bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF CONSUMER PREFERENCE FOR WHITE FISH OF DIFFERENT SPECIES*
Authors: HAMILTON MORAG
Published: July 2007

White fish of different species were compared in a series of experiments involving the use of taste panels. Problems encountered in presenting uniform samples are described and the preferences established are discussed. It was established that appearance, texture and flavour all contributed to determining the relative acceptability offish species, and that very small differences in these properties led to definite preferences for certain types of fish.
MINIMIZING TOTAL COSTS OF APPAREL, HOUSING AND HEATING IN MAINTAINING THERMAL COMFORT INDOORS
Authors: STEADMAN ROBERT G.
Published: July 2007

Increasing energy costs have directed attention to improved insulation of buildings and clothing of personnel as alternatives to further expenditure on interior temperature control. For a climate representing much of Europe and North America, an analysis is performed to determine the minimum total expenditure on insulation, heating/cooling, and apparel consistent with thermal comfort. The analysis is applied to some typical scenarios and indicates a need for improving insulation and lowering temperatures as energy costs rise.
BLANCHING OF POTATOES BY MICROWAVE ENERGY*
Authors: HILL MARGARET A.
Published: July 2007

The effect of microwave heating on standard potato cylinders to inactivate enzymes for frozen storage is discussed. There was a greater retention of ascorbic acid after freezing, frozen storage and reheating when compared to similar potato cylinders which had been blanched in boiling water. The pattern of enzyme inactivation was different for microwave blanching when compared to immersion in boiling water. After frozen storage a problem occurred with the microwave‐blanched samples regarding inactivation of the enzymes on the surface of the cylinder. To overcome this a two stage process was adopted; ‘dry’ microwave heating followed by immersion in boiling water.
MOULDS IN THE HOME
Authors: BRUNDRETT G. W. , ONIONS A. H. S.
Published: July 2007

Mould growth in homes is one of Britain's biggest housing problems which is becoming even more widespread. Such growth is not only unsightly, smelly and presents a potential health hazard but leads to deterioration of the building fabric. Mould spore concentrations both indoors and outdoors are reviewed and the environmental conditions needed for germination are given.

The critical factor to prevent mould is maintenance of a low relative humidity. This can be achieved by either lowering the moisture content or raising the temperature. Moisture removal at source, background heating, and heat pump dehumidifiers are recommended.
THE SOCIETY OF ARTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. I. THE WORK OF THE FOOD COMMITTEE
Authors: DANIELS CHRISTINE E. J. , BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

The Society of Arts since its foundation in 1 754 has had a considerable interest in food. The Food Committee investigated aspects of meat, milk and fish from 1866 to 1881 and made an important contribution to the development of preservation, packaging and supply.
HOME ECONOMISTS—THE MISSING LINK WITH CONSUMERS?
Authors: NICHOLLS AUDREY
Published: July 2007

The apparent lack of awareness of the potential contribution of graduate home economists to consumer welfare is discussed and exemplified. The concept of a consumer policy based on co‐operation, rather than conflict, and the role of home economists within this is proposed.
EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR AND THE EVALUATION OF AN INTERVENTION MODEL FOR ELDERLY CONSUMERS*
Authors: HENNON CHARLES B. , MAYER ROBERT N. , BURTON JOHN R.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports the development and evaluation of a consumer education intervention model for elderly consumers. Data on the consumer decision making patterns of married elderly were analysed to ascertain the correlates of a specialized or syncratic decision pattern. No differences were found relative to the type or intensity of consumer problems. Additionally, no support was observed for a resource theory of consumer decision‐making power. T‐test and analysis of covariance suggested that the educational model was effective. Suggestions for future research are offered.
THE NATURE AND ACTION OF FABRIC SOFTENERS
Authors: CARTY PETER
Published: July 2007

Although the market for fabric softeners has grown in recent years very little is known of how they function in practice. In this review the properties and uses of cationic fabric softeners in relation to their chemical structure is discussed.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELDERLY PERCEPTIONS OF THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT*
Authors: MASON J. BARRY , BEARDEN WILLIAM O.
Published: July 2007

The decade of the 1970s witnessed the passage of an unparallelled amount of legislation designed to protect the needs of disadvantaged and low income consumers, characteristics which describe many members of the elderly population segment. This research was designed to assess elderly perceptions of the market‐place today and of the performance of businesses and government agencies in protecting and promoting their interest as buyers. The elderly, when compared to other population segments, showed a more negative attitude toward the accomplishments of the consumer movement and the role of businesses and government in protecting buyers than other population segments.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN RAILWAY TIMETABLE‐LEAFLETS
Authors: HUTCHINSON T. P.
Published: July 2007

A comparison of the rail services given in timetable‐leaflets available free from British Rail with those found in the full passenger timetable has revealed that the former often miss out many useful services. Leaflets frequently refer to travel via only one route, when another route can also have useful services.
FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER SELECTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF BEEF IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E.
Published: July 2007

Beef, pork, poultry, and fish were relatively widely consumed, while lamb and veal were consumed on a regular basis by a relatively small proportion of the respondents in this investigation. Pork was more widely consumed by younger respondents (under 50 years), while a large proportion of older respondents regularly consumed lamb and veal. Number of per capita servings of most kinds of meat and of beef steaks and roasts appeared to increase with age of adult household members. Older respondents (over 50 years) consumed more per capita servings of the higher priced beef cuts, but similar amounts of the cheaper beef cuts. A larger proportion of younger respondents (under 35 years) either did not know or failed to ascertain the grade of beef regularly purchased, while a larger proportion of the older respondents (over 35 years) believed they were purchasing steer beef in preference to heifer beef. Colour, price and lean‐to‐fat ratio were the most widely used criteria for selection of steak and roast purchases, but colour and price were not as widely considered by respondents in the mid‐age groups (25–50 years). Marbling increased in importance as a selection criterion with age of respondent. Respondents in the mid‐age groups considered grade and butcher recommendations most often when selecting beef purchases. Respondents in all age groups considered tenderness and flavour most important to the acceptability of steaks and roasts, after purchase, but colour and lean‐to‐fat ratio were also relatively important to older respondents (over 50 years). Documentation of consumption patterns, selection criteria, and factors contributing to acceptability in various geographical areas is important, so that industry can modify production, processing, and handling practices to better satisfy consumer requirements and desires.
HOT WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE HOME
Authors: PARRY M. J.
Published: July 2007

A survey of 376 households was undertaken to determine how hot water was used in the domestic environment within the time brackets 7:00–12:00, 12:01–16:00 and 16:01–24:00.

The results show that most hot water is used during the evening. This is mainly because bathing and washing up are more frequent per person at this time. Washing machine use was consistently more frequent during lunchtime. The results are laid out so that designers can use the data for prediction of water consumption.
SMALL SHOPS AND THE CONSUMER COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT
Authors: ELIOT S. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the implications of some recent changes in the structure of the retail trades. Particular attention is paid to research carried out within the Cooperative Movement, and to the emphasis cooperative societies place on furthering consumers’ interests.
SENSITIVITY OF WOMEN'S LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION TO THEIR PERCEIVED HEALTH CONDITION
Authors: WILLIAMS FLORA L. , ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED
Published: July 2007

This paper examines the impact of the perceived health status of married women on their supply of labour to the market. Controlling for other sociodemographic factors, women who viewed their health condition to be unsatisfactory worked almost 4 weeks less per year than women who perceived their health to be extremely satisfactory. Implications of the study are discussed.
ARTIFACTUAL BIAS IN CONSUMER RESEARCH
Authors: FEINBERG RICHARD A. , LENNON SHARRON J. , YENER BARBARA
Published: July 2007

Cognitive complexity has been found to affect the scope and quality of consumer information search. This research demonstrates that the characteristics that define cognitive complexity may result in an unintended subject bias in consumer information studies using college students as subject populations.
POLTICAL EFFICACY AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF FAMILY‐ORIENTED PROFESSIONALS*
Authors: PAYNTER MARY ANN , ALLEN JACQUELINE WATTS
Published: July 2007

Political activities of home economists were found to be markedly limited. Those who reported greater amounts of participation were characterized by strong feelings of political efficacy, backgrounds of family political involvement, greater amounts of community participation, and employment in colleges or universities. Respondents not presently employed, including students, homemakers and retired persons, appeared to be the least politically active group. Implications for the academic preparation of home economists are explored.
CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE, RIGHTS AND BEHAVIOUR OF COMMUNITY CONSUMER LEADERS
Authors: LYTTON RUTH HARRY , GARMAN E. THOMAS
Published: July 2007

Research has indicated that the attitudes of teachers are often reflected in their students.1 If so, then what are the attitudes that potential community consumer educators may pass on to the people in their localities?

Is there a relationship between their knowledge of consumer rights and responsibilities, and their opinions and behaviours? The knowledge, opinions and behaviours concerning consumer rights and responsibilities of community consumer educators may be reflected in their effectiveness in conducting community programs. Are they knowledgeable of their consumer rights and responsibilities? Do their own reported marketplace behaviours support their attitudes, or are they different? This study was designed to seek answers to these and related questions.2
EFFECT OF FIBRE CONTENT AND METHOD OF APPLICATION OF SELECTED INTERFACINGS ON PERFORMANCE OF GARMENTS AFTER REPEATED LAUNDERING
Authors: SHOTICK JOYCE D. , MOHAMED SAADIA S.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of fibre content and method of application of selected interfacing fabrics on appearance of garments after repeated laundering. Experimental fabrics were three interfacings of 100% polyester sew‐in, 100% rayon and 100% polyester fusible, and two white fashion fabrics of polyester/cotton durable press treated and 100% cotton. Thirty blouses were constructed and divided into six groups representing six combinations of fashion and interfacing fabrics. Evaluation methods included appearance, dimensional stability and stiffness. Data were statistically analysed using t tests and Pearson rank order correlation coefficient. Results showed that method of applying interfacing fabrics had a significant effect on appearance of the combined fashion and interfacing fabrics. Sew‐in method resulted in satisfactory appearance throughout repeated laundering for polyester/cotton DP fabric. Deterioration of adhesive resin of fusible interfacings in the laundering process resulted in significant shrinkage and poor appearance. Also, relationship was found between per cent shrinkage and appearance ratings indicating that as per cent shrinkage increased, appearance ratings decreased. Effect of fibre content of interfacings on appearance was not significant. However, interfacing fabrics were found to be the major contributor to shrinkage of composite fabric and not the fashion fabrics. Poor appearance of fusible interfacings was related also to per cent loss of stiffness.
SYSTEMS FRAMEWORKS TO FACILITATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGING PROFESSIONS USING HOME ECONOMICS FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES
Authors: VAINES ELEANORE
Published: July 2007

Emerging professions are those which are in the process of developing their basic understandings and structure concerning what they believe, study and do in relation to what the field was, is, and should be. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the usefulness of a systems framework as one means of facilitating the development of an emerging profession. Home economics/human ecology is used as a particular case to illustrate this premise.
SURVEYS OF STUDENT LIFE AND ATTITUDES: PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF SURVEY RESEARCH METHODS FOR UNDERGRADUATE HOME ECONOMISTS
Authors: TIVERS JACQUELINE
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the operation of a course in Social Research Methodology for undergraduate home economists. The advantages of a practically based course are stressed. Results from the students 'surveys on student life and attitudes are outlined and briefly discussed.
THE SUBORDINATION OF BRITISH WOMEN ‐ SOME CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Authors: FAHEY WALTER S.
Published: July 2007

We live in an unequal society, half of whose members, women, are thought of as naturally subordinate to and dependent on the other half, men. In spite of considerable advances in the 20th Century, sexist ideology still pervades our everyday lives and women are traditionally subordinate to men in their domestic, work and more general societal roles. What or which are the causal variables in this equation? Is it patriarchy itself which causes the subordination of women in the paid labour market? Is it rather the capitalist mode of production and women's exploited position within this system that is the cause of their economic dependence, and in turn their more general subordination to men? The author considers the subordination of women both historically and in contemporary society.
DWELLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND HOME ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICIES: A WESTERN U.S. PERSPECTIVE
Authors: GUTHRIE LOU A. , BRANDT JEANETTE A.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the energy beliefs of western U.S. residents. Data from the Western Regional Project W‐159, ‘Consequences of Energy Conservation Policies for Western Region Households' were analysed. Using a sample of 5,471, respondents' beliefs about the energy efficiency of their current dwelling and actual energy saving features were compared. A significant Kendall correlation was found and these two measures were then used to divide the sample into two groups, respondents with energy efficient dwellings and respondents with energy inefficient dwellings. Chi‐square analyses yielded significant differences between the two subsamples' beliefs about the seriousness of the U.S. energy problem and whether to solve it by conserving energy or increasing production. The two sub‐samples' beliefs about a series of mandatory and incentive energy conservation policies were compared. For all policies except requiring home energy audits, significant differences were found between the two subsamples' beliefs. Overall, the incentive energy conservation policies were favoured over the mandatory policies. Sample respondents with energy efficient dwellings were more often opposed or strongly opposed to the incentive policies than were the respondents with energy inefficient dwellings.
EFFECT OF TEXTILE QUOTA RESTRICTIONS ON U.S. COTTON TEXTILE IMPORTS BETWEEN 1964 AND 1973
Authors: BARRY MARY E. , KEH ANNE I.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of U.S. cotton textile quotas on cotton textiles imported into the U.S. between 1964 and 1973. The findings showed that cotton imports requiring more processing stages had significantly greater 10‐year average prices than other groups. Changes in the dollar value of imported cotton textiles during the decade have mainly occurred because of an increase in the average prices rather than resulting from a redistribution of imports from low to high average price groups. The weakening correlation between changes in the dollar value and in the quantity of high unit value groups indicated that the control on quantity has not precluded increases in total dollar value of imports in higher processing stages, especially since 1970. Since fabrics with a relatively stable average price accounted for the major importation of cotton textiles during the 1964–1973 period, the overall control by quantity in this decade was still quite good, even though average prices of apparel were rising.
REDUCING FAT IN THE U.K. DIET — SOME LEGISLATIVE FACTORS
Authors: FALLOWS STEPHEN J. , WHEELOCK J. VERNER
Published: July 2007

A high fat diet has been associated with a number of clinical conditions and it is recommended that the quantity of fat in the U.K. diet be reduced. Many foodstuffs of high fat content sold in the U.K. are subject to compositional regulations. The authors illustrate how the current regulations are acting to perpetuate the high fat nature of these food items and show how amendment of the legislation would be a useful strategy leading to a reduction in fat intake.
CONSUMER KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF KENYAN (AFRICA) COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: LYTTON RUTH H. , GARMAN E. THOMAS , MACHOOKA NASEEM
Published: July 2007

The study was designed to measure the consumer knowledge and attitudes of college students enrolled at a representative Kenyan college. It was hypothesized that six variables (sex, academic level in college, academic major, rural or urban upbringing, having work experience and having completed a course in consumer education) would not be associated with achievement on the 47‐item test or with the seven consumer attitude questions. The instrument was developed by the researcher for use in Kenya. Validity was checked by Kenyans as well as experts from the U.S. in test construction. Following a pre‐test in Kenya, during the first week of classes in 1980, all students (n = 508) completed the instrument. Analysis of variance and chi‐square tests were used to analyse the data. Achievement was 31.3 (67.9%) on the consumer education test which was considered a moderate score. Having completed a consumer education course was one variable associated with higher scores on the test. Students majoring in Dairy and Food Science Technology as well as Home Economics did better than other majors on the test. In general, the students strongly supported attitudes expected of rational and responsible consumers.
THE CLOTHING ATTITUDES AND ACTIVITIES OF HOME ECONOMISTS EMPLOYED IN BUSINESS
Authors: RICHARDS LYNNE , HORRIDGE PATRICIA
Published: July 2007

The Sproles Consumer Interest and Priorities questionnaire was administered to 3,036 American home economists, who were pursuing careers in business, in order to develop a profile of the clothing attitudes and activities of that segment of the consumer market who (1) have been enrolled in home economics programmes at the college level, and (2) have been employed in businesses created for profit or associations supported by profit‐making companies. Sixty‐four per cent (1,950) of the survey forms were returned. A majority of the respondents evidenced a consciousness of clothing styles worn by others, an understanding of the importance of fashionability within social situations, an awareness of personal clothing expenditures and an appreciation for the economic value of home sewing. Application of these principles, however, was individualized, as evidenced by contrasting methods of clothing acquisition, varied willingness to purchase clothing at sales or used clothing establishments, and diverse tendencies toward buying clothing on impulse. Only 22% of the sample perceived themselves to be fashion leaders.
CONSUMER SPENDING ON DESIGNER JEANS: A CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MODEL
Authors: LENNON SHARRON J.
Published: July 2007

The classical conditioning theory of learning was used to predict consumer spending on designer jeans. Subjects viewed and responded to eight slides of designer and non‐designer jeans. In addition the presence or absence of designer labelled hangtags was varied so that half of the subjects were exposed to the hangtags and half of them were not exposed to the hangtags. Thus the design of the experiment was a mixed model two by two analysis of variance.

It was predicted and found that subjects were likely to say they would spend more for the designer jeans than the non‐designer jeans. Manipulation checks revealed that the subjects were not estimating or trying to guess the retail value of the jeans. It was also predicted and found that subjects were more likely to select designer jeans as gifts than non‐designer jeans. Finally there was a designer jeans by hangtag interaction. People were more apt to select designer jeans as gifts than non‐designer jeans, but only in the absence of the hangtags. When the hangtags were present the effect was negated.

Classical conditioning theory is used to explain the results and to offer avenues for further research.
Food and nutrition education in American elementary schools: a national survey
Authors: RICHARDS MARY L.
Published: July 2007

A random sample of American elementary school educators, representing all but three of the 50 United States, responded to a questionnaire designed to ascertain: (1) their opinions concerning the inclusion of food and nutrition concepts in the elementary school curriculum; (2) their actual practices concerning the teaching of food and nutrition in the elementary classroom: and (3) their needs for elementary food and nutrition teaching materials. The results suggested that nutrition was the food and nutrition concept area most highly valued in relation to the education of young children and the concept area most frequently taught in American elementary classrooms; it also represented the concept area most in need of the development of teaching materials. Congruently, nutrition represented the food and nutrition concept area most frequently reported as being supported by American school administrators.
Textile marketing: a status report
Authors: CARY RICHARD T. , LOWRY MARY H.
Published: July 2007

This exploratory study investigated the status of textile marketing in the United States by (a) examining the textile industry's use of effective marketing techniques, and (b) identifying common problems and needed improvements in textile marketing. The procedure followed these steps: (a) effective marketing techniques were identified, (b) interviews were conducted with nine textile executives and four individuals representing the United States textile industry at large, and (c) the respondents' statements about textile marketing practices were analysed for evidence of effective marketing techniques, common textile marketing problems and needed inprovements in textile marketing.

The results indicated that only five of the thirteen respondents described textile firms that were using effective marketing techniques, but some textile firms were using effective marketing techniques and this should be an incentive for other textile firms. Several common problems and needed improvements in textile marketing were also identified. Because of the small sample size, the open‐ended questions, and the subjective analysis of the respondents' statements, this study must be regarded as exploratory. However, representative statements from the respondents are presented and these statements are informative about textile marketing practices.
Degree‐of‐readiness classification system for foods: development, testing and use
Authors: PEARSON JOANNE M. , CAPPS ORAL , GASSMAN CAROL , AXELSON JULEIN
Published: July 2007

A 14 category degree‐of‐readiness classification scheme was developed for foods used in at‐home consumption. The codes were further aggregated to three categories: no preparation, some preparation and considerable preparation. The classification system was tested with two groups of consumers and was found to be acceptable both by experienced and inexperienced food preparers. When nationwide household food consumption data were categorized by this system, the majority of most frequently reported foods required no preparation in the home prior to consumption.
The Asian community as a consumer group
Authors: DENNISON E. , MASOOD K. , ROBINSON H.
Published: July 2007

The Asian community represents a substantial market in the UK, yet is comparatively neglected by both researchers and manufacturers. A survey was conducted to investigate the consumption patterns of Pakistani families in Newcastle upon Tyne, and to highlight differences between this ethnic group and the native population.
Training of consumer advisers
Authors: KIESSLING NINNA
Published: July 2007

This paper is a revised version of the author's contribution to an international seminar on ‘Training of Consumer Advisers’ (a joint seminar of the Danish Ministry of Education, the International Organization Consumers' Union and the Council of Europe, held in Aarhus, Denmark during February 1984). It is suggested that, in order to be effective, consumer advisers need a somewhat different and more comprehensive training than the one usually offered. Thus, in addition to established areas of theoretical and practical competence, prospective consumer advisers need a much broader understanding of the socio‐economic and psychological conditions governing modern life. The present paper points to some problem areas that are often neglected in existing curricula.
Determination or appropriate content for a clothing and textiles specialized course
Authors: KHAN SAMINA , GLOSSON LINDA R.
Published: July 2007

A survey of teachers, parents and students was conducted to determine appropriate content for a semester course in clothing and textiles. A review of literature including research, curriculum guides, projections of future trends in clothing and textiles and knowledge needs of consumers served as the basis for developing the instrument. The initial list of topics identified was reduced to 13 major topics and 66 specific items by a panel of eight experts. The instrument was used to survey 1200 teachers, parents and students. A total of 327 surveys were returned. Respondents were varied on most demographic characteristics identified. Results were analysed to determine the significance of differences between the responses of the three groups. Respondents indicated that no more than Homemaking I should be required as a prerequisite for a clothing and textiles semester course and that simple clothing construction skills should be included. The overall rankings of the 13 major topics was: wardrobe planning, clothing selection, clothing construction, buying clothing, clothing care, clothing alterations, sewing tools and equipment, effects of clothing on individuals, design in clothing, textiles, family clothing, influences on fashion, clothing and textiles careers. Significant differences between groups existed for mean importance scores of 36 of the 66 specific topics. Teachers' mean importance scores differed from those of parents and/or students on 33 topics. Recommendations for content of a clothing and textiles semester course were based on the findings.
Families' use of the 1982 tax cut income
Authors: McCULLOUGH JANE L. , LONGSTRETH MOLLY
Published: July 2007

The likely allocation of extra income from the 1982 U.S. income lax rate reduction by a group of consumers was investigated. Eighty‐five percent of the sample indicated they were likely to spend the additional income and 75% that they would save or invest it. Saving was related to income and age. Those indicating they were likely to save said they would require a larger sum of money as a result of the tax cut in order to make a decision about its use than did those who were most likely to spend it.
Storage changes in biscuits
Authors: DONCASTER JUDITH , GREEN GILLIAN , AINSWORTH PAUL , SMART JOHN
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the changes occurring in biscuits under domestic storage conditions. The experimental work involved the storage of manufactured biscuits under closed, open/light and open/dark conditions for appropriate periods of time. Moisture content, texture, colour and peroxide value were determined throughout the storage time. The results indicate that the moisture content of the samples increased under all storage conditions, with a softening of texture. Peroxide values increase with rapid acceleration towards the end of the storage period. Very little change was observed in the colour of the biscuits.
Appropriate household technology: charcoal stoves
Authors: BRATTLE LESLEY V. , IRVING ROGER J.
Published: July 2007

Desertification and the general shortage of fuelwood for cooking in many developing countries has prompted research in improving the efficiency of traditional stoves. Laboratory developments identified significant stove modifications which resulted in three improved stoves being field‐tested among a small sample of Sudanese women Responses were favourable with women claiming to save about one third of their daily fuel needs, but their perception of ‘economy’ was unclear. A stove is proposed for further quantitative testing.
Age and wealth: a cross/within‐cohort analysis
Authors: MULLIS RANDOLPH J. , METZEN EDWARD J.
Published: July 2007

The Life Cycle Income Hypothesis (LIH) suggests specific wealth accumulation/decumulation behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine whether empirical support for the LIH existed among a group of respondents as they entered the retirement stage of life. Results indicate that the appropriateness of the LIH as an explanatory theory of wealth accumulation/decumulation is contingent on how wealth is defined.
The use of solar energy for cooking in developing countries
Authors: BRATTLE LESLEY V. , IRVING ROGER J.
Published: July 2007

Solar cooking has received considerable attention recently as an alternative to cooking with woodfuel. This paper determines the effective solar collection area required, and examines the different design features to optimize the available heat from a small collection area. A quasi‐parabola was developed and tested alongside two other prototypes. The locally‐made cooker was preferred by Sudanese women for its speed of cooking. Solar cooking was seen to have potential as a complementary means of cooking, especially for light foods.
Resource allocation in the Third World: conceptual approaches, strategies and challenges
Authors: BAKER GEORGIANNE , NELSON LINDA J.
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses resource allocation, and presents several theoretical models based on economic and managerial, gender role and ecological perspectives. Examples illustrating the approaches and resource allocation strategies are drawn from studies of the lives of Third World women. Challenges for public policy, research and development projects which focus on expanding managerial outcomes for women are suggested.
Effectiveness of in‐store supermarket food demonstration
Authors: IMPSON JUNE , CHENOWETH LILLIAN , BROWN BETTY
Published: July 2007

Customer interviews and evaluation observations of in‐store supermarket food product demonstrations produced data to test hypotheses about the relationship between aspects of the demonstration, the demonstrator, buyers and non‐buying observers, and increased net sales of the demonstrated product. Findings showed that certain demonstration personal characteristics, professional qualifications, source of employment and demonstrator techniques were significantly related to sales increases. Certain aspects of consumer responses were also significant. Results indicate a need for educators to emphasize the sampling and interaction aspects of demonstrations and for marketers to pay more attention to training demonstrators.
A flammability hazard rating and index for women's apparel
Authors: KADOLPH SARA J. , JOHNSON ROBERT F. , JORDAN KENNETH A.
Published: July 2007

Women's garments and the fabrics therein were analysed and characterized. Garments were grouped into garment assemblies, 60 of which were burned on Minnesota Woman, a thermally‐instrumented mannequin. Second and third degree burn injuries were calculated using Henriques' tissue damage factor. From 0 to 90% of the mannequin surface area equipped with sensors received second or third degree burn injury. A hazard index was developed based on degree of injury and the speed with which the injury occurred. Fabric and garment parameters found to be of importance in determining the hazard deduced from the mannequin tests were fabric weight, fibre content, and garment type and fit. A hazard rating was developed based on these parameters. Comparison of the hazard rating and the hazard index values indicated that this must be considered to be an exploratory, first stage attempt to develop a relatively simple method for rating the flammability hazard of apparel.
Money management practices influencing household asset ownership
Authors: HIRA TAHIRA K.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research is to describe the types and amounts of assets owned by households, and to determine socio‐demographic variables and money management practices that influence the household's total asset ownership. The data used for this study are from a survey conducted during the winter of 1982. Definite patterns of financial asset ownership emerged. A majority, 70% or more, of the households owned current and savings accounts, and cars and real estate. A minority, 30% or less, owned certificates of deposit, mutual funds, stocks, bonds and individual retirement accounts. Age, net income and housing tenure were significant socio‐demographic variables in explaining variation in total asset ownership among households. Only two money management practices, i.e. number of credit cards owned and the amount the manager felt comfortable charging on these cards, were significant in explaining variations in the amount of total assets owned by a household.
Location of kitchen work areas with the microwave oven as the main type of cooking unit
Authors: TURKKI KAIJA
Published: July 2007

The premise for this study was the changing nature of food management and its effects on kitchen design. The study sought to determine a location rating for kitchen work areas with a microwave oven serving as the primary cooking unit. The findings are based on careful analysis of the use of various kitchen work areas and the connections between them. There were obvious differences in the use of work areas and in the connections between them when different food management methods were used. The microwave oven proved a very important work area in the kitchen and should have a good connection, at least with the work top and dining table. There is frequently a need for a work surface in conjunction with the microwave oven. The study also includes development of a computerized layout model.
Determining and redefining nutrition terms which are unfamiliar to adults
Authors: KUPKA LOU
Published: July 2007

Studies have shown that adults' comprehension of medical and nutrition terminology is often poor. This study's objectives were to determine nutrition terms that adults could not define correctly; to determine whether demographic characteristics affected the subjects' score, and to determine whether defining nutrition terms in educational material increased subject comprehension of the terms. Phase I involved 400 adult subjects from the airport and train station who were approached randomly and asked to complete a terminology test. Phase II involved 100 soldiers (aged 18–28) and 100 senior citizens; half of the subjects read information in which the nutrition terms used were defined and the other half read information in which the nutrition terms were not defined. All subjects then completed a nutrition terminology test. Statistical analysis included mean score, item analysis and regression analysis. In phase I, subjects had a moderate knowledge of the terms tested. In phase II, the mean score of subjects who read information in which the nutrition terms were defined was significantly higher than those not provided with definitions. The results of this study suggest that adult comprehension of nutrition terms may improve when the terms are defined.
Work after retirement: intentions, realities and implications
Authors: HOGARTH JEANNE M.
Published: July 2007

The economic security of families in retirement is a function of levels of inflation and how well families can adjust their retirement incomes to meet inflation. One way of buffering the effects of inflation is to work part‐time after retirement from one's main job. Studies of retired people, however, have indicated that levels of post‐retirement work are low. This study of a near‐retirement aged cohort offered a special early retirement incentive indicates that intentions to work after retirement from their main job are consistent with previous retired cohorts' work levels. On average, respondents anticipated working less than 3·5 h per week or less than 10 weeks per year. Major factors affecting the hours or weeks of work desired were age, life expectancy, perceived retirement income adequacy, marital status, health, sex, area of residence and education.
Comparative study of phosphate and non‐phosphate detergents
Authors: KIM JAI O. , SMITH BETTY F. , SPIVAK STEVEN M.
Published: July 2007

A comparison of three different detergents was made by evaluating their properties of soil removal, soil redeposition and calcium carbonate deposition. The detergents included a phosphate granular detergent, a non‐phosphate, carbonate built granular detergent and an unbuilt liquid detergent. The local water conditions were moderately hard and clay type soils were used. Detergency was evaluated on the basis of both visual and instrumental colour changes.

In effecting soil removal, clay stained fabrics laundered with the phosphate detergent retained only a small amount of soil, while fabrics laundered with the two non‐phosphate detergents showed heavier staining. In preventing soil redeposition, the phosphate detergent produced almost no visible redeposition; the unbuilt and carbonate built detergents ranked correspondingly lower. In assessing calcium carbonate deposition, the phosphate and unbuilt detergents showed little or no change, while the carbonate detergent continued to build up deposits with laundering. In summary, the phosphate detergent ranked highest in overall performance, with correspondingly lesser performance from the unbuilt and carbonate detergents.
Non‐market provision of food by low‐income households
Authors: WILLIAMS FLORA , PRITCHARD MARY
Published: July 2007

A model of food provision through growing, hunting or raising food was developed. Food supply was less of a problem for those who grew, raised or hunted their food than for others. Non‐market food provision was a viable alternative for consumers regardless of educational levels, income levels and employment status. Home food production varied by other characteristics. There was not a significant difference between urban and rural households in some types of food provided. Results of this study can be helpful to professionals assisting households with resource use and to policy makers concerning policies to assist low‐income consumers.
Perceptions of functional clothing by able‐bodied people: the other side
Authors: FREEMAN CARLA M. , KAISER SUSAN B. , CHANDLER JOAN L.
Published: July 2007

Functional clothing was examined as a factor in social interactions between physically disabled and non‐disabled people. In the present study, the perceptions of able‐bodied college students were compared with the evaluations of students with physical disabilities from a previous study. Seven line drawings of clothing with functional features were rated on semantic differential scales in a self‐administered questionnaire. The non‐disabled students were more positive than the disabled students on all of the scales for five of the seven styles. The able‐bodied subjects also tended to use more global constructs when perceiving the styles than did their disabled counterparts, who were more likely to distinguish function as a separate dimension. Sex differences were found, with a tendency for the females to be more positive than the males in their ratings of the styles. Implications of the data and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Integration in home economics and human ecology
Authors: BUBOLZ MARGARET M. , SONTAG M. SUZANNE
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate discourse in the field about integration in home economics as it is evolving toward human ecology, and to serve as a basis for further discussion and action to move the field to a level of integration encompassing both diversity and unity. It is not the intent of this paper to provide a blueprint for integration but to present some underlying assumptions, meanings and issues. A series of models building toward integration are presented. The paper is based on analysis and synthesis of assumptions, concepts, philosophical perspectives and review of historical traditions in the field.
Rural‐urban differentials in children's household production time
Authors: LAWRENCE FRANCES C. , TASKER GRACE E. , WOZNIAK PATRICIA H.
Published: July 2007

This research examined the amount of time rural and urban children spent in household production activities, and several demographic factors related to that time use. Data were obtained from a multi‐state family time‐use survey, NE‐113 ‘Use of Time in Rural and Urban Families’. Home interviews were conducted with 2,100 families in II states. The sample consisted of 1,045 rural children and 1,026 urban children, aged 6–17. The hypothesis, that the differentials in time spent in household production by rural and urban children will be due to assignment of tasks by sex, was confirmed. Boys spent similar amounts of time in housework regardless of place of residence, while rural girls spent more time than urban girls.
Co‐operation among groups in developing and delivering programmes to consumers
Authors: ROGERS JEAN C.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of co‐operation among consumer education providers, in developing and delivering education programmes for consumers. Four groups of consumer education providers were identified for this study: business representatives, consumer advocates, government agencies and secondary school educators. Members of each group were presented with a series of 42 objectives which had been grouped into eight categories. They were asked to identify the importance of each objective and providers were compared according to their responses. Similarities and differences among consumer education providers were identified and statistical tests applied. Three objectives identified as most important by participants were: (i) developing guidelines for wise use of credit; (ii) identifying the rights and responsibilities of the consumer in our society; and (iii) establishing the essential factors in the developing of a budget. The median test identified significant differences (P < 0.05) between consumer education suppliers in the importance they assigned to consumer education objectives in three categories. Spearman rank‐difference correlation test identified objectives within seven categories of objectives for which consumer educators expressed similar importance. These findings indicate sufficient agreement among consumer educators' importance ranking of objectives to indicate support for co‐operative educational programmes.
Fabric speciality stores: travel behaviour of female customers
Authors: CARY RICHARD T. , HATFIELD‐BELLINGER NANCY
Published: July 2007

This consumer travel behaviour study examined (i) the distance female customers travel from their home to the fabric speciality store they most often shop in, and (ii) the effects of selected factors on the travel behaviour of these customers. The procedure was to select 10 fabric speciality stores at random in the Phoenix (Arizona) metropolitan area and have 25 female customers complete the questionnaire at each store. The 250 questionnaires were analysed by examining the distances the respondents travelled in various situations and by chi‐square tests to determine the relationships among the variables.

The results indicated that the majority of respondents travelled 3 miles or less (oneway) from their home to the fabric speciality store they most often shopped in; however, the actual number of miles travelled in this situation was found to be dependent on the respondents' level of education. It was also found that many respondents were willing to travel farther than the distance from their home to the fabric speciality store they most often shopped in to (i) purchase a specific fabric; or (ii) seek a greater variety of fabrics and related items, lower fabric prices and helpful/knowledgeable salespeople.
Secondary household production of food: the influence of home meal preparation on food expenditures and reported adequacy
Authors: VOLKE CAROL B. , WINTER MARY
Published: July 2007

A path model was tested to ascertain the relationships between certain socio‐economic and demographic variables, the percentage of household meals prepared and eaten at home (secondary household production), food expenditures, and the household's reported adequacy of food consumed. Significant positive predictors of secondary household production of food were the age of the head and household size. Negative predictors were education of the head, income of the head(s) and number of hours worked by the household head(s). By far the most important predictor was the number of hours worked. The strongest predictor of food expenditures was household size. Other positive predictors were income of the head(s), number of household heads and the degree of urbanization. Negatively affecting food expenditures was secondary household production of food, indicating the ‘saving’ effect of preparing meals at home. The household's reported adequacy of their food was predicted by the positive effect of education of the head, age of the head, tenure, hours worked by the head(s) and number of household heads.

Although the number of hours the heads are employed decreased the percentage of meals prepared at home, and the percentage of meals at home negatively affected expenditures, the number of employment hours had no effect on food expenditures.
Quality control in overseas apparel manufacturing
Authors: RABOLT NANCY J. , BOTHWELL KATRINA , FORNEY JUDITH C. , BARRY MARY
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify quality control problems and causes of these problems associated with overseas apparel manufacturing. Apparel exporters and fabricators in seven Asian countries were visited. Through content analysis, four major problem categories were identified, which included construction, finishing, materials and fit. These problems appeared to be due to seven causes: (i) not following specifications, (ii) production method, (iii) management, (iv) facilities and equipment, (v) skills of workers, (vi) governmental structure and resource availability, and (vii) culture.