bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uranium Projects in Central Asian Countries: Prospects and Challenges of Implementation
Authors:   Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after B.N. Yeltsin, Garbuzarova Elena G.
Published: January 2024

The article analyzes the issues of possible construction of nuclear power plants, to which the political elite of most Central Asian countries has recently shown deep interest. The worsening problem of power shortages in the region necessitates the search for alternative power-generating capacities. Emphasis is placed on the ura-nium potential of Central Asian countries, which allows them not only to use it as a resource for the creation of new energy facilities based on new technologies, but also turns these countries into an object of global geopo-litical competition. In the future, the interest of Central Asian countries in the implementation of uranium pro-jects will only increase due to socio-economic factors, such as the need to ensure energy security as a strategic basis for sustainable economic development and meeting the needs of the population in electricity. It is con-cluded that both internal (environmental threats, political instability) and external (geopolitical rivalry) factors will slow down the implementation of uranium projects.
Quality of Life of Citizens as a Factor of Political Risks
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Arestov Alexey Yu.
Published: January 2024

The article reflects the results of a study devoted to the study of the role of the quality of life of citizens in the formation of political risks due to the influence of the dynamics of this indicator on the behavior and value ori-entations of the general population in the long term. The political behavior of American youth serves as a re-search case. The methodology of the work is formed through a combination of comparative and descriptive analysis and secondary processing of data from quantitative sociological research. The author concludes that a long-term decline in the quality of life, leading to a decrease in the corresponding parameters at the intergen-erational level, can provoke a large-scale revision of political values and the system of party loyalty in society. This circumstance in the long term can lead to the unbalancing of the political system and the emergence of new actors within it.
Technologies of Interaction between the State and Youth in the 2000s and 2020s
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Bochkaev Alu R.
Published: January 2024

The relevance of this article is related to the development of interaction between the state and youth in 2000–2020s and is determined by the development of patriotic state youth policy implemented in the conditions of a special military operation. Until the end of the 2010s the communication of state bodies with youth was much less active, and the interaction was more hierarchical. The author of the article examines the evolution of com-munication technologies of public authorities with young people in the 2000s and 2020s. This article is both theoretical and applied in nature. That is, the theoretical aspect consists in analyzing the concepts of interaction between the state and youth. The applied aspect consists in a brief analysis of the activities of public opinion leaders and youth social movements that disseminate pro-state information agenda.
Effect of body posture on cardiopulmonary function in horses during five hours of constant-dose halothane anesthesia
Authors: Steffey E. P. , Kelly A. B. , Hodgson D. S. , Grandy J. L. , Woliner M. J. , Willits N.
Published: January 2024

Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were serially characterized in 7 healthy, spontaneously breathing, adult horses (from which food had been withheld) during 5 hours of constant 1.06% alveolar halothane (end-expired halothane concentration of 1.06%; equivalent to 1.2 times the minimal alveolar anesthetic concentration for horses). To enable comparison of temporal results in relation to 2 body postures, horses were studied in lateral recumbency (lr) and dorsal recumbency (dr) on separate occasions. Temporal changes in results of measures of circulation previously reported from this laboratory for horses in lr were confirmed (ie, a time-related increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, and pcv). During dr, systemic arterial blood pressure was initially significantly (P < 0.05) greater and pulmonary artery pressure less than results at comparable periods during lr. Differences ceased to exist with duration of anesthesia. Except for a greater heart rate at hour 5 of dr, no other significant differences in circulation were found between lr and dr. In general, except for PaO2 measures of ventilation did not change with time in either lr or dr. The PaO2 was significantly greater during lr, compared with dr, but the average did not change significantly with time in either body posture.
Naturally acquired enteric adenovirus infection in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
Authors: Gibson S. V. , Rottinghaus A. A. , Wagner J. E. , Stills H. F. , Stogsdill P. L. , Kinden D. A.
Published: January 2024

Intranuclear inclusions indicative of adenovirus infection were detected microscopically in formalin-fixed intestinal tissues from preweanling Syrian hamsters. The amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in ileal enterocytes from 16-to 24-day-old hamsters. Electron microscopy revealed large numbers of 72 ± 3-nm viral particles typical of adenoviridae in enterocytic nuclei. Serum antibodies reacted with mouse adenovirus strains K87 and, to a lesser extent, FL, by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Clinical disease was not associated with the adenoviral infections. Hamsters from 10 production colonies, including all major commercial Syrian hamster suppliers in the United States, were surveyed and all had serologic or histopathologic evidence of adenovirus infection.
Humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Messier Serge , Ross Richard F. , Paul Prem S.
Published: January 2024

Cellular and humoral immune responses of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were investigated at postinoculation weeks (piw) 2, 4, and 6. The response of blood lymphocytes (bl) and bronchial lymph node lymphocytes (lnl) to stimulation by M hyopneumoniae antigens was evaluated by a lymphocyte-stimulation test. Specific antibodies in serum and lung washing samples were assayed by elisa. Immunoglobulin-positive cells in lungs and bronchial lymph nodes were identified by indirect fluorescent antibody test, using isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies.

At piw 0 to 6, bl from control and M hyopneumoniae-inoculated pigs were stimulated by M hyopneumoniae cells; however, bl from inoculated pigs generally had higher stimulation indices, especially at piw 6. The response of lnl was influenced by previous exposure to M hyopneumoniae, as indicated by higher stimulation indices (P < 0.01) of lnl from inoculated pigs killed at piw 2 and 6. Specific elisa antibodies to M hyopneumoniae in lung washings from inoculated pigs consisted mainly of IgG and IgA isotypes.

Examination of lung sections by indirect immunofluorescence revealed that cells producing IgM and IgA were in controls as well as M hyopneumoniae-inoculated pigs, but IgG-positive cells were only in lungs of inoculated pigs. Resolution of pneumonia appeared to correlate with development of increased sensitization of bl, as well as development of marked increases in immunoglobulins, particularly IgG in lung washings at piw 6.
Outer membrane protein profiles of Ediwardsiella ictaluri from fish
Authors: Newton Joseph C. , Blevins Willard T. , Wilt Gerald R. , Wolfe Lauren G.
Published: January 2024

Outer membrane proteins (omp) prepared with sodium N-lauroyl sarcocinate (sls) from 33 Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from fish were examined by electrophoresis. Twenty-eight isolates from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) had similar OMP profiles. Ten bands (71 kilodaltons [kD] to 19.5 kD) were identified in all isolates from channel catfish. One major 35-kD protein comprised most of the protein content of the outer membrane of isolates from channel catfish. Differences existed among isolates in the amount of protein within minor omp bands. Edwardsiella ictaluri ATCC 33202 contained larger quantities of the 38.5- and 37-kD proteins than did the other isolates.
Effects of collection methods and storage on the in vitro stability of canine plasma catecholamines
Authors: D'Alesandro Michele M. , Gruber Dale F. , Reed H. Lester , O'Halloran Kevin P. , Robertson Robert
Published: January 2024

Norepinephrine (ne) and epinephrine (epi) collected from dogs were sequentially and temporally measured in blood and plasma at 24 C. Heparin and edta anticoagulants, in combination with reduced glutathione and edta as a preservative, were also compared. Norepinephrine and epi concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In heparinized plasma, ne and epi concentrations were relatively stable in the absence or presence of preservative after 24 hours at 24 C. In edta plasma, ne and epi values were less stable when compared with those in heparinized samples. Norepinephrine concentrations in EDTA plasma without preservative decreased by 163.2 ± 8.88 pg over 24 hours, compared with an 86.6 ± 7.92 pg loss of NE in heparinized plasma. The degradation of epi in edta plasma without preservative was also twofold greater, compared with that in heparinized plasma. Addition of preservative had no stabilizing effect on ne or epi in heparinized or edta plasma. During long-term storage at −70 C, plasma ne and epi values decreased < 0.6 and <0.1 pg/d, respectively. Norepinephrine and epi values were stable in heparinized blood for 6 hours but decreased to < 25% and < 6% of initial base line values, respectively, when plasma separation was delayed 24 hours.
Pharmacokinetics of etomidate in cats
Authors: Wertz E. M. , Benson G. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Tranquilli W. J. , Davis L. E. , Koritz G. D.
Published: January 2024

Pharmacokinetic variables of etomidate were determined after iv administration of etomidate (3.0 mg/kg of body weight). Blood samples were collected for 6 hours. Disposition of this carboxylated imidazole best conformed to a 2- (n = 2) and a 3- compartment (n = 4) open pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacokinetic values were calculated for the overall best-fitted model, characterized as a mixed 2- and 3-compartmental model. The first and most rapid distribution half-life was 0.05 hour and a second distribution half-life was 0.35 hour. Elimination half-life was 2.89 hours, apparent volume of distribution was 11.87 ± 4.64 L/kg, apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 4.88 ± 2.25 L/kg, apparent volume of the central compartment was 1.17 ± 0.70 L/kg, and total clearance was 2.47 ± 0.78 L/kg/h.
Survival of pseudorabies virus in aerosol
Authors: Schoenbaum Mark A. , Zimmerman Jeff J. , Beran George W. , Murphy Dorothy P.
Published: January 2024

The survival of pseudorabies virus in an aerosol was studied under different environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Pseudorabies virus decayed logarithmically with mean half-lives of 17.4 (85% relative humidity, 22 C), 18.8 (25% relative humidity, 22 C), 27.3 (85% relative humidity, 4 C), 36.1 (55% relative humidity, 22 C), and 43.6 (55% relative humidity, 4 C) minutes. Virus survival was significantly improved in environments at 55% relative humidity, compared with those at 85% relative humidity (P = 0.017). Rates of survival were improved in environment at 4 C in comparison with those at 22 C. Results suggest that, under the best conditions of this study, the infectivity of pseudorabies virus in an aerosol decreases by 50% in < 1 hour.
Adverse effects of gentamicin in scarlet macaws and galahs
Authors: Flammer Keven , Clark Carl H. , Drewes Lynne A. , Wilson Robert C. , Fiorello-Barrett Joan
Published: January 2024

The adverse effects of administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, im, q 12 h) for 7 days were studied in healthy scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus; cockatoos). Polydipsia and polyuria developed in each species, but were greater and persisted longer in the cockatoos. Peak water intake in the cockatoos more than quadrupled, and remained increased for 23 days after cessation of gentamicin administration. Plasma aspartate transaminase activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment in the macaws, and plasma aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased in the cockatoos.

Single im administration of gentamicin (5 mg/kg) resulted in mean (± sem) plasma concentration of 20.6 (± 1.85) μg/ml at 0.5 hour for either species of birds. There were no significant differences between mean plasma gentamicin concentrations for cockatoos and macaws at any time after drug administration, except at 12 hours, when values for cockatoos were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those for macaws. The elimination half-life for gentamicin after im administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg was 1.17 and 1.07 hours, respectively, for macaws and 1.23 and 1.44 hours, respectively, for cockatoos. Correlation between drug disposition and adverse side effects could not be detected.
Effect of administration of prostaglandin F2α on embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 after ovulation in mares
Authors: Hinrichs Katrin , Riera Fernando L.
Published: January 2024

Ten mares were used to investigate the effect of adminstration of prostaglandin F2α on uterine tubal motility, as reflected by embryo recovery from the uterus 5 days after ovulation (day 0). Mares were assigned to 3 groups: group A, uterine flush for embryo recovery on day 7; group B, uterine flush for embryo recovery on day 5; and group C, uterine flush for embryo recovery on day 5, after treatment with prostaglandin F2α (10 mg, im) on day 3. Each mare was assigned to each group once. Embryo recovery rates for the 3 groups were: A, 6 of 10; B, 2 of 8; and C, 0 of 10. The embryo recovery rate for group C was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that for group A. Embryo recovery rate for group B was not significantly different from group A or group C. Administration of prostaglandin on day 3 did not increase embryo recovery rate from the uterus on day 5. Additionally, the 25% embryo recovery rate (2 of 8) for group B mares suggested an earlier time for entry of the embryo into the uterus than has previously been reported.
Serum IgG antibody concentrations against environmental microbes in mares and foals during different seasons and effect of stabling practices
Authors: Ripatti Tarja , Koskela Pentti , Kotimaa Marjut , Koskinen Erkki , Mäenpää Pekka H.
Published: January 2024

Over periods of 22 and 14 months, IgG antibody concentrations in serum samples obtained monthly from 14 mares and 19 foals, respectively, were measured by use of elisa against antigens of the following environmental microbes: Aspergillus umbrosus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Humicola grisea, Micropolyspora faeni, and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The mares and foals were on pasture from early June until early October, then were stabled during the winter season until the following June. In the mares, increased antibody concentrations against most microbes were observed typically in midwinter and late spring when the horses were stabled; antibody concentrations against R glutinis, however, peaked in August. Concentrations differed between the summer and winter seasons and, in most instances, between 2 consecutive years and correlated with amounts of rainfall during the previous harvest season. In the foals, circulating passively acquired antibodies disappeared within 3 to 4 months after birth. During the first year of life, substantially increased autogenous antibody concentrations were observed only against R glutinis. Antibody concentrations against the other microbes increased gradually toward the end of the indoor season. In a group of foals transferred indoors in autumn, 6 weeks later than the other foals, antibody concentrations were lower when measured in December. Results supported the view that, to minimize exposure to microbial spores during the winter season, horses should be kept outdoors as much as possible and attention should be focused on improving the ventilation in stables and the quality of feeds and beddings.
Determination of excretion of inulin, creatinine, sodium sulfanilate, and phenolsulfonphthalein to assess renal function in goats
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Groves Carlotta , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Finco Delmar R.
Published: January 2024

Excretion of creatinine, sodium sulfanilate (ss), and phenolsulfonphthalein (psp) was studied in healthy goats. In conscious goats, mean (± sem) inulin clearance was 2.26 ± 0.08 ml/min/kg of body weight. Endogenous creatinine clearance, 1.97 ± 0.09 ml/min/kg, underestimated inulin clearance (P < 0.01), probably because of the presence of noncreatinine chromogens in caprine plasma. The estimated renal clearance of psp was 6.88 ± 0.39 ml/min/kg, whereas the estimated renal clearance of ss was 3.71 ± 0.39 ml/min/kg. Both exceeded inulin clearance (P < 0.01), confirming renal tubular secretion of both compounds.

In 6 anesthetized goats, exogenous creatinine clearance and ss clearance exceeded inulin clearance (P < 0.05). Results of stop-flow experiments documented secretion of creatinine and ss by the proximal portion of the caprine nephron.

Plasma half-life of psp in uninephrectomized goats exceeded that in intact goats (20.2 ± 1.5 min vs 11.9 ± 0.7 min; P < 0.01). Similarly, plasma half-life of ss was greater in goats after uninephrectomy (58.2 ± 6.2 min vs 30.4 ± 1.2 min; P < 0.01).
Use of mucosal grafts and temporary tube implants for treatment of teat sinus mucosal injuries
Authors: Trent A. M. , Smith Donald F. , Cooley A. J. , Beck Kathy , Hoffer Richard E.
Published: January 2024

A mucosal lesion was created in the center of each test sinus of 6 mature, healthy, nonlactating Holstein cows by resecting a circumferential band of mucosa. Each lesion was then treated by implantation of strip grafts of autogenous oral mucosa, temporary silastic tube implant, or a combination of strip grafts and temporary silastic tube implant. All teats were evaluated for patency 6 weeks after treatment, and tube implants were removed through a second thelotomy incision. All teats were reevaluated for gross and radiographic patency 12 weeks after treatment, and teats were collected for histologic evaluation of lesions. All 4 teats treated with grafts only were obstructed at 6 and 12 weeks after treatment. Incomplete coverage of the lesion with mucosa was observed in all 4 teats. The major source of obstruction was proliferation of epithelium and keratin into the lumen. All 8 teats treated with temporary silastic tube implants alone were patent at 6 weeks after treatment, but were obstructed at 12 weeks after treatment. Foci of mucosa at the lesion site were detected in only 2 of the 8 teats. Obstruction resulted from proliferation of granulation tissue into the lumen. All 12 teats treated with grafts and a temporary tube implant were patent at 6 weeks after treatment and 11 of 12 were patent at 12 weeks after treatment, although marked luminal narrowing was evident in 9 of 11 teats. Partial to complete coverage of the lesion with mucosa was seen in all teats. Proliferative granulation tissue, epithelium, and keratin contributed to luminal narrowing in 10 of 11 patent teats. Bacteriologic culture of quarters from 6 of the 11 teats patent at the final evaluation yielded pathogens.
Gamma scintigraphic analysis of the distribution of perfusion of blood in the equine foot during black walnut (Juglans nigra)-induced laminitis
Authors: Galey F. D. , Twardock A. R. , Goetz T. E. , Schaeffer D. J. , Hall J. O. , Beasley V. R.
Published: January 2024

Twelve horses, with acute laminitis (primarily in the forefeet) at 12 hours after intragastric dosing with an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) heartwood, were studied. The distribution of perfusion of blood to the foot and to outlined regions within the foot was quantified, using γ scintigraphy of regionally infused 99mTc-labeled macroaggregated albumin, before and 12 hours after extract administration. Horses 1 to 3 were not studied further. Perfusion was quantified again for horses 4 to 12 at 84 hours after extract administration. At the onset of acute laminitis, horses 7 to 12 were administered a single dose of prazosin (0.025 mg/kg of body weight, iv) immediately after scintigraphy of the right forelimb and before scintigraphy of the left forelimb.

When compared with baseline images, perfusion to the forefoot of horses after the development of acute laminitis was quantitatively decreased vs perfusion to the entire distal portion of the forelimb. Also with the onset of laminitis, perfusion also decreased to the dorsal laminar and coronary corium regions vs the distal portion of the forelimb. The acute laminitis-associated deficit in perfusion to the dorsal lamina was greater in magnitude than the deficit in perfusion to either the coronary corium or the entire forefoot. Equivalent deficits in the distribution of perfusion were not detected in forelimbs from horses with acute laminitis and which had been treated with prazosin. When compared with baseline images, perfusion to the dorsal lamina was increased in relation to perfusion to the distal portion of the limb at postdosing hour 84. Prazosin treatment did not influence that increase in perfusion to the dorsal lamina.
Cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated ponies
Authors: Wilson D. V. , Soma L. R.
Published: January 2024

To investigate the cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (peep), values of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, were applied to anesthetized, dorsally recumbent, ventilated ponies. After iv induction of general anesthesia, peep was superimposed on controlled ventilation with 100% oxygen, and changes in gas exchange and cardiac function were measured. Increasing values of peep in these ponies caused a linear increase in the mean (± SEM) functional residual capacity, from a control value (zero end-expiratory pressure) of 1.7 ± 0.24 L to 2.2 ± 0.31, 2.9 ± 0.32 and 3.4 ± 0.3 L at peep of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively (P < 0.05). Paralleling these changes, intrapulmonary shunt fraction decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from a control value of 12.9 ± 0.5%, to 7.5 ± 1.1 and 2.1 ± 0.6%, at peep of 20 and 30 cm of H2O, respectively. Cardiac output was decreased by increasing values of peep, from control value of 11.7 ± 1.56 L/min to 9.9 ± 1.51, 8.8 ± 1.33 and 5.62 ± 0.56 L/min at peep of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H20, respectively. Related to decreasing cardiac output, tissue oxygen delivery also decreased as peep was increased, from control value of 2.0 ± 0.09 L/min to 1.8 ± 0.07, 1.6 ± 0.06, and 1.03 ± 0.04 L/min at peep of 10, 20, and 30 cm of H2O, respectively.

Thus, the effects of increasing values of peep in these ponies included increased functional residual capacity and arterial oxygenation, but marked reduction in cardiac output, resulting in no improvement or decrease in total oxygen delivery. Although peep is useful for improving arterial oxygenation, the deleterious cardiovascular effects should be anticipated or ameliorated by use of volume loading and/or inotrope administration.
Resistance to development of equine ehrlichial colitis in experimentally inoculated horses and ponies
Authors: Palmer J. E. , Benson C. E. , Whitlock R. H.
Published: January 2024

Fourteen ponies and 3 horses were inoculated with Ehrlichia risticii 2 to 20 months after a similar initial inoculation. Although all 17 had clinical signs of equine ehrlichial colitis after the first inoculation, 16 of 17 remained clinically normal following the second inoculation. The remaining pony had a transient fever and developed signs of depression. Before the initial inoculation, none of the animals had a detectable antibody titer to E risticii. All animals developed titers after the initial infection; however, a significant change of titer did not develop after reinoculation in most animals.
Beta-globin chain hemoglobin polymorphism and hemoglobin stability in black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Fairbanks Virgil F. , Miller R. Eric
Published: January 2024

To evaluate the syndrome of acute intravascular hemolytic anemia in black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis), the hemoglobin of this species was evaluated by use of isopropanol- and heat-stability tests and was further characterized by electrophoretic studies. Samples were obtained from 22 apparently healthy captive North American black rhinoceroses, though 3 of the study animals had survived previous hemolytic events, and 3 others were parents of 3 offspring that had suffered hemolysis. The eastern African (Diceros bicornis michaeli) and the southern African subspecies (D b minor) were represented. Comparative samples were also obtained from 2 white (Ceratotherium simum) and 1 Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis) rhinoceroses. The hemoglobin of all 3 species appeared stable when tested by use of the heat and isopropanol methods. Thus, an unstable hemoglobin does not appear to be involved in the hemolytic crises of captive black rhinoceroses.

Black rhinoceros hemoglobin had a striking polymorphism. Thirteen of the samples from black rhinoceroses had a single hemoglobin band, based on results of alkaline electrophoresis. Nine had, in addition to this major band, a slow (more cathodic) minor band that comprised about 10% of the total hemoglobin. Further studies indicated that the major band and the slower minor band may contain globin chains analogous to human β- and δ-chains respectively; these bands have been tentatively designated B and C. Phenotypes B and BC are common, in a ratio of 4:3. A genetic mechanism is proposed that assumes βb, and βc, gene loci and that βc-locus-expressed (βc+) and βc,-locus-inhibited (βc°) are common alleles for the βc-locus. The polymorphism of rhinoceros hemoglobins appears to be unrelated to the acute hemolytic anemia that occurs in this species.
Safety and efficacy of two sustained-release intrareticular selenium supplements and the associated placental and colostral transfer of selenium in beef cattle
Authors: Campbell D. T. , Maas J. , Weber D. W. , Hedstrom O. R. , Norman B. B.
Published: January 2024

One hundred fifty Se-deficient, pregnant, crossbred beef cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: group A, Se-deficient control; group B, 1 Se bolus at 0 and 119 days; group C, 1 Se bolus at 0 days; and group D, 2 Se pellets at 0 days. The Se bolus is an osmotic pump designed to release 3 mg of Se/d into the reticulorumen. The Se pellets weigh approximately 30 g and contain 10% elemental Se, which is liberated in the reticulorumen. The Se bolus is designed to provide Se supplementation for 120 days and the Se pellets provide supplementation for up to 18 months. Cattle were maintained on Se-deficient pasture or forages prepared from these pastures for the duration of the experiment.

Blood samples were collected from cows prior to treatment (time 0) and at 28, 52, 119, and 220 days thereafter and analyzed for blood Se (BSe) concentration. Body weights were recorded at each sampling time. Blood Se concentration of cows from all supplemented groups were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than control values at all sample dates after treatments began. By the end of the 220-day study, treatment group-B cattle had significantly (P < 0.01) higher BSe concentrations than any other group. Body weights of treatment groups fluctuated throughout the study, but did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. One cow and 6 calves born to cows during the experimental period died. Necropsy of 5 calves provided no evidence linking these deaths to treatments. A difference (P > 0.05) in mortality between groups was not detected.

Blood samples were collected from calves prior to suckling, and were analyzed for BSe concentration. Colostrum samples were collected from dams and analyzed for total Se concentration. Additional blood samples were collected from calves 24 to 48 hours after suckling and analyzed for BSe concentration and serum creatine kinase activity. Birth weight, gender, and health were recorded for all calves. Calves from cows in Se-supplemented groups had significantly (P < 0.001) higher BSe concentrations, both before and after suckling, than did controls. Postsuckle BSe concentrations within the groups of calves were not significantly (P > 0.05) different than presuckle BSe concentrations for any of the groups. Selenium concentrations in colostrum from Se-supplemented cows were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than from control cows. A difference (P > 0.05) was not determined in serum creatine kinase activities or birth weights between groups.
Alterations in the phospholipid composition and morphology of ovine erythrocytes after intravenous inoculation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Brogden Kim A. , Engen Richard L.
Published: January 2024

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis produces a sphingomyelin-specific phospholipase D exotoxin that is a major determinant in the pathogenesis of caseous lymphadenitis. The effect of this exotoxin on erythrocytes was assessed during experimentally induced infection of sheep. Blood was drawn at timed intervals, and the phospholipid composition of erythrocytes was determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of membrane extracts. Erythrocyte morphology was determined by use of transmission electron microscopy. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in erythrocyte membrane sphingomyelin content and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in phosphatidylglycerol content were observed 30 minutes after iv inoculation of C pseudotuberculosis. The concentration of other phospholipids remained unchanged. Initially, spherostomatocytes were formed that later became pitted at the cell surface. These pits or invaginations appeared as numerous vacuoles at the periphery of thin-sectioned cells. Pitting became progressively worse, leading to an extensive scalloped cell surface. Alterations in the phospholipid composition and morphology of ovine erythrocytes may contribute to pathophysiologic findings in sheep with acute infection induced by C pseudotuberculosis.
Subgroup classification of porcine group-A rotaviruses, using monoclonal antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Kassuba Anita , Saif Linda J. , Greenberg Harry B.
Published: January 2024

Fifty-six samples of feces and intestinal contents from nonvaccinated diarrheal pigs with rotavirus infections were tested, using a subgroup (sgp)-specific elisa, to determine rotavirus sgp classification. Forty-one percent (23/56) were sgp 1, 25% (14/56) were sgp 2, and 34% (19/56) were not classifiable. For classifiable samples, the geographic distribution for sgp 1 and sgp 2, respectively was: 60%/40% from Ohio (n = 15), 63%/37% from other midwestern states (Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota; n = 16), and 67%/33% from Canada (n = 6). Thirty-seven sgp-classifiable samples were categorized according to age of pigs. Of pigs ≤ 1 week old, 22% of samples were sgp 1 (n = 8), and 14% (n = 5) were sgp 2. Of samples from 1- to 2-week-old pigs, 8% were sgp 1 (n = 3), and 5% were sgp 2 (n = 2). Of samples from 2- to 3-week-old pigs, 5% were sgp 1 (n = 2), and 8% were sgp 2 (n = 3). Of samples from 3- to 4-week-old pigs, 5% were sgp 1 (n = 2), and 3% were sgp 2 (n = 1). Of samples from pigs > 4 weeks old, 22% were sgp 1 (n = 8) and 8% were sgp 2 (n = 3). Double-stranded rna extracted from positive controls and from 10 selected field samples (5 from sgp 1 and 5 from sgp 2) was electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels to detect correlation between subgroup classification by elisa and long or short double-stranded RNA electrophoretic-migration patterns. All sgp-1 and -2 rotavirus samples tested had typical long double-stranded rna electrophoretic-migration patterns.
Interdigital skin test for evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens
Authors: Corrier Donald E. , DeLoach John R.
Published: January 2024

A skin test to assess T-cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity (dh) and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (cbh) was evaluated in the interdigital skin of young chickens. Three-day-old chickens were sensitized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the dh reaction was elicited in the interdigital skin in 10-, 17-, 24-, and 31-day-old chickens by intradermal injection of tuberculin. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity was elicited in the interdigital skin of 10- and 14-day-old chickens by a single intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (200 μg). The effect of immunosuppression on the results of interdigital skin test for dh and for cbh was evaluated in chickens that were treated with dexamethasone daily for 4 days before testing.

The dh reaction, as indicated by a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the mean interdigital skin thickness, was detectable in 10-day-old chickens and was consistently evident in 17-, 24-, and 31-day-old chickens. The dh response in the interdigital skin of 24-day-old chickens was comparable with that elicited in the standard wattle test. The cbh reaction, as indicted by a significant increase (P < 0.005) in skin thickness, was evident in the interdigital skin of 10- and 14-day-old chickens. Treatment with dexamethasone significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the dh and cbh reactions. Results of the study indicated that the interdigital skin test may be used to evaluate normal and suppressed cell-mediated dh and cbh reactions in chickens as young as 10 and 14 days old.
Pituitary and adrenocortical responses to corticotropin-releasing factor in pigs
Authors: Zhang Shu-Hua , Hennessy David P. , Cranwell Peter D.
Published: January 2024

A study was conducted to determine whether differences in adrenocortical response to exogenous adrenocorticotropin (acth) were an accurate reflection of an animal's perception of and response to stressful stimuli, or whether the pituitary gland might modulate adrenocortical responsiveness. Sixteen Large White × Landrace female pigs, of which 8 had high adrenocortical response to acth and the other 8 had low response, were administered iv a bolus of synthetic human corticotropin-releasing factor (hcrf) at dose rates ranging from 0.002 to 2 μg/kg of body weight. Blood samples were collected at known times for up to 2 hours after administration of hcrf. Plasma acth and cortisol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results indicate that hcrf stimulated the pituitary gland of high- and low-responding pigs to secrete acth, which in turn stimulated the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Plasma acth concentration, before or after hcrf administration, was not significantly different between the high and low responders. However, high-responding pigs had higher cortisol concentration after hcrf administration than did low-responding pigs. Thus, the differences in adrenocortical response to acth between the 2 groups of pigs were not attenuated by variation in pituitary response. It is concluded that adrenocortical responsiveness to acth is an accurate indicator of the perception of and the response to stress.
Prophylactic effects of recombinant bovine interferon -αI1 on acute Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves
Authors: Peel J. E. , Kolly C. , Siegenthaler B. , Martinod S. R.
Published: January 2024

The in vivo effects of a single prophylactic dose of recombinant bovine interferon (rBoifn)-αI1 in calves with salmonellosis were investigated, using a Salmonella typhimurium infection model. Treatment with rBoifn)-αI1 reduced the degree of septicemia compared with that in control groups, and, in one experiment, using disease of reduced severity, body temperature was lower in treated calves than in controls.
Vaccination against pseudorabies with glycoprotein gI+ or glycoprotein gI− vaccine
Authors: Vandeputte J. , Chappuis G. , Fargeaud D. , Précausta P. , Guillemin F. , Brun A. , Desmettre Ph. , Stellmann C.
Published: January 2024

Subunit pseudorabies vaccines that contained only purified glycoproteins of either of 2 strains of pseudorabies virus (prv) were prepared and subsequently tested for safety and efficacy. The strains of virus used for vaccine production differed in at least 2 properties. One strain (Kojnok) was virulent for pigs and was believed to code for the entire complement of viral glycoproteins. The other (Kaplan) was a deletion mutant that was unable to code for structural viral glycoproteins gI and gp63. Purified glycoproteins were dispersed in an oil-in-water emulsion and were administered im to pigs.

Both vaccines were found to be safe and effective immunogens. Neither caused any local or general reactions, as verified by examination of the injection site (local safety) and by vaccination of pregnant sows in prv-infected and noninfected herds.

Sows vaccinated with the gI+ or gI- vaccine protected their pigs at levels of 93 and 92%, respectively, against a severe challenge exposure that killed 98% of pigs born from nonvaccinated sows. Vaccinated pigs were tested for active immunity by intranasal challenge exposure with the NIA 3 strain. Protection was quantitated by measuring the relative daily weight difference, expressed in percent per day, between vaccinated and control pigs during the first week after challenge exposure (ΔG7); the estimated differences were 2.25 and 2.13% for gI+ and gI− vaccines, respectively.

The absence of gI and gp63 did not affect the efficacy of this type of subunit glycoprotein vaccines. In pigs that were challenge-exposed intranasally 3 months after 1 injection with the gI− vaccine, the duration of viral excretion was highly reduced, compared with that in control pigs.
Evaluation of biochemical evidence of congenital nutritional myopathy in two-week prepartum fetuses from selenium-deficient ewes
Authors: Hamliri Ahmed , Olson William G. , Johnson Donald W. , Kessabi Mimoun
Published: January 2024

Muscle damage attributable to selenium (Se)/vitamin E deficiencies is known to develop at birth or later in lambs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and when muscle damage develops in utero. Thirty pregnant ewes maintained on Se-deficient forages from birth were allotted to 3 equal groups. Half of each group was given a single im injection of 0.056 mg of Se/kg of body weight, 1 month before parturition. At 3 weeks before parturition, cesarean section-derived fetuses from Se-deficient ewes did not have evidence of muscle damage. At 2 weeks before parturition, fetuses from Se-deficient ewes had biochemical evidence of congenital nutritional myopathy, as evidenced by low blood Se concentration (P < 0.05) and by increased plasma creatine kinase (P < 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.01) activities, compared with fetuses from Se-treated ewes. Thus, for optimal protection of fetuses and newborn lambs in Se-deficient areas, Se should be administered to ewes at least 1 month before parturition.
Evaluation of the prognostic value of positive-contrast shoulder arthrography for bilateral osteochondrosis lesions in dogs
Authors: van Bree H.
Published: January 2024

To investigate whether arthrographic findings had any prognostic value with respect to treatment and outcome of bilateral osteochondrosis, shoulder arthrograms (n = 80) from 40 dogs with bilateral lesions were evaluated. Arthrography was performed, using 1.5 to 4 ml of a 25% solution of meglumine-sodium diatrizoate, with admixture of 0.2 mg of epinephrine. A shoulder with signs of pain and lameness was surgically treated. The contralateral shoulder was treated conservatively, and the final outcome was compared with the arthrographic findings. In 37 dogs, signs of lameness and pain were associated with a loose cartilage flap and, in 3, with a detached cartilage flap. In 2 dogs, admitted with bilateral lameness, a loose cartilage flap was detected in both shoulders. Of 12 dogs with a detectable loose cartilage flap in the contralateral shoulder joint, 6 became lame 2 to 4 months after initial surgical intervention and needed bilateral surgery. In the contralateral joint, development of thick articular cartilage over the subchondral defect or a detached cartilage flap lodged in the caudal pouch of the shoulder joint was a favorable prognostic sign. Such dogs had no signs of lameness on the contralateral side during a follow-up period that ranged from 1 to 7 years.
Effects of flunixin and flunixin plus prednisone on the gastrointestinal tract of dogs
Authors: Dow Steven W. , Rosychuk Rodney A. W. , McChesney Alexander E. , Curtis Charles R.
Published: January 2024

Flunixin meglumine has been reported to induce gastrointestinal lesions in dogs when administered at therapeutic dosages. We administered flunixin meglumine to dogs daily for 10 days to assess the effect of this drug on the gastrointestinal tract. We also evaluated the possibility of corticosteroid potentiation of gastrointestinal toxicosis by concurrent administration of prednisone to 1 group of dogs. Dogs were monitored for gastrointestinal toxicosis by means of serial endoscopic evaluation, measurement of fecal occult blood, pcv, and total solid concentration, and by physical examination. There were 3 treatment groups of 5 dogs each. Group-1 dogs were given 2.2 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg daily, in 2 divided doses im; group-2 dogs were given 4.4 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg daily, in 2 divided doses im; and group-3 dogs were given 2.2 mg of flunixin meglumine/kg daily, in 2 divided doses im plus 1.1 mg of prednisone/kg/d orally, in 2 divided doses. A fourth group of 5 dogs served as a control group.

Endoscopically visible gastric mucosal lesions developed in all treated dogs within 4 days of initiating treatment. Lesions first developed in the gastric pylorus and antrum and lesions at these sites were more severe than those observed elsewhere. Dogs treated with flunixin meglumine plus prednisone developed the earliest and most severe lesions; lesion scores in group-2 dogs were higher than those in group-1 dogs. All dogs treated had occult blood in their feces by day 5 and its presence appeared to correlate more closely with endoscopic findings than did physical examination findings or changes in values for pcv or total solids.

Deep ulcers were observed in the pylorus of most treated dogs examined at necropsy on day 10. Shallow ulcers and erosions were in the small intestine of group-2 and -3 dogs. Capillary microthrombi, associated with lesions of coagulative necrosis of superficial epithelium, were found in the colonic and small intestinal mucosa of several dogs in groups 2 and 3, and were suggestive of vascular injury.

From results of this study, it was concluded that flunixin meglumine, administered at therapeutic doses, induced early gastric mucosal injury in dogs and that concurrent administration of prednisone may have exacerbated the gastrointestinal injury induced by flunixin alone. Endoscopic evaluation and measurement of fecal occult blood appeared to be more sensitive than other methods evaluated for detection of gastrointestinal injury.
Morphologic features of lymph vessels in caprine hemal nodes
Authors: Ezeasor Daniel N. , Singh Amreek
Published: January 2024

The distribution and characteristics of lymph vessels in caprine hemal nodes were studied after glutaraldehyde fixation and epoxy resin embedding. Histologically, the lymph vessels were characterized by thin walls and wide lumens containing inspissated lymph in which a few cells were suspended. The lymph vessels contrasted sharply with adjacent blood sinuses that were filled with elements of circulating blood. A circumferential lymph vessel in the cortex joined radial branches in the medulla that met at the hilum to drain through a large efferent lymph channel. Ultrastructurally, the lymph vessel wall comprised endothelial cells supported by a continuous basal lamina, collagen fibrils, and adventitial reticular cells. The cytoplasm of endothelial cells had fenestrations, plasmalemma-associated vesicles, vacuoles, and focal splits that enclosed large compartments. Many compartments contained erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Modifications of the endothelial cells signified their endowment with features that favored transendothelial transport. The distribution of lymph vessels and the finding of only efferent lymph channels are related to the roles of hemal nodes in blood storage by hemoconcentration and in immune defense mechanisms.
Immunodominant proteins of Sarcocystis cruzi bradyzoites isolated from cattle affected or nonaffected with eosinophilic myositis
Authors: Granstrom D. E. , Ridley R. K. , Baoan Y. , Gershwin L. J.
Published: January 2024

Sarcocystis cruzi sarcocysts were isolated from eosinophilic myositis (em)-affected and nonaffected bovine hearts. Isolates were ruptured and used to prepare a bradyzoite antigen extract from each heart. The nonaffected heart from one newborn calf contained no apparent sarcocysts when examined histologically and was used to prepare Sarcocystis-negative control antigen. Blood samples were taken from the heart approximately 20 minutes after slaughter. Serum was obtained and evaluated, using a radioimmunoassay to measure Sarcocystis-specific IgG and IgE titers. Sarcocystis cruzi extract from a heart without em lesions was used for antigen in the radioimmunoassay. Sarcocystis-specific IgG titer ranged between 1:1,280 and 1:2, 560 in em-affected cattle and was 1:640 in nonaffected cattle. Sarcocystis-specific IgE titer ranged between 1:640 and 1:1,280 in em-affected and nonaffected cattle.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein (western) immunoblot analysis were used to compare antigen extracts and serum samples from em-affected vs nonaffected cattle. Twenty protein bands, ranging from approximately 22 to 215 kD, were detected consistently on bradyzoite blots probed with anti-bovine IgG after incubation with serum samples. Seven of these bands, 37, 44, 53, 57, 94, 113, and 215 kD, were also detected consistently on bradyzoite blots probed with monoclonal anti-bovine IgE. One additional band, 61 kD, was detected consistently on bradyzoite blots probed for IgE, but was seldom recognized when probed for IgG. Sixteen protein bands were evident in silver-stained gels of S cruzi-negative, newborn calf antigen, but none were recognized by antisera on western blots. Consistent differences were not found among antigen extracts or among serum from em-affected vs nonaffected cattle on silver-stained gels or western blots.
New marine calicivirus serotype infective for swine
Authors: Berry E. S. , Skilling D. E. , Barlough J. E. , Vedros N. A. , Gage L. J. , Smith A. W.
Published: January 2024

A new serotype of calicivirus was isolated from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with severe vesicular disease. Neutralizing antibodies were found in 27 of 82 (32.9%) serum samples from California sea lions and in 15 of 146 (10.3%) serum samples from Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) tested. The seropositive animals were widely dispersed along the margins of the eastern Pacific basin, from the Bering Sea to the Santa Barbara Channel. Seropositive samples were found from as early as 1976 through the present time. This new calicivirus serotype, San Miguel sea lion virus type 13, was inoculated into weaned pigs, resulting in induction of severe vesicular disease, which spread to all pigs, including uninoculated pen contacts. Virus was continually shed by most of the pigs throughout the 2-week duration of the experiment.