bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise Improves Video Game Performance: A Win–Win Situation
Authors: DE LAS HERAS BERNAT , LI ORVILLE , RODRIGUES LYNDEN , NEPVEU JEAN-FRANÇOIS , ROIG MARC
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Video gamers exceeding screen-time limits are at greater risk of experiencing health issues associated with physical inactivity. Demonstrating that exercise has positive effects on video game performance could promote physical activity among video gamers. We investigated the short-term effects of a single session of cardiovascular exercise on the performance of the popular video game League of Legends (LoL) and explored psychosocial mechanisms.

Methods

Twenty young video gamers played a customized LoL task preceded by a short bout of high-intensity interval training or a period of rest. The two conditions were administered on two separate days in a randomized counterbalanced fashion. Video game performance was assessed as the total number of targets eliminated as well as accuracy, defined as the ability to eliminate targets using single attacks. Short-term changes in affect after exercise as well as exercise enjoyment were also assessed.

Results

Exercise improved (P = 0.027) the capacity to eliminate targets (mean ± SEM, 121.17 ± 3.78) compared with rest (111.38 ± 3.43). Exercise also enhanced accuracy (P = 0.019), with fewer targets eliminated with more than one attack after exercise (1.39 ± 0.39) compared with rest (2.44 ± 0.51). Exercise increased positive affect by 17% (P = 0.007), but neither affect nor exercise enjoyment was associated with total number of targets eliminated or accuracy.

Conclusion

A short bout of intense cardiovascular exercise before playing LoL improves video game performance. More studies are needed to establish whether these effects are generalizable to other video games, whether repeated bouts have summative effects, and to identify underlying mechanisms.
Change and Stability in Sibling Physical Fitness: The Portuguese Sibling Study
Authors: PEREIRA SARA , KATZMARZYK PETER T. , HEDEKER DONALD , MAIA JOSÉ
Published: January 2020

Purpose

This study aims to 1) describe mean changes in muscular and motor fitness components in sibships over 2 yr, 2) analyze individual tracking of fitness within sibships, 3) investigate sibling resemblance in fitness over time, and 4) examine the joint influence of biological, behavioral, and familial characteristics on fitness.

Methods

The sample comprises 166 Portuguese biological sibling pairs (brother–brother, sister–sister, brother–sister) age 9–17 yr assessed at baseline and 2 yr later. Physical fitness components were measured with standardized tests. Percentage body fat and biological maturation were assessed, and physical activity, diet, screen time, and familial characteristics were obtained by questionnaires. Multilevel models were used to analyze the clustered longitudinal data.

Results

Crude results showed that, on average, all sib-types increased their muscular and motor fitness components from baseline to follow-up (except sister–sister pairs in standing long jump and shuttle run). When adjusted for covariates, the mean changes were no longer significant. Individual tracking was moderate to high for the muscular component but low to moderate for the motor component. Consistency in sibling resemblance was higher in sister–sister pairs than in brother–brother and brother–sister pairs. More mature sibs were fitter in both components, whereas siblings with higher body fat percentage were less fit. Screen time, physical activity, and parental occupation were not associated with fitness components.

Conclusions

Biological characteristics were more strongly associated with fitness components than individual behaviors and familial characteristics. Furthermore, the muscular component tracked better than the motor component. Sister–sister pairs had greater resemblance in fitness over time compared with brother–brother or sister–brother pairs.
Adverse birth outcomes and their clinical phenotypes in an urban Zambian cohort
Authors: Price Joan T , Vwalika Bellington , Rittenhouse Katelyn J , Mwape Humphrey , Winston Jennifer , Freeman Bethany L , Sindano Ntazana , Stringer Elizabeth M , Kasaro Margaret P , Chi Benjamin H , Stringer Jeffrey SA
Published: January 2020

Background: Few cohort studies of pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa use rigorous gestational age dating and clinical phenotyping. As a result, incidence and risk factors of adverse birth outcomes are inadequately characterized.

Methods: The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective observational cohort established to investigate adverse birth outcomes at a referral hospital in urban Lusaka. This report describes ZAPPS phase I, enrolled August 2015 to September 2017. Women were followed through pregnancy and 42 days postpartum. At delivery, study staff assessed neonatal vital status, birthweight, and sex, and assigned a delivery phenotype. Primary outcomes were: (1) preterm birth (PTB; delivery <37 weeks), (2) small-for-gestational-age (SGA; <10th percentile weight-for-age at birth), and (3) stillbirth (SB; delivery of an infant without signs of life).

Results: ZAPPS phase I enrolled 1450 women with median age 27 years (IQR 23–32). Most participants (68%) were multiparous, of whom 41% reported a prior PTB and 14% reported a prior stillbirth. Twins were present in 3% of pregnancies, 3% of women had short cervix (<25mm), 24% of women were HIV seropositive, and 5% were syphilis seropositive. Of 1216 (84%) retained at delivery, 15% were preterm, 18% small-for-gestational-age, and 4% stillborn. PTB risk was higher with prior PTB (aRR 1.88; 95%CI 1.32–2.68), short cervix (aRR 2.62; 95%CI 1.68–4.09), twins (aRR 5.22; 95%CI 3.67–7.43), and antenatal hypertension (aRR 2.04; 95%CI 1.43–2.91). SGA risk was higher with twins (aRR 2.75; 95%CI 1.81–4.18) and antenatal hypertension (aRR 1.62; 95%CI 1.16–2.26). SB risk was higher with short cervix (aRR 6.42; 95%CI 2.56–16.1).

Conclusions: This study confirms high rates of PTB, SGA, and SB among pregnant women in Lusaka, Zambia. Accurate gestational age dating and careful ascertainment of delivery data are critical to understanding the scope of adverse birth outcomes in low-resource settings.
Finances of organizations (enterprises)
Authors: Karpova Elena , Chumachenko Elena
Published: January 2020

The tutorial discusses the finances of organizations (enterprises), which are an independent part of financial system that supports the production of goods and services. It is in this part of financial system accounts for a significant part of national income of the country, carried out the distribution of income within organizations and partial redistribution through the budget system and the system of extra-budgetary funds.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Structure of the study was developed based on the requirements to level of preparation of graduates in accordance with the competence model of higher education.
For students enrolled in fields of study 38.03.01 "Economics" and 38.03.02 "Management". May be of interest to graduate students, teachers of economic universities, as well as for employees of financial services of commercial organizations.
Bilinear Assignment Problem: Large Neighborhoods and Experimental Analysis of Algorithms
Authors: Sokol Vladyslav , Ćustić Ante , Punnen Abraham P. , Bhattacharya Binay
Published: January 2020

The bilinear assignment problem (BAP) is a generalization of the well-known quadratic assignment problem. In this paper, we study the problem from the computational analysis point of view. Several classes of neighborhood structures are introduced for the problem along with some theoretical analysis. These neighborhoods are then explored within a local search and variable neighborhood search frameworks with multistart to generate robust heuristic algorithms. In addition, we present several very fast construction heuristics. Our systematic experimental analysis disclosed some interesting properties of the BAP, different from those of comparable models. We have also introduced benchmark test instances that can be used for future experiments on exact and heuristic algorithms for the problem.
Vattenfall Optimizes Offshore Wind Farm Design
Authors: Fischetti Martina , Kristoffersen Jesper Runge , Hjort Thomas , Monaci Michele , Pisinger David
Published: January 2020

Key aspects of the wind farm design process include determining the placement of turbines and optimizing the cables used to interconnect them. The authors discuss their development of mixed-integer programming models and matheuristic techniques to solve these problems for Vattenfall.
Analytics and Operations Research Increases Win Rates for IBM’s Information Technology Service Deals
Authors: Megahed Aly , Nakamura Taiga , Smith Mark , Asthana Shubhi , Rose Michael , Daczkowska Maja , Gopisetty Sandeep
Published: January 2020

IBM Research in partnership with IBM Services developed an innovative set of tools that automatically and cognitively reads a request for proposal, extracts client requirements, and maps them to IBM offerings. It also performs accurate costing and recosting, pricing and repricing, and market benchmarking of the bid, and it predicts the status over time of the various deals being pursued to effectively manage IBM’s sales pipeline and align salesforce resources.
Integrated Liner Shipping Network Design and Scheduling
Authors: Koza David F. , Desaulniers Guy , Ropke Stefan
Published: January 2020

In global liner shipping networks, a large share of transported cargo is transshipped at least once between container vessels, and the total transportation time of these containers depends on how well the corresponding services are synchronized. We propose a problem formulation that integrates service scheduling into the liner shipping network design problem. Furthermore, the model incorporates many industry-relevant modeling aspects: it allows for leg-based sailing speed optimization, it is not limited to simple or butterfly-type services, and it accounts for service-level requirements such as cargo transit time limits. The classic liner shipping network design problem is already a hard problem, and to solve the extended version, we propose a column-generation matheuristic that uses advanced linear programming techniques. The proposed method solves LINER-LIB instances of up to 114 ports and, if applied to the classic liner shipping network design problem, finds new best solutions to all instances, outperforming existing methods reported in the literature. Additionally, we analyze the relevance of scheduling for liner shipping network design. The results indicate that neglecting scheduling and approximating transshipments instead may result in the design of liner shipping networks that underestimate cargo transit times and their implications.
Effective decision-making: applying the theories to nursing practice
Authors: Watkins Samantha
Published: January 2020

Many theories have been proposed for the decision-making conducted by nurses across all practices and disciplines. These theories are fundamental to consider when reflecting on our decision-making processes to inform future practice. In this article three of these theories are juxtaposed with a case study of a patient presenting with an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). These theories are descriptive, normative and prescriptive, and will be used to analyse and interpret the process of decision-making within the context of patient assessment.
Evaluation of clinically indicated removal versus routine replacement of peripheral vascular catheters
Authors: McGuire Rose , Coronado Angela
Published: January 2020

Latest clinical guidelines for peripheral vascular catheters (PVC) recommend that they should be removed only when clinically indicated and not routinely removed and replaced. In 2017, the authors' hospital policy was changed to align with the new recommendations and, between March and July 2019, 500 PVCs were audited at two main sites to evaluate the efficacy of the change. Of the 500 PVCs, 31% (n=155) were in situ for more than 3 days (range 4–22 days). Analysis of the combined data showed an overall prevalence of phlebitis at 8%, but variation in trends looking at each individual site (7% and 9% respectively) with a wide variation for PVCs in situ for more than 7 days. Implementing clinically indicated removal of PVCs has resulted in better patient experience with fewer PVCs for a course of treatment. Implementation has also resulted in cost savings for the Trust with a notable decrease in number of PVCs used.
Defence Dental Care Professionals Conference
Authors: Armstrong Sarah
Published: January 2020

The sharing of ideas and celebration of successes are vital to developing close team relationships. Sarah Armstrong talks about a conference designed to strengthen the bond between military and civilian dental care professionals.
The competition state thesis in a comparative perspective: the evolution of a thesis
Authors: Horsfall Dan
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the competition state thesis. Globalisation, the decline of the Fordist model of production, and the rise of the global knowledge economy have all played their role in producing a more competitive environment in which welfare states operate. What exactly is the competition state? Where the welfare state seeks to use the tools of the economy to further the public interest and promote social justice, the competition state seeks only economic success, with welfare provisions not only secondary, but offered only when they support the primary goal of economic success. The chapter then summarises and subsequently extends previous empirical work undertaken using the competition state framework in order to assess the extent to which the core thesis is still relevant today.
Ethnicity and Old Age
Authors: Torres Sandra
Published: January 2020

This book’s starting point is the notion of theorising and the fact that, because scholarship at the intersection of ethnicity, race and old age has stagnated, we are in dire need of inquiries that focus on the context of discovery. The author argues that our scholarly imagination about this intersection needs to be developed now that the globalisation of international migration and transnationalism have increased the ethno-cultural diversity of our ageing populations. Through a scoping review of the last twenty years of research and theunderstandings of ethnicity and race that informs it, the author shows that scholarship on ageing and old age do not resonate well with the latest advancements in ethnicity and race scholarship. The book introduces gerontologists to social scientific discussions about ethnicity and race, introduces international migration scholars to the implications that population ageing has for the life-course, gives both of these scholarly fields insight into what characterizes scholarship at the intersection of ethnicity/ race and old age, andproposes a new research agenda. By bringing attention to the topics that have received the most attention (i.e. health inequalities, health and social care, intergenerational relationships and caregiving), and the manner in which ethnicity/ race have been made sense of so far, the author identifies the obstacles that scholarship on ethnicity, race and old age faces, and proposes how we can address them in an ethnicity-astute and diversity-informed manner.
Women, Politics and the Public Sphere
Authors: Brooks Ann
Published: January 2020

This book is a socio-historical analysis of the relationship between women, politics and the public sphere. It looks at the legacy of eighteenth-century intellectual groupings which were dominated by women such as members of the ‘bluestocking circles’ and other more radical intellectual and philosophical thinkers such as Catherine Macaulay and Mary Wollstonecraft. These individuals and groups which emerged in the eighteenth century established ‘intellectual spaces’ for the emergence of women public intellectuals in subsequent centuries. Women public intellectuals in the US examined in the book include Samantha Power, Anne-Marie Slaughter, Elizabeth Warren, Condoleezza Rice, Susan Rice, Hillary Clinton, and Sheryl Sandberg. The implications for the political representation of women in the West and globally is considered, highlighting how women public intellectuals now reflect much more social and cultural diversity. The book is about the fault-lines established in the eighteenth century for later developments in social and political discourse.
Mental Health Social Work Reimagined
Authors: Cummins Ian
Published: January 2020

This book argues that mental health social work needs to be located within the wider political and social policy landscape. Wider societal attitudes to mental illness are examined followed by a discussion of the development of community care. The author argues that these historical perspectives provide an insight into the roots of the current crisis in mental health services. The book goes on to analyse a range of contemporary issues and challenges in mental health social work. It argues that social inequality and policies of austerity have increased levels of mental distress. It calls for a rediscovery of core social work values and a rejection of bureaucratic managerialism.
Introduction: much work still to do
Authors: Moss Peter , Koslowski Alison , Duvander Ann-Zofie
Published: January 2020

Much effort is currently going into developing leave policies for early parenthood; the results, though, are variable and uneven, due in large part to the politics of leave policy, with many issues, as we have argued, left unresolved. Moreover, much policy-making energy is narrowly focused. Rather than recent developments in leave representing the final stages of what must be done, it is apparent that our societies are still only in the early stages of appreciating what can be done. With much of the current policy attention focused on leave for parents of young children, we have hardly begun to question what future directions policy should take if it is to respond to the wider changes and challenges that our societies face. In short, the scale of the transformation we need is large, yet only dimly apparent. It is these considerations – both detailed analysis and improvement of existing policies and thinking broadly about possible future directions for leave policy – that have motivated the writing of this book.
United States: leave policy, failure and potential
Authors: Kaufman Gayle
Published: January 2020

The United States is far behind other countries when it comes to paid leave for parents. While there have been efforts since the 1980s to introduce legislation, the current federal policy (Family and Medical Leave Act or FMLA) only offers 12 weeks of unpaid leave and only 59% of American workers are eligible for this leave; even among working adults who are eligible for FMLA, less than two-fifths can afford to take this unpaid leave. At the state level, California was a trailblazer in passing paid Family Leave in 2002, and New Jersey, Rhode Island and New York have followed suit. Recently, several companies have made news with their announcements about introducing and expanding paid Parental Leave. While a majority of Americans supports some kind of paid leave policy, the most recent legislation introduced at the federal level has nevertheless failed to pass. Some reasons include low relative importance, disagreement in policy implementation, concern over the impact on businesses, and an American value system that emphasizes individualism over welfare programs.
Homophobia, transphobia, and the homonationalist gaze: challenges of young Bangladeshi homosexuals and transgenders in migration
Authors: Sharif Raihan M.
Published: January 2020

Homosexuals and transgenders in Muslim majority countries go through multiple struggles. In Bangladesh, the governments’ apparent indecision regrading a British colonial rule banning ‘intercourse against the order of nature,’ a problematic stance on fatwa, Islamic laws and, finally, the national abandonment of transgenders tend to shape societal attitudes to and reception of homosexuals and transgenders. This chapter examines some common challenges that young homosexuals and transgenders experience as they migrate from the rural to the urban areas in Bangladesh, particularly the role of religion and how they negotiate the absence of state protection on their rights. As a small segment of them manages to migrate to ‘queer friendly countries,’ this chapter also investigates the struggles of young Bangladeshi homosexuals and transgenders in liberal societies in the ‘queer friendly countries’ where their rights are perceived to be protected.
Social Policy Review 31
Authors: Heins Elke , Rees James , Needham Catherine
Published: January 2020

Bringing together the voices of leading experts in the field, this edition offers an up-to-date and diverse review of the best in social policy scholarship over the past year. The book considers a range of current issues and critical debates in UK and international social policy. It contains vital research, including discussions on the changing landscape of welfare in the UK and Europe more widely since the 2008/09 crisis, the continuing impact of austerity on social policy areas such as the NHS, social care and disability, the financialisation of pensions and corporatisation of welfare as well as topical contributions on the ‘Air Jamaica generation’ and the Alt-Right from a social policy perspective.
Published in association with the SPA, this comprehensive analysis of the current state of social policy will be of interest to students and academics in social policy, social welfare and related disciplines.
Whose Housing Crisis?
Authors: Gallent Nick
Published: January 2020

England, and especially London, remain in the grip of a housing cost crisis marked by extraordinary ratios between median house prices and workplace earnings. House prices have continued to rise over the last decade despite a stagnation in earnings. At the root of the crisis is the problematic relationship that individuals and economies share with residential property. Housing’s social purpose, as home, is frequently relegated behind its economic function, as asset, able to offer a hedge against weakening pensions or source of investment and equity release for individuals, or guarantee rising public revenues, sustain consumer confidence and provide evidence of ‘growth’ for economies. England’s economy – along with that of the rest of the UK – has been on a long transition away from manufacturing for several decades. It is now reliant on services and particularly the financial services associated with real estate consumption and debt production. This book explores the 'UK's economic transition and examines associated housing outcomes. The re-functioning of housing in the twentieth century is a cause of great social inequality, as housing becomes a place to park and extract wealth. What can be done to address this inequality and what role might planning play in delivering fairer outcomes and in re-prioritising housing’s social function?
Thinking Collectively
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: January 2020

Thinking collectively is a book about the meaning, implications and value of collectivism in social policy. Collectivism is not a single, unitary idea; it covers a wide range of approaches that depend on the importance of groups and organisations in social life. Substantive collectivism is the idea that we live, not as 'individuals', but as the members of social groups, like families, neighbourhoods and communities, and that many of our actions are done together with others in organisations and social institutions. Methodological collectivism looks for explanations and patterns of behaviour not in the actions of individual human beings, but in the actions of groups. Moral collectivism begins from the premise that collective social groups - families, businesses, institutions, governments and countries - are moral agents; that they have rights and responsibilities, that groups as well as individuals can take moral action, and that the morality of their actions can sensibly be assessed in those terms. Collective action is defined, not by what is to be done, but how. The practice of collective action, and the character of provision made, tend in their turn to influence the kinds of things that people want their services to do. Democratic deliberation, voice and empowerment become the expectation and practice of public services; co-operation, working together, sharing and solidarity come to be seen as virtues in themselves. The book makes a case for a collective approach to the common weal, based on society, the common good, solidarity, stewardship, rights, equality and a sense of common enterprise.
Living Data
Authors: Mort Maggie , Roberts Celia , Mackenzie Adrian
Published: January 2020

Biosensors and biosensing practices collect and share living data, data concerning changes in body states. Health biosensing emerges where devices, health experience, scientific and medical knowledges and online platforms meet around bodies. This book contrasts forms of health biosensing in significant life events ranging from conception to ageing. It explores practicalities, histories and promises of fertility and hormonal biosensing, stress biosensing, DNA genotyping platforms, and old-age biosensing. While the biosensing industries promote promise-horizons of the ‘soon’, ethnographic stories of failure and disappointment abound. ‘Living data’ may be about health for many people, but still happens mostly outside biomedicine or clinical practice. Yet biosensing has the potential to change human bodies and lives in barely imagined ways. This book argues for thinking about biosensing platforms and bodies together to understand that potential and to recognise harms and limitations.
Welfare, Populism and Welfare Chauvinism
Authors: Greve Bent
Published: January 2020

In the wake of the financial crisis, and with increasing numbers of people in precarious and low paid jobs, there has been a surprising surge of support for populist right-wing political parties who often promote an anti-welfare message. Tougher approaches and welfare chauvinism is on the agenda in many countries, with policies which reduce the welfare state for those seen as undeserving and changes often disproportionally benefit the rich. Why are voters seemingly not concerned about growing inequality? Using a mixed methods approach and newly released data, this book aims to answer this question and to show possible ways forward for welfare states.
‘No tenemos armas pero tenemos dignidad’: learning from the civic strike in Buenaventura, Colombia
Authors: Kane Patrick , Celeyta Berenice
Published: January 2020

From 16 May to 6 June 2017, the population of the Colombian Pacific port city of Buenaventura engaged in a Civic Strike to Live with Dignity, which paralysed the city. Within two days, the strike had become an almost generalised uprising, involving people from all demographics and all neighbourhoods across the city. The strike cannot be understood without understanding Buenaventura’s central importance to the Colombian economy, and to a neoliberal development model based upon free trade, extractivism and drip down economics. Buenaventura is Colombia’s poorest and most violent city, yet it is the city through which 70% of Colombian imports and exports pass. Through interviews with a range of protagonists, as well as the first hand experience of the authors, the chapter provides an account of the strike itself, before considering the social movement learning processes which arise from it.
No pollution and no Roma in my backyard: class and race in framing local activism in Laborov, eastern Slovakia
Authors: Filčák Richard , Škobla Daniel
Published: January 2020

The chapter follows the story of a small town, Laborov, Slovakia. The local environmental agenda has been evolving around two highly controversial issues: campaigns against a plan to build a coal burning power plant and waste management practices stigmatising local Roma community. The endeavour to prohibit the construction of the power plant can be on one hand considered an example of successful short-term popular mobilisation and community resistance to environmentally irresponsible big capital investment. On the other hand, the story cannot be fully understood without analysing ruling class collective interests as well as the context of local inter-ethnic relations. A constituting feature of local social order is Roma marginalisation and institutional discrimination where waste management plays an important role. Hidden beneath the surface are patterns of class and ethnic oppression - opening an important question of framing environmental justice which can be hardly pursued without achieving social justice.
An unfractured line: an academic tale of self-reflective social movement learning in the Nova Scotia anti-fracking movement
Authors: Langdon Jonathan
Published: January 2020

The chapter shares a series of reflections garnered from being involved in Anti-fracking and subsequent social movement organizing in Nova Scotia/Mi’kma’ki, Canada, from 2010 until now. Providing a framework for these reflections is Foley’s notion of social movement learning in struggle as I went from being part of demonstrations, to helping organize them, to working on submissions to an expert panel, to working with the steering committee of Nova Scotia’s anti-fracking coalition. The story of the Nova Scotia anti-fracking movement describes how we were able to build a successful alliance between communities of the Mi’kmaq First Nation and Nova Scotia settlers that pressured government, even through a change in ruling parties, to legislate a ban on fracking. This unfractured movement speaks to the potential to use the original treaties between the Mi’kmaq and the British as a source of unity in popular struggle.
Learning and teaching: reflections on an environmental justice school for activists in South Africa
Authors: Peek Bobby , Prinsloo Jeanne
Published: January 2020

Post-apartheid South Africa with all its initial promises to address injustice continues to be a highly unequal country with an economy consistent with neoliberal global capital and a presumption that the spoils of something termed economic ‘growth' trickle down to those positioned at the bottom of the wealth and resource pyramid. groundWork, an environmental justice organisation, runs the Environmental Justice School (EJS) for activists to develop a strong and informed cadre of grassroots activists to contribute towards the mobilisation and transformation to a more just society. This chapter contextualises the school, describes its curriculum design and draws on the voices and reflections of participants and authors. Informed by Freirean and popular education principles, it is underpinned by a vision of a better world, beginning with the world the participants encounter presently.
Communities resisting environmental injustice in India: philanthrocapitalism and incorporation of people’s movements
Authors: Scandrett Eurig , Shah Dharmesh , Narayan Shweta
Published: January 2020

With the election of Narendra Modi as prime minister in 2014, opportunities for inward investment by global capital have flourished, generating resistance to its socio-environmental impact. Land grabs aimed at extracting minerals have seen the state backing transnational corporations against communities; Special Economic Zones and corridors for industrial development have multiplied with relaxed labour and environmental regulations, displacing communities and leaving those remaining fighting against pollution and contamination; the impacts of growth have led to urban gentrification and battles over diffuse pollution and access to space. Moreover, the funding of the non-profit sector has been inextricably linked to the global market through philanthrocapitalism by international Foundations and Corporate Social Responsibility, with widespread co-option into the neoliberal agenda. Environmental justice campaigners are faced with a significant challenge of supporting people’s movements at the grassroots whilst working for a coordinated opposition to its cause in post-colonial neoliberalism.
4 Deconstructing Welfare Crises
Authors: Vickers Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter connects the crisis of state welfare in Britain to the capitalist crisis. Changes to the character of British state welfare are considered, with particular attention to the growth of outsourcing and the presentation of austerity as an economic necessity. This is followed by an examination of policy, discourse and practice relating to three key fields of welfare that have been presented as sites of crisis in recent years: the National Health Service (NHS) and social care, housing, and the benefits system. The last section of the chapter explores the rearticulation of welfare crises as an attack on the working class, through a discussion of social movements and campaigns organising around demands for decent housing and against cuts to local state services. Competing discourses within these campaigns are discussed, for the insights they provide about alternative understandings of the nature and causes of welfare crises and their relation to migration and borders.
The Indonesian Invasion of East Timor
Authors: Southgate Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyses the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, providing evidence to show how the Cold War regional environment created a convergence of interests between Indonesia, the ASEAN vanguard state, the United States and Australia with regards to the newly decolonized territory of East Timor. With external and regional power backing, Indonesia was able to invade East Timor without any repercussions from the international community, despite considerable attempts by the United Nations to intervene in Indonesia’s internal affairs to allow the East Timorese an act of self-determination. Indonesian interest convergence with these external powers meant that it was able to resist sovereignty violation at this time.
The East Timor Humanitarian Crisis
Authors: Southgate Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter analyses the East Timor humanitarian crisis of 1999. It shows how interest divergence between Indonesia, the United States, and Australia following the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, led to external powers applying pressure on Indonesia, to elicit regime change in East Timor. In a weakened state, Indonesia was coerced into accepting an international peacekeeping force in East Timor, despite asserting that such a force would constitute an unacceptable breach of its state sovereignty. Critically, ASEAN institutional cohesion alone was not sufficient to prevent Indonesian sovereignty violation at this time.
A Criminology of War?
Authors: McGarry Ross , Walklate Sandra
Published: January 2020

With the academic study of ‘war’ gaining renewed popularity within criminology in recent years, this book illustrates the long-standing engagement with this social phenomenon within the discipline. Foregrounding established criminological work addressing war and connecting it to a wide range of extant sociological literature, the authors present and further develop theoretical and conceptual ways of thinking critically about war. Within this book, whilst providing an implicit critique of mainstream criminology the authors seek to question if a ‘criminology of war’ is possible, and if so how this seemingly ‘new horizon’ of the discipline might be usefully informed by sociology.
Imaginative Criminologies of Space: the Spaces of Imaginative Criminology
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines the book’s conceptualisation of imaginative criminology as encompassing attention to fictional and visual representations of crime and transgression, as well as gaining insights via creative, biographical, and ethnographic participatory methodologies. It defines and discusses ‘the imaginary’ and ‘transgression’ and highlights the particular focus on the spaces of transgression. The chapter discusses how space is understood and conceptualised in the book as relationally constructed and affectively significant, as well as an outcome of unequal relations of power.
Historical Spaces of Confinement 1: Homes for Indigenous Children in Australia
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines historical confinement via the example of homes for Indigenous children in Australia. Between 1910 and 1970 Indigenous children were removed from their families and placed in children’s homes in order to assimilate and ‘civilise’ them. Frequently, this removal was forcible. This chapter explores how these homes are remembered and imagined in oral history testimonies, as well as in the cultural representations, Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence (2002), Doris Garimara Pilkington’s life narrative and its film adaptation, Rabbit Proof Fence (Noyce, 2002).
Historical Spaces of Confinement 2: Magdalene Laundries
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores memories of the Magdalene Laundries in Ireland, which confined poor and ‘deviant’ young women. It draws on feminist history to explore the laundries as sites of gendered social control and analyses the reconstruction of these spaces in oral histories and the documentary Witness: Sex in a Cold Climate (Channel 4, 1998), and their portrayal in the films The Magdalene Sisters (Mullan, 2002) and Philomena (Frears, 2013). Concepts of memory, including forgetting and rediscovery – at individual, familial and national levels – are utilised.
Conclusion
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This concluding chapter reflects on how the theoretical and methodological threads running through book tie together to develop an imaginative criminology of space. It build on the authors’ previous work towards a radical democratic imaginary and, drawing on Hudson (2006), incorporates a discussion of transformative justice. The conclusion argues that an imaginative approach is necessary in order to comprehend the complexity of issues of transgression and space, and to ensure the continued reinvigoration of criminology as a discipline.
“Bewitched by the History Behind the Walls”
Authors: Gransow Bettina
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how urban sociology in and of China is interconnected in historical and disciplinary terms with Robert Park and the Chicago School. It analyses four dimensions thereof: 1) personal relations between Robert Park and Chinese students and colleagues who enabled his visit to China, namely Xu Shilian, Wu Jingchao and Wu Wenzao; 2) institutional embeddedness of the sociology departments at both the University of Chicago and Yanjing University within the funding structures and strategies of the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1920s and 1930s and amongst competing approaches to research in (urban) sociology; 3) empirical fieldwork and comparative community studies in the form of Fei Xiaotong’s research on small towns in China (early 1980s) and his conceptualization of rural urbanization which built on his earlier classic rural community study and influenced official Chinese urbanization strategies until the recent National Plan on New Urbanization (2014-2020); and 4) theorizing China’s “villages in the city” (城中村‎) in light of previous debates inspired by the Chicago School on “cities within cities” (Park 2015), the “slum” and “urban villages”. Based on these four perspectives the chapter addresses questions of legacy, creative impetus and possible limitations arising from Park’s program vis-à-vis urban sociology in China today.
Urbanization and Economic Development
Authors: Nijman Jan
Published: January 2020

This essay uses Robert Park’s The City as an inspiration for a comparison of urban America around 1915 with urban China a hundred years later. The focus is not so much on the social fabric of the city but rather on a comparison of the process of urbanization in relation to economic development in the US and China in their respective historical contexts. It is suggested that both American writings in urban studies in the early 20th century and Chinese writings in the early 21st century are decidedly inward-looking. In both instances, there was a strong correlation between urbanization and industrialization, but the paths start to diverge in terms of the effects of deindustrialization and the timing of the emergence of the digital economy. Demographically, too, there are important differences that suggest further divergence in the urban experience of China and the United States in the years ahead.
Rational Choice and Political Power
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: January 2020

Rational Choice and Political Power is a classic text republished with two new chapters. It critiques the three dimensions of power showing that we can explain everything the dimensions are designed to highlight using the tools of rational choice theory. It argues power is best seen as a property of agents, and can be measured by looking at their relative resources. Breaking down power resources into five abstract categories we can see why groups of individuals can fail to secure their best interests due to the collective action problem. We can also define objective interests in through the lens of collective action. Despite power being seen as a property of agents rational choice models of power provide structural Explanation. The power and luck structure is the relationship in agential resource-holding given agents preferences. The book explains the difference between power and systematic luck – the latter is where groups, including powerful ones – can get what they want without doing anything simply because of their social location in the power and luck structure. The book engages with some feminist critiques of seeing power in rational choice terms and includes some methodological discussion of the relationship of methodological individualism and structuralism and then that the concept of power is essentially contested. This book’s unique interaction with both classical and contemporary debates makes it an essential resource for anyone teaching or studying power in the disciplines of sociology, philosophy, politics or international relations.
Proposal of nonlinear measurement of tunneling in quantum wells with Fano interference
Authors: Li Chen , Chen Bing , Jia Zhengmao , Sun Hui , Jelezko Fedor , Peng Yandong , Zeng Qingtian
Published: January 2020

An enhanced absorption spectrum by Fano interference is proposed to measure the tunneling between a discrete state and a continuum in asymmetric quantum wells (QWs). Interestingly, the asymmetry of the enhanced absorption spectrum is sensitive to tunneling strength, which can be used to measure the tunneling in QWs. Further study shows that the asymmetry of a nonlinear absorption spectrum is greater than that of a linear absorption spectrum, indicating better probe sensitivity. The simulation results show that the probe sensitivity based on nonlinear absorption is approximately 10 times larger than that of linear absorption. In addition, the effects of control-field intensity and detuning on probe sensitivity are evaluated.
Meta-model-based multi-objective optimization for robust color reproduction using hybrid diffraction gratings
Authors: Es-Saidi Soukaina , Blaize Sylvain , Macías Demetrio
Published: January 2020

We propose an efficient and versatile optimization scheme, based on the combination of multi-objective genetic algorithms and neural-networks, to reproduce specific colors through the optimization of the geometrical parameters of metal-dielectric diffraction gratings. To illustrate and assess the performance of this approach, we tailor the chromatic response of a structure composed of three adjacent hybrid V-groove diffraction gratings. To be close to the experimental situation, we include the feasibility constraints imposed by the fabrication process. The strength of our approach lies in the possibility to simultaneously optimize different contradictory objectives, avoiding time-consuming electromagnetic calculations.
Experimental photoluminescence and lifetimes at wavelengths including beyond 7 microns in Sm3+-doped selenide-chalcogenide glass fibers
Authors: Crane Richard W. , Sójka Łukasz , Furniss David , Nunes Joel , Barney Emma , Farries Mark C. , Benson Trevor M. , Sujecki Slawomir , Seddon Angela B.
Published: January 2020

1000 ppmw Sm3+-doped Ge19.4Sb9.7Se67.9Ga3 atomic % chalcogenide bulk glass and unstructured fiber are prepared. Near- and mid-infrared absorption spectra of the bulk glass reveal Sm3+ electronic absorption bands, and extrinsic vibrational absorption bands, due to host impurities. Fiber photoluminescence, centred at 3.75 µm and 7.25 µm, is measured when pumping at either 1300 or 1470 nm. Pumping at 1470 nm enables the photoluminescent lifetime at 7.3 µm to be measured for the first time which was ∼100 µs. This is the longest to date, experimentally observed lifetime in the 6.5-9 µm wavelength-range of a lanthanide-doped chalcogenide glass fiber.
Directional coupling of surface plasmon polaritons using single nano-slit with asymmetric sidewall structure and material composition
Authors: Hou Chong-Cin , Kan Hung-Chih
Published: January 2020

We report on the performance of the asymmetric nano-slit that we design and fabricated with electron beam lithography (EBL) and glancing angle deposition techniques (GLAD) for directional coupling of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) on Ag surfaces. The slit structure includes asymmetric sidewalls in terms of material composition as well as structural morphology. The overall width of the slit was varied for optimization. We illuminated the slit with a focused 532nm laser beam and characterized the SPP signal on the Ag surface near the slit with nearfield scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). We demonstrate that optimal directional coupling of SPP toward either side of the slit can be achieved by selecting proper slit widths, with the best extinction ratio of 79000 ± 18000. We also carried out numerical calculations to simulate the interaction between the incident light and the slit structure. The results reproduced the experiment qualitatively. Detailed analysis of the distribution of the E-field and the time-averaged Poynting vector indicates that SPP excited on the Ag pad substructure in the slit plays an important role in the directional coupling of SPP.
Design and simulation of losses in Ge/SiGe terahertz quantum cascade laser waveguides
Authors: Gallacher K. , Ortolani M. , Rew K. , Ciano C. , Baldassarre L. , Virgilio M. , Scalari G. , Faist J. , Di Gaspare L. , De Seta M. , Capellini G. , Grange T. , Birner S. , Paul D. J.
Published: January 2020

The waveguide losses from a range of surface plasmon and double metal waveguides for Ge/Si1−xGe
x
THz quantum cascade laser gain media are investigated at 4.79 THz (62.6 μm wavelength). Double metal waveguides demonstrate lower losses than surface plasmonic guiding with minimum losses for a 10 μm thick active gain region with silver metal of 21 cm−1 at 300 K reducing to 14.5 cm−1 at 10 K. Losses for silicon foundry compatible metals including Al and Cu are also provided for comparison and to provide a guide for gain requirements to enable lasers to be fabricated in commercial silicon foundries. To allow these losses to be calculated for a range of designs, the complex refractive index of a range of nominally undoped Si1−xGe
x
with x = 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 and doped Ge heterolayers were extracted from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements between 0.1 and 10 THz and from 300 K down to 10 K. The results demonstrate losses comparable to similar designs of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade laser plasmon waveguides indicating that a gain threshold of 15.1 cm−1 and 23.8 cm−1 are required to produce a 4.79 THz Ge/SiGe THz laser at 10 K and 300 K, respectively, for 2 mm long double metal waveguide quantum cascade lasers with facet coatings.