bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy of the Myrmicine ant genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Sharaf Mostafa R. , Akbar Shahid A. , Dhafer Hathal M. Al , Gharbawy Ali El- , Aldawood Abdulrahman S.
Published: February 2017

The Arabian Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 fauna is revised for the first time. Three species are recognized from the region: Temnothorax arabicus Sharaf & Akbar sp. nov., T. liviae (Agosti & Collingwood, 2011) comb. nov. and T. megalops (Hamann & Klemm, 1967). Leptothorax saudiae Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 was placed in Temnothorax by Bolton (2003), but actually belongs to Tetramorium Mayr, 1855 and is herewithin recombined to Tetramorium saudiae (Collingwood & Agosti, 1996) comb. nov. Automontage images and comparative diagnoses of workers as well as notes on habitats and distribution of treated species are provided. A revised key to the Arabian species based on the worker caste is also presented.
Reward and Performance as a Key Element of Motivation
Authors: Kelmendi Muhamet
Published: February 2017

The crisis and the dramatic unemployment have had an inevitable impact in salary policy and development of organizations. Therefore, considering that every organization is interested for their employees to be more motivated to work, thus, this was for this reason and relying on literature, papers and research to know to what extend the reward influences motivation of the employees. Initially, we shall also understand the notion salary and performance and how important are they in carrying out the work in one organization, and how they have evaluated by the management of the same organization. Afterwards, we shall show the way and the best methods on how to pay employees, how the manager must decide on the level of salaries of the employees, and must decide that salaries are not the same for each employee based on their performance, etc. The time has shown that the performance evaluation provides information that serves the basis for all other important activities of human resources management planning, selection, reward and motivation, continuously leading to the formation of employees. It is worth mentioning the fact that companies in general still has much work to do in connection with programs for compensation of employees, and this relying on the fact that many companies, particularly in the Balkan states where they continue to give salary different bonuses in envelopes, while reducing the transparency of payment and reward in these companies-organizations.
The Tendencies of Progressive Pedagogy and Its Development Up to the Secondary Ten Years of the XX Century
Authors: Sota Jani
Published: February 2017

The beginning of the XX century was the time when the contradictions of the capitalism pass into imperialism and leaded to the World War Two. The imperialist relationships between states and the abnormal aggravation of the classes, divergences between bourgeoisie and proletariat extended the activity of bourgeoisie regarding the variety of culture. The fear for the existence of the bourgeoisie class and the desire for the preservation of the capitalist system were seen in the cultural attempts of the beginning of the XX century. In this period is seen the birth of the new pedagogy, which is recognised as the progressive pedagogy gaining role and importance in the capitalist world. The movement started first in the United States of America in the first hundred years of the XX century. The new ideas were first developed by some young teachers who tried to put these into practice. Step by step those ideas were supported by a wider scale of teachers or scholars. The pedagogic progressive movement was strengthened during the last twenty years of the XX century, reaching its peak with the foundation of the “Progressive Education Association”.
Analysis of the Efficiency of Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy via Nanogolds and Photosensitizers
Authors: Jui-Teng Lin
Published: February 2017

Factors influencing the cancer therapy efficiency in both photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanogold particles and photosensitizers, respectively, are analyzed. In PTT, heat diffusion kinetics is used to calculate the temperature increase resulted from the nanogold absorption of light energy, whereas photochemical kinetics is used to find the efficacy of PDT, or the generation rate of reactive oxygen species. The critical factors of the PTT/PDT synergistic efficacy include: the concentration of the initiator (nanogold or photosensitizers) in the treated medium, the wavelength and energy of the light applied to the medium. Optimal parameters are calculated for maximum PDT efficacy. In PTT, diode laser (at 810 nm) is used to heat nanogolds (rod-shape or core-shell). In PDT, photosensitizers of riboflavin, 5-ALA, methylene blue and indocyanine green may be used with the associate light at wavelength of (365, 430 nm), (530-670 nm) and (780-850 nm) respectively. Both single light or dual light in infrared or visible wavelength are proposed to activate the photosensitizers or nanogolds. Optimization is required for maximum synergistic efficacy.
Evaluation of the Type and Frequency of Errors Discovered During Routine Secondary Patient Chart Review
Authors: Michael T. Hardin  , Amy S. Harrison  , Virginia L. Lockamy  , Jun Li  , Cheng Peng  , Peter Potrebko  , Yan Yu  , Laura Doyle  , Junsheng Cao
Published: February 2017

Purpose: Desire to improve efficiency and throughput inspired a review of the frequency and scope of our physics chart check procedures. Departmental policy mandates review of a patient’s treatment plan prior to port-filming, after first treatment and “weekly” every 3-5 fractions. This study examined the effectiveness of the “after-first” physics check with respect to improving patient safety and clinical efficiency.Methods and Materials: A shared spreadsheet was created to record errors discovered during patient-specific chart review following the first fraction of treatment and before the second fraction. First, entries were recorded and categorized from August 2014 through February 2015. Frequencies were assessed month-to-month. Next, utilizing thes e results, a continuous quality improvement (CQI) process following Deming’s Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) methodology was generated. The first iteration of this PDSA was adding a dose tracking checklist item in the pre-treatment plan check assessment. A two-sided Fisher’s exact test was used to determine if there was a nonrandom association between the checklist implementation and incidence of dose tracking errors.Results: Analysis of recorded errors indicated an overall error rate of 3.4% over the 13 month period. The majority of errors related to discrepancies in documentation, followed by prescription, plan deficiency, and dose tracking-related errors. A two-sided Fisher’s exact test revealed a statistically significant decrease in dose tracking-related errors after implementing the checklist item (p = 0.0322, significance level = 0.05). Conclusions: This work indicates that this redundant secondary check is an effective QA process in our department. The first month spike in rates could be due to the Hawthorne/observer effect, but the consistent 3% error rate suggests the need for continuous quality improvement and periodical re-training on errors noted as frequent to improve awareness and quality of the initial chart review process, which may lead to improved treatment quality, patient safety and increased clinical efficiency.
Leksikografien på egne ben. Fordelingsstrukturer og byggedele i et brugerorienteret perspektiv
Authors: Tarp Sven
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Kataforik. En empirisk undersøgelse af pronominelle kataforer ud fra en receptiv synsvinkel
Authors: Thomsen Rene Sehested
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ВОЈВОДИ РАДИЧУ САНКОВИЋУ
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: February 2017

Почетком августа 1399. војвода Радич Санковић упутио је у Дубровник писмо које су донијели његови људи Будислав и Милета. Они су, поред тога, властима Општине пренијели и неке војводине поруке. Услиједио је дубровачки одговор, тачније писмо којим су Радича позивали да посјети њихов град. Истицали су да је то њихова жеља од раније, те да га са весељем чекају. Војвода је прихватио њихов позив, тако да се ускоро налазио у граду подно Срђа, гдје је поред свечаног, посјета имала и радни карактер. Завршена је издавањем повеље којом је Радич признао дубровачку власт над Приморјем, уз уступање свог баштинског села Лисца.
ДВА ДОКУМЕНТА ВОЈВОДЕ САНДАЉА ХРАНИЋА О ПРЕУЗИМАЊУ ГРАДА БИЈЕЛЕ
Authors: Порчић Небојша
Published: February 2017

У дубровачком препису сачињеном 21. децембра 1419. забележена су два недатирана документа великог војводе Сандаља Хранића. У првом, војвода даје реч да ће кнезу Алекси Паштровићу дати посед са 130 кућа у замену за неку поближе неодређену службу чије је извршење овај обећао. У другом, ауктор даје истом дестинатару своју витешку реч да ће му, у замену за предају неког неименованог града коју је Алекса обећао, омогућити да са породицом, имовином и зависним људима безбедно оде у било ком правцу. Штавише, ако Сандаљ одлучи да разори град, Алекса ће моћи да задржи своје баштинско село, а ако град не буде разорен, добиће друго село у надокнаду. Тек из пропратне белешке преписивача, у којој се потврђује да је споразум склопљен пред дубровачким властима као сведоцима, сазнаје се да је реч о утврђењу Бијела на тромеђи Жупе дубровачке, Конавала и Требињске области.
ТЕСТАМЕНТ СУКНАРА БРАТУТА ГРАДОЈЕВИЋА ИЗ ТРЕБИЊА
Authors: Пекић Радмило
Published: February 2017

Аутор је у раду приказао тестамент Братута Градојевића, који се преселио из сусједног Требиња у град подно Срђа, гдје је оформио породицу. Као истакнути сукнар склопио је велики број трговачких уговора, што је остало записано у пословним књигама Дубровачког архива. У раду је дата транскрипција, превод и интерпретација тестамента, гдје је предочена унутрашња структура три његова главна дијела.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ВОЈВОДИ САНДАЉУ О ПРОДАЈИ ОРУЖЈА КОТОРАНИМА И БРИГАНТИНА
Authors: Вуковић Тамара
Published: February 2017

У љето 1412. војвода Сандаљ Хранић повео је своје одреде против Котора, како би га коначно освојио. Његови одреди су пустошили градско подручје, али сам Котор нису могли да освоје без поморских снага. У јесен обраћа се Дубровачкој општини, од које тражи да му прода бригантин, али и негодује због продаје оружја Которанима. Дубровчани га подсјећају да је у њиховом граду слободна трговина оружјем, те тврде да упркос томе Котору нису продали оружје. Такође, извјештавају га да му не могу продати бригантин, јер и сами морају да их купују на другим мјестима.
СЕДМИ, ОСМИ И ДЕВЕТИ ЛИСТ ДЕПОЗИТА ВОЈВОДЕ САНДАЉА СА ПРИПАДАЈУЋИМ ПОТВРДАМА
Authors: Драгичевић Павле
Published: February 2017

У раду се анализирају три документа која садрже попис вриједности које су у виду депозита биле похрањене у Дубровнику током 1422. и 1423. године. У документима је прецизирана правна регулатива која се тицала подизања депозита, а саставни дио ових докумената су и потврде Сандаљевих посланика, у којима је назначено шта је и када из ових депозита изузимано.
ЋИРИЛИЧКИ ДОКУМЕНТИ ПОРОДИЦЕ БОРОВИНИЋ
Authors: Рудић Срђан
Published: February 2017

Документи које овде објављујемо потичу из канцеларије породице Боровинић – пет је из канцеларије кнеза Твртка Боровинића, а један из канцеларије његовог сина Ивана. Четири документа су сачувана у препису, а два у оригиналу (III и VI). Осим писма из 1430. године (III), сви остали документи се односе на приходе од куће коју су Боровинићи поседовали у Дубровнику, као и поседа у Сланом и Високом.
ПОВЕЉА КРАЉА СТЕФАНА ТОМАША ДОРОТЕЈИ БЛАГАЈСКОJ
Authors: Рудић Срђан
Published: February 2017

Босански краљ Стефан Томаш узима под своју заштиту Доротеју, удовицу кнеза Иваниша Благајског, и њеног сина кнеза Николу, потврђује им повеље својих претходника и поседе које су добили од угарског краља а који су на територији Босне, као и све оно што би стекли на територији под угарском круном.
Vecchi e nuovi luoghi comuni del e sul cinema giapponese contemporaneo, tra esotismo e autorappresentazioni
Authors: Giacomo Calorio
Published: February 2017

The Golden Lion won by Kurosawa Akira’s Rashomon in 1951 aroused worldwide interest towards Japanese cinema during the 1950s and 1960s, but mainly in its guise of period films. Indeed, while geisha and samurai stories tickled Western audience with exotic settings, many masterpieces set in everyday Japan were largely overlooked. Among these, only Ozu’s films have been enjoying a lasting posthumous appreciation since the 1970s, as his cinema’s contemplative approach was well suited to be described with an almost stereotyped fascinating lexicon provided by the so-called ‘Zen boom’. Something has changed in the last decades, though it seems to confirm the deeply rooted commonplace about Japan as a land of contrasts and paradoxes: while the few films screened in Italy share the image of Japan as a quiet place characterized by tradition, spirituality, small everyday rituals and an intimate relationship with natural cycles, media convergence and relocated cinema experience have been fostering the global circulation of a different Japan and a different Japanese cinema, though equally ‘essentialised’: cool, postmodern, pop, colorful, technological, kawaii, superflat and extreme.
Exoskeletons of Bougainvilliidae and other Hydroidolina (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): structure and composition
Authors: Mendoza-Becerril María A. , Marian José Eduardo A.R. , Migotto Alvaro Esteves , Marques Antonio Carlos
Published: February 2017

The exoskeleton is an important source of characters for the taxonomy of Hydroidolina. It originates as epidermal secretions and, among other functions, protects the coenosarc of the polypoid stage. However, comparative studies on the exoskeletal tissue origin, development, chemical, and structural characteristics, as well as its evolution and homology, are few and fragmented. This study compares the structure and composition of the exoskeleton and underlying coenosarc in members of “Anthoathecata” and some Leptothecata, but does so mainly in bougainvilliid polyps histological analyses. We also studied the development of the exoskeleton under experimental conditions. We identified three types of glandular epidermal cells related to the origin of the exoskeleton and the secretion of its polysaccharides component. The exoskeleton of the species studied is either bilayered (perisarc and exosarc, especially in bougainvilliids) or corneous (perisarc). The exoskeleton varies in chemical composition, structural rigidity, thickness, extension, and coverage in the different regions of the colony. In bilayered exoskeletons, the exosarc is produced first and appears to be a key step in the formation of the rigid exoskeleton. The exoskeleton contains anchoring structures such as desmocytes and “perisarc extensions.”
High richness of insect herbivory from the early Miocene Hindon Maar crater, Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Möller Anna Lena , Kaulfuss Uwe , Lee Daphne E. , Wappler Torsten
Published: February 2017

Plants and insects are key components of terrestrial ecosystems and insect herbivory is the most important type of interaction in these ecosystems. This study presents the first analysis of associations between plants and insects for the early Miocene Hindon Maar fossil lagerstätte, Otago, New Zealand. A total of 584 fossil angiosperm leaves representing 24 morphotypes were examined to determine the presence or absence of insect damage types. Of these leaves, 73% show signs of insect damage; they comprise 821 occurrences of damage from 87 damage types representing all eight functional feeding groups. In comparison to other fossil localities, the Hindon leaves display a high abundance of insect damage and a high diversity of damage types. Leaves ofNothofagus(southern beech), the dominant angiosperm in the fossil assemblage, exhibit a similar leaf damage pattern to leaves from the nearby mid to late Miocene Dunedin Volcano Group sites but display a more diverse spectrum and much higher percentage of herbivory damage than a comparable dataset of leaves from Palaeocene and Eocene sites in the Antarctic Peninsula.
Reconfigurable Computing
Authors: Boland David , Cheng Chung‐Kuan , Kahng Andrew B. , Leong Philip H.W.
Published: February 2017

Reconfigurable computing is the application of adaptable fabrics to address computational problems, often taking advantage of the flexibility of field‐programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to produce problem‐specific solutions. It has been successfully applied to fields as diverse as machine learning, digital signal processing, cryptography, bioinformatics, logic emulation, CAD tool acceleration, scientific computing, and rapid prototyping.In this article, intended for the nonspecialist, we describe some of the basic concepts, tools, and architectures associated with reconfigurable computing.
Wireless‐Powered Cooperative Relay Networks
Authors: Maso Marco , Zhong Caijun , Zhou Xiangyun , Suraweera Himal A.
Published: February 2017

A cooperative communication network consisting of a source, a destination, and one or multiple relays serves as a primary building block useful to implement practical wireless systems. On the other hand, limited battery life of mobile terminals adversely affects the performance of wireless communication systems. As a contemporary development, significant advances made in wireless power transfer (WPT) and energy harvesting techniques offer effective solutions to replenish energy and prolong the network operation. In this context, envisioning the combination of WPT and relay nodes seems to open up the promising prospect of building a network with larger throughput, wider coverage, and quasiperpetual operation. In this article, we present an overview of the contemporary results on system analysis, optimization, and hardware design aspects of wireless‐powered cooperative relay networks. Further, we highlight key research challenges that requires the attention of research community and system designers so that implementation of such networks becomes a reality in the near future.
Thermosets
Authors: Gotro Jeffrey , Prime R. Bruce
Published: February 2017

Unlike thermoplastic polymers, which are processed in the molten state without altering their molecular structure, chemical reactions are involved when utilizing thermosets, for example, as an adhesive or to fabricate composite parts. As a result of these reactions, thermosetting resins form a cross‐linked network and become “set,” that is, they can no longer flow or dissolve. In contrast to cross‐linked elastomers or rubbers, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermosets is generally above room temperature. They may contain additives such as catalysts to promote or accelerate cure. Many thermosets are used in filled or reinforced form. While epoxy resins are the best‐known thermosets, others include phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes, dicyanates, bismaleimides, acrylates and methacrylates. Topics covered in this article include the distinguishing characteristics of thermosetting materials; the more common thermosetting resins, including their cure chemistry; thermoset applications; materials and process characterization; cure, including cure kinetics and cure monitoring; and selected thermoset processes.
Polymer–Fullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Jeon Il , Matsuo Yutaka
Published: February 2017

Polymer–fullerene solar cells are a type of organic solar cells made with conductive polymers and electron‐accepting fullerene derivatives. Among many types of organic solar cells, the polymer–fullerene combination has become the archetype due to their superior efficiency and stability. Compared to conventional solar cells, such as silicon‐based solar cells, polymer–fullerene solar cells are lightweight, potentially disposable, and flexible. Above all, the main advantage of polymer–fullerene solar cells is the fact that they are customizable at the molecular level. Here, we illustrate an insightful description of polymer–fullerene solar cells, their history of development, and methods of fabrication. Other components surrounding the polymer–fullerene active layer as well as ways to improve the performance of solar cells are also discussed. Finally, the current and future commercialization prospects of polymer–fullerene solar cells are discussed in detail.
Natural‐Based Hydrogels: From Processing to Applications
Authors: Vieira Sílvia , da Silva Morais Alain , Silva‐Correia Joana , Oliveira J. Miguel , Reis Rui L.
Published: February 2017

Natural‐based hydrogels have been widely used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) as a platform to better mimic the native extracellular matrix of different tissues. Polysaccharides and proteins of natural origin have been functionalized, tuned, and processed used different methods to produce different scaffolds and medical devices. Herein, the recent reports dealing with the application of natural‐based hydrogels in TERM strategies are overviewed. Moreover, different methodologies used to process the polymeric hydrogels are also described as well as the most relevant strategies used within the scope of TERM.
Heterogeneous Coulomb wedges: Influence of fluid pressure, porosity, and application to the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand
Authors: Skarbek Rob M. , Rempel Alan W.
Published: February 2017

Despite the widespread use of critical Coulomb wedge models, the effects of internal heterogeneities have been largely overlooked. Here we consider how spatial variations in pore pressure and porosity within an accretionary prism affect predictions of shear traction along the base of the prism and the internal slip surface geometry. Compared to Coulomb wedge models that use depth‐averaged parameter values, the basal shear traction will be lower if (i) the pore pressure ratio increases monotonically with depth, (ii) the porosity decreases monotonically with depth, or (iii) the internal friction coefficient decreases monotonically with depth. The first two conditions can be considered first‐order descriptions of many natural settings. To illustrate their effects, we consider two specific functional forms: a linear increase in the pore pressure ratio and an exponential decrease in porosity with depth within the prism. Both cases separately can be completely accounted for by simple modifications to the solution for a homogeneous Coulomb wedge. We show that including heterogeneity in the pore pressure ratio and the porosity, together or separately, can lead to large reductions in the basal shear traction, compared to wedges with relevant depth‐averaged parameters. Finally, we apply our results to the Hikurangi margin at the North Island of New Zealand and show that lateral increases in the pore pressure ratio lead to further reductions in basal shear traction.
Evolution of the East Greenland Current from Fram Strait to Denmark Strait: Synoptic measurements from summer 2012
Authors: Håvik L. , Pickart R. S. , Våge K. , Torres D. , Thurnherr A. M. , Beszczynska‐Möller A. , Walczowski W. , von Appen W.‐J.
Published: February 2017

We present measurements from two shipboard surveys conducted in summer 2012 that sampled the rim current system around the Nordic Seas from Fram Strait to Denmark Strait. The data reveal that, along a portion of the western boundary of the Nordic Seas, the East Greenland Current (EGC) has three distinct components. In addition to the well‐known shelfbreak branch, there is an inshore branch on the continental shelf as well as a separate branch offshore of the shelfbreak. The inner branch contributes significantly to the overall freshwater transport of the rim current system, and the outer branch transports a substantial amount of Atlantic‐origin Water equatorward. Supplementing our measurements with historical hydrographic data, we argue that the offshore branch is a direct recirculation of the western branch of the West Spitsbergen Current in Fram Strait. The total transport of the shelfbreak EGC (the only branch sampled consistently in all of the sections) decreased toward Denmark Strait. The estimated average transport of dense overflow water (
27.8 kg/m3 and θ > 0°C) in the shelfbreak EGC was 2.8 ± 0.7 Sv, consistent with previous moored measurements. For the three sections that crossed the entire EGC system the freshwater flux, relative to a salinity of 34.8, ranged from 127 ± 13 to 81 ± 8 mSv. The hydrographic data reveal that, between Fram Strait and Denmark Strait, the core of the Atlantic‐origin Water in the shelfbreak EGC cools and freshens but changes very little in density.
Salt wedge dynamics lead to enhanced sediment trapping within side embayments in high‐energy estuaries
Authors: Yellen Brian , Woodruff Jonathan D. , Ralston David K. , MacDonald D. G. , Jones D. S.
Published: February 2017

Off‐river coves and embayments provide accommodation space for sediment accumulation, particularly for sandy estuaries where high energy in the main channel prevents significant long‐term storage of fine‐grained material. Seasonal sediment inputs to Hamburg Cove in the Connecticut River estuary (USA) were monitored to understand the timing and mechanisms for sediment storage there. Unlike in freshwater tidal coves, sediment was primarily trapped here during periods of low discharge, when the salinity intrusion extended upriver to the cove entrance. During periods of low discharge and high sediment accumulation, deposited sediment displayed geochemical signatures consistent with a marine source. Numerical simulations reveal that low discharge conditions provide several important characteristics that maximize sediment trapping. First, these conditions allow the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) to be located in the vicinity of the cove entrance, which increases sediment concentrations during flood tide. Second, the saltier water in the main channel can enter the cove as a density current, enhancing near‐bed velocities and resuspending sediment, providing an efficient delivery mechanism. Finally, higher salinity water accumulates in the deep basin of the cove, creating a stratified region that becomes decoupled from ebb currents, promoting retention of sediment in the cove. This process of estuarine‐enhanced sediment accumulation in off‐river coves will likely extend upriver during future sea level rise.
Multidecadal trends in aerosol radiative forcing over the Arctic: Contribution of changes in anthropogenic aerosol to Arctic warming since 1980
Authors: Breider Thomas J. , Mickley Loretta J. , Jacob Daniel J. , Ge Cui , Wang Jun , Payer Sulprizio Melissa , Croft Betty , Ridley David A. , McConnell Joseph R. , Sharma Sangeeta , Husain Liaquat , Dutkiewicz Vincent A. , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Skov Henrik , Hopke Phillip K.
Published: February 2017

Arctic observations show large decreases in the concentrations of sulfate and black carbon (BC) aerosols since the early 1980s. These near‐term climate‐forcing pollutants perturb the radiative balance of the atmosphere and may have played an important role in recent Arctic warming. We use the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model to construct a 3‐D representation of Arctic aerosols that is generally consistent with observations and their trends from 1980 to 2010. Observations at Arctic surface sites show significant decreases in sulfate and BC mass concentrations of 2–3% per year. We find that anthropogenic aerosols yield a negative forcing over the Arctic, with an average 2005–2010 Arctic shortwave radiative forcing (RF) of −0.19 ± 0.05 W m−2 at the top of atmosphere (TOA). Anthropogenic sulfate in our study yields more strongly negative forcings over the Arctic troposphere in spring (−1.17 ± 0.10 W m−2) than previously reported. From 1980 to 2010, TOA negative RF by Arctic aerosol declined, from −0.67 ± 0.06 W m−2 to −0.19 ± 0.05 W m−2, yielding a net TOA RF of +0.48 ± 0.06 W m−2. The net positive RF is due almost entirely to decreases in anthropogenic sulfate loading over the Arctic. We estimate that 1980–2010 trends in aerosol‐radiation interactions over the Arctic and Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes have contributed a net warming at the Arctic surface of +0.27 ± 0.04 K, roughly one quarter of the observed warming. Our study does not consider BC emissions from gas flaring nor the regional climate response to aerosol‐cloud interactions or BC deposition on snow.
Flank vents and graben as indicators of Late Amazonian volcanotectonic activity on Olympus Mons
Authors: Peters S. I. , Christensen P. R.
Published: February 2017

Previous studies have focused on large‐scale features on Olympus Mons, such as its flank terraces, the summit caldera complex, and the basal escarpment and aureole deposits. Here we identify and characterize previously unrecognized and unmapped small scale features to help further understand the volcanotectonic evolution of this enormous volcano. Using Context Camera, High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, Thermal Emission Imaging System, High Resolution Stereo Camera Digital Terrain Model, and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data, we identified and characterized the morphology and distribution of 60 flank vents and 84 grabens on Olympus Mons. We find that effusive eruptions have dominated volcanic activity on Olympus Mons in the Late Amazonian. Explosive eruptions were rare, implying volatile‐poor magmas and/or a lack of magma‐water interactions during the Late Amazonian. The distribution of flank vents suggests dike propagation of hundreds of kilometers and shallow magma storage. Small grabens, not previously observed in lower‐resolution data, occur primarily on the lower flanks of Olympus Mons and indicate late‐stage extensional tectonism. Based on superposition relationships, we have concluded two stages of development for Olympus Mons during the Late Amazonian: (1) primarily effusive resurfacing and formation of flank vents followed by (2) waning effusive volcanism and graben formation and/or reactivation. This developmental sequence resembles that proposed for Ascraeus Mons and other large Martian shields, suggesting a similar geologic evolution for these volcanoes.
Plant Responses to Wounding
Authors: Sanchez‐Serrano Jose J
Published: February 2017

Plants react to wounding and herbivory by activating complex signalling pathways that lead to transcriptional reprogramming at the damaged leaf and at distal, undamaged ones. Signalling involves the perception of both damaged‐self and herbivore‐derived elicitors, and may be modulated by insect oral secretions. Systemic transmission of the signal occurs along the vasculature, and involves membrane depolarisation and hydraulic waves. An increase in jasmonic acid (JA)‐Ile synthesis is a hallmark of damage. JA‐Ile binding by the COI1‐JAZ receptor complex results in degradation of JAZ repressors, thereby releasing transcription factors that activate local and systemic defence gene expression. There is little overlap between the set of genes induced in the damaged leaf and that in distal, undamaged ones. Whereas genes induced locally are largely devoted to wound healing and limiting further desiccation, many of those induced systemically produce defensive proteins that reduce the nutritional value of the tissue, in anticipation of subsequent herbivore attack.

Key Concepts

Plants have an intrinsic response to damage that triggers transcriptional reprogramming.

Wounding releases plant‐derived damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

Herbivory activates the plant's response to damage, which is modulated by herbivore‐derived elicitors and oral secretions.

Damage‐responsive genes are induced close to the wounds and in distal, undamaged tissues.

Damage signals generated at the wound site travel along the vasculature to trigger a systemic defence response.

Synthesis and perception of JA‐Ile is key for wound‐induced gene expression.

JA‐Ile binding to the COI1/JAZ receptor complex triggers degradation of JAZ repressors, thereby releasing transcription factors that regulate wound‐responsive gene expression.
At the Heart of a Complex Disease ‘Molecular Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease’
Authors: Preuss Christoph , Wünnemann Florian , Andelfinger Gregor
Published: February 2017

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect and affects almost 1% of the general population. Compared to other rare congenital disorders, CHD rarely shows strictly Mendelian inheritance patterns. Human genetic studies have revealed that multiple genes contribute to the disease in pathways, which affect early cardiac development. Despite recent large‐scale efforts to identify causal genes for CHD, the majority of cases remain enigmatic. The challenges in identifying genotype–phenotype relationships in CHD suggest a more complex pattern of inheritance, where structural as well as single nucleotide variants contribute to the disease and modifiers tune the spectrum of cardiac malformations expressed. Here, we review the current state of genetic research in CHD and discuss the challenges in moving variant identification in CHD into the personal genomics era.

Key Concepts

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a complex developmental phenotype with many genes contributing to its etiology.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as structural variants contribute to the burden of CHD in the population.

Loss of function variants (LOF) and missense mutations can have different impacts during cardiac development, thus leading to different CHD phenotypes.

Genetic factors for congenital heart malformations can be inherited autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X‐linked or show non‐Mendelian patterns in families.

Genetic background can alter the manifestation of CHD and lead to different CHD subtypes or buffer against disease.
Sensitively Humidity‐Driven Actuator Based on Photopolymerizable PEG‐DA Films
Authors: Lv Chao , Xia Hong , Shi Qing , Wang Gong , Wang Ying‐Shuai , Chen Qi‐Dai , Zhang Yong‐Lai , Liu Lian‐Qing , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: February 2017

Hydrogels such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate are a class of cross‐linked polymers that have the ability to absorb water and change volume. Here, a humidity responsiveness of hydrogel film fabricated by the photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‐DA) monomer is reported. This kind of film could be driven by a small humidity gradient, thus spontaneous deformation and motion can be achieved by placing the film onto a moist filter paper. The influence factors of humidity response sensitivity such as the exposure time and number‐average molecular weight of PEG‐DA monomer used during the fabrication are investigated. Under different relative humidity, the film displays different degrees of pink color and the intensities of fluorescence under 365 nm illumination are also different, which renders the film to be used as a “humidity test strip.” A humidity‐driven walking device is fabricated and the walking velocity is about 3 mm min−1 under the actuating water vapor. Vapor of volatile polar solvents could also drive the actuator to achieve fast deformation and shows the variety of the film responsivity.
Host‐Catalyzed Cyclodehydration–Rearrangement Cascade Reaction of Unsaturated Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Catti Lorenzo , Pöthig Alexander , Tiefenbacher Konrad
Published: February 2017

The Brønsted acidic resorcin[4]arene hexamer can be applied as an effective catalyst in the dehydrative cyclization and subsequent rearrangement of unsaturated tertiary alcohols. This is the first report on catalyzing such a reaction with a Brønsted acid. Scope and limitations of this cyclopentene‐forming reaction sequence are presented. Furthermore, substrate‐selective conversion as well as competitive inhibition are described and provide evidence that the reactions proceed within the cavity of the self‐assembled structure. Additionally, a cyclobutanone‐forming intramolecular hydride transfer of an encapsulated cyclopropyl acetate is reported.

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A Stable Saddle‐Shaped Polycyclic Hydrocarbon with an Open‐Shell Singlet Ground State
Authors: Ma Ji , Liu Junzhi , Baumgarten Martin , Fu Yubin , Tan Yuan‐Zhi , Schellhammer Karl Sebastian , Ortmann Frank , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Komber Hartmut , Berger Reinhard , Müllen Klaus , Feng Xinliang
Published: February 2017

Diindeno‐fused bischrysene, a new diindeno‐based polycyclic hydrocarbon (PH), was synthesized and characterized. It was elucidated in detailed experimental and theoretical studies that this cyclopenta‐fused PH possesses an open‐shell singlet biradical structure in the ground state and exhibits high stability under ambient conditions (t1/2=39 days). The crystal structure unambiguously shows a novel saddle‐shaped π‐conjugated carbon skeleton due to the steric hindrance of the central cove‐edged bischrysene unit. UV/Vis spectral measurements revealed that the title molecule has a very narrow optical energy gap of 0.92 eV, which is consistent with the electrochemical analysis and further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Rapid and Complete Surface Modification with Strain‐Promoted Oxidation‐Controlled Cyclooctyne‐1,2‐Quinone Cycloaddition (SPOCQ)
Authors: Sen Rickdeb , Escorihuela Jorge , van Delft Floris , Zuilhof Han
Published: February 2017

Strain‐promoted oxidation‐controlled cyclooctyne‐1,2‐quinone cycloaddition (SPOCQ) between functionalized bicyclo[6.1.0]non‐4‐yne (BCN) and surface‐bound quinones revealed an unprecedented 100 % conjugation efficiency. In addition, monitoring by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) revealed the underlying kinetics and activation parameters of this immobilization process in dependence on its microenvironment.
Photoresponsive Nanosheets of Polyoxometalates Formed by Controlled Self‐Assembly Pathways
Authors: Ishiba Keita , Noguchi Takao , Iguchi Hiroaki , Morikawa Masa‐aki , Kaneko Kenji , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: February 2017

Anionic Keggin polyoxometalates (POMs) and ether linkage‐enriched ammonium ions spontaneously self‐assemble into rectangular ultrathin nanosheets in aqueous media. The structural flexibility of the cation is essential to form oriented nanosheets; as demonstrated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. The difference in initial conditions exerts significant influence on selecting for self‐assembly pathways in the energy landscape. Photoillumination of the POM sheets in pure water causes dissolution of reduced POMs, which allowed site‐specific etching of nanosheets using laser scanning microscopy. By contrast, photoetching was suppressed in aqueous AgNO3 and site‐selective deposition of silver nanoparticles occurred as a consequence of electron transfer from the photoreduced POMs to Ag+ ions on the nanosheet surface.
Towards Organic Zeolites and Inclusion Catalysts: Heptazine Imide Salts Can Exchange Metal Cations in the Solid State
Authors: Savateev Aleksandr , Pronkin Sergey , Willinger Marc Georg , Antonietti Markus , Dontsova Dariya
Published: February 2017

Highly crystalline potassium (heptazine imides) were prepared by the thermal condensation of substituted 1,2,4‐triazoles in eutectic salt melts. These semiconducting salts are already known to be highly active photocatalysts, for example, for the visible‐light‐driven generation of hydrogen from water. Herein, we show that within the solid‐state structure, potassium ions can be exchanged to other metal ions while the crystal habitus is essentially preserved.
Diffraction of solar neutrinos at the Earth's solid core
Authors: Lauter R.
Published: February 2017

Background

This paper presents a gedankenexperiment or “thought experiment” on the solar neutrino beam in regard to a diffraction study of the Earth's core.

Materials and Methods

The Sun is the source of the most intense neutrino radiation on Earth. Owing to the Sun's long distance from the Earth it forms a parallel beam of white radiation as well as discrete lines. The coherent scattering of these neutrinos at the Earth's solid core produces a diffraction pattern on the Earth's night side.

Results

I will show that this diffraction pattern will be most likely observable on the Earth's surface by using a detector configuration that is located between the tropics. There has not been any neutrino detector that is located on the Earth's surface and suitable for these measurements.

Conclusion

An investigation of the diffraction pattern of the solar neutrino beam would provide a tool for studying not only the Earth's center but also the neutrinos themselves.
The Großschwabhausen binary survey
Authors: Mugrauer M. , Buder S. , Reum F. , Birth A.
Published: February 2017

Background

Since 2009, the Großschwabhausen binary survey is being carried out at the University Observatory Jena. This new imaging survey uses available time slots during photometric monitoring campaigns, caused by nonphotometric weather conditions, which often exhibit good atmospheric seeing. The goal of the project is to obtain current relative astrometric measurements of the binary systems that are listed in the Washington Visual Double Star Catalog.

Materials and Methods

For the survey we use the Refraktor‐Teleskop‐Kamera at the University Observatory Jena to take imaging data of selected visual binary systems.

Results

In this paper, we characterize the target sample of the survey, describe the imaging observations and the astrometric measurements including the astrometric calibration, and present the relative astrometric measures of 352 binaries that could be obtained during the course of the Großschwabhausen binary survey, so far.
Hexaphyrin as a Potential Theranostic Dye for Photothermal Therapy and 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Higashino Tomohiro , Nakatsuji Hirotaka , Fukuda Ryosuke , Okamoto Haruki , Imai Hirohiko , Matsuda Tetsuya , Tochio Hidehito , Shirakawa Masahiro , Tkachenko Nikolai V. , Hashida Mitsuru , Murakami Tatsuya , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

Two features of meso‐Aryl‐substituted expanded porphyrins suggest suitability as theranostic agents. They have excellent absorption in near infrared (NIR) region, and they offer the possibility of introduction of multiple fluorine atoms at structurally equivalent positions. Here, hexaphyrin (hexa) was synthesized from 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4‐formyl benzoate and pyrrole and evaluated as a novel expanded porphyrin with the above features. Under NIR illumination hexa showed intense photothermal and weak photodynamic effects, which were most likely due to its low excited states, close to singlet oxygen. The sustained photothermal effect caused ablation of cancer cells more effectively than the photodynamic effect of indocyanine green (a clinical dye). In addition, hexa showed potential for use in the visualization of tumors by 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), because of the multiple fluorine atoms. Our results strongly support the utility of expanded porphyrins as theranostic agents in both photothermal therapy and 19F MRI.
Influence of a critical single nucleotide polymorphism on nuclear receptor PXR‐promoter function
Authors: Rana Manjul , Coshic Poonam , Goswami Ravinder , Tyagi Rakesh K.
Published: February 2017

The Pregnane and Xenobiotic Receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand‐modulated transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It is expressed at higher levels primarily in liver and intestine as compared to the levels in several other organs. It is activated by a broad spectrum of xenobiotics and endobiotics. The primary function of PXR is to regulate the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters and prevent the accumulation of toxic chemicals in the body, thereby maintaining body's homeostasis. In this study, we identified a C/T single nucleotide polymorphism at position −831 from the transcriptional start site of the PXR gene promoter and examined the functional significance of this variant using both the luciferase reporter gene assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Transient transfection experiments showed that the T‐allele was associated with significantly greater transcriptional activity than the C‐allele of SNP rs3814055. These results indicate that the −831C/T polymorphism has a direct effect on transcriptional regulation of PXR gene. This allelic variation may be a potential genetic marker that can help identify individuals at higher risk for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).
Supercritical Antisolvent Precipitation of Amorphous Copper–Zinc Georgeite and Acetate Precursors for the Preparation of Ambient‐Pressure Water‐Gas‐Shift Copper/Zinc Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Smith Paul J. , Kondrat Simon A. , Carter James H. , Chater Philip A. , Bartley Jonathan K. , Taylor Stuart H. , Spencer Michael S. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: February 2017

A series of copper–zinc acetate and zincian georgeite precursors have been produced by supercritical CO2 antisolvent (SAS) precipitation as precursors to Cu/ZnO catalysts for the water gas shift (WGS) reaction. The amorphous materials were prepared by varying the water/ethanol volumetric ratio in the initial metal acetate solutions. Water addition promoted georgeite formation at the expense of mixed metal acetates, which are formed in the absence of the water co‐solvent. Optimum SAS precipitation occurs without water to give high surface areas, whereas high water content gives inferior surface areas and copper–zinc segregation. Calcination of the acetates is exothermic, producing a mixture of metal oxides with high crystallinity. However, thermal decomposition of zincian georgeite resulted in highly dispersed CuO and ZnO crystallites with poor structural order. The georgeite‐derived catalysts give superior WGS performance to the acetate‐derived catalysts, which is attributed to enhanced copper–zinc interactions that originate from the precursor.
Sn‐MoS2‐C@C Microspheres as a Sodium‐Ion Battery Anode Material with High Capacity and Long Cycle Life
Authors: Zheng Fenghua , Pan Qichang , Yang Chenghao , Xiong Xunhui , Ou Xing , Hu Renzong , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin
Published: February 2017

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as a prime candidate for large‐scale energy storage, and developing high performance anode materials is one of the main challenges for advanced SIBs. Novel structured Sn‐MoS2‐C@C microspheres, in which Sn nanoparticles are evenly embedded in MoS2 nanosheets and a thin carbon film is homogenously engineered over the microspheres, have been fabricated by the hydrothermal method. The Sn‐MoS2‐C@C microspheres demonstrate an excellent Na‐storage performance as an anode of SIBs and deliver a high reversible charge capacity (580.3 mAh g−1 at 0.05 Ag−1) and rate capacity (580.3, 373, 326, 285.2, and 181.9 mAh g−1at 0.05, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 Ag−1, respectively). A high charge specific capacity of 245 mAh g−1 can still be achieved after 2750 cycles at 2 Ag−1, indicating an outstanding cycling performance. The high capacity and long‐term stability make Sn‐MoS2‐C@C composite a very promising anode material for SIBs.
Vitamin B12 Catalysis: Probing the Structure/Efficacy Relationship
Authors: Karczewski Maksymilian , Ociepa Michał , Pluta Katarzyna , ó Proinsias Keith , Gryko Dorota
Published: February 2017

Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for many enzymes, but it also functions as a catalyst in C−C bond‐forming reactions. Herein, the impact of corrin structural modifications on their catalytic efficacy was examined. Derivatives with various substituents at c‐, d‐, and meso‐positions were synthesised by using traditional and new microwave methodologies, and then tested in the model reaction of 1,1‐diphenylethylene with ethyl diazoacetate. To complement the experimental data, cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations were performed. Mainly alterations at the c‐ or d‐positions influence both the reaction yield and selectivity.