bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management in Interior Alaska Boreal Forest: Recent History and Challenges
Authors: Morimoto Miho , Juday Glenn
Published: June 2019

Research Highlights: Interior Alaska boreal forest is still largely intact and forest harvest management, if applied appropriately across the forest landscape, can potentially mitigate the effects of climate warming, such as increasing wildfire and decreasing mature tree growth. Background and Objectives: This study examines historical relationships between forest growth and harvest in central boreal Alaska over the last 40 years in order to contribute to the development of sustainable forest harvesting practices. Materials and Methods: We compiled data from forest inventory and forest harvest and reforestation databases and analyzed harvesting intensity relative to growth. Results: Forest harvest management has relied heavily on natural regeneration due to a small profit margin. We found that volume harvested in the last 40 years was lower than volume growth; however, harvest activity was concentrated on the small road-accessible area and in the mature white spruce type. As a result, harvest activities need to be distributed geographically and by species in a way that prevents reduction of forest productivity or loss of ecosystem services. An expansion of the road network, or a shift in harvesting and utilization from white spruce to broadleaf would allow a significant increase in sustainable wood yield. Conclusions: There are two potential areas that could provide increased harvest, which contain a large amount of white spruce, birch, and aspen. Under rapid climate change, sustainable forest harvest management must consider the effects of fires, such as needs of salvage logging and a potential reduction of harvestable timber volumes due to damages. Forest harvest management could emulate natural fire disturbance and help reduce fuel amounts to prevent intensive and large-scale fires in the future in areas where fires are most aggressively suppressed.
Experimental Observation of Modulational Instability in Crossing Surface Gravity Wavetrains
Authors: Steer James N. , McAllister Mark L. , Borthwick Alistair G. L. , van den Bremer Ton S.
Published: June 2019

The coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation (CNLSE) is a wave envelope evolution equation applicable to two crossing, narrow-banded wave systems. Modulational instability (MI), a feature of the nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation, is characterized (to first order) by an exponential growth of sideband components and the formation of distinct wave pulses, often containing extreme waves. Linear stability analysis of the CNLSE shows the effect of crossing angle, θ , on MI, and reveals instabilities between 0 ∘ < θ < 35 ∘ , 46 ∘ < θ < 143 ∘ , and 145 ∘ < θ < 180 ∘ . Herein, the modulational stability of crossing wavetrains seeded with symmetrical sidebands is determined experimentally from tests in a circular wave basin. Experiments were carried out at 12 crossing angles between 0 ∘ ≤ θ ≤ 88 ∘ , and strong unidirectional sideband growth was observed. This growth reduced significantly at angles beyond θ ≈ 20 ∘ , reaching complete stability at θ = 30–40 ∘ . We find satisfactory agreement between numerical predictions (using a time-marching CNLSE solver) and experimental measurements for all crossing angles.
The Self-Control of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Blasi Pasquale
Published: June 2019

Several independent pieces of information have recently hinted at a prominent role of cosmic rays in controlling their own transport, within and around the sources as well as throughout their propagation on Galactic scales and even possibly during their escape from the Galaxy. I will discuss this topic with special attention to the theoretical implications and possible additional observational evidence that we may seek with upcoming experiments.
Development and Validation of a Gene-Targeted dCAPS Marker for Marker-Assisted Selection of Low-Alkaloid Content in Seeds of Narrow-Leafed Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)
Authors: Kroc Magdalena , Czepiel Katarzyna , Wilczura Paulina , Mokrzycka Monika , Święcicki Wojciech
Published: June 2019

Low-alkaloid content is an important breeding target to improve the quality of lupin seeds. An APETALA2/ethylene response transcription factor, RAP2-7, is likely a candidate gene for the major alkaloid locus iucundus, and plays a crucial role in regulation of seed alkaloid content in narrow-leafed lupin (NLL; Lupinus angustifolius L.). Here, we exploited a single-nucleotide polymorphism within RAP2-7 credibly associated with seed alkaloid content, to develop the co-dominant derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker iuc_RAP2-7. Marker validation in 202 NLL accessions demonstrated that seed alkaloid content ≥0.9% of the seed dry weight was associated with the high-alkaloid marker band (Iucundus genotypes), whereas alkaloid content up to 0.5% of the seed dry weight was associated with the low-alkaloid marker band (iucundus genotypes). Within a given detection limit, iuc_RAP2-7 unambiguously identified all but three low-alkaloid accessions. The latter accessions apparently have a different regulatory mechanism for seed alkaloid content because the RAP2-7 gene/putative promoter sequence and expression of alkaloid-associated genes in the leaves of the three ambiguous accessions were similar to those of bitter Iucundus lines. We consider the iuc_RAP2-7 marker is a powerful tool that will facilitate NLL marker-assisted selection by rapid rejection of bitter Iucundus genotypes and thus accelerate development of new low-alkaloid cultivars.
Can Engagement Go Awry and Lead to Burnout? The Moderating Role of the Perceived Motivational Climate
Authors: Nerstad Christina G. L. , Wong Sut I , Richardsen Astrid M.
Published: June 2019

In this study, we propose that when employees become too engaged, they may become burnt out due to resource depletion. We further suggest that this negative outcome is contingent upon the perceived motivational psychological climate (mastery and performance climates) at work. A two-wave field study of 1081 employees revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between work engagement and burnout. This finding suggests that employees with too much work engagement may be exposed to a higher risk of burnout. Further, a performance climate, with its emphasis on social comparison, may enhance—and a mastery climate, which focuses on growth, cooperation and effort, may mitigate the likelihood that employees become cynical towards work—an important dimension of burnout.
An Exploration of Hiking Risk Perception: Dimensions and Antecedent Factors
Authors: She Shengxiang , Tian Yunzhang , Lu Lin , Eimontaite Iveta , Xie Ting , Sun Yan
Published: June 2019

Hiking is a form of green tourism which deserves promotion and popularization, especially in present day China. However, the risks inherent in hiking could have a negative impact on the development of hiking tourism. It is important to better understand how people perceive the risks of hiking and what type of experience attributes they prefer. However, no studies have investigated the nature of risk perception from the perspective of hikers. This study explores the dimensions of the perceived risk of hiking and investigates the associated factors of hiking risk perception as well as hiking preference. A questionnaire with 18 items was used to capture people’s perception of hiking risks, and two groups of samples were surveyed. Generally, this study identified two dimensions of perceived risk towards hiking based on a sample of hikers, i.e., physical risk and psychological risk. Demographic variables such as gender, upbringing background, and hiking frequency were shown to predict hiking risk perception while gender and hiking frequency predicted route preference. The personality trait of sensation seeking appeared to be a significant predictor of hiking preference. These findings lend themselves to market segmentation and marketing strategies on hiking tourism.
Bout Length-Specific Physical Activity and Adherence to Physical Activity Recommendations among Japanese Adults
Authors: Machida Masaki , Takamiya Tomoko , Fukushima Noritoshi , Odagiri Yuko , Kikuchi Hiroyuki , Amagasa Shiho , Kitabayashi Makiko , Kitayuguchi Jun , Inoue Shigeru
Published: June 2019

We aimed to clarify the patterns of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the Japanese adult population, and the proportion of people meeting the recommendations of the Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) for Americans, second edition (2nd PAG; ≥150 min/week of total MVPA including bouts of any length) and those meeting the previously recommended PAG (2008-PAG; of ≥150 min/week of total MVPA lasting 10 min or longer [long-bout MVPA]). A total of 204 adults (aged 18 to 64 years) from two workplaces were asked to wear an accelerometer. MVPA was classified by bout length, and the proportion of long-bout MVPA was clarified. The proportion of participants adhering to the 2008-PAG and the 2nd PAG recommendations was calculated. Valid data was obtained from 184 adults. Long-bout MVPA accounted for 13.4% of total MVPA. Our results showed that 12.5% of individuals performed MVPA as recommended by the 2008-PAG whereas 92.4% performed MVPA as recommended by the 2nd PAG. Our results, hence, showed that long-bout MVPA comprised only a small proportion of total MVPA, and the proportion of individuals who satisfied the criteria stated in the guidelines (≥150 min/week) significantly changed by whether or not bout length of MVPA was taken into account.
Genetic and Molecular Control of Floral Organ Identity in Cereals
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Raza Qasim , Atif Rana Muhammad , Aslam Usman , Ajmal Muhammad , Chung Gyuhwa
Published: June 2019

Grasses represent a major family of monocots comprising mostly cereals. When compared to their eudicot counterparts, cereals show a remarkable morphological diversity. Understanding the molecular basis of floral organ identity and inflorescence development is crucial to gain insight into the grain development for yield improvement purposes in cereals, however, the exact genetic mechanism of floral organogenesis remains elusive due to their complex inflorescence architecture. Extensive molecular analyses of Arabidopsis and other plant genera and species have established the ABCDE floral organ identity model. According to this model, hierarchical combinatorial activities of A, B, C, D, and E classes of homeotic genes regulate the identity of different floral organs with partial conservation and partial diversification between eudicots and cereals. Here, we review the developmental role of A, B, C, D, and E gene classes and explore the recent advances in understanding the floral development and subsequent organ specification in major cereals with reference to model plants. Furthermore, we discuss the evolutionary relationships among known floral organ identity genes. This comparative overview of floral developmental genes and associated regulatory factors, within and between species, will provide a thorough understanding of underlying complex genetic and molecular control of flower development and floral organ identity, which can be helpful to devise innovative strategies for grain yield improvement in cereals.
Evidences Suggesting that Distinct Immunological and Cellular Responses to Light Damage Distinguishes Juvenile and Adult Rat Retinas
Authors: Polosa Anna , Lv Shasha , Ait Igrine Wassila , Chevrolat Laura-Alexie , Bessaklia Hyba , Lachapelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

To unravel the mechanisms behind the higher resistance to light damage of juvenile (JR) versus adult (AR) rats, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a bright luminous environment of 10, 000 lux. The light-induced retinopathy (LIR) was assessed with histology, electroretinography and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In JR, 2 days of exposure induced the typical LIR, while >3 days added little LIR. IHC revealed a subtle migration of microglia (Iba1 marker) from the inner to the outer retina after 3 days of exposure in JR contrasting with the stronger reaction seen after 1 day in AR. Similarly, in JR, the Müller cells expressed less intense GFAP, CNTF and FGF2 staining compared to AR. Our results suggest that in JR the degree of retinal damage is not proportional to the duration of light exposure (i.e., dose-independent retinopathy), contrasting with the dose-dependent LIR reported in AR. The immature immune system in JR may explain the delayed and/or weaker inflammatory response compared to AR, a finding that would also point to the devastating contribution of the immune system in generating the LIR phenotype, a claim also advanced to explain the pathophysiology of other retinal degenerative disorders such as Age-related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinitis Pigmentosa.
Gene Expression Indicates Altered Immune Modulation and Signaling Pathway Activation in Ovarian Cancer Patients Resistant to Topotecan
Authors: Menyhárt Otília , Fekete János Tibor , Győrffy Balázs
Published: June 2019

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies. Topotecan remains an essential tool in second-line therapy; even so, most patients develop resistance within a short period of time. We aimed to identify biomarkers of topotecan resistance by using gene expression signatures derived from patient specimens at surgery and available subsequent responses to therapy. Gene expression was collected for 1436 patients and 10,103 genes. Based on disease progression, patients were categorized as responders/nonresponders depending on their progression free survival (PFS) state at 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after surgery. For each gene, the median expression was compared between responders and nonresponders for two treatment regimens (chemotherapy including/excluding topotecan) with Mann–Whitney U test at each of the four different PFS cutoffs. Statistical significance was accepted in the case of p < 0.05 with a fold change (FC) ≥ 1.44. Four genes (EPB41L2, HLA-DQB1, LTF and SFRP1) were consistently overexpressed across multiple PFS cutoff times in initial tumor samples of patients with disease progression following topotecan treatment. A common theme linked to topotecan resistance was altered immune modulation. Genes associated with disease progression after systemic chemotherapy emphasize the role of the initial organization of the tumor microenvironment in therapy resistance. Our results uncover biomarkers with potential utility for patient stratification.
The Early Northward Migration of the White-Backed Planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) is Often Hindered by Heavy Precipitation in Southern China during the Preflood Season in May and June
Authors: Chen Hui , Chang Xiao-Li , Wang Yun-Ping , Lu Ming-Hong , Liu Wan-Cai , Zhai Bao-Ping , Hu Gao
Published: June 2019

Seasonal weather systems that establish prevailing winds and seasonal rainfall on a large scale largely determine insect migration patterns, especially for micro-insects with completely windborne migration. Recent studies indicated that the summer migration of the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) in eastern China is related to the strength and position of the Western Pacific Subtropical High-Pressure (WPSH) system and its associated wind and rainfall patterns. Compared with the BPH, the white-backed planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera) has a similar diet, analogous body size, and strong long-distance migration ability. Thus, the migration pattern for the WBPH can be speculated to be similar to that of the BPH. However, the migration pattern of the WBPH and how this pattern relates to climatic conditions have scarcely been described. Based on almost three decades of data (1977–2003), it was suggested that the WBPH in southern China (south of approximately 27° N) migrates into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River after the abrupt movements of the WPSH in mid-June, similar to the BPH. By contrast, the emigration of the WBPH in southern China begins in late May. Further analysis indicated that the migration of the WBPH in late May and early June was short or unsuccessful due to heavy precipitation during the preflood season in southern China from late May to middle June. The results herein demonstrate the differences in migration patterns between two rice planthoppers in the eastern Asia migration arena. We also provide new information that could assist with forecasting outbreaks and implementing control measures against these migratory pests.
Two Divergent Genetic Lineages within the Horned Passalus Beetle, Odontotaenius disjunctus (Coleoptera: Passalidae): An Emerging Model for Insect Behavior, Physiology, and Microbiome Research
Authors: Garrick Ryan , Dickinson Trey , Reppel Dana , Yi Rachel
Published: June 2019

The horned passalus (Odontotaenius disjunctus) is one of the most extensively studied saproxylic beetles in the eastern United States. For several decades this species has been the subject of investigations into the behaviors associated with subsociality as well as physiological responses to stress, and, most recently, the composition of its gut microbiome has been closely examined. However, no published study to date has characterized this beetle’s broad-scale population genetic structure. Here, we conducted intensive geographic sampling throughout the southern Appalachian Mountains and surrounding areas and then assessed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation among individuals. Unexpectedly, we discovered two divergent, yet broadly sympatric, mtDNA clades. Indeed, the magnitude of divergence between- vs. within-clades ranged from 5.9 to 7.5×, depending on the dataset under consideration, and members of the two lineages were often syntopic (i.e., found in the same rotting log). Given the potential implications for past and future studies on behavior, physiology, and the gut microbiome, we developed a simple cost-efficient molecular assay (i.e., polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism; PCR-RFLP) to rapidly determine mtDNA clade membership of O. disjunctus individuals. We suggest that the evolutionary processes that gave rise to the emergence and persistence of divergent sympatric lineages reported here warrant investigation, as this type of spatial-genetic pattern appears to be rare among southern Appalachian forest invertebrates.
A Novel Pathogenic Variant in MT-CO2 Causes an Isolated Mitochondrial Complex IV Deficiency and Late-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Zierz Charlotte , Baty Karen , Blakely Emma , Hopton Sila , Falkous Gavin , Schaefer Andrew , Hadjivassiliou Marios , Sarrigiannis Ptolemaios , Ng Yi , Taylor Robert
Published: June 2019

Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA defects can cause isolated cytochrome c oxidase (COX; complex IV) deficiency, leading to the development of the mitochondrial disease. We report a 52-year-old female patient who presented with a late-onset, progressive cerebellar ataxia, tremor and axonal neuropathy. No family history of neurological disorder was reported. Although her muscle biopsy demonstrated a significant COX deficiency, there was no clinical and electromyographical evidence of myopathy. Electrophysiological studies identified low frequency sinusoidal postural tremor at 3 Hz, corroborating the clinical finding of cerebellar dysfunction. Complete sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA genome in muscle identified a novel MT-CO2 variant, m.8163A>G predicting p.(Tyr193Cys). We present several lines of evidence, in proving the pathogenicity of this heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA variant, as the cause of her clinical presentation. Our findings serve as an important reminder that full mitochondrial DNA analysis should be included in the diagnostic pipeline for investigating individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia.
A Scoping Review of The Efficacy of Virtual Reality and Exergaming on Patients of Musculoskeletal System Disorder
Authors: Lin Hui-Ting , Li Yen-I , Hu Wen-Pin , Huang Chun-Cheng , Du Yi-Chun
Published: June 2019

To assess the effects of virtual reality on patients with musculoskeletal disorders by means of a scoping review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The databases included PubMed, IEEE, and the MEDLINE database. Articles involving RCTs with higher than five points on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were reviewed for suitability and inclusion. The methodological quality of the included RCT was evaluated using the PEDro scale. The three reviewers extracted relevant information from the included studies. Fourteen RCT articles were included. When compared with simple usual care or other forms of treatment, there was significant pain relief, increased functional capacity, reduced symptoms of the disorder, and increased joint angles for the virtual reality treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Furthermore, burn patients with acute pain were able to experience a significant therapeutic effect on pain relief. However, virtual reality treatment of patients with non-chronic pain such as total knee replacement, ankle sprains, as well as those who went through very short virtual reality treatments, did not show a significant difference in parameters, as compared with simple usual care and other forms of treatment. Current evidence supports VR treatment as having a significant effect on pain relief, increased joint mobility, or motor function of patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders. VR seems quite effective in relieving the pain of patients with acute burns as well.
Simvastatin Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis via Regulation of Cardiomyocyte-Derived Exosome Secretion
Authors: Kuo Hsuan-Fu , Hsieh Chong-Chao , Wang Shu-Chi , Chang Chia-Yuan , Hung Chih-Hsin , Kuo Po-Lin , Liu Yu-Ru , Li Chia-Yang , Liu Po-Len
Published: June 2019

Exosome-mediated communication within the cardiac microenvironment is associated with cardiac fibrosis. Simvastatin (SIM), a potent statin, protects against cardiac fibrosis, but its mechanism of action is unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effects and underlying mechanism of simvastatin in cardiac fibrosis, by regulating exosome-mediated communication. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with angiotensin (Ang) II alone, or with SIM for 28 d. Cardiac fibrosis, expressions of fibrosis-associated proteins and mRNAs, and collagen fiber arrangement and deposition were examined. Protein expressions in exosomes isolated from Ang II-treated cardiomyocytes (CMs) were evaluated using nano-ultra-performance liquid chromatographic system, combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts was evaluated using scanning electron and confocal microscopy, and migration assays. Our results showed that SIM attenuated in vivo expression of collagen and collagen-associated protein, as well as collagen deposition, and cardiac fibrosis. The statin also upregulated decorin and downregulated periostin in CM-derived exosomes. Furthermore, it suppressed Ang II-induced transformation of fibroblast to myofibroblast, as well as fibroblast migration. Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication within the cardiac tissue critically regulated cardiac fibrosis. Specifically, SIM regulated the release of CM exosomes, and attenuated Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis, highlighting its potential as a novel therapy for cardiac fibrosis.
Interdecadal Foredune Changes along the Southeast Australian Coastline: 1942–2014
Authors: Doyle Thomas B. , Short Andrew D. , Ruggiero Peter , Woodroffe Colin D.
Published: June 2019

Foredunes are important features within coastal landscapes, yet there are relatively few medium to long-term studies on how they evolve and change over time. This study of Australia’s New South Wales (NSW) foredunes has used 70 years of aerial photographs (or photogrammetry) and recent Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) datasets to assess multi-decadal fluctuations in foredune morphology. It was shown that over the past 70 years NSW foredunes have exhibited considerable spatial variation, ranging from accretion/aggradation to recession. Those sites that accreted predominantly extended seaward as new incipient dunes, gaining a maximum of 235 m3 m−1 in sand volume over the study period (for the entire dune system). These sites were commonly found in the north of the state, within closed sediment compartments, and with strong onshore (and alongshore) wind climates present (increasing the potential for aeolian sand transport). Stable foredunes were those that remained within +/− 50 m3 m−1 of their initial volume and managed to recover from the various storm impacts over the study period. The majority of these sites were found within the central to southern half of the state, behind embayed beaches, and within leaky sediment compartments, or those that have estuarine sinks. Finally, those foredunes in recession have retreated landwards and/or have reduced in height or width, and lost up to 437 m3 m−1 of sand volume over the study period. There was no clear spatial trend for these sites; however, generally they were found in compartments that had unusual orientations, had disruptions in longshore drift/cross shore sand delivery (i.e., rocky reefs), or were being impacted by humans (i.e., the installation of river training walls, sand bypassing systems, or coastal management programs). This study has shown that NSW foredunes have undergone substantial recent changes and, by understanding their past history, will provide better insight into how they can be managed into the future.
Special Issue: Empowering eHealth with Smart Internet of Things (IoT) Medical Devices
Authors: Amira Abbes , Agoulmine Nazim , Bensaali Faycal , Bermak Amine , Dimitrakopoulos George
Published: June 2019

The use of Internet of Things (IoT) with medical devices within a connected health environment promotes the quick flow of information and enables easy access to it [...]
Frequency-Diverse Bunching Metamaterial Antenna for Coincidence Imaging
Authors: Zhao Mengran , Zhu Shitao , Li Jianxing , Shi Hongyu , Chen Juan , He Yuchen , Zhang Anxue
Published: June 2019

A frequency-diverse bunching metamaterial antenna for coincidence imaging in the Ka band is proposed in this paper. The bunching metamaterial antenna includes a broadband circular array and a frequency-diverse bunching metalens. Firstly, in order to enhance the bunching characteristic, the broadband circular array is designed based on the 60-degree beamwidth design to generate radiation patterns from 32 GHz to 36 GHz. Then, types of metamaterial elements with different transmission phases are selected to form the frequency-diverse bunching metalens based on a random distribution design and gradient zoom coefficient design. Moreover, the bunching metamaterial antenna is constituted by loading the frequency-diverse bunching metalens to the broadband circular array, which can generate frequency-diverse bunching random radiation patterns with beamwidth less than 100 degrees from 32 GHz to 36 GHz. Furthermore, the performances of the bunching metamaterial antenna, including the reflection coefficient, the radiation efficiency, and the correlation coefficients of radiation patterns at different frequencies are evaluated. Finally, the coincidence imaging experiment is implemented using the bunching metamaterial antenna and the image of the target is reconstructed successfully. The design is verified by simulations and measurements.
Evaluating Reach, Acceptability, Utility, and Engagement with An App-Based Intervention to Improve Medication Adherence in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in the MedApp-CHD Study: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation
Authors: Santo Karla , Singleton Anna , Chow Clara K , Redfern Julie
Published: June 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the reach, acceptability, utility, and engagement with the apps that were used in the MEDication reminder APPlications (apps) to improve medication adherence in Coronary Heart Disease (MedApp-CHD) study, a randomised clinical trial to improve medication adherence, using a mixed-methods approach. Methods: The MedApp-CHD study randomised 163 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) to one of three groups: (i) usual care (n = 56), (ii) a basic medication reminder app (n = 54), or (iii) an advanced medication reminder app (n = 53). For this mixed-methods evaluation, the data sources included patient screening logs, feedback questionnaires collected at three-month follow-up, focus groups discussions, and analytical data from the app software. Results: Ninety-four percent (98/104) of participants who received a medication reminder app completed the three-month feedback questionnaire and 15 participated in the focus group discussions. The themes that were identified included that participants (i) found the medication reminders useful in reminding them to take the medications on the correct time every day, (ii) liked having the medication list as an easily-accessible record of medications’ names and dosages, (iii) reported being likely to continue to use the apps after the study completion, (iv) would be likely to recommend the apps to their family and friends, and (v) those who used the clinical measurements feature found it useful as a tool to track and graph the blood pressure and glucose levels over time (especially those with diabetes and/or hypertension). In addition, analytical data from the app software demonstrated that the participants used the medication-related features more than the clinical measurements feature. Furthermore, data from the patient screening logs showed that the main reason for exclusion, other than not meeting the CHD criteria, was not having a suitable smartphone, and those that were excluded for this reason were older and had a higher proportion of females than those enrolled in the study. Conclusion: This study provides important insights regarding the features that are most useful in apps that aim to improve medication adherence. This mixed-methods evaluation suggests that, currently, young male patients with CHD are more likely to use such apps, that the apps were well-accepted and useful in reminding the patients to take the medications, and that the patients were engaged in regularly using the apps.
FAST-forge of Diffusion Bonded Dissimilar Titanium Alloys: A Novel Hybrid Processing Approach for Next Generation Near-Net Shape Components
Authors: Pope Jacob , Jackson Martin
Published: June 2019

Material reductions, weight savings, design optimisation, and a reduction in the environmental impact can be achieved by improving the performance of near-net shape (NNS) titanium alloy components. The method demonstrated in this paper is to use a solid-state approach, which includes diffusion bonding discrete layers of dissimilar titanium alloy powders (CP-Ti, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr) using field-assisted sintering technology (FAST), followed by subsequent forging steps. This article demonstrates the hybrid process route, firstly through small-scale uni-axial compression tests and secondly through closed-die forging of dissimilar titanium alloy FAST preforms into an NNS (near-net shape) component. In order to characterise and simulate the underlying forging behaviour of dissimilar alloy combinations, uni-axial compression tests of FAST cylindrical samples provided flow stress behaviour and the effect of differing alloy volume fractions on the resistance to deformation and hot working behaviour. Despite the mismatch in the magnitude of flow stress between alloys, excellent structural bond integrity is maintained throughout. This is also reflected in the comparatively uncontrolled closed-die forging of the NNS demonstrator components. Microstructural analysis across the dissimilar diffusion bond line was undertaken in the components and finite element modelling software reliably predicts the strain distribution and bond line flow behaviour during the multi-step forging process.
Effect of Laser Peening Process Parameters and Sequences on Residual Stress Profiles
Authors: Kallien Zina , Keller Sören , Ventzke Volker , Kashaev Nikolai , Klusemann Benjamin
Published: June 2019

Laser Peening (LP) is a surface modification technology that can induce high residual stresses in a metallic material. The relation between LP process parameters, in particular laser sequences, as well as pulse parameters and the resulting residual stress state was investigated in this study. The residual stress measurements, performed with the hole drilling technique, showed a non-equibiaxial stress profile in laser peened AA2024-T3 samples with a clad layer for certain parameter combinations. Shot overlap and applied energy density were found to be crucial parameters for the characteristic of the observed non-equibiaxial residual stress profile. Furthermore, the investigation showed the importance of the advancing direction, as the advancing direction influences the direction of the higher compressive residual stress component. The direction of higher residual stresses was parallel or orthogonal to the rolling direction of the material. The effect was correlated to the microstructural observation obtained via electron backscattered diffraction. Additionally, for peening with two sequences of different advancing directions, the study showed that the order of applied advancing directions was important for the non-equibiaxiality of the resulting residual stress profile.
The Orson Anderson Era of Mineral Physics at Lamont in the 1960s
Authors: Liebermann Robert
Published: June 2019

From 1964 to the early 1970s, Orson Anderson led a research program at the Lamont Geological Observatory in the newly-emerging field of “mineral physics”. In collaboration with colleagues Edward Schreiber and Naohiro Soga, Orson exploited the techniques of physical acoustics to study the behavior of the sound velocities of minerals at elevated pressures and temperatures. This research program also included semi-empirical studies of the relationships between the bulk modulus and the molar volume of solids, the use of lattice dynamics to calculate the elastic moduli of cubic structures as a function of pressure to predict instabilities, and theoretical investigations of the Lagrangian and Eulerian formulations of finite strain equations of state.
An HS-SPME-GC-MS Method for Profiling Volatile Compounds as Related to Technology Used in Cider Production
Authors: Nešpor Jakub , Karabín Marcel , Štulíková Kateřina , Dostálek Pavel
Published: June 2019

Volatile aromatic compounds have a major impact on the final organoleptic properties of cider, and their profiles are influenced by a number of parameters that are closely related to production technologies, especially with regard to the raw material, the microorganism used and the fermentation process. In this work, the profiles of volatile compounds (4 fatty acids, 6 higher alcohols and 12 esters) from 34 European ciders were studied using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Volatiles were isolated by HS-SPME using a CAR/PDMS fiber. Analytical data were statistically evaluated using principal component analysis, and differences in composition of volatiles between cider produced using “intensified” technologies and that of ciders produced by traditional production processes were demonstrated. This difference was mainly due to varying contents of some higher alcohols (2-methylpropanol, isoamyl alcohols, hexanol, and butane-2,3-diol) and esters (ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, butylacetate, and hexyl acetate).
Repression of Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepG2 Cells by Polyphenolic Compounds from Lauridia tetragona (L.f.) R.H. Archer
Authors: Odeyemi Samuel , Dewar John
Published: June 2019

Lauridia tetragona (L.f) R.H. Archer is routinely used in traditional medicine; however, its hepatoprotective property is yet to be scientifically proven. To this effect, the hepatoprotective activity of the polyphenolic-rich fractions (PPRFs) was investigated against acetaminophen (APAP) injured HepG2 cells. The ability of the PPRF to scavenge free radicals was tested against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and [2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)] (ABTS). The ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) was also evaluated as a cell-free antioxidant assay. The hepatoprotective activity was then investigated by observing the effect of PPRFs against APAP-induced reduction in cell viability of HepG2 cells. The concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (AST), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the medium were evaluated while the underlying mechanism was further explored through western blot analysis. Thereafter, the isolated PPRFs were identified using UHPLC-QToF-MS. All six fractions of the PPRFs isolated showed significant antioxidant properties that were evident by the effective scavenging of DPPH, ABTS, and higher FRAP. The results indicated that PPRF pretreatments ameliorated APAP-induced hepatocellular injury by significantly inhibiting the leakage of AST, ALT, and LDH into the medium. The most active fractions for hepatoprotection were PPRF4 and PPRF6 with IC50 of 50.243 ± 8.03 and 154.59 ± 1.9 μg/mL, respectively. PPRFs markedly increased activities of liver superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and liver glutathione concentration. Both PPRF4 and PPRF6 significantly increased the expression of Nrf2 and translocation. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of a wide variety of polyphenolics such as coumarin, ferulic acid, and caffeine among the dominant constituents. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the isolated PPRFs have potential hepatoprotective activity that may be due to the increased expression of antioxidative genes dependent on Nrf2.
One-step Preparation of a VHH-based Immunoadsorbent for the Extracorporeal Removal of β2-microglobulin
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Zang Berlin , Huang Chundong , Ren Jun , Jia Lingyun
Published: June 2019

Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA), which has been widely recognized to be associated with the accumulation of β2-microglobulin (β2-m) in blood, is one of the most common complications in patients receiving long-term dialysis treatment. The most significant side-effect of existing hemodialysis sorbents for the removal of β2-m from blood is the loss of vital proteins due to non-specific adsorptions. Although the traditional antibodies have the capability to specifically remove β2-m from blood, high cost limits their applications in clinics. Single domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae species serve as a superior choice in the preparation of immunoadsorbents due to their small size, high stability, amenability, simplicity of expression in microbes, and high affinity to recognize and interact with β2-m. In this study, we modified the anti-β2-m VHH by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), and then directly immobilized the aldehyde-modified VHH to the amino-activated beads. Notably, the fabrication is cost- and time-effective, since all the preparation steps were performed in the crude cell extract without rigorous purification. The accordingly prepared immunoadsorbent with VHHs as ligands exhibited the high capacity of β2-m (0.75 mg/mL). In conclusion, the VHH antibodies were successfully used as affinity ligands in the preparation of novel immunoadsorbents by the site-specific immobilization, and effectively adsorbed β2-m from blood, therefore opening a new avenue for efficient hemodialysis.
3D Point Clouds and Eye Tracking for Investigating the Perception and Acceptance of Power Lines in Different Landscapes
Authors: Wissen Hayek Ulrike , Müller Kilian , Göbel Fabian , Kiefer Peter , Spielhofer Reto , Grêt-Regamey Adrienne
Published: June 2019

The perception of the visual landscape impact is a significant factor explaining the public’s acceptance of energy infrastructure developments. Yet, there is lack of knowledge how people perceive and accept power lines in certain landscape types and in combination with wind turbines, a required setting to achieve goals of the energy turnaround. The goal of this work was to demonstrate how 3D point cloud visualizations could be used for an eye tracking study to systematically investigate the perception of landscape scenarios with power lines. 3D visualizations of near-natural and urban landscapes were prepared based on data from airborne and terrestrial laser scanning. These scenes were altered with varying amounts of the respective infrastructure, and they provided the stimuli in a laboratory experiment with 49 participants. Eye tracking and questionnaires served for measuring the participants’ responses. The results show that the point cloud-based simulations offered suitable stimuli for the eye tracking study. Particularly for the analysis of guided perceptions, the approach fostered an understanding of disturbing landscape elements. A comparative in situ eye tracking study is recommended to further evaluate the quality of the point cloud simulations, whether they produce similar responses as in the real world.
Short- and Long-Range Mechanical and Chemical Interphases Caused by Interaction of Boehmite (γ-AlOOH) with Anhydride-Cured Epoxy Resins
Authors: Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani Media , Elert Anna-Maria , Hodoroaba Vasile-Dan , Agudo Jácome Leonardo , Altmann Korinna , Silbernagl Dorothee , Sturm Heinz
Published: June 2019

Understanding the interaction between boehmite and epoxy and the formation of their interphases with different mechanical and chemical structures is crucial to predict and optimize the properties of epoxy-boehmite nanocomposites. Probing the interfacial properties with atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methods, especially particle-matrix long-range interactions, is challenging. This is due to size limitations of various analytical methods in resolving nanoparticles and their interphases, the overlap of interphases, and the effect of buried particles that prevent the accurate interphase property measurement. Here, we develop a layered model system in which the epoxy is cured in contact with a thin layer of hydrothermally synthesized boehmite. Different microscopy methods are employed to evaluate the interfacial properties. With intermodulation atomic force microscopy (ImAFM) and amplitude dependence force spectroscopy (ADFS), which contain information about stiffness, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces, a soft interphase was detected between the epoxy and boehmite. Surface potential maps obtained by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) revealed another interphase about one order of magnitude larger than the mechanical interphase. The AFM-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique reveals that the soft interphase consists of unreacted curing agent. The long-range electrical interphase is attributed to the chemical alteration of the bulk epoxy and the formation of new absorption bands.
An Electrospun Preparation of the NC/GAP/Nano-LLM-105 Nanofiber and Its Properties
Authors: Luo Tingting , Wang Yi , Huang Hao , Shang Feifei , Song Xiaolan
Published: June 2019

In this work, an energetic composite fiber, in which 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) nanoparticles intimately incorporated with a nitrocellulose/glycidyl azide polymer (NC/GAP) fiber, was prepared by the electrospinning method. The morphology and structure of the nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The nanofibers possessed a three-dimensional (3D) net structure and a large specific surface area. Thermal analysis, energetic performance, and sensitivities were investigated, and they were compared with NC/GAP and LLM-105 nanoparticles. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers show higher decomposition rates and lower decomposition temperatures. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 decomposed to CO2, CO, H2O, N2O, and a few NO, -CH2O-, and -CH- fragments, in the thermal-infrared spectrometry online (TG-IR) measurement. The NC/GAP/nano-LLM-105 nanofibers demonstrated a higher standard specific impulse (Isp), a higher combustion chamber temperature (Tc), and a higher specialty height (H50). The introduction of nano-LLM-105 in the NC/GAP matrix results in an improvement in energetic performance and safety.
Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Variation and Cancer Biomarkers among Breast Cancer Patients Supplemented with Vitamin D3: A Single-Arm Non-Randomized Before and After Trial
Authors: Kazemian Elham , Akbari Mohammad Esmaeil , Moradi Nariman , Gharibzadeh Safoora , Mondul Alison M. , Jamshidi-Naeini Yasaman , Khademolmele Maryam , Zarins Katie R. , Ghodoosi Nasim , Amouzegar Atieh , Davoodi Sayed Hossein , Rozek Laura S.
Published: June 2019

We investigated whether vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms were associated with cancer biomarkers, i.e., E-cadherin, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), interferon β (IFNβ), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (s-VCAM-1), tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), and human high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), among breast cancer survivors who received vitamin D3 supplementation. In a single-arm non-randomized pre- and post trial, 176 breast cancer survivors who had completed treatment protocol including surgery, radio and chemotherapy were enrolled in the study and received 4000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for 12 weeks. The association between the VDR SNPs (ApaI, TaqI, FokI, BsmI and Cdx2) and response variable changes was assessed using linear regression, utilizing the “association” function in the R package “SNPassoc”. We observed that women with AA and GA [codominant model (AA compared to GG) and (GA compared to GG); dominant model (AA & GA compared to GG)] genotypes of Cdx2 showed higher increase in plasma MMP9 levels compared to the GG category. In addition, carriers of BsmI bb showed greater decrease in circulating TNFα levels after vitamin D3 supplementation [recessive model (bb compared to BB & Bb]. Likewise, significant associations were identified between haplotypes of VDR polymorphisms and on-study plasma MMP9 changes. However, our results indicate that VDR genetic polymorphisms were not associated with longitudinal changes in the remaining cancer biomarkers. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in certain inflammatory biomarkers in breast cancer survivors with low plasma 25(OH)D levels, supplemented with vitamin D3, may depend on VDR SNPs and haplotypes.
Serum n-6 Fatty Acids are Positively Associated with Growth in 6-to-10-Year Old Ugandan Children Regardless of HIV Status—A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Jain Raghav , Ezeamama Amara E. , Sikorskii Alla , Yakah William , Zalwango Sarah , Musoke Philippa , Boivin Michael J. , Fenton Jenifer I.
Published: June 2019

Fatty acids (FAs) are crucial in child growth and development. In Uganda, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically reduced perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of infants, however, the interplay of FAs, ART, and HIV in relation to child growth is not well understood. To investigate this, serum was collected from 240 children between 6–10 years old in Uganda and analyzed for FAs using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. HIV status and anthropometric measurements were taken, and relationships with FAs were assessed. No significant differences in growth parameters or serum FAs were found between HIV uninfected children with and without exposure to ART. HIV positive children had significantly lower height-for-age-z-scores (HAZ) than uninfected children (p < 0.001). HIV-positive children had higher arachidonic acid than uninfected children (p = 0.003). Total omega-6 FAs were significantly associated with HAZ regardless of HIV status (p = 0.035). Mean total omega-3 FAs (2.90%) were low in this population compared to other cohorts in Africa. These results provide reference serum FA values for 6–10-year-old children in Uganda and may be used to inform lipid supplementation programs to promote child growth. Future studies should investigate the relationships between child growth trajectories in relation to HIV status and serum FAs.