensive due to its iterative nature and full circle and continuous development that is required to produce a sustainable and scalable system. The data gathered were classified, tallied, analyzed and interpreted using frequency, percentages, and mean. The findings of this study automating evaluation process will improve the accuracy of the report generated and eliminates issues such as the possibility of manipulating the evaluation result. User acceptance test questions can be formulated based on its Usability. From the questionnaires survey, the respondents strongly agree that the operation of the system is useful, as revealed from the tables presented in the result and discussion.
Career Choices, Occupational Status, and Quality of Life of Agricultural Science Graduates
Authors: Simon Maria Sheila D.
Published: June 2016

While it seems easy to choose from among the many academic programs available to the person, he has to be very careful in his choice because it may affect the kind of life he will have in the future. The study aimed to determine the career choices, occupational status and quality of life of Agricultural Science graduates. Using descriptive correlational research design, data were obtained from 337 total population graduates of Capiz State University, Pontevedra Campus, Philippines. Questionnaires - checklist were personally delivered, and sent either regular or electronic mail. Frequency count, percentage, ranking and mean were used in the analysis of descriptive data while Chi-square was employed as inferential analysis. Results showed that graduates' career choices relate to occupational status. Moreover, the standard of living is parallel with their perceived quality of life. The university student services office may develop a scheme in assisting students to decide which career to pursue based on their abilities and inclinations. A study on the employability of graduates can be undertaken to verify further and validate the findings.
Error Analysis of Trigonometry Students in a Technological University
Authors: Centillas Jr. Catalino L. , Larisma Christian Caben M.
Published: June 2016

Error analysis is considered as an effective assessment approach that allows one, especially teachers, to determine whether students are making consistent mistakes when performing computations. By pinpointing the error category or pattern of a student's errors, one can directly teach the correct procedure for solving the problem or can even formulate an effectively designed instructional intervention. The purpose of the study is to analyze the different errors that students commit in Trigonometry. The sample consists of 24 teacher education students and 25 information technology students. Data were drawn from test questionnaires which were categorized as Reading, Comprehension, Transformation, Processing and Encoding error. The study utilized descriptive statistics. The results revealed greater percentage of error on Processing, however, lesser error of the students committed in the Reading part. Students have learning complexities which are attributed to the error committed. Thus, students had learned some concepts defectively. Generally, processing the error of the students needs teachers' consideration through process-focus instruction. The findings of the study can serve best to a host of educators who are into developing instructional materials, modules and worksheets, for them to consider the different misconceptions of students and should further account the various errors committed by the students.
Students' Attitude towards Science after Taking Chemistry
Authors: Magallanes Amel L.
Published: June 2016

Regardless of one's major or field of specialization, science or Chemistry specifically, plays an enormous role in life. Chemistry has become an indispensable feature in creating innovative tools in teaching the fact that Chemistry informs, many thoughts and behaviors, students have not valued science in general and Chemistry in particular. Thus, this study utilized the quantitative research with the use of a questionnaire to collect necessary data for the study and the Sloven formula to determine students' attitudes and level of confidence after taking introductory Chemistry subjects taught in tertiary level science courses at Centro Escolar University, Makati Branch. The findings confirmed that the CEU Makati students have high-level of confidence after taking up Chemistry. Male or female, whether a graduate from private or public high school shows the same confidence level after taking Chemistry in performing exploring and applying what they have learned in their everyday activities and to other science subjects. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between students who take up a science-related course as to their attitude level and level of confidence after taking up Chemistry. Teachers should encourage and motivate students to develop a high positive attitude towards Chemistry through skills and their ability.
Characterization of Ag-promoted Ni/SiO2 Catalysts for Syngas Production via Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Dry Reforming of Glycerol
Authors: Harun Norazimah , Gimbun Jolius , Azizan Mohammad Tazli , Abidin Sumaiya Zainal
Published: June 2016

The carbon dioxide (CO2) dry reforming of glycerol for syngas production is one of the promising ways to benefit the oversupply crisis of glycerol worldwide. It is an attractive process as it converts carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas into a synthesis gas and simultaneously removed from the carbon biosphere cycle. In this study, the glycerol dry reforming was carried out using Silver (Ag) promoted Nickel (Ni) based catalysts supported on silicon oxide (SiO2) i.e. Ag-Ni/SiO2. The catalysts were prepared through wet impregnation method and characterized by using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermo Gravimetric (TGA) analysis. The experiment was conducted in a tubular reactor which condition fixed at 973 K and CO2:glycerol molar ratio of 1, under atmospheric pressure. It was found that the main gaseous products are H₂, CO and CH4 with H₂:CO molar ratio < 1.0. From the reaction study, Ag(5)-Ni/SiO2 results in highest glycerol conversion and hydrogen yield, accounted for 32.6% and 27.4%, respectively.
Fish Bone-Catalyzed Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Sulaiman Sarina , Amin M.H.M.
Published: June 2016

The use of cheaper alternative such as waste cooking oil as substitute to vegetable oil can reduce the overall production cost of biodiesel. This research focuses on the investigation of the kinetic of waste cooking oil methanolysis using heterogeneous waste catalyst. Fish bone waste was used as the catalyst for the methanolysis of waste cooking oil. The kinetic data obtained from this study can be used to optimize the process of biodiesel production. The effects of temperature and catalyst amount were varied between 50- 65 °C and 4-10 wt % respectively. The kinetic of transesterification of waste oil, the reaction rate constant (k) and activation energy (EA) at 55, 65 and 65 °C were determined. The highest yield of biodiesel, 86 % were achieved at 6 wt% of catalyst amount, mixing of 300 rpm, methanol to oil ratio of 18:1 and reaction temperature of 65 °C. The activation energy (Ea) was 34.12 kJ/mol. This study also proves that transesterification process is not affected by the internal mass transfer due to the Thiele modulus value between 0-1.69.
Slug ascent and associated stresses during strombolian activity with non‐Newtonian rheology
Authors: von der Lieth Jost , Hort Matthias
Published: June 2016

Strombolian activity is generally assumed to be driven by overpressurized gas slugs that rise through the magma‐filled volcanic conduit and burst at the surface. We develop an analytical model for this process that incorporates a generic, depth‐dependent, and non‐Newtonian magma rheology. Our model also describes the film draining after the burst and allows for the computation of the stresses exerted on the conduit walls using a new analytical solution for the thickness of an annular film flow. Using Stromboli volcano, Italy, as reference, it was evaluated with a specifically designed, non‐Newtonian rheological model based on petrochemical data. The results show the importance of using a realistic magma viscosity model when modeling the slug ascent: A 100 kg gas slug attains its maximum overpressure of 2.1 bars about 40 s before it rapidly expands and finally bursts at only 1.4 bars. This preburst pressure drop is not reproduced by constant viscosity models. The normal stresses on the conduit wall are generally dilatational above and adjacent to the slug and constrictive below it and after the burst. In both cases their maximum values exceed 3 bars, whereas the shear stresses stay negligible. Furthermore, it was found that the slug needs to start deeper than 25 m to build up its full burst pressure. At greater depth, the burst pressure decreases because of the adiabatic slug gas. Finally, a viscous plug at the top of the conduit is shown to increase the explosive potential of the volcano significantly.
Characteristics of solar wind control on Jovian UV auroral activity deciphered by long‐term Hisaki EXCEED observations: Evidence of preconditioning of the magnetosphere?
Authors: Kita Hajime , Kimura Tomoki , Tao Chihiro , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Misawa Hiroaki , Sakanoi Takeshi , Kasaba Yasumasa , Murakami Go , Yoshioka Kazuo , Yamazaki Atsushi , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Fujimoto Masaki
Published: June 2016

While the Jovian magnetosphere is known to have the internal source for its activity, it is reported to be under the influence of the solar wind as well. Here we report the statistical relationship between the total power of the Jovian ultraviolet aurora and the solar wind properties found from long‐term monitoring by the spectrometer EXCEED (Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exospheric Dynamics) on board the Hisaki satellite. Superposed epoch analysis indicates that auroral total power increases when an enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure hits the magnetosphere. Furthermore, the auroral total power shows a positive correlation with the duration of a quiescent interval of the solar wind that is present before a rise in the dynamic pressure, more than with the amplitude of dynamic pressure increase. These statistical characteristics define the next step to unveil the physical mechanism of the solar wind control on the Jovian magnetospheric dynamics.
Detectability of temporal changes in fine structures near the inner core boundary beneath the eastern hemisphere
Authors: Yu W.
Published: June 2016

The inner core boundary (ICB), where melting and solidification of the core occur, plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the Earth's interior. To probe temporal changes near the ICB beneath the eastern hemisphere, I analyze differential times of PKiKP (dt(PKiKP)), double differential times of PKiKP‐PKPdf, and PKiKP coda waves from repeating earthquakes in the southwest Pacific subduction zones. dt(PKiKP) values are mostly within ±30 ms of one another, without systematic temporal dependence. Some observations of PKiKP coda waves have absolute time shifts of >50 ms relative to their main phases. The combination of temporal changes in PKiKP coda arrivals and negligible changes in PKiKP arrivals favors a smooth ICB with fine‐scale structures in the upper inner core. dt(PKiKP) values are interpreted in the context of melting‐ or growth‐induced ICB topography, based on dynamic models. Uncertainties in dt(PKiKP) prevent verification of ICB melting or growth on decadal time scales.
A comparative computational study of diesel steam reforming in a catalytic plate heat‐exchange reactor
Authors: Mundhwa Mayur , Thurgood Christopher P. , Dhingra Harsh , Parmar Rajesh D. , Peppley Brant A.
Published: June 2016

A two‐dimensional steady‐state model of a catalytic plate reactor for diesel steam reforming is developed. Heat is provided indirectly to endothermic reforming sites by flue gas from a SOFC tail‐gas burner. Two experimentally validated kinetic models on diesel reforming on platinum (Pt) catalyst were implemented for a comparative study; the model of Parmar et al., Fuel. 2010;89(6):1212–1220 for a Pt/Al2O3 and the model of Shi et al., International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2009;34(18):7666–7675 for a Pt/Gd‐CeO2 (GDC). The kinetic models were compared for: species concentration, approach to equilibrium, gas hourly space velocity and effectiveness factor. Cocurrent flow arrangement between the reforming and the flue gas channels showed better heat transfer compared to counter‐current flow arrangement. The comparison between the two kinetic models showed that different supports play significant role in the final design of a reactor. The study also determined that initial 20% of the plate reactor has high diffusion limitation suggesting to use graded catalyst to optimize the plate reactor performance. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1102–1113, 2017
Reduced gamma‐aminobutyric acid is associated with emotional and behavioral problems in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Rice Lauren J. , Lagopoulos Jim , Brammer Michael , Einfeld Stewart L.
Published: June 2016

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by infantile hypotonia, hypogonadism, small hands and feet, distinct facial features and usually intellectual impairment. The disorder is associated with severe behavioral disturbances which include hyperphagia leading to morbid obesity, temper outbursts, skin‐picking, and compulsive behaviors. While the brain mechanisms that underpin these disturbances are unknown these behaviors suggest a lack of inhibition and thus gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter may be implicated. In the present study, we investigated in vivo brain GABA and its relationship with emotion and behavior in individuals with PWS. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) was performed on 15 individuals with PWS and 15 age‐ and gender‐matched typically developing controls. GABA levels were measured in the parieto‐occipital lobe. All other metabolite levels (N‐acetyl aspartate, myo–Inositol, glutathione, glutamate, and glutamine + glutamate) were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). GABA levels were significantly lower in the participants with PWS who had clinically significant emotional and behavioral problems relative to typically developing control participants and participants with PWS who did not have emotional and behavioral problems within the clinically significant range. GABA levels were negatively correlated with total behavioral problem scores as well as temper outbursts, skin‐picking, depression, social relating difficulties, and a tendency to be self‐absorbed. Our data suggests that alterations of the GABAergic system may play an important role in aspects of the pathophysiology of PWS. Pathological mechanism found in PWS may be relevant to understanding the control of similar behaviors in the general population. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation of porous g‐C3N4/Ag/Cu2O: a new composite with enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhou Yuming , Cai Zhilan , She Chenguang
Published: June 2016

From previous reports, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) can be used as a photocatalyst, although the low efficiency of solar energy utilization, small specific surface area and high recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs limit its practical application. For the purpose of increasing photocatalytic activity, especially under irradiation of visible light, we successfully synthesized a new composite, namely porous g‐C3N4/Ag/Cu2O, through chemical adsorption of Ag‐doped Cu2O on porous g‐C3N4, which has not been investigated carefully worldwide. The composition, morphology and optical properties of the composite were investigated through methods including X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopies and transmission electron microscopy. Using rhodamine B as organic pollutant to be degraded under the irradiation of visible light, different mass ratios of Ag/Cu2O doped on porous g‐C3N4 led to enhanced photocatalytic performance of the composite compared to pure porous g‐C3N4. When the mass ratio of Ag/Cu2O is 15%, porous g‐C3N4/Ag/Cu2O exhibits a degradation rate 2.015 times higher than that of pure porous g‐C3N4. The reasons for this phenomenon may be attributed to the increased utilization efficiency of visible light, high‐speed separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, accelerated interfacial transfer process of electrons and increased surface area of the composite. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel‐catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig amination of pyrimidin‐2‐yl tosylates with indole, benzimidazole and 1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Gong Hai‐Peng , Quan Zheng‐Jun , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: June 2016

Nickel‐catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig amination of pyrimidin‐2‐yl tosylates with indole and benzimidazole was achieved using Ni(dppp)Cl2 as catalyst, yielding a variety of novel C2‐substituted pyrimidine derivatives in good yields. This reaction proved to be tolerant of various pyrimidin‐2‐yl tosylates bearing either electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing groups as well as nucleophiles including indole, benzimidazole and 1,2,4‐triazole. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gun Violence in America – A Tri‐Vector Model
Authors: Taxman Jeffrey
Published: June 2016

Firearms have been a part of United States' culture since America's birth. Gun violence – both heroic and horrific – has also been a long‐standing part of American culture. Over the past 20 years we have seen a rise of attempted mass shootings, called an ‘active shooter event’. The author presents a model with which to better understand the forces that may generate gun violence, particularly active shooter events, This model, called the Tri‐Vector Model, integrates strong developmental, cultural, and social forces, along with developmental neurophysiology, to explain what may lead certain individuals to believe their acts of gun violence are not only permissible but even heroic. In this paper the author presents this model as a way to better understand the etiology of rising gun violence in America, and to consider potential methods to decrease and prevent such violence.
Mimetic Muscles in a Despotic Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Differ from Those in a Closely Related Tolerant Macaque (M. nigra)
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Waller Bridget M. , Micheletta Jérôme
Published: June 2016

Facial displays (or expressions) are a primary means of visual communication among conspecifics in many mammalian orders. Macaques are an ideal model among primates for investigating the co‐evolution of facial musculature, facial displays, and social group size/behavior under the umbrella of “ecomorphology”. While all macaque species share some social behaviors, dietary, and ecological parameters, they display a range of social dominance styles from despotic to tolerant. A previous study found a larger repertoire of facial displays in tolerant macaque species relative to despotic species. The present study was designed to further explore this finding by comparing the gross morphological features of mimetic muscles between the Sulawesi macaque (Macaca nigra), a tolerant species, and the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta), a despotic species. Five adult M. nigra heads were dissected and mimetic musculature was compared to those from M. mulatta. Results showed that there was general similarity in muscle presence/absence between the species as well as muscle form except for musculature around the external ear. M. mulatta had more musculature around the external ear than M. nigra. In addition, M. nigra lacked a zygomaticus minor while M. mulatta is reported to have one. These morphological differences match behavioral observations documenting a limited range of ear movements used by M. nigra during facial displays. Future studies focusing on a wider phylogenetic range of macaques with varying dominance styles may further elucidate the roles of phylogeny, ecology, and social variables in the evolution of mimetic muscles within Macaca Anat Rec, 299:1317–1324, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“By all means let us complete the exercise”: the 50‐year search for Lapita on Aneityum, southern Vanuatu and implications for other “gaps” in the Lapita distribution
Authors: BEDFORD STUART , SPRIGGS MATTHEW , SHING RICHARD
Published: June 2016

Archaeological research on the island of Aneityum, the southernmost inhabited island of the Vanuatu archipelago (the former New Hebrides), began in 1963 under the direction of Richard and Mary Shutler. It was soon after this that William Dickinson began analysing pottery sherds from various sites across the archipelago. He ultimately went on to study hundreds of samples, including – most recently – 112 from the site of Teouma on Efate Island. Early pottery sites remained elusive in the southern islands for two decades after the Shutlers’ pioneering work and on Aneityum for nearly 50 years. Assessments of the island's geomorphology, a key aspect regularly emphasised by Dickinson, coupled with perseverance and some serendipitous test‐pitting finally led to the discovery of a Lapita site on Aneityum. Dickinson's petrographic expertise was once again called on some 50 years after research first started on the island, to contribute to initial identification of the site's significance. We examine the difficulty of finding Lapita on Aneityum through a historical lens in order to reflect back on other presumed Lapita “gaps” that remain today, such as in much of the main Solomons’ chain and – with one current exception – in Samoa. Perhaps the gaps in other regions are not as extensive as is often argued.
The effects of upper‐secondary education and training systems on skills inequality. A quasi‐cohort analysis using PISA 2000 and the OECD survey of adult skills
Authors: Green Andy , Pensiero Nicola
Published: June 2016

Research tells us much about the effects of primary and lower‐secondary schooling on skills inequality, but we know less about the impact of the next stage of education. This article uses a differences‐in‐differences analysis of data on literacy and numeracy skills in PISA 2000 and SAS 2011/12 to assess the contribution of upper‐secondary education and training to inequalities in skills opportunities and outcomes. It finds that greater parity of esteem between academic and vocational tracks, as found in German‐speaking and Scandinavian countries, has some positive effects in mitigating skills inequality. However, the most important factors seem to be high completion rates from long‐cycle upper‐secondary education and training and mandatory provision of Maths and the national language in the curriculum.
Pathogen perception by NLRs in plants and animals: Parallel worlds
Authors: Duxbury Zane , Ma Yan , Furzer Oliver J. , Huh Sung Un , Cevik Volkan , Jones Jonathan D.G. , Sarris Panagiotis F.
Published: June 2016

Intracellular NLR (Nucleotide‐binding domain and Leucine‐rich Repeat‐containing) receptors are sensitive monitors that detect pathogen invasion of both plant and animal cells. NLRs confer recognition of diverse molecules associated with pathogen invasion. NLRs must exhibit strict intramolecular controls to avoid harmful ectopic activation in the absence of pathogens. Recent discoveries have elucidated the assembly and structure of oligomeric NLR signalling complexes in animals, and provided insights into how these complexes act as scaffolds for signal transduction. In plants, recent advances have provided novel insights into signalling‐competent NLRs, and into the myriad strategies that diverse plant NLRs use to recognise pathogens. Here, we review recent insights into the NLR biology of both animals and plants. By assessing commonalities and differences between kingdoms, we are able to develop a more complete understanding of NLR function.
Simulation and visualization of adapting venation patterns
Authors: Alsweis Monssef , Deussenn Oliver , Liu Jia
Published: June 2016

This paper suggests a procedural biologically motivated method to simulate the development of leaf contours and the generation of different levels of leaf venation systems. Leaf tissue is regarded as a viscous, incompressible fluid whose 2D expansion is determined by a spatially varying growth rate. Visually realistic development is described by a growth function relative elementary growth rate that reacts to hormone (Auxin) sources embedded in the leaf blade. The shape of the leaf is determined by a set of feature points at the leaf contour. The contour is extracted from images utilizing the curvature scale space corner detection algorithm. Auxin transport is described by an initial Auxin flow from a source to a sink that is gradually channelized into cells with large amounts of highly polarized transporters. The proposed model simulates leaf forms ranging from simple shapes to lobed leaves. The third level of venation system is generated using centroidal Voronoi tessellations and minimum spanning trees, whereas the size of each cell within the Voronoi‐diagram is related to the involved quantity of Auxin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blinatumomab may induce graft versus host leukemia in patients with pre‐B ALL relapsing after hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Khan Muhammad Waqas , Gul Zartash
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical Message

Blinatumomab, a bispecific T‐cell engager monoclonal antibody used to manage Philadelphia chromosome‐negative relapsed or refractory B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can be used to treat patients by inducing graft versus leukemia reaction post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a feature which it was post allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, a feature which this drug was not aimed to do.
Electronic Structure of Manganese Complexes of the Redox‐Non‐innocent Tetrazene Ligand and Evidence for the Metal‐Azide/Imido Cycloaddition Intermediate
Authors: Vaddypally Shivaiah , McKendry Ian G. , Tomlinson Warren , Hooper Joseph P. , Zdilla Michael J.
Published: June 2016

The first synthetic manganese tetrazene complexes are described as a redox pair comprising anionic [Mn(N4Ad2)2]− (1) and neutral Mn(N4Ad2)2 (2) complexes (N4Ad2=[Ad‐N−N=N−N‐Ad]2−). Compound 1 is obtained in two forms as lithium salts, one as a cationic Li2Mn cluster, and one as a Mn–Li 1D ionic polymer. Compound 1 is electronically described as a MnIII center with two [N4Ad2]2− ligands. The one‐electron oxidized 2 is crystalized in two morphologies, one as pure 2 and one as an acetonitrile adduct. Despite similar composition, the behavior of 2 differs in the two morphologies. Compound 2‐MeCN is relatively air and temperature stable. Crystalline 2, on the other hand, exhibits a compositional, dynamic disorder wherein the tetrazene metallacycle ring‐opens into a metal imide/azide complex detectable by X‐ray crystallography and FTIR spectroscopy. Electronic structure of 2 was examined by EPR and XPS spectroscopies and DFT calculations, which indicate 2 is best described as a MnIII ion with an anion radical delocalized across the two ligands through spin‐polarization effects.
An improved anonymity model for big data security based on clustering algorithm
Authors: Yin Chunyong , Zhang Sun , Xi Jinwen , Wang Jin
Published: June 2016

The accumulation of massive data generates the new concept of big data. The relationships hidden in big data can bring great benefits, which have attracted public attentions. Meanwhile, the challenges of big data security are also more serious than ever. Privacy disclosure is one of the most concerned problems, and the privacy protection of big data is more difficult than traditional information protection. The technology of data publishing anonymous protection can provide privacy protection with the respect of data releasing. K‐anonymity and L‐diversity are two kinds of anonymity model. Their main idea is to generalize the value of quasi‐identifier and make the data accord with the model. In this paper, we propose the improved model which integrate K‐anonymity with L‐diversity and can solve the problem of imbalanced sensitive attribute distribution. K‐member clustering algorithm can translate the problem of anonymity into the problem of clustering and find a set of equivalence classes in which the records will be generalized to the same value. We utilize K‐member clustering algorithm to realize the improved anonymity model which can reduce the algorithm execution time and information loss. The integration of anonymity model and clustering algorithm makes the generalization process more efficient, which is particularly important for big data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of GATA‐3 in the work‐Up of breast adenocarcinoma and its differential diagnosis in serous effusions:
Authors: El Hag Mohamed I. , Ha Jennifer , Farag Rosemary , El Hag Amani M. , Michael Claire W.
Published: June 2016

Background

GATA‐3 is a transcription factor involved in human tissue growth and differentiation. It is a potential marker for breast carcinoma origin in metastasis and predictive of good prognosis. We aim to evaluate the role of GATA3 in determining the breast origin of metastatic adenocarcinoma in malignant effusions using immunohistochemistry on cell‐block microarray in comparison with ER and PR results.

Methods

Cell blocks from 100 cases of malignant and reactive serous effusions with confirmed diagnosis were selected; 28 mammary carcinomas, 64 extra‐mammary adenocarcinomas (gastrointestinal, pulmonary, gynecologic), and 8 reactive mesothelium proliferation as control. Immunohistochemistry on cell‐block microarray was used. Microarray slides were stained for GATA‐3, ER and PR. Nuclear staining of >1% was considered positive.

Results

GATA3, ER and PR were positive in 25 (89%), 20 (71%) and 16 (57%) of breast carcinoma cases, respectively. All non‐breast cancer cases were negative for GATA‐3 with the exception of one Müllerian adenocarcinoma (1.6%). The calculated sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of GATA3 reactivity in determining the breast origin of metastatic adenocarcinoma was 89.3% (95% CI: 71.7–97.7%), 98.6% (95% CI: 91.6–99.9%) and 96.2% (95% CI: 80.4–99.9%), respectively. GATA3 positivity was associated with ER or PR positivity in 84% of cases.

Conclusions

GATA3 is a useful marker in determining the breast origin of metastatic adenocarcinoma in malignant serous effusions. Reactivity to GATA3 may indicate good prognosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:731–736. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The abuse liability of the NMDA receptor antagonist‐benzodiazepine (tiletamine‐zolazepam) combination: evidence from clinical case reports and preclinical studies
Authors: de la Peña June Bryan , Cheong Jae Hoon
Published: June 2016

The tiletamine‐zolazepam (TZ) combination is an anaesthetic drug commonly used in veterinary medicine. It is an equal amount combination of tiletamine, a dissociative anaesthetic pharmacologically classified as an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, and zolazepam, a benzodiazepine tranquilizer. There are concerns regarding the safety profile of this drug combination due to incidents of human misuse/abuse. In this paper, we discuss the abuse liability of this drug combination based on currently available scientific evidence. We performed an in‐depth search of medical and scientific literature and found seven reported cases of human abuse of the TZ combination, two of which resulted in fatal outcomes. In most of these cases, drug administration was intentional indicating that the TZ combination was abused by humans. This finding is bolstered by the results of preclinical studies showing that the TZ combination produces rewarding effects in rats, although manifested only in pretreated subjects. Further studies revealed that the addictive effects of the TZ combination are influenced by pre‐exposure to other psychoactive drugs. Pre‐exposure to ketamine, diazepam, propofol, or ethanol facilitated the expression of the rewarding effects of the TZ combination. These findings support the hypothesis that the TZ combination was and can be used as a substitute or replacement drug. Altogether, the compiled evidence indicates that the TZ combination can potentially be abused by humans. Thus, careful use, dispensation, and monitoring of the TZ combination and associated substances are strongly advocated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zebrafish lines expressing UAS‐driven red probes for monitoring cytoskeletal dynamics
Authors: Mizoguchi Takamasa , Kawakami Koichi , Itoh Motoyuki
Published: June 2016

Actin filaments and microtubules are principal components of the cytoskeleton that regulate the basic cellular phenomena underlying many fundamental cellular processes. Therefore, analyzing their dynamics in living cells is important for understanding cellular events more precisely. In this article, we report two novel transgenic zebrafish lines expressing red fluorescent proteins tagged with Lifeact or EB1 that interact with actin filaments and microtubule plus ends, respectively, under the control of the GAL4‐UAS system. Using these transgenic lines, we could detect F‐actin and microtubule plus end dynamics in specific tissues of living zebrafish embryos by crossing with GAL4 driver lines. In addition, we could achieve multi‐color imaging using these transgenic lines with GFP‐expressing transgenic lines. Therefore, our transgenic lines that carry UAS‐driven red fluorescent cytoskeletal probes are useful tools for analyzing spatiotemporal changes of the cytoskeletal elements using multicolor live imaging.
Gastropods slow down succession and maintain diversity in cryptogam communities
Authors: Boch Steffen , Prati Daniel , Fischer Markus
Published: June 2016

Herbivore effects on diversity and succession were often studied in plants, but not in cryptogams. Besides direct herbivore effects on cryptogams, we expected indirect effects by changes in competitive interactions among cryptogams. Therefore, we conducted a long‐term gastropod exclusion experiment testing for grazing effects on epiphytic cryptogam communities. We estimated the grazing damage, cover and diversity of cryptogams before gastropods were excluded and three and six years thereafter. Gastropod herbivory pronouncedly affected cryptogams, except for bryophytes, strongly depending on host tree species and duration of gastropod exclusion. On control trees, gastropod grazing regulated the growth of algae and non‐lichenized fungi and thereby maintained a high lichen diversity and cover. On European beech, the release from gastropod grazing temporarily increased lichen vitality, cover, and species richness, but later caused rapid succession where algae and fungi overgrew lichens and thereby reduced their cover and diversity compared with the control. On Norway spruce, without gastropods lichen richness decreased and lichen cover increased compared with the control. Our findings highlight the importance of long‐term exclusion experiments to disentangle short‐term, direct effects from longer‐term, indirect effects via changes in competitive relationships between taxa. We further demonstrated that gastropod feeding maintains the diversity of cryptogam communities.
The effect of spatial scale on relative influences of assembly processes in temperate stream fish assemblages
Authors: Geheber Aaron D. , Geheber Philip Keel
Published: June 2016

Understanding how biotic and abiotic processes influence community assembly is a fundamental aim in ecology. Although spatial scales at which communities are studied may affect the relative importance of such assembly processes, spatial influences on community assembly have not been thoroughly addressed. We tested how spatial scale affects inferences of habitat filtering and competitive exclusion assembly processes in darter (Percidae: Etheostomatinae) assemblages across four temperate stream systems. We predicted competitive exclusion would influence assembly in fine‐scale assemblages, and habitat filtering would be more influential as spatial scale increased. Moreover, we assumed that habitat heterogeneity would increase with scale, and consequently alleviate direct competitive exclusion acting at finer scales. Using a framework that incorporated genetic relatedness, morphological traits, and habitat use among co‐occurring darter species, we identified ecological and evolutionary patterns of structure, which allowed us to elucidate processes of assembly. Based on phylogenetic structure, assemblages showed an increase in habitat filtering (i.e., increased phylogenetic clustering) as we scaled up from fine to intermediate assemblages; however, we found mixed signals for habitat filtering and competitive exclusion at the broadest spatial scale. While habitat filtering was found to have an overall high relative importance during assembly, we also found influence of competitive exclusion processes based on limited morphological similarity among co‐occurring species. Our results generally support an increased influence of habitat filtering processes in broader scale assemblages. Moreover, we suggest that habitat filtering and competitive exclusion processes act simultaneously during assembly, although the relative influence of each process may be spatial‐scale dependent.