bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host-parasite relationship of Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg) and Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher 1934, from Cameroun
Authors: Frandsen Flemming
Published: June 2009

The susceptibility of 13 different B. forskalii strains from Zaire, Cameroun, Gabon, Senegal, Rhodesia and Tanzania and B. reticulatus wrighti Aden has been tested to infection with Schistosoma intercalatum from Cameroun. The most common prepatent period was 23–28 days.

B. forskalii from Zaire, Cameroun and Gabon were excellent intermediate hosts with infection rates varying from 59–0 to 97–4% and with very low death rates, 0-28-4%. The strains from Senegal and Rhodesia had infection rates from 500 to 58.4%. B. forskalii from Tanzania was refractory. 53.0% of the exposed B. reticulatus wrighti was infected. The total cercariae production per snail varied from 1000–11000. The duration of the infection varied from 8 to 174 days.
Changes in the Distribution and Chemical Composition of Hymenolepis diminnta, and the Intestinal Nutritional Gradients of Uninfected and Parasitized Rats following a Glucose Meal
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

1. The protein nitrogen, carbohydrate and amino acid contents of the rat duodenum, jejunum, upper and lower ileum have been determined for up to 3 hr following the feeding of a glucose-containing test diet.

2. The changes in distribution of Hymenolepis diminuta within the intestine and the changes in worm total nitrogen and carbohydrate have been followed over the same period following the same diet.

3. The glucose and TCA-soluble carbohydrate contents of the uninfected gut were approximately double those of the parasitized animals.
An Investigation into the Method of Dispersal of Panagrellus silusiae, with Particular Reference to its Desiccation Resistance
Authors: Lees E.
Published: June 2009

1. P.silusiae is shown to be unable to resist desiccation on a microscope slide for periods above half an hour, although larvae within the uterus of the mother can survive for somewhat longer periods.

2. When “protected” by a colloidal gel, the worms are shown to resist desiccation for several months. Such “protected” worms are more resistant to temperature extremes than “non-protected” ones.

8. P. silusiae is immobilized in glucose solutions above 1M strength, although it can resume mobility on dilution of the solution, even after fourteen days in 4 M glucose solution.

4. P. silusiae is shown to be positively chemotactic towards oxygen, in addition the gravid females are negatively geotactic.

5. Drosophila fimcbr is is shown to act as a dispersal agent for P. silusiae.
Experimental infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice. II. Migration and distribution of larvae in tissues after oral infection
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

Migration and distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the tissues of Swiss albino mice infected with 500,1000, 2000 and 4000 larvae was studied. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was earlier in mice infected with a dose of 4000 larvae and more larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract of heavily infected (2000 dose) mice. With an infective dose of 1000 larvae, the percent larval yield was higher than in other two groups (500 dose and 2000 dose) showing poor expulsion. Larval migration in the lungs was high even on the 1st day in heavily infected groups. Migration of larvae into the muscles, particularly of the head, neck and thorax took place on the very first day and was proportional to dose level. Larval count was higher in the muscles of the head and neck until the 9th day, after which it was high in the thoracic and other regions.
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910: I.Onchocerca cervicalisin British Horses
Authors: Mellor Philip S.
Published: June 2009

1. 903 horses were examined at 3 abattoirs in South East England. 10(22–7%) of the horses at the London Colney abattoir, 23(13–9%) of those at the Braintree abattoir, Essex, and 90(12–9%) of those at the Islington abattoir, London, were infected with O.cervicalis. All 105 horses examined in Southern Ireland were found to be negative.

2. The adult worms of O.cervicaliswere found without exception, in the ligamentum nuchae of infected horses. The suspensory ligaments of the fetlock and flexor tendons were always negative.

3. The microfilariae of O.cervicalisconcentrate along the abdominal mid-line of the host. In 5 complete horse hides, 95% of the microfilariae were found within 6 inches of the linea alba. The examination of 31 other horses infected with O.cervicalisconfirmed this pattern of microfilarial distribution.

4. The microfilariae were concentrated along the ventral mid-line, of the host; presumably an adaption to accommodate the habits of the vector C.nubeculosus, which bites preferentially in this area.

5. Seasonal variations in the number of microfilariae in horse skin, as reported by Japanese workers, was not observed. Evidence was found, however, to suggest that the microfilariae migrate into the deeper levels of the dermis during the Winter. Histological examination of infected horse skin showed that the microfilariae have a very uneven distribution in the dermis. They congregate together in isolated “clumps” or “nests” and are frequently found in close proximity to the sweat glands or hair follicles.
Studies onTernidens deminutusRailliet & Henry, 1909 (Nematoda) I. External morphology
Authors: Goldsmid J. M. , Lyons N. F.
Published: June 2009

The present paper describes the size range ofTernidens deminutusfrom human and baboon hosts in Rhodesia and discusses the possible reasons for the differences noted.

Using transmitted light and the scanning electron microscope, the external morphology ofT. deminutushas been re-studied and compared to investigations by other authors using transmitted light microscopy alone.

The paper also illustrates the value of the scanning electron microscope in morphological studies in helminthology, especially when used in conjunction with the light microscope, to give an excellent three-dimensional picture of the species under investigation.

It is intended to follow this work with further studies on the anatomy, histology, ultrastructure and histochemistry ofTernidens deminutus.
Interference by Unsusceptible Aquatic Animals with the Capacity of the Miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon to Infect Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) under Field-Simulated Conditions in St. Lucia, West Indies.
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart
Published: June 2009

1. Two snail species (Physa marmorata and Drepanotrema surinamensis), guppies (Poecilia reticulata), and tadpoles (Bufo marinus) prevented in various degrees the infection of susceptible B. glabrata by miracidia of S. mansoni.

8. When the animal decoys were used in “pure” groups, the snails were more efficient in reducing the infection in B. glabrata than the guppies and the tadpoles.

3. When the animal decoys were used in “mixed” groups, the combination of P. marmorata and D. surinamensis was the most efficient group in reducing the infection in B. glabrata.
The Life History of Echinostoma londonensis n.sp., the Adult of Cercaria londonensis Khan, 1960
Authors: Khan D.
Published: June 2009

Cercaria londonensisKhan, 1900 is shown to develop into a new species ofEchinosloma. The stages in the life history are described.
Non-specific immunodepression byNematospiroides dubiusof concurrent responses to oxazolone and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Alif Najah M. H. , Behnke Jerzy M.
Published: June 2009

Mice infected withNematospiroides dubiusshow non-specific immunodeprcssion (NSID) of immune responses to concurrently administered antigens. This project investigated the factors influencing the response of oxazolone (T-dcpcndcnt antigen) and LPS (T-indcpcndent antigen) in infected mice. Depressed responses to both antigens were observed in mice infected withN. dubius, although the pattern of immunodeprcssion was influenced by both the level and the relative timing of infection and antigen presentation. Consistent NSID was only achieved when the mice were given the higher levels of infection and there was some evidence that NSID was more severe when infection preceded the administration of antigen by 14 days.In general, although NSID was significant, the degree of immunodepression was not considerable. It was concluded that the underlying mechanism of NSID was likely to be different from that enabling the parasite to survive in the intestine of the chronically infected host, and that altered physiology and host's modulation of the immune responses in heavily infected animals may have given rise to a general weakening of the immune system. It was suggested that future work should investigate NSID and parasitespecific immunodeprcssion locally in the intestine where parasite survival is likely to be determined by events at the nnicosal surface.
Repeated patent infection of adult dogs with Toxocara camis
Authors: Maizels R. M. , Meghji M.
Published: June 2009

Three adult male greyhounds have been repeatedly infected with Toxocara canis by oral administration of 100 to 200 infective ova. Each infection has become patent as shown by the presence of eggs in faeces. Anthelmintic treatment between 7 and 14 weeks after infection yielded an average of 25% of the inoculum as adult worms. These dogs have continued to be fully susceptible to infection despite repeated exposure to this parasite, and despite the presence of scrum antibody to both parasite surface and secreted antigens. These findings imply that adult dogs may not always be immune to toxocaral infection and may therefore contribute significantly to the problem of environmental contamination with T. canis ova.
The efficacy of some newer broad spectrum anthelmintics against third-stage larvae of Ancylostoma caninum in the mouse
Authors: Bhopale G. M. , Bhatnagar B. S.
Published: June 2009

The efficacy of eight anthelmintics against Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the skeletal muscles of mice was evaluated. Levamisole (5 × 40 mg kg), thiabendazole (5 × 400mg kg), oxfendazole (5 × 100mg kg), albendazole (5× 1OOmg kg), flubendazole (5 × 200 mg kg), benacil (5 × 200 mg kg) and phenacizole (5 × 200mg kg) showed marked larvicidal activity (98 to 99%). Sch 18099 did not show larvicidal activity even at 5×400 mg kg.
Phenol oxidase activity of a monogenean, Paramazocraes thrissocles
Authors: Thangaraj T. , Vinayakam A. , Nellaiappan K.
Published: June 2009

The phenol oxidase of a monogenean, Paramazocraes thrissocles, oxidizes phenolic amines more effectively than other phenols studied. Based on the substrate specificity, the probable substrate for eggshell formation has been suggested. The enzyme shows the pH optimum of 7–2. At 40°C it shows maximum activity. Proenzyme is activated by metal ions and detergents. Copper chelating compounds strongly inhibit the enzyme.
The effect of sublethal concentrations of the molluscicide niclosamide on the infectivity ofSchistosoma mansonicercariae
Authors: Ghandour A. M.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of sublethal concentrations of niclosamide on the infectivity ofSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Exposure of cercariae to 0.02 mg/1 and 0.05 mg/1 of niclosamide, respectively, for only two hours increased their mortality during penetration of mammalian host skin. The observed increase in mortality in the skin resulted in a consequent reduction of adult worm recovery from the liver and mesenteric veins of animals infected with the treated cercariae.
On a Remarkable New Cestode, Meggittina baeri gen. et sp. nov. (Anoplocephalinae) from Rodents in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Lynsdale Jean A.
Published: June 2009

This highly distinctive worm was collected in Honde, Southern Rhodesia, on two separate occasions, from hosts designated “house rat” and “native granary rat” which the writer understands could readily be one and the same, since houses and granaries in these areas are built in fairly close proximity. If, however, it is assumed that these buildings are at a distance from each other, it is possible that two different genera and species are concerned; and if such is the case, the “granary” rat might possibly be a field rat. It is regretted that the identification of the host cannot be more explicit.
Some Digenetic Trematodes of Birds from North Borneo (Malaysia)
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2009

Twelve species of digenetic trematodes are reported from birds from North Borneo (Malaysia). A new genus and species described is Transversohelmins borneoensis (Heterophyidae) from Charadrius leschenaultii. Three new species described are Echinoparyphium borneoense (Echinostomatidae) from Amaurornis phoenicurus, Episthmium borneoense (Echinostomatidae) from Alcedo menil:ting verreauxii, and Posthovitellum sabahense (Eumegacetidae) from Rhipidura javanica longicauda. Papillatrema sp. (Eumegacetidae) from Apus apus affinis subfurcatus is described and figured, but is not allocated to species as the specimen is immature. Previously described species reported are: Mesostephanus haliasturus Tubarigui and Masiluñgan, 1941 (Cyathocotylidae) from Haliastur indus intermedius; Acanthoparyphium ochthodromi Tubangui,1933 (Echinostomatidae) from Charadrius leschenaultii; Tanaisia (Tanaisia) fedtschenkoi Skrjabin, 1924 (Eucotylidae) from Aegithina tiphia aequanimis; T. (Tamerlania) zarudnyi Skrjabin, 1924, from Pycnonotus zeylanicus, Anthreptes malacensis borneoensis, and Argusianus argus grayi; Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) Witenberg, 1930 (Heterophyidae) from Haliastur indus intermedius and Ketupa ketupa keptupa; Pygidiopsis marivillai Refuerzo and Garcia, 1937 (Heterophyidae) from Butorides striatus; Plagiorchis maculosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1901 (Plagiorchiidae) from Hirundo rustica gutteralis.
Detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis by sandwich ELISA using filarial serum IgG
Authors: Reddy M. V. R. , Malhotra Ashok , Harinath B. C.
Published: June 2009

The utility of the IgG fraction of human filarial serum immunoglobulin in detecting circulating antigen by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was studied. 27 of 33 sera from persons with microfilaracmia, 19 of 30 sera from clinical cases of filariasis, 4 of 30 sera from normal persons from a region endemic for filariasis showed the presence of circulating filarial antigen. All the 20 normal sera from the area where filariasis was not endemic gave negative reaction for filarial antigen. Those sera from persons with microfilaracmia that showed the presence of circulating antigen also showed an apparent positive correlation between the microfilarial density and the antigen titre.
Observations on the infectivity and fecundity of a Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis in albino mice
Authors: Saad A. M. , Hussein M. F.
Published: June 2009

A Sudanese isolate of Schistosoma bovis from experimentally infected sheep was found to be highly pathogenic to albino mice. Eggs were first found in the livers 42 days after exposure. The distribution of eggs in the liver and small and large intestines changed little during the course of infection. Results arc compared with others using an Iranian isolate of S. bovis, which causes only a mild infection, and S. mattheci.
Studies on Spiruroid Parasites of Indian Birds. Part I. A new species of Gongylonema, G, thapari n.sp., from the grey jungle fowl, with notes on variation in G. congolense from different hosts.
Authors: Ali Mir Moazzam
Published: June 2009

Gongylonema thapari n.sp. is described from Gallus sonneratii. Its relationship with the other avian species of the genus Gongylonema is discussed. G. thapari differs essentially from the other species of the genus in having imbricated caudal alae.

G. congolense Fain, 1955 is reported for the first time from India. Structural variations within the species in 3 different avian hosts are noted.
The Trematode Parasites of the Sheathbill,Chionis alba(Gmelin), from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands
Authors: Jones N. V. , Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

This paper reports on two species of digenetic trematodes, namelyGymnophallus deliciosus(Olsson, 1893) andNotocotylus chionisBaylis, 1928, from Sheathbills collected on Signy Island.(lat. 60° 43' S., long. 45° 36' W.), South Orkney Islands, in July and October 1965 by Mr Charles Howie of the British Antarctic Survey. The birds were preserved in deep-freeze and later passed to us for examination. An account of the cestode parasites of these birds has been given previously (Jones & Williams, 1967).
Distribution and Specificity of the Plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis (L) in the Northamptonshire Area
Authors: Orr T. S. C.
Published: June 2009

The fish populations of three reservoirs and one river in the Northamptonshire area were examined over a four-year period for the plerocercoid of Ligula iniestinalis. The infection was observed in two of the three reservoirs but was not found in the river Nene. The reservoir which had no infection contained no cyprinids.
Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of six species of African Schistosomes and their Hybrids 1. Mice and Hamsters
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Andrews B. J.
Published: June 2009

In a previous hybridisation study it was found that six African schistosome species could be distinguished by their egg morphology and snail infectivity, and that their hybrids were also distinct. The present paper describes complementary studies on the behaviour of the same parasites in rodents.

Statistically significant differences were found between the behaviour of each pair of sibling species with regard to some of the following characters: percentage of worm recovery; rate of egg production; percentage distribution of eggs in the liver, small and large intestines. This is further evidence that these forms are distinct species.

There were also significant differences between the hybrids and their “parental” species, and between the behaviour of the parasites in mice and hamsters. The distinct behaviour of the hybrids raises the possibility of genetically modifying these parasites in order to attenuate their pathogenicity with a view to using hybrids as heterologous immunising agents.
Comparison of the Infectivity and Pathogenicity of six species of African Schistosomes and their Hybrids 2. Baboons
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Nelson G. S. , Smith Mary , Andrews B. J.
Published: June 2009

The behaviour of six species of African schistosomes and their hybrids has been compared qualitatively and quantitatively in baboons, with a view to finding a schistosome of high infectivity but low pathogenicity to the baboon for use in heterologous immunity experiments. This study, which includes the first comparative study of the pathogenicity of these six species in primates, is complementary to earlier studies in rodents in which these schistosomes and their hybrids were compared in terms of egg morphology, snail infectivity, and infectivity and pathogenicity. In rodents, statistically significant differences were detected in the behaviour of each pair of sibling species with regard to percentage worm recovery, rate of egg production and percentage distribution of the eggs in the tissues, and the hybrids also differed significantly from their “parental” species.

Even greater differences were found in baboons. For example, although all the strains studied produced mature egg-laying adults in rodents, no worms, eggs, or histopathological changes resulted from exposure of baboons to S. rodhaini or S. bovis. With regard to prepatent period, S. mansoni was the shortest (5–6 weeks), S. haematobium the longest (12–14 weeks), while S. mattheei and S. intercalatum occupied intermediate positions (7–9 weeks). The hybrids all matured in 7–9 weeks except the S. bovis/S. mattheei hybrid (11–16 weeks). S. haematobium similarly had a much longer maturation time in rodents. Complete or partial “self-cure” occurred in 3 baboons but was not observed in rodents. The percentage worm recovery of S. mansoni was higher than for the S. mansoni/S. rodhaini hybrids while with the S. haematobium group of species, worm recovery was highest with S. mattheei followed by S. intercalatum and S. haematobium, the same order as in rodents. With the S. haematobium-group hybrids, worm recovery was generally high except with the S. bovis/S. haematobiuun hybrid.
Laboratory infections of Scheloribates spp. (oribatid mites) with Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni
Authors: Narsapur V. S.
Published: June 2009

Scheloribates laevigatus (Koch, 1836) and Scliehribates fimbriatiis (Thor, 1930), predominant species of oribatids in soil of Bombay region, were experimentally exposed to infection by uniform suspensions of eggs of Moniezia expansa and M. benedeni. The percentages of mites infected and the average number of cysticercoids developing were observed in 12 sets of experiments. The mites were more readily infected with eggs of M. expansa than with those of M. benedeni. S. laevigatus were infected with M. expansa and Jess with M. benedeni than S.fimbriatus.
Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandranisp. n. from Mueller's rat,Rattus muelleriin Malaysia
Authors: Betterton Christine
Published: June 2009

Neodiplostomum (Conodiplostomum) ramachandranisp. n. is described fromRattus muelleriin Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. It is characterised by having symmetrical dumbell-shaped testes, and vitellaria as a single ventral band in the hindbody. The taxonomic relations ofNeodiplostomum,ConodiplostomumandFibricolaare discussed and possible significance of the fluke as an ecological indicator noted.
The distribution of Nematospiroides dubius within the small intestine of laboratory mice
Authors: Lewis J. W. , Bryant V.
Published: June 2009

Analyses of primary infections of Nematospiroides dubius in male and female laboratory mice show that on days 4–6 post-infection worms occupy up to 50% of the small intestine but as the age of the infection increases worm populations are highly aggregated in relation to the anterior sections of the small intestine. Individual worms are also shown to be aggregated with respect to each other. Between days 42 and 60 postinfection, although the pattern of distribution of N. dubius along the small intestine does not significantly change, survival of worms is influenced by both age and sex of ASH/CSI S.P.F. mice, reasons for which are discussed in the light of previous work on primary infections of N. dubius in other strains of laboratory mice
The prevalence, relative abundance and site distribution of nematodes of the subfamily Cyathostominae in horses killed in Britain
Authors: Ogbourne Colin P.
Published: June 2009

A total of 21 species of Cyathostominae was found in the lumen of the large intestine of 86 mature horses of various ages and breeds killed in south-west England during 1972–1974. Cylicostephanus longibursatus, C. goldi, C. calicatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, C. coronatum and Cylicocylus nassatus were found in over 80% of the horses, while 12 of the remaining species were detected in less than 30%. Quantitative studies on 55 horses showed the adult cyathostome burdens to rise to a sharp peak (average over 400,000/horse) in April-June and a lower one in November-December. Parallel fluctuations occurred in the lumen populations of 4thstage larvae. The most numerous cyathostomes were generally those species with the highest prevalence. The five most plentiful (C. nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, C. minutus and C. goldi) comprised over 90% of the total number of adult cyathostomes recovered. The three regions of the large intestine had adult cyathostome faunas of different composition. That of the dorsal colon was dominated by C. longibursatus and C. goldi, the ventral colon by Cylicocyxlus nassatus and Cyathostomum catinatum, while the sparsely inhabited caecum accommodated several equally numerous species. Each species showed a characteristic site distribution, 11 occurring predominantly in the ventral colon, eight in the dorsal colon and two in the caecum. Seasonal changes in the site distributions of C. catinatum and Cylicocyclus nassatus and in the size of the cyathostome burdens are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of cyathostome infections.
Immunisation of baboons againstSchistosoma mansoniusing irradiatedS. mansonicercariae and schistosomula and non-irradiatedS. rodhainicercariae
Authors: Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S. , Bickle Q. , Andrews B. J. , Dobinson A. R. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

In an attempt to develop a non-pathogenic procedure for immunising baboons againstS. mansoni, groups of five baboons were exposed to three doses of 5000 6 Kr-irradiatedS. mansonicercariae or to similar numbers of normalS. rodhainicercariae and challenged at week 15 with 500 normalS. mansonicercariae. Faecal egg counts, worm and tissue egg counts, and histopathological examination, showed that neither of the immunising schedules had produced significant protection. In the second experiment baboons were injected by the intramuscular route with 31000 schistosomula ofS. mansoniin three doses and the irradiation dose was reduced to near the minimum required for worm sterilisation (2·1–2·4 Kr). Challenge with 3500 normal cercariae ofS. mansoni21 weeks after the first immunising dose again showed no significant protection, although reductions of 20–30% were found, in egg and worm counts resulting from the challenge. These results indicate that it may be difficult to develop an effective live vaccine forS. mansoniunless the antigenicity of the immunising larvae can be greatly increased.
Immunisation of sheep against Schistosoma mattheei using either irradiated cercariae or irradiated schistosomula
Authors: Taylor M. G. , James E. R. , Nelson G. S. , Bickle Q. , Dunne D. W. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

Irradiated cercariae, irradiated schistosomula, or hcterologous infections were used to vaccinate sheep against Schistosoma mattheei infection. In the first experiment four doses of I04 S. mattheei cercariae irradiated at 6Kr were administered to sheep by percutaneous infection at 4 week intervals. This induced a 74% reduction in a challenge infection compared to control sheep while only 13% protection was achieved in a third group of sheep immunised with normal cercariae of the heterologous parasite S. mansoni. No significant differences were seen in histopathology of the liver of any of the sheep but the pathological changes were more severe in the large and small intestines of sheep vaccinated with the heterologous parasite. In the second experiment with irradiated cercariae only one or two immunising exposures were used. The degree of protection in the adult worm load (9–11%) was not significant and no significant differences were noticed in the pathology of the vaccinated and control animals. In the third experiment four doses of irradiated organisms were used to vaccinate five groups of sheep: 3Kr or 6Kr cercariae were administered by percutaneous infection; 6Kr skin-transformed scbistosomula were administered by intramuscular injection; the same 6Kr skin-transformed schistosomula were given by intravenous injection and 6Kr syringe transformed schistosomula were administered by intramuscular injection. The degree of protection (determined as the reduction in worm burden) achieved by these different procedures was respectively 72%, 61%, 77%, 56% and 78%. These results indicate the possibility of making a live vaccine against ovine schistosomiasis and show that effective immunisation is not dependent on the presence of a mature worm infection or on cercarial penetration of the skin by the immunising infection.
Comparison of the Bell technique, a modified Kato thick smear technique, and a digestion method for the field diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni
Authors: Teesdale C. H. , Amin M. A.
Published: June 2009

A modification of the Kato thick smear technique, the Bell filtration technique, and a digestion method were investigated to determine the relative merits of each for the detection of schistosome eggs in human faecal samples. The modified Kato technique was the method of choice because it was sensitive, simple to perform, and suitable for field use. The Bell filtration technique was equally sensitive in detecting light infections, but was more tedious and more complicated to perform than the thick smear technique.
Trypanosomes found in Canadian Mammals
Authors: Watson E. A. , Hadwen S.
Published: June 2009

Since 1906 trypanosomes have been found in ten species of mammals by officers of the Health of Animals Branch.
On the Occurrence of two Species of Parasites in Equine “Piroplasmosis” or “Biliary Fever.”
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

“Piroplasmosis,” or “biliary fever” in horses, has hitherto been regarded as a disease due to a distinctive parasite, Piroplasma equi Laveran. We propose to show that there are two specifically distinct parasites concerned in the production of biliary fever, and that consequently two distinct diseases have hitherto been confused under this name and under the name of piroplasmosis.
Agrippina bona nov. gen. et nov. sp. representing a New Family of Gregarines
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

The parasite forming the subject of the present paper was discovered inhabiting the alimentary tract of larvae of the common rat-flea of this country, Ceratophyllus fasciatus Bosc. (see Pl. IV).
Kinetics of classes and sub-classes of total immunoglobulins and specific antibodies toSchistosoma mansoniduring murine infection
Authors: Bout D. , Rousseaux R. , Carlier Y. , Capron A.
Published: June 2009

During the course ofSchistosoma mansonimurine infection there is a dramatic increase of some immunoglobulins andS. mansoni-specinc antibodies. The most substantial response is initiated after 40 days of infection and results in a prolonged increase of total IgG1; IgM and IgA. The maximum increase is respectively 26, 14 and 3-fold the basic immunoglobulin level in control mice. Some anti-S. mansoniclasses and sub-classes were studied by an original radio-immunoadsorbent test. Anti-S. mansoniIgG1and IgM antibodies appear and increase at the same time as that of total IgG1and IgM. Anti-S. mansoniIgA antibodies appear later (80th day) and correspond to a second peak of total IgA.
Antigenic variation inTrypanosoma vivax: isolation of a serodeme
Authors: Barry J. D. , Gathuo H.
Published: June 2009

Studies of antigenic variation inTrypanosoma vivaxhave been hindered by its low infectivity to laboratory hosts and difficulties in obtaining defined cloned populations. The recent isolation of mouse-infectiveT. vivaxhas partially overcome the first problem. We have developed a highly efficient cloning technique which has been applied to the isolation of a collection of 71 clones, representing 31 distinct variable antigen types, of mouse-infectiveT. vivaxfrom Nigeria. This serodeme showed no cross-reaction with severalT. brucei-group serodemes, but some cross-reaction with naturally occurring KenyanT. vivax.
Growth and moulting in nematodes: moulting and development of the hatched larva of Rotylenchulus reniformis
Authors: Bird A. F.
Published: June 2009

The morphology of the post-hatch moulting and developmental sequence of an amphimictic population of Rotylenchulus reniformis has been examined in living and fixed material. Under suitable conditions of temperature and in a moist environment the 2nd-stage larva (L2) undergoes a series of 3 moults and developmental changes which result in the formation of males and immature females. After hatching and prior to the start of the first of these moults (the second moult), there is a pre-moult period, usually of 3–5 days duration. The morphology of the entire moulting and developmental sequences, from L2 to just after the final moult, has been followed in single living specimens of a parasitic nematode using differential interference contrast optics, and sections cut through different stages have been observed under the transmission electron microscope. These moulting sequences (at 24 °C) take place at similar times in developing males and females. The second moult takes place on the second day after commencement of moulting, the third on the third or fourth days and the fourth and final moult on the sixth or seventh days, followed by further development over several days to give rise to the adult male and the immature female. The ultrastructure associated with some of the more obvious of these developmental changes is described and includes the morphology of the head region and cuticles of L2, L4, adult males and immature females, the oesophageal glands of the immature female and the copulatory spicules and spermatozoa of the male.
The population dynamics of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis (Monogenea) within laboratory populations of the fish host Poecilia reticulata
Authors: Scott Marilyn E. , Anderson R. M.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were undertaken to investigate the factors which influence the transmission dynamics of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis within populations of laboratory guppies. The parasites possess a number of biological attributes which are almost unique amongst helminth parasites of vertebrates. These include the ability to reproduce viviparously and directly on the surface of the host, the ability to survive death of the host (for a short period of time) and the ability to transfer between hosts (despite the absence of a specialized transmission stage in the parasite's life-cycle). Long-term laboratory experiments demonstrated the inability of the parasite to persist within populations of the host in the absence of the continual introduction of naive susceptible fish. With regular addition of susceptible fish, the parasite population exhibited recurrent epidemic behaviour. The magnitudes of the epidemics and the time interval between them, were dependent on the rate at which fish were added to the populations. The parasite was over-dispersed in its distribution within the experimental fish populations and was a significant cause of host mortality (in a manner related to parasite burden). The experimental results suggest that acquired resistance to infection is an important factor determining epidemic behaviour.
The practicality and sustainability of vaccination as an approach to parasite control
Authors: Bundy D. A. P. , Chan M. S. , Guyatt H. L.
Published: June 2009

The development of a successful vaccine depends not only on the production of the vaccine itself, but also on the design of the vaccination programme. This involves a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease to be controlled, the delivery system to be used and the costs involved. This review focuses on current understanding of parasite population dynamics and epidemiology, and on the logistic experience gained from immunization programmes using existing viral and bacterial vaccines. The feasibility and sustainability of any new vaccine would greatly benefit from research into epidemiology and health systems which are conducted in parallel, rather than sequential to, vaccine development.
Amoeba chironomi, nov. sp., Parasitic in the Alimentary Tract of the Larva of a Chironomus
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

Amoeba chironomi, nov. sp., is distributed through practically the entire length of the digestive tract of the larva of Chironomus.

The body of A. chironomi varies from 15μ, to 18μ in length and from 10μ. to 12μ in breadth. The single pseudopodium may reach 15μ in length; one pseudopodium only is usually present.

Ectoplasm and endoplasm are well differentiated. A nucleus and a contractile vacuole are present. Food vacuoles are rare. The contractile vacuole resembles an iris diaphragm, consisting of a series of fine, curved, radiating canaliculi, opening into a central space. The excretory products are faintly reddish in colour. The presence of a contractile vacuole is uncommon in parasitic Amoebae.

The nucleus is poor in chromatin. A nucleolus is present.

A. chironomi is highly sensitive to the degree of concentration of the medium in which it lives. Very slight increase in density causes the organism to encyst.

Encystment occurs in the rectum of the host, and the cysts are voided with the faeces. The cysts are from 12μ. to 20μ long and from 9μ broad. The process of encystment is rapid.

The method of cross-infection of the host is probably a “casual” one, viz. by the mouth.
On New Species of Ixodidae, with a Note on Abnormalities observed in Ticks
Authors: Warburton Cecil , Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Since we published our last notes upon new species, a considerable number of specimens have reached us from various parts of the world, thanks to many gentlemen who have interested themselves in these parasites. We propose to group our descriptions of new species according to genera as we progress with the diagnoses we are preparing for the work on Ticks which we are publishing in conjunction with Messrs Cooper and Robinson. We have already described several new species of Ixodes and Haemaphysalis and in this paper shall confine our descriptions to species belonging to these genera. Although, more recently, we have received many specimens belonging to the genus Ixodes, we have, in the majority of instances, been able to refer them to established species, but sometimes with great difficulty owing to the meagre description given by many authors, and especially to the absence of figures. We consider that too much stress cannot be laid upon the necessity of illustrative figures accompanying authors' descriptions of new species for a glance at a figure frequently suffices as a means of rapidly identifying a species, and for this purpose the simplest text figures are usually amply sufficient.
Some notes on Parasitic and other Diseases of Fish
Authors: Drew G. H.
Published: June 2009

In the following notes no attempt has been made to enter into the pathology or etiology of the diseases described, as only isolated cases have been available for investigation.

I am much indebted to the Council of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom for their kindness in granting me a table at their Plymouth Laboratory.
The Regional Distribution of Fleas on Rodents
Authors: McCoy George W. , Mitzmain Maurice B.
Published: June 2009

It would appear from the data presented that the favourite location for the common rat fleas of this vicinity, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Bosc., and Loemopsylla cheopis, Roth., is about the hind quarters of the rat, while Ctenopsyllus musculi (Dugès), Wagner, prefers the region of the head and neck.

The same regional distribution of rat fleas was found in the case of the guinea-pigs.

Squirrel fleas are most numerous on the hind quarters.

These observations, while they are not to be insisted upon as throwing any special light upon the regional distribution of buboes in naturally infected plague rats, are of particular interest in showing the very constant preference of Ct. musculi for the region of the head and neck.

In regard to the other species of fleas it should be borne in mind that the skin areas are not of equal dimensions; that of the head and neck being smallest; that of the hind quarters being the largest; and the skin area of the fore quarters being between these in size.
The Division and Post-fission Movements of Bacilli when Grown on Solid Media
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

1. All the bacilli hitherto investigated, when growing on the surface or in the depth of agar, exhibit “post-fission” movements after division.

2. Four types of post-fission movement have been noticed, which may be termed “loop-forming,” “folding,” “snapping” and “slipping.”

3. These types of post-fission movement seem to depend on the strength, adherence and mode of rupture of the capsule. In the “loop-forming” group the capsule is very strong and adherent and is very seldom ruptured. In the “folding” group the portion of the capsule uniting the adjacent bacilli in the chain is long and flexible. In the “snapping-group” the capsule seems to undergo partial rupture at the time of division, and in the “slipping” group it is completely ruptured.

4. “Loop-forming” post-fission movements are shown by B. anthracis, “folding” by B. pestis and certain organisms morphologically resembling B. anthracis, “snapping” by all diphtheroid organisms and “slipping” by organisms belonging to the typhoid-enteritidis-colon group, vibrios, the butter bacillus (Rabinowitch), B. pyocyaneus, B. fiuorescens, B. subtilis and allied organisms and many non-pathogenic species.

5. The characters of the colonies formed by organisms exhibiting loop-forming, folding and snapping post-fission movements are not markedly altered by the condition of medium under ordinary conditions of cultivation. When thickly sown on moist agar continuous growths are formed by all of them, but the edges of these growths resemble the edges of the separate colonies. All organisms exhibiting slipping post-fission movements form films on moist agar. Under unsuitable conditions for film formation the larger and stronger members produce either colonies with radiating processes on moderately moist agar, or rounded colonies on dry agar. The smaller, weaker, and slower growing members produce colonies which to the naked eye appear more or less rounded.
Some Notes on Parasitic and other Diseases of Fish. 2nd Series
Authors: Drew G. Harold
Published: June 2009

Most of the specimens described in the following notes were collected by the International Fishery Commission's S.S. Huxley, in the North Sea, during the years 1905–09. They were preserved in dilute formalin in sea water, or in Bles's Fluid. Owing to the length of time during which the specimens had remained in the preservative, and in some cases owing to their large size, the fixation and preservation were not in every case as perfect as might have been wished, so that many of the finer histological details could not always be determined.
New Protist Parasites from the Intestine of Trichoptera
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

When examining the contents of the alimentary canal of caddis-fly larvae, I found that in addition to certain well-known gregarines, they generally harbour several other interesting protist parasites which have not hitherto been described. Chief among these are: (a) a tricho-mastix, (b) a spirochaete, and (c) a flagellate which appears to be related to Macrostoma caulleryi, Alexieff. The present paper deals with the trichomastix and the spirochaete: I hope to describe the other flagellate fully in a future communication.
The Influence of Temperature upon the Biting of Mosquitoes
Authors: Howlett F. M.
Published: June 2009

The fact that no inquiry seems to have been made into a matter of some general interest, namely, the reasons which, apart from “hunger,” induce mosquitoes to bite, may serve as an excuse for presenting the preliminary results of an investigation which has had, for the time being, to be discontinued. The following observations on mosquitoes were made at the Pusa Research Institute.
On the adaptation of ticks to the habits of their hosts
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

A consideration of the facts presented in the foregoing pages appears to warrant certain conclusions which must, however, be regarded in part as provisional and subject to revision when our knowledge of the various species of ticks has become more extended. The views here expressed may prove of practical use in the study of the Ixodidae.

The Argasidae represent the relatively primitive type of ticks because they are less constantly parasitic than are the Ixodidae. Their nymphs and adults are rapid feeders and chiefly infest the habitat of their hosts. In certain Argasidae (O. moubata and O. savignyi) the disadvantage of their possessing an “active” larval stage has resulted in the development of an “inactive” larva, i.e. the young nymph being the first to suck blood. In O. megnini we have a considerable adaptation brought about by the difficulty there must be in the tick entering the small aperture of the ear more than once. Owing to the Argasidae infesting the habitats of their hosts, their resistance to prolonged starvation and their rapid feeding habits, they do not need to bring forth a large progeny, because there is less loss of life in the various stages, as compared to Ixodidae, prior to their attaining maturity.

The Ixodidae are more highly specialized parasites than the preceding. The majority are parasitic on hosts having no fixed habitat and consequently all stages, as a rule, occur upon the host. In the genus Ixodes we find an adaptation of certain species according to the habits of the hosts upon which they are parasitic. In the species which usually occur upon wandering hosts both sexes are found upon the host, whereas in other species which occur on hosts possessing more or less fixed habitats the males are rarely or never found upon the host. The males of species of Ixodes, both sexes of which occur upon the host, are characterized, as a rule, by the possession of hypostomes with prominent teeth, the reverse being the case in forms wherein the males do not occur upon the host. Where species occur upon a wandering host it is essential, for their propagation in nature, that both sexes should be carried about upon the host.
A reply to Miss Porter's note entitled “some remarks on the genera Crithidia, Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma.”
Authors: Woodcock H. M.
Published: June 2009

In a recent number of Parasitology, Miss Porter, under the above heading, complains because, in the Zoological Record for 1909 (Protozoa division, p. 60), I put the generic names Crithidia and Herpetomonas in inverted commas, when applied to certain species; on this ground she charges me with allowing my personal opinions to influence me in my compilation of the Record, my opinions being, according to her, “extreme and decidedly opposed to the opinions of those who have worked personally on the parasites in question.” Incidentally, Miss Porter makes it appear that my opinions are extreme and of little or no value.
On the life-cycle of Spirochaetagallinarum
Authors: Hindle E.
Published: June 2009

The life-cycle of S. gallinarum may be briefly summarised as follows:

Commencing with the ordinary parasite in the blood of the fowl, the spirochaete grows until it reaches a certain length (16 μ–19 μ) and then divides by the peculiar mode of transverse division described above. This process is repeated and is probably the only method of multiplication of the parasite within the blood. When the spirochaetes disappear from the circulation some of them break up into coccoid bodies which, however, do not usually redevelop in the fowl. When the spirochaetes are ingested by Argas persicus, some of them pass through the gut wall into the coelomic fluid. From this medium they bore their way into the cells of the various organs of the tick and there break up into a number of coccoid bodies. These intracellular forms multiply by ordinary fission in the cells of the Malpighian tubules and gonads. Some of the coccoid bodies are formed in the lumen of the gut and Malpighian tubules. The result is that some of the coccoid bodies may be present in the Malpighian secretion and excrement of an infected tick and when mixed with the coxal fluid may gain entry into another fowl by the open wound caused by the tick's bite. They then elongate and redevelop into ordinary spirochaetes in the blood of the fowl, and the cycle may be repeated.
The Nuclear Structure and the Sporulation of Agrippina bona Strickland
Authors: Lewin Kenneth R.
Published: June 2009

Agrippina bona, a gregarine parasitic in the gut of the larva of the rat-flea Ceratophyllus fasciatus, was first described by Strickland in 1912. His account of the sporulation of the gregarine was so curious that a more detailed investigation has been undertaken, which has given rise to the present paper. The work has been done in the Quick Laboratory, under Professor Nuttall, to whom I wish to express my thanks for the interest he has taken in my researches, and for his constant encouragement.
Observations on Mammalian Erythrocytes
Authors: Johnson J. Charles
Published: June 2009

This brief note is the result of a series of examinations of blood-films of various mammals and was suggested by Dr Braddon's interesting paper, the manuscript of which I had an opportunity of reading while working in the Quick Laboratory, Cambridge1.