bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Visualization with AutoCAD
Authors: Ding Suining
Published: August 2020

Interior designers use AutoCAD software for their drafting and rendering, but where do they learn to apply basic AutoCAD drafting standards and procedures to their specific needs? Modeling and Visualization with AutoCAD answers the question with tutorials that show students how to use AutoCAD software for such drawings as floor plans, reflected ceiling plans, interior elevations, and casework sections. Covering both 2-D and 3-D AutoCAD, the book introduces the method of importing digital images into the material library. This book introduces AutoCAD in a generic way to accommodate the minor differences between newer and older versions; the emphasis is on typical procedures and methods rather than a more detailed process.Its case studies use ancient and modern masterpieces of interior design to demonstrate various applications so that students cannot only develop their rendering skills in a creative way, but also build upon their knowledge and appreciation of the classical elements of design.Features-- Easy to follow step-by-step tutorials for different levels of learners-- Chapter objectives, key terms, and exercises to help students practice what they have learned-- Integration of instructions for applying AutoCAD functions to interior design and pre-sentation of masterpieces that enhance learners’ appreciation of classical architectural forms-- Full color illustrations created with the most recent version of AutoCAD to demonstrate results that can also be achieved with earlier versions-- Instructor's Guide provides suggestions for planning the course and using the text in the classroom.
Sustainable Building Systems and Construction for Designers
Authors: Tucker Lisa M.
Published: August 2020

Sustainable Building Systems and Construction for Designers, Second Edition, continues to be the best resource for viewing building construction and its systems through the lens of sustainability. As a practicing architect and an interior designer, author Lisa M. Tucker covers all systems including structural, mechanical, electrical and lighting, plumbing, and interior building systems as they relate to sustainability and interior design. The technical knowledge and vocabulary presented in the text allows interior designers, architects, engineers, and contractors to communicate effectively with each other while collaborating on projects. This new edition -- produced in an easier-to-use format - contains the latest information on LEED, ADA, Net Zero construction, and sustainable construction practices.
Kingdom of Lesotho
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: August 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is having a severe impact on Lesotho’s economy. Supply chains for major industries have been disrupted and a national shutdown to contain the virus curtailed economic activity with adverse social impacts. The economy is expected to be further hit by declining external demand for textiles and diamonds, shrinking remittances, and delays to major construction projects. The authorities are taking measures to contain the virus and are implementing plans to mitigate its health and economic consequences. The economic shock, as well as the additional required spending, have generated urgent balance-of-payments (BOP) needs. Lesotho does not have an arrangement with the Fund.
One-year postoperative mortality rate among the elderly with hip fractures at a single tertiary care center
Authors: Alsheikh Khalid A. , Alsebayel Firas M. , Alsudairy Faisal Abdulmohsen , Alzahrani Abdullah , Alshehri Ali , Alhusain Faisal Ahmed , Alsaeed Abdullah , Almubarak Abdulaziz , Alhandi Ali A.
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND:

Hip fractures are one of the leading causes of disability and dependency among the elderly. The rate of hip fractures has been progressively increasing due to the continuing increase in average life expectancy. Surgical intervention is the mainstay of treatment, but with an increasing prevalence of comorbid conditions and decreased functional capacity in elderly patients, more patients are prone to postoperative complications.

OBJECTIVES:

Assess the value of surgical intervention for hip fractures among the elderly by quantifying the 1-year mortality rate and assessing factors associated with mortality.

DESIGN:

Medical record review.

SETTING:

Tertiary care center.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

All patients 60 years of age or older who sustained a hip fracture between the period of 2008 to 2018 in a single tertiary healthcare center. Data was obtained from case files, using both electronic and paper files.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The 1-year mortality rate for hip fracture, postoperative complications and factors associated with mortality.

SAMPLE SIZE:

802 patients.

RESULTS:

The majority of patients underwent surgical intervention (93%). Intra- and postoperative complications were 3% and 16%, respectively. Four percent of the sample died within 30 days, and 11% died within one year. In a multivariate analysis, an increased risk of 1-year mortality was associated with neck of femur fractures and postoperative complications (
P
=.034, <.001, respectively)

CONCLUSION:

The 1-year mortality risk in our study reinforces the importance of aggressive surgical intervention for hip fractures.

LIMITATION:

Single-centered study.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Anatomical consideration for optimal position of orthodontic miniscrews in the maxilla: a CBCT appraisal
Authors: Al Amri Maha S. , Sabban Hanadi M. , Alsaggaf Doaa H. , Alsulaimani Fahad F. , Al-Turki Ghassan A. , Al-Zahrani Mohammad S. , Zawawi Khalid H.
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND:

Orthodontic miniscrews are commonly used as temporary anchorage devices. Bone thickness and bone depth are important factors when placing miniscrews. There are no studies to assess the maxillary bone thickness for optimum miniscrew placement in a Saudi population.

OBJECTIVE:

Assess the proximity of the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity in areas where miniscrews are usually inserted using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

DESIGN:

Retrospective, cross-sectional.

SETTING:

Department of maxillofacial radiology in a Saudi dental school.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Using CBCT images, we measured the distance between the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity to the palatal bone, buccal intra-radicular and infrazygomatic crest areas. Mean values (SD) were compared at various locations, including by gender, and correlation with age was calculated.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:

Mean bone thickness at commonly used sites for orthodontic miniscrew placements in the maxilla. Secondary outcome was the insertion angle in the infrazygomatic crest area.

SAMPLE SIZE:

CBCT images of 100 patients (50 males and 50 females).

RESULTS:

The mean (standard deviation) age for the sample was 25.4 (6.5) years with no significant difference between males and females. In the palate, the distance to the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus was greater anteriorly and decreased significantly posteriorly (P<.001). Buccally, the interdental bone depth was significantly greater between the second premolar and first molar (11.96 mm) compared to between the central and lateral incisors (7.53 mm,P<.001). The mean bone thickness of the infrazygomatic crest area at a 45° insertion angle was 4.94 mm compared to 3.90 at a 70° insertion angle (P<.001). No correlation was found between age and bone thickness.

CONCLUSION:

The distance to the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus was greater in the anterior than posterior areas. There is minimal risk of injuring the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity using the buccal approach. Caution is needed when placing miniscrews in the infrazygomatic crest area.

LIMITATIONS:

Cross-sectional study from one center; hence, findings cannot be generalized to other populations.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Mixed methods single case study research (MMSCR): Challenges in WP evaluation
Authors: Zivtins Roberts , Jay Tim , Winston Robert , Alexander Annalisa
Published: August 2020

Evaluating widening participation (WP) interventions is complex. Early efforts at WP evaluation were criticised for lacking rigour. These criticisms were accompanied with suggested approaches to research, typically favouring randomised control trials. Yet these recommendations have,
in turn, become the focus of much discussion and debate within the WP evaluation sector.
 This paper presents the use of a 'mixed methods single case study research' (MMSCR) study design to WP evaluation. It describes the work of a PhD researcher evaluating the school – university
partnership science outreach programme between the Wohl Reach Out Lab at Imperial College London and a local secondary school.
 The article highlights potential challenges when using MMSCR, namely in ensuring internal validity and trustworthiness of the study. Solutions to these
challenges are presented and the case is made for broadening what is seen as meaningful research in the sector.
Improving equality of opportunity in higher education through the adoption of an Inclusive Curriculum Framework
Authors: McDuff Nona , Hughes Annie , Tatam John , Morrow Elizabeth , Ross Fiona
Published: August 2020

Within higher education, inclusion of students from diverse nations, socioeconomic, ethnic and cultural backgrounds is vital for social mobility and economic development. Despite some international successes in widening participation, inequalities in student experiences and differentials
in degree attainment for traditionally underrepresented groups, remain a major challenge. Institutional approaches to inclusion that value diversity as an inherent source of learning are underdeveloped. This paper adds theoretical insights and evidence to the debate on inclusive curricula
by showing the benefits of institutional change through a strategic approach and innovation in practice (case studies). We argue that the Inclusive Curriculum Framework (ICF), underpinned by core principles of inclusion, can enhance equality of opportunity all the way through the student journey.
The paper innovatively and rigorously bridges theory and practice in relation to inclusivity in learning and teaching and student success. It describes early and positive impact at Kingston University, adoption and spread in other institutions in England and potential international relevance.
Intranasal steroid therapy – EPOS 2020
Authors: Rot Piotr , Rapiejko Piotr , Jurkiewicz Dariusz
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Due to their strong, multidirectional anti-inflammatory activity, intranasal glucocorticoids are the mainstay of treatment in rhinosinusitis, including acute rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, as well as allergic rhinitis. Owing to its high systemic safety and high anti-inflammatory efficacy, mometasone furoate – a new-generation intranasal glucocorticoid – was approved in 2019 as an over-the-counter medication for Polish patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. Scientific societies and expert groups recommend the use of intranasal glucocorticoids in a much broader range of indications. In February 2020, an updated version of the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS 2020) was published.
Aim: This article discusses the role of nasal glucocorticoids in regimens used in the treatment of nasal sinusitis as published in EPOS 2020 with Polish country-specific realities being taken into account.
SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM FLUORIDE BY DRY METHOD FROM CALCIUM CARBONATE AND AMMONIUM FLUORIDE
Authors: Ostrovsky Sergey V. , Starostin Andrey G. , Potapov Igor S. , Tumanov Vyacheslav V. , Kuzminykh Konstantin G.
Published: August 2020

The proposed scheme for producing CaF2 according to the “dry” method is based on the following stages: hydrolysis of hydrofluoric acid to produce white carbon black and a 12-18% NH4F solution and subsequent production of CaF2 from CaCO3 at a temperature of 200-400 °C in a fluidized bed or drum furnace in a continuous mode, while ammonia from the exhaust gas is sent to the stage of hydrolysis of hydrofluoric acid. In the article the features of synthetic calcium fluoride obtaining by the "dry" method from calcium carbonate and ammonium fluoride are studied. It is shown that the heating of the mixture proceeds with a step-by-step decomposition of ammonium fluoride, and decomposition products interact with calcium carbonate forming a synthetic calcium fluoride. These factors determine the behavior of a solid mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium fluoride under heating, which allows us to evaluate the kinetic factors of the interaction of reagents and products and of their thermal transformation. Conditions of receiving synthetic calcium fluoride from the waste products of phosphoric acid and synthetic calcium carbonate by “dry” method are determined. The calcium fluoride can be recognized as a basic product in solving the problem of the waste catalyst hydrofluoric acid utilization. In the article, the features of synthetic calcium fluoride obtaining by the “dry” method from calcium carbonate and ammonium fluoride are studied.  A synchronous thermal analysis of this mixture was carried out with the analysis of exhaust gases by the IR-Fourier method at samplesheating rates of 1.5 ; 5; 10 °С /min in an air atmosphere. It was shown that heating of this mixture proceeds with stepwise decomposition of ammonium fluoride, the products of which interact with calcium carbonate, form synthetic calcium fluoride. In the first stage, the reactions of calcium carbonate with ammonium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride occur in the kinetic region (Еа = 94.22 kJ/mol), and in the second, the reaction of interaction of CaCO3 and HF (Еа = 30.09 kJ/mol) is limited diffusion of HF to the CaCO3 core in the temperature range of 250-300 °С. These factors determine the behavior a solid mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium fluoride under heating conditions, which allows us to evaluate the kinetic laws of the process of interaction of reagents and products of their thermal transformation. The conditions for obtaining by “dry” method of synthetic calcium fluoride from waste products of phosphoric acid and synthetic calcium carbonate have been identified, and calcium fluoride can be recognized as the base product in solving the problem of disposal of waste hydrofluoric acid.
EXTRACTION OF METAL IONS BY 4-BENZOYL- OR 4-(3-NYTROBENZOYL-1-HEXYL- 3-METHYL-2-PYRAZOLINE-5-ONES
Authors: Lesnov Andrey E. , Pustovik Larisa V. , Sarana Irina A.
Published: August 2020

The extraction properties of solutions of 4-benzoyl- and 4- (3-nitrobenzoyl) -1-hexyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-ones in chloroform were studied. The pH dependence of the degree of extraction is S-shaped. Ions Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ are extracted in the form of complexes with the ratio M (II): reagent determined by the equilibrium shift method equals to 1: 2. A lower equilibrium pH than the initial value indicates a cation-exchange extraction mechanism. The introduction of an electronegative nitro group into the benzoyl fragment of the reagent led to a shift in the pH50 values of the extraction of metal ions in a more acidic region. The presence of a correlation between the values of the Klopman hardness parameters of the above metal cations and extraction pH50 values was shown. The influence of the nature of the solvent on the extraction of zinc ions was studied. The addition of polar isopentanol to the extractant shifts the pH of the metal extraction to a more acidic region. In order to increase the pH50 value of zinc extraction, the solvents are arranged in a row: 30% isopentanol in CHCl3 < benzene < xylene < toluene < chloroform < dichloroethane. The introduction of additional neutral electron-donating hydrophobic organic compounds into the extract: 1-hexyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, triisobutyl phosphate, trioctylphosphine oxide significantly increases the values of the partition coefficients of zinc. The observed synergistic effect is explained by the formation of a coordinatively unsaturated intracomplex compound of zinc with aroylpyrazolone, in which the free coordination sites are filled with neutral reagent molecules. In this case, water is replaced and due to the increased hydrophobicity of the complex, an increase in extraction occurs. Confirmation of the formation of a coordination-unsaturated zinc complex is a close to unity value of the slope of the decimal logarithm of the metal distribution constant for pH.
IDENTIFICATION OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) – WATER SOLUTIONS
Authors: Wójtowicz Ryszard , Kocewiak Katarzyna , Lipin Andrey A.
Published: August 2020

In the paper results of investigations of rheological properties for selected PEO-water solutions are presented. On the basis of measurements, carried out with use of rotational viscosimeter values of shear stresses were determined in the relatively wide range of shear rates. Rheological curves were described by the Ostwald de Waele model (or so-called power-law). The model coefficients such as the fluid consistency coefficient k and the flow behavior index n were determined using Levenberg−Marquardt algorithm for nonlinear estimation. The influence of temperature on properties and behavior examined non-Newtonian fluids was also determined. Results were processed in the curve shift parameter at. Experiments shown a significant effect of poly(ethylene oxide) concentration cPEO on rheological properties of examined solutions. For the lowest concentration (cPEO=1.2%) solutions exhibited properties similar to Newtonian fluids with values of n close to 1. With increasing of PEO concentration in water (cPEO=2.4-4.8%), solutions exhibited properties as non - Newtonian fluids, pseudoplastic, without yield limit. In these cases values of n were below unity and for the highest concentration (cPEO=4.8%) belonged to the range of n=0.5694-0.7536, depending on the temperature. Results of investigations can be used during numerical simulations, design and optimization of industrial equipment, working with fluids of this kind, including mixing vessels, columns or heat exchangers.
Les auteurs dramatiques anglais contemporains à l’épreuve des pratiques collaboratives
Authors: Ruset Séverine
Published: August 2020

Bien que la figure de l’auteur demeure investie d’une forte autorité dans le théâtre anglais contemporain, qui accorde traditionnellement une place de choix aux nouvelles écritures dramatiques, elle se trouve ébranlée depuis le début du xxie siècle par un accroissement notable des pratiques collaboratives. Fondé sur une analyse des discours des dramaturges sur leur rôle (tel qu’il leur échoit mais aussi tel qu’ils le revendiquent), l’article examine comment ces évolutions influent sur le statut des auteurs au sein du monde du théâtre anglais, ou plus précisément sur le système de reconnaissance et de valorisation dans lequel ils s’inscrivent et dont ils contribuent à refaçonner les contours par leurs prises de position. Il s’intéresse notamment au développement d’une posture collaborative, particulièrement manifeste dans la volonté, exprimée par un nombre croissant d’auteurs, sinon de se démettre de leur autorité, du moins de la partager davantage, non seulement avec leurs collaborateurs artistiques, mais également avec les spectateurs.
Le partage de l’auctorialité avec le spectateur dans le théâtre québécois contemporain au temps du numérique
Authors: Guay Hervé
Published: August 2020

Cette réflexion sur le partage de l’auctorialité avec le spectateur dans les arts de la scène au temps du numérique prend appui sur deux productions québécoises, Le 6e salon international du théâtre contemporain (2005) et Pôle Sud (2016). En examinant l’attribution de la signature dans le paratexte, la présence ou l’absence sur scène des auteurs possibles du spectacle, l’espace matériel et relationnel qui structure les échanges ainsi que les implications esthétiques et éthiques de la configuration auctoriale, il s’agit d’attirer l’attention sur certains changements que l’on peut observer dans la distribution de l’autorité à l’intérieur du théâtre québécois contemporain, tant au sein du processus créateur que de la performance.
La littérarité d’une collection iconobiographique. Les « Albums de la Pléiade » (Gallimard)
Authors: Scibiorska Marcela
Published: August 2020

Les « Albums de la Pléiade », collection destinée à promouvoir la célèbre « Bibliothèque de la Pléiade » de Gallimard, présentent une série de volumes dédiés à la vie d’écrivains précédemment publiés par la Pléiade qui s’appuient sur une riche iconographie, accompagnée d’un texte biographique. Pourtant, dans de nombreux textes introducteurs des « Albums », leurs auteurs vont à l’encontre de l’attente lectoriale et réfutent explicitement l’appartenance de leurs ouvrages au genre biographique. Cet article examine les raisons d’un tel rejet de la biographie au sein de la collection, en tenant compte de la position de la biographie en tant que genre largement marginalisé au sein du champ littéraire, ainsi que de son rapport à l’iconographie, revendiquée comme élément central de la composition générique des « Albums de la Pléiade ».
Rapid stimulus-driven modulation of slow ocular position drifts
Authors: Malevich Tatiana , Buonocore Antimo , Hafed Ziad M
Published: August 2020

The eyes are never still during maintained gaze fixation. When microsaccades are not occurring, ocular position exhibits continuous slow changes, often referred to as drifts. Unlike microsaccades, drifts remain to be viewed as largely random eye movements. Here we found that ocular position drifts can, instead, be very systematically stimulus-driven, and with very short latencies. We used highly precise eye tracking in three well trained macaque monkeys and found that even fleeting (~8 ms duration) stimulus presentations can robustly trigger transient and stimulus-specific modulations of ocular position drifts, and with only approximately 60 ms latency. Such drift responses are binocular, and they are most effectively elicited with large stimuli of low spatial frequency. Intriguingly, the drift responses exhibit some image pattern selectivity, and they are not explained by convergence responses, pupil constrictions, head movements, or starting eye positions. Ocular position drifts have very rapid access to exogenous visual information.
Burnout syndrome in a hospital unit: perceptions of the nursing team
Authors: Magalhães Beatriz de de Castro , Gonçalves Rosangela Moraes , Dantas Maiara Bezerra , Santos Rosely Leyliane dos
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção da equipe de enfermagem acerca da Síndrome de Burnout. Método: Estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 24 profissionais de Enfermagem em uma unidade hospitalar, da região Centro Sul, Estado do Ceará-Brasil. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de setembro a outubro de 2017, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e organizados em categorias temáticas. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa CAAE nº 69921117.3.0000.5055. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias: Concepção dos profissionais acerca de seu trabalho de enfermagem e Percepção da equipe de enfermagem acerca da síndrome de Burnout. Conclusão: A equipe de enfermagem compreende, de forma frágil, a síndrome de Burnout, sendo necessário educação em saúde para os profissionais, visando identificação dessa síndrome para melhoria da qualidade de vida no trabalho.
Understanding of Selector‐Less 1S1R Type Cu‐Based CBRAM Devices by Controlling Sub‐Quantum Filament
Authors: Banerjee Writam , Hwang Hyunsang
Published: August 2020

This study demonstrates a systematic approach to design a sub‐quantum selector‐less conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM) which can work as one‐selector‐one‐resistor device in Cu/Ti/HfO2/TiO2/TiN material stack, can work nicely from sub‐µA to sub‐nA range. Optimized high thermal forming scheme is investigated to control the anatomy of filament formation at sub‐nA current level. The thickness of HfO2 layer plays a crucial role in determining such behavior. Hence, in this study the precise stack engineering is proposed and the selector‐less device design which can show highly stable one‐selector‐one‐resistor type performance at sub‐quantum level is identified. The TiO2‐based selector device is verified experimentally and theoretically. The presence of 1 eV deep level traps by CuO defect sites in HfO2 matrix with calculated nearest neighbor of 0.7 nm along with the presence of TiO2 selector layer, is the origin of highly nonlinear behavior. The devices show ultra‐low leakage current of 300 fA (system limitation) and operated with ultra‐low power of 5 pW, very high resistance ratio of 3 × 103, with high nonlinearity of 3 × 103. This work establishes the possibility to design ultra‐low power nonvolatile sub‐quantum CBRAM device which can fulfill the needs of internet of things applications after optimization.
Sex pheromones and olfactory proteins in Antheraea moths: A. pernyi and A. polyphemus (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Li Jia , Wang Xiaoqi , Zhang Long
Published: August 2020

Olfaction is essential for regulating the physiological and behavioral actions of insects with specific recognition of various odors. Antheraea moths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) possess relatively large bodies and antennae so that they are good subjects for exploring molecular aspects of insect olfaction. Current knowledge of the molecular aspects of Antheraea olfaction is focused on the Chinese tussah silkmoth A. pernyi Guérin‐Méneville and another species A. polyphemus (Cramer) in their pheromones, odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs), odorant receptors (ORs), odorant receptor coreceptors (ORCOs), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), and odorant‐degrading enzymes (ODEs). The first insect OBP, SNMP, and ODE were identified from A. polyphemus. This review summarizes the principal findings associated with the olfactory physiology and its molecular components in the two Antheraea species. Three types of olfactory neurons may have specific ORs for three respective sex‐pheromone components, with the functional sensitivity and specificity mediated by three respective OBPs. SNMPs and ODEs are likely to play important roles in sex‐pheromone detection, inactivation, and degradation. Identification and functional analysis of the olfactory molecules remain to be further performed in A. pernyi, A. polyphemus, and other Antheraea species.
USP47 promotes apoptosis in rat myocardial cells after ischemia/reperfusion injury via NF‐κB activation
Authors: Hu Yu , Ma Zhihui , Chen Zhong , Chen Bin
Published: August 2020

An increasing number of studies have associated nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation to the progression of myocardial infarction (MI). Multiple members of the ubiquitin‐specific protease (USP) family regulate the NF‐κB signaling pathway. This study attempted to investigate the function and underlying mechanism of USP family members in MI. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood samples of MI and healthy control, and the expression of several USP family members and NF‐κB was examined. After USP47 knockdown or overexpression, cell apoptosis, related protein levels, and NF‐κB promoter activity were measured. We found that USP47 and NF‐κB expression was significantly increased in MI, and USP47 was positively correlated with NF‐κB. In a rat H9c2 myocardial cell ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model, USP47 expression was increased in a time‐dependent manner. USP47 knockdown decreased I/R injury‐induced apoptosis, with increased survivin and cytoplasmic NF‐κB and decreased cleaved caspase‐3 and nuclear NF‐κB. USP47‐induced apoptosis was potently counteracted by the NF‐κB inhibitor, and cytoplasmic NF‐κB was increased and nuclear NF‐κB was decreased. Luciferase reporter showed that USP47 promotes NF‐κB promoter activity. These results suggested that USP47 expression may be correlated with MI progression. USP47 knockdown attenuated myocardial cell I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis.
Simple Analysis of Primary and Secondary Bile Salt Hydrolysis in Mouse and Human Gut Microbiome Samples by Using Fluorogenic Substrates
Authors: Sveistyte Agne , Gibbins Teresa , Tyrrell Kimberly J. , Miller Carson J. , Foley Matt H. , Plymale Andrew E. , Wright Aaron T. , Brandvold Kristoffer R.
Published: August 2020

Animals produce bile to act as an antibacterial agent and to maximize the absorption of lipophilic nutrients in the gut. The physical properties of bile are largely dictated by amphipathic bile salt molecules, which also participate in signaling pathways by modulating physiological processes upon binding host receptors. Upon excretion of bile salts from the gall bladder into the intestine, the gut microbiota can create metabolites with modified signaling capabilities. The category and magnitude of bile salt metabolism can have positive or negative effects on the host. A key modification is bile salt hydrolysis, which is a prerequisite for all additional microbial transformations. We have synthesized five different fluorogenic bile salts for simple and continuous reporting of hydrolysis in both murine and human fecal samples. Our data demonstrate that most gut microbiomes have the highest capacity for hydrolysis of host‐produced primary bile salts, but some microbially modified secondary bile salts also display significant turnover.
Measurement and Control of the Gloss of Chocolate
Authors: Schomaker Marion , Schräer Christian , Lörcher Marc
Published: August 2020

Taste and melting behavior are important quality criteria for chocolate. Beyond these, the gloss, snap, and texture are relevant. Different process parameters influence the gloss as well as other criteria such as shell life and fat bloom resistance. In this work, a method to measure the gloss of chocolate is introduced and adapted to small chocolate articles. With this, the gloss could be measured reproducibly. Different process parameters are varied and the gloss of the chocolate is determined. Various methods to improve the gloss are suggested and evaluated.
A retrospective analysis of nadir‐neutropenia directed pegylated granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia rates in (neo)adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy regimens
Authors: Zardawi Sarah J. , Nordman Ina , Zdenkowski Nicholas
Published: August 2020

Background

Pegfilgrastim, a pegylated granulocyte colony‐stimulating‐factor (GCSF), reduces chemotherapy morbidity and mortality in early stage breast cancer. The optimal approach to individual patient selection for GCSF is unknown, in particular whether secondary GCSF should be given after asymptomatic neutropenia, or only after febrile neutropenia (FN).

Aims

To determine if preplanned nadir blood counts and subsequent nadir‐neutropenia directed GCSF was effective to reduce rates of FN associated with (neo)adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy. We also aimed to describe (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy and GCSF prescribing practices at our institution.

Methods

This was a retrospective electronic medical record review. The rate of FN with secondary GCSF after cycle 1 nadir‐neutropenia <1.0 × 109 cells/L was compared with the rate of FN in patients who did not have cycle 1 nadir blood counts or secondary GCSF, and analyzed according to patient and treatment data.

Results

Between 11/4/2011 and 22/4/2018, 584 patients received (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. Over all rates of FN were 17%, compared with 9% in patients who received primary GCSF. Rates of FN were highest in docetaxel/carboplatin/trastuzumab (TCH, 27%) and docetaxel/cyclophosphamide (TC, 27%). There were 268 patients (46%) who received primary GCSF and 238 patients (41%) who received secondary GCSF. Rates of FN did not differ between patients who received nadir‐neutropenia directed secondary GCSF (6/125, 5%, 95% CI 1.1‐8.6), and those who did not have nadir blood counts or secondary GCSF (0/49, 0%, 95% CI not calculable) (P = .1186). GCSF use was associated with lower rates of non‐FN hospital admissions. Patients ≥65 years were more likely to have FN and non‐FN admissions. Two of three treatment related deaths occurred due to FN.

Conclusions

In this population, nadir‐neutropenia directed secondary GCSF was not associated with reduced rates of FN. Observed rates of FN >20% in TC and TCH in routine clinical practice should guide primary GCSF use in accordance with international guidelines.
Identification, expression analysis, and functional characterization of salt stress‐responsive genes of AP2/ERF transcription factors in sweetpotato
Authors: Meng Xiaoqing , Liu Siyuan , Dong Tingting , Li Zongyun , Ma Daifu , Pan Shenyuan , Zhu Mingku
Published: August 2020

The AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) regulate various processes of plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Although they have been extensively documented in many plants, little is known about stress responsive APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) genes in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). In this study, 20 putative AP2/ERF genes, named IbERF1, IbERF2, and IbERF5–IbERF23 were identified based on the salt‐treated RNA‐seq data from two sweetpotato cultivars with different salt tolerance. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence characterization identified that all the screened IbERF proteins contained a conserved AP2 domain, which belonged to dehydration‐responsive element binding proteins (DREB; 7 members) or ERF (13 members) subfamily. The systematic expression analysis of 12 mainly salt‐induced IbERFs by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) revealed that most IbERFs were remarkably increased by multiple abiotic stresses, such as NaCl, dehydration, and cold stress. Furthermore, varying degrees of upregulation were also detected in the expression of most IbERFs when treated with hormone abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. The expression profiles of IbERFs corroborate their involvement in diverse biological processes. In addition, the IbERF5, which was exclusively upregulated by the treatments, was identified as a nuclear protein without transcriptional activation activity. Collectively, the data of stress responsive IbERFs will provide valuable knowledge for further functional studies of IbERFs in sweetpotato stress tolerance.
The environmental drivers of annual variation in forest greenness are variable in the northern Intermountain West, USA
Authors: Lubenow Dayne R. , Reinhardt Keith
Published: August 2020

Peak snowpack in the western USA has decreased 21% since the mid‐20th century, and these trends are forecasted to continue over the next century. In water‐limited systems, forest productivity during the growing season is assumed to be linked with snowpack during the previous winter, but this linkage has proven not to be universal in studies across varying ecosystems. We compared peak Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, a proxy for vegetation productivity) at relatively fine scales (30‐m pixel) to point measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) at 169 locations scattered among the northern Intermountain West for the 25‐yr period between 1993 and 2017. We further compared NDVI to additional environmental variables including topographical variables (elevation, aspect, and slope), and climatic variables (Palmer Drought Severity Index, snowmelt date, and snowmelt length). We hypothesized that peak SWE would be a strong predictor of peak NDVI, but the strength of the SWE–NDVI relationships would vary spatially in our topographically complex study area. We observed weak relationships between snowpack and vegetation productivity, with only 10% of the locations displaying statistically significant correlations between annual peak SWE and peak NDVI. Furthermore, we determined that the response of NDVI to snowpack and environmental variables differed among subregions of our study area. For example, we observed strong SWE–NDVI associations in the continental‐most portion of our study area and weak correlations in other subregions of our study area. Our results highlight that in regions characterized by complex topography, (1) environmental drivers of NDVI are highly variable and (2) fine‐resolution studies more accurately capture the spatial heterogeneity of NDVI compared to course‐resolution studies. However, one consequence of fine‐resolution studies may be that microclimate effects at each site swamp the signal of predictor‐ecological response relationships, whereas these relationships may be more discernable in larger scale remote sensing studies.
Nonnative old‐field species inhabit early season phenological niches and exhibit unique sensitivity to climate
Authors: Reeb Rachel A. , Acevedo Isabel , Heberling J. Mason , Isaac Bonnie , Kuebbing Sara E.
Published: August 2020

Native and nonnative plant species can exhibit differences in the timing of their reproductive phenology and their phenological sensitivity to climate. These contrasts may influence species' interactions and the invasion potential of nonnative species; however, a limited number of phenology studies expressly consider phenological mismatches among native and nonnative species over broad spatial or temporal scales. To fill this knowledge gap, we used two complementary approaches: First, we quantified the flowering phenology of native and nonnative plants at five old‐field sites across a spatially extensive range of eastern North America. Second, we used herbarium records to compare the sensitivity of flowering and fruiting phenology to climate across a 114‐yr time period in a subset of common old‐field species in southwestern Pennsylvania. Across the study region, nonnatives reproduced substantially earlier in the growing season than natives, suggesting that nonnatives occupy a unique phenological niche (0.55 months earlier flowering across the North American study sites; 50.1 d earlier flowering and 17.5 d earlier fruiting in southwestern Pennsylvania). Both natives and nonnatives advanced their reproductive phenology between 1900 and 2014 but exhibited contrasting phenological sensitivity to climate factors. During the flowering stage of phenology, nonnatives were more sensitive to changes in precipitation than natives and generally delayed flowering in wetter years. Nonnative plants had greater sensitivity and advanced fruiting when the month preceding fruiting was warmer, while native plants had greater sensitivity and advanced fruiting when the three‐month period preceding fruiting was warmer. Our findings suggest that nonnative old‐field species occupy an earlier phenological niche relative to native species, which may facilitate their invasion into old‐field communities. However, given the different sensitivities of native and nonnative plants to climate factors, present‐day patterns of phenology are likely to shift with future climate changes, potentially leading to novel species interactions that may influence the outcomes of invasion.
A centrifugal buoyancy formulation for Boussinesq‐type natural convection flows applied to the annulus cavity problem
Authors: Mayeli Peyman , Sheard Gregory J.
Published: August 2020

Traditionally, the Boussinesq approximation is adopted for numerical simulation of natural convection phenomena where density variations are supposed negligible except through the gravity term of the momentum equation. In this study, a recently developed formulation based on a Boussinesq approximation is presented in which the density variations are also considered in the advection terms. Extending density‐variations to the advection terms captures centrifugal effects arising from both bulk enclosure rotation and within individual vortices, and thus more accurate results are expected. In this respect, the results of the proposed formulation are compared against the conventional Boussinesq simulations and weakly compressible approximation in the concentric horizontal annulus cavity. A new relation is established which maps the magnitude of the non‐Boussinesq parameter of incompressible flow to the corresponding relative temperature difference of a compressible flow simulation which is in agreement with the maximum allowed Gay‐Lussac number to avoid unphysical density values. For comparison purposes, variations of different thermo‐fluid parameters including average and local Nusselt number, entropy generation, and skin friction up to Ra = 105 are computed. Results obtained under the proposed approximation agree with the classical Boussinesq approximation up to Ra = 103 for large non‐Boussinesq parameter corresponding to the large relative temperature difference, but at Ra = 105, computed thermo‐fluid parameters via the two approaches are not identical which justifies the inclusion of large Gay‐Lussac number for convection dominated regime in natural convection problems.
Finite element implementation of k−ω SST with automatic wall treatment and adjoint‐based mesh adaptation
Authors: Carrier Alexandre
Published: August 2020

This work presents a new methodology in finite element to simulate, according to a controlled precision on an engineering value, steady turbulent flows. First, we developed a new implementation of Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations combined with SST turbulence model and automatic wall treatment. Then, to simulate these complex multiscale flows, spatial discretization is critical. It is still common for expert users to generate meshes manually since they can roughly anticipate the physics of the flow. However, this remains a difficult task, especially for a neophyte. A recent mesh adaptation methodology based on an adjoint sensitivity analysis allows generating automatically appropriate meshes for analysis of steady laminar flows. Here, we extended this work to turbulent flows. The presentation is limited to two‐dimensional (2D) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach without getting unnecessarily entangled in the implementation details. The methodology is validated on the classic 2D zero pressure gradient flat plate verification case at Re = 5 · 106. Then, a more complex example is also presented: flow around multicomponent airfoil (30P30N, ) at Re = 9 · 106.
Investor reactions to local and overseas news: Evidence from A‐ and H‐shares in China
Authors: Li Yi , Shen Dehua , Wang Pengfei , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we investigate whether investors respond differently to news coverage from local media and overseas media relying on the special setting of A‐ and H‐cross‐listing in China. By employing the abnormal stock return variance and the abnormal trading volume as investor reaction proxies, we document that both A‐share and H‐share investors tend to have stronger reactions to their own local media than to overseas media (referred to as local media preference). To provide further support, we utilize three natural experiments, that is, the introduction of colocation by the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, the launch of Shanghai‐Hong Kong Stock Connect, and the inclusion of A‐shares in MSCI indices as well as alternative ways to construct our main variables. In addition, we also confirm that this local media preference strengthens the market segmentation between these two share classes.
Sacroiliac joint cut accuracy: Comparing new technologies in an idealized sawbones model
Authors: Siegel Matthew A. , Balach Tessa , Sweeney Kyle R. , Nystrom Lukas M. , Colman Matthew W.
Published: August 2020

Background and Objectives

The anatomical complexity of the pelvis creates challenges for orthopaedic oncologists to accurately and safely resect tumors involving the sacroiliac joint. Current technology may help overcome these obstacles.

Methods

Four fellowship‐trained orthopaedic oncologists performed 22 all‐posterior sacroiliac cuts using freehand, computerized navigation, and patient‐specific cutting guides on a Sawbones male pelvis model. Cut accuracies to preoperative planned margins were analyzed via a high‐resolution optical scanner. Soft tissue damage was determined by visually inspecting the Sawbones foam placed on the far side of the cut.

Results

Within 5 mm of the margins, the freehand technique resulted in 67.0% cut accuracy, the navigation technique had 71.1%, and the patient‐specific cutting guide technique had 85.6% (P = .093). Within 2 mm, the techniques showed an accuracy of 25.8%, 32.5%, and 47.5%, respectively (P = .022). Regarding soft tissue damage, the freehand technique exhibited minimal penetration damage for 16.7% of the cuts, while navigation and patient‐specific guide techniques exhibited 25.0% and 75.0%, respectively (P = .046). Years of surgical experience of the operator (1‐7) did not influence the cut accuracy for any method.

Conclusions

Under ideal conditions, patient‐specific guide technology possesses the same or better accuracy as other cutting techniques as well as the circumvention of soft tissue damage.
Minimum Electromyographic Burst Duration in Healthy Controls: Implications for Electrodiagnosis in Movement Disorders
Authors: Collins Alexis F. , Brown Steven T.R. , Baker Mark R.
Published: August 2020

Background

Electromyogram (EMG) burst duration can provide additional diagnostic information when investigating hyperkinetic movement disorders, particularly when a functional movement disorder is suspected. It is generally accepted that EMG bursts <50 milliseconds are pathological.

Objective

To reassess minimum physiological EMG burst duration.

Methods

Surface EMG was recorded from face, trunk, and limb muscles in controls (n = 60; ages 19–85). Participants were instructed to generate the briefest possible ballistic movements involving each muscle (40 repetitions) or, in muscles spanning joints, to generate rapid rhythmic alternating movements (20–30 seconds), or both.

Results

We found no effect of age on EMG burst duration. However, EMG burst duration varied significantly between body regions. Rhythmic EMG bursts were shorter than ballistic bursts but only significantly so for lower limbs (P < 0.001). EMG bursts of duration <50 milliseconds were frequently observed, particularly in appendicular muscles.

Conclusion

We present normal reference data for minimum EMG burst duration, which may assist clinical interpretation when investigating hyperkinetic movement disorders.
Use of a novel biomarker, botryococcane, to monitor biodegradation of two lacustrine‐sourced crude oils
Authors: Douglas Gregory S. , Hardenstine Jeffery H. , Kamath Roopa , Kong Deyuan , Hoffmann Robert E. , McMillen Sara
Published: August 2020

Bioremediation is a proven alternative for remediating petroleum‐impacted soils at exploration and production (E&P) sites. Monitoring remediation performance can involve detection and quantification of biodegradation resistant compounds such as C3017α(H),21β(H)‐hopane, which requires the use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). Due to the remoteness of many E&P sites, this technology is not always available, and alternative methods are needed to provide reliable quantitative measurements of petroleum remediation efficiency. This study provides a detailed chemical characterization of lacustrine‐sourced crude oils and a technical basis for measuring the effectiveness of bioremediation efforts for soil impacted by those crudes. We show that the novel isoprenoid hydrocarbon botryococcane is relatively stable in lacustrine‐sourced crude oils compared with C3017α(H),21β(H)‐hopane under moderate biodegradation conditions generally observed in field samples. We have also demonstrated that, due to the stability and relatively elevated concentration of botryococcane in lacustrine oils, it can be reliably measured using the more cost‐effective and available GC/FID methodology, and thereby be used to monitor the progress of ongoing soil bioremediation activities at remote sites.