bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insight into the Sorption and Activation Energy Phenomenon of Kenaf Shive Sorbents in Crude Oil/Water Mixture
Authors: Salisu M. , Gambo Y. L. , Suleiman M. A. , Yakubu M. K. , Diya’uddeen B. H. , Ishiaku S. U. , Ukanah S. P.
Published: January 2022

The secondary effect discovery of synthetic sorbents opened another research direction for many field of studies. However, the sorption parameters of lignocellulosic sorbents are rarely reported most importantly, kenaf shive. This paper centered at the sorption behavior of optimized kenaf shive sorbents using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via surface deposit technique. Five-level Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental matrix was used to analyze the effect of particle sizes (125-1000 µm), stirring time (5-30min) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) concentration (5-20% v/v) as individual and combined variables process in the developed sorbents. The unmodified shive was compared with the modified, and it reveals a positive shift in the sorption capability. Instrumental analysis such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red), DT-TGA (Differential Thermal-Thermogravimetric analysis) and BET (Brunaure-Emmett-Teller) were carried out on the optimized sorbent and the results were in conformity with the sorption results. The sorption behavior deployed fits the pseudo-first-order and Langmuir isotherm with regression coefficient R2=0.9496 and R2=0.9400. The sorption property was found to be spontaneous and exothermic, however, the activation energy studies shows physic-sorption phenomenon with 25.3 kJmol-1 and R2=0.9360.
Bacteriological Evaluation of Nigerian Paper Currency (Naira Notes) Circulating In Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Dike-Ndudim Joy Nkeiruka , Onyegbule Gladys A. , Chinyere Ifegbuike Seraphim , Ndubueze Chizaram Winners , Udochukwu Enwere Victor , Chukwuebuka Duru Collins
Published: January 2022

Generally, the contamination of currencies with various microbial species is increasingly being reported. This usually results from improper handling during exchange of goods, services and certain environmental factors. This study on the bacteriological evaluation of the Nigerian paper currency (Naira notes) circulating in Owerri, Imo State was carried out with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of bacteria contaminants of Nigerian currency notes in circulation. A total of One hundred and twenty (120) Naira notes of ₦5, ₦10, ₦20, ₦50, ₦100, ₦200, ₦500 and ₦1000 denominations were collected in separate polythene bags from traders, students, hawkers, meat sellers, food vendors, taxi drivers, keke drivers and banks for the study. The notes were chosen on the basis of denominations and physical appearance (Mint, Neat, dirty, very dirty and mutilated). Each of the notes was inserted into a sterile bottle containing 10mls of distilled water and allowed to stand for twenty minutes. Double dilution of the solution was inoculated into Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol Salt agar and Salmonella and Shigella agar for viable counts. Further identification of the bacteria was carried out using standard morphological and biochemical tests. The data from this study were subjected to statistical analysis using percentage, charts and anova. The result from the analysis showed that, 82 (68.33%) out of the 120 samples evaluated were contaminated. The study showed that dirty naira notes are potential routes for bacteriological disease transmission to man during handling and constitutes a public health risk. Therefore, the appropriate authorities should embark on public enlightenment campaign targeted at the handlers and associated risks.
Utility of Rescue Flap in the Reconstruction of Skull Base Defects Following Transnasal Endoscopic Excision of Sellar/Supra-sellar Lesions
Authors: Saini Arjun , Jain Shraddha , Deshkar P. A.
Published: January 2022

Background: Naso-septal Rescue Flap(NSRF) technique involves the preservation of unilateral posterior septal artery pedicle without harvesting full Naso-Septal Flap (NSF). This enables usage of NSF flap when needed while allowing enough exposure to resect tumor completely. This also provides with added advantage of tailoring flap according to preference to cover the defect post tumor removal. This technique involves partial harvestation of only the most superior and posterior aspect of the flap to protect its pedicle, providing better instrumentation for the sphenoid sinus. At the end of the procedure, if there is unexpected CSF rhinorrhea or resultant bony defect is large then Nasoseptal flap is harvested from the rescue flap.

As very few studies have been conducted for rescue flap technique in anterior skull base defect reconstruction following excision of sellar/supra-sellar lesions, the technique requires further validation, hence the present study is being undertaken.

Objectives:

To study the post-operative outcome of Nasal Septal Rescue Flap (NSRF) in terms of donor site morbidity and CSF leak.

To study the post-operative outcome of posterior nasoseptal flap in terms of donor site morbidity and CSF leak.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study will be conducted at Department of E.N.T, AVBRH, Sawangi Wardha, during a period of August 2020 to August 2021. A sample size of 20 within 18 -70 years of age with sellar/supra-sellar lesions will be included for the research.

Results: The observations obtained will be analyzed statistically and will be discussed in light of literature available.

Conclusion: This study will help in formulating the guidelines for the NSF harvest with the goal of preventing unnecessary harvest, thereby decreasing peri-operative and post-operative disadvantages as well as preserving the flap for reconstruction in patients requiring revision surgery.
Between Instagrammable Attraction and Selfie Tourist: Characteristic and Behavior
Authors: Karyatun Subur , Efendi Suryono , H. Demolingo Ramang , Wiweka Kadek , Putri Ayu Pramestya
Published: January 2022

Aims: This study aims to identify and analyze the characteristics of instagrammable attractions and selfie tourist behavior.

Methodology: The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The survey was conducted by adopting a non-probability sampling technique involving 104 respondents. The distribution of questionnaires and observations were carried out for two weeks at the Lembang Floating Market.

Results: The study found that most tourist attractions can be categorized as instagrammable attractions. While selfie tourists strongly consider the availability of unique and current attractions, for the purpose of documenting and sharing their experiences through photos or videos on their Instagram accounts. Therefore, this study concludes that instagrammable attraction has a positive and significant effect on attracting selfie tourists. Especially because the characteristics of instagrammable attractions that "perfectly impress" are able to attract selfie tourists who have travel motives and behavior to seek existence and recognition on social media, especially Instagram.

Implication/Applications: The results of this study are able to provide comprehensive information related to selfie tourist behavior that is beneficial for stakeholders, especially travel agents and tourist destination managers.

The Originality of the Study: The limitation of this research is the data collection method which is dominated by surveys. Therefore, further research is expected to conduct an in-depth study related to the reasons tourists are interested in selfie tourism.
Appendix 1
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Appendix 4
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Appendix 6
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Background to the publication
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Demographic and growth patterns of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze, a hyperdominant tree in the Amazon River estuary
Authors: Dantas Adelson Rocha , Guedes Marcelino Carneiro , Lira‐Guedes Ana Cláudia , Schöngart Jochen , Piedade Maria Teresa Fernandez
Published: January 2022

Little is known about the life history and environmental factors that regulate the growth rate of hyperdominant trees in flooded Amazonian forests. Pentaclethra macroloba is a hyperdominant tree, and it is widely explored in the Amazon, because its seed oil is a powerful herbal medicine. We evaluated the demographic structure and growth patterns of P. macroloba and tested the effect of the Amazon River flood pulse on its growth. We modeled the growth and determined the age of P. macroloba by analyzing the growth rings of 30 monitored trees in relation to hydroclimatic variables. We also inventoried 240 juvenile and 2072 adult trees arranged in a clustered pattern. The diametric distribution pattern of the juvenile and adult trees was exponential and log‐normal, respectively. The trees were found to be up to 102 years old, and 47% of them grew freely toward the canopy. Peak growth in height and diameter occurred at 24 (61.7 cm year‐1) and 46 (9.38 mm year‐1) years, respectively. Pentaclethra macroloba showed cambial dormancy during the seasonal peak of rainfall (R2 = 0.41; t = −2.62; p < 0.01) and flooding of the Amazon River (R2 = 0.47; t = −3.01; p < 0.01). Increases in rainfall and flood level of the river in the rainy season control the growth rate of P. macroloba, making it a seasonal process. The demographic and growth patterns of P. macroloba respond to the environmental heterogeneity of the estuarine floodplain forest and also reflect its life history over time.
Current status of government office reorganization after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Fukushima and Iwate Prefectures
Authors: Minami Kazunobu
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on the government office reorganization plan. To understand the reorganization plans of 182 government buildings, the author surveyed the websites of 44 municipalities and conducted interviews by telephone and email. It is believed that assigning government offices as disaster prevention centers in each local area and centralizing the functions of public facilities necessary for local life in each government office will realize the combination of disaster prevention and convenient daily life.
John of Cappadocia
Authors: Whately Conor
Published: January 2022

A high‐ranking east Roman official, John of Cappadocia was born in Caesarea (Cappadocia) around 500
ce
and died after 548 in Constantinople.
Kommagene (Commagene)
Authors: Winter Engelbert
Published: January 2022

The region called Kommagene in the Hellenistic and Roman period was surrounded by the Taurus Mountains to the north and west and the river Euphrates to the east.
Temple Scroll
, the (Dead Sea Scrolls)
Authors: Babkina Svetlana V.
Published: January 2022

The
Temple Scroll
is one of the most important manuscripts among those discovered in Qumran. The majority of scholars agree that it should be dated to the reign of John Hyrcanus (134–104
bce
). It contains detailed discussion of many matters connected to the temple, its building, service, and laws. The exact provenance of the document is not clear. Some scholars believe it has a sectarian origin but others consider it to have come from the forerunners of the sect or from some related group.
Reduced attention toward faces, intentionality and blame ascription in violent offenders and community‐based adults: Evidence from an eye‐tracking study
Authors: Zajenkowska Anna Maria , Bodecka Marta , Duda Ewa , Lawrence Claire
Published: January 2022

People typically have a strong bias in attention toward faces to help them understand social interactions. Nonetheless some people, like incarcerated offenders and psychopaths, exhibit deficits in “face reading,” which may impair their interpretations, especially in case of attribution allocation in harmful events. In these cases, the ascription of intentionality is key in understanding the allocation of blame and structuring social information processing. Consequently, in the current study, in addition to typically studied intentionality and blame ascription levels (subfactors of hostile attributions), we also propose a new indicator of hostile attributions: intentionality/blame isomorphism, indicating reduced differentiation between those two factors. Violent prison inmates (N = 63) and community‐based adults without previous history of incarceration (N = 63) took part in an eye‐tracking study. In line with our hypotheses, offenders exhibited reduced attention orienting to faces as well as greater intentionality/blame isomorphism. In the case of both groups, people looked longer at the faces of the harm doer compared with the harm receiver. Additionally, greater intentionality/blame isomorphism predicted reduced attention to faces; however, when group status was included in the model, it became the only significant predictor of the attention to faces. Future studies should examine the origins of these gaze and attribution patterns and investigate consequences related to social perception and interactions of people prone to violence.
Generalized Analysis Approach of the Profile Roughness by Electron Microscopy with the Example of Hierarchically Grown Polystyrene–Iron Oxide–Silica Core–Shell–Shell Particles
Authors: Hülagü Deniz , Tobias Charlie , Climent Estela , Gojani Ardian , Rurack Knut , Hodoroaba Vasile-Dan
Published: January 2022

The roughness as a property of core–shell (CS) microparticles plays a key role in their functionality. Quantitative evaluation of the roughness of CS microparticles is, however, a challenging task with approaches using electron microscopy images being scarce and showing pronounced differences in terms of methodology and results. This work presents a generalized method for the reliable roughness determination of nonplanar specimens such as CS particles from electron microscopic images, the method being robust and reproducible with a high accuracy. It involves a self‐written software package (Python) that analyzes the recorded images, extracts corresponding data, and calculates the roughness based on the deviation of the identified contour. Images of single particles are taken by a dual mode scanning electron microscopy (SEM) setup which permits imaging of the same field‐of‐view of the sample with high resolution and surface sensitive in SE InLens mode as well as in transmission mode (TSEM). Herein, a new type of polystyrene core–iron oxide shell–silica shell particles is developed to serve as a set of lower micrometer‐sized study objects with different surface roughness; the analysis of their images by the semiautomatic workflow is demonstrating that the particles’ profile roughness can be quantitatively obtained.
A Solution‐Processed Inorganic Emitter with High Spectral Selectivity for Efficient Subambient Radiative Cooling in Hot Humid Climates
Authors: Lin Chongjia , Li Yang , Chi Cheng , Kwon Ye Seul , Huang Jingyuan , Wu Zuoxu , Zheng Jiongzhi , Liu Gongze , Tso Chi Yan , Chao Christopher Y. H. , Huang Baoling
Published: January 2022

Daytime radiative cooling provides an eco‐friendly solution to space cooling with zero energy consumption. Despite significant advances, most state‐of‐the‐art radiative coolers show broadband infrared emission with low spectral selectivity, which limits their cooling temperatures, especially in hot humid regions. Here, an all‐inorganic narrowband emitter comprising a solution‐derived SiOxNy layer sandwiched between a reflective substrate and a self‐assembly monolayer of SiO2 microspheres is reported. It shows a high and diffusive solar reflectance (96.4%) and strong infrared‐selective emittance (94.6%) with superior spectral selectivity (1.46). Remarkable subambient cooling of up to 5 °C in autumn and 2.5 °C in summer are achieved under high humidity without any solar shading or convection cover at noontime in a subtropical coastal city, Hong Kong. Owing to the all‐inorganic hydrophobic structure, the emitter shows outstanding resistance to ultraviolet and water in long‐term durability tests. The scalable‐solution‐based fabrication renders this stable high‐performance emitter promising for large‐scale deployment in various climates.
Regulating Interfacial Li‐Ion Transport via an Integrated Corrugated 3D Skeleton in Solid Composite Electrolyte for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Fan Rong , Liao Wenchao , Fan Shuangxian , Chen Dazhu , Tang Jiaoning , Yang Yong , Liu Chen
Published: January 2022

Although solid composite electrolytes show tremendous potential for the practical solid‐state lithium metal batteries, searching for a straightforward tactic to promote the ion conduction at electrolyte/electrode interface, especially settling lithium dendrites formation caused by the concentration gradient polarization, are still long‐standing problems. Here, the authors report a corrugated 3D nanowires‐bulk ceramic‐nanowires (NCN) skeleton reinforced composite electrolyte with regulated interfacial Li‐ion transport behavior. The special and integrated NCN skeleton endows the electrolyte with fast Li‐ion transfer and solves the Li+ concentration polarization at electrode/electrolyte interface, thereby eliminating the energy barrier originated from the redistribution of charge carriers and offering homogeneous interfacial Li‐ion flux on lithium anode. As a “double insurance”, the bulk ceramic sheet in 3D framework enables the electrolyte to block the mobility of anions. The rational designed NCN composite electrolyte exhibits excellent ionic conductivity and the assembled all‐solid‐state battery possesses 90.2% capacity retention after 500 cycles. The proposed strategy affords a special insight in designing high‐performance solid composite electrolytes.
Highly‐Scattering Cellulose‐Based Films for Radiative Cooling
Authors: Jaramillo‐Fernandez Juliana , Yang Han , Schertel Lukas , Whitworth Guy L. , Garcia Pedro D. , Vignolini Silvia , Sotomayor‐Torres Clivia M.
Published: January 2022

Passive radiative cooling (RC) enables the cooling of objects below ambient temperature during daytime without consuming energy, promising to be a game changer in terms of energy savings and CO2 reduction. However, so far most RC surfaces are obtained by energy‐intensive nanofabrication processes or make use of unsustainable materials. These limitations are overcome by developing cellulose films with unprecedentedly low absorption of solar irradiance and strong mid‐infrared (mid‐IR) emittance. In particular, a cellulose‐derivative (cellulose acetate) is exploited to produce porous scattering films of two different thicknesses, L ≈ 30 µm (thin) and L ≈ 300 µm (thick), making them adaptable to above and below‐ambient cooling applications. The thin and thick films absorb only of the solar irradiance, which represents a net cooling power gain of at least 17 W m−2, compared to state‐of‐the‐art cellulose‐based radiative‐cooling materials. Field tests show that the films can reach up to ≈5 °C below ambient temperature, when solar absorption and conductive/convective losses are minimized. Under dryer conditions (water column = 1 mm), it is estimated that the films can reach average minimum temperatures of ≈7–8 °C below the ambient. The work presents an alternative cellulose‐based material for efficient radiative cooling that is simple to fabricate, cost‐efficient and avoids the use of polluting materials.
A New Class of Electronic Devices Based on Flexible Porous Substrates
Authors: Zhang Yiyuan , Zhang Tengyuan , Huang Zhandong , Yang Jun
Published: January 2022

With the advent of the Internet of Things era, the connection between electronic devices and humans is getting closer and closer. New‐concept electronic devices including e‐skins, nanogenerators, brain–machine interfaces, and implantable medical devices, can work on or inside human bodies, calling for wearing comfort, super flexibility, biodegradability, and stability under complex deformations. However, conventional electronics based on metal and plastic substrates cannot effectively meet these new application requirements. Therefore, a series of advanced electronic devices based on flexible porous substrates (e.g., paper, fabric, electrospun nanofibers, wood, and elastic polymer sponge) is being developed to address these challenges by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, breathability, deformability, and robustness. The porous structure of these substrates can not only improve device performance but also enable new functions, but due to their wide variety, choosing the right porous substrate is crucial for preparing high‐performance electronics for specific applications. Herein, the properties of different flexible porous substrates are summarized and their basic principles of design, manufacture, and use are highlighted. Subsequently, various functionalization methods of these porous substrates are briefly introduced and compared. Then, the latest advances in flexible porous substrate‐based electronics are demonstrated. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed.
Bi‐Stable Resistance Generation Mechanism for Oxygenated Amorphous Carbon‐Based Resistive Random‐Access Memory
Authors: Jin Soo‐Min , Kim Hea‐Jee , Woo Dae‐Seong , Jung Sung‐Mok , Kim Dong‐Eon , Shim Tae‐Hun , Park Jea‐Gun
Published: January 2022

The oxygenated amorphous carbon (α‐COx)‐based resistive random‐access memory (ReRAM) generates a bi‐stable resistance via electroforming or the rupture of the conductive CC sp2 covalent bond filaments in the α‐COx resistive layer, which can be determined by the dependency of the intensity distribution of the oxygen ion (O2−), for the 3D cross‐point nonvolatile memory as the new memory hierarchical structure for an artificial neural network. The conductive CC sp2 and insulating CC sp3 covalent bonds are formed near the top of the resistive layer by drifting and diffusing O2− toward the bottom and top parts of the layer in the set and reset processes, respectively. The reset process has a different bi‐stable resistance generation mechanism from binary metal oxide‐based ReRAM and conductive bridge random‐access memory. The conductive CC sp2 covalent bond intensity in the α‐COx resistive layer affects the forming voltage and the write and erase endurance cycle of the α‐COx‐based ReRAM cells. The result shows that a lower proportion of conductive CC sp2 covalent bond leads to longer write and erase endurance cycles.
Supramolecular Self‐Assembly in Living Cells
Authors: Dergham Mohamed , Lin Shanmeng , Geng Jin
Published: January 2022

Supramolecular interactions rely on non‐covalent forces, such as hydrophobic effects, hydrogen‐bonding, and electrostatic interactions, which govern many intracellular biological pathways. In cellulo supramolecular self‐assembly is mainly based on host–guest interactions, changes in pH, enzymes, and polymerization‐induced self‐assembly to accurately induce various unnatural reactions without disturbing natural biological processes. This process can produce synthetic biocompatible macromolecules to control cell properties and regulate biological functions, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. This Minireview focuses on the latest reports in the field of in cellulo supramolecular self‐assembly and anticipates future advances regarding its activation in response to internal and external stimuli, such as pH changes, reactive oxygen species, and enzymes, as well as external light illumination.
Kombination einer genetisch engineerten Oxidase mit wasserstoffbrückengebundenen organischen Gerüsten (HOFs) für hocheffiziente Biokomposite
Authors: Wied Peter , Carraro Francesco , Bolivar Juan M. , Doonan Christian J. , Falcaro Paolo , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: January 2022

Enzyme, die durch Bottom‐up‐Synthese in wasserstoffbrückengebundene organische Gerüstverbindungen (HOFs) eingebaut werden, sind vielversprechende Biokomposite für Anwendungen in der Katalyse und Sensorik. Hier haben wir die synthetische Einbindung einer d‐Aminosäure‐Oxidase (DAAO) in das metallfreie Tetraamidin/Tetracarboxylat‐basierte BioHOF‐1 in Wasser untersucht. N‐terminale Fusion des Enzyms mit dem positiv geladenen Bindemodul Zbasic2 steigerte die Beladung (2,5‐fach; ≈500 mgEnzym gMaterial−1) und die spezifische Aktivität (6,5‐fach; 23 U mg−1) des Biokomposites. Die DAAO@BioHOF‐1 Komposite zeigten eine höhere Aktivität als alle anderen bisher für dasselbe Enzym verwendeten Träger, und eine ausgezeichnete Stabilität während des Katalysatorrecyclings. Ausweitung des Ansatzes auf andere Enzyme, einschließlich Cytochrom P450 BM3 (das für die Herstellung hochwertiger oxyfunktionalisierter Verbindungen verwendet wird), zeigt die Vielseitigkeit von Enzymengineering als Strategie für die Herstellung biohybrider Systeme mit bisher unerreichten Eigenschaften.
Effects of high‐energy multicore ferrocene‐based catalysts on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Authors: Liu Xiaoju , Feng Haitao , Li Yang , Ma Xiaoyan , Yan Qilong
Published: January 2022

Three high‐energy multicore ferrocene‐based catalysts containing energy bonds (C═N, N–N) (EMFcs), EMFcs‐1, EMFcs‐2, and EMFcs‐3, were designed and synthesized to reduce the high temperature decomposition (HTD) temperature and increase the heat release of ammonium perchlorate (AP) as well as improve anti‐migration performance for the development of composite solid propellants. The theoretical calculation of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), and the electrostatic potential (ESP) were performed to explore the electronic structure of EMFcs (1–3) and predict their catalytic performance on AP. The chemical structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet (UV), and elemental analysis, and the oxidation ability was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The catalytic performance of obtained catalysts was verified by differential scanning calorimetry‐thermogravimetry (DSC‐TG), and the results showed that the designed catalysts possessed much higher heat release and catalytic activity on AP thermal decomposition than that of widely used catalyst of catocene in the solid propellant, and EMFcs‐2 with three ferrocene units showed the best catalytic performance due to the highest Fe content in one molecule of EMFcs‐2. The composite of AP containing 5 wt% of EMFcs‐2 can reduce the HTD temperature of AP from 394°C to 285°C and low the activation energy from 185.81 to 103.18 kJ·mol−1 with heat release increasing from 630.60 to 1841.50 J·g−1. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition gaseous products of AP under the catalysis of EMFcs were confirmed by TG‐FTIR to explore the catalytic decomposition mechanism.
Synthesis, characterisation and biological activities of mixed ligand oxovanadium (IV) complexes derived from N,N‐diethyl‐N′‐para‐substituted‐benzoylthiourea and hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate
Authors: Al‐abbasi Aisha A. , Tahir Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed , Kayed Safa Faris , Kassim Mohammad B.
Published: January 2022

A series of oxovanadium (IV) complexes namely, [Tp*VOL1], [Tp*VOL2], [Tp*VOL3], [Tp*VOL4] and [Tp*VOL5] (where Tp = hydrotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, HL1 = 1‐benzoyl‐3,3‐diethylthiourea, HL2 = 1‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)‐3,3‐diethylthiourea, HL3 = 1,1‐diethyl‐3‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)thiourea, HL4 = 1,1‐diethyl‐3‐(4‐nitrobenzoyl)thiourea, HL5 = N‐(diethylcarbamothioyl)biphenyl‐4‐carboxamide) were prepared and characterised on the basis of mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and spectroscopy techniques (IR, UV–Vis and electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR) and mass spectrometry. The crystal structure of [Tp*VOL3] was elucidated from single crystal X‐ray diffraction study and the crystals adopted a triclinic system with a P‐1 (Z = 2) space group and unit cell parameters of a = 10.4953(4), b = 11.5290(5) and c = 15.0656(7) Å. The cyclic voltammetry showed a reversible oxidation of V (IV)/V(V) at about 0.50 V (vs Fc+/Fc). The HOMO and LUMO of benzoylthiourea were established by theoretical calculation based on DFT level using B3LYP method and a double numeric plus polarisation (DNP) basis set. The in vitro tests for antimicrobial activity showed that the complexes have a moderate inhibitory effect. The complex [Tp*VOL1] exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) at the concentration of 20 mg ml−1. However, no cytotoxic activity was observed against the Chang liver cells.
Characterization of sleep‐related neurochemicals at different developmental stages and insomnia models of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sun Yu , Liu Runhua , Bi Yuelin , Feng Xin , Wang Jiaqi , Li Tianyi , Wu Hao , Zhang Chenning , Sun Yikun
Published: January 2022

Neurotransmitters play an important role in regulating the physiological activity of the animal, especially in emotion and sleep, whereas nucleotides are involved in almost all cellular processes. However, the characteristics of sleep‐related neurochemicals under different life cycles and environments remain poorly understood. A rapid and sensitive analytical method was established with LC–MS/MS to determine eight endogenous neurochemicals in Drosophila melanogaster, and their levels in the different developmental stages of D. melanogaster were evaluated. The results indicated that there were significant discrepancies among different stages, especially from the pupal stage to the adult stage. The levels of these compounds in the caffeine‐induced insomnia model of D. melanogaster were investigated. Compared with the normal group, the eight endogenous metabolites did not fluctuate significantly in insomnia D. melanogaster, which may be due to the mechanism of caffeine‐induced insomnia through other pathways, such as adenosine. The results provide a reference for decoding neurochemicals involved in the development of the full cycle of mammalian life and the exploration of insomnia and even other mental diseases induced by exogenous substances in the future.
Comparison of Four Types of Vertical Radial‐Flow Adsorbers Based on Binary Adsorption of CO2 and H2O
Authors: Xu Pan , Wen Jian , Xin Biping , Huang Weixuan , Wang Simin
Published: January 2022

A mathematical model was established to investigate the binary adsorption process of CO2 and H2O in vertical radial‐flow adsorbers. The results showed that the variation law of the adsorption performance of the four types of adsorbers is similar to that of the flow uniformity. The flow uniformity can be used to indirectly reflect the adsorbent utilization and the adsorption performance of the adsorbers. The breakthrough regions and main adsorption regions of the different flow forms of the adsorbers are different. The centrifugal π‐type adsorber has the best performance among the four types of adsorber. Compared with the centripetal Z‐type adsorber, the pressure drop of the centrifugal π‐type adsorber is reduced by 12.0 %, and the adsorption time of the centrifugal π‐type adsorber is increased by 134 %.
Carbodiimide‐Driven Dimerization and Self‐Assembly of Artificial, Ribose‐Based Amphiphiles
Authors: Sun Jing , Vogel Julian , Chen Lisa , Schleper A. Lennart , Bergner Tim , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , von Delius Max
Published: January 2022

The aqueous self‐assembly of amphiphiles into aggregates such as micelles and vesicles has been widely investigated over the past decades with applications ranging from materials science to drug delivery. The combination of characteristic properties of nucleic acids and amphiphiles is of substantial interest to mimic biological self‐organization and compartmentalization. Herein, we present ribose‐ and ribonucleotide‐based amphiphiles and investigate their self‐assembly as well as their fundamental reactivity. We found that various types of aggregates are formed, ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers and all amphiphiles exhibit aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) in solution as well as in the solid state. We also observed that the addition of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) leads to rapid and selective dimerization of the amphiphiles into pyrophosphates, which decreases the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) by a factor of 25 when compared to the monomers. Since the propensity for amphiphile dimerization is correlated with their tendency to self‐assemble, our results may be relevant for the formation of rudimentary compartments under prebiotic conditions.
Kinase Sensing Based on Protein Interactions at the Catalytic Site
Authors: Solomon Ohad , Sapir Hannah , Mervinetsky Evgeniy , Chen Yu‐Ju , Friedler Assaf , Yitzchaik Shlomo
Published: January 2022

The role kinases play in regulating cellular processes makes them potential biomarkers for detecting the onset and prognosis of various diseases, including many types of cancer. Current kinase biosensors, including electrochemical and radiometric methods, rely on sensing the ATP‐dependant enzymatic phosphorylation reaction. Here we introduce a new type of interaction‐based electrochemical kinase biosensor that does not require any chemical labelling or modification. The basis for sensing is the interactions between the catalytic site of the kinase and the phosphorylation site of its substrate rather than the phosphorylation reaction. We demonstrated this concept with the ERK2 kinase and its substrate protein HDGF, which is involved in lung cancer. A peptide monolayer derived from the HDGF phosphorylation site was adsorbed onto a gold electrode and was used to sense ERK2 without ATP. The sensitivity of the assay was down to 10 nM of ERK2, corresponding with the range of its cellular concentrations. Surface chemistry analysis confirmed that ERK2 was bound to the HDGF peptide monolayer. This increased the permeability of redox‐active species through the monolayer and resulted in ERK2 electrochemical sensing. Since our detection approach is based on protein‐protein interactions and not on the enzymatic reaction, it can be further utilized for more selective detection of different types of enzymes.
PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and their correlation with immune infiltrates and DNA damage response molecules
Authors: Zhang Yue , Chen Xianlong , Mo Shengwei , Ma Heng , Lu Zhaohui , Yu Shuangni , Chen Jie
Published: January 2022

Immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) has considerably improved the prognosis of patients with advanced cancers; however, its efficacy in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unfavourable. To address the issue of PDAC immunotherapy, we investigated the expression of two PD‐1 ligands, PD‐L1 and PD‐L2, in PDAC, analysed their role in survival, and explored their correlation with clinicopathological features, immune infiltration, and DNA damage response molecules. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 291 surgically resected PDAC samples. In tumour cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs), the positivity of PD‐L1 expression was 30 and 20% and that of PD‐L2 expression was 40 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, PD‐L1 expression on TCs correlated with its expression on ICs (p < 0.0001); a similar result was observed for PD‐L2 (p < 0.0001). Nonetheless, no correlation was observed between PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expression. Positive PD‐L1 expression on TCs was related to N1 stage (p = 0.011) and AJCC II stage (p = 0.002), whereas positive PD‐L2 expression on TCs was associated with high FOXP3+ cell infiltration (p = 0.001) and high BRCA2 expression (p < 0.0001). Survival analysis revealed that positive PD‐L1 (p = 0.046) and PD‐L2 (p = 0.028) expression on TCs was an independent risk factor for unfavourable disease‐specific survival (DSS). Furthermore, positive PD‐L2 expression on TCs was an independent risk factor for lower DSS in the pN0 (p = 0.023), moderate and well tumour differentiation (p = 0.004), low BRCA1 (p = 0.017), wild‐type p53 (p = 0.034), and proficient mismatch repair (p = 0.004) subgroups. Moreover, post‐operative adjuvant chemotherapy could significantly affect DSS, regardless of PD‐L1/PD‐L2 expression status (positive or negative) on TCs, while it only prolonged DSS in PDL1‐ICs(−) (p < 0.0001) and PDL2‐ICs(−) (p < 0.0001) subgroups. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the roles of PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 in PDAC, supporting anti‐PD‐1 axis immunotherapy for PDAC.
Marginal microleakage and modified microtensile bond strength of Activa Bioactive, in comparison with conventional restorative materials
Authors: Tohidkhah Saba , Kermanshah Hamid , Ahmadi Elham , Jalalian Behnous , Ranjbar Omrani Ladan
Published: January 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the enamel and dentin marginal microleakage and dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of ACTIVA BioACTIVE Restorative with and without a bonding agent compared with conventional restorative materials.

Material and methods

For enamel and dentin microleakage, Class II boxes were prepared in the mesial (1 mm under the cementoenamel junction) and distal (1 mm above the cementoenamel junction) surfaces of 90 extracted human third molars. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n = 18): Group Z (G‐Premio Bond + Filtek Z250 XT), Group X (G‐Premio Bond + X‐tra fil bulk‐fill), Group AA (G‐Premio Bond + Activa Bioactive restorative), Group A (Activa Bioactive restorative), and Group G (dentin conditioner + Fuji II LC Improve). The teeth were thermocycled, and their microleakage was quantified using the dye penetration test under a stereomicroscope. For dentin μTBS measurement, 12 specimens were fabricated in metal molds (1 × 1 × 12 mm³) for each group mentioned above, and a universal testing machine measured their μTBS. Data were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Kruskal–Wallis test, and multiple comparisons tests.

Results

Significant differences were noted among the groups in marginal microleakage and μTBS (p < .001). The highest mean microleakage scores at the enamel and dentin margins were noted in Group A, which had significant differences with other groups (p < .001). The highest μTBS was found in Group X, with significant differences with Group G and Group A (p < .05). The lowest µTBS was noted in Group A, with significant differences with Groups X, Group AA, and Group Z (p < .001).

Conclusions

Activa Bioactive without a bonding agent showed significantly lower µTBS to dentin, and higher microleakage at the enamel and dentin margins. Application of adhesive resin with Activa Bioactive provided a dentine bond strength and marginal seal comparable to other restorative materials.
Establishing a biosafety plan for a flow cytometry shared resource laboratory
Authors: Back Jessica B. , Martinez Lola , Nettenstrom Lauren , Sheerar Dagna , Thornton Sherry
Published: January 2022

A biosafety plan is essential to establish appropriate practices for biosafety in a shared resource laboratory (SRL). A biosafety plan will contain the essential information for the use of biological samples on specific instrumentation, their apparent risks, and the steps that should be taken to mitigate these risks. Establishment of a biosafety plan can be a daunting task as the variety of pathogens that come through the SRL is highly diverse and may change over time; however, having a plan that can adapt to this variety will provide a framework for addressing concerns and educating personnel and users on biosafety practices. Using resources available at your institution and developing a robust relationship with health and safety personnel at your institution is key to generating an effective biosafety plan. Here we provide a basic underlying structure for a biosafety plan to aid SRL personnel in generating or maintaining their biosafety procedures, and provide guidance for establishing a dynamic, living biosafety plan.
Soil moisture response to seasonal drought conditions and post‐thinning forest structure
Authors: Belmonte Adam , Ts. Sankey Temuulen , Biederman Joel , Bradford John B. , Kolb Thomas
Published: January 2022

Prolonged drought conditions in semi‐arid forests can lead to widespread vegetation stress and mortality. However, the distribution of these effects is not spatially uniform. We measured soil water potential at high spatial and temporal resolution using 112 sensors distributed across a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, USA, during two abnormally dry years with below‐average total precipitation. We used the data to assess the effects of fore‐summer drought period on the timing, magnitude, and extent of drying throughout the top 100 cm of the soil profile. Additionally, we use high spatial resolution terrestrial lidar measurements of forest structure to develop relationships between soil drying and fine‐scale forest structure. We find that increasing drought from 2019 to 2020 caused significantly earlier onset of soil dying at all depths (25, 50 and 100 cm) and more days below a critical drying threshold for ponderosa pine. Additionally, our results show that significantly drier soils are found in areas with higher stand‐level basal area, canopy cover and tree density, and shorter trees. Our results from the unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution data suggest that tailored restoration thinning with specific tree density and size parameters can be used to increase and prolong the availability of deep soil water to trees during drought.
Conversion of waste to sustainable aviation fuel via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: Front‐end design decisions
Authors: Montoya Sánchez Natalia , Link Felix , Chauhan Garima , Halmenschlager Cibele , El‐Sayed Hanan E. M. , Sehdev Ranjit , Lehoux Rick , de Klerk Arno
Published: January 2022

Front‐end design decisions for a process to produce sustainable aviation turbine fuel from waste materials were presented. The design employs distributed conversion of wastes to oils, which are then transported to a central facility for gasification, syngas cleaning, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and refining, that is, a spoke‐and‐hub approach. Different aspects of the front‐end design, that is, the steps up to syngas cleaning, were evaluated. The evaluation employed a combination of case studies, calculations, experimental investigations, and literature review. The supply of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) as a 50:50 mixture of waste‐derived and petroleum‐derived kerosene to meet the demand of an international airport (Pearson, Toronto) was employed as case study. The amount of raw material required made it impractical to make use of only one type of waste. Using the same set of assumptions, it was shown that in terms of cumulative transport distance required, a spoke‐and‐hub approach was twice as efficient as centralized processing only. Technologies for decentralized production of oils were assessed, and oils produced by pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in pilot‐scale and larger facilities were procured and characterized. These oils were within the broader compositional space of pyrolysis oils and HTL oils reported in laboratory studies. The oil compositions were employed to study the impact of oil composition on entrained flow gasification. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations of pyrolysis and HTL oil entrained flow gasification resulted in H2/CO ratios of syngas and O2 consumption rates in a narrow range, despite the diversity of feeds. At the same time, to produce an equal molar amount of syngas (H2 + CO), less HTL oil than pyrolysis oil was required as feed. Gas cleaning technologies were reviewed to ascertain types of contaminants anticipated after gasification, their removal effectiveness, and Fischer–Tropsch catalyst poisoning potential. Raw syngas cleaning requirements were comparable to that from coal gasification.