bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Validierungspraxis bei hands-on Experimentiertests in der naturwissenschaftsdidaktischen Forschung
Authors: Schreiber Nico , Gut Christoph
Published: September 2022

Seit Jahrzehnten werden in der naturwissenschaftsdidaktischen Forschung zur Diagnostik experimenteller Fähigkeiten sogenannte Performance Assessments bzw. hands-on Experimentiertests mit praktisch zu bearbeitenden Aufgaben eingesetzt. Dabei erhält die Frage der Validität von Experimentiertests immer mehr Gewicht. Mit einem systematischen Review soll daher die Validierungspraxis von hands-on Experimentiertests analysiert werden. Dazu wird in einem ersten theoretischen Teil literaturbasiert ein Ordnungssystem für Validierungsargumentationen im Rahmen von Validierungsstudien entwickelt. In einem zweiten Teil werden die seit 1990 publizierten hands-on Experimentiertests identifiziert, von zwei unabhängigen Ratern auf Konsens kodiert, in das Ordnungssystem eingeordnet und schließlich diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen retrospektiv eine typische, auf wenige Elemente eingeschränkte Validierungspraxis. Prospektiv liefert das Review evidenzbasierte Argumente und Impulse für künftige Testentwicklungen und -validierungen.
Automated bridge crack detection method based on lightweight vision models
Authors: Zhang Jian , Qian Songrong , Tan Can
Published: September 2022

Deep learning-based bridge crack detection methods have advantages over traditional methods. We proposed an automated bridge crack detection method using lightweight vision models. First, our study applied the You Only Look Once 4th version (YOLO v4) (Bochkovskiy et al. in Yolov4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv:200410934, 2020) to bridge surface crack detection. Then, to achieve model acceleration, some lightweight networks were used to replace the feature extraction network in YOLO v4, which reduced the parameter numbers and the backbone layers. The lightweight design can reduce the computational overhead of the model, making it convenient to deploy on edge platforms with limited computational power. The experimental results showed that the lightweight network-based bridge crack detection model required significantly less storage space at the expense of a slight reduction in precision. Therefore, an improved YOLO v4 crack detection method was proposed to meet real-time running without sacrificing accuracy. The precision, recall, and F1 score of the proposed crack detection method are 93.96%, 90.12%, and 92%, respectively. And the model only required 23.4 MB of storage space, and its frames per second could reach 140.2 frames. Compared with existing bridge crack detection methods, the proposed method showed precision, speed, and model size advantages.
Will free trade agreement between India and China reduce India’s trade deficit?
Authors: Kalirajan Kaliappa
Published: September 2022

Trade between India and China has been rising exponentially with a widening trade deficit for India, which has raised alarm by businesses, and some Indian parliamentarians have started accusing China of unfair trade practices. Nevertheless, both countries intend to negotiate for free trade arrangements between them based on complementarity. This study examines how much reduction in trade deficit due to different preferential trading arrangements is feasible under hypothetical full export potential scenarios using a stochastic frontier gravity model. The empirical analysis shows that India’s potential gain is high when the influence of India’s existing ‘behind the border’ constraints is eliminated.
Turning students into Industry 4.0 entrepreneurs: design and evaluation of a tailored study program
Authors: Wahl Dario , Münch Jürgen
Published: September 2022

Startups in the field of Industry 4.0 could be a huge driver of innovation for many industry sectors such as manufacturing. However, there is a lack of education programs to ensure a sufficient number of well-trained founders and thus a supply of such startups. Therefore, this study presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a university course tailored to the characteristics of Industry 4.0 entrepreneurship. Educational design-based research was applied with a focus on content and teaching concept. The study program was first implemented in 2021 at a German university of applied sciences with 25 students, of which 22 participated in the evaluation. The evaluation of the study program was conducted with a pretest–posttest-design targeting three areas: (1) knowledge about the application domain, (2) entrepreneurial intention and (3) psychological characteristics. The entrepreneurial intention was measured based on the theory of planned behavior. For measuring psychological characteristics, personality traits associated with entrepreneurship were used. Considering the study context and the limited external validity of the study, the following can be identified in particular: The results show that a university course can improve participants' knowledge of this particular area. In addition, perceived behavioral control of starting an Industry 4.0 startup was enhanced. However, the results showed no significant effects on psychological characteristics.
Personalisierte Ernährung als Zukunftsmodell
Authors: Semmler Georg , Datz Christian
Published: September 2022

Die „precision nutrition“ oder „Präzisionsernährung“ stellt ein junges Forschungsgebiet im Bereich der Ernährungsmedizin dar, die darauf abzielt, die Komplexität der Ernährung im Kontext der Genetik, des Mikrobioms, des zirkadianen Rhythmus und der Lebensstilfaktoren zu beschreiben. Indem versucht wird, individuelle Unterschiede besser zu verstehen, sollen darauf aufbauend personalisierte Ernährungsempfehlungen möglich werden. Wir stellen exemplarisch rezente „Landmark“-Studien vor, die etablierte Dogmen der Ernährungsmedizin hinterfragen, Erklärungsversuche für interindividuelle Unterschiede liefern, und dadurch das Potenzial und die Notwendigkeit eines personalisierten Ansatzes unterstreichen.
Mathematical model and experimental study of a magnet coupling with a stop
Authors: Suvorov Vladimir A. , Bahrami Mohammad Reza , Sorokin Pavel A. , Batyrov Pavel V. , Efimov Egor S. , Shamuratov Oleg G.
Published: September 2022

The paper presents an improved analytical model for axial-flux eddy-current couplings with permanent magnets. The design procedure is based on the torque formula derived from a two-dimensional approximation of the magnetic field distribution. The developed model takes into account the heating of the copper disk and magnets due to the high slip speed. Another advantage of the developed model is the reduction in computation time compared to 3-D finite element simulations. The model is validated experimentally. A correlation between the model and the experiment is obtained. The coupling torque is subject to reduction due to low manufacturing accuracy. The model is effective for engineering use at the design stage of magnet couplings, especially for cable drums of cranes.
Upcycling of face masks to application-rich multi- and single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Gangoli Varun Shenoy , Mahy Thomas , Yick Tim , Niu Yubiao , Palmer Richard E. , Orbaek White Alvin
Published: September 2022

We report the use of face mask materials as a carbon precursor for the synthesis of multi- and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in an open-loop chemical recycling process. Novel surgical mask precursors were suspended in toluene and injected into a chemical vapor deposition reactor previously optimized for CNT production using liquid injection. The CNTs were collected and characterized using resonant Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before being turned into fibrils that were tested for electrical conductance. Once confirmed and repeated for statistical accuracy, a CNT-based Ethernet cable was manufactured and tested using iPerf3 for uplink and downlink speeds exceeding broadband standards worldwide. Radial breathing modes from Raman spectroscopy indicate single walled CNTs (SWCNTs) with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 1.55 nm and this matches well with TEM observations of SWCNTs with 1.5 nm diameter. This work pushes the horizon of feedstocks useful for CNT and SWCNT production in particular; this work demonstrates upcycling of materials fated for disposal into materials with positive net value and plenty of real-world applications.
Newfound Coding Potential of Transcripts Unveils Missing Members of Human Protein Communities
Authors: Leblanc Sébastien , Brunet Marie A. , Jacques Jean-François , Lekehal Amina M. , Duclos Andréa , Tremblay Alexia , Bruggeman-Gascon Alexis , Samandi Sondos , Brunelle Mylène , Cohen Alan A. , Scott Michelle S. , Roucou Xavier
Published: September 2022

Recent proteogenomic approaches have led to the discovery that regions of the transcriptome previously annotated as non-coding regions [i.e., untranslated regions (UTRs), open reading frames overlapping annotated coding sequences in a different reading frame, and non-coding RNAs] frequently encode proteins, termed alternative proteins (altProts). This suggests that previously identified protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks are partially incomplete because altProts are not present in conventional protein databases. Here, we used the proteogenomic resource OpenProt and a combined spectrum- and peptide-centric analysis for the re-analysis of a high-throughput human network proteomics dataset, thereby revealing the presence of 261 altProts in the network. We found 19 genes encoding both an annotated (reference) and an alternative protein interacting with each other. Of the 117 altProts encoded by pseudogenes, 38 are direct interactors of reference proteins encoded by their respective parental genes. Finally, we experimentally validate several interactions involving altProts. These data improve the blueprints of the human PPI network and suggest functional roles for hundreds of altProts.
The Hybrid Reformation
Authors: Ocker Christopher
Published: September 2022

Three basic forces dominated sixteenth-century religious life. Two polarized groups, Protestant and Catholic reformers, were shaped by theological debates, over the nature of the church, salvation, prayer, and other issues. These debates articulated critical, group-defining oppositions. Bystanders to the Catholic-Protestant competition were a third force. Their reactions to reformers were violent, opportunistic, hesitant, ambiguous, or serendipitous, much the way social historians have described common people in the Reformation for the last fifty years. But in an ecology of three forces, hesitations and compromises were natural, not just among ordinary people, but also, if more subtly, among reformers and theologians. In this volume, Christopher Ocker offers a constructive and nuanced alternative to the received understanding of the Reformation. Combining the methods of intellectual, cultural, and social history, his book demonstrates how the Reformation became a hybrid movement produced by a binary of Catholic and Protestant self-definitions, by bystanders to religious debate, and by the hesitations and compromises made by all three groups during the religious controversy.
Phase-resolved ocean wave forecast with simultaneous current estimation through data assimilation
Authors: Wang Guangyao , Zhang Jinfeng , Ma Yuxiang , Zhang Qinghe , Li Zhilin , Pan Yulin
Published: September 2022

In Wang & Pan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 918, 2021, A19), the authors developed the first ensemble-based data assimilation (DA) capability for the reconstruction and forecast of ocean surface waves, namely the EnKF-HOS method coupling an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the high-order spectral (HOS) method. In this work, we continue to enrich the method by allowing it to simultaneously estimate the ocean current field, which is in general not known a priori and can (slowly) vary in both space and time. To achieve this goal, we incorporate the effect of ocean current (as unknown parameters) on waves to build the HOS-C method as the forward prediction model, and obtain a simultaneous estimation of (current) parameters and (wave) states via an iterative EnKF (IEnKF) method that is necessary to handle the complexity in this DA problem. The new algorithm, named the IEnKF-HOS-C method, is first tested in synthetic problems with various forms (steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform) of current. It is shown that the IEnKF-HOS-C method is able to not only estimate the current field accurately, but also boost the prediction accuracy of the wave field (even) relative to the state-of-the-art EnKF-HOS method. Finally, using real data from a shipborne radar, we show that the IEnKF-HOS-C method successfully recovers the current speed that matches the in situ measurement by a floating buoy.
Role of surfactant-induced Marangoni stresses in retracting liquid sheets
Authors: Constante-Amores C.R. , Chergui J. , Shin S. , Juric D. , Castrejón-Pita J.R. , Castrejón-Pita A.A.
Published: September 2022

In this work, we study the effect of insoluble surfactants on the three-dimensional rim-driven retraction dynamics of thin water sheets in air. We employ an interface-tracking/level-set method to ensure the full coupling between the surfactant-induced Marangoni stresses, interfacial diffusion and inertia. Our findings are contrasted with the (Newtonian) dynamics of a liquid sheet edge, finding that the surfactant concentration can delay, or effectively prevent, the breakup of the rim. Our simulations use the fastest growing Rayleigh–Plateau instability to drive droplet detachment from the fluid sheet (rim). The results of this work unravel the significant role of Marangoni stresses in the retracting sheet dynamics at large elasticity numbers. We study the sensitivity of the dynamics to the elasticity number and the rigidification of the interface.
The association between the observed and perceived neighbourhood food environment and household food insecurity in a low-income district in Lima, Peru
Authors: Chaparro M. Pia , Lopez Miguel A. , Hernandez Julie , Brewer Jessica D. , Santos Maria P. , Paz-Soldan Valerie A.
Published: September 2022

The objective of the present study was to assess the association between the observed and perceived food environment and food insecurity among households with children <18 years in Lima, Peru. This was a cross-sectional study including an income-stratified random sample of households (n329) in Villa el Salvador, a low-income district in Lima, Peru. Data were collected with a household questionnaire – including the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the University of Pennsylvania's Perceived Nutrition Environment Survey (NEMS-P) – and a neighbourhood food outlet census, including recording of food outlets’ GPS coordinates. Three-quarters of the households interviewed were food insecure. Compared with food secure households and adjusting for socio-demographic covariates, food insecure households were more likely to disagree to having easy access (OR 5⋅4; 95 % CI 2⋅1, 13⋅4), high quality (OR 3⋅1; 95 % CI 1⋅7, 5⋅5) and variety (OR 2⋅5; 95 % CI 1⋅4, 4⋅6) of fresh fruits and vegetables in their neighbourhood. About 60 % (513 out of 861) of the food outlets identified in participants’ neighbourhoods were classified as fresh, including markets, bodegas, and fruit and vegetable vendors. There was no difference in distance to fresh food outlets by household food insecurity; all households were on average within 52–62 m from a fresh food outlet (~2-min walk). Despite negative perceptions of their neighbourhood food environment, food insecure households had similar physical access to fresh food sources than their food secure counterparts. Thus, changes to the food environment may not alleviate food insecurity in urban poor areas of Peru.
Multivariate Poisson and Poisson process approximations with applications to Bernoulli sums and -statistics
Authors: Pianoforte Federico , Turin Riccardo
Published: September 2022

This article derives quantitative limit theorems for multivariate Poisson and Poisson process approximations. Employing the solution of the Stein equation for Poisson random variables, we obtain an explicit bound for the multivariate Poisson approximation of random vectors in the Wasserstein distance. The bound is then utilized in the context of point processes to provide a Poisson process approximation result in terms of a new metric called$d_\pi$, stronger than the total variation distance, defined as the supremum over all Wasserstein distances between random vectors obtained by evaluating the point processes on arbitrary collections of disjoint sets. As applications, the multivariate Poisson approximation of the sum ofm-dependent Bernoulli random vectors, the Poisson process approximation of point processes ofU-statistic structure, and the Poisson process approximation of point processes with Papangelou intensity are considered. Our bounds in$d_\pi$are as good as those already available in the literature.
Substituting Invalid Contract Terms: Theory and Preliminary Empirical Findings
Authors: Katz Ori , Zamir Eyal
Published: September 2022

The law often lays down mandatory rules, from which the parties may deviate in favor of one party but not the other. Examples include the invalidation of high-liquidated damages and the unenforceability of excessive noncompete clauses in employment contracts. In these cases, the law may substitute the invalid term with a moderate arrangement, with a punitive arrangement that strongly favors the protected party, or with a minimally tolerable arrangement (MTA), which preserves the original term as much as is tolerable. This article revisits the choice between the various substitutes. Based on theoretical analysis and five new empirical studies (N = 2,089), it argues that the incidence of MTAs should be rather limited. It demonstrates that people find moderate substitute arrangements more attractive than the alternatives. It also points to two overlooked incentive effects of the substitute arrangement (in addition to its impact on the drafting of contracts). First, the applicable substitute strongly influences customers’ inclination to challenge excessive contract terms once a dispute arises. Second, when the invalidation of an excessive term is discretionary, the applicable substitute can affect decision makers’ inclination to invalidate excessive clauses in the first place.
Credible risk: private credit bureaus and the work of loan officers in West Africa
Authors: Opalo Vanessa Watters
Published: September 2022

In 2015, the Central Bank of West African States selected a private credit bureau to build a digital platform to collect and analyse financial data across the eight-country West African Economic and Monetary Union, including the activities of credit cooperatives and microfinance agencies that serve many West African borrowers. The credit-reporting platform promises to produce new and valuable knowledge about borrowers’ creditworthiness and risk. But valuable in what ways and for whom? Private credit bureaus rely on vast arrays of personal and financial data in order to produce credit reports and consumer credit scores that claim to represent the creditworthiness of individual borrowers. Cooperative loan officers, instead, understand creditworthiness to be highly variable and rely on relational metrics in order to determine risk as well as carefully overseeing existing loans to ensure their timely repayment. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with loan officers at a small-scale credit cooperative in Lomé, Togo, this article examines how the impending arrival of a private credit bureau and new credit-reporting technologies highlights the distinction between the ways in which credit bureaus and loan officers understand the nature of financial risk, as well as the centrality of loan officers and their management of borrower debt in sustaining the field of small-scale lending in Togo.
Effects of pH, stirring rate, reaction time and sequential ultrafiltration of whey protein solution on recovery and purification of glycomacropeptides
Authors: Majidinia Lida , Kalbasi-Ashtari Ahmad , Mirsaeedghazi Hossein
Published: September 2022

This study was designed to show the changes in glycolmacropeptides (GMPs) of whey protein solution (WPS) due to different pretreatments before and after ultrafiltration (UF). The combined form of two variants (A&B) of GMPs is a helpful compound for nutritional management of phenylketonuria and ulcerative-colitis diseases and has low content of phenylalanine (Phe). WPS with 10% concentration was prepared, acidified (adjusted to pH = 3.0), and passed through a PES (polyethersulfone) membrane in the 1st-stage of ultrafiltration (UF-1). Then the resulting permeate was neutralized and went through the 2nd-stage of ultrafiltration (UF-2) under similar conditions. Four experiments of TRT-CON, CON-TRT, TRT-TRT, and CON-CON were used with different pretreatments, where TRT was a mixing-treatment of 30 min at 150 RPM applied either after acidification of WPS or after neutralization of first permeate and before UF-2 process. While the concentration and purity of the combined GMPs in UF-2 retentate in TRT-TRT respectively were >95.6 and 99.5%, its Phe became <10 ppm among the experiments. Highly glycolyzed polymers of GMPs (MW = 45–50 kDa) were formed in the TRT-TRT experiment and went through the pore sizes of PES membrane of UF-1 easily because of their flexible structure. However, they remained in the UF-2 retentate, due to to the formation of bulky polymers. The TRT-TRT experiment had the highest reversible and irreversible resistances for passing through the UF-1 and remaining on the UF-2 membranes, and its fouling index was significantly less than other experiments.
Telling ruins: the afterlives of an early post-independence development intervention in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Gez Yonatan N. , Fouéré Marie-Aude , Bulugu Fabian
Published: September 2022

In the early 1960s, three pilot agricultural and settlement schemes were set up along the shores of Lake Victoria in the north-western region of Tanzania with the involvement of Israeli development agency Agridev. One of these sites was Mbarika, where the experimental project ran for three years and had mixed results before being discontinued by the young Tanzanian government. This article explores the story of that scheme and its long-term legacies some 50 years on. Unpacking the representational and material ruinations that outlived the project's official timeline, we examine the memories and rumours that continue to haunt the site to this day and their entanglement with successive development experiences and shifting political ideologies. Through interviews, ethnographic observations and archival research, we shed light on the complex, deeply ambiguous legacies and ‘afterlives’ of a development intervention set between expectations of modernity and a sense of exclusion.
Changes in resident microbiota associated with mice susceptibility or resistance to the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni
Authors: Álvarez-Izquierdo Maria , Fiallos Emma , Cociancic Paola , Esteban J. Guillermo , Muñoz-Antoli Carla , Toledo Rafael
Published: September 2022

Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode with no tissue phases in the definitive host that has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors that determine resistance against intestinal helminths. In E. caproni infections in mice, interleukin-25 (IL-25) plays a critical role and it is required for the resistance to infection. However, little is known on the factors that determine its production. Primary E. caproni infection in mice is characterized by the development of chronic infections and elevated worm recovery, in relation to a local Th1 response with elevated production of interferon-γ. However, partial resistance against secondary E. caproni infections in ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice is developed after the chemotherapeutic cure of a primary infection and the innately produced IL-25 after pharmacological treatment. In this paper, we analyse the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the production of IL-25, and the subsequent resistance to infection. For this purpose, we analysed the production of IL-25 under conditions of experimental dysbiosis and also the changes in the resident microbiota in primary infections, pharmacological curation and secondary infections. The results obtained showed that resident microbiota play a major role in the production of IL-25 and the appearance of members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia as a consequence of the curation of the primary infection could be related to the partial resistance to secondary infection.
Intellectual History, Context, and Robert Brandom
Authors: Marshall David L.
Published: September 2022

What does it mean “to put an idea in context”? Does it mean explaining the idea as the effect of a certain set of causes? Or articulating the range of responses to an issue that are recognizably conventional in a particular place and time so that the force of any given response can be assessed? Something else? Intellectual historians answer this question about context in a variety of ways, but I think all would recognize that this is a particularly important question for intellectual history as a field of inquiry. The book under review here may seem to be beyond the purview of Modern Intellectual History. After all, Robert Brandom's A Spirit of Trust: A Reading of Hegel's Phenomenology is a book written by a philosopher for philosophers. Perhaps it could be called history of philosophy (though even that is debatable), but it is certainly not intellectual history. Nevertheless, I think this is a book that intellectual historians should be dealing with. Why? Because, among other things, the book offers a compelling and illuminating answer to the question of what it is to put an idea in context. This is not because the book itself does contextual work. Brandom ignores almost everything that intellectual historians would regard as contextual for Hegel. Kant is a figure in the book, yet the broader tableau of early nineteenth-century German philosophy, politics, and culture is almost completely absent. But the book does offer a theory of concepts. In doing so, A Spirit of Trust also gives us an account of context. Here, I'll be arguing that this account of context is important for intellectual historians and helps us to understand more clearly debates that we have been having recently about how we do our work. In particular, I think Brandom helps us see that there is no necessary tension between putting ideas in historical contexts, on the one hand, and developing them critically, on the other. And this helps us overcome a binary between context and critique reinforced by a recent debate between Peter Gordon and Ian Hunter.
Selenium dietary intake and survival among CRC patients
Authors: Augustyniak Malgorzata , Galas Aleksander
Published: September 2022

Abstract: Background: Despite advances in prevention and treatment, colorectal cancer remains the second most common cause of cancer death. To date, little is known about the role of prediagnostic selenium intake in colorectal cancer survival. Objective: The purpose of the study was to verify whether selenium intake in habitual diet before diagnosis is associated with survival in colorectal cancer patients. Study design: This was a prospective observation of patients primarily recruited for a case-control study between 2000 and 2012 in Cracow, Poland. A group of 671 incident cases of colorectal cancer was included. Habitual diet was assessed using a validated 148-item food questionnaire. 338 deaths were identified throughout 2017 by the Polish National Vital Registry. To evaluate the impact of dietary selenium on survival, the multivariable Cox regression model was used. Results: After standardization for several potential confounders (including key determinants, such as radical surgery, chemotherapy, tumor stage, and dietary factors), a decrease in the risk of death from colorectal cancer was observed in the group with higher dietary selenium intake (≥48.8 μg/day, group mean: 63.9 μg/day) compared to the group with lower dietary selenium intake (<48.8 μg/day, mean: 38.5 μg/day) (HR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.54–0.98) (the median was used for categorization). Conclusion: Our study suggests selenium as an additional dietary factor which may be associated with survival among colorectal cancer patients referred to surgery. Due to the observational nature of the study, the results should be taken with caution. These preliminary findings, however, provide the basis for well-structured clinical trials.
Can Gauss‐Newton Algorithms Outperform Stochastic Optimization Algorithms When Calibrating a Highly Parameterized Hydrological Model? A Case Study Using SWAT
Authors: Qin Youwei , Kavetski Dmitri , Kuczera George , McInerney David , Yang Tao , Guo Yuan
Published: September 2022

The calibration of highly parameterized hydrological models is a major computational challenge, especially for models with long run times. This challenge motivates the reconsideration of gradient‐based algorithms often overlooked for their perceived lack of robustness. Our study evaluates two Gauss‐Newton algorithms, robust Gauss‐Newton (RGN), and Levenberg‐Marquardt (PEST), and two stochastic algorithms, Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), and Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS), on a 38‐parameter SWAT model calibration problem. Algorithm performance is comprehensively assessed using trajectory plots from 100 invocations and by analyzing the distribution of estimated optima at fixed budgets of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 objective function evaluations (model runs). Empirical results indicate that: (a) Gauss‐Newton algorithms are more likely than stochastic algorithms to locate good solutions for the budgets considered in this work, and more likely to locate satisfactory solutions when budget is tight (200–500 model runs) and (b) RGN shows the fastest initial convergence amongst the algorithms under consideration and has the highest chance of finding satisfactory solutions when the budget is tight. The results indicate that Gauss‐Newton algorithms offer an attractive choice for the calibration of highly parameterized hydrological models.
Imaging the Absorbing Feeding and Eruptive Pathways of Deception Island, Antarctica
Authors: Guardo R. , De Siena L. , Prudencio J. , Ventura G.
Published: September 2022

Deception Island is one of the most active and best‐documented volcanoes in Antarctica. Since its last eruption in 1970, several geophysical surveys have targeted reconstructing its magmatic systems. However, geophysics fails to reconstruct the pathways magma and fluids follow from depth to erupt at the surface. Here, novel data selection strategies and multi‐frequency absorption inversions have been framed in a Geographical Information System, using all available geological (vents and faults distribution), geochemical and geophysical knowledge of the volcano. The result is the detection of these eruptive pathways. The model offers the first image of the magma and associated fluids pathways feed the 1967, 1969, and 1970 eruptions. Results suggest that future ascending paths might lead to active research bases and zones of planned helicopter rescue. The connection between seismic absorption, temperature, and fluid content makes it a promising attribute for detecting and monitoring eruptions at active calderas.
Recognizing the Role of Tropical Seaways in Modulating the Pacific Circulation
Authors: Tan N. , Zhang Z. S. , Guo Z. T. , Guo C. C. , Zhang Z. J. , He Z. L. , Ramstein G.
Published: September 2022

Various modeling studies have examined the climatic effects of either the Central American Seaway or the Indonesian seaway. The co‐existence of these two tropical seaways may have a greater influence than the existence of a single seaway. Although the dual seaway situation is closer to that reconstructed during Miocene/Pliocene, relevant studies remain scarce. Here, we investigate the co‐effects of dual tropical seaway changes on the Pacific circulation through a set of sensitivity experiments. Our results show that the combined shallow opening of tropical seaways can generate an active Pacific meridional overturning circulation and maintain strong upwelling conditions along the equatorial Pacific, which may have helped favor a “biogenic bloom” during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Moreover, the logically successive closure of the tropical seaways can provide patterns of zonal sea surface temperature gradients that are similar to those recorded in the equatorial Pacific from the late Miocene to the Pliocene.
Energy Flux Through the Magnetopause During Flux Transfer Events in Hybrid‐Vlasov 2D Simulations
Authors: Ala‐Lahti Matti , Pulkkinen Tuija I. , Pfau‐Kempf Yann , Grandin Maxime , Palmroth Minna
Published: September 2022

Solar wind—magnetosphere coupling drives magnetospheric dynamic phenomena by enabling energy exchange between magnetospheric and solar wind plasmas. In this study, we examine two‐dimensional noon‐midnight meridional plane simulation runs of the global hybrid‐Vlasov code Vlasiator with southward interplanetary magnetic field driving. We compute the energy flux, which consists of the Poynting flux and hydrodynamic energy flux components, through the Earth's magnetopause during flux transfer events (FTEs). The results demonstrate the spatiotemporal variations of the energy flux along the magnetopause during an FTE, associating the FTE leading (trailing) edge with an energy injection into (escape from) the magnetosphere on the dayside. Furthermore, FTEs traveling along the magnetopause transport energy to the nightside magnetosphere. We identify the tail lobes as a primary entry region for solar wind energy into the magnetosphere, consistent with results from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and observations.
Relating a Large‐Scale Variation of Waves in the Indian Ocean to the IOD
Authors: Li Rui , Wu Kejian , Li Jingkai , Dong Xianghui , Sun Jian , Zhang Wenqing , Liu Qingxiang
Published: September 2022

This study used the ERA‐5 40‐year reanalysis data set from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts to analyze the spatial characteristics of wind waves and swells in the Indian Ocean. Although swells from the Southern Ocean can propagate into the Bay of Bengal, the zonal surface Stokes drift has been shown to correlate well with wind waves. Investigation of the relationship between the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the surface Stokes drift revealed strong correlation in the tropical Indian Ocean. The surface Stokes drift plays a positive role in maintaining sea surface temperature stability by transporting more (less) abnormally cold water during periods of positive (negative) IOD events. The depth‐integrated wave transport is quantified by the spectra and bulk parameters, respectively. Although two methods provide estimates of the same order of magnitude, the transport value is larger when wave spectra are used. With this approach, the estimated wave transport is comparable to the Ekman transport and its zonal component is even greater for more than 80% of the sea areas in the Indian Ocean; thus, it would have substantial effect on sea surface temperature. This paper proposes a new idea for studying this climatic phenomenon by considering the large‐scale wave effect, which builds a bridge for energy transport between the eastern and western boundaries of the Indian Ocean.
Positive and Negative Surface Feedback and Atmospheric Control of Land Surface Conditions on Convective Organization Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yang Chenyi , Ma Yaoming , Yuan Yuan , Zuo Hongchao
Published: September 2022

The dependence of the feedback signal on atmospheric conditions is still poorly understood and may lead to an underestimation of feedback strength due to opposite responses of precipitation to soil moisture. Based on data from observation stations on the Tibetan Plateau and from satellites, this study evaluated the response of convective clouds to the change of evaporation fraction (EF) and analyzed how surface conditions affect the initiation and development of convection in different coupling regimes. After considering coupling regimes classified by the tropospheric state, the afternoon convective cloud showed a strong response to EF, which is negative feedback in the dry coupling regime and positive feedback in the wet coupling regime. Organized deep convection defined by both the cloud properties and the afternoon precipitation displayed this phenomenon. This shows that the lack of a strong response of convection to EF is due to the dependence of this response on the coupling regime, rather than on the method of defining convection. We also found that the difference in surface heat flux between the two regimes is more significant in the afternoon, while the difference of meteorological elements is most significant before noon. These results provide support for the use of ground‐based meteorological data to determine coupling regimes. We also used a regression tree to decompose the effects of coupling regimes and EF into basic near‐surface meteorological elements, the results of which provide support for some of our conclusions.
Intermediate‐Volatility Organic Compounds Observed in a Coastal Megacity: Importance of Non‐Road Source Emissions
Authors: Fang Hua , Huang Xiaoqing , Xiao Shaoxuan , Lowther Scott , Fu Xuewei , Zhang Yanli , Wu Ting , Hu Weiwei , Zhang Guohua , Ding Xiang , Tang Mingjin , Bi Xinhui , Jones Kevin C. , Wang Xinming
Published: September 2022

Intermediate‐volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are among the most important precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), yet their sources and contributions to SOA in ambient air are poorly constrained. In this study, IVOCs were collected with sorption tubes in a coastal city in southern China during September–October 2019 and were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass selective detector after thermo‐desorption. The measured average concentration of IVOCs was 25.0 ± 0.95 μg m−3 (mean ± 95% C.I.), and residual unresolved complex mixtures shared 79.8% ± 1.91% of IVOCs. The estimated SOA production, even only from speciated IVOCs and unspeciated branch‐alkane IVOCs, reached 2.44 ± 1.46 μg m−3, approximately five times that from VOCs during the photochemically active period (12:00–15:00 local time). Based on the positive matrix factorization model with a photochemical‐age‐based parameterization, diesel‐related emission was the largest contributor (46.6%) of IVOCs, followed by ship emission (23.0%), gasoline exhaust (16.8%), and biomass/coal burning (13.6%). Non‐road diesel engines accounted for a dominant part in diesel‐related emission. Ship emission was found to contribute SOA formation potentials (SOAFPs) comparable to that of diesel‐related emission, while biomass/coal burning showed higher SOAFPs than gasoline exhaust. Our results revealed that non‐road sources, such as ship emission, non‐road diesel engines, and biomass/coal burning contributed substantially to IVOCs, and will be of greater importance in producing ambient SOA with the increasingly stringent control on emissions from on‐road vehicles.
A Comprehensive Model for Pickup Ion Formation at the Moon
Authors: Poppe A. R. , Halekas J. S. , Harada Y.
Published: September 2022

The lunar exosphere is an ensemble of multiple overlapping, noninteracting neutral distributions that reflect the primary physical processes acting on the lunar surface. While previous observations have detected and constrained the behavior of some species, many others have only circumstantial evidence or theoretical modeling suggesting their presence. Many species are so tenuous as to be unobservable by direct neutral sampling, yet in comparison, measurements in their ionized form provide a particularly sensitive method of detection. To better aid the interpretation of past measurements and planning of future observations, we present a model for the production of lunar pickup ions from the Moon consisting of two components: An analytic model for the distributions of 18 neutral species produced by various mechanisms and an analytic model for the ionization and subsequent acceleration of 20 exospheric and surface‐sputtered pickup ion species. The dominant lunar pickup ions in the model are , He+, CO+, 40Ar+, Al+, Na+, K+, Si+, Ca+, and O+ with an asymmetric distribution favoring the positive interplanetary electric field hemisphere of the Moon. We compare the model predictions to statistically averaged pickup ion fluxes around the Moon as observed by the ARTEMIS spacecraft over the past decade. By filtering for interplanetary electric field‐aligned, high‐energy observations, we find that the pickup ion model lacks an additional source of heavy species. We suggest that a dense CO2 exosphere of 3 × 104 − 1 × 105 cm−3 could account for the missing pickup ion flux as part of the recycling of solar wind carbon ions incident to the Moon.
Hydrodynamic Simulations of Millimeter‐Scale Cambrian Sedentary Medusozoans
Authors: Liu Ping , Zhang Yiheng , Yang Xiaoguang , Wang Bin , Zhang Tao , Sun Jie , Tang Qingqin , He Kaiyue , Hao Wenjing , Yue Ning , He Xiaowei , Han Jian
Published: September 2022

Modern medusae are primarily macroscopic, free‐swimming marine organisms with a tetraradial symmetry. But the early Cambrian medusozoans, such as biradial Hexaconularia sichuanensis and tetraradial Quadrapyrgites quadratacris from the basal Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation in South China, were millimeter‐scale and sedentary forms. Although well‐documented as common components in a shelf environment, little is known about their in situ life conditions since they are easily transported by tidal flow before burial. Specifically, the interactions between their exoskeleton shapes and the hydrodynamic conditions are poorly known. Here we use fluid–structure interaction computational fluid dynamics to analyze the functional performance of the two taxa using 3D mesh models constructed from scanned fossils. The simulation experiments reveal that: (a) due to their millimeter‐scale size, most sedentary small shelly fossils (SSFs), including those of medusozoans lived within the viscous sublayer range of tidal flow; (b) the biradial symmetry of Hexaconularia was more structurally stable than the tetraradial symmetry of Quadrapyrgites; (c) different orientations of Hexaconularia, relative to the water flow, resulted in different force distributions on the surface. This research provides quantitative data of the hydrodynamic conditions of SSFs in shelf environments and critical insights into the biotic replacement of the early Cambrian benthic medusozoan community.
Drivers of Phytoplankton Variability in and Near the Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea During Typhoon Hato (2017): A Numerical Study
Authors: Feng Yang , Huang Jingwen , Du Yan , Balaguru Karthik , Ma Weiwei , Feng Qingyu , Wan Xiuquan , Zheng Youchang , Guo Xianghui , Cai Shuqun
Published: September 2022

The Pearl River Estuary and adjacent seas in South China Sea are frequently affected by tropical cyclones (TCs). Previous in situ and remote sensing studies have found that typhoons can enhance phytoplankton biomass and induce blooms in this region. However, the mechanistic links between phytoplankton blooms and typhoons have not been well understood due to the interplay of multiple complex processes along the land‐ocean‐atmosphere interface. Here, we constructed an integrated modeling system with the marine ecosystem and sediment components for the China Great Bay Area. By using the integrated modeling system, we quantitatively investigated the phytoplankton response to hydrological conditions variations under Typhoon Hato (2017), a strong typhoon case. Passive tracer experiments showed that with high river discharge induced by heavy rainfall, the residence time within Lingding Bay is as short as 15 days, less than half of that under the climatological discharge. The increase in freshwater pulse washes out the phytoplankton biomass within Lingding Bay. While for the offshore region, the analysis of various source and sink terms for the offshore region's post‐typhoon response showed that the increase of phytoplankton biomass in the first week was because of the uplift of nutrient‐rich subsurface water, while in the second week, it was due to the seaward propagation of nearshore high phytoplankton biomass water. While riverine nutrients support phytoplankton growth in the third week, a large part of phytoplankton biomass was lost to zooplankton grazing, showing the system shifted from the bottom‐up control to the top‐down control.
Energetic Electron Flux Predictions in the Near‐Earth Plasma Sheet From Solar Wind Driving
Authors: Swiger B. M. , Liemohn M. W. , Ganushkina N. Y. , Dubyagin S. V.
Published: September 2022

Suprathermal electrons in the near‐Earth plasma sheet are important for inner magnetosphere considerations. They are the source population for outer radiation belt electrons and they pose risks to geosynchronous satellites through their contribution to surface charging. We use empirical modeling to address relationships between solar driving parameters and plasma sheet electron flux. Using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, OMNI, and Flare Irradiance Spectral Model Version 2 data, we develop a neural network model to predict differential electron flux from 0.08 to 93 keV in the plasma sheet, at distances from 6 to 12 RE. Driving parameters include solar wind (SW) density and speed, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ and BY, solar extreme ultraviolet flux, IMF BZ ultra‐low frequency (ULF) wave power, SW‐magnetosphere coupling functions Pα1 and NXCF, and the 4‐hr time history of these parameters. Our model predicts overall plasma sheet electron flux variations with correlation coefficients of between 0.59 and 0.77, and median symmetric accuracy in the 41%–140% range (depending on energy). We find that short time‐scale electron flux variations are not reproduced using short time‐scale inputs. Using a recently published technique to extract information from neural networks, we determine the most important drivers impacting model prediction are VSW, VBS, and IMF BZ. SW‐magnetosphere coupling functions that include IMF clock angle, IMF BZ ULF wave power, and IMF BY have little impact in our model of electron flux in the near‐Earth plasma sheet. The new model, built directly on differential flux, outperforms an existing model that derives fluxes from plasma moments, with the performance improvement increasing with increasing energy.
Using Mutual Information for Global Sensitivity Analysis on Watershed Modeling
Authors: Jiang Peishi , Son Kyongho , Mudunuru Maruti K. , Chen Xingyuan
Published: September 2022

Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) often is applied to assess the sensitivity of model outputs to their inputs using ensemble simulations. However, increasing model complexity and the associated computational cost have limited the use of most GSA approaches for process‐based watershed models. We propose to use mutual information (MI) as a computationally efficient GSA method for watershed modeling. Such MI computed from several hundred realizations usually can capture nonlinear relationships between inputs and outputs of interest. We perform MI‐based watershed sensitivity analyses in studies of the Portage River Watershed in Ohio and the American River Watershed in Washington. In these studies, MI is used to evaluate the sensitivity of river discharges simulated by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to no less than 20 SWAT parameters for each watershed. Our MI‐based sensitivity analyses achieved convergence with about 300–500 realizations, a small fraction of the ensemble size (i.e., several thousands) required by the Sobol method. Nevertheless, the two‐dimensional MI yields similar sensitivity ranking compared to Sobol's total‐order sensitivity indices, especially for sensitive parameters. Our study thus sheds new light on the use of MI as an affordable GSA method for computationally intensive models such as the hyperresolution, watershed hydrobiogeochemical models.