bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest inventory in Canada with emphasis on map production
Authors: Leckie D. G. , Gillis M. D.
Published: February 2014

Forest inventory procedures are likely to change or evolve at a more rapid rate over the next 15 years. Changes will be brought by changing forest management practices and priorities, increasing importance of environmental and multiple use issues, new technologies, increasing participation of industry, new market forces, and budgetary considerations.Map production is a major and costly component of forest inventory and one which will be much affected by these changes. This paper focuses on the map production component of forest inventory in Canada, but places it in the context of overall management inventory production. Inventory mapping procedures from provincial inventory cycles are summarized. The costs, time, and resources expended on each component of map production (photo acquisition, interpretation, transfer and drafting, and digitizing) are outlined. They are summarized in the context of the cost and resources needed for the total inventory process including volume sampling. Recent innovations, forces causing changes and rethinking of inventory philosophies, and future trends are discussed. Key words: forest inventory, GIS, map production, photo interpretation
Using linear programming to make wood procurement and distribution decisions
Authors: Burger D. Hubert , Jamnick Mark S.
Published: February 2014

A user-friendly, computer modeling system was developed to help make decisions for a forest products firm that is organized into profit centres. Interactive data entry provides input to a linear programming model which the system automatically builds and solves. The system considers land ownership, harvest block volumes, mill requirements, stumpage prices, mill product prices, harvest methods and their costs, and shipping distances and costs. In a case study, the system produced a solution with a unit wood cost for the firm's pulpmill that was 5.1% less than the historical cost. Tradeoff analysis showed that the woodlands division has flexibility to increase its profit by up to 25% without exceeding the pulpmill's historical unit wood cost. Key words: harvesting, linear programming, operational planning, profit centre, tradeoff, transportation, wood distribution, wood procurement
Relations among fishers, snow, and martens: Development and evaluation of two hypotheses
Authors: Krohn William B. , Elowe Kenneth D. , Boone Randall B.
Published: February 2014

Literature about the fisher (Martes pennanti) contains the following contradictions: (1) the species is an old-growth specialist versus a forest generalist, and (2) it lives with marten (M. americana) with minimal interaction versus densities of the two species are inversely related. These contradictions beg the questions of what is fisher habitat and does habitat affect the interactions of the two Martes. These questions were examined by analyzing the distributions of fishers (n = 15,549) and martens (n = 40,516) harvested in Maine, 1980–1987. This period was chosen because it had relatively stable pelt prices that were believed to result in harvests reflecting population occurrences. The spatial distribution of mean harvests of fisher and marten were compared to each other, and to snowfall distribution and frequency throughout Maine, 1980–1987. Martens were common only in northwestern Maine and were associated with frequent (monthly [Formula: see text]) and deep (total monthly [Formula: see text]) snowfalls, December–March. Fishers were rare in northwestern Maine but were common throughout the rest of the state where snowfalls were less frequent. We hypothesize that regular accumulations of deep snow reduce the fisher's fitness (via decreasing recruitment, survival, or both), resulting in a low abundance in northwestern Maine. In addition, we hypothesize that martens are rare in southern Maine due to competition from a dense fisher population. These hypotheses were evaluated by looking at patterns in age and recruitment ratios of fishers (n = 2,706) and martens (n = 5,572) harvested in core and non-core habitats for each species, 1980–1984. We found low indices of fisher recruitment (P <0.001) in the marten's core habitat consistent with the hypothesis that deep and frequent snowfalls limit fishers. Few adult martens were harvested (P <0.001) in the core habitats of fisher, consistent with our hypothesis that high fisher densities limit marten populations. Assuming our hypothesis on fisher–snow relations is true, and given that canopy closure affects snow accumulation, fisher habitats deserve more consideration in forest management in regions with frequent powder-snowfalls, fragmented forests, or both. We acknowledge, however, that both of our hypotheses (i.e., snow limits fisher and fisher limit marten) need direct testing because association does not prove causation. Key words: fisher, forestry, habitat, interspecific relations, Maine, Martes pennanti, Martes americana, marten, snow
Decision support systems for silviculture planning in Canada
Authors: Thompson William A. , Weetman Gordon F.
Published: February 2014

An attempt is made to identify presently available Decision Support Systems (DSS) for silviculture planning and operations. Recent sources of technical information are also identified. Based on telephone interviews, the use of and needs for silviculture DSS are outlined for eight of Canada's Model Forests. Recommendations are made for further development of DSS for Canadian silviculture. Key words: decision support systems, expert systems, silvicultural planning
Parent stand age and harvesting treatment effects on juvenile aspen biomass productivity
Authors: Grewal H.
Published: February 2014

The objectives of this study were to characterize parent stand age and harvest method treatment effects on biomass production of aspen and other species, and to construct equations for the prediction of aspen stemwood, branch, and foliage biomass production. Aspen from young parent stands (30–40 years) generally regenerated taller and denser stands, and produced higher total aspen biomass and larger proportions of branch biomass than those regenerated from older parent stands. Stands regenerated after total biomass removal were taller and had larger diameters and average densities than stands regenerated by conventional logging. Aspen biomass component production was predicted consistently by various combinations and transformations of height and diameter. Key words: aspen, biomass equations, biomass production, harvest method, logging method, parent age
Notes on regression through the origin
Authors: Kozak Antal , Kozak Robert A.
Published: February 2014

The calculation of R2 and the test of significance for the least squares regression solution through the origin are not well documented in textbooks. Many of the statistical packages compute these statistics in such a way that the researcher may easily, though inadvertently, be misled. This paper contains a detailed discussion, supplemented by an example, of the formulae required to properly calculate these statistics. Also, recommendations for correcting misleading computer results are presented. Keywords: regression through the origin, coefficient of determination, test of significance
A financial analysis of a white pine improvement cut in Ontario
Authors: Rollins Kimberly , Forsyth Margaret , Bonti-Ankomah Samual , Amoah Ben
Published: February 2014

Standard tools of forestry economics are used to provide insights into the effects of an experimental improvement cut, designed to release understory white pine and initiate a shelterwood system. The economic criterion is to harvest when the present valued net benefits from forest stands are highest. This study shows that the improvement cut increased the present value of net benefits per hectare of treated stands compared to control stands. The results are highly sensitive to interest rates applied. The success of the treatment is due in part to the fact that the bulk of the costs are not incurred until the 55th year of the stands' lifespan, and hence are discounted significantly when total benefits are tallied. Key words: white pine release, pine mixed wood management forest economics
Some principles and criteria to make Canada's protected area systems representative of the nation's forest diversity
Authors: Peterson Everett B. , Peterson N. Merle , Pollard Douglas F. W.
Published: February 2014

The current network of protected areas in Canada, numbering almost 3000, owes much to initiatives taken under the International Biological Program (IBP-CT) beginning in the 1960's, and maintained by member agencies of the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas (CCEA). Several criteria for the selection of areas were identified under IBP-CT. The first of these concerned representation of the diversity of the world's ecosystems. Recently, the need for protected areas has gained prominence at all levels of government. In its 1992 National Strategy, the forest sector committed itself to protecting the diversity of forest ecosystems in Canada.In this review we advocate that representativeness is more than a criterion by which areas are selected for protection: it is a fundamental principle. We examine how this principle can be applied and suggest that features of the landscape define the scale on which a comprehensive system of protected areas is built. Also discussed is the role for forest ecosystems that have been disturbed by human activity in such a system.Our main recommendation is that landscape should be accepted as the basic stratification by which representation is to be judged. On the assumption that species and species assemblages associated with landscapes are not in jeopardy, and that a representative range of the nation's landscapes will contain a representative range of Canada's biotic diversity, this article suggests that a comprehensive system of protected landscapes will, in large measure, represent the nation's diversity of animal and plant communities. Until it is clearly evident that timber management can accommodate the broad array of conservation needs, forest managers should consider designating areas for protection in which the integrity of ecosystem functions and dynamics can be assured for both managed and natural forest types under their control.
Inter-American Development Bank assistance for forest conservation and management in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Keipi Kari
Published: February 2014

Latin America and the Caribbean have more than half of the world's tropical forests. The rate of deforestation is high: some 7.5 million ha of forest disappear yearly. Central America and Mexico have the highest rates of deforestation; 1.6% of the remaining forests are being destroyed annually.The Inter-American Development Bank has analyzed the causes of deforestation and launched actions that contribute to curbing it both directly and indirectly. The actions include helping the countries to set appropriate sectoral and macroeconomic policies in order to remove factors that cause degradation of natural resources. The Bank has long been a financial resource deployer but it is gaining importance also as a resource mobilizer. The total IDB forestry-related loan funding amounts to some US$ 843 million for programs with a total cost of US$1980 million during the past 20 years.The Bank has been a strategic investor in highly visible projects such as the creation of parks and extractive reserves in the Amazon. It has provided financing to protect and manage some 4.7 million ha of existing forests sustainably. It is an important source of financing for recovering deforested areas through agroforestry investments and reforestation especially in degraded watersheds, but also in the context of coastal resources management and urban greening. The total reforestation goal for Bank financed projects is some 0.8 million ha.The Bank also finances other actions that are essential to proper protection and management of forest resources such as land use zoning studies, forest resource inventories, research, environmental education and institution building. Total Bank nonreimbursable technical cooperation financing was US$31 million for 72 projects during the last 15 years.There is a need to create an atmosphere of collaboration between the North and South in natural resource management and environmental matters. The IDB has been quite successful in this role through organizing new commissions for cooperation and a tradition of consultations in the region. It is maintaining transparency through its information disclosure policy that helps make information on the environmental aspects of bank programs available to interested parties. The Bank is promoting public participation in the design and execution of programs that it finances. Key words: International financing, deforestation, sustainability, Latin America, The Caribbean
Fire research and the global village
Authors: Weber M. G.
Published: February 2014

International fire research activities, priorities, constraints and opportunities are examined from a late 20th century vantage point. Recent accomplishments in computer technology are identified as the single most important phenomenon responsible for the advancement of the science and "shrinking" of the globe. Computer technology and the global research cooperation it has engendered are put within the context of societal demands and research funding limitations impacting on fire research activities in the various research organisations. Society's insistence on fiscal responsibility in the conduct of science is symptomatic of a greater need to balance increased demand for resources by a growing world population with the sustainability imperative. Fire research and its practitioners are well positioned to contribute meaningfully to the debate on ecosystem management, restoration and sustainability currently underway in the global village. Key words: fire research, computer applications, international fire research activities, fire research and science policy, ecosystem management, sustainability
Planting stock performance: Site and RGP effects
Authors: Simpson David G. , Vyse Alan
Published: February 2014

Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca (Beissn.) Franco], interior spruce [Picea glauca Moench (Voss), Picea engelmannii (Parry) and their naturally occurring hybrids] and lodge-pole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings were planted on several forest sites in south central British Columbia. At planting, root growth potential (number of newly elongated roots longer than 10 mm per seedling) was determined. Trees were assessed for survival and height for at least five years. Survival of Douglas-fir and growth of all three species was affected by planting site, probably reflecting moisture and growing season temperature differences among sites. High (> 70%) survival, but not total height or mean annual relative growth rate was associated with root growth potential levels greater than 10 new roots per seedling in interior spruce and lodgepole pine. Survival and growth of Douglas-fir were not related to root growth potential. Fertilization of interior spruce seedlings at planting decreased survival 18% over seven growing seasons, and did not affect growth of surviving seedlings. Key words: reforestation, root growth potential, seedling quality, Douglas-fir, interior spruce, lodgepole pine, field performance
Changes in radial increment in stems and roots of balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] after defoliation spruce budworm
Authors: Krause Cornelia , Morin Hubert
Published: February 2014

Radial increment along the stems and the root systems of 20 balsam fir (Abies balsamea Mill.) was analysed as an indicator of resource allocation after a spruce budworm outbreak. The trees were located in a natural forest, 130 km north of Lake Saint Jean (Québec) in the boreal forest zone. The dynamics of the forest were determined by fire and insect outbreaks. The 20 analysed firs showed clear signs of the last two spruce budworm outbreaks. Tree-ring width was reduced one year earlier in the crown region than at the stem base, and was more variable in the root system. Many tree-rings were missing at the stem base section and especially in the root system (2099 missing rings). Recovery started with a time delay of one year from the upper part of the crown and continued downwards in the stem. The roots and the crown recovered within a longer period. Key words: Abies balsamea, Choristoneura fumiferana, dendroecology, radial increment, root, spruce budworm
The sweep of the boreal in time and space, from forest formations to genes, and implications for management
Authors: Gordon Alan G.
Published: February 2014

The ranges and ancient origins down through the Pleistocene of the species which make up the Boreal Forest formation are discussed. Jack and lodgepole pine, white and black spruce are essentially modern; others are older. Genetic variation of the five major boreal species groups—poplars, birches, pines, spruces and tamarack—is outlined. A discussion of natural hybrids and introgression follows with examples of types of species pairs, and artificial hybridization in poplars, and white and black spruce. Specialized life strategies of species for growing in the boreal zone and how silvicultural systems may be related to them are explained. Understanding genetic diversity and its importance in management applications is critical for the maintenance of well-adapted populations. Failure to do so results in erosion or even total loss of gene pools. Historical examples and current practices in the northeast and certain areas of the boreal forest indicate that losses in genetic diversity, reduced biodiversity, commercial and even local extinction may be widespread. It is hoped that development and application of as yet proximal forest genetic management principles will enable the maintenance of the forests' genetic structures and gene pools, critical for the true sustainablity of forest ecosystems. Key words: boreal, biogeography, genetic variation and diversity, hybrids, inbreeding, life strategies, silvicultural systems, future
Environment and biogeography of the western boreal forest
Authors: Pojar Jim
Published: February 2014

The western boreal forest of North America (Manitoba through Alaska) has a typical boreal climate, but the largely sedimentary Interior Plains and the northern Cordillera (part of which was ice-free in the Pleistocene) are physiographically and geologically very different from the Canadian Shield that underlies most of the eastern boreal forest. The mountainous nature of much of the region, with pronounced topography, local climates, aspect differences, sharp drainage, and elevational clines, gives some of its boreal landscapes a different character from those of the Shield. The region's forests are structurally consistent with boreal forests everywhere, but floristic differences are apparent, with the loss of eastern species and the addition of Cordilleran and Beringian elements. The southern margins of the western boreal forest also have a distinctive character, as they merge with either the Cordilleran subalpine forests or with aspen parkland and grassland—not with Great Lakes-St. Lawrence conifer-hardwood forests.Several different biogeographic or ecological land classifications have been applied to the western boreal forest. Although there are a variety of classifications, several common themes are apparent. Broad-scale zonation reflects 1) latitudinal change (boreal forest to subarctic woodland to forest-tundra ecotone, from south to north), 2) physiography and biogeography (Plains/Shield to northern Cordillera to Alaska-Beringia, from east to west), and 3) the physiographic vs. vegetation bias of the classification. Regardless of higher-level, broad-scale differences, the various classifications tend to be consistent at the site level, and therefore all have some value and utility for foresters.
Sustainable use of the boreal Prince Albert Model Forest in Saskatchewan
Authors: Bouman O. T. , Langen G. , Bouman C. E.
Published: February 2014

Canada recently embarked on a model forest program that is guided by the notion of sustainable development. Ten model forest sites have been established at operational scales (0.1–1.5 million ha) in different ecoregions since 1992. This study presents a framework for advancing both the human welfare and environmental dimensions of sustainable forest use by a localized multi-stake-holdership of First Nations, government and industry in the boreal Prince Albert Model Forest, Saskatchewan. The pressure on the local forest environment has been rising due to timber harvest and tourism. Human welfare has been influenced strongly by colonial legacies such as racial divisions, territorial boundaries, and centralized forest administration. The landbase, productivity and forest value approaches are proposed to advance sustainable forest use; but current data availability favours the land-base approach. Analysis of forest inventory data suggests that management needs to plan for a significant aggregation of harvest areas to sustain ecological and cultural functions which depend on large and continuous patch size. Forest policy-making must address ownership issues, local economic development, and economic philosophies of the stakeholders in order to overcome the colonial legacies and to redefine management responsibilities. The study proposes that the currently dominating government-owned management concepts should evolve into a more localized concept of ownership and management that can be sustainably supported and financed by forest stakeholders, governments, and local communities. Key words: sustainable development, boreal forest, patch size, forest policy-making, stakeholder, First Nation, community
Site preparation with sulfonylurea herbicides improves black spruce seedling growth
Authors: Roden Michael J. , Reynolds Phillip E.
Published: February 2014

Metsulfuron (ALLY or ESCORT), 36 and 72 g ai ha−1, and sulfometuron (OUST), 150 to 450 g ai ha−1, were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (silty clay loams and silty clays) to reduce raspberry [Rubus idaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.] competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and August 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for five growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, raspberry height was less in many treatments than in controls. Survival of seedlings planted one month after spring treatment was less than controls, and no significant height or stem diameter increases were observed. Growth and survival of seedlings planted approximately one year after spring treatment were greater than that of control seedlings. Fifth-year stem diameter of these seedlings, planted after site preparation with sulfometuron, was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.715) with raspberry height, decreasing as raspberry height increased. Survival of seedlings planted after some summer treatments was also less than controls, and no significant growth increases were noted for seedlings planted after site preparation with sulfometuron. Summer treatment with metsulfuron was more efficacious and resulted in greater seedling growth than spring treatment; however, greater seedling survival occurred after spring treatment. We conclude that spring treatment with sulfometuron (300 g ai ha−1), with planting delayed by one year, provided the optimal treatment to achieve maximal seedling survival and growth during plantation establishment. Black spruce seedlings appear to benefit (i.e. enhanced survival or growth) from site preparation with these herbicides only when planting is delayed by several months following their use. Key words: metsulfuron, sulfometuron, site preparation, black spruce, growth parameters, seedling survival, raspberry competitition
Forest management audits — a learning experience
Authors: VanBuskirk Tony
Published: February 2014

During the fall of 1995. Repap New Brunswick Inc. had its first external Audit done on their Crown Land Licenses situated in North Eastern New Brunswick. This paper describes the pre-audit preparation and post-audit follow-up by Repap New Brunswick Inc. Key words: environmental auditing, sustainable forestry, forest certification
Abitibi's approach to forest certification
Authors: Furey William P.
Published: February 2014

Forest Certification is one of the priority issues facing the forest industry and will become increasingly more important as we move towards the year 2000. It will provide a voluntary, impartial process for each company to demonstrate to the general public, customers and Government, that its forest management practices meet or exceed established standards necessary for sustainability. Key words: sustainable forestry, Canadian forest management standards, forest certification
A new national inventory for Canada: The need is now!
Authors: Barker J. , Bonnor M. , Gilbert D. , Omule A.
Published: February 2014

Canadian forestry is facing currently a concentrated attack on its practices to the extent that our markets are being threatened. To counter this threat and deal with public environmental concerns, Canada has developed a series of criteria and indicators that will quantify those forestry practices which have an effect on the sustainability of our forests and all their attendant resources. This approach will require inventory information that is not currently available. A national multi-resource inventory designed specifically to provide information at the national level will be needed and is feasible and cost-effective. A cooperative multi-agency approach such as that used by the recent BC Resource Inventory Committee is recommended as a starting point. Technical experts from relevant and interested federal and provincial agencies should be invited to participate in formulating and expediting such a program. Key Words: sustainability, forest management, criteria, indicators, national inventory
Sugar maple, black spruce and tamarack do not reproduce vegetatively from roots
Authors: Fayle David C. F.
Published: February 2014

Recent silvical literature on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] and tamarack [Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch], [also European black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and boxelder [Acer negundo L.)] continues to refer, erroneously, to their reputed ability to reproduce vegetatively from root material. This error is the result of improper identification in the first place, subsequent uncritical evaluation, use of secondary rather than the original reference and reluctance to reject what is "in the literature". Key words: vegetative reproduction, root suckers, sugar maple, black spruce, tamarack, boxelder, European black alder
Semi-natural and intensive silvicultural systems for the boreal mixedwood forest
Authors: Lieffers V. J. , Stewart J. D. , Macmillan R. B. , Macpherson D. , Branter K.
Published: February 2014

Boreal mixedwood forests of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) are found on mesic sites in the western boreal forest. In the natural development of mixedwood stands, aspen is usually the first species to dominate the site. However, depending upon spruce seed sources and seedbeds, spruce can establish immediately after disturbance or in the next several decades. In most cases, spruce grow in the understory of deciduous species during its early development. If there are no spruce seed sources, aspen may be the sole tree species for a long period. In most circumstances, however, the longer-lived and taller white spruce eventually becomes the dominant species. If stands remain undisturbed for long periods, they will likely become uneven-aged mixtures of spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). We propose silvicultural systems that will develop stands of a range of compositions, structures and value. As a starting point, we identify eight different mixed-wood compositions that might be identified in stand inventories, and propose various silvicultural treatments, including underplanting of white spruce, understory protection, shelterwood, and uneven-aged management. Fundamental changes in land tenure and silvicultural regulations, and improvements in estimation of growth and yield will be required before this range of management of mixed-woods can be implemented. Key words: aspen, white spruce, shelterwood, Populus tremuloides, Picea glauca, succession, ecosystem management
Impact of dwarf mistletoe on some aspects of the reproductive biology of jack pine
Authors: Sproule Albert
Published: February 2014

A study was conducted in north-central Alberta to examine the effects of dwarf mistletoe on the reproductive biology of jack pine trees with severe, moderate, light and no infection. Fifty cones were collected from each of six trees in each infection class and from three non-infected trees. Cone counts were 401, 547, 787 and 1217 respectively for the four levels of infection. Total seeds per cone were 17.4, 16.3, 27.9 and 25.7. Filled seeds per cone were 13.0, 10.4, 19.9 and 18.9. Numbers of expected germinants per tree were, correspondingly 4442, 3871, 11827 and 18753. These results could be important for managers depending on natural regeneration to produce fully stocked stands following clear-cutting of infected trees. Key words: dwarf mistletoe, germinants, infection level, Jack pine, regeneration
Mechanisms of resistance of white spruce to the spruce bud moth
Authors: Quiring Dan
Published: February 2014

There is a genetic basis to resistance of open-grown white spruce trees to their primary pest, the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutt. & Free. Resistance is attributable to late budburst and unknown factors associated with higher predation and parasitism of eggs and mortality of old larvae. Results suggest that tree resistance could be incorporated with other silvicultural procedures into an integrated management program for white spruce. Key words: White spruce, spruce bud moth, tree resistance, silviculture, pest management
Role of genetic resistance in managing ecosystems susceptible to white pine weevil
Authors: Alfaro René I.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the conditions that make stands of spruce (Picea spp. susceptible to attack by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in British Columbia and discusses how host genetic resistance could be utilized to complement silvicultural tactics in the management of this pest. Key words: Pissodes strobi, pest management, Picea spp., silviculture
How seed orchard culture affects seed quality: Experience with the southern pines
Authors: Barnett J. P.
Published: February 2014

Tree improvement programs have influenced significantly the quality of southern pine seeds produced when compared to collections from native stands. Seed orchard management practices such as fertilization can increase seed size and reduce seed dormancy. These result in the need for less complex pregermination treatments. Repeated cone collections from the same clones facilitate collections according to ripening (cone specific gravity), which can improve seed germination and storage. However, cultural practices may result in seed properties that are more sensitive to damage during processing procedures and result in lower quality unless special care is provided during this stage of handling. The effect of orchard management practices on seed quality also varies by species, with loblolly pine being less affected than longleaf pine. Key words: Pinus spp., seed germination, seed dormancy, seed storage, cone maturity
The logging of a world heritage site: Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
Authors: Timoney Kevin
Published: February 2014

Logging of the riparian old-growth white spruce forests of Wood Buffalo National Park took place from 1951 to 1991. Operations were conducted in the Peace River valley in the Big Island block (Timber Berth (TB) 408) and the Peace Delta block, and in the Athabasca River valley. Approximately 70% of the pre-logging old-growth riparian forests have been lost to logging, leaving a remnant of ~100 km2 in the park, of which ~30 km2 are found in TB408. A minimum of 100 km2 has been logged from TB408. Natural regeneration has failed on 93% of these lands (9300 ha). The logging agreement, which expired in 1981, was renewed in 1983, the same year in which Wood Buffalo National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The history of logging in Wood Buffalo National Park is characterized by government mismanagement and industrial malpractice. There was never legal authority to log in Wood Buffalo National Park, as it contravened the National Parks Act (1930). The need for restoration is discussed. Key words: boreal, forestry, management, Peace River, riparian, white spruce, Wood Buffalo National Park
The relation of balsam fir volume increment to cumulative spruce budworm defoliation
Authors: MacLean David A. , Eveleigh Eldon S. , Hunt Tony L. , Morgan Mervyn G.
Published: February 2014

The effect of cumulative defoliation caused by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) from 1981 to 1987 on tree growth was assessed in a 35-year-old balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) stand. After six years of moderate to severe defoliation, specific volume increment was reduced by an average of 11, 55, 83, 70, and 83% for trees with visual cumulative defoliation ratings, in 1987, of 1–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, 76–90%, and 91–100%, respectively. Following defoliation, mean specific volume increment ranged from 0.02 cm3 cm−2 year−1 for trees with >90% cumulative defoliation to 0.16 cm3 cm−2 year for trees with <25% defoliation. Specific volume increment and percentage growth reduction were significantly related to the cumulative defoliation rating, with regression equations explaining 72 and 64%, respectively, of the variability among trees. It was concluded that onetime visual ratings of cumulative defoliation caused by spruce budworm can be used in assessing balsam fir growth rates and growth reduction. Key words: growth reduction, specific volume increment, stem analysis, Choristoneura fumiferana, Abies balsamea
Developing a sustainable forest management planning system for private woodlots using the Canadian Standards Association Protocol
Authors: Belyea Brian
Published: February 2014

The S.N.B. Woodlot Owner Organizations are in the process of developing a Sustainable Forest Management Plan for the approximately 400,000 ha of productive forest land owned by more than 6000 woodlot owners in southern New Brunswick.The Canadian Standards Association Protocol is being used as the guiding document in this process. S.N.B. is nearly mid-way through the process with a tentative schedule and target of 15 February 1997 to have the first draft of the system ready for review, approval and implementation by 1 April 1997.The experience continues to be one of many challenges, not only for the woodlot owner organizations and the woodlot owners themselves, but for the many other stakeholders who have been or will be provided the opportunity to participate. The CSA Protocol provides one of the first frame-works for all the players to "walk their talk" in the real management of a real forest with everyone's interests being facilitated. It also provides the players with the opportunity to demonstrate that they do know what they are talking about and to share that understanding with others to achieve the balances required within sustainable limits.The CSA Protocol provides challenges in itself. Staying "true to the process" may be the secret to addressing those challenges. In this presentation we shall examine these challenges more specifically.
Creating a climate for expanded trade for Canadian wood products — Government of Canada
Authors: McCloskey Jean
Published: February 2014

not available
Advocacy and licensing: Essential tools for professional foresters' associations — Case study of the Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec
Authors: Crook G. W.
Published: February 2014

The Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec has for 75 years played a key role in building the public's awareness of forests and of the practice of professional forestry, and in safeguarding the public interest in the resource. Two primary drivers are behind the organization's success : a long-standing advocacy policy and licensing. As a professional association that has been given the right to exclusive practice, it is legally bound to place as its highest priority the protection of the public good. This necessitates an inspection, discipline, and continuing education program for its members to ensure their competency. Also, the Order has the mandate of ensuring that foresters are not impeded in their professional practice. Its advocacy and communications mandate is closely linked to its role, specified in its Code of Ethics, to protect the public by speaking out on forestry-related issues. The Order has thus been able to rise above partisan issues and base its position statements and policies on the reservoir of expertise that it collectively represents. The result has been the promotion of professional forestry for the public good, and the Order taking a leadership role as the conscience of forestry in Quebec.
Variability in sub-regional impacts of dwarf mistletoe on mature lodgepole pine
Authors: Thomson Alan J. , Muir John A. , Lewis Kathy J.
Published: February 2014

Impact of lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe was determined in six sub-areas of Forest Inventory Zone H, near Prince George, British Columbia, using a roadside survey and measurements of mature infected trees. Mistletoe effects on DBH were evident only in two of the sub-areas surveyed (Westlake and Nechako). After correcting DBH measurements for competition (stand density), dbh of 100–120 year old and 121–150 year old trees was reduced 10% and 17% respectively, in the highest mistletoe rating (DMR) category (4.5–6.0). Height/DBH relationships were affected by dwarf mistletoe only in the Nechako area. Mistletoe effects in the Nechako and Westlake areas, in stands older than 120 years with mistletoe ratings of 4.5–6.0, resulted in volume reductions of 28–42%, depending on the effects of mistletoe on height. Further losses might accrue in lodgepole pine stands if clear-cut harvesting were restricted by the BC Forest Practices Code, unless infected stems are selectively removed. Key words: roadside survey, dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR), Forest Practices Code
Chloropicrin as a soil fumigant in forest nurseries
Authors: South David B. , Carey William A. , Enebak Scott A.
Published: February 2014

Chloropicrin has been tested as a soil fumigant in forest nurseries throughout the world. From 1944 to the late 1960's, tests were conducted in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Since 1985, studies have been conducted in Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. In Wisconsin, chloropicrin reduced soilborne pathogens as effectively as twice as much methyl bromide. Advantages of chloropicrin as a soil fumigant in southern pine nurseries include: efficacy similar to methyl bromide (in regards to reduction in fungi, nematodes and insects), an increase in Trichoderma populations, it is not a Class 1 ozone depleting substance, and no plastic tarp is required. Adding chloropicrin to other fumigants has increased the spectrum of biological activity. A disadvantage of chloropicrin is that it has less herbicidal activity than methyl bromide. Key words: fungicide, methyl bromide, disease, nursery management, seedbeds
Preserving nature through intensive plantation forestry: The case for forestland allocation with illustrations from British Columbia
Authors: Binkley Clark S.
Published: February 2014

Historically British Columbia's forests were managed under the implicit assumption that virtually the whole forested land base would, one day, be available for timber production. The BC Forest Service and licencees incorporate non-timber values into timber production plans through a process of "integrated resource management" which attempts to consider wildlife, riparian habitat, recreation, water flows, grazing and other forest uses in each decision about each hectare where logging is to occur. Under this extensive form of management, silvicultural investments are low. This policy has clearly failed either to satisfy legitimate demands from the environmental community or to produce the predictably high levels of timber harvest needed to sustain the forest products industry and industry-dependent communities. The core problem is that, despite a vast forest estate in British Columbia, land has become scarce. It is therefore logical to substitute capital, labour and knowledge for land in forest production processes. Such a policy could lead to substantial higher, sustainable timber harvests as well as a system of parks that covers more than half the Province. Implementing such a policy requires a change in forest management approach to zone the landscape and manage each zone intensively for a specific purpose. For the bulk of commercial timber production, intensively managed plantations appear to represent the best technological option. New directions in British Columbia's forest policy — land-use zoning, a new forest practice code, and dedicated capital for silvicultural investments—generally move towards this objective, but implementation remains uncertain. Major impediments include dysfunctional forest tenure arrangements and a comparatively poor information base. Key words: forest policy, British Columbia, intensive plantation forestry
Ecosystem management — A needs driven, resource-use philosophy
Authors: Gilmore Daniel W.
Published: February 2014

Ecosystem management is a resource-use concept that has evolved as a result of increasing public awareness and society's concerns regarding the future availability of goods and services from the forest resource. This paper reviews the evolution of the ecosystem management philosophy and its use as an approach toward holistic resource stewardship to meet the ecological, social and economic needs of society. Successful implementation of ecosystem management will require "top down" support from senior level management in government and industry and "bottom up" support from field personnel and participating citizens. There will be a need to continually monitor and revisit social values in order to assess and evaluate the actual and projected results of management activity in the context of society's evolving expectations. Key words: ecosystem management, forest resources
Forest management in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Brand David G.
Published: February 2014

Forest management policy in New South Wales, Australia, has been dramatically changing during the past two decades in response to public controversy and widening expectations of the values that the forest should provide to society. The nature of NSW forest management today is a reflection of the unique Australian forest ecology, the nature of the forest sector, and the emergence of conflict and polarized views on forest management in the past two decades. Recent efforts have made progress in resolving the forest debate. The key elements have included an expanded protected areas reserve system, expanded reliance on plantation forests for wood supply, increased wood security for native forest industries in return for a commitment to value-adding and the implementation of an ecologically sustainable forest management framework. Like other Australian States, NSW is currently negotiating Regional Forest Agreements with the Commonwealth Government that will set the stage for future directions in forest management. Key words: forest policy, Australia, New South Wales forest management
Operational criteria for sustainable forestry: focussing on the essence
Authors: Bunnell Fred L.
Published: February 2014

Recent international agreements relating to forest practices are silent on operational criteria for sustainable forestry. Basic values to be sustained can be derived from the agreements. Goals for each value are presented that connect simply and directly with public concerns that inspired the agreements. For each goal a simple, relatively cheap means of monitoring is suggested that permits an operational approach. By focussing on the essence of international agreements, criteria for sustainable forestry are derived that are operational and scientifically credible, internationally credible, and socially responsible. Key words: criteria, forestry, sustainable
Chemical changes in the stem matrix of three tree species exposed to fluoride emissions from an aluminum smelter
Authors: Takar A. A. , Roy D. N. , McLaughlin D. L.
Published: February 2014

The principal objective of this study was to investigate the major organic and trace elemental composition of the stem tissues of three tree species of a mixed forest on Cornwall Island in the St. Lawrence River, Ontario. This forest was exposed to atmospheric hydrogen fluoride (HF) at levels > 71 μg F/m3/24 h from an aluminum smelter (Reynolds Metals Co. Ltd.) for twenty years, followed by fourteen years of reduced emissions (< 40 μg F/m3/24 h), which is still greater than the current Ontario air quality criterion for HF (0.36 μg F/m3/24 h). Increment cores were collected at breast height from white pine, red oak, and American beech from the study woodlot on Cornwall Island and at a control site in Long Sault Provincial Park.Tree-rings were analyzed for eight elements (fluorine, aluminum, manganese, magnesium, calcium, sodium, chlorine and potassium) and some major organic compounds (total extractives, lignin and holocellulose). All three species from the study woodlot showed significant chemical compositional changes during the peak pollution and post-abatement periods. There was a substantial increase of the levels of total extractives (up to 167%), lignin (up to 38%), fluorine, aluminum and manganese and a significant decrease of holocellulose content (up to 17%) in the stem tissues during the period of HF exposure, compared to the pre-pollution period. In contrast, trees from the control site showed no significant change in chemical composition in any of the three periods. Lower cellulose and higher lignin and extractives concentrations potentially makes the wood weaker and less suitable for dimension lumber and pulping. Key words: hydrogen fluoride, extractives, lignin, holocellulose, trace elements
Controlled mass pollination in loblolly pine to increase genetic gains
Authors: Bridgwater F. E. , Bramlett D. L. , Byram T. D. , Lowe W. J.
Published: February 2014

Controlled mass pollination (CMP) is one way to increase genetic gains from traditional wind-pollinated seed orchards. Methodology is under development by several forestry companies in the southern USA. Costs of CMP depend on the efficient installation, pollination, and removal of inexpensive paper bags. Even in pilot-scale studies these costs seem reasonable. Net present values from CMP in a sample of sixty-seven loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchards in the Western Gulf Forest Tree Improvement Program are conservatively expected to average $108 per acre of plantation established with seedlings from CMP among the best six parents in each of five breeding regions and $154 per acre for CMP among the best pair of parents in each breeding region. Key words: supplemental mass pollination, expected genetic gains, pollen contamination