bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening Quality Evaluation Factors of Freeze-Dried Peach (Prunus PersicaL. Batsch) Powders from Different Ripening Time Cultivars
Authors: Liu Chun-ju , Wang Hai-ou , Xue You-lin , Zhang Zhong-yuan , Niu Li-ying , Li Da-jing , Jiang Ning , Cui Li , Liu Chun-quan
Published: June 2017

The quality evaluation of processed products is complex. To simplify the quality evaluation process and improve the efficiency, fourteen evaluation factors of freeze-dried powders of seventeen cultivars of peach at different ripening times were analyzed. The most important evaluation indicators and criteria were obtained by analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), system cluster analysis (SCA), and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results showed that the peach powders had the significant differences in quality (P<0.05), and some processing factors were related with some physicochemical and nutritional factors. Five principle components were extracted by PCA and the cumulative contribution achieved was 84.46%. Through the score plot of the first two principal components, a clear differentiation among ripening times was found and three distinct groups were separated according to ripening time. Five characteristic factors were obtained as titratable acid, browning index, hemicellulose, hygroscopicity, and vitamin C by SCA. Their weights of 0.1249, 0.3007, 0.0514, 0.4916, and 0.0315 were obtained by AHP, respectively. The peach cultivars were divided into four evaluation grades by the comprehensive quality score.
H2S Loss through Nalophan™ Bags: Contributions of Adsorption and Diffusion
Authors: Eusebio Lidia , Capelli Laura , Sironi Selena
Published: June 2017

Hydrogen-sulfide (H2S) is a molecule of small dimensions typically present in the odor emissions from different plants. The European Standard EN 13725:2003 set a maximum storage time allowed of 30 hours, during which the sampling bag has to maintain the mixture of odorants with minimal changes. This study investigates the H2S losses through Nalophan bags and it shows that nonnegligible losses of H2S can be observed. The percent H2S loss after 30 hrs with respect to the initial concentration is equal to 33%  ± 3% at a relative humidity of 20% and equal to 22%  ± 1% at a relative humidity of 60%. The average quantity of adsorbed H2S at 30 h is equal to 2.17 105 gH2S/gNalophan at a storage humidity of 20% and equal to 1.79 105 gH2S/gNalophan at a storage humidity of 60%. The diffusion coefficients of H2S through Nalophan, for these two humidity conditions tested, are comparable (i.e., 7.5 10−12 m2/sec at 20% humidity and 6.6 10−12 m2/sec at 60% humidity).
Research on the Stability of NDGM Model with the Fractional Order Accumulation and Its Optimization
Authors: Duan Huiming , Shao Kailiang , Xiao Xinping , Yang Jinwei
Published: June 2017

The grey forecasting model has been successfully applied in numerous fields since it was proposed. The nonhomogeneous discrete grey model (NDGM) was approximately constructed based on the nonhomogeneous index trend; it increased the applicability of discrete grey model. However, the NDGM required accurate data and better effect when the original data did not meet the conditions and fitting and prediction errors were larger. For this, the NDGM with the fractional order accumulating operator (abbreviated as ) has higher performance. In this paper, the matrix perturbation bound of the parameters was used to analyze the stability of and the can decrease the disturbance bound. Subsequently, the parameter estimation method of was studied and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm was employed to optimize the order number of and some steps were provided. In addition, the results of two practical examples demonstrated that the perturbation of was smaller than that of NDGM and provided remarkable predication performance compared with the traditional NDGM model and DGM model.
Burden of Misconception in Sexual Health Care Setting: A Cross-Sectional Investigation among the Patients Attending a Psychiatric Sex Clinic of Bangladesh
Authors: Arafat S. M. Yasir , Ahmed Srijony
Published: June 2017

Background. Bangladesh is a country in South Asia with about 160 million people and achieved health related Millennium Development Goals (MDG) significantly. But sexual health is still an untapped issue with predominant myths and misconception. Objective. We aimed to look into the proportions of patients attending sexual health care services due to misconceptions. Methods. The descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 patients attending Psychiatric Sex Clinic (PSC) of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Respondents were included in the study with convenient sampling from November 2016 to March 2017. Data were collected through face-to-face interview with semistructured preformed, pretested questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software 16.0 version. Results. Most of the patients (93%) were male, 60% were married, 62% were urban habitant, 42% were under grade 10, and 33% were service holder. Total 55% of the patients had misconceptions and 29% visited only for misconception; 14% had Premature Ejaculation; and 12% had desire disorder. 32% of the patients had psychiatric disorders and among them depression was most common, 13%. Conclusion. Positive openness in sexual health and appropriate strategy should be taken to improve the quality of sexual life as well as reduce the misconception in the people of Bangladesh.
Conceptual Change in a Microcosm: Comparative Learning Analysis of a Learning Event
Authors: diSessa Andrea A.
Published: June 2017

This article examines a remarkable learning event where a high school class developed, on its own, a stable, normative view of thermal equilibration. The event is also notable because the intuitive ideas that students bootstrapped into their model of equilibration have been thoroughly documented in prior research. Therefore, the process of changing prior conceptions is well delineated. The main point of the article is to review what happened in this microcosm of learning from multiple perspectives to examine how well each perspective can account for the learning that took place. We use three competing views of conceptual change: Knowledge in Pieces, the Theory Theory, and the Ontological View. We argue that Knowledge in Pieces provides a more detailed and more adequate account of the learning that took place, whereas that learning contradicts core commitments of the Theory Theory and of the Ontological View.
Influence of Intrinsic and Lifestyle Factors on the Development of IgE Sensitization
Authors: Stemeseder Teresa , Klinglmayr Eva , Moser Stephanie , Lang Roland , Himly Martin , Oostingh Gertie J. , Zumbach Joerg , Bathke Arne C. , Hawranek Thomas , Gadermaier Gabriele
Published: June 2017

Background: IgE sensitization is a prerequisite for the development of allergic symptoms. The investigation of factors influencing the development of IgE is therefore crucial for understanding the onset of allergic diseases. Methods: This epidemiological study investigated personal, intrinsic, and lifestyle factors in a nonselected cohort of 501 Austrian adolescents (aged 12-21 years). IgE levels to 112 allergen molecules were analyzed in the serum of participants using the ImmunoCAP ISAC®. Allergic sensitization, IgE levels to single allergens, and ISAC score sums were correlated with results obtained from a questionnaire. Results: In this adolescent cohort, male participants showed a higher sensitization frequency (56.8%) compared to females (50.9%) and significantly increased IgE levels to profilins. Underweight subjects demonstrated a stronger IgE sensitization. Family size inversely correlated with IgE levels to PR-10 allergens, and predominately paternal allergies were a predictive factor for IgE sensitization in the children. Vaccination, breastfeeding, and delivery mode showed no influence, while a highly protective effect was observed for growing up on a farm. Of all of the investigated lifestyle factors, only smoking significantly influenced the risk for IgE development. Participants with moderate frequencies of colds showed increased sensitization levels. Conclusion: A hereditary predisposition and lifestyle factors such as a farming environment, smoking, family size, body weight, or frequency of colds significantly influenced the development of allergen-specific IgE in this cohort of adolescents.
As forças encantadas: dança, festa e ritual entre os Pankararu
Authors: Athias Renato , Pankararu Sarapó
Published: June 2017

“As forças encantadas: dança, festa e ritual entre os Pankararu” é um ensaio fotográfico elaborado a partir do acervo de imagens de Carlos Estevão de Oliveira, do Museu do Estado de Pernambuco, no âmbito do projeto intitulado: “Povos Indígenas de Pernambuco: Memória, Documentação e Pesquisas” do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Etnicidade (NEPE) da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
Saberes em jogo: a criação do videogame Huni Kuin: Yube Baitana
Authors: Meneses Guilherme Pinho
Published: June 2017

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a experiência de desenvolvimento do videogame Huni Kuin: Yube Baitana (os caminhos da jiboia) por antropólogos, programadores e artistas de São Paulo (SP) e indígenas do povo Huni Kuĩ (Kaxinawá) do Rio Jordão (AC), visando descrever o seu processo de construção, bem como os conhecimentos, transformações e criatividades empreendidas no projeto. Também se pretende, a partir de uma breve apresentação de questões, a exemplo de formas de circulação de saberes, direitos autorais, pacto etnográfico, registro e tecnologia entre povos indígenas, colocar indagações iniciais acerca do estatuto do novo objeto, de usos e usuários potenciais, bem como de certas implicações jurídicas, educacionais e antropológicas.
Aplicação do Ksn Index e do SL Index no Estudo dos Knickpoints no Perfil Longitudinal do Rio Ribeira de Iguape-SP
Authors: Souza André De Oliveira , Perez Filho Archimedes
Published: June 2017

Perfis longitudinais têm sido amplamente estudados pela ciência geomorfológica, pois se constituem como um parâmetro fundamental para a compreensão dos processos e dinâmicas fluviais. Embora os estudos por meio dessa abordagem venham sendo ampliados, muitos questionamentos têm surgido em relação à aplicabilidade desses índices em decorrência da grande complexidade dos sistemas fluviais, sobretudo àqueles de leito misto e situados em regiões tropicais úmidas. Deste modo, no trabalho apresentado o objetivo principal foi avaliar as relações existentes entre os knickpoints verificados no perfil longitudinal do rio Ribeira de Iguape, localizado no litoral sul do estado de São Paulo, com fatores litológicos, estruturais e processos autogênicos. Foram aplicados o Ksn index e o SL index que utilizam diferentes variáveis e, portanto, apresentam sensibilidades a diferentes aspectos presentes no sistema fluvial. Os resultados indicam que os processos que originaram os knickpoints apresentam grande complexidade decorrente dos múltiplos fatores ambientais que incluem a litologia, tectônica, clima (atual e subatual), além de processos autogênicos; bem como a escala utilizada no estudo. Por fim, os índices utilizados apresentaram sensibilidades diferentes às características físicas da bacia, principalmente àqueles relacionadas à declividade.
Antropogeomorfologia e Problemática Erosiva em Área Rural Degradada, Marabá Paulista (SP)
Authors: Zanatta Felipe Augusto Scudeller , Lupinacci Cenira Maria , Boin Marcos Norberto , Moruzzi Rodrigo Braga
Published: June 2017

A erosão do solo representa um problema de dimensões globais, a qual promove perdas de recursos naturais, área agricultável e produtividade dos solos, afetando toda sociedade, mas, sobretudo, pontualmente os agricultores e a economia. Considerando essa problemática, neste artigo buscou-se compreender as interferências antrópicas na dinâmica erosiva de uma bacia com dois processos de voçorocamento, localizada no Município de Marabá Paulista (SP). Para tanto, foram realizados mapeamentos de geomorfologia e uso e cobertura superficial da terra, em escala 1:10.000, dos cenários de 1963, 1979, 1997, 2010 e 2015. As informações mapeadas foram quantificadas de acordo com a natureza espacial de cada variável, e trabalhadas conjuntamente através do Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson (p). Como resultado, identificou-se correlação positiva de forte à perfeita entre as pastagens e os processos erosivos e destes, também, com os terraços agrícolas e bacias de contenção, uma vez que a infiltração abastece a voçoroca existente na área, de modo a aumentar o fluxo de água no talvegue e promover desbarrancamentos nas laterais e cabeceira dessa forma erosiva, dinamizando as vertentes, principalmente, aquelas com superpastoreio. Assim, compreende-se que as técnicas conservacionistas, quando não acompanhadas de mudanças no uso da terra adequadas às características físicas e aos processos atuantes, têm sua função pervertida, contribuindo com a evolução dos processos erosivos.
Caracterização Física dos Microrrelevos de Murundus na Chapada Uberlândia-Uberaba/MG: Discussões Preliminares Sobre Gênese
Authors: Moreira Vinícius Borges , Perez Filho Archimedes
Published: June 2017

Murundus são microrrelevos típicos do Cerrado brasileiro, comumente encontrados em relevos tabulifores. Este trabalho se propõe a identificar as caracterisiticas físicas de um campo de murundus na nascente do Rio da Rocinha localizada na chapada Uberlândia-Uberaba região do Triângulo Mineiro-MG. Para tal, foram realizados trabalhos de campo para coletar amostras da cobertura superficial com a finalidade de realizar análises gramulométricas. Como técnica auxiliar também foi realizado perfil tranversal com a finalidade de identificar as formas e topografia do campo de murundus. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: identificação de textura muito argilosa para o campo de murundus, ilustrações da forma e cobertura superficial dos murundus e identififcação da variação sazonal do lençol freático, que puderam subisidiar as conclusões sobre aspéctos genéticos em relação as microformas dos murundus.
Mapeamento de Superfícies Impermeáveis em Áreas Urbanas Utilizando Imagens Índices Geradas Pelo Sistema Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper
Authors: Sakuno Natanael Rodolfo Ribeiro , Kawakubo Fernando Shinji , Spalevic Velibor , Mincato Ronaldo Luiz
Published: June 2017

As áreas de superfície impermeáveis são indicativas de urbanização e por meio do mapeamento delas é possível mensurar os impactos que a urbanização gera no ecossistema urbano. O sensoriamento remoto constitui uma ferramenta valiosa que permite não só mapear a diversidade de uso e de cobertura vegetal como também estimar a porcentagem de cobertura impermeável. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo estimar por meio de imagens multiespectrais do satélite Landsat-5 TM as superfícies impermeáveis existentes na mancha urbana de São José dos Campos - SP. A estimativa de superfícies impermeáveis foi feita por meio de três índices: o Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), o Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) e o Built-up (BU). Para a validação dos resultados obtidos, foram utilizadas imagens ortorretificadas do satélite Quickbird com resolução espacial de 0,5 metros.
Hidrodinâmica da Confluência dos Rios Cuiabá e Paraguai, Pantanal Mato-grossense
Authors: Luz Leandro Domingos , Stevaux José Cândido , Parolin Mauro , Silva Aguinaldo
Published: June 2017

Zonas de confluência são marcadas pela forte interação de matéria e energia de canais com características distintas e se apresentam como ambiente único no contexto da bacia de drenagem. No caso do Pantanal, a incidência sazonal dos pulsos de inundação contribui para maior dinâmica entre os fluxos e até então sem estudos com esse espectro. Nesse sentido, foram executadas duas campanhas, na vazante (novembro 2015) e outra na cheia (abril de 2016), com a finalidade de caracterizar a hidrodinâmica da zona de confluência com uso da sonda Acoustic Doppler for Current Profiler. Os dados primários foram usados nas equações para caracterizar as condições hidráulicas e de geometria de canal. Observou-se que o rio Cuiabá, embora seja tributário do Paraguai, possui maior dominância no fluxo durante a vazante, bem como maior vazão e velocidade. A dinâmica entre os fluxos dos dois canais tem contribuído com a inundação perene na porção norte do Pantanal.
Inventário dos Escorregamentos da Bacia do Rio Gurutuba, Vale do Ribeira (SP)
Authors: Carou Camila Bertaglia , Vieira Bianca Carvalho , Martins Tiago Damas , Gramani Marcelo Fischer
Published: June 2017

A cidade de Itaóca, Vale do Ribeira, foi atingida por três grandes processos relacionados a um volume pluviométrico extremo no mês de janeiro de 2014. A precipitação, concentrada nas cabeceiras de três bacias, rio Palmital, Guarda-Mão e Gurutuba, deflagrou um grande número de escorregamentos rasos, corrida de detritos na bacia do Guarda-Mão e inundação na área urbana. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e algumas características dos escorregamentos deflagrados na bacia do Gurutuba. Os resultados mostraram que a maior concentração de cicatrizes ocorreu nos terços médio e inferior da bacia, sendo que a maior parte das cicatrizes possui dimensões de até 300m², com o predomínio da classe entre 100m²-150m². Estes dados poderão contribuir para trabalhos posteriores como uso de ferramentas estatísticas ou modelos matemáticos de previsão de escorregamentos.
Eventos Extremos de Precipitação no Perfil Longitudinal Paraty (RJ) - Campos do Jordão (SP)
Authors: Oliveira Maria Rita Pelegrin de , Galvani Emerson
Published: June 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade das precipitações e seus respectivos valores extremos ao longo do perfil longitudinal SE – NW, entre os municípios de Paraty/RJ, Cunha/SP, Taubaté/SP e Campos do Jordão/SP. Para isso, foram utilizados  dados secundários de séries temporais de 21 anos (entre 1982 – 2002) para cada localidade. Estas séries temporais apresentam valores dos acumulados diários de precipitação; com estes dados foram aplicadas técnicas estatísticas de análise de tendência central e box plot. Com o primeiro método, foram elaborados gráficos das médias mensais e dos volumes máximos de precipitação em 24 horas; já com o método box plot (quartis) foi obtida a  distribuição estatística do volumes de precipitação e seus respectivos valores extremos, os também chamados de outliers. Como resultado, as análises apontaram para uma maior frequência de chuvas menos intensas ao longo do perfil longitudinal, porém com ocorrências de eventos extremos em 24h que superaram em até 138,9% as médias mensais esperadas. A análise de tendência central mostrou resultados mais generalizdos, porém foi capaz de demonstrar as diferenças entre as máximas em 24h e as médias mensais esperadas para cada localidade. Com a técnica de análise do box plot, os resultados foram mais detalhados, demonstrando de maneira mais nítida o variabilidade dos volumes de precipitação ao longo da série, incrementando, desta forma, a qualidade da análise da distribuição das precipitações.
Proteomic-Biostatistic Integrated Approach for Finding the Underlying Molecular Determinants of Hypertension in Human Plasma
Authors: Gajjala Prathibha R. , Jankowski Vera , Heinze Georg , Bilo Grzegorz , Zanchetti Alberto , Noels Heidi , Liehn Elisa , Perco Paul , Schulz Anna , Delles Christian , Kork Felix , Biessen Erik , Narkiewicz Krzysztof , Kawecka-Jaszcz Kalina , Floege Juergen , Soranna Davide , Zidek Walter , Jankowski Joachim
Published: June 2017

Despite advancements in lowering blood pressure, the best approach to lower it remains controversial because of the lack of information on the molecular basis of hypertension. We, therefore, performed plasma proteomics of plasma from patients with hypertension to identify molecular determinants detectable in these subjects but not in controls and vice versa. Plasma samples from hypertensive subjects (cases; n=118) and controls (n=85) from the InGenious HyperCare cohort were used for this study and performed mass spectrometric analysis. Using biostatistical methods, plasma peptides specific for hypertension were identified, and a model was developed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression. The underlying peptides were identified and sequenced off-line using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. By comparison of the molecular composition of the plasma samples, 27 molecular determinants were identified differently expressed in cases from controls. Seventy percent of the molecular determinants selected were found to occur less likely in hypertensive patients. In cross-validation, the overall
R
2
was 0.434, and the area under the curve was 0.891 with 95% confidence interval 0.8482 to 0.9349,
P
<0.0001. The mean values of the cross-validated proteomic score of normotensive and hypertensive patients were found to be −2.007±0.3568 and 3.383±0.2643, respectively,
P
<0.0001. The molecular determinants were successfully identified, and the proteomic model developed shows an excellent discriminatory ability between hypertensives and normotensives. The identified molecular determinants may be the starting point for further studies to clarify the molecular causes of hypertension.
Blood Pressure, Antihypertensive Polypharmacy, Frailty, and Risk for Serious Fall Injuries Among Older Treated Adults With Hypertension
Authors: Bromfield Samantha G. , Ngameni Cedric-Anthony , Colantonio Lisandro D. , Bowling C. Barrett , Shimbo Daichi , Reynolds Kristi , Safford Monika M. , Banach Maciej , Toth Peter P. , Muntner Paul
Published: June 2017

Antihypertensive medication and low systolic blood pressure (BP) and diastolic BP have been associated with an increased falls risk in some studies. Many older adults have indicators of frailty, which may increase their risk for falls. We contrasted the association of systolic BP, diastolic BP, number of antihypertensive medication classes taken, and indicators of frailty with risk for serious fall injuries among 5236 REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Difference in Stroke) participants ≥65 years taking antihypertensive medication at baseline with Medicare fee-for-service coverage. Systolic BP and diastolic BP were measured, and antihypertensive medication classes being taken assessed through a pill bottle review during a study visit. Indicators of frailty included low body mass index, cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms, exhaustion, impaired mobility, and history of falls. Serious fall injuries were defined as fall-related fractures, brain injuries, or joint dislocations using Medicare claims through December 31, 2014. Over a median of 6.4 years, 802 (15.3%) participants had a serious fall injury. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for a serious fall injury among participants with 1, 2, or ≥3 indicators of frailty versus no frailty indicators was 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.40), 1.49 (95% confidence interval, 1.19–1.87), and 2.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.56–2.67), respectively. Systolic BP, diastolic BP, and number of antihypertensive medication classes being taken at baseline were not associated with risk for serious fall injuries after multivariable adjustment. In conclusion, indicators of frailty, but not BP or number of antihypertensive medication classes, were associated with increased risk for serious fall injuries among older adults taking antihypertensive medication.
Increased Angiotensin II Sensitivity Contributes to Microvascular Dysfunction in Women Who Have Had Preeclampsia
Authors: Stanhewicz Anna E. , Jandu Sandeep , Santhanam Lakshmi , Alexander Lacy M.
Published: June 2017

Women who have had preeclampsia have increased cardiovascular disease risk; however, the mechanism(s) responsible for this association remain unclear. Microvascular damage sustained during a preeclamptic pregnancy may persist postpartum. The putative mechanisms mediating this dysfunction include a reduction in NO-dependent dilation and an increased sensitivity to angiotensin II. In this study, we evaluated endothelium-dependent dilation, angiotensin II sensitivity, and the therapeutic effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade (losartan) on endothelium-dependent dilation in vivo in the microvasculature of women with a history of preeclampsia (n=12) and control women who had a healthy pregnancy (n=12). We hypothesized that preeclampsia would have (1) reduced endothelium-dependent dilation, (2) reduced NO-mediated dilation, and (3) increased sensitivity to angiotensin II. We further hypothesized that localized losartan would increase endothelium-dependent vasodilation in preeclampsia. We assessed microvascular endothelium-dependent vasodilator function by measurement of cutaneous vascular conductance responses to graded infusion of acetylcholine (acetylcholine; 10
−7
–102 mmol/L) and a standardized local heating protocol in control sites and sites treated with 15 mmol/L L-NAME (
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester; NO-synthase inhibitor) or 43 µmol/L losartan. Further, we assessed microvascular vasoconstrictor sensitivity to angiotensin II (10
−20
–10
−4
mol/L). Preeclampsia had significantly reduced endothelium-dependent dilation (−0.3±0.5 versus −1.0±0.4 log
EC50
;
P
<0.001) and NO-dependent dilation (16±3% versus 39±6%;
P
=0.006). Preeclampsia also had augmented vasoconstrictor sensitivity to angiotensin II (−10.2±1.3 versus −8.3±0.5;
P
=0.006). Angiotensin II type I receptor inhibition augmented endothelium-dependent vasodilation and NO-dependent dilation in preeclampsia but had no effect in healthy pregnancy. These data suggest that women who have had preeclampsia have persistent microvascular dysfunction postpartum, mediated, in part, by increased sensitivity to angiotensin II.
Predicting Motivation: Computational Models of PFC Can Explain Neural Coding of Motivation and Effort-based Decision-making in Health and Disease
Authors: Vassena Eliana , Deraeve James , Alexander William H.
Published: June 2017

Human behavior is strongly driven by the pursuit of rewards. In daily life, however, benefits mostly come at a cost, often requiring that effort be exerted to obtain potential benefits. Medial PFC (MPFC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) are frequently implicated in the expectation of effortful control, showing increased activity as a function of predicted task difficulty. Such activity partially overlaps with expectation of reward and has been observed both during decision-making and during task preparation. Recently, novel computational frameworks have been developed to explain activity in these regions during cognitive control, based on the principle of prediction and prediction error (predicted response–outcome [PRO] model [Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 1338–1344, 2011], hierarchical error representation [HER] model [Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. Hierarchical error representation: A computational model of anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neural Computation, 27, 2354–2410, 2015]). Despite the broad explanatory power of these models, it is not clear whether they can also accommodate effects related to the expectation of effort observed in MPFC and DLPFC. Here, we propose a translation of these computational frameworks to the domain of effort-based behavior. First, we discuss how the PRO model, based on prediction error, can explain effort-related activity in MPFC, by reframing effort-based behavior in a predictive context. We propose that MPFC activity reflects monitoring of motivationally relevant variables (such as effort and reward), by coding expectations and discrepancies from such expectations. Moreover, we derive behavioral and neural model-based predictions for healthy controls and clinical populations with impairments of motivation. Second, we illustrate the possible translation to effort-based behavior of the HER model, an extended version of PRO model based on hierarchical error prediction, developed to explain MPFC–DLPFC interactions. We derive behavioral predictions that describe how effort and reward information is coded in PFC and how changing the configuration of such environmental information might affect decision-making and task performance involving motivation.
Typification of species names of Schaefferia (Celastraceae) from Argentina
Authors: BIRAL LEONARDO
Published: June 2017

Schaefferia Jacquin (1760: 10) is a genus of Celastraceae family endemic to the New World currently comprising 23 species (Simmons et al. 2012). It occurs from the southern U.S.A. (Florida) to Argentina, including Antilles, but shows a greater diversity of species in the northern hemisphere. The genus is characterized by: dioecious plants (unisexual flowers), leaves alternate or fasciculate in short shoots, fasciculate inflorescences, flowers 4-merous, disk indistinct or absent, and drupes.
Cremanthodium lingulatum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) is merged with C. pseudo-oblongatum
Authors: WANG LONG , REN CHEN , YANG QIN-ER
Published: June 2017

Critical observations on both herbarium specimens (including type material) and living plants demonstrate that Cremanthodium lingulatum and C. pseudo-oblongatum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) are conspecific. We therefore place the former into the synonymy of the latter. Lectotypification is proposed for C. pseudo-oblongatum.
Warneckea albiflora, a new species of W. subgenus Carnosae (Melastomataceae—Olisbeoideae) from coastal dry forest in northern Mozambique
Authors: STONE ROBERT DOUGLAS , TENZA NTOMBIPHUMILE PERCEVERENCE
Published: June 2017

Described and illustrated is Warneckea albiflora R.D. Stone & N.P. Tenza, another localized endemic of coastal dry forest near Quiterajo in Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado Province. In Flora Zambesiaca the new species would key to Memecylon sansibaricum Taub. [≡Warneckea sansibarica (Taub.) Jacq.-Fél.], but is distinguished by its elliptic-lanceolate, attenuate–acuminate leaves and white flowers borne on pedicels 3.5–4 mm long (versus leaves elliptic and rounded to shortly and obtusely acuminate, pedicels 6–15 mm long, and flowers pale blue to deep blue in Warneckea  sansibarica). Because of its evidently very limited occurrence as well as on-going anthropogenic threats, Warneckea albiflora is provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) B1ab(iii) according to IUCN criteria. A key is provided to the Mozambican species of Warneckea.
Oreocharis crispata, a new species of Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: CHEN RUN-ZHENG , CHEN WEN-HONG , WEI YI-GANG , WEN FANG , YU XUN-LIN , SHUI YU-MIN
Published: June 2017

Oreocharis crispata, a new species of Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae) from northeastern Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is compared with its most morphologically similar species O. nemoralis and O. magnidens. Besides, the relationship between the new species and Oreocharis × heterandra is discussed here.
Aquatic microdrile Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata): New nominal taxa and combinations since 1984
Authors: TIMM TARMO
Published: June 2017

This is a catalogue of 1081 new nominal taxa and 372 new combinations or names with new ranks of available scientific names given to the oligochaetes in freshwater and marine families that have been described since the publication of the monograph by Brinkhurst & Jamieson (1971) and its supplement (Brinkhurst & Wetzel 1984). Eight names are listed for the family Alluroididae, seven for the Capilloventridae, 26 for the Haplotaxidae, 144 for the Lumbriculidae, 75 for the Naididae, two for the Opistocystidae, 11 for the Parvidrilidae, 51 for the Phreodrilidae, 34 for the Pristinidae, six for the Randiellidae, one for the Tiguassidae, and 1088 for the Tubificidae. In the Propappidae and the Narapidae there are no new names or combinations subsequent to 1984. Families with predominantly terrestrial species are excluded from this paper. More than half of the species-group names, 54.4%, belong to marine taxa.
Two new species of Ampithoidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from northeastern Brazil
Authors: ANDRADE LUIZ F. , SENNA ANDRÉ R.
Published: June 2017

Two new species of the family Ampithoidae Stebbing, 1899 are described from northeastern Brazilian waters. The newly described species belong to the genera Ampithoe Leach, 1814 and Cymadusa Savigny, 1816. Ampithoe robustimana sp. nov. is characterized by: gnathopod 1 propodus elongated, robust and subrectangular, palm almost transverse with a mid-palmar subquadrate tooth; gnathopod 2 propodus elongated, robust and subrectangular, palm almost transverse. Cymadusa ygara sp. nov. is established based on a unique female holotype and is characterized by: antenna 1 accessory flagellum 2-articulate; gnathopod 2 palm slightly concave with a stout setae defining palm; coxae 2–5 bilobate. The examined material of Ampithoe robustimana sp. nov. was collected at Pacheco beach, municipality of Caucaia, Ceará state, while type material of Cymadusa ygara sp. nov. is from Icapuí beach, also in Ceará state.
Description of a new Notocomplana species (Platyhelminthes: Acotylea), new combination and new records of Polycladida from the northeastern Sea of Japan, with a comparison of two different barcoding markers
Authors: OYA YUKI , KAJIHARA HIROSHI
Published: June 2017

We describe Notocomplana hagiyai sp. nov. from Ishikari Bay, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Notocomplana hagiyai sp. nov. is characterized by i) a larger prostatic vesicle relative to the seminal vesicle and ii) a Lang’s duct that is shorter than the long axis of Lang’s vesicle. Melloplana japonica (Kato, 1937) is transferred to the genus Notocomplana Faubel, 1983 based on the structure of its prostatic vesicle, and we record the finding of N. koreana (Kato, 1937) and N. septentrionalis (Kato, 1937) in western Hokkaido. A pair of new cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) primers was designed to infer the phylogeny among the four species, and we concluded that COI is more informative than 16S rRNA for barcoding polyclad flatworms.
A new extinct species of large bullfinch (Aves: Fringillidae: Pyrrhula) from Graciosa Island (Azores, North Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: RANDO J.C , PIEPER H. , OLSON STORRS L. , PEREIRA F. , ALCOVER J.A.
Published: June 2017

A new species of extinct bullfinch, Pyrrhula crassa n. sp., is described from bones found in Furna do Calcinhas, a small cave situated at Caldeira, a volcano located in the southeastern portion of the Graciosa Island (Azores archipelago, North Atlantic Ocean). It is the first extinct passerine bird to be described from this archipelago. Both skull and post-cranial bones are larger in the new species than in its relatives, the Eurasian Bullfinch (P. pyrrhula) and the Azores Bullfinch or “Priolo” from São Miguel Island (P. murina), the new species being the largest known in this genus. The morphology of its humerus and the estimated wing length and surface area seem to indicate a flying ability similar to that of the extant P. murina. The possible sources of colonization of the genus into Azores, causes and chronology of extinction of the new species are discussed
The Use of Ground-Based GPS Precipitable Water Measurements over China to Assess Radiosonde and ERA-Interim Moisture Trends and Errors from 1999 to 2015
Authors: Zhang Weixing , Lou Yidong , Haase Jennifer S. , Zhang Rui , Zheng Gang , Huang Jinfang , Shi Chuang , Liu Jingnan
Published: June 2017

Global positioning system (GPS) data from over 260 ground-based permanent stations in China covering the period from 1 March 1999 to 30 April 2015 were used to estimate precipitable water (PW) above each site with an accuracy of about 0.75 mm. Four types of radiosondes (referred to as GZZ2, GTS1, GTS1-1, and GTS1-2) were used in China during this period. Instrumentation type changes in radiosonde records were identified by comparing PW calculated from GPS and radiosonde data. Systematic errors in different radiosonde types introduced significant biases to the estimated PW trends at stations where more than one radiosonde type was used. Estimating PW trends from reanalysis products (ERA-Interim), which assimilate the unadjusted radiosonde humidity data, resulted in an artificial downward PW trend at almost all stations in China. The statistically significant GPS PW trends are predominantly positive, consistent in sign with the increase in moisture expected from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation due to a global temperature increase. The standard deviations of the differences between ERA-Interim and GPS PW in the summer were 3 times larger than the observational error of GPS PW, suggesting that potentially significant improvements to the reanalysis could be achieved by assimilating denser GPS PW observations over China. This work, based on an entirely independent GPS PW dataset, confirms previously reported significant differences in radiosonde PW trends when using corrected data. Furthermore, the dense geographical coverage of the all-weather GPS PW observations, especially in remote areas in western China, provides a valuable resource for calibrating regional trends in reanalysis products.
Low-Frequency Seismic Node Based on Molecular-Electronic Transfer Sensors for Marine and Transition Zone Exploration
Authors: Antonov Alexander , Shabalina Anna , Razin Andrey , Avdyukhina Svetlana , Egorov Ivan , Agafonov Vadim
Published: June 2017

A self-contained seismic station that has a modular structure adjustable to different operational conditions—like onshore, offshore to 500-m depth, and at transition zones—has been developed and field tested. The station operation frequency band is 1–300 Hz, which is wider than that of the majority of seismic stations based on using standard (10 Hz) geophones. Such improvement was achieved through the use of molecular-electronic transfer seismic sensors that allow for covering a low-frequency part of the spectrum that is needed for broadband processing and receiving information on subsurface formation. Basically, the system includes a module of sensing elements, a module of digital electronics, and a battery module. Optionally, a self-surfacing module could be used. The field test of the station was performed in August 2016 in the Sea of Azov.
Difficulties in Comprehending Affirmative and Negative Sentences: Evidence From Chinese Children With Reading Difficulties
Authors: Hu Shenai , Vender Maria , Fiorin Gaetano , Delfitto Denis
Published: June 2017

Recent experimental results suggest that negation is particularly challenging for children with reading difficulties. This study looks at how young poor readers, speakers of Mandarin Chinese, comprehend affirmative and negative sentences as compared with a group of age-matched typical readers. Forty-four Chinese children were tested with a truth value judgment task. The results reveal that negative sentences were harder to process than affirmative ones, irrespective of the distinction between poor and typical readers. Moreover, poor readers performed worse than typical readers in comprehending sentences, regardless of whether they were affirmative or negative sentences. We interpret the results as (a) confirming the two-step simulation hypothesis, based on the result that the difficulty in processing negation has a general validity (persisting in pragmatically felicitous contexts), and (b) disconfirming that negation, as far as behavioral data are concerned, can be used as a reliable linguistic predictor of reading difficulties.
Some New Ways of Modeling T/D Deletion in English
Authors: Pavlík Radoslav
Published: June 2017

The paper is concerned with the morpheme-final inter-consonantal T/D deletion in Standard British English. Its main aim is to explore some new ways of modeling this phenomenon and to test several new variables. Among the innovations suggested in the study are separate treatments of /t/ and /d/ as dependent variables, analysis of so-called neutralized contexts, testing of several previously unstudied predictors (including usage-based predictors), recategorization of most of the traditional formal linguistic predictors, and a proposition of a new articulatory-gestural model of T/D deletion. It is concluded that the strongest constraints on T/D deletion are the presence of the following consonant (a phonetic predictor) and the influence of /CC/-sequence text frequency (a usage-based predictor). The results of the study show that although the traditional (formal) linguistic predictors play a prominent role in T/D deletion, this process cannot be adequately explained without taking into account the frequency of occurrence and the mutual interplay of language patterns.
Canadian Human Rights Policy toward Guatemala: The Two Faces of Janus?
Authors: Anzueto Marc-André
Published: June 2017

During Guatemala’s 36-year-long civil war (1960–1996), Canada’s role in response to the conflict diverged from the United States’ realpolitik. In contrast to U.S. policy objectives during the cold war, the Canadian distinctiveness in Guatemala was prevalent in the realm of democracy and human rights policy. The Canadian government and civil society condemned human rights violations in Guatemala, supported the various phases of the peace process, and participated in international efforts to strengthen the rule of law. However, since 2003–2004, the Canadian government has promoted mining investments to the detriment of human rights and its relationship with civil society has deteriorated both at home and in Guatemala. This shift can be linked to a securitization process of human rights within the neoliberal order in Latin America and a change in the identity-based interest of Canadian foreign policy during Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s era (2006–2015).

Durante los 36 años de guerra civil en Guatemala (1960-1996), la respuesta canadiense se distinguió de la realpolitik estadunidense. A diferencia de los objetivos políticos estadunidenses durante la Guerra Fría, la presencia canadiense en torno a Guatemala se dio en el ámbito de la democracia y la política de derechos humanos. El gobierno y sociedad civil canadienses condenaron las violaciones de los derechos humanos en Guatemala, apoyaron las distintas fases del proceso de paz y participaron en los esfuerzos internacionales para fortalecer el Estado de derecho. Sin embargo, desde 2003–2004, el gobierno de Canadá ha promovido inversiones mineras en detrimento de los derechos humanos, y su relación con la sociedad civil se ha deteriorado tanto en casa como en Guatemala. Este cambio puede vincularse a un proceso de seguridización de los derechos humanos dentro del orden neoliberal de América Latina y un cambio en la política exterior canadiense, antes basada en la identidad, durante el gobierno de Stephen Harper (2006–2015).
The Rebuilding of the South Bronx after the Fiscal Crisis
Authors: Chronopoulos Themis
Published: June 2017

This article explores the rebuilding of the South Bronx since 1977. This rebuilding represents an important public policy accomplishment, since the South Bronx was one of the most physically devastated areas in the United States. In terms of economic policy, the rebuilding of the South Bronx defies linear narratives. One the one hand, public–private partnerships, which represent some of the most important features of urban neoliberalism, were used heavily in the revitalization of the South Bronx. Community organizations that had been rebuilding areas in the South Bronx in the 1970s and the 1980s were required to conform to the requirements of the market, if they were to continue participating in urban development. On the other hand, the building of housing for low- and moderate-income people is not exactly a neoliberal economic policy, since these housing units were built with public subsidies and regulated by government agencies. In its insistence to rebuild the South Bronx as well as other physically devastated areas, the city government of New York became involved in creative financing by incorporating nongovernment organizations that were ran by accomplished businesspeople but remained nonprofit. And whatever the original intentions of city administrations in building and preserving affordable housing in the South Bronx may have been, the accommodation of so many low-income people performing low-paying but essential jobs has contributed to the making of a more vibrant urban economy, even if these same people are not necessarily the ones benefitting from New York’s economic dynamism.
Effect of Oral Branched‐Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Postoperative Blood Lactate Levels in Patients Undergoing Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Nanno Yoshihide , Toyama Hirochika , Terai Sachio , Mizumoto Takuya , Tanaka Motofumi , Kido Masahiro , Ajiki Tetsuo , Fukumoto Takumi
Published: June 2017

Background: Elevations in blood lactate levels have been associated with poor postoperative outcome. The aim of the present study was to determine if preoperative supplementation with branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) decreases postoperative blood lactate levels in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy. Methods: The cases of 223 consecutive patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative blood lactate levels in patients who were treated with BCAA supplementation before pancreatoduodenectomy (December 2011–December 2014) were compared with levels in patients who were not pretreated (January 2008–November 2011). Results: Postoperative lactate levels were significantly lower in patients who received preoperative BCAA supplementation than in patients who did not (2.6 vs 3.1 mmol/L, P = .005), although preoperative blood lactate levels were statistically equivalent between the groups. In the univariate analysis, preoperative BCAA supplementation, preoperative lactate levels, operation time, and postoperative glucose levels were associated with postoperative lactate levels. A multiple regression analysis was performed among the 4 factors, and the preoperative use of BCAA supplementation was independently correlated with postoperative lactate levels (P = .046). Conclusions: Preoperative BCAA supplementation decreased postoperative blood lactate levels. These results suggest that preoperative BCAA supplementation may help patients recover after surgery.
Long‐Term Otologic and Audiometric Outcomes in Patients with Cleft Palate
Authors: Imbery Terence E. , Sobin Lindsay B. , Commesso Emily , Koester Lindsey , Tatum Sherard A. , Huang Danning , Wang Dongliang , Nicholas Brian D.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Describe longitudinal audiometric and otologic outcomes in patients with cleft palates.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Single academic medical center.

Methods

Charts of 564 patients with a diagnosis of cleft palate (59% syndromic etiology, 41% nonsyndromic) from 1998 to 2014 were reviewed. Patients without at least 1 audiometric follow‐up were excluded from analysis. Patient demographics, surgeries, audiometric tests, and otologic data were recorded for 352 patients.

Results

Forty‐five percent had isolated cleft palates, 34% had unilateral cleft lip and palate, and 21% had bilateral cleft lip and palate. Patients were followed for a mean of 50.3 months with a mean of 3.2 separate audiograms performed. Patients received a mean of 2.93 pressure equalization tubes. Increased number of pressure equalization tubes was not associated with incidence of cholesteatoma, which was identified in only 4 patients. Nine patients underwent eventual tympanoplasty with an 89% closure rate. Analysis of mean air‐bone gap by cleft type did not reveal significant differences (P =. 08), but conductive losses and abnormal tympanometry persisted into teenage years.

Conclusions

Patients with cleft palates have eustachian tube dysfunction, which, in our cohort, resulted in persistent conductive hearing loss, highlighting the importance of long‐term follow‐up. Cholesteatoma incidence was low and not associated with number of tubes, which at our institution were placed prophylactically. Tympanoplasty was successful in those with persistent perforations.