bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE DIRECT INOCULATION OF BACTERIA INTO THE SPLEEN OF LIVING ANIMALS; AND A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF A LESION IN ANIMAL TISSUE FOR THE LODGMENT AND MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIA WITHIN IT
Authors: Cheesman T. M. , Meltzer S. J.
Published: June 2004

I. Cultures of B. coli communis, B. typhosus and Staph. pyogenes aureus, when injected into the tissue of the normal spleen, soon disappear from that organ, and indeed from the normal body generally.

II. Bacteria injected into a spleen after the whole or a part of the vessels have been tied, multiply in the spleen with great rapidity and continue to supply bacteria to the blood, whence in the healthy body they soon disappear.

III. Bacteria injected into the spleen, or subcutaneous tissue, or into the blood current through the ear vein, in cases in which moderate lesions have been made by cauterization or compression in the spleen, liver, kidney, uterus, testicle, peritoneum, or subcutaneous tissue, usually find lodgment in these lesions and multiply there.

IV. Even in cases in which numerous foci existed, from which the blood was constantly provided with a fresh supply of bacteria, only few bacteria were found at any time in the blood.
NOTES UPON AN EPIDEMIC OF FOWL CHOLERA AND UPON THE COMPARATIVE PRODUCTION OF ACID BY ALLIED BACTERIA
Authors: Higgins Charles H.
Published: June 2004

(a). The bacillus isolated by me from the outbreak of choleraic diarrhœa corresponds closely in all essential particulars with that of European chicken cholera.

(b). It differs, consequently, from that isolated from previous outbreaks of choleraic diarrhœa in the United States.

(c). A study of the acid production by this and allied bacilli would seem to show that the amount of acid produced by so variable a microbe varies greatly and is incapable of affording a further means of distinguishing between allied forms.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

By the employment of methods designed to promote the growth both of aerobic and anaerobic organisms, particularly those belonging to the class of spirochetes, it was possible to obtain a pure culture of a delicate organism, the morphological features of which place it in the genus Leptospira. On three occasions, that is, from three out of eleven cases of yellow fever, the organism was directly cultivated. These three strains were found to induce the characteristic symptoms and lesions when tested on guinea pigs. The organism was designated Leptospira icteroides.

Leptospira icteroides was also obtained in pure culture from the blood of guinea pigs which succumbed to infection after being inoculated with the blood or organ emulsions from patients suffering from yellow fever. These cultures also proved to be virulent when tested on susceptible animals.

The morphological characteristics and certain biological properties of the organism were considered in detail. It is invisible under translucent illumination and is difficult to stain by most aniline dyes. It is highly sensitive to the presence of bacteria and is rapidly destroyed in a medium in which certain other organisms are present. The presence of blood serum (man, sheep, horse, rabbit, etc.) seems to be essential for its growth. It grows well at a temperature of about 25–26°C. and more quickly at 37°C., though at the latter temperature it dies out within a few weeks. At 25°C. under favorable conditions and in suitable culture media it remains viable for several months without losing its virulence. Leptospira icteroides multiplies by transverse division.

The virulence attained by some strains was such that 0.00001 cc. of a culture could induce typical fatal infection in guinea pigs. There exists a considerable variation among guinea pigs in their susceptibility to Leptospira icteroides.

The organism is killed within 10 minutes at a temperature of 55°C. and is also destroyed by complete desiccation or freezing and thawing. Bile and bile salts dissolve it in certain concentrations, but not saponin.

Leptospira icteroides passes through the pores of Berkefeld filters V and N, and there is a possibility of its having a granular phase of life under certain conditions.
STUDIES ON ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Kawamura K.
Published: June 2004

Our experiments on dogs showed that the thyroid gland which was autoplastically transplanted, by means of various methods of blood vessel anastomosis, could live in good condition and functionate favorably several months after the operation, even after the interruption of the circulation for 1½ hours. They further showed that the circulation through the transplanted blood vessels as well as glands was as good as normal, and that permanent successful results of the homoplastic transplantation of the gland are as yet not possible.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

By the inoculation of guinea pigs intraperitoneally with the emulsions of kidneys from wild rats and mice captured in Guayaquil, it was found that 67 per cent of the wild rats tested harbored in their kidneys a leptospira which produced in guinea pigs symptoms and lesions identical with those produced by Leptospira icterohamorrhagia derived either from patients suffering from infectious jaundice in Japan or Europe, or from wild rats caught in New York.

Immune sera were prepared in rabbits by injecting different strains of the Guayaquil leptospira. These sera had a marked agglutinating and disintegrating influence upon the homologous strains, and also, but often to a less pronounced degree, upon the strains of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ from other sources. Pfeiffer's phenomenon was also found to be positive, and protection was demonstrated against infection with virulent cultures of strains of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ.

The same sera had no effect, or at most a very slight one, upon Leptospira icteroides. Guinea pigs inoculated with icteroides strains were not noticeably protected by the use of the immune sera prepared with the Guayaquil rat strains.

Guinea pigs inoculated with killed cultures of the Guayaquil strains of leptospira proved to be resistant to a subsequent infection with heterologous as well as homologous strains of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ.

It is concluded, therefore, that the leptospira isolated from the kidneys of wild rats and mice in Guayaquil belongs to the group of Leptospira icterohœmorrhagiœ, and differs from Leptospira icteroides in its immunity reactions.

No positive transmission was obtained with kidney material from bats and an opossum.
STUDIES ON CYANOSIS
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

These data prove that abnormally high oxygen unsaturation of the blood is a cause of cyanosis.

The fact that the lowest value of oxygen unsaturation (in the venous blood) associated with cyanosis is about 8 volumes per cent seems to indicate that this amount of reduced hemoglobin is the lowest capable of producing a cyanotic color. We shall later discuss this point more in detail.

Table III shows furthermore that in spite of the fact that cyanosis is due to abnormally high oxygen unsaturation, no proportionality exists between the intensity of the blue color and the amount of reduced hemoglobin. This may in small part be due to individual peculiarities of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which are known to influence in anemia the relation between paleness of the skin and the decrease in hemoglobin.

We shall, however, in the succeeding paper show that the main cause of the disproportionality between cyanosis and venous oxygen unsaturation is found in another factor, the recognition of which throws a clearer light on the pathogenesis of cyanosis, and explains why we may find values of oxygen unsaturation as high as 13 volumes per cent in non-cyanotic individuals.
ERYTHROSIS, OR FALSE CYANOSIS
Authors: Lundsgaard Christen
Published: June 2004

1. In the venous blood of a patient with Vaquez' disease normal values were found for the oxygen unsaturation (reduced hemoglobin), although the total hemoglobin and oxygen capacity were abnormally high. The carbon dioxide content was normal.

2. The color of the skin and mucous membranes of this patient was more reddish than blue.

3. It is proposed to call the color of the skin in polycythemic patients erythrosis in order to distinguish the condition from cyanosis.
SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE SPIRILLA (VIBRIO FETUS, N. SP.) ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE OF THE FETAL MEMBRANES IN CATTLE
Authors: Smith Theobald , Taylor Marian S.
Published: June 2004

Twenty-two fetal and two calf strains of spirilla have been studied chiefly with regard to the problem of identity. Twenty-one fetal strains are probably specifically the same. One fetal strain differs slightly from these, but in its agglutination affinities it belongs to the same group. Of two strains isolated from calves one has definite agglutination relations with the fetal strains, the other none. In the morphological and biological characters so far investigated all the strains agree closely with one another.
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF CULTURES OF PNEUMOCOCCI OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES IN CARBOHYDRATE MEDIA
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for growth of pneumococcus is pH 7.8.

2. In broth cultures growth of pneumococcus continues until a final hydrogen ion concentration of about pH 5.0 is reached, if sufficient fermentable carbohydrate' (above 0.4 per cent) is present. Apparently this acidity is sufficient in itself to stop growth.

3. If less carbohydrate is present in the medium growth ceases at a lower hydrogen ion concentration, apparently because of exhaustion of carbohydrate. If no carbohydrate is present save that extracted from the meat of which the broth is made (plain broth medium), growth initiated at pH 7.8 (optimum reaction) ceases at about pH 7.0.

4. If bacteria-free filtrates of plain broth cultures in which growth has ceased are readjusted to pH 7.8 and reinoculated with pneumococcus, no growth occurs unless carbohydrate is added. However, if bacteria-free filtrates of dextrose broth cultures in which growth has ceased (pH 5) are readjusted to pH 7.8 and reinoculated with pneumococcus growth occurs.

5. Cultures of pneumococcus with all the carbohydrates which were fermentable under the conditions used, namely maltose, saccharose, lactose, galactose, raffinose, dextrose, and inulin, gave identical results in the rate of reaction change, and final hydrogen ion concentration (pH 5.0) attained.

6. The different immunological types of pneumococcus, for the limited number of strains studied, behaved alike in fermenting the carbohydrates mentioned above.
THE RELATION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE PNEUMONIC LUNG TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION. AN EXPLANATION OF RESOLUTION
Authors: Lord Frederick T.
Published: June 2004

Evidence is given of the presence in the cellular material obtained from the pneumonic lung of a proteolytic enzyme digesting coagulated blood serum at hydrogen ion concentrations of 7.3 to 6.7 and inactive at higher; i.e., more acid concentrations.

In addition, evidence is brought forward of the presence in the cellular material from the pneumonic lung of a proteolytic enzyme splitting peptone to amino-acid nitrogen. This enzyme is operative at hydrogen ion concentrations from 8.0 to 4.8, but most active at 6.3 or 5.2.

These findings may be regarded as having a bearing on resolution in pneumonia. During the course of the disease a gradual increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the exudate probably takes place. With the breaking down of cellular material an enzyme digesting protein (fibrin) in weakly alkaline and weakly acid media may be liberated. With a gradual increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the pneumonic lung the action of this enzyme probably ceases. An enzyme capable of splitting peptone to amino-acid nitrogen is probably active during the proteolysis of the fibrin and further activated when the hydrogen ion concentration of the pneumonic lung is increased to within its range of optimum activity at a pH of 6.3 and 5.2. By this means it may be conceived that the exudate is dissolved and resolution takes place.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NORMAL THROAT
Authors: Winchell Agnes I. , Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. The frequency of occurrence of Baculus influenzœ in the throats of normal individuals has been as great in the period subsequent to the epidemic of influenza as it was during the period of the epidemic.

2. Bacillus influenzœ may persist in the throats of healthy carriers for a considerable period of time.

3. A considerable proportion of individuals not exposed during the epidemic has been found to carry Bacillus influenzœ in their throats.

4. Oleate hemoglobin agar has been found to be a very satisfactory selective medium for cultivation of Bacillus influenzœ from the throat. To give optimum results it should have a reaction of from pH 7.2 to 7.5.
PFEIFFER'S BACILLUS AND INFLUENZA
Authors: Wollstein Martha
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that the sera of patients convalescent from influenza yield reactions for agglutinins, precipitins, and complement-binding bodies with antigens of Pfeiffer's bacillus. These reactions appear constantly at the end of the 1st week, increase in intensity during the 2nd week, and remain demonstrable for a period of 2 to 4 months. They were most complete in the sera of patients suffering from postinfluenzal pneumonia. It has also been demonstrated that the strains of Pfeiffer's bacillus isolated during the epidemic were morphologically and biologically similar to the strains isolated from influenza cases in other years, and antigenically they differed from them only quantitatively. The patients' serological reactions indicate the parasitic nature of the bacillus, but are not sufficiently stable and clean-cut to signify that Pfeiffer's bacillus is the specific inciting agent of epidemic influenza. They do, however, indicate that the bacillus of Pfeiffer is at least a very common secondary invader in influenza, and that its presence influences the course of the pathological process.
A STUDY BY THE SINGLE CELL METHOD OF THE INFLUENCE OF HOMOLOGOUS ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM ON THE GROWTH RATE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Barber M. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Under the conditions stated pneumococci grow as readily in the serum of horses highly immunized to the homologous organism as they do in normal horse serum, and the rate of growth is not appreciably diminished.

2. This failure of immune serum to affect the growth rate is not altered when fresh rabbit blood, fresh human blood, or rabbit blister fluid is added in order to supply any hypothetical complement which might be lacking.

3. We have not been able to show that when immune horse serum is injected intravenously into rabbits or intraperitoneally into mice, it acquires the property of killing pneumococci or inhibiting their growth.

4. Experimental evidence has been obtained indicating that in the peritoneal cavity of the passively immunized mouse the growth of extracellular pneumococci continues at apparently the normal rate, until the bacteria are engulfed by phagocytes.

5. The immunizing and protective power of antipneumococcic serum probably depends, in part at least, on properties which are not at present known. It has not been possible in the present study to demonstrate that one of these properties consists in delaying the growth of pneumococci.
THE CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION OF BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI OF HUMAN AND BOVINE ORIGIN
Authors: Brown J. Howard
Published: June 2004

None of the procedures described serves by itself to differentiate streptococci of human and bovine origin with certainty, though each of them serves as a strong presumptive test. Most strains fall easily into the human or bovine group by all the tests. Eliminating these from consideration we have left certain irregular strains listed in Table VII.

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Taking all characters into consideration we are inclined to regard Strains J-E7, Cheese 1, and Cheese 2 as undoubtedly of bovine origin. Strain J-MJ also is representative of a group of streptococci which Jones has found in milk and which is being further studied by him. There remains Strain J-C65 which for the present must be regarded as of doubtful origin.
THE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF DICHLOROETHYLSULFIDE IN RABBITS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS LEUCOTOXIC ACTION
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Vance Morgan
Published: June 2004

1. The lethal dose of dichloroethylsulfide (distilled from a German yellow cross shell), when injected intravenously into rabbits is from 0.005 to 0.01 gm. per kilo.

2. Rabbits dying within 24 hours showed extensive hemorrhages, and edema of the lungs.

3. Severe lesions of the intestinal tract were present in about one-third of the rabbits.

4. Dichloroethylsulfide injected intravenously is specifically poisonous for the hematopoietic tissues. Severe lesions are caused in the bone marrow, and the number of circulating leucocytes is markedly deminished. In animals surviving the injection regeneration occurs. The granular cells of the bone marrow seem to be more sensitive than the lymphoid cells and the erythrocytes.

5. The effect upon the blood and hematopoietic tissues is not due to the admixture of nitrobenzene or chlorobenzene in the shell filling. Injection of these substances in animals in amounts many times greater than the total dose of dichloroethylsulfide used produced no changes in the blood picture, and the subsequent injection of dichloroethylsulfide free from these solvents produced a typical reaction.
MYCOSIS OF THE BOVINE FETAL MEMBRANES DUE TO A MOULD OF THE GENUS MUCOR
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

A mucor, closely resembling Lichtheim's Mucor rhizopodiformis, was isolated from the diseased chorion of a cow and from the lungs and digestive tract of the fetus. No other microorganisms were detected. The mucor was demonstrated in teased preparations from the fresh cotyledons as well as in sections of tissues suitably hardened. It produced focal lesions in rabbits following the intravenous injection of spores. The condition of the amniotic fluid and the contents of the rumen of the fetus justify the inference that premature expulsion was impending.
THE STERILIZATION OF LIPOVACCINES
Authors: Lewis Paula A. , Dodge Francis W.
Published: June 2004

Pneumococcus lipovacdne confers a definite protection against pneumococcus infection in mice. The protective quality is not destroyed, and apparently is not greatly diminished, by heating to 130°C. for 3 hours or 120°C. for 12 hours.

Typhoid lipovaccine gives rise to the formation of agglutinins in rabbits but to a lesser degree than saline suspensions. The antigenic qualities of the typhoid lipovaccine are greatly injured by heating to 130°C. for 3 hours.
THE HEMIC BASOPHIL
Authors: Graham George S.
Published: June 2004

1. The basophilic granule of blood and marrow cells does not show the brown color reaction with benzidine solutions that is characteristic of the neutrophilic and eosinophilic granules. It differs from these types also in other important microchemical and physical particulars.

2. The hemic basophil which bears these granules is peculiar from a purely cytological standpoint, while physiologically it appears to be devoid of any functional activity comparable with that of the other granulocytes.

3. The peculiarities exhibited seem in every instance, at least for mammalian blood, best explained as evidence that the basophil is a degenerated or degenerating cell. It is probably derived from the eosinophilic cells and perhaps in rare cases from those of neutrophilic type.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

1. The subcutaneous inoculation of monkeys with Pneumococcus Type I vaccine in doses comparable with those employed in man does not protect them against subsequent attacks of Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia, either spontaneous or experimental. Furthermore, the occurrence of Pneumococcus Type IV pneumonia among monkeys that have been vaccinated with Pneumococcus Type I lipovaccine indicates that the vaccinated animals develop no cross-protection against other types of pneumonia.

2. Vaccination does, however, modify the course of the disease. Invasion of the blood stream by the pneumococcus in vaccinated animals is usually slight, and the proportion of recoveries is considerably higher for vaccinated than for unvaccinated monkeys.

3. Pneumococcus saline vaccine produces a greater amount of protective substance in the serum of the vaccinated animal than does pneumococcus lipovaccine and is probably, therefore, a better antigen. Both, however, fail to protect the animal against pneumococcus pneumonia.

4. Subcutaneous vaccination with pneumococcus vaccine gives definite protection against experimental pneumococcus septicemia. In other words, vaccination may induce a humoral immunity without protecting against intratracheal infection.

5. In view of the fact that monkeys are highly susceptible to pneumococcus infection, a strict analogy cannot be drawn between pneumococcus immunity in monkeys and pneumococcus immunity in man, since in the latter a considerable amount of resistance already exists, probably by reason of repeated exposure to pneumococcus infection.
HOMEOTRANSPLANTATION AND AUTOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE SPLEEN IN RABBITS
Authors: Marine David , Manley O. T.
Published: June 2004

No instance of survival of spleen homeografts beyond the usual taking and persistence for 1 or 2 weeks common to most homeografts has been observed, although the possible advantages of consanguinity, age, and splenectomy were fully utilized. This is in sharp contrast to thyroid, sex gland, and adrenal cortex homeografts, with which one may expect 10 per cent to survive the 30 day period. It suggests that spleen is a stronger antigen and excites a greater degree of immunity more quickly. With autografts survival and growth are the rule, and failures are due to technical errors. Age is an important factor in the growth of autografts. The younger the rabbit the more growth is aided. This beneficial effect decreases gradually and becomes negligible after sexual maturity. Removal of the spleen is a powerful stimulus to the growth of transplants. The effect varies inversely with the age and usually is negligible after sexual maturity. The influence of age and splenectomy suggests that the spleen is most important in early life and after sexual maturity is either unimportant or its functions may readily be assumed by other tissues (hematopoietic). Anatomically the spleen is a highly complex structure, but biologically all the major elements of the spleen are simple as indicated by the uniform and marked regenerative capacity. There is a tendency for grafts to involute or atrophy with age, and grafts made in old rabbits without removal of the spleen may undergo complete atrophy. Grafts made in young rabbits, accompanied by splenectomy, have been observed for more than 3 years and may be said to be permanent. There is some evidence that subcutaneous autografts react to infections in the same way as the intact spleen.
BACILLI OF THE HOG-CHOLERA GROUP (BACILLUS CHOLERÆ SUIS) IN MAN
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

1. The organisms isolated by Hirschfeld from febrile cases resembling paratyphoid fever and named Paratyphoid C can be placed in the hog-cholera bacillus group by their agglutination absorption properties though they are not typical culturally.

2. When fed to a pig a febrile disease resulted from which the animal recovered. After injection of hog-cholera virus the organisms fed were found generally, distributed and some of them had lost cultural characters so that they are brought into the class of typical hog-cholera bacilli except for their low virulence for rabbits.

3. While hog-cholera bacilli have many opportunities to infect man. they either are not able to grow in the human body or, what is less likely, they do grow and lose the characters that distinguish them.
A STUDY OF BACILLUS PYOGENES
Authors: Brown J. Howard , Orcutt Marion L.
Published: June 2004

Bacillus pyogenes is probably quite common in this country, as it is known to be in Europe.

A careful study of twelve strains from cattle and one from a hog has disclosed the following characteristics which have not been reported or have been in dispute.

Bacillus pyogenes is Gram-positive and pleomorphic, producing forms ranging from short chains of streptococcoid elements to branching filaments.

It is hemolytic, producing the beta type of hemolysis in blood agar. It is not hemoglobinophilic, though its growth is greatly favored by some higher protein material such as egg albumin, serum, or blood.

It ferments xylose in addition to the substances previously reported.

The coagulation of milk by Bacillus pyogenes is primarily an enzyme coagulation and the subsequent digestion of the curd takes place in an acid medium.

The intravenous injection of rabbits was invariably fatal. The lesions most commonly developed were those of the bones. Paralysis was frequently produced, and in each case was caused by lesions in the vertebrae exerting pressure against the ventral columns of the spinal cord. Muscle abscesses were also frequently produced.

The authors regard the organism as belonging to the Corynebacteria rather than to the influenza group.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE OPSONIZING AND AGGLUTINATING POWERS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM BY SPECIFIC PRECIPITATING SERUM
Authors: Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

1. No demonstrable antiopsonins are formed in rabbits following the intravenous injection of monovalent pneumococcus horse sera, Types I, II, and III.

2. The serum of rabbits injected with immune pneumococcus horse serum, Type I, II, or III, or with normal horse serum, when mixed in the proportion of 1:4 with Type I or Type II pneumococcus horse serum, can greatly augment, in vitro, the opsonization and agglutination of Type I and Type II pneumococci by the homologous immune horse sera. No similar effect is obtained with Type III serum and pneumococci.

3. The increase in opsonization and agglutination is dependent upon (a) specific sensitization of the pneumococci by the homologous immune serum and (b) the presence of the precipitating serum. In the absence of sensitization, as when a heterologous or normal horse serum is employed, opsonization and agglutination do not occur, even though a precipitating mixture is provided. The substitution of normal rabbit serum for the precipitating rabbit serum gives opsonization and agglutination in dilutions slightly higher than are effected with salt solution only, due possibly to the more favorable medium created for the leucocytes by the addition of 25 per cent of whole rabbit serum.

4. Different methods of combining the immune horse serum, precipitating rabbit serum, and pneumococci yield very similar results, preliminary sensitization of the bacteria before precipitation, or precipitation in the rabbit-horse serum mixture before the addition of the pneumococci for sensitization causing little if any difference in result from that obtained when immune horse serum, precipitating rabbit serum, and pneumococci are all mixed and incubated together.

5. This increased opsonization in the test-tube does not seem to be paralleled by increased protective power, or at any rate such protection is not readily demonstrated.
STUDIES ON BACILLUS MURISEPTICUS, OR THE ROTLAUF BACILLUS, ISOLATED FROM SWINE IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

In the United States organisms, which culturally are mouse septicemia or swine erysipelas bacilli, have been isolated from the tonsils of five of sixteen pigs examined. These pigs all had hog-cholera, but it is probable that the bacilli were in the tonsils before they were infected with hog-cholera, and there is no evidence that they played any part in the disease. The distribution of the infection seemed to be restricted as most of the pigs from which the bacilli were obtained came from one litter. As we do not have clinical rotlauf, or swine erysipelas, in this country, as these organisms, in Europe, have been found in a large percentage of apparently normal swine, and as the disease is produced with difficulty by the injection of cultures, the question may be raised whether they are not secondary invaders rather than the primary cause of the disease with which they have been associated, or else whether the resistance of swine on the European continent does not differ from that of our breeds as a result of differences in foods.

It is possible that the mouse septicemia bacilli found in this country may differ culturally from those present in animals with swine erysipelas. With this in mind, the carbohydrate reactions, as well as other cultural characters not necessary for the identification of the bacilli isolated, have been studied.

The disease produced by the injection of these bacilli into mice and pigeons has been studied and shown to be largely an intracellular process. The organisms are taken up by the endothelial cells lining the veins and capillaries; there they multiply and soon kill the cells. It has also been shown that the only type of cell in the blood stream which contains bacteria is the endothelial leucocyte, and the probabilities are that the free phagocytes have been detached from the lining of the vessels. The disease is acute, and the indications are that in the cells the bacilli find a favorable medium for their growth. While phagocytosis may in general be an immune reaction, in this case it appears to favor the parasite rather than the host.
A MODIFICATION OF VAN LEERSUM'S BLOODLESS METHOD FOR RECORDING BLOOD PRESSURES IN ANIMALS
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Levy Robert L.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that enzymes in serum will change maltose, dextrin, and starch so that they will react as dextrose in media. These enzymes are destroyed by heating to 60°C. for 15 minutes, but they are present in sera that have been refrigerated for as long as 18 months. The practice of using carbohydrate media containing unheated serum should be discouraged, and if it is used the possibility that the carbohydrate may be changed by the enzymes present must be considered.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

From the study of a large series of rabbits with outspoken manifestations of generalized syphilis, lesions of the skin and appendages were found to constitute one of the largest and most varied groups of such affections. The conditions noted consisted of alopecias, onychia and paronychia, and lesions of the skin proper.

It was found to be a matter of some difficulty to make a positive diagnosis of syphilitic alopecia, but there were three and possibly four conditions which appeared to be attributable to such an infection. The first of these took the form of a general or local roughening of the coat with falling of the hair which produced the typical moth-eaten appearance associated with syphilitic alopecia in the human subject. A second form of alopecia was essentially an abnormal looseness of the hair which permitted large areas of the body to be completely denuded. The third type of alopecia was associated with definite skin changes, and the hair was readily removable together with an adherent mass of epithelial scales.

Paronychia was comparatively rare but was readily recognized by a characteristic infiltration and exfoliation of the skin about the base of the nails.

The incidence of onychia is uncertain. Late in the course of the investigation it was found that alterations in the nails which were not entirely characteristic in themselves might occur in consequence of a syphilitic involvement of the nail beds which could not be detected by ordinary methods of examination. The cases which were recognized as syphilitic were those which showed an associated paronychia.

Lesions of the skin were found to be one of the most frequent manifestations of a generalized infection in the rabbit. These lesions were divided into three classes: first, granulomatous lesions, second, infiltrations, and third, erythemata.

The granulomata were lesions of a fleshy character which tended to grow to a very large size and presented all the characteristics of circumscribed primary lesions of the scrotum.

The conditions described as cutaneous infiltrations included two general types of lesions, one a flattened and rather diffuse process, the other an elevated and sharply circumscribed papule. As a class, these lesions were very prone to secondary alterations and in this way gave rise to a great variety of conditions which in general resembled the diffuse primary lesions of the scrotum and the papular lesions resulting from local dissemination.

A third type of lesion resembling the macular erythemata of man was observed in a small number of animals, and while no definite proof of the specific origin of these lesions was obtained, the evidence available was strongly suggestive.

In addition, several other cutaneous affections were noted which have not as yet been thoroughly investigated. It is suggested, however, that these processes may bear some relation to infection with Treponema pallidum.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler
Published: June 2004

1. The epithelioid cell is of definitely endothelial origin.

2. The only reliable means of identifying and tracing this cell is, at the present time, a colloidal suspension of carbon, injected intravenously. Benzidine dyes will not accomplish this if used alone.

3. There is little evidence that the local tissue elements take an active part in the process of tubercle formation, until after the lesion is formed; the reaction is, in a sense, exudative, since the lesion is produced from cells which migrate to the site of inflammation.

4. The lymphocyte appears late and is not to be considered as a potential epithelioid cell; its presence in the tubercles is as yet unexplained.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of a colloidal suspension, or sol, of carbon into the veins of a living animal, as recommended by McJunkin, furnishes an apparently reliable means of tracing the so called epithelioid cell of the pulmonary tubercle from its origin in the vascular endothelium to the lesion.

2. Experimental tubercles are formed in the lung, as in the liver, primarily by cells originating in the capillary endothelium. These cells are probably present in small numbers in the normal lung, lying free both in the alveolar wall and the air vesicles. In response to infection they proliferate in the capillary walls in the vicinity of the invading organisms, migrate in steadily increasing numbers, and, arriving at the site of the infection, further multiply and to some extent fuse to form the syncytia known as giant cells.

3. The epithelial cell takes no active part in the process; its proliferation tends to repair denuded surfaces and is regenerative rather than combative or phagocytic in nature. This cell is free from carbon and stains only diffusely with carmine, in contradistinction to the endothelial cell which readily takes up both pigments in granular form.

4. The cells of endothelial origin not only phagocytose tubercle bacilli, but carry them into the tissues, for example into lymph nodes, by way of the lymphatics, or into other lung lobules by way of the air passages, in which they are readily demonstrable.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci contain an intracellular enzyme or enzymes which (a) hydrolyze to some extent intact protein and (b) hydrolyze with striking avidity peptones. The optimum reaction for hydrolysis is pH 7 to 7.8, which also represents the optimum for the growth of pneumococcus. For convenience the terms "protease" and "peptonase" have been used, but no assumption is made as to whether the two actions, proteolysis and peptolysis, are due to two separate enzymes or are two activities of the same enzyme.

2. Solutions of intracellular substance of comparable enzymic activity may be prepared by dissolving the bacteria in bile, in sodium choleate, or by mechanical and autolytic disintegration of the cell.

3. The rapidity with which peptone is hydrolyzed is proportional to the concentration of the enzyme.

4. Heating the enzyme for 10 minutes at 100°C. destroys its activity.

5. Increasing the acidity to pH 5, the acid death-point of pneumococcus, suspends activity but does not destroy the enzyme, for activity is restored by readjustment to pH 7.8.

6. Attenuation of virulence to 1/1,000,000 of the original virulence had no measurable quantitative effect on the enzyme activity.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH A STRAIN OF LEPTOSPIRA ISOLATED FROM A CASE OF YELLOW FEVER IN MERIDA, YUCATAN
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Kligler I. J.
Published: June 2004

Identification of the leptospira isolated from a case of yellow fever in Merida was accomplished by means of an anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in a horse with several Guayaquil strains of Leptospira icteroides. The immune serum showed a protective action of high titer against the Merida strain, thus establishing its efficacy as a therapeutic agent against this strain. Polyvalent anti-icteroides immune serum prepared in the horse or monovalent anti-icteroides immune serums prepared in the rabbit had a definite devitalizing action upon the Merida strain, while immune serums similarly prepared with strains of icterohœmorrhagiœ had no perceptible effect upon the Merida strain.

Serums from yellow fever convalescents in Merida gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the Merida strain of Leptospira icteroides. The reactions between the Guayaquil strains (Nos. 1 and 5) and two of these serums from convalescents varied from definitely positive to doubtful, owing probably to the diminution of active immune principles in the serums during the prolonged and unfavorable conditions of their transportation.
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEMOTOXIN OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Meader Percy D. , Robinson George H.
Published: June 2004

The hemotoxin of streptococcus is a labile substance affected by centrifugation or shaking. It is adsorbed by various organic and inorganic substances. Hemotoxin is produced within a wide range of hydrogen ion concentrations. It is neither in nor on the bacterial cell but is free in the culture medium. It is probably not an enzyme. There are at least two substances which are essential to the medium for the elaboration of hemotoxin, one of which is phosphorus; the other is a substance of unknown composition. The unknown component is present in small quantities in unfiltered muscle infusion, but is more abundantly supplied by blood serum and kidney infusion. This substance is not an albumin, globulin, primary or secondary proteose, metaprotein, or peptone of the medium or enriching fluid. It is water-soluble, is destroyed by boiling in alkaline solution and by prolonged heating, and is removed to a considerable extent by passage through a diatomaceous filter.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection.

2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man.

3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia.

4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria.

5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.
COMPARISON OF THE POTENCY OF POLYVALENT ANTIMENINGOCOCCUS SERUM PRODUCED WITH FOUR AND SIX REPRESENTATIVE STRAINS AND THAT PRODUCED WITH SIXTY STRAINS, AS DETERMINED BY THE AGGLUTINATION TITER
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B.
Published: June 2004

The potency of a polyvalent antimeningococcus serum, as tested by its agglutination titer, was sacrificed by immunization with a large number of strains of the meningococcus. By immunization with a limited number of representative strains, four or six, carefully selected on account of their antigenic and agglutination properties, the potency was increased three- to tenfold without sacrificing the polyvalency; that is, as tested with at least 70 heterologous strains of the meningococcus.

The agglutination titer, unfortunately, is not an entirely satisfactory criterion of therapeutic potency, but it is the only practical method available that determines also the polyvalent action of antimeningococcus serum.
QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE CAT
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Shaw Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. Manganese dioxide suspended in an acacia-sodium chloride solution provides a non-toxic injection which in the present experiments has contained no particles larger than 1µ and which, when deposited in the body, can be determined quantitatively and seen microscopically.

2. Intravenous injections have been made under precautions which preclude removal from the blood or deposition in organs through simple capillary blockage.

3. In nine experiments out of thirteen the circulating blood contained no manganese after 18 minutes. In the four remaining instances there was a steady slight elimination which was incomplete at the end of 1 hour. Within certain limits the rate of removal from the circulating blood and the sites of deposition in the animal are not influenced by the concentration of the suspension, the blood pressure, or antecedent introduction of acacia or histamine.

4. In the cat amounts of manganese dioxide varying between 9.8 and 3.9 mg. of manganese and containing from 50,000,000,000 to 10,000,000,000 particles, if injected intravenously, permit recovery at the end of 1 hour of 90 per cent of the material in the lungs, liver, and spleen in the following proportions: lungs 47 per cent; liver 38.3 per cent; spleen 4.3 per cent.

5. These experiments, coupled with correlative results by other investigators, make it clear that in certain organs—the lungs, liver, and spleen of the cat—the vascular endothelium possesses phagocytic power rendering the capillaries permeable to particulate material as well as to gases, liquids, and dissolved substances.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF ENCEPHALITIS AND POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

Lethargic encephalitis is an epidemic disease, the main manifestations of which relate to injury inflicted upon the central nervous system and in particular the basal ganglia of the brain.

Poliomyelitis is an epidemic disease, the main manifestations of which relate to injury inflicted upon the central nervous system and in particular the gray matter of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata.

At the outset of the epidemic of lethargic encephalitis the two diseases tend to prevail at distinct and different seasons of the year, although recently cases of epidemic encephalitis have arisen in the midsummer months. The two maladies therefore are perhaps less distinguished by seasonal prevalence than has been supposed.

They are, however, distinguished by great differences in communicability to monkeys. Epidemic poliomyelitis is readily transmitted through inoculation of the affected central nervous tissues of man to monkeys, while it may still be regarded as doubtful whether lethargic encephalitis has been communicated to monkeys in this manner.

As the experiments reported in this paper show, the two diseases can be distinguished through the power of blood serum under certain circumstances to neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis. The blood serum of convalescent cases of poliomyelitis whether in man or monkey possesses this neutralizing power, while the blood serum of recently convalescent cases of epidemic encephalitis is devoid of it.

On the basis of the distinguishing characters described, it is regarded as desirable at the present time to hold epidemic poliomyelitis and epidemic encephalitis as integrally distinct affections. The latter also may be infectious, yet the main lesions of poliomyelitis are present in the spinal cord, and of epidemic encephalitis in the mid-brain.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler
Published: June 2004

1. Lymphocytes were usually the first cells to migrate out into the plasmic clot from explanted pieces of lymph nodes.

2. Their paths of migration were irregular but in general they proceeded away from the explant.

3. The lymphocytes migrated at rates varying from 0.03 to 0.0013 mm. per minute. The rate of any one varied from minute to minute, and they often came to rest for varying lengths of time.

4. The migrating lymphocytes were very much elongated, with the nucleus always near the anterior end. The elongated tail contained the endoplasm with a few granular mitochondria and usually a few granules which took up neutral red.

5. The lymphocytes in cultures made from normal and pathological lymph nodes in auto and homoplasma showed no differences.
CONDITION OF THE CAPILLARIES IN HISTAMINE SHOCK
Authors: Rich Arnold Rice
Published: June 2004

1. Histamine exerts a local dilator effect upon capillaries and upon the smallest arterioles and venules which border the capillary system. There occurs also an opening up of large numbers of capillaries of which no trace can be seen before the application of histamine.

2. When injected intravenously in amounts sufficient to produce shock, histamine causes a quickly progressive dilatation of both the visible and the occult capillaries and of their immediately adjacent arterioles and venules, all of which become engorged with blood that moves through them in a strikingly sluggish manner. The circulatory failure which characterizes histamine shock results from the dilatation of the peripheral vascular bed.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Hussey Raymond G. , Nakahara Waro , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Small areas of the skin in the groin of mice were subjected to an erythema dose of x-rays and a week later a cancer graft was inoculated intracutaneously into the area and at the same time a like graft was inoculated in the same manner in the opposite groin protected from x-rays. The graft in the x-rayed area showed a low percentage of takes, while that in the normal skin gave the usual high percentage When the graft was introduced into the subcutaneous tissues it grew equally as well in the x-rayed area as in the protected area.

Histological examination shows the skin layers, a few days after x-ray treatment, to be markedly infiltrated with round cells of the lymphoid type. The reaction did not extend deeper than the skin layers. It is suggested that this local lymphoid reaction induced by the x-rays controls the graft made into the skin, while its absence in deeper tissues accounts for the growth of the grafts more deeply implanted.