bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations of I2 at a remote marine site
Authors: Lawler M. J. , Mahajan A. S. , Saiz-Lopez A. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Inorganic iodine plays a significant role in the photochemistry of the marine boundary layer, but the sources and cycling of iodine are not well understood. We report the first I2 observations in marine air that is not impacted by coastal macroalgal emissions or sea ice chemistry. The data clearly demonstrate that the very high I2 levels previously reported for coastal air are not representative of open ocean conditions. In this study, gas phase I2 was measured at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory, a semi-remote site in the eastern tropical Atlantic, using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Atmospheric I2 levels typically increased beginning at sunset, leveled off after midnight, and then rapidly decreased at sunrise. There was also a smaller midday maximum in I2 that was at least partly due to a measurement artifact. Ambient I2 mixing ratios ranged from < 0.02–0.6 pmol mol−1 in May 2007 and < 0.03–1.67 pmol mol−1 in May 2009. The sea-air flux implied by the nighttime buildup of I2 is too small to explain the observed daytime IO levels at this site. Iodocarbon measurements made in this region previously are also insufficient to explain the observed 1–2 pmol mol−1 of daytime IO. The observations imply the existence of an unknown daytime source of gas phase inorganic iodine. Carpenter et al. (2013) recently proposed that sea surface emissions of HOI are several times larger than the flux of I2. Such a flux could account for both the nighttime I2 and the daytime IO observations.
Changes in atmospheric aerosol loading retrieved from space based measurements during the past decade
Authors: Yoon J. , Burrows J. P. , Vountas M. , von Hoyningen-Huene W. , Chang D. Y. , Richter A. , Hilboll A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol, generated from natural and anthropogenic sources, plays a key role in regulating visibility, air quality, and acid deposition. It is directly linked to and impacts on human health. It also reflects and absorbs incoming solar radiation and thereby influences the climate change. The cooling by aerosols is now recognized to have partly masked the atmospheric warming from fossil fuel combustion emissions. The role and potential management of short-lived climate pollutants such as aerosol are currently a topic of much scientific and public debate. Our limited knowledge of atmospheric aerosol and its influence on the Earth's radiation balance has a significant impact on the accuracy and error of current predictions of the future global climate change. In the past decades, environmental legislation in industrialized countries has begun to limit the release of anthropogenic pollutants. In contrast, in Asia as a result of the recent rapid economic development, emissions from industry and traffic have increased dramatically. In this study, the temporal changes/trends of atmospheric aerosols, derived from the satellite instruments MODIS (on board Terra and Aqua), MISR (Terra), and SeaWiFS (OrbView-2) during the past decade, are investigated. Whilst the aerosol optical thickness, AOT, over Western Europe decreases (i.e. by up to about −40% from 2003 to 2008) and parts of North America, a statistically significant increase (about +34% in the same period) over East China is observed and attributed to both the increase in industrial output and the Asian desert dust.
Chemical composition and sources of coastal marine aerosol particles during the 2008 VOCALS-REx campaign
Authors: Lee Y.-N. , Springston S. , Jayne J. , Wang J. , Hubbe J. , Senum G. , Kleinman L. , Daum P. H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The chemical composition of aerosol particles (Dp ≤ 1.5 μm) was measured over the southeast Pacific ocean during the VOCALS-REx experiment between 16~October and 15 November 2008 using the US DOE G-1 aircraft. The objective of these flights was to gain an understanding of the sources and evolution of these aerosols, and how they interacted with the marine stratus cloud layer that prevails in this region of the globe. Our measurements showed that the marine boundary layer (MBL) aerosol mass was dominated by non-sea-salt SO42−, followed by Na+, Cl−, Org, NH4+, and NO3−, in decreasing order of importance; CH3SO3−1 (MSA), Ca2+, and K+ rarely exceeded their limits of detection of ~0.05 and ~0.15 μg m−3 for anions and cations, respectively. The aerosols were strongly acidic as the NH4+ to SO42− equivalence ratio was typically < 0.3; this inferred acidity is corroborated by the conductivity of aqueous samples collected by the PILS. Sea-salt aerosol (SSA) particles, represented by NaCl, showed Cl− deficits caused by both HNO3 and H2SO4, and were externally mixed with SO42− particles as the AMS detected no NO3− whilst uptake of HNO3 occurred only on SSA particles. The SSA loading as a function of wind speed agreed with that calculated from published relationships, and contributed only a small fraction of the total accumulation mode particle number. Vertical distribution of MBL SSA particles (Dp ≤ ~1.5 μm) was uniform, suggesting a very limited dilution from entrainment of free tropospheric (FT) air. It was inferred that because all of the aerosol species (except SSA) exhibited a strong land-to-sea gradient, they were of continental origin. Comparison of relative changes in median values using LOWESS fits as proxies suggests that (1) an oceanic source of NH3 is present between 72° W and 76° W, and (2) additional organic aerosols from biomass burns or biogenic precursors were emitted from coastal regions south of 31° S, with possible cloud processing, and (3) FT contributions to MBL gas and aerosols were negligible. Positive Matrix Factorization analysis of organic aerosol mass spectra obtained with the AMS showed an HOA on 28 October 2008 but not on 6 November 2008 that we attribute to a more extensive cloud processing on the later date. A highly oxidized OOA factor resembling fulvic acid was found associated with anthropogenic and biogenic sources as well as long range transported biomass burn plumes in the FT air. A sulfur-containing OOA factor identified as MSA was strongly correlated with SO42−, hence anthropogenic. The very low levels of CH3SO3− observed suggest a limited contribution of DMS to SO42− aerosols production during VOCALS.
Riverine influence on the tropical Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry
Authors: da Cunha L. C. , Buitenhuis E. T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We assess the role of riverine inputs of N, Si, Fe, organic and inorganic C in the tropical Atlantic Ocean using a global ocean biogeochemistry model. We use a standard model scenario and three sensitivity tests to investigate the role of total river nutrient and carbon inputs, as well as the western (South American) and eastern (African) river inputs on the tropical Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry, between 20° S–20° N and 70° W–20° E. Increased nutrient availability from river inputs in this area (compared to a sensitivity scenario without river nutrient inputs, NO_RIVER) leads to an increase in primary production (PP) and export production (EP), mainly in the coastal ocean area (modeled ocean area with bathymetry <200 m). Model results suggest an enhanced N-fixation by diazotrophs on the tropical Atlantic mainly in open ocean areas. The increased rate of N-fixation in the TODAY scenario is proportional to the increase in PP and EP relative to the NO_RIVER scenario, and may support up to 14% of the coastal ocean export production. Inputs from South American rivers have an impact in coastal PP and EP two times higher than those from African rivers. On the other hand, results suggest that the contribution of African and South American rivers to the total increase in open ocean PP and EP is similar. Considering the amount of delivered nutrients (2–3 times less nutrients and carbon inputs by African rivers) one concludes that African riverine inputs may have a larger impact on the whole tropical Atlantic Ocean biogeochemistry. This is probably due to a combination of nutrient trapping in upwelling areas off the large rivers' outflows and shallow mixed layers in the eastern tropical Atlantic, concomitantly to the differences in delivered nutrient ratios leading to alleviation in limitation conditions, mainly for diatoms. When river inputs are added to the model, we estimate a modest decrease in open ocean sea-air CO2 fluxes (−5.2 Tg C a−1) and an increase in coastal ocean CO2 fluxes, mainly provoked by the remineralization of riverine organic matter delivered by the South American rivers.
Synergism between elevated pCO2 and temperature on the Antarctic sea ice diatom Nitzschia lecointei
Authors: Torstensson A. , Hedblom M. , Andersson J. , Andersson M. X. , Wulff A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Polar oceans are particularly susceptible to ocean acidification and warming. Diatoms play a significant role in sea ice biogeochemistry and provide an important food source to grazers in ice-covered oceans, especially during early spring. However, the ecophysiology of ice-living organisms has received little attention in terms of ocean acidification. In this study, the synergism between temperature and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was investigated in relationship to the optimal growth temperature of the Antarctic sea ice diatom Nitzschia lecointei. Diatoms were kept in cultures at controlled levels of pCO2 (∼390 and ∼960 μatm) and temperature (−1.8 and 2.5 °C) for 14 days. Synergism between temperature and pCO2 was detected in growth rate and acyl lipid fatty acid (FA) content. Optimal growth rate was observed around 5 °C in a separate experiment. Carbon enrichment only promoted (6%) growth rate closer to the optimal growth, but not at the control temperature (−1.8 °C). At −1.8 °C and at ∼960 μatm pCO2, the total FA content was reduced relative to the ∼390 μatm treatment, although no difference between pCO2 treatments was observed at 2.5 °C. A large proportion (97%) of the total FAs comprised on average of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at −1.8 °C. Cellular PUFA content was reduced at ∼960 relative to ∼390 μatm pCO2. Effects of carbon enrichment may be different depending on ocean warming scenario or season, e.g. reduced cellular FA content in response to elevated CO2 at low temperatures only, reflected as reduced food quality for higher trophic levels. Synergy between warming and acidification may be particularly important in polar areas since a narrow thermal window generally limits cold-water organisms.
Why could ice ages be unpredictable?
Authors: Crucifix M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. It is commonly accepted that the variations of Earth's orbit and obliquity control the timing of Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles. Evidence comes from power spectrum analysis of palaeoclimate records and from inspection of the timing of glacial and deglacial transitions. However, we do not know how tight this control is. Is it, for example, conceivable that random climatic fluctuations could cause a delay in deglaciation, bad enough to skip a full precession or obliquity cycle and subsequently modify the sequence of ice ages? To address this question, seven previously published conceptual models of ice ages are analysed by reference to the notion of generalised synchronisation. Insight is being gained by comparing the effects of the astronomical forcing with idealised forcings composed of only one or two periodic components. In general, the richness of the astronomical forcing allows for synchronisation over a wider range of parameters, compared to periodic forcing. Hence, glacial cycles may conceivably have remained paced by the astronomical forcing throughout the Pleistocene. However, all the models examined here show regimes of strong structural dependence on parameters. This means that small variations in parameters or random fluctuations may cause significant shifts in the succession of ice ages. Whether the actual system actually resides in such a regime depends on the amplitude of the effects associated with the astronomical forcing, which significantly differ across the different models studied here. The possibility of synchronisation on eccentricity is also discussed and it is shown that a high Rayleigh number on eccentricity, as recently found in observations, is no guarantee of reliable synchronisation.
Flocculation processes and sedimentation of fine sediments in the open annular flume – experiment and numerical modeling
Authors: Klassen I. , Hillebrand G. , Olsen N. R. B. , Vollmer S. , Lehmann B. , Nestmann F.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The prediction of cohesive sediment transport requires numerical models which include the dominant physico-chemical processes of fine sediments. Mainly in terms of simulating small scale processes, flocculation of fine particles plays an important role since aggregation processes affect the transport and settling of fine-grained particles. Flocculation algorithms used in numerical models are based on and calibrated using experimental data. A good agreement between the results of the simulation and the measurements is a prerequisite for further applications of the transport functions. In this work, the sediment transport model (SSIIM) was extended by implementing a physics-based aggregation process model based on McAnally (1999). SSIIM solves the Navier-Stokes-Equations in a three-dimensional, non-orthogonal grid using the k-ε turbulence model. The program calculates the suspended load with the convection-diffusion equation for the sediment concentration. Experimental data from studies in annular flumes (Hillebrand, 2008; Klassen, 2009) is used to test the flocculation algorithm. Annular flumes are commonly used as a test rig for laboratory studies on cohesive sediments since the flocculation processes are not interfered with by pumps etc. We use the experiments to model measured floc sizes, affected by aggregation processes, as well as the sediment concentration of the experiment. Within the simulation of the settling behavior, we use different formulas for calculating the settling velocity (Stokes, 1850 vs. Winterwerp, 1998) and include the fractal dimension to take into account the structure of flocs. The aim of the numerical calculations is to evaluate the flocculation algorithm by comparison with the experimental data. The results from these studies have shown, that the flocculation process and the settling behaviour are very sensitive to variations in the fractal dimension. We get the best agreement with measured data by adopting a characteristic fractal dimension nfc to 1.4. Insufficient results were obtained when neglecting flocculation processes and using Stokes settling velocity equation, as it is often done in numerical models which do not include a flocculation algorithm. These numerical studies will be used for further applications of the transport functions to the SSIIM model of reservoirs of the Upper Rhine River, Germany.
Simulation systems for tsunami wave propagation forecasting within the French tsunami warning center
Authors: Gailler A. , Hébert H. , Loevenbruck A. , Hernandez B.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. A model-based tsunami prediction system has been developed as part of the French Tsunami Warning Center (operational since 1 July 2012). It involves a precomputed unit source functions database (i.e., a number of tsunami model runs that are calculated ahead of time and stored). For the Mediterranean basin, the faults of the unit functions are placed adjacent to each other, following the discretization of the main seismogenic faults. An automated composite scenarios calculation tool is implemented to allow the simulation of any tsunami propagation scenario (i.e., of any seismic moment). Uncertainty on the magnitude of the detected event and inaccuracy of the epicenter location are taken into account in the composite scenarios calculation. Together with this forecasting system, another operational tool based on real time computing is implemented as part of the French Tsunami Warning Center. This second tsunami simulation tool takes advantage of multiprocessor approaches and more realistic seismological parameters, once the focal mechanism is established. Three examples of historical earthquakes are presented, providing warning refinement compared to the rough tsunami risk map given by the model-based decision matrix.
The Bema and the Stage: Stratocles and Philippides in Plutarch’s Demetrius
Authors: Monaco Mallory
Published: October 2013

This essay examines Plutarch’s juxtaposition of Stratocles, the demagogue, and Philippides, the comic playwright, in the Life of Demetrius. Plutarch uses these two figures as examples of the proper and improper use of humor in a political context. A close reading of the political essays of the Moralia in conjunction with the Demetrius reveals that the pairing of Stratocles and Philippides extends beyond the issue of humor in politics to the question of the definition of true statesmanship.
Lucan and John Chrysostom: A Parallel of Imagination
Authors: Newman J. K.
Published: October 2013

At the end of his treatise "On the Priesthood" (De Sacerdotio) St. John Chrysostom describes the battle between Good and Evil in terms which irresistibly remind the reader of Lucan’s macabre humor in describing the battles of the Civil War. Chrysostom knew no Latin. The resemblance between him and Lucan springs from the fact that both men, who were in any case to die by violence, lived in liminal worlds. Under such pressures, and not because of any topical extravagance, their imaginations resorted to similar stylistic modes.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) should be administered to fit patients with newly diagnosed, potentially resectable muscle-invasive urothelial cancer (MIUC) of the bladder – A 2013 CAGMO Consensus Statement and Call for a Streamlined Referral Process
Authors: Seah Jo-An , Sridhar Srikala , Wood Lori , Blais Normand , North Scott , Rahim Yasmin , Ruether Dean , Black Peter , Zlotta Alexandre R.
Published: October 2013

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) improves overall survival inpatients with resectable muscle-invasive urothelial cancer of the bladder (MIBC). However uptake of NC in Canada is disappointingly low. Following a detailed literature review and in consultation with urologic oncology, the Canadian Association of Genitourinary Medical Oncologists (CAGMO) has developed a consensus statement for the use of NC in MIBC. Our primary goal is to increase the uptake of NC for MIBC in Canada and improve patient outcomes.
Treatment considerations for OAB: Case studies
Authors: Radomski Sidney B. , Schulz Jane
Published: October 2013

As part of the program at the 3rd Annual Canadian Urology Forum (2013), participants engaged in interactive discussions of difficult cases throughout the event. The following is a summary of discussions pertaining to two cases illustrating treatment considerations in overactive bladder.
Future therapies: Early trials and basic science
Authors: Andersson Karl-Erik
Published: October 2013

Pharmacotherapeutic options for overactive bladder (OAB) include antimuscarinics and the beta3-adrenoceptor (AR) agonist mirabegron. Research and development of novel therapeutic options for OAB continues to be an active field. This review summarizes recent research with the existing therapies as well as the most promising agents in development.
Case studies in post-prostatectomy complications
Authors: Bailly Greg
Published: October 2013

As part of the program at the 3rd Annual Canadian Urology Forum (2013), participants engaged in interactive discussions of difficult cases throughout the event. The following is a summary of discussions pertaining to two challenging cases illustrating the management of complications, subsequent to radical prostatectomy.
Painful bladder: Case studies
Authors: Bailly Greg
Published: October 2013

As part of the program at the 3rd Annual Canadian Urology Forum (2013), participants engaged in interactive discussions of difficult cases throughout the event. The following is a summary of discussions pertaining to two cases illustrating the difficulties in diagnosis and management of bladder pain symptoms.
A prospective trial of GreenLight PVP (HPS120) versus transurethral resection of the prostate in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Whelan J Paul , Bowen James M. , Burke Natasha , Woods Edward A. , McIssac Gary P. , Hopkins Robert B. , O’Reilly Daria J. , Xie Feng , Sehatzadeh Shayan , Levin Leslie , Mathew Suja P. , Patterson Lisa L. , Goeree Ron , Tarride Jean-Eric
Published: October 2013

Background: Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) is a bloodless, relatively painless alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Objective: We compare the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of Greenlight Laser PVP (HPS-120) and TURP.Methods: We conducted a prospective, non-randomized trial in 3 Ontario centres from March 2008 to February 2011. Assessments were completed at baseline, 1 and 6 months following surgery at the physicians’ offices and at 12 and 24 months by phone. The primary outcome was the change in International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) score at 6 months versus baseline. Secondary outcomes were changes in flow rate, postvoid residual (PVR), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and sexual health inventory for men (SHIM) scores. Adverse events, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), resource utilization and productivity losses were collected.Results: Although the IPSS decreased in both arms (n = 140 forPVP and n = 24 for TURP) between baseline and 6 months, the difference in change over time between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.718). Other outcomes improved equally from baseline and 6 months (Qmax, SHIM, PSA and HRQoL), with only changes in PVR favouring PVP (p = 0.018). There were no statistical differences in serious adverse events. In total, 130 of 140 PVP patients were outpatients, all TURP subjects were inpatients. PVP was less costly than TURP ($3891 vs. $4863; p < 0.001) with similar quality-adjusted life years (0.448 vs. 0.441; p = 0.658).Conclusion: Greenlight Laser PVP (HPS-120) is a safe and cost effective alternative to TURP for outpatient treatment of LUTS and can be completed as an outpatient with minimal blood loss.
Adenocarcinoma of rete testis with widespread liver metastasis
Authors: Yang Zhenyu , Sheng Chang , Cao Lei , Wang Dengshan
Published: October 2013

The rete testis consists of a series of interconnected wide channels lined with a simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium. We report such a rare tumour in a 57-year-old male with widespread metastasis.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: Early single Canadian institution experience
Authors: Ploussard Guillaume , Haddad Richard , Kovac Evan , Richard Patrick , Anidjar Maurice , Bladou Franck
Published: October 2013

Background: Although robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RALPN) has been increasingly adopted, open procedures continue to be the reference nephron-sparing technique. We describe our initial surgical outcomes of RALPN in our single institution robotic program.Methods: Between January 2011 and February 2013, 65 consecutive patients underwent a RALPN by 2 surgeons. Preoperative characteristics, including the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, perioperative parameters, and postoperative course, including renal function, were assessed from a retrospective database. The mean follow-up was 12 months.Results: The mean age was 60.2 years and the mean tumour size was 3.9 cm. According to the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, the tumours were classified moderately and highly complex tumours in 51% and 18.5% of cases, respectively. Median warm ischemia time (WIT) was 21 minutes. Factors associated with WIT were R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, tumour size, complication rates and surgeon experience. No conversion or grade 4 to 5 complications were reported. The mean hospital stay was 3 days. The overall complication rate was 24.6% (re-admission rate 7.7%), and decreased to 12% after 20 cases. After these initial 20 cases, a trifecta rate (no margins, preserved renal function, no complications) of 64.3% was achieved in moderately and highly complex tumours. The mean change in estimated glomerular filtration rate was 6.7 mL/min without severe postoperative renal failure.Interpretation: RALPN is a safe and feasible procedure with low specific morbidity, even in moderately or highly complex renal masses. The WIT depends on tumour characteristics, mainly determined by the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score and is improved by surgeon experience. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the oncologic mid-term safety of the procedure.
Efficacy of Essential Oils From Some African Spices Against Two Strains of Bacillus cereus Isolated From Vegetable Salad
Authors: Uzeh Roseline Ekiomado , Oguntosin Deborah Olamide
Published: October 2013

Chemical preservatives have been used to preserve our foods against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms over the years. Consumers now frown at this hence the need to source for preservatives from natural sources. In this investigation fifteen samples of vegetable salad were collected from retail outlets in Lagos, Nigeria dilutions of which were plated on Brilliance Bacillus cereus agar. Isolates were identified based on morphological, biochemical characteristics and reactions to API 20E and API 50 CHB/E test kit. Two strains of Bacillus cereus; B. cereus 1 and B. cereus 2 were isolated. The organism was spread evenly on Mueller -Hinton agar and wells of 5mm in diameter were made on the inoculated agar with sterile cork borer. Different dilutions (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/ml) of essential oils extracted from three African spices; Aframomum melegueta, Xylopia aethiopica and Piper guineense by hydro distillation method were introduced into the wells in triplicate. After incubation diameter of zones of inhibition were measured. The essential oils of the spices inhibited growth of the two strains. A. melegueta produced the greatest zone of inhibition (14 to 24 mm) and with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 mg/ml, followed by X. aethiopica (10 to 18 mm) with MIC of 62.5 mg/ml and P. guineense (11 to 15 mm) and MIC of 125 and 250 mg/ml against B. cereus 1 and B. cereus 2 respectively. P. guineense was the least inhibitory. However, B. cereus 1 was more sensitive (inhibition zone of 12 to 24 mm) to the essential oils of the spices than B. cereus 2 (inhibition zone of 10 to 17 mm). The higher the concentration of the essential oils the greater the resultant zones of inhibition. The spices especially A. melegueta have proved very efficient in the inhibition of B. cereus a pathogen obtained from vegetable salad. The spices can therefore help in ensuring food safety.
Efeito da intervenção de diferentes métodos de treinamento sobre a glicemia pós-prandial de diabéticos tipo 2
Authors: Souza Fabiane Priscila Leite de , Cruz Pedro Weldes da Silva , Ferreira Neta Jacy Souto Maior , Tavares Marcelo Caetano de Azevedo , França Jéssica Aimée Lins , Vancea Denise Maria Martins
Published: October 2013

Introdução: A glicemia pós-prandial (GPP) vem-se destacando como parâmetro de avaliação do controle metabólico em diabéticos tipo 2 (DM2), sendo o exercício físico uma importante ferramenta para auxiliar no controle dessa glicemia. Objetivo: Avaliar a intervenção de diferentes métodos de treinamento no controle da glicemia pós-prandial de diabéticos tipo 2. Métodos: Dezessete indivíduos com DM2 participaram durante três meses, três vezes por semana, de sessões compostas por treinamentos aeróbio, resistido e combinado. Para a coleta da GPP, os indivíduos estavam em jejum de 8 a 12 h e receberam um café padronizado de 300 kcal. Após uma hora foi realizada a coleta por meio do glicosímetro. Resultados: O treinamento resistido demonstrou uma tendência à diminuição da GPP (198,7 mg/dL±45,3 vs. 179,5 mg/dL ±9,2). Conclusões: Constatou-se que os métodos de treinamentos aeróbio e combinado não foram eficazes no controle da GPP, apenas o resistido apresentou uma tendência à diminuição da GPP.
Efeitos do envelhecimento sobre o equilíbrio funcional em sujeitos saudáveis
Authors: Medeiros Jéssica Mascena de , Pereira Yanne Salviano , Moura Danilo De Macêdo , Lima Suenny Marrocos de , Sousa Catarina De Oliveira , Andrade Palloma Rodrigues de , Ferreira José Jamacy de Almeida , Santos Heleodório Honorato dos
Published: October 2013

Introdução: O estado de saúde e os fatores de risco subjacentes para prevenção e tratamento dos agravos em idosos são um tema de destaque na saúde pública. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos do envelhecimento no equilíbrio funcional de sujeitos saudáveis em três faixas etárias. Métodos: Por meio do Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) e da Berg Balance Scale (BBS), foi analisado o equilíbrio funcional de 71 sujeitos, divididos em três grupos: jovens (GJ); meia idade (GMI) e idosos (GI). Foi realizada uma Anova one-way, seguida do post hoc de Tukey, considerando um α de 5%. Resultados: No TUGT houve diferença significativa entre GJ x GMI (P
Alterações circadianas da flexibilidade em voluntários adultos
Authors: Pereira Ana Paula Cardoso , Mazza Sheynara Emi Ito , Moraes Maicom Borges , Teixeira André De Oliveira , Franco Ozeia Simões , Signori Luis Ulisses
Published: October 2013

Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações circadianas da flexibilidade em voluntários adultos. Métodos: Vinte e quatro voluntários (12 homens), com idade de 29,18 (±4,58) anos e índice de atividade física (IAF) de 38,3 (±26) pontos realizaram sete avaliações (8h; 12h; 12h pós-refeição; 16h; 20h, 20h pós-refeição e 24h) da flexibilidade ao longo de 24h. Resultados: A pressão arterial diastólica aumentou (P=0,008) às 20h; e a sistólica (P=0,002), às 16h e às 20h. A flexibilidade (P
Disfunção temporomandibular: análise cefalométrica e fotogrametria
Authors: Pachioni Fernanda Stellutti Magrini , Aoyama Aline Yoshie , Pavia Ariane , Pernas Diogo Luis , Savian Nathalia Ulices , Fregonesi Cristina Elena Prado Teles , De Faria Cláudia Regina Sgobbi , Ferreira Dalva Minonroze Albuquerque , Pachioni Célia Aparecida Stellutti
Published: October 2013

Introdução: A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) caracteriza-se por alterações nos músculos mastigatórios, articulação temporomandibular e estruturas adjacentes. Alguns autores sugerem uma relação entre a postura e a DTM. Objetivos: Avaliar e analisar a postura da cabeça e coluna cervical em indivíduos com e sem DTM. Métodos: No estudo, foram incluídos 20 sujeitos do gênero feminino, com idade média de 23,30 anos, diagnosticados por meio de questionário RDC/DTM. Realizaram-se análise postural pelo software CorporisPro e cefalométrica por meio de telerradiografias. Resultados: A comparação de cada ângulo das alterações posturais obtidas pela fotogrametria e alterações das medidas avaliadas por meio da cefalometria entre os grupos, não revelou diferença significante entre o posicionamento da cabeça e coluna cervical nos voluntários com e sem DTM. Conclusão: Verifica-se que a postura da cabeça e coluna cervical dos sujeitos com DTM não é diferente da dos indivíduos sem DTM.
Pressões respiratórias máximas de adolescentes brasileiros com diferentes níveis de atividade física
Authors: Chaves Gabriela Suéllen da Silva , Teixeira Moema Amorim , Freitas Diana Amélia de , Mendes Raquel Emanuele de França , Maciel Álvaro Campos Cavalcanti , Mendonça Karla Morganna Pereira Pinto de
Published: October 2013

Introdução: A força dos músculos respiratórios sofre influência de fatores como idade, gênero e antropometria. Além desses, a atividade física também pode influenciá-la. Objetivo: Comparar as pressões respiratórias máximas em adolescentes saudáveis, entre os diferentes níveis de atividade física. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo observacional do tipo descritivo transversal. Foram avaliados 182 adolescentes saudáveis. As pressões respiratórias máximas foram mensuradas com manovacuômetro digital; e os níveis de atividade física, com o questionário internacional de atividade física versão curta. Aplicou-se Anova oneway para comparar as variáveis entre os grupos classificados, conforme o nível de atividade física. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa nas pressões respiratórias entre os grupos irregularmente ativos A e B e o grupo ativo/muito ativo. Ambos apresentaram, respectivamente, média de PImáx de 77,7±26,2 e 96,2±28,3cmH2O (p
O senso de posição articular do joelho não é alterado pela dominância
Authors: Vecchi Suleima Fachin de , Oliveira Naiane Teixeira Bastos de , Miyamoto Gisela Cristiane , Cabral Cristina Maria Nunes
Published: October 2013

Introdução: A maioria dos estudos sobre avaliação proprioceptiva é conduzida em lesões musculoesqueléticas, não havendo um consenso quanto à presença de alteração proprioceptiva determinada pela dominância de membros inferiores. Objetivos: Avaliar o senso de posição articular (SPA) do joelho em participantes sem lesão musculoesquelética do joelho. Métodos: Dezenove voluntários sem lesão musculoesquelética do joelho foram avaliados pela verificação da dominância de membros inferiores e do SPA em três ângulos (30°, 45° e 60°) de flexão do joelho. Foram feitas comparações dos ângulos de reposicionamento ativo, dos erros relativos e absolutos nos três ângulos testados. Resultados: O membro inferior dominante de todos os participantes foi o direito e não houve diferença significativa entre inferior dominante e não dominante no reposicionamento ativo e erros relativos e absolutos (p>0,05). Conclusões: Pode-se inferir que não há diferença do SPA entre membro inferior dominante (direito) e não dominante (esquerdo) de participantes sem lesão musculoesquelética.
Hierarchically Coordinated Power Management for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Juan Feng , Lian Baowang , Hongwei Zhao
Published: October 2013

Energy efficiency is very important for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since sensor nodes have a limited energy supply from a battery. So far, a lot research has focused on this issue, while less emphasis has been placed on the adaptive sleep time for each node with a consideration for the application constraints. In this paper, we propose a hierarchically coordinated power management (HCPM) approach, which both addresses the energy conservation problem and reduces the packet forwarding delay for target tracking WSNs based on a virtual-grid-based network structure. We extend the network lifetime by adopting an adaptive sleep scheduling scheme that combines the local power management (PM) and the adaptive coordinate PM strategies to schedule the activities of the sensor nodes at the surveillance stage. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical structure for the tracking stage. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has a greater capability of extending the network lifetime while maintaining a short transmission delay when compared with the protocol which does not consider the application constraints in target tracking sensor networks.
Survey on Remote Handling Logistics for Super-FRS
Authors: Amjad Faraz , Weick Helmut , Mattila Jouni , Orona Luis , Kozlova Ekaterina , Winkler Martin , Behr Karl-Heinz , Karagiannis Christos
Published: October 2013

Remote Handling (RH) systems are now frequently used to conduct inspections and maintenance in hazardous environments. New particle accelerator facilities present unique logistic challenges due to high radiation levels, a hazardous environment and heavy loads. The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will deliver a beam of all ions up to uranium with intensities up to 1012 238U ions/s, which will cause high levels of radiation during operation so human access is limited. This paper contains a survey on RH logistics for existing High Intensity Beam (HIB) facilities to determine state of the art RH practices and to draw a conclusion based on the analysis. The second part of this paper presents a detailed study of beam losses, the radiation environment, RH logistic challenges and some proposed solutions for Super-FRS. This paper will also suggest a Systems Engineering (SE) approach for developing Super-FRS RH logistics.
TTS-Driven Synthetic Behaviour-Generation Model for Artificial Bodies
Authors: Mlakar Izidor , Kačič Zdravko , Rojc Matej
Published: October 2013

Visual perception, speech perception and the understanding of perceived information are linked through complex mental processes. Gestures, as part of visual perception and synchronized with verbal information, are a key concept of human social interaction. Even when there is no physical contact (e.g., a phone conversation), humans still tend to express meaning through movement. Embodied conversational agents (ECAs), as well as humanoid robots, are visual recreations of humans and are thus expected to be able to perform similar behaviour in communication. The behaviour generation system proposed in this paper is able to specify expressive behaviour strongly resembling natural movement performed within social interaction. The system is TTS-driven and fused with the time-and-space efficient TTS-engine, called ‘PLATTOS’. Visual content and content presentation is formulated based on several linguistic features that are extrapolated from arbitrary input text sequences and prosodic features (e.g., pitch, intonation, stress, emphasis, etc.), as predicted by several verbal modules in the system. According to the evaluation results, when using the proposed system the synchronized co-verbal behaviour can be recreated with a very high-degree of naturalness, either by ECAs or humanoid robots alike.
L’apport de Bergson à Lavelle
Authors: Barreau Hervé
Published: October 2013

Dans la Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France et dans un article de 1942 que Lavelle écrivit sur la pensée religieuse d’Henri Bergson, nous trouvons des témoignages frappants sur l’héritage spirituel que Lavelle reçut de Bergson : d’abord, un encouragement à rompre avec le positivisme et le kantisme ; ensuite, une doctrine du réalisme spirituel que Lavelle interpréta comme une théorie de la participation ; et enfin, une valorisation du passé où Lavelle vit « l’avenir de l’avenir » et le lieu jamais immuable de la constitution de la personne.
L’idée de totalité chez Louis Lavelle
Authors: Godin Christian
Published: October 2013

Le Tout de Lavelle n’est ni celui, panthéistique, de l’univers, ni celui, épistémique, des holismes et des théories du système. Il s’agira donc dans cet article de dégager une présence et un sens diffus, pour tâcher de déterminer la fonction que Lavelle fait jouer à l’idée de Tout dans l’économie générale de sa pensée.
Social and emotional aspects of learning: Complementing, compensating and countering parental practices
Authors: Wood Peter , Warin Jo
Published: October 2013

This article draws on a study which investigated the interpretation and use of Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) in primary schools in the UK (the authors gratefully acknowledge Studentship funding from the Economic and Social Research Council for this study). The paper focuses on school staff members' perceptions about the intentions and purposes of the scheme. The testimonies of head teachers, management staff, teachers, teaching assistants, welfare assistants and pastoral staff members illustrated how the interpretation and use of SEAL was influenced by their perceptions about the pupils' parents and, in particular, parental ability to develop ‘appropriate’ social, emotional and behavioural skills in their children. In schools where parenting was positively appraised, SEAL was used to complement parenting practices; whilst in schools where parents were negatively appraised, SEAL was used to counter their endeavours. The scheme was also used to compensate for certain inadequacies that were deemed to be taking place in the home. These differing perceptions of parents were linked to social class, with the scheme being used to complement the practices of middle‐class parents and to counter those of minority‐ethnic and working‐class people. We contend that this interpretation and use of the scheme helped to re‐affirm the practices of the dominant culture whilst serving to marginalise the values of the less powerful groups in society. Implications of the study's findings are discussed and recommendations for staff, schools and policy are made.
A novel rateless codes design scheme based on two‐stage encoding and forward equal probability
Authors: Li Yunji , Yang Xiaolong , Dai Zeyang , Zhao Changming , Long Keping
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes an ideal rateless codes model to comprehensively describe rateless codes and extends the definition of systematic linear block code to generalized systematic code. Under the proposed model, average delay, maximum disorder, and uniformity recovery entropy are introduced as performance indices to design efficient rateless codes. A novel coding scheme based on two‐stage encoding and forward equal probability is proposed to optimize the proposed indices. In the first stage, the first k symbols are encoded, aiming to improve the performance of order recovery, uniformity recovery, and transmission efficiency as much as possible. In the second stage, the remaining infinite symbols are encoded, where the symbols with high degree are used to compensate the symbols loss in the first stage. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve generalized systematic rateless codes with high probability and also has less average delay and maximum disorder, better capacity achievability, and uniformity recovery performance than Luby trasform (LT) codes and rateless coded symbol sorting algorithm. Besides, the proposed scheme has the aforementioned advantages compared with expending window fountain codes except for uniformity recovery and maximum disorder performance when the erasure rate is higher than about 0.25. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Major transport mechanisms of pyrethroids in residential settings and effects of mitigation measures
Authors: Davidson Paul C. , Jones Russell L. , Harbourt Christopher M. , Hendley Paul , Goodwin Gregory E. , Sliz Bradley A.
Published: October 2013

The major pathways for transport of pyrethroids were determined in runoff studies conducted at a full-scale test facility in central California, USA. The 6 replicate house lots were typical of front lawns and house fronts of California residential developments and consisted of stucco walls, garage doors, driveways, and residential lawn irrigation sprinkler systems. Each of the 6 lots also included a rainfall simulator to generate artificial rainfall events. Different pyrethroids were applied to 5 surfaces—driveway, garage door and adjacent walls, lawn, lawn perimeter (grass near the house walls), and house walls above grass. The volume of runoff water from each house lot was measured, sampled, and analyzed to determine the amount of pyrethroid mass lost from each surface. Applications to 3 of the house lots were made using the application practices typically used prior to recent label changes, and applications were made to the other 3 house lots according to the revised application procedures. Results from the house lots using the historic application procedures showed that losses of the compounds applied to the driveway and garage door (including the adjacent walls) were 99.75% of total measured runoff losses. The greatest losses were associated with significant rainfall events rather than lawn irrigation events. However, runoff losses were 40 times less using the revised application procedures recently specified on pyrethroid labels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:52–60. © 2013 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Growth, characterization, and properties of bulk SnO2 single crystals
Authors: Galazka Zbigniew , Uecker Reinhard , Klimm Detlef , Irmscher Klaus , Pietsch Mike , Schewski Robert , Albrecht Martin , Kwasniewski Albert , Ganschow Steffen , Schulz Detlev , Guguschev Christo , Bertram Rainer , Bickermann Matthias , Fornari Roberto
Published: October 2013

SnO2 is a semiconductor with a wide optical bandgap (3.5 eV), which makes it an attractive transparent semiconducting oxide (TSO) for electronic and opto‐electronic applications. At elevated temperatures it is, however, much more unstable than other TSOs (such as ZnO, Ga2O3, or In2O3). This leads to a rapid decomposition even under very high oxygen pressures. Our experiments showed that stoichiometric SnO2 does not melt up to 2100 °C, in contradiction to earlier published data. Bulk SnO2 single crystals, that could provide substrates for epitaxial growth, have not been reported so far. Hereby we report on truly bulk SnO2 single crystals of 1 inch diameter grown by physical vapor transport (PVT). The most volatile species during SnO2 decomposition is, in addition to oxygen, SnO, which is stable in the gas phase at high temperature and reacts again with oxygen at lower temperatures to form SnO2. We identified a relatively narrow temperature window, temperature gradients and a ratio of SnO/O2 for providing the best conditions for SnO2 single crystal growth. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) proved the single SnO2 phase. Moreover, by selecting a suitable SnO/O2 ratio it was possible to obtain either n‐type conductivity with electron concentrations up to 2 × 1018 cm−3 and electron mobilities up to 200 cm2 V−1 s−1, or insulating behavior. The crystals exhibited an optical absorption edge located at 330–355 nm, depending on the crystal orientation, and a good transparency over visible and near infrared (NIR) spectra.
Statistical characterization of self‐assembled charged nanoparticle structures
Authors: Zvejnieks G. , Kuzovkov V. N. , Kotomin E. A.
Published: October 2013

We propose a novel approach for description of dynamics of nanostructure formation for a system consisting of oppositely charged particles. The combination of numerical solution of analytical Bogolyubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon (BBGKY) type equation set with reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method allows us to overcome difficulties of standard approaches, such as kinetic Monte Carlo or Molecular Dynamics, to describe effects of long‐range Coulomb interactions. Moreover, this allows one to study the system dynamics on realistic time and length scales. We applied this method to a simple short‐range Lenard–Jones (LJ)‐like three‐ (3D) and two‐dimensional (2D) system combining the long‐range Coulomb and LJ interactions. As expected, the nanoparticle growth driven by the Ostwald ripening is observed in the former case, while long‐range interaction limited self‐assembled nanostructures are observed in the latter case.

Example of 3D structure of self‐assembled nanoparticles interacting via short‐range LJ and long‐range Coulomb potentials obtained by improved reverse Monte Carlo simulations.
Modeling of the plasmonic properties of DLC‐Ag nanocomposite films
Authors: Yaremchuk Iryna , Tamulevičienė Asta , Tamulevičius Tomas , Šlapikas Kęstutis , Balevičius Zigmas , Tamulevičius Sigitas
Published: October 2013

In this work we present results of theoretical and experimental investigation of the optical absorption spectra of thin films of nanocomposite materials composed of silver nanoparticles embedded in a diamond‐like carbon (DLC) matrix. The optical characteristics of DLC‐Ag nanocomposite are considered within the framework of the effective medium approximation. The evolution of plasmon resonance characteristics and optical properties due to changes of dielectric constant of DLC host and size of the embedded metal nanoparticles is studied. The experimental absorption spectra of DLC‐based silver nanocomposites deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on fused‐silica were compared with the simulated ones. The observed redshift and broadening of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands were explained using Mie scattering theory and Maxwell–Garnett effective medium theory. The obtained results suggest that a random mixture consisting of the DLC film with embedded isolated silver inclusions is a promising material for the fabrication of tunable nanocomposites in different sensing platforms.