bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The gambler's fallacy fallacy (fallacy)
Authors: Kovic Marko , Kristiansen Silje
Published: July 2018

The gambler's fallacy is the irrational belief that prior outcomes in a series of events affect the probability of a future outcome, even though the events in question are independent and identically distributed. In this paper, we argue that in the standard account of the gambler's fallacy, the gambler's fallacy fallacy can arise: The irrational belief that all beliefs pertaining to the probabilities of sequences of outcomes constitute the gambler's fallacy, when, in fact, they do not. Specifically, the odds of the probabilities of some sequences of outcomes can be epistemically rational in a given decision-making situation. Not only are such odds of probabilities of sequences of outcomes not the gambler's fallacy, but they can be implemented as a simple heuristic for avoiding the gambler's fallacy in risk-related decision-making. However, we have to be careful not to fall prey to a variant of the gambler's fallacy, the gambler's fallacy fallacy (fallacy), in which we do not calculate odds for the probabilities of sequences that matter, but rather simply believe that the raw probability for the occurrence of a sequence of outcomes is the probability for the last outcome in that sequence.
Mediated Deliberation
Authors: Rinke Eike Mark
Published: July 2018

Mediated deliberation refers to a family of media communication processes conducive to a well-ordered polity as envisioned in deliberative theories of democracy. It is based on the traditional engagement of deliberation scholars with face-to-face small-group communication and has evolved into a distinct program of empirical and normative research. This entry traces the relations to deliberative democratic theory, highlights the differences between mediated deliberation and face-to-face deliberation, provides an overview of the key components of mediated deliberation processes, and outlines future directions in researching mediated deliberation. [Publication of this chapter on SocArXiv courtesy of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.]
Income Advantages of Poorly-Qualified Immigrant Minorities. Why School Dropouts of Turkish Origin Earn More in Germany
Authors: Schaeffer Merlin , Höhne Jutta , Teney Céline
Published: July 2018

We investigate an often overlooked implication of the signaling model of statistical discrimination: if immigrant minorities' educational qualifications carry less signaling power, poorly-qualified minority members should experience positive statistical discrimination. We argue that the lower signaling power stems from disadvantages associated with insufficient language skills and lack of supportive parental resources, which prevent minority students from achieving those educational qualifications that would reflect their high motivation and ambition. Yet, if education counts less, so does its lack. Using data from the German Microcensus, we compare log hourly personal income of 1.5th and 2nd generation Spätaussiedler and persons of Turkish origin to that of native Germans. Using (semi-parametric) generalized additive models, we find solid support for our claim that poorly-qualified persons of Turkish origin experience income advantages; they frequently work in jobs for which they are underqualified. Once different frequencies of over- and undereducation are taken into account, no ethnic differences in educational returns remain. Our results extend to other comparable immigrant groups in Germany.
Estimating Local Daytime Population Density from Census and Payroll Data
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Daytime population density reflects where people commute and spend their waking hours. It carries significant weight as urban planners and engineers site transportation infrastructure and utilities, plan for disaster recovery, and assess urban vitality. Various methods with various drawbacks exist to estimate daytime population density across a metropolitan area, such as using census data, travel diaries, GPS traces, or publicly available payroll data. This study estimates the San Francisco Bay Area's tract-level daytime population density from US Census and LEHD LODES data. Estimated daytime densities are substantially more concentrated than corresponding nighttime population densities, reflecting regional land use patterns. We conclude with a discussion of biases, limitations, and implications of this methodology.
Pedagogical Stylistics as a Tool in the Classroom: An Investigation of EFL Undergraduate Students' Ability in Analyzing Poetic Language
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Jaafar Eman Adil , Hassoon Fatimah Khudair
Published: July 2018

This research paper draws on applying the tools of pedagogical stylistics in teaching literature in particular poetry to English as a foreign language (EFL) undergraduate Iraqi students. The language of literature is rich with social context, exquisite deviant forms, and vocabulary. This paper aims at examining to what extent pedagogical stylistics can be helpful in increasing students' literary awareness. In addition, to examine how it can help them to interpret and analyze selected poems that have been chosen for them to achieve this goal. For the purpose of gathering the required data a pre-test and a post-test are conducted. Verdonk's (2013) approach is adopted in teaching stylistic tools to the students. The participants were (40) second-year students of the academic year 2018-2017 from University of Baghdad, Iraq. Moreover, a questionnaire is distributed to know students' opinions about studying stylistics. The final results proved that (1-) pedagogical stylistics tools are of great significance to pay heed to the language of poetry or literary language in general, (2-)the questionnaire shows that most agreed on studying stylistics in the classroom. Thus, this study highly recommends that teachers of literary subjects should focus on stylistic tools in teaching literary texts.
Translation Shifts in Spatial and Temporal Deixis: A Trend Towards a More Subjective Narrative Mood in Fiction Translation
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Abualadas Othman Ahmad Ali
Published: July 2018

This study examines the translational deictic shifts in three Arabic translations of the English novel Wuthering Heights and the effect of this shift in the spatio-temporal point of view and stylistic features of the original. The study finds shift in spatial and temporal deixis that manifests a strong tendency towards increasing the ‘level of enunciation’ of narrators’ spatial and temporal location within the narrative. This shift brings the main narrator closer to the other characters in temporal, spatial, and mental space, hence increasing her involvement in events and empathy towards characters. At the same time, it distances the outside frame narrator, who has limited contact with characters, and increases his detachment and antipathy. In both cases more is revealed of narrator-character relationships and the narrator’s evaluations, leading to a more subjective narrative mood. It is hoped that the study will be applicable to different translated literary works to compare the findings and gain more understanding on the norms of English-Arabic fiction translation.
Class Advantage, Commitment Penalty: The Gendered Effect of Social Class Signals in an Elite Labor Market
Authors: Rivera Lauren A. , Tilcsik András
Published: July 2018

Research on the mechanisms that reproduce social class advantages in the United States focuses primarily on formal schooling and pays less attention to social class discrimination in labor markets. We conducted a résumé audit study to examine the effect of social class signals on entry into large U.S. law firms. We sent applications from fictitious students at selective but non-elite law schools to 316 law firm offices in 14 cities, randomly assigning signals of social class background and gender to otherwise identical résumés. Higher-class male applicants received significantly more callbacks than did higher-class women, lower-class women, and lower-class men. A survey experiment and interviews with lawyers at large firms suggest that, relative to lower-class applicants, higher-class candidates are seen as better fits with the elite culture and clientele of large law firms. But, although higher-class men receive a corresponding overall boost in evaluations, higher-class women do not, because they face a competing, negative stereotype that portrays them as less committed to full-time, intensive careers. This commitment penalty faced by higher-class women offsets class-based advantages these applicants may receive in evaluations. Consequently, signals of higher-class origin provide an advantage for men but not for women in this elite labor market.
Engineering a Platform: Constructing Interfaces, Users, Organizational Roles, and the Division of Labor
Authors: Kelkar Shreeharsh
Published: July 2018

Internet “platforms” like Facebook and YouTube often avoid accountability and regulation by claiming that they are mere software infrastructures with little oversight over their users. Scholars in media and communication studies have shown that these platform companies’ control over interface and algorithm design,gives them a disproportionately large power, compared to their users, to fundamentally reshape politically salient categories like the “social” or the “innovative.” This paper argues that this power of platforms stems from their ability to shape organizational roles and the division of labor. Based on an ethnographic study of the edX organization, I describe how the architects at edX transformed it from an educational company into a platform by building digital interfaces and formatting multiple organizational roles (their own, those of their “users”) to engineer a dichotomy between “software” and “education.” I suggest that platform studies should expand its concept of governance to include the socio-technical-discursive work of engineering organizational roles and the division of labor.
Systematic Quantitative Literature Review on Criminological Theories in Asia
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Pai Chen-Fu , Islam Md. Jahirul
Published: July 2018

Empirical work on criminological theories in Asia has been increasing. However, few comprehensive and systematic reviews on the application of criminological theories in Asia have been conducted. Using a systematic quantitative literature review method on peer-reviewed English-language journal articles, we aim to provide an overview of the use of five major criminological theories in Asia: (1) strain; (2) social learning; (3) control; (4) routine activity; and (5) developmental and life-course. In particular, we address the following four questions: (1) how often are these theories tested in which region of Asia?; (2) what methodology is used to test these theories?; (3) to what extent are these theories supported in the Asian context?; and (4) what cultural uniqueness in the Asian context is taken into account in testing these theories, and what role and effect do they play in analysis and outcome? Findings indicate that the relationship between these theories and the Asian regions is skewed; many studies do not employ rigorous methodologies; these theories are either fully or partially supported in the Asian context; and only a few studies have analyzed the cultural uniqueness of the Asian context, and no effect of cultural uniqueness of the Asian context was found. Research implications for developing criminology in Asia are discussed.
Performing nature's value: software and the making of Oregon's ecosystem services markets
Authors: Nost Eric
Published: July 2018

Full-text, in-print version here: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0308518X15616631Geographers of technology illustrate software code’s contexts, effects, and agencies as it shapes urban space and everyday life, but the consequences of code for nature remain understudied. Political ecologists have critiqued remote sensing and GIS-based conservation projects, but have not engaged more broadly with the role of software in the contested production, circulation, and application of ecological knowledge. Yet, around the world, data analytics firms and conservation nonprofits argue for optimizing environmental management through faster and bigger data collection and new techniques of data manipulation and visualization. I present a case study from the US state of Oregon illustrating how conservationists and environmental regulators employ computer programming to plan markets in which entrepreneurs restore stream and wetland ecosystem services to earn offset credits. In these markets, code-executed algorithms constituting spreadsheets, web maps, and GIS utilities generate, relate, and make sense of the data that defines credit commodities. I argue that code tends toward three effects: producing a landscape defined by wetlands' modeled value; performing social relations associated with nature’s neoliberalization and financialization; legitimating these moves. Although emphasis on the performativity of code and other technological objects is warranted, the contexts in which these are authored, deployed, and evaluated should remain central to understanding environmental governance. This is to caution against seeing technology as reducing nature and society to state or capitalist rationalities and to hesitate to differentiate prima facie code’s work on space and on nature. I call for bridging political ecology and geographies of technology in ways that can explain how code is generative of environmental knowledge, change, and conflict.Citation: Nost, E. 2015. Performing nature's value: software and the making of Oregon's ecosystem services markets.Environment and PlanningA47(12):2573-2590.
Do low-brow tastes demonstrate stronger categorical differentiation? An analysis of fiction readership in Russia
Authors: Sokolov Mikhail , Sokolova Nadezhda
Published: July 2018

In his paper establishing the foundations of omnivorousness theory, Richard Peterson suggested that the system of tastes is organized as a pyramid “with one elite taste at the top and more and more alternative forms at about the same level as one moves down the pyramid toward its base”, with tastes at the bottom “mark[ing] the status boundaries between taste groups defined by age, gender, race, region, religion, lifestyle” (1992). High-status individuals are likely to consume a few genres at all levels of the taste pyramid, while low-status ones tend to patronise only one genre situated at the bottom. While one of the predictions following from this model —concerning the omnivorounsness of privileged groups—has been tested in numerous studies, the thesis of stronger structural embeddedness of low-brow tastes has been researched much less extensively. If Peterson is right, we would find that the consumption of high-brow objects strongly correlates with class characteristics, such as education, although consumption of low- and middle-brow does not; on the contrary, the consumption of low-brow objects correlates with belonging to gender, age, ethnic, or other groupings, where the consumption of high-brow objects does not. In this paper, we use a dataset from a Saint Petersburg public library system to analyze 1 900 000 book choices of above 170 000 readers to find out whether these predictions hold. We find that there is indeed a strong negative correlation between the attractiveness of an author for predominantly educated readers and the gender and age specificity of his/her audience. In the second part of the article we discuss two possible theoretical explanation of this finding: (a) the opposition between the high-grid culture of unprivileged groups and the low-grid culture of elites, as described in Mary Douglas’ “cultural theory”, and (b) the opposition between relaxational and self-cultivating usages of culture.
Technical signs in early medieval manuscripts copied in Irish minuscule
Authors: Steinova Evina
Published: July 2018

Besides glosses and other textual annotations, early medieval Latin manuscript commonly feature technical signs, annotation symbols and sigla that reflect readership or provide a framework for interpretation and use. The early medieval Insular book users were particularly keen on using such devices. This article maps the usage of technical signs in a corpus of early medieval Irish manuscripts produced on the Continent or preserved and used there early after the production. In the center of the inquiry are four manuscripts belonging to an Irish scholarly circle associated with Sedulius Scottus. The article concludes that: * Insular, and specifically Irish, annotators used a specific repertoire of technical signs; * This Insular/Irish repertoire is substantially distinct from the repertoire of technical signs used by Carolingian scribes and therefore allows for discerning books annotated by Insular/Irish users on the Continent; * A noticeable difference exists between various identifiable clusters of manuscripts annotated by Insular/Irish users, suggesting that different annotators and circles drew on different parts of the Insular repertoire; * The manuscripts from the Sedulius group stand out from among other Irish books produced on the Continent on account of the specific mode of annotation, which seems to have been particular to the circle of scholars that produced them; * The Greek Psalter of Sedulius, which contains the subscription of Sedulius Scottus, displays a pattern of sign use distinct from the one found in the manuscripts from the Sedulius group and therefore does not seem related to them; * One or two lightly-annotated manuscripts contain traces of annotation in the manner of the Sedulius circle and therefore may reflect activities of the scholars from this scholarly group.
Economic Factors and Relationship Quality Among Young Couples: Comparing Cohabitation and Marriage
Authors: Hardie Jessica Halliday
Published: July 2018

Are economic resources related to relationship quality among young couples, and to what extent does this vary by relationship type? To answer these questions, we estimated regression models predicting respondent reports of conflict and affection in cohabiting and married partner relationships using the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1997 (NLSY97, N = 2, 841) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 1, 702). We found that economic factors are an important predictor of conflict for both married and cohabiting couples. Affection was particularly responsive to human capital rather than short-term economic indicators. Economic hardship was associated with more conflict among married and cohabiting couples.
Aspects of Taboos Surrounding Algerian Females’ Daily Issues and Language
Authors: Journal Arab World English , GHOUNANE Nadia
Published: July 2018

The present article focuses on gender differences in using some types of taboos. In this sense, it explores the world of Arab women and investigates aspects of taboos surrounding their issues and language use. In other terms, the focal point of this paper is centered on the linguistic devices that females employ to express taboos. This paper also evaluates women’s discourse and the reasons that keep their lives surrounded by mystery and ambiguity. Hence, Arab females’ issues and language are investigated in the light of the stereotypes Westerners have about the Islamic religious beliefs. Our study further explores the lexicon related to females’ topics like virginity, menstruation, menopause and their body parts. To this vein, a thorough examination was made depending on the informants’ gender, age and their sociocultural background with the support of a structured questionnaire, a focus group interview and participant observation. The findings demonstrate that Algerian females’ issues are directed by the cultural norms of their society. The results also reveal that speakers resort to euphemistic strategies to speak about women’s private lives, although Algerian dialects are rich in euphemistic expressions related to females’ sensitive issues.
Is perceived athlete leadership quality related to team effectiveness? A comparison of three professional sports teams.
Authors: Fransen Katrien , Haslam S. Alexander , Mallett Cliff , Steffens Niklas K , Peters Kim Olivia , Boen Filip
Published: July 2018

Objectives. Researchers have argued that leadership is one of the most important determinants of team effectiveness. The present study examined the extent to which the perceived quality of athlete leadership was related to the effectiveness of elite sports teams. Design. Three professional football teams (N = 135) participated in our study during the preparation phase for the Australian 2016 season.Methods. Players and coaching staff were asked to assess players’ leadership quality in four leadership roles (as task, motivational, social, and external leader) via an online survey. The leadership quality in each of these roles was then calculated in a social network analysis by averaging the indegree centralities of the three best leaders in that particular role. Participants also rated their team’s performance and its functioning on multiple indicators. Results. As hypothesized, the team with the highest-quality athlete leadership on each of the four leadership roles excelled in all indicators of team effectiveness. More specifically, athletes in this team had a stronger shared sense of the team’s purpose, they were more highly committed to realizing the team’s goals, and they had a greater confidence in their team’s abilities than athletes in the other teams. Moreover, this team demonstrated a higher task-involving and a lower ego-involving climate, and excelled on all measures of performance.Conclusions. High-quality athlete leadership is positively related to team effectiveness. Given the importance of high-quality athlete leadership, the study highlights the need for well-designed empirically-based leadership development programs.
Order error in the calculation of continuous relative phase
Authors: Mehdizadeh Sina , Glazier Paul Stephen
Published: July 2018

The aims of this study were to demonstrate “order error” in the calculation of continuous relative phase (CRP) and to suggest two alternative methods—(i) constructing phase-plane portraits by plotting position over velocity; and (ii), the Hilbert transform—to rectify it. Order error is the change of CRP order between two degrees of freedom (e.g., body segments) when using the conventional method of constructing phase-plane portraits (i.e., velocity over position). Both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal simulated signals as well as signals from human movement kinematics were used to investigate order error and the performance of the two alternative methods. Both methods have been shown to lead to correct results for simulated sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signals. For human movement data, however, the Hilbert transform is superior for calculating CRP.
Dose response association of objective physical activity with mental health in a representative national sample of adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bernard Paquito , Doré Isabelle , Romain Ahmed Jerome , Hains-Monfette Gabriel , Kingsbury Celia , Sabiston Catherine
Published: July 2018

Although higher physical activity (PA) levels are associated with better mental health, previous findings about the shape of the dose–response relationship between PA and mental health are inconsistent. Furthermore, this association may differ according to sedentary levels. We investigated the cross-sectional dose-response associations between objectively measured PA and mental health in a representative national sample of adults. We also examined whether sedentary time modified the PA - mental health associations. Based on 2007-2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey data, PA and sedentary time were measured using accelerometry among 8150 participants, aged 20 to 79 years. Generalized additive models with a smooth function were fitted to examine associations between minutes per day of moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), daily steps (combined or not with sedentary time) and self-rated mental health. A significant curvilinear relationship between average daily minutes of MVPA and mental health was observed, with increasing benefits up to 50 minutes/day. For LPA, a more complex shape (monotonic and curvilinear) was found. For daily steps, inverted U-shaped curve suggested increasing benefits until a plateau between 5000 and 16000 steps. The MVPA-LPA combination was significantly associated with mental health but with a complex pattern. The tested PA-sedentary time combinations showed that increasing sedentary time decreased the positive PA-mental health associations. Non-linear dose-response patterns between the PA modalities and self-reported mental health were observed. Optimal doses of daily minutes of MVPA, LPA, MVPA combined with LPA and daily steps are independently associated with better mental health in adults. The results also suggest that PA-mental health associations could be hampered by daily sedentary time.
La libertad intelectual como principio fundamental de la Biblioteconomía y Documentación: estudio comparado latinoamericano
Authors: Estrada-Cuzcano Alonso
Published: July 2018

Se revisan las fuentes internacionales sobre el acceso y libertad de información; así como los contenidos de las constituciones latinoamericanas. Existen coincidencias entre los investigadores en determinar que el artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (DUDH) es el hito fundamental en este tipo de libertades. Desde entonces ha surgido una serie de figuras jurídicas relativas al acceso y libertad de información: hábeas data, autodeterminación informativa, acceso a la información pública, información de dominio público, el acceso y servicio universal, entre otras.A partir de la DUDH y como una vertiente se va configurando la “libertad intelectual”, que se considera un principio fundamental en la Biblioteconomía y Documentación y que tiene como elementos fundamentales a la privacidad y confidencialidad y al acceso equitativo a la información, que han adquirido importancia especialmente en entornos digitales. Se realiza una aproximación histórica de dos instituciones pioneras en la enunciación de la libertad intelectual: American Library Association (ALA) y la Internacional Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA).Incluye un estudio comparado de cinco países latinoamericanos: Argentina, Brasil, México, Chile y Perú, que tiene como finalidad demostrar que hay tres elemento fundamentales para que la libertad intelectual pueda desarrollarse. El primer elemento es el Estado, que promulga leyes y elabora los planes y políticas de gobierno; el segundo elemento son los gremios o colectivos profesionales, que deben incluir en sus códigos de ética este principio y, finalmente, la formación académica, que debe incluir en los planes de estudio a la libertad intelectual en su vertiente jurídica y ética.
Possible compositional effects on the electrical conductivity of olivine: A preliminary study
Authors: Lanati Anthony
Published: July 2018

Volatile sensitive probes of the upper mantle, such as magnetotellurics, are being developed to overcome insensitivities in seismic and gravity subsurface mapping as part of an effort to identify the location of deeply buried ore deposits, in addition to more broadly understanding mantle temperature and water contents. An understanding of the conductivity of mantle minerals is an essential prerequisite to the full interpretation of magnetotelluric data. Current proton conduction models for simple mineral systems, such as olivine, show large discrepancies. The material used for these determinations, San Carlos peridotite, is not a single mineral phase and may have compositional variations. This could be one of the origins of these discrepancies. To test this hypothesis, a sample of San Carlos olivine was taken and separated out the mineral components using a combination of electrostatic rock disaggregation, magnetic susceptibility as well as manual separation. The separated fractions were characterised using petrography. Impedance data were collected as a function of temperature and pressure in a multi-anvil press from both the separated olivine material and the original mixture. Comparison of these values with literature data has been made.
Neo-Orientalist Framing of the 2011 and 2013 Egyptian Uprisings: A Case Study of The New York Times and The Washington Post
Authors: Gelashvili Tamta
Published: July 2018

This thesis critically examines the US media framing of the Egyptian Uprisings in 2011 and 2013 to examine whether the coverage was relatively value-neutral or had a value-laden (Neo-Orientalist) perspective. The thesis aims to examine whether the Neo-Orientalist tendency among the Western societies to view religion as the key driving force behind political processesis manifest in the US media as well, or whether the two newspapers try to represent the abovementioned political and economic processes and grievances. To this end, the thesis looks at the articles published in The New York Times and The Washington Post during and after two major events: Mubarak‟s resignation in 2011 and Morsi‟s removal in 2013. A combination of quantitative (content analysis) and qualitative (critical discourse analysis) research demonstrates that news articles and editorials about the 2011 and 2013 uprisings include Neo-Orientalist frames. These articles consider liberal democracy as a universal normative model and contrast it with Islam, portrayed as a fundamentally different, homogeneous and antidemocratic phenomenon linked with instability and violence and singlehandedly influencing democratization process. Compared to 2011, Neo-Orientalist frames become more frequent in 2013; if in 2011, most units adhere to Fukuyama‟s view that Egypt would join the teleological march to liberal democracy, in 2013, the trend reverses and most units, like Huntington, exclude any possibility of democratization. The textual practices of naming, sourcing, presupposition, fore- and backgrounding, used to construct Neo-Orientalist frames, can be related to discursive practices, or the production of text, and larger social practices. As critical discourse analysis shows, the units show pro-Israeli bias and align with the US foreign policy priorities: both the general policy of liberal democracy promotion and the specific strategic interests in Egypt.
Synthesis and characterisation of organic-inorganic hybrid polymers: Polystyrene-SiO2 & Polystyrene-TiO2
Authors: Ayuso-Carrillo Josue
Published: July 2018

This work focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of a new class of materials so-called organic-inorganic hybrid polymers, whose main characteristics are the synergy and bonding between an organic phase with an inorganic phase. This thesis is a research effort towards getting new and better materials for diverse and specialised applications.The synthesis of materials was carried out in two stages: in the first one hybrid particles of SiO2 and TiO2 were obtained via sol-gel process, both of them functionalised with vinyl groups, and nominal diameters of 200 nm and 220 nm, respectively. In the second stage hybrid polymers of the type polystryrene-SiO2 (PS-SiO2) and polystyrene-TiO2 (PS-TiO2) were obtained via free radical polymerisation, and employing different concentrations of the functionalised hybrid particles obtained in the first stage. These materials formed translucent and semiflexible films.The presence of the inorganic phase inside the organic phase for both systems, PS-SiO2 and PS-TiO2, promoted a decrease on the Tg inversely proportional to the concentration increase of PS-SiO2 and PS-TiO2, respectively, which suggests that the particles confer a plasticiser effect over the polymer matrix.For both systems, PS-SiO2 and PS-TiO2, apart from the Tg decrease, there were differences on the elastic modulus measured. These results suggest that these differences might be due to the difference in particle size and chemical species. Likewise, the thermal stability of both PS-SiO2 and PS-TiO2 increased significantly and in the same order, relative to pristine polystyrene.
The Cult of Reputation: Deterrent or a cause of war?
Authors: Farooq Hassan
Published: July 2018

A reputation for resolve, used to predict an actor's future intentions with reasonable accma.cy based on his past actions, is central to many deten·ence theories. The assumption is that states use other actors' past behavior as a leaming schema for generating expectations, and act according to such expectations. However, there are other powerful determinants in intemational politics- military capabilities, distribution of power, and interests at stake, etc.- that shape states' policies. Nonetheless, decision makers assign to their states' reputation the status of symbolic capital, in order to add credibility to their future threats and conunitments, or to credibly deter adversaries' future tlu·eats. They generally believe that their allies and adversaries infer the state's resolve from its past behavior. In this paper we analyze how this belief and the consequent quest for building, preserving, and/or restoring reputation can push decision-makers into the vmtex of conflicts.
MFA Thesis: The Straw That Stirs the Drink
Authors: Syzdek Andrea
Published: July 2018

This collection of poems represents the work I completed as an MFA student. It includes an afterword that discusses influences, poetics, and forms.
EMPOWERING STUDENTS WITH CRITICAL PEDAGOGY: ENCOURAGING SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION I CLASSROOM
Authors: Highfill Katherine
Published: July 2018

This thesis discusses studying corporate influence in American life as the guiding theme of the Composition I classroom at South Dakota State University in the Spring 2013, Fall 2013, and Spring 2014 semesters. Additionally, this research implemented critical pedagogical practices designed to help students become more active learners. The document provides a background of corporate influence in America, an overview of the foundational texts of critical pedagogy, an explanation of the practices instituted, data collected during the research, and a brief discussion of the conclusions that can be drawn from this research.
Intrasite spatial organization at Chavín de Huantar during the andean formative: three dimensional modeling, stratigraphy and ceramics
Authors: Mesia-Montenegro Christian
Published: July 2018

The ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar is located in the north central Peruvian highlands at 3,200 m.a.s.l. I have investigated the Wacheqsa sector, located immediately to the north of the monumental core with the objective of understanding the archaeological deposits that formed this area, and to analyze their chronological and spatial relationships.This research presents a new methodology for the investigation of intrasite space organization of stratigraphic components. I demonstrate that careful sampling programs can be extremely advantageous in investigating intrasite variation, in particular when all stratigraphic records are modeled using computer aided design (CAD). I identify five prehistoric spatial analytical units in the Wacheqsa Sector: Early Platforms, Water Flood, Late Platforms, Stone Rooms and Midden. I use bivariate kernel density estimations in order to investigate ceramic modalities and comprehend the nature of the activities developed in each unit, cross- referencing this line of evidence with the distribution of archaeological materials. I also use the Boone index as a measure of diversity in order to quantitatively segregate the analytical units identified.The Wacheqsa Sector was occupied from 1200 BC to 500 BC, during the Middle and Late Formative Periods. I have divided the prehistoric occupation into two phases. The oldest one (Urabarriu 1200-800 BC) encompasses the Early Platforms and Water Flood analytical units. The Early Platforms unit represents the oldest domestic settlement located in this sector. The Water Flood analytical unit provides evidence regarding canalization of the Wacheqsa River during this phase. The latest occupation phase (Janabarriu 800-500 BC), encompasses the Late Platforms, Stone Rooms and Midden analytical units. The Stone Room analytical unit represents a late settlement in the Wacheqsa Sector, the Midden provides evidence for suprahousehold food and beverage consumption and the Late Platforms unit seems to be a buffer area between these two units.In addition, the dating of these units shows that Chavín was contemporary with ceremonial centers of the Andean area during the Middle and Late Formative. It also demonstrates that the Janabarriu ceramic phase is 400 years earlier than previously suggested, being contemporary with the largest architectural phase at monumental core.
VARIABLES QUE AFECTAN A LOS CONFLICTOS ENTRE GANADEROS, JAGUAR (PANTHERA ONCA) Y PUMA (PUMA CONCOLOR) EN CUATRO TCO´S DEL BENI
Authors: ibanez ximena inchauste
Published: July 2018

RESUMENEl jaguar (Panthera onca) y el puma (Puma concolor), son considerados un serio problema como depredadores de ganado a lo largo de su distribución. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar ese conflicto en estancias ganaderas dentro y alrededor de cuatro Territorios Comunitarios de Origen en el departamento del Beni, Bolivia. Entre agosto y septiembre de 2010, se encuestó a los responsables de un total de 30 estancias colindantes a las TCO´s Canichana, Joaquiniano, Moré y Sirionó para: 1) determinar si la frecuencia de ataques al ganado está relacionada con cer¬canía a cuerpos de agua 2) cercanía a áreas boscosas y 3) cuidados al ganado. En este trabajo reportamos resultados de la cuantificación de pérdidas de ganado, manejo del ganado, y frecuencia de ataques de jaguar y puma a diferentes distancias desde el potrero hacia bosques y cuerpos de agua más cercanos. Los estancieros estiman una pérdida de alrededor de 216 cabezas de ganado para el año 2010, cau¬sadas por jaguares y 133 a causa del puma (para las 30 estancias en total). Sin embargo, se encontró que la depredación no fue el factor más importante de la pérdida del ganado, ya que 510 cabezas de ganado murieron el año del estudio a causa de enfermedades. A la vez los ganaderos cazaron 93 jaguares y 25 pumas en la zona del estudio el año 2010. Los dos felinos atacaron con mayor frecuencia en el bosque más cercano a cada estancia. Los diferentes cuidados que se da al ganado en las 30 estancias son bastante similares, independientemente de la TCO colindante. Según la mayoría de los ganaderos, los dos felinos podrían estar declinando en la zona de estudio.The jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) are considered a serious problem as livestock predators throughout their distribution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the conflict in ranches in and around four Indigenous Territories in the department of Beni, Bolivia. Between August and September 2010, I surveyed a total of 30 ranches adjoining the TCOs Canichana, Joaquiniano, Moré and Sirionó to determine whether the frequency of attacks on livestock is related to 1) the proximity to water bodies 2) proximity to wooded areas and 3) livestock care. Here I report the results of a quantification of livestock losses, livestock management, and frequency of jaguar and puma attacks at different distances from pastures to forests and water bodies. Ranchers estimated a loss of about 216 individuals to jaguar attacks in 2010, and an additional 133 heads to puma (for the 30 ranches). However, it was found that predation was not the most important mortality factor as 510 heads died from diseases during the year of study. Ranchers killed 93 jaguars and 25 pumas within the study area during the year of study. The two felids attacked more frequently closer to the forest. Care given to cattle in the 30 ranches was quite similar, independently of the TCO. According to the ranchers, both predators could be declining in the study area.
Voxel-Wise Image Analysis for White Matter Hyperintensity Segmentation
Authors: Knight Jesse
Published: July 2018

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are regions of increased pixel intensity in T2-weighted MRI which are correlated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Human segmentation of WMH is time consuming and inconsistent, motivating automation of WMH segmentation. While many algorithms for this task have previously been proposed, few have been validated on MRI from different sources, despite the sensitivity of most algorithms to source-specific image features. This thesis presents a segmentation algorithm called “Voxel-Wise Logistic Regression” (VLR), which provides both good interpretability and segmentation performance. VLR uses FLAIR MRI to estimate the WMH class probability image using spatially varying logistic parameters β(x). These “parameter images” also concisely summarize the model class discrimination. Additionally, a validation framework called “Leave-One-Source-Out Cross Validation” (LOSO-CV) is introduced, which provides more realistic estimation of model performance on “never-before-seen” MRI sources. Segmentation performance of the VLR model under LOSO-CV is presented using 96 open-source images from 7 MRI sources.
Expressional Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) in Patients with Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Azhar Muhammad Yusuf
Published: July 2018

Carcinogenesis of cells in the tissues of the thyroid gland leads to formation of thyroid cancer. Development of thyroid cancer involves a multifactorial route that is associated with various risk factors, such as exposure to ionizing radiation in early life, genetic predisposition, iodine intake in diet, environmental carcinogens, and genetic instability etc. These different risk factors can lead to a variety of mutations within proto-oncogenes and activating them as oncogenes. VEGF-A is one such proto-oncogene that plays a key role in tumour angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to explore the association of respective gene with thyroid cancer pathogenesis. To test the hypothesis that VEGF-A expression patterns has influence in thyroid cancer metastasis and sustenance, a population based case-control study was conducted in 77 thyroid tumour samples along with adjacent control tissue samples. Quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR) was used for mRNA expression variation in VEGF-A gene. Expression analysis showed that VEGF-A expression level was very highly significantly downregulated (p<0.001) in tissues of thyroid cancer compared to adjacent control tissues. Non-significant (p>0.05) increase of VEGF-A expression mRNA with age group, gender, and advanced stages of T, N, and M stages was also observed in thyroid cancer samples compared to the controls. However, when compared for the expression levels relative to the proliferation marker, Ki67, very highly significant upregulation in thyroid tumour samples was seen in the same study cohort. Based on these results we can conclude that VEGF-A under expression at transcriptional level may be playing a key role in progression and/or spread of thyroid cancer.
Clinical trials in British Medicine 1858-1948, with special reference to the development of the randomised controlled trial
Authors: Toth Ben
Published: July 2018

This thesis arose from a desire to explore the reasons for two related phenomena: whyrandomisation wasn’t introduced into clinical trials before the 1940s, and why in 1947 itwas. In seeking to answer these questions, this study focuses on the development ofclinical trials in Britain from the mid-nineteenth century to the MRC streptomycin trialpublished in 1948.Control groups and quasi-random allocation and were known to British clinicians in thenineteenth century, well before they became formalised in statistical theory. Chapter twoargues that the collective therapeutic enquiries of the 1860s were an attempt to reform themedical profession in the light of the deficiencies of the 1858 Medical Act. Reform inthis context was an attempt to create an ‘ideal practitioner’, defined here as one who useda statistical style of knowledge to guide both medical practice and medical etiquette.However, methodological elements such as control groups were largely irrelevant to thisenterprise.Collective enquiries were overshadowed by the possibility of an exact knowledge oftherapeutic action. Drugs such as diphtheria anti-toxin and Salvarsan, both products ofGerman laboratories, mark the beginning of the modern era of therapeutics. Clinical trialsplayed a secondary role in the development and testing of such drugs. Biologicalstandardisation offered a powerful way for drug companies, research laboratories, andstate authorities to promote and regulate the new laboratory based drugs.At the British Medical Research Council, physiological research in a laboratory wasregarded as the desirable way to test new drugs. As a result, clinical trials organised bythe MRC in the 1930s are historically inconsequential. Nevertheless, they played a role inconsolidating the position of the MRC as the leading medical research organisation inBritain at a time when pharmaceutical companies were beginning to produce a range ofnew therapies.The organisational challenges facing the MRC in the immediate post-war period werechanged considerably by the coming of the NHS. Adoption of a more strictly designedform of randomised controlled trial offered the MRC some specific advantages whendealing with a drug such as streptomycin. Using unpublished archival sources, theorganisation of the streptomycin trial is reconstructed, and the organisational advantagesof an RCT design highlighted.
SAWERAN SEBAGAI BENTUK INTERAKSI SIMBOLIK ANTARA PEMAIN DAN PENONTON DALAM TARI REOG GONDORIYO PADA KESENIAN BARONGAN SINGO LODRO
Authors: Unnes eprint-sendratasik , Lestari Puji
Published: July 2018

Tari Reog Gondoriyo merupakan salah satu Tari kreasi baru yang berkembang di Kabupaten Grobogan. Tari Reog Gondoriyo merupakan gambaran dari seorang bapak yang sedang menimang anaknya, oleh karena itu pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah Bagaimana bentuk penyajian Tari Reog Gondoriyo, Bagaimana bentuk saweran sebagai interaksi simbolik antara pemain dengan penonton pada Tari Reog Gondoriyo. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bentuk penyajian Tari Reog Gondoriyo dan bagaimana bentuk saweran sebagai interaksi simbolik antara pemain dengan penonton pada Tari Reog Gondoriyo di Kesenian Barongan Singo Lodro di Desa Todanan, Kecamatan Todanan Kabupaten Blora.Penelitian yang dilakukan peneliti menggunakan metode kulitatif yang menghasilkan data deskriptif dengan Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sosial. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, serta triangulasi yang sekaligus sebagai teknik keabsahan data. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa informasi yang berkaitan tentang saweran sebagai interaksi simbolik antara penari dan penonton dalam Tari Reog Gondoriyo yang membagi analisis data menjadi tiga bagian yaitu reduksi data, paparan data, dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi.Hasil penelitian mengemukakan bahwa bentuk penyajian Tari Reog Gondoriyo pada Kesenian Barongan Singo Lodro di Desa Todanan Kecamatan Todanan Kabupaten Blora dapat dilihat dari aspek: tema, pelaku, gerak, musik/iringan, tata rias, tata busana, pola lantai. Saweran sebagai bentuk interaksi simbolik Tari Reog Gondoriyo pada Kesenian Barongan Singo Lodro di Desa Todanan Kecamatan Todanan Kabupaten Blora meliputi : Bentuk Saweran tahun 50-an, bentuk saweran pada Tari Reog Gondoriyo di tahun 50-an para penonton memberi uang saweran dengan cara melemparkan uang dibawah para penari, bentuk saweran pada Tari Reog Gondorio pada tahun 2016 cara pemberian saweran dari penonton ke penari sama-sama menggunakan mulut. Saran penelitian yaitu bagi seniman Tari Reog Gondoriyo, adanya kreativitas seniman untuk memperindah sajian Tari Reog Gondoriyo baik gerak atau bentuk saweran, yang khususnya memperjelas bagaimana bentuk saweran yang sebagaimana mestinya. Bagi generasi muda untuk mau mempelajari Tari daerah yaitu Tari Reog Gondoriyo. Bagi pemerintah daerah untuk lebih memperhatikan perkembangan Tari Reog Gondoriyo karena Tari Reog Gondoriyo merupakan Kesenian lokal daerah Grobogan.