bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roll Hemming Based Innovative Assembly System for Automotive Products
Authors: D'Annibale A. , di Ilio Antoniomaria , Basilischi Antonio , di Nardo Eutimio
Published: September 2014

This work reports an investigation on an innovative assembly system for the components of a coolant pump designed for automotive industry. After having identified the main parameters involved in the process, the authors develop a numerical model aimed to investigate the main characteristics of the process which has been subsequently validated experimentally. To do this a simple mock-up of the pump was built that was employed for roll hemming tests and then to the main proof tests to assess the functionality of the assembled product.
Experimental tests were conducted on some specimens in order to check the quality of the assembly between parts. The specimens passed the leak test as well as the torque proof as required by the design specifics which prove the validity and feasibility of this type of process.
Solution Heat Treatment, Forming and In-Die Quenching of a Commercial Sheet Magnesium Alloy into a Complex-Shaped Component: Experimentation and FE Simulation
Authors: El Fakir Omer , Das S. , Stone I. , Scamans G. , Fan Z. , Wang L. , Balint D. , Dear J.P. , Lin Jian Guo
Published: September 2014

Interest in lightweight materials, particularly magnesium alloys, has increased significantly with rising efficiency requirements in the automotive sector. Magnesium is the lightest available structural metal, with a density approximately 35% lower than that of aluminium. The potential is great for magnesium to become a primary material used in future low carbon vehicle structures; however, there are significant obstacles, namely low ductility and formability, particularly at room temperature. The aim of this work is to present the feasibility of using the solution Heat treatment, Forming, and in-die Quenching (HFQ) process to produce complex shapes from a sheet magnesium alloy, and to use the results to verify a simulation of the process developed using commercial FE software. Uniaxial tensile tests were initially conducted to establish the optimum parameters for forming the part. Stamping trials were then carried out using these parameters, and a simulation set up modelling the forming operation. It was shown that the HFQ process could be used to form a successful component from this alloy, and that a good match was achieved between the results of the forming experiments and the simulation.
Comparison of Rigid-Plastic and Elastoplastic Finite Element Predictions of a Tensile Test of Cylindrical Specimens
Authors: Eom Jae Gun , Chung Wan Jin , Joun Man Soo
Published: September 2014

In this paper, finite element predictions of a tensile test of cylindrical specimens obtained by rigid-plastic and elastoplastic finite element methods are compared in terms of tensile load-elongation curve and deformed shape. The flow stress curve used for this study is obtained by a scheme of obtaining flow stress at large strain from tensile test of cylindrical specimen using rigid-plastic finite element method. The two predictions are compared in a quantitative manner and discussed not only to find some similarity but also to distinguish the elastoplastic finite element method from the rigid-plastic finite element method.
Physical and Numerical Modelling of Wire Drawing Process of Mg Alloys in Heated Dies Accounting for Recrystallization
Authors: Milenin Andrij , Kustra Piotr , Pietrzyk Maciej
Published: September 2014

Magnesium-calcium alloys with increased bio-compatibility are applied in medicine for sake of high compatibility and solubility in human body. Production of surgical threads to integration of tissue may be one of the applications of those types of alloys. A new manufacturing process of thin wires made of biocompatible Mg alloys, including drawing in heated dies, was developed in Authors previous works. Conducting drawing process in conditions, in which recrystallization occurs, is the basis of the process. This allows for multi-pass drawing without intermediate annealing. Control of recrystallization after every pass using experimental method is complex so numerical simulation seems to be a rational method to design the process parameters. The purpose of the paper is developing a mathematical model of recrystallization for MgCa08 alloy, its implementation into the finite element (FE) code that simulates wire drawing and experimental verification of the numerical calculations. The first part of work was focused on the development of mathematical model of wire drawing process of Mg alloys in heated die. Proposed model takes into account thermal phenomena in the wire and in the die, plastic flow of the material, stress-strain state and recrystallization. The fracture criterion was implemented into FE code to eliminate the possibility of damage. The second part of the work was focused on experiments including upsetting and tensile tests for calibration of recrystallization and fracture models. Recrystallization model was calibrated on the basis of flow curves only what is a limitation. Therefore, experimental wire drawing on drawing bench developed by the Authors was the final stage of the work performed to validate the model. Recrystallization during wire drawing was studied. The developed computer program enables prediction of the recrystallization kinetics during wire drawing in heated die for MgCa08 alloy. The model of static and dynamic recrystallization of this alloy and complex model of the drawing process were proposed in this work, as well.
Prediction of Defects in Multistage Cold Forging by Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Bassan Fabio , Ferro Paolo , Bonollo Franco
Published: September 2014

In this work, the formation mechanisms of surface defects in multistage cold forging of axisymmetrical parts have been studied through FEM simulations. As case history, the industrial production of an heating pipe fitting by cold forging has been analyzed. Based on simulated flow behaviour of material, several types of surface defects are identified and attributed to plastic instability of the work-material, inappropriate axial/radial flow ratio, excessive forming-pressure and uncorrect tooling design. The results of the FE model are finally compared with those obtained from real forging process and good agreement is observed.
Viscoplastic Damage Constitutive Modelling of High-Speed Railway Axle Steel 25CrMo4
Authors: Huo Yuan Ming , Wang Bao Yu , Bai Qian , Lin Jian Guo
Published: September 2014

Ductile damage inadvertently exists in the steel during hot tension. The ductile damage during hot forming directly influences the mechanical properties of 25CrMo4 steel for high-speed railway axle. To investigate the grain growth/refinement rule and damage features of 25CrMo4 in hot forming, grain growth test and grain refinement test were conducted using the thermal mechanical simulator Gleeble-1500. In the grain growth test, the specimens were compressed to ensure that the initial austenitic grain size was small enough, then held at the deformation temperatures (1223K, 1273K, 1323K and 1373K) for 0min, 10min, 20min and 30min, respectively, to study the grain growth rule. In the grain refinement test, the specimens were stretched to different strain level at three temperatures (1313K, 1373K and 1433K) with two strain rates of 1.0/s and 10.0/s to study the grain refinement rule. The micro-voids and micro-cavities were found in tensile specimens during grain refinement test. Based on damage evolution mechanisms, damage constitutive equations are formulated to model the evolution of micro-voids and micro-cavities for 25CrMo4 under hot forming conditions. Partial experiment data were used to determine the material constants in damage constitutive equations by using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) method. To validate the model, the experimental data and computed curves of effective stress and grain size were compared. Close agreements were found between the experimental and prediction results. The developed viscoplastic damage equations are able to characterize the deformation behaviour of 25CrMo4 in hot tension process.
Semisolid Casting of Hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu Alloy with Sono-Solidified Slurry
Authors: Tsunekawa Yoshiki , Suetsugu Shinpei , Okumiya Masahiro , Furukawa Yuichi , Nishukawa Naoki , Genma Yoshikazu
Published: September 2014

Hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu alloys which are typical light-weight wear-resistant materials, are required to improve the ductility as well as the strength and wear-resistance for the wider applications. Increase in amounts of primary silicon particles causes the modified wear-resistance of hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu alloys, however, it leads to the poor strength and ductility. It is known that dual phase steels composed of hetero-structure have succeeded to bring contradictory mechanical properties of high strength and ductility concurrently. In order to apply the idea of hetero-structure to hypereutectic Al-Si-Cu alloys for the achievement of high strength and ductility along with wear resistance, ultrasonic irradiation to molten metal during the solidification, which is named sono-solidification, was carried out from its molten state to just above the eutectic temperature. The sono-solidified Al-17Si-4Cu alloy is composed of hetero-structure, that is, hard primary silicon particles, soft non-equilibrium α-Al phase and eutectic region. Rheocasting was performed at just above the eutectic temperature with sono-solidified slurry to shape a disk specimen. After the rheocasting with modified sono-solidified slurry held for 45s at 570oC, the quantitative optical microscope observation exhibits that the microstructure is composed of 18area% of hard primary silicon particles and 57area% of soft α-Al phase, in contrast there exist only 5area% of primary silicon particles and no α-Al phase rheocast with normally solidified slurry. Hence the tensile tests of T6 treated rheocast specimens with modified sono-solidified slurry exhibit the improved strength and 5% of elongation, regardless of more than 3 times higher amounts of primary silicon particles compared to that rheocast with normally solidified slurry.
Bridge Design Influences on the Pressure Conditions in the Welding Chamber for Porthole Die Extrusion
Authors: Gagliardi Francesco , Schwane Martin , Citrea Teresa , Haase Matthias , Khalifa Nooman Ben , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: September 2014

Porthole die extrusion of lightweight alloys is used for the production of profiles, which may have complex cross section geometries. The mechanical properties of these profiles are deeply affected by the seam welds, which are generated in hollow profiles along the whole length. The seam welds result from the rejoining of the material streams in the welding chamber of the porthole die. The joining phase and hence the seam weld quality are strongly influenced by the temperature and the pressure conditions in the welding chamber. Those process conditions can be adjusted by a proper die design.
In this work, the focus lies on the feeder section of the extrusion die, which consists of a set of bridges, whose shapes influence the material entry in the welding chamber. A numerical study was carried out to investigate different bridge shapes with regard to the pressure inside the welding chamber and the punch load. Subsequently, the volume of the bridge was fixed to isolate and better investigate the influence of the shape. It was observed that bridge designs leading to higher flow distortion cause higher pressure decrement along the welding plane and, consequently, degradation of the welding conditions.
A Study on the Rolling of a Multilayer Plate Composed of Teflon-Cu-SPCC Steel
Authors: Lee Yong Shin , Yoon Sang Heon
Published: September 2014

This work is concerned with rolling of a Teflon-Cu-SPCC steel plate, which has been used as a base material for an oilless bearing or dry bearing. Materials for an oilless bearing require special characteristics such as high wear resistance, low friction, fast heat loss, as well as structural strength. Such superior mechanical properties could be obtained by rolling the multilayer plate composed of a mixture of Teflon-Cu powder and a SPCC steel. The main objective of this research is to investigate the deformation characteristics of a Teflon-Cu-SPCC steel plate during rolling process. Especially, focus is given to the thickness changes of the Teflon-Cu powder mixture layer. An Eulerian finite element method coupled with a contact profile correction algorithm is adopted for the simulation of rolling. Validity of the proposed finite element analysis is given. The important parameters chosen in this work are the reduction ratio, roll size, and the Cu content in a Teflon-Cu mixture. Effects of the above important parameters on the deformation behavior and on the final thickness of a Teflon-Cu mixture layer are carefully studied.
Development of Finite Element Analysis Model for Plug Mill Rolling
Authors: Katsumura T. , Ishikawa Kazutoshi , Matsumoto Atsushi , Sasaki Shunsuke , Kato Yasushi , Yanagimoto Jun
Published: September 2014

In the seamless pipe rolling process, the pipe wall thickness is largely determined at the mandrel mill or plug mill. It is possible to obtain the target thickness at these mills by defining the gap of a grooved roll and an inside tool such as a plug. However, the thickness of the free deformation part, which is not in contact with the roll and tool, had generally been estimated by experimental techniques. Although a number of analytical studies of mandrel mill rolling had been reported, few reports had examined plug mill rolling. Therefore, in this research, a finite element analysis model for plug mill rolling was developed by extending the rigid plasticity finite element model "Computational Rolling Mill (CORMILL)." Good agreement between the calculated results and experimental results was obtained for the wall thickness, and it was found that the thickness of the flange part decreases with reduction of the wall thickness at the grooved bottom. These results suggested that the wall thickness distribution of rolled pipes can be controlled by using a suitable inside tool and roll shape in each rolling pass, and the necessary shapes can be obtained by using the newly-developed model.
Influence of Process Parameters on Distribution of Shear Strain through Sheet Thickness in Asymmetric Rolling
Authors: Pesin Alexander , Pustovoytov D.O.
Published: September 2014

Materials with ultrafine grain structure and unique physical and mechanical properties can be obtained by methods of severe plastic deformation, which include asymmetric rolling processes. Asymmetric rolling is a very effective way to create ultrafine grain structures in metals and alloys. Since the asymmetric rolling is a continuous process, it has great potential for industrial production of ultrafine grain structure sheets. Basic principles of asymmetric rolling are described in detail in scientific literature. Focus in the well-known works is on the possibility to control the structure of metal sheets. However the systematic data on the influence of the process parameters (e.g., ratio of rolls velocity mismatch, reduction per pass, friction and diameter of rolls), and the shear strain rate required to achieve a significant grain refinement in asymmetric rolling are lacking. The influence of ratio of rolls velocity mismatch, reduction per pass, friction and the rolls diameter on the distribution of shear strain through the sheet thickness in asymmetric rolling has been studied in DEFORM 2D. The results of the study will be useful for the research of evolution of ultrafine grain structure in asymmetric rolling.
Milling Curves Influence in Ring Rolling Processes
Authors: Giorleo Luca , Ceretti Elisabetta , Giardini Claudio
Published: September 2014

Ring Rolling is a complex hot forming process used for the production of shaped rings, seamless and axis symmetrical workpieces. The main advantage of workpieces produced by ring rolling, compared to other technological processes, is given by the size and orientation of grains, especially on the worked surface which give to the final product excellent mechanical properties. In this process different rolls (Idle, Axial, Guide and Driver) are involved in generating the desired ring shape. Since each roll is characterized by a speed law that can be set independently by the speed law imposed to the other rolls, an optimization is more critical compared with other deformation processes. Usually, in industrial environment, a milling curve is introduced in order to correlate the Idle and Axial roll displacement, however it must be underlined that different milling curves lead to different loads and energy for ring realization.
In this work an industrial case study was modeled by a numerical approach: different milling curves characterized by different Idle and Axial roll speed laws (linearly decreasing, constant, linearly increasing) were designed and simulated. The results were compared in order to identify the best milling curve that guarantees a good quality ring (higher diameter, lower fishtail) with lower loads and energy required for manufacturing.
The Role of Mass Transfer in Removal of Cross-Linked Sacrificial Layers in 3DI Applications
Authors: Sobhian Mani , Goodman Daniel L. , Rabideau Dustin , Keigler Arthur
Published: September 2014

The demand for higher functionality in smaller form-factor electronic devices continues to grow. This growth is enabled in large part by wafer-scale packaging technologies for 2-D, 2.5-D, and 3-D integration. Solder bump, copper pillar, and TSV processes are key enablers for advanced packaging. Sacrificial polymer materials such as photoresist and polyimides are used for patterning and/or passivation steps [1,2]. Typical challenges in removing these materials include long process times, short bath life, corrosion, sludge formation, and filter clogging. This paper presents a novel tool design that addresses these issues by a high rate of hydrodynamic agitation that maintains a thin boundary layer at the wafer surface. The outcome is quick removal and breakdown of the sacrificial layer, independent of pitch and without all the negative side effects.
Focus Spot Reduction by Brush Scrubber Cleaning
Authors: Pacco Antoine , Kesters Els , Simms Ihsan , Nafus Kathleen , Vandereyken Jelle , Yonekawa Hiroki
Published: September 2014

of preventive backside cleaning steps. These cleaning steps can be introduced after processes that generated high backside defect counts or right before a lithographic wafer exposure. In this study that was performed at imec’s 300mm cleanroom facility, the study objective was to evaluate the focus spot reduction performance of a stand-alone scrubber in a case study featuring known focus spot generating equipment sets. . In the first part of the study, monitoring of various production tools in terms of backside cross-contamination was done. A set of equipment’s that generated high backside defect counts was selected for generating adequate backside contaminated test material for the cleaning evaluation. This backside contaminated test material was used in our cleaning experiments and evaluation of focus spot reduction by performing leveling tests on an immersion scanner that was able to measure out of plane deviations.
Investigation of Silicon Saw Damage Removal and Surface Texturing Using KOH for next Generation Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Haslinger Michael , Rip Jens , Robert Sofie , Claes Martine , Duerinckx Filip , Debucquoy Maarten , Mertens Paul W. , John Joachim , Pysch Damian , Queisser Steffen , Schweckendiek Juergen , Hajjiad Ali
Published: September 2014

Silicon solar cells are the dominating technology in photovoltaics (PV) industry and have a market share of more than 85% of the modules produced for roof top installations.
Impact of Surface Treatment of Si3N4 on Subsequent SiO2 Deposition
Authors: Milanesi Francesca , Vendrame Silvio , Ravizza Enrica , Spadoni Simona , Pipia Francesco , Livellara Luisito
Published: September 2014

In a typical Power Device on the 0.16μm node, the isolation module is one of the most critical steps. The trench to be filled in those devices is rather deep and needs a considerable amount of a suitable dielectric material. The choice of dielectric in the present paper is falling on the SubAtmosphericUndopedSilicaGlass (SAUSG oxide) [1].
Surface Chemistry of GaAs(100) and InAs(100) Etching with Tartaric Acid
Authors: Mancheno-Posso Pablo , Muscat Anthony J.
Published: September 2014

Incorporating substrates with higher charge mobilities than Si and Ge in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) would extend the scaling of this device architecture. III-V semiconductors are candidates, and etching and passivation processes are needed that are selective and yield smooth surfaces. The (100) face of III-V compounds contains both electron-deficient group III (Ga, In) atoms and electron-rich group V (P, As, Sb) atoms. Etching InP(100) in a mixture of HCl and H2O2 chlorinates the In (group III) atom forming a soluble product [1,2], yet the P (group V) atom is more reactive and is depleted from the surface [3]. α-Hydroxy acids (lactic, citric, malic, and tartaric) have been shown to bind to the group III atom [3] and could promote more uniform etching. This paper compares the surface chemistry of GaAs and InAs after etching in HCl and H2O2 mixtures with and without tartaric acid.
Passivation of InSb(100) with 1-Eicosanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Contreras Yissel , Muscat Anthony J.
Published: September 2014

Due to their higher charge mobility, III-V semiconductors have the potential to replace Si to make faster computer processors that consume less energy. The small bandgap (0.17 eV) of InSb also allows this material to absorb and emit energy in the infrared, making it a key component in infrared detectors for many applications [1]. One disadvantage of III-V semiconductors is their rapid oxidation in air after etching processes and the complex nature of their oxides [2]. Successful chemical passivation and enhancement of electrical properties of various III-V semiconductors with sulfur-containing molecules has been reported in the last years [3]. Zhernokletovet. al.passivated InSb (111)A with a 10 min immersion in a 10% (NH4)2S solution, followed by annealing at 300oC. With this method, low In and Sb oxide levels were obtained after the liquid passivation, and complete oxide removal was achieved after the annealing process. This procedure prevented further oxidation of the InSb substrate, although no mention is made of the passivation time that would be achieved after liquid phase (NH4)2S deposition alone [4]. The goal of this project is to design a liquid-phase process sequence to chemically etch the native oxide and passivate the surface of InSb (100) by depositing an organic layer that prevents oxygen diffusion to the substrate surface and that can be removed when desired. The longest commercially available alkanethiol molecule, 1-eicosanethiol, was chosen to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the InSb (100) surface.
Cross-Contamination Risk Evaluation during Fabrication of III-V Devices in a Silicon Processing Environment
Authors: Roure Marie Christine , Vialle Sylvain , Rebaud Mickaël , Fontaine Hervé , Besson Pascal
Published: September 2014

III-V semiconductor compounds are increasingly studied for their interesting properties in the fields of microelectronics, optoelectronics, infrared detectors or solar cells. Firstly, they are promising candidates to replace silicon as a channel material. As CMOS scales beyond the 22 nm node it is widely expected that new higher mobility channel materials such as InxGa1-xAs will have to be introduced [1]. On the other hand, III-V materials have a direct bandgap making them useful for optoelectronic devices or high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cells. For these applications InP, GaAs and their alloys as InxGa1-xAs and GaxIn1-xP are investigated [2]. Depending on the targeted applications, several possible integration routes of III-V components could be considered: from 100 mm III-V substrates to III-V epitaxial layers grown on 300 mm silicon wafers as well as a few square centimetres chips bonded on 200 or 300 mm carrier wafers for photonics applications. In all cases, the manufacturing of devices requires a multitude of wet chemical steps including selective etching steps (from a few nanometres up to several microns) and cleaning steps (metallic or particles contamination removal).
Atrial septal defects in the adult: Management, transcatheter and surgical therapeutic options and outcomes
Authors: Rigatelli Gianluca , dell’Avvocata Fabio , Magro Beatrice , Panin Stefano
Published: September 2014

Patients with simple congenital heart disease such as isolated atrial septal defects (ASDs) are rapidly becoming a relatively large population with a variety of clinical problems that are often missed by pediatric physicians or grown up congenital heart disease specialists, and may involve different adult health professionals such as general cardiologists or internists. Isolated ASDs are common (7% of all cardiac anomalies) and can present at any age, sometimes in conjunction with other genetic disorders such as Down’s syndrome or in a familiar form. The diagnosis is often accidental: Doppler echocardiography and, recently, magnetic resonance imaging are mandatory to assess types and significance of ASDs. Surgical or percutaneous repair should be offered at any age unless associated with pulmonary vascular disease: Percutaneous closure should be preferred in isolated secundum ASD with sufficient rims on trans-esophageal echocardiography, whereas surgery remains the only option for primum and sinus defects. Follow-up of operated patients is based on Holter EKG and echocardiography that should be scheduled every 2 years for secundum and sinus defects and every year for primum defect with valve repair. ASDs in adolescents and adults may be suspected in any physician’s office and doctors should be acquainted with innovative imaging techniques and contemporary therapeutic options in order to deliver proper care to different types of ASDs and assist them after repair with appropriate follow-up strategies.
Parametrization of Mean Radiative Properties of Optically Thin Steady-State Plasmas and Applications
Authors: Rodriguez R. , Espinosa G. , Gil J. M. , Rubiano J. G. , Mendoza M. A. , Martel P. , Minguez E.
Published: September 2014

Plasma radiative properties play a pivotal role both in nuclear fusion and astrophysics. They are essential to analyze and explain experiments or observations and also in radiative-hydrodynamics simulations. Their computation requires the generation of large atomic databases and the calculation, by solving a set of rate equations, of a huge number of atomic level populations in wide ranges of plasma conditions. These facts make that, for example, radiative-hydrodynamics in-line simulations be almost infeasible. This has lead to develop analytical expressions based on the parametrization of radiative properties. However, most of them are accurate only for coronal or local thermodynamic equilibrium. In this work we present a code for the parametrization of plasma radiative properties of mono-component plasmas, in terms of plasma density and temperature, such as radiative power loss, the Planck and Rosseland mean opacities and the average ionization, which is valid for steady-state optically thin plasmas in wide ranges of plasma densities and temperatures. Furthermore, we also present some applications of this parametrization such as the analysis of the optical depth and radiative character of plasmas, the use to perform diagnostics of the electron temperature, the determination of mean radiative properties for multicomponent plasmas and the analysis of radiative cooling instabilities in some kind of experiments on high-energy density laboratory astrophysics. Finally, to ease the use of the code for the parametrization, this one has been integrated in a user interface and brief comments about it are presented.
Comparing Resident Self-Report to Chart Audits for Quality Improvement Projects: Accurate Reflection or Cherry-Picking?
Authors: Kuperman Ethan F. , Tobin Kristen , Kraschnewski Jennifer L.
Published: September 2014

Background

Resident engagement in quality improvement is a requirement for graduate medical education, but the optimal means of instruction and evaluation of resident progress remain unknown.

Objective

To determine the accuracy of self-reported chart audits in measuring resident adherence to primary care clinical practice guidelines.

Methods

During the 2010–2011 academic year, second- and third-year internal medicine residents at a single, university hospital–based program performed chart audits on 10 patients from their primary care clinic to determine adherence to 16 US Preventive Services Task Force primary care guidelines. We compared residents' responses to independent audits of randomly selected patient charts by a single external reviewer.

Results

Self-reported data were collected by 18 second-year and 15 third-year residents for 330 patients. Independently, 70 patient charts were randomly selected for review by an external auditor. Overall guideline compliance was significantly higher on self-reported audits compared to external audits (82% versus 68%, P < .001). Of 16 guidelines, external audits found significantly lower rates of adherence for 5 (tetanus vaccination, osteoporosis screening, colon cancer screening, cholesterol screening, and obesity screening). Chlamydia screening was more common in audited charts than in self-reported data. Although third-year residents self-reported higher guideline adherence than second-year residents (86% versus 78%, P < .001), external audits for third-year residents found lower overall adherence (64% versus 72%, P  =  .040).

Conclusions

Residents' self-reported chart audits may significantly overestimate guideline adherence. Increased supervision and independent review appear necessary to accurately evaluate resident performance.
Words That Can Kill: The Mugesera Speech and the 1994 Tutsi Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Fletcher Narelle
Published: September 2014

One of the most significant extant documents attesting to the dissemination of genocide ideology in Rwanda in the early 1990s is the speech delivered on 22 November 1992 by the political figure Léon Mugesera, a member of the incumbent MRND party. It is particularly significant because it constitutes the earliest example of explicit genocidal discourse expressed by a member of the ruling political party in a public forum, and as such it has often been regarded as offering a ‘blueprint’ for the practical implementation of the genocide. In addition, the contents of the speech have been the subject of intense scrutiny and heated debate within the framework of a judicial process in Canada spanning more than a decade to determine whether Mugesera should be deported to Rwanda to face prosecution for genocide.

The original speech was delivered in Kinyarwanda, the national language of Rwanda, which effectively meant it was largely inaccessible to foreign commentators until it was translated into French and English. This article examines key thematic, lexical and stylistic elements within the original speech as it was heard by its target audience, as well as fundamental issues raised by the Canadian hearings relating to the translation process such as accuracy, fidelity, impartiality and subjectivity which were crucial elements in the decision-making process which finally led to Mugesera being deported to Rwanda on 23 January 2012.
Stigma and Exclusion in Cross-Cultural Contexts
Authors: Pohlman Annie Elizabeth , Rojas-Lizana Sol , Jamarani Maryam Hassan
Published: September 2014

Discriminatory and marginalising discourses affect the cultural and social realities of people in all human societies. Across time and place, these discourses manifest in numerous tangible and intangible ways, creating stigma and forms of exclusion by means particular to their cultural, historical, political and social contexts. These discourses also manifest in varying degrees of harm; from verbal abuse and behavioural forms of exclusion, to physical abuse and neglect, and exclusionary practices at institutional, legal and regulatory levels. Such forms of stigma cause direct physical and mental harm and other forms of persecution.

The papers in this special issue arise from a one-day symposium held at the University of Queensland in February 2013. The symposium, ‘Stigma and Exclusion in Cross-Cultural Contexts’, brought together researchers and community-based practitioners from across Australia and overseas to explore marginalization, discriminatory discourses and stigma in a wide range of historical and cross-cultural settings. By critically engaging with experiences of social, political and cultural exclusion and marginalisation in different contexts, we aimed to elucidate how discourses of stigma are created, contested and negotiated in cross-cultural settings. We also aimed to explore stigmatisation in its lived realities: as discourses of exclusion; as the fleshy reality of discrimination in social worlds; as part of the life narratives of individuals and groups; and as discourses of agency and counter-discourses in responding to stigma.
Avaliação de cimento portland a partir da difração de raios x associada à análise por agrupamento
Authors: Gobbo Luciano de Andrade , Montanheiro Tarcisio José , Montanheiro Filipe , Sant'agostino Lília Mascarenhas
Published: September 2014

A indústria cimenteira do Brasil produziu 64 milhões de toneladas de cimento no ano de 2012, com destaque para os tipos CP-II (escória), CP-III (alto-forno) e CP-IV (pozolânico). O polo industrial é composto por cerca de 80 fábricas abastecidas por matérias primas de origem e composição química diferentes, que exigem tecnologias de análise aprimoradas para otimizar seu processo produtivo na conquista do crescente mercado consumidor brasileiro. O presente trabalho avalia a sensibilidade do método de análise mineralógica por difração de raios X, associado à análise por agrupamento, na distinção dos diversos tipos de cimentos com diferentes adições. Essa técnica pode ser aplicada, por exemplo, para a prospecção de tipos de calcários (calcíticos, dolomíticos e silicosos), bem como para qualificar diferentes tipos de clínqueres. A análise por agrupamento não exige interpretação mineralógica prévia dos difratogramas, uma vez que ela se baseia na similaridade numérica dos mesmos. Os materiais testados como adições possuem origens distintas: as cinzas volantes são provenientes de diferentes termelétricas do sul do Brasil, enquanto as escórias são de algumas indústrias siderúrgicas da região sudeste. Também utilizou-se cimentos com variação nas proporções de calcário e amostras de cimento branco. Para aferição dos resultados foram realizadas análises qualitativas e quantitativas pelo método de Rietveld.
Gestão das águas minerais no Brasil: panorama legal atual e perspectivas futuras
Authors: Gesicki Ana Lúcia Desenzi , Sindico Francesco
Published: September 2014

As águas minerais no Brasil são tratadas juridicamente como recursos minerais, possuem legislação própria (Código de Águas Minerais de 1945) e seguem os fundamentos e instrumentos de outorga de direitos da legislação que regulamenta a atividade de mineração no país. Estes princípios conflitam com a própria Constituição Federal de 1988, que delegou o domínio das águas subterrâneas aos Estados. Além disso, a legislação ambiental e de recursos hídricos, promulgadas a partir da década de 1980, introduziram uma dimensão ambiental às águas como um todo, incluindo os recursos hídricos subterrâneos, definindo-as como bens de domínio público e de uso comum do povo, de caráter não dominial e inalienável. As águas minerais foram legalmente definidas na década de 1940 como águas subterrâneas naturalmente potáveis, protegidas da contaminação superficial, de composição química regularmente definida e presumível ação medicamentosa. Alguns conceitos originais da legislação de águas minerais foram profundamente modificados com o tempo, principalmente no que se refere ao estudo da ação terapêutica destas águas e seu uso em balneários e estâncias hidrotermais. Atualmente o aproveitamento econômico das águas minerais é primordialmente voltado à produção de bebidas engarrafadas e as características químicas e físico-químicas da maior parte de suas fontes revelam que hoje as águas minerais pouco se diferenciam das águas subterrâneas de composição ordinária. No momento político atual, em que se discute a mudança do marco legal da mineração no país, é desejável retomar a discussão, em nível governamental, para atualizar a lei das águas minerais, levando em consideração os conhecimentos modernos de hidrogeologia, química e medicina, assim como os fundamentos de proteção do meio ambiente e de desenvolvimento sustentável introduzidos pela Constituição. Defende-se aqui um debate franco, aberto e democrático, que conte com a participação dos diversos setores da sociedade com interesses conflitantes no uso de recursos hídricos subterrâneos.
USEPA releases 2014–2018 strategic plan for water
Authors: Jennison Julia , Flowers Wayne E.
Published: September 2014

Chief among the goals outlined in USEPA's strategic plan for 2014‐2018 is protecting and restoring US water resources; through wide‐ranging, far‐reaching initiatives, the agency is marking its departure from the status quo in how it addresses current and emerging water issues.
Protecting Our Critical Infrastructure: A Role for Community Volunteers
Authors: Spence Shannon , Stephens Scott
Published: September 2014

Protecting our nation's critical infrastructure, including our reservoirs, dams, and other water conveyances, is essential to ensuring the safety of water ‐ our lifeblood. Most local governments are charged with this task, but funding constraints make constant facility monitoring difficult at best, especially when critical infrastructure is involved. Within the Austin Water Utility (AWU) in Texas, these constraints are all too real for its staff, who maintain 3,672 miles of water transmission lines. AWU's residential and commercial infrastructure consists of 39 reservoirs and 45 pump stations maintained by a staff of 28 within the 538‐sq mi area served by AWU. At capacity the utility produces 335 mgd of water for the City of Austin and metro‐area customers. AWU has come up with a unique, low‐cost way to meet infrastructure monitoring needs by tapping into a reliable source of trained volunteers.
The Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: Paper Folding and Problem Solving
Authors: Wares Arsalan
Published: September 2014

Problem solving is essential in mathematics. Rich problems can challenge and thrill us. This hands-on activity provokes students in a secondary school geometry class to think deeply about perimeters for several polygons as they touch, see, and manipulate a standard rectangular sheet of paper.
Cartoon Corner:Find x
Authors: Spangler David B. , Hendrickson Katie A.
Published: September 2014

A cartoon, asking students to solve for x, is coupled with a full-page activity sheet.
Vocabulary Support: Constructing (Not Obstructing) Meaning
Authors: Livers Stefanie D. , Bay-Williams Jennifer M.
Published: September 2014

Reinforce students' vocabulary knowledge by carefully timing instruction occurs within a lesson.
IsumaTV, la Babel du Grand Nord
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric , Luna-Penna Galo
Published: September 2014

Connu pour ses films largement primés à travers le monde, Igloolik ISUMA Productions a mis en place un réseau virtuel qui, aujourd'hui, diffuse massivement, partout dans le monde, des images et des entretiens sur les questions autochtones. La compagnie a cependant des objectifs plus fondamentaux, comme ceux de se faire le porte-parole de multiples revendications contemporaines, tant sur le plan de la culture (préservation du patrimoine…) que sur celui de l'économie et des revendications (défense des droits des peuples face à l'exploitation minière, etc.). Cet article tente de montrer comment, dans le Grand Nord, un média électronique comme IsumaTV, joue un rôle décisif dans la mise en place de véritables connexions autochtones. Par le biais d'une analyse de contenu d'Isuma.tv, les auteurs examinent comment ces productions peuvent alimenter et trans former les images à l'échelle globale du cyberespace, alors que, pour de multiples raisons, les effets locaux demeurent plus restreints. Ils avan cent l'idée que le religieux figure au centre de ces flux dans la mesure où il donne plus de force aux revendications autochtones.
Propriétés et territoires autochtones en Nouvelle-France
Authors: Morin Michel
Published: September 2014

Cet article est publié en deux parties. Lapremière partie, qui apparaît dans le présentnuméro, porte sur les débats concernant l'originedu contrôle territorial et sur la reconnaissancedes territoires nationaux. La secondepartie, qui sera publiée dans notre prochainnuméro, traitera de la gestion des districtsde chasse.

Dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord, l'origine précolombienne des territoires familiaux autochtones a suscité une controverse chez les anthropologues, tout comme la possibilité que les Algonquiens aient élaboré par eux-mêmes des mesures de conservation des ressources fauniques. Pourtant, au début du XVIIe siècle, les Français n'ont aucune difficulté à reconnaître l'existence de territoires dont l'accès est contrôlé par des nations autochtones et qui constituent la propriété collective de l'une d'entre elles; par conséquent, ses chefs en supervisent l'usage par ses membres. Avec le temps, les représentants du roi s'emploient à convaincre les peuples « frères » de s'accorder un droit mutuel de chasser sur leurs terres. Comme en Acadie, il existe en Nouvelle- France des « districts » de chasse bien délimités exploités sous la direction d'un chef de bande familiale. Les membres d'une autre bande ou les étrangers doivent obtenir la permission d'y chasser, quoique les incursions occasionnelles soient acceptées. À compter de 1660, des mesures de conservation sont observées dans la région des Grands Lacs et même dans celle du lac Champlain, mais au XVIIIe siècle, elles ne semblent pas connues sur la Côte-Nord; cependant il paraît peu probable que les autochtones n'aient pas eu les connaissances suffisantes pour en élaborer eux-mêmes. Dans l'ensemble, leur con cep tion du territoire semble d'origine autochtone plutôt que française. Elle repose sur l'existence de limites nationales et de districts bien définis, même si les observateurs français ne cherchent pas à décrire ceux-ci précisément.
Polyphonie d’une crise scolaire en Saskatchewan : le discours journalistique du Patriote de l’Ouest en 1931 et les stratégies discursives de Tante Présentine
Authors: Poliquin Laurent
Published: September 2014

L’une des figures clés des courants idéologiques qui animent la Saskatchewan à partir de 1920 est un ancien inspecteur d’école, James Thomas Milton Anderson, proche du mouvement extrémiste de fraternité chrétienne, le Ku Klux Klan. Devenu premier ministre en 1929, Anderson se donne pour mission de « canadianiser » les immigrants venus s’installer dans la province. Il fait amender la loi scolaire afin d’interdire l’enseignement dans des langues autres que l’anglais. Dans ce contexte, l’étude se propose d’analyser le discours journalistique duPatriote de l’Ouest, l’organe de protestation de la communauté canadienne-française de la Saskatchewan, et d’étudier les impacts de cette lutte entre anglophones et francophones pour la survie de l’école française, dans la rubrique « Les pages écolières »de ce même journal, confiée à une religieuse influente auprès des jeunes, Tante Présentine.
L’ancrage culturel de la minorité française au Manitoba, d’après le discours sur la Saint-Jean-Baptiste dans La Liberté : du « geste de patriotisme pratique » au temps de la colonisation à la « fête franco-manitobaine » des années 1970
Authors: Laporte Dominique
Published: September 2014

En 1970, le journalLa Liberté, de concert avec la Société franco-manitobaine et l’une des dernières Sociétés Saint-Jean-Baptiste au Manitoba, renoue avec la Saint-Jean manitobaine en déclin en vue de réunir dans la municipalité rurale de La Broquerie tous les francophones de cette province. À cette fin, la rédaction laïcisée du journal s’emploie au cours des années 1970 à définir l’identité franco-manitobaine en dehors de l’idéologie canadienne-française. Pourtant, l’enjeu identitaire de cette période se situe en aval de l’évolution des discours institutionnels sur la spécificité de la minorité française au Manitoba après l’entrée de cette province dans la Confédération.
International Student Collaboration and Experiential Exercise Projects as a Professional, Inter-Personal and Inter-Institutional Networking Platform
Authors: Vargas-Hernandez Jose , De Leon-Arias Adrian , Valdes-Zepeda Andres , Castillo-Giron Víctor Manuel
Published: September 2014

This paper has the aim to analyze and to reflect on the experiential exercise from the point of views of instructor and students attending University Center of Economic and Managerial Sciences at University of Guadalajara and participating in the “X-Culture International Student Collaboration Project” as a professional, inter-personal and inter-institutional networking platform.
Directional flank spreading at Mount Cameroon volcano: Evidence from analogue modeling
Authors: Kervyn M. , van Wyk de Vries B. , Walter T. R. , Njome M. S. , Suh C. E. , Ernst G. G. J.
Published: September 2014

Mount Cameroon is characterized by an elongated summit plateau, steep flanks, and topographic terraces around its base. Although some of these features can be accounted for by intrusion‐induced deformation, we here focus on the contribution of edifice‐scale gravitational spreading in the structure of Mount Cameroon. We review the existing geological and geophysical data and morphostructural features of Mount Cameroon and surrounding sedimentary basins. Volcanic ridge gravitational spreading is then simulated by scaled analogue models on which fault formation is recorded using digital image correlation. Three sets of models are presented (i) models recorded in cross section (Type I), (ii) models recorded from above with a uniform (Type IIa), and (iii) nonuniform ductile layer (Type IIb). Type I models illustrate the formation of faults accommodating summit subsidence and lower flank spreading. Type IIa models favor displacement perpendicular to the long axis, with formation of a summit graben and basal folds, but fail to reproduce the steep flanks. Type IIb models investigate the effect of spatial variations in sediment thickness and/or properties consistent with geological evidence. Directional spreading of the volcano's central part perpendicular to the long axis is accounted for by a sediment layer with restricted lateral extent and increasing thickness away from the volcano axis. The later model closely reproduces key features observed at Mount Cameroon: steep upper flanks are accounted for by enhanced lateral spreading of the lower flanks relative to the summit. The relevance of these findings for understanding flank instabilities at large oceanic volcanoes is finally highlighted.
HyperBIRD: A Sensitivity‐Enhanced Approach to Collecting Homonuclear‐Decoupled Proton NMR Spectra
Authors: Donovan Kevin J. , Frydman Lucio
Published: September 2014

Samples prepared following dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enable the detection of NMR spectra from low‐γ nuclei with outstanding sensitivity, yet have limited use for the enhancement of abundant species like 1H nuclei. Small‐ and intermediate‐sized molecules, however, show strong heteronuclear cross‐relaxation effects: spontaneous processes with an inherent isotopic selectivity, whereby only the 13C‐bonded protons receive a polarization enhancement. These effects are here combined with a recently developed method that delivers homonuclear‐decoupled 1H spectra in natural abundance samples based on heteronuclear couplings to these same, 13C‐bonded nuclei. This results in the HyperBIRD methodology; a single‐shot combination of these two effects that can simultaneously simplify and resolve complex, congested 1H NMR spectra with many overlapping spin multiplets, while achieving 50–100 times sensitivity enhancements over conventional thermal counterparts.