bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Work-Measurement Analysis to Product Disassembly for Recycling
Authors: Kroll Ehud
Published: March 2007

A method for evaluating the ease of disassembly of products is introduced Its primary use is in designing products for recycling and making environmentally-related decisions, but it is also relevant to servicing and maintenance The evaluation procedure is centered around a spreadsheet-like chart and uses a catalog of task difficulty scores The scores were derived from work-measurement analyses of standard dis assembly tasks and provide a means of identifying weaknesses in the design and comparing alternatives quantitatively The procedure of apply ing work-measurement analysis to disassembly tasks is described and demonstrated in detail A relatively simple example of disassembly evalua tion of a computer drives assembly illustrates the use of the method and its implementation as a design tool
Collaborative Mechatronic System Design
Authors: Fruchter R. , Reiner K.A. , Toye G. , Leifer L.J.
Published: March 2007

Integrated product and process development is accomplished by multidisciplinary teams To support the team approach we have de veloped ICM the Interdisciplinary Communication Medium It accommodates and integrates many perspectives within a design and manufactur ing enterprise The ICM prototype integrates a shared graphic modeling environment and network based services The graphics include 3D models of evolving designs and network based services include knowledge-based reasoning tools that critique the performance of the proposed device ICM implements an iterative communication cycle in which team members (1) propose form models in a shared graphic modeling en vironment, (2) interpret the shared graphic models as semantic discipline models (3) gather information by using the discipline models to cus tomize their search for additional discipline information (4) critique the discipline models to derive behavior and compare it to function (5) explain the results to other members of the team and (6) route change notifications for proposed changes
EKAMD—A Knowledge-Based Concurrent Engineering Support System
Authors: Su Chuan-Jun , Tseng Mitchell M. , Mayer Richard J.
Published: March 2007

In the seventies and early eighties, there was a recognition of a crisis in industries relating to a slip in the industrial competitiveness and quality of products This recognition gave rise to an increase in investment in automation and modernization of manufacturing equipment, facilities, systems, organizations, and labor management In the nineties, a shift in focus to problems in worldwide competitive position forced the recognition that many of the previous problems were actually symptoms of deeper rooted issues addressing the entire corporation from marketing and fiance through research, engineering, manufacture, and field support Among the key issues affecting the erosion of worldwide competitive position for industry are
Agility through Information Sharing: Results Achieved in a Production Setting
Authors: Gadient Anthony J. , Hines Lynwood E. , Welsh John , Schwalb Andrew P.
Published: March 2007

As organizations seek to improve their competitive position by responding effectively to the increasing rate of change in the market place, the need for agile enterprises and agile manufacturing has come to the forefront In this paper we examine the essential role that informa tion sharing plays in enabling the agile manufacturing of complex products The principle goal of an agile manufacturing interface is to provide the information sharing infrastructure necessary to enable the formation of virtual organizations and to provide them with the robust DFx mechanisms they need in order to develop high quality products in a timely, cost effective manner Results achieved from the implementation of an agile manufacturing interface in a production environment are highlighted These results include a 10 x reduction in the cycle-time required to go from design to manufacturing set-up, and a reduction in the rework for complex Printed Circuit Assemblies of up to 80%
An Integrated Design Evaluation System Supporting Thermal-Structural Iterations
Authors: Eliasson Peter , Isaksson Ola , Jeppsson Peter , Fernström Göran
Published: March 2007

In the design of high temperature components, design evaluation often requires an iterative procedure between thermal fluid and thermal structural simulations An integrated computer system providing an iterative environment for the multidisciplinary simulations re quired has been developed. The system supports iterations between thermal fluid and thermal structural simulations using two different commercial simulation packages. Traditionally, fluid and structural analysis have been simulated separately and analysis of coupled prob lems has required special, multidisciplinary simulation packages which are seldom used in early stages of design. Improving the infrastruc ture for data exchange between separate computer applications is one way to significantly reduce the lead time for design iterations. This reduction in lead-time allows multidisciplinary effects to be accounted for in early stages of design. The design system is demonstrated on an exhaust manifold, where the thermal interaction between fluid and structure is of significant importance.

The commercial simulation tools have been integrated to demonstrate the effect of automised data flow on design methodology, i.e , de sign iterations. This integration method makes use of existing features in the simulation packages and uses an export file format as the neu tral exchange format. In this way, the integrated system is simple and fast to develop which is preferred in small prototype systems and de velopment project Database integration supports a tighter integration, but requires more development effort. For design systems, where several design tools need to communicate, standardised information management procedures are preferable, following the ideas of the STEP framework.
Measuring Environmental Consciousness in Product Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Rivera-Becerra Alejandro , Lin Li
Published: March 2007

Adverse environmental impact, a consequence of the ever-increasing industrial activities since the Industrial Revolution, is a growing global problem. Corrective measures in the last several decades have proven insufficient and ineffective to remedy such environ mental damage. To protect the world we live in, it is necessary to adopt a preventive approach to environmental pollution. In order to elimi nate the problems from the very source, Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing (ECM), Design for Environment (DfE), and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) are now being pursued, falling under the paradigm of Concurrent Engineering (CE). This has led to the need of this research to define environmental consciousness, and to analyze its design implications. Environmental decision-making at the design stage of a product is considered vital to preventing negative environmental impact. Based on concems of all phases in the product life cycle, this re search defines seven criteria to measure environmental consciousness, including recyclability, reusability, maintainability/serviceability, emissions, energy consumption, materials, and durability. It also examines their significance and implications for design. Interactions among these criteria are analyzed by classifying their relationships as positive, negative, and partially positive and negative. To further quantify the degree of environmental consciousness of product design, mathematical and graphical representation of the imprecise environmental data is exemplified.
Integrity Validation of Product Data in a Distributed Concurrent Engineering Environment
Authors: Yoo S.B. , Suh H.W.
Published: March 2007

In order to accommodate today's demands of shortening product life cycle and rapid technology changes, integrated sys tems are being employed by manufacturers to support concurrent engineering (CE). In this paper, authors propose a distributed CE en vironment using STEP and database configuration methodologies. The CE environment consists of hierarchically organized database systems in which integrity of the data is maintained throughout. The working data are not allowed to be referenced by other down stream application systems until they are matured enough to be released into a global database. For efficient validation, the integrity constraints are distributed into local and global schemata. They (integrity constraints) are written in EXPRESS and are validated at both places (in local and global databases). A prototype has been built to demonstrate the major features of this distributed CE environment. By maintaining the integrity of the product data, undesirable propagation of illegal data to other application systems is prevented. Sepa rate triggering mechanisms are devised using the dependency of constraints to three different data operations: insertion, deletion, and update.
The Spiritual Genogram in Training and Supervision
Authors: Frame Marsha Wiggins
Published: March 2007

Religious and spiritual issues often surface in couple and family counseling. In this article, the author describes the spiritual genogram, which is a blueprint of family members’ multigenerational religious and spiritual affiliations, events, and conflicts. Used as a tool in both training and supervision, the spiritual genogram enables students and supervisees to make sense of their own religious and spiritual heritage and to explore the ways in which their experiences may affect their work with clients.
Shazam!!! You're a Clinical Supervisor
Authors: Riordan Richard J. , Kern Roy
Published: March 2007

Increasingly, supervision of counseling is taking on greater importance as many family and couples counselors are both giving and receiving it while they practice. If the literature is any indication, the past decade has witnessed a maturing of supervision as a distinct specialty. This article informs the reader of some basic sources important to a family counselor who has an interest in this specialty.
Social Support in Marriage: Translating Research into Practical Applications for Clinicians
Authors: Sullivan Kieran T. , Pasch Lauri A. , Eldridge Kathleen A. , Bradbury Thomas N.
Published: March 2007

How spouses support one another may be important in understanding and preventing marital distress but has received relatively little attention. Instead, the behavioral model of marriage and corresponding treatment protocols have focused on the importance of good conflict management skills in preventing and treating marital distress. This article outlines recent research indicating that couples' social support skills predict marital outcomes 2 years later, above and beyond conflict management skills. These results indicate that successful prevention and treatment programs may need to incorporate support skills training as well as conflict management training. Practical implications of this research are outlined, and specific techniques are recommended for teaching social support skills to couples.
An Adlerian Model for the Etiology of Aggression in Adjudicated Adolescents
Authors: Smith Sandy , Mullis Fran , Kern Roy M. , Brack Greg
Published: March 2007

This study investigated perceived parental rejection, family cohesion and adaptability, and levels of trait anger and anxiety and their relationship to the etiology of aggression in adolescents who have been adjudicated for assaultive crimes. An attempt was made to translate these psychological constructs into a theory-based model from the principles of individual psychology by Alfred Adler. This study supports Adler’s aggression theory, which established that aggression may begin with feelings of inferiority or anxiety within the family. When these feelings of anxiety increase, some adolescents may use anger as a safeguard to their selfesteem. Adler described this use of anger as the compensatory movement and suggested that anger used to overcome feelings of inferiority results in aggression. This intense anger appears to direct attention, interests, perceptions, and memory into paths of impulsive aggression.
Serious Mental Illness: Opportunities for Family Practitioners
Authors: Marsh Diane T.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of professional practice with families of people who have serious mental illness. Based on the expanding literature in the area, the family experience of mental illness is discussed, as well as the unique concerns of parents, spouses, siblings, and offspring. Five effective family interventions are presented along with a three-step model that can guide service providers. Finally, suggestions are offered for dealing with confidentiality and for enhancing professional practice with these families.
Ethical Issues in the Design and Use of Internet-Based Career Assessment
Authors: Sampson James P. , Lumsden Jill A.
Published: March 2007

The availability of career assessment on the Internet has led to many potential benefits for the general public and for career service practitioners. However, many potential problems also exist in terms of the design and use of Internet-based resources and services. This article discusses the ethical issues which may impact the way in which individuals and counselors access and use assessments offered via the Internet. Recommendations are offered for improving the effectiveness of Internet-based career assessment, in terms of needs for research and development, training, standards development and revision, and stable funding for the development of quality assessments. It is hoped that practitioners, test developers, and policy makers will become more aware of the issues involved and what they can do to maximize the potential benefits and minimize the potential problems associated with Internet-based career assessment.
Investigation of the Structure of Vocational Interests of Chinese College Students
Authors: Mei Tang
Published: March 2007

The study investigates 166 Chinese college students' occupational interests using the Strong Interest Inventory 1994 version in Chinese to accomplish two research goals: (a) to provide additional validity data for the Chinese version of the Strong Interest Inventory and (b) to examine the structure of vocational interests of Chinese college students and to determine whether Holland theory describes the structure of interests of Chinese students. The findings were that both female and male Chinese students have similar but not identical order of RIASEC. The factor analysis found the Basic Interest Scales did not resemble exactly the original classification.
Empirical Examination of an Online Version of the Self-Directed Search
Authors: Barak Azy , Cohen Liora
Published: March 2007

The study examined the quality and utility of online administration of the Self-Directed Search (SDS) to high school students in a career exploration workshop. An Internet-based SDS version was designed; it included automatic scoring and immediate feedback to test takers, providing a three-letter occupational code along with verbal explanation of the results. SDS was taken by participants in their homes or in school ( n = 77), and compared to traditional administration of the SDS ( n = 73), either self-scored or counselor scored. The mean internal consistency coefficient for the SDS was .90, and mean test-retest reliability (over a 6- week period) was .94. Mean correlation between the same SDS scales of participants who took both versions was .77. For this latter group, the Realistic, Social, and Enterprising scales were found to be higher in the online administration than in the paper-and-pencil administration, whereas the three other scales were not statistically different. Similar to the traditional version and consistent with previous research, the online version produced the configuration of a RIASEC-order hexagon. Participants who took the online version were more satisfied with it than those who took the paper-and-pencil version. These results highly support the further use of the online version of the SDS.
Construct Validity of Fear of Commitment as an Indicator of Career Indecisiveness
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Serling Deborah A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the validity of the Fear of Commitment Scale as an indicator of vocational indecisiveness in three samples (a total of 593 college students). Results indicated that fear of commitment was strongly correlated both with other indices of career decisional problems and progress and with measures of psychological maladjustment. Mean FOCS scores increased monotonically with number of college major changes. The construct validity and potential utility of the Fear of Commitment Scale are discussed.
Predictive Validity Criteria for Career Development Measures
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: March 2007

Which criteria should be used in predictive validity studies of career development measures? An answer to this question emerged from reviewing 15 predictive validity studies, revisiting the purpose for which career development measures were devised, and acknowledging the preeminence of validity for use. The most important criterion for predictive validity studies of career development measures is subsequent coping responses, especially in the short term. The coping responses selected as criteria should be operationally defined by indices of (a) the realism, independence, and purpose of vocational behavior and (b) movement toward suitable career choices and viable occupational plans.
Career Assessment as a Learning Tool
Authors: Krumboltz John D. , Jackson Margo A.
Published: March 2007

Career assessment instruments summarize the consequences of past learning experiences and have traditionally been used to match respondents with occupations and educational institutions. However, the instruments can also be used to suggest additional learning experiences needed by clients. Clients need not merely match current interests to occupations but can learn new interests. Current beliefs may not be nearly as useful as beliefs learned after a new look at the evidence. Values, traditionally sacrosanct, are similarly subject to change as the result of new learning. Personality preferences and inclinations were learned in the past and continue to be modified by daily interactions. Career counseling can thus be seen as a complex process of helping people design and implement a continuing series of learning experiences to enhance their lives.
The Stability of Vocational Differentiation, Integration, and Conflict: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Russ-Eisenschenk Lori , Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: March 2007

Kelly's (1955) repertory grid has been applied in vocational counseling and research for over 30 years, enjoying a number of adaptations that have had a documented impact on the structural measures it yields. This study reports, for the first time, the reliabilities associated with three structural scores derived from various forms of the vocational reptest. In general, across the three factors studied (i.e., type of construct used, favorability of occupations considered, and sex of the test taker), 1-week test-retest reliabilities were moderately high for measures of vocational differentiation (r = .73), integration (r = .75), and conflict (r = .85). Nonetheless, the range of reliabilities for various forms of the reptest indicated considerable variability, alerting the counselor and researcher to the likelihood that different forms of the vocational reptest may yield differentially stable measures.
Theory Into Practice in Career Assessment for Women: Assessment and Interventions Regarding Perceived Career Barriers
Authors: Swanson Jane L. , Woitke Mary B.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses how theory may be translated into practice in assessing women's perceived career barriers. It describes a theoretical perspective that is useful in considering the construct of perceived barriers, namely, social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), and summarizes the empirical literature regarding barriers, with particular attention to practical applications of the evidence. It then discusses how counselors might assess women's perceived barriers during career counseling and possible counseling interventions to address clients' identified barriers.
Construct and Concurrent Validity of the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire
Authors: Osipow Samuel H. , Gati Itamar
Published: March 2007

In order to examine the construct and concurrent validity of the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ), responses of 403 university students (76% freshmen) to this questionnaire as well as to the Career Decision Scale (CDS) and the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSES) were analyzed. As hypothesized, the correlation between the CDDQ and the CDS was positive (.77), and the correlations of these two questionnaires with the CDMSES were negative (-.50 and -.52, respectively). The structure of the 10 difficulty categories of the CDDQ replicated previous findings. In addition, undecided students had significantly higher CDDQ and CDS scores, and lower CDMSES scores than decided students. The implications of the findings for the assessment of difficulties associated with career decision making in counseling and research are discussed.
The Self-Directed Search and Career Self-Efficacy
Authors: Feehan Patrack F. , Johnston Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a study aimed at furthering understanding of the meaning of responses to Holland's Self-Directed Search (SDS). Drawing on current social cognitive theory, this study provides some evidence that SDS Summary scores might be predictive of respondents' future self-efficacy expectations. A significant relationship was found between responses to the SDS and an instrument specifically designed to measure career self-efficacy, the short form of the Task-Specific Occupational Self-efficacy Scale (TSOSS). Evidence for the validity of the SDS in predicting career self-efficacy is provided by the correlational patterns and gender differences shown in the responses to both the SDS and TSOSS. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
The Reliability and Validity of the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire
Authors: Lancaster Brian P. , Rudolph Charles E. , Perkins T. Scott , Patten Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

The dimensionality of career indecisiveness has continually eluded researchers for several years. These measures have been either purely theoretical or purely empirical, neglecting the other domain. A relatively new instrument, the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ), is based on a taxonomy of decision-making difficulties. This study assesses the reliability and construct validity of the CDDQ, along with differences between decided and undecided groups. The sample included 268 university students. Convergent validity was assessed using the Career Decision Scale (CDS). Discriminant validity was assessed using measures of anxiety and social desirability. The CDDQ showed convergence with the CDS, and discriminated against both anxiety and social desirability. Differences between groups were statistically significant on most decision making difficulty scales. The results provide support for the reliability and validity of the CDDQ, suggesting that this measure may be useful in attempting to understand the multidimensionality of career indecisiveness and further assist in the development of a more comprehensive and accurate theoretical perspective of the construct of career indecisiveness.
International Cooperation to Avert Global Warming: Economic Growth, Carbon Pricing, and Energy Efficiency
Authors: Decanio Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a global simulation model linking economicgrowth, population growth, and fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions. The equations of the model are estimated from historical data on a sample covering most of the countries of the world. The estimated relationships show that while increased economic output tends to be associated with higher CO2 emissions, a rising standard of living also slows down population growth and leads to reduced energy consumption per unit of output. The implication is that, under "business as usual" scenarios, the increase in carbon dioxide emissions is relatively insensitive to rates of economic growth over the medium term (50-70 years). This result suggests that promotion of economic growth in the developing world is likely to be the most effective policy for combatting global warming, because the increased wealth that a pro-growth policy will produce will make it easier for the world to improve energy efficiency and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
The Climate Change Negotiations: Berlin and Beyond
Authors: Rowlands Ian H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview and analysis of this conference, paying particular attention to both the specific outcomes and the more general emerging trends. Four major areas will be addressed. First, the context of the conference is described and the negotiating positions of the major players identified. Second, the most significant outcomes of the conference are examined, with an emphasis upon the decisions on the "adequacy of commitments" and "joint implementation." The third and fourth sections identify the highly probable and more speculative elements of thefuture international response to the climate change challenge. The article will conclude with the argument that it is too early to judge the ultimate significance of the Berlin Conference, which will only be determined over the next two years. During this period, we will come to see how the national debates within different countries on the issue of climate change will proceed. This will determine whether the Berlin Conference is ultimately seen as a key turning point in the debate, or simply another international gathering.
Economic Development and Air Pollution Abatement: A State-Level Policy Simulation of the 1990 Clean Air Act
Authors: Nelson Jon P. , Anderson William D. , Passmore David L.
Published: March 2007

This study simulates the economic development effects of several alternative policies for control of air pollution emissions in the state of Pennsylvania. Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, which require states to attain and maintain the ambient standard for ground-level ozone pollution, Pennsylvania and the other northeastern states must consider the possible adoption of the California standards for automobile tailpipe emissions. We simulate the economic effects of such a program for low-emission vehicles (LEV) using a regional economic model for Pennsylvania, and compare the economic impacts of the LEV program to two alternative policies that would require additional emission reductions: industrial point source controls (PSC) and mandatory use of cleaner reformulated gasoline. Although the relationship between the proposed controls and economic development is negative in each case, the magnitude of the impact is modest, and the effects of the LEV and PSC options have approximately the same magnitudes. However, larger effects occur when combined effects of programs are considered, suggesting that policy makers need to be sensitive to the simultaneous effects of policies.
Sustainable Development in Laos: Prospects for a Green Future
Authors: Tookey Douglas L.
Published: March 2007

The Lao public and government are becoming increasingly aware of sustainable development issues. Laos is also beginning to develop a comprehensive body of domestic legislation to deal with conservation and pollution issues. The government plans to adopt a framework environmental law soon and has demonstrated a firm commitment to care for the environ ment by pursuing a variety of training programs and projects. As Laos prepares to enter the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), where it will take part in the ASEAN Ministerial Meetings on the Environment, it also hopes to become a party to various international environmental conventions. The prospects for sustainable development in Laos appear hopeful. Success depends on a coordinated environmental approach between the central government and the provinces, the adoption of a framework environmental law, and additional domestic legislation, strong enforcement efforts, and increased environmental awareness.
Lessons of Nafta for Apec
Authors: Spalding Mark J.
Published: March 2007

Few environmentalists and trade liberalization proponents ask whether it is possible to promote trade liberalization while maintaining or increasing the level of environmental protection. The practice is to keep trade and environ mental agreements separate or to integrate them into one system. To keep them separate contemplates the need for conflict resolution, and integration suggests that conflict avoidance is the correct solution. This article argues that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) model provides significant lessons for the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) forum's attempts to liberalize trade while protecting the environment. APEC seems committed to separate treatment of environmental issues. This study reviews North Amer ica's blend of direct integration and linked but parallel agreements, arguing that whereas some of the balances are not ideal, this approach suggests some solutions to increase APEC's level of environmental protection at the same time that trade is liberalized.
Magnetoencephalography as a Noninvasive Probe of Brain Activity: The State of the Art
Authors: Poolos Nicholas P.
Published: March 2007

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a technique for visualizing brain electrical activity by noninvasive recording of associated magnetic fields. MEG has been used to study so matosensory mapping of the human cortex, waves of thalamocortical activation during wakefulness and sleep, and the localization of seizure foci in epilepsy patients. MEG tech niques are still in development, and its use as a tool for real-time imaging of brain electrical activity will depend on advances in the underlying technology. The Neuroscientist 1:127- 129, 1995
■ REVIEW : Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor: A Treatment for stroke?
Authors: Lin David A. , Finklestein Seth P.
Published: March 2007

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a polypeptide with potent trophic effects on brain cells. In particular, bFGF promotes the survival and outgrowth of brain neurons, and protects neurons against toxic processes that are important contributors to cell death after cerebral ischemia (stroke). Recent studies in animal models have suggested two potential uses of exogenously administered bFGF for the treatment of stroke: 1) intra venous bFGF to reduce infarct size in acute stroke, and 2) intracisternal bFGF to enhance neurological recovery in chronic stroke. Human clinical trials of the first of these applications are currently in progress. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:247-250,1997
Activation is Hallucinogenic and Antagonism is Therapeutic: Role of 5-HT2A Receptors in Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Actions
Authors: Roth Bryan L. , Willins David L. , Kristiansen Kurt , Kroeze Wesley K.
Published: March 2007

This review summarizes recent studies with 5-hydroxytryptamine2A(5-HT2A) receptors, which represent the major site of action of hallucinogens and a likely site for atypical antipsychotic drug actions. We present evidence demonstrating that atypical antipsychotic drugs, as a group, have a preferentially high affinity for 5-HT2Areceptors, compared with their affinities for other neurotransmitter receptors. The 5-HT2Areceptor blockade seen with atypical antipsychotic drugs is probably an essential factor in explaining many of the unique features of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic drugs have high affinities for several other 5-HT receptors (5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7), and the potential role of these novel 5-HT receptors in atypical antipsychotic drug action is also summarized.
Team Research Using Qualitative Methods: Investigating Children’s Involvement in Clinical Research
Authors: Hall Joanne M. , Stevens Patricia E. , Pletsch Pamela K.
Published: March 2007

With changes in U.S. federal guidelines mandating inclusion of children in clinical research, more and more children are being sought as subjects in clinical trials. As research participants, children are more vulnerable than adults because of cognitive and emotional development, legal capacity, level of autonomy, and dependence on family influence. The purpose of this article is to describe the methods and process of a family-focused qualitative study of the clinical research experiences of ill children and their mothers, fathers, and siblings. This research, undertaken by a team of investigators, was designed to result in understanding family members’ perspectives on research involving children and recommendations for optimal ways to obtain informed consent and conduct clinical research on children.
The Impact of Children With Chronic Health Problems on Marriage
Authors: Eddy Linda L. , Walker Alexis J.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined the impact of having a child with a chronic illness or handicapping condition on marital quality and on perceived marital stability. Using data from the National Study of Families and Households (NSFH), married parents caring for a child with a chronic illness or disability (n = 94) were contrasted with married parents of well children (n = 3,693). Data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. Neither marital quality nor perceived marital stability differed between the two groups. These results call into question assumptions that children with special needs irreparably harm marriages.
Communication and Utilization of Science in Developing Countries
Authors: CASTILLO ALICIA
Published: March 2007

Ecology has a major responsibility in solving environmental problems. In Mexico, scientific institutions need to contribute more to the practical use of their research findings, especially with regard to the rural management of ecosystems. Based on the framework of the Ecological Information System, two surveys were conducted among ecologists and nongovernmental organizations in Mexico. It was found that ecology has a great deal to contribute to environmental problem solving and that nongovernmental organizations function as links between science and rural producers, such as agriculturists, cattle ranchers, forest extractors, hunters, gatherers, and fishermen, although these interactions should be strengthened. Suggestions are made for the design of new forms of communicating science within scientific institutions that contribute to the utilization of scientific results.
Multiskill Research
Authors: Porter Alan L. , Rossini Frederick A.
Published: March 2007

Crossdisciplinary research plays a major role in addressing many problems of intellectual and societal importance. We describe a framework to characterize such projects that replaces "discipline "by "intellectual skills." We applied this framework to study 40 National Science Foundation-sponsored projects. We found that the intellectual skills varied widely among projects in depth, range, andform. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we found that many academic departments were "open" to broad ranging skill acquisition and use. Unfortunately our evidence found NSF peer review processes unfavorably disposed to multiskill projects. Lastly, we discuss various approaches to organizing and practicing such research.
Commentary
Authors: Perloff Robert
Published: March 2007

In this article, an argument is advanced for essentially unrestricted dissemination of research results, including preliminary findings, on the basis that restrictions are not only prior restraints on free speech, but are also inimical to the interests of science, public policy, and the common good.
The Intellectual Property of Sovereign Tribes
Authors: GREAVES TOM
Published: March 2007

This article discusses how indigenous groups are using intellectual property rights (IPR) law and how these rights are being expanded. Indigenous groups and their advocates in the United States, Canada, and other countries are experimenting aggressively with IPR to solve a keenly felt problem: how to gain control over what outsiders can use of indigenous culture. The main instruments of intellectual property are ill suited for this job; however, the applications of IPR for tribal groups are not negligible and are providing some legal protections. Indigenous groups and their advocates are also conducting an extensive global campaign to modify or supplement existing IPR instruments to make them more useful for protecting traditional culture. In the interim, indigenous groups are relying on measures at the level of their reservations and tribal governments that, in varying degrees, impose some collective control over outsiders' unfettered appropriation of their cultural information.
Gender-Specific Cancers, Gender-Specific Reporters?
Authors: CORBETT JULIA B. , MORI MOTOMI
Published: March 2007

This research investigated the role of reporter gender in reporting about sensitive genderspecific cancers. On ABC, CBS, and NBC national newscasts from 1972 through 1995, male reporters presented 75 percent of all gender-specific cancer stories, delivered more stories over time, and delivered 96 percent of male-cancer stories and 72 percent of female-cancer stories. Female reporters delivered fewer female-cancer stories over time and never broke the sensitivity barrier regarding male-specific cancers. Male reporters delivered cancer as a science story, focused on treatment and therapy, and mentioned more medical research, journals, and organizations. Female reporters were more likely to report on health policy or famous women with cancer.
Commentary: To the Future— Arguments for Scientific Literacy
Authors:   JANE MAIENSCHEIN AND STUDENTS: Arizona State University
Published: March 2007

Even while demanding improvements in science education because of a deplorable lack of scientific literacy, advocates do not agree about what they mean. “Scientific literacy” has become a buzz phrase to capture different things, a confusion that is useful at times because it allows people to think they agree when they really do not. Yet, hiding disagreements also keeps us from understanding how we might make things better. This commentary explores the most common meanings and distinguishes scientific literacy—or the democratic having of creative, scientific “habits of mind” by everybody—from science literacy—or the having of particular scientific knowledge by trained experts. Both are important, and we must not lose track of the more difficult and long-term goal of achieving scientific literacy for everybody in the urgency of producing short-term results in the form of scientific knowledge by the few.
Commentary: Young Scientists' Participation in the World Conference on Science
Authors: LEDOUX LAURE
Published: March 2007

The International Forum of Young Scientists met just prior to the World Conference on Science as one of the conference satellite events, and a few of the young scientists participated in the conference itself. Among other things, the young scientists petitioned for the establishment of the International Forum of Young Scientists (IFYS) as a permanent structure supported by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
What Cognitive Science Tells Us about the Design of Reports for Consumers
Authors: Vaiana Mary E. , McGlynn Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

The health services literature contains many articles related to expanding and refining quality measures. But the rich body of empirical research on how people process information has rarely been applied to the challenge of presenting complex information about health care in ways that facilitate its comprehension and use. In this article, the authors review key findings from this research. Based on their review, the authors develop some general principles for presenting information and demonstrate their utility by assessing three Web sites that report performance data.
Police Reporting and Professional Help Seeking for Child Crime Victims: A Review
Authors: Finkelhor David , Wolak Janis , Berliner Lucy
Published: March 2007

Most crimes with child victims are not reported to police, nor do child victims access other professional victim services, despite evidence that these yield positive outcomes. This article develops a conceptual framework about the barriers to such access: (a) the reluctance to define the crime episodes or their consequences as serious, criminal, harmful, or warranting intervention; (b) the extra authorities, including parents and schools, who mediate between victims and police or services; (c) developmental issues, such as concerns about autonomy; (d) attitudinal and emotional obstacles; and (e) time and expense factors. This article suggests the need for initiatives to stimulate reporting and help seeking, such as more publicity about the seriousness of juvenile victimization, more justice-system involvement with schools, more child and family friendly police services, and an emphasis on attractive outcomes such as justice and empowerment.
Social Support, Self-Worth, and Depression in Offending and Nonoffending Mothers of Maltreated Children
Authors: Kinard E. Milling
Published: March 2007

Offending mothers of maltreated children were compared twice, one year apart, with nonoffending mothers of maltreated children on measures of social support, self-worth, and depressive symptoms. Offending mothers generally did not differ from nonoffending mothers on perceived social support or self-worth. The two groups did not differ on depressive symptoms at the first interview (Time 1), but depressive symptoms decreased more over time for nonoffending mothers than for offending mothers.

Perceptions of low social support from family and friends were the strongest predictors of more negative perceptions of self-worth and greater depressive symptomatology at Time 1. At Time 2, support from friends remained a significant independent predictor of self-worth and depressive symptoms, but support from family was no longer significant. Mothers whose children experienced a repetitive pattern of maltreatment and mothers who were not offenders had more depressive symptoms at Time 1. Single mothers experienced more depressive symptoms at Time 1, while lower education was associated with increased depressive symptoms at Time 2. The findings have important implications for planning interventions with maltreating families.
Community and Professional Definitions of Child Neglect
Authors: Dubowitz Howard , Klockner Annabella , Starr Raymond H. , Black Maureen M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the views on child neglect among African American and White community members of middle and low socioeconomic status and contrasted their views with those of professionals in the field of child maltreatment. Vignettes concerning an imaginary 18-month-old child were factor analyzed into Physical and Psychological Care scales. There were small but significant differences, with both middle-class African American and White community groups showing greater concern for psychological care than the lower class African American group. Both groups of African Americans were more concerned than middle-class Whites about physical care. Overall, there is considerable agreement among the community samples in their views of what circumstances are harmful to children; professionals in the field appear to have a higher threshold for concern.
Assessing Maltreatment of Children of Battered Women: Methodological and Ethical Considerations
Authors: Kerig Patricia K. , Fedorowicz Anne E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews considerations to be made when assessing maltreatment in children of battered women and offers guidelines to improve research and practice in the field. Methodological problems regarding the measurement of child maltreatment experiences are discussed. Next, techniques appropriate for assessing maltreatment of children of battered women are reviewed, including parent questionnaires and interviews, children's reports, case record reviews, and observations. In addition, ethical concerns are addressed, particularly regarding the consequences to battered women when investigators are required to breach confidentiality and report suspected maltreatment to child protection authorities. Practical suggestions are offered regarding how these problems might be resolved.
Prevalence, Case Characteristics, and Long-Term Psychological Correlates of Child Rape among Women: A National Survey
Authors: Saunders Benjamin E. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Hanson Rochelle F. , Resnick Heidi S. , Walker Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Using telephone interview methods, a national probability sample of adult women was screened for a history of completed rape in childhood, and characteristics of child rape incidents were assessed. All respondents were evaluated for a history of major depressive episode, post-traumatic stress dis-order (PTSD), and substance use problems. Implications of the results for prevention, intervention, and future research are discussed.
Survival Analysis of Risk Factors for Recidivism in Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Marshall David B. , English Diana J.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to examine, in an ecological context, the relative importance of risk factors for chronic recidivism in child abuse/neglect (CA/N). Survival analysis of multiple referrals to Child Protective Services (CPS), supplemented by neural network analysis, shows that a constellation of risk and other factors are associated with the likelihood of recidivism of CA/N. Caregivers distinguish families with multiple referrals by their history of abuse or neglect as children, abuse or neglect that began at an early age, having children with developmental delays, and having multiple victims in the family. Time to rereferral decreases with an increasing number of prior referrals, and there is a marked difference in the time to the first rereferral when compared to subsequent rereferrals. This indicates that referral to CPS reflects conditions that increase the likelihood of additional referrals to CPS. Administrative factors account for some of the variance in multiple referrals.
Effects of Clothing and Behavior on Perceptions Concerning an Alleged Date Rape
Authors: Johnson Kim K. P. , Lee MiYoung
Published: March 2007

The use of schemata in social cognition was the theoretical framework for this quasiexperimental study that investigated the relative effect of clothing, behavior, and participants' sex on perceptions surrounding an alleged date rape. A convenience sample of 368 individuals (men = 160, women = 208) read vignettes that manipulated the independent variables in a description of a date. After reading the vignettes, participants responded on Likert‐type scales to questions measuring their perceptions, including whether or not a rape had occurred. Participants were asked to provide reasons for each of their responses. Data were analyzed by using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs), analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and qualitative techniques. Although the victim's clothing did not result in significant differences, the victim's behavior and participant's sex were statistically significant influences on participants' perceptions.
Consumer Preferences for Seasoned Lean Ground Beef, Turkey, and Emu
Authors: Holben David H. , Holcomb John P.
Published: March 2007

This study determined the acceptability of seasoned ground emu compared with seasoned ground beef and turkey by untrained consumer panelists and assessed factors that may influence acceptability. Eighty‐four untrained consumer panelists preferred seasoned ground beef and turkey over the seasoned ground emu for appearance, tenderness, flavor, texture, aftertaste, and overall acceptability. Ethnic background, education level, income, and area of upbringing did not influence acceptability of emu by the untrained consumer panelists; however, gender and level of education significantly affected meat‐appearance ratings by the participants. Unfamiliarity with emu or its lower fat content may have influenced the results.