bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of temperature on population and community dynamics
Authors: Vasseur David A.
Published: July 2020

Of the myriad of environmental variables that are currently in flux due to anthropogenic climate change, temperature is one of the most ubiquitous and well-studied. Temperature directly influences the vital rates and ecological thresholds that determine how quickly populations grow or decline and many studies have sought to determine how these influences culminate at the population and community level. This chapter surveys the theoretical work in this area and details how our growing understanding of the relationships between temperature and vital rates and thresholds has led to new insights and challenges. The latter sections of the chapter reveal a key principle to guide the ongoing debate about the temperature-dependence of a key parameter underlying nearly all population and community models: the carrying capacity. From this, a simple model is used to demonstrate how linkages between the thermal sensitivity of population growth and carrying capacity determine dynamics and the propensity for extinction in warming environments.
Areas of current and future growth
Authors: McCann Kevin S. , Gellner Gabriel
Published: July 2020

This chapter will reflect on the chapters in this book and suggest directions and gaps that theory will have to consider as we move forward. Our goal here is to motivate future work in light of the developments discussed in this book. We will emphasize the role of the empirical-theoretical connection that will be a thread across chapters. Clearly, eco-evolutionary theoretical developments are currently being developed, and we imagine and hope that future versions of theoretical ecology will reveal strong growth in this important area. Much work is being developed related to evolutionary response to global change (e.g., evolutionary rescue). Again, consistent with the themes being developed in this book, we would argue that this multi-disciplinarian approach to theory (evolution and ecology, agriculture and ecology, economics and ecology, society and ecology) have become part of the toolbox of modern ecology and modern theoretical ecology and likely will play a massive role in future theoretical development.
The Holy Spirit and Christian Experience
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: July 2020

This book presents a fresh vision for Christian theology that foregrounds the relationship between theological ideas and the experiences of Christians. It argues that theology is always operating in a vibrant landscape of feeling and desiring, and shows that contemporary theology has often operated in problematic isolation from these experiential dynamics. It then argues that a theologically serious doctrine of the Holy Spirit not only authorizes but requires attention to Christian experience. Against this background, the book outlines a new methodological approach to Christian theology that attends to the emotional and experiential power of theological doctrines. This methodology draws on recent interdisciplinary research on affect and emotion, which has shown that affects are powerful motivating realities that saturate all dimensions of human thinking and acting. In the process, the book also explains why contemporary theology has often been ambivalent about subjective experience, and demonstrates that current discourse about God’s activity in the world is often artificially abstracted from experience and embodiment. The book culminates in a proposal for a new experiential and pneumatological account of the theology of grace that builds on this methodology. Focusing on the work of the Holy Spirit in salvation and sanctification, it retrieves insights from Augustine, Luther, and Philip Melanchthon to present an affective and Augustinian vision of salvation as a pedagogy of desire. In articulating this vision, the book engages critically with recent emphasis on participation and theosis in Christian soteriology and charts a new path forward for Protestant theology in a landscape hitherto dominated by the theological visions of Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas.
Salvation in the Spirit
Authors: Zahl Simeon
Published: July 2020

This chapter applies the pneumatological and affective account of “experience” given in Chapter 2 to examine the work of the Spirit in salvation. It focuses on the movement in contemporary soteriology away from traditional Protestant theologies of justification by faith and towards theologies of participation and theosis. It analyzes a series of recent accounts to demonstrate that soteriologies of participation either have significant difficulties in articulating how the saving work of the Spirit is experienced in bodies (as in Torrance and Tanner), or else end up with a problematically optimistic account of the Spirit’s transformative work in Christians (as in contemporary neo-Thomism). It then argues that Philip Melanchthon’s sixteenth-century account of justification by faith is substantially more successful on both counts. This is due to Melanchthon’s extensive use of affective categories to make sense of how salvation in the Spirit comes to be experienced in ways that are legible in embodied human lives. This section also provides an extended refutation of the “legal fiction” argument against traditional Protestant soteriologies, made recently by Milbank, amongst others. The chapter concludes by drawing on patristic accounts of soteriological participation to argue that affective transformation of the kind described by Melanchthon can be construed as a form of soteriological participation.
Scott Unbound
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

‘Scott Unbound’ shows how thinking about print in the 1820s and 1830s in a disaggregated, messy and material way, and seeing it as part of a new media world of performance, text, and image, can help us to think differently about the immense cross-class popularity of Walter Scott’s work. Right from the start, Scott’s powerful Romantic presence as the literary author of books rested on ‘Scott’ as a multimedia phenomenon. Taking the nineteenth-century print serial seriously challenges assumptions about what a ‘book’ might be. By unbinding Scott’s work, this chapter disperses his texts and restores them to their original promiscuous sociability. The Romantic idea of the author is complicated through the remediations of the multi-genre productions of ‘The Magician of the North’ (a.k.a. Walter Scott), and the phenomenon of ‘Scott’ in the early nineteenth century is produced by the generative possibilities of the serial more than has been previously recognized.
Live Byron
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

‘Live Byron’ discusses the ‘live’ and singular performances of shipwrecks by Byron and the painter Géricault in 1819. Reactions to Byron’s treatment of a fatal shipwreck in the first instalment of his serial poem Don Juan are assessed alongside reactions to Géricault’s oil painting The Raft of the Medusa, which was simultaneously on show at the Egyptian Hall in London. The chapter analyses the strong sentiments of disgust elicited by both works, concluding that it is both their reference to a ‘real’ news item and their creation of virtual bodies to represent catastrophic death that triggered such strong critical reactions. Through the experiences of their viewers, panoramas and shows in this early period are reconceptualized as ‘live’ performances which demanded an interactive and participative engagement and which contributed to the formation of a popular consciousness of existing in a simultaneous historic present.
Vesuvius on the Strand
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4, ‘Vesuvius on the Strand’, continues to explore the idea of seriality and catastrophe through the ‘cross-class obsession’ with Mount Vesuvius. There were numerous displays and shows of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Naples all over London in this period, and this chapter considers the versions of the ‘real’ past—deep or recent—that they produced and how these might have contributed to a construction of a sense of the present. Bulwer’s phenomenally popular hit of 1834, The Last Days of Pompeii, which was received more as a multi-media show than as a novel, is used here as a test-case for re-thinking conventional literary generic hierarchies through a more nuanced appreciation of the possible uses and pleasures of texts in this period of widening readership and cultural participation.
Scalar
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5, ‘Scalar: Pugin, Carlyle, Dickens’, is about scale. It looks in detail at three writers in London who produced very different versions of the ‘modern’ in the late 1830s and early 1840s, but all of whom realized that something very big indeed was happening around them. Across different genres, Augustus Welby Pugin, Thomas Carlyle, and Charles Dickens all chose to represent democracy and reform specifically as a problem of scale. This chapter investigates their understanding of the seriality and scalability of market capitalism and the anxieties and opportunities that this revealed to them. Each took a different view, from Carlyle’s apocalyptic denunciation of a massification which soars vertiginously between the gigantic and the tiny; to Pugin’s insistence on a built and material ethics of the human scale; and Dickens’s cautious optimism about this moment of scalar derangement and the redistribution of the sensible.
History in Miniature
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

Chapter 6, ‘History in Miniature’, focuses on the weekly illustrated miscellanies of the 1820s and 1830s to see how they presented the past and created a sense of virtual historicity for a new readership. Images of the geographically and historically remote were presented as novelties and ‘news’ and the chapter looks at toys and other miniature representations of historical events too. Did people understand history as a series of singular and spectacular ‘fixed’ events? Or did the gradually embedding seriality of their daily practices create instead a more pliant, plastic, and permeable idea of history as a forming and formative process in which they could participate? This chapter considers the scalar strategies by which popular print and material culture put the past ‘within reach’ and suggests how different forms of miniaturization helped people to negotiate the dizzying possibilities of a global scale.
Biopolitics of Seriality
Authors: Pettitt Clare
Published: July 2020

Chapter 7, ‘Biopolitics of Seriality’ considers the political possibilities that were released or inaugurated in the 1840s by this structure of seriality. It takes the whole run of Howitt’s Journal as its ‘serial’ case study and uses this liberal journal to think about how seriality was becoming increasingly important to the creation and maintenance of what we might now call biopolitics. Through its serial repetition of exemplary narratives of injustice around gender, race, class and age, Howitt’s Journal unconsciously reveals the profound connection between these constructs. Tracking the representation of children, slaves and the Irish across the run of the journal, partly through its use of work by Elizabeth Gaskell and Frederick Douglass, this chapter suggests that we need to develop a more complex way of thinking about the developing relationship between kinship, citizenship, and biopolitics at this critical historical moment.
African Economic Development
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe
Published: July 2020

This book challenges conventional wisdoms both about economic performance and about policies for economic development in African countries. Its starting point is the striking variation in economic performance: unevenness and inequalities form a central fact. The authors highlight not only differences between African countries but also variations within countries, differences often organized around distinctions of gender, class, and ethnic identity. For example, school dropout and neonatal mortality have been reduced, particularly for some classes of women in some areas. Horticultural and agribusiness exports have grown far more rapidly in some countries than others. These variations (and many others) point to opportunities for changing performance, reducing inequalities, learning from other African policy experiences, and escaping the ties of structure and legacies of a colonial past. The book rejects teleological illusions and Eurocentric prejudice, but does pay close attention to the results of policy in more industrialized parts of the world. Seeing the contradictions of capitalism for what they are—fundamental and enduring—may help policy officials protect themselves against the misleading idea that development is likely to be a smooth, linear process, or that it would be were certain impediments removed. The authors criticize a wide range of orthodox and heterodox economists, especially for their cavalier attitude to statistical sources. Drawing on decades of research and policy experience, they combine careful use of available evidence from a range of African countries with heterodox political economy insights (mainly derived from Kalecki, Kaldor, and Hirschman) to make the policy case for specific types of public sector investment.
Mechanical Computation
Authors: Primiero Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents the model of computation known in the literature as the Turing Machine, introduces the notion of UniversalMachine, and presents a translation of computable functions to this model, justifying the Turing Thesis. Finally, it investigates the limits ofmechanical computation and its current relevance for the modern understanding of program.
Properties of Implemented Computations
Authors: Primiero Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers howdata formulation, hardware architecture, and errors related to both essentially characterize computations at several levels of abstraction fromalgorithms to implemented programs.
Quantities as Numerical Attributes
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: July 2020

While the determinable/determinates model of quantities treats quantities as (special cases of) variable attributes, the approaches considered in this chapter focus on quantities as numerical attributes: being numerically representable is what makes quantities special, if anything does. I distinguish three different attitudes to quantities thus conceived: restrictive realism, restrictive empiricism, and permissive empiricism. Restrictive realists hold that quantitativeness is a feature of attributes, not concepts, and not all attributes are quantitative; restrictive empiricists hold that quantitativeness is a feature of concepts, not attributes, but only some concepts are quantitative; permissivists hold that there is nothing special about quantitative concepts, since any attribute can be numerically represented. This chapter argues that we should reject the idea that quantities are numerical attributes or concepts and suggest that we should focus on the uniqueness of the numerical representation instead, a claim that will be made more precise in Chapter 6.
The Representational Theory of Measurement
Authors: Wolff J. E.
Published: July 2020

This chapter introduces the representational theory of measurement as the relevant formal framework for a metaphysics of quantities. After presenting key elements of the representational approach, axioms for different measurement structures are presented and their representation and uniqueness theorems are compared. Particular attention is given to Hölder’s theorem, which in the first instance describes conditions for quantitativeness for additive extensive structures, but which can be generalized to more abstract structures. The last section discusses the relationship between uniqueness, the hierarchy of scales, and the measurement-theoretic notion of meaningfulness. This chapter provides the basis for Chapter 6, which makes use of more abstract results in measurement theory.
British Literature and Culture in Second World Wartime
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: July 2020

What happens to the concept of wartime in the 1940s? For the Duration excavates British late modernism’s relationship to war in terms of chronophobia: a joint fear of the past and future. Coloured by the trauma of past violence and dread of those to come, the Second World War and its defining military strategy, civilian aerial bombardment, upended straightforward understandings of past, present, and future. Identifying a constellation of temporalities and affects under three tropes—time capsules, time zones, and ruins—the book contends that Second World Wartime is a pivotal moment when wartime surpassed the boundaries of a specific state of emergency, becoming first routine and then open-ended. It scrutinizes a variety of cultural artefacts, from life-writings to short stories, from novels to film and painting, that formally registered the distinctiveness of this wartime through a complex feedback between anticipation and retrospection. While offering a strong foundation for new readers of the mid-century, the book and its overall theoretical focus on chronophobia will be an important intervention for those already working in the field.
Introduction
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: July 2020

The introduction examines how writers anticipated the Second World War in the interwar period, and why dread became a pervasive experience in the 1930s and 1940s. Beginning with the problem of how to define the spatio-temporal boundaries of modern wartime, it argues that, with war looming, modernist time philosophy gradually shifted focus from the past to the future. The chapter then presents a model for understanding Second World Wartime through the concept of late modernist chronophobia. As a war understood to be a repetition of the First World War, but whose effects were expected to be more catastrophic and total, it is characterized by a fear of time itself. During the Blitz, this is enacted on a local level on the home front, through the temporalities of aerial bombardment. The chapter discusses why, as a bridge between the memory of the First World War and the incipient temporalities of the Cold War, the Second World War is crucial to understanding how modern wartime developed in the twentieth century.
Wartime Presentness
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: July 2020

Chapter 1 offers a theoretical account of how aerial violence solicits a temporality of dread, as a present upended by the fear of past trauma and the expectation of future trauma. It argues that Second World War writing is defined by a desire to manage anxieties about death, and, drawing from theories of autobiography, it examines why there was an outpouring of autobiographical narratives at this historical juncture. Comparing Henry Green’s self-portrait Pack My Bag (1940) to Arthur Gwynn-Browne’s Dunkirk memoir F. S. P. (1942), the chapter identifies a ‘wartime style’ that renders, while trying to assuage, the experience of dread experienced on both home front and war front. This focus on life-writing and dread is theorized through Sigmund Freud’s diagnosis of anxiety’s simultaneously injurious and inoculating effects.
Work and Welfare as Strategic Complements in Germany’s Postwar Economic Order
Authors: Manow Philip
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4 argues that in the three high-growth postwar decades, the welfare state facilitated corporatist cooperation between labor and capital, specifically in the form of wage coordination, thereby avoiding inflation in periods of (almost) full employment. The period of high growth and full employment allowed, in turn, welfare state expansion which was always supported by a grand coalition of Christian and Social Democrats. The chapter reconstructs in more detail how industrial conflict in the metalworking sector—both in the north of Germany, in the shipyards, and in the south of Germany, in the automobile industry—over social rights instead of wages laid the ground for wage coordination (and moderation) German style. It also explains how the welfare state helped unions and employers’ associations to “police the bargain,” to stabilize an inherently unstable arrangement between capital and labor.
International Complementarities of National Capitalism
Authors: Manow Philip
Published: July 2020

The adjustment pattern of the German model to low growth and to the transition to the service economy proved unsustainable in the medium to long term, and ultimately led to a profound welfare state reform that in many respects broke with the quasi-corporatism of Modell Deutschland. This has been associated with the spectacular revival of the German economy, before and after the Great Recession, also because its competitive characteristics were significantly strengthened within the euro area. Yet, the success of Modell Deutschland of course also contributes to the increasing imbalances and to the divergent economic dynamics within the common currency area, which ultimately have the potential to disrupt it. The chapter explains in more detail how wage moderation remained stable in Germany even though the strategic interaction with the German Bundesbank, on which the wage-moderation arrangement for a long time had been based, was a thing of the past after the introduction of the euro. It points to functional equivalents for the disciplining effect of Germany’s accommodating social policy.
Time in Ancient Stories of Origin
Authors: Walter Anke
Published: July 2020

Greek and Roman stories of origin, or aetia, provide a fascinating window onto ancient conceptions of time. Aetia, which pervade ancient literature at all its stages, are inherently about time: they connect the past with the present by telling us which aspects of the past survive “even now” or “ever since then”. Yet while the standard aetiological formulae remain surprisingly stable over time, the understanding of time that lies behind stories of origin undergoes profound changes. By studying a broad range of texts and by closely examining select stories of origin from archaic Greece, Hellenistic Greece, Augustan Rome, and early Christian literature, this book traces the changing forms of stories of origin and the underlying changing attitudes to time: to the interaction of the time of gods and men, to historical time, to change and continuity, as well as to a time beyond the present one. The book provides a model of how to analyse the temporal construction of aetia, by combining close attention to detail with a view towards the larger temporal agenda of each work. In the process, the book provides new insights both into some of the best-known aetiological works of antiquity (e.g. by Hesiod, Callimachus, Vergil, Ovid) and lesser-known ones (e.g. Ephorus, Prudentius, Orosius). Aetia, it is shown, do not merely convey factual information about the continuity of the past, but they implicate the present in ever new complex messages about time.
Introduction
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Eckhardt Benedikt
Published: July 2020

The study of the Roman empire has changed considerably in the last century to include greater emphasis on the interactions of subject populations with the ruling power. We see this especially in newer understandings of the phenomenon once unproblematically labelled ‘Romanization’, which now explicitly takes great account of indigenous agency. But where does law fit into this new, participatory model of Romanization? This chapter lays out the scholarly landscape of the study of law in the provinces and sets out the guiding questions of the volume as a whole: what were Roman ambitions in the legal realm for ruling their empire? Through what mechanisms did they achieve their aims? And how did indigenous populations react to these efforts? The result is a new understanding of Roman law as a constructed idea, whose exact features varied from region to region. Roman law should be understood as a tool that could be understood and used differently in a variety of contexts. Elements of consistency can, however, be found in the way that subject populations chose to use this concept of law across the wide sweep of the empire.
Aequum et iustum
Authors: Jördens Andrea
Published: July 2020

The relationship of Roman judges to native law has recently been discussed extensively by Alonso (2013) from a juristic perspective. This chapter explores the subject from a more historical viewpoint: What were the underlying principles of Roman legal administration in the provinces, and what place was assigned to pre-Roman legal traditions? The province of Egypt, extensively documented through papyri, can serve to illustrate the general conditions faced by governors throughout the empire: environmental features, local knowledge, and a diverse group of advisers all determined the way justice was administered. Overarching ideals can nevertheless be identified. Roman conceptions of justice included the acknowledgment of non-Roman legal traditions, as long as these were not deemed to violate fundamental principles of humanitas.
Law and Administration at the Edges of Empire
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley
Published: July 2020

The city of Dura-Europos was a melting pot of cultures, influences and traditions—in the legal realm no less than others. The extensive papyri and parchment finds not only cast light on military life in the city but also the role this had in justice administration. Civilian contracts fill out our picture of legal practice more generally, both in the city and in the surrounding area. These date from before and after the constitutio Antoniniana and exist in a variety of languages: Latin, Greek, and Syriac. This chapter compares this evidence with that of the Middle Euphrates papyri to determine how much consistency is found between cities and villages, and between the Roman era and the period that preceded it at the very edges of the empire.
Local Understandings of Roman Criminal Law and Procedure in Asia Minor
Authors: Brélaz Cédric
Published: July 2020

This chapter deals with the knowledge provincials had, and the use they made, of Roman criminal procedure in the provinces of Asia Minor during the imperial period. This will be examined through two main categories of evidence: (1) petitions to emperors complaining about Roman soldiers or functionaries’ abuses against local population, (2) funerary inscriptions including provisions claiming that fines should be paid to the imperial treasury in case of desecration. This evidence supports the view that (unlike part of scholarship has been assuming for a long time) Roman criminal procedure still included accusatorial features under the Principate and that a formal accusation was needed for a proper criminal investigation to be launched. It is argued that provincials were deeply aware of what Roman criminal law was and could explicitly refer to some specific provisions in order to defend their own interests and even to challenge decisions made by the Roman administration.
Lesbos in the Roman Empire
Authors: Dimopoulou Athina
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents a synthesis of the information available on law in Roman Lesbos, starting with the integration of the island into the Roman Empire through a combination of war and/or alliance treaties between Rome and the cities of Mytilene and Methymna. The terms of these treaties that are related to the legal realm will be examined, as well as senatus consulta, edicts, and letters by Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Augustus granting or confirming legal privileges, as preserved on inscriptions from Lesbos. Other issues that this chapter considers include: the role of local elites as carriers of ideas and innovations related to law and as ambassadors of local interests before the Roman administrators; the cursus honorum of descendants of the Romanized local elite; the strong presence of Roman negotiatores in local communities and gymnasia; the integration of the cities of Lesbos in conventa iuridicii of Asia Minor; the growth of imperial cult, the importance of priesthood in Roman Lesbos and related local legislation; the competence of local institutions; information on the operation of associations, familiae and cives romani; and finally the collection of Roman taxes under Diocletian.
The Mathematics of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

Quantum mechanics is written in the language of linear algebra. On the Schrodinger picture the theory represents quantum-mechanical states using the elements of a Hilbert space and represents observable physical properties and the standard dynamics using the linear operators on the state space. We consider the mathematical notions for understanding and working with the standard formulation of quantum mechanics. Each mathematical notion is characterized geometrically, algebraically, and physically. The mathematical representation of quantum-mechanical superpositions is discussed.
Real and/or Local
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2020

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) argued that quantum mechanics was incomplete. We consider their argument and the physical and philosophical intuitions that motivated it. Among their intuitions was a commitment to real physical properties and to local properties and interactions. For his part, Einstein’s commitment to locality was closely related to how he understood special relativity. We show why the standard collapse formulation of quantum mechanics is flatly incompatible with special relativity. Following Bell, we then see why no physical theory that satisfies EPR’s commonsense and philosophical intuitions can be empirically adequate over quantum phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Norcross Alastair
Published: July 2020

Consequentialist theories share the motivation that we have reason to care about how good or bad the world is, and reason to make a positive difference to net goodness. Core Consequentialism (CC) states that an action is morally better or worse than available alternatives, and thus there is greater or lesser reason to opt for it, entirely to the extent that the world containing it is overall better or worse (contains more or less net intrinsic value) than the worlds containing the alternatives. Although CC doesn’t say anything about right or wrong, or morality’s demands, popular consequentialist theories, such as utilitarianism, are usually presented in maximizing form, with the demand to do the best we can. Such theories are often criticized as being too demanding.
Good and Bad Actions
Authors: Norcross Alastair
Published: July 2020

Should consequentialism simply equate rightness with goodness? It is usually assumed to be possible, and sometimes even desirable, for consequentialists to make judgments about the goodness of actions, in addition to states of affairs. Whether a particular action is good or bad, and how good or bad it is, are two such judgments. However, consequentialism cannot provide a satisfactory account of the goodness of actions, on the most natural approach to the question. Strictly speaking, a consequentialist cannot judge one action to be better or worse than another action performed at a different time or by a different person. Consequentialism is actually strengthened by the realization that actions can only be judged as better or worse than possible alternatives.
Facing Up to Scarcity
Authors: Fried Barbara H.
Published: July 2020

The essays collected in this book take stock of the nonconsequentialist project over the past fifty years, in two key areas. The first part focuses on the moral “duty not to harm” others. Under a suitably broad definition of harm, that duty encompasses most of the restrictions imposed on individual conduct in the secular, liberal state. It examines how that duty has been cashed out in ostensibly nonaggregative terms in the principal strains of nonconsequentialist thought: tragic choices (trolleyology), libertarian property rights, corrective justice in tort law, and Scanlonian contractualism. Nonconsequentialists have not only failed to articulate a viable alternative to aggregation in this domain; they are doomed to fail, because in a world of scarcity (in the broadest sense) and epistemic uncertainty, everything we do poses some risk of harm to others’ fundamental interests, a conflict that can be resolved only through aggregation. The second part examines the treatment of distributive justice in nonconsequentialist political theory over the past fifty years, focusing on Nozickian libertarianism, Rawlsianism, left-libertarianism, and social contractarianism. It argues that whatever the moral attractiveness of the various distributive schemes proposed, none is logically entailed by the normative premises from which it is ostensibly derived. Unlike the argument in the first part, this is not an argument for consequentialism by logical elimination. Societal wealth need not be, and almost never is, distributed to optimize consequences. Rather, it underscores the relatively weak justifications that have been offered for some very strong conclusions.
Tortious Harms
Authors: Fried Barbara H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the recent revival of a corrective justice approach to tort law. Seeking to reclaim tort theory from the now dominant welfarist perspective, corrective justice theorists like Ernest Weinib, Arthur Ripstein, Jules Coleman, and John Goldberg have stressed the corrective justice roots of the rules governing compensation for “wrongful” acts. The literature is either silent on what makes an act wrongful in the first place or suggests criteria that seem indistinguishable from some version of cost/benefit analysis. The failure of corrective justice theorists to address the central regulatory question at issue in tort law—appropriate standards of conduct—results from their conflating prohibition and compensation; viewing the tort system in isolation from the larger regulatory regime; and treating the imposition of risk and imposition of harm as distinct forms of conduct, rather than the identical conduct viewed from different temporal perspectives.
Rawls, Risk, and the Maximin Principle
Authors: Fried Barbara H.
Published: July 2020

In A Theory of Justice, Rawls acknowledged that rational choice behind the veil of ignorance would generally yield average utilitarianism—John Harsanyi’s conclusion fifteen years earlier. The question is, why would it yield a different conclusion in the Original Position? If, as Rawls assumed, the representative person would be infinitely risk averse in those unique circumstances, utility functions would reflect that preference in the relative weights assigned to different outcomes, yielding Rawls’s maximin solution. In short, Rawls’s disagreement with utilitarians is an empirical dispute about individual preferences and nothing more. Rawls believed the disagreement was more fundamental, because of two erroneous assumptions about standard utility functions: that they reflect peoples’ psychological attitudes toward risk-taking rather than their preferences over a range of outcomes, that they would ignore the transitory disutility of uncertainty aversion in calculating expected utilities.
“If You Don’t Like It, Leave It”
Authors: Fried Barbara H.
Published: July 2020

The leverage the most fortunate possess to extract a favourable deal for themselves in hypothetical social contractarian bargains depends on what exit options they are endowed with. Social contractarian arguments typically enlarge their exit options by suppressing many of the social constraints on exit they would face in the real world. The result is to greatly increase the share of the joint surplus that the most fortunate can extract in the hypothetical bargain. Suppressing naturally arising social constraints on exit is inconsistent with the parsimonious view of our collective responsibility to the least fortunate that animates social contractarianism to begin with.
Dramatic Pilcrows
Authors: Bourne Claire M. L.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 1 explains how the printers of the earliest playbooks published in England made the most basic element of dramatic form—dialogue—legible to readers. Fulgens and Lucres (1512–16?), Hycke Scorner (1515?), and Everyman (1518?) were all printed with pilcrows (¶) at the start of every new speech. Derived from scribal capitula (), which were used in liturgical and scholastic manuscripts to divide the text into manageable and logical units of reading, pilcrows helped nascent play-readers already familiar with the glyph’s function in other books access to the plays’ back-and-forth of spirited verbal exchange more easily. This arrangement became conventional in the books of interludes and morality plays, but eventually fell away as readers grew more accustomed to reading plays. Readerly competency coupled with problems of type supply led to the indent displacing the pilcrow as the typographic means of articulating the play’s dialogic form.
Plot Illustrated
Authors: Bourne Claire M. L.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 4 argues that techniques of illustrating early modern plays were designed to correspond to the effects those same plays were said to have had in performance. It studies the careful composition of custom-made woodcuts in a trio of Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher quartos: The Maid’s Tragedy (1619), A King and No King (1619), and Philaster (1620). These plays cemented Beaumont and Fletcher’s widely acknowledged reputation for creating a pleasurable sense of not-knowing for playgoers through clever plotting. The title-page images present seemingly contradictory but equally viable forecasts of the plays’ endings and enhance readerly uncertainty through visual paradox. By contrast, the engravings made for the 1711 edition of Beaumont and Fletcher’s Works depicted single, isolated moments. In step with the resurgence of neoclassical principles of dramatic decorum in the late seventeenth century, these engravings attempted to unify readers’ attention where the earlier woodcuts had sought to confuse it to pleasing effect.
Paul’s Churchyard
Authors: Hentschell Roze
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the buildings in the spaces exterior to the cathedral and their uses, with an emphasis on behaviour ‘out of place’, including vagrancy and violence. It focuses on the area of the north churchyard, in particular the bookshops and the College of Minor Canons, as revealed in the 1598 bishop’s visitation documents. Shopping for books is described, along with how it evolved to include browsing or loitering. The College of Minor Canons, built as a site for the clergy associated with the cathedral choir, operated much as did other London neighbourhoods. However, the permission of clerical marriage, the alteration of structures in the college, the practice of taking on lodgers, and the presence of women, transformed the meaning of the space. The individuals who lived there are considered, many of whom regularly transgressed social and religious norms and tore the fabric of community.
Central Banking before 1800
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: July 2020

During the 20th century, a view established itself, according to which (a) defining central banking would be difficult, (b) the Sveriges Riksbank (established in 1668) and the Bank of England (established in 1694) would have been the first central banks, (c) although at that time central banks did not have a policy mandate and no concept of central banking would have existed before the 19th century. This book challenges these views and rehabilitates pre-1800 central banking, including the role of numerous other institutions, mainly on the European continent. Central banking should be defined as being associated with the issuance of “central bank money”, i.e. financial money of the highest possible credit quality, that is accepted for settlement of any other financial claim in the same way as species money is accepted as it is considered credit, liquidity and market risk free, to use modern terminology. Issuing central bank money is a natural monopoly, and therefore central banks were always based on public charters regulating them and giving them a unique role in a sovereign territorial entity. Many early central banks were not only based on a public charter but were also publicly owned and managed, and had well defined policy objectives. The book reviews these policy objectives and the financial operations of 25 central banks established before 1800. The book shows that many of the central bank controversies debated today actually date back to the period 1400-1800.
Annex
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: July 2020

The annex presents, with a common template, a catalogue of 25 pre-1800 central banks. While it benefits considerably from previous surveys, it has a narrower focus on central bank operations and balance sheets, and on the genealogy of central banking. It also includes some banks which are not contained in the previous surveys of Roberds and Velde (the Bank of Scotland, the Banco di Santo Spirito di Roma, the American settlers’ land bank projects, the central bank projects of Leipzig and Cologne, the Copenhagen bank, the Russian Assignation Banks, the Banco Nacional de San Carlo, the Bank of North America, and the Bank of the United States). Not all institutions completely fulfil the definition of a central bank, and particularly not for the entire lifetime of its existence. However, all banks included had, at least in the way they were conceived, important elements of central banking, and thereby at least illustrate the challenges that central bank design faced pre-1800.
Prologue
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: July 2020

In 1762, both Mendelssohn and Kant submitted essays in response to the Berlin Academy’s question on the possibility of using the mathematical method in philosophy, specifically natural theology and morality. Mendelssohn won first prize for his argument that both mathematics and philosophy tie conceptual analyses to reality by experience, while Kant won honorable mention for an early version of his position that the methods of mathematics and philosophy are essentially different. After this, the two philosophers could not avoid taking account of the views of each other.
Mendelssohn, Kant, and Proofs of the Existence of God in Kant’s Pre-Critical Period
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: July 2020

This chapter reviews Mendelssohn’s early defense of the ontological and cosmological arguments for the existence of God, then examines Kant’s criticism of those arguments, especially in his 1763 book Only Possible Basis for a Demonstration of the Existence of God and his attempt at a new proof of the existence of God as the ground of all possibility rather than actuality. The chapter then examines Mendelssohn’s critique of Kant’s new argument and defense of his own position in a review of Kant’s book.
Mendelssohn and Kant on the Immortality of the Soul
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: July 2020

Mendelssohn argued for the immortality of the soul in his 1767 best-seller Phaedo. Kant’s argument for the postulate of immortality in the first two Critiques was not dissimilar to Mendelssohn’s; both may have drawn on the influential Vocation of Man by Johann Joachim Spalding. But in his 1793 Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, published after the death of Mendelssohn, Kant argued that the radical nature of human freedom means that a human being can undertake a change of heart from evil to good at any time, thereby undercutting any need to postulate immortality.
Mendelssohn, Kant, and Idealism
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: July 2020

After examining the dispute between Mendelssohn and Kant over the ideality of time in 1770, this chapter argues that Kant’s addition of a “Refutation of Idealism” to the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason in 1787 is a response to Mendelssohn’s treatment of idealism in his 1785 Morning Hours. Both defend the position that Kant calls empirical realism, but only Kant defends it by means of a transcendental argument that knowledge of external objects is a necessary condition of empirical self-knowledge, although only within the framework of transcendental idealism. Mendelssohn accepts that human experience can never tell us how things are in themselves, but does not accept Kant’s outright denial of the non-spatiality and non-temporality of things in themselves.
Approaching the Doctrine of Divine Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan
Published: July 2020

Chapter 1 is methodological and sets the stage for many of the modes of reasoning found within the remainder of the book. The central argument is that reflection upon ideal human love can be used as a reliable source for gaining significant insight into the nature of God’s love. More specifically, reasons are presented for believing that various New Testament authors presuppose that divine and human love (or species of each) are similar in such a way that scrutiny of how humans ideally should love can be used fruitfully to inform how Christian theologians and philosophers think of God’s perfect love. This methodological conclusion provides a foundation for the construction of a model of God’s love found in Chapter 2, and it offers the beginnings of a more general framework for considering certain kinds of actions relevant to this book that God might, or might not, be inclined to perform.
Creation out of Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan
Published: July 2020

There are two prominent and opposing Christian views about why God created, and consequently governs, the world. On the one hand, there is the view that God’s creative and providential activity is fundamentally motivated by God’s desire for self-glorification. God creates not ultimately for the creature, but for Himself, specifically for the enjoyment of the ad extra expression of His attributes. On the other hand, a rival theological group contends that God’s creative activity and care for the world is fundamentally motivated by love. God creates not primarily for Himself, but out of a self-giving love for the creature. Chapter 3 contains an exposition and defence of the second of these views as the more plausible of the two Christian views on why God created, and thereby governs, the world.
Reverberation
Authors: Pollard Natalie
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 explores—from the direction of non-mainstream poetics—the politics of embodiment and reception in Denise Riley’s poetry. Its focus is her late-twentieth-century avant-garde pamphlets and small press publications. What is at stake in Riley’s poetic emphasis on the punctured, uncertain, and wounded textual-corporeal body? Why do her poems invite readers to witness the traces of their physical making/printing? The chapter examines what Riley’s use of unmarked space can teach readers about their role in the politics of production and reception. It explores how sparse type energizes gaps between words (giving them a fugitive figuration) and draws attention to the conflict involved in acts of listening and receiving, inking and uttering. The chapter considers whether such effects are compromised when larger, more commercial houses republish the works.
Ventriloquism
Authors: Pollard Natalie
Published: July 2020

Tracking fugitive dynamics into the twenty-first century, this chapter probes Paul Muldoon’s exploration of metamorphosing poetic and corporeal forms. It focuses on the ventriloquizing of artworks, artists, and nonhuman agents (animals, plants, bodies, objects, waste products). It offers particular attention to: a) Muldoon’s limited edition pamphlets and literary-artistic collaborations containing photographs, drawings, and paintings. One example is Plan B, the cover of which shows a statue of Apollo wrapped in polythene. The poems within depose the colonizing order Apollo’s torso represents, engaging in refractions of aesthetic and literary inheritance. b) the voice of human and nonhuman bodies, especially Muldoon’s mythological preoccupation with half-animal forms, degenerating waste products, and digesting/gustatory metaphors for the lyric work. Each destabilizes fixed and perfected forms, often in favour of organic mutability and resonance.