bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of DNA nanodevices for biosensing
Authors: Yu Sinuo , Chen Tianshu , Zhang Qianqian , Zhou Mengru , Zhu Xiaoli
Published: April 2020

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the carrier of genetic information in living life, is an essential biomacromolecule in almost all living systems.
A thermo-responsive supramolecular hydrogel that senses cholera toxin via color-changing response
Authors: Biswakarma Dipen , Dey Nilanjan , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: April 2020

A Pyrene-based hydrogel with terminal lactose residue has been developed for the detection of cholera toxin via color changing response, accompanied by gel to sol transition.
A novel, label-free liquid crystal biosensor for Parkinson's disease related alpha-synuclein
Authors: Yang Xiuxiu , Li Haiyu , Zhao Xiaofang , Liao Wei , Zhang Claire Xi , Yang Zhongqiang
Published: April 2020

A novel, label-free liquid crystal biosensor for the detection of Parkinson disease related alpha-synuclein based on DNA aptamer was constructed.
A heterodinuclear, formal Au+IPt0complex with weakly bound alkene ligands
Authors: Ernst Lukas D. , Koessler Konstantin , Peter Andreas , Kratzert Daniel , Scherer Harald , Butschke Burkhard
Published: April 2020

Due to the weakly bound alkene ligands, [(Ph3P)AuPt(nbe)3][BAr4F] can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of formal Au+IPt0complexes.
Influence of structure-directing polyhedra and heterocyclic ligands on the chain structures and O/F ordering in a series of zinc vanadium oxyfluorides
Authors: Ahmed Belal , Jo Hongil , Lee Suheon , Choi Kwang Yong , Ok Kang Min
Published: April 2020

Transition metal oxyfluorides composed of distinctive structure-directing vanadium oxyfluoride polyhedra and highly polarizable Zn2+cations were synthesized by mild hydrothermal reactions.
Hyaluronan biopolymers release water upon pH-induced gelation
Authors: van Dam Eliane P. , Giubertoni Giulia , Burla Federica , Koenderink Gijsje H. , Bakker Huib J.
Published: April 2020

We measure the reorientation dynamics of water in hyaluronan solutions, and find that, upon pH-induced gelation, these biopolymers release water.
Linking structure to performance of Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (Li and Mn rich NMC) cathode materials synthesized by different methods
Authors: Leifer N. , Penki T. , Nanda R. , Grinblat J. , Luski S. , Aurbach D. , Goobes G.
Published: April 2020

Solid state 6,7Li NMR can distinguish between nominally identical materials synthesized via different methods to understand differences in electrochemical behaviors.
Prediction of a novel robust superconducting state in TaS2 under high pressure
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Liu Yunxian , Chen Xin , Zhang Ping , Liu Xiaobing
Published: April 2020

A novel superconducting I4/mmm phase has been predicted in TaS2 under high pressure, illustrating an unusual superconductor–metal–superconductor transition.
Acceptor–donor–acceptor type molecules for high performance organic photovoltaics – chemistry and mechanism
Authors: Wan Xiangjian , Li Chenxi , Zhang Mingtao , Chen Yongsheng
Published: April 2020

The chemical structure–property relationships and mechanism for high performance organic photovoltaics of acceptor–donor–acceptor type molecules are discussed.
Mechanistic insights into photocatalysis and over two days of stable H2 generation in electrocatalysis by a molecular cobalt catalyst immobilized on TiO2
Authors: Weder Nicola , Probst Benjamin , Sévery Laurent , Fernández-Terán Ricardo J. , Beckord Jan , Blacque Olivier , Tilley S. David , Hamm Peter , Osterwalder Jürg , Alberto Roger
Published: April 2020

Molecular and heterogeneous water reduction combined: Over 2 days of electrocatalysis of a cobalt polypyridyl catalyst immobilized on TiO2.
[Re(η6-arene)2]+ as a highly stable ferrocene-like scaffold for ligands and complexes
Authors: Hernández-Valdés Daniel , Avignon Frédéric , Müller Peter , Meola Giuseppe , Probst Benjamin , Fox Thomas , Spingler Bernhard , Alberto Roger
Published: April 2020

Sandwich complexes [Re(η6-C6H6)2]+ are versatile scaffolds for conjugating a variety of ligands, as in ferrocene. The high stability of a so-prepared Re/Co system under light irradiation is exemplified with photocatalysis for proton reduction.
Sustainable synthesis of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles and their catalytic and biomedical applications
Authors: Iravani Siavash , Varma Rajender S.
Published: April 2020

Recent advances and essential challenges as well as catalytic and biomedical applications of cobalt oxide and cobalt nanoparticles are highlighted.
Metallomic and lipidomic analysis of S. cerevisiae response to cellulosic copper nanoparticles uncovers drivers of toxicity
Authors: Winans Matthew J , Gallagher Jennifer E G
Published: April 2020

Nanotechnology is a promising new technology, of which antimicrobial metal nanocomposites are predicted to become valuable in medical and food packaging applications. Copper is a redox-active antimicrobial metal that can become increasingly toxic depending on the target biomolecule’s donor atom selectivity and the chemical species of copper present. Mass is the traditional measurement of the intrinsic elemental chemistry, but this practice fails to reflect the morphology and surface area reactivity of nanotechnology. The carboxymethyl cellulose copper nanoparticles (CMC-Cu) investigated in this study have unique and undefined toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is different from CuSO4. Cellular surface damage was found in scanning electron micrographs upon CMC-Cu exposure. Further investigation into the lipids revealed altered phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine membrane composition, as well as depleted triacylglycerols, suggesting an impact on the Kennedy lipid pathway. High levels of reactive oxygen species were measured which likely played a role in the lipid peroxidation detected with CMC-Cu treatment. Metal homeostasis was affected by CMC-Cu treatment. The copper sensitive yeast strain, YJM789, significantly decreased cellular zinc concentrations while the copper concentrations increased, suggesting a possible ionic mimicry relationship. In contrast to other compounds that generate ROS, no evidence of genotoxicity was found. As commonplace objects become more integrated with nanotechnology, humanity must look forward past traditional measurements of toxicity.
Ni(OH)2-modified SrTiO3 for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions
Authors: Chen Wenqian , Zhang Meiqi , Yang Shaohua , Chen Jinyi , Tang Liang
Published: April 2020

Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a promising photocatalyst because of its high chemical stability and excellent photocatalytic activity.
Red emissive carbon dots obtained from direct calcination of 1,2,4-triaminobenzene for dual-mode pH sensing in living cells
Authors: Chen Yueyue , Wang Chan , Xu Yalan , Ran Guoxia , Song Qijun
Published: April 2020

Red emissive carbon dots with colorimetric/fluorescent responses to pH fluctuations were prepared by direct calcination of 1,2,4-triaminobenzene.
A photostable fluorescent probe based on PET off for the detection of hydrogen sulfide and its application in bioimaging
Authors: Yang Jialu , Yin Caixia , Wen Ying , Zhang Yongbin , Huo Fangjun
Published: April 2020

As an important small gas signal molecule, H2S has become an important research hotspot for both chemists and biologists.
Enhanced NO2 sensing performance of S-doped biomorphic SnO2 with increased active sites and charge transfer at room temperature
Authors: Li Wenna , He Lang , Bai Xue , Liu Lujia , Ikram Muhammad , Lv He , Ullah Mohib , Khan Mawaz , Kan Kan , Shi Keying
Published: April 2020

S-Doped biomorphic SnO2 with active S-terminations and S–Sn–O chemical bonds has significantly improved gas sensing performance to NO2 at room temperature.
A single-ligand-protected Eu60−nGd(Tb)n cluster: a reasonable new approach to expand lanthanide aggregations
Authors: Luo Xi-Ming , Li Ning-Fang , Lin Qing-Fang , Cao Jia-Peng , Yuan Peng , Xu Yan
Published: April 2020

Two fascinating configurations were obtained based on mixed-lanthanide conditions, abbreviated as mixed-Ln60. The synthesis provides a way to obtain similar metal-core Ln high-nuclearity clusters, breaking the ionic radius limitation.
In situsynthesis of MWCNT-graft-polyimides: thermal stability, mechanical property and thermal conductivity
Authors: Wang Chunbo , Cong Bing , Zhao Junyu , Zhao Xiaogang , Wang Daming , Zhou Hongwei , Chen Chunhai
Published: April 2020

In situ synthesis of MWCNT-graft-polyimides enhanced thermal conductivity at a relatively low loading.
Electrical properties of Sb2O3-modified BiScO3–PbTiO3-based piezoelectric ceramics
Authors: Xue Long , Wei Qian , Wang Zujian , Yang Xiaoming , Long Xifa , He Chao
Published: April 2020

Compared with pure Pb-based perovskite ferroelectric materials, BiMeO3–PbTiO3(Me = Sc3+, In3+, and Yb3+) systems have remarkable advantages in their Curie temperatures.
A molecular simulation approach towards the development of universal nanocarriers by studying the pH- and electrostatic-driven changes in the dynamic structure of albumin
Authors: Srivastav Amit Kumar , Gupta Sanjeev K. , Kumar Umesh
Published: April 2020

Role of pH and electrostatic charges on the conformations and dynamics of albumin structure by molecular dynamic study.
Synthesis of α-indolylacrylates as potential anticancer agents using a Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyst and the butyl acetate solvent
Authors: El-Harairy Ahmed , Shaheen Mennatallah , Li Jun , Wu Yuzhou , Li Minghao , Gu Yanlong
Published: April 2020

4lNew α-indolylacrylate derivatives were synthesized by reaction of 2-substituted indoles with various pyruvates using a Brønsted acid ionic liquid catalyst in butyl acetate solvent. This is the first application of pyruvate compounds for the synthesis of indolylacrylates.
Preparation of cobalt sulfide@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with outstanding electrochemical behavior for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Junhai , Zhang Yongxing , Wang Jun , Gao Lvlv , Jiang Zinan , Ren Haibo , Huang Jiarui
Published: April 2020

Cobalt sulfide@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites obtained through a dipping and hydrothermal process, exhibit ascendant lithium-ion storage properties.
Structure of bismuth tellurite and bismuth niobium tellurite glasses and Bi2Te4O11 anti-glass by high energy X-ray diffraction
Authors: Gupta Nupur , Khanna Atul , Hirdesh  , Dippel Ann-Christin , Gutowski Olof
Published: April 2020

Te–O, Bi–O and Nb–O bond lengths, co-ordinations in bismuth tellurite, bismuth niobium tellurite glasses and Bi2Te4O11 anti-glass by HEXRD, RMC and Riteveld analysis.
Formulation of thrombin-inhibiting hydrogels via self-assembly of ionic peptides with peptide-modified polymers
Authors: Lee Jason , Zhao Tianyu , Peeler David J. , Lee Daniel C. , Pichon Trey J. , Li David , Weigandt Kathleen M. , Horner Philip J. , Pozzo Lilo D. , Sellers Drew L. , Pun Suzie H.
Published: April 2020

Integration of a peptide modified with self-assembling peptide hydrogels imparts bioactivity to provide a potential platform for cell therapy applications.
High antisite defect concentrations in hard-sphere colloidal Laves phases
Authors: van der Meer Berend , Smallenburg Frank , Dijkstra Marjolein , Filion Laura
Published: April 2020

We show that the equilibrium Laves phase in binary hard-sphere mixtures contains an extraordinarily high concentration of antisite defects:  we find stable regions where up to 2% of the large-particle lattice sites are occupied by a small particle.
Confined growth of pyridinic N–Mo2C sites on MXenes for hydrogen evolution
Authors: Wang Hao , Lin Yanping , Liu Shuyuan , Li Jianmin , Bu Liangmin , Chen Jianmei , Xiao Xu , Choi Jin-Ho , Gao Lijun , Lee Jong-Min
Published: April 2020

A hybrid of N-doped carbon encapsulated ultrasmall Mo2C nanodots on Ti3C2TxMXene exhibits excellent HER performance in the entire pH range.
Understanding the fate of DNA nanostructures inside the cell
Authors: Green Christopher M. , Mathur Divita , Medintz Igor L.
Published: April 2020

DNA nanostructures are highly tunable and responsive materials for diagnostic and healthcare-related applications, but their intracellular fate remains largely unknown.
Surface charge transfer doping and effective passivation of black phosphorus field effect transistors
Authors: Xing Boran , Yu Ying , Yao Jiadong , Niu Xinyue , Yan Xiaoyuan , Liu Yali , Wu Xiaoxiang , Li Mengge , Guo Wenxuan , Sha Jian , Wang Yewu
Published: April 2020

A metal oxide/h-BN/BP structure was built to realize electron doping and air stability for BPFETs.
Mathematical modelling in cell migration: tackling biochemistry in changing geometries
Authors: Stinner Björn , Bretschneider Till
Published: April 2020

Directed cell migration poses a rich set of theoretical challenges. Broadly, these are concerned with (1) how cells sense external signal gradients and adapt; (2) how actin polymerisation is localised to drive the leading cell edge and Myosin-II molecular motors retract the cell rear; and (3) how the combined action of cellular forces and cell adhesion results in cell shape changes and net migration. Reaction–diffusion models for biological pattern formation going back to Turing have long been used to explain generic principles of gradient sensing and cell polarisation in simple, static geometries like a circle. In this minireview, we focus on recent research which aims at coupling the biochemistry with cellular mechanics and modelling cell shape changes. In particular, we want to contrast two principal modelling approaches: (1) interface tracking where the cell membrane, interfacing cell interior and exterior, is explicitly represented by a set of moving points in 2D or 3D space and (2) interface capturing. In interface capturing, the membrane is implicitly modelled analogously to a level line in a hilly landscape whose topology changes according to forces acting on the membrane. With the increased availability of high-quality 3D microscopy data of complex cell shapes, such methods will become increasingly important in data-driven, image-based modelling to better understand the mechanochemistry underpinning cell motion.
S-acylation in plants: an expanding field
Authors: Hemsley Piers A.
Published: April 2020

S-acylation is a common yet poorly understood fatty acid-based post-translational modification of proteins in all eukaryotes, including plants. While exact roles for S-acylation in protein function are largely unknown the reversibility of S-acylation indicates that it is likely able to play a regulatory role. As more studies reveal the roles of S-acylation within the cell it is becoming apparent that how S-acylation affects proteins is conceptually different from other reversible modifications such as phosphorylation or ubiquitination; a new mind-set is therefore required to fully integrate these data into our knowledge of plant biology. This review aims to highlight recent advances made in the function and enzymology of S-acylation in plants, highlights current and emerging technologies for its study and suggests future avenues for investigation.
How does methotrexate work?
Authors: Alqarni Adel M. , Zeidler Martin P.
Published: April 2020

Developed over 70 years ago as an anti-folate chemotherapy agent, methotrexate (MTX) is a WHO ‘essential medicine’ that is now widely employed as a first-line treatment in auto-immune, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and Crone's disease. When used for these diseases patients typically take a once weekly low-dose of MTX — a therapy which provides effective inflammatory control to tens of millions of people worldwide. While undoubtedly effective, our understanding of the anti-inflammatory mechanism-of-action of low-dose MTX is incomplete. In particular, the long-held dogma that this disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) acts via the folate pathway does not appear to hold up to scrutiny. Recently, MTX has been identified as an inhibitor of JAK/STAT pathway activity, a suggestion supported by many independent threads of evidence. Intriguingly, the JAK/STAT pathway is central to both the inflammatory and immune systems and is a pathway already targeted by other RA treatments. We suggest that the DMARD activity of MTX is likely to be largely mediated by its inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway signalling while many of its side effects are likely associated with the folate pathway. This insight into the mechanism-of-action of MTX opens the possibility for repurposing this low cost, safe and effective drug for the treatment of other JAK/STAT pathway-associated diseases.
Inverter fault diagnosis of an electrical series‐connected two sinusoidal six‐phase permanent magnet machines drive
Authors: dos Santos Moraes Tiago José , Trabelsi Mohamed , Nguyen Ngac Ky , Semail Eric , Meinguet Fabien
Published: April 2020

This study investigates a real‐time fault diagnostic of a transportation system which needs two drives with fault‐tolerance capabilities. Owing to the constraints on the mass of the system and on the cost of the voltage source inverter, a drive with two six‐phase permanent magnet synchronous machines in series‐connection supplied by two six‐leg inverters is chosen. Despite the serial connection, independent control of the two machines and fault‐tolerance to open‐switch fault is ensured. Nevertheless, a fault detection identification (FDI) process is required for analysis and/or control reconfiguration. The proposed FDI is based on the combination of different criteria obtained from the two zero‐sequence currents and from the normalised currents mapped into two frames defined by the concordia transformation. Results obtained from simulation and experimental tests show the effectiveness of the proposal.
Multiphase current imbalance localisation method applied to natural fault‐tolerant strategies
Authors: Salas‐Biedma Pedro , González‐Prieto Ignacio , Durán Mario J. , Bermúdez Mario , Barrero Federico
Published: April 2020

Multiphase machines are interesting options for high‐reliability applications due to their inherent fault tolerance against open‐circuit faults (OCFs). Moreover, if the regulation of the x–y currents is realised in open‐loop mode using virtual voltage vectors (VVs), the mandatory post‐fault control reconfiguration is avoided. The new reconfigurationless approach was recently defined as a natural/passive fault‐tolerant strategy, offering good prospects for industry applications. This work extends the idea to the fault detection procedure and suggests new settings for the current imbalance localisation method. The proposal is based on the vector space decomposition approach that allows the joint detection of OCFs and stator resistances dissymmetry. Experimental results in a five‐phase induction motor drive using VVs confirm the viability of the technique.
Comprehensive power management scheme for the intelligent operation of photovoltaic‐battery based hybrid microgrid system
Authors: Melath Gopakumar , Rangarajan Sriram , Agarwal Vivek
Published: April 2020

This study proposes a comprehensive power management scheme (CPMS) for the economical and smart operation of a photovoltaic (PV) battery based Hybrid Microgrid (HMG) system. The solar‐PV, DC‐loads and battery storage are interfaced to DC‐bus of the HMG. The battery is integrated into the DC‐bus using a bidirectional energy storage converter (BESC). The voltage and frequency of AC‐bus are regulated by utility grid and bidirectional interlinking converter (BIC) during grid‐connected and islanded modes of operation, respectively. The proposed CPMS obviates high‐speed communication link between converters for maintaining the system stability during power disturbances. Therefore, the vulnerability to collapse due to communication link failure is eliminated, thereby enhancing system reliability. The operational performance of HMG is improved with the proposed CPMS by providing additional features (minimisation of operating cost of the HMG, enhancement in voltage regulation of the DC‐bus etc.) using low‐speed communication network. The proposed CPMS can also be extended to a larger HMG system by utilising the full bandwidth of the communication network. Further, the proposed CPMS enables HMG to seamlessly switch from grid‐connected to islanded mode and vice‐versa. Experimental results validating the efficacy of the proposed CPMS are presented.
Leakage current alleviation in solar energy conversion system enabling power quality improvement
Authors: Shah Priyank , Singh Bhim
Published: April 2020

This work presents a generalised integrator‐based control algorithm for power quality (PQ) amelioration of the grid in the presence of non‐linear load enabling leakage current suppression feature. Owing to the presence of stray capacitance between solar photovoltaic (PV) array and the ground, the variation in common‐mode voltage across stray capacitance leads to potential safety issues, electromagnetic interference, and distortion into the injected grid currents. Furthermore, the PQ of the grid is highly deteriorated under the existence of non‐linear loads. To solve the aforementioned issues, the harmonic compensation controller is presented herein to ensure the unity power factor operation, harmonic compensation, leakage current suppression using the grid‐connected solar PV array system. Simulated results show the effectiveness of the control strategy under various operating scenario. In contrast to the state‐of‐the‐art techniques, the grid currents are attained sinusoidal and balanced even in the presence of unbalanced non‐linear load. Furthermore, the leakage current is suppressed within 300 mA as per the VDE‐00126‐01 standard. The comparative performance explicitly validates the effectiveness of the presented harmonic compensating strategy over the conventional schemes. Test results manifest the response of the solar PV array system for various operating conditions and follows the revised IEEE‐519–2014 sand VDE‐00126‐01 standards.
Experimental constraints on the ordinary chondrite shock darkening caused by asteroid collisions
Authors: Kohout T. , Petrova E. V. , Yakovlev G. A. , Grokhovsky V. I. , Penttilä A. , Maturilli A. , Moreau J.-G. , Berzin S. V. , Wasiljeff J. , Danilenko I. A. , Zamyatin D. A. , Muftakhetdinova R. F. , Heikkilä M.
Published: April 2020

Context.Shock-induced changes in ordinary chondrite meteorites related to impacts or planetary collisions are known to be capable of altering their optical properties. Thus, one can hypothesize that a significant portion of the ordinary chondrite material may be hidden within the observed dark C/X asteroid population.

Aims.The exact pressure-temperature conditions of the shock-induced darkening are not well constrained. Thus, we experimentally investigate the gradual changes in the chondrite material optical properties as a function of the shock pressure.

Methods.A spherical shock experiment with Chelyabinsk LL5 was performed in order to study the changes in its optical properties. The spherical shock experiment geometry allows for a gradual increase of shock pressure from ~15 GPa at a rim toward hundreds of gigapascals in the center.

Results.Four distinct zones were observed with an increasing shock load. The optical changes are minimal up to ~50 GPa. In the region of ~50–60 GPa, shock darkening occurs due to the troilite melt infusion into silicates. This process abruptly ceases at pressures of ~60 GPa due to an onset of silicate melting. At pressures higher than ~150 GPa, recrystallization occurs and is associated with a second-stage shock darkening due to fine troilite-metal eutectic grains. The shock darkening affects the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared region while changes to the MIR spectrum are minimal.

Conclusions.Shock darkening is caused by two distinct mechanisms with characteristic pressure regions, which are separated by an interval where the darkening ceases. This implies a reduced amount of shock-darkened material produced during the asteroid collisions.
A new structural health monitoring system for real-time evaluation of building damage
Authors: Kusunoki Koichi
Published: April 2020

The author has developed a new method for evaluating the seismic performance of existing structures from measured accelerations based on the capacity spectrum method. This involves comparing the performance curve, which is the equivalent nonlinear behavior of a simplified single-degree-of-freedom system, and the demand curve, which is the relationship between the response acceleration and displacement spectra. Two telecommunication towers in Japan were instrumented in 2016, and their responses during several earthquakes have been recorded. This paper discusses the evaluation of damage during the two earthquakes. Moreover, parameters such as the predominant period and the required performance are discussed. The proposed system evaluated both towers as being “elastic.” The damping ratios of the towers are very low, which caused the oscillations to continue for more than 5 min after the mainshock of each earthquake because of long-period components of the seismic motion
Effects of delayed immune-activation in the dynamics of tumor-immune interactions
Authors: Das Parthasakha , Das Pritha , Das Samhita
Published: April 2020

This article presents the impact of distributed and discrete delays that emerge in the formulation of a mathematical model of the human immunological system describing the interactions of effector cells (ECs), tumor cells (TCs) and helper T-cells (HTCs). We investigate the stability of equilibria and the commencement of sustained oscillations after Hopf-bifurcation. Moreover, based on the center manifold theorem and normal form theory, the expression for direction and stability of Hopf-bifurcation occurring at tumor presence equilibrium point of the system has been derived explicitly. The effect of distributed delay involved in immune-activation on the system dynamics of the tumor is demonstrated. Numerical simulations are also illustrated for elucidating the change of dynamic behavior by varying system parameters.
ASCO-GI 2019: Leberzellkarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: April 2020

Basierend auf den Daten der Phase-III-Zulassungsstudie REFLECT wurde in einer Post-hoc-Analyse die Assoziation zwischen objektivem Ansprechen gemäß mRECIST und dem Gesamtüberleben (OS) bestätigt. Die REFLECT-Studie zeigte an 994 Studienteilnehmern mit nicht-resezierbarem Leberzellkarzinom (HCC) die Nicht-Unterlegenheit von Lenvatinib versus Sorafenib im Hinblick auf das Gesamtüberleben.
Lipid-Management 2020 – medikamentöse Therapie und Lipidapherese im Kontext
Authors: Rogacev Kyrill S. , Laufs Ulrich
Published: April 2020

Was ist neu?

Medikamentöse Therapie Die aktualisierte Dyslipidämie-Leitlinie der European Society of Cardiology senkt nochmals die LDL-Cholesterinzielwerte. Zur Erreichung dieser Zielwerte werden hochpotente Statine und vermehrt Kombinationspartner wie Ezetimib und PCSK9-Hemmer nötig werden.

Lipidapherese Die Bestimmung von Lipoprotein(a) zur kardiovaskulären Risikostratifizierung ist nun eine Klasse-II(a)-Empfehlung. Momentan steht lediglich die Lipidapherese zur Senkung von Lipoprotein(a) zur Verfügung, neue medikamentöse Therapieansätze sind allerdings in der klinischen Erprobung.
Das Refeeding-Syndrom beim älteren Patienten
Authors: Wirth Rainer , Pourhassan Maryam , Janssen Gregor
Published: April 2020

Was ist neu?

Pathophysiologie Trotz mangelnder Aufnahme werden die Serumspiegel von Kalium, Magnesium und Phosphat durch homöostatische Mechanismen lange Zeit zulasten der intrazellulären Konzentrationen aufrechterhalten. Die okkulte intrazelluläre Verarmung dieser Elektrolyte führt bei abrupter Wiederaufnahme der Ernährung und der damit verbundenen Insulinausschüttung zu einem raschen Einstrom dieser Elektrolyte in die Zelle und damit zu sinkenden extrazellulären Spiegeln und einer entsprechenden Symptomatik.

Risikofaktoren Mangelernährung, Gewichtsverlust, Chemotherapie, Diuretika und Alkoholismus sind die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren. Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz von Mangelernährung bei alten Patienten tritt das Refeeding-Syndrom in dieser Patientengruppe besonders häufig auf.

Epidemiologie Insgesamt ist die Datenlage zur Prävalenz des Refeeding-Syndroms bruchstückhaft. Etwa 8 % der älteren Krankenhauspatienten scheinen unter Ernährungstherapie bzw. gesteigerter Nahrungszufuhr ein Refeeding-Syndrom zu entwickeln.

Die Bedeutung einzelner Nährstoffe In der Refeeding-Phase steigen der Phosphat- und auch Thiaminbedarf sprunghaft an. Hypokaliämie und Hypomagnesiämie entstehen häufig parallel.

Symptomatik Die Symptomatik des Refeeding-Syndroms ist sehr variabel und oft unspezifisch. Bei geriatrischen Patienten entspricht das klinische Erscheinungsbild oft dem eines Delirs. Relativ spezifisch ist der zeitliche Verlauf. Ein Refeeding-Syndrom führt typischerweise zu einer klinischen Verschlechterung innerhalb weniger Tage nach Beginn einer Ernährungstherapie.

Prophylaxe und Therapie Die initiale Bestimmung der Serum-Elektrolyte, inklusive Magnesium und Phosphat, sowie ggf. deren Supplementierung, die Bestimmung und die Gabe von Thiamin, ein langsamer Kostaufbau und die Überwachung der Serum-Elektrolyte spielen die zentrale Rolle.
Effekte eines sensomotorischen Trainings in der Rehabilitation von
Brustkrebspatientinnen
Authors: Schmidt Raja , Heckel Alexandra , König Stefan
Published: April 2020

Ziel Analyse der Wirkungen sensomotorischen Trainings in Kombination mit
einem gerätegestützten Krafttraining auf das Gleichgewicht, die
Kraft der unteren Extremitäten sowie polyneuropathische Beschwerden bei
Brustkrebspatientinnen in der Rehabilitation.

Methoden Brustkrebspatientinnen (n=52) wurden während
einer dreiwöchigen stationären Anschlussheilbehandlung in der
medizinischen Trainingstherapie (3 TE/Woche) in zwei Gruppen
randomisiert. Die Untersuchungsgruppe (n=27) absolvierte ein
sensomotorisches Training mit einem anschließenden
gerätegestützten Krafttraining, die Kontrollgruppe
(n=25) nur ein gerätegestütztes Krafttraining. Vor
Beginn und nach Beendigung des Trainingszeitraums wurden das dynamische und
funktionelle Gleichgewicht sowie die isokinetische Maximalkraft gemessen. Zudem
wurden anhand einer Skala die polyneuropathischen Beschwerden der Patientinnen
(n=31 mit diagnostizierter Polyneuropathie; davon: SMT=19;
KG=12) erhoben.

Ergebnisse Im Trainingsexperiment zeigte sich ein signifikanter
Haupteffekt, d. h., dass sowohl die Trainings- als auch die
Kontrollgruppe signifikante Verbesserungen bezüglich der Gleichgewichts-
und Kraftleistung sowie der polyneuropathischen Beschwerden erreichten.
Allerdings konnte kein Interaktionseffekt nachgewiesen werden, die Kombination
aus sensomotorischem und gerätegestütztem Training zeigte
folglich keine Vorteile. Demgegenüber erwiesen sich Alter,
Körpergröße und teilweise der BMI als relevante
Kovariate. Dies erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass einerseits in der
Trainingstherapie Methodenvielfalt möglich, andererseits aber das
jeweils ausgewählte Trainingsprogramm individuell anzupassen ist.

Schlussfolgerung Bei einem geringen Zeit- und Kostenaufwand entsteht
durch sensomotorisches Training ein erkennbarer Effekt auf das Wohlbefinden von
Krebskranken, speziell bei Polyneuropathie. Insofern ist es erstrebenswert, dass
sporttherapeutisches Personal Krebskranke über die Vorteile
sensomotorischen Trainings aufklärt und sie in entsprechenden
Übungen unterweist.
Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed (4+3)-Cycloadditions
Authors: Lautens Mark , Lam Heather
Published: April 2020

A (4+3)-cycloaddition combines a four-atom synthon and three-atom synthon to form seven-membered rings. In the past decade, many improvements have been made to this class of cycloaddition, including excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities, both intra- and intermolecularly. Through the strategic use of transition-metal catalysts, acids, bases, and organocatalysts, it is possible to perform the cycloaddition on a variety of substrates, generating novel seven-membered rings. With these advances, (4+3)-cycloaddition has also been applied to the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds and natural products. We exclude the cycloadditions of cyclic dienes such as furan, pyrrole, cyclohexadiene or cyclopentadiene as Chiu, Harmata, Mascareñas­ and others have recently published thorough reviews on that topic. We will however discuss the recent additions (2009–2020) to the literature for the (4+3)-cycloadditions involving other types of four-atom synthons.

1 Introduction

2 Rhodium

2.1 Cyclopropanation/Cope Rearrangement

2.2 C–H activation

3 Gold, Silver

4 Copper

5 Palladium, Platinum, Iridium

6 Dual-Activation

7 Conclusion
Homogeneous Gold-Catalyzed Aryl–Aryl Coupling Reactions
Authors: Kramer Søren
Published: April 2020

Synthesis of biaryl motifs are crucial for the development and synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and functional materials. During the last decade, gold-catalyzed aryl–aryl coupling reactions have evolved from a curiosity to a well-established research field. This review summarizes the field from early examples up to the latest developments. Facile C–H functionalization and orthogonal reactivity compared to many other types of transition metal catalysis, for example, palladium catalysis, makes gold-catalyzed aryl–aryl coupling reactions highly appealing and valuable.

1 Introduction

2 Early Examples

3 Cross-Coupling with External Oxidants

4 Cross-Coupling without External Oxidants

5 Conclusions
A Retrospective, Observational Study to Determine the Patient and Tumor Characteristics of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients Treated at Five Main Public Cancer Centers in Malaysia
Authors: Bustamam Ros Suzanna Ahmad , Leong Yu Kong , Chong Flora Li Tze , Fui Florence Wong Yoke , Cheong Yew-Teik , Kenny Goh
Published: April 2020

Introduction Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpressing breast cancer is a high-risk subtype with poor prognosis. The incidence of HER2 expressing tumors is high in Malaysia; however, there is limited information on the characteristics of these tumors. Therefore, we sought to collect the patient and tumor characteristics of HER2+ breast cancer cases at five centers in Malaysia.

Patients and Methods A retrospective review was conducted of the data from charts of patients diagnosed with HER2+ breast cancer between January 2014 and December 2015 at Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Institute Kanser Negara, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Hospital Besar Sarawak, and Hospital Likas in Malaysia.

Results Of the 1,519 screened patient’ charts, 396 were included for the analysis. The average age of HER2+ breast cancer cases at diagnosis was 51.07 years. A high percentage of cases presented at an advanced stage (38.89 and 12.12% with stage 3 and 4, respectively). About 58.84% of patients were categorized as “high-risk,” with one or more lymph node involvement. Close to half (47.98%) of cases presented with T2 stage tumors, and infiltrating ductal carcinomas were reported in 85.35% of tumors. The most common immunohistochemical subtype was estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+/HER2+ (47.47%), followed by ER–/PR–/HER2+ (37.12%).

Conclusion HER2 overexpressing tumors represent an aggressive subtype in Malaysia with large tumor size, high tumor grade, and lymph node involvement. Early diagnosis and management of these tumors may help improve the survival rates. Future studies should help elucidate the treatment patterns and outcomes in HER2+ breast cancer patients in Malaysia.
HLA Polymorphisms and Food Allergy Predisposition
Authors: Kostara Maria , Chondrou Vasiliki , Sgourou Argyro , Douros Konstantinos , Tsabouri Sophia
Published: April 2020

Food allergy (FA) is a growing health problem that affects ∼8% of the children worldwide. Although the prevalence of FA is increasing, the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for the onset of this immune disorder are not yet clarified. Genetic factors seem to play a leading role in the development of FA, though interaction with environmental factors cannot be excluded. The broader network of genetic loci mediating the risk of this complex disorder remains to be identified. The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) has been associated with various immune disorders, including FA. This review aims to unravel the potential associations between HLA gene functions and the manifestation and outcome of FA disorders. Exploring new aspects of FA development with the perspective to improve our understanding of the multifaceted etiology and the complex biological mechanisms involved in FA is essential.
Crime and its fear in social media
Authors: Prieto Curiel Rafael , Cresci Stefano , Muntean Cristina Ioana , Bishop Steven Richard
Published: April 2020

Social media posts incorporate real-time information that has, elsewhere, been exploited to predict social trends. This paper considers whether such information can be useful in relation to crime and fear of crime. A large number of tweets were collected from the 18 largest Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, over a period of 70 days. These tweets are then classified as being crime-related or not and additional information is extracted, including the type of crime and where possible, any geo-location at a city level. From the analysis of collected data, it is established that around 15 out of every 1000 tweets have text related to a crime, or fear of crime. The frequency of tweets related to crime is then compared against the number of murders, the murder rate, or the level of fear of crime as recorded in surveys. Results show that, like mass media, such as newspapers, social media suffer from a strong bias towards violent or sexual crimes. Furthermore, social media messages are not highly correlated with crime. Thus, social media is shown not to be highly useful for detecting trends in crime itself, but what they do demonstrate is rather a reflection of the level of the fear of crime.
GTC simulation of linear stability of tearing mode and a model magnetic island stabilization by ECCD in toroidal plasma
Authors: Li Jingchun , Xiao Chijie , Lin Zhihong , Liu Dongjian , Ji Xiaoquan , Wang Xiaogang
Published: April 2020

Stabilization of a model magnetic island in tokamaks by localized electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been studied using a fluid-kinetic hybrid model coupled with ray tracing and Fokker−Planck equations. Even though a gyrokinetic toroidal code at present is not able to simulate the long-time evolution of tearing modes, which starts from small perturbation and evolves to the Rutherford regime, we can still calculate a model magnetic island and its stabilization by ECCD. Gyrokinetic simulations find that the model magnetic island can be fully stabilized by the ECCD with the 1 MW 68 GHz X2-mode in HL-2A-like equilibrium, while the model magnetic island in the DIII-D tokamak is only partially stabilized with the same ECCD power. A helicoidal current drive is more efficient than a continuous ECCD to stabilize the model magnetic island. Simulation results further indicate that, without external current drive, thermal ion kinetic effects could also reduce the magnetic island width and the linear growth rate of tearing modes.
Wisconsin In Situ Penning (WISP) gauge: A versatile neutral pressure gauge to measure partial pressures in strong magnetic fields
Authors: Kremeyer T. , Flesch K. , Schmitz O. , Schlisio G. , Wenzel U. ,   W7-X Team
Published: April 2020

A new type of in-vessel Penning gauge, the Wisconsin In Situ Penning (WISP) gauge, has been developed and successfully operated in the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) island divertor baffle and vacuum vessel. The capacity of the quantitative measurements of the neutral reservoir for light impurities, in particular, helium, is important for tokamaks as well as stellarator divertors in order to avoid fuel dilution and radiative energy loss. Penning gauges assisted by spectroscopy are a powerful tool to obtain the total neutral pressure as well as fractional neutral pressures of specific impurities. The WISP gauge is a miniaturized Penning gauge arrangement, which exploits the ambient magnetic field of magnetic confinement fusion experiments to establish the Penning discharge. Then, in situ spectroscopy is conducted to separate the fractional neutral pressures of hydrogen, helium, and possibly also other impurities. The WISP probe head was qualified using the magnetic field of the Magnetized Dusty Plasma Experiment at Auburn University between 0.25 T and 3.5 T [E. Thomas et al., J. Plasma Phys. 81, 345810206 (2015)]. The in-depth quantitative evaluation for hydrogen and helium will be shown as well as an exploration of nitrogen, argon, and neon. A power law scaling between current I and pressure p, I = f(Gas,V) · pn(Gas, B), was shown. The factor f is gas and anode potential dependent, while n is gas and magnetic field strength dependent. Pressure measurements from 0.1 mbar and down to 1 × 10−5 mbar were achieved, demonstrating a reliable operating range for relevant pressure levels in the divertor and main vessel regions in current and future fusion devices, with a time resolution of up to 1 kHz. The lowest achievable pressure measurement increases with an increase in B and can be shifted with the anode potential V. At W7-X, the WISP probe head was mounted on an immersion tube setup that passes through the cryostat and places the probe head close to the plasma. Two probe heads were positioned in different divertor pump gaps, top and bottom, and one close to the plasma on the midplane in one module. The gauges were in situ calibrated together with the ASDEX pressure gauges [G. Haas and H.-S. Bosch, Vacuum 51, 39 (1998)]. Data were taken during the entire operation phase 1.2b, and measurements were coherent with other neutral gas pressure gauges. For the spectroscopic partial pressure measurements, channels of a spectroscopic detection system based on photo-multipliers, a so-called filterscope [R. J. Colchin et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 2068 (2003)], provided by the Oak Ridge National Lab were used.
Raman spectroscopy study of sp2 to sp3 transition in bilayer graphene under high pressures
Authors: Tao Zhuchen , Du Jinxiang , Qi Zhikai , Ni Kun , Jiang Shuqing , Zhu Yanwu
Published: April 2020

Understanding the transition from sp2 to sp3 bonding between graphene layers remains a challenge for the development of thin diamond films. Herein, in situ Raman spectroscopy is used to trace the structural evolution of bilayer graphene (BLG) films under high pressures applied by a diamond anvil cell. When water is used as the pressure transmission medium (PTM), the G peak of BLG disappears at ∼37 GPa, accompanied by vanishing of the 2D peak after pressure release, together considered as evidence of sp2–sp3 transition in BLG under high pressures. In contrast, BLG in silicone oil PTM or single layer graphene in water PTM does not experience such changes in Raman spectra with pressure, suggesting that water is critical for the formation of sp3 bonding under high pressures, e.g., by providing functional groups on the surface of BLG.
Atomic-level calculations and experimental study of dislocations in InSb
Authors: Kumar Anil , Kedjar Bouzid , Su Yanqing , Thilly Ludovic , Beyerlein Irene J.
Published: April 2020

Plastic deformation in InSb single crystals is governed by the motion of dislocations. Since InSb has a diamond cubic lattice, it possesses two sets of slip planes: a shuffle set and a glide set. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of deformed bulk single crystals shows that, at low temperatures (<20 °C), dislocations have narrow cores, while at higher temperatures, they have extended cores. However, it remains unclear to which slip plane set these dislocations belong. In this paper, by combining experiments and atomic-level calculations, we show that dislocations with narrow and extended cores, respectively, belong to the shuffle and glide sets. The conclusion is reached by calculating the generalized stacking fault energy curves and ideal shear stresses using density functional theory calculations and the intrinsic stacking fault width associated with dislocations using atomistic simulations. It is also found that while the shuffle set dislocations are easier to activate at lower temperatures, dislocations on the glide set become dominant at higher temperatures.
Current induced chiral domain wall motion in CuIr/CoFeB/MgO thin films with strong higher order spin–orbit torques
Authors: Martin Franziska , Lee Kyujoon , Kronenberg Alexander , Jaiswal Samridh , Reeve Robert M. , Filianina Mariia , Ji Sanghyun , Jung Myung-Hwa , Jakob Gerhard , Kläui Mathias
Published: April 2020

We investigate the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) and spin–orbit torque effects in CuIr/CoFeB/MgO heterostructures. To this end, harmonic Hall measurements and current induced domain wall motion experiments are performed. The motion of domain walls at zero applied field due to current demonstrates the presence of DMI in this system. We determine the strength of the DMI to be D=+5 ± 3 μJ/m2 and deduce right-handed chirality in domain walls showing a partial Néel type spin structure. To ascertain the torques, we perform a second harmonic measurement to quantify the damping- and field-like current induced effective fields as a function of the magnetization direction. From the angular dependent analysis, we identify non-negligible higher order terms for polar magnetization angles θ>0, which need to be included when considering the effective manipulation of spins by current.
Development of a symmetrical micro-beam minimizing horizontal drift for indentation and scratch
Authors: Shi Pengfei , Liang Huikang , Yan Wenmeng , Sun Junhui , Chen Lei , Qian Linmao
Published: April 2020

In this work, a symmetric micro-beam was developed to eliminate horizontal drift of the tip during indent and scratch processes, which was inevitable in the usage of a traditionally one-end-fixed cantilever. Using the finite element simulation, a database involving the maximum stress and spring constant depending on the size parameters (length and inertial moment) of the symmetric beam was established to help in optimizing the beam design. A real symmetric micro-beam was fabricated based on the database, and the loading accuracy was checked through the calibration of the spring constant. The reliability of the symmetric beam was experimentally verified through the fabrication of the micro-channel and micro-dot, showing that the horizontal drift was completely suppressed. This technology can potentially be applied in micro/nanoscale research and manufacturing to increase the accuracy of detection and processing, such as the applications in probe-based lithography to improve the loading accuracy at high load condition and enhance the stability of the beam system at high sliding speed.
Optical and structural investigations on titanium oxynitride films for visible-UV photocatalytic applications
Authors: Mizushiro Jun , Yoshimatsu Kohei , Ohashi Naoki , Tanaka Masahiko , Sakata Osami , Ohtomo Akira
Published: April 2020

We report on the epitaxial growth of titanium oxynitride (TiOxNy) films on α-Al2O3 (0001) substrates by using a pulsed-laser deposition technique and their optical properties. Using TiN as a solid source, N content (y) in the films was tuned by changing the partial pressure of O2 gas. The crystalline phase was found to evolve up to y ≈ 0.4 either from rock-salt type or from rutile-type structures. The optical absorption spectra of the films had two distinct components in regions of 0.44–2.4 eV and 2.4–6 eV, which arise from d–d and charge-transfer transitions, respectively. The former transition decreased with decreasing y and vanished at y ≈ 0.26, where a fundamental absorption edge due to the latter transition was found to be 2.4 eV. The results demonstrate a range of anion compositions in the TiOxNy being suitable for visible-light harvesting applications.