bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propriedades físicas da madeira de Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze em função da posição no fuste para diferentes idades
Authors: Hillig Éverton , Machado Gilmara de Oliveira , Holk Diego Leonardo , Corradi Giordano Marques
Published: November 2012

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de estudar as propriedades físicas da madeira de Araucária (Araucaria angustifolia). Determinaram-se a massa específica aparente e a estabilidade dimensional de árvores de diferentes idades e em diferentes posições ao longo do fuste. A análise dos dados foi realizada em função da idade e da altura no fuste da árvore, além de terem sido relacionadas entre si e com outras variáveis dendrométricas. Verificou-se que houve variação da massa específica entre as idades estudadas, mas não foi possível determinar um padrão de variação. Ocorre uma variação de massa específica ao longo do fuste, sendo que decresce com a altura para todas as idades. A madeira obtida da parte inferior do fuste foi mais instável dimensionalmente. São apresentadas equações lineares da soma das contrações radial e tangencial em função da massa específica aparente. As equações mostraram que mais de 40% da contração foi explicada pela variação da massa específica aparente.
Superação da dormência em sementes de paineira-branca
Authors: Nascimento Irinaldo Lima do
Published: November 2012

A paineira-branca Ceiba glaziovi (kuntze) k. Schu, pertencente à família das Bombacaceas, conhecida como barriguda, é bastante utilizada em paisagismo e reflorestamento, porém a dormência de suas sementes compromete a reprodução da espécie. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a eficácia de diferentes métodos de superação de dormência na germinação. Os tratamentos foram: escarificação mecânica com lixa d'água número 85, escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico concentrado durante 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos, escarificação física com água quente a 60, 70, 80 e 90 ºC durante um minuto; embebição em água destilada, durante 24, 48 e 72 horas, aquecimento em estufa de 65ºC por 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas e testemunha. Cada tratamento contou com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualisado e, na comparação de médias, utilizou-se o teste de Skott Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Os parâmetros avaliados foram porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, matéria seca e comprimento de plantas. Os tratamentos mais indicados foram: a escarificação mecânica, imersão em ácido sulfúrico pelos tempos de 5, 10 e 15 minutos e imersão em água destilada por 48 horas.
Influencia de diferentes fontes de erro sobre as medições de alturas de árvores
Authors: Silva Gilson Fernandes da , Oliveira Onair Mendes de , Souza Carlos Alberto Martinelli de , Soares Carlos Pedro Boechat , Lemos Ronielly
Published: November 2012

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo principal de avaliar a influência de diferentes fontes de variação sobre as medições de alturas de árvores de Eucalyptus urophila x Eucalyptus grandis. Hipsômetros baseados no princípio trigonométrico exigem que o mensurador fique a uma distância conhecida da árvore. Dessa forma, se essas distâncias forem pequenas ou muito grandes, podem ocorrer oscilações no momento da leitura do aparelho ou dificuldade de visualizar a árvore, introduzindo erros nas medições de alturas. Sendo assim, neste trabalho, foram medidas as alturas de um conjunto de árvores com três hipsômetros a três diferentes distâncias, por três diferentes pessoas. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados com as verdadeiras alturas totais das árvores, obtidas por meio da técnica de escalada. Após análises, os resultados indicaram que as distâncias de medição, juntamente com o hipsômetro utilizado, influenciam na obtenção da altura total.
Resistência natural das madeiras de sete espécies florestais ao fungo Pycnoporus sanguineus causador da podridão-branca
Authors: Modes Karina Soares , Lazarotto Marília , Beltrame Rafael , Vivian Magnos Alan , Santini Elio José , Muniz Marlove Fátima Brião
Published: November 2012

Conduziu-se esta pesquisa, com o objetivo de avaliar a resistência natural das madeiras de plátano (Platanus x acerifolia), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), nogueira-pecan (Carya illinoensis), canafístula (Peltophorum dubium), araucária (Araucaria angustifolia), eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis) e uva-do-japão (Hovenia dulcis), submetidas ao ensaio de apodrecimento acelerado com o fungo causador da podridão-branca Pycnoporus sanguineus. Determinou-se a massa específica aparente a 12%. O ensaio de apodrecimento foi conduzido em frascos de vidro (capacidade de 500 mL) preenchidos com 100 g de solo umedecido, autoclavados e mantidos a 25ºC. O estabelecimento inicial da colônia fúngica ocorreu em placas suporte de madeira de alburno de Pinus elliottii. Foram utilizadas três amostras de cerne de dimensões 9,0 x 25,0 x 25,0 mm para cada espécie avaliada e, após 16 semanas de incubação, calcularam-se as porcentagens de perda de massa sofridas. O grau de resistência natural foi efetuado em função das porcentagens de perda de massa. As médias obtidas de perda de massa foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A resistência natural do cerne não foi influenciada pela massa específica aparente. A madeira de Carya illinoensis, Eucalyptus grandis, Platanus x acerifolia, Luehea divaricata e Peltophorum dubium foram classificadas como muito resistentes, Houvenia dulcis, como resistente e Araucaria angustifolia, como de resistência moderada.
Florística e diversidade das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas regeneradas no sub-bosque de Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg.
Authors: Souza Priscila Bezerra de , Souza Agostinho Lopes de , Costa Walter da Silva , Peloso Ricardo Vieira Del , Lana Jacinto Moreira de
Published: November 2012

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se analisar a composição florística e a estrutura da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea em plantio de Anadenanthera peregrina (L) Speg., no município de Naque, MG, de, aproximadamente, 10 ha, de propriedade da empresa Celulose Nipo - Brasileira SA, (19º15'05"S e 42º20'30'W). Foram estabelecidas dez parcelas aleatórias de 20 x 50 m para amostrar os indivíduos com CAP igual ou maior que 15 cm (Classe I). No centro de cada parcela de 20 x 50 m, foi instalada uma sub-parcela de 10 x 10 m para amostrar os indivíduos com altura total igual ou maior que 1,30 m do solo até CAP menor que 15 cm (Classe II). Os indivíduos das parcelas de 20 x 50 m foram classificados quanto às síndromes de dispersão e categorias sucessionais. Além disso, foram realizadas a distribuição diamétrica dos indivíduos amostrados. Foram encontrados 510 indivíduos na classe I, pertencentes a 10 famílias, 15 gêneros e 15 espécies e na classe II, 47 indivíduos de 10 famílias, 14 gêneros e 14 espécies, com índice de similaridade de Sorensen igual a 48%. A classificação sucessional das espécies amostradas nas classes I e II revelou maior riqueza de espécies iniciais na sucessão secundária, com o grupo formado pelas secundárias iniciais e pioneiras, totalizando 93,5% na classe I e 93% na classe II. Considerando as síndromes de dispersão, classe I 60% das espécies possuem dispersão anemocórica. Quanto à distribuição diamétrica por classe de diâmetro de Anadenanthera peregrina e das demais espécies, respectivamente, distribuíram-se em "J"-invertido.
Influência de diferentes períodos de controle e convivência de plantas daninhas em eucalipto
Authors: Londero Eduardo Kneipp , Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Ramos Luiz Otávio Oliveira , Ramiro Glodoaldo Arantes , Szymczak Denise Andreia
Published: November 2012

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar os períodos de controle e convivência da cultura de eucalipto com plantas daninhas. O experimento foi conduzido em Candiota, RS, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2006. Os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes épocas de controle e convivência da cultura, esses períodos divididos em dois grupos, um foi para determinar o Período Anterior à Interferência (PAI) e outro a definir o Período Total de Prevenção da Interferência (PTPI). Nos dois grupos, os períodos testados são: 00, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 210, 252, 294 e 336 dias. As plantas jovens de eucalipto foram suscetíveis a plantas daninhas, apresentando um período anterior à interferência de 56 dias. Com isso, para garantir sua maior produção, o período total de prevenção à interferência foi de 140 dias e o período anterior à interferência foi de 56 dias.
Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical characteristics of wood from Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden under different atmospheric conditions
Authors: Moura Luiz Fernando de , Brito José Otávio , Silva Júnior Francides Gomes da
Published: November 2012

Thermal treatment (thermal rectification) is a process in which technological properties of wood are modified using thermal energy, the result of which is often value-added wood. Thermally treated wood takes on similar color shades to tropical woods and offers considerable resistance to destructive microorganisms and climate action, in addition to having high dimensional stability and low hygroscopicity. Wood samples of Eucalyptus grandis were subjected to various thermal treatments, as performed in presence (140ºC; 160ºC; 180ºC) or in absence of oxygen (160ºC; 180ºC; 200ºC) inside a thermal treatment chamber, and then studied as to their chemical characteristics. Increasing the maximum treatment temperatures led to a reduction in the holocellulose content of samples as a result of the degradation and volatilization of hemicelluloses, also leading to an increase in the relative lignin content. Except for glucose, all monosaccharide levels were found to decrease in samples after the thermal treatment at a maximum temperature of 200ºC. The thermal treatment above 160ºC led to increased levels of total extractives in the wood samples, probably ascribed to the emergence of low molecular weight substances as a result of thermal degradation. Overall, it was not possible to clearly determine the effect of presence or absence of oxygen in the air during thermal treatment on the chemical characteristics of the relevant wood samples.
Produção de painéis aglomerados homogêneos e multicamadas de Melia azedarach (Cinamomo) e Pinus taeda com diferentes teores de resina
Authors: Iwakiri Setsuo , Matos Jorge Luis Monteiro de , Trianoski Rosilani , Prata José Guilherme
Published: November 2012

Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de painéis aglomerados homogêneos e multicamadas produzidos com madeira de Melia azedarach e Pinus taeda com diferentes teores de resina. Foram produzidos painéis experimentais com densidade nominal de 0,75 g/cm³, utilizando a resina ureia-formaldeído na proporção de 6% e 8% (sólido resinoso - base peso seco das partículas) na camada interna e de 8% e 10% nas camadas externas. Os painéis foram prensados com pressão específica de 40 kgf/cm² , temperatura de 160ºC e tempo de prensagem de 8 minutos. As avaliações das propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis indicaram um grande potencial da espécie Melia azedarach para a produção de painéis aglomerados. O aumento no teor de resina das camadas interna e externa melhoram as propriedades de absorção de água e inchamento em espessura. Entretanto, as propriedades mecânicas não foram afetadas.
Methodology for inspection of wood pathologie using ultrasonic pulses
Authors: Carrasco Edgar Vladimiro Mantilla , Teixeira Amanda Rocha
Published: November 2012

Awareness has been on the rise on the part of society about the importance of wooden structures, in particular historic buildings. This concern is reflected in continued maintenance of historic heritage and has been increasingly leading professionals working in the field of wooden structures to seek improved techniques for inspection of such structures. Methods involving nondestructive testing (NDT) are the most recommended for inspection, as they do not affect the relevant architecture and thus help maintain the integrity and originality of the building. Among the various existing NDT methods, a widespread and promising option is the ultrasound technique. This work introduces a methodology for inspection of wooden structural elements using ultrasonic pulses. The methodology was applied to a glued laminated timber beam with signs of decay on its interior. Ultrasound results helped map the damaged areas of the beam on a plane by using isochromatic patterns. The contribution of this work is a methodology to help investigate wood pathologies which, in combination with other complementary techniques, will allow more accurate and reliable evaluations of wooden structures, avoiding unnecessary replacement of sound structural elements mistakenly presumed to be damaged, or else ensuring maintenance of extremely deteriorated elements that would otherwise compromise the overall stability of the structure.
Efeito de diferentes tratamentos na superação da dormência de sementes da palmeira Syagrus oleracea Becc.
Authors: Pinto Jefferson Fernando Naves , Reis Edésio Fialho dos , Netto Antônio Paulino da Costa , Pinto Jeeder Fernando Naves , Assunção Hildeu Ferreira da , Nunes Hellen Fernanda
Published: November 2012

A palmeira Guariroba (Syagrus oleracea Becc.) é a única espécie produtora de palmito amargo o qual é muito apreciado na culinária Goiana, podendo também ser utilizada na alimentação animal e paisagismo, porém ainda é pouco estudada. A germinação lenta e desuniforme das sementes acarreta problemas na propagação dessa espécie, dificultando, principalmente, a produção de mudas em escala comercial. Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes tratamentos destinados a reduzir o estado de dormência e, consequentemente, acelerar o período germinativo de sementes de guariroba no sentido de desenvolver técnicas de fácil metodologia para serem utilizadas na agricultura familiar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x7, envolvendo dois fatores em estudo, semente (despolpada e não despolpada) e diferentes métodos de tratamento das sementes (7 métodos). Em uma segunda etapa, verificou-se a interferência da coleobroca na germinação das sementes, contabilizando as sementes atacadas em cada tratamento, avaliadas após a emergência. Os resultados observados mostram que os tratamentos a baixas temperaturas diminuem significativamente a germinação de sementes de guariroba e que o despolpamento das sementes promovem uma redução no tempo de germinação. Ainda foi constatado que uma redução da umidade até 8% não prejudica a germinação de sementes de guariroba e que a absorção de água pelas sementes é influenciada diretamente pelo tempo de permanência das mesmas em embebição, ocorrendo de forma independente da presença ou não de polpa. Nenhum dos tratamentos estudados mostrou efeito na redução do ataque da coleobroca.
Behavior of ultrasonic waves in wood with presence of holes
Authors: Secco Chiara Barros , Gonçalves Raquel , Cerri Domingos Guilherme Pelegrino , Vasques Érica Caroline , Batista Fernando Augusto Franco
Published: November 2012

This work aimed to analyze the pattern of variation in wave lengths in presence of wood holes and to develop a model capable of describing the process. To attain that end, wood pieces were used from species pequiá (Aspidosperma desmanthum), on which circular and linear artificial holes were made and gradually enlarged. Ultrasonic tests were performed using USLab equipment and 45 kHz transducers. Measurements were taken first on the intact piece and then after each stage of artificial hole enlargement. Results demonstrated that propagation velocities of ultrasonic waves are affected by presence of holes and also that reduction in velocity is caused by changes in wave path, since waves tend to deviate from empty space and travel through matter. The circular hole type had a slightly stronger influence on velocity reduction than the linear hole type. Variation in velocity as a function of increasing percentage of hollow space relative to the intact piece can be represented by a linear model.
Ingestão de cálcio e densidade mineral óssea em mulheres adultas intolerantes à lactose
Authors: Salomão Najoua Adriana , Silva Thays de Ataide e , Geraldes Amandio Aristides Rihan , Lima-Silva Adriano Eduardo
Published: November 2012

OBJETIVO: Comparar a ingestão de cálcio e a densidade mineral óssea entre mulheres adultas portadoras de intolerância à lactose e suas congêneres não portadoras da doença. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 60 mulheres jovens adultas (de 20 a 40 anos), separadas em dois grupos: 30 diagnosticadas com intolerância à lactose e 30 saudáveis. A ingestão de cálcio foi avaliada por três autorregistros alimentares, e a densidade mineral óssea do colo do fêmur por absortometria radiológica de dupla energia. RESULTADOS: As densidades minerais ósseas do colo do fêmur (M=0,86, DP=0,13g/cm² versus M=0,77, DP=0,12g/cm²) e do fêmur total (M=1,14, DP=0,14g/cm² versus M=1,06, DP=0,12g/cm²) foram menores (p<0,05) para as portadoras de intolerância à lactose do que para o grupo-controle, mas não houve diferença significativa na densidade mineral óssea para corpo inteiro (M=1,14, DP=0,15g/cm² versus M=1,08, DP=0,09g/cm², p>0,05). Além disso, a ingestão de cálcio foi menor para intolerantes à lactose do que para o grupo-controle (M=250,5, DP=111,7mg/dia¹ vs M=659,7, DP=316,1mg/dia¹, p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os Resultados do presente estudo sugerem que o aparecimento de sintomas de intolerância pode influenciar a massa óssea devido a uma redução da ingestão de cálcio.
A ciência social digitalizada: avanços, oportunidades e desafios
Authors: Witte James C.
Published: November 2012

Até bem pouco tempo, os sociólogos resistiam em admitir que as mudanças econômicas e sociais produzidas pela revolução da informática são tão profundas quanto aquelas provocadas pela revolução industrial. Mas, pouco a pouco, vemos desenvolver-se uma sociologia digital. Este artigo inicia examinando, em breves linhas, como a busca e o acesso à literatura, enquanto atividade rotineira, cotidiana, das ciências sociais, transformou-se, a partir das novas tecnologias digitais. Em seguida, o artigo examina especificamente os avanços nas pesquisas do tipo survey, nas entrevistas individuais e nos métodos experimentais, como exemplos das formas em que determinadas abordagens da sociologia se transformaram com o uso de novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Assim como a Internet, em uma perspectiva mais ampla, estas novas tecnologias apresentam desafios e oportunidades. Para destacar a ambiguidade da situação, o artigo conclui com uma discussão sobre as oportunidades e desafios que emergem da crescente importância social assumida pelos sites de redes sociais e outras formas de dados digitais, bem como da criação de ferramentas analíticas para garimpar, extrair e codificar estes dados.
Nas trincheiras do método: o ensino da metodologia das ciências sociais no Brasil
Authors: Cano Ignacio
Published: November 2012

O artigo reflete sobre o ensino tradicional das ciências sociais no Brasil a partir do seguinte diagnóstico inicial: uma ênfase excessiva nos clássicos e na erudição em detrimento da pesquisa empírica. Em segundo lugar, pretende analisar o ensino da metodologia das ciências sociais no país, permeado por uma falsa oposição entre as técnicas quantitativas e qualitativas, que são elevadas à categoria de metodologias diferentes e inclusive contraditórias. Esta guerra metodológica salda-se, com frequência, com a derrota do suposto 'método quantitativo', ao qual são associados defeitos epistemológicos de raiz e, inclusive, conteúdos ideológicos. Neste contexto, o termo 'positivista' costuma ser usado mais como insulto metodológico do que como descrição de uma corrente epistemológica real. A visão metodológica triunfante tende a ver a pesquisa mais como uma arte do que como um empreendimento sujeito a critérios de validação objetivos e rigorosos. Este cenário provoca que outros profissionais, como os economistas e os estatísticos, acabem ocupando, na prática, o espaço abandonado pelos cientistas sociais.
Os maestros do verbo: a constituição da legalidade interna da música popular urbana brasileira
Authors: Fernandes Dmitri Cerboncini
Published: November 2012

Neste artigo, busco fornecer subsídios à compreensão do processo que desencadeou a mudança da posição social do gênero musical samba na década de 1930. Procuro mostrar que um âmbito auto-referido de discussão sobre o samba emergiu no bojo do desenvolvimento da comercialização do "produto" música popular, o que pavimentou a emergência de um plano de debates cujos participantes eram verdadeiros especialistas em dissertar sobre a nova forma de arte. De outro lado, essas figuras ora rivalizavam, ora cooperavam com os intelectuais "não especializados" que se arriscavam a tecer comentários sobre a manifestação em pauta, de modo a formar um interstício dialógico que fomentou o assentamento de diversas "verdades" sobre a música popular urbana. Dos contatos, embates e cooperações traçados entre esses dois níveis de produtores de discursos, conjunturas históricas teriam sido forjadas, reestruturadas e reinterpretadas, fato que ensejaria novos modos de visão e o irrompimento e a cristalização de instituições e obras.
Cessation of a salmon decline with control of parasites
Authors: Peacock Stephanie J. , Krkošek Martin , Proboszcz Stan , Orr Craig , Lewis Mark A.
Published: November 2012

The resilience of coastal social–ecological systems may depend on adaptive responses to aquaculture disease outbreaks that can threaten wild and farm fish. A nine‐year study of parasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from Pacific Canada indicates that adaptive changes in parasite management on salmon farms have yielded positive conservation outcomes. After four years of sea lice epizootics and wild salmon population decline, parasiticide application on salmon farms was adapted to the timing of wild salmon migrations. Winter treatment of farm fish with parasiticides, prior to the out‐migration of wild juvenile salmon, has reduced epizootics of wild salmon without significantly increasing the annual number of treatments. Levels of parasites on wild juvenile salmon significantly influence the growth rate of affected salmon populations, suggesting that these changes in management have had positive outcomes for wild salmon populations. These adaptive changes have not occurred through formal adaptive management, but rather, through multi‐stakeholder processes arising from a contentious scientific and public debate. Despite the apparent success of parasite control on salmon farms in the study region, there remain concerns about the long‐term sustainability of this approach because of the unknown ecological effects of parasticides and the potential for parasite resistance to chemical treatments.
Part 3- Second Trimester: Skeletal Disorders, Thoracic, Abdominal, Kidney and Other Malformations
Authors: Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Eduardo Machado Luiz , Raga Franciso , Carlos Castillo Juan , Osborne Newton , Villalaiz Esperanza , Bonilla Francisco , Machado Fernanda
Published: November 2012

The acardius fetuses or TRAP, consequence of vascular anastomoses in the placenta, may disrupt
organogenesis in the recipient.They are classified as acardius amorphous, acormus, acephalus and anceps.
Diagnosis is now possible during the first trimester by using trasnvaginal 3D Doppler Angiography. Conjoined
twins are variants of monozygotic twins that occur by incomplete dissociation of cells from the internal cellular
mass, especially during the hatching process. Thanatophoric dysplasia is the most common lethal
osteochondrodysplasia. The different skeletal dysplasias, the mentioned, dysostosis, idiopathic osteolisis,
disorders resulting from chromosomal defects and resulting from primary metabolic disorders, are showed by
using their US typical images. Achondroplasias, an autosomal dominant disorder related to a defect in the short
arm of chromosome 4, can be homozygous (lethal) or heterozygous (most live newborn). Osteogenesis
imperfecta includes disorders of the connective tissue and bone fragility, particularly of the skeletal system. Lung
malformations, bronchogenic cyst and cystic adenomatoid malformation have characteristic differential 3D US
images. Cardiac tumors are rear findings and have been identified with fetal echocardiography, improving the
perinatal outcome. Neural tube defects, myelomeningocele and spina bífida, are among the most difficult
malformations to diagnose, requiring considerable experience and the use of 3D. Sacrococcygeal teratomas
represent more than half of all fetal solid tumors. Fetal limb malformations are classified depending on whether
the anomalies are predominantly of bone length or of digital deformities. Congenital multiple arthrogriposis or
joint gryposis describe a syndrome consisting of multiple contractures and joint dislocations of a very poor
perinatal outcome. Gastrointestinal malformations are numerous with different locations and prognosis. We are
showing all of them by using 3D/4D, paying special attention to the most common ones: gastroschisis and
omphalocele. Renal and other urinary tract malformations represent 20% of all congenital anomalies. It is now
possible to detect a wide spectrum using 3D. These may be either isolated or part of polimalformative syndromes.
There are very few reports of intersexes and other Genital malformations. Amniotic band syndrome is
characterized by multiple malformations secondary to amniotic bands that compress fetal parts causing
amputations and other lesions.
Fetal Central Nervous System
Authors: Suk Kim Mi
Published: November 2012

Greatly improved diagnosis and investigation of fetal central nervous system abnormalities is the result
of impressive technologic advances in ultrasonographic imaging. This applies as well to the study of spinal and
facial abnormalities that are associated with central nervous system anomalies. More attention has been paid to
midbrain structural defects, such as agenesis of the corpus callosum and abnormalities of the cerebellum, with the
introduction of three- and four- dimensional ultrasound. Notwithstanding all these recent rapid technologic
advances, many professionals --- except for a few pioneers --- have difficulty keeping up-to-date. The purpose of
this review of basic principles and various applications of three-dimensional ultrasound to the fetal central nervous
system evaluation is to inform professionals working in obstetric ultrasound of those advances. We will focus
primarily on normal findings of three-dimensional sonography of the fetal central nervous system. We will also
discuss a range of topics from methods of real-time scanning and software manipulation to the application of these
techniques to each section of the fetal nervous system.
Neutrophils and Extracellular Traps in Microbial Infections
Authors: Brinkmann Volker
Published: November 2012

Decades ago, neutrophil granulocytes have been recognized as professional phagocytes. In their granules
they store a massive array of antimicrobial enzymes and peptides which they can release either to the outside or into
the phagosome, where phagocytosed microorganisms are quickly killed. Some years ago a different antimicrobial
function of neutrophils was discovered: once stimulated, neutrophils can undergo a cell death program that induces
massive structural changes and finally leads to the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which can
bind and kill microorganisms outside the cell. In this review, the current knowledge about antimicrobial properties of
NETs is summarized and microbial strategies to escape NETs are discussed.
Imaging Neutrophil-Pathogen Interactions in vivo
Authors: Münter Sylvia , Kuss Claudia , Meissner Markus , Frischknecht Friedrich
Published: November 2012

This chapter gives examples of the use of standard and advanced light microscopy techniques to
visualize the interaction of selected pathogens with neutrophils in living animals. To date the knowledge on the
dynamic interaction of invading pathogens with immune cells is at the very beginning. We focus on recent studies
of the parasites Toxoplasma, Plasmodium and Leishmania in laboratory mice and the bacterial agent
Pseudomonas in zebrafish. In addition we discuss the basic imaging requirements and some technical pitfalls that
can occur during image acquisition and data analysis. Advanced imaging approaches have become an essential
tool in modern cell biology, which is also reflected by the rapid development of new high-tech equipment.
Neutrophils in the Context of Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: G. Souza Danielle , C. Alves-Filho José , Q. Cunha Fernando , X. Lima Cristiano , M. Teixeira Mauro
Published: November 2012

Sepsis is defined as systemic inflammation in the setting of infection. Sepsis may evolve to severe sepsis
and septic shock, which are the end result of complex interactions between infecting organisms and several elements
of the host response. The severe forms of sepsis are associated with evidence of organ dysfunction and high lethality
rates. This chapter focuses on the putative role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Neutrophils play essential
roles in host defence through their ability to clear bacterial and other infections. To this end, neutrophils have to
migrate to the site (focus) of infection where they will phagocytise and kill bacteria and release mediators, necessary
for the activation of other cell types. However, failure of neutrophils to migrate into the site of infection may facilitate
systemic dissemination of the pathogen leading to release of pathogen, pathogen-associated products and
inflammatory mediators in the circulation. The latter, when in high concentrations in the circulation, can activate
neutrophils and other leukocytes in the systemic compartment leading to damage of healthy tissues and death. In this
chapter, we discuss some of the mechanisms which lead to dysregulated recruitment of neutrophils to the infection
focus and their relevance to the development of multi-organ injury and severe sepsis.
The Role of Neutrophils in Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection: First Line of Defense or the Gateway for Systemic Dissemination?
Authors: van Zandbergen Ger , Rupp Jan
Published: November 2012

The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) is an established pathogen in
acute lung infections. Recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) to the lung is one of the
first events upon acute infection. The functional role of PMN in Cpn pathogenicity and clearance is unclear. In vitro
studies showed that Cpn stays alive after internalization by PMN in an opsonin-independent manner and are still able
to multiply. While uninfected granulocytes become apoptotic, the lifespan of Cpn infected PMN is dramatically
increased for more than 3 days. Ingestion of Cpn is accompanied by a complete re-programming of central PMN
effector functions which are involved in cell survival, pathogen clearance and innate immunity. In vivo observations
in rabbits suggest that PMN are centrally involved in the systemic dissemination of Cpn to the blood after acute lung
infection. Furthermore, depletion of PMN in the lung seems to hamper chlamydial growth and progeny in the lung.
In this review we will summarize studies on direct interactions of Cpn and PMN both in vitro and in vivo.
Accumulating evidence suggest a central role of PMN in the systemic dissemination of Cpn infection.
Role of Neutrophils in the Early Shaping of the Leishmania major Specific Immune Response in Experimental Murine Cutaneous Leish
Authors: Martino Angelo , Badell Edgar , Winter Nathalie , Charmoy Mélanie , Milon Geneviève , Tacchini-Cottier Fabienne
Published: November 2012

The development of a protective immune response to microorganisms involves complex interactions
between the host and the pathogen. The murine model of infection with Leishmania major (L. major) allows the
study of the factors leading to the development of a protective immune response. Following infection with the
protozoan parasite L. major, most strains of mice heal their lesions, while a few fail to control infection, both
processes linked to the development of specific T helper subsets. The early events occurring during the first days
following parasite inoculation are thought to be critical in the development of the Leishmania-specific immune
response. Neutrophils are the first cells arriving massively to the site of infection, and recent evidence points to
their role as organizers of the immune response, yet their specific role in this process remains elusive. Through
interactions with cells present at the parasite inoculation site, and possibly within the draining lymph nodes,
neutrophils could have an impact not only on the recruitment of inflammatory cells but also on the activation of
local as well as newly migrated cells that will be crucial in shaping the Leishmania-specific immune response.
Understanding Neutrophil Function During Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Authors: Y. Denkers Eric
Published: November 2012

Neutrophils are the most common type of leukocyte. They are produced in large number by the bone
marrow and they rapidly accumulate at sites of invasion by microbial pathogens, including the opportunistic protozoan
parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Here, current data on the role of neutrophils during T. gondii infection are reviewed. On
the one hand, neutrophils may play a role in facilitating establishment of a stable host-parasite interaction. They may
maximize the probability of parasite transmission by promoting an effective immune response that enables both host
survival and establishment of persistent infection. On the other hand, these cells may be important purely for the host
by acting as potent destroyers of parasites. Collateral tissue damage may be the unavoidable consequence.
Neutrophils as Potential Safe Niche for Leishmania and Anaplasma
Authors: van Zandbergen Ger , Bank Elena , Behnen Martina , Klinger Matthias , Laskay Tamas
Published: November 2012

Neutrophils are the most crucial cells for early defence against infections. When properly activated
they can kill extracellular pathogens but also also obligate intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania and
Anaplasma. However, once the phagocytotic killing has been evaded, neutrophils can serve as host cells for
obligate intracellular pathogens. Parasitized neutrophils were shown to function as a ‘Trojan horse’, to silently
transfer Leishmania to macrophages as well as Anaplasma to other neutrophils. Here, we discuss the Trojan horse
function of neutrophils for Leishmania and Anaplasma.
Chapter 07 - The Value of Personal Therapy to the Emerging Professional Self
Authors: A. Mackey Richard
Published: November 2012

Practice wisdom as well as anecdotal evidence supports the value of personal psychotherapy for clinical practitioners. Although a
few surveys of clinical social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists have found that most therapists enter personal
psychotherapy at some point in their careers, little research has focused on the potential meaning of personal therapy to the
development of a professional self. This chapter is based on a study that used in-depth interviews to explore the significance of
personal psychotherapy to the professional roles of experienced therapists and advanced graduate students.
Three-Dimensional Ultrasound in Fetal Atrial, Ventricular and Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Authors: Chaoui Rabih
Published: November 2012

Atrial, ventricular and atrioventricular septal defects are the most common cardiac anomalies in the
humans and occur isolated or as part of other malformations in more than the half of children with a congenital
cardiac anomaly. Whereas atrial defects are difficult to detect antenatally, ventricular and atrioventricular defects
are detectable on two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound. Three-dimensional ultrasound as STIC
technology allows in fetal septal defects on one hand a safe description and documentation of the finding and on
the other hand a spatial demonstration of the defect with the possibility of getting new views into the heart. The
choice of the ideal plane from a 3D volume enables to get the in-line visualization of the interventricular septum
with the septal defect. Orthogonal views help to visualize the defect in the different planes. Tomographic imaging
aids in getting the upper abdomen and the great vessels information in addition to the septal defect view, in order
to rule out a complex malformation. Rendering mode with the enface view can be used to visualize the septum
from a lateral view and the common atrioventricular valve in atrioventricular septal defects. The combination
with color Doppler helps to get the spatial demonstration of the defect within the heart and provide in addition
information on flow events during the cardiac cycle in septal defects.
4D Study of Left Heart Anomalies
Authors: Rizzo Giuseppe , Arduini Domenico
Published: November 2012

In this chapter, the 2D, color Doppler and four dimensional (4D) features of major right heart
abnormalities are described. In particular, the echocardiographic views on which the various lesions are present
are reported. The diagnostic role of 4D echocardiography in allowing a spatial demonstration of the defects with
the possibility of getting new views into the heart is outlined. Videos of major diagnostic features are also
provided, to facilitate the understanding of the text.
Feasibility, Technique and Potential Role of Fetal Cardiovascular MRI: Evaluation of Normal Anatomical Structures and Assessment of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Manganaro Lucia , Di Maurizio Marco , Savelli Sara
Published: November 2012

Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a third-level diagnostic tool for the study of fetal
malformations and has been applied in the diagnosis and definition of fetal central nervous system (CNS) and
other fetal, placental and uterine diseases. Recent developments of new realtime sequences during free breathing
without cardiac triggering have established a potential role of MRI in the study of fetal heart: MRI can study the
morphology using steady-state free precession (TrueFISP) sequences on sagittal, coronal and axial planes,
orthogonally oriented to the fetal diaphragm and allows to identify the viscero-atrial situs, the heart and its axis. It
is also possible to perform a dynamic study, through the acquisition of cine-MR sequences with real-time steadystate
free precession (SSFP) oriented according to the standard projections used in fetal echocardiographic
scannings. At the moment, there is no evidence that short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields of 1.5 T or less
harms the fetus. MRI can analyze the normal anatomy by transverse, long axis and angulated views to visualize
the principal cardiac planes. There are recent evidences of a useful role of MRI in the definition of congenital
heart disease (CHD). The study of fetal CHD can be made by direct signs such as volumetric abnormalities of the
heart and of the cardiac chambers, abnormalities of the structure, thickness and signal intensity of the myocardial
walls, anomalies of the cardiac axis orientation, defects of the ventricular and atrial septa and anomalies of the
origin, size and course of the great arteries. The difficulty to recognize a “normal” anatomical structure in the
reference projections, the increase of the vascular size before a vascular stenosis and the presence of
cardiomegaly and pericardial effusion are instead considered as indirect signs of CHD are considered as suspect
for fetal CHD.Despite current limitations, fetal MRI seems to be a promising diagnostic method for the
assessment of the fetal heart.
Conclusions and Future Developments
Authors: Rizzo Giuseppe , Arduini Domenico
Published: November 2012

Despite the dramatic improvement in the quality of diagnostic ultrasound Congenital Heart Disease
(CHD) are the most common and less frequently diagnosed prenatally anomalies. This is mainly secondary to the
difficulties in training expert and dedicated sonographer in the study of fetal heart. Four dimensional (4D)
sonography may overcome operator dependency allowing offline 4D examination of the fetal heart. This
approach opens the possibility of performing a virtual echocardiography in fetuses at high risk or suspected to be
affected by a CHD through networking capabilities. As a consequence virtual echocardiography may allow to
extend the benefit of advanced of cardiac examination in patients followed in peripheral centers thus reducing the
number of unnecessary referral to tertiary centers.
NEAR-FIELD SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPE AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Literature review of near-field scanning optical microscopy was given firstly. Then introduction of the near-field probing
and corresponding systems were presented in detail. Finally, some typical applications of the near-field probing systems in different
areas were described briefly combining with some concrete examples.
Is Scotland’s Health Different from the Rest of the UK - and Why?
Authors: Hanlon Phil
Published: November 2012

This chapter provides evidence for, and explores reasons why, understanding the poor nature
of public health in Scotland is vital to understanding sexual health. As Chair of the Expert Reference
Group that devised the first national sexual health strategy for Scotland, and an expert on public health,
Professor Hanlon's synthesis illuminates the relationships between inequalities and poor health
outcomes, and provides a convincing link to modernity, where norms around consumption and
gratification have extremely negative results for individuals and society.

The chapter investigates Scotland's poor health status in comparison with the rest of the UK, and
provides population data concerning morbidity and mortality to demonstrate this. Explaining that social
and economic deprivation, coupled with the collective and individual experience of postindustrialisation,
is often perceived as the main cause for Scotland's poor health, the author proposes that
an additional and increasing excess mortality in Scotland, known as the Scottish effect, exists beyond
these explanations. This effect is still not fully understood, and other possible contributory factors such
as the environment, weather conditions and culture and social mores are discussed. Culture is discussed
in detail as an important component of health and wellbeing, and one that may well have a critical impact
on individual and collective health experiences. The chapter concludes by saying that it is essential to
adopt a multi-disciplinary approach to exploring and investigating the patterns of ill health in Scotland in
order to understand and address them further.
The Development of Sexual Health Service Standards for Scotland
Authors: Nandwani Rak
Published: November 2012

This chapter opens the second section of this collection by explaining the process by which
the new national sexual health clinical quality standards were devised and put into operation across
Scotland. The author, Dr Rak Nandwani, was clinical adviser at NHS QIS during this period and presents
their importance to the implementation and delivery of Respect and Responsibility - Scotland's sexual
health strategy. The Standards themselves are included for reference, and a full commentary of their
development given.

Describing the background to the strategy, the author demonstrates the associated need to formulate a
coherent set of standards that embodied the expectations of the strategy and that would also provide
markers of progress applied across Scotland by NHS Boards to improve sexual health and to meet
Scottish Government targets. Drawing on the authors' close involvement in the evolution of what have
become known as the QIS Standards, he describes the various tensions and challenges in their
formulation and the iterative and consultative approach that were adopted. This was to guarantee that the
statements contained clinical quality at a population level, and in relation to target groups for sexual
health; as well as to ensure that they progressed the holistic model to sexual health improvement that was
needed, and that they were supported by clinicians, commissioners, interest groups and other
stakeholders. The chapter describes how the Standards will be monitored, once implemented, and their
close relationship to the national sexual health data and information systems in Scotland.
The Story of Sandyford - Developing Accessible Sexual Health Services in the West of Scotland
Authors: Ilett Rosie
Published: November 2012

The second chapter in the section covering contemporary sexual health services focuses on the
largest sexual health service in Scotland, the Sandyford Initiative in Greater Glasgow and Clyde. This
service pre-empted the first national sexual health strategy for Scotland in its integration of family
planning and genitourinary medicine in 2000, and the chapter details the local conditions that led to this
development, much of which are linked to previous multi-agency working concerning inequalities and
health.

Written by one of the founders of the Initiative (also one of the book’s editors) the chapter reviews
thinking that informed the merger between family planning, GUM and a women’s health service in
Glasgow. It describes how integrating understandings of health and social inequalities into the planning
and delivery of the service was seen as critical, and employed as a vision in bringing staff together to
form one cohesive unit.

Drawing on internal documents and early evaluations of the views of staff and service users at the start of
the service, along with a summary of activity and outcomes since then, the chapter sets out to discover
how successful Sandyford has been in embedding an inequalities sensitive approach since its opening. It
concludes that organisational culture has a high level of understanding about inequalities, and the service
has reached a wider range of service users than before integration, yet the current economic climate may
prove increasingly challenging in ensuring that the ethos continues to remain central.
Modernising a New Workforce Fit for Purpose in Sexual Health
Authors: Forster Lorraine , Murchie Martin , Bankowska Urszula
Published: November 2012

This chapter continues the book’s theme concerning partnerships and integration, and
focuses on the implications for the clinical workforce of service integration within sexual health.
Written by three clinicians from a range of sexual health disciplines, based at the Sandyford
Initiative - Lorraine Forster, Dr Urszula Bankowska, Martin Murchie – it reviews the clinical
environment before integrations took place and the training needs of specialities and disciplines,
and the role of recent government policy in influencing the shape of the sexual health workforce.

The chapter describes the new skills and competencies required by medical and clinical disciplines
to deliver integrated sexual health services. It suggests examples of good practice to effect that
change from nursing, medical and health advising perspectives. The responsibility of national
training agencies in supporting staff training, such as NHS Education Scotland (NES), Royal
College of Nursing (RCN), the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (FSRH) and the British
Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) is described.

The chapter concludes that there are a number of challenges ahead that will impact on sexual health
care and maintaining a skilled workforce, including the availability of budgets to continue
developing sexual health services, responding to changing population health needs and workforce
issues. The authors argue that strong networks, professional identities and accredited clinical skills
can only help to ensure that the sexual health workforce continues to make a valuable contribution
to public health in Scotland.
Subject Index
Authors: Ilett Rosie , Bigrigg Alison
Published: November 2012

Full text available
Index
Authors: Nakamura Misa , Kakudo Kennichi
Published: November 2012

Full text available