bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“As Canadian As Possible Under The Circumstances” Reflections on the Study of Protestantism in North America
Authors: Airhart Phyllis D
Published: November 2023

January 28, 1980, is a memorable date in both American and Canadian history. Since November 1979, North Americans had been following with trepidation the siege of the U.S. embassy in Tehran. But on that day we were offered a momentary respite from our fears for the safety of the hostages. Six American had found their way to the Canadian embassy where they had been, as one reporter described it, smuggled out of Iran “disguised as Canadians.” Canada is a country that has acquired a welldeserved reputation for almost obsessive preoccupation with its “identity,” and this incident thus occasioned some reflection. How exactly would one disguise a person as a Canadian?
Jewish Intellectuals And The De-Christianization Of American Public Culture In The Twentieth Century
Authors: Hollinger David
Published: November 2023

“Any Large Number Of free-thinking Jews” is “undesirable” if one wants to maintain or develop a society in which a Christian tradition can flourish, said T. S. Eliot in 1934. He was right. At least he was right if the standard for a flourishing Christian tradition is the one Eliot took for granted. This conception of an ideal, racially and religiously homogeneous society Eliot illustrated with his ancestral New England and with the Virginia whose self-image he flattered by respectfully invoking, in the presence of his Charlottesville audience, the agrarian manifesto I’ll Take My Stand. It was an inauspicious time for a sophisticated and internationally minded intellectual to send off to the press a suggestion that there might be any context at all in which Jews should be declared undesirable; a full year had passed since Hitler had begun his notorious purge of Jews from German universities. Amid the dismay now routinely registered about Eliot’s anti-Semitism, we risk losing touch with two insights embedded in this, his most lamented public utterance. Eliot was right to suggest that community building and maintenance involves at least some drawing of social boundaries.
Later Stages Of The Recovery Of American Religious History
Authors: Loveland Anne C
Published: November 2023

The Title Of This essay refers to Henry May’s now-famous essay, “The Recovery of American Religious History,” first published in 1964, in which he points to a combination of historical and historiographical developments that promoted the “recovery” of American religious history. According to May, the turn to neo-orthodoxy in the 1930s and 40s, followed by the religious revival of the post-World War II period generated interest in religion on the part of intellectuals and academics. Those developments, along with changes in the field of American literature, intellectual history, and sociology and social theory, produced the generation of historians now regarded as the founders of modern American religious history-Perry Miller, Sidney Mead, Timothy Smith, Sydney Ahlstrom, and Edwin Gaust d.
Knowledge, Feelings, and Attitudes of German University Students toward the Holocaust
Authors: Brusten Manfred
Published: November 2023

Immediately after German unification, social scientists had a historic chance to conduct “binational” comparative research on the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Until then the states had been two separate, independent political entities with different and partially antagonistic political and economic structures. Social science got the chance not only to study the peaceful process of unification, transformation, and integration of two societies but also to conduct research that had not been possible for decades because of the tense and hostile political atmosphere between West and East. Thus, for instance, it suddenly became possible to do comparative research within these two societies on the effects of the very distinct process of political socialization and its impact on knowledge, emotions, and attitudes. The question was: What are the most striking typical differences in knowledge, emotions, and attitudes of young West Germans and East Germans as a result of the two antagonistic socio­political systems? My own research about East and West German students’ knowledge and attitudes concerning the Third Reich and the Holocaust conducted in 1992 is unique in that respect.1 It concentrated on two fields:2 (I) the investigation of differences and similarities in knowledge, emotions, and attitudes related to the Holocaust among students in West and East Germany; 3 (2) the exploration of the political background of knowledge, emotions, and attitudes related to the Holocaust.
The Category Religion in Recent Scholarship
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

The implicit questions posed throughout this critique are relatively simple ones: what counts as religion? who gets to decide? what theoretical commitments are entailed in such decisions? and, most important, what are the material implications of our categorial choices? As suggested throughout chapters 1 through 4, and argued in detail in chapter 6, there is much more than purely intellectual, even social and institutional, issues at stake in the long-standing debate over whether religion is sociopolitically autonomous or simply a scholarly, analytical category useful in studying one aspect of what are otherwise complex human, historical practices. Although one could describe portions of this effort as constituting an analysis of definitions of religion, it is much more than this. By examining how our scholarly categories, methods, and theories together construct and legitimize sociopolitically relevant discourses, my analysis goes well beyond seemingly innocent debates about definition of religion.
The Second Job
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Since entry placements are considered to be a training experience, the second placement becomes a more useful predictor of the direction that clergy careers will take. Despite whether a placement is chosen from a range of opportunities or represents the only option when a job change becomes necessary, taken together the first two placements often set forth a pattern of job tracking that shapes much of the clergy career life course.
Melting and Marrying
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David
Published: November 2023

But Siva remained disconsolate. At length, he gave himself to the heated inner mode of Yogic meditation, in the highest mountains; he was desperately seeking the deepest self. But SatI was reborn as ParvatI, the daughter of Himalaya; and already as a young girl, she knew she wanted Siva for her husband. Her father, the Mountain, sent her to serve the god in his meditation. Later, when she had grown to puberty, ParvatI asked, and received, her father’s permission to devote herself to tapas focused on the great deity she was determined to marry. The demon Taraka threatened the stability of the cosmos, and the gods knew that only a son born from Siva could lead their army against him. But Siva was lost in his inner world, utterly uninterested in any woman, hence unlikely to produce a son. Indra, king of the gods, decided to send Manmatha-Desire itself-on asuicide mission: he was to shoot his arrows of flowers at the meditating Siva and thus make him fall in love.

Manmatha proceeded to the mountain where Siva was performing his Yoga; Spring, with its intoxicating breezes, accompanied him in his approach. He found the god absorbed in meditation, on the point of finding the self he was seeking. Now Manmatha drew his bow and shot an arrow that struck Siva in the heart. The god, disturbed, no longer whole, opened his eyes and saw Desire; in terrible anger, Siva burned Manmatha to death with the fire of his third eye.

But Siva also saw something else in this moment of destruction-the radiant ParvatI, sitting not far away, on the Mountain, her inner being concentrated in love for Siva. He wanted her-Manmatha, in dying, had achieved his mission- and he came at once to test her love, disguising himself as an old Brahmin. In this form, Siva excoriated Siva, that ugly, naked beggar who makes his home in the burning ground, who smears his body with ashes taken from burned corpses; how could a beautiful young woman choose someone like that for her husband? But ParvatI insisted she would marry no one other than Siva, and turned away from the beggar. At that moment, Siva revealed himself to her in his true form, which is subject to passion; and he promised to fulfill her longing. With her father Himalaya’s consent, ParvatI was married to the great god; and the newlyweds gave themselves over to games of love for a thousand years.
The Death of a Parent: Dealing with Bad News-My World Is Turned Upside Down
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

How do you tell children their father died? When they went to sleep, everything was fine. I woke them up and told them Daddy didn’t feel good. I asked a neighbor to stay with them, and I took my husband to the hospital. He was dead before I knew what happened. Before he got sick, we had a good life. He worked, he made a good living. I was home with the children and was beginning to think about doing something now that they were all in school. It is hard to believe that everything looked so comfortable. We played, we laughed. We couldn’t have anticipated the changes that were just around the corner for us.
Finding Help: Services for the Bereaved
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

Part of the dilemma many bereaved families face is finding help outside their families and existing support networks. It is not always easy to make a match between the families’ needs and available services. Often services do not exist in their area, so the bereaved themselves, or those close to them, take the initiative to create programs in their communities. This chapter describes existing services that can serve as models for the bereaved and others working with them who wish either to locate or develop such programs in their communities. These are services or approaches to helping that I believe are capable of helping the bereaved cope and adapt. (See Appendix 1 for how to contact organizations described in this chapter.) To these descriptions, I have added comments about how the services facilitate learning and details from my own experience in developing programs.
The Rise and Rise of the Silicon Chip
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

Legend tells of a chess-playing king called Purushottama who was so confident of his ability at the game that he challenged all comers. Finally he was defeated by the wise Pandit. On being asked to name his reward, the Pandit asked only to be given one grain of rice for the first square of the chess board, two for the second, four for the third, and so on. Foolishly the king agreed to this seemingly trivial request. Anyone who has ever tried to calculate the numbers corresponding to the other squares will appreciate how the repeated doubling rapidly produces huge numbers: the number of grains of rice for the sixty-fourth square is a nineteen-digit number, far in excess of the total number of grains of rice in the world.

The phenomenal rise of the integrated circuit, better known as the silicon chip, is due to a similar exponential increase. The origins of the integrated circuit can be traced back to 1959. Developments in this year by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation laid the foundations for what was to follow. Two years later a circuit comprising four transistors was successfully fabricated on a single piece of silicon, and over the next few years increasingly complex circuits were produced. In 1964 Gordon Moore, also at Fairchild, examined this trend and predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would continue to double every year. This now famous prediction has come to be known as Moore’s law.
To Conduct or Not to Conduct and Where Semiconductors Fit In
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

The vast majority of microelectronic devices are fabricated from silicon. In the very early years germanium was sometimes used, while in more recent times there has been an increase in the use of gallium arsenide and various other compounds for specialized purposes. The property that all of these materials have in common is that they are semiconductors. So what exactly is a semiconductor?

Let us begin by determining whether or not a given material conducts electricity. We can easily carry out such an experiment with a battery and a light bulb, using a sample of the material as part of the circuit, as in Figure 2.1. If the material conducts electricity the bulb will light, whereas if it does not conduct the bulb fails to light. On the whole we find that metals are conductors of electricity, whereas virtually all non-metals are not.
A Logical Decision Using the Transistor as an Electronic Switch
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

The idea of creating a machine which can automatically perform mathematical calculations has been around for much longer than most people imagine. The earliest attempts to build a calculating machine are usually credited to Blaise Pascal and date from the mid-seventeenth century. These machines were very limited in their abilities, being capable only of addition and subtraction (the latter being performed after making a small adjustment to the internal workings). Although the first examples were rather unreliable, many improved versions appeared throughout the following two hundred years. Some of these later models were also capable of performing multiplication and division using a special gear wheel designed by Gottfried Leibniz.

The next major advance came in the 1830s. The English mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage had far more ambitious ideas. He proposed a programmable machine, called the Analytical Engine, which would be controlled by punched cards. (Similar cards were already in use to determine the patterns produced by automated Jacquard looms.) Although Babbage never succeeded in building a working model, the Analytical Engine is generally considered to be the original antecedent of the general-purpose digital computer. Indeed, many of the concepts which he proposed, such as the idea of a stored program, were actually redeveloped a hundred years later by researchers who were unaware of Babbage’s earlier work.
Negative Resistance and the Quantum Transistor
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters we have seen how quantum physics affects the behaviour of electrons confined to very small regions in one or more dimensions. In the process we have considered several optical applications of these effects. However, the initial reason why we were led to consider such small length scales was in the pursuit of ever faster transistors. Is it possible to produce transistors which exploit these quantum effects? If it is, then we can be sure that the principle of operation is likely to be very different from that of conventional transistors.

Let us return to the system of two quantum wells which we considered at the beginning of the previous chapter, and assume that all of the electrons start off in one of the wells. Initially the electrons tunnel from the full well to the empty one, and so a current flows. However, after a short time the concentration of electrons in the two wells becomes equal, and the current ceases. (We should note that the electrons continue to tunnel between the two wells, but since there are equal numbers tunnelling in each direction, the net current is zero.) This is not a very promising basis for a transistor. To build such a device we must be able to control the flow of electrons. How do we achieve this?
Temples of Justice: The Iconography of Judgment and American Culture
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century Americans tended to be tardy in their commemorative observances, and the centennial of the Judiciary Act of 1789 turned out to be no exception.* In September 1889, a

committee formed by the New York City Bar Association finally got aroundto discussing a celebration planned for February 2, 1890. All the nation‘s federal judges as well as New York State‘s appellate judges were invited to attend. Better late than never. Then, on December 7, 1889, the Judiciary Centennial Committee met at the Federal Building in New York City to adopt a plan that had been submitted for festivities honoring the hundredth anniversary of the first sitting of the Supreme Court of the United States. It would take place on February 4, 1890, at the Metropolitan Opera House in Manhattan. Former president Grover Cleveland consented to preside over ceremonies attended by the entire Supreme Court. Following remarks by the chief justice, President Benjamin Harrison would give an address.
Therapeutic Protest
Authors: Tucker James
Published: November 2023

Although it may appear that social control is always downward or lateral, it is also directed up the organizational hierarchy. Inferiority can limit options, but people nonetheless define and respond to deviant conduct by their superiors in various ways (Baumgartner, 1984). Employees may, for example, complain to coworkers, steal and destroy company property, file lawsuits, go on strike, or resign. People in the therapeutic corporation, by contrast, normally help superiors overcome their alleged problems rather than punish them for behaving improperly. Yet therapy from below is more restrained and private than when initiated from above or by peers.
African American Jews: Dispelling Myths, Bridging the Divide
Authors: Wolfson Bernard J
Published: November 2023

On The Second weekend of November in 1995, Rabbi Capers Funnye hosted a momentous meeting at his synagogue on Chicago’s south side. He and a small group of other black Jews from around the country gathered there for a twoday conference to launch a new national organization. Funnye had met many of his visitors two years earlier at a symposium on black Jews sponsored by the California African-American Museum in Los Angeles.1 They had remained in close contact since then, frequently lamenting their shared sense of isolation-but also contemplating their tremendous possibilities-in a society where hostility between blacks and Jews was widely viewed as the natural state of affairs. This weekend was the culmination of their ongoing conversations. The main idea was simply to have a kind of national coming out-a “Black Jews’ debutante ball;’ as Funnye put it-to tell the world that being black and being Jewish were not mutually exclusive.2 Funnye and his guests hoped to establish a permanent forum in which black Jews could simply find each other, share their experiences, and begin to foster a sense of common identity. The mere existence of such a group, they believed, would defy the prevailing notion that Jews were all white people of European descent. It would also challenge the conventional wisdom that blacks and Jews were mutually antagonistic, for that perception, while certainly not without some grains of truth, was based on the erroneous assumption that the two groups were entirely separate.
Another Exodus: The Hebrew Israelites from Chicago to Dimona
Authors: Michaeli Ethan
Published: November 2023

From Their Birthplace in the ghettos of Chicago’s South Side to their current home in the modern state of Israel, the Hebrew Israelites have been propelled by a powerful combination of religious and racial identity. In this essay I will examine recent developments within the Hebrew Israelite community. My work is based on a series of interviews I conducted with Hebrew Israelite leaders in the United States and Israel (many while I was a reporter for the Chicago Defender), on my visit to the Dimona community in 1996, and on my attendance at a number of Hebrew Israelite events in Chicago over the course of the 1990s. Though limited to official sources, my research reveals that the Hebrew Israelites are currently experiencing a number of significant political and ideological shifts, including a better relationship with the Israeli government and a more inclusive attitude toward Jews.
The Nubian Islaamic Hebrews, Ansaaru Allah Community: Jewish Teachings of an African American Muslim Community
Authors: O’Connor Kathleen Malone
Published: November 2023

The Nubian Islaamic Hebrews (NIH), also known as the Ansaaru Allah (Ansarullah) Community and currently as the Holy Tabernacle Ministries (HTM), is one of a number of African American Muslim movements that have generated new and indigenous forms of Islam in America. This community can best be understood within the black prophetic, millennial, and messianic traditions of the Moorish Science Temple (begun in 1915), the Nation oflslam (arising in the 1930s), and the Five Percent Nation of Gods and Earths (a youth group branching off from the Nation oflslam in the late 1960s). The NIH also parallels the black nationalist and civil rights movements and contributes strongly to the current trend of Afrocentrism in African American social and cultural discourse.I These communities remain relatively unknown in the study of contemporary African American religion and are unacknowledged contributors to the spectrum of religious identity in the larger pluralistic environment of American society. Even the Nation of Islam, which has received perhaps the greatest scholarly and popular attention, has been seen primarily as a sociopolitical movement, with its full religious dimensions and connections to the larger Judaic-Christian-Islamic tradition2 still inadequately explored.
The Revisionary Hermeneutics of Deuteronomy
Authors: Levinson Bernard M
Published: November 2023

The authors of Deuteronomy radically transformed the religion and society of ancient Judah. The innovation of cultic centralization profoundly changed sacrificial procedure, the festival calendar, judicial procedure, and public administration, including the monarchy. The new vision was as much political as it was religious. It led to a massive reallocation of power and authority, both centrally and locally. At one end of the social spectrum, power relations in the central sphere were reorganized, as the Temple became the exclusive site for cultic activity and consequently usurped even the role of the monarch as the final arbiter of problematic legal cases. At the other end of the spectrum, the authors of Deuteronomy also completely restructured the local sphere. They disrupted the conventional structures of clan piety, based around the local sanctuaries, which they abolished.
The Place Of Antebellum Missionary Women in American Religious History
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

As an advocate of women’s education, Mary Lyon expanded on two popular ideologies of her time, one centered on the theological concept of disinterested benevolence articulated by Samuel Hopkins in the eighteenth century and developed by other spokesmen for New Divinity theology, and the other centered on the patriotic notion of what historian Linda K. Kerber has termed Republican Motherhood. Lyon was not the first to link disinterested benevolence with Republican Motherhood, nor was she the first to justify women’s education in terms of Republican Motherhood; disinterested benevolence was often presumed to characterize women’s contributions to the public good, and advocates of Republican Motherhood argued that education would facilitate these contributions. Lyon’s contribution was to build on these connections to establish a more reciprocal relationship between women and public life than had existed before. Thus she not only promoted women’s education as the means by which women might best fulfill their maternal responsibilities to the nation, as other education reformers did, she also made women’s education a matter of public concern. By soliciting small donations from a large number of New England women, with many of whom she was personally unacquainted, Lyon established Mount Holyoke as the first institution of women’s advanced education whose endowment was “public,” hence not dependent on a small base of wealthy donors.
Religious Community at Mount Holyoke
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

The intellectual worldview associated with Republican Motherhood and New Divinity theology offered Mary Lyon and other New England women a means of interpreting and negotiating social change. At a time when traditional communities based on economic self-sufficiency, ministerial authority, and interpersonal consensus were declining, and a national culture based on far-reaching and interlocking forms of industry, communication, and transportation was developing, Republican Motherhood and New Divinity theology enabled New England women to affirm their loyalty to traditional values while exploring new opportunities for work and influence. Through education and teaching these women both expanded the parameters of their lives and maintained significant experiences of community.
Mount Holyoke Missionaries and Their Husbands in Zululand and Natal
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

In southeast Africa as well as in northwest Persia and Maharashtra, Mary Lyon’s students contributed to the formation of a western-educated elite who led the way in social reform and pressed for a more egalitarian society. But this African elite located itself differently with respect to both missionary and traditional culture than either Nestorian Protestants or Hindu reformers. As the racist structure of apartheid began to take shape, American-educated Africans in Natal developed an alternative culture deeply influenced by both missionary and traditional ideas, but more independent of missionary culture than Nestorian Protestantism, and more distant from traditional culture than reformed Hinduism.
Changing Gender Relations and the Development Process in Oman
Authors: Riphenburg Carol J
Published: November 2023

There is growing recognition of the important role women play in the political and socioeconomic development process of their countries. This chapter seeks to redress their neglect as subjects by analyzing gender dynamics and social change in Oman, a country which despite its strategic significance was, at least until 1970, one of the least known countries in the world. The sex/gender system and all that it involves is undergoing pro found change in Middle Eastern countries. Women are immersed in diverse socioeconomic, political, and cultural arrangements. According to V. M. Moghadam, “To study the Middle East and Middle Eastern women is to recognize the diversity within the region and within the female population.” Thus, an important objective of this chapter is to in crease the amount of data on what women do and why.
Gender, Islam, and the State Kuwaiti Women in Struggle, Pre-Invasion to Postliberation
Authors: Badran Margot
Published: November 2023

The ideology and politics of citizenship, democracy, and gender in Kuwait are the central themes of this chapter. Only a fraction of the Kuwaiti population-first-class citizens of the male gender-enjoy the practice of full political rights. Second-class or naturalized citizens have not been granted political rights, nor have those known as bidun, people of nomadic origin who cannot prove settlement requirements and are thus classified as stateless. As first-class citizens, women have been granted full political rights by the Constitution, but an electoral law has prevented them from exercising these rights.2 If rights guaranteed by the Constitution are curtailed in practice, the duties spelled out in the highest law of the land are expected to be fulfilled. Moreover, Kuwaiti citizenship passes down through the male line; a Kuwaiti woman married to a non-Kuwaiti cannot pass her citizenship to her children, while a Kuwaiti man with a foreign wife may do so. While the indigenous population is divided into three unequal categories, and made more unequal by repressive gendering practices, national loyalty is expected by all segments of the population.
Philippine Muslim Women Tradition and Change
Authors: Angeles Vivienne Sm.
Published: November 2023

Muslims constitute the largest minority group in the Philippines. Estimates in 1990 placed their number at between five and six million or about 8.6% of the country ‘s total population of 63 million. ‘ Muslims are concentrated in the southern parts of the islands of Palawan and Mindanao and are distinguished by varied ethnolinguistic characteristics2 as well as different economic activities.3 Despite these variations, their common bond is that they are Muslims, which is a key aspect of their identity in a predominantly Christian country. Because of this religious distinction and because the Muslim areas are geographically isolated from the political and economic centers of the country, Muslims exhibit cultural norms and traditions that differ from the rest of the Philippines.
Eriugena’s Life And Intellectual Achievements
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

John the Scot, Scottus, John Scottus Eriugena, a man of many names, is now generally referred to by the names John Scottus Eriugena. Eriugena means “born of Ireland,” and in the preface to his translations of the works of the Pseudo-Dionysius, he refers to himself simply as Eriugena. This man of many names has also been described in many ways throughout history: Neopla-tonist, poet, mystic, philosopher, theologian, idealist, heretic. Henry Bett, in one of the earliest monographs on Eriugena in English, described him as the most considerable philosopher in the Western world between Augustine and Aquinas but also remarked that he was the loneliest figure in the history of European thought.
The Structure Of Reality
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Eriugena’s overall view of reality, both human and divine, will be familiar to students of Neoplatonism, based as it is on the dual movement of procession and return: every effect remains in its cause, proceeds from it, and returns to it. Although I have chosen to discuss Eriugena’s ideas within the framework of divisoria and resolutiva (diairetike and analytike), both “ways” must be understood as intrinsically entwined and, strictly speaking, are not separate movements or processes. “For the procession of the creatures and the return of the same are so intimately associated in the reason which considers them that they appear to be inseparable the one from the other” (P. II 529A, 532A).
Creator And Creation
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

I have shown that Eriugena’s conception of the divine nature is characterized by the dual truth of the simultaneous immanence and transcendence of God, a theme he encountered more strongly in the writings of the Greek than in the Latin fathers. Of course, Eriugena’s thought was not simply a reproduction of what he had encountered in his reading of the fathers of East and West; rather, he molded their theology into his own to reveal a new pattern of thought in relation to an understanding of the transcendence and immanence of God. The four divisions of nature, the first and last of which contemplate God under the aspects of first cause and final end, necessarily relate to God in terms of created reality: either the coming forth from God or the returning to God.
Slaves and Free Blacks in the Church
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

In Methodism Slaves And Free blacks found a God who did not see differences in color, caste, gender, or status. In Methodist doctrine, oppressed and victimized African Americans found a value system that prized individual choice and agency in a world where they had few choices and where their individuality was often not respected. In Methodist rituals, slaves and free blacks affirmed their sense of self-worth and humanity and openly challenged the racist ideology of their oppressors. By registering support for Methodist values, slaves could express their disdain of their owners’ lifestyles, morally invert secular rankings, and proclaim their faith that God would avenge the wrongs done to them. And when the misery and pain of bondage taxed the human spirit, Methodist slaves found comfort and hope in their religion.
“Mothers in Israel”: White Women in the Church
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

The Sunday In 1798 that Mary Hinde rebuked Major Martin probably began much as others had. Following church services, the Hinde family returned home, where they gathered to talk with neighbors in their Kentucky parlor. The conversation, as was often the case with Methodists on the Sabbath, centered on religion. When the topic turned to the “resurrection of the dead,” Major Martin, a deist and a man immersed in the elite culture of honor, “made quite light of the matter.” Mary Hinde, the Major re counted, “set out zealously upon me respecting the reality of these things and the great necessity there was for a preparation for them. [H]er words went to my heart, in so sensible a manner that I sat the resolution before I left the house [that] if there was any such a thing as religion in the world I would seek after it.” Mary’s son, who de scribed this famous incident for an antebellum issue of the Methodist Magazine, supplied the gendered analysis missing in Martin’s account: “Here a man who had gloried in his strength and courage, and would have conceived it a disgrace to take an insult, or to bear even a rebuke from any man, thus assailed by an elderly lady, is suddenly put to fught.”2 Mary Hinde, boldly defending her religion of the heart, conquered the masculine realms of both intellectualized deism and secularized honor.
Social Security, Old Age, and Retirement
Authors: Winfrey John C
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon is of recent vintage. Only in the last few decades have we had a significant part of society who are elderly and retired. Since this social phenomenon is so new, many of its moral implications have not been fully addressed. What are the responsibilities of the individual, the family, the government, and other social entities in providing for retirement? As with other social issues, it is possible to have various overlapping spheres of responsibility among individuals and families, as well as federal, state, and local agencies.
Exclusion, Empowerment, and Partnership
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

The Civil Rights Movement is best understood as part of a continuous history of resistance by both Black men and Black women. There have been untold numbers of Black heroes and heroines who have risked and given their lives for the freedom of their people. This struggle for survival is at the heart of Black consciousness. Yet the accepted historical record filters out the accomplishments of Black women with accounts of women’s history as largely about White women. Even in the case of the civil rights movement, White women’s participation has received more attention than that of Black women, despite the fact that the latter participated in greater numbers. On the other hand, Black history has generally focused on the efforts and accomplishments of Black men. Moreover, throughout history, Black women have had to divide their loyalties between the causes of women and that of their race, the latter often taking precedence. For this reason, issues of gender could never be divorced from issues of racism and racial oppression. Therefore, any story of Black women’s movement participation must also be a story of the Black struggle, which includes the sons, husbands, and fathers of these courageous women.
Sowing the Seeds of Mass Mobilization
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

Daisy Bates’s efforts as a community bridge leader were not unique. Black women all over the nation were leaders in the struggle for civil rights. During the 1950s, sit-ins occurred in such cities as Baltimore, St. Louis, Tallahassee, Rock Hill, Mi-ami, and Oklahoma City. Most of these direct-action groups were affiliated with either CORE or the NAACP. Their tactics included picketing and sit-ins. In Oklahoma City, a successful effort to desegregate amusement parks, restaurants, swimming pools, and theaters was launched by Clara Luper, a community bridge leader, high school teacher, and formal local leader of the NAACP Youth Council. Luper admired Dr. King and the successes in Montgomery, and she believed that such tactics would work in Oklahoma City. In August 1958, Luper led her young charges to the food counter of a local segregated drugstore. Little did they know that their fight would last six years.

Yet beyond the efforts of the NAACP and the targeted protests, there was a need to mobilize a larger constituency of supporters. As Thurgood Marshall and others noted, many were afraid to join the movement. And as long as this fear persisted, areas of resistance to equality would remain intact. Rustin and Levinson continued to meet with Dr. King through 1958.
Bridging Students to the Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

By The Early 1960S, student-organized protests were spreading to southern cities such as Nashville, Tennessee, and Greensboro, North Carolina. The direct-action events in Greensboro precipitated by four students—Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond, all of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College—received widespread media attention and created a rash of similar sit-ins at lunch counters throughout the South. With the momentum of these events in mind and frustrated by the dominance of ministers within the SCLC, Miss Ella Baker turned her energies to the development of a national student movement organization. She believed that student activists across the South would benefit from contact with one another, and she discussed her idea with the SCLC. Baker comments about the need to coordinate the sit-ins:
Bringing the Movement Home to Small Cities and Rural Communities
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

While the civil rights movement gained momentum in the upper South, it became increasingly clear that this heightened movement activity did not extend to smaller cities and isolated pockets of the rural South. Following the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott civil rights movement organizations—primarily the NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)—targeted southern cities for direct action—that is, sit-ins and organized protests. The Freedom Rides, precipitated by CORE, resulted in several successes in the upper South. In the Deep South, this challenge to segregation in interstate travel resulted in bloodshed and left the racist order intact. Strategies were needed to link movement organizations to these otherwise isolated areas. Bridge leaders would fill this need.

What became increasingly clear was the need to penetrate the very core of these southern communities. Mobilization of Black populations in the deep pockets of the rural south and in smaller cities had been weak, yet their participation was critical for the demise of the powerful and ruthless southern order. Civil rights organizations, especially CORE, the SCLC, and SNCC, sought to mobilize these areas, but they were well aware of the dangers such tactics posed for both organizers and community members. Direct action in the rural south was a prescription for death.
Theoretical Conclusions
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

What is abundantly clear is that movement participants cannot be conceptualized in a dichotomous fashion as simply leaders and followers. Neither can it be suggested that women’s civil rights movement participation was primarily of an organizing nature, as has been suggested by previous scholars. For example, Charles Payne, in his earlier work on Black women’s activism in the Mississippi Delta, has suggested that “men led, but women organized.” In a later analysis, which clearly enriches our knowledge of movement organizing in Mississippi, he labels them leaders but describes their work as that of organizers. Bernice McNair Barnett, who also studies Black women in the civil rights movement, agrees with Payne that women organized and that their organizing was an important aspect of lead ership.
The Challenge Of Change
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Those who work in the government sector are no strangers to change. As another public-sector manager reminded us, “Under our political system, we face the prospect of a hostile takeover every four years.” The Clinton administration attempted to streamline federal agencies through its reinventing government program. Some government managers have championed the reengineering approach, advocating total change in their most basic work processes. Nonprofits are also undergoing radical changes. Shrinking federal funds, increasing competition for private funds, and a changing volunteer pool have profoundly altered the way many of these organizations must operate.
The Challenge Of Managing For Results
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

One of the most common criticisms leveled at public agencies and nonprofits is that they are “process oriented,” focusing on how things are done rather than what needs to get done, more com mitted to rules and regulations than to results. According to the critics, this process orientation is one of the main reasons that nonprofits and government agencies in particular tend to be slow, wasteful, and unproductive.
Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions
Authors: Parker Simon B
Published: November 2023

This book compares a variety of biblical narratives with the stories found in several Northwest Semitic inscriptions from the ancient kingdom of Judah and its contemporary Syro-Palestinian neighbors. In genre, language, and cultural context, these epigraphic stories are closer to biblical narratives than any other ancient Near Eastern narrative corpus. For the first time, Parker analyzes and appreciates these stories as narratives and sets them beside comparable biblical stories. He illuminates the narrative character and techniques of both epigraphic and biblical stories and in many cases reveals their original social context and purpose. In some cases, he is able to shed light on the question of the sources and composition of the larger work in which most of the biblical stories appear, the Deuteronomistic history. Against the claim that the genius of biblical prose narrative derives from the monotheism of the authors, he shows that the presence or absence of a divine role in each type of story is consistent throughout both biblical and epigraphic examples, and that, when present, the role of the deity is essentially the same both inside and outside the Bible, inside and outside Israel.
AI-Kho’T’s Early Life and Education
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

Ayatollahal-SayyidAbual-Qasimal-Khu’I(b.November 1899), the author of this work, The Prolegomena to the Qur’an, was the highest religious authority for the second largest community of Muslims, the Twelver ShI’ites. Twelver ShI’ites follow the line of twelve Imams after the Prophet Muammad (d. 632). The last of these Imams disappeared in the tenth century c.E., only to return at some future date as the MahdI, the messianic deliverer. To his ShI’ite followers, al-Khu’I, like other learned, pious scholars of the ShI’a, was ageneral deputy of the last hidden Imam, invested with the juridical-religious authority to guide the community, pending his return as the messianic leader. As such, he was one of the most widely acknowledged ShI’ite scholars in this century.
Concerning the Prophet’s Other Miracles
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS Miracles established through logical proof; an examination of the documents used as evidence by those who deny those miracles; the annunciation of the prophethood of MuI:iammad in the Torah and the Gospel; the conversion of many Jews and Christians to Islam, which is the absolute proof that demonstrates the truthfulness of this annunciation; the Prophet’s miracles, even more worthy of belief than the miracles performed by the past prophets.

No well-informed scholar will doubt that the Qur’an is the greatest miracle that the Prophet of Islam produced. This means that it is the greatest miracle worked by all the prophets and messengers. In the preceding discussion, we have mentioned some of these from the standpoint of their miraculous nature, and have clarified the superiority of the Book of God over all these miracles. However, we wish to reiterate here that the miracles of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) were not limited to the Qur’an; rather, he matched them in his ability to work miracles while, at the same time, distinguishing himself from the rest of them with the miracle of the Exalted Book. The evidence of this lies in two points.
An Examination of the Readings
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The uninterrupted transmission of the Qur’an is one of the necessities; the readings of the Qur’an are not transmitted uninterruptedly; statements by experts that the readings were not uninterruptedly transmitted; the seven h,arfs are not the seven readings of the Qur’an; the authoritativeness of the readings; the lawfulness of their recitation for daily worship.

At the beginning of chapter 4, we cited some opinions on whether or not the readings of the Qur’an have been transmitted by uninterrupted transmission (tawiitur). We pointed out that those who investigated this matter have denied that the readings have been handed down by uninterrupted transmission, while, by contrast, Muslims are in agreement about the uninterrupted transmission of the Qur’an itself. We shall now proceed to discuss the rudiments that support the view we have adopted regarding the readings of the Qur’an-namely, that these readings have not been transmitted without interruption in every generation of their chains of transmission.
The Principles of the Exegesis
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A
Published: November 2023

SYNOPSIS The invalidity of depending upon conjecture and the views of commentators in the comprehension of the Qur’an; the sources of the exegesis; particularization of the Qur’anic ordinances through a single tradition; the error of those who deny it, and their views on the question.
The Composition Of The Georgics: Vergil’s Farm
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

Farming, and a sense that farming provides us with a clue to our place in the cosmos, is what the Georgics and the Works and Days have in common. It is nearly the only thing. The poet of the Works and Days presents himself as stern and uncompromising, a pessimist and a realist. The poet of the Georgics writes as an idealist, a lover of peace and beauty, and a man deeply sympathetic with all that suffers. There is a passionate intensity to the expressions, descriptions, and almost violent juxtapositions of the Works and Days ; the Georgics is so carefully crafted that the poet’s own views appear only in the nearly imperceptible modulations of his tone. Hesiod’s “country” is centered in his local town, a town united only by language to even the rest of Greece. Vergil’s “country” is centered, whether he likes it or not, in Rome, the focal point of the civilized world. During the century in which Hesiod lived Greece emerged, gradually, from a dark age into the beginnings of Classical civilization. Vergil lived to see an end to the civil war that had torn the Roman Republic apart for centuries, achieved at the price of the Republic. Even the farms they knew were different-Hesiod’s the small, self-sufficient farms of a poor rural society, Vergil’s the huge slave-run estates or latifundia which were consuming Roman farming.
The Place Of Nature
Authors: Nelson Stephanie A
Published: November 2023

We are cultural beings, which is to say, it is our “nature” to live in society. Outside of and opposed to that society is also “nature,” as wild nature, untouched by human beings and aloof from human concerns. But there is also domesticated nature, nature as it exists on the farm, somewhere between its wild ancestors and the “culture” to which its own cultivation gave a name. To discuss our relation to “nature” is to discuss the interconnection of society, wild nature, and domestic nature. It is, in other words, to discuss farming, since farming is where nature and culture meet.