bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The utility of biomarkers in the prediction of preterm birth: A nested case control study of the ASPIRIN trial
Authors: R. Araganji Ramesh , S. Somannavar Manjunath , Vernekar Sunil S. , Kavi Avinash , Hoffman Matthew K. , Goudar Shivaprasad S.
Published: February 2023

Introduction and Aim: Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APO’s-preterm birth, foetal growth restriction and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP)) are the primary drivers of perinatal mortality.  C-Reactive Protein, Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) and Alpha-FetoProtein (AFP) have shown promise in predicting these APO’s. Aim of this present work is to validate the predictive ability of these biomarkers to identify women at risk for preterm birth.
 
Materials and Methods: A nested observational case-control study was performed drawing nulliparous pregnant women between 10 to 13 weeks and 17 to 21 weeks of gestation in nulliparous women randomized to aspirin or placebo as part of the ASPIRIN (Aspirin Supplementation for Pregnancy Indicated Risk Reduction in Nulliparas) trial.  
 
Results: A total of 126 women with these APO’s and 143 controls were selected for analyte analysis. None of the chosen analytes were found to predict preterm birth before 37 weeks or HDP.  AFP obtained between 10 to 13 weeks, was able to moderately discriminate against women who had a preterm birth prior to 34 weeks (C-statistic 0.65- 95% CI 0.55 to 0.78). No other analytes were found to be predictive of preterm birth prior to 34 weeks.
 
Conclusion: Elevated Alpha-FetoProtein early in pregnancy is associated with early preterm birth (PTB) and may be a marker of Aspirin efficacy.
Development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for determination of Metformin and Evogliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms
Authors: Kaveripakam Sai Sruthi , Kuruva Poojitha Sai , Adikay Sreedevi
Published: February 2023

Introduction and Aim: In this study, a new sensitive and rapid HPLC method was developed to determine Metformin hydrochloride and Evogliptin tartrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
 
Materials and Methods: Chromatographic separation of Metformin and Evogliptin was achieved on Waters Alliance-e2695 by using Waters XTerra RP-18 150X4.6 mm, 3.5µ column, and the mobile phase containing Acetonitrile: KH2PO4: Methanol in the ratio of 50:40:10% v/v.
 
Results: The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; detection was carried out by absorption at 228 nm using a photodiode array detector at ambient temperature.
 
Conclusion: This method was a simple, economical, suitable, precise, accurate and robust method for quantitative analysis of Metformin and Evogliptin study of its stability.
Polymorphism in SNP rs972283 of the KLF14 gene and genetic disposition to peptic ulcer
Authors: Bresam Sabah , M. Kh Al-Jumaily Rakad , F. Karim Gulbahar , Al-Rubaii Bahaa Abdullah Laftaah
Published: February 2023

Introduction and Aim: Kruppel Like Factor 14 (KLF14) gene plays an important role in metabolic illnesses and is also involved in the regulation of many other biological processes. This study's objective was to determine whether or not the KLF14 single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) known as rs972283 was linked to an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease in the population that was being investigated.
 
Materials and Methods: Participants in this study included 71 people who had been diagnosed with peptic ulcers and 50 people who were considered to be healthy controls. In order to genotype the KLF14 SNP rs972283, an amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) was carried out, and the PCR results were then sequenced.
 
Results: Genotypes (GG, AG, and AA) were significantly different in people who had peptic ulcers compared to those who were in the control group (chi-square=7.703, 5.317 and 4.294) respectively. AG and AA genotypes for KLF14 gene were correlated with a high risk of peptic ulcer (P 0.05) (Odds Ratio (O.R.) =6.343 and 2.441) respectively. Patients with peptic ulcer had a significantly greater incidence of the allele A gene (30.3%), whereas healthy people had a much higher incidence of the G allele (86%). Patients who carried the AG genotype and had a chronic H. pylori infection were found to have a highly significant correlation with one another (P 0.01, O.R. =1.218). Similarly, there was a higher frequency of the G allele (84.6%), in people who had peptic ulcers, but there was a higher frequency of the A allele (39%), in cases of chronic infection.
 
Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, a variant in the KLF14 gene called rs972283 is linked to an increased risk of peptic ulcer illness.
Effects of physicochemical changes (temperature, pH, and culture media) on strong biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients with respiratory infection in Iraq
Authors: Sabah Mutashar Shaymaa , Al-Mudallal Nada H. A. L. , Jawad Ridha Dunya
Published: February 2023

Introduction and Aim: The ability of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces is regulated by several pathogens’ virulence factors, and this is thought to be at the root of the bacteria's resistance to antibiotics. We hope to learn how temperature, pH, and iron concentrations influence the development of biofilms in A. baumannii isolated from COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 individuals, and which genes are relevant for biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance.
 
Materials and Methods: Eight strong adherent isolates of A. baumannii from respiratory tract infection Iraqi patients (4 from COVID-19 and the other from non-COVID-19 just respiratory patients) had been used in this study which conducted from 10/1/2021 to 10/2/2022. The antibiotic sensitivity of all isolates was determined using the VITEK-2 system. The biofilm associated genes OXA-51, bap, Chaperone Usher (CsuE) and Integron-1, was detected using PCR. Isolates of A. baumainni were put through a battery of tests to determine whether they possessed the capacity to produce robust biofilms under a wide range of both physical (temperature, pH) and chemical circumstances.
 
Results: A. baumannii showed that all isolates were multidrug resistant and positive for the biofilm genes studied. Effect on temperature on biofilm formation showed at 44ºC biofilm formation was significantly lower than that at 37ºC (mean differences of 0.178000 (t= 8.355, df:3, P=0.004) and 0.204000 (t=26.521, df:3, P=0.000) respectively). The adhesion factor value in the COVID-19 positive and negative groups decreased significantly because of the pH change. Iron concentration of 60 µM significantly lowered biofilm formation among COVID-19 group and non-COVID-19 group.
 
Conclusion: A. baumanni are multidrug resistance isolates with a capacity to form biofilms. The ability to form biofilms by A. baumannii is strongly influenced by physical and chemical factors.
Optimal timing of surgical intervention in acute subdural hematoma
Authors: Yrysov Keneshbek , Kalyev Kursanbek , Mamytov Mitalip , Yrysov Beksultan , Turganbaev Bakytbek
Published: February 2023

Introduction and Aim: The most common intracranial injury was subdural hematoma (SDH). In this study, as a primary objective, we evaluated the association between the timing of surgical evacuation in patients with SDH and the functional outcome. The secondary objective is to identify prognostic factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with SDH.
Methods: This is a retrospective study of medical records from the injury registry of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The patients were divided into three groups according to their assessment by the Glasgow coma scale scores: mild TBI (13 to 15), moderate TBI (9 to 12), and severe TBI (3 to 8).
Results: The average age of the studied population was 49.8 ± 19.7 years, there were 77.2% of male patients in the study population. In terms of severity, 63.4% of patients had severe head injuries, while 17.9% had mild head injuries. The average severity of the damage was 25.5 ± 5.7 and the low score on the Glasgow coma scale was 4.7 ± 0.4.
Conclusion: Signs of a compressed brainstem are strong prognostic factors in predicting the functional outcome in patients with acute SDH who underwent surgery.
Sejarah Madzhab Qira’at Ashim Riwayat Hafs Di Nusantara; Tinjauan Historis Kritis
Authors: Malik Muhammad Abdul
Published: February 2023

Ragam bacaan (qira’at) al-Qur’an sudah ada sejak diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad di Mekkah. Akan tetapi qira’at ini mulai dipergunakan saat nabi sudah berada di Madinah. Saat menyampaikan wahyu yang telah diterimanya, nabi selalu menggunakan bacaan yang sesuai dengan kemampuan para sahabat yang hadir pada saat itu. Sehingga kemampuan sahabat dalam membaca al-Qur’an juga bervariasi, tergantung berapa macam bacaan (qira’at) yang telah ia dapatkan dari Rasulullah. Akibatnya, ragam qira’at yang berkembang di setiap daerah mengalami perbedaan. Sesudah Rasulullah wafat, para sahabat semakin giat menyebarluaskan al-Qur’an dengan mendirikan madrasah-madrasah di sekitar tempat mereka bermukim. Sehingga, tidak mengherankan apabila setelah generasi sahabat, muncul para ahli qira’at di kalangan tabi’in, salah satunya: Madzhab qira’at Ashim riwayat Hafsh yang merupakan qira’at atau bacaan yang di gunakan untuk membaca al-Qur’an di Nusantara
VALIDASI PEMAHAMAN ISHARI TERHADAP HADIS
Authors: Nikmah Shofiatun
Published: February 2023

Dalam sejarah perkembangan kajian hadis, interaksi antara hadis dan kaum sufi mendapatkan perhatian khusus. Kaum sufi melihat teks sebagai wahyu al-matlu yang teksnya memiliki dua sisi pembacaan. Hadis memiliki sisi zahir dan bathin yang isharah maknanya tidak dapat ditangkap oleh menusia secara umum.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap bagaimana pendekatan ishari digunakan oleh kaum sufi dalam memahami hadis. Tulisan ini juga akan mengklarifikasi keabsahan pemahaman ishari dalam kajian hadis. Bagaimana kaidah yang telah ditetapkan para ulama agar tidak mengalami kontra-produktif antara pemaknaan zahir/denotatif dan batin/konotatif. Para ulama hadis menyadari bahwa makna batin (ishari) tidak dapat ditolak, karena pemahaman ini didapatkan melalui perjalanan suluk, mujahadah  dan riyadhah yang tidak mudah. Tidak semua kaidah-kaidah validitas terhadap pemaknaan ishari atas hadis. Diantara kaidah yang telah ditetapkan para ulama antara lain: 1) Pemaknaan ishari tidak boleh bertentangan dengan makna zahir, karena pada hakikatnya makna batin memperluas makna zahir. 2) Makna ishari tidak bertentangan dengan dalil syariat yang lain. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah library research. Peneliti menggunakan literatur kepustakaan sebagai data dan analisa. Teknik content analysis dipilih sebagai teknik analisa dalam penelitian ini guna menjawab permasalahan yang dikaji.
PENYEBARAN (KITAB) HADIS DI TIONGKOK
Authors: Huda Muhamad Khoirul
Published: February 2023

Tujuan tulisan ini mensurvei perkembangan penyebaran (literatur) hadis di Tiongkok. Tiongkok memiliki sejarah panjang dalam kaitannya sebagai salah satu titik penyebaran agama Islam. Tiongkok telah menjadi rumah bagian jutaan Muslim. Kekuasaan politik telah silih berganti. Penulis melakukan survei literatur lalu menganalisisnya dengan menggunakan pendekatan historis. Melalui pendekatan ini, penulis menjelaskan fase-fase penyebaran (kitab) hadis di negeri tersebut. Setidaknya ditemukan tiga fase historis penyebaran (kitab) hadis di Tiongkok. Pertama, Era Kekaisaran. Era ini ditandai dengan pengutipan hadis dalam kaligrafi batu nisan. Era ini hadis belum ada yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa China. Kedua, Era Republik Tiongkok. Muncul buku kumpulan hadis pilihan. Beberapa hadis yang memiliki muatan tema yang identik dikumpulkan lalu diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa China. Ketiga, Era Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Pada era ini, penyebaran kitab hadis berhenti. Setelah tahun 1976, yaitu era berakhirnya agenda Revolusi Kebudayaan, muncul karya kumpulan hadis pilihan. Lalu pada 1999, mulai ditemukan terjemah lengkap kitab hadis induk seperti kutub al-sittah, Muwatha’ dan Musnad Abi Hanifah. Era keterbukaan ini menandai fase penting tentang kebangkitan literatur Islam di Tiongkok.
REKONSTRUKSI HADIS DHA’IF
Authors: Muntadhira Zeina
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini berupaya mengidentifikasi hadis-hadis mursal yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam Bukhari dan Tirmidzi, serta mengkaji ulang pembagian dan jenis hadis dha’if yang sudah ditetapkan ulama hadis, sebagai bagian dari ikhtiyar untuk menetapkan posisi hadis mursal menjadi hadis yang dapat dihukumkan menjadi mursal shahih maupun mursal dha’if. Adapun hadis mursal yang dicantumkan Bukhari dalam shahihnya, ada yang merupakan syawahid dari hadis musnad lainnya, ada juga yang benar-benar merupakan hadis mursal yang ia riwayatkan melalui guru-gurunya. Sebab periwayatan hadis mursal ini adalah karena perawi mursil adalah seorang siqah jadi tidak dianggap sebagai cacat oleh Bukhari. Begitu juga dengan Tirmidzi, ada lebih dari tiga puluh hadis mursal yang diriwayatkan Tirmidzi dalam Sunan-nya. Seperti Bukhari, hadis mursal yang dicantumkan Tirmidzi ada yang merupakan syawahid dari hadis lainnya, ada juga yang memang periwayatan langsung Tirmidzi dari guru-gurunya. Sebagai bentuk kritik penulis terhadap hadis mursal yang diriwayatkan Bukhari dan Tirmidzi dalam Shahih mereka, penulis menawarkan aplikasi Mursal Shahih dan Mursal Dha’if pada hadis mursal sehingga memudahkan para penggiat hadis untuk mencari mana hadis mursal yang dapat diterima ke-hujjah-annya dan mana hadis mursal yang ditolak ke-hujjah-an nya karena satu alasan dan lainnya.
METODE PEMAHAMAN HADIS DENGAN PENDEKATAN SOSIO-HISTORIS
Authors: Zakiyah Ulfah , Ghifari Muhammad
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan metode pemahaman hadis yang digagas oleh Said Agil Husin Al-Munawar. Metode pemahaman yang ditawarkan oleh Said Agil adalah metode pemahaman hadis dengan pendekatan Sosio-Historis. Metode ini menurut Said Agil adalah upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengungkap kembali apa yang sudah dilakukan oleh ulama hadis sebelumnya tentang metode pemahaman hadis, sekaligus menawarkan metode baru yang dapat digunakan dalam memahami hadis yang mengarah kepada kontekstualisasi hadis. Metode pendekatan sosio-historis yang digagas oleh Said Agil ini cukup berperan dalam mengantisipasi perkemabangan zaman. Metode ini diharapkan diharapkan akan memperoleh suatu pemahaman baru yang relatif lebih apresiasif, dan akomodatif terhadap perubahan dan perkembangan zaman. Sehingga dalam memahami suatu hadis seseorang tidak hanya terpaku pada zahirnya teks hadis, melainkan harus memperhatikan konteks sosio-kultural pada waktu itu. Hal ini dapat dipahami bahwa usaha yang dilakukan oleh Said Agil Husin Al-Munawar adalah sebagai upaya membumikan hadis Nabi sebagai sumber pokok ajaran Islam.
PERIWAYAT KADZDZAB DALAM SAHIH AL-BUKHARI
Authors: Zulfarizal Zulfarizal
Published: February 2023

Artikel ini membahas profil periwayat hadis bermasalah dalam kitab Shahih Al-Bukhari dan sikap Al-Bukhari terhadapnya. Kitab Shahih Al-Bukhari diyakini sebagai kitab menggunakan metode seleksi hadis paling ketat. Dalam literatur ulumul hadis yang beredar luas di kalangan umat Islam, penilaian kesahihan hadis didasarkan pada kualitas periwayat an sich. Tetapi, ditemukannya perawi pemalsu hadis dalam kitab Shahih Al-Bukhari membuat kita harus menelaah ulang bagaimana metode seleksi hadis pada masa Al-Bukhari. Dalam penelitian kualitatif ini penulis menganalisis dokumen, kitab-kitab rijal al-hadits dan ‘ulum al-hadits, untuk melacak profil periwayat berikut riwayatnya dalam kitab Shahih Al-Bukhari. Berikutnya, penulis menganalisis sikap Al-Bukhari terhadap periwayat tersebut. Periwayat yang dianalisis adalah Isma’il bin Abi Uways. Seorang periwayat yang dinilai bermasalah karena pernah membuat hadis palsu. Dalam telaah, ditemukan bahwa Isma’il bin Abi Uways merupakan keponakan dan murid langsung Imam Malik bin Anas, pendiri mazhab Maliki. Ia mengaku bahwa dirinya pernah membuat hadis palsu untuk meredakan ketegangan yang terjadi di kalangan pengikut Imam Malik di Madinah. Penerimaan Al-Bukhari terhadap Isma’il adalah karena dalam menilai kesahihan hadis, Al-Bukhari tidak hanya mengandalkan pertimbangan kualitas periwayat, tetapi lebih kepada marwiyat (hadis yang diriwayatkan). Ada kecurigaan, bahwa sebelum menganalisis periwayat, Al-Bukhari menganalisis terlebih dahulu kandungan hadis apakah bersesuaian dengan tradisi yang berlaku, hadis dengan kualitas sahih lainnya, atau fakta sejarah. Jika memenuhi kualifikasi ini, maka hadis dapat dinilai sahih sekalipun diriwayatkan oleh perawi bermasalah.
HALAL HARAM DALAM PERSPEKTIF HADIS
Authors: Ash Abil
Published: February 2023

Masalah halal dan haram akan selalu dihadapi oleh kaum muslimin detik demi detik dalam rentang kehidupannya. Sehingga menandakan betapa pentingnya kita mengetahui secara rinci batasan antara halal dan haram. Mengetahui persoalan halal-haram ini kelihatan mudah sepintas, tetapi kemudian menjadi sangat sukar ketika berhadapan dengan kehidupan keseharian, yang kadang menjadi kabur, sulit membedakan mana yang halal dan mana yang haram. Jika perkara halal dan haram kita tidak jeli dan hati-hati (ihtiyat), bisa jatuh pada hal yang samar-samar (syubhât). Ajaran agama Islam tidak lah seperti kaum ekstrimis kanan, misalnya: Kaum Brahmana Hindu, para rahib Kristen dan beberapa golongan lain yang berprinsip menyiksa diri dan menjauhi hal-hal yang baik dalam masalah makanan atau pakaian yang telah diserahkan Allah kepada hamba-Nya. Dan juga bukan kaum ekstrimis kiri, dapat dijumpai misalnya aliran Masdak yang muncul di Persia. Golongan ini menyerukan kepada kebolehan yang sangat meluas. Kendali manusia dilepaskan, supaya dapat mencapai apa saja yang dikehendaki. Segala-galanya bagi mereka adalah halal. Bangsa Arab di zaman Jahiliah merupakan contoh konkrit, betapa tidak beresnya barometer menentukan halal-haram suatu benda atau perbuatan. Oleh karena itu, membolehkan minuman keras, makan riba, menganiaya perempuan dan sebagainya. Ajaran Islam berdiri antara kaum ekstrimis kanan dan ekstrimis kiri, membawa ajaran yang rahmatan lil alamin yang dibawa oleh sang Nabi penuh kasih sayang dan akhlaknya yang indah serta menawan. Metode penelitian yang penulis gunakan adalah studi kepustakaan (library research). Sebagai data primer tulisan ini adalah kitab induk hadis. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Deduktif, Deskriptif dan Analisis
'ADALAH AL-RAWI PERSPEKTIF SUNNI DAN SYI'AH
Authors: Ash Abil
Published: February 2023

Sunni yang beranggapan bahwa semua sahabat itu adil. Sementara kelompok Syi’ah beranggapan sebaliknya, bahwa para sahabat tidak semuanya adil.  Oleh karena itu, penulis melakukan penelitian tentang ‘adalah al-sahabat menurut Sunni dan Syi‘ah. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan metode komparatif-analitis yaitu penulis memaparkan penjelasan umum tentang kajian ilmu hadis dan analisis terhadap kajian tersebut. Dalam penetapan keadilan para sahabat antara ulama Sunni dan Syi’ah sangat berbeda. Dalam penetapan tentang keadilan sahabat, ulama Sunni berargument bahwa predikat keadilan para sahabat itu bukan berdasarkan hasil ijtihad individu dan penelitian pada pribadi sahabat Nabi Saw, akan tetapi berdasarkan al-Qur’an, hadis, ijma ulama Sunni. Sedangkan ulama Syi’ah berargument seorang sahabat harus memenuhi syarat agar ia bisa dinyatakan sebagai sahabat yang ‘adil, diantaranya; Pertama, kekerabatan dan keturunan suci Nabi Muhammad Saw. Kedua, lebih dahulu menyatakan keimanan. Ketiga, tingkat ketakwaan. Keempat, tingkat keilmuan, khususnya ilmu agama. Kelima, mengakui kekhilafahan atas orang yang ditunjuk oleh Rasulullah Saw. Sebagai pemimpin syar’i pengganti dari Nabi Muhammad Saw. Tanpa disertai dengan rasa benci atau terpaksa. Persoalan keadilan sahabat ini termasuk salah satu hal yang sangat mendasar dalam studi ilmu keIslaman khhususnya ilmu hadis. ia akan berimplikasi kepada diterima atau ditolaknya sebuah hadis yang sekaligus juga sebagai sumber hukum Islam kedua tertinggi di dalam Islam setelah al-Qur’ān
PRINSIP PENAFSIRAN AL-QUR’AN PERSPEKTIF JOHN WANSBROUGH DAN KOMPARASINYA DENGAN TRADISI MUFASIR ISLAM
Authors: Maqdis Maqdis , Hakim Lukman
Published: February 2023

Seiring dengan perkembangan kajian al-Qur’an di kalangan orientalis, John Wansbrough dalam karyanya yang berjudul Qur’anic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation berusaha mengelaborasi tradisi tafsir al-Qur’an di masa-masa awal dan menawarkan konsep baru tentang prinsip penafsiran al-Qur’an. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, tulisan ini hadir dengan tujuan memotret bagaimana konsep pemikiran Wansbrough tersebut, lalu mengkomparasikannya dengan apa yang telah berkembang dalam tradisi Islam serta menganalisis apa yang menjadi inspirasi pemikirannya tersebut. Tulisan ini menggunakan perangkat metode analisis-komparatif (analytical-comparatif method) antara John Wansbrough dan tradisi mufasir Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa John Wansbrough memetakan prinsip penafsiran al-Qur’an pada lima kategori yang ia istilahkan dengan haggadic, halakhic, masoretic, rhetoric dan allegoric exegesis. Prinsip-prinsip ini tergolong baru dalam kajian tafsir al-Qur’an dan memiliki banyak perbedaan dengan prinsip penafsiran yang telah dirumuskan para mufassir muslim, meskipun juga diakui terdapat beberapa kemiripan konsep di antara keduanya. Perbedaan tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh penggunaan istilah-istilah dan konsep-konsep yang awalnya hanya lumrah dalam kajian Taurat dan Bibel ke dalam studi al-Qur’an. Ini dipengaruhi oleh pandangan John Wansbrough bahwa al-Qur’an merupakan imitasi Taurat dan Bibel yang banyak terpengaruh oleh tradisi kitab suci agama Yahudi dan Nasrani tersebut.
IGNIFIKANSI HUKUM QISHASH DENGAN PENDEKATAN MA’NA-CUM-MAGHZA
Authors: Shofa Ida Kurnia , Arif Mohammad
Published: February 2023

Kasus kriminalitas baik pembunuhan maupun pencideraan fisik masih menjadi kejahatan yang marak di Indonesia sebab hukuman yang diancamkan kepada pelaku kriminal seringkali tidak membuat pelaku takut atau jera. Di dalam Islam, hukuman bagi pelaku kriminal pembunuhan atau pencideraan fisik disebut qishash. Artikel ini akan membahas kontekstualisasi hukuman qishash dalam Alquran surah al-Baqarah ayat 178-179 menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutika ma’na-cum-maghza. Redaksi ayat tersebut secara tekstual membahas tentang hukuman mati untuk pelaku pembunuhan. Jika dipandang dari sudut pandang hak asasi manusia dan pandangan nilai kontemporer, hukuman tersebut dinilai bertentangan dengan nilai kemanusiaan (dehumanis). Berdasarkan asumsi tersebut maka perlu adanya pemahaman secara kontekstual terhadap ayat tersebut. Menggunakan kajian pustaka dan analisis deskriptif serta mengaplikasikan pendekatan hermeneutika ma’na-cum-maghza maka hasil yang ditemukan adalah 1) penerapan hukuman qishash merupakan tradisi masyarakat Arab sejak pra Islam, 2) makna signifikansi surah al-Baqarah ayat 178-179 adalah efektivitas hukuman yang memberikan efek jera serta menjadi wasilah menjaga jiwa (hifz al-nafs) yang hukumannya dapat berupa apapun yang dapat mencapai tujuan utama tersebut sesuai dengan makna substansial ayat dan kondisi sosial budaya di mana kasus tersebut terjadi.
IMPLEMENTASI GERAKAN LITERASI SEKOLAH DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MINAT MEMBACA DAN MENULIS SISWA KELAS IV DI SDN NGAWI PURBA 2
Authors: SUKARIYADI TEJA INSYAF , WIKANSO WIKANSO , WAHYUNINGSIH WAHYUNINGSIH
Published: February 2023

The implementation of the School Literacy Movement (GLS) program is expected to be able to develop students' interest in reading and writing. This study aims to 1) determine the implementation of the School Literacy Movement in developing students' interest in reading and writing at SDN Ngawi Purba 2, and 2) find out the obstacles to implementing GLS at SDN Ngawi Purba 2. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study were school principals, class teachers, and students. The research object is the implementation of the School Literacy Movement in developing students' interest in reading and writing which includes the habituation stage, the development stage and the learning stage. The method used in collecting data is in the form of interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis method uses the steps proposed by Miles and Huberman through data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and verification. The results of this study indicate that SDN Ngawi Purba 2 is a school that implements the GLS program. Students are required to read 15 minutes before learning begins. This program is in accordance with the policy rolled out starting in March 2016 by the Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education of the Ministry of Education and Culture. SDN Ngawi Purba 2 hopes that by running this program the school will have a culture that will continue to be preserved. GLS is important to implement in order to develop students' interest in reading and writing.

ABSTRAKPelaksanaan program Gerakan Literasi Sekolah (GLS) diharapkan mampu mengembangkan minat membaca dan menulis siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) mengetahui implementasi Gerakan Literasi Sekolah dalam mengembangkan minat membaca dan menulis siswa di SDN Ngawi Purba 2, dan 2) mengetahui hambatan implementasi GLS di SDN Ngawi Purba 2. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah kepala sekolah, guru kelas, dan peserta didik. Objek penelitian berupa implementasi Gerakan Literasi Sekolah dalam pengembangan minat membaca dan menulis siswa yang meliputi tahap pembiasaan, tahap pengembangan dan tahap pembelajaran. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data berupa wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data dengan langkah-langkah yang dikemukakan oleh Miles dan Huberman melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa SDN Ngawi Purba 2 merupakan sekolah yang menerapkan program GLS. Siswa diwajibkan untuk membaca 15 menit sebelum pembelajaran dimulai. Program ini sesuai dengan kebijakan yang digulirkan mulai Maret 2016 oleh Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Kemendikbud. SDN Ngawi Purba 2 berharap dengan menjalankan program ini sekolah mempunyai budaya yang terus dilestarikan. GLS penting untuk dilaksanakan guna mengembangkan minat membaca dan menulis siswa.
Toward finer resolution APWPs
Authors: Gallo Leandro , Domeier Mat , Sapienza Facundo , Swanson-Hysell Nicholas , Vaes Bram , Zang Yiming , Arnould Maëlis , Robert Boris , Rolf Tobias , van der Boon Annique
Published: February 2023

Our understanding of paleogeography through Earth history relies heavily on apparent polar wander paths (APWPs), which represent the time-dependent position of Earth’s spin axis relative to a given tectonic plate. However, there are a number of limitations associated with conventional approaches to APWP construction. First, the paleomagnetic record contains significant uncertainty in individual pole positions that is not propagated into APWPs. This traditional approach makes it difficult to incorporate age and positional uncertainty into synthesized paths and assigns equal weight to paleomagnetic poles with vastly different numbers of underlying sites. Second, the effective propagation of site-level uncertainties into the APWP requires a transformation that renders traditional parametric assumptions (i.e., Fisher statistics) on the pole level ineffective. Here, we overcome these limitations with a bottom-up Monte Carlo uncertainty propagation scheme that operates on site-level paleomagnetic data. To demonstrate our methodology, we present a large compilation of site-level Cenozoic paleomagnetic data from North America, which we use to generate a high-resolution APWP. We show that even in the presence of significant noise, polar wandering can be assessed with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution.
The Unified Forecast System: linking operational and research environmental modeling through an open source community approach
Authors: Tolman Hendrik , Jacobs Neil , Nanace Louisa , Alves Henrique
Published: February 2023

In the last few years, operational modeling of the environment at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) in the USA has been moving towards a Unified Forecast System (UFS) approach based on open source community models and tools. For NOAA, the main benefits of this approach are to more rapidly transition innovations into operations, and simplifying NOAA’s production suite of models around selected UFS applications. For the broader community, this approach makes operational models easily available for a broad range of research, as well as for testing new ideas in a vetted, near-operational environment. The collaboration and cooperation of the UFS community are powered by the Earth Prediction Innovation Center (EPIC). EPIC is a virtual center managed by the Weather Program Office at NOAA’s Oceanic and Atmospheric Research and designed to ensure that the UFS is an efficient, effective, and user-friendly community modeling system. Additionally, EPIC ensures that NOAA’s operational needs and the Research and Development community are supported with effective Research to Operations and Operations to Research processes. NOAA furthermore drives the development of the UFS by a focus of internal NOAA resources on UFS applications. And by generally requiring applicants to NOAA Funding Opportunities to perform their research and development with UFS tools and approaches.  The presentation will outline the basic principles of the UFS, as well as progress made so far. The latter will highlight code releases and operational implementations, UFS governance, and progress with pre-operational prototype coupled models. 
The role of loading path on fault reactivation: a laboratory perspective
Authors: Giorgetti Carolina , Violay Marie , Collettini Cristiano
Published: February 2023

Slip along pre-existing faults in the Earth’s crust occurs whenever the shear stress resolved on the fault plane overcomes fault frictional strength, potentially generating catastrophic earthquakes. The coupling between shear stress and normal stress during fault loading depends on 1) the orientation of the fault within the stress field and 2) the tectonic setting. In compressional settings, a load-strengthening path occurs because along thrust faults the increase in shear stress is coupled with an increase in effective normal stress. On the contrary, in extensional settings, the increase in shear stress is coupled with a decrease in effective normal stress, resulting in load-weakening paths for normal faults.Analytical approaches to evaluate the potential for fault reactivation are generally based on the assumption that faults are ideal planes, characterized by zero thickness and constant friction, embedded in homogeneous isotropic elastic media. However, natural faults typically host thick fault cores and highly fractured damage zones, which can compact or dilate under different loading paths (i.e., different coupling between normal and shear stress). In addition, in most laboratory friction experiments, the fault is loaded under constant or increasing normal stress and at optimal orientation for reactivation. Here, we present laboratory experiments simulating reactivation of thick gouge-bearing faults that experienced different loading paths.Our results show that the differential stress required for reactivation strongly differs from theoretical predictions, and unfavourably oriented faults appear systematically weaker, especially when a thick gouge layer is present. Before reactivation fault zone compacts in load-strengthening paths whereas dilation is observed in load-weakening path. Upon fault reactivation at comparable normal stress, load-strengthening promotes stable creep  whereas load-weakening results in accelerated slip. Our study highlights the importance of fault thickness and loading path in fault hydromechanical coupling and stability with significant implications for fluid circulation within fault zones and earthquake mechanics.
Geochemical characteristics of mafic rocks from the Edessa ophiolite (North Greece): Implications for their petrogenesis
Authors: Rogkala Aikaterini , Petrounias Petros , Koutsovitis Petros , Giannakopoulou Panagiota P. , Pomonis Panagiotis , Hatzipanagiotou Konstantin
Published: February 2023

The Edessa ophiolite complex represents remnants of oceanic lithosphere which was thrust out of one or more ocean basins during Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous time. Petrographic, geological and geochemical evidences indicate that this ophiolite complex consists of both mantle and crustal suites. It includes lherzolites, serpentinised harzburgites with high degree of serpentinisation, diorites, gabbros, diabase dolerites and basalts. We present here new data on mineral compositions and geochemistry in mafic rocks. The basalt displays N-MORB composition, having enhanced TiO2 (1.9-2.4 wt.%) and flat REE patterns, whereas the gabbros show E-MORB affinities, having moderate to high Ti content (TiO2 = 1.1-1.2 wt.%) with strong LREE-HREE fractionations. Such geochemical enrichment from N-MORB to E-MORB composition indicates mixing of melts derived from a depleted mantle and fertile mantle source at the spreading centre. On the other hand, diorites and partially diabase dolerites display SSZ-type composition with low Ti content (TiO2 = 0.1-0.7 wt.%) and depleted LREE pattern with respect to HREE. They also display high Ba/Zr, Ba/Nb and Ba/Th ratios relative to primitive mantle, which strongly represents the melt composition generated by partial melting of depleted lithospheric mantle wedge influenced by hydrous fluids derived from subducting oceanic lithosphere in a forearc setting. Based on these geochemical evidence, we suggest that mid ocean ridge (MOR) type mafic rocks (basalts and gabbros) from the Edessa ophiolite represent the section of older oceanic crust which was generated during the opening of the Axios Ocean. Conversely, the diorites and diabase dolerites represent the younger oceanic crust which was formed at the forearc region by partial melting of the depleted mantle wedge modified by hydrous fluids released from the subducting oceanic slab.
Role of vegetation responses in hydrological shifts under multiyear droughts
Authors: Gardiya Weligamage Hansini , Fowler Keirnan , Saft Margarita , Ryu Dongryeol , Peterson Tim , Peel Murray
Published: February 2023

Drought-induced vegetation responses are often hypothesized as one of the key drivers of hydrological changes under multiyear droughts. However, until now, this hypothesis has not been systematically tested on areas that experienced significant drought-induced reductions in streamflow generation. Our results do not support this hypothesis and suggest that vegetation changes are unlikely to be the main driver of observed hydrological changes.We employed multiple remotely sensed vegetation indices (AVHRR NDVI & fPAR, MODIS NDVI & EVI, and Ku-VOD from multiple microwave satellite sensors) and rainfall-runoff shift indicators to investigate vegetation responses and their influences on streamflow generation during the Millennium Drought (from 1997 to 2009) in 156 catchments in Victoria, Australia. Many of these catchments experienced significant shifts in their rainfall-runoff relationship by severely reducing streamflow generation during the Millennium Drought. However, we show that vegetation indices are statistically similar or higher in many catchments during the Millennium Drought compared to pre-drought, consistent with published literature. Moreover, the spatial pattern of increase in vegetation indices does not match the spatial distribution of hydrological shifts, measured by significant streamflow reductions for a given rainfall. We argue that vegetation response is unlikely to be a primary driver of the observed hydrological shifts, although they are regarded as crucial in determining hydrological behaviour more generally. This finding has important implications for better understanding and modelling hydrological responses under future climate changes.
The experimental xDEM2022 and its uses for geoid modelling at NGS
Authors: Krcmaric Jordan , Li Xiaopeng
Published: February 2023

The U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS), an office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is preparing for the release of a new vertical datum, the North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022). This new datum will be based on a high degree spherical harmonic model of the Earth’s gravitational potential, and will yield a geoid undulation model (GEOID2022) to calculate orthometric heights from GNSS-derived ellipsoid heights.A critical component of this new vertical datum is the terrain model that will be used for the geoid computation. Currently, an experimental version of this terrain model has been developed at NGS, the experimental Digital Elevation Model 2022 (xDEM2022). The xDEM2022 is composed of data from TanDEM-X, MERIT, and USGS 3DEP elevation data sets. Bathymetry and Ice thickness data has also been added to the latest version of the xDEM2022. An overview of the xDEM2022 will be presented with comparisons to other independent elevation datasets. Uses of this terrain model for geoid modelling at NGS will also be shown.
A comprehensive global analysis of the spatiotemporal variability of Land Surface Temperature
Authors: Torres-Rojas Laura , Chaney Nathaniel W.
Published: February 2023

Land surface temperature (LST) is a crucial state variable determining the interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere (i.e., energy, water, and carbon fluxes). Accordingly, several hydrological quantities, such as soil moisture content, vegetation water stress, gross primary production, and crop yield, correlate strongly with it. Thus, LST constitutes a critical variable in understanding the physics of multiple land surface processes. Decades of global satellite remotely sensed fields are now available, creating an unprecedented opportunity to understand better the LST spatiotemporal variability by diagnosing its spatial and temporal persistence, deriving spatial and temporal correlation lengths, identifying areas with similar spatiotemporal patterns, and determining the physical factors influencing this variability from regional to global scales. This presentation will address this gap in understanding by comprehensively analyzing the spatiotemporal variability of LST globally. Preliminary work regarding this topic has been performed using theAs part of our evaluation, we will first derive the Empirical Spatio-Temporal Covariance Functions (ESTCFs) for the global ~5x5 km Copernicus LST hourly product. A 1x1-arcdegree moving window will be defined over the globe to compute the ESTCFs, and an hourly time step between 2010 and 2022 will be used for the analysis. The analysis will focus exclusively on the daytime of summer months because spatial heterogeneity of LST will play the most significant role in summertime (e.g., daytime summer convection). To summarize the obtained ESTCFs, a parametric spatiotemporal covariance function model will be fit to each 1x1-arcdegree ESTCF. From this parametric fit, we will evaluate the persistence of the patterns, analyze the spatial and temporal correlation lengths, and evaluate the space-time interaction displayed for different locations. Additionally, clustering analysis will be applied directly to the derived parametric covariance functions to identify functionally similar areas. Finally, we will compare the derived empirical covariance functions to well-known factors spatiotemporal influencing LST variabilities such as land cover, surface thermal properties, topography, incoming solar radiation, and meteorological conditions.
Numerical simulation of Juno JEDI's response to high energy electrons and protons at Jupiter
Authors: Jun Insoo , Zhu Brian , Kollmann Peter , Paranicas Chris
Published: February 2023

The Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) on the Juno mission detects energetic electrons from the tens of keV to almost 1 MeV and energetic ions from the tens of keV to about 10 MeV or more. The population at higher energies, e.g., > 1 MeV electrons, while relatively small in number can add non-insignificant counts in the energy range JEDI is designed to detect as foreground. For example, a band is often seen in the electron spectrograms around 200 keV that is believed to be due to higher energy electrons that for various reasons only deposit a fraction of their energy in the detector. To apply a correction to this, Mauk et al. [JGR, 2018] have developed a procedure for correcting the JEDI-measured electron spectra contaminated with high-energy foreground electrons that penetrate the detector. Using this procedure, one can extract an energy spectrum from the tens of keV to 1 MeV that corrects for both penetrators and the loss of JEDI efficiency just below 1 MeV. The corrected spectra can also be extended above 1 MeV by making use of the penetrator counts, but uncertainties exist in creating a high-energy tail.  In addition, JEDI proton data may also be contaminated with ions. To extract accurate electron spectra that extend to high energies and understand the response to penetrating protons, one would need to better understand the response of the detector to those high-energy electrons and protons. Characterization of energetic particles above 1 MeV can enable a study of energetic particles’ dynamics and structure as a function of latitude and L-shell and help evaluate different theories for loss and acceleration mechanisms. It is also a critical step in reducing uncertainties in the Jovian radiation models, assisting in understanding Juno data, and impacting future missions to Jupiter.

A series of comprehensive and realistic Geant4 simulations have been performed to obtain the Geometric Factors (GFs) of JEDI as functions of the energy and the angles of incoming electrons and protons at a breadth that is not feasible through laboratory measurements. The results of the simulations are presented in this paper. The GFs are used to convert the count rate measurements to more physically meaningful particle flux spectra. Here, we also show the long-term trend of thus-obtained electron and proton spectra during Juno’s PJ 1 to 24.  
Supervised machine learning to estimate the basement depth by gravity data
Authors: Vitale Andrea , Gianluca Gabriellini , Fedi Maurizio
Published: February 2023

Applications of Machine Learning to the geosciences are increasing in numbers during the last two decades because of its computation power. In this work we propose a method to estimate the basement depth from gravity data using a supervised machine learning approach. We used the Bishop synthetic model to represent a variety of examples of input – target (i.e., gravity data – depth of the basement) training dataset. We so generated a large set of examples, using an overlapping moving window along the profiles in the N-S and E-W direction, associating the corresponding depth values of the basement to each of the windows. Due to its data-driven nature, the neural networks perform better as the number of examples provided in the training phase increases. However, increasing the number of examples leads to a higher computational cost in terms of speed and hardware needed. In the Big Data era this is not a huge issue, thanks to the increasingly present services of cloud computing. We found a good compromise on an average machine between speed and performance by using about 300k examples. A trial-and-error approach was used to find the hyperparameters that have the best compromise between performance and computation time.We used, as a testing dataset, the gravity data due to a surface modelled from the Himalaya region DEM, with noisy and noise-free data. We found that this avoided overfitting and helped to verify the ability of the trained network to generalize to other cases, even with noisy data. The method was successfully applied also to a real dataset case: the isostatic anomaly of the Yucca Flat sedimentary basin (Nevada, USA) showing good agreement with previous inverse-modelling of the data, even if the author consider a set of layers with increasing density vs. depth, while in our case we used a mean density contrast of -0.7 g/cm3.
Tropical and extratropical circulation biases and the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell width
Authors: Freisen Pia , Arblaster Julie , Jakob Christian , Rodriguez José
Published: February 2023

The widening of the Southern Hemisphere tropical meridional circulation has been attributed to various forcings from increased greenhouse gases, ozone depletion and natural variability. While climate models can reproduce some characteristics of this observed change, there is some uncertainty in the operating mechanisms and driving regions setting the edge of the tropical circulation. Here we examine the impacts of systematic model biases of the atmosphere-only Unified Model onto the simulation of the Southern Hemisphere tropical extent. We utilise nudging experiments with prescribed sea-surface temperatures, where potential temperature and horizontal winds are relaxed back to reanalysis for a 20-year period. Specifically, experiments with regionally-defined bias correction aide to determine the influence of remote model biases on the tropical width. The experiments are applied to different tropical width metrics previously identified to measure the boundary between the tropical to extratropical circulation. We uncover a more consistent improvement of the location of the Hadley cell edge by correcting Southern Hemisphere extratropical circulation biases, than tropical ones. The analysis is further expanded to the range of atmosphere-only model simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We explore the relationships between tropical and extratropical biases and the models’ representation of the Hadley cell.