bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milan
Authors: Kurian George Thomas
Published: January 2012

Milan was founded in 322bcas Mediolanum and tradition has it that Barnabas preached in the city and consecrated its first bishop, Saint Anathlon. The third bishop, Castricianus, built the first domed church in the reign of Gallienus or Aurelian. The Diocletian persecutions claimed the first martyrs, Felix, Nabor, and Victor. Milan was an imperial residence until 404. Ambrose built the first basilica in 386 with the bodies of two more martyrs, Gervasius and Protasius. Earliest Christian churches included Sant'Ambrogio, San Lorenzo Maggiore, San Simpliciano, and the church on whose site was later built Sant'Eustorgio. San Lorenzo was a centrally planned church, perhaps the most magnificent basilica in the Christian West. It has three small attached chapels, all differently shaped: Sant'Aquilino, where St. Augustine was baptized, the 4th century Sant'Ippolito, and the 5th century San Sisto. Sant'Aquilino has important mosaics of the 4th and 5th centuries, including one of Christ as Sol Invictus.
Priesthood Of Believers
Authors: Kurian George Thomas
Published: January 2012

Priesthood is most obviously an institution of religious office‐holders who perform duties of mediation or bridge‐building between God and human beings, in particular, believers within the Church. For Christians, in the New Testament, the priesthood of the Old Testament was abolished. In its place believers had a high priest in Jesus Christ whose one‐time sacrifice ended with his crucifixion. All those who put their faith in him could also be seen as serving not only as priests but also as prophets, evangelists, miracle workers, or servants. Until the Reformation, this priestly role of all believers was, it could be said, obscured by the institution of a clergy, but since then, some denominations, including the Roman Catholic Church, have reassessed the distinction between the laity and the clergy.
S
chaeffer,
F
rancis
A
ugust
IV
(1912–1984)
Authors: Smedley Donald C
Published: January 2012

Francis August Schaeffer IV was born in the USA on January 30, 1912. By far one of the most influential Christian figures in the latter half of the 20th century, Schaeffer's impact ranged across a wide variety of fields. Primarily an apologist, who combined a presuppositional and evidential approach, Schaeffer offered Christian analysis and critiques of contemporary culture, including such disciplines as philosophy, art, music, science, and theology. It was this analysis which attracted many students searching for answers to L'Abri (French, shelter), Schaeffer's communal mission to intellectuals founded as a Christian study center in the Swiss Alps in 1955. As a result of his teaching and work at L'Abri Schaeffer gradually began to expand his impact beyond Europe to the United States. With the publication of the watershed books,
The God Who is There
, and
Escape from Reason
, taken mostly from his lectures at L'Abri, Schaeffer went on to become one of the most well‐known of American evangelicals. His scholarship, which soon numbered thirteen best‐selling books in just five years, helped students to see, as J. I. Packer claimed, that their faith was intellectually defensible.
Catholic Ecclesiastical Law
Authors: Hayes Patrick J.
Published: January 2012

The systematic, codified laws of the Latin rite Catholic Church are practical expressions of behaviors and values based upon the divine law of revelation, the natural law, and the positive human law that rightly orders the community of faith, gives it structure, and helps to unify it. So‐called Oriental churches possess a separate, though sometimes overlapping, Code of Canons that applies to them. The primary objective of this entry is to sketch some of the rudiments of ecclesiastical law, to trace the developments of canon law to the present day, and to give some account of contemporary practice for the Roman Catholic Church.
B
ell,
G
eorge
K
ennedy
A
llen (1883–1958), Bishop of
C
hichester, 1929–1958
Authors: Chandler Andrew
Published: January 2012

George Bell, the son of an Anglican priest, was born within sight of the spire of Chichester Cathedral. Educated at Westminster School in London, he studied at Christ Church, Oxford before he was ordained in 1907. A further spell as a Student at Christ Church preceded his appointment as chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Randall Davidson, in 1914. He would work closely with Davidson through World War I, the 1920 Lambeth Conference and into the 1920s. In 1924 he became Dean of Canterbury. Here he began a quiet revolution in the commissioning of new drama. John Masefield's play,
The Coming of Christ
, was performed in the cathedral in 1928 and was widely saluted as the first drama to appear in an English cathedral since the medieval period. For this Gustav Holst wrote music. By the time that Bell was consecrated bishop of Chichester, in 1929, he had also established a powerful reputation as an ecumenist, both national and international. The Anglo‐German discussions which he led between 1927 and 1930 presaged a personal commitment to the life of the German church which would deepen during the National Socialist era. He met the young theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer in 1934 and was soon a friend and ally. Bell sought to use his position in the Life and Work movement and in the British church to influence the crisis in the German Protestant church, but he was also deeply involved in supporting Jewish and “non‐Aryan” refugees from Germany. He encouraged T. S. Eliot to write what became
Murder in the Cathedral
in 1935 and fostered the work of the exiled German Jewish painter, Hans Feibusch. During World War II Bell still managed to connect circles resisting Hitler inside Germany with friends abroad, but the British government was disinclined to favor such enterprises. His condemnation of obliteration bombing in Parliament in February 1944 may well have isolated him further from those in authority. When he was not invited to follow William Temple as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1944 many thought it because of his controversial reputation. In the post‐war era, Bell's international standing was unique. He became a president of the new World Council of Churches and supported the emerging Church of South India. He also protested against nuclear weapons, broadcast his sympathy to the people of Hungary after the 1956 uprising, and spoke against capital punishment. Bell announced his retirement in 1957 and died, only a few months later, in Canterbury.
Theology and Faith
Authors: Kurian George Thomas
Published: January 2012

Christianity in its essence may be said to be an untheological religion. In many religions, theology is a highly speculative enterprise, trying to deduce the nature of godhood from human experience. Christianity, on the other hand, is a revealed religion. Christians believe that Jesus Christ is incarnate God and to know him is to know God. Thus, Christology supersedes formal theological knowledge. Theology ceases to be speculative and becomes a matter of faith and trust. In Christian theology, faith is a threefold process: knowledge, intellectual acceptance, and commitment. None of the three requires the intervention of theologians or academic analysis. Faith is a mystery that cannot be mediated and an experience that cannot be dissected.
Tertium Quid
Authors: Estes Douglas
Published: January 2012

A
tertium quid
, or “third thing” in the original language, is a theological formulation used in the Christological controversies of the early church.
Tertium quid
encapsulates the idea of mixing two unique ontological elements together, thereby transforming them into a third, new and unique element. Using Tertullian's example, gold and silver are unique elements that when blended together form electrum, a new and unique element with different properties than either gold or silver. A
tertium quid
Christology would view Jesus as neither truly God nor truly man but a new and unique “third thing” (such as electrum). As a result, Christian theology has condemned
tertium quid
Christologies as heterodox.
Christian Education
Authors: Lamport Mark A.
Published: January 2012

Christian education is the Church's attempt to inculcate faith in its adherents. Historian Jaroslav Pelikan (1971–1989: 1) suggests: “The church is always more than a school, but the church cannot be less than a school.” So, the church orchestrates its efforts to teach knowledge, habits, attitudes, and beliefs; and it does so though three intermingling means: aninformalor socialization process; aformalor schooling endeavor; andnonformalor self‐directed learning. But John Westerhoff (2000: 18) warns: “Teaching religion is not very important”; at best, it only produces “educated atheists.”
Low‐Cost Post‐Growth Treatments of Crystalline Silicon Nanoparticles Improving Surface and Electronic Properties
Authors: Niesar Sabrina , Pereira Rui N. , Stegner Andre R. , Erhard Nadine , Hoeb Marco , Baumer Andrea , Wiggers Hartmut , Brandt Martin S. , Stutzmann Martin
Published: January 2012

Freestanding silicon nanocrystals (Si‐ncs) offer unique optical and electronic properties for new photovoltaic, thermoelectric, and other electronic devices. A method to fabricate Si‐ncs which is scalable to industrial usage has been developed in recent years. However, barriers to the widespread utilization of these nanocrystals are the presence of charge‐trapping defects and an oxide shell formed upon ambient atmosphere exposure hindering the charge transport. Here, we exploit low‐cost post‐growth treatment routes based on wet‐etching in hydrofluoric acid plus surface hydrosilylation or annealing enabling a complete native oxide removal and a reduction of the defect density by up to two orders of magnitude. Moreover, when compared with only H‐terminated Si‐ncs we report an enhancement of the conductivity by up to a factor of 400 for films of HF etched and annealed Si‐ncs, which retain a defect density below that of untreated Si‐ncs even after several months of air exposure. Further, we demonstrate that HF etched and hydrosilylated Si‐ncs are extremely stable against oxidation and maintain a very low defect density after a long‐term storage in air, opening the possibility of device processing in ambient atmosphere.
The lack of correspondence between work‐related disability and receipt of workers' compensation benefits
Authors: Spieler Emily A. , Burton John F.
Published: January 2012

Background

Previous studies suggest that many persons with disabilities caused by work do not receive workers' compensation benefits.

Methods

Data from surveys of persons with disabilities were used to estimate the proportion of disability due to work‐related injuries and diseases. Studies examining the proportion of workers with work‐related disability who received workers' compensation benefits were reviewed. Legal and other factors explaining the lack of receipt of workers' compensation benefits were examined.

Results

Many workers with disabilities caused by work do not receive workers' compensation benefits. The obstacles to compensation include increasingly restrictive rules for compensability in many state workers' compensation programs.

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of persons with work‐related disabilities do not receive workers' compensation benefits. The solutions to this problem, such as providing healthcare to workers regardless of the source of injuries or diseases, are complicated and controversial, and will be difficult to implement. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:487–505, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transport of Functionally Appropriate Tools by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: JUDGE PETER G. , BRUNO SAMANTHA
Published: January 2012

Capuchin monkeys (Cebus sp.) are notable among New World monkeys for their widespread use of tools. Like chimpanzees, they use both hammer tools and insertion tools in the wild to acquire food that would be unobtainable otherwise. Recent evidence indicates that capuchins transport stones to anvil sites and use the most functionally efficient stones to crack nuts. We further investigated capuchins’ assessment of functionality by testing their ability to select a tool that was appropriate for two different tool‐use tasks: A stone for a hammer task and a stick for an insertion task. To select the appropriate tools, the monkeys investigated a baited tool‐use apparatus (insertion or hammer), traveled to a location in their enclosure where they could no longer see the apparatus, made a selection between two tools (stick or stone), and then could transport the tool back to the apparatus to obtain a walnut. We incorporated tool transport and the lack of a visual cue into the design to assess willingness to transport the tools and the monkeys’ memory for the proper tool. Six brown capuchins (Cebus apella) were first trained to select and use the appropriate tool for each apparatus. Four animals completed training and were then tested by allowing them to view a baited apparatus and then travel to a location 8 m distant where they could select a tool while out of view of the apparatus. All four monkeys chose the correct tool significantly more than expected and transported the tools back to the apparatus. Results confirm capuchins’ propensity for transporting tools, demonstrate their capacity to select the functionally appropriate tool for two different tool‐use tasks, and indicate that they can retain the memory of the correct choice during a travel time of several seconds.
Clinical Biochemistry and Hematology of the Elusive Sun‐Tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus solatus) in Gabon: Inaugural Data From the Only Semifree Ranging Colony in the World
Authors: MOTSCH PEGGY , GONZALEZ JEAN‐PAUL , VERRIER DELPHINE
Published: January 2012

Clinical blood biochemistry and hematology are valuable tools to evaluate health and welfare in many animal species. In order to document the general biology of one of the most poorly known nonhuman primate species, and contribute to its conservation, the clinical blood biochemistry and hematology of the sun‐tailed monkey (Cercopithecus solatus Harrisson) was investigated in its range of endemicity in Gabon. Data derived from 26 years of clinical monitoring of the only semicaptive colony of this species in the world, housed at CIRMF (Franceville, Gabon), were analyzed in order to establish reference values of age–sex classes. Consistent with previous reports in other primate species, age and sex significantly affected a number of biochemical and hematological parameters in C. solatus. Hematological analyses demonstrated significant differences in red blood cells, hemoglobin (HB), and hematocrit (HT), with males showing significantly greater values than females. In contrast, neutrophil counts were greater in females. An ontogenetic effect was detected for HB, HT, eosinophil, and monocyte counts, while lymphocytes significantly decreased with age. Biochemical analyses also showed significant differences, with females displaying greater cholesterol and alanine aminotransferase levels. Increase in levels of blood urea and aspartate aminotransferase coupled with decrease in albumin in old individuals suggested declining kidney, liver, and muscle functions with age. Interspecific comparisons were conducted and the effects of the unique semifree‐ranging setting on the validity and value of the results presented are discussed. The reference values established will be useful in further ecological, parasitological, and virological studies of the sun‐tailed monkey.
A study on the crosslink network evolution of magnesium dimethacrylate/natural rubber composite
Authors: Xu Chuanhui , Chen Yukun , Zeng Xingrong
Published: January 2012

In this article, we study the evolution of networks based on natural rubber (NR) which is reinforced by in situ magnesium dimethacrylate (MDMA) during curing at a molecular level. The crosslink density of the compounds cured for different time was evaluated by a dissolution/swell experiment. The curing process was analyzed by using a UR‐2030 Rotorless Rheometer. Mechanical properties of the composites cured for different time were also used to evaluate the evolution of the networks. The results reveal that the ionic crosslinks, cooperating with some primary covalent crosslinks and some other physical crosslinks, play an important role in supporting the crosslinked backbone of the composite to bear the external force in the initial curing time. The evolution of crosslinked networks could be divided into three regions in this particular experiment: network forming period dominated by the ionic bonds, fundamental network forming period, and ionic bonds rupture period. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Rotating die technique for sharkskin minimization in highly viscous wood/PP composite melt in an extrusion die
Authors: Kaiyaded Woranut , Wimolmala Ekachai , Harnnarongchai Wanlop , Sitticharoen Watcharin , Sombatsompop Narongrit
Published: January 2012

This study used a newly developed rotating die system for purposes of reducing entrance pressure drop and sharkskin fracture for molten polypropylene (PP) and wood/polypropylene (WPP) composites in a single‐screw extruder. The sharkskin fracture characteristics of the PP and WPP composite surfaces were examined quantitatively via roughness profiles and relaxation time evaluations, and qualitatively through scanning electron microscopy under the effects of wood content, shear rate, die temperature, and die rotation speed. The experimental results suggested that the entrance pressure drop of PP increased with increasing wood content and shear rate. The die entrance pressure drop for WPP composite melt with 30 wt % wood content could be minimized by 20–50% by using a die rotation speed of 70 rpm. The roughness level (sharkskin) and relaxation time were found to increase with increasing wood content, but could be minimized by rotating the die—the die rotating effect being more meaningful for WPP when compared with neat PP extrudate. The rotating die system was found to be an effective technique for minimizing the extrusion load and fracture level of extrudate skins for high‐viscosity materials such as the WPP composites used in this work. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Enhancement in crystallinity of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) thin films prepared by low‐temperature drop casting
Authors: Salammal Shabi Thankaraj , Grigorian Souren , Brinkmann Martin , Pietsch Ullrich , Koenen Nils , Kayunkid Navaphun , Scherf Ullrich
Published: January 2012

Low‐temperature casting of high molecular weight (HMW > 40 kDa) regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is demonstrated to yield highly crystalline P3HT thin films with well defined and preferentially edge‐on oriented [(100) contact plane] nanocrystallites on the pure and silanized Si/SiO2 substrates. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction provide evidence for the increase in preferential edge‐on orientation of P3HT‐conjugated backbone while decreasing the film preparation temperature below room temperature. The optimum growth temperature is about −12°C for the given concentration (2 mg/mL in CHCl3). The reduced evaporation rate of the solvent results in a better selection of the thermodynamically stable orientation of nanocrystallites onto the substrate. The degree of preferential orientation and size of the crystallites can be further increased on n‐octadecyltrichlorosilane‐treated SiO2 substrates as well as by annealing the films at 200°C for 1 h. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Electropolymerization of pyrrole in ionic liquid microemulsion
Authors: Zhang Guoping , Zhou Haihui , Zhang Jingling , Han Xue , Chen Jinhua , Kuang Yafei
Published: January 2012

The direct electropolymerization of pyrrole in [BMIM]PF6 microemulsion was investigated for the first time. The H2O/TX‐100/[BMIM]PF6 (W/IL), bicontinuous (BC), [BMIM]PF6/TX‐100/H2O (IL/W) subregions can be used as electrolytes for pyrrole electropolymerization. The use of IL microemulsion remarkably reduces the amount of IL. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements indicated that W/IL microemulsion was the optimal medium and its polymerization rate was the fastest. Compared with molecular solvent system (0.25 mol L−1 [BMIM]PF6/acetonitrile) and neat [BMIM]PF6, the resultant films electrodeposited in W/IL microemulsion possessed excellent electrochemical activity and uniform morphology. All the results indicated that the H2O/TX‐100/[BMIM]PF6 microemulsion as electrolyte medium is the most suitable for electropolymerization of pyrrole. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Arabinose content of arabinoxylans contributes to flexibility of acetylated arabinoxylan films
Authors: Stepan A. M. , Höije A. , Schols H. A. , de Waard P. , Gatenholm P.
Published: January 2012

Arabinoxylans (AX) from rye were partly debranched by chemical hydrolysis methods, and AXs differing in arabinosyl substitution were acetylated using chemical methods. The resulting materials are film forming, and these films underwent molecular structural analysis and were tested for their material properties. The composition and structure of the modified polymers were determined using high performance anion exchange chromatography and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance; it was shown that all free hydroxyl groups (of both xylose and arabinose) were acetylated. Further characterizations were done by dynamic mechanical analysis and thermo‐gravimetric analysis to evaluate the thermal behavior of the material. The observed glass transition temperatures (Tg) increased with a decrease in arabinosyl substitutions. The thermal degradation temperatures were all close to 380°C. The mechanical properties were characterized with tensile tests of the films. Tensile tests showed that the strain at break, which reflects the flexibility of the material, was significantly higher at higher arabinosyl substitution levels. The elastic Young's modulus was not significantly affected, although a tendency was seen toward a less stiff material at higher arabinosyl substitution. The ultimate strength of the materials was remarkably high in all cases, around 60 MPa, with little difference between them. Considering these properties, a great potential is foreseen in the application of acetylated arabinoxylans as packaging films and as matrix for composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Utilization of peanut shell powder as a novel filler in natural rubber
Authors: Sareena C. , Ramesan M. T. , Purushothaman E.
Published: January 2012

This work focuses on the use of peanut shell powder (PSP) as filler in natural rubber (NR). Peanut, one of the food crops in the world, generates large amounts of waste namely peanut shell. Modified and unmodified PSP‐NR composites with varying particle size and dosages were prepared by an open mill mixing technique. The processing characteristics and the curing behavior of the composites were determined by Monsanto Rheometer. The technological performance was done by analyzing the tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness of the vulcanizates. The swelling studies were carried out to observe the crosslink density, rubber‐filler interaction, and the reinforcing nature of the filler on NR. The observed variation in mechanical properties has been supported by the fractography of the composites obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The result of the study shows that the PSP is most effective filler in NR at 10 parts per hundred (phr) loading. Filler reinforcement ability of modified PSP is more when compared with unmodified PSP; therefore, modified PSP‐NR composites shows better physicomechanical properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
1,3‐dioxane methylcoumarin as a novel photoinitiator for free radical polymerization
Authors: Yin Ruixue , Wang Kemin , Liu Jianwei , Nie Jun
Published: January 2012

1,3‐Dioxane methylcoumarin (DOMC), a novel photoinitiator (PI) for free radical polymerization, was synthesized and characterized. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate its photochemical behavior during the photophysical process. The photopolymerization kinetics of DOMC was studied by real‐time infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). There was an optimum curing rate with the increase in DOMC concentration. Both the polymerization rate and final conversion increased with the increase in light intensity. DOMC was the most efficient PI for tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) in different acrylate monomers. The kinetics study of TPGDA photopolymerization showed that DOMC was a more effective PI than benzophenone/ethyl‐4‐dimethylaminobenzoate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of an Unprecedented Nonmetal Cation Polyborate Salt Containing Two Different “Isolated” Polyborate Anions: [H2en]2[B4O5(OH)4] [B7O9(OH)5]·3H2O (en: H2NCH2CH2NH2).
Authors: Beckett Michael A. , Horton Peter N. , Coles Simon J. , Martin David W.
Published: January 2012

The title compound is synthesized by addition of en in MeOH to B(OH)3 in H2O (20 °C, 48 h, 6% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Metastable Bi8Ni8S by Reductive Pseudomorphosis of Bi8Ni8SI2.
Authors: Kaiser Martin , Isaeva Anna , Skrotzki Richard , Schwarz Ulrich , Ruck Michael
Published: January 2012

Metastable Bi8Ni8S is synthesized by reduction of Bi8Ni8SI2 with a solution of BuLi in hexane (Ar, 69 °C, 3 d, <90% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Henry Reaction Catalyzed by a Copper(II) glucoBOX Complex.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , George Jimil
Published: January 2012

The catalyst is generated in situ from a glucosamine‐derived bis(oxazoline) ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Prolinylanthranilamide Pseudopeptides as Bifunctional Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Pearson Anthony J. , Panda Santanu
Published: January 2012

Various catalysts are investigated and it is found that modification of the structure by introducing a second stereogenic center improves the yields and the enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5‐Electrocyclization of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐[(2Z)‐2,4‐diaryl‐4‐oxobut‐2‐en‐1‐yl]‐1H‐benzimidazol‐3‐ium Bromides.
Authors: Potikha L. M. , Turelyk A. R. , Kovtunenko V. A.
Published: January 2012

The cyclization of title compounds (I) and (III) in the presence of NaOMe depends on both the nitrogen substituents and the reaction temperature furnishing pyrrolobenzimidazoles (II) or aminophenylpyrroles (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid, One‐Pot Synthesis of β‐Siloxy‐α‐haloaldehydes.
Authors: Saadi Jakub , Akakura Matsujiro , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: January 2012

A Mukaiyama cross‐aldol addition of silyl enol ethers derived from α‐halogenated acetaldehydes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc‐Catalyzed Allenylations of Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Fandrick Daniel R. , Saha Jaideep , Fandrick Keith R. , Sanyal Sanjit , Ogikubo Junichi , Lee Heewon , Roschangar Frank , Song Jinhua J. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: January 2012

The addition reaction of allenyl zinc reagents gives usually rise to homopropargylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes Catalyzed by New Zinc‐Amides Prepared by a Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition.
Authors: Yoshida Kazuhiro , Akashi Naohisa , Yanagisawa Akira
Published: January 2012

The screening for the best catalyst is performed by combining two catalytic asymmetric reactions, first the generation of the chiral zinc—amides by the rhodium‐catalyzed addition of Me2Zn to N‐tosylarylimines, and second the addition of benzaldehyde to Et2Zn in the presence of the formed catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Enaminone Functionalized Biaryl Ethers by CuI‐Catalyzed O‐Arylation of Enaminone Functionalized Phenols.
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Wang Chunping , Liu Yunyun
Published: January 2012

The synthesis of various biaryl ethers bearing a reactive enaminone fragment is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction Promoted by L‐Threonine‐Derived Phosphine—Thiourea Catalysts.
Authors: Han Xiaoyu , Wang Youqing , Zhong Fangrui , Lu Yixin
Published: January 2012

A series of bifunctional phosphine—thiourea catalysts based on natural amino acid scaffolds are designed and prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Au‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Allenylsilanes. Regioselective Conversion to 2‐Amino‐4‐silylmethylene γ‐Butyrolactone.
Authors: Okada Takuya , Sakaguchi Kazuhiko , Shinada Tetsuro , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: January 2012

The regioselectivity of the process is found to be specific for the silyl group, since the ‐tBu analogue (IX) produces a pyrrole skeleton.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward Conversion of Aurones to 2‐Benzoylbenzofurans: Transformation of One Class of Natural Products into Another.
Authors: Yahiaoui Samir , Peuchmaur Marine , Boumendjel Ahcene
Published: January 2012

The three‐step process involves the reduction of aurones (I), an acid‐mediated rearrangement of the resulting dihydrobenzofuranols to benzofurylmethanols, and final oxidation to give the desired ketones (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indoles and SnCl4‐Mediated Regioselective Hydrochlorination of 5‐(Arylamino)pent‐3‐yn‐2‐ones.
Authors: Yang Fang , Ji Ke‐Gong , Ali Shaukat , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: January 2012

Treatment of the ynones with Sc(OTf)3 leads to indoles and related compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Indazolecarboxylic Esters and Amides via Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of 3‐Iodoindazoles.
Authors: Buchstaller Hans‐Peter , Wilkinson Kai , Burek Kasimir , Nisar Yasmin
Published: January 2012

The reaction proceeds cleanly under mild conditions and can be applied to a broad spectrum of indazole and amine substrates including various functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Study on Condensation of N‐Aryl Thioureas with 3‐Bromo‐acetylacetone: Synthesis of Aminothiazoles and Iminodihydrothiazoles, and Their in vitro Antiproliferative Activity on Human Cervical Cancer Cells.
Authors: Shi Hai‐Bo , Zhang Shi‐Jie , Lin Yan‐Fang , Hu Wei‐Xiao , Cai Chao‐Ming
Published: January 2012

The compounds (III) and (IV) are screened in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against the human cervical cancer cell lines Hela and Siha.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthetic Route to Biologically Relevant 2‐Phenylbenzothiazoles Substituted on the Benzothiazole Ring.
Authors: Weekes Ashley A. , Bagley Mark C. , Westwell Andrew D.
Published: January 2012

Aminothiophenol disulfides and benzaldehydes are transformed to the desired benzothiazoles in the presence of sodium metabisulfite as inexpensive and non‐toxic oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinidine Derived Organocatalysts for the Nucleophile Promoted Asymmetric [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Salicyl N‐Tosylimine with Allenic Esters.
Authors: Pei Cheng‐Kui , Shi Min
Published: January 2012

Among 16 β‐isocupreidine derivatives tested as catalysts in the reaction of imine (Ia), the most efficient and enantioselective compound is the methylformamide derivative ICD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some New Spiro[pyrano[2,3‐f]chromen‐2,1′‐cycloalkan]‐4‐ones and 1′‐Alkylspiro[pyrano[2,3‐f]chromen‐2,4′‐piperidin]‐4‐ones.
Authors: Sreenivas P. , Reddy S. Satyanarayana , Rao Y. Jayaprakash , Rao Ch. Prasada , Krupadanam G. L. David
Published: January 2012

Angular pyranospirochromanones are obtained using Claisen rearrangement reactions of 7‐propargyloxyspirochromanones and 4‐propargyloxyresacetophenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Alkylation of Spiro‐2‐oxazolines Containing Fused 3,4‐Dihydropyrazin‐2(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Music Irena , Vercek Bojan
Published: January 2012

Treatment of aromatic and heteroaromatic diamines (I), (VIII), and (XI) results in the formation of the corresponding spirooxazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano‐BF3·SiO2: A Reusable and Eco‐Friendly Catalyst for Synthesis of Quinoxalines
Authors: Mirjalili B. B. F. , Bamoniri A. , Akbari A.
Published: January 2012

via ultrasound‐assisted condensation of 1,2‐phenylenediamines with α,β‐diketones
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinoxaline Analogues.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Lee Tein‐Wei , Hsu Ru‐Ting , Yen Tzu‐Lin
Published: January 2012

A straightforward synthesis of polycyclic title compounds is achieved by treatment of cyclic ketones with NBS followed by a direct one‐pot coupling with 1,2‐diaminoarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Benzo‐Fluorinated Dibenz[b,f]azepines: Rearrangements of Isatins, Acridines, and Indoles.
Authors: Elliott Emma‐Claire , Bowkett Elizabeth R. , Maggs James L. , Bacsa John , Park B. Kevin , Regan Sophie L. , O'Neill Paul M. , Stachulski Andrew V.
Published: January 2012

The direct fluorination of dibenzazepines with SelectFluor fails.
ChemInform Abstract: An Oxidative Coupling Route to Macrocyclic Thiophenes and Its Application in the Synthesis of a Donor/Acceptor Hybrid Molecule.
Authors: Maier Stefan K. , Jester Stefan‐S. , Mueller Ute , Mueller Walter M. , Hoeger Sigurd
Published: January 2012

A route towards phenylene‐thiophene macrocycles (IV) via oxidative thiophene coupling under pseudo‐high dilution conditions is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: PtCl2/XPhos: A Highly Efficient and Readily Available Catalyst for the Hydrosilylation of Propargylic Alcohols.
Authors: McLaughlin Mark G. , Cook Matthew J.
Published: January 2012

The title reaction works particularly well for sterically encumbered propargylic alcohols and a single regioisomer obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Aryl(hetaryl)pyrazol‐5‐ols and Azopyrazoles on Their Basis.
Authors: Kuznetsov D. N. , Ruchkina A. G. , Kobrakov K. I.
Published: January 2012

Azo dyes (IV) and (V), capable to color textile materials, are synthesized and evaluated for their fungicidal activity against micromycetes often encountered on fabrics.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method for Synthesis of 2‐Alkoxyadenosine Analogues.
Authors: Sakakibara Norikazu , Tsuruta Takashi , Komatsu Masahiro , Iwai Masatoshi , Maruyama Tokumi
Published: January 2012

The 2‐amino group in purine ribosides (I) and (V) is converted into the corresponding 2‐alkoxy group by employing a one‐pot de novo synthesis involving non‐aqueous diazotization‐dediazoniation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Cu—Gd (Aluminum‐Copper‐Gadolinium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: January 2012

Review: phase equilibria; 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alfred Werner′s Coordination Chemistry: New Insights from Old Samples
Authors: Ernst Karl‐Heinz , Wild Ferdinand R. W. P. , Blacque Olivier , Berke Heinz
Published: January 2012

Review: ca. 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Superarmed and Superdisarmed Building Blocks in Expeditious Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Premathilake Hemali D. , Demchenko Alexei V.
Published: January 2012

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Survey of Ley′s Reactivity Tuning in Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Gomez Ana M.
Published: January 2012

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Heterocycles: Furan
Authors: Wong Henry N. C. , Hou Xue‐Long , Yeung Kap‐Sun , Huang Hui
Published: January 2012

Review: 306 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Heterocycles: Indole and Related Systems
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Valdes Carlos
Published: January 2012

Review: 704 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Shang Rui , Liu Lei
Published: January 2012

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis of Metal Oxide‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles in Liquid Phase
Authors: Ishida Tamao , Takamura Rena
Published: January 2012

Review: ca. 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Carbonylation Reactions: Organometallic Compounds (R—M) or Hydrocarbons (R—H) as Nucleophiles
Authors: Liu Qiang , Zhang Hua , Lei Aiwen
Published: January 2012

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactions, and Biological Activity of 1,4‐Thiazepines and Their Fused Aryl and Heteroaryl Derivatives
Authors: El‐Bayouki Khairy A. M.
Published: January 2012

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Azolylthiadiazoles and Benzazolylthiadiazoles
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Bakr F. , Mohamed Hanan A.
Published: January 2012

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization Reactions of Calixarenes
Authors: Sliwa Wanda , Deska Malgorzata
Published: January 2012

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Role of S‐Adenosylmethionine (SAM+) in the Methylation of sp2‐Hybridized Electrophilic Carbons.
Authors: Buckel Wolfgang , Thauer Rudolf K.
Published: January 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluation of Spin—Hamiltonian Parameters from Multifrequency EPR Data
Authors: Misra Sushil K.
Published: January 2012

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pulsed Techniques in EPR
Authors: Subramanian Sankaran , Krishna Murali C.
Published: January 2012

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High Resolution Solid State NMR Spectroscopy of Foods
Authors: Bertocchi Fabio , Paci Maurizio
Published: January 2012

Review: 73 refs.
Effect of 40 mg Versus 10 mg of Atorvastatin on Oxidized Low‐Density Lipoprotein, High‐Sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein, Circulating Endothelial‐Derived Microparticles, and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Huang Bingsheng , Cheng Ying , Xie Qiang , Lin Guixiong , Wu Yuyan , Feng Yanling , Gao Jinxiong , Xu Dingli
Published: January 2012

Background:

There are few recent data to delineate the beyond lipids‐decreased effect of statins and the effect of different doses of statins on endothelial‐derived microparticles (EMPs) and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).

Hypothesis:

Statins might have the beyond lipids‐decreased effect and there were different effects between different doses of statins on EMPs and circulating EPCs in patients with ICM.

Methods:

One hundred patients with ICM and 100 healthy examined people, who served as the normal control group, were recruited to this study. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: 10‐mg atorvastatin group (n = 50) and 40‐mg atorvastatin group (n = 50). All subjects were followed for 1 year. The levels of serum lipids, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), circulating EPCs, and EMPs were examined in all subjects. The incidences of adverse reactions in the 2 study groups were determined.

Results:

At the beginning of this study, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 study groups. At the end of this study, the levels of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, serum hsCRP, oxLDL, and circulating EMPs were significantly decreased; circulating EPCs were significantly increased in the 40‐mg atorvastatin group compared to the 10‐mg atorvastatin group, P < 0.05. The multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that receiving only 40 mg of atorvastatin had a significant effect on the levels of circulating EPCs (β = 0.252,P = 0.014). There were no significant differences in the adverse reactions between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:

Use of 40 mg of atorvastatin might decrease the levels of circulating EMPs and increase the number of circulating EPCs in patients with ICM in comparison with 10 mg of atorvastatin, and the effect might be independent of the decrease of lipids, oxLDL, and hsCRP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This study was supported by the Bureau of Health of Guangzhou city (2009‐YB‐186). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Biodegradation Studies on Acid Violet 19, a Triphenylmethane Dye, by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCH
Authors: Jadhav Shekhar B. , Yedurkar Snehal M. , Phugare Swapnil S. , Jadhav Jyoti P.
Published: January 2012

Acid violet 19 (AV) belongs to the triphenylmethane (TPM) class of dyes which are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic. However, very little studies on biodegradation of AV were reported as compared to other TPM dyes such as malachite green and crystal violet. In this study, AV was decolorized up to 98% within 30 min by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCH. The decolorization depends on the initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature. However, the dye was decolorized under wide pH and temperature ranges with an optimum of pH 7 and 30°C. Up to 250 mg L−1 of dye was found to be tolerated and decolorized by this strain. It showed decolorization ability for seven repeated dye addition cycles. The effect of additional carbon sources on dye decolorization was studied in which mannitol containing medium showed decolorization in 15 min. Induction in the enzyme activities of laccase, NADH‐DCIP reductase, and veratryl alcohol oxidase (VAO) indicates their involvement in AV degradation. Various analytical studies viz. UV–VIS, HPTLC, HPLC, and FTIR confirmed the biodegradation of AV by the bacterium. Based on GC‐MS analysis, a possible degradation pathway for AV was proposed. The phytotoxicity studies using Phaseolus mungo and Sorghum vulgare revealed the less toxic nature of metabolites formed after AV degradation.
Wound healing – a practical algorithm
Authors: Jeffcoate William J.
Published: January 2012

The decision‐making process involved in the management of diabetic foot wounds is complex but hinges on certain simple principles. The first is to agree the actual aim of management with the patient or their representative – and healing of an open wound may be only a part of this. The agreed plan should be discussed and reviewed if the wound is unresponsive to intervention. Management depends otherwise on regular debridement and cleansing, treatment of any infection, consideration of revascularisation and protection of the wound by dressings and off‐loading. The evidence to justify the use of advanced wound care therapies is not strong, and outcome depends more on the organisation of the wound care process than on the choice of a particular wound care product. The introduction of an expert multidisciplinary team has been shown to lead to a very significant reduction in the incidence of major amputation and it is likely that it is the availability or otherwise of prompt expert advice which is the principal explanation of the major variations that are known to exist in the incidence of amputation even within single countries. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amputation and ambulation in diabetic patients: Function is the goal
Authors: Attinger Christopher E. , Brown Benjamin J.
Published: January 2012

The role of amputation in limb salvage is often poorly defined because the surgeon and the patient often attempt to save all limbs at all costs. The difficulty lies in selecting limb salvage versus early amputation. For the sedentary patient, a poorly functional salvaged limb can provide him/her with a higher quality of life than he/she would have with an amputation. For the active patient, early major amputation may offer the best functional outcome. Our experience with diabetic limb salvage over the last 20 years was retrospectively reviewed and compared with the existing literature in an attempt to better understand the role of amputation versus limb salvage in patients with diabetes. In the process, surgical techniques that we believe optimize foot and leg amputations were reviewed. Utilizing a team approach, limb salvage can yield a 64% ambulation rate and an 80% 2‐year survival rate. Below‐knee amputation led to a similar ambulatory rate, but the 2‐year survival in these patients was 52%. With more severe rear‐foot ulcers and osteomyelitis, the ambulatory rate declined with each co‐morbity. However, those whose foot was saved had a higher chance of walking than those who underwent amputation. Function and quality of life are the outcomes of interest and may be maximized through either limb salvage or amputation. Our job as physicians is to match the correct solution to the patients' lifestyle and their medical, physical and psychological conditions so they can achieve their desired level of activity as quickly as possible. Level of evidence: IV. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barriers to implementing foot care
Authors: van Houtum W. H.
Published: January 2012

The foot of diabetic patients can be affected by ulceration, infection, and gangrene and is a source of major morbidity and mortality; yet, it has been neglected by health‐care services. In recent years, however, the level of interest and knowledge has grown considerably, with an improving evidence base for clinical practice and the development of international consensus and guidelines that define strategies for diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Nevertheless, there are numerous barriers to the implementation of universal good care, involving attitudes and beliefs of doctors, other health‐care professionals, and patients, and the structure of health‐care systems, which conspire to prevent diabetic patients from receiving the appropriate multidisciplinary care they desperately need.

Before diabetic foot care reaches the level desired by specialists in the field, these many barriers must be recognized and overcome. Sound and cost‐effective strategies need to be developed. Policymakers and health‐care professionals should work together to remove the obstacles and facilitate the provision of adequate diabetic foot care. The effect of diabetic foot disease and amputations will only be reduced if sufficient attention is paid to the necessary preventive measures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Tesfaye Solomon , Selvarajah Dinesh
Published: January 2012

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects up to 50% of patients with diabetes and is a major cause of morbidity and increased mortality. Its clinical manifestations include painful neuropathic symptoms and insensitivity, which increases the risk for burns, injuries and foot ulceration.

Several recent studies have implicated poor glycaemic control, duration of diabetes, hyperlipidaemia (particularly hypertryglyceridaemia), elevated albumin excretion rates and obesity as risk factors for the development of DPN.

Although there is now strong evidence for the importance of nerve microvascular disease in the pathogenesis of DPN, the risk factors for painful DPN are not known. However, emerging evidence regarding the central correlates of painful DPN is now afforded by brain imaging.

The diagnosis of DPN begins with a careful history of sensory and motor symptoms. The quality and severity of neuropathic pain if present should be assessed using a suitable scale. Clinical examination should include inspection of the feet and evaluation of reflexes and sensory responses to vibration, light touch, pinprick and the 10‐g monofilament.

Glycaemic control and addressing cardiovascular risk is now considered important in the overall management of the neuropathic patient. Pharmacological treatment of painful DPN includes tricyclic compounds, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (e.g. duloxetine), anticonvulsants (e.g. pregabalin), opiates, membrane stabilizers, the antioxidant alpha lipoic acid and others. Over the past 7 years, new agents with perhaps less side effect profiles have immerged. Management of patients with painful neuropathy must be tailored to individual requirements and will depend on the presence of other co‐morbidities. There is limited literature with regard to combination treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness and safety of elective surgical procedures to improve wound healing and reduce re‐ulceration in diabetic patients with foot ulcers
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A.
Published: January 2012

The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of surgical off‐loading to heal diabetic foot ulcers and prevent ulcer recurrence. Usually, structural foot deformities such as hallux rigidus, hammertoe deformities and equinus of the ankle contribute to abnormal pressure and shear forces and non‐healing foot ulcers. Elective surgery to remove the deformity and restore joint mobility has been shown to be safe and effective to improve wound healing of recalcitrant ulcer and to reduce the risk of re‐ulceration. Unfortunately, there is very little high‐level evidence to help guide patient selection or to compare clinical outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.