bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TSC22D4 is a molecular output of hepatic wasting metabolism
Authors: Jones Allan , Friedrich Kilian , Rohm Maria , Schäfer Michaela , Algire Carolyn , Kulozik Philipp , Seibert Oksana , Müller‐Decker Karin , Sijmonsma Tjeerd , Strzoda Daniela , Sticht Carsten , Gretz Norbert , Dallinga‐Thie Geesje M. , Leuchs Barbara , Kögl Manfred , Stremmel Wolfgang , Diaz Mauricio Berriel , Herzig Stephan
Published: January 2013

In mammals, proper storage and distribution of lipids in and between tissues is essential for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Here, we show that tumour growth triggers hepatic metabolic dysfunction as part of the cancer cachectic phenotype, particularly by reduced hepatic very‐low‐density‐lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion and hypobetalipoproteinemia. As a molecular cachexia output pathway, hepatic levels of the transcription factor transforming growth factor beta 1‐stimulated clone (TSC) 22 D4 were increased in cancer cachexia. Mimicking high cachectic levels of TSC22D4 in healthy livers led to the inhibition of hepatic VLDL release and lipogenic genes, and diminished systemic VLDL levels under both normal and high fat dietary conditions. Liver‐specific ablation of TSC22D4 triggered hypertriglyceridemia through the induction of hepatic VLDL secretion. Furthermore, hepatic TSC22D4 expression levels were correlated with the degree of body weight loss and VLDL hypo‐secretion in cancer cachexia, and TSC22D4 deficiency rescued tumour cell‐induced metabolic dysfunction in hepatocytes. Therefore, hepatic TSC22D4 activity may represent a molecular rationale for peripheral energy deprivation in subjects with metabolic wasting diseases, including cancer cachexia.
Impact of misspecifying spatial exposures in a generalized additive modeling framework: with application to the study of the dynamics of Comandra blister rust in British Columbia
Authors: Feng C. X. , Dean C. B. , Reich Richard
Published: January 2013

In environmental and epidemiological studies, the nearest distance between the susceptible subject and the exposure source is a commonly used exposure measure, principally because this measure is easy to collect; more recently, the density of the exposure has been considered as a measure of exposure. However, no study has ever quantitatively compared nearest distance and density of exposures in any field. In particular, in the field of forestry, few studies have accounted for density‐based exposure measures to disease pathogen, mostly due to the difficulty of measuring the spatial locations of disease host plants. Misspecification of exposure measures may result in inaccurate determinations of the link between exposure and the response of interest. Such considerations are motivated by the study of the disease dynamics of Comandra blister rust (Cronartium comandrae) on lodgepole pine. This disease spreads to pine trees through alternate host plants near the trees. We aim at understanding the relationship between the alternate host plant presence and the disease, as well as effects relating to genetic variation in the trees. We contrast the use of nearest distance to the alternate host plant, with host plant densities at different orders of neighborhood, as exposure measures, in the framework of a flexible semi‐parametric generalized additive model, while adjusting for a spatially smooth surface. We demonstrate that if exposure is inaccurately modeled, then bias in estimating genetic effects may manifest themselves and larger predictive error may be induced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the minimum latency transmission scheduling in wireless networks with power control under SINR constraints
Authors: Charalambous T. , Klerides E. , Wiesemann W. , Vassiliou A. , Hadjitheophanous S. , Deliparaschos K. M.
Published: January 2013

In order to alleviate interference and contention in a wireless network, we may exploit the existence of multiple orthogonal channels or time slots, thus achieving a substantial improvement in performance. In this paper, we study a joint transmission scheduling and power control problem that arises in wireless networks. The goal is to assign channels (or time slots) and transmitting powers to communication links such that all communication requests are processed correctly, specified quality‐of‐service requirements are met, and the number of required time slots is minimised. First, we formulate the problem as a mixed‐integer linear programming. Then, we show that the problem considered is non‐deterministic polynomial‐time hard, and subsequently, we propose non‐trivial bounding techniques to solve it. Optimisation methods are also discussed, including a column generation approach, specifically designed to find bounds for the transmission scheduling problem. Moreover, we develop optimisation techniques in which the bounding techniques are integrated in order to derive the optimal solution to the problem faster. We close with an extensive computational study, which shows that despite the complexity of the problem, the proposed methodology scales to problems of non‐trivial size. Our algorithms can therefore be used for static wireless networks where propagation conditions are almost constant and a centralised agent is available (e.g. cellular networks where the base station can act as a centralised agent or wireless mesh networks), and they can also serve as a benchmark for the performance evaluation of heuristic, approximation or distributed algorithms that aim to find near‐optimal solutions without information about the whole network. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aufbruch zwischen Zeitkritik und Zensur
Authors: Effinger Maria
Published: January 2013

Kunst‐ und Satirezeitschriften erlebten um 1900 einen Boom. Ihre Programmatik und Ästhetik setzten Maßstäbe für die Kunst und Literatur des Jugendstils. Ein Digitalisierungsprojekt in Heidelberg macht nun eine einzigartige Zeitschriftensammlung online zugänglich.
Schützende Decke in Gefahr
Authors: Kaleschke Lars , Kutzbach Lars
Published: January 2013

Auf dem arktischen Ozean schwimmt eine dünne Eisschicht, die die Wärme im Wasser hält. Meeres‐ und Atmosphärenforscher, Geochemiker und Bodenwissenschaftler fragen auch hier nach den Folgen des Klimawandels. Ihr Szenario: Schmilzt das Eis, könnten sich auch die Permafrostböden Sibiriens und Alaskas erwärmen — und zusätzliche Treibhausgase freisetzen.
The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs: Promoting Quality in Counselor Education
Authors: Urofsky Robert I.
Published: January 2013

Much has changed for the counseling profession in the 30 years since the founding of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). CACREP, the primary specialized accreditor for the counseling profession, has been an influential participant in the growing recognition and professionalization of counseling. This article offers an overview of CACREP and accreditation and addresses some primary issues confronting CACREP, counselor preparation programs, and, in some instances, overall U.S. higher education.
CACREP Accreditation: A Solution to License Portability and Counselor Identity Problems
Authors: Mascari J. Barry , Webber Jane
Published: January 2013

A confluence of forces addressing counselor identity occurred with the 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling initiative, the 2009 Standards of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs (CACREP), and the quest by the American Association of State Counseling Boards to establish license portability. This article provides a historical context for the profession's struggles with these issues, 1 state's experience, TRICARE's impact, and the role CACREP standards can play in their resolution.
The Evolution of Specialties in the CACREP Standards: CACREP's Role in Unifying the Profession
Authors: Bobby Carol L.
Published: January 2013

This article explores the evolution of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs’ (CACREP's) accreditation of program area specialties and how CACREP's decision to accredit specialties as separate programs has affected the counseling profession's ability to view itself as a single profession. The article links the development of CACREP and its accreditation structure to other historical and political events occurring within the profession and includes documentation of CACREP's efforts to self‐correct through policy development that emphasizes counseling first and specialties second.
The Role of Government and Lobbying in the Creation of a Health Profession: The Legal Foundations of Counseling
Authors: Bergman David M.
Published: January 2013

The state and federal governments, along with private industry, play an important role in the development of a health profession. State governments establish training standards through licensure laws, and state programs dictate employment and payment opportunities. The federal government unifies a profession through recognition in national health care programs. Private industry provides public access through private health insurance. The counseling profession has spent decades opening these federal, state, and private programs to become an established health profession.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism as Mediators of Adult Attachment Styles and Depression, Hopelessness, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Gnilka Philip B. , Ashby Jeffrey S. , Noble Christina M.
Published: January 2013

This study examined the relationships between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, anxious and avoidant adult attachment styles, depression, hopelessness, and life satisfaction among a sample of 180 undergraduate students. Maladaptive perfectionism mediated the relationship between both forms of adult attachment and depression, hopelessness, and life satisfaction. Adaptive perfectionism mediated the relationship between avoidant adult attachment and hopelessness and life satisfaction. Implications for counselors and future research directions are discussed.
Addressing Parent–Child Conflict: Attachment‐Based Interventions With Parents
Authors: Kindsvatter Aaron , Desmond Kimberly J.
Published: January 2013

This article describes the use of attachment theory to address parent–child conflict. The authors propose that parent–child conflict is attributable to the unmet attachment needs of both children and parents and that attachment insecurity results in problematic patterns of attachment in parent–child relationships. Three conversational frames are presented as a model for applying attachment theory to assist parents in resolving parent–child conflict.
DSM‐5and Bereavement: The Loss of Normal Grief?
Authors: Fox Jesse , Jones K. Dayle
Published: January 2013

The mood disorder work group has proposed to eliminate the bereavement exclusion criterion from the diagnosis of major depression in the 5th edition of theAmerican Psychiatric Association's (2012)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The proposal would break tradition with the long‐held distinction between depression and normal bereavement. This article reviews the development of the bereavement exclusion, discusses evidence for and against the proposal, and offers some relevant implications for counselors in light of the research on depression and bereavement.
Acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the rat olfactory system after intranasal instillation
Authors: Gao Lifeng , Yang Sheng‐Tao , Li Shaorui , Meng Yuguang , Wang Haifang , Lei Hao
Published: January 2013

With the increased applications of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), the toxicity of ZnO NPs arouses great concerns from the nano community and the general public. In this study, we report the toxicity of ZnO NPs (30 nm) to the rat olfactory system after intranasal instillation revealed by non‐invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI scans were performed on a 4.7‐T scanner at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days post‐exposure, and the histological changes of the rat olfactory epithelium were evaluated. The influences of chemical component and dispersant of the NPs were also investigated. In addition, an olfactory behavior test was performed. The MRI and histological results indicated that ZnO NPs induced significant damages to the olfactory epithelium, including disruption of the olfactory epithelial structures and inflammation. The destruction of mitochondria in epithelial cells was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), suggesting that the possible toxicological mechanism might involve cellular energy metabolic dysfunction. Further, the lesion of the olfactory epithelium disturbed sniffing behaviors of the treated animals. The results suggest that MRI is potentially useful as a screening tool to assess the consequence of occupational exposure of ZnO NPs. Caution should therefore be taken during the use and disposal of ZnO NPs to prevent the unintended public health impacts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between Gene Polymorphism of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase and Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Eken Ayşe , Erdem Onur , Arsova‐Sarafinovska Zorica , Akay Cemal , Sayal Ahmet , Matevska Nadica , Suturkova Ljubica , Erten Koray , Özgök Yaşar , Dimovski Aleksandar , Aydin Ahmet
Published: January 2013

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the most effective antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria and protects cells from reactive oxygen species‐induced oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between MnSOD Ala‐9Val gene polymorphism and prostate cancer (PCa) risk in Turkish men with prostate cancer. 33 patients with PCa and 81 control individuals were included in the study. We observed an association between MnSOD Ala/Ala frequency and a higher PCa risk. In addition, we found that the increased risk of early‐onset PCa (under age of 65) in the men homozygous for Ala allele was higher than the men homozygous for Val allele. However, we determined that MnSOD Ala‐9Val genotype was not associated with the aggressiveness of the disease. The results of our study suggest that MnSOD Ala/Ala genotype may influence on early‐onset of PCa patients, but no effect on subsequent development of the disease in Turkish men. However, our study has a limitation that is small numbers of individuals for cases and controls. Therefore, the presented study limited our statistical power to fully investigate the gene polymorphism on cancer risk. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:213‐218, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21472
Effect of Temperature on Gametogenesis and Gamete Quality in Brown Trout, Salmo trutta
Authors: LAHNSTEINER FRANZ , LEITNER STEPHANIE
Published: January 2013

During the prespawning and spawning season experimental groups of +2 year male and female brown trout, Salmo trutta, were kept under natural photoperiod and at three temperature regimes, a naturally fluctuating one with an average temperature of 7.4 ± 4.6°C as typical for alpine and prealpine river systems (T1), a naturally fluctuating one elevated for circa 5°C to 12.4 ± 5.3°C (T2), and a constant one of 9.6 ± 0.8°C (T3). The effect of the three temperature regimes on the timing of spermiation and ovulation, on the maturation rate of males and females and on physiological and biochemical parameters of spermatozoa and oocytes were investigated. T1 was the optimal one for maturation of males and females. Under these conditions >70% of males produced semen of high quality (defined by a volume >3.5 mL, a motility rate >65%, a swimming velocity >135 µm/sec, and a fertility >65%) for a period of 4 weeks. Females ovulated synchronously and the oocytes were of high quality, too (fertility >80%). In T2 the peak in the percentage of mature males was delayed and shortened, the percentage of spermatozoa with DNA damages increased, and peroxidase and lysozyme activity decreased which are indicative for a decrease in semen quality. In females the time point of ovulation was delayed, the fertility of oocytes was reduced, and their phospholipid and free fatty acids levels were decreased. In T3 maturation of fish was not synchronized. However, no negative effect on gamete quality was observed. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:138–148, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein–cofactor binding and ultrafast electron transfer in riboflavin binding protein under the spatial confinement of nanoscopic reverse micelles
Authors: Saha Ranajay , Rakshit Surajit , Verma Pramod Kumar , Mitra Rajib Kumar , Pal Samir Kumar
Published: January 2013

In this contribution, we study the effect of confinement on the ultrafast electron transfer (ET) dynamics of riboflavin binding protein (RBP) to the bound cofactor riboflavin (Rf, vitamin B2), an important metabolic process, in anionic sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate reverse micelles (AOT‐RMs) of various hydration levels. Notably, in addition to excluded volume effect, various nonspecific interactions like ionic charge of the confining surface can influence the biochemical reactions in the confined environment of the cell. To this end, we have also studied the ET dynamics of RBP–Rf complex under the confinement of a cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) RMs with similar water pool size to the anionic AOT‐RMs towards simulating equal restricted volume effect. It has been found that the spatial confinement of RBP in the AOT‐RM of w0 = 10 leads to the loss of its tertiary structure and hence vitamin binding capacity. Although, RBP regains its binding capacity and tertiary structure in AOT‐RMs of w0 ≥20 due to its complete hydration, the ultrafast ET from RBP to Rf merely occurs in such systems. However, to our surprise, the ET process is found to occur in cationic CTAB‐RMs of similar volume restriction. It is found that under the spatial confinement of anionic AOT‐RM, the isoalloxazine ring of Rf is improperly placed in the protein nanospace so that ET between RBP and Rf is not permitted. This anomaly in the binding behaviour of Rf to RBP in AOT‐RMs is believed to be the influence of repulsive potential of the anionic AOT‐RM surface to the protein. Our finding thus suggests that under similar size restriction, both the hydration and surface charge of the confining volume could have major implication in the intraprotein ET dynamics in real cellular environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roll‐to‐roll UV embossing process applied for light bar‐based sub‐wavelength gratings for backlight
Authors: Liu Chun‐Wei , Lee Chi‐Hung , Lin Shih‐Chieh
Published: January 2013

This study proposes a roll‐to‐roll process‐based sub‐wavelength grating, which is attached on a light bar to turn the side‐lit red/green/blue (620, 520, and 450 nm) incident rays into a uniformly and normally output white light with high illuminance from the light bar's surface. On the basis of the rigorous coupling wave analysis, the relationship between the first‐order transmission/reflection efficiency and the pitch of the gratings with different shapes was analyzed. The optimal design can effectively reduce the coupling length and enhance the white color balance for display applications.
Hotspots in Trauma Memories and Their Relationship to Successful Trauma‐Focused Psychotherapy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Nijdam Mirjam J. , Baas Melanie A. M. , Olff Miranda , Gersons Berthold P. R.
Published: January 2013

Imaginal exposure is an essential element of trauma‐focused psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure should in particular focus on the “hotspots,” the parts of trauma memories that cause high levels of emotional distress which are often reexperienced. Our aim was to investigate whether differences in the focus on hotspots differentiate between successful and unsuccessful trauma‐focused psychotherapies. As part of a randomized trial, 45 PTSD patients completed brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD. We retrospectively assessed audio recordings of therapy sessions of 20 patients. Frequency of hotspots and the associated emotions, cognitions, and characteristics were compared for the most successful (n = 10) versus the least successful (n = 10) treatments. The mean number of unique hotspots per patient was 3.20, and this number did not differ between successful and unsuccessful treatments. In successful treatments, however, hotspots were more frequently addressed (r = .48), and they were accompanied by more characteristics of hotspots (r = .39), such as an audible change in affect, indicating medium‐ to large‐sized effects. Repeatedly focusing on hotspots and looking for associated characteristics of hotspots may help clinicians to enhance the efficacy of imaginal exposure for patients who would otherwise show insufficient response to treatment.
Central condylar displacement with brain abscess from chronic mandibular osteomyelitis
Authors: Lee Thomas , Green Ross , Hsu Jack
Published: January 2013

In this case report, we describe a unique long‐term complication from undiagnosed mandibular osteomyelitis. A 53‐year‐old female who underwent a dental extraction complicated by chronic postoperative odontogenic infection and cutaneous parotid fistula formation 2 years earlier presented with acute mental status change, gradual unilateral facial nerve palsy (House‐Brackmann score V), and nontraumatic dislocation of the condylar head into the middle cranial fossa. The patient's chronic mandibular osteomyelitis led to glenoid fossa erosion, middle cranial fossa penetration, and temporal lobe abscess formation. A combined middle cranial fossa approach through a burr hole placed in the squamous temporal bone near the zygomatic root and intraoral mandibular approach to ipsilateral condylar head was performed to complete partial mandibulectomy, including condylectomy. The patient was treated with 6 weeks of meropenem perioperatively. Four months after the surgery, the patient had complete resolution of skull base osteomyelitis, parotid fistula, and neurologic deficits and full recovery of facial nerve function (House‐Brackmann score of I)
Nanowire plasmonic waveguides, circuits and devices
Authors: Guo Xin , Ma Yaoguang , Wang Yipei , Tong Limin
Published: January 2013

As typical one‐dimensional nanostructures for waveguiding tightly confined optical fields beyond the diffraction limit, metal nanowires have been used as versatile nanoscale building blocks for functional plasmonic and photonic structures and devices. Metal nanowires, especially those fabricated by bottom‐up synthesis such as Ag and Au nanowires, usually exhibit excellent diameter uniformity and surface smoothness with diameters down to tens of nanometers, which offers great opportunities for plasmonic waveguiding of optical fields with deep‐subwavelength confinement, coherence maintenance and low scattering losses. Based on nanowire plasmonic waveguides, a variety of applications ranging from plasmonic couplers, interferometers, resonators to photon emitters have been reported in recent years. In this article, significant progresses in these nanowire plasmonic waveguides, circuits and devices are reviewed. Future outlook and challenges are also discussed.
An Anti‐angiogenic Reverse Thermal Gel as a Drug‐Delivery System for Age‐Related Wet Macular Degeneration
Authors: Park Daewon , Shah Veeral , Rauck Britta M. , Friberg Thomas R. , Wang Yadong
Published: January 2013

Reverse thermal gels have numerous biomedical implications, as they undergo physical gelation upon temperature increases and can incorporate biomolecules to promote tissue repair. Such a material is developed for the sustained release of bevacizumab (Avastin), a drug used to treat age‐related macular degeneration. The polymer, poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(serinol hexamethylene urethane) (ESHU), forms a physical gel when heated to 37 °C and shows good cytocompatibility with ocular cells. ESHU is capable of sustaining bevacizumab release over 17 weeks in vitro, and the release kinetics can be altered by changing the drug dose and the ESHU concentration. These results suggest that ESHU is biologically safe, and suitable for ocular drug delivery.

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Influence of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Trapped at the Interface of an Immiscible Polymer Blend on Interfacial Tension
Authors: Tao Fangfang , Auhl Dietmar , Baudouin Anne‐Christine , Stadler Florian J. , Bailly Christian
Published: January 2013

The influence on interfacial energy of multiwall unfunctionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) trapped at the interface of an immiscible blend of polyamide 12 (PA12) and acrylate‐ethylene (EA) copolymer is investigated with the help of the Palierne model combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. It is found that the interfacial energy is unaffected by the interfacially trapped CNTs. The reduced droplet size observed in the presence of CNTs can neither be ascribed to a classical compatibilizer effect due to lower interfacial energy leading to enhanced breakup during processing, nor to the minute changes of the continuous phase viscosity induced by the CNTs. Another explanation based on steric hindrance is proposed. A network CNT layer that acts as a rigid shell is formed, which prevents coalescence of colliding droplets.
Macrocyclic and Polymeric Oxaziridine‐Derivatives
Authors: Dickmeis Marcus , Cinar Hakan , Ritter Helmut
Published: January 2013

Macrocyclic and polymeric imines 5,5′ and 6,6′ are obtained in excellent yields by template‐free polycondensation of 1,6‐bis(4‐formylbenzoyloxy)hexane (1) with commercially available 4,4′‐methylene‐bis(cyclohexylamine) (2) and with bis(2‐amino‐2‐methylprop‐1‐yl)adipate dihydrochloride (4), respectively. The degree of macrocyclization during imine synthesis strongly depends on the diamine. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption–ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements show that (2) leads to more macrocyclic adducts than (4). The subsequent meta‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid oxidation of polyimines 5,5′ and 6,6′ ($ \bar M_{\rm n} $ = 1650–11 200 g mol−1, $ \bar M_{\rm w} $ = 3800–27 350 g mol−1) yields the corresponding polyoxaziridines 7,7′ and 8,8′ consisting of macrocyclic and linear polymeric structures ($ \bar M_{\rm n} $ = 1750–8050 g mol−1, $ \bar M_{\rm w} $ = 3250–15 800 g mol−1). The synthesized polyoxaziridines are relatively stable and storable at room temperature.
Effect of Hydrogen Bonds on Structures and Glass Transition Temperatures of Maleimide–Isobutene Alternating Copolymers: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Zhou Qian‐Hao , Li Ming , Yang Po , Gu Yi
Published: January 2013

The objective of this paper is to use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study the influence of hydrogen bonding on the structure and glass transition temperature (Tg) of maleimide–isobutene alternating copolymers (poly(RMI‐alt‐IB)), a promising material used in the optoelectronics industry. The Tg obtained by MD simulation shows that the incorporation of hydrogen bonding increased the Tg for 48 K. The static and dynamic properties of poly(RMI‐alt‐IB)s are examined in this study. All the results prove that intermolecular CO…HO is the main hydrogen bond in the copolymers, while negligible intramolecular hydrogen bonding is observed. The segmental mobility and chain mobility are decreased because of the existance of the hydrogen bonds.

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Optimal sampling schedule for chemical exchange saturation transfer
Authors: Tee Y. K. , Khrapitchev A. A. , Sibson N. R. , Payne S. J. , Chappell M. A.
Published: January 2013

The sampling schedule for chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging is normally uniformly distributed across the saturation frequency offsets. When this kind of evenly distributed sampling schedule is used to quantify the chemical exchange saturation transfer effect using model‐based analysis, some of the collected data are minimally informative to the parameters of interest. For example, changes in labile proton exchange rate and concentration mainly affect the magnetization near the resonance frequency of the labile pool. In this study, an optimal sampling schedule was designed for a more accurate quantification of amine proton exchange rate and concentration, and water center frequency shift based on an algorithm previously applied to magnetization transfer and arterial spin labeling. The resulting optimal sampling schedule samples repeatedly around the resonance frequency of the amine pool and also near to the water resonance to maximize the information present within the data for quantitative model‐based analysis. Simulation and experimental results on tissue‐like phantoms showed that greater accuracy and precision (>30% and >46%, respectively, for some cases) were achieved in the parameters of interest when using optimal sampling schedule compared with evenly distributed sampling schedule. Hence, the proposed optimal sampling schedule could replace evenly distributed sampling schedule in chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging to improve the quantification of the chemical exchange saturation transfer effect and parameter estimation. Magn Reson Med 70:1251–1262, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model‐based Acceleration of Parameter mapping (MAP) for saturation prepared radially acquired data
Authors: Tran‐Gia Johannes , Stäb Daniel , Wech Tobias , Hahn Dietbert , Köstler Herbert
Published: January 2013

A reconstruction technique called Model‐based Acceleration of Parameter mapping (MAP) is presented allowing for quantification of longitudinal relaxation time and proton density from radial single‐shot measurements after saturation recovery magnetization preparation. Using a mono‐exponential model in image space, an iterative fitting algorithm is used to reconstruct one well resolved and consistent image for each of the projections acquired during the saturation recovery relaxation process. The functionality of the algorithm is examined in numerical simulations, phantom experiments, and in‐vivo studies. MAP reconstructions of single‐shot acquisitions feature the same image quality and resolution as fully sampled reference images in phantom and in‐vivo studies. The longitudinal relaxation times obtained from the MAP reconstructions are in very good agreement with the reference values in numerical simulations as well as phantom and in‐vivo measurements. Compared to available contrast manipulation techniques, no averaging of projections acquired at different time points of the relaxation process is required in MAP imaging. The proposed technique offers new ways of extracting quantitative information from single‐shot measurements acquired after magnetization preparation. The reconstruction simultaneously yields images with high spatiotemporal resolution fully consistent with the acquired data as well as maps of the effective longitudinal relaxation parameter and the relative proton density. Magn Reson Med 70:1524–1534, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and socioeconomic predictors of pregnancy termination for fetuses with congenital heart defects: a population‐based evaluation
Authors: Tararbit Karim , Bui Thi Thanh Thao , Lelong Nathalie , Thieulin Anne‐Claire , Goffinet François , Khoshnood Babak
Published: January 2013

Objectives

This study aims to (1) evaluate the probability and timing of termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) for all congenital heart defects (CHD) and categories of CHD and (2) assess clinical and socioeconomic predictors of TOPFA for isolated CHD excluding ventricular septal defects (VSD).

Methods

Using population‐based data from the Paris Registry of Congenital Malformations, we assessed the probability of TOPFA and gestational age at TOPFA. We used logistic regression to estimate the adjusted effects of maternal characteristics, clinical factors (CHD type, fetal growth restriction, nuchal translucency measurement and gestational age at prenatal diagnosis) on the odds of TOPFA.

Results

The proportion of TOPFA for prenatally diagnosed CHD was 46% for all CHD combined, 82% for CHD associated with chromosomal anomalies and 27% for isolated CHD‐VSD excluded. Isolated CHD‐VSD excluded diagnosed before 22 weeks of gestational age had a 3.2‐fold higher odds of TOPFA (adjusted OR 3.2, 95%CI 1.4–7.1). Maternal occupation was not associated with the odds of TOPFA. Women of African origin had a tenfold lower odds of TOPFA than women of French origin (adjusted OR 0.1, 95%CI 0.02–0.4).

Conclusion

In addition to severity of CHD, early prenatal diagnosis and maternal characteristics were highly associated with the probability of TOPFA for CHD. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution processed high band‐gap CuInGaS2 thin film for solar cell applications
Authors: Park Se Jin , Cho Jin Woo , Lee Joong Kee , Shin Keeshik , Kim Ji‐Hyun , Min Byoung Koun
Published: January 2013

A high band‐gap (~1.55 eV) chalcopyrite compound film (CuInGaS2) was synthesized by a precursor solution‐based coating method with an oxidation and a sulfurization heat treatment process. The film revealed two distinct morphologies: a densely packed bulk layer and a rough surface layer. We found that the rough surface is attributed to the formation of Ga deficient CuInGaS2 crystallites. Because of the high band‐gap optical property of the CuInGaS2 absorber film, a solar cell device with this film showed a relatively high open circuit voltage (~787 mV) with a power conversion efficiency of 8.28% under standard irradiation conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D‐score: A search engine independent MD‐score
Authors: Vaudel Marc , Breiter Daniela , Beck Florian , Rahnenführer Jörg , Martens Lennart , Zahedi René P.
Published: January 2013

While peptides carrying PTMs are routinely identified in gel‐free MS, the localization of the PTMs onto the peptide sequences remains challenging. Search engine scores of secondary peptide matches have been used in different approaches in order to infer the quality of site inference, by penalizing the localization whenever the search engine similarly scored two candidate peptides with different site assignments. In the present work, we show how the estimation of posterior error probabilities for peptide candidates allows the estimation of a PTM score called the D‐score, for multiple search engine studies. We demonstrate the applicability of this score to three popular search engines: Mascot, OMSSA, and X!Tandem, and evaluate its performance using an already published high resolution data set of synthetic phosphopeptides. For those peptides with phosphorylation site inference uncertainty, the number of spectrum matches with correctly localized phosphorylation increased by up to 25.7% when compared to using Mascot alone, although the actual increase depended on the fragmentation method used. Since this method relies only on search engine scores, it can be readily applied to the scoring of the localization of virtually any modification at no additional experimental or in silico cost.
Inter‐Regional Differentials in Nutritional Intake in India: Evidence from Cluster Analysis
Authors: Sethi Amarjit Singh , Pandhi Ritu
Published: January 2013

Making use of NSSO data for the 50th, 55th, and 61st Rounds, an attempt has been made in the present empirical study to assess inter‐state differentials among 23 states and 6 Union Territories (UTs) of India with respect to per capita per diem intake of calories, protein, and fat, separately for rural and urban regions. The study (through the applications of univariate ANOVA, MANOVA, and clustering techniques) has revealed the presence of high‐profile gaps among states and UTs with respect to nutritional intake. Although constitution of clusters of the states/UTs for rural and urban regions was not exactly identical, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and West Bengal happened to be the states/UTs which commonly appeared (among both the regions) in the laggard cluster (associated with the lowest nutritional intake). As an implication for framing policies regarding nutritional aspects, the government needs to remain vigilant about the presence of high‐profile inter‐state and inter‐regional differentials in nutritional intake and give increased emphasis to the states/UTs falling in the laggard clusters. The state must not shirk away from the responsibility of providing welfare means to the truly deserving section of the society so as to build a healthy nation.
Trends in Public Financing of Human Development: Human Development's Effect upon Regional Inequalities: A Study from 1993 to 2007
Authors: Bal Nilotpal
Published: January 2013

The advent of globalization in India has led to an increase in regional disparities across India in the past 20 years. During this span of time, these regional inequalities have assumed themselves into a major problem for the development strategy of the country. The Convergence Hypothesis (Barro & Sala‐i‐Martin, 1991), based on neoclassical paradigms, emphasizes that when the growth rate of an economy accelerates, initially some regions with better stock of resources would grow faster than other regions, but after a period of time, on account of law of diminishing returns to capital, there will be a convergence of growth rates across different regions. But in the case of India, the results have been starkly different. Policymakers and academicians have suggested that one of the most effective ways of reducing these inequalities has been increasing the growth of social infrastructure across all states in the country. The paper tries to establish the relationship between the financing of human development by different state governments and its impact upon regional inequalities. The results suggest that the increase in public expenditure on education and health endowments in the country definitely have a significant impact upon the regional inequalities, but with a larger lag of at least 10 years.
Institutional and Political Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence From BRICS Economies
Authors: Jadhav Pravin , Katti Vijaya
Published: January 2013

This paper explores the role of institutional and political factors in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) and the comparative importance of these factors in attracting FDI. This study uses panel data for a period of 10 years (2000–2010) in order to examine the significant determinants of FDI in BRICS from a holistic approach. Analysis has been done using the panel unit‐root test and multiple regressions. This study takes into account Macroeconomic Stability (Inflation Rate), Political Stability/No Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Control of Corruption, Voice and Accountability, and Rule of Law as potential institutional and political determinants of FDI. These factors are based on their relative importance from previous empirical literature. The overall results show that two factors, namely Government Effectiveness and Regulatory Quality, are positively related to FDI inflow in BRICS. Three variables in the model, namely Political Stability, Voice and Accountability, and Control of Corruption, have a negative impact on FDI inflow in BRICS economies, which implies that these three factors are not important for attracting more FDI inflow.
Impact of the Elderly Club on the Social Well‐Being of the Rural Elderly in the Northeastern Region of Thailand
Authors: Torut Buraskorn , Pongquan Soparth
Published: January 2013

Thailand's aging population is increasing and tends to be concentrated in rural areas. Currently, the Thai Government is concerned with providing for sustained social welfare for the aging population. Policy will recommend the implementation of an elderly club in all sub‐districts, places where older persons in the local area can gather and enjoy social activities. The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of the availability of such social services on the quality of life of the elderly in the Northeastern region of Thailand. Quality of life of the elderly depends on many disciplinary factors, including health, social, finance, basic needs, and secure environment. The livelihood framework is used as a model to study and measure constructively the quality of life of the rural elderly. Subjective well‐being is utilized for quantifying and comparing the quality of life of the active and non‐active members of the elderly club. The findings were drawn from surveying the satisfaction of the elderly regarding their well‐being. Semi‐structured interviews were also conducted with the stakeholders related to establishing and organizing the activities for the elderly club. The result has shown that older persons who are members of an active elderly club have higher social subjective well‐being. However, for the elderly club to be effective, it must have strong leadership and meaningful collaboration among related stakeholders. In addition, the community must recognize the value of nurturing the well‐being of the elderly in order to maintain an active club that enhances the quality of life of the elderly in the rural area.
Women Empowerment as Multidimensional Capability Enhancement: An Application of Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Bhattacharya Joysankar , Banerjee Sarmila
Published: January 2013

This paper tries to offer a comprehensive measure for empowerment where empowerment is viewed as capability enhancement. A critique of the idea of considering autonomy as the sole indicator of empowerment has been presented, and an attempt has been made to supplement autonomy with other dimensions like health and knowledge in shaping empowerment. This paper tries to offer a quantitative measure for empowerment constituted of capability scores on all these three dimensions. A particular form of structural equation modeling called Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause model has been used to estimate capabilities, and the empowerment index (EI) has been constructed as a weighted average of the scores of Health, Knowledge, and Autonomy. The method has been applied on some primary survey data collected from adult women of two districts of West Bengal, and the results demonstrated the fact that high autonomy along with high attainment in other capabilities definitely improves the EI, but considerable empowerment attainment may be observed even with low autonomy but with higher achievements in other capabilities and vice versa.
Effect of temperature on the electrical properties of ITO in a TiO2/ITO film
Authors: Nishimoto Naoki , Yamada Yasuji , Ohnishi Yosuke , Imawaka Naoto , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: January 2013

Thermal stabilities of indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates and TiO2/ITO structures were evaluated in relation to their electrical properties. The ITO substrates and TiO2/ITO structures were annealed at 350, 400, and 500 °C. The ITO substrate with large grain size showed higher thermal stability than that with small grain size. The thermal stability of TiO2/ITO structure improved with increasing TiO2 thickness, and a decrease in electron concentration was observed in resistance‐increased samples. These changes were attributed to variations in grain‐boundary potential caused by oxygen adsorption. It may be concluded that variation of the grain‐boundary potential by thermal annealing has a dominant influence on resistance. Therefore, optimization of the grain size is important to improve the thermal stability of ITO. This mechanism and procedure can be applied to improve the characteristics of other TCO materials.
Mechanical and electrical properties of carbon‐nanotube‐reinforced Cu–Ti alloy matrix composites
Authors: Chu Ke , Jia Cheng‐chang , Li Wen‐sheng , Wang Ping
Published: January 2013

It is known that there is a very weak bonding between carbon nanotube (CNT) and pure copper matrix since copper is known to be naturally nonwetting with CNT. In this study, the titanium is applied as a matrix‐alloying element and the CNT‐reinforced copper–titanium (Cu–Ti) alloy composites (Cu–Ti/CNT) are fabricated by a powder metallurgical method. The results show that Cu–Ti/CNT composites evidently exhibit enhanced interfacial bonding and yield strength while retaining the electronic conductivity of Cu/CNT composites. Improvements in interfacial bonding and mechanical properties of the composites are attributed to the formation of a thin transition layer of TiC at the interface between CNTs and Cu–Ti matrix.
Irradiation study on Srn+1TinO3n+1 Ruddlesden‐Popper phases synthesized by hot‐forging
Authors: Tang Ming , Fuierer Paul , Dickens Peter , Fu Engang
Published: January 2013

The hot‐forging technique was used to obtain both the n = 2 (Sr3Ti2O7) and n = ∞ (SrTiO3) members of Ruddlesden‐Popper phase Srn+1TinO3n+1. Pure phase and high density (>95% theoretical) materials were achieved using this technique. These polycrystalline samples were irradiated with 200 keV He ions to a fluence of 2×1021 ion/m2 (corresponding to a peak dose at 5 dpa) at room temperature to study radiation damage effects. Microstructural investigation on pristine and irradiated samples was performed using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (GIXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three phenomena are revealed upon comparing prisXtine versus irradiated samples. First, both compounds interplanar lattice spacings increased after irradiation. Second, peak broadening possibly suggests incredibly small grain due to irradiation. Third, experiment results revealed an amorphization in the irradiated Sr3Ti2O7, while no amorphization was observed in irradiated SrTiO3. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Activity modulation MEE growth of 2H‐AlN on Si(111) using double buffer layer grown by PA‐MBE
Authors: Ohachi Tadashi , Yamamoto Yuka , Ariyada Osamu , Sato Yuuki , Yoshikado Sinzo , Wada Motoi
Published: January 2013

As a demonstration of the activity modulation migration enhanced epitaxy (AM‐MEE) heteroepitaxial 2H‐AlN thin films of 53.8 nm and 171.3 nm thickness on Si(111) on a double buffer layer (DBL) have been grown by the AM‐MEE of plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA‐MBE) method. It is a droplet free growth and an atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). The influence of the DBL, which was formed in a MBE chamber before the AM‐MEE growth of 2H‐AlN thin films on Si(111), was studied to improve the crystallinity of AlN films. For the growth of high quality 2H‐AlN on Si(111), the optimization of growth of the DBL. The interface roughness of the DBL as a layer between two layers of AlN and Si, AlN/DBL/Si was characterized by grazing incidence X‐ray reflectivity (GIXR) and the surfaces were observed by AFM. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ω /2θ for 53.8 nm and 171.3 nm thickness AlN (0002) films were 12.1 arcmin and 7.1 arcmin, respectively. AFM images showed droplet free growth after the AM‐MEE and importance of the preparation of initial clean Si surface. Unifrom formation of DBL on a large size wafer of Si was available to use indirect exposure of N radical atoms. By increasing the thickness of the AlN the crystallinity was improved but the surface roughness of AlN did not depend on the thickness of the AlN films obtained by fitting results of GIXR curves. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)