bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs
Authors: Baker David G. , Strombeck Donald R. , Gershwin Laurel J.
Published: February 2025

Results of trichrome staining of fecal samples and intestinal contents preserved in polyvinyl alcohol fixative, fecal flotation utilizing unpreserved feces, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of serum specimens were compared for the diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis infections in dogs. Trichrome staining of preserved fecal samples resulted in the identification of 44 (92%) of the 48 infected dogs from a group of 200 dogs. Trichrome staining of preserved intestinal contents resulted in the identification of 26 (54%) of the infected dogs, and fecal flotation resulted in the identification of 23 (48%) of the infected dogs. Giardia duodenalis antibodies were not detected consistently in the sera of infected dogs.
Osteosarcoma in cats: 22 cases (1974-1984)
Authors: Bitetto William V. , Patnaik Amiya K. , Schrader Steven C. , Mooney Samantha C.
Published: February 2025

Osteosarcoma was diagnosed in 22 cats. Diagnosis was based on results of physical, radiographic, and histologic findings. Fifteen tumors arose from the appendicular skeleton, 4 from the skull, 2 from the pelvis, and 1 from a rib. Radiography revealed that in 14 of 15 cats (93%) with appendicular tumors, the lesion was metaphyseal, primarily lytic, with a “moth-eaten” appearance; absence and presence of periosteal new bone formation were associated with the tumors in 12 and 3 cats, respectively. The remaining 7 cats had axial tumors that were characterized by the presence of periosteal new bone formation in addition to bony lysis. Of the 15 cats with appendicular tumors, 12 were treated by amputation and 3 were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis. Of the cats undergoing amputation for treatment of their appendicular tumors, 6 cats were still alive 64 months after surgery (range, 13 to 64 months); the median survival time of the 5 cats (1 cat was lost to follow-up evaluation) that died was 49.2 months (range, 1 to 122 months). Four of 12 cats (33%) survived ≥5 years after diagnosis. Of the cats with axial tumors that were not euthanatized at the time of diagnosis (6 of 7), the median survival time was 5.5 months. Based on these findings, we concluded that cats with appendicular osteosarcoma have a better prognosis than those with axial osteosarcoma, and that amputation is a viable treatment for cats with appendicular osteosarcoma.
Serologic prevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in California goat dairies.
Authors: East N. E. , Rowe J. D. , Madewell B. R. , Floyd K.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-three percent of goats in 13 California goat dairies had antibodies to caprine arthritis - encephalitis virus (caev), as determined by agar-gel immunodiffusion. Those goat dairies that reared kids on pasteurized milk had a lower seroprevalence than those that did not. Age, rearing kids on unpasteurized milk, and the presence of large joints were associated with antibodies to caev. Breed was associated with seroreactivity, but the association was confounded by other factors. Sex was not associated with antibodies to caev. The relationship between age and antibodies to caev was observed for goats reared on pasteurized or unpasteurized milk, which indicated that continued horizontal (contact) transmission may be important on these dairies and limited the effect of a pasteurized rearing program on control of caev infection.
Effects of nonadherent dressing materials on the healing of open wounds in dogs
Authors: Lee Alice H. , Swaim Steven F. , McGuire John A. , Hughes Kim S.
Published: February 2025

Four types of nonadherent dressing materials (rayon/polyethylene dressings, cotton nonadherent film dressings, fine mesh gauze petrolatum dressings, and commercial petrolatum emulsion dressings) were applied on small full-thickness skin defects on the backs of 12 Beagles. At 7 days, the wounds treated with the petrolatum-containing dressings had more contraction than wounds dressed with cotton nonadherent film dressings and wounds dressed with rayon/polyethylene dressings. However, by days 14 and 21, there was little difference in the amount of contraction of any of the wounds. At 7, 14, and 21 days, the wounds dressed with petrolatum-containing dressings had less epithelialization than wounds dressed with cotton nonadherent film dressings and rayon/polyethylene dressings. The uniform open mesh of the commercial petrolatum emulsion dressings allowed the best absorption of exudate and bacteria into the secondary overlying bandage.
Economic losses from an episode of zinc toxicosis on a California veal calf operation using a zinc sulfate-supplemented milk replacer
Authors: Graham T. W. , Goodger W. J. , Christiansen V. , Thurmond M. C.
Published: February 2025

An episode of zinc toxicosis in 95 veal calves caused $29,602 in losses to the producer ($315/affected calf), most of them direct, out-of-pocket losses. Increased calf mortality and increased veterinary service costs accounted for a majority (70%) of the losses. Reduction of losses may have been accomplished by removing the source and increasing the roughage content in the diet, or by shipping the animals for immediate slaughter. Given the magnitude of the financial loss, especially those associated with calf mortality, it was concluded that producers should refrain from using large amounts of mineral supplements unless a deficiency has been diagnosed.
Canine prostatic disease—comparison of radiographic appearance with morphologic and microbiologic findings: 30 cases (1981–1985)
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Klausner J. S. , Perman V. , Leininger J. R. , Tomlinson M. J.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective analysis was made of radiographs from 24 clinically normal young adult male Beagles used in previously reported base-line research on the distal male urinary tract. The ventrodorsal and craniocaudal prostate gland dimensions were measured, as visualized on the lateral radiographic view, and expressed as a ratio of the distance between the cranial aspect of the pubic bone and the sacral promontory. In 17 of these 24 dogs, there was sufficient image clarity to permit confident measurement of prostatic dimensions. From these data, the largest acceptable prostatic dimension, as visualized on the lateral radiographic view, was 70% of the pubic-promontory distance.

A retrospective analysis was made of 30 cases of canine prostatic disease, with the objective of identifying the radiographic (survey and distention retrograde urethrocystogram) appearance most often associated with the various spontaneous prostatic diseases. Prostatomegaly was not specific for the cause of prostatic disease, except if the apparent parenchymal dimensions were ≥90% of the public-promontory distance wherein neoplasia, abscess, and paraprostatic cysts (readily differentiated from diffuse intraparenchymal disease by ultrasonography) were the principle considerations. Multifocal, irregularly shaped, parenchymal mineral densities were observed only in dogs with prostatic carcinoma (4/7 cases) or prostatitis (1 case of chronic prostatitis). Narrowing of the prostatic portion of the urethra was observed only in association with abscess, neoplasm, or noninflammatory nonneoplastic disease (possibly benign hypertrophy/hyperplasia), whereas widening of this part of the urethra was not observed. Asymmetric distribution of the prostatic parenchyma around the urethra was not specific for type of disease, but was indicative of focal or regional (rather than diffuse) parenchymal disease. Destruction or distortion of the prostatic urethra was observed only as a result of neoplasia, but appearance was insufficient to differentiate prostatic from nonprostatic cell types.
Economics of Brucella ovis control in sheep: Epidemiologic simulation model
Authors: Carpenter Tim E. , Berry Steven L. , Glenn John S.
Published: February 2025

The epidemiology and economics of Brucella ovis control in a hypothetical, commercial sheep flock (100 rams and 2,500 ewes) were investigated. The investigation consisted of an epidemiologic simulation model, reported here, and a decision-tree analysis, reported in a companion paper. The epidemiologic model was designed to simulate the transmission and persistence of B ovis in a ram flock during the mating season as well as the nonmating (isolation) season.

A constant contact rate was selected for the nonmating season and a varying contact rate was selected for the mating season to reflect changes in numbers of ewes in estrus. These contact rates were used to evaluate all possible combinations of 5 control alternatives for flock infection rates ranging from 0% to 38%.

Vaccination was found to be more effective as a control strategy when the prevalence of flock infection was high (>15%); however, it did not substantially reduce B ovis transmission when the prevalence of flock infection was low (<10%). The effect of increasing vaccine efficacy from 40% to 80% had minimal effect on incidence of new cases.

The speed with which B ovis could be eradicated depended on the initial prevalence of infection and the screening tests used (palpation, semen testing for leukocytes, and elisa). All combinations of screening tests verified the usefulness of palpation. Simulation model results indicated that it may be feasible to eradicate B ovis from flocks with moderate to high (10% to 38%) prevalence of infection by culling on the basis of 2 sequential tests. Results from this model were then used to evaluate the economic impact of control alternatives in the decision-tree analysis, as reported in the companion paper.
Identification of ovine adenovirus types five and six in an epizootic of respiratory tract disease in recently weaned lambs
Authors: LeaMaster B. R. , Evermann J. F. , Lehmkuhl H. D.
Published: February 2025

Eight hundred fourteen Polypay-cross lambs, 32 to 35 days old, were housed in an isolation barn under semiconfinement conditions. The lambs were observed twice daily for clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. During the 8-week observation period, an epizootic of respiratory tract disease developed, in which the combined morbidity and mortality was approximately 13%. The overall mortality was 4.1%, of which 57.6% was attributable to pneumonia. Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 11 (58 %) of the 19 lung specimens obtained at necropsy. Serotyping revealed the presence of multiple serotypes: A1, A2, A5, A6, A9, and A12. Viruses with properties consistent with ovine adenovirus were isolated from 36% of the lung specimens. Five of the isolates were selected to determine their antigenic serotype. Results of virus neutralization testing indicated that in this group of lambs, there was concurrent infection with Mastadenovirus ovi type 5 and type 6.
Serial determination of thyroxine concentrations in hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Broome Michael R. , Feldman Edward C. , Turrel Jane M.
Published: February 2025

Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations of 10 hyperthyroid cats were measured at hourly intervals between 9 am and 4 pm. In 5 cats, blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture; the remaining 5 cats had blood samples obtained from jugular catheters. Over the 7-hour period, a significant temporal (diurnal) variation was not identified in the serum T4 concentrations of the cats (P>0.01). The lowest mean serum T4 concentration (9.1 μg/dl) was measured at 3 pm and was 14.2% less than the highest mean serum T4 concentration (10.6 μg/dl) measured at 9 am.

Though there were fluctuations in serum T4 concentrations during the 7-hour period, the differences were not systematic. The maximal variation in serum T4 concentrations over the 7-hour period averaged less than 21%. Despite the random variations during the 7-hour period, none of the measured serum T4 concentrations was in the normal range. Measurement of serum T4 concentration from randomly obtained blood samples was determined to be reliable for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism.
Applications of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of parenchymal kidney disease in cats: 24 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Walter P. A. , R.Johnston G. R. , Feeney D. A. , O'Brien T. D.
Published: February 2025

Renal sonograms from 24 cats with confirmed parenchymal kidney disease and from 1 cat with radiographic and palpable evidence of renal enlargement (but without identifiable histologic abnormalities) were evaluated to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of feline renal diseases and to determine the role of ultrasonographic examination in the clinical evaluation of these cases. In all cats with radiographic evidence of abnormal renal size or contour and when poor intraabdominal radiographic contrast precluded visualization of the kidneys, ultrasonography provided complementary information pertaining to location (cortical/ medullary), extent, and distribution (focal/multifocal/ diffuse) of disease. Ultrasonography also characterized these lesions as cystic (cavitating) or solid.

The echo patterns were most specific for renal cysts. Infiltrative diseases did not have consistent patterns. Multifocal hypoechoic nodules, diffuse cortical hyper-echogenicity, and normal-appearing parenchyma were identified. In these instances, however, ultrasonography did define the extent of disease and narrowed the spectrum of differential considerations.
Colopexy of the equine large colon: Comparison of two techniques
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Dreyfuss Daniel J. , Meagher Dennis M.
Published: February 2025

A study was designed to evaluate 2 colopexy techniques (A and B) in 8 clinically normal horses to determine which technique would prevent recurrence of large-colon displacement and/or volvulus. For technique A, 35 cm of the lateral free band of the left ventral colon was sutured to the abdominal wall, 6 cm to the left of ventral midline. For technique B, the medial free band of the left ventral colon was sutured to the medial free band of the right ventral colon, and 8 cm of the lateral free band of the left ventral colon was sutured to the abdominal wall, 6 cm to the left of ventral midline.

One horse from each group was euthanatized at 6 months, and another at 12 months after surgery. The position of the large colon, the integrity of the colopexy, and other adhesions within the abdominal cavity were evaluated. At necropsy, attempts were made to manually create displacement and volvulus of the large colon.

The remaining horses in each group were anesthetized 6 months or 12 months after surgery, and the integrity of the colopexy was evaluated. After a 60-day recovery period, these horses were exercised for 2 months.

Although each horse initially lost weight, the weight of all but 2 was acceptable at the conclusion of the study. Two horses that had technique-B colopexies had progressive weight loss serious enough to warrant euthanasia.

Both colopexy techniques prevented manual creation of large-colon displacement and large-colon volvulus centered at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. Technique-A colopexy also prevented manual creation of volvulus of the large colon centered at its base. Technique B did not prevent creation of volvulus of the large colon centered at its base, although it did make creation of volvulus difficult.

Because of ease, short surgical time, and minimal complications, technique A was recommended for horses with recurrence of large-colon displacement or volvulus. Technique B was not recommended, because of its inability to prevent manual creation of volvulus of the large colon centered at its base and because of its potential for causing weight loss.
Incomplete palmar fracture of the proximal extremity of the third metacarpal bone in horses: Ten cases (1981–1986)
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Koblik P. , Ragle C. , Wheat John D. , Lakritz J.
Published: February 2025

In 4 adult horses, simple, nondisplaced, incomplete fracture of the proximal extremity of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) was identified radiographically only on the dorsopalmar projection. Lameness was slight to moderate. Although nerve blocks of the foot and fetlock did not alter the lameness, high palmar regional nerve block improved the gait in 1 of the 2 horses on which it was performed. Pain on palpation or swollen distal accessory (inferior check) ligament, flexor tendons, and suspensory ligament were not found in any horse. The fracture was localized to the palmar surface of the proximal extremity of the MC3 on the basis of the intense uptake of radiopharmaceutical (99MTc-labeled sodium medronate) observed in that area during the soft tissue and delayed bone phases of a nuclear scintigraphic examination (nuclear scan) performed concurrently with radiography. Of 4 horses evaluated 6 months after the initial diagnosis, 3 had medullary sclerosis without radiographic evidence of fracture; results of follow-up nuclear scintigraphy performed in one of these horses at the same time were normal.

Incomplete fracture also was suspected in another 6 adult horses with clinical lameness referable to the proximal extremity of the MC3. Although a fracture line could not be seen radiographically, trabecular hypertrophy and/or medullary sclerosis of the proximal extremity of the MC3 were detected on the dorsopalmar projection. Further, during nuclear scintigraphy, an intense uptake of the radiopharmaceutical was observed on the palmar aspect of the proximal extremity of the MC3 in all 6 horses. The area of uptake was similar to the area of uptake on the nuclear scan images of the 4 horses in which a fracture line was visible radiographically.

After a variable rest period (1 to 12 months), 9 of 10 horses were sound, 5 reportedly had returned to the previous level of performance, and 1 was lost to followup.
Diagnosis of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Dirofilaria immitis infections in cats from a humane shelter
Authors: Willard M. D. , Roberts R. E. , Allison N. , Grieve R. B. , Escher K.
Published: February 2025

During a 6-month period, 108 sexually mature stray cats were euthanatized at a humane shelter in Alabama. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was identified in 20 of the cats (18.5%) by Baermann fecal examination, necropsy, or histologic examination. The Baermann fecal examination was a more sensitive test for aelurostrongylosis than was necropsy or histologic examination. Thoracic radiography was useful in identifying infected cats, but was a less sensitive and more nonspecific method of detection than was the fecal examination. Changes in cbc and serum protein concentrations were not helpful in identifying cats with aelurostrongylosis. Six of 17 (35%) heartworm-free, lungworm-infected cats had antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis, as determined by an elisa method, but none had circulating D immitis antigen, as determined by an elisa method. Three (2.8%) cats had D immitis. Two of the heartworm-infected cats had no detectable antemortem radiographic or clinicopathologic evidence of the infection. Results of elisa were positive for antibodies to adult heartworms in 2 cats and for circulating heartworm antigen in 2 cats. One cat that had only one heartworm had no detectable circulating heartworm antigen.
Newly recognized fatal protozoan disease of dogs
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Carpenter J. L. , Speer C. A. , Topper M. J. , Uggla A.
Published: February 2025

Histologic sections and case histories from 23 dogs with proven fatal toxoplasmosis-like illness at the Angell Memorial Animal Hospital were reviewed. Toxoplasma gondii was identified in 13 dogs. A newly identified parasite, Neospora caninum, structurally distinct from T gondii, was found in 10 dogs. The newly discovered organism, belonging to a new genus and new species, formed meronts in many tissues of the dogs, especially the brain and spinal cord. Neospora caninum was located directly in the host cell cytoplasm without a parasitophorous vacuole; it divided by endodyogeny, contained more than 11 rhoptries, and did not react with the anti-T gondii serum in the immunoperoxidase test. Meningoencephalomyelitis and myositis were the main lesions associated with N caninum. Ulcerative and fistulous dermatitis was the major lesion in 1 dog.
Toxicity of a vitamin D3 rodenticide to dogs
Authors: Gunther Roland , Felice Lawrence J. , Nelson Robin K. , Franson Anita M.
Published: February 2025

As a follow-up to an investigation of 2 dogs that died as a result of apparent toxicosis attributable to a cholecalciferol-containing rodenticide, we tested the toxicity of this product in dogs. Two groups of 2 dogs each were fed amounts of rodenticide that provided 20 and 10 mg of cholecalciferol/kg of body weight (approx one fourth and one eighth of the published ld50, respectively). All dogs developed hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and then died. Major lesions were gastrointestinal hemorrhage, myocardial necrosis, and mineralization of vascular walls. Our data indicate that cholecalciferol-containing rodenticides pose a much greater hazard to dogs than was previously believed.
Adrenal function in 15 dogs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zerbe Carole A. , Refsal Kent R. , Schall William D. , Nachreiner Raymond F. , Gossain Ved V.
Published: February 2025

Pituitary-adrenal junction was assessed by a combined dexamethasone suppression-acth stimulation test in 15 diabetic and 9 healthy dogs. In both groups, plasma Cortisol concentrations decreased (P<0.00l) after dexamethasone administration and increased (P<0.001) after acth administration. Differences between groups (P>0.05) and group-by-time interactions were not significant (P>0.05). Seemingly, adrenal function was not altered in well-regulated diabetic dogs.
Renal dysfunction in dogs with pyometra
Authors: Stone Elizabeth Arnold , Littman Meryl P. , Robertson John L. , Bovée Kenneth C.
Published: February 2025

Renal junction and pathologic changes in 27 dogs with pyometra were studied. Evaluation included cbc; serum biochemical evaluation; urinalysis; urine and uterine bactériologic culture; uterine morphologic features; and light, electron, and immunofluorescent microscopic evaluation of renal tissues. Measurements of 24-hour creatinine clearance, protein excretion, Na excretion, and urine volume were made in 12 dogs without azotemia.

Of 27 dogs, 26% were azotemic and 89% had a urine sp gr < 1.035. Glomerular filtration rate was reduced in 75% of 12 dogs without azotemia. None of these 12 dogs was proteinuric. Examination of renal biopsy specimens revealed a high prevalence of mild tubulointerstitial nephritis, but few specific glomerular lesions. Minimal immunofluorescence was detected within the mesangium in 18% of the dogs. Immunofluorescence was not associated with the interstitium or tubules. Urinary tract infection was detected in 22% of the dogs. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were recovered from the uterus in 59 and 15% of the dogs, respectively.

Low urine specific gravity values were obtained from dogs without azotemia and from dogs with uterine cultures considered negative for E coli and other gram-negative bacteria. The reduction in glomerular filtration rate was a functional abnormality not correlated with structural damage in the glomerulus.
Spontaneous systemic hypertension in dogs: Five cases (1981–1983)
Authors: Littman Meryl P. , Robertson John L. , Bovée Kenneth C.
Published: February 2025

Spontaneous (not experimentally induced) systemic hypertension was detected in 5 male dogs that were examined because of apparent blindness caused by intraocular hemorrhage and/or retinal detachment. Secondary causes of hypertension, including renal, adrenal, and thyroid disease, were investigated. Four of the dogs had glomerulonephropathy renal insufficiency, and proteinuria. Four dogs had compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension in 4 of 5 dogs was associated with glomerulosclerosis with chronic renal insufficiency, bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, adrenocortical adenoma with renal amyloidosis, and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with chronic renal insufficiency, respectively. The fifth dog was determined to have essential hypertension. The dogs were treated for their primary diseases. Sodium restriction alone was inadequate to reduce blood pressure; 4 of the dogs also required antihypertensive medications.
Bar suture (toggle pin) vs open surgical abomasopexy for treatment of left displaced abomasum in dairy cattle
Authors: Kelton D. F. , Garcia J. , Guard C. L. , Dinsmore R. P. , Powers P. M. , Smith M. C. , Stehman S. , Ralston N. , White M. E.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-nine dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 treatments. Twenty-eight were treated by right paramedian abomasopexy via laparotomy, and 31 were treated by percutaneous fixation of the abomasum, using the bar suture or toggle pin technique. Comparisons of the 2 groups, at 4 follow-up examinations, yielded no significant differences in return to normal milk production, return to normal feed intake, mortality, culling rate, tissue reaction at the surgical site, or redisplacement up to 60 days into the subsequent lactation.
Serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations as predictors of major intestinal injury associated with equine colic
Authors: Arden Warwick A. , Stick John A.
Published: February 2025

To determine the reliability with which inorganic phosphorus (phosphate) concentrations can be used to predict major intestinal injury associated with equine colic, phosphate concentrations were measured in serum, peritoneal fluid, or both from 9 clinically normal adult horses (group A), 37 horses successfully managed medically for signs of abdominal pain (group B), 26 horses with signs of abdominal pain and undergoing exploratory laparotomy without intestinal resection (group C), and 26 horses undergoing intestinal resection or euthanasia for extensive intestinal lesions (group D).

Peritoneal fluid phosphate concentration was significantly greater in horses in group D (mean, 4.58 ± 0.34 mg/dl) than in horses in group A (mean, 2.78 ± 0.21 mg/dl), group B (mean, 2.92 ± 0.27 mg/dl), and group C (mean, 2.98 ± 0.28 mg/dl; P ≤ 0.01). Serum phosphate concentration was significantly greater in horses in group D (mean, 3.87 ± 0.30 mg/dl) than in horses in group A (mean, 2.73 ± 0.22 mg/dl), group B (mean, 2.80 ± 0.21 mg/dl), and group C (mean, 2.78 ± 0.22 mg/dl; P ≤ 0.05). There was significant (P ≤ 0.001) correlation between serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations within each group and when pairs from all groups were pooled.

When peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations exceeded 3.6 mg/dl, intestinal lesions requiring resection or euthanasia were predicted with sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 76%. When serum phosphate concentrations exceeded 3.3 mg/dl, such lesions were predicted with sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 73%. These findings demonstrated that determination of peritoneal fluid phosphate concentration is of diagnostic value in adult horses requiring intestinal resection. Determination of serum phosphate concentration may be of value when peritoneal fluid is not obtainable.
Necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx in horses: 16 cases (1970–1985)
Authors: Honnas Clifford M. , Ragle Claude A. , Meagher Dennis M.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 16 horses with necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx were reviewed. Typical history included a laceration or puncture wound over the affected cartilage, resulting in persistent drainage proximal to the coronary band. All horses had signs of lameness. The duration of drainage prior to admission to the hospital ranged from 5 days to 5 months. The involved cartilages were left front lateral (n = 4), right front lateral (n = 5), left rear lateral (n = 1), right rear lateral (n = 4), left front medial (n = 1), and left rear medial (n = 1).

The affected cartilage was curetted or resected in 13 horses, and conservative treatment was used in 3 horses. Follow-up information on 15 horses (2 to 72 months after discharge) revealed that 66% were sound and able to perform at their previous level. One horse was euthanatized 2 months after discharge from the hospital because it had septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint.

The outcome of treatment for each horse was evaluated with respect to the duration of drainage and the method of treatment. Horses with drainage of <1 month's duration had a better prognosis for eventual soundness, compared with horses with drainage of ≥ 1 month's duration prior to initiation of treatment. Nine of the 13 horses managed surgically and 1 of the 3 horses managed conservatively were sound at follow-up evaluation.
Cisplatin for treatment of transitional cell and squamous cell carcinomas in dogs
Authors: Shapiro Wayne , Kitchell Barbara E. , Fossum Theresa W. , Couto C. Guillermo , Theilen Gordon
Published: February 2025

Thirteen dogs with tumors were treated with monthly infusions of cisplatin. Complete responses were not observed. Of 8 dogs with urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas, 1 (12.5%) had a partial response of 31 weeks’ duration, and 4 (50%) had stable disease for 12, 30, 32, and 34 weeks. Three (60%) of 5 dogs with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas had partial responses for 2, 10, and 15 weeks.

All 13 dogs were evaluated for signs of toxicosis. Transient episodes of vomiting were recorded for 7 dogs (54%), and 2 dogs (15%) had mild thrombocytopenia. Although renal function gradually decreased in 2 dogs (15%), none of the dogs had an episode of acute renal failure attributable to cisplatin. These findings suggest that cisplatin may be a safe and potentially effective agent for treatment of transitional cell and squamous cell carcinomas in dogs.
Surgical treatment of sand colic in equids: 48 cases (1978–1985)
Authors: Specht T. E. , Colahan Patrick T.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 48 equids (47 horses, 1 pony) with surgical sand colic were reviewed. The diagnosis of sand colic was made if a sand impaction(s) was palpated during exploratory abdominal surgery or if a large quantity of sand was found during colotomy. Most equids did not experience a previous episode of sand diarrhea or sand colic. Clinical findings and results of clinicopathologic determinations were not diagnostic. Rectal palpation findings in 40 of 46 horses were compatible with large-colon and/or cecal distention. Impactions were palpable per rectum in only 7 horses, but emergency abdominal surgery revealed one or more impactions in 46 of 48 equids. Single impaction most commonly was observed at the pelvic flexure. Twenty-six horses had concurrent large-colon torsion or displacement. Pelvic flexure colotomy was performed in 44 horses. Of 48 equids, 44 survived and were discharged.
Experimental uses of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone in food-producing animals
Authors: Kopcha Michelle , Ahl Alwynelle S.
Published: February 2025

Presently, in the United States, there are no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, except aspirin, that are approved for use in animals intended for food production. Use of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and dipyrone for treatment of food animals may be considered in special circumstances. Such use requires strict adherence to FDA guidelines for extra-label use of drugs. Flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone have been shown to have a favorable influence on the course and outcome of certain diseases. This report reviews information concerning the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutics of phenylbutazone and flunixin as they have been used on an experimental basis in food animals.
Radiophosphorus (32P) treatment of bone marrow disorders in dogs: 11 cases (1970–1987)
Authors: Smith Marcia , Turrel Jane M.
Published: February 2025

Between March 1970 and February 1987, radiophosphorus (32P) was used to treat bone marrow disorders in 6 dogs; 4 had polycythemia vera and 2 had essential thrombocythemia. Activities of 32P given initially ranged from 2.4 to 3.3 mCi/m2. Four dogs responded well to 32P treatment, with gradual resolution of high rbc or platelet counts. Two of these dogs died of intercurrent disease unrelated to their bone marrow disorder, before blood counts could be stabilized. Two dogs did not respond to the initial 32P treatment nor to additional treatments with 32P and had clinical signs and blood counts stabilized by use of phlebotomy or chemotherapeutic agents. We reviewed and analyzed 5 other cases of bone marrow disorders in dogs treated with 32P and included the findings from their records with the records of our 6 dogs in this retrospective analysis. Of the 8 dogs with polycythemia vera treated with 32P, 5 were given a single treatment that controlled clinical signs and blood counts for the remainder of the follow-up period. Of the 3 dogs treated for thrombocytosis with 32P, 2 had blood counts that responded to a single treatment.
Seroepidemiologic survey of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Wake County, North Carolina
Authors: Grindem C. B. , Corbett W. T. , Ammerman B. E. , Tomkins M. T.
Published: February 2025

Feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibodies were detected in 9 of 123 (7.3%) cats. More clinically ill cats had titers to fiv than did healthy cats (15% vs 3.6%). Previous or current illnesses in these fiv-positive cats included urinary bladder disease, anemia, cat-bite abscesses, bacterial infections, bleeding disorders, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory tract disease. All fiv-positive cats were males, with mean age of 6.0 years (range, 1 to 11 years). Half (n = 3) of the clinically ill fiv-positive cats were concurrently seropositive for FeLV antigen. Three of the ill cats were euthanatized or died 1 month after initially testing, whereas the remaining 3 ill cats and the 3 healthy fiv-positive cats were healthy 1 year after initial testing. Antibody titer to fiv persisted in 4 of 5 cats, but serotest results were equivocal in 1 cat evaluated 1 year later.
Radiographic diagnosis of hereditary chondrodysplasia in newborn lambs
Authors: Vanek Jerome A. , Walter Patricia A. , Alstad A. D.
Published: February 2025

Normal appearing Suffolk lambs affected with hereditary chondrodysplasia (hc) and normal appearing unaffected lambs were radiographed at birth, and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of age. In affected lambs, lesions were seen consistently in the elbows, shoulders, sternum, and spine. Similar lesions were not identified in unaffected lambs.

A malformed Corriedale lamb was radiographed to compare its lesions to those seen in hc. The Corriedale lamb had islands of ossification of the anconeal process similar to those identified in lambs with signs of hc at birth. The islands of ossification seen in the Corriedale lamb were fused by 2 months of age, whereas elbow lesions seen in lambs with hc increased in severity during the same period.
Evaluation of the ability of altrenogest to control the equine estrous cycle
Authors: Lofstedt Robert M. , Patel Jagdish H.
Published: February 2025

In our experience, altrenogest has not always been able to exert predictable control over the estrous cycle of the mare. Therefore, we examined 12 mares that were treated with altrenogest to identify reasons for its failure to control the estrous cycle. The mares were fed altrenogest for 15 to 20 days and were examined for follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation during treatment. Through the use of real-time ultrasonography and radioimmunoassay for progesterone, we concluded that altrenogest was unable to suppress the growth of follicles to preovulatory size in some mares, leading to ovulation during treatment or earlier than expected after the end of treatment. In addition, altrenogest did not appear to shorten the life-spans of the corpora lutea that were formed during treatment; in 4 mares, this resulted in the persistence of corpora lutea after the end of the suggested 15-day periods of treatment. The latter findings led us to suggest that if a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin had been given at the end of altrenogest treatment, there would have been improved control over the estrous cycle. The results of our study confirmed our clinical impressions that altrenogest may be satisfactory to control the equine estrous cycle under some circumstances, but it should not be used when precise control over ovulation is required.
Aflatoxicosis in Iowa swine: Eight cases (1983–1985)
Authors: Cook W. O. , Van Alstine W. G. , Osweiler G. D.
Published: February 2025

During 1983, 1984, and 1985, aflatoxicosis was diagnosed in 8 Iowa swine herds after the herds were fed corn from the 1983 corn crop. As a result of the diagnosis, the associated environmental conditions, clinical signs of aflatoxicosis, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, aflatoxin concentrations detected in feeds, and management of affected swine were reviewed.

Concentrations of aflatoxin in shelled corn and complete feed were as high as 2,020 ng and 1,200 ng of aflatoxin (B1 and B2)/g of feed, respectively. Clinical signs of aflatoxicosis included decreased feed consumption and weight loss. Some pigs died acutely, but death often was preceded by a period of clinical disease. Greater morbidity and mortality were observed in swine herds that consumed greater concentrations of aflatoxin.
Food hypersensitivity in cats: 14 cases (1982–1987)
Authors: White Stephen D. , Sequoia Dianne
Published: February 2025

Food hypersensitivity was diagnosed in 14 cats. Clinical signs varied; pruritus (100%), alopecia (64%), and papules (21%) were the ones most commonly observed. Pruritus was localized principally to the head or to the neck or ear region in 42% of the cats. Diagnosis was made on the basis of resolution of clinical signs when cats were fed a restricted (“hypoallergenic”) diet, and recurrence of signs when cats were fed their original diet or other food. The most common allergens (on the basis of dietary challenge exposure) were fish and dairy products. Age or sex predilection was not observed, and 9 (64%) of the cats were domestic shorthairs. Owners could not relate the onset of clinical signs with a recent change in diet. Three cats had concurrent flea bite, inhalant, or flea collar hypersensitivity.
Treatment and prognostic factors in lymphoma in cats: 103 cases (1977–1981)
Authors: Mooney Samantha C. , Hayes Audrey A. , MacEwen E. Gregory , Matus Robert E. , Geary Alan , Shurgot Barbara A.
Published: February 2025

The records of 103 cats with lymphoma that underwent chemotherapy were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by cytologic or histopathologic examination of appropriate tissue specimens. Sixty-four cats (62%) had a complete response to chemotherapy (median survival time, 7 months); 21 cats (20%) had a partial response (median survival time, 2.5 months); and 18 cats had a minimal response (median survival time, 1.5 months). Seventy-seven cats (75%) died of recurrent or progressive lymphoma, 9 cats died of feline leukemia-related anemia, 13 cats died of unrelated causes, and 4 cats were alive. Stage of disease was significantly (P = 0.009) related to response to treatment, and stage of disease and FeLV status were both significantly (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively) related to survival.
Ocular manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs
Authors: Davidson Michael G. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Nasisse Mark P. , Roberts Steven M.
Published: February 2025

Dogs were examined ophthalmoscopically to determine the prevalence and type of ocular lesions associated with naturally acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rmsf). In a consecutive series of 11 dogs with serologically confirmed rmsf, 9 had ocular involvement reflecting various degrees of vascular damage, including subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema, anterior uveitis, iris stromal hemorrhage, retinal petechiae, and focal areas of retinal edema and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate. The ophthalmic lesions generally were mild, and most resolved without complication after systemic administration of appropriate antibiotics. The high prevalence of ocular lesions in these dogs suggested that critical ophthalmologic evaluation is a useful diagnostic tool for the early detection and management of rmsf in dogs.
Use of ketoconazole in the treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis
Authors: Sharp Nicholas J. H. , Sullivan Martin
Published: February 2025

Fifteen dogs with nasal aspergillosis were treated with ketoconazole (5 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h, po) for 2 to 18 weeks. Four dogs whose conditions deteriorated during treatment received ketoconazole for less than the prescribed 6 weeks. Six months or more later, only 47% of the dogs were determined to be disease-free, on the basis of no fungal growth on culture. It was concluded that ketoconazole at this dosage is a useful treatment for canine nasal aspergillosis, but is no more effective than thiabendazole.
Contribution of propylene glycol-induced Heinz body formation to anemia in cats
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Perman Victor , Eaton John W.
Published: February 2025

Propylene glycol (pg) is a common preservative and source of synthetic carbohydrates in soft-moist pet foods. Propylene glycol was fed to cats for 5 weeks at concentrations found in commercial diets (1.6 g/kg of body weight; 12% of diet on a dry-weight basis) and for 3 weeks at concentrations exceeding usual intake (8 g/kg; 41% of diet). There was a dose-dependent increase in Heinz body percentage to 28% in cats fed the low dose of pg and to 92% in cats fed the high dose. Erythrocyte half-life, measured using [14C]-cyanate hemoglobin (Hb), decreased significantly (P <0.05) by 18.8% and 60% in cats fed the low and high pg doses, respectively. The pcv in cats fed the low dose was unaffected, whereas cats fed the high dose had a mean (±sem) decrease in pcv from 33.5 ± 1.05% to 26.3 ± 1.45%, accompanied by punctate reticulocytosis and bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. A dose-dependent increase in iron pigment was found in the liver and spleen of all cats. In cats fed the low dose of pg, erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration actually increased from 7.02 ± 0.56 to 9.74 ± 0.69 μmοl/g of Hb, but decreased to 2.96 ± 0.27 μmοl/g of Hb in cats fed the high dose. There was no significant increase in methemoglobin concentration. These results indicated that pg cannot be considered innocuous even at concentrations consumed by cats eating commercial diets. Heinz body-induced acceleration of rbc destruction develops in a dose-dependent manner, so that cats with greater food intake, ie, lactating queens and nursing kittens, are at greater risk for development of pg-induced Heinz body hemolytic anemia.
Developing standards in animal research review
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: February 2025

Thirty-two institutional animal care and use committees reviewed 4 hypothetic protocols involving experimental procedures frequently conducted on animals. Committees were in general agreement on the need to refine hypothetic protocols to minimize pain, distress, and other harm to laboratory animals. All but 2 committees sought modifications in each protocol, and in numerous instances, committees would not approve a protocol without major modifications. The committee responses delineated emerging standards governing specific areas of animal use, such as antibody production, induced disease, surgery, physical restraint, and behavioral conditioning.

Committees had less consensus in their approach to assessing the justification for laboratory animal use. Apparently, this component of committee responsibilities presented the major conceptual and practical difficulties for committees engaged in animal research review.
Plasma concentrations of oxytetracycline in swine after administration of the drug intramuscularly and orally in feed
Authors: Hall William F. , Kniffen Timothy S. , Bane David P. , Bevill Richard F. , Koritz Gary D.
Published: February 2025

Four pigs were used in a 2 × 2 crossover study to determine plasma oxytetracycline (otc) concentration and otc pharmacokinetic variables after im administration of 2 otc preparations—long acting otc and a 100-mg of otc/ml solution (otc-la and otc-100, respectively)—at a dosage of 20 mg/kg of body weight. In a second study, 3 additional pigs were given ad libitum access to feed containing pure otc (0.55 g/kg of feed). The mean (± sd) peak plasma otc concentration after otc-la administration was 6.0 ± 2.2 μg/ml at 30 minutes; the mean peak plasma otc concentration after otc-100 administration was 6.7 ± 3.4 μg/ml at 90 minutes. Mean plasma otc concentration after oral otc administration in feed peaked at 0.4 μg/ml 48 hours after access to otc-medicated feed and decreased to 0.25 μg/ml by the end of that study.

Mean plasma otc concentration was maintained at > 0.5 μg/ml for < 48 hours after otc-la administration and for < 36 hours after otc-100 administration. Mean plasma otc concentration decreased to < 0.2 μg/ml by 72 hours after im administration of either product. Calculation of area under the plasma otc concentration-time curve (auc) did not reveal significant difference between the 2 otc formulations. There also was not significant difference (between otc-la and otc-100) in the value of the disappearance rate constant after administration of either otc formulation. The data did not indicate significant pharmacologic advantage of otc-la, compared with otc-100, when either formulation was administered im at a dosage of 20 mg/kg. The administration of otc in feed (0.55 g/kg) resulted in plasma otc concentration < 0.5 μg/ml.
Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus in horses: 28 cases (1972-1987)
Authors: MacDonald Melinda H. , Honnas Clifford M. , Meagher Dennis M.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 28 horses with osteomyelitis of the calcaneus were reviewed to evaluate signalment, history, diagnostic and treatment methods, outcome, and long-term follow-up information. Trauma was the most commonly reported cause (24). Physical examination revealed lameness in 27 horses, and 22 (79%) had a wound or draining tract over the plantar aspect of the calcaneus.

Radiography of all horses was done prior to the initiation of treatment, and follow-up radiography was done on 20 horses. The most common radiographic findings were soft tissue swelling (25), bony lysis of the calcaneus (17), bone fragments or sequestra from the tubercalcis (13), and periosteal new bone production or bony lysis of the sustentaculum tali (5). Association could not be found between initial radiographic findings and eventual outcome of the case.

Positive bacterial cultures were obtained from 13 horses. A wide variety of gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms were isolated. Fourteen of the 15 isolates, for which susceptibilities were reported, were susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.

Twenty-six of the 28 horses diagnosed as having osteomyelitis of the calcaneus were treated; 16 horses were treated with surgical debridement in addition to antimicrobial treatment, and 10 horses were treated with antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, or supportive wound care. There was no significant difference in survival rate of horses treated surgically and those treated conservatively.

Six horses that were treated were later euthanatized for problems associated with chronic osteomyelitis, and 2 horses died or were euthanatized for unrelated problems. Eighteen horses (64%) were alive at last follow-up. Long-term follow-up on 11 of these horses revealed that 6 horses were sound for athletic use.