bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Birth of the Long Player, 1952–1962
Authors: Smith Chris
Published: November 2023

It was 1948, and suddenly the music industry was at war. Following the wave of prosperity America enjoyed after emerging victorious from its own international conflict, record companies were battling for supremacy in the growing field of album technology, resulting in a two-year battle known as ‘‘the war of the speeds.’’ Columbia Records struck first, introducing the 10@ and 12@ microgroove long-player album formats, or LP, an improvement over the commercially unsuccessful Vitrolac albums that were attempted by RCA nearly twenty years earlier. The LP album spun at just over 33 revolutions per minute (rpm), and could hold twenty-five minutes of music per side, much more than the 78-rpm discs that could only hold four minutes. In response, Columbia’s competitor RCA Victor introduced the 7@, 45 rpm EP (for ‘‘extended play’’), beginning a confrontation whose outcome would determine how Americans would listen to music. Although the EP continued for decades as a format for singles and short collections, Columbia won the skirmish with its longer format that moved the listener to hear songs contextually in relationship to one another. From around 1950 onward, popular music was understood in terms of either individual songs or 12@ LPs—the ‘‘album’’ as we know it today—thus beginning the age of the ‘‘album’’ as more than just a collection of songs.
Justice and Well-Being
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth
Published: November 2023

Social justice is concerned with human well-being. In our view, well-being is best understood as involving plural, irreducible dimensions, each of which represents something of independent moral significance. Although an exhaustive, mutually exclusive list of the discrete elements of well-being is not our aim (and may not be possible), we build our account around six distinct dimensions of well-being, each of which merits separate attention within a theory of justice. These different dimensions offer different lenses through which the justice of political structures, social practices, and institutions can be assessed. Without attention to each dimension, something of salience goes unnoticed.
Justice, Sufficiency, and Systematic Disadvantage
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth
Published: November 2023

Our claim is that justice is concerned with securing and maintaining the social conditions necessary for a sufficient level of well-being in all of its essential dimensions for everyone. Our theory therefore stands in stark contrast to both utilitarian and libertarian alternatives described in chapter Utilitarians are concerned about outcomes, as are we, but the utilitarian aims at the maximization of some aggregate measure of utility. We are neither maximizers nor proponents of a single measure of utility. Libertarians are concerned about the underlying social conditions and how they affect certain ideals of human well-being, as are we, but libertarians are concerned solely with limiting the adverse effects of governmental interference with the individual’s ability to exercise control over her own life. We are concerned about a broader range of social determinants of well-being than strictly governmental ones, and the ideals of well-being are plural rather than unitary. Our theory, then, is egalitarian in the broad sense.
What Is Life?
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

Erwin Schrödinger’ s 1944 classic What Is Life? is a small book that occupies a large place among the great written works of the twentieth century. It is said that it helped launch the modern revolution in biology and genetics, and inspired a generation of scientists, including Watson and Crick, to explore the riddle of life itself. Now, more than sixty years later, science writer Ed Regis offers an intriguing look at where this quest stands today. Regis ranges widely here, illuminating many diverse efforts to solve one of science’ s great mysteries. He examines the genesis of Schrödinger’ s great book--which first debuted as three public lectures in Dublin--and details the fantastic reception his ideas received, both in Europe and America. Regis also introduces us to the work of a remarkable group of scientists who are attempting literally to create life from scratch, starting with molecular components that they hope to assemble into the world’ s first synthetic living cell. The book also examines how scientists have unlocked the “three secrets of life,” describes the key role played by ATP (“the ultimate driving force of all life”), and outlines the many attempts to explain how life first arose on earth, a puzzle that has given birth to a wide range of theories (which Francis Crick dismissed as “too much speculation running after too few facts”), from the primordial sandwich theory, to the theory that life arose in clay, in deep-sea vents, or in oily bubbles at the seashore, right up to Freeman Dyson’ s “theory of double origins.” Written in a lively and accessible style, and bringing together a wide range of cutting-edge research, What is Life? makes an illuminating contribution to this ancient and ever-fascinating debate.
A Pediatric Perspective on Mind-Body Medicine
Authors: Kohen Daniel P
Published: November 2023

The mind and body are in constant bidirectional communication through neurologic, biochemical, immunological, and energetic pathways. There are many mind/body skills that children and teens can learn and apply throughout life. All hypnosis is self-hypnosis. Hypnosis involves the cultivation of imagination.
Introduction
Authors: Shrage Laurie J
Published: November 2023

Not long ago at the Jazz Bakery in Los Angeles, I heard a group that included the wonderful jazz bassist Jennifer Leitham. As they began playing “You’ve Changed,” Leitham, who once lived as a man, remarked with ironic humor, “my theme song.” This is a song about preparing for change—not political change but personal transformation. A lover observes the signs of emotional distance in her beloved and dolefully proclaims, “You’ve changed. . . . You’re not the angel I once knew No need to tell me that we’re through.” The lover recognizes the signs of waning affection by noting the loss of a familiar person. Profound personal and interpersonal transformations are often described in terms of a discontinuity between a present person and a past self. We often interpret such claims metaphorically rather than literally, but are there circumstances in which a claim of nonidentity between two time stages of once identical selves is literally true? In a news article about a high school principal who transitioned over a summer break, one student interviewed states, “It doesn’t matter what happened, it’s the person inside. It’s the same person. It doesn’t really matter if you change the outside.”1 The student’s assertion, though, suggests that others around her do not share her conviction about the relatively superficial nature of the change that has occurred. Do some changes to the self (sex, religion, job, or age?) create discontinuities with earlier selves that are profound enough to be described as the emergence of a new self?
The New Foundations of Evolution
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

This is the story of a profound revolution in the way biologists explore life's history, understand its evolutionary processes, and reveal its diversity. It is about life's smallest entities, deepest diversity, and greatest cellular biomass: the microbiosphere. Jan Sapp introduces us to a new field of evolutionary biology and a new brand of molecular evolutionists who descend to the foundations of evolution on Earth to explore the origins of the genetic system and the primary life forms from which all others have emerged. In so doing, he examines-from Lamarck to the present-the means of pursuing the evolution of complexity, and of depicting the greatest differences among organisms. The New Foundations of Evolution takes us into a world that classical evolutionists could never have imagined: a deep phylogeny based on three domains of life and multiple kingdoms, and created by mechanisms very unlike those considered by Darwin and his followers. Evolution by leaps seems to occur regularly in the microbial world where molecular evolutionists have shown the inheritance of acquired genes and genomes are major modes of evolutionary innovation. Revisiting the history of microbiology for the first time from the perspective of evolutionary biology, Sapp shows why classical Darwinian conceptions centering on questions of the origin of species were forged without a microbial foundation, why classical microbiologists considered it impossible to know the course of evolution, and classical molecular biologists considered the evolution of the molecular genetic system to be beyond understanding. In telling this stirring story of scientific iconoclasm, this book elucidates how the new evolutionary biology arose, what methods and assumptions underpin it, and the fiery controversies that continue to shape biologists' understanding of the foundations of evolution today.
Selected Essays
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

In Selected Essays Michael Slote collects some of the most important papers of his career, articles that were both influential as well as those that remain relevant to philosophical debates today. The papers range over a number of important topics--not all of them within or having to do with ethics. Three of the papers have to do with ways in which one might fill out or expand upon traditional utilitarian views--while remaining within the utilitarian tradition. Two of the papers focus on free will, and another pair discuss rational choice and argue that traditional views about individual rationality unduly limit our possibilities. The papers outside ethics deal with such topics as counterfactuals; Wittgensteinian accounts of "cluster terms;" some familiar concepts we use that cannot apply to reality; and a paradox about the possibility of circumstances where it is linguistically inappropriate to assert what one believes. In addition to the previously published essays, Slote includes more recent and unpublished papers that deal with the uses of empathy in the context of global issues of justice; the limitations of the "moral reasoning" model of normal moral thinking; and the relevance of empathy to the epistemic ideal of objectivity. The final paper of the volume speaks about recent developments in ethical theory and what they may tell us about the possibilities of future progress or lack of progress in that field.
Inapplicable Concepts
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

I shall argue here that the ordinary notions of a monster and of an unnatural (or perverted) act are for similar reasons inapplicable to reality, and shall offer an explanation of how such inapplicable concepts come to be frequently used.
Global Caring, Global Justice
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

I am very pleased to be at today’s session on Global Justice. It gives me a chance to show, or show more fully, how some of the recent work I have done on care ethics extends to issues of international or global justice and, at the same time, to relate what I have to say to what others have been saying in this area. My recent book The Ethics of Care and Empathy was, basically, an argument for thinking of care ethics as covering the entire field of normative ethics, both personal and political. I’d like to say something now by way of summarizing the discussion and conclusions of that book, enough, I hope, to make what I was saying there interesting to you and interesting, in particular, as a potential alternative to recent ways of thinking about international moral issues.
Ezra Pound: Translation and Betrayal
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

Writing from Rapallo on 24 May 1936 to the Japanese poet Katue Kitasono, Ezra Pound, referring to his knowledge of Chinese characters, admitted, ‘the enormous gaps of my IGNOR ANCE’. He also affirmed ‘Two things I should do before I die, and they are to contrive a better understanding between the U.S.A. and Japan, and between Italy and Japan.’ The products of translators can help increase understanding between cultures. To achieve this involves working to discover more about the world they are translating from, more about the language and society into which they are translating, and more about where they stand in relation to both.
‘By what Name shall we Call Death?’: Virginia Woolf’s The Waves
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

TELLING other people’s stories—writing biographies—is an engagement with the limits of the self. Story-telling alleviates frustration, apparently extending the boundaries of who we are, and of who we might be. In finding a suitable narrative for .Joan of Arc’s life, Sackvillc-West was encouraging herself to feel that there might, one day, be an appropriate story for her own: one to comfort, to shelter, and to explain. Narratives imply that the chaos of identity can momentarily make sense.
Antifeminist Tales
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

From about the eleventh century, the short exemplary tale enjoyed a huge popularity in the West, as poets and preachers began to draw eagerly on collections of stories of intrigue and comic mischief transmitted from eastern cultures (most conspicuously via the Muslim ‘frontier’ of Arabic Spain). The result was the flowering of the racy fabliau, or story of trickery, in which a dominant type concerned wives’ stratagems in defying or cuckolding their husbands. (Of course there were anecdotes of faithful wives, too, but rather fewer.) Female deceit and sexual appetite are usually taken for granted. We are warned by Muscatine that it would be rash to suppose that these lustful fabliau women are a product of ‘red-eyed clerics sublimating, in their fierce antifeminism, a deep fear of castration and of female domination’. It seems more appropriate to talk in terms of the raconteurs’ underlying admiration for the ingenuity shown by the women in circumventing sexually unattractive, possessive husbands. Some of the more popular tales will be found deployed in The Lamentations of Matheolus in the next chapter. The present chapter selects from the massive field of fabliau just a few, including two incorporated into a sermon.
Introduction
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: November 2023

At the turn of the century, British film-makers were among the most enterprising in the world. By the First World War, this initiative had been lost to the American film industry and, ever since, British screens have been dominated by Hollywood films. Various measures have been adopted by British film-makers, the film industry, the state, and various self-appointed guardians of the film culture in an effort to establish and maintain a national cinema in the face of this competition. In the pages that follow, I will be exploring some of the more pervasive cultural and economic forms that this construction of a national cinema has taken.
British Film Culture and the Idea of National Cinema
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: November 2023

The discussion of national cinemas has proceeded with great imprecision, not least the discussion of British cinema. To take just one fairly random example, Raymond Durgnat suggests at the outset of his influential ac count of post-war British cinema, A Mirror for England, that, in selecting the films he will discuss, ‘our criterion has had to be rather arbitrary and subjective: is it about Britain, about British attitudes, or if not does it feel British? ‘1 One can, of course, sympathize with Durgnat to some extent, since national identity is by no means a fixed phenomenon, but constantly shifting, constantly in the process of becoming. The shared, collective identity which is implied always masks a whole range of internal differences and potential and actual antagonisms. The concept of national cinema is equally fluid, equally subject to ceaseless negotiations: while the discourses of film culture seek to hold it in place, it is abundantly clear that the concept is mobilized in different ways, by different commentators, for different reasons. In general, one can identify four such uses of the term, although any particular utterance about national cinema will probably mobilize more than one of these.
Economic Competition and Product Differentiation-Popular Cinema and the British Film Industry in the Mid I93 os: Sing As We Go and Evergreen
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: November 2023

For twenty five years the American film trade has monopolised the entertainment of the world. The American film has gone everywhere, and influenced fashion, trade and thought in every country. ‘Motion pictures ‘ have been synonymous with ‘American motion pictures ‘, and we have been perfectly prepared to accept the American idea without questioning as the inevitable material of screen entertainment.
The Criterion versus the Adelphi, 1922–1925
Authors: Goldie David
Published: November 2023

It was suggested earlier that Eliot’s writings at the time of his first contributions to the Athenaeumwere marked by a number of deep ambiguities concerning the place of personality in creative and critical activity. While his criticism could be seen to be striving to articulate a theory of impersonal literary creation it appeared constantly to be rubbing up against a set of assumptions and a conceptual vocabulary to which it seemed antipathetic, so that, for example, in ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ the poet who is able to synthesize a persona from the materials of the tradition is none the less marked out as recognizably ‘mature’. In making these attempts Eliot was intervening in an ongoing debate about the nature of literary style that had roots deep in the nineteenth century. His difficulties in lighting on a critical vocabulary that could convincingly articulate such a theory of impersonality can be seen to derive from the turn that that debate had taken during the previous forty or so years and from its continuing inconclusiveness. For a writer like Eliot English critical writing on style had little to offer, and for a certain time he clearly believed that continental writers-in particular the French poet and critic Remy de Gourmont-marked a way out of a debilitating Anglocentric critical impressionism.
Timon of Athens
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

16299 Alsfelt, Palle. Timon i Athen. MS 1940 (Kn [Arkiv 423]). Incidental music for radio: 2 ob, 2 tpt, [drs]. First broadcast on Danmarks Radio, Copenhagen, 9 February 1940 (Eyvind Johan Svendsen, Timon; Oluf Bang, director), in Tavs Neiiendam’s radio adaptation of Edvard Lembcke’s translation. [Alsfelt possibly arranged this work from earlier music.] 16300 Applebaum, Louis. [—]. MS [1983 (composer)]. Incidental music: instr ensemble [fl, br, perc, keyboards]. First performed Grand Theatre, Toronto, 23 September 198 3 (William Hutt, Timon; Margaret Voorhaar, fl; Eric Schultz, br; Ken Stewart, perc; Laura Burton, keyboards; Jeff Hyslop, choreographer; Burton, music director; Robin Phillips, director).
The Two Noble Kinsmen
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

19158 Bateman, David. [—]. MS [1979]. Incidental music. First performed Edinburgh Festival Fringe, New Chaplaincy Centre, 27 August 1979 (Cherub Company: Daniel Foley, Palamon; Anthony Rothe, Arcite; Charles Grant, Emilia; Matthew Sim, Jailer’s Daughter; Andrew Visnevski, director). 19159 Blunt, Joseph in collaboration with Clive Stevens.[ —]. MS [1981). Incidental music. First performed Bouwerie Lane Theater, New York, II October 1981 Gean Cocteau Repertory: David Fuller, Palamon; J. D. Eiche, Arcite; Judy Jones, Emilia; Phyllis Deitschel, Jailer’s Daughter; Eve Adamson, director).
Sir Henry Spelman and William Somner
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

In his biography of Sir Henry Spelman, published in 1698, the Oxford scholar Edmund Gibson expressed his admiration for ‘the knowledge of the Laws and Antiquities of our Nation ‘ that Spelman exhibited. ‘Those, for a good part of his life, he seems to have studied for the service of his country, and for his own diversion; but not with an eye to any particular undertaking. ‘1 From our more distant viewpoint, we can recognize that Spelman did have a great project in mind, but that, like most ambitious antiquarian schemes, it was only partially fulfilled. He desired to strengthen the whole fabric of the Commonwealth by firming the foundations in the deep past. The laws, rights, and entitlements of Church and state were his preoccupation; all these powers and privileges should mutually support and be consolidated by the monarchy. The frontispiece that he designed for his history of Church councils, Concilia, exemplified the structure of the stable state: it showed the king as the keystone of an arch upheld by the pillars of the secular and ecclesiastical powers.2 Spelman ‘s sense of the interdependence of Church, state, and monarch is everywhere apparent.
John Weever
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

John Weever was an unexpected antiquarian. He published Ancient Funeral/ Monuments in 1631, a year before his death, without having given any previous indication of interest in the subject. Thirty years earlier, he had tried his hand at a literary career, publishing five short volumes of verse, variously satiric, erotic, and religious, around the turn of the century, and had then fallen silent. What little we know of him has been pieced together in a recent biography by Ernst Honigmann, from whom we derive a picture of a fretful, irascible Cambridge scholar of Lancashire origins, tranquillized by money from a successful marriage, who turned in middle life to the study of church antiquities. At his own expense he travelled all over England for many years, compiling a record of monumental inscriptions and a register of who is buried where. It seems to have been a solitary, self-imposed task, carried out. haphazardly, that began to acquire some method only after he gained the acquaintance of the major London antiquaries in the early 1620s. He claims our attention, however, for several reasons. His hopelessly ambitious task was characteristic of the kind of comprehensive, nation-wide survey of an antiquarian subject inspired by the example of Camden ‘s Britannia, and it was carried forward by a rather simple-minded patriotism that desired to honour the memory of worthy men and women, wherever they were buried. He brought a note of literary richness to antiquarian studies, writing often with an eloquence suitable to his subject of mortality and commemoration. Weever also exemplifies the anti quarian as consolidator: he wrote to strengthen the social fabric of the Church in England by reminding his readers that the Church, whether Catholic or Protestant, has always had a role in preserving and protecting the honourable dead of the nation, and he was motivated in part by an anxiety that this historic function was in danger of being negated by the growth of Puritan narrow mindedness which had no sympathy with the Church as a repository of accumulated social history.
A Mid-century Miscellany: Thomas Browne, William Burton, and Thomas Fuller
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

In the 1650s, many royalist gentlemen up and down the country were inclined to take their minds off contemporary discomfiture by thinking about the remote past. Perhaps exclusion from public life gave them more time for their researches, for this was a period that saw the publication of a good deal of antiquarian writing. William Dugdale dominated the decade, and his books advanced knowledge of the past on many fronts: monastic history, architectural history, and regional history were transformed by his voluminous and methodical endeavours. Dugdale ‘s interest in ecclesiastical history was matched at a more popular level by Thomas Fuller ‘s Church History of Britain, which came out in 1655, the same year as the Monasticon. The posthumous publication of Inigo Jones ‘s speculations about Stonehenge in 165 5 brought Ancient Britain and the Romans back into prominence after two decades of relative neglect. The configuration of Roman Britain was the subject of William Burton ‘s Commentary on the Antonine Itinerary (1658), in which he attempted to locate the towns and camps of the third century. Thomas Browne composed his meditations on what he took to be Roman urns, and published them in 1658.
John Aubrey
Authors: Parry Graham
Published: November 2023

The contrast between Sir William Dugdale and John Aubrey as antiquarians is extreme. Dugdale was methodical, persevering, and immensely productive of published work. Over the years he brought a succession of large folios to the press; his searching of records and extraction of evidence was a work of prodigious industry and regular procedure. No man in England made more copious use of the manuscript heritage of charters, deeds, and statutes, of parliamentary, judicial, and parish records. Aubrey ‘s research was intermittent, on subject matter that was often unconventional; it was notoriously unmethodical, and resulted in one small published volume of miscellaneous observations. Dugdale worked from the secure base of his home in Warwickshire, where he was a respected gentleman of the county, and from the Office of Heralds in London. Aubrey conducted his operations amidst a tangle of lawsuits that led to the loss of his estates and fortune, flight from his creditors, and decades of living in temporary lodgings on the goodwill of friends. Much of his library was sold off, at intervals, to lighten his passage through life.
The Ornithology of Aristophanes‘ Bird-Wall Birds 1136-1157
Authors: Dunbar Nan
Published: November 2023

Aristophanes‘ account of the various species of birds constructing the great wall of bricks in the sky, principally to blockade the gods by preventing them from receiving the nutritious aroma of burnt offerings from earth, has rightly been regarded as a tour de force in its ingenious deployment of different species for different parts of the building operation. Although a few species seem to be brought in more for their names than for any specific characteristics, the poet for the most part shows here, as elsewhere in the play, ornithological precision and accuracy within the limits of the knowledge available in his time.
Five Passages in Theocritus
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: November 2023

Commentators ancient and modern have little to say about ‘the wild lion‘, whose attack Heracles endured. Lions are indeed wild, and Homer can make Apollo say of Achilles that λ ϵ ω ν ω c α γ ρ ι α oiδ ϵ ν (Il. 24. 41); but that hardly makes the epithet pointedly Homeric here, where it sadly needs some particular significance. For it has always been seen that the animal in question is the celebrated Nemean Lion (so Σ c in 13. 6), whose impenetrable hide provided the hero with his characteristic dress. The passage would be improved by applying here a remedy proposed by Paul Maas at Theocr. 24. 129.
The Greeks and their Sculpture Interrelationships of Function, Style, and Display
Authors: Barber Robin
Published: November 2023

The monumental free-standing sculpture of ancient Greece played a major part in determining the appearance of sanctuaries and, later, city centres. The installation of sculpture in sanctuaries began at least as early as the Archaic period, with works in stone, bronze, and wood. Wooden figures were probably prominent even earlier, though there is no archaeological indication of their numbers or precise locations. The functions of this sculpture, however, were not primarily decorative. Although the possession of fine works was surely regarded as bringing credit to the place where they stood, their main purpose was rather to communicate messages of various kinds between meil and gods or between men and menoften both at the same time.
What’s in a Name? The ‘Diniarchus’ of Plautus’ Truculentus
Authors: Gratwick Adrian
Published: November 2023

One might not expect the Greeks to have had words like ‘hoover‘, ‘mackin tosh‘, ‘sandwich‘, ‘biro‘, or ‘wellington‘, but they did, and it is Athenaeus-who else?-who tells us about them. At 11, 467, he quotes a study of Cleanthes (b. 331, d. 232 BC) π ϵ ρi μ ϵ τ α λ η ψ ϵ ωc ‘On transference of meaning‘ α π ó κ α τ αcκ ϵ ν αcα ν τ ω ν ϕ ηciν ó νoμ αcη ν αi τ η ν τ ϵ Ϙ η ρiκ λ ϵioν κ υλiκ α κ αi τ η ν δ ϵiνiα δ α, ‘he says the Thericlean cup and the [kind of shoe called] deinias were named after their inventors‘; and a little further on he quotes more from the same passage, where Cleanthes was evidently making the point (for the text is corrupt: cf. von Arnim SVF i. 133) that these and similar names still commemorated their inventors in a transparent manner, for the words had not undergone linguistic changes which would disguise the personal names-i.e. the sort of change which, in English, has effectively buried rather than commemorated a prominent ninth-century Arabic mathematician in our word ‘algorithm‘ and a well-known Roman grammarian in the old word ‘donet‘ meaning a Latin primer.
Synecphonesis and Consonantalization of Iota in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Kapsomenos Antonios
Published: November 2023

The fact that i in ancient Greek verse may lose its autonomy as a syllable before a vowel or a diphthong without disappearing phonetically is widely accepted today. It can be noted in the first place in a series of names, many of which are accommodated in a metre where by their very nature they could not have been otherwise employed; e.g. ‘Ic τiαiα ν (Il. 2. 537), Mϵccη νiι ν (Tyrt. fr. 23. 6 W). It can also be noted in the way some common words scan in a verse, especially in poetic genres in which the effect of oral speech must have been particularly powerful
A New Manuscript of Tiberius Claudius Donatus
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: November 2023

The main features of the transmission of the text of the Interpretationes Vergilianae of Tiberius Claudius Donatus have long been established: three Carolingian codices have survived, from two of which (L = Florence, Laur. 45.15, containing books 1-V, and V = Vatican, lat. 1512, containing books VI-XII) are derived all the extant fifteenth-century manuscripts. Of these Renaissance texts, ten have been identified, all of which basically present the text of L, or of V, or a combination of both. It is therefore of some interest to come across another fifteenth-century witness, Wellesley College, MS No. 7.
The α Class of the Manuscripts of the Periochae of Livy
Authors: Reid Robert
Published: November 2023

Sir Kenneth Dover‘s prowess as a meticulous and accomplished textual critic is, of course, familiar. It is as an offering both of homage and of gratitude for encouragement given a quarter of a century ago that this contribution to the Festschrift in his honour is written.
The Origins of the Scottish Greek Chairs
Authors: Stewart M A
Published: November 2023

Those chairs of Greek which still survive in the older Scottish universities date from the early eighteenth century. Their creation was a consequence of reforms which were first conceived and briefly attempted in the days of Andrew Melville, but only finally effected following the 1688 Revolution. Latin was the principal language of study and instruction, and students arrived with an ostensible command of that language. Few had previous acquaintance with Greek, but after the Reformation they learnt the rudiments-in Latin-at college, from the same philosophy regent who took them through the rest of the curriculum. Greek had come in, like Hebrew, less to broaden the education than to give access to the Bible and patristic writers in the original languages. An unintended and theologically unwelcome by-product had been a temporary revival in the fortunes of Aristotelian philosophy.
The Greek Novel and Greek Identity
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

The key point about the rhetors and sophists with whom I finished the last chapter is that they and their audiences spent much of their time living in the same composite Greek world of the past. This imaginary world, where subject and object and past and present were seamlessly joined, was a vital component of a completely new genre of Greek literature that flourished in the second sophistic, the Greek novel. It is to the implications of this new arrival for the contemporary meaning of the past that I now turn.
Philostratus
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Flavius Philostratus is the last author to be considered here in any detail. All his works reflect an active interest in the cultural history of the Greek world. He was a practising sophist and came from a sophistic family. His wife was apparently of senatorial stock and at least one of his sons became a senator. He himself held the office of general at Athens during the first decade of the third century and was also close to the imperial court. Philostratus did not live in the past. He was fully alive to the pleasures and the pressures the contemporary world offered to the educated elite. The Greek past was simply the way of preserving one’s status in the present day. That is why the Lives of the Sophists often focuses, as has been observed, not on the rhetorical output of the sophists or on their classicism, but on their economic and social standing, and on their relations with the cities and the emperors. In assessing Philostratus’ attitude to Rome it is important to remember at all times that it is Greece’s cultural inheritance that really matters to him now. This provides the frame of reference (as it were) through which his comments on Romans and on the Empire are mediated.
Athanasius of Alexandria and Urban Asceticism
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

The previous discussions have made it abundantly clear that ascetic life in Egypt was characterized by an extraordinary degree of variety and, consequently, fluidity. Several models of ascetic life coexisted and at times competed with each other. As in Asia Minor, there were three distinct categories: ascetic life within cities and towns, ascetic life in the isolation of the desert or the countryside, and an ascetic life ‘in between’, in areas a little way beyond the boundaries of the village or town though not in the desert proper. The issue here is how our sources conceive of the relationship between these forms, how they characterize their relative merits and thus regulate them; and their perception of these interrelations will in turn give us insights into the shaping of asceticism in fourth-century Egypt.
Signs of the Dead: The Grave Monument in Homer and the Archaic Age
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

The study of the grave monument’ in the Homeric poems is important in itself and also necessary for the proper study of the archaic grave monument, since earlier perceptions contributed to the latter’s making. Also, the Homeric terminology was inherited by the archaic epitaph-writers, who adapted it to their own needs. We must determine what had been inherited, and how this inherited stock was deployed in the archaic age.
Coping with Death: Shifting Attitudes in a Changing World
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

We saw in Chapter III that the circumstances of the emergence, and the pattern of usage, of the inscribed grave monument, especially of the most individualized permanent and highly visible type, the sculpted monument with images and epigram, and also the content of the grave inscriptions, indicate an increasingly stronger concern for the lasting survival of one’s memory after death; and that the epitaphs stress very strongly a poignantly sad perception of death, while the preferred images of death indicate an increasingly individual, self-centred representation of the deceased’s social persona.
Charon, Hermes, and the Journey of Death
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

The date of the Minyas, like most things about it, is impossible to determine. Some time in the late seventh, or more plausibly perhaps in the sixth, century is all that it is possible to say.4 Charon’s earliest known images are two black-figure scenes of c.500, which show him ferrying the winged shades in his boat.5 They tell us that at c.500 Charon’s role as ferryman of the dead was sufficiently wellknown to be represented on vases.
Reading (Death) Otherwise: The Case Study of an Archaic Epigram
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

We saw in Chapter III 𝕊𝕊 ii.2a and ii.3 that an archaic epigram from Teithronion in Phokis, if it was (as has been generally assumed) truly an epitaph, would constitute a unique exception to an otherwise consistent pattern of appearance, in epitaphs and elsewhere, of two important elements: the naming of the grave monument and the salutation chaire addressed to the dead. This epigram, of c.500 BC,is inscribed on a limestone stele and is now in the Chaironeia Museum.
Introduction
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

The central and unifying theme of this collection is the ancient body’s relation to gender, for the bodies and genders of antiquity still matter. Ancient bodies continue to be appropriated as sites on which to negoti ate modern sexualities and genders, their somatic metaphors can still activate the gendered rhetoric and practices of (for example) modern warfare, and their analysis now occupies a prominent place in current academic debates about sexuality, gender, and the body.
‘The Mother of the Argument’: Eros and the Body in Sappho and Plato’s Phaedrus
Authors: Foley Helene P
Published: November 2023

What else could one call the art of love of the Lesbian woman [Sappho] other than the Socratic art of love? For they seem to me to have practiced love after their own fashion, she the love of women, he of men. For they said they loved many, and were captivated by all things beautiful. What Alcibiades and Clrnrmides and Phaedrus were to him, Gyrinna and Atthis and Anactoria were to her; what the rival craftsmen Prodicus and Gorgias and Thrasymachus and Protagoras were to Socrates, Gorgo and Andromeda were to Sappho. Sometimes she censures them, at other times she cross-examines them, and she uses irony just like Socrates.
Playing Roman Soldiers: The Martyred Body, Derek Jarman’s Sebastiane, and the Representation of Male Homosexuality
Authors: Wyke Maria
Published: November 2023

In a recent collection of essays entitled Outlooks: Lesbian and Gay Sexualities and Visual Cultures (1996), Richard A. Kaye observed that from the late nineteenth century the image of St Sebastian’s body pierced by arrows has provided a means of conceiving a male self that encompasses homosexual desire. Kaye’s disparate catalogue of representations of the martyred Roman soldier in twentieth-century writing, painting, photography, film, and performance art discloses that in contemporary culture St Sebastian has emerged ‘as the very distillation in art of an emotionally and politically fraught homosexual persona’.
Preliminaries
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

Writing Arabic aimed to provide an acceptable model for writing the Arabic script. Pronouncing Arabic I is likewise normative, and aims to provide for imitation an acceptable mode of reading aloud a written Arabic text. The variety of reading ‘accents’ in the Arab world imposes both geographical restriction and the choice of a well-known, codified reading style. In view of the undeniable cultural and demographic dominance of Egypt, there can be no reasonable objection to the selection of an Egyptian accent, which not only is recognized and esteemed beyond the borders of Egypt but also conforms to an established code of orthoepy, in the traditional sense of ‘correct’ [sic) pronunciation of written forms. An orthoepic approach is adopted for purely practical reasons and does not imply acceptance of the widespread Arab view that written Arabic is alone worthy of study. Even within such well-defined practice, however, permissible variation does occur in the reading style of educated Egyptians and is attributable to their regional origins and educational training as well as to the subject-matter that is read and the circumstances in which reading takes place. Written Arabic of a formal kind is broadly reducible to two varieties: on the one hand, the high Classical Arabic of ancient beginnings and Islamic liturgy, and, on the other, the more modern language of contemporary literature, journalism, news broadcasting, technological writing, administration, and diplomacy (so-called Modern Standard Arabic).
Fazil Iskander(b. 1929)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Fazil Iskander is among the best-loved contemporary writers in Russia, his books regularly featuring among the ‘top ten ‘ bought by readers each year. An Abkhazi* by birth (though he writes in Russian), he has created a unique literary realm from the people, landscapes, and traditions of his native land, and drawn on its culture of toasting and story-telling to create an authorial persona of immense charm.
Tatyana Tolstaya (b. 1951)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Tatyana Tolstaya was born in Leningrad into one of the city ‘s most distinguished lit-erary families. She is the great-grandniece of Lev Tolstoy and the granddaughter of the writer, dramatist, and poet Aleksei Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1883–1945), best known for his trilogy about the Revolution, Road to Calvary,* begun while he was temporarily an émigré in Berlin. Though he had initially been an outspoken oppon-ent of Bolshevism, Aleksei Tolstoy returned to the Soviet Union in 1923 and became one of the very few Russians to maintain a nobleman ‘s life-style while successfully demonstrating his ‘loyalty ‘ to the new state: so successfully, indeed, that he was appointed Chairman of the USSR Writers ‘ Union after Gorky ‘s death and won several Stalin Prizes for his work. Aleksei ‘s wife was the poet Natalya Krandiyevskaya, herself from a literary family, while Tolstaya ‘s maternal grandfather, as she relates in the interview that follows, was the distinguished translator Mikhail Lozinsky, whose friends included the poets Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov.
Vladimir Sorokin (b. 1955)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Vladimir Sorokin is one of the most gifted, and certainly the most notorious, among the group of younger writers who surfaced from the ‘underground ‘ in the late 1980s. Their hallmark was a general iconoclasm: the rejection of realism in all its variants; frequent reference to sex, bodily functions, and other taboo subjects; an emphasis on style and linguistic game-playing as opposed to ethical content, and an avowedly detached, ironic stance towards political and social questions.
Igor Pomerantsev (b. 1948)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Igor Pomerantsev was born in Saratov and spent his early childhood in Siberia. When he was 5 his family moved to Chernovtsy in western Ukraine, where he grew up and went to university. After graduating in English, he worked as a teacher and technical translator, moving to Kiev in the early 1970s.
Tourism and the Semiotics of Nostalgia
Authors: Frow John
Published: November 2023

In 1689 a Japanese poet travels to the deep north. Describing a tour of the island, he is nevertheless no tourist. His journey is in part a religious pilgrimage, in part the commemoration of localities celebrated by earlier poets, and in part an allegory of a passage into death.
Cross-Cut: Replay
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

One curious characteristic of post-Franco culture is the persistence with which artists in many media replay the past. Under the Socialists, cinema, freed at last from censorship, tended to specialize not in contemporary political dramas but rather in period pictures.
Social Space and Symbolic Power: Fernando Savater’ s Intellectual Field
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

Fernando Savater is perhaps the best-known and most representative intellectual of the Socialist era in Spain. Yet his work and persona are characterized by contradictions. Thus he is an avowed internationalist who was until very recently dedicated to teaching in the young university of his native Basque Country; a political activist who has never joined a political party; and an avowed anarchist who claims individualism as a foundation for a non-violent ethics of community.
Between Heaven and Earth: Grounding Julio Medem
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

Julio Medem is the cineaste of subjectivity. In his first feature, Vacas(1992) the history of 100 years of the Basque Country is replayed as adomestic conflict between two families in a lush valley; in his second, Laardilla roja (‘The Red Squirrel’, 1993), the contemporary comedy of relations between men and women is explored through the lyrical and imaginative means of memory and fantasy; and, finally, in Tierra ( 1996) acosmic fable of metaphysics and mundanity is performed in an unearthly landscape, as internal as it is external, a landscape which is, in Medem’s own words, ‘warm, intimate, and subjectivizable’.
Conclusion: Chronicles of Seduction
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

In June 1997 the European outpost of the Guggenheim Museum was completed in Bilbao. Along with a bridge by Santiago Calatrava1 and the long postponed metro by Norman Foster, Frank Gehry’s titanium structure was acclaimed for its role in the ‘renaissance of a city’.
Introduction
Authors: Vilain Robert
Published: November 2023

There can hardly be a book or an article about Hofmannsthal’s early work that does not mention somewhere the influence of French Symbolism on his poetry. Most take it for granted that there was such an influence and that it was beneficial. A few study the question in detail and reach broadly the same conclusion; others play down the matter of influence and prefer to see Hofmannsthal as a unique, almost magical creative talent, vastly well-read but fundamentally original. Some of Hofmannsthal’s admirers react defensively to the suggestion that his most celebrated, most magical writing is indebted to others, and they overstate their case for his originality.
Form and Identity: Hofmannsthal and the Symbolist Aesthetic
Authors: Vilain Robert
Published: November 2023

Amidst the welter of definitions and prescriptions that the Symbolist movement produced is a rich and beautiful statement by Mallarme that encapsulates in its deceptively innocent directness the cardinal presuppositions of Symbolist poetics: Poetry is the validation of human existence: the supreme duty of mankind is to attempt contact with its mysterious dimension, and poetry is what makes the merely human authentic and valuable. Language has to be stripped down to an essence before it will be fit for uncovering the mystery. This essence comprises the spiritual, the mysterious, the authentic and the poetic, and is opposed to the empirically observable. Contact between the two dimensions of existence is, to use Baudelaire’s term, correspondance.
‘Symbolismus: Meine Definitionen’: Early Poems and the Presence of Stefan George
Authors: Vilain Robert
Published: November 2023

Hofmannsthal’s interest in Symbolism did not begin with Stefan George’s arrival in Vienna in December 1891, and was not confined to the few days either side of Christmas when they met most frequently. His diary for 28 May 1891 reports a conversation with Gustav Schwarzkopf, Hermann Bahr, Heinrich von Korff and Julius Kulka in the Cafe Griensteidl: The high exclusivity of the Symbolist ideals was clearly common currency for the young Hofmannsthal and his friends well before the end of December. But it was at that time that Hofmannsthal sought most urgently to articulate for himself and for others his understanding of the concept, which in the hands of critics such as Bahr was highly unstable, but which was for Hofmannsthal of great importance.