bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient CRISPR editing with a hypercompact Cas12f1 and engineered guide RNAs delivered by adeno-associated virus
Authors: Kim Do Yon , Lee Jeong Mi , Moon Su Bin , Chin Hyun Jung , Park Seyeon , Lim Youjung , Kim Daesik , Koo Taeyoung , Ko Jeong-Heon , Kim Yong-Sam
Published: September 2021

Gene therapy would benefit from a miniature CRISPR system that fits into the small adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome and has high cleavage activity and specificity in eukaryotic cells. One of the most compact CRISPR-associated nucleases yet discovered is the archaeal Un1Cas12f1. However, Un1Cas12f1 and its variants have very low activity in eukaryotic cells. In the present study, we redesigned the natural guide RNA of Un1Cas12f1 at five sites: the 5′ terminus of the trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA), the tracrRNA–crRNA complementary region, a penta(uridinylate) sequence, the 3′ terminus of the crRNA and a disordered stem 2 region in the tracrRNA. These optimizations synergistically increased the average indel frequency by 867-fold. The optimized Un1Cas12f1 system enabled efficient, specific genome editing in human cells when delivered by plasmid vectors, PCR amplicons and AAV. As Un1Cas12f1 cleaves outside the protospacer, it can be used to create large deletions efficiently. The engineered Un1Cas12f1 system showed efficiency comparable to that of SpCas9 and specificity similar to that of AsCas12a.
Predictors of COVID-19 epidemics in countries of the World Health Organization African Region
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Karamagi Humphrey , Nsenga Ngoy , Nanyunja Miriam , Karinja Miriam , Amanfo Seth , Chase-Topping Margo , Calder-Gerver Giles , McGibbon Miles , Huber Alexandra , Wagner-Gamble Tara , Guo Chuan-Guo , Haynes Samuel , Morrison Alistair , Ferguson Miranda , Awandare Gordon A. , Mutapi Francisca , Yoti Zabulon , Cabore Joseph , Moeti Matshidiso R. , Woolhouse Mark E. J.
Published: September 2021

Countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region have experienced a wide range of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics. This study aimed to identify predictors of the timing of the first COVID-19 case and the per capita mortality in WHO African Region countries during the first and second pandemic waves and to test for associations with the preparedness of health systems and government pandemic responses. Using a region-wide, country-based observational study, we found that the first case was detected earlier in countries with more urban populations, higher international connectivity and greater COVID-19 test capacity but later in island nations. Predictors of a high first wave per capita mortality rate included a more urban population, higher pre-pandemic international connectivity and a higher prevalence of HIV. Countries rated as better prepared and having more resilient health systems were worst affected by the disease, the imposition of restrictions or both, making any benefit of more stringent countermeasures difficult to detect. Predictors for the second wave were similar to the first. Second wave per capita mortality could be predicted from that of the first wave. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights unanticipated vulnerabilities to infectious disease in Africa that should be taken into account in future pandemic preparedness planning.
Early treatment of COVID-19 with anakinra guided by soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor plasma levels: a double-blind, randomized controlled phase 3 trial
Authors: Kyriazopoulou Evdoxia , Poulakou Garyfallia , Milionis Haralampos , Metallidis Simeon , Adamis Georgios , Tsiakos Konstantinos , Fragkou Archontoula , Rapti Aggeliki , Damoulari Christina , Fantoni Massimo , Kalomenidis Ioannis , Chrysos Georgios , Angheben Andrea , Kainis Ilias , Alexiou Zoi , Castelli Francesco , Serino Francesco Saverio , Tsilika Maria , Bakakos Petros , Nicastri Emanuele , Tzavara Vassiliki , Kostis Evangelos , Dagna Lorenzo , Koufargyris Panagiotis , Dimakou Katerina , Savvanis Spyridon , Tzatzagou Glykeria , Chini Maria , Cavalli Giulio , Bassetti Matteo , Katrini Konstantina , Kotsis Vasileios , Tsoukalas George , Selmi Carlo , Bliziotis Ioannis , Samarkos Michael , Doumas Michael , Ktena Sofia , Masgala Aikaterini , Papanikolaou Ilias , Kosmidou Maria , Myrodia Dimitra-Melia , Argyraki Aikaterini , Cardellino Chiara Simona , Koliakou Katerina , Katsigianni Eleni-Ioanna , Rapti Vassiliki , Giannitsioti Efthymia , Cingolani Antonella , Micha Styliani , Akinosoglou Karolina , Liatsis-Douvitsas Orestis , Symbardi Styliani , Gatselis Nikolaos , Mouktaroudi Maria , Ippolito Giuseppe , Florou Eleni , Kotsaki Antigone , Netea Mihai G. , Eugen-Olsen Jesper , Kyprianou Miltiades , Panagopoulos Periklis , Dalekos George N. , Giamarellos-Bourboulis Evangelos J.
Published: September 2021

Early increase of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) serum levels is indicative of increased risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to respiratory failure. The SAVE-MORE double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of anakinra, an IL-1α/β inhibitor, in 594 patients with COVID-19 at risk of progressing to respiratory failure as identified by plasma suPAR ≥6 ng ml−1, 85.9% (n = 510) of whom were receiving dexamethasone. At day 28, the adjusted proportional odds of having a worse clinical status (assessed by the 11-point World Health Organization Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS)) with anakinra, as compared to placebo, was 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.26–0.50). The median WHO-CPS decrease on day 28 from baseline in the placebo and anakinra groups was 3 and 4 points, respectively (odds ratio (OR) = 0.40, P < 0.0001); the respective median decrease of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score on day 7 from baseline was 0 and 1 points (OR = 0.63, P = 0.004). Twenty-eight-day mortality decreased (hazard ratio = 0.45, P = 0.045), and hospital stay was shorter.
Systematic evaluation of chromosome conformation capture assays
Authors: Akgol Oksuz Betul , Yang Liyan , Abraham Sameer , Venev Sergey V. , Krietenstein Nils , Parsi Krishna Mohan , Ozadam Hakan , Oomen Marlies E. , Nand Ankita , Mao Hui , Genga Ryan M. J. , Maehr Rene , Rando Oliver J. , Mirny Leonid A. , Gibcus Johan H. , Dekker Job
Published: September 2021

Chromosome conformation capture (3C) assays are used to map chromatin interactions genome-wide. Chromatin interaction maps provide insights into the spatial organization of chromosomes and the mechanisms by which they fold. Hi-C and Micro-C are widely used 3C protocols that differ in key experimental parameters including cross-linking chemistry and chromatin fragmentation strategy. To understand how the choice of experimental protocol determines the ability to detect and quantify aspects of chromosome folding we have performed a systematic evaluation of 3C experimental parameters. We identified optimal protocol variants for either loop or compartment detection, optimizing fragment size and cross-linking chemistry. We used this knowledge to develop a greatly improved Hi-C protocol (Hi-C 3.0) that can detect both loops and compartments relatively effectively. In addition to providing benchmarked protocols, this work produced ultra-deep chromatin interaction maps using Micro-C, conventional Hi-C and Hi-C 3.0 for key cell lines used by the 4D Nucleome project.
Assessment of avidity related to IgG subclasses in SARS-CoV-2 Brazilian infected patients
Authors: Moura Andrew D. , da Costa Hernan H. M. , Correa Victor A. , de S. Lima Ana K. , Lindoso José A. L. , De Gaspari Elizabeth , Hong Marisa A. , Cunha-Junior Jair P. , Prudencio Carlos R.
Published: September 2021

SARS-CoV-2 is considered a global emergency, resulting in an exacerbated crisis in the health public in the world. Although there are advances in vaccine development, it is still limited for many countries. On the other hand, an immunological response that mediates protective immunity or indicates that predict disease outcome in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains undefined. This work aimed to assess the antibody levels, avidity, and subclasses of IgG to RBD protein, in symptomatic patients with severe and mild forms of COVID-19 in Brazil using an adapted in-house RBD-IgG ELISA. The RBD IgG-ELISA showed 100% of specificity and 94.3% of sensibility on detecting antibodies in the sera of hospitalized patients. Patients who presented severe COVID-19 had higher anti-RBD IgG levels compared to patients with mild disease. Additionally, most patients analyzed displayed low antibody avidity, with 64.4% of the samples of patients who recovered from the disease and 84.6% of those who died in this avidity range. Our data also reveals an increase of IgG1 and IgG3 levels since the 8th day after symptoms onset, while IgG4 levels maintained less detectable during the study period. Surprisingly, patients who died during 8–14 and 15–21 days also showed higher anti-RBD IgG4 levels in comparison with the recovered (P < 0.05), suggesting that some life-threatening patients can elicit IgG4 to RBD antibody response in the first weeks of symptoms onset. Our findings constitute the effort to clarify IgG antibodies' kinetics, avidity, and subclasses against SARS-CoV-2 RBD in symptomatic patients with COVID-19 in Brazil, highlighting the importance of IgG antibody avidity in association with IgG4 detection as tool laboratory in the follow-up of hospitalized patients with more significant potential for life-threatening.
Contrasting effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban birds’ reproductive success in two cities
Authors: Seress Gábor , Sándor Krisztina , Vincze Ernő , Pipoly Ivett , Bukor Boglárka , Ágh Nóra , Liker András
Published: September 2021

The ubiquitous activity of humans is a fundamental feature of urban environments affecting local wildlife in several ways. Testing the influence of human disturbance would ideally need experimental approach, however, in cities, this is challenging at relevant spatial and temporal scales. Thus, to better understand the ecological effects of human activity, we exploited the opportunity that the city-wide lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic provided during the spring of 2020. We assessed changes in reproductive success of great tits (Parus major) at two urban habitats affected strikingly differently by the ‘anthropause’, and at an unaffected forest site. Our results do not support that urban great tits benefited from reduced human mobility during the lockdown. First, at one of our urban sites, the strongly (− 44%) reduced human disturbance in 2020 (compared to a long-term reference period) did not increase birds’ reproductive output relative to the forest habitat where human disturbance was low in all years. Second, in the other urban habitat, recreational human activity considerably increased (+ 40%) during the lockdown and this was associated with strongly reduced nestling body size compared to the pre-COVID reference year. Analyses of other environmental factors (meteorological conditions, lockdown-induced changes in air pollution) suggest that these are not likely to explain our results. Our study supports that intensified human disturbance can have adverse fitness consequences in urban populations. It also highlights that a few months of ‘anthropause’ is not enough to counterweight the detrimental impacts of urbanization on local wildlife populations.
Phase transformation and enhanced blue photoluminescence of zirconium oxide poly-crystalline thin film induced by Ni ion beam irradiation
Authors: Chauhan Vishnu , Gupta Deepika , Koratkar Nikhil , Kumar Rajesh
Published: September 2021

Swift heavy ions (SHI) irradiation of Nickel (Ni) beam with different ions fluence bring the modifications in the functional properties of radio frequency (RF) grown zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanocrystalline thin films. X-ray diffraction analysis affirms the monoclinic to tetragonal phase transformation and diminishing of peak at higher fluence 1 × 1014and 2 × 1014ions/cm2induced by electronic excitation caused by SHI. Zirconium oxide thin films exhibit the same thickness (195 nm) of virgin and irradiated samples and whereas the nanocrystalline thin films have the elemental composition in proper stoichiometry (1:2) as analyzed by rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Photoluminescence measurements confirm the blue emission of virgin and irradiated sample recorded at excitation wavelength 270 to 310 nm. The intensity of obtained emission bands varies with fluence which is interpreted in terms of generation and annihilation of defect centers. The characteristic Agand BgRaman modes of monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2are obtained at different positions. Moreover, the nanocrystalline ZrO2thin films exhibits the most prominent absorption phenomenon in the visible range and the irradiation cause significant decrease in band gap to 3.69 eV compare to the virgin ZrO2sample (3.86 eV). XPS analysis indicates the shifting of the core levels Zr 3d and O 1s towards higher binding energy and spin—orbit splitting of different states. The findings in this research justify that the irradiated thin films can be a potential candidate for designing of new materials, intense radiation environments, nuclear reactors, nuclear waste systems, clean energy sources.
A life cycle assessment of reprocessing face masks during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: van Straten Bart , Ligtelijn S. , Droog L. , Putman E. , Dankelman J. , Weiland N. H. Sperna , Horeman T.
Published: September 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic led to threatening shortages in healthcare of medical products such as face masks. Due to this major impact on our healthcare society an initiative was conducted between March and July 2020 for reprocessing of face masks from 19 different hospitals. This exceptional opportunity was used to study the costs impact and the carbon footprint of reprocessed face masks relative to new disposable face masks. The aim of this study is to conduct a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to assess and compare the climate change impact of disposed versus reprocessed face masks. In total 18.166 high quality medical FFP2 face masks were reprocessed through steam sterilization between March and July 2020. Greenhouse gas emissions during production, transport, sterilization and end-of-life processes were assessed. The background life cycle inventory data were retrieved from the ecoinvent database. The life cycle impact assessment method ReCiPe was used to translate emissions into climate change impact. The cost analysis is based on actual sterilization as well as associated costs compared to the prices of new disposable face masks. A Monte Carlo sampling was used to propagate the uncertainty of different inputs to the LCA results. The carbon footprint appears to be 58% lower for face masks which were reused for five times compared to new face masks which were used for one time only. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the loading capacity of the autoclave and rejection rate of face masks has a large influence on the carbon footprint. The estimated cost price of a reprocessed mask was €1.40 against €1.55. The Life Cycle Assessment demonstrates that reprocessed FFP2 face masks from a circular economy perspective have a lower climate change impact on the carbon footprint than new face masks. For policymakers it is important to realize that the carbon footprint of medical products such as face masks may be reduced by means of circular economy strategies. This study demonstrated a lower climate change impact and lower costs when reprocessing and reusing disposable face masks for five times. Therefore, this study may serve as an inspiration for investigating reprocessing of other medical products that may become scarce. Finally, this study advocates that circular design engineering principles should be taken into account when designing medical devices. This will lead to more sustainable products that have a lower carbon footprint and may be manufactured at lower costs.
Rapid conversion of IgG to biosensor using an antibody-binding protein-based probe
Authors: Zhao Guangwei , Li Haimei , Li Baowei , Li Mei , Xu Wei , Chen Limei , Wang Baoqiang , Dong Jinhua
Published: September 2021

A fluorescent probe that can quickly convert full-length antibodies to Quenchbodies was successfully developed.
Photo-crosslinking polymers by dynamic covalent disulfide bonds
Authors: Sieredzinska Bianka , Zhang Qi , Berg Keimpe J. van den , Flapper Jitte , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2021

A simple and general strategy to construct photo-crosslinkable polymers by introducing sidechain 1,2-dithiolanes based on natural thioctic acid is presented.
AIBN-initiated direct thiocyanation of benzylic sp3 C–H with N-thiocyanatosaccharin
Authors: Wu Di , Duan Yongjie , Liang Kun , Yin Hongquan , Chen Fu-Xue
Published: September 2021

The direct thiocyanation of benzylic compounds was described, and benzyl thiocyanates were synthesized using readily available alkanes as the substrates.
Lead-free CsSnCl3 perovskite nanocrystals: rapid synthesis, experimental characterization and DFT simulations
Authors: Ali Md. Shahjahan , Das Subrata , Abed Yasir Fatha , Basith M. A.
Published: September 2021

Hot-injection synthesized CsSnCl3 nanocrystals demonstrated promising morphology, crystallinity and photocatalytic ability. By employing experimental parameters, electronic band structure was calculated with greater accuracy using DFT simulations.
Revealing the effects of molecular orientations on the azo-coupling reaction of nitro compounds driven by surface plasmonic resonances
Authors: Shiu Ying-Jen , Hayashi Michitoshi , Lai Ying-Huang , Jeng U-Ser
Published: September 2021

Simulated SERS from the preferred molecular orientations of 4NTP and the azo product 4NB15C–4NTP at the bridge site and in parallel with the facets of an adsorbed silver cluster.
Z-scheme heterojunction based on NiWO4/WO3 microspheres with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light
Authors: Ge Jianhua , Sun Yangang , Chen Weiwei , Song Fengge , Xie Yu , Zheng Yuanyuan , Rao Pinhua
Published: September 2021

NiWO4/WO3 heterojunction microspheres are prepared by a hydrothermal and subsequent impregnation process, and the formation of NiWO4/WO3 Z-scheme heterojunction significantly improves the visible light degradation performance of MB dyes.
Effects of the polysaccharides extracted from Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) on cancer-related fatigue in mice
Authors: Wang Yu , Liu Yuanxue , Zhang Yiqian , Huo Zhipeng , Wang Genbei , He Yi , Man Shuli , Gao Wenyuan
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fatigue activity of Chinese Yam polysaccharides (CYPs).
A self-assembled amphiphilic polysaccharide-based co-delivery system for egg white derived peptides and curcumin with oral bioavailability enhancement
Authors: Yang Meng , Liu Jingbo , Li Yajuan , Yang Qi , Liu Xuanting , Liu Chunmei , Ma Sitong , Liu Boqun , Zhang Ting , Xiao Hang , Du Zhiyang
Published: September 2021

Schematic illustration of the amphiphilic nanoparticles with respect to co-encapsulation, interaction, and oral bioavailability enhancement (1 + 1 > 2) for egg white derived peptide (EWDP) and curcumin.
One-step electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia and acetone from nitrogen and isopropanol in an ionic liquid
Authors: Zhang Qikun , Zhao Ya'nan , Yu Liping , Zhang Xiaoyang , Bei Yiling , Tang Bo
Published: September 2021

Using a prepared ionic liquid with high N2 solubility as the electrolyte and isopropanol as the proton source, we achieved the one-step electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia and acetone with considerable ammonia yield and high faradaic efficiency.
Visible-light-mediated synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted furan-2-one derivativesviaa bifunctional organo photocatalyst
Authors: Dutta Arup , Patra Sumit Kumar , Khatua Snehadrinarayan , Nongkhlaw Rishanlang
Published: September 2021

This protocol demonstrates sustainable synthesis of furan-2-one derivatives using organo photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation and DFT studies of the compound.
A novel graphene oxide decorated with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs/GO) composite used for the removal of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a wide pH range
Authors: Wang Qihui , Yang Min , Qi Xiaodan , Wang Jiexue , Sun Kang , Li Zhonghui , Deng Guowei
Published: September 2021

A novel HNTs/GO composite used for the removal of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a wide pH range.
An HDAC8-selective fluorescent probe for imaging in living tumor cell lines and tissue slices
Authors: Yan Yinyu , Huang Chaoqun , Shu Yi , Wen Hongmei , Shan Chenxiao , Wang Xinzhi , Liu Jian , Li Wei
Published: September 2021

The fluorescence intensity of the HDAC8-selective fluorescence probe correlated well with the level of HDAC8 expression in living tumor cells and tissue slices.
Photofunctional transition metal complexes as cellular probes, bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutics
Authors: Xu Guang-Xi , Mak Eunice Chiu-Lam , Lo Kenneth Kam-Wing
Published: September 2021

This critical review summarises the recent biological applications of transition metal complexes as cellular probes, bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutics.
Ferroptosis in cancer therapeutics: a materials chemistry perspective
Authors: Guan Qun , Zhou Le-Le , Dong Yu-Bin
Published: September 2021

This review highlights the recent advances in ferroptosis-induced tumor therapy from a materials chemistry perspective and discusses the current challenges and future directions.
Audiological and Other Factors Influencing Serious Injury From Falls in Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Doettl Steven M. , Turner Kandace L. , Plyler Patrick N. , Thomas Nina , Lambert Allyson , Luttrell Sam , Sillyman Randy , Collins Adriana , Molnar Christine
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Falls in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are a challenge for the organizations responsible for their management and care. This study represents the initiation of a program to identify, manage, and rehabilitate individuals at risk for falls in this population.

Method

A retrospective analysis of an active database was provided by the East Tennessee Regional Office of the Department of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The data from 1,652 reportable falls from state-contracted support agencies over the calendar years of 2016–2018 were analyzed using chi-square and decision tree analyses for a dependent variable of serious injury and independent variables consisting of hearing deficits, impaired mobility including balance and vestibular deficits, enrollment in current physical therapy services for impaired mobility, staff instructions present for individuals at risk for falls, staff instructions followed, falls training for the supporting staff, current fall prevention plan in place, aggressive or compulsive behaviors, history of falls, medical conditions, visual deficits, familiar environments, adaptive equipment, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, medication change/side effects, obesity, and repeat falls.

Results

Significant factors included age, aggressive/compulsive behaviors, physical therapist (PT) services, balance deficits, and intrinsic factors. Post hoc analysis also indicated individuals receiving PT with a history of falls increased their risk of serious injury in unfamiliar environments. Individuals not receiving PT and exhibiting aggressive behaviors increased their risk of serious injury with visual deficits. For individuals not receiving PT services and not exhibiting aggressive behaviors, intrinsic factors increased the risk of serious injury.

Conclusions

These results describe the characteristics that can predict an increased risk for serious injury from a fall in an adult community-dwelling population with IDDs. These data can be used to implement changes to reduced injury from falls, including improved identification of undiagnosed vestibular deficits and assessment for the need for vestibular rehabilitation.
A hardware prototype of sub‐Nyquist radar with unknown pulses
Authors: Mulleti Satish , Shavit Yariv , Namer Moshe , Eldar Yonina C.
Published: September 2021

In a conventional radar system, the hardware cost increases with the sampling rate of the receiver. Sub‐Nyquist radar systems operate at lower sampling rates and hence reduce the hardware cost and complexity. A sub‐Nyquist radar system uses the knowledge of the transmit pulse shape to determine the targets. However, the pulse shape is often distorted in practice and unknown to the receiver. An alternative sub‐Nyquist radar system that uses multiple receiver was proposed that estimates the targets without knowledge of the pulse shape. In this demo, the authors build a hardware prototype to demonstrate the proposed multi‐receiver sub‐Nyquist radar. The proposed two‐receiver system with an unknown pulse has comparable pre‐forms to a conventional sub‐Nyquist system is shown. This paper shows a hardware demonstration of sub‐Nyquist sampling of finite‐rate‐of‐innovation signals when the basic pulse shape is unknown. The results are particularly interesting in radar imaging, where the transmit pulse is distorted while propagation and unknown at the receiver.
Analysis of different stator winding topologies for fractional horse power brushless direct current motors
Authors: Krall Felix , Muetze Annette
Published: September 2021

The number of auxiliary electric drives can exceed 100 for luxury cars. Due to their ever‐increasing prevalence, the electromagnetic emissions (EME) of these drives are becoming increasingly important. This work explores the influence of four different stator winding topologies on the electromagnetic emissions and the efficiency performance of fractional horsepower (FHP) brushless direct current (BLDC) drives. Two monofilar windings with a wire diameter of 0.15 and 0.27 mm, an untwisted bifilar winding, and a twisted bifilar winding are inspected. The parasitic stator to winding coupling capacitance is the motor's main source for common mode currents and thus, for radiated emissions. A three‐media capacitance model is introduced to allow estimating this coupling path in the design phase of the motor. Twisting the phases of a bifilar winding reduces the excitation of this path. Therefore, the radiated emissions are reduced by 5 d. The stator winding topology also affects the winding resistance and thus the efficiency. The monofilar winding with a wire diameter of 0.27 mm shows the lowest level of consumed power, followed by the monofilar winding with a wire diameter of 0.15 mm, the untwisted bifilar winding and the twisted bifilar winding.
Linear tubular permanent magnet motor for an electromagnetic active suspension system
Authors: Kim Ki‐Hoon , Woo Dong‐Kyun
Published: September 2021

This work presents the comparative study of the linear tubular permanent magnet motor (LTPMM) for the active suspension system in vehicles. To analyse and design the LTPMM, a finite element‐based optimisation process is proposed. Since the proposed method reconstructs the entire field by storing the information of the air‐gap magnetic flux distribution in the form of a snapshot, it provides high accuracy and a reduced computation time. The magnetic fields are analysed in LTPMMs with external and internal permanent magnets that are classified according to the position of the permanent magnet. In the comparative analysis, an optimal model for the LTPMM is presented, taking into account characteristics such as thrust, detent force and THD. Especially, various magnetisation patterns are considered to accomplish high force density. The analytical model is verified by performing finite element analysis and experiments.
Risk assessment of power system oscillation instability based on geomagnetic storm events in the 24th solar cycle
Authors: Wang Zezhong , Si Yuan , Liu Lianguang
Published: September 2021

When studying the harm of geomagnetic storms to the power system, the focus is often placed on the influence of transformers reactive power loss (GIC‐Q) caused by geomagnetic induced current (GIC) on voltage fluctuation. GIC‐Q, as a reactive load, can cause power flow changes, and the small disturbance stability is affected by the power flow distribution before disturbance, so GIC‐Q connects geomagnetic storms with small disturbance stability. In this study, the probability distribution function of induced geoelectric fields is established, and the sample data is obtained by sampling. Combined with the GIC benchmark network model, multiple sets of GIC‐Q in each substation are calculated and added to the system one by one to study the influence of geomagnetic storms on the oscillation characteristic parameters and establish the risk index of small disturbance instability. The result shows that the risk index value of oscillation instability in the occurrence of geomagnetic storms increases both in the AC system and the AC/DC hybrid system, but the increased range of risk value of local oscillation instability decreases with the addition of DC systems. The research results can provide a reference for evaluating the influence of geomagnetic storms on the stable operation of power systems.
White‐light visible light communications based on multiple photoluminescence of fluorescent acrylic sheets
Authors: Cho Seonghyeon , Yoo Yoonji , Lee Yeonkyeong , Lee Changseop , Chun Hyunchae
Published: September 2021

A novel method that converts blue light into the white‐light for illumination and provides the high‐speed visible light communication link is introduced. Typical phosphors for creating white‐light cause low bandwidths and restrictions on changing correlated colour temperatures. The proposed method deals with such issues by utilising combinations of photo‐luminescence lights from cost‐effective fluorescent acrylic sheets. Characteristics of the light generated from the proposed method show that white‐lights with various correlated colour temperatures can be straightforwardly generated whilst providing orders of magnitude higher bandwidth than that from the conventional approaches using the phosphors. A high‐speed white‐light visible light communication demonstration based on a blue laser‐diode and the fluorescent acrylic sheets is presented, showing the data‐rate of 2.16 Gb/s with a bit‐error‐rate less than 3.8 × 10−3 by using an optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme.
Equivalent temperature estimation‐based FCS‐MPC for thermal stress balance of 3L‐NPC traction inverter
Authors: Peng Tao , Xu Yansong , Yang Chao , Xie Feiran , Tao Hongwei , Yang Chunhua
Published: September 2021

This paper proposes an equivalent temperature estimation‐based finite control set model predictive control (ETE‐FCS‐MPC) method to balance the thermal stress among transistors in three level neutral point clamp (3L‐NPC) traction inverters, which can be used to prolong the whole service life and improve the reliability of the traction inverter. Compared with other methods, the proposed ETE‐FCS‐MPC method requires lesser calculation without additional sensor. Firstly, an energy loss‐based equivalent temperature estimation method is proposed to avoid the complexity of junction temperature prediction. Secondly, an energy variance‐based thermal stress balance control objective is introduced. Then, a normalized evaluation function is established to select the optimal switching state. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified on hardware‐in‐the‐loop tests.
The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS) VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets
Authors: Mishra Lokesh , Alibert Yann , Leleu Adrien , Emsenhuber Alexandre , Mordasini Christoph , Burn Remo , Udry Stéphane , Benz Willy
Published: September 2021

Context. Observations of exoplanets indicate the existence of several correlations in the architecture of planetary systems. Exoplanets within a system tend to be of similar size and mass, evenly spaced, and are often ordered in size and mass. Small planets are frequently packed in tight configurations, while large planets often have wider orbital spacing. Together, these correlations are called the peas in a pod trends in the architecture of planetary systems.

Aims. In this paper these trends are investigated in theoretically simulated planetary systems and compared with observations. Whether these correlations emerge from astrophysical processes or the detection biases of the transit method is examined.

Methods. Synthetic planetary system were simulated using the Generation III Bern Model. KOBE, a new computer code, simulates the geometrical limitations of the transit method and applies the detection biases and completeness of the Kepler survey. This allows simulated planetary systems to be compared with observations.

Results. The architecture of synthetic planetary systems, observed via KOBE, show the peas in a pod trends in good agreement with observations. These correlations are also present in the theoretical underlying population, from the Bern Model, indicating that these trends are probably of astrophysical origin.

Conclusions. The physical processes involved in planet formation are responsible for the emergence of evenly spaced planets with similar sizes and masses. The size–mass similarity trends are primordial and originate from the oligarchic growth of protoplanetary embryos and the uniform growth of planets at early times. Later stages in planet formation allows planets within a system to grow at different rates, thereby decreasing these correlations. The spacing and packing correlations are absent at early times and arise from dynamical interactions.
First-year ion-acoustic wave observations in the solar wind by the RPW/TDS instrument on board Solar Orbiter
Authors: Píša D. , Souček J. , Santolík O. , Hanzelka M. , Nicolaou G. , Maksimovic M. , Bale S. D. , Chust T. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Kretzschmar M. , Lorfèvre E. , Plettemeier D. , Steller M. , Štverák Š. , Trávníček P. , Vaivads A. , Vecchio A. , Horbury T. , O’Brien H. , Evans V. , Angelini V. , Owen C. J. , Louarn P.
Published: September 2021

Context.Electric field measurements of the Time Domain Sampler (TDS) receiver, part of the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument on board Solar Orbiter, often exhibit very intense broadband wave emissions at frequencies below 20 kHz in the spacecraft frame. During the first year of the mission, the RPW/TDS instrument was operating from the first perihelion in mid-June 2020 and through the first flyby of Venus in late December 2020.

Aims.In this paper, we present a year-long study of electrostatic fluctuations observed in the solar wind at an interval of heliocentric distances from 0.5 to 1 AU. The RPW/TDS observations provide a nearly continuous data set for a statistical study of intense waves below the local plasma frequency.

Methods.The on-board and continuously collected and processed properties of waveform snapshots allow for the mapping plasma waves at frequencies between 200 Hz and 20 kHz. We used the triggered waveform snapshots and a Doppler-shifted solution of the dispersion relation for wave mode identification in order to carry out a detailed spectral and polarization analysis.

Results.Electrostatic ion-acoustic waves are the most common wave emissions observed between the local electron and proton plasma frequency by the TDS receiver during the first year of the mission. The occurrence rate of ion-acoustic waves peaks around perihelion at distances of 0.5 AU and decreases with increasing distances, with only a few waves detected per day at 0.9 AU. Waves are more likely to be observed when the local proton moments and magnetic field are highly variable. A more detailed analysis of more than 10 000 triggered waveform snapshots shows the mean wave frequency at about 3 kHz and wave amplitude about 2.5 mV m−1. The wave amplitude varies asR−1.38with the heliocentric distance. The relative phase distribution between two components of the E-field projected in theY − ZSpacecraft Reference Frame (SRF) plane shows a mostly linear wave polarization. Electric field fluctuations are closely aligned with the directions of the ambient field lines. Only a small number (3%) of ion-acoustic waves are observed at larger magnetic discontinuities.
The thermal emission of Saturn’s icy moons
Authors: Ferrari C. , Lucas A. , Jacquemoud S.
Published: September 2021

Context.The effects of space weathering and other alteration processes on the upper surface of Saturn’s icy moons are yet to be explored.

Aims.We present a thermophysical model parametrised by way of regolith properties such as porosity, grain size, and composition, as well as the local topography. The modelled surface temperature and apparent emissivity are intended to be compared to measurements taken by Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS), using its focal plane FP1. We study how they are impacted by the topographic model and the regolith properties.

Methods.As an example, we coupled the topography of the Dione moon with our model. Simulations provide the thermal history of the surface elements of the shape model included in the FP1 footprints at the viewing geometries along one CIRS observation. The heat transfer in the regolith may occur through conduction or radiation. Its bolometric albedo,A, and hemispherical emissivity,εh, are expressed as a function of grain properties.

Results.The model roughly reproduces the observed variations of surface temperature,TF, and apparent emissivity,εF, in the chosen example, while assuming uniform regolith properties. The dispersion of temperatures within the footprints due to the difference in local time of the surface elements explains most of the directionality of the apparent emissivity,εF(Em), at emission angles of Em ≥ 30°. Adding topography at the 8-km scale amplifies this effect by a few percent. Refining the scale to 1 km increases it again by a single percent but at a high computational cost. This particular anisotropy ofεF(Em) cannot be explained by the directional emissivity,εd, of the regolith. The temperatureTFis less affected by this dispersion or by the topographic resolution. Adding regional variations of grain size significantly improves the agreement between the model and observations.

Conclusions.This model demonstrated its good performance and, thus, it is ready for testing current hypotheses on regolith processing by space weathering on Saturn’s icy moons, such as regional changes in grain size.
SUPER
Authors: Lamperti I. , Harrison C. M. , Mainieri V. , Kakkad D. , Perna M. , Circosta C. , Scholtz J. , Carniani S. , Cicone C. , Alexander D. M. , Bischetti M. , Calistro Rivera G. , Chen C.-C. , Cresci G. , Feruglio C. , Fiore F. , Mannucci F. , Marconi A. , Martínez-Ramírez L. N. , Netzer H. , Piconcelli E. , Puglisi A. , Rosario D. J. , Schramm M. , Vietri G. , Vignali C. , Zappacosta L.
Published: September 2021

We study the impact of active galactic nuclei (AGN) ionised outflows on star formation in high-redshift AGN host galaxies, by combining near-infrared integral field spectroscopic (IFS) observations, mapping the Hαemission and [O III]λ5007 outflows, with matched-resolution observations of the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) emission. We present high-resolution ALMA Band 7 observations of eight X-ray selected AGN (L2 − 10 keV = 1043.8 − 1045.2erg s−1) atz ∼ 2 from the SUPER (SINFONI Survey for Unveiling the Physics and Effect of Radiative feedback) sample, targeting the observed-frame 870 μm (rest-frame ∼260 μm) continuum at ∼2 kpc (0.2″) spatial resolution. The targets were selected among the SUPER AGN with an [O III] detection in the IFS maps and with a detection in the FIR photometry. We detected six out of eight targets with signal-to-noise ratioS/N ≳ 10 in the ALMA maps, from which we measured continuum flux densities in the range 0.27 − 2.58 mJy and FIR half-light radii (Re) in the range 0.8 − 2.1 kpc. The other two targets were detected with S/N of 3.6 and 5.9, which are insufficient for spatially resolved analysis. The FIRReof our sample are comparable to other AGN and star-forming galaxies at a similar redshift from the literature. However, combining our sample with the literature samples, we find that the mean FIR size in X-ray AGN (Re = 1.16 ± 0.11 kpc) is slightly smaller than in non-AGN (Re = 1.69 ± 0.13 kpc). From spectral energy distribution fitting, we find that the main contribution to the 260 μm flux density is dust heated by star formation, with ≤4% contribution from AGN-heated dust and ≤1% from synchrotron emission. The majority of our sample show different morphologies for the FIR (mostly due to reprocessed stellar emission) and the ionised gas emission (Hαand [O III], mostly due to AGN emission). This could be due to the different locations of dust and ionised gas, the different sources of the emission (stars and AGN), or the effect of dust obscuration. We are unable to identify any residual Hαemission, above that dominated by AGN, that could be attributed to star formation. Under the assumption that the FIR emission is a reliable tracer of obscured star formation, we find that the obscured star formation activity in these AGN host galaxies is not clearly affected by the ionised outflows. However, we cannot rule out that star formation suppression is happening on smaller spatial scales than the ones we probe with our observations (< 2 kpc) or on different timescales.
Solar surges related to UV bursts
Authors: Nóbrega-Siverio D. , Guglielmino S. L. , Sainz Dalda A.
Published: September 2021

Context. Surges are cool and dense ejections typically observed in chromospheric lines and closely related to other solar phenomena such as UV bursts or coronal jets. Even though surges have been observed for decades now, questions regarding their fundamental physical properties such as temperature and density, as well as their impact on upper layers of the solar atmosphere remain open.

Aims. Our aim is to address the current lack of inverted models and diagnostics of surges, as well as to characterize the chromospheric and transition region plasma of these phenomena.

Methods. We have analyzed an episode of recurrent surges related to UV bursts observed with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) in April 2016. The mid- and low-chromosphere of the surges were unprecedentedly examined by getting their representative Mg IIh&k line profiles through the k-means algorithm and performing inversions on them using the state-of-the-art STiC code. We have studied the far-UV spectra focusing on the O IV 1399.8 Å and 1401.2 Å lines, which were previously unexplored for surges, carrying out density diagnostics to determine the transition region properties of these ejections. We have also used numerical experiments performed with the Bifrost code for comparisons.

Results. Thanks to the k-means clustering, we reduced the number of Mg IIh&k profiles to invert by a factor 43.2. The inversions of the representative profiles show that the mid- and low-chromosphere of the surges are characterized, with a high degree of reliability, by temperatures mainly around T = 6 kK at −6.0 ≤ log10(τ)≤ − 3.2. For the electronic number density, ne, and line-of-sight velocity, VLOS, the most reliable results from the inversions are within −6.0 ≤ log10(τ)≤ − 4.8, with ne ranging from ∼1.6 × 1011 cm−3 up to 1012 cm−3, and VLOS of a few km s−1. We find, for the first time, observational evidence of enhanced O IV emission within the surges, indicating that these phenomena have a considerable impact on the transition region even in the weakest far-UV lines. The O IV emitting layers of the surges have an electron number density ranging from 2.5 × 1010 cm−3 to 1012 cm−3. The numerical simulations provide theoretical support in terms of the topology and location of the O IV emission within the surges.
Schockraummanagement
Authors: Wengert Alexander , Wohlrath Bernd , Schweigkofler Uwe
Published: September 2021

Der reibungslose Behandlungsablauf schwerverletzter Patienten im Schockraum ist in herausragender Weise abhängig vom Faktor Mensch. Funktionierende Kommunikation, Übersicht über die Situation und effektives Hand-in-Hand-Arbeiten sind Schlüsselfaktoren eines erfolgreichen Schockraummanagements. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die kritischen Phasen der Patientenanmeldung, -übergabe und -versorgung im Schockraum unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Kommunikation und Organisation zu beleuchten.
Praktische Umsetzung einer Insulintherapie bei Typ-2-Diabetes
Authors: Liebl Andreas
Published: September 2021

In Deutschland sind eine Vielzahl basaler und prandialer Insuline auf dem Markt, die sich erheblich in ihrer Pharmakokinetik und in ihrem Einsatzbereich unterscheiden. Der Start einer Insulintherapie bei Typ-2-Diabetes erfolgt im Allgemeinen in Form einer basalunterstützten oralen Therapie (BOT). Moderne, lang und gleichmäßig wirksame Insulinanaloga verringern das Hypoglykämierisiko und erlauben eine freie Wahl des Injektionszeitpunkts. Absolut entscheidend für das Gelingen ist die konsequente Titration der Dosis. Eine basale Überinsulinisierung ist dabei unbedingt zu vermeiden. In einem späteren Schritt kann die schrittweise Zugabe von prandialem Insulin erfolgen. Das Zählen von Broteinheiten (BEs) zur Insulindosisanpassung ist bei Typ-2-Diabetes fast nie sinnvoll. Die häufigsten Probleme bei der Insulintherapie sind Hypoglykämien, Gewichtszunahme, initiale Sehstörungen sowie schwer beherrschbare Insulinresistenzen. Für all diese Probleme gibt es erprobte Strategien und zahlreiche Tipps und Tricks, die im Einzelfall zu erstaunlichen Erfolgen führen können.
Protecting-Group-Free Total Synthesis of Anticancer (±)-Melotenine A
Authors: Ngernmeesri Paiboon , Thanetchaiyakup Adisak , Rattanarat Hassayaporn , Aree Sudaporn , Duangthongyou Tanwawan , Nanok Tanin , Chuanopparat Nutthawat
Published: September 2021

Melotenine A, isolated from Melodinus tenuicaudatus, possesses significant anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines. The synthesis of (±)-melotenine A was achieved without the use of any protecting groups in 11 steps with an overall yield of 6.7%. The key steps of our strategy were a Diels–Alder reaction to construct the tetracyclic framework and ring-closing metathesis to form the seven-membered ring of (±)-melotenine A.
Direct Copper-Catalyzed C-3 Arylation of Diphenylphosphine Oxide Indoles
Authors: Yang Shang-Dong , Huang Xiao-Ling , Li Chong , Wang Juan
Published: September 2021

We have developed a simple and effective method for the C-3 arylation of phosphorus-containing indole compounds in the presence of CuI under mild conditions. This reaction provides a reliable method for the modification of ligands.
Safety with Innovation in Colon and Rectal Robotic Surgery
Authors: Keller Deborah S. , Jenkins Christina N.
Published: September 2021

Robotic colorectal surgery has been touted as a possible way to overcome the limitations of laparoscopic surgery and has shown promise in rectal resections, thus shifting traditional open surgeons to a minimally invasive approach. The safety, efficacy, and learning curve have been established for most colorectal applications. With this and a robust sales and marketing model, utilization of the robot for colorectal surgery continues to grow steadily. However, this disruptive technology still requires standards for training, privileging and credentialing, and safe implementation into clinical practice.