bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Outdoor Weathering of Cottons
Authors: Desai R. L.
Published: July 2017

Letters to the Editor are brief communications intended to provide prompt publication of significant research results and to permit an exchange of views on papers previously published in the Journal. Letters are subject to review, but the authors assume full responsibility for information or opinion expressed.
Studies of Wrinkling Properties of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Shishoo Roshan , Holst-Wallin Eva-Margreth , Cednäs Margareta
Published: July 2017

Wrinkle recovery of treated wool fabrics has been studied using TEFO's conic wrinkling method. The treatments investigated include: (a) reacting wool fabrics with crosslinking agent Fixapret CPN (dihydroxydimethylol ethylene urea), (b) annealing, i.e., heating wool fabrics at high temperature and high humidity for longer time; and (c) treating wool fabrics with Synthappret LKF (an isocynate-terminated polyurethane prepolymer). Very marked improvement in the wrinkle recovery of wool fabrics has been obtained after heating wool at 45±1°C and 80±1% RH for at least 48 hr. Wrinkle recovery of wool can be further improved by combination of annealing and Fixapret CPN or Synthappret LKF treatments.
Studies of Wrinkling Properties of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Shishoo Roshan
Published: July 2017

'I'he changes in certain fiber properties after treatments designed to improve the wrinkle recovery of wool fabrics (Part I) have been studied. It has been demonstrated that by obtaining a wrinkle height distribution curve in a sorp tion process according to TEFO'S conic wrinkling method, changes in fiber properties important from the point of view of wrinkling can be easily predicted. The changes in initial slope and shape of such a curve would reflect the changes in mechanical stiffening and structural sensitivity to moisture change, respectively, of wool fibers. The effect of treat ments such as annealing (heating wool at 45°C and 80% RH), crosslinking with Fixapret CPN, and polymer treatment with Synthappret LKF on the wrinkle height distribution curve, stress-strain behavior, and moisture absorption of wool fibers have been investigated. Very marked increase in mechanical stiffening of wool fibers due to annealing has been demonstrated.
A Simple and Qualitative Electrophoretic Technique for Fibrous Material
Authors: Landwehr Robert C. , Stigter Dirk
Published: July 2017

A new technique is described for determining the sign of the surface charge of flexitile fibers in contact with an aqueous solution. The yarn or single fiber sample hangs freely between platinum electrodes. The motion of the sample tip, magnified with a projection microscope, is observed when an electric dc field is applied. The technique is used for mea suring the isoelectric pH of natural and of chemically modified wool.
Kinetics of the Reaction of Cotton with Dimethylolethylcarbamate
Authors: Berni Ralph J. , Benhrito Ruth R. , Coll Emory E. , Gonzales Elwood J.
Published: July 2017

Crystalline dimethylolethylcarbamate (DMEC) was isolated, characterized, and used to treat cotton fabrics. Physicat and chemical properties of cotton printcloth (80×80) treated with 0.55 M solution of DMEC in the presence of 0.03 M inorganic salt catalysts and cured at 160°C were determined. Kinetics of the cellulose-DMEC reactions in the presence of 0.03 M catalysts in the 45° to 65°C temperature range were investigated. Specific reaction rate constants and activa tion parameters for these reactions were compared with those values reported previously for the reactions of cotton with dimethylolated ureas. 'I'he monomethylol derivative of ethyl carbamate (MMEC) was also isolated in crystalline form and used to treat cotton at 160°C. Specific reaction rate constants for the cotton-MMEC reaction at 65°C were deter mined with each of four catalysts and compared with corresponding rate constants for the cotton-DMEC reactions.
The Horizontal Flame-Propagation Rate of Undyed Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Segal Leon , Drake G. L.
Published: July 2017

Differentiation of the flammabilities of nonflame-retardant, all-cotton fabrics cannot be accomplished by the usual test procedures, as these merely provide the means for determining when a fabric exceeds a certain set standard. The desired differentiation, however, can be obtained by measurement of the flame-propagation rate using the Ahiba Flammability Tester with the sample in the horizontal position.

Eight nonflame-retardant, undyed cotton fabrics of different constructions were studied. The weights of the fabrics fell into four groups: 3.1, 3.6–3.8, 4.1–4.4, and 7.5 oz/yd2. Specimens were cut from the warp and filling directions of the fabrics; one set of specimens was oven-dried prior to testing, while another set was conditioned to equilibrium moisture content at 65% relative humidity and 70°F. Burning was different in the warp and filling directions. Differences in flame-propagation rates were found that were not weight dependent. In general, flame-propagation rate was not constant over the length of the specimen; in the warp direction the rates increased with distance from point of ignition, while in the filling direction constant and decreasing rates were also found. Flame-propagation rate was not effected to the extent expected by changing from oven drying to conditioning to equilibrium moisture content; only four of the eight fabrics showed significant changes. Burning in the filling directions of two fabrics was markedly changed; smaller differences were found in the warp direction only of a third fabric and in both the warp and filling directions of a fourth fabric.
Shear Properties of Wool Plain-Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Hamilton R. J. , Postle R.
Published: July 2017

An instrument is described for the measurement of shear in knitted fabrics under conditions of constant tension and “equal length of side.” Shear hysteresis loops were obtained for a series of wool plain-knitted fabrics of different tightness factors. Typical curves and fabric parameters (shear rigidity and coercive shear force) are presented for the fabrics tested in two states of relaxation using several values of applied tension. The results have been analyzed statistically and a simple friction-elastic rheological model of the shear behaviour is examined. This model is interpreted in terms of the knitted fabric structure and the changes that occur when a shear deformation is applied. Relaxation was found to reduce the values of both the shear rigidity and the coercive shear force. The effect of tension was investigated, and suitable levels of tension are recommended for testing knitted fabrics in shear.
A Mechanical Model of Helical Elements in Textured Yarns
Authors: Konopasek M.
Published: July 2017

The helical model of the spontaneously collapsed filaments in twist-textured yarns is defined as reflecting the limiting case of a free-filament segment with infinite length (or number of coils) between two reversal points. The fundamental relationships linking fiber properties and parameters of the texturing process with geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the helices are derived directly from the differential equations of the three-dimensional elastica. Bicomponent and similar fibers are interpreted as a special case of twist-textured filaments with original (permanently set) helical angle equal to π/2; for this case an explicit functional relationship between contraction and stretching force is obtained.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Cationic Surfactants in Improving Spinning Qualities of Jute
Authors: Roy A. , Bhattacharya B. N. , Banerjee B. L.
Published: July 2017

Jute fiber is rather hard and brittle in the normal conditions and is therefore softened usually by treatment with mineral oil-in-water emulsion before being processed for conversion into yarn. To improve the softening effect still further and reduce the application of mineral oil (as required for certain end-uses of jute goods), a search for suitable alternative softening/lubricating materials has been made. The effect of a number of softening agents, including certain cationic surfactants, on the surface properties of fibers has been studied in the laboratory on different grades of raw jute and at different regions along the length of the raw jute reeds. Of the different surface active agents studied the cationic type has been found to be the most effective one in reducing the surface friction and resistance to carding of the fibers. But the efficacy of cationic surfactants available from different sources at different times seems to vary appreciably. A number of methods of testing, both physical and chemical, have therefore been studied to find a suitable one for determining quickly the efficacy of the samples of cationic surfactants received from different sources prior to their applications in the manufacturing process. The results obtained in different tests are found to be related fairly closely to the resistance offered by the fibers to carding. The test for carding resistance has therefore been considered to be a convenient one for the purpose. The method may be used also for determining the amount of application of cationic surfactants for processing different grades of raw jute.
Fundamentals of Fabric Shear
Authors: Skelton John
Published: July 2017

The resistance of a woven fabric to shear deformation is usually much smaller than the resistance to tensile deformation, and in a mixed stress field a fabric will generally shear to the maximum extent possible. The limits of shear deformation are determined by various geometrical parameters of the fabric, and different limiting configurations are reached in fabrics of various types. Approximate relationships are derived which permit the estimation of the shear stiffness and the shear limits from readily available fabric data.
Further Studies on the Microfibrils from Wool Keratin
Authors: Kulkarni V. G.
Published: July 2017

The chymotryptic digestion of cortical cells from Merino wool fibers separated clean microfibrils and liberated a small amount of keratinous protein called the dissolved protein. During the purification of microfibrils by a short sonication coupled with differential centrifugation, a tiny amount of globular protein, as examined under electron microscope, was also liberated. These two proteins are analyzed for their chemical compositions, which are discussed in light of the helical configuration and the preferential attack of α-chymotrypsin on the various amino acid residues in these two dispersed proteins.
Mechanical Properties of Cotton Yarns Mercerized in Liquid Ammonia and Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Nelson M. L. , Hassenboehler C. B. , Andrews F. R. , Markezich A. R.
Published: July 2017

Yarns spun from high- and low-maturity cottons were mercerized in liquid ammonia in a continuous process, and in liquid ammonia and sodium hydroxide in skein form under various tensions. Both swelling agents produced similar changes in mechanical properties (breaking strength, tenacity, elongation-at-break, and initial modulus) under comparable conditions. Mercerization under high tension increased breaking strength and tenacity and decreased elongation-at-break. Slack mercerization in caustic resulted in elongations-at-break substantially higher than did ammonia treatment.

A major difference between reagents was noted during treatment. When skeins were swollen slack and then restretched, much greater force was required to restretch ammonia-swollen skeins, and they could not be stretched as much as those that were caustic-swollen. Measurements of length changes in yarns during swelling, tensioning, and deswelling gave quantitative data to substantiate this observation. Differences in mechanism of swelling are discussed in relation to these findings.
Infrared-Deuteration Study of Cotton Cellulose Swollen in Ethylenediamine Solutions
Authors: Lokhande H. T. , Daruwalla E. H.
Published: July 2017

Infrared-deuteration studies of ethylenediamine-treated cotton cellulose were carried out. Evidence of partial conversion of cellulose I into cellulose II was obtained. A possible swelling mechanism responsible for such a conversion is suggested.
Experimental Investigation of the Biaxial Load-Extension Properties of Plain, Weft-Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Macrory Brian M. , Mccraith J. Roger , McNamara A. B.
Published: July 2017

A test instrument is described which permits measurement of load and extension along the courses and wales of a knitted fabric as the latter is being extended in both directions simultaneously. The rates of extension may be chosen to deform the fabric in a variety of modes representative of end-use situations. Experimental results obtained for plain, weft-knitted fabrics using three different hosiery yarns are presented. Comparison is made with values predicted by the authors' theoretical analysis of the biaxially-loaded fabric configuration, and good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions is obtained.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Brookstein David , Backer Stanley
Published: July 2017

A model is proposed to reflect the steady-state interaction between material properties of POY feed yarn and the false-twist draw-texturing process. Free filament migration is assumed for initial cold twisting, resulting in equal cold filament strains over the yarn section. No migration is assumed to occur during threadline uptwisting at the heater entry. Threadline torque in the cold zone is attributed to filament bending, twisting, and tensioning, while at the heater entry only the tensile components of yam torque prevail. Numerical solutions of equations of equilibrium and continuity provide predictions of threadline tension, torque, and zone twists. Results of experiments on a laboratory texturing device show good agreement with numerical predictions based on the steady-state model. Limitations of the model are considered.
Interaction of Flame-Retardant and Untreated Cotton Fabrics during Burning
Authors: Hobart Stanley R. , Mack Charles H.
Published: July 2017

Transfer of flame retardancy from fabric treated with THPOH-NH3 to untreated cotton fabric during burning was observed on fabric samples sewed together with glass thread. The transfer effect was evidenced by the development of substantial char and the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen in the char of the untreated fabric. Oxygen-index determinations on multilayered combinations of flame-retarded (FR) and untreated fabrics also supported this observation. The extent of FR transfer varied with the geometrical configuration of the layers and the FR add-on. Tests showed that smoke from combustion of THPOH-NH3-treated fabric, passed through untreated cotton fabric, was the means of transfer of phosphorus, nitrogen, and flame retardancy. The FR transfer effect was also demonstrated for several other phosphorus-containing flame-retardancy treatments.
Surfactant Solution Transport in Wool Yarn
Authors: McLaughlin John R. , Trounson Mary E. , Stewart Rex G. , McKinnon A. John
Published: July 2017

The immersion absorption of a wool carpet yarn was studied to gain a better understanding of yarn scouring processes. Upon initial immersion in nonylphenol poly(ethylene oxide) (NPEO) surfactant solutions at 50°C, yarn bundles became rapidly and almost completely saturated. After removal from the solution and squeezing, however, complete absorption on subsequent immersions in either an identical solution or distilled water was possible only when the EO chain length of the NPEO surfactant was ≥ 12. For an EO chain length of 9, complete saturation on the subsequent immersions was possible only when the surfactant concentration was <0.5 gl-1. Evidence suggests that the incomplete saturation phenomenon is caused by thin surfactant films that trap air in the yarn interior. The thin films are formed in the squeezing process following the first immersion.
D.176: Sextants, numbers, and the Hydrographic Office of the Admiralty
Authors: Barford Megan
Published: July 2017

In the 1830s and 1840s, the Hydrographic Office of the British Admiralty developed and oversaw one of the major state-run surveying projects of the nineteenth century. This involved a range of instruments whose circulation was increasingly regulated. Using extant museum collections and the correspondence of those involved, this article explores how such objects can be used to discuss both bureaucratic organization at a time of expanding government and the complex issues of sociability involved in hydrographic surveying. Surveying officers worked in a context in which the propriety of property on public service was a pervasive question. Instruments might be given as gifts between officers, appropriated as recompense, absorbed as state property, and disputed between friends. The ownership, provision, and treatment of instruments in particular could be used to demonstrate an officer’s peculiar zeal or institutional neglect. To those outside the ship, what was understood as over-instrumentation became amusing spectacle. On board, their use was part of a deeply hierarchical order of work in regions of colonial and mercantile importance. In examining the relationships around these instruments of survey, the paper proposes a richer understanding of the material culture of hydrography in the early nineteenth century.
Exponential-family Random Graph Models for Rank-order Relational Data
Authors: Krivitsky Pavel N. , Butts Carter T.
Published: July 2017

Rank-order relational data, in which each actor ranks other actors according to some criterion, often arise from sociometric measurements of judgment or preference. The authors propose a general framework for representing such data, define a class of exponential-family models for rank-order relational structure, and derive sufficient statistics for interdependent ordinal judgments that do not require the assumption of comparability across raters. These statistics allow estimation of effects for a variety of plausible mechanisms governing rank structure, both in a cross-sectional context and evolving over time. The authors apply this framework to model the evolution of liking judgments in an acquaintance process and to model recall of relative volume of interpersonal interaction among members of a technology education program.
New Survey Questions and Estimators for Network Clustering with Respondent-driven Sampling Data
Authors: Verdery Ashton M. , Fisher Jacob C. , Siripong Nalyn , Abdesselam Kahina , Bauldry Shawn
Published: July 2017

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a popular method for sampling hard-to-survey populations that leverages social network connections through peer recruitment. Although RDS is most frequently applied to estimate the prevalence of infections and risk behaviors of interest to public health, such as HIV/AIDS or condom use, it is rarely used to draw inferences about the structural properties of social networks among such populations because it does not typically collect the necessary data. Drawing on recent advances in computer science, the authors introduce a set of data collection instruments and RDS estimators for network clustering, an important topological property that has been linked to a network’s potential for diffusion of information, disease, and health behaviors. The authors use simulations to explore how these estimators, originally developed for random walk samples of computer networks, perform when applied to respondent-driven samples with characteristics encountered in realistic field settings that depart from random walks. In particular, the authors explore the effects of multiple seeds, without replacement versus with replacement, branching chains, imperfect response rates, preferential recruitment, and misreporting of ties. The authors find that clustering coefficient estimators retain desirable properties in respondent-driven samples. This work takes an important step toward calculating network characteristics using nontraditional sampling methods, and it expands the potential of RDS to tell researchers more about hidden populations and the social factors driving disease prevalence.
Examining Organizational Cronyism as an Antecedent of Workplace Deviance in Public Sector Organizations
Authors: Shaheen Sadia , Bashir Sajid , Khan Abdul Karim
Published: July 2017

This study examines the relatively new phenomenon of organizational cronyism as a determinant of deviant workplace behavior in public sector organizations in Pakistan. It also examines the mediating role of psychological contract breach. Data were collected from 180 employees working in various public sector organizations in Pakistan. The results indicate that organizational cronyism is positively related with psychological contract breach, which in turn results in deviant workplace behavior in public sector organizations.
A Social Embeddedness Perspective on Turnover Intention: The Role of Informal Networks and Social Identity Evidence From South Korea
Authors: Kwon Hyang Won
Published: July 2017

This study examines turnover intention through a social embeddedness perspective proposing that turnover intention may be a function of the degree to which an organization’s members are attached to one another in terms of relational ties and emotional bonds. Drawing on network theory and social identity theory, it was hypothesized that peripheral positions in informal networks (solidarity ties and instrumental ties) and marginal identity in the workplace may influence higher turnover intention. Sequential mixed methods design was utilized to explore the context-specific bases upon which informal networks and social identities can form and to test the generality of the link between the explored bases and turnover intention against larger samples using Ordered Logistic Model. The results showed that (a) peripherally positioned individuals in informal networks will likely have high turnover intention and (b) individuals with marginal identity in the workplace will likely have high turnover intention. The study results suggest that the social factors accrued from informal networks and social identities deserve enhanced attention in both theorization and personnel management.
Alcohol and All-Cause Mortality: A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Rehm JÜrgen , Gutjahr Elisabeth , Gmel Gerhard
Published: July 2017

Reviewing 59 studies of the risk curve for alcohol consumption level and all-cause mortality, a general J-shaped curve is confirmed, particularly in cohorts with experience starting at middle age (rather than in youth or old age). The divergence in most studies that are exceptions to this rule can be plausibly explained. A pooled analysis of studies with cohorts age 45 and above at entry shows the most beneficial effect for women in a drinking category with a midpoint of one drink every second day, and for men in the drinking category with a midpoint of one and a half drinks per day though most of the benefit can be obtained by men, too, in the category with a midpoint of one-half drink per day. For men under 45, there was an almost linear increase in mortality risk with increasing consumption; data are lacking for a similar analysis for women. Directions are suggested for development in future studies, including the use of data on patterns of drinking.
From Enabling to Bootstrapping: Welfare Workers' Views of Substance Abuse and Welfare Reform
Authors: Dohan Daniel , Schmidt Laura , Henderson Stuart
Published: July 2017

In the United States, a trope of “deservingness” shapes policy related to public aid and substance abuse. In recent decades, poor people with substance use problems have increasingly been seen as “undeserving.” Federal welfare reform, passed in the mid-1990s, is an important exemplar of this trend. Welfare reform empowered line workers to directly and indirectly withhold aid from people with substance use problems. This paper uses in-depth interviews with workers to explore their views of these new policies. Workers generally applauded welfare reform's renewed attention to deservingness, including program emphases on client self-sufficiency and personal accountability and policies that time-limited cash aid and mandated working. They felt that these changes allowed them to stop “enabling” substance abuse and to encourage clients with alcohol and drug problems to bootstrap their way into jobs. Workers' embrace of these policy changes appears likely to shape how substance abuse problems are addressed within the welfare system.
“Yes, I've Received Treatment”: What Does This Mean in the Context of Epidemiological Surveys for Alcohol Problems?
Authors: Cunningham John A. , Blomqvist Jan , Cordingley Joanne , Callaghan Russell
Published: July 2017

Aim: To assess what it means when respondents say they have received treatment on population surveys. Method: Former heavy drinkers recruited through a random digit dialing telephone survey were asked about the type, time, and amount of treatment they had received. Results: When respondents indicated that they had received treatment, it appeared that they had a specific treatment in mind, that they completed the treatment program, and that, for the majority, treatment occurred at roughly the same time as their successful change from heavy drinking. The congruence between age of change and age of treatment use appeared greater among respondents with abstinent versus reduced-drinking recoveries.
Giving up on Drugs: Homeless Young People and Self-Reported Problematic Drug Use
Authors: Keys Deborah , Mallett Shelley , Rosenthal Doreen
Published: July 2017

Numerous studies have revealed high levels of drug-taking among young people experiencing homelessness. This article draws upon 40 in-depth interviews carried out as part of a five-year longitudinal study of homeless young people (Project i). It is noteworthy that almost all of those who identified their drug use as problematic gave up or reduced their level of use without treatment or professional assistance during the period of the study.

The interviews provided insight into the way in which some young people experiencing homelessness view their drug use and the actions they take in light of these understandings. Here we report their stated reasons for giving up or reducing usage and identify some commonalities that may have impacted on the outcomes.
Italian Alcohol Advertising Regulation and Enforcement
Authors: Beccaria Franca
Published: July 2017

In European countries alcohol advertising is regulated by two channels: The law and self-regulation. At present in Italy both control systems exist, even if in reality only the self-code works. After a debate that lasted for more than ten years the recent law on alcohol (2001) has not introduced significant innovations. Meanwhile, alcohol advertising has become more and more aggressive. Nowadays alcohol advertising is forbidden only in a few situations: TV programs devoted to children, on TV from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m for spirits ads, and in environments mainly attended by underage people. Otherwise alcohol advertising should respect the restrictions indicated in the self-regulation code. These limitations regard only the contents of the advertising. The article examines how content regulations on Italian alcohol advertising and promotion work in different media channels (TV, radio, magazines, billboards, environments attended by adolescents). The Italian self-regulation code and other laws are described, along with the complaint procedures. Content control in alcohol advertising does not seem to work because the rules are formulated in vague terms and therefore are open to various interpretations. Thus it is too difficult to decide what is or what it is not inducing the “audience to think that use of alcoholic drinks increases clearness of mind, physical and sexual health,” or that the message is addressed to minors. Although research on effects of advertising on alcohol consumption does not show clear results, following the Council of the European Union Recommendation (2001), contents regulation should be much more restricted to ensure that alcoholic beverages are not designed or promoted to appeal to children and adolescents. There remains the more radical alternative, namely, to forbid alcohol advertising, at least on TV networks.
Aftercare and Compulsory Substance Abuse Treatment: A Venture with Potential?
Authors: Ekendahl Mats
Published: July 2017

In Sweden, the social services are responsible for administering help interventions to substance abusers after discharge from coercive care. The general aim of the present study is to analyze how a sample of social workers describe case-management related to compulsory treatment aftercare and how they construct and assign meaning to concepts such as coercive care, treatment goals and aftercare. Results show that aftercare is theoretically praised as a buffer that may help clients maintain gains from initial treatment. However, as regards compulsory treatment case-management, aftercare is described less as a transitory phase of low-intensity assistance for recovering substance abusers, and more as a permanent process where interventions labeled aftercare improve the living conditions of clients who are believed unwilling and/or unable to quit substance abuse. As interpreted in this article, the social worker discourse shows how a discrepancy between aftercare theory and practice is constructed, explained and handled.
Why the Decrease in Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages in Italy between the 1970s and the 2000s? Shedding Light on an Italian Mystery
Authors: Allamani Allaman , Prina Franco
Published: July 2017

Between the 1970s and 2000s several changes occurred in the amount and pattern of alcohol drinking in Europe. The case of Italy, with a sharp drop in wine consumption despite the lack of any preventative measure, seems paradoxical and needed a specific study. The research aim was to demonstrate that significant changes in lifestyle conditions that started taking place in the early 1970s in Italy are able to explain the strong reduction in wine consumption during the period.
Consumption Patterns of Alcoholic Beverages in Two Cohorts of Italian Men
Authors: Scarscelli Daniele
Published: July 2017

From individual interviews with Italian men aged 40–45 and 65–70 three prevailing models of consumption pattern can be categorized: the use of alcohol gradually increases and remains a constant in the subject's life until the adult phase is reached, when it decreases; alcohol consumption rises gradually until reaching a peak that characterizes a phase of elevated consumption, after which it decreases; alcohol consumption varies considerably over the years—a pattern which is characterized by different phases.

The traditional model, adopted by most of the members of the group aged 65–70, was a pattern of consumption in which alcohol use grew gradually (the period of adolescence/youth) and then remained constant for a long period over a person's lifetime. Instead, the consumption pattern of the members of the group now aged 40–45 illustrated an interesting “action-oriented learning mechanism”: the traditional model of consumption, taught by the family, was what the subjects adopted after abandoning the socializing/intoxicating model, once their situations changed due to different life transitions. The historical-social process of “the internationalization of consumption styles” did not seem to have reduced the influence of the traditional model typical of a “wet” culture: if anything, those who were adolescents in the 1970s, as previously documented, were exposed to several consumption models.
Elastomeric Blends of Polyurethane and Polychloroprene Elastomers (Sulfur Cure) with Reference to the Interchain Crosslinking Reaction
Authors: Khatua B. B. , Das C. K.
Published: July 2017

Polyblends of polyurethane elastomers and polychioroprene rubbers, prepared by three different blending techniques, have been studied in different blend ratios. Blend properties largely depend on the blending ratio. The blending technique also has a significant role towards the properties of the blends. IR spectra reveals that interchain crosslinking occurs between the two elastomeric phases on heat treatment. Preheating retards the degradations of the blends at high temperature. The extractability of the single phase by solvent also was restricted on preheating the preblends.
Effects of the extrusion processes on the rheological, chemical, and coloration properties of a copper phthalocyanine-based masterbatch
Authors: Buccella M , Dorigato A , Rizzola F , Caldara M , Fambri L
Published: July 2017

The production process of a monodispersed blue masterbatch for the coloration of the carpet filaments, constituted by a polyamide 6 (PA6) resin and a copper blue phthalocyanine pigment, was investigated and optimized. It was found that a compounding process based on three extrusions without any subsequent filtration was the best way to achieve a fine pigment dispersion within the PA6 matrix, with a filter pressure value reduction of 50% and a relative color strength increase of about 10% with respect to the standard production process (i.e. a single extrusion). Rheological tests, viscosity measurements and end groups analyses were used to determine the thermal stability of the prepared compounds. It was found that the triple extrusion promoted thermo-oxidative reactions. This innovative process setup can reduce the production waste, increasing the productivity and the quality of the final product without compromising the rheological properties of the monodispersed masterbatches.
Analysis of the Phase Structure Development during the Melt Mixing of Polymer Blends
Authors: Fortelný Ivan , Kovář Josef , Stephan Michael
Published: July 2017

The paper presents analysis of the phase structure development in polymer blends, where a minor component is dispersed in the matrix consisting of a major component, during the melt mixing, Problems of modelling of the flow field in mixing devices are briefly discussed. Relevant results of theoretical and experimental studies of the droplet breakup and coalescence are summarized. Theories dealing with the competition between droplet breakup and coalescence are discussed in detail. Their results are compared with experimentally determined dependences of the size of dispersed droplets on mixing conditions, properties of the components, and blend composition.
Fracture and Fatigue Failure Behavior of Fluoroelastomers
Authors: Elleithy Rabeh , Aglan Heshmat , Letton Alan
Published: July 2017

Fluoroelastomers (FEs) are a class of elastomers with very high chemical resistance and wide service temperature which are being used in chemically harsh environments. In the present work, the fatigue failure characteristics of FEs have been studied. Fatigue Crack Propagation (FCP) experiments were conducted on single edge notch (SEN) specimens in displacement control. The strain range was kept constant at about 14% with a frequency of 0.5 Hz. FCP data such as, the number of cycles, crack length, and hysteresis loop, were recorded in order to correlate the crack speed to the energy release rate. In addition, the static behavior of the material has been examined in view of both notched and un-notched specimens. Post failure analysis was performed on the fractured samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The fractographic features associated with different FCP stages were identified. As the FCP speed increased, the roughness of the fracture surface decreased. Multiple cracks and fracture lines, at different fracture planes, are associated with the fatigue failure. The intersection of those fracture lines form fracture islands which are characteristic to FE fracture morphology under fatigue loading. On a microscopic level, the fracture surface exhibits microcracks and microvoids with evidence of void coalescence. The fracture surfaces of both un-notched and notched samples tested under monotonic tensile loading were also examined and compared with those tested under fatigue loading. The origin and features of fracture initiation and propagation for the monotonic type of failure have been identified.
A Review of New Technologies in Synthetic Fiber Production
Authors: Polk Malcolm B. , Kumar Satish
Published: July 2017

New developments in the areas of the synthetic fiber production of polypropylene, polyesters, polyamides, and acrylics are described. In the area of polypropylene fiber production, the synthesis of metallocene-based polypropylene materials is discussed. The new technologies described for polyesters include ultra-high speed melt spinning, bacterial polyesters, and the thermotropic polyester fiber, Vectran™. Polyamide topics include Nomex™, Kevlar™, and Technora™. The high speed spinning of acrylic fibers is also described.
A Novel Series of Corrosion Inhibitive Polymers for Steel Protection
Authors: El-Ghaffar M. A. Abd , Youssef E. A. M. , Darwish W. M. , Helaly F. M.
Published: July 2017

Poly(o-aminophenol), poly(o-aminothiophenol), poly(m-anisidine) and polyaniline have been prepared by chemical oxidation of their monomers using ammonium persulfate at 0°C. The polymers were characterized and their structures confirmed using elemental analysis and spectrophotometric measurements (FTIR, UV-VIS, 1HNMR, MS, XRD and TGA). The polymers were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for steel protection by measuring their corrosion rates in comparison with the previously prepared polyaniline and the control sample.

The polymers show a high performance as efficient corrosion inhibitors, and promising results were achieved when the polymers were incorporated in various paint formulations to replace a major part of the inhibitive pigments and to replace the classical toxic corrosion inhibitors of low molecular weights and low melting points. These results are very important from an economic and safety points of view.
Numerically Efficient Method for Modeling Elastomeric Hysteresis
Authors: Whitehead L. A. , Mossman M. A.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we present a method for determining the force due to hysteresis in an elastomer to which a series of displacements has been applied. Beginning with the Preisach hysteresis model, we develop a method which is more general, but also computationally efficient, in order to predict the hysteretic force resulting from the past displacements applied to the elastomer. The model was tested by measuring the residual displacement of the midpoint of a silicone elastomer fiber following various applied displacements and comparing them to the value predicted by this model. The predicted results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the observed residual displacements.
Impact Strength and Morphology of PP/LLDPE/EPDM Blends: Effect of Elastomer Viscosity and Content
Authors: Pieroni Paula , Ercoli Daniel , Goizueta Graciela , Capiati Numa
Published: July 2017

This work presents results obtained for ternary blends of polypropylene (PP), a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and two ethylene-propylene-norborene terpolymer (EPDM) of different viscosities. The effect of LLDPE added to the PP/elastomer blends is analyzed in terms of morphological features and impact properties. Press molded specimens were used throughout this work. The LLDPE dispersive effect is verified independently of the elastomer viscosity Ternary blends containing more than 50% EPDM in the disperse phase showed better impact strength than the corresponding binary PP/EPDM blend.
A new two-stage genetic programming classification algorithm and its applications
Authors: Liu Ruochen , An Lijia , Yu Xin
Published: July 2017

This work aims to find a better solution from an improved genetic programming (GP) algorithm for classification problems without increasing computation costs as far as possible. Firstly, the standard GP algorithm is difficult to succeed in finding better individuals since too large search landscape and it is easy to run into local optimum when evolution reaches a certain stage, while, by enlarging the evolutionary generation or the size of population might increase computation complexity. So, a two-stage GP may be a good solution for these. In the first stage, GP is used to induce a relatively simple classifier and construct features; in the second stage, GP is executed on these features to evolve a better classifier. Secondly, in order to improve the convergence, a new initialization (NI) strategy and a new function operator selection method are designed. In this paper, a NI strategy based two-stage GP algorithm (NITGP) is proposed, and compares with the standard GP on a set of artificial, real-world datasets and image edge detection tasks. The experimental results show that our approach can evolve classifiers with better performance.
Implementing a Manualized, Classroom Transition Intervention for Students With ASD in Underresourced Schools
Authors: Iadarola Suzannah , Shih Wendy , Dean Michelle , Blanch Erica , Harwood Robin , Hetherington Susan , Mandell David , Kasari Connie , Smith Tristram
Published: July 2017

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in public education settings experience difficulties with transitions during classroom routines, which can result in challenging behavior. Single-subject research supports techniques for transitions, but school-based approaches often require resources and training unavailable in low-resource districts, limiting implementation. We developed and evaluated the Schedules, Tools, and Activities for Transitions (STAT) program, a short-term, manualized intervention of behavioral supports to support daily routine transitions for students with ASD (K-5) in underresourced districts. We utilized a multisite, cluster-randomized, group comparison design (immediate treatment versus waitlist) with matched pairs ( n = 150 students, 57 educators). Data indicated (a) no group differences for academic engagement or classroom independence, and (b) an advantage for STAT in reducing challenging behavior and increasing teacher fidelity. Results show preliminary support for an intervention that is feasible and perceived as sustainable in real-world settings.
Bacterial Contamination of Enteral Nutrient Solution: A Preliminary Report
Authors: White William T. , Acuff Tea E. , Sykes Timothy R. , Dobbie Robert P.
Published: July 2017

The technique of continuous pump/tube enteric feeding is being utilized with ever increasing frequency and success. Commercially available formulas are being repackaged in 1‐liter plastic containers for ease in clinical use. The nutrient solution often hangs at the patient's bedside at room temperature for periods of 8 to 12 hrs and the possibility of significant and serious bacterial growth must be recognized as a potential problem. Though this has never appeared to be a clinical problem in over 15,000 pump/tube feeding days, the bacteriology has not been previously studied. This preliminary study suggests that the major source of nutrient solution contamination relates to the technique of transfer from the commercial can to the clinical liter plastic container and that “hang” times of 8 to 12 hrs at room temperature are quite reasonable if appropriate care is exercised in the transfer process.
Regeneration of Facial Nerve after Hypoglossal Facial Anastomosis: An Animal Study
Authors: Chen Yuh‐Shyang , Yanagihara Naoaki , Murakami Shingo
Published: July 2017

Hypogiossal‐facial nerve anastomosis was carried out in 20 adult guinea pigs. Electromyographic responses of orbicularis oculi muscle evoked by blink reflex were recorded 2, 4, and 6 months after surgery. Then the anastomotic site was reopened, and a segment of buccal branch and the anastomotic trunk were resected for detailed histologic study. Regenerated axons were counted, and the cross‐sectional area of axons and fasciculi was measured. Data obtained from both blink reflex measurement and histologic study demonstrate a good quality of regeneration of the facial nerve from the hypoglossal nerve completed 6 months after the operation. In addition a new nerve bundle was regenerated from the proximal stump of the facial nerve connecting to the anastomotic site in 80% of the animals. Postoperative change in innervation pattern of the facial nerve was also Illustrated.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Age‐Related Changes in the Rat Vestibular Epithelium
Authors: Nakayama Meiho , Helfert Robert H. , Konrad Horst R. , Caspary Donald M.
Published: July 2017

An ultrastructural study was performed to assets age‐related changes in the vestibular end organs of Fischer 344 rats. The surfaces of the maculae and cristae from 3‐, 12‐, and 24‐month‐old Fischer 344 rats were observed by use of scanning electron microscopy. Age‐related changes in the morphology of the vestibular neuroepithelium included a substantial loss of hair cells, as well as a reduction in the number of kinocllia and stereocilla on those that remained. These changes were greatest in the central upper regions of the three ampullae. In aged animals a greater area of the neuroepithelial surface was covered with microvilli, and in some instances, giant cilia were found among the microvillous surfaces. In contrast, there were few differences among the three age groups in the number and condition of hair cells in the saccules and utricles. The changes observed in the cristae may contribute to the age‐associated impairment of vestibular function. If similar changes occur in human beings, these could in part account for the presbycusis observed in the elderly.
Creating an Effective Applied Scientific Research Program in a Developing Country
Authors: Pardee William J. , Moravcsik Michael J.
Published: July 2017

A systematic approach to the development of an applied scientific research program to meet a developing country's future technological needs is briefly described. The essential features common to all applied science programs are discussed, and approaches to the special problems of a developing country suggested.
Which ‘being’ in wellbeing? Ontology, wellness and the geographies of happiness
Authors: Smith Thomas S.J. , Reid Louise
Published: July 2017

This article examines current approaches to wellbeing research in the social sciences, reviewing their underlying ontologies to explore which ‘being’ is implied in contemporary research on wellbeing. It critically analyses themes from the ‘science of happiness’ for their focus on a decontextualized and individualized subject and highlights the emergence of an alternative, developing geographical research agenda in the study of wellbeing, termed here ‘intra-active wellbeing’. It is argued that this research agenda draws together formerly disparate aspects of geographical thought – classically humanistic wellbeing research and more-than-human inquiry – and creates space for a more pluralistic field of wellbeing scholarship.
Reliability Analysis of Composite Laminates by Enumerating Significant Failure Modes
Authors: Zhao Huixa , Gao Zhanjun
Published: July 2017

In reliability analysis of laminated composite systems, there is a need for an efficient method to distinguish the significant failure modes from the great number of possible failure modes due to the variability in both strengths and loading. Two new concepts, Minimum Failure Load (ML) and Critical Failure Load (CL), are introduced in this paper to enumerate the significant failure modes. Here ML denotes the load level under which there is little-to-none chance a layer, which is defined as laminae with the same orientation, would fail; CL denotes the load level above which the layer will definitely fail. The Weibull distribution formulation for the uniaxial strengths of a layer, the Tsai-Hill failure criterion and Monte Carlo simulation are adopted to determine the values of ML and CL. All the significant failure modes can be enumerated by comparison the values of ML and CL between layers. It has been found that there are basically two groups of failure modes for axial loading and shear loading, respectively, which can be used for selecting the significant failure modes for general in-plane loading. The overall probability of failure and reliability for the laminate as a function of load are obtained by reliability analysis. The predicted failure sequences show good consistence with the experiment results.