bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE STERILIZATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA AND OTHER FLUIDS WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: Wilson Armine T. , Bruno Pauline
Published: June 2004

Ethylene oxide is an effective sterilizing agent for bacteriological broths, milk, and serum. A short time after it has exerted its sterilizing effect, the treated fluids again become capable of supporting bacterial growth.

Ethylene oxide has been shown to destroy a number of aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacilli, fungi, and vaccinia virus. No organisms have been encountered which withstand its action.

The quantity of ethylene oxide necessary for sterilization depends to some degree on the character of the medium sterilized. None of the materials tested required more than 1 volume per cent of liquid ethylene oxide.

Ethylene oxide is highly reactive chemically, and its reactions with many of the components of complex biological fluids cannot be fully anticipated. Regardless of the chemical changes produced, ethylene oxide did not permanently alter the essential qualities of the growth factors in broth and milk which are required by fastidious organisms such as group A streptococci and others. However, its effect on the biological activity of any particular organic compound should be assayed before it can be assumed not to have a deleterious effect.

The sterilization of media by ethylene oxide is accompanied by a rise in pH. Fluids which have a relatively high initial pH may require adjustment with sterile acid to return them to the optimal pH for bacterial growth.

A mixture of ethylene oxide and broth was toxic to mice for 6 hours after admixture. Toxicity disappeared on incubating the mixture longer, and no residual toxicity could be demonstrated after 6 hours, even on repeated intraperitoneal inoculations.

As a means of sterilizing bacteriological media and other biological fluids, ethylene oxide deserves consideration when heat and filtration cannot be used.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF DEFERRED CANCER
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The ears of young adult rabbits were painted with methylcholanthrene (MC) long enough to call forth a few benign tumors (papillomas, frill horns), and the animals were followed throughout their later lives. Soon after the paintings were stopped the tumors began to dwindle and vanished, yet even while they were disappearing other growths of the same kinds arose, only to vanish later in their turn. For a long while more arose than disappeared, and in consequence the number of tumors increased throughout years. They accumulated at a constant rate despite concurrent changes in the supporting skin, which might have been supposed, on previous experience, to have prevented this from happening. Only in the old age of the animals did the number of tumors eventually fall off, and by this time the skin on which they had arisen, long since normal in the gross to all appearance, had become nearly so microscopically. Even then latent neoplastic potentialities still existed in the cutaneous tissue; where punch holes were healing new tumors arose.

A great multitude of hidden neoplastic cells were present in the MCed skin, and from them many of the growths called forth by the stimulus of healing undoubtedly derived. Yet the facts make it difficult to suppose that the long accumulation, at a constant rate, of tumors visible in the gross was due wholly to the proliferation of cells rendered neoplastic during the period of exposure to MC, and lying hidden afterwards for periods determined by their differing, evenly graded capabilities. Nor can the accumulation be attributed to a sustained carcinogenesis resulting from the pathological state of the skin. As a whole the findings indicate that the linear increase in growths was due for the most part to a continual arrival at the neoplastic state and subsequent proliferation of cells, or the descendants of cells, that had been no more than started on the way toward becoming neoplastic by the carcinogen. There is clinical evidence for such a course of events.

Now and again a carcinoma arose from the skin previously treated with MC, but they were few in all, as would follow from the presence of local conditions unfavorable to malignant change. Some appeared only after years,—in one instance more than 5 years after.

The occurrence of deferred cancer in man can be understood in terms of the findings in rabbits.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Schwab Louis , Moll Frederick C. , Hall Thomas , Brean Henry , Kirk Marjorie , Hawn Clinton Van Zandt , Janeway Charles A. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Miriam Ekdahl
Published: June 2004

X-radiation and nitrogen mustard administration inhibit the formation of precipitins for whole bovine serum and bovine serum gamma globulin in the rabbit.

When specific antibody formation is inhibited by these agents, intravenous injection of a single large dose of bovine serum gamma globulin is not usually followed by the development of tissue lesions 9 to 11 days later, as occurs fairly regularly in control animals.

A fall in titre of serum complement to very low levels for 3 to 5 days is closely correlated in time with the disappearance of antigen from the circulation following the intravenous injection of single large doses of bovine serum albumin and bovine serum gamma globulin. A rise in complement titre to normal levels occurs as antibodies appear in the serum.

This sudden fall in complement titre is correlated with the development of characteristic lesions, and does not occur when antibody formation is inhibited.

The data presented are interpreted as evidence in favor of the concept that the lesions are due to a reaction between antigen fixed in or on tissue cells and circulating antibody.

The possible significance of serum complement in the pathogenesis of anaphylactic tissue lesions is discussed.
PRODUCTION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON BY A SINGLE-INJECTION TECHNIC
Authors: Black-Schaffer B. , Milam J. W. , Brockman D. D. , Coonrad E. V. , Silverman S. B.
Published: June 2004

In the hypersensitive animal a single inoculation of homologous antigen mixed with Shwartzman preparatory toxin may lead to the production of a Shwartzman reaction which functions as an amplifier of the antigen-antibody tissue response.

The combination of antigen and bacterial toxin does not alter the antigenicity of purified bovine gamma globulin.

This form of the Shwartzman phenomenon may be useful in the investigation of hyperergic tissue reactions.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE AGGLUTINATION OF POLYSACCHARIDE-TREATED ERYTHROCYTES BY TULAREMIA ANTISERA
Authors: Alexander Mary M. , Wright George G. , Baldwin Agnes C.
Published: June 2004

Erythrocytes treated with polysaccharide from Past. tularensis are specifically agglutinated by the sera of persons recovered from tularemia or vaccinated against it, and by the sera of animals immunized with living cultures. The serum hemagglutination titer is correlated with the amount of antibody as measured by the quantitative precipitin method with polysaccharide, but not with the bacterial agglutination titer. The meaning of the results is discussed.
RENIN PROTEINURIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Rather L. J. , Addis T.
Published: June 2004

The intraperitoneal injection of renin together with purified human hemoglobin or bovine albumin increases the weight of the kidneys and increases the number of athrocytosed particles of protein in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. In the case of bovine albumin administration there is a threefold increase in protein excretion in those rats given renin as compared with those given bovine albumin alone. A possible explanation of these effects is given.
POLIOMYELITIS IN CHIMPANZEES
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: June 2004

The response of eighteen chimpanzees to poliomyelitis virus administered orally and cutaneously has been studied. There were no signs of weakness or paralysis in any of the animals. Sixteen of the eighteen (89 per cent) became infected as measured by intestinal carriage of virus. Only one of twelve was reinfected when challenged with an homologous (or homotypic) strain by the same routes, but seven of ten were reinfected on heterologous challenge. A correlation between the development of humoral antibodies and resistance to reinfection was demonstrated.

During the course of these experiments, two chimpanzees acquired inapparent poliomyelitis by accidental contagion in the laboratory.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Arbogast Rachel
Published: June 2004

Various chemical and physiological aspects of the reproductive cycles of r+ and r strains of T2, T4, and T6 viruses have been examined and compared. These include the ultraviolet absorption spectra in which differences between r and r+ strains were not observed, though they were obtained in the case of T2, T4, and T6. Adsorption of T4 and T6 was found to require the adsorption cofactor l-tryptophane. Among the r and r+ strains of these viruses limiting tryptophane requirements for adsorption were found to be different. Some differences were observed in the one-step growth curves of these viruses under conditions of single and multiple infection. The turbidity-time relations of infected cultures were characteristically different. The rates of DNA and protein synthesis in the infected cells were found to be independent of the viruses used. Certain implications of the data have been discussed.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Arbogast Rachel
Published: June 2004

A method has been described for following purine and pyrimidine synthesis in intact cells by measuring the ultraviolet absorption of a bacterial suspension. It has been shown that in cells infected with active virus, the rate of increase of ultraviolet absorption at 2600 Å corresponded to that of DNA, although preceding DNA synthesis slightly. The amount of separation of the curves in time was determined by the multiplicity of infection.

Under conditions of mutual reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated virus, DNA synthesis was inhibited but not the increase in ultraviolet absorption. Thus a continuing purine and pyrimidine synthesis was indicated by the increase in this function. When an intact virus particle could be found within these bacteria, however, DNA synthesis began at the rate characteristic of normal infections. Certain peculiarities of lysis in this system were noted.

The significance of these observations for various genetic theories has been discussed. It would appear that Luria's hypothesis of independent gene pool synthesis has probably been disproven. It has also been shown that the lesion produced by irradiation of a virus particle with ultraviolet light probably occurs in the DNA of the particle. The validity of these conclusions will depend on a knowledge of the relation of virus protein synthesis to DNA synthesis in this system.
RELATION OF VIRULENCE OF PNEUMOCOCCAL STRAINS FOR MICE TO THE QUANTITY OF CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE FORMED IN VITRO
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Krauss Marjorie R.
Published: June 2004

The amount of capsular polysaccharide formed in vitro by strains of pneumococcus types II, III, and VII of different virulence for mice has been measured by quantitative precipitin reactions. The quantity produced by strains of high virulence was greater for all three types than that formed by moderately virulent or avirulent strains.

It is suggested that an important factor concerned in variations of virulence of pneumococci for mice is the genetic apparatus that controls the amount of SSS synthesized by the cells.
THE SPLANCHNIC REMOVAL IN RABBITS DURING FATAL BACTERIEMIAS OF THE CIRCULATING ORGANISMS AND OF SUPERIMPOSED NON-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Authors: Martin Samuel P. , Kerby Grace P.
Published: June 2004

1. By a method of hepatic venous catheterization previously described, comparative data have been obtained concerning the removal of pneumococci from the splanchnic circulating blood of the intact rabbit in bacteriemias secondary to a dermal infection and in bacteriemias induced by a continuous infusion of organisms into the blood stream. The average splanchnic removal in secondary pneumococcal bacteriemias was 8 ± 14 per cent (S.D.), in induced bacteriemias 9 ± 15 per cent (S.D.).

2. Similar data were obtained in induced M. aureus bacteriemias in normal rabbits and in induced M. aureus bacteriemias superimposed upon pneumococcal bacteriemias secondary to dermal infection. The average splanchnic removal of M. aureus in normal rabbits was 62 ± 20 per cent (S.D.). The splanchnic removal of M. aureus in rabbits with a simultaneous pneumococcal bacteriemia of infection was of the same order of magnitude as in normal rabbits.

3. The efficiency of the mechanism of splanchnic removal for a given organism is an important factor in the establishment and maintenance of a bacteriemia. Present evidence indicates that the maintenance of a bacteriemia requires a constant introduction into the blood stream of organisms from some source.

4. Pneumococci do not acquire a resistance to removal from the splanchnic circulating blood during the course of fatal infection in rabbits.

5. No final exhaustion of the mechanism of splanchnic removal can be demonstrated in fatal pneumococcal bacteriemias in rabbits.
A QUANTITATIVE ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF MAN TO INFECTION OR VACCINATION WITH PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS
Authors: Alexander Mary M.
Published: June 2004

A polysaccharide antigen, prepared from a virulent strain of Past. tularensis by phenol extraction, was employed in assaying the antibody in sera from persons recovered from infection with, or vaccinated with Past. tularensis, using the serological technique of quantitative precipitation.

Antibody levels in sera of individuals vaccinated with or recovered from infection with Past. tularensis were found to resemble those observed in similar studies by other investigators, such as the antibody response to pneumococcal antigen, meningococcal polysaccharide, and blood group substances.

It is suggested that the value of actively or of passively acquired antibody to an individual exposed to tularemia is dependent not on the amount of antibody alone, but also on the amount of antigen with which the antibody is capable of combining.
HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA DUE TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Smith Mary Ruth
Published: June 2004

Experimental pneumonia was produced with a highly virulent strain of type III pneumococcus which synthesizes, during rapid growth, large amounts of capsular polysaccharide. The type III pneumonia differed from that caused by pneumococcus I in that (a) death occurred more promptly in the type III infection, (b) the local pulmonary lesion became more heavily infected, and (c) frank suppuration was common even after otherwise effective chemotherapy. The greater pathogenicity of the type III organism was shown by special histologic techniques to be due primarily to its capsular slime layer which interferes with surface phagocytosis. Capsular polysaccharide shed from the organism during growth was also demonstrated in high concentration in certain parts of the pneumonic lesion. Removal of the excess polysaccharide from the alveoli resulted from (a) lymphatic drainage to regional lymph nodes and (b) phagocytosis, particularly by macrophages. The possible relationship of the free carbohydrate to the malignancy and the characteristically viscous exudate of type III pneumonia was discussed.

The lung abscesses which resulted from type III infection were observed to occur in those areas in which the maximum number of organisms had accumulated. Evidence was obtained that suppuration was due, not to necrotoxic products peculiar to the type III pneumococcus, but rather to the survival of large numbers of bacteria in the tissues, brought about primarily by the antiphagocytic effect of the slime layer.

When pneumonia was produced with an intermediate type III mutant lacking the protective slime layer, back mutation to the mucoid parent occurred during the course of the infection, and the mucoid form eventually predominated in the lung as a result of selective phagocytosis of the intermediate organisms. Similar mutation to the maximally virulent type III form was noted with a transformed intermediate type III strain grown from single cell preparations.
THE RENAL MECHANISM FOR URATE EXCRETION IN THE DALMATIAN COACH-HOUND
Authors: Wolfson William Q. , Cohn Clarence , Shore Clarice
Published: June 2004

1. The renal mechanism for urate excretion in the Dalmatian dog resembles that in birds. Urate is cleared at a rate considerably greater than the glomerular filtration rate, indicating that its excretion is the result of both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. The basic physiological mechanisms involved in the anomalous purine metabolism of the Dalmatian are indicated and their possible biological significance briefly discussed.

2. A new enzymatic method for the direct estimation of true urate in biological fluids is described, which does not require the estimation of total urate and urate chromogen, followed by the calculation of true urate as a difference.
THE ROLE OF NON-PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES IN THE PASSIVE SENSITIZATION OF HUMAN SKIN BY RABBIT ANTI-OVALBUMIN
Authors: Sherman William B. , Menzel Arthur E. O. , Seebohm Paul M.
Published: June 2004

Sera of fourteen rabbits injected with alum-precipitated recrystallized ovaltumin, containing 0.046 to 0.604 mg. of precipitable antibody nitrogen per ml. (average 0.299 mg.), passively sensitized human skin, while the sera of nine rabbits injected with dissolved recrystallized ovalbumin, containing from less than 0.05 to 0.420 of antibody nitrogen per ml. (average 0.176 mg. or less), were inactive in human skin. The skin-sensitizing activity of the sera bore no relation to the precipitin content.

Removal of 68 to 90 per cent of the precipitin nitrogen by a single addition of antigen did not affect the activity of the sera in sensitizing human skin.

Removal of all precipitable antibody nitrogen in one serum by a single addition of antigen removed the skin-sensitizing activity.

The "univalent" antibody remaining after complete removal of precipitin by fractional addition of antigen showed the same activity in passive sensitization of human skin as the original serum.
STUDIES ON THE AGENT OF INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Henle Werner , Harris Susanna , Henle Gertrude , Harris T. N. , Drake Miles E. , Mangold Francoise , Stokes Joseph
Published: June 2004

Two viral agents have been procured from patients with infectious hepatitisin two widely separated outbreaks of the disease by transfer of acute stage serum and stool filtrates to and passage in tissue cultures of rabbit liver cells in roller tubes and minced chick embryos in Simms-Sanders medium followed by passage in the amniotic cavity of the chick. Cultures of both agents, designated the Akiba and NL strains of virus, induced mild hepatitis without jaundice in the majority of volunteers tested after an incubation period of from 9 to 38 days. Although these agents have not been identified definitely as the virus of infectious hepatitis, the available evidence, as discussed, is compatible with the suggestion that such they are.
STUDIES ON THE AGENT OF INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Drake Miles E. , Kitts Albert W. , Blanchard Mercer C. , Farquhar John D. , Stokes Joseph , Henle Werner ,   With the Technical Assistance of Charles Ming and Mary Ming
Published: June 2004

The successful cultivation of the virus of infectious hepatitis in chick embryo tissue culture and in the amniotic cavity of the embryonated hen's egg is supported by a comparison of the disease induced in volunteers by the cultivated virus with hepatitis without jaundice resulting from experimental infection with natural infectious hepatitis virus. Both types of viral preparations produced illnesses in comparable percentages of volunteers (83 and 75 per cent, respectively) after similar average periods of incubation (24.4 and 23.4 days, respectively) and of similar average duration (28.3 and 27.6 days, respectively). The disease could be divided in both groups of patients into a primary stage, followed after a short interval of relative well being by the secondary stage. The illnesses in both instances were characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, enlarged, tender livers and abnormal liver function tests, and frequently temperature elevations. They differed in that jaundice was observed in 31 per cent of the cases resulting from infection with natural virus but not in any patients infected with the cultivated virus.
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACIDS ON MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Dubos René J.
Published: June 2004

The growth of tubercle bacilli in vitro was inhibited by the addition of the sodium salts of very low concentrations of certain organic acids to a variety of liquid and agar culture media containing whole serum or serum albumin.

Capric acid was the most active of the compounds tested, but inhibition of growth occurred also with the shorter aliphatic acids. Lactic acid was also growth-inhibitory, whereas the keto and dicarboxylic acids tested were inactive in this respect.

The inhibitory activity of the aliphatic acids and of lactic acid increased as the pH of the medium was lowered by addition of HCl. It was greater in media enriched with serum or with oleic acid-albumin complex, but was otherwise fairly independent of the composition of the medium.

The inhibitory effect appears to be bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal and to depend upon a disturbance of the normal metabolic processes of the bacilli.

Some of the long chain fatty acids caused a marked enhancement of growth when used in low concentrations and in admixture with enough serum albumin to overcome their toxicity.

The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the survival and multiplication of tubercle bacilli in vivo within inflammatory and caseous areas, which are known to be often acidic and to contain high concentrations of organic acids.
RADIOIRON ABSORPTION IN ANEMIC DOGS
Authors: Stewart Wellington B. , Yuile Charles L. , Claiborne Herbert A. , Snowman Richard T. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

The control of iron absorption appears to reside in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.

The normal dog absorbs very little iron, but the anemic iron-depleted dog may absorb 10 to 20 times as much.

This "mucosal block" of the normal dog probably is due largely to iron stores in the mucosa.

"Mucosal block" can be effected in the anemic iron-depleted dog by feeding of iron salts, but the degree of "mucosal block" under these conditions never reaches the high degree of "mucosal block" in the normal dog.

Rapid movement of iron through the mucosa may explain the short duration of "mucosal block" due to iron feeding in the anemic iron-depleted dogs (18 to 20 hours, Fig. 1).

The colon absorbs very little iron under the conditions described. The stomach and duodenum seem to be most active in its absorption. This suggests the existence of a gradient in the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract to absorb iron.
EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF LIPIDS ON SPECIFIC PRECIPITATION
Authors: Krueger Robert C. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: June 2004

Horse antisera to rabbit albumin and globulins and to Type III pneumococci were extracted at low temperatures with alcohol-ether.

The precipitin reactions given by these sera deprived of lipids were studied by quantitative analytical methods.

With longer periods of standing and slightly higher speeds of centrifugation than those usually required for lipid-containing sera, precipitation may be made complete in immune sera from which the lipids have been removed.

The function of lipids in immune reactions is discussed, as well as the effects on antibody globulin of the procedures used in their removal.
THE RELATION OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS TO THE CONJUNCTIVAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN MICE OF THE PRINCETON STRAIN
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

A selected colony free from ocular infection with pleuropneumonia-like organisms of the conjunctival type was developed from young Princeton mice delivered by cesarean section and reared by uninfected Swiss foster mothers. Young mice from this colony continued to show sporadic ocular manifestations similar to those observed in infected mice. This reaction was non-inflammatory in nature.

The organisms previously recovered from the altered conjunctivae of Princeton mice were established on the conjunctivae of selected mice of the special colony both by direct contact and by the local implantation of ocular washings and concentrated cultures.

The factors associated with the conjunctival reaction in infected Princeton mice are discussed.
PERSISTENT ANTIGENIC VARIATION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES AFTER INCOMPLETE NEUTRALIZATION IN OVO WITH HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Archetti Italo , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

Antigenic variants of influenza A virus strains emerge on serial passage in ovo in the presence of immune serum against different but related strains. An old laboratory strain (PR8) which had been through hundreds of animal passages was as readily modified by this procedure as recently recovered strains. Such variants apparently can be obtained at will and show antigenic patterns which are reproducible and appear to be predictable in terms of the immune serum used for their selection. Variant strains retain their new antigenic patterns on serial passage in ovo in the absence of immune serum. Limited serial passage in ovo of strains in the absence of immune serum did not result in the emergence of antigenic variants. Similarly, serial passages of strains in ovo in the presence of immune serum against widely different strains, which failed to show significant cross-neutralization, did not lead to the appearance of antigenic variants.
STUDIES ON THE VIRULENCE OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Bloch Hubert
Published: June 2004

On the basis of earlier observations dealing with the relation of a petroleum ether-soluble material (cord factor) obtained from young cultures of virulent tubercle bacilli to the pathogenicity of these organisms, it was expected that young cultures yielding more cord factor than older ones of the same strain would also be more virulent for susceptible animals. By infecting mice with equal numbers of bacteria from 3 day and 3 week old cultures, significant differences in the character of disease produced were observed. The mice infected with the younger cultures died of a rapid, septicemic infection with tuberculous lesions in many organs including the heart. A tuberculous myocarditis was probably the immediate cause of death. Mice infected with the older bacteria died of a chronic disease corresponding to the well known mouse tuberculosis. In these cases, the heart was completely free of lesions. No histologic tissue reactions typical of tuberculosis were seen in the animals dying from the acute type of the disease. A similar rapidly progressing infection was observed in rabbits infected with bacteria from young cultures. The symptoms corresponded to the ones seen in the disease known as the Yersin type of tuberculosis. It seems that the pathology of this latter can be produced with every type of pathogenic mycobacteria, human as well as bovine and avian, provided the cultures used are young. Thus it may be inferred that the acute type of tuberculosis is more frequent than commonly accepted both in experimental infection and in the naturally occurring disease. It is proposed to explain the mechanism of this acute infection within the framework of the cord factor hypothesis.
STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Luz Lester A. , Dong Luther
Published: June 2004

Excretion of poliomyelitis virus has been demonstrated in monkeys after four different parenteral routes of inoculation. Virus has been found in both the pharyngeal secretions and the stools after infraorbital nerve dip and after inoculation of the Gasserian ganglion; in the pharyngeal secretions after intrathalamic inoculation; and in the stools after inoculation of the celiac ganglion.

Excretion began as early as the 2nd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation, in all instances before the onset of symptoms.

The immediate source of the excreted virus appeared to be infected peripheral ganglia with neural connections to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower portions of the alimentary tract, notably the pharynx.

Primary infection of the body surfaces was excluded in the experiments and therefore could not account for the excretion of virus.

The mode of elimination was probably by centrifugal spread through axons of peripheral nerve fibers and not by way of the blood stream or lymphatics.

Evidence was obtained that when excretion of virus has once occurred, reinvasion from the implicated surface to other, previously uninfected peripheral ganglia ensues, thus providing new sources for excretion and other potential pathways for invasion of the CNS. It is suggested that such reinvasion may occur serially until the immunological defenses come into play.

Our experiments lend support to the view that during the initial stage of poliomyelitis, and perhaps throughout its course in some cases, e.g. the asymptomatic and the mild cases without central nervous symptoms, infection is confined to the peripheral nervous system. Involvement of the CNS when it occurs is a secondary phase of the infective process and is not a necessary prelude to elimination of the virus.

Excretion is explainable on the basis of the established neurocytotropism and axonal conduction of the virus without resort to the hypothesis of extraneural infection.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

Gross and microscopic observations on the skeleton of rabbits with hereditary osteopetrosis have been described. All the bones were invariably and similarly affected.

The outstanding abnormalities included the persistence of spongy bone and the presence of fibrous tissue together with the failure of development of a marrow cavity and medullary marrow. The amount of hemopoietic tissue, which was present only in comparatively small foci, was greatly reduced.

The character of the lesions and their development as determined by examination of material at various stages of the disease suggested that the essential defect concerned the mesenchymal cell.

The pathologic features observed generally resembled those of human osteopetrosis as did the manifestations of the disease during life (1, 2).
THE OCCURRENCE IN THE RABBIT OF AN ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
Authors: Anderson H. C. , McCarty Maclyn
Published: June 2004

The occurrence in the rabbit of an acute phase protein analogous to human C-reactive protein has been confirmed. The acute phase protein of the rabbit reacts with a special form of the pneumococcal somatic polysaccharide, designated Cx polysaccharide, in the same manner that the human C-reactive protein reacts with the classical C polysaccharide. The method of preparation and some of the properties of the Cx polysaccharide are described.

The rabbit Cx-reactive protein has been shown to be remarkably similar to human C-reactive protein in its general properties and in the conditions which govern its appearance in the blood. It has been obtained in crystalline form, and appears to be antigenically distinct from the proteins of normal rabbit serum.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE ON THE CONCENTRATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIBODY
Authors: Bjørneboe Mogens , Fischel Edward E. , Stoerk Herbert C.
Published: June 2004

The administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and of cortisone was found to result in a reduction in the concentration of antipneumococcal antibody in the circulation of rabbits. This reduction occurred both when the hormones were administered at the beginning of immunization and after immunization was well advanced. Marked atrophic changes in lymphoid tissue and a diminution in the number of various types of mononuclear cells followed upon the hormone administration. The possible bearing of these observations on theories concerning the sites of antibody production is discussed.
THE ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS ON ERYTHROCYTES TREATED WITH TANNIC ACID AND SUBSEQUENT HEMAGGLUTINATION BY ANTIPROTEIN SERA
Authors: Boyden Stephen V.
Published: June 2004

Treatment of sheep erythrocytes with suitable concentrations of tannic acid render them capable of adsorbing certain protein molecules from solution in saline. Red cells which have adsorbed proteins in this way are agglutinated after washing by the homologous antiprotein sera, even by high dilutions.

Through hemagglutination sera can be titrated for antibodies against antigens adsorbed on the cells exposed to tannic acid. Furthermore, small amounts of the antigens can be detected through their power to inhibit hemagglutination of the treated cells.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Leduc Elizabeth H. , Kaplan Melvin H. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Jeanne M. Connolly
Published: June 2004

The fate of three proteins, crystalline hen's egg albumin, crystalline bovine plasma albumin, and human plasma γ-globulin, was traced after intravenous injection into mice. This was done by preparing frozen sections of quick-frozen tissue, allowing what foreign protein might be present in the section to react with homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein, and examining the section under the fluorescence microscope. By this means, which employs the serological specificity of the protein as a natural "marker," all three of these proteins were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the connective tissue, the vascular endothelium, the lymphocytes of spleen and lymph node, and the epithelium of the kidney tubules, the liver, and in very small amounts in the adrenal. The central nervous system was not studied.

All three persisted longest in the reticulo-endothelial system and the connective tissue, and in the doses employed egg white (10 mg.) was no longer detectable after 1 day, bovine albumin (10 mg.) after 2 days, and human γ-globulin (4 mg.) after 6 days, although in a somewhat higher dose (10 mg.) human γ-globulin persisted longer than 8 days. Egg albumin differed from the others in not being detectable in the cells of the renal glomerulus.

It was found that each of the three proteins was present in the nuclei of each cell type enumerated above, often in higher concentration than in the cytoplasm. Further, some of the nuclei not only contained antigen, soon after injection, but were also surrounded by a bright ring associated with the nuclear membrane. By means of photographic records under the fluorescence microscope of sections stained for antigen, and direct observation under the light microscope of the same field subsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin, it could be determined that the antigen was not adsorbed to chromatin or nucleoli, but was apparently in solution in the nuclear sap.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION WITH A VIRULENT (CG 179) AND AN AVIRULENT (B) STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Karzon David T. , Bang Frederik B.
Published: June 2004

The comparative growth rates of a virulent (CG 179) and an avirulent (B) strain of NDV in the chicken were analyzed. Following intramuscular inoculation, the CG 179 and B strains both increased at the same rate in the extraneural tissues, i.e. the blood, lung, rectum, and spleen, but the CG 179 strain showed an accelerated growth rate in the brain.

The CG 179 strain also multiplied more rapidly in the brain than the B strain following intracerebral administration of minimal inocula.

Recovery with the B strain was associated with a decline in virus titer, first in the circulating blood, then in the visceral organs, and lastly in the central nervous system.

Certain neuropathological observations were correlated with the pattern of virus growth.
THE EFFECT OF LIVER REGENERATION ON TUMOR FORMATION IN RATS FED 4-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE
Authors: Glinos André D. , Bucher Nancy L. R. , Aub Joseph C.
Published: June 2004

Partial hepatectomies were performed on five groups of rats which had been maintained on a diet containing 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene for various lengths of time. The effect of regeneration on the incidence of hepatic tumors was compared with that in similarly treated non-hepatectomized controls.

Regeneration, and the time of exposure to the carcinogen as well, were relatively effective in accelerating the rate of appearance of tumors, although not markedly so. These factors were without effect on final total tumor formation.

These findings support the concept that during chemical carcinogenesis tumor formation proceeds in stages.
THE ROLE OF l-METHIONINE IN VIRUS PROPAGATION
Authors: Ackermann W. W. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elaine Kleinschmidt
Published: June 2004

dl-Methoxinine and dl-ethionine prevent the propagation of influenza PR8 virus in a medium ordinarily favorable.

The inhibitors do not act by destroying the virus, the host tissue, or by preventing the infection of the cells, but by interfering with the synthesis of the virus.

The action of the inhibitors can be blocked by l-methionine.

l-Methionine is involved in the biosynthesis of influenza PR8 virus.
SUSTAINED HYPERLIPEMIA INDUCED IN RABBITS BY MEANS OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Kellner Aaron , Correll James W. , Ladd Anthony T.
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection of the surface-active agents Tween 80 and Triton A20 into rabbits fed a normal diet resulted in marked and sustained elevations of the cholesterol, phospholipid, and total lipid content of their blood. The increase in phospholipid in general paralleled that of the blood cholesterol. The implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
ELABORATION OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE BY STREPTOCOCCI IN THE RESTING STATE AND INHIBITION OF THE ENZYME BY A SUBSTANCE EXTRACTABLE FROM THE COCCI
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Ruffier Norma K.
Published: June 2004

As a preliminary to the study of desoxyribonuclease elaboration by resting cells, 34 strains of streptococci were examined for their capacity to produce desoxyribonuclease in broth cultures. The largest amounts of enzyme were found to be produced by strains belonging to Lancefield group A and by certain strains belonging to groups C and D. Many strains, especially those belonging to other groups, produced little or no enzyme.

Washed cocci of certain strains elaborated desoxyribonuclease extracellularly upon suspending them in a solution containing an energy source, phosphate and magnesium ions. When any one of these factors was omitted, no enzyme was produced. The appearance of extracellular desoxyribonuclease was found to be inhibited by a variety of enzyme poisons, and this and other findings indicate that desoxyribonuclease is synthesized in the resting cell system.

Cocci were found to contain a substance which partially inhibits the desoxyribonuclease formed by group A strains but which fails to inhibit the desoxyribonuclease formed by strains belonging to groups B and C or to inhibit the desoxyribonuclease derived from yeast, barley, and pancreas.

The inhibitor of group A desoxyribonuclease has been identified as streptococcal ribonucleic acid. Preparations of ribonucleic acid derived from yeast differed from streptococcal ribonucleic acid in failing to inhibit the group A desoxyribonuclease.
THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN OSTEOGENESIS
Authors: Siffert Robert S.
Published: June 2004

The role of alkaline phosphatase in osteogenesis has been investigated by histochemical techniques with particular attention to its relationship to phosphate metabolism and matrix elaboration. The upper tibial epiphysis mainly, and other epiphyses as well of growing rabbits, and the costochondral junctions of newborn human beings were studied, as were bone grafts in growing rabbits. The findings in the newborn human beings were identical with those in the rabbits.

Phosphatase activity and free phosphate localization do not universally coincide. The enzyme appears to be intimately related to preosseous cellular metabolism and to the elaboration of a bone matrix that is chemically calcifiable. It remains possible, however, that phosphatase may be in some way involved in making inorganic salts available to the calcifiable matrix. If this function does exist it is a secondary one, since the elaboration of bone matrix, which is always associated with phosphatase activity, can and does occur in the absence of calcification. Calcification may occur later, in the absence of the enzyme.

There is evidence to suggest that cartilage matrix is utilized in the formation of bone matrix.

Phosphatase is physiologically active only in the presence of living cells. Where it is demonstrable in the absence of living cells, as in the cartilage remnants of the metaphysis, it appears to be physiologically inactive. Since phosphatase is temporarily inactivated in weakly acid media, and readily reactivated by alkaline solutions it is possible that the enzyme might survive in a physiologically inactive state in weakly acid tissues, and yet remain capable of histochemical demonstration in vitro in an alkaline medium.

Phosphatase is not related to the disappearance of chondroitin sulfate.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Stetson Chandler A.
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented to indicate that a profound thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia occur during the second stage of the Shwartzman phenomenon, prior to the actual onset of hemorrhage in the prepared skin areas. These hematologic alterations appear to be due to accumulation of the cells mentioned in the capillary bed of the lungs and perhaps other internal organs. This seems to be consequent on certain changes in the platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which result in the formation of clumps of these elements.

In skin areas prepared for the Shwartzman phenomenon, the capillaries and small veins become occluded by masses of platelets and granulocytes after the intravenous challenging injection has been given. Following the interruption of blood supply necrosis of the involved vessels takes place, and hemorrhage occurs later where the vessel walls have lost their integrity.
LYMPHOID LESIONS IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sommers Sheldon C. , Wilson Joan C. , Hartman Frank W.
Published: June 2004

Examination of 50 autopsied cases of human poliomyelitis showed prominent hyperplastic and inflammatory changes in the lymphoid tissues of 41, the most frequent and severe lesions observed save those in the central nervous system. Histologically the germinal centers showed prominent degenerative and regenerative alterations, fluid transudation, giant cell formation, and rare inclusion bodies, all consistent with virus effects.

Treatment of mice with x-rays, aminopterin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone increased poliomyelitis infections following intraperitoneal injection of MEF strain virus, potentiated by intracerebrally injected corn starch. This was ascribed to the damage to lymphoid tissues produced by these agents. On the basis of combined morphologic and virus studies, the presence of gastrointestinal, lymphoid, nervous tissue, and nerve cell defense barriers to poliomyelitis virus is suggested. Use of irradiated mice might prove useful in primary isolation of virus from human poliomyelitis.
ENDOCRINES AND THEIR RELATION TO INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. , Smolin Harold J. , McElhaney Jane M. , Tepperman Jay
Published: June 2004

Treatment with testosterone increases proliferation of influenza virus as well as protein anabolism. A relative lack of testosterone caused by castration is associated with a diminished rate of virus growth. When protein catabolism is increased by ACTH or cortisone, the rate of virus proliferation decreases. These results suggest the existence of a correlation between alterations of protein metabolism and virus proliferation.
HISTOGENESIS OF SEBACEOUS GLAND CARCINOMAS PRODUCED IN RATS BY 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE
Authors: Skoryna Stanley C. , Ross Roderick C. , Rudis L. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Tumors of the external auditory canal region were produced by oral administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene in 71 rats out of 124 which survived a 6 month period of administration of the compound. In 12 animals the tumors were bilateral. Tumors in other locations, such as the liver, breast, etc., were less frequent.

2. Tumors were found to originate in the compound sebaceous gland located at the medial end of the external auditory canal.

3. Histologically the tumors were sebaceous or keratinizing squamous-cell carcinomas.

4. The tumors were found to arise in cystic lobules of the gland, produced by stasis of secretion.

5. Cystic lesions of the sebaceous glands appear to be a frequent condition in older rats. The outward bulging of the tympanic membrane with interference in drainage from the gland seems to be a promoting factor in the stasis of sebum.

6. The localizing effect of the preexisting cystic lesions in the sebaceous glands on the carcinogenic action of 2-acetylaminofluorene is discussed.
THE SORPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS BY CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Magill Thomas P.
Published: June 2004

Data are presented which indicate that the forces of attraction between influenza virus and chicken erythrocytes are governed by an orderly mechanism which effects a proportional distribution of virus between erythrocytes and suspending fluid. For a unit mass of erythrocytes, the ratio of combined (sorbed) virus to free (unsorbed) virus is sufficiently constant over a wide range of virus concentrations to indicate compliance with the laws of mass action, or, perhaps, with the laws of simple adsorption; however, the ratio of combined (sorbed) virus to free (unsorbed) virus appears to be a parabolic function of the total quantity of virus.
OBSERVATIONS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MYOFIBRILS INDUCED WITH ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE
Authors: Ashley Charles A. , Porter Keith R. , Philpott Delbert E. , Hass George M.
Published: June 2004

Skeletal myofibrils isolated either by tryptic digestion at 0° C. or by a colloid mill and suspended in buffer solution (pH 7.0, µ; 0.154) containing 20 per cent glycerin and 0.0025 M adenosinetriphosphate at –5° C. contracted slowly and progressively when the temperature was raised above 0° C. Formalin fixation halted this contraction. With the aid of these procedures myofibrils in progressive stages of contraction were then studied with the electron microscope.

Electron micrographs showed that uncontracted fibrils isolated by the colloid mill were structurally similar to those described by other workers. Treatment of fibrils with trypsin removed the Z bands and disorganized the I bands. This enzymatic modification of structure did not impair the contractile response. The principal structural changes during contraction consisted of a migration of dense material from the A band into the A-I junction or the Z band, a gradual increase in width of the fibril, a gradual decrease in length of sarcomeres, an apparent increase in the mean diameter of filaments, and a disorientation of these latter from their parallel arrangement.
ADAPTATION OF A LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS TO NEWBORN MICE
Authors: Casals Jordi , Olitsky Peter K. , Anslow Ralph O.
Published: June 2004

By means of rapid serial passages, including 3 successive "blind" passages, the MEF1 strain, a Lansing-type poliomyelitis virus, has been adapted to new-born mice. The virus can readily be propagated in newborn mice, in which fully adapted virus induces in almost all inoculated animals the experimental disease, resulting in a much greater infectivity for the central nervous system and a uniformly short and regular incubation period.