bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safe Use of the Assimilative Capacity of the Marine Environment for Waste Disposal – Is It Feasible?
Authors: Portmann J. E. , Lloyd R.
Published: May 2018

For centuries the sea has absorbed a variety of inputs from rivers, streams, salt marshes and the atmosphere. It is generally accepted that additional limited inputs by man are unlikely to have a significant effect on the marine environment. Various control systems have been constructed to provide a framework within which the regulation of anthropogenic inputs can be achieved. These are briefly reviewed.

With care, and in the light of past experience in both freshwater and marine environments, reasonable assumptions or estimations can be applied where uncertainties exist; safe limits can therefore be set for discharges. Case histories are used to illustrate the contention that it is possible to assess the assimilative capacity of a marine area to receive wastes.

There is a major distinction to be drawn between contamination and pollution of the marine environment. Moreover, acknowledgement of the assimilative capacity concept in the marine environment does not automatically provide dischargers with the right to utilise that capacity either in part or to the upper limit. What it does is indicate the upper limit which must not be exceeded if pollution is to be avoided, and provide an indication to the control authority of the safety margin involved in the discharge limits they set accordingly.
Microbial Quality of Human Wastes and Treatment Plant Effluent
Authors: Kawamura K. , Kaneko M.
Published: May 2018

In order to evaluate the microbial quality of human wastes and effluents from treatment processes, the microbial flora of samples was examined. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were used as indicator micro-organisms, and Vibrio cholerae non O-1, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Welchii (Clostridium perfrigens) were selected as pathogenic organisms. Salmonella was detected in only the water samples from the night soil treatment plant, while Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the night soil and the samples from the night soil purification tanks. Vibrio cholerae non 0-1 was not detected in any samples, but Welchii existed in almost all samples. Generally, the density levels and distribution patterns of the indicator micro-organisms were similar to those in the raw wastewaters. The microbial flora was not changed remarkably after the primary sedimentation process and the biological treatment process. After the chlorination process, total colonies, spore-forming bacteria, Welchii, moulds and fecal streptococci could survive, and spore-forming bacteria formed the majority of the total colonies in the well-chlorinated effluents. Welchii at the level of 103/100 ml can be used as the indicator micro-organism to ensure a sanitary safe discharge, because it can survive at the level of 103−104/100 ml even if other indicators and pathogenic micro-organisms are inactivated completely by the chlorination process.
Effectiveness of Wastewater Sludge Treatment Processes to Inactivate Parasites
Authors: Reimers R. S. , McDonell D. B. , Little M. D. , Bowman D. D. , Englande A. J. , Henriques W. D.
Published: May 2018

In the United States, Ascaris spp., Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara spp. are the most commonly found viable parasites in both treated and untreated municipal sludges. As expected, heat treatment, thermophilic digestion (aerobic and anaerobic) and thermophilic composting were effective in parasite inactivation, and with good sludge digestion (both aerobic and anaerobic), the effectiveness of sludge lagoon storage and sludge drying beds to inactivate parasites and pathogens is greatly enhanced. At present two commercial sludge processes, Chemfixation and Ozonics treatment have shown potential to inactivate parasites.
Soil Disposal of Residues and the Proliferation of Flies in the State of São Paulo
Authors: Buralli G. M. , Born R. H. , Gerola O. , Pimont M. P.
Published: May 2018

The paper analyses aspects of the proliferation of flies in São Paulo State as regards their sanitary importance. The most usual flies are from the Muscidae, Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae families. The presence of these vectors is due to the disposal of vinasse on the soil, organic residues used in crop production and the lack of basic sanitary facilities. Their proliferation is intensified in the alcohol production and sugar-cane crop areas, and by poultry activities (in keeping with the country's economic model based upon the export of poultry and manufactured goods, and urbanization). Some attempts to control the proliferation of flies are discussed. Expert staff participation for the control of vectors in organic waste disposal on the soil was found to be necessary.
Monitoring of Heavy Metals in the Water and Sediments of the Ganga River, India
Authors: Ajmal Mohammad , Khan Mujahid A. , Nomani Azhar A.
Published: May 2018

The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc in the water and sediments of the Ganges river were determine by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry in the year 1981. The respective ranges of concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc found in the water were ND-0.53, ND-4.89, 3.20–56.6, ND-27.57, 22.0–133.8, 35.0–93.0, ND-2.22, 2.0–5.6 and 7.37–67.36 µgl−1 and in the sediments were ND-3.48, 2.35–14.4, 9.0–83.16, 11.27–95.0, 2168.0–11624.8, 110.5–470.0, 3.45–28.80, 0.55–21.8 and 72.0–418.6 µgg−1. The data showed that there was considerable variation in the elements from one sampling station to the other. The sediments collected from different sampling stations were also analysed for pH, calcium carbonate, organic matter, potassium and phosphorus.
Water Resources Planning – A Research Program
Authors: Santos M. A. , Costa J. R.
Published: May 2018

A research project on “Methodologies for Water Resources Policy Analysis” is under current development at the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal. Its main objectives are to develop and test techniques, computational tools and procedures which may help in the design of water resources plans, in the comparison and evaluation of alternative strategies and in real time drainage basin management and operation. In order to achieve these objectives the technical activity of the project has tackled such water resources problems as the assessment of water availability and demands, the characterization of river water quality and wastewater, water pollution control and river water quality modeling. Also, effective technology transfer from technicians to local, regional and national managers and decision-makers has been tried. In this paper, the main project activities are summarized, some of the achievements are pointed out and its most significant results are presented.
Pilot-Scale Experiments in Water Hyacinth Lagoons for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Kawai H. , Uehara M. Y. , Gomes J. A. , Jahnel M. C. , Rossetto R. , Alem S. P. , Ribeiro M. D. , Tinel P. R. , Grieco V. M.
Published: May 2018

Based on some information collected in foreign bibliography which classifies water hyacinth as one of the possible interesting alternatives for the treatment of some types of domestic sewage, CETESB has since 1980 been developing, in participation with other institutions, a series of pilot-scale experiments in order to evaluate the real applicability of this system of wastewater treatment in Brazil.

The conclusions that can be drawn from the experiments that have been carried out up to the present have indicated that the water hyacinth lagoon presents a better performance when it is integrated with other treatment systems, mainly at tertiary level, instead of its direct application to raw sewage treatment.

One of the operational problems of this system, which has been observed during the experiments, refers to the intense proliferation of mosquitos, the control levels of which were not satisfactory even with the periodical application of larvicide. The problem of water hyacinth removal and its use as biomass has not been solved at industrial level yet. In pilot-scale experiments carried out by CETESB, the use of water hyacinth as an organic compost has proved to be economically unfeasible, on an industrial scale, considering that there are many other residues which offer better alternatives both from the economical point of view and the available amounts.
Selection of Test Systems for Ecological Analysis
Authors: Herricks E. E. , Schaeffer D. J.
Published: May 2018

Biological monitoring programs developed for ecosystem management, including experimental testing and descriptive assessments can be improved through careful selection of test systems. Test systems are a defined analysis unit employed to examine or assess. Test systems may range from simple biochemical assays to experimental manipulation of ecological systems. We have developed an efficient methodology for the selection of test systems used to assess the ecological system effects of chemicals. The process includes the recognition of ecosystem critical factors, identification of potential measures for these factors and selection of appropriate metrics for experimentation or assessment. A decision tree which leads to two methods for test system selection is proposed.
Wastewater Lagoons in a Cold Climate
Authors: Oleszkiewicz J. A. , Sparling A. B.
Published: May 2018

Severe climate, intermittent rivers and availability of land make facultative lagoon systems the method of choice in treating primarily domestic sewage from smaller municipalities. The lagoons are designed on a recommended maximum load of 55 kgBOD5/ha d to first cell, while the second cell provides storage. The discharge is twice annually and the occurrence of the spring ice break-up odor period is one of the primary criteria limiting this load. Based on full scale performance data, it is demonstrated that, from the standpoint of odor nuisance, the load to the first cell should be kept equal to or less than 35 kg/ha d. Full scale studies of an overloaded lagoon system show the futility of under-ice aeration for odor control. Mechanism of natural odor control during ice break up is elucidated. Upgrading of the overloaded systems or lagoons receiving significant industrial contribution is best achieved by construction of a 3–5 m deep aerated lagoon preceding the two or more facultative cells in series.
The Performance of a Series of Five Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Silva S. A. , Mara D. D. , de Oliveira R.
Published: May 2018

The performance was studied of a series of 2.2 m deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds, which had an overall retention time of 25 days, and a mean mid-depth temperature of 25°C. The mean percentage removals of BOD, COD, suspended solids and faecal coliforms were 88, 69, 83 and 99.97 respectively; there was only 4 percent reduction of ammonia and 6 percent of total phosphorus. The results are compared with those previously reported for a similar series of 1 – 1.2 m deep ponds at the same site.
Reuse of Stabilization Pond Effluent for Agricultural Irrigation in Israel
Authors: Shelef G. , Juanico M. , Vikinsky M.
Published: May 2018

Stabilization Pond (SP) effluent is the most immediately available additional water resource for irrigation in semiarid areas as Israel. Evolution of SP design in Israel has been directed by the needs of irrigation reuse, which led to the enlargement of the storage capacity and improvement of treatment efficiency. The use of raw sewage for irrigation nay endanger public health, but safe use of wastewater can be achieved by various degrees of treatment which can improve effluent quality to sanitary standards. Algae and Zooplankton in SP effluents may clog drip irrigation networks but there are several alternatives to overcome the problem. The future challenge is to transform wastewater from a potential pollutant with disposal problems, into reclaimed effluent of high quality fit for unrestricted irrigation, by means of a cheap or even economically profitable system which should include biomass production.
Process Analysis of Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor for Denitrification
Authors: Harada H. , Ando H. , Momonoi K.
Published: May 2018

A mathematical model is proposed herein to describe the dynamic behavior of the denitrification process in a fluidized bed biofilm reactor. The model basically consists of the following four submodels: bioparticles fluidization, bulk liquid flow pattern, substrate conversion within biofilm and biofilm thickness development. As for intrinsic denitrification reaction, a consecutive two-step reaction kinetics with nitrite as an intermediate product is adopted. All parameters needed for simulation were experimentally determined. Verification of the model was obtained in a dynamic state using a laboratory-scale fluidized bed denitrification reactor under well defined conditions.
High-Rate Denitrification of Concentrated Nitrate Wastewater
Authors: Bode H. , Seyfried C. F. , Kraft A.
Published: May 2018

The principles of high-rate denitrification are explained. In the experimental section of the paper the results of nine lab-scale experiments are described and compared with data gained from reviewed literature. The tests were performed in continuous flow stirred-tank and wash-out reactors under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The experimental results confirm that high-rate denitrification is an extremely efficient process. Removal rates of up to 25 kg NOx-Nel./ (m3·d) were achieved with the activated sludge systems.

The nitrate sludge loading was found to be the significant design parameter for the process if there is an excess of organic substrate. The maximum rate achieved by thermophilic bacteria was 10 kg NOx-Nel./(kg MLVSS·d) which exceeded by 33 % that for mesophilic organisms. Due to this, in the wash-out reactors the thermophilic system was superior to the mesophilic at system-related, inevitably similar MLVSS concentrations. But because of a temperature-dependent type of growth (thermophilic: disperse; mesophilic: flocculating), in the case of systems with recycling of biomass, higher removal rates (per volume) were obtained for the mesophilic reactors.
Nitrification and Autotrophic Denitrification in Calcium Alginate Beads
Authors: Lewandowski Z. , Bakke R. , Characklis W. G.
Published: May 2018

Immobilization of nitrifiers and autotrophic denitrifiers (Thiobacillus denitrificans) within calcium alginate gel was demonstrated. Calcium carbonate reagent was immobilized along with bacteria as the stabilizing agent. Protons released as a result of microbial respiration reacted with calcium carbonate producing calcium ions which internally stabilized the calcium alginate gel. The microbially active gel beads were mechanically stable and active for three months in a continuous flow system without addition of calcium.
Inhibition of Anaerobic Degradation of Phenolics and Methanogenesis by Coal Coking Wastewater
Authors: Fedorak Phillip M. , Hrudey Steve E.
Published: May 2018

Dilutions of a wastewater containing 410 mg/l phenolics (by 4-aminoantipyrine method) from a coal coking process were tested in anaerobic batch cultures to determine whether phenol degradation and subsequent methane production would occur. Phenol was degraded in cultures which contained < 30% (V/V) wastewater but no methane production could be attributed to the phenol degradation. Higher concentrations of the wastewater severely inhibited methane formation likely due to cyanide which was present in the wastewater at 8.3 mg/l. Exhaustive extraction at neutral pH with diethyl ether could not alleviate this inhibition, suggesting that it was not primarily due to non-polar organic compounds. Although the inclusion of 2500 mg/l activated carbon in the batch cultures improved the methanogenic fermentation, methane yields were still lower than expected for complete phenolic conversion.
The Significance of Segregation of Biomass in Biofilms
Authors: Gujer W.
Published: May 2018

The effect of segregation of different species of participate material (e.g. microorganisms) on biofilm performance is discussed with the aid of analytical and numerical model predictions. Based on two case studies it appears that segregation is an important aspect of biofilm behaviour and cannot a priori be neglected as is frequently the case in biofilm modelling. In order to improve the reliability of deterministic biofilm models, experiments are required to define the significance of segregation in biofilms.
The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Oragui J. I. , Curtis T. P. , Silva S. A. , Mara D. D.
Published: May 2018

The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2.8 - 3.4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27°C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptcocci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses arid rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.
Mutagenicity in Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents and in Recipient
Authors: Langi A. , Priha M.
Published: May 2018

The mutagenic properties of pulp and paper mill effluents were studied in three mills: bleached kraft mill with aerated lagoon treatment (Mill 1), bleached kraft mill with activated sludge treatment (Mill 2) and mechanical pulp/paper mill (Mill 3). Both treated and untreated effluents, process streams and molecular fractions were tested for mutagenicity (Ames test. Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and SCE sister chromatid exchange test, Chinese hamster ovary cells). To verify the potential environmental effects the mutagenic activity of concentrated recipient lake water (Mill 2) was also studied. The Ames mutagenicity of the bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) originated from the first chlorination filtrate, SCE mutagenicity also occurred in the alkali extraction stage filtrate (Mill 1). No Ames mutagenicity was detected in the paper mill effluent, but it was SCE mutagenic. Activated sludge treatment of BKME removed both Ames and SCE mutagenicity, but the aerated lagoon treated BKME was still SCE mutagenic. No mutagenic activity was detected in the recipient water concentrates.
Degradation of Chlorinated Phenolic Compounds Occurring in Pulp Mill Effluents
Authors: Häggblom Max M. , Apajalahti Juha H. A. , Salkinoja-Salonen Mirja S.
Published: May 2018

A large number of different chlorinated compounds arise in chlorine bleaching of pulp. We isolated a bacterium, Rhodococcuschlorophenolicus, which degrades 18 different polychlorinated phenolic compounds, most of which occur in spent bleaching liquor of kraft pulp. Degradation intermediates from polychlorinated phenols, guaiacols and syringols by R. chlorophenolicus were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The initial attack was to add a hydroxyl substituent in the position 4. This occurred whether or not there was a chlorine substituent in this position. 4-chloro-phenols, -guaiacols and -syringols were thus both dechlorinated and hydroxylated. The novel hydroxyl was derived from water. The chlorohydroquinones produced in para-hydroxylation were further degraded through hydrolytic and reductive dechlorination. O-methylation of chlorohydroquinones competed with this dechlorination. The methylation reaction was constitutively expressed in contrast to the 4-hydroxylation, which was induced by the substrate. The para-methoxyphenols, -guaiacols and -syringols accumulated and were only slowly removed from the culture.
Treatment of Groundwater with Slow Sand Filtration
Authors: Hatva T.
Published: May 2018

The purification process and techniques of the slow sand filtration method for treatment of groundwater was studied on the basis of pilot plant and full scale tests and studies of waterworks, to obtain guidelines for construction and maintenance. The purification process consists in general of two principal phases which are pre-treatment and slow sand filtration. Both are biological filters. The main purpose of the pre-treatment is to reduce the iron content of raw water, in order to slow down the clogging of the slow sand filters. Different types of biofilters have proved very effective in the pre-treatment phase, with reduction of total iron from 50 % to over 80 %. During the treatment, the oxidation reduction conditions gradually change becoming suitable for chemical and biological precipitation of iron, manganese and for oxidation of ammonium. Suitable environmental conditions are crucial in the oxidation of manganese and ammonium which, according to these studies, mainly occurs in slow sand filters, at the end of the process. Low water temperature in winter does not seem to prevent the biological activities connected with the removal of iron, manganese and ammonium, the chief properties necessitating treatment of groundwater in Finland.
Survival of Some Pathogenic and Facultative Pathogenic Bacteria in Groundwater
Authors: Filip Z. , Kaddu-Mulindwa D. , Milde G.
Published: May 2018

In model experiments carried out in the laboratory the survival of bacteria in groundwater kept at 10±l °C was tested. Only two of the tested bacteria species did not survive longer than 10 - 30 days. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogenic or facultative pathogenic bacteria survived up to 100 days or even more in ground-water with or without the addition of sand from an aquifer. These results can be of importance for determining groundwater protection zones.
Use of Biomonitoring to Control Toxics in the United States
Authors: Thomas Nelson A.
Published: May 2018

A biomonitoring program has been developed in support of the National Policy for the Development of Water Quality-Based Permit Limitations for Toxic Pollutants. The program focuses on the use of laboratory toxicity tests on aquatic plants and animals to predict ecosystem impact caused by toxic pollutants. Both acute and chronic toxicity tests were developed to test effluents and ambient waters. Laboratory and biological field studies were conducted at nine sites. Single species laboratory toxicity tests were found to be good predictors of impacts on the ecosystem when two or more species were used. Biomonitoring can be undertaken either on effluents and/or on the receiving waters. In that toxicity related to seeps, leachates and storm sewers has often been found upstream from dischargers, it is beneficial to conduct both effluent and ambient biomonitoring.
Activated Carbon as an Advanced Treatment for Petrochemical Wastewaters
Authors: Guarino C. F. , Da-Rin B. P. , Gazen A. , Goettems E. P.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents the results of a study conducted with the purpose of establishing the feasibility of using activated carbon as an advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastewaters.

Two pilot plants using Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), respectively, were operated for a period of 15 weeks, fed with the effluent of a petrochemical wastewater treatment plant.

The study was made using all available Brazilian carbons at the time. Isotherm tests and other carbon properties were used to select the carbons for GAC and PAC plants.

The two pilot plants were operated between 8 April and 24 June 1981 at CETREL's wastewater treatment plant located at Camacari, BA, Brazil. The plant treats organic wastewaters from a petrochemical complex.

During the first two GAC runs, low COD removal efficiencies were evident, and the effluent of all columns contained color due to the presence of organic colloids which were not adsorbed by the carbon. For this reason the feed to the system was pretreated to remove organic colloids.

During the study period six GAC test runs were conducted using carbon GM and one using carbon HIDRO-G. Comparison of the two carbons showed that GM was the superior of the two.

At all times, the GAC pilot plant using GM produced a colorless effluent from the amber-colored influent. At the same time, the PAC system, with a carbon dosage of 100 mg/l, was not capable of removing the color.

One sample of carbon was regenerated to study its performance after regeneration. The analysis of the obtained data suggests that the adsorptive properties of the virgin and regenerated carbon may differ by as much as 12%.

Several tests were made to determine the removal efficiency of priority pollutants in the GAC and PAC systems. These tests indicated that the GAC system is capable of reducing organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits.

Metal analyses were made on several occasions on the GAC systems in addition to those conducted on priority pollutants samples. These tests indicated that metal concentrations in the GAC effluent were at or below the proposed effluent standards.

The authors concluded that granular activated carbon is a sound advanced treatment process for petrochemical wastes to reduce organic priority pollutants to below detectable limits, producing an effluent with less than 150 mg/l COD.
Evaluation of Industrial Cooling Systems Using Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Asano Takashi , Mujeriego Rafael , Parker Judith Dickson
Published: May 2018

Evaluation of industrial cooling systems using reclaimed municipal wastewater was made. For an industry, three major conditions which can dictate considerations of water reuse for industrial cooling systems are: 1) scarcity of freshwater supplies, 2) public policy which encourages wastewater reuse, and 3) lower costs than those incurred with freshwater supplies. Several external treatment alternatives are available for the recirculating, evaporative cooling tower operation using reclaimed municipal wastewater (lime clarification, alum precipitation, and/or ion exchange). Internal chemical treatment of cooling tower makeup water is a component common to both freshwater and reclaimed water supplies. In spite of the higher costs of industrial cooling systems using reclaimed municipal wastewater, several conditions encouraging adaptation of wastewater reuse systems for cooling were identified and discussed.
IAS SpA Priolo Associated Biological Plant for Domestic and Petrochemical Wastewaters in Priolo (Italy): Experience and Results after 5 Years' Management
Authors: Franceschi G. , Nicolosi M.
Published: May 2018

Priolo Associated Biological Plant, designed and constructed for the treatment of 1200 1/s ± 20% (about 4300 m3/h) of industrial and domestic wastewaters, occupies a site of about 40 000 m2 near Siracusa (Italy), It is very important in the Siracusa Industrial Area where, within the space of about 20 years, uncontrolled industrialization occurred. The main users of the plant are the big petrochemical factories of the area (Montedison, Enichem, and Exxon) and small towns such as Melilli, Priolo, and Belvedere.

The wastewaters are transported to the plant via a glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP) pipe 40 km long, laid in a north-south direction. The treated effluent is discharged into the sea through a submerged outfall 1600 m long and 35 m deep. The plant is provided with large waterproof basins (75 000 and 25 000 m3) were toxic and harmful wastes can be held.

Plant management is carried out by IAS SpA (Siracusa Water Industry), a company which is both public and private.

This paper gives some data on the characteristics of the treated wastewater, tests performed, process efficiency, type of management, and running costs. The results of research conducted using a pilot plant are briefly discussed. From May 1987, this research has enabled the biological plant to treat about 14 tons per hour of untreated sulphuric soda effluent sent directly from a petrochemical plant. The constant research activities implemented by the management have given the users of the plant the opportunity of reducing their highly expensive pretreatments to a minimum.
Water Pollution Control Administration in Japan
Authors: Ozawa Mitsuyoshi
Published: May 2018

In the 1960's environmental pollution began to pose a serious problem in Japan. To cope with the situation, the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and other related laws and regulations were legislated.

In 1970 in particular, a Central Headquarters for Environmental Pollution Control (headed by the Prime Minister) was established as the center of environmental pollution control administration, and 14 Pollution related laws including an amendment to the Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control were enacted by the so-called environmental pollution control session of the Diet at the end of that year.

Along with the legislation of the related laws and regulations, the Environment Agency was inaugurated on July 1, 1971 in order to obtain comprehensiveness and unity in environmental administration. The agency took over and coordinated the administrative measures on the prevention of environmental pollution and the conservation of nature, which had previously been handled by various related ministries and agencies, and has been furthering these measures comprehensively.
Threshold Detection Values of Potential Fish Tainting Substances from Oil Sands Wastewaters
Authors: Jardine C. G. , Hrudey Steve E.
Published: May 2018

Chemical compounds associated with oil sands extraction and upgrading operations have been implicated in the tainting of the Athabasca River fishery, a commercial and subsistence fishery for local natives. Selected contaminants found in oil sands wastewaters, and judged to be candidate tainting compounds, were spiked in walleye flesh and subjected to screening odour and taste detection by a trained sensory panel. Twelve compounds were screened and 8 were pursued for determination of detection thresholds based upon 3 separate sessions with a minimum of 9 panelists. Taint detection threshold values ranging from 0.09 mg/kg for benzothiophene to 12.2 mg/kg for 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene were established. These values will assist in determining the significance of analytically determined concentrations of these compounds in fish flesh.
Correlation between Threshold Odor Numbers and the Concentration of Odorous Substances in Water
Authors: Tomita M. , Ichikawa N. , Goda T.
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to ascertain the actual correlation between the threshold odour number (TON) and concentration of odorous substances in water. The results showed that the relationship between the TON values and the concentration of off-flavor substances seemed to be appropriately explained by the Stevens Model. Also, the TON values varied remarkably due to water temperature and compounds in solution. The masking effects may be distinct even when adding small amounts of certain chemicals. This implies the possibility of using such chemicals to mask odor problems.
Water Blooms of Uroglena Americana and the Identification of Odorous Compounds
Authors: Yano H. , Nakahara M. , Ito H.
Published: May 2018

Since July 1980, a strong fishy odor in the Nunobiki Reservoir has been associated with water blooms of the alga Uroglenaamericana (Chrysophyceae). According to ecological studies, water blooms were formed hourly by vertical and horizontal accumulation. The movement of organisms was affected by weather conditions, including the amount of sunlight and the direction and velocity of the wind. To identify the odorous compounds, samples of this species were collected from water blooms by a plankton net. The odorous compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultra-violet (UV) spectrometry. As a result, two odorous compounds, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal and (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, were detected and identified.
Off-Flavor in the Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) Due to 2-Methylisoborneol and its Dehydration Products
Authors: Martin J. F. , Bennett L. W. , Graham W. H.
Published: May 2018

Off-flavor in channel catfish is a serious problem in the commercial culture industry affecting 50-80% of growout ponds during the warmer months of the year. A microwave distillation technique has been developed to isolate volatile compounds from affected material. 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) is the predominant compound isolated from off-flavored catfish during the growing season (April-October) in west Mississippi and is responsible for a musty type of flavor. Geosmin and other as yet unidentified compounds are also important causes of an earthy type off-flavor. 2-Methylenebornane and 2-methyl-2-bornene, dehydration products of MIB, were shown to contribute to the off-flavor problem. The absorption (2 hours) and depuration (48 hours) of MIB in catfish fingerlings were determined. MIB and its dehydration products are concentrated primarily in subepidermal and abdominal fat. Lesser concentration occurs in the liver and muscle tissue of off-flavored fish. Removing fish to clean, flowing water to purge MIB and geosmin could provide a partial means for off-flavor abatement.
Blue-Green Algae in Lake Biwa Which Produce Earthy-Musty Odors
Authors: Negoro T. , Ando M. , Ichikawa N.
Published: May 2018

Since 1969, earthy-musty odor problems have frequently occurred in the water supply system of Kyoto City. Though the causes of these off-flavors were identified as 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmln, the causative organisms were not identified until recently. Now three species of planktonic blue-green algae from Lake Biwa have been identified as playing important roles in such problems. From the unlalgal culture of each alga, Anabaenamacrospora Klebahn was shown to produce geosmln, and both Phormidiumtenue (Meneghini) Gomont and Oscillatoriatenuis Agardh to produce MIB. These odorous compounds were found to be mainly stored in trlchomes, although it was once thought that they were dissolved in the surrounding water. Therefore, most of the odorous compounds can be removed from the water when the causative algae are removed.
Bacterial Degradation of 2-Methylisoborneol
Authors: Izaguirre G. , Wolfe R. L. , Means E. G.
Published: May 2018

2-Methylisoborneol (MIB) is a musty-odored compound occurring in natural waters that is difficult to remove by conventional water treatment methods. Biodegra-dation may be an alternative for its removal from drinking water. Studies were undertaken to determine the conditions enhancing MIB degradation and to isolate and identify the bacteria responsible. MIB degraders were enriched using mg/l levels of the compound, in a defined mineral medium, inoculated with water and sediment samples from reservoirs where MIB is seasonally produced. Cultures that degraded MIB were isolated and enumerated. Degradation occurred only in mixed cultures. MIB supported growth as sole carbon source at 1-6.7 mg/l. MIB at 10 µg/l was also degraded in sterile lake water inoculated with washed bacteria. The degradation of MIB at both µg/l and mg/l levels took from 7 days to more than 2 weeks.
Fungi from Potable Water: Interaction with Chlorine and Engineering Effects
Authors: Rosenzweig William D. , Pipes Wesley O.
Published: May 2018

In recent years various types of imperfect fungi have been isolated from water systems. Fungal spores and mycelia can be inactivated by low concentrations of chlorine in the laboratory but survive in some habitats in water distribution systems. This report describes a field study which provides evidence that some types of fungi are able to grow in water distribution systems. Replicate samples from private residences were used to demonstrate that fungal densities are sometimes much greater than the levels which could be explained by adventitious spores.

The microbiological content of water samples from fire hydrants was often significantly different from that of water samples from nearby private residences. The treated water input to distribution systems was found to be significantly lower in fungus content than water from private residences. Elevated storage tanks open to the atmosphere appear to be significant sources of fungal input to some systems.
Degradation of Trichloroethylene by Methanotrophic Bacteria in a Laboratory Column of Saturated Aquifer Material
Authors: Mayer K. P. , Grbić-Galić D. , Semprini L. , McCarty P. L.
Published: May 2018

A laboratory experiment was designed to investigate the biotransformation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by bacteria using methane as a primary substrate under conditions simulating a contaminated aquifer. Solid material was acquired aseptically from an uncontaminated shallow confined aquifer and packed in glass columns. The relationship between the methane and oxygen supplied, bacterial growth, and TCE transformation was examined in an attempt to optimize a potentially applicable process of in situ treatment of ground water.

Approximately 20 percent of the 14C-labelled TCE, at an initial concentration of 50 µg/L, was transformed to CO2. A five-fold increase in the rate at which methane and oxygen were supplied to the columns resulted in no substantial increase in TCE transformation. The sorption of TCE onto aquifer solids may have obscured treatment differences. Addition of hydrogen peroxide as the source of oxygen caused a decrease in methane utilization, although the impact on TCE transformation is not yet clear.
Isolation and Identification of Actinomycetes Present in Activated Sludge Scum
Authors: Sezgin Mesut , Lechevalier Mary P. , Karr Philip R.
Published: May 2018

A study was carried out to isolate and identify actinomycetes present in activated sludge scum. Samples from two activated sludge treatment plants were analyzed. One hundred and five strains were isolated. The predominant organism in both treatment plant samples was Nocardiaamarae. Fifty-one strains of N. amarae were isolated. The second most common organism (24 strains) was N. asteroides. The other isolates were identified as Rhodococcuscoprophilus, R. equi, R. erythropolis, R. maris, Mycobacteriumfortuitum, and strains belonging to the genera Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Oerskovia, Amycolatopsis and Micromonospora. Distribution of actinomycetes in the samples varied. This observation appeared to indicate that plant design, operational and environmental conditions might play an important role in determining the types of actinomycetes in aeration basins.
Destruction of Salmonellas, Enteroviruses and Ova of Parasites in Wastewater Sludge by Pasteurisation and Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Pike E. B. , Carrington E. G. , Harman S. A.
Published: May 2018

In laboratory experiments, Salmonella duesseldorf, added to sludge, was inactivated by mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (48 °C) anaerobic digestion, but the viability of Ascarissuum ova was destroyed only by digestion at 49°C or by heating to 55°C for 15 minutes. When heat treatment (47-51°C) gave incomplete destruction of viability, subsequent mesophilic digestion reduced viability further. Salmonella spp. and cytopathic enteroviruses in thickened raw sludge were completely destroyed by pasteurisation at 70°C for 30 minutes in the new full-scale sludge treatment plant at Colburn, Yorkshire, which uses submerged combustion of gas from the following mesophilic digester as the sole source of heat. The data obtained during evaluation of this plant highlight the need for the control systems to be designed for intermittent operation to avoid incomplete treatment immediately after starting-up from cold.
Comparison of Virus Survival in Freshwater Sources
Authors: Kutz S. M. , Gerba C. P.
Published: May 2018

Enteric viruses are a potential cause of human gastroenteritis. Their ability to cause waterborne disease may be attributed to their low infectious dose and survival for prolonged periods of time in aquatic environments. Virus survival studies have shown temperature to be a major factor in determination of inactivation rates. Literature on virus inactivation rates at various temperatures was compiled for freshwater sources including ground, tap, river, and impounded water. Data were grouped according to either virus type or water source. Linear regression and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the significance of temperature on virus survival. Data were also analyzed to obtain a general line of best fit for virus inactivation at various temperatures. Temperature was found to be a significant factor in virus inactivation. However, significance of the effect of temperature varied with virus type and water source. Approximately 3 to 99% of variation in virus inactivation rates can be explained by temperature. The slowest inactivation rate obtained was for coliphage in ground water. Inactivation rates for virus in tap water were among the highest and the overall mean inactivation rate for all virus data was slightly greater than 0.5 log per day. Future comparisons of the effect of temperature as well as other environmental factors on virus survival may require the development of standard methods for virus inactivation studies.
Appropriate Technology for Wastewater Treatment in Coastal Tourist Areas
Authors: Ødegaard Hallvard
Published: May 2018

The composition of wastewater from tourist areas is discussed. Since such a significant part of the contaminants in wastewater is associated with particles, a good particle removal should be the first step in the treatment of wastewater. In coastal areas it is recommended that coagulation with lime should be used. Special attention is drawn to the lime/seawater process where 2-5 vol-% of seawater is added to the influent resulting in several process improvements. For low-cost treatment the use of the lime/seawater process in a pond system is discussed.
A System for on Site Treatment and Disposal of Wastewaters from Tourist Resorts
Authors: Christoulas D. G. , Andreadakis A. D.
Published: May 2018

A system for on-site treatment and disposal of wastewaters from tourist resorts was evaluated and compared to conventional package plants on the basis of experimental results obtained from a laboratory scale simulation of the system and reported data. The system was found to produce an effluent comparable to package plant effluents with respect to BOD5 and suspended solids but superior with respect to reliability and fecal coliforms. Disposal of the treated effluent to the soil through absorption trenches or to the sea through a short outfall are the most appropriate disposal methods, although reuse for irrigation after disinfection can also be practiced. The initial capital cost of the system is at most half the cost of the conventional package plants and the operation and maintenance expenditure negligible. The system is particularly suited to recreational facilities with seasonal operation.
Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds
Authors: Barzily Ahuva , Kott Yehuda
Published: May 2018

Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria.

The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental Engineering Department's pilot plant installations and was introduced daily into two experimental oxidation ponds to give a detention time of 10 - 12 days. One pond was held at 42 - 45°C whilst the other served as a control at ambient temperatures. Salmonellatyphimurium was introduced daily into the two ponds.

In another set of experiments, the Salmonella were kept in dialysis bags placed in the ponds. The dialysis bags were filled with saline, control pond effluent, or raw wastewater. The results showed that it is very difficult to isolate the bacteria from the pond effluent. The number of Salmonella bacteria in the dialysis bags in the elevated temperature pond decreased by a few orders of magnitude within days. The Salmonella in the control pond survived for longer. It is thought that the high temperature and adverse environmental conditions caused the rapid die-off of the bacteria in the elevated temperature pond.

Taking into account the fact that the numbers of the various pathogenic bacteria in nature are much smaller than the numbers introduced into the experimental ponds, it is thought that effluents from oxidation ponds operating at temperatures in the range 40 - 45°C will not contain any pathogenic bacteria.
Swimming-Associated Illness and Recreational Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Cabelli V. J.
Published: May 2018

There is a measurable risk of acute gastroenteritis associated with swimming in marine waters contaminated with human fecal wastes to levels that would be aesthetically acceptable. The enterococcus level in the bathing water is the best single measure of its quality relative to the risk of swimming-associated, pollution-related infectious disease. Three mathematically expressable indicator-illness relationships (criteria) are available from which recreational water quality guidelines can be extrapolated from the criteria once a decision has been made as to the acceptable risk of illness. The recently revised USEPA recreational water quality criteria and guidelines reflect this regulatory approach. A model is presented for the regulation of water quality which defines decision-making and actions by federal and local agencies as well as resource users. This model requires the ability to predict illness rates from monitoring data. Three equations, each corresponding to one of the criteria, are available for doing so. Concept and supporting epidemiological data indicate that the criteria do not apply to situations in which the sources of contamination are the fecal wastes from small numbers of individuals (e.g. boat wastes, the bathers themselves) or from lower animals (e.g. stormwater run-off). Differential die-off of viral pathogens and the bacterial indicator during wastewater chlorination and protracted residence in marine waters may also confound the use of the criteria in specific situations.
Water Quality in Residential Tidal Canals
Authors: Moss A. J.
Published: May 2018

Monitoring of water quality in residential tidal canals in Queensland has been carried out since 1974. Some recent data from four separate canal systems and their source waters is presented. Source water quality was generally good and this high quality was maintained in surface waters throughout these systems. Stratification of the water column in poorly flushed canal branches led to periodic deterioration in bottom water quality but this never resulted in significant management problems. Based on the Queensland data and on data from other Australian and overseas canal systems, conclusions are drawn about significant factors affecting canal water quality. These include flushing rates, source quality, polluting inputs, freshwater inflows and depth. Finally, possible objectives for canal water quality are discussed.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand by a Simplified Procedure
Authors: Bristow J. L.
Published: May 2018

Comparative tests made in 1979 and 1980 have shown that the Klein & Gibbs mathematical calculation of BOD5 can give equivalent results to those obtained using the APHA Standard Method 16th Edition Section 507. This method corrects for dilution water blank and seed. It can give just as consistent results as the “Standard Method”. Both methods can be inaccurate when interfering substances are present.

Aging of dilution water and aeration of samples with less than 5 mg/L DO have improved the consistency of the results. Halving of the incubation volume has had no effect on the accuracy of results.