bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postural alterations in children with mouth breathing assessed by computerized biophotogrammetry
Authors: Lima Luciane Capelasso de Oliveira , Baraúna Mario Antônio , Sologurem Maria José Junho , Canto Roberto Sérgio de Tavares , Gastaldi Ada Clarisse
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the posture of children with obstructive (OMB) and functional mouth breathing (FMB) and children with nasal breathing (NB) using computerized biophotogrammetry, as well as to determine the viability and efficacy of this method. METHODS: Evaluative and personalized methods were used for the capture and analysis of angle images obtained from 19 NB, 26 FMB and 17 OMB children of either gender aged 8 to 10 years on anterior, posterior and profile views. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to analyze the three groups as a whole and the Mann-Whitney test was used for pairwise comparison of the groups (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The angle related to the lateral knee condyle, lateral ankle malleolus and 5th metatarsal diaphysis (KAM) was significantly greater in NB than in FMB children. With respect to the angle related to the nasal external acoustic meatus and pogonion (GMM), nasal external acoustic meatus and manubrium (GME), and 2nd cervical vertebra, major cervical curvature point and 7th cervical vertebra (C2C7), significantly higher values were observed for the OMB group compared to NB children. The angle formed by the 2nd thoracic vertebra, the major prominent thoracic point and the 9th thoracic vertebra (T2T9) was significantly greater in FMB than in OMB children. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized biophotogrammetry was found to e a safe and reliable technique, allowing comparison between the children analyzed, as well as the detection of postural alterations in mouth breathing children.
Gingival recession: prevalence, extension and severity in adults
Authors: Marini Milena Guerreiro , Greghi Sebastião Luiz Aguiar , Passanezi Euloir , Sant'Ana Adriana Campos Passanezi
Published: December 2006

The gingival recession was assessed in 380 adult individuals aged more than 20 years and comprised both subjects being treated and looking for treatment at Bauru Dental School. Clinical evaluation was conducted by a single examiner in all teeth and involved analysis of four dental aspects (mesial, buccal, distal and lingual). The gingival recession was regarded as present whenever more than 1mm of root surface was exposed, and its vertical width was measured in millimeters from the cementoenamel junction to the gingival margin. The recessions were further scored following the criteria suggested by Miller in 1985. Gingival recession was observed in at least one dental surface in about 89% of the individuals analyzed. The prevalence, extension and severity of this clinical aspect increased with age. Class I recessions were the most frequent, yet there was a gradual increase of Class III and IV recessions as older subjects were evaluated. The mandibular teeth displayed more surfaces with gingival recession than the maxillary teeth and the mandibular incisors were the most affected teeth. Such high prevalence of gingival recession in adult patients demonstrates that dental professionals should provide attention to the clinical relevance of such alterations, as well as to the diagnosis of the etiologic factors.
Impact of the bitewing radiography exam inclusion on the prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-old students in the city of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Mestriner Soraya Fernandes , Pardini Luiz Carlos , Mestriner Wilson Júnior
Published: December 2006

INTRODUCTION: The pattern of development of carious lesions has changed. The carious lesion has been progressive and reaches the dentin without showing alterations in the clinical aspects. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of caries in 12-year-old students in the city of Franca - São Paulo, Brazil, during the year of 2003, and to evaluate the additional value of bitewing radiograph to detect hidden carious lesions in permanent molar dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A probabilistic sample composed of two hundred and fifty six (256) students, from public and private schools, was submitted to a cross-sectional study through examination by a calibrated examiner, in order to detect the caries prevalence, using the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). For 66% of the sample, bitewing radiographs of the permanent molar region were obtained. The images were analyzed by a calibrated examiner, who established the presence of hidden caries in teeth with radiolucency in dentin, yet considered healthy in the epidemiological survey. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries in epidemiological exam without (WHO) and with (WHO/R) the inclusion of hidden caries lesion was 54% and 64%, and the DMFT index was 1.73 and 1.92 respectively. CONCLUSION: Utilization of the method of bitewing radiographic diagnosis significantly increased (p<0.001) the prevalence of caries in the studied population.
Morphologic and morphometric analysis of the root canal apical third cleaning after biomechanical preparation using 3.3% Ricinus communis detergent and 1% NaOCl as irrigating solutions
Authors: Meneghin Marcos Pozzetti , Nomelini Sylvia Maria Bin , Sousa-Neto Manoel D. , Marchesan Melissa Andreia , França Suzelei Castro , Santos Heid Sueli Leme dos
Published: December 2006

This study evaluated, by morphologic and morphometric analyses, the cleaning of apical third of root canals instrumented with nickel-titanium rotary files using different irrigating solutions. Twenty-seven single-rooted mandibular premolars were assigned to three groups (n=9), according to the irrigating solution used: Group I, distilled and deionized water; Group II, 1% NaOCl; and Group III, 3.3% Ricinus communis detergent. Biomechanical preparation was performed with Protaper Plusâ nickel-titanium files as follows: S1, SX and S2 at the cervical and middle thirds, and 25/02, 25/04, 25/06, 30/02, 30/04 and 30/06 to complete the instrumentation, operating at 1 mm from the root apex. Irrigation was done at each file change with 2 mL of irrigating solution, totalizing 20 mL for each tooth. After biomechanical preparation, the apical thirds were serially sectioned and histologically processed. The cross-sections were examined by an optical microscope (X40) connected to a computer. The images were captured and analyzed using a computer software and submitted to morphometric analysis with aid of a grid. The percentage of debris remaining at the apical third was calculated. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.01) between the groups irrigated with 1% NaOCl and 3.3% Ricinus communis detergent, which presented the lowest percentage of debris at the apical third, 8.49% and 10.11%, respectively. The group irrigated with distilled and deionized water had the highest percentage of debris (15.58%) and was statistically different from the other groups (p<0.01). It may be concluded that 3.3% Ricinus communis detergent and 1% NaOCl had similar cleaning effectiveness on removal of debris from root canals.
Tenascin and fibronectin in pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland
Authors: Bento Patrícia Meira , Freitas Roseana de Almeida , Pinto Leão Pereira , Souza Lélia Batista de
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the expression and distribution pattern of extracellular matrix components in pleomorphic adenomas of the major and minor salivary glands and to compare the morphological findings of these tumors with the immunohistochemical expression, considering the different types of stroma predominating in each case. METHODS AND RESULTS: The expression of tenascin (TN) and fibronectin (FN) was analyzed in 23 cases of pleomorphic adenomas, 11 major and 12 minor salivary gland tumors, by the streptavidin-biotin method using anti-tenascin and anti-fibronectin antibodies. In addition, the immunohistochemical results were correlated with the morphological findings of the lesions. All cases analyzed were immunoreactive for the antibodies used. Fibronectin showed strong labeling in fibrous and chondroid stroma, while labeling was weak in hyaline and myxoid stroma. Tenascin expression was more intense in fibrous and chondroid stroma and moderate in hyaline and myxoid stroma. CONCLUSIONS: No difference in the expression of these proteins was observed between major and minor salivary gland tumors.
Influence of a cobalt-chromium metal framework on surface roughness and Knoop hardness of visible light-polymerized acrylic resins
Authors: Souza Júnior Joane Augusto de , Garcia Renata Cunha Matheus Rodrigues , Moura Juliana Silva , Del Bel Cury Altair Antoninha
Published: December 2006

Although visible light-polymerized acrylic resins have been used in removable partial dentures, it is not clear whether the presence of a metal framework could interfere with their polymerization, by possibly reflecting the light and affecting important properties, such as roughness and hardness, which would consequently increase biofilm accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the roughness and Knoop hardness of a visible light-polymerized acrylic resin and to compare these values to those of water-bath- and microwave-polymerized resins, in the presence of a metal framework. Thirty-six specimens measuring 30.0 x 4.0 ± 0.5 mm of a microwave- (Onda Cryl), a visible light- (Triad) and a water-bath-polymerized (Clássico) (control) acrylic resins containing a cobalt-chromium metal bar were prepared. After processing, specimens were ground with 360 to 1000-grit abrasive papers in a polishing machine, followed by polishing with cloths and 1-µm diamond particle suspension. Roughness was evaluated using a profilometer (Surfcorder SE 1700) and Knoop hardness (Kg/mm²) was assayed using a microhardness tester (Shimadzu HMV 2000) at distances of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µm from the metal bar. Roughness and Knoop hardness means were submitted to two-way ANOVA and compared by Tukey and Kruskal Wallis tests at a 5% significance level Statistically significant differences were found (p<0.05) for roughness and Knoop hardness, with light-polymerized resin presenting the highest values (Ra = 0.11 µm and hardness between 20.2 and 21.4 Kg/mm²). Knoop values at different distances from the metal bar did not differ statistically (p>0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was concluded that the presence of metal did not influence roughness and hardness values of any of the tested acrylic resins.
Cover Picture: Bilayer Organic–Inorganic Gate Dielectrics for High‐Performance, Low‐Voltage, Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin‐Film Transistors, Complementary Logic Gates, and p–n Diodes on Plastic Substrates (Adv. Funct. Mater. 18/2006)
Authors: Cao Q. , Xia M.‐G. , Shim M. , Rogers J. A.
Published: December 2006

Low‐voltage, hysteresis‐free, flexible thin‐film‐type electronic systems based on networks of single‐walled carbon nanotubes and bilayer organic–inorganic nanodielectrics are detailed in work by Rogers and co‐workers reported on p. 2355. The cover image shows a schematic array of such thin‐film transistors (TFTs) on a plastic substrate. The structure of the bilayer nanodielectric, which consists of a film of HfO2 formed by atomic layer deposition and an ultrathin layer of epoxy formed by spin‐casting, is also illustrated schematically.

High‐capacitance bilayer dielectrics based on atomic‐layer‐deposited HfO2 and spin‐cast epoxy are used with networks of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to enable low‐voltage, hysteresis‐free, and high‐performance thin‐film transistors (TFTs) on silicon and flexible plastic substrates. These HfO2–epoxy dielectrics exhibit excellent properties including mechanical flexibility, large capacitance (up to ca. 330 nF cm–2), and low leakage current (ca. 10–8 A cm–2); their low‐temperature (ca. 150 °C) deposition makes them compatible with a range of plastic substrates. Analysis and measurements of these dielectrics as gate insulators in SWNT TFTs illustrate several attractive characteristics for this application. Their compatibility with polymers used for charge‐transfer doping of SWNTs is also demonstrated through the fabrication of n‐channel SWNT TFTs, low‐voltage p–n diodes, and complementary logic gates.
Thermogravimetric analysis of cotton fibers: Relationships with maturity and fineness
Authors: Abidi Noureddine , Hequet Eric , Ethridge Dean
Published: December 2006

In this study, we investigated the relationships between the thermal properties versus maturity and fineness (H) of 80 selected cotton fiber samples. The instrument measurements for maturity and H were (1) micronaire as determined with a high‐volume instrument, (2) maturity ratio and H as determined with an advanced fiber information system, and (3) gravimetric H as determined by the cut‐and‐weigh method. Three regions of thermal decomposition were observed between 37 and 150°C for region I, between 225 and 425°C for region II, and between 425 and 600°C for region III. Complete decomposition of the fiber occurred at 600°C. The results showed significant effects of the H/maturity indicators on the weight loss and the peak temperatures in regions II and III. High micronaires (coarse or very mature fibers), high maturity ratios, and low standard H values were associated with low weight losses. However, high weight losses were associated with high primary cell wall areas per unit mass. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3476–3482, 2007
Thin‐film polyimide/indium tin oxide composites for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Lozano Angel E. , Abajo Javier de , de la Campa José G. , Guillén Cecilia , Herrero José , Gutiérrez María Teresa
Published: December 2006

Soluble polyimides were prepared from suitable monomers and were evaluated for their thermal and mechanical properties. The polymers were processed into films for use as supports for transparent, conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) layers. After deposition, annealing in vacuo at temperatures up to 400°C was performed to test the ability of the materials to endure typical device fabrication temperatures without damage to the ITO‐coated polymeric substrate. The evolution of the structural, optical, and electrical characteristics with the annealing temperature was analyzed and compared with that of polymeric and conventional glass substrates as references. Polyimide 6F6F, synthesized from hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic dianhydride and hexafluoroisopropylidene dianiline, had optimal characteristics for photovoltaic applications, permitting the achievement of conductive, ITO‐coated samples with optical transmission greater than 75% in the visible and near‐infrared wavelength ranges, without significant deterioration of their properties after vacuum annealing at temperatures up to 350°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3491–3497, 2007
Antibacterial effects of chitosan and its water‐soluble derivatives on E. coli, plasmids DNA, and mRNA
Authors: Liu Xiaofei , Song Lin , Li Lin , Li Songye , Yao Kangde
Published: December 2006

The antibacterial activities of chitosan and its water‐soluble derivatives on E. coli were studied according to four influencing factors in vitro. The antibacterial study showed that chitosan, O‐hydroxyethyl chitosan (O‐HECS), and O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (O‐CMCS) could inhibit the growth of the microbial. To study the antibacterial mechanism, plasmid DNA pBR322 and pUC18 were selected to be the probes to find out the binding abilities of chitosans. Results showed that raw chitosan had a high binding ability with the plasmids and the influencing degrees were stable. The effects of chitosan derivatives on plasmids might be affected by space effect and static effect. With appropriate concentrations and molecular weights, the derivatives might have strong abilities to combine with DNA. The degree of influence of chitosan and its derivatives on plasmids had nothing to do with time. The experiment focusing on the relationship between chitosans and mRNA showed that O‐CMCS would hinder the synthesis of mRNA, and this may give some proof to its antibacterial mechanism. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3521–3528, 2007
Obstacles to interracial unity: Some psychological and spiritual insights
Authors: Lepard Jenina
Published: December 2006

This article examines the issue of racial prejudice in the USA, from both psychological and spiritual perspectives, drawing on psychological and social science literature as well as spiritual principles contained in scriptures from several of the world's religions. It demonstrates that while racial prejudice springs ultimately from a lack of understanding of the spiritual principle of the unity of the human family, it is exacerbated by psychological mechanisms that are demonstrated frequently in human interactions. Through conscientious efforts, individuals can learn to transcend these tendencies and work towards contributing to the establishment of a world civilization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward Electrochemically Controllable Tristable Three‐Station [2]Catenanes
Authors: Ikeda Taichi , Saha Sourav , Aprahamian Ivan , Leung Ken C.‐F. , Williams Adides , Deng Wei‐Qiao , Flood Amar H. , Goddard William A. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: December 2006

Encouraged by the prospect of producing an electrochemical, color‐switchable red–green–blue (RGB) dye compound, we have designed, synthesized, and characterized two three‐station [2]catenanes. Both are composed of macrocyclic polyethers containing three π‐electron‐rich stations, which act as recognition sites for a π‐electron‐deficient tetracationic cyclophane. The molecular structures of the two three‐station [2]catenanes were characterized fully by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. To anticipate the relative occupancies of the three stations in each [2]catenane by the cyclophane, model compounds with the same constitutions in the vicinity of the stations were synthesized. The relative ground‐state populations of the three stations occupied in both [2]catenanes were estimated from the thermodynamic parameters for 1:1 complexes between all these model compounds and the cyclophane, obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The electrochemical and electromechanical properties of the three‐station [2]catenanes were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). The first three‐station [2]catenane was found to behave like a bistable system, whereas the second can be described as a quasi‐tristable system.
Infant C677T MTHFR polymorphism and severe mental retardation
Authors: Shaw Gary M. , Jelliffe‐Pawlowski Laura , Nelson Verne , Zhu Huiping , Harris John A. , Finnell Richard H.
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether infants with homozygous genotype TT of the MTHFR gene were at increased risk of severe mental retardation. METHODS: One hundred children with severe mental retardation (cases) were investigated from a large geographic‐based study of infants born in California in 1992–1993. Cases were compared to 743 randomly selected nonmalformed control infants born in California during 1987–1991. DNA was extracted from newborn screening filter papers. Cases and controls were genotyped TT if homozygous for the MTHFR C677T allele, CT if heterozygous for the C677T allele, and CC if homozygous for the C677 (wild type) allele. RESULTS: Overall, case and control infants had similar percentages of TT and CT genotypes. Percentages between cases and controls differed somewhat across race/ethnic groups. Elevated ORs of 1.9 (95% CI: 0.7–5.0) and 2.6 (95% CI: 1.1–5.8) were observed for the TT and CT genotypes, respectively, among Hispanic children. Observed results were not substantially altered for analyses that removed 41 case children who also had structural birth defects. CONCLUSIONS: Folate‐related mechanisms are important to investigate for etiologies of birth defects, and such lines of inquiry may be revealing for mental retardation given the relationships between mental retardation and birth defects and potential relationships between folate, DNA methylation, and mental retardation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic expression profile of chicken CHD7, the ortholog of the causative gene for CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Aramaki Michihiko , Kimura Tokuhiro , Udaka Toru , Kosaki Rika , Mitsuhashi Takayuki , Okada Yasunori , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND: CHARGE syndrome represents a constellation of malformations: C, coloboma of the iris or retina; H, heart defects; A, atresia of the choanae; R, retardation of growth and/or development; G, genital anomalies; and E, ear abnormalities. Recently, the Chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding protein‐7 (CHD7) at chromosome 8q12.1 was identified as a causative gene for CHARGE syndrome. Because CHD7 was identified as a causative gene using a positional cloning approach, the role of CHD7 in early embryogenesis needs to be further investigated. METHODS: Fertilized chick eggs were incubated to Hamburger and Hamilton stages 4–20 and were studied using whole mount in situ hybridization. Chicken EST clones corresponding to the chicken CHD7 (cChd7) sequence were identified using the chicken EST sequence database. From the EST clones, a digoxigenin‐labeled RNA probe was synthesized and hybridized in situ to the embryonic specimens. RESULTS: The expression of cChd7 was pan‐neuronal at stages 8–20. It was expressed throughout the rostral neural ectoderm and along the rostrocaudal axis but was absent from the more lateral, non‐neuronal ectoderm. Adjacent to the neural tube, cChd7 transcripts were detected at the optic and otic placodes. At stage 20, cChd7 expression was observed in the branchial arches and olfactory placodes in addition to brain and optic and otic placodes. CONCLUSIONS:cChd7 was expressed in the neural epithelium, the otic placodes, the optic placodes, the branchial arches, and the olfactory placodes, which are the primordial tissues that give rise to organs affected in human CHARGE syndrome patients. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High incidence of vascular reconstructions in socioeconomically deprived areas of an urban Swedish population
Authors: Ögren M , Lindblad B , Engström G , Hedblad B , Janzon L
Published: December 2006

Background

In Malmö approximately 250 000 citizens live in 17 administrative areas with substantial socioeconomic differences. At the single centre for arterial reconstruction, Malmö University Hospital, all procedures are registered prospectively.

Methods

Between 1987 and 2002, 1832 Malmö citizens underwent reconstruction for peripheral arterial disease, either intermittent claudication (IC) or critical leg ischaemia (CLI). A socioeconomic score based on migration rate, percentage of residents with foreign citizenship/residents with foreign background, social welfare support dependency and unemployment rate has previously been developed and validated for each area. The relationship between socioeconomic score and area-specific standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) after vascular reconstruction was analysed by population-weighted linear regression.

Results

The mean incidence of vascular reconstruction was 76 (range 27–106) per 100 000 person years. Age- and sex-adjusted SMRs ranged from 0·57 to 1·39. A strong correlation between SMR and socioeconomic score was found overall (R = 0·63; P = 0·007), in men (R = 0·63; P = 0·007) and in women (R = 0·58; P = 0·039), and for IC (R = 0·58; P = 0·015) and CLI (R = 0·58; P = 0·015).

Conclusion

In an urban population with similar access to medical care, vascular reconstruction rates varied substantially. High-rate areas were characterized by inferior socioeconomic circumstances and a higher prevalence of smoking, hypertension and obesity.
Innervation of vastus lateralis muscle
Authors: Patil S. , Grigoris P. , Shaw‐Dunn J. , Reece A.T.
Published: December 2006

The lateral surgical approach to the proximal femur potentially damages the nerve supply to the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. This study describes the detailed anatomy of the nerve supply to the VL muscle based on dissection of ten cadaveric lower limbs. In all specimens, a single nerve trunk arose from the femoral nerve, which is most subsequently divided into two main divisions. These divisions gave two branches each. These branches coursed from anteriorly and proximally to posteriorly and distally within the muscle. When the muscle was reflected anteriorly from its attachment to the linea aspera, there was no damage to its innervation. Splitting of the VL in the midlateral line of the femur, however, resulted in denervation of the posterior half of the muscle. Precise knowledge of the nerve supply to the VL will help avoid iatrogenic denervation of the muscle in surgical procedures at the proximal femur through the lateral approach. Clin. Anat. 20:556–559, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial arachnoid membranes: Some aspects of microsurgical anatomy
Authors: Lü Jian , Zhu Xian‐Li
Published: December 2006

Although the arachnoid membranes have been known for more than 300 years, the anatomy of the arachnoid membranes has not been studied in detail. This study was performed to explore the microanatomical features of the cranial arachnoid membranes. The arachnoid membranes and cisterns were observed in eight Han Chinese adult human cadaveric brains with an operating microscope, without staining of intracranial structures or injection of colored material into blood vessels. Twenty seven arachnoid membranes and 21 subarachnoid cisterns were identified. The topographical features of each arachnoid membrane were described. On the basis of the arachnoid membranes we identified, the arachnoidal limits of the cisterns were discussed. The microsurgical anatomical research on the arachnoid membranes is a supplement to the anatomical study of the subarachnoid cisterns. The understanding of the topographical features of the arachnoid membranes is valuable to the reasonable dissection of the cisterns and the minimally invasive manipulations during microsurgical procedures. Clin. Anat. 20:502–511, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perception of medical students towards the clinical relevance of anatomy
Authors: Moxham B.J. , Plaisant O.
Published: December 2006

Recent developments worldwide in medical curricula have often led to major cuts in the teaching of human anatomy. Indeed, it is perceived by some that gross (topographical) anatomy has an exaggerated importance in the initial training of doctors. The value of anatomy consequently has frequently been considerably diminished within medical curricula that have reduced factual content. To date, however, there have been no objective studies into the perceived relevance of anatomy to clinical medicine that have aimed to quantify the attitudes of medical students. On the basis of responses to an attitude analysis questionnaire devised according to the precepts of Thurstone and Chave (The Measurement of Attitude: A Psychophysical Method and Some Experiments with a Scale for Measuring Attitude Toward the Church. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1951), we investigated the perception of medical students at Cardiff and Paris towards the importance of gross anatomy to clinical medicine. This was undertaken during the early stages of their studies (when they were newly‐admitted to university and were about to commence anatomy courses), immediately after finishing their anatomy courses, and later in the final year of medical studies. The results suggest that, even where there might be geopolitical and cultural backgrounds, students at all stages of their medical course share with professional anatomists the view that anatomy is a very important subject for their clinical studies. Thus, contrary to the unquantified beliefs of those who are sceptical about the purpose and value of anatomy in an undergraduate medical curriculum, the students themselves do not appear to share such beliefs. Clin. Anat. 20:560–564, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinal arachnoid calcifications
Authors: Wijdicks Coen A. , Williams James M.
Published: December 2006

Arachnoid calcifications have been imaged on axial‐CT and MRI. These often clinically asymptomatic deposits have been attributed to trauma, myelography (particularly with the use of oil‐based contrast), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and spinal anesthesia. This report describes calcified arachnoid plaques in an 86‐year‐old male cadaver located in the dorsal thoracic level. A laminectomy from C4 to the lumbo‐sacral junction was performed and the dura mater was transected and pinned aside. Three plaques between T2‐T3, 3 at T7, 2 at T9 were noted. Plaques were 1.0 mm in thickness and ranged from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm in diameter. The spinal cord or nerve roots were not displaced. The plaques stained positively with Von Kossa and Alizarin Red S staining, confirming that the deposits included calcium phosphate and calcium. Arachnoid calcifications are an incidental finding in cadavers and typically do not compress the spinal cord or nerve roots. However such plaques may be precursors to spinal arachnoid ossificans, a more serious condition that may cause spinal cord or nerve root compression. Clin. Anat. 20:521–523, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of Different Electron‐Poor N‐Heteroarylhydrazines in Strong Basic Conditions
Authors: Unciti‐Broceta Asier , Pineda de las Infantas María J. , Gallo Miguel A. , Espinosa Antonio
Published: December 2006

The first application of the Wolff–Kishner reduction methodology to electron‐poor heteroaromatic compounds is reported. Hydrazino‐containing heterocycles with hydrazone‐type tautomery have been reduced under basic conditions. This novel chemistry was successfully applied to mono‐dehalogenate a number of electron‐poor heterocycles in a regioselective manner. According to the experimental results, this reductive process is a base‐catalyzed reaction that takes only place in the presence of air, probably through an oxygen‐assisted mechanism. As consequence of the specific features of this kind of hydrazone/enehydrazine tautomers, the overall outcome of the process is the synthesis of a Shapiro‐type reduction product by simply using a milder version of the Huang–Minlon methodology.
Ligand Design for Heterobimetallic Single‐Chain Magnets: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of MIICuII (M=Mn, Co) Chains with Sterically Hindered Methyl‐Substituted Phenyloxamate Bridging Ligands
Authors: Pardo Emilio , Ruiz‐García Rafael , Lloret Francesc , Faus Juan , Julve Miguel , Journaux Yves , Novak Miguel A. , Delgado Fernando S. , Ruiz‐Pérez Catalina
Published: December 2006

Two new series of neutral oxamato‐bridged heterobimetallic chains of general formula [MCu(Lx)2]⋅ m DMSO (m=0–4) (L1=N‐2‐methylphenyloxamate, M=Mn (1 a) and Co (1 b); L2=N‐2,6‐dimethylphenyloxamate, M=Mn (2 a) and Co (2 b); L3=N‐2,4,6‐trimethylphenyloxamate, M=Mn (3 a) and Co (3 b)) have been prepared by reaction between the corresponding anionic oxamatocopper(II) complexes [Cu(Lx)2]2− with Mn2+ or Co2+ cations in DMSO. The crystal structures of [CoCu(L2)2(H2O)2] (2 b′) and [CoCu(L3)2(H2O)2]⋅4 H2O (3 b′) have been solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction methods. Compounds 2 b′ and 3 b′ adopt zigzag and linear chain structures, respectively. The intrachain Cu⋅⋅⋅Co distance through the oxamate bridge is 5.296(1) Å in 2 b′ and 5.301(2) Å in 3 b′, while the shortest interchain Co⋅⋅⋅Co distance is 5.995(5) Å in 2 b′ and 8.702(3) Å in 3 b′, that is, the chains are well isolated in the crystal lattice due to the presence of the bulky methyl‐substituted phenyl groups. Although both MnIICuII and CoIICuII chains exhibit ferrimagnetic behaviour with moderately strong intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling (−JMn,Cu=24.7–27.9 cm−1 and −JCo,Cu=35.0–45.8 cm−1; H=${{{}\mathrel{\mathop{\sum{}}\limits_{i}}{}}}$−JM,CuSM,iSCu,i), only the CoIICuII chains show slow magnetic relaxation at low temperatures (TB<3.5 K), which is characteristic of single‐chain magnets (SCMs) because of the high magnetic anisotropy of the CoII ion. The blocking temperatures TB along this series of chains vary according to the steric hindrance of the aromatic substituent of the oxamate ligand in the series L1<L2<L3. Analysis of the SCM behaviour for 3 b and 3 b′ on the basis of Glauber's theory for a one‐dimensional Ising system showed a thermally activated mechanism for the magnetic relaxation (Arrhenius law dependence). The activation energies Ea to reverse the magnetisation direction are 38.0 (3 b) and 16.3 cm−1 (3 b′), while the preexponential factors τ0 are 2.3×10−11 (3 b) and 4.0×10−9 s (3 b′).
Phosphorescent Dyes for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chou Pi‐Tai , Chi Yun
Published: December 2006

This article presents general concepts that have guided important developments in our recent research progress regarding room‐temperature phosphorescent dyes and their potential applications. We first elaborate the theoretical background for emissive metal complexes and the strategic design of the chelating C‐linked 2‐pyridylazolate ligands, followed by their feasibility in functionalization and modification in an aim to fine‐tune the chemical and photophysical properties. Subsequently, incorporation of 2‐pyridylazolate chromophores is illustrated in the synthesis of the highly emissive, charge‐neutral Os, Ru, Ir, and Pt complexes. Insights into their photophysical properties are gained from spectroscopy, relaxation dynamics, and theoretical approaches, from which the lowest‐lying excited states, competitive radiative decay, and radiationless processes are then analyzed in detail. In view of applications, their potentials for OLEDs have been evaluated. The results, in combination with the fundamental basis, give a conceptual design contributed to the future advances in the field of OLEDs.
The Elusive Tetrasamarium‐oxide‐hexabromide, Sm4OBr6.
Authors: Hammerich Stefanie , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Polarity Induced by Cooperative Hydrogen Bonding and Lone‐Pair Alignment in the Molecular Uranyl Iodate Na2[UO2(IO3)4(H2O)].
Authors: Bray Travis H. , Beitz James V. , Bean Amanda C. , Yu Yaqin , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Growth and Structure Determination of Oxygen‐Deficient Sr6Co5O15.
Authors: Sun Junliang , Li Guobao , Li Zhaofei , You Liping , Lin Jianhua
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Cyclopropanation of Enynes with Alkenes: Trapping of Two Different Gold Carbenes.
Authors: Lopez Salome , Herrero‐Gomez Elena , Perez‐Galan Patricia , Nieto‐Oberhuber Cristina , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Base‐Catalyzed [2,3]‐Wittig Rearrangement of Silyl Enolates Generated from α‐Allyloxy Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Sato Yoshinori , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile and Efficient Pinacol Rearrangement Using Tungstophosphoric Acid (H3PW12O40) under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Yahyaee M. , Kianmehr E. , Foroutan‐nejad C. , Beheshti S.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed C—C Bond Cleavage in Redox Esterifications of Chiral Formylcyclopropanes.
Authors: Sohn Stephanie S. , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Copper Bromide Catalyzed Chemoselective Thioacetalization of Carbonyl Compounds: Selectivity and Scope.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Nuvula Sreelatha , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal Ion Sensing Novel Calix[4]crown Fluoroionophore with a Two‐Photon Absorption Property.
Authors: Kim Jong Seung , Kim Hyun Jung , Kim Hwan Myung , Kim Su Ho , Lee Jeong Won , Kim Sung Kuk , Cho Bong Rae
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of Chiral Terminal 1,2‐Diamines Using an Enantiomerically Pure [1‐(1′R)‐Methylbenzyl‐aziridine‐2‐yl]methanol.
Authors: Lee Baeck Kyoung , Kim Min Sung , Hahm Heung Sik , Kim Dong Sub , Lee Won Koo , Ha Hyun‐Joon
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dakin—West Synthesis of β‐Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Tran Khanh‐Van , Bickar David
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkyl Phosphine Promoted Reductive Coupling of Acyl Cyanides: Formation of O‐Acyl Cyanohydrins.
Authors: Zhang Wen , Shi Min
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indium(I) Iodide Promoted Cleavage of Dialkyl/Diaryl Disulfides and Subsequent anti‐Markovnikov Addition to Styrenes: A New Route to Linear Thioethers.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Mandal Tanmay
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Naphthalene‐1,8‐diylbis(diphenylmethylium) as an Organic Two‐Electron Oxidant: Benzidine Synthesis via Oxidative Self‐Coupling of N,N‐Dialkylanilines.
Authors: Saitoh Terunobu , Yoshida Suguru , Ichikawa Junji
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Fluorenones Based on a “[3 + 3] Cyclization/Suzuki Cross‐Coupling/Friedel—Crafts Acylation” Strategy.
Authors: Reim Stefanie , Lau Matthias , Langer Peter
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Aziridination with Diphenylphosphoryl Azide (DPPA): Direct Synthesis of N‐Phosphorus‐Substituted Aziridines from Alkenes.
Authors: Gao Guang‐Yao , Jones Jess E. , Vyas Renu , Harden Jeremiah D. , Zhang X. Peter
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 1,2‐Diazetidines.
Authors: Miao Wei , Xu Weiliang , Zhang Zhiliu , Ma Rujian , Chen Shu‐Hui , Li Ge
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Selective Reaction of Aryl Halides with KOH: Synthesis of Phenols, Aromatic Ethers, and Benzofurans.
Authors: Anderson Kevin W. , Ikawa Takashi , Tundel Rachel E. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Tandem Wittig—Intramolecular Diels—Alder Cycloaddition. Product Distribution and Stereochemical Assignment.
Authors: Wu Jinlong , Sun Lijie , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unexpected Dimerization During Hydrogenation of 2‐(2‐Pyridylmethylene)‐3(2H)‐benzofuran‐3‐ones.
Authors: Mak Marianna , Nogradi Mihaly , Szoellosy Aron
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring Expansions of 2‐Alkenylazetidinium Salts — A New Route to Pyrrolidines and Azepanes.
Authors: Couty Francois , Durrat Francois , Evano Gwilherm , Marrot Jerome
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Pyrroles and 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydroindoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Hydroxy‐Enamines.
Authors: Aoyagi Yutaka , Mizusaki Toshihiko , Shishikura Masahiro , Komine Takashi , Yoshinaga Tokuji , Inaba Haruko , Ohta Akihiro , Takeya Koichi
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Porphins and Their Derivatives. Part 24. meso‐Tetraphenylporphyrins with β‐Pyrazole Rings
Authors: Ishkov Yu. V. , Zhilina Z. I. , Mazepa A. V. , Vodzinskii S. V. , Bardai L. P.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold Catalysis: No Steric Limitations in the Phenol Synthesis.
Authors: Hashmi A Stephen K. , Salathe Ralph , Frey Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Pyrazoles by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions Between Sydnones and Activated Alkynes.
Authors: Dumitrascu Florea , Draghici Constantin , Vuluga Daniela , Caproiu Miron Teodor
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Fluorinated Indazoles Through ANRORC‐Like Rearrangement of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles with Hydrazine.
Authors: Piccionello Antonio Palumbo , Pace Andrea , Pibiri Ivana , Buscemi Silvestre , Vivona Nicolo
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles Using a New Reagent of [Bmim]Br3 in [Bmim]BF4.
Authors: Le Zhang‐Gao , Xu Jian‐Ping , Rao Huo‐Yu , Ying Min
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polynuclear Nonfused Bis(1,3,4‐oxadiazole)‐Containing Systems.
Authors: Vereshchagin L. I. , Petrov A. V. , Kizhnyaev V. N. , Pokatilov F. A. , Smirnov A. I.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem Diels—Alder Cycloadditions of 2‐Pyrone‐5‐acrylates for the Efficient Synthesis of Novel Tetracyclolactones.
Authors: Chung Soo‐Im , Seo Joobeom , Cho Cheon‐Gyu
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ag(I)‐Catalyzed Sequential C—C and C—O Bond Formations Between Phenols and Dienes with Atom Economy.
Authors: Youn So Won , Eom Jeong Im
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of N‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐4(1H)‐quinolinone.
Authors: Spacilova Lucie , Hlavac Jan , Hradil Pavel , Frysova Iveta , Malon Michal , Soural Miroslav , Krejci Petr
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ionic Liquid Promoted Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of 1‐Pyridylimidazo[1,5‐a]pyridines from Dipyridylketone and Aryl Aldehydes.
Authors: Siddiqui Shafi A. , Potewar Taterao M. , Lahoti Rajgopal J. , Srinivasan Kumar V.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure of Non‐Aromatic Porphyrinoid Schiff‐Base Macrocycles Bearing Thiophene.
Authors: Won Dong‐Hoon , Yoon Dae‐Wi , Hong Seong‐Jin , Ha Kwon Soo , Sessler Jonathan L. , Lee Chang‐Hee
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11(10H)‐ones from 2‐Nitrobenzoic Acids.
Authors: Samet A. V. , Kislyi K. A. , Marshalkin V. N. , Semenov V. V.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Studies on the Constituents of the Chinese Medicinal Herb Euphorbia helioscopia L.
Authors: Zhang Wen , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Constituents of Malagasy Liverworts. Part 5. Prenyl Bibenzyls and Clerodane Diterpenoids with Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity from Radula appressa and Thysananthus spathulistipus.
Authors: Harinantenaina Liva , Takahara Yusuke , Nishizawa Takashi , Kohchi Chie , Soma Gen‐Ichiro , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.