bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
μ
-Fuzzy Filters in Distributive Lattices
Authors: Norahun Wondwosen Zemene
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we introduce the concept of

μ

-fuzzy filters in distributive lattices. We study the special class of fuzzy filters called

μ

-fuzzy filters, which is isomorphic to the set of all fuzzy ideals of the lattice of coannihilators. We observe that every

μ

-fuzzy filter is the intersection of all prime

μ

-fuzzy filters containing it. We also topologize the set of all prime

μ

-fuzzy filters of a distributive lattice. Properties of the space are also studied. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the class of

μ

-fuzzy filters and the lattice of all open sets in

X

μ

. It is proved that the space

X

μ

is a

T

0

space.
Lw-CNN-Based Myoelectric Signal Recognition and Real-Time Control of Robotic Arm for Upper-Limb Rehabilitation
Authors: Guo Benzhen , Ma Yanli , Yang Jingjing , Wang Zhihui , Zhang Xiao
Published: December 2020

Deep-learning models can realize the feature extraction and advanced abstraction of raw myoelectric signals without necessitating manual selection. Raw surface myoelectric signals are processed with a deep model in this study to investigate the feasibility of recognizing upper-limb motion intents and real-time control of auxiliary equipment for upper-limb rehabilitation training. Surface myoelectric signals are collected on six motions of eight subjects’ upper limbs. A light-weight convolutional neural network (Lw-CNN) and support vector machine (SVM) model are designed for myoelectric signal pattern recognition. The offline and online performance of the two models are then compared. The average accuracy is (90 ± 5)% for the Lw-CNN and (82.5 ± 3.5)% for the SVM in offline testing of all subjects, which prevails over (84 ± 6)% for the online Lw-CNN and (79 ± 4)% for SVM. The robotic arm control accuracy is (88.5 ± 5.5)%. Significance analysis shows no significant correlation (

p

 = 0.056) among real-time control, offline testing, and online testing. The Lw-CNN model performs well in the recognition of upper-limb motion intents and can realize real-time control of a commercial robotic arm.
Comparative Analysis of Clinical and Medication Information between Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Damp Heat Syndrome and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Liu Qiao-Hong , Zhang Bin-Bin , Xu Lin , Shen Xiao-Ping , Hai Ya-Mei , Hu Yi-Yang , Zhao Yu
Published: December 2020

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) based on the syndrome identification. Previous studies reported CHB patients with damp‐heat (DH) syndrome accompanied with a severe liver function damage, but lacked the medication analysis. In this study, we analyzed 999 CHB patients with unidentified individual‐level data from database to explore clinical features of two common syndromes of CHB patients based on the real world. Compared with the spleen deficiency (SD) syndrome, the CHB patients with DH syndrome had a significantly higher level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.05) but took more immunomodulators and hepatoprotective drugs (P < 0.1). Similarly, in the follow‐up of 207 patients after 3 months, the improvement trend of ALT and AST of patients with sustained SD syndrome was significantly better than those whose TCM syndrome changed from SD to DH (P < 0.05). The logistic model indicated DH syndrome was a significant negative factor for reducing ALT level in CHB patients (OR = 4.854, P = 0.032). This study suggests that CHB patients with DH syndrome have potentially more serious and sustained liver damage than the SD syndrome, which provides a reference for the personalized management of CHB patients from the perspective of TCM syndromes.
Wickerhamomyces anomalous: A Rare Cause of Fungemia Causing Febrile Neutropenia in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Mehta Vibha , Mohanty Aroop , Meena Suneeta , Rahul J. S. , Uttam Kumar Nath , Chattopadhyay Debranjani , Bakliwal Anamika , Choudhary Ranjana , Gupta Pratima
Published: December 2020

Candida bloodstream infection is the major cause of increased morbidity and mortality (20–49%) in hospitalized patients in both paediatric and adult age groups. Due to the increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, other important species such as Trichosporon asahii and Debaryomyces hansenii are emerging. One such organism, Wickerhamomyces anomalous, previously known as Pichia anomala (teleomorph stages of several Candida species), is increasingly being reported as a cause of fungemia in neonatal intensive care units and is now increasingly being reported in a lot of immunosuppressive conditions such as interstitial lung disease, endocarditis, enteritis, corticosteroids, and chemotherapy uptake. Though this yeast is ubiquitous in nature, systemic infections from isolated cases and sporadic outbreaks with high mortality have been reported in ICUs, which emphasize the importance to consider this fungus within the diagnostic possibilities. Here, we report a case of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) caused by W. anomalus in a leukemic immunosuppressed patient who was successfully treated by early detection and treatment of this emerging fungus.
Isolation and Identification of Chemical Constituents from Zhideke Granules by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Huang Guangqiang , Liang Jie , Chen Xiaosi , Lin Jing , Wei Jinyu , Huang Dongfang , Zhou Yushan , Sun Zhengyi , Zhao Lichun
Published: December 2020

Chemical constituents from Zhideke granules were rapidly isolated and identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) in positive and negative ion modes using both full scan and two-stage threshold-triggered mass modes. The secondary fragment ion information of the target compound was selected and compared with the compound reported in databases and related literatures to further confirm the possible compounds. A total of 47 chemical constituents were identified from the ethyl acetate extract of Zhideke granules, including 21 flavonoids and glycosides, 9 organic acids, 4 volatile components, 3 nitrogen-containing compounds, and 10 other compounds according to the fragmentation patterns, relevant literature, and MS data. The result provides a new method for the analysis of chemical constituents of Zhideke granules which laid the foundation for quality control and the study of pharmacodynamic materials of Zhideke granules.
Image Localized Style Transfer to Design Clothes Based on CNN and Interactive Segmentation
Authors: Wang Hanying , Xiong Haitao , Cai Yuanyuan
Published: December 2020

In recent years, image style transfer has been greatly improved by using deep learning technology. However, when directly applied to clothing style transfer, the current methods cannot allow the users to self-control the local transfer position of an image, such as separating specific T-shirt or trousers from a figure, and cannot achieve the perfect preservation of clothing shape. Therefore, this paper proposes an interactive image localized style transfer method especially for clothes. We introduce additional image called outline image, which is extracted from content image by interactive algorithm. The interaction consists simply of dragging a rectangle around the desired clothing. Then, we introduce an outline loss function based on distance transform of the outline image, which can achieve the perfect preservation of clothing shape. In order to smooth and denoise the boundary region, total variation regularization is employed. The proposed method constrains that the new style is generated only in the desired clothing part rather than the whole image including background. Therefore, in our new generated images, the original clothing shape can be reserved perfectly. Experiment results show impressive generated clothing images and demonstrate that this is a good approach to design clothes.
Fractura de cadera y artroplastia en adulta mayor centenaria. Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura.
Authors: Ayala Guilcapi Isabel , Tituaña Vega Kuripacha Alcamari , Tituaña Vega Allpa Pacari
Published: December 2020

La fractura de cadera es una patología cuya incidencia ha aumentado drásticamente en proporción al aumento de la población adulta mayor. En los últimos años, los longevos superan los 100 años y son ellos quienes mayoritariamente presentan esta urgencia traumatológica, que casi en la totalidad de los casos se presenta posterior a caídas de bajo impacto y requieren resolución quirúrgica.
A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina centenaria con fractura de cadera que fue sometida a manejo quirúrgico con posterior recuperación funcional parcial. Se resalta que la edad no es una contraindicación quirúrgica.
Tecnopolíticas em Lisboa: redes híbridas como base para a criação de um observatório BIP/ZIP
Authors: Farias Ana Carolina Carvalho , Paio Alexandra
Published: December 2020

A condição digital levanta novas oportunidades à participação cidadã nos processos de tomada de decisão e oferece novos meios de interação que potenciam a organização e ação política coletiva. No desenho de políticas públicas para as cidades, é o momento para inclusão e criação de novas formas de distribuição de poder entre pessoas e organizações envolvidas nos processos tecnopolíticos. O presente artigo descreve o levantamento e análise de dispositivos tecnopolíticos criados via bottom-up, no âmbito do programa Bairros e Zonas de Intervenção Prioritária (BIP/ZIP) do Município Lisboa. A metodologia adotada baseia-se na definição de um conjunto de critérios de leitura das ferramentas tecnopolíticas, dos atores envolvidos, dos meios utilizados e seus propósitos políticos. O estudo permite uma reflexão crítica sobre o papel da dimensão digital na articulação e expansão da participação nos territórios, entre entidades parceiras e comunidades. Os resultados sublinham a pertinência do desenho de um observatório capaz de monitorizar o impacto do programa BIP/ZIP na cidade de Lisboa.
Adição gradual da informação sobre um patrimônio arquitetônico: produção de modelos e de sentidos
Authors: Silva Adriane Borda Almeida da , Nunes Cristiane dos Santos , Goulart Stefani Curth , Silva Bethina Harter
Published: December 2020

Este estudo relata a estruturação de um método de representação utilizado em um contexto de investigação em arquitetura, especificamente envolvendo a produção em um laboratório de fabricação digital. O método Adição Gradual da Informação - AGI, está dirigido à produção de modelos táteis para apoiar ações culturais inclusivas relativas a um conjunto arquitetônico de interesse histórico e patrimonial da cidade de Pelotas. A partir da teoria da escalada da abstração, de Vilém Flusser, este método é problematizado, observando-se a lógica de associar a variável dimensional das representações envolvidas com os níveis abstracionais exigidos para produzi-las e compreendê-las como meios de comunicação. A dinâmica de estruturação do método, apoiada em processos de co-design, entre universidade e sociedade, atribui sentidos ao uso dos modelos e ao potencial das tecnologias digitais empregadas, promovendo a continuidade na produção e ampliação das narrativas táteis sobre o patrimônio pelotense.
Algoritmo para análise evolutiva multiobjetivo em simulações termoenergéticas
Authors: Leitzke Rodrigo Karini , Cunha Eduardo Grala da , Maciel Thalita dos Santos , Dembinski Fernanda Maria Doors , Prestes Isabela Bulbolz
Published: December 2020

O alto consumo de energia elétrica e o baixo conforto térmico nas habitações de interesse social (HIS) no Sul do Brasil estão diretamente relacionados com o baixo investimento para definição de materiais que constituem as envoltórias. Através da simulação computacional é possível avaliar diferentes configurações de uma HIS utilizando soluções algorítmicas, como o caso das evolutivas multiobjetivas, que testam diferentes combinações com o propósito de melhorar o desempenho de duas ou mais condições objetivo. Tendo como objetivos a redução da intensidade do uso de energia elétrica e do desconforto térmico, neste trabalho são apresentados dois algoritmos evolutivos multiobjetivo para alterar os valores a serem atribuídos para a transmitância térmica das paredes externas, do piso e da cobertura, além da orientação solar e das absortâncias solares das paredes externas e da cobertura, com diferentes limites de valores pré-estabelecidos. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos na simulação de 10 gerações através do software EnergyPlus para cidade de Pelotas-RS para cada um dos algoritmos, observou-se que no melhor caso, um nível de conforto térmico para as horas ocupadas superior à 79% foi identificado, bem como uma intensidade de uso de energia elétrica (EUI) inferior à 32 kWh/(m².ano). Além desses resultados, a discussão apresenta alternativas para definir as estratégias de simulação termoenergética de grandes conjuntos de entrada.
Psicanálise e laço social
Authors: Sena Isael , Lajonquière Leandro de
Published: December 2020

--
"furor avaliativo" como sintoma social da educação brasileira?
Authors: Passone Eric Ferdinando Kanai
Published: December 2020

A partir da práxis de pesquisa no campo de estudos de Psicanálise e Educação, em que a negação da dimensão impossível do educar retorna como impotência de saber e fracasso, este artigo põe em suspeição o aparato de gestão e avaliação escolar, o qual fornece suporte ao que se considera uma verdadeira impostura político-pedagógica à moda brasileira: as avaliações educacionais estandardizadas associadas às metas de desempenho e aos dispositivos de responsabilização escolar. A reflexão acerca do “furor avaliativo” remete à denegação simbólica no campo sociopolítico como sintoma social implicado à educação brasileira. A despeito do que se possa pensar o imaginário pedagógico nacional, o “furor avaliativo” se inscreve no registro de uma fantasia de acesso a um gozo sem limites – na medida em que se avalia justamente o que não se ensina –, retrato dessa busca por um gozo desmedido relacionado à “fantasia de Brasil”.
impacto da escola na ideação suicida de adolescentes
Authors: Friedemann Adams , Narvaez Joana
Published: December 2020

Na escola, os adolescentes ampliam seu convício social e vivenciam importantes transformações psíquicas, tornando-a um ambiente propício ao surgimento de condutas psicopatológicas, como a ideação suicida. Por meio de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, buscamos compreender a percepção de adolescentes quanto à implicação do espaço escolar em sua ideação suicida. Aplicou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada com quatro adolescentes, estudantes de escolas públicas, a qual foi analisada mediante a estratégia clínico-interpretativa. Constatou-se que os participantes não consideram a escola um espaço amenizador de seu sofrimento psíquico. Considera-se importante a presença do psicólogo na escola para possibilitar a criação de novos destinos aos conflitos adolescentes.
Fenômenos primitivos no campo analítico
Authors: Sampaio Marisa , Camarotti Maria do Carmo
Published: December 2020

O artigo desenvolve reflexões sobre fenômenos primitivos experienciados no campo analítico, partindo de vinhetas clínicas e da observação de um bebê e seus pais. O que acontece no campo analítico é complexo, sobretudo nas terapias conjuntas pais-bebê, quando se trabalha simultaneamente com os mundos internos da mãe, do pai, do bebê e do analista. Como conceituar e fazer uso dos fenômenos primitivos advindos da interação intersubjetiva pais-bebê na clínica? Apresentam-se reflexões ancoradas em contribuições de Bion sobre a identificação projetiva e de outros autores sobre o enactment. Reconhecendo que as vivências corpóreas, primitivas são projetadas no contexto analítico, mesmo que não estruturadas como experiências simbólicas, defende-se que elas têm o potencial de auxiliar na construção do pensar da tríade pais-bebê-analista.
língua de sinais na relação transferencial e sua dupla posição em relação à lalangue
Authors: Vieira Camila Campos Curcino , Paravidini João Luiz Leitão
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho se originou no atendimento psicanalítico de crianças com surdez e seus familiares. Considerou-se, na singularidade do encontro entre o analista e o sujeito, a língua de sinais como nó inquietante ao redor da qual o Real da transferência era percebido em seus efeitos e a posição ocupada pela criança no discurso materno evidenciava-se. Os efeitos da língua de sinais transitavam entre o incômodo, com tentativas de impedir sua circulação no discurso, e o apaziguamento, em momentos em que trazia sentido e fazia movimentar a cadeia de significantes. Para além da especificidade dos conteúdos analisados, pretende-se expor considerações quanto à língua materna dos sujeitos com surdez, articulando-a com conceitos referentes à dinâmica pulsional dos objetos a - voz e olhar. Tais objetos se apresentaram de modo singular e suas particularidades estiveram relacionadas à língua materna e ao modo como ela se colocou para os sujeitos quando ocorreu o diagnóstico da surdez. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, foram utilizados trechos dos casos clínicos analisados a fim de contribuir para o desenvolvimento das proposições e articulações teóricas.
Melanie Klein e o processo de formação dos símbolos
Authors: Almeida Alexandre Patricio de
Published: December 2020

Este artigo apresenta as principais contribuições de Melanie Klein a respeito da compreensão do processo de formação dos símbolos no psiquismo. Para tanto, inicia-se a discussão pontuando alguns aspectos históricos da clínica e do pensamento kleiniano, ao destacar suas elaborações acerca do processo de aprendizagem e da análise do brincar. Descreve-se, brevemente, a noção de mundo interno e a importância das relações objetais primitivas. Em seguida, discute-se o caso Dick, um paciente supostamente autista atendido por Klein e que foi crucial para a autora repensar as suas práticas de análise e a própria origem da função simbólica. A fim de complementar a discussão, citamos as colaborações de Hanna Segal, psicanalista que estudou o tema com profundidade, tecendo acréscimos originais. Por fim, sugere-se uma possível reflexão sobre a atuação do analista frente à contextos desafiadores.
Treatment With Cardiovascular Medications: Prognosis in Patients With Myocardial Injury
Authors: Kadesjö Erik , Roos Andreas , Siddiqui Anwar J. , Sartipy Ulrik , Holzmann Martin J.
Published: December 2020

Background

There is no clinical guidance on treatment in patients with non‐ischemic myocardial injury and type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI).

Methods and Results

In a cohort of 22 589 patients in the emergency department at Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden during 2011 to 2014 we identified 3853 patients who were categorized into either type 1 myocardial infarction, T2MI, non‐ischemic acute and chronic myocardial injury. Data from all dispensed prescriptions within 180 days of the visit to the emergency department were obtained concerning β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, statins, and platelet inhibitors. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for all‐cause mortality in relationship to the number of medications (categorized into 0–1 [referent], 2–3 and 4 medications) in the groups of myocardial injury. In patients with T2MI, treatment with 2 to 3 and 4 medications was associated with a 50% and 56% lower mortality, respectively (adjusted HR [95% CI], 0.50 [0.25–1.01], and 0.43 [0.19–0.96]), while corresponding associations in patients with acute myocardial injury were 24% and 29%, respectively (adjusted HR [95% CI], 0.76 [0.59–0.99] and 0.71 [0.5–1.02]), and in patients with chronic myocardial injury 27% and 37%, respectively (adjusted HR [95% CI], 0.73 [0.58–0.92] and 0.63 [0.46–0.87]).

Conclusions

Patients with T2MI and non‐ischemic acute or chronic myocardial injury are infrequently prescribed common cardiovascular medications compared with patients with type 1 myocardial infarction. However, treatment with guideline recommended drugs in patients with T2MI and acute or chronic myocardial injury is associated with a lower risk of death after adjustment for confounders.
ABD VE ÇİN ARASINDAKİ TİCARET SAVAŞI: REKABET GÜCÜ VE REEL KUR AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: YURTTANÇIKMAZ Ziya Çağlar , EMSEN Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2020

Çin ile ABD arasında ortaya çıkan ticaret savaşı olgusu, tarihsel köken itibarıyla neo-merkantilizm olarak adlandırılmaktadır. ABD uyguladığı merkantilist politika uygulamaları ile ekonomisini koruma amacı gütmektedir. ABD’nin iddiası, Çin’in haksız rekabet unsurları ile dış ticarette aleyhte bir yapı ortaya çıkardığı yönündedir. Çin ise ABD’nin merdiveni itme güdüsü ile kendini korumaya çalıştığını vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmada ABD’nin argümanı olan kura dayalı rekabet olgusu ile Çin’in maliyete dayalı rekabet konusu ekonometrik analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre Çin’in ABD ile olan dış ticaretinde çeşitli mamul eşya (SITC-8) grubunda en yüksek rekabet gücüne sahiptir. Bunu sırasıyla, başlıca sınıflara ayrılan işlenmiş mallar (SITC-6), makine ve taşıt araçları (SITC-7) mal grupları takip etmektedir. Elde edilen bulgularda Çin’in sadece döviz kuruna dayalı bir rekabet gücü olmadığı; sermaye birikimi ve rekabet gücündeki iyileşmelerin ihracatını artırmada önemli rol oynadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
XIX. YÜZYILDA DİCLE-FIRAT ÜZERİNDE SİYASET: OSMANLI-İNGİLTERE NÜFUZ MÜCADELESİ
Authors: YILDIRIM Yrd. Doç. Dr. Zafer
Published: December 2020

XIX. yüzyılda İngiltere, sömürgelerinin incisi olarak gördüğü Hindistan güzergahında bulunan hammadde ve pazar açısından zengin İran ve Osmanlıyı kendi perisferinde tutmaya gayret etmiştir. Osmanlı ise bu dönemde uzaktaki düşman İngiltere’yi yakındaki düşman Rusya’ya karşı kullanmaya gayret etmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde İngiltere, Hindistan’a ulaşım konusunda Fırat–Basra güzergahını kullanmayı talep etmiştir. Osmanlı, İngiltere’nin ittifakına duyulan ihtiyaç kadar bölgeyi dünyaya açma arzusu nedeniyle bu talebi reddedememiştir. Ancak bölgedeki İngiliz etkisini kırabilmek için kendisi de nehir taşımacılığına başlamıştır. Lynch şirketi etrafında, iki ülke arasında gelişen nehir taşımacılığındaki mücadele esasında Osmanlı-İngiltere arasında yaşanan hükümranlık ve nüfuz mücadelesinin görünen yüzünü teşkil etmiştir. Bu çalışma da Batının ve İngiltere’nin bölgeye girme, Lynch şirketinin bölgedeki varlığını artırma gayretine karşı Osmanlı yerel yönetimlerinin ve merkezin aldığı önlemler, bölgede XIX. yüzyılda vuku bulan gelişmeler ışığında analiz edilmiştir.
Clergy in Politics: The Opportunistic Engagement of Faith-Based Organisations in Malawi’s Politics
Authors: Chunga Joseph J. , Tostensen Arne
Published: December 2020

Malawi is a profoundly religious society and faith-based organisations (FBO s) play a significant role in politics, addressing social concerns and governance. This article investigates their role in Malawi’s political realm when engaging with the state and argues that the FBO s are opportunistic in their engagement. They seize upon opportunities for exerting influence when political and social issues dictate that action be taken in accordance with religious tenets of social responsibility, in tandem with fluctuating levels of political tension. Typical high points of tension are elections, but other controversial issues may also feature prominently. FBO s consider suitable entry points and tools of advocacy at their disposal within existing opportunity structures. As organised religion, we find that faith communities have engaged and continue to engage with the political establishment through various means, predominantly by issuing pastoral letters and statements.
Les causes de décès aux XVIF et XVIIF siècles à Genève : nosologie et pathocénose
Authors: Perrenoud Alfred , Sardet Frédéric
Published: December 2020

Sur la base d'une série temporelle exhaustive des décès urbains genevois (1740— 1759), les auteurs ont procédé à une analyse typologique des causes dè décès consignés sur les registres par le Chirurgien visiteur des marts. Ce premier classement nosologique s’inscrit dans une analyse de longue durée de la mortality. 11 doit permettre I’étude de la pathocenose historiqUe et done potentiellement dormer des indices sur les causes du dédin de la mortality au XVIIIe siècle, Le travail a consisté â verifier si la source disponible, rnalgré la difficulty d'une analyse retrospective, pouvait ètre utile a cette problematique. Les causes de décès sont analysées par âge, sexe, saisonnalité. Les elements empiriques sont confroutes aux definitions théoriques du XVIIP siècle et sont repertories selon vingt rubriques anatomiques issues cle la classification internationale des maladies. Les résultats, qui pourront ëtre étendus ä Vensemble du siècle, sont encourage ants, sauf pour les nouveau-nés, soil 15 % des décès, et mërne si dix causes de dëcès regroup ent a elles seules 69 % de la mortalité urbaine.
Le «médecin croyant» et le théologien genevois
Authors: Starobinski Jean
Published: December 2020

Le médecin Matthieu-Frangois-Régis Buisson (1776—1804) relate dans cette lettre à Pierre Picot, professeur de théologie à l'Académie de Genève, le climat tendu dans lequel s’est déroulée la soutenancè de sa these à la Faculté de médecine de Paris. L’auteur prone une sorte de sainte alliance des médecins crorants et des théologiens contre le parti alors dominant à l'Ecole de médecine, où règnent en maitres le courant idéologique issu de l’Encyclopédic, Vanticléricalisme de Pinel et le monisme matérialiste de Cabanis.
La mission médicale de Louis-André Gosse pendant son séjour en Grèce (1827—1829)
Authors: Bouvier-Bron Michelle
Published: December 2020

Louis-André Gosse (1791—1873), médecin genevois de tendance libérale, ému par la misère qui sévissait en Grèce au cours de la guerre d’indépendance, partit se mettre au service du jeune Etat et y séjourna de 1827 à 1829. A côté de tâches administratives — celle de cornrnissaire de la flotte, puis de collecteur des impots dans l'Archipel — il prend une part active, dès le printemps 1828, à la demande du president de la Grèce, Jean Capodistricis, dans la lutte contre l'épidémie de peste qui éclate à ce moment-là. Cette maladie, depuis longtemps disparue de Grèce, y a été ramenée par l'armée égyptienne et se répand a Egine, Hydra, Spetsès et dans les provinces d'Argolide, de Mégaride et d'Achaie. Elle sera juguléegrâce aux mesures draconiennes prises à temps et appliquées rigoureusement, mais fera tout de même plusieurs centaines de victimes. Lous-André Gosse, qui a travaillé sur le terrain m Mégaride en juin 1828, puis en Achaïe en janvier 1829, a laissé un récit détaillé de cette experiénce et expose ses idées sur la maladie, son traitcment et les mesures preventives.
La doctoresse Charlotte Olivier (1865—1945) et la prise en charge des tuberculeux indigents à Lausanne
Authors: Heller Geneviève
Published: December 2020

La tuberculose, maladie contagieuse aggravée par la promiscuité et la misère, est considérée au début du 20e siècle comme une maladie. sociale. La thérapie étant aléatoire jusqu’h la découverte des antibiotiques, une prevention indirecte sernble s’imposer (réseau d’ceuvres, Conditions de logement, protection de l'enfance, etc.). On assiste au développement d'une médecine sociale et preventive qui prend en consideration le malade et son milieu. Uintrusion dans la vie privée est le corollaire de Vassistance. Cesont principalement des femmes qui prennent part a la latte contre la tuberculose: non professionnelles, infirrnieres-visiteuses et médecins. Parmi ces dernières, un röle particulièrement important est joue par Charlotte Olivier, qui dirige le Dispensaire antituberculeux de Lausanne de 1911 a 1925.
Genève, le temps d'un serment
Authors: Ummel Marinette
Published: December 2020

La crise de l’éthique médicale provoquée par les atrocités cotnmises, lors de la deuxième guerre mondiale, par les médecins nazis, suscita l’élaboration, en 1948, d’une version, adaptée au vingtième siècle, de l'antique Serment d’Hippo-crate: le Serment de Geneve. L'importantc notion d’Humanité, qui apparait dans celui-ci — sons y etre clairement définie — pour qualifier le devoir du médecin, sera la base d’une reflexion sur les limites que ce concept peut se voir attribuer en médecine.
Ludwik Fleck (1896—1961), Bakteriologe und Wissenschaftstheoretiker : Die Wissenschaft wächst im Denkkollektiv
Authors: Ulrich Jürg
Published: December 2020

Der Autor gibt eine Kurzbiographie des polnisch-ukrainisch-israelischen Bakteriologen und Wissenschaftstheoretikers Ludwik Fleck, dessen Leben durch Kriege, Konzentrationslagerhaft und Nationalitätenwechsel gekennzeichnet war. Seine wichtigste wissenschaftstheoretische Einsicht war, dass das Erkennen kein individueller Prozess eines theoretischen Bewusstseins überhaupt sei, sondern das Ergebnis sozialer Tätigkeit.
La révolution pastorienne et les théories sur l'étiologie du goitre et du crétinisme
Authors: Fantini Bernardino
Published: December 2020

Tout au long du XIXe siècle un grand nombre de théories étiologiques différentes et contradictoires sur le goitre et le crétinisme avait été proposé. La reconnaissance par le corps scientifique et médical du poids de la théorie microbienne des maladies infectieuses poussa à chercher un agent microbien pour tous les états pathologiques et on chercha longtemps un microbe responsable du goitre endémique. Cette attitude, associé à l’absence d’une théorie générale des maladies de carence, qui ne sera élaborée qu’au début du XXe siècle, résulta en un retard important dans les connaissances sur l’étiologie du goitre et du crétinisme. Toutefois, le développement de la théorie des germes a déterminé des effets positifs, en particulier la diffusion d’un modèle scientifique nouveau et la confiance dans la possibilité de lutter efficacement contre les endémies par des mesures simples de prophy laxie généralisée.
Theodor Kocher und Zürich
Authors: Ritzmann Kurt
Published: December 2020

Mannigfach# Beziehungen verbanden Theodor Kocher mit Zürich. Hier verbrachte er sein letztes Hochschulsemester, wobei der Kontakt mit seinen Lehrern Friedrich Horner und Theodor Billroth für seine Wahl zum Professor in Bern nicht ohne Bedeutung war. Mit seinen Zürcher Kollegen Rudolf Ulrich Krönlein und Ferdinand Sauerbruch pflegte Kocher freundschaftlichen Umgang. Trotz vieler Gemeinsamkeiten stimmten die beiden, der gleichen Generation angehörenden Schweizer Kocher und Krönlein in ihrer Meinung nicht immer überein.
Theodor Kocher et César Roux
Authors: Bryois Christian
Published: December 2020

96 lettres adressées par César Roux (1857—1934) à sa fiancée d’origine russe, Anna Begönne, permettent d’évoquer la formation dans le service de Theodor Kocher du plus prestigieux des chirurgiens vaudois. Sa relation avec Th. Kocher, qu’il compare successivement à Billroth et à R. von Volkmann, est mise en relief.
Konrad Gessner und die Neue Welt
Authors: Leu Urs B.
Published: December 2020

Die Entdeckung Amerikas hinterliess auch in der Schweizer Gelehrtenwelt des 16. Jahrhunderts ihre Spuren. Am intensivsten setzte sich der Zürcher Polyhistor Konrad Gessner (1516—1565) mit dem neuen Kontinent auseinander. Er sammelte nicht nur alle irgendwie greifbaren Naturalien aus der Neuen Welt, sondern versuchte sich auch auf dem Korrespondenzweg oder aus der Literatur über Amerika zu informieren. Als Arzt und Naturforscher interessierte er sich vor allem für die Pflanzen und Tiere aus Ubersee. Er gehörte zu den ersten Schweizern, die südamerikanische Pflanzen und Tiere hielten. Aber auch der Literatur über Amerika und den Indianersprachen schenkte er grosse Beachtung. Er stellte die erste bekannte Amerikabibliographie zusammen und war auch der erste, der die Eingeborenensprachen im Rahmen der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaften zu würdigen wusste.
Felix Meyer und Caspar Wolf Anfänge der malerischen Entdeckung der Alpen
Authors: Wegmann Peter
Published: December 2020

Die Darstellung des Hochgebirges in der Malerei nahm ihren Anfang im späten 17. Jahrhundert. Unter den frühen Pionieren ragt Felix Meyer von Winterthur hervor, dessen Gletscheransichten im Zusammenhang mit den naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungen vor allem Johann Jakob Scheuchzers zu sehen sind. Einen Höhepunkt bilden die über 150 Alpendarstellungen, die der Aargauer Caspar Wolf im Auftrag des Berner Verlegers Abraham Wagner zwischen 1774 und 1778 ausführte. In ihnen manifestiert sich ein grosses Interesse nicht nur für die Topographie der Alpen, sondern auch für deren geologischen Aufbau und für die Wirkungsmechanismen in der Natur. Wolfs Gemälde sind schönster bildlicher Ausdruck der seit der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts aufkommenden Alpenbegeisterung, die wesentlich auf den Schriften von Haller und Rousseau beruhte und die zu einem rapiden Aufschwung des Tourismus in der Schweiz führte.
Erinnerung an Paul Bert (1833—1886) und die Entwicklung der Höhenphysiologie in der Schweiz
Authors: Rudolph Gerhard
Published: December 2020

It is the merit of Paul Bert to have assigned as an important task to experimental physiology the investigation of mountain sickness, of immediate accommodation of the organism to high altitude, and of its long-term acclimatation. In his “Pression Barométrique” of1878, he established the foundations of high-altitude physiology. In particular, he formulated the «law of partial pressure», the partial pressure of the atmospheric gases alone being responsible for their action on the organism, Paul Bert’s historic role, for a long time nearly forgotten, has been recalled to memory by the Swiss medical historians E. H. Ackerknecht and N.Mani. Bert’s line of investigation has been followed especially by Angelo Mosso of Turin and, more recently, by F. Verzár, A. von Muralt, A. Fleisch and other Swiss physiologists.
L'Hôpital général de Genève de 1780 à 1798: quelques indices de médicalisation
Authors: Louis-Courvoisier Micheline
Published: December 2020

The médicalisation of a hospital can be considered in several ways. This study covers the two last decades of the 18th century of the General Hospital of Geneva. In a first part it analyses the space alotted to sick and healthy people, respectively. The internal organization of the hospital discloses the criteria used for selection. The second part analyses the population of patients with respect to age, duration of hospitalization and, if recorded in a meaningful way, the diseases. The majority of patients were under 30 years old and had a stay of less than 30 days. A third aspect of médicalisation studied is the role played by various groups of personnel. It shows that the administrators allowed but a limited autonomy to the physicians and surgeons, yet tried to hire high-ranking medical personnel which in turn contributed to the modernization of the hospital.
Die wissenschaftstheoretische Begründung der Medizin als Naturwissenschaft bei Hermann von Helmholtz (1821—1894)
Authors: Neumann Josef N.
Published: December 2020

In this study an attempt will he made to discuss the epistemological problems in the theory and practice of modern technical medicine in the writings of Hermann von Helmholtz. An inquiry into the relationship between von Helmholtz? thinking and the critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant is followed by the characteristics of von Helmholtz’ philosophy of science which he himself called “empirical theory”. The question of medicine as a science finally leads to the main problem of medical epistemology, viz., the relationship between theoretical knowledge and practice in medicine. In this context the anthropological dimension is brought into consideration.
Wilhelm Weber und Maxwells elektromagnetische Lichttheorie
Authors: Wiederkehr Karl Heinrich
Published: December 2020

This essay aims at demonstrating a possibly decisive impulse which induced J. Cl. Maxwell to create his electromagnetical theory of light. With their experiment in 1855 R. Kohlrausch and W. Weber had come across the velocity of light when determining the relation between the absolute electrostatic and the absolute electromagnetic quantity of electricity which they had measured. In Maxwell’s treatise ‘'On Physical Lines of Force” (1861 ¡62) that rela tion is exactly identical with the velocity o f transmission of possible transversal waves in Maxwell’s hypothetical medium (ether). The experiment of 1855, a masterpiece, is described in detail. The ‘^'-determinations” which were later carried out by some physicists — among them Maxwell himself and W, Thomson — verified the convergency with the more accurate measurements of the velocity of light. Thus the validity of the electromagnetical theory of light was secured.
Die Behandlung Ohrenkranker in Bern in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Neiger Markus , Böschung Urs
Published: December 2020

Ear patients were treated in Berne for the first time in 1841 at the Eye Poli-clinic. Professor Wilhelm Rau (1804-1861), ophthalmologist, was the founder of the first Ear Infirmary on the European continent. A diary dated from 1845 to 1863 contains information about the patients, their diagnoses and therapies. Chronic inflammations of the Eustachian tube and the middle ear were the most frequent diseases. Catheterisation of the Eustachian tube was an important tool in diagnosis and therapy.
Innere Medizin in den deutschsprachigen Ländern und in den USA
Authors: Schulte-Bockholt Arnd , Bauer Axel
Published: December 2020

Scientific relations in Internal Medicine between German-speaking countries and the United States were characterized by various stages during the last hundred and twenty years. From 1870 to the First World War German medical research and teaching as well as the competitive German university system were regarded as a model for US Medical Schools. After World War I, however, things changed as a result of American Medical Schools’ reforms which had been implemented. On the other hand, financial equipment of German universities was decreasing due to inflation and unemployment. Furthermore, between 1933 and 1945, many excellent scientists and clinicians were forced to emigrate from Germany and Austria to the US because of persecution by the Nazis for political or “racial” reasons. After the end of World War II, scientific and technical leadership of American Internal Me-dicine remained unchallenged; today many European physicians complete their training in the biomedical sciences in the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, German-speaking internists increasingly publish the results of their research in American scientific journals.
The First Billroth II Gastric Resection as Reported by an Italian Medical Journal
Authors: Aldini Nicolò Nicoli
Published: December 2020

A report on the first Billroth II surgical intervention for gastric cancer is en-tirely reprinted. The description is original and is taken from a letter published by a young Italian physician, Eugenio Casati, who was present in the operative theatre of the Second Surgical Clinic of the University of Vienna on January 15,1885, while he was on a scientific journey in Europe. A biographical profile of the writer is provided. The origin of the surgical procedure for gastric resection known as Billroth II is also examined, and its significance in the early surgery of the alimentary tract is highlighted. A short account by Billroth’s pupil, Viktor von Hacker, on the same intervention also allows comparison and a better knowledge of Billroth’s surgical strategy in performing one of the starting points of modern gastric surgery.
Das Herz von Frédéric de Wangen, Bischof von Basel, 1776-1782
Authors: Weber Walter
Published: December 2020

leaden heart-shaped case with the year 1782 engraved, was found in the church St. Pierre in Porrentruy, Switzerland. It contained a preserved heart. Preservation had been obtained with vegetable materials and was such that microscopic and electron-microscopic preparations could be made. Tt was the heart of the bishop of Basel, Frédéric de Wangen. The heart is studied anatomically, and the historical background of the find is presented.
The Life of "8K", a Vagrant Microscope Objective
Authors: Lüthy Christoph
Published: December 2020

The aim of this article is to suggest that some scientific instruments may be considered worthy of their own biographies and that such a genre may have its own merits and charms. The instrument chosen to exemplify this point is a Hartnack microscope objective lens of about 1860 which served, in turn, the histologist and anatomist Albert von Kölliker, the comparative anatomist Robert Wiedersheim. the surgeon Frederic Kammerer, and the embryologist Edmund Beecher Wilson, and which travelled from Paris to New York by way of Würzburg, Genoa, and Freiburg. Despite a fairly discouraging archival situation, the search for the circumstances surrounding the various employers of "8K" allows us to view the role of microscopes in nineteenth-century biology from a new angle. In additon, the fate of "8K" itself endows this objective with a symbolical significance which transcends its specific functions.
Die zweimalige Kaiserschnitt-Entbindung durch den Zürcher Stadtwundarzt Johann Jakob Locher von 1817/18
Authors: Mörgeli Christoph , Schulz Stefan
Published: December 2020

Caesarean delivery was rarely practised in the early nineteenth century and was considered highly dangerous, being both technically and morally controversial. In view of this, Johann Jakob Locher's performance of two consecutive caesareans attracted international attention. Not only contemporary printed literature, but also the archive material and specimens presented in this journal for the first time provide a uniquely detailed account of the operations. The University of Zurich's Institute and Museum of the History of Medicine were able to acquire the preserved pelvis of the patient in 1983.
Die Zürcher Arzt-Apotheker-Familie Lavater und Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Authors: Mannetstätter Antje , Friedrich Christoph
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the connections between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and the physician and pharmacist family Lavater in Zurich. The analysis of the correspondence between Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff (1770-1837) and the Lavater family and between the Lavater family and the government of the duchy of Weimar shows an interesting story about a picture "Goethe in Italy".
Eugen Bleulers Warnung vor dem «autistischundisziplinierten Denken in der Medizin» als Beitrag zur Erkenntniskritik ärztlicher Forschung
Authors: Jagella Caroline
Published: December 2020

Bleuler, well known for introducing psychoanalysis into university psychiatry, is less known for his more important achievement: his introduction of results of brain research into scientific thinking, especially epistemology. His short tract on "autistic and undisciplined thinking" summarises these themes, culminating in his critical rejection of a science which denies the "natural unity" of the brain, and insists on the separation of emotions from thinking despite the evidence to the contrary gained from studying associations and their physical substrate.
Hexensalben und Liebestränke
Authors: Müller Jürgen
Published: December 2020

The nightshades (solanaceae) were used as intoxicants since the ancient civilisations and are still in use today. Their alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine, were the major active substances of the ointments of witches, of medieval "anaesthetics", and of modern poisons for murder. In a medium dose-range the predominant symptoms are hallucinations and illusions. This explains the use of nightshades in fortune-telling and religious rituals. In higher doses the alkaloids produce coma and apnea. Scopolamine enjoyed a particular popularity as a poison for murder. In the 19"" century the nightshade alkaloids were also in clinical use.

This article focusses on the medical history of the psychosis due to intoxication with solanaceae.
Calcitonin’s Fantastic Voyage: from Hormone to Marker of a Genetic Disorder
Authors: Fragu Philippe
Published: December 2020

The story of thyroid calcitonin is an illuminating example of the voyage of hormone from a therapeutic tool for bone disease to a tumour marker to screen for subclinical forms of cancer. Identified as a new thyroid hormone implicated in calcium metabolism, its pharmacological action offered a new therapeutic tool for the management of bone disease. By measuring the circulating calcitonin, a range of values was obtained for oncologists because the evolution of a newly identified form of thyroid cancer – medullary (MTC) – was poorly understood. Researchers’ interest shifted from calcitonin physiological action to its use as tumour marker able to diagnose MTC, especially in genetically predisposed families.Then, oncologists and geneticists combined their efforts to identify genetic mutation(s) implicated in MTC, an example of the decoding that is demanded of contemporary laboratory-based medicine to recognise a pathological entity.
A Hybrid Body Technique: Does the Pulse Diagnostic cun guan chi Method Have Chinese-Tibetan Origins?
Authors: Hsu Elisabeth
Published: December 2020

This article investigates the medieval origins of the main pulse diagnostic method in contemporary Chinese medicine, sometimes known as san bu (three sectors) method, which requires physicians to examine the mai (vessels, vessel movements or pulse) on the wrist at the three locations cun guan chi (inch, gate, foot). The article provides evidence to suggest that this body technique grew out of an earlier Chinese one, the cun chi (inchfoot) method, which appears to have aimed at investigating the qualities of yin and yang in order to determine the condition of a patient by means of exploring fairly large areas of the patient’s body surface with the palms. The article furthermore posits that the cun chi method was decisively transformed in medieval times, presumably due to the impact of early Tibetan pulse diag nostic practices: it became framed in a numerology of three and started advocating the use of the fingertips for sensing the pulse beats. The article, which draws on detailed textual analyses of medieval manu scripts, on visual evidence and also on psychophysical research, fur ther more highlights how misunderstandings can constructively contribute to cultural communication.
Körper- und Medizingeschichte des alten und mittelalterlichen Chinas, 1997–2007
Authors: Pfister Rudolf
Published: December 2020

.
Moving Pictures and Medicine in the First Half of the 20th Century: Some Notes on International Historical Developments and the Potential of Medical Film Research
Authors: Bonah Christian , Laukötter Anja
Published: December 2020

.
Jules Guérin: brève biographie d’un acteur de l’institutionnalisation de l’orthopédie (1830–1850)
Authors: Quin Grégory
Published: December 2020

Parts of the socioscientific career of Jules Guérin, an orthopaedic surgeon, are presented in this article. The aim is to deepen the comprehension of intricate processes like specialisation and professionalisation of medicine and development of medical gymnastics. From this point of view Guérin’s biography is very informative. The intention is to highlight the institutionalisation process of orthopaedics during two decades: the 1830s and 1840s. For the analysis the author tries to associate historical elements taken from the medical field and the socioeconomic context, however, without digressing too far from Guérin himself. First, Guérin’s part in the institutionalisation process will be studied, second, his influence as a surgeon and theorist of spinal deformities and then his role as a controversial figure in the medical field.
Beyond the Normal and the Pathological: Recent Literature on Georges Canguilhem
Authors: Geroulanos Stefanos
Published: December 2020

.