bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of Lisinopril in Two Liquid Dosage Forms
Authors: Nahata Milap C , Morosco Richard S
Published: January 2004

BACKGROUND

Lisinopril is used in pediatric patients with hypertension. It is not commercially available as a liquid. Little is known about the stability of lisinopril in extemporaneously prepared liquid dosage forms.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the stability of lisinopril in 2 oral suspensions stored at 4 and 25 °C in plastic prescription bottles.

METHODS

Five bottles contained methylcellulose 1%:simple syrup NF (1:13) and the other 5 bottles had Ora Plus–Ora Sweet (1:1) at a lisinopril concentration of 1 mg/mL. Three samples were collected from each bottle at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 91 days and analyzed by stability-indicating HPLC analytical method (n = 15).

RESULTS

At 4 °C, the mean ± SD concentration of lisinopril remained >95.1 ± 1.8% of the initial concentration in the methylcellulose formulation and 95.1 ± 3.2% of the initial concentration in the Ora Plus–Ora Sweet formulation throughout the 91-day study period. At 25 °C, the mean concentration of lisinopril remained >92.4 ± 2.2% of the initial concentration in the methylcellulose formulation for 8 weeks and 95.8 ± 2.3% of the initial concentration in the Ora Plus–Ora Sweet formulation throughout the 91-day study period. No changes in physical appearance in any samples were seen during this period

CONCLUSION

Lisinopril can be prepared in either of 2 liquid dosage forms and stored for at least 13 weeks under refrigeration and 8 weeks at room temperature.
Profitability differences between MNE subsidiaries and domestic firms: The case of the food industry in Greece
Authors: Anastassopoulos George
Published: January 2004

This report analyzes determinants of profitability differences between subsidiaries of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) and Domestic Enterprises (DMEs) in the Greek food industry using company level data. Previous studies have tested the hypothesis that ownership‐specific advantages are a major determinant of performance differences. This study analyzes the processed food sector (SIC = 20), using a panel data set for 75 firms and 5 years. The model is evaluated using a random effects model. The results indicate that the determinants of profitability differ between MNEs subsidiaries and DMEs. MNEs' profitability depends on their market share, knowledge, and experience of the local market; training intensity; and product differentiation through the use of technological inputs from abroad and local advertising. DMEs' profitability depends on their market share and product differentiation, through local advertising and local R&D. Size has a negative effect on profitability for both groups of companies. Even after allowing for all of these determinants of profitability, ownership has an independent effect on profitability (namely higher for MNE subsidiaries than DMEs). [EconLit citations: F23, L66, L69]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 20: 45–60, 2004.
Variation in crown and root formation and eruption of human deciduous teeth
Authors: Liversidge H.M. , Molleson T.
Published: January 2004

The aim of this study was to document variation of deciduous tooth formation and eruption. The material comprises 121 individuals of known or estimated age (using tooth length) from Spitalfields in London, and radiographs of 61 healthy living children aged 2–5 years. Other skeletal material from two medieval Scottish archaeological sites (Whithorn, N = 74; Newark Bay, N = 59) was also examined. Stages of crown and root formation as well as eruption (alveolar, midway, and occlusal levels) were assessed for each developing maxillary and mandibular tooth from radiographs or direct vision. Age of attainment for individual stages was calculated by probit analysis, and these data were also adapted for use in estimating age. The timing of crown completion was similar to previously reported studies, but apex completion times were later. Analysis of data relative to the first and second molars at the two stages D (crown complete) and F (root length ≥ crown height) allowed comparison with the Scottish material. No significant differences were observed between population groups for tooth formation or eruption. These data fill several gaps in the literature, and will be useful in assessing maturity and predicting age during early childhood. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of tissue maturation and antioxidants on the apoptotic response of articular cartilage after injurious compression
Authors: Kurz Bodo , Lemke Angelika , Kehn Melanie , Domm Christian , Patwari Parth , Frank Eliot H. , Grodzinsky Alan J. , Schünke Michael
Published: January 2004

Objective

To study the influence of tissue maturation and antioxidants on apoptosis in bovine articular cartilage induced by injurious compression.

Methods

Bovine articular cartilage disks were obtained from the femoropatellar groove of animals ages 0.5–23 months and placed in culture. Cartilage disks were preincubated overnight with the cell‐permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic Mn(III) porphyrin (0–12.5 μM) or α‐tocopherol (0–50 μM) and then injured by a single unconfined compression to a final strain of 50% at a velocity of 1 mm/second. After 4 days of additional incubation, the disks were fixed and embedded for light and electron microscopy. Apoptotic cells were quantified morphologically by the appearance of nuclear blebbing on light microscopy. Biosynthetic activity was demonstrated by incorporation of radiolabeled proline. The antioxidative action of the SOD mimetic was confirmed by histologic examination of cartilage after incubation with nitroblue tetrazolium.

Results

Injurious compression induced significantly more apoptosis in cartilage disks from newborn calves (22% of cells) than in cartilage from more mature cows (2–6%). In cartilage from 22‐month‐old animals, the SOD mimetic reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by injury in a dose‐dependent manner (complete inhibition with 2.5 μM), while α‐tocopherol had no effect. Neither antioxidant altered protein biosynthesis or cellular ultrastructure.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the apoptotic response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury is affected by maturation and is mediated in part by reactive oxygen species. The antioxidative status of the tissue might be important for the prevention of mechanically induced cell death in articular cartilage.
Proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 and Src kinase signaling transduce monosodium urate crystal–induced nitric oxide production and matrix metalloproteinase 3 expression in chondrocytes
Authors: Liu Ru , Lioté Frédéric , Rose David M. , Merz Denise , Terkeltaub Robert
Published: January 2004

Objective

Articular deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals may promote cartilage and bone erosion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine how MSU crystals stimulate chondrocytes.

Methods

Nitric oxide (NO) release, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP‐3) were assessed in cultured chondrocytes treated with MSU. MSU‐induced functional signaling by specific protein kinases (p38, Src, and the focal adhesion kinase [FAK] family members proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 [Pyk‐2] and FAK) was also examined using selective pharmacologic inhibitors and transfection of kinase mutants.

Results

MSU induced MMP‐3 and iNOS expression and NO release in chondrocytes in a p38‐dependent manner that did not require interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), as demonstrated by using IL‐1 receptor antagonist. MSU induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk‐2 and FAK, their adaptor protein paxillin, and interacting kinase c‐Src. Pyk‐2 and c‐Src signaling both mediated p38 MAPK activation in response to MSU. Pyk‐2 and c‐Src signaling played a major role in transducing MSU‐induced NO production and MMP‐3 expression. But, despite the observed FAK phosphorylation, a selective pharmacologic FAK inhibitor and a FAK dominant‐negative mutant both failed to block MSU‐induced NO release or MMP‐3 expression in parallel experiments.

Conclusion

In chondrocytes, MSU crystals activate a signaling kinase cascade typically employed by adhesion receptors that involves upstream Src and FAK family activation and downstream p38 activation. In this cascade, Pyk‐2, Src, and p38 kinases transduce MSU‐induced NO production and MMP‐3 expression. Our results identify Pyk‐2 and c‐Src as novel sites for potential therapeutic intervention in cartilage degradation in chronic gout.
Origin of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART)‐immunoreactive innervation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Authors: Fekete Csaba , Wittmann Gábor , Liposits Zsolt , Lechan Ronald M.
Published: January 2004

Axons containing cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) densely innervate the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Recent data from our laboratory demonstrated that CART‐immunoreactive (IR) neurons of arcuate nucleus origin innervate the PVN, but comprise only a portion of the total CART‐IR input to this region of the brain. To identify sources other than the arcuate nucleus, retrograde transport studies were performed with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), focally delivered into the PVN of adult rats. Neurons double‐labeled for CTB and CART were visualized by immunofluorescence. The most prominent groups of double‐labeled cells were identified in the retrochiasmatic area, arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, perifornical area, zona incerta, C1–3 regions, and the medial subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). In addition, scattered retrogradely labeled CART‐IR neurons were found in the parabrachial nucleus. In the diencephalon, the majority of double‐labeled neurons were localized ipsilateral to the injection site; however, in the medulla the CART/CTB‐containing neurons were found bilaterally. By triple‐labeling immunofluorescence, CART/CTB neurons in the perifornical area, zona incerta complex, and more medial portions of the lateral hypothalamus were found to co‐contain melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), whereas CART/CTB neurons of the C1–3 regions of the brainstem but not medial subnucleus of the NTS were observed to express phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT). We conclude that the CART innervation of the PVN derives from multiple neuronal sources of the hypothalamus and medulla. These observations raise the possibility that CART serves multiple functions in the PVN and is utilized to transmit diverse physiological signals that contribute to the complex regulation of homeostatic functions of the PVN. J. Comp. Neurol. 469:340–350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies against astrocyte M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinoceptor from schizophrenic patients' sera
Authors: Borda Tania , Gomez Ricardo , Berría Maria I. , Sterin‐Borda Leonor
Published: January 2004

We demonstrated the presence of circulating antibodies from schizophrenic patients able to interact with cultured astrocytes activating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Sera and purified IgG from 15 paranoid schizophrenic and 15 age‐matched normal subjects were studied by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI), flow cytometry, dot blot, enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), and radioligand competition assays. Astrocyte membranes and/or a synthetic peptide, with identical amino acid sequence of human M1 and M2 mAChR, were used as antigens. By IFI and flow cytometry procedures, we proved that serum purified IgG fraction from schizophrenic patients, reacted to astrocyte cell surface. The same antibodies were able to inhibit the binding of the specific mAChR radioligand 3H‐QNB. Using synthetic peptide for dot blot and ELISA, we demonstrated that these antibodies reacted against the second extracellular loop of human cerebral M1 and M2 mAChR. Also, the corresponding affinity‐purified antipeptide antibody displayed an agonistic‐like activity associated to specific M1 and M2 mAChR activation, increasing inositol phosphates accumulation and decreasing cyclic AMP production, respectively. This article gives support to the participation of an autoimmune process in schizophrenia disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Storm‐coverage effect on dynamic flood‐frequency analysis: empirical data analysis
Authors: Moon Jangwon , Kim Joong‐Hoon , Yoo Chulsang
Published: January 2004

In this study, a dynamic flood‐frequency analysis model considering the storm coverage effect is proposed and applied to six sub‐basins in the Pyungchang River basin, Korea. The model proposed is composed of the rectangular pulse Poisson process model for rainfall, the Soil Conservation Service curve number method for infiltration and the geomorphoclimatic instantaneous unit hydrograph for runoff estimation. Also, the model developed by Marco and Valdes is adopted for quantifying the storm‐coverage characteristics. By comparing the results from the same model with and without the storm‐coverage effect consideration, we could quantify the storm‐coverage effect on the flood‐frequency analysis. As a result of that, we found the storm‐coverage effect was so significant that overestimation of the design flood was unavoidable without its consideration. This also becomes more serious for larger basins where the probability of complete storm coverage is quite low. However, for smaller basins, the limited number of rain gauges is found to hamper the proper quantification of the storm‐coverage characteristics. Provided with a relationship curve between the basin size and the storm coverage (as in this study), this problem could be overcome with an acceptable accuracy level. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appropriate vertical discretization of Richards' equation for two‐dimensional watershed‐scale modelling
Authors: Downer Charles W. , Ogden Fred L.
Published: January 2004

A number of watershed‐scale hydrological models include Richards' equation (RE) solutions, but the literature is sparse on information as to the appropriate application of RE at the watershed scale. In most published applications of RE in distributed watershed‐scale hydrological modelling, coarse vertical resolutions are used to decrease the computational burden. Compared to point‐ or field‐scale studies, application at the watershed scale is complicated by diverse runoff production mechanisms, groundwater effects on runoff production, runon phenomena and heterogeneous watershed characteristics. An essential element of the numerical solution of RE is that the solution converges as the spatial resolution increases. Spatial convergence studies can be used to identify the proper resolution that accurately describes the solution with maximum computational efficiency, when using physically realistic parameter values. In this study, spatial convergence studies are conducted using the two‐dimensional, distributed‐parameter, gridded surface subsurface hydrological analysis (GSSHA) model, which solves RE to simulate vadose zone fluxes. Tests to determine if the required discretization is strongly a function of dominant runoff production mechanism are conducted using data from two very different watersheds, the Hortonian Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed and the non‐Hortonian Muddy Brook watershed. Total infiltration, stream flow and evapotranspiration for the entire simulation period are used to compute comparison statistics. The influences of upper and lower boundary conditions on the solution accuracy are also explored. Results indicate that to simulate hydrological fluxes accurately at both watersheds small vertical cell sizes, of the order of 1 cm, are required near the soil surface, but not throughout the soil column. The appropriate choice of approximations for calculating the near soil‐surface unsaturated hydraulic conductivity can yield modest increases in the required cell size. Results for both watersheds are quite similar, even though the soils and runoff production mechanisms differ greatly between the two catchments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrometeorological behaviour of pine and larch forests in eastern Siberia
Authors: Hamada Shuko , Ohta Takeshi , Hiyama Tetsuya , Kuwada Takashi , Takahashi Atsuhiro , Maximov Trofim C.
Published: January 2004

Seasonal changes in the water and energy exchanges over a pine forest in eastern Siberia were investigated and compared with published data from a nearby larch forest. Continuous observations (April to August 2000) were made of the eddy‐correlation sensible heat flux and latent heat flux above the canopy. The energy balance was almost closed, although the sum of the turbulent fluxes sometimes exceeded the available energy flux (Rn − G) when the latent heat flux was large; this was related to the wind direction. We examined the seasonal variation in energy balance components at this site. The seasonal variation and magnitude of the sensible heat flux (H) was similar to that of the latent heat flux (λE), with maximum values occurring in mid‐June. Consequently, the Bowen ratio was around 1·0 on many days during the study period. On some clear days just after rainfall, λE was very large and the sum of H and λE exceeded Rn − G. The evapotranspiration rate above the dry canopy from May to August was 2·2 mm day−1. The contributions of understory evapotranspiration (Eu) and overstory transpiration (Eo) to the evapotranspiration of the entire ecosystem (Et) were both from 25 to 50% throughout the period analysed. These results suggest that Eu plays a very important role in the water cycle at this site. From snowmelt through the tree growth season (23 April to 19 August 2000), the total incoming water, comprised of the sum of precipitation and the water equivalent of the snow at the beginning of the melt season, was 228 mm. Total evapotranspiration from the forest, including interception loss and evaporation from the soil when the canopy was wet, was 208–254 mm. The difference between the incoming and outgoing amounts in the water balance was from +20 to −26 mm. The water and energy exchanges of the pine and larch forest differed in that λE and H increased slowly in the pine forest, whereas λE increased rapidly in the larch forest and H decreased sharply after the melting season. Consequently, the shape of the Bowen ratio curves at the two sites differed over the period analysed, as a result of the differences in the species in each forest and in soil thawing. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical characterization of the spatial variability of soil moisture in a cutover peatland
Authors: Petrone Richard M. , Price J. S. , Carey S. K. , Waddington J. M.
Published: January 2004

Soil moisture is a significant variable in its importance to the validation of hydrological models, but it is also the one defining variable that ties in all components of the surface energy balance and as such is of major importance to climate models and their surface schemes. Changing the scale of representation (e.g. from the observation to modelling scale) can further complicate the description of the spatial variability in any hydrological system. We examine this issue using soil moisture and vegetation cover data collected at two contrasting spatial scales and at three different times in the snow‐free season from a cutover peat bog in Cacouna, Québec. Soil moisture was measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) over 90 000 m2 and 1200 m2 grids, at intervals of 30 and 2 m respectively. Analyses of statistical structure, variance and spatial autocorrelation were conducted on the soil moisture data at different sampling resolutions and over different grid sizes to determine the optimal spatial scale and sampling density at which these data should be represented. Increasing the scale of interest without adequate resolution in the measurement can lead to significant inconsistency in the representation of these variables. Furthermore, a lack of understanding of the nature of the variability of soil moisture at different scales may produce spurious representation in a modelling context. The analysis suggests that in terms of the distribution of soil moisture, the extent of sampling within a grid is not as significant as the density, or spacing, of the measurements. Both the scale and resolution of the sampling scheme have an impact on the mean of the distribution. Only approximately 60% of the spatial pattern in soil moisture of both the large and small grid is persistent over time, suggesting that the pattern of moisture differs for wetting and drying cycles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theory of pressure sensor performance in snow
Authors: Johnson Jerome B.
Published: January 2004

A theory of pressure sensor response in snow is derived and used to examine the sources of measurement errors in snow water equivalent (SWE) pressure sensors. Measurement errors in SWE are caused by differences in the compressibility of the pressure sensor and the adjacent snow layer, which produces a shear stress along the perimeter of the sensor. When the temperature at the base of the snow cover equals 0 °C, differences in the snowmelt rate between the snow–SWE sensor interface and the adjacent snow–soil interface may also produce a shear stress along the sensor's perimeter. This shear stress perturbs the pressure field over the sensor, producing SWE measurement errors. Snow creep acts to reduce shear stresses along the SWE sensor's perimeter at a rate that is inversely proportional to the snow viscosity. For sustained periods of differential snowmelt, a difference in the mass of snow over the sensor compared with the surrounding soil will develop, producing additional permanent errors in SWE measurements. The theory indicates that SWE pressure sensor performance can be improved by designing a sensor with a high Young's modulus (low compressibility), low aspect ratio, large diameter and thermal properties that match those of the surrounding soil. Simulations of SWE pressure sensor errors using the theory are in close agreement with observed errors and may provide a means to correct historical SWE measurements for use in hydrological hindcast or climate studies. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A supplementary approach for estimating reaeration rate coefficients
Authors: Jha Ramakar , Ojha C. S. P. , Bhatia K. K. S.
Published: January 2004

Different commonly used predictive equations for the reaeration rate coefficient (K2) have been evaluated using 231 data sets obtained from the literature and 576 data sets measured at different reaches of the River Kali in western Uttar Pradesh, India. The data sets include stream/channel velocity, bed slope, flow depth, cross‐sectional area and reaeration rate coefficient (K2), obtained from the literature and generated during the field survey of River Kali, and were used to test the applicability of the predictive equations. The K2 values computed from the predictive equations have been compared with the corresponding K2 values measured in streams/channels. The performance of the predictive equations has been evaluated using different error estimation, namely standard error (SE), normal mean error (NME), mean multiplicative error (MME) and coefficient of determination (r2). The results show that the reaeration rate equation developed by Parkhurst and Pomeroy yielded the best agreement, with the values of SE, NME, MME and r2 as 33·387, 4·62, 3·58 and 0·95, respectively, for literature data sets (case 1) and 37·567, 3·57, 2·6 and 0·95, respectively, for all the data sets (literature data sets and River Kali data sets) (case 2). Further, to minimize error estimates and improve correlation between measured and computed reaeration rate coefficients, supplementary predictive equations have been developed based on Froude number criteria and a least‐squares algorithm. The supplementary predictive equations have been verified using different error estimates and by comparing measured and computed reaeration rate coefficients for data sets not used in the development of the equations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐step‐ahead recurrent neural network for stream‐flow forecasting
Authors: Chang Li‐Chiu , Chang Fi‐John , Chiang Yen‐Ming
Published: January 2004

In many engineering problems, such as flood warning systems, accurate multistep‐ahead prediction is critically important. The main purpose of this study was to derive an algorithm for two‐step‐ahead forecasting based on a real‐time recurrent learning (RTRL) neural network that has been demonstrated as best suited for real‐time application in various problems. To evaluate the properties of the developed two‐step‐ahead RTRL algorithm, we first compared its predictive ability with least‐square estimated autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (ARMAX) models on several synthetic time‐series. Our results demonstrate that the developed two‐step‐ahead RTRL network has efficient ability to learn and has comparable accuracy for time‐series prediction as the refitted ARMAX models. We then investigated the two‐step‐ahead RTRL network by using the rainfall–runoff data of the Da‐Chia River in Taiwan. The results show that the developed algorithm can be successfully applied with high accuracy for two‐step‐ahead real‐time stream‐flow forecasting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behaviour of chemical solutes during a storm in a rainforested headwater catchment
Authors: Grimaldi Catherine , Grimaldi Michel , Millet Antoine , Bariac Thierry , Boulègue Jacques
Published: January 2004

The aim of this study is to identify, in a small catchment area located within a tropical forest, the pedological compartments in which the export of nutrients and chemical erosion of solutes occur during a stormflow event. The catchment area displays two types of lateral flow: (i) overland flow at the surface of the soil in the litter and root mat and (ii) groundwater flow in a macroporous subsurface horizon. We interpret the variations of stream‐water chemistry during a storm‐flow event using the separation of storm‐flow hydrograph data between overland and groundwater flow, and (Cl−) as a chemical parameter characterizing the residence time of water in the soil. It appears that K+ especially was released into the throughfall, whereas Ca++, Mg++ and Na+ were clearly released from the litter. K+ disappeared rapidly from soil solution, whereas Ca++ and Mg++ were more progressively absorbed by the vegetation. The Ca++ and Mg++ contents in groundwater increased with increasing residence time owing to the transpiration of trees. The export of H4SiO4 in the overland flow was moderate, i.e. 24% of total H4SiO4 export in the stream flow, as overland flow represented 39% of total runoff. The subsurface horizon—where active groundwater flow occurs—was successively affected by chemical erosion during the storm‐flow peak, and then by neoformation of kaolinite favoured by increasing water residence time. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation in South‐east Asia and the Pacific region
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Takeuchi K. , Ishidaira H.
Published: January 2004

The relationship between El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events versus precipitation anomalies, and the response of seasonal precipitation to El Niño and La Niña events were investigated for 30 basins that represent a range of climatic types throughout South‐east Asia and the Pacific region. The teleconnection between ENSO and the hydroclimate is tested using both parametric and non‐parametric approaches, and the lag correlations between precipitation anomalies versus the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) several months earlier, as well as the coherence between SOI and precipitation anomalies are estimated. The analysis shows that dry conditions tend to be associated with El Niño in the southern zone, and part of the middle zone in the study area. The link between precipitation anomalies and ENSO is statistically significant in the southern zone and part of the middle zone of the study area, but significant correlation was not observed in the northern zone. Patterns of precipitation response may differ widely among basins, and even the response of a given river basin to individual ENSO events also may be changeable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of oxygen isotope provenance in relation to solute content of bulk meltwaters at Imersuaq Glacier, West Greenland
Authors: Yde Jacob C. , Tvis Knudsen N.
Published: January 2004

Stable oxygen isotope analysis and measurement of several dissolved cations and anions of bulk meltwater samples have provided information about the hydrochemical environment of the glacial hydrological system at Imersuaq Glacier, an outlet tongue from the Greenland ice‐sheet, West Greenland. The samples were collected at frequent intervals during the period 20–28 July 2000 in a small (<20 L s−1) englacial meltwater outlet at the glacier margin. The results document the following findings: (i) a marked diurnal variation of δ18O is related to the composition of oxygen isotope provenances, mainly near‐marginal local superimposed ice and basal up‐sheared ice further up‐glacier; (ii) a relationship is seen between all base cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), SO42−and δ18O, indicating that solute acquisition is provided by solid–solution contact with the up‐sheared ice—as the relationship with Cl−is weak the influence of seasalt‐derived solutes is small in the area; (iii) when the melt rate is high, two diurnal maxima of δ18O values and solute concentrations are measured, and it is suggested that a snow meltwater component is responsible for the second maximum of δ18O—a short residence time leads to a delayed decrease in ion concentrations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plot‐scale measurement of soil erosion at the experimental area of Sparacia (southern Italy)
Authors: Bagarello V. , Ferro V.
Published: January 2004

Obtaining good quality soil loss data from plots requires knowledge of the factors that affect natural and measurement data variability and of the erosion processes that occur on plots of different sizes. Data variability was investigated in southern Italy by collecting runoff and soil loss from four universal soil‐loss equation (USLE) plots of 176 m2, 20 ‘large’ microplots (0·16 m2) and 40 ‘small’ microplots (0·04 m2). For the four most erosive events (event erosivity index, Re ≥ 139 MJ mm ha−1 h−1), mean soil loss from the USLE plots was significantly correlated with Re. Variability of soil loss measurements from microplots was five to ten times greater than that of runoff measurements. Doubling the linear size of the microplots reduced mean runoff and soil loss measurements by a factor of 2·6–2·8 and increased data variability. Using sieved soil instead of natural soil increased runoff and soil loss by a factor of 1·3–1·5. Interrill erosion was a minor part (0·1–7·1%) of rill plus interrill erosion. The developed analysis showed that the USLE scheme was usable to predict mean soil loss at plot scale in Mediterranean areas. A microplot of 0·04 m2 could be used in practice to obtain field measurements of interrill soil erodibility in areas having steep slopes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A network‐index‐based version of TOPMODEL for use with high‐resolution digital topographic data
Authors: Lane S. N. , Brookes C. J. , Kirkby M. J. , Holden J.
Published: January 2004

This paper describes the preliminary development of a network‐index approach to modify and to extend the classic TOPMODEL. Application of the basic Beven and Kirkby form of TOPMODEL to high‐resolution (2·0 m) laser altimetric data (based upon the UK Environment Agency's light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system) to a 13·8 km2 catchment in an upland environment identified many saturated areas that remained unconnected from the drainage network even during an extreme flood event. This is shown to be a particular problem with using high‐resolution topographic data, especially over large appreciable areas. To deal with the hydrological consequences of disconnected areas, we present a simple network index modification in which saturated areas are only considered to contribute when the topographic index indicates continuous saturation through the length of a flow path to the point where the path becomes a stream. This is combined with an enhanced method for dealing with the problem of pits and hollows, which is shown to become more acute with higher resolution topographic data. The paper concludes by noting the implications of the research as presented for both methodological and substantive research that is currently under way. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference distributions for complement proteins C3 and C4: A comparison of a large cohort to the world's literature
Authors: Ritchie Robert F. , Palomaki Glenn E. , Neveux Louis M. , Navolotskaia Olga
Published: January 2004

The lack of credible reference materials and satisfactory methods for quantifying serum levels has limited the bedside use of complement protein (C3 and C4) measurements. However, great technological strides have been made in the last few years. The remaining barrier to a more relevant and cost‐effective use of serum protein data for diagnosis and prognosis is the availability of reliable reference intervals from birth to old age for both males and females. Fifty‐one publications reporting reference intervals were identified that meet the criteria used in our prior four studies, and these were analyzed statistically. Previous small studies with constrained age ranges agree, on average, with our larger series of life‐long reference ranges. This meta‐analysis provides support for our reference ranges and places them in the context of previous publications. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:9–13, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zone center wavenumbers of tetragonal AGa2X4 (A = Cd, Zn; X = S, Se)
Authors: Gupta H. C. , Singh M. K. , Tiwari L. M.
Published: January 2004

A short‐range force constant model (SRFCM) was applied to investigate the phonons in AGa2X4 (A = Cd, Zn; X = S, Se) defect chalcopyrite compounds in the tetragonal phase. The calculation with six stretching and one bending force constants in the SRFCM agrees well with the observed Raman and infrared wavenumbers. In CdGa2X4, the nearest Ga—X interatomic force constants of its bonds were found to be stronger than the nearest Cd—X interatomic force constants, whereas in ZnGa2X4, the nearest Zn—X interatomic force constants of its bonds were found to be weaker than the nearest Zn—X interatomic force constants. The variation of interatomic force constants is discussed. The dominant force constants have nearly the same ratio when Se replaces S. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of [Ru(phen)2qdppz]2+ and its interactions with calf thymus DNA
Authors: Abraham B. , Sastri C. V. , Maiya B. G. , Umapathy S.
Published: January 2004

Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy was employed to study the metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand transition (IL) state of the [Ru(phen)2qdppz]2+ complex, where phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline and qdppz = naphtho[2,3‐a]dipyrido[3,2‐h:2′,3′‐f]phenazine‐5,18‐dione. The vibrational bands were assigned based on the data available for [Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ (dppz = dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine), [Ru(dppz)3]2+ and [Ru(phen)3]2+. The tail end of the MLCT band is inferred to be the Ru → qdppz localized transition based on vibrational intensity analysis. On intercalation with DNA, the modes assigned to qdppz decrease in intensity owing to ππ stacking interactions with the DNA bases. RR data show that the above complex binds to DNA through intercalation via the qdppz moiety. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform Raman spectra (in aqueous solution) of serine and tetraaqua serine aluminium(III) cation complex: [Al(Ser)(H2O)4]2+. DFT: B3LYP/3–21G structural and vibrational calculations
Authors: Téllez S. Claudio A. , de Moraes Silva Andrea , Felcman Judith
Published: January 2004

The tetraaquaserine aluminium(III) cation complex was prepared from a mixture of solutions 5 mol l−1 of Al(NO3)3·9H2O and serine (Ser) at pH 0.5. Raman spectra of serine and of serine with Al(NO3)3·9H2O, both in aqueous solution, show that four water molecules participate in the coordination sphere of Al(III). Density functional theory calculations, DFT: B3LYP/3–21G, were performed for serine and for the [Al(Ser)(H2O)4]2+ cation complex. The vibrational results agree well with the experimental fourier transform (FT) Raman spectra in the higher and low‐energy regions. For serine, the observed FT‐Raman spectrum matches the DFT‐calculated spectrum. Approximate assignments of the vibrational modes were made for both compounds. DFT‐calculated geometric parameters are also given for serine and [Al(Ser)(H2O)4]2+. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of the arsenates and sulphates of the tsumcorite mineral group
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Kloprogge J. Theo , Martens Wayde N.
Published: January 2004

The structure of a selection of arsenate‐and sulphate‐based minerals of the tsumcorite group was studied by the combination of Raman and infrared spectroscopy. A comparison is made with the sulphate‐bearing mineral natrochalcite. Isomorphic substitution of sulphate for arsenate is observed for gartrellite and thometzekite. The positions of the hydroxyl and water stretching vibrations are related to the strength of the hydrogen bond formed between the OH unit and the AsO4 anion. Estimates of the hydrogen bond distances are calculated using a Libowitzky‐type function. Characteristic Raman spectra of the minerals allow the assignment of the bands to specific vibrational modes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of arsenic triiodide: a lattice dynamics study
Authors: Zeng W. Y. , Anderson A.
Published: January 2004

A simple force constant model is described and applied to the vibrations of the layered molecular crystal of arsenic triiodide. The model uses nine adjustable parameters (three intramolecular and six intermolecular) to calculate the wavenumbers of 14 optical normal modes, and good agreement with observed Raman and infrared data in both the lattice and internal mode regions was obtained. Estimates of the magnitudes of the various types of interatomic forces were derived. The most important is that between As and I atoms in adjacent layers and the next is that between As atoms in the same layer. The forces between I—As—I ‘sandwiches’ are primarily of the weaker van der Waals type, which accounts for the cleavage properties of this crystal. The principal intramolecular forces show appreciable decreases in magnitude, compared with those applicable to isolated molecules, interpreted as a charge‐transfer effect from intra‐ to intermolecular bonds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and vibrational spectra of a new trihydrate diphosphate, MnNH4NaP2O7·3H2O
Authors: Brouzi K. , Ennaciri A. , Harcharras M. , Capitelli F.
Published: January 2004

The new trihydrate diphosphate, MnNH4NaP2O7·3H2O, were synthesized and investigated by X‐ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy. Single crystal structure has been obtained using 1361 reflections with a final R value of 0.0564. This salt crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group Cc, with Z = 4 and the following unit‐cell parameters: a = 10.1125(12), b = 16.4370(3), c = 5.5987(7) Å, β = 104.314° (9), V = 901.7 Å3. The atomic arrangement is a three‐dimensional framework built from P2O74− diphosphate anions linked by MnO6, NaO6 and NH4O6 octahedra. The P2O74− anion shows bent eclipsed configuration with bridge angle P‐O‐P of 125.9(4)°. The infrared and Raman spectra of this salt have been recorded and interpreted using factor group analysis. Most of the bands are observed in both infrared and Raman spectra, which confirms a non‐centrosymmetric space group. The apparence of υas POP and υs POP in infrared and Raman spectra point to a bent POP bridge in MnNH4NaP2O7·3H2O. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox and conformational equilibria of cytochrome c552 from Thermus thermophilus adsorbed on a chemically modified silver electrode probed by surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bernad Sophie , Soulimane Tewfik , Lecomte Sophie
Published: January 2004

Surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) was employed to study the potential‐dependent processes of the electron transferring heme protein cytochrome c552 (Cyt‐c522) from Thermus thermophilus. Cyt‐c552 was adsorbed on Ag electrodes coated with functionalized self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols, regarded as a model of its redox partner ba3‐oxidase. By a quantitative analysis of the SERR spectra recorded at different potentials, the redox potential of Cyt‐c552 and the number of transferred electrons were determined. On pure hydrophobic alkanethiols, the Cyt‐c552 heme structure is greatly modified in a non‐electroactive way with the appearance of a 5cHS species. When Cyt‐c552 is adsorbed on mixed surfaces of hydroxyl‐ and methyl‐terminated alkanethiols, the electron transfer is effective (n = 1) and the structure of the heme is not modified, as is assumed when Cyt‐c552 interacts with its natural redox partner ba3‐oxidase. When the chain length of the mixed SAMs is increased, the defects on the surface are decreased and the electron transfer becomes less efficient. The presence of defects in the organization of the short chain of five carbons seems to be relevant for having a good surface model of the redox partner. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anharmonic line shift and linewidth of the Raman modes in TlInS2 layered crystals
Authors: Yuksek N. S. , Gasanly N. M. , Aydinli A.
Published: January 2004

The temperature dependence of the unpolarized Raman spectra from TlInS2 layered crystal was measured between 10 and 300 K. The analysis of the experimental data showed that the temperature dependences of wavenumbers and linewidths are well described by considering the contributions from thermal expansion and lattice anharmonicity. The purely anharmonic contribution (phonon–phonon coupling) was found to be due to three‐phonon processes. This work demonstrates that the two Raman modes at 280.9 and 292.3 cm−1 exhibit changes toward high wavenumbers as the temperature is raised from 10 to 300 K. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic investigation of yellow majolica glazes
Authors: Sakellariou K. , Miliani C. , Morresi A. , Ombelli M.
Published: January 2004

The yellow decorations of some ceramic art objects were examined through different spectroscopic techniques and optical and electronic microscopy. The yellow pigment was identified as lead antimonate, the well‐known Naples Yellow. Its use in the course of history seems to be strongly discontinuous, but the diagnostic techniques used to date may not have been adequate. Samples from original masterpieces have been compared with a yellow pigment synthesized in our laboratory, following a Renaissance ancient recipe for Naples Yellow. Concordant results were obtained with Fourier transform IR and UV–visible reflectance spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that the micro‐Raman technique is very effective for the unambiguous identification of the pigment and its firing temperature. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐site Raman analysis of Medici porcelain
Authors: Colomban Ph. , Milande V. , Lucas H.
Published: January 2004

On‐site Raman analyses were performed at the Musée National de Céramique, Sèvres, France, on the rare, first‐known European porcelain dishes, produced from 1575 to 1587 in Florence, under the patronage of Grand Duke Francesco I de Medici. The results are discussed in the light of previous chemical analyses. The different identified phases are α‐quartz, feldspar, calcium phosphate and β‐(and α‐) wollastonite, i.e. the fingerprints of both hard‐ and soft‐paste porcelains. The presence of feldspar is consistent with the high potassium and aluminium content, evident from previous composition analysis. The good dissolution of quartz grains and the signature of β‐wollastonite (CaSiO3) are consistent with a frit‐ware technology. Calcium phosphate in the enamel indicates that the Islamic technique of opacification with calcined bone was used. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The correct form of the Raman scattering tensor
Authors: Hassing S. , Svendsen E. Nørby
Published: January 2004

In the literature about Raman scattering, an unsatisfactory ambiguity exists in the basic Kramers–Heisenberg formula. The sign in front of the damping constant Γℓ appears to be arbitrary. In the present paper we show that the correct form is the one where Γℓ has the same sign as the excitation frequency ω. The argument is based on the causality principle, leading to the requirement that the real and imaginary parts of the scattering tensor constitute a pair of Hilbert transforms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of different silver substrate on the SERS signal of sulfide adsorbent
Authors: Li Fengting , Zhang Bingru , Li Xia , Qiao Junlian , Li Guangtao
Published: January 2004

The chemisorption of dodecyl disulfide and phenyl disulfide on chemically deposited silver film and HNO3‐etched silver foils was investigated by Fourier‐transform surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (FT‐SERS). These disulfides can cleave and are chemisorbed on silver surfaces. We found these two kinds of substrates showed different activation to the sulfides and there is some fine distinction of SERS signals of the same chemical on the substrates. The enhancing effect of the adsorbent signal and adsorption depend on the substrate state. Chemically deposited silver substrate shows better activation and SERS enhancing effect than the HNO3‐etched silver foils. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy of Si‐, C‐, Mg‐ and Be‐implanted GaN layers
Authors: Wang L. S. , Tripathy S. , Sun W. H. , Chua S. J.
Published: January 2004

We have carried out a systematic Raman study on Si‐, C‐, Mg‐ and Be‐implanted GaN layers. In the as‐implanted GaN layers, new Raman bands around 293–300, 360 and 666–671 cm−1 have appeared. From the phonon‐dispersion curves for hexagonal GaN, the 293–300 cm−1 and 666–671 cm−1 bands are assigned to the highest acoustic‐phonon branch and the optical‐phonon branch at the Brillouin zone boundaries, respectively. Several new modes at 168, 199, 320 and 346 cm−1 are also observed in the Raman spectra of Be‐implanted GaN after post‐implantation annealing and could be associated with Be‐related local vibrational modes in GaN. In the Si‐implanted GaN, we have also observed a new local vibrational mode at 612 cm−1 after thermal annealing. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lindisfarne Gospels and two other 8th century Anglo‐Saxon/Insular manuscripts: pigment identification by Raman microscopy
Authors: Brown Katherine L. , Clark Robin J. H.
Published: January 2004

The Lindisfarne Gospels (Cotton MS Nero D iv, ca. 715 AD) and two nearly contemporary manuscripts (Royal MS 1B vii and Add. MS 40618) held in the British Library have been analysed in detail by Raman microscopy in order to establish the palette of each. The blue pigment used on the Lindisfarne Gospels is shown not to be lazurite, as concluded in 1960 by visual examination of known pigments and those on the Gospels, but exclusively indigo. Of the Anglo‐Saxon and Insular manuscripts studied so far by Raman microscopy, the earliest found to include lazurite in its palette is Add. MS 40618, not on its still extant original miniature of ca. 756 AD, but on later additions of ca. 920 AD. The Insular triumvirate palette, which had been assumed to consist of orpiment, red lead and verdigris, was found also to include red ochre and vergaut (indigo admixed with orpiment) but not necessarily verdigris. The palettes of the manuscripts studied, as specified in existing literary sources, are not reliable, and careful in situ scientific analysis of the pigments present is essential to establish the identity of the latter and of any decomposition products present. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.