bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Intensive Antibacterial Therapy on the Sulcular Environment in Monkeys: Part I. Changes in the Bacteriology of the Gingival Sulcus
Authors: Kornman Kenneth S. , Caffesse Raul G. , Nasjleti Carlos E.
Published: March 2012

The changes induced in the bacteriology of the gingival sulcus were evaluated as part of a study considering the keratinizing potential of the sulcular epithelium when bacterial plaque was essentially eliminated.

Two Rhesus monkeys were scaled and placed on a daily therapeutic regimen which included a prophylaxis, systemic tetracycline, and topical chlorhexidine. Over the 40 day experimental period and 74 days post‐therapy, subgingival plaque samples were taken periodically. The plaque samples were cultured anaerobically and aerobically to determine the predominant bacterial flora.

The total cultivable bacterial flora decreased from initial levels by greater than 99.9% with the antibacterial therapy. The flora shifted with therapy from one dominated by anaerobic organisms, including Bacteroides melaninogenicus (18%) and Fusobacterium species (13.9%), to a flora dominated by organisms growing aerobically. During treatment B. melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium species were not detected in any sample. After cessation of all therapy the anaerobes increased to dominance again, but B. melaninogenicus remained undetectable through 74 days post‐therapy.
A New Hypothesis of Periodontal Homeostasis
Authors: Morris Melvin L.
Published: March 2012

A review of the experimental evidence on marrow inhibition by implanted roots has shown that an inhibitory factor is present in all root surfaces. It is most marked in periodontally diseased roots and least in periodontally healthy roots. It is hypothesized that a “marked” amount would inhibit periodontal cells to the point where they could not resist the destructive effects of plaque, calculus and bacteria. A lesser or “moderate” amount would result in a more resistant periodontium. Finally, little or no inhibitor would also create a periodontium resistant to periodontal destruction but at the same time would remove restraints on the alveolar bone; the result would be invasion of the periodontal space and ankylosis to the root.
Inflammatory Effects of Periodontally Diseased Cementum Studied by Autogenous Dental Root Implants in Humans
Authors: Lopez Nestor J. , Belvederessi Mario , de la Sotta Raul
Published: March 2012

The inflammatory potential of diseased cementum was studied by implanting 70 autogenous fragments from periodontally involved roots into the mucosa of 56 patients. The implants were divided into groups depending upon the type of preparation the root received prior to implantation. Fifteen healthy root fragments implanted into 15 patients served as controls. Histologic results showed that implanted fragments from roots that had been scaled caused the most response with acute inflammation up to 14 days and chronic inflammation to 21 days. In cases in which these fragments were autoclaved the acute inflammation was not as severe. In the cases in which the roots were planed and autoclaved, even less acute inflammation was seen in the 7‐day specimens while some chronic inflammation persisted in the 21‐day specimens. Implants from healthy roots evoked no response. The inflammation caused by the autoclaved diseased cementum was attributed to thermo‐stable endotoxin. It was concluded that in advanced periodontal disease it is necessary to remove all of the cementum exposed to the pocket to eliminate its potential for inducing inflammation.
The Effect of Particle Size on the Osteogenic Activity of Composite Grafts of Allogeneic Freeze‐Dried Bone and Autogenous Marrow,
Authors: Shapoff Cary A. , Bowers Gerald M. , Levy Bernard , Mellonig James T. , Yukna Raymond A.
Published: March 2012

This study was carried out to determine if particle size is a factor to be considered in the evaluation of the osteogenic activity of freeze‐dried bone allografts (FDBA) and, if so, whether small particles enhance or inhibit osteogenesis. Small particle FDBA (100–300μm) plus marrow and large particle FDBA (1000–2000 μm) plus marrow were placed in plexiglass diffusion chambers secured to the femurs of six Rhesus monkeys. Control chambers contained either marrow alone or were left empty. Two animals were given injections of oxytetracycline hydrochloride at 5 and 7 weeks to obtain intravital osseous labeling. All chambers were removed after 8 weeks. Ten chambers were evaluated for new bone formation by fluorescent microscopy. The contents of 15 additional chambers were evaluated by single blind technique for presence or absence of bone resorption and ossification. The results indicated that there was significantly more new bone formation associated with small particle FDBA (100–300 μm) plus autogenous marrow than with large particle FDBA (1000–2000 μm) plus autogenous marrow. In addition, small particle FDBA (100–300μm) plus autogenous marrow tended to display more resorption than large particle FDBA (1000–2000 μm) plus autogenous marrow. It was concluded that within the parameters of this study, small particles of FDBA enhance osteogenesis. This study also demonstrated that particle size is a variable to be considered when comparing the osteogenic potential of freeze‐dried bone allografts.
The Clinical Effects of Citric Acid and Laterally Positioned Pedicle Grafts in the Treatment of Denuded Root Surfaces: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shiloah Jacob
Published: March 2012

A new technique of a combined mechanical‐chemical root preparation to enhance reattachment of pedicle grafts to previously denuded root surfaces is described. The clinical results of two documented cases are presented. The findings of this pilot study indicate that the technique is well tolerated by the patients, yielding a normal postoperative healing pattern and a clinical gain in the attachment level. These preliminary results may be attributed to: (1) Total elimination of bacterial endotoxin from the root surfaces by instrumentation and topical application of saturated citric acid at pH 1.0 for 3 minutes; (2) chemical exposure of dentin collagen fibrils, into which the graft may reattach; and (3) induction of cementogenesis by the exposed dentin.
Factors Related to Changes in Periodontal Treatment Need Over a 1‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Markkanen H. , Rajala M. , Rajala A. L. , Karinpää A. , Paunio I.
Published: March 2012

Changes in Periodontal treatment need measured by the modified Periodontal Treatment Need System were investigated among employees of a Finnish paper mill. The investigation consisted of two clinical studies with a 1‐year period between them, and three surveys to collect background information. After 1 year there was improvement in at least one jaw segment of 45% of the subjects and deterioration in 18%. Both improvement and deterioration were observed in another 10% of the subjects, and the remaining 27% had no changes in their dentulous jaw segments. The frequency of dental visits increased during the interim year. Changes in periodontal condition were in the main not significantly influenced by socioeconomic factors, dental health behavior, or dietary habits. Likewise, professional periodontal treatment did not have any significant effect on changes in periodontal condition.
Creeping Attachment of Free Gingival Grafts: A Five‐Year Follow‐up Study
Authors: Matter Jacques
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the study was to observe the results subsequent to placing free gingival grafts in ten patients with areas of gingival recession less than 3 mm in width. The grafts were placed directly over the recession and were observed for a period of 5 years. In all cases, the attached gingiva increased and the recession halted and in no instance was the recession greater after surgery. One month after grafting, the phenomenon of bridging was measurable in four cases. The mean coverage, obtained principally by creeping attachment, was about 70%. Among the ten cases some coverage was seen in all patients and resulted in the improvement in the periodontium, functionally and esthetically. On the basis of this study, one could conclude that the coverage obtained when placing a free gingival graft directly over a narrow recession is advantageous. The coverage of the recession however is not always complete nor always predictable.
Clinical Evaluation of Gingival Recession Treated by Coronally Repositioned Flap Technique
Authors: Tenenbaum H. , Klewansky P. , Roth J. J.
Published: March 2012

Thirty‐four areas of gingival recession in ten patients were treated by a coronally repositioned flap procedure. All but four of these areas had received a free gingival graft previously. The postoperative evaluations of the wound healing were made at 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 months after the final surgery. In most cases the amount of gingival recession was reduced with the average tissue gain being 1.82 mm. The gingival sulcus depth was unaffected by the procedure. Several cases showed total root coverage. Although the procedure described has many advantages, the authors feel these must be carefully weighed against the disadvantages before subjecting patients to such surgery.
The Removal of Carbon Particles From the Buccal Surface of Upper Incisors and Canines (by Saliva and Mechanical Movement)
Authors: Dunne S. M. , Alexander A. G.
Published: March 2012

Clearance time of carbon particles from the buccal surfaces of upper incisor and canine teeth was measured, and its possible relationship with plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation was assessed. The average clearance time observed was 20.75 minutes. Factors influencing particle removal were found to be significantly related to the severity of gingival inflammation but not to differences in plaque accumulation. Thus the factors involved in particle clearance may modify the gingival response to plaque. Alternatively, small changes in gingival contour as a result of the inflammatory process may alter significantly the ability of these factors to remove particulate matter.
Gingival Recession in the Lower Incisor Region of 15‐Year‐Old Subjects
Authors: Stoner Joan E. , Mazdyasna Simin
Published: March 2012

A sample of 1,003 children, aged 15 years, were examined for prevalence of gingival recession. It was found that 17% had pseudo gingival recession and 1% had true recession. The highest degree of association with local etiological factors was that between recession and the width of keratinized gingiva; frenal pull was the second most highly associated factor followed by tooth arch relationship and the least association existed between plaque and gingival recession. There was no association between calculus and recession.
Comparative Ultrastructure of Certain Actinomyces Species, Arachnia, Bacterionema and Rothia
Authors: Lai C.‐H. , Listgarten M. A.
Published: March 2012

A comparative ultrastructural study was carried out on several species of Actinomyces and related Gram‐positive rods including Arachnia, Bacterionema, Rothia and Leptotrichia. A total of 52 well characterized strains were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the ultrastructure of the cell periphery, that is the plasma membrane, periplasmic space, the cell wall per se and extramural structures, including surface “fuzz”. In addition, the ultrastructure of various features of the cytoplasm were also examined. A good correlation appeared to exist between certain ultrastructural characteristics of the microorganisms and their taxonomic position as determined by other criteria. It should be noted, however, that the ultrastructure of certain strains differed markedly from that of the remaining strains of the species. This observation raises some doubt on the appropriateness of the current classification for these particular strains. The ultrastructural features of the cell periphery were found to be particularly stable for all strains grown under standard conditions. For this reason, ultrastructural features of the cell wall and associated structures are probably a more reliable source of morphological criteria for identification purposes than the ultrastructural characteristics of the cytoplasmic components which tend to be more variable. The results suggest that certain ultrastructural features are useful criteria for the identification and classification of these Gram‐positive rods.
Hepatitis: A Review of the Disease and its Significance to Dentistry
Authors: Withers James A.
Published: March 2012

The report is a review of the literature related to hepatitis B and its implications for dental practitioners. Hepatitis B represents a serious health risk among dentists and simple preventive measures can greatly reduce the risk of transmission or contraction of the disease. Certain positive findings in a health history should alert the dentist that he may be treating a carrier of hepatitis B. If so, the wearing of gloves, a mask and protective eyewear will almost totally protect one from contracting the disease. To guard against transmission of hepatitis B to other patients in the dental practice, all instruments should be sterilized and all environmental surfaces should be appropriately treated. A person with a confirmed exposure to hepatitis B should be inoculated with immune serum globulin.
Familial Benign Chronic Neutropenia Associated With Periodontal Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Deasy Michael J. , Vogel Richard I. , Macedo‐Sobrinho Braz , Gertzman Gloria , Simon Barry
Published: March 2012

A rare case report of periodontal disease associated with familial benign chronic neutropenia is presented. The medical, dental and family histories as well as clinical and histologic observations are described and discussed.
A New Approach to Vital Root Resection
Authors: Haskell E. Wm. , Stanley Harold , Goldman Steve
Published: March 2012

This report deals with ten cases in which periodontal surgery was performed followed by immediate resection of one of the vital buccal roots on maxillary molars. The resultant pulpal opening was treated with calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide and eugenol then sealed with an amalgam alloy. Two additional cases were treated in reverse order by first resecting the vital root followed by immediate periodontal surgery. All cases were evaluated over a 1 to 3 year period. The results indicate that vital root resection at the same time as periodontal surgery compares favorably with cases treated in which periodontal surgery was completed at a prior appointment.
Results of Periodontal Therapy Related to Tooth Type
Authors: Ramfjord S. P. , Knowles J. W. , Morrison E. C. , Burgett F. G. , Nissle R. R.
Published: March 2012

Certain teeth or groups of teeth are prone to develop more severe periodontal destruction than other teeth in the same individuals. A test was made to assess if these same teeth or groups of teeth also respond less favorably to periodontal therapy than other teeth. Data from a longitudinal study of periodontal therapy for 78 patients over 8 years were analyzed with regard to effect of tooth types on treatment results. The response to periodontal treatment was only marginally related to tooth type with the most favorable responses in the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and the least favorable responses in the maxillary molars and bicuspids. Although a number of these differences were significant statistically, the actual values were too small to be of appreciable clinical significance. The overall prognosis for treatment of periodontal pockets apparently is good for all tooth types and this observation applies to moderate as well as to deep pockets.
Clinical Assessment of Free Gingival Graft Effectiveness on the Maintenance of Periodontal Health
Authors: Hangorsky Uri , Bissada Nabil F.
Published: March 2012

This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the long term clinical effect of free gingival grafts on the periodontal condition. Forty grafts, performed on 34 patients 1 to 8 years ago, were selected. Plaque and gingival indices were determined in the grafted areas. Direct clinical measurements from the cementoenamel junction to: a) margin of the gingiva, b) bottom of the gingival sulcus and c) mucogingival junction were also recorded. Similar examination of contralateral or adjacent 40 nongrafted areas for each patient was also conducted to serve as a control. Tissue mobility of the grafted and control areas was then recorded to the nearest 0.001 inch, using a specially developed device, which exerted a standardized tension of 50 gm perpendicular to the surface of the gingiva. Data was subjected to statistical evaluation to determine the significance of changes in variables between grafted and nongrafted sites. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) The zone of keratinized and attached gingiva, though more apically positioned, is significantly wider in the grafted sites. 2) There are no significant differences between grafted and nongrafted sites with regard to plaque index, gingival index and pocket depth. 3) In both grafted and nongrafted sites, a wider zone of attached gingiva corresponds to a shallower pocket depth. 4) There is a significant positive correlation between mobility of the graft and pocket depth. The present investigation, therefore, indicates that, while the free gingival graft is an effective means to widen the zone of the attached and keratinized gingiva, there is no indication that this increase bears direct influence upon periodontal health.
A Periodontal Probe That Measures to One Tenth Millimeter
Authors: Detsch Steven G.
Published: March 2012

A periodontal probe has been developed which utilizes a vernier gauge to permit direct measurement to one‐tenth millimeter. This configuration eliminates the need for multiple step measurements using stents or calipers. The probe can be sterilized easily to make measurements during surgical procedures. The probe should prove useful in clinical research, minor tooth movement and patient treatment documentation.
Serum Immunoglobulins in Periodontosis Patients
Authors: Kaslick Ralph S. , West Theodore L. , Singh Surendra M. , Chasens Abram I.
Published: March 2012

This study indicates that a significantly greater percentage of periodontosis patients had high serum IgM and IgA levels compared to the control subjects plus a trend in the same direction for IgG. Paradoxically, 41% of the periodontosis subjects had no elevation of IgG, IgA or IgM.
Influence of Interdental Contacts on Periodontal Status,
Authors: Hancock E. B. , Mayo C. V. , Schwab R. R. , Wirthlin M. R.
Published: March 2012

A group of 40 healthy, young adult male naval recruits were examined and scored for gingival inflammation, plaque, food impaction, pocket depth, carious lesions, calculus, restorations and overhangs. The findings of this study support those previously reported in naval recruits, i.e. gingival inflammation is widespread involving almost every area examined. Naval recruits do not adequately remove deposits of interdental plaque, and at least one pocket with a depth of 4 mm or greater is present in three out of every four recruits. Additionally, it was found that the level of gingival inflammation was considered moderate or severe in more than 80% of the areas examined. Analysis revealed no significant relationship between contact type and Gingival Index or pocket depth. However, the significant relationship observed between food impaction and contact type, and between food impaction and pocket depth, reinforced clinical observations that food impaction contributes to periodontal pathosis. A high number of restorations had mechanical retentive areas for bacterial plaque accumulations. Thus, in addition to establishing adequate levels of interproximal surface plaque removal by the patient, the clinician should take great care in finishing the gingival margins of restorations and should eliminate those factors associated with food impaction early in treatment.
Furcation Involvement in Maxillary and Mandibular Molars
Authors: Ross Ira Franklin , Thompson Robert H.
Published: March 2012

This is a sequel to a previous study that showed that many molars with furcation involvement (F.I.) can survive in a state of health and can function efficiently and without pain for many years. This finding is at variance with the views of others who believe that the prognosis for teeth with F.I. is unfavorable. The conclusions of the present study are: (1) F.I. of molars was a common finding; it occurred much more frequently than anticipated. (2) F.I. occurred three times more frequently among maxillary molars than among mandibular molars. (3) Many molars with F.I. functioned well from 5 to 24 years. (4) Based on these findings, it is suggested that two aspects of molars with F.I. be reevaluated, i.e., their prognosis and treatment. Further it is suggested that therapy for these teeth be designed to improve their functional environment and that in many instances removal of root or bone or extraction of the tooth is not necessary. (5) F.I. was detected more frequently in maxillary molars by radiographic examination than by clinical examination. On the other hand F.I. was detected more frequently in mandibular molars by clinical examination than by radiographic examination.
Dental Root Abnormalities and Gingival Overgrowth in Epileptic Patients Receiving Anticonvulsant Therapy
Authors: Girgis S. S. , Staple P. H. , Miller W. A. , Sedransk N. , Thompson T.
Published: March 2012

Forty‐six mentally retarded epileptic patients being treated with phenytoin and phenobarbital were studied to determine the root/crown length ratios. Forty‐five mentally retarded patients not receiving anticonvulsant drugs provided the controls. Further, because serum phenytoin levels have been related to severity of gingival hyperplasia, efforts were made to determine if the hyperplasia was associated with dental root abnormalities and also whether these abnormalities could be related to epilepsy per se. Results showed that in certain teeth there was a smaller root/crown ratio in the patients taking anticonvulsant medication. The male patients were more affected than the female. The unusually short roots were not necessarily related to high serum phenytoin but the severity of gingival overgrowth was. Histologic study of teeth from patients taking anticonvulsants revealed developmental abnormalities and resorption.
Cell‐Mediated Immune Response to Fractionated Products of Actinomyces viscosus Cultures,
Authors: Turner Donald W. , Balekjian Aram Y. , Berzinskas Vincent J.
Published: March 2012

Since bacterial invasion of host tissue has not been shown to occur in the course of periodontitis, many investigators believe that products released from dental plaque microorganisms enter the tissue and elicit a series of host responses leading to the pathological condition. This study, therefore, was designed to explore the possibility that cell‐free products isolated from Actinomyces viscosus cultures are able to induce cell‐mediated immunological responses in experimental animals. Hartley strain guinea pigs were sensitized with concentrated cell‐free products of A. viscosus culture supernatant fluids mixed with Freund complete adjuvant. After 10 to 17 days the animals responded to challenge with this material with skin reactions indicative of delayed‐type hypersensitivity. Furthermore, cells isolated from sensitized animals produced mitogenic factor and macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) when cultured with the material. The cell‐free culture products were fractionated by column chromatography and electrophoresis. Several partially purified components were shown to induce cell‐mediated responses in guinea pigs as determined by skin tests and by mitogenic factor and MIF assays. It is apparent that this single microorganism associated with dental plaque is capable of producing several substances which can induce a cell‐mediated immune response and subsequent tissue inflammation in laboratory animals.
An Evaluation of Minocycline in Patients With Periodontal Disease
Authors: Ciancio Sebastian G. , Mather Maryanne L. , McMullen James A.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the passage into and concentration of Minocycline HCl (Minocin) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the relationship between its concentration in saliva, GCF, serum and changes in periodontal health. Over an 8 day period, 10 adults with periodontal disease received orally 200 mg/day of Minocin and 10 others received 150 mg/day. The parameters evaluated included the DMF, gingival index, plaque index, crevice depth, oral soft tissue evaluation, SMA‐12, CBC, prothrombin time, and concentrations of Minocin in serum, saliva and GCF. The DMF score, crevice depth, SMA‐12, CBC and prothrombin time were determined on days 1 and 8. All other parameters were evaluated on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8. The results of this study showed that Minocin administration resulted in no significant changes in blood chemistry, blood counts and prothrombin time, was effective against oral microorganisms as shown by reductions in plaque scores, produces an improvement in gingival health, is present in serum at therapeutically effective levels when given in doses of either 200 mg or 150 mg per day and is concentrated in gingival crevicular fluid at levels 5 times as high as serum.
Prostaglandins in Gingiva of Patients With Periodontal Disease
Authors: ElAttar Tawfik M. A. , Lin Hsien S.
Published: March 2012

Prostaglandin E and F were measured simultaneously by radioimmunoassay in extracts of gingiva of patients with chronic periodontal disease. The mean values of PGE and PGF in 27 gingival samples were 42.2 ∓ 4.9 and 52.6 ∓ 6.8 pmol/gm wet tissue weight, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between the two groups of PGs was a positive 0.42, significant at P <0.05.
Periodontal Disease Associated With Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Vogel Richard I.
Published: March 2012

Inflammatory periodontal disease arises as a response to bacterial plaque. This response, however, may be modified by systemic factors such as nutritional deficiency, hormonal imbalance or severe systemic disease. One such systemic disease that may modify host response to local etiologic factors is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Depression of thrombocyte production is very rarely associated with SLE. A search of the medical literature has revealed only one such reported case. The case history that follows is of a 17‐year‐old black female with severe gingivitis and spontaneous gingival bleeding associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. It is believed to be the first such case reported in the dental literature. The clinical, radiographic and hematologic findings will be presented and the medical and periodontal therapy discussed.
Effect of Toothbrushing on Subgingival Plaque Formation
Authors: Waerhaug Jens
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to find out to what extent subgingival plaque formation may be prevented by toothbrushing. The experiment was carried out on a total of 28 molars in four monkeys. On day 0 all supra‐ and subgingival deposits were removed, and during the following year, the teeth on the left side were carefully brushed three times a week, employing the Bass' method. The right side was kept as unbrushed control. The histologic sections, which were cut in a bucco‐lingual direction, showed that subgingival plaque almost invariably had developed on the unbrushed teeth. Although all of the brushed teeth were free of subgingival plaque, a mild to moderate cellular infiltration prevailed for some distance below the gingival margin. These inflammatory reactions were assumed to have been induced by the bristles of the toothbrush, which were shown to penetrate as far as 0.9 mm below the gingival margin, when employing the Bass method. It was concluded that subgingival plaque formation can be prevented in areas accessible to the toothbrush.
The Relationship of Palato‐Gingival Grooves to Localized Periodontal Disease
Authors: Withers James A. , Brunsvold Michael A. , Killoy William J. , Rahe Alton J.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of the palato‐gingival groove in maxillary incisor teeth and the health status of the lingual periodontal tissues adjacent to maxillary incisor teeth with and without the grooves. A total of 531 individuals aged 17 to 35 years were examined for the presence or absence of palato‐gingival grooves in their maxillary incisor teeth. A Plaque Index (PlI), Gingival Index (GI), and Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) were recorded for the lingual aspect of the four maxillary incisors. Tooth mobility was also recorded. The prevalence of the palato‐gingival grooves in the 531 individuals examined was 8.5%. Of the 2,099 maxillary incisor teeth examined, 2.33% had a palato‐gingival groove. Most of the palato‐gingival grooves (93.8%) were in maxillary lateral incisor teeth. Statistical analyses revealed no differences in groove prevalence on the basis of sex or race. Results of the study also indicate that the palato‐gingival groove is associated with poorer periodontal health as measured by the GI and PDI and more plaque accumulation as measured with the PlI.
Root Fusion in Molars: Incidence and Sex Linkage
Authors: Ross Ira Franklin , Evanchik Patricia A.
Published: March 2012

The study was done to determine the incidence and distribution of root fusion in 1340 maxillary and mandibular molars in 170 patients. A second objective was to determine whether root fusion of molars is sex‐linked. A substantial percentage, 29% of all molars, had fused roots. Root fusion was found more frequently in maxillary than mandibular molars, 35% to 24%, and it occurred in many patients, rather than being limited to a few. Root fusion was most common in third molars, followed by second molars, in both jaws. It occurred in almost equal numbers in corresponding molars of opposite sides, approaching bilateral symmetry. The proportion of molars with root fusion was approximately 5% greater in females than in males, and about 13% more females had molar root fusion than males.
Evaluation of Durapatite Ceramic as an Alloplastic Implant in Periodontal Osseous Defects: I. Initial Six‐Month Results
Authors: Rabalais Murray L. , Yukna Raymond A. , Mayer Elizabeth T.
Published: March 2012

Eight patients received a new polycrystalline ceramic form of pure hydroxylapatite (Durapatite) as a bone implant material in various types of infrabony defects following internally beveled full thickness flaps, root planing, and defect debridement. All osseous margins and defects were measured from the CEJ using a standardized periodontal probe. Similarly debrided defects that were not implanted served as controls. Defect selection as either experimental or control site was based on either split‐mouth or alternating defects design. Periodontal dressing and systemic tetracycline were used for 10 days. Recalls for documentation and plaque control were at 10, 20, and 30 days, and 3 and 6 months. Measurements relating to defect changes were made at the 6‐month surgical re‐entry. For evaluation purposes original defect depths were divided into three groups. In Group I (<3 mm) defect fill was 1.2 mm (60%) for the implanted defects and 0.6 mm (40.5%) for the control sites (significantly different at P < 0.05). In Group II (3–6 mm) defect fill of 1.7 mm (48.5%) for implanted sites was significantly better than the 0.1 mm (11.1%) for the control sites. In the deepest group (Group III ≥ 6 mm) Durapatite placement yielded 2.6 mm (39.9%) of defect fill while debridement alone resulted in 1.3 mm (14.8%) of fill. Hard tissue changes demonstrated a substantial advantage for use of Durapatite over controls, while soft tissue changes were similar for both. The clinical impression at re‐entry and the numerical data indicate that pure hydroxylapatite ceramic has a definite potential as an alloplastic implant in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects.
Clinical Significance of Gingival Fluid Measurement by “Periotron”
Authors: Tsuchida Kazuyoshi , Hara Kohji
Published: March 2012

The accuracy of gingival fluid measurement with an electric device was compared with such clinical parameters as Gingival Index scores and pocket depths, and the treatment effect was evaluated by changes in the gingival fluid amount. After the initial examination 10 patients received oral hygiene instruction, scaling, root planing and soft tissue curettage. The operated areas were protected by a periodontal dressing for 1 week and all patients used a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse twice daily during that period and for the next week. Four weeks later the patients were reexamined for the same factors that were evaluated at the initial examination. The amount of gingival fluid correlated with the Gingival Index (r = 0.65), the pocket depth (r = 0.74) and the total amount of acid phosphatase in the gingival fluid (r = 0.92). Following treatment, a significant improvement in periodontal status was demonstrated by all of the parameters utilized.
Melanin Pigmentation and Inflammation in Human Gingiva
Authors: Patsakas A. , Demetriou N. , Angelopoulos A.
Published: March 2012

The study was carried out to determine the distribution of melanin granules in different anatomical areas of the gingiva and to relate the density of melanin granules to the degree of gingival inflammation. Specimens including free and part of the attached gingiva were secured from the vestibular surfaces of the six maxillary or mandibular teeth of 21 Caucasian subjects during periodontal surgery. Serial histologic sections 5 to 6 μ thick were prepared and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin or Masson‐Fontana. Evaluation of the H & E stained sections disclosed that the number of melanophores and melanin granules in the epithelium and the inflammatory cells of the subepithelial connective tissue gradually decreased from the free gingival groove area to the free gingival crest and from the free gingival groove to the mucogingival junction. The density of melanophores in the vestibular epithelium showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.38, P < 0.00003) with the severity of inflammation (numbers of inflammatory cells) in the attached gingiva but not in the free gingiva (r = −0.033, P < 0.2643). There was a positive significant correlation between the density of melanin granules of the vestibular epithelium and that of the adjacent connective tissue in both the free (r = 0.57, P < 0.0003) and atached gingiva (r = 0.46, P < 0.0003).
Effect of Phenytoin on Mitotic Activity of Gingival Tissue and Cultured Fibroblasts
Authors: Al‐Ubaidy Shakir S. , Al‐Janabi Nawal Y. , Al‐Tai Suhaila A.
Published: March 2012

The effect of phenytoin on the mitotic activity of gingival tissue as well as cultured mammalian fibroblasts was studied. This was measured quantitatively using autoradiography utilizing tritiated thymidine. Hyperplastic gingiva removed from patients treated with phenytoin and subjected to autoradiography showed a marked increase in the mitotic activity of gingival cells. This was also the case with cultured fibroblasts. The mitotic index was higher in the treated fibroblasts than that of the control. Ascorbic acid added to the cultures markedly reduced the mitotic activity of these cells. These results agree with other studies that phenytoin may be a factor in direct stimulation of the mitotic activity and gingival hyperplasia seen in patients taking this medication.
Advanced Alveolar Bone Loss in the Primary Dentition: A Case Report
Authors: Goepferd Stephen J.
Published: March 2012

A case of advanced periodontal destruction in an otherwise healthy 4y2‐year‐old child is presented. Advanced alveolar destruction in the primary dentition is a rare phenomenon, highly suggestive of systemic disease. It is suggested that when systemic disease is absent, as in this case, severe bone loss in the primary dentition may reflect a condition similar to juvenile periodontitis. Included in the report are the systemic conditions that must be considered in assessing extensive alveolar bone loss in the child.
Experimental Gingivitis in ODU Plaque‐Susceptible Rats: VI. Histopathological Studies
Authors: Ohura Kiyoshi , Ito Nobuyoshi , Mori Masakazu
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to document the histological development of gingivitis in the plaque‐susceptible ODU rat. Specimens were taken every 3 months over a 12 month period. In the 1st month a mild lymphocytic infiltrate was seen near the junctional epithelium. This infiltrate spread to the deeper connective tissue by the 3rd month. In the 6 to 9 month animals the cells of the junctional epithelium were partially destroyed resulting in beginning of sulcus ulceration. At this time osteoclasts were noted. By 12 months the cellular infiltrate was diffuse and large macrophages were evident. There were numerous enlarged capillaries.
Spontaneous Chronic Periodontitis in Adult Dogs: A Clinical and Histopathological Survey
Authors: Page R. C. , Schroeder H. E.
Published: March 2012

The clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of spontaneously occurring periodontitis in adult dogs were studied. Periodontitis in these animals is not an analogue of the human disease; the disease in humans and dogs has common features, but there are also remarkable differences. In both species there is a dense lymphoid cell infiltrate with a variable population of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs), conversion of junctional epithelium to pocket epithelium, an early and continuing loss of collagenous tissue, and bone and root resorption. In both species the pattern of bone loss is bilaterally symmetrical and the presence of a large population of PMNs appears to be associated with highly active and destructive disease. On the other hand, the disease in the dog begins as an infiltration of the connective tissues at the gingival margin rather than subjacent to the gingival sulcus and it is characterized by proliferation of the gingival tissue and conversion to granulation tissue. Both the sulcular and oral epithelia become pathologically altered. Vascular proliferation is much more prominent in the dog than in human tissues although less prominent than in some other species such as the mink. Fibrosis which is a very common feature in humans does not appear to occur at all in dogs. The premolars and to a lesser extent the first molars are the most frequently and severely affected teeth in the dog with the second molars resistant, while in humans the first and second molars are the most commonly and severely affected. Also, bone destruction is more prevalent and severe at the bifurcation region of two‐rooted teeth than in the interproximal area. Pocket formation may not be a feature of diseased teeth in dogs. Around many teeth the soft tissues retreat apically along with the alveolar bone resulting in little or no pocket formation. There is a significant but weak positive correlation between deposit scores and measurements of disease status such as pocket depths and amount of hyperplastic tissue.
The Hyperplastic Gingivitis of Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: Israelson Hilton , Binnie William H. , Hurt William C.
Published: March 2012

A rare case of hyperplastic gingivitis as a manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis is presented. These lesions when present are pathognomonic and may be the patient's main complaint. The use of immunosuppressive drugs, particularly cyclophosphamide, have greatly enhanced prognosis, especially when treatment is started before renal involvement. The dentist may therefore be very influential in determining prognosis.
IgG and IgG Subclasses in Human Periodontosis (Juvenile Periodontitis): Serum Concentrations
Authors: Waldrop Thomas C. , Mackler Bruce F. , Schur Peter
Published: March 2012

Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations of IgG and the IgG subclasses (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) in periodontosis (juvenile periodontitis) patients were examined and compared to those of normal nondiseased patients. Ig titers were determined by radial immunodiffusion. The mean serum concentration of IgG, although within the normal range, was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in periodontosis patients compared to nondiseased patients. In contrast, there were no significant differences in serum IgG subclass levels between groups.
Alveolar Bone Loss in Relation to Periodontal Treatment Need, Socioeconomic Status and Dental Health
Authors: Markkanen H. , Rajala M. , Knuuttila M. , Lammi S.
Published: March 2012

The distance from cemento‐enamel junction to alveolar crest was studied in relation to periodontal treatment need, socioeconomic factors and dental health. The subjects (315) of the study were employees of a paper mill in Finland. Alveolar crest height was measured from orthopantomograms, periodontal treatment need was assessed by the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). Number of teeth, interproximal fillings and caries were determined clinically, and background information was obtained by questionnaires. On an average, the rate of alveolar bone loss was 0.6 mm in 10 years in the study population and 1.2 mm in subjects aged 30 to 45 years. The bone loss increased with decreasing number of teeth. Subjects with plaque retention had somewhat more severe bone loss than those with no inflammation or gingival inflammation only. Periodontal treatment need, age and number of remaining teeth altogether explained 42.8% of the bone loss when tested by multiple linear regression analysis.
In Vitro Growth of Human Gingival Fibroblasts on Root Surfaces of Endodontically Treated Teeth,
Authors: Dunlap Robert M. , Gray Jonathan L. , Turner Donald W. , Vernino Arthur R. , Williams John E. , Pelleu George B.
Published: March 2012

Controversy exists over the potential for new connective tissue attachment to dentin of endodontically‐obturated teeth following periodontal therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cultured human gingival fibroblasts would grow in vitro on planed dentin surfaces of endodontically‐treated teeth. A model similar to that of Aleo et al. was developed using extracted endodontically‐treated human teeth. This model consisted of longitudinally sectioning 10 teeth, root planing one section only, and incubating both sections with a suspension of human gingival fibroblasts. Fibroblast growth was determined by staining with neutral red and trypan blue. The criterion for growth was staining of the complete root surface. All root areas with attached periodontal fibers displayed staining, as well as the complete root surface of all planed sections. Unplaned sections did not stain on root areas formerly exposed to the oral environment owing to periodontal disease, a finding consistent with the results of Aleo et al. Our results indicate that root canal therapy does not interfere with in vitro growth of fibroblasts on planed dentin surfaces of endodontically‐treated teeth. Extrapolation to a clinical situation would indicate that normal healing may be expected after periodontal surgery on tissues adjacent to root planed endodontically‐treated teeth.
Immunological Comparison of Plaque‐Resistant and Plaque‐Susceptible Inbred Rat Strains
Authors: Ito Nobuyoshi , Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Rosenstreich David L.
Published: March 2012

An immunological comparison of ODU Plaque‐Resistant (RES) and Plaque‐Susceptible (SUS) Rats was performed in order to determine if plaque accumulation was secondary to some immunological abnormality, and to ascertain the effects of plaque accumulation on the immune system. Plaque accumulation in SUS rats on powder diets is associated with a significant elevation in immunoglobulin levels over RES rats, especially in serum IgG and IgM. Young (< 9 weeks) SUS rats possess fewer splenic T lymphocytes than do young RES rats. This decrease is associated with a marked decrease in the response of spleen cells in vitro to T cell mitogens, Con A and PHA. This decrease is unrelated to diet and is completely and spontaneously reversed in the adult (3 month) rats. These studies demonstrate that the accumulation of large amounts of plaque cause an elevation in immunoglobulin levels. However, plaque accumulation in SUS rats does not appear to be secondary to any demonstrable immunologic abnormality.
Penetration of Dental Plaque Components Into Gingiva: Sequential Topical Treatments With Hyaluronidase and Streptococcal Polysaccharide in Rats
Authors: Gaffar Abdul , Coleman Edward J. , Marcussen Hans W.
Published: March 2012

Eighty‐five Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in two experiments to determine the conditions necessary to permit transepithelial penetration by deleterious macromolecules in murine oral mucosa. In experiment one, Group I was a water and diet control; Group II mucosa was treated with hyaluronidase; Group III with streptococcal polysaccharide; and Group IV with hyaluronidase, followed by treatment with the polysaccharide. In the second experiment, the histological effects of the streptococcal polysaccharide were quantified by administering a series of concentrations, from 10 mg/ml to 100 μg/ml. The results suggest that tissue‐damaging plaque components, such as hyaluronidase and polysaccharide, act in combination to pass through the epithelial structures into the subjacent connective tissues to cause destructive changes in rat gingiva. Such changes may possibly be related to those seen in the periodontium when it is adjacent to dental plaque.
The Gingival Bleeding Time Index
Authors: Nowicki David , Vogel Richard I. , Melcer Samuel , Deasy Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Recent studies have supported an emphasis on gingival bleeding indices for detection of inflammation. The purposes of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the relationships between the time necessary for stimulated gingival bleeding to occur and both gingival fluid flow and Löe's gingival index; and (2) to develop a clinical index based on gingival bleeding time. In the first part of the study, the elapsed time for gingival bleeding to first occur after sulcular stimulation was correlated with the gingival index and fluid flow on 150 gingival units. A high correlation was found between bleeding time with both the gingival index and exudate flow. A bleeding time index based on a scattergram of the data obtained in part I of the study was then formulated and evaluated in a similar fashion on an additional 172 gingival units. Results indicate a high correlation between the bleeding time index and the other indices. It is concluded that the bleeding time index may be used by itself as an accurate and objective clinical tool to evaluate gingival inflammation.
Desquamative Gingivitis in A 13‐Year‐Old Male: Case Report
Authors: Barnett M. L. , Wittwer J. W. , Miller R. L.
Published: March 2012

A case is reported of “desquamative gingivitis” in a 13‐year‐old male patient. On the basis of the clinical distribution of lesions, the histopathology, and direct and indirect immunofluorescent tests, the lesions were definitively diagnosed as cicatricial pemphigoid. This case is unusual because of the age of the patient, and further illustrates the value of immunologic tests in establishing a specific diagnosis of desquamative lesions.
Comparison of Bone Graft Materials: Part I. New Bone Formation With Autografts and Allografts Determined by Strontium‐85
Authors: Mellonig James T. , Bowers Gerald M. , Bailey R. Clifton
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to obtain a direct comparison of the bone forming abilities of autogenous osseous coagulum, autogenous bone blend, freeze‐dried bone allograft, and decalcified freeze‐dried bone allograft. Defects were created in the calvaria of 35 guinea pigs. The graft materials were placed in porous nylon chambers and implanted into the defects. Empty nylon chambers served as the controls. Three days prior to sacrifice, each animal received an injection of 85Sr. The animals were killed in groups of five at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. At sacrifice, a small section of ilium was removed from each animal. The samples were recovered, weighed, and the uptake of 85Sr into new bone determined. An osteogenic index was obtained by dividing cpm/mg for each sample by cpm/mg of ilium. It was concluded that in this model system decalcified freeze‐dried bone allograft is a graft material of high osteogenic potential while autogenous bone blend and osseous coagulum were of less potential, and freeze‐dried bone allograft even less.