bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parenting and White children's prosocial behaviors toward same‐race and other‐race peers: The moderating role of targeted moral emotions
Authors: Xu Jingyi , Spinrad Tracy L. , Xiao Sonya Xinyue , Eisenberg Nancy , Laible Deborah , Berger Rebecca , Carlo Gustavo
Published: March 2023

Objective

We examined the associations among parenting, children's moral emotions, and children's prosocial behaviors toward Black peers and White peers.

Background

Parenting practices inform children's prosocial behaviors; however, the contextual and individual factors that predict children's differentiated prosocial behaviors have been understudied.

Method

Participants were 190 White children (5.4 to 8.91 years old, 45.8% female) and their primary parents. Parents reported parenting practices. Children's prosocial behaviors were assessed through distribution tasks; children's sympathy and empathic anger were observed in response to films that depicted injustice toward others.

Results

Nurturant parenting positively predicted, whereas restrictive parenting negatively predicted, children's prosocial behaviors toward diverse others. Additionally, parenting predicted children's prosocial behaviors toward Black peers only when children expressed low levels of empathic anger toward victimized Black peers.

Conclusions

Overall, nurturant parenting is positively related, and restrictive parenting is negatively related, to children's prosocial behaviors toward different targets. Children's target‐specific empathic anger moderated the relation of specific parenting practices to children's prosocial behaviors toward racial outgroup peers.

Implications

White parents should understand the way that restrictive parenting might impede children's generosity toward diverse others and engage in nurturant parenting, especially when children do not naturally feel concerned about distressed outgroup members.
Dyadic coping and sexual well‐being in couples seeking assisted reproductive technology
Authors: El Amiri Sawsane , Rosen Natalie O. , Brassard Audrey , Rossi Meghan A. , Bergeron Sophie , Péloquin Katherine
Published: March 2023

Objective

This study examined whether perceptions of the partner's dyadic coping (DC) and of how partners cope together (common DC) are associated with sexual well‐being in couples seeking assisted reproductive technology.

Background

Although infertility has been associated with significant sexual concerns, little is known about the relational processes underlying couples' sexual well‐being.

Method

A sample of 232 couples with medical infertility completed questionnaires assessing DC and sexual well‐being (infertility‐related sexual concerns, distress, and satisfaction).

Results

Individuals who perceived that their partner engaged in higher negative DC reported lower sexual well‐being (actor effects). Men who perceived that their partner engaged in higher positive DC reported higher sexual satisfaction, whereas women reported greater infertility‐related sexual concerns (actor effects). Perceptions of higher common DC were associated with higher sexual well‐being for men and women (actor effects). Women whose partners reported perceptions of higher common DC also reported fewer infertility‐related sexual concerns (partner effect). Analyses adjusted for relationship satisfaction.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the need for future longitudinal research to gain a better understanding of the associations between dyadic factors and infertile couples' sexual well‐being.

Implications

These results suggest that the interpersonal context surrounding infertile couples' sexual well‐being should be routinely discussed and could be facilitated by promoting greater common DC.
Impacts of healthy marriage and relationship education with integrated economic stability services
Authors: Moore Quinn , Wood Robert G. , Wu April Yanyuan
Published: March 2023

Objective

This study evaluated the effectiveness of Empowering Families, a healthy marriage and relationship education (HMRE) program for low‐income couples with children supplemented with intensive employment and financial education services.

Background

Previous research found that programs offering both HMRE and economic stability services improved couples' relationship quality but not their economic outcomes. Those programs did not fully integrate economic stability and relationship education content, and take‐up rates for employment services were low.

Method

Eight hundred seventy‐nine eligible couples were randomly assigned to either (a) a program group that was offered Empowering Families or (b) a control group that was not offering this program. Key outcomes were measured 1 year after study enrollment through surveys of both members of the couple.

Results

Empowering Families improved all examined aspects of couples' relationship quality (the effect size of impacts ranges from 0.20 to 0.30); it did not affect relationship status. Empowering Families did not improve employment outcomes, but it did reduce economic hardship (the effect size of the impact is −0.13).

Conclusion

Empowering Families achieved its central goal of strengthening couples' relationship quality. The fact that Empowering Families reduced economic hardship points to the potential value of offering financial literacy services in conjunction with relationship education.

Implications

HMRE programs that offer intensive and integrated economic stability content can improve the outcomes of low‐income couples with children.
Historical geographies of place naming: Colonial practices and beyond
Authors: Williamson Beth
Published: March 2023

European colonialism sought to inscribe order and meaning on non‐European landscapes through the process of place naming. Naming or renaming was fundamental to the extension of imperial control over physical and human environments. This article offers a brief overview of the ways critical place name studies has addressed these colonial practices. In particular, the paper examines the power relationships inherent in place naming, asks questions about authority and authenticity in place naming, highlights the importance of sound in the performance of place names, and explores decolonial mapping practices as an opportunity to challenge neocolonial cartographies. I suggest that critical place name studies has been insufficiently attentive to orthography and that addressing the spelling of place names more directly offers important ways to understand how power and authority intersected with authenticity and reproducibility in colonial naming practices. I conclude by identifying the potential benefits to geographers of prioritising decolonial research by collaborating with indigenous peoples and incorporating indigenous practices within research.
Duluth Complex FC1 Apatite and Zircon: Reference Materials for (U‐Th)/He Dating?
Authors: Härtel Birk , Matthews William A. , Enkelmann Eva
Published: March 2023

The accuracy and validation of geo‐ and thermochronological dating hinges on the availability of well‐characterised age reference materials. The Mesoproterozoic gabbroic anorthosite FC1 from the Duluth Complex, Minnesota is a reference material for zircon U‐Pb and a suggested reference material for apatite fission‐track dating. We evaluate FC1 as (U‐Th)/He reference material, and determine its apatite U‐Pb, and zircon and apatite (U‐Th)/He age. Our dating results constrain the thermal history of FC1, showing that fast cooling occurred between ~ 1099 and 1040 Ma from ≥ 600 °C to ~ 200 °C. The zircon (U‐Th)/He data from air‐abraded grains give a robust isochron age of 1037 ± 25 Ma (2s) without overdispersion. The within‐grain homogeneity of U and Th, the availability of FC1 zircon, and the absence of radiation‐damage effects on the (U‐Th)/He age support its use as reference material. Unabraded zircon grains give lower and more dispersed ages, highlighting the usefulness of air abrasion to control for α‐ejection in (U‐Th)/He dating. Our apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He single‐grain ages vary between 180 and 300 Ma. Their wide dispersion argues against the use of FC1 apatite as (U‐Th‐Sm)/He reference material and makes the interpretation of their low‐temperature thermal history complicated.
The role of auditors and banks in the tax aggressiveness of private firms
Authors: Mättö Markus , Niskanen Mervi , Ojala Hannu
Published: March 2023

This study examines the role of auditors and monitoring banks in the tax aggressiveness of private firms. We use a unique data set of private small and medium‐sized entities (SMEs) in Finland where book–tax alignment is high and the auditing of private firms (exceeding a low threshold) is mandatory. We add to the existing literature by investigating the auditing of small private firms and using more detailed measures for bank monitoring. Our results suggest a positive association between tax aggressiveness and audit quality, implying that auditors play a greater role in providing tax‐related planning services than restraining tax aggressiveness. Furthermore, bank monitoring is positively associated with tax aggressiveness. This is consistent with lending banks being more interested in cash savings than reducing tax aggressiveness. Finally, we find no evidence of a joint effect of auditing and bank relationships. These results will interest the owners and managers of private companies, tax authorities and banks and the accounting and auditing profession.
Hydrogel bead delivery system encapsulates loaded with phloretin‐loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: microstructure, release and digestive behaviour
Authors: Gu Liyuan , Sun Rui , Wu Bi , Xia Qiang
Published: March 2023

The research assesses the properties of the phloretin‐loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) hydrogel bead. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the properties of phloretin NLC hydrogel beads. The in vitro release study indicated that the phloretin NLC hydrogel beads continued to release within 24 h. The simulated digestibility studies showed that the phloretin NLC hydrogel beads could improve digestive behaviour by controlling lipid intake. The results showed that hydrogel beads could be used as an appropriate delivery system for the encapsulation of phloretin. Hence, the NLC hydrogel beads are a potential carrier of phloretin for application in healthy food, which can control lipid intake.
Back for business: The link between foreign experience and entrepreneurship in Latvia
Authors: Vārpiņa Zane , Krūmiņa Marija , Fredheim Kata , Paalzow Anders
Published: March 2023

Research shows that return migrants have a higher propensity to set up an entrepreneurial activity or be self‐employed compared to non‐migrants. We take a multidisciplinary approach and empirically study the case of Latvia as a migration donor country to learn how re‐migrants participate in entrepreneurship back at home. We are interested if return migrants can be seen as a vehicle for entrepreneurship development and if it is worth looking at them as agents of business growth and innovation. Not only we measure the fact of being entrepreneurial but also explore sources that contribute to the higher propensity, attitudes to creating own business venture, level of ambitions and population sentiment towards entrepreneurs. Based on a nationally representative adult population survey of 8000 observations, we find that early‐stage entrepreneurial activity, established business ownership as well as intrapreneurship for return migrants exceed that of the non‐migrant population. The self‐perceived capabilities to start business is higher for those who have lived abroad, and fear of failure is lower. Return migrants also have better business networks and higher growth and export ambitions. Latvian return migrant entrepreneurship is not necessity driven but rather motivated by opportunities. Migration experience, length of stay aboard and capital accumulated abroad are found to be significant predictors of probability to become entrepreneur when controlled for socioeconomic and personal factors.
RETRACTED: A systematic review of social support and related factors among burns patients
Authors: Farzan Ramyar , Ghorbani Vajargah Pooyan , Mollaei Amirabbas , Karkhah Samad , Samidoust Pirouz , Takasi Poorya , Falakdami Atefeh , Firooz Mahbobeh , Hosseini Seyed Javad , Parvizi Arman , Haddadi Soudabeh
Published: March 2023

Burn injuries, as a major public health problem, can lead to high morbidity and mortality. Burns is considered as one of the most devastating injuries globally and the fourth most common injury after traffic accidents, falls and interpersonal violence. Burn injuries can affect human life, such as physical and mental health, functional skills, and performance. Changes in appearance, social isolation, stress, anxiety, depression, low self‐esteem, unemployment, financial burden and family problems can occur in these patients. These burn complications can be exacerbated without adequate social support. This systematic review evaluated burn patients' social support and related factors. A systematic search was performed on the international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as ‘Burns’, ‘Social support’, ‘Perceived social support’ and ‘Social care’ from the earliest to 30 April 2022. The quality of the included studies in this review was assessed using the appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 1677 burn patients were included in this review from 12 studies. Mean score of social support in burn patients based on multidimensional scale of perceived social support, Phillips's social support questionnaire, social support questionnaire, social support scale and Norbeck social support questionnaire were 5.04 (SD = 1.59) of 7, 22.06 (SD = 3.05), 78.20 (SD = 15.00) of 95, 82.24 (SD = 13.70) and 4.14 (SD = 0.99), respectively. Factors such as income, educational attainment, burn surface area, reconstructive surgery, quality of life, self‐esteem, socialisation, posttraumatic growth, spirituality, and ego resilience had a significant positive relationship with social support of burns patients. Social support in patients with burn had a significant negative relationship with factors such as psychological distress, having children, life satisfaction, neuroticism and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Overall, patients with burns had moderate levels of social support. Therefore, it is recommended that health policymakers and managers make it easier for burn patients to adapt to burns by providing psychological intervention programs and the social support needed by burn patients.
RETRACTED: A systematic review of caregivers' knowledge and related factors towards pressure ulcer prevention
Authors: Farzan Ramyar , Yarali Mohsen , Mollaei Amirabbas , Ghaderi Aliasghar , Takasi Poorya , Sarafi Milad , Samidoust Pirouz , Mahdiabadi Morteza Zaboli , Firooz Mahbobeh , Hosseini Seyed Javad , Vajargah Pooyan Ghorbani , Karkhah Samad
Published: March 2023

This systematic review aimed to examine the knowledge of caregivers regarding pressure ulcer (PU) prevention. A thorough, methodical search was conducted from the earliest date to February 1, 2023 using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as “Caregivers”, “Knowledge”, and “Pressure ulcer” in various international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Persian electronic databases such as Iranmedex and Scientific Information Database. The quality of the studies included in this systematic review was evaluated using an appraisal tool for cross‐sectional studies (AXIS tool). In total, 927 caregivers participated in the eight studies. The average age of the participants was 40.50 (SD = 12.67). Among the participants, 61.87% were women. The average caregiver's knowledge of PU prevention was 53.70 (SD = 14.09) out of 100, which suggests a moderate level of knowledge. Factors such as level of education, age, occupation, information about PUs, attitude, and practice had a significant positive relationship with caregivers' knowledge related to the prevention of PUs. Knowledge had a significantly negative relationship with age. In addition, marital status, type of relationship, age, gender, occupation, level of education, and inpatient wards had a significant relationship with caregivers' knowledge regarding PUs prevention. Therefore, managers and policymakers in the medical field can help increase caregivers' knowledge by providing an online or in‐person educational platform relevant to PU prevention.
‘Different things at different times’: Wellbeing strategies and processes identified by parents of children who have an intellectual disability or who are autistic, or both
Authors: Griffin Joanna , Gore Nick
Published: March 2023

Background

Most parents of children with an intellectual disability or who are autistic identify positives in their family life and their own wellbeing, in addition to reported mental health challenges. Several models and interventions have been developed in relation to parent carer wellbeing. Few studies have asked parent carers how they support their own wellbeing.

Method

Adopting an interpretive phenomenological approach this study utilised semi‐structured interviews. Seventeen parent carers were asked what supported their emotional wellbeing. Template Analysis was applied to develop themes.

Results

All participants identified factors that supported their wellbeing. Themes included strategies that countered stress (time for themselves, relaxation, ‘parking’ difficulties) and broader wellbeing strategies (finding meaningful life direction, greater understanding of child). An ongoing process of supporting wellbeing by ‘Reorienting and Finding Balance’ appeared central.

Conclusions

Self‐identified, multi‐dimensional strategies benefit parents' emotional wellbeing and should be considered in the context of support provided to families.
NR3C2 inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer via regulating glucose metabolism and phosphorylating AMPK
Authors: Liu Hui , Lei Wenqi , Li Zhigui , Wang Xiaodong , Zhou Liming
Published: March 2023

We aim to investigate the roles and mechanisms of NR3C2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression of NR3C2 in CRC tumours and paired paracancerous tissues of 71 CRC patients and five CRC cell lines was detected by western blotting, immunohistochemistry and real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR. Moreover, NR3C2 was overexpressed or knocked down in CRC cells by lentiviral vector transfection. The proliferation of cells was measured by MTT, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Glucose metabolism was assessed by detecting lactate production, glucose consumption and ATP production. Western blotting and real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR were used to detect the expression of AMPK, LDHA and HK2. The expression of NR3C2 was significantly decreased in CRC tumours compared to paracancerous tissues, which was correlated with distant metastasis, poor prognosis and advanced stages of CRC patients. Overexpressing NR3C2 suppressed the proliferation and promoted the G2/M cell cycle arrest of CRC cells. Furthermore, NR3C2 inhibited glucose metabolism by decreasing the expression of HK2 and LDHA. The phosphorylation of AMPK was also downregulated in CRC cells overexpressing NR3C2. This study demonstrated that NR3C2 inhibited the proliferation of CRC by inhibiting glucose metabolism and phosphorylation of AMPK which may serve as a therapeutic target for CRC.
Cross‐sectional quantitative validation of the paediatric Localized Scleroderma Quality of Life Instrument (LoSQI): A disease‐specific patient‐reported outcome measure
Authors: Zigler C. K. , Lin L. , Ardalan K. , Jacobe H. , Lane S. , Li S. C. , Luca N. J. C. , Prajapati V. H. , Schollaert K. , Teske N. , Torok K.
Published: March 2023

Background

The Localized Scleroderma Quality of Life Instrument (LoSQI) is a disease‐specific patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measure designed for children and adolescents with localized scleroderma (LS; morphea). This tool was developed using rigorous PRO methods and previously cognitively tested in a sample of paediatric patients with LS.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the LoSQI in a clinical setting.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data from four specialized clinics in the US and Canada were included in the analysis. Evaluation included reliability of scores, internal structure of the survey, evidence of convergent and divergent validity, and test–retest reliability.

Results

One hundred and ten patients with LS (age: 8–20 years) completed the LoSQI. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the use of two sub‐scores: Pain and Physical Functioning, and Body Image and Social Support. Correlations with other PRO measures were consistent with pre‐specified hypotheses.

Limitations

This study did not evaluate longitudinal validity or responsiveness of scores.

Conclusion

Results from a representative sample of children and adolescents with LS continue to support the validity of the LoSQI when used in a clinical setting. Future work to evaluate the responsiveness is ongoing.
Inferno: A guide to field experiments in online display advertising
Authors: Johnson Garrett A.
Published: March 2023

Online display advertising is a hostile medium for field experiments. Display‐ad effects are tiny and necessitate large‐scale experiments. The experimenter has limited control because ad exposure is jointly determined by advertisers, users, algorithms, and market competition. As such, online display ads provide useful lessons for experimenters at the frontier of digital research more generally. Display‐ad experiments place renewed focus on old topics like statistical power and compliance as well as on newer issues like identity fragmentation, experimental spillovers, and incrementality optimization. In this guide, I review these challenges, best practices, and new developments.
Beyond the LTV Ratio: Lending Standards, Regulatory Arbitrage, and Mortgage Default
Authors: GALÁN JORGE E. , LAMAS MATÍAS
Published: March 2023

Booming house prices are historically correlated with loose lending standards. Nonetheless, in Spain the loan‐to‐value (LTV) ratio failed to capture imbalances during the last housing boom. Using loan‐level data from millions of mortgages we show that inflated collateral valuations, used by banks as a mechanism to circumvent regulation, distorted the informative value of LTV, and masked the accumulation of risk. We identify that regulation relying upon a single measure is more prone to suffer from regulatory arbitrage, and that the optimal policy mix varies over the financial cycle. Overall, our study provides useful insights for the implementation of borrower‐based measures.
Deletion of CaMKIIα disrupts glucose metabolism, glutamate uptake, and synaptic energetics in the cerebral cortex
Authors: Andersen Jens V. , Westi Emil W. , Griem‐Krey Nane , Skotte Niels H. , Schousboe Arne , Aldana Blanca I. , Wellendorph Petrine
Published: March 2023

Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα) is a key regulator of neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. Synaptic activity and neurotransmitter homeostasis are closely coupled to the energy metabolism of both neurons and astrocytes. However, whether CaMKIIα function is implicated in brain energy and neurotransmitter metabolism remains unclear. Here, we explored the metabolic consequences of CaMKIIα deletion in the cerebral cortex using a genetic CaMKIIα knockout (KO) mouse. Energy and neurotransmitter metabolism was functionally investigated in acutely isolated cerebral cortical slices using stable 13C isotope tracing, whereas the metabolic function of synaptosomes was assessed by the rates of glycolytic activity and mitochondrial respiration. The oxidative metabolism of [U‐13C]glucose was extensively reduced in cerebral cortical slices of the CaMKIIα KO mice. In contrast, metabolism of [1,2‐13C]acetate, primarily reflecting astrocyte metabolism, was unaffected. Cellular uptake, and subsequent metabolism, of [U‐13C]glutamate was decreased in cerebral cortical slices of CaMKIIα KO mice, whereas uptake and metabolism of [U‐13C]GABA were unaffected, suggesting selective metabolic impairments of the excitatory system. Synaptic metabolic function was maintained during resting conditions in isolated synaptosomes from CaMKIIα KO mice, but both the glycolytic and mitochondrial capacities became insufficient when the synaptosomes were metabolically challenged. Collectively, this study shows that global deletion of CaMKIIα significantly impairs cellular energy and neurotransmitter metabolism, particularly of neurons, suggesting a metabolic role of CaMKIIα signaling in the brain.

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The distribution of marginal excess cement of implant‐supported vented and non‐vented zirconia crowns with and without cleaning procedures
Authors: Wang Fangfang , Li Qiang , Chen Li , Liu Hui , Chen Lin , Dong Heng
Published: March 2023

Purpose

To investigate the distribution of marginal excess cement in vented and non‐vented crowns and evaluate the effect of clinical cleaning procedures on the reduction of excess cement.

Materials and methods

Forty models with implant analogs in the position of the right maxillary first molar were divided into four groups (n = 10/group, vented/non‐vented crowns with or without cleaning procedures). The abutment finish lines were placed 1 mm below the artificial gingiva buccally, mesially, and distally and at the gingival level palatally. A standardized amount (20 mg) of resin cement was applied in a thin layer to the intaglio surface of zirconia vented and non‐vented crowns. The excess cement was removed by a dental explorer in groups with cleaning procedures. The distribution (area and depth) of the marginal excess cement was measured at each quadrant (buccal, mesial, palatal, and distal) for all study samples. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (ɑ = 0.05).

Results

The area and depth values of the excess cement in each quadrant in the vented group were significantly smaller than that in the non‐vented group, both with and without cleaning (p < 0.001). Cleaning procedures significantly reduced the area of excess cement in both vented and non‐vented groups (all, p < 0.001 except for p < 0.05 at the buccal aspect of the vented group). The depth of excess cement in the vented group was significantly decreased with cleaning in the buccal quadrant compared with that without cleaning (p < 0.01). However, the depth of excess cement of the non‐vented group was significantly increased with cleaning in all quadrants compared with that without cleaning (all, p < 0.001 except for p < 0.05 at the distal aspect).

Conclusions

Crown venting significantly reduced the area and depth of the marginal excess cement in vitro. Cleaning procedure with a dental explorer significantly reduced the area of marginal excess cement in vitro; however, the excess cement can be pushed deeper in the non‐vented group.
mTORC2‐AKT‐LAT1 signalling participates in methionine‐induced β‐CASEIN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows
Authors: Duan Xiaoyu , Liu Chuanping , Gong Xiaoqing , Yang Yang , Jiao Hongtao , Lin Ye , Hou Xiaoming
Published: March 2023

This study investigated the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)‐protein kinase B (AKT) signalling in methionine (Met)‐induced L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) expression and milk protein production. Primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from mammary parenchymal tissues of three lactating cows and MAC‐T bovine MECs were cultured with or without 0.6 mM Met. Rapamycin‐insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) siRNA, the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin and the AKT activator SC79 were used to evaluate the effects of mTORC2‐AKT signalling on Met‐induced LAT1 expression and function. Each experiment was performed three times. Data were analysed with a two‐sided unpaired t test or ANOVA with the Bonferroni multiple‐comparison test. Western blotting showed that Met stimulation increased RICTOR expression (~244.67%; p < 0.05; control, 0.15 ± 0.026; Met, 0.517 ± 0.109) and AKT‐S473 levels (~281.42%; p < 0.01; control, 0.253 ± 0.067; Met, 0.965 ± 0.019) in both primary MECs and MAC‐T cells. Rapamycin‐induced mTORC1 signalling inhibition decreased only Met‐induced β‐CASEIN expression by ~21.24% (p < 0.01; Met, 0.777 ± 0.01; Met and rapamycin, 0.612 ± 0.04) and did not affect Met‐stimulated AKT‐S473 levels, suggesting that mTORC2‐AKT activation upon Met stimulation also contributes to milk protein synthesis. LAT1 participates in Met‐induced β‐CASEIN expression. In dairy cow MECs, mTORC2 inhibition by RICTOR siRNA decreased LAT1 levels on the plasma membrane by ~45.13% (p < 0.01; control, 0.359 ± 0.006; siRICTOR, 0.197 ± 0.004). However, SC79‐induced AKT activation had the opposite effect (p < 0.01). In primary MECs and MAC‐T cells, Met stimulation increased cytosolic and plasma membrane LAT1 expression respectively (MECs, 113.98% and 58.43%; MAC‐T, 165.85% and 396.39%; p < 0.05). However, RICTOR siRNA significantly reduced Met‐induced plasma membrane LAT1 expression (~76.48%; Met, 0.539 ± 0.05; Met and siRICTOR, 0.127 ± 0.012; p < 0.05). Thus, Met increased LAT1 expression and function via mTORC2‐AKT signalling, upregulating milk protein synthesis in dairy cow MECs.
Effects of dietary lysine level on the growth performance, protein metabolism, and antioxidant status in Hemibagrus wyckioides juveniles
Authors: Sun Yan , Huang Han , Li Biwei , Su Linhai , Deng Junming , Cao Zhiyong
Published: March 2023

An 11‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the dietary lysine requirement for juvenile Hemibagrus wyckioides. Six isoproteic and isoenergetic diets (41.66% crude protein, 20.56 kJ/g gross energy) containing 1.1%, 1.5%, 1.9%, 2.3%, 2.7%, and 3.1% lysine were prepared to feed juveniles (average initial body weights of 1.25 g), respectively. The weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio significantly improved with the dietary lysine level up to 2.3%, 1.9%, 2.3%, and 2.3%, and then plateaued afterwards. The highest midgut trypsin and lipase activities as well as plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and nitric oxide content but the lowest plasma malondialdehyde content were recorded in fish fed diet with 2.3% lysine. Fish fed diets with 1.9% or 2.3% lysine exhibited the highest plasma total protein and insulin contents, the lowest plasma ammonia content, and relative expression levels of glutamate dehydrogenase in the liver and adenosine monophosphate deaminase in the liver and muscle. Similarly, fish‐fed diet with 2.7% lysine showed the lowest hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity but the highest hepatic expression level of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Broken‐line regression analysis based on SGR and FCR showed that the dietary lysine requirement for juvenile H. wyckioides was 2.04% to 2.09%, while dietary lysine of 2.3% was optimum for the antioxidant status of H. wyckioides.
Evolutionary history explains foliar spectral differences between arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal plant species
Authors: Jantzen Johanna R. , Laliberté Etienne , Carteron Alexis , Beauchamp‐Rioux Rosalie , Blanchard Florence , Crofts Anna L. , Girard Alizée , Hacker Paul W. , Pardo Juliana , Schweiger Anna K. , Demers‐Thibeault Sabrina , Coops Nicholas C. , Kalacska Margaret , Vellend Mark , Bruneau Anne
Published: March 2023

Leaf spectra are integrated foliar phenotypes that capture a range of traits and can provide insight into ecological processes. Leaf traits, and therefore leaf spectra, may reflect belowground processes such as mycorrhizal associations. However, evidence for the relationship between leaf traits and mycorrhizal association is mixed, and few studies account for shared evolutionary history.

We conduct partial least squares discriminant analysis to assess the ability of spectra to predict mycorrhizal type. We model the evolution of leaf spectra for 92 vascular plant species and use phylogenetic comparative methods to assess differences in spectral properties between arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal plant species.

Partial least squares discriminant analysis classified spectra by mycorrhizal type with 90% (arbuscular) and 85% (ectomycorrhizal) accuracy. Univariate models of principal components identified multiple spectral optima corresponding with mycorrhizal type due to the close relationship between mycorrhizal type and phylogeny. Importantly, we found that spectra of arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal species do not statistically differ from each other after accounting for phylogeny.

While mycorrhizal type can be predicted from spectra, enabling the use of spectra to identify belowground traits using remote sensing, this is due to evolutionary history and not because of fundamental differences in leaf spectra due to mycorrhizal type.
Notch activation promotes bone metastasis via SPARC inhibition in adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Ye , Liu Xiaoxiao , Zhu Lijing , Zhou Zheng , Cui Yajuan , Zhou Chuan‐Xiang , Li Tie‐jun
Published: March 2023

Objectives

We aimed to investigate bone metastasis induced by Notch signalling pathway dysregulation and to demonstrate that SPARC is a potential therapeutic target in adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) with Notch dysregulation.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 144 AdCC patients. RNA‐sequencing and enrichment analyses were performed using 32 AdCC samples. Osteonectin/SPARC and the Notch activation indicator Notch intracellular domain (NICD) were detected using immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation and migration assays were conducted using stably NICD over‐expressing cells. The effect of SPARC on osteoclast differentiation in NICD cells was investigated using western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining and resorption assays.

Results

RNA‐sequencing analysis showed that genes down‐regulated in Notch‐mutant AdCCs, such as SPARC, were enriched in ossification and osteoblast differentiation. Most (75/110, 68.2%) Notch1‐wild‐type AdCCs showed SPARC over‐expression, whereas 30 out of 34 (88.2%) Notch1‐mutant tumours showed low SPARC expression. SPARC over‐expression was then found negatively to be correlated with NICD expression in 144 AdCCs. NICD over‐expression promoted cell growth, migration and osteoclast differentiation, which could be partly reversed by exogenous SPARC.

Conclusions

Notch activation in AdCC contributes to bone metastasis through SPARC inhibition. The study results suggest that SPARC may represent a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target.
Heat stress can change the competitive outcome between fungi: insights from a modelling approach
Authors: Wesener Felix , Rillig Matthias C. , Tietjen Britta
Published: March 2023

Under a changing climate, soil fungal communities will increasingly be subject to periods of heat stress. These periods can affect the performance of individual fungi and their competition for space and resources. Competition between fungi is strongly controlled by the exudation of inhibitory compounds, resulting in different competitive outcomes that range from overgrowth of the inferior competitor to a deadlock, where the competing fungi inhibit each other. As heat stress can alter the competitive outcome between fungi, the community composition can also change strongly. So far, a general understanding of the mechanisms that drive the competitive outcome between fungi under heat stress is still missing. However, this understanding is essential to assess important community functions, such as decomposition or mediation of plant nutrition, which strongly depend on the fungal community composition.

Here, we used a partial differential equation (PDE) model simulating two fungal competitors in a two‐dimensional space, to mechanistically explain the observed change of fungal competition under heat stress. The model describes mycelial growth, the production and secretion of antifungal compounds and the synthesis of heat shock proteins of interacting colonies. We found a heat stress‐induced lag phase favouring the accumulation of antifungal compounds and the build‐up of inhibitor fields. This led to a qualitative change of the competitive outcome, reducing the occurrence of overgrowth by two thirds. The changes in competitive outcome favoured slower growing species, which benefit more strongly from the additional time during a stress‐induced lag to build up a defence or block territory that would otherwise be quickly claimed by faster competitors.

Our work is an important step towards understanding how environmental changes may lead to qualitative changes in competitive outcomes. Our results show the importance of explicitly including species interactions into studies of climate change effects.
Lip synechiae: A sequelae of carbamazepine‐induced erythema multiforme. A case report and review of current perspectives and controversies
Authors: Nokaneng Emmy N.
Published: March 2023

Lip synechiae as a sequalae of erythema multiforme (EM) is rare. However, the condition results in significant dysfunctionality and disfigurement in affected individuals. The objective of this clinical case report is to highlight the importance of the preventative strategies in carbamazepine‐induced EM to alleviate complications such as lip synechiae. We reviewed a case report of lip synechiae as a sequelae of carbamazepine‐induced EM as well as the previously reported cases of lip synechiae. A 23‐year‐old female presented with the inability to open her mouth following carbamazepine exposure with concomitant eruption of mucocutaneous lesions on the torso, acral, conjunctiva and haemorrhagic crusting on both lips with fusion thereof. The lip synechiae resulted in dysfunction and disfigurement with reduced verbal articulation and mastication. Based on the history and the characteristic appearance of the mucocutaneous lesions, a diagnosis of EM was made. The suspected inciting drug was withdrawn followed by bilateral chalinoplasty. To prevent further adhesion of the lips, chlorhexidine‐impregnated paraffin gauze dressing was applied. The patient attained good functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Nitrogen application improves salt tolerance of grape seedlings via regulating hormone metabolism
Authors: Zhang Congcong , Lu Xu , Yan Haokai , Gong Meishuang , Wang Wenhui , Chen Baihong , Ma Shaoying , Li Sheng
Published: March 2023

Salt stress is a dominant environmental factor that restricts the growth and yield of crops. Nitrogen is an essential mineral element for plants, regulates various physiological and biochemical processes, and has been reported to enhance salt tolerance in plants. However, the crosstalk between salt and nitrogen in grapes is not well understood. In this study, we found that nitrogen supplementation (0.01 and 0.1 mol L−1 NH4NO3) significantly increased the accumulation of proline, chlorophyll, Na+, NH4+, and NO3−, while it reduced the malondialdehyde content and inhibited photosynthetic performance under salt stress conditions (200 mmol L−1 NaCl). Further transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that a total of 4890 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 753 differently accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Joint omics results revealed that plant hormone signal transduction pathway connected the DEGs and DAMs. In‐depth analysis revealed that nitrogen supplementation increased the levels of endogenous abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid by inducing the expression of 11, 4, and 13 genes related to their respective biosynthesis pathway. In contrast, endogenous indoleacetic acid content was significantly reduced due to the remarkable regulation of seven genes of its biosynthetic pathway. The modulation in hormone contents subsequently activated the differential expression of 13, 10, 12, and 29 genes of the respective downstream hormone signaling transduction pathways. Overall, all results indicate that moderate nitrogen supplementation could improve salt tolerance by regulating grape physiology and endogenous hormone homeostasis, as well as the expression of key genes in signaling pathways, which provides new insights into the interactions between mineral elements and salt stress.
Fear conditioning depends on the nature of the unconditional stimulus and may be related to hair levels of endocannabinoids
Authors: Ney Luke J. , Nichols David S. , Lipp Ottmar V.
Published: March 2023

The replicability of fear conditioning research has come under recent scrutiny, with increasing acknowledgment that the use of differing materials and methods may lead to incongruent results. Direct comparisons between the main two unconditional stimuli used in fear conditioning – an electric shock or a loud scream—are scarce, and yet these stimuli are usually used interchangeably. In the present study, we tested whether a scream, a shock, or an unpredictable combination of the two affected fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear amongst healthy participants (N = 109, 81 female). We also collected hair samples and tested the relationship between fear conditioning and hair endocannabinoid levels. Our findings suggest that, although subjective ratings of pleasantness, arousal, and anxiety were similar regardless of the unconditional stimuli used, skin conductance responses were significantly lower for stimuli paired with the scream compared to a shock alone. Further, reducing the predictability of the unconditional stimulus reduced habituation of skin conductance responses during acquisition and reacquisition, but did not produce stronger conditioning compared to shock alone. Exploratory analyses suggested that hair endocannabinoids were associated with overall physiological arousal during fear conditioning, as well as higher return of fear to the threat cue, but not to the safety cue. These findings have multiple implications for the design and replicability of fear conditioning research and provide the first evidence for an association between hair levels of endocannabinoids and human fear conditioning.
On the number of vertices of projective polytopes
Authors: García‐Colín Natalia , Montejano Luis Pedro , Alfonsín Jorge Luis Ramírez
Published: March 2023

Let X be a set of n points in in general position. What is the maximum number of vertices that can have among all the possible permissible projective transformations T? In this paper, we investigate this and other related questions. After presenting several upper bounds, obtained by using oriented matroid machinery, we study a closely related problem (via Gale transforms) concerning the maximal number of minimal Radon partitions of a set of points. The latter led us to a result supporting a positive answer to a question of Pach and Szegedy asking whether balanced 2‐colorings of points in the plane maximize the number of induced multicolored Radon partitions. We also discuss a related problem concerning the size of topes in arrangements of hyperplanes as well as a tolerance‐type problem of finite sets.
Investigating the Effects of H, CH3, and C2H5 Radicals on the Kinetics of Ignition for Methane/Air Mixtures
Authors: Hui-Sheng Peng , Tian-Hang Yang
Published: March 2023

A comprehensive understanding of the effects of free radicals on the ignition properties of practical fuel is critical for the performance of hypersonic vehicles. In this study, the free radical effects of H, CH3, and C2H5 on the ignition delay times of methane/air mixtures at dosages of 10−7–10−2 (mole fraction) were systemically analyzed via kinetic analysis with two detailed mechanisms (i.e., AramcoMech 2.0 and USC MECH II). Results showed that the addition of free radicals mainly promoted the ignition process at low temperature (800 K), while the addition of molecule H2 mainly improved the ignition process at high temperature (1250 K). When the additional fractions of free radicals were less than 10−3, promoting effects of the three kinds of free radicals were the same. Differences appeared only when the contents were higher than 10−2. Further kinetic analyses indicated that the addition of free radicals could change the critical reactions during the ignition process of methane/air mixtures. The ignition delay times were reduced by increasing the generation rate of OH radical and heat release rate with the addition of free radicals, while the overall output of OH and flame temperature were not affected by the free radicals.
Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Multi-Task Scheduling in Cloud Manufacturing Under Different Task Arrival Modes
Authors: Ping Yaoyao , Liu Yongkui , Zhang Lin , Wang Lihui , Xu Xun
Published: March 2023

Cloud manufacturing is a service-oriented networked manufacturing model that aims to provide manufacturing resources as services in an on-demand manner. Scheduling is one of the key techniques for cloud manufacturing to achieve the aim. Multi-task scheduling with dynamical task arrivals is a critical problem in cloud manufacturing. Many traditional algorithms such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) have been used to address the issue, which, however, either are incapable of or perform poorly in tackling the problem. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) as the combination of deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL) provides an effective technique in this regard. In view of this, we employ a typical DRL algorithm—Deep Q-network (DQN)—and propose a DQN-based approach for multitask scheduling in cloud manufacturing. Three different task arrival modes—arriving at the same time, arriving in random batches, and arriving one by one sequentially—are considered. Four baseline methods including random scheduling, round-robin scheduling, earliest scheduling, and minimum execution time (min-time) scheduling are investigated. A comparison of results indicates that the DQN-based scheduling approach is effective and performs best among all approaches in addressing the multitask scheduling problem in cloud manufacturing.
Enhanced Schlieren System for In Situ Observation of Dynamic Light–Resin Interactions in Projection-Based Stereolithography Process
Authors: Chivate Aditya , Zhou Chi
Published: March 2023

Digital maskless lithography is gaining popularity due to its unique ability to quickly fabricate high-resolution parts without the use of physical masks. By implementing controlled grayscaling and exposure control, it has the potential to replace conventional lithography altogether. However, despite the existence of a theoretical foundation for photopolymerization, observing the voxel growth process in situ is a significant challenge. This difficulty can be attributed to several factors, including the microscopic size of the parts, the low refractive index difference between cured and uncured resin, and the rapid rate of photopolymerization once it crosses a certain threshold. As such, there is a pressing need for a system that can address these issues. To tackle these challenges, the paper proposes a modified Schlieren-based observation system that utilizes confocal magnifying optics to create a virtual screen at the camera's focal plane. This system allows for the visualization of the minute changes in refractive indices made visible by the use of Schlieren optics, specifically the deflection of light by the changing density-induced refractive index gradient. The use of focusing optics provides the system with the flexibility needed to position the virtual screen and implement optical magnification. The researchers employed single-shot binary images with different pixel numbers to fabricate voxels and examine the various factors affecting voxel shape, including chemical composition and energy input. The observed results were then compared against simulations based on Beer–Lambert's law, photopolymerization curve, and Gaussian beam propagation theory. The physical experimental results validated the effectiveness of the proposed observation system. The paper also briefly discusses the application of this system in fabricating microlenses and its advantages over theoretical model-based profile predictions.