bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roger Bacon as Magician
Authors: Molland A. G.
Published: August 2016

The practice of magic was much in vogue in the Renaissance and even the word had gained a limited respectability. Thus in 1558 when Giambattista della Porta published his collection of curiosities of art and nature he did so under the title Magia naturalis, and even in the next century the far more sober Bishop John Wilkins was to publish a book entitled Mathematicall Magick. Such works indicate essential similarities between magic and science in that each has as part of its aim the application of not readily apparent knowledge to practice. But we should not think that the widespread acceptance of natural magic in the Renaissance meant that the term had become a synonym for what we should now call science, for we still have to bear in mind such pictures as those of Marsilio Ficino chanting his Orphic hymns, of John Dee conversing with spirits through his medium Edward Kelly, and of Tommaso Campaneüa and Pope Urban VIII closeted together and performing secret rites to ward off the plague.
Liberius the Patrician
Authors: O'Donnell James J.
Published: August 2016

It is an accepted paradox of late Roman studies that modern students have been more concerned to find culprits for the ‘fall of the Roman empire’ than were the people who actually lived through it. Gibbon, who believed the empire of the Antonines to be the apogee of human accomplishment, knew perfectly well what he was doing: chronicling the triumph of barbarism and religion. His approach influenced scholarship for centuries. Many more culprits have been found, including population decline, homosexuality, and (for a somewhat delayed fall) the Moslems.
‘Beowulf’ and the Celtic World: The Uses of Evidence
Authors: Dumville David N.
Published: August 2016

Sporadic attempts have been made in the past to demonstrate direct connexions between the various Celtic literatures andBeowulf; I think it fair to say that the proposed links have always seemed tenuous or imaginary and have not been taken seriously by most students of the Old English poem. A century of desultory comparisons, leading to a negative result, by persons qualified in either Old English or Celtic or neither, does not, however, exhaust the subject or indicate its irrelevance. It seems to me that a determined attack on the subject may indicate desirable approaches and cautions which students ofBeowulfcould consider as they contemplate further work on the poem. I shall organise my remarks under five headings: the possibility of Irish (or other Celtic) influence onBeowulfin particular and on Old English literature in general; archaism in the language and metrics of ‘traditional’ verse; problems of archaism and anachronism in ‘traditional’ literature; the search for a text-history ofBeowulfwith its consequent issues of transmission and problems of dating; and general historical questions.
Corrigenda and addenda to Diels' Galenica
Authors: Durling Richard J.
Published: August 2016

Some years ago I published in this journal the first fruits of my investigations into the fortuna of Galen in the Middle Ages. These concerned the Vatican codices. Since then, I have examined some 600 MSS on microfilm and learnt of other texts from published catalogues of manuscripts. My earlier strictures on Diels stand: he is inaccurate and incomplete. The present paper lists only manuscripts or portions of manuscripts not inventoried by him or by Thorndike and Kibre (TK). The resultant analysis will eventually be published in the Catalogus translationum et commentariorum, edited by Professors P. O. Kristeller and F. E. Cranz, the first volume of which appeared in 1960.
La double tradition manuscrite de la lettre de Jean Chrysostome a Innocent
Authors: Malingrey Anne-Marie
Published: August 2016

Jean Chrysostome, évêque de Constantinople de 398 à 404, suscita par ses réformes de nombreuses inimitiés chez ceux qu'il atteignait. Les mécontents résolurent de le perdre et n'eurent de cesse qu'ils ne l'eussent dépossédé de sa charge. A la suite de basses intrigues, il fut envoyé en exil, puis rappelé. Mais cet apaisement ne fut que de courte durée et les agissements des ennemis de Jean créant de nouvelles tensions dans l‘église de Constantinople firent nattre des troubles graves pendant la nuit de Pâques 404. C'est à la suite de ces troubles que Jean adressa une première lettre à l’évêque de Rome, Innocent, pour le mettre au courant des événements survenus à Constantinople et lui demander son intervention.
Theurgy: Rituals of Unification in the Neoplatonism of Iamblichus
Authors: Shaw Gregory
Published: August 2016

In the late third century of the Common Era, the Platonic tradition was changed profoundly under the direction of Iamblichus of Chalcis, head of the Platonic school in Syria. Through the introduction of Egyptian and Chaldaean religious rites as part of the intellectual disciplines of his school, Iamblichus was given the honorific title ‘divine’ (θεĩος) by his Neoplatonic successors. Modern scholars, however, have generally not seen the head of the Platonic school's turning to magic rites as the high point of intellectual progress, and Iamblichus' contribution to Platonism has either been dismissed as a corruption of the tradition or has been left as an irresoluble enigma.
Imagined Exegesis: Text and Picture in the Exegetical Works of Rupert of Deutz, Honorius Augustodunensis, and Gerhoch of Reichersberg
Authors: Curschmann Michael
Published: August 2016

Probably not long before the middle of the thirteenth century, Richard of Fournival, cleric, physician, and author, sent to an unnamed lady the autograph copy of his richly illustratedBestiaire d'amours. In the prologue, Richard goes to some lengths to explain and justify the inclusion of pictures: hearing (oir) and vision (veir) are the doors through which collective knowledge is transmitted to the individual mind and memory (memoire), and word (parole) and picture (peinture) are the paths to these doors. Either one or the other route could have been chosen — in principle, they represent equivalent alternatives — but Richard is sending both words and pictures, because he wants to make doubly sure that the lady will indeed remember, that is to say, make his love the object of her own memory. The common denominator for word and picture is ‘image,’ and that is the notion on which the illustrator of one of the fourteenth-century copies of theBestiairebased his introduction to the corresponding modes of reception: on folio 86vhe depicted a reader who imagines what he reads (fig. 1); battle-ready warriors of romance stand before this seated figure in the privacy of his own room (indicated by the drapes), before his mind's eye, as it were, conjured up by the words of the text.
Guy de l‘Aumône‘s ‘Summa de diversis questionibus theologie’
Authors: Wei Ian P.
Published: August 2016

In 1256 Guy de l'Aumône became the first Cistercian master of theology at the University of Paris. Very little is thought to survive of his magisterial activities. Only his Summa … de diversis questionibus theologie has been seen as a series of ordinary disputed questions. This, however, has been enough to lead some historians to attribute certain original views to Guy. Above all, Guy is supposed to have had a distinctive belief in the precepts of the Old and New Testaments as absolute, which resulted in a desire to produce work based purely on Scripture. Unfortunately this interpretation rests on mistaken assumptions about the nature of the Summa, in particular a willingness to accept its structure at face value. In fact this structure was imposed on several distinct blocks of material which reflect different types of magisterial activity. A greater range of Guy's work is thus available to the historian than hitherto imagined. This makes possible a more balanced assessment of what Guy thought and the kind of work he was engaged in. It also reveals more about the milieu in which he worked, especially the use to which the Halesian Summa was put and attitudes towards different kinds of university exercise.
Lollard Sources of ‘The Pore Caitif’
Authors: M. Teresa Brady
Published: August 2016

The extraordinary productivity of John Wycliffe and his followers is evident in the number of their extensive projects that despite ecclesiastical condemnation survived to modern times: the large corpus of Wycliffe's own Latin treatises and the grand-scale undertakings he inspired including the translations of the Bible, the Glossed Gospels, the vernacular sermon cycle, the multiple versions of the Floretum, and the numerous Lollard tracts. Fourteenth- and fifteenth-century writers in England would inevitably have been aware of these Wycliffite resources, and the present study will indicate that the compiler of the orthodox collection of Middle English tracts known as The Pore Caitif (PC), ca. 1395–1402, used several of the great Lollard reference works in assembling his materials. In four sections below, evidence is presented that links The Pore Caitif to the Glossed Gospels, an Early Version of the Wycliffite Bible (EV), the Lollard translation of the pseudo-Augustinian De salutaribus documentis, and possibly the Floretum.
‘Vocales,’ or Early Nominalists
Authors: Yukio Iwakuma
Published: August 2016

In Section 1 of the present essay I present evidence that in the early twelfth-century nominalists were calledvocales, a name that only later was replaced bynominales.In Section 2 I argue that ‘vocalism' arose about 1080, one generation of scholars before Roscelin. Since Garlandus' vocalisticDialecticacould be thought to provide evidence of an even earlier origin of the theory, Section 3 will deal with the date of this work, which has wrongly been assigned to the mid-eleventh century or earlier. Sections 4–6 will present a number of unpublished texts by vocalist authors, and the Appendix will supply editions of vocalist texts commenting on or otherwise discussing Porphyry'sIsagoge.
Chaucer and the Latin Muses
Authors: Taylor Paul Beekman , Bordier Sophie
Published: August 2016

Muse of the uniqueHistorical fact, defending with silenceSome world of yours beholding, a silenceNo explosion can conquer, but a lover's yesHas been known to fill.W. H. Auden, ‘Homage to Clio’

The Clio and Calliope evoked in the prohemia of Books II and III of Troilus and Criseyde are handily glossed in Chaucer editions as Muses of history and epic poetry respectively, but without citations of sources for these attributions. Stephen A. Barney's notes in The Riverside Chaucer suggest that in both evocations Chaucer is following Statius rather than Dante, and both he and B. A. Windeatt mention the marginal gloss ‘Cleo domina eloquentie’ in MS Harley 2392 of Troilus. Vincent J. DiMarco's note to the name Polymya in Anelida and Arcite identifies her as Muse of ‘sacred song,’ after her name-sense ‘she who is rich in hymns,’ but DiMarco does not elaborate on her pertinence to the context of the poem. There is little in current Chaucer criticism on schemes of attributes for the Muses; and yet without an idea of what values for the Muses Chaucer is drawing upon, it is difficult to appreciate their thematic force in Troilus.
Gendered Sin and Misogyny in John of Bromyard's ‘Summa Predicantium’
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: August 2016

That medieval culture included misogynous aspects has long been recognized. Only through the study of its specific lineaments in particular works, however, can the nature of that misogyny at particular junctures be understood. The content of antifeminist or misogynistic rhetoric varied greatly over time and space during the Middle Ages, although most medieval writing that directly attacked women drew on the classical and patristic traditions exemplified by Juvenal and Jerome. Misogyny, of course, was never the whole story, only a part of a complex cultural valuation of the feminine. Nevertheless, it clearly was an important theme in much medieval writing. Medieval writers used misogynistic topoi for purposes other than attacking women, but in doing so they perpetuated conventions that had an impact on women in medieval society. This article looks at the misogynistic aspects of one work, John of Bromyard's Summa predicantium.
Remigius' Ideas on the Classification of the Seven Liberal Arts
Authors: Lutz Cora E.
Published: August 2016

In the Commentary of Remigius of Auxerre on the De nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae of Martianus Capella, which was written at the end of the ninth century, there occurs an unusual tale of the origin of the seven liberal arts. According to this account, the three sons of Noah, upon learning of the impending destruction of the world, took two columns, one of brick and one of stone, and inscribed upon them the knowledge of the seven liberal arts to preserve it from oblivion. The stone column survived the Flood and long after was found in Egypt by Abraham who was thus enabled to restore the arts. From Egypt the arts were transmitted to Greece. Although this story was not commonly related in the Carolingian period, other tales of the discovery of the arts were current. Generally speaking, Cicero's claim for Mercury as the inventor and even the more prosaic accounts of Egyptian and Greek wise men as the discoverers were being superseded by the account of Hebrew discoverers that had been made popular by Isidore. It is not reasonable to think that Remigius, who in his commentary was constantly cautioning his pupils against taking Martianus' tales literally and pointing out for them the allegorical or poetic significance of the narrative, would accept at its face value any one of the versions of the invention of the arts. Actually, in discussing the origin of the arts he gives a philosophical explanation that would at once negate any account of an inventor. ‘The liberal arts,’ he says, ‘are naturally inherent in the soul and cannot be thought of as coming from elsewhere.’
An Interim Checklist of Manuscripts (III)
Authors: Kuttner Stephan
Published: August 2016

As in previous Bulletins, bibliographical references are limited (1) to the first notice given of a manuscript not recorded in the Repertorium, and (2) to significant corrections or amplifications concerning previously known and new manuscripts (such references being preceded by ‘cf.’). Details of descriptions given in the Repertorium are not repeated, and new manuscripts are marked by the symbol *.
Select Bibliography 1956–1957
Authors: Tierney Brian
Published: August 2016

As in the Select Bibliography for 1955–1956 we have sought to list primarily those publications which contain new information about canonists or canonistic sources or which print substantial quotations from unpublished manuscripts. Publications of the year 1956 are included only when they were received too late to be listed in the previous Bibliography.
The Liturgical Prayers of St. Gregory the Great
Authors: Ashworth Henry
Published: August 2016

The authenticity of the service book known to scholars as the Gregorian Sacramentary or simply the Gregorianum has long been a matter of discussion. From the mid-eighth century to the end of the ninth we find a strong external tradition assigning its authorship to St. Gregory the Great. Doubts on this point were first expressed by George Baron d'Eckhart in 1729, and the controversy flared up once more in 1890, when the traditional view was vigorously defended by Dom G. Morin.
A Ravello Document
Authors: Brentano Robert
Published: August 2016

Scattered through provincial Italian archives are a large number of documents that, collectively, outline something of a pattern of procedure in peninsular courts of papal judges delegate during the thirteenth century. Through these documents some idea can be formed of what the recurring phrase secundum juris ordinem actually meant in cases complicated particularly by the ecclesiastical topography of the papal homeland. The general pattern can be formed only slowly and piecemeal, but occasionally individual documents that may help in its formation seem interesting enough to repay individual consideration. One of these, a notary-written confirmation of a delegate sentence, preserved in a book of original documents in the sacristy of the ex-Cathedral of Ravello, is transcribed below.
Three Decretal Collections before Compilatio IV: Pragensis, Palatina I, and Abrincensis II
Authors: Cheney C. R.
Published: August 2016

This paper concerns three small collections of decretals of Innocent III, two of which have been named and briefly described in print by Professor Stephan Kuttner, who has kindly brought the third to my notice.
Dante's ‘DXV’ and ‘Veltro’
Authors: Kaske R. E.
Published: August 2016

A fresh attempt on the two most formidable puzzles in the Divina Commedia, by one who cannot even profess to be a Dantist, may seem peculiarly open to what a contemporary scholar has called ‘the mild raillery that attends those who persist in offering solutions of problems apparently worked to death.' Yet a survey of the massive bibliography surrounding Dante's DXV and Veltro produces the strong impression that no explanation proposed for either of them so far has won for itself any real core of acceptance. If this one-sentence summary of six hundred years' scholarship is accurate, it suggests that a fruitful approach is less likely to emerge from comparative re-assessments of the existing theories, than from an exploration of some of the all-but-forgotten corners of medieval Christian tradition, in search of an interpretation that will fit the two prophecies and their contexts more precisely. In the present study, Part I will offer an interpretation of the DXV which, to the best of my knowledge, has never been proposed; Part II will demonstrate the compatibility of this interpretation with other crucial parts of the Commedia; Part III will offer a somewhat less original interpretation of the Veltro; and Part IV will examine the relationship between the two prophecies as I have interpreted them.
The Trinity Collection of Decretals and the Early Worcester Family
Authors: Duggan Charles
Published: August 2016

All primitive decretal collections composed in England are conventionally classified in three main groups, described as the English, Bridlington, and Worcester Families respectively. These names are admittedly matters merely of convenience, and are open in all cases either to question or qualification. The Worcester Family (the most advanced of English primitive collections in technical construction) is named after the Worcester Collection, on the mistaken assumption that this, authentically Worcester, composition is the oldest surviving member of the group; whereas in fact a hitherto undiscussed manuscript in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, reveals an earlier derivation from their common origin, and there are good reasons for doubting if the family archetype was dependent in any way on the Worcester school of canon lawyers. Six members of this once-numerous family are known at present in manuscript, and two of these are also familiar in published analyses. All are technically primitive in composition, being either divided into books or libri simply, or in the most mature examples subdivided also into titles or tituli, but without the systematic device of dismemberment of the longer decretals. In systematic collections the longer letters, dealing frequently with several different and quite unrelated topics within the limits of a single decretal, are dissected into their component chapters, which are arranged analytically according to subject matter and distributed under various headings. None of the Worcester Family is systematic in this sense, though some record an advanced stage of technical development within the primitive conventions.
A Poem of the Cross in the Exeter Book: ‘Riddle 60’ and ‘The Husband's Message’
Authors: Kaske R. E.
Published: August 2016

To propose a unified religious allegory in what hitherto has been accepted rather generally as two distinct Old English poems, and universally as secular poetry carrying no meaning beyond the literal, is to risk being categorized as a ‘pan-allegorist’ in literary theory and an evangelist in temperament. Let me begin, therefore, by protesting that if the corpus of Old English poetry should ever be unmasked as a series of impeccably Christian allegories, no one will be more astounded or dismayed than I. It would be difficult to deny, however, that the great scholars who laid the foundations for our study of this poetry were, in most instances, more interested in Germanic antiquity than in Latin Christianity; and that as a result, a disproportionate number of our own major discoveries are likely to come out of the once-neglected Patrologia Latina. If this observation is accurate, we may do well to suspend temporarily our belief in certain universal negative conclusions—like, for example, the familiar pronouncement that Old English poets characteristically do not employ allegory—and to inquire whether some of the ‘secular’ poems that have puzzled us for so long may not become less puzzling in the light of early Christian thought. Much as we may revere the spirit of Germanic antiquity, we shall do it small service by attributing to it attitudes or works that it might not have cared to claim.
Juvenal and Propertius
Authors: Colton Robert E.
Published: August 2016

In his article ‘Juvenal's Bookcase,’ Gilbert Highet demonstrates that Juvenal's poetry was stylistically influenced chiefly by Martial, Ovid, Vergil, and Horace. Highet also points out that Juvenal was familiar with Propertius’ elegies, and cites four instances of imitation. In this study we shall examine these passages and other passages where the satirist may have been influenced by the Augustan elegist.
The Alans in Gaul
Authors: Bachrach Bernard S.
Published: August 2016

The barbarian invasions of the fifth century have been studied in great detail, and the major participants in these invasions — the Franks, Visigoths, Vandals, and Huns — have rightly received the bulk of scholarly attention. Smaller groups of invaders such as the Alans, several bands of which settled in Gaul, have not received notice commensurate with their importance. While most of the better histories of the late empire mention the Alans, no adequate study has been made of their settlement in Gaul. In this paper an attempt will be made to ascertain the role played by the Alans in Gaul during the fifth century.
La structure des ‘Quaestiones Disputatae’ et leur classement
Authors: Fransen Gérard
Published: August 2016

Nous voudrions, dans ces quelques pages, terminer le dépouillement commencé jadis (il y a dix ans déjà) des qq. contenues dans le MS Bamberg, Staatsbibl. Can. 17 [P.I. 11]. Nous avions laissé de côté les collections III1 (fol. 127–133r) et III4 (fol. 171–177). Ces deux séries reprennent un certain nombre de qq. publiées jadis par F. Thaner d'après le MS Stuttgart, Landesbibl. HB VI 62 (H 72) fol. 58v-71r (q. 1–30) et 120v-123v (q. 31–36) et dont quelques-unes se retrouvent dans le MS Cambridge, Univ. Libr. Addit. 3321 vol. 2 fol. 26v-31v. Nous y joindrons, en complément, l'énoncé (la seule partie qui nous ait été conservée) d'une q. du MS Vatican, Pal. lat. 678 fol. 98rv. On pourra le comparer avec celui que nous avons déjà publié. C'est bien le měme thème, mais la tournure en est autre. Nous trouverons d'ailleurs le měme procédé dans la série dont nous allons proposer l'analyse.
Les Sommaires de la Panormie et l'Édition de Melchior de Vosmédian
Authors: Rambaud-Buhot Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

La Panormie d'Ive de Chartres nous est connue par un trés grand nombre de manuscrits et par une édition, celle de la Patrologie latine, qui reproduit l'édition publiée à Louvain en 1557 par Melchior de Vosmédian. Dans sa préface, l'éditeur nous fait savoir qu'ayant découvert, par hasard, pendant le Concile de Trente, le Décret et la Panormie d'Ive de Chartres, il s'est mis à la recherche de cette dernière collection et qu'il a trouvé à Londres un exemplaire imprimé soixante années auparavant et un manuscrit d'une écriture très ancienne. Malheureusement Melchior de Vosmédian releva dans cet exemplaire imprimé et dans ce manuscrit un grand nombre d'erreurs qu'il entreprit de corriger. C'est ainsi que les sommaires de la Panormie, qui, par leur concision et leur précision, font depuis longtemps l'admiration des canonistes n'ont pas grand chose à voir avec la réalité.
The ‘Karolinus’ of Egidius Parisiensis
Authors: Colker M. L.
Published: August 2016

The Karolinus of Egidius Parisiensis, a twelfth/thirteenth-century poem in five books on the life and virtues of Charlemagne, has attracted the interest of a host of scholars, among them, M. J. J. Brial, Gaston Paris, Joseph Bédier, Paul Lehmann, Gaston Duchet-Suchaux, R. B. C. Huygens, and Paul Beichner. Only excerpts, however, have been printed, even though complete publication has been noted as an urgent desideratum. The full text both of the poem proper and of closely related annexes found in the manuscripts is presented hereunder, together with a study of the author and his work.
‘Legatus’ in Medieval Roman Law
Authors: Perrin John W.
Published: August 2016

The legate and legation have long interested medievalists, the general focus being on papal legation approached by pontificate, by region, or by historical era. Although study has fluctuated over the years, the past decade has witnessed a renewed interest. This recent work underlines the subtlety and the complexity of medieval thought concerning both legation and the larger topic under which it may be subsumed, representation. Among recent students of papal legation is Professor Frances Underhill, who has inspected the administrative devices utilized by papal legates in England during the reign of Henry III. Of special interest is the work of Professor Richard Schmutz, who has examined the classification of legates by earlier students of papal representation and has found their categorization of legates wanting. Secular legation has received some notice as well. Professor Donald Queller, for example, has reaffirmed and expanded his earlier suggestions that legatine practices did not play a prominent role in developing secular diplomacy and that there was a sharp legal distinction between ambassadorial nuncii and procuratores as regards legal volition and power. In addition, some attention has been directed lately to the problem of legal terminology and to the place that terminology has in descriptions of power and in descriptions of the transfer of power. Most of these legatine studies discuss to a greater or lesser degree both the theory and the practice of legation. Many consider, however cursorily, the possible influences which Roman practices and Roman legal theory may have had both on the theory and on the practice of papal and secular legation in medieval Western Europe. Yet none has taken up in detail either the character of the legate or the theory of legation in medieval Roman law. It is accordingly the purpose of this paper to analyze legatus both in the Corpus Iuris Civilis and in Accursius' synthesis of legistic opinion and interpretation, the Glossa ordinaria.
Gasparino Barzizza's Commentaries on Seneca's Letters
Authors: Panizza Letizia A.
Published: August 2016

Gasparino Barzizza of Bergamo, a humanist educator and university professor of rhetoric at Padua and Milan in the early fifteenth century, has come down to us chiefly as a pioneer expounder of Ciceronian eloquence, the man to whom the precious old manuscript of Cicero's complete rhetorical works was confided in 1421 for transcription and divulgation. For centuries, however, his considerable contribution to Seneca studies made before this date has been almost totally neglected. But for a few excerpts from his commentary on Seneca's Letter 1 to Lucilius, tucked away in Francesco Novati's footnotes to a letter of Coluccio Salutati, nothing substantial from these commentaries and their introductory material has to my knowledge ever been printed. Judging from the scanty literature on Barzizza, one is forced to conclude that the content of these commentaries has not even been examined. Still worse, the only biography of Barzizza written in the twentieth century says they are lost. Yet Gasparino Barzizza emerges from these commentaries as a leading Seneca scholar of early fifteenth-century Italian humanism. He was the central figure of Seneca studies while at Padua, a university town with a tradition of interest in Seneca stretching back to Lovato Lovati and Albertino Mussato and the revival of Senecan tragedy, and continuing with Sicco Polenton and his Life of Seneca. As part of the introductory material to his Seneca commentaries, Barzizza wrote the first humanist Latin biography of Seneca using Tacitus, and developed more fully than anyone before him the image of Seneca as a religious dissimulator, calling him for the first time a ‘Nicodemus.’ In a sadly mutilated and anonymous form, it can now be shown, Barzizza's life of Seneca was the only one printed in several early editions of Seneca's works, including the 1515 and 1529 ones edited by Erasmus, and later mistakenly attributed to Sicco Polenton. Erasmus' caustic prefatory remarks on deformers of Seneca that characterize his 1529 edition are aimed, it can also be shown, at Barzizza. Barzizza's lengthy commentary on the controversial opening of Seneca's Letter 1 to Lucilius, a set piece in its own right, stands at the centre of a dispute very much alive in his own time, in which Petrarch and Salutati participated before him, and Pier Candido Decembrio, his brother Angelo, and Leonello d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, participated after him, not to mention Erasmus himself.
Heroism, Heracles, and the ‘Trachiniae’
Authors: Fuqua Charles
Published: August 2016

Sophocles'Trachiniaehas provoked among the critics a broad variety of responses ranging from strong censure and denial of Sophoclean authorship at one extreme to expressions of approval and great praise at the other. In recent years the literature on the play has tended to approach the drama in a more sympathetic vein and critics have displayed a much more positive stance to both the contents and dramaturgy of the play. Although the debates about such questions as those of date, structure, purpose, theme, characterization, and unity continue, elements of the drama which earlier writers had tended to pass over, treat in an apologetic view, or even ascribe to the presence of textual flaws have been examined in a frank and open manner with positive results. The fact remains, however, that despite these advances there still persists a considerable reluctance to accept the figure of Heracles as he is presented in the drama. There can be no doubt that the characterization of Heracles is the fundamental reason why theTrachiniaehas long been regarded as the great problem play of the Sophoclean corpus, and while for the most part we have moved from the blanket condemnation of this character that marked many earlier studies, the tendency to regard Heracles and consequently theTrachiniaeas anomalies persists.
An Unrecorded Variant of the ‘Passio S. Christinae’ and the ‘Old English Martyrology’
Authors: Cross J. E. , Tuplin C. J.
Published: August 2016

In the course of a detailed investigation of the sources of the extensive Old English Martyrology (saec. ix), Latin passiones in early manuscripts have had to be consulted, since there are still comparatively few modern collated editions apart from those in the very latest volumes of Acta Sanctorum, in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica series, and in individual works in books and periodicals. For the discussion of the martyrology, not only are variant texts of known versions of passiones to be distinguished and considered, but, on some occasions, distinctive versions are to be identified.
Master Stephen Langton Preaches to the People and Clergy: Sermon Texts from Twelfth-Century Paris
Authors: Roberts Phyllis B.
Published: August 2016

In the latter part of the twelfth century, a significant change of emphasis occurred in the art of preaching, which in turn had a profound influence on the transmission of knowledge and moral values. Whereas, in an earlier era, preachers had addressed themselves largely to clerical audiences, at this time popular audiences came to receive greater attention. Parisian masters and doctors were in the vanguard of this influential movement whose ideal, the vita apostolica, became a rallying cry to those who sought to restore the Church and its clergy to an earlier purity.
Epicurus and Voluptas in Late Antiquity: The Curious Testimony of Martianus Capella
Authors: Brown Emerson
Published: August 2016

For some years I have been working on a study of Epicureanism from its earliest appearances in Latin through the fourteenth century. Although Martianus Capella wrote hisDe nuptiis Philologiae et Mercuriiseveral hundred years after the beginning of this period, this essay is the first part of that study I have sought to publish.
Corporeal and Spiritual Homicide, the Sin of Wrath, and the ‘Parson's Tale’
Authors: Shaw Judith
Published: August 2016

Even though Chaucer the Pilgrim refers to ‘the povre Persoun of a toun’ as a ‘lerned man, a clerk,’ it is still surprising to hear the humble Parson discourse at length on one of the fine points of canon law. And yet, despite his own protestation of ignorance, the Parson devotes sixteen lines (654–79) of his discussion of Wrath to distinguishing between the many species and sub-species of corporeal and spiritual homicide. Upon closer examination of the passage itself, we are more inclined to take the Parson at his word. Where we are promised ‘foure maneres’ of homicide in deed, we get only three, while in place of the anticipated fourth category we find a discussion of the various forms of infanticide, contraception, and abortion. Although Chaucer rightly identifies these as types of homicide, they hardly comprise a major classification to rank alongside the other three ‘maneres.’ Further evidence of confusion in the passage is a textual problem, which involves the number of species of spiritual homicide. The manuscripts read, ‘spiritueel manslaughtre is in vj thynges’ (545) when, in fact, only three are named.
William of Sherwood, ‘Introductiones in logicam’ Critical Text
Authors: Lohr Charles H. , Kunze Peter , Mussler Bernhard
Published: August 2016

William of Sherwood (or Shyreswood) was an English logician of the thirteenth century. Little is known of his life. He possibly taught logic at Paris from about 1235 to about 1250. By 1252 he was active as master at Oxford. Between 1254 and 1258 he became treasurer of the Cathedral of Lincoln, an office he seems to have retained until his death. He was rector of Attleborough (Buckinghamshire) from about 1257 and prebendary of Aylesbury (Lincolnshire) by 1266. He died between 1266 and 1272.
The Cistercians in the Latin Empire of Constantinople and Greece, 1204–1276
Authors: Brown Elizabeth A. R.
Published: August 2016

With the fall of Constantinople to Crusaders from the West the Cistercian Order found a new area for development. Cistercians had taken an active part in the Fourth Crusade and they were ready to share in the process of settlement which followed hard on the conquest of the Empire and Greece. The fortunes of the Cistercians in the East waxed and waned with great rapidity, paralleling the course of the Latin Empire itself: between 1204 and 1276 the Order acquired at least twelve houses and lost at least nine of these. The interesting but unspectacular history of the Cistercian Order in the Latin Empire and Greece has received little attention, either from historians of the Order itself or from those scholars who have treated the history of the Latin conquest and occupation. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the foundation, development and final abandonment of the Cistercian houses in the Empire and Greece, to explore the activities of Cistercian abbots and priors in the affairs of the Empire, and to examine the contacts between Cistercians of East and West. But since the interest of the Cistercians in Constantinople and Greece began with their participation in the Fourth Crusade, consideration will first be given to their activity as Crusaders.
Prescription et bonne foi du Décret de Gratien (1140) a Jean d'André († 1348)
Authors: Vilain Noël
Published: August 2016

En vertu du c. 1508 du Code de droit canonique, qu'il s'agisse de prescription acquisitive ou de prescription extinctive, I'Église reçoit dans son droit propre la législation de chaque nation, sauf quelques réserves contenues dans les cc. 1509–1512. Dans quelle mesure les canonistes contemporains ont-ils tenu compte de cette nouvelle législation dans I'élaboration de leur doctrine de la prescription, eu égard, par exemple, au droit civil beIge ou français?
Parable, Allegory and Romance in the Legend of Barlaam and Josaphat
Authors: Bolton W.F.
Published: August 2016

The medieval versions in Greek and Latin of the legend of Barlaam and Josaphat made generally available to Christian writers a considerable amount of Eastern story material. The legend itself enjoyed wide readership in these and vernacular languages, and individual episodes provided the basis for further expansion. The viability of the legend in this regard owes much to the ten moral tales, or apologues, which appear during the course of the main story. These little fables proved attractive to writers for centuries, throughout and even after the Middle Ages, and they have long engaged the efforts of scholars to trace their route from ancient India to the English Renaissance stage. The apologues merit attention, however, in the form in which they were used in the eleventh century, for their application in the hagiographical context provides an interesting example of post-Scriptural parables and the allegorical interpretation of what might be termed ‘romance’ materials. This paper seeks to examine the attitudes toward parable, allegory and romance implicit in the ten apologues of the Vita.
Ein Bruchstück der Collectio ecclesiae Thessalonicensis
Authors: Fuhrmann Horst
Published: August 2016

Unter den Stücken der sogenannten Akten des Konzils von Pavia (865), die, wie an anderern Orte gezeigt, in Wahrheit eine Propagandaschrift kanonistischen Charakters des abgesetzten Erzbischofs Gunthar von Köln darstellen, ist der Auszug eines Briefes von Papst Hilarus (461–468) ‘ad Niciphorum et ad alios episcopos per provincias’ aufgeführt, der sowohl sachlich wie überlieferungsgeschichtlich besonderes Interesse beanspruchen darf. Zunächst sei zur Information vorausgeschickt, dass das Exzerpt an keiner anderen Stelle als eben in jener Guntharschen Sammlung zu finden ist und infolgedessen auch ein mit der Werbeschrift gemeinsames Schicksal erfahren hat, das bis heute für seine Einschätzung bestimmend gewesen ist.
El Concilio IV de Letrán (1215) y sus comentarios
Authors: García García P. Antonio
Published: August 2016

Cuatro son los comentarios de los canonistas a las constituciones del Concilio IV Lateranense cuya noticia ha Ilegado hasta nosotros: el de Vincentius Hispanus, el de Juan Teutónico, el apparatusSi persistant in contumaciay el apparatusQuoniam omnes questionum articuli.Antes de ocuparnos de cada uno en particular, incluímos algunas observaciones acerca de la transmisión manuscrita del texto de dichos cánones, cuya lectura definitiva está todavía sin hacer.
The Pseudo-Isidorian ‘De vetere et novo testamento quaestiones’
Authors: McNally Robert E.
Published: August 2016

TheDe vetere et novo testamento quaestioneswhich Faustino Arévalo, S.J. (d. 1824), the illustrious editor of St. Isidore of Seville, regarded as authentic has long been recognized as spurious. In fact it can be considered one of the oldest extant pseudo-Isidorian works. In identifying this curious little catechetical work and publishing theeditio princeps, Arévalo was convinced that he had rightly contributed to the list of the accepted works of St. Isidore. Indeed, he believed that the historical testimony of both St. Braulio and St. Ildefonsus, if rightly interpreted, favored the authenticity of this work and its inclusion under the title,Secretorum expositiones sacramentorum. The evidence which he presented in favor of the acceptance of this ancient catechism is reducible to three general headings: the antiquity of the manuscript in which this work has come down to us, the absence of positive reasons negating authenticity, and the presence of evidence affirming it. Under the latter heading he adduced various extrinsic authority, e.g., that of Gratian and Grialius, which is of no decisive importance in settling this question; and he stressed the inner dependence of the text of thequaestioneson the works of St. Isidore — a literary dependence which in the Early Middle Ages is normal enough in works of this character and which certainly is not a definitive norm for deciding the genuineness of Isidorian works.
Translations of a Lost Penitential Homily
Authors: Turville-Petre Joan
Published: August 2016

Many Old English homilies consist of exhortations to repentance, illustrated by devotional commonplaces that recur in varying forms in different contexts. Such are some items of the Blickling and Vercelli collections (for example, Blickling 5, 8, 10, and Vercelli 2–4; 8–10; 20–21) which are not translated as a whole from identifiable Latin originals. This field of Old English studies was opened more than fifty years ago by Max Förster; and other scholars, principally K. Jost and R. Willard, have investigated the Latin literature in which these commonplaces circulated. Detailed work on the origin and distribution of some central themes has recently been published by J. E. Cross.
Herodotus and History: The Constitutional Debate Preceding Darius' Accession
Authors: Brannan Patrick T.
Published: August 2016

The amount of research and publication on the problem of Herodotus' historicity has been gigantic. Recently Jameson's publcation of the newly discovered ‘Themistocles Decree’ has added a new phase to this ever vital controversy. The present paper, however, will evaluate another incident in theHistoriesand in the history of theHistories: the debate preceding the accession of Darius the Great to the Persian throne in 522 B.C.
Metrical Problems in the First Arezzo Hymn of Hilary of Poitiers
Authors: Halporn James W.
Published: August 2016

The scanty remains of Hilary's Liber lujmnorumr, represented by the three hymns which have come down to us in the Arezzo manuscript. provide us with our earliest glimpse into Latin hymnody. Since these hymns have been found in no other manuscript, all attempts to provide a correct text owe a good deal to the editor's ingenuity. This study tries to analyze the metrical structure of the first of the three hymns and to offer a few emendations that seem required by the structure.
Charity and Social Work in Toulouse, 1100–1250
Authors: Mundy John H.
Published: August 2016

Other than the labors of the clergy, the basic resource for public charity and social work was pious giving by layfolk. During the long period from the later eleventh century until around 1250, both the forms of giving changed and the sums involved grew considerably. About the year 1100, the principal ways of financing charity and social work were the founding of charitable institutions by living people and the giving of gifts during a donor's lifetime to already existing institutions. During the twelfth century, however, as the practice of drawing testaments became more widespread, testamentary bequests became increasingly significant as a means of supporting the work of charity. Later on, during the thirteenth century, a further source of wealth was more extensively tapped than had hitherto been the case. Designed specifically for social or charitable ends, confraternities, whose members were obligated to give regularly or annually, began to play an ever more important role.
Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor and Citizen of Lucca (1370–1372)
Authors: Witt Ronald G.
Published: August 2016

On August 31, 1369, a breve was sent from Rome to Lucca recommending ser Coluccio Salutati di Stignano as a man notable for his knowledge and morals and suggesting that the commune of Lucca find some honorable office for him. This letter was the culmination of Salutati's efforts to find employment outside the papal Curia. Salutati had left his home in the Valdinievole in late August 1367 to accept a six-month appointment as Chancellor of the commune of Todi in Umbria and, when this appointment was completed, rather than return to Buggiano he decided to move on to Rome and to the papal court recently returned from Avignon. He had a powerful friend there in the person of the Florentine, Francesco Bruni, one of the papal secretaries. Bruni, although he did not encourage Salutati in his project to come to Rome, seems to have done what he could for his Tuscan friend once Salutati was actually there. At least for almost two years Salutati held some sort of minor notarial appointment in the papal chancery, very probably in that section directed by Bruni. During this time Salutati spent some of his energy unsuccessfully trying to get himself promoted to a more satisfactory post. His efforts probably grew more desperate when it became known that the papacy was seriously thinking of returning to Avignon.
The Education of the Early Capetians
Authors: Rosenthal Joel T.
Published: August 2016

Historians concerned with the eleventh and twelfth centuries have for long been intrigued by the problem of the ‘Capetian miracle.’ By this is meant the process whereby the Capetian dynasty maintained itself, despite many obstacles and weaknesses, and converted its feeble hold upon the tottering throne of France into the powerful kingship of Philip Augustus and the awe-inspiring monarchy of St. Louis. The early Capetians were not men of outstanding ability. No great warriors or legal innovators appeared in the family for several centuries. A list of the great secular figures of the eleventh and twelfth centuries would not contain any of their names. But against this dreary picture the warning given by Robert Fawtier must be remembered: ‘It is tempting but rash to conclude that they were men of no significance. For they accomplished a difficult task which was yet indispensable for the future of the monarchy. They lasted.’
The Importance of Gerard of Csanád as the First Author in Hungary
Authors: Kosztolnyik Zoltan J.
Published: August 2016

Early Hungarian history is so poor in sources of contemporary origin that any work written and any writer living in the early Árpádian age is bound to provide information on the period — the beginnings of the Hungarian Christian kingdom of the Middle Ages. The Venetian-born Benedictine monk, Gerard, who from 1030 to his death in 1046 occupied as its first bishop the see of Csanád, is one of these writers. Gerard is not an historian in the true sense of the term. He is no Gregory of Tours, no Venerable Bede. He was a learned, western-educated ecclesiastic who in his theological writings left many a side remark on his age and on the political and social background of his religious activities in Hungary from the mid-1020s through the mid-1040s. His major theological treatise on the Song of Daniel, hisAdmonitionesto the heir of King Stephen on the Hungarian throne, and his participation in compiling the legal statutes enacted by Stephen and his council make him, beside the king, the most important historical personage of Hungarian history of the time. His works together with thevita minorand the biography of King Stephen by Bishop Hartvic form a valuable source of historical information. His own life is covered by a short though trustworthyvitacomposed in the early 1080s.