bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts
Authors: Johnston Margaret , Dawson Jackie , De Souza Elsa , Stewart Emma J.
Published: September 2016

Changing environmental conditions in the Canadian Arctic are associated with an increase in marine tourism. A substantial decline in the extent of ice coverage in the summer season has resulted in greater accessibility for all categories of ships, and the tourism sector has been quick to respond to new opportunities. This increase in vessel traffic has raised significant issues for management, and particular concerns about the pleasure craft (non-commercial tourism) sector. This paper reports on research aimed at identifying change in the pleasure craft sector in Canadian Arctic waters since 1990; exploring management concerns held by stakeholders regarding changes in the sector; and, providing recommendations for government stakeholders. The paper is based on material gathered through an examination of existing data sources and stakeholder interviews (n= 22). Analysis was aimed at understanding the rapid development of the sector and potential management strategies, including research needs. Analysis reveals a dramatic increase in annual vessel numbers, particularly from 2010 onwards. Management concerns of interviewees relate to implications of this growth in four areas: visitor behaviour; services, facilities and infrastructure; control; and, planning and development. The paper concludes by describing recommendations in the areas of research needs, regulation, and strategic development.
SLAVERY AND THE BIRTH OF WORKING-CLASS RACISM IN ENGLAND, 1814–1833The Alexander Prize Essay
Authors: Hanley Ryan
Published: September 2016

This paper examines racist discourse in radical print culture from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the passing of the Abolition of Slavery Act in Britain. Acknowledging the heterogeneity of working-class ideology during the period, it demonstrates that some radical writers actively sought to dehumanise enslaved and free black people as a means of promoting the interests of the white working class in England. It argues that by promoting a particular understanding of English racial superiority, radical intellectuals such as John Cartwright, William Cobbett, and Richard Carlile were able to criticise the diversion of humanitarian resources and attention away from exploited industrial workers and towards enslaved black people in the British West Indies or unconverted free Africans. Moreover, by presenting a supposedly inferior racial antitype, they sought to minimise the social boundaries that were used to disenfranchise English working men and reinforce their own, seemingly precarious, claims to parliamentary reform and meaningful political representation.
BETWEEN POISE AND POWER: EMBODIED MANLINESS IN EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH CULTURE
Authors: Begiato Joanne
Published: September 2016

This paper explores representations of the manly body and the ways in which its relationship with masculine identity and embodied selfhood changed over time and class. It spans a period in which different types of masculinities were dominant, from the later eighteenth-century man of feeling to the later nineteenth-century muscular Christian, and proposes that an embodied approach offers a more nuanced consideration of the ways in which ideals of masculinity were culturally viewed and utilised. First, it provides a chronology of the manner in which the ideal manly body changed over the two centuries, demonstrating that abstract masculine values were always rooted in male bodies. Secondly, it proposes that although most idealised masculine identities were elite, attention to the more corporeal aspects of gender offers evidence that there were features of the manly body, for example hardness, that appealed across social ranks.1Elite men valorised idealised working-class men's bodies and saw in them something to emulate. Moreover, working-class men used classically inspired figures to represent themselves when formulating class and gender identities.
The Agonies of Liberalism
Authors: CHABAL EMILE
Published: September 2016

It is striking the extent to which many liberals have seen themselves as figures on the margins of politics. This is partly an ideological issue. Of all the great ‘isms’ of the modern age, liberalism has had neither the historical certainty of the two great totalitarian ideologies of the twentieth century, nor the reassuring hierarchical logic of conservatism. Most liberals have agonised about how much humans can achieve and have repeatedly stressed the fallibility of rational or democratic solutions, at least in comparison with more revolutionary ideologies like communism. But liberals’ sense of living on the margins is also a consequence of the context in which liberalism was born. In Europe, the spectre of the French Revolution – and, later, the Bolshevik Revolution – gave liberalism a specific flavour. Liberals were often keen on reform, but they always feared social upheaval. Time and again, liberals found themselves in power only to lose control of the pace of social change. In the worst cases – 1815, 1848 or 1917 spring to mind – this put the liberal cause back by generations. For much of modern European history, to be a liberal was to be in a perpetual state of siege.
Nazis in the Middle East: Assessing Links Between Nazism and Islam
Authors: LEE MIA
Published: September 2016

Since the early-2000s there has been an increasing amount of research on connections between the Nazi regime and the Arab world largely spurred by scholars of Germany. One of the key contributions of this scholarship has been the argument that historic links between National Socialism and Islam, in particular the connection between National Socialist racial ideology and contemporary anti-Semitism in the Middle East, persisted into the post-war period and crucially shaped Middle Eastern politics and policies. This approach is represented in this review in the studies by Matthias Küntzel, Jeffrey Herf, Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cüppers and Barry Rubin and Wolfgang Schwanitz, who all – in various ways – suggest that there is a direct line of continuity between National Socialism, the Muslim Brotherhood and the rise of al-Qaeda. By calling attention to the role of National Socialism, these studies challenge what has hitherto been the dominant historiography of the modern Middle East, which contextualises the rise of anti-Semitism in the region within a broader analysis of Arab nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-Zionism. The debate on the importance of National Socialism in the Arab world continues to develop. Recent books by historians David Motadel and Stefan Ihrig return the focus from the Middle East to Nazi policy in the region allowing them to place the Nazi regime within a longer history of Western misapprehensions of the ‘Muslim’ world. Placing these two approaches side by side allows us to evaluate the historical evidence of collaboration between Nazism and radical Islam and thereby assess the extent to which Nazi racial ideology penetrated the Arab world.
Factors influencing bacteraemia in patients with isomerism and CHD: the effects of functional splenic status and antibiotic prophylaxis
Authors: Loomba Rohit S. , Pelech Andrew N. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: September 2016

Background

“Heterotaxy syndrome”, best segregated as isomerism, is characterised by laterality defects of the thoraco-abdominal organs, causing functional impairment. In particular, the spleen is frequently affected, increasing susceptibility to bacteraemia. This study explored factors that may increase the risk of bacteraemia in patients with isomerism.

Methods

We identified patients with CHD and isomerism. Review of outpatient, inpatient, and surgical records was conducted to collect data and determine trends in the cohort. A Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine factors influencing freedom from bacteraemia (Fig 1).

Results

We identified 83 patients with CHD and isomerism – 17 (20%) who had documented episodes of bacteraemia with a total of 21 episodes. A majority (86%) were nosocomial. The median age at the time of bacteraemia was 4 months. Although splenic anatomy did appear to influence the risk of bacteraemia in univariate analysis, this significance was lost with multivariate analysis. None of the other factors was significantly associated in either univariate or multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Specific factors such as splenic anatomy, atrial appendage isomerism, and antibiotic prophylaxis status are not significantly associated with the risk of bacteraemia in patients with CHD and isomerism. Nosocomial infections represent a majority of bacteraemia in these patients.
Anatomical considerations for the management of a left-sided superior caval vein draining to the roof of the left atrium
Authors: Saundankar Jelena , Ho Andrew B. , Salmon Anthony P. , Anderson Robert H. , Magee Alan G.
Published: September 2016

Aims

The pathophysiological entity of a persisting left-sided superior caval vein draining into the roof of the left atrium represents an extreme form of coronary sinus de-roofing. This is an uncommon, but well-documented condition associated with systemic desaturation due to a right-to-left shunt. Depending on the size of the coronary ostium, the defect may also present with right-sided volume loading. We describe two patients, both of whom presented with desaturation, and highlight the important anatomical features underscoring management.

Methods and Results

Both patients were managed interventionally with previous assessment of the size of the coronary sinus ostium through cross-sectional imaging. This revealed a restrictive interatrial communication at the right atrial mouth of the coronary sinus in both patients, which permitted an interventional approach, as the residual left-to-right shunt subsequent to closure of the aberrant vessel would be negligible. At intervention, test occlusion of the left superior caval vein allowed assessment of decompressing vessels before successful occlusion using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug.

Conclusions

Persistence of a left superior caval vein draining to the left atrium may be associated with an interatrial communication at the mouth of the unroofed coronary sinus. The ostium of the de-roofed coronary sinus can be atretic, restrictive, normally sized, or enlarged. Careful assessment of the size of this defect is required before treatment. In view of its importance, which has received little attention in the literature to date, we suggest an additional consideration to the classification of unroofed coronary sinus.
Sources of variability in linguistic memory systems
Authors: WAGERS MATTHEW W.
Published: September 2016

The target article makes a strong case that L2 comprehenders recover linguistic representations that are qualitatively similar to those recovered by L1 comprehenders. Moreover as they attempt to link non-adjacent elements, they do so using the same basic mechanism: cue-based retrieval in a content-addressable memory (Van Dyke & Lewis, 2003). In this commentary, I will not address the empirical adequacy of the argument, but instead consider some interesting theoretical challenges it poses for our understanding of working memory in sentence processing.
Thin-Film Phase Plates for Transmission Electron Microscopy Fabricated from Metallic Glasses
Authors: Dries Manuel , Hettler Simon , Schulze Tina , Send Winfried , Müller Erich , Schneider Reinhard , Gerthsen Dagmar , Luo Yuansu , Samwer Konrad
Published: September 2016

Thin-film phase plates (PPs) have become an interesting tool to enhance the contrast of weak-phase objects in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thin film usually consists of amorphous carbon, which suffers from quick degeneration under the intense electron-beam illumination. Recent investigations have focused on the search for alternative materials with an improved material stability. This work presents thin-film PPs fabricated from metallic glass alloys, which are characterized by a high electrical conductivity and an amorphous structure. Thin films of the zirconium-based alloy Zr65.0Al7.5Cu27.5(ZAC) were fabricated and their phase-shifting properties were evaluated. The ZAC film was investigated by different TEM techniques, which reveal beneficial properties compared with amorphous carbon PPs. Particularly favorable is the small probability for inelastic plasmon scattering, which results from the combined effect of a moderate inelastic mean free path and a reduced film thickness due to a high mean inner potential. Small probability plasmon scattering improves contrast transfer at high spatial frequencies, which makes the ZAC alloy a promising material for PP fabrication.
Culture and understanding in the Singapore war crimes trials (1946–1948): interpreting arguments of the defence
Authors: Cheah W.L.
Published: September 2016

After the Second World War, the British military organised 131 war crimes trials in Singapore, which served as the base for British war crimes investigations in Asia. These trials brought together diverse participants-judges and counsel from the UK, India, and other Allied countries; accused persons from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan; defence counsel from Japan; and witnesses from all over Asia. The majority of defendants in these trials did not deny their involvement in the war crimes concerned; instead, these defendants argued that their conduct was consistent with Japanese norms, beliefs and practices. This article explores trial participants' varied and contested interpretations of the culturally influenced arguments put forward by the defence.
A Better Model for How the Mantle Melts
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: September 2016

A new model of the melting behavior of certain mantle rocks gives researchers a better understanding of the source of oceanic lavas.
Cross-Informant Ratings of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior in Adolescent–Parent Pairs in Six Countries. Does Being Adopted Make a Difference?
Authors: Roskam Isabelle , van der Voort Anja , Juffer Femmie , Stievenart Marie , Bader Michel , Muntean Ana , Escobar Maria Josefina , Santelices Maria Pia , Molina Paola , Casonato Marta , Ongari Barbara , Pierrehumbert Blaise
Published: September 2016

Low agreement between self-reports and parent reports of the behavioral adjustment of adolescents has been widely documented in the literature. However, it has been little studied in connection with adoptees. In the current research, the magnitude of agreement between reports of adolescents’ behavioral problems given by the adolescents themselves and their parents and the direction of the possible discrepancies between these reports were studied. A comparison was made between adopted and nonadopted adolescent–parent dyads. The research questions were tested on a sample of 294 adolescent–parent pairs (189 adoptees and 105 controls) from Belgium, Romania, Chile, Switzerland, Italy, and the Netherlands. Correlation analyses together with Fisher R to Z comparisons between countries and between adopted and nonadopted dyads and Repeated Measures Analyses revealed that both the magnitude of agreement and the direction of the discrepancies in internalizing and externalizing behavioral ratings between informants, that is, parents and their adolescent, did not depend on whether the adolescents were adopted or not. Compared with their parents, both adopted and control adolescents reported problems more frequently. Some variations in the magnitude of agreement were found between countries. An interaction effect between gender and informant indicated that discrepancies for internalizing behavior were higher in parent–adolescent daughter pairs than in parent–adolescent son pairs.
The Fra-1–miR-134–SDS22 feedback loop amplifies ERK/JNK signaling and reduces chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Wu Jianmin , Sun Yimin , Zhang Pei-Ying , Qian Mengyao , Zhang Hengchao , Chen Xiao , Ma Di , Xu Yunsheng , Chen Xiaoming , Tang Kai-Fu
Published: September 2016

The Fra-1 transcription factor is frequently upregulated in multiple types of tumors. Here we found that Fra-1 promotes miR-134 expression. miR-134 activates JNK and ERK by targeting SDS22, which in turn induces Fra-1 expression and leads to miR-134 upregulation. In addition, miR-134 augmented H2AX S139 phosphorylation by activating JNK and promoted non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA repair. Therefore, ectopic miR-134 expression reduced chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, miR-134 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and enhances tumor growth in vivo. Of particular significance, both Fra-1 and miR-134 are upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues, and Fra-1 and miR-134 expression is positively correlated. High levels of miR-134 expression were associated with a reduced median survival of ovarian cancer patients. Our study revealed that a Fra-1-miR-134 axis drives a positive feedback loop that amplifies ERK/JNK signaling and reduces chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells.
Thorium–phosphorus triamidoamine complexes containing Th–P single- and multiple-bond interactions
Authors: Wildman Elizabeth P. , Balázs Gábor , Wooles Ashley J. , Scheer Manfred , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: September 2016

Despite the burgeoning field of uranium-ligand multiple bonds, analogous complexes involving other actinides remain scarce. For thorium, under ambient conditions only a few multiple bonds to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium are reported, and no multiple bonds to phosphorus are known, reflecting a general paucity of synthetic methodologies and also problems associated with stabilising these linkages at the large thorium ion. Here we report structurally authenticated examples of a parent thorium(IV)–phosphanide (Th–PH2), a terminal thorium(IV)–phosphinidene (Th=PH), a parent dithorium(IV)–phosphinidiide (Th–P(H)-Th) and a discrete actinide–phosphido complex under ambient conditions (Th=P=Th). Although thorium is traditionally considered to have dominant 6d-orbital contributions to its bonding, contrasting to majority 5f-orbital character for uranium, computational analyses suggests that the bonding of thorium can be more nuanced, in terms of 5f- versus 6d-orbital composition and also significant involvement of the 7s-orbital and how this affects the balance of 5f- versus 6d-orbital bonding character.
Genomic Regions Associated With Interspecies Communication in Dogs Contain Genes Related to Human Social Disorders
Authors: Persson Mia E. , Wright Dominic , Roth Lina S. V. , Batakis Petros , Jensen Per
Published: September 2016

Unlike their wolf ancestors, dogs have unique social skills for communicating and cooperating with humans. Previously, significant heritabilities for human-directed social behaviors have been found in laboratory beagles. Here, a Genome-Wide Association Study identified two genomic regions associated with dog’s human-directed social behaviors. We recorded the propensity of laboratory beagles, bred, kept and handled under standardized conditions, to initiate physical interactions with a human during an unsolvable problem-task, and 190 individuals were genotyped with an HD Canine SNP-chip. One genetic marker on chromosome 26 within theSEZ6Lgene was significantly associated with time spent close to, and in physical contact with, the human. Two suggestive markers on chromosome 26, located within theARVCFgene, were also associated with human contact seeking. Strikingly, four additional genes present in the same linkage blocks affect social abilities in humans, e.g.,SEZ6Lhas been associated with autism andCOMTaffects aggression in adolescents with ADHD. This is, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide study presenting candidate genomic regions for dog sociability and inter-species communication. These results advance our understanding of dog domestication and raise the use of the dog as a novel model system for human social disorders.
Homer1a attenuates glutamate-induced oxidative injury in HT-22 cells through regulation of store-operated calcium entry
Authors: Rao Wei , Peng Cheng , Zhang Lei , Su Ning , Wang Kai , Hui Hao , Dai Shu-hui , Yang Yue-fan , Luo Peng , Fei Zhou
Published: September 2016

Calcium disequilibrium is extensively involved in oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury. Although Homer1a is known to regulate several neuronal calcium pathways, its effects on, or its exact relationship with, oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury has not yet been fully elucidated. We found that Homer1a protected HT-22 cells from glutamate-induced oxidative stress injury by inhibiting final-phase intracellular calcium overload and mitochondrial oxidative stress. In these cells, stromal interactive molecule 1 (STIM1) puncta, but not the protein level, was significantly increased after glutamate treatment. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) inhibitors and cells in which a key component of SOCE (STIM1) was knocked out were used as glutamate-induced oxidative stress injury models. Both models demonstrated significant improvement of HT-22 cell survival after glutamate treatment. Additionally, increased Homer1a protein levels significantly inhibited SOCE and decreased the association of STIM1-Orai1 triggered by glutamate. These results suggest that up-regulation of Homer1a can protect HT-22 cells from glutamate-induced oxidative injury by disrupting the STIM1-Oria1 association, and then by inhibiting the SOCE-mediated final-phrase calcium overload. Thus, regulation of Homer1a, either alone or in conjunction with SOCE inhibition, may serve as key therapeutic interventional targets for neurological diseases in which oxidative stress is involved in the etiology or progression of the disease.
Rapid Electron Transfer within the III-IV Supercomplex in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Graf Simone , Fedotovskaya Olga , Kao Wei-Chun , Hunte Carola , Ädelroth Pia , Bott Michael , von Ballmoos Christoph , Brzezinski Peter
Published: September 2016

Complex III inC. glutamicumhas an unusual di-heme cyt.c1and it co-purifies with complex IV in a supercomplex. Here, we investigated the kinetics of electron transfer within this supercomplex and in the cyt.aa3alone (cyt.bc1was removed genetically). In the reaction of the reduced cyt.aa3with O2, we identified the same sequence of events as with other A-type oxidases. However, even though this reaction is associated with proton uptake, no pH dependence was observed in the kinetics. For the cyt.bc1-cyt.aa3supercomplex, we observed that electrons from thec-hemes were transferred to CuAwith time constants 0.1–1 ms. Theb-hemes were oxidized with a time constant of 6.5 ms, indicating that this electron transfer is rate-limiting for the overall quinol oxidation/O2reduction activity (~210 e−/s). Furthermore, electron transfer from externally added cyt.cto cyt.aa3was significantly faster upon removal of cyt.bc1from the supercomplex, suggesting that one of thec-hemes occupies a position near CuA. In conclusion, isolation of the III-IV-supercomplex allowed us to investigate the kinetics of electron transfer from theb-hemes, via the di-heme cyt.c1and hemeato the hemea3-CuBcatalytic site of cyt.aa3.
A naturally-occurring ‘cold earth’ spot in Northern China
Authors: Niu Fujun , Cheng Guodong , Niu Yonghong , Zhang Mingyi , Luo Jing , Lin Zhanju
Published: September 2016

Permafrost is determined to a large extent by the Earth’s surface temperature, therefore it distributes mainly in high altitude and latitude regions. However, stable, warm (about −1 °C) permafrost occurs within a scree slope in northern China that is more than 600 km south of the southernmost limit of latitudinal permafrost on the Eurasian Continent. It is at an elevation of only 900 m above sea level (ASL). The area has a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of 6 to 8 °C. Thermal processes of the scree slope, investigated through field monitoring and numerical simulation, showed that the permafrost is caused by winter air convection within the porous rock deposits and is stable as air convection does not occur in summer time. The deposit is covered by a 30-cm-thick peaty soil layer dated (carbon C-14) to between 1,000 to 1,600 years ago. The layer also contributes to the permafrost’s existence due to the peat’s thermal conductivity offset when frozen and thawed. The existence of permafrost under such warm climatic conditions confirms the effectiveness of using crushed rock layer as basement or slope cover to protect the warm permafrost subgrade of the recently-constructed Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR), even under the predicted climate warming conditions.
Rotational friction of dipolar colloids measured by driven torsional oscillations
Authors: Steinbach Gabi , Gemming Sibylle , Erbe Artur
Published: September 2016

Despite its prominent role in the dynamics of soft materials, rotational friction remains a quantity that is difficult to determine for many micron-sized objects. Here, we demonstrate how the Stokes coefficient of rotational friction can be obtained from the driven torsional oscillations of single particles in a highly viscous environment. The idea is that the oscillation amplitude of a dipolar particle under combined static and oscillating fields provides a measure for the Stokes friction. From numerical studies we derive a semi-empirical analytic expression for the amplitude of the oscillation, which cannot be calculated analytically from the equation of motion. We additionally demonstrate that this expression can be used to experimentally determine the rotational friction coefficient of single particles. Here, we record the amplitudes of a field-driven dipolar Janus microsphere with optical microscopy. The presented method distinguishes itself in its experimental and conceptual simplicity. The magnetic torque leaves the local environment unchanged, which contrasts with other approaches where, for example, additional mechanical (frictional) or thermal contributions have to be regarded.
Uncovering the essential links in online commercial networks
Authors: Zeng Wei , Fang Meiling , Shao Junming , Shang Mingsheng
Published: September 2016

Recommender systems are designed to effectively support individuals' decision-making process on various web sites. It can be naturally represented by a user-object bipartite network, where a link indicates that a user has collected an object. Recently, research on the information backbone has attracted researchers' interests, which is a sub-network with fewer nodes and links but carrying most of the relevant information. With the backbone, a system can generate satisfactory recommenda- tions while saving much computing resource. In this paper, we propose an enhanced topology-aware method to extract the information backbone in the bipartite network mainly based on the information of neighboring users and objects. Our backbone extraction method enables the recommender systems achieve more than 90% of the accuracy of the top-L recommendation, however, consuming only 20% links. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the alternative backbone extraction methods. Moreover, the structure of the information backbone is studied in detail. Finally, we highlight that the information backbone is one of the most important properties of the bipartite network, with which one can significantly improve the efficiency of the recommender system.
Correlation between structural heterogeneity and plastic deformation for phase separating FeCu metallic glasses
Authors: Peng Chuan-Xiao , Song Kai-Kai , Wang Li , Şopu Daniel , Pauly Simon , Eckert Jürgen
Published: September 2016

Unlike crystalline metals, the plastic deformation of metallic glasses (MGs) involves a competition between disordering and structural relaxation ordering, which is not well understood, yet. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the evolutions of strain localizations, short-range order (SRO) as well as the free volume in the glass during compressive deformation of Fe50Cu50 MGs with different degrees of phase separation. Our findings indicate that the free volume in the phase separating MGs decreases while the shear strain localizations increase with increasing degree of phase separation. Cu-centered clusters show higher potential energies and Voronoi volumes, and bear larger local shear strains. On the other hand, Fe-centered pentagon-rich clusters in Cu-rich regions seem to play an important role to resist the shear transformation. The dilatation or annihilation of Voronoi volumes is due to the competition between ordering via structural relaxation and shear stress-induced deformation. The present study could provide a better understanding of the relationship between the structural inhomogeneity and the deformation of MGs.
Evolutionary History and Ongoing Transmission of Phylogenetic Sublineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype in China
Authors: Yin Qing-qin , Liu Hai-can , Jiao Wei-wei , Li Qin-jing , Han Rui , Tian Jian-ling , Liu Zhi-guang , Zhao Xiu-qin , Li Ying-jia , Wan Kang-lin , Shen A-dong , Mokrousov Igor
Published: September 2016

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype originated in China and has undergone a dramatic population growth and global spread in the last century. Here, a collection of M. tuberculosis Beijing family isolates from different provinces across all China was genotyped by high-resolution (24-MIRU-VNTR) and low-resolution, high-rank (modern and ancient sublineages) markers. The molecular profiles and global and local phylogenies were compared to the strain phenotype and patient data. The phylogeographic patterns observed in the studied collection demonstrate that large-scale (but not middle/small-scale) distance remains one of the decisive factors of the genetic divergence of M. tuberculosis populations. Analysis of diversity and network topology of the local collections appears to corroborate a recent intriguing hypothesis about Beijing genotype originating in South China. Placing our results within the Eurasian context suggested that important Russian B0/W148 and Asian/Russian A0/94-32 epidemic clones of the Beijing genotype could trace their origins to the northeastern and northwestern regions of China, respectively. The higher clustering of the modern isolates in children and lack of increased MDR rate in any sublineage suggest that not association with drug resistance but other (e.g., speculatively, virulence-related) properties underlie an enhanced dissemination of the evolutionarily recent, modern sublineage of the Beijing genotype in China.
PEG-based hydrogels prepared by catalyst-free thiol–yne addition and their post-antibacterial modification
Authors: Cai Xiao Yan , Li Jun Zhi , Li Ning Ning , Chen Jiu Cun , Kang En-Tang , Xu Li Qun
Published: September 2016

PEG-based hydrogels were prepared via nucleophilic thiol–yne addition and post-functionalized with an antimicrobial peptide for antibacterial applications.
Europium metal–organic frameworks as recyclable and selective turn-off fluorescent sensors for aniline detection
Authors: Feng Hui-Jun , Xu Ling , Liu Bing , Jiao Huan
Published: September 2016

Seven Eu(iii) compounds are ionothermally synthesized and well characterized, among which compounds 4 and 6 behave as highly selective turn-off fluorescent sensors for aniline detection with stable recycle repeatability.
Direct and one-pot conversion of polyguluronates and alginates into alkyl-l-guluronamide-based surfactant compositions
Authors: Sari-Chmayssem N. , Pessel F. , Guégan J. P. , Taha S. , Mawlawi H. , Benvegnu T.
Published: September 2016

One-pot transformation of l-polyguluronates or alginates into 100% bio-based surfactants proceeded efficiently to provide novel long-chain alkyl-l-guluronamide/d-mannuronamide compositions as emulsion stabilizers.
Sky-blue nondoped OLEDs based on new AIEgens: ultrahigh brightness, remarkable efficiency and low efficiency roll-off
Authors: Chen Long , Lin Gengwei , Peng Huiren , Ding Siyang , Luo Wenwen , Hu Rongrong , Chen Shuming , Huang Fei , Qin Anjun , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: September 2016

Nondoped OLEDs based on a 4-(dimesitylboryl)fluorenyl functionalized TPE derivative show sky-blue electroluminescence, remarkable efficiencies, ultrahigh brightness and low efficiency roll-off.
Low temperature neutron diffraction studies on Co(Cr1−xFex)2O4 (x = 0.05 and 0.075)
Authors: Kumar Ram , Padam R. , Das Debashish , Rayaprol S. , Siruguri V. , Pal D.
Published: September 2016

We report the magnetic structures of an Fe substituted cobalt chromite system, Co(Cr1−xFex)2O4 (x = 0.05 and 0.075), determined from the analysis of temperature dependent neutron diffraction measurements.
A novel rhodamine-based fluorescent pH probe for high-throughput screening of high-yield polymalic acid strains from random mutant libraries
Authors: Li Hongqing , Li Tianfu , Zuo Hua , Xiao Siyu , Guo Meijin , Jiang Min , Li Zhenghua , Li Yunzheng , Zou Xiang
Published: September 2016

Polymalic acid (PMA) is produced from the yeast-like fungus Auerobasidium pullulans, and is a water-soluble biopolymer with many useful properties for pharmaceutical applications.
Potential of hybrid iron oxide–gold nanoparticles as thermal triggers for pancreatic cancer therapy
Authors: Oluwasanmi Adeolu , Malekigorji Maryam , Jones Stefanie , Curtis Anthony , Hoskins Clare
Published: September 2016

Laser irradiation of hybrid nanoparticles in biological conditions for future application in pancreatic cancer therapy.
Troger's base functionalized covalent triazine frameworks for CO2 capture
Authors: Tao Liming , Niu Fang , Liu Jingang , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua
Published: September 2016

Amorphous, highly thermal stable, Troger's base segments containing covalent triazine frameworks with high CO2 adsorptions (up to 16.84 wt% at 273 K and 1.10 bar).
Tuberculosis of the Clivus
Authors: Joshi Vijay , Valsangkar Shirish , Valsangkar Ashwin , Dekhne Anish , Nivargi Satish , Agrawal Amit
Published: September 2016

The rarity of the tubercular involvement of the clivus makes the preoperative diagnosis difficult. We report a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with right-sided trigeminal neuralgia without any other neurological symptoms or deficits. Postcontrast images showed a dural-based lesion in the region of the clivus which was isointense on T1 images and hypointense on T2 images and the lesion was enhancing after contrast administration suggestive of a tumor. The patient underwent surgical excision of the lesion and the histopathological examination was suggestive of tuberculosis. The patient completed the course of antitubercular therapy and recovered well. Tuberculosis of the clivus region runs an indolent course and following appropriate treatment these patient do well.
Komplikationen bei fehlerhafter Versorgungsstrategie rheumatisch Erkrankter
Authors: Gaulke R.
Published: September 2016

Der orthopädische Rheumatologe muss als Generalist befähigt sein, Behandlungsstrategien zu entwickeln um den komplexen Erkrankungsmustern seiner Patienten gerecht zu werden. Neben umfassender Kennnisse der konservativen und operativen Therapie muss er gute Kenntnisse der immunsuppressiven Therapie aufweisen, um keine iatrogenen Komplikationen zu induzieren. Die Grundprinzipien der orthopädisch-rheumatologischen Versorgungsstrategie beinhalten als oberstes Ziel den Erhalt oder die Wiederherstellung der Selbstständigkeit sowie die Schmerzbefreiung des Patienten. Nach der Schmerzbefreiung kommt der Gehfähigkeit des Patienten die höchste Priorität zu. Die Funktion der Hand, an der auch fortgeschrittene Fehlstellungen häufig lange kompensiert werden, spielt gleichfall eine große Rolle bei der Selbstversorgung. Da die Effekte einer zentralen Korrektur auf die peripheren Gelenke deutliche ausgeprägter ist als umgekehrt, sollte grundsätzlich von zentral nach peripher korrigiert werden. Die Missachtung dieser Prinzipien führt zu vermeidbaren Komplikationen, welche an Fallbeispielen dargestellt werden.
Explanation of diffuse scattering mechanism based on the structure of polar nanoregions in Ba(Ti1−xSnx)O3
Authors: Shi Tao , Gu Lin , Zhu Jing
Published: September 2016

In addition to the excellent dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Ba(Ti1−xSnx)O3, the special diffuse scattering phenomena observed in its electron diffraction patterns have attracted much attention. Herein, a model of the microstructure of the polar nanoregions in Ba(Ti1−xSnx)O3 was established and used to simulate the diffuse scattering patterns from several major zones that agreed well with the experimental patterns. The direct relationship between the magnitude of the diffuse scattering strings and the size of the polar nanoregions was also discussed in detail. This analysis method is also suitable for other relaxor systems that contain coherent polar nanoregions at the atomic scale, such as Ba(Ti1−xZrx)O3. Thus, these results provide a better understanding of the origin and formation of diffuse scattering phenomena and a universal method to deal with nano-sized polar nanoregions in relaxed materials.
Material parameters of perpendicularly magnetized tunnel junctions from spin torque ferromagnetic resonance techniques
Authors: Safranski Christopher J. , Chen Yu-Jin , Krivorotov Ilya N. , Sun Jonathan Z.
Published: September 2016

The exchange-stiffness and saturation magnetization for the CoFeB based free layer of perpendicularly magnetized tunnel junctions (MTJs) were determined by performing spin torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements over a range of different sized devices. The field dispersion of several low-frequency spin wave modes shows a size dependent shift in the resonance frequencies due to the change in the lateral confinement and demagnetization field. From the effect of the demagnetizing field, the free layer saturation magnetization is estimated to be ∼800 emu/cm3 and its total perpendicular anisotropy field ∼12 kOe. From the separation of spin wave dispersion relations, an exchange stiffness value of 0.35 eV Å2 is extracted.
Identification of trivial and nontrivial insulators: Enhanced lateral shift in topological insulator-based cavity
Authors: Da Haixia , Yan Xiaohong
Published: September 2016

We theoretically exploit the parallel and perpendicular lateral shifts of topological insulator slab by using stationary-phase approach. Compared with ordinary insulators, the perpendicular lateral shift of topological insulator exhibits unusual features, which provides a promising approach to differentiate these two phases. Furthermore, it is found that the perpendicular lateral shift of topological insulator is a surface-sensitive parameter and can be used to extract its surface characteristics. Additionally, a topological insulator-based cavity structure is proposed to remarkably enhance the lateral shift due to the localized defect mode, which enables better observation of the lateral shift in the experiment.
Resonant photoemission spectroscopic studies of Eu2O3 thin film
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Prakash Ram , Choudhary R. J. , Phase D. M.
Published: September 2016

In the present paper, we have investigated the structural and electronic properties of Eu2O3 thin film deposited by pulsed laser deposition technique on Si (100) substrate. The film was characterized by X-ray diffraction and photoemission measurements. X-ray photoemission studies suggest that Eu has 2+ (∼8%) and 3+ (∼92%) valence states in the film. Valence band spectrum of the film shows four features (2 eV, 4.8 eV, 7.7 eV, and 10.4 eV) with the prominent one at 7.7 eV due to the Eu3+ (4f 6) state. Resonance photoemission spectroscopy measurements have been performed in the Eu 4d → 4f photo absorption region, and thus, obtained constant initial state intensity plots suggest that the feature close to the Fermi level (∼2 eV) results from the hybridization of the O 2p and Eu2+ (4f7) states, while other features appearing at higher binding energies are due to the hybridization of the O 2p and Eu3+ (4f6) states.
Magnetic tunnel junction on a magnetostrictive substrate: An ultrasensitive magnetic-field sensor
Authors: Pertsev N. A.
Published: September 2016

The concept of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) fabricated on an active substrate made of a highly magnetostrictive ferromagnetic material is described theoretically. It is shown that, under certain conditions, such hybrid device exhibits strongly enhanced sensitivity of the tunnel current to the external magnetic field. This feature results from the field-induced substrate deformations, which create lattice strains in the MTJ due to the interfacial mechanical interaction. If the free electrode of MTJ is made of a cubic ferromagnet like Co40Fe60 having strong magnetoelastic coupling between the magnetization and strains, the field-induced magnetization reorientation here may be enhanced by the strain effect drastically. This reorientation should lead to a change in the junction's electrical conductance because the magnetization of the reference electrode may be pinned by adjacent antiferromagnetic layer to keep its initial direction. Taking into account additional strain effects on the height and width of the tunnel barrier and the effective mass of tunneling electrons, we performed numerical calculations of the conductance magnetosensitivity for the CoFe/MgO/CoFeB junctions mechanically coupled to the FeGaB film grown on Si and found that such hybrid device is promising as an ultrasensitive room-temperature magnetic-field sensor.
Enhancement of terahertz radiation by using circularly polarized two-color laser fields
Authors: Meng Chao , Chen Wenbo , Wang Xiaowei , Lü Zhihui , Huang Yindong , Liu Jinlei , Zhang Dongwen , Zhao Zengxiu , Yuan Jianmin
Published: September 2016

Terahertz radiation from tunneling ionization of gaseous atoms and molecules in the two-color laser fields with various polarizations has been investigated. We experimentally demonstrate that the efficiency of terahertz emission in the circularly polarized laser fields with the same helicity is 5 times higher than that with linearly polarized two-color femtosecond pulses in high laser intensity. By solving time-dependent Schrödinger equation, this enhancement is well explained based on the analysis of electron tunneling ionization and subsequent dynamics.
Effects of nanoparticles on the corrosion resistance of fluoropolymer coatings on mild steel
Authors: Song R. G. , Chen L. , Lu H.
Published: September 2016

The surfaces of nanoparticles of SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 have been modified by γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) in order to achieve proper dispersion of nanoparticles and possible chemical interactions between nanoparticles and polymeric coatings, and then the homogeneous fluoropolymer coatings containing nanoparticles of SiO2, TiO2 and Al2O3 have been successfully prepared on mild steel substrates. The surface morphologies of the coatings were characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effects of incorporating various nanoparticles on the corrosion resistance of fluoropolymer-coated steel were investigated by potentiodynamic polarisation curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt spray tests. The results showed that KH560-modified nanoparticles can decrease agglomeration effectively, and the nanoparticles play a beneficial role in improving the corrosion resistance of the coated steel significantly. In addition, SiO2 nanoparticles are of the best effect among three kinds of nanoparticles.
(De-)Politicising women’s collective action: international actors and land inheritance in post-war Burundi
Authors: Saiget Marie
Published: September 2016

This article focuses on women’s collective action promoting land inheritance in Burundi. It aims to discuss the role of international actors in social transformations, questioning to what extent they have shaped women’s collective action since the 1970s, in particular since the country’s president took the official decision to stop the legislative and political process for adopting a law in 2011. The article argues that international actors are a central factor in (de-)politicisation by playing the role of a third party in the relationship between women’s associations and the state. These interactions produce a particular form of mobilisation that promotes law as a tool to build, frame and provide answers to the land issue.
Women’s mobilisation for legislative political representation in Africa
Authors: Tripp Aili Mari
Published: September 2016

This article argues that women’s movements advocating for political representation in African legislatures are a key factor in explaining how rates of female legislative representation have tripled between 1990 and 2015. Coalitional efforts to introduce electoral quotas challenge key claims in the literature on developing countries that suggest that culture, a lack of economic growth, and oil revenues serve as impediments to increases in women’s legislative representation. Case studies of Senegal, Mauritania and Algeria illustrate some of the problems with these arguments and show the significance of collective women’s mobilisation.
Women’s activism around gender-based violence in South Africa: recognition, redistribution and representation
Authors: Gouws Amanda
Published: September 2016

South Africa is a country struggling to come to grips with very high levels of gender-based violence (GBV) that is eroding the social fabric of society. Using Nancy Fraser’s theory of redistribution, recognition and representation as a starting point, the author shows the importance of acknowledging these dimensions in struggles and activism around GBV, illustrating the theory with the Shukumisa Campaign and the activities of the African National Congress Women’s League (ANCWL) in South Africa. Both these campaigns engage the state to end GBV in order to change conditions of misrecognition and maldistribution, yet with very different outcomes.
Senegalese mothers ‘fight clandestine migration’: an intersectional perspective on activism and apathy among parents and spouses left behind
Authors: Bouilly Emmanuelle
Published: September 2016

This article is about an association of Senegalese mothers who joined together to ‘fight clandestine migration’ after they lost many of their children who were attempting to migrate to Spain by boat in 2006. The article examines the gendered and generational dimensions of this community mobilisation, focusing on the motives and decisive factors behind the activism or non-engagement of the migrants’ parents and spouses. It demonstrates that the intersectionality of power relations (such as gender, age, economic status and matrimonial status) determined both the engagement or non-engagement of the migrants’ parents and spouses, and their respective roles and experiences of the migration.