bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Classification Writ Large
Authors: Mullaney Thomas S.
Published: September 2004

Like other forms of state-led demographic enterprises, the PRC-era Ethnic Classification Project, or minzu shibie, was an inventive process of social engineering, not simply an attempt at neutrally reflecting primordial qualities of the non-Han social sphere. The engineering of the categories depended upon three main factors. First, it required a particular form of taxonomic enthusiasm — a “will to classify” — committed to the division of the non-Han social realm into mutually exclusive categories of identity. Second, it required a taxonomic methodology with which to undertake this division. Finally, it required the power necessary to calibrate the social world with newly formed theoretical categories — to make these new categories “stick” at the local level.

The first two of these factors were holdovers from the Republican period, whereas the final factor was something unique to the PRC. PRC researchers inherited a distinct brand of nation-statist, taxonomic enthusiasm from their Republican predecessors, as well as a selection of potent taxonomic methods — linguistics-based ethnic categorization being the most significant. Consequently, the classificatory schema produced by PRC researchers bore the distinct imprint of taxonomic work advanced by scholars in the 1930s and 1940s. Despite this unmistakable Republican pedigree, the Ethnic Classification Project would not have been possible without the unprecedented participation and power of the newly centralized Communist state.
Who “Who” is, and Other Local Poetics of National Policy
Authors: Caffrey Kevin
Published: September 2004

Starting with the observation that the 1954 minzu shibie Ethnic Categorization Project was part of a continuing process, this article addresses the suspicious finality implied in most narratives of minzu (nationality) formation. In arguing that the process continues, Hui communities of Yunnan serve as exemplars of the embodied life minzu shibie is leading today; i.e., as part of the ongoing process of culture. “Culture,” conceived in part as a cultural production process of dynamically (re)producing social relations through structural and practical dialogics, helps illuminate the reality of the Hui situation in Yunnan. It follows that the 1954 minzu shibie project was a new nation-state “ethnicization” of the ongoing social categorization; or in other words, a nation-state appropriation and continuation of an imperial “poetics of the categorical” where the inventiveness of local agency meets state institution in the cultural dialogics of (re)making. Showing how the minzu shibie in 1954 was a conjunctural event where the categorical structure of culture was transformed, it is further argued that the continuing process of categorical (re)making in locally minzu practical poetics is itself part of culture as a symbolically conditioning determinant of the process of everyday life for a community.
The Politics of Names
Authors: Gros Stéphane
Published: September 2004

The identification of the Dulong (Drung), one of China’s smallest minority nationalities, has often been presented as an unproblematic case for the Nationalities Identification Project. As a geographically bounded and distinct community, they fit naturally into the state’s new category. Their designation as an officially recognized “nationality” ( minzu) appeared to conform to the Drung people’s own sense of identity. But as this article shows, alternative outcomes of the 1950s identification process were quite possible, necessitating an exploration of the complex interplay of historical and sociopolitical factors that led to the recognition of the Dulong. The identification of the Dulong appears mainly grounded in a politics of names, driven more by political efficacy than a concern for the Drung people’s sense of ethnic consciousness. Going beyond the apparent authenticity of the official Dulong category, I argue that the effect of classification itself, a performative act of naming, gave the state-endorsed categories a life of their own. This power of naming reveals an essential aspect of the exercise of power in China by ordering social reality and authoritatively determining a taxonomic space. Finally, I discuss the ways in which state-defined identities become conventional wisdom and outline the dialectical relationship between the legitimating “scientific” arguments of the Identification project and hegemonic “common sense” definition.
Conclusion
Authors: Mackerras Colin
Published: September 2004

This contribution begins with some major points about a number of policies towards China’s ethnic minorities and their population, with some attention given to Yunnan Province. It points out the main issues raised in the collection of articles on the Ethnic Classification of 1954 in Yunnan and adds personal comment on these issues. It agrees with the contributors on most matters, including about the political nature of the ethnic classification, but puts forward a different perspective on a few of them, such as whether the CCP was acting in a colonial or imperial way in controlling Yunnan’s minorities.
Just Married? Adversarial Divorce and the Conjugal Body Politic
Authors: Brook Heather
Published: September 2004

Fault does not figure in Australian divorce law. The Family Law Act 1975 regulates divorce, allowing a decree nisi to be issued where a marriage has irretrievably broken down. Australian regulations do not inquire into the cause of breakdown, but simply seek evidence that the divorcing spouses have lived separately and apart for at least 12 months. However, it has not always been so and, if the backlash against womens interests accelerates, it may not remain so. Recently, mens rights groups such as the ‘Blackshirts’ and ‘Promise Keepers’ have added their weight to the backlash push for a return to those ‘family values’ epitomized by an earlier, ostensibly pre-feminist era. These groups trumpet the desirability of truly lifelong marriage and an end to ‘easy’ divorce. They favour marriage laws harking back to obsolete, fault-based judgements. This article revisits divorce premised on matrimonial offence. With the benefit of hindsight, the Acts adversarial operations and effects are re-examined to expose the vestiges of coverture inhering therein.
Same-Sex Marriage Revived: Feminist Critique and Legal Strategy
Authors: Auchmuty Rosemary
Published: September 2004

In June 2003 the UK government published proposals for a civil partnership registration scheme for same-sex couples that would confer almost all the legal rights and responsibilities of marriage. The paper discusses its provisions in the context of the debates on same-sex marriage over the past decade and argues that they hardly represent any advance on existing rights and that same-sex marriage will inevitably be won in the UK. The author herself is unenthusiastic about marriage, and concludes that lesbians and gay men should not let themselves be assimilated into a heterosexual model, but should draw attention to the potential for our relationships to act as better models for all relationships, inside or outside marriage.
Eating Like an Ox: Femininity and Dualistic Constructions of Bulimia and Anorexia
Authors: Burns Maree
Published: September 2004

Using a feminist discursive analytic approach this article investigates descriptions of anorexia and bulimia for the purposes of deconstructing some of the hierarchies implicit in them. Data includes interview accounts of women who practise bulimia and of health professionals, and items from popular culture and psychological literature. Analysis demonstrates how a binary logic and discourses of femininity are involved in the inscription of value to the category of, and practices associated with, anorexia. The practices and category of bulimia are therefore often constituted as the eating disordered ‘other’ to anorexia. Potential implications for women who practise bulimia are examined, as is the destabilizing potential of other ways of describing eating disorders.
Toward a Critical Feminist Perspective of Culture and Self
Authors: Qin Dongxiao
Published: September 2004

The overall aim of this article is to provide a critical feminist perspective of culture and self. Five main points of view are presented. First, cultural feminists’ essentialist claims of ‘gendered’ experience for all women are critiqued. Second, a deconstructive reading of essentialist self from postmodern feminist perspective is discussed. Third, the ongoing critique of western autonomous self is critically reviewed. Fourth, a further deconstructive reading of dualist thinking in cultural literature is suggested. Finally, a critical feminist perspective and its implications to feminist research and clinic work are provided.
Parenting: Have We Arrived? Or Do We Continue the Journey?
Authors: Goddard H. Wallace , Myers‐Walls Judith A. , Lee Thomas R.
Published: September 2004

This article challenges the premise that either the content or process of parenting education is fully developed. The authors argue that important developments in educating children and in educating parents challenge any sense of arrival. It is possible that the new answers discovered in recent years only challenge us to ask better questions about how to improve parent effectiveness.
Rural Consumers' Attitudes toward the Internet for Information Search and Product Purchase
Authors: Worthy Sheri Lokken , Hyllegard Karen , Damhorst Mary Lynn , Trautmann Julianne , Bastow‐Shoop Holly , Gregory Susan , Lakner Hilda , Lyons Nancy , Manikowske Linda
Published: September 2004

Rogers's innovation diffusion theory guided this research on rural consumers' attitudes toward using the Internet for product information search and purchase of consumer products. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of hands‐on trial of retail Web sites on attitudes toward Internet shopping. The sample included 258 rural consumers who had not previously used the Internet to make a product purchase. Demographic variables were related to consumers' use of and attitudes toward electronic technology. The hands‐on trial resulted in positive changes in attitudes toward the Internet. Rogers's theory was partially supported in that it explained self‐perceived likelihood of adoption of the Internet for information search and product purchase.
Child‐Adult Expenditure Allocation by Ethnicity
Authors: Plassmann Vandana S. , Norton Marjorie J. T.
Published: September 2004

Resource distribution within households is an important issue for family economists, policy makers, agents of the courts, and others interested in individual and family welfare. This research examines the monetary distribution in U.S. households who have children and are of four different ethnic groups. Intrahousehold expenditure allocations between children and adults are estimated, using 1994 and 1995 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Expenditure Survey data and a method developed by Lazear and Michael. The results indicate that the overall average expenditure per child is less than that per adult in households with children. The sample households' estimated allocations vary considerably, however. Further analysis according to household ethnicity and other characteristics helps explain the variation and leads to the conclusion that the four ethnic groups examined differ in their child‐adult expenditure allocations, which may be due to the groups' differences in characteristics other than ethnicity.
Factors Related to Frequency of Fruits and Vegetables Served to Children and Consumed by Mothers in Low‐Income Households
Authors: Birmingham Brenda Jean , Shultz Jill Armstrong , Edlefsen Miriam
Published: September 2004

A survey of low‐income mothers of children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was conducted to identify barriers and other factors influencing the frequency of fruits and vegetables served to children and consumed by the mother. Barriers related to adults not liking a wide variety of fruits or vegetables and adults' lack of interest in trying new fruits or vegetables significantly related to mothers serving and consuming fruits and vegetables less frequently. Cost and convenience barriers related more negatively to mothers' own intakes than to what they served to children. Fruit and vegetable intakes were lower among mothers reporting indicators of household food insecurity. Recommendations for WIC nutrition education are discussed.
Traits and Behaviors Assigned to an Adolescent Wearing an Alcohol Promotional T‐Shirt
Authors: Workman Jane E. , Arseneau Naomi E. , Ewell Chandra J.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine meanings assigned by observers to an adolescent wearing an alcohol promotional T‐shirt. University students (41 females, 53 males; mean age = 21.4) recorded their impressions of a male or female adolescent wearing an alcohol T‐shirt or a plain T‐shirt for 14 traits and 14 behaviors. Regardless of gender, the adolescent wearing an alcohol (vs. plain) T‐shirt was rated as less honest, less independent, less responsible, less feminine, less reliable, less religious, less likely to be on time, less likely to do well in school, more likely to smoke, more likely to be a party animal, more likely to drink, more likely to be a risk taker, and more likely to use profanity. Male and female participants formed similar impressions.
Antioxidant Activity of Flesh and Skin of Eptatretus Burgeri (Hag Fish) and Enedrias Nebulosus (White Spotted Eel)
Authors: Ekanayake P. , Lee Y. D. , Lee J.
Published: September 2004

Ethyl acetate and diethyl ether extracts, previously extracted with methanol, were obtained from flesh and skin of Eptatretus burgeri (hag fish) and Enedrias nebulosus (white spotted eel). Eight different extracts (4 mg/mL) were tested for DPPH free radical scavenging activity and the values were compared with commercial antioxidants (α-tocopherol and BHT). All extracts of E. burgeri exhibited significantly positive results (> 65%) in scavenging DPPH radicals compared to E. nebulosus. Thus, only E. burgeri extracts were tested for dose effect, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide scavenging assays and heat stability at 25, 50, 75 and 100 °C for 30 min. All extracts of E. burgeri showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activities by increasing concentration. Significantly higher results were observed for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity when compared with commercial antioxidants. Relatively moderate activity and very low activity were exhibited for superoxide scavenging and hydrogen peroxide activities, respectively. Diethyl ether extracts of E. burgeri were stable with increased temperature, while ethyl acetate extracts were stable up to 75 °C. Thus, there is a high potential for E. burgeri being rich with heat-stable antioxidants that can scavenge hydroxyl radicals.
Dacylglycerols from Palm Oil Deodoriser Distillate. Part 2 – Physical and Chemical Characterisation
Authors: Lo S. K. , Baharin B. S. , Tan C. P. , Lai O. M.
Published: September 2004

High-purity diacylglycerol (DAG) oil was enzymatically obtained from palm oil deodoriser distillate (PODD). Free fatty acids from PODD were esterified with glycerol (2.5:1 fatty acid to glycerol molar ratio) in the presence of 10% (w/w of oil) Rhizomucor mieheilipase (Lipozyme RM IM) and 30% (w/w of oil) molecular sieves and incubated for 6h at 65 °C in a 50 mL bioreactor. After esterification, the products were deacidified by alkaline extraction and the DAG oil was further purified by silica column chromatography. After purification, up to 85.2% (w/w) of DAG was obtained. DAG profile, fatty acid composition, iodine value, slip melting point and thermal profiles were determined.
Effect of Cold Storage and Removal Astringency on Quality of Persimmon Fruit (Diospyros kaki, L.) cv. Rojo Brillante
Authors: Arnal L. , Del RÌo M. A.
Published: September 2004

Cold storage and removal of astringency effects on quality of persimmon fruit cv. Rojo brillante were determined. Persimmon fruit were stored at 1, 8, 11 and 15 ºC (85–90% RH) and after 6, 13, 20, 27 and 34 days of storage at these temperatures, astringency was removed. Fruit quality was assessed after the removal of the astringency and after a simulated retail storage period of 6 days at 20 ºC. Storage temperature affected fruit firmness, colour, appearance, acetaldehyde and ethanol production but not total soluble solids or flavour. Fruit stored at 15 ºC followed by 6 days at 20 ºC maintained the best commercial firmness and the lowest ethanol and acetaldehyde production. Chilling injury was observed after storage at 20 ºC on those fruits previously stored at 1 or 8 ºC.
Diacylglycerols from Palm Oil Deodoriser Distillate. Part 1 – Synthesis by Lipase-catalysed Esterification
Authors: Lo S. K. , Baharin B. S. , Tan C. P. , Lai O. M.
Published: September 2004

Diacylglycerols (DAG) were synthesised by lipase-catalysed esterification of glycerol with fatty acids from palm oil deodoriser distillate (PODD). Effects of reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, enzyme type, enzyme load, substrate mole ratio and water content were determined. The effect of molecular sieves as a water adsorbent was also studied. Rhizomucor mieheilipase (Lipozyme RM IM) was found to be most effective among the lipases screened for DAG production. The following conditions yielded 52% (w/w) DAG: 6h reaction time, 65 °C reaction temperature, 10% (w/w) Lipozyme RM IM, 2.5:1 fatty acid to glycerol molar ratio, and 30% (w/w) molecular sieves. DAG synthesis of 10.9% (w/w) was still observed at 10% (w/w) water content.
Improvement of Analytical Conditions of Mineral Caco-2 Cell Uptake Assays
Authors: JovanÌ M. , Viadel B. , Laparra M. , Barber· R. , FarrÈ R.
Published: September 2004

Caco-2 cell mineral uptake assays are used to estimate the bioavailability of minerals from foods. The uptake of minerals by Caco-2 cells can be affected by several factors – particularly the conditions of the in vitro digestion process and the growth conditions of the cell culture. Therefore, a standardisation of the assays conditions is required to obtain reproducible results. This work determined the effect of enzyme demineralisation, the inactivation of the proteolytic activity of the digest and the replacement of distilled-deionised water by cell culture degree water. Treatment with Chelex-100 resin was applied to remove calcium, iron and zinc from pepsin and pancreatin-bile salts. The treatment was efficient (> 90%) for removing calcium, iron and zinc from pepsin and calcium from pancreatin-bile salts, though the efficiency was lower (= 50%) in the case of iron and zinc from pancreatin-bile salts. The use of demineralised enzymes in the digestion resulted in lower ( p< 0.01) calcium and zinc contents in the soluble fraction than when non-demineralised enzymes were used. Inactivation of proteolytic enzymes at 100 ºC for 4, 10 and 15 min was tested, and it was found that 4min sufficed to maintain the integrity of the cell monolayer during the assay. The replacement of distilled-deionised water by cell culture degree water improved the viability of the cell culture.
Microwave Assisted Drying of Short-Cut (Ditalini) Macaroni: Cooking Process and Textural Properties
Authors: Altan A. , Maskan M.
Published: September 2004

The colour, re-hydration capacity and macaroni cooking quality, related to cooked weight, cooking loss and firmness of drying of short-cut (ditalini) macaroni were evaluated. The textural properties of uncooked and cooked macaroni samples were measured using a TA-XT2i texture analyser. Protein denaturation of dried samples increased significantly with microwave power level. Physical and textural properties of macaroni samples dried with combined hot air/microwave (210 W) were equal to or better than those dried with hot air. Also, hot air/microwave combination drying exhibited superior cooking properties. Firmness of samples increased while cooking loss decreased generally with microwave application after hot air drying, i.e., hot air/microwave combination shortened the drying time and improved many of the physical, textural and cooking properties of macaroni samples.
Ultra High Pressure Technology and its Use in Surimi Manufacture: An Overview
Authors: Tabilo-Munizaga G. , Barbosa-Cánovas G. V.
Published: September 2004

Using ultra high pressure (UHP) technology as a non-thermal preservation technique to ensure high quality food products has been investigated with increasing interest for many years. Since high pressure processing has become a viable commercial process within the last decade, its utilisation has been extended to include seafood products, a highly valued niche market. While surimi seafoods have traditionally been commercialised in Japan, surimi has been marketed in North America, Europe, Russia and other Asian countries over the last 20 years. The advantages of UHP surimi processing include manufacture of surimi seafood with natural appearance and imitation seafood analogues, as well as important improvements in textural properties such as hardness and elasticity. UHP can also modify physical and rheological properties of proteins, which could lead to the development of new pressurised seafood products. In short, UHP is a promising technology that could eventually replace heat-induced surimi gels.
Note: Influence of pH on the Extraction Yield and Functional Properties of Macadamia (Macadamia Integrofolia) Protein Isolates
Authors: Bora P. S. , Ribeiro D.
Published: September 2004

Three protein isolates from de-fatted macadamia nut kernel flour were prepared by extraction at acidic (pH2.0), neutral (pH7.2 with 0.2M phosphate buffer containing 0.5MNaCl) and alkaline (pH12.0) conditions. Extraction at pH2.0 solubilised nearly 52.0% of the proteins present in defatted macadamia flour, while extraction with buffer (pH7.2) and alkaline pH (12.0) solubilised about 83.0% of proteins. The yield of isoelectrically precipitated protein from acidic extract (pH2.0, isolate A) was about 65.2% and from neutral (isolate B) and alkaline extracts (isolate C) was slightly over 83.0% which accounted for 33.7, 69.1 and 69.4% of the proteins present in defatted flour. The protein content of the isolates was 80.1, 92.1 and 92.0% in A, B and C isolates respectively. The functional properties of these isolates were significantly different. Isolate A presented better solubility at pH below isoelectric pH, isolate C at pH above isoelectric pH and isolate B intermediate solubility at the pH range studied. Isolate B showed best water and oil absorption capacities followed by isolate C and least by isolate A. For each isolate, the emulsifying properties were also significantly different at different pH values.
Note: Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Rosa Damascena Flower Extracts
Authors: özkan G. , Sagdiç O. , Baydar N. G. , Baydar H.
Published: September 2004

Rosa damascena Mill. is one of the most important Rosa species for the flavour and fragrance industries. The high amount of residues of spent flowers after steam distillation and the potential use of their essential oils as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials lead to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of fresh and spent Rosa damascena flower extracts. The total phenolic contents were 276.02±2.93mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g in FF (fresh flower) extract and 248.97±2.96mg GAE/g in SF (spent flower) extract. FF and SF extracts showed 74.51±1.65 and 75.94±1.72% antiradical activities at 100ppm. The antioxidant activity of FF extract (372.26±0.96mg/g) was higher than that of SF extract (351.36± 0.84mg/g). Antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by the agar diffusion method against 15 species of bacteria: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica. Statistical differences among bacteria were significant at p 0.05. Both extracts were effective against all the bacteria except E. coli O157:H7, although the FF extract was more effective than the SF extract. FF and SF extracts showed the strongest effects against S. enteritidis and M. smegmatis, respectively.
Separation of Mineral Salts and Lactose Solutions through Nanofiltration Membranes
Authors: Cuartas B. , Alcaina M. I. , Soriano E.
Published: September 2004

Whey is a highly polluting by-product obtained from the elaboration of cheese. Its high content in organic matter, mainly proteins and lactose, makes it a valuable candidate for multiple applications in the food industry. However, mineral salts have to be previously eliminated. The main objective of this work was to eliminate mineral salts from model solutions with different nanofiltration membranes: NF200, NF270, Ds-5 DK and Ds-5 DL polyamide. Although all four membranes showed fairly good results in the demineralisation of the used samples, the most promising results in terms of good permeate flux and low solute retention were obtained with the NF200 and Ds-5 DL membranes, respectively. The effect of the salt mixture concentration on permeate flux and solute retention was further evaluated for Ds-5 DL membrane.
Thermodynamics of the Dimensional Changes in the Wheat Kernel during Cooking for Bulgur Production
Authors: Bayram M. , öner M. D. , Eren S.
Published: September 2004

Thermodynamics and physical properties of the dimensional changes in the wheat kernel during cooking was carried out for bulgur production at 87, 92 and 97°C for 140min. There were determined changes of the length ( x-dimension), two widths ( y- and z-dimensions), weight, volume and density of the wheat kernel. The length of the wheat kernel during cooking decreased, although crease-side width ( y-dimension) and secondary width ( z-dimension) significantly increased ( p 0.05) at each cooking temperature between 6.95-68.05% and 9.95-69.00%, respectively. The volume of the kernel during cooking also significantly ( p 0.05) increased (27.35-185.20%), and had a greater percentage change value than the weight (19.25-160.70%) due to swelling of the wheat kernel. Therefore, density decreased negatively. Activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy were used to describe the changes of physical attributes of the wheat kernel during cooking. Rate constant values for the length and density of the wheat kernel were negative in contrast to positive rate constant values of the widths, weight and volume of the wheat kernel. The influence of cooking temperature on the physical properties of the wheat kernel revealed that the rate of change in the secondary width ( z-dimension), weight and density of the wheat kernel were more sensitive to temperature due to their greater activation energies, 5.95 107, 5.26 107 and 6.11 107 J, respectively. In contrast, the y-dimension of width of the wheat kernel required a lower amount of energy due to crease side. All of the changes in physical properties agreed with the positive values of Gibbs free energy.
Changes in Phenolic Compounds and Colour Parameters of Red Wine Aged with Oak Chips and in Oak Barrels
Authors: Del Alamo Sanza M. , Escudero J. A. Fernández , De Castro Torío R.
Published: September 2004

Changes in phenolic compounds and colour related parameters of a red wine, Cigales Appellation of Origin, were monitored during its ageing in oak barrels and with added oak chips. Results were statistically analysed by multifactor analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. The wine aged in contact with oak chips underwent a quicker ageing, their loss of anthocyanins was also faster and suffered a higher number of polymerisations than the wine aged in barrels. Red wine colour changed during ageing due to the contribution of yellowish pigment compounds, which differed depending on how the oxidative ageing took place, and by the increasing stability of the blue co-pigments. The discriminant analysis showed that samples of the same source wine aged in barrels and with oak chips tended to be grouped together according to ageing system.
Publius Before Kant: Federal-Republican Security and Democratic Peace
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: September 2004

Reflecting American and allied ascent, Liberal IR theorists have revived earlier theorists, notably Kant and democratic peace, constructing neoclassical liberalism to challenge Realism. Republican security theory (RST) begins in antiquity and reaches a conceptual watershed in the Enlightenment, not in Kant, but in Publius = Federalist. Pessimistic, RST assumed republics were small and expansion would fatally deform, a conclusion derived from Roman history. In a pivotal advance, Publius advanced federal union, suggesting the federal-republican security hypothesis — federal union enables republican viability in competitive interstate systems. Kant does not address the logically and historically prior question of how democracies come to populate competitive state systems sufficiently to make pacific unions. The historical record of the global industrial state system suggests federal-republican security is more important than democratic peace.
Explaining the International Criminal Court: A ‘Practice Test’ for Rationalist and Constructivist Approaches
Authors: Fehl Caroline
Published: September 2004

Unlike other articles on the International Criminal Court (ICC) that focus on the question of the court’s future effectiveness, this article seeks to explain the creation of the court and its institutional design as established in its statute. It applies theoretical arguments from the rationalist and constructivist literature on international institutions to the ICC case; and demonstrates how both theoretical perspectives can be combined in different ways. The ICC’s establishment can be explained with rationalist arguments focusing on cooperation problems and transaction cost, yet a constructivist view can ‘deepen’ the argument by explaining the perception of problems, and provide an alternative argument focusing on legitimacy concerns. Regarding institutional design, rationalist theory helps identify a tradeoff between a weak court backed by the US and a strong court without US support; a complementary constructivist approach can explain why states opted for the latter.
Arguing, Bargaining and all that: Communicative Action, Rationalist Theory and the Logic of Appropriateness in International Relations
Authors: Müller Harald
Published: September 2004

Recently, calls for a ‘synthesis’ between rationalist and constructivist approaches have become louder. The question how the different ontological presuppositions of the two paradigms can be reconciled has been neglected. Starting from the ubiquity of ‘arguing’ and ‘bargaining’ in international negotiations, the article explores the various rationalist attempts to give an explanation for the use of these two types of speech acts by negotiatiors. It finds that eventually all these attempts seek resort to social explanations that deviate from the individualist ontology of rationalism. Efforts to specify the conditions under which negotiators follow alternatively a logic of consequentialism and appropriateness tend in fact to privilege either one or the other. Integration appears only possible if one assumes that the change between the two types of speech acts is guided by norms and rules that are shared among negotiators. This proposition suggests that the interest-based negotiation style follows a logic of appropriateness as much as a negotiation style aiming at communicative persuasion. This proposition, however, does not imply harmony or stasis. Rather, it accounts for conflicts of different understandings of appropriateness in intercultural, transnational and two-level discourses.
Cosmopolitan Democracy and its Critics: A Review
Authors: Archibugi Daniele
Published: September 2004

The victory of Western liberal states ending the Cold War inspired the hope that international relations could be guided by the ideals of democracy and the rule of law. In the early 1990s, a group of thinkers developed the political project of cosmopolitan democracy with the aim of providing intellectual arguments in favour of an expansion of democracy, both within states and at the global level. While some significant successes have been achieved in terms of democratization within states, much less has been attained in democratizing the global system. The aim of this review article is twofold — on the one hand, to reassert the basic concepts of cosmopolitan democracy; on the other, to address the criticisms coming from Realist, Marxist, Communitarian and Multicultural perspectives.
Synthetic Indices: A Method for Evaluating Aid Project Effectiveness
Authors: Crawford Paul , Perryman Jarred , Petocz Peter
Published: September 2004

Demands are increasingly being placed on aid agencies to demonstrate impact, but the measurement and attribution of non-tangible changes in complex environments are problematic. Synthetic indices are frequently used by statisticians in other contexts to capture complex changes and may prove useful to describe changes effected by aid projects. A hierarchy of hypotheses is presented to describe a case-study project. The construction of synthetic indices to test the ‘development hypothesis’ implicit in the strategy is described and possible extensions to the concept are outlined.
Primary and Secondary Barriers to the Evaluation of Change
Authors: Skinner Denise
Published: September 2004

For more than two decades it has been widely acknowledged within the management literature that the evaluation of change rarely takes place within organizations, yet little coherent explanation has been offered as to why this should be so. This article reports on research undertaken in two UK public sector organizations, to explore the reality of evaluation in the context of change, with the intention of identifying the barriers to evaluation that existed and the factors that created them. The analysis of the empirical evidence led to the identification of two distinct types of barrier to evaluation, labelled primary (factors that act against an evaluation being undertaken) and secondary (factors that arise during an evaluation process). Primary barriers were rooted in contextual factors contained in the organization’s history and culture; the background against which the change initiative took place. Secondary barriers relate directly to the choices and decisions involved in the evaluation process itself and therefore only become significant once a decision to undertake an evaluation has been made. In combination, they offer an explanation for the exclusion of the evaluation stage in many change initiatives.
What Counts is not Falling... but Landing
Authors: Brousselle Astrid
Published: September 2004

Implementation evaluations, also called process evaluations, involve studying the development of programmes, and identifying and understanding their strengths and weaknesses. Undertaking an implementation evaluation offers insights into evaluation objectives, but does not help the researcher develop a research strategy. During the implementation analysis of the UNAIDS drug access initiative in Chile, the strategic analysis model developed by Crozier and Friedberg was used. However, a major incompatibility was noted between the procedure put forward by Crozier and Friedberg and the specific characteristics of the programme being evaluated. In this article, an adapted strategic analysis model for programme evaluation is proposed.
Information Systems for the Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Vocational Training Programmes
Authors: Bulgarelli Aviana , Gori Enrico
Published: September 2004

The aim of this article is to discuss the requirements of an Information System (IS) for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of public intervention in the field of vocational training. The objective of this policy is to increase employability and reduce disparities in access to the labour market of EU-defined disadvantaged groups. The primary goal of the IS is to aid decision making of policy makers and managers. In this context, information asymmetry in the production of these services is a problem and the standard approach of the International Organization for Standardization can do little to promote quasi-market competition, which economists suggest as a solution to information asymmetry. The article recommends making a greater effort to develop an IS capable of assessing the effectiveness of training programmes and making the necessary corrections for selection bias with regard to the selection of the agencies managing the training programmes. The adoption of the standard used by current labour-force surveys is suggested.
Old and New Ghosts
Authors: Bourdon Jerome
Published: September 2004

This article proposes a history of the confrontations of European public service television with 'the popular'. It defines the popular as any manifestation of massive and immediate pleasure. a definition wherein rhythm is crucial. Those mnrarnifestations occurred in reaction to programmes that did not fit, or fit uneasily, the educative and cultural. ideals prevalent in European public service. The popular was therefore regularly denied by public service, but its ghosts regularly came to haunt it. The article describes six such ghosts by order of entrance oil to the historical scene: game showvs; stars (hosts and newscasters); seriality (across genres); numbers (for nieasuririg audiences); Arnerica (success of American forniats and series); and voyveurisrn (especially in reality programming). The experience of public television has reflected the deep difficulty of European societies not only to deal with the notion of the popular, but also to conceptualize it.
Quality and/as National Identity
Authors: Dhoest Alexander
Published: September 2004

Period drama was the predominant domestic fiction genre on Flemish TV until the late 1 980s. It was very popular, but the press reviews were mostly negative, complaining, above all, about its low quality. 7 his article investigates the press discourse on television quality and situates it Within several relevant contexts: academic writinog on television quality; the Flemish broadcasting and social context; and broader discourses about cultural value. Two major lines of thought can be found in reviews of Flemish period drama. On the one hand, -they criticize its professional qualilty and its low level; on the other hand, they laud its Flermish character and cnsider it to be 'typically Flemish'. These mixed reviews can be linked to the prevailing cultural nationalism, aiming to culturally elevate the Flemish and to formn a national identity. Thus, the press take part in the wider process of the discursive construction of national identity.
The Limits of Television?
Authors: Wheatley Helen
Published: September 2004

Natural history programming is one of the mainstays of 'flagship' broadcasting in Britain. From thie geographically expansive documentary series of the 1950s to recent forays into interactive television, the BBC has promoted the genre as justification of the licence fee. This article examines The Blue Planet (200 l), focusing on the role of aesthetics in the quality television debate. Combining close analyses of the programme with data collected during a public screening of highlights fronm the series in 1--hyde Park, London (2002), -[he article proposes that: The Blue Planet's visual arid aural splendour has been figured as an integral part of the public service that it provides. In order to situate this argument within the ongoing debate about quality television and public service broadcasting, this article draws oil earlier critical discussions of heritage television. It is concluded that flagship television is antithetical to the notion of quality television if we reintrodutice the concept of 'flow' into the debate.
Citizens, Audiences,Customers and Players
Authors: Syvertsen Trine
Published: September 2004

The article discusses the relationship between broadcasters and their publics in light of the changes associated with competition, convergence arid digitalization. On the conceptual level, the article contrasts four ideal type perceptions of how television may serve its publics: 'citizens', 'audiences, 'custorners' arid players'. While publics, in the early days of broadcasting, wvere served more in their capacity as citizens, the view that the main purpose of broadcasting was to draw large audiences gradually became dominant. In recent years, new communication technologies have operied up further possibilities for serving the public as customers or players. The last category implies that opportunities are created for viewers to engage with television arid each other in a more playful fashion, acting out other aspects of their character than the previous three ideal types allowed for.
Fulfilling the 'Cultural Mission'
Authors: Rowe David
Published: September 2004

Over the last three decades, public broadcasting in Europe, like other public institutions, has been under sustained pressure in various forms, including attacks on public provision from positions within, neoclassical economics and new right politics; left critique of public broadcast institutions and texts as reproductive of power formations; and development of new flexible media delivery systems and technologies. Public broadcasting has been required to justify itself under circumstances where conmmercial free-to-air broadcasting has been progressively challenged by pay TV in the broadcasting environment and where its necessarily national framework has been threatened by globalizing processes and. the flow of audiovisual technologies and content across national borders. One key site where these tensions are being played out is in the popular television genre of sport. Television sport is probably the most spectacular and regular vehicle for conveying and communicating both global and national culture. however these concepts might be critiqued and contested. Ini Europc, public broadcasters have played a foundational role in the development and nurturing of broadcast sport as national culture. Sport, therefore, is an especially important subject for debates about the state and future of the popular in public broadcasting. This article uses television sport as a case study in the exploration and analysis of the dilemrmrras of public broadcasting in Europe arid seeks to propose a tenable normrative framework for both its maintenance and development.
Pragmatism and Critical Theory
Authors: Ray Larry
Published: September 2004

This article discusses Habermas’s project of reformulating Critical Theory through a pragmatic philosophy of communication, while defending post-metaphysical reason and commitment to grounded critique. Habermas’s use of pragmatics is contrasted with Rorty, who argues for a non-foundational pragmatism that eschews the idea of science as the only site of reason and social progress. The argument moves through three stages. First, it outlines Habermas’s project of recovering critical activity with particular attention to his debt to pragmatic philosophy and the departures from earlier Critical Theory that this entailed. Second, it examines his theory of communicative action and identifies some key areas of contestation with sceptical approaches. Finally, it identifies some of the problems and limitations in Habermas’s pragmatic turn, suggesting that his quasi-transcendental critique is developed at the expense of a pragmatic commitment to grounding in embodied agency-in-the-world. It concludes that the spirit of pragmatism, rather than its detail, might help Critical Theory focus on political analysis and resistances to domination.
The Elementary Forms of Pragmatism
Authors: Bertilsson Thora Margareta
Published: September 2004

Among the classical pragmatists Charles Sanders Peirce is often regarded as the most removed from practical affairs; he is seen as the most ‘scientific’. The aim of this article is to show his practical usefulness in daily affairs in determining that ‘which is the case’. The abductive inference had a pivotal role in his pragmatist theory of inquiry. As Umberto Eco has shown, abduction is as equally central in the writing of detective stories as it is in the making of science. Recently, abduction has gained a renewed interest not only in the idea that science is basically ‘conjectural’ (Ginzburg and Popper), but also in different versions of critical realism. Here abduction gains interest as a ‘theoretical inference’ of special concern for the social sciences. An overview of various usages of abduction, from Eco to Bhaskar, is followed by a critical pragmatist assessment.
On Performance, Productivity, and Vocabularies of Motive in Recent Studies of Science
Authors: Herzig Rebecca
Published: September 2004

This essay addresses the increasing prominence of ‘performance’ as an analytical frame in recent studies of science. Building on the insights of existing feminist criticism, it identifies two largely unacknowledged features of such performance-oriented studies: first, an implicit recuperation of a pre-discursively real body; and second, a persistent emphasis on the productive character of performances. The essay considers the limitations of these two themes, and concludes by exploring pathways suggested by other theoretical traditions.
Animal Performances
Authors: Birke Lynda , Bryld Mette , Lykke Nina
Published: September 2004

Feminist science studies have given scant regard to non-human animals. In this paper, we argue that it is important for feminist theory to address the complex relationships between humans and other animals, and the implications of these for feminism. We use the notion of performativity, particularly as it has been developed by Karen Barad, to explore the intersections of feminism and studies of the human/animal relationship. Performativity, we argue, helps to challenge the persistent dichotomy between human/culture and animals/nature. It emphasizes, moreover, how animality is a doing or becoming, not an essence; so, performativity allows us to think about the complexity of human/animal interrelating as a kind of choreography, a co-creation of behaviour. We illustrate the discussion using the example of the laboratory rat, who can be thought of both in terms of a materialization of specific scientific practices and as active participants in the creation of their own meaning, alongside the human participants in science. There are three, intertwined, senses in which we might think about performativity - that of animality, of humannness, and of the relationship between the two. Bringing animals into discussions about performativity poses questions for both feminist theory and for the study of human/animal relationships, we argue: both human and animal can conjointly be engaged in reconfiguring the world, and our theorizing must reflect that complexity. We are all matter, and we all matter.
‘To Persistently not Know Something Important’
Authors: Kostkowska Justyna
Published: September 2004

This essay examines the poetry of Wislawa Szymborska as sharing key similarities with modern feminist practice in science. Szymborska’s poetry invites such an analysis because of its interest in anthropology and the natural sciences, and because of its preoccupation with the creation, limitations, and effects of knowledge. I argue that Szymborska’s privileging of uncertainty, of the personal, the particular, and the ‘insignificant’, as well as her process- and question-oriented method of creating meaning aligns her with feminist science. Szymborska’s poetry explores such key feminist ideals as contextualization of all knowledge, relationship of equality and unity of scientist and subject (expert and non-expert), coexistence of contradictions, and an emphasis on process and questioning rather than on knowledge and findings. Wislawa Szymborska practises in poetry the very same decentring of the patriarchal standards of expertise, objectivity, and absolute truth that is taking place in feminist science.