bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmented Actor-Critic-Advantage Architecture for Reinforcement Learning Tasks
Authors: Kaloev Martin , Krastev Georgi
Published: February 2022

The article focuses on experiments with a multi module neural networks type of architecture for neuron-like machine used in reinforcing learning. This type of architecture can be used to solve complex robotic or policy optimization tasks and allows segmented storage of trained memory. Such technique speeds up the training process compared to existing actor-critical algorithms.
The Impact of Reading for Pleasure - Examining the Role of Videos as a Tool for Improving Reading Comprehension
Authors: Chireac Silvia-Maria , Olivares Eva Morón , Arbona Anna Devís
Published: February 2022

In this study we discuss the value of videos editing designed to enhance reading comprehension in students from the Faculty of Teacher Training of the University of Valencia. First, we present the role of reading for pleasure by summarizing research findings related with multimedia and reading comprehension. In the following part, we describe the methodology with 80 students from 3 different grades which participate in our study. Our results show the positive impact of creating videos in understanding the value of visual literacy in the classroom and the important role of reading for pleasure. Finally, we present the lack of mechanisms of digital video for some students without background knowledge in digital literacy and problem solving in technology.
Professional Skills Development Affecting Organizational Learning and Corporate Performance: An Empirical Study in Thailand
Authors: Saramolee Alisara , Hareebin Yuttachai , Boonkaew Sunthorn , Aujirapongpan Somnuk , Jutidharabongse Jaturon
Published: February 2022

This research aims to describe the factors and patterns of relationships involved in dominant professional skills development by focusing on social skills that influence organizational learning for business sustainability and operational efficiency enhancement. The research provides guidelines that hotel businesses in Phuket Province can use to implement strategies in a currently rapidly-changing and competitive environment. This study shows that professional and social skills influencing the organizational performance of the hotel businesses in Phuket include communication, leadership, problem solving, and teamwork skill. This analytical result is based on resource -based and service innovation theories and can be used to improve organizations operating performance.
Use of Generative Design Tools in the Production of Design Products using 3D Printing Technology
Authors: Pollák Martin , Török Jozef
Published: February 2022

Generative design uses machine learning to emulate nature's evolutionary approach to design. Designers and engineers put design parameters such as material, size, weight, strength, manufacturing methods and costs into generative design software that explores all possible solution combinations and quickly generates hundreds or even thousands of design options. The article describes the production of a design backrest of the chair by combining several rapidly developing technologies. The selected backrest of the chair was digitized and subsequently subjected to design modifications in the Generative Design module of the Creo Parametric 7.0 system. The new design of the product was produced by means of a 3D printer to point out the possibility of saving the used production material of the design properties of the product while maintaining the required strength properties in the waste-free production method by additive technology.
Letter to Editor: A neglected critical time to prevent maternal and offspring’s adverse outcomes: The preconception period
Authors: Keikha Mojtaba , Jahanfar Shayesteh , Hemati Zeinab
Published: February 2022

This is a Letter to the Editor and does not have an abstract. Please download the PDF or view the article HTML.
Phytotherapy of polycystic ovary syndrome: A review
Authors: Azin Farahnaz , Khazali Homayoun
Published: February 2022

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex heterogeneous disease with various symptoms, which can affect females of reproductive age. Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities such as infertility, being overweight or obese, type 2 diabetes, hyperandrogenism and increased luteinizing hormone (LH) are common in women with PCOS.
Objective: This review aimed to assess the efficacy of non-chemical and herbal substances for PCOS recovery.
Materials and Methods: The keywords “non-chemical treatment”, “herbal treatment”, “polycystic ovary syndrome” and “PCOS” were used to search for articles in the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Reaxys, published from January 2009 to December 2019.
Results: 34 relevant studies were found and were briefly described in this review. The most effective herbal treatments in animal models of PCOS were used to restore abnormality in serum sex steroid profile, LH: follicle stimulating hormone ratio, steroidogenic enzymes, cardiovascular parameters, lipid profile, and glucose and estrous cycles. In PCOS patients, positive effects on PCOS due to reductions in testosterone, estrogen, LH, LH: follicle stimulating hormone ratio, and insulin levels were observed.
Conclusion: The results of this review revealed the variability and efficacy of phytotherapy and non-chemical treatments associated with PCOS disease. These findings may help future studies on the etiology and treatment of this syndrome.
Key words: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Endocrine disorders, Phytotherapy.
The association of the betatrophin level with metabolic and inflammatory parameters in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study
Authors: Keikha Fatemeh , Shahrokh Tehraninejad Ensieh , Rakhshkhorshid Marzieh , Afiat Malihe , Hagholahi Fedyeh , Ghasemi Fatemeh
Published: February 2022

Background: Betatrophin may be associated with metabolic diseases.
Objective: To investigate the betatrophin level and its association with metabolic and inflammatory parameters in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and other infertile women during the intrauterine insemination cycle.
Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 90 infertile women (45 with PCOS and 45 without) chosen by convenience sampling, in the infertility clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Participants were interviewed to obtain their age, body mass index, and reproductive history. Fasting brachial venous blood samples were obtained on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle to measure the levels of betatrophin, fasting blood sugar, insulin, luteinizing hormone, folliclestimulating hormone, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estradiol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Results: The results showed that the level of betatrophin in women with PCOS was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.05). Based on multiple linear regression analyses, the effects of metabolic and inflammatory parameters on betatrophin were not significant (p = 0.19). The results showed no significant difference between groups in folliculogenesis (p = 0.57).
Conclusion: According to the results, betatrophin levels were higher in infertile women with PCOS than in those without. The findings suggest that there may be an association between increased betatrophin and increased incidence of PCOS. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to investigate the role of betatrophin in insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, and its effects on infertility treatment outcomes.
Key words: ANGPTL8 protein human, Infertility, Polycystic ovary syndrome, Iran.
Worldwide trend analysis of primary and secondary infertility rates over past decades: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Borumandnia Nasrin , Alavi Majd Hamid , Khadembashi Naghmeh , Alaii Hojat
Published: February 2022

Background: Infertility is a global health issue and is reported differently worldwide.
Objective: To assess the longitudinal trends of primary and secondary infertility prevalence rate (PSIPR) per 100,000 across all countries during past decades.
Materials and Methods: The PSIPR was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease database for 195 countries during 1993-2017. The longitudinal trends of PSIPR were explored across the seven epidemiological regions designated by the Global Burden of Disease.
Results: Globally, the PSIPR was lower among men than women. Over time, the prevalence of primary infertility in men and women had a decreasing trend of -9.3 and -11.6 in high-income countries. Other regions have seen an increase, the highest being in South Asian women, and men of the Middle East and North Africa, with rates of change of 40.9 and 19.0, respectively. Over time, the secondary infertility prevalence in women of Central Asia, Central Europe and Eastern Europe, as well as of high-income countries, has been declining (rates of change of -16.9 and -11.7, respectively). Other regions have been on the rise, with the highest increase among women of the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia (trend of 119.9 and 83.4, respectively), and in South Asian men (trend of 48.4).
Conclusion: The overall trend of infertility prevalence shows a downward trajectory in high-income and developed countries and an upward trend in others. These findings might be explained by missed cases of infertility due to a low tendency for reproduction and the presence of more infertility treatment facilities in these regions.
Key words: Infertility, Global burden of disease, Longitudinal studies.
Corrigendum to “Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on IVF outcomes in infertile women: An RCT” [Int J Reprod BioMed 2016; 14: 341-346]
Authors: Eftekhar Maryam , Hosseinisadat Robabe , Baradaran Ramesh , Naghshineh Elham
Published: February 2022

This is a Corrigendum to “Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on IVF outcomes in infertile women: An RCT” [Int J Reprod BioMed 2016; 14: 341-346] and does not have an abstract. Please download the PDF or view the article HTML.
On recommended mouthwashes during COVID-19 pandemic: A review
Authors: Mirhashemi Seyyed Amirhossein , Bahrami Rashin
Published: March 2022

Aim and Objective: One of the challenges we are currently facing is the COVID-19 pandemic. With its rapid spread around the world, it has become an unprecedented major health, human, and financial crisis. The saliva of COVID-19 patients contains the virus that can be transmitted. Various studies have shown the effect of mouthwashes in reducing the rate of transmission of the virus and, consequently, reducing the likelihood of infection. Therefore, we considered it important to examine the effect of using different mouthwashes by studying the existing data and articles.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by the review method. The keywords“coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, mouthwash, hydrogen Peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium chloride” were searched in articles and protocols in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Dimensions. The searched articles were submitted from January 2019 to April 2021. Only the articles in English were studied.
Results: Among 23 reviewed studies, there were 15 review study, 4 in vitro study, two clinical trial, one letter to the editor in chief, and two studies that are, in fact, instructions of Australian and American dental community. 4 studies were published in 2021, 18 articles in 2020, and 1 article in 2019. By investigating 16 reports, Povidone-Iodine mouth wash was the most effective mouthwash ever mentioned. Hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse with nine mentions, chlorohexidine with seven mentions, cetylpyridinium chloride with four mentions, Essential oils with three mentions, and mouth rinses contains Citrox and beta-cyclodextrin, and Methylene blue with one mention was ranked next. Generally, most of the studies have recommended mouth rinses use in patients in dental clinics (or other recipients of health care services). They have emphasized their effectiveness in reducing the viral load in saliva and oral secretions.
Conclusion: The results of the review showed that povidone-iodine mouthwash and hydrogen peroxide mouthwash can be the first and the second candidates to reduce viral load and, consequently, reduce disease transmission. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm the results.
DISSIMILAR CULTURAL PATTERNS AND HYBRID IDENTITIES IN JAMIL AHMED'S SELECTED LITERARY FICTION
Authors: Zubair Hassan Bin , Naqvi Syeda Sughra , Larik Saima
Published: February 2022

Purpose of the Study: The present research discusses shifting cultural location renders a hybrid identification in Ahmad's The Wandering Falcon. In having readjustment in a new location, a person imitates a way of living, ultimately redefining one's identity.

Methodology: The novel projects the pivotal character Tor Baz as a displaced person who adopts Mullah tribal culture to adjust to a new situation. As Bhabha's notion about hybrid identity shows, modern cultural locations are being formed where a person influences different cultural patterns.

Main Findings: Culture remains an inseparable factor in human beings, and every being belongs to a particular cultural identity. While shifting cultural locations, a person has to change the way of living in which the person faces dilemmatic as well as physical and psychological crises.

Application of the Study: The study contributes to the field of research in hybrid identification and cultural identities.

Novelty/originality of this Study: Culture remains an inseparable factor in human beings and every being belongs to a particular cultural identity. The originality of the research is that it studies the shift of cultural locations; a person has to change the way of living in which the person faces dilemmatic as well as physical and psychological crises.
Estudo tipo-morfológico de praças no município de Forquilhinha/SC
Authors: Campos Eduarda Andrade , Vieira Jorge Luiz
Published: March 2022

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo mapear, classificar e caracterizar os tipos de praças, ou de espaços destinados para este fim, urbanizados ou não, existentes nos bairros da área urbana do município de Forquilhinha, por meio de estudos tipo-morfológicos. Para a fundamentação teórica e o embasamento das técnicas de levantamento e de análise estudou-se referências bibliográficas sobre a temática de tipologias e morfologia dos espaços livres de caráter público. Os parâmetros que nortearam as análises, a classificação e a caracterização das praças foram realizadas com base nos padrões de Alexander et al, retirados do livro “Uma linguagem de Padrões: A Pattern Language” (2013). Após, foi analisado o trabalho desenvolvido pelos acadêmicos da disciplina de Estudos Urbanos, do semestre 2018/2, para realizar a identificação dos equipamentos e espaços públicos no município, verificados pelo Google Earth/Street View, visitas de campo e registros fotográficos. A partir disso, produziu-se o mapa do perímetro urbano do município contendo o levantamento e mapeamento dos equipamentos comunitários e das praças existentes, sendo selecionadas oito para análises individuais, apontando as praças de maior grau de urbanização e apropriação. Concluído, elaboraram-se os quadros de comparação quantitativa e qualitativa, que materializaram os resultados a partir dos parâmetros predefinidos.
Aspectos produtivos do pinhão e a conservação da Araucária angustifolia em uma comunidade rural ao sul de Minas Gerais
Authors: Carvalho Natália Reguera , Pereira Viviane Santos , Barata-Silva André Wagner
Published: March 2022

Na Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) encontra-se o pinhão, uma semente da Araucaria angustifolia, uma espécie florestal que está presente no Bioma Mata Atlântica. Este bioma é rico em biodiversidade e ameaçado pelos seres humanos. A coleta e uso do pinhão representa oportunidade de renda, cultura assim como oportunidade de conservação da espécie. Este artigo visou analisar a cadeia produtiva do pinhão em uma comunidade rural localizada em Itamonte, sul de Minas Gerais, relacionando-as a conservação da Araucaria angustifolia. A pesquisa classifica-se como qualitativa, do tipo descritiva. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se a observação participante, realização de entrevistas e análise documental. Durante a pesquisa houve o convívio diário com a comunidade uma vez que uma das autoras morou na comunidade rural durante 6 meses para desenvolver este trabalho, buscando se inserir e participar no cotidiano e nas atividades da comunidade. Inicialmente realizou-se um breve histórico sobre a relação entre a comunidade rural e as araucárias e posteriomente descrição e análise da cadeia produtiva do pinhão. Observou-se o pinhão como elemento presente e importante para cultura local e para geração de renda, assim como relevantes as inciativas da comunidade para favorecer a conservação da espécie. Salienta-se a necessidade de aumentar os esforços para conservação da espécie assim como observou-se a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento e desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva no que se refere a aspectos como coleta, armazenamento, beneficiamento e comercialização.
Grain yield response of fonio (Digitaria exilis) varieties to fertilizer and cost- effectiveness under two different production systems in The Gambia
Authors:   National Agriculture Research Institute, Sonko Lamin B , Dibba L , Camara J , Trawally DNA , Faye MN , Jallow DB , Nyassi A , Jobe M
Published: February 2022

Fonio is an easy crop to grow because it grows well even on poor sandy soils, as well as in areas with low rainfall. The crop can withstand long dry spells during the production season which are becoming a common occurrence in the West African sub-region. In The Gambia, the common name for the crop is “Findi”. It is commonly grown in fields that were previously cultivated with groundnut. Fonio is one of the oldest cereal crops grown in the country; however, its cultivation has drastically declined to the extent that it is currently considered a minor crop in the country. Fonio is a very fast-growing crop and matures earlier than most cereals. Its ability to withstand dry spells and its high nutritive value makes it an ideal climate-smart crop. For this reason, there is renewed momentum in promoting the crop in the country. Despite these renewed efforts in its promotion, there still exists a huge gap in terms of information on improved production practices that could help uplift the existing low yields. Appropriate agronomic practices that can boost fonio productivity are not well documented at national level. To gather information on the input requirements and utilizations, adaptability and productivity of fonio in The Gambia, experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with the aim of generating important production information that could guide efficient production and enhance productivity. Results obtained showed that fonio responded positively to application of fertilizer. Application of 100 kg ha -1 comprising half NPK (15-15-15) and half urea was sufficient to produce financially beneficial yields. Results also indicated that “Findiba”, which is a landrace may not be suitable for cultivation anymore due to its long growth period amidst the short and erratic nature of the rainfall. The Momo and the Momosato varieties which are of shorter durations and high-yielding are more suitable in the existing climatic conditions of the country. Key words: Crop, fonio, fertilizer, variety, production, yield, adaptability, The Gambia
Environmental and public health risks of urban agriculture in Kisumu city, Kenya
Authors:   Kenyatta University, Mireri Caleb
Published: February 2022

Kenya's blueprint on national development (Vision 2030) is based on the principles of sustainable development and it has prioritized agriculture to drive economic development. The current Kenya’s Constitution (2010) provides for the right to a clean and healthy environment as well as to food of good quality. The aim of this study was to determine the environmental and public health risks of crops grown in the privately- owned land within Kisumu City, Kenya. This study was premised on the assumption that farm produce from privately – owned land is relatively safe as they are less predisposed to municipal wastes, waste water and exhaust fumes. Therefore, the study was carried out in privately-owned land away from road reserves and storm water from rivers, roads and built up urban areas. This study assessed concentrations of Lead, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Iron, and Chromium in 5 leafy vegetables; 2 root crops; and 1 fruit crop. The study involved a sample of 24 edible tissues of crops (5 leafy vegetables - vigna sinensis, chlorophytum comosum, crotolariabrevidens, amaranthus and kales; 2 root crops (dioscorea and Manihot esculenta), and 1 fruit crop (Carica papaya) and 24 soil samples. The results of this study show that there are low traces of heavy metals in the crops and those found in the soils, vegetables and fruits are within the WHO/FAO permissible standards. The highest concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe were found in carica papaya (0.303ppm) crotolariabrevidens (8.167ppm), crotolariabrevidens (13.6ppm), and amarantus (6.637ppm) respectively. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, CU, Fe, and Cr in the soils were, respectively, 0.313ppm, 0.359ppm, 0.054ppm, 123.093ppm and 0.049ppm, while the WHO/FAO standards for Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cr in soil are 100ppm, 300ppm, 100ppm, 50,000ppm, and 100ppm respectively. WHO/FAO limits for Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu in vegetables and fruits are 0.5, 0.2, 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0 respectively. No traces of cadmium and chromium were found in the sampled crops. So, farm produce from such parcels of land are safe for human consumption. The results of the study indicate that it is possible to undertake safe urban farming on privately – owned land in the City for the benefit of the residents. So, necessary measures should be taken by the City authority to promote urban farming, including land use zoning and control of waste disposal into the farms. Other measures include regular monitoring of urban farming for quality and safety concerns. Key words: Urban, agriculture, Kisumu, City, Kenya, environmental, public, health, risk
Knowledge, attitude and awareness of Saudi adults regarding organic food
Authors:   Taibah University, Jalloun Rola Adnan
Published: February 2022

While organic food is gaining popularity worldwide, organic food consumption is still a concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) due to the small percentage of consumers purchasing such products regularly. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge and awareness of and attitudes toward organic food. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Madinah, KSA. Considering the significant role of consumers' awareness of organic food consumption and healthy food choices, 1200 participants (54% were female) were interviewed while shopping in three different hypermarkets using a self-report questionnaire. The study indicated that 80% of the participants had heard about organic food, that 65% of them had consumed organic food and that 69% reported it being difficult to find organic food. Overall, 48% of the participants had purchased organic food, and 57% stated that supermarkets were their preferred venues for purchasing organic food. Fruits/vegetables (39%) and food for children (37%) were most frequently purchased from organic food departments. For 56% of the participants, the high price of organic food products was identified as the main barrier to purchasing such products and also reported that they would consume more if it were easier to find in markets. Regarding the participants’ awareness, responses showed that participants viewed organic food as safe, free of pesticides, free of industrial additives and chemical waste, fresh with high nutritional value, and healthy by 44%, 45%, 46%, 43%, 44%, respectively. Lastly, females were more knowledgeable and aware of organic food information than male participants. Although the findings suggest that it is important to enlighten clients about the importance of consuming organic food, these results are subject to replication in different cities in the KSA. Concomitantly, there is a need for strategies to increase awareness among adults in all segments of society (for example, family, university, and community) about the nutritional aspects of organic food to promote healthy lifestyles and obtain the corresponding substantial health benefits. Key words: Organic Food, Knowledge, Attitudes, Awareness, Consumption, Food Choices, Health, Adults
Preference ranking of selected carbohydrate energy staples by very active manual workers in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors:   Ministry of Agriculture, Mwale Mary Mabel , Colon EL ,   Atlantic International University, James MD , Lambert Lambert
Published: February 2022

In Kenya, “Ugali”, made from milled whole sifted dry maize (corn) flour, is the popular staple food consumed by nearly 80% of the population. The overreliance on “Ugali” has posed a major problem socially, economically and politically. Ugali is generally perceived to have higher energy and satiety compared to other carbohydrate staple foods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 322 purposefully selected respondents. The objective was to determine the preference ranking of selected commonly consumed carbohydrate energy staple foods by Very Active Manual Workers (VAMW). The VAMW require high energy in order to sustain their very active lifestyle. Three group categories were targeted: VAMW, moderately active Civil servants (CS) and University students (US). Structured questionnaires were administered to respondents to indicate their top ranking and preferred staple foods among six commonly consumed carbohydrate energy foods - Ugali, rice, chapati, Irish potatoes, bananas (Matoke), and “others” category (foods such as Githeri (mixed maize and beans), cassava, spaghetti, noodles, Sweet potatoes, and bread among many alternatives). The foods were ranked according to the most preferred to the least preferred on a scale of 1 to 6. Results indicated a higher preference for Ugali by all respondent groups. The mean rank for Ugali by VAMW was 1.134±0.492, followed by chapati 2.588±0.976, third was rice 3.27±1.242, fourth was Irish Potatoes 4.299±0.970, fifth bananas (matoke) 4.588±1.068, and sixth was “others” 5.165±1.296. US preference ranking for Ugali was 1.628±1.067, rice 2.5±1.085, chapati 2.564±1.083, Irish potatoes 4.053±0.943, bananas 4.394±0.918, and others 5.872±0.421; CS ranking for Ugali was 1.471±0.930, rice 2.608±1.101, chapati 3.09±1.264, bananas 4.029±1.173, Irish potatoes 4.51±0.972, and others 5.284±1.396. Combined groups mean was 1.410±0.064 and food preference ranking was very significantly different, P < 0.0001. Pairwise comparison of mean ranks indicated a significant difference between rank means of all groups, but there was no significant difference between the ranking for rice versus chapati, and Irish potatoes versus bananas. The VAMW had a higher preference for Ugali compared to the moderately active groups. Key words: “Ugali,” Preference ranking, Carbohydrate energy staple, Satiety, Very active manual workers
Mycotoxin hazards in the Kenyan food and feed market - A retrospective study
Authors:   Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research, Kibugu James Karuku , Mburu D ,   Kenyatta University, Munga L , Lusweti F , Grace D ,   International Livestock Research Institute, Lindahl J ,   Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Published: February 2022

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites naturally found in food and feed as contaminants. Animal feed and human food samples (n=1818) from three major Kenyan laboratories were categorized as compliant and non-compliant according to Kenya, America (USA) and Europe (EU) mycotoxin regulatory limits. Quantitative risk assessment of dietary aflatoxin intake in maize, wheat, peanut and dairy products in relation to human hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out employing deterministic approach. Non-compliant samples’ proportions were calculated, and logistic regression and chi-square test used to compare different commodities. Animal feed were least compliant, with 64% and 39% having total aflatoxin (AFT) levels above Kenya and USA standards, respectively. Peanuts were the most non-compliant food, with 61% and 47% samples failing Kenya and USA AFT standards respectively, while wheat was least compliant (84%) according to EU threshold for AFT. Half of baby food sampled had AFT level above Kenya and EU standards. High non-compliance rate with Kenya, USA and EU regulatory thresholds with respect to seven different mycotoxins (summarized as “mycotoxins”), and also AFT and aflatoxin M1 alone in edible materials is reported. Significant non-compliance is reported for compound animal feed, peanuts, wheat, baby food, feed ingredients, herbal healthy drink, maize and fodder feed in that order. High levels of aflatoxin residues in animal feed and human food was also observed. Lifetime human consumption of wheat and maize leads to high additional risk for primary liver cancer, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with dietary aflatoxin, wheat and its products causing the highest disease burden. Subsequent implications and limitations of current food safety standards are discussed. Humans and animals in Kenya appear to be chronically exposed to mycotoxin hazards: this calls for surveillance and risk management. There is urgent need for enhanced and consistent surveillance of the dietary mycotoxin hazards observed in this study employing representative sampling plans. Regulation and future research need to focus on reliable analysis techniques, collection of data on toxicological effects of mycotoxins and food consumption pattern, and regulatory limits accordingly set and compliance enforced to protect vulnerable groups such as paediatric, geriatric and sick members of the society to reduce cancer burden in Kenya. Key words: Mycotoxins, food, feed, risk analysis, human hepatocellular carcinoma, Kenya
Commercialization of Alate termites (Macrotermes sp.) to improve households’ livelihoods in Vihiga county, Kenya
Authors:   Chuka University, Anyuor Samantha , Ayieko M ,   Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Amulen D ,   Makerere University
Published: February 2022

To meet the rising demand for animal-based protein, conventional livestock may prove expensive as the current production system remains unsustainable. This calls for intervention research on alternative sources of protein, hence a switch to affordable and environmentally acceptable protein sources of which approximately 1,900 insect species are consumed worldwide. Alate termites have thus received considerations in this line for nutritional and economic benefits. Trading of alate termites is becoming a valuable source of income for many people in Vihiga county and other parts of western region, which although modest in terms of monetary value, could nonetheless form a significant proportion of their annual income. Information about commercialization of alate termites and its impact to household level food security has remained sparse. The goal of this research was to partly fill this knowledge gap and document the associated potential of alate termite commercialization on household livelihoods in Luanda and Hamisi sub-counties of Vihiga county. A total of 204 respondents participated in the cross-sectional study. Chi Square and regression analysis was employed to predict association and relationship between alate termite collection and marketing and household income for improved livelihoods. The results affirmed that, alate termites are a delicacy and cultural food eaten by the majority of the people in western Kenya. This is attributed to its nutritional value as well as higher economic potentiality. The average retail price per kilogram of 500 Kenya Shillings (US $5), compares favorably with that of goat meat, which is retailed within the region. The trading of alate termites is dominated by women and characterized by wholesalers who buy the alates from collectors and sell to retailers. The purpose of utilization was positively significant p<0.005. Inferring that the benefits realized from utilization of alate termites was dependent on households’ decisions regarding various utilization purposes. Drying was the most common preservation method (64%) whereas others have a preference for frying. Moreover, alate termites are grounded into flour that is used for baking other products. The potential of alate termites to diversify household livelihood can be fully explored in order to contribute to household livelihoods and ultimately food security. Key words: Household Livelihood, Alate termites, Marketing, Value addition, Utilization
The effects of menstrual and menopausal factors on bone mineral content in healthy Polish women
Authors: Szklarska Alicja , Jankowska Ewa , Łopuszańska Monika
Published: March 2022

The aims of the study were the following: (1) An evaluation of which factor, aging itself or the occurence of menopause, revealed a more detrimental effect on bone mineral content (BMC) of healthy women; (2) An assesment of influence of other factors (the menarcheal age, the total number of reproductive years and the lenght of the period after menopause) on BMC. Our sample material comprised a group of 928 healthy females (715 pre- and 213 postmenopausal), aged 20-62. BMC at the ultra-distal radius was assessed by pQCT. BMC differences between particular groups were tested using a two-way ANOVA. The menopause was related to BMC decline and the impact of menopausal hormonal alterations was much stronger than that of chronological age. Among postmenopausal women, the total number of reproductive years was not an independent predictor of better bone status. In premenpausal women the beneficial effect of earlier menarche on bone tissue is maintained.
John Caldwell Calhoun – dylematy politycznych wyborów
Authors: Daszyńska Jolanta A.
Published: March 2022

Autorka swoją pracę poświęciła kontrowersyjnej postaci Johna Caldwella Calhouna, niechętnie opisywanej przez amerykańskich historyków, a w Polsce praktycznie nieznanej. Badaczka przedstawia jego biografię, skupiając się przede wszystkim na błyskawicznej karierze politycznej, która doprowadziła go na stanowisko wiceprezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych, wiceprezydenta sprzeciwiającego się zniesieniu niewolnictwa.
Dyskurs o dyskursie – oświecenie w wybranych tekstach postmodernizmu
Authors: Grobis Jerzy
Published: March 2022

Autorka w swojej pracy omawia jedno z podstawowych narzędzi, dzięki któremu nastąpił rzeczywisty sojusz władzy i wiedzy, a którym stała się umiejętność skutecznego operowania słowem przez władzę, tak by przekazywane społeczeństwu treści pozostawały w zgodzie z jej oczekiwaniami. Wobec powyższego nic dziwnego, że różne formy dyskursu zaczęły przyciągać uwagę myśli postmodernistycznej.
Kryteria zdrowia w cyklu życia człowieka – „mieć czy być zdrowym”?
Authors: Juczyński Zygfryd
Published: February 2022

Age-associated changes of health criteria and subjective health were analyzed in children, youth, adults, and older adults. They were asked to range criteria of “healthy man” and assess perceived health state. The criteria of subjective health change across the life span. An important distinction is observed between perceived or self-related health and objective health. Studies on the association between physical health and subjective health are often inconsistent, ranging from low or even nonsignificant effects to highly significant associations. The size of the association varied by the method of assessment of objective health, which can be differentiated into physical, functional, and mental health. Subjective health ratings have been a central feature of gerontological research because they are associated with objective health and functional status and they are related to the use of health services. Age is not the first cause of change in subjective health in old age but rather a proxy of age-associated declines in objective health and functional status. Perceived health as influenced by personality factors, individual preferences, motives, and interests.
Zdrowie prokreacyjne i zdrowie psychiczne – relacje w cyklu życia
Authors: Bielawska-Batorowicz Eleonora
Published: February 2022

The concept of reproductive health, accepted by the World Health Organization in 1994, resembles the WHO definition of health. Hence, this definition relates health to an individual’s well-being in all areas related to reproductive activity. The application of such concept of reproductive health allows social sciences, including psychology, to enter the arena of research. Psychological approach seems crucial especially for analyses of reproductive failures and difficulties, which might affect mental health. The paper presents examples of possible relationships between reproductive health and mental health, with special focus on the following issues: 1) the role of hormonal changes in reproductive and post-reproductive phases of life, 2) the social determinants of human reproduction, 3) the role of factors that affect both reproductive and mental health. The example of relevant research studies are given.
Komunikacja terapeutyczna jako ważny obszar psychologii zdrowia
Authors: Motyka Marek
Published: February 2022

The dynamic development of health psychology has led this discipline to take a significant position among other psychological disciplines in a relatively short time. Its attainments can be considered outstanding, and the list of issues belonging to the field of health psychology is enormous at present. This list manifests close relations with the psychology of stress, health promotion and medicine. Simultaneously, the problem of psychological support in illness, including the relation between a therapist and a patient, remains relatively insignificant. According to the author, the idea of the therapeutic communication suggested by him nicely describes the important, though still undervalued, area of applying psychology for treating various diseases. This area should definitely be treated with more respect not only in medicine, but also in health psychology. In his work the author presents the therapeutic communication model, describing its most important components, e.g. definition, purposes, therapeutic relationship, personal resources of vital importance for this relationship and the basic therapeutic communication forms and abilities.
Czynniki warunkujące stany emocjonalne kobiet ciężarnych uczestniczących w zajęciach ruchowych
Authors: Guszkowska Monika
Published: February 2022

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a single exercise session on mood states in pregnant women and to establish determinants of the effect size. Subjects in the study were 25 pregnant women aged 22 to 36 years participating in a physical exercise program “Active Nine Months”. The following tools were used: POMS, UMACL, STAI, GHQ-28, LOT-R, NEO-FFI; the Labor Anxiety Scale and personal questionnaire developed by the author. A single session of physical exercise was followed by a significant improvement in the participants’ mood states. The most salient determinant of mood improvement was trimester of pregnancy, allowing to predict the degree of decrease in state anxiety, anger and confusion. Labor anxiety was positively correlated with trait anxiety and economic status. The trimester of pregnancy and marital status were its predictors. Systematic physical activity during pregnancy may act as an important factor decreasing the risk of affective disorders and enhancing pregnant women’s quality of life.
Karmienie piersią we wczesnym dzieciństwie, sprawowanie funkcji rodzicielskich w okresie wczesnej adolescencji a masa ciała 13-latków – analiza zależności
Authors: Tabak Izabela , Mikiel-Kostyra Krystyna
Published: February 2022

Objective: To analyze relationships between breastfeeding duration, mothers’ parenting practices and body mass of thirteen years old. Subjects and methods: Prospective cohort of newborns identified after hospital birth and followed-up at 3 years and at 13 years was analyzed. At 3 years the mothers’ reports about breastfeeding were collected. Thirteen years old and their mothers filled up short version of Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. The group of 535 adolescents and their mothers was included in the analysis. Results: Thirteen years old which as a young children were breastfed for a long time evaluated their mother’s discipline and supervision in the most positive way. The risk of overweight for children brought up by mothers using inconsistent discipline was almost twice then for peers. Conclusion: Breastfeeding influence on children’s body mass can be mediated and improved by mother’s parenting practices.
Problemy zdrowotne i radzenie sobie z nimi – od zaprzeczania do emocji pozytywnych
Authors: Heszen Irena
Published: February 2022

Health problems are a common source of psychological stress. As such, they initiate the coping process. In the article considering them in the framework of the stress and coping theory is recommended to create reliable foundations of prophylaxis, health promotion, treatment and rehabilitation. In the historical conceptualization of coping by Maslow the notion was limited to the instrumental component of human activity, in contradiction to its expressive forms. The classical paradigm by Lazarus and Folkman broadened the scope of coping, distinguishing its instrumental and expressive functions. Further research development led to the clarification of two forms of coping in terms of timing: reactive (dealing with past or present stressful encounters) and proactive (directed toward future threats and challenges). Another contemporary achievement is growing knowledge about the significance of positive emotions in the coping process. Studies are needed about coping aimed at arousing positive emotion as the form of emotion-centered coping.
Wzór zachowania typu C. Rozważania i badania nad rozwojowymi uwarunkowaniami oraz korelatami WZC
Authors: Kubacka-Jasiecka Dorota
Published: February 2022

Type C personality – type C pattern – was introduced by T. Morris and S. Greer to define cancer personality, that is cancer-prone risk factor. It describes personality – behaviour pattern as negative emotionality: denial, non-expression of negative emotions (especially anger), helplessness, quietness, lack of self-assertion, pessimism, compliance. In time, researchers started to treat WZC as a risk factor of cancer and also other psychosomatic diseases (stomach ulcer, rheumatoid arthritis). WZC didn’t gain such recognition and popularity like type A pattern. Precise analysis of a preliminary study shows interesting factors and counterparts, and describes its significance for psychosocial functioning and health. This study presents preliminary results of the research and influence on temperamental properties, early childhood experiences and later experiences of one’s body, sense of value, gender, style of attachment, aggression, self-aggression and defensive capability for WZC development.
Osobowość typu D i poczucie koherencji a podejmowanie zachowań zdrowotnych przez młodzież
Authors: Zadworna-Cieślak Magdalena , Ogińska-Bulik Nina
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was to establish whether the dimensions of type D personality – negative affectivity and social inhibition, and sense of coherence determine adolescents’ health behaviours. The research was conducted on the group of 211 people – 96 boys and 115 girls aged 17–19 years (M = 18.01, SD = 0.49). The research tools were: Health Behaviours Inventory (IZZ), author: Z. Juczyński (2001); The scale to measure the type D personality DS-14, Author: J. Denollet, Polish adaptation of N. Ogińska-Bulik, Z. Juczyński, J. Denollet (Juczyński, Ogińska-Bulik, 2009); Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOC-29), author: A. Antonovsky, Polish adaptation of J. Koniarek, B. Dudek, Z. Makowska (1993). In order to indentify variables that determine young people’s health related behaviour regression analysis and structural modeling were used. The studies have shown that in the group of boys the direct indicator of health behaviour is the dimension of sense of coherence – a sense of meaningfullness, while in the group of girls – a type D personality dimension, which is negative affectivity.
Ja cielesne a percepcja objawów menopauzy
Authors: Dolińska-Zygmunt Grażyna , Włodarczyk Małgorzata
Published: February 2022

A great number of previous research has proved that there is a relation between psychological factors and experiencing menopausal symptoms. There have been analysed, among others, personal subject qualities as well as the importance of life events happening to women in the menopausal period. It has been shown that the role of psychological variables most of all appears in moderating the perception of the signals coming from the body and in the ways of interpreting them. In the research hitherto conducted there has been no analysis of the relation/dependence between body identity, the qualities of body self and experiencing menopausal symptoms, although many researchers have been suggesting the existence of such a relation/dependence. The aim of the article is to present the results of the research identifying the relation between the body self and the frequency and intensity of experienced menopausal symptoms, and to identify the predictors of the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms. 40 women, age 40–50, participated in the research. The analysis of the Pearson correlation proved the existence of the relation between the body self and the frequency of psychic, vasomotorical and somatic menopausal symptoms and the intensity of psychic menopausal symptoms. The linear regression analysis distinguished the statistically significant predicators of the frequency of psychic, vasomotorical and somatic menopausal symptoms and of the intensity of psychic and vasomotorical menopausal symptoms. The results show that the body self plays an important role in the perception of the menopausal symptoms.
Optymalne doświadczenia a pracoholizm. Kiedy zaangażowanie przeradza się w uzależnienie
Authors: Bartczak Monika , Ogińska-Bulik Nina
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between optimal experiences and workaholism. The study was conducted on a group of academic workers recruited from The University of Łódź and Technical University of Łódź (N = 126). Polish adaptation of WART and The Questionnaire Measuring Optimal Experiences were used to measure workaholism and flow, respectively. The vast majority of participants have experienced flow at least once or more within a year (93.3%). The analysis revealed the lack of significant differences between groups of workaholics and nonworkaholics in the levels of flow and in the frequency of experiencing flow. However, the factor that distinguishes these two groups is the range of situations in which they experience flow. Thus, workaholics experience flow mainly in work settings, while nonworkaholics experience flow both at work and in their free time. Moreover, the analysis revealed positive but weak correlation between one of the workaholism dimension: obsession/compulsion and flow. Therefore, the element that links those two phenomena is their obsessive-compulsive character. The article draws attention to potential negative consequences related to over engagement in flow activities.
Strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem a subiektywna ocena stanu zdrowia osób w wieku emerytalnym
Authors: Finogenow Maria
Published: February 2022

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between coping strategies and subjective health in retirement age. The research sample consisted of 240 older people, aged 55–70 (retirees and those, who continue working, both sex). Following techniques were used: The COPE Inventory (C. S. Carver, M. F. Scheier, J. K. Weintraub) and The Somatic Symptoms List (L. Cofta). The results show significant relationships between emotional and escape ways of coping and negative rating of health status. Moreover significant differences in subjective health and coping strategies were found between men and women. Retirees don’t differ from employees in subjective health and ways of coping.