bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mentoring relationship
Authors: Ondeck Deborah Anne , Gingerich Barbara Stover
Published: March 2007

The process of mentoring is one of the most helpful processes in the development of personnel at all levels within the workplace. Not much is written about mentoring relationships, perhaps because these relationships take on varied forms, bonds, and meanings. The article describes some commonalities, views to ponder, and the perspectives of one mentor and one learner. Key words: mentor, mentoring, preceptor, learning, needs leadership
Safe Medical Devices Act: Impact on a hospital-based home infusion agency
Authors: Cuthrell Paula J.
Published: March 2007

The Safe Medical Devices Act (SMDA) was signed by President George Bush on November 28, 1990, and the Federal Drug Administration's (FDA's) final ruling became effective on August 29, 1993. This act has brought about significant changes in the regulation and reporting process of medical devices within the health care industry over the past 3 years. This law has altered the structure of medical device regulatory mechanisms, and it has expanded the scope of the FDA's practice to enforce the provisions. Not only has the SMDA placed a great burden on companies that develop, produce, and distribute medical technology, but it has directly affected the hospi tals and health care facilities that use medical devices. Implementation of the current FDA regu lations for medical device tracking imposes a great deal of pressure on hospital-based home infusion therapy agencies. In order to comply with the regulations, hospital-based home infu sion agencies must develop a clear, concise system for tracking infusion pumps. These agencies must also incorporate a teaching module for all staff to become better informed on device mal function reporting. Key words: home health care, infusion pumps, Safe Medical Devices Act
The ABCs of infant cardiorespiratory monitoring
Authors: Gutter Deborah , Esposito Linda
Published: March 2007

Home health care needs of the general population have grown rapidly in the past 10 years. Similarly, specific high-risk groups may be discharged earlier from the hospital setting. These groups include the maternal/child population. The home health care nurse has a great responsi bility in caring for the technical needs of the high-risk infant. The following guidelines for the nursing care of the infant on a cardiorespiratory monitor include rationale for monitoring, pos sible treatment plans, and troubleshooting techniques. Parental coping and issues of insurance reimbursement are discussed. The nurse must be familiar with these concepts to assist the monitored infant in reaching his or her established health outcome goals. Key words: apnea, documented monitoring, home care, parental coping, SIDS, sleep study
Everyday Ethics and Home Health Care Challenges
Authors: Rooney Anne L.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the common ethical principles, values, and duties that are at the core of any ethical dilemma in health care and presents a simple model for ethical decision making that can be used in the types of daily ethical challenges confronted by home health care organizations. Principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and veracity, or truthfulness, are presented with practical application in the home care setting. A case study format is used to analyze the variety of principles and conflicts that home care staff often face in their daily practice, and the model for ethical inquiry is used to arrive at practical alternatives.
The Sexual Politics of Sneakers
Authors: Boje David M.
Published: March 2007

A recent debate between Nike and its critics was published in Organization & Environment . The debate included an introduction in which it was claimed that the debaters reached four points of common ground. Agreement on the four points is imputed regarding human rights improvements at Nike’s subcontract facilities. The author suggests that this common-ground approach is problematic in several ways. First, some agreement stories are open to alternative interpretations. Second, the privileging of a few areas of agreement is accomplished at the expense of much larger areas of disagreement. Third, all the topic areas on both sides of the debate are in dire need of more research to verify the opinions of the debaters. Finally, the author concludes that there is an absent referent spoken about but missing from the debate—namely, the workers themselves.
Measuring Safety Performance of Potentially Dangerous Technologies
Authors: Olson Jon
Published: March 2007

Very little is known about the safety performance of organizations dealing with high risk technologies. To develop effective strategies for enhancing safety performance, we need valid and reliable measures of safety. This im plies taking a total systems perspective on safety which includes both human/organizational and hardware factors. This paper highlights some of the concerns associated with measurement of safety, and suggests directions for research.
Mountaintop Removal in West Virginia
Authors: Fox Julia
Published: March 2007

This article provides an analysis of one of the most ecologically and socially destructive strip-mining techniques, mountaintop removal, in one of the poorest regions in the United States, West Virginia. It is argued that West Virginia has become an environmental sacrifice zone, providing efficient, low-sulfur coal to the centers of accumulation and consumption at the expense of its own environment and community. Feeding this process is a system in which the owners of the coal corporations control the core technological forces and labor power that are used to extract this nonrenewable resource—a resource over which they also exercise ownership rights. Although the coal industry is regulated by the state and national governments, the regulators, it is argued, have been captured by Big Coal. The result is one of the most egregious and little-known instances of environmental degradation taking place in the United States today.
Transportation Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Njoh Ambe J.
Published: March 2007

The study explores the relationship between transportation infrastructure and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa. Transportation infrastructure is operationalized in terms of road density per capita, whereas economic development is defined in terms of gross national product per capita. The findings support the hypothesis of a positive association between the two variables. The association is stronger for roads in good conditions—defined as roads that are free of major defects and require no more than routine maintenance—than for roads in general. The presence of an association between transportation and economic development at both the theoretical and empirical levels suggests that authorities in sub-Saharan Africa will do well to pay far more attention to the transport sector of their economies than they have done in the past.
Transportation and Growth Management
Authors: Plant Jeremy F.
Published: March 2007

Much attention is currently being given to the relationship of land use and transportation. At the heart of this issue is the notion of urban sprawl: the wasteful use of undeveloped land on the fringes of urban regions. This article reviews the literature on urban sprawl and provides a historical background for understanding transportation systems in the United States. The author concludes that transportation policy entered a new period after the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, which required state transportation agencies and metropolitan planning organizations to work together in formulating transportation programs. The author examines the impact of the new approach to transportation and land use planning by examining changes in how transportation decisions are related to statewide and regional land use issues in Pennsylvania.
Road Infrastructure, Economic Productivity, and the Need for Highway Finance Reform
Authors: Boarnet Marlon G.
Published: March 2007

After years of debate, there is still much disagreement about the economic impacts of highway infrastructure. This article suggests that recent empirical evidence can help reconcile the divergent views on the role of highways in the economy. The resolution illuminates two ideas that should be more prominent in transportation policy. First, highways are associated with both local economic gains (often near a project) and economic losses (often distant from a project). In a system of centralized highway finance, this creates the possibility of a geographic mismatch between the areas that pay for highway projects and the areas that benefit from those projects. Second, efficiently using the available highway capital is potentially as effective as building additional highway stock in enhancing the local economic impacts of highways. Both ideas suggest the need for more decentralized, project-specific highway finance that includes a role for efficient pricing. The policy implications of a more decentralized highway finance system are discussed in the closing section of the article.
Can Owning a Gun Really Triple the Owner's Chances of being Murdered?
Authors: KLECK GARY
Published: March 2007

Using a case-control design comparing homicide victims with matched nonvictims, Kellermann et al. (1993) concluded that keeping a gun in one's home increased the risk of being murdered by a factor of 2.7. The authors' underlying assumption was that a significant elevation in homicide risk derived from the risk of being murdered with a gun kept in the victim's home. This article shows that homicides are rarely committed with guns belonging to members of the victim's home and that such killings could be responsible for no more than a 2.4% increase in the relative risk of being murdered. Guns in one's own home have little to do with homicide risk. Scholars need to attend more closely to the mechanisms by which an alleged causal effect is supposed to operate and to consider their plausibility before concluding that an association reflects a causal effect.
Explaining the Decline in Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: DUGAN LAURA , NAGIN DANIEL S. , ROSENFELD RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This article explains the two-decades-long decline in the intimate partner homicide rate in the United States in terms of three factors that reduce exposure to violent relationships: shifts in marriage, divorce, and other factors associated with declining domesticity; the improved economic status of women; and increases in the availability of domestic violence services. The authors' explanation is based on a theory of exposure reduction that helps to account for the especially pronounced decline in the rate at which married women kill their husbands. The authors test the theory with data from a panel of 29 large U.S. cities for the years 1976 to 1992. The results of the analysis are generally supportive of our exposure-reduction theory. The authors consider the importance of the results for subsequent research on intimate partner homicide and call for further evaluation of the efficacy of legal responses to domestic violence.
A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Findings on Uxoricide Risk for Women with Children Sired by Previous Partners
Authors: BREWER VICTORIA E. , PAULSEN DEREK J.
Published: March 2007

The 1997 work of Daly, Wiseman and Wilson concludes that women with children from previous intimate partners were at significantly higher risk of murder by present partners than women whose children were the offspring of their current partner. Using an evolutionary psychological perspective, Daly et al. found that, among Hamilton, Ontario's population of women with male partners and coresident minor children, 7% had children who were not those of the current partner. Yet such women accounted for 50% of all uxoricides (wife killings). The present research replicates that study for Houston, Texas during 1985 to 1994. Our analysis reveals that families including minor step-children represented less than 20% of the city's two-parent households at large; yet 48% of all uxoricides were of women with coresident minor children from previous partners. These studies lend strong support to evolutionary psychological theories of homicide. Some implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Local Fiscal Effects of Subsidized Housing
Authors: Meyer Paul A. , Singer Neil M.
Published: March 2007

Local governments often have been reluctant to permit the operation of housing subsidy programs from fear of adverse impacts on property tax bases, population characteristics, or demands for public services. This study examines the revenue and expenditure impacts of housing subsidies on local governments, estimates nonproperty tax and transfer receipts as a function of population characteristics, and then estimates demand for local government expenditures in toto and in three subclassifications in the same manner. Property tax receipts are estimated from characteristics of the housing stock in subsidy programs. In the case of full immigration, most programs are estimated to generate net fiscal costs based on the population characteristics of residents of subsidized housing in a sample of Maryland counties. If there is no immigration, it is estimated that the local fisc benefits from the additional value of the housing stock with no expenditure offsets. The "critical" immigration rate, which equates net local fiscal costs to zero, appears on the basis of our analysis to be implausibly high for most subsidy programs in most localities.
The Economics of Congestion: a Comment
Authors: Menz Fredric C. , Mullen John K.
Published: March 2007

Congestion is a subject of considerable importance, particularly in outdoor recreation. This article comments on a recent review of the literature on the economics of congestion. The purpose of this article is to formally distinguish between the subjective and objective effects of crowding and thereby develop a more general model for analysis of the optimal size of facilities subject to congestion. Optimal capacit will depend not only on the increased time costs associated with crowding but also individual preferences for crowding. The effect is expected to vary for both individuals and activities.
Down-Payment Constraints: Tax Policy Effects in a Growing Economy With Rental and Owner-Occupied Housing
Authors: Slemrod Joel
Published: March 2007

This article develops a simulation model of a growing economy where house-holds make life cycle consumption decisions and also choose whether to own or rent housing. A major feature of the model is that newly formed households face a down-payment constraint which may limit the amount of housing they purchase or induce them to rent rather than buy housing. More generally, the constraint may alter the desired path of wealth accumulation. The model is used to simulate the effects of tax policy changes on the steady-state equilibrium, including its capital intensity, its mix of housing and nonhousing capital, and the relative proportion of owned and rental housing.
Long-Run Expenditure Constraints in Argentina
Authors: Mann Arthur J. , Schulthess Walter E.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to identify and empirically assess the economic, monetary, financial, and institutional/political factors associated with the behavior of Argentine public expenditures over the 1930-1977 period. Using multiple regression techniques and functional and economic classifications of govern ment spending, explanations are sought regarding the constancy of the secular overall expenditure to GDP ratio and with respect to the changing composition of total outlays. Real per capita GDP and deficit financing exerted an upward pull on the expenditure/GDP ratio, whereas tax revenue constraints and nonelected governments operated m the opposite direction.
Tax Evasion and Monopoly Output Decisions with Endogenous Probability of Detection
Authors: Wang Leonard F.S.
Published: March 2007

The profit tax evasion and monopoly output decisions are examined in the uncerAbstract tainty model with endogenous probability of detection. When a rational but amoral, profit-understated firm in advance considers the probability of detection and punishment, the optimal output rate and the optimal cost-overstating factor will be deliberately determined The analysis shows that the effect of profit tax may be either production in excess, or less than, the conventional monopoly output level. The result suggests that the profit tax cannot be relied on for reducing the monopoly distortion.
The Treatment of Transfers in the Measurement of Sales Tax Incidence: the Case of Canada's Manufacturers' Sales Tax
Authors: Ruggeri Giuseppe C. , Bluck Kellya.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is twofold: to determine the appropriate treatment of the Abstract indexation of transfer payments in sales tax incidence and to apply the methodolog ical results to measure the incidence of Canada's Manufacturers'Sales Tax (MST). The article argues that, when measuring sales tax incidence in the presence of transfers, appropriate adjustments must be made only for the actual degree to which transfers are indexed. The article suggests that the effects of full or partial indexing are measured correctly by treating indexing as a negative tax. This adjustment is made automatically by using a distributional measure of incidence based on a comparison of pretax and posttax income. The empirical results indicate that when indexing of transfers is ignored, the MST is mildly regressive. When partial indexing is included and treated as a negative tax, the MST is progressive at the lower end of the income scale, but remains regressive at the top end.
Disabilities, Mandatory Worksite Modifications, and Employment: Some Potential Policy Dilemmas
Authors: Flacco Paul R. , Zeager Lester A.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the impact of mandatory worksite modifications for handi-Abstract capped workers on optimal employment at the competitive firm. The authors argue that worker impairments introduce production uncertainty, and they demonstrate that for firms with decreasing absolute risk aversion, mandatory worksite modifications reduce the optimal employment level. Simulation exercises suggest that the employment reduction could be substantial, particularly in smaller firms. They also show that by using appropriately coordinated tax policies, the undesirable employ ment effect of mandatory worksite modifications can be mitigated. However, if the government relies on these policies to eliminate the effect entirely, firms lose any incentive to minimize modification costs.
The Goods Produced By Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Chang Cyril F. , Tuckman Howard P.
Published: March 2007

Nonprofit organizations produce a range of goods and services from the purely public to the purely private. Within the two extremes fall a majority of their outputs. This article explores the question of what determines a nonprofit's mix of goods. It first develops a method to measure the product mix of charitable nonprofit organi zations. A testable model is then offered and applied to a national database consisting of tax returns filed with Internal Revenue Service by tax-exempt charitable nonprofits. The results indicate that the output mix can be explained by institutional characteristics, types of activity, and community-based factors. The article concludes with a discussion of whether, given the evidence, public subsidies to charitable nonprofits should be based on the outputs these entities produce.
Advance Pricing of Services and Other Implications of Separating Purchase and Consumption
Authors: Shugan Steven M. , Xie Jinhong
Published: March 2007

It is important to differentiate between the act of purchasing and the act of consuming. Understanding this separation provides many implications and areas for future research. For example, the separation creates buyer uncertainty about the utility from consumption. Consider buying a ticket for a concert in advance. Here, buyers may be uncertain about their future state (e.g., health, expected conflicts, mood) at the time of the concert. This article explores the desirability and implications of this separation and the creation of it (which is often a consequence of the service provider’s selling strategy). The authors show that service providers can improve profits by advance ticketing, perhaps, to the level of first-degree price discrimination (although usually there is no loss in aggregate consumer surplus). These profits are possible despite a service provider’s inability to price discriminate.
The Measurement of Word-of-Mouth Communication and an Investigation of Service Quality and Customer Commitment As Potential Antecedents
Authors: Harrison-Walker L. Jean
Published: March 2007

The current research systematically develops and empirically validates a scale to measure word-of-mouth communication and investigates two forms of customer commitment and service quality as potential antecedents. The findings support the hypotheses that affective commitment is positively related to word-of-mouth communication but that high sacrifice commitment is not related to word-of-mouth communication. Interestingly, the effect of service quality on word-of-mouth communication appears to be industry dependent. A distinction is made between word-of-mouth activity and word-of-mouth praise.
The Influence of Preencounter Affect on Satisfaction with an Anxiety-Provoking Service Encounter
Authors: Brown Tom J. , Kirmani Amna
Published: March 2007

Although researchers have considered how postencounter affect influences satisfaction with services, little is known about the influence of preencounter affect on consumer responses to a service encounter. In this article, the authors investigate the effects of preencounter fear and joy on service expectations and postencounter responses (i.e., affect, performance perceptions, and satisfaction) in anxiety-provoking service encounters. In a longitudinal field study, they demonstrate that preencounter fear decreases expectations of a service encounter and increases satisfaction with the service provided. Preencounter joy increases post-encounter consumer evaluations of a service provider’s performance. The implications of these findings are discussed for service marketing theory and practice.
Philanderers, Cuckolds, and Wily Women
Authors: FONSECA CLAUDIA
Published: March 2007

In this essay on working-class families in a Brazilian, urban neighborhood, it is considered how, through jokes and gossip about sexual transgressions, men and women use and are affected by culturally accepted definitions of masculinity. Focusing on spontaneous speech events and placing the husband-wife relationship within a social context in which mothers and sisters exert an enormous influence over their male relatives, new dimensions of male-female power relations are glimpsed that might be overlooked by methodologies more centered on hegemonic norms. The observations suggest that particular economic and political circumstances have contributed to a situation in which images of masculine honor, although ostensibly reinforcing male privileges, are wielded by women as effective weapons against their husbands as well as against female rivals.
When Character Became Capital
Authors: TJEDER DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the American ideal of the self-made man came to be an important meaning of manhood in the Swedish middle class after 1850. It discusses the ideal of self-making and its relation both to earlier masculinities and briefly to other masculine ideals of the late nineteenth century. The purpose is to show both what the new ideal of the self-making man meant and that the ideal was never completely hegemonic. Even while men's striving for riches became a mark of manhood, other, even contrary meanings of manhood existed.
A Test Method to Determine Air Flow Resistance of Exterior Membranes and Sheathings
Authors: Bomberg M. , Kumaran M.K.
Published: March 2007

This note describes a test method for determination of air flow resistance of ex terior membranes and sheathings. The test specimen is placed between two chambers with different air pressures and the volumetric air flow rate through it at a steady state is determined. The relevant experimental quantities can presently be measured with precision better than 0.5% and with an accuracy of 2 to 3 % , using commercial instruments. However, the instrumental precision does not mean much, due to the uncertainty introduced by material variability normally occurring in commercial products. This aspect of the test method is studied and a practical test procedure is suggested.
Performance of Alternative Chlorofluorocarbons in Rigid Urethane Appliance Foams
Authors: Dietrich K.W. , Doerge H.P.
Published: March 2007

Two alternative chlorofluorocarbons, CFC-123 and CFC-141b, have been proposed as substitute blowing agents for CFC-11 in rigid urethane foams. Both of these have similar boiling points to CFC-11 but substantially reduced ozone depletion potentials. Mobay Corporation has evaluated both of these in a variety of systems to determine their potential use as blowing agents for rigid urethane foams in appliance applications.

Due to the different molecular weights compared to CFC-11, there is theoretically 11 weight percent more CFC and 15 weight percent less CFC-141b required in foam formulation to obtain equivalent gas volumes. Using the same gas volumes as CFC- 11, CFC-123 and CFC-141b gave poorer flowability resulting in higher foam densi ties. With CFC-123, depending on the formulation, the nature of the isocyanate, the chemical structure and on the technique of foam preparation, there was a remarkable difference in densities and physical properties. The highest densities and the poorest physical properties were found in PMDI polyurethane foams because of a plasticiz ing effect of the CFC-123 in the polymer. However, in TDI polyurethane foams, densities and properties were more comparable to foams with CFC-11. CFC-123 also showed good performance in rigid polyisocyanurate foams. In all systems, CFC- 141b was closer to CFC-11 m overall properties.

Both alternatives produced as theoretically expected, higher k-factor foams than CFC-11. In corresponding foam systems, we measured up to 15 percent higher ther mal conductivities. The k-value retention of foams made with CFC-123 and CFC- 141b appeared to be similar to CFC-11.

The formulations tested were developed originally for use with CFC-11. To improve the performance of the alternatives as blowing agents in rigid polyure thane appliance foams, adjustments and optimization of the formulations will be nec essary.
Thermal Performance of Ultra-Fine Powder Insulations at High Temperatures
Authors: Chu Hsin-Sen , Tseng Chung-Jen
Published: March 2007

The primary concern of this work deals with the prediction of ther mal performance of the ultra-fine powder insulations (UFPI) Aerosil 380 at high temperature applications. Experimental results are obtained for the spectral extinc tion coefficients of the material from infrared transmission measurements. These re sults are compared with both of the mdependent and dependent scattering and ab sorption theoretical calculations The combined conduction and radiation problem is solved by the accurate Differential-Discrete-Ordinate (DDO) method. The experi mental values of the radiative properties and effective thermal conductivity had been used to deduce expressions of solid conductivity. Based on these values, the thermal performance of UFPI can be obtained. The results show that radiative transfer ac counts for approximately 10 percent of total heat transfer in UFPI at room tempera ture range and up to 40 percent at temperatures near 1000 K.
Summary of Low-Density Glass-Fiber Reference Materials at NIST: 1980-1989
Authors: Zarr R.R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews three programs at the National Institute of Stan dards and Technology (NIST) that provide specimens of low-density glass-fiber in sulation as reference materials. The National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) provides specimens as Proficiency Test Materials, the Standard Reference Materials Program (SRMP), as Standard Reference Materials; and the Center for Building Technology (CBT), as Calibrated Transfer Specimens. The pro grams of SRMP and CBT arc summarized for the years 1980 to 1989 The paper in cludes a catalogue of NIST publications covering the technical development of the low-density glass-fiber insulation used in the programs of NVLAP, SRMP and CBT.
The Control of Wind Cooling of Wood Frame Building Enclosures
Authors: Timusk J. , Seskus A.L. , Ary N.
Published: March 2007

An extensive investigation of moisture problems in wood frame houses revealed that one of the most common problems was the formation of mould and mildew on inside wall surfaces of exterior corners (Van Poorten, 1983). The ma jority of the problem houses were of recent construction (around 1975), electrically heated yet "naturally ventilated." Clearly, inadequate ventilation was one of the con tributing factors.

It was not possible to explain this occurrence solely in terms of thermal bridging, two-dimensional heat flow, hindered air circulation or lack of radiant heat gain. It was then suggested that additional cooling of wall surfaces resulted from defects in the sheathing which allowed wind to cool the wall construction in corners where a rapid change in wind pressure occurred. It was also suggested that in future housing, such problems could be largely avoided by providing airtight sheathing at building corners by moving the air barrier, customarily located on the room-side of the wall insulation, to the weather side where it would perform two functions (Timusk, 1983).

A full-scale comer of a wood frame wall was built and evaluated for wind cooling effects in the laboratory. According to prediction, significant additional cooling did take place when defects in wall sheathing did exist and when the corner was exposed to a typical wind pressure gradient.

The effectiveness of an externally-located air barrier was further demonstrated in a prototype house. Its installation and inspection was facilitated by locating it where it is not penetrated by joists, partition walls and electrical wires.
Application of Three ASTM Test Methods to Measure Thermal Resistance of Clothing
Authors: Bomberg Mark
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the application of three ASTM methods de veloped for testing thermal insulating materials. To permit testing fabrics with small thermal resistance, a standard air layer was incorporated as a part of the test assembly. This air layer, placed on the cold side of tested fabric, is used for two reasons: (1) to reduce experimental errors, and (2) to permit testing radiative properties of the fabric surface.
Multiple Regression Analysis of in situ Thermal Measurements — Study of an Attic Insulated with 800 mm Loose Fill Insulation
Authors: Anderlind Gunnar
Published: March 2007

A multiple regression method for analyzing thermal measurements in order to eliminate the influence of varying outdoor temperature is suggested. It is shown that the method worked extremely well for in situ measurements in a one- family house situated in the south of Sweden, where the thermal resistance of 0.8 m loose fill glass fiber attic insulation was determined during a 60-day winter period and a 14-day summer period.
Testing Flexural Strength of Expanded Polystyrene Boards for In-Plant Quality Assurance
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Kumaran Kumar , Dillon Richard
Published: March 2007

This article deals with determination of flexural strength for the pur pose of product quality assurance of expanded polystyrene (EPS) boards. Using a newly developed, inexpensive flexural strength tester (FST) and a systematic sam pling plan, flexural strength of eight experimental EPS products was evaluated. The FST was shown to yield results as precise as the standard ASTM test method. This agreement implies that sampling at specified mold locations and using the FST for in-plant testing could improve the process of quality assurance for EPS thermal in sulating boards.
Evaluation of Various Methods Used to Predict Heat Transfer Across Rectangular Reflective Insulation Systems
Authors: Nebeker Brent M. , Tong Timothy W.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of various methods used to predict the resistance to heat transfer for vertical enclosures with reflective insulation is performed Ex perimental results were obtained from several sources to provide a basis for compari son of the accuracy of the predictive methods. The various predictive methods con sidered included using the ASHRAE guide, employing experimental correlations obtained from various sources, and applying several numerical methods used to model the governing equations. The resistance values predicted from the various methods were either obtained directly from the sources when provided, or were found by applying the published predictive methods when the results were not pro vided. A wide range of differences between the experimental results and the predic tive methods was found. The accuracy of the methods ranges from within 1% to over 40% difference from the experimental results.
Effect of Cellsize Reduction on Polyurethane Foam Physical Properties
Authors: Smits G.F.
Published: March 2007

Polymer distribution in rigid PU foams is a complex, position de pendent parameter which can be described in terms of: 1) the overall density and density distribution, 2) the average cellsize and cellsize distribution, 3) cell elonga tion and orientation and 4) the material distribution between struts and windows within the individual cells.

Considering that a typical foam contains only 2-3 volume % of polymer, it is not surprising that any variation in the way this material is distributed will have a large impact on most of the physical properties of the foam.

In the present paper, we evaluate what effects can be expected from changes in cellsize and/or density on the polymer distribution in foams and consequently on foam physical properties like compressive strength, initial thermal conductivity, and thermal conductivity aging. These results are obtained using a blend of modelling techniques and experimental data.

Generally speaking, in PU foams a reduction in the average cellsize will also cause an increase in the amount of material which is present in the cell windows versus the cell struts. It is observed that in most systems, the window thickness remains relatively unaffected by cell size reduction. Also, for a given density, there exists a cell size at which the cells will no longer be closed simply because there is not enough material available to ensure film stability.

Since the cell windows represent most of the barrier to diffusion, the rate of aging will be reduced dramatically by this shift in the material distribution as long as the cells are still closed. A reduction in cellsize will, in general, also cause a reduction in the initial thermal conductivity, mostly because of the reduction in the thermal radiation component to foam thermal conductivity. There exists a region, however, where this effect is reversed. Further reductions in cellsize will cause an increase in thermal conductivity rather than a decrease.

The impact of cellsize reduction on foam compressive strength is usually negative, again because of the concomitant change in polymer distribution.
Analytical Models for Settling of Attic Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation
Authors: Svennerstedt Bengt
Published: March 2007

Settling of attic loose-fill thermal insulation is a long-term process. Settling depends on the quality of the loose-fill insulation and the attic conditions during the service life. The main factors affecting settling of attic loose-fill insulation are density (mass), climate of the attic, and vibrations of the building structure.

Analytical models for settling of attic loose-fill thermal insulation can be helpful for both interpretation and prediction of observed settling behaviour. The prediction of the settling process of loose-fill thermal insulation in a model is valuable when estimating the thermal properties of the loose-fill insulation after a certain lifetime.

Efforts to carry out a preliminary analytical model for the settling property have been made in two ways. Firstly, experimental field settling data have been used to fit a common logarithmic mathematical function. Secondly, a four-element linear vis coelastic model, the Burger model, has been adjusted to experimental field settling data. Comparison of the thirty years settling data calculated with the fitted logarithmic functions and the Burger equations has been performed for cellulose fibre and mineral fibre insulation (Svennerstedt, 1993).
Long-Term Field Monitoring of an EIFS Clad Wall
Authors: A. Said M. Nady , Brown William C. , Walker Iain S.
Published: March 2007

A popular retrofit option is to install an exterior insulation and finish system EIFS to the walls of existing buildings. This study evaluates the thermal and moisture performance of such a system with a vented wall assembly. In addition to being a case study, this field monitoring was intended to verify computation methods of building envelope performance. The long-term monitoring was designed to be non-destructive so that the building envelope performance was not affected by the measurements that are made, and so that removal of sensors, for recalibration and re trieval at the end of the test period was easy. The field monitoring is planned for two years to capture a wide range of environmental conditions. This paper discusses the instrumentation used in the study and presents interim results of the thermal resis tance of the wall and surface moisture.
Hygrothermal Performance of a New Light Gauge Steel-Framed Envelope System
Authors: Salonvaara Mikael , Nieminen Jyri
Published: March 2007

Hygrothermal performance of a new light gauge steel-framed building envelope system has been analyzed using three-dimensional thermal simu lations, two-dimensional combined heat, air, and moisture transfer simulations, labo ratory testing in a calibrated and guarded hot box (ISO 8990), weather resistance tests for full-sized structures, and corrosion tests and field measurements at experimental buildings in Ylojarvi, central Finland. The results show that a modern steel wall structure based on perforated steel studs performs satisfactorily in the cold climate at Finland. The perforations significantly reduce heat loss along the web of the profile. The field measurements show that no condensation has occurred in the frame sys tem. Temperature measurements and infrared surveys in demonstration buildings show that temperatures on the inner surface of the wall are sufficiently high to pre vent surface condensation or even increased surface humidity that could cause mold growth on the surface. According to the calculations, there are no corrosion risks in the steel frames during their estimated service life in the Finnish climate The cli mate, however, has an important effect on performance, and the structures should be designed with regard to climatic conditions.
Correlations Between Structure Dependent and Dynamic Thermal Characteristics of Building Walls
Authors: Kossecka Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

The effect of the internal thermal structure of building walls and roofs on their frequency responses, of period of 24 h, is examined. The notion of the thermal structure factors of a wall is introduced. Correlation between the fre quency dependent and structure dependent thermal characteristics is analyzed for the representative sets of building walls and roofs from ASHRAE Handbook 1989: Fundamentals. Most evident is the correlation between the decrement factor and the structure dependent time constant, between the admittance response amplitude and the appropriate thermal mass factor, and between the time lag and its estimated value, and also thickness of a wall.
Rain Control and Design Strategies
Authors: Straube John , Burnett Eric F.P.
Published: March 2007

Controlling rain penetration is one of the most important func tions of the building enclosure. Despite its importance, the design for rain penetra tion is typically based on experience and rules of thumb that make use of tradi tional details. Designers and analysts have no theory to guide them.

This paper develops a rational means of describing, understanding, and classifying rain control for the above-grade enclosure. The manner in which walls and roofs actually control rain in service is then discussed.

The rain control classification developed is a rigorous and practical means of un derstandmg the function of each layer and material in an assembly This approach will aid the development of realistic test methods and provide the means for a more accurate assessment of the reasons for enclosure failures and therefore the proper repair and retrofit strategies.
Better Living Through Evaluation? Images of Progress Shaping Evaluation Practice
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be published inForum— such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in theIn Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and view points. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
The Fallibility of Our Judgments
Authors: Reichardt Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broadfield ofprogram evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evalu ation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
An Exemplary Evaluation of a Program that Worked: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Project
Authors: Wortman Paul M.
Published: March 2007

We humans make a big thing about our being the only thinking, reflective critter, and make proclamations like 'the unexamined life is not worth living. ' ... The lion and the giraffe and the wombat and the rest [of the animals in the zoo] do what they do and are what they are. And somehow manage to make it there in the cage, living the unexamined life. But to be human is to know and care and ask. ( Fulghum, 1989, pp. 158-159)
Law Enforcement Recruit Training at the State Level: An Evaluation
Authors: Traut Carol Ann , Feimer Steve , Emmert Craig F. , Thom Kevin
Published: March 2007

Statewide recruit training programs supplement agency training by providing equal access for all law enforcement personnel to the latest methods and technologies and by increasing the likelihood of uniform practices across diverse communities. This study is based on an assessment survey of local, county, and state law enforcement agency recruits who participated in the South Dakota Law Enforcement Training Basic Certification Course from 1996 to 1998. Recruit evaluations of training in the areas of criminal procedure, traffic control, and nontraditional police responsibilities were assessed. Evaluations of training in criminal procedure were highest, followed by assessments of training in traffic control. Recruits rated their training in nontraditional areas of police work lowest of all. A multivariate analysis of factors explaining their evaluations indicated that recruits from larger departments were less positive in evaluations of their training. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for law enforcement training and training evaluation.
Relationship of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy to Functional Status: A Systematic Research Review
Authors: Michael Kathleen
Published: March 2007

In the realm of muscle atrophy research, many studies address minute details of molecular function but few examine the effects of atrophy in terms of mobility, strength, endurance, and performance of activities of daily living. The relationship between impairment and functional limitation is the focus of this research review. A wide array of studies constitute this area of inquiry, including investigations as diverse and widely disparate as molecular chemistry and space travel and populations as different as rats, healthy young men, and elderly women. Thirty-four studies were selected based on their fit with the Enabling-Disabling Model. Three paradigms of atrophy and function emerged. Adaptation reflects the plastic nature of muscle when placed under certain conditions, ranging from disuse to high-resistance exercise. Injury/loss describes damage to muscle tissue from ischemia, medications, or reloading or reperfusion trauma. Also in this category is the loss of muscle that is seen with aging. Integrity relates to the muscle’s tendency to protect itself and maintain structural adjacencies and cellular proportions. Based on the 3 muscle research paradigms, the relationship of muscle atrophy to function is portrayed as a bidirectional interaction wherein form and function have an influence on each other by way of physical changes, including those of adaptation, injury/loss, or integrity. A conceptual model is constructed to reflect this relationship.
Cerebral Autoregulation and Outcome in Acute Brain Injury
Authors: Kirkness Catherine J. , Mitchell Pamela H. , Burr Robert L. , Newell David W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Czosnyka and others’ Pressure Reactivity Index (PRx) and neurologic outcome in patients with acute brain injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebrovascular pathology. PRx measures the correlation between arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure waves and may reflect cerebral autoregulation in response to blood pressure changes. A negative PRx reflects intact cerebrovascular response, whereas a positive PRx reflects impaired response. Positive PRx has been shown to correlate with poorer outcome in individuals with TBI, but these findings have not been confirmed by replication in other studies, nor have PRx values been reported for individuals with cerebrovascular pathology. In this study, PRx was determined in 52 patients with TBI (n = 27) or cerebrovascular pathology (n = 25). Hierarchical linear regression was used to evaluate the contribution of PRx to outcome, controlling for age and Glasgow Coma Scale score. Analysis of all subjects together did not support the previously reported relationship between PRx and outcome. However, for those with TBI, positive PRx was a significant predictor of negative outcome (P = 0.03). For those with cerebrovascular pathology, the effect was not significant (P = 0.10) and was in the opposite direction. For individuals with TBI, PRx may provide useful information related to cerebral autoregulation that is predictive of outcome. The meaning of PRx in individuals with cerebrovascular pathology is unclear, and further study is needed to examine the paradoxical findings observed.