bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Transformations of Propargylic Alcohols into α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: From the Meyer—Schuster and Rupe Rearrangements to Redox Isomerizations
Authors: Cadierno Victorio , Crochet Pascale , Garcia‐Garrido Sergio E. , Gimeno Jose
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Coumarin Polymethines, Their Boron Complexes and Analogues
Authors: Traven Valerii F.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphonium‐ and Benzotriazolyloxy‐Mediated Bond‐Forming Reactions and Their Synthetic Applications
Authors: Mansour Tarek S. , Bardhan Sujata , Wan Zhao‐Kui
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thieme Chemistry Journal Awardees — Where Are They Now? Bicyclic Alkenes: From Cycloadditions to the Discovery of New Reactions
Authors: Tam William , Cockburn Neil
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the Phase Rule to the Characterization of Polymorphic and Solvatomorphic Systems
Authors: Brittain Harry G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Studies of Organocatalytic Processes Based on Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Etzenbach‐Effers Kerstin
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Forever Young: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Model Cases for Structural and Optical Studies
Authors: Rieger R. , Muellen K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Grassilage als Rohstoff für die chemische Industrie
Authors: Ulber R. , Sieker T. , Tippkötter N. , Bart H.‐J. , Dimitrova D. , Heinzle E. , Neuner A.
Published: July 2010

Grassilage stellt einen nachwachsenden Rohstoff mit großem Potenzial dar. Neben Cellulose und Hemicellulose enthält sie auch organische Säuren, insbesondere Milchsäure. In einem Bioraffinerie‐Projekt wird die Milchsäure aus der Silage isoliert und mit gentechnisch optimierten Stämmen zu L‐Lysin weiterverarbeitet. Die Lignocellulose wird hydrolysiert und zu Ethanol fermentiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Integration der unterschiedlichen Prozesse sowie der einzelnen Prozessschritte zu einem Gesamtprozess, der sämtliche Inhaltsstoffe der Silage verwertet.
The issue network: reshaping the stakeholder model
Authors: Frooman Jeff
Published: July 2010

Who is a stakeholder? In this paper, stakeholders are defined in terms of who has a stake in an issue instead of who has a stake in a firm, and in so doing introduces the idea of an “issue network.” Drawing on concepts familiar to the social movements (sociology) and interest groups (political science) literatures, I argue that members of an issue network can be identified as those with grievances, resources, or opportunities. To illustrate this argument, I consider the issue of land use in the western United States, showing how various environmental organizations might fit into such a land use network. I conclude with the INSPIRE model, which locates my argument in this larger model of stakeholder management currently being constructed in the stakeholder literature. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COD reduction of petrochemical industry wastewater using Fenton's oxidation
Authors: Ghosh Prabir , Samanta A. N. , Ray Subhabrata
Published: July 2010

Reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of petrochemical industry wastewater (COD ∼11 500 mg/L) by Fenton's oxidation has been investigated. Batch tests were conducted on the effluent samples to determine the optimum process conditions. Fenton's oxidation process was found to effectively reduce the COD by 97.5% in 100 min. Effects of different process parameters: pH, H2O2 dosage, Fe2+ dosage, H2O2/Fe2+ ratio, temperature were investigated. The optimum conditions were at pH 3, H2O2 concentration 3 M, Fe2+ concentration 0.06 M and temperature 30°C. Optimum molar ratio [H2O2/Fe2+] was 50:1. At optimum conditions, 97.5% COD reduction was achieved for the typical effluent sample from nearby industry manufacturing mainly PET resins.

On a analysé la réduction de la valeur demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) des eaux usées de l'industrie pétrochimique (DCO ∼11 500 mg/L) par oxydation de Fenton. Des essais par lots ont été réalisés sur les échantillons d'effluent dans le but de déterminer les conditions de processus optimales. On a découvert que le processus d'oxydation de Fenton a réduit efficacement la DCO de 97,5% en 100 min. Les effets de différents paramètres de processus, soit pH, dose de H2O2, dose de Fe2+, rapport H2O2/Fe2+ et température ont été analysés. Les conditions optimales étaient pH 3, concentration de H2O2 3 M, concentration de Fe2+ 0,06 M et température 30°C. Le rapport molaire optimal [H2O2/Fe2+] était de 50:1. À des conditions optimales, on est parvenu à une réduction de DCO de 97,5% pour l'échantillon d'effluent typique de l'industrie à proximité qui fabrique principalement des résines de PET. Can. J. Chem. Eng. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
High Sensibility of Quantum Dots to Metal Ions Inspired by Hydroxyapatite Microbeads
Authors: Wang Xiang , Fang Zheng , Liu Jinku , Zhong Xinhua , Ye Bangce
Published: July 2010

An approach for the sensitive and selective determination of Ag+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions was developed based on the fluorescence quenching of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdTe quantum dots in the existence of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoribbon spherulites. Among various metal ions investigated, it was found that the fluorescence of CdTe QDs was only sensitive to Ag+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions. The addition of HAP into the CdTe system could bring forward a sensitivity improvement of about 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in the detection of Ag+ and Cu2+ compared with the plain CdTe system without the existence of HAP; while there was no sensitization effect for Hg2+. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits for Ag+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ were 20, 56 and 3.0 nmol·L−1, respectively, and the linear ranges were 0.02–50, 0.056–54 and 0.003–2.4 µmol·L−1, respectively. Mechanisms of both QDs fluorescence quenching by metal ions and the sensitization effect by HAP were also discussed.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Lanthanide Amides Stabilized by an N‐Aryloxo Functionalized β‐Ketoiminate Ligand
Authors: Xu Bin , Han Xiangzong , Yao Yingming , Zhang Yong , Shen Qi
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and characterization of dimeric lanthanide amides stabilized by a dianionic N‐aryloxo functionalized β‐ketoiminate ligand are described in this paper. Reactions of 4‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)imino‐2‐pentanone (LH2) with Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3(µ‐Cl)Li(THF)3 in a 1:1 molar ratio in THF gave the dimeric lanthanide amido complexes [LLn{N(SiMe3)2}(THF)]2 [Ln=Nd (1), Sm (2), Yb (3), Y (4)] in good isolated yields. These complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and 1H NMR spectroscopy in the case of complex 4. The definitive molecular structures of complexes 1, 3, and 4 were determined. It was found that complexes 1 to 4 can initiate the ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide.
Total Synthesis of Cytosporone B
Authors: Huang He , Zhang Lei , Zhang Xiaodong , Ji Xun , Ding Xiao , Shen Xu , Jiang Hualiang , Liu Hong
Published: July 2010

The total synthesis of Cytosporone B, a naturally occurring agonist for Nur77, has been accomplished. The key steps are the sequential Grignard reaction and Lemieux‐van Rudloff oxidation followed by a deprotection of the methyl aromatic ether to phenol and subsequent Friedel‐Crafts acylation.
Conformational Stability of Bovine Serum Albumin in Aqueous Amides: A Further Insight into the Mechanism of Urea Acting on the Protein
Authors: Ma Lin , Liu Chunli , Huang Aiming , Liao Dankui , Yang Hua , He Weiren , Wei Qiaona
Published: July 2010

The binding distances of fluorescein to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in formamide‐water andN,N‐dimethyl‐ formamide‐water mixtures were determined by fluorescence quenching method and compared with the values in urea‐water mixtures in our previous work. The results, together with the analysis of fluorescence spectra, were utilized to probe the conformational stability of protein in aqueous amides, providing a further insight into the mechanism of urea acting on protein. The spectral properties of BSA showed significant difference in the aqueous solutions of the three kinds of amide and indicated that both NH2group and C=O group could form hydrogen bond with the protein, serving as donor and acceptor, respectively. However, the results revealed that the multiple hydrogen bonds of NH2group with back bond and hydrophilic side chains of the protein played a key role in the nonspecific urea‐mediated network of intramolecular interaction due to its higher hydrogen bonding capability compared to C=O group.
Spectrophotometric Study on Kinetics of Solvatochromism of Methyl Violet in Aqueous Methanol
Authors: Saeed Rehana , Ashfaq Maria , Fahimuddin
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the reaction of methyl violet with iodide in aqueous methanol system was studied by spectrophotometric method. The rate of reaction of methyl violet in different alcoholic composition in presence of potassium iodide was observed at pH 4 and 6 at various temperatures (298–318 K). Solvatochromic effect was studied in different percentages of methanol (0–50%). Bathochromic shift was observed with the decrease in polarity of solvent. The color change was attributed to molecule's structure, the delocalization of unit electrical charge causes deepening of color and decrease of delocalization causes fading of color due to reduction of dye. Increase in the rate of reaction was observed with increase in alcoholic content and also affected by potassium iodide salt and increased with increase in concentration of potassium iodide. Energy of activation (Ea) and transition energy (ET) were calculated with the help of kinetic data. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change of activation (ΔH*), Gibbs free energy change of activation (ΔG*) and entropy change of activation (ΔS*) were evaluated as a function of concentration of solvent and salt.
Photoinduced Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer of New Schiff Base Derivatives with Extended Conjugated Chromophores: A Comprehensive Theoretical Survey
Authors: Wang Qi , Gao Fang , Li Hongru , Zhang Shengtao
Published: July 2010

This paper presented comprehensive theoretical investigation of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) of four new large Schiff base derivatives with extended conjugated chromophores. The properties of the ground state and the excited state of phototautomers of C1 to C4 [C1: 2‐(4′‐nitro‐stilbene‐4‐ylimino)methylphenol; C2: 2‐(4′‐cyano‐stilbene‐4‐ylimino)methylphenol; C3: 2‐(4′‐methoxyl‐stilbene‐4‐ylimino)methylphenol; C4: 2‐(4′‐N,N‐diethylamino‐stilbene‐4‐ylimino)methylphenol], which included geometrical parameter, energy, rate constant, frontier orbit, Mulliken charge, dipole moment change, were studied by DFT (density functional theory), CIS (configuration interaction singles‐excitation), TDDFT (time‐dependent DFT) methods to analyze the effects of chromophore part on the occurrence of ESIPT and the role of substituent groups. The structural parameter calculation showed that the shorter RHN and larger ROH from enol to enol* form, and less twisted configuration in the excited state implied that these molecules could undergo ESIPT as excitation. Stable transition states and a low energy barrier were observed for C1 to C4. This suggested that chromophore part increased some difficulty to undergo ESIPT for these molecules, while the possibility of occurrence of ESIPT was quite high. The negative ΔE* (−9.808 and −9.163 kJ/mol) of C1 and C2 and positive ΔE* (0.599 and 1.029 kJ/mol) of C3 and C4 indicated that withdrawing substituent groups were favorable for the occurrence of ESIPT. The reaction rate constants of proton transfer of these compounds were calculated in the S0 and S1 states respectively, and the high rate constants of these compounds were observed at S1 state. C1 even reached at 1.45×1015 s−1 in the excited state, which is much closed to 2.05×1015 s−1 of the parent moiety (salicylidene methylamine). Electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituent groups had different effects on the electron density distribution of frontier orbits and Mulliken charges of the atoms, resulting in different dipole moment changes in enol*→keto* process. These differences in turn suggested that C1 and C2 had more ability to undergo ESIPT than C3 and C4. The ultraviolet/visible absorption spectra, normal fluorescence emission spectra and ESIPT fluorescence emission spectra of these compounds were predicted in theory.
Highly Efficient Syntheses of β‐Cyanoketones via Conjugate Addition of Me3SiCN to Aromatic Enones
Authors: Yang Jingya , Chen Fuxue
Published: July 2010

An efficient 1,4‐addition of Me3SiCN to aromatic enones has been achieved with excellent yields (91% –99%) using CsF (1 mol%) as the catalyst and H2O (4 equiv.) as the additive in refluxing dioxane within 7 h. The perfect regioselectivity is proposed accounting from H2O‐facilitated reversion of the 1,2‐adduct in the presence of CsF and subsequent irreversible 1,4‐addition reaction.
A New Fluorescein Isothiocyanate‐Piperidine Self‐ordered Ring Phosphorescent Probe for the Determination of Trace Protein
Authors: Lin Changqing , Zhang Lihong , Lin Shaoqin , Su Limin , Li Feiming , Lin Liping , Wang Xinxing , Cai Jingping , Liu Jiaming
Published: July 2010

The COOH in fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) reacted with NH in piperidine (P) to form FITC‐P on the center of indentation of polyamide membrane (PAM) when drying for 2 min at (92±1)°C. Then, the FITC‐P diffused outward from the indentation center and formed the round SOR‐P‐FITC (containing the FITC‐P self‐ordered rings). Thus, multi‐FITC accumulated on SOR‐P‐FITC, leading to the enhancement of RTP signal on bio‐target, whose Ip increased 2.0 times compared with non‐generated SOR. When bovine serum albumin (BSA) was added to the center of SOR‐P‐FITC, NCS of FITC in SOR‐P‐FITC reacted with NH2 of BSA to form SOR‐P‐FITC‐BSA, which caused the RTP signal of FITC to enhance sharply. The ΔIp of the system was 3.4 times higher than that without β‐CD and 4.0 times higher than that without SOR‐P‐FITC formed. Its ΔIp was linear to the content of BSA. Therefore, a new solid substrate‐room temperature phosphorimetry (SS‐RTP) for the determination of trace protein was established using SOR‐P‐FITC as a phosphorescent probe. Under the optimum condition, the linear range of this method was 0.040–16.0 ag·spot−1 with a detection limit (LD) of 8.5 zg·spot−1 (0.40 µL sample solution per spot, the corresponding concentration was 2.1×10−17 g·mL−1), and the regression equation of working curve was ΔIp=3.848+4.240mBSA (ag·spot‐1), n=6, correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9993. This method with high sensitivity had been applied to determining the content of trace protein in the water samples, and the results coincided well with those obtained with pyrocatechol violet‐Mo(VI) method (P.V.M.M.). At the same time, the mechanism of SS‐RTP using SOR‐P‐FITC as a phosphorescent probe (SOR‐P‐FITC‐SS‐RTP) was discussed.
Determination of Cymoxanil Fungicide in Commercial Formulation and Natural Water by Square‐wave Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Mercan Hülya , İnam Recai
Published: July 2010

Voltammetric behavior of cymoxanil fungicide dissolved in water–acetonitrile (1:1) solution was investigated by square‐wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The cymoxanil was accumulated at −400 mV on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and a well‐defined cathodic peak obtained at −680 mV (pH 7.0). The optimal experimental parameters for the cymoxanil assay were an accumulation potential of −400 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl), accumulation time 10 s, frequency 350 Hz, and pulse amplitude 75 mV. The cyclic voltammetric measurements showed an irreversible nature of the reduction wave at HMDE in the range of scan rates comprised between 5 and 4000 mV/s. The calibration curve obtained from SWSV was linear in the range 23.6–1950 µg/L with a detection limit of 7.1 µg/L. The method was applied to the direct determination of fungicide in water samples. Recoveries calculated for river and tap water samples spiked with 40 µg/L level were 40.2 ± 0.8 and 39.8 ± 0.9 µg/L at 95% confidence level, respectively. The method was extended to determination of cymoxanil in agrochemical formulation Tri‐Miltox Max® with recovery of 102.5%. The sufficiently good recoveries and low relative standard deviations reflect the high accuracy and precision of the proposed square‐wave voltammetric method. Influences of some interfering species were also investigated.
Optimizing Gaussian filtering of volumetric data using SSE
Authors: Vaško A. , Šrámek M.
Published: July 2010

Gaussian filtering is a basic operation commonly used in numerous image and volume processing algorithms. It is, therefore, desirable to perform it as efficiently as possible. Over the last decade CPUs have been successfully extended with several SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) extensions, such as MMX, 3DNow!, and SSE series. In this paper we introduce a new technique for Gaussian filtering of volume data sets—the extended volume—together with its SIMD implementation using the SSE technology. We further introduce a SIMD optimized recursive IIR implementation of the Gaussian filter, and finally, we parallelize the SSE versions with the help of OpenMP (Open Multi‐Processing). Experimental evaluation indicates that the SIMD implementation can significantly speed up both versions of the Gaussian filtering and that the non‐recursive extended volume version is faster than the recursive IIR one for small widths of the Gaussian filter. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple implementation of control gate signals for the interleaved LLC resonant converter for high current application
Authors: Kim Myung‐Bok , Moon Gun‐Woo , Youn Myung‐Joong
Published: July 2010

A novel method of the gate signal generation for the interleaved LLC converter is proposed, which is based on the relationship between the output signal of a toggle flip‐flop having the double period of the input clock signal and the output gate signal of the LLC controller having almost half‐duty cycle. The gate signals for the master and slave converters are generated using the rising and falling edge instants from the original control gate signal of the controller, respectively. Therefore, the required 90° phase difference between two signals can be always kept at any instant and at any output load condition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel energy‐retaining inverter for AC arc welding machines
Authors: Wang Jian‐Min , Wu Sen‐Tung , Chiu Huang‐Jen
Published: July 2010

A novel energy‐retaining power supply for AC arc welding machines is proposed in this paper. In this kind of power supply, current‐steering diodes connected across the output chokes keep the inductor current continuous and retain the energy during the commutation period, hence reducing the commutation time to ensure a better welding performance. In addition, the stored energy can be released in the next energy transfer cycle to raise the conversion efficiency. The circuit operations and design procedures are likewise examined thoroughly. Experimental results on a prototype inverter for driving a 100‐A AC arc welding machine are recorded to validate the effectiveness of the presented scheme. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An inductorless CMOS quadrature oscillator continuously tuneable from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz
Authors: Oliveira Luis Bica , Snelling Erik T. , Fernandes Jorge R. , Silva Manuel M.
Published: July 2010

Modern RF front‐ends require wide tuning‐range oscillators with quadrature outputs. In this paper we present a two‐integrator quadrature oscillator, which covers the whole bandwidth of UWB applications. A circuit prototype in a 130 nm CMOS technology is continuously tuneable from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The circuit die area is less than 0.013mm2, leading to a figure‐of‐merit FOMA of −176.7dBc/Hz at the upper frequency. The supply voltage is 1.2 V, and the power consumption is 7 mW at the lower frequency and 13 mW at the upper frequency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a novel class III antiarrhythmic agent, CPUY11018, on rat atrial fibrillation
Authors: Guo Xiang , Chen Chun‐Lin , Yang Qian , Yin Yue‐Miao , You Qi‐Dong , Tang Yi‐Qun
Published: July 2010

CPUY11018 has anti‐atrial fibrillation (AF) effects in rats. The effects of CPUY11018 on the transient outward K+ current (Ito) and ultra‐rapid delayed rectifier K+ current (IKur) were studied using whole‐cell patch clamp techniques and an acetylcholine (ACh)‐CaCl2 induced AF model. CPUY11018 inhibited Ito and IKur in a concentration‐dependent manner with IC50 values of 18.5 and 1.7 µM, respectively. Inhibition was independent of the depolarizing voltage. In the AF ACh‐CaCl2 model, AF duration was effectively shortened after treatment with 5 mg/kg CPUY11018 for 4 days. These results indicate that CPUY11018 is effective in treating AF partly by blocking Ito and IKur. Drug Dev Res 71, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projecting avian response to linked changes in groundwater and riparian floodplain vegetation along a dryland river: a scenario analysis
Authors: Arriana Brand L. , Stromberg Juliet C. , Goodrich David C. , Dixon Mark D. , Lansey Kevin , Kang Doosun , Brookshire David S. , Cerasale David J.
Published: July 2010

Groundwater is a key driver of riparian condition on dryland rivers but is in high demand for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. Approaches are needed to guide decisions that balance human water needs while conserving riparian ecosystems. We developed a space‐for‐time substitution model that links groundwater change scenarios implemented within a Decision Support System (DSS) with proportions of floodplain vegetation types and abundances of breeding and migratory birds along the upper San Pedro River, AZ, USA. We investigated nine scenarios ranging from groundwater depletion to recharge. In groundwater decline scenarios, relative proportions of tall‐canopied obligate phreatophytes (Populus/Salix, cottonwood/willow) on the floodplain progressively decline, and shrubbier species less dependent on permanent water sources (e.g.Tamarixspp., saltcedar) increase. These scenarios result in broad shifts in the composition of the breeding bird community, with canopy‐nesting and water‐obligate birds declining but midstory nesting birds increasing in abundance as groundwater declines. For the most extreme draw‐down scenario where all reaches undergo groundwater declines, models project that only 10% of the upper San Pedro floodplain would be comprised of cottonwood/willow (73% saltcedar and 18% mesquite), and abundances of canopy‐nesting, water‐obligate, and spring migrant birds would decline 48%, 72%, and 40%, respectively. Groundwater recharge scenarios were associated with increases in canopy‐nesting birds particularly given the extreme recharge scenario (all reaches regain shallow water tables and perennial streamflow). Model outputs serve to assess the sensitivity of biotic groups to potential changes in groundwater and thus to rank scenarios based on their expected ecological impacts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notch ligands transduce different magnitudes of signaling critical for determination of T‐cell fate
Authors: Abe Natsumi , Hozumi Katsuto , Hirano Ken‐ichi , Yagita Hideo , Habu Sonoko
Published: July 2010

Notch signaling mediated by Delta‐like (Dll) 4 is essential and sufficient for T‐cell development in vivo. Stromal cells expressing Dll4 or Dll1, but not Jagged1, support T lymphopoiesis in vitro, but the molecular basis of this functional divergence among Notch ligands remains to be clarified. To examine this, we constructed chimeric variants composed of Dll4 and Jagged1. The intracellular regions were necessary, but interchangeable, for signal induction, and the extracellular regions determined the unique characteristics of the ligands. While Jagged1 induced minimal Notch signaling, Jagged2 elicited substantial levels of Hes1 transcripts and promoted T lymphopoiesis in vitro. Dll4 and Jagged2 showed a quantitative advantage when bound to fringe‐modified Notch; this was not due to the Delta‐Serrate‐Lag2 domain, an extracellular region essential for interaction with Notch. These results suggest that different Notch ligands possess distinct potentials for the induction of Notch signaling through unique interactions of their extracellular regions with fringe‐modified Notch. Furthermore, the magnitude of Notch signaling induced is critical for the determination of T‐cell fate.
Copper(I) Trinuclear Phosphorescent Complexes with Tuneable Optical and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Andrés‐Tomé Inmaculada , Winscom Christopher J. , Coppo Paolo
Published: July 2010

Novel CuI trinuclear complexes carrying a range of alkynyl ligands with different electronic structure have been prepared. They have high quantum yields of photoluminescence. The energy, as well as the lifetime of the triplet state emission, can be tuned to a large extent by careful choice of the alkynyl ligand, making these complexes suitable candidates for application either in optoelectronic devices or in time‐resolved and gated luminescence detection. The nature of the excited state has been identified as a metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state.
Thermally oxidized palm olein exposure increases triglyceride polymer levels in rat small intestine
Authors: David Raul Olivero , González‐Muñoz María José , Benedí Juana , Bastida Sara , Sánchez‐Muniz Francisco J.
Published: July 2010

The origin and presence of triglyceride polymers in small intestine have been poorly studied. The present study combined a short in vivo absorption experiment and high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography determination. Groups of six male Wistar rats were administered by esophageal probe 1 g/100 g body weight unused palm olein and palm oleins used in 40 and 90 potato frying operations. Small intestines were dissected, cleaned of luminal fat, and analyzed for the presence of triglyceride polymers (oligomers and/or dimers) after 4 h oil administration. The intestinal fat content did not change but the polymers content was positively and significantly correlated (r = 0.5983; p<0.01) with the amount of polymers present in the oil tested. The small intestine contained 5.05 mg [median and percentile 25 (1.57 mg)–percentile 75 (10.40 mg)] of polymers after 4‐h exposure to palm olein used for frying 90 times. The results suggested that 2.7–4.9% of the triglyceride polymers administered were present in the small intestine 4 h after ingestion. TBARS levels (p<0.05) and the redox index (oxidized glutathione/total glutathione) (p<0.01) in the small intestine increased significantly after exposure to the palm olein used in 90 frying operations. In conclusion, administration of altered oil increased the presence of resynthesized polymers in the small intestine, thus contributing to small intestine oxidative stress.
Commercial sugars as substrates for lipid accumulation in Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina fungi
Authors: Chatzifragkou Afroditi , Fakas Stylianos , Galiotou‐Panayotou Maria , Komaitis Michael , Aggelis George , Papanikolaou Seraphim
Published: July 2010

Cunninghamella echinulata and Mortierella isabellina, fungi capable of accumulating single cell oil (SCO) containing γ‐linolenic acid (GLA), were cultivated on sugar‐based media, at initial substrate concentration 60 g/L. It was demonstrated that the carbon source plays an essential role on lipid accumulation process. Especially, on glucose, C. echinulata produced 3.9 g/L lipids containing 19.5% GLA, whereas M. isabellina achieved 9.9 g/L of lipid, containing 3.5% GLA. Growth on fructose was also satisfactory for both microorganisms. Although M. isabellina failed to grow adequately on saccharose, C. echinulata presented appreciable biomass production of 17.6 g/L, containing 18% of fat. Extra‐cellular invertase activity was also detected in the case of C. echinulata cultures, achieving 0.5 U/mL. Both molds presented satisfactory growth on molasses, with significant amounts of SCO and GLA produced, accompanied by non‐negligible substrate decolorization. Scaling‐up in a 3‐L bioreactor of M. isabellina with glucose as a substrate resulted in 17.5 g/L of biomass, containing 12.7 g/L of lipid. Finally, fractionation of cellular lipid for both strains showed that neutral lipids represented about 90–92% w/w upon total accumulated lipids, whilst fractions of glycolipids plus sphingolipids and phospholipids were 6–7 and 3–4%, respectively.
A comparative study of South Asian and non‐Asian referrals to an eating disorders service in Leicester, UK
Authors: Abbas S. , Damani S. , Malik I. , Button E. , Aldridge S. , Palmer R. L.
Published: July 2010

Literature on eating disorders (EDs) among South Asian people in Britain is limited. In an extension of an earlier study, referrals to the Leicester Adult Eating Disorders Service were examined between 1991 and 2005. All South‐Asians presenting to the service were compared on age, gender and diagnosis with non‐Asians. Female Asian patients diagnosed as bulimia nervosa and ED not otherwise specified were compared on a larger number of variables with the same number of non‐Asian patients matched for diagnosis. As there were only six Asian patients with anorexia nervosa they were excluded from this comparison. Only 4.5% of female patients were Asian, as opposed to 13.8% of the local young female population in the most recent UK census. Overall, Asian women were significantly younger than the non‐Asians but did not differ significantly with regard to clinical features or treatment variables. Asians are under‐represented amongst women presenting to the service. The explanation for this remains uncertain. Overall, Asian sufferers who reach secondary specialist services closely resemble non‐Asian patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Monitoring acute and chronic water column toxicity in the Northern Sacramento–San Joaquin Estuary, California, USA, using the euryhaline amphipod,Hyalella azteca: 2006 to 2007
Authors: Werner Inge , Deanovic Linda A. , Markiewicz Dan , Khamphanh Manisay , Reece Charles K. , Stillway Marie , Reece Charissa
Published: July 2010

After the significant population decline of several pelagic fish species in the Northern Sacramento–San Joaquin (SSJ) Estuary (CA, USA) in 2002, a study was performed to monitor water column toxicity using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. From January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007, water samples were collected biweekly from 15 to 16 sites located in large delta channels and main-stem rivers, selected based on prevalent distribution patterns of fish species of concern. Ten-day laboratory tests with H. azteca survival and relative growth as toxicity endpoints were conducted. The enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide ([PBO], 25 µg/L) was added to synergize or antagonize pyrethroid or organophosphate (OP) insecticide toxicity, respectively. Significant amphipod mortality was observed in 5.6% of ambient samples. Addition of PBO significantly changed survival or growth in 1.1% and 10.1% of ambient samples, respectively. Sites in the Lower Sacramento River had the largest number of acutely toxic samples, high occurrence of PBO effects on amphipod growth (along with sites in the South Delta), and the highest total ammonia/ammonium concentrations (0.28 ± 0.15 mg/L). Ammonia/ammonium, or contaminants occurring in mixture with these, likely contributed to the observed toxicity. Pyrethroid insecticides were detected at potentially toxic concentrations. Overall, results of this study identified specific areas and contaminants of concern and showed that water in the Northern SSJ Estuary was at times acutely toxic to sensitive invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2190–2199. © 2010 SETAC
Chronic copper toxicity in the estuarine copepodAcartia tonsaat different salinities
Authors: Lauer Mariana M. , Bianchini Adalto
Published: July 2010

Chronic Cu toxicity was evaluated in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa. Male and female copepods were exposed (6 d) separately to different combinations of Cu concentration and water salinity (5, 15, and 30 ppt) using different routes of exposure (waterborne, waterborne plus dietborne, and dietborne). After exposure, groups of one male and three female copepods were allowed to reproduce for 24 h. In control copepods, egg production augmented with increasing water salinity. However, egg hatching rate did not change. Copper exposure reduced egg production and hatching rate in all water salinities tested, but the reproductive response was dependent on the route of Cu exposure. Median effective concentration (EC50) values for egg production after waterborne exposure were 9.9, 36.8, and 48.8 µg/L dissolved Cu at water salinities of 5, 15, and 30 ppt, respectively. For waterborne plus dietborne exposure, they were significantly higher (40.1, 63.7, and 109.9 µg /L, respectively). After dietborne exposure, approximately 40% decrease in egg production was observed, independently of Cu concentration and water salinity tested. At water salinities of 5 and 30 ppt, egg hatching rate reduced after waterborne exposure, together or not with the dietborne exposure. At water salinity of 15 ppt, Cu toxicity was only observed after dietborne exposure. Data indicate that egg production is a more reliable reproductive endpoint to measure chronic Cu toxicity in copepods than egg hatching rate in a wide range of water salinities. They also suggest that both water salinity and route of Cu exposure should be taken into account in the development of a chronic biotic ligand model version for estuarine and marine environments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2297–2303. © 2010 SETAC
Numerical study of the atmospheric flow over a coastal cliff
Authors: Pires Luciana B. M. , de Souza Leandro Franco , Fisch Gilberto , Gielow Ralf
Published: July 2010

This work presents a numerical method suitable for the study of the development of internal boundary layers (IBL) and their characteristics for flows over various types of coastal cliffs. The IBL is an important meteorological occurrence for flows with surface roughness and topographical step changes. A two‐dimensional flow program was used for this study. The governing equations were written using the vorticity–velocity formulation. The spatial derivatives were discretized by high‐order compact finite differences schemes. The time integration was performed with a low storage fourth‐order Runge–Kutta scheme. The coastal cliff (step) was specified through an immersed boundary method. The validation of the code was done by comparison of the results with experimental and observational data. The numerical simulations were carried out for different coastal cliff heights and inclinations. The results show that the predominant factors for the height of the IBL and its characteristics are the upstream velocity, and the height and form (inclination) of the coastal cliff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wo die Ärzte wirklich fehlen
Authors: Schölmerich Jürgen
Published: July 2010

Der Klinischen Forschung in Deutschland geht der Nachwuchs aus. Nur bessere Ausbildungs‐ und Karrierewege können bleibende Schäden für Wissenschaft und Patienten verhindern. In der Pflicht sind die Medizinischen Fakultäten und die Politik.
Performance and Evaluation of a Fuel Cell–Thermoelectric Generator Hybrid System
Authors: Chen X. , Pan Y. , Chen J.
Published: July 2010

A hybrid system consisting of a solid oxide fuel cell, a semiconductor thermoelectric generator and a regenerator is put forward. Expressions for the efficiencies and power outputs of the fuel cell, thermoelectric generator and hybrid system are derived. The relation between the electric currents in the fuel cell and thermoelectric generator is revealed. The maximum efficiency and power output of the hybrid system are calculated numerically. The optimally operating electric currents in the fuel cell and thermoelectric generator are calculated and consequently the optimal region of the hybrid system is determined. The results obtained here will provide some guidance for further understanding the performance and operation of practical fuel cell–thermoelectric generator hybrid systems.
Atmospheric Plasma Deposition: A New Pathway in the Design of Conducting Polymer‐Based Anodes for Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Authors: Michel M. , Bour J. , Petersen J. , Arnoult C. , Ettingshausen F. , Roth C. , Ruch D.
Published: July 2010

In this study, we explored thin films of nanofibrous functionalised conducting plasma polyaniline (pPANI) with platinum deposited by an atmospheric plasma deposition process for the potential design of anodes for hydrogen fuel cell applications. We observed that the incorporation of such a polymer, characterised by both electronic and ionic conductivity, associated with a catalyst in a 3D porous network, could lead to an increased probability of the three‐phase contact to occur. In this context, aniline was mixed with functionalised platinum nanoparticles and used as the precursor. The role of these functionalised nanoparticles was not only to act as the catalyst for fuel cell purposes, but also as nucleation sites promoting the formation of the nanofibrous pPANI thin film during the plasma polymerisation. The morphology of the thin film was analysed by scanning electron microscopy and the efficiency, in terms of energy conversion, was assessed in a single fuel cell test bench.
Treating depression in disabled, low‐income elderly: a conceptual model and recommendations for care
Authors: Areán Patricia A. , Mackin Scott , Vargas‐Dwyer Eleanor , Raue Patrick , Sirey Jo Anne , Kanellopolos Dora , Alexopoulos George S.
Published: July 2010

Background

The treatment of depression in low‐income older adults who live in poverty is complicated by several factors. Poor access to resources, disability, and mild cognitive impairment are the main factors that moderate treatment effects in this population. Interventions that not only address the depressive syndrome but also manage social adversity are sorely needed to help this patient population recover from depression.

Methods

This paper is a literature review of correlates of depression in late life. In the review we propose a treatment model that combines case management (CM) to address social adversity with problem solving treatment (PST) to address the depressive syndrome.

Results

We present the case of Mr Z, an older gentleman living in poverty who is also depressed and physically disabled. In this case we illustrate how the combination of CM and PST can work together to ameliorate depression.

Conclusions

The combination of age, disability, and social adversity complicates the management and treatment of depression. CM and PST are interventions that work synergistically to overcome depression and manage social problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray crystal structure, NMR parameters, and conformational study of α‐aminopropanephosphonic acid
Authors: Bashall Alan P. , Crowder John , Dronia Hagen , Hägele Gerhard , Hudson Harry R. , Lee Rosalind J. , McPartlin Mary , Matthews Ray W. , Ollig Johannes
Published: July 2010

X‐ray structural data for α‐aminopropanephosphonic acid (APPA), together with 1H NMR spectroscopy including PANIC and WIN‐DAISY spectral simulation, and theoretical calculations using the programs VAMP 4.4 (PM3) and GAUSSIAN 92 (3–21G**), confirm an antistaggered relationship between the methyl and phosphonic acid groups in this zwitterionic compound, both in the solid state and in aqueous solution. 31P{1H} and 13C{1H}‐NMR controlled titrations provide information on pKa values, proton exchange, ion‐specific chemical shifts, and coupling constants in solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:314–325, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20609
Liver-Enriched Transcription Factors Regulate MicroRNA-122 That Targets CUTL1 During Liver Development
Authors: Xu Hui , He Jie-Hua , Xiao Zhen-Dong , Zhang Qian-Qian , Chen Yue-Qin , Zhou Hui , Qu Liang-Hu
Published: July 2010

MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is a liver-specific microRNA whose expression is specifically turned on in the mouse liver during embryogenesis, thus it is expected to be involved in liver development. However, the role of miR-122 in liver development and its potential underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we show that the expression of miR-122 is closely correlated with four liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs)—hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1α, HNF3β, HNF4α, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α—in the livers of developing mouse embryos and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Correspondingly, promoter analysis revealed that these LETFs are coordinately involved in the transcriptional regulation of miR-122, and three HNFs directly bind to the miR-122 promoter as transcriptional activators. Using a luciferase reporter system, we identified a group of miR-122 targets involved in proliferation and differentiation regulation. Among these targets, the most prominently repressed target was CUTL1, a transcriptional repressor of genes specifying terminal differentiation in multiple cell lineages, including hepatocytes. We show that CUTL1 expression is gradually silenced at the posttranscriptional level during mouse liver development. Overexpression and knockdown studies both showed that miR-122 repressed CUTL1 protein expression in HCC cell lines. Finally, we show that the stable restoration of miR-122 in HepG2 cells suppresses cellular proliferation and activates the expression of three hepatocyte functional genes, including the cholesterol-7α hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1), a known target of CUTL1 in hepatocytes.

Conclusion:

Our study provides a model in which miR-122 functions as an effector of LETFs and contributes to liver development by regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of hepatocytes, at least by targeting CUTL1. Hepatology 2010
Paracrine Signals from Mesenchymal Cell Populations Govern the Expansion and Differentiation of Human Hepatic Stem Cells to Adult Liver Fates
Authors: Wang Yunfang , Yao Hsin-Lei , Cui Cai-Bin , Wauthier Eliane , Barbier Claire , Costello Martin J. , Moss Nicholas , Yamauchi Mitsuo , Sricholpech Marnisa , Gerber David , Loboa Elizabeth G. , Reid Lola M.
Published: July 2010

The differentiation of embryonic or determined stem cell populations into adult liver fates under known conditions yields cells with some adult-specific genes but not others, aberrant regulation of one or more genes, and variations in the results from experiment to experiment. We tested the hypothesis that sets of signals produced by freshly isolated, lineage-dependent mesenchymal cell populations would yield greater efficiency and reproducibility in driving the differentiation of human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) into adult liver fates. The subpopulations of liver-derived mesenchymal cells, purified by immunoselection technologies, included (1) angioblasts, (2) mature endothelia, (3) hepatic stellate cell precursors, (4) mature stellate cells (pericytes), and (5) myofibroblasts. Freshly immunoselected cells of each of these subpopulations were established in primary cultures under wholly defined (serum-free) conditions that we developed for short-term cultures and were used as feeders with hHpSCs. Feeders of angioblasts yielded self-replication, stellate cell precursors caused lineage restriction to hepatoblasts, mature endothelia produced differentiation into hepatocytes, and mature stellate cells and/or myofibroblasts resulted in differentiation into cholangiocytes. Paracrine signals produced by the different feeders were identified by biochemical, immunohistochemical, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses, and then those signals were used to replace the feeders in monolayer and three-dimensional cultures to elicit the desired biological responses from hHpSCs. The defined paracrine signals were proved to be able to yield reproducible responses from hHpSCs and to permit differentiation into fully mature and functional parenchymal cells.

Conclusion:

Paracrine signals from defined mesenchymal cell populations are important for the regulation of stem cell populations into specific adult fates; this finding is important for basic and clinical research as well as industrial investigations. (Hepatology 2010;)