bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Middle-Aged Working Men and Women
Authors: Reiizes Donald C. , Mutran Elizabeth J. , Fernandez Maria E.
Published: March 2007

Data derived from in-depth telephone interviews with 818 full-time working men and women aged 58 to 64 years and residing in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, North Carolina metropolitan area are used to explore the impact of socioeconomic status, health, activities, and work and spouse identities on self-esteem. Findings include the following: (a) middle-aged working women lack the material resources and status of men but do not have lower mean self-esteem scores than men; (b) different sets of social-background, activity, and worker- and spouse-identity variables influence self-esteem for men and women; but (c) identity meanings as a competent worker and a commitment to the worker role influence self-esteem for both men and women, as does commitment to the roles of worker and spouse for married men and women.
Holding On and Letting Go
Authors: Chevan Albert
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to study residential mobility before and after entry into widowhood. An event-history analysis is employed to test the Litwak and Longino proposal that entrance into widowhood stimulates residential mobility. Widowhood is a triggering mechanism, with the peak of moving occurring in the 1st year of widowhood, preceded by a gradual rise in the probability of a move and followed by a gradual decline in that probability. Eventually, the majority of widowed persons move, but after 20 years of widowhood 40%o are estimated to still be in the home they occupied when they were widowed. Age at widowhood, health, duration of residence, educational attainment, excess space, income, race, homeownership, and single family residence affect holding on and letting go. Moving during widowhood is made more complex by changes over time in the way age at widowhood, income, and tenure status influence moving.
Perceived Income Adequacy among Older Adults
Authors: Hazelrigg Lawrence E. , Hardy Melissa A.
Published: March 2007

Several scholars have argued that because of problems associated with the use of a uniform "objective" standard in assessments of well-being, more attention should be given to persons' own judgments of well-being. This article develops a conceptual mapping of processes involved in judgments of income adequacy and then tests a number of derived hypotheses with data from a probability sample of older adults. The results indicate that relative standing as well as health status, household size, and level of income have independent effects on judgments of income adequacy; that income is endogenous to the judgment process; that effects of demographic variables and labor supply are sensitive to that endogeneity; and that as older adults age, they tend to discount needs relative to available income. Even under conditions of poverty, there is a strong bias toward positive judgments of adequacy.
Preserving Selves
Authors: Vittoria Anne K.
Published: March 2007

This participant-observation study examines communication and the construction of identities as they contribute to or impede the preservation of self in an Alzheimer's special care unit (SCU). A social-psychological alternative to a medical model of dementia care was uncovered: what I refer to conceptually as communicative care, the central animating force of the SCU. Communicative care arises out of the world of the unit and is a totality of care where selves are evoked and preserved, and identities are constructed and respected. Classic studies characterize the relationship between staff and residents as adversarial within the hierarchical "total institution," with a devaluing of self. In contrast, I analyze and demonstrate that through the staff's process of communicative care, the SCU works as a self-preserve to shield residents from devaluation and a loss of identity. The staff and residents have a reciprocal relationship and help each other to survive.
Attitudinal Influences on the Elderly's Use of Assistance
Authors: Noelker Linda S. , Ford Amasa B. , Gaines Atwood D. , Haug Marie R. , Jones Paul K. , Stange Kurt C. , Mefrouche Zak
Published: March 2007

This research examines the use of informal and formal assistance with personal and instrumental activities of daily living and the amount received by a randomly selected sample of urban older persons. A modified version of the Andersen behavioral model is used to organize explanatory factors that include the elderly's attitudes toward service use and filial expectations. Findings underscore the important influence of attitudes on assistance use in contrast to self-designated race, which had no influence either independently or in interaction with attitudinal variables. Elderly persons more likely to receive assistance were women of older age with lower incomes, who expressed more concerns about using services and were more physically disabled. Those receiving larger amounts of help had fewer concerns about using formal services and lived with their primary caregivers.
Negative and Positive Affect among the Very Old
Authors: Hilleras Pernilla K. , Jorm Anthony F. , Herlitz Agneta , Winblad Bengt
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to measure positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), and the factors that might influence these in the very elderly. The study involved 105 people, 90 years and older, who were not cognitively impaired, living in the inner part of Stockholm. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule was translated and used to measure affect. Results showed that PA and NA were virtually uncorrelated. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that the factors that influence affect in the very elderly are similar to those influencing affect in younger ages and that personality traits are the major correlates of affect.
Socioeconomic Achievements of Siblings in the Life Course
Authors: Hauser Robert M. , Sheridan Jennifer T. , Warren John Robert
Published: March 2007

About 8,500 graduates of Wisconsin high schools and a randomly selected brother or sister have been followed from 1957 through the early 1990s. Data include multiple measures of social background, cognitive ability, schooling, and occupations held from career entry to midlife. The authors have analyzed occupational standing across the life course, using complementary measures of occupational education and occupational income. The analysis is based on structural equation models of sibling resemblance. The models estimate the effects of social background, cognitive ability, and schooling—both within and between families—across the life course of women and men. Across families, educational attainment levels are determined largely by cognitive ability and, to a lesser degree, by social background; family levels of occupational standing are determined largely by family education levels. Within families, cognitive ability also affects occupational standing primarily through schooling. Occupational inequalities and the effects of educational attainment on those inequalities both tend to decline across the life course.
Political Science and the Internet
Authors: Kaase Max
Published: March 2007

The Gutenberg invention of printing has been a major precondition for the development of present-day science and the science system. With this historical analogue as a starting point, the article addresses the present and future impact of the emergence of electronic communication networks as epitomized by the Internet and the World Wide Web on the future organization and operation of the science system, including political science and the effects that can already be found in the science system. The analysis finds that the impact of electronic communication is already strongly felt in the “hard” sciences, but much less so in the humanities and social sciences, although its potential there is also large. Electronic communication is a field where the social sciences should engage much more in research than is presently done.
Gender, Postmaterialism, and Feminism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hayes Bernadette C. , McAllister Ian , Studlar Donley T.
Published: March 2007

Value change and the feminist movement represent two major shifts in mass political orientations and behavior in the late twentieth century. Yet we know little about how these two fundamental changes relate to one another. This article addresses this question by analyzing the relationship between postmaterialist values and feminism among 13 advanced industrial democracies, using the 1990-91 World Values Survey. The results suggest that both gender and postmaterialist values are associated with feminism: women and those who adopt a postmaterialist stance are notably more likely to endorse feminist beliefs compared to men or materialists. Religion also plays a major role, both in terms of individual religious self-identity, and in terms of the religious culture of the country in question. The relations among gender, postmaterialism, and feminism are complex and deserve more careful analysis.
Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa's Emerging Democracies
Authors: Mozaffar Shaheen
Published: March 2007

This article describes and explains patterns of electoral governance in Africa's emerging democracies through a systematic examination of election management bodies (embs), the formal units principally responsible for the organization and conduct of elections. The effectiveness of embs as institutional linchpins of electoral governance depends largely, but not exclusively, on their autonomy from the government. The article measures the degree of autonomy of embs as an indicator of the varying patterns of electoral governance in Africa's emerging democracies and employs an ordered probit model to account for them. The model confirms the expected combined effects of the institutional legacies of colonial governance and postcolonial neopatrimonial regimes, ethnopolitical fragmentation and political negotiations over new democratic institutions on the relative autonomy of embs. Predicted probabilities calculated from the probit coefficients accurately predict the separate impact of each independent variable on the likelihood of African countries choosing non-autonomous, semi-autonomous or autonomous embs.
The Effects of Change in Family Structure and Income on Dropping Out of Middle and High School
Authors: PONG SUET-LING , JU DONG-BEOM
Published: March 2007

Using a longitudinal sample of eighth graders who lived with both biological parents in 1988, we estimate the increased risk of dropping out among students whose two-parent families experienced disruption over the subsequent 4 years. We differentiate the impact on school dropout of initial family income before family disruption from income change after the marriage ends. This approach helps to disentangle two interpretations of the relation between income and family structure. Our results suggest that both measures of income are significant contributors of the risk of dropping out for children whose families became mother-only families. When income loss is taken into account, along with initial income and other family, demographic, and prior school achievement factors, there is no evidence of increased risk of dropout among children who began to live with a single mother during the 1988-1992 period.
Health Consequences of Marriage for the Retirement Years
Authors: PIENTA AMY MEHRABAN , HAYWARD MARK D. , JENKINS KRISTI RAHRIG
Published: March 2007

Greater numbers of persons will enter retirement outside of marriage or with a checkered marital history. Given the traditional health benefits of marriage, these changes in the population's marital life course may foretell changing demands for eldercare in addition to adverse health consequences. Here, the authors provide new evidence on the specific aspects of health associated with marriage for a nationally representative survey of retirement age adults. An important aspect of the authors' analysis is the assessment of whether the benefits of marriage hold equally for women and men, major race/ethnic groups, and persons with different marital histories. Data from the Health and Retirement Survey are used to evaluate how marriage is associated with major chronic illnesses, functional limitations, and disability. Findings document that marriage benefits health across a broad spectrum of fatal and nonfatal chronic disease conditions, functioning problems, and disabilities. Moreover, benefits of marriage are widely shared across demographic groups.
High School Completion for Young Women
Authors: SHAW LOIS B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of living in a single-parent family on the high school completion of young women after controlling for the effects of family income. For white women, living with a single parent has no effect on high school completion once the generally lower income of single-parent families is taken into account. For black women, both low income and living with a single parent independently contribute to increased rates of dropping out of school. In considering policies to increase the rate of high school completion, the economic aspect of the problem deserves major attention.
Childless and Single-Childed Women in Early Twentieth-Century America
Authors: DAVIS NANCY J.
Published: March 2007

Over the course of this century, there have been marked fluctuations in the extent of childlessness and single-child fertility. In this article, data from the 1960 U.S. Census are used to examine cohort trends in childlessness and single-child motherhood among women born in the years 1891-1925. A marked rise in low-parity fertility is found among women who reached prime reproductive ages during the 1930s; cohorts born prior to or after these women had much lower levels of childlessness and single-child fertility. This rise and fall in low-partiy fertility is examined in the light of theories that see its cause as due to changes in (1) demographic composition across cohorts, (2) health levels that affect fecundity and hence fertility, (3) normative prescriptions to bear children and countervailing norms, and (4) economic conditions that affect the degree to which women limit reproduction. A loglinear analysis of changes in the composition of cohorts in race, age at marriage, marital history, and education shows that sociodemographic changes do not explain the upturn in low-parity fertility. Through an analysis of health statistics and the medical literature, the theory that changing health levels are responsible for the rise and fall in low-parity fertility is rejected. The normative and economic theories are found to be most useful in explaining trends in low-parity fertility. It is argued that over the course of this century, an interaction between economic conditions and reproductive ideology has both necessitated women limiting their childbearing in times of economic depression and provided justification for this.
Voluntary Childlessness
Authors: HOUSEKNECHT SHARON K.
Published: March 2007

Despite the recent proliferation of research on the topic of voluntary childlessness, a substantive theory has yet to be developed. A major objective of this article is to undertake such a theoretical formulation. A focus on social structural variables, that is, female education and employment, has led demographers and others to predict a phenomenal increase in voluntary childlessness. That this macro-level theory is incomplete is evidenced by the fact that it cannot account for the decline or leveling off in the voluntary childless rate since 1975, despite continuing increases in women's educational achievements and labor force participation. A missing link in this formulation is the cultural component. An individual decision-making model is necessary to show how social structural factors mesh with cultural components in influencing fertility decisions, in this case voluntary childlessness. Unless there is an effort to understand the micro-level processes that distort the macro-level patterns, a comprehensive understanding of voluntary childlessness cannot be forthcoming.
The Television Family and Children's Fright Reactions
Authors: PALMER EDWARD L. , HOCKETT ANNE B. , DEAN WALTER W.
Published: March 2007

One major research perspective in the field of television violence suggests that children's fright reaction potential increases with age because the older child can more effectively self-identify with situations being portrayed. A second major position holds that increasing age—and its accompanying cognitive development and contextual learning—will lower the likelihood of fear occurrence. The present study was designed to examine this question among younger (second-grade) and older (sixth-grade) elementary school children. Using a format developed by Cantor and Reilly (1982), all children responded to questions regarding frequency of fear reaction, popularity of frightening programs, frequency of program avoidance, and general viewing patterns. Program-related fear was significantly more frequent among second-grade children, with girls registering more frequent fear response than boys. Evident in both groups was heavy adult program viewing and a prevalence of nonregulation by parents. Second-grade children imposed self-regulation and avoided frightening programs significantly more frequently than did sixth-grade children. Viewing regret was also significantly higher among the younger children. Implications were discussed.
The Status of Women, Marital Equality, and Violence Against Wives
Authors: YLLÖ KERSTI
Published: March 2007

In the last decade, important progress has been made toward understanding the social causes of wife-beating. However, the research has remained almost entirely on the individual or interpersonal level of analysis. This article focuses on women's status at the societal level and marital inequality and violence, which are interpersonal-level variables. Based on data from a number of national surveys, the contextual analysis suggests that the degree to which marital inequality is associated with wife-beating is affected by the context of sexual inequality. Violence against wives is most severe in families that reside in states where the general status of women is fairly high relative to men, but in which the husband still dominates within the home.
The Impact of Age and Children on Remarriage
Authors: TEACHMAN JAY D. , HECKERT ALEX
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the impact age and presence/number of children have on the remarriage probabilities of divorced women. Following Koo and Suchindran (1980), an interaction between these two factors is posited, with children having an effect on the remarriage chances only of younger and older women. In addition, a third factor, dissolution measurement, is considered because remarriage intervals measured from separation and from divorce can be quite different. Analyses conducted separately by race indicate that (1) dissolution measurement can make a difference in the estimated effect of both age and presence/number of children on remarriage probabilities for both blacks and whites, (2) net of numerous controls, older women and women with more children of both races tend to remarry at the slowest pace, and (3) age and presence/number of children interact for whites but not for blacks.
Dealing with Loss in the Family Context
Authors: GELCER ESTHER
Published: March 2007

A family systems analysis of two therapy cases contradicts conventional views of mourning as being primarily an individual experience or measurable most importantly in terms of short-term impact on health. Rather, the event of a father's death is shown in one case to compound problems slowly over five years, whereas in another case, it facilitates the young adult son's process of maturation. The particular patterns of the family prior to the death and their larger sociocultural context are shown to be essential to the diagnosis and the choice of appropriate strategies for therapy.
Enlarging the Understanding of Marital Commitment via Religious Devoutness, Gender Role Preferences, and Locus of Marital Control
Authors: SCANZONI JOHN , ARNETT CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

Reference is made to the literature showing that marital commitment (defined by Becker as a “bet” on the future) has been strongly affected by variables such as love/caring and positive conflict resolution. The issue raised in this study is whether, given the continuing changes in female/male relationships over the past 20 years, additional factors stemming from those gender-based changes might gradually become part of a syndrome affecting the nature of the marital bond. This syndrome of factors includes gender role preferences, religious devoutness, and locus of control in marriage. Theoretical arguments supporting this gradual evolutionary emergence are presented along with an exploratory study suggesting propositions to be tested in future research—preferably within a life course perspective.
Families in the 1980s
Authors: SCANZONI JOHN
Published: March 2007

The state of American families in the 1980s is examined in the light of a series of issues regarding the paradigm currently prevailing within family studies. On the basis of those issues, the question is raised whether or not an alternative perspective might more validly describe currently emerging family-type empirical realities. The outlines of such a perspective are described, drawing on the emerging cross-disciplinary focus on close or primary relationships.
Female Autonomy, the Family, and Industrialization in Java
Authors: WOLF DIANE L.
Published: March 2007

It is generally argued that industrialization has an adverse affect on the position of women due to their exclusion from industrial employment and the resultant erosion of their status. This article addresses a case study to the question of gender stratification and industrialization by analyzing the relationship between factory daughters and their families in Java, Indonesia. The case study suggests that industrialization at the very least maintains, and may even enhance, female status within the family. I compare this Southeast Asian case with the East Asian experience to demonstrate the important role family systems play in mediating the effects of industrialization upon women and family change.
Religious Homogamy and Marital Happiness
Authors: ORTEGA SUZANNE T. , WHITT HUGH P. , WILLIAM J. ALLEN
Published: March 2007

Data from a representative sample of 1,070 married Protestants and Catholics were used to examine the relationship between religious homogamy and marital happiness. Although couples may vary in the extent to which they share religious views (e.g., beliefs, values), previous research has treated religious homogamy as a dichotomy; a couple is either homogamous or it is not. A partial explanation for this is that few studies have gone beyond the broad divisions of Protestant, Catholic, and Jew. In the present study religious bodies were classified on the basis of doctrine and ritual, yielding six categories: Baptist, Calvinist, Catholic, fundamentalist, Lutheran, and Methodist. These categories were then used to develop a measure of estimated “religious distance” or degrees of heterogamy. This measure was used to test the hypothesis that the larger the religious distance or disparity, the greater the likelihood of unhappiness with the marriage. The hypothesis was supported by the data.
Adolescent Substance Use and Perceived Family Functioning
Authors: SMART LAURA S. , CHIBUCOS THOMAS R. , DIDIER LARRY A.
Published: March 2007

Substance use and levels of cohesion and adaptability were assessed in three consecutive high school freshman classes in a small midwestern city. As predicted, adolescents who perceived their families to be extreme on cohesion and adaptability (measured by FACES II) were more likely than adolescents from balanced and midrange families to use marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, depressants, and psychedelics. Inconsistent results were found for cocaine use. Adolescents from extreme families were especially vulnerable to substance use when a family member was perceived as having a drinking problem.
Gender, Family Resources, and Success in Science
Authors: HANSON SANDRA L.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the effect of gender and family resources on success in multiple areas of science. Science experiences are measured using longitudinal science trajectories. Findings show that young women are less likely than young men to persist in science, whether it is science achievement, access, or attitudes. Large numbers of women permanently exit the science pipeline after their sophomore year of high school. However, results from the science trajectory models show that among men and women who are equally qualified, women are not necessarily less likely to persist in science. Results also show that young men have more family resources than young women and some of the total effect of gender on science experiences involves an indirect effect through family resources. In addition, gender interacts with family resources with the effects of many resources being stronger for women than for men.
Will Johnny See Daddy This Week?
Authors: STEPHENS LINDA S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this analysis is to examine the determinants of postdivorce contact between nonresidential fathers and their children after marital disruption and to evaluate the relative merit of three sociological perspectives on postdivorce contact: (a) social parenting, (b) marital-involvement parenting, and (c) socioeconomic-advantaged parenting. The results suggest that fathers have limited contact with their children postdivorce that decreases over time. The fathers' socioeconomic characteristics appear to temper this reduction in fathers' involvement with their children after marital disruption. As fathers develop new relationships postdivorce, their level of involvement with their children is reduced, whereas mothers' remarriage only affects the probability of fathers' having weekly contact with their children. For the most part, characteristics of the children, their mothers, and the former marriages, which ordinarily are positively associated with paternal involvement during marriage, did not affect the level of postdivorce visitation. Noncustodial fathers, however, were more likely to see young children every week than were fathers of school-age children.
The Effect of Children on the Mental Health of Women in the Paid Labor Force
Authors: ROXBURGH SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Previous research regarding the effect of children on mental health is mixed, with some studies suggesting that mothers are more depressed than their childless counterparts, and others finding no difference. Using a sample of 500 Canadian women, I test how resources and demands in the primary roles of parent, worker, and partner account for variation in the mental health of employed women. Demands are measured as job demands and as chronic strains in home roles. Resources are measured as job control and as partner support. Results indicate that when partner support and job control are high or average, employed mothers are significantly less distressed than employed nonmothers. Conversely, when role demands are high and resources are low, mothers are significantly more distressed than nonmothers. These results are discussed with respect to the interrelationships between social roles, resources, and mental health, and in terms of directions for future research.
Relational Maintenance Behaviors, Marital Satisfaction, and Commitment in Tatar, Russian, and Mixed Russian-Tatar Marriages
Authors: BALLARD-REISCH DEBORAH S. , WEIGEL DANIEL J. , ZAGUIDOULLINE MARAT G.
Published: March 2007

The cultural context in Tatarstan is currently characterized by uncertainty and change. Since perestroika, glasnost, and ultimately the fall of communism, the cultures of the former Soviet Republic have been struggling to regain stability and balance. This has put incredible pressure on families and, especially, the marital relationship. This study explores the relationship among communication strategies designed to maintain marriages and marital quality indicators in Tatar, Russian, and mixed Russian-Tatar couples. Data collected from 321 married couples indicated that the behavior of both self and spouse are related to perceptions of satisfaction and commitment.
The Transition From Cohabitation to Marriage
Authors: DUVANDER ANN-ZOFIE E.
Published: March 2007

In Sweden, cohabitation is the norm before marriage and is in many ways equal to marriage. By investigating the transition from cohabitation to marriage, this study seeks to clarify how those who marry differ from those who do not. The study uses the Swedish Family Survey of 1992 together with register data of marriages and births for the following 2 years. Information on partner's attitudes and marriage plans is obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. The risk of marriage for women who were cohabiting at the time of interview is analyzed with event history analysis. The results show that life course stage, economic gains in marriage, and family socialization predict whether cohabiting women will turn their unions into marriages. In addition, attitudes toward leisure and parenthood influence marriage propensities. Marriage plans explain some, but not all, of those effects.
Reconsidering the Effects of Marital Disruption
Authors: FURSTENBERG FRANK F. , TEITLER JULIEN O.
Published: March 2007

This article identifies predivorce individual and family characteristics that explain a portion of the effect of parental separation on the long-term well-being of children. Using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Children (NSC), the authors discuss how much of the relationship between a separation and measures of adult well-being (including educational and economic attainment, patterns of family formation, delinquency, and psychological well-being) is due to selectivity of parents into more fragile marriages and to family conflict that often precedes the physical departure of a parent from the household. The results of the study indicate that divorce is associated with some outcomes, although much of its putative effect diminishes when predivorce factors are accounted for. The authors suggest that researchers give more careful consideration to the processes leading up to a separation as part of the divorce experience of children.
An Update on the Status of Foreign Language Education In the United States
Authors: Edward Scebold C. , Wallinger Linda M.
Published: March 2007

The involvement of all tiers—local, state, regional, and national—is essential to propel foreign language education to the next level of unity and progress. Greater efforts should be made to improve commu nication and involvement among all stakeholders, including the admin istrators who manage schools, hire staff members, build schedules, assign courses—and help build and maintain communication with the local community.
Does Top-Down, Standards-Based Reform Work? A Review of the Status of Statewide Standards- Based Reform
Authors: Berger Jeff
Published: March 2007

What is meant by a "standards-based system?" Will the process of becoming more standards-based enhance our overall educational prod uct ? Do state and federal mandates relating to the development of standards-based educational systems work?
Principals: Leaders of Leaders
Authors: Childs-Bowen Deborah , Moller Gayle , Scrivner Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Teacher leaders can help guide fellow teachers and the school at large toward higher standards of achievement and recognition of individual responsibility for school reform. Until this responsibility for teacher leadership is realized in every teacher, the field of teaching will not change.
Administrative Accountability in a Hispanic High School: A Mentorship Model
Authors: Armendariz Abe L. , Rodriguez Roy C.
Published: March 2007

This article is an effort to bring about reform within the high school's administrative culture. The realignment of the administrative and counseling units allowed for personalizing services to students and parents. It is anticipated that through the new model, supervisory duties, individualizing curriculum, advising and disciplining students, collecting data, and developing community involvement will be better addressed and served.
Grading Policies that Work Against Standards...and How to Fix Them
Authors: Guskey Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

An important element of a sucessful standards-based reform initiative includes grading and reporting that refers to specific learning criteria rather than normative criteria, Four grading policies that impose barriers to reform are described, Specific stategies to correct thse policies are offered.
Web-based Instruction in a Rural High School: A Collaborative Inquiry into Its Effectiveness and Desirability
Authors: Chaney Elizabeth Griffin
Published: March 2007

Virtual high schools offer students around the world an alternative way to learn and interact with each other and with teachers. A study at South Vermillion High School in Clinton, Ind., examined whether a school in the rural Midwest could benefit from online instruction. Student and parent reactions to a Web-based learning environment differed. This article raises questions about how to support a virtual class at the high school level.
Sport as Escape
Authors: Segrave Jeffrey O.
Published: March 2007

One of the sources of sport’s enormous contemporary appeal is that it provides an escape, a brief and often intoxicating respite from the complexities and confusions of everyday life. This is the world the author explores here and does so by drawing from a variety of sources, although most especially by drawing from the world of sport literature. In particular, the article argues that the world of sport is built on several important ontological features, including space, time, community, order, purpose, and self. The article addresses each of these features using literary figures and stories to highlight both the power and danger of sport as escape. Among the literature to be cited may be included works by Frank DeFord, Roy MacGregor, Bernard Malamud, Jason Miller, and John Updike. In the end, the author’s analysis serves as a cautionary tale, an admonition about the personal and collective obsession with the world of sport.
A Multivariate Study of Determinants of Vigorous Physical Activity in a Multicultural Sample of College Students
Authors: Hall Arlene E. , Kuga Donna J. , Jones Dennis Floyd
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated and then compared associations between 16 variables and vigorous physical activity in a minority student population. The sample (N = 347) drawn from six universities with minority representation ranging from 3% to 17% consisted of African-American (62%), Asians (29%) and Hispanics (9%). No significant differences emerged between race and physical activity levels; however, African-American respondents reported more regular physical activity habits than Asians or Hispanics. Significant (p<.001) differences emerged by gender, with males reporting more vigorous and regular physical activity than females. The regression model accounted for 36% of the variance in physical activity. The strongest individual relationships, explaining 34% of the variation, included gender, benefits, participation in high school varsity sports, participation in youth sports, and barriers. The findings contribute information regarding activity characteristics by race and gender.
Sport, Tribes, and Technology
Authors: Jackson Steven J. , Hokowhitu Brendan
Published: March 2007

This study examines how global forces are shaping local indigenous cultures with a particular focus on the relationship between global capitalism, new media technologies, and transnational advertising. Concentrating on Mäori culture and identity in Aotearoa/New Zealand, the authors examine a contemporary political debate related to indigenous culture and intellectual property rights. Specifically, the study explores the politics of identity associated with global sports company Adidas and its use of the traditional New Zealand All Blacks haka as part of a global advertising campaign. A key feature of the analysis is the controversy surrounding a lawsuit filed by a Mäori tribe claiming compensation for the commercial use of its culture. Overall, the study highlights the problem of maintaining and protecting cultural spaces where indigenous identities can be constructed and affirmed.
Global Celebrity Athletes and Nationalism
Authors: Wong Lloyd L. , Trumper Ricardo
Published: March 2007

Globalization scholars have pointed to a world of increasing transnationalism and deterritorialization that contributes to new meanings of identity and citizenship as the nation-state declines. Sports, and their transnational labor migration, play an important role in both undermining and strengthening nations and national identities. In this context, this article examines two superstar and global celebrity athletes in the sports of fútbol and hockey: Iván Zamorano and Wayne Gretzky. The article shows that although Zamorano and Gretzky are prime examples of transnational citizens and global business persons, living in both national and transnational spaces, it is ambiguous, paradoxical, and contradictory that in Chile, Zamorano represents and symbolizes the essence of Chileaness and that in Canada, Gretzky is usually offered as the symbol of a true Canadian. These two global celebrity athletes embody transnational cultural and capitalist business practices and, at the same time, willingly serve as national cultural icons for the formation and reaffirmation of national identities.
Leadership Recruitment and Ethnic Stratification in Basketball
Authors: Chu Donald B. , Segrave Jeffrey O.
Published: March 2007

Based upon a sample of the three NCAA basketball divisions and information gathered from the NBA it is apparent that patterns of leadership and racial discrimination may be accounted for by the centrality hypothesis. Specifically it was found that

1. Players occupying the position of guard are more likely than forwards and centers to have access to the positions of head and assistant coach.

2. Since white players are disproportionately found at the guard position, whites are more likely than blacks to be selected as head and assistant coaches.
Differential Media Coverage of Men's and Women's Intercollegiate Basketball: Reflection of Gender Ideology
Authors: Blinde Elaine M. , Greendorfer Susan L. , Shanker Rebecca J.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the extent to which mass media coverage of men's and women's sport reflect the broader gender ideology of society. Using television coverage of men's and women's intercollegiate basketball as our context and verbal commentary as our text, an attempt was made (1) to identify qualitative differences in the manner in which the men's and women's games were presented by the networks, and, if coverage differences did exist, (2) to identify ideological assumptions which may underlie such differences. Data were derived from a content analysis of 16 televised college basketball games from the 1988-90 seasons. Analyses led to the identification of the following general coverage differences: (a) the men's game and performances were used as a standard of comparison and understanding for the women's game and performances; (b) the women's game was qualified as "women's basketball"; (c) non-parallel and sexist language was used to depict female athletes and their performance; and (d) expectations relative to physicality and athleticism. These findings suggest that the ideology of sport as a male domain is reinforced through differential media coverage of and commentary on men's and women's college basketball.
Agents and Agency: a Sports Agent's View
Authors: Steinberg Leigh
Published: March 2007

Editor's Note—Attorney and Player Agent Leigh Steinberg has long been recognized as a leader in defining the ethos of the sports representation field. He represents a number of NFL players, as well as other professional athletes. This commentary on the Uniform Code proposal for agents and Staudohar's analysis of the McNeil decision was received in the editorial office January 11, 1993, five days after an agreement between the NFL owners and players had been announced.
YOUTH SPORTS AS SERIOUS LEISURE
Authors: Siegenthaler K. L. , Gonzalez G. Leticia
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that serious leisure can reduce problems resulting from meaningless leisure because serious leisure requires sustained and committed involvement. Youth sport participation has traditionally been viewed as a positive leisure involvement because of its contribution to healthy lifestyles and character development. These benefits can be compromised when parents and coaches engage in youth sport as their own serious leisure. This article examines the positive and negative implications of youth sports as serious leisure for children and adults. Stebbins's six qualities of serious leisure—personal effort, perseverance, career, subculture, identification, and long-lasting benefits—are discussed, as well as the role of parents and coaches. Suggestions for improving the youth sports experience are also provided.
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
Authors: Mahony Daniel F. , Pastore Donna
Published: March 2007

Based on organizational justice research, Hums and Chelladurai surveyed college athletic personnel to determine which distributive justice principles these leaders believed were most fair. Their results indicated that the principles evaluated highest by all subgroups—National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) divisions, position, gender—were equality of treatment, need, and equality of results. The present study extended the work of Hums and Chelladurai and examined NCAA Revenue and Expense Reports for 1973-1993 to determine whether there was evidence to suggest that equality and need were the main principles affecting distributions. The authors also analyzed the impact of legislation and court decisions on distributions. Based on the analysis of the NCAA reports, distributions appear to be greatly affected by equity related to revenue production and spectator appeal.
Toward a Causal Model Approach for Adjusting for Preexisting Differences in the Nonequivalent Control Group Situation
Authors: Magidson Jay
Published: March 2007

The traditional approach for partialing out the effects of confounding factors in a non equivalent control group situation is to calculate a partial correlation coefficient or a (partial) regression coefficient controlling for one or more "covariates." Since the covariates generally are imperfect measures of the factors, this procedure will typically yield biased estimates of effect. An alternative approach, which allows for the presence of measurement error, is discussed and applied to some data from the original Head Start evaluation. Contrary to the original analysis, which found the Head Start program to be totally ineffective, the alternative approach yields small positive estimates of effect. The resulting model is conceptually feasible and fits the data well. However, it is only one of many possible causal models which could have been formulated. Guidelines are needed for building causal models in the evaluation research framework when little is known a priori regarding the causal relationships.
Measurement Practice in Intensive and Special Adult Probation
Authors: Banks Jerry , Rardin Ronald L.
Published: March 2007

As part of a recent national study of intensive and special adult probation projects (i.e., innovative probation efforts that seek either to achieve a substantial reduction in caseload or to offer unique probation services, or both) evaluation reports from 28 such projects were obtained and analyzed. This paper describes the state of art in measurement practice found in that review. Approaches and problems are discussed for all types of measures encountered, including process measures, outcome measures, and costl benefit measures.
The Theory and Practice of Applied Social Research
Authors: Rossi Peter H. , Wright James D. , Wright Sonia R.
Published: March 2007

This essay contrasts basic and applied social research, noting that the major partion of applied social research is pursued outside academic settings. Several reasons are given for this pattern, including the inability of university researchers to produce research on the scale and under the time pressures demanded by government agencies. An impressianistic survey of applied social research discerns a relative lack of quality, in part produced by poor procurement practices and in part due to the lowerprestige of applied social research as employment. Trends toward improvement are noted with some optimistic chance for future applied social research to reach the highest standards needed for findings that may be of importance to social policy.
Cost Effectiveness of Residential Community Corrections
Authors: Gray Charles M. , Conover C. Johnston , Hennessey Timothy M.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the relative cost effectiveness of community corrections, pro bation, and incarceration as alternative means of treating convicted offenders Using three different measures of recidivism, probation is found to be most cost effective in the very short run (when all factor inputs are fixed), in the short run (some factor inputs are variable), and in the long run (all factor inputs are variable). Although incarceration is more efficient than community corrections in the very short run, the reverse is true in the short and long runs.
Randomized Field Experiments for Program Planning, Development, and Evaluation
Authors: Boruch Robert F. , McSweeny A. John , Soderstrom E. Jon
Published: March 2007

This bibliography lists references to cover 300 randomized field experiments undertaken in schools, hospitals, prisons, and other social settings. The list is divided into 10 major categories corresponding to the type of program under examination. They include: criminal and civil justice programs, mental health, training and education, mass media, information collection, utilization, commerce and industry, welfare, health, and family planning. The main purpose of the bibliography is to provide evidence on feasibility and scope of randomized field tests, since despite their advantages, it is not always clearfrom managerial, political, and other constraints on research that they can be mounted.
Psychological Aspects of Data Loss in Outcome Research
Authors: Penk W.E. , Uebersax J.S. , Charles H.L. , Andrews R.H.
Published: March 2007

Data loss is a plague in outcome studies, particularly for research strategies using significant others to rate home and community adjustment of clients in treatment. This study asked, "Do psychological factors contribute to data loss?" for 169 consecutively admitted psychiatric clients who differed in outcome response rates. Clients who evidenced less favorable pretreatment adjustment on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and on psychiatrists' Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales ratings also turned out to be those for whom posttreatment outcome return rates were poorest. The findings suggest data loss is systematic: Clients who are less well-adjusted may be underrepresented in program evaluation.
Active Users vs. Couple-Months-of-Protection
Authors: Bertrand Jane T. , Pineda Maria Antonieta , Santiso Roberto , Landry Evelyn G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the comparability of two indicators of family planning (FP) performance-number of active users (a widely reported statistic) and couple-months-of protection. Both were used to monitor the Guatemalan community- based distribution (CBD) program over a twelve-month period. Discrepancies between the two indicators were observed m monthly statistics but were minimal in trimester data. Differences between indicators were greater for barrier methods than the pill, although both systems yielded similar results on the distribution of users by method. It is recom mended that CMP be used for the routine monitoring of FPprograms, and that CMP be reported separately for clinical and nonclinical methods.