bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Do Risk Factors Work Together? Moderators, Mediators, and Other “Inter-actions”
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

When the only known risk factor for AIDS was homosexuality, the theory that the government was responsible was probably as plausible as any other explanation. The mysterious way in which AIDS suddenly began killing gay men understandably could have led to such suspicions. Now that researchers have identified the HIV virus and its modes of transmission, we have moved beyond suspicions and know how to prevent and delay the course of the disease. Ideally at some point in our lifetimes, we will witness the discovery of a vaccination or a cure.
Making the Best of Good Studies
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

Virtually all researchers are aware of—or should be aware of—the problems of assuming correlates identified in cross-sectional studies are risk factors, of estimating risk with retrospective sampling and retrospective reports, of drawing conclusions about causality from observational rather than experimental studies, and of focusing on statistical significance rather than assessing clinical significance. In none of these areas have we been anywhere close to the first people to point out serious issues. Even the relatively new developments we present—strict scientific terminology, using harm and benefit to assess clinical significance, methods to compare potency of risk factors, and sequential use of these methods to optimally use multiple risk factors— are all solidly based on earlier scientific work. Our approach differs in bringing all these issues together, in having a very low tolerance for conclusions likely to be erroneous and in trying to formulate a better strategy for future risk research.
Hope for the Future
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

From all we have said to this point, it should be clear there are no simple answers in medical risk research. At the very least, we need to agree on a common language and find some workable strategy on how to sort, digest, and analyze the massive amount of material generated on a daily basis about health, disease, and medical risk. Indeed, the level of confusion surrounding these health issues is dismaying, particularly given the massive investment we make, financial and otherwise, in biomedical research intended to improve our physical and mental health. Why are the designs of studies, the statistical tools to analyze the results, and the interpretation of the results not already sufficient to assure the accuracy of the conclusions? We have suggested that very few of the problems we have discussed, or the solutions we have proposed, are actually new and unknown to risk researchers. Nevertheless, researchers will still find it easier to continue to use and apply the easy but questionable techniques established by tradition than to adopt the new, unfamiliar, or more difficult ones required to get the right and the complete answers. As we look toward the future, how can we as individuals, physicians, policy makers, and researchers motivate change?
Sick Individuals and Sick Populations
Authors: Rose Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In teaching epidemiology to medical students, I have often encouraged them to consider a question which I first heard enunciated by Roy Acheson: “Why did thispatient get thisdisease at thistime?” It is an excellent starting point because students and doc tors feel a natural concern for the problems of the individual. Indeed, the central ethos of medicine is seen as an acceptance of responsibility for sick individuals. It is an integral part of good doctoring to ask not only, “What is the diagnosis, and what is the treatment?” but also, “Why did this happen, and could it have been prevented?” Such thinking shapes the approach to nearly all clinical and laboratory research into the causes and mechanisms of illness. Hypertension research, for example, is almost wholly preoccupied with the characteristics which distinguish individuals at the hypertensive and normotensive ends of the blood pressure distribution. Research into diabetes looks for genetic, nutritional, and metabolic reasons to explain why some people get diabetes and others do not.
Surveillance and Privacy
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Fairchild Amy L
Published: November 2023

Surveillance has been critical for epidemiological and population-based research into patterns of morbidity and mortality for a wide variety of diseases and conditions. However, the prospect of measures such as long-term monitoring, contact tracing, and quarantine has provoked alarm and concern about the potential for the unwarranted use of surveillance data. Ethical issues are raised by public health surveillance regarding the extent to which name-based reporting violates trust and assumptions that are made about how medical information will be treated. For a brief period, there was discussion about whether emerging rules and regulations for human subjects research should apply to epidemiological studies, whether the principle of informed consent for the use of records was necessary, and if this requirement would render such inquiries virtually impossible. Yet that discussion had no impact on public health surveillance. Although epidemiological research has been the subject of ethical review, it is remarkable that public health surveillance has not been subject to similar oversight.
Genetic Research and Health Disparities
Authors: Sankar Pamela , Cho Mildred K , Condit Celeste M , Hunt Linda M , Koenig Barbara , Marshall Patricia , Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin , Spicer Paul
Published: November 2023

Disparities in health status have increased in the United States in the last 50 years despite remarkable advances in our ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. The poor are the least likely to have benefited from progress in medicine, but economic status does not account completely for these disparities. Even when income and related variables are controlled for, the health status of racial and nonwhite ethnic minorities ranks lower than that of whites on numerous measures. The reasons for this pattern include unequal quality of health care, education, employment, housing, and nutrition. Despite numerous studies that demonstrate the overriding importance of racial discrimination and poverty as the major contributors to health disparities,several recent statements have suggested that genetic research holds considerable promise in the campaign against health disparities. Although genetics broadly influences nearly all aspects of health, extensive research suggests that its direct contribution to the current pattern of health disparities in the United States is secondary to social and environmental influences. Furthermore, overemphasis on genetics as a major explanatory factor in health disparities could lead researchers to miss factors that contribute to disparities more substantially and may also tend to reinforce racial stereotyping, which may contribute to disparities in the first place.
Judgment and Distrust : The Jurisprudence of Crime and the Decline of Judicial Governance
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The great political theorists of the first half of the twentieth century argued about whether legislative or executive power could best express the will of democratic mass publics (Schmitt 1996).Those of the last part of the century could not help but see courts, and the judicial actors within them, as a serious competitor for dominance—at least in the style of mass democracy for which the United States became the distinctive global model (Ely 1980; Habermas 1996).
The Architecture Of Altruism
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

The truth is that when his mind was completely gone, he had the strangest thought of any lunatic in the world ever had, which was that it seemed reason able and necessary for him, both for the sake of his honor and as a service to the nation, to become a knight errant and travel the world with his armor and his horse to seek adventures and engage in everything he had read that knights errant engaged in, righting all manner of wrongs and, by seizing the opportunity and placing himself in danger and ending those wrongs, winning eternal and everlasting fame.
From Polite Protest To The First Sit-In
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

Berkeley student politics was a strange amalgam of freedom and repression in the early 1960s. The repression came from university administrators, who adhered to hoary regulations barring political advocacy on campus. Those regulations dated back to the West Coast Red scare of the 1930s, provoked by the San Francisco general strike. They were reinforced by the cold-war-era Red scare, and kept in place by university officials who thought that the best way to curb radicalism and avoid antagonizing powerful legislators (who controlled the university’s budget) was to keep the campus grounds politically neutral and closed to agitators. In 1964 UC’s president, Clark Kerr, was still enforcing what he termed “the implicit contract of 1935,” which allowed the university to maintain its autonomy from the legislature so long as UC “would not allow its facilities to be used as a ‘platform for propaganda.’” In retrospect, Kerr admitted that this “contract,” designed to keep UC “out of political controversy, lest such controversy disrupt . . . external political . . . relations,” promoted an “antiseptic view of the university.”
“We almost lost”
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

President Kerr viewed the deadlock and collapse of the CCPA negotiations with the FSM as good news. He thought it signaled a weakening of the influence that Savio’s brand of militancy had on Berkeley student politics, and the beginning of the end for the FSM. In a November 10 meeting with Strong and university counsel Thomas Cunningham, Kerr asserted that the FSM “is breaking within its own ranks. The majority is still extremist but the moderates are gaining ground,” and as proof cited the FSM Executive Committee’s “28 to 17 vote the other night” endorsing the resumption of setting up tables on campus in defiance of the free speech ban. Kerr’s low opinion of Savio’s political prospects was reinforced by reports from faculty with ties to moderate students, who disliked the direction that Savio and the Steering Committee were taking. One such professor, Seymour Martin Lipset, reported confidentially to the administration on November 11 that “Savio is giving thought to trying to seize the ASUC [student union] building. Savio is losing control, and is desperate to provoke his own arrest as a means of consolidating his followers.” On the basis of such dubious evidence Kerr became so convinced of Savio’s and the FSM’s decline that he decided against any concessions or further negotiations. Instead Kerr, in Strong’s words, was “playing for time—and the isolation of the extremists.”
Speaking Out And Sitting In
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

The crowd at the noon Sproul Plaza rally on December 2 was huge, some six thousand students. Still, Savio had no idea how many students would find the movement’s grievances sufficiently compelling to join him in sitting in at Sproul Hall after the rally. He and his fellow Steering Committee members had been on an emotional roller coaster in the week leading up to this rally. Only nine days earlier the FSM had held its most ineffective protest, the aborted sit- in. So with fresh memories of that fiasco, under whose weight the FSM had, as Weinberg put it, almost “disintegrated”—and having experienced “a feeling of defeat”—the movement reacted to the disciplinary letters that the administration recently sent to the FSM leadership with both anger and a hopeful sense that those letters (widely viewed as vindictive) presented “an opportunity to push the fight further.” For the FSM leadership, the December 2 rally and sit- in offered a shot at redemption. The movement had “a lot at stake” that day. So “it was a very emotional moment,” one when the FSM faced the question of whether it remained a genuinely popular movement capable of stirring the conscience of the campus. This context helps to account for almost “all the emotional energy” in Savio’s famous speech, which he gave at this rally, seeking to persuade the crowd to sit in.
“Free speech at last”
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

The events of December 2–3, 1964, had proven that the FSM could generate mass protest, headlines, and new ideas about how the university should function. The sit-in had also shown that Savio—with his “bodies upon the gears” speech and “An End to History”—responded to the crisis at Berkeley by soaring to new heights in eloquent dissident oratory. But as Savio and his fellow protesters returned to campus after a night at the Santa Rita jail, the outcome of the free speech struggle was still uncertain. Neither Savio’s famous speech, the mass sit-in, the arrests, nor the effective student strike (in which close to five thousand students and TAs picketed and at least twice that many boycotted classes to protest the Sproul Hall bust) had convinced Kerr to eliminate UC’s restrictions on the content of speech. In fact, Kerr spent the days after the arrests searching for ways to deny the FSM its free speech goals. So even after all the tumult Savio and his fellow FSMers still had their work cut out for them if they were going to prevail. Fortunately for the movement, Savio rose to the occasion. In terms of both political thought and action, he was at his most creative and daring during the crucial days following the sit-in.
Valedictor
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

Mr. Denn, honored guests, members of the faculty, friends and fellow graduates: We who are assembled here today consider ourselves loyal Americans, proud and grateful to call the United States our home. This is as it should be, for God has certainly looked kindly upon us in giving us the freedom and prosperity we enjoy as Americans. And because this Providence-blest land is a precious gift, we must rise to meet the high responsibility we have to protect it—to keep it the land of high ideals that it has been.
Beyond The Cold War
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

The student movement of the 1960s was largely a response of white youth to two great events in the world beyond the university: the domestic crisis brought on by the burgeoning civil rights movement, and the crisis in foreign policy caused by the U.S. colonial war in Vietnam. The lessons learned in these two arenas of struggle should have been mutually reinforcing, and they were for the most politically conscious Participants. They could have led (and sometimes did) to a key political insight: recognition that the U.S. cold war establishment, with its ideology of reflexive “anti-Communism,” is the principal obstacle to solution of America’s chronic social problems, the principal reason for squandered national resources, both material and spiritual, and the principal cause of a U.S. propensity to fight or instigate colonial wars. In this view, the “cold war” in America is a complex of material and ideological institutions which shape and direct national public policy toward favoring profit making over meeting fundamental human needs (preventing “creeping socialism”) and toward goals of “strength” and military “preparedness” over a credible policy of peaceful accommodation.
The Second Generation
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

I would like to begin by acknowledging those of you, especially the students, who have made it possible for me to speak to you here today. Perhaps thanks would be more gracious than mere acknowledgment, but I am not at all sure how appropriate it would be to say thank you for the very stressful opportunity of speaking at the graduation of one’s own son. Particularly so for me, since when someone calls “Mr. Savio” I still must suppress the reflex to look around to see if my father is somewhere in the room. Parents in recent times have grown used to being judged frankly—if not harshly—by their children, a practice which my own generation has had some hand in establishing as a dubious tradition. To rise quickly, then, at the opportunity to be judged in public by one’s son and his friends is, in the Italian proverb, to skip happily into the mouth of the wolf. You know, when I received the letter of invitation I was genuinely surprised— actually shocked. The terror set in only when I sat down to write the speech.
Federal and State Child Support Policies
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 highlighted the central role of high-employment policies. A high-employment economy alone, however, is not sufficient to enable all welfare leavers to sustain full-time employment. Many leavers, especially those with preschool-age children, have difficulty working full time year-round without child care supports. And those families that need them most may have too much income to qualify, or their location may not be convenient.
TANF Reauthorization
Authors: Cherry Robert
Published: November 2023

After four years of heated debate, reauthorization of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF ) program was accomplished as part of the 2005 budget reconciliation bill. In some ways, the final bill was harsher than the earlier House proposals that were rejected by Democrats and some Senate Republicans, causing the prolonged legislative stalemate. Some work requirements were increased beyond previous proposals, and these provisions increased the likelihood that support services for welfare leavers and the working near-poor would be slashed. This gloomy assessment suggests that the “Making Work Pay” approach has been undermined. Indeed, reform critics would argue that this outcome was the inevitable consequence of President Bill Clinton’s capitulation to reactionary forces.
Satire and the Law
Authors: Keane Catherine
Published: November 2023

Satire’s fundamental connection with violence lurks even in the evolved literary state of the genre, as manifested both in programmatic statements and in violent subject matter. Horace’s self-reflexive narrative of human social evolution in Ser mones 1.3 describes physical aggression as an adaptable means of organization that remains as an influence on social life. At the same time, the primitive experimental violence in that account has a more civilized telos, the birth of laws (105-106). It is a key contention of this study that the satirists recognize persistent connections between crude and civilized versions of the same basic behavior, and that in reading the genre we cannot see one version as completely separate from the other. This tension is especially visible in the satiric portrayal of legal process, which Horace represents as the evolved form of punitive and difference-making violence. The present chapter will examine how the satirists both borrow from and portray the world of law and its theoretical construction. Like physical violence, the law both offers a model for satire’s agenda of correction and social organization, and introduces unique theoretical and moral problems into the genre’s image.
Teaching Satire
Authors: Keane Catherine
Published: November 2023

The satirist figure’s associations with theater, violence, and law put him in pre carious positions again and again. ½’hen employed for the purposes of exposing and punishing vice, these practices tend to draw their agents as participants into the arenas (literal or metaphorical) that they are trying to control. But the fragile boundary between agent and victim is exactly what makes satire a uniquely thorough critical endeavor instead of a simple replication of any entertaining or punitive practice. The mobility of the satirist figure allows him access to multiple perspectives on the functions and consequences of his work. By undergoing some of the same procedures of exposure and punishment that his targets do, he secures his position as the hero of his text.
Evolution Of Maya Civilization
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

The evolution of Maya civilization was not a straightforward, progressive development from simple villages to great empires. Instead it today reads as an archaeological drama of fabulous attainments, tumultuous collapses, and renewal. Different areas of the Maya region rose to prominence during the unfolding of this drama. In the Archaic Period (7000–1200 B.C.E.), the southern region (the Pacisfic littoral and the Guatemala highlands) was the most precocious, for example. But in the Classic Period (250–900 C.E.), the south became peripheral to cultural developments in the low-lands, particularly in the Petén region of Guatemala, which is often called the heartland of Maya civilization.
Arithmetic, Astronomy, And The Calendar by Kaylee Spencer-Ahrens and Linnea H. Wren
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

The Maya were excellent mathematicians and superb astronomers. They invented the concept of zero; they devised innovative methods of measuring and dating time; and they painstakingly tracked the movements of celestial bodies. The sophistication of Maya arithmetic, the exactitude of Maya records of planetary movements, and the orderly logic of the Maya calendar reveal the importance of time in the Maya view of the universe To the ancient Maya, time was a dynamic concept by which temporal existence was raised to historic importance, meshed with natural rhythms, and was imbued by spiritual significance. When conceived as a rational framework, time allowed the Maya to order the sequence of daily events, to recollect the past, and to anticipate the future. When conceived as an active structure, time permitted the Maya to discern the shapes of physical space, to measure the cycles of the natural world, and to comprehend the meaning of the supernatural realms. As an evocative metaphor, time furnished the Maya with opportunities to encounter other gods and ancestors. By formulating time in an extraordinary creative series of calendrical and astronomical cycles, the Maya intertwined virtually all aspects of existence into a harmonious pattern.
Written Evidence by Ruth J. Krochock
Authors: Foster Lynn V
Published: November 2023

Our current understanding of ancient Maya civilization has been greatly enhanced by recent advances in our ability to understand Mayan languages and read Maya hieroglyphic texts, but this understanding has been long in coming and is by no means complete. We are fortunate to live at a time when vigorous and productive decipherment is taking place at an ever-increasing speed. Even so, we may never completely understand all that has been written by the ancient Maya.
Geography of Mesopotamia
Authors: Bertman Stephen
Published: November 2023

It was ancient Greek travelers and historians who first gave the land the name by which we know it: Mesopotamia. The name means “the land between the rivers” (from mesos, the Greek word for “between” or “in the middle”; potamos, the Greek word for “river”; and ia, a suffix that the Greeks attached to the names of places). The ancient Mesopotamians did not have a name for the whole land; instead, their mental horizons were limited to the names of the cities and kingdoms where they lived. Today, most of ancient Mesopotamia lies within the borders of modern Iraq, with some parts-to the west and north-in Syrian and Turkish territory.
Government and Society
Authors: Bertman Stephen
Published: November 2023

It is not simply the size of a population or its concentration into large settlements that defines a civilization, but rather the specialized functions of its people and their interdependence and collaboration. Civilization is capable of doing more than earlier forms of society because it represents an amassing of energy that, with leadership, can be directed toward specific ends not feasible, or even conceivable, before. As a by-product of that capability, the individual may, through the use of his or her talents in labor or leisure, achieve a level of productivity or find a degree of fulfillment otherwise not possible.
Transportation and Trade
Authors: Bertman Stephen
Published: November 2023

Because every community depended upon river water to drink and to irrigate its fields, no city was far from the Tigris or Euphrates. Indeed, if over the long course of time a winding river changed its path, the settlers it once served might be forced to abandon their homes. In this way, water could alter the flow of history.
The Legacy of Mesopotamia
Authors: Bertman Stephen
Published: November 2023

What have the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia bequeathed to us? What is their legacy to us, the inhabitants of a world they never could have imagined? In his book, History Begins at Sumer, Samuel Noah Kramer lists 39 “firsts” in recorded history that can be credited to the Sumerians and the culture they created. Many of these belong to the field of religion: “Man’s First Cosmogony and Cosmology,” “Man’s First Golden of the field of religion: “Man’s First Cosmogony and Cosmology,” “Man’s First Golden Moses,”‘ “The First ‘Job,”‘ “The First Liturgic Laments,” “The First Messiahs,” “The First Mater Dolorosa,” “The First Funeral Chants,” “The First Tale of Resurrection,” and “The First ‘St. George.”‘ Others are landmarks in literature: “The First ‘Farmer’s Almanac,’” “The First Animal Fables,’’ “The First Proverbs and Sayings,’’ “Man’s First Epic Literature,’’ “The First Historian,’’ “The First Love Song,’’ “The First Sex Symbolism,’’ “The First Literary Portrait of the Ideal Mother,’’ “The First Lullaby,’’ “The First Literary Imagery,’’ “The First Case of Literary Borrowing,’’ “The First Literary Debates,’’ and “The First Library Catalogue.” Still others are milestones in social history: “The First Legal Precedent,’’ “The First Bicameral Congress,’’ “The First Case of Tax Reduction,’’ “Labor’s First Victory,’’ “The First ‘War of Nerves,’” “The First ‘Sick Society,’” “The First Schools,’’ “The First Case of ‘Apple-Polishing,’” and “The First Case of Juvenile Delinquency.” Rounding out the 39 are “The First Aquarium,’’ “The First Experiment in Shade-Tree Gardening,’’ “The First Long-Distance Champion,’’ and “The First Pharmacopoeia.”
Phenotypic Plasticity and Species Coexistence: Modeling Food Webs as Complex Adaptive Systems
Authors: Peacor Scott D , Riolo Rick L , Pascual Mercedes
Published: November 2023

Many species respond to changes in the density of a second species by modifying phenotypically plastic traits including behavior. Such trait modifications can affect the interaction strength between the responding species and many other species in the system, and, therefore, pair-wise species interaction magnitudes are potentially a function of the density of multiple species. We briefly review recent theoretical studies regarding the potential role of phenotypic plasticity in species interactions (i.e., trait-mediated interactions). While these studies show a stabilizing or destabilizing role of phenotypic plasticity depending on context, we argue that using a complex adaptive systems (CAS) approach can address important features of this problem not possible using traditional theoretical approaches. The adaptive nature of individuals in the short term, and species in the long term, and the feedback between individual level phenotype and the structure and dynamics of the network of interacting species (i.e., the food web), are all hallmarks of CAS. We have constructed an individually-based computational system in which species are created by artificial evolution. An individual organism’s characteristics determine its ability to survive and reproduce, and offspring receive combinations of characteristics from parents with the possibility of slight alterations (i.e., mutations). Using this computational system, we show that phenotypic plasticity can greatly enhance, by unforeseen mechanisms, the coexistence of two competing species that share a common predator. The discovery of unforeseen processes, especially relating to processes that cross scales of organization, is one strength of using the CAS approach. Our initial studies in this simple system suggest that this approach will help us understand the role of phenotypic plasticity when applied to more complex individuals and communities.
On this Rock i Will Build my Church
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Peter is historically significant, and not only because he was Jesus’ chief disciple and was among the first to realize that Jesus had been raised from the dead. To be sure, even on their own terms, these two facts would have made Peter one of the most important people in the history of the Christian religion. But his story was to continue long after the days of Jesus. For Peter played an important role, indeed several important roles, in the burgeoning Christian community that sprang up once the followers of Jesus became convinced of the resurrection.
Paul’s Proclamation According to Later Sources
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

I must confess that when I was in college and a bit later, when I was a beginning graduate student myself, I belonged to the first set of people. Everything looked pretty much alike. When it came to the New Testament, the Gospel of Mark seemed a lot like Luke, which was very much like John, which had a good deal in common with the writings of Paul, which reflected the things said in the book of Acts, and so on. But the more rigorously I was trained in reading these texts in their original languages, the more I developed a refined sense of just how different they really are from each other. I guess this was a conversion experience of my own, as I moved away from thinking everything is basically the same to seeing that everything is richly unique.
Globalization, Trade, Work, and Health
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H
Published: November 2023

Idris is a 10-year-old boy growing up in Dhaka, Bangladesh. As portrayed in the documentary ;lm “A Kind of Childhood,” directed by Tareque and Catherine Masud, Idris works at a garment factory in order to support his family because his blind father is unemployed. When an international nongovernmental organization campaigns against child labor, however, Idris loses his job and the family its income. Local civic organizations, supported through international aid, help Idris and other former child laborers attend school with suspended fees. Because his family still needs money, Idris begins to work as a collector on a three-wheeled minibus, facing the triple perils of treacherous traffic, stress, and contaminated air. When the school schedule changes, he is forced to drop out and transforms his dream of education into one of minibus driver. Idris is involved in a minibus crash, and then faces respiratory problems. As the ;lm progresses, we see Idris age before our eyes; when he becomes ill at the age of 14, he already seems to be an old man (Masud and Masud 2003). As this chapter will illustrate, the factors involved in Idris’s plight, including poverty, child labor, and inadequate health, education, and social protections, are all linked to globalization processes and unsafe working conditions.
The Open-Air Service as Cultural Expression-Themes of Ecclesiastical Inversion
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy
Published: November 2023

Pilgrimages, as other forms of cultural and social symbolic expression, are not created out of thin air at the sudden whim of people or groups; they are generated and continued as a part of ongoing historical and symbolic processes, and they are constructed out of an existing symbolic inventory. The reunion complex of Protestant pilgrimages has grown over time from a number of historical processes and is made up of symbols that have deep roots in the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon culture shared by the American descendants of Scots and Ulster Scots. Among these symbols are those of the regenerative power of nature and of rural worship, especially worship in the open air. A distinctive feature of all the kin-religious gatherings in the Southern United States-whether based on ancestors and kin, sacred place, or ideational community-is that the gatherings have historically taken place outdoors. The tradition of the open-air service, the pattern I call folk liturgy, is an important tradition among American Southerners and one that fits into older Celtic and Anglo-Saxon cultural forms.1
Disaggregating “Culture”
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

. . . two aspects of culture have struck me as particularly relevant in the flat world. One is how outward your culture is: to what degree is it open to foreign influences and ideas? . . . The other, more intangible, is how inward your culture is . . . to what degree is there a sense of national solidarity and a focus on development, to what degree is there trust within the society for strangers to collaborate . . . and to what degree are the elites in the country concerned with the masses . . . ?
Religions and Progress
Authors: Harrison Lawrence E
Published: November 2023

Part Of Our Liberal Tradition is to accord equal respect to all religions. We generally try to avoid comparative value judgments when it comes to religions. This presumption—let’s label it religious relativism—is arguably dominant in the West, and surely in our universities. However, when it comes to the relationship between religion and human progress, I find compelling evidence that some religions do better than others in promoting the goals of democratic politics, social justice, and prosperity.

As an example of a religion that is highly resistant to progress, consider again Voodoo, the dominant religion of Haiti and a surrogate for the many animist religions of Africa, the birthplace of Voodoo. Not only does Voodoo nurture irrationality; it also nurtures a sense of impotence and fatalism and discourages the entrepreneurial vocation. It focuses on the present, not the future. It is also essentially without ethical content, at least in the sense of the Golden Rule behaviors so central to the typology. I believe that Voodoo has made a major contribution to the sociopolitical pathology, including poverty and extremely low levels of trust, that has plagued Haiti’s history. I also believe that, as Daniel Etounga-Manguelle argues in Culture Matters, animist religions have similarly impeded progress in many African countries.
Two Revisions of Millennialism
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

In 1909 William Newton Clarke, a leading liberal Baptist theologian, looking back over his career, recalled that during the 1870s American evangelicals had debated with unusual fervor the question of the return of Christ. “The premillennial and postmillennial views of the advent,” he recollected, “were presented, elaborated, and defended, sometimes with conspicuous power.” This debate concerning the “last times” was intimately related to a crisis in basic assumptions that was rending the Western Christian world during Clarke’s lifetime. New patterns of thought demanded that intellectual inquiry focus on describing the natural forces that seemed to determine how change took place.
History, Society, and the Church
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

More explicitly articulated than their Baconianism (which they simply regarded as self-evident common sense), the dispensationalists’ other distinct intellectual predisposition was a strong inclination toward the supernatural. “Heightened supernaturalism”1 appeared everywhere in dispensationalist thought. Their view of the supernatural origins of Scripture rendered the human element negligible. They stood firm against any erosion of traditional doctrinal emphasis on the miraculous, especially in fundamental teachings about the birth, work, death, and resurrection of Christ.
Holiness and Fundamentalism
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

The death of D. L. Moody in 1899 and the end of the nineteenth century coincided with the beginnings of serious fragmentation within the evangelical revivalist movement. The dispensationalist movement began to break apart over the issue of whether the secret rapture would remove believers from earth before or after the “tribulation” of the end times. Although contact among the leader:. of the two camps continued (with the Scofield Gaebelein pretribulationists dominant), the controversy brought the demise of the important Niagara Bible Conference in 1901 and a cessation of the “international” prophetic conferences from 1901 to 1914.
The Fundamentals
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

The Fundamentals was conceived by a Southern California oil millionaire and edited by Bible teachers and evangelists. Published in twelve paperback volumes from 1910 to 1915, it was meant to be a great “Testimony to the Truth” and even something of a scholarly tour de force. Lyman Stewart, the chief promoter and financial backer, described the prospective authors as “the best and most loyal Bible teachers in the world.” He had a business man’s confidence that the product would “doubtless be the masterpieces of the writers.’’ Stewart hired as his first editor A. C. Dixon, a well-known evangelist and author, then pastor of Moody Church in Chicago.
The Fundamentalist Offensive on Two Fronts: 1920-1921
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Between 1920 and 1925 fundamentalism took shape as a movement distinct from its antecedents and representing more than just the sum of the sub movements that supported it. It flourished on two fronts. In the major denominations fundamentalists battled against those who denied, or would tolerate denials of, the fundamentals of the traditional faith. In American culture as a whole they fought to stop the teaching of evolution in the public schools. By the early summer of 1925 fundamentalists appeared to be on the verge of winning major victories that would legislate reversals of long developing trends away from evangelical orthodoxy in both churches and culture.
Would the Liberals Be Driven from the Denominations? 1922-1923
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

Sentiment for the fundamentalist program of recovering lost national foundations was growing rapidly, and the fundamentalists were in the optimal position to push their demand for faithfulness to the Bible in the denominations. In those denominations where there were large parties on each side, schism was widely feared. Everyone concerned seemed to envision the fundamentalists driving the liberals out of these denominations. Although in retrospect the obstacles to such an outcome are obvious, they were not all apparent in the spring of 1922, as the Baptist fundamentalists were laying plans to press their seeming advantage.
Instilling Hope: The Efficacy of Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Group Treatment for Female Patients with Depressive Disorders
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan
Published: November 2023

Depression is the one of the most prevalent mental health conditions affecting millions of people around the globe. The Global Burden of Disease study (Murray & Lopez, 1996) states that depression is a leading cause of disability and will account for 15 percent of diseases worldwide by the year 2020. In Taiwan, various treatment programs and approaches have been developed for treating depression. The Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit model (Chan, 2001) integrates concepts and practices from Western therapy, Eastern philosophies of Buddhism, Daoism, as well as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to create positive changes in clients. This chapter introduces and discusses findings of the efficacy of this model for Taiwanese patients with depressive disorders.
Diagnostic and Screening Tests
Authors: Weiss Noel S
Published: November 2023

Providers of health care perform tests on a patient largely to obtain information that will influence the management of that patient’s care. If the test is done in response to a symptom, sign, or condition known to be present in the patient, it is referred to as a “diagnostic” test. Tests that are performed in the absence of symptoms or signs in order to identify illnesses at an early stage or to identify predictors of future illness are termed “screening” tests. When you as a provider choose to buy information in the form of the results of diagnostic or screening tests, you do so because you believe that the value of the information exceeds its price. The value of a test result depends both on its accuracy and on how important the result is in leading to action(s) that bear on the individual’s well-being.
Natural History of Illness
Authors: Weiss Noel S
Published: November 2023

Natural history studies permit the development of rational strategies for attempting the early detection of untoward consequences in persons who have the symptom, sign, or condition under study. For example, knowledge of the rate at which various early forms of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia progress, either to later forms or to invasive cervical cancer, would have an important bearing on determining the timing of re-examination in women with early intraepithelial neoplasia. Similarly, in patients who have undergone surgery for peptic ulcer disease, the decision to conduct periodic endoscopic surveillance of the gastric remnant, so that early cancer can be identified and treated, depends heavily on these patients’ actual incidence of gastric cancer.
Health Care Evidence-Based Practice A Product of Political and Cultural Times
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F , Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

We firmly believe that practice accountability through quality assurance measures and operational improvement, utilization of outcome measures, systematic research, and evidence-based practice will become the dominant challenge for all health care and human service professionals in the current decade. “Increasingly federal, state, and foundation funding sources will demand proof of the effectiveness of specific service interventions” (Austin & Roberts, 2002, p. 826) in health care and human service agencies. We predict that there will be intense pressures on professionals in mental health and substance abuse treatment managed care programs to document and measure quality of service, program, and client outcomes. Effectiveness and outcome data will come from rapid assessment measures, case observations, case records, and multiple methodologically rigorous, randomized clinical research trials in different settings.
Introduction: The Criticism of Asceticism in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Freiberger Oliver
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the term asceticism has become popular in the liberal arts. In several fields of study, scholars have used it for analyzing cultural expressions, expanding its semantics often well beyond the ordinary sense. This new trend has precedents, but few contemporary writers link their approaches to previous studies. One of the first scholars expanding the meaning of asceticism was Max Weber, who made a distinction between “other worldly” asceticism (the practice of monastics and renunciants) and “this-worldly” asceticism (the practice rooted in the vocational ethic of Protestantism).
Assigning Tasks and Leadership Responsibilities
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, we’ve described the group dynamics dictated by Robert’s Rules—a parliamentary approach that, at the end of the day, is all about process. But another way to compare Robert’s Rules with CBA is to look at the players involved. What roles do they play? What are their respective responsibilities? Perhaps most important, where does leadership come from, and how is it exercised? In parliamentary procedure, there are really only four players. These are: the public at large, the deliberative body (which we’ll consider collectively as one player), the moderator (or chair), and in some cases, the parliamentarian. Let’s look briefly at their roles and responsibilities. The general public is at least one step removed from the action. It is almost entirely reactive, responding or failing to respond to the actions of a deliberative body like a town meeting. If the public gets angry enough about one or more issues, they can change the composition of the deliberative body, for example, at the ballot box. The deliberative body proposes and disposes, following the tight script laid down by Robert’s Rules.
Convening
Authors: Susskind Lawrence E , Cruikshank Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

Anyone can initiate a consensus-building process by raising the idea with the right individual(s) or official(s) in charge. The critical step at the outset is to identify a potential convener—an elected or appointed official or a senior official in the private sector with the formal authority to take action. This person does not need to know very much about CBA in order to play a convening role. At the outset, it is crucial to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using consensus building, rather than relying exclusively on whatever the usual way of making group decisions might be.
Über die Umkehrung der Naturgesetze
Authors: Schrödinger E
Published: November 2023

A decade before his 1926 paperb reporting his discovery of wave mechanics, a derivation of the time-independent wave equation, and its solutions for hydrogen-like atoms, Erwin Schrödinger had carried out several studies dealing with Brownian motion. It is clear from several of the papers he wrote that he was completely familiar with diffusion equations, the Fokker-Planck equation in many forms, their connections with Green’s functions, and with behavior of systems of particles undergoing random walks including those in force fields.c Thus, it is not surprising that Schrödinger was aware of the relation of the Schrödinger equation in imaginary time, to the diffusion equation governing particles undergoing diffusion, In this paper, with the title “On the Reversal of Natural Laws,” Schrödinger pointed out the remarkable formal analogy of diffusion with quantum mechanics and the discrepancies introduced by the factor J=T. In his discussion Schrödinger made the statement, “I am unable to foresee whether this analogy will prove itself useful in the clarification of quantum mechanical concepts,” but he finished the paper with the hope it would. There is no indication that Schrödinger was aware of the possibilities of a next step into quantum Monte Carlo - the use of random walks to provide solutions to the wave equation. This was left for others to discover later.
Spin-orbit coupling in variational quantum Monte Carlo calculations
Authors: Flad H J , Dolg M , Shukla A
Published: November 2023

Although several types of spin interactions had been included in earlier QMC studies in nuclear physics, this is the first paper to report QMC calculations including the spin-orbit effect for atomic systems. The problem treated is that of predicting the effect of valence electron correlation on the energies of eigenstates involving the 6s2 6p2 valence electrons of the isoelectronic species Pb, m+, and Po2+. Experimental measurements of the fine-structure splittings provided a challenging target for the authors. It was necessary to simplify the problem with a series of approximations, beginning with a pseudopotential to eliminate the 78 electrons of the Pt core. A semi-local spin-orbit-averaged relativistic pseudopotential was used for this purpose. With total spin and spatial angular momentum variable, the trial wavefunctions were expressed as linear combinations of LS-coupled wavefunctions, similar in form to functions without spin-orbit coupling, but very much more complicated in detail. The calculations were carried out in variational QMC with a generalized Metropolis algorithm, in effect diffusion with drift, but without multiplication. The results were expressed as excitation energies for the 6s2 6p2  3 A, 3 P2,1 D2, and 1  So electronic states of Pb, Bi+, and Po2+ with respect to the 3  Po ground state. The values were typically accurate within a few percent and comparable to those of equivalent all-electron and pseudopotential calculations by multireference configuration interaction methods.