bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cartesian God and the Eternal Truths
Authors: Walski Gregory
Published: November 2023

Throughout his works, from his letters to Mersenne as early as 1630 to a letter to More dated 5 February 1649 just months before his death), Descartes advances his doctrine of the creation of the eternal truths, according to which the laws and truths of mathematics, logic, and metaphysics-what we call ‘necessary’ truths-were determined by God’s free will. In his letter to Mersenne of 27 May 1630, he writes that God ‘was free to make it not true that all the radii of the circle are equal-just as he was free not to create the world’ (AT i. 152; CSMK 25).1 In theSixth Replies, he claims that God’s will is responsible for ‘all order, every law, and every reason for anything’s being true or good’ (AT vii. 435; CSM ii. 293-4). And in his letter to Arnauld of 19 July 1648, he asserts that ‘every basis of truth and goodness depends on [God’s] omnipo-tence’, and so that he ‘would not dare say that God cannot make a mountain without a valley, or bring it about that I and 2 are not 3’ (AT V. 223―4; CSMK 358―9).
The First Condemnation of Descartes’s CEuvres: Some Unpublished Documents from the Vatican Archives
Authors: Armogathe Jean-Robert , Carraud Vincent
Published: November 2023

It is well known that some of Descartes’s Latin writings were placed on the Catholic Church’s Index of Prohibited Books in 1663. The condemnation decree has been published many times in the modern era, in particular by Francisque Bouillier, and then (in a corrected version) by Georges Monchamp. The circumstances around the condemnation have been closely studied by Monchamp, working from the archives at the University of Louvain. The opening of the historic archives of the Archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith (ACDF) has now made possible the discovery of the Church’s secret dossier on the condemnation,3 which in turn allows us to illuminate the motives and circumstances surrounding it.
Family choices: What do children really want?
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

What many of the choices made about children, whether at the embryonic, infant, or teenage stage, have in common is that they are grounded in the preferences and needs of adults. The previous chapter illustrated the way in which possibilities inherent in the new technologies of reproduction mean that rights it has never before been necessary to claim can be nullified at the earliest stage of a person’s life by adult choices. But these are not the only ways, and this is not the only stage, when children’s rights and interests can be preempted by others before they acquire a ‘voice’ for themselves. Later stages of infancy, and even children’s growing years, are vulnerable.
The Mechanism of Social Appropriation and its Role in Hellenistic Ethics
Authors: Algra Keimpe
Published: November 2023

In the historiography of philosophy Hellenistic ethics has often been characterized as rather narrowly focused on the (good) life of the individual. As the cliche would have it, the demise of the Greek polis structure deprived the traditional political or social branches of ethics of their vitality and fostered the development of ethical systems that were solely concerned with individual happiness.
Simulating quantum mechanics by non­contextual hidden variables
Authors: Clifton Rob
Published: November 2023

Bell’s theorem (Bell 1964) establishes that local hidden variable theories are committed to Bell inequalities violated by quantum correlations. Since violations of Bell inequalities can be verified without requiring that the observables whose correlations figure in the inequalities be measured with arbitrarily high precision, Bell’s theorem yields a method of falsifying local hidden variable the­ ories. Moreover, the evidence for violations of Bell inequalities We thank J. Finklestein, N. D. Mermin, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. A. K. was supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellow­ ship and thanks the Oxford Centre for Quantum Computation for much appreciated hospitality.
The Epistemological Objection to Opaque Teleological Theories of Content
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: November 2023

After you’ve seen someone walk through a minefield, you have a pretty good idea where they think the mines are located. After you’ve dined regularly with someone, you have a pretty good idea of what they like to eat and drink. And so on and so forth. It is a commonplace that what people do and say tells the folk— that is, you and me, Shakespeare and Aristotle, most of us when we are not drawing on specialist knowledge in cognitive science or whatever— a good deal about the contents of the beliefs and desires of our fellow human beings, and more generally about what they think. The observation of behaviour in circumstances often grounds justified belief about the contents of intentional states, and, what is more, we qua members of the folk know this.
Fearing Fluffy: The Content of an Emotional Appraisal
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Harry was visiting his friend Mel. He had wandered into the kitchen to make a cup of tea, when he heard a sound behind him. He swung round to see Mel’s cat Fluffy hissing at him from the floor. Seeing Fluffy’s aggressive stance, Harry panicked: he kicked out at the cat and bolted from the kitchen. Later, Harry described to Mel what happened: ‘I evaluated the situation’, he said, ‘and judged that Fluffy presented a danger.’ Harry, it seems, was not being entirely honest: there is a difference between the dispassionate evaluation that he described to Mel and the emotional response that he actually produced. But what could the difference be? The problem is particularly puzzling if we accept that emotions are not simply bodily feelings or urges, but involve appraisals of some kind.
How many Lives has Schro dinger’s Cat? The Jack Smart Lecture, Canberra, 27 June 2001
Authors: Lewis David
Published: November 2023

To reach the point I want to discuss, I must begin with a sketchy review of quantum mechanics. I apologise to those of you who know this material already, perhaps better than I do. But it will be an opinionated review: some of my opinions are eccentric. So there may be something in it even for those who are already expert. Quantum mechanics is, in a nutshell, the theory of suprpostons. To introduce this concept, I begin with the standard account of the benzene ring-an account so well entrenched in organic chemistry that it would probably survive even if its quantum-mechanical foundation crumbled away beneath it. The benzene ring is a hexagon of carbon atoms, each with a hydrogen atom attached. Replace two adjacent hydrogens with two different substituents, so that we can unambiguously number the sides of the hexagon. Two structures conform to the rules of valence: one with double bonds on the odd-numbered sides, another with double bonds on the even-numbered sides (see Figure 1).The molecule reacts sometimes as if it had one structure, sometimes as if it had the other. Yet we do not think that a population of molecules is a mixture of the two structures. Neither do we think that each molecule oscillates rapidly between one structure and the other. Neither do we think that the molecule has a betwixt-and-between structure- there is no such thing as a bond midway between double and single. Rather, we think that each molecule is in a superposition: a state objectively indeterminate between the two structures. Objective indeterminacy is multiplicity: a cloud of indeterminate extent, for instance, is really many clouds, almost but not quite identical to one another [Unger 1980; Lewis 1999b]. Likewise a molecule with an objectively indeterminate structure is really two coexisting molecules, one with one structure and one with the other. (Or at any rate, two things that are molecule-like except for from their coexistence with one another.)
Second-Order Predication and the Metaphysics of Properties
Authors: Egan Andy
Published: November 2023

Problems about the accidental properties of properties motivate us-force us, I think-not to identify properties with the sets of their instances. If we identify them instead with functions from worlds to extensions, we get a theory of properties that is neutral with respect to disputes over counterpart theory, and we avoid a problem for Lewis’s theory of events. Similar problems about the temporaryproperties of properties motivate us-though this time they probably don’t forceus-to give up this theory as well, and to identify properties with functions from (world, time) pairs to extensions. Again, the replacement theory is neutral with respect to a metaphysical dispute that the old theory (arguably) forces us to take a stand on-the dispute over whether objects have temporal parts. It also allows us to give a smoother semantics for predication, to better accommodate our intuitions about which objects temporary properties are properties of, and to make temporally self-locating beliefs genuinely self-locating. If you’re doing systematic metaphysics, problems for, and revisions to, one part of your theory will tend to have ramifications elsewhere. This paper is about a problem for Lewis’s theory of properties. It’s also about what happens to the Lewisian system when we revise the theory of properties in order to avoid the problem. So I’ll be concerned to do two things in what follows: First, I’ll argue that Lewis’s theory of properties has a fatal problem with accounting for second-order properties-the properties of properties. Second, I’ll trace the ramifications of the revision through the rest of Lewis’s system.
Desire Beyond Belief
Authors: jek Alan Ha’ , Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

David Lewis [1988; 1996] canvases an anti-Humean thesis about mental states: that the rational agent desires something to the extent that he or she believes it to be good. Lewis offers and refutes a decision-theoretic formulation of it, the ‘Desire-as- Belief Thesis’. Other authors have since added further negative results in the spirit of Lewis’s. We explore ways of being anti-Humean that evade all these negative results. We begin by providing background on evidential decision theory and on Lewis’s negative results. We then introduce what we call the indexicality loophole:if the goodness of a proposition is indexical, partly a function of an agent’s mental state, then the negative results have no purchase. Thus we propose a variant of Desire-as- Belief that exploits this loophole. We argue that a number of meta-ethical positions are committed to just such indexicality. Indeed, we show that with one central sort of evaluative belief-the belief that an option is right-the indexicality loophole can be exploited in various interesting ways. Moreover, on some accounts, ‘good’ is indexical in the same way. Thus, it seems that the anti-Humean can dodge the negative results. David Hume’s rejection of necessary connections between distinct existences was thoroughgoing. He was as wary of them among psychological states as he was of them among external events. In particular, he argued that there are no necessary connections between beliefsand desires, even those of a perfectly rational agent; thus, he maintained, there are no beliefs that rationally require corresponding desires, and there are no desires that rationally require corresponding beliefs. So one way of being an anti-Humean about mental states is to insist that rationality doesplace certain constraints on which beliefs and desires can be simultaneously held. For example, one sort of anti-Humean might insist that a state of believing (perhaps to a certain degree) something to be good requires a corresponding desire (or degree of desire) for that thing. Or, conversely, she might insist that every (degree of) desire requires a corresponding (degree of) belief in the goodness of the object of that desire.
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C
Published: November 2023

Almost forty years have elapsed since the publication of the papers and books initiating the internalism/externalism debate in epistemology,1 and it has been a bit more than thirty years since the publication of the papers initiating the internalism/externalism debate in the philosophy of mind and language.2 Until very recently little attention has been paid to whether there are any interesting connections between these two debates.3 (Until recently, what discussion there was on the topic of connections between the two I/E debates focused primarily on semantic externalism‘s implications for self-knowledge and skepticism.)4
Psychological Externalism and the Role of Belief in the Analysis of Knowledge
Authors: Owens Joseph
Published: November 2023

Psychological externalism is a metaphysical thesis—one to the effect that physically identical individuals can differ in their psychologies, in their beliefs and desires, even though they are molecule for molecule physical replicas.1 Metaphysical or not, an astonishing array of epistemological claims have been linked to externalism. Some of the better-known examples: Hilary Putnam has argued that it provides for a refutation of Cartesian skepticism; Michael McKinsey and Anthony Brueckner have argued that rather than leading to a refutation of Cartesian skepticism it deepens the skeptical quagmire, undermining selfknowledge; Davidson has argued for a split decision: the kind of externalism usually associated with Burge (arguments which turn on subjects having incomplete or incorrect conceptual understanding) tells against self-knowledge, while examples of the Putnam kind, examples in which the subject merely fails to have any scientific understanding of something (e.g. water), don’t generate any new kind of skepticism, and indeed are part of the answer to skepticism.2
Socrates the Sophist
Authors: Taylor C C W
Published: November 2023

In his speech against Timarchus, delivered in 345, Aeschines asserts baldly that ‘You, Athenians, killed the sophist Socrates because he was seen as having educated Critias, one of the Thirty who overthrew the democracy’ (Tim. 173). So a little over fifty years after Socrates’ death, an orator can take the description of him as a sophist for granted, as something which his audience will accept as uncontroversial. Now it is commonplace that Plato regarded the perception of Socrates as a sophist as having contributed to the hostility which led to his being accused and his death, and that it was consequently central to his apologetic programme to distance Socrates from the sophists.
The Self and Time
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2023

I start this paper from the assumption—which I and others have defended elsewhere—that the human subject—the self—is immaterial and simple.1 I also want to stay as close as possible to Descartes’s intuition that the essence of the self is consciousness. Because he thinks that immaterial substances are essentially conscious, he feels obliged to maintain that we are never wholly unconscious, but, even in the deepest sleep, are dreaming. It is setting out from this problem that I wish to investigate the relation between the self and time. The nature of the problem can be expressed as an argument.
The Sources of the Hippiatrica
Authors: Mccabe Anne
Published: November 2023

The Hippiatrica is a chorus of many voices: apart from lemmata added by the editor, the compilation is made up entirely of the text of its sources, each of which retains a distinct identity. Some personalities emerge clearly, others are less distinct; but the form of the encyclopaedia, by juxtaposing parallel passages, helps to emphasize similarities and differences between them. The similarities are striking: the treatises belong within the same scientific tradition, a tradition of which the Hippiatrica represents a codification. At the same time, the diversity of their opinions is readily apparent, as is that of their language: some texts are coloured by rhetorical artifice, while others are plain- spoken.
Serial Verb Constructions in Khwe (Central-Khoisan)
Authors: Kilian-Hatz Christa
Published: November 2023

Khwe is one of about forty Khoisan languages which are characterized as ‘click languages of Southern Africa’. According to Vossen and Güldemann (2000: 102), the Khoisan grouping may be subdivided into five branches: the Non-Khoe languages, the Khoe languages (better known under the term Central-Khoisan languages), the undetermined Kwadi, and finally the two isolates Hadza and Sandawe in East Africa. The language Khwe belongs to the western Kalahari subgroup of the Central-Khoisan languages. There are about 8,000 speakers of Khwe, mainly living in the Caprivi strip in northeast Namibia. Some also live in the adjoining border parts of Botswana, Zambia, and Angola. Khwe has three dialect variants. The migrations during the Liberation War of Nambia in the 1980s are now causing a strong tendency for all three dialects to merge together.
Thai Serial Verbs: Cohesion and Culture
Authors: Diller A V N
Published: November 2023

Thai is a verb-loving language. Informal domestic communication frequently consists of a series of verbs: ‘Peel give eat.’ ‘Tell finish not have.’ ‘Go. Hurry exit go buy return come finish peel pass.’ (‘Peel the oranges for the guests.’ ‘I already told you, there aren’t any.’ ‘Then hurry off and buy some. When you get back, peel them —get on with it.’) This chapter focuses on a particular category of multiverb concatenations. In the conversation above, for example, this is seen in the sequenceo’:k’ pay su’: klap’: ‘exit go buy return come’.
Introduction
Authors: Lillehammer Hallvard
Published: November 2023

Frank Ramsey’s brief publishing career lasted for eight years from 1922 to his death in 1930 at the age of 26.1 During this time Ramsey produced ground-breaking work in philosophy as well as mathematics and economics. The chapters in the present volume testify to the lasting significance of Ramsey’s work in each of these disciplines, with an emphasis on Ramsey’s ideas in the core philosophical areas of logic, metaphysics, and the philosophy of mind of belief in his 1927 paper ‘ Facts and Propositions’. In this paper Ramsey writes (somewhat cryptically) that ‘any set of actions for whose utility p is a necessary and sufficient condition might be called a belief that p, and so would be true if p, i.e. if they are useful’ ( p. 40). As understood by Dokic and Engel, Ramsey’s Principle has an apparently troubling consequence.
What is Squiggle? Ramsey on Wittgenstein’s Theory of Judgement
Authors: Sullivan Peterm
Published: November 2023

At the age of 20, and fresh from his undergraduate studies in mathematics, Ramsey set about writing what would be his first substantial publication, his 1923 Critical Notice of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus ( hereafter TLP ). It is hard for modern students of that book, who negotiate its obscurities with generations of previous commentary to serve as guides, to appreciate the task Ramsey confronted; and, to the extent that one can appreciate it, it is hard not to feel intimidated by the brilliance of his success. His Critical Notice made Ramsey the first of Wittgenstein’s interpreters.1 In my view it makes him, still, the best.
Was Pragmatism the Successor to Idealism?
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: November 2023

Although the story of Hegel’s relation to the development of analytical philosophy is well known, the story of the relation between pragmatism and Hegelian idealism is a more ambiguous tale. Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore staked out their new program in analytical philosophy in firm opposition to what they (mistakenly) thought of as ‘Hegelianism’. However, the pragmatists had different reactions. Like Russell, John Dewey began his philosophical career as a Hegelian, but William James apparently despised what he at least understood to be Hegelianism, and C. S. Peirce both reacted against and at the same time developed the themes found in both James and the idealists. Whatever their differences over the value of idealism, however, the pragmatists all agreed that they had gone beyond Hegelian (and Kantian) idealism, having transformed it into something more defensible or having defeated it by virtue of the pragmatist approach to issues of the meaning of experience, truth, and the status of natural science in the theory of knowledge.
Virtue As The Sole Intrinsic Good In Plato’S Early Dialogues
Authors: Senn Scott J
Published: November 2023

All acknowledge that in Plato’s Apology and Crito Socrates makes remarkably bold claims about the power of virtue. These appear prima facie to express views dissonant not only with common sense but with opinions Socrates seems to express elsewhere in Plato’s early dialogues.1 This latter dissonance is a hurdle to be overcome not just by scholars who believe Socrates has no settled view about virtue’s nature, let alone its exact powers, but also by those who accept the widespread interpretation according to which virtue for Socrates is practical wisdom or some such facility for acting correctly. This interpretative problem and its solution are the focus of the present paper.
Plotinus On The Unity And Identity Of Changing Particulars
Authors: Relvies Pauliina
Published: November 2023

Despite the rapidly growing research on numerous philosophical aspects of Plotinus, very little has been said about his account of the sensible universe, and especially of its entities, ordinary particulars. Following the rhetorical scorn of many passages where Plotinus compares the sensible with the intelligible, particulars are often treated by scholars as unimportant images of real beings, the forms, or-in the case of living beings-troublesome carriers of more worthy beings, namely souls.1 The present enquiry will try to show that the oversight has been considerable, and that despite Plotinus’ commitment to a kind of unreality of what Aristotle, for instance, thought of as reality, he has a thoughtful account of sensible particulars. This account is based on Platonic intuitions about the profound ontological difference between forms and particulars. Plotinus’ own contribution, I shall argue, is centred around the question ‘What is it to be a thing in time?’
What we Disagree about when we Disagree about Ontology
Authors: Cian Cian
Published: November 2023

There was once a land inhabited by many tribes. For a long time, each of the tribes was isolated from all the rest. When they finally made contact, all were amazed to discover how similar they were to one another. All of them spoke languages with exactly the same syntax-that of English. Never theless, it soon became clear that there were systematic behavioral differences among the tribes. These differences were reflected in the tribes peoples’ reactions to: The Special Composition Question: Under what circumstances do several things compose something? or its more explicit variant: Under what circumstances is there an object having each of several things as parts, every part of which shares a part with one of them? It turned out that, while each tribe had taken it for granted that the answer to this question was completely obvious and unproblematic, different answers to this question were current among the different tribes.
A Chronology And Calendar Of Documents Relating To The London Book Trade 1641-1700
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen
Published: November 2023

The Chronology and Calendar of Documents relating to the London Book Trade 1641-1700 presents abstracts of documents relating to the book trade and book production between 1641 and 1700. It brings together in one sequence edited abstracts of entries referring to named books, printers, and booksellers selected from the manuscripts of the Stationers' Company Court Books; all references to printing, publishing, bookselling, and the book trade occurring in major historical printed sources (Calendar of State Papers Domestic; the Journals of the Houses of Lords and Commons; Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts) ; and entries for contemporary pamphlets. The labour records of the printing and bookselling trades probably represent the fullest account of any work force in early modern England and the printed products of the trade survive in such great numbers that they enable us to examine them for evidence not only of who made and sold them but also of how they were made. These volumes constitute a reference work of importance not only for literature specialists, bibliographers, and historians of book production but also for economic, social, and political historians. Not only do they bring together records from a variety of separate printed sources, thereby making explicit their interconnections, but also they make accessible some less well-known manuscript sources, notably from the Stationers' Company archives. Most importantly the Chronology and Calendar extends the earlier work of Arber, Greg, and Jackson on the earlier seventeenth century. As a chronological sequence the volumes meet the need for a preliminary narrative history of the trade in the later seventeenth century; and the provision of title, name, and topic indexes renders this an indispensable reference tool for research into the social, political, and economic contexts of the book trade, its personnel, and its printed output.
Affect, Value, and Objectivity
Authors: Poellner Peter
Published: November 2023

In this essay I want to explore four propositions about the relation between values, affectivity, and objectivity, all of which can be found in Nietzsche’s thinking about the nature of value. At least two of them—(2) and (3)— are sometimes thought to be incompatible with each other. The propositions are: (1) Our fundamental mode of acquaintance with many values is through certain kinds of complex affective states, namely emotions. (2) Many values with which we are acquainted in this way are in a qualified sense objective— labelled here ‘phenomenally objective’. (3) Values are essentially dependent on emotions and other affective states, such as hedonic bodily sensations. A world without such states would also be a world without value.
Global Spectacle: An English Masque at Constantinople
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara
Published: November 2023

In the time of Moses a famous mimic, named Hamám, mimicked all his miracles before Pharaoh, to the great pleasure of the Pharaohites, but to Moses’s anger. One day Moses, not being able to bear it any longer, prayed unto the Lord that he should punish this mimicking fellow. The Lord spake then to Moses, and said to him: ‘It is you, my Speaker, that he is imitating, who are my prophet; what you say is truth and not error, therefore I am rather pleased with his imitation, which is a true and good one, for which I have destined to him Paradise.’ It is on the ground of this legend that it is decided in many books that the faith of the imitator is a true one.
Sierra Leone: Krio and the Quest for National Integration
Authors: Akíntúndé Oyètádé B , Luke Victor Fashole
Published: November 2023

The Republic of Sierra Leone is a smaller country in size, population, and the number of its languages than many other countries on the West African coast such as Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria. A particularly interesting phenomenon is however present in the configuration of the languages present and used in the country, and how language links up the general population. Though there are two proportionately large indigenous languages spoken in the country, Temne and Mende, it is found that the language which has spread and serves as a universal lingua franca known by as much as 95 per cent of the population of Sierra Leone is in fact an Englishbased creole known as Krio, which is the mother tongue of a much smaller group of speakers primarily located in and near the capital city Freetown. This chapter examines the growing significance of Krio in Sierra Leone and how it originally developed as a contact language among different groups of resettled emancipated slaves and other indigenous inhabitants of the Freetown area. The implications of the growth of Krio for national language policy and the position of English as the official language are examined, as well as the existence of ambivalent and changing attitudes towards the Krio language. Section 7.2 begins with a brief historical outline of the emergence of Sierra Leone and its special population in Freetown. Section 7.3 then provides an overview of the variety of different languages present in the country and their role in everyday life in Sierra Leone. Section 7.4 focuses heavily on both the Krio people and their language during the colonial period and after independence, and how Krio has come to spread as a common, inter-ethnic language among almost all of the population of Sierra Leone. Section 7.5 concludes the chapter with a re-examination of the issues surrounding language and national identity in the country and whether and how national language(s) might be planned for Sierra Leone.
Ambiguity and Transport: Reflections on the Proem to Parmenides ʾ Poem
Authors: Miller Mitchell
Published: November 2023

Let me begin by distinguishing an ultimate and a proximate task for these reflections. The ultimate task, a perennial one for students of Greek philosophy, is to understand just what Parmenides lays open for thinking and speaking when, in the so-called Truth-section of his poem, fragments 2 through 8.
Pyrrhonian Scepticism and the Search for Truth
Authors: perin Casey
Published: November 2023

Two passages at the outset of Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism raise fundamental issues about Pyrrhonian Scepticism as a way of life: The Sceptical way of life is at least in part a life of philosophical investigation, and it differs in this respect from the way of life exemplified by the philosophical dogmatist.
Normativity and the Will
Authors: Wallace R Jay
Published: November 2023

Normativity and the Will collects fourteen important _ papers on moral psychology and practical reason by R. Jay _ Wallace, one of the leading philosophers currently working_ in these areas. The papers explore the interpenetration of normative and _ psychological issues in a series of debates that lie at the heart of moral philosophy. Part I, Reason, Desire, and the_ Will, discusses the nexus linking normativity to motivation, including the relations between desire and reasons, the role of normative considerations in explanations of action, and_ the normative commitments involved in willing an end (such_ as the requirement to adopt the necessary means). Part II,_ Responsibility, Identification, and Emotion, looks at _ questions about the rational capacities presupposed by accountable agency and the psychic factors that both inhibit and enable identification with what we do. It includes an interpretation of the Nietzschean claim that ressentiment is among the sources of modern moral consciousness. Part III,_ Morality and Other Normative Domains, addresses the _ structure of moral reasons and moral motivation, and the _ relations between moral demands and other normative domains (including especially the requirements of living a _ meaningful human life). _ _Wallace’s treatments of these topics are at once _ sophisticated and engaging. Taken together, they constitute an advertisement for a distinctive way of pursuing issues in moral psychology and the theory of practical reason. The _ book articulates and defends a unified framework for _ thinking about those issues, while offering sustained _ critical discussions of other influential approaches (by _ philosophers such as Korsgaard, McDowell, Nietzsche, Raz, Scanlon, and Williams). It should be of interest to every _ serious student of moral philosophy.
Truth and Meaning
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2023

It is conceded by most philosophers of language, and recently by some linguists, that a satisfactory theory of meaning must give an account of how the meanings of sentences depend upon the meanings of words. Unless such an account could be supplied for a particular language, it is argued, there would be no explaining the fact that we can learn the language: no explaining the fact that, on mastering a finite vocabulary and a finitely stated set of rules, we are prepared to produce and to understand any of a potential infinitude of sentences. I do not dispute these vague claims, in which I sense more than a kernel of truth.
First Person Authority
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2023

When a speaker avers that he has a belief, hope, desire or intention, there is a presumption that he is not mistaken, a presumption that does not attach to his ascriptions of similar mental states to others. Why should there be this asymmetry between attributions of attitudes to our present selves and attributions of the same attitudes to other selves? What accounts for the authority accorded first person present tense claims of this sort, and denied second or third person claims? The point may be made, and the question asked, in the modality either of language or of epistemology.
an Alternative Framework for Public Health Ethics
Authors: Jennings Bruce
Published: November 2023

Ah, I see now! Rambert exclaimed. ‘You’ll soon be talking about the interests of the general public. But public welfare is merely the sum total of the private welfares of each of us.’ The doctor seemed abruptly to come out of a dream. ‘Oh, come!’ he said. ‘There’s that, but there’s much more to it than that In order to reduce disease and promote health, public health must be an agent of change— behavioral change among individuals and institutional change in societies. Change is never politically easy, or morally straightforward.
What’s the matter with memes?
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: November 2023

I’m old enough to be one of the first generation of people brought to the ‘gene’s-eye-view’ of biology by reading The Selfish Gene. It changed my outlook on life and has had a profound influence on my subsequent thinking. This transformative experience has been reproduced in many thousands of readers over the past thirty years. Oddly enough, for someone who has studied memes, I don’t remember being particularly taken with the final chapter, ‘The Long Reach of the Gene’, at the time. What transported me then was the profound general outlook the book provided on why social interactions work the way they do. My professional concerns with the meme concept, introduced by Dawkins in that last chapter, came later, when I became interested in understanding cultural change.
The Meaning of ‘Ought’
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: November 2023

What does the word ‘ought’ mean? Strictly speaking, this is an empirical question, about the meaning of a word in English. Such empirical semantic questions should ideally be answered on the basis of extensive empirical evidence about the use of the word by native speakers of English.

As a philosopher, I am primarily interested, not in empirical questions about the meanings of words, but in the nature of the concepts that those words can be used to express— especially when those concepts are central to certain branches of philosophy, as the concepts expressed by ‘ought’ are central to ethics and to the theory of rational choice and rational belief. Still, it is often easiest to approach the task of giving an account of the nature of certain concepts by studying the meanings of the words that can express those concepts. This is why I shall try here to outline an account of the meaning of ‘ought’.

I shall try to argue that this account of ‘ought’ can deal adequately with some of the empirical linguistic data; but I shall not be able to undertake a sufficiently thorough investigation to be in a position to claim that my account deals adequately with all the linguistic data that need to be accounted for, nor that it deals better with the data than any alternative account. In particular, although I shall argue that the word ‘ought’ can express a large number of systematically related concepts (so that whenever the word ‘ought’ is used, the linguistic context must determine which of these concepts this occurrence of ‘ought’ expresses), I shall not be in a position to argue that my account of ‘ought’ captures all the concepts that the word can express.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Web as Corpus
Authors: Kilgarriff Adam , Grefenstette Gregory
Published: November 2023

The web is immense, free and available by mouse-click. It contains hundreds of billions of words of text and can be used for all manner of language research. The simplest language use is spell checking. Is it speculater or speculator? Google gives 67 for the former (usefully suggesting the latter might have been intended) and 82,000 for the latter. Question answered. Language scientists and technologists are increasingly turning to it as a source of language data, because it is so big, because it is the only available source for the type of language they are interested in, or simply because it is free and instantly available. The mode of work has increased dramatically from a standing start seven years ago with the web being used as a data source in a wide range of research activities: the papers in the Special Issue form a sample of the best of it. This introduction aims to survey the activities and explore recurring themes.
Equivalence in Bilingual Dictionaries
Authors: Duval Alain
Published: November 2023

All lexicographical reference books, such as monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, multilingual glossaries or encyclopaedias, aim at creating bridges between what users know and what users do not know. Their goal is to show that there is equivalence between the entry word in the headword list from which the search starts and the body of the entry. In monolingual dictionaries, the entry is always presented in the same pattern: a superordinate points to the broad semantic field and a specifier provides the meaning refinements which are typical of the headword and which enable users to distinguish it from all other hyponyms. In encyclopaedias, the article gives elements of information about the portion of the real world to which the headword applies. The sum total of these elements aims at bringing a certain level of culture. Thus, in the article Europe, users will find indications on the geographical position of the continent, on the political entities which it is made of, on history, on economy, on demography etc. Here too, equivalence is achieved with varying degrees of precision. However, since the aim is no longer to provide distinctions between several possible hyponyms (Africa/America/Asia/Europe), the notion of sufficient number of elements is replaced by the notion of necessary number of elements, depending on the size of the work and the cultural level one wishes to provide. In bilingual dictionaries, the role of translations is to provide target-language equivalents of the source-language headword. Users consider translations as synonyms of the headword in a foreign language. They believe that it is always possible to translate, and that it should not pose any problem. Indeed, the role of languages is to describe reality, which is intuitively thought to be the same for everyone. Therefore, equivalents should necessarily exist.
Monitoring Dictionary Use
Authors: Atkins B T S , Varantola Krista
Published: November 2023

There are two direct routes to more effective dictionary use: the first is to radically improve the dictionary; the second is to radically improve the users. If we are to do either of these things – and obviously we should try to do both – the sine qua non of any action is a very detailed knowledge of how people use dictionaries at present. What do people actually do when they use a dictionary in the privacy of their own home? At the moment, we have no way of discovering this: dictionary use is a highly individual activity. We know from our own experience that the main steps include deciding which entry to look up, searching the entry for the information needed (usually not consciously articulated at this point), and either selecting what one hopes is the correct information, or moving on to another entry, perhaps in another dictionary. Yet there are many aspects of our use of dictionaries that we cannot describe in any detail. What kind of information do we usually look for? How do we decide where to look for it? What strategies do we adopt when the dictionary does not tell us exactly what we want to know? A number of projects have had as their goal to add to the facts known about how people use dictionaries. Béjoint (1981, 1988, and 1989) discusses from the language teacher’s perspective the way in which language students use dictionaries, and the skills they require if they are to do this effectively. Hatherall (1984) also studies the way in which students use dictionaries, and applies the knowledge gained to make some proposals about the contents and format of dictionary entries and about skills required by dictionary users. Hartmann (1989) discusses inter alia a taxonomy of dictionary reference acts and offers a flowchart for lexical look-up strategies.
Reproductive effort
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we review eight reports concerning a variety of ways that ptilochronology has led to new insights about a conceptual area of reproductive biology termed reproductive effort. Sometimes called parental effort, reproductive effort was defined by Trivers (1972) as “any investment by a parent in an individual offspring that increases that offspring’s chance of surviving at the cost of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring.” Inherent in this definition is the notion of trade-offs to be made by parent birds. For example, does a parent invest its efforts equally in all this year’s offspring or does it favor only a few? A number of raptorial birds seem to take the latter course. At least, they do not make an effort to distribute food equally among offspring. The result is that while in a year of abundant food all nestlings survive to fledging, in a lean year the first-hatched young use their temporal advantage to take a disproportionate share of the food brought by the parents, leaving their later-hatched, smaller siblings to die of starvation. A second trade-off, more difficult to detect, is one in which the extent of a parent’s reproductive effort in one year is traded off against such effort in succeeding years. The argument goes that reproductive activities have a cost in a decreased chance of surviving until the next breeding season. Thus, there is a trade-off between engaging in more reproductive effort this year and, perhaps, raising more offspring this year, or engaging in less reproductive effort this year and having a higher probability of surviving until the next and succeeding breeding seasons (Bryant 1979; Nur 1984).
Sleepless toddlers and preschool children (1–4 years)
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Many children of this age are difficult to get to sleep at bedtime and/ or wake in the night insisting on their parents presence.

These problems can be prevented or, if already established, treated in various ways. Often such problems can be prevented or treated by means of appropriate measures on the part of the parents.
Excessive sleepiness due to disturbed sleep
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Sometimes overnight sleep is not refreshing, not because it is too short but because it is superficial and of poor quality.

There are various causes of poor quality sleep, each of which calls for different advice and possibly treatment.

Each cause should be able to be identified by means of careful enquiries and then treated successfully.
Strange behaviour or experiences at night (parasomnias)
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

There are many different conditions in which children may behave strangely or have unusual experiences in relation to sleep.

Although some may be dramatic and worrying to parents, they do not usually mean that the child is psychologically disturbed or medically ill in any way.

Very often, parasomnias stop of their own accord after a while, but safety measures may be necessary in the meantime in some of them.

Occasionally, sleep disorders of this type are part of a medical or psychological disorder that needs treatment in its own right.

Many parasomnias can be grouped according to when at night they occur.
Misinterpretation of children’s sleep disorders
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

It is important to recognize sleep disorders for what they really are and not mistake them for other conditions. Failure to recognize sleep disorders can mean failure to provide the correct advice or treatment for a child’s condition, which may well result in upset and frustration for both the child and his family. As it is possible for a child to have more than one sleep disorder (or a sleep disorder and also some other type of problem), careful assessment of a child’s overall condition is essential.
The Epidemiology And Cost Of Severe Headache Disorders
Authors: Stovner Lars Jacob
Published: November 2023

Resources for healthcare services will in the foreseeable future be smaller than the demands, and reliable data on the individual and societal impact of different disorders are crucial for a rational distribution of means. Several initiatives have recently been launched to raise the awareness that headache entails widespread suffering and loss of opportunities for patients and their families, and large cost for the society. Data on headache prevalence and burden globally will be important premises for the campaign ‘Lifting the burden (LtB): The Global Campaign to reduce the burden of headache’, as it is in the European Brain Council initiative ‘Cost of Brain Disorders in Europe’ in which migraine is treated along with many of the other (neurological and psychiatric) ‘brain disorders’. The present paper will summarize some important results from headache epidemiological and health economic studies with the aim to allow for a realistic assessment of the size of headache as a medical, social, and economic problem.
Headache Management In A Neurological University Clinic Without A Specialized Headache Centre
Authors: Lundqvist Christofer , Grande Ragnhild Berling , Aaseth Kjersti , Gulbrandsen Pål , Russell Michael Bjørn
Published: November 2023

Headache patients in Norway are primarily managed by general practitioners (GP), while the more complicated or severe headache patients usually are referred to a department of neurology. The management of headache varies between settings and is dependent on several factors such as headache severity and type, local refer- ral traditions, economic factors, patient background, and not least on the GP’s skills and enthusiasm. The primary healthcare system in Norway is based on GPs who are paid primarily by the national health insurance system. Each patient is assigned to a GP as his ‘family doctor’.
Migraine Management In A 10-Year Perspective: An Interim Analysis
Authors: Dahlöf Carl , Casserstedt Susanne , Motallebzadeh Tina
Published: November 2023

The primary objective of this longitudinal study is to analyse the natural course of migraine in a 10-year perspective with respect to patient’s characteristics, migraine symptoms, management, and possible predictors of migraine disappearance. Data on natural history of migraine and the prognosis of migraine is very limited. The Gothenburg Migraine Clinic (GMC) is a specialized tertiary headache clinic that provides a comprehensive service for the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of headache patients.
Social Care: Litigation, Compensation, Disability Claims
Authors: Ramadan Nabih
Published: November 2023

Litigation, compensation, and disability claims are every day occurrences in modern medicine, and their impact on healthcare is far-reaching. Defensive medicine is widely practised in the USA, whether the complaint is headache, back pain, or shortness of breath. Indeed, one study in the USA indicated that 17 per cent of computed tomography scans are ordered in patients with chronic headache upon patients’ request or for medicolegal reasons. This contrasts with the practice in other countries such as Spain where medicolegal causes are not mentioned as common reason for ordering imaging studies in patients with chronic headache.