bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
St. George’s Becomes Mr. Burleigh’s Church
Authors: Snyder Jean E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Harry T. Burleigh's career as baritone soloist for St. George's Episcopal Church and its choir. Burleigh, then twenty-seven years old, auditioned at St. George's in 1894. The drama around Burleigh's hiring as baritone soloist for the St. George's Protestant Episcopal congregation where financier J. P. Morgan was chief warden is legendary. He was recommended by Jeannette Thurber to the rector, Rev. William S. Rainsford. This chapter first considers the controversy that surrounded Burleigh's inclusion in the St. George's audition pool before discussing Burleigh's early years as a member and soloist for St. George's Choir and his role in producing a series of minstrel shows for the St. George's Men's Club. It also discusses the effect of the Rev. Karl Reiland, the new rector, on Burleigh's role in the St. George's choir and congregation. Finally, it describes St. George's commemoration of Burleigh for his fiftieth anniversary in 1944 as member and soloist and shows that his influence on the St. George's congregation continued long after his death.
Catholicism and Working-Class Activism in Providence
Authors: Sterne Evelyn
Published: May 2017

This chapter maintains that Catholic parishes were the most accessible and important institutions in Providence's ethnic, working-class neighborhoods in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and that as such, they played critical roles in politicizing new Americans. It was at church that the largest proportion of immigrants congregated on a regular basis. Parishes functioned not only as sources of spiritual solace but also as dispensers of charity, promoters of upward mobility, and centers of neighborhood life. Priests initially promoted lay societies to foster congregational loyalties, but over time the groups also served as political organizing spaces for Catholic women and men. For many, the Church served as a place where new Americans organized for change.
Vita Sexualis
Authors: Leck Ralph M.
Published: May 2017

Karl Ulrichs' studies of sexual diversity galvanized the burgeoning field of sexual science in the nineteenth century. But in the years since, his groundbreaking activism has overshadowed his scholarly achievements. Ulrichs publicly defied Prussian law to agitate for gay equality and marriage, and founded the world's first organization dedicated to the legal and social emancipation of homosexuals. This book returns Ulrichs to his place as the inventor of the science of sexual heterogeneity. The book's analysis situates sexual science in a context that includes politics, aesthetics, the languages of science, and the ethics of gender. Although he was the greatest nineteenth-century scholar of sexual heterogeneity, Ulrichs retained certain traditional conjectures about gender. This book recognizes these subtleties and employs the analytical concepts of modernist vita sexualis and traditional psychopathia sexualis to articulate philosophical and cultural differences among sexologists. This book uses a bedrock figure's scientific and political innovations to open new insights into the history of sexual science, legal systems, and Western amatory codes.
Spider Web
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

The McCarthy-era witch hunts marked the culmination of an anticommunist crusade launched after the First World War. With Bolshevism triumphant in Russia and public discontent shaking the United States, conservatives at every level of government and business created a network dedicated to sweeping away the “spider web” of radicalism they saw threatening the nation. This book shines a light on right-wing activities during the interwar period. Conservatives, eager to dispel communism's appeal to the working class, railed against a supposed Soviet-directed conspiracy composed of socialists, trade unions, peace and civil liberties groups, feminists, liberals, aliens, and Jews. The rhetoric and power of anticommunism made for devastating weapons in a systematic war for control of the country against progressive causes. But, as the book shows, the term “spider web” far more accurately described the anticommunist movement than it did the makeup and operations of international communism. The book details how anticommunist myths and propaganda influenced mainstream politics in America, and how its ongoing efforts paved the way for the McCarthyite Fifties—and augured the conservative backlash that would one day transform American politics.
In and Out of Time
Authors: Brandzel Amy L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses the Supreme Court decisions that were announced in June of 2013 to showcase the anti-intersectionalities of citizenship and the ways in which anti-intersectionality functions through temporality. While many gays, lesbians, and their allies celebrated two decisions (United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry) for upholding same-sex marriage rights, indigenous and antiracist activists, scholars, and allies bemoaned the decisions that dismantled the Voting Rights Act (Shelby County v. Holder), delimited affirmative action programs (Fisher v. University of Texas), and eroded indigenous sovereignty (Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl). The cases elucidate the ways in which the temporality of racialized discrimination has been used to dismantle racial reparations and indigenous rights, while simultaneously being used to grant gays and lesbians a limited form of membership into the exclusive rights of citizenship. In this way, these cases demonstrate how differently devalued and valued subjects are marked as in and out of time, and in the process, subjected to the temporal violence of normative citizenship.
Ceremonies and Crises
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the themes of crisis and ceremony as the Colony of Natal matured and the garrison of Fort Napier faced greater threats, particularly from beyond its borders, during the period 1860s–1890s. In 1856, the Crown granted the Charter of Natal in which the settlers received elected representation in the Legislative Council, and the district became the fully fledged Colony of Natal. This chapter first describes the raids carried out by the Basotho border chief Lesaoana against the new colony and the reaction of British generals before discussing the ceremony, whereby a detachment of the 99th Regiment fired a Royal salute, to mark Natal's annexation of the small territory that was named Alfred County. It also considers the British military's brutal suppression of the Hlubi chiefdom and the banishment and imprisonment of their leader, Langalibalele ka Mtihimkulu, on Robben Island. Finally, it explores the events of the Anglo-Zulu War, which bring the themes of pageantry and panic, ceremony and crisis into acute focus and into close relationship with each other.
Reclaiming Manhood
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows that, after mass production undermined and assailed their manhood, auto workers attempted to reassert or to reclaim it in numerous ways, some positive and some negative. They relied on shop traditions, some old and some new, to regain control over their working lives. They looked to and worked to build unions that would provide dignity, a structure to resist hated changes, and a family wage to enhance their personal and economic situations. They reveled in the sexual dimension of manhood in their ribald conversations on the shop floor and in the commercialized and sexual venues of the bachelor culture. As the Great Depression arrived and deepened, they would return to industrial unionism to mitigate the worst of the managerial abuses and would build a dense white and male culture at the workplace.
The Challenge to White Manhood
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers how the increase in numbers of African American men at the workplace brought differing and contentious visions of manhood to the automotive factory. White men, who had long dominated the better jobs, divided into two groups: those who strove for the respectability of high-paid union jobs and those who resented others, fearing the loss of their exclusive white privileges. When black men fought for workplace equity, the more conservative whites conducted racial hate strikes to protect traditionally “white” jobs. In reaction, African American workers conducted what might best be labeled “pride strikes” to gain access to better jobs and later to improve the inequitable situation of black women in the automobile factories. These workplace struggles involved robust clashes over differing visions of manhood.
Cultural Preferences, Christianity, and the Street
Authors: Ntarangwi Mwenda
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the basis for the “disconnect” between the church and the street and how Juliani's work brings them together. Juliani, this chapter argues, provides an important bridge for the church and the street, using music that focuses on social issues to bring people who care about them in for a closer look at his Christian message embedded in his songs. And, in looking beyond the musician to the context within which he performs, this chapter also considers the ways that Christianity in Kenya found its feet in different cultural communities, as well as how the culture of the missionaries who pioneered Christianity in Kenya interacted with the local cultures of the communities they converted, and how these influences have endured or changed over time.
Hip Hop’s Recasting of Christianity and Gospel Music in Kenya
Authors: Ntarangwi Mwenda
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which the intersection between hip hop and Christianity brings about a recasting of what is assumed to be the norm within Christianity. It provides examples of how contemporary hip hop and Christianity in Kenya interact through a focus on youth, both in their historical roots and in current practices. Although music and Christianity have been regarded as incarnational processes that narrate themselves in lived experiences that document social reality, the chapter argues that hip hop provides Christianity a contested arena for self-expression and indigenization because of its emergence from a socioeconomic context of depressed economies and livelihoods neoliberalism fuels, as well as through multidirectional processes, multiracial identities, and multicultural interactions.
When the Little Bluebird Starts to Sing
Authors: Weiss Susan Forscher
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows the trajectory of Porter's musical formation, starting from his first known composition that he wrote in 1901 at the age of ten and dedicated to his mother, a programmatic work for piano entitled “The Song of the Birds.” His compositions can be described as an amalgam of styles, combining his early classical training and exposure to opera, ballet, ragtime, popular music, and jazz. He had an innate gift for mimicking the sounds around him, breezily absorbing the idioms and nuances of the speech and melodies he heard. His social skills provided a network of influential friends and artists who provided him with ideas and feedback. By the late 1920s Porter had given up on the idea of becoming a serious classical composer and instead concentrated on writing sophisticated, witty lyrics, molding them to his signature musical style just for listeners who wanted to enter his world and share his encounters with elegance and artistry.
Cole Porter, European
Authors: Van Den Brande Wilfried
Published: May 2017

This chapter attempts to paint a portrait of Porter's life in Europe between the late 1910s and early 1930s. The persons and places he encountered there left their mark on a multitude of his songs. Porter stood at the center of the Roaring Twenties in Paris and of the 1930s and 1940s in New York and Hollywood, a product of the upper class, the personification of the notion of “style,” and of a philosophy that strives for a quality interpretation of life with an emphasis on creating beauty and well-being. But at the same time, he served as a subversive figure within his social order, openly displaying his considerable empathy for the outcasts of society, for his fellow men both black and white, and for persons whose sexuality differed from societal norms. His songs, some of the most outstanding of the twentieth century, allowed him to transcend life's struggles and hardships. Perhaps through them, both the performer and the audience, coming home with full hands and dancing feet, might do so as well.
A Consideration of Drama, Lyrics, and Musical Structure in a Porter Film
Authors: Shaftel Matthew
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the lyrics and musical structure of the three ballads that Porter wrote in the fall of 1939 for the movie musical Broadway Melody of 1940. It underscores Porter's attention to detail not only in his intricate texts and musical designs but also in his consideration of plot, story, and dramatic impulse. Even in the filmic medium, where Porter had a great deal less control over the final product than in his more native Broadway context, his work reveals an interconnectedness that allows for a deeper understanding of the film. Although the film's plot hardly represents high drama, the musical questions set up by the opening two ballads, “Between You and Me” and “I've Got My Eyes on You,” are answered in a beautiful and quite serious manner by “I Concentrate on You,” a Porter masterwork of the highest order.
Kiss Me, Kate
Authors: Siebert Lynn Laitman
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Porter's Kiss Me, Kate. Written in 1948, it holds a unique place in Porter's career and represents the fullest flowering of his mature talent. Porter met the challenge of the “new style musical comedy” by composing Kiss Me, Kate and simultaneously surpassed his past triumphs while establishing a new standard for the genre. The score's subtle refinement, depth of expression, and inventiveness, as well as the total integration of music, lyrics, and libretto, distinguish Kiss Me, Kate as Porter's masterwork. Kiss Me, Kate opened on Broadway at the New Century Theatre on 30 December 1948, with a run of 1,077 domestic performances and subsequent international performances.
Jazz Jobbing
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines jazz jobbing professionals' attraction for and attention to jazz, their roles as creative improvisers and co-performers, and their relationships with other jazz scene participants in New York City. It first considers how jazz entrepreneurs meet the challenges of doing business, suggesting that their lifestyle is an outgrowth of their ongoing enthusiasm for and commitment to the music. It then looks at professionals as co-improvisers and goes on to explain how their attention is influenced by job-related contingencies, and how this affects the way they hear and understand music. It also discusses professionals' active participation in the live music scene as well as their involvement in collaborative expressions of art in improvised jazz communities. The chapter shows that jazz professionals, as workers in the jazz art world, provide crucial services and support for performers, fans, venue operators, and each other while also “performing” off-stage for their own constituencies of viewers and readers.
Hear and Now
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the communication between musicians and listeners during jazz performances: how performers engage listeners, how jazz audiences express agency, and how both derive deep meanings from reciprocal interactions that culminate in collective improvisations. The discussion shifts between the views of musician-performers and that of audience-performers, with special attention given to avant-jazz concertgoers. The chapter first considers how jazz musicians engage with lay audiences during performances and how listeners, as coagents and co-performers, engender and elaborate collective sociomusical improvisations. It then describes jazz's extramusical and metaphysical aspects and explains how it derives deep meanings from its racial and cultural heritage. It shows that the realization of jazz's profound intellectual, emotional, aesthetic, and metaphysical “truths” transcends the here/hear and now, the place and time of music-making, to create a temporary state of social and spiritual synergy.
The Minor Intimacies of Race
Authors: Kim Christine
Published: May 2017

An attempt to put an Asian woman on Canada's $100 bill in 2012 unleashed enormous controversy. The racism and xenophobia that answered this symbolic move toward inclusiveness revealed the nation's trumpeted commitment to multiculturalism as a lie. It also showed how multiple minor publics as well as the dominant public responded to the ongoing issue of race in Canada. This book delves into the ways cultural conversations minimize race's relevance even as violent expressions and structural forms of racism continue to occur. The book turns to literary texts, artistic works, and media debates to highlight the struggles of minor publics with social intimacy. Its insightful engagement with everyday conversations as well as artistic expressions that invoke the figure of the Asian enables the book to reveal the affective dimensions of racialized publics. It also extends ongoing critical conversations within Asian Canadian and Asian American studies about Orientalism, diasporic memory, racialized citizenship, and migration and human rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Speiser Peter
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter examines the efforts made by the BAOR and the British administration to improve Anglo-German relations by utilizing the presence of the armed services. It also sheds light on whether German sovereignty did change the position of the BAOR in relation to the German population and administration in the period immediately after Federal German sovereignty was established. The remainder of the chapter answers the question of whether or not the BAOR was able to effectively adapt to serve its new policy purposes. Although the success of using the BAOR as a tool for Anglo-German rapprochement during the 1940s and 1950s varied, with some successes and some shortcomings, the idea of using the BAOR as a political tool clearly retained its merit.
Industrial News Became Modern
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the evolution U.S. news, from the American realism of the nineteenth century to the advent of online media in the twenty-first century. It discusses how the spider of digital media sent images on paper into retreat, leaving printing and paper manufacturing industries in disarray. It details how newspaper stories grew in length from the 1880s to the 2010s. These longer stories reflected changes in content and visual presentation, which changed how news presented people, events, and places. The impact of longer news on content was also counterintuitive. Instead of “human interest” growing, ordinary and working-class people disappeared from news, replaced by groups, officials, and experts. Although audiences presumably preferred local stories, locations moved away from the street address, as references to faraway places expanded. Moreover, news no longer aimed to report events-as-they-happened for the public to process. It explained larger problems or tried to make sense of issues, aiming to interpret events.
Authorities Replaced Others
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the shift in the roles persons play in the news. Studies of newspapers and newscasts show that by the mid-twentieth century, the number of individuals who take action in a news event, or become the victims of those actions in the press, dropped to less than three in the average crime, accident, or job story. Others took their places. A century ago, an official would appear in only one of four stories. However, the number of officials involved in or having direct responsibility over activities in the news has increased steadily until at least one official appeared in almost every news story. Studies of Internet editions for the same newspapers found that the number of officials continued to be large through 2010. Ordinary citizens and unaffiliated individuals continued to appear in stories, but as news grew longer, it replaced more of them. Political stories from the newspapers and their Internet editions are the most pronounced example: officials and others have come to outnumber individual actors.
The Press Grew More Interpretive
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the growing pressure for news to become more interpretive. The Left worries about commercial and public relations influences, and the Right about reporters' biases, but both sides call for news that gives more context. They say the press should also do a better job of explaining where information comes from. News content producers want to supply more and better interpretations and have called for more context that “makes the complex coherent and meaningful,” decried a growing tendency of science news reports to manipulate facts, and warned against surrendering “their functions of analysis and explanation”. A closer look at news stories shows a broad interpretive turn toward modern news, with explanations along with judgments and opinions increasing in the news content of daily papers, network television, public radio, and mainstream sites online.
Online News Reverted to Sense-Making
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses news practice in interactive media. Instead of delivering hard-to-get news, reporters seem like just another supplier of opinion among many competing on legacy media—cable outlets, talk radio, and comedy newscasts—and online. Instead of off-stage observers in search of reality, editors seem to play on-stage roles making social knowledge. The persistent clinging to the idea and markers of realism also disguised the growing modernism of U.S. news, which was losing the advantage that realism once provided. The modern vision of news never quite reflected public intelligence or engagement with news media from the Progressive Era to the crowd-sourcing era. Somehow the social definition of the situation made a world that seems less welcoming to modern news even as blogs and reader comments join in interpreting it.
Modernism Exposed the Flaws of News
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the flaws of modern news practice. Modern news practice aims to perfect the accuracy, reliability, and insight of reporting. Accuracy requires mature judgment about the facts. Reliability requires making those facts clear in the context of the past, present, and future. And insight requires conveying the story in ways that reveal what the facts mean. But news practice operates under conditions that place all three dimensions beyond its grasp. The chapter addresses the following questions: Can citizens expect the accurate performance that modern news pursues and that the machine apparently delivers? Can citizens expect the reliable news that modern practice aims to achieve and that its automation might deliver? Can citizens expect the insight that news practitioners want to supply and the machine might generate?
Bach’s Choral-Buch?
Authors: Leaver Robin A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines a collection of Bach chorale harmonizations copied in Dresden sometime during the 1730s, with the goal of clarifying both its likely provenance and purpose. “Sebastian Bach’s Choral-Buch” is a collection of chorales—melodies with figured bass, intended to accompany singing—given in a sequence similar to that found in many hymnals. The mid-eighteenth-century manuscript was purchased from Hans P. Kraus, Vienna, in September 1936 by the Sibley Library at the Eastman School of Music. This chapter first describes the Sibley Choralbuch before reviewing its provenance and content. It then considers the manuscript’s significance as a possible source of evidence for the practices of the circle of organists who studied with Johann Sebastian Bach in the 1730s and 1740s. It argues that Choralbuch served as a workbook for learning how to create four-part settings but had a double usefulness: Bach could assign particular chorale melodies for the pupil to work on as test pieces, while the anthology could serve to accompany chorale singing at services.
The Choir Loft as Chamber
Authors: Butler Gregory
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines concerted movements written by Johann Sebastian Bach from the mid- to late 1720s and how he adopted a “choir loft as chamber” approach to organ performance—performing different versions of the same concerted instrumental movements for the chamber and for the church. Bach worked as composer and performer not only for the Collegium Musicum in Leipzig, but also for its principal churches. In addition to parodying secular vocal compositions, transforming them into church cantatas, however, Bach was also adapting for church performances preexisting instrumental concerted movements, using obbligato organ as solo melody instrument in various sinfonias, arias, and choruses. Using the Concerto in E Major for harpsichord and strings, BWV 1053, as reference, this chapter demonstrates the connection between two spheres of activity that occurred after late May 1725, when the steady flow of new cantata compositions by Bach ceased: the secular arena of the ordinaire and extraordinaire performances of the Collegium, especially during the Leipzig fairs, and the weekly performances of concerted vocal music at the Haupgottesdienst in Leipzig’s St. Nicholas and St. Thomas Churches.
Sex Workers, Psychics, and Numbers Runners
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

During the early twentieth century, a diverse group of African American women carved out unique niches for themselves within New York City's expansive informal economy. This book illuminates the labor patterns and economic activity of three perennials within this kaleidoscope of underground industry: sex work, numbers running for gambling enterprises, and the supernatural consulting business. Mining police and prison records, newspaper accounts, and period literature, the book teases out answers to essential questions about these women and their working lives. It also offers a surprising revelation, arguing that the burgeoning underground economy served as a catalyst in working-class black women's creation of the employment opportunities, occupational identities, and survival strategies that provided them with financial stability and a sense of labor autonomy and mobility. At the same time, urban black women, all striving for economic and social prospects and pleasures, experienced the conspicuous and hidden dangers associated with newfound labor opportunities.
“‘Decent and God-Fearing Men and Women’ Are Restricted to These Districts”
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws attention to the multiple ways in which a new vanguard of black political and neighborhood activists like Jamaica, Queens resident Geraldine Chaney and members of Harlem Citizens Council (HCC) contested the presence of vice and immoral social amusements and economic activities in their neighborhoods. New Yorkers expressed their concerns and outrage about community conditions and its impact on their families and day-to-day lives through citizens' complaint letters and the formation of grassroots anti-vice neighborhood associations. Local black New Yorkers' activism, part of broader northern civil rights campaigns for citizenship and race, gender, and class equality, underscored visions of wholesome communities and neighborhood safety and their refusal to allow crime racketeers and disorderly neighbors to permeate spaces in which they had to live and work and raise families.
“A Careful Inquiry to Establish Her Sex beyond a Doubt”
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates the sex-segregated framework of sport and highlights the historical threats to the sex/gender status quo. In the early twentieth century, track and field was the most popular and prestigious Olympic pastime. It was also an activity explicitly reserved for men. Thus, when female activists successfully fought for women's inclusion in international competition, many people balked. When the International Olympic Committee reluctantly added women's track and field to the Olympic program, suspicions of male imposters immediately ensued. The supposed threat of masqueraders encouraged officials to require physical examinations of some participants. It was in track and field, then, where questions of sex/gender first surfaced and continued throughout the twentieth century.
Is the Athlete “Right” or “Wrong”?
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the international tensions that surfaced during the Cold War played a large role in the initial institution of sex verification at the 1968 Olympics. To remove the “wrong” athletes from competition, the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission mandated a chromosomal test for female participants in the 1968 Olympics. The commission adopted the buccal smear test or Barr body test, which identified chromosomal composition. Chromosomal tests bolstered a false demarcation of binary sex and promoted a gendered hierarchy in sport. Through scientific regulations, the medical commission shaped Olympic womanhood along Western lines of gender and sexuality.
Introduction
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter traces a process of cultural transformation that, beginning in the early decades of the twentieth century, led to the rise after World War II of the phenomenon called slapstick modernism. Manifesting itself in literature, (underground) film, and popular music, the rise of slapstick modernism signaled the coalescence in cultural practice of the artistic experimentation associated with high modernism, and the socially disruptive lunacy linked to the comic film genre. However, the concept of slapstick modernism has yet to receive adequate theorization; this is partly due to the insufficiency of the terms initially used to capture the specificity of this new, hybrid cultural entity. Slapstick modernism had no manifesto of the sort that mobilized the various avant-garde ventures of the early decades of the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter argues that Indian illustrations in the pictorial press were part of the social and cultural machinery that produced and reinforced an enduring set of Indian stereotypes and visual tropes in the American popular imagination, reinforcing the ways that white Americans understood Native Americans and their place in U.S. society. Such pictures were a significant part of this meaning-making process because they frequently depicted Indians and Indian life in popular but narrowly conceived ways. By describing and analyzing the various themes and visual tropes across the years of the illustrated press, this book provides a deeper understanding of the racial codes and visual signs that white Americans used to represent Native Americans in an era of western expansion and manifest destiny.
Illustrating Indian Lives
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the work of William de la Montagne Cary and other artists who drew pictures of Indians living their lives—pictures of peaceful Indians that often drew less attention than more action-oriented pictures of war and conflict. It studies illustrations of activities such as dancing and hunting, as well as burial rites, male–female relations, and Indians engaged in work and play—topics often overlooked in studies of Indian illustrations. Artists made these pictures to fulfill a specific journalistic function: to show white Americans what Indians looked like and how they lived their lives. Thus, the focus for many Indian pictures was on significant and visible differences between whites and Indians—ceremonies, customs, social practices, and other “Indian” activities—all of which made clear that Indians were different from civilized Americans.
The Princess and the Squaw
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the representation of Indian women—also overlooked in most previous studies of the pictorial press—contrasting the romantic “Indian princess” stereotype with a harsher set of qualities often associated with Indian women in the pictorial press. Many Indian women in the pictorial press were placed in one of two culturally constructed categories: princesses or squaws. Either way, Indian women were marked as different from whites, a safe and controlled “cultural other.” Young, beautiful Indian women and mothers could be cast as “princesses,” while old, poor, and “uncivilized” Indian women were depicted as “squaws.” Both Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper and Harper's Weekly employed these categories routinely, though there were differences between these papers. Harper's emphasized the poverty and hardship of Indian women, often suffering at the hands of Indian men, while Leslie's sometimes ridiculed Indian women for their silliness or grooming habits.
Making Images on the Indian Frontier
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores some of the most important Indian illustrations of Theodore Davis, one of the first illustrators to travel west following the Civil War. His pictures of a Kansas stage attack and arrow-pierced skeletons of soldiers helped popularize images of Indian violence as an important—and sensational—visual trope in an era of Western expansion. The stage attack came to represent something more than a few moments of terror on the plains of western Kansas; it became a vivid and useful symbol of the taming of the West. Meanwhile, Davis's illustrations of arrow-pierced skeletons on the plains became immediately infamous and provided powerful evidence that the Indians deserved to be punished.
Introduction
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter first sets out the book's purpose, namely to analyze changes in Malian politics during the last two decades. It suggests that a detailed study of cultural heritage and its transformations is key to understanding the 2012 impasse of the Malian democratic experiment and, more generally, to understanding critical aspects of modern power in postcolonial Mali. A key focus of this work is to understand how democracy and neoliberalism have affected state practices, particularly as seen through the prism of the heritage field. The remainder of chapter discusses governmentality and cultural heritage, heritage and public culture, social memory and the anthropology of Africa, heritage and memory, and cultural heritage during Mali's one-party state era. These are followed by a description of the methodology used in the study and an overview of the subsequent chapters.
The Heritagization of Islamic and Secular Architecture
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the challenges encountered by state and quasi-state organizations in transforming some of the Djenné-based sacred sites into public heritage sites. It analyzes the centrality of Sudanese architecture in colonial and postcolonial representations of Mali, including the construction of models of the Great Mosque of Djenné in the context of worldwide expositions featuring Mali's artistic and artisanal products. It highlights some of the additional challenges (and possibilities) opened up by the inscription of the towns of Djenné on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list and Djennenkés' critical perspectives on the criteria and objectives overseeing the management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Through an analysis grounded in a postcolonial revision of Bennett's exhibitionary complex, the chapter also addresses state and quasi-state attempts to diversify the selection of the cultural patrimony to be restored. It examines the reinvention of the youth house of the Saho, which is being reconceived in bureaucratic reports and the media as an example of Mal's secular patrimony. Such transformations in state narratives of the Saho represent an effort to mitigate opposition by religious leaders—whose perspectives are shaped not merely by religious concerns but also by an array of other considerations (including economic and political ones).
The Fate of Timbuktu’s Sufi Heritage
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with the destruction of the Sufi saints' mausoleums (a World Heritage Site) during the six-month occupation of Mali's northern regions by Tuareg-Islamist forces. Prior to the occupation, the government, foreign entities, and religious NGOs had deeply invested in the field of culture as a strategy to strengthen the influence of moderate Islam in Mali and to counter the Islamist groups' proselytizing in the north. The chapter investigates the symbolic implications the mausoleums' destruction held for different constituencies (e.g. Islamist groups, UNESCO representatives, the local heritage elite, Mali's religious leaders) and charts some of the unintended consequences of the incursions by state and quasi-state organizations into the religious sphere—actions that ultimately produced a conservative shift in the Muslim community. The chapter lends support to efforts promoted by some representatives of Mali's Ministry of Culture to sustain and diversify Mali's cultural patrimony by not limiting heritage work to the protection of Sufi shrines, and suggests the importance of considering some of the debates surrounding the protection and restoration of Sufi heritage sites in Mali today.
Conversations and Narratives
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on table conversations and narratives. Linguists have developed certain concepts that can help us get a detailed understanding of conversations. For example, they study interruptions to find out whether certain groups are more likely to interrupt than others. There are gender differences in “conversation work”: asking and responding to conversation openers and questions, using “minimal response utterances” to show interest, introducing and elaborating on topics, and filling silences to keep the conversation going. Researchers have also discovered class differences in parental expectations about conversing with children. This chapter begins with a discussion of how children, adolescents, and adults alike can learn the art of conversation at the table. It then considers the importance of narratives as a particular kind of table talk for developing our civic selves. It argues that table narratives are a foundational component of democratic conversations and outlines the three levels—facts, emotions, and identity—at which difficult conversations operate simultaneously.
America’s 1848
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This prologue traces the origins and growth of American spiritualism as a movement, beginning with the Fox sisters, Margaret and Katie, whose parents believed that they could communicate with the spirit of a dead man. It discusses the evolution and standards of the spiritualist movement, which assimilated important intellectual and theological precedents in various currents of the Christian revivals that spread across the burned-over district of upstate New York and into New England. It also describes the movement's most important feature, the séance (French term for “seated session”). Finally, it examines the explosion of interest in spiritualism and in the possibility of spirit communication that continued through the 1850s.
The Mystical Union
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the mystical Union came to represent a spiritual republic and of all the souls involved in the working out of a common destiny. It considers how the emergence of the Republicans and the crisis of civil war forced spiritualists to final reckoning with antebellum nonresistance and transformed spiritualism into an even more coherent national force. Without any real organization regulating the process, spiritualists poured their hearts and hopes into the survival of a federal union imbued with an almost mystical importance. In addition, the spiritualists concentrated their efforts on lending an increasingly public voice to the departed, particularly those falling in the war. The chapter also discusses the position of some spiritualists regarding secession and the potential of Southern Unionism to end the Civil War. Finally, it looks at the spirits' running commentary on the war and its experience at free public weekly meetings.
The Macrosociology of Paid Domestic Labor
Authors: Milkman Ruth , Reese Ellen , Roth Benita
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the importance of growing class inequality as a driver of employment growth in paid domestic labor by drawing on macrosociological, rather than microsociological, literature. More specifically, it considers what explains variation in the proportion of the labor force employed in paid domestic labor over time and space. After comparing the microsociology of paid domestic labor with the modernization theory and the macrosociology of domestic labor, the chapter analyzes the 1990 census data for the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. It shows that income inequality is a significant predictor of the proportion of women workers employed in domestic labor, as was the case in the 1980s in southern California. It also attributes the expansion of employment in paid domestic work in the late twentieth century to widening class inequality, including inequality among women.
The Anatomy of Olympic Amateurism
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the origins and development of amateurism, from the plans to revive the Olympic Games of classical Greek antiquity in 1894 through its global diffusion. Though often misattributed to ancient Greece, amateurism was a distinctly modern invention born in Great Britain during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A holistic and loosely articulated set of ideas, beliefs, and practices, amateurism is commonly defined as being “about doing things for the love of them, doing them without reward or material gain or doing them unprofessionally.” The amateur played the game for the game's sake, disavowed gambling and professionalism, and competed in a composed, dignified manner. From its institutional seedbed in Victorian Britain, amateurism traveled the sporting globe, from the cosmopolitan Dominion cities of Cape Town, Sydney, and Toronto to distant British imperial outposts in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and beyond. Like the spread of modern sports and games, the British diffused amateurism via a series of interrelated mechanisms: notably, the public schools, the economic and industrial system, the imperial British army, the evangelical and muscular Christianity movements, and a vast literary network of sporting journals, male adventure stories, and imperial tracts.
The Amateur Apostle and the Cold War Games
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage, who defended amateurism seemingly with religious conviction throughout his bureaucratic career. His deeply conservative views and passionate defense of the amateur ideal set the tone for the IOC in the Cold War years, helping insulate the movement from the radical currents that were transforming postwar societies and global affairs. Both in his lifetime and in the years since, portrayals of Brundage depict a Quixote-esque idealist providing the Olympic Movement's only firm line of defense against professional and commercial encroachments. However, the orthodox view of Brundage as an unwavering apostle of amateurism overlooks the finer, more nuanced realities of his administration. Despite his anticommercial rhetoric and investigatory crusades, Brundage also appeased, compromised, and even spearheaded initiatives that broke with the Olympic Movement's amateur traditions.
Paul Thomas Anderson
Authors: Toles George
Published: May 2017

Since his explosive debut with the indie sensation Hard Eight, Paul Thomas Anderson has established himself as one of contemporary cinema's most exciting artists. His 2002 feature Punch-Drunk Love radically reimagined the romantic comedy. Critics hailed There Will Be Blood as a key film of the new millennium. In The Master, Anderson jarred audiences with dreamy amorphousness and a departure from conventional story mechanics. The book approaches these three films in particular, and Anderson's oeuvre in general, with a focus on the role of emergence and the production of the unaccountable. Anderson, the book shows, is an artist obsessed with history, workplaces, and environments but also intrigued by spaces as projections of the people who dwell within. The book follows Anderson from the open narratives of Boogie Nights and Magnolia through the pivot that led to his more recent films, Janus-faced masterpieces that orbit around isolated central characters—and advance Anderson's journey into allegory and myth. Blending penetrative analysis with a deep knowledge of filmic storytelling, the book tours an important filmmaker's ever-deepening landscape of disconnection.
Composite Interview
Authors: Toles George
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter illustrates segments of various interviews Paul Thomas Anderson has given about his feature films, and interviews with actors, such as Philip Seymour Hoffman on The Master. Ultimately, one of the main strands of argument in this book is that Anderson continues to guard the story of his mother that “he might tell;” and yet, the story is always working its way into his narratives about fathers, and carries the real burden of the narrative mystery. The motivation of Anderson's male protagonists in the three films—Punch-Drunk Love, There Will Be Blood, and The Master—becomes increasingly deformed, and in each case the mangling pressure derives from the protagonist's inability to secure a crucial lost balance and alignment with absent maternal shades.
Effect of cardiac rehabilitation program on the Framingham risk score and C-reactive protein after CABG
Authors: Brancher Elizabeth Do Canto , Cardoso Dannuey Machado , Gomes Tiago José Nardi , Santos Tamires Daros dos , Vicente Marília Severo , Pereira Sérgio Nunes , Albuquerque Isabella Martins de
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) does not have an effect on the etiopathogenic factors of atherosclerosis, thus, it is crucial to control risk factors. Objective: To analyze the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program on cardiovascular risk factors, the Framingham risk score (FRS) and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) of patients undergoing CABG. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted with a sample of 49 patients, who were participating in a program (24 weeks). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), FRS, risk (%) of developing coronary artery disease in 10 years (CAD risk), serum levels of LDL-c, triglycerides (TG) and CRP were assessed. Results: The variables BMI, WC, LDL-c, TG, CRP levels, FRS and CAD risk showed significant reductions (p