bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sulpholipids of plants I. The distribution of sulpholipids and phospholipids among the major plant classes
Authors: Collier Rosemary , Kennedy G. Y.
Published: May 2009

It is shown that sulpholipid is the predominant acetone-insoluble lipid of grass, sphagnum moss, Selaginella, and of some blue-green, green and brown algae.

This sulpholipid is separable into three entities by paper chromatography.

Phospholipid predominates over sulpholipid in red algae, fungi and the fluffy pericarp of the broad bean.

The sulpholipid in these plant tissues gives a single spot on paper chromatogram

A relationship between sulpholipids and photosynthesis is suggested.
A study of the diatoms of the Ouse Estuary, Sussex I. The movement of the mud-flat diatoms in response to some chemical and physical changes
Authors: Hopkins J. Trevor
Published: May 2009

The analysis shows that the diatom community resides mainly in the top 2 mm of the mud and when in bright light the community moves less than 1 mm towards the surface of the estuarine mud, although the colour of the mud changes noticeably.

The fine mud supports more diatoms than the coarse mud, and the community in fine mud is nearer to the mud surface, but this is probably caused by the more rapid extinction of light in fine mud than in the coarse mud, while also large spaces between the coarse mud particles may offer less protection from the effect of tidal scour than in fine mud, this giving contributory explanation for the less abundant community in coarse mud.
Some records of sea temperatures in the English Channel in February 1963
Authors: Holme N. A.
Published: May 2009

In mid-February 1963, a survey of sea temperatures in the western English Channel was made by means of a thermistor towed continuously behind the ship, also by water-bottle samples in a limited area between Plymouth and the Lizard. Evidence is given that surface temperatures, as measured by the thermistor, were representative of the whole water column. Sea temperature records from Torquay indicate that at this time temperatures were near their minimum for this exceptionally cold winter; at Plymouth where sea temperatures are usually more erratic because of estuarine influences the minimum had already been passed. A comparison with data for previous years at Plymouth shows that during January, February and March mean temperatures were lower than in any corresponding month since records were started in 1898.
Light, temperature and the breeding of Balanus balanoides
Authors: Barnes H.
Published: May 2009

Variations in the breeding habits of cirripedes are discussed.

The effect of temperature and light during various stages of gonad development has been determined for B. balanoides.

Constant illumination inhibits breeding, the inhibition relating to the later stages of gonad development.

There is a critical temperature above which breeding will not take place, the level of which may possibly be raised by decreased periods of illumination. A period of 4–6 weeks at less than 12 h of light per day and below the critical temperature is required for maturation of the gametes. It is difficult to advance the date at which egg-masses are laid down by more than a few weeks.

The results are discussed in relation to the animal's ecology. There is a very close adaptation to boreo-arctic conditions; the north-south gradient in the time at which the eggs are fertilized is related to the temperature gradient but the constancy from year to year of this date in any one locality under the same micro-environment cannot be explained on the basis of temperatures. Light periodicity is probably involved.
The iron content of sea water
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J.
Published: May 2009

A method, suitable for routine use, of determining total iron in sea water is described. The water is acidified to about o·13N with hydrochloric acid and is heated for 5 h in an autoclave at 140°C. Iron is determined absorptiometrically with 1:1 phenanthroline after reduction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.

Tests of the method, collection and storage of samples and the variability of results are described.

Iron contents of water samples from the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay are reported.
The responses ofScrobicularia plana(da Costa) to osmotic pressure changes
Authors: Freeman R. F. H. , Rigler F. H.
Published: May 2009

The osmotic pressure of the blood ofScrobicularia planahas been measured when the animal is exposed to diluted sea water, and observations made on the behaviour of the animal when exposed to solutions of different osmotic pressure.

The blood osmotic pressure shows no significant difference to that of the external medium except in very low salinities. The external medium with which an animal in its natural habitat comes into equilibrium is represented by the water above the mud rather than the water contained in the mud. Open animals equilibrate to 80% sea water in 4–5 h and to 60% sea water in 5–6 h. The osmotic pressure of the blood of animals that remain closed in dilute media is decreased by as little as 1·5% per hour.
Receptor elements in the coxal region of Decapoda Crustacea
Authors: Alexandrowicz J. S. , Whitear Mary
Published: May 2009

In the 4th to 8th thoracic segments of decapod Crustacea, at the bases of the peraeopods, sensory organs of various kinds have been found. They have been observed in Homarus vulgaris, Astacus astacus, Palinurus vulgaris, Eupagurusbemhardus, Carcinus maenas, Maia squinadoand described in greater detail for Homarus, Carcinus and Maia.

In all species examined there is in each peraeopod a proprioceptor consisting of a thin muscle with various nerve elements which extends from a point of the endophragmal skeleton situated near the ventral ganglia to the anteroventral part of the coxa. In the 4th to 7th thoracic segments of Homarus, in the 4th to 8th of Palinurus and Astacus, and in the 4th of the Brachyura, the receptor muscle is proximally attached to the tip of a chitinous projection of the endophragmal skeleton for which the term ‘receptor rod’ is proposed. In other instances it originates on the plate of the endosternite.

The nerve components of this ‘muscular receptor’ are of two sorts: (1) motor nerves spreading their branches over the whole length of the muscle, and (2) processes of the sensory neurons distributing their ramifications on the connective tissue associated with the muscle at its proximal end. The arrangement of the sensory elements is different in various species, but they all exhibit one feature, unusual in invertebrates, viz. their cell-bodies are situated within the central nervous system and not outside it.
The photosensitive pigments in the retinae of deep-sea fish
Authors: Denton E. J. , Warren F. J.
Published: May 2009

Measurements were made on the intact retinae dissected from freshly caught deep-sea fish. The unbleached retinae of such fish are not rose-pink like the retinae of most coastal fish or purple like the retinae of most freshwater fish, but are golden in colour.

The golden colours are of photosensitive pigments which give retinal absorption curves similar in shape to frog's rhodopsin, but with maxima of absorption displaced on the average about 15 mμ. towards the blue end of the spectrum. The names ‘chrysopsins’ or visual golds are suggested for this group of pigments.

The density of such photosensitive pigments is often very high. Retinal density changes on bleaching of more than 1.0 has been found for several deepsea fish. These probably correspond to absolute retinal densities of pigment of about 1.3, i.e. the absorption of 95% of blue-green light striking the retina.

The conger and silver freshwater eels have retinae containing similar golden-coloured pigments. These eels begin their lives in the deep ocean and return there when mature to spawn.

The significance of this type of photosensitive pigment in the vision of deep-sea fish is discussed, and an estimate is made of the depths at which deepsea fish will see daylight.
Some aspects of the physiology ofArenicola marina(Polychaeta) exposed to fluctuating salinities
Authors: Shumway Sandra E. , Davenport John
Published: May 2009

Arenicola marina(L.) is one of the most common members of the outer estuarine sandy and muddy shores. A moderately euryhaline osmoconformer, this polychaete cannot survive in water of less than about 10‰ constant salinity and then only in the Baltic; however, in the outer portions of estuaries, it is not uncommon for the overlying water to be practically fresh at some stages of the tide. Wells (1949b) postulated that parts of the complex burrowing behaviour of the animal prevents irrigation of the burrow with noxious water, but the advantages to the lugworm of its periodic inactivity have never been fully investigated.
Breeding and marsupial development in laboratory-maintained Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Amphipoda)
Authors: Sheader Martin
Published: May 2009

Parathemisto gaudichaudi (Guerin) (= P. gracilipes, Sheader & Evans, 1974) is a species of planktonic hyperiid amphipod which occurs in temperate and subpolar regions in both hemispheres (Dunbar, 1964; Kane, 1966; McHardy, 1970, Ph.D. thesis, Edinburgh University).

Our previous studies have dealt with the taxonomy (Sheader & Evans, 1974), feeding and gut structure (Sheader & Evans, 1975), and morphological variation (Sheader, 1975) of P. gaudichaudi. These studies involved the routine maintenance of the species in laboratory conditions, allowing behavioural and developmental data to be gathered. The present paper deals with fertilization of the eggs and subsequent development up to the time of release from the marsupium. Animals were collected at a station 5 miles east of Blyth, Northumberland (55° 07′ N, 1° 22′ W). Laboratory culture is described in previous papers (Sheader & Evans, 1974, 1975).
Observations by scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.) on the oviducal gland sacs of Balanus balanoides at egg-laying
Authors: Walker G.
Published: May 2009

Balanus balanoides (L.) is a cross-fertilizing hermaphrodite. The spermatozoa which are inseminated into the mantle cavity are initially inactive. Eggs are laid into the two elastic sacs of the oviducal glands (see Walley, 1965), which expand into the mantle cavity as more eggs are laid. The discharge of eggs into the elastic sacs also forces fluid out of the oviducal glands into the mantle cavity where the spermatozoa have been deposited. The fluid activates the inseminated spermatozoa (Walley, White & Brander, 1971; Walker, 1977).

In order to effect fertilization of the eggs activated spermatozoa must pass across the oviducal gland sac wall. How the spermatozoa accomplish this is the subject of the present investigation.
Terrestrial insects at sea
Authors: Cheng L. , Birch M. C.
Published: May 2009

The occasional reports of butterflies sighted at sea or landing on ships many kilometres from the nearest land indicate the transport of insects by wind from terrestrial to marine environments. However, the frequency with which insects are blown out to sea, the abundances of airborne insects over and on the surface of the sea, the eventual fate of these insects and their possible ecological roles are rarely considered (Bowden & Johnson, 1976).
Algal associations ofTricolia pullus, Lacuna vinctaandCerithiopsis tubercularis(Gastropoda) with special reference to the settlement of their larvae
Authors: Fretter V. , Manly R.
Published: May 2009

More than half of the species of British prosobranchs living intertidally have planktonic larvae. Settlement involves a positive response to certain factors which results in a speedy loss of structures fulfilling larval needs and the introduction of others associated with locomotion and feeding on the sea-bed (Fretter, 1972). Unless this response relates to the needs of the species, settlement could lead to mass mortality of larvae settling on unsuitable ground.
Mixed algal feeding of Ostrea edulis larvae with Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica
Authors: Helm M. M.
Published: May 2009

Several authors have shown that by feeding bivalve larvae on a mixed algal diet growth is often better than when each of the constituent species of the diet was fed individually (Davis & Guillard, 1958; Walne & Spencer, 1968; Calabrese & Davis, 1970). The criterion upon which the value of the diets has been assessed has almost invariably been larval growth and rarely have the larvae been grown to metamorphosis.

This paper reports the results of a series of trials with Ostrea edulis L. larvae which were fed with three diets. Two were single species diets of Isochrysis galbana Parke and Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butch, while the third was a combination of these two species. Larvae were grown to metamorphosis on each of the diets and then for a further period with a common food to assess the value of the larval diet on the subsequent performance of the spat.
On ostraciiform locomotion
Authors: Blake R. W.
Published: May 2009

Among the teleosts three basic modes of locomotion have been recognized; anguilli-form, carangiform and ostraciiform (Breder, 1926). During the past 50 years much attention has been paid to the anguilliform (Breder, 1926; Gray, 1933a,b; Gadd, 1952; Taylor, 1952; Lighthill, 1960, 1969, 1970) and carangiform (Breder, 1926; Gray, 1933 c; Bainbridge, 1958, 1960, 1963; Lighthill, 1969, 1970) modes. In contrast little work has been done on the ostraciiform mode. Models have been made along mechanical (Breder, 1926; Gray, 1968, p. 35) and mathematical (Smith & Stone, 1961) lines. How-ever as Gray (1968) points out, ostraciiform locomotion has not been analysed in living fish.
The influence of biological activity and physical stability in determining the chemical distributions of inorganic phosphate, silicate and nitrate
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Maddock Linda , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

Temperature, salinity and nutrient structure at a station, E1, in the English Channel 22 miles from Plymouth have been described for many individual years (see Armstrong & Butler, 1968, for example). By averaging the results gathered over many years (1903–61) the mean seasonal changes in the vertical distributions have been obtained (Pingree & Pennycuick, 1975). In this paper these distributions have been extended to incorporate data to 1975 and as well as presenting up-to-date mean distributions for temperature, salinity and inorganic phosphate, the mean distributions for silicate and nitrate are included. The purpose of the present work is to interpret the observed mean seasonal changes in the inorganic nutrient distributions in the light of recent measurements giving continuous variations of chemical properties (Armstrong & Lafond, 1966), and in particular, from the knowledge gained from continuous vertical chlorophyll ‘a’ determinations (Lorenzen, 1966; Holligan & Harbour, 1977; Pingree, Holligan & Head, 1977).
Growth and calcification in the coralline algae,Clathromorphum circumscriptumandCorallina officinalis, and the significance of pH in relation to precipitation
Authors: Digby P. S. B.
Published: May 2009

Considerable obscurity surrounds the mechanism of calcification in all biological material. The coralline algae, which lay down quantities of calcium salts in their tissues, are no exception. These forms are common in the littoral and sublittoral in exposed situations in northern waters and make up a large part of many of the reefs in tropical seas. This paper describes observations and experiments relating to growth and calcification in two northern corallines,Clathromorphum circumscriptumFoslie andCorallina officinalisLinn. Calcification is related to the production of an alkaline reaction by the cells when exposed to sunlight. The source of the base concerned will be considered in a following paper.
A British population of the grey mullet,Liza aurata(Teleostei: Mugilidae)
Authors: Reay P. J.
Published: May 2009

Relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, population structure and growth-rate are described for a population of the grey mulletLiza auratafrom Langstone Harbour, Hampshire. The occurrence of juveniles as small as 21 mm is interpreted as evidence for spawning in British waters, but no direct information on spawning areas or spawning seasons was obtained.
Energy metabolism of eggs during embryogenesis inBalanus balanoides
Authors: Lucas M. I. , Crisp† D. J.
Published: May 2009

The partitioning and utilization of energy reserves during embryogenesis were followed in the cirripedeBalanus balanoidesand related to the described sequence of developmental stages. Egg volume and dry weights were measured. Between the recently fertilized egg and eggs containing well-developed embryos at the end of natural incubation there is a doubling of egg volume.

The biochemical composition of the newly fertilized egg is dominated by TCA-insoluble protein (55 %). Neutral lipid accounts for 17 % of the dry weight, while phospholipid and polysaccharide contribute 3–5% and 5–7% respectively. About 36% of the TCA-insoluble protein is utilized duringin vivodevelopment, accounting for about three-quarters of the energy expenditure. During this time 40% of the carbohydrate and 20% of the neutral lipid reserves are also utilised. However, when starved adults retain their mature egg masses beyond the normal term, egg metabolism occurs largely at the expense of the remaining lipid reserves. These would be exhausted in a further 6–7 weeks and the embryos unable to survive. The ability of adults to postpone hatching may therefore have important implications for the energy reserves and viability of the newly hatched nauplii. Protein supplies most of the energy during embryogenesis, with neutral lipid assuming increased importance after development has been completed.

Oxygen consumption of the egg masses measuredin vitrowas converted through aerobic oxycalorific equivalent into biochemical loss. This showed good agreement with direct measurement of summed energy losses of the biochemical components. It was apparent that oxygen uptake rate in the later stages was restricted by diffusion resistance due to egg packing, since eggs freed from the egg mass matrix showed a 30% increase in oxygen uptake and a reduction in development time.
Crab predation on scallop (Pecten maximus) and its implication for scallop cultivation
Authors: Lake N. C. H. , Jones M. B. , Paul J. D.
Published: May 2009

The feeding successes of four species of crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura) which are potential predators of the scallop Pecten maximus (L.) were studied under laboratory conditions. When provided with scallops of 4 and 5 cm shell height, Liocarcinus depurator (L.) did not consume any scallops whereas Liocarcinus puber (L.), Carcinus maenas (L.) and Cancer pagurus L. ate both size groupings but with varying success. The differences in the number of scallops eaten paralleled crab size such that C. pagurus, the species with the largest individuals (ca. 10.4 cm carapace width), ate the most, and small crabs (< 5.5 cm carapace width), irrespective of species, ate none or very few scallops. Further experiments with C. pagurus and a wider size range of scallops (3–9 cm shell height) revealed the following trends: as prey size increased, the proportion of crabs feeding decreased and there was minimal predation on scallops > 7 cm shell height; male and female crabs showed similar predatory behaviour; and marine fouling on scallop shells had no significant effect on crab feeding (X2 test, P > 0.05). These findings are discussed in relation to the potential for bottom culture of P. maximus.
The distribution and migrations of bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., in waters around England and Wales as shown by tagging
Authors: Pawson M. G. , Pickett G. D. , Kelley D. F.
Published: May 2009

Tagging data for 5959 bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., released around England and Wales between 1970 and 1984 have been compiled and analysed to show seasonal distribution patterns and implied movements of populations in the southern North Sea, the central English Channel and the south-west and west coasts. Juvenile bass appear to remain near their nursery areas throughout the year, whilst adults show extensive migrations between summer feeding areas and winter pre-spawning areas, which are specific to local populations. Straying occasionally occurs between populations, but only at the ‘adolescent’ phase, and for management purposes local populations may be considered discrete.
Studies on the haemoglobins of the small Pogonophora
Authors: Terwilliger R. C. , Terwilliger N. B. , Hughes† G. M. , Southward† A. J. , Southward† E. C.
Published: May 2009

Haemoglobin is present, often at high concentration, dissolved in the blood of all small Pogonophora so far examined.

The haemoblobin ofSiboglinum fiordicumresembles annelid and vestimentiferan haemoglobins in having subunits with molecular weights of 15000–16700 plus traces of 35000–40000 MW material. 5.fiordicumhaemoglobin has 1 mol haem per 21500 g protein, and a similar lack of correspondence between subunits and mols of haem is shown by annelid and vestimentiferan haemoglobins. However,S. fiordicumhaemoglobin differs considerably from annelid and vestimentiferan haemoglobins in other respects, even though the three groups are closely linked taxonomically. The haemoglobin ofS. fiordicumhas a lower apparent molecular weight (Mr= 3.5–4.0 x 105) than that of annelid haemoglobins (Mr= 3–4 x 108) when measured under the same conditions. Pogonophore blood examined with the electron microscope does not show the two-tiered hexagonal structure found in annelid and vestimentiferan haemoglobins.S. fiordicumhaemoglobin also differs from annelid and vestimentiferan haemoglobins in amino acid composition.

The haemoglobins of the small pogonophores examined have a very high affinity for oxygen. The P50ranges from 0.36 Torr in diluted blood ofS. fiordicum(15 °C) to 0.5–1.0 Torr in undiluted blood ofS. atlanticum(10 °C) ands. fiordicum(15 °C). Only a slight Bohr effect was found. The high oxygen affinity can be related to the wide range of Po2values experienced in the habitat and the need to transport oxygen to the deeply buried posterior end of the body that contains autotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria.
Food of bass in U.K. waters
Authors: Kelley D. F.
Published: May 2009

Published information on the diet of bass in U.K. waters is limited. The very young fish, mainly 0- and 1-groups, have been investigated in the Fleet (Dorset) by Bass et al. (1983), in the Severn Estuary by Aprahamian & Barr (1985), and at the Kingsnorth power-station outfall in Kent by Langford (in preparation). Limited data for older fish have been given by Sant (1978) for the central Welsh coast and by Hester (1980) for the Cornish coast. An early report by the present author reviewed the feeding habits of 250 bass aged 3–16 years caught in 1946–52 in Devon and Cornwall (Kelley, 1953). Data for southern Irish waters have been given by Kennedy & Fitzmaurice (1972), and for west Brittany waters by Boulineau-Coatanea (1969). Other reports from mainland Europe are concerned chiefly with young bass reared in the etangs of the south and west coasts of France and in similar habitats on the coasts of Spain and Italy. There are similar reports from Tunis and Israel. These more specialised studies are listed by Barnabe (1980).
Redescription of the leptomedusanBlackfordia virginica
Authors: Moore S. J.
Published: May 2009

Previous records ofBlackfordia virginica, from river estuaries and marineconnected lagoonal systems, show the species to be euryhaline and eurythermal. The collection of the medusa in the estuary of the River Mira provides not only a second record for the eastern North Atlantic but also further evidence of the medusa's requirement for such conditions. It is known to tolerate salinities of 3–35‰ (distribution). Measurements of salinity in the Mira Estuary in April and November 1984, when the medusae were collected, were 15 and 32.5‰ respectively (J. Paula, personal communication).
Hydrography and the distribution of phytoplankton in Killary Harbour: a fjord in western Ireland
Authors: Roden C. M. , Rodhouse P. G. , Hensey M. P. , McMahon T. , Ryan T. H. , Mercer J. P.
Published: May 2009

Killary Harbour is a fjord or sea loch on the west coast of Ireland. With the growth of aquaculture the harbour has become the site of both raft mussel cultivation and more recently, salmon farming. The successful management of these resources requires a detailed knowledge of the harbour's hydrography and ecology. In 1980/1 an extensive survey of the harbour was made. Papers dealing with primary productivity (McMahon & Patching, 1984) zooplankton (Ryan et al. 1986) and the biology of mussels (Rodhouse et al. 1984 a, b, 1985) have already been published. In this paper, we describe the phytoplankton of the harbour and factors which influence distribution and growth.
The taxonomy of three species of the genusProcerodes(Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Maricola)
Authors: Sluys Ronald
Published: May 2009

In the most recent monograph of the marine planarians Wilhelmi (1909) described only one new species, viz.Procerodes dohrni, which nevertheless was strikingly similar toP. lobata(Schmidt, 1861). More recently Den Hartog (1968) has described inadequately a rather similar species,P. ireneae, and the taxonomic status of these three species is now somewhat confused, making proper identification difficult. For the present paper the available material of these species has been re-examined with the view of elucidating their taxonomic status.
Post-larval development of the bivalves Nucula turgida, Venus striatula, Spisula subtruncata and S. elliptica (Mollusca: Bivalvia), (with reference to the late larva)
Authors: Webb C. M.
Published: May 2009

Detailed studies of post-larval shell, hinge and/or internal morphogenesis, from metamorphosis to the completion of development, are available for a very small number of infaunal bivalves (for review of studies see Webb (1984). This paper continues the description, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), of the post-larval ontogeny of some common infaunal bivalves from north-west European communities and presents the development of Nucula turgida, Venus striatula, Spisula subtruncata and S. elliptica. The association between larval shell morphology and certain features of development in some protobranch bivalves is examined.
Vitamin A and carotenoids in certain invertebrates: II. Studies of seasonal variations in some marine crustacea
Authors: Fisher L. R. , Kon S. K. , Thompson S. Y.
Published: May 2009

Results are given for measurements of fat, vitamin A and carotenoids in groups ofMeganyctiphanes norvegica, Thysanoessa raschii, Crangon allmani, C. vulgaris, Nephrops norvegicusand eyes ofHomarus vulgaris, collected at regular intervals for a year or longer.

In both species of euphausiids vitamin A was consistently present mainly in the ester form and concentrated chiefly in the eyes. More than half the total astaxanthin was in the eyes. No other carotenoids were detected.

Astaxanthin and vitamin A were accumulated by the euphausiids more rapidly during the spring and autumn-feeding periods associated with diatom outbursts than at other seasons. There was a delay inThysanoessa raschii, but not inMeganyctiphanes norvegica, between resumption of more rapid growth during spring and autumn and increase in concentration of vitamin A and astaxanthin. The difference was possibly due to differences in diet of the two species in relation to the seasonal biological composition of the plankton.

In the euphausiids, concentrations of vitamin A and astaxanthin were much higher in larvae and in adults over 30 mm long ofM. norvegica, and in larvae and adults over 15 mm ofThysanoessa raschii, than in mature adults ofMeganyctiphanes norvegicaof 20–30 mm andThysanoessa raschiiof 13–15 mm, respectively. An inverse relationship between fat and vitamin A concentration was noted in both species throughout the year.

InCrangonspp. andNephrops norvegicusthere was no evidence of any seasonal variation of either vitamin A or carotenoids. Differences in the carotenoid metabolism of the two species ofCrangonare discussed.
Further notes on a marine member of the saprolegniaceae, Leptolegnia marina n.sp., infecting certain invertebrates
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

Twenty-five years ago I published a note (Atkins, 1929) on a then unnamed member of the Saprolegniaceae, a destructive fungal parasite of the pea-crab, Pinnotheres; the name Leptolegnia marina is now proposed for this fungus.
Leg disposition in the brachyuran megalopa when swimming
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

Many brachyuran megalopae swim with the legs disposed in a curious manner. The chelipeds and first two pairs of walking legs are folded tightly beneath the body, while the two posterior pairs are wrapped over the dorsum, the third pair being stretched out anteriorly, the dactylus, according to its length, touching or being looped round the eye-stalk. It is suggested that this posture gives stream-lining to the megalopa and improves its swimming. The described arrangement has been observed in all but three of some twenty-five species occurring at Plymouth.

In the three exceptions, Corystes cassivelaunus, Thia polita and Pinnotheres pinnotheres (= veterum), all legs are carried folded beneath the body.

Reference is made to previous descriptions of the folding of the legs in the brachyuran megalopa.
A penetrometer for use on water-covered beaches
Authors: Carruthers J. N.
Published: May 2009

Comments on the uses of penetrometers in general are followed by remarks upon an earlier one for use on dry beaches. Some discussion is given of the behaviour of beds of sand disturbed by shocks and converted thereby into a state of quasi-liquefaction. Finally, a description is given of a tall pull-down penetrometer which can be used on beaches covered by modest depths of water.
The mixing and movement of water in the estuary of the Thames
Authors: Preddy W. S.
Published: May 2009

A method of representing the mixing of water in an estuary is given, and the amount of mixing which occurs in the Thames Estuary is calculated. Changes in salinity predicted from the results are found to agree with observation. The application of this theory of mixing to some pollution problems is briefly considered.
The occurrence of porphyrins in certain marine invertebrates
Authors: Kennedy G. Y. , Vevers H. G.
Published: May 2009

A survey of forty-eight species of British marine invertebrates has shown that porphyrins which have not previously been described in these animals are present in three representatives of the Annelida, two of the Mollusca and two of the Echinodermata. The occurrence of protoporphyrin inAsterias rubenswas confirmed in a previous paper (Kennedy & Vevers, 1953b). A redfluorescent extract was obtained from the spongeTethya aurantium, but it contained too little material for further investigation. No trace of a porphyrin was found in the coelenterates, crustaceans and tunicates examined, although Moseley found ‘polyperythrin’ (which MacMunn later identified with the ‘haematoporphyrin’ ofAsteriasandArion) inFlabellumandFungia.

Chlorocruoroporphyrin was found free in the starfishesLuidiaandAstropecten. Uroporphyrin was extracted from the soft dorsal integument ofDuvaucelia (= Tritonia) plebeia, and from the integument ofAplysia punctata, observations of interest in view of the widespread occurrence of uroporphyrin in mollusc shells.

Coproporphyrin III was characterized from extracts of the viscera ofMyxicola infundibulum, Nereis diversicolorandChaetopterus variopedatus. Evidence of the occurrence of a penta-carboxylic porphyrin was obtained from paper chromatography of the extract from the gut ofChaetopterus.

These findings are discussed in comparison with the distribution of porphyrins in birds and mammals.
Thyroidectomy of the dogfish,Scyllium canicula(L.), and the effect of dogfish thyroid upon the oxygen consumption of rats
Authors: Matty A. J.
Published: May 2009

Surgical thyroidectomy has been successfully performed on the dogfish,Scyllium canicula, and has been shown to have no signficant effect on the animal's oxygen consumption over a period of 6 weeks.

The injection of extracts of dogfish thyroid into adult male white rats results in an increase in the animal's oxygen consumption of the same order as that produced by mammalian thyroid preparations.

The significance of these results is discussed in the light of recent investigations of thyroid function in fish.
On the diverse colours ofNereis diversicolor
Authors: Dales R. Phillips , Kennedy G. Y.
Published: May 2009

The variable colour ofNereis diversicoloris due to variations in the proportion of green, orange and brown pigments. The orange and brown pigments are mainly carotenoids; the green colour is due to biliverdin.

Phaeophorbide-aand coproporphyrin III also occur, but both these pigments may be restricted to the gut wall; biliverdin occurs both in the wall of the gut, and in the epidermis and coelomic cells.

The biliverdin is formed by the breakdown of the haemoglobin of the blood.

Haemoglobin-breakdown takes place in the epidermis on the dorsal side of the body, in the epithelial tissue surrounding the proboscis and in the pygidium. Granules of biliverdin are probably removed by the coelomic cells and conveyed to the gut into which they are excreted.

In ripe males, and in females during and after spawning, phagocytosis of the tissues is accompanied by an increased haemoglobin-breakdown with a corresponding accumulation of biliverdin in the body. The green appearance is due not only to an increased amount of biliverdin, but also to a complete extraction of carotenoids from the body-wall.
Blood perfusion of the kidney of Lophius piscatorius L.: II. Influence of perfusion pressure on urine volume
Authors: Brull L. , Cuypers Y.
Published: May 2009

The urine secretion of the kidneys of Lophius piscatorius perfused with heparinized Lophius blood is very sensitive to perfusion pressure below a critical level, above which it becomes insensitive. The response of the urine flow to pressure takes the form of an exponential curve.

The blood flow through the kidneys, while rising slowly at pressures of about 20–30 mm of water, responds arithmetically to pressure above such levels.

At present it is impossible to make out whether pressure or blood flow has the greatest influence on secretion.

Water secretion in the aglomerular kidney is an active process. The oxygen consumption of the Lophius kidney is unmeasurably low, yet remains a possible factor in secretion.
Utilization of yolk by herring larvae
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Hempel G.
Published: May 2009

Experiments on yolk utilization were done with developing herring eggs and larvae from races spawning in the Clyde, North Sea, Atlantic and Baltic. The range of mean dry weight of unfertilized eggs varied from o·126 to o·366 mg in the different races.
The ultra-structure of the epidermis of larvae of the herring (Clupea harengus) in relation to the rearing salinity
Authors: Jones M. Pattie , Holliday F. G. T. , Dunn A. E. G.
Published: May 2009

The ultra-structure of the epidermis of herring larvae is described. It is composed of two cell layers; the outer layer contains mitochondria, vesicles and a practically continuous layer having a dense 'fibrous' appearance. The cell border in contact with the sea water is thrown into an irregular arrangement of ridges and pits. The inner cell layer is usually thicker than the outer layer and lacks the continuous dense layer. No differences could be found in the structure or thickness of the epidermal cells of larvae reared in salinities of 5, 17·5, 35 and 50 ‰
Studies in the biochemistry of cirripede eggs: II. Changes in lipid composition during development ofBalanus balanoidesandB. Balanus.
Authors: Dawson R. M. C. , Barnes H.
Published: May 2009

The eggs of two common cirripedes,Balanus balanoidesandB. balanus,have been analysed at different stages of development for their lipid content.

Triglyceride and phospholipid are the main lipid components; small amounts of free fatty acids, lipochromes, sterols, and some very non-polar material (possibly hydrocarbon) are also present.

Lecithin followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine make up a large proportion of the phospholipid fraction.

The fatty-acid spectrum is similar to that of other marine animals being rich in unsaturated fatty acids of which eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) predominate.

Triglyceride is lost during development.

Initially some lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine are lost during development, but they accumulate in the late stages.

Cardiolipin shows a marked increase in quantity during the late stages; this is presumably associated with increased cellular differentiation.

There is a tendency for all the components to approach the values for the adult bodies—taken when lipid reserves are minimal—as the embryos develop.
The genusEctocarpusin Britain. I. The attached forms
Authors: Russell G.
Published: May 2009

The definition ofEctocarpusby Hamel (1931–39) is accepted and his division of the genus into two species complexes,E. fasciculatiandE. siliculosi, vindicated. Observations on theE. fasciculatuscomplex show that its component taxa rep-resent various stages in thallus growth and elaboration, while the subspecific taxa ofE. siliculosusare determined primarily by size and shape of plurilocular sporangia. Both species are shown to undergo a streblonemoid phase in their early development. Field observations are confirmed by following the growth of both species in culture. The habitat and host range of both species is found to be wide.
Experimental studies on the benthic phases of haptophyceae. I. Effects of some experimental conditions on the release of coccolithophorids
Authors: Boney A. D. , Burrows Angela
Published: May 2009

Benthic phases of aCricosphaera sp. (Plymouth Culture Collection no. 156), and of a coccolithophorid obtained from a filamentous plant found growing in the region of high-water mark at Borth, Cardiganshire, have been subjected to a variety of experimental conditions, and viability assessed in terms of their ability to release again the motile cells.

Survival of the benthic cells has been observed in a salinity range of 3–236% with liberation of coccolithophorids directly into the medium at salinities between 3–90 ‰ In the salinity range 90–207% liberation of coccolithophorids was observed on returning the benthic cells to 'normal' sea water after protracted periods of immersion in the media of higher salinities. Benthic cells were found to survive after slow evaporation of the medium and crystallization of the salt around them. Liberation of coccolithophorids has also been obtained after ageing of the culture (e.g. the motile cells have been obtained from an 11-month-old culture). Continued growth of coccolithophorids has been observed at salinities between 6‰. Continued formation of the benthic cells in media of high and low salt concentration resulted in a tendency for the release of coccolithophorids to occur over more restricted salinity ranges.
On the function of the two types of myotomal muscle fibre in elasmobranch fish
Authors: Bone Quentin
Published: May 2009

There are two main types of muscle fibre in the dogfish myotome. Slow fibres make upabout 18 % of the mass of the myotome, the remainder consisting of fastfibres. The slow and fast fibres have a different pattern of innervation, and differ in such respects as their fat and glycogen contents, and in abundance of mitochondria. The two typesof fibre show different responses to depolarizing agents.

Extracellular recordings from the myotomal muscle taken during the swimming of spinal fish show that only slow muscle fibres are active when the fish swims slowly, whereas during vigorous movements, the fast fibres are active. Although both types of fibre contain glycogen, the fast fibres contain only about 50–60 % ofthe amount found in the slow fibres. After a period of vigorous movement, the glycogen levels in the fast fibres fall markedly, whilst those in the slow fibres donot change. The slow fibres contain around 4–5 times the amount of fat found in thefast fibres; after long periods of sustained slow swimming, the fat levels inthe slow fibres fall, and there also may be a slight decrease in the glycogen levels in the slow fibres. Long periods of slow swimming do not alter the glycogen levels found in the fast fibres.
Studies on Pogonophora. Fine structure of the tentacles
Authors: Gupta Brij L. , Little Colin , Philip Ann M.
Published: May 2009

The structure of the tentacle in two species of Pogonophora (of the generaNereilinumandOligobrachia)has been investigated by light- and electron-microscopy. The fine structure of the pinnules, epidermal cells and mucous cells is described. The surface membrane of the epidermal cells and the pinnules forms an elaborate system of microvilli which traverse the cuticle and often extend up to the surface particles.
The bottom fauna of the English Channel. Part II
Authors: Holme N. A.
Published: May 2009

An earlier paper (Holme, 1961) described the bottom fauna off the south coast of England, as sampled by a modified anchor-dredge. Sampling was later extended to cover the whole English Channel, a further 144 stations being worked, making 311 in all. This paper describes the results of the later survey which, as previously, was concerned mainly with molluscs and echinoderms. Distribution charts for the majority of species identified are given, in which are incorporated the results of both surveys.
Cadmium accumulation, distribution and metabolism in the gastropodLittorina littorea: the role of metal-binding proteins
Authors: Langston W. J. , Zhou Mingjiang
Published: May 2009

Cadmium, and its compounds, has been placed on the blacklists of most international pollution conventions by virtue of its toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation and persistence (Taylor, 1983).

The ability of many marine molluscs, and in particular gastropods, to accumulate Cd to a high degree in apparently unregulated fashion has led to their frequent use in monitoring programmes. Thus Cd levels in the winkle,Littorina littorea(L.) closely reflect gradients in environmental contamination (Bryanet al. 1983), demonstrating the excellent ‘indicator’ properties of this group.
Monogenean parasites of deep-sea fishes from the Rockall Trough (N.E. Atlantic) including a new species
Authors: Pascoe P. L.
Published: May 2009

Considerable work on deep-sea parasite faunas, including monogeneans, has been carried out in the north-west Atlantic (Suydam, 1971; Campbell, Haedrich & Munroe, 1980; Munroe, Campbell & Zwerner 1981; Zubchenko, 1981) and some in the Pacific (Gusev, 1957; Robinson, 1961), but work of this nature in the north-east Atlantic is limited mainly to species lists and descriptions (Gallien, 1937; Rees & Llewellyn, 1941; Brinkmann, 1952). The present paper presents observations on monogenean parasites of fishes from the Rockall Trough area of the north-east Atlantic.
Gregarious larval settlement within a restricted intertidal zone and sex differences in subsequent mortality in the polygynous saltmarsh isopodParagnathia formica(Crustacea: Isopoda)
Authors: Upton N. P. D.
Published: May 2009

The highly restricted ranges of many intertidal invertebrates, and the relative importance of physical and biological factors on settlement and subsequent mortality, have attracted much attention from ecologists. Most workers have concentrated on rocky shore communities, where patterns of zonation are often very clear (for reviews, see Stephenson & Stephenson, 1949, 1972; Southward, 1958; Lewis, 1955, 1961, 1964), whilst few have looked for such effects within saltmarshes (for reviews, see Long & Mason, 1983; Foster, In Press). Since most saltmarsh invertebrates are infaunal, patterns of zonation are not immediately obvious, but may be of particular interest; the influence of tidal regimes on invertebrate ranges may be more precise in sheltered saltmarsh habitats than on rocky shores, where exposure to wave action is a major confounding variable.
Blood perfusion of the kidney of Lophius piscatorius L.
Authors: Brull L. , Cuypers Y. , Wilsens L.
Published: May 2009

Kidneys of Lophius piscatorius L., perfused with heparinized blood, respond to a high tension of CO2 in the blood by a drop in urine flow and in their capacity for concentrating Mg. At the same time, but independently, CO2 reduces the blood flow. Both cyanide and fluoride may stop or reduce water secretion and Mg concentration, according to the concentration used, showing that both these activities are dependent on aerobic processes and presumably on the integrity of the carbohydrate cycle.
A pelagic marine diatom requiring cobalamin
Authors: Droop M. R.
Published: May 2009

A bacteria-free culture of the important centric diatom Skeletonema costatum has recently been established at Millport, and some exploratory nutritional experiments have been carried out with it. S. costatum is a photo-autotroph whose autotrophy is, apparently, limited to cobalamin (vitamin B12).

Details concerning isolation and maintenance of S. costatum differ from those already published (Droop, 1954a, 1955) only in the matter of pH control, a vital factor in the successful culture of this species whose range of tolerance is narrow (pH 7–5–8–5).
Some new supra-littoral Protista
Authors: Droop M. R.
Published: May 2009

Six common supra-littoral Protista from the island of Cumbrae are described and details given of their cultivation. Chlorophyceae: Nannochloris oculata n.sp., Brachiomonas submarina var. pulsifera n.var.; Cryptophyceae: Hemiselmis virescens n.sp.; Chrysophyceae: Syracosphaera elongata n.sp., Microglena arenicola n.sp., Mallomonas epithalattia n.sp.
Cercaria turritellaen.sp., A ‘huge-tailed’ monostome larva fromTurritella communisRisso
Authors: Hutton Robert F.
Published: May 2009

Rothschild (1935) reported that Dr M. V. Lebour drew her attention to a ‘huge-tailed’ monostome which had occurred during 1931 in specimens ofTurritella communiscollected from the Rame Mud, Plymouth. From 1932 to 1934 Rothschild (1935) examined 541 specimens of this gastropod from that locality without finding this larva. During the summer of 1952, the present author examined a number of specimens from the same locality and was also unsuccessful in finding such a larval trematode. However, in November 1952, the monostome described below was found in two of 110Turritellacollected from Cawsand Bay, Plymouth Sound.

The author wishes to express his indebtedness to the Director and Staff of the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association for their friendly co-operation and assistance in all phases of this work. The work was carried out while the author was holding a Fulbright Scholarship.

METHODS

Fully developed cercariae were obtained by isolating infeaed specimens ofT. communisin jars of sea water and allowing the cercariae to emerge. Rediae and immature cercariae were obtained by crushing the shells of the hosts. Living specimens as well as permanent preparations were studied. Whole mounts were fixed in sublimate, stained with borax-carmine, and mounted in Canada balsam, or fixed in sublimate or formalin, unstained, and mounted in Faure's medium or in Cristalite (E. Gurr). Serial sections (5 /x) of several cercariae were stained with Ehrlich's haematoxylin and eosin. The orientation of the objects in the desired position at imbedding was achieved by the method of Peterfi (after Romeis, 1948, p. 99). The incidence of infection was determined by crushing the gastropods and examining the digestive glands and gonads under the dissecting microscope.
The functional morphology of the rock-boring lamellibranchPetricola pholadiformisLamarck
Authors: Purchon R. D.
Published: May 2009

Living specimens ofPetricola pholadiformisLamarck were obtained from Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex.

Studies of the principal organ systems were made on the living animal, particular attention being paid to the ciliary feeding and cleansing mechanisms in the mantle cavity, and the ciliary sorting mechanisms within the stomach. The action of the bulbus on the posterior aorta was also studied.

A detailed comparison was made betweenP. pholadiformisand all the British species of Pholadidae. Thirty anatomical features were found in whichP. pholadiformisdiffered from all of the Pholadidae, and fourteen features in whichP. pholadiformisresembled one or more species of Pholadidae. It was concluded that these resemblances were purely fortuitous.