bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Healthcare Organizational Ethics
Authors: Hall Robert T
Published: November 2023

This is a lucid, readable discussion of ethical questions in health care as they arise on the business or organizational level: an effort to spell out an ethical perspective for healthcare organizations. It will be of use to students in health services management programs, health care professionals, healthcare administrators, and members of healthcare ethics committees. Hall begins with the ethical analysis of decision-making in the management of healthcare organizations and then addresses some of the questions of organizational ethics through an analysis of corporate social responsibility in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations and of the problem of uncompensated care. Later chapters take up patient development, community relations, diversity, employee relations, governmental relations, regulatory compliance and medical records. The author’s analysis focuses on healthcare institutions as business organizations with many of the problems faced by corporate management in other fields but with the difference that health care holds a special place among human needs and has traditionally been viewed from an altruistic perspective. He gives special attention to the new standards on organizational ethics promulgated by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and includes many case studies not only to illustrate the main points but also to direct the reader’s attention to peripheral aspects that can complicate theses issues.
Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology and Molecular Endocrinology
Authors: Ross Ronald k. , Makridakis Nick M , Reichardt Juergen K V
Published: November 2023

The epidemiology and etiology of prostate cancer are probably the least understood of any of the numerically major cancers. Although androgens have long been thought to play an important role in prostate cancer development, this remains unproven. While there is substantial indirect evidence for such involvement (reviewed below), direct evidence is still lacking. The epidemiology of prostate cancer is controlled by two risk factors, age and race/ethniity; but there is no firm understanding of why these two factors play such a crucial role in modifying risk. Among adult cancers of epithelial origin, prostate cancer is by far the most age-related. Before the advent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a method to detect occult disease, prostate cancer was extremely rare before age 40 and very uncommon even up to age 50. However, after age 50 the rate of increase with aging is greater than for any other cancer. When age is plotted against incidence on a log–log scale for most common adult epithelial cancers (e.g., lung, stomach, bladder, and colon but with female breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers representing exceptions), one observes a straight-line relationship, although the slope varies substantially from cancer to cancer. The steepest slope (age raised approximately to the 8.5 power) is observed for cancer of the prostate. Although it is difficult to observe given the steepness of the curve, it is noteworthy that for prostate cancer the relationship is not quite linear: the slope is actually steepest in the early part of the age range in which prostate cancer occurs and then tapers somewhat with further aging.2
The White Man’s Burden: Constipation and Civilization
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

Sometime in the early 1920s, London physician A. Graham-Stewart had a 7-year-old girl brought to him for treatment. She had already been seen by several other “eminent authorities,” but none had been able to relieve the bronchitis that had bothered her throughout her life. Graham-Stewart, however, immediately realized her bronchial difficulties were only a symptom of an underlying problem. He “recognized the pronounced evidences of chronic intestinal stasis,” the emaciation, the stained skin, the feces that “could only be de scribed as a ‘filthy mess,’ grossly offensive.” X-ray examination by a colleague only confirmed the diagnosis: her intestines drooped into her pelvis, and were so kinked “that the gastric contents were imprisoned many hours.”
Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

Throughout the 1990s, juvenile crime and juvenile justice generated more public concern than any other criminal justice issue. Most juvenile justice scholars believe that this public anxiety about escalating juvenile crime rates and a lenient juvenile justice system has resulted in significant legislative change in most countries. Zimring (1998), for example, notes that “the climate of concern in the early 1990s has produced a bumper crop of legislative responses” (p. 111).
Sex Offenders and Sexual Predators
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

No form of offending provokes greater public condemnation and desire to punish than crimes of sexual aggression, especially when the victims are children. These tragic crimes attract intense news media attention, and punitive legislation often emerges in the wake of this coverage. Also, it is with respect to sexual offenders that the most extreme outbursts of “street” punitiveness occur, as witnessed by the attacks in England against innocent people suspected of being pedophiles (see chapter 3). Surveys suggest that many people believe that sex offending is on the rise, and that there has been an increase in the number of sexual predators.
The War on Drugs
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J , Indermaur David , Hough Mike
Published: November 2023

Politicians around the world have campaigned long and hard against drug offenders, who are often held up as the most visible (and harmful) evidence of declining moral standards. As such, they have been frequent targets of “get tough” campaigns in several countries, particularly in the United States. The “War on Crime” conducted around the world over the last two decades has focused considerable attention on protecting public safety through the imposition of harsher sentences on offenders convicted of drug crimes. Evidence of this can be found in the fact that the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and one Australian State (Queensland)1 have all instituted mandatory minimum prison sentences for some drug offenses.
From Crime to Drugs-and Back Again
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

The salience of the crime and drug issues declined dramatically following President Richard Nixon’s departure from office. Neither President Gerald Ford nor President Jimmy Carter mentioned crime­ related issues in their State of the Union addresses or took much legislative action on those issues. During and after the 1980 election campaign, however, the crime issue once again assumed a central place on the national political agenda. Like conservatives before him, candidate and President Ronald Reagan paid particular attention to the problem of street crime and promised to enhance the federal government’s role in combating it. Once in office, however, the institutional difficulties associated with this project led the Reagan administration to shift its attention from street crime to street drugs. Political and public concern about the drug problem increased throughout the 1980s; by August 1989 President George Bush characterized drug use as “the most pressing problem facing the nation.” Shortly thereafter, a New York Times/CBS News Poll reported that 64% of those polled-the highest percentage ever recorded-thought that drugs were the most significant problem in the United States.
Crime and Drugs in the News
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

For people living in modern society, the media are a crucial source of information about the social and political world. This is particularly true with respect to crime: over 90% of those polled report that the media is their most important source of information about this social problem.Research investigating the effects of this reliance indicates that the media play an important “agenda-setting” function: “the press may not be successful in telling people what to think, but they are stunningly successful in telling people what to think about.” Specifically, these studies report that those social issues and problems that receive a high degree of attention in the news are more likely to be identified as the nation’s most important by the viewing public. More recent research indicates that the content of media products also has an important impact on the formation of political opinions. For example, Iyengar found that stories characterized by “episodic” news frames (in which public issues are discussed in terms of specific instances) are much more likely to elicit individualistic attributions of responsibility than are “thematic” stories that place public issues in a more general and historical context. Surveys show that heavy consumers of violent television crime shows are more likely to see the world as a violent and frightening place and to adopt a “retributive justice perspective.
Industry-Level Learning and the Social Construction of Recipes
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S
Published: November 2023

This chapter1 relates to the arguments about group influences on cognition found in chapter 3 to make sense of the rapid transformations in strategic thinking concerning biotech firms over a 10-year period beginning in 1984. The biotech story that unfolds through the analysis of industry documents traces the sensemaking efforts of key actors within different subgroups of the biotech community. The study traces the evolving understanding of the benefits and disadvantages of interfirm collaborations or strategic alliances involving biotechnology firms from the first published beginnings of alliances in 1984, through a sequence of industry-wide shifts in “industry recipes” (Spender, 1989), as firms observe and learn from direct experiences and from the experiences of other firms within the industry.
The Structuration of Industries
Authors: Sigismund Anne , Huff Huff James Oran , Barr Pamela S
Published: November 2023

In this concluding chapter,1 we draw upon structuration theory, as outlined by the sociologist Anthony Giddens (1979, 1984), as a theoretic framework for extensions to the cognitively anchored theory of strategic change developed in Part I of this book. We are particularly interested in extending our theoretic arguments in ways that recognize the interdependencies between the actions of firms as knowledgeable actors and the structural conditions prevailing within an industry that influence and are influenced by the actions of firms both inside and outside the industry. Structuration theory is particularly well suited to structure-agency dualities of this sort and has received increasing attention in the management literature (Pettigrew, 1987; Ransom, Hinings &Green wood, 1980; Orlikowski, 1992; Whittington, 1992; Gibbons, Prescott & Ganesh, 1993) because it provides a means of going beyond the economic-behavioral debate that has recently preoccupied the strategy field. As an example, in this chapter we use structuration theory to explore the creative tension between incumbent firms and new entrants whose actions serve to transform the structure of the industry. The example illustrates the need to draw economic, behavioral, and cognitive theories together.
The Topology of Theft
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

The field of theft offenses displays a variety as rich as the imagination of those who seek dishonest gain. There are crimes committed in cashing bad checks, misusing credit cards, eating at a restaurant wit)10ut paying, joyriding in another person’s car, appropriating someone else’s electricity—the list goes on and on. In this book we could not canvass all of these crimes of dishonest acquisition even if we were so inclined. Our objective will be to elicit the basic structure of theft by focussing on three types of crime that have crystallized in all Western legal systems. The traditional pattern in France, Germany and the Soviet Union as well as Anglo-American jurisdictions is to recognize a crime of larceny committed by taking the goods of another, a crime of embezzlement committed by improperly keeping goods entrusted to the actor, and a crime of fraud or false pretenses, committed by fraudulently inducing another to part with his property.
Genetic Hearing Loss-A Brief History
Authors: Gorlin Robert J
Published: November 2023

References to hereditary hearing loss date from the sixteenth century. This chapter presents a very brief history of genetic hearing loss, but more comprehensive histories have been written by Stephens (26), Ruben (25), and Reardon (23). Jn the early seventeenth century Paulus Zacchias stated, “The deaf and dumb ought to abstain from marriage for the good of the commonwealth, because there is evidence they beget children like themselves ... “ (7). Autosomal dominant inheritance of hearing loss was described as early as the seventeenth century (32). ln 1814 Adams (1) reported a kindred affected in four generations and recognized the hereditary nature of otosclerosis.
“Sexes mêlés je ne SUS plus rien distinguer”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

In 1986 the French writer Anne Garréta created a minor literary sensation with her novel Sphinx. The novel was greeted as a tour de force by French critics for its complete avoidance of gender markers in connection with the two main characters. We begin our examination of the functioning of gender in French with an analysis of this novel because of its extremely marked nature. The absence of the expected gender markers demonstrates, by its effect on many different structures in the text, how these markers usually function. We focus on the techniques available in French for gender avoidance—repetition of the proper name, synecdochic lexical substitution, and deverbal nouns—and examine not only how they function, but also how their use affects other devices, demonstrating the corollary effects of pro noun avoidance on such phenomena as cohesion and empathy.
“On est quatre dans le même tas”
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

“Personal pronouns engineer gender through language, and personal pro nouns arc ... the subject matter of each one of my books,” Wittig asserts when asked about her intentions in writing (1986, 67). In wopoponax, Les Guérillères, and Le Corps lesbien, Wittig either uses a pronoun that has low frequency in literary works or invents a new pronominal form to express one of the essential messages of the text. In L’opoponax, on is used as the principal pronominal vehicle; in Les Guérillères, the story is told through the third person feminine plural, elles, while Le Corps lesbien features the first person singular neologism y/e. In this chapter, we will mainly be concerned with an examination of the epicene on of L’opoponax, Wittig’s first novel, which has far-reaching effects on almost every aspect of the text.
From Economic Theory toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of _the Firm: Conceptual Building Blocks
Authors: Krogh Georg von , Grand Simon
Published: November 2023

There is consensus among entrepreneurs, managers, academics, and consultants that we are about to embark on a new economic order: a knowledge-based economy, playing by a new set of rules (Day and Schoemaker 2000, Hamel 2000). In recent years we have seen an increasing interest in firm knowledge and innovation as the source of competitive advantage, which can be traced back to the emergence of the resourcebased perspective of the firm (Wernerfeld 1984, Dierickx and Cool 1988, Barney 1991, Mahoney and Pandian 1992, Peteraf 1993, Teece et al. 1997), the growing literature on innovation (Dosi 1982, Foster 1986, Tushman and Anderson 1986, Henderson and Clark 1990, Utterback 1994, Bower and Christensen 1995, Christensen 1997), organizational learning (Hedlund 1994, Argyris and Schon 1996, Wenger 1998), and most explicitly in the recent development of a knowledge-based perspective of strategy (Nonaka 1994, von Krogh et al. 1994, Spender 1996, Grant 1996).
Product Sequencing: Coevolution of Knowledge, Capabilities, and Products
Authors: Helfat Constance E , Raubitschek Ruth S
Published: November 2023

Why are firms different? This is one of the fundamental questions in strategic management, because the sources of firm heterogeneity underlie competitive advantage (Rumelt et al. 1994). The resource-based view (Barney 1991, Peteraf 1993, Wernerfelt 1984) and knowledge management approaches (Grant 1996) suggest that capabilities and knowledge form the basis for differential firm performance. But how do successful firms get to the point where they have superior resources and knowledge, and how do firms maintain this superiority through time? Dynamic capabilities that enable firms to introduce new products and processes and adapt to changing market conditions play an important role (Teece et al. 1997, Helfat 1997). But exactly how do firms build and deploy capabilities? We provide a conceptual model that explains how organizations can successfully build and utilize knowledge and capabilities, over long time spans, in single and multiple product markets, for continuing competitive advantage. The model further highlights the importance of products, supported by vertical chains of complementary assets and activities, to the development and exploitation of capabilities and knowledge. That is, we bring the role of products back into the analysis of resources, capabilities, and knowledge.
Exploration and Exploitation as Complements
Authors: Knott Anne Marie
Published: November 2023

One of the more persistent themes in the management literature is the tension between success in a competitive environment versus survival in a changing environment. Success in the competitive environment involves exploitation of a firm’s existing capabilities; survival in a dynamic environment involves exploration for new capabilities (March 1991, Levinthal and March 1993). In the early work, exploration and exploitation were often characterized as perfect substitutes. Strategic choice was thus presented as positioning along a continuum from exploration (high variance in activities/knowledge) to exploitation (low variance in activities/knowledge). The challenge for firms then, was “picking” the point on the exploration/exploitation continuum corresponding to the underlying rate of change in the environment. A more recent perspective suggests that exploration and exploitation are imperfect substitutes, such that there are greater returns to specialization. Once a firm engages in substantial exploitation, it is more cost-effective to increase exploitation than it is to engage in exploration, and vice versa. From this perspective, the optimal strategies for firms are the extremes of static optimization (exploitation) and dynamic optimization (exploration )-balancing is impractical.
Genes Implicated in Lip and Palate Development
Authors: Chong Samuel S , Cheah Felicia S H , Jabs Ethylin Wang
Published: November 2023

Normal development of facial structures such as the lip and palate is a dynamic, highly regulated, and complex process (Francis-West et al., 1998; Schutte and Murray, 1999). Signaling interactions control the normal outgrowth of facial primordia from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, as well as the subsequent fusion of the frontal nasal mass and the left and right maxillary primordia to form intricate facial structures such as the lip and palate. From mouse mutant models, human syndromes, and both association and expression studies, a spectrum of gene products, such as transcription factors, growth factors, and signaling molecules, are postulated to be involved in these interactions (Table 3.1). These factors interact in a series of intra and intercellular events that culminate in a developmentally significant pattern of gene expression. When the structure or expression of these genes is modified, a cleft of some type [cleft lip only (CL), cleft palate only (CP), or cleft lip and palate (CLP)] may occur. Expression of every gene is uniquely controlled, whether in its spatial or temporal pattern or in its response to extracellular signals. Transcription regulators control gene expression via activating or repressing signal-transduction pathways.
Twin Studies in Oral Cleft Research
Authors: Mitchell Laura E
Published: November 2023

Twin studies of oral clefts (OCs) have in general been undertaken to address one of two questions: (1) Are OCs in twins related to or a consequence of the twinning process? and (2) What can twins tell us about the genetic contribution to OCs in the general population of, predominantly singleton (i.e., nontwin), affected individuals? Clearly, the answers to these two questions are not independent. If OCs in twins are a consequence of the twinning process, information from twins will not be useful in establishing the genetic contribution to OCs in the general population of affected individuals. Prior to examining the literature, it is helpful to have an appreciation for some of the challenges presented by twin studies of OCs. Although OCs are relatively common malformations, the co-occurrence of twinning and OCs is rare. Population-based data from Denmark (Christensen and Fogh-Andersen, 1993a,b), which has a high ascertainment of OC cases (Christensen, 1999), suggests that only approximately 1/21,000 newborns will be a twin with an OC. Hence, it is extremely difficult to ascertain an unbiased sample of OC twins that is sufficiently large to address the questions of interest with any degree of precision. This problem is compounded by the fact that data from twins with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CUP) and those with cleft palate only (CP) must be evaluated separately since, with rare exceptions (e.g., Van der Woude’s syndrome), the etiologies of these disorders differ (Fraser, 1970). In addition, twins with syndromic forms of CUP and CP must be excluded from any analysis that focuses on the causes of nonsyndromic OCs, and monozygotic twins (i.e., identical twins derived from a single sperm and egg) and dizygotic twins (i.e., fraternal twins derived from the fertilization of two eggs) must be evaluated separately.
Segregation Analyses
Authors: Marazita Mary L
Published: November 2023

Segregation analysis refers to statistical methods that are used to determine the mode of inheritance of a trait. Segregation in this context therefore is derived from Mendel’s laws regarding the segregation of alleles in the formation of gametes (Mendel, 1866; translated by Bateson, 1902, 1909). According to the Oxford English Dictionary (Burchfield, 1986), the first usage of the word was by Weldon (1902) in his description of Mendel’s laws. Therefore, segregation analysis originated from the assessment of Mendelian patterns of inheritance, i.e., testing whether family data were consistent with a single genetic locus. Today, the term is used more broadly, to encompass tests of many types of transmission of traits not limited to Mendelian patterns. Complex segregation analysis is sometimes used to describe statistical methods that incorporate two or more distinct, functionally independent parameters (Ellandt-Johnson, 1971). The importance of inheritance in the etiology of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) has been noted by scientists for more than 200 years. The first published description of a family with several affected members was in 1757 (Trew, 1757). Charles Darwin (1875) pointed out a publication of “the transmission during a century of hare-lip with a deft-palate” by Sproule (1863) describing the author’s family. Rischbieth (1910) summarized pre-1900 publications of familial cases of CL (“hare-lip”) and CP (abridged facsimile of Rischbieth, 1910, and commentary putting Rischbieth’s conclusions into historical perspective are provided by Melnick, 1997).
Ethical Issues in the Care of Children with Craniofacial Conditions
Authors: Strauss Ronald P
Published: November 2023

Ethical issues that arise in the treatment of children with craniofacial anomalies often require health professionals, patients, and families to make difficult decisions. In this chapter, we examine the nature of ethical dilemmas and the principles that may guide ethical decision-making. A number of selected issues that affect craniofacial care are presented, but rather than providing answers to ethical dilemmas, we pose questions that readers can use to examine their own values and principles. Ethical decisions involve questions of meaning and call for a distinction between what is “right” and what is “wrong.” In the conduct of clinical care, judgments about fairness, human duty, and personal morals are ethical decisions. These are not technical questions that are meant for experts in ethics; rather, health professionals regularly make ethical decisions in clinical practice (Beauchamp and Childress, 1994; Jonsen et al., 1992). Biomedical ethics has received considerable attention because clinical practice involves a professional who is called upon to decide or recommend “what is right” for a patient. Decisions that impact the lives of others, particularly in the context of healthcare, have stimulated substantial public and professional controversy. Biomedical ethical issues that generate public and media attention highlight general social and moral issues. In some regards, ethical issues in craniofacial care are particular cases of social and moral decisions that occur in the conduct of other human matters. For example, issues that relate to the access to costly dental services are merely a subset of the issues that relate to how a society manages access to scarce resources.
The Politics of Tobacco Regulation in the United States
Authors: Kagan Robert A , Nelson William P
Published: November 2023

During the 1940s and 1950s, cigarette smoking rivaled baseball as America’s national pastime. On motion picture screens, cigarettes were depicted as wholly desirable, smoked by the glamorous and sophisticated, by gritty Gis winning World War II, and tilting up at a jaunty angle from President Franklin Roosevelt’s profile. In 1965, 52% of American adult men were cigarette smokers. Now, however, cigarettes are widely castigated as the nation’s number one public health problem. Cigarette manufacturers have been besieged by multimillion and even multibillion dollar lawsuits; their shares trade at a record low price-earnings ratio (Norris 2000). In many cities, office workers who want a cigarette break are forced to huddle outside the building’s doorway. In 1995, only 25% of American adults were smokers, and in many social circles, smoking is regarded as pathological.

This remarkable transformation is far from complete. Millions of Americans have not quit smoking, hundreds of thousands continue to die from lung cancer and other diseases each year, and teenagers still join the army of the addicted in disturbingly large numbers. Nevertheless, it seems clear that tobacco, once unchallenged, is now on the defensive, and few would bet that in 25 years the proportion of Americans who smoke cigarettes as we know them will be as high as it is today.
Medical Representations of Sexual Madness Nymphomania and Masturbatory Insanity
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century science played a critical role in the formulation and legitimation of modern gender norms and the subordination of women through naturalizing gender difference-representing as “scientific” and universal in the supposedly biological makeup of the sexes what were in fact social and prescriptive beliefs.1 Feminist studies in the history of psychiatry and on the hysteria diagnosis in particular have been groundbreaking in opening up this line of analysis.2 In stark contrast to the topic of hysteria, nymphomania has received almost no attention in the historiography.3 It played no role in the creation of famous psychiatric careers, as did hysteria in the work of Jean-Martin Charcot and Sigmund Freud.4 Rather, nymphomania was one of those vague, all encompassing, but all the more ubiquitous, terms for female sexual deviancy that floated in both medical and popular culture.5
Jews and the Criminalization of Madness
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: November 2023

Baron: And is it not true, their countenance has something that prejudices one against them? It seems to me as if one could read in their eyes their maliciousness, unscrupulousness, selfishness of character, their deceit and perjury. (G.E. Lessing, 1749)1 He has not yet shown his true character . . . through [his] mask of dissimulation he wants to escape punishment of his crime. The roguish Jew-face, the groveling flattery, the purposeful silence and withdrawal are not suited for weakening this suspicion. (Eberbach medical register, 1829-1830)2 Distinctions between delinquency and illness were ill-defined and problematic, as we have seen in the case of the masturbator Johann A. And it was precisely in this vague grey zone between the two that psychiatry was able to insert itself in defining a new mental pathology. The problem of de ciphering the difference between delinquency/ criminality and madness was further complicated and given a unique twist in the cases of Jewish patients, whose Jewishness (in the eyes of the asylum) was by definition a kind of criminality and immorality. Jewishness, in other words, represented a category of interpretation distinct from illness, one which, in turn, had become highly politicized in the debates about Jewish emancipation since the eighteenth century. Therefore, when race was used to interpret patient behavior, it constituted a form of thinking outside of the medical domain in the strictest sense. In this way, it was potentially at odds with the medical process, and could, as I will show in two case studies, function to prevent the asylum staff from seeing and treating patients as ill.
Corning and Glass
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

This book explores the relationship between Corning and glass, the material from which it (as well as its forebears) has wrought its livelihood since 1851. One hundred and fifty years is a long time. It is twice the span of the average American’s life, and many times that of the average company’s. The most august and well-known names in American commercial history Ford, IBM, Motorola, to name a few-are less than one hundred years old. A very few, like Du Pont and Procter & Gamble, can trace their origins farther back. But longevity without purpose or significant accomplishment is not particularly meaningful. To be sure, Corning’s long history has been filled with significance-for the small city that it has called home since 1868, for the generations of its employees, and for the family that founded, owned, and managed the company for virtually its entire history. But Corning’s significance has been almost as great to people and companies whose connection to the company is less direct. Very few companies have made inventions that have affected humankind profoundly.
Cutting Costs and Changing Direction, 1975-1983
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

The difficult times of the first half of the 1970s cast a pall over the entire decade for many Corning employees. Looking at the world around them, they saw continuing cause for concern in the aftermath of the Guns of August. The effects of the energy crisis lingered on during a period of low growth in the United States (less than 2 percent per year) and high inflation (well above 10 percent per year), and these conditions proved more or less characteristic of other developed countries in which Corning earned most of its revenues. The combination of low growth and high inflation culminated in a new economic condition-stagflation-and draconian monetary policies to combat it. The result was high costs, price sensitive customers, low margins, and disincentives to invest. And just when the economy finally showed signs of healing, a revolution in Iran in 1979 triggered another energy crisis and brought on the worst economic times for the industrial economy since the Great Depression.
Emphasizing Performance, Quality, and Diversity, 1983-1989
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the turbulent 1970s, Amo Houghton began thinking long and hard about the problem of succession. Although he was then in his early fifties, he had been a senior officer of the company for a quarter century and had served as chairman and CEO since 1964. The problem now was not that he lacked energy or enthusiasm. Rather, he recognized the need to create opportunities in the company for younger executives. In a series of conversations that Tom MacAvoy initiated, the two men reflected on how they had risen to the top at relatively young ages and remarked on the need to provide their successors with time to make an impact. Amo was also intrigued by possibilities of finding new contexts in which to apply his talents. Of course, there was a family tradition of leaving early. His grandfather, Alanson B. Houghton, had embarked on his political and diplomatic career while in his mid-fifties. Arno’s father, the ambassador, had begun his second career in public service at an even earlier age during World War II, then returned to the company, and left management for good at age 58.
Growing in the New Economy, 1996-
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

In april 1996, fifty-seven-year-old Roger Ackerman succeeded Jamie Houghton as chairman and chief executive of Corning Incorporated. For the first time in the company’s history no member of the Houghton family served as chairman or president, or seemed likely to in the foreseeable future. Ackerman was just three years younger than his predecessor and had spent his entire career with the company, starting in research and development. Yet his ascendancy foreshadowed changes as profound as any produced by earlier generational shifts of leadership. During his first four years, Ackerman presided over the spinoff of Corning’s lab testing businesses, the sale of the consumer housewares business, the doubling of investment in the company’s science and technology (R&D) organization, and two blockbuster acquisitions that catapulted Corning to global leadership in optical fiber, cable, and related components and systems. The change atop the company in 1996, then, marked both the end of one era:--of nearly 150 years of Houghton family leadership; of Corning as a diversified company after nearly twenty years; of Corning as a familiar name to consumers after nearly forty years-and the beginning of another.
Survive the Regulatory Process
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Ask anyone who has been through a merger—the CEOs at the top or employees at all levels who are expected to carry on with their duties—and you will learn that the most trying period is the limbo period after the merger is announced but before the two companies officially operate under one banner. So much to do but such an insecure time.
Sense and Sensibility in American Penal Culture
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

In searching for ways to address rising crime rates in the final third of the twentieth century, American policy makers got lost in a forest of good intentions, public anxieties, and political cynicism. They created a punishment system that no one would knowingly have chosen, but that we do not know how to change. Current policies are too severe, waste lives and money, and often produce unjust results. They have produced an imprisonment rate five times higher than that of any other Western country and seven to twelve times higher than most.
The Law of Sanctuary
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: November 2023

The medieval law of sanctuary permitted any person who had committed a serious crime to take refuge in a church, churchyard, or other designated place of asylum. It was a valuable privilege. In theory, and normally in practice as well, anyone who reached a place of asylum escaped vengeance at the hands of his enemies and punishment at the hands of his rulers. Sanctuary meant everything the term implied—a refuge where a person in real danger would be safe from harm.

This source of refuge was widely available in medieval Europe. Places where sanctuary might be sought could come into existence by the grants of emperors, popes, and kings and in most places by prescription as well. They could be located virtually anywhere, although churches were al­ ways regarded as the most natural sites for sanctuary, just as they have proved to be in attempts to bring the concept back to life in our own day. Churches were certainly the most numerous of the places available for asylum. Indeed, by both the canon and the Roman laws, all churches were automatically entitled to this privileged status. English lawyers commonly said that a criminal “fled to church” as a shorthand way of saying that he had taken sanctuary, and this expression was fully in line with what was done in life.
Mortuaries and The Law of Custom
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: November 2023

Medieval churches and the men who ministered within them held rights in a great deal of property, real and personal, from which they received sizable returns. The canon law did not prohibit this. Nor had the Roman law. Biblical injunctions against the corrosive effects of aspiring to wealth were distinguished away, or at any rate allowed to percolate quietly at the edges of Christian theology, and in most circles it was recognized that the members of clergy had to be guaranteed a sufficient income if they were to survive. Indeed, they needed more than a claim to subsistence if they were to flourish. The hospitality they were expected to provide for their neighbors and the alms they were encouraged to bestow upon the poor required that they them­ selves possess an adequate income. Men in holy orders were forbidden to undertake secular occupations, and they could not altogether depend upon the fluctuating and uncertain alms of their parishioners if they were to meet their pastoral obligations. Few doubted this in principle, although there was some grousing about the material consequences of these conditions in fact. Recognition of the needs of the clergy, coupled with the piety that exerted a pull upon the generosity of clergy and laity alike, made many churches and monastic houses rich.
The Nationalization of Intimacy
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The nationalization of authority over issues like abortion and homosexuality has much wider implications than my discussion so far has considered. After all, the right to privacy occupies a central place in modern American culture. This general commitment to privacy was what kept Robert Bork, despite his qualifications, off the Supreme Court, and more recently it was what kept William Clinton, despite his behavior, in the White House. Bork’s nomination was a threat to the constitutional right to use contraceptives and to choose abortion, while the impeachment charges against Clinton were a threat to the moral distinction between public political life and private sexual behavior. The power that the idea of privacy holds in contemporary society is, as everyone knows, evident in many other events and trends as well. It fuels dramatic changes in the rights of parents and the structure of family life. It underlies challenges to ingrained assumptions about appropriate conduct within the military. And, of course, it sustains the right-to-die movement.
Nationalized Political Discourse
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The somewhat misnamed constitutional right to privacy is, I have said, a part of a general pattern of nationalized discourse about intimacy. This broader phenomenon, like the analogous phenomenon of celebrity, results in cumulative cultural deterioration because policy centralization on privacy issues increases personal isolation and personal isolation, in turn, promotes policy centralization. Some degree of devolution of regulatory control over highly personal matters might, one would think, help slow this process. As healthy as such devolution might be, however, it is necessary to acknowledge that the nationalization of intimacy is itself a function of inescapable conditions of modern life. Not only on privacy issues but on issues across the board, those conditions have produced a level of political discourse that is frequently disappointing and demeaning.

It is not possible here to provide a full or systematic description of modern political discourse. I can, however, summarize an assortment of rather typical political communications, an assortment that at first appears odd and discordant but that, on reflection, forms a coherent and discouraging picture. Consider:
Lies and Nationhood
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The theme of this book has been that maintaining limits on the power of the national government depends upon certain intellectual and psychological resources and that these resources are now so diminished that there is little energy left to resist the heavy pull of the center. Our mixed structure of competing sovereigns is a complex, contradictory, open-ended system that requires a capacity to tolerate incomplete resolution, imperfection, conflict, and continuing disagreement even about fundamentals. It requires that the locus of ultimate authority remain ambiguous and that progress remain debatable and uncertain. It requires that political challenges to legally prescribed meanings not be viewed as anarchy and that deep moral disputes not be confused with chaos or warfare. It requires that individuals retain the kind of maturity and realism about intimate matters that arises from intermediate social connections and, finally, that political discourse not be degraded by the frenetic competition generated by extreme centralization.
Treatment According to Need: Justice and the British National Health Service
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: November 2023

The British National Health Service (NHS) was founded in July 1948 on the basis of three principles: universality, comprehensiveness, and free access (Webster, 1998, p. 22). That is, it was to provide health care to all, regardless of age, class, sex, religion, or geography; the care it provided was to be complete, rather than, for example, only a basic package of care; and there was to be no cost to the patient for the treatment provided. These three principals were seen as expressions of the more fundamental principle that treatment should be supplied according to need (and not, say, according to ability to pay). At first, it was thought that the NHS might be so beneficial to the country’s economy that it would constitute an overall saving, and that it would be little used once the population had been raised to a certain level of health. Almost immediately these hopes proved ill founded. In the first nine months of the NHS’s existence, real cost outran the estimated amount of just under £200 million by over £75 million (Ross, 1952, p. 15). Not only had demand been underestimated, but also the potential for development in medical science. Over the next few decades, scientists made huge advances, offering treatments hitherto unavailable, which were often of great benefit to the patient while of great cost to the NHS budget. It soon became clear that, though formally each individual might be entitled to make a demand on the NHS, the principle of free access had to be limited. To restrict usage, prescription costs and other charges were introduced. And in more recent times, the principle of comprehensiveness also has been explicitly constrained. In 1991, for example, the North East Thames health region stated that patients would not be treated for certain conditions, including the removal of nonmalignant lumps (Ham, 1992, pp. 244-5).
Children’s Right to Health Care: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Kopelman Loretta M
Published: November 2023

There seems to be a consensus that our children deserve the best we have to offer, but what do our deeds show? A test of our commitment to this lofty ideal might be to see whether state-funded health-care programs exclude children based solely on their age. I will argue that unless a special case can be made, whatever state-funded health-care treatments, specialists, diagnostic strategies, special-duty nurses, innovative care, painkillers, dental care, experimental treatments or other health care available for adults should also be available to children on the same basis. Because different programs benefit adults and children differently, however, subtle but important age biases may exist even in programs where the same benefits are provided to them. Children, for example, rarely need treatment for dementia or prostate cancer, or require long-term nursing care. In addition, systems have age biases against children when they discount long-term future benefits (Brock, 2001; 1995). Bias can also exist in the relative ease of access to gain benefits for adults and children. For example, programs for poor and near-poor children in the United States are confusing even to professionals as they try to understand the different criteria in different locations; bewildered parents can face a frustrating series of barriers when trying to use these programs for their youngsters (Pear, 2000; Schroeder, 2001). In contrast, access to Medicare, a program for older adults, is simple and effective. Upon reaching their 65th birthday, those eligible for Medicare receive a card in the mail easily used for that purpose. They can then obtain an array of federal- or state-supported programs and purchase heavily subsidized additional insurance as well. Rather than take benefits from older persons, we should at least extend them to children and test out systems for biases against children.
Justice in Transplant Organ Allocation
Authors: Rhodes Rosamond
Published: November 2023

Steadily improving transplantation survival rates and transplantation becoming an accepted treatment for more lethal medical conditions mean that the demand for transplant organs is increasing. While the number of organs donated for transplantation has increased slightly year by year, the per­centage of cadaveric organs that are donated for transplantation has remained about the same, and the numerical increase is not large enough to meet the growing demand despite national and local efforts to boost organ donation. About 4,000 Americans die each year for lack of a transplant organ (UNOS, 1999). This severe shortage of human organs for transplantation has created competition for the cadaveric organs that are donated, it and has made allocation policies highly controversial. Currently, organ allocation in the United States is administered by the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) in accordance with the 1984 National Organ Transplant Act and with oversight for equitable allocation by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). The mechanisms for organ procurement and distribution have gradually evolved and now include 11 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regions that encompass 51 Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) for organ retrieval and distribution. Together they serve 868 organ-specific transplant programs at 261 transplant centers and performed 22,854 organ transplants in 2000 (UNOS, 2001a). Presently, local patients are given priority for organs procured within the local OPO.
Aspects of Cultural Change
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In about 1830, a young British naval officer called Adolphus Slade was dining with friends on the shore of the Bosphorus and was rather surprised to hear the strains of a military band playing Rossini, coming from the direction of the Topkapi Palace. His interest aroused, he undertook some enquiries and made an interesting discovery: The band was formed, trained, and conducted by, as he said in the language of the time, a Sardinian