bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deposition and distribution of myclobutanil and tebuconazole in a semidwarf apple orchard by hand‐held gun and air‐assisted sprayer application
Authors: An Quanshun , Li Dong , Wu Yangliu , Pan Canping
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Sprayers have been shown in numerous reports to influence pesticide deposition and distribution significantly, and public concern for their potential risk has been increasing in recent years. In this study, a hand‐held gun sprayer and two air‐assisted sprayers (a conventional axial fan air‐blast sprayer and a tower sprayer) were used to apply myclobutanil and tebuconazole, and their influence on pesticide distribution and deposition in a semidwarf apple orchard was systematically investigated.

RESULTS

The coefficients of variation of different canopy zones associated with the tower sprayers were 38.9–41.9% for leaves and 35.5–36.4% for fruit, generally lower than the coefficients of variation related to the other two sprayers. Tests conducted using the air‐assisted sprayers recorded an overall higher drift on the adjacent rows than experiments carried out with the hand‐held gun sprayer. The results of drift in soil indicated that pesticide was mainly distributed within 5 m downwind of the treated area, and the distribution pattern was influenced by sprayer design. The total pesticide concentration deposited in soil within 5 m during application by the tower sprayer was 0.28 m mg kg−1 for myclobutanil and 0.90 m mg kg−1 for tebuconazole, much lower than that of the hand‐held gun sprayer and the conventional axial fan air‐blast sprayer.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the tower sprayer gives a more uniform distribution and guarantees better effectiveness for the phytosanitary treatment. The tower sprayer also protected the soil better and reduced environmental pollution due to its scientific structural design. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Four‐Wave Mixing Response via Hybrid Coulomb‐Coupled Cavity Optomechanics
Authors: Ullah Muhib , Saif Farhan , Wang Li‐Gang
Published: June 2020

The generation and manipulation of the four‐wave mixing (FWM) phenomenon is reported in a hybrid electrostatically Coulomb‐coupled optomechanical system as a result of light–matter interaction. The cavity is driven by a strong coherent pump and a weak probe field simultaneously in the presence of nanomechanical resonators (NMRs), and the output field can produce a new frequency component called the FWM frequency. In a hybrid Coulomb‐coupled cavity scheme, the existence of optomechanical coupling due to radiation pressure gives rise to the FWM phenomenon, which is shown both analytically and numerically. A controllable enhancement of the FWM intensity is found by tuning the pump field strength and its spectrum disappears upon switching the strength off. A significant enhancement in the FWM spectrum with two peaks is also predicted due to the Coulomb coupling strength existing between two electrostatically coupled NMR1 and NMR2. A suppressive behavior of the FWM signal is also observed upon increasing the cavity decay rate and a substantial modulation in the signal by changing the probe‐pump field detuning. Finally, the FWM spectrum is very sensitive to both the effective resonance frequencies and effective masses of the NMRs.
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome presenting with macroscopic pulmonary cyst formation in a 15‐year‐old
Authors: Ardolino Luke , Silverstone Elizabeth , Varjavandi Vincent , Yates Deborah
Published: June 2020

Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder caused by a germline mutation in the folliculin gene (17p11.2). It is characterized by benign skin lesions, renal tumours, and pulmonary cysts, with pneumothoraces seen exceptionally rarely in patients younger than 40 years. We report the case of a 15‐year‐old boy who presented with sudden onset left‐sided chest pain and acute dyspnoea secondary to a large left‐sided pneumothorax. This failed to resolve despite chest drain insertion and he required video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgical pleurodesis, which revealed macroscopic pulmonary cyst formation. Following this, he made a good recovery and a further high‐resolution computerized tomography (CT) scan of his chest identified multiple, small, subpleural parenchymal lung cysts that were not initially visible on prior imaging. Further questioning revealed a strong family history of spontaneous pneumothoraces and additional genomic sequencing confirmed a diagnosis of BHD syndrome. We highlight the diagnostic, management, and surveillance challenges for this rare syndrome.
Do We Need More Productive Theorizing? A Commentary
Authors: Reinking David , Yaden David B.
Published: June 2020

In this commentary, we argue that literacy research would be more productive if researchers had a clearer, more nuanced understanding of theory. Specifically, we argue that theory in a practice‐oriented field is most fundamentally productive when it provides instrumental guidance for literacy beyond academic understanding about literacy. Premises for that argument are presented, as well as how productivity connects to an instrumental view of theory within the philosophy of science. We provide examples from authoritative sources and relevant studies suggesting that conceptions and uses of theory in literacy research are ambiguous, diffuse, and incoherent. We argue that productivity could be a unifying construct to ameliorate those limitations. To stimulate discussion about theory, we propose several ways that theorizing might be more productive. Those proposals comprise a critique of theorizing in the field and illustrate how more productive theorizing could close the gap between research and practice. Finally, we discuss how our proposals might be implemented in the field’s research.
Soil organic carbon sequestration when converting a rainfed cropping system to irrigated corn under different tillage systems and N fertilizer rates
Authors: Pareja‐Sánchez Evangelina , Cantero‐Martínez Carlos , Álvaro‐Fuentes Jorge , Plaza‐Bonilla Daniel
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 21 years of tillage and N fertilization and the conversion from a rainfed to an irrigated cropping system on soil organic C (SOC). The study was carried out in northeastern Spain in a long‐term tillage and N rate field experiment established in 1996 under barley rainfed conditions, which in 2015 was converted into irrigation with corn. Three types of tillage (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no‐tillage, NT) and three mineral N fertilization rates (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1under barley, and 0, 200, and 400 kg N ha−1under corn) were compared. Annual C‐inputs as aboveground crop residues and annual SOC sequestration rate (∆SOCrate) (0–40 cm depth) were calculated in three different periods (P1, P2 and P3) under rainfed (‐R) and irrigated (‐I) conditions (P1‐R, from 1996 to 2009; P2‐R, from 2009 to 2015; P3‐I, from 2015 to 2017). At the end of P3‐I, particulate organic C (POC) was measured from the 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm depths. Averaged over all treatments, ∆SOCratewas 492, 222, and 969 kg C ha−1yr−1for P1‐R, P2‐R, and P3‐I, respectively. In P1‐R and P3‐I, C‐input explained 70% of the variability of ∆SOCrate. In P1‐R, ∆SOCratefollowed the order NT > RT > CT, while for N rate, order was high > medium > 0. In P3‐I at the highest N rate, ∆SOCratefollowed the order NT > RT > CT. In P2‐R, ∆SOCratedid not show differences between tillage and/or N rate treatments. The increase in SOC after conversion from a rainfed to an irrigation system was mainly explained by POC, which was increased by 75% compared to the previous rainfed period. The modification of the cropping system through the introduction of irrigation and adequate crop management practices under no‐tillage and adjusted N fertilizer rates can contribute to the sequestration of large amounts of atmospheric CO2.
XPS spectra of chromium monosilicides and disilicides obtained by in situ fractured clean surfaces
Authors: Ohtsu Naofumi , Oku Masaoki , Nomura Akiko , Wagatsuma Kazuaki
Published: June 2020

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of chromium monosilicide (CrSi) and disilicide (CrSi2) were collected from a clean surface prepared by fracturing the bulk silicide compound in a spectrometer under ultrahigh vacuum; the analytical procedure for the phase identification of the Cr–Si system was examined. A negligible binding energy shift was observed in the Cr 2p3/2 level between elemental Cr and CrSi2, whereas the energy of CrSi was 0.2 eV lower than that of Cr and CrSi2. The satellite peak in the Cr 2p spectra originating from the plasmon‐loss phenomena was found only for CrSi and CrSi2. The binding energy of Si 2p shifted, reflecting the silicide phases; the energy of CrSi2 and CrSi was 0.3 eV higher and lower, respectively, than that of elemental Si. Although a slight difference in the spectral shape was observed in the valence band region, the phase identification was considered unreliable. However, the energy shifts of Si 2p and the presence of the plasmon‐loss peak in the Cr 2p spectra provide important insights into the phase identification of the Cr–Si system.
Maintaining the validity of inference in small‐sample stepped wedge cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes when using generalized estimating equations
Authors: Ford Whitney P. , Westgate Philip M.
Published: June 2020

Stepped wedge cluster trials are an increasingly popular alternative to traditional parallel cluster randomized trials. Such trials often utilize a small number of clusters and numerous time intervals, and these components must be considered when choosing an analysis method. A generalized linear mixed model containing a random intercept and fixed time and intervention covariates is the most common analysis approach. However, the sole use of a random intercept applies a constant intraclass correlation coefficient structure, which is an assumption that is likely to be violated given stepped wedge trials (SWTs) have multiple time intervals. Alternatively, generalized estimating equations (GEE) are robust to the misspecification of the working correlation structure, although it has been shown that small‐sample adjustments to standard error estimates and the use of appropriate degrees of freedom are required to maintain the validity of inference when the number of clusters is small. In this article, we show, using an extensive simulation study based on a motivating example and a more general design, the use of GEE can maintain the validity of inference in small‐sample SWTs with binary outcomes. Furthermore, we show which combinations of bias corrections to standard error estimates and degrees of freedom work best in terms of attaining nominal type I error rates.
Passive Localization Algorithm for Remote Multitarget Localization Information
Authors: Niu Gang , Gao Jie , Du Taihang
Published: June 2020

The development of wireless communication has led to the wide application of passive localization. Although passive localization has strong antijamming and concealment, its accuracy will be reduced due to false location. In order to solve the above problem, particle swarm optimization–back‐propagation (PSO‐BP) algorithm was used to improve the accuracy of passive location model in this study, and it was compared with the traditional BP algorithm and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm by simulation. The results showed that the coordinate error calculated by the PSO‐BP neural network was smaller than that of the BP neural network and ELM algorithms, and the error fluctuation was smaller; with the increase of the number of multitarget localization, the average error and positioning time of the BP algorithm gradually increased, while the average positioning error and positioning time of the PSO‐BP algorithm basically remained stable, smaller than the BP algorithm. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The role of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles on weathering resistance of photocurable acrylate urethane coating
Authors: Vuong Nguyen Thien
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the role of nano rutile TiO2 (R‐TiO2) on the weathering resistance of UV curable acrylate urethane coating. At first, the nano R‐TiO2 at the content of 2 wt.% was dispersed in 1,6 Hexanediol for 3 hrs and then mixed with the urethane acrylate Eberyl 284 (E284) and photo initiator Irgacure 184 (I.184) for 30 min. After UV curing in FUSION UV equipment for 4.8 s, the coating unreinforced and reinforced 2 wt.% nano R‐TiO2 were analyzed by FE‐SEM in order to determine the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer substrate and examined the accelerated aging in an Atlas UV/CON chamber. The aging of the coatings was assessed by IR analysis and measuring the losses of their weight and mechanical properties. The obtained results showed that the nanoparticles were distributed evenly in polymer substrate with the size of 50‐150 nm. In the presence of 2 wt.% R‐TiO2 nanoparticles, the acrylate urethane/R‐TiO2 nanocomposite coating was more weather durable than the neat coating (without the nanoparticles). After 48 aging cycles, the CH and CNH groups, the weight and the abrasion resistance of the nanocomposite coating slightly decreased, whilst those of the neat coating was severely degraded.
Role of cancer stem cell markers ALDH1, BCL11B, BMI-1, and CD44 in the prognosis of advanced HNSCC
Authors: Jakob Mark , Sharaf Kariem , Schirmer Markus , Leu Martin , Küffer Stefan , Bertlich Mattis , Ihler Friedrich , Haubner Frank , Canis Martin , Kitz Julia
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are held accountable for the progress of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the presented study, the authors evaluated the prognostic value of CSC markers in two particular HNSCC cohorts.

Methods

This two cohort study consisted of 85 patients with advanced stage HNSCC, treated with primary radio(chemo)therapy (pRCT), and 95 patients with HNSCC, treated with surgery and partially adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were assessed. Samples were assessed for the expression of different molecular stem cell markers (ALDH1, BCL11B, BMI‑1, and CD44).

Results

In the pRCT cohort, none of the baseline patient and tumor features exhibited a statistically significant relation with survival in either the cohort or the human papillomavirus (HPV)-stratified subcohorts. High expression of BMI‑1 significantly decreased OS and DFS, while high expression of CD44 decreased all modes of survival. Multivariate analysis showed significant prognostic influence for all tested CSC markers, with high BMI‑1 and CD44 decreasing survival (BMI-1: OS, DFS, DSS; CD44: OS, DFS) and high ALDH1 and BCL11B showing a beneficial effect on survival (ALDH1: OS, DFS; BCL11B: OS, DSS). In the surgical cohort, classical prognosticators such as HPV status, R1 resection, and nodal status in HPV-negative HNSCC played a significant role, but the tested CSC markers showed no significant effect on prognosis.

Conclusion

Although validation in independent cohorts is still needed, testing for CSC markers in patients with advanced or late stage HNSCC might be beneficial, especially if many comorbidities exist or disease is irresectable. The findings might guide the development and earlier use of targeted therapies in the future.
(Lack of) Effects of noradrenergic stimulation on human working memory performance
Authors: Wanke Nadine , Müller Jana Christina , Wiedemann Klaus , Schwabe Lars
Published: June 2020

Rationale

Working memory depends on prefrontal cortex functioning, which is particularly sensitive to levels of noradrenaline. Studies in non-human primates have shown that modest levels of noradrenaline improve working memory, and that higher levels of noradrenaline impair working memory performance. However, research in humans provided inconsistent findings concerning noradrenergic effects on working memory.

Objective

The present study aimed at assessing dose-dependent effects of yohimbine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, on working memory performance in healthy humans. We further aimed to explore a potential interactive effect between noradrenergic arousal and lack of control over aversive events on working memory performance.

Methods

We used a double-blind, fully crossed, placebo-controlled, between-subject design. Participants (N = 121) performed an adaptive n-back task before and after oral administration of either a placebo, 20 mg, or 40 mg yohimbine and a manipulation of controllability, during which participants could either learn to avoid electric shocks (controllability groups), had no instrumental control over shock administration (uncontrollability groups), or did not receive any shocks (no-shock control group).

Results

While no significant results of noradrenergic stimulation through yohimbine were obtained using conventional frequentist analyses, additional Bayesian analyses provided strong evidence for the absence of an association between pharmacological treatment and working memory performance. We further observed no effect of controllability and no interaction between noradrenergic stimulation and the manipulation of controllability.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that noradrenergic stimulation through yohimbine does not affect (non-spatial) working memory in healthy human participants.
Unveiling the Microbiota Diversity of the Xerophyte Argania spinosa L. Skeels Root System and Residuesphere
Authors: Mapelli Francesca , Riva Valentina , Vergani Lorenzo , Choukrallah Redouane , Borin Sara
Published: June 2020

The microbiota associated to xerophyte is a “black box” that might include microbes involved in plant adaptation to the extreme conditions that characterize their habitat, like water shortage. In this work, we studied the bacterial communities inhabiting the root system of Argania spinosa L. Skeels, a tree of high economic value and ecological relevance in Northern Africa. Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing and cultivation techniques were applied to unravel the bacterial microbiota’s structure in environmental niches associated to argan plants (i.e., root endosphere, rhizosphere, root-surrounding soil), not associated to the plant (i.e., bulk soil), and indirectly influenced by the plant being partially composed by its leafy residue and the associated microbes (i.e., residuesphere). Illumina dataset indicated that the root system portions of A. spinosa hosted different bacterial communities according to their degree of association with the plant, enriching for taxa typical of the plant microbiome. Similar alpha- and beta-diversity trends were observed for the total microbiota and its cultivable fraction, which included 371 isolates. In particular, the residuesphere was the niche with the highest bacterial diversity. The Plant Growth Promotion (PGP) potential of 219 isolates was investigated in vitro, assessing several traits related to biofertilization and biocontrol, besides the production of exopolysaccharides. Most of the multivalent isolates showing the higher PGP score were identified in the residuesphere, suggesting it as a habitat that favor their proliferation. We hypothesized that these bacteria can contribute, in partnership with the argan root system, to the litter effect played by this tree in its native arid lands.
Balancing orbital volume reduction and redistribution for a tailored surgical treatment in Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Authors: Costan Victor Vlad , Ciocan-Pendefunda Constantin-Catalin , Ciofu Mihai Liviu , Boisteanu Otilia , Timofte Daniel Vasile , Gheorghe Liliana , Bogdanici Camelia , Preda Cristina
Published: June 2020

Aim

The purpose of this study is to share our experience on the use of different orbital decompression techniques, as well as the principles followed for deciding the most case-appropriate procedure that ensured the most favorable outcomes.

Methods

We reviewed the Graves’ ophthalmopathy cases operated over the course of 14 years, regarding the presenting signs, the imaging evaluation, the degree of exophthalmos, the type of surgical orbital decompression performed, and the postoperative outcomes.

Results

All 42 patients identified presented with proptosis, with 92.8% cases of bilateral proptosis. The main addressing concern was functional in 54.8% cases and aesthetic in 45.2% patients. CT was used for the preoperative evaluation in all cases. In total, 81 orbits were operated. The orbital decompression surgery involved only the orbital fat in 7.4% of orbits and associated fat and bone decompression in the other 92.6% of orbits. The postoperative results were favorable in all cases regarding both appearance and function, with minimal postoperative complications.

Conclusion

The adequate selection of the most suitable procedure based on the characteristics of each case is the prerequisite for a successful surgery. We found that the association of fat and bone decompression of various extents is most permissive in tailoring the degree of decompression to the existing requirements.
Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y-STRs
Authors: Al-Snan Noora R. , Messaoudi Safia A. , Khubrani Yahya M. , Wetton Jon H. , Jobling Mark A. , Bakhiet Moiz
Published: June 2020

We have determined the distribution of Y-chromosomal haplotypes and predicted haplogroups in the ethnically diverse Kingdom of Bahrain, a small archipelago in the Arabian Gulf. Paternal population structure within Bahrain was investigated using the 27 Y-STRs (short tandem repeats) in the Yfiler Plus kit to generate haplotypes from 562 unrelated Bahraini males, sub-divided into four geographical regions—Northern, Capital, Southern and Muharraq. Yfiler Plus provided a significant improvement over the 17-locus Yfiler kit in discrimination capacity (from 77% to 87.5% overall), but discrimination capacity differed widely between regions from 98.4% in Muharraq to 75.2% in the Northern region, an unusually low value possibly resulting from recent rapid population expansion. Clusters of closely related male lineages were seen, with only 79.4% of donors displaying unique haplotypes and 59% of instances of shared haplotypes occurring within, rather than between, regions. Haplogroup prediction indicated diverse origins of the population with a predominance of haplogroups J2 and J1, both typical of the Arabian Peninsula, but also haplogroups such as B2 and E1b1a likely originating in Africa, and H, L and R2 likely indicative of migration from South Asia. Haplogroup frequencies differed significantly between regions, with J2 significantly more common in the Northern region compared with the Southern, possibly due to differential settlement by Baharna and Arabs. Our study shows that paternal lineage population structure can exist even over small geographical scales, and that highly discriminating genetic tools are required where rapid expansions have occurred within tightly bounded populations.
Sexual behavior and its association with persistent oral lesions: analysis of the POP-Brazil study
Authors: da Cunha Amanda Ramos , Bessel Marina , Hugo Fernando Neves , de Souza Flávia Moreno Alves , Pereira Gerson Fernando Mendes , Wendland Eliana Márcia Da Ros
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To investigate whether the presence of persistent self-reported oral lesions (PSOLs) is associated with sexual behaviors and with the presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in individuals aged 16–25 years in the state capitals of Brazil.

Materials and Methods

Data from the POP-Brazil study were analyzed. An association analysis was performed by Poisson regression with the presence of PSOLs as the outcome. The exposure variables were the age at first sexual intercourse, the number of partners, oral sex practice, and aspects of condom use for model 1, and the presence of a self-reported STI or a positive rapid test for HIV/syphilis and the presence of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) for model 2. The results were adjusted for socioeconomic variables.

Results

The prevalence of PSOLs was 76% higher among individuals who had two or more sexual partners in the past year (p = 0.046) and 68% higher in those who reported not using condoms for contraception (p = 0.032). The group with HIV/syphilis or self-reported STI had a 140% higher PSOL prevalence (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

The self-report of oral lesions in adolescents and young adults may suggest risky sexual behavior and the presence of STI.

Clinical relevance

It is necessary to contextualize the reality of the young person to optimize oral health care.
To what extent does the detection of climate change in Hungary depend on the choice of statistical methods?
Authors: Izsák Beatrix , Szentimrey Tamás
Published: June 2020

The trend analysis of meteorological time series has gained prominence in recent decades, the most common method being the so-called ‘linear analytical trend analysis’. Until the mid-1990s, trend analysis was commonly performed on non-homogenized data sets, which frequently led to erroneous conclusions. Nowadays, only homogenized data sets are examined, so it really is possible to detect climate change in long meteorological data sets. In this paper, the methodology of linear trend analysis is summarized, the way in which the model can be validated is demonstrated, and there is a discussion of the results obtained if unjustified discontinuities caused by changing measurement conditions, such as the relocation of stations, changes in measurement time, or instrument change occur. On the basis of an examination of records for the preceding 118 years, it is possible to state that both annual and seasonal mean temperature trends display a significant warming trend. In the case of homogenized data series, the change is significant over the entire territory of Hungary; in the case of raw data series, however, the change is not significant everywhere. The validity of the linear model is tested using the F-test, a task as yet carried out on the entire Hungarian data series, series comprising records for over 100 years. Furthermore, neither has a comparison been made of the trend data for raw data series and the homogenized data series with the help of information on station history to explore the causes of inhomogeneity.
Electron-Induced Perpendicular Graphene Sheets Embedded Porous Carbon Film for Flexible Touch Sensors
Authors: Chen Sicheng , Wang Yunfei , Yang Lei , Karouta Fouad , Sun Kun
Published: June 2020

Graphene-based materials on wearable electronics and bendable displays have received considerable attention for the mechanical flexibility, superior electrical conductivity, and high surface area, which are proved to be one of the most promising candidates of stretching and wearable sensors. However, polarized electric charges need to overcome the barrier of graphene sheets to cross over flakes to penetrate into the electrode, as the graphene planes are usually parallel to the electrode surface. By introducing electron-induced perpendicular graphene (EIPG) electrodes incorporated with a stretchable dielectric layer, a flexible and stretchable touch sensor with “in-sheet-charges-transportation” is developed to lower the resistance of carrier movement. The electrode was fabricated with porous nanostructured architecture design to enable wider variety of dielectric constants of only 50-μm-thick Ecoflex layer, leading to fast response time of only 66 ms, as well as high sensitivities of 0.13 kPa−1 below 0.1 kPa and 4.41 MPa−1 above 10 kPa, respectively. Moreover, the capacitance-decrease phenomenon of capacitive sensor is explored to exhibit an object recognition function in one pixel without any other integrated sensor. This not only suggests promising applications of the EIPG electrode in flexible touch sensors but also provides a strategy for internet of things security functions.
Who Shares? Profiling Consumers in the Sharing Economy
Authors: Sands Sean , Ferraro Carla , Campbell Colin , Kietzmann Jan , Andonopoulos Vasiliki Vicki
Published: June 2020

Sharing platforms are becoming increasingly common, transforming how organisations and customers interact across diverse categories. While there is clear demand for the sharing economy, less is known about heterogeneity of consumer preferences and the varying demand that exists for sharing experiences across different categories of consumption. In order to help brands better understand who shares, this research takes a step forward in the profiling of users of the sharing economy. Drawing on social psychology, this research investigates how social norms can be employed as a form of social influence and nudge consumers to engage in higher levels of shared consumption. We find three clear segments of sharing consumers, representing 86% of all consumers: the mobility-focused sharer, the diverse-platform sharer, and the power-platform sharer. The last segment (accounting for 14%) comprises consumers who do not engage with sharing platforms. Moreover, social norms influenced the future behaviours of only one segment of consumers: the diverse-platform sharer. We discuss how sharing platform providers can better understand, target, and convert consumers to engage in sharing.
Prospect theory and the potential for lottery-based subsidies
Authors: SPENCER NOAH
Published: June 2020

The relevant literature notes a lack of applications relative to the theoretical impact of prospect theory. In this paper, I provide a brief review of this literature aimed at policymakers before developing an idea for lottery-based government subsidy policies. I consider the general conditions under which such policies could be effective in (1) increasing the performance of desired behaviours and (2) saving governments money. I provide two examples of current Canadian subsidies that I argue could be improved with the addition of a lottery option.
The Role of Concepts in Fixing Language
Authors: Sawyer Sarah
Published: June 2020

This is a contribution to the symposium on Herman Cappelen’s book Fixing Language. Cappelen proposes a metasemantic framework—the “Austerity Framework”—within which to understand the general phenomenon of conceptual engineering. The proposed framework is austere in the sense that it makes no reference to concepts. Conceptual engineering is then given a “worldly” construal according to which conceptual engineering is a process that operates on the world. I argue, contra Cappelen, that an adequate theory of conceptual engineering must make reference to concepts. This is because concepts are required to account for topic continuity, a phenomenon which lies at the heart of projects in conceptual engineering. I argue that Cappelen’s own account of topic continuity is inadequate as a result of the austerity of his metasemantic framework, and that his worldly construal of conceptual engineering is untenable.
Emergency medicine physician burnout and wellness in Canada before COVID19: A national survey
Authors: Lim Rodrick , Aarsen Kristine Van , Gray Sara , Rang Louise , Fitzpatrick Jada , Fischer Lisa
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Emergency medicine (EM) is a high-risk specialty for burnout. COVID-19 has had and will continue to have important consequences on wellness and burnout for EM physicians in Canada. Baseline data are crucial to monitor the health of EM physicians in Canada, and evaluate any interventions designed to help during and after COVID-19.

Objectives

To describe the rates of burnout, depression, and suicidality in practicing EM physicians in Canada, just before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A modified snowball method was used for survey distribution. Participants completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Health Services Tool (MBI-HSS), a screening measure for depression (PHQ-9), and a question regarding if the physician had ever or in the past 12 months contemplated suicide.

Results

A total of 384 respondent surveys were included in the final analysis: 86.1% (329/382) met at least one of the criteria for burnout, 58% (217/374) scored minimal to none on the PHQ-9 screening tool for depression, 14.3% (53/371) had contemplated suicide during their staff career in EM, and of those, 5.9% (22/371) had actively considered suicide in the past year.

Conclusion

Canadian EM physicians just before the COVID-19 pandemic had an alarming number of respondents meet the threshold for burnout, confirming EM as a high-risk specialty. This important baseline information can be used to monitor the physical and mental risks to EM physicians during and after COVID-19, and evaluate support for mental health and wellness, which is urgently needed now and post pandemic.
Progressive Entanglements? Activity Profiles, Responsibilities and Interactions of Dentists at Auschwitz. The Example of 2nd SS Dentist Willi Schatz
Authors: Schwanke Enno , Groß Dominik
Published: June 2020

The history of dentistry during the Third Reich is still a neglected chapter in medical history; especially with a view to the concentration camps. Beyond the theft of dental gold, we actually know very little about the number of camp dentists or even about their activities and how these changed in particular in the final phase of the war. By using as a case study the biography of Willi Schatz, 2nd SS dentist at Auschwitz from January 1944 till autumn 1944, this paper examines the tasks of SS camp dentists in Auschwitz. It points out to what extent the scope of action of the camp dentists changed under the impression of extraordinary events, and clarifies that using the example of the Ungarn Aktion, in which more than 300 000 deportees were immediately murdered. It illustrates that such situational dynamics were an essential driving force for the expansion of dentals tasks. Despite the fact that Schatz was acquitted during the Frankfurt Auschwitz trial (1963–5) for lack of evidence, we show that dentists were not only part of the selection personnel but also high profiteers of the accelerated extermination actions. It can be demonstrated that participation in the selection process – originally reserved for physicians – offered SS dentists access to further SS networks. The study is based on primary sources supplemented with relevant secondary literature, and combines a biographical with a praxeological approach.
Fishes collected during the 2017 MarineGEO assessment of Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
Authors: Parenti Lynne R. , Pitassy Diane E. , Jaafar Zeehan , Vinnikov Kirill , Redmond Niamh E. , Cole Kathleen S.
Published: June 2020

We report the results of a survey of the fishes of Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, conducted in 2017 as part of the Smithsonian Institution MarineGEO Hawaii bioassessment. We recorded 109 species in 43 families. The most speciose families were Acanthuridae (11 species), Gobiidae (11 species), Pomacentridae (10) and Chaetodontidae (9 species). Nine of the species that we collected are known or suspected to be introduced to the Hawaiian Islands. Specimens were identified, measured and photographed. All specimen vouchers were fixed in formalin and ultimately transferred to 75% ethanol for long-term storage. For nearly all species, we took multiple tissue samples from specimen vouchers prior to formalin-fixation; we preserved tissues in 95% ethanol and then stored them at −80°C. The 5′-end of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI) was sequenced for 94 species to confirm their taxonomic identification. Using these barcode sequences, we also measured genetic distances between collected individuals and their conspecifics from other localities outside Hawaii to verify the hypothesis that Hawaiian populations of species broadly distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific may be genetically distinct. We present select case studies to demonstrate the potential for undiscovered endemism in the Hawaiian fish biota.
Comment on ‘The policy and policing of language in schools’ by Ian Cushing
Authors: Hudson Richard
Published: June 2020

Cushing argues that government policy in the UK is prescriptive and encourages similar policies at school level (as reported in the press), which in turn encourage the ‘policing’ of language by school teachers. I offer an alternative reading of the evidence in which government policy, as stated in official documents, generally avoids prescriptivism, as do an unknown number of schools and school teachers; where prescriptivism persists it reflects a prescriptive culture in society, not government policy. The conclusion is that government policy is only one influence on teachers’ behaviour, so if government wants to eliminate prescriptivism it needs to take a stronger position than simply avoiding prescriptivism in its own documents. (Education, prescriptivism, policy, Britain)
Human No-Go Zones: Theatricalizing Unintentional and Intentional Wildlife Sanctuaries
Authors: DIAMOND CATHERINE
Published: June 2020

Some recent performances have addressed events that created ‘human no-go zones’ such as Chernobyl (CEZ), Fukushima (FEZ) and the Korean DMZ. In the wake of the destruction that results in the absence of humans, non-human residents begin the process of recuperation, and the ‘no-go zones’ become inadvertent sanctuaries for wild and abandoned domestic animals. Each of the following productions takes a different view of what occurs when both the norms of nature and the practices of human societies and economies are profoundly disrupted. In addition, one play has depicted a community exercising a new restraint to establish an intentional ‘no-go zone’ to ensure its own survival. When confronted with catastrophes that threaten the existence of all life, as well as the surprising possibilities of renewal, dramatists employ heightened poetic diction and resort to mythical precedents in the attempt to capture the immensity of both the event and its aftermath.
Habitually skipping breakfast is associated with chronic inflammation: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zhu Siwei , Cui Liufu , Zhang Xinyuan , Shu Rong , VanEvery Hannah , Tucker Katherine L , Wu Shouling , Gao Xiang
Published: June 2020

Objective:

We examined whether breakfast frequency was associated with chronic inflammatory, as assessed by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Kailuan community, China.

Participants:

Included were 70 092 Chinese adults without CVD and cancer in 2014 with CRP concentrations <10 mg/l, when breakfast frequency was assessed via a questionnaire, and plasma CRP concentration was measured.

Results:

Breakfast frequency was associated with CRP concentration (P-trend < 0·001). The adjusted mean CRP was 1·33 mg/l (95 % CI 1·23, 1·44) for the ‘no breakfast’ group and 1·07 mg/l (95 % CI 1·0, 1·14) for the ‘breakfast everyday’ group (P-difference < 0·001), adjusting for age, sex, diet quality, total energy, obesity, education, occupation, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, sleep parameters, fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles. Consistently, the adjusted OR for CRP ≥ 1·0 mg/l and CRP ≥ 3·0 mg/l were 1·86 (95 % CI 1·73, 2·00) and 1·27 (95 % CI 1·15, 1·40), respectively, when comparing these two breakfast consumption groups (P-trend < 0·001 for both). The associations were more pronounced among older adults, relative to those who were younger (P-interaction < 0·001). Significant association between breakfast skipping and elevated CRP concentration was observed in those with poor diet quality, but not those with good diet quality.

Conclusions:

Habitually skipping breakfast is associated with elevated concentrations of CRP. Future prospective studies including repeated assessment of inflammatory biomarkers and a collection of detailed information on type and amount of breakfast foods are warranted.
Spirituality and quality of life in women with breast cancer: The role of hope and educational attainment
Authors: Pahlevan Sharif Saeed , Lehto Rebecca H. , Amiri Mohammadreza , Ahadzadeh Ashraf Sadat , Sharif Nia Hamid , Haghdoost Ali Akbar , Khoshnavay Fomani Fatemeh , Goudarzian Amir Hossein
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study investigated relationships among spirituality, hope, and overall quality of life in Muslim women with breast cancer in Malaysia.

Method

A cross-sectional descriptive design with a convenience sample of 145 Malay patients was used. The mediating role of hope in the relationship between spirituality and quality of life as well as the moderating effect of education level on the spirituality hope link were examined.

Results

Participants with higher self-reported spirituality reported more hope (b= 6.345,p< 0.001) and higher levels of quality of life (b= 1.065,p< 0.001). Higher educational attainment weakened relationships between spirituality and hope (b= −1.460,p< 0.001).

Significance of results

The role of advanced education in contributing to lessened hope in relation to spirituality emphasizes the importance of skilled and personalized spiritual counseling in the respective socio-cultural religious context.
Environmental factors in trade during the great transformation: advancing the geographical coverage before 1950
Authors: Brolin John , Kander Astrid
Published: June 2020

In the study of trade-embedded environmental factors (land, water, energy, or material flows), three conflicting interpretations prevail concerning what happened before 1950. The ‘great specialization’ narrative argues that trade served to lighten pressure on the environment by redistributing environmental services from where they were abundant to where they were scarce. The ‘great divergence’ sees an exploitative transfer from poor countries to rich and powerful ones or an environmental load displacement from rich to poor. The ‘great acceleration’ dismisses flows as insignificant either way. We review long-term national studies and find an almost exclusive focus on developed countries, mostly European and especially the UK, where more systematic studies tend to support ‘specialization’ and/or ‘acceleration’. By contrast, more qualitative studies on individual exports from developing countries often support ‘divergence’, but, since imports are excluded by design, this can never be demonstrated. We propose widening the geographical scope of long-term national studies beyond Europe and extending existing studies with bilateral trade, and suggest that ‘developing country’ trade be quantified according to existing methods of environmental accounting.
United by grass, separated by coal: Uruguay and New Zealand during the First Globalization
Authors: Travieso Emiliano
Published: June 2020

While the role of coal has been the subject of long-running debate in the historiography of the Industrial Revolution, its part in the economic development of the global periphery has been comparatively neglected. The technological context of the ‘First Globalization’ (c.1870–1914) made pastoral production in the periphery increasingly dependent on modern energy, as new methods of production and transportation bridged the distance between grasslands in the south of the world and kitchens in the north. By comparing choices of meat preservation techniques in Uruguay and New Zealand – two small settler economies that prospered on the back of pastoral exports – this article highlights the usefulness of an energy perspective on agriculture-based transitions to modern economic growth. Different conditions of access to coal shaped how New Zealanders and Uruguayans exploited their livestock herds when terms of trade favoured them the most, with important consequences for the persisting income gap between them.
‘Mingled in an almost inextricable confusion’: the panics of 1873 and the experience of globalization
Authors: Davies Hannah Catherine
Published: June 2020

This article analyses the transatlantic financial crises of 1873 from the vantage point of the three countries that were most affected by it, Austria, Germany, and the United States, focusing on the experience of economic globalization and disintegration for actors on both sides of the Atlantic. It compares the perception of financial commentators and financiers of the panics in 1873, when the experience of integration was asymmetrical, and more pronounced in Germany and Austria than in the United States. It further argues that this asymmetrical experience of contagion shaped the monetary debates of the 1870s in all three countries. Focusing on the interrelationship and coexistence of experiences of integration and isolation, the article maintains that, despite the panics’ near-synchronicity, financial globalization remained difficult to see.
Gendering Gamson's Law
Authors: Scherpereel John A. , Adams Melinda , Hayes Katherine
Published: June 2020

Which factors explain variation in the gendered composition of governing cabinets? To address this question, we transpose the idea of proportionality between legislative seat shares and cabinet seats shares from studies of the partisan composition of cabinets to studies of the gender composition of cabinets. Gamson's law identifies a strong association between the proportion of legislative seats a party contributes to a governing coalition and the proportion of seats the party receives in the cabinet. We attempt to gender Gamson's law. We develop a theory of why a gendered Gamson's logic should apply to cabinets in parliamentary systems. We test our intuition via analysis of a new dataset covering 18 OECD parliamentary systems from 1990 through early 2019. We find a strong relationship between the gendered distribution of seats in governing parties’ parliamentary delegations and the gendered distribution of seats in the cabinets those parties create.
Mineralogy of Vera Rubin Ridge From the Mars Science Laboratory CheMin Instrument
Authors: Rampe E. B. , Bristow T. F. , Morris R. V. , Morrison S. M. , Achilles C. N. , Ming D. W. , Vaniman D. T. , Blake D. F. , Tu V. M. , Chipera S. J. , Yen A. S. , Peretyazhko T. S. , Downs R. T. , Hazen R. M. , Treiman A. H. , Grotzinger J. P. , Castle N. , Craig P. I. , Des Marais D. J. , Thorpe M. T. , Walroth R. C. , Downs G. W. , Fraeman A. A. , Siebach K. L. , Gellert R. , Lafuente B. , McAdam A. C. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Sutter B. , Salvatore M. R.
Published: June 2020

Vera Rubin ridge (VRR) is an erosion‐resistant feature on the northwestern slope of Mount Sharp in Gale crater, Mars, and orbital visible/shortwave infrared measurements indicate it contains red hematite. The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover performed an extensive campaign on VRR to study its mineralogy, geochemistry, and sedimentology to determine the depositional and diagenetic history of the ridge and constrain the processes by which the hematite could have formed. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data from the CheMin instrument of four samples drilled on and below VRR demonstrate differences in iron, phyllosilicate, and sulfate mineralogy and hematite grain size. Hematite is common across the ridge, and its detection in a gray outcrop suggest localized regions with coarse‐grained hematite, which commonly forms from warm fluids. Broad XRD peaks for hematite in one sample below VRR and the abundance of FeOT in the amorphous component suggest the presence of nanocrystalline hematite and amorphous Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides. Well crystalline akaganeite and jarosite are present in two samples drilled from VRR, indicating at least limited alteration by acid‐saline fluids. Collapsed nontronite is present below VRR, but samples from VRR contain phyllosilicate with d(001) = 9.6 Å, possibly from ferripyrophyllite or an acid‐altered smectite. The most likely cementing agents creating the ridge are hematite and opaline silica. We hypothesize late diagenesis can explain much of the mineralogical variation on the ridge, where multiple fluid episodes with variable pH, salinity, and temperature altered the rocks, causing the precipitation and crystallization of phases that are not otherwise in equilibrium.