bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic CMOS Technology Based on Interface Doped Pentacene
Authors: Ahles Marcus , Schmechel Roland , Seggern Heinz von
Published: September 2016

An organic complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverter based on pentacene acting as both n- and p-type organic semiconductor is presented. The circuit consists of two spatially separated transistors which are realized within one continuous pentacene layer. Both transistors act exclusively in unipolar mode with electron and hole mobilities of 0.11 cm2V-1s-1 and 0.10 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. In the domain of the n-channel, electron accumulation in the pentacene is enabled by deposition of traces of calcium acting as electron donator. The CMOS inverter works reliably within the range of the supply voltage (60 V) with a gain in between 17 and 24 which is among the highest values observed in organic systems. Nevertheless, the circuit shows hysteresis, which is explained by a gate voltage depending trap occupation in the n-channel.
Nanoscale Measurements of Electronic Properties in Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Tal Oren , Rosenwaks Yossi , Roichman Yohai , Tessler Nir , Chan Calvin K. , Kahn Antoine
Published: September 2016

Kelvin probe force microscopy was used for extraction of the threshold and the pinch off voltages in organic thin film transistors. The first was determined by direct detection of the charge accumulation onset and the latter by a direct observation of the pinch off region formation. In addition, an effective threshold voltage shift can be extracted from the pinch-off voltage as a function of charge concentration. The dependence of the effective threshold voltage on the gate voltage must be considered when calculating charge carrier concentrations in organic thin film transistors.
Power Dependence and Turn-On Dynamics of Polymer Photocells - Extracting Mobilities and Analyzing Morphologies
Authors: Rappaport Noam , Tessler Nir
Published: September 2016

We present an analytic description for the loss of photocurrent efficiency at moderate light intensities and demonstrate a simple technique for extracting the mobility of electrons in semiconducting polymer layers. The underlying theoretical analysis, which is based on a simple drift-recombination scheme, shows good agreement with the measured intensity dependent photocurrent quantum efficiency. The electron mobility extraction is demonstrated for pristine MEH-PPV. The same physical framework is then used to describe the switch on of the photocurrent and the buildup of electron and hole concentrations inside the device. By analyzing the time evolution of the measured photocurrent transient we find an independent verification for the results extracted from the intensity dependence measurements. We use the combination of theoretical and experimental study to discuss the role recombination and space charge effects in reducing photocurrent efficiency.
A Structural Investigation of Polypyrrole as a Function of Oxidation State
Authors: Warren Mya R. , Madden John D.
Published: September 2016

Polypyrrole exhibits actuation under electrochemical doping and undoping of the polymer matrix. Active strain and x-ray diffraction measurements are performed in order to correlate the microscopic and macroscopic structural changes occurring during actuation. Under galvanostatic reduction, the film shows first a linear contraction with oxidation state due to expulsion of small anions. At 50% of the as-grown doping level, the film reverses direction and begins to expand, possibly due to incorporation of the larger cations. X-ray diffraction, however, does not show a linear contraction or expansion in the crystalline portions of the polymer. The polymer crystallites go through a sudden contraction in one dimension of approximately 14%, and otherwise remain constant. The contraction in the polypyrrole crystals occurs at the 50% doping level, and may be correlated with the reversal of macroscopic actuation.
Tuning of Metal Work Functions with Self-Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Boer B. de , Hadipour A. , Mandoc M. M. , Blom P. W. M.
Published: September 2016

We demonstrate the tuning of metal work functions by chemically modifying the metal surface through the formation of chemisorbed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) derived from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorinated alkanethiols and hexadecanethiol. The ordering inherent in the SAMs creates an effective, molecular dipole at the metal/SAM interface, which increased the work function of Ag (φAg∼4.4 eV) to 5.5 eV (Δφ∼1.1 eV) for 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorinated alkanethiols. Hexadecanethiol on the other hand shifted φAg to 3.8 eV (Δφ ∼0.6 eV). On Au, the SAM of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol raised φAu (4.9 eV) with 0.6 eV to 5.5 eV, whereas hexadecanethiol decreased φAu by 0.8 eV. These chemically modified electrodes were applied in the fabrication of polymer LEDs and the hole injection into poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) was investigated. An Ohmic contact for hole injection between a silver electrode functionalized with the perfluorinated SAMs, and MEH-PPV with a HOMO of 5.3 eV was established. Conversely, a silver electrode modified with a SAM of hexadecanethiol lowered φAg to 3.8 eV blocked the hole injection into PPV, which enables studying the electron transport in composite devices. The electron-only current was measured in a polymer/polymer blend photovoltaic cell based on MDMO-PPV (as donor) and poly[oxa-1,4-phenylene-(1-cyano-1,2-vinylene)-(2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-phenylene)-1,2-(2-cyanovinylene)-1,4-phenylene] (PCNEPV, acceptor). This method demonstrates a simple and attractive approach to modify and improve metal/organic contacts in organic electronic devices like LEDs, photovoltaic cells, and FETs.
A General Synthetic Approach to Novel Bis(tetracenyl) Aromatics for OFET Application
Authors: Roth Michael , Rehahn Matthias , Ahles Marcus , Schmechel Roland , Seggern Heinz von
Published: September 2016

A molecular tool box is presented, allowing the efficient synthesis of a broad variety of bis(tetracenyl) aromatics. These materials might be of considerable interest as semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors. The general synthetic strategy applied here involves Diels-Alder reactions of bromobenzocyclobutene derivatives and arene-1,4-endoxides[1], followed by transition-metal catalyzed condensation reactions of the formed 9-bromo-6,11-dihydrotetracene derivatives with aryldiboronic and -stannyl derivatives, respectively. In the final step, the resulting bis(dihydrotetracenyl) derivatives were dehydrogenated, giving the bis(tetracenyl) aromatics in good yields. They were characterized using NMR, UV-vis and mass spectrometry. Moreover, for some of these semiconductors the charge carrier mobility in thin film transistors has been determined.
Efficient Polymeric Light-emitting Devices with Aluminum Cathode
Authors: Deng X. Y. , Wong K. Y.
Published: September 2016

By blending poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) into an electroluminescence (EL) polymer, significantly enhanced EL efficiency in a polymer light–emitting diode (PLED) with aluminum electrode was achieved. An orange-color-emitting PLED with 10 wt% PEG blending achieved device efficiencies exceeding 2.6 cd/A for a wide range of bias voltage, which is more than two orders of magnitude higher than that for a similar PLED without the PEG blending. A similar enhancement was observed by introducing PEG as an ultra-thin interfacial layer between the emissive polymer and the cathode. The enhancement was also observed for several different species of emissive polymers, and for blending with either PEG or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with different molecular weights. The enhanced efficiency was a result of the reduction of electron injection barrier height at the cathode-polymer interface. It is believed that interfacial interaction that is specific to Al plays an important role in the enhancement mechanism.
Systematic Modification of Indium Tin Oxide to Enhance Diode Device Behavior
Authors: Guo Jing , Koch Norbert , Schwartz Jeffrey , Bernasek Steven L.
Published: September 2016

Monolayers of tin complexes of phenoxide ligands spanning a range of dipole moments were prepared on the surface of ITO via simple metathesis reactions. They were characterized by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) and a Kelvin probe. A nearly linear relationship was found between the measured ITO work functions and dipoles of the surface complexes. Measurements of current densities of diode devices built on surface modified ITO anodes were made, and a correlation was found between the total surface dipole per unit area and these current densities. Simple OLED devices were also constructed using these modified anodes.
Effects of Various Types of Doping on the Electronic Structure of Organic Interfaces
Authors: Seki Kazuhiko , Nishi Toshio , Tanaka Senku , Ikame Tadanobu , Ishii Hisao , Kanai Kaname
Published: September 2016

In various organic electronic devices, interfaces formed by organic layers can play important roles. We have been studying various organic interfaces for clarifying their structure and electronic structure. In this talk, we will report our recent study of the effect of various types of doping for a variety of dopants – residual impurity, atmospheric gases, and metallic and organic intentional dopants. In particular, detailed and quantitative information about the effect of oxygen from the viewpoint of electronic structure was obtained for titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc), and the results corresponded well with the recent report of atmospheric effect on orga nic field effect transistor.
Mechanical Properties of Oligothiophene Self Assembled Films by Atomic Force Microscopy.
Authors: Ratera Imma , Chen Jinyu , Murphy Amanda , Ogletree Frank , Fréchet Jean M. J. , Salmeron Miquel B.
Published: September 2016

The oligothiophene derivative (4-(5″″-tetradecyl-[2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2″′;5″′,2″″] pentathiophen-5-yl)-butyric acid (C14-5TBA) was synthesized and the structural and mechanical properties of self-assembled monolayers on mica have been studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The films were prepared by drop casting a dilute THF solution (1mM) of the oligothiphene on mica. Islands containing primarily monolayers with a very small percentage of multilayers were formed. The molecules adsorb through the carboxylic group, and expose the alkyl chain (CH2)13CH3. High resolution AFM scans reveal a well ordered structure of molecules with unit cell dimensions of 0.65 and 0.46 nm. Applying load to the tip, the molecular film was gradually compressed from an initial height of 4.1nm to a final one of 2.6 nm, corresponding to atilt of the alkyl chains. In regions covered with bilayers the molecules in the second layer were oriented opposite to those in the first layer, thus exposing the carboxylic end group to the air. These second layer was easily removed as the tip pressure increased.
Highly Transparent and Conductive CdO Thin Films as Anodes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yang Yu , Huang Qinglan , Metz Andrew W. , Jin Shu , Ni Jun , Wang Lian , Marks Tobin J.
Published: September 2016

In this paper, CdO thin films are used for the first time as transparent anodes for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Highly conductive and transparent CdO thin films have been grown on glass and on single-crystal MgO(100) by low pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at 400°C, and were implemented in small-molecule OLED fabrication. Device response and applications potential have been investigated and compared with those of commercial ITO-based control devices. It is found that as-deposited CdO thin films are capable of injecting holes into such devices, rendering them promising anode materials for OLEDs. A maximum luminance of 32,000 cd/m2 and an external forward quantum efficiency of 1.4 %, with a turn-on voltage of 3.2 V are achieved on MgO(100)/CdO-based devices.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites as Hole Injection Layer for Organic Light Emitting Diode Applications
Authors: Oey C. C. , Djuršić A. B. , Kwong C. Y. , Cheung C. H. , Chan W. K. , Chui P. C.
Published: September 2016

In this work, blends of dispersed short (∼500 nm) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS) were investigated as hole injection layers in OLEDs consisting of N,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (NPB) as a hole transporting and tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as electron transporting and emitting layer. The devices were characterized by electroluminescence and current-voltage measurements. By comparing the performance of devices fabricated using different surfactants (polyethyleneimine (PEI) and Gum Arabic (GA)) in dispersing SWCNTs and those prepared without surfactants, it was found that the use of appropriate surfactants can improve the OLEDs performance. Improved efficiency was obtained for optimized SWCNTs concentration compared to the devices with pure PEDOT:PSS, although maximum luminance is lower. The PEDOT:PSS:SWCNT nanocomposite layers are characterized and the reasons for the improved OLED performance are discussed.
Fabrication of RR-P3HT-based TFTs using low-temperature PECVD silicon nitride passivation
Authors: Koul Sarswati , Vygranenko Yuri , Li Flora , Sazonov Andrei , Nathan Arokia
Published: September 2016

Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) is a commercially available semiconducting polymer. Its high processability makes it favorable for fabrication of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Depending on the processing technique and device configuration, the field effect mobility of this polymer ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 cm2/Vs. The mobility also shows a correlation with the choice of gate dielectric material. The most commonly reported dielectric materials for OTFTs are SiO2, Al2O3 and Ta2O5. In this work, we report a new fully encapsulated top-gate RR-P3HT-based TFT structure with a-SiNx implemented as the gate dielectric and passivation material. The fabrication process enables realization of discrete transistors and transistor circuits through four consecutive photolithographic steps. The process is compatible for various substrates including Corning glass, Si wafers, and any appropriate plastic substrates. This paper addresses a number of critical technological issues such as substrate surface treatment to improve film adhesion, optimal spin coating conditions for uniform polymer film formation, preparation of device quality a-SiNx films by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at 75°C substrate temperature, and a tailored etch process for patterning of the polymer film. Current-voltage characteristics of the fabricated transistors are analyzed to evaluate the quality of the polymer/a-SiNx interface.
Microscopic Morphology of Thin Films of Phthalocyanine/Perylene Blends for Organic Solar Cell Devices
Authors: Vlad Alexandru , Serban Dana A. , Viville Pascal , Cupere Vinciane De , Zucchi Gael , Melinte Sorin , Bayot Vincent , Lazzaroni Roberto , Geerts Yves
Published: September 2016

We report on the microstructure of 2(3)-9(10)-16(17)-23(24)-tetra(2-decyltetradecyloxy)- phthalocyanine/peryleneoleylamine (PcH2/PTCDI) blends. Thin films, to be used as active layers in organic photovoltaic cells, were prepared by spin coating and spin casting of dilute toluene solutions on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The morphology of the thin films has been studied using Tapping Mode (TM) atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereas Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to reveal the various top electrode morphologies, inherent to the different film processing conditions.
Fehlversorgungen in „BARF“-Futterplänen für einen Wurf Berner-Sennenhund-Welpen
Authors: Mack Julia K. , Kienzle Ellen
Published: September 2016

Anamnese: Die Züchterin eines Wurfs Berner-Sennenhund-Welpen wünschte eine Überprüfung der von ihr erstellten BARF(Biologischartgerechte Rohfütterung)-Futterpläne für die verschiedenen Wachstumsphasen. Die Anamnese ergab, dass die Welpen zum Zeitpunkt der Anfrage für ihr Alter (6 Wochen) und ihr erwartetes Endgewicht untergewichtig waren. Die Mutterhündin gab fast keine Milch mehr. Rationsüberprüfung: Bei der Überprüfung der Futterpläne für die verschiedenen Wachstumsphasen wurden neben einer Unterversorgung mit Energie und zeitweise auch Protein insbesondere erhebliche Fehlversorgungen mit Kalzium und Phosphor festgestellt. Kalium, Natrium, Kupfer, Zink, Mangan, Jod sowie verschiedene Vitamine waren phasenweise oder über den gesamten durch die Futterpläne abgedeckten Zeitraum unzureichend in der Ration enthalten. Klinische Relevanz: Derartige Fehlversorgungen können bei Welpen, insbesondere solchen großwüchsiger Rassen, zu erheblichen Störungen des Wachstums und der Entwicklung führen. Daher erscheint eine sorgfältige Überprüfung selbst zusammengestellter Rationen (zur rohen oder gekochten Fütterung) durch spezialisierte Tierärzte, dringend geboten, um irreversible Schäden und dauerhafte Folgeerscheinungen für die Hunde zu vermeiden.
Prevalência de sobrecarga e respectivos fatores associados em cuidadores de idosos dependentes, em uma região pobre do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Lino Valéria Teresa Saraiva , Rodrigues Nadia Cristina Pinheiro , Camacho Luiz Antônio Bastos , OʼDwyer Gisele , Lima Idenalva Silva de , Andrade Mônica Kramer de Noronha , Atie Soraya
Published: September 2016

Resumo: O envelhecimento populacional ocasionou aumento da dependência e da sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares de idosos dependentes. O objetivo foi verificar, entre cuidadores familiares, a prevalência de sobrecarga e os fatores associados a ela em uma região pobre e violenta do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 140 idosos e cuidadores familiares, para investigar apoio social, maus tratos, coabitação e sobrecarga nos cuidadores familiares, além de dependência, declínio cognitivo e depressão no idoso. Modelos logísticos múltiplos foram construídos no intuito de explicar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores familiares. As seguintes características dos idosos se associaram à sobrecarga: idade (OR = 0,94; p < 0,002), depressão (OR = 2,59; p < 0,005) e declínio cognitivo (OR = 3,19; p < 0,03). Em relação aos fatores dos cuidadores familiares, apenas apoio social manteve a relevância (OR = 2,35; p < 0,005). Conclui-se que investigar e tratar depressão e demência em idosos, assim como prover apoio aos seus cuidadores, podem contribuir para o manejo efetivo da sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares, melhorando a qualidade do cuidado e a saúde de ambos.
Prevalência e fatores associados à infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre agentes comunitários de saúde no Brasil, usando-se a prova tuberculínica
Authors: Rogerio Wesley Pereira , Prado Thiago Nascimento do , Souza Fernanda Mattos de , Pinheiro Jair dos Santos , Rodrigues Patrícia Marques , Sant’anna Amanda Pissinate do Nascimento , Jesus Kássia Gomes de , Cerutti Junior Crispim , Lima Rita de Cássia Duarte , Maciel Ethel Leonor Noia
Published: September 2016

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados à infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis entre agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), usando dois pontos de corte da prova tuberculínica 5mm e 10mm. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com dados coletados sobre sexo, idade, cicatriz de BCG, prova tuberculínica (PT) anterior, tempo que trabalha na profissão de ACS, atuar em unidade básica de saúde (UBS), ter tido contato intradomiciliar com tuberculose (TB), usar álcool, ser fumante e apresentar comorbidades. Para controle de variáveis de confusão e estimativa da medida de efeito (OR), foi empregada a regressão logística. Aplicou-se PT, com leitura após 48-72 horas. As prevalências foram de 57,88% e 37,3%, respectivamente, para 5mm e 10mm. Manteve-se associada à positividade para o ponto de corte de 10mm a condição de trabalhar em UBS com Programa de Controle de Tuberculose (PCT) implementado e já ter tido contato intradomiciliar com TB. Já para o ponto de corte de 5mm, trabalhar em UBS com PCT e implementado. São necessárias ações de conscientização nos municípios e fortalecimento das ações de educação permanente sobre a temática.
Padrões alimentares de crianças menores de cinco anos de idade residentes na capital e em municípios da Bahia, Brasil, 1996 e 1999/2000
Authors: Matos Sheila Maria Alvim de , Barreto Mauricio Lima , Rodrigues Laura Cunha , Oliveira Valterlinda A. , Oliveira Lucivalda P. M. , D?Innocenzo Silvana , Teles Carlos Antonio Santos , Pereira Sheila Regina dos Santos , Prado Matildes da Silva , Assis Ana Marlúcia Oliveira
Published: September 2016

Estudo transversal com 3.817 pré-escolares, 1.770 residentes em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, e 2.047 nas áreas urbana e rural de 10 municípios baianos. Utilizou-se recordatório de 24 horas (R24h) e empregou-se análise fatorial por componentes principais com objetivo de identificar e comparar os principais padrões alimentares dessas crianças. Estratificou-se a amostra por idade e área. Antes dos seis meses de vida o leite materno compôs o 2o e 3o padrões com carga positiva para crianças dos dez municípios. Para menores de 17 meses, o padrão 1 foi caracterizado por leite de vaca, farinhas e açúcares. Em áreas urbanas, pão/biscoito, arroz, feijão e carne integraram o padrão 2 aos 6-17 meses. Aos 18-23 meses, o padrão 1 apresentou carga negativa para açúcares, leite de vaca e farinhas, exceto na área rural. Frutas não fizeram parte do padrão 1 no grupo de 24 meses e mais. Observou-se baixo consumo de leite materno e pouca variação de frutas e legumes a partir dos seis meses. Tal perfil de consumo alimentar indica a necessidade de intervenções cada vez mais precoces para promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis.
As Contribuições da Pedagogia de François Delsarte para o Ensino da Dança Moderna
Authors: Vieira Marcilio de Souza
Published: September 2016

RESUMO O presente texto apresenta algumas contribuições da pedagogia de Delsarte para a dança moderna. Revolucionário do movimento e do gesto para as artes cênicas, o delsartismo contribuiu significativamente para a emancipação da dança na América e na Europa. Mesmo não tendo criado um sistema especificamente para a dança, este foi difundido por seus discípulos e influenciou uma geração de dançarinos modernos. Este texto objetiva refletir a influência da pedagogia de François Delsarte para a dança, bem como contribuir para um pensamento de dança (moderna) renovador. A abordagem metodológica utilizada para a reflexão do tema proposto parte da análise de conteúdo.
Lessons from structural failures in India
Authors: Satish Kumar Rajaram
Published: September 2016

Structural design and construction involves several stages and needs both talent and co-operation of the concerned persons. Lack of expertise and mistakes in design or execution can result in failure of the structure. In developing countries, the lack of regulations related to the required qualifications and expertise of the people involved, coupled with the lack of a strong legal framework to deal with the consequences of failure, translates into frequent structural failures. In this paper, the issues leading to such failures are discussed in the Indian context. Several case studies are cited based on the author’s personal experience, and their causes for failure as well as the possible strategies to avoid them are discussed. It is pointed out that mere documentation of codes and standards is not adequate to ensure safe structures and the awareness about forensic engineering and case studies may help in improving the situation.
Greenhouse gas from ridership on the Jubilee Line Extension
Authors: Saxe Shoshanna , Denman Steve
Published: September 2016

This paper examines changes in travel behaviour associated with ridership on the Jubilee Line Extension in east London, UK and the resulting impacts on greenhouse gas emissions. The paper looks at initial changes in mode choice after the line opened in 1999 and ongoing mode share trends through to 2011. The initial mode shift is assessed through an analysis of published travel survey data and the annual Transport for London Rolling Origin Destination Survey. Longitudinal changes in mode share are assessed using the London Travel Demand Survey and the relationship between metro accessibility and mode choice. From 2000 to 2011 the calculated greenhouse gas savings are 338 ktCO2e; approximately equivalent to the annual average greenhouse gas emissions of 43 000 UK residents.
An Overview on the Possibility of Scandium and REE Occurrence in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Maulana Adi , Sanematsu Kenzo , Sakakibara Masayuki
Published: September 2016

DOI:10.17014/ijog.3.2.139-147The development in modern-high technology application is growing rapidly, resulting in the constant supply of critical metal and rare earth elements (REE). Currently, resources of these elements are restricted and new source of these elements need to be discovered accordingly. Scandium (Sc) as one of critical metals is an important metal for electrolyte of solid oxide fuel cells and other advance technology. In addition, REE are the important elements in the use of permanent magnets and rechargeable batteries. This manuscript reports an overview on the possibility of scandium and rare earth element occurrences in Sulawesi. Sc is concentrated in limonite layers in Soroako ultramafic rocks as a result of Fe3+ site substitution of mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, etc.) during a laterization process. REE are enriched in association with clay minerals in B horizon from heavily weathered granitic rocks in Palu and Masamba, suggesting the possibility of ion-adsorption style mineralization. The lateritic soil of the ultramafic rocks and the weathered crusts of the granitic rocks in Sulawesi could be the potential sources of scandium and rare earth elements, respectively.
Functional Bracing for the Fracture Management in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Case Report
Authors: Singhal Aanshu , Dharmshaktu Ganesh Singh , Singh Pankaj
Published: September 2016

Autism spectrum disorders affect behavior and alter personality of the affected individual to variable extent. The associated mental retardation and disinterested social interaction makes the treatment difficult. The fracture care in such patients is challenging and requires good understanding of the condition and that of patient. The involvement of family with active participation and supervised efforts are paramount in avoiding untoward complications. We highlight challenges of fracture care in one such adult female and effective role of functional bracing for a satisfactory outcome in selected cases.
Relation of Serum Adenosine Deaminase to Some Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dasegowda Shashikala Magadi , Jeppu Ashok Kumar , Sushith  , Kumar Kavitha Ashok
Published: September 2016

Aim: Study was conducted to compare and correlate the levels of serum adenosine deaminase and serum uric acid with Fasting Plasmaglucose (FPG), Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: Study group consisted of 60 diabetics and 50 age and sex matched healthy individuals. Blood sample was collected in fasting state and two hours after the food for estimation of serum Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), uric acid, parameters of lipid profile, fasting and postprandial glucose. Result: An increased level of serum ADA, FPG, PPBS, parameters of lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to controls. A statistically significant correlation was seen between serum ADA as well as serum uric acid with, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Post Prandial Blood Glucose (PPBS), glycated haemoglobin. Serum ADA had shown significant correlation with the Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Cholesterol (LDL cholesterol). A negative correlation was seen between serum ADA acid and High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol). Conclusion: Adenosine deaminase and serum uric acid levels increased and positively correlated with parameters of lipid profile and glycemic control. This indicates that ADA and serum uric acid can serve as predictor of glycaemic index and help to monitor the long term effects of diabetes mellitus.
A Paradigm Shift of Services by Providing Simple Cost Effective Interventions and Future Considerations in Managing the Care of Obese Women in Pregnancy
Authors: Sagoo Balvinder , Ng Ka Ying Bonnie , Hamid Romana
Published: September 2016

Objective: Our study explored a cohort of pregnant women in pregnancy to evaluate clinical care antenatally, at delivery and postpartum. We piloted the use of two simple measures: firstly the use of a patient educational leaflet in improving knowledge of risks associated with obesity during pregnancy and secondly, the use of a proforma to improve documentation in the management of obese women in pregnancy. Study Design: This was an observational study performed in Ealing Hospital, a district general hospital within Greater London. Fifty pregnant women with a Body Mass Index (BMI) >30kg/m2 were asked to complete a questionnaire to assess their knowledge and understanding of obesity during pregnancy, before and after reading a patient educational leaflet. The notes of pregnant women with a BMI >30 kg/m2 were audited against the CMACE/RCOG joint guideline. The feedback from the questionnaire and data from the audit were used to develop a service model to improve the care of obese women in pregnancy. Results: 60% of women knew the meaning of BMI, but only 32% could recall their own BMI. 72% of women were taking the recommended dose of folic acid. The extensive risks of obesity on fetal and maternal health during pregnancy were largely unknown. Women welcomed an educational leaflet that improved their motivation to make lifestyle changes. We selected 50 sets of patient notes at random to audit; obesity was not recognised as a risk factor in over half the pregnant women with a BMI >30 kg/m2. Height and weight was recorded well but few took the recommended folic acid&Vitamin D. Majority of women was offered GTT and received an appropriate anaesthetic review. There was no documentation of manual handling requirements and little discussion about complications. Blood pressure was measured appropriately in majority of cases but size of cuff was not documented in all. Conclusion: There was poor knowledge of obesity effects on pregnancy. An educational leaflet and care pro forma may help achieve standards of healthcare. If the suggested leaflet and pro forma were used, the management of women in antenatally should improve.
A Case of Disseminated Neurocysticercosis as Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Mukherjee Sudeb , Chatterjee Pritam , Datta Suhana , Kaushik Manna
Published: September 2016

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the commonest causes of central nervous system related helminthic infection. Cysticercosis is endemic in most of the developing world and infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is becoming more frequent in those endemic areas. There is a risk of development of exacerbations of previously latent infection in a HIV patient following initiation of HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy), termed as Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS). Very few case of NCC as a manifestation in IRIS has been reported. We recommend that NCC as a cause of IRIS need to be considered especially in endemic areas.
El Mercado Común
Authors: González Jiménez Magdalena
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo analiza la modalidad de integración económica supranacional conocida como Mercado Común. Pese a que otras organizaciones internacionales también aspiran a su consecución, el Mercado Común o Interior Europeo es aún, a saber, su única manifestación exitosa, aunque no plenamente acabada. Su concepto, evolución y desafíos pendientes, junto con otras experiencias en proceso de conformación constituyen nuestro objeto de estudio. Palabras clave: Mercado Común, integraciones.
Oszacowanie efektów zewnętrznych stosowania wybranych OZE w elektrociepłowni, w kontekście spełniania celów środowiskowych
Authors: Ciechelska Agnieszka , Pol Małgorzata Maria
Published: September 2016

Narastające problemy związane z emisją gazów cieplarnianych, gospodarowaniem zasobami oraz rosnącą ilością wytwarzanych odpadów komunalnych, powodują zaostrzanie przepisów środowiskowych, a te z kolei konieczność poszukiwań nowych rozwiązań. Jednym z największych emitentów CO2 oraz konsumentów zasobu nieodnawialnego, jakim jest węgiel, jest sektor elektrociepłowniczy. Regulacje prawne wymuszają częściowe zastąpienie tego surowca odnawialnymi źródłami energii, uruchamiając bodźcowe instrumenty polityki ochrony środowiska. Analizując jednak dostępne w danym rejonie zasoby (biomasy, odpadów, zasobów kopalnych) oraz generowane efekty zewnętrzne przez energetyczne wykorzystanie tych zasobów, należy zróżnicować systemy wsparcia. Powinny być one adresowane do zasobu, który zapewni bezpieczeństwo energetyczne i w najmniejszym stopniu będzie obciążał środowisko, a więc i społeczeństwo. W artykule przeanalizowano potencjalne energetyczne wykorzystanie wierzby energetycznej uprawianej na dostępnym areale oraz wytwarzane odpady komunalne w województwach dolnośląskim, śląskim, wielkopolskim, małopolskim i opolskim. Uzyskane wartości efektów zewnętrznych wskazują, że korzyści uzyskane z zastąpienia węgla, odpadami komunalnymi są wielokrotnie wyższe (czasem kilkudziesięciokrotnie) niż z zastąpienia wierzba energetyczną. Dodatkowo jeszcze pozwala na uporanie się z problemem gospodarowania odpadami i uniknięcie wysokich kar za niedostosowanie systemu do wymogów unijnych. Jest to wskazanie dla decydentów, że należy tak kształtować przepisy prawne, aby stworzyć bodźce do dostosowywania sektora elektrociepłowniczego do spalania odpadów komunalnych. Tym samym łatwiej będzie spełnić cele środowiskowe z obszaru emisji CO2 i gospodarki odpadami.
Podnoszenie rentowności w gospodarstwie pasiecznym
Authors: Karliński Sebastian
Published: September 2016

Artykuł poświęcony został podnoszeniu rentowności pasiek stacjonarnych w Polsce. Podstawą badawczą jest tu charakterystyka branży oparta o coroczne raporty Instytutu Kwiaciarstwa i Sadownictwa w Puławach oraz kalkulacja przychodów i kosztów oraz składników majątku. Właściwy pomiar
zyskowności sprowadza się do wyznaczenia progów rentowności i ustalenia wartości wskaźników ROA i ROS w zależności od rozmiaru gospodarstw i kanału dystrybucji. W dalszej części rozpatrywane są różne metody prowadzące do poprawy otrzymanych wyników zamknięte w trzech obszarach: redukcji kosztów, mechanizacji i wykorzystania efektów skali produkcji, oraz poszerzenia oferty o nowe produkty (pyłek pszczeli, odkłady). Celem badań jest udowodnienie zasadności zakładania i rozwijania pasiek z uwagi na korzyści materialne a także wykazanie, że istnieje znacząca przestrzeń pozwalająca na poprawę wyników finansowych.
Nierównowaga finansów publicznych w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
Authors: Szymańska Agata
Published: September 2016

Przedmiotem podjętych analiz jest ocena nierównowagi finansów publicznych w wybranych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W opracowaniu zbadano kształtowanie się długu publicznego oraz deficytu w sześciu państwach Unii Europejskiej: Bułgarii, Chorwacji, Czechach, Polsce, Rumunii oraz na Węgrzech. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że w państwach tych narasta nierównowaga, wynikająca m.in. ze wzrostu zadłużenia publicznego. Ponadto poddane ocenie państwa wykazują problemy z realizacją reguły przewidzianej dla deficytu, co wpłynęło na nakładanie na nie procedur nadmiernego deficytu.
Early Loading, Soft Tissue Manipulation, and Digital Intraoral Scanning to Achieve Optimal Results When Restoring Multiple Adjacent Implants in the Esthetic Zone: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Allen Ronan , O’Reilly Edward
Published: September 2016

Introduction: This clinical case outlines the surgical and restorative steps involved when a young female with a high smile line and thin gingival biotype underwent extraction and immediate implant placement for three adjacent maxillary anterior teeth.

Case Presentation: A 30‐year‐old female with failing maxillary central incisors and left lateral incisor underwent implant therapy to restore function and esthetics. The patient requested single individual implant crowns and not a fixed partial denture. The surgical phase of treatment included atraumatic extractions, immediate implant placement, placement of a bone substitute, and connective tissue graft. The restorative phase involved early loading, dynamic compression of the soft tissues to idealize the marginal and papillary levels, and use of digital intraoral scanning to capture the soft tissue profile accurately.

Conclusions: Replacement of a single anterior tooth with a dental implant is a predictable esthetic outcome of implant therapy. However, a predictable protocol for multiple adjacent teeth is not supported by strong evidence in the literature. The treatment protocol described here may be used to predictably replace multiple adjacent anterior teeth. Clinicians placing implants in the esthetic zone require a clear understanding of the biology of the attachment apparatus around teeth and implants. They must precisely understand how the three‐dimensional placement of the implant affects bone, soft tissue, and the final esthetic outcome.
KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI, PRODUKSI DAN MUTU 15 AKSESI NILAM
Authors: Haryudin Wawan , Suhesti Sri
Published: September 2016

Peningkatkan mutu genetik tanaman dapat dilakukan melalui, eksplorasi, hibridisasi, mutasi breeding dan rekayasa genetik. Tanaman nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) mempunyai variasi genetik yang sempit karena diperbanyak secara vegetatif. Salah satu teknik peningkatan mutu genetik nilam dapat dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan plasma nutfah dari berbagai sentra produksi maupun daerah lainnya. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui karakter morfologi, anatomi, produksi dan mutu minyak atsiri 15 aksesi nilam. Penelitian dilakukan di KP. Cimanggu Balittro sejak Januari sampai Desember 2010. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan dua ulangan. Bahan tanaman yang digunakan adalah 15 aksesi yaitu GR1, GR3, GR4, BNY, CLP, PWK1, BRS, DRI, PKB, GYL, KT, TM2, Sipede 4, LO1, SK dan varietas Sidikalang sebagai kontrol. Parameter yang diamati karakter pertumbuhan, produksi dan mutu pada umur lima bulan setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi terhadap karakter kuantitatif, sedangkan pada karakter kualitatif variasinya sangat sempit. Tingkat kekerabatan berdasarkan karakter morfologi batang dan daun berkisar antara 83,95-97,41%, karakter produksi dan mutu berkisar antara 65,86-95,91% dan terbagi menjadi dua kelompok utama yaitu kelompok I dan II. Masing-masing kelompok dipisahkan oleh karakter jumlah daun, panjang daun, tebal daun, tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang sekunder, panjang ruas cabang, diameter batang,  bobot  basah,  bobot  kering,  dan  jumlah  kelenjar  minyak.  Tingginya  kandungan kadar  minyak  atsiri  dan patchouli alkohol terdapat pada GR1 (2,44%), GR3 (2,27%), GR4 (3,31%), PKB (2,85%), dan TM2 (2,25%) dengan kadar patchouli alkohol di atas 43,85%. Produksi bobot basah 402,3-861,2 g dan bobot kering 91,3-203,4 g tanaman-1.
Pertumbuhan Bibit Panili pada Beberapa Komposisi Media Tanam dan Frekuensi Aplikasi Pupuk Daun
Authors: Nurholis Nurholis , Hariyadi Hariyadi , Kurniawati Ani
Published: September 2016

Salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan pengembangan dan pengusahaan tanaman panili antara lain bibit yang baik. Tingkat pertumbuhan dan keberhasilan perbanyakan tanaman panili di pembibitan menjadi faktor pendukung dalam menghasilkan dan penyediaan bibit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan dan mengkaji komposisi media tanam dan frekuensi aplikasi pupuk daun terhadap pertumbuhan setek panili. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun Sindang Barang, Bogor, sejak September sampai Desember 2013. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan berdasarkan Rancangan Petak Terpisah dengan tiga ulangan. Petak utama adalah frekuensi aplikasi  pupuk  daun yaitu tiga hari sekali dan enam hari sekali. Anak petak adalah kombinasi media tanam yaitu tanah + pupuk kandang + arang sekam berdasarkan volume (2:1:1, 2:2:1, dan 2:1:2) dan tanah sebagai kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi media tanam berupa tanah + pupuk kandang + arang sekam (2:2:1) merupakan komposisi media tanam terbaik yang menghasilkan pertumbuhan bibit panili tertinggi pada persentase setek hidup, panjang tunas, jumlah ruas, jumlah daun, dan klorofil total pada 10 minggu setelah tanam. Aplikasi pupuk daun tiga hari sekali dengan konsentrasi satu g l-1 dan dosis 10 ml tanaman-1 merupakan frekuensi aplikasi pupuk daun yang secara umum menghasilkan pertumbuhan bibit panili tertinggi pada 10 minggu setelah tanam.
Peningkatan Produksi dan Ketahanan Jahe Terhadap Penyakit Layu Bakteri Melalui Imbangan Hara dan Kompos Tanaman Elisitor
Authors: Ruhnayat Agus , Hartati Sri Yuni
Published: September 2016

Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Cicurug Sukabumi, Jawa Barat sejak September 2011 sampai Mei 2012. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan imbangan hara dan kompos tanaman bersifat elisitor (temulawak) yang dapat meningkatkan produksi rimpang dan ketahanan tanaman jahe terhadap penyakit layu bakteri. Jahe yang digunakan adalah jahe putih besar yang ditanam pada media tanah dalam polibag. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah petak terbagi (split plot), diulang lima kali. Petak utama adalah (1) tanpa inokulasi Ralstonia solanacearum dan (2) inokulasi sebanyak 107 cfu ml-1. Sedangkan sebagai anak petak adalah imbangan  hara,  yaitu  (1) 500 kg ha-1 urea + 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 + 600 kg ha-1 KCl, (2) 500 kg ha-1 urea + 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 + 600 kg ha-1 KCl + 500 kg ha-1 CaCO3 + 500 kg ha-1 + Mn, Cu, B, (3) 500 kg ha-1 urea + 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 + 600 kg ha-1 KCl + 10 t ha-1 kompos temulawak, (4) 500 kg ha-1 urea + 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 + 600 kg ha-1 KCl + 500 kg ha-1 CaCO3 + 500 kg ha-1 belerang + Mn, Cu, B + 10 t ha-1 kompos temulawak, dan (5) dosis rekomendasi sebagai pembanding (500 kg ha-1 urea + 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 + 400 kg ha-1 KCl). Dosis pupuk Mn, Cu, dan B masing-masing sebanyak tiga kg ha-1. Inokulasi bakteri R. solanacearum diberikan dua bulan setelah tanam dengan cara disiramkan pada tanah di sekitar perakaran tanaman sebanyak 200 ml tanaman-1. Pemberian imbangan hara 500 kg ha-1 urea + 300 kg ha-1 SP-36 + 600 kg ha-1 KCl + 500 kg ha-1 CaCO3 + 500 kg ha-1 belerang + unsur hara mikro Mn, Cu, dan B dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman jahe terhadap penyakit layu bakteri sehingga dapat mempertahankan tanaman hidup sebesar 78,56% dengan tingkat kerusakan tanaman 18,43% dan meningkatkan hasil rimpang sebesar 730 g tanaman-1 setara 29,2 t ha-1. Pemberian kompos tanaman elisitor (temulawak) belum dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman jahe terhadap penyakit layu bakteri.
FORMULA INSEKTISIDA NABATI UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN HAMA PENGGULUNG DAUN (Pachyzancla stultalis) PADA TANAMAN NILAM
Authors: Idris Herwita
Published: September 2016

Hama penggulung daun (Pachyzancla stultalis) merupakan salah satu hama penting pada tanaman nilam, dapat merusak dan menurunkan mutu minyak, sehingga perlu dicari solusi yang lebih aman untuk mengendalikan hama tersebut. Penggunaan insektisida botani adalah salah satu cara untuk mengendalikan hama pada tanaman. Sehubungan dengan itu telah dilakukan penelitian insektisida nabati yang mengandung bahan aktif cynamaldehid, citronellal, oleandrin, thevetin dan alamandin terhadap hama penggulung daun nilam P. stultalis. Penelitian dilaksanakan dirumah kaca dan di lapang. Penelitian rumah kaca menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (tujuh perlakuan dan empat ulangan), sedangkan pengujian skala lapang dilakukan dalam rancangan acak kelompok (10 perlakuan dan tiga ulangan). Parameter pengamatan meliputi mortalitas dan intensitas serangan larva penggulung daun nilam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula insektisida nabati yang diuji dalam skala rumah kaca, dapat mengendalikan penggulung daun P. stultalis antara 19,81-52,09% pada konsentrasi 5-10%. Pemakaian formulasi 20%, menunjukkan efektifitas lebih baik dengan persentase kematian antara 23,96-56,24%. Pada uji skala lapang, efektivitas formula insektisida lebih rendah dibandingkan rumah kaca, dengan tingkat kematian larva antara 46,80-49,50% dan intensitas serangan antara 41,30-46,40%. Peningkatan konsentrasi formulasi menjadi 22%, menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik pada semua parameter.
EFEKTIVITAS ANTIFUNGI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN SIRIH (Piper betle) TERHADAP Trichophyton verrucosum SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Gholib Djaenudin
Published: September 2016

Daun sirih (Piper betle L.) diketahui mempunyai efek antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek daun sirih sebagai antifungi secara in vitro. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikologi, Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner (BB Litvet) tahun 2012. Bahan penelitian adalah ekstrak etanol dan minyak atsiri. Fungi (cendawan) yang digunakan dalam pengujian ini adalah Trichophyton verrucosum, yaitu cendawan jenis kapang, penyebab penyakit kurap pada kulit (dermatofitosis) hewan dan manusia. Media yang digunakan, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Hasil penelitian ditentukan dengan perolehaan nilai konsentrasi hambat minimal (KHM). Bahan uji diencerkan dengan pengenceran ganda 6,250; 3,125; 1,56; 0,78; dan 0,39% untuk ekstrak etanol, dan 12,50; 6,250; 3,125; 1,56; 0,78; dan 0,39% untuk minyak atsiri. Koloni cendawan yang diuji ditumbuhkan pada media SDA dalam cawan petri selama 7 hari, masing-masing disuspensikan dengan aquades steril. Suspensi terdiri dari hifa dan sel spora. Kedua bahan yang diuji dituangkan ke dalam cawan petri steril dengan perbandingan 1:1, masing-masing 1 ml. Suspensi cendawan tanpa ekstrak atau minyak atsiri dituangkan ke dalam cawan petri sebagai kontrol negatif (0%). Media SDA yang masih cair dituangkan sebanyak 20 ml ke masing-masing petri. Inkubasi pada suhu 37oC selama 7 hari. Pengujian dilakukan dua kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hambat minimal (KHM) ekstrak etanol adalah 1,56%, dan minyak atsiri 12,5%. Ekstrak etanol mempunyai efek antifungi yang lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan minyak atsiri.
TEKNIK INOKULASI Ralstonia solanacearum UNTUK PENGUJIAN KETAHANAN NILAM TERHADAP PENYAKIT LAYU
Authors: Hartati Sri Yuni , Karyani Nuri
Published: September 2016

Salah satu kendala dalam melakukan uji ketahanan tanaman nilam terhadap penyakit layu dan uji patogenisitas isolat Ralstonia solanacearum adalah inokulasi R. solanacearum secara buatan pada tanaman nilam yang dilakukan di rumah kaca, seringkali tidak menunjukkan gejala layu yang khas seperti yang terjadi di lapangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan suatu metode inokulasi R. solanacearum yang tepat untuk pengujian ketahanan tanaman nilam terhadap penyakit layu dan uji patogenisitas isolat R. solanacearum. Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah kaca, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, tahun 2010. Tiga varietas nilam (Sidikalang, Lokhseumawe, dan Tapaktuan), tiga isolat R. solanacearum (T1083, T1085, dan T1086), dan empat konsentrasi inokulum (106, 107, 108, dan 109 cfu ml-1), telah diuji pengaruhnya terhadap efektivitas dari tiga metode inokulasi R. solanacearum (penyiraman, penyiraman dengan pelukaan akar, dan pelukaan batang dengan tusuk jarum). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode inokulasi penyiraman dengan pelukaan akar paling tepat untuk digunakan dalam pengujian ketahanan nilam terhadap penyakit layu dan uji patogenisitas isolat R. solanacearum. Metode tersebut bersifat semi alami, efektif dalam menimbulkan gejala layu pada nilam, dan stabil, tidak dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi inokulum R. solanacearum yang digunakan. Varietas Sidikalang paling tahan dibanding Lokhseumawe dan Tapaktuan serta dapat membedakan tingkat patogenisitas isolat R. solanacearum yang diuji. Oleh karena itu, dapat digunakan untuk uji patogenisitas isolat R. solanacearum. Isolat (T1083) lebih patogenik dibanding (T1085) dan (T1086), sehingga dapat digunakan untuk pengujian ketahanan nilam terhadap penyakit layu.