bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of wavebreaking time and dissipation of weakly nonlinear wakefields due to ion motion
Authors: Spitsyn R. I. , Timofeev I. V. , Sosedkin A. P. , Lotov K. V.
Published: October 2018

In an initially uniform plasma, the lifetime of a weakly nonlinear plasma wave excited by a short driver is limited by the ion dynamics. The wakefield contains a slowly varying radial component, which results in a perturbation of the ion density profile and consequent destruction of the plasma wave. We suggest a novel method of characterizing the wave lifetime in numerical simulations quantitatively and study how the lifetime scales with the ion mass. We also discuss the implications of the limited lifetime on a recently proposed method of generating high-power terahertz radiation with counterpropagating wakefields driven by colliding laser pulses.
Superhydrophobic waveguide: Liquid-core air-cladding waveguide platform for optofluidics
Authors: Du Ke , Wathuthanthri Ishan , Ding Junjun , Choi Chang-Hwan
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we present an optofluidic waveguide platform consisting of liquid as a core material and air as cladding, enabled by using a superhydrophobic channel featured with hydrophobized high-aspect-ratio sharp-tip nanostructures. The contact of the liquid core with the superhydrophobic channel wall is minimized with an air layer retained between them so that the effective refractive index of the cladding layer is close to that of air. Thus, when light is introduced through the core liquid having a higher refractive index than that of the cladding air at the incident angle parallel to the channel direction less than a critical angle, it is reflected at the liquid-gas interface by the total internal reflection. When the cladding layer is filled with water (i.e., Wenzel state), the waveguide losses for the incident angles of 0 and 10° were ∼3.9 and ∼6.8 dB/cm, respectively. In contrast, when the cladding layer is retained with air (i.e., Cassie-Baxter state), the waveguide losses for the same incident angles were as low as ∼0.1 and ∼1.8 dB/cm, respectively. The significantly lowered waveguide losses at the Cassie-Baxter state indicate that superhydrophobic channels can provide the effective waveguide platform for optofluidics, exploiting the air layer as the cladding material.
Application of Jiles-Atherton model in description of temperature characteristics of magnetic core
Authors: Zhang He , Liu Yi , Liu Siwei , Lin Fuchang
Published: October 2018

The Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model is widely used in magnetic characteristic modeling in alternating field. A dynamic J-A model, which is applied under high-frequency condition, is established. A pointwise iterative calculation method is used, and an approximate calculation method of the anhysteretic magnetization intensity and its derivative is proposed. The solving procedure of the J-A model is optimized. The platform for the magnetization and temperature characteristic test is designed and constructed. The hysteresis curves of ferrite cores at different temperatures are measured. The variation of parameters of magnetic properties with temperature is analyzed, including maximum magnetic flux density, remanence, coercivity, and core loss. Based on the particle swarm optimization combined with natural selection, optimized parameters of the J-A model are obtained. Their variation is analyzed, and their fitted curves with temperature are obtained. It is found that J-A model’s modification in temperature can be used to guide the modeling analysis of electrical equipment containing magnetic cores working in high-temperature environment and to predict magnetic properties at high temperatures.
Promotion of Cell Division by Extraots From Pea Seedlings
Authors: Zwar JA , Skoog F
Published: October 2018

Water extracts of tobacco leaves, dried barley roots, and pea seedlings, when added as supplements to a sucrose mineral medium, promoted cell division in explants of subcultured callus tissue originally prepared from stems of Nievtiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin No. 3S.
Studies on Endemic Goitre I. The Identification of Thioglucosides and Their Aqlucones in Weed Contaminants of Pastures in Goitrous Areas of Tasmania and Southern Queensland
Authors: Bachelard HS , Trikojus VM
Published: October 2018

The weeds infesting pastures in goitrous areas of Tasmania and the cultivated plant, chou moeilier, have been examined for their constituent thioglucosides. A wide range of these has been identified by chromatographic procedures and the presence of some confirmed by isolation either as such 01' as derivatives.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Stores in the Merino Sheep
Authors: Masters CJ
Published: October 2018

The storage of protein in the tissues of Merino sheep has been investigated, and the quantitative distribution of these stores delineated by complementary methods. Muscle and liver are evinced as the main storage tissues, with the protein of the pancreas, heart, and spleen also labile to a considerable extent. Kidney and lung protein is well preserved under the stress of chronic dietary deprivation.
The use of Colchicine and Colcemid for Metaphase Stasis in the Matrix Cells of Wool Follicles
Authors: Fraser IEB
Published: October 2018

Colchicine and colcemid have been used to induce metaphase stasis in the follicle bulb matrix of Romney sheep.
Intergroup social influence on emotion processing in the brain
Authors: Lin Lynda C. , Qu Yang , Telzer Eva H.
Published: October 2018

Significance

People’s emotions are heavily influenced by others around them. While previous studies have increased our understanding of the neuroscience of social influence in various contexts, such as music ratings and facial attraction, less is known about the neural basis of social influence on emotion processing and whether the human brain is able to track information from two different sources, such as ingroup and outgroup members. We address these two gaps in the literature by showing that the brain is able to differentially track, on a trial-by-trail basis, social influence of emotions deriving from ingroup and outgroup members. Results contribute to our understanding of the neural representations subserving everyday behaviors, such as people’s influence on others’ emotions.
Intersexual conflict over seed size is stronger in more outcrossed populations of a mixed-mating plant
Authors: Raunsgard Astrid , Opedal Øystein H. , Ekrem Runa K. , Wright Jonathan , Bolstad Geir H. , Armbruster W. Scott , Pélabon Christophe
Published: October 2018

Significance

Intersexual conflict over maternal resource allocation to offspring can lead to the evolution of imprinted genes with parent-of-origin–specific expression. However, the precise mechanism involved in the evolution of such imprinted genes is less well understood, and few clear predictions have been presented. We resolve this issue, and, using different populations of a mixed-mating plant, we demonstrate that more outcrossed paternal populations produce larger seeds when crossed with less outcrossed maternal populations, and vice versa. This provides clear support for a “tug-of-war” mechanism operating between maternally and paternally imprinted genes. Such a mechanism can have important consequences for local adaptation in offspring size in the presence of gene flow between populations with different mating systems.
Postnatal TrkB ablation in corticolimbic interneurons induces social dominance in male mice
Authors: Tan Shawn , Xiao Yixin , Yin Henry H. , Chen Albert I. , Soong Tuck Wah , Je H. Shawn
Published: October 2018

Significance

Our ability to reason, feel, and socialize relies on the development of a tight balance between inhibition and excitation within cortical circuits. The growth factor BDNF and its receptor TrkB are important for inhibitory neuron development and have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the behavioral consequences of impaired BDNF/TrkB signaling are unknown. Using a transgenic mouse line, we show that mice with deletion of BDNF/TrkB signaling from cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit social dominance and decreased inhibition within the prefrontal cortex, a key region regulating social behavior. Reversal of the network imbalance with optogenetic inhibition could rescue the behavior. Our results reveal a previously uncharacterized role of growth factor signaling within cortical interneurons for the development of social cognition.
Neutrophils instruct homeostatic and pathological states in naive tissues
Authors: Casanova-Acebes Maria , Nicolás-Ávila José A. , Li Jackson LiangYao , García-Silva Susana , Balachander Akhila , Rubio-Ponce Andrea , Weiss Linnea A. , Adrover José M. , Burrows Kyle , A-González Noelia , Ballesteros Ivan , Devi Sapna , Quintana Juan A. , Crainiciuc Georgiana , Leiva Magdalena , Gunzer Matthias , Weber Christian , Nagasawa Takashi , Soehnlein Oliver , Merad Miriam , Mortha Arthur , Ng Lai Guan , Peinado Hector , Hidalgo Andrés
Published: October 2018

Immune protection relies on the capacity of neutrophils to infiltrate challenged tissues. Naive tissues, in contrast, are believed to remain free of these cells and protected from their toxic cargo. Here, we show that neutrophils are endowed with the capacity to infiltrate multiple tissues in the steady-state, a process that follows tissue-specific dynamics. By focusing in two particular tissues, the intestine and the lungs, we find that neutrophils infiltrating the intestine are engulfed by resident macrophages, resulting in repression of Il23 transcription, reduced G-CSF in plasma, and reinforced activity of distant bone marrow niches. In contrast, diurnal accumulation of neutrophils within the pulmonary vasculature influenced circadian transcription in the lungs. Neutrophil-influenced transcripts in this organ were associated with carcinogenesis and migration. Consistently, we found that neutrophils dictated the diurnal patterns of lung invasion by melanoma cells. Homeostatic infiltration of tissues unveils a facet of neutrophil biology that supports organ function, but can also instigate pathological states.
Status of radiation damage on the European XFEL undulator systems
Authors: Wolff-Fabris F , Pflueger J , Schmidt-Foehre F , Hellberg F
Published: October 2018

The European XFEL GmbH is a new X-ray FEL user facility and started lasing in 2017. Three movable gap SASE Undulator Systems based on hybrid NdFeB permanent magnet technology were built. Radiation damage due to machine operation affects the magnetic properties of the segments and the quality of the SASE process. Dosimeters monitor the absorbed doses in every undulator segment and each SASE system is equipped with a diagnostic undulator (DU). We report on the profile of the absorbed doses seen in the first year of the Undulator Systems operation. Magnetic field degradation higher than 3.5% in the DU is found and associated to absorbed doses up to 4.4 kGy. An initial limit of 55 Gy for the 5-m undulator segments is recommended based on the precise K-parameter determination for beam operation.
Higher order Turán inequalities for the partition function
Authors: Chen William , Jia Dennis , Wang Larry
Published: October 2018

The Turán inequalities and the higher order Turán inequalities arise in the study of the Maclaurin coefficients of real entire functions in the Laguerre–Pólya class. A sequence

{

a

n

}

n
≥
0

\{a_{n}\}_{n\geq 0}

of real numbers is said to satisfy the Turán inequalities or to be log-concave if for

n
≥
1

n\geq 1

,

a
n
2

−

a

n
−
1

a

n
+
1

≥
0

a_n^2-a_{n-1}a_{n+1}\geq 0

. It is said to satisfy the higher order Turán inequalities if for

n
≥
1

n\geq 1

,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="4 left-parenthesis a Subscript n Superscript 2 Baseline minus a Subscript n minus 1 Baseline a Subscript n plus 1 Baseline right-parenthesis left-parenthesis a Subscript n plus 1 Superscript 2 Baseline minus a Subscript n Baseline a Subscript n plus 2 Baseline right-parenthesis minus left-parenthesis a Subscript n Baseline a Subscript n plus 1 Baseline minus a Subscript n minus 1 Baseline a Subscript n plus 2 Baseline right-parenthesis squared greater-than-or-equal-to 0">

4
(

a

n

2

−

a

n
−
1

a

n
+
1

)
(

a

n
+
1

2

−

a

n

a

n
+
2

)
−
(

a

n

a

n
+
1

−

a

n
−
1

a

n
+
2

)
2

≥
0

4(a_{n}^2-a_{n-1}a_{n+1})(a_{n+1}^2-a_{n}a_{n+2})-(a_{n}a_{n+1}-a_{n-1}a_{n+2})^2\geq 0

. For the partition function

p
(
n
)

p(n)

, DeSalvo and Pak showed that for

n
>
25

n>25

, the sequence

{
p
(
n
)

}

n
>
25

\{ p(n)\}_{n> 25}

is log-concave, that is,

p
(
n

)
2

−
p
(
n
−
1
)
p
(
n
+
1
)
>
0

p(n)^2-p(n-1)p(n+1)>0

for

n
>
25

n> 25

. It was conjectured by the first author that

p
(
n
)

p(n)

satisfies the higher order Turán inequalities for

n
≥
95

n\geq 95

. In this paper, we prove this conjecture by using the Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher formula to derive an upper bound and a lower bound for

p
(
n
+
1
)
p
(
n
−
1
)

/

p
(
n

)
2

p(n+1)p(n-1)/p(n)^2

. Consequently, for

n
≥
95

n\geq 95

, the Jensen polynomials

p
(
n
−
1
)
+
3
p
(
n
)
x
+
3
p
(
n
+
1
)

x
2

+
p
(
n
+
2
)

x
3

p(n-1)+3p(n)x+3p(n+1)x^2+p(n+2)x^3

have only distinct real zeros. We conjecture that for any positive integer

m
≥
4

m\geq 4

there exists an integer

N
(
m
)

N(m)

such that for

n
≥
N
(
m
)

n\geq N(m)

, the Jensen polynomial associated with the sequence

(
p
(
n
)
,
p
(
n
+
1
)
,
…
,
p
(
n
+
m
)
)

(p(n),p(n+1),\ldots ,p(n+m))

has only real zeros. This conjecture was posed independently by Ono.
Expected volumes of Gaussian polytopes, external angles, and multiple order statistics
Authors: Kabluchko Zakhar , Zaporozhets Dmitry
Published: October 2018

Let

X
1

X_1

, …,

X
n

X_n

be a standard normal sample in

R

d

\mathbb {R}^d

. We compute exactly the expected volume of the Gaussian polytope

conv
⁡
[

X
1

,
…
,

X
n

]

\operatorname {conv} [X_1,\ldots ,X_n]

, the symmetric Gaussian polytope

conv
⁡
[
±

X
1

,
…
,
±

X
n

]

\operatorname {conv} [\pm X_1,\ldots ,\pm X_n]

, and the Gaussian zonotope

[
0
,

X
1

]
+
⋯
+
[
0
,

X
n

]

[0,X_1]+\cdots +[0,X_n]

by exploiting their connection to the regular simplex, the regular cross-polytope, and the cube with the aid of Tsirelson’s formula. The expected volumes of these random polytopes are given by essentially the same expressions as the intrinsic volumes and external angles of the regular polytopes. For all of these quantities, we obtain asymptotic formulae which are more precise than the results which were known before. More generally, we determine the expected volumes of some heteroscedastic random polytopes including

conv
⁡
[

l
1

X
1

,
…
,

l
n

X
n

]

\operatorname {conv}[l_1X_1,\ldots ,l_nX_n]

and

conv
⁡
[
±

l
1

X
1

,
…
,
±

l
n

X
n

]

\operatorname {conv} [\pm l_1 X_1,\ldots , \pm l_n X_n]

, where

l
1

l_1

, …,

l
n

≥
0

l_n\geq 0

are parameters, and the intrinsic volumes of the corresponding deterministic polytopes. Finally, we relate the

k
k

th intrinsic volume of the regular simplex

Δ

n
−
1

\Delta ^{n-1}

to the expected maximum of independent standard Gaussian random variables

ξ
1

\xi _1

, …,

ξ
n

\xi _n

given that the maximum has multiplicity

k
k

. Namely, we show that
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper V Subscript k Baseline left-parenthesis normal upper Delta Superscript n minus 1 Baseline right-parenthesis equals StartFraction left-parenthesis 2 pi right-parenthesis Superscript StartFraction k Over 2 EndFraction Baseline Over k factorial EndFraction dot limit Underscript epsilon down-arrow 0 Endscripts epsilon Superscript 1 minus k Baseline double-struck upper E left-bracket max left-brace right-brace comma comma xi 1 comma ellipsis comma xi n double-struck 1 Subscript left-brace xi Sub Subscript left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis Subscript minus xi Sub Subscript left-parenthesis n minus k plus 1 right-parenthesis Subscript less-than-or-equal-to epsilon right-brace Baseline right-bracket comma">

V
k

(

Δ

n
−
1

)
=

(
2
π

)

k
2

k
!

⋅

lim

ε
↓
0

ε

1
−
k

E

[
max
{

ξ
1

,
…
,

ξ
n

}

1

{

ξ

(
n
)

−

ξ

(
n
−
k
+
1
)

≤
ε
}

]
,

V_k(\Delta ^{n-1}) = \frac {(2\pi )^{\frac k2}} {k!} \cdot \lim _{\varepsilon \downarrow 0} \varepsilon ^{1-k} \mathbb {E} [\max \{\xi _1,\ldots ,\xi _n\} \mathbb {1}_{\{\xi _{(n)} - \xi _{(n-k+1)}\leq \varepsilon \}}],

\]
where

ξ

(
1
)

≤
⋯
≤

ξ

(
n
)

\xi _{(1)} \leq \cdots \leq \xi _{(n)}

denote the order statistics. A similar result holds for the cross-polytope if we replace

ξ
1

\xi _1

, …,

ξ
n

\xi _n

with their absolute values.
On the Fourier transform of Bessel functions over complex numbers—II: The general case
Authors: Qi Zhi
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we prove an exponential integral formula for the Fourier transform of Bessel functions over complex numbers, along with a radial exponential integral formula. The former will enable us to develop the complex spectral theory of the relative trace formula for the Shimura–Waldspurger correspondence and extend the Waldspurger formula from totally real fields to arbitrary number fields.
Geodesic distance Riesz energy on the sphere
Authors: Bilyk Dmitriy , Dai Feng
Published: October 2018

We study energy integrals and discrete energies on the sphere, in particular, analogues of the Riesz energy with the geodesic distance in place of the Euclidean, and we determine that the range of exponents for which uniform distribution optimizes such energies is different from the classical case. We also obtain a very general form of the Stolarsky principle, which relates discrete energies to certain

L
2

L^2

discrepancies, and prove optimal asymptotic estimates for both objects. This leads to sharp asymptotics of the difference between optimal discrete and continuous energies in the geodesic case, as well as new proofs of discrepancy estimates.
Isometries for the modulus metric are quasiconformal mappings
Authors: Betsakos Dimitrios , Pouliasis Stamatis
Published: October 2018

For a domain

D
D

in

R

¯

n

\bar {\mathbb R}^n

, the modulus metric is defined by

μ
D

(
x
,
y
)
=

inf
γ

cap

(
D
,
γ
)

\mu _D(x,y)=\inf _\gamma \textrm {cap}(D,\gamma )

, where the infimum is taken over all curves

γ
\gamma

in

D
D

joining

x
x

to

y
y

, and “cap" denotes the conformal capacity of the condensers. It has been conjectured by J. Ferrand, G. J. Martin, and M. Vuorinen that isometries in the modulus metric are conformal mappings. We prove the conjecture when

n
=
2

n=2

. In higher dimensions, we prove that isometries are quasiconformal mappings.
Application of the fluctuation theorem for noninvasive force measurement in living neuronal axons
Authors: Hayashi Kumiko , Tsuchizawa Yuta , Iwaki Mitsuhiro , Okada Yasushi
Published: October 2018

Although its importance is recently widely accepted, force measurement has been difficult in living biological systems, mainly due to the lack of the versatile noninvasive force measurement methods. The fluctuation theorem, which represents the thermodynamic properties of small fluctuating nonequilibrium systems, has been applied to the analysis of the thermodynamic properties of motor proteins in vitro. Here we extend it to the axonal transport (displacement) of endosomes. The distribution of the displacement fluctuation had three or four distinct peaks around multiples of a unit value, which the fluctuation theorem can convert into the drag force exerted on the endosomes. The results demonstrated that a single cargo vesicle is conveyed by one to three or four units of force production.
Between-Race Differences in Processes Predicting Physician Communication for African American and European American Recipients of Breast Density Notifications
Authors: Manning Mark , Albrecht Terrance L , Penner Louis , Purrington Kristen
Published: October 2018

Background

Breast density notification laws mandate reporting of dense breast to applicable women. The same psychological and systemic barriers that yield between-race differences in mammography use will probably yield between-race differences in women’s psychological and behavioral responses to breast density notifications.

Purpose

We used the theory of planned behavior as a framework to examine between-race differences in the likelihood of following-up with physicians after receiving breast density notifications and to examine differences in African American and Caucasian American women’s behavioral decision-making processes.

Methods

A subset of 212 African American and Caucasian American women who participated in an initial and follow-up survey examining responses to breast density notifications were examined for this study. Participants reported background and demographic measures, psychological responses to receiving notifications, and planned behavior measures related to following up with physicians approximately 2 weeks after receiving their mammogram reports. Participants self-reported their behaviors 3 months later.

Results

There were no between-race differences in self-reported physician communication; however, there were differences in processes that predicted behavior. For Caucasian American women, behavioral intentions, education, and income predicted behaviors. Instead of intentions, group-based medical suspicion, confusion, breast cancer worry, and breast density anxiety predicted behaviors for African American women.

Conclusions

Behavioral decision-making processes for Caucasian American women were in line with well-validated theoretical predictions. For African American women, race-related medical suspicion, prior breast density awareness, and emotional responses to breast density notifications predicted behavior. The results highlight the need to focus on racially distinct psychological targets when designing interventions to support guideline concordant behavioral decisions among women who receive breast density notifications.
The Usefulness of Reintegration Support: The Dual Perspectives of Returnees and Caseworkers
Authors: Lietaert Ine
Published: October 2018

Many European countries have developed assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programmes to support the return and reintegration of migrants who do not have a legal residence permit. There is substantial involvement of social-care professionals in the implementation of these programmes. However, the contested nature of AVRR programmes has limited an in-depth understanding of the exact nature of reintegration support and the ways it affects migrants’ lives after return. Through exploring the usefulness of AVRR support from the perspectives of those receiving it and experienced caseworkers providing it in the context of the Belgian AVRR return programme to Armenia and Georgia, this article contributes to a better understanding of the possibilities and constraints of reintegration support. Based on interviews with seventy-nine returnees during the initial two years after their return, interviews with the caseworkers and observations of day-to-day interactions between both parties, four different understandings of the ‘usefulness’ of reintegration support are delineated: reintegration support (i) as central and necessary financial support; (ii) as insufficient, decontextualised and deceptive support; (iii) as selective support; and lastly (iv) as humane and negotiated support. These understandings then evoke reflections on the implications for those stakeholders developing or implementing AVRR support programmes.
Loneliness and Risk of Dementia
Authors: Sutin Angelina R , Stephan Yannick , Luchetti Martina , Terracciano Antonio
Published: October 2018

Objective

The present study tests whether loneliness is associated with risk of dementia in the largest sample to date and further examines whether the association is independent of social isolation, a related but independent component of social integration, and whether it varies by demographic factors and genetic vulnerability.

Method

Participants from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 12,030) reported on their loneliness, social isolation, and had information on clinical, behavioral, and genetic risk factors. Cognitive status was assessed at baseline and every 2 years over a 10-year follow-up with the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICSm). A TICSm score of 6 or less was indicative of dementia.

Results

Cox proportional hazards regression indicated that loneliness was associated with a 40% increased risk of dementia. This association held controlling for social isolation, and clinical, behavioral, and genetic risk factors. The association was similar across gender, race, ethnicity, education, and genetic risk.

Discussion

Loneliness is associated with increased risk of dementia. It is one modifiable factor that can be intervened on to reduce dementia risk.
Description of the Services, Activities, and Interventions Within School-Based Physical Therapist Practices Across the United States
Authors: Jeffries Lynn M , McCoy Sarah Westcott , Effgen Susan K , Chiarello Lisa A , Villasante Tezanos Alejandro G
Published: October 2018

Background

Students with disabilities receive school-based physical therapy services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. Little research exists regarding therapy services in schools.

Objective

This study explored the school-based services that students received and the activities and interventions that physical therapists implemented, and determined if services differed based on the student's functional gross motor ability and age.

Design

This was a prospective observational cohort study using a practice-based evidence design.

Methods

Data were collected by 109 physical therapists for 296 students, aged 5 to 12 years, receiving school-based physical therapy. Physical therapists completed the School-Physical Therapy Interventions for Pediatrics data form for 20 weeks during 1 school year. This evaluation included the type of service delivery, the amount of time spent on each student (consultation/documentation), minutes spent in activities, the specific interventions implemented, and the student's level of participation. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was used to describe the students' functional ability.

Results

Physical therapists provided an average of 26.7 min/wk (standard deviation [SD] = 15.1) of direct services and 13.1 min/wk (SD = 7.7) of services on behalf of the student. Primary activities were physical education/recreation (7.7 min/wk, SD = 8.2), mobility (6.7 min/wk, SD = 7.9), and sitting/standing/transitions (6.3 min/wk, SD = 8.1). Primary interventions were neuromuscular (32.5 counts per student, SD = 15.9), mobility (15.3 counts per student, SD = 14.65), and musculoskeletal (14.4 counts per student, SD = 10.3). Differences existed based on GMFCS but not student age.

Limitations

Physical therapists reported School-Physical Therapy Interventions for Pediatrics data weekly, not necessarily after each therapy session. The GMFCS was used as a proxy of students’ functional gross motor ability.

Conclusions

Our description of services is provided to encourage physical therapists to reflect on the services they provide and to foster future examinations of service effectiveness.
Brief report of a tablet-delivered psychosocial intervention for men with advanced prostate cancer: Acceptability and efficacy by race
Authors: Bouchard Laura C , Yanez Betina , Dahn Jason R , Flury Sarah C , Perry Kent T , Mohr David C , Penedo Frank J
Published: October 2018

Relative to non-Hispanic whites (NHW), black men are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer (PC) incidence, have poorer PC outcomes, and report greater compromises in health-related quality of life. Despite these challenges, black men are underrepresented in psychosocial cancer research, possibly due to limited access to supportive oncology programs. The purpose of this article is to examine the acceptability and efficacy for reducing disease-specific distress of a tablet-delivered psychosocial intervention for older men with advanced PC (APC) and explore differences by race. Men with APC (N = 192, 37.5% black, age M = 68.84 years) were randomized to 10-week Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM) or attention-control Health Promotion (HP), both delivered via tablets. Assessments occurred at baseline in person, weekly during the 10-week program via tablets, and at 6 and 12 months in person. Weekly session evaluations and postprogram exit surveys assessed acceptability. Efficacy was assessed with a measure of PC-anxiety validated with racially diverse PC patients using linear mixed effects modeling. Study retention and group attendance did not differ by race. CBSM and HP were both acceptable among older APC patients. Black men rated both conditions more favorably than NHW men. Men in CBSM (vs. HP) reported greater reductions in PC-anxiety at 6 months (not sustained at 12 months). Black men in CBSM reported greater decreases in PC-anxiety over time compared with all other groups. Tablet-delivered CBSM and HP were acceptable for black and NHW APC patients, although black men rated both conditions more favorably. Black men reported a unique intervention benefit related to reduced disease-specific distress.
Association of Physical Activity and Screen Time with Psychiatric Distress in Children and Adolescents: CASPIAN-IV Study
Authors: Taheri Ehsaneh , Heshmat Ramin , Esmaeil Motlagh Mohammad , Ardalan Gelayol , Asayesh Hamid , Qorbani Mostafa , Kelishadi Roya
Published: October 2018

Background

There are limited studies about the association of physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) with psychiatric distress (PD) among children and adolescents including Iranian populations.

Objective

We aimed to examine the independent and combined associations of PA and ST with PD among children and adolescents.

Method

This school-based nationwide survey was carried out among 14 880 students (50.8% boys and 75.6% urban inhabitants), of age 6–18 years by cluster and the stratified multistage sampling method from 30 provinces of Iran. The students and their parents completed two sets of questionnaires obtained from Global School Health Survey with several questions about the PD. The time spent on watching TV/video and computer games and PA were assessed by self-administered validated questionnaires.

Results

The study had a participation rate of 90.6%. Of the studied students, 45.85%, 83.62%, 37.81% and 23.92% had depression, anger, insomnia and worthlessness, respectively. The prevalence of confusion, anxiety and worry was reported in 19.6%, 55.17% and 75.31% of the students, respectively. The combined effect of PA and that of ST showed that students with high PA and low ST had the lowest prevalence of PD, while the highest prevalence of these PD was observed among students with low PA combined with high ST (p < 0.05 for all).

Conclusions

Increasing PA and reducing ST should both be considered for improving the mental health status of children and adolescents.
Dissecting Comorbidity between Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma in a Cell Culture Model
Authors: Bose Anindita , Dele‐Oni Deborah , Petsko Gregory
Published: October 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a fatal, common, neurodegenerative disorder that affects up to 10 million people worldwide, and lacks disease altering treatment or prevention. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease globally and is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons initially in the substantia nigra. Epidemiological studies have shown that patients with PD have a higher risk of developing melanoma but a lower risk of developing other cancers. According to published reports, the co‐occurrence of melanoma and PD and vice versa is much higher than expected with an odds ratio up to 6 fold. Interestingly, the risk factors of developing PD increase with a family history of melanoma, lighter skin and hair color. Patients who have a first degree relative with either disease also have an increased risk to develop the other disease. The aim of this project was to study the mechanism of association between PD and melanoma. Melanoma cells (SK‐MEL2) that overexpress wild‐type a‐synuclein (the CNS‐specific protein known to aggregate in the brains of Parkinson's patients) and mutant a‐synuclein (A53T, a point mutation that causes autosomal dominant, inherited Parkinson's disease) were used as a model. Menandione was used to induce oxidative stress in the cells, and expression of a‐synuclein and melanin in these cells by Western Blotting. Immunochemistry was utilized to identify co‐localization of a‐synuclein and melanin in the Golgi and melanosomes. This indicates there are potentially common signaling pathway that could explain the comorbidity between the diseases. In addition, we also report the presence of cytoplasmic a‐synuclein and melanin in the cells, implying a possible common secretion pathways for the two proteins. Our observation of localized a‐synuclein in the lysosomes, ensures future areas of potential importance in the interaction and mechanism of lysosomes and a‐synuclein dissection. Additional testing with other cancer cell lines needs to be carried out to ensure that this observed pattern is seen only in melanoma.

This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Frequency of Submicroscopic Chromosomal Aberrations in Pregnancies Without Increased Risk for Structural Chromosomal Aberrations: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Srebniak M. I. , Joosten M. , Knapen M. F. C. M. , Arends L. R. , Polak M. , Van Veen S. , Go A. T. J. I. , Van Opstal D.
Published: October 2018

(Abstracted from Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;51:445–452)

Chromosomal microarray is currently recommended for women with fetal structural anomalies. However, questions remain as to whether such testing is justifiable in pregnancies without increased risk for unbalanced structural chromosomal aberrations.
Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Silver Robert M. , Ware Branch D.
Published: October 2018

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2018;378:1529–1536)

Placenta accreta spectrum refers to abnormal adherence of the placental trophoblast to the uterine myometrium. There are 3 definitions within this spectrum: placental accreta (placental attachment to myometrium without intervening decidua), placenta increta (invasion of the trophoblast into the myometrium), and placenta percreta (invasion of the trophoblast through the myometrium, serosa, and into surrounding tissue).
Association of Implementing a Multidisciplinary Team Approach in the Management of Morbidly Adherent Placenta With Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Bartels Helena C. , Rogers Ailin C. , O’Brien Donal , McVey Ruaidhri , Walsh Jennifer , Brennan Donal J.
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE:

To compare maternal outcomes in patients with morbidly adherent placenta managed in a multidisciplinary team setting compared with standard care.

DATA SOURCES:

A literature search was performed for publications reporting multidisciplinary pathways in the management of cesarean delivery for patients with morbidly adherent placenta. EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, PubMed Central, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane databases were searched.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:

Databases were searched for studies reporting maternal morbidity of patients with morbidly adherent placenta managed by a multidisciplinary team in a specialist center compared with standard care. Two independent reviewers applied inclusion and exclusion criteria to select included articles, with differences agreed by consensus. A total of 252 citations were reviewed; six studies comprising 461 patients were selected for the analysis.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:

Literature search was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results were reported as mean differences or pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. Estimated blood loss was significantly reduced in the multidisciplinary team group (mean difference −1.1 L, 95% CI −1.9 to −0.4, P=.004) and these patients had lower transfusion requirements (mean difference −2.7 units, 95% CI −4.1 to −1.2, P=.040). Those treated in a standard care setting were more likely to develop complications (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5–4.0, P<.001); however, there was no difference in length of stay between the two groups.

CONCLUSION:

This meta-analysis highlights the improved maternal outcomes in patients with morbidly adherent placenta when managed by a multidisciplinary team in a specialist center. High-risk complex cases warrant expert management in centralized units.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Examining the Impact of Sleep Disturbance on Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Fadayomi Ayòtúndé B. , Ibala Reine , Bilotta Federico , Westover Michael B. , Akeju Oluwaseun
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

Basic science and clinical studies suggest that sleep disturbance may be a modifiable risk factor for postoperative delirium. We aimed to assess the association between preoperative sleep disturbance and postoperative delirium.

Data Sources:

We searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane from inception until May 31, 2017.

Study Selection:

We performed a systematic search of the literature for all studies that reported on sleep disruption and postoperative delirium excluding cross-sectional studies, case reports, and studies not reported in English language.

Data Extraction:

Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction. We calculated pooled effects estimates with a random-effects model constructed in Stata and evaluated the risk of bias by formal testing (Stata Corp V.14, College Station, TX),

Data Synthesis:

We included 12 studies, from 1,238 citations that met our inclusion criteria. The pooled odds ratio for the association between sleep disturbance and postoperative delirium was 5.24 (95% CI, 3.61–7.60; p < 0.001 and I
2 = 0.0%; p = 0.76). The pooled risk ratio for the association between sleep disturbance and postoperative delirium in prospective studies (n = 6) was 2.90 (95% CI, 2.28–3.69; p < 0.001 and I
2 = 0.0%; p = 0.89). The odds ratio associated with obstructive sleep apnea and unspecified types of sleep disorder were 4.75 (95% CI, 2.65–8.54; p < 0.001 and I
2 = 0.0%; p = 0.85) and 5.60 (95% CI, 3.46–9.07; p < 0.001 and I
2 = 0.0%; p = 0.41), respectively. We performed Begg’s and Egger’s tests for publication bias and confirmed a null result for publication bias (p = 0.371 and 0.103, respectively).

Conclusions:

Preexisting sleep disturbances are likely associated with postoperative delirium. Whether system-level initiatives targeting patients with preoperative sleep disturbance may help reduce the prevalence, morbidity, and healthcare costs associated with postoperative delirium remains to be determined.
CHANGES IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY SEVERITY WHEN TREATING DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH RANIBIZUMAB
Authors: Bressler Susan B. , Odia Isoken , Glassman Adam R. , Danis Ronald P. , Grover Sandeep , Hampton G. Robert , Jampol Lee M. , Maguire Maureen G. , Melia Michele
Published: October 2018

Purpose:

To explore 5-year changes from baseline in diabetic retinopathy severity among eyes treated with ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema.

Methods:

Diabetic retinopathy severity was assessed from study visits and annual fundus photographs among participants in Protocol I (DRCR.net). The proportion of eyes that improved at annual examinations and the cumulative probability of worsening through 5 years were estimated.

Results:

Among 235 participants with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline, there were 29%, 28%, and 32% of eyes with retinopathy improvement at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Among 111 participants with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, corresponding improvement percentages were 38%, 35%, and 23%. The 5-year cumulative probability of worsening was 18% (95% CI: 14%–25%) among nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes and 31% (95% CI: 23%–42%) among proliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes (P = 0.01). In Years 1, 3, and 5, the mean (SD) number of ranibizumab injections was 8.1 (2.5), 2.2 (2.6), and 1.8 (2.6) for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes, and 9.0 (2.8), 2.3 (2.9), and 1.7 (2.6) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy eyes, respectively. Proportions with improvement or rates of worsening did not change with time.

Conclusion:

Individuals receiving ranibizumab therapy for diabetic macular edema may have favorable changes in DR severity throughout a 5-year period concomitant with sequential reduction in anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.
Early Declines in Vaccine Type Pneumococcal Carriage in Children Less Than 5 Years Old After Introduction of 10-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Mozambique
Authors: Sigaúque Betuel , Moiane Benild , Massora Sergio , Pimenta Fabiana , Verani Jennifer R. , Mucavele Helio , Chaúque Alberto , Quintó Llorenç , dos Santos Rita T. , Carvalho Maria da Gloria , Whitney Cynthia G. , Lessa Fernanda C.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Pneumococcal carriage is a precursor of invasive pneumococcal disease. Mozambique introduced 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in April 2013, using a 3-dose schedule without a booster. We evaluated PCV10 impact on pneumococcal carriage and colonization density by HIV status.

Methods:

We conducted 2 cross-sectional surveys (pre and post PCV10 introduction) among children 6 weeks to 59 months old. Participants included HIV-infected children presenting for routine care at outpatient clinics and a random sample of HIV-uninfected children from the community. We collected demographic data, vaccination history and nasopharyngeal swabs. Swabs were cultured and isolates serotyped by Quellung. We selected serotypes 11A, 19A and 19F for bacterial density analyses. We compared vaccine-type (VT) carriage prevalence from the pre-PCV10 with the post-PCV10 period by HIV status.

Findings:

Prevalence of VT carriage declined from 35.9% (110/306) pre already defined in the background. It should be pre-PCV (PCV) to 20.7% (36/174 fully vaccinated) post PCV (P < 0.001) in HIV-uninfected and from 34.8% (144/414) to 19.7% (27/137 fully vaccinated) (P = 0.002) in HIV-infected children. Colonization prevalence for the 3 serotypes (3, 6A, 19A) included in the 13-valent PCV but not in PCV10 increased from 12.4% (38/306) to 20.7% (36/174 fully vaccinated) (P = 0.009) among HIV- uninfected children, mainly driven by 19A; no significant increase was observed in HIV-infected children. VT carriage among unvaccinated children decreased by 30% (P = 0.005) in HIV-infected children, with no significant declines observed in HIV-uninfected children.

Conclusion:

Declines in VT carriage were observed in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected children after PCV10 introduction with an early signal of herd effect especially in HIV-infected children. Ongoing monitoring of increases in 19A carriage and disease is necessary.
Community Origins and Regional Differences Highlight Risk of Plasmid-mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections in Children
Authors: Logan Latania K. , Medernach Rachel L. , Rispens Jared R. , Marshall Steven H. , Hujer Andrea M. , Domitrovic T. Nicholas , Rudin Susan D. , Zheng Xiaotian , Qureshi Nadia K. , Konda Sreenivas , Hayden Mary K. , Weinstein Robert A. , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Fluoroquinolones are uncommonly prescribed in children, yet pediatric multidrug resistant (MDR) enterobacteriaceae (Ent) infections often reveal fluoroquinolone resistance (FQR). We sought to define the molecular epidemiology of FQR and MDR-Ent in children.

Methods:

A case–control analysis of children with MDR-Ent infections at 3 Chicago hospitals was performed. Cases were children with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and/or carbapenem-resistant Ent infections. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA analysis assessed bla and plasmid-mediated FQR (PMFQR) genes. Controls were children with third-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and carbapenem-susceptible Ent infections matched by age, source and hospital. We assessed clinical-epidemiologic predictors of PMFQR Ent infection.

Results:

Of 169 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and/or carbapenem-resistant Ent isolates from children (median age, 4.8 years), 85 were FQR; 56 (66%) contained PMFQR genes. The predominant organism was Escherichia coli, and most common bla gene bla
CTX-M-1 group. In FQR isolates, PMFQR gene mutations included aac6’1bcr, oqxA/B, qepA and qnrA/B/D/S in 83%, 15%, 13% and 11% of isolates, respectively. FQR E. coli was often associated with phylogroup B2, ST43/ST131. On multivariable analysis, PMFQR Ent infections occurred mostly in outpatients (odds ratio, 33.1) of non–black-white-Hispanic race (odds ratio, 6.5). Residents of Southwest Chicago were >5 times more likely to have PMFQR Ent infections than those in the reference region, while residence in Central Chicago was associated with a 97% decreased risk. Other demographic, comorbidity, invasive-device, antibiotic use or healthcare differences were not found.

Conclusions:

The strong association of infection with MDR organisms showing FQR with patient residence rather than with traditional risk factors suggests that the community environment is a major contributor to spread of these pathogens in children.
Disease- and Treatment-related Morbidity in Adolescents With Perinatal HIV Infection in Asia
Authors: Bartlett Adam W. , Mohamed Thahira Jamal , Sudjaritruk Tavitiya , Kurniati Nia , Nallusamy Revathy , Hansudewechakul Rawiwan , Ly Penh Sun , Truong Khanh Huu , Lumbiganon Pagakrong , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Nguyen Lam Van , Do Viet Chau , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Nik Yusoff Nik Khairulddin , Fong Moy Siew , Wati Dewi Kumara , Sohn Annette H. , Kariminia Azar
Published: October 2018

Background:

Perinatally HIV-infected adolescents (PHIVA) are exposed to a chronic systemic infection and long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), leaving them susceptible to morbidities associated with inflammation, immunodeficiency and drug toxicity.

Methods:

Data collected 2001 to 2016 from PHIVA 10–19 years of age within a regional Asian cohort were analyzed using competing risk time-to-event and Poisson regression analyses to describe the nature and incidence of morbidity events and hospitalizations and identify factors associated with disease-related, treatment-related and overall morbidity. Morbidity was defined according to World Health Organization clinical staging criteria and U.S. National Institutes of Health Division of AIDS criteria.

Results:

A total 3,448 PHIVA contributed 17,778 person-years. Median age at HIV diagnosis was 5.5 years, and ART initiation was 6.9 years. There were 2,562 morbidity events and 307 hospitalizations. Cumulative incidence for any morbidity was 51.7%, and hospitalization was 10.0%. Early adolescence was dominated by disease-related infectious morbidity, with a trend toward noninfectious and treatment-related morbidity in later adolescence. Higher overall morbidity rates were associated with a CD4 count <350 cells/µL, HIV viral load ≥10,000 copies/mL and experiencing prior morbidity at age <10 years. Lower overall morbidity rates were found for those 15–19 years of age compared with 10–14 years and those who initiated ART at age 5–9 years compared with <5 or ≥10 years.

Conclusions:

Half of our PHIVA cohort experienced a morbidity event, with a trend from disease-related infectious events to treatment-related and noninfectious events as PHIVA age. ART initiation to prevent immune system damage, optimize virologic control and minimize childhood morbidity are key to limiting adolescent morbidity.