bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Therapists' Role in Health Promotion as Perceived by the Patient: Descriptive Survey
Authors: Black Beth , Ingman MarySue , Janes Jamie
Published: April 2016

Background

The importance of health professionals discussing health behaviors with patients is emphasized in Healthy People 2020, the national health objectives established by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Many physical therapists do not routinely discuss health behaviors with their patients. One reason may be uncertainty about how these discussions might be perceived by patients.

Objective

The primary purpose of this study was to determine patients' opinions regarding physical therapists discussing the topics of physical activity, smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and maintaining a healthy weight during clinical visits. A secondary purpose was to determine whether patients believe that physical therapists should be role models for these behaviors.

Design

This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey.

Methods

Patients were surveyed at 8 outpatient clinics in Michigan and Minnesota. A written questionnaire collected information about the participants' health behaviors, their opinions about physical therapists discussing their health behaviors during clinical visits, and their opinions about physical therapists role-modeling healthy behaviors.

Results

The survey response rate was 45.6%. A total of 230 patients participated. Most participants agreed that physical therapists should speak to them about physical activity (91.3%), maintaining a healthy weight (73%), and abstaining from smoking (51.3%). Fewer participants agreed that physical therapists should advise them about fruit and vegetable consumption (32.1%). The majority of participants agreed that physical therapists should be role models for engaging in regular physical activity (83.4%), maintaining a healthy weight (71.7%), and abstaining from smoking (63.9%).

Limitations

Limitations of this study include the potential for response bias and limited generalizability.

Conclusions

Most participants believed it is appropriate for physical therapists to speak with them about and be role models for the behaviors of physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and abstaining from smoking. Physical therapists have the opportunity to support the goals of Healthy People 2020 by discussing health behaviors with their patients.
Client Perspectives on Reclaiming Participation After a Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in South Africa
Authors: Joseph Conran , Wahman Kerstin , Phillips Julie , Nilsson Wikmar Lena
Published: April 2016

Background

The development of rehabilitation services promoting participation in people living with a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is of major concern for physical therapists. What the client sees as effective participation, barriers, and facilitators might be different due to their particular context. This study was conducted to gain insight into the experiences of attaining an important outcome in a developing context.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of reclaiming participation in community-dwelling people with TSCI in South Africa.

Design

This was an explorative, qualitative study with inductive content analysis.

Methods

Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 17 adults living with a TSCI in order to explore their experience of participation. The verbatim transcripts were analyzed, and the end result was an overall theme that included 4 emerging categories.

Results

The theme “participation possibility” denotes the eventual involvement in life situations. Within this theme, there were 4 categories that emerged as a representation of essential aspects along the continuum of reclaiming participation: (1) dealing with the new self, (2) a journey dominated by obstacles, (3) the catalyst of participation, and (4) becoming an agent. Dealing with and recognizing these intervening conditions seem critical for clients to reconstruct the meaning that is necessary for a broader conception of participation.

Limitations

The transferability of these findings to dissimilar contexts may be limited.

Conclusion

Client perspectives on reclaiming participation after injury affirm the notion of eventual participation, with each person finding strategies to succeed. In order to help clients reclaim participation, health professionals should develop contextually sensitive programs that include peer mentoring and reduce the influence of hindering factors.
Validity, Reliability, and Ability to Identify Fall Status of the Berg Balance Scale, BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest in Patients With COPD
Authors: Jácome Cristina , Cruz Joana , Oliveira Ana , Marques Alda
Published: April 2016

Background

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), Mini-BESTest, and Brief-BESTest are useful in the assessment of balance. Their psychometric properties, however, have not been tested in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Objective

This study aimed to compare the validity, reliability, and ability to identify fall status of the BBS, BESTest, Mini-BESTest, and the Brief-BESTest in patients with COPD.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted.

Methods

Forty-six patients (24 men, 22 women; mean age=75.9 years, SD=7.1) were included. Participants were asked to report their falls during the previous 12 months and to fill in the Activity-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. The BBS and the BESTest were administered. Mini-BESTest and Brief-BESTest scores were computed based on the participants' BESTest performance. Validity was assessed by correlating balance tests with each other and with the ABC Scale. Interrater reliability (2 raters), intrarater reliability (48–72 hours), and minimal detectable changes (MDCs) were established. Receiver operating characteristics assessed the ability of each balance test to differentiate between participants with and without a history of falls.

Results

Balance test scores were significantly correlated with each other (Spearman correlation rho=.73–.90) and with the ABC Scale (rho=.53–.75). Balance tests presented high interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=.85–.97) and intrarater reliability (ICC=.52–.88) and acceptable MDCs (MDC=3.3–6.3 points). Although all balance tests were able to identify fall status (area under the curve=0.74–0.84), the BBS (sensitivity=73%, specificity=77%) and the Brief-BESTest (sensitivity=81%, specificity=73%) had the higher ability to identify fall status.

Limitations

Findings are generalizable mainly to older patients with moderate COPD.

Conclusions

The 4 balance tests are valid, reliable, and valuable in identifying fall status in patients with COPD. The Brief-BESTest presented slightly higher interrater reliability and ability to differentiate participants' fall status.
Use of Rasch Analysis to Evaluate and Refine the Community Balance and Mobility Scale for Use in Ambulatory Community-Dwelling Adults Following Stroke
Authors: Miller Kimberly J. , Pollock Courtney L. , Brouwer Brenda , Garland S. Jayne
Published: April 2016

Background

The Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M) is increasingly used to evaluate walking balance following stroke.

Objective

This study applied Rasch analysis to evaluate and refine the CB&M for use in ambulatory community-dwelling adults following stroke.

Methods

The CB&M content was linked to task demands and motor skill classifications. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate internal construct validity (structural validity) and refine the CB&M for use with ambulatory community-dwelling adults following stroke. The CB&M data were collected at 3 time points: at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and at 6 and 12 months postdischarge (N=238). Rasch analysis evaluated scale dimensionality, item and person fit, item response bias, scoring hierarchy, and targeting. Disordered scoring hierarchy was resolved by collapsing scoring categories. Highly correlated and “misfitting” items were removed. Sensitivity to change was evaluated with standardized response means (SRMs) and one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results

The CB&M was primarily linked to closed body transport task demands. Significant item-trait interaction, disordered scoring hierarchies, and multidimensionality were found. Scoring categories were collapsed in 15/19 items, and 5 misfitting items were removed. The resulting stroke-specific 14-item unidimensional CB&M (CB&MStroke) fit Rasch model expectations, with no item response bias, acceptable targeting (13% floor effects and 0% ceiling effects), and moderate-to-strong sensitivity to change at 6 months postdischarge (SRM=0.63; 95% confidence interval=−1.523, −0.142) and 12 months postdischarge (SRM=0.73; 95% confidence interval=−2.318, −0.760).

Limitations

Findings are limited to a modest-sized sample of individuals with mild-to-moderate balance impairment following stroke.

Conclusions

The CB&MStroke shows promise as a clinical scale for measuring change in walking balance in ambulatory community-dwelling adults poststroke. Future studies are recommended in a larger sample to validate and further refine the scale for use in this clinical population.
Consequences of Bend Straightening Processes on Residual Stresses and Strength of Quenched and Tempered Steels
Authors: Schott C. , Ellermann A. , Zinn W. , Scholtes B.
Published: April 2016

Bend straightening is a typical process step applied after heat treatment of e. g. axles and shafts. From a materials science perspective it is an elastic-plastic bending operation with a characteristic inhomogeneous deformation over the cross section of the component. Due to the local amount and distribution of plastic deformation alterations of residual stress fields result and phase transformations are possible. Consequently, bend-straightened components have inhomogeneous materials properties. In particular an anisotropy of strength exists which can be attributed to the position-dependent microstructure and sign of the residual stress state. In addition, a Bauschingereffect is possible which also has considerable impact on the deformation characteristic of the considered component. In the present paper the above mentioned aspects are demonstrated for quenched and tempered steel bars and shafts. Typical examples of residual stress states before and after straightening are presented as well as alterations of retained austenite distributions. Finally, the deformation behavior and strength of bend-straightened components is outlined and discussed.
Distortion of Gears and Sliding Sleeves for Truck Gear Boxes – a Systematical Analysis of Different Heat Treatment Concepts
Authors: Schüler A. , Kleff J. , Heuer V. , Schmitt G. , Leist T.
Published: April 2016

A systematical approach regardingdifferent distortion potentials in the process chain describes the influence on dimensional and shape changes of gears and sliding sleeves after case-hardening, like part geometry, cold and hot forming of blanks, carburizing concept and temperature profile, oil and gas quenching, as well as individual press and batch hardening. The results show an excellent potential of the new SyncroTherm® concept compared to the conventional case-hardening process for gears and sliding sleeves. Stable distortion characteristics even at elevated temperatures and without decreasing to hardening temperature as well as a good performance after two-dimensional batch quenching instead of the much more expensive individual press quenching were found in this study. Very sensitive part geometries are still a challenge. A clear limitation was found when processing cold formed blanks without annealing before soft machining.
Les accords de confidentialité entre entreprises
Authors: Delerue Hélène , Komah Fatoumata
Published: April 2016

Pour beaucoup d’entreprises aujourd’hui, l’un des actifs les plus précieux est la propriété intellectuelle. L’accord de non-divulgation, également appelé accord de confidentialité, permet aux entreprises de partager leur propriété intellectuelle avec d’autres. Quels effets ont ces accords sur les activités de l’entreprise ? Cette recherche qualitative, portant sur des PME québécoises de biotechnologie, montre que ces accords, de par leurs caractéristiques, accroissent la vulnérabilité des entreprises, mais paradoxalement favorisent l’innovation.
Le concept d’Open Marketing
Authors: Moraux-Saurel Hélène , Volle Pierre
Published: April 2016

L’étude des moyens permettant de développer les connaissances et les compétences des équipes marketing est peu développée dans la littérature. En s’appuyant sur le concept d’Open Marketing proposé récemment par Day (2011), les auteurs considèrent l’ouverture de l’organisation marketing comme un moyen de développer les ressources, les capacités et les compétences des équipes marketing. Leur objectif est alors de proposer une définition révisée du concept d’Open Marketing, puis de mettre à jour ses dimensions et ses formes à l’aide d’une étude empirique.
Les incitations à la gestion des résultats des sociétés absorbantes
Authors: Boutant Jennifer , Verdier Marie-Anne
Published: April 2016

Cette recherche étudie les facteurs explicatifs de la gestion des résultats (GdR) des sociétés absorbantes avant une fusion-absorption. Basée sur un échantillon de 107 sociétés cotées françaises, elle révèle une GdR à la hausse plus forte lorsque l’opération implique une dilution du contrôle des actionnaires dominants, lorsque les actionnaires de l’absorbante sont à l’initiative de l’opération et lorsque le critère du cours de Bourse est utilisé pour fixer la parité. À l’inverse, l’utilisation directe d’un critère de résultats comptables limite la GdR.
Stratégies politiques, avantage concurrentiel et performances
Authors: Kœnig Gérard
Published: April 2016

Comme les stratégies de marché, les stratégies politiques visent l’obtention de performances durablement supérieures et accordent à l’avantage concurrentiel soutenable (ACS) une place centrale. Bien que l’argument qui enchaîne stratégie, avantage et performances s’y retrouve dans la même forme, le rendement des investissements consentis fait l’objet d’appréciations contrastées, selon qu’il s’agit de stratégies de marché ou politique. Alors qu’il ne fait pas débat dans le premier cas, ce rendement est mis en doute lorsque ces investissements s’inscrivent dans une stratégie politique. Afin d’expliquer cet apparent paradoxe, le concept d’ACS, mobilisé dans la littérature consacrée aux stratégies de marché, est tout d’abord revisité. Il est ensuite montré que l’enchaînement « stratégie – avantage concurrentiel – performance » commun aux deux stratégies n’est similaire qu’en apparence : l’ACS n’y joue pas le même rôle et fonctionne selon des principes différents. Les difficultés particulières qui pèsent sur le rendement des investissements politiques sont enfin exposées.
Editorial
Authors: Welch Penny , Wright Susan
Published: April 2016

This issue of Learning and Teaching: The International Journal of Higher Education in the Social Sciences concentrates on approaches to learning, teaching and assessment in the social sciences and features contributors from universities in many different parts of the world. Themes that run through the whole issue include learning from experience, responding to students’ needs and making space for creativity and risk-taking.
Alienating students: Marxist theory in action
Authors: Thiele Megan , Pan Yung-Yi Diana , Molina Devin
Published: April 2016

Karl Marx’s revolutionary call, ‘Workers of the World Unite’, resonates with many in today’s society. This article describes and assesses an easily reproducible classroom activity that simulates both alienating, and perhaps more importantly, non-alienating states of production as described by Marx. This hands-on learning activity gives students the opportunity to experience and process these divergent states. In reflecting, students connect their classroom experience to societal forces surrounding wage labour. A quasi-experimental design implemented across eight sociology classes at two U.S. university campuses – one two-year and one four-year college – points to the effectiveness of the activity. Evidence suggests that students are better able to grasp Marx’s theory of alienation, retain the knowledge over time and apply it to their own lives with this experiential learning activity.
Making the best of an inappropriate textbook: using an ‘international edition’ to teach critical thinking and intercultural understanding
Authors: Marcellus Kristina C.
Published: April 2016

In this report, I outline and provide examples of an approach to using an international edition of an introductory sociology textbook to facilitate cross-cultural learning and critical thinking skills in an EFL (English as a foreign language) environment at a small engineering university in the United Arab Emirates.
From steward to leader: a decade of shifting roles for the PhD student
Authors: Balaban Corina
Published: April 2016

Works on doctoral education reviewed:

Golde, C. and Walker, M. (eds) (2006) Envisioning the Future of Doctoral Education: Preparing Stewards of the Discipline, Carnegie Essays on the Doctorate, Jossey-Bass.

Walker, G.E., Golde, C.M., Jones, L., Bueschel, A.C. and Hutchings, P. (2008) The Formation of Scholars: Rethinking Doctoral Education for the Twenty-first Century, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, San Francisco: Wiley Imprint.

Nerad, M. and Evans, B. (eds) (2014) Globalization and Its Impacts on the Quality of PhD Education: Forces and Forms in Doctoral Education Worldwide, Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Microscope-assisted endoscopic interlaminar ligation of spinal arteriovenous fistulas: technical note
Authors: Wang Chen , Chen Chien-Min , Shen Fang , Fang Xiao-Dong , Ying Guang-Yu , Ren Yu-Cheng , Yu Dan-Feng , Zhu Liang-Liang , Zhu Yong-Jian , Zhang Jian-Min
Published: April 2016

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are the most common type of spinal arteriovenous malformations, and microsurgical ligation is the treatment modality most frequently used for these lesions. Developments in endoscopic techniques have made endoscopy an even less invasive alternative to routine microsurgical approaches in spine surgery, but endoscopic management of SDAVF or other intradural spinal lesions has not been reported to date.

The authors describe the use of a microscope-assisted endoscopic interlaminar approach for the ligation of the proximal draining vein of an L-1 SDAVF in a 58-year-old man. A complete cure was confirmed by postoperative angiography. The postoperative course was uneventful, and short-term follow-up showed improvements in the patient's neurological function. The authors conclude that the endoscopic interlaminar approach with microscope assistance is a safe, minimally invasive, innovative technique for the surgical management of SDAVFs in selected patients.
Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms using the Woven EndoBridge technique in a single center: preliminary results
Authors: Lawson Aimee , Goddard Tony , Ross Stuart , Tyagi Atul , Deniz Kenan , Patankar Tufail
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) is an innovative new technique for securing cerebral aneurysms. It is designed particularly for wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms that otherwise would be difficult to treat. There is a paucity of follow-up data in the literature due to the novelty of this technique. The authors reviewed their data from cases involving patients treated at Leeds General Infirmary with the WEB device. They assessed the safety and complication risk associated with the device and clinical and radiological follow-up outcomes in their patients. This is, to their knowledge, the first publication to include the new single-layer sphere device (WEB SLS) in addition to the original dual-layer (WEB DL) and the (nonsphere) single-layer (WEB SL) devices.

METHODS

Data from 22 patients who underwent 25 WEB treatments were analyzed. Of the 25 WEB procedures, 3 were performed on an acute basis, 1 was performed on a semiacute basis, and the remaining 21 were elective. A novel 6-point scoring system called the Leeds WEB aneurysm occlusion scale was created to ensure accurate assessment based on the morphology of the WEB device. Outcome was assessed at follow-up by MR angiography with or without digital subtraction angiography and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).

RESULTS

Deployment of the WEB device was successful in 22 (88%) of 25 procedures; 3 (12%) of the attempts at WEB treatment were abandoned. One of the patients in whom treatment was abandoned underwent a successful second attempt. Immediately after the 22 procedures with successful deployment, 4 (18%) of the patients had a complete occlusion of the aneurysm and WEB device; 10 (45%) had varying degrees of occlusion within the WEB device but no aneurysm neck or remnant; 3 (14%) had a neck remnant; and 5 (23%) had an aneurysm remnant. Of the patients with an aneurysm remnant, 1 had a complete aneurysm occlusion at ≥ 3-months follow-up. In total, 6 (27%) patients had a residual aneurysm at ≥ 3-months radiological follow-up. One of these patients was admitted with hydrocephalus secondary to a recurrent aneurysm and later received a second WEB treatment with additional coiling. Only 1 patient developed new neurological symptoms. This patient went from an mRS score of 0 to a score of 1 and had radiological evidence of a thromboembolic event. Two patients showed radiological evidence of a new thromboembolic event on follow-up MRI but were clinically asymptomatic.

CONCLUSIONS

The WEB has shown itself to be a promising new device with the potential to increase the scope of treatment for difficult wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms. The technique is safe, and short-term results show effective occlusion of complex aneurysms with minimal complications associated with the procedure. Long-term efficacy, however, still needs to be assessed.
ACTC1 as an invasion and prognosis marker in glioma
Authors: Ohtaki Shunya , Wanibuchi Masahiko , Kataoka-Sasaki Yuko , Sasaki Masanori , Oka Shinichi , Noshiro Shouhei , Akiyama Yukinori , Mikami Takeshi , Mikuni Nobuhiro , Kocsis Jeffery D. , Honmou Osamu
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

Glioma is a major class of brain tumors, and glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant type. The nature of tumor invasion makes surgical removal difficult, which results in remote recurrence. The present study focused on glioma invasion and investigated the expression of actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 (ACTC1), which is 1 of 6 actin families implicated in cell motility.

METHODS

mRNA expression of ACTC1 expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 47 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded glioma tissues that were graded according to WHO criteria: Grade I (n = 4); Grade II (n = 12); Grade III (n = 6); and Grade IV (n = 25). Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The relationships between ACTC1 expression and clinical features such as radiological findings at the time of diagnosis and recurrence, patient age, Karnofsky Performance Scale status (KPS), and the MIB-1 index were evaluated.

RESULTS

The incidence of ACTC1 expression as a qualitative assessment gradually increased according to WHO grade. The hazard ratio for the median overall survival (mOS) of the patients with ACTC1-positive high-grade gliomas as compared with the ACTC1-negative group was 2.96 (95% CI, 1.03–8.56). The mOS was 6.28 years in the ACTC1-negative group and 1.26 years in the positive group (p = 0.037). In GBM patients, the hazard ratio for mOS in the ACTC1-positive GBMs as compared with the ACTC1-negative group was 2.86 (95% CI 0.97–8.45). mOS was 3.20 years for patients with ACTC1-negative GBMs and 1.08 years for patients with ACTC1-positive GBMs (p = 0.048). By the radiological findings, 42.9% of ACTC1-positive GBM patients demonstrated invasion toward the contralateral cerebral hemisphere at the time of diagnosis, although no invasion was observed in ACTC1-negative GBM patients (p = 0.013). The recurrence rate of GBM was 87.5% in the ACTC1-positive group; in contrast, none of the ACTC1-negative patients demonstrated distant recurrence (0.007). No remarkable relationship was demonstrated among ACTC1 expression and patient age, KPS, and the MIB-1 index.

CONCLUSIONS

ACTC1 may serve as a novel independent prognostic and invasion marker in GBM.
A novel autologous duraplasty in situ technique for the treatment of Chiari malformation Type I
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yi Zhiqiang , Duan Hongzhou , Li Liang
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel autologous duraplasty procedure for the treatment of Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I).

METHODS

The authors retrospectively reviewed data from patients who had been diagnosed with CM-I and had undergone suboccipital decompression and autologous duraplasty in situ or synthetic dural graft duraplasty; patients were treated in the authors' department between 2011 and 2014. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon. The 2 duraplasty methods were compared in terms of surgical factors and complications. The authors assessed the neurological outcome and MRI-documented syrinx size at the 6-month follow-up visit.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven patients were enrolled in this study, 13 in the duraplasty in situ group and 14 in the synthetic dural graft duraplasty group. The results showed no significant differences between the duraplasty in situ and synthetic dural graft duraplasty groups in overall operative time (4.9 hours vs 4.1 hours; p = 0.070), estimated blood loss (229 ml vs 254 ml; p = 0.159), and duration of hospital stay after the operation (13.5 days vs 12.8 days; p = 0.808). In the duraplasty in situ group, 1 case of meningitis occurred (7.7%). In the synthetic dural graft duraplasty group, the complications included 1 case of meningitis (7.1%) and 1 CSF leak (7.1%). The mean cost of hospitalization in the duraplasty in situ group (CNY 23,354) was significantly lower than that in the synthetic dural graft duraplasty group (CNY 29,385; p = 0.036).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with synthetic dural graft duraplasty, autologous duraplasty in situ is a safe, effective, and cost-effective procedure for the treatment of CM-I. The long-term outcome of this procedure requires investigation.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for Spetzler-Martin Grade III arteriovenous malformations: an international multicenter study
Authors: Ding Dale , Starke Robert M. , Kano Hideyuki , Lee John Y. K. , Mathieu David , Pierce John , Huang Paul P. , Feliciano Caleb , Rodriguez-Mercado Rafael , Almodovar Luis , Grills Inga S. , Silva Danilo , Abbassy Mahmoud , Missios Symeon , Kondziolka Douglas , Barnett Gene H. , Lunsford L. Dade , Sheehan Jason P.
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

Because of the angioarchitectural diversity of Spetzler-Martin (SM) Grade III arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), the management of these lesions is incompletely defined. The aims of this multicenter, retrospective cohort study were to evaluate the outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for SM Grade III AVMs and to determine the factors predicting these outcomes.

METHODS

The authors analyzed and pooled data from patients with SM Grade III AVMs treated with SRS at 8 institutions participating in the International Gamma Knife Research Foundation. Patients with these AVMs and a minimum follow-up length of 12 months were included in the study cohort. An optimal outcome was defined as AVM obliteration, no post-SRS hemorrhage, and no permanently symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs). Data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression analyses.

RESULTS

The SM Grade III AVM cohort comprised 891 patients with a mean age of 34 years at the time of SRS. The mean nidus volume, radiosurgical margin dose, and follow-up length were 4.5 cm3, 20 Gy, and 89 months, respectively. The actuarial obliteration rates at 5 and 10 years were 63% and 78%, respectively. The annual postradiosurgery hemorrhage rate was 1.2%. Symptomatic and permanent RICs were observed in 11% and 4% of the patients, respectively. Optimal outcome was achieved in 56% of the patients and was significantly more frequent in cases of unruptured AVMs (OR 2.3, p < 0.001). The lack of a previous hemorrhage (p = 0.037), absence of previous AVM embolization (p = 0.002), smaller nidus volume (p = 0.014), absence of AVM-associated arterial aneurysms (p = 0.023), and higher margin dose (p < 0.001) were statistically significant independent predictors of optimal outcome in a multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Stereotactic radiosurgery provided better outcomes for patients with small, unruptured SM Grade III AVMs than for large or ruptured SM Grade III nidi. A prospective trial or registry that facilitates a comparison of SRS with conservative AVM management might further clarify the authors' observations for these often high-risk AVMs.
How Many Wolves Does it Take to Protect the Population? Minimum Viable Population Size as a Technology of Government in Endangered Species Management (Norway, 1970s-2000s)
Authors: Stokland Håkon B.
Published: April 2016

The article investigates how the protection of wolves in Norway has been conducted in practice since the legal protection of wolves was enacted in the early 1970s, by tracing how political decisions to regulate the number of wolves Norway should protect have been determined. The scientific concept of a 'minimum viable population size' (MVP size), which the article construes as a technology of government, has been a central instrument in these processes. The article examines how biologists, nature managers, bureaucrats, politicians and others have attempted to define and employ MVP size through the period, and how many of the political negotiations concerning Norwegian wolf numbers have played out as controversies over what constitutes a viable population. The major issues have concerned how a viable population should be theoretically defined, how many wolves this would mean in practice, and whether a viable population could be shared with other countries. The article identifies two decisive moments of transition in the way MVP size has been employed in the protection of wolves in Norway, in which the authority to define its content was transferred first from biologists to nature managers, and later to politicians. These shifts involved major transitions in the practice of determining MVP size and in the number of wolves considered necessary for protecting a viable population. In a larger perspective, the article argues that environmental historians have much to gain from delving deeper into the practices and technologies of government, in terms of the histories of endangered species management and nature management more generally.
Registration of ‘Harriman’ Low‐Phytate, Hulled Spring Barley
Authors: Bregitzer Phil , Hu Gongshe , Marshall Juliet M. , Raboy Victor
Published: April 2016

‘Harriman’ (Reg. No. CV‐358, PI 676261) is a hulled, low‐phytate barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar, the second to be developed and released by the USDA‐ARS. Compared to the previously released hulled, low‐phytate cultivar, ‘Herald’, Harriman has higher grain yield, higher test weight, higher inorganic phosphorus (Pi), and lower phytate phosphorus (P). This cultivar can contribute to animal production and sustainable agriculture by reducing or eliminating the need for P or phytase supplementation and by reducing the amount of P released into the environment from animal production facilities.
Aortic Root Aneurism Found in a 42-Year-Old Epitomizes the Importance of Auscultation in Routine Exams
Authors: Fredricks Todd R. , Benseler Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Bicuspid aortic valve disease (BAV) is the most common cardiac valve pathology. BAV is associated with aortic root disorders. The literature has few case reports identifying this condition during routine physical exam.CASE REPORT: A 42-yr-old military reservist
flight medic presented for his annual military flight physical. He was found to have a faint cardiac murmur. His past family and medical history were remarkable for familial essential hypertension and being told at age 9 that he had a “murmur.” He was referred for cardiology consultation,
echocardiography, stress testing, and a computerized tomography angiogram (CTa), which identified BAV with a 4.3-cm aortic root aneurysm. A follow-up at 1 yr was recommended. In the interim he developed severe aortic valve insufficiency, a 4.6-cm aortic root aneurysm. The valve and aortic
root were repaired and a single left anterior descending coronary artery lesion was bypassed during surgery. The flight medic made a full recovery but was not returned to flight status.DISCUSSION: This case emphasizes the importance of periodic reassessment by thorough history and
careful cardiac auscultation during flight physicals. BAV aortopathy is an uncommon condition seen in the military aviation community. Most flight surgeons will not have the opportunity to identify it specifically via auscultation. This patient had over nine annual flight physicals prior to
the one reported and no pathology was ever identified through routine auscultation. The potential role of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for survey of vascular and valve status of aviation personnel merits further research.Fredricks TR, Benseler JS. Aortic root aneurism found in a
42-year-old epitomizes the importance of auscultation in routine exams. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(5):487–492.
North Pole Marathon Laboratory Lessons and Field Success
Authors: Barwood Martin J. , Burrows Holly , Cessford Jessica
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: This case study documents the training, laboratory preparation, and in-race performance data from Great Britain’s top finisher in the 13th edition of the UVU North Pole Marathon.CASE REPORT: We report data from a preparatory laboratory
test in simulated cold conditions (−15°C) with and without wind chill during high- and low-intensity expected ‘race pace’ running. These tests examined the adequacy of the selected clothing assembly and provided recommendations for the race. The tests established that
there was no risk of hypothermia, as the clothing assembly provided too much insulation; terminal rectal temperature was 39.25°C. Skin temperature (Tsk) data revealed no impending risk of frostbite; nadir Tsk was 20.2°C at the hamstring. Oxygen consumption data
revealed the self-selected high intensity was potentially not sustainable based on estimates of substrate utilization. We recommended: 1) a maximum running speed; 2) some of the clothing base layers could be removed pre-race; 3) vents and/or zips could be used to offload or retain heat; and
4) an even pacing profile should be adopted.DISCUSSION: The participant completed the race in 6:55:24 (h:mm:ss) in temperatures of −41°C. GPS data revealed a positive pacing template (i.e., marginally quicker in the first half). Neither hypothermia nor frostbite occurred.
Peak pace from the laboratory tests was not consistently exceeded. Marathon performance can be undertaken in one of the world’s most inhospitable environments when careful consideration is given to clothing insulation and exercise intensity by planning for the dynamic thermal changes
that may occur as the race ensues.Barwood MJ, Burrows H, Cessford J. North Pole Marathon laboratory lessons and field success. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(5):493–497.
Sunglass Filter Transmission and Its Operational Effect in Solar Protection for Civilian Pilots
Authors: Chorley Adrian C. , Lyachev Andrey , Higlett Michael P. , Khazova Marina , Benwell Martin J. , Evans Bruce J. W.
Published: April 2016

INTRODUCTION: The ocular effects of excess solar radiation exposure are well documented. Recent evidence suggests that ocular ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure to professional pilots may fall outside international guideline limits unless eye protection is used. Nonprescription
sunglasses should be manufactured to meet either international or national standards. The mean increase in UVR and blue light hazards at altitude has been quantified and the aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of typical pilot sunglasses in reducing UVR and blue light hazard
exposure in flight.METHOD: A series of sunglass filter transmittance measurements were taken from personal sunglasses (N = 20) used by pilots together with a series of new sunglasses (N = 18).RESULTS: All nonprescription sunglasses measured conformed to
international standards for UVR transmittance and offered sufficient UVR protection for pilots. There was no difference between right and left lenses or between new and used sunglasses. All sunglasses offered sufficient attenuation to counter the mean increase in blue light exposure that pilots
experience at altitude, although used sunglasses with scratched lenses were marginally less effective. One pair of prescription sunglasses offered insufficient UVR attenuation for some flights, but would have met requirements of international and national standards for UV-A transmittance.
This was likely due to insufficient UVR blocking properties of the lens material.CONCLUSIONS: Lenses manufactured to minimally comply with standards for UVR transmittance could result in excess UVR exposure to a pilot based on in-flight irradiance data; an additional requirement
of less than 10% transmittance at 380 nm is recommended.Chorley AC, Lyachev A, Higlett MP, Khazova M, Benwell MJ, Evans BJW. Sunglass filter transmission and its operational effect in solar protection for civilian pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(5):436–442.
The Southern Palestine Bedouin between Colonialism and Nationalism: Comparing Representations in British Mandatory Documents and Palestinian Newspapers, 1930–1948
Authors: Nasasra Mansour
Published: April 2016

Based on British archival documents and Palestinian newspapers from the 1930s, the paper draws some conclusions on the representation of the Beersheba (Bir al-Sabi') Bedouinin both British colonial discourse and in the press and voices of Palestinian nationalism. By reviewing British archival documents, including private diaries of British officers, I argue that the British colonial authorities developed strategies and practices to rule the Beersheba Bedouin as a group separate and disconnected from the rest of the Palestinian communities in Mandate Palestine. This contrasts with the Palestinian newspapers—al-Difa', Falastin, Huna al-Quds, al Carmel—that from the 1930s and 1940s presented the Bedouin as an active agent in the Palestinian body politic, participating in numerous outlets, such as in the Higher Arab Committee, the Higher Islamic Council in Jerusalem and Gaza, as well as in Palestinian conferences.
Bedouin Rights, Bedouin Representations: Dynamics of Representation in the Naqab Bedouin Advocacy Industry
Authors: Richard Ratcliffe
Published: April 2016

This article looks at the representations of Naqab Bedouin in Bedouin advocacy NGOs, and their relationship to changing dynamics of Palestinian and Israeli nationalism, and to wider dynamics of control and risk management. Much has been written on the folklorisation of Bedouin culture, and on representations of the Bedouin in development. The Bedouin have been important as a traditional Other for a modern Israel, and as the ‘Negev Bedouin’ a transitional society and object of development. These ideas have been refashioned by a new body of knowledge on the Naqab Bedouin created by NGO advocacy, highlighting different aspects of Bedouin marginalisation, placing them within different rights frameworks of variously framed ‘Palestinian’, ‘indigenous’, ‘minority’ or ‘civil’ rights. This article looks at the construction of the Bedouin as an object for advocacy by Bedouin NGOs for a wider audience, and particularly how these representations have presented challenges to the control regime around the Naqab Bedouin. The post-OIslo transformation has been resonant with evolving new forms of control and exploitation in contemporary capitalism that channel Bedouin claims within national and international norms and frameworks, and are guided by the modalities of risk management and considering the Bedouin as a risk. I argue that this evolving structure of risk-based governance is reformulating Israel/Palestine, and this is where the Naqab has relevance for the dynamics of the wider Middle East.
A Muslim Scholar of the Bible: Prooftexts from Genesis and Matthew in the Qur'an Commentary of Ibn Barrajān of Seville (d. 536/1141)
Authors: Casewit Yousef
Published: April 2016

The Andalusian mystic and Qur'an commentator Ibn Barrajān (d. 536/1141) was one of the earliest scholars of Islam to use the Arabic Bible extensively and non-polemically in his quest to understand the divine Word. This paper assesses his mode of engagement with the Bible and the different strategies he employed to resolve perceived incongruities between narratives of the Qur'an and the Bible. The Bible enjoys the same degree of interpretive authority in Ibn Barrajān's works as Prophetic reports (ḥadīth), and there is at least one instance where the Bible not only complements but also challenges his understanding of the Qur'an. Ibn Barrajān's openness to the Bible rests on his principle of ‘Qur'anic epistemological supremacy’—that is to say, his reasoning that since the Qur'an is God's untarnished divine revelation, it can serve as the ultimate litmus test against which all other scriptural passages, including the Bible, are to be judged. His far-reaching hermeneutical principle of Qur'anic hegemony was probably partly inspired by the scripturalist-literalist writings of the Ẓāhirī scholar Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064). An exhaustive appendix and translation of the Biblical materials in Ibn Barrajān's works accompanies this paper, confirming beyond reasonable doubt that the Bible used by Ibn Barrajān was translated into Arabic directly from Jerome's Latin Vulgate.
Structural Relationships and Polysemy in the Qur'an: Examples and Causes
Authors: Arar Mahdi
Published: April 2016

This study explores the structural relationships in the Qur'an and their effect on polysemy (taʿaddud al-maʿānī). It first explores the definitions of this phenomenon, adducing various citations. Then it discusses pertinent examples of these, such as the relationship of the pronoun to its antecedent; circumstantial clauses; the relationship of the accusative to its referent; adverbs of time and space in relation to the noun they qualify; the connection between various sentences and phrases and what they refer to; the relationship of the adjective to the noun it qualifies; and so on. In addition, this study attempts to uncover the underlying causes of the phenomenon of polysemy.
Kingsbarns: A Farmers’ Harbour
Authors: Smout T. C.
Published: April 2016

Kingsbarns harbour was constructed in the nineteenth century primarily to facilitate the movement of agricultural goods. The first investment was made by the land-owner but gradually allowed to deteriorate. The second was made by a local farmer to facilitate the shipping of potatoes. It failed ultimately not so much because of poor engineering but because it was displaced by the completion of the railway round the coast of Fife, and was then allowed to fall into disrepair. Its mode of construction, with stones placed vertically, was not archaic as is sometimes supposed, but was common in Victorian harbour construction as an alternative to using blocks placed horizontally.
Rebellion, Government and the Scottish Response to Argyll's Rising of 1685
Authors: Kennedy A.
Published: April 2016

The short and militarily inglorious rebellion launched in May 1685 by Archibald Campbell, 9th earl of Argyll against the regime of James VII and II is often overlooked, partly on account of its rapid disintegration and partly because outside events – not least the much more famous Monmouth rebellion in south-eastern England – tend to draw attention away from it. Yet in ignoring the rising, historians risk missing its value as a tool for understanding the social and political dynamics of late-seventeenth-century Scotland. This article presents a reassessment of Argyll's rebellion from that perspective, demonstrating how the insurgency and the government counter-attack threw the ongoing processes of Highland/Lowland convergence into sharp relief, while also revealing the nature, and limitations, of Stuart pretensions towards monarchical ‘absolutism’.
Climate Justice Begins at Home: Conceptual, Pragmatic and Transformative Approaches to Climate Justice in Scotland
Authors: Aitken Mhairi , Christman Ben , Bonaventura Mike , Horst Dan van der , Holbrook Julian
Published: April 2016

In March 2012 the Scottish Parliament unanimously passed a motion ‘strongly endors[ing] the opportunity for Scotland to champion climate justice’. To date, discussions around climate justice within Scottish policy have largely focussed on international dimensions. Questions remain as to what climate justice means at home in Scotland. This article aims to engage with such questions. It begins with an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of climate justice discourses and discusses the various ways that climate justice is framed and understood. We then introduce a categorisation of three broad approaches to climate justice which are being seen globally: conceptual, pragmatic and transformative. We discuss how climate justice has been pursued in practice to illustrate the different forms that can occur under a climate justice banner, and the implications of different understandings of the concept. Using the human rights based approach to climate change as an illustration of the malleable nature of climate justice, we categorise and critique the dominant approach to climate justice used in Scotland. We find that climate justice is a label which can be applied to a range of practices, with differing results. It is hoped that this article encourages further reflection and debate on the particular flavour of climate justice which has been chosen in Scotland and its implications.
siEDM: An Efficient String Index and Search Algorithm for Edit Distance with Moves
Authors: Takabatake Yoshimasa , Nakashima Kenta , Kuboyama Tetsuji , Tabei Yasuo , Sakamoto Hiroshi
Published: April 2016

Although several self-indexes for highly repetitive text collections exist, developing an index and search algorithm with editing operations remains a challenge. Edit distance with moves (EDM) is a string-to-string distance measure that includes substring moves in addition to ordinal editing operations to turn one string into another. Although the problem of computing EDM is intractable, it has a wide range of potential applications, especially in approximate string retrieval. Despite the importance of computing EDM, there has been no efficient method for indexing and searching large text collections based on the EDM measure. We propose the first algorithm, named string index for edit distance with moves (siEDM), for indexing and searching strings with EDM. The siEDM algorithm builds an index structure by leveraging the idea behind the edit sensitive parsing (ESP), an efficient algorithm enabling approximately computing EDM with guarantees of upper and lower bounds for the exact EDM. siEDM efficiently prunes the space for searching query strings by the proposed method, which enables fast query searches with the same guarantee as ESP. We experimentally tested the ability of siEDM to index and search strings on benchmark datasets, and we showed siEDM’s efficiency.