bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Kamikaze Mission
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how, once the GOP made its decision (Trump for president), a horrified team of the party's political professionals—who were eager to put their skills to work on behalf of a client they could believe in—led a frantic and flailing search to find a statesman willing to launch an independent run for the presidency. After soliciting some of the Republican Party's senior statesmen to take on the job of providing an alternative to Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, the party's political professionals simply took on the job themselves. Joel Searby, a mid-level political consultant based in Florida, and William Kristol were at the center of the effort to run a “Real Republican” against Trump. Having failed to stop their party from nominating Donald Trump, or the country from electing him, the network of Never Trump operatives has been reduced to keeping the flame of resistance alive, in the hope that the party will one day come to its senses. Indeed, Kristol launched a number of initiatives explicitly designed to carry on the Never Trump crusade.
Introduction
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

The introduction tells the personal story behind the development of instruction modeling and summarizes the main points of the book. It relates how Alex, Julia, and George Khachatryan immigrated to America from Russia, and how their experiences with George’s schooling led Alex to the idea of instruction modeling. Instruction modeling is inspired by expert systems, a form of artificial intelligence. The idea of instruction modeling is to study high-quality offline instruction and use blended learning to recreate this instruction. The aim is to supply to students equivalent educational experiences to those of children in the world’s best mathematics classrooms.
Instruction Modeling
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the core ideas behind instruction modeling. A promising way to improve mathematics instruction is to import successful approaches from other countries; however, it is exceptionally difficult to do this, since instructional traditions are cultural and the volume of teaching expertise that needs to be transferred is vast. Computers offer a possible way to ease the barriers. Expert systems (invented c. 1970) are a type of artificial intelligence system that uses rules to mimic human decision-making. Following the pattern suggested by expert systems, an instruction modeler studies high-quality offline instruction and then designs computer programs that aim to recreate this instruction. Many important activities cannot be automated, and therefore instruction modeling is necessarily blended learning: some instruction takes place online, while other activities are led by classroom teachers. To illustrate these ideas, this chapter describes several instruction modeling programs created by Reasoning Mind. It also discusses Russian mathematics education, explaining why it is a successful instructional tradition and a suitable choice for instruction modeling.
The Role of Learning Science in Instruction Modeling
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the interplay between instruction modeling and applied learning science in developing blended learning programs. Far from being two alternative methods, these two approaches complement one another. We discuss in depth the Edifice program; this program systematically applies Mayer’s cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML), which is perhaps the most developed and empirically supported theory guiding the design of blended learning interfaces.
Implementation
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

Implementation is of paramount importance in blended learning. Reasoning Mind learned this lesson when one of the organization’s first programs was offered to teachers with very little training and support, leading to a year of seriously flawed program use. Subsequently, Reasoning Mind added extensive teacher training and implementation support, which addressed the problem. Implementation is important in any blended learning program, but is especially challenging for a program developed using instruction modeling: such programs by design involve a reform in the curriculum and instructional methods, and therefore can only succeed when teachers are given the support needed to make the change. One lesson learned is that the more instructionally comprehensive a blended learning program is, the more difficult it is for schools to adopt and implement it. This is a central problem for blended learning, since programs can only make a difference in proportion to their use. Thus, unless conditions are created (for example, through government policies) to make it easier for schools to use comprehensive programs, it is unrealistic to expect that blended learning will lead to meaningful educational improvements.
A Comparison with Other Approaches
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

What are the relative merits of instruction modeling and other approaches to the design of blended learning programs? This chapter discusses several prevailing approaches, including applied learning science, personalization, and the use of big data in education. Many programs are designed around a single claimed feature of good instruction; terming such thinking “featurism,” this chapter argues that it is reductionist and less likely to be successful than more comprehensive approaches (such as instruction modeling). However, instruction modeling is not simply an alternative to other approaches: as the example of cognitive psychology illustrates, instruction modeling can often be fruitfully combined with other methods. Just as good software developers blend different approaches (e.g., using usability testing and the psychology of attention in designing interfaces), good instructional designers should draw on a wide range of techniques. This chapter discusses how instruction modeling can work in concert with big data, natural language processing, and other important approaches.
The Future of Instruction Modeling
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

Instruction modeling is still in its early stages. This chapter discusses promising directions in which instruction modeling could develop in coming years. This includes increasing the richness of interfaces used in instruction modeling programs (e.g., by allowing students to enter responses in free form and have them graded via natural language processing); applying instruction modeling to subjects beyond mathematics, including English, foreign language, and science; using educational data mining to create automated “coaches” to help teachers better implement instruction modeling programs in their classrooms; creating approaches to instruction modeling that allow for rapid authorship of content; redesigning schools (in schedules as well as architecture) to optimize the use of instruction modeling; and putting in place government policies to encourage the use of comprehensive blended learning programs (such as those developed through instruction modeling).
Propelled
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

Weaving together stories from sources as wide-ranging as classical literature, social and cognitive psychology, philosophy, art, and video games, Propelled: How Boredom, Frustration, and Anticipation Lead Us to the Good Life makes a lively case for the value of discontent in our lives. It offers novel, detailed, and scientifically informed characterizations of the nature and outcomes of boredom, frustration, and anticipation. The book demonstrates why these three states should not be viewed as obstacles to our goals but as elements of the good life and explicates how they can illuminate our desires and expectations, inform us when we find ourselves stuck in unpleasant and unfulfilling situations, and motivate us to furnish our lives with meaning, interest, and value.
The Changing College Student
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 explains how social science can help students navigate college. Beginning with illustrative student case studies, the introductory chapter describes how social, economic, and cultural changes over the last several decades resulted in the new life course stage called “emerging adulthood.” Emerging adults today are different from the entering college students of the past, which means that today’s students’ experiences are markedly distinct from that of their parents and grandparents. Detailing these differences across generations of entering college students, this chapter discusses the implications of these changes for understanding entering college students today. This chapter also introduces and summarizes the content of the subsequent book chapters.
Becoming a Leader and Giving to Others
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 helps students learn from personal experiences and overcome structural challenges to become leaders in college. Being a leader requires recognizing one’s personal strengths and learning how to engage those strengths on campus, which builds skills and experiences for broader civic engagement beyond college. The goal in this chapter is to alert students to the ways that college provides an opportunity to construct future paths. Moreover, the chapter presents a wide array of options for finding a niche group or activity on campus, which can help students feel integrated and develop valuable leadership skills.
Making Informed Choices, for Now and Later
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 8 explains that college provides a safe place to explore different career options. Students learn that switching majors, interning, working as a research assistant, and talking with professors are all excellent ways to test out majors and assess whether a career in that field is a good fit. Simultaneously, the chapter presents college as a safe space for career exploration and addresses tips for changing majors, talking with parents about desired careers, finding a vocation or career path, and shaping professional identity. The book culminates with a section about how to navigate college, and life generally, with research-based decisions. Following these recommendations will ensure that students continue their journey as learners, informed citizens, and social leaders long after they finish reading this book.
How to Alienate Others
Authors: Harrison Brian F.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 is a discussion about what not to do in conversations about politics, focusing on three common pitfalls. The first is approaching discussions as a competition. The goal of a conversation is not to “win” nor to wage a battle against another person; the goal is to come to a clearer understanding of what the other person thinks and, in the process, to come to a clearer understanding of one’s own thinking. Second, another common hiccup in meaningful dialogue is using the wrong tone, often resulting in shame or defensiveness. One of the surest ways to shut down a conversation before it starts is to make someone feel ashamed or defensive. Finally, the chapter identifies approaches to finding the most appropriate places and times to engage with other people in a meaningful way.
The Mechanics of Persuasion and the Impact of Information
Authors: Harrison Brian F.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 shifts to strategies and tactics of what we should do during political discussions, starting with how to best prepare before the conversation even begins. In this era of “fake news,” the use of data and statistics in interpersonal conversations can be complicated. We are naturally inclined to seek and to trust information that reinforces current beliefs and actively discount information that challenges beliefs. Given that proclivity, how we use information in political discussions has become more important than ever. This chapter considers ways to empower ourselves with reliable information from credible sources and how to bolster arguments in a way that does not alienate an audience. Anticipating counterarguments and the kinds of suspicion we may face from others can help identify the right information and sources to counteract the skepticism that many feel for the media and other information sources.
Is the Engagement Survey the Only Way?
Authors: Chakrabarti Madhura , McCune Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2020

Organizations are faced with a new challenge as the landscape around employee sensing evolves: Beyond a traditional engagement survey, where can organizations look to gather employee data and subsequently analyze, interpret, and act upon those data to enhance the employee experience? A useful starting point is to be aware of the plethora of sources for employee sensing available today. This chapter covers a range of internal, external, active, and passive data sources that organizations can use to expand their listening systems beyond surveys. The data sources described include network data, biometrics, internal ticket management data, and others. Use cases provide concrete examples of how these data sources are being applied to employee sensing.
Mechanics of Survey Data Analysis
Authors: Moye Melinda J. , O’Malley Alison L.
Published: May 2020

In this chapter the authors outline important issues to consider when setting up a survey so that the administration team or a third party vendor is able to conduct meaningful analyses afterward. They discuss decisions surrounding data structure, confidential versus anonymous surveys, and missing data and reporting elements. They also discuss understanding variability, item history, and using norms and benchmark data. The latter part of the chapter focuses on model-building. In summary, it is critical to establish a purpose for a survey and to have a clear strategy for data analysis at the outset to facilitate leaders’ understanding of the data and their ability to act afterward.
Taking Action to Drive Change Through Survey Key Driver Analysis
Authors: Johnson Jeff W.
Published: May 2020

Survey key driver analysis (SKDA) is a general term describing statistical procedures for identifying priorities from among a larger set of topics measured by a survey. The key drivers of a particular outcome measured by a survey (e.g., employee engagement) are the survey topics or items that are most highly associated with the outcome. By determining the relative importance of each survey topic to a particular outcome, SKDA suggests where attention should be focused to have the greatest impact on that outcome, helping decision makers prioritize action to drive meaningful change. This chapter describes appropriate SKDA methods, addresses potential criticisms of the approach, makes recommendations for the proper application of SKDA, and addresses the most frequent methodological questions that arise concerning SKDA.
From Identified Surveys to New Technologies
Authors: Saari Lise M. , Scherbaum Charles A.
Published: May 2020

Employee surveys and privacy issues have become increasingly complex with the movement toward identified surveys, integrated databases, expanded analytics, the advancement of technology, and changing regulations. The purpose of this chapter is to review and provide recommendations on data privacy and ethical considerations related to employee attitude measurement, including new technologies. This is followed by a review of the ethical considerations related to employee surveys, including the ever-changing legal landscape. The authors then summarize select new technologies that collect employee attitude data and discuss the challenges they pose. They close with recommendations for the use of employee surveys and evolving technologies.
Health and Wealth
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Africa’s current 1 billion or so residents are healthier than they have ever been thanks to medical science, special attention in several key countries to chronic disease remediation, and the efforts of several American philanthropic enterprises. Life expectancies are up and morbidity is mostly down, allowing Africans to work more productively, enjoy more leisure, and exert middle class pressures on their respective national governments. Daily life has become a little less brutish in a Hobbesian manner than it once was. There is more space and time now for the cultivation of progress socially, economically, and politically. But children still die in great number from pneumonia, tuberculosis is rife, HIV/AIDS persists, and malaria has not yet been eradicated. So Africans are still at risk.
Things Come Together:
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Africans are achieving greatness, or are at least poised to do so in this century. But to ensure such a positive outcome, Africans will have to tame the demographic tidal wave that threatens to bring vast numbers of young people into nearly all of their countries. In order to meet this challenge, schooling opportunities will have to expand and strengthen at the secondary and tertiary levels; technically skilled persons will need to become more numerous; and much more emphasis than now will have to be placed on capacity building for rapid economic growth. As people numbers surge, so crises will occur if employment possibilities expand too slowly, and without overcoming today’s sclerotic production of jobs. With intensifying urbanization, rural upheavals and massive in-migration, and crushing pressures within the planet’s largest cities, Africa’s coming together will depend on successfully meeting these and many other tough, but surmountable, challenges.
Peer Groups and Tamil Identity inside and outside Schools
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 examines how the Tamil girls and boys at Hindu College managed different forms of monitoring and the reproducing of ethnicity inside and outside school. In school their Tamil identities were continually reinforced in relation to their linguistic practices. Outside school they navigated a Sinhala-majority setting, where the very act of speaking Tamil could be considered inappropriate, offensive, or even a security threat. The youth moved through and created different kinds of interactional spaces to which others were not privy—in classrooms, outside school, in groups, and traveling alone. This chapter argues that studies of youth interactions look beyond more obvious school/nonschool comparisons to analyze how participant frameworks dynamically mediate linguistic and social behavior. It also shows how the Hindu College youth managed their status as lower-class ethnic minorities by building Tamil cocoons around themselves to insulate them in Sinhala-majority public spaces.
Values Across the Lifespan
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the chief claim and main argument of the book, which we call the life stage relativity of values. This is the claim that different values matter more at different stages of our lives. During early life, caring, trust, and nurturing ought to figure prominently, due to the vulnerabilities and needs that characterize infancy and childhood. By young adulthood, the capacity to develop greater physical and emotional independence makes autonomy a focal value. During later life, we face heightened risk for chronic disease and disability, which makes maintaining capabilities central, and, in the face of loss, keeping dignity intact. Chapter 1 raises the concern that moral theories reflect life stage bias, in particular, midlife bias. Midlife bias consists of applying the values central during midlife to all life stages. Countering it requires addressing empirical, conceptual, and psychological naïveté and situating values within the context of life stages.
The Dying, the Newly Dead, and the Long Gone
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 10 takes a careful look at duties to the dying, the newly dead, and the long gone. Care of the dying and newly dead are urgent matters for aged societies, because older people die at higher rates than other age group. The chapter unpacks the slogan “Death with dignity” and asks what duties to respect the dignity of people near the end of life is required. It examines debates over physician-assisted death and rational suicide for healthy older people. It evaluates definitions of death, noting global variation, and proposes duties owed to the newly dead and long gone. Key concepts, such as narrative identity, help flesh out the idea of a “good death.” Borrowing from ethics and archeology literature, Chapter 10 introduces a systematic way to think about duties to the long gone, including human fossils with archeological significance and ancestors in native burial grounds.
Introduction
Authors: Coffey John
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with a brief sketch of the history of Protestant Dissent in post-Reformation England. It then introduces the influential tradition of denominational historiography, before examining how this ‘vertical’ approach to Dissenting history has been critiqued by historians who take a ‘horizontal’ approach—focusing on the politics of religion in a specific era or moment. Whiggish, teleological, and partisan histories of Anglicanism and Dissent have been displaced by histories that stress political contingency and the fluidity of post-Reformation religious identities. The chapter argues that historians should not overreact to the excesses of denominational historiography; they should recognize that the Stuart era did witness the formation of Dissenting denominations, as religious communities went to great lengths to sharpen the boundaries of group identity. It concludes by surveying recent trends in the historiography, including work on scholarly editions, dissenting women, the literature of dissent, lay experience, theology, exile, and migration.
Separatists and Baptists
Authors: Haykin Michael A.G.
Published: May 2020

This chapter details the emergence of the Baptists, both General and Particular, from the radical wing of Puritanism during the first four decades of the seventeenth century (the General Baptist coming out of the Separatist movement and the Particulars having their matrix in the London congregation now known as the Jacob-Lathrop-Jessey Church). It also outlines the way in which these two streams of Baptist witness eventually grew apart during the turmoil of the mid-seventeenth century, namely the British Civil Wars. The theological positions marked out by each community are thus discussed as well as the common challenges they faced during the years of persecution, 1660–88. The key roles played by leading individuals, such as William Kiffen and Thomas Grantham, are also discussed.
Wales, 1587–1689
Authors: Bowen Lloyd
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the nature and growth of Protestant nonconformity in Wales from its first glimmerings in the Elizabethan period down to the Toleration Act. The introduction explores the particular attraction of religious dissent in the historiography of early modern Wales, which has imparted a particular cast to our understanding of this period. The chapter then discusses the relative weakness of Puritanism in the country before the mid-seventeenth century, although the important case of John Penry in the 1580s and 1590s is examined. Attention then turns to the crucial developments of the Civil War period and the work of the Commission for the Propagation of the Gospel in Wales (1650–3) which was key to establishing a robust Dissenting presence in the principality. The relationship between religious nonconformity, translation, and the Welsh language is a theme that runs throughout the chapter.
Dissent in New England
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: May 2020

The New England colonies were settled in the early seventeenth century by men and women who could not in conscience subscribe to all aspects of the faith and practice of the Church of England. In creating new societies they struggled with how to define their churches and their relationship with the national Church they dissented from. As their New England Way evolved the orthodox leaders of the new order identified and took action against those who challenged it. Interaction with dissenters such as Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Baptists, and Quakers helped to further define the colonial religious establishment.
Dissent Empowered
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: May 2020

The collapse of Charles I’s Personal Rule brought the swift reversal of Laudian innovations, and soon led on to the abolition of Episcopacy, Christmas and other festivals, the removal of hundreds of ministers, and the suppression of the prayer-book. The chapter explores Puritan efforts to build a reformed Church and ministry, and shows how reconstruction proved far harder than demolition, with Presbyterianism taking firm hold only in London and Lancashire. The Puritan movement became increasingly fragmented by the rise of Independents, Baptists, and Quakers. The chapter then turns to the parish experience: the ministry and services, and disputes over access to the sacraments, and over weddings and funerals. Finally, it assesses Puritan attempts to drive forward a reformation of manners, through campaigns designed to suppress blasphemy, immorality and profanation of the Sabbath.
Being a Dissenter
Authors: Davies Michael , Dunan-Page Anne , Halcomb Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the collective experiences of lay believers in ‘gathered’ churches (both Congregational and Baptist) before and after the 1689 Toleration Act, and the ways they came to experience various forms of empowerment at a time when traditional categories of ‘laity’ and ‘clergy’ were radically renegotiated. Evidence taken from manuscript church records and other archival sources helps to consider Dissent through the corporate experiences of ordinary church members, both men and women, who were constantly engaged in defining what a ‘true’ church was, as well as the role of religious communities in shaping individual trajectories, especially through the exercise of church discipline. Focusing on disciplinary cases noted in the records of a number of gathered churches opens a window not only onto offences that disturbed and yet typified church life for early modern Dissenters, but also onto the daily lives and experiences of the visible saints.
Emotional Arenas
Authors: Seymour Mark
Published: May 2020

Based on the records of a murder trial that transfixed the nation, this book is a social history of 1870s Italy that develops a new paradigm for the history of emotions - the ‘emotional arena’. The decade following Italian unification formed a context of notable cultural variety and fluidity, and the experience and expression of emotions could be as variable as the regions making up the new nation. Through a close examination of a range of specific spaces in which lives, loves, and deaths unfolded – such as marital homes, places of socializing and entertainment, funerals, and a Roman courtroom – the book argues that social ‘arenas’ are crucial to the historical development of emotional cultural rules and styles. The narrative is driven by the failed marriage of a decorated but allegedly impotent Risorgimento soldier, his wife’s affair with a circus artiste (who had a string of previous lovers), and the illicit new couple’s murder of the husband. Hundreds of witnesses – from local professionals to servants and even circus clowns – interviewed across the length and breadth of the peninsula, left their personal views on marriage, love, sexuality, and infidelity. These provide a series of peepholes into little-known corners of the new nation’s social fabric. A careful yet imaginative reading of the prosecution records and contemporary newspaper coverage allows exploration of the highly emotional experiences generated by this story. The result is a classic Italian micro-history with surprising relevance for today’s emotionally volatile times.
Rejecting Constituent Power
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines two related traditions of thought that reject the existence of an extra-legal constituent power or deprive it of one of its main features. The first of these traditions, the doctrine of the historical or internal constitution, presented a direct challenge to the theory of constituent power. In Spain, the main exponent of this doctrine during the 19th century was Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, who held that rather than the result of an act of will, constitutions emerged through long historical processes and could not be simply created and recreated. The second (and related) line of attack against the concept of constituent power during the 19th century came from the French and Spanish doctrinaires. The doctrinaires rejected the idea that the people (or any other individual or group) had a right to create new constitutional orders. For them, sovereign authority belonged to reason itself, not to the monarch or the community. The chapter examines the practical implications of these ideas by exploring the debates that took place during the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1845.
The Material Constitution
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the way in which several authors understood the relationship between the material constitution and constituent power, and how that understanding affected their views about the legal limits of the ordinary power of constitutional reform. Part I begins with a brief examination of the historical development of the distinction between the amending and the constituent power. Part II examines the place of the concept of super-legality in Hauriou’s work. For this author, constitutional super-legality includes not only the content of a written constitution protected by a special rule of change, but also the fundamental principles that stand above the constitution itself. Part III introduces Kelsen’s conception of the material constitution which, unlike Hauriou’s, is entirely consistent with the notion of an unlimited amendment power, one which cannot ultimately be bound by eternity clauses and much less by implicit principles. In Part IV, this ‘descriptive’ approach will be contrasted with that of Schmitt. Somewhat counter-intuitively, under Schmitt’s approach, the frequent appeal to an unlimited and unmediated constituent subject leads to the attribution of limited competences to the amending authority. Part V shows how Heller’s conception of the material constitution, although at first sight appearing as a successful synthesis of Kelsen and Schmitt, provides no clear basis for justifying the protection of the material constitution through the legal appeal to an extra-legal constituent authority. Finally, the chapter examines Mortati’s views about the material constitution’s potential role in justifying the imposition of legally enforceable limits on the amending authority.
Statistical Field Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

This book is an introduction to statistical field theory, which is an important subject within theoretical physics and a field that has seen substantial progress in recent years. The book covers fundamental topics in great detail and includes areas like conformal field theory, quantum integrability, S-matrices, braiding groups, Bethe ansatz, renormalization groups, Majorana fermions, form factors, the truncated conformal space approach and boundary field theory. It also provides an introduction to lattice statistical models. Many topics are discussed at a fairly advanced level but via a pedagogical approach. In particular, the book presents in a clear way non-perturbative methods of quantum field theories that have become decisive tools in many different areas of statistical and condensed matter physics, and which are currently an essential foundation of the working knowledge of a modern theoretical physicist.
Conformal Field Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 10 introduces the notion of conformal transformations and the important topic of the massless quantum field theories associated to the critical points of the statistical models. The chapter establishes the important conceptual result that the classification of all possible critical phenomena in two dimensions consists of finding out all possible irreducible representations of the Virasoro algebra. It covers the algebra of local fields, conformal invariance, Polyakov's theorem, quasi-primary fields, Ward identity, primary fields, the Schwartz derivative, the representation theory, radial quantization, the Hilbert space of conformal states, the use of the Cauchy formula, orthogonality of conformal families and structure constants of descendant fields.
Conformal Field Theories with Extended Symmetries
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

The conformal transformations may be part of a larger group of symmetry. Chapter 13 discusses several of the extensions of conformal field theory, including supersymmetry, ZN transformations and current algebras. It also covers superconformal models, the Neveu–Schwarz and Ramond sectors, irreducible representations and minimal models, additional symmetry, the supersymmetric Landau–Ginzburg theory, parafermion models, the relation to lattice models, Kac–Moody algebras, Virasoro operators, the Sugawara Formula, maximal weights and conformal models as cosets. The appendix provides for the interested reader a self-contained discussion on the Lie algebras, include the dual Coxeter numbers, properties of weight vectors and roots/simple roots.
Integrable Quantum Field Theories
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 16 covers the general properties of the integrable quantum field theories, including how an integrable quantum field theory is characterized by an infinite number of conserved charges. These theories are illustrated by means of significant examples, such as the Sine–Gordon model or the Toda field theories based on the simple roots of a Lie algebra. For the deformations of a conformal theory, it shown how to set up an efficient counting algorithm to prove the integrability of the corresponding model. The chapter focuses on two-dimensional models, and uses the term ‘two-dimensional’ to denote both a generic two-dimensional quantum field theory as well as its Euclidean version.
Form Factor Perturbation Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 22 introduces a perturbative technique based on the form factors to study non-integrable models. These models often include stumbling blocks like decays and production scattering processes, confinement phenomena and nucleation of false vacua, resonance peaks in the cross sections, etc. All these physical aspects are usually accompanied by a great mathematical complexity. However, the perturbative technique permits the computation of the corrections to the mass spectrum, the vacuum energy, the scattering amplitudes and so on. This chapter discusses in depth multiple deformations of the conformal field theories, form factor perturbation theory, first-order perturbation theory, non-locality and confinement of the excitations and the multi-frequency Sine–Gordon model.
Symbolic Management of Policy and Structure
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

In this chapter we review theory and research suggesting that over a period of several decades, a series of policies and structures emerged as potent forms of symbolic management as a new economic logic of governance referred to as the agency logic became institutionalized in the financial community. We argue that the institutionalization of the agency logic not only led to the reinterpretation of particular governance policies and structures, but it increased the symbolic importance of corporate governance at large. We go on to explain how the institutionalization of the agency logic contributed to a lasting increase in symbolic management activity by firm leaders, both with respect to the frequency of symbolic management and the variety of its forms.
Niuean ergativity and overall reflections
Authors: Massam Diane
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the nature of Niuean ergativity, arguing against the view that it is a surface-ergative language, or an ABS=DEF language. In the discussion, binding, control, and radical pro-drop are reviewed. It is argued that Niuean is an ABS=LOW, or inner subject language. There is no nominative subject tied to inflection, instead, what are considered subject properties are distributed between the absolutive argument or subject of predication, and the highest thematic or syntactic argument, whether that is absolutive or ergative. Predicate fronting, rather than DP movement, takes place to satisfy the EPP. The chapter concludes with typological reflections, arguing that isolating morphology and the lack of IP in Niuean, are connected to its lack of lexical categories and phi-operations, optional tense, predicate fronting, C-movement, and high argument merge (HiAM). Similarities between Niuean and polysynthetic languages are discussed, as both language types involve complex predicates and HiAM.
Transient Uses and Temporary Copying
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses defences that exempt certain activities from infringement on the basis of their transient or incidental character. These tend to be of paramount importance in cases of electronic communications and, more specifically, on the Internet as a result of the very nature and function of online networks. The exception available for temporary copying, for instance, which features in Article 5(1) of the Information Society Directive, has specifically been drafted with a view to covering online activities, such as caching and browsing, that enhance the efficiency of the Internet. Subject to discussion is the temporary copying exception in its broader contextual framework, including the relevant statutory provisions and case law, such as Infopaq I and II, Football Association Premier League, Meltwater, and Filmspeler decisions. It is argued that although Article 5(1) of the Information Society Directive takes, organically, the form of a copyright exception, the relevant provision should be better understood to be setting a scope limitation on the reproduction right and an exemption from copyright infringement.
Schelling on Eternal Choice and the Temporal Order of Nature
Authors: Bowman Brady
Published: May 2020

Despite his commitment to the thesis that the essence of the moral world is the same as the essence of nature, Schelling’s philosophy is fundamentally incompatible with naturalism as commonly conceived. He rejects the notion that freedom is nothing but a natural capacity, declaring “the highest goal” of his philosophical pursuit to be the “reduction of the laws of nature to mind, spirit, and will”. This paper explores Schelling’s idealistic conception of nature in Philosophie und Religion and the Freedom Essay by focusing on his reception of Kant’s idea of an “eternal choice” or “intelligible deed” at the root of personality and the way Schelling deploys that idea in developing a theory of time. He sees the natural order’s most basic features, e.g. its spatio-temporal self-externality and the existence of (externally) necessitating “laws of nature” as grounded in an essentially free and morally pertinent action on the part of the individual.
Quantum Mechanics and its (Dis)Contents
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Richard Healey and Simon Friederich have each advocated a pragmatist interpretation of quantum mechanics as a way to dissolve its foundational problems. The idea is that if the way quantum claims are used are concentrated on, the foundational problems of quantum mechanics cannot be formulated, and so do not require solution. Their central contention is that the content of quantum claims differs from the content of non-quantum claims, in that the former is prescriptive whereas the latter is descriptive. Healey also argues that claims about non-decoherent systems are largely devoid of content. Chapter 9 considers various objections to these claims, noting in particular the ways in which the application of pragmatism to quantum mechanics differs from previous examples of pragmatist ‘therapy.’ It concludes that a pragmatist dissolution of the foundational difficulties of quantum mechanics is promising, but requires fairly radical changes to our understanding of the content of propositions and the extent of physical explanation.
Introducing the Precision Pendulum Clock
Authors: McEvoy Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides historical context to the development of the precision pendulum clock. It primarily looks at the historical astronomical clocks at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich; their use, acquisition, and modification to demonstrate that there was continual desire for better timekeeping in the Observatory. It argues that the core theoretical principals in clock making began with Robert Hooke’s demonstration to the Royal Society in 1669 and remained largely unchanged through to the obsolescence of pendulum time standards in the mid-1900s. By studying historical experiments into the effects of weather variation on pendulum clocks, it will familiarise the reader with the physical effects on pendulum clocks that are critical to the study of Martin Burgess’s Clock B.
Adjusting and Testing Clock B at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Authors: Betts Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This paper provides a narrative of the trials and adjustments of Burgess Clock B at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich from 2012 up until 2015, first briefly contrasting this author’s experiences in rating and adjusting conventional regulator technology. Secondly, this paper explains in simple, practical terms how Harrison’s whole precision pendulum system works and comments on the extraordinarily successful results of the trials.
Marine pathogen diversity and disease outcomes
Authors: Bateman Kelly S. , Feist Stephen W. , Bignell John P. , Bass David , Stentiford Grant D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to important marine pathogens, providing an overview of the diversity of pathogen types and how they affect different hosts in the marine environment. The chapter focuses on wild and cultured species and highlights that single infections are relatively rare, with co- and secondary infections being commonplace. The authors highlight the importance of understanding “normal” host tissue structure prior to interpreting pathological changes and outline the role of histology to assess pathogenicity of emerging diseases, linking presence of individual pathogens and co-infections with degree of host response. Fact sheets focus on the pathology (i.e., interaction of a specific pathogen group with the host cell/system) with high-quality histology and TEM images, emphasizing tissue changes caused by pathogens, and point the reader to presumptive diagnosis via histology while highlighting the need for confirmatory testing via other means. The pathobiome concept is introduced and explained, and the utility for predicting outcomes at the individual and population levels discussed.
Bacteriophage can drive virulence in marine pathogens
Authors: Little Mark , Rojas Maria Isabel , Rohwer Forest
Published: May 2020

The roles of prophages in disease have mainly considered human pathogens, while their role in marine pathogens has only recently been considered. This chapter reviews the relevant literature on what is known of prophages in marine ecosystems and provides a meta-analysis of the abundance and function of prophages in marine pathogenic bacteria. According to these results, bacterial pathogens in marine environments contain a significantly higher abundance of prophage DNA in their genomes than host-associated bacteria, which are non-pathogenic. The authors also surveyed the genetic content of the prophages that were associated with known pathogens and compared their functions to non-pathogens. Their findings suggest that horizontally acquired prophage-encoded DNA may play a large role in the ecology and evolution of marine diseases
Freedom and Responsibility: Two Discourses Combined
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how questions about freedom and questions about responsibility came together in the works of certain later philosophers. Section 1 looks at Epictetus’s view that human beings are ‘by nature free’ and discusses his claim that what ‘depends on us’ is just the use we make of our impressions. Section 2 explains why Alexander described as ‘free’ the kind of activity for which we are responsible. Section 3 explains Plotinus’s view that intellectual contemplation is the activity that is primarily free and that primarily depends on us. This section also discusses how, in these arguments, Plotinus is responding to earlier philosophers and is taking up and developing some of their ideas.
Freedom, Dependence, and Being a Part
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

Certain ways of being a part of a larger whole threaten to undermine individual agency, and hence freedom. This chapter considers three such part whole relations, as discussed by Plotinus. Section 1 discusses Plotinus’s reasons for denying that individual human souls are parts of the world soul. Section 2 asks how an individual soul’s (or intellect’s) freedom can be compatible with its being part of a hypostasis (Soul or Intellect). Section 3 discusses Plotinus’s view that an individual human soul is part of providence, but that what an individual does is not thereby also done by providence.
Duality, Fundamentality, and Emergence
Authors: Castellani Elena , Haro Sebastian De
Published: May 2020

Dualities offer new possibilities for relating fundamentality and emergence. In particular, as this chapter aims to show, it may happen that the relations of fundamentality and emergence between dual theories are inverted. In other words, the direction of emergence typically found in these cases is opposite to the direction of emergence followed in the standard accounts: that is, while the standard emergence direction is that of decreasing fundamentality—in that there is emergence of less fundamental, high-level entities, out of more fundamental, low-level entities—in these cases of duality, on the contrary, a more fundamental entity can emerge out of a less fundamental one. In fact, this possibility can be traced back to the existence of different classical limits in quantum field theories and string theories.
Medieval French Literary Culture Abroad
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

The field of medieval francophone literary culture outside France was for many years a minor and peripheral sub-field of medieval French literary studies (or, in the case of Anglo-Norman, of English studies). The past two decades, however, have seen a major reassessment of the use of French in England, in the Low Countries, in Italy, and in the eastern Mediterranean, and this impacts significantly upon the history of literature in French more generally. This book is the first to look at the question overall, rather than just at one region. It also takes a more sustained theorized approach than other studies, drawing particularly on Derrida and on Actor-Network Theory. It discusses a wide range of texts, some of which have hitherto been regarded as marginal to French literary history, and makes the case for this material being more central to the literary history of French than was allowed in more traditional approaches, focused narrowly on ‘France’. Many of the arguments in Medieval French Literary Culture Abroad are grounded in readings of texts in manuscript (rather than in modern critical editions), and sustained attention is paid throughout to manuscripts that were produced or travelled outside the kingdom of France.