bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative degradation of glycine in aqueous KOH/K2CO3 solutions for CO2 capture
Authors: Ochedi Friday O. , Andresen John , van der Spek Mijndert
Published: November 2024

Potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate, being cost‐effective and environmentally friendly CO2 capture solvents, are promising candidates for carbon capture applications. Their slow absorption kinetics, however, necessitate strategies to enhance their rates, thereby reducing the capital costs of absorption equipment and saving energy for regenerating large volumes of solvent. Glycine, a potential additive, is explored for this purpose. While glycine‐based solvents are more stable than MEA, their amino functional group renders them susceptible to oxidative degradation. This study investigates the degradation of these solvents and the influence of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate on their stability. The experiment was performed under 100% O2 at 90 °C and 3 bar for about 3 weeks. It was observed that glycinate degraded by 53% for the glycinate‐only solution. The results also show that the addition of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate to a glycinate‐only solution had a mixed effect on the degradation of glycinate. Potassium hydroxide increased degradation by 5% compared to the glycinate‐only solution, while potassium carbonate decreased degradation by 4%. This order is supported by the degradation rate constants. Meanwhile, under N2, no significant change was observed in glycine concentration. Glycine's susceptibility to oxidative degradation is likely attributed to its less compact and rigid structure, resulting in weaker bonding and increased vulnerability to external factors. This instability leads to the formation of formate, carbonate, acetate, and oxalate as the primary degradation products across all studied solutions. A proposed mechanism for glycinate oxidative degradation sheds light on this process. These findings are crucial for informed decision making regarding performance trade‐offs in point source carbon capture and direct air capture, where oxygen is a prevalent gas component and potassium‐based solutions are commonly employed as absorbents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From coffee waste to nutritional gold: bioreactor cultivation of single‐cell protein from Candida sorboxylosa
Authors: Pillaca‐Pullo Omar Santiago , Moreni Lopes André , Bautista‐Cruz Nelson , Estela‐Escalante Waldir
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Industrial effluents are continuously discharged into the environment. These wastewaters contain valuable compounds that can be reused for biotechnological applications. Coffee wastewater (CWW) is a powerful effluent that can be used for single‐cell protein (SCP) production reaching important content (up to 80%). Several yeast species can be used for SCP production, but Candida species are commonly applied for this purpose (17 species reported including the novel C. sorboxylosa). In addition, SCP can be produced in bioreactors under controlled conditions under three operation modes. Thus, batch mode is frequently used but continuous mode presents interesting advantages in economic terms, although it has been poorly applied in SCP production.

RESULTS

The initial evaluation under batch operation mode showed that volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa of 101 h−1) improved biomass production (1.39 g L−1) and SCP yield (59.9%) in C. sorboxylosa. Thus, continuous mode was established at selected kLa and feeding with optimized medium composed of 87.5% (v/v) CWW, 1.38 g L−1 yeast extract, and 7.24 g L−1 (NH4)2SO4, in order to provided necessary nutrients. In this sense, the process presented higher values in dry cell weight and SCP productivity (0.57 and 0.29 g L−1·h, respectively), achieving a 3.35‐ and 2.90‐fold increase in biomass and protein productivity, respectively, compared to batch mode. The SCP from C. sorboxylosa exhibited an interesting essential amino acid profile under continuous mode (33.704%).

CONCLUSION

The bioprocess highlights several advantages during bioreactor cultivation, including: (i) reduced energy consumption for temperature control; (ii) successful establishment of an initial continuous operation mode with promising performance; and (iii) SCP from C. sorboxylosa exhibited a notable composition of essential amino acids, which could be beneficial for potential use in animal feed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Clinical, biochemical and molecular characteristics of classic homocystinuria in Saudi Arabia and the impact of newborn screening on prevention of the complications: A tertiary center experience
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Sarar , AlAnzi Talal , Alhashem Amal , Alrukban Hadeel , Al Harbi Fahad , Mohamed Sarar
Published: November 2024

Background

Classic homocystinuria (HCU) is a rare inborn metabolic disease that is generally asymptomatic at birth. If untreated, it can cause a wide range of complications including intellectual disability, lens dislocation, and thromboembolism. This study aimed to describe the natural history and the molecular findings of patients with HCU, and to assess the importance of early diagnosis.

Methods

This study retrospectively collected data on patients attending the metabolic unit at Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 2011 to 2024. Demographic, clinical, and molecular data was extracted from the electronic medical records.

Results

Among the 33 patients with HCU enrolled, 5/33 (15%) were diagnosed by newborn screening and the rest were diagnosed on clinical grounds. The complication profile was vast, with neuropsychiatric, musculoskeletal, ophthalmic, and thromboembolic morbidities complicating the disease course in 28/33 (85%) of the patients. None of the newborn screened patients had complications while all of the non‐newborn screened patients had at least one complication, p < 0.0001. The majority of parents in this cohort were highly consanguineous, with 90% had first or second cousin marriage. Seven previously reported variants were detected in this cohort and one novel variant was found in three patients (c.828+2‐828+ 3 delins ACACTTGCATCC, p.?). The known pathogenic variant (c.969G>A, p. (Trp323*)) was seen in most of the patients, with all of them coming from one tribe.

Conclusions

This cohort gives further evidence that the newborn screening for HCU is likely to prevent the complications associated with the disease at least in the first few years of life. Therefore, newborn screening for HCU should be encouraged. Our molecular studies revealed the presence of a founder variant, detected in patients from a single tribe. This suggests that specific mutation testing may be cost‐effective for individuals from certain ethnicities.
Evaluation of nursing administration records of high‐risk medications at a hospital network: a retrospective audit
Authors: Rashed Saly , Maleki Sam , Alkinany Miqat , Sheikh Mahnoor Ahmad , Akan Sema , Nooney Vivek Babu
Published: November 2024

Within our hospital network, the PINCH acronym (Potassium, Insulin, Narcotics, Chemotherapeutics, Heparin) designates high‐risk medications. As per local guidelines, double‐checking is mandated at the point of administration. This retrospective audit aimed to assess nursing and midwifery staff's ability to recognise PINCH medications by examining their adherence to double‐signing protocols, serving as an indicator of double‐checking. The analysis included overall compliance proportions, categorised by PINCH class and further stratified based on location, specialty, and staffs' level of training. An analysis of the first thousand PINCH medication administrations from 1 January 2023 was conducted, spanning four sites within our hospital network. Data sourced from the Electronic Medication Record system were refined to include one medication per patient per day, totalling 200 administrations per PINCH category. The results revealed that 896 (89.6%) out of 1000 medication administrations were co‐signed, with narcotics showing a co‐signature rate of 100%, followed by potassium at 99%, heparin at 98%, insulin at 97.5%, and chemotherapeutics at 53.5%. Among the orders lacking co‐signature, 90% pertained to chemotherapeutics and the remaining 10% were distributed across other categories. Stratifying by location showed 28 (17.6%) out of 159 administrations in a subacute setting lack co‐signature, compared to 76 (6%) from 841 in an acute setting. Compliance rates were highest in specialty medicine at 94.3%, followed by surgical at 86.2%, general medicine 84.5%, women and children's and mental health units at 83.3% each, and continuing care at 82.2%. Notably, enrolled nurses exhibited the highest level of compliance with co‐signatures. Future research could explore the impact of educational strategies on the administration of high‐risk medications. Ethical approval was granted by the Eastern Health Office of Research and Ethics (Reference no: QA23‐075‐101 386) and the study conforms to the Australian Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.
Hypoglycemic and intestinal microbiota‐regulating effects of melanoidins in diabetic mice
Authors: Su Changda , Mao Zhaojie , Qi Peipei , Han Jiaxin , Xia Xiaohong , Geng Yuanhao , Wang Xia , Han Caijing , Zhang Fengxiang
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

The aqueous extraction of sesame oil is a traditional process that generates a large amount of melanoidins. However, little is known about the characteristics and bioactive functions of these melanoidins.

RESULTS

Electronic tongue, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses indicated that melanoidins from sesame residues (MELs) are brown macromolecular compounds with protein skeletons and heteroaromatic ring structures, a bitter taste, and instability in strong oxidative and reductive environments. The MELs demonstrated inhibitory effects on α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase and pancreatic lipase in vitro. These MELs mitigated weight loss in mice with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), reduced their fasting blood glucose to 54.73% (500 mg kg−1 day−1) of the initial value, increased the glycogen levels in the liver and skeletal muscles, lowered blood lipid levels, and protected the liver. Western blot analysis revealed that MELs inhibited the activities of enzymes such as PEPCK, FBPase, and G6Pase through the IRS‐1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways, increased the activity of the enzymes hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), enhanced liver glycolytic ability, and promoted liver glycogen synthesis, thereby reducing blood glucose levels in T2DM mice. Moreover, MELs reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides (F/B) in the intestines of T2DM mice, increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, and Ruminococcus, and reduced the propionic acid content.

CONCLUSIONS

Melanoidins can regulate T2DM by activating the IRS‐1/PI3K/Akt and AMPK‐signaling pathways and ameliorating gut microbiota imbalances in T2DM mice. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Multifaceted role of TRIM28 in health and disease
Authors: Maghsoudloo Mazaher , Mokhtari Khatere , Jamali Behdokht , Gholamzad Amir , Entezari Maliheh , Hashemi Mehrdad , Fu Junjiang
Published: November 2024

The TRIM (tripartite motif) family, with TRIM28 as a key member, plays a vital role in regulating health and disease. TRIM28 contains various functional domains essential for transcriptional regulation, primarily through its interaction with KRAB‐ZNF proteins, which influence chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms by which TRIM28 impacts health and disease remain elusive. This review delves into TRIM28’s multifaceted roles in maintaining health, contributing to a variety of diseases, and influencing cancer progression. In cancers, TRIM28 exhibits a dual nature, functioning as both a tumor promoter and suppressor depending on the cellular context and cancer type. The review also explores its critical involvement in processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, and the maintenance of stem cell properties. By uncovering TRIM28’s complex roles across different cancers and other diseases, this review underscores its potential as a therapeutic target. The significance of TRIM28 as a versatile regulator opens the door to innovative therapeutic strategies, particularly in cancer treatment and the management of other diseases. Ongoing research into TRIM28 may yield key insights into disease progression and novel treatment options.
Imaging lung tumor motion using integrated‐mode proton radiography—A phantom study towards tumor tracking in proton radiotherapy
Authors: Fullarton Ryan , Simard Mikaël , Volz Lennart , Toltz Allison , Chung Savanna , Schuy Christoph , Robertson Daniel G. , Royle Gary , Beddar Sam , Baker Colin , Graeff Christian , Collins‐Fekete Charles‐Antoine
Published: November 2024

Background

Motion of lung tumors during radiotherapy leads to decreased accuracy of the delivered dose distribution. This is especially true for proton radiotherapy due to the finite range of the proton beam. Methods for mitigating motion rely on knowing the position of the tumor during treatment.

Purpose

Proton radiography uses the treatment beam, at an energy high enough to traverse the patient, to produce a radiograph. This work shows the first results of using an integrated‐mode proton radiography system to track the position of moving objects in an experimental phantom study; demonstrating the potential of using this method for measuring tumor motion.

Methods

Proton radiographs of an anthropomorphic lung phantom, with a motor‐driven tumor insert, were acquired approximately every 1 s, using tumor inserts of 10, 20, and 30 mm undergoing a known periodic motion. The proton radiography system used a monolithic scintillator block and digital cameras to capture the residual range of each pencil beam passing through the phantom. These ranges were then used to produce a water equivalent thickness map of the phantom. The centroid of the tumor insert in the radiographs was used to determine its position. This measured position was then compared to the known motion of the phantom to determine the accuracy.

Results

Submillimeter accuracy on the measurement of the tumor insert was achieved when using a 30 mm tumor insert with a period of 24 s and was found to be improved for decreasing motion amplitudes with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.0, 0.9, and 0.7 mm for 20, 15, and 10 mm respectively. Using smaller tumor inserts reduced the accuracy with a MAE of 1.8 and 1.9 mm for a 20 and 10 mm insert respectively undergoing a periodic motion with an amplitude of 20 mm and a period of 24 s. Using a shorter period resulted in significant motion artifacts reducing the accuracy to a MAE of 2.2 mm for a 12 s period and 3.1 mm for a 6 s period for the 30 mm insert with an amplitude of 20 mm.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates that the position of a lung tumor insert in a realistic anthropomorphic phantom can be measured with high accuracy using proton radiographs. Results show that the accuracy of the position measurement is the highest for slower tumor motions due to a reduction in motion artifacts. This indicates that the primary obstacle to accurate measurement is the speed of the radiograph acquisition. Although the slower tumor motions used in this study are not clinically realistic, this work demonstrates the potential for using proton radiography for measuring tumor motion with an increased scanning speed that results in a decreased acquisition time.
Unlocking the Potential of Antimicrobial Maximin Peptides From Bombina maxima Against Staphylococcus aureus: Deciphering Their Mode of Action Through a Mimetic Bacterial Membrane Environment
Authors: Vinutha A. S. , Rajasekaran R.
Published: November 2024

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising strategy to address bacterial resistance by targeting bacterial membranes, bypassing the limitations of receptor site‐based approaches. This study focuses on combating the notorious multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus using AMPs, particularly maximin peptides derived from Bombina maxima. Previous research suggested that maximin peptides could disrupt bacterial membranes among anuran AMPs. This prompted us to screen these maximin peptides to identify those with strong membrane‐targeting abilities against S. aureus. Initially, stability and activity assessments on all 89 peptides involved analyzing hydrogen bond dilution, peptide permeation, and hemolytic activity predictions, leading to the rationalization of four promising candidates: Max_5, Max_13, Max_21, and Max_45. When subjected to membrane simulations, the monomeric state of these peptides displayed partial helix‐coil transitions with significant structural interactions that disrupted the membrane, particularly for Max_5 and Max_13. Additionally, the multimeric states of these two peptides were examined through membrane simulations to elucidate their mechanisms of action. Analyses focusing on membrane thickness, lipid distortions, and curvature revealed that both Max_5 and Max_13 exerted strong membrane‐rupturing effects. These peptides seemed to operate by forming pores, facilitating lipid diffusion, creating cavities, and affecting membrane thickness, which allowed water penetration due to increased membrane fluidity, indicating the barrel‐stave pore model. Despite structural differences between Max_5 and Max_13, both peptides demonstrated similar outcomes, emphasizing their potential for future therapeutic applications. This study highlights the efficacy of computational methods in accelerating the identification of potent antimicrobial peptides, providing a pathway for developing novel antimicrobial therapies.
Response of the tomato leaf miner Phthorimaea absoluta to wild and domesticated tomato genotypes
Authors: Zannou Ayomide Joseph , Romeis Jörg , Collatz Jana
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Phthorimaea absoluta, a highly destructive invasive pest, poses a significant threat to tomato production globally. Exploring alternative control methods, such as host plant resistance can contribute to diminish reliance on insecticides and promote sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Thus, the identification of new P. absoluta‐resistant tomato cultivars and potential wild sources for breeding programmes remains imperative. We evaluated the effect of 19 tomato genotypes, comprising 16 domesticated varieties and three wild tomato species, on oviposition output of female P. absoluta, as well as on larval performance under no‐choice conditions using detached leaves. We also characterized and quantified glandular and nonglandular trichomes, exploring their potential correlation with the response of P. absoluta to the tomato plants.

RESULTS

Generally, fewer eggs were oviposited on domesticated plants, whereas the wild tomatoes Solanum arcanum and S. neorickii and the domesticated tomato Corona F1 impaired larval development. The pest larvae consumed a limited area of leaflets from S. arcanum and S. neorickii compared to other genotypes, leading to the lowest weights in both male and female pupae. All tomato plants exhibited a prevalence of nonglandular over glandular trichomes, except for S. arcanum, which exhibited a higher abundance of glandular trichomes. Although higher trichome density correlated with longer larval settlement on the leaflets, it did not influence female oviposition.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate that the wild tomatoes S. arcanum and S. neorickii could be considered as potential sources for breeding programmes, and the domesticated Corona F1 could offer IPM options against P. absoluta. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
IT2‐Fuzzy‐Model‐Based Guaranteed Cost Control for Continuous‐Time MJSs With Non‐Consecutive Transmission and Quantization
Authors: Ran Guangtao , Guo Yanning , Lv Yueyong , Lam Hak‐Keung , Liu Jian , Chen Hongtian
Published: November 2024

This article addresses the asynchronous guaranteed cost control (GCC) problems for interval type‐2 (IT2) fuzzy continuous‐time Markov jump systems (C‐TMJSs) with quantization and non‐consecutive transmission. A dynamic event‐triggered mechanism (ETM) for IT2 fuzzy C‐TMJSs is designed to address the limited bandwidth and communication burden, which incorporates mode‐dependent thresholds and weighting matrices. An asynchronous IT2 fuzzy guaranteed cost controller possessing unmatched premise variable information is developed to stabilize the considered system, achieving desired GCC performance. The relationship between system mode and controller mode is described by the hidden Markov model (HMM). A quantizer is employed to quantize the signal prior to transmission to the next node, modeled as a stochastic quantization utilizing the HMM. Furthermore, an improved mode‐dependent and fuzzy‐dependent Lyapunov function is constructed for stability analysis, and the conditions of optimal GCC performance are derived. Finally, two examples are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Surface Reconstruction Reduces Internal Stress of Ni‐Rich Cathode Particles
Authors: Hou Lijuan , Liu Qi , Mu Daobin , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: November 2024

High‐voltage Ni‐rich layered cathode materials are undoubtedly a powerful driving force for high‐energy density lithium batteries. However, residual lithium impurities on the surface of Ni‐rich materials can cause more severe side reactions under high‐voltage, leading to rapid decay. There is still no reliable mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon. It has been detected that residual alkali on the cathode surface under high voltage can cause obvious side reactions. This side reaction will affect the capacity retention of the material and increase the internal stress of the particles. In addition, the surface reconstruction of Ni‐rich cathodes is achieved through simple chemical reactions, turning waste into treasure. The newly generated Ti‐based layer not only repairs the structure of the nickel‐rich material but also optimizes the material from a dynamic perspective. Removing residual lithium components on the cathode surface effectively reduces the hydrolysis and self‐catalytic side reactions of PF6− at the electrolyte cathode interface and suppresses gas generation during cycling, promoting the application of the next generation of high‐energy density Ni‐rich layered cathode‐based lithium batteries with high‐voltage.
Quick Spectrometric Characterization of Monolithic Perovskite Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Using Monochromatic Light Sources
Authors: Fischer Oliver , Bett Alexander J. , Abrorov Khusan , Mahmoud Mohamed A. A. , Schindler Florian , Glunz Stefan W. , Schubert Martin C.
Published: November 2024

In monolithic perovskite silicon dual‐junction solar cells, it is crucial that the subcells are current‐matched to maximize performance. The most precise method to determine the current (mis)match of a monolithic dual‐junction solar cell is a spectrometric measurement with, e.g., a light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based solar simulator. However, recoding multiple current voltage curves (IV curves) under different red‐ and blueshifted spectra relative to the AM1.5g reference spectrum is time‐consuming. Herein, a new method is suggested to quickly test solar cells for current mismatch. A solar simulator with two lasers instead of multiple LEDs is used, so that two monitor diodes can track intensity changes of each light source during the measurement. Postmeasurement corrections can be applied using this data, circumventing long stabilization times of the solar simulator. To minimize the scan time, it is focused only on determining the correct short‐circuit current and not the full IV curve. The measurement method is validated comparing it to conventional spectrometric measurements using a stable III–V monolithic dual‐junction solar cell. The measurement on the proof‐of‐concept setup shows a deviation of only 2.3% in the current at the current matching point compared to the reference measurement.
Factors Associated With Missing Biological Samples in the Dog Aging Project
Authors: Holland Sydney N. , Tinkle Amanda K. , Prescott Jena N. , Blattman Brianna L. , McClelland Robyn L. , Nam Yunbi ,   Dog Aging Project Consortium, Creevy Kate E. , Fajt Virginia R.
Published: November 2024

Background

The Dog Aging Project (DAP) is a longitudinal study examining aging in US companion dogs, where missing data pose a challenge to result validity and statistical power. Early recognition and procedural adjustments are vital to address missing samples.

Objectives

This research assesses missing biospecimen samples within the PRECISION cohort of the DAP, aiming to identify contributing factors and propose mitigation strategies.

Methods

Ninety sample kits collected between August 2021 and October 2021 were evaluated for the missingness of individual kit components. A primary assessment reviewed the missingness of each sample type with hypothesized associated factors. A secondary assessment addressed the missingness of plasma and serum aliquots made after check‐in.

Results

EDTA samples for flow cytometry, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), DNA and biobanking were missing at rates of 18.9%, 13.3%, 6.7% and 5.6%, respectively. Faecal samples were missing at 5.6%. Urine and plasma were each missing at 2.2%. Serum, hair and dried blood spot cards were each missing at 1.1%. No statistically significant difference in missingness was seen across regions, ease of blood collection, or cooperativeness of dog during sample collection. Higher time‐to‐receipt was associated with a higher missingness proportion. Increasing missingness proportions were seen across plasma and serum aliquots that were created in sequential order.

Conclusion

The study suggests reevaluating sample collection instructions to address frequently missing sample types and prevent further loss. Investigation into collection procedures for these types is recommended to identify potential causes of sample yield loss.
Testicular enlargement, abdominal pain and vomiting in 3‐month‐old, male, entire Airedale terrier
Authors: Pathak Nirali , Williams Rachel , Brasali Hania
Published: November 2024

Non‐neoplastic scrotal testicular torsions in juvenile dogs have been rarely reported. This case report describes a scenario in which a patient presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and unilateral testicular enlargement. The primary veterinarian performed abdominal radiographs that were suspicious for a hernia. The patient was referred to a specialty hospital for further diagnostics and treatment. Upon referral, an abdominal ultrasound revealed a suspected non‐neoplastic scrotal testicular torsion. The patient underwent hemicastration to remove the affected testis and recovered uneventfully.
Recommendations for Clinicians, Technologists, and Healthcare Organizations on the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: A Position Statement from the Society of General Internal Medicine
Authors: Crowe Byron , Shah Shreya , Teng Derek , Ma Stephen P. , DeCamp Matthew , Rosenberg Eric I. , Rodriguez Jorge A. , Collins Benjamin X. , Huber Kathryn , Karches Kyle , Zucker Shana , Kim Eun Ji , Rotenstein Lisa , Rodman Adam , Jones Danielle , Richman Ilana B. , Henry Tracey L. , Somlo Diane , Pitts Samantha I. , Chen Jonathan H. , Mishuris Rebecca G.
Published: November 2024

Generative artificial intelligence (generative AI) is a new technology with potentially broad applications across important domains of healthcare, but serious questions remain about how to balance the promise of generative AI against unintended consequences from adoption of these tools. In this position statement, we provide recommendations on behalf of the Society of General Internal Medicine on how clinicians, technologists, and healthcare organizations can approach the use of these tools. We focus on three major domains of medical practice where clinicians and technology experts believe generative AI will have substantial immediate and long-term impacts: clinical decision-making, health systems optimization, and the patient-physician relationship. Additionally, we highlight our most important generative AI ethics and equity considerations for these stakeholders. For clinicians, we recommend approaching generative AI similarly to other important biomedical advancements, critically appraising its evidence and utility and incorporating it thoughtfully into practice. For technologists developing generative AI for healthcare applications, we recommend a major frameshift in thinking away from the expectation that clinicians will “supervise” generative AI. Rather, these organizations and individuals should hold themselves and their technologies to the same set of high standards expected of the clinical workforce and strive to design high-performing, well-studied tools that improve care and foster the therapeutic relationship, not simply those that improve efficiency or market share. We further recommend deep and ongoing partnerships with clinicians and patients as necessary collaborators in this work. And for healthcare organizations, we recommend pursuing a combination of both incremental and transformative change with generative AI, directing resources toward both endeavors, and avoiding the urge to rapidly displace the human clinical workforce with generative AI. We affirm that the practice of medicine remains a fundamentally human endeavor which should be enhanced by technology, not displaced by it.
Discussing the spectrum of physics-enhanced machine learning: a survey on structural mechanics applications
Authors: Haywood-Alexander Marcus , Liu Wei , Bacsa Kiran , Lai Zhilu , Chatzi Eleni
Published: November 2024

The intersection of physics and machine learning has given rise to the physics-enhanced machine learning (PEML) paradigm, aiming to improve the capabilities and reduce the individual shortcomings of data- or physics-only methods. In this paper, the spectrum of PEML methods, expressed across the defining axes of physics and data, is discussed by engaging in a comprehensive exploration of its characteristics, usage, and motivations. In doing so, we present a survey of recent applications and developments of PEML techniques, revealing the potency of PEML in addressing complex challenges. We further demonstrate the application of select such schemes on the simple working example of a single degree-of-freedom Duffing oscillator, which allows to highlight the individual characteristics and motivations of different “genres” of PEML approaches. To promote collaboration and transparency, and to provide practical examples for the reader, the code generating these working examples is provided alongside this paper. As a foundational contribution, this paper underscores the significance of PEML in pushing the boundaries of scientific and engineering research, underpinned by the synergy of physical insights and machine learning capabilities.
Developing and evaluating a design method for positive artificial intelligence
Authors: van der Maden Willem , Lomas Derek , Hekkert Paul
Published: November 2024

In an era where artificial intelligence (AI) permeates every facet of our lives, the imperative to steer AI development toward enhancing human wellbeing has never been more critical. However, the development of such positive AI poses substantial challenges due to the current lack of mature methods for addressing the complexities that designing AI for wellbeing poses. This article presents and evaluates the positive AI design method aimed at addressing this gap. The method provides a human-centered process for translating wellbeing aspirations into concrete interventions. First, we explain the method’s key steps: (1) contextualizing, (2) operationalizing, (3) designing, and (4) implementing supported by (5) continuous measurement for iterative feedback cycles. We then present a multi-case study where novice designers applied the method, revealing strengths and weaknesses related to efficacy and usability. Next, an expert evaluation study assessed the quality of the case studies’ outcomes, rating them moderately high for feasibility, desirability, and plausibility of achieving intended wellbeing benefits. Together, these studies provide preliminary validation of the method’s ability to improve AI design, while identifying opportunities for enhancement. Building on these insights, we propose adaptations for future iterations of the method, such as the inclusion of wellbeing-related heuristics, suggesting promising avenues for future work. This human-centered approach shows promise for realizing a vision of “AI for wellbeing” that does not just avoid harm, but actively promotes human flourishing.
IBzH (IBenzhydryl): sterically-flexible N-aliphatic N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) for iron-catalyzed C(sp3)–C(sp2) cross-coupling of unactivated haloalkanes
Authors: Kardela Marlena , Dziuk Błażej , Szostak Roman , Szostak Michal , Bisz Elwira
Published: November 2024

We present IBzH, a benzhydryl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene that facilitates challenging C(sp3)–C(sp2) iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of unactivated haloalkanes and shows potential for broad applications due to its steric flexibility.
Assessing the impact of forest fires on air quality in Northeast India
Authors: Kumari Sonal , Radhadevi Latha , Gujre Nihal , Rao Nageswar , Bandaru Murthy
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the impact of forest fires on air quality in India's northeastern (NE) region, focusing on Guwahati, Tezpur, and Aizawl.
In vitro digestibility and physicochemical analysis of heat-moisture treated finger millet flour and starch
Authors: Umar Muhammad , Hassan Muhammad , Rungraeng Natthakan
Published: November 2024

Finger millet is a resplendent alternative source of starch and sustainable and healthier food option for all. Heat moisture treatment improved the physicochemical, functional, digestibility, thermal and rheological characteristics.
Construction of DNA template sequences to generate fluorescent gold nanoclusters for the sensitive detection of DNA methyltransferase activity bioassay
Authors: Zhou Fangyu , Chen Hui , Fan Tingting , Guo Zixia , Dong Xiangyan , Liu Feng
Published: November 2024

Comparison of methods for the detection of DNA methyltransferase activity.
An Improved Lightweight YOLO Algorithm for Recognition of GPS Interference Signals in Civil Aviation
Authors: Zhong Mian , Hu Maonan , Hu Fei , Xu Lei , Shen Jiaqing , Tang Yutao , Lu Hede , Zhou Chao
Published: November 2024

Considering several sources that cause global position system (GPS) interference in civil aviation and the challenges faced by interference recognition algorithms in terms of efficiency and accuracy, we propose an improved You Only Look Once (YOLO)v7‐CHS algorithm (YOLOv7‐CHS) and investigate its effectiveness in identifying GPS signals and different types of interference signals. First, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is introduced as a method for processing and analyzing signals in the time–frequency (TF) domain to effectively obtain their temporal and spectral characteristic information. Second, the ConvNeXt structure is integrated into the YOLOv7 backbone network to create a ConvNeXtBlock (CNeB) module to enhance the classification and recognition accuracy of interference signals. Additionally, an attention mechanism is introduced to further improve model recognition accuracy. To effectively improve the capability of signal feature extraction and mitigate the impact of background noise on TF feature suppression, we have integrated the efficient channel attention (ECA) channel attention module with the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) spatial attention module, thereby proposing a hybrid CBAM and ECA (HCE) attention module. Last, to address issues arising from accidental deletion of detection frames and multipath interference negatively affecting model recognition performance, we have employed the soft nonmaximum suppression (Soft‐NMS) algorithm while selecting an optimal loss function through comparative analysis. The comparative evaluation experimental results under different circumstances show that YOLOv7‐CHS achieves recognition accuracies of 98.0% and 99.6% for various types of signals, respectively. These values represent an increase of 1.7% and 1%, respectively, compared to YOLOv7. Moreover, in terms of lightweight indicators, YOLOv7‐CHS exhibits a significant improvement in performance: the frames per second (FPS) is increased by 75.1, the number of parameters (Params) was reduced by 4.75 M, and giga floating point operations per second (GFLOPs) were reduced by 65.9 G while effectively enhancing recognition capabilities. The proposed YOLOv7‐CHS not only improves signal recognition accuracy but also reduces model Params and computational complexity, achieving a lightweight model with promising application prospects in the rapid detection and recognition of GPS interference sources in civil aviation.
USLC: Universal self‐learning control via physical performance policy‐optimization neural network
Authors: Zhang Yanhui , Liang Xiaoling , Chen Weifang , Lu Kunfeng , Xu Chao , Ge Shuzhi Sam
Published: November 2024

This article proposes an online universal self‐learning control (USLC) algorithm based on a physical performance policy‐optimization neural network, which aims to solve the problem of universal self‐learning optimal control laws for nonlinear systems with various uncertain dynamics. As a key system characterization, this algorithm predicts the discrepancy between the optimal and current control laws by evaluating overall performance in each iterative learning cycle, leveraging an offline‐trained universal policy network. This approach is universal, as it does not rely on an exact system model and can adaptively control performance preferences across various tasks by customizing the physical performance cost weights. Using the established control law‐performance surface and contraction Lyapunov function, the necessary assumptions and proofs for the stable convergence of the system within a three‐dimensional manifold space are provided. To demonstrate the universality of USLC, simulation experiments are conducted on two different systems: a low‐order circuit system and a high‐order variable‐span aircraft attitude control system. The stable control achieved under varying initial values and boundary conditions in each system illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, the limitations of this study are discussed.
Reduced order modelling method for electromagnetic analysis of electrical machines
Authors: Mohamodhosen Bilquis , Riley Christopher , Ilea Dan
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a workflow to create a reduced order model for the electromagnetic analysis of electrical machines over its operating range so that the stator forces can be exported for mechanical analysis. A permanent magnet synchronous motor developed within the EDISON (Electric Drivetrain Integration by Simulation and OptimizatioN) project is used as a model to validate the workflow. The response surface model approximation method is used to generate the reduced order model, which is then validated by comparing with the results from finite element analyses.
Mass mortalities of grey-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) from tree collapses
Authors: Mo Matthew , Colefax Leah , Manria Bel , Hawkins Gerardine , Haddock Joanna , Walker Racheal , Karkkainen Denise , Peel Alison J.
Published: November 2024

Mortality factors are an important subject of research, especially when mortalities concern threatened taxa. The grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) is a vulnerable species endemic to eastern and south-eastern Australia that is known to be susceptible to a spectrum of compounding threats including factors producing simultaneous deaths. We describe two incidents of trees within a flying-fox roost collapsing and causing mass mortalities in individuals roosting in those trees. Each incident resulted in 335 and 57 deaths, as well as 74 and 45 individuals that would have died if not taken into ex-situ care. Total mortality for each incident equated to approximately 15% and 2% of the colony at the time of those incidents. Although flying-foxes are capable of flight, take-off from a roosting position requires an initial freefall, which makes escape from a collapsing tree difficult. Our accounts potentially represent the first reports of tree collapses causing mortality in Australian flying-foxes, which highlight the relevance of tree health in roosts to flying-fox welfare and conservation. This information also builds upon our growing knowledge of factors producing mass mortalities in flying-foxes.
Full statistics of regularized local energy density in a freely expanding Kipnis–Marchioro–Presutti gas
Authors: Bettelheim Eldad , Meerson Baruch
Published: November 2024

We combine the Macroscopic Fluctuation Theory and the Inverse Scattering Method to determine the full long-time statistics of the energy density

u
(
x
,
t
)

averaged over a given spatial interval,

U
=

1

2
L

∫

−
L

L

d

x

u

(
x
,
t
)

,

in a freely expanding Kipnis–Marchioro–Presutti (KMP) lattice gas on the line, following the release at t = 0 of a finite amount of energy at the origin. In particular, we show that, as time t goes to infinity at fixed L, the large deviation function of U approaches a universal, L-independent form when expressed in terms of the energy content of the interval

|
x

|

<
L

. A key part of the solution is the determination of the most likely configuration of the energy density at time t, conditional on U.
Research on Crude Oil Transportation Technology of Hu-Huan Pipeline in Huanqing Block
Authors: Bian Zhong , Ba Zhipeng , Du Libing , Duan Chaozhu , Tang Jianxin , Wang Yong
Published: November 2024

This study comprehensively analyzes the performance of the Hu-Huan-Huan Pipeline (Hu-Huan Pipeline) in the Huanqing Block under different crude oil transportation processes, especially the additive-modified transportation process and the blank oil transportation process. Through in-depth analysis of the properties of additive-modified crude oil, simulation tests, and hydraulic and thermal calculations, it aims to solve the transportation challenges of the Hu-Huan Pipeline under extreme environmental conditions and ensure the safety, efficiency, and economy of pipeline operations. Research results show that the additive-modified transportation process can significantly improve the fluidity of crude oil and enhance transportation capacity and safety. Adding an appropriate amount of additives can reduce the viscosity of crude oil, reduce internal friction in the pipeline, and improve fluid movement efficiency, thereby effectively reducing transmission pressure loss and increasing transportation stability. In contrast, although the blank oil delivery process is feasible under certain conditions, it has limitations under extreme conditions. The viscosity of blank oil is high and it is easy to form scaling on the inner walls of pipelines, which increases the frequency of pipeline cleaning and maintenance, and also increases operating costs and risks. By comparing and analyzing the performance of the two processes, the best transportation strategies and suggestions for Hu-ring pipelines are put forward. For the additive-modified transportation process, it is recommended to add additives appropriately and optimize transportation parameters to ensure stable transportation of crude oil and safe operation of the pipeline system. For the blank oil transportation process, it is recommended to clean and maintain the pipeline regularly to reduce the occurrence of scaling and blockage and improve the reliability and sustainability of the system. In summary, this study provides an important reference for the optimized operation of similar pipeline systems in the future. By fully considering the impact of crude oil performance and transportation technology, pipeline transportation efficiency can be effectively improved, operational risks can be reduced, and the safety and sustainability of energy transportation can be ensured.
Research on Refined Water Injection Technology for Medium and High Water Cut Reservoirs in Nanpu 4 Block
Authors: Geng Ruijie , He Yiran , Zhang Jie , Yu Chenglin , Li Minglin , Duan Jian
Published: November 2024

For water injection development reservoir, the key is to control the di-rection and flow field of the injected water in the reservoir to adjust the tapping of the remaining oil between wells. This paper presents that, by applying the comprehensive discrimination technique of inefficient cir-culation flow field, a flow field evaluation model containing permeabil-ity, overwater multiplier and water saturation seepage characteristics parameters is established and the small layer flow field distribution is quantitatively evaluated by numerical simulation. Based on the geo-logical characteristics, development characteristics and grid inefficient circulation coefficients, the flow field is qualitatively classified into three types: streamline not established, streamline primary and sec-ondary, and streamline fixed and difficult to adjust. Based on the re-search of domestic and foreign literature and numerical simulation, the management system of different types of flow fields is studied to clari-fy the reasonable development technology policy of reservoir flow field adjustment and tapping the remaining oil between wells, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling the reservoir water content rise rate, reducing the water content rate and improving the recovery rate. The mine field experiments conducted in Nanpu 4 block showed that the recovery rate of the block increased by 4 percentage points, indicating that the block development achieved significant results. This is an im-portant guideline for reservoir development in low recovery, medium to high water-bearing reservoirs with water injection development.
Study of electrical resistivity vertical changes in carbonate oil-bearing reservoirs to determine the depth of free water level
Authors: Delev A N , Sidorov S V , Rizvanova Z M , Leontyev A A , Novikova S P
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study is to establish the depth of the free water level (FWL), the zone of oxidized oil, the oil-water transition zone, the zone of maximum and decreasing resistivity. Correct understanding of initial oil saturation zonation in carbonate oil-bearing reservoirs is very important for development planning. The article proposes a method for express assessment of the FWL depth and initial oil saturation zonation in carbonate oil-bearing reservoirs based on electrical resistivity study. The values of electrical resistivity determined from induction logging curves in more than 200 wells were used as initial data. The vertical change in the electrical properties is considered using the resistivity values of oil-bearing reservoirs averaged over all wells. The initial oil saturation zonation was analysed using the graphs of electrical resistivity against depth. As a result of the work done, the following conclusions were made regarding the zonation of initial oil saturation and the possible geological characteristics of carbonate oil-bearing reservoirs: 1) based on the graphs of electrical resistivity against depth it is possible to distinguish 3 zones of initial oil saturation: oil-water transition zone above FWL, zone of maximum resistivity in the middle part of the deposit, and zone of decreasing resistivity in the upper part of the deposit; 2) in general, the initial oil saturation in the reservoir (as a function of the electrical resistivity) upward from the initial FWL depth does not grow exponentially, as in the Leverett function, but linearly in each zone. Proposed express method for initial oil saturation zonation in carbonate reservoirs provides novel information for formation testing and perforation planning. In oil-water transition zone it is recommended to use the gentlest methods of perforation and production intensification to preserve the integrity of the oxidized oil zone, since this zone is water confining and can prevent premature water flooding of the product.