bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grapevine fanleaf virus affects grape (Vitis vinifera) berry anthocyanin content via the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes
Authors: Rupnik-Cigoj Maja , Jež-Krebelj Anastazija , Castellarin Simone D. , Trošt Kajetan , Sivilotti Paolo , Pompe-Novak Maruša
Published: June 2018

Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) causes grapevine fanleaf degeneration, one of the oldest known viral diseases of grapevines. The virus has been found in all winegrowing regions around the world. In the seasons 2011–12 a comparison between field grown GFLV-infected and healthy grapevines was conducted for the cultivars Schioppettino in North-Eastern Italy and Refošk in South-Western Slovenia. Our research showed that GFLV infection caused a drop of the yield due to reduction of both cluster weight and berry weight. Besides the yield, the berry composition was also affected; in detail, anthocyanin concentration increased in both varieties but significantly only in the case of Schioppettino. Upregulation of the F3ʹ5ʹH gene and downregulation of F3ʹH gene in the berries of GFLV infected vines compared with the ones of healthy control vines resulted in modified proportions between di- and tri- hydroxylated or methylated derivatives of anthocyanins. The F3H1 gene was identified to be the most strongly regulated gene of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway by GFLV infection, indicating its important role in increasing anthocyanin concentration in grapes of GFLV infected vines as compared with healthy controls.
Consumer engagement critical to success in an Australian research project: reflections from those involved
Authors: Synnot Anneliese J. , Cherry Catherine L. , Summers Michael P. , Stuckey Rwth , Milne Catherine A. , Lowe Dianne B. , Hill Sophie J.
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the people, activities and methods of consumer engagement in a complex research project, and reflects on the influence this had on the research and people involved, and enablers and challenges of engagement. The 2.5-year Integrating and Deriving Evidence Experiences and Preferences (IN-DEEP) study was conducted to develop online consumer summaries of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment evidence in partnership with a three-member consumer advisory group. Engagement methods included 6-monthly face-to-face meetings and email contact. Advisory group members were active in planning, conduct and dissemination and translational phases of the research. Engaging consumers in this way improved the quality of the research process and outputs by: being more responsive to, and reflective of, the experiences of Australians with MS; expanding the research reach and depth; and improving the researchers’ capacity to manage study challenges. Advisory group members found contributing their expertise to MS research satisfying and empowering, whereas researchers gained confidence in the research direction. Managing the unpredictability of MS was a substantive challenge; the key enabler was the ‘brokering role’ of the researcher based at an MS organisation. Meaningfully engaging consumers with a range of skills, experiences and networks can make important and unforeseen contributions to research success.
Columnar to equiaxed transition mechanism of pure copper induced by La
Authors: Wu Jin-Hu , Zhang Shi-Hong , Song Hong-Wu , Chen Yan
Published: June 2018

The solidification process of copper with and without La was observed by a high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy. The solidification microstructure was simulated by cellular-automaton and finite-element (CAFE) method and the source of equiaxed grains, the constitutional supercooling and nucleation rate were investigated. The results showed that some floats with regular shape appeared in copper melt with La addition, which is the source of equiaxed grains. The simulation results are in a good agreement with experimental results. The mechanism of columnar to equiaxed transition was that the spontaneous nucleation probability of copper melt was increased with La addition. The nucleation rate was increased due to the increase in critical nucleation temperature and constitutional supercooling, and the reduction of nucleation undercooling.
SSMART: sequence-structure motif identification for RNA-binding proteins
Authors: Munteanu Alina , Mukherjee Neelanjan , Ohler Uwe
Published: June 2018

Motivation

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate every aspect of RNA metabolism and function. There are hundreds of RBPs encoded in the eukaryotic genomes, and each recognize its RNA targets through a specific mixture of RNA sequence and structure properties. For most RBPs, however, only a primary sequence motif has been determined, while the structure of the binding sites is uncharacterized.

Results

We developed SSMART, an RNA motif finder that simultaneously models the primary sequence and the structural properties of the RNA targets sites. The sequence-structure motifs are represented as consensus strings over a degenerate alphabet, extending the IUPAC codes for nucleotides to account for secondary structure preferences. Evaluation on synthetic data showed that SSMART is able to recover both sequence and structure motifs implanted into 3′UTR-like sequences, for various degrees of structured/unstructured binding sites. In addition, we successfully used SSMART on high-throughput in vivo and in vitro data, showing that we not only recover the known sequence motif, but also gain insight into the structural preferences of the RBP.

Availability and implementation

SSMART is freely available at https://ohlerlab.mdc-berlin.de/software/SSMART_137/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
What powers hyperluminous infrared galaxies at z ∼ 1–2?
Authors: Symeonidis M , Page M J
Published: June 2018

We investigate what powers hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs; $L_{\rm IR, 8-1000\,\mu m}>10^{13}$ L⊙) at z ∼ 1–2, by examining the behaviour of the infrared luminosity function of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in relation to the infrared galaxy luminosity function. The former corresponds to emission from AGN-heated dust only, whereas the latter includes emission from dust heated by stars and AGN. Our results show that the two luminosity functions are substantially different below 1013 L⊙ but converge in the HyLIRG regime. We find that the fraction of AGN-dominated sources increases with the total infrared luminosity and at $L_{\rm IR}>10^{13.5}\, \rm L_{\odot }$ AGN can account for the entire infrared emission. We conclude that the bright end of the 1 < $z$ < 2 infrared galaxy luminosity function is shaped by AGN rather than star-forming galaxies.
Development of the Nervous System of Invertebrates
Authors: Hartenstein Volker
Published: June 2018

The complex architecture of the nervous system is the result of a stereotyped pattern of proliferation and migration of neural progenitors in the early embryo, followed by the outgrowth of nerve fibers along rigidly controlled pathways, and the formation of synaptic connections between specific neurons during later stages. Detailed studies of these events in several experimentally amenable model systems indicated that many of the genetic mechanisms involved are highly conserved. This realization, in conjunction with new molecular-genetic techniques, has led to a surge in comparative neurodevelopmental research covering a wide variety of animal phyla over the past two decades. This chapter attempts to provide an overview of the diverse neural architectures that one encounters among invertebrate animals, and the developmental steps shaping these architectures.
Emerging Powers and Global Health Governance: The Case of BRICS Countries
Authors: Huang Yanzhong
Published: June 2018

Focusing on BRICS countries, this chapter examines the profound implications arising from the growing and future role of emerging powers in global health governance (GHG). At the beginning of the twenty-first century, not only did BRICS countries shift towards net donors, but also their efforts in global health agenda setting and norm development increased. Their policy and practice in conducting health diplomacy constitute an alternative to the existing GHG paradigm. However, their role in GHG remains limited and mixed, as shown in the relatively small size of development assistance for health (DAH), a selective and state-centric approach to developing and participating in global health institutions, and the lack of progress working together and translating policy rhetoric into action. It is still too early to view these efforts as a counterbalance or counterforce to industrialized countries in GHG.
Political Food Consumerism between Mundane Routines and Organizational Alliance-Building
Authors: Halkier Bente
Published: June 2018

Food consumption is a mundane, embodied type of consumption as well as a target of multiple moral contestations. Politicized quite early, food consumption has remained a regular example of political consumerism, framed through a number of societal issues such as sustainability and global justice. This chapter shows that the research on political food consumerism is characterized by three tendencies. First, across other differences, researchers apparently agree in assuming that ordinary consumers have some sort of agency in carrying out food political consumption. Second, across food issues, settings, and cases, a majority of the research highlights alliances between public and private actors as decisive for political food consumerism to achieve societal change. Third, the forms of buycott and lifestyle seem to be dominant in political food consumerism, although these very forms of participation are also criticized in the literature for not being doable in everyday life.
Getting Out of the Garret
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: June 2018

The previous focus of musical creativity studies on the solitary composer has given way to a focus on collaborative, real-time performance. This chapter discusses a unified approach to both practices, according to which musical creativity is social, but the social is inherent in ostensively solitary work. At the core of this approach is ‘unpredictable emergence’ (Sawyer 2003) out of networks of human and nonhuman agents; this chapter extends Sawyer’s model of creative collaboration in jazz in such a way that it becomes equally applicable to classical and contemporary music making. The same approach is applied to compositional imagination, with particular emphasis on the materiality of bodies, instruments, and notations, and on how representations of music “talk back” to composers and prompt the emergence of unforeseen outcomes. The aim is to provide a more realistic account of musical creativity than the Romantic mythologies that have long skewed research in this area.
Timbre-Centered Listening in the Soundscape of Tuva
Authors: Levin Theodore , Süzükei Valentina
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores timbre-centered listening as an enculturated practice among Tuvan pastoralists, whose perceptual focus on timbral qualities of sound correlates with exceptional acuity to ambient soundscape. Tuvan pastoralists’ prioritization of timbre as a locus of interest extends to human-made sound and music and is reflected in the timbre of two-stringed fiddles strung with horsehair strings, metal jaw harps, and the widespread vocal practice of xöömei, whose performers selectively reinforce harmonics naturally present in the voice. Enculturated listeners can describe the timbral qualities of sound with great precision using an ideophonic vocabulary consisting of onomatopoeia and other forms of sound symbolism, cross-modal sensory associations (e.g., the depiction of sound in visual and haptic terms), and affective words, which comprise a rich lexical resource. The central role of timbre in Tuvan music and its depiction in discourse about sound and music suggest a culturally specific and pervasive form of timbre-centered listening.
Tracing Timbre in Ancient Greece
Authors: Weiss Naomi
Published: June 2018

This chapter investigates the timbral world of ancient Greece through a close analysis of particular types of sonic language in a selection of poetry and prose treatises, from Homeric epic to fifth-century BCE tragedy to the treatises of Aristotle and his school. By trying to locate this elusive category within accounts of music-making and sound more generally, it demonstrates not just the rich vocabulary for conveying different elements of an acoustic experience in the ancient Greek world, but the cultural valences of specific terms and images. In particular, the chapter shows how frequently the various auditory qualities that we might—however anachronistically—associate with timbre are as much social constructions as physical properties.
Poe the Critic
Authors: Hurh Paul
Published: June 2018

Edgar Allan Poe’s literary reputation was founded upon his sarcastic and negative reviews of current books. While Poe’s reviews have been studied for insights into his literary theory and his relation to the culture of periodical publishing, they have rarely been considered as literary works themselves. This essay analyzes the structure and tone of Poe’s earliest “tomahawk”-style reviews in The Southern Literary Messenger and finds that they innovate a new tone of sarcasm, which Poe referred to as “quizzing,” through the adaptation of a primarily textual form of irony. By making fun of prefaces, plots, and grammar, Poe employs a new form of humor that capitalizes on the emergence of print reading as mass culture. Such humor severs letter from spirit not only for the sake of criticism but also to open the practice and pleasure of critical judgment to a popular audience.
Bringing Radio Haiti Home
Authors: Breaden Craig , Wagner Laura
Published: June 2018

In a dialogue, the authors—one an audiovisual archivist, the other a scholar-turned-archivist—discuss the challenges of processing the Radio Haiti Archive, the seemingly unusual choice of Duke as custodian of the collection, and the sometimes uneasy balance between the practices of a traditional US academic library and providing true access to audiences in Haiti and in the Haitian diaspora. Wagner and Breaden address the ways in which the Radio Haiti archive is an act of devoir de mémoire (memory work), contending that providing meaningful access to digitized Radio Haiti materials—in terms of language, technology, and culture—allows the station to, in a sense, continue to exist in its place of creation, as a bearer of Haiti’s history and heritage.
Mountain Highs, Valley Lows
Authors: Johnson Birgitta
Published: June 2018

Since 2004, collaborative archiving of gospel music between institutions in higher education, community groups, and individual collectors has increased. Three university archive initiatives have emerged and engaged in various partnerships with gospel music heritage communities on regional and even national levels. Archives and libraries at UCLA, USC, and Baylor University have contributed greatly to the preservation of gospel music’s recorded and ephemeral past and to the documentation of contemporary performance traditions. While two of these initiatives have faced sustainability challenges, one has expanded its impact by partnering with the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture. This chapter delineates key success strategies of the UCLA Gospel Archiving in Los Angeles Project, the Gospel Music History Archive of the University of Southern California, and the Baylor University Black Gospel Music Restoration Project; highlights accessibility and sustainability challenges; and illustrates the crucial role of technology in future archiving efforts.
Repatriation and Decolonization
Authors: Gray Robin R. R.
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the efforts of Ts’msyen from Lax Kw’alaams to repatriate songs and associated knowledge products from the Laura Boulton Collection of Traditional and Liturgical Music. It provides an overview of the sociopolitical context that created the conditions for the songs to be taken from the community, including an analysis of the contributing role of Western property frameworks in the dispossession of Ts’msyen knowledge, heritage and rights. Based on a community-based participatory action research project with, by, and for Ts’msyen, this chapter offers decolonial considerations on the topics of ownership, access, and control from the vantage of Ts’msyen laws, ethics, and protocols.
The Role of New and Green Water Resources in Localizing Water and Food Security Under Arid and Semi-Arid Conditions
Authors: Mohtar Rabi , Assi Amjad
Published: June 2018

The environmental challenges within drylands to providing sustainable water, food, and energy for an increased population test the capacity of integrated science to represent, apply, and project our knowledge to future forecasts. Scientists in this discipline need to provide (i) quantitative understanding of natural resources (land and water), their characteristics, and their interactions within the soil-water-plant-atmosphere continuum; (ii) the valuation of primary resources and their use for food production; and (iii) knowledge for the building of a translational framework between the scientific and the policymaking communities to advise policymakers how to better manage these resources. The use/reuse of two potential water resources can play pivotal roles in improving water and food security in drylands; once potential challenges and gaps in physical water accounting and characterization are addressed, new water and green water can be a part of future water and food policymaking and bridge the ever increasing water–food demands in drylands.
Israel’s Wars
Authors: Tal David
Published: June 2018

The history of Israel is framed by wars. However, the nature of Israel’s wars has changed over time, from mainly infantry-based warfare to modern armor warfare, and from conventional warfare to regular armies clashing with nonstate combatants, known in the professional literature as low intensity conflict (LIC). Conventional warfare took place within a clear and well-defined territory, with relative separation between civilians and soldiers. Low intensity conflict has blurred the battlefield boundaries, and armed operations take place in civilian areas. With these changes, the meaning of victory has changed as well. The decisive military victory that marked the military campaigns of 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 is no longer relevant in the LIC battlefield. Conquest of territory and destruction of the enemy’s military forces, the hallmark of victory during the days of the conventional wars, are much less important in a mode of fighting in which the image of being able to continue to inflict damage is much more important.
Stress and Emotion Regulation
Authors: Myruski Sarah , Denefrio Samantha , Dennis-Tiwary Tracy A.
Published: June 2018

Emotion regulation (ER) can buffer against the negative effects of stress, but little is understood about processes and contextual factors that influence how and under what conditions this stress buffering occurs. We review previous research on ER in relation to stress and psychopathology, and note that a significant gap in prior research is that is has focused almost exclusively on a small number of deliberative ER strategies. We then highlight growing evidence that automatic and habitual forms of ER, characterized by low resource demands and low conscious awareness, have an important influence on the stress response and its link to psychopathology and well-being. We propose the Dynamic Fit Model of Stress and ER, which posits that (1) both deliberative and automatic ER contribute to the link between stress and psychopathology; (2) the fit between stress demands and ER strategy selection can be mapped along the dimensions of automaticity and flexibility; and (3) negative effects of stress on well-being and psychological functioning emerge when there is a poor fit between stress demands and ER. We discuss how the model delineates elements defining a “good fit” or “poor fit” and how the model can be used to articulate an agenda for future research and hypothesis generation.
Applications and Representations of American Folklore and Folklife Studies
Authors: Hansen Gregory
Published: June 2018

Folklore and folklife research is applied to a range of institutional settings that can be categorized in five different spheres of representation. These spheres overlap, but they include academic folklore, applied folklore, public sector folklore, public folklore, and private sector presentations of folk culture. This range of work revises the common dichotomy made between academic and public folklore. In addition to the overarching idea of heritage in applications of folklore and folklife research, key concepts such as preservation, interpretation, presentation, and representation that pervade the five modes of folkloristic work are discussed in relation to each sphere. The different situations within which folklorists work implicitly and overtly influence how they will preserve, interpret, and present folklore and folklife.
The Structure of DBT Programmes
Authors: Schmidt Henry , Russo Joan C.
Published: June 2018

The look and feel of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is heavily influenced by the structure of the programme on which each session and meeting rest. Programme structure has always been a focus for Linehan, the treatment developer, who wove recommendations throughout her descriptions of the treatment. This chapter attempts to pull together in one place recommendations from the literature, real-world practice, and guidance of the model developer and experts to assist team leaders who are creating a DBT programme, or who wish to review their existing programme structure. Decisions about programme structure should be driven by a deep understanding of Linehan’s Functions of Treatment, as well as the principles and practices of behaviour therapy, and DBT in particular. A programme manual and routinization of administrative practices ensure that programme structure is well defined, supportive for clinicians and clients, and resistant to treatment drift.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Swales Michaela A.
Published: June 2018

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) synthesizes principles from behaviourism, Zen, and dialectics. Originally developed to address the comprehensive problems of adult women with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and repetitive suicidal and self-harming behaviours, the flexibility of its principle-driven approach has led to its deployment in treating a wider range of client groups and in more varied settings than was originally conceptualized. This chapter begins by briefly describing the origins of DBT and orients the reader to the handbook by describing distinctive features of the treatment in terms of its theoretical foundations, structure, and clinical features. Developments over the last 25 years in the evidence-base, adaptations, and implementation of DBT and where these are addressed in the Handbook are subsequently outlined.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy in Routine Clinical Settings
Authors: Walton Carla , Comtois Katherine Anne
Published: June 2018

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) has been researched in routine clinical settings in Europe, the US, and Australasia. This chapter reports on those studies, five evaluated outcomes over 12 months of intervention, and eight studies over five or six months. The majority of studies showed a significant reduction in self-injurious behaviour, but significant differences were found in secondary outcomes of depression, quality of life, psychiatric hospital admission days, and general psychiatric symptoms. Adaptations of DBT in routine care settings included briefer phone coaching time, reduced length of skills training, individual skills training, and skills training only. Two studies evaluated an intervention following completion of standard DBT. Overall, the studies reported showed a large difference in the amount of training and supervision received by clinicians and fidelity monitoring was included in only four studies. In addition to quantitative outcomes, this chapter reports on qualitative research describing the experience of DBT participants.
Psychosocial Effects of Gaming
Authors: Carras Michelle Colder , Kowert Rachel , Quandt Thorsten
Published: June 2018

Video games are a common leisure activity enjoyed by millions across the globe. However, with their popularization has come with increased concern that prolonged engagement may have negative psychosocial consequences for its players. To determine whether or not these concerns are based on the scientific literature, this chapter discusses a systematic review of the research that has examined links between psychological outcomes and video game play. The results are mixed, and any negative outcomes found are typically short-lived and mild in nature. In addition, it references a large body of literature on positive psychosocial outcomes, including examples of games used to treat or rehabilitate health conditions. The chapter concludes by suggesting several ways to improve research that reduce bias and allow a better understanding of the complex causal relationships between engaging in games and psychosocial outcomes.
The Ethics of Care
Authors: Hel Virginia
Published: June 2018

The focus of normative political theory in recent decades has been overwhelmingly on distributive justice. Developed for institutions within national societies, questions of justice and fairness have also dominated consideration of the global problems that morality ought to address. For matters of war and peace, just war theory has been central; for other issues, distributive justice. This “justice-dominated discourse,” greatly influenced by the work of John Rawls, is now being challenged by the alternative outlook of the ethics of care. Care ethics began to be developed in the last quarter of the twentieth century by feminist moral and political theorists, and its development continues. This chapter looks at this alternative view and some of its implications.
Discrimination
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: June 2018

This chapter first defines discrimination. It then argues that discrimination per se is not unjust and, accordingly, that its relation to distributive injustice is considerably more complicated than one might initially think. Specifically, the chapter critically assesses views according to which discrimination is unjust per se, because it i) violates distributive justice; ii) clashes with a norm of treating people with equal concern and respect; iii) reduces the discriminatee’s deliberative freedom; iv) is incompatible with a social relational egalitarian norm to the effect that citizens relate to one another as equals. All of this is compatible with the claim that some instances of discrimination are seriously unjust.
Exploitation
Authors: Ferguson Ben , Steiner Hillel
Published: June 2018

Exploitation is commonly understood as taking unfair advantage. This article discusses the various prominent accounts that have been offered of how an exchange, despite being Pareto improving and consensual, can nevertheless count as unfair or unjust and, hence, as presumptively impermissible. Does the wrongness of an exploitative transaction consist in its compounding a prior distributive injustice, or in its deliberately profiting from someone’s vulnerability, or in its commodification of that which should not be commodified? How should responsibility for exploitation be assigned, and can this avoid generating moral hazard? The accounts of exploitation analysed here are classified along two dimensions—historical vs. ahistorical and intentional vs. non-intentional—in their conceptions of unfairness, and the possibility of a hybrid account is explored.
Climate Change
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers two questions of distributive justice that arise when we face dangerous climate change. The first (the Just Target Question) concerns what balance to strike between ensuring that moral subjects are not harmed by climatic changes and ensuring that the policies required to prevent harmful climatic changes are not unduly onerous. The second (the Just Burden Question) concerns how the costs involved in combating dangerous climate change should be distributed among duty-bearers. The chapter identifies several methodological issues we need to confront to address these questions. In addition to this, it outlines how one might answer the Just Target Question, and evaluates several leading accounts of how to answer the Just Burden Question. One central finding is that the issues of justice raised by climate change cannot be treated in isolation but must be analysed as part of a more general global and intergenerational account of justice.
Consequentialism, Deontology, Contractualism, and Equality
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: June 2018

This chapter advances two main claims. First, that the distinction between consequentialism and deontology, although widely adopted, is illusory and only serves to obscure some of the genuine disputes underlying central debates in distributive justice. Second, that although luck egalitarianism and democratic egalitarianism are often presented as rival conceptions of justice—in particular, as offering competing accounts of the grounds of distributive justice—this may be a mistake, since this construal makes each view less plausible than it otherwise might be. Instead, the chapter proposes an alternative view where luck egalitarianism and democratic egalitarianism can be understood as complementary answers to different questions. Luck egalitarianism identifies one of the fundamental grounds of justice and injustice, whereas democratic egalitarianism is better conceptualized as offering a contractualist account of what it is for something to be just or unjust.
Prehistoric Households and Childhood
Authors: Röder Brigitte
Published: June 2018

From the perspective of contemporary societies ‘childhood’ and ‘household’ are not universal, static categories but rather culturally highly variable dimensions of social life which can be influenced by numerous factors. They appear to be complex social processes, entwined with each other, and are characterized by changing actors. The material traces of these processes in the prehistoric archaeological record are rudimentary and offer no immediate access to ‘childhood’ or ‘household’, but domestic or maintenance activities are relatively well recorded at settlement sites and therefore offer the best vantage point from which to approach the question of social construction and organization, the structuring of everyday life, and the part played by adolescents in these processes. This chapter focuses on the role played by adolescents in the formation of archaeologically tangible activity areas to gain insight into the participation of prehistoric children in the construction of everyday life and daily routines.
Europe to Asia
Authors: Koryakova Ludmila
Published: June 2018

This chapter surveys cultural developments in the European part of the Russian Federation. Geographically this landscape varies from coniferous forests in the north, to steppe and semi-desert in the south, the Urals forming a natural eastern border to Europe. Chronologically the chapter covers the period from 900/800 BC through to the Great Migration of the third/fourth centuries AD. Although the pace of technological advance varied in different regions, the transition to iron was everywhere accompanied by the formation of new cultural and social types. Three principal cultural spheres existed: (1) the nomadic world, which greatly influenced Iron Age cultural and social developments elsewhere; (2) the forest cultures of the upper and middle Volga, Oka, and Dvina rivers; and (3) the world of Cis-Ural forest zone. Their major technological, economic, social, political, and ideological components are analysed, together with internal and interregional interactions and movements.
The Archaeological Record of Indian Ocean Engagements
Authors: Gupta Sunil
Published: June 2018

With the Bay of Bengal littoral as its focus, this chapter reviews the archaeological evidence for human expansions, migrations, formation of exchange networks, long-distance trade, political impulses, and transmissions of technocultural traditions in deep time, from around 5000 bc to 500 ad. In doing so, the author offers the idea of the Bay of Bengal Interaction Sphere, a “neutral” model of analysis that sets aside the constraints of the old Indianization debate for South-Southeast Asian interaction and situates the Bay within a broader global framework extending from the Mediterranean to the Far East in a new narrative of contact and change.
The Impact of Political Finance Regulation on Party Organisation
Authors: Gauja Anika , Mills Stephen , Miragliotta Narelle , Tham Joo-Cheong , Nwokora Zim , Anderson Malcolm
Published: June 2018

Political finance regulations require political parties to engage with a complex and multi-faceted regulatory environment. This article develops a framework to understand how political finance regulation impacts on party organisation and applies it to a diverse grouping of six parties from the Australian State of New South Wales. We find that all parties seek to capture the benefits of compliance, and minimise their exposure to the risks of non-compliance, by centralising and professionalising their organisation. However, the intensity of these responses is moderated by party characteristics, including levels of institutionalisation, party family type and incumbency status. The research thus highlights the intended and unintended consequences of regulation on party organisation, and illuminates the mechanisms through which change occurs.
The Activators of Type 2A Phosphatases (PP2A) Regulate Multiple Cellular Processes Via PP2A-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Liu Zunyong , Liu Na , Jiang Huixian , Yan Leiyan , Ma Zhonghua , Yin Yanni
Published: June 2018

The type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2As) are holoenzymes in all eukaryotes but their activators remain unknown in filamentous fungi. Fusarium graminearum contains three PP2As (FgPp2A, FgSit4, and FgPpg1), which play critical roles in fungal growth, development, and virulence. Here, we identified two PP2A activators (PTPAs), FgRrd1 and FgRrd2, and found that they control PP2A activity in a PP2A-specific manner. FgRrd1 interacts with FgPpg1, but FgRrd2 interacts with FgPp2A and very weakly with FgSit4. Furthermore, FgRrd2 activates FgPp2A via regulating FgPp2A methylation. Phenotypic assays showed that FgRrd1 and FgRrd2 regulate mycelial growth, conidiation, sexual development, and lipid droplet biogenesis. More importantly, both FgRrd1 and FgRrd2 interact with RNA polymerase II, subsequently modulating its enrichments at the promoters of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes, which is independent on PP2A. In addition, FgRrd2 modulates response to phenylpyrrole fungicide, via regulating the phosphorylation of kinase FgHog1 in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, and to caffeine, via modulating FgPp2A methylation. Taken together, results of this study indicate that FgRrd1 and FgRrd2 regulate multiple physiological processes via different regulatory mechanisms in F. graminearum, which provides a novel insight into understanding the biological functions of PTPAs in fungi.
Two Chloroplast-Localized Proteins: AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B, Contribute to Callose Deposition During Nonhost Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Singh Raksha , Lee Seonghee , Ortega Laura , Ramu Vemanna S. , Senthil-Kumar Muthappa , Blancaflor Elison B. , Rojas Clemencia M. , Mysore Kirankumar S.
Published: June 2018

Plants are naturally resistant to most pathogens through a broad and durable defense response called nonhost disease resistance. Nonhost disease resistance is a complex process that includes preformed physical and chemical barriers and induced responses. In spite of its importance, many components of nonhost disease resistance remain to be identified and characterized. Using virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana, we discovered a novel gene that we named NbNHR2 (N. benthamiana nonhost resistance 2). NbNHR2-silenced plants were susceptible to the nonadapted pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1, which does not cause disease in wild-type or nonsilenced N. benthamiana plants. We found two orthologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B. Similar to the results obtained in N. benthamiana, Atnhr2a and Atnhr2b mutants were susceptible to the nonadapted bacterial pathogen of A. thaliana, P. syringae pv. tabaci. We further found that these mutants were also defective in callose deposition. AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B fluorescent protein fusions transiently expressed in N. benthamiana localized predominantly to chloroplasts and a few unidentified dynamic puncta. RFP-AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B-GFP displayed overlapping signals in chloroplasts, indicating that the two proteins could interact, an idea supported by coimmunoprecipitation studies. We propose that AtNHR2A and AtNHR2B are new components of a chloroplast-signaling pathway that activates callose deposition to the cell wall in response to bacterial pathogens.
Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea From Nectarine/Cherry in China to Six Fungicides and Characterization of Resistant Isolates
Authors: Yin W. X. , Adnan M. , Shang Y. , Lin Y. , Luo C. X.
Published: June 2018

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, can result in considerable preharvest and postharvest losses in many economically valuable plant species. Fungicides were widely used to minimize such losses, but fungicide resistances were detected frequently. In the present study, we collected 164 isolates from nectarine and cherry in China and tested the sensitivity to six fungicides. Among the tested isolates, 71 (43.3%) were resistant to azoxystrobin, 14 (8.5%) to cyprodinil, 7 (4.3%) to boscalid, 4 (2.4%) to carbendazim, 1 (0.6%) to iprodione, and no isolates were found to be resistant to fludioxonil. The EC50 value and resistance factor (RF) of resistant isolates were determined. Fitness analysis showed that there were no significant differences between sensitive and resistant isolates for osmotic stress and pathogenicity, while more conidia production was observed for some resistant isolates. Control efficacy of fungicides showed that the resistant isolates could not be controlled efficiently by using corresponding fungicides. The point mutation G143A was detected in the Cyt b gene of the isolates resistant to azoxystrobin, while the point mutation H272R of SdhB gene was confirmed in boscalid-resistant isolates, and mutations E198V/A of TUB2 gene and mutation I365S of BcOs1 occurred in carbendazim-resistant and iprodione-resistant isolates, respectively. These results indicate that the occurrence of fungicide resistance greatly threatens the management of gray mold on stone fruits nectarine and cherry.
Evaluation of Quinoxyfen Resistance of Erysiphe necator (Grape Powdery Mildew) in a Single Virginia Vineyard
Authors: Feng Xuewen , Nita Mizuho , Baudoin Anton B.
Published: June 2018

The protectant fungicide quinoxyfen has been used against grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) in the United States since 2003. In 2013, isolates of grape powdery mildew with reduced quinoxyfen sensitivity (here designated as quinoxyfen lab resistance or QLR) were detected in a single vineyard in western Virginia, USA. Field trials were conducted in 2014, 2015, and 2016 at the affected vineyard to determine to what extent quinoxyfen might still contribute to disease control. Powdery mildew control by quinoxyfen was similar to, or only slightly less than, that provided by myclobutanil and boscalid in all three years. In 2016, early- versus late-season applications of quinoxyfen were compared to test the hypothesis that early-season applications were more effective, but differences were small. A treatment with two early quinoxyfen applications, at bloom and 2 weeks later, followed by a myclobutanil-boscalid plus a low dose of sulfur rotation provided slightly better control of foliar disease incidence than treatments containing four quinoxyfen applications or two midseason or two late quinoxyfen applications supplemented by myclobutanil and boscalid applications; severity differences were small and nonsignificant. Metrafenone and benzovindiflupyr generally provided excellent powdery mildew control. The frequency of QLR in vines not treated with quinoxyfen slowly declined from 65% in 2014 to 46% in 2016. Further research is needed to explain how, despite this QLR frequency, quinoxyfen applied to grapes in the field was still able to effectively control powdery mildew.
Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) controls growth and reproduction in Schistosoma japonicum
Authors: Zhao Lu , Lu Zhigang , He Xin , Mughal Mudassar N. , Fang Rui , Zhou Yanqin , Zhao Junlong , Gasser Robin B. , Grevelding Christoph G. , Ye Qing , Hu Min
Published: June 2018

Schistosomiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. Adult female schistosomes produce numerous eggs that are responsible for the pathogenesis and transmission of the disease, and the maturation of female gonads depends on the permanent pairing of females and males. Signaling protein kinases have been proven to control female gonad differentiation after pairing; however, little is known about the roles of protein phosphatases in the developmental and reproductive biology of schistosomes. Here we explored 3 genes encoding catalytic subunits of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) that were structurally and evolutionarily conserved in Schistosoma japonicum. In situ hybridization showed transcripts of 3 Sj‐pp1c genes mainly localized in the reproductive organs and tissues. Triple knockdown of Sj‐pp1c genes by RNA interference caused stunted growth and decreased pairing stability of worm pairs, as well as a remarkable reduction in cell proliferation activity and defects in reproductive maturation and fecundity. Transcriptomic analysis post–RNA interference suggested that Sj‐pp1c genes are involved in controlling worm development and maturation mainly by regulating cell proliferation, eggshell synthesis, nutritional metabolism, cytoskeleton organization, and neural process. Our study provides the first insight into the fundamental contribution of Sj‐PP1c to molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive biology of schistosomes.—Zhao, L., Lu, Z., He, X., Mughal, M. N., Fang, R., Zhou, Y., Zhao, J., Gasser, R. B., Grevelding, C. G., Ye, Q., Hu, M. Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) controls growth and reproduction in Schistosoma japonicum. FASEB J. 32, 6626–6642 (2018). www.fasebj.org
My Patient Died: A National Study of Nursing Students’ Perceptions After Experiencing a Patient Death
Authors: Heise Barbara A. , Wing Debra K. , Hullinger Amy H. R.
Published: June 2018

AIM

The purpose of this study was to examine, on a national level, nursing students’ perceptions after experiencing a patient death.

BACKGROUND

Death is a highly stressful experience for nursing students. Debriefing, which routinely occurs with a patient’s demise in the simulation setting, typically does not happen in actual death situations.

METHOD

A mixed-methods design using quantitative and qualitative questions as part of an anonymous survey was sent to the membership of the National Student Nurses’ Association. Of approximately 55,000 members, 2,480 responded to the survey.

RESULTS

Experiencing a patient death as a student occurred for 41 percent of participants in the nationally representative sample. Of those who experienced a patient death, 64 percent did not receive any debriefing.

CONCLUSION

Most nursing students did not feel prepared to care for a dying patient and the patient’s family. Students need and want more education on end-of-life nursing care.
Interaction between foods and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and exercise in the induction of anaphylaxis
Authors: Bartra Joan , Araujo Giovanna , Muñoz-Cano Rosa
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

To assess the studies that focus on the study of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) and food-dependent NSAID-induced anaphylaxis (FDNIA).

Recent findings

Cofactors, as exercise and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are relevant in up to 30% of episodes of anaphylaxis. Gliadin and lipid transfer proteins are the main allergens involved. The attempts to reproduce FDEIA and FDNIA in a controlled setting have an important failure rate. The cyclooxigenase (COX) pathway could play an important role in the underlying mechanisms: NSAIDs and exercise increase the permeability of the intestinal barrier. This effect is stronger with NSAID that inhibit both isoforms than with preferential COX-2 inhibitor. Basophils obtained from FDNIA patients, showed an increase of its activation with the food allergen with lysine–aspirin compared with the food allergen alone. This potentiating effect was not observed when basophils were stimulated with the food allergen with selective COX-2 inhibitor. Other mechanisms including transient receptor potential superamily, reactive oxygen species, altered B-cell pathway and increased neutrophil activation markers have been speculated.

The frequent implication of cofactors, as exercise and NSAID, in food-induced anaphylaxis highlights the importance of recognizing and including them into diagnostic workup. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms would help in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Association With Subsequent Risky and Problem Drinking Initiation
Authors: Bensley Kara M. , Seelig Amber D. , Armenta Richard F. , Rivera Anna C. , Peterson Arthur V. , Jacobson Isabel G. , Littman Alyson J. , Maynard Charles , Bricker Jonathan B. , Boyko Edward J. , Rull Rudolph P. , Williams Emily C.
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and unhealthy alcohol use are commonly associated conditions. It is unknown whether specific symptoms of PTSD are associated with subsequent initiation of unhealthy alcohol use.

Methods:

Data from the first 3 enrollment panels (n = 151,567) of the longitudinal Millennium Cohort Study of military personnel were analyzed (2001–2012). Complementary log-log models were fit to estimate whether specific PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters were associated with subsequent initiation of 2 domains of unhealthy alcohol use: risky and problem drinking (experience of 1 or more alcohol-related consequences). Models were adjusted for other PTSD symptoms and demographic, service, and health-related characteristics.

Results:

Eligible study populations included those without risky (n = 31,026) and problem drinking (n = 67,087) at baseline. In adjusted analyses, only 1 PTSD symptom—irritability/anger—was associated with subsequent increased initiation of risky drinking (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.09) at least 3 years later. Two symptom clusters (dysphoric arousal [RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11–1.23] and emotional numbing [RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.22–1.40]) and 5 symptoms (restricted affect [RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.08–1.19], sense of foreshortened future [RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06–1.18], exaggerated startle response [RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13], sleep disturbance [RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07–1.15], and irritability/anger [RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07–1.17]) were associated with subsequent initiation of problem drinking.

Conclusions:

Findings suggest that specific PTSD symptoms and symptom clusters are associated with subsequent initiation of unhealthy alcohol use.