bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tunisia
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

By comparison with francophone Moroccan and particularly francophone Algerian writing, Tunisian writing in French is relatively marginal in terms of the country’s literary production. The tradition of writing in Arabic was little disrupted by the French presence in Tunisia and, as a French Protectorate, teaching in Arabic continued alongside the introduction of French educational structures. Some schools, the College Sadiki most notably, taught in both languages; many, on the other hand, continued to use only Arabic.
The Early Dutch Reformation, 1519 1565
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The Reformation in the Low Countries began early, soon pervaded all parts of society, and ran deep. But for decades it was also an abortive Reformation, a process arrested owing to government action which left religious life and, therefore, all thought and culture in a state of profound disorientation and shock. It was a process of Reformation strikingly different from that in Germany, Switzerland, Britain, and Scandinavia in that (especially in its crucial pre-Calvinist phase) it worked essentially from the bottom upwards instead of from government circles downwards.
The Breakdown of the Habsburg Regime, 1549-1566
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Since 1492 the Habsburg Netherlands had been generally quiescent. With the unification process north of the rivers accelerating after 1522, the Low Countries were, to all appearances, being successfully welded into a single, increasingly integrated state serviced by a growing, university-trained bureaucracy.’ Admittedly, this transition towards a more orderly, cohesive, Habsburg Netherlands was not proceeding smoothly in all respects. The processes of unification, centralization, and bureaucratization were bound to generate serious stresses, especially where the changes were most extensive—in the north. The recently annexed provinces showed considerable reluctance to accept the new provincial high courts and other innovations introduced by the Habsburg authorities. In Holland the regime’s policy of turning the Hof into an instrument of central government, staffed by university-trained lawyers, discontinuing the Burgundian practice of drawing the Hof’s judges from the Holland and Zeeland nobility, as well as the general (and growing) reliance on non-noble administrators, had planted seeds of discord between regime and nobility
The Revolt and the Emergence of a new State
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The massacre at Naarden did not, however, produce the same result in Holland as those of Mechelen and Zutphen had in Brabant and the north-east. The question why goes to the heart of the Dutch Revolt. In Brabant and Flanders, where there had been no extensive spontaneous rising, morale had disintegrated and Orangist regents and militia officers fled on Alva’s approach. In Holland, by contrast, the key towns, including Haarlem, which was now about to undergo a terrible siege, had not been conquered by Beggars or occupied by hired soldiery, but spontaneously risen against regime and Church.’ Here Alva’s approach had the opposite effect to that in Brabant and the north-east. Resistance stiffened despite the grim prospect. Opinion further polarized; but it was the loyalists who were overwhelmed, gagged, and marginalized. At Delft the militia pressed the Prince to take ever harsher measures against Catholic worship and property.2 On the approach of Alva’s army, the civic militia of Haarlem, aware that part of the vroedschap wanted to surrender, staged a coup together with the town’s military governor, Wigbolt Ripperda. The Haarlem town pensionary, Adriaan van Assendelft, accused of plotting with Bossu, was sent to Delft and beheaded on the Prince’s orders.
Consolidation of the Republic, 1588-1590
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

During the tense and difflcult years 1585-7, the United Provinces were the scene of a sustained attempt to challenge the political and military ascendancy gained by Holland over the embryonic state emerging from the Revolt. By backing Leicester, and the moves to confer sovereignty over the rebel Netherlands on the queen of England, a coalition of disaffected groups-by no means only in the lesser provinces— sought to overthrow the hegemony of the Holland regents and replace it with a very different framework, one that was monarchical, more aristocratic, and also more supportive of the concept of a state Church to which all, or most, of the population would be obliged to conform. The contending parties produced no sophisticated political thought. But they certainly argued in terms of monarchies and republics, and those who backed the States of Holland understood, in rudimentary fashion, that they were espousing republican forms and views. Fending off Leicester strengthened the notion perceptible earlier, which Hooft had expressed in his discourse of I 584, that the ‘freedom’ of the Netherlands would be best preserved by dispensing with the protection of any monarch. Noting the change in mood, in July 1590 Thomas Wilkes commented: ‘they hate to be subject not only to a Spaniard but, tasting the sweetness of their liberty, to any kingly government’.
The Calvinist Revolution of the Counter-Remonstrants, 1618-1621
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Maurits kept his three principal prisoners at the Binnenhof, in The Hague, ‘well-guarded’, as Slade noted, and ‘very pensive’. The Prince of Orange, as he now was (since the death in Brussels, in February, of his Catholic older half-brother, Philips Willem), wielded greater authority, from the summer of 1618 until his death in 1625, than any man in the United Provinces since his father’s assassination thirty-four years before. Oldenbar nevelt was removed; Maurits was now the presiding flgure in the state. This meant that he had to form his own ruling circle and methods of managing the complex political machinery of the Republic.
The Stadholderate of William III, 1672-1702
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The catastrophe of June 1672 was followed by further defeats. In July, the French captured Nijmegen, and part of north Brabant, whilst the Munsterites overran Coevorden, Drenthe, and much of Groningen. By late summer, the greater part of the Republic was in French, or Munsterite, hands and the rest gripped by riots and political turmoil. The only province both unoccupied and untouched by rioting was Friesland. But even there there was profound unease, voiced especially by the Reformed preachers. The purging of Arminianen, as they were still commonly called, from the town councils of Holland and Zeeland, under pressure from a popular movement convinced that the ‘Loevesteiners’ had betrayed the Fatherland, through corruption, blatant negligence of the country’s defences bordering on treachery, and designing to ‘change the Reformed religion, as established by the Synod of Dordrecht, and restore to the Papists free exercise of their religion’, caused strong reverberations also in Friesland.1 Preachers, and ‘reformateurs’, demanded thoroughgoing reform of the administration of the province and a drive against corruption.
Art and Architecture, 1645-1702
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

A new phase in Dutch art and architecture, as in economic activity, commenced in the late 1640s, the austerity of the previous quarter century ending in the mid 1640s. The new stage in the unfolding of the Dutch Golden Age was to be one of larger-scale, grander effects, richer and more varied colouring, and a striving towards yet greater sophistication in terms of both detail and perspective. As we have seen, between 1647 and 1672, Dutch commerce (except Baltic bulk-carrying) was in a more expansive and dynamic phase than during the previous quarter-century —as Aitzema, Pieter de la Court, Pieter de Groot, and other contemporaries noted-and it was as a direct result of this, as Emmanuel van der Hoeven observed, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, that most of the finest, largest, and most splendid buildings and sculptured monuments not only of his own city, Amsterdam, but also of The Hague, Leiden, Haarlem, and Dordrecht, materialized in the 1650s and r66os.’ This was also the most expansive period of the Dutch Golden Age for urban development and planning. Moreover, what applies to town-planning, architecture, and sculpture applies also to painting and the decorative arts. This new phase in art and architecture, which marks the zenith of Dutch artistic achievement in terms of scope, sophistication, and international impact, was to continue without faltering until the great crash (artistic as well as financial and political) of 1672.
The Colonial Empire
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

In the years around 1640 it appeared that the Dutch were well on the way to consolidating a vast and profitable colonial empire in the western as well as another in the eastern hemisphere. Netherlands Brazil, or ‘New Holland’ as it was named, stretching from the Amazon estuary to Fort Maurits, at the mouth of the Sao Francisco river (about half-way between Recife and Bahia), seemed both secure and flourishing under WIC rule, especially during the largely successful term (1637-44) of the Company’s first (and last) governor-general of New Holland, Count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, the same who was subsequently a senior commander of the Dutch army and the Elector of Brandenburg’s Stadholder of Cleves-Mark. With possession of northern Brazil, the Dutch totally dominated the European sugar market. The WIC also seemed set to dominate the transatlantic slave trade and was by far the strongest European power in Africa. After conquering Elmina from the Portuguese in 1637, Chama and Boutry in 1640, and Axim in 1642, the Dutch were in full control along the Guinea coast and, in May 1641, an expedition of 3,000 men, sent from Brazil under the WIC’s one-legged commander Pieter Cornelisz. Jol (d. 1641), also conquered Angola from the Portuguese. Meanwhile, to the north of Brazil,
The Second Orangist Revolution, 1747-1751
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

In any highly urbanized, formerly prosperous society, unsettled by rapid economic decline and decay of its cities, as well as lack of work, the revolutionary process can be triggered by relatively unimportant occurrences. So it was in 1747. In April 1747, a small French army, sent as a warning to the States General rather than a serious invasion, entered States Flanders. In terms of French intentions, and the modest scale of the operation, the situation hardly compared to 1672. But in terms of impact on Dutch domestic politics the effect was shattering. The humiliating weakness of the Dutch defences revived painful memories of the Year of Disaster. Fear and anger swept the Zeeland towns. At Veere, the militia confronted the vroedschap, warning there would be rioting unless the regents complied with the wish of the citizenry, and militia, that Veere should press for the restoration of the stadholderate. The town councils of Veere and Flushing promptly yielded. At Middelburg and Zierikzee, it required more pressure, a wave of rioting, in which seamen figured prominently, before the regents gave way.
The Fall of the Republic
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

It by no means appeared, in the summer of 1787, that the Stadholder and his supporters, even though they had the regular army on their side, were strong enough to overwhelm the Patriot Revolution. In the end it was foreign intervention which proved decisive. British ministers, since the end of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, in 1784, had been continually active, distributing money and encouragement to Orangist leaders and proposing methods of undermining the Patriots. The Patriots regarded Britain as the principal enemy of the Republic, and of its commerce and colonial empire, and the British government was equally convinced that the Patriot Revolution constituted a serious threat to British interests-diplomatic, strategic, commercial, and maritime. Privately, it emerges from Van der Capellen’s correspondence of the early 1780s, the Patriot leadership knew that Prussia was scarcely less antagonistic. But while it seemed prudent to do everything possible to avoid provoking the Prussian king, the prevailing anti-British rhetoric was fundamental to Patriot attitudes and ideology. Moreover, it was chiefly Britain which was encouraging Prussia to take measures against the Patriots. Consequently, whilst the anti-British rhetoric continued, there was remarkably little comment about Prussia.
Expansion Without Effort 1815-1854
Authors: Lloyd T O
Published: October 2023

At the end of the long wars with France the British thought - as at the end of every war - of cutting government spending and of enjoying their expanded territories. They still saw their empire as a collection of ports, islands, and coastal regions, held together by the navy and dependent on it for prosperity and even survival. The navy dominated the seas of the whole world to an extent that had no parallel. No other country had a comparable force, and no country was likely to throw away its money in a competition with the formidable fleet already in existence and the immense industrial power behind it. The navy retained its three historical roles of making the country safe from invasion, of protecting trade, and of defending the colonies. When Britain’s population expanded to the point where it could be fed only by importing food in exchange for industrial products, the navy took on the new role of making sure that imports of food were perfectly secure. Its role in diplomacy became more explicit during the first half of the century: it could be sent all over the world, and could be used to make Britain’s power supreme at any point which lay within a cannon-shot of the sea.
Victorian Stability 1848-1871
Authors: Lloyd T O
Published: October 2023

Britain’s interest in her colonies was unusually low in the mid-nineteenth century. Occasionally it was suggested that it might be aprudent, or at least a thrifty, step to give them up and, while there was no real likelihood that this would happen, it was a period in which imperial expansion was certainly not going to be encouraged in London and was not much in favour in the colonies either. The impulse to expand had taken colonial frontiers far into the interior by 1850; at first sight it may look like a constant factor from 1750 to 1920, but it had come to a temporary stop and for the next twenty years the frontiers remained as close to unchanged as at any time in the whole history of the empire. This did not mean that Englishmen were following a non-interventionist policy; it has been suggested that the reason Britain did not acquire more territory in these decades was simply that she was so powerful that she could assert herself on a world-wide basis without any need to acquire territory and, even if this seems to go a little too far in se’arch of the paradoxical, it was certainly a time at which Britain and almost all of her colonies were so free from external danger that there was no need to expand for such defensive purposes as acquiring a safer frontier line. But expansion in the decades before 1850 was certainly not just a matter of people in Britain wanting frontiers that were easy to defend.
Introduction
Authors: Griffiths Ralph
Published: October 2023

The peoples of the British Isles in the fourteenth and ﬁfteenth centuries were richly diverse in character and often at odds with one another. Hemmed in by a long coastline and buﬀeted by boisterous seas, they were organized in two kingdoms, England and a much smaller Scotland, with a third, Denmark, retaining the Orkney and Shetland islands until the mid– 1460s. England had two large but reluctant dominions, the lands of Ireland and Wales, as well as the Channel Islands, the surviving remnant of the Anglo-Norman kingdom of the twelfth century, and the Isle of Man. Scotland itself included northern and western isles that maintained a peculiar degree of independence of the Scottish crown and links with the north-east of Ireland, whilst the Highlands and the southern uplands preserved their separate identities too.
Kingdoms and dominions at peace and war
Authors: Frame Robin
Published: October 2023

Throughout most of the fourteenth and ﬁfteenth centuries the countries of the British Isles were, formally at least, in a state of war. The Hundred Years War (1337–1453) followed earlier Anglo-French hostilities during the 1290s and 1320s. From 1296 England and Scotland were rarely at peace, and Franco-Scottish alliances meant that the two wars were closely intertwined. The invasion of Ireland by the Scots in 1315 and the landing of French forces at Milford Haven in 1405, though exceptional events, are reminders that these wars aﬀected, directly and indirectly, all the dominions of the English crown. Alongside the two great conﬂicts, other wars took place.
British Isles/British Empire: dual mandate/dual identity
Authors: Jeffery Keith
Published: October 2023

‘The dawn of the twentieth century finds us in possession of an Empire of which every Briton has cause to be proud,’ wrote Clement Kinloch-Cooke in the February 1901 inaugural issue of the Empire Review. ‘It extends to every quarter of the globe, embracing every kind of climate and producing every kind of commodity.’ Kinloch Cooke, imperial enthusiast and for twenty years a Conservative MP, edited the Review until his death in 1944. Seven years later the journal, briefly retitled the Commonwealth and Empire Review, went out of business, thus broadly reflecting the experience of the Empire itself. Yet the first fifty years of the twentieth century encompassed the apotheosis of the British Empire, the moment when it reached its zenith and was more unified, coherent, and powerful a world system than at any other time in its existence.
The British Way and Purpose
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

The initials B.W.P. first appeared in the British Army’s crop of cryptic abbreviations in the autumn of 1942. The Army Council had given general approval to the allotment, throughout the months November 1942-February 1943, of three hours per week from training or working time to education. To help the miscellaneous instructors who were assembled for this awesome task, a series of four monthly book lets were produced which would help soldiers to understand what was at stake in the war. The series was extended and debate began. A consolidated edition was published in 1944. The Army Bureau of Current Affairs had been created in August 1941 so that soldiers, in a modern democracy, could understand what came to be referred to as ‘the British Way and Purpose’.
Being British: creeds and cultures
Authors: Nicholas Sian
Published: October 2023

What was it to ‘be British’ in the first half of the twentieth century? An era that saw two world wars, the loss of global pre-eminence, and the rise of mass democracy and mass communications was also one of national introspection, when both the meaning of ‘Britishness’ and the ‘search for England’ (and Wales and Scotland and Ireland) became a cultural preoccupation.

‘Britishness’, apparently straightforward to describe in political terms, was a cultural minefield. The creeds and cultures that embodied British life were more complicated than ever. To be British was to be classically educated-but most British children left school at 14 barely literate and numerate. It was to be cultured-yet the British were notoriously conservative in artistic, musical, and literary tastes.
Riches, poverty, and progress
Authors: Lowe Rodney
Published: October 2023

Three publications encapsulate the changing condition, and perception, of British society in the first half of the twentieth century. The first, Riches and Poverty, was published by Sir Leo Chiozza Money in 1905. It argued, from an analysis of taxation records, that inequality in Britain was greater then than in any comparable European country and, most probably, than at any other time in the country’s history. Just under 900,000 people, who together with their dependants accounted for just 10% of the population, owned 87% of private property. The second, Seebohm Rowntree’s Poverty and Progress, published in 1941, remains the most respected of the house-to-house poverty surveys carried out between the 1890s and the 1950s.
Pre-Theoretical Assumptions in Evolutionary Explanations of Female Sexuality
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth A
Published: October 2023

In the second wave of the feminist movement in the United States, debates about women’s identity have explicitly included sexuality; much feminist argument in the late 1960s and early 1970s involved an attempt to separate out an autonomous female sexuality from women’s reproductive functions.
Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What Is ‘Strong Objectivity’?
Authors: Harding Sandra
Published: October 2023

For almost two decades, feminists have engaged in a complex and charged conversation about objectivity. Its topics have included which kinds of knowledge projects have it, which don’t, and why they don’t; whether the many different feminisms need it, and if so why they do; and if it is possible to get it, how to do so. This conversation has been informed by complex and charged prefeminist writings that tend to get stuck in debates between empiricists and intentionalists, objectivists and interpretationists, and realists and social constructionists (including poststructuralists).
Restructuring the Labour Economy, 1979–1990
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In the previous chapter, we described the doctrine of Monetarism as developed and practised by post-1979 Conservative governments, and showed how that doctrine was seen to require a transformation of labour law towards the function of restricting trade union power, particularly industrial power. At various stages in the description of that development, we made the point, deferring it for later discussion, that the political doctrine of those governments certainly did not assert that the reduction of trade union power was the sole function of labour law. In this chapter, we shall argue that labour law and employment policy were also directed towards an increasingly ambitious restructuring of a number of central features of the labour economy—a restructuring which gradually focused upon the notion of a market economy as the ideal for industrial society. Throughout the 1980s, legislation aimed at restricting trade union power was accompanied by legislation aimed at restructuring the labour market, though they were developed at varying levels of intensity at different points in the decade. In this introductory section, we consider the nature of the economic policy which underlay these attempts to restructure not only the labour market but also industrial society itself.
Conclusion: A Post-War Perspective
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 1 of this book, we examined the policy of collective laissez-faire as the dominant ideology of British labour law in the 1950s. This involved showing the terms in which Otto Kahn-Freund put forward the theory, and the ways in which labour law and the employment policy of the government corresponded to that theory. We suggested that the application of collective laissez-faire theory was not a simple or straightforward matter even at the very moment at which the theory was proposed as a general account of British labour law. There were already the makings of a set of pressures and tensions under the stress of which collective laissez-faire was to collapse by the end of the 1960s. The fact that collective laissez-faire never worked in a neat simple way, and the fact that it went through a process of collapse, did not, however, lessen its importance as a starting-point for the history of labour legislation in the period 1945-90. On the contrary, we suggested that the development of labour law throughout this period, in the later years as much as in the early years, should be understood as being intimately bound up with the destiny of collective laissez-faire policy.
Cultural Identity: Ethnicity as a Defining Principle
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

When I started my career in the world of policing1 there were over 125 different outfits spread across England and Wales. Many were small city or borough units with a few hundred officers; though even then in the mid- 1950s there were a few large forces with multiple divisions covering a varied geographical terrain. Today forty-three forces exist in something of an uneasy calm, as further change appears to loom on the horizon. For regardless of political attempts to assuage fears of increasing centralization, further amalgamation seems likely to occur. Regionalism, for example, seems to be on the administrative cards at some opportune moment, and many commentators anticipate perhaps nine or ten super forces will be created from the forty-three now in existence.
The Management of Change
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Establishment Reviews and Policing Plans mark important points in the development of a force. Often they hold an emblematic import and set the style of the organization for years, only gradually losing relevance as changing philosophies introduce new cultural factors to supplant existing dogma. At the beginning of 1990 a second review of the divisional command structure to have been carried out in four years was completed, and a new policing plan presented to the public (Worcester Evening News, 21 June 1990). This reduced the number of subdivisions from thirteen to nine, grouping them into three Areas in a move that paralleled the drift occurring in many other forces to Area Command. As with the widespread introduction of ‘policing by objectives’ in the mid-1980s this was part of a trend which sees all forces more or less constrained by the ideologies of the moment; and it was now the turn of Area Command. And though it was argued this would streamline force organization and reduce management structures, it was evident this new plan would not reduce the number of chief superintendents, for the spare commanders in the now defunct divisions were to be ‘taken up elsewhere’.
The Force as Family
Authors: Young Malcolm
Published: October 2023

These quotes by unnamed chief constables suggest the idea of family and the police are closely related. I had never thought of the metaphor much during my own police career, although its relationship to the concept of patriarchy is obvious, especially in a world where the masculine was so predominant. The link between the two has been explored, for example by Millett (1971) in her assessment of sexual politics, and her vision of how they combine is clearly analogical to the experience of paternalism in the police world; for as she notes: Patriarchy’s chief institution is the family.
Work
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

It is widely recognised that great changes have affected the world of work in recent decades. One of the clearest accounts of what is involved is provided by Naomi Klein in her book No Logo. Klein’s title alludes to the massive scaling down of manufacturing that has occurred in many countries of the global North, in favour of a focus on marketing. Instead of making their products themselves, companies are increasingly preferring to concentrate their energies—and enlarged proportions of their revenues—on developing their customer bases, promoting their brands.
Detention
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

People behind bars have long had special significance for the human rights movement, both as catalysts for action and as symbols of injustice. Amnesty International was launched in 1961 with an appeal for the ‘forgotten prisoners’, those ‘prisoners of conscience’ languishing in gaols around the world for the crime of expressing an opinion unacceptable to their governments. In the years that followed, famous dissidents imprisoned or placed under house arrest by oppressive regimes were to become icons of the struggle for human rights—Nelson Mandela,Aung San Suu Kyi, Václav Havel, Jacobo Timmerman, and Albie Sachs, to name just a few.
Disability
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Until recent years the implications of disability for human rights went very largely unaddressed. International human rights law proceeded for the most part on the twofold assumption that everyone has more or less the same capacities, and that what those capacities make possible is self-sufficiency in adult life. Yet self-sufficiency is very much a relative and variably distributed state. It is more available to some of us than to others.
Disappearance
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In his book Homo Sacer Giorgio Agamben describes a condition which he refers to as ‘bare life’. This is a complicated concept, but one aspect of it points to a situation in which the significance or worth of a person ceases to be recognised, and that person becomes exposed to death, in the sense that he or she can be killed without consequences. According to Agamben, this situation arises from a particular kind of interaction between two other forms of life: on the one hand, ‘natural life’ or ‘the simple fact of living’ (which he associates with the ancient Greek concept zoe); on the other,’political life’ or ‘the form of the life of a political community’ (which he associates with the ancient Greek concept bios).
Education
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In 1979 the band Pink Floyd recorded a song lamenting the conformism of the British education system and the oppressive, often brutal teaching methods that were used. ‘We don’t need no education,’ they sang. ‘We don’t need no thought control.’ To them, the classroom was a place of ‘dark sarcasm’. And as for pupils, they were ‘just another brick in the wall’. So too each indignity was ‘just another brick in the wall’ that confined and divided their inner lives.
Fair Trial
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

When the trial of Saddam Hussein began in Iraq, media coverage in many countries included soundbites from ordinary Iraqis. Should Saddam be tried? In one such story, the first respondent says no, his crimes are too many; ‘[h]e should be cut into pieces’. A second concedes that the former president made mistakes, but asks, did he ‘do everything by himself, or was there someone behind him, like the Americans, or Great Britain, or Germany, or Russia or France?’ A third replies: ‘I believe they should put Saddam on trial, but it should be a fair trial ...A fair trial will have the approval of God and this one doesn’t.’
Food
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Discussions of global hunger typically begin with statistics. According to the latest information, 842 million people are undernourished, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. That corresponds to the total populations of the United States, Canada, Europe and Japan. Hunger and malnutrition cause 10 million deaths every year. That means 25,000 deaths every day. Six million children under five die every year from hunger- and malnutrition-related causes.
Health
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Concerns about health overlap with concerns about human rights in some very obvious ways. Torture, for example, is a serious injury to health and a serious breach of human rights. On the other hand, health programmes and human rights can also point in quite different directions. Medical records, for instance, may be kept in a manner that is inconsistent with respect for the right to privacy or the right of access to information. In what follows we take up and explore further this issue of the interrelation of health and human rights.
Protest
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In discussions of public protest today, two themes stand out. One is about the way globalisation has fuelled and facilitated protest. Key land-marks in the history of this development are the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas in 1994, launched on the day when the North American Free Trade Agreement entered into force, and the massive ‘anti-globalisation’ demonstrations staged at Seattle in 1999, when the scheduled ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organization was disrupted.
Racism
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In the late 1980s Paul Gilroy wrote a book called There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack. His subject was racism in the United Kingdom, and his central theme was the importance of race as a factor shaping social structures, processes and events. Both in academic studies and in policy debates, he argued, race was not being taken nearly as seriously as it needed to be. The book was reissued in 2002, with a new introduction by the author.
Terrorism
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

Since 11 September 2001 many people have come to believe, if they did not already, that terrorism is one of the most serious threats we face in the world today. Others have come to believe that counter-terrorism— the ‘war on terror’—is one of the most serious threats we face in the world today. These two groups of course overlap: for some people there is grave danger associated with both terrorism and counter-terrorism. The concern about terrorism does not require much explanation.
Torture
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew
Published: October 2023

In 1874 Victor Hugo declared that torture had ‘ceased to exist’. Until about a century earlier, the practice of torture had been central to the administration of criminal justice in Europe. Suspects would be ‘put to the question’ on the basis that only confessions could establish truth, and only torture could produce valid confessions. From the early 18th century, however, European states began to enact legislation to abolish the use of torture. This reform had been urged by Voltaire, Montesquieu and perhaps most famously Cesare Beccaria, who wrote at length on the immorality and irrationality of treating torture as the ‘crucible of truth’.
The Administrative Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

Judicial control pre-supposes the existence of judges who impose upon the administration obedience to the law. The distinctive character of the French system in comparison with our own is apparent once we ask the two questions: For the French the answer is that the judges are special judges and the law is a special body of law. This and the following four chapters will be concerned with the administrative courts, their personnel, procedure and jurisdiction. Chapters 8 and 9 will examine the law which they apply.
The Conditions Precedent for Judicial Review
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we are concerned with what the French term conditions de recevabilite, that is, the conditions which must all be present before the administrative court can be seised of a case and examine its merits. In a sense this was also the subject of the last chapter, since the paramount condition governing litigation in the administrative courts is that the matter must fall within their special juris diction. Assuming, however, that this sine qua non is satisfied and the matter before the administrative judge is truly ‘administrative’, what other conditions must be met before the judge can proceed to his decision?
The Substantive Law: the Principle of Administrative Legality
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel
Published: October 2023

The special nature of droit administratif as contrasted with the French droit civil and, for that matter, with the English common law, is particularly brought out when we consider the recognition by the administrative courts of the principle of legalite. As we have already explained, the Conseil d’Etat owes its present jurisdiction to Napoleon I, but this does not mean that either he or any later legislator established or pre-determined the law it was to administer. In origin the Conseil d’Etat advised the head of state: not until after 1872 did it speak ‘au nom du Peuple Frarn;:ais’, and it was therefore all the easier for the Conseil to evolve the principles which it was prepared to apply to the administration. Apart from the principle of administrative liability (responsabilite) which we have discussed in the previous chapter, the other great principle is the principle of administrative legality: the idea that the administration must be compelled to observe the law.
Maximum Value Functions
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

The last chapter introduced the concept of comparative statics, and used it to interpret the Lagrange multipliers as the rates of change of the maximum attainable value of the objective function with respect to the right-hand sides of the constraint equations. Many other parameters enter the objective function and the constraint functions, and the maximum attainable value of the objective function depends on them all. The method used before can be adapted to understand the nature of this more general dependence. That is the object of this chapter. As there, I shall begin with the case where all constraints are exact equalities, and consider inequality constraints later.
Uncertainty
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

In a formal sense, the theory of optimization under uncertainty does not require any new mathematical theory as such. The choice variables lead to random outcomes with objective or subjective probability distributions. The objective functions are appropriate probability-weighted averages (expected values). The choices are also subject to some constraints. The general theory developed in the first eight chapters continues to apply. In fact the special structure of problems of choice under uncertainty leads to specific results that were not available in the general mathematics of constrained optimization.
Seasonality in Regression
Authors: Sims* Christopher A
Published: October 2023

The effects of seasonal noise on regression estimates are considered as a type of errors-in-variables problem. The natures of asymptotic biases due to the presence of seasonal noise and to the nature of seasonal adjustment in regressions using adjusted and unadjusted data are explored. Methods for recognizing such biases and for attenuating their effects are suggested. Recent work by D. Grether and M. Nerlove (1970) and H. M. Rosenblatt (1968), among others, has again addressed the old question of how best to seasonally adjust economic time series. This work has not, however, considered the question of how seasonal adjustment or the failure to adjust series contaminated by seasonal noise might affect analysis of relations between series.
Introduction
Authors: Hylleberg S
Published: October 2023

Traditionally, seasonal adjustment is undertaken for three different reasons. The two most important arguments in favour of computing and publishing seasonally adjusted data are that they are helpful in the informal appraisal of current economic conditions, and in historical studies of business cycles. Thirdly, the fact that seasonally adjusted data are used as input in econometric studies has not been of much concern for most data-collecting agencies, which often have ignored the fact that most econometricians regard seasonal adjustment as an unnecessary and unproductive removal of important information from the data.
Forecasting Economic Time Series with Structural and Box-Jenkins Models: A Case Study
Authors: Harvey A C , Todd P H J
Published: October 2023

Abstract. The basic structural model is a univariate time series model consisting of a slowly changing trend component, a slowly changing seasonal component, and a random irregular component. It is part of a class of models that have a number of advantages over the seasonal ARIMA models adopted by Box and Jenkins (1976). This article reports the results of an exercise in which the basic structural model was estimated for six UK macroeconomic time series and the forecasting performance compared with that of ARIMA models previously fitted by Prothero and Wallis (1976).

KEY WORDS: Forecasting; ARIMA models; structural models; unobserved components; Kalman filter; macroeconomic time series.
A Prototypical Seasonal Adjustment Model
Authors: Vall Agustin Mara , Pierce David A
Published: October 2023

Abstract. The paper analyses unobserved-components modelling and estimation for the simplest ARIMA process that accepts a full decomposition into trend, seasonal and irregular components. This prototypical model exemplifies many features of and issues arising in model-based seasonal adjustment that are less transparent in more complex seasonal time series models. In particular the analysis illuminates the major issues surrounding the specification of the component models and the identification of a unique structure for them. In so doing, the relationship between reduced- and structural-form approaches to unobserved components estimation is illustrated within an ARIMA-modelling framework. Finally, the properties of the minimum mean-squared-error estimators of the unobserved components are examined and the two main types of estimation error, revisions in the preliminary estimator and error in the final estimator, are analysed.

Keywords. Time series; ARIMA models; unobserved-components models; model-based seasonal adjustment; signal extraction; trend estimation.
Testing Super Exogeneity and Invariance in Regression Models
Authors: Engle Robert F , Hendry David F
Published: October 2023

This paper introduces tests of super exogeneity and invariance. Under the null hypothesis the conditional model exhibits parameter constancy, while under the alternative, shifts in the process of the independent variables induce shifts in the conditional model. The test is sensitive to particular types of parameter nonconstancy, especially with changing variances and covariances. We relate the test to rational expectations models and the Lucas critique. An empirical example of money demand finds prices and interest rates super exogenous in a conditional model, but when the inflation specification changes, super exogeneity fails although standard specification tests do not.
A Dynamic Model of the Demand for Currency: Argentina 1977-1988
Authors: Ahumada Hildegart
Published: October 2023

This work models money in the complex, highly inflationary environment of Argentina (1977-1988). First, cointegration techniques proposed by Engle and Granger (1987) and extended by Johansen (1988) are applied and show that real cash balances, income, and inflation are cointegrated. Second, data information are used to specify the dynamics of this relationship, following the “general-to-specific” methodology developed by Hendry et al. The model selected appears to be a satisfactory representation of money demand, including being empirically constant over 1985-1988, during which there were major policy changes. However, constant, well-specified inflation or interest rate equations cannot be obtained by inverting the money demand equation, given the results found when testing for super exogeneity.
Dynamic Modeling of the Demand for Narrow Money in Norway
Authors: bårdsen Gunnar
Published: October 2023

The role and stability of the demand for money are recurring issues in applied econometrics. Does a constant long-run demand for money function exist? If so, is money exogenous, and hence a policy variable, or endogenous?

The notion of cointegration provides a tool for identifying long-run relationships, to be embedded in dynamic error correction models with constant parameters, while the assumed exogeneity status of variables for the parameters of interest can be assessed by recently developed tests.

This paper derives a demand function for narrow money in Norway by applying these tools, starting out with a vector autoregressive representation that includes money (Ml), prices, real expenditure, and several interest rates.
Finnish Manufacturing Wages 1960-1987: Real-wage Flexibility and Hysteresis
Authors: Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

We show that when real-wage flexibility is defined in terms of cointegration of the product real-wage and productivity, the wage formation system in Finnish manufacturing maintains considerable real-wage flexibility. We develop an empirical error correction model of wages and show that the responsiveness of wages to changes in unemployment is much less important in explaining real-wage flexibility than existing studies suggest. For example, we find hysteresis effects, which are usually associated with real-wage rigidity rather than flexibility. This puzzle is resolved by pointing out that theoretically hysteresis is only a necessary condition for rigidity. Empirically, strong equilibriating mechanisms, including labor market policies, have induced considerable wage flexibility even in the presence of hysteresis. Our conclusions are substantiated by tests of parameter invariance and encompassing.
Comments on the Evaluation of Policy Models
Authors: Granger Clive w. J , deutsch melinda
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the evaluation of models claimed to be rele­vant for policy making purposes. A number of tests are proposed to determine the usefulness of such models in the policy making process. These tests are applied to three empirical examples.
Deposit Contracts and Banking
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, a model of a bank is presented which focuses on the liquidity aspect of the banking business. We will show that there are efficiency gains from investing liquid funds into long-term illiquid assets. However, deposit banking which achieves these efficiency gains is vulnerable to bank runs. Furthermore, uncertainty about a bank ‘s investment projects and adverse information may trigger a bank run. Before turning to these issues, however, we need briefly to discuss the role of ‘money ‘ in an economy.
Towards Application: Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R
Published: October 2023

In this final chapter, we present an overview of the theoretical material contained in earlier chapters, and attempt to relate the current state of the theory of financial economics to events unfolding in actual financial institutions and markets. One of the exciting features of financial economics is that both theory and practice have advanced considerably in recent decades. More than that, a number of practical developments have followed almost immediately upon new theoretical insights. A prominent example of this latter point is the rapid practical implementation of the theoretical breakthrough achieved by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in their solution of the option pricing problem.
Seasonal Adjustment
Authors: Franses Philip Hans
Published: October 2023

In this chapter some aspects of seasonally adjusting economic time series are discussed. The basic assumption underlying seasonal adjustment methods is that seasonality is some form of data contamination that can be removed from the data in order to facilitate the analysis of, for example, trends and business cycles, and hence that a seasonal time series can be decomposed into various separate unobserved components which can be estimated from the data. The assumption that seasonality may be removed from a time series has led to three approaches, two of which will briefly be discussed in Section 4.1. The first and simplest approach amounts to a regression of the time series on functions of time. The second approach is that the seasonal fluctuations can be filtered out using a sequence of moving average filters. This approach is followed in the regularly applied Census X-11 method. The third and so-called model-dependent approach considers the construction of ARIMA type time series models for the various unobserved components including the seasonal component. Such an ARIMA model can then be used to indicate how to adjust the time series seasonally. In Section 4.1 these last two approaches are discussed.