bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin-lymphomás betegek kezelésével szerzett tapasztalataink
Authors: Illés Árpád , Garai Ildikó , Miltényi Zsófia
Published: March 2023

Már a 2000-es évek elejétől jelentősen javult a Hodgkin-lymphomás betegek teljes
és betegségmentes túlélése, köszönhetően az ABVD- (adriamicin, bleomicin,
vinblasztin, dakarbazin) polikemoterápia elterjedésének és a modern
sugárkezelésnek. Az utóbbi években további diagnosztikus és terápiás
változásoknak lehettünk tanúi, melyek a betegek túlélését tovább javítják. A
legutóbbi évtizedben észlelt javulásban jelentős szerepe van a diagnosztikai
fejlődésnek, így a ma már rutinszerűen, a kezelés során ismételten alkalmazott
18FDG-PET/CT vizsgálatnak, az ezen alapuló válaszadaptált
kezelés(ek)nek. Az ABVD-kezelés uralkodó szerepe az első vonalbeli terápiában
még mindig egyértelmű, de nagyobb rizikójú betegeknél már célzott kezelésként az
anti-CD30 monoklonális antitest (a brentuximab-vedotin) és az AVD (adriamicin,
vinblasztin, dakarbazin) kombinációja is elérhető. A nagy rizikójú,
relabáló/refrakter betegek meggyógyításában az autológ haemopoeticus őssejtek
transzplantációjának szerepe változatlanul egyértelmű, az ezt megelőző ’salvage’
kezelésekben viszont már helye lehet/van az új, célzott innovatív szereknek
(brentuximab-vedotin, pembrolizumab) is. Az új terápiás lehetőségek új
mellékhatásokkal is járnak, amire e betegek ellátása során fel kell készülni.
Összefoglalónkban ezen új diagnosztikus és terápiás megközelítéseket mutatjuk
be, saját gyakorlatunk és tapasztalataink alapján. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(11):
403–410.
A sugárkezelés okozta cardiotoxicitas kockázatának csökkentése bal oldali emlőtumoros betegek kezelése során
Authors: Dankovics Zsófia , Ungvári Tamás , Szabó Döme , Heim András , Farkas Béla , Kiss Balázs , Csejtei András , Olajos Judit
Published: March 2023

Bevezetés: Az emlődaganat a nőket érintő egyik leggyakoribb
rosszindulatú daganatos megbetegedés. A kezelés során alkalmazott gyógyszeres és
sugárterápiás eljárások növelik a késői cardiovascularis megbetegedések
előfordulását. Ezért különösen fontos a szív sugárterheléssel szembeni védelme.
Módszer: 45 bal oldali emlődaganatos beteg besugárzási
tervét készítettük el mély belégzéses és normál légzéses technika
alkalmazásával. Az elkészült terveket összehasonlítottuk, elemeztük. A
besugárzási tervek a Philips Pinnacle v. 16 tervezőrendszerben készültek.
Eredmények: Azonos céltérfogat-lefedettség mellett a mély
belégzéses technika alkalmazása a szív és a bal elülső leszálló coronariaág
dózisterhelésének csökkenéséhez vezet, mérsékelve így a késői cardiovascularis
szövődmények előfordulását. Megbeszélés: A kapott eredmények
azt mutatják, hogy a mély belégzéses technika alkalmazása bal oldali
emlődaganatos betegek adjuváns sugárkezelése során kedvezően hat a szív
sugárterhelésére. Eredményeink jól illeszkednek a hazai centrumok hasonló
adataihoz. A céltérfogat lefedettségét nemcsak, hogy meg tudtuk őrizni, hanem
még 1%-os javulást is sikerült elérni. Szignifikáns különbség a szívet és a
coronariát ért dózisban van. Mély belégzéses technikával közel a felére sikerült
csökkenteni az átlagszívdózist (mély belégzés: 2,87 Gy, normállégzés: 5,4 Gy). A
coronaria sugárterhelését 19,5 Gy-ről 10,98 Gy-re redukáltuk.
Következtetés: A kezelés pontossága légzéskapuzó
rendszerrel, felületvezérelt sugárterápiás rendszerrel tovább javítható. A mély
belégzéses technika sikeres alkalmazásához szükséges a kezelőszemélyzet szakmai
felkészültsége, a beteg jó kooperációja. Kevésbé eszközigényes, mint a
légzésvezérelt rendszer. A mély belégzéses technika már nem számít a
legkorszerűbb módszernek a légzéskapuzás korában, mégis érdemesnek tartottuk
ismertetni az osztályunkon szerzett tapasztalatokat onkokardiológiai
aktualitásuk miatt. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(11): 420–425.
The Relation between Social Development Indicators in Early Childhood and Parenting Practices
Authors: ERGİN Büşra , ERGİN Esra , ARSLAN KILIÇOĞLU Emine
Published: March 2023

The first institution in which a child interacts with his/her social environment is the family. At this point, parenting practices take their place as an important concept in the literature. The concept of social competence is based on the interaction of individuals with sociocultural contexts such as family, school, and peer relations. Early childhood is a critical phase for promoting social competence in children. In this sense, the research examines the relationship between the parenting practices of parents and their children's social development. A relational screening method was used in the quantitative designed research. In the first step of the study, the validity and reliability analyses of the Social Skills Scale for Preschool Children (SSS) were made. 301 parents participated in the analyses. In the second step of the study, the relationship between children's social development indicators and their parents' parenting practices was examined. In this context, 226 children and their parents participated in this study. In the study, the Personal Information Form, and SSS filled by teachers for children to evaluate children's social skills, and the Parenting Practices Scale-Preschool Form to evaluate parenting practices of the parents of the children participating in the research were used. It was concluded that the SSS for preschool children, which was adapted into Turkish within the scope of the study, consisted of three sub-dimensions. These are; cooperation, self-control, and interpersonal relationships. According to the results of the reliability analysis of the scale, the total α coefficient was .96, while the total variance explained because of the construct validity was 69,66. According to the results of the research, the SSS consisting of 3 factors and 24 items adapted into Turkish is a valid and reliable tool. In the study, the correlation value between the scales was also calculated to examine the relationship between children's social development indicators and their parents' parenting practices, and no significant relationship was found between the scales.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Sosyal Medya ve Kompulsif Çevrimiçi Alışveriş Bağımlılığı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi
Authors: DEMİREL Aykut Can , TAPAN Metin Gani
Published: March 2023

Günümüzde sosyal medya kullanımı çok hızlı bir biçimde artış göstermektedir. Sosyal medya ve diğer çevrimiçi platformlarda fazla zaman harcanması üniversite öğrencileri de dâhil tüm nüfus grupları arasında çevrimiçi bağımlılıklara neden olabilmektedir. Dolayısı ile sosyal medya kullanımının çok yaygın olduğu düşünülen üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya ve alışveriş bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi önemli bir konudur. Bu sebeple araştırma, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyleri ve kompulsif çevrimiçi alışveriş bağımlılıkları arasındaki ilişkinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmeyi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmada nicel desenlerden korelasyonel araştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 2020-2021 eğitim ve öğretim yılında Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Muğla Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencileri olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmaya 413 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Araştırmada veriler Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Ölçeği- Yetişkin Formu (SMBO-YF) ve Kompulsif Çevrimiçi Satın Alma Ölçeği (KÇSA) kullanılarak çevrimiçi ortamda Google Formlar vasıtasıyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistikler, t testi, ANOVA testi ve regresyon yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, kadınların erkeklere göre sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi alışveriş bağımlılıklarının daha düşük olduğunu göstermiştir. Katılımcıların yaş, çalışma durumu, medeni durumu ve sosyal medya hesap sayısının sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi alışveriş bağımlılıklarını etkilemediği anlaşılmıştır. Çevrimiçi alışveriş yapanların sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi alışveriş bağımlılık düzeylerinin yapmayanlara göre daha yüksek olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca çevrimiçi alışveriş tercihlerinin, alışveriş sıklıklarının ve indirimleri takip etmenin sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi alışveriş düzeylerini etkilediği görülmüştür. Çevrimiçi alışveriş yapanların yapmayanlara göre sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi alışveriş puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Kurumsal alışveriş sitelerini tercih edenlerin sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi alışveriş bağımlılıklarının diğer alışveriş yöntemlerine göre daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür.
İletişim Araştırmaları Tarihinde Kadın Araştırmacıları Hatırlamak: Herta Herzog Örneği (1933-1943)
Authors: KUBİLAY Çağla
Published: March 2023

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde kitle iletişim araştırmalarının kurumsallaşması sürecinde önemli merkezlerden biri olan Radyo Araştırma Bürosu (daha sonra Uygulamalı Toplumsal Araştırmalar Bürosu), kadınların akademik kadrolarda daha fazla görünür hale geldiği 1970 öncesi dönemde çok sayıda kadın araştırmacıyı istihdam etmesi bakımından öncü bir nitelik taşır. Aslen Avusturyalı olan Herta Herzog ise, Büroda faaliyet gösteren araştırmacılar arasında öne çıkan bir figürdür. Herzog, Büroda bulunduğu 1937-1943 yıllarında teorik ve metodolojik bakımdan öncü nitelikte çalışmalar yapmış olmasına rağmen alanın tarihyazımından uzun yıllar sembolik olarak silinmiştir. Herzog’un bu dönemde yaptığı araştırmaların önemi ancak 1980’li yıllardan sonra teslim edilebilmiş; alanın toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı tarihyazımının sorgulanmasına bağlı olarak diğer kadın araştırmacılarla birlikte Herzog’un katkıları da Batılı literatür içerisinde hatırlanmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye’de ise kadın ve medya ilişkisini odağa alan çok sayıda araştırma yürütülmesine rağmen, iletişim araştırmaları alanının tarihinin toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden ele alınmasına dair bir tartışmanın henüz yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Herzog, Türkiye’de yayımlanan ve yaygın biçimde okunan çeşitli iletişim kuramları kitaplarında ya tamamen görmezden gelinmekte ya da kendisine oldukça sınırlı bir yer bulabilmektedir. Araştırmacıya sınırlı da olsa yer veren çalışmalarda ise daha ziyade kullanımlar ve doyumlar araştırmalarının tarihsel kökenlerine yerleştirilmektedir. Bir literatür incelemesi olan bu çalışmanın amacı, Viyana yıllarından başlayarak Radyo Araştırma Bürosu’ndan ayrılışına kadar olan dönemde (1933-1943) Herzog’un iletişim çalışmaları alanına yaptığı teorik ve metodolojik katkıları değerlendirmek ve Türkçe literatür açısından görünür kılmaktır. Çalışma, Herzog’u odağa alarak kadınların alanın kurumsallaşması sürecinde oynadıkları rolü hatırlatarak alanın tarihinin toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden değerlendirilmesinin önemine dikkat çekmeyi hedeflemektedir.
İlkokul Bahçelerinin, Doğal Ögeler ve Çocukların Fiziksel Gelişimi Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: SAYGIN Dilruba , ZAFER GÜNEŞ Demet
Published: March 2023

Doğa ile etkileşim halinde olan çocuklar fiziksel, bilişsel, sosyal, duyuşsal, ruhsal, eğitsel ve sağlık gibi pek çok açıdan olumlu gelişim göstermektedirler. Fakat şehirleşmenin hızla artması, buna paralel olarak nüfusun çoğalması, insanların birbirini tanımaması ve güvenli mekanların azalmasıyla çocukların kapalı mekanlarda geçirdikleri süre artmıştır. Oysa çocuklar günlerinin büyük bir kısmını okulda geçirmektedirler. Bu doğal ortamı oluşturmada ise okul yöneticilerine büyük sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, ilkokul bahçelerini, doğal ögeler ve fiziksel gelişim açısından incelemektir. Araştırma nitel bir çalışmadır ve araştırma deseni “Olgubilim (fenomenoloji)”dir. Araştırmada ölçüt örnekleme kullanılmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak çalışma grubunu 2021- 2022 eğitim öğretim yılında İstanbul Avrupa Yakası’nda görev yapan 6 müdür, 24 sınıf öğretmeni ve katılımcıların çalıştıkları okul bahçeleri oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, gözlem ve standartlaştırılmış açık uçlu görüşme tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, doğal ögeler kullanan okul bahçelerinin tamamında çim ve toprak alan bulunmakta; doğal ögeler kullanmayan okulların tamamında ise asfalt veya sadece taş zemin döşendiği gözlemlenmiştir. Doğal ögeler kullanan iki okulda öğrenci başına düşen yeşil alan miktarı yeterli, bir okulda ise yetersizdir. Doğal ögeler kullanmayan okullarda yeşil alan hiç bulunmamaktadır. Okul, tarihi bir alanda değilse ya da sıfırdan inşa edilmiyorsa okul müdürleri, -bazı düzenlemeler için üst makamlardan izin almak şartıyla- bahçelerinde üst yüzey düzenleme yapmaya yetkileri olduklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Yapılan görüşmelerde, okul müdürlerinin bahçeleri düzenlerken dikkat ettikleri unsurların başında güvenlik gelmiştir. Doğal ögeler kullanmayan okul bahçelerinde çalışan öğretmenlerin neredeyse tamamı bahçeleri fiziksel gelişim açısından yetersiz bulmuşlardır. Doğal ögeler kullanan okullarda çalışan öğretmenler de benzer şekilde yetersiz bulmuşlardır. Ancak okul bahçesini fiziksel gelişim açısından yeterli gören doğal ögeler kullanan okullarda çalışan öğretmenler de mevcuttur.
An Experiment On Customer Satisfaction Measurement Using Personification Method and a Comparison with the Results of an Quantitative Method
Authors: ŞEHİRLİ Mustafa
Published: March 2023

This research aims to develop a qualitative research method that can be used to determine customer satisfaction, one of the most important issues in marketing, in a comprehensive, descriptive, accurate, and simple way. In recent years, the importance of qualitative research in the field of marketing has been increasing. For example, in this direction, the satisfaction with the college and the opinions about the college of college students from different classes were studied. The opinions of 115 students, collected using the personalization technique within the descriptive phenomenological design, were tested, and the findings were compared with the results obtained from the same students by quantitative means. As a result of the research, it was found that the average value of general satisfaction, which was obtained by 17 open-ended questions, differed from the results of the quantitative research by only 3%. On the other hand, students' opinions were grouped under themes, which were divided into four categories. In order to shorten and simplify the method, the results of the two questions selected from the questions were compared with the general results. In this direction, it was found that the information provided by the open-ended question "If it was an animal, which animal would it be? And why?" asked to the participants was sufficient to reveal the general satisfaction and attitude themes. It was understood that this question revealed results covering both quantitative and qualitative research results in the overall satisfaction measurement. This question is expected to be useful in easily revealing the obvious or implicit perceptions of customers about a brand
The Effects of Turkish Defense Industry’s Transformation on Turkish Foreign Policy
Authors: YILMAZ Serdar , YORULMAZ Murat
Published: March 2023

Türkiye aims to attain self-sufficiency with the transformation of its defense industry by state-centered and private sector investments as collaboration in the last decade. This paper presents new evidence on the effects of Turkish defense industry’s transformation on Turkish foreign policy by analysing the role of private defense sectors collaborated with the state institutions that are innovative and competitive as in today’s global environment. The main purpose of the article is to verify the claim that the developed, nationalized and localized Turkish defense industry is instrumental in taking more confident steps in Turkish foreign policy. Türkiye has been in a defense transformation since the early 2000s by focusing on a self-reliant and techno-nationalist model by allocating national security resources with the awareness of today’s world conflicts on energy, defense, security, and the experience of Cyprus crisis of 1974 and the ongoing fight against terrorism in a historical perspective. This geopolitical and strategic status of Türkiye and the resilience of Turkish defense industry have also emerged opportunities and challenges for Turkish foreign policy. Furthermore, it is observed that the transformation of Turkish defense industry has presented political and economic commitments for the future. The paper also sheds light on Türkiye’s allocation national resources and collaboration with especially private sector in the transformation process. As a result, in this article, it is concluded that Türkiye's increasing its military presence beyond its borders by exporting national weapons, active operations, military bases and peacekeeping missions means that it has adopted an active and assertive foreign policy. Qualitative research method has been used to reach this result together with primary and secondary sources. Information has been obtained directly from the websites of companies such as Roketsan, Havelsan, Baykar technology, STM, BMC. The defense article of İsmail Demir, President of the National Defense Industry of Türkiye, and the studies of researchers who wrote academic articles about the Turkish defense industry such as Sezgin, Seren, Adar, Yeşiltaş, Sekine, Öniş and Sakman have been referred. Apart from these, the DefeseNews website, which provides annual updated lists of the world's most powerful defense companies, has laso been used.
Sosyal Politikalar Bağlamında Girişimciliğin Uluslararası Alanyazındaki Yeri Üzerine Bibliyometrik Analiz
Authors: GÜRÜN KARATEPE Seçil , KAVAK Onur , TOPÇUOĞLU Ethem
Published: March 2023

Girişimcilik günümüz dünyasında yenilikçi üretim anlayışı, ekonomik kalkınma, sosyal refah ve küresel rekabette var olabilmenin ön koşullarından birine dönüşen, üretimin ayrılmaz bir parçası olmuş iktisadi faaliyet olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Girişimcilerin bu nedenlerle duyumsadıkları sosyal güvenlik risklerinin, hükümetler tarafından düzenlenen yapıcı sosyal politikalar aracılığıyla minimize edilmesi girişimciliğin yaygınlaşmasına katkı sunmaktadır. Bu noktada yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı uluslararası alanyazında “sosyal politika ve girişimcilik” konulu çalışmaları incelemek ve bir öngörü sunmaktır. Elde edilen bulguları Türkiye alanyazınıyla karşılaştırmak ve konuya ilişkin mevcut durumu, alanyazın boşluklarını tespit ederek, yapılacak sonraki çalışmalara yol göstermektir. Çalışma verileri Web of Science veri tabanından alınmış, verilerin toplanması için “social policy” and “entrepreneurship” kelimeleri aratılarak ortaya çıkan sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Toplamda 223 makaleye ulaşılmış, araştırma bulguları bu 223 makaleden elde edilen verilerden oluşmuştur. Veriler “R” analiz programı ile anlamlandırılış, ortaya çıkan bulgular doğrultusunda Türkiye adresli yayınların küresel ortalamanın altında kaldığı, bu kavramların ulusal alanda daha fazla ilgi gördüğü, uluslararası yayınların ağırlığının “girişimcilik” üzerine olduğu belirlenmiştir. Türkiye eksenli çalışmaların ise “sosyal politika”lara daha fazla odaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu bulgunun nedeninin uluslararası arenada sosyal politika sorunlarının aşılmış olması, Türkiye’de ise henüz sosyal politika sorunlarının aşılamaması olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mevcut sosyal politika anlayışının teknolojik yenilik ve gelişimleri içine alacak şekilde genişletilmesi, dijital girişimciliği özendirici tedbirlerin alınması kalkınmada ve ihracat noktasında ülkemize büyük katkılar sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca girişimcilik açısından dezavantajlı grup olan kadınlara yönelik sosyal politika unsurlarının çeşitlendirilmesinin Türkiye’nin kalkınması için yararlı olacağı değerlendirilmektedir.
On the Evaluation of (Meta-)solver Approaches
Authors: Amadini Roberto , Gabbrielli Maurizio , Liu Tong , Mauro Jacopo
Published: March 2023

Meta-solver approaches exploit many individual solvers to potentially build a better solver. To assess the performance of meta-solvers, one can adopt the metrics typically used for individual solvers (e.g., runtime or solution quality) or employ more specific evaluation metrics (e.g., by measuring how close the meta-solver gets to its virtual best performance). In this paper, based on some recently published works, we provide an overview of different performance metrics for evaluating (meta-)solvers by exposing their strengths and weaknesses.
“A Singing Walt from the Mower”: Dylan Thomas and the “Whitmanian [Re]turn” in the Post-War Poetic Culture of the States
Authors: Thomas M Wynn
Published: March 2023

This essay explores the remarkable impact of Dylan Thomas's readings on the poetic culture of the post-war USA. It argues that this contributed to 'Whitmanian turn' taken by that culture from that point onwards.
EFL Learners’ Language Learning Effort and Autonomy in Online Distance Education in Higher Education
Authors: KULUŞAKLI Emine
Published: March 2023

Although there were a massive increasing number of online English learners, not much research has clarified the assumed relationships between language learning effort and learner autonomy in the context of online distance learning in higher education. This paper aims to investigate and compare the EFL learners’ levels of foreign language learning effort and autonomy perceptions in online distance education. Data was collected from 220 EFL freshmen students taking an online English course and studying in various disciplines at a state university in Turkey. Two questionnaires were used in order to explore the relationship between language learning effort and autonomy of online English learners. The Foreign Language Learning Effort Scale (Karabıyık & Mirici, 2018) was used in order to assess the participants’ levels of foreign language learning effort and the Autonomy Perception Scale (Demirtaş, 2010) was administered so as to identify the level of autonomy perceptions of the students towards language learning. Additionally, a background information form was also utilized in order to determine individual information of the participants. The study was designed based on a baseline descriptive survey method. The data were analyzed using basic descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and Pearson correlation coefficients analysis. The results of the study displayed that the learners often employed effort in learning a foreign language. Moreover, the learners generally were not capable of using autonomous learning skills in learning a language although they had the capacity to employ some autonomous learning skills to a sufficient degree
Косвенное измерение негативного прайминг-эффекта
Authors:   Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Костина Дарья
Published: March 2023

В зависимости от условий, маскированные праймы могут как ускорять реакцию на связанную цель (позитивный прайминг, ПП), так и замедлять ее (негативный прайминг, НП). Использование методики маскированного прайминга зачастую осложняется зависимостью получаемых результатов от большого числа факторов, из-за чего результаты бывает трудно воспроизвести. Одна из возможных причин — наложение друг на друга эффектов ПП и НП. Возможно ли такое наложение, учитывая, что условия, в которых наблюдаются ПП и НП, различаются? В статье рассматривается одно из условий, способствующих возникновению НП вместо ПП: усложнение задачи в отношении цели наличием дистрактора. Продолжает ли работать механизм НП, когда это условие не соблюдается? Этот вопрос рассматривается с точки зрения различных подходов к объяснению НП. Опираясь на концепцию негативного выбора, предложенную В.М. Аллахвердовым, мы предположили, что НП может возникать на этапе осознания цели: в этом случае при отсутствии дистракторов осознание цели также замедляется, но такое замедление не проявляется в увеличении времени реакции, когда моторный ответ дается автоматически. В проведенном эксперименте мы попытались зафиксировать это замедление косвенным образом. Испытуемым предъявлялись целевые слова без дистракторов, перед каждым словом появлялся маскированный прайм, который совпадал с целью в половине случаев. На протяжении всей пробы цвет фона менялся: назвав целевое слово, требовалось отметить на специальной шкале, каким был цвет в тот момент, когда слово появилось. Хотя для времени реакции НП не наблюдался, он был обнаружен в задаче определения цвета: в пробах, где прайм и цель совпадали, испытуемые выбирали в качестве ответа, в среднем, более поздний цвет относительно целевого, чем в пробах, где прайм и цель различались.
Условия социальной среды как факторы социальной успешности субъекта
Authors:   Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Толочек Владимир
Published: March 2023

С помощью авторской методики «Динамика стиля профессиональной жизни» исследовались пространственные характеристики условий социальной среды как потенциальные ресурсы социальной успешности субъекта. Респонденты оценивали роль условий среды как «факторов профессионализма» и динамику своего профессионализма от 20 до 65 лет (ретроспективно и проспективно). Фиксировались социально-демографические и служебно-должностные характеристики. Было опрошено 482 мужчин и женщин в возрасте 30−50 лет, из них 132 государственных служащих, 221 менеджер, 129 инженеров и руководителей подразделений промышленных предприятий. При поэтапном делении выборки на социальные группы (мужчин/женщин, специалистов/руководителей, реализованных/нереализованных в семейной сфере) выделялись условия среды как факторы успешности субъекта; критериями выступали должностная позиция и полнота реализации в семейной сфере (различались специалисты и руководители, состоящие в браке не менее 5 лет и имеющие детей и не состоящие и не имеющие детей). Использовались корреляционный анализ, t-сравнение и два типа статистик: сырые оценки и их производные — суммы по выделенным группам. Было установлено, что условия социальной среды различаются по их воздействию на представителей разного пола, возраста, на работающих в разных сферах деятельности, имеющих разный социальный опыт. Различия заключаются в составе, диапазоне и структуре актуализируемых условий среды как ресурсов, в мере детерминации разных видов успешности, в степени закрытости того или иного пространства жизнедеятельности человека и т.д. В отношении одних проявлений социальной успешности человека влияния тех или иных условий окружения могут быть позитивными, в то время как в отношении других — негативными. Нашла подтверждение гипотеза о том, что совместность воздействия сразу нескольких позитивных условий среды не обладает усиливающим результат эффектом.
Самооценка и косвенная оценка стресса и стрессовой ситуации детьми 8-12 лет
Authors:   Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт психологии Российской академии наук, Харламенкова Наталья , Никитина Дарья ,   Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт психологии Российской академии наук, Дымова Екатерина ,   Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт психологии Российской академии наук
Published: March 2023

Целью настоящего исследования стало изучение степени соответствия между самооценкой и косвенной оценкой стрессового события детьми младшего школьного возраста. Участниками исследования выступили младшие школьники в количестве 132 человек в возрасте 8–12 лет, обучающиеся в 3–4-х классах одной из школ Московской области. Косвенная оценка стресса измерялась с помощью проективной методики «Цветовой тест отношений» (ЦТО) Е.Ф. Бажина и А.М. Эткинда, были выбраны два показателя: первый — отнесение ребенком стрессовой ситуации к области приятного (актуальная) или менее приятного (менее актуальная), второй показатель — оценка ребенком стресса как позитивного или негативного явления. Самооценка стресса (прямая оценка) измерялась с помощью детского варианта «Шкалы воспринимаемого стресса» (ШВС-Д) Б.П. Уайт (B.P. White). Результаты исследования показали, что дети в возрасте 8–12 лет способны оценивать стресс дифференцированно: негативно — как дистресс, и положительно — как эустресс. В зависимости от степени актуальности стрессовой ситуации для ребенка и негативности ее косвенной оценки показатели самооценки стресса меняются. У детей, воспринимающих стресс как актуальную для них ситуацию, при косвенной оценке стресса как негативного события самооценка стресса имеет высокий уровень; если стрессовая ситуация косвенно оценивается как позитивное событие, самооценка стресса имеет низкий уровень. При этом позитивная оценка стресса может и выступать показателем успешного с ним совладания, и говорить о психологических защитах, препятствующих преодолению ребенком чувства тревоги и состояния напряжения.
Intergenerational Analysis of the Relationship between Involvement in the Internet Space and Institutional Trust among Russians
Authors:   HSE University, Mironova Anna
Published: March 2023

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between involvement in the Internet space and institutional trust among Russians of different generations. This study is based on data from Round 8 of the European Social Survey. The data was collected between 2016 and 2017. The sample for Russia includes 2,430 respondents. The analysis was carried out using the method of multiple linear regression. Our study showed that the nature of the relationship between Internet use and institutional trust varies depending on their generation. Young people (18–30 years old) are the most active Internet users and they also have the highest levels of institutional trust relative to other generations. Furthermore, an increase in the time spent on the Internet is associated with an increase in institutional distrust among young people. Representatives of the middle (31–44 years old) and older (45–80) ages use the Internet relatively less frequently and have lower levels of trust in institutions. At the same time, the involvement of these age groups in the Internet space is associated with higher levels of institutional trust. Understanding the nature of the relationship between institutional trust and Internet use is important for the government policy planning and strengthening institutional trust among Russians.
Determinants of the Online Prosocial Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   HSE University, Bultseva Maria
Published: March 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant negative impact on people’s life and behavior. This happens due to circumstances beyond the control of people, which lead to social isolation, increase in fear, anxiety, and other negative feelings and states. However, these negative feelings and states may have not only negative consequences, but also trigger prosocial behavior as a coping strategy. Prosocial behavior online is a relatively new domain of prosocial behavior developed due to an increase in ICT use in recent decades. Prosocial behavior online is more safe and less costly than offline one, and thus can be more relevant in times of the pandemic. This research was aimed at identifying the relationship between negative emotional states actualized by the COVID-19 pandemic (fear of COVID-19, stress, anxiety, depression) and prosocial behavior online. Cross-sectional study was conducted on a Russian sample (N=215) with the help of such instruments as Scale of Prosocial Behavior in an Online Context, Fear of COVID-19 scale and DASS-21. Regression analysis has shown that fear and anxiety contributed to prosocial behavior online, while depression inhibited it. The relationship between stress level and prosocial behavior online was not statistically significant. The results are discussed considering arousal potential of different negative emotional states.
The Relationship between Values and Prosocial Behavior in Different Contexts before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   HSE University, Efremova Maria
Published: March 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has unprecedentedly influenced social interactions, which can be implemented both in real life (offline) and on the Internet. Prosocial behavior as a type of social interactions has a positive impact on individuals and society, especially during crises. Prosocial behavior is determined by various factors, including individual values and contextual factors as the most influential ones. The form of prosocial behavior and its determinants may differ in different periods of the society functioning. Therefore, studying prosocial behavior before and during the pandemic, and identifying factors of its implementation in various contexts is a relevant task. This study explores the relationship between individual values and prosocial behavior, in an offline and an online context, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. A cross-sectional study with two sub-samples — the “pre-pandemic” group (N=304) and the “pandemic” group (N=187) — was conducted online, using the short version of Human Values Scale by S. Schwartz (ESS-21) and scales of prosocial behavior in online and offline contexts. Results show that during a pandemic people are less likely to engage in prosocial behavior offline and rely less on Self-Transсendence values. At the same time, in “the pre-pandemic” group, Self-Transcendence values contribute to prosocial behavior in both contexts, while Self-Enhancement values contribute to prosocial behavior in the online context. Next, in the “pandemic” group, Self-Transcendence values and Openness-to-Change values promote prosocial behavior in both contexts, while Conservation values discourage it. The results are discussed regarding the impact a pandemic has on people's lives.
Relationship between Individual Values and Involvement in Online Learning: The Role of Social Capital
Authors:   HSE University, Rodionov Germogen , Maklasova Ekaterina ,   HSE University
Published: March 2023

In 2019 the federal project “Digital Educational Environment” aimed at creating and implementing a digital educational environment in educational organizations was launched. The COVID-19 pandemic foregrounded this project and accelerated its implementation. The forced digital transformation of the education system, implemented in a short time, requires an assessment of its results not only from a technical point of view, but also from the point of view of socio-psychological factors that affect the quality of students' involvement in the digital educational environment. This paper provides the empirical results of an investigation of a relationship of higher-order values and social capital with involvement in online learning. The study’s sample is presented by 405 students at the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”. The main data collection method is a socio-psychological survey which includes Williams` social capital scale, Schwartz’s 21-item portrait values questionnaire, Involvement in online learning’s scale, and questions about socio-demographic characteristics (gender and age). The results of the Pearson correlation analysis illustrate that involvement in online learning relates to social capital and higher-order values, while its relation to age and gender was not found. The results of additive multiple moderation analysis demonstrates that higher-order values contribute to involvement in online learning and social capital tends to change the nature of this relationship. While bonding social capital differentiates the values of involvement in online learning related to higher-order values, based on one's own level, a higher bridging social capital inclines to make this relationship negative in some cases.
The Relationship between Involvement in the Use of Information and Communication Technologies and Family Social Capital
Authors:   HSE University, Dubrov Dmitrii
Published: March 2023

The study goal was to empirically test the direct and indirect effects of involvement in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and family social capital. To test these effects, we interviewed 104 families (parents and adolescents, n = 208). The direct effect test showed that the involvement in ICT use is a significant predictor of family social capital. At the same time, there is an inverse relationship: the higher the level of involvement of family members in ICT use, the lower the level of family social capital and all its components, especially trust. This means that the more adolescents and their parents are involved in ICT use (Internet, tablets, phones and other gadgets), the less they trust each other, pay attention to needs and mutual support, and the relationship becomes more distant and formal. As we can see, the primary results obtained using the construct of “family social capital” confirm the “displacement hypothesis”, according to which involvement in ICT use reduces the time for contacts between family members and they “displace” direct interaction, making it formal. The indirect effect test showed that the involvement in ICT use is a significant mediator of the relationship between family social capital and subjective wellbeing. In this case, involvement in ICT use acts as a coping strategy if individuals are not satisfied with their relationships with relatives. The results obtained confirm the “social compensation hypothesis”.
Russians' Involvement in Information and Communication Technology Using and Intercultural Attitudes: The Role of On-Line Intra- and Inter-Ethnic friendships
Authors:   HSE University, Galyapina Victoria , Molodikova Irina ,   Central European University
Published: March 2023

The involvement of Russians in information and communication technologies using (IICTU) affects not only business relations and the search for information, but also friendly contacts in the online space. In this regard, it is important to understand the role of IICTU and on-line intra- and inter-ethnic friendships in the intercultural attitudes of residents of the multicultural Russian society. We conducted a socio-psychological survey in 2019–2020, the sample included 337 residents of eight regions of Russia. Using structural equation modeling and mediation analysis, we found that IICTU of Russians predicted the intensity of online intra- and inter-ethnic friendships. On-line inter-ethnic friendly contacts had a direct positive effect on the attitudes supporting multicultural ideology and social equality and a negative direct effect on the intolerance of Russians. The more intensively Russians communicate with inter-ethnic friends in the virtual space, the more significant their readiness to accept cultural diversity, social equality and tolerance. This result allows us to speak of a universal role of intercultural on-line friendships for positive intercultural attitudes. Additionally, such contacts mediated the relationship of IICTU with intercultural attitudes. Friendly intra-ethnic contacts in the network were positively associated with attitudes supporting both multicultural ideology and intolerance. We can say that the creation of networks that include representatives of only one ethnic group and intensive communication of its members can potentially contribute to the intolerance of Russians. In general, the results of the study showed the importance of developing virtual space for intercultural communication.
How Can Digitalization Accompanying the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Attitudes towards Political Institutions? The Relationship between Internet Usage Activity and Institutional Trust
Authors:   HSE University, Tatarko Alexandr , Bushina Ekaterina ,   HSE University, Raevskaya Anastasia ,   Fpoint Company
Published: March 2023

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, people began to use the Internet more actively. Accordingly, the question arises of how the accelerated digitalization, which became one of the results of the pandemic, has affected various aspects of our lives, including our attitude to the political power institutions. This article discusses the relation of Internet usage activity and the trust toward the political institutions in European countries. There are contradicting data in the literature regarding the relationship between institutional trust and the activity of using the Internet. We assumed that the direction of relationship is associated with the efficiency of the state power institutions. Based on the government effectiveness index, we have chosen five European countries with the highest government efficiency and five countries with the lowest. To assess the activity of using the Internet, we used data from the European Social Survey (ESS) that show the average frequency of Internet use during the month and the average duration of its use during the day. The dependent variables were respondents' assessments of their own trust in the different political institutions. Next, using multiple regression analysis, we assessed the relationship between two indicators of Internet use activity and trust in each of the institutions. The results of the regression analysis demonstrated that in the countries with low government efficiency, the activity of Internet usage is negatively associated with trust in various political institutions. In countries with high government efficiency, we found a positive relationship between Internet usage activity and institutional trust.
Online Ethnic Discrimination and Self-Esteem of Ethnic Majority: The Mediating Role of Ethnic Online Orientation
Authors:   HSE University, Lepshokova Zarina
Published: March 2023

Online experiences of ethnic discrimination may constitute major stressors not only for self-esteem of ethnic minority, but also for the self-esteem of ethnic majority, with the growing involvement of the planet's population in information and communication technologies. Today, research has increasingly begun to raise the question that discrimination, acculturation and intercultural orientation of ethnic majorities have hardly been studied, since almost all attention was directed to the study of these phenomena among ethnic minorities. This study fills this gap by examining the association between online ethnic discrimination and self-esteem of Russian majority members, taking into account the potential mediating factor of ethnic online orientation expressed in involvement in ethnic online networks and the manifestation of ethnic online activism. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 229 ethnic majority members based in the Moscow region of Russia. The research included methods designed to identify the level of online ethnic discrimination, self-esteem, involvement in online ethnic networks and online ethnic activism. The path analysis shows that perceiving online ethnic discrimination is associated with the preference of ethnic online orientation, which in turn results in the growth of selfesteem. At the same time, the negative direct effect of online discrimination on self-esteem remains. The results of the study are discussed through the prism of the acculturation of the ethnic majority in the online environment.
Восприятие событий в аспекте проблемы когнитивного развития
Authors:   Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации, Глебкин Владимир , Оленина Екатерина ,   Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова
Published: March 2023

Изучение восприятия событий — относительно молодая, но активно развивающаяся в последние десятилетия область когнитивной психологии, в основе которой лежит интегративный взгляд на процессы восприятия человеком окружающего мира и когнитивные основания этих процессов. Описанное в статье исследование рассматривает восприятие событий как важную интегративную способность, формирующуюся в процессе когнитивного развития. Цель исследования — выявить особенности деления визуального нарратива на события дошкольниками, младшими школьниками, старшими школьниками и взрослыми, а также на основании полученных данных осуществить гипотетическую реконструкцию и сопоставление моделей события, на которые опирается каждая из указанных групп. В качестве стимульного материала взят «Фильм о грушах» Уоллеса Чейфа. Показано, что модели событий, конструируемые дошкольниками и младшими школьниками, носят «плоскостной» характер, тогда как для старших школьников и взрослых характерны «объемные» модели. Также показано, что деление нарратива на события старшими школьниками практически не отличается от подобного деления, осуществляемого взрослыми участниками, т.е. ключевым для перехода от «плоскостных» моделей к «объемным» оказывается средний школьный возраст. Также для младших школьников выявлена корреляция между восприятием событий и другими когнитивными и коммуникативными навыками. Наиболее сильной оказывается корреляция между делением на события и подробностью пересказа, что в целом подтверждает тезис о доминировании плоскостных моделей у младших школьников. Полученные результаты соотнесены с некоторыми аспектами theory of mind, также рассмотренной в перспективе когнитивного развития.
PERSONAL LIABILITY IN BANKRUPTCY: INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS AND THE WORLD PRACTICE
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Biryukov Oleksandr
Published: March 2023

The article examines the conceptual aspects of the responsibility of certain categories of persons for the actions that led to bankruptcy. According to the practice that exists in the world, the personal responsibility of the officials of the debtor, whose actions affected the property status of the legal entity in the period preceding the bankruptcy, is part of the relevant legislation in many countries of the world. In the legislation of Ukraine, the responsibility of certain categories of persons for the deterioration of the debtor's property is set forth in the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedures, the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offences, and the consequences of non-fulfillment of the obligation are provided for in the Civil Code. One of the directions of the research on the property liability of the officials of the debtor is the study of the existing theoretical basis for the use of such a mesures in bankruptcy cases, as well as the state of consistency of the norms of bankruptcy legislation and the general provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine and the norms of other laws. In this article the meaning of the recommendations for building effective bankruptcy systems are the World Bank Principles for Effective Bankruptcy Systems and Protection of Creditors/Debtors, the UNCITRAL Guide for Legislators on Insolvency Law, and the European Restructuring and Insolvency Directive has been disclosed. It is important to use them in the process of reforming the bankruptcy legislation in order to bring national legislation closer to the best world practice. When conducting the research, the method of systematic analysis of similar provisions of a number of laws was used, comparative analysis was utilized to clarify the conformity of the norms of the current legislation of Ukraine with the provisions of international documents, and the use of the functional method helped to draw conclusions of a practical nature. The article provides an analysis of general concepts in the field of bankruptcy and legal theory in general, which should help the Legislator to improve the provisions of the mentioned laws, and the courts to issue more reasoned decisions.