bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Genital System
Authors: Burke Leah W
Published: November 2023

The genetic sex of an individual is determined at fertilization. However, the development of the reproductive tract and its identity as male or female continues throughout gestation, and indeed through prepubertal, life. The reproductive tract includes the gonads, the ductal structures, and the external genitalia. The primordial cells of the ducts and gonads have their origin in the tissues of the intermediate mesoderm that forms during gastru- lation. Several homeobox-containing gene transcription factors (Lim1, Lhx9, and Emx2) are expressed during gastrulation in the visceral and lateral folds that form the intermediate mesoderm. Following the development of the urogenital ridge, gonaddetermining genes act to differentiate the bipotential cells into the gonads and ducts of the reproductive tract.
“Japanese Female Speech” and Language Policy in the World War II Era
Authors: Washi Rumi
Published: November 2023

Language evolves naturally over the course of human communication. However, certain aspects of language are molded artificially. France and Germany provide classic examples of the artificial modification of language: each, in the course of building a nation-state, established its own national tongue purified through the elimination of dialectal elements and foreign loanwords. A similar process began in Japan at the end of the nineteenth century, when developments in Germany and the rest of Europe were followed with interest. The state, specifically the Ministry of Education, launched a series of surveys to lay the groundwork for the establishment of a standardized national language.
The Archeological Contexts of the Human Remains
Authors: Svoboda Jiří A
Published: November 2023

Since 1924 there has been a series of excavations of the complex of Gravettian sites located along the northern slopes of the Pavlovské Hills, above the Dyje River floodplain (Figures 3.1 and 3.2). The chronological course of the excavation process, be it prospective, systematic, or salvage fieldwork, is summarized in Table 3.1. Based on the sizes of these sites and their relative archeological complexities, there is a visible hierarchy.
Emerging Owners, Eclipsing Markets?: Corporate Governance in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Berglöf Erik , Pajuste Anete
Published: November 2023

The countries in central and eastern Europe have pursued remarkably different policies and followed strikingly different trajectories. Despite these differences, the structures of their financial systems are rapidly converging. The contours of post-socialist capitalism are emerging, and the specific challenges of corporate governance are becoming clearer. The purpose of this chapter is to characterize the main features of the corporate governance challenge facing the countries of central and eastern Europe, and to suggest the thrust of policy intervention.
Of Legal Transplants, Legal Irritants, and Economic Development
Authors: Pistor Katharina , Berkowitz Daniel
Published: November 2023

The collapse of the socialist system has given way to unprecedented economic and legal reforms in the former socialist countries. Over the past decade they have enacted new legislation in all areas of the law, drawing heavily on legal models from developed market economies, including common law and civil law countries. While the transplanted laws now on the books is largely consistent with Western practice, the enforcement of these new laws is often ineffective (Berkowitz, Pistor, and Richard, 2003).
Redefining the Role and Content of Corporate Governance from the Perspective of Business in Society and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Berghe Lutgart van den , Carchon Steven
Published: November 2023

The agenda of corporate governance has changed drastically in the last few years. If the 1990s was the decade of the shareholder, the first decade of the 21st century will broaden the claims on corporate governance to include other stakeholders. Faced with increasing pressure for corporate social responsibility and a broader role for business in society, it is no longer sufficient for a “responsible” firm to live by the law and focus on financial profit to create value for shareholders. At the same time, however, traditional approaches to corporate governance as well as traditional management tools and accounting principles do not allow for efficient and effective management of corporate social responsibility. This is the central thesis of the present chapter.
Trust and Honesty
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

America’s culture is moving in a new and dangerous direction, as it becomes more accepting and tolerant of dishonesty and financial abuse. Tamar Frankel argues that this phenomenon is not new; in fact it has a specific traceable past. During the past thirty years temptations and opportunities to defraud have risen; legal, moral and theoretical barriers to abuse of trust have fallen. She goes on to suggest that fraud and the abuse of trust could have a widespread impact on American economy and prosperity, and argues that the way to counter this disturbing trend is to reverse the culture of business dishonesty. Finally, she presents the following thesis: If Americans have had enough of financial abuse, they can demand of their leaders, of themselves, and of each other more honesty and trust and less cynicism. Americans can reject the actions, attitudes, theories and assumptions that brought us the corporate scandals of the 1990s. Though American society can have “bad apples,” and its constituents hold differing opinions about the precise meaning of trust and truth, it can remain honest, as long as it aspires to honesty.
The Promise and Limits of the International Law of Torture
Authors: Hathaway Oona A
Published: November 2023

The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is regularly celebrated as one of the most successful international human rights treaties. Its adoption by the United Nations in 1984 culminated an effort to outlaw torture that began in the aftermath of atrocities of World War II. Nations that ratified the Convention consented not to intentionally inflict “severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental,” on any person to obtain information or a confession, to punish that person, or to intimidate or coerce him or a third person. Today, with a membership of over 130 countries, the Convention stands as a symbol of the triumph of international order over disorder, of human rights over sovereign privilege.
Strategies of Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

When Strategies of Containment was first published, the Soviet Union was still a superpower, Ronald Reagan was president of the United States, and the Berlin Wall was still standing. This updated edition of Gaddis' classic carries the history of containment through the end of the Cold War. Beginning with Franklin D. Roosevelt's postwar plans, Gaddis provides a thorough critical analysis of George F. Kennan's original strategy of containment, NSC-68, The Eisenhower-Dulles "New Look," the Kennedy-Johnson "flexible response" strategy, the Nixon-Kissinger strategy of d'etente, and now a comprehensive assessment of how Reagan-- and Gorbachev-- completed the process of containment, thereby bringing the Cold War to an end. He concludes, provocatively, that Reagan more effectively than any other Cold War president drew upon the strengths of both approaches while avoiding their weaknesses. A must-read for anyone interested in Cold War history, grand strategy, and the origins of the post-Cold War world.
Cancer Biology
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W
Published: November 2023

A thorough yet concise account of cancer biology, this book emphasises the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation of normal into malignant cells, the invasiveness of cancer cells into host tissues, and the metastatic spread of cancer cells in the host organism. It also defines the fundamental pathophysiological changes that occur in tumour tissue and in the host animal or patient. The approach throughout the book is to discuss the historical development of a field, citing the key experimental advances to the present day, and to evaluate the current evidence that best supports or rules out concepts of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating cancer cell behaviour. For all the areas of fundamental cancer research, an effort has been made to relate basic research findings to the clinical disease states. The book is well illustrated with schematic diagrams and actual research data to demonstrate points made in the text, and there is an extensive, up-to-date bibliography.
Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W
Published: November 2023

As more is learned about the genotypic, phenotypic, and metabolomic differences between cancer tissue and non-cancer tissue and about the differences between indolent and aggressive tumors, there will be an increased medical need and patient demand for such discriminatory tests. In addition, individual patient variation in response to therapeutic agents will determine which drugs and other treatments they are given. Increasing knowledge of the hereditary background of individuals and the gene alterations that determine susceptibility to getting cancer will also drive this field of research and clinical care. Moreover, identification of biomarkers that lead to early detection of malignant changes in tissues will facilitate new strategies for earlier treatment and perhaps even for prevention of early malignant changes before they progress to full-blown invasive cancer. New drug targets will emerge from the increased learning about biomarkers that reflect the molecular biology of cancer.
Bonds and Government Debt in Italian City-States, 1250-1650
Authors: Pezzolo Luciano
Published: November 2023

On March 12, 1262, Venice was involved in a difficult war against her major rivals in the Mediterranean Sea, the Byzantine emperor Michael Palaeologus and his Genoese allies. The previous year the Venetians had lost important bases in Greece, and the new naval campaign, which would prove victorious, was being carried out resolutely. The military pressure, on the one hand, and the urgent need to create order in public finance, on the other, led the Great Council-the most important organism of the Venetian government-to issue a decree that has come to be regarded as a financial innovation. The decree permitted the government to spend for its ordinary needs up to 3,000 lire (ad grossos) a month; spending be yond that had to be used to pay 5 percent interest to those from whom the government had borrowed money. The interest had to be paid twice a year, and once paid, if additional money was available it would be used first to finance the current war and wars to come and second to pay off the loans. No one was allowed to revoke this statute.
John Law:Innovating Theorist and Policymaker
Authors: Murphy Antoin E
Published: November 2023

The last decade of the seventeenth century and the first two decades of the eighteenth century was a period of profound financial innovation.

was an era that created lasting institutions such as the Bank of England and some of Britain’s major insurance companies, but it was also a time that would be long re membered due to the rise and collapse of the Mississippi Company in Paris and the South Sea Bubble in London. A great part of this financial innovation was due to someone who had been sentenced to death in the year of the creation of the Bank of England-1694-but who had become the equivalent of the prime minister of France (Controlleur General des Finances) in 1720. Furthermore, the person in question was not French but Scottish. Enter John Law, the man most Europeans would have liked to meet in early 1720. By the end of that year Law had to move quickly out of France and became the subject of vicious caricatures and lampoons by European engravers and writers. Sic transit gloria mundi.
The First “Eurobonds”:The Rothschilds and the Financing of the Holy Alliance, 1818-1822
Authors: Ferguson Niall
Published: November 2023

The term “eurobond” entered financial parlance in the 1960s to describe the dollar-denominated bearer bonds that came to be not just traded but also issued in European financial markets, principally London. Siegmund Warburg is usually credited with the creation of this new market, which flourished during the 1960s and 1970s as restrictions on bond issuance by foreign corporations in New York were tightened. How ever, the idea of issuing bonds for a government or company in a market and a currency other than the issuing entity’s dates back much further than 1963, the year of the first eurobond issue arranged by Warburg for the Italian highway authority Autostrade. Consider one typical modern definition of a eurobond: “The bonds may or may not be denominated in the currency of the issuer’s domestic jurisdiction and the bonds are sold to investors located in different countries rather than to investors in the place ofissue.” In fact, that definition could perfectly well be applied to two major bond issues that took place nearly a century and a half before the Autostrade loan. Indeed, it is not far-fetched to describe the loans issued by the Rothschild brothers for Prussia and Russia in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars as the first true eurobonds.
Fifty Neurologic Cases From Mayo Clinic
Authors: Noseworthy John H
Published: November 2023

This informative and entertaining compilation of 50 short neurological cases demonstrates important principles in clinical localization and differential diagnosis. Each case presents the key elements without revealing the diagnosis at first. A vivid clinical scenario provides enough information for the student to localize the site of the lesion and for the experienced neurological physician to reach a differential diagnosis. Each case description is followed by one or two illustrations, the diagnosis, and then a commentary by a Mayo Clinic consultant. The commentary highlights the issues in the differential diagnosis and provides an update on what is currently known about the specific diagnostic entity. The book will be of interest to physicians and surgeons caring for neurological patients at each stage of their career. It will be of particular help to medical students and to residents and fellows in neurology and neurosurgery. Internists, pediatricians, geriatricians, and psychiatrists will also find it useful.
Inside Putin’s Russia
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

Written by Andrew Jack, the Moscow Bureau Chief of the Financial Times, here is a revealing look at the meteoric rise of Vladimir Putin and his first term as president of Russia. Drawing on interviews with Putin himself, and with a number of the country’s leading figures, as well as many ordinary Russians, Jack describes how the former KGB official emerged from the shadows of the Soviet secret police and lowly government jobs to become the most powerful man in Russia. The author shows how Putin has defied domestic and foreign expectations, presiding over a period of strong economic growth, significant restructuring, and rising international prestige. Yet Putin himself remains a man of mystery and contradictions. Personally, he is the opposite of Boris Yeltsin. A former judo champion, he is abstemious, healthy, and energetic, but also evasive, secretive, and cautious. Politically, he has pursued a predominantly pro-western foreign policy and liberal economic reforms, but has pursued a hardline war in Chechnya and introduced tighter controls over parliament and the media and his opponents, moves which are reminiscent of the Soviet era. Through it all, Putin has united Russian society and maintained extraordinarily high popularity. Jack concludes that Putin’s “liberal authoritarianism” may be unpalatable to the West, but is probably the best that Russia can do at this point in her history. Inside Putin’s Russia digs behind the rumors and speculation, illuminating Putin’s character and the changing nature of the Russia he rules. Andrew Jack sheds light on Putin’s thinking, style and effectiveness as president. With Putin’s second term just beginning, this invaluable book offers important insights for anyone interested in the past, present, and future of Russia.
Chamber Specification and Ventricular Septation
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy
Published: November 2023

As discussed in the previous chapter, the craniocaudal, right– left, and dorsoventral axes are all established for the body during gastrulation. However, except for the craniocaudal axis, the other axes are reinterpreted in the semiautonomous heart tube as it forms and the new axes are the ones that are important in looping, chamber specification, and septation. Based on axial information, many cardiac genes are broadly induced in the cardiogenic fields and early heart tube, and then become restricted to the atria or ventricles as development proceeds based on axis information contained within the heart tube. Chamber specification occurs through distinct transcriptional programs, which govern myocardial identity at various stages of specialization in the forming heart. These transcriptional programs are established based on the craniocaudal and dorsoventral polarity of the heart tube. An understanding of the morphological development of chambers and septation is a first step to appreciate the molecular intricacies of chamber specification and septation.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Scandinavia: A Turn Toward the Business Case?
Authors: Morsing Mette , Midttun Atle , Palmås Karl
Published: November 2023

Scandinavian companies have a long history of integrating issues of ethics and social responsibility into corporate strategies, and today these issues seem to appear with a renewed urgency in the wake of globalization. While Scandinavian companies since the 1980s have been exposed to strong environmental regulation and so have integrated environmental concerns into their business strategies for a number of years, many Scandinavian managers also claim that ethics and social responsibilities always have been an inherent way of doing business.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Relations
Authors: Sriramesh Krishnamurthy , Ng Chew Wee , Ting Soh Ting , Wanyin Luo
Published: November 2023

Long recognized as one of the “Asian Tigers,” Singapore (whose name means Lion City and thus the city’s Merlion mascot) is one of the leading economic centers in Asia. After becoming a Republic in 1965, the island-state developed rapidly within two generations and currently has the third highest per capita gross domestic product (after Japan and Hong Kong) in Asia.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Mexico
Authors: Chavarría Mariela Pérez
Published: November 2023

Over the past few years, the topic of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has captured a great deal of interest, but its development and dissemination have varied from one country to another, taking on the cultural nuances typical of each nation or region. Research on these nuances would still appear to be exiguous, although some studies exist along these lines, such as that of Juholin (2003) in Finland and those of Sanborn (2004), Agüero (2002), and Sánchez (2000) in Latin America, among others, in which the main focus has been to identify the national characteristics presented by CSR.
Legal Versus Ethical Arguments: Contexts for Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Seeger Matthew W , Hipfel Steven J
Published: November 2023

On December 3, 1984, the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, experienced a major crisis, resulting in the leak of 45 tons of methylisocyanate, a toxic chemical used to produce insecticide.
Corporate and Institutional Responses to the Challenge of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Samkin Grant , Lawrence Stewart
Published: November 2023

Threats to global sustainability are increasingly evident. A glaring example today, in South Africa and much of the developing world, is that of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Business, Society, and Impacts on Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Breen Marcus
Published: November 2023

Businesses that continue the historical goal of creating capital affect the global ecosystem. These businesses produce modes of globalization that enhance profits while having a direct impact on indigenous people who live as trustees of continents, islands, and archipelagos. They are the human embodiment of ecosystems. But they are not passive subjects of globalization.
The Case of the Subaltern Public
Authors: Munshi Debashish , Kurian Priya
Published: November 2023

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been, for the most part, a catch-all term that businesses use to trumpet concepts as wide ranging as ethical governance, sustainable development, environmental sensitivities, and profit generation with a conscience. Yet, the theory and practice of the term fall far short of its professed goals of equity and justice because of its glaring omissions: “corporate” overlooks the many proxies of corporations, including states and financial institutions; “social” ignores the political, including issues of gender and diversity; and “responsibility” glosses over accountability.
The Regulatory And Administrative State
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

The casebook introduces students to the reasons for regulation, the ways in which regulation can go awry, the choice of legal institutions, the choice of regulatory instruments, and the art of statutory interpretation. The book uses several substantive subject areas as recurring themes, all involving the regulation of risk. The primary market for this casebook are law students taking a course on the Regulatory State; a secondary market may be found in schools of public policy.
What Are Angel Groups?
Authors: Shane Scott A
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines a recent development in angel investing: the emergence of organized angel groups (efforts that combine the start-up investment activities of multiple accredited investors in a coordinated way). The oldest of these angel groups is believed to be the Band of Angels in Silicon Valley, which began in 1994 with twelve members and, in 2006, had 105 members and $7.2 million invested in twelve companies. The newness of angel groups means that they are essentially unexplored in other books on angel investing, even though they are a unique form of investing in private companies. As this chapter will show, angel groups are very different from individual angels. All members of angel groups are accredited investors, making group members wealthier than the unaccredited investors who make up 79 percent of all business angels. Moreover, angels in groups differ from individual angels on a variety of dimensions, including their demographics, the amounts of money they provide, the industries they favor, their preference for debt and equity instruments, the terms of their contracts, their tendency to get follow-on investment from venture capitalists, their expected and actual rates of return, and so on. In fact, angel groups may be more like venture capital ﬁrms than like individual angels. These differences make angel groups important for entrepreneurs, angels, and policy makers to understand.
War, Commerce, and International Law
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: November 2023

Recent wars and conflicts, the ‘blood diamond’ wars in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as asset freezing and blocking in the so called war against terrorism have more than ever before raised questions about the status of private property and contract rights after the outbreak of war. Do invading and occupying powers have the right to destroy and confiscate private property and ignore contract rights? Are residents of a war-torn countries and foreign investors alike protected by international laws that uphold commercial freedom? Who, and on what legal authority, decides cases over contested resources during or after war? As globalization and armed conflicts continue to grow and co-exist, these questions are increasingly in the international spotlight. War, Commerce, and International Law authoritatively explores these questions in the context of the relationship between war and commerce, on one hand, and international law, on the other. This book also places these questions in a historical context. Professor Gathii argues that there are continuities and discontinuities in the ways in which these rules were applied in colonial acquisitions of territory and in the protection of the rights of bond holders in the period before the twentieth century, and the manner in which private property and contract rights are being treated under occupation and during wartime in the contemporary period. This book also offers an original and authoritative framework for appreciating relations between powerful and less powerful States and entities and between public and private power, as well as between peoples from vastly different cultural and racial backgrounds, in the context of war and commerce. It presents authoritative comparisons and contrasts between the protection of rights of foreign and domestic investors under international law in the context of war. In so doing, it debunks the story that commerce has prevailed over wartime deprivations and destructions of private property and contract rights. It shows how wartime effects on private property are a constitutive component of war rather than an aberration of it. Professor Gathii demonstrates that while international legal prohibitions against destruction and confiscation of private property during wartime are important, they have often been disregarded or sacrificed at the alter of claims of liberty and freedom historically as well as in the contemporary period. Most importantly, War, Commerce, and International Law shows that although the doctrines and rules of international law relating to war and commerce guarantee fairness between all states, their application, interpretation, and adjudication in a variety of contexts nevertheless simultaneously carry forward within them the legacy of imperialism and colonial conquest. However, while international law carries within it this legacy, its guarantees of the equality of all states and of the human rights of all individuals, continue to offer hope for poor and weak states and individuals everywhere.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Due to the potential for teratogenesis and other impairments, the risks and beneﬁts of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy should be weighed carefully in pregnant women or in women of childbearing potential. Pregnancy should be planned in a patient receiving AEDs, so that appropriate measures can be taken in advance. The question should be raised whether anticonvulsant medication is still required, which drug is needed, and what dose should be prescribed. Consideration must be given both to maintaining seizure control and minimizing fetal risk.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Lactating Women
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Breastfeeding is generally encouraged for a variety of health and psychological reasons. However, the breast milk of women who take antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) contains these drugs, which are delivered to the baby with each feeding. The obvious consequences of AED ingestion in infants include drowsiness and other adverse effects of AEDs. However, some effects may not be readily apparent. There is evidence in animals that brain development is adversely affected in newborn animals subjected to AED treatment after birth. Phenytoin and valproate may cause reduced brain weight and reduced incorporation of amino acids in myelin and nuclear proteins (Patsalos and Wiggins, 1982). Phenytoin may affect the posttranslational phosphorylation of actin and other cytoskeletal proteins, thereby altering dendritic patterns (Ruiz et al., 1987).
Antiepileptic Drugs in the Elderly
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

While similar principles of drug selection apply to elderly individuals and to younger patients, certain factors carry greater weight in the elderly. Selection of the appropriate therapy should be guided by the recognition that older patients often have comorbidity including neurological disease, receive multiple medications that can affect and be affected by AEDs, and have age-related changes in physiology (e.g., decreased gastrointestinal absorption and renal function). Moreover, elderly individuals may be more sensitive to the adverse effects of AEDs (Perucca et al., 2006; Perucca, 2007). In this age group, monotherapy with an AED is desirable, and lifelong therapy may be required.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Several reports have already shown that chronic treatment with some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) inﬂuences serum lipid proﬁle. There have been reports of high total cholesterol concentrations in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenytoin, or phenobarbital, high levels of HDL cholesterol in normal subjects receiving phenobarbital and in patients treated with carbamazepine or phenytoin, and high levels of LDL cholesterol in patients treated with carbamazepine and phenobarbital as well as high triglyceride levels in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin. Inﬂuence of valproic acid on serum lipid proﬁles is controversial (Nikolaos et al., 2004; Sommez et al., 2006).
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Stroke and cerebrovascular lesions are the main cause of epilepsy in the elderly. The risk for development of epilepsy is 17-fold higher after stroke than in the age-matched general population; it is estimated that 10–15% of stroke patients develop epilepsy (Ferro and Pinto, 2004). Seizures can be a presenting feature of acute stroke or may be a late complication. Many similarities exist between cerebral ischemia and epilepsy regarding brain damage and autoprotective mechanisms that are activated following the injurious insult. Therefore, drugs that are effective in minimizing seizureinduced brain damage may also be useful in minimizing ischemic injury.
Antiepileptic Drugs and Cognition
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Treating a patient with epilepsy involves more than just treating seizures. Many patients have associated learning and behavioral disorders, leading to signiﬁcant difﬁculties at school or work. Educational underachievement is considered to be the greatest academic complication in a child with epilepsy. Children with epilepsy, even those with normal intelligence, often experience educational difficulties more often than unaffected children. These educational problems tend to persist into adulthood and can manifest as underemployment (Vinayan, 2006).
Antiepileptic Drugs and Skin Photosensitivity
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Photosensitivity describes either a phototoxic response or a less frequent photoallergic reaction. A phototoxic reaction is immediate and resembles exaggerated sunburn. In comparison, a photoallergic reaction has an immunological basis and requires previous exposure to the photosensitizing agent. Patients who experience photoallergic responses typically present 1−14 days after exposure to sunlight with a papulovesicular eruption, pruritus, and eczematous dermatitis (Dubakiene and Kupriene, 2006). Photosensitivity reactions are not predictable and can occur at any age. Many medications, including antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are associated with photosensitivity reactions (Moore, 2002; Dubakiene and Kupriene, 2006; Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2007).
Antiepileptic Drugs and Weight Change
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Many patients experience weight change after starting an antiepileptic drug (AED). Some AEDs are associated with weight loss, some with weight gain, and others have no effect. Depending on comorbid conditions, chieﬂy obesity, diabetes, and, at times, poor appetite, one might consider choosing an AED that may inﬂuence weight in a positive way. For example, an obese patient, particularly one who is diabetic, might secondarily beneﬁt by taking an AED that causes weight loss. A patient with poor appetite who is underweight might proﬁt by taking an AED that causes weight gain.
The Bramble Bush
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N
Published: November 2023

For over 70 years, prospective and enrolled law students have been assigned to read a text that prepares them what they are about to encounter. That text is Bramble Bush. This classic answers questions that all students have when starting law school, and virtually takes them inside the classroom like no other text. Karl N. Llewellyn offers understanding on the context of law, techniques on how to study the law without losing heart, and how to engage in the material within the classroom. The Bramble Bush is required reading at many top tier law schools and is recommended by many Law School Deans for the insight it provides to new students. An outgrowth of Professor Llewellyn’s introductory lectures at Columbia University School of Law, Bramble Bush continues to be the best introduction to the study of law for both potential and enrolled law students. This edition includes an introduction by its editor Steve Sheppard, the William H. Enfield Professor of Law at University of Arkansas’s School of Law. He is a faculty adviser to the International Law Society, the Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, the Environmental Law Society, and the H.L.A. Hart Society. His service includes enlistment and commission in the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve and membership in the Iraq Advisory Group of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, in 2005.
The Retreat Of Neo-Liberalism In Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Sornarajah M
Published: November 2023

Evidencing the success of neo-liberal policies in the last decade of the twentieth century is the rise of investment treaties providing secure standards of treatment and guarantees against expropriation to foreign investors in the hope that there would be greater flows of foreign investment into developing countries as a result of such protection.
State, Market, Philanthropy, And Self-Help As Legal Services Delivery Mechanisms
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

Bill Clinton is famous (or notorious) for promising to end welfare as we know it. Whether or not he succeeded, the boast expressed a tectonic shift in attitudes toward the state, possibly comparable to earlier “great transformations,” to use Polanyi’s phrase (1944). In societies with little or no division of labor, people produce most of the goods and services they consume (and barter for the rest). The market transforms this arrangement, enormously increasing the variety and quality of what can be enjoyed. Prior to the twentieth century, the primary method for redistributing goods and services to those who could not buy them was philanthropy: soup kitchens, poor houses, charity hospitals, foundling homes. The Great Depression and World War II changed all that. The British welfare state marginalized charity, assuming the obligation to end poverty or at least ameliorate its most conspicuous hardships. In the United States two decades later, Medicare and Medicaid severely undermined doctors’ feeling of responsibility to treat patients unable to pay. Governments that had begun to offer free primary and secondary education in the nineteenth century extended this to the university and added food, housing, transportation, communication, culture and recreation, unemployment compensation, health care, child care, and pensions. Almost simultaneously, however, this provoked a conservative backlash, driven in part by the fiscal crisis of the state, compounded by a taxpayer revolt. The only thing unusual about Clinton’s proposal was that he was a Democrat rather than a Republican. But his program differed little from Tony Blair’s “New” Labor or its contemporary socialist and social democratic counter-parts throughout continental Europe. The hegemony of the state—which seemed inevitable after World War II—may turn out to be little more than a brief interlude between the dominance of market and philanthropy before World War II and again today.
A Better Pencil
Authors: Baron Dennis
Published: November 2023

A Better Pencil examines the digital revolution in light of the history of writing technology. Baron looks at how we love, fear, actually use our writing machines-not just computers but typewriters, pencils, and clay tablets-how we deploy them to replicate the old ways of doing things while actively generating new modes of mass expression; how we learn to trust new technology and the new and strange sorts of texts that it produces; hwo we expand the notion of who can write and who can't; and how we free our readers and writers while at the same time trying to regulate their activities.
Childbirth
Authors: Loudon Irvine
Published: November 2023

To a historian of childbirth, the illustration of the grandmother, mother, and newborn baby of a sharecropper’s family in the Mississippi Delta in 1937 raises a series of questions. Where was the baby delivered? Who was the birth atten dant? What kind of maternal care was available to such a family and how did it compare with maternal care in other parts of the world and other periods? From what is known of the history of childbirth in the USA, the baby was prob ably delivered at home, either by a midwife or general practitioner, or possibly a neighbour, and the risk of such a mother dying in childbirth was about twice as high in Mississippi as it was in New England, and about three times as high as it was in Scandinavia in the 1930s. This illustration serves as an introduction to this chapter, which will be concerned as much with systems of maternal care in various countries as the traditional landmarks and great names in the history of obstetrics.
The Spread of Western Medicine
Authors: Worboys Michael
Published: November 2023

A world survey of medical ideas and practices in AD 1000 would have found three ‘great systems’-the Chinese, Indian, and Western, though the latter would have been more appropriately termed ‘Mediterranean’, as it was based largely on Greek, Roman, and Islamic ideas. Alongside these systems was a myriad of ‘little systems’ and folk beliefs, specific to local communities or regions. TI1e ‘great systems’ all worked with similar humoral models ofbodily function and were broadly equivalent in their therapeutic aims and efficacy. There had been contact between them, but each remained quite distinct, embedded in the religion, culture, and politics of its society. A similar survey undertaken today, as the next millennium closes, would find a single predom inant medical system-Western medicine. While having roots that are trace able to its forebear, modern Western medicine shows little or no resemblance to its earlier form. What is historically distinctive about the Western medical tradition has been the revolutionary changes that have taken place in its ideas and practices, especially since the eighteenth century. This is not to say that Chinese, Indian, and other systems have remained static, but that they evolved more slowly and have probably changed most in the last 100 years in response to the claims of modern Western medicine to be the world orthodoxy. These other systems persist today and some thrive, though now as ‘traditional’ and ‘alternative’ systems, or as lay beliefs.
The Introduction of Classical Physics in Greece: The Role of the Italian Universities and Publications*
Authors: Vlahakis George N
Published: November 2023

One of the interesting problems engaging the attention of the community of historians of science from an epistemological point of view is the study of the spread of scientific knowledge from an advanced metropolitan centre to regions characterized by a relatively lower cultural level. Although several theoretical schemes have been proposed for examining the channels for the dissemination of scientific knowledge, international bibliography is lacking in certain examples which, used as case studies, may be considered critical to the verification (or the falsification) of such theories. One of the questions which arises in this spread of scientific knowledge is the connection of scientific production in the advanced centres of Central Europe during the eighteenth century and its acceptance in the European periphery such as the Balkans, Iberia, and Scandinavia.
The Late Middle Ages 1250–1500
Authors: Mackay Angus
Published: November 2023

In addition to the documentation held in royal, seigneurial,ecclesiastical, and urban archives, the historian of Spain fromthe mid-thirteenth century down to the accession of theCatholic Kings, Ferdinand and Isabella, has at his disposalsplendid series of chronicles. The authors of almost all of these concentratedon the events of the royal courts and the deeds of the kings or theirenemies, either because their salaries were paid by the monarchy or becausethey attached themselves to particular political factions.
The Functions Of A European Security And Defence Identity And Its Institutional Form
Authors: Tams Carsten
Published: November 2023

The concept of a European security and defence identity (ESDI) reflects the belief of some European states that they must cooperate more closely in providing for their own defence and security. ESDI has been pursued in several ways.1 The creation of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) process and the revitalization of the West European Union (WEU) during the 1980s were first steps, followed by the creation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by EU member states in the Treaty on the European Union in 1991.2 The treaty links the EU and the WEU by stipulating that the EU can request the WEU ‘to elaborate and implement decisions and actions of the Union which have defense implications.
Spontaneous Institutions: Peacekeeping As An International Convention
Authors: Daase Christopher
Published: November 2023

Neo-liberal institutionalists have acknowledged this fact, conceding that international institutions may take the form not only of organizations and regimes but also of conventions, which are ‘informal institutions, with implicit rules and understandings, that shape the expectations of actors’.1 Yet despite this avowal and the pioneering work on conventions conducted in other disciplines,2 institutionalists in international relations have neglected patterned behaviour3 and have concentrated on more formal, negotiated institutions, leaving the analysis of conventions largely to con structivists and postmodernists.4 This self-restriction has deprived institu tionalists of the analytical means to explain phenomena that are not easily accounted for by the intentions of their creators or that do not fulfil the usual expectations of efficiency.
The Continental Commitment in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Rodger N A M
Published: November 2023

It would be possible to 611 a short article, perhaps entitled ‘Variations on an Eighteenth-Century Cliche’, solely with the views of statesmen, British and foreign, on the necessity of winning America in Germany, or Germany in America. Such a collection would serve at least to display the central debate of British grand strategy—the question of maritime versus continental warfare- as well as some of the most characteristic blind-spots of British politics. It would show how often the issue rose to the lips, if not always to the minds, of eighteenth-century British public men; and how difficult the Age of Reason found it to emancipate itself from the unthinking prejudices which foreign affairs never failed to arouse. It would also point to an obvious contrast between the hostility, so widely felt among those who had not held office, towards ‘this execrable, detestable, ruinous, ill advis’d, ill concerted, romantick, quixote, senceless, all consumeing land war’ (as Lord Tyrconnel described it in 1748), and the frequency with which successive British governments committed themselves to a land war.
‘Cornwallis Triumphant’: War in India and the British Public in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Marshall P J
Published: November 2023

In December 1789 Tipu Sultan, ruler of the powerful state of Mysore, began military operations against his much weaker neighbour, the Raja of Travancore. Travancore was formally an ally of the British East India Company, whose Governor-General, Earl Cornwallis, interpreted Tipu’s moves as a provocation which must be met by all-out war. Thus began the third Anglo-Mysore war. A very large British army was assembled under the Governor of Madras, General William Medows, to invade Mysore from the east, while the East India Company’s Bombay army attacked his western territory. The British also negotiated alliances with the Marathas and with the Nizam of Hyderabad. Their forces too were to invade Mysore. During the campaign season of 1 790 the attacking forces achieved few tangible successes, the main British army eventually withdrawing back towards Madras. For the next campaign Cornwallis himself took personal command of the ‘grand army’ that renewed the invasion. The army penetrated deeply into Mysore, driving Tipu’s forces back to his capital at Seringapatam, but Cornwallis's advance had outrun his capacity to keep his troops supplied, and in adverse weather conditions he felt that he had no alternative but to retreat from Seringapatam. The offensive was resumed in 1792 and a decisive battle was fought outside Tipu’s capital in February. British victory after a night attack compelled Tipu to sue for peace. Cornwallis insisted on large cessions of territory, both to the East India Company and to its allies, together with a substantial indemnity in cash. Two of Tipu’s sons were handed over as hostages while the terms of the treaty were being executed.
The Invention of Suicide
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R
Published: November 2023

Used more and more commonly, the non compos mentis verdict was the most important manifestation of the secularization of suicide. Whatever their private beliefs may have been, jurors acted on the medical interpretation of suicide and so sanctioned the popular rituals punishing the crime less and less often. This change in the responses of juries to suicide effectively transformed its meaning. Most such deaths were no longer treated as diabolical crimes that visited spiritual peril on the village community. The secularization of suicide at the level of the local community was prompted in part by resentment of the crown’s right to the goods of felons of themselves. But it was also a response to wider shifts in attitudes to self-destruction, and its relationship to these broader currents of thought is characteristic of other social and cultural changes that occurred in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England. Swiftly moving currents that originated among the ruling elite pulled it along, and an undertow of popular traditionalism held it back. Coroners’ juries were eventually caught up in the tide of scepticism about supernatural phenomena, but for almost a century, contrary to the charge of their critics, they lagged a little behind progressive opinion. It was not until the reign of George III that juries entirely abandoned the belief that self-murder was a diabolical crime.