bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universities of World-Class Scientific and Educational Centers and Their Importance in the Performance Indicators and Development of Regions
Authors: Korosteleva Larisa
Published: December 2021

The article considers the sphere of education as one of the directions of political and managerial practices for the development of regions. The importance of educational institutions of higher education as part of world-class scientific and educational centers (RECs) created in the context of the implementation of the national project “Science” is evaluated. The task assigned to the centers to activate interregional interaction, as expected, will contribute to the innovative development of the subjects of the Russian Federation and the economic and technological connectivity of the territories. In the context of the task, data from the official REC websites, data from the international rating THE, the Moscow international rating MosIUR for 2020, regulatory legal acts, as well as secondary data on the problem under study are analyzed. It is shown that RECs have become a kind of superstructure (construction), uniting several groups of actors under one sign of the center: universities, scientific organizations, organizations from the real sector of the economy, supported by the subject of the Russian Federation under the personal control of the governors. The peculiarity of such centers was not only the association of universities with high international ratings from different regions, but also the participation of the same university in several RECs. Such an organizational technique, by pulling together the north and south, the west and the east, the inclusion of the same universities in different RECs, suggests that this, on the one hand, strengthens interregional interaction, increases the values of the performance indicators of the project participants, but on the other hand, complicates the objective assessment of the REC activities themselves. Based on the study, the hypothesis is expressed that the existing approaches to assessing the effectiveness of REC generate a variety of imitation forms of activity, including reporting, and need to be improved. It is concluded that the activities of RECs will contribute to the breakthrough development of those regions on the territory of which they are formed, but at the same time strengthen interregional imbalances.
Changes in Lifestyles and living Conditions of the Rural Population of the Russian Central Federal District as a Factor in the Dynamics of Human Capital
Authors: Shilova Valentina
Published: December 2021

The article raises the issue of the dynamics of human capital of rural Russia of the Central Federal District with the example of the Yaroslavl area in conditions of depopulation and growth of return migration. On the basis of the results of the empirical research, using the methods of in-depth interviews and the search survey according to the structured questionnaire, the author examines the way of life and living conditions of the rural population from the perspective of the past, present and future. The article identifies key problems that are acutely felt and reflected by the inhabitants of the village: lack of jobs, opportunities for decent work in the countryside, poor roads and medical services, a low level of amenities and recreational activities. Also, based on the reasoning of the respondents, the author points out some positive aspects of life in rural areas: good ecology, availability and operation of kindergartens and schools, a relatively high level of development of digital technologies, a moderate, peaceful life.
In conclusion, the author highlights the key factors influencing the lifestyle and quality of life of rural residents and concludes that, in the light of this situation, without State policy intervention in the development and preservation of human capital, Depopulation and atrophy of rural areas will continue.
Motivating volunteers in emergencies
Authors: Voronina Nataliya S.
Published: December 2021

Volunteering is one of the most significant trends in social activity today. Numerous emergency situations (hereinafter referred to as ES), both natural and man-made, lead to human casualties, negative consequences for nature and infrastructure, and volunteers, despite the existing risks for their life and health, provide significant assistance in preventing these situations or combating their consequences. This activity, in turn, actualises the study of the reasons why people get involved in voluntary, unpaid work, and carry it on for a long time.

The investigation of the motives of volunteers' participation in emergencies, presented in this article, is carried out using the “grounded theory” method by A. Strause and D. Corbin. The analysis is based on data from 45 semi-structured interviews with volunteers operating in ES (search for missing people, rescue work, first aid and humanitarian aid, etc.), and experts in the field, namely, heads of public organisations and professional rescuers.

The study describes a set of stimuli that motivate people to volunteer in an emergency. As the analysis of interviews has shown, the fundamental category of participation in ES is helping other people, and it is explained through such motives as altruistic, personal, social, career and protective. At the same time, the identified motives almost completely intersect with the typology of motives identified in the study by I. Clery. The above study showed that most often volunteers in ES had personal motives (volunteering in ES as self-development), and most rarely career ones (becoming a professional rescuer through volunteering in ES).

When the need arises, volunteers "help" physically, as far as their health allows, and as far as the state rescue services allow. Among the benefits of volunteering in ES, the respondents name “a sense of satisfaction”, thanks to it, volunteers want to continue their activities. The results of the study show that volunteering in an emergency is a process leading both to an increase in the effectiveness of prevention / elimination of the consequences of an ES, as well as to the development of the volunteers personality in various spheres: emotional, personal, and career.
Theory of states multilateral interaction on the example of BRICS activities
Authors: Asadov Babek R. , Gavrilenko Vladimir A. , Nemchenko Stanislav B.
Published: December 2021

The object of study is the BRICS activities as a special format of multilateral interaction between states. We consider the theory of above-mentioned interaction and cooperation of countries, which are expressed in the implementation of a joint policy on a number of issues. The evolution of BRICS and its unification in the international legal space contributes to ob-servance of common interests and views of BRICS participants on the prob-lems of modern international relations, reflects the objective trends of world development and the formation of a multipolar system of international rela-tions, ensures the interests of individual major state actors in broad interna-tional integration. The relevance of the issues under study lies in the fact that individual features of the international legal status of BRICS are investigated, which make it possible to effectively influence the challenges of modern world. The legal status of BRICS is fundamentally different from traditional legal approaches to international organizations and acting as a special subject of world politics, creating the most trusting conditions for interaction, BRICS focuses on other principles of world order within the framework of a new model of global relations.
On the peculiarities of legal regulation and algorithm for solving the issue of cutting down trees and shrubs in the protective zone of gas pipeline
Authors: Alekhina Olga M. , Anapolskaya Alina I. , Kanina Yuliya S.
Published: December 2021

We present a legal regulation analysis of procedure for cutting down emergency trees and trees and shrubs located in the protected zone of the gas pipeline, which poses a threat to the safety and functioning of gas networks. The purpose of study is to determine the subjects and the proce-dure for cutting down emergency trees in the security zone of gas pipeline, as well as to assess the regulatory regulation of procedure for cutting down emergency trees in the security zone of gas pipeline, taking into account the balance of interests of gas distribution organizations, local authorities and citizens – owners of land plots. The research methodology is based on a sys-tematic approach in the analysis of the legal regulation of the subject of re-search, formal legal, logical methods of cognition, which together ensure the reliability and validity of conclusions and proposals on the algorithm for solving the issue of cutting down trees and shrubs in the protective zone of the gas pipeline. We conclude that there is variability in the regulation of the elimination of emergency trees, taking into account such conditions as the location of the gas pipeline security zone (ownership of territory) and the owner of the land plot on which the trees are located. We state that the pres-ence of tree plantations in the security zone of gas distribution networks is not prohibited by law, but there is a procedure for the owner of land plots and gas networks to remove trees that potentially pose a threat to the safety of the gas pipeline within the security zone. The legislation unambiguously determines that the person who is obliged to carry out work on cutting down trees and sawing off branches is the owner of the land plot. All work on cutting trees must be carried out taking into account the interests of the gas distribution organization, the owner of the gas pipeline and a real threat to the safety of the gas pipeline. We formulate recommendations for effective building of interaction between subjects interested in resolving the problems of finding emergency trees in the protected zone of the gas pipeline.
Crimes in the field of illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic, potent and poisonous substances: topical issues of criminal liability
Authors: Bondarev Dmitriy V.
Published: December 2021

We consider current issues related to the prosecution of persons guilty of committing crimes in the field of illegal circulation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic, potent and poisonous substances. We analyze the problematic moments that arise at the final stage of the investigation of criminal cases of this category, in particular, upon notification of the end of the preliminary investigation and at the stage of familiarization with the materials of the criminal case on crimes related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. We pay attention to the gaps in modern legislation in the area under consideration, we have made suggestions for its im-provement.
Ensuring the right to housing for police officers at different historical stages of Russian state development
Authors: Kanayeva Yuliya A.
Published: December 2021

We draw attention to the peculiarities of development of right to housing by police officers since 1718 (the official formation of the police) and indicate how this right was implemented until this year. Thus, until 1718, persons in the civil service, as a rule, consisted of boyars, nobles, etc., and they were provided with housing. The officers performing police functions were elected from black settlements, respectively, they did not have their own housing, so they were given official housing at their place of service. We emphasize that a new stage in the development of police began in 1718, when the post of the St. Petersburg General-Chief of Police was established. However, the relevant normative legal acts regulating the housing provision of employees were not adopted. It is indicated that in the 19th century, compensation was paid to police officers. At the same time, according to the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire in 1857, police officers could conclude a contract of employment, and subsequently, after the publication of the Law of June 23, 1912 “On the Right of Building”, the middle class was protected from taking a large payment from them. for housing. Attention is focused on the fact that after the October Revolution of 1917, in 1922, the Moscow City Council decided to release all employees of the Moscow police from paying utility bills. The right to housing was also ensured after the collapse of the USSR and the reform of the department, taking into account the adoption of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FL “On the Police”.
Comparative analysis of normative legal acts on the execution of criminal penalties in the initial stage of the formation of the Russian state for the implementation of equality principle before the law
Authors: Kovalev Nikolai S.
Published: December 2021

The object of the study is the implementation of equality principle before the law by fixing equal rights and obligations of prisoners in the normative legal acts of the Soviet state. The subject of research: provisions of normative legal acts of the Provisional Government, departmental normative acts of the People’s Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR and People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the RSFSR. As a methodological basis for cognition, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, de-duction are used, which allow us to investigate aspects of legal reality directly related to the implementation of the principles of penal enforcement (correctional labor) legislation, to formulate reasonable conclusions. Private scientific methods: formal-legal and comparative-legal – allow us to identify differences in the legal regulation of the legal status of prisoners in the pre-war period. As a result of the conducted research, we make a reasonable conclusion that the principle of equality before the law, although it was not enshrined in specific norms regulating the procedure for the execution and serving of imprisonment, however, was manifested in the provisions regulating the legal status of persons deprived of liberty. The notions of equality before the law of both citizens in general and prisoners in particular were not the fundamental basis of the legislation of the Soviet State. Prisoners were differentiated on the basis of social affiliation, due to: 1) the principle of class approach proclaimed by the Constitution of the RSFSR; 2) the functioning of two systems of places of deprivation of liberty for prisoners with different social status; 3) regulating the execution (serving) of sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty by various regulatory legal acts.
History of domestic legislation development on criminal liability for environmental crimes
Authors: Popova Elena A. , Kokorev Vladimir G.
Published: December 2021

We consider the negative impact of society on the environment, which adversely affects humanity itself. We emphasize the peculiarities of environmental crimes development in Russian law. We point out that the first legislative norms containing responsibility for environmental offenses date back to the middle of the 17th century, when the direct reflection of norms aimed at protecting nature from criminal encroachments begins. We note that the Extensive Edition of Rus’ Justice reflected responsibility for the theft of a number of animals, which in a sense can be attributed to environmental encroachments. It is emphasized that if responsibility for such acts was reflected in the Cathedral Code of 1649, then in the Military Article of 1715 it was absent. We note that in the first codified criminal law, adopted in 1845, under the name “Code on penal and correctional punishments”, acts encroaching on the environment were reflected, which was subsequently consolidated and developed in criminal laws as pre-revolutionary Russia (Criminal Code 1903), and adopted after the October Revolution of 1917, especially in the Criminal Code of the RSFSR in 1960.
Auxiliary law enforcement actions of the creditor in obligations
Authors: Yuzhanin Nikolay V.
Published: December 2021

We analyze some of the creditor’s law enforcement actions in obligations, which in the theory of civil law have become accepted to be called creditor obligations. We dispute the thesis that it is possible to classify as obligations those actions that help in the implementation of creditor’s subjective right and are part of the mechanism for its implementation. We provide an analysis of a number of creditor’s necessary actions, which act auxiliary to the basic action to implement the subjective right in obligation. We propose to abandon the concept of “obligation” in relation to those creditorial en-forcement actions, the failure of which entails sanctions that are not related to liability measures. We establish that in the obligation within the framework of mutual subjective rights and obligations, there are creditor actions that do not contain leading economic significance, but have an auxiliary nature, ensure the fulfillment of the main economic obligations arising in the basic commodity-money relationship. The creditor’s law enforcement actions include not only the acceptance of performance, but also other organizational actions of an actual nature, which, ultimately, are aimed at fulfilling the obligation by both parties. The non-fulfillment of the creditor's law enforcement actions does not entail direct responsibility for their non-fulfillment, only indirect possibilities of influencing the counterparty are established. The indirect means of influencing the creditor include the delay in fulfilling the obligation as a measure of operational impact.
Labor law and social security aspects aspects of the National Security Strategy of Russian Federation
Authors: Chucha Sergey Y.
Published: December 2021

The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, approved by Presidential Decree no. 400 of July 2, 2021, is the first strategic planning document in the history of modern Russia, which called the preservation of the people of Russia and the development of human potential a primary national interest and strategic national priority, and improving the quality of life and well-being of citizens is among the priorities. The scientific research of document that changed the paradigm of national security is just beginning. In the study, using a comparative historical methodology, an intersectoral analysis of the transformation of the labor-legal and social-protective component of the National Security Strategy is carried out, the timeliness of the changes is empirically proved on the basis of statistical data. In the course of the study, we develop a classification of tasks to ensure the implementation of state policy goals, depending on the degree of determination with the sphere of labor and social protection, creates the basis for intersectoral research on national security issues, improving current legislation and its application through the prism of constitutional guarantees in the social protection and labor law spheres. We substantiate the increasing role of social partnership, social solidarity, socially responsible business and the principle of respect for human labor as necessary conditions for the implementation of strategic plans to ensure national security for the preservation of the people of Russia and the development of human potential.
Evaluation of maxillary bones using cone beam computed tomography: A systematic review
Authors: Pinheiro Juliana , Morais da Silva Luana Amorim , França Glória Maria , De Melo Fernandes Almeida Dennys Ramon , Feitoza da Silva Amanda , Gomes da Silva Gabriel
Published: December 2021

Cone beam computed tomography is widely used in dentistry, due to its easy accessibility, low cost and better accuracy compared to medical tomography. The present study aims to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the evaluation of jaw bones using cone beam computed tomography. A bibliographic search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science. At the end of the analysis, 10 articles published between 1998 and 2015 were included. Cone beam computed tomography is a precise and fast method, used to evaluate digital images in high resolution, with sharpness, precision. In addition, the acquisition of these images is essential to measure bone elements, in quantity and quality. It should also be noted that the forecast of bone strength will depend on several factors, such as bone density and microarchitecture. Thus, the professional and reduces the likelihood of making mistakes, which interfere with the prognosis of dental treatment.
INTRUMENTAÇÃO PARA CIRURGIA DE ADENOTONSILECTOMIA
Authors: Bedaque Henrique de Paula , Ferreira Lidiane Maria de Brito Macedo , Júnior José Diniz , Gibson Deborah Carla Santos , Santos Halan Araújo , Vasconcelos Lucas Marinho
Published: December 2021

Introdução: O ato cirúrgico de sucesso depende de um conjunto de processos e habilidades, dentre eles a presença dos instrumentos cirúrgicos adequados e uma disposição que traga facilidade e agilidade ao procedimento são parte importante do ato cirúrgico. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente artigo é revisar a nomenclatura de instrumentos cirúrgicos usuais na adenotonsilectomia e propor uma organização de mesa de instrumentos para facilitar as trocas de instrumentos. Métodos: Por meio de imagens de instrumentos reais de forma individual e em seu complexo arranjo na mesa de instrumentais foi explicado em diferentes etapas a nomenclatura e a disposição dos instrumentos e outros materiais para a organização de uma mesa de instrumentação eficiente. Conclusão: O conhecimento sobre a nomenclatura dos instrumentos cirúrgicos e sua adequada organização para o ato operatório pode ser um facilitador para um ato operatório de sucesso.
Description of Extraordinary Events of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever In Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province 2020
Authors: Luan Werenfridus Leonardo Nando
Published: December 2021

Belu Regency is located in the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia and is an endemic area for dengue fever. Nationally, until June 2020, there were 16,320 cases of dengue fever with a CFR of 0.009%, while in Belu Regency there were 820 cases recorded until June 2020 with a CFR of 0.97%. This study aims to describe the outbreak of DHF by person, place and time as well as the distribution of cases in Belu Regency. this research is descriptive observational with case series design. The source of research data is secondary data on dengue cases obtained from the 2016-2019 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Report and the DHF outbreak report in January-June 2020, the Belu District Health O ce. DHF cases in Belu Regency until June 2020 were 820 cases with symptoms of fever 2-7 days by 100% and supported by laboratory platelet examinations of 73%. The highest IR rate until June 2020 is 367 per 100. 000 residents with a CFR of 0.97% spread over 12 sub-districts of Belu Regency. The highest IRs (>20 per 10,000 population) are Atambua city, South Atambua, East Tasifeto, West Atambua, Kakuluk Mesak and West Tasifeto subdistricts. The majority of DHF in the age group 5-14 years 521 cases (27.1%) with female sex as many as 495 cases (51.51%). DHF cases were found since the first epidemiological week at the beginning of the year with peak cases at the 13th week. Belu Regency Is a dengue endemic area with an IR of 367/100,000 population with a CFR of 0.97%. The highest cases were in the 5-14 year age group and spread across 12 sub-districts of Belu Regency.
SMARTING THE TOY: A PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGNING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CONTAINING TOYS
Authors: SOYUPAK Ozan , SOYUPAK İlayda
Published: December 2021

Toy design evolves parallel to any change in play concept and daily life of a child. Today’s toys, depending on the toy’s close relation with its time and space, include current technological elements in different forms. This study is carried out to put forward a framework for designing technology included toys. Within this respect, the determined toys, which have an important place in today’s toy market, are examined through netnographic methods. Depending on the findings, the importance of play value and user interaction for the technology included toys are underlined. As in every object’s design, the toy design process is also found to be highly linked with its user, manufacturer, and time and place. Today’s toy designer is the one who will position the new era toy by respecting the play essence of the toy and satisfying both the expectation of adults and children in the contemporary world.
PEYZAJ MİMARLIĞI KAPSAMINDA SİNEMA SANATINDA MEKAN TASARIMININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: AVATAR FİLMİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: KIZILASLAN Sinem
Published: December 2021

Çevre, sosyal ve fiziksel boyutları olan geniş bir kavramdır. Mekân kavramı ise daha özel, sınırları belirlenmiş bir alanı ifade eder. İnsan, ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda çevresinde mekânlar oluşturur ve daha sonra çevresi ile etkileşimde bulunur. İnsanlar yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek için çevresel kaynakları kullanmak zorundadır. Fakat çevresel kaynaklar sonsuz değildir. Doğal kaynakların tükenmesi insanları yeni kaynak arayışlarına yönlendirir. Bu arayış birçok sinema filmine de konu olmuştur. Sinema sanatında kullanılan tüm görsel ve işitsel öğelerin olduğu gibi mekânın da farklı anlam boyutlarında değerlendirilmesi film metninin anlaşılabilmesi açısından bir gerekliliktir. Filmin anlatı araçlarından birisi de oluşturulan mekândır. Peyzaj Mimarlığı kapsamında yapılan birçok çalışmada doğal ortamların insanlar üzerindeki rahatlatıcı etkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışma kapsamında ‘Avatar’ filmi incelenmiştir. Filmden seçilen sahneler, Peyzaj Mimarlığı’nda insan-çevre etkileşimi bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir.
VALIDITY OF LEARNING TOOLS TO MEASURE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH STUDENTS
Authors: Hidayati Nurul , Yustina Elly , Suryani Sri Hendra , Nugraheni Juli Eka
Published: December 2021

The success of a teaching process cannot be separated from the learning tools used, one of the requirements is that the learning tools must be valid. The success of a teaching process is measured by the extent to which students can master the subject matter presented by the teacher. A learning model is needed that can make it easier to develop critical thinking skills so that a truly valid learning tool is obtained to measure the potential and skills that exist in students. Among the learning models that emphasize the process of seeking and finding is the inquiry model. This study aims to prepare in measuring critical thinking skills of Madrasah Tsanawiyah students. The Learning Toolkit has been validated by 3 experts and will then be averaged to find the final score. The values obtained will be entered into the validation criteria table based on the validation criteria table and the results are that the tools made are very valid and can be used in the teaching and learning process because previously the tools made have been revised several times. Keywords: validity, learning tools, critical thinking skills AbstrakKeberhasilan suatu proses pengajaran tidak terlepas dari perangkat pembelajaran yang digunakan, salah satu persyaratan adalah perangkat pembelajaran harus valid. Keberhasilan suatu proses pengajaran diukur dari sejauh mana siswa dapat menguasai materi pelajaran yang disampaikan guru. Diperlukan suatu model pembelajaran yang dapat memudahkan dalam mengembangkan perangkat keterampilan berpikir kritis sehingga didapatkan suatu perangkat pembelajaran yang benar-benar valid untuk mengukur potensi dan keterampilan yang ada pada diri siswa. Diantara model pembelajaran yang menekankan kepada proses mencari dan menemukan adalah model inkuiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempersiapkan dalam mengukur keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa Madrasasah Tsanawiyah. Perangkat Pembelajaran sudah divalidasi oleh 3 orang ahli kemudian akan dirata-ratakan untuk mencari nilai akhir. Nilai yang didapat akan dimasukkan ke dalam tabel kriteria validasi diberdasarkan tabel kriteria validasi dan hasilnya perangkat yang dibuat termasuk sangat valid dan dapat digunakan dalam proses belajar mengajar karena sebelumnya perangkat yang dibuat sudah dilakukan beberapa kali revisi.  Kata kunci: kevalidan, perangkat pembelajaran, keterampilan berpikir kritis
PENGARUH ARANG KAYU ULIN SEBAGAI CATALYTIC CONVERTER TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG DAN KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR PADA MESIN TOYOTA KIJANG 5K
Authors: Fajri Dias Ahmad , Ghofur Abdul
Published: December 2021

Catalytic Converter adalah pengubah (modifier) yang menggunakan media yang memiliki katalis, dimana media tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu atau mempercepat proses perubahan zat (reaksi kimia) sehingga gas seperti CO dapat dioksidasi menjadi CO2, media katalis kimia pada suhu tertentu, tanpa perubahan atau penggunaan oleh reaksi itu sendiri. Catalytic converter berbahan arang kayu ulin untuk emisi gas buang dan konsumsi bahan bakar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini ada 2 yaitu knalpot tanpa catalytic converter dan knalpot dengan catalytic converter berbahan arang kayu ulin dengan variasi rpm 1500, 2500, 3500. Pengujian emisi gas buang menggunakan alat yang disebut gas analyzer. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa catalytic converter berbahan arang kayu ulin dengan diameter lubang 20 mm mampu mereduksi emisi CO dengan reduksi sebesar 52,23%, dan emisi HC lubang berdiameter 20 mm dengan jumlah 85,63. Catalytic Converter is a converter (modifier)that uses media that has a catalyst, where the media is expected to help or accelerate the process of changing substances (chemical reactions) so that gases such as CO can be oxidized to CO2, chemical catalyst media at a certain temperature, without change or use by the reaction itself. Catalytic converters made from ironwood charcoal to exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This type of research is experimental research. There are 2 tests of this research, namely exhaust without catalytic converter and exhaust with catalytic converter made from ironwood charcoal with variations in rpm 1500, 2500, 3500. Examination of exhaust emissions using a device called a gas analyzer. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that catalytic converters made from ironwood charcoal with a hole diameter of 20 mm were able to reduce CO emissions with a reduction of 52.23%, and HC emissions of a hole diameter of 20 mm with an amount of 85.63,
Comments on the typification of two names in Bauhinia, now under Phanera (Leguminosae: Cercidoideae)
Authors:   23F, Fern Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India, Bandyopadhyay Subir , Krishna Gopal ,   Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Botanic Garden, Howrah-711103, West Bengal, India, Kumar Anand ,   Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Botanic Garden, Howrah-711103, West Bengal, India
Published: December 2021

A lectotype is designated here for Bauhinia cardinalis, the basionym of Phanera cardinalis and a second-step lectotype is designated here for B. penicilliloba, the basionym of P. penicilliloba.
THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CALCULATING THREE-MIRROR DECENTER ANASTIGMATS METHODOLOGY
Authors: Artioukhina Nina
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the theory of calculating mirror systems with anastigmatic properties, namely, the area of research in terms of developing methods for parametric calculation of dimensions and aberration correction. The such systems can correct three third-order aberrations. Mirror anastigmats allow developing the angular field of view of devices while maintaining a high numerical aperture, which allows them to be used in optoelectronic equipment operating in a wide spectral range. Complete absence of chromatic aberrations, high resolution, permissible wave criteria for image quality provide excellent opportunities for using mirror anastigmatic systems. General methodological approaches have been developed that can be applied to the creation of detailed engineering and technical methods for calculating a group of mirror anastigmatic systems. A serious drawback of reflective optics is center without central screening, which degrades image quality. To eliminate it, rotations or displacements of the mirrors are intro-duced, but non-elementary aberrations of even orders appear, which must be corrected. The creation of compositions with decentered catoptric elements requires further development of the calculation and methodological base. Mathematical solutions to the problem of creating basic models of non-centered mirror systems are presented. Accurate formulas are obtained for the calculation of real rays from the conditions of astigmatism and coma correction for the given angles of incidence of the chief ray on the mirror surfaces and the «oblique» thickness  , which determines their relative position. Based on the proposed formulas, a new method for parametric calculation of decentered mirror systems has been created, which allows one to compose algorithms and design both basic models and complex mirror systems from off-axis mirrors. The development of new algorithms for two- and three-mirror decenter lenses will increase the accumulated potential of computational optics. The scope of the proposed technique can be expanded in terms of the number of components.
METHOD FOR CALCULATING CUTTING FORCES BY MODELING CAD WITH A SYSTEM OF GEOMETRIC CUTTING PARAMETERS WITH RADIAL MILLS
Authors: Leshchenko Alexander
Published: December 2021

The accuracy of processing surfaces of a complex profile largely depends on the selected processing strategy, which will allow creating the same, within certain limits, power characteristics of the shaping process at the intervals of the programmed tool path. In this case, it becomes possible to include tuning modules in programs for CNC machines that form vector values of corrections in certain areas, as reactors for elastic deformations of the cutting process. Therefore, it is especially important to know the modulus and direction of the resulting cutting force vector, which does not necessarily coincide with the feed direction.

The purpose of this work is to build a method for calculating cutting forces by modeling the geometric parameters of a cut with a CAD system, a cutter with a nonlinear generatrix. Solid modeling of the process is based on the Boolean operations of "intersection" and "subtraction" of 3D objects: the teeth of a radius cutter with a helical cutting edge and a workpiece "moving" at a feed rate. The tool for the implementation of this method is a software module created on the basis of API functions, the input data for which are: a 3D tool and a workpiece, the equation of the trajectory of its movement and the parameters of the infeed movement. Targeting API properties, the application makes it possible to simulate various trajectories, helical or trochoidal, when machining complex surfaces. In the future, it is possible to take into account the plastic deformation processes in the chip formation zone in the model by connecting external modules.

In the course of the conducted research on milling with radial end mills with a helical cutting edge, when two or more teeth are within the arc of contact, it was determined by 3D modeling how much thickness and width the layer cuts off each of the teeth during the feed per revolution. Consequently, in the process of shaping, normal and tangential cutting forces, which are different in direction and modulus, are present as a function of the angle of rotation of the cutter. Therefore, the concept of "circumferential force on the cutter", accepted in the theory of cutting, as a certain constant component of the process, can introduce an error when considering the causes of the excitation mechanism of vibrations of different nature that arise in the processing zone.
INVESTIGATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY VALUE AT MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE COOLANT IN THE PIPELINES WITH OUTSIDE SURFACE MOUNTED TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Authors: Golovachev Petro , Korobko Ivan , Krotevich Vitalii
Published: December 2021

During performing technological and production processes and monitoring the modes of their operation, the problem of determining the temperature of various media transported through pipelines is solved without incut temperature sensors (TS) in them, i.e. with using outside surface mounted TS (SMTS). This method is allowing to measure mechanical values at technological processes without structure broken and without influence to physicochemical properties of measured media.

Using of SMTS possible to register heat losses on sections of heating mains, pollution degree of pipelines internal walls, to control serviceability of measurement channels of temperature of the coolant in heat meters, etc.

In the article authors presents results of research the uncertainty values for measuring of the coolant temperature in heating systems pipelines under different modes of its flow. First of all, the uncertainty value of the measurements results was estimated, which was determined by the results of the study for the calculation model and field tests at existing district heating systems.

Emphasis is paid on estimating the difference between the registration of temperature in the middle of the pipeline, determined by mortise transducers and the temperature measured by outside surface mounted temperature transducers, taking into account the temperature gradient across the pipeline and the quality of its insulation.

It is determined that: the temperature measured by temperature transducers on the surface of the pipeline at different points of its perimeter, with proper installation and sufficient thermal insulation does not depend on their location; the average temperature on the surface of the pipeline, measured using the developed method of installation of PT, slightly differs (ΔT ≈- 0.3⁰C) from the average temperature of the coolant in the middle of the flow; temperature transducers have high reproducibility of measurements and small difference in readings between channels at parallel measurements (»0,03⁰С).

It is substantiated that high metrological performances of temperature transducers allow to use them for solving other tasks: measuring the distribution of heat fluxes in heating systems of residential buildings to perform hydraulic balancing of heating systems and increase their efficiency; estimate of contamination of pipelines and heat exchange equipment to determine the need for their washing; determination of thermal resistance of  buildings protective structures to assess their energy efficiency; determination of large pumps efficiency by calorimetric method; checking the correct of operation the temperature measuring channels of heat meters and cold meters; in other technology areas where measurements of small temperature differences with high accuracy are required.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESS IN LOW AND MEDIUM POWER BOILERS. PART 2. ALGORITHMIC SOFTWARE
Authors: Zaporozhets Arthur , Kuts Yurii
Published: December 2021

The efficiency of the functioning of boiler units depends on the availability of reliable information on the progress of technological processes. The lack of control and measuring systems for the composition of the exhaust gases leads to low efficiency of the boiler unit, in particular, due to poor-quality fuel combustion. Therefore, in modern operating conditions of boiler units, it is relevant to develop technological solutions focused on finding and minimizing the causes and mechanisms of the formation of harmful substances in exhaust gases.

Due to the fact that replacement of outdated boiler units with new ones requires significant capital investments, a promising direction is the modernization of existing boiler units. It is a low-cost and efficient way of rational use of fuel while simultaneously reducing the level of harmful substances in exhaust gases. It remains relevant to ensure the functioning of the control systems for the composition of the air-fuel mixture (AFM) with a given speed and high reliability of maintaining the excess air ratio (EAR) at the stoichiometric level.

In the article the high-quality algorithm is proposed for the operation of an automatic control system for the combustion of fuel in boilers of medium and low power by regulating the ratio of the components of the AFM for the burner with feedback according to the signals of the oxygen sensor. The algorithms for the operation of the frequency regulator of the ratio of the components of the AFM in various operating modes are considered. The developed algorithms allowed maintaining the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio in the boiler furnace, reducing the level of toxic emissions into the atmosphere and increasing the boiler efficiency by optimizing the fuel combustion process. The AFM ratio programmer is made in the LM Programmer technical programming environment and works with Windows operating systems (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10) and oxygen sensors manufactured by Bosch. The visualization of the control process of the fuel combustion process is made in the technical programming environment LogWorks 3 and operates in the environment of Windows operating systems.
THE CONCEPT OF “TOLERANCE” IN LEXICO-SEMANTIC, COGNITIVE-DISCURSIVE, SEMIOTIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECTS
Authors: Tikan Yana
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of lexico-semantic, cognitive-discursive, semiotic and linguocultural aspects of the concept  “TOLERANCE”. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of the concept in the above-mentioned aspects in modern political discourse. Analyzing the concept of “TOLERANCE” in lexical and semantic aspects of dictionary definitions, we can determine that there are mainly four ways to understand it: 1) indifference to the existence of different views; 2) the impossibility of mutual understanding; 3) indulgence to the weakness of others in combination with a certain dose of contempt for them; 4) expanding one's own experience and critical dialogue. In our opinion, the first three methods have negative connotations. The concept “TOLERANCE” reveals the cognitive side of language, which expresses the diverse characteristics of human beings, their  qualities, cognitive abilities, humanism in terms of ethnocultural relations. However, the position of the ambiguity and emotional coloring of this phenomenon is unique, often depending on the perception in a particular cultural conceptosphere. The typology of tolerance is based on the main criterion - moral potential, the presence or absence of a moral basis in a particular direction of tolerance. The vector of tolerance allows to attribute the components of the concept of “TOLERANCE” from a semiotic point of view to palliative or constructive. Based on the study, we can conclude that the three components of the concept “TOLERANCE” have a negative connotation and a palliative vector that closes the way to dialogue (tolerance as indifference, tolerance as impossibility of understanding, tolerance as indulgence), and only one component can be characterized as a such that has a constructive orientation, moral potential - tolerance as an extension of one's own experience and critical dialogue. The linguistic and cultural aspect of the concept “TOLERANCE“ is that in different languages ​​this concept  is different and has its own specifics of verbalization. In modern English and Ukrainian, the concept of “TOLERANCE”  retains an ambivalent meaning: it can be replaced by the word “acceptable” (to someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, thoughts, ideas, beliefs). Tolerance is the willingness to accept and acknowledge the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of others that are different from one's own, even if the beliefs are not shared but are accepted as having a right to exist.
GENDER DIFFERENCE IN LANGUAGE USE AND LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN ONLINE FACEBOOK POSTS OF UKRAINIAN MIGRANTS IN GERMANY
Authors: Kuznietsova Anastasiia
Published: December 2021

This article studies the gender difference in language use and language attitudes of Ukrainian communities in Germany in online social media. Since 2014, the conflict in the East of Ukraine has led to a remarkably intense flow of Ukrainian migrants to Western Europe giving rise to longstanding issues of identity formation, language use, and attitudes both within Ukraine and inside Ukrainian diaspora communities. This article will examine the Ukrainian diaspora in Germany on the subject of language ideologies, language use, and attitudes by analyzing its linguistic online activity. To do so, our analysis will draw on a range of interdisciplinary methodologies, including studies of linguistic identity positioning, gender in migration, imagined migrant communities, and studies of discursive constructions of nationhood, which explore language indexing in relation to national identity.
WAYS OF TRANSLATING HATE SPEECH UTTERANCES FROM ENGLISH INTO UKRAINIAN
Authors: Matyushenko Olena
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of translation of hate speech by means of the Ukrainian language. Particular attention is paid to the identification of the most frequent methods of translation of hate speech, which allows the preservation of its linguo pragmatic and socio-cultural features. The linguo pragmatic and sociocultural aspects are also considered. The article presents the results of the quantitative analysis of the use of translation transformations in the reproduction of hate speech for foreign linguaculture. The presented study demonstrated the results of a quantitative analysis based on nearly 400 English-language utterances, which were recorded in different uses and in different forms of manifestation. The most prominent examples were analyzed in detail, justifying one or another choice of mode of translation. The analysis of translation was presented according to the following structure: hate speech in modern social networks; manifestations of hate speech recorded in modern advertising campaigns and vintage advertisements; manifestations of hate speech caused by COVID-19; hate speech recorded in television shows, TV shows, and movies; manifestations of hate speech in Internet memes The phenomenon of "hate speech" is also seen as an actual interdisciplinary phenomenon, which requires thorough scientific and linguistic research, to prevent its dangerous consequences.