bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Prehistoric Maize in Northern Highland Ecuador
Authors: Stephen Athens J. , Ward Jerome V. , Pearsall Deborah M. , Chandler-Ezell Karol , Blinn Dean W. , Morrison Alex E.
Published: March 2016

The discovery of the fully developed Formative sites of Cotocallao (ca. 3750-2350 cal. B.P.) in the Quito Basin and La Chimba (ca. 2650-1700 cal. B.P.) in the northern highlands of Ecuador has raised questions about their cultural antecedents, which have not been resolved despite decades of archaeological work in the region. Paleoenvironmental coring investigations were conducted at Lake San Pablo in northern highland Ecuador to determine the date for the onset of prehistoric maize farming in the temperate highland valleys of this region. The investigations included analysis of lake sediments for pollen, phytoliths, diatoms, and tephra. Maize pollen was identified as early as 4900 cal. B.P., while maize phytoliths dated even earlier, to 6200 or 6600 cal. B.P. These results demonstrate a long history of maize farming in valleys around Lake San Pablo, but in the context of a punctuated record of major and minor volcanic eruptions. It is concluded that early horticultural sites predating Cotocallao and La Chimba must exist, but to find such sites, archaeologists will have to locate and study deeply buried A-horizon soils.
La Comercializaciόn Del Patrimonio Arqueolόgiconumismático Sumergido: Reflexiones En Torno Al Criterio De Monedas Repetidas y Otros Anacronismos
Authors: Ciarlo Nicolás C.
Published: March 2016

Los naufragios y parte desu carga continiian siendo objeto de actividades de salvamento y comercializaciόn, que traicionan los principios éticos de la conservatiόn e investigation del patrimonio cultural. Detrás del cumplimiento de ciertos estándares metodolόgicos, la participation de profesionales, el aval de algunos gobiernos y el aplauso del público, la principal motivatiόn de dichas actividades yace en la obtenciόn de un rádito econόmico, mediante la subasta de un acervo patrimonial no renovable. En este trabajo se expone una critica a los principios que rigen estas actividades, con especial atenciόn en los naufragios y las colecciones de monedas. Sobre la base de cuestiones eticas, epistemologicas y técnicas, se presentan los lineamientos fundamentales de un modelo centrado en la investigation, puesta en valor y preservatiόn a largo plazo de los artefactos.
Ritual Diversity and Divergence of Classic Maya Dynastic Traditions: A Lexical Perspective on Within-Group Cultural Variation
Authors: Munson Jessica , Scholnick Jonathan , Looper Matthew , Polyukhovych Yuriy , Macri Martha J.
Published: March 2016

To study the Classic Maya is to at once recognize the shared material representations and practices that give coherence to this cultural category as a unit of analysis, as well as to critically examine the diversity and idiosyncrasy of specific cultural traits within prehispanic Maya society. Maya hieroglyphic writing, in particular the tradition of inscribing texts and images on carved stone monuments, offers evidence for widespread and mutually intelligible cultural practices that were, at the same time, neither unchanging nor uniform in their semantic content. As conduits of linguistic and cultural information, Maya hieroglyphic monuments offer detailed records of Classic Maya dynastic history that include the names, dates, and specific rituals performed by élite individuals. In this article, we analyze the distribution and diversity of these inscriptions to examine ritual variation and the divergence of dynastic traditions in Classic Maya society. Diversity indices and methods adapted from population genetics and ecology are applied to quantify the degree of ritual differentiation and evaluate how these measures vary over time and are partitioned within and between elite populations. Results of this research refine our understanding about the variation of Clássic Maya ritual traditions and make substantive contributions to examining the population structure of cultural diversity within past complex societies.
El Indígeno and High-Altitude Human Occupation in the Southern Andes, Mendoza (Argentina)
Authors: Neme Gustavo
Published: March 2016

The site El Indígeno contains the greatest known concentration of hunter-gatherer residential features in the southern Andes. Located at 3,300 m asl in a meadow in the Cordillera of west-central Argentina, the site is notable for its 133 habitation structures, that—when considered along with the other characteristics of the site—represent an anomalous but perhaps not entirely unexpected adaptation to the highest altitude environment in the region. Based on radiocarbon dating and artifact typologies, the site was occupied between ca. 800 and 1500 B.P. It consequently represents the latest step in the indigenous colonization of what is arguably the most marginal environment in the region. This chronology suggests that the site was occupied when nearby lowland regions were under their most intensive use and during a time when new resources were incorporated into the high-altitude hunter-gatherer diet. In this article I report on research conducted at El Indigeno and compare the results of these studies to the regional record, ultimately concluding that regional population increase affiliated with the spread of increasingly complex socioeconomic systems most parsimoniously explains the intensive occupation of this large, high-altitude hunter-gatherer site.
Herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência para o controle de Ipomoea spp. na cultura de cana-de-açúcar em época seca
Authors: Toledo Roberto Estevão Bragion , Silva Junior Antonio Carlos da , Negrisoli Raphael Mereb , Negrisoli Eduardo , Corrêa Marcelo Rocha , Rocha Murillo Grespan da , Victória Filho Ricardo
Published: March 2016

O controle de plantas daninhas por meio da aplicação de herbicidas de longa atividade residual é importante estratégia para a supressão destas em diferentes épocas do ano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade residual de herbicidas, aplicados em pré-emergência da cana-de-açúcar, sobre o controle de corda-de-viola na época seca, e a seletividade dos herbicidas a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram (g i.a. ha-1): diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron (1.025,1 + 289 + 24,65); amicarbazone (1.050); amicarbazone e aplicação sequencial de isoxaflutole (700 e 60); sulfentrazone (800); imazapic (133); tebuthiuron e aplicação sequencial de isoxaflutole (750 e 60), e uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. Os herbicidas diuron + hexazinone + hexazinone e amicarbazone causaram níveis de controle de Ipomoea hederifolia de 96% e 92,5%, respectivamente. Já para a Ipomoea quamoclit, todos os herbicidas estudados proporcionaram excelentes níveis de controle. Para a Ipomoea nil, os herbicidas diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron, amicarbazone, amicarbazone e isoxaflutole e o sulfentrazone apresentaram níveis de controle de muito bons a excelente, enquanto que o herbicida tebuthiuron e isoxaflutole apenas bom nível de controle (88,8%) e o imazapic com nível insatisfatório de controle (45%). Portanto, pode-se concluir que os herbicidas diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron (1025 + 289 + 24,65 g i.a. ha-1), amicarbazone (1050 g i.a. ha-1), sulfentrazone (800 g i.a. ha-1), e as aplicações sequenciais de amicarbazone (700 g i.a. ha-1) e isoxaflutole (60 g i.a. ha-1), podem ser considerados como excelentes alternativas para o controle de diferentes espécies de corda-de-viola (I. hederifolia, I. quamoclit e I. nil), enquanto que o herbicida imazapic (133 g i.a. ha-1) e a aplicação sequencial de tebuthiuron (750 g i.a. ha-1) e isoxaflutole (60 g i.a. ha-1) podem ser considerados como alternativas para o controle apenas de Ipomoea quamoclit quando aplicados em pré-emergência da cultura da cana-de-açúcar na época seca.
Herbicides for weed control in eucalypt
Authors: Pereira Fernanda Campos Mastrotti , Alves Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar
Published: March 2016

Para garantir a máxima produtividade florestal, a adoção de um manejo eficiente é essencial. O controle de plantas daninhas é muito importante, já que a presença dessas pode ocasionar competição por fatores fundamentais ao desenvolvimento das plantas. A interferência das plantas daninhas pode ocasionar perdas de até 50 % na produtividade e mais de 90 % de redução na rentabilidade das áreas florestais. O controle químico é amplamente utilizado no manejo das plantas daninhas, e cerca de 30 % dos custos totais de produção e mais de 50 % da mão-de-obra utilizada na cultura do eucalipto são destinadas para esse propósito. O setor florestal tem uma grande expressividade econômica, mas poucos herbicidas são registrados. O controle químico ainda deve se encaixar aos padrões requeridos pelas certificadoras. A expansão do setor e a importância econômica do eucalipto no Brasil fazem necessário o desenvolvimento de novos herbicidas, novas tecnologias de aplicação, novas pesquisas, bem como a adoção de um plano de manejo integrado de plantas daninhas em eucalipto.
Taxas de aplicação e herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas em pastagem
Authors: Krenchinski Fábio Henrique , Albrecht Alfredo Junior Paiola , Albrecht Leandro Paiola , Cesco Victor José Salomão , Rodrigues Danilo Morilha , Victória Filho Ricardo
Published: March 2016

Pastagens formadas com Cynodonn lemfuensis Vanderyst são excelentes alternativas para alimentação dos rebanhos. A competição de plantas daninhas pode ocasionar prejuízos à pastagem, sendo que Vernonia polyanthes e Desmodium incanum estão entre as principais espécies competidoras. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de diferentes herbicidas no controle de Vernonia polyanthes e Desmodium incanum, aplicados em alto e baixo volume de calda. O experimento foi instalado em uma área formada há mais de 10 anos por grama-estrela-africana (Cynodonn lemfuensis). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 2x7, sendo dois volumes de calda 50 e 200 L ha-1 e sete herbicidas. Foram avaliadas as variáveis fitotoxicidade na grama Cynodonn lemfuensisaos 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e controle das plantas daninha Vernonia polyanthes e Desmodium incanum aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 DAA. Não foram encontrados níveis altos de fitotoxicidade na pastagem. Os tratamentos que proporcionaram os melhores controles de Vernonia polyanthes e Desmodium incanum foram fluroxypyr meptílico + triclopyr, 2,4 D + aminopiralide e 2,4 D + picloram. Os volumes de calda não proporcionaram diferenças significativas na avaliação de controle aos 28 DAA para herbicidas, porém foram superiores para alguns tratamentos aos 7, 14 e 21 DAA. Com isso o menor volume de calda (50 L ha-1) torna-se uma alternativa viável no controle dessas espécies na pastagem.
Características morfoanatômicas de folhas de cana-de-açúcar sob efeito residual de maturadores
Authors: Viana Ronaldo Da Silva , Figueiredo Paulo Alexandre Monteiro , Lisboa Lucas Aparecido Manzani , Pascoaloto Isabô Melina
Published: March 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos residuais de maturadores nas características morfoanatômicas de folhas da cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas pelas variedades de cana-de-açúcar (SP80-3280 e SP80-1842) e as subparcelas dos diferentes maturadores: Curavial 20 g p.c. ha-1 (sulfometuron-methyl); Curavial 20g p.c. ha-1 + Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (sulfometuron-methyl + glyphosate); Ethrel 0,67 L ha-1 (etephon); Ethrel 0,67 L ha-1 + Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (etephon + glyphosate); Moddus 0,80 L ha-1 (ethyl-trinexapac); MTD 1,0 L ha-1 (Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos); MTD 1,0 L ha-1 + Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + glyphosate); Roundup 0,15 L ha-1 (glyphosate); e Testemunha. Foram mensurados os seguintes parâmetros quantitativos dos tecidos: espessura da epiderme da face adaxial; espessura da epiderme da face abaxial; espessura do mesofilo; espessura do limbo; diâmetro do xilema; e diâmetro do floema. De maneira geral, as características morfoanatômicas foliares de cana-de-açúcar apresentaram maiores valores médios para o efeito residual do maturador Ethrel (etephon). A variedade SP80-1842 exibiu os maiores valores para a maioria das características estudadas.
Características fisiológicas do feijoeiro cultivado em solos após fitorremediação do picloram
Authors: Franco Miguel Henrique Rosa , Lemos Vinícius Teixeira , Aguiar Luciana Monteiro , França André Cabral , Ferreira Evander Alves , Silva Daniel Valadão
Published: March 2016

A fitorremediação tem sido relatada como técnica promissora para a descontaminação de solos com resíduos de herbicidas. Para herbicidas hormonais, há dificuldade na determinação de resíduos pela técnica do bioensaio em função da variação na resposta em crescimento apresentada pela indicadora. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito de subdoses do picloram, em solos fitorremediados com braquiária, nas características fisiológicas do feijoeiro. O ensaio foi realizado em ambiente protegido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Aplicou-se diferentes doses do picloram (0; 2; 4; 8; 16 e 32 g ha-1), sendo posteriormente cultivado com braquiária por 120 dias. Nesta data retirou-se a braquiária dos vasos e semeou o feijão como planta bioindicadora, sendo depois de 30 dias avaliada as características fisiológicas e a matéria seca do feijoeiro. Mesmo após a remediação por plantas de braquiária, as subdoses do picloram afetaram as características fisiológicas do feijoeiro, principalmente a taxa fotossintética e a eficiência no uso da água, sendo essas variáveis as mais indicadas para se avaliar o resíduo do herbicida no solo. A redução dessas variáveis promoveu menor acúmulo de biomassa total das plantas de feijão nos solos fitorremediados. A segunda maior dose do herbicida provocou também redução da relação Fv/Fm abaixo de 0,75, indicando algum tipo de estresse do aparato fotossintético das folhas do feijoeiro.
Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência no milheto
Authors: Dias Roque De Carvalho , Gonçalves Clebson Gomes , Reis Marcelo Rodrigues , Mendes Kassio Ferreira , Carneiro Gabriella Daier Oliveira Pessoa , Melo Christiane Augusta Diniz , Pereira Alvaro Augusto
Published: March 2016

O conhecimento da tolerância diferencial do milheto a diferentes herbicidas é fundamental para o sucesso do manejo químico de plantas daninhas na cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de diferentes herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre a cultura do milheto. Foram montados dois experimentos em ambiente protegido no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. No primeiro foram utilizados os seguintes herbicidas (g ha-1 i.a.): atrazine (500 e 1000), bentazon (720), carfentrazone-ethyl (3,75), clomazone (400), diclosulam (20), diuron (800), ethoxysulfuron (18), flumioxazin (10), mesotrione (60), oxadiazon (500), tembotrione (40), atrazine + flumioxazin + carfentrazone-ethyl (300 + 5 + 2), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. No segundo aplicou-se: bentazon (400), clomazone (400), diclosulam (10 e 15), diuron (400), ethoxysulfuron (15), bentazon + diclosulam (200 + 7,5), diclosulam + diuron (7,5 + 200), bentazon + diuron (200 + 200), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. No primeiro experimento os herbicidas clomazone, oxadiazon, atrazine + flumioxazin + carfentrazone-ethyl, flumioxazin, tembotrione e carfentrazone-ethyl causaram fitotoxicidade, diferente de atrazine que não provocou sintomas visuais de intoxicação no milheto, mas também reduziu a matéria seca das plantas. O herbicida mesotrione não afetou o crescimento do milheto. No segundo experimento as maiores injúrias foram provocadas pelo diclosulam e clomazone. Todavia, todos os herbicidas reduziram o acúmulo de matéria seca da cultura. Conclui-se que a seletividade dos herbicidas ao milheto depende do produto aplicado, sendo que o mesotrione tem potencial para aplicação em pós-emergência da cultura.
Fitotoxicidade de clomazone associado com dietholate à cultura do trigo
Authors: Schmitz Maicon Fernando , Galon Leandro , Piovesan Bruna , Souza Matheus Freitas de , Forte Cesar Tiago , Perin Gismael Francisco
Published: March 2016

Na atualidade torna-se importante testar novas alternativas de moléculas herbicidas, mesmo que não sejam registradas para o controle de plantas daninhas infestantes do trigo, para avaliar a fitotoxicidade à cultura e a possibilidade de manejar plantas daninhas resistentes aos produtos utilizados para esse fim. Diante disso, um experimento foi realizado para avaliar a fitotoxicidade do herbicida clomazone associado ou não ao safener dietholate aplicados à cultura do trigo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em esquema fatorial (5 x 4) + 2 + 2, com quatro repetições. No fator A alocou-se as doses de dietholate (0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 g para 100 kg de semente) e o no B as doses de clomazone (0, 198, 396 e 594 g ha-1). Os tratamentos adicionais foram constituídos pelas testemunhas infestadas e sem herbicida, e a aplicação em pós-emergência de iodosulfuron-methyl (5 g ha-1) e pyroxsulam (18 g ha-1). O incremento das doses de clomazone ocasionou o aumento da fitotoxicidade ao trigo, associado ou não ao protetor. O dietholate não apresentou capacidade de proteger o trigo dos efeitos fitotóxicos do herbicida clomazone. Não é recomendado o uso do clomazone associado ao diethole para o controle de plantas daninhas infestantes do trigo. O pyroxsulam foi o herbicida que causou menores injúrias ao trigo.
Structural basis for inhibition of the deadenylase activity of human CNOT6L
Authors: Zhang Qionglin , Yan Dongke , Guo Erhong , Ding Bojian , Yang Wen , Liu Ruihua , Yamamoto Tadashi , Bartlam Mark
Published: March 2016

Human CNOT6L/CCR4, a member of the endonuclease‐exonuclease‐phosphatase (EEP) family enzymes, is one of the two deadenylase enzymes in the conserved CCR4‐NOT complex. Here, we report inhibitor‐bound crystal structures of the human CNOT6L nuclease domain in complex with the nucleotide CMP and the aminoglycoside neomycin. Deadenylase activity assays show that nucleotides are effective inhibitors of both CNOT6L and CNOT7, with AMP more effective than other nucleotides, and that neomycin is a weak deadenylase inhibitor. Structural analysis shows that all inhibitors occupy the substrate and magnesium‐binding sites of CNOT6L, suggesting that inhibitors compete with both substrate and divalent magnesium ions for overlapping binding sites.
Differential regulation of T‐cell dependent and T‐cell independent antibody responses through arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 in vivo
Authors: Hata Kikumi , Yanase Noriko , Sudo Katsuko , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Mukumoto Yoshiko , Mizuguchi Junichiro , Yokosuka Tadashi
Published: March 2016

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), a major PRMT in mammalian cells, has been shown to play a crucial role in multiple biological functions in vitro. To explore the role of PRMT1 in B cells in vivo, we generated B cell‐specific PRMT1‐deficient (Prmt1−/−) mice using a Cre‐loxP system. Prmt1−/− mice showed a defect in B‐cell development with diminished levels of serum antibodies. Antibody responses in Prmt1−/− mice were absent after stimulation with the type 2 T cell‐independent antigen NP‐Ficoll but intact after stimulation with the T cell‐dependent antigen NP‐OVA. Our findings comprise the first evidence showing that PRMT1 is necessary for lymphocyte functions in vivo.
Potential and timescales for oxygen depletion in coastal upwelling systems: A box‐model analysis
Authors: Harrison C. S. , Hales B. , Siedlecki S. , Samelson R. M.
Published: March 2016

A simple box model is used to examine oxygen depletion in an idealized ocean‐margin upwelling system. Near‐bottom oxygen depletion is controlled by a competition between flushing with oxygenated offshore source waters and respiration of particulate organic matter produced near the surface and retained near the bottom. Upwelling‐supplied nutrients are consumed in the surface box, and some surface particles sink to the bottom where they respire, consuming oxygen. Steady states characterize the potential for hypoxic near‐bottom oxygen depletion; this potential is greatest for faster sinking rates, and largely independent of production timescales except in that faster production allows faster sinking. Timescales for oxygen depletion depend on upwelling and productivity differently, however, as oxygen depletion can only be reached in meaningfully short times when productivity is rapid. Hypoxia thus requires fast production, to capture upwelled nutrients, and fast sinking, to deliver the respiration potential to model bottom waters. Combining timescales allows generalizations about tendencies toward hypoxia. If timescales of sinking are comparable to or smaller than the sum of those for respiration and flushing, the steady state will generally be hypoxic, and results indicate optimal timescales and conditions exist to generate hypoxia. For example, the timescale for approach to hypoxia lengthens with stronger upwelling, since surface particle and nutrient are shunted off‐shelf, in turn reducing subsurface respiration and oxygen depletion. This suggests that if upwelling winds intensify with climate change the increased forcing could offer mitigation of coastal hypoxia, even as the oxygen levels in upwelled source waters decline.
Trends of mean and extreme temperature indices since 1874 at low‐elevation sites in the southern Alps
Authors: Brugnara Yuri , Auchmann Renate , Brönnimann Stefan , Bozzo Alessio , Berro Daniele Cat , Mercalli Luca
Published: March 2016

We describe the recovery of three daily meteorological records for the southern Alps (Domodossola, Riva del Garda, and Rovereto), all starting in the second half of the nineteenth century. We use these new data, along with additional records, to study regional changes in the mean temperature and extreme indices of heat waves and cold spells frequency and duration over the period 1874–2015. The records are homogenized using subdaily cloud cover observations as a constraint for the statistical model, an approach that has never been applied before in the literature. A case study based on a record of parallel observations between a traditional meteorological window and a modern screen shows that the use of cloud cover can reduce the root‐mean‐square error of the homogenization by up to 30% in comparison to an unaided statistical correction. We find that mean temperature in the southern Alps has increased by 1.4°C per century over the analyzed period, with larger increases in daily minimum temperatures than maximum temperatures. The number of hot days in summer has more than tripled, and a similar increase is observed in duration of heat waves. Cold days in winter have dropped at a similar rate. These trends are mainly caused by climate change over the last few decades.
Numerical investigation on the Ångström exponent of black carbon aerosol
Authors: Li Ji , Liu Chao , Yin Yan , Kumar K. Raghavendra
Published: March 2016

Black carbon (BC) plays an important role on the global and regional climate, whereas there are significant uncertainties on its optical properties. Among various optical properties, the Ångström exponent (AE) indicates the spectral variation of the particle‐optic interaction and is widely used to understand the aerosol properties. We consider the influence of BC geometry on its optical properties and assess the sensitivity of the AE to particle geometry and size distribution. The fractal aggregates with different fractal dimensions are used to represent realistic BC particles, and popular equivalent volume spherical and spheroidal models are also considered for comparison. Even if the fractal aggregates become highly compact and spherical, their optical properties are still significantly different from those of equivalent volume spheres or spheroids. Meanwhile, the Rayleigh‐Debye‐Gans approximation can hardly provide accurate results for all optical quantities of aggregates with different dimensions. The extinction Ångström exponent (EAE) and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) are sensitive to both particle geometry and size distribution. With BC becoming more compact (from fractal aggregate to spheroid and to sphere), the AE becomes more sensitive to particle size distribution. The EAE and AAE of aggregates with different size distributions vary between 1.10–1.63 and 0.87–1.50, respectively, whereas those of the spheres or spheroids have wider ranges. Furthermore, the AE at smaller wavelengths (between 0.35 µm and 0.55 µm) is more sensitive to geometry and size distribution than that given by optical properties at larger wavelengths (between 0.55 µm and 0.88 µm).
Recirculation and growth of raindrops in simulated shallow cumulus
Authors: Naumann A. K. , Seifert A.
Published: March 2016

This study investigates growth processes of raindrops and the role of recirculation of raindrops for the formation of precipitation in shallow cumulus. Two related cases of fields of lightly precipitating shallow cumulus are simulated using Large‐Eddy Simulation combined with a Lagrangian drop model for raindrop growth and a cloud tracking algorithm. Statistics from the Lagrangian drop model yield that most raindrops leave the cloud laterally and then evaporate in the subsaturated cloud environmental air. Only 1%–3% of the raindrops contribute to surface precipitation. Among this subsample of raindrops that contribute to surface precipitation, two growth regimes are identified: those raindrops that are dominated by accretional growth from cloud water, and those raindrops that are dominated by selfcollection among raindrops. The mean cloud properties alone are not decisive for the growth of an individual raindrop but the in‐cloud variability is crucial. Recirculation of raindrops is found to be common in shallow cumulus, especially for those raindrops that contribute to surface precipitation. The fraction of surface precipitation that is attributed to recirculating raindrops differs from cloud to cloud but can be larger than 50%. This implies that simple conceptual models of raindrop growth that neglect the effect of recirculation disregard a substantial portion of raindrop growth in shallow cumulus.
Rheumatology Workforce Planning in Western Countries: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Dejaco Christian , Lackner Angelika , Buttgereit Frank , Matteson Eric L. , Narath Markus , Sprenger Martin
Published: March 2016

Objective

To compare health care planning models forecasting rheumatology workforce requirements in western countries.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted through medical databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library) and the grey literature. All articles reporting a rheumatology workforce model were included.

Results

The search yielded 6,508 articles, and 14 publications (on 12 studies) were included. Workforce models were available for the US (n = 3), Canada (n = 3), the US plus Canada (n = 1), Germany (n = 2), Spain (n = 1), and the UK (n = 2). The number of rheumatologists required to serve a population of 100,000 people was calculated, with a range of 0.7 (UK, calculated for 1988) to 3.5 (Spain, calculated for 2021). Most models used a needs‐based approach (n = 6); 3 studies each applied a supply‐ or demand‐based method. The following variables were considered by ≥1 model: disease prevalence, patients' referral to rheumatologists, clinical visits/patient/year, population development, factors influencing performance of rheumatologists, patient flow/care sharing, and medical technologies/infrastructure development.

Conclusion

Heterogeneity in methods used, the period or calendar years for which the estimates were projected, and heterogeneity of variables evaluated led to disparate estimates, with results ranging from 0.7 to 3.5 rheumatologists per 100,000 population. An international initiative is needed to agree upon a common approach for a reliable estimation of manpower requirements in rheumatology.
Survey Definitions of Gout for Epidemiologic Studies: Comparison With Crystal Identification as the Gold Standard
Authors: Dalbeth Nicola , Schumacher H. Ralph , Fransen Jaap , Neogi Tuhina , Jansen Tim L. , Brown Melanie , Louthrenoo Worawit , Vazquez‐Mellado Janitzia , Eliseev Maxim , McCarthy Geraldine , Stamp Lisa K. , Perez‐Ruiz Fernando , Sivera Francisca , Ea Hang‐Korng , Gerritsen Martijn , Scire Carlo A. , Cavagna Lorenzo , Lin Chingtsai , Chou Yin‐Yi , Tausche Anne‐Kathrin , da Rocha Castelar‐Pinheiro Geraldo , Janssen Matthijs , Chen Jiunn‐Horng , Cimmino Marco A. , Uhlig Till , Taylor William J.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To identify the best‐performing survey definition of gout from items commonly available in epidemiologic studies.

Methods

Survey definitions of gout were identified from 34 epidemiologic studies contributing to the Global Urate Genetics Consortium (GUGC) genome‐wide association study. Data from the Study for Updated Gout Classification Criteria (SUGAR) were randomly divided into development and test data sets. A data‐driven case definition was formed using logistic regression in the development data set. This definition, along with definitions used in GUGC studies and the 2015 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) gout classification criteria were applied to the test data set, using monosodium urate crystal identification as the gold standard.

Results

For all tested GUGC definitions, the simple definition of “self‐report of gout or urate‐lowering therapy use” had the best test performance characteristics (sensitivity 82%, specificity 72%). The simple definition had similar performance to a SUGAR data‐driven case definition with 5 weighted items: self‐report, self‐report of doctor diagnosis, colchicine use, urate‐lowering therapy use, and hyperuricemia (sensitivity 87%, specificity 70%). Both of these definitions performed better than the 1977 American Rheumatism Association survey criteria (sensitivity 82%, specificity 67%). Of all tested definitions, the 2015 ACR/EULAR criteria had the best performance (sensitivity 92%, specificity 89%).

Conclusion

A simple definition of “self‐report of gout or urate‐lowering therapy use” has the best test performance characteristics of existing definitions that use routinely available data. A more complex combination of features is more sensitive, but still lacks good specificity. If a more accurate case definition is required for a particular study, the 2015 ACR/EULAR gout classification criteria should be considered.
Number of Persons With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in the US: Impact of Race and Ethnicity, Age, Sex, and Obesity
Authors: Deshpande Bhushan R. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Solomon Daniel H. , Yelin Edward H. , Hunter David J. , Messier Stephen P. , Suter Lisa G. , Losina Elena
Published: March 2016

Objective

The prevalence of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been increasing over the past several decades in the US, concurrent with an aging population and the growing obesity epidemic. We quantify the impact of these factors on the number of persons with symptomatic knee OA in the early decades of the 21st century.

Methods

We calculated the prevalence of clinically diagnosed symptomatic knee OA from the National Health Interview Survey 2007–2008 and derived the proportion with advanced disease (defined as Kellgren/Lawrence grade 3 or 4) using the Osteoarthritis Policy Model, a validated simulation model of knee OA. Incorporating contemporary obesity rates and population estimates, we calculated the number of persons living with symptomatic knee OA.

Results

We estimate that approximately 14 million persons had symptomatic knee OA, with advanced OA comprising more than half of those cases. This includes more than 3 million persons of racial/ethnic minorities (African American, Hispanic, and other). Adults younger than 45 years of age represented nearly 2 million cases of symptomatic knee OA and individuals between 45 and 65 years of age comprised 6 million more cases.

Conclusion

More than half of all persons with symptomatic knee OA are younger than 65 years of age. As many of these younger persons will live for 3 decades or more, there is substantially more time for greater disability to occur, and policymakers should anticipate health care utilization for knee OA to increase in the upcoming decades. These data emphasize the need for the deployment of innovative prevention and treatment strategies for knee OA, especially among younger persons.
Property prediction of crystalline solids from composition and crystal structure
Authors: Calfa Bruno A. , Kitchin John R.
Published: March 2016

Kernel regression as a data‐driven and rigorous nonparametric statistical technique to predict properties of atomic crystals is proposed. A key feature of the proposed approach is the possibility of treating predictors not only as continuous, but also as categorical data. The latter specifically allows the predictive model to capture the discrete nature of crystals with regards to composition (number of atoms in the chemical formula) and spatial configuration (finite number of crystallographic space groups). Another important aspect of using kernel regression is the direct access to its explicit mathematical form, which can be directly embedded in optimal inverse problems to design new crystalline materials with given target properties. The property prediction approach is illustrated by training models to predict electronic properties of 746 binary metal oxides and elastic properties of 1173 crystals. As a first approach to solving the inverse problem, an exhaustive enumeration algorithm is described. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2605–2613, 2016
Pathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ensemble approach
Authors: Mooney Michael A. , McWeeney Shannon K. , Faraone Stephen V. , Hinney Anke , Hebebrand Johannes ,   IMAGE2 Consortium,   German ADHD GWAS Group, Nigg Joel T. , Wilmot Beth
Published: March 2016

Despite a wealth of evidence for the role of genetics in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific and definitive genetic mechanisms have not been identified. Pathway analyses, a subset of gene‐set analyses, extend the knowledge gained from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) by providing functional context for genetic associations. However, there are numerous methods for association testing of gene sets and no real consensus regarding the best approach. The present study applied six pathway analysis methods to identify pathways associated with ADHD in two GWAS datasets from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Methods that utilize genotypes to model pathway‐level effects identified more replicable pathway associations than methods using summary statistics. In addition, pathways implicated by more than one method were significantly more likely to replicate. A number of brain‐relevant pathways, such as RhoA signaling, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, fibroblast growth factor receptor activity, and pathways containing potassium channel genes, were nominally significant by multiple methods in both datasets. These results support previous hypotheses about the role of regulation of neurotransmitter release, neurite outgrowth and axon guidance in contributing to the ADHD phenotype and suggest the value of cross‐method convergence in evaluating pathway analysis results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genealogical databases as a tool for extending follow‐up in clinical reviews
Authors: Ho Thuy‐Van , Chowdhury Naweed , Kandl Christopher , Hoover Cindy , Robinson Ann , Hoover Larry
Published: March 2016

Background

Long‐term follow‐up in clinical reviews often presents significant difficulty with conventional medical records alone. Publicly accessible genealogical databases such as Ancestry.com provide another avenue for obtaining extended follow‐up and added outcome information. No previous studies have described the use of genealogical databases in the follow‐up of individual patients.

Methods

Ancestry.com, the largest genealogical database in the United States, houses extensive demographic data on an increasing number of Americans. In a recent retrospective review of esthesioneuroblastoma patients treated at our institution, we used this resource to ascertain the outcomes of patients otherwise lost to follow‐up. Additional information such as quality of life and supplemental treatments the patient may have received at home was obtained through direct contact with living relatives.

Results

The use of Ancestry.com resulted in a 25% increase (20 months) in follow‐up duration as well as incorporation of an additional 7 patients in our study (18%) who would otherwise not have had adequate hospital chart data for inclusion. Many patients within this subset had more advanced disease or were remotely located from our institution. As such, exclusion of these outliers can impact the quality of subsequent outcome analysis.

Conclusion

Online genealogical databases provide a unique resource of public information that is acceptable to institutional review boards for patient follow‐up in clinical reviews. Utilization of Ancestry.com data led to significant improvement in follow‐up duration and increased the number of patients with sufficient data that could be included in our retrospective study.
HLA‐DRB1*08:03:02 and HLA‐DQB1*06:01:01 are associated with house dust mite–sensitive allergic rhinitis in Chinese subjects
Authors: Zhao Yanming , Zhao Yali , Li Jingyun , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Luo
Published: March 2016

Background

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a multifactorial immunologic disease that is influenced by both genetic and environment factors. House dust mites (HDMs) are important inhalant aeroallergens and are an epidemiologic risk factor for AR. Similarly, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes DQB1 and DRB1 have been shown to be associated with AR and play an important role in the regulation of the immune response. The objective of this work was to elucidate the HLA‐II gene alleles associated with AR in HDM‐sensitive Han Chinese subjects.

Methods

A total of 142 patients with AR and 184 healthy subjects were recruited to this case‐control study. Diagnosis of AR was based on medical history, laryngological examination, skin‐prick tests, and HMD‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) assays. Genotyping of HLA‐DRB1 and HAL‐DQB1 was performed by the polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based genotyping method.

Results

A total of 35 alleles of the HLA‐DRB1 locus and 19 alleles of the HLA‐DQB1 locus were genotyped in the entire study cohort; the frequencies of alleles DQB1*06:01:01 (corrected p value [pc] = 0.009; odds ratio [OR] = 2.684; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.482 to 4.994) and DRB1*08:03:02 (pc = 0.009; OR = 3.754; 95% CI = 1.724 to 8.851) were significantly increased in HDM‐sensitive AR patients compared to healthy controls and are considered to be a risk factor for AR in Chinese Han subjects. The frequency of haplotype DRB1*08:03–DQB1*06:01 in the HDM‐sensitive AR group was also significantly higher than in the control group (9.5% vs 2.4%; pc = 0.005; OR = 4.182; 95% CI = 1.870 to 10.285). Serological antigen types assessment further demonstrated the frequency of HLA‐DRB1*08 (pc = 0.022; OR = 2.982; 95% CI = 1.46 to 6.400) to be significantly increased in HDM‐sensitive AR patients, and the frequencies of DRB1*14 (pc = 0.030; OR = 0.340; 95% CI = 0.154 to 0.694) and DQB1*05 (pc = 0.030; OR = 0.459; 95% CI = 0.269 to 0.764) to be significantly decreased, compared to healthy controls, suggesting that HLA‐DRB1*08 might be a risk factor, and DRB1*14 and DQB1*05 protective factors for HDM‐sensitive AR.

Conclusion

HLA‐DRB1*08:03:02 and HLA‐DQB1*06:01:01 are associated with HMD‐sensitive AR and may confer a risk for development of AR in Han Chinese subjects sensitized to HDM.
Product‐Derived Bimetallic Palladium Complex Catalyzes Direct Carbonylation of Sulfonylazides
Authors: Zhao Jin , Li Zongyang , Song Shaole , Wang Ming‐An , Fu Bin , Zhang Zhenhua
Published: March 2016

A novel product‐derived bimetallic palladium complex catalyzes a sulfonylazide‐transfer reaction with the σ‐donor/π‐acceptor ligand CO, and is advantageous given its broad substrate scope, high efficiency, and mild reaction conditions (atmospheric pressure of CO at room temperature). This methodology provides a new approach to sulfonylureas, which are present in both pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The synthesis of Glibenclamide on a gram scale further revealed the practical utility of this procedure. Mechanistically, the generation of a bridged bimetallic palladium species derived from the product sulfonylurea is disclosed as the crucial step for this catalytic cycle.
Ab Initio Calculation of Rate Constants for Molecule–Surface Reactions with Chemical Accuracy
Authors: Piccini GiovanniMaria , Alessio Maristella , Sauer Joachim
Published: March 2016

The ab initio prediction of reaction rate constants for systems with hundreds of atoms with an accuracy that is comparable to experiment is a challenge for computational quantum chemistry. We present a divide‐and‐conquer strategy that departs from the potential energy surfaces obtained by standard density functional theory with inclusion of dispersion. The energies of the reactant and transition structures are refined by wavefunction‐type calculations for the reaction site. Thermal effects and entropies are calculated from vibrational partition functions, and the anharmonic frequencies are calculated separately for each vibrational mode. This method is applied to a key reaction of an industrially relevant catalytic process, the methylation of small alkenes over zeolites. The calculated reaction rate constants (free energies), pre‐exponential factors (entropies), and enthalpy barriers show that our computational strategy yields results that agree with experiment within chemical accuracy limits (less than one order of magnitude).
Infliximab Versus Adalimumab in the Treatment of Refractory Inflammatory Uveitis: A Multicenter Study From the French Uveitis Network
Authors: Vallet Hélène , Seve Pascal , Biard Lucie , Baptiste Fraison Jean , Bielefeld Philip , Perard Laurent , Bienvenu Boris , Abad Sébastien , Rigolet Aude , Deroux Alban , Sene Damien , Perlat Antoinette , Marie Isabelle , Feurer Elodie , Hachulla Eric , Fain Olivier , Clavel Gaëlle , Riviere Sophie , Bouche Pierre‐Alban , Gueudry Julie , Pugnet Gregory , Le Hoang Phuc , Resche Rigon Matthieu , Cacoub Patrice , Bodaghi Bahram , Saadoun David ,   for the French Uveitis Network
Published: March 2016

Objective

To analyze the factors associated with response to anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) treatment and compare the efficacy and safety of infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA) in patients with refractory noninfectious uveitis.

Methods

This was a multicenter observational study of 160 patients (39% men and 61% women; median age 31 years [interquartile range 21–42]) with uveitis that had been refractory to other therapies, who were treated with anti‐TNF (IFX 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, and then every 5–6 weeks [n = 98] or ADA 40 mg every 2 weeks [n = 62]). Factors associated with complete response were assessed by multivariate analysis. Efficacy and safety of IFX versus ADA were compared using a propensity score approach with baseline characteristics taken into account. Subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

The main etiologies of uveitis included Behçet's disease (BD) (36%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (22%), spondyloarthropathy (10%), and sarcoidosis (6%). The overall response rate at 6 and 12 months was 87% (26% with complete response) and 93% (28% with complete response), respectively. The median time to complete response was 2 months. In multivariate analysis, BD and occurrence of >5 uveitis flares before anti‐TNF initiation were associated with complete response to anti‐TNF (SHR 2.52 [95% CI 1.35–4.71], P = 0.004 and SHR 1.97 [95% CI 1.02–3.84], P = 0.045, respectively). Side effects were reported in 28% of patients, including serious adverse events in 13%. IFX and ADA did not differ significantly in terms of occurrence of complete response (SHR 0.65 [95% CI 0.25–1.71], P = 0.39), serious side effects (SHR 0.22 [95% CI 0.04–1.25], P = 0.089), or event‐free survival (SHR 0.55 [95% CI 0.28–1.08], P = 0.083).

Conclusion

Anti‐TNF treatment is highly effective in refractory inflammatory uveitis. BD is associated with increased odds of response. IFX and ADA appear to be equivalent in terms of efficacy.
Biologic Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Risk of High‐Grade Cervical Dysplasia and Cervical Cancer in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Seoyoung C. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Liu Jun , Karlson Elizabeth W. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Feldman Sarah , Solomon Daniel H.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Recent research showed an increased risk of high‐grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to examine whether this risk was associated with the use of biologic versus nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Methods

We identified RA patients in the US Medicaid and commercial insurance databases (for the years 2000–2012) who were starting treatment with either a biologic or a nonbiologic DMARD. High‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer was identified with a validated claims‐based algorithm, and we assessed utilization of gynecologic procedures. To control for potential confounders, those starting therapy with a biologic DMARD were matched 1:1 to those starting therapy with a nonbiologic DMARD according to the propensity score (PS). Hazard ratios (HRs) and rate ratios (RRs) in the PS‐matched Medicaid and commercial insurance cohorts were pooled by an inverse variance–weighted fixed‐effects model.

Results

We included 14,729 pairs of patients initiating biologic and nonbiologic DMARDs from the Medicaid cohort and 7,538 pairs from the commercial insurance cohort. During 73,389 person‐years of active treatment with either biologic or nonbiologic DMARDs, 95 cases of high‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer occurred in the 2 cohorts. The HR for high‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer associated with biologic DMARD use was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.78–2.01) in the Medicaid cohort and 1.63 (95% CI 0.62–4.27) in the commercial insurance cohort, with a pooled HR of 1.32 (95% CI 0.86–2.01). The rate of gynecologic procedures involving the uterine cervix was not different between the 2 groups (pooled RR 0.96 [95% CI 0.90–1.02]).

Conclusion

Among women with RA, initiation of therapy with a biologic DMARD was associated with a numerically significant, but not statistically significant, increase in the risk of high‐grade cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer as compared to initiation of a nonbiologic DMARD.