bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ceramic inserts do not generally improve resin composite margins
Authors: STROBEL W. O. , PETSCHELT A. , KEMMOONA M. , FRANKENBERGER R.
Published: July 2005

summary  Ceramic inserts are reported to possibly reduce polymerization shrinkage for posterior resin composite fillings. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of different insert systems before and after thermomechanical loading. Sixty sound human third molars received occlusomesial Class II cavities, 40 with proximal margins 2 mm above and 20 with proximal margins 1 mm below the cementum‐enamel junction. The specimens were randomly assigned to one of the six experimental groups (n = 10). The enamel‐bordered cavities were restored with Syntac classic and Tetric Ceram (ST), Syntac classic, Tetric Ceram and β‐quartz inserts (TB), Syntac classic, Tetric Ceram and Cerana inserts (TC), Syntac classic, Tetric flow and SonicSys approx inserts (TS). The dentin‐limited cavities were filled with Syntac classic and Tetic Ceram (DT), Syntac classic, Tetric flow and Sonic Sys approx inserts (DS). Before and after thermomechanical loading (100 000 × 50 N, 2500 × 5 °C/55 °C), replicas were made and both interfaces tooth/composite and insert/composite were examined under a scanning electron microscope at 200×. The Cerana and Sonic Sys insert groups showed significantly less gaps in enamel (P < 0·05). With β‐quartz inserts, no reduction of gaps was found (P > 0·05). Marginal integrity in dentine‐bordered specimens could not be improved with Sonic Sys inserts (P > 0·05). The bonding performance insert/composite was promising for all IPS Empress inserts (Cerana, Sonic Sys enamel) but worse for β‐quartz inserts. Regarding gap formation between resin composite and tooth, Cerana and SonicSys inserts significantly reduced gaps. The use of SonicSys inserts in deep proximal cavities cannot be recommended.
Adhesive bonding of a lithium disilicate ceramic material with resin‐based luting agents
Authors: NAGAI T. , KAWAMOTO Y. , KAKEHASHI Y. , MATSUMURA H.
Published: July 2005

summary  This study evaluates the bonding characteristics of a lithium disilicate‐based ceramic material (IPS Empress 2). Two sizes of disk specimens of the material were made, and three groups of disk pairs were separately surface‐prepared using three techniques; etching with phosphoric acid, etching with hydrofluoric acid, and air‐abrasion with alumina. Each group was further divided into four sub‐groups; group (i) was bonded with the Variolink II composite, (ii) was treated with the Monobond‐S silane primer and bonded with the Variolink II composite, (iii) was bonded with the Super‐Bond acrylic adhesive and (iv) was treated with the Porcelain Liner M silane primer and bonded with the Super‐Bond acrylic adhesive. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after 100 000 thermocycles. Bond strength varied from 10·6 to 71·5 MPa before thermocycling, whereas post‐thermocycling bond strength ranged from 0 to 61·2 MPa. Among the three surface preparations, hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) was most effective in enhancing bond strength of both luting materials, especially for unsilanized specimens. Application of the silane primer elevated bond strength of both luting agents regardless of surface preparation method. It can be concluded, for both luting agents, that durable bond to the Empress 2 ceramic material can be achieved through the combined application of HF and the proprietary silane primer.
Bite force determination in adolescents with and without temporomandibular dysfunction
Authors: BONJARDIM L. R. , GAVIÃO M. B. D. , PEREIRA L. J. , CASTELO P. M.
Published: July 2005

summary  The aims of this study were to compare bite force in adolescents with and without temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), and to investigate the influence of gender, age, height and weight on bite force magnitude. The TMD was evaluated using a self‐report questionnaire and the Craniomandibular Index, which has two subscales, the Dysfunction Index and the Palpation Index. Subjects with lower and upper extremity values were used to integrate the control (Group I –n = 20) and TMD (Group II –n = 20) groups, respectively. In addition, the TMD group should have at least one subjective symptom. Bite force was determined with a transducer, which consisted of a pressurized rubber tube connected to a sensor element (MPX 5700 – Motorola SPS, Austin, TX, USA). Analysis of covariance, Pearson's coefficient, Mann–Whitney and t‐tests were applied to analyse the data. The results showed that Group II presented smaller values for bite force than Group I and boys had greater values than girls in Group II (P < 0·05). Bite force values were significantly smaller for girls between groups (P < 0·05), whereas for boys there was no statistical difference. Weak positive correlation between bite force and weight, height and age (P > 0·05) and significant negative correlation between bite force and Palpation and Craniomandibular Indexes (P < 0·05) were found. It was concluded that decreased bite force was correlated with TMD in girls, primarily with muscle tenderness.
Differential activity patterns in the masseter muscle under simulated clenching and grinding forces
Authors: SCHINDLER H. J. , TÜRP J. C. , BLASER R. , LENZ J.
Published: July 2005

summary  The aim of this study was to investigate (i) whether the masseter muscle shows differential activation under experimental conditions which simulate force generation during clenching and grinding activities; and (ii) whether there are (a) preferentially active muscle regions or (b) force directions which show enhanced muscle activation. To answer these questions, the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the right masseter muscle was recorded with five intramuscular electrodes placed in two deep muscle areas and in three surface regions. Intraoral force transfer and force measurement were achieved by a central bearing pin device equipped with three strain gauges (SG). The activity distribution in the muscle was recorded in four different mandibular positions (central, left, right, anterior). In each position, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was exerted in vertical, posterior, anterior, medial and lateral directions. The investigated muscle regions showed different amount of EMG activity. The relative intensity of the activation, with respect to other regions, changed depending on the task. In other words, the muscle regions demonstrated heterogeneous changes of the EMG pattern for the various motor tasks. The resultant force vectors demonstrated similar amounts in all horizontal bite directions. Protrusive force directions revealed the highest relative activation of the masseter muscle. The posterior deep muscle region seemed to be the most active compartment during the different motor tasks. The results indicate a heterogeneous activation of the masseter muscle under test conditions simulating force generation during clenching and grinding. Protrusively directed bite forces were accompanied by the highest activation in the muscle, with the posterior deep region as the most active area.
Multi‐unit fixed partial denture for a bilateral cleft palate patient: a clinical report
Authors: WATANABE I. , KURTZ K. S. , WATANABE E. , YAMADA M. , YOSHIDA N. , MILLER A. W.
Published: July 2005

summary  Patients with cleft palates eventually require definitive fixed or removable dental prostheses after the maintenance of arch alignment and occlusal relationship during adolescence. This case report presents application of a resin composite veneered fixed partial denture utilized as a definitive prosthesis for a bilateral cleft palate patient after stable occlusion had been established orthodontically. The composite veneered long span fixed partial denture provides adequate aesthetics and function.
Electromyographic activity of frontalis and sternocleidomastoid muscles in patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: CHANDU A. , SUVINEN T. I. , READE P. C. , BORROMEO G. L.
Published: July 2005

summary  Little is known of the effects of an interocclusal appliance on the activity of craniocervical muscles in patients with temporomandibular disorder. The bilateral electromyographic activity of the frontalis muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle were assessed in 10 patients with temporomandibular disorders and eight gender, age and dentally matched asymptomatic control subjects during rest and different clenching tasks with or without an interocclusal appliance. Clenching significantly increased both frontalis and sternocleidomastoid activity from rest. Clenching with an interocclusal appliance, as compared with clenching alone, also significantly reduced frontalis activity in both groups, but not for sternocleidomastoid. Increased electromyographic activity of these muscles may represent co‐activation of the craniocervical musculature during clenching.
In vitro quantification of changes in human dentine tubule parameters using SEM and digital analysis
Authors: AHMED T. R. , MORDAN N. J. , GILTHORPE M. S. , GILLAM D. G.
Published: July 2005

summary  Dentine hypersensitivity is recognized as a pain arising from fluid movement within dentine tubules that are open to the oral environment. Blocking the tubules is considered to be the principal aim of treatment, and the accurate assessment of tubule occlusion is the primary goal of many in vitro studies. This assessment usually comprises either measuring tubule permeability or scanning electron microscope examination of the dentine surface. Several scanning microscopy studies have claimed to quantify tubule occlusion, but are descriptive, qualitative or semi‐quantitative evaluations. The present study was undertaken to assess the use of digital image analysis in quantifying the effectiveness of a selected desensitizing agent from micrographs of control and treated dentine surfaces. Using a dentine disc model, an accurate methodology was sought to investigate the occluding potential of Butler Protect (J.O. Butler, Chicago, IL, USA). Subjective examination of the images indicated there was little difference after a single application, but considerable effect after 20 applications. Quantitative digital analysis of a test image, demonstrated reproducibility between two examiners when used in fully‐ and semi‐automated mode. After a single application of Butler Protect, multilevel statistical modelling demonstrated decreases in tubule area and maximum, minimum and mean diameter measurements (P < 0·001), whereas single level analysis showed increases in area and maximum and mean diameters. Multiple application of Butler Protect demonstrated even greater decreases in all parameters (P < 0·001). This quantitative methodology was reproducible between examiners and, when combined with good controls and multilevel statistical modelling, was able to discriminate a single application of desensitizing agent.
Instrumental variable estimation based on grouped data
Authors: Bekker Paul A. , van der Ploeg Jan
Published: July 2005

The paper considers the estimation of the coefficients of a single equation in the presence of dummy intruments. We derive pseudo ML and GMM estimators based on moment restrictions induced either by the structural form or by the reduced form of the model. The performance of the estimators is evaluated for the non‐Gaussian case. We allow for heteroscedasticity. The asymptotic distributions are based on parameter sequences where the number of instruments increases at the same rate as the sample size. Relaxing the usual Gaussian assumption is shown to affect the normal asymptotic distributions. As a result also recently suggested new specification tests for the validity of instruments depend on Gaussianity. Monte Carlo simulations confirm the accuracy of the asymptotic approach.
Studentization and prediction in a multivariate normal setting
Authors: Eaton Morris L. , Fraser D. A. S.
Published: July 2005

In a simple multivariate normal prediction setting, derivation of a predictive distribution can flow from formal Bayes arguments as well as pivoting arguments. We look at two special cases and show that the classical invariant predictive distribution is based on a pivot whose sampling distribution depends on the parameter – that is, the pivot is not an ancillary statistic. In contrast, a predictive distribution derived by a structural argument is based on a pivot with a parameter free distribution (an ancillary statistic). The classical procedure is formal Bayes for the Jeffreys prior. Our results show that this procedure does not have a structural or fiducial interpretation.
Relationship of Student Undergraduate Achievement and Personality Characteristics in a Total Web‐Based Environment: An Empirical Study
Authors: Schniederjans Marc J. , Kim Eyong B.
Published: July 2005

Web‐based education is a popular format for the delivery of college courses. Research has shown that it may not be the best form of education for all students. Today, many students (and student advisors) face a choice in course delivery format (i.e., Web‐based or more traditional classroom courses). This research study examines the relationship between student personality characteristics and their achievement scores as a means of identifying predictors of academic success in an undergraduate business program using Web‐based education. The results of the study show that four basic personality characteristics are highly correlated to student achievement in Web‐based courses. Use of these personality characteristics as variables in a regression model is shown to be a highly accurate predictive tool to aid students in the decision as to whether to take a particular Web‐based course format or a more traditional classroom course.
Teaching with the Case Method Online: Pure Versus Hybrid Approaches
Authors: Webb Harold W. , Gill Grandon , Poe Gary
Published: July 2005

The impact of hybrid classroom/distance education approaches is examined in the context of the case method. Four distinct semester‐long treatments, which varied mixes of classroom and online discussion, were used to teach a graduate MIS survey course. Specific findings suggest that by using Web technology, college instructors may offer students the option of participating in high‐quality courses using the case method pedagogy in an online environment. Students not only appear to do as well as in the traditional classroom, but the data suggest that students in the online environment may perform better at multiple levels of learning outcomes, especially when using a blend of classroom and online technologies. Furthermore, the precepts of the case method pedagogy may be enhanced by the use of online discussions. Instructors employing the technique may find their own importance devalued, while the time demands of the approach can be much greater than for traditional classes. The findings infer that it is the model of learning and its fit with supporting technologies, rather than the presence of technology per se, which enhances learning outcomes.
Learning Experience and Learning Effectiveness in Undergraduate Statistics: Modeling Performance in Traditional and Flexible Learning Environments*
Authors: Cybinski Patti , Selvanathan Saroja
Published: July 2005

This project investigates the relationship between student performance, past mathematics experience, and perceptions of statistics education for two groups of university students studying statistics in different learning environments. One group received the traditional form of teaching with lectures, whereas the other group studied in a more flexible learning mode where lectures were replaced with a computer‐managed learning tool and optional small‐group workshops facilitated by written lecture notes. The results on student learning experience show that, for both groups, student enjoyment of the course is positively related to their learning attitudes and to their perceived value of statistics education, and is negatively related to anxiety with regard to their performance in the course. There is some evidence that the group studying in the technology‐supported flexible learning environment experienced more assessment anxiety and consequently less enjoyment of the subject. There is also evidence that assessment anxiety has a negative effect on student performance that is exacerbated by a lack of prior mathematics experience. Hence, the flexible learning approach in statistics education, with minimal face‐to‐face teaching, may be especially inappropriate for these students.
An Expert System Helps Students Learn Database Design
Authors: Post Gerald V. , Whisenand Thomas G.
Published: July 2005

Teaching and learning database design is difficult for both instructors and students. Students need to solve many problems with feedback and corrections. A Web‐based specialized expert system was created to enable students to create designs online and receive immediate feedback. An experiment testing the system shows that it significantly enhances student learning. The system also provides a more neutral learning environment in terms of personal factors such as gender and prior class work.
Pick a Number … Any Number?
Authors: Simons Jacob V. , Price Barbara A.
Published: July 2005

A recent classroom revelation caused us to reconsider the adequacy of the instructions offered in our textbooks for one of our most elementary quantitative methods. Specifically, we found that many students were mystified concerning how to pick an initial objective function value when plotting an isoprofit line in order to graphically solve a linear programming problem. We observed that this seemingly insignificant issue was causing a surprising amount of wasted time, confusion, and even anxiety. Our experience indicated that students do not necessarily possess any consistent intuition for choosing an appropriate initial value. We confirmed this perception through informal experimentation. We reviewed several textbooks and found that most simply do not bother to address this issue. Therefore, we devised a simple, comprehensible method which we have taught our students to resolve or avoid this problem. Although we quickly found the method to be helpful for many students, we conducted an experiment to formally measure its effect.
Combining Operations Management and Information Systems Curricula: Assessing Alumni Preparations for the Workforce
Authors: Silva David , McFadden Kathleen L.
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this study is to explore how well a curriculum that combines operations management and information systems uniquely prepares students for the workforce. To address our research questions, a Web‐based survey was developed. We sent our survey to 203 alumni that graduated from the Department of Operations Management and Information Systems at Northern Illinois University. We assess alumni perceptions of how well our department prepared them in general and technical skills as well as how important these skills were in their current position. We investigate factors useful in predicting preparedness for both general business and technical skills. Overall, students felt prepared in most of the important skills we studied. We also found a significant positive relationship between alumni‐perceived importance of general and technical skills and perceived preparedness for those skills. More recent graduates felt the most prepared for both general business and technical skills. Our findings highlight the importance of general skills for future advancement and caution educators against overemphasizing currently popular technical tools at the expense of teaching the more general business skills. Results presented here provide new knowledge for curriculum designers at the intended institution and lessons for other schools. This research also provides a methodology or process that can be repeated at other institutions that combine information systems with operations management, or with other functions such as decision sciences or accounting. An implication of the results is that schools redesigning their programs may want to consider a curriculum that combines operations management and information systems.
Alive and Kicking: Municipal Affirmative Action Policy in Texas Cities, 1980s–1990s
Authors: de la Garza Rodolfo O. , Graves Scott , Setzler Mark H.
Published: July 2005

This article evaluates the impact of opposition originating at the national level on affirmative action policies in 13 Texas cities in the late 1980s and early 1990s. We find that increased national hostility to affirmative action in hiring and contracting has had little effect on the content and strength of affirmative action programs in Texas municipalities. In fact, most programs have been maintained or strengthened since the 1980s. However, there is no clear and consistent relationship between the strength of municipal programs and either minority political representation or the size of a city's minority population. City size appears to be a relevant, but not decisive, factor in maintaining comprehensive policies. As such, we explore two additional hypotheses—policy time lag and bureaucratic insulation—to account for the survival and strengthening of municipal affirmative action policies in the 1990s.
Studying Interests and Policy From the Inside1
Authors: Browne William P.
Published: July 2005

This is a nontraditional PSJ article. It is intended as an advocacy essay on one way to study organized interests and their public policy role. It's written in a light‐hearted fashion, calling for more professional involvement in the actual politics of public policy, going beyond Fenno's famous “soaking and poking.” There are three purposes here. One is emphasis on the usefulness of intense policy domain studies. The second is arguing for close and ongoing academic relationships with policy players. The third is arguing that those relationships provide wonderful opportunities to gather large and reliable data sets that are unavailable otherwise.
Distinguishing Development Incentives from Developer Give‐Aways: A Critical Guide for Development Practitioners and Citizens
Authors: Oden Michael D. , Mueller Elizabeth J.
Published: July 2005

The vast majority of communities offer financial incentives to private businesses and, among these, tax incentives remain the most widely used. Tax and other financial subsidies used to attract firms account for the bulk of public resources spent on economic development. Yet the interests of city residents—especially those marginalized in city politics—generally are not a key consideration in the fashioning of incentives. Using a hypothetical abatement proposal, this article highlights nine key questions that must be addressed to understand the potential benefits to the community of tax incentive programs. This exercise demonstrates how proponents of incentive deals typically overvalue benefits. By asking the right questions and conducting their own analysis, citizens can arrive at a more realistic estimate of net benefits.
Race and Civil Rights in the Contemporary Era
Authors: Wright Sharon D.
Published: July 2005

Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines, Reaching Beyond Race

Brian K. Landsberg, Enforcing Civil Rights: Race Discrimination and the Department of Justice

Robert C. Smith, Racism in the Post‐Civil Rights Era: Now You See It, Now You Don't
Committee Influence Over Controversial Policy: The Reproductive Policy Case
Authors: Norton Noelle H.
Published: July 2005

Debates about legislative committee power have been fueled with empirical examples depending too much on distributive policies. I argue that answers to questions about the nature of committee influence can be enhanced by focusing on nondistributive policies that evoke broad national attention. For years scholars have not systematically tested committee influence over nondistributive policy because they have asserted that these policies are designed by the parent chamber or party. By using a methodology that traces the origin of legislation and identifies key policy activists, I demonstrate that committee influence over nondistributive controversial policy is more pronounced than others have maintained
The Department of the Interior's Appeals Process and Native American Natural Resource Policy, 1970–94
Authors: Jarding Lilias Jones
Published: July 2005

Department of the Interior (DOI) administrative appeals involving Native American lands and resources were studied to find out whether these cases or their outcomes had changed during the “self‐determination” era of US. Indian policy. This policy's stated intention has been greater Native American control of lands and resources, but in the DOI arena this research indicates the opposite as a policy outcome
The Supreme Court as a Policy Arena: The Strategies and Tactics of State Attorneys General
Authors: Waltenburg Eric N. , Swinford Bill
Published: July 2005

Presently, state governments are more active and more successful in the U.S. Supreme Court than at any time since the New Deal. These rates of activity and success are a function of two coincident forces—the emergence of the Republican Court and the increased capacity of the states to pursue their policy goals aggressively before the High Bench. In this analysis, we seek to offer a better‐defined portrait of the states’ evolving advocacy in the Supreme Court. Using archival and survey data, we find that, as a group, the states are more capable Supreme Court litigators, that their perceptions of the Republican Court have encouraged them to increase their pursuit of policy goals through litigation, and that they are “procedurally rational”—i.e., their estimates of success enter into their decisions to engage the Court.
Federalism and Entrepreneurship: Explaining American and Canadian Innovation in Pollution Prevention and Regulatory Integration
Authors: Rabe Barry G.
Published: July 2005

Conventional wisdom provides an increasingly strong endorsement of far‐reaching decentralization and delegation of authority to bureaucratic agents as the most likely mechanisms to attain such central environmental policy goals as pollution prevention, cross‐media regulatory integration, and development of reliable measures of environmental outcomes. Canada would appear an unusually fertile context for such Innovation, given its far‐reaching deference to individual provinces and their environment ministries in environmental policy. Comparative analysis of select sub national governments in Canada and the United States suggests that the states in general are far ahead of their provincial counterparts in most of these areas of innovation. Despite all the opprobrium heaped on the American environmental policy system, a combination of federal policy tools and state policy entrepreneur ship appear to contribute directly to this innovation in some states and are almost completely absent in the Canadian system. These findings suggest a need for careful study of the mix of intergovernmental policy tools and principal‐agent relations most likely to realize desired environmental policy goals.
Balancing Preservation and Logging: Public Lands Policy in British Columbia and the Western United States
Authors: Bryner Gary
Published: July 2005

Both the United States and Canada have made fundamental changes in their policies regarding natural resources. The province of British Columbia made major revisions to its forest policy in the earlyto‐mid‐1990s; in the western United States, policy efforts have been stymied by conflicts between state and federal officials and between conservationists and resource developers. The different structures of federalism in the two countries result in two different approaches to policymaking that are discussed here. However, the ultimate test of natural resource policy, I argue, should be their consistency with the goal of sustainable ecosystems and preservation of biodiversity. From the perspective of ecological science, neither country has been particularly successful in policymaking for public lands and for logging in particular. Both nations have failed to give priority to protecting old‐growth forests and largely have rejected the idea that ancient forests are much more valuable than simply sources of timber
Providing Intergenerational Goods: Implementation of National Park System Plans in Canada and the United States
Authors: Lowry William R.
Published: July 2005

The provision of inter generational goods is a challenging task for democratic governments in that benefits arrive in the future but costs are borne in the present. Public agencies usually are assigned responsibility for providing such goods, but implementation of their long‐term plans often is constrained by the short‐term focus of other political actors. This argument is illustrated through a comparison of Canadian and American efforts to expand national park systems according to scientific criteria. Efforts in both nations have been constrained, albeit by different sets of institutional actors. The strong federal structure in Canada has enabled subnational actors to slow and compromise agency expansion plans. American agency efforts have been constrained by the acts of individual politicians at the federal level, particularly members of Congress
The Comparative Cost of Privatized Public School Transportation in Tennessee
Authors: Hutchinson E. Bruce , Pratt Leila J.
Published: July 2005

This paper provides evidence from an empirical test of service contracting versus bureaucratic production of school bus transportation. Actual contracted cost of school bus service is compared to the estimate of in‐house cost for providing the same service in 19 Tennessee public school systems. In‐house cost is estimated from a two‐output, two‐input translog cost function regressed on 91 school systems. Contracted cost is found to be lower than in‐house cost in 15 of the 19 contract systems. The potential savings equals 27% of average contract cost for these 15 systems. In the other 4 contract systems, actual cost exceeds the estimated in‐house cost by 21% of their average contract cost.
A Political Explanation of Policy Selection: The Case of Urban School Reform
Authors: Hess Frederick M.
Published: July 2005

Amid the torrent of reform activity in urban school systems, some proposals fare better than others. The traditional technocratic presumption is that reforms are chosen for their educational merit. I suggest that, to the contrary, institutional incentives encourage urban policymakers to emphasize symbolic appeal. Data from a 1995 study of 57 urban districts are used to compare the fate of two school reforms. The more symbolically attractive reform was supported, proposed, and enacted much more widely, although neither research nor observer responses suggested its superiority.
Familial Purposes: An Argument Against the Promotion of Family Uniformity
Authors: Struening Karen
Published: July 2005

William Galston (1996) and Jean Bethke Elshtain (1991) argue that law and policy should be used to promote the intact two‐parent married heterosexual fondly. Galston advocates divorce reform to discourage single‐parent families and Elshtain opposes extending the right to marry to same‐sex couples. In response, I defend a multipurpose definition of family, oppose making divorce more difficult, and support same‐sex marriage.
Integrating Technical Analysis With Deliberation in Regional Watershed Management Planning: Applying the National Research Council Approach
Authors: Webler Thomas , Tuler Seth
Published: July 2005

This paper suggests that applications of watershed management planning would benefit from a theoretical consideration of the policymaking process. A conceptual schema from the field of risk analysis proposes that policymaking be conceived of as a combination of two types of activities: analysis and deliberation. We argue that these concepts are relevant to watershed management planning and we illustrate how a process successfully might integrate both kinds of activities into an iterative, participatory process that is informed competently with relevant knowledge and that promotes learning.
Linking Public Agencies With Community‐Based Watershed Organizations: Lessons From California
Authors: Thomas Craig W.
Published: July 2005

Watershed organizations routinely seek to influence public agencies and sometimes also depend on them for financial and technical assistance. For some agencies this relationship is strained and problematic. Watershed organizations tend to develop closer working relationships with decentralized and locally responsive agencies, like the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Centralized and unresponsive agencies, like the Forest Service, tend to be unreliable partners. Ironically, the same characteristics that once led to accusations that the BLM was captured by local stakeholders such as ranchers have allowed BLM officials to reorient themselves in the 1990s to become responsive to watershed organizations, which currently are favored by grass‐roots environmentalists. This paper examines these relationships through a case study from California, where state and federal agencies designed and partially implemented a public/private strategy to preserve biodiversity. The strategy was a curious hybrid of top‐down planning and bottom‐up implementation. Although orchestrated primarily by the BLM, the strategy was implemented initially in a region of the state where the Forest Service predominated. The case study, therefore, highlights some of the fundamental tensions underlying the relationship between watershed organizations and public agencies.
Configuring Who Does What in Watershed Management: The Massachusetts Watershed Initiative
Authors: Michaels Sarah
Published: July 2005

The goal of the Massachusetts Watershed Initiative (MWI) is to use a watershed approach to restore and maintain the integrity of state waters. The MWI is presented as an effort to bring about the convergence of the agendas of government, the informed public, and the general public. In the planning phase of the MWI's pilot project in the Neponset River Watershed, government and the informed public successfully struggled to create a joint basin‐wide action plan. Stronger outreach is needed to involve the broader public and to engage local municipalities and businesses more fully.
The Politics of Watershed Policymaking
Authors: Woolley John T. , McGinnis Michale Vincent
Published: July 2005

In 1996, we began a study of contrasting efforts to restore and enhance watershed health in three different river basins. While we were organizing our study, one of the watershed groups that we were examining “fell apart,” therebey providing us with an unusual opportunity of study the difference between organizational success and failure. Obviously there are many problems in brawing broad conciusions from the study of a few cases, and we are well aware of those limits. Nonetheless, this paper's focus is on what can be learned about this failed attempt at watershed planning and organizing. We do this by combining descriptive case materials and evidence drawn from surveys of participating members of watershed organizations. We first describe the gerneral challenges to watershed policymaking. Second, with a focus on the decline of wild salmon in the Pacific Nortwest, including California, we briefly characterize our case studies of watershed organization that exist in three river systems—the Yakima River (in cenral Washington) and the Santa Ynez and Sacramento Rivers in California. In both of these stes, watershed organizations are the primary architects of watershed policymaking. Third, we present an analysis of survey results, emphasizing a search for whether the views of participants in the “failing” case of watershed organization differ from those of participants in the ongoing cases.
Drugs, Sex, Rock, and Roll: A Theory of Morality Politics
Authors: Meier Kenneth J.
Published: July 2005

I assume that (a) the demand for sin is characterized by heterogeneous preferences and (b) private behavior diverges from public statements. From these assumptions, in the first section of this article I derive a series of propositions about morality policy. Rational politicians will perceive that demand for restrictive policies will be greater than it actually is and thus compete to produce more extreme policies. Bureaucracies will lack expertise and thus will not provide a check on political excesses. This “politics of sin” can be translated into a contemporary form of redistributive morality policy politics if the issue can be refrained by political actors to legitimate an opposition position. In the second portion of the article, I argue formally that sin policies in general will fail because they operate on subsets of the population that are more and more resistant to the policy instruments available to government. I conclude with potential expansions of this theory, including how it might be generalized to other types of public policy.
Variations in the Diffusion of State Lottery Adoptions: How Revenue Dedication Changes Morality Politics1
Authors: Pierce Patrick A. , Miller Donald E.
Published: July 2005

Previous studies of morality policy adoption and diffusion often have failed to define the characteristics of a morality policy that result in certain kinds of politics. For example, studies of lottery diffusion include all lottery adoptions, treating them as possessing characteristics that render their politics similar. In this article we explore the possibility that different types of lotteries generate different types of politics. Although all lotteries involve considerations of morality, some types of lotteries can involve additional values beyond concerns about the “sin” of gambling. The dedication of lottery revenue to a specific purpose can arouse these additional concerns and change the politics of adoption. We hypothesize that dedication of lottery revenue to the general fund will therefore generate different politics of adoption than lotteries designed to fund education. We find that previous findings on lottery diffusion apply only to general fund lotteries. If lottery revenue is dedicated to education, the potent symbol of children's education significantly changes the politics of adoption.
Morality Policy and Individual‐Level Political Behavior; The Case of Legislative Voting on Lesbian and Gay Issues
Authors: Haider‐Markel Donald P.
Published: July 2005

Researchers using the morality politics framework have focused on aggregate‐level analysis, largely ignoring the behavior of individuals wlthin political institutions. My research fills this gap by examining legislative voting behavior on lesbian and gay issues in the U. S. House ofRepresentatives. The theory of morality politics is used to extract a number of hypotheses concerning legislative voting behavior. The morality politics framework suggests that legislative voting on lesbian and gay issues will be driven by partisanship, ideology, religious beliefs, constituency opinion, and perhaps interest groups. The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrate that while the morality politics model does a good Job of explaining legislative voting behavior, some revisions may be in order. Based on my findings I argue that actually there may be two forms of morality politics, euch ofwhich is dependent on how the issue is framed. The dominant issue frame, moreover, may impact the ability of opposing interest groups to influence decisionmakers in thepolicy process.
The Rising Agenda of Physician‐Assisted Suicide: Explaining the Growth and Content of Morality Policy
Authors: Click Henry R. , Hutchinson Amy
Published: July 2005

Employing theories and methods of agenda‐setting analysis, this article explains the rapid rise of physician‐assisted suicide (PAS) on the national political agenda based on its status as a morality policy. PAS reached the mass agenda before the professional agenda, probably because PAS is an outgrowth of previous right‐to‐die policies and Dr. Jack Kevorkian's assisted suicides provided major focusing events. As in other morality policies, competing groups fight for the last word, but PAS has been blocked on most governmental agendas because its image and media tone has been mostly negative and public opinion is divided. Groups in a few generally liberal states have tried to enact policy through referenda when legislators failed to address the issue. We speculate that competing interest groups will become more active and that state courts will become a venue of choice in the future.
The Temporal Diffusion of Morality Policy: The Case of Death Penalty Legislation in the American States
Authors: Mooney Christopher Z. , Lee Mei‐Hsien
Published: July 2005

The social learning theory of policy decisionmaking provides clear expectations for the temporal diffusion of policy through the American states (Gray, 1973; Rogers, 1995; Walker, 1969). But the diffusion of morality policy, with its technical simplicity, potential for high salience, and debate over basic moral values, may be driven by nonroutine decisionmaking. We hypothesize that morality policy will diffuse in patterns that depend on the purity of the morality debate surrounding it and the distribution of citizen values regarding it. We identify three distinctive temporal diffusion patterns for state death penalty policies that vary on these characteristics. We conclude that political decisionmaking driving some morality policy diffusion involves less policy learning, and more concern about majority public opinion, than does nonmorality policy.
Washington's Response to the AIDS Epidemic: The Ryan White CARE Act
Authors: Siplon Patricia D.
Published: July 2005

Passage of the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act of 1990 followed a form familiar to students of policymaking in the American intergovernmental system: the provision of significant federal financing for policy initiatives located primarily at the state and local levels. The successes and failures of the Act, including its 1996 reauthorization, suggest both the strengths and the limitations of that design. This paper examines the structure of the Act as a vehicle for the federal government to fund AIDS service delivery at the state and local levels and the intergovernmental consequences of allocation policies associated with the Act. It concludes that perennial problems of equity and access cannot be resolved by the delegation of responsibility for significant policy or funding decisions to localities; rather, questions about the role of the federal government in overcoming intralocal and interlocal disparities remain to be addressed.
The Ryan White Act in Dallas
Authors: Thielemann Gregory S. , Scotch Richard K. , Bielefeld Wolfgang
Published: July 2005

Virtually every locality affected by the AIDS epidemic has had to confront changes in the demographics of the disease, shifts in federal priorities, and medical advances in AIDS treatment. Creating a consistent federal policy has proven difficult because the epidemic manifests itself differently in virtually every locality it invades. As a result, some local caseloads increasingly are dominated by intravenous drug users and others by gay men. In recognition of this reality, the primary federal program to fund AIDS services relies on local decisionmakers to make allocation decisions for serving the needs of their caseload. Under the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act of 1990, local Health Services Planning Councils were assigned the task of creating an effective continuum of care for persons with HIV I AIDS and were empowered with the task of allocating federal funds to accomplish that objective. In some cases creating and fostering an effective continuum of care proved to be an essentially noncontroversial managerial task, while in other localities political turmoil and rampant self‐interest served as barriers to program effectiveness. This article explores the relationship between local political culture and the development of AIDS programs in Dallas County, Texas. Specifically, we compare the provision of AIDS services in Dallas before passage of the Ryan White Act in 1990, how these services were affected by the Ryan White program, and the experiences since the reauthorization of the Ryan White Act in 1996.
Policy Dilemmas of Post‐Soviet Countries
Authors: Moses Joel C.
Published: July 2005

I wonder what the West would think of us if Russia were to urge it to undertake reforms that would cost it half its gross domestic product, lake 10 years off its average life expectancy, and reduce its standard of living by two‐thirds while throwing millions of people out of work, causing social anarchy, and displacing millions of specialists from positions in their fields to the very lowest rungs of society….1
State Withdrawal and the Impact of Marketization on Rural Russia
Authors: Wegren Stephen K.
Published: July 2005

The role of the state is greatly misunderstood in post‐Soviet affairs. In particular, neither urban bias nor corporatist models help to understand the impact of reforms in rural Russia. The article argues that the best way to understand the impact of marketization on the rural sector is through the concept of state withdrawal. State withdrawals is distinct from state weakness, the former reflecting policy choices and the latter concerning state capacities. This article focuses on several central economic aspects from which the state has withdrawn: state control over wholesale food trade and purchase prices, state regulation of the terms of trade, and state direction over rural capital investment policy. State withdrawal reflects political choices. Policy choices flow from ideological principles that emerge from neoliberal philosophical conceptions of the role of the state in the economy. As a result of neoliberal philosophies of the state, the rural sector has experiences sever economic and social consequences.
International Assistance to the Former Soviet Union: Conditions and Transitions1
Authors: Davis Patricia , Dombrowski Peter
Published: July 2005

Since the demise of the Soviet Union the newly independent states (NIS) have attempted the wholesale reform of their economic, political, and social institutions. With varying levels of success they have sought to create new institutions or reorganize old institutions, often so as to mirror similar institutions in western Europe and North America. Many nations and international organizations have sought to influence these transitions with technical assistance, foreign aid, concessional loans, and trade/investment promotion programs. In this article we attempt to bridge the conceptual, analytic, and empirical gaps between those who argue that external influences remain unimportant and those who believe that international organizations and foreign governments can support reforms. Specifically, we argue that although external assistance can play a positive role in the successful consolidation of political and economic reforms, the contribution of external assistance to the post‐Soviet transitions has been limited by the institutional arrangements, technical proficiency, and political motivations of the aid providers. We thus analyze patterns of foreign assistance to demonstrate that implicit conditionalities imposed by aid donors upon recipient countries—with regard to geographic distribution, program priorities, timing, and graduation criteria—often force recipients to comply with reform agendas that may or may not be favorable for the recipient.
Environmentalism in One Country: Canadian Environmental Policy in an Era of Globalization
Authors: Paehlke Robert
Published: July 2005

In sharp contrast with its international reputation and self‐image as a leading national advocate of environmental protection initiatives, Canada has, in the 1990s, reduced its environmental expenditures and initiatives. The most dramatic and visible retreat has been in terms of expenditures, especially at the federal level and in Ontario, the largest and most industrialized province. In addition, again especially in Ontario, following the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the provincial election of 1995, environmental protection has been explicitly and openly curtailed. Possible explanations for the decline of environmental protection in Canada include: a) the effects of globalization on a trade‐oriented middle power, b) counterwaves of environmental and economic concern among the public, and c) excessive decentralization of political authority with regard to environmental protection.