bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6. The contents of some letters from two learned and curious observers in Staffordshire, concerning the sand found in the brine of the saltworks of that country &c. sent to the Royal Society by Dr. Rob. Plot. S. R. S
Authors: Plot Robert
Published: December 2006

Having had occasion about half a year since to consider the
Brines
where of we make our
white Salt
here in
England
, and more particularly those of
Staffordshire
; I consulted amongst others that instructive discourse of Mr.
John Collins
concerning
Salt
and
Fishery
then newly publish't; wherein finding
Pag
. 52.
I. Lumbricus latus, or a discourse read before the Royal Society of the joynted worm, wherein a great many mistakes of former writers concerning it, are remarked; its natural history from more exact observations is attempted; and the whole urged, as a difficulty against the doctrine of univocal generation
Authors: Tyson Edward
Published: December 2006

The consideration of Insects, and their manner of generation, as it is a subject of curious speculation;
An extract of a letter of M. de. S. Maurice M. D. to M. de la Closure, a Physitian of Aubeterre. of the twenty sixth of April 1682: Concerning the formation of a fœtus in the testicle. Taken out of the journal de medicine publisht Jan. 1683. by M. l'Abbe dela Roque at Paris
Authors: Dela Roque M. I'abbe , Maurice Sandrine
Published: December 2006

I think Sr. that after what lately happened to Madam
de Saint Mere
, we ought no longer to doubt of the Formation of the
Fœtus
in the
Testicles
of Women, and consequently of the Existence of
Egs
.
An account of some experiments made at several meetings of the Royal Society by the Ingenious Fred. Slare M. D. Fellow of the Royal Society, and one of the Colledge of Physitians, with some short applications of them to physical matters
Authors: Slare Frederick
Published: December 2006

I. In order to the keeping my
solid phosphortus
from consuming, I usually plac’d it at the bottom of a glass of
water
;
An account of the eclipses or ingresses of Jupiters Satellits into his shadow and such emersions of them from it as will be visible at the observatory at Greenwich in the three last months of this year 1683. sent in a letter to the publisher from J. F. Astron. Reg
Authors: Astron J. F.
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Here send you an account of the
Eclipses
or
Ingresses
of
Jupiters Satellits
into his shadow, and such emersions of them from it as will be visible at the
Observatory
in the three last moneths of this year.
Historical observations relating to Constantinople
Authors: Smith Thomas
Published: December 2006

Constantinople
, formerly
Byzantium
, was
á
by
Constantine
the great called so after his own name, who being mightily pleased with beautiful and advantagious situation of the place between two Seas, and defended by narrow streights on both sides, removed the Seat of the Empire hither, and laid the foundation of its future splendor and greatness.
A letter from Dr. John Wallis, to one of the secretaries of the Royal Society (Dr. Robert Plot, the publisher of these transactions) concerning an antient mantle-tree in Northampton-shire; on which the date of it (for the year of our Lord 1133) is expressed by the numeral figures, which shews the great antiquity of those figures here in England.
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Give you, herewith, the Draught of an Ancient Mantle-tree; which was lately shewed me, at Helmdon in Northampton-shire; at the now dwelling house of Mr. William Richards the present Rector or Minister there; (which is I suppose the Parsonage house, appertaining to the Rector of the place:) belonging to his Parlour Chimny.
An account of an engine that consumes smoak, shown lately at St. Germans fair in Paris
Authors: Justel Royal Librarian
Published: December 2006

To burn all sorts of wood in the middle of a room without making any smoak, is a thing so extraordinary, that all those that have heard speak of it, as well Philosophers as others, have asserted it impossible
A letter of Dr. Sigismond Konig, Physitian of Bern in Switserland, to the Royal Society, being a continuation of the history of his patient Margaret Lower; an account whereof is given in the third Philosophical Collection, of December 10th. 1681
Authors: Konig Sigismond
Published: December 2006

Tacito tempora gressu dissugiunt, nulloq; sono annus vertitur, vitæ emblematat quibus mensuramur, incitamurg
A short examen of the stones sent from the R. Society from Berne, whereof an account is given in the last Transaction
Authors: Slare Frederick
Published: December 2006

Those that have made experiments in Hydrostaticks, do find all pure Metals to have specifick and peculiar gravities to themselves, and those very differing one from another.
An account of the course of the tides in the Port of Dublin in Ireland, communicated in a letter to the publisher, from William Molineaux Esq. R. S. S. with a remark thereupon
Authors: Molineaux William
Published: December 2006

At the Barr of Dublin, on the new and full moons, a south-south-east moon makes high water, that is, at half an hour after ten.
A letter of Mr. De la Hire of the Royal Academy of the Sciences at Paris, concerning a new sort of magnetical compass, with several curious magnetical experiments
Authors: Hire Philippe De La
Published: December 2006

You know Sr. that there is nothing which creates so much trouble in long Voiages on the Sea, as the Variation of the Magneticall Needle, both because this Variation is different in differing places, and because in the same place it changes considerably in process of time.
An estimate of the quantity of vapour raised out of the sea by the warmth of the sun; derived from an experiment shown before the Royal Society, at one of their late meetings
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

That the quantity of aqueous Vapours contained in the
Medium
of the Air, is very considerable, seems most evident from the great Rains and Snows which are sometimes observed to fall, to that degree, that the Water thus discharged out of the Interstices of the Particles of Air, is in weight a very sensible part of the incumbent Atmosphere:
An account of the diseases of doggs, and several receipts for the cure of their madness, and of those bitten by them
Authors: Mayern Sr. Theodore
Published: December 2006

D
oggs
are Subject to these several sorts of Madness or rather diseases.
An account of the circulation of the watry vapours of the sea, and of the cause of springs, presented to the Royal Society
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Some time since, I shewed an Experiment of the Quantity of Water raised in Vapour from the surface of the Sea in a days time, which was so far approved by some honourable Members of this Society, that I have received their Commands to prosecute those Enquiries, and particularly in relation to the Method used by Nature to return the said Vapours again into the Sea, which is so justify performed that in many hundreds of years we are sufficiently assured that the Sea has not sensibly decreas'd by the loss in Vapour; nor yet abounded by the immense quantity of fresh it receives continually from the Rivers.
An account of an experiment of the injection of Mercury into the Blood, and its ill effects on the lungs; as it was communicated to the Royal Society by their late worthy member A. Moulin, M. D
Authors: Moulin Allen
Published: December 2006

I have promised last Meeting to give my Reasons this day why I conceive Mercury to be an Enemy to the Lungs: I shall only give an account of an Experiment I made on a Dog at Mr.
Boyle
's last Autumn, which I take to make out what I then promis'd.
Observationes aliquot rariores de morboso liene, à spectatissimo domino D. Nehemia Grew, M. D. ac R. S. Socio cum eadem Societate communicatæ
Authors: Grew Nehemiah
Published: December 2006

D
omini Thomæ Sedqwick Mercatoris Londinensis Filia, decimo quarto suœ ætatis anno, ad Operum acupictorum Magistram se erudiendam contulit
.
IV. An account of the burning of several hayricks by a fiery exhalation or damp: and of the infectious quality of the graß of several grounds. From the same ingenious person
Authors: Jones Maurice
Published: December 2006

Sir, I received this last post from my worthily esteemed friend Mr. Maurice Jones, rector of Dôl-Gelheu, the following account of the burning of several ricks of hay and houses, and also the poysoning of the grass, so as to render it mortal to the cattle that feed upon it, by a kindled exhalation, or ignis fatuus.
Methodus nova accurata & facilis inveniendi radices æqnationum quarumcumque generaliter, sine praviæ reductione
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

Artis analyticæ præcipuus quidem usus est problemata mathematica ad æquationes perducere, easque terminis quantum sieri poslit simplicissimis exhibere. Ars autem isla manca quodammodo, nee satis Analytica merito videretur, nisi methodi quædam subministrarentur, quarum ope radices, sive linæ sive numeri sint, ex jam inventis æquationibus elicere liceret, eoque nomine problemata soluta dare.
V. Part of a letter from Mr. Edw. Lhwyd, to Dr. Lister; giving some farther account of the fiery exhalation in Merionydh-shire
Authors: Lhuyd Edward
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir, I Discoursed with an Intelligent sober person, that lives near
Harlech
in
Merionydh-shire
, who assured me the Fire still continues there; that it is observed to come from a place called
Morva bychan
in
Caernarvonshire
, about Eight or Nine Miles off, [over part of the Sea.]
VI. An account of books. 1. Reflections upon ancient and modern learning. By W. Wotton, B. D. R. S. S. and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Earl of Nottingham. London, printed for Peter Buck, at the Sign of the Temple near the Inner-Temple-Gate, Fleetstrret. In Octavo. 1694. 2. Horti Malabarici. Pars Decima, Undecima, Duode-cima, & Ultima. With some remarks upon them by T. R. M.D. S. R. S
Authors: Robinson Tancred
Published: December 2006

Yesterday l saw the Weather again, his Udder is much fallen, each side being now about the bigness of a Wallnut; there is Milk still in it, enough to stream out above half a yard.
III. An instrument, for seeing the Sun, Moon, or stars, pass the meridian of any place. Useful for setting watches in all parts of the world with the greatest exactness, to correct sun-dyals; to assist in the discovery of the longitudes of places, &c.
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

Among all the ways contrived for finding the Meridian of any Place, the most commodious I could ever meet with, or think of for common Use, is an Instrument of Sir Christopher Wren's, or two of Mr Gray's or one published in the Appendix of a little Book, called The Artificial Clockmaker.
VI. Part of a letter from Mr. Caswell of Oxford, F. R. S. to the Reverend Mr Flamsteed, M. R. S. S. giving an account of a new baroscope, invented by him, and communicated by Mr Hodgson, F. R. S
Authors: Caswell John
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Have made a new sort of baroscope, ’tis cheap and very exact, I here send you its calculation as it occurr’d to my thoughts before I made it.
I. A letter from Mr. Antony Van Leewnenhoek, F. R. S. concerning cochineel.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

A merchant of Amsterdam writ me a very obliging letter of the 7th ult. wherein he takes notice, that he has perus’d my observations about cochineel, and entreats me in very civil term, that I would please to read his remarks also, (which he has divided into seven parts) upon the same subject : I shall not rehearse them all to you, because it would take me up too much time, but only a few of the most considerable points.
II. An experiment, to show the cause of the descent of the mercury in the barometer in a storm.
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

In the late violent storm or hurricane of wind, it was observable that the mercury in the barometer did not only considerably subside, but upon extraordinary gusts a visible vibration of the quicksilver appear’d.
II. R. P. Georg. Jos. Camel. Tractaus de plantis philippensibus scandentibus, ad Jacobum Petiver, S. R. S. missus
Authors: Georg R. P.
Published: December 2006

Sect 1. Plantæ
Cucurbiteferœ
. 1.
Igasod
, seu
Igasur
, quam alij
Panguagason
vocant, Fig.
five
Nucis Vomicæ legitimæ
Serapionis
Iconem & Description V. D. Anno misi 1697.
I. Observations made by Captain Stannyan of the spots that appear'd upon the body of the Sun in the months of May, June and July, in the year 1704.
Authors: Stannyan
Published: December 2006

May the 15th. On Saturday, May the 15th, 1703, As l was observing, the Setting of the Sun, in order to Examine my Clocks, there appeared two Suns, the Mock Sun seemed above the Real one, which was then only five degrees above the Horizon.
Il. Observations on staining the fingers with a solution of silver, in aqua fortis, &c. In a letter from Mr. Anthony Van Leuwenhoek, F. R. S
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Several months ago, I took 24 ounces of mixt metal, and pur the same into
aqua fortis
, and set it on warm sand, and there being a fault in the glass, it crackt; by which some of the
aqua fortis
, which was impregnated with silver, run into the sand, and I don’t know but I might have lost gold also in the same.
VII. An account of an experiment made Decemb. the 26th, 1704. To try the quality of air, produc’d from gunpowder, fir’d in Vacuo Boyliano
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

Upon making the late experiment of firing gunpowder in
Vacuo
, it was hinted as well worthy of tryal, whether the factitious air of fir’d gunpowder was endu’d with any quality differing from common air.
I. R. P. Geo. Jos. Camelli, de plantis philippensibus scandentibus, pars quarta. ad D. Jacobum Petiver, S. R. S. nuper transmissa
Authors: Kamel Georg Joseph
Published: December 2006

Fig. 139.
Cantong
&
Tangcong
Indorum, seu
Brassica Marina prima
.
VI. An extract of a letter from Mr Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. to Dr Hans Sloane, S. R. S. concerning some swedish coyns; and a calculation for the finding of Easter
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

Honour'd Sir
, I Have a
Swedish Coyn
, or rather Square Copper Plate, 9 inches broad, and 9 and a half long, which is much like the
Roman Æs grave
, and was currant there so lately as
An
. 1679.
VIII. An experiment made at a meeting of the Royal Society, touching the diminution of sound in air rarefy'd
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

A bell being included under a Receiver, which being shaken to make the Clapper, strike, it was.very observable that the Interposition of the Glass betwixt the Bell and the Ear, was a great obstruction to its Sound, notwithstanding it was audible at some good distance from it: But gradually withdrawing the Air, and making several Stops to shake the Bell at different Degrees of Rarefaction, the Diminution of the Sound at every Stop was very distinguishable.
III. Memorabilia nonnulla Lacus Vetteri, auctore urbano Hearne, M. D. Serenissimæ Reg. Majest. Suecicæ Archiatro, & Conciliario Collegij Metallici ord. nec non Societat. Regiæ Londinensis Socio
Authors: Hearne
Published: December 2006

Quandoquidem admiranda nonnulla ac insolita de Lacu
sueciæ Vetero, Olans Magnus
aliiq; referunt auctores.
II. Part of a letter, written to a Most Reverend Prelate, in answer to one written by his Grace, judging of the age of MSS. The style of learned Authors, Painters, Musicians, &c
Authors: Wanley Humfrey
Published: December 2006

The substance of what your Grace is Pleas'd to say about
Manuscripts
and
Copied Writings
(as I apprehend it) is,
That tis not only Possible, but very easie, upon the Perusal of a written Book, to pronounce in what Age or Century it was written, supposing a man to be tolerably well vers'd in Books of that Language or Country
.
II. Epistola D. Joannis Philippi Breynii, M. D. & Societat. Reg. Soc. de plantis & insectis quibusdam rarioribus in Hispania observatis
Authors: Breynius Johannes Philippus
Published: December 2006

Nullae quamvis ad meas Roma, ut Tuis & Illust. Soc. Regiae mandatis morem gererem, ad Te datas, quibus praeter nova quaedam literaria, artem imprimis nostram spectantia, Alcyonii cujusdam elegantissami iconem & descriptionem, una cum mea de Alcyonii femine conjectura addideram : nullae, inquam, quamvis mihi redditae sint responsoriae, ex quo minus forte eas ad palatum suisse tuum possem colligere; praefentes tamen iis superaddere sum ausus, ut si invitarorias a te ad scribendum obtinere non valeam, prohibitorias saltem, quae calamo meo nimia prurigine sorsitan tibi, Vir Celebrrime, gravioribus negotiis obruto, molesta laboranti, altum imponut silentium, extorqueam.
IV. The theory of musick reduced to arithmetical and geometrical proportions
Authors: Salmon Thomas
Published: December 2006

Sir, Having had the honour last week of making the trial of a Musical experiment before the Society at Gresham College, it may be necessary to give a farther account of it; that the Theory of Musick, which is but little known in this Age, and the practice of it, which is arriv'd at a very great excellency, may be fixed upon the sure foundations of Mathematical Certainty.
I. Several microscopical observations on the pumice-stone, coral, spunges, &c: In a letter from Mr Anthony Van Leuwenhock, F. R. S
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I Have for some time made but few Observations; some of my Remarks made in the beginning of the Summer concerning the Pumice-stone, are as follows.
IV. Part of a letter from Mr Samuel Brady, to Dr William Cockburn, F. R. S. giving an account of a puppy in the womb that receiv'd no nourishment by the mouth
Authors: Brady Samuel
Published: December 2006

In the Conversation we had about the Nourishment of the Fœtus in the Womb, wherein we seemed to agree it was perform'd by the Umbilical Vessels only, without the assistance of the Mouth, I mention'd a Puppy at its full growth, which had never receiv'd any Nourishment this latter way.
VIII. An experiment made at Gresham-College, shewing that the seemingly spontaneous ascention of water in small tubes open at both ends is the same in vacuo as in the open air
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

I took three pieces of small Tubes of Different bores, and fixt them, in a piece of Cork directly Perpendicular, with their Lower Orifices as nicely even as I could.
IV. Part of a letter from Mr Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. Giving a farther account of an eruption of waters in craven
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

In
Philos. Transact
. Number 245, is register’d the vicar of
Kildnick's
Letter, which gives an account of an extraordinary eruption of water in Craven. I was lately enquiring further concerning it, of one that is now my tenant and neighbour; and am not only fully satisfied of the truth of what the said Mr
Pollard affirms
, but also that, as he conjectures, a great part of the land is not to this day recover’d from the sand and stones, though a great number of people were employed about it.
VII. Pars epistola à cl. D. Joh. Jac. Scheuchzer, M. D. Tigur. & Societat. Reg. Lond. Soc. Ad D. Jacobum Petiver, dicta Societ. Soc. de Eclipsi Solis totali Die 12°. Maij Tiguri observatâ
Authors: Scheuchzer Johann Jakob
Published: December 2006

Illustri Societati indica, habuisse nos die 12°,
Maij
Eclipsin solis totalem simul & annularem; totalem, quoniam sol integer á Lunâ suit obtectus; annularem autem non propriè ita dictam, fed per Refractioinem, quandoquidem circa Lunam fulgor apparuit rutilans, á radiis per Atmospæram Lunæ refractis ortus.
II. Æquationum cubicarum & biquadraticarum, tum analytica, tum geometrica & mechanica, resolutio universalis, a J. Colson
Authors: Colson John
Published: December 2006

I. Æquationis Cubicæ universalis } x
1
= 3 p x
2
+ 3 q x + 2 r, - 3 p
2
+ p
3
- 3 p q
III. An experiment shewing, that the springs or constituent parts of air are capable to suffer such disorder, by a violent impulse, as to require time to recover their natural state
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

The foregoing Experiment, being so very odd in its appearance, gave me the Curiosity to enquire a little farther into the matter of Fact, and to try whether Air could be capable of being Wounded, (if I may call it so), or to suffer such a disorder of Parts,by a violent impulse, as to require time to recover their Natural State: I devised the following Experiment.
IV. Part of a letter from Dr. Archibald Adams of Norwich, to Dr. Edward Tyson, Fellow of the College of Physicians and Royal Society; concerning a monstrous calf, and some things observable in the anatomy of a human ear
Authors: Adams Archibald
Published: December 2006

I Have made what search I could about that Monstrous Calf, and I find that its Dam was all that a Poor Man had, who finding his
Cow
unable to cast her Young, employ'd his Neighbour to assist her; this Man not thinking of any such Rarity us'd such violence upon the Monster, that he disfigur'd the Head in Pulling it from the
Cow
; notwithstanding it liv'd three Hours, and in all probability had lived till this time, if the Assistant had made use of the best Method in that case, and so by destroying the Owners All, might have fav'd him an Estate: then it Dy'd, and being Rip'd up was found, to the best of my Information, to be in all respects like any other of the same kind, excepting the Wings, which to me seem to be Bags formed out of the Membranes, torn and distended from the adjacent parts, and by fresh supplies from the circulating Fluids were inlarg'd to the bigness you now see them in.
I. Microscopical observations on the
Cortex Peruvianus
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

I have been many years acquainted with the Heer Angelus Van Wikhuysen a Doctor of Physick at Midd'eburgh in Zealand, and I have a much greater esteem for him, because he has owned to me several times, (and so Indeed have divers other learned gentlemen,) that he knew very little of the art of healing, and that most of his operations were performed by simple medicines.
I. Experimenta observationes de soni motu, aliisque ad id attinentibus, facta à Reverendo D. W. Derham Ecclesia Upminsteriensis Rectore, & Societatis Regalis Londinensis Socio
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

Philosophi celeberrimi operæ pretium existimârunt, in jucundom & mysticum de sono argumentum inquirere; speciatim de ejus motu & progressu. Et quoniam magna inter eorum observationes discrepantia est, ideo partim ut scrupulos meos eximerem
V. Microscopical observations upon the tongue; in a letter to the Royal Society from Mr. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S.
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

After l had satisfied my self concerning that Matter which is found upon the Tongue, and which we call the Thrush, I let my Thoughts wander a little further upon the Consideration of the Tongue it self, in order, if it were possible, that I might discover the Pores in the Tongue.
II. Part of a letter from Mr. Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. concerning some Roman coins found in Yorkshire
Authors: Thoresby Ralph
Published: December 2006

On
Saturday
last Mr.
Arthington
obliged me with the perusal of some
Roman Coins
, which a few days ago were Plowed up at
Cookridge
, in some Grounds he purchased of Mr.
Kirk
Junior, and are a confirmation of the Conjecture of his Ingenious Father (the late
Thomas Kirk
Esq;) that the
Roman Via Vicinalis
(which comes from the great Military Road upon
Bramham Moor
) passed fronts that Station at
Adellocum
(of which there is an Account
No
. 282. of the
Philosoph. Transact
.) thro' these Grounds to
Ilkley
.
VI. A letter from Mr. Edward Lhuyd, keeper of the Ashmolean museum in Oxford, to Dr. R. R. in Yorkshire; giving an account of a book, entituled, oypeƩiϕoithƩ helveticus, sive itinera alpina tria, &c. Authore Joh. Ja. Scheuchzero, M. D. Lond. 4to. MDCCVIII
Authors: Lhuyd Edward , Scheuchzero Joh. Ja.
Published: December 2006

Honoured Sir
, Having had the Favour of a Perusal of Dr.
Scheuchzer's Itinera Alpina
, as the Sheets were printed off, I take an Opportunity offer'd by a Friend, of sending you some Account of part of that very learned and Ingenious Gentleman's Observations
III. An account of the success of an attempt to continue several atmospheres of air condensed in the space of one, for a considerable time
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

I injected with my Siringe into a very thick Flint-Glass Bottle, (which I had procur'd to be made on purpose for the Experiment) between four and five Atmospheres of Air, as the included Gage demonstrated, which continu'd in that State till about the 7th of
August
following; when looking on't, (as usually once in four or five Days) I found that the Air Injected at the prementioned time, had made its Escape, the Weather for a Week before (or thereabouts) having been very hot; especially one Day I observ'd the Spirit in the Thermometer had ascended one hundred and twenty Degrees above the Freezing Point.
VII. Part of a letter from William Burnet Esq; F. R. S. to Dr. Hans Sloane, R. S. Secr. concerning the Icy Mountains of Switzerland
Authors: Burnett William
Published: December 2006

Sir
, After I had been at
Zurich
, I resolved to go my self and see the Mountains of Ice in
Switzerland
. Accordingly I went to the
Grindlewald
, a Mountain two Days Journey from
Bern
.
III. An account of an experiment, touching the propagation of sound, passing from the sonorous body into the common air, in one direction only
Authors: Hauksbee Francis
Published: December 2006

Since by the former Experiment actual Sound could not be transmitted thro a Space void of Air; I was inclin'd to try whether that Sound, which should be propagated in a Receiver
IV. A short dissertation concerning the child's crying in the womb
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

I Have already given the Society a Relation of the most material Circumstances of the
Vagitus Uterinus
that happened lately near me.
III. De Peste Constantinopoli grassante. Auctore nupero V. Cl. Emanuele Timone, M. D. Hoc Scriptum ab Auctore Clarissimo qui Constantino­poli per multos annos Medicinam fecerat, excellentissimo Ablegato Britannico, Roberto Sutton, Eq. Aurato, traditum ejusdem equitis permissu, cum societate regia communicavit R. Hale, M. D.
Authors: Timone Emanuele , Hale Richard
Published: December 2006

Pestem
Conslantinopoli
ex
Ægypto
communicatam tum historiis, tum quotidianâ observatione constat. Ni- dum tamen in hac urbe sibi fecit, &, quamvis nuoquam Fere veteris Pestis desint seminia, novus etiam subinde fomes advehitur.
IX. Epistola domini Antonij van Leeuwenhoek, R. S. S. de Osculis, sive spiraculis Foliorum Buxi, item de lanugine malorum persicorum & cydoniorum
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni Van
Published: December 2006

Nuper Cogitationem meam converti ad Frondes Arborum nostratium, tacitusque meditabarnum & illæ forsitan Osculis sint instructæ; cumigitur in Area mea duas haberem Arbuscuals, sive Plantas illius Buxi, quæ Vulgo
Palma Ceres
appellatur, folium ex iis unum decerpsi, & in partes divulsum ope Microscopij contemplatus sum.
VI. A letter to Dr. Halley, Astron. Reg. & F. R. S. relating to a surprising shoal of pumice-stones found floating on the sea, by Mr. John Dove
Authors: Dove John
Published: December 2006

Sir
, Having examined my Journal, I send you herein a particular Account of what I can remember, concerning the
Pumice-stones
we fell in with, in our Voyage to
India
in the
Lyell
,
Charles Small
Comander.
IX. An observation of a white liquor resembling milk which appeared instead of serum separated from the blood after it had stood some time
Authors: Stuart Alexander
Published: December 2006

John Wickes, Carver, in Bromley Street, about forty years of age, had been ill about three weeks by a loss of appetite and indigestion, and at last a pain and distention of his stomach, with a low degree of an inflammatory fever;
Observations of the apparent distances and positions of 458 double and triple stars, made in the years 1823, 1824, and 1825; together with a re-examination of 36 stars of the same description, the distances and positions of which were communicated in a former memoir
Authors: South James
Published: December 2006

The Royal Society having honoured the observations of 380 double and triple stars made by Mr. Herschel and myself with a place in the Philosophical Transactions, I am induced to offer for the like distinction a fresh series. The Equatorial Instruments and Micrometers used on the present occasion, being precisely the same as those with which the preceding observations were made, the prefatory matter attached to the former communication, will be generally applicable to this.
I. An account of the construction and adjustment of the new standards of weights and measures of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Kater Henry
Published: December 2006

The weights and measures of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland are founded upon a standard, the length of which is determined by the proportion it bears to that of the pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in London. The length of this pendulum I have stated to be 39,13929 inches of Sir George Shuckburgh Evelyn's standard scale; and the experiments from which this conclusion is deduced, are detailed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1818. The important consequences, however, which attach to this result, render it necessary to examine with what degree of confidence it may be received. In the Paper to which I have alluded, it is mentioned that a series of experiments had been made previous to those detailed; the result of which was rejected, in consequence of its being discovered, after their completion, that the steel plates, on which the pendulum had rested during the experiments, had suffered penetration by the knife edges. The length of the seconds pendulum however, deduced from these first experiments, did not differ more than two ten thousandths of an inch from the final determination.
A synoptical view of the results afforded by the observations detailed in the present, and preceding communications
Authors: South James
Published: December 2006

A synoptical view of the results afforded by the observations detailed in the present, and preceding communications
II. Description of an improved hygrometer
Authors: Jones Thomas , Kater Henry
Published: December 2006

The attention of the scientific world has been lately so much occupied in experiments on atmospheric phenomena, that it is hoped any simplification or improvement in the instruments employed for that purpose, may not be unac­ceptable. The principle of the hygrometer which I am about to describe, is that of enabling the observer, readily and accu­rately, to ascertain by direct and simple means, the degree of temperature at which the moisture of the atmosphere is con­densed, and the instant at which that operation commences.
XX. A formula for expressing the decrement of human life. In a letter addressed to Sir Edward Hyde East, Bart. M. P. F. R. S. By Thomas Young, M. D. For. Sec. R. S
Authors: Young Thomas
Published: December 2006

My Dear Sir, The investigation of the laws, by which the general mortality of the human species appears to be governed, is of equal importance to the statesman, the physician, the natural philosopher, and the mathematician ; and as you have had occasion to pay particular attention to the subject, I trust that it will not be disagreeable to you to receive the results of an inquiry, into which I have entered, for the purpose of appreciating, if not of reconciling, the many discordant opinions that have been advanced, respecting the comparative mortality of mankind, at different times, and under different circumstances. Of late years, there is little doubt, that, whether from the protective effects of vaccination in infancy, or from the increase of the comforts of the poorer, and of the temperance of the more affluent classes of society, or in some measure also from the simplification of the practice of physic and surgery, there is a decided increase in the mean duration of life in many parts of Europe: but it is also, extremely probable that this improvement has been greatly exaggerated; partly on account of the limited description of the persons on whom the observations have been made, and partly from an erroneous opinion respecting the profits of certain establishments, which have been attributed to the employment of too low an estimate of mortality, while they have, in fact, been principally derived from the high rate of interest which the state of public credit has afforded.
XXIV. On the production and formation of pearls
Authors: Home Everard
Published: December 2006

For the last four years I have been engaged, with the aid of Mr. Bauer's microscopical observations, in examining the mode of generation of the fresh water muscle and oyster; illustrating the changes that occur by Mr. Bauer's drawings in the same manner as has been done with respect to the egg of the pullet, the frog, the earth worm and barnacle. But as it will require another season to complete this investigation, I am desirous of preceding it with an account of the formation of pearls; the discovery of which was made in the early parts of my enquiry into the mode of generation of the fresh water muscle. I am the more desirous of laying before the Society these, new facts respecting pearls at this moment, when the public mind is directed to the improvement of the pearl fishery, and therefore every thing respecting them will be received with greater interest than at any other time.
XXVII. The Bakerian Lecture. On the relations of electrical and chemical changes
Authors: Davy Humphry
Published: December 2006

A long time has elapsed since I read before this Society the Bakerian Lecture on the Chemical Agencies of Electricity. The general laws of decomposition developed in that Paper were immediately illustrated by some practical results, which the Society did me the honour to receive in a very favourable manner; and which, by offering a class of new and powerful agents, led me away for many years into a field of pure chemical enquiry: and it is only lately, and on an occasion which is well known, that I have again taken up the subject of the general principles of electro-chemical action. After a number of new experiments, which I shall have the pleasure of laying before the Society, and notwithstanding the various novel views which have been brought forward in this and in other countries, and the great activity and extension of science, it is peculiarly satisfactory to me to find that I have nothing to alter in the fundamental theory laid down in my original communication; and which, after a lapse of twenty years, has continued, as it was in the beginning, the guide and foundation of all my researches. I am the more inclined to bring forward these new labours at the present moment, though they are far from being in a finished state, because the discovery of Oersted and that of Morichini, illustrated by some late ingenious enquiries, connect the electro-chemical changes with entirely new classes of facts, and induce a hope that many of the complicated phenomena of corpuscular changes, now obscure, will ultimately be found to depend upon the same causes, and to be governed by the same laws; and that the simplicity of our scientific arrangements will increase with every advance in the true knowledge of nature.
The use of local isolates in Western blots improves serological diagnosis of Lyme disease in Scotland
Authors: Mavin S. , Milner R. M. , Evans R. , Chatterton J. M. W. , Joss A. W. L. , Ho-Yen D. O.
Published: December 2006

Nine Scottish Borrelia burgdorferi isolates were investigated in IgG Western blot tests. Sera previously found to be positive and negative when tested by routine Western blots prepared from reference strain B. burgdorferi sensu stricto antigen had different outcomes with these isolates. Two isolates, E5 (Borrelia afzelii) and G4 (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) performed well, reproducing Western blot-positive results in 90 and 95 % of tests, respectively. When antigens from both isolates were incorporated into a single IgG Western blot, the results of a panel of sera were improved when compared to the routine reference strain IgG Western blot. All of the sera positive by the routine Western blot remained positive using the Scottish isolate antigen mix. Twenty-three of the 25 negative sera remained negative and two produced an equivocal result. Of the 15 samples that tested IgG Western blot equivocal with the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto reference strain, 11 (73 %) became weak or strong positive when tested with the B. afzelii/B. burgdorferi sensu stricto antigen mix (χ
2=14.35, Yates' correction, P<0.001). In seven of these, a clinical picture of Lyme disease was consistent with the new results. The use of Scottish strains of B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto to provide antigen for the IgG Western blot improves the diagnosis of Lyme disease for patients in Scotland.
Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island genes: clinical relevance for peptic ulcer disease development in Brazil
Authors: Mattar Rejane , Marques Sergio Barbosa , Monteiro Maria do Socorro , dos Santos Anibal Ferreira , Iriya Kiyoshi , Carrilho Flair José
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this study was to verify whether the presence of any of the Helicobacter pylori cagPAI genes or segments – cagA, cagA promoter, cagE, cagM, tnpB, tnpA, cagT and the left end of the cag II (LEC) region – would be a useful marker for the risk of peptic ulcer disease development. H. pylori DNA extracted from positive urease tests of 150 peptic ulcer patients and 65 dyspeptic controls was analysed by PCR. Duodenal ulcers were present in 110, gastric ulcers in 23 and both gastric and duodenal ulcers in 17 patients. A significant association (P <0.001) was found between a conserved cagPAI and peptic ulcer disease (34 %). The positivity of the cagA gene varied according to the region of the gene that was amplified. The region near to the promoter was present in almost all of the H. pylori isolates (97.2 %). The segment from nt 1764 to 2083 and the extreme right end were frequently deleted in the isolates from the controls (P <0.01). The positivity of the promoter region of cagA and cagT, cagE, cagM and LEC showed a significant difference between the isolates from peptic ulcer patients and from the controls (P <0.01). Patients usually had moderate gastritis; however, the intensity of the active inflammation was higher in the peptic ulcer group (P <0.001). cagT, cagM, LEC and the right end terminus of the cagA-positive H. pylori isolates were associated with a 27-fold, 8-fold, 4-fold and 4-fold risk of peptic ulcer disease, respectively, and may be useful markers to identify individuals at higher risk of peptic ulcer disease development in Brazil.
α2,6-Linked sialic acid acts as a receptor for Feline calicivirus
Authors: Stuart Amanda D. , Brown T. David K.
Published: December 2006

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a major causative agent of respiratory disease in cats. It is also one of the few cultivatable members of the family Caliciviridae. It has recently been reported that FCV binding is in part due to interaction with junction adhesion molecule-A. This report describes the characterization of additional receptor components for FCV. Chemical treatment of cells with sodium periodate showed that FCV recognized carbohydrate moieties on the surface of permissive cells. Enzymic treatment with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase demonstrated that sialic acid was a major determinant of virus binding. Further characterization using linkage-specific lectins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra revealed that FCV recognized sialic acid with an α2,6 linkage. Using various proteases and metabolic inhibitors, it was shown that α2,6-linked sialic acid recognized by FCV is present on an N-linked glycoprotein.
Induction of chemokine production by latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells
Authors: Xu Yiyiang , Ganem Don
Published: December 2006

Infection with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked strongly to development of KS, an endothelial neoplasm also characterized by striking neoangiogenesis and infiltration with inflammatory cells. To elucidate the links between endothelial infection and inflammation, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined for the production of chemokines following latent KSHV infection. Several chemokines that are produced in the ground state, including MCP-1, NAP 2 and RANTES, are upregulated significantly by KSHV infection. Moreover, the chemokine CXCL16, which is nearly absent in uninfected cells, is induced significantly following infection. This induction is attributable primarily to expression of vFLIP, a known inducer of NF-κB. CXCL16 induces the chemotaxis of activated T cells, whose products have been proposed to positively regulate KS tumour-cell survival and growth. Whilst CXCL16 has also been proposed as a direct endothelial chemoattractant and mitogen, neither proliferation nor chemotaxis of HUVECs was observed following CXCL16 exposure. These results suggest that CXCL16 induction by KSHV contributes to the inflammatory phenotype of KS, but plays little role in the recruitment of endothelial spindle cells.
Reporting colorectal cancer
Authors: Quirke P , Morris E
Published: December 2006

The management of colorectal cancer is a team process. High‐quality reporting of colorectal cancer is very important as the whole team relies upon the skill of the pathologist. Failure to report key features can lead to undertreatment of this disease. The use of a proforma has been demonstrated to be beneficial and we recommend staying with TNM5 due to scientific and reproducibility issues with TNM6. Important features in stage II/Dukes' B cases are extramural vascular invasion, peritoneal involvement, extent of extramural spread, incomplete resection and perforation. All of these may lead to adjuvant therapy being administered. The surgically created circumferential resection margin (CRM) and the mode of its creation are important features and the CRM retains its value after preoperative therapy. Regression grading should be applied only to fully resected tumours and the dissection and sampling must be standardized to allow comparison of results between trials and centres. When reporting local resections of early‐stage cancers we need to look for features that predict spread to local lymph nodes to allow a full resection to be considered.
Histopathological mimicry in mucosal prolapse
Authors: Singh B , Mortensen N J McC , Warren B F
Published: December 2006

Mucosal prolapse solitary rectal ulcer syndrome is a condition which has frequently confused both pathologists and surgeons alike. Despite its recognition in the nineteenth century, it continues to be a diagnostic challenge. The significance of correctly diagnosing this condition is that it avoids the morbidity and mortality associated with major surgery or the side‐effects of long‐term medical treatment. This review considers the histological features of mucosal prolapse and how it may mimic other pathological conditions.
Overlapping clinical phenotypes: the road to identifying dysmorphology signalling pathways and their associated risks
Authors: Lopez‐Rangel E
Published: December 2006

Germline mutations in HRAS proto‐oncogene cause Costello syndrome Aoki et al. (2005) Nature Genetics 37: 1038–1040

HRAS mutations in Costello syndrome Estep et al. (2006) American Journal of Medical Genetics 10‐A: 8–16

Germline KRAS and BRAF mutations in cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome Niihori et al. (2006) Nature Genetics 38: 294–296

Genotype‐phenotype correlation in Costello syndrome: HRAS mutation analysis in 43 cases Kerr et al. (2006) Journal of Medical Genetics 43: 401–405

Germline mutations in genes within the MAPK pathway cause cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome Rodriguez‐Viciana et al. (2006) Science 311: 1287–1290
The neoplastic risk in children with Noonan syndrome and Costello syndrome
Authors: Lopez‐Rangel E
Published: December 2006

HRAS mutations in Costello syndrome Estep et al. (2006) American Journal of Medical Genetics 10‐A: 8–16

Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome Schubbert et al. (2006) Nature Genetics 38: 331–335
Conventional sampling plan for the green leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri in common beans
Authors: Moura M. F. , Picanço M. C. , Guedes R. N. C. , Barros E. C. , Chediak M. , Morais E. G. F.
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  A conventional sampling plan for the leafhopper Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is presented based on samples from 51 commercial fields. The research encompassed three phases. The first phase had the objective of determining the most suitable leaf to be used as a precise and representative sampling unit. In the second phase of the project, the available sampling methods for E. kraemeri were compared, including the approach identified in the first phase. In the third phase, the theoretical frequency distribution of the sampling data was assessed and the number of samples necessary for the sampling plan was established. The best leaves to sample adult leafhoppers were the fourth and the fifth from the apex, while the best leaf for sampling nymphs was the fifth from the apex. The best sampling technique for nymphs and adults was the beating of the apical leaves against a plastic tray. The sampling data obtained with this technique were fit to a negative binomial distribution with common aggregation parameter for adults (Kcommon = 1.04) and nymphs (Kcommon = 0.47). This sampling plan required 16.8 and 31.2 min to be carried out at an expense of US$ 0.31 and US$ 0.54 for sampling adults and nymphs in a field, respectively.
Intestinal tuberculosis mimicking fistulizing Crohn’s disease
Authors: Wong Wai‐Man , Lai Kam‐Chuen , Yiu Wai‐Chung , Wong Benjamin Chun‐Yu , Chan Fu‐Luk , Lai Ching‐Lung
Published: December 2006

A patient is reported with intestinal tuberculosis that mimicked fistulizing Crohn’s disease endoscopically. He had complete resolution of symptoms after a full course of antituberculosis therapy. Gastroenterologists and general physicians should aware of the possibility of intestinal tuberculosis in areas with a high prevalence of tuberculosis infection.
Regulatory effects of corticosterone on ornithine decarboxylase activity during liver regeneration in rats
Authors: Ning Qianji , Li Chaokun , Wei Kai , He Juntao , Xu Cunshuan , Shao Qiang
Published: December 2006

Aims:  The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression and enzyme activity by corticosterone during rat liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PH) was evaluated.

Methods:  Bilateral adrenalectomies were performed on ether‐anesthetized rats 3 days before PH. Corticosterone in sesame oil was injected subcutaneously to adrenalectomied rats. ODC mRNA, ODC protein and enzyme activity were detected by in situ hybridization, Western blot and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively.

Results:  The ODC mRNA levels, protein accumulation and enzyme activity were lower in the intact liver compared to the regenerating liver. After PH, mRNA levels were remarkably enhanced in all groups and peaked at 5 h post‐PH, and presented a persistent increase only in adrenalectomy rats during the regeneration process. Corticosterone treatment resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in ODC mRNA content after 5 h post‐PH. ODC protein accumulation in adrenalectomy rats was higher than that in sham‐adrenalectomy rats, but it decreased in corticosterone‐treated (10 mg/kg) rats until 24 h post‐PH, with a strong decline seen in 40 mg/kg corticosterone‐treated rats. ODC activity was rapidly promoted, and the highest levels were observed at 6 h after PH in all groups. After corticosterone treatment, the activities declined significantly at 6 h post‐PH, with the lowest value found in the 40 mg/kg group.

Conclusions:  Corticosterone treatment results in dose‐dependent decreases in ODC mRNA and enzyme protein both in the intact liver and the regenerating liver. The change in ODC activity is partially related to alterations of ODC mRNA and protein accumulation.