bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Studies of Cobalt Phosphonates
Authors: Zheng Li‐Min , Duan Yan
Published: June 2013

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Borylene Complexes
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: June 2013

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Annulations with Chiral N‐Mesityl N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Mahatthananchai Jessada , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: June 2013

Review: 35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perfluoroalkylation of Fullerenes
Authors: Boltalina Olga V. , Kurvychko Igor V. , Shustova Natalia B. , Strauss Steven H.
Published: June 2013

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Organic Chemistry. The Foldamer Approach
Authors: Li Zhan‐Ting
Published: June 2013

Review: 215 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Helical—Chiral Pyridines as Organocatalysts in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Peng Zhili , Takenaka Norito
Published: June 2013

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogen Bonding in Mixtures of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Cosolvents
Authors: Kiefer Johannes , Noack Kristina , Kirchner Barbara
Published: June 2013

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Technological Prospection on Solid‐State Fermentation
Authors: Gasparotto Juliana M. , Kuhn Raquel C. , Foletto Edson L. , Jacques Rodrigo J. S. , Guedes Jerson V. C. , Jahn Sergio L. , Mazutti Marcio A.
Published: June 2013

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Membrane Purification in Radioactive Waste Management: A Short Review
Authors: Ambashta Ritu D. , Sillanpaeae Mika E. T.
Published: June 2013

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Colloidal Germanium and Germanium‐Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Vaughn Dimitri D. II , Schaak Raymond E.
Published: June 2013

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Dot Nanoscale Heterostructures for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Selinsky Rachel S. , Ding Qi , Faber Matthew S. , Wright John C. , Jin Song
Published: June 2013

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphor Development and Integration for Near‐UV LED Solid State Lighting
Authors: Han J. K. , Choi J. I. , Piquette A. , Hannah M. , Anc M. , Galvez M. , Talbot J. B. , McKittrick J.
Published: June 2013

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photo‐Induced Covalent Cross‐Linking for the Analysis of Biomolecular Interactions
Authors: Preston George W. , Wilson Andrew J.
Published: June 2013

Review: 34 refs.
Achiral‐to‐Chiral Transition in Benzil Solidification: Analogies with Racemic Conglomerates Systems Showing Deracemization
Authors: El‐Hachemi Zoubir , Arteaga Oriol , Canillas Adolf , Crusats Joaquim , Sorrenti Alessandro , Veintemillas‐Verdaguer Sabino , Ribo Josep M.
Published: June 2013

Experimental results show that benzil (1,2‐diphenyl‐1,2‐ethanedione), an achiral compound that crystallizes as a racemic conglomerate, yields by solidification polycrystalline scalemic mixtures of high enantiomeric excesses. These results are related to those previously reported in this type of compounds on deracemizations of racemic mixtures of crystal enantiomorphs obtained by wet grinding. However, the present results strongly suggest that these experiments cannot be explained without taking into account chiral recognition interactions at the level of precritical clusters. The conditions that would define a general thermodynamic scenario for such deracemizations are discussed. Chirality 25:393–399, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNA‐Nanotechnologie
Authors: Simmel Friedrich C.
Published: June 2013

Die herausragenden molekularen Erkennungseigenschaften von DNA‐Molekülen werden seit nunmehr zwei Jahrzehnten zur Erschaffung von künstlichen Molekülstrukturen verwendet. Nach der anfänglichen Herstellung von einfachen molekularen Objekten und gitterähnlichen Strukturen hat mit der Erfindung der DNA‐Origami‐Technik die Komplexität der Strukturen in den vergangenen Jahren stark zugenommen. Nun ist die Konstruktion nahezu beliebiger molekularer Nanostrukturen aus DNA in zwei und gar drei Dimensionen möglich – und erste konkrete Anwendungen in Biomedizin und Nanotechnologie sind greifbar. Neben statischen molekularen Konstruktionen können auch dynamische Systeme entwickelt werden, so z.B. molekulare Maschinen, molekulare Motoren sowie molekulare Computer. Die Kombination dieser Funktionen in integrierten Systemen führt gegenwärtig zur Entwicklung erster molekularer “Roboter” und Fertigungslinien für die Nanotechnologie.
Primo Levis Erzählung Kohlenstoff und ihre mögliche Vorlage
Authors: Soentgen Jens
Published: June 2013

Primo Levis 1975 publiziertes Buch Il sistema periodico (Das periodische System, deutsch 1987) wurde 2006 bei einer Befragung des Imperial College in London zum “best science book ever” gekürt. Es ist eines der bekanntesten literarischen Werke mit chemischem Inhalt. Es gliedert sich in 21 Element‐Erzählungen, die berühmteste von diesen ist die vom Kohlenstoff. Im folgenden versuche ich, den Nachweis zu führen, dass diese Geschichte eine Vorlage hatte, nämlich die Erzählung ‘Lebensgeschichte eines Kohlenstoffatoms’ von Helmut Schmid, die 1946 erschien. Ziel des folgenden, kurzen Vergleichs ist, die besonderen literarischen Qualitäten von Levis Version noch besser wahrzunehmen.
Severe lack of comprehension of common prostate health terms among low‐income inner‐city men
Authors: Wang Daniel S. , Jani Ashesh B. , Tai Caroline G. , Sesay Musu , Lee Daniel K. , Goodman Michael , Echt Katharina V. , Kilbridge Kerry E. , Master Viraj A.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are often counseled about treatment options with the use of terms that are part of the “core vocabulary” of prostate cancer. It is hypothesized that predominantly lower literacy patients would demonstrate a severe lack of comprehension of prostate cancer terms, thus validating the findings of a previous single‐institution study.

METHODS

A previously developed survey was used to evaluate understanding of terms related to urinary, bowel, and sexual function. The survey was administered by trained evaluators at 2 safety net clinics that provide care for low‐income, predominantly African American patients. Comprehension was assessed using semiqualitative methods coded by 2 independent investigators. Literacy and numeracy were also evaluated.

RESULTS

Among 109 patients who completed the study, only 5% understood the function of the prostate, and 15%, 29%, and 32% understood the terms “incontinence,” “urinary function,” and “bowel habits,” respectively. Lower levels of comprehension were observed for compound words, such as “vaginal intercourse” (58%), versus single words such as “intercourse” (95%), validating previous work. Median school level was 13 years, yet median literacy level was only ninth grade, and reading level was significantly correlated with comprehension. Only 30% of patients correctly calculated both a fraction and a percent.

CONCLUSIONS

Lack of comprehension of prostate health terminology is pronounced in this patient population and may be widespread. This lack of comprehension potentially limits the ability of patients to participate in informed decision‐making. These results validate the findings of previous studies and supports a continued need for refined methods of prostate cancer education. Cancer 2013;119:3204–3211. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Structure and Stability of (NG)nCN3Be3+ Clusters and Comparison with (NG)BeY0/+
Authors: Pan Sudip , Jalife Said , Kumar R. Mahesh , Subramanian Venkatesan , Merino Gabriel , Chattaraj Pratim K.
Published: June 2013

The noble gas binding ability of CN3Be3+ clusters was assessed both by ab intio and density functional studies. The global minimum structure of the CN3Be3+ cluster binds with four noble‐gas (NG) atoms, in which the Be atoms are acting as active centers. The electron transfer from the noble gas to the Be atom plays a key role in binding. The dissociation energy of the BeNG bond gradually increases from He to Rn, maintaining the periodic trend. The HOMO–LUMO gap, an indicator for stability, gives additional insight into these NG‐bound clusters. The temperature at which the NG‐binding process is thermodynamically feasible was identified. In addition, we investigated the stability of two new neutral NG compounds, (NG)BeSe and (NG)BeTe, and found them to be suitable candidates to be detected experimentally such as (NG)BeO and (NG)BeS. The dissociation energies of the BeNG bond in monocationic analogues of (NG)BeY (Y=O, S, Se, Te) were found to be larger than in the corresponding neutral counter‐parts. Finally, the higher the positive charge on the Be atoms, the higher the dissociation energy for the BeNG bond becomes.
Evolutionary dynamics of giant viruses and their virophages
Authors: Wodarz Dominik
Published: June 2013

Giant viruses contain large genomes, encode many proteins atypical for viruses, replicate in large viral factories, and tend to infect protists. The giant virus replication factories can in turn be infected by so called virophages, which are smaller viruses that negatively impact giant virus replication. An example is Mimiviruses that infect the protistAcanthamoebaand that are themselves infected by the virophage Sputnik. This study examines the evolutionary dynamics of this system, using mathematical models. While the models suggest that the virophage population will evolve to increasing degrees of giant virus inhibition, it further suggests that this renders the virophage population prone to extinction due to dynamic instabilities over wide parameter ranges. Implications and conditions required to avoid extinction are discussed. Another interesting result is that virophage presence can fundamentally alter the evolutionary course of the giant virus. While the giant virus is predicted to evolve toward increasing its basic reproductive ratio in the absence of the virophage, the opposite is true in its presence. Therefore, virophages can not only benefit the host population directly by inhibiting the giant viruses but also indirectly by causing giant viruses to evolve toward weaker phenotypes. Experimental tests for this model are suggested.
Evidence for no sexual isolation between Drosophila albomicans and D. nasuta
Authors: Kim Yong‐Kyu , Phillips Dennis R. , Tao Yun
Published: June 2013

Sexual isolation, the reduced tendency to mate, is one of the reproductive barriers that prevent gene flow between different species. Various species‐specific signals during courtship contribute to sexual isolation between species. Drosophila albomicans and D. nasuta are closely related species of the nasuta subgroup within the Drosophila immigrans group and are distributed in allopatry. We analyzed mating behavior and courtship as well as cuticular hydrocarbon profiles within and between species. Here, we report that these two species randomly mated with each other. We did not observe any sexual isolation between species or between strains within species by multiple‐choice tests. Significant difference in the courtship index was detected between these two species, but males and females of both species showed no discrimination against heterospecific partners. Significant quantitative variations in cuticular hydrocarbons between these two species were also found, but the cuticular hydrocarbons appear to play a negligible role in both courtship and sexual isolation between these two species. In contrast to the evident postzygotic isolation, the lack of sexual isolation between these two species suggests that the evolution of premating isolation may lag behind that of the intergenomic incompatibility, which might be driven by intragenomic conflicts.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Alkoxides Incorporated into Bulky Aluminium Tetraphenolate Helices and Application in the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactides
Authors: Jian Chunli , Zhang Jinjin , Dai Zhongran , Gao Yuan , Tang Ning , Wu Jincai
Published: June 2013

Two aluminium and magnesium heterobimetallic complexes of [(LAl)MgOBn]2 (2) and [(LAl)Mg(OC2H4OCH3)]2 (3), in which L = N1,N1,N2,N2‐tetrakis(2‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylbenzyl)‐1,2‐ethanediamine, have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. The magnesium alkoxide of complex 2 supported by the bulky aluminium tetraphenolates, as a rare helical heterobimetallic initiator, can effectively initiate the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (L‐LA) leading to polymers with good molecular weight control and narrow molecular weight distributions. Kinetic studies have shown the overall rate expression is –d[lactide]/dt = k[lactide][complex] for the ROP of L‐LA. Furthermore, complex 2 shows modest isotactic selectivity in the ROP of rac‐lactide.
Towards Tartaric‐Acid‐Derived Asymmetric Organocatalysts
Authors: Gratzer Katharina , Gururaja Guddeangadi N. , Waser Mario
Published: June 2013

Tartaric acid is one of the most prominent naturally occurring chiral compounds. Whereas its application in the production of chiral ligands for metal‐catalysed reactions has been exhaustively investigated, its potential to provide new organocatalysts has been less extensively explored. Nevertheless, some impressive results, such as the use of TADDOLs as chiral H‐bonding catalysts or of tartrate‐derived asymmetric quaternary ammonium salt catalysts, have been reported over the last decade. The goal of this article is to provide a representative overview of the potential and the limitations of tartaric acid or TADDOLs in the creation of new organocatalysts and to highlight some of the most spectacular applications of these catalysts, as well as to summarize case studies in which other classes of chiral backbones were better suited.
Synthesis and Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of Symmetrical Chromophores Derived from 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Quinoxaline Units
Authors: Lin Tzu‐Chau , Chien Wei , Liu Che‐Yu , Tsai Ming‐Yu , Huang Yu‐Jheng
Published: June 2013

A set of symmetrically substituted multibranched chromophores composed of three quinoxaline‐based congeners has been synthesized and experimentally shown to possess strong and widely dispersed two‐photon absorptivities in the visible to near‐IR region under the irradiation of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses. The electronic properties of the central π bridges incorporated into the final structures are closely connected to the molecular two‐photon activities of these model compounds. Effective optical‐power attenuation and stabilization behaviors in the nanosecond time domain of these dye molecules were also investigated. The structural motif of these compounds provides a useful approach for the molecular design of strong two‐photon absorbing material systems with the potential for quick‐responsive and broadband optical‐control related applications, particularly for long‐duration laser pulses in the near‐IR region.
MicroRNA‐146 represses endothelial activation by inhibiting pro‐inflammatory pathways
Authors: Cheng Henry S. , Sivachandran Nirojini , Lau Andrew , Boudreau Emilie , Zhao Jimmy L. , Baltimore David , Delgado‐Olguin Paul , Cybulsky Myron I. , Fish Jason E.
Published: June 2013

Activation of inflammatory pathways in the endothelium contributes to vascular diseases, including sepsis and atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that miR‐146a and miR‐146b are induced in endothelial cells upon exposure to pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Despite the rapid transcriptional induction of the miR‐146a/b loci, which is in part mediated by EGR‐3, miR‐146a/b induction is delayed and sustained compared to the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, and in fact coincides with the down‐regulation of inflammatory gene expression. We demonstrate that miR‐146 negatively regulates inflammation. Over‐expression of miR‐146a blunts endothelial activation, while knock‐down of miR‐146a/b in vitro or deletion of miR‐146a in mice has the opposite effect. MiR‐146 represses the pro‐inflammatory NF‐κB pathway as well as the MAP kinase pathway and downstream EGR transcription factors. Finally, we demonstrate that HuR, an RNA binding protein that promotes endothelial activation by suppressing expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), is a novel miR‐146 target. Thus, we uncover an important negative feedback regulatory loop that controls pro‐inflammatory signalling in endothelial cells that may impact vascular inflammatory diseases.
Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures
Authors: Alexandrowicz Zofia , Marszałek Mariola , Rzepa Grzegorz
Published: June 2013

Previous research on rock weathering crusts has revealed their large variability depending on the type of host rocks and development of weathering processes. The composition of crusts developed on natural sandstone exposures is less documented in the literature in comparison to those developed on architectonic stones. In both cases, previous research has focused mainly on the progress of salt weathering. This study considers the surfaces of sandstone tors in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The exposed parts of the rocks in this area are often covered by crust, which is up to several centimetres thick, and differs from the internal part in colour and composition. The crusts were characterized using light and electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermal analyses, Mössbauer spectroscopy, bulk chemical analyses and sequential chemical extractions. Porosity was estimated by digital image processing. The following two hardened zones were observed: (1) thin (up to 30 µm), black, external layer, rich in carbon and composed of opal‐type silica, covered in places by sulphate incrustations and numerous spherical particles of anthropogenic origin; (2) thicker (up to several millimetres), internal part composed of a set of laminae of variable colouration, enriched in iron (oxyhydr)oxides (goethite and hematite) in comparison to the rock interior. Development of the crust results from silicon and iron redistribution during the sandstone alteration. The chief source of silica is hydrolysis of aluminosilicates, whilst that of iron is decomposition of aluminosilicates, carbonates and sulphides. Hematite is probably a result of goethite transformation. However, air pollutants may play an important role in the formation of sulphates. Silica and iron compounds affect the properties of the rock, hardening the surface and lowering porosity by formation of secondary cement. Crystallization of sulphate salts, in turn, may contribute to mechanical disintegration of the rock. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grouting technology in tunnelling / Injektionstechnik im Tunnelbau
Authors: Kogler Kurt
Published: June 2013

Grouting technology has a long tradition in tunnelling. These specialised works are always available when a tunnel encounters difficult ground conditions, fault zones or areas of heavy water inflow. This article gives an overview of grouting processes in combination with the various tunnelling methods and categorises various processes according to the purpose of grouting or the prevailing conditions on site. An understanding of the manifold drilling technologies, material properties and grouting processes is the most important precondition for the successful application of grouting works. A few selected projects serve as examples for the application of grouting technology in modern tunnelling.

Die Injektionstechnik im Tunnelbau hat eine lange Tradition. Sie kommt als Spezialgebiet immer dann zur Anwendung, wenn es darum geht, schwierige Gebirgsverhältnisse, Störzonen oder Bereiche mit großem Wasserandrang zu durchörtern. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Anwendung von Injektionsverfahren im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen tunnelbautechnischen Vortriebsmethoden, sowohl in Lockermaterial als auch im Festgestein, sowie eine Zuordnung der einzelnen Verfahren nach Injektionsziel oder vorhandenen Randbedingungen. Die Kenntnisse über die vielfältigen Bohrtechniken, Materialeigenschaften und Injektionsverfahren sind dabei die wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Ausführung von Injektionsarbeiten. Einige ausgewählte Projekte dienen als Beispiel für eine erfolgreiche Anwendung der Injektionstechnik im modernen Tunnelbau.
Postnatal development of Homer1a in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Montes‐Rodríguez Corinne J. , Lapointe Valérie , Trivedi Vivek , Lu Qian , Demchuk Aubrey M. , McNaughton Bruce L.
Published: June 2013

Homer1a (H1a) is an immediate early gene involved in multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. It exhibits a postnatal increase in the rat forebrain (Brakeman et al. (1997) Nature 386:284‐288) and reduces the density and size of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons (Sala et al. (2003) J Neurosci 23:6327‐6337). We evaluated hippocampal H1a expression at different postnatal ages (P3, P5, P7, P9, P15, P19, P23, P35, and adult) using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and qRT‐PCR. Maximal electroconvulsive shock (MECS) was used to induce maximal expression relative to home cage (HC) controls. Large scale images and confocal z‐stacks from dorsal subiculum (DS), CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) were analyzed by both manual and automated methods. In DS, CA1, and CA3 a significant proportion of cells (40%) expressed small but detectable levels of H1a from P3; however, MECS did not up‐regulate H1a during the first postnatal week. MECS induced H1a positive cells during the second postnatal week and induction reached adult levels at P9. H1a‐Intra Nuclear Foci (INF) size and intensity varied with age, increasing at P19‐23 in CA1 and CA3 and from P9 to P23 in DS. In DG, H1a expression exhibited a lamination pattern and an H1a‐INF size and intensity gradient across the granule cell layer, consistent with the outside‐in maturation of DG granule cells. The developmental progression of H1a corresponds to the synaptic refinement period supporting the conclusion that H1a could play an important role in this process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sensory Discrimination, Working Memory and Intelligence in 9‐Year‐Old and 11‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Voelke Annik E. , Troche Stefan J. , Rammsayer Thomas H. , Wagner Felicitas L. , Roebers Claudia M.
Published: June 2013

More than a century ago, Galton and Spearman suggested that there was a functional relationship between sensory discrimination ability and intelligence. Studies have since been able to confirm a close relationship between general discrimination ability (GDA) and IQ. The aim of the present study was to assess whether this strong relationship between GDA and IQ could be due to working memory (WM) demands of GDA tasks. A sample of 140 children (seventy 9‐year‐olds and seventy 11‐year‐olds) was studied. Results showed that there was a significant overlap between WM, GDA and fluid intelligence. Furthermore, results also revealed that WM could not explain the relationship between GDA and fluid intelligence as such, but that it acted as a bottleneck of information processing, limiting the influence of GDA on the prediction of fluid intelligence. Specifically, GDA's influence on the prediction of intelligence was only visible when WM capacity was above a certain level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The molecular rationale of Src inhibition in colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Gargalionis Antonios N. , Karamouzis Michalis V. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G.
Published: June 2013

Src has been one of the most studied proto‐oncogenes. The cellular Src (c‐Src) holds a critical role in several human malignancies and has emerged as a key factor that promotes tumor progression during the multistep process of colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. The robust activation of Src in CRC of aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis seems to be a subsequent event of a strong link between its deregulated activity and the tumor's cell adhesion properties, invasiveness and metastatic potential. The rarely detected genetic defects drive interest in signaling networks that control Src kinase activity and integrate the association of Src with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Therefore, a dynamic crosstalk is being formed with oncogenic capacity and therapeutic applications, because Src inhibition seems to sensitize previously unresponsive cancer cells to chemotherapy and anti‐EGFR inhibitors. The present review explores the molecular basis behind Src inhibition in colorectal carcinomas. Furthermore, preclinical studies and clinical trials of Src inhibitors and combination regimens are discussed, providing new insights for further investigation and new therapeutic strategies.
A Phenomenological Investigation of African American Counselor Education Students' Challenging Experiences
Authors: Henfield Malik S. , Woo Hongryun , Washington Ahmad
Published: June 2013

This study explored 11 African American doctoral students’ perceptions of challenging experiences in counselor education programs. The authors identified the following themes using critical race theory: feelings of isolation, peer disconnection, and faculty misunderstandings and disrespect. Implications for counselor education programs and policies are discussed.
Inflammatory response and bone healing capacity of two porous calcium phosphate ceramics in critical size cortical bone defects
Authors: Chatterjea Anindita , van der Stok Johan , Danoux Charlène B. , Yuan Huipin , Habibovic Pamela , van Blitterswijk Clemens A. , Weinans Harrie , de Boer Jan
Published: June 2013

In the present study, two open porous calcium phosphate ceramics, β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP), and hydroxyapatite (HA) were compared in a critical‐sized femoral defect in rats. Previous comparisons of these two ceramics showed significantly greater osteoinductive potential of β‐TCP upon intramuscular implantation and a better performance in a spinal fusion model in dogs. Results of the current study also showed significantly more bone formation in defects grafted with β‐TCP compared to HA; however, both the ceramics were not capable of increasing bone formation to such extend that it bridges the defect. Furthermore, a more pronounced degradation of β‐TCP was observed as compared to HA. Progression of inflammation and initiation of new bone formation were assessed for both materials at multiple time points by histological and fluorochrome‐based analyses. Until 12 days postimplantation, a strong inflammatory response in absence of new bone formation was observed in both ceramics, without obvious differences between the two materials. Four weeks postimplantation, signs of new bone formation were found in both β‐TCP and HA. At 6 weeks, inflammation had subsided in both ceramics while bone deposition continued. In conclusion, the two ceramics differed in the amount of bone formed after 8 weeks of implantation, whereas no differences were found in the duration of the inflammatory phase after implantation or initiation of new bone formation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1399–1407, 2014.
Embryonic development of endoderm in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Alcântara Dayane , Rodrigues Marcio N. , Franciolli André L. R. , Da Fonseca Erika T. , Silva Fernanda M. O. , Carvalho Rafael C. , Fratini Paula , Sarmento Carlos Alberto P. , Ferreira Antonio José P. , Miglino Maria Angelica
Published: June 2013

The poultry industry is a sector of agribusiness which represents an important role in the country's agricultural exports. Therefore, the study about embryogenesis of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) has a great economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate embryonic development of the endoderm in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Forty fertilized eggs of domestic chickens, starting from the 1st day of gestation and so on until the 19 days of the incubation were collected from the Granja São José (Amparo, SP, Brazil). Embryos and fetus were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, identified, weighed, measured, and subjected to light and scanning electron microscopy. The endoderm originates the internal lining epithelium of the digestive, immune, respiratory systems, and the organs can be visualized from the second day (48 h) when the liver is formed. The formation of the digestive system was complete in the 12th day. Respiratory system organs begin at the fourth day as a disorganized tissue and undifferentiated. Their complete differentiation was observed at the 10 days of incubation, however, until the 19 days the syrinx was not observed. The formation of immune system at 10th day was observed with observation of the spleen, thymus, and cloacal bursa. The study of the organogenesis of the chicken based on germ layers is very complex and underexplored, and the study of chicken embryology is very important due the economic importance and growth of the use of this animal model studies such as genetic studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:803–810, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sea ice thickness retrieval algorithms based on in situ surface elevation and thickness values for application to altimetry
Authors: Ozsoy‐Cicek Burcu , Ackley Stephen , Xie Hongjie , Yi Donghui , Zwally Jay
Published: June 2013

In situ measurements of sea ice thickness (I), snow depth (S), and snow freeboard (Fsn) from drilling profile lines from 15 cruises into the Southern Ocean, Antarctica, were analyzed. I was calculated from in situ Fsn and S using an isostatic approach. I was also directly estimated from Fsn as can be obtained from laser altimetry. The root‐mean‐square difference (RMSD) between observed and calculated I reduces, and the correlation between Fsn and I increases substantially, when (1) using values averaged over the survey lines (∼50 m) instead of single drill hole measurements (∼1 m) and (2) treating positive and negative sea ice freeboard (Fi) separately. For small Fi, however, S approximates Fsn pointing toward an isostatic balance also between S and I. Our linear regression analysis between the in situ measurements suggests a direct conversion of Fsn into I using a region‐specific set of equations. RMSD values are similar to those obtained employing isostatic balance models and treating positive and negative Fi separately. However, more data would have been needed to obtain significant differences between most of the various models suggested. Still our new approach gives a viable alternative for Antarctic I retrieval from altimetric measurements of Fsn alone. Correlation between in situ observations of Fsn and S is high. RMSD between observed and calculated S is small. This suggests estimation of S from altimetric Fsn measurements. Such S has an estimated precision of ∼5 cm, and is neither affected by snow wetness or grain size nor limited to S < 50 cm.
Finding Creativity in an Artificial Artist
Authors: Norton David , Heath Derrall , Ventura Dan
Published: June 2013

Creativity is an important component of human intelligence, and imbuing artificially intelligent systems with creativity is an interesting challenge. In particular, it is difficult to quantify (or even qualify) creativity. Recently, it has been suggested that conditions for attributing creativity to a system include: appreciation, imagination, and skill. We demonstrate and describe an original computer system (called DARCI) that is designed to produce images through creative means. We present methods for evaluating DARCI and other artificially creative systems with respect to appreciation, imagination, and skill, and use these methods to show that DARCI is arguably a creative system.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐type 2 (rhBMP‐2) enhances local bone formation in the lumbar spine of osteoporotic sheep
Authors: Zarrinkalam Mohammad Reza , Schultz Christopher G , Ardern David W , Vernon‐Roberts Barrie , Moore Robert J
Published: June 2013

The failure of orthopedic implants in osteoporotic patients is attributed to the lack of sufficient bone stock and regenerative capacity but most treatments for osteoporosis fail to address this issue. rhBMP‐2 is known to promote bone formation under normal conditions but has not been used clinically in the osteoporotic condition. Osteoporosis was induced in 19 ewes using ovariectomy, low calcium diet, and steroid injection. After induction, the steroid was withdrawn and pellets containing inert carrier with rhBMP‐2 in either slow or fast‐release formulation were implanted into the lumbar vertebrae of each animal. After 2, 3, and 6 months the spines were harvested and assessed for changes in BMD and histomorphometric indices. BMD did not change after cessation of steroid treatment. After 2 months BV/TV increased in the vicinity of the pellets containing the fast‐release rhBMP‐2 and was sustained for the duration of the study. Focal voids surrounding all implants, particularly the slow‐release formulation, were observed initially but resolved with time. Increased BV/TV adjacent to rhBMP‐2 pellets suggests it could be used for localized treatment of osteoporosis. Refinement of the delivery system and supplementary treatments may be necessary to overcome the initial catabolic effects of rhBMP‐2. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1390–1397, 2013.
Integrin‐mediated interactions with extracellular matrix proteins for nucleus pulposus cells of the human intervertebral disc
Authors: Bridgen D. T. , Gilchrist C. L. , Richardson W. J. , Isaacs R. E. , Brown C. R. , Yang K. L. , Chen J. , Setton L. A.
Published: June 2013

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the human intervertebral disc is rich in molecules that interact with cells through integrin‐mediated attachments. Porcine nucleus pulposus (NP) cells have been shown to interact with laminin (LM) isoforms LM‐111 and LM‐511 through select integrins that regulate biosynthesis and cell attachment. Since human NP cells lose many phenotypic characteristics with age, attachment and interaction with the ECM may be altered. Expression of LM‐binding integrins was quantified for human NP cells using flow cytometry. The cell‐ECM attachment mechanism was determined by quantifying cell attachment to LM‐111, LM‐511, or type II collagen after functionally blocking specific integrin subunits. Human NP cells express integrins β1, α3, and α5, with over 70% of cells positive for each subunit. Blocking subunit β1 inhibited NP cell attachment to all substrates. Blocking subunits α1, α2, α3, and α5 simultaneously, but not individually, inhibits NP cell attachment to laminins. While integrin α6β1 mediated porcine NP cell attachment to LM‐111, we found integrins α3, α5, and β1 instead contributed to human NP cell attachment. These findings identify integrin subunits that may mediate interactions with the ECM for human NP cells and could be used to promote cell attachment, survival, and biosynthesis in cell‐based therapeutics. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1661–1667, 2013
Fast ultrasound‐assisted extraction combined with LC–MS/MS of perfluorinated compounds in manure
Authors: García‐Valcárcel Ana I. , Tadeo José L.
Published: June 2013

A fast analytical method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in poultry manure by LC–MS/MS was developed. The extraction was carried out by ultrasound‐assisted extraction of 1 g of sample, during 2 × 15 min using low volume (5.5 mL) of a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile. An efficient extraction of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides from poultry manure was obtained with recoveries higher than 81%. The cleanup of extracts was carried out by dispersive SPE. The validation of the proposed method showed the suitability of this procedure to determine perfluorinated compounds in poultry manure with detection limits in the range of 0.44–2.12 ng/g, depending on the target compound. In comparison with previously published methods, the miniaturization of the sample preparation method with ultrasound‐assisted extraction together with the use of a core‐shell column permit a lower consumption of organic solvents and a fast analysis of perfluorinated compounds. Manure samples obtained from Spanish commercial farms were analyzed and low perfluorinated compounds levels were found, which may be originated by dietary or environmental exposure. The highest concentrations measured corresponded to the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, which varied from 8.2 to 35.9 ng/g.
How Prevalent Is Resilience Following Sexual Assault?: Comment on Steenkamp et al. (2012)
Authors: Bonanno George A.
Published: June 2013

Steenkamp, Dickstein, Salters‐Pedneault, Hofmann, and Litz (2012) analyzed latent trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on data obtained in the early months following a single‐incident sexual assault. In contrast to previous studies of potentially traumatic events, they did not observe a trajectory of minimal symptoms or resilience, which they argued occurred because sexual assault involves more severe and direct trauma exposure than examined in previous studies. Although sexual assault is an aversive and challenging event, it seems highly unlikely that at least some sexual assault survivors would not be resilient. Steenkamp et al.'s failure to observe resilience can easily be explained on purely methodological grounds. Most notably, their findings were probably heavily influenced by sampling bias. Additionally, their sample size was too small and had too much missing data for the kinds of latent trajectory modeling they attempted.
Short‐term outcomes and cost of care of treatment of head and neck paragangliomas
Authors: Chan Jason Y. K. , Li Ryan J. , Gourin Christine G.
Published: June 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To characterize contemporary treatment of head and neck paragangliomas and the effect of treatment on postoperative complications, length of stay, and costs.

Study Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 7,791 patients who underwent endovascular or surgical treatment of head and neck paragangliomas between 1993 and 2008 were analyzed using cross tabulations and multivariate regression modeling.

Results

Surgery only was performed in 91% of cases, embolization alone was performed in 4% of cases, and both embolization and surgery were performed in 5% of cases. Postoperative surgical complications were significantly more likely in patients undergoing embolization and surgery during the same admission (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; P = .031), whereas acute medical complications were more likely in patients undergoing embolization only (OR, 3.9; P = .001). Embolization alone was specifically associated with an increased risk of acute renal failure (OR, 8.2; P = .026) and pneumonia (OR, 3.9; P = .001). Cranial nerve injury was associated with increased odds of dysphagia (OR, 8.5; P = .004), and dysphagia was associated with increased odds of voice disturbance (OR, 5.1; P = .004). Embolization, with or without surgery during the same admission, was associated with significantly increased hospital‐related costs, after controlling for all other variables.

Conclusions

Endovascular treatment of head and neck paragangliomas is associated with an increase in complications and hospital‐related costs. Although these findings may reflect larger tumor size and comorbidity in patients selected for embolization, these data suggest a need to reexamine the benefits and cost‐effectiveness of embolization in surgical patients.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 2013
The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Class IV (10 W) Laser Treatment for Epicondylitis
Authors: Roberts Delia B. , Kruse Roger J. , Stoll Stephen F.
Published: June 2013

Background and Objective

Photobiomodulation has been shown to modulate cellular protein production and stimulate tendon healing in a dose‐dependent manner. Previous studies have used class IIIb lasers with power outputs of less than 0.5 W. Here we evaluate a dual wavelength (980/810 nm) class IV laser with a power output of 10 W for the purpose of determining the efficacy of class IV laser therapy in alleviating the pain and dysfunction associated with chronic epicondylitis.

Methods

Sixteen subjects volunteered for laser therapy, or an identically appearing sham instrument in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded clinical trial. Subjects underwent clinical examination (pain, function, strength, and ultrasonic imaging) to confirm chronic tendinopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, followed by eight treatments of 6.6 ± 1.3 J/cm2 (laser), or sham over 18 days. Safety precautions to protect against retinal exposure to the laser were followed. The exam protocol was repeated at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months post‐treatment.

Results

No initial differences were seen between the two groups. In the laser treated group handgrip strength improved by 17 ± 3%, 52 ± 7%, and 66 ± 6% at 3, 6, and 12 months respectively; function improved by 44 ± 1%, 71 ± 3%, and 82 ± 2%, and pain with resistance to extension of the middle finger was reduced by 50 ± 6%, 93 ± 4%, and 100 ± 1% at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. In contrast, no changes were seen until 12 months following sham treatment (12 months: strength improved by 13 ± 2%, function improved by 52 ± 3%, pain with resistance to extension of the middle finger reduced by 76 ± 2%). No adverse effects were reported at any time.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that laser therapy using the 10 W class IV instrument is efficacious for the long‐term relief of the symptoms associated with chronic epicondylitis. The potential for a rapidly administered, safe and effective treatment warrants further investigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:311–317, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multilevel correction method for Stokes eigenvalue problems and its applications
Authors: Lin Qun , Luo Fusheng , Xie Hehu
Published: June 2013

In this paper, a new multilevel correction scheme is proposed to solve Stokes eigenvalue problems by the finite element method. This new scheme contains a series of correction steps, and the accuracy of eigenpair approximation can be improved after each step. In each correction step, we only need to solve a Stokes problem on the corresponding fine finite element space and a Stokes eigenvalue problem on the coarsest finite element space. This correction scheme can improve the efficiency of solving Stokes eigenvalue problems by the finite element method. As applications of this multilevel correction method, a multigrid method and an adaptive finite element technique are introduced for Stokes eigenvalue problems. Some numerical results are given to validate our schemes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthocyanin‐rich juice does not affect gut‐associated immunity in Fischer rats
Authors: Graf Daniela , Seifert Stephanie , Bub Achim , Fröhling Bettina , Dold Sebastian , Unger Franziska , Römpp Andreas , Watzl Bernhard
Published: June 2013

Scope

Most studies on immunomodulatory effects of anthocyanins are concentrated on their anti‐inflammatory potential. In vitro studies suggest that anthocyanins possess anti‐inflammatory potential, but results from in vivo studies are rare and inconclusive. Sparse information is available about the immune tissues that are affected by anthocyanins. As systemic bioavailability of anthocyanins is rather low, predominantly luminal anthocyanins could influence the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Therefore, the present study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of an anthocyanin‐rich grape‐bilberry juice (ARJ) on the systemic immune system, GALT, and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT).

Methods and results

Fischer rats (n = 24/group) received ARJ or anthocyanin‐depleted grape‐bilberry juice (control) for 10 wk. Lymphocytes were isolated from blood, spleen, Peyer's Patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Anthocyanin intake was 15 mg/day and concentrations were determined in plasma and intestinal tract. Number of T and natural killer cells, natural killer cell activity, cytokine secretion from lymphocytes (IL‐10, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α) and MAT (IL‐6, IL‐10, and MCP‐1), inflammation markers in serum (sICAM, IFN‐γ, and MCP‐1), and activation status of NF‐κB were not influenced by ARJ.

Conclusion

This in vivo study suggests that anthocyanins at physiological doses affect neither the systemic immune system, nor GALT, or MAT in healthy, unchallenged rats.
A stable Galerkin reduced order model for coupled fluid–structure interaction problems
Authors: Kalashnikova I. , Barone M.F. , Brake M.R.
Published: June 2013

A stable reduced order model (ROM) of a linear fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problem involving linearized compressible inviscid flow over a flat linear von Kármán plate is developed. Separate stable ROMs for each of the fluid and the structure equations are derived. Both ROMs are built using the ‘continuous’ Galerkin projection approach, in which the continuous governing equations are projected onto the reduced basis modes in a continuous inner product. The mode shapes for the structure ROM are the eigenmodes of the governing (linear) plate equation. The fluid ROM basis is constructed via the proper orthogonal decomposition. For the linearized compressible Euler fluid equations, a symmetry transformation is required to obtain a stable formulation of the Galerkin projection step in the model reduction procedure. Stability of the Galerkin projection of the structure model in the standard L2 inner product is shown. The fluid and structure ROMs are coupled through solid wall boundary conditions at the interface (plate) boundary. An a priori energy linear stability analysis of the coupled fluid/structure system is performed. It is shown that, under some physical assumptions about the flow field, the FSI ROM is linearly stable a priori if a stabilization term is added to the fluid pressure loading on the plate. The stability of the coupled ROM is studied in the context of a test problem of inviscid, supersonic flow past a thin, square, elastic rectangular panel that will undergo flutter once the non‐dimensional pressure parameter exceeds a certain threshold. This a posteriori stability analysis reveals that the FSI ROM can be numerically stable even without the addition of the aforementioned stabilization term. Moreover, the ROM constructed for this problem properly predicts the maintenance of stability below the flutter boundary and gives a reasonable prediction for the instability growth rate above the flutter boundary. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis of percolation formation in carbon nanotube based nanofluids
Authors: Lamas Bruno , Abreu Bruno , Fonseca Alexandra , Martins Nelson , Oliveira Mónica
Published: June 2013

The intriguing behaviour of carbon nanotube suspensions shows that thermal conduction cannot be described by conventional approaches. These results led the researchers on the percolation and the interfacial layer resistance (also known as Kapitza resistance) as the main mechanisms governing the effective thermal conductivity enhancement for these nanoparticles suspensions. A numerical simulation on the behaviour of these suspensions, when subjected to a Brownian force field, was conducted to characterize the main factors affecting the dynamic interactions and percolation structures formation. To this end, three different numerical models based on continuum mechanics were developed. The obtained results suggest that the size, shape and aspect ratio of the nanoparticles are main factors controlling the dynamic network formation. On the other hand, the influence of the Brownian motion and the structural flexibility of the nanotubes seem to have a rather negligible effect on the results. The numerical model developed and proposed here may assist in understanding and correlating the experimental thermal conductivity data of nanofluids, contributing to demystify some of the intriguing behaviours reported. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.