bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Requirements for Successful Wikis in Collaborative Educational Scenarios
Authors: Forment Marc Alier , De Pedro Xavier , Casañ Maria Jose , Piguillem Jordi , Galanis Nikolas
Published: October 2011

What are the requirements for the Wiki engines to be used collaborative learning activities? Can any general-purpose engine be used? Or is there a niche for an educationally oriented crop of wiki engines? Do these educational wikis need to be integrated within the LMS to frame the collaborative activity within the walls of the virtual classroom, or is it preferable to have an external engine? These questions arise to every teacher who is about to plan a wiki-based collaborative learning activity. In this paper, the authors examine the use of wikis in college courses at three universities. The findings of this research are introduced and adopted as new features in two major open source wiki engines used for education: the Wiki module for Moodle 2.0 (as a Wiki engine embedded inside a LMS) and Tiki as independent full-featured Wiki CMS/Groupware engine.
Client-Side Relevance Feedback Approach for Image Retrieval in Mobile Environment
Authors: Yu Ning , Hua Kien A. , Liu Danzhou
Published: October 2011

During the last decade, high quality (i.e. over 1 megapixel) built-in cameras have become standard features of handheld devices. Users can take high-resolution pictures and share with friends via the internet. At the same time, the demand of multimedia information retrieval using those pictures on mobile devices has become an urgent problem to solve, and therefore attracts attention. A relevance feedback information retrieval process includes several rounds of query refinement, which incurs exchange of images between the mobile device and the server. With limited wireless bandwidth, this process can incur substantial delay, making the system unfriendly to use. This issue is addressed by considering a Client-side Relevance Feedback (CRF) technique. In the CRF system, Relevance Feedback (RF) is done on client side along. Mobile devices’ battery power is saved from exchanging images between server and client and system response is instantaneous, which significantly enhances system usability. Furthermore, because the server is not involved in RF processing, it is able to support more users simultaneously. The experiment indicates that the system outperforms the traditional server-client relevance feedback systems on the aspects of system response time, mobile battery power saving, and retrieval result.
Simulating Spiking Neural P Systems Without Delays Using GPUs
Authors: Cabarle F. , Adorna H. , Martínez-del-Amor M. A.
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the authors discuss the simulation of a P system variant known as Spiking Neural P systems (SNP systems), using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). GPUs are well suited for highly parallel computations because of their intentional and massively parallel architecture. General purpose GPU computing has seen the use of GPUs for computationally intensive applications, not just in graphics and video processing. P systems, including SNP systems, are maximally parallel computing models taking inspiration from the functioning and dynamics of a living cell. In particular, SNP systems take inspiration from a type of cell known as a neuron. The nature of SNP systems allowed for their representation as matrices, which is an elegant step toward their simulation on GPUs. In this paper, the simulation algorithms, design considerations, and implementation are presented. Finally, simulation results, observations, and analyses using a simple but non-trivial SNP system as an example are discussed, including recommendations for future work.
Forward and Backward Chaining with P Systems
Authors: Ivanov Sergiu , Alhazov Artiom , Rogojin Vladimir , Gutiérrez-Naranjo Miguel A.
Published: October 2011

One of the concepts that lie at the basis of membrane computing is the multiset rewriting rule. On the other hand, the paradigm of rules is profusely used in computer science for representing and dealing with knowledge. Therefore, establishing a “bridge” between these domains is important, for instance, by designing P systems reproducing the modus ponens-based forward and backward chaining that can be used as tools for reasoning in propositional logic. In this paper, the authors show how powerful and intuitive the formalism of membrane computing is and how it can be used to represent concepts and notions from unrelated areas.
Survival of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in the Northwest Atlantic Longline Fishery
Authors: Milliken Henry O. , Carr H. Arnold , Farrington Marianne , Lent Emily
Published: October 2011

Longline fishing has often been promoted as a clean, low impact fishing method. Some longline fishermen and biologists have expressed concern that there is a high mortality rate for cod and haddock that pass through a dehooking device prior to release. The device, aptly called the “crucifier,”
usually consists of two steel cylinders placed vertically on the gunwale of the vessel. During hauling, the gear passes through the opening between the cylinders white the fish, too large to pass through the narrow opening, is excluded. This process pulls the hook from the mouth of the fish
and can inflict severe injuries such as torn and broken jaws.A study was conducted to determine the survival rate of sub-legal cod caught in the longline fishery using 11/0 circle hooks. The focus of the research was to assess the rate of mortality of sub-legal catch after the cod were
placed in cages for 72 hours. The results of the study showed that there was high mortality (69%) associated with capture using the 11/0 circle hook when the fish were injured by the process of having the hooks removed from their mouths by the crucifier. Furthermore, sublegal cod that had
wounds from the dehooking process and were under 39 cm were statistically more likely to die as compared to cod between 38 and 49 cm.An ancillary set of observations on the predation by sea birds of released sublegal cod was included. Despite low numbers, the findings from these observations
show that sea bird predation should be included when estimating the survival offish caught by a longline.
Physiological Response of Scup, Stenotomus chrysops, to a Simulated Trawl Capture and Escape Event
Authors: DeAlteris Joseph T. , La Valley Kenneth J.
Published: October 2011

Scup (Stenotomus chrysops) were severely exercised by manual chasing for 6 min, and the clearance of lactate over a 12 hr period was evaluated. Lactate peaked from 0.5 to 1.0 hr following exercise with concentrations ranging from 61.0 to 126.0 mg/dL and returned to rested
concentrations within 4 hr post-exercise. Concentrations of lactate in rested fish ranged from 5.2 to approximately 23.0 mg/dL. Fish were observed for 10 days following exercise for delayed mortality. A 100% survival of scup was observed with no significant difference between control and experimental
populations.Swimming performance was evaluated for 14.0 to 15.0 cm fork length scup, with a towed stimulus through a still-water circular swimming channel, at prolonged and burst speeds. A maximum sustainable swimming speed of 2.2 BL/sec was observed. Between the speeds of 3.0 and
3.3 BL/sec and 4.4 BL/sec, endurance time significantly decreased with the increase in swimming speed. Blood lactate concentrations were measured at 0.5 and 4.0 hr post exercise, and were used as an indicator of white muscle recruitment. A significant difference was not found between rested
and experimental mean lactate concentrations at the maximum sustainable swimming speed of 2.2 BL/sec. White muscle recruitment indicated by increases in lactic acid, was recorded at speeds above the maximum sustained swimming speed, and mean blood lactate concentrations were significantly
different within blood sampling times and between swimming speeds.Based on the results of our investigations of lactate recovery in scup following a simulated trawl capture and escape event, we believe that scup interacting with a bottom trawl and subsequently escaping, are physiologically
stressed by the event, but recover in less than 6 hr. AU experimentally treated fish survived both exhaustive exercise and prolonged swimming, suggesting encounter mortality is minimal. The results of this study do not address the effects of possible physical damage on escape or the effect
of multiple encounters.
Bycatch Reduction in Massachusetts Inshore Squid (Loligo pealeii) Trawl Fisheries
Authors: Glass Christopher W. , Sarno Benedetta , Morris Gregory D. , Milliken Henry O. , Carr H. Arnold
Published: October 2011

Small-mesh fishing for squid in Nantucket and Vineyard Sounds during the spring seasonal fishery result in high catch and discard of undersized flounder and scup, both important commercial and recreational fishery species. This study was designed to assess the extent of bycatch and
discard in the Loligo pealeii squid inshore fishery and to describe and document the behavior patterns of squid and nontarget fish in relation to fishing gear. Bycatch rates vary spatially and temporally but over 30% by weight of total catch are discarded at sea. The main bycatch and
discard species comprise flatfish (summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus and winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus), scup (Stenotomus chrysops) and butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus). Videotape recordings and behavioral analysis of squid reactions have shown
that squid display classical herding behavior and considerable swimming endurance in the forward part of the net. Loligo are shown to rise when dropping back towards the codend and in some cases to turn and rise on tiring. This behavior may be used to separate squid from the main bycatch
species. Separator trawl test-trials have demonstrated that clear separation between squid and bycatch species can be achieved by simple gear modifications.
Measurements of Salinity in the Coastal Ocean: A Review of Requirements and Technologies
Authors: Woody Catherine , Shih Eddie , Miller Jerry , Royer Thomas , Atkinson Larry P. , Moody Richard S.
Published: October 2011

Salinity, a measure of the dissolved salts in seawater, is a fundamental property of seawater and basic to understanding biological and physical processes in coastal waters. In the open ocean long term salinity measurements are identified as necessary to understand global climate studies,
hydrological cycle, and circulation. In the coastal oceans, information on salinity is critical to understanding biological effects on ecosystem function such as disease, nursery grounds, or harmful algal blooms and on physical processes such as freshwater runoff, estuarine mixing, and coastal
currents. While the importance of salinity is recognized, little attention has been given to making routine measurements as to the location and frequency of such measurements. These issues were addressed in a workshop concerned with salinity measurements in coastal oceans, requirements for
such, and measurement technology.
Variability of the Florida Current Offshore From Fort Pierce Florida as Revealed by Satellite Imagery
Authors: Fornshell John A.
Published: October 2011

The western boundary of the Florida Current is distinguished from the inshore waters by a sharp rise in sea surface temperature. Its movements were studied using satellite imagery for a period of fifty one days from January 21, 1998 to March 13, 1998. The Florida Current made five incursions
inshore of its mean position during this period. This dynamic activity is ecologically important because the Florida Current represents a major source of nutrients for primary productivity in the region. The satellite data were compared to data from NOAA surface buoys to insure accuracy.
Interactive Escape Route Control for Passenger Ships Using Emergency Lighting
Authors: Kang Hee Jin , Lee Dongkon , Shin Jong Gye , Lee Gyeong Joong , Choi Jin
Published: October 2011

AbstractMaritime accidents lead to massive loss of life and property. In the case of passenger ships, the potential for damage is especially high. Although the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) of the International Maritime Organization has recently increased the regulation
of passenger ship safety, serious accidents continue to occur.A large passenger ship (e.g., a cruise ship) is very wide and contains a complex population of passengers; it is difficult for crew members to be aware of each passenger’s location and idiosyncrasies. Such knowledge could
be used by crew members in normal conditions to control the passengers, thereby avoiding dangerous scenarios. In an emergency situation, the same knowledge can help crew members control the flow of escape and help passengers, including handicapped persons, children, and the elderly.In
this paper, we examine the use of emergency lighting and wireless sensor networks to create a new methodology for interactive escape route control. The sensor network consists of a wireless system (i.e., ZigBee) that collects raw data from each passenger. These data are then used to determine
escape routes, which are communicated to the crew via emergency lighting. We also include simulation results of the proposed interactive escape route control for selected scenarios.
Effect of Internal Solitary Waves on Underwater Acoustic Propagation
Authors: Chu Peter C. , Hsieh Chung-Ping
Published: October 2011

AbstractInternal solitary waves (ISWs) were observed on 07:52‐09:36 GMT July 30, 2005, in the Philippine Sea near Taiwan from high-resolution temperature sampling. The effect of ISWs on acoustic propagation was identified using the Navy’s Comprehensive Acoustic
Simulation System through comparison between range-independent and range-dependent sound speed profiles. The ISWs enhance the sound propagation slightly (0‐3 dB) in near-range, weaken or enhance the sound propagation (−20 to 20 dB) evidently in midrange, and always weaken the
sound propagation (up to −20 dB) in far range. The ISW’s effect on the acoustic propagation varies with sound frequency and sound source depth. This work provides a methodology to anticipate possible errors in transmission loss estimation in an operational framework, if no further
additional data are available.
Motion-Compensated Acoustic Positioning in Very Shallow Waters Using Spread-Spectrum Signaling and a Tetrahedral Ultrashort Baseline Array
Authors: Beaujean Pierre-Philippe J. , Bon Antoine , An Edgar
Published: October 2011

AbstractUltrashort baseline acoustic positioning systems (APSs) are well suited for unmanned underwater vehicle operations because of their small space requirement and ease of deployment. This type of positioning system estimates the relative phases between signals measured
by an array of transducers, each a half wavelength from the others. The accuracy of these relative-phase estimates is limited by several factors. Reverberation may cause major signal distortion in the acoustic signals received by the array and limit the accuracy of time-delay estimation during
position estimation. Another limiting factor is the ambient noise present in shallow and deep waters generated by waves, rain, boat traffic, and biological life. A motion-compensated ultrashort baseline APS operable in shallow water and port environment has been implemented at Florida Atlantic
University. Multitones signal modulation and log-likelihood maximization enable this APS to operate in highly reverberant environments. The motion compensation system estimates the array position and orientation by merging inertial and differential GPS measurements using Kalman filtering techniques.
Experiments show 0.67 and 2.67 degrees of error for the array tilt and heading estimates and 0.74 m for the array position estimate at a range of 23 m.
A Cooperative Approach to Resource Management: Texas Game Fish Win
Authors: Simoniello Christina , Tissot Philippe , McKee David , Adams John , Ball Robyn , Butler Raymond
Published: October 2011

AbstractJust as humans succumb to hypothermia, fishes can die if their core body temperature falls below their lower lethal limit. Record-setting cold weather in the southern United States between January 8 and 12, 2010, put numerous recreational game fish species at risk,
particularly those living in the shallow, rapidly cooled waters of the Laguna Madre, Texas. Cognizant of the danger of barge traffic in the Land Cut, a section of the Intracoastal Waterway in the Laguna Madre, poses to cold-stressed fishes, Gulf Intracoastal Canal Association (GICA) members
voluntarily sacrificed $7,000 per tow to protect the resource. Described here is the collaboration among academics at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Texas A&M University, industry leaders from the Gulf Intracoastal Canal Association, and conservationists from the Coastal
Conservation Association Texas, which led to the pooling of financial and human resources to mitigate game fish mortalities during a recent extreme cold weather event, or norther, as Texans refer to it. A new water temperature forecasting tool, in development and tested in this partnership,
is discussed in terms of ecosystem-based management, of which a key component is engaging multiple stakeholders in a collaborative process to define problems and find solutions. The partnership exemplifies the mission of the developing U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System and Gulf of Mexico
Coastal Ocean Observing System Regional Association to use data and tools to provide information, to deliver that information to decision makers in a timely manner, and to make and implement decisions that promote sustainable use of resources.
The Australian Integrated Marine Observing System: Delivering Data Streams to Address National and International Research Priorities
Authors: Hill Katy , Moltmann Tim , Proctor Roger , Allen Simon
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has been established with Australian federal government funding, bringing together universities and marine agencies from across the nation to deliver a sustained observing system for Australia. It is led by the University
of Tasmania on behalf of the marine and climate science community, with 10 different organizations operating components of the system based on their institutional strengths and capabilities. The system’s primary goal is to provide information in support of marine and climate science;
however, as all IMOS data are discoverable and freely available through the Internet-based Ocean Portal, the system has the potential to support decision making in many other areas of marine management. IMOS has become the cornerstone of Australia’s contribution to the Global Ocean Observing
System and plays a leading role in the development of observing systems in the Southern Hemisphere. This article will outline how IMOS works, with an emphasis on the key principles of (i) national, science-driven planning and (ii) delivery of data streams as research infrastructure. It will
also highlight recent achievements and challenges for the future. Although it is still in its “early days,” indications are that IMOS is revolutionizing ocean observing in Australia and is laying a platform for the delivery of sustained observations over the very long term.
The Ocean Observatories Initiative: Sustained Ocean Observing Across a Range of Spatial Scales
Authors: Cowles Tim , Delaney John , Orcutt John , Weller Robert
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Ocean Observatory Initiative of the U.S. National Science Foundation is working to advance the ocean sciences by developing the infrastructure for sustained ocean observations at key coastal and open ocean locations. The effort comprises two coastal arrays, four
global arrays in the deep ocean, a cabled observatory over the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate, and a sophisticated cyberinfrastructure. The initial installations will be completed by 2015, and 25 years of operation will follow. This article provides an overview of the Ocean Observatory Initiative,
followed by more detail about the coastal, regional, and global components. Science drivers are reviewed first. Then, the platforms to be deployed at each site, both moorings and mobile platforms, are described, as are the planned, multidisciplinary core sensors. All data will be freely available.
Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) Supports Marine Operations: A Look from the U.S. Coast Guard
Authors: Berkson Jonathan M. , Allen Arthur A. , Murphy Donald L. , Boda Kenneth J.
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is primarily a user of ocean observations but is also a provider of observations—especially in high-latitude regions. USCG has a long history of making ocean observations for mission activities and in support of other federal agencies.
USCG uses the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) to understand maritime conditions while conducting the Coast Guard’s roles of Maritime Safety, Maritime Security, and Maritime Stewardship. IOOS data are critical in planning search and rescue operations, ensuring
safe navigation at high latitudes, responding to oil and hazardous spills, providing vessel traffic services, and maintaining maritime domain awareness (MDA). The International Ice Patrol makes and uses ocean observations to estimate drift and deterioration of icebergs. The North American
Ice Service products are needed in polar and domestic ice operations. The National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration and the USCG are developing a way to disseminate the Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System data via the USCG Automatic Identification System. The Coast Guard provides personnel
and vessel support for the National Data Buoy Center observational program, a component of the IOOS. Many key oceanographic, biologic, and geologic discoveries in the Arctic and Antarctic have been made from Coast Guard cutters. As oceanographic data acquisition moves from vessel observations
to satellite remote sensing and unmanned in situ data acquisition systems, the USCG will continue to support this effort.
Advances in the Ocean Observing System in the Gulf of Maine: Technical Capabilities and Scientific Results
Authors: Pettigrew Neal R. , Fikes C. Patrick , Beard M. Kate
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (NERACOOS), which began in 2008, includes the University of Maine’s comprehensive data buoy array in the Gulf of Maine (GoM). The University of Maine buoy system started in 2001 as part
of the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS). The buoys provide a wide variety of oceanographic and marine meteorological data in real time to scientists, environmentalists, the National Weather Service, the U.S. Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard, educators, regional natural resource
managers, the GoM fishing and maritime industries, and the general public. The GoM observing system is presently undergoing a redesign of the buoy control system to enhance remote access and reduce operational costs. The enhancements will allow remote trouble-shooting and reprogramming of
the buoys and subsurface sensors. The system will also accommodate sensors from other research groups and allow them post-deployment control without assistance from our buoy group.Over the near-decade of operation, the system has revealed marked seasonal and interannual variability of
the circulation and physical properties of the GoM. In the fall of 2004 to spring of 2005, Doppler currents measured an outflow of deep salty slope waters that suggest a regime shift in the inflow and outflow of transports through the Northeast Channel. During the same period, a salinity anomaly
event lowered salinity throughout the GoM by roughly 2 psu by the winter of 2005. In following years, the previously unusual slope outflow and reduced salinity have often reoccurred.
Contributions of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System to National and Regional Coastal Hazards and Resources Information, Tools, and Services
Authors: Ostrander Chris E. , Seim Harvey , Smith Elizabeth , Studer Ben , Luscher-Aissauoi Audra , Fletcher Chip
Published: October 2011

AbstractA changing climate, coupled with increasing development and population growth within the coastal margins of the United States, presents a growing threat to coastal populations, ecosystems, and infrastructure associated with chronic and catastrophic coastal hazards
and a growing reliance on coastal resources. The U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) provides a unique capability to observe the coastal and open ocean waters of the United States and provide value-added, customized data tools, products, and services to inform decision
making related to coastal hazards and resources management, assessment, and risk by individuals, resource managers, policy makers, and local agencies. Increasingly, the partnership of IOOS Regional Associations with the U.S. IOOS Program Office has the capacity to provide critical observational
and scientific information needed to inform coastal planning and management efforts related to some of the most pressing problems facing our coastal zone: namely, impacts of a changing climate on coastal communities and ecosystems, sea level rise, and the competing and oftentimes conflicting
uses of our coastal zone that necessitate integrated Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning. Discussed herein are three examples of regional IOOS capacity to provide information related to beach safety, coastal inundation, and marine spatial planning.
The Global Ocean Observing Component of IOOS: Implementation of the Initial Global Ocean Observing System for Climate and the Path Forward
Authors: Levy Joel M. , Snowden Derrick , Clark Candyce , Crane Kathleen , Diamond Howard J. , Goodrich David , Johnson Mike , Miller Christopher D. , Murray William , Piotrowicz Stephen R. , Stanitski Diane
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe global ocean observing system for climate, which comprises the global in situ component of the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, has now achieved about 61% of its initial design goal. Although this observing system, implemented cooperatively by over
70 countries worldwide, serves multiple applications, it is designed primarily to address climate requirements defined by the international Global Climate Observing System. The U.S. contribution to the system, described here, is implemented as an interdependent set of observational subsystems
that constitute about half of the over 8,000 observing platforms deployed by the world community. Although much work remains to complete the initial global observing system, scientific advances of the past decade have identified the need to deploy a second-generation system that integrates
biogeochemical and ecological observations with the primarily physical and carbon-related oceanographic observations that form the backbone of the initial observing system.
Using an AUV for Assessing Wastewater Discharges Impact: An Approach Based on Geostatistics
Authors: Ramos Patrícia , Abreu Nuno
Published: October 2011

AbstractSeveral monitoring approaches have been used to understand the physical, chemical, and biological processes associated with coastal sewage discharges. However, these efforts have not improved the understanding of the interaction of effluent plume/coastal ocean processes.
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have already been shown to be very useful for performing high-resolution surveys of small features such as outfall plumes. Some of the advantages of these platforms include easier field logistics, low cost per deployment, good spatial coverage, sampling
over repeated sections, and the ability to perform feature-based or adaptive sampling. Once the data have been collected in the field, it is necessary to extrapolate from monitoring samples to unsampled locations. Geostatistics has been successfully used to obtain information; for example,
regarding the spatial distribution of soil properties. Besides giving estimated values at unsampled locations, it provides a measure of the accuracy of the estimate, which is a significant advantage over traditional methods used to assess pollution. In this work, geostatistics is used to model
and map the spatial distribution of temperature measurements gathered by an AUV in a sea outfall monitoring campaign, with the aim of distinguishing the effluent plume from the receiving waters and characterizing its spatial variability in the vicinity of the discharge. The results demonstrate
that this methodology can provide good estimates of the dispersion of effluent, and it is therefore very valuable in assessing the environmental impact and managing sea outfalls.
Interactions Between Microorganisms and Marine Microplastics: A Call for Research
Authors: Harrison Jesse P. , Sapp Melanie , Schratzberger Michaela , Osborn A. Mark
Published: October 2011

AbstractSynthetic thermoplastics constitute the majority by percentage of anthropogenic debris entering the Earth’s oceans. Microplastics (≤5-mm fragments) are rapidly emerging pollutants in marine ecosystems that may transport potentially toxic chemicals into macrobial
food webs. This commentary evaluates our knowledge concerning the interactions between marine organisms and microplastics and identifies the lack of microbial research into microplastic contamination as a significant knowledge gap. Microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, and picoeukaryotes) in
coastal sediments represent a key category of life with reference to understanding and mitigating the potential adverse effects of microplastics due to their role as drivers of the global functioning of the marine biosphere and as putative mediators of the biodegradation of plastic-associated
additives, contaminants, or even the plastics themselves. As such, research into the formation, structure, and activities of microplastic-associated microbial biofilms is essential in order to underpin management decisions aimed at safeguarding the ecological integrity of our seas and oceans.
Ship Ballast Water Management in Turkish Ports and Waterways
Authors: Satir Tanzer , Kura Bhaskar
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. The other three are land-based sources of marine pollution, overexploitation
of living marine resources, and physical alteration/destruction of marine habitat. Ballast is any material used to add weight to balance an object. One example includes the sandbags carried on conventional hot air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing
it to ascend. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping moves over 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers approximately 3‐5 billion tons of ballast water internationally each year. A similar volume may also be transferred
domestically within countries and regions each year. Ballast water is absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological, economical, and health threat to the marine environment.Turkey
is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and southeastern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by three seas: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The Turkish straits that separate Europe and Asia are one of the busiest waterways of the
world. Turkey has several ports and berthing facilities. The number of ships coming to ports or passing through the straits has been increasing in the last decade. Half of these ships are carrying ballast water. Turkey has not ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management
of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) as yet but will soon prepare ballast water strategies. This paper discusses two different topics: ship ballast water management strategies and treatment technologies. The authors recommend the best strategies for prevention of ship ballast
water pollution in the Turkish straits and ports.
Performance Evaluation of SeaSonde High-Frequency Radar for Vessel Detection
Authors: Roarty Hugh J. , Rivera Lemus Erick , Handel Ethan , Glenn Scott M. , Barrick Donald E. , Isaacson James
Published: October 2011

AbstractHigh-frequency (HF) surface wave radar has been identified to be a gap-filling technology for Maritime Domain Awareness. Present SeaSonde HF radars have been designed to map surface currents but are able to track surface vessels in a dual-use mode. Rutgers and CODAR
Ocean Sensors, Ltd., have collaborated on the development of vessel detection and tracking capabilities from compact HF radars, demonstrating that ships can be detected and tracked by multistatic HF radar in a multiship environment while simultaneously mapping ocean currents. Furthermore,
the same vessel is seen simultaneously by the radar based on different processing parameters, mitigating the need to preselect a fixed set and thereby improving detection performance.
Hawaii Experimental Acoustics Range for Shallow Water Applications
Authors: Fedenczuk Tom , Nosal Eva-Marie
Published: October 2011

AbstractShallow water acoustics provide a means for monitoring and surveillance of near-shore environments. This paper describes the current and future capabilities of the low- to high-frequency Hawaii Experimental Acoustics Range (HEAR) that was designed to facilitate a
wide range of different shallow water acoustics experiments and allow researchers from various institutions to test various array components and configurations. HEAR is a portable facility that consists of multiple hydrophones (12‐16) cabled independently to a common central node. The
design allows for variable array configurations and deployments in three modes: experimental (off boats and piers), autonomous, and cabled. An application of HEAR is illustrated by the results from a deployment at Makai Research Pier, Oahu, Hawaii. In this deployment, HEAR was configured as
a long-baseline range of two volumetric subarrays to study passive acoustic tracking capabilities in a shallow water environment.
Batoid Fishes: Inspiration for the Next Generation of Underwater Robots
Authors: Moored Keith W. , Fish Frank E. , Kemp Trevor H. , Bart-Smith Hilary
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor millions of years, aquatic species have utilized the principles of unsteady hydrodynamics for propulsion and maneuvering. They have evolved high-endurance swimming that can outperform current underwater vehicle technology in the areas of stealth, maneuverability
and control authority. Batoid fishes, including the manta ray, Manta birostris, the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, and the Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, have been identified as a high-performing species due to their ability to migrate long distances, maneuver in
spaces the size of their tip-to-tip wing span, produce enough thrust to leap out of the water, populate many underwater regions, and attain sustained swimming speeds of 2.8 m/s with low flapping/undulating frequencies. These characteristics make batoid fishes an ideal platform to emulate in
the design of a bio-inspired autonomous underwater vehicle. The enlarged pectoral fins of each ray undergoes complex motions that couple spanwise curvature with a chordwise traveling wave to produce thrust and to maneuver. Researchers are investigating these amazing species to understand the
biological principles for locomotion. The continuum of swimming motions—from undulatory to oscillatory—demonstrates the range of capabilities, environments, and behaviors exhibited by these fishes. Direct comparisons between observed swimming motions and the underlying cartilage
structure of the pectoral fin have been made. A simple yet powerful analytical model to describe the swimming motions of batoid fishes has been developed and is being used to quantify their hydrodynamic performance. This model is also being used as the design target for artificial pectoral
fin design. Various strategies have been employed to replicate pectoral fin motion. Active tensegrity structures, electro-active polymers, and fluid muscles are three structure/actuator approaches that have successfully demonstrated pectoral-fin-like motions. This paper explores these recent
studies to understand the relationship between form and swimming function of batoid fishes and describes attempts to emulate their abilities in the next generation of bio-inspired underwater vehicles.
Lateral-Line-Inspired Sensor Arrays for Navigation and Object Identification
Authors: Fernandez Vicente I. , Maertens Audrey , Yaul Frank M. , Dahl Jason , Lang Jeffrey H. , Triantafyllou Michael S.
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe lateral line is a critical component of fish sensory systems, found to affect numerous aspects of behavior, including maneuvering in complex fluid environments with poor visibility. This sensory organ has no analog in modern ocean vehicles, despite its utility
and ubiquity in nature, and could fill the gap left by sonar and vision systems in turbid, cluttered environments.To emulate the lateral line and characterize its object-tracking and shape recognition capabilities, a linear array of pressure sensors is used along with analytic models of
the fluid in order to determine position, shape, and size of various objects in both passive and active sensing schemes. We find that based on pressure information, tracking a moving cylinder can be effectively achieved via a particle filter. Using principal component analysis, we are also
able to reliably distinguish between cylinders of different cross section and identify the critical flow signature information that leads to the shape identification. In a second application, we employ pressure measurements on an artificial fish and an unscented Kalman filter to successfully
identify the shape of an arbitrary static cylinder.Based on the experiments, we conclude that a linear pressure sensor array for identifying small objects should have a sensor-to-sensor spacing of less than 0.03 (relative to the length of the sensing body) and resolve pressure differences
of at least 10 Pa. These criteria are used in the development of an artificial lateral line adaptable to the curved hull of an underwater vehicle, employing conductive polymer technologies to form a flexible array of small pressure sensors.
Bioinspired Design Process for an Underwater Flying and Hovering Vehicle
Authors: Geder Jason D. , Palmisano John S. , Ramamurti Ravi , Pruessner Marius , Ratna Banahalli , Sandberg William C.
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe review here the results obtained during the past several years in a series of computational and experimental investigations aimed at understanding the origin of high-force production in the flapping wings of insects and the flapping and deforming fins of fish and
the incorporation of that information into bioinspired vehicle designs. We summarize the results obtained on pectoral fin force production, flapping and deforming fin design, and the emulation of fish pectoral fin swimming in unmanned vehicles. In particular, we discuss the main results from
the computational investigations of pectoral fin force production for a particular coral reef fish, the bird wrasse (Gomphosus varius), whose impressive underwater flight and hovering performance matches our vehicle mission requirements. We describe the tradeoffs made between performance
and produceability during the bio-inspired design of an actively controlled curvature pectoral fin and the incorporation of it into two underwater flight vehicles: a two-fin swimming version and four-fin swimming version. We describe the unique computational approach taken throughout the fin
and vehicle design process for relating fin deformation time-histories to specified desired vehicle dynamic behaviors. We describe the development of the vehicle controller, including hardware implementation, using actuation of the multiple deforming flapping fins as the only means of propulsion
and control. Finally, we review the comparisons made to date between four-fin vehicle experimental trajectory measurements and controller simulation predictions and discuss the incorporation of those comparisons into the controller design.
Learning From the Fins of Ray-Finned Fish for the Propulsors of Unmanned Undersea Vehicles
Authors: Tangorra James L. , Gericke Timo , Lauder George V.
Published: October 2011

AbstractAdvanced propulsors are required to help unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs) overcome major challenges associated with energy and autonomy. The fins of ray-finned fish provide an excellent model from which to develop propulsors that can create forces efficiently and
drive a wide range of behaviors, from hover to low-speed maneuvers to high-speed travel. Although much is known about the mechanics of fins, little is known about the fin’s sensorimotor systems or how fins are regulated in response to external disturbances. This information is crucial
for implementing propulsive and control systems that exploit the same phenomena as the biological fins for efficiency, effectiveness, and autonomous regulation. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the in vivo response of the sunfish and its pectoral fins to vortex perturbations applied
directly to the fish and to the fins. The fish and the fins responded actively to perturbations that disturbed the motion of the fish body. Surprisingly, perturbations that deformed the fins extensively did not cause a reaction from either the fins or the body. These results indicate that
the response of the pectoral fins to large deformations is not reflexive and that fin motions are regulated when it is necessary to correct for disturbances to the motion of the fish. The results also demonstrate a benefit of compliance in propulsors, in that external perturbations can disturb
the fins without having its impact be transferred to the fish body.
Thrust Production in Highly Flexible Pectoral Fins: A Computational Dissection
Authors: Ramakrishnan Srinivas , Bozkurttas Meliha , Mittal Rajat , Lauder George V.
Published: October 2011

AbstractBluegill sunfish pectoral fins represent a remarkable success in evolutionary terms as a means of propulsion in challenging environments. Attempts to mimic their design in the context of autonomous underwater vehicles have overwhelmingly relied on the analysis of
steady swimming. Experimental observations of maneuvers reveal that the kinematics of fin and wake dynamics exhibit characteristics that are distinctly different from steady swimming. We present a computational analysis that compares, qualitatively and quantitatively, the wake hydrodynamics
and performance of the bluegill sunfish pectoral fin for two modes of swimming: steady swimming and a yaw turn maneuver. It is in this context that we comment on the role that flexibility plays in the success of the pectoral fin as a versatile propulsor. Specifically, we assess the performance
of the fin by conducting a “virtual dissection” where only a portion of fin is retained. Approximately 90% of peak thrust for steady swimming is recovered using only the dorsal half. This figure drops to 70% for the yaw turn maneuver. Our findings suggest that designs based on
fin analysis that account for various locomotion modes can lead to more robust performance than those based solely on steady swimming.
Robotic Models for Studying Undulatory Locomotion in Fishes
Authors: Lauder George V. , Lim Jeanette , Shelton Ryan , Witt Chuck , Anderson Erik , Tangorra James L.
Published: October 2011

AbstractMany fish swim using body undulations to generate thrust and maneuver in three dimensions. The pattern of body bending during steady rectilinear locomotion has similar general characteristics in many fishes and involves a wave of increasing amplitude passing from
the head region toward the tail. While great progress has been made in understanding the mechanics of undulatory propulsion in fishes, the inability to control and precisely alter individual parameters such as oscillation frequency, body shape, and body stiffness, and the difficulty of measuring
forces on freely swimming fishes have greatly hampered our ability to understand the fundamental mechanics of the undulatory mode of locomotion in aquatic systems. In this paper, we present the use of a robotic flapping foil apparatus that allows these parameters to be individually altered
and forces measured on self-propelling flapping flexible foils that produce a wave-like motion very similar to that of freely swimming fishes. We use this robotic device to explore the effects of changing swimming speed, foil length, and foil-trailing edge shape on locomotor hydrodynamics,
the cost of transport, and the shape of the undulating foil during locomotion. We also examine the passive swimming capabilities of a freshly dead fish body. Finally, we model fin-fin interactions in fishes using dual-flapping foils and show that thrust can be enhanced under correct conditions
of foil phasing and spacing as a result of the downstream foil making use of vortical energy released by the upstream foil.
Antibody Repertoire Development in Fetal and Neonatal Piglets. XX. B Cell Lymphogenesis Is Absent in the Ileal Peyer’s Patches, Their Repertoire Development Is Antigen Dependent, and They Are Not Required for B Cell Maintenance
Authors: Butler John E. , Santiago-Mateo Kristina , Sun Xiu-Zhu , Wertz Nancy , Sinkora Marek , Francis David H.
Published: October 2011

The continuous ileal Peyer’s patches (IPP) of sheep are regarded as a type of mammalian bursal equivalent where B cells diversify their repertoire in an Ag-independent fashion. Anatomically and developmentally similar IPP occur in swine. Resection of ∼90% of the IPP in piglets at birth did not alter Ig levels in serum and secretions or retard diversification of the Ab repertoire when animals were maintained in isolators and colonized with a defined gut flora. Resection or sham surgery elevated IgG and IgA in serum and in lavage fluid from the gut, lung, and in saliva. No changes in the frequency of IgG-, IgA-, and IgM-containing cells in the spleen and peripheral lymph node were observed. Using an index that quantifies diversification of the VDJ repertoire, no differences were seen in three secondary lymphoid tissues between piglets lacking IPP and colonized controls, whereas both groups displayed >10-fold greater diversification than did late-term fetal piglets or piglets maintained germ-free. Somatic hypermutation was very low in fetal IPP and the IPP of germ-free piglets but increased 3- to 5-fold after colonization. D–J signal joint circles were not recovered in IPP, and V–DJ signal joint circles were 5-fold lower than in bone marrow and similar to those in thymus and spleen. We conclude that the porcine IPP are not a site of B cell lymphogenesis, do not undergo Ag-independent repertoire diversification, and are not primary lymphoid tissue since they are not required for maintenance of Ig levels in serum and secretions.
The Importance of GLWamide Neuropeptides in Cnidarian Development and Physiology
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Hatta Masayuki
Published: October 2011

The peptide-signaling molecules (<50 amino acid residues) occur in a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, playing pivotal roles in physiological, endocrine, and developmental processes. While some of these peptides display similar structures in mammals and invertebrates, others differ with respect to their structure and function in a species-specific manner. Such a conservation of basic structure and function implies that many peptide-signaling molecules arose very early in the evolutionary history of some taxa, while species-specific characteristics led us to suggest that they also acquire the ability to evolve in response to specific environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe GLWamide-family peptides that function as signaling molecules in the process of muscle contraction, metamorphosis, and settlement in cnidarians. The peptides are produced by neurons and are therefore referred to as neuropeptides. We discuss the importance of the neuropeptides in both developmental and physiological processes in a subset of hydrozoans, as well as the potential use as a seed compound in drug development and aspects related to the protection of corals.