bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inverted-profile coaxial jet flows relevant to Astovl applications
Authors: Knowles K. , Kirkham L.
Published: February 2023

An experimental investigation has been performed into the free jet and wall jet characteristics of high pressure ratio coaxial jets operating with inverted velocity profiles and impinging onto a ground plane. Pitot-static probes have been used to record free jet properties at various distances from the jet exit plane, and wall jet properties of the impinging jets at various radial positions. Jet properties such as velocity decay and spreading rates were calculated and compared to published literature. Wall jet development was investigated and recorded. Inner and outer nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) were altered to give a range of jet exit conditions. The results obtained showed variations in the wall jet properties as jet exit conditions were altered, but wall jet self-similarity was found and varying either nozzle height above the ground plane or NPR did not alter this. Free jet data showed large variations in behaviour with changes in NPR. The inverted profile jets behaved similarly to annular jets, showing similar characteristics. Inner jet pressurisation was observed for inverted profile jets and also significant acceleration of the flow from the inner, lower NPR, jet when this was subcritical.
Inviscid and viscous simulations of spoiler performance
Authors: Xu C. , Yeung W. W. H. , Guo R. W.
Published: February 2023

Inviscid and viscous computational models have been used to predict two-dimensional steady separated flow around an aerofoil with a spoiler. First, an attempt is made to construct an inviscid panel method in which piece-wise linear vortex panels are placed on the aerofoil and spoiler. The separated region is modelled with potential flow analysis by using free vortex sheets placed on the separation streamline from the spoiler tip and aerofoil trailing-edge. The shapes of the vortex sheets require an iteration to be established. The calculation is based on an assumption of the length of the free vortex sheets. Second, a viscous procedure based on a finite control volume scheme is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for turbulent flow by making used of the k-ε model. An algebraic pressure correction is incorporated in the calculation. The predictions from the two models are in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements.
A review of current analysis capabilities applicable to the high frequency vibration prediction of aerospace structures
Authors: Langley R.S. , Bardell N.S.
Published: February 2023

Many situations arise in which aerospace structures are subjected to high frequency excitation, in the sense that the wavelength of the induced dynamic response is much shorter than the overall dimensions of the structure. The application of the conventional finite element method to this type of problem faces two difficulties: (i) the short wavelength of the structural deformation requires the use of many elements, which renders the method computationally expensive or even impracticable, and (ii) the response of the structure at high frequencies can be very sensitive to structural detail, and thus response predictions for an ‘ideal’ structure may differ significantly from the performance of the actual system. For a number of years research effort has been directed towards the development of alternative analysis methods for high frequency vibrations, and recent developments in this area are reviewed in the present paper. The methods considered are: (i) hierarchical versions of the finite element method, (ii) the dynamic stiffness method, (iii)periodic structure theory, (iv)statistical energy analysis and (v) wave intensity analysis.
The influences on optimal structural designs of the modelling processes and design concepts
Authors: Anastasiadis P. T. , Morris A. J. , Hornlein H. R. E. M. , Krammer J.
Published: February 2023

The paper examines the influence on optimal structural designs of changing the design criteria and concepts for an unmanned air-vehicle wing, for both single and twin-spar rib configurations. The results indicate that the influence of such factors as panel buckling, aeroelastic efficiency, the number of design variables and the number of ribs can be significant. It is also shown that the best design is given by the twin-spar layout.
A generic control anticipation parameter for aircraft handling qualities evaluation
Authors: Gautrey J. E. , Cook M. V.
Published: February 2023

The established control anticipation parameter longitudinal handling qualities criterion is based on the assumption that the short term dynamic response of the aeroplane is classical, or second-order-like. Modern fly-by-wire aircraft often have longitudinal short term dynamics which are not second-order-like and to which it is difficult to apply the criterion. This paper presents a proposed generic control anticipation parameter which is a modified version of the control anticipation parameter and which may be applicable to both unaugmented and augmented aircraft of all types. The appropriateness of the modified criterion was illustrated by designing a number of command and stability augmentation control laws, constrained to meet the criterion, for application to a medium weight fly-by-wire civil transport aircraft. The handling characteristics conferred by the control laws were assessed in a series of flight simulator trials, the results of which are briefly presented.
Innovative approaches to composite structures
Authors: Potter K. D. , Wisnom M. R. , Lowson M. V. , Adams R. D.
Published: February 2023

The precise birth date of the aerospace composites industry cannot readily be identified; perhaps one should really talk about its rebirth as the first aircraft relied on natural composites such as wood. McMullen gives 1946 as the date that work on cellulose based composites for aircraft use was abandoned in favour of much more stable inorganic reinforcement fibres. This change in the direction of approach was crucial to further developments and can be thought of as marking the start of the aerospace composites industry that can be seen today. Whatever the exact date the industry is now about 50 years old so this golden jubilee edition seems an appropriate place to look at the constraints on the use of composite materials and at recent work at Bristol University aimed at reducing these constraints.
Experiments on cruise propulsion with a hydrogen scramjet
Authors: Stalker R. J. , Paull A.
Published: February 2023

Measurements of drag have been made, in a shock tunnel, on a simple integrated vehicle-engine combination for hypersonic cruise with hydrogen scramjet propulsion. The test flow Mach number was 6·4, and the velocity was 2·45 kms-1. Zero drag, which is the necessary condition for cruise, was achieved as the equivalence ratio approached one. It was found that an analysis using established aerodynamic concepts was adequate for predicting drag in the case of no combustion. When combustion occurred results of direct connect experiments provided a qualitative guide to the measured levels of drag, and indicated that thrust nozzle combustion was taking place. An heuristic analysis is used to point to the important effect this may have on propulsive lift.
An airborne windshear detection system
Authors: McLean D. , Zouaoui Z.
Published: February 2023

For a long time there has been growing awareness in the international aviation community of the considerable danger which an encounter with the atmospheric phenomenon of windshear can bring to an aircraft in flight. Considerable statistical evidence is now available which points to the fact that aircraft windshear encounters in initial climb, final approach, or landing are extremely hazardous, often leading to fatal accidents. The paper presents details of a preliminary design for an airborne windshear detection system suitable for use in general aviation aircraft. First, an elementary explanation of windshear, and its most dangerous form, the microburst, is given, together with a short account of the hazards that such atmospheric phenomena can present to aircraft in flight, particularly at takeoff and landing. Then a novel windshear detection algorithm is described and associated simulation results are presented. The algorithm is based upon observer theory and uses only a restricted number of measurements. The system is shown to provide very good estimates of the horizontal and vertical components of some windshear encounters. These estimates of the windshear components are then used to provide the pilot with a warning of the presence of windshear together with an indication of its severity. Digital simulation has been used to show the effectiveness of the proposed design.
Performance of straight-walled annular diffusers with swirling flow
Authors: Klomp E. D.
Published: February 2023

Performance data are presented for eight annular diffuser families, a family being defined by the inner and outer cone angles and the inlet hub-tip ratio. These results include profiles of velocity and total pressure across the inlet and outlet lanes as well as overall pressure recovery coefficients. Diffuser outer cone angles range from 10° to 60° and inner cone angles from 59° to -19°. Swirl angles were varied from 0° up to 44°. Each diffuser family was tested over a range of lengths and swirl angles resulting in over ninety different tests. A procedure for extending the non-swirling definition of effectiveness to swirling flows is presented and used to evaluate a limiting swirl angle for separation for free-vortex-type inlet swirl. Comparisons are made to several measured values of flow separation. Some experimental diffusers exhibited a violently unsteady hub stall which apparently consisted of rotating reverse flow regions.
Studies of vortex flaps for different sweepback angle delta wings
Authors: Rinoie K.
Published: February 2023

Low speed windtunnel measurements were made on a 50° delta wing with leading edge vortex flaps. Improvements in the lift/drag ratio were obtained by deflecting the leading edge vortex flap. Comparisons were made between the previously measured 60° and 70° delta wing results and the present 50° wing results. Improvements in the lift/drag ratio of the 50° delta wing were attained over a wider lift coefficient range than for the 70° delta wing. The highest lift/drag ratio for the 50° delta wing is achieved when the flow attaches to the flap surface without any large area of separation. Estimations of the aerodynamic forces were also made using a quasi-vortex lattice method coupled with the leading edge suction analogy for the 50°, 60° and 70° delta wings. The results obtained from this analysis agree qualitatively with the experimental results.
Operational experience and test results in the adaptive test section of the DLR transonic tunnel
Authors: Holst H. , Bock K-W. , Lorenz-Meyer W. , Oberdieck F. , Hermes M.
Published: February 2023

The transonic facility of DLR Göttingen (TWG) has been modernised with respect to an improved flow quality and flow simulation, as well as to the logistics of exchangeable test sections, operational reliability and productivity. It is presently equipped with a Laval nozzle for supersonic flow measurements, a perforated test section (6% open, 60° slanted holes) for transonic measurements, and a two-dimensional adaptive test section for subsonic measurements. The latter can perform two-dimensional adaptive tests on wing profiles, using the Cauchy integral formula for wall adaptation, as well as two-dimensional wall adaptation for three-dimensional models, utilising the Wedemeyer/Lamarche procedure, also known as the VKI method. For both cases, it is shown that the wall adaptation was successful. The 3D force results compare quite well to test results from the perforated test section, as well as to nominally interference-free results. The pressure distribution from the wing profile tests compare quite well to theoretical calculations. In the course of windtunnel modernisation, the transonic facility of DLR Göttingen has been equipped with the new software system DeAs for data acquisition and control of experimental facilities. In this environment the wall adaptation programs had to be implemented. Before adjusting the computed wall shape, it has to be controlled in the loop for sufficient accuracy and tolerable bending stresses. A simplified finite element method — also taking into account the pressure loads at the wall — is used for this purpose. The simplified approach has been checked against more detailed computations using ANSYS and NASTRAN.
Windtunnel testing of parachutes for the Huygens probe
Authors: Underwood J. C. , Sinclair R. J.
Published: February 2023

Windtunnels are generally used for testing models of solid, aerodynamic objects, such as aircraft. The test articles are generally manufactured to have a representative external profile but provide sufficient strength to survive the harsh windtunnel environment without damage to the test article or tunnel. It is somewhat unusual, however, to test lightweight, high drag, fabric models (i.e. parachutes) in supersonic flow.

This paper describes the testing carried out on the parachutes for the Huygens probe, the techniques developed for the testing and the lessons learned.

Tests were carried out to characterise the drag coefficient of the parachute designs throughout the Mach range of 0.05 to 1.5, and the stability coefficients at incidences of up to 15° at low Mach numbers.
Numerical modelling of unsteady flow in a twin side-by-side intake system
Authors: Causon D. M. , Ingram D. M.
Published: February 2023

The unsteady flowfield in a twin side-by-side intake arrangement arising as a result of a surge in one of the engines has been studied numerically by solving the Euler equations. Unsteadiness was introduced by prescribing a pressure disturbance at the exit plane of one of the intakes. The two cases considered correspond to static ground-running of the engines and a flight Mach number of 0.6 with a single rapidly increasing exit plane pressure disturbance representative of a pop surge. The amplitude of the imposed pressure disturbance varied between 100% and 200% of the mean exit static pressure. In the cases considered, the results indicate that static pressure attenuation of the propagating hammer shock occurs upstream of the intake entry plane, resulting in a relatively weak rarefaction wave travelling down the adjacent intake. No evidence of increased dynamic flow distortion likely to lead to a complementary surge in the adjacent engine was observed. These conclusions have been confirmed by available test data thus demonstrating the value of CFD techniques for modelling complex unsteady transient flow phenomena of this type.
Low thrust orbit raising with J2 regression
Authors: Mclnnes C. R.
Published: February 2023

Closed form solutions for low thrust orbit raising are well known for mission analysis and vehicle performance prediction. This paper provides extended solutions which include nodal regression through the effect of the J2 oblateness term in the geopotential. Since regression is a strong function of orbit radius, the resulting change in ascending node angle is coupled to the in-plane orbital motion. However, it is demonstrated that the resulting dynamical equations may be separated and solved sequentially. Nodal regression during orbit raising is of importance for solar electric vehicles due to the resulting variation of sun aspect angle and eclipse conditions.
On the prediction of aerofoil unsteady stall criticality
Authors: Graceyt M. W. , Coton F. N. , Galbraith R. A. McD.
Published: February 2023

For practical purposes, it is beneficial to be able to predict the useful operating range of an aerofoil in oscillatory motion before the onset of the strong non-linear effects associated with dynamic stall. In the current work, a range of criteria which have been used to indicate the onset of dynamic stall are presented. It is observed that, since all of these are based on physical manifestations of the dynamic stall process, they may only provide an indication that the process has started rather than identifying the initiation itself. A more suitable criterion for this is the concept of critical angle, first proposed by Wilby. It is shown that the critical angle, which is normally determined through an extensive programme of oscillatory tests on a given aerofoil, is achieved in advance of all the other criteria. The present work presents a correlation which has the potential to determine the critical angle, and hence the useful oscillatory range of an aerofoil, on the basis of simple ramp function tests.
Comparisons between low Reynolds number two-equation models for computation of a shockwave-turbulent-boundary layer interaction
Authors: Yoon B. K. , Chung M. K. , Park S. O.
Published: February 2023

A comparative study is made on the performance of several low Reynolds number k-ε models and the k-ω model in predicting the shockwave-turbulent-boundary layer interaction over a supersonic compression ramp of 16°, 20° and 24° at a Mach numbers of 2.85, 2.79 and 2.84, respectively. The model equations are numerically solved by a higher order upwind scheme with the 3rd order MUSCL type TVD. The computational results reveal that all of the low Reynolds number k-ε models, particularly those employing y+ in their damping functions give erroneously large skin friction in the redeveloping region. It is also interesting to note that the k-ε models, when adjusted and based on DNS data, do not perform better, as expected, than the conventional low Reynolds number k-ε models. The k-ω model which does not adopt a low Reynolds number modification brings about reasonably accurate skin friction, but with a later onset of pressure rise. By recasting the ω equation into the general form of the ε equation, it is inferred that the turbulent cross diffusion term between k and ε is critical to guarantee better performance of the k-ω model for the skin friction prediction in the redeveloping region. Finally, an asymptotic analysis of a fully developed incompressible channel flow, with the k-ε and the k-ω models, reveals that the cross diffusion mechanism inherent in the k-ω model contributes to the better performance of the k-ω model.
Computational modelling of separated flow
around a streamlined body at high incidence
Authors: Lien F.-S. , Leschziner M. A.
Published: February 2023

A computational study has been undertaken of 3D vortical separation from the curved surface of a prolate spheroid at high angle of attack (10° and 30°). Attention focuses on the predictive capabilities of a new variant of non-linear, low Re eddy-viscosity model and full second-moment closure, the latter coupled to a low Re k-ε Boussinesq-viscosity model which is applied to the semi-viscous near-wall region. The study demonstrates that both anisotropy-resolving formulations return very similar predictive performance which is in several respects superior to that achieved with the k-ε model based on the linear stress-strain relations. At the higher incidence angle, transition is free, and this is the source of considerable uncertainty in respect of the sensitivity of the predicted leeward flow to the location of transition. While none of the models is fundamentally capable of capturing natural transition, the ability of the non-linear model to suppress turbulence generation by irrotational straining at the windward impingement region, thereby preventing (bypass) transition by diffusion of turbulence from the freestream to the laminar boundary layer, is exploited to demonstrate that the sensitivity of the separated leeward flow to the location of transition is weak.
Radial conduction effects in transient heat transfer experiments
Authors: D. R. Buttsworth  , T. V. Jones
Published: February 2023

Convective heat transfer data is frequently obtained from transient surface temperature measurements. Thin film resistance gauges, thermocouples, and thermochromic liquid crystals, are used in various situations to measure the surface temperature history. By assuming that uniform semi-infinite flat plate conditions apply, it is possible to express the instantaneous surface heat flux as an analytical function of the transient surface temperature(1). Various approaches can be used to account for the presence of multi-layered substrates and finite thickness substrate effects (Schultz and Jones(1); Doorly and Oldfield(2); Guo et al(3)), however, the effects of surface curvature are usually neglected.
In praise of skunkworks!
Authors: Platts M. J.
Published: February 2023

What is of central importance in progressing new materials through from development to use is not technology but the creative efficiency of the team. What results is technology, both a competence and a confidence in handling the new material that makes the clarity of the demonstration of its potential a delight. It requires a holistic approach. Clear concepts require functionally direct embodiment, and equally expressive robust detailing. No amount of additional detail will retrieve a bad concept. Growing a team that has enough insight to tell the difference and the courage not to settle for less than the best is the challenge.
Heuristic design of composite laminates for strength, stiffness and multiple load cases
Authors: Morton S.K. , Webbert J.P.H.
Published: February 2023

The problem of designing a composite laminated plate subject to multiple loading cases is addressed using the methodology of heuristic redesign. Lower bounds on extensional stiffnesses together with a maximum strain first ply failure criterion constitute the design constraints. The general theory of heuristic redesign and its application to this particular problem are described. Results for different combinations of loading cases and redesign strategies are presented.
Women, Marriage and Sex in Early Tudor Ireland: Evidence from an Irish Act Book
Authors: JEFFERIES HENRY A.
Published: February 2023

Preserved among the so-called ‘Armagh registers’ is an act book of the consistory and metropolitan court of Armagh that was compiled in the early sixteenth century. Its fortuitous survival facilitates a systematic study of how an Irish church court processed litigation concerning women's marriages or other sexual relationships, and their sexual reputations, and in doing so reveals a great deal about important aspects of the lives of women in early Tudor Ireland.
The Design of a Central Counterparty
Authors: Kuong John Chi-Fong , Maurin Vincent
Published: February 2023

This article analyzes the optimal allocation of losses via a Central Clearing Counterparty (CCP) in the presence of counterparty risk. A CCP can hedge this risk by mutualizing losses among its members. This protection, however, weakens members’ incentives to manage counterparty risk. Delegating members’ risk monitoring to the CCP alleviates this tension in large markets. To discipline the CCP at minimum cost, members offer the CCP a junior tranche and demand capital contribution. Our results endogenize key layers of the default waterfall and deliver novel predictions on its composition, collateral requirements, and CCP ownership structure.
How can the copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Thiébaud, 1912) be used to control mosquito production effectively in pots, plates, and slabs?
Authors: Lima-Keppe Isabela , Saito Victor Satoru , Soares Jaqueline Fernanda , Nunes-Silva Aline , Ostrensky Antonio , Ferreira Iuri Emmanuel de Paula , Perbiche-Neves Gilmar
Published: February 2023

We tested the effectiveness of predation by the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Thiébaud, 1912) in Culicidae and Chironomidae larvae, aiming to test if (i) the introduction of copepods effectively controls mosquito larvae and (ii) the density of copepods is important for ensuring control. We conducted two semi-field experiments: the first involved 14 experimental runs over 75 consecutive days, compared in a randomized block design, four repetitions per treatment in each experimental run (block); and the second experiment involved a total of five experimental runs, lasting 25 and 33 days each. In the first experiment, culicid larvae were preyed on by copepods, especially at high copepod densities (15 copepods per litre), which reduced culicid densities by approximately 61% and 64% for different containers, considering that the environmental temperature declined linearly by about 10ºC from February (summer) to May (autumn) (32ºC to 22ºC). Even the lowest copepod density (5 per liter) produced a substantial reduction in the abundance of culicid larvae when chironomid larvae were abundant. On the other hand, there was no effective control of chironomid larvae. In the second experiment, increases in Culicidae and Chironomidae were concomitant with decreases in copepods. Thus, when the copepods were in high densities, there was no increase in insects, although the larvae of culicids were not eliminated from the experimental units. We conclude that the introduction of copepods in small containers and ponds can be useful for the control of culicid larvae without harming chironomid populations, and densities up to 15 per litre are recommended, although even low densities cause substantial reduction.
The role of gender in cognitive outcomes from stroke
Authors: Brandt Emma , Singh Sachinkumar , Bowren Mark , Bhagvathi Amol , Tranel Daniel , Boes Aaron D.
Published: February 2023

Objective:

Stroke can cause cognitive impairment, which can lead to challenges returning to day-to-day activities. Knowing what factors are associated with cognitive impairment post-stroke can be useful for predicting outcomes and guiding rehabilitation. One such factor is gender: previous studies are inconclusive as to whether gender influences cognitive outcomes post-stroke. Accounting for key variables, we examined whether there are gender differences in cognitive outcomes after stroke.

Method:

We analyzed data from neuropsychological assessments of 237 individuals tested in the chronic epoch (≥ 3 months) following ischemic stroke. Using ANCOVA and linear mixed modeling, we examined gender as a predictor of cognition as measured by general cognitive ability (g), Full-Scale IQ, and 18 cognitive tests, controlling for age at stroke onset, education, premorbid intelligence, and lesion volume.

Results:

There were no significant gender differences in overall cognitive outcomes as measured by g (p = .887) or Full-Scale IQ (p = .801). There were some significant gender differences on specific cognitive tests, with women outperforming men on scores from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (ps < .01) and men outperforming women on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Arithmetic and Information subtests (ps < .01).

Conclusions:

Our findings indicate that men and women have similar overall cognitive outcomes after stroke, when demographic and lesion factors are accounted for. Although men and women differed in their performance on some individual cognitive tests, neither gender performed systematically better or worse. However, for learning, working memory, and verbal knowledge/comprehension, gender may be an important predictor of outcome post-stroke.
Prominent role of executive functioning on the Phonemic Fluency Test in people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Pitteri Marco , Vannucci Manila , Dapor Caterina , Guandalini Maddalena , Daffinà Angelica , Marastoni Damiano , Calabrese Massimiliano
Published: February 2023

Objective:

Executive functioning (EF) can be one of the earliest, despite under-detected, impaired cognitive domains in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). However, it is still not clear the role of EF on verbal fluency tests given the presence of information processing speed (IPS) deficits in pwMS.

Method:

Performance of a group of 43 pwMS without IPS impairment as measured with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and a group of 32 healthy controls (HC) was compared on the Phonemic and Semantic Fluency Tests. For each group, we scored the number of words generated (i) in the early time interval (i.e., first 15 sec, semi-automatic process) and (ii) in the late time interval (i.e., from 15 to 60 sec, controlled process).

Results:

Globally, pwMS produced significantly fewer words than HC on the Phonemic but not on the Semantic Fluency Test. Crucially, in the Phonemic Fluency Test pwMS generated significantly fewer words than HC in the late time interval, whereas no significant difference between the two groups emerged in the early time interval.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that executive dysfunction is the core element on the Phonemic Fluency Test also in pwMS and it deserves attention in both research and clinical practice.
Predictors of high-grade radiation pneumonitis following radiochemotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of clinical, radiographic and radiotherapy-related factors
Authors: Weiss Elisabeth , Ricco Anthony , Mukhopadhyay Nitai , Rezai Gharai Leila , Deng Xiaoyan , Jan Nuzhat , Guy Christopher
Published: February 2023

Purpose:

In this study, the relation between radiation pneumonitis (RP) and a wide spectrum of clinical, radiographic and treatment-related factors was investigated. As scoring of low-grade RP can be subjective, RP grade ≥3 (RP ≥ G3) was chosen as a more objective and clinically significant endpoint for this study.

Methods and Materials:

105 consecutive patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer underwent conventionally fractionated radio-(chemo-)therapy to a median dose of 64 Gy. A retrospective analysis of 25 clinical (gender, race, pulmonary function, diabetes, statin use, smoking history), radiographic (emphysema, interstitial lung disease) and radiotherapy dose- and technique-related factors was performed to identify predictors of RP ≥ G3. Following testing of all variables for statistical association with RP using univariate analysis (UVA), a forward selection algorithm was implemented for building a multivariate predictive model (MVA) with limited sample size.

Results:

Median follow-up of surviving patients was 33 months (9–132 months). RP ≥ G3 was diagnosed in 10/105 (9·5%) patients. Median survival was 28·5 months. On UVA, predictors for RP ≥ G3 were diabetes, lower lobe location, planning target volume, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), lung V5 Gy (%), lung Vspared5 Gy (mL), lung V20 Gy (%) and heart V5 Gy (% and mL). On MVA, VMAT was the only significant predictor for RP ≥ G3 (p = 0·042). Lung V5 Gy and lung V20 Gy were borderline significant for RP ≥ G3. Patients with RP ≥ 3 had a median survival of 10 months compared to 29·5 months with RP < G3 (p = 0·02).

Conclusions:

In this study, VMAT was the only factor that was significantly correlated with RP ≥ G3. Avoiding RP ≥ G3 is important as a toxicity per se and as a risk factor for poor survival. To reduce RP, caution needs to be taken to reduce low-dose lung volumes in addition to other well-established dose constraints.
Shift Happens
Authors: Elmi Christopher M. , Napolitano Christopher M. , Freund Alexandra M.
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Taking a dynamic perspective on goals and their representation over the course of goal pursuit, we explore shifts in goal orientation, particularly when encountering setbacks during goal pursuit. In general, goals can be oriented toward achieving gains, maintaining a current state, and avoiding a loss (i.e., goal orientation; Freund & Ebner, 2005 ). Existing research on goal orientation has focused on age-related differences in goal orientation but assumed that goal orientation is stable over the course of goal pursuit. Taking a short-term, dynamic approach focusing on changes in goal orientation during the pursuit of a given goal, we propose that goal orientation can shift depending on goal progress and the perceived likelihood to achieve the desired outcome. In particular, we suggest that goal orientation remains stable during goal pursuit when progress occurs at the expected rate. However, when goal progress is hampered by setbacks or failures, we propose that people are more likely to shift their orientation toward the avoidance of failure or loss, particularly when they pursue their goal with a backup plan in mind ( Napolitano & Freund, 2016 ). Similarly, when progressing unexpectedly fast in counteracting a loss, we posit that people likely shift from a loss to a gain orientation. After proposing foundational processes for motivational shifts during goal pursuit, we discuss how a “motivational shift” perspective can impact future work on self-regulation and goal striving.
Effective Porosity Profile at IODP Site C0002 in the Heart of the Nankai Accretionary Prism, and Its Use for Predicting In Situ Seismic Velocities
Authors: Doan Mai‐Linh , Dutilleul Jade , Henry Pierre
Published: February 2023

Using logging data and samples collected by the four expeditions of the International Ocean Discovery Program NanTroSEIZE drilling campaign that occupied Site C0002 in the Nankai margin located southwest of Japan, we determined effective porosity and sonic velocity profiles down to 3 km below the seafloor in the accretionary prism, above the seismogenic plate interface. We measured cation exchange capacity to differentiate clay‐bound water content from effective porosity, which is representative of compaction. The decrease in effective porosity with depth is fitted with a single exponential decay, which suggests hydrostatic conditions for most of the borehole. The Erickson‐Jarrard template was adapted to account for the actual clay‐bearing nature of the sediments. We used this improved P‐wave velocity–effective porosity relationship to fill shipboard data gaps and predict P‐ and S‐wave velocity profiles at Site C0002.
Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron Waves Observed by CSES in the Equatorial Plasma Bubble
Authors: Gou Xiaochen , Li Lei , Zhou Bin , Zhang Yiteng , Xie Lianghai , Cheng Bingjun , Feng Yongyong , Wang Jindong , Miao Yuanqing , Zhima Zeren , Shen Xuhui
Published: February 2023

Broadband ELF electrostatic emissions have been observed by the China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) inside the equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). Analyses reveal that the electric field fluctuates nearly perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field, with the transverse component gyrotropically distributed around the magnetic field line. The observed emissions, Doppler shifted and broadened, are found to be close to the local oxygen ion (O+) cyclotron frequency in the plasma reference frame. Accompanying ion heating and deceleration are consistent with the consequences of the ion cyclotron resonance. All these results indicate that the electrostatic emissions pervading a major part of the EPB are the O+ electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves. The inhomogeneous‐energy‐density‐driven instability triggered by the non‐uniform electric field and density gradient across the EPBs could be the source of the EIC waves. The CSES observation provides new evidence for the shear driven EIC wave in the equatorial ionosphere.
Structure and Dynamics in Liquid Iron at High Pressure and Temperature. A First Principles Study
Authors: González Luis E. , González David J.
Published: February 2023

We have studied the evolution of structural and dynamic properties of liquid Fe as a function of pressure for 11 thermodynamic states close to the melting line. The pressure range considered goes from ambient pressure to 323 GPa, and the study has been carried out by using the ab‐initio molecular dynamics technique. The agreement between the calculated static structure and the available experimental data is very good, including details like an asymmetric second peak, which remains over most of the whole pressure range and suggests a significant local icosahedral short‐range order in the liquid. The dynamical structure is studied through the characteristics of the propagating density fluctuations and the associated longitudinal and transverse particle currents. The transverse dispersion relations expose two branches of modes for all pressures, whose range of appearance is analyzed and put in connection with the double‐peak structure of the Fourier spectra of velocity autocorrelation functions. We have also investigated the existence of fingerprints of transverse acoustic excitation modes in the dynamic structure factor for the high pressure states similar to those observed in the inelastic X‐ray scattering intensity data of liquid Fe at ambient pressure. The calculated electronic density of states shows that with increasing pressure there is a widening of the conduction band along with a decreasing significance of spin polarization. Finally, we also report results for transport coefficients like self‐diffusion, shear viscosity and adiabatic sound velocity, which are compared with the available experimental data.
Enhanced C2H2 Absorption Within Jupiter's Southern Auroral Oval From Juno UVS Observations
Authors: Giles Rohini S. , Hue Vincent , Greathouse Thomas K. , Gladstone G. Randall , Kammer Joshua A. , Versteeg Maarten H. , Bonfond Bertrand , Grodent Denis C. , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Sinclair James A. , Bolton Scott J. , Levin Steven M.
Published: February 2023

Reflected sunlight observations from the Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) on the Juno spacecraft were used to study the distribution of acetylene (C2H2) at Jupiter's south pole. We find that the shape of the C2H2 absorption feature varies significantly across the polar region, and this can be used to infer spatial variability in the C2H2 abundance. There is a localized region of enhanced C2H2 absorption which coincides with the location of Jupiter's southern polar aurora; the C2H2 abundance poleward of the auroral oval is a factor of 3 higher than adjacent quiescent, non‐auroral longitudes. This builds on previous infrared studies, which found enhanced C2H2 abundances within the northern auroral oval. This suggests that Jupiter's upper‐atmosphere chemistry is being strongly influenced by the influx of charged auroral particles and demonstrates the necessity of developing ion‐neutral photochemical models of Jupiter's polar regions.
Mapping Rwanda’s Trees from Above
Authors: Mafaranga Hope
Published: February 2023

Researchers used both aerial and satellite imagery, as well as machine learning, to map the carbon stock of every overstory tree in Rwanda—the first such inventory in the world.
T cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: crucial but controversial
Authors: Deng Lishan , Huang Teng , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2023

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been extensively studied in recent decades due to its rising incidence and high mortality. Despite an abundance of research, the mechanisms, immune-associated mechanisms, of IPF are poorly understood. While defining immunopathogenic mechanisms as the primary pathogenesis is controversial, recent studies have verified the contribution of the immune system to the fibrotic progression of IPF. Extensive evidence has shown the potential role of T cells in fibrotic progression. In this review, we emphasize the features of T cells in IPF and highlight the controversial roles of different subtypes of T cells or even two distinct effects of one type of T-cell in diverse settings, and multiple chemokines and cell products are discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the potential development of treatments targeting the immune molecules of T cells and the feasibility of immune therapies for IPF in clinical practice.
Stomatin-like protein 2 deficiency exacerbates adverse cardiac remodeling
Authors: Hu Yuntao , Jiang Hongwei , Xu Yueyue , Chen Ganyi , Fan Rui , Zhou Yifei , Liu Yafeng , Yao Yiwei , Liu Renjie , Chen Wen , Zhang Ke , Chen Xin , Wang Rui , Qiu Zhibing
Published: February 2023

Myocardial fibrosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy both play key roles in the progression of adverse cardiac remodeling. Stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2) is closely related to mitochondrial function, but little is known about its role and mechanism in cardiac remodeling. We developed doxorubicin (Dox), angiotensin (Ang) II, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induced cardiac remodeling model and Dox treated H9C2 cell injury model using SLP-2 knockout (SLP-2-/-) mice and H9C2 cells with low SLP-2 expression. We first examined cardiac functional and structural changes as well as levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. We found that SLP-2 deficiency leads to decreased cardiac function and promotes myocardial fibrosis. After Dox and Ang II treatment, SLP-2 deficiency further aggravated myocardial fibrosis, increased myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis, and activated autophagy by inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, ultimately exacerbating adverse cardiac remodeling. Similarly, SLP-2 deficiency further exacerbates adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial I/R injury. Moreover, we extracted cardiomyocyte mitochondria for proteomic analysis, suggesting that SLP-2 deficiency may be involved in myocardial I/R injury induced adverse cardiac remodeling by influencing ubiquitination of intramitochondrial proteins. In addition, the oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy levels of H9C2 cells with low SLP-2 expression were further enhanced, and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway was further inhibited under Dox stimulation. Our results suggest that SLP-2 deficiency promotes myocardial fibrosis, disrupts normal mitochondrial function, overactivates autophagy via PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, affects the level of ubiquitination, leads to irreversible myocardial damage, and ultimately exacerbates adverse cardiac remodeling.
An unexpected synthesis of azepinone derivatives through a metal-free photochemical cascade reaction
Authors: Song Lina , Tian Xianhai , Farshadfar Kaveh , Shiri Farshad , Rominger Frank , Ariafard Alireza , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: February 2023

Azepinone derivatives are privileged in organic synthesis and pharmaceuticals. Synthetic approaches to these frameworks are limited to complex substrates, strong bases, high power UV light or noble metal catalysis. We herein report a mild synthesis of azepinone derivatives by a photochemical generation of 2-aryloxyaryl nitrene, [2 + 1] annulation, ring expansion/water addition cascade reaction without using any metal catalyst. Among the different nitrene precursors tested, 2-aryloxyaryl azides performed best under blue light irradiation and Brønsted acid catalysis. The reaction scope is broad and the obtained products underwent divergent transformations to afford other related compounds. A computational study suggests a pathway involving a step-wise aziridine formation, followed by a ring-expansion to the seven-membered heterocycle. Finally, water is added in a regio-selective manner, this is accelerated by the added TsOH.
APOBEC3B drives PKR-mediated translation shutdown and protects stress granules in response to viral infection
Authors: Manjunath Lavanya , Oh Sunwoo , Ortega Pedro , Bouin Alexis , Bournique Elodie , Sanchez Ambrocio , Martensen Pia Møller , Auerbach Ashley A. , Becker Jordan T. , Seldin Marcus , Harris Reuben S. , Semler Bert L. , Buisson Rémi
Published: February 2023

Double-stranded RNA produced during viral replication and transcription activates both protein kinase R (PKR) and ribonuclease L (RNase L), which limits viral gene expression and replication through host shutoff of translation. In this study, we find that APOBEC3B forms a complex with PABPC1 to stimulate PKR and counterbalances the PKR-suppressing activity of ADAR1 in response to infection by many types of viruses. This leads to translational blockage and the formation of stress granules. Furthermore, we show that APOBEC3B localizes to stress granules through the interaction with PABPC1. APOBEC3B facilitates the formation of protein-RNA condensates with stress granule assembly factor (G3BP1) by protecting mRNA associated with stress granules from RNAse L-induced RNA cleavage during viral infection. These results not only reveal that APOBEC3B is a key regulator of different steps of the innate immune response throughout viral infection but also highlight an alternative mechanism by which APOBEC3B can impact virus replication without editing viral genomes.
Scalable, high quality, whole genome sequencing from archived, newborn, dried blood spots
Authors: Ding Yan , Owen Mallory , Le Jennie , Batalov Sergey , Chau Kevin , Kwon Yong Hyun , Van Der Kraan Lucita , Bezares-Orin Zaira , Zhu Zhanyang , Veeraraghavan Narayanan , Nahas Shareef , Bainbridge Matthew , Gleeson Joe , Baer Rebecca J. , Bandoli Gretchen , Chambers Christina , Kingsmore Stephen F.
Published: February 2023

Universal newborn screening (NBS) is a highly successful public health intervention. Archived dried bloodspots (DBS) collected for NBS represent a rich resource for population genomic studies. To fully harness this resource in such studies, DBS must yield high-quality genomic DNA (gDNA) for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In this pilot study, we hypothesized that gDNA of sufficient quality and quantity for WGS could be extracted from archived DBS up to 20 years old without PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification. We describe simple methods for gDNA extraction and WGS library preparation from several types of DBS. We tested these methods in DBS from 25 individuals who had previously undergone diagnostic, clinical WGS and 29 randomly selected DBS cards collected for NBS from the California State Biobank. While gDNA from DBS had significantly less yield than from EDTA blood from the same individuals, it was of sufficient quality and quantity for WGS without PCR. All samples DBS yielded WGS that met quality control metrics for high-confidence variant calling. Twenty-eight variants of various types that had been reported clinically in 19 samples were recapitulated in WGS from DBS. There were no significant effects of age or paper type on WGS quality. Archived DBS appear to be a suitable sample type for WGS in population genomic studies.
QuilA® adjuvanted Coxevac® sustains Th1-CD8+-type immunity and increases protection in Coxiella burnetii-challenged goats
Authors: Tomaiuolo Sara , Jansen Wiebke , Soares Martins Susana , Devriendt Bert , Cox Eric , Mori Marcella
Published: February 2023

Coxevac® is the EMA-approved veterinary vaccine for the protection of cattle and goats against Q fever, a zoonotic bacterial disease due to Coxiella burnetii. Since Coxevac® reduces bacterial shedding and clinical symptoms but does not prevent infection, novel, ready-to-use vaccine formulations are needed to increase its immunogenicity. Here, a goat vaccination-challenge model was used to evaluate the impact of the commercially available saponin-based QuilA® adjuvant on Coxevac® immunity. Upon challenge, the QuilA®-Coxevac® group showed a stronger immune response reflected in a higher magnitude of total IgG and an increase in circulating and splenic CD8+ T-cells compared to the Coxevac® and challenged-control groups. The QuilA®-Coxevac® group was characterized by a targeted Th1-type response (IFNγ, IP10) associated with increased transcripts of CD8+ and NK cells in spleens and γδ T cells in bronchial lymph nodes. Coxevac® vaccinated animals presented an intermediate expression of Th1-related genes, while the challenged-control group showed an immune response characterized by pro-inflammatory (IL1β, TNFα, IL12), Th2 (IL4 and IL13), Th17 (IL17A) and other immunoregulatory cytokines (IL6, IL10). An intriguing role was observed for γδ T cells, which were of TBX21- and SOX4-types in the QuilA®-Coxevac® and challenged control group, respectively. Overall, the addition of QuilA® resulted in a sustained Th1-type activation associated with an increased vaccine-induced bacterial clearance of 33.3% as compared to Coxevac® only. QuilA® could be proposed as a readily-applied veterinary solution to improve Coxevac® efficacy against C. burnetii infection in field settings.