bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Defeasible Reasoning“ und die Fragmentierung der deontischen Logik
Authors: Sieckmann Jan-Reinard
Published: April 2022

My contribution starts with an analysis of the structure of normative argumentation, which is understood as the balancing of normative arguments that leads to normative judgements. Its crucial point is that normative arguments and normative judgements have distinct logical structures, and that normative judgements do not follow logically from a set of premises, but result from an act of judgement. Based on this analysis, three theses are advanced: The Inadequacy thesis, stating that neither deductive nor nondeductive (non-monotonic) logic provides an adequate account for the reasoning with conflicting normative arguments. The Fragmentation thesis, suggesting that deontic logic should be developed as a formal characterization of diverse notions of validity of norms and hence there is no single deontic logic. The Deductivity thesis, claiming that normative reasoning from the internal point of view of someone making normative judgements is in its core deductive, and non-monotonic or defeasible reasoning is, from this perspective, merely a deficient form of reasoning. Finally, it is asked what might be a field of application of defeasible reasoning in the field of legal argumentation, and a suggestion is made regarding the notion of defeasibility.
Regeln, Prinzipien und Defeasibility
Authors: Bäcker Carsten
Published: April 2022

Distinguishing rules and principles presupposes a criterion as a means not only to identify rules and principles but also to underscore their differences. In this essay, the notion of defeasibility will be presented as such a criterion. Defeasibility shall be understood as the capacity to accommodate exceptions. Rules, in general, have exceptions. These exceptions cannot be listed conclusively, owing to the fact that the circumstances giving rise to cases in the future are unknown. Thus, legal rules always exhibit the capacity to accommodate exceptions, that is, they are defeasible. Contrariwise, principles as optimization commands do not accommodate exceptions in this sense. Rather, the circumstances of future cases along with other conditions, for example, competing principles, are already implied in the concept of optimization and are, therefore, integral to applying the principle itself. This is to say that optimization is necessarily relative to all the circumstances at hand. Therefore, in order to apply a principle, one has to optimize - and thereby necessarily take into account all of the circumstances at hand. There cannot, then, arise any exception in applying a principle. Principles, in other words, are not defeasible. The essay concludes with an explanation of the distinct prima faciecharacter of rules, and of principles, again by appeal to the notion of defeasibility, along with the proposal of a threefold conceptual distinction that offers some additional clarity where the concept of a principle is concerned.
National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD) Protocol for the Treatment of Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Mirenayat Maryam Sadat , Abedini Atefeh , Kiani Arda , Eslaminejad Alireza , Adimi naghan Parisa , Malekmohammad Majid , Heshmatnia Jalal , Nadji Seyed Alireza , Idani Esmaeil , Zahiri Reyhaneh , Lookzadeh Somayeh , Sheikhzade Hakimeh , Dastan Farzaneh , Porabdollah Toutkaboni Mihan , Rezaei Mitra Sadat , Askari Elham , Tabarsi Payam , Marjani Majid , Moniri Afshin , Hashemian Seyed Mohammad Reza , Farzanegan Behrooz , Abtahian Zahra , Yassari Fatemeh , Mansouri Nazanin , Mansouri Davood , Vasheghani Maryam , Mansourafshar Babak , Mokhber Dezfoli Mojtaba , Soleimani Salman , Seifi Sharareh , Naghashzadeh Farah , Fakharian Atefeh , Varahram Mohammad , Jamaati Hamidreza , Zali Alireza , Velayati Ali Akbar
Published: April 2022

: More than a year after the onset of the coronavirus disease pandemic in 2019, the disease remains a major global health issue. During this time, health organizations worldwide have tried to provide integrated treatment guidelines to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at different levels. However, due to the novel nature of the disease and the emergence of new variants, medical teams' updating medical information and drug prescribing guidelines should be given special attention. This version is an updated instruction of the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD) in collaboration with a group of specialists from Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran, which is provided to update the information of caring clinicians for the treatment and care of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.
Computer Simulations as Fiction in Science
Authors: Agatonović Miloš ,   Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Published: April 2022

The present paper intends to show that computer simulations used in science are akin to fiction. Starting from the problem of defining computer simulation, the paper discusses the uses and disadvantages of simulations in science. Computer simulations have a representational function, but they do not resemble the phenomena that they purport to represent. Computer simulations do not preserve the content of the models, input data, and theories from which they proceed, since the content is modified by computational processes. Because of the complexities of these processes, we cannot control or test the methods used to process the content of computer simulations. Still, simulations may help to explain the behaviour of a possible aspect of the phenomenon under examination. Although their role in doing so may be limited, by conforming to and immersing us in the worldview of science, simulations, thus reinforce the intuitions of the existing body of scientific knowledge, and similarly to the “believable fiction” described by John Woods, provide genuine understanding.
On Closing the Gap: or How to Challenge your Students to Engage in Philosophising
Authors: Angelova-Elchinova Madelaine ,   Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Published: April 2022

In the following paper, I address the worry that there is an increasing gap between the way the world is perceived by students and by their professors and teachers respectively. I argue that even if there is indeed a huge difference between our two generations, ‘the gap’ becomes irrelevant when we engage in philosophising. I will attempt to provide three short proposals on how to eradicate the gap when teaching philosophy. My hope is to show that, if we really want to make an attempt to eliminate the lack of understanding between the students and us, there are four basic rules that we could apply to our educational method. My argument makes use of the concepts of truth-value, consensus and epistemic normativity.
Public libraries and users in 21st century
Authors: Nastić Olivera
Published: April 2022

With the development of new technologies, the logical question is what will libraries look like in the future, will they have physical space? What is certain is that libraries will remain centers of knowledge and information, only that in the future printed books will be slowly replaced by electric readers and electronic books. One of the roles of public libraries in the 21st century is to be the bearers of the digitalization of heritage culture, which will make it available to everyone electronically. Creating new ways for users to access knowledge is an effective response to the challenges that this sector will face in the near future. This changes the way of communication with users. One of the ways to actively communicate with users is the "Ask a Librarian" service. Communication between librarians and users is key to designing and implementing new types of services and knowledge.
Al-Andalus en la Muqaddima de Ibn Jaldūn
Authors: Crego Gómez María
Published: April 2022

A partir del texto árabe original de la Muqaddima, este trabajo analiza las referencias a al-Andalus en tanto que entidad geográfica, histórica y política, para determinar la imagen que Ibn Jaldūn tenía de esta región en sus distintas dimensiones. El estudio demuestra que el autor tunecino equiparó esta realidad política a otras naciones del mundo conocido y a través de numerosas referencias a la realidad andalusí ilustró procesos históricos, describió las fases experimentadas por las civilizaciones y explicó la arquitectura administrativa del poder. Su profunda comprensión de las civilizaciones del Mediterráneo, unido al conocimiento personal del occidente árabe-islámico, conducen al historiador tunecino a perseguir una historia total, en la que al-Andalus, contemplada como una civilización en decadencia en época del autor, será una pieza más que explique fenómenos económicos, sociológicos y culturales, así como un eslabón entre dos realidades históricas: las grandes dinastías islámicas y los poderes cristiano y otomano.
Endoscopic clipping in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding treatment
Authors: Galloro Giuseppe , Zullo Angelo , Luglio Gaetano , Chini Alessia , Telesca Donato Alessandro , Maione Rosa , Pollastro Matteo , De Palma Giovanni Domenico , Manta Raffaele
Published: April 2022

Since the earliest reports, advanced clipping systems have been developed, and it is possible to choose among many models with different structural and technical features. The main drawback of through-the-scope clips is their small size, which allows the compression of limited amounts of tissue needed for large-size vessel treatment. Therefore, the over-the-scope clip system was realized, allowing a larger and stronger mechanical compression of large tissue areas, with excellent results in achieving a definitive hemostasis in difficult cases. Many studies have analyzed the indications and efficacy of two-pronged endoclips and have shown good results for initial and permanent hemostasis. The aim of this review was to provide updated information on indications, positioning techniques, and results of clip application for endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal non-variceal bleeding lesions.
Botulinski nevrotoksin: odkritje in uporaba v dermatologiji
Authors: Rauh Eva , Stojanovič Larisa
Published: April 2022

Botulinski nevrotoksin je izredno strupena beljakovina, ki jo tvori anaerobna po Gramu pozitivna bakterija Clostridium botulinum. Zgodba o odkritju botulinskega nevrotoksina se je pričela s pojavljanjem nepojasnjenih zastrupitev s klobasami, iz česar tudi izvira njegovo ime. Latinska beseda za klobaso je namreč botulus. Zgodba o tem se je nadaljevala s stoletji raziskav in še poteka z njegovo vedno širšo uporabo v medicini. Botulinski nevrotoksin v aktivni obliki postane proteolitični encim, izključno specifičen za fuzijske beljakovine kompleksa SNARE v presinaptičnih živčnih končičih. Prek kemodenervacije začasno zavre delovanje tarčnega tkiva, na skeletnih in gladkih mišicah povzroči npr. začasno ohlapno paralizo mišic. Botulinski nevrotoksin se uporablja v nevrologiji, za zdravljenje čezmerne aktivnosti sečnega mehurja in tudi v dermatologiji, kjer njegovo uporabo še vedno mnogi povezujejo zgolj z estetiko. Novejša dognanja pa razkrivajo, da botulinski nevrotoksin zmanjšuje bolečino in srbež ter vpliva tudi na nekatere nenevronske celice, kot npr. epidermalne keratinocite, dermalne fibroblaste, vnetne celice, lojnice, žilne endotelne celice in mezenhimske matične celice v podkožnem maščevju. Odkritja napovedujejo tudi možno razširitev nabora indikacij v dermatologiji. Članek predstavi zgodovino razvoja botulinskega nevrotoksina, njegovo sestavo, mehanizem delovanja in trenutne ter obetavne indikacije za uporabo v dermatologiji.
Hvordan kan vi forstå lærerrollen når skolen foregår hjemme?
Authors: Krogstad Svanes Ingvill , Andersson-Bakken Emilia , Bjørkvold Tuva
Published: April 2022

Under Covid-19 utbruddet i mars 2020 ble alle norske barneskoler ble stengt, og både elever og lærere måtte flytte skolen hjem. Dette utfordret den etablerte lærerrollen og førte til endringer i lærernes undervisningspraksis. Formålet med denne artikkelen er å diskutere lærerens rolle, konkretisert som lærerens undervisningspraksis, i tiden med hjemmeskole. For å belyse lærernes undervisningspraksis tar vi utgangspunkt i intervjuer med lærere og tekster fra elevene på barnetrinnet samlet inn i perioden med hjemmeskole. I lys av dette materialet, samt Gert Biestas to posisjoner undervises av og lære av, drøfter vi hvordan lærerens rolle og undervisningspraksis i hjemmeskolen kan forstås.
A hidden plot in "Five choirs to the words of Russian poets" by G. Sviridov.
Authors: Smoktiy Yana Olegovna
Published: April 2022

The article raises the question of identification of the "hidden plot" in the choral cycle "Five choirs to the words of Russian poets" by G. Sviridov. Author examines the question of how thematically, plotfully and ideologically all five parts of the choral cycle are interconnected, the connection between which at first glance seems random. When considering and analyzing in detail the texts (excerpt from the poem "Dead Souls" by N. Gogol, poems by S. Yesenin "In the evening blue ..." and "Herd", A. Prokofiev "Oh, there were shelves", S. Orlov "Song") the regularities of their semantic transformation, which was made by G. Sviridov in accordance with the plan to give a verbal and musical "portrait" of different historical stages in the life of Russia (pre-revolutionary, revolutionary, which led to the destruction of the value foundations of Russian civilization and the civil war, as well as the period that came after the Great Patriotic War), are revealed. It is shown that the "hidden" text of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba" acquires special significance in the verbal sphere of the cycle, namely, the scene of the murder of the son of Andriy by Taras, who betrayed the faith and Homeland; this episode is compared by the composer with the plot collision of the civil war reflected in the text of A. Prokofiev (that is why G. Sviridov gives his name to the poem "The son met the father"). But all the tragic events of Russian history are experienced and overcome by the song in which the Eternal Motherland lives. Thanks to the existence of the hidden plot of the cycle, a wide epic canvas unfolds before us, within which Sviridov's musical historiosophy finds its expression.
Assessment of Flap Viability for Complex Transmetatarsal Amputation Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescent Angiography: A Case Study
Authors: Brackney Clark K. , Pestana Ivo A. , Hoffler Hayden L. , Blazek Cody D.
Published: April 2022

Despite advancements in the treatment of diabetic patients with “at-risk” limbs, minor and major amputations remain commonplace. The diabetic population is especially prone to surgical complications from lower extremity amputation because of comorbidities such as renal disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, microvascular and macrovascular disease, and peripheral neuropathy. Complication occurrence may result in increases in hospital stay duration, unplanned readmission rate, mortality rate, number of operations, and incidence of infection. Skin flap necrosis and wound healing delay secondary to inadequate perfusion of soft tissues continues to result in significant morbidity, mortality, and cost to individuals and the health-care system. Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescent angiography for the assessment of tissue perfusion may be used to assess tissue perfusion in this patient population to minimize complications associated with amputations. This technology provides real-time functional assessment of the macrovascular and microvascular systems in addition to arterial and venous flow to and from the flap soft tissues. This case study explores the use of indocyanine green fluorescent angiography for the treatment of a diabetic patient with a large dorsal and plantar soft-tissue deficit and need for transmetatarsal amputation with nontraditional rotational flap coverage. The authors theorize that the use of indocyanine green may decrease postoperative complications and cost to the health-care system through fewer readmissions and fewer procedures.
Acute-Onset Footdrop Caused by Intraneural Ganglion Cyst of the Common Peroneal Nerve: The Effects of Extraneural Pressure Gradients on Cyst Propagation
Authors: Williams Samantha L. , Clancy James T. , Williamson Daniel S.
Published: April 2022

Ganglion cysts are relatively common entities, but intraneural ganglia within peripheral nerves are rare and poorly understood. We present a case of a 51-year-old man who presented with acute left dropfoot. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was misinterpreted as common peroneal neuritis consistent with a traction injury corroborated by the patient’s history. However, after surgical decompression and external neurolysis were performed, the patient’s symptoms worsened. Repeated MRI revealed an intraneural ganglion cyst of the common peroneal nerve with connection to the superior tibiofibular joint by means of its anterior recurrent branch that was evident retrospectively on preoperative MRI. It is crucial to carefully inspect atypical cases to further recognize and appreciate the dynamic aspect of this disease or “roller-coaster” phenomenon. Intraneural ganglion cysts rely heavily on intraneural and extraneural pressure gradients for propagation, which can be drawn from the expanded work of the unifying articular theory. This report emphasizes the importance of understanding the pathoanatomical and hydraulic factors to appropriately identify and treat intraneural ganglion cysts. Increased recognition of this pathologic entity as a differential diagnosis for acute onset dropfoot is also highlighted.
Avoiding the Deep Plantar Arterial Arch in Transmetatarsal Amputations: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Whelan James H. , Kiser Caroline R. , Lazoritz John P. , Vardaxis Vassilios
Published: April 2022

Background: The deep plantar arterial arch (DPAA) is formed by an anastomosis between the deep plantar artery and the lateral plantar artery. The potential risk of injury to the DPAA is concerning when performing transmetatarsal amputations, and care must be taken to preserve the anatomy. We sought to determine the positional anatomy of the DPAA based on anatomical landmarks that could be easily identified and palpated during transmetatarsal amputation.

Methods: In an effort to improve our understanding of the positional relationship of the DPAA to the distal metatarsal parabola, dissections were performed on 45 cadaveric feet to measure the location of the DPAA with respect to the distal metatarsal epiphyses. Images of the dissected specimens were digitally acquired and saved for measurement using in-house–written software. The mean, SD, SEM, and 95% confidence interval were calculated for all of the measurement parameters and are reported on pooled data and by sex. An independent-samples t test was used to assess for sex differences. Interrater reliability of the measurements was estimated using the intraclass correlation coefficient.

Results: The origin of the DPAA was located a mean ± SD of 35.6 ± 3.9 mm (95% confidence interval, 34.5–36.8 mm) proximal to the perpendicular line connecting the first and fifth metatarsal heads. The average interrater reliability across all of the measurements was 0.921.

Conclusions: This study provides the positional relationship of the DPAA with respect to the distal metatarsal parabola. This method is easily reproducible and may assist the foot and ankle surgeon with surgical planning and approach when performing partial pedal amputation.
Retrospective Evaluation of Ingrown Toenail Cases in a Tertiary Reference Center
Authors: Dincer Rota Didem , Tanacan Efsun , Aksoy Sarac Gulhan , Erdogan Fatma Gulru
Published: April 2022

Background: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of ingrown toenail cases in one of the biggest reference centers.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients admitted to Ufuk University Hospital with ingrown toenail between January 1. 2014 and December 31. 2019. Firstly, clinical charactersitcs and demographic features of all cases were evaluated afterwards the study population was divided into two groups: 1) Group1(Patients who were ≤ 20 years old), 2) Group 2 (Patients who were >20 years old) and these groups were compared in terms of their clinical findings.

Results: Duration of diseases, BMI, rate of medications for chronic diseases and rate of joint diseases were significantly higher in group 2. On the other hand, rates of hyperhidrosis and sudden weight gain were significantly higher in group 1(p<0.05). Severity of ingrown toenail was significantly different between the groups (p=0.006). Stage 1 was the most common stage in both groups and rate of stage 3 was higher in group 1. Onycoshisis and was more common in group 1 while nail thickening was more common in group 2 (p<0.05). Medications were also significantly different between the groups as nail wire and Aluminum chloride were the most common treatment modalities in group 2 and 1, respectively (p<0.05). Periungual edema, presence of pus, hypertrophie and granulation were more common in group 1 (p<0.05). Thin nail plate was more common in group 1 while normal and thick nail nail plate were more common in group2 (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Clinical characteristics of ingrown toe nail vary between younger and older populations. Thus, individualized approach should be preferred in the management of ingrown toe nail for different age groups.
Good Clinical Outcomes Following Minor Foot Amputations in People with Diabetes: A Retrospective Clinical Audit of Associated Factors
Authors: Linton Clare , Searle Angela , Chuter Vivienne
Published: April 2022

Background: The purpose of this retrospective audit was to compare patient based clinical outcomes to amputation healing outcomes twelve months after a minor foot amputation in people with diabetes.

Methods: Hospital admission and community outpatient data were extracted for all minor foot amputations in people with diabetes in 2017 in the Central Coast Local Health District.

Results: A total 85 minor foot amputations involving 74 people were identified. At the twelve-month follow-up 74% (n=56) of the minor foot amputations healed, 63% (n=41) of the participants achieved a good clinical outcome (healed, no more proximal amputations, or death within the 12 month follow up period), and the mortality rate was 18%. Poor clinical outcomes were associated with those aged greater than 60 (RR 5.75, 95% CI: 0.85 to 38.7, p=0.013), those undergoing a further surgical debridement procedure during their hospital stay (RR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.4, p=0.005) and those who did not attend CCLHD Podiatry clinics post-amputation (RR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2 to 4.1, p=0.010).

Conclusions: To improve patient based clinical outcomes post-minor foot amputation, targeted follow-up in a high-risk foot clinic, and tailored discharge treatment plans for people aged over 60 or those undergoing a debridement procedure may be considered.
Cognitive Bias in Postoperative Opioid-Prescribing Practice
Authors: Brooks Bradley M. , Shih Chia-Ding , Bratches Reed W. R. , Arp Allison S. , Coughlin Gerard J. , Wolff Kristina B. , Brooks Brandon M.
Published: April 2022

Background: Given that excess opioid prescriptions contribute to the US opioid epidemic and there are few national opioid-prescribing guidelines for the management of acute pain, it is pertinent to determine whether prescribers can sufficiently assess their own prescribing practice. We investigated podiatric surgeons’ ability to evaluate whether their own opioid-prescribing practice is less than, near, or above that of an “average” prescriber.

Methods: We administered a scenario-based, voluntary, anonymous, online questionnaire consisting of five surgery-based scenarios commonly performed by podiatric surgeons. Respondents were asked the quantity of opioids they would prescribe at the time of surgery. Respondents were also asked to rate their prescribing practice compared with the average (median) podiatric surgeon. We compared self-reported behavior to self-reported perception (“I prescribe less than average,” “I prescribed about average,” and “I prescribe more than average”). Analysis of variance was used for univariate analysis among the three groups. We used linear regression to adjust for confounders. Data restriction was used to account for restrictive state laws.

Results: One hundred fifteen podiatric surgeons completed the survey in April 2020. Less than half of the time, respondents accurately identified their own category. Consequently, there were no statistically significant differences among podiatric surgeons who reported that they “prescribe less,” “prescribe about average,” and “prescribe more.” Paradoxically, there was a flip in scenario 5: respondents who reported they “prescribe more” actually prescribed the least and respondents who believed they “prescribe less” actually prescribed the most.

Conclusions: Cognitive bias, in the form of a novel effect, occurs in postoperative opioid-prescribing practice; in the absence of procedure-specific guidelines or an objective standard, podiatric surgeons, more often than not, were unaware of how their own opioid-prescribing practice measured up to that of other podiatric surgeons.
Differentiated historical demography and ecological niche forming present distribution and genetic structure in coexisting two salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae) in a small island, Japan
Authors: Niwa Keita , Tran Dung Van , Nishikawa Kanto
Published: April 2022

Background

The climatic oscillations in the Quaternary period considerably shaped the distribution and population genetic structure of organisms. Studies on the historical dynamics of distribution and demography not only reflect the current geographic distribution but also allow us to understand the adaption and genetic differentiation of species. However, the process and factors affecting the present distribution and genetic structure of many taxa are still poorly understood, especially for endemic organisms to small islands.

Methods

Here, we integrated population genetic and ecological niche modelling approaches to investigate the historical distribution and demographic dynamics of two co-existing salamanders on Tsushima Island, Japan: the true H. tsuensis (Group A), and Hynobius sp. (Group B). We also examined the hypothesis on the equivalency and similarity of niches of these groups by identity and background tests for ecological niche space.

Results

Our result showed that Group A is considered to have undergone a recent population expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum while it is unlikely to have occurred in Group B. The highest suitability was predicted for Group A in southern Tsushima Island, whereas the northern part of Tsushima Island was the potential distribution of Group B. The results also suggested a restricted range of both salamanders during the Last Interglacial and Last Glacial Maximum, and recent expansion in Mid-Holocene. The genetic landscape-shape interpolation analysis and historical suitable area of ecological niche modelling were consistent, and suggested refugia used during glacial ages in southern part for Group A, and in northern part of Tsushima Island for Group B. Additionally, we found evidence of nonequivalence for the ecological niche of the two groups of the salamanders, although our test could not show either niche divergence or conservatism based on the background tests. The environmental predictors affecting the potential distribution of each group also showed distinctiveness, leading to differences in selecting suitable areas. Finally, the combination of population genetics and ecological modeling has revealed the differential demographic/historical response between coexisting two salamanders on a small island.
Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with trunk-targeted, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tedla Jaya Shanker , Rodrigues Erika , Ferreira Arthur S. , Vicente Jose , Reddy Ravi Shankar , Gular Kumar , Sangadala Devika Rani , Kakaraparthi Venkata Nagaraj , Asiri Faisal , Midde Ajaya Kumar , Dixit Snehil
Published: April 2022

Background

Stroke is the foremost cause of death and disability worldwide. Improving upper extremity function and quality of life are two paramount therapeutic targets during rehabilitation.

Aim of the study

To investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with trunk-targeted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions of subjects with subacute stroke.

Methodology

Fifty-four subjects with subacute stroke were divided into three groups using block randomization. All three groups received rehabilitation sessions lasting 90 min in duration, four times per week, for 6 weeks. Group 1 (n = 18) received conventional physical therapy (CPT); group 2 (n = 18) received CPT, trunk-targeted PNF, and sham tDCS; and group 3 (n = 18) received CPT, trunk-targeted PNF, and bihemispheric motor cortex stimulation with tDCS. Changes in motor impairment, motor activity, and health-related quality of life assessments were outcome measures.

Results

A two-way linear mixed model analysis revealed interaction effects (group × time) for all outcome measurements (Trunk Impairment Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery after stroke upper extremity subsection, Wolf Motor Function Test, 10-Meter Walk Test, and the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life scale; all p < 0.01 or lower). Overall, post–pre mean differences demonstrate more substantial improvement in the active tDCS group, followed by sham stimulation associated with the PNF group and the group that received CPT alone.

Conclusion

Trunk-targeted PNF combined with bihemispheric tDCS along with CPT engender larger improvements in upper extremity and trunk impairment, upper limb function, gait speed, and quality of life in the subacute stroke population.
Effectiveness of agricultural waste in the enhancement of biological denitrification of aquaculture wastewater
Authors: Gao Shuwei , Gong Wangbao , Zhang Kai , Li Zhifei , Wang Guangjun , Yu Ermeng , Xia Yun , Tian Jingjing , Li Hongyan , Xie Jun
Published: April 2022

Nitrogen pollution in aquaculture wastewater can pose a significant health and environmental risk if not removed before wastewater is discharged. Biological denitrification uses external carbon sources to remove nitrogen from wastewater; however, these carbon sources are often expensive and require significant energy. In this study, we investigated how six types of agricultural waste can be used as solid carbon sources in biological denitrification. Banana stalk (BS), loofah sponge (LS), sorghum stalk (SS), sweet potato stalk (SPS), watermelon skins (WS) and wheat husk (WH) were studied to determine their capacity to release carbon and improve denitrification efficiency. The results of batch experiments showed that all six agricultural wastes had excellent carbon release capacities, with cumulative chemical oxygen demands of 37.74–535.68 mg/g. During the 168-h reaction, the carbon release process followed the second-order kinetic equation and Ritger-Peppas equation, while carbon release occurred via diffusion. The kinetic equation fitting, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that LS had the lowest cm and the maximum t1/2 values and only suffered a moderate degree of hydrolysis. It also had the lowest pollutant release rate and cumulative chemical oxygen demand, as well as the most efficient removal of total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). Therefore, we concluded that LS has the lowest potential risk of excess carbon release and capacity for long-lasting and stable carbon release. The WS leachate had the highest TN contents, while the SPS leachate had the highest TP content. In the 181-h denitrification reaction, all six agricultural wastes completely removed nitrate and nitrite; however, SS had the highest denitrification rate, followed by LS, WH, BS, SPS, and WS (2.16, 1.35, 1.35, 1.34, 1.34, and 1.01 mg/(L·h), respectively). The denitrification process followed a zero-order and first-order kinetic equation. These results provide theoretical guidance for effectively selecting agricultural waste as a solid carbon source and improving the denitrification efficiency of aquaculture wastewater treatment.
Chiropractic techniques and treatment modalities included in academic programs: A survey of chiropractic educational institutions
Authors: Dubuc Élisa , Pagé Isabelle , Boucher Pierre B. , Brousseau Danica , Robidoux Sébastien , Blanchette Marc-André
Published: April 2022

Objective

The chiropractic techniques that chiropractors learn during their training strongly influence the nature of treatments provided by chiropractors and their professional identity. The objective of this project is to provide an exhaustive description of all chiropractic techniques and treatment modalities taught in chiropractic educational institutions.

Methods

International experts were solicited to provide feedback on the exhaustivity and clarity of our preliminary questionnaire. Following the expert suggestions, we administered our cross-sectional survey representatives of all chiropractic education institutions listed on the World Federation of Chiropractic website. We also asked the contact information for an additional contact from each institution and surveyed them for triangulation purposes.

Results

Among the 47 chiropractic education institutions surveyed, 29 completed our survey (response rate: 62%) of which 18 (62%) had 2 respondents. Among all the chiropractic techniques and treatment modalities investigated, only the Diversified technique was included in the core curriculum of all responding institutions. A considerable proportion of the techniques or modalities studied were not included in the educational activities of the institutions, particularly within the manual tonal or reflex techniques, instrument-assisted articular techniques, as well as the other techniques or modalities categories. Surprisingly, exercise prescription was not included in the core curriculum of all the institutions. Some scientifically challenged approaches were included in the educational activities of more than 40% of the institutions.

Conclusion

The portfolio of therapeutic teaching varies greatly between chiropractic educational institutions. A more standardized therapeutic curriculum could be beneficial to reduce public and interprofessional confusion toward therapeutic approaches in chiropractic.
Future of Microfinance Institutions in Sri Lanka; Prediction of Financial Distress Using Altman’s Z-Score
Authors: Kulawardena L. K. R. D. , Nissanka Kusal
Published: April 2022

Microfinance is a valuable developing tool for alleviating poverty. Poverty remains to be one of the biggest policy concerns in Sri Lanka. Amongst various measures to eradicate it, Microfinance has provided a ray of hope. This paper presents a framework to predict the financial distress of such micro finance institutions operating in Sri Lanka using the Altman’s Z score model.

Quantitative research approach was used based on secondary data from 2015 to 2019 on the sample population which comprised ten listed and unlisted microfinance institutions operating in Sri Lanka. This study applied the Altman Z score model on measuring financial health of selected microfinance institutions, where financial health is adopted as the dependent variable. Secondary data for the study were obtained through e-mail surveys at firm level, annual reports, and audited financial statements.

The results of Z” Scores indicated that the mean financial health of the selected microfinance institutions has improved from 2015 to 2016, however there onwards it kept on deteriorating marginally. Thus, the microfinance institutions operating in Sri Lanka have a trend of downgrading their financial health moving closer to the Distress zone overtime.

The distress prediction models used in this research, may not provide information as to what is wrong within the organization, but rather it will only give signals to identify the potential for financial distress which would encourage the firm to identify problems and take effective actions to minimize the incidence of failure.
On the Generalization of Factoriangular Numbers
Authors: Castillo Romer C.
Published: April 2022

A factoriangular number is a sum of a factorial and its corresponding triangular number. This paper presents some forms of the generalization of factoriangular numbers. One generalization is the \(n^{(m)}\) -factoriangular number which is of the form \((n!)^{m}\) + \(S_m(n)\), where \((n!)^{m}\) is the \(m\)th power of the factorial of \(n\) and \(S_m(n)\) is the sum of the \(m\)-powers of \(n\).  This generalized form is explored for the different values of the natural number \(m\). The investigation results to some interesting proofs of theorems related thereto. Two important formulas were generated for \((n)^{m}\) -factoriangular number: \(Ft_{n^{(m)}}\) = \(Ft_{n^{(2k)}}\) = \((n!)^{2k}\) + \(2n+1\over2k+1\)\([n^{2k-2}+P(n^{2k-3})]T_n\) for even \(m=2k\), and \(Ft_{n^{(m)}}\) = \(Ft_{n^{(2k+1)}}\) = \((n!)^{2k+1}\) + \(n(n+1)\over k+1\)\([n^{2k-2}+P(n^{2k-3})]T_n\) for odd \(m=2k+1\)
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc Nutrition on Fodder Yield and economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. walp)
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Singh Rajesh , Kumar Abhishek
Published: April 2022

The area test becomes done for the length of Zaid 2021 at Crop concentrates on Farm, part of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, (U.P). On the surface, the test plot's dirt was sandy topsoil, almost impartial in soil response (pH 7.2), low in natural carbon (0.536%), accessible N (163.42 Kilograms per hectare), to be had P (21. 96 Kilograms per hectare), to be had k (256. 48 Kilograms per hectare). The treatments incorporate three phases of phosphorus (50 Kilograms per ha, 60 Kilograms per ha, and 70 Kilograms per ha) and zinc (15 Kilograms per hectare, 20 Kilograms per hectare, and 25 Kilograms per hectare). The test becomes spread out in a Randomized Block format that incorporates nine treatments and is repeated threefold. The impacts found that the greatest green fodder yield (365.13 q per ha) and dry matter yield (74. 14 q per ha) were recorded with a product of 70 Kilograms per ha P2O5 + 25 Kilograms per ha ZnSO4. be that as it may, the most over the high gross returns (91282.07 INR per ha), net returns (61277.50 INR per ha), and benefit cost ratio (2.04) were gotten highest inside the treatment mix of 70 Kilograms per ha P2O5 + 25 Kilograms per ha ZnSO4.
Phenotypic Profiling of Selected Bacterial Microbes Isolated from Wounds of Diabetic Patients at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching & Referral Hospital, Kenya
Authors: Mamusavu Tuvei Susan , Kakai Rose , Benard Guyah
Published: April 2022

Aims: To phenotypically profile selected bacteria microbes, determine antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic diversity of resistant genes encoding extended spectrum β-lactamases in bacteria isolated from wounds of diabetes mellitus patients at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH), Kenya.

Study Design: A hospital based cross sectional study design.

Place and Duration of Study: Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya between September, 2019 and February, 2020.

Methodology: Pus swabs were collected for isolation of bacteria using conventional techniques and serology involving 117 patients. Samples collected were inoculated onto MacConkey agar, pseudomonas agar media (cetrimide) and blood agar plates then incubated aerobically at 37∘C for 18hours to 24hours.  Inoculated plates were examined for growth after 24-48 hours. After attaining pure colonies, Gram staining, colony morphology, and biochemical testing were done. Biochemical tests involving Catalase, Coagulase, Indole, Oxidase, Urease, Citrate utilization tests were done to identify specific bacterial species according to microbiological standard procedures.

Results: The results of analysis showed that the prevalence of Gram positive cocci isolated from diabetic wounds was 34.2% while the prevalence for Gram negative rods was 65.8%. The biochemically profiled bacterial microbes were S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and Proteus species. S. aureus was the most commonly isolated bacteria with a prevalence of 34.2%.    P. aeruginosa had a prevalence of 24(20.5%), K. pneumoniae 22(18.8%), Proteus species 18(15.4 %) and E. coli 13(11.1%). More importantly, the prevalence basing on chi-square results was significantly associated with education level, age, smoking habit, patient setting, drug uptake and hospital visit at 5% level of significance (). 

Conclusion: Diabetic patients with wounds at JOOTRH, Kenya are more exposed to Gram negative rods infection. The most prevalent Gram negative rod was P. aeruginosa with Its prevalence associated with the patient’s education level, smoking habit, patient setting, irregular hospital visit and adherence to taking of prescribe antibiotics regularly. Therefore, JOOTRH, Kenya healthcare providers are urged to initiate wound infection preventive measures that may include awareness campaigns on the importance of wound management, regular hospital visits, stopping  smoking and regular uptake of prescribed drugs.
NTR1 encodes a high affinity oligopeptide transporter in Arabidopsis
Authors: Rentsch Doris , Laloi Maryse , Rouhara Ila , Schmelzer Elmon , Delrot Serge , Frommer Wolf B.
Published: July 2002

Heterologous complementation of yeast mutants has enabled the isolation of genes encoding several families of amino acid transporters. Among them, NTR1 codes for a membrane protein with weak histidine transport activity. However at the sequence level, NTR1 is related to rather non‐specific oligopeptide transporters from a variety of species including Arabidopsis and to the Arabidopsis nitrate transporter CHL1. A yeast mutant deficient in oligopeptide transport was constructed allowing to show that NTR1 functions as a high affinity, low specificity peptide transporter. In siliques NTR1‐expression is restricted to the embryo, implicating a role in the nourishment of the developing seed.
Genome microarray analysis of transcriptional activation in multidrug resistance yeast mutants
Authors: DeRisi Joseph , van den Hazel Bart , Marc Philippe , Balzi Elisabetta , Brown Patrick , Jacq Claude , Goffeau André
Published: July 2002

The cDNA from activated mutants of the homologous transcription factors Pdr1p and Pdr3p was used to screen DNA microarrays of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae complete genome. Twenty‐six overexpressed targets of the PDR1–3 and/or PDR3–7 mutants were identified. Twenty‐one are new targets, the majority of which are of unknown function. In addition to well known ABC transporters, these targets appear to be involved in transport or in membrane lipids and cell wall biosyntheses. Several of the targets seem to contribute to the cell defence against a variety of stresses. Pdr1p and Pdr3p do not act similarly on all targets. Unexpectedly, the expression of 23 other genes appeared to be repressed in the PDR1–3 and/or PDR3–7 mutants. In contrast to the majority of the activated genes, none of the repressed genes contains pleiotropic drug resistance binding sites in their promoter.
Galectin‐3 overexpression protects from cell damage and death by influencing mitochondrial homeostasis
Authors: Matarrese Paola , Tinari Nicola , Semeraro Maria Letizia , Natoli Clara , Iacobelli Stefano , Malorni Walter
Published: July 2002

Galectins are a family of proteins involved in several cell processes, including their survival and death. Galectin‐3 has in particular been described as an anti‐apoptotic molecule entangled with a number of subcellular activities including anoikis resistance. In this work we partially address the mechanisms underlying this activity pointing at two key factors in injury progression: the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Overexpression of galectin‐3 appears in fact to exert a protective effect towards both these events. On the basis of these data, we propose a reappraisal of the role of galectin‐3 as a regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis.
EST comparison indicates 38% of human mRNAs contain possible alternative splice forms
Authors: Brett David , Hanke Jens , Lehmann Gerrit , Haase Sabine , Delbrück Sebastian , Krueger Steffen , Reich Jens , Bork Peer
Published: July 2002

Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases represent a large volume of information on expressed genes including tissue type, expression profile and exon structure. In this study we create an extensive data set of human alternative splicing. We report the analysis of 7867 non‐redundant mRNAs, 3011 of which contained alternative splice forms (38% of all mRNAs analysed). From a total of 12 572 ESTs 4560 different possible alternative splice forms were detected. Interestingly, 70% of the alternative splice forms correspond to exon deletion events with only 30% exonic insertions. We experimentally verified 19 different splice forms from 16 genes in a total subset of 20 studied; all of the respective genes are of medical relevance.
Paracrine effect of seminiferous tubule factors on rat Leydig cell testosterone production: Role of cytoskeleton
Authors: Bilinska Barbara , Genissel Christelle , Carreau Serge
Published: July 2002

In Percoll purified Leydig cells from mature rat we have demonstrated that the basal testosterone production (9.5 ng/106 Leydig cells/24 h) is increased 10‐fold in presence of a saturating amount of hCG (1 IU/mL) and diminished in a dose‐related manner when larger concentrations of gonadotropin are used to reach 14 ng/106 Leydig cells for 50 IU of hCG. If 40% (v/v) seminiferous tubule medium (STM) is added together with hCG (1 IU/mL) to the incubation medium, a further increase (62%) of testosterone output is noticed. Obviously, when the testosterone production is low as a consequence of a higher dose of hCG (50 IU/mL), the STM (80%) improves the steroid synthesis five‐fold (67.4 ng). Concerning the cytoskeletal components (microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments) which have been examined in presence or absence of hCG and STM, we have found a rearrangement of cytoskeletal elements as well as cell‐shape changes in relation with hormonal activity of the cells. The most prominent alterations of cytoskeletal elements have been observed after 24 h of incubation with 1 IU/mL of hCG added together with 80% of STM. The obtained results suggest that paracrine factor(s) presents in STM and acting in synergy with LH/hCG generate(s) the rearrangement of cytoskeletal structures which, in turn, facilitates the availability of cholesterol for the mitochondria and finally enhances the testosterone production in the rat Leydig cells.
Histochemical and electrophysiological evidence for estrogen receptors on cultured astrocytes: colocalization with cholinergic receptors
Authors: Hösli Elisabeth , Rühl W. , Hösli L.
Published: July 2002

By means of autoradiographic and immunohistochemical methods it was demonstrated that astrocytes in explant and primary cultures of rat neocortex, hippocampus, preoptic area and spinal cord express estrogen α‐ and β‐receptors. Immunoreactivity was mainly distributed over the soma, the nuclei being more intensely stained. Combined autoradiographic and immunohistochemical studies as well as double‐immunostaining revealed a colocalization of estrogen α‐ and β‐receptors on many astrocytes. There was also a coexistence of estrogen receptors and cholinergic muscarinic and nicotinic sites. Electrophysiological investigations have shown that 17β‐estradiol induced hyperpolarizations on the majority of astrocytes in explant cultures of hippocampus and spinal cord, providing evidence for the existence of functional estrogen receptors on these cells. Furthermore, on the same astrocytes, 17β‐estradiol, muscarine and nicotine caused hyperpolarizations, suggesting a coexistence of receptors for estrogen and the cholinergic agonists on glial cells. The presence of glial estrogen receptors and their colocalization with cholinergic receptors is discussed with respect to the effects of these neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in development and maturation of the central nervous system, as well as to neurodegenerative events such as Alzheimer's disease.