bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Geological Observations in Slovačka jama Cave (-1268m) in Velebit Mountain, Croatia
Authors: Lacković Damir , Šmida Branislav , Horvatinčić Nada , Tibljaš Darko
Published: January 2018

Tekom zadnjih treh speleoloških odprav je bila Slovaška jama raziskana do globine 1268 m. V njej je več rovov freatičnih oblik. Hipsometrično najvišji ostanki takih rovov so najbrž v zvezi s ponori iz časa, ko je nastajala uvala Veliki Lubenovac. Spodnji, recentni in subrecentni freatični horizonti v jamskem “dnu” so verjetno del kanalov podzemeljske reke Like, ki ponika na severovzhodni strani Velebita in teče skozenj v podmorske izvire v Jadranskem morju. Ostali rovi so predvsem brezna in meandri z vadoznimi oblikami. Analize izotopa 14C dokazujejo, da so najstarejše sige v obojih, v starih in v subrecentnih freatičnih rovih, medtem ko so mlajše sige v vadoznih meandrihDuring three speleological expeditions the Slovačka jama cave has been explored to the depth of 1268m. In the cave there are several channels with phreatic forms. The highest relict phreatic channel is probably due to sinkholes formed on the karst uvala Veliki Lubenovac at the time of uvala formation. Lower, recent and subrecent, phreatic horizons at the cave bottom are probably a part of the underground route of the Lika river which sinks on the north-eastern side of Velebit mountain and flows through the mountain to the submarine springs in the Adriatic sea. Other channels are mostly shafts and channels with meandering vadose forms. 14C isotope analysis of speleothems shows that the oldest are situated in both ancient and subrecent phreatic channels, while younger ones are found in the vadose meandering channel.
Reconstruction of the Development History of Karstic Water Networks on the Southern Part of the Gömör-Torna Karst on the Basis of Ruined Caves and Landforms
Authors: Móga János
Published: January 2018

Avtor razlaga razvoj kraškega površja Gömör-Torna2 (na madžarsko-slovaški meji) od terciarja do danes. Na planoti je mogoče slediti razvoju od pokritega do odprtega (golega) krasa in vpliv procesov zakrasevanja na površinske oblike in na smer podzemeljskega odtoka. Avtor je preučil razvoj površja in podzemeljske vodne mreže ter na podlagi morfoloških oblik, ki jih je izdelala voda, ugotovil enakomerno zniževanje vodnih tokov. Opirajoč se na skromne ostanke epigenih dolin, ki so bile tako v sedimentnem pokrovu kot v samem apnencu, na sledi nekdanjih ponorov v dnu dolin in na opuščene podzemeljske prevodnike (jame) iz zgodnejših faz razvoja, je avtor rekonstruiral smeri odtoka z obravnavanega pokritega krasa.The author demonstrates the surface development of the Gömör-Torna karst2 situated on the Hungarian- Slovakian border from the Tertiary until the present day. He follows the process of transition from the covered karst conditions to the open karst on the karst plateau, and its effect upon the landforms and the karstic water network. He studied the evolution of surface and sub-surface water networks, and the regularity of the movements of underground rivers based on water tracing. He reconstructed the ancient surface outflow directions of the covered karst from the scarce remains of the epigenetic valleys inherited from cover deposits onto the limestone surface, from ruined swallow hole lines in valleys, as well as from decaying water conducting tubes generated in earlier phases.
Morphological and Geological Characteristics of Two Denuded Caves in SW Slovenia
Authors: Šebela Stanka
Published: January 2018

Denudirane ali brezstrope jame lahko velikokrat določimo iz originalne kraške topografije. Za ta članek sem preučila morfologijo in geologijo dveh denudiranih jam. V letu 1994 je bila pri vasi Povir odkrita prva denudirana jama, in sicer ko je gradnja avtoceste Divača-Dane že potekala. Originalno jamsko morfologijo smo lahko določili iz topografskih kart 1:1.000. V letu 1996 pa smo s predhodnimi krasoslovnimi raziskavami še pred začetkom gradnje avtoceste Divača-Kozina določili 4 denudirane jame. Posebno denudirana jama pri kraju Kačiče-Pared je bila morfološko zelo dobro izražena.Denuded or unroofed caves can be identified from original karst topography many times. For this article the morphology and geology of 2 denuded caves were studied. In 1994 first denuded cave was discovered near village Povir when the highway construction Divača-Dane was already taking place. Original cave morphology was realized from topographic maps 1:1.000. In 1996 with preliminary karst studies before beginning of highway construction Divača-Kozina 4 denuded caves were discovered. The one near Kačiče-Pared was very well morphologically expressed.
Research on the Soils of Karst Areas in Hungary (Example from Bükk Mountain)
Authors: Zseni Anikó
Published: January 2018

Avtorica je preučevala značilnosti hranilnega sistema prsti na madæarskem krasu, to je na 8 km2 površja planote Bükk. 63 vzorcem prsti je bil izmerjen pH ter vsebnost karbonatov, celokupna količina dušika, vsebnost rastlinam dostopnega kalcija, kalija, magnezija in fosforja. Tako je lahko primerjala hranilne sisteme prsti iz različnih ekoloških okolij. Glede hranilne vrednosti prsti so razlike med bukovim in borovim gozdom ter odprtim poljem. Poznavanje pH ter vsebnosti N, P, K, Ca, Mg v prsteh je lahko pomembno za varstvo okolja, za vzdrževanje gozdarstva in urejanja travnikov.The author studied the characteristics of the soil nutrient system in a Hungarian karst area, that is on 8 km2 area of the Bükk plateau. The pH, total carbonate content, total soil-nitrogen content, plant available calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus contents of 63 soil samples were measured. She was able to compare the nutrient system of the soils which occurred in different ecological conditions. There are differences between the nutrient status of the soils of the beech and pine forest and the open fields. The knowledge of the pH plus the N, P, K, Ca, Mg content of the soils can be important regarding the protection of the environment, the maintenance of the forest and the management of the meadows.
Subcutaneous Rock Forms
Authors: Slabe Tadej
Published: January 2018

Na kraškem površju, ki je pokrito z naplavino ali prstjo, nastajajo tudi podtalne skalne oblike. So posledica pretakanja vode po stiku med skalo in prstjo, prenikanja vodo skozi prst in pritekanja vode do površine prsti, ki obdaja skalo. Podtalne skalne oblike so pogosto pomembna sled razvoja kraškega površja. To je poskus razločevanja tipičnih kraških podtalnih skalnih oblik in zasnova za njihovo novo tipizacijo. Subcutaneous rock forms occur on karst surfaces covered with sediment or soil. They are the consequence of water running along the contact between rock and soil, the percolation of water through the soil, and inflow of water to the surface of the soil surrounding the rock. Subcutaneous rock forms are often important traces of the development of karst surfaces. This article tries to distinguish typical karst subcutaneous rock features and to offer a design for their new standardization.
Geological Controls in the Development of Caves in the South-Central Ozarks of Missouri, USA
Authors: Šebela Stanka , Orndorff Randall C. , Weary David J.
Published: January 2018

Področje Ozarkov v Missouriju je eden največjih kraških terenov v ZDA. Prevladujočo litologijo predstavljajo kambrijski in ordovicijski dolomiti in peščenjaki. Številne, večinoma horizontalne jame in veliki kraški izviri so značilnosti krasa Ozarkov. Od oktobra 1996 do vključno maja 1999 smo obiskali 23 kraških jam, za 18 jam v osrednjem delu južnih Ozarkov smo naredili geološke karte. Za ta članek smo predstavili geologijo štirih jam. Prevladujoča geološka zakonitost, ki vpliva na oblikovanje jam je vpad plasti in preferenčna plast stromatolitnega dolomita. Edina možna povezava med geološko strukturo in smerjo jamskih rovov je smer rovov sever-jug in smer razpok sever-jug.The Ozark Plateaus Province of Missouri is one of the largest karst areas in the USA. The dominant lithology is Cambrian and Ordovician dolomite and sandstone. Numerous, mostly horizontal caves and large springs are characteristic of Ozark karst. From October 1996 through May 1999, 23 caves were visited and geologic maps were made for 18 caves in the Ozarks of south-central Missouri. For this paper, the geology of four of the caves is discussed. The prevailing geologic control on cave development is bedding plane dip and preferred strata-a stromatolitic dolomite bed. The only recognized relationship between geologic structure and cave passage trends is the correlation of a N-S trend of cave passages to a general N-S trend in joints.
Palaeomagnetic Research of a Fossil Cave in the Highway Construction at Kozina, SW Slovenia
Authors: Bosák Pavel , Knez Martin , Otrubová Dana , Pruner Petr , Slabe Tadej , Venhodová Daniela
Published: January 2018

Jama brez stropa je bila zapolnjena s peščenimi naplavinami dinamične strukture ter teksture svetlo rjave in oker barve. Na vrhu 5 m debelega prereza naplavin so bile rjava prst in skale. Pobranih je bilo 38 vzorcev naplavin. Posamezne magnetne cone nakazujejo, da je naplavina starejša od zgornjega Olduvaja (1,77 M); kot kozinski prerez se konča z reverzno polarizirano magnetno cono in ima dve normalni polarizirani coni. Prerez naplavin je podoben divaškemu. Predvidevamo, da je jama iz mesinskega obdobja in da so naplavine v njej posledica hitrega zvišanja gladine podzemeljske vode po ponovni zapolnitvi mediteranskega bazena z vodo, torej da so bile odložene pred 5,2 milijoni let.A fossil channel was filled by sandy sediments of light brown to ochreous color with dynamic structures and textures (lower sequence) unconformably overlain by remains of collapsed roof with brown and ochreous matrix (upper sequence). The sedimentary profile was about 5 m high. In all 38 samples taken from the profile, only one was cemented. Samples were demagnetised by alternating field (AF) at 10 to 1,000 Oe. The cemented one was demagnetised by gradual thermal process from 80 to 560 °C in the MAVACS apparatus. Detected remanent magnetisation in a natural state varied between 95 and 36,470 pT, values of volume magnetic susceptibility are from 55 to 998 x 10-6 SI. Rocks showed low or medium magnetisation. Normal and inverse polarization was detected after demagnetisation. The primary component of magnetisation and resulting polarity could not be stated in samples with expressive viscose component (up to 90 %). According to arrangement of individual magnetozone, it can be stated that sediments are older than the top of Olduvai chron (1.77 Ma), as the magnetostratigraphic profile at Kozina terminated by reverse polarised magnetozone and contains two normal polarised zones. The profile can be correlated with the Divača profile, not only from the palaeomagnetic point of view, but also from a lithological point of view. We suppose, as in Divača, that the cave is a result of the Messinian speleogenetic epoch and its fossilization was connected with rapid base level uplift after refilling of the Mediterranean basin by water. If this hypothesis is close to reality, the fossilization process can be dated from about 5.2 Ma up.
Thickness of Cap Rock and Other Important Factors Affecting the Morphogenesis of Salt Karst
Authors: Bruthans Jiří , Šmíd Jakub , Filippi Michal , Zeman Ondřej
Published: January 2018

Debelino krovnine je mogoče razporediti v 4 razrede. Za vsakega so značilne posebne površinske in podzemeljske kraške oblike: 1. solni izdanki; 2. tanka krovnina (0,5 - 2 m); 3. zmerno debela krovnina (5 - 30 m); 4. zelo debela krovnina (preko 30 m). Najpomembnejši dejavniki, na katere vpliva debelina krovnine, so: gostota mest, skozi katera prodira voda; količina vode, ki ponika na posameznem mestu; hitrost zniževanja površja solnega telesa; »korozijska« sposobnost vode in velikost ter količina tovora, ki ga prenašajo podzemeljske poplavne vode. Debelina krovnine nad jamo ne vpliva neposredno na jamo. Kaže, da je bolj pomembna debelina kamnine v njenem zaledju in tip dotoka na solno telo. Drugi pomemben dejavnik je debelina krovnine v smislu teže, ki je obratnosorazmerna z udiranjem. Široki rovi v nekaterih jamah so nastali zaradi odlaganja sedimenta v strugi, kar je prisililo vodo, da je tekla vzdolž sten in jih tako pospešeno korodirala v pasu, visokem nekaj decimetrov.Four classes of different thickness of cap rock can be distinguished, each with its special superficial and underground karst forms: 1. salt outcrops, 2. thin cap rock (0,5-2 m), 3. cap rock of moderate thickness (5-30 m), 4. cap rock of great thickness (more than 30 m). The most important factors affected by cap rock thickness are as follows: the density of recharge points, the amounts of concentrated recharge which occur at each recharge point, the rate of lowering the ground surface of salt karst, the dissolution capacity of water and the size and amount of load transported by underground flood-streams into cave systems. The thickness of cap rock above the cave does not influence the cave itself; more important seems to be the thickness of cap rock in the recharge area of the cave and the type of recharge into the salt environment. Another important factor is the thickness of overburden above the cave, which negatively correlates with intensity of breakdown. Wide passages in some caves are developed as result of intensive deposition of bedload, which expel the stream into the side of the passage and are due to enhanced corrosion in the few decimetres high zone above the bottom of passage.
Velika Jeršanova Doline - a Former Collapse Doline
Authors: Šebela Stanka , Čar Jože
Published: January 2018

Velika Jeršanova dolina (n.m.v.=535 m) leži na površju nad sistemom Postojnskih jam. Njeno poglabljanje je nedvomno prekinilo nadaljevanje Pisanega rova (n.m.v.=535,5 m) proti S. Čez Veliko Jeršanovo dolino poteka teme Postojnske antiklinale v smeri SZ-JV. Prav tako smer ima tudi Jeršanov prelom. Vpad in smer tankoplastnatih turonijskih in cenomanijskih apnencev sta v temenu antiklinale zelo neurejena. Apnenci vpadajo pod kotom 5-25°. Velika Jeršanova dolina danes nima značilne oblike udornice. Kot najpomembnejši vzrok netipične udorne oblike Velike Jeršanove doline zagovarjamo njen nastanek v temenskem delu Postojnske antiklinale, oblikovanje v tankoplastnatih bolj glinastih apnencih, ki so ob Jeršanovem prelomu precej pretrti ter intenzivno korozijsko zniževanje terena. Glede na današnjo oblikovanost pobočij in zunanjih robov je Velika Jeršanova dolina relikt nekdanje izrazite udornice.The Velika Jeršanova doline (a.s.l.=535 m) is situated on the surface above the Postojnska Jama cave system. Its deepening undoubtedly interrupted the continuation of Pisani rov (a.s.l.=535,5 m) towards N. Through the Velika Jeršanova doline the Postojna anticline crest runs in the direction of NW-SE. The same direction has also the Jeršan fault. Strike and dip of thin bedded Turonian and Cenomanian limestones are disordered on the anticline’s crest. The limestones dip 5-25°. The Velika Jeršanova doline today does not have the typical shape of a collapse doline. The main cause for the untypical collapse shape of Velika Jeršanova doline is its formation in the Postojna anticline crest, its shaping in thin bedded clay - rich limestones and intensive erosional lowering of the area. Regarding the actual shape of the slopes and outer edges, the Velika Jeršanova doline is a relic of a former well shaped collapse doline.
Značilnosti odnosa med napajanjem in praznjenjem kraškega vodonosnika v zaledju izvirov Vipave (Slovenija)
Authors: Petrič Metka
Published: January 2018

V opravljeni raziskavi sem iskala odgovore na vprašanji, kakšne so značilnosti odnosa med napajanjem in praznjenjem kraškega vodonosnika v zaledju izvirov Vipave in kaj lahko na osnovi ugotovljenih odnosov med vhodnim in izhodnim signalom kraškega sistema sklepamo o zakonitostih njegovega delovanja. Postavila sem več različnih modelov napajanje-praznjenje. Za vsakega sem pretvorbo vhodnega signala v odziv sistema definirala s funkcijami transferja, ki v matematični obliki odražajo razmere in procese v kraškem sistemu. Primerjava ustreznosti različnih postavljenih modelov je potrdila pomemben vpliv vegetacije ter procesov v ozračju in tleh na količino vode, ki dejansko vstopi v kraški vodonosnik in sem jo izrazila s funkcijo napajanja. Točnost simulacije pa se je povečala tudi z razčlenitvijo napajanja na počasno in hitro komponento, kar se ujema z dvojnim mehanizmom delovanja kraškega sistema: s hitrim pretokom skozi kraško drenažno mrežo in daljšim zadrževanjem v sistemu z uskladiščenjem v conah slabše prepustnosti.  In the presented research I tried to find answers to the following questions: what the characteristics of the relation between recharge and discharge of the karst aquifer in the background of the Vipava springs are and which conclusions about the functioning of the karst system can be made based on stated relations between its input and output signal. Several different models of the system recharge-discharge were set. For each the conversion of the input signal to the system response was defined by transfer functions, which express conditions and processes in the karst system in mathematical form. Based on the comparison of the suitability of these different models an important influence of vegetation and processes in atmosphere and soil on the quantity of water that actually enters the karst aquifer and is expressed as recharge function was proved. An increase in the accuracy of the simulation was obtained also by the temporal distribution of recharge in fast and slow component, which is in agreement with the double mechanism of the functioning of the system: fast flow through the karst drainage net and longer retardation in the system with storage of water in less permeable zones.
Paleomagnetic Dating of Sediments in Caves Opened During Highway Construction Near Kozina, Slovenia
Authors: Šebela Stanka , Sasowsky Ira D.
Published: January 2018

V članku poročamo o paleomagnetizmu jamskih sedimentov v JZ Sloveniji. Vzorci so bili vzeti iz dveh denudiranih jam, ki sta se v letu 1999 odprli ob gradnji avtoceste pri Kozini. Vsi vzorci so pokazali normalno magnetno polariteto. Imeli so dobro vzorčno moč in le eno paleomagnetno komponento. Vzorci SLO033- SLO036 kažejo dobro usmerjenost nekoliko bolj zahodno, kot je današnje polje in so mlajši od 0,73 Ma. Vzorci SLO037-SLO042 so usmerjeni nekoliko proti vzhodu glede na sedanje polje in pripadajo zadnjemu normalnemu magnetnemu obdobju ali pa razkrivajo enega od starejših normalnih magnetnih obdobij.We report on the paleomagnetism of cave sediments from SW Slovenia. Samples were taken from 2 denuded caves that were opened during highway construction in 1999 near Kozina. All samples showed normal magnetic polarity, had good sample strength, and had only 1 paleomagnetic component. Samples SLO033-SLO036 showed good directional clustering slightly West of the present day field, and are younger than 0,73 Ma. Samples SLO037-SLO042 clustered slightly East of the present day field, and either reveal paleosecular variation or belong to an older normal magnetic chron.
Reciprocidades invisibles: Diálogos y controversias en torno a los estudios urbanos
Authors: Di Virgilio María Mercedes
Published: January 2018

El presente artículo propone hacer un balance de los intercambios, diálogos y contrapuntos entre Francia y Argentina en el campo de los estudios urbanos. Sin pretender ser exhaustiva, la revisión de los caminos recorridos espera señalar las principales influencias en este campo desde la década de los años 70 hasta la actualidad. Para ello, se identifican aquellos enfoques que sin lugar a dudas han marcado el campo de los estudios urbanos, en general, y de la sociología urbana, en particular, en Argentina. Asimismo, se señalan algunas líneas de trabajo más actuales que generan intercambios asiduos y regulares. Finalmente, se ponen en consideración aspectos que podrían enriquecer y profundizar estos intercambios, especialmente aquellos que pudieran contribuir a la construcción de un enfoque comparado de la sociología urbana.
Security Issues in E-Commerce
Authors: Sriram Arram , Rao Adiraju Prashantha
Published: January 2018

E-commerce is selling and buying products in online shopping through the internet. When purchasing the products using internet, many security issues arise. These issues are to be addressed effectively and to be resolved. The security issue is an essential part of any transaction that takes place over the internet. Security becomes paramount not only for retailers but for any business that operates via the internet as the popularity of online shopping grows. This chapter focuses security protocols and their achievements in providing effective communication between end-users and business people.
Application of Opinion Mining in E-Commerce
Authors: Mishra Brojo Kishore , Sahoo Rekhanjali
Published: January 2018

Social media has become an increasingly important part of our daily lives in the last few years. An area of substantial research is that of predicting product sales, such as books, video games, and movie tickets. Customer opinions play a very crucial role in daily life. When we have to make decisions, opinions of other individuals are also considered. Business organizations and corporate organizations are always eager to find consumer or individual views regarding their products, support, and service. In e-commerce, online shopping, and online tourism, it is very crucial to analyze the social data present on the web automatically; therefore, it is very important to create methods that automatically classify them. In this chapter, the authors do future prediction of financial market by taking past observations so that they can maximize their profit and orders can be placed on time.
Integrating Sustainability Into IT/IS Project Evaluation Methods
Authors: Silvius Gilbert
Published: January 2018

Sustainability is one of the most important challenges of our time. How can we develop prosperity without compromising the lives of future generations? Information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) provide organizations with the ability to change and improve business processes to better support sustainable practices. IT/IS evaluation methods should therefore reflect this ability and include criteria for the assessment of sustainability aspects of IT/IS projects. However, IT/IS evaluation methods are still dominated by the economical perspective that resulted from the infamous IT productivity paradox. This chapter aims to broaden the perspective on IT/IS evaluation by exploring the integration of indicators that reflect the concepts of sustainability into IT/IS evaluation methods. The analysis will conclude that integrating sustainability considerations in IT/IS evaluation requires far more than a set of additional criteria to be considered.
Green IT Readiness and Directions of Power Consumption
Authors: Alsultanny Yas A.
Published: January 2018

Since the advent of information technology (IT) is continuously increasing, energy consumption is on the rise, which forces the global world to be directed toward green IT. The Joulemeter program developed by Microsoft used to make the comparisons between computers types. The results showed that laptops consume less power than desktops, and CO2 emissions of the laptop are about 4.5 times less than desktop emission. A questionnaire was developed to evaluate green IT readiness from the perspective of the IT employees. The data collected from 401 IT employees. The results showed the dimension maintenance gain the highest average, which indicates the IT employees realize that the maintenance is an important factor for green IT readiness. The factors, technology, practice, attitude, and maintenance, have an agree degree of agreement; the factors, policy, governance, and green IT readiness, have neutral degree of agreement. The governance has the highest correlation and influence on green IT readiness. The study recommends organizations setup strategies for implementing green IT.
Sustaining Competitive Advantage in SME Sector Through Green Computing
Authors: Mohapatra Sanjay
Published: January 2018

The objective of this chapter is to identify the factors that will make e-commerce adoption a sustainable one in a developing country like India. Using secondary research, variables that influence decision for e-commerce adoption were determined. Then using primary research, these variables were tested in different SMEs in Odisha, India. Data from 50 organizations were collected using a structured interview process. The results of data analysis using discriminant analysis indicate that organizational readiness, managerial productivity, external pressure, decision aids, compatibility, and perceived usefulness were factors found to be important determinants of adoption.
Functional Foods of the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Sidhu Jiwan S. , Zafar Tasleem A.
Published: January 2018

The medicinal effects of food have been recognized on the Indian subcontinent since many centuries. The current thinking on functional foods can easily be applied to many traditional Indian subcontinent foods as these are based on whole grains, legumes, oilseeds, nuts, vegetables, fruits, spices, condiments, and many fermented milk products. Consumption of such foods on a regular basis not only provides most of nutrients in adequate quantities but also improve gastrointestinal health, boost immune functions, improve bone health, lower cholesterol, oxidative stress, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, various types of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, ill-effects of obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Various chemical and biological components present in Indian subcontinent traditional foods, such as phytochemicals, dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, lignins, omega-3 fatty acids, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and probiotic bacteria play an important role in improving the health of consumers of these foods. The history of Indian traditional foods has been adequately reviewed by Srinivasan (2011). The traditional food habits of each specific area of the Indian subcontinent have been influenced by the culture and the availability of locally grown food materials. Some of the important functional foods of India subcontinent will be briefly discussed in this chapter.
Benefits Forgone
Authors: Peterson Eric C.
Published: January 2018

By conservative, reliable, objective, and preliminary estimates, the United States could generate at least $660 million annually – $26.4 billion over four decades – by building and operating faster, more frequent, more dependable, and more highly integrated passenger rail service in four corridors: The Northeast; the Chicago Hub; California; and the Northwest. Numerous studies by a variety of national and international organizations and government agencies suggest that the actual cost of building and/or improving passenger rail service lines is significantly less than the cost per mile of other modal alternatives. In fact, in many corridors, passenger rail is the only feasible option for adding capacity, given the practical constraints facing aviation and highway expansion. Further, by integrating improved, higher speed intercity passenger rail service into the existing transportation system, major issues of congestion, mobility and economic inequality can be addressed.
Evaluation of Walkability and Pedestrian Level of Service
Authors: Tuydes-Yaman Hediye , Karatas Pinar
Published: January 2018

Due to decreasing resources, living in urban regions focus on sustainability in many aspects, including transportation. Sustainable transportation encourages non-motorized modes of walking and cycling as well as public transit (which also relies on walking while accessing a station), as well. However, walking as a mode is still a big mystery itself that needs further attention and research effort especially in the evaluation part. So far, the planners have discussed the concepts of walking and walkability, while engineers have mostly focused on Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS). The scope of the problem is reflected in the diversity, and consequent inconsistency, in the available PLOS methods, which is one of the problems addressed in this chapter. The second and the bigger problem is the gap between the planning and engineering approaches in evaluating PLOS and walkability producing no consensus or clear relationship between the two, even though they overlap greatly.
Identifying the Temporal Characteristics of Intra-City Movement Using Taxi Geo-Location Data
Authors: Zhang Wenbo , Qian Xinwu , Ukkusuri Satish V.
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, the authors focus on temporal patterns of urban taxi trips and explore determinant factors in conjunction with geodatabase at aggregate level. Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model is proposed in light of count data nature and excessive number of O-D pairs with zero trip. Three typical time slots on weekdays, as well as weekends, are introduced as case study to check temporal variations of intra-city movement. The results indicate that trip distance, land use, socioeconomics, and built environment are significant variables that affect the number of taxi trips between two locations. In particular, longer travel and worse economy conditions, such as low employment and average annual income and more population under poverty, may prevent more movements, which have more impacts during peak hours. A better transit system may reduce the taxi trips, except for areas with more subway stations. Develpoed area for instance more commercial or residential area is more likely to attract more visits by taxis, as well as dense public facilities but with more temporal variations.
The Application of Venue-Side Location-Based Social Networking (VS-LBSN) Data in Dynamic Origin-Destination Estimation
Authors: Yang Fan , Jin Peter J. , Cebelak Meredith , Ran Bin , Walton C. Michael
Published: January 2018

Location-Based Social Networking (LBSN) allows users to confirm their current locations and trip purposes by “checking in” with places of interests (“venues”) registered at the LBSN Websites. Such individual activity data provides the potential to collect dynamic travel demand data in a temporal and spatial resolution that cannot be achieved using traditional survey-based methods. In this chapter, the authors investigate and propose LBSN data-based urban travel demand estimation methods—specifically, the dynamic Origin-Destination (OD) demand estimation. This chapter investigates the feasibility of using VS-LBSN data to estimate dynamic Origin-Destination (OD) travel demand for general trips. A combined non-parametric cluster and regression model is used to establish the relationship between VS-LBSN data and the trip production and attraction. A modified gravity model-based trip distribution method with three friction function variations is proposed to estimate the OD matrix. The proposed methods are calibrated and evaluated against the ground truth OD data from CMAP (Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning). The results demonstrate the promising potential of using VS-LBSN data for dynamic OD estimation.
Poisson Regression Analysis of Highway Fatality Accident Data in Oklahoma
Authors: Comer Jonathan C. , Rose Nicholas J. , Bombom Leonard S.
Published: January 2018

Analysis of fatality automobile accident data can be challenging in rural areas where a relatively small number of such accidents occurs on specific sections of highways. Combining crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and highway networks and design specifications from the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT), this article employs Poisson regression analysis to determine what roadway characteristics (e.g. grade, geometry, and design) are most associated with fatal accidents on predominantly rural segments of highways in Oklahoma. The results provide information about what combinations of highway design traits have contributed most to past crashes and therefore can identify potentially dangerous road segments system-wide. This information will help transportation engineers evaluate current construction practice and seek ways to address design issues that are shown to contribute significantly to serious crashes.
Evaluating Alternatives of Transport Network Design of a Metropolitan City Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
Authors: Akin Darcin
Published: January 2018

The objective of this study is to examine how the share of public transit investments affects urban structure using spatial-temporal distribution of transport passenger flows over transport network alternatives. A methodology to model urban structure (identifying and classifying centers and subcenters) based on urban travel data (interzonal urban passenger flows via urban rail modes during morning peak-hour) was developed using hierarchical cluster analysis for the case study of Istanbul Metropolitan City in Turkey since the rail investment is the major determinant in the definition of the network alternatives studied. Effects of the alternatives of Istanbul's 2023 Transport Master Plan networks on urban structure were modeled and compared using hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA). Analysis of the travel patterns over the alternative transport networks did not yield significant differences under the given constraint that the number of total trips in the metropolitan city was constant for all scenarios.
GPS Travel Diaries in Rural Transportation Research
Authors: Hanson Trevor , Hildebrand Eric
Published: January 2018

Global Positioning System (GPS)-based travel diaries have emerged as valuable tools for urban transportation planning but have had little uptake in rural transportation planning. This chapter describes the methodology and effectiveness of employing vehicle-instrumented passive GPS units and participant-prompted recall with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in a rural travel diary study focused on understanding older driver travel behaviour. A convenience sample of 60 rural older drivers in New Brunswick, Canada participated for an average of 5.3 days. The GPS devices recorded 1649 “stops” of 1 minute or more, with 8% of all “stops” due to stoplights or traffic delay. Remaining “stops” were organized into 1494 trips (one origin with one destination), with participants supplying travel purposes and driver and passenger details for 99.1% of trips. An external battery for the GPS unit minimized satellite acquisition delay but was exhausted in 10% of cases. Results from the study permitted an exploratory analysis of the impact of select license restrictions on older drivers, the potential for rural older drivers to meet their needs without a car, and exposure analysis by road class.
Integrating Spatial Planning of Protected Areas and Transportation Infrastructures
Authors: Niţă Mihai Răzvan , Niculae Mihăită Iulian , Vânău Gabriel Ovidiu
Published: January 2018

Our study focuses on the position of protected areas in relation to the transport infrastructure planning and their specific requirements (fragmentation, artificial edge effects, buffer zones, etc.). The presence of transport infrastructure in protected areas is discouraged by the European Union legislation and although their avoidance should be easy, there are numerous cases in which knowledge of the protected areas lacked from the transport infrastructure planning. Our chapter presents the theoretical aspects of integrating protected areas with transportation infrastructures and the main software and methodologies which can be used in the planning process exemplified with case studies. The multitude of challenges found in transportation and conservation planning requires complex decision support systems (DSS), such are the tools based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) we showcased in this chapter.
Railway Operations Models
Authors: Narayanaswami Sundaravalli
Published: January 2018

This chapter is intended as an exposure to OR based methods, particularly the analytical approach to modelling railway operations. An overview of several planned operations in railway transportation is provided in an academic context. Some of the applications and the associated models are applied in realistic settings in the transportation industry, and also have demonstrated evidence of acceptance over a long number of years. Primary coverage is on transportation scheduling and the concise discussions are on planning phases, various operations that can be deterministically modeled and analysed, model development, few exercises and real-world stories, wherever appropriate. All sections are adequately provided with the list of references and an interested reader can benefit from a conceptual understanding to model development and to implement and deploy, under some prior knowledge on the basics and programming experience.
Logistics for City and Regional Planning
Authors: Knoflacher Hermann
Published: January 2018

Logistics in transport considers the physical structure of a city as given and tries to optimize the performance of companies or the transportation system within the given conditions. On the other side, companies choose their location under the given conditions and the expected changes and influence the structure of the city and its economy in a continuous way. City and transport planning methods have not considered these effects in their work so far and are therefore influenced by the driving forces of the economy of scale and demand oriented traffic growth. The introduction of principles of logistics into the early stages of land use and city planning would change the “given conditions” and open the path for a more sustainable development, with more pressure for innovation and fairness in the market.
An App to Manage Grammar Level Tests in Language Schools
Authors: Sarasa Antonio
Published: January 2018

A typical task in language schools is to assign a level of skill to the students with respect to the language they are going to study. For this, the students are evaluated through a set of level tests that measure the student's competence. Normally, the assessment consists of an oral competency test, a written competency test, and a listening comprehension test. A characteristic of this type of test is the possibility of evaluating them remotely (usually they are tests with questions where every question has associated a set of possible answers where only one of the answers is correct) without the necessity of the presence of any evaluator. For this reason, it is possible to create computer applications that automate the evaluation and management of test results. This chapter presents a computer application that has been created with the aim of automating the process of management and evaluation of level tests for students of Spanish as a foreign language. The application has been tested at the University of Zaragoza.
Logging Analysis and Prediction in Open Source Java Project
Authors: Lal Sangeeta , Sardana Neetu , Sureka Ashish
Published: January 2018

Log statements present in source code provide important information to the software developers because they are useful in various software development activities such as debugging, anomaly detection, and remote issue resolution. Most of the previous studies on logging analysis and prediction provide insights and results after analyzing only a few code constructs. In this chapter, the authors perform an in-depth, focused, and large-scale analysis of logging code constructs at two levels: the file level and catch-blocks level. They answer several research questions related to statistical and content analysis. Statistical and content analysis reveals the presence of differentiating properties among logged and nonlogged code constructs. Based on these findings, the authors propose a machine-learning-based model for catch-blocks logging prediction. The machine-learning-based model is found to be effective in catch-blocks logging prediction.
Optimization Scenarios for Open Source Software Used in E-Learning Activities
Authors: Köse Utku
Published: January 2018

Using open software in e-learning application is one of the most popular ways of improving effectiveness of e-learning-based processes without thinking about additional costs and even focusing on modifying the software according to needs. Because of that, it is important to have an idea about what is needed while using an e-learning-oriented open software system and how to deal with its source codes. At this point, it is a good option to add some additional features and functions to make the open source software more intelligent and practical to make both teaching-learning experiences during e-learning processes. In this context, the objective of this chapter is to discuss some possible applications of artificial intelligence to include optimization processes within open source software systems used in e-learning activities. In detail, the chapter focuses more on using swarm intelligence and machine learning techniques for this aim and expresses some theoretical views for improving the effectiveness of such software for a better e-learning experience.
Unlocking the Unlimited Potentials of Koha OSS/ILS for Library House-Keeping Functions
Authors: Adesola Adekunle P. , Olla Grace Omolara O.
Published: January 2018

Drawing praxis from Bowen University, Nigeria and other libraries worldwide, the chapter unveils the limitless capabilities of Koha ILS to successfully manage core library house-keeping functions—cataloging, acquisitions, circulation control, patrons' management, OPAC, serials, and report generation—in one seamless whole. Web-based features like its flexibility, adaptability, interoperability, MARC, Z39.50, patrons' ability for online logging in, registration, renewal, and many more were revealed. Also, reasons for its global adoptability, benefits, likely challenges, and solutions from practitioners were also highlighted. The chapter concludes that despite the puny but eventually surmounted challenges, Koha holds unlimited potential for libraries of any shape/size by just garnering from the experiences of subsisting users of the software globally.
Strategy of Good Software Governance
Authors: Tolu Hüseyin
Published: January 2018

To chapter concerns emerging cybernetics, which is the school of “meaning to lead” and is particularly associated with the idea of dominations and controls. This chapter initially anatomizes the sociology of software cybernetics into two broad movements—free/libre and open source software (FLOSS) and proprietary close source software (PCSS)—to argue a good software governance approach. This chapter discusses (a) in what matters and (b) for what reasons software governance of Turkey has locked into the ecosystems of PCSS and, in particular, considers causes, effects, and potential outcomes of not utilizing FLOSS in the state of Turkey. The government has continuously stated that there are no compulsory national or international conventions(s) and settlement(s) with the ecosystems of PCSS and that there is no vendor lock-in concern. Nevertheless, the chapter principally argues that Turkey has taken a pragmatic decision-making process of software in the emerging cybernetics that leads and contributes to techno-social externality of PCSS hegemonic stability.
Prazerosa – Interactive Reading Chair
Authors: Gaspar Rui Manuel Agostinho , Coelho José Pedro Fernandes da Silva , Bastos Glória Maria Lourenço
Published: January 2018

This article describes how to promote reading amongst children, changing the focus on the languages traditionally involved in the print, to the reading environment and adding other interactive languages, has led to the invention of: “Prazeroza – Interactive Reading Chair”. The intention is to generate a peculiar reading environment, an immersive one, created through interactivity. The reader already constructs in his imagination, when reading a book, to real sensations felt through his body, vary accordingly with the narrative's characteristics. This article is started by describing a possible interaction between reader and Prazerosa. After which, it will lay all the paths taken regarding aesthetics, literature, mechanics, electronics and computation, to arrive to the desired immersive reading environment. This approach combines the interactive and virtual between the reader, the visual languages present in the book, and the machinery and luminosity of languages introduced by Prazeroza.
Pixel 2 Installation
Authors: Rodrigues de Carvalho Acácio , Pereira Selma Eduarda
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes how the Pixel 2 is an installation based on the matrix forms and the small quadrangular shapes that compose them. These forms are the source of the digital image (bitmap) that bring us simultaneously to the pictorial works of Impressionism to Neo-plasticism. The compositions of the panels arise from the pictorial game dynamics with pixels as if they were a binary system. The graphical representation of pixels in Pixel2, the optical and illusion inherent game, are a fundamental part of this rematerialized media-art installation. The materialization of common digital elements such as small pixels allows a renewed vision, which raises digital interactions to a more spontaneous, intuitive immersion in the work and its materiality. The installation also invites the viewer to interact, in order to extend and expand the perception and experimentation of the different components of the work.
Priority-Based Stippling and its Stylization Applications
Authors: Li Hua , Mould David
Published: January 2018

This article presents a new and efficient automatic method for structure-preserving stippling. The core idea is to concentrate on structure preservation by using a priority-based scheme that treats extremal pixels first and preferentially assigns positive error to lighter pixels and negative error to darker pixels, emphasizing contrast. The use of a nonlinear spatial function to shrink or exaggerate errors implicitly provides global adjustment of density. Personal adjustment respects contrast and hence allows people to preserve structure even with few stipples. Beyond the advantage of good structure preservation, the algorithm provides many variations to extend personal stippling to other artistic styles. In addition, it is demonstrated that variations on priority-based schemes, by a multiple-stage process, can provide flexibility to promote different kinds of interesting features. This article explores a variety of stylized effects, including heightening, scratchboard, and line drawing, all within the unifying framework of stippling.
The Least Squares SVM for the Prediction of Production in the Field of Oil and Gas
Authors: Peng Jun , Qiao Yudeng , Tang Dedong , Ge Lan , Xia Qinfeng , Chen Tingting
Published: January 2018

With the development of cognitive information technology and continuous application, human society has also accelerated the development. Cognitive information is widely used in the field of oil and gas, where production forecasts are of great importance to firms and companies. In this article, the support vector machine and the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) and particle swarm optimization algorithm research, combined to accurately predict and make error estimates. In this article, the model is applied to verify the actual output data of certain enterprises in previous years. The results show that the model has good convergence, high prediction accuracy and training speed, and can predict its output more accurately. The method used in this article is of the development of cognitive information technology, the authors have reason to believe that with the continuous development of cognitive information technology, our society will have a breakthrough.