bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future of Customer Relationship Service
Authors: Islam Md. Touhidul
Published: October 2024

This chapter aims to delve into the changing world of customer relationship service as a result of AI breakthroughs, with a specific emphasis on the revolutionary effects on emerging nations. Businesses and researchers alike may benefit from the insights gleaned from this chapter's comprehensive evaluation of existing practices across different sectors, case studies of successful AI integration, and research into customer views and adoption of AI-driven products. The chapter's potential to help businesses successfully use AI to improve client interactions and propel the company to success makes it significant. This chapter also answers important questions about AI adoption in developing countries by looking ahead to what's to come in AI-driven customer relationship service and providing suggestions that are industry-specific and customer-centric. Its ultimate goal is to help improve customer service by encouraging diversity and new ideas in the dynamic field of customer relationship management across industries.
AI-Driven Personalization in Omnichannel Marketing
Authors: Balcıoğlu Yavuz Selim
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the transformative role of AI-driven personalization in omnichannel marketing, emphasizing its importance in enhancing customer engagement and loyalty. It begins by defining omnichannel marketing and tracing its evolution from traditional to digital channels. The chapter explores into key components of AI-driven personalization, including data collection and analysis, customer segmentation, predictive analytics, and real-time personalization. Implementation strategies are discussed, highlighting the integration of AI tools, data management, and the design of personalized marketing strategies. The chapter also addresses best practices for overcoming common challenges and measuring customer engagement using key performance indicators (KPIs). Additionally, the chapter examines the future trends in AI-driven personalization, such as emerging AI technologies, integration with IoT and AR/VR, and the evolving landscape of marketing strategies.
Converging Theories
Authors: Arantes Luzia , Costa Sandra
Published: October 2024

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) with sustainable marketing provides a transformative approach to fostering responsible business practices. This examination covers green, social, and critical marketing theories, illustrating how AI improves efficiency and personalisation in promoting sustainability. By leveraging AI, companies can better address consumer demands for eco-friendly products and services. The exploration includes practical applications such as predictive analytics, targeted marketing, and automated customer interactions, emphasising AI deployment's ethical considerations and challenges. The impact on corporate strategies and AI's contribution to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals are also highlighted. The complexities of merging AI with sustainable marketing are thoroughly evaluated, providing valuable insights into theoretical advancements and practical implications. Future research directions are suggested further to enhance the synergy between AI and sustainable marketing practices.
The Intersection of Brands and AI
Authors: Neves Joana , Bacalhau Lara Mendes
Published: October 2024

Today's digital marketplace is volatile and fast-paced, and the introduction of AI technologies has become an integral part of improving many aspects of business. This chapter aims to shed light on how AI techniques were/are/will be related to Brand Management. First, the basic ideas about AI will be introduced, and the development of the concept and the main technologies that form AI will be explained. Furthermore, it will be necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the use of AI in brand management and its potential to revolutionize the methods, customer interactions, and trends in the market. This paper integrates a contextual approach to explore how AI solutions are transforming the brand-consumer relationship. Secondly, we will investigate the variety of advantages that AI has for brands. Finally, a glimpse of new opportunities created by AI in the context of brand management will be highlighted. Thus, the information presented in this chapter is useful for academics, researchers, and practitioners interested in unlocking the capabilities of AI for brand management.
Minimization of Workstations on Assembly Lines Through the Adaptation of Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Anaya-Fuentes Gustavo Erick , Rivera-Gómez Hector , Tuoh-Mora Juan Carlos Seck , Montaño-Arango Oscar , López-Cabrera Máximo Antonio
Published: October 2024

The problem of balancing assembly lines frequently appears in organizations dedicated to transformation processes and services. The objective is to minimize the number of workstations to minimize production costs. The problem is classified as NP complete due to the computational complexity generated by the exponential growth in the number of solutions. Additionally, the problem becomes more complex due to the size of the product and the operator's possibility of performing simultaneous tasks. This is known as the multi-manned problem for type one assembly line balancing; because it seeks to minimize the number of workstations with a predetermined cycle time. The use of a genetic algorithm is proposed, the model was coded in such a way that the random solutions in the genetic operators are all feasible, which allows for improving the efficiency of the algorithm instead of generating random solutions, this is another of the innovations of the work. The results show that it is possible to reduce the number of workstations by assigning tasks in a balanced manner.
Adoption of Circular Economy Strategies With Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Alamelu R. , Sudha M. , Purushothaman R.
Published: October 2024

The present disruptive developments necessitate an immediate imperative to formulate strategies for development and stimulate economic growth, all the while addressing the issue of climate change and establishing future initiatives for waste management and resource conservation. The Circular Economy is a societal approach aimed at transitioning from the conventional linear economic paradigm of “take, make, dispose” to a more sustainable framework characterised by circular processes of “reduce, reuse, and recycle and repurpose” (4Rs). Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to expedite the transition to a circular economy, which places a high priority on eliminating waste and pollution, reusing goods and materials, and rejuvenating the environment. This present study enunciates the application of AI in 4 R's – reduce, reuse, recycle and repurpose in each phase of product from design, material procurement, production, delivery, consumption and end life of the product of a specific start-ups in India.
Green Organizational Management and Technological Innovation on Green Sustainable Organizational Performance
Authors: Vargas-Hernandez José G. , González-Ávila Francisco J. , Rodriguez-Maillard Carlos A. , Vargas-González Omar C.
Published: October 2024

This study aims to analyze the conditions of green organizational management and technological-innovation. The analysis departs from assuming that green organizational management innovation and technological innovation has a direct influence on sustainable green organizational performance under the assumption that sustainability mediates the relationship between green management and green technological innovation and green organizational performance. The method used is the meta-analytical-reflective based on the conceptual, theoretical and empirical review of the literature. It is concluded that the green organizational management and technological innovation has a direct effect on sustainable organizational performance.
The Role of AI in Suppressing Freedom and Controlling Societies
Authors: Supsin Jirayu , Suktam Wanchai , Lapchit Siriphat , Kenaphoom Sanya
Published: October 2024

AI and social media are used by digital authoritarianism to sway public opinion, disseminate false information, and erode democratic processes. This study looks into how these technologies skew public discourse and undermine confidence in democratic institutions. The finding found that the increasing prevalence of AI in authoritarian regimes emphasizes the technology's potential to erode democratic principles and freedoms. The continuous conflict between democratic integrity and digital authoritarianism highlights the necessity of international cooperation in the defense of human rights. Stakeholders must establish moral standards and laws to guarantee that AI developments uphold democratic values rather than undermine them.
Performance Metrics for Neurosensory Marketing Strategies
Authors: Sripathi Madhavi , Leelavati T. S.
Published: October 2024

This chapter is designed to provide a thorough examination of the performance metrics used to evaluate the effectiveness of neurosensory marketing strategies. Neurosensory marketing combines the principles of neuroscience with sensory marketing techniques to create compelling consumer experiences. This chapter will focus on identifying and analysing the key performance metrics that marketers can use to assess the success and impact of their neurosensory marketing efforts. This chapter will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the various metrics used to evaluate neurosensory marketing strategies. By examining both theoretical and practical aspects, the chapter will offer valuable insights for researchers, marketers, and students interested in the intersection of neuroscience and marketing.
Multisensory Marketing and Its Effect on Brand Loyalty
Authors: Venugopal Koppala
Published: October 2024

This research investigates the impact of multisensory marketing on brand loyalty, focusing on consumer preferences. The objectives are to explore how sensory elements (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and gustatory) influence brand loyalty. Employing a descriptive design and mixed methods approach, data was collected via convenience sampling and a cross-sectional survey. EDA provided initial insights into the data. Multiple Regression analysis, were utilized to determine the relationship between sensory marketing and brand loyalty. Additionally, Machine Learning applications, such as classification and clustering, were employed to uncover patterns and predict consumer behavior. Findings reveal that specific sensory elements significantly enhance brand loyalty, providing actionable insights for marketers to optimize multisensory strategies. This study contributes to understanding the intricate dynamics between sensory experiences and consumer loyalty in the contemporary marketing landscape.
Redefining Consumer Engagement in Virtual Spaces
Authors: Arora Manpreet
Published: October 2024

This perspective explores the integration of neuromarketing and the metaverse in understanding and influencing consumer behavior. Neuromarketing combines neuroscience and marketing to gain insights into subconscious consumer reactions, which can be analyzed in real-time within virtual environments using technologies like VR and AR. The metaverse offers opportunities for personalized marketing, emotional engagement, and enhanced product testing, while also posing challenges such as cognitive overload and ethical concerns related to data privacy. By leveraging neuromarketing in the metaverse, brands can create immersive and emotionally resonant experiences, ultimately driving consumer loyalty and sales.
Bleisure Tourism and Impact of Technology
Authors: Rana Kanika , Banerjee Sonali P. , Yadav Shweta , Chadha Priyanka
Published: October 2024

With the growing worldwide consciousness regarding environmental and social concerns, the tourism industry is under mounting pressure to embrace sustainable practices. This research study explores the convergence of sustainability and bleisure tourism, which is a growing trend that combines business and leisure travel. Further research is needed to explore the incorporation of sustainability concepts into bleisure travel, as it has the potential to benefit both environmental conservation and economic growth. This chapter seeks to examine the present condition of sustainable practices in the field of bleisure tourism and pinpoint areas for enhancement. This research utilizes an extensive examination of existing literature to combine current understanding of bleisure travel with sustainability, establishing a basis for empirical analysis. This chapter analyses the reasons for the growing trend of combining business and leisure travel, known as bleisure travel, as well as the various aspects that impact passengers' choices to adopt sustainable practices throughout their trips.
Bleisure Tourism and the Impact of Technology
Authors: Piccirillo Paola
Published: October 2024

The chapter is about the new trends in tourism since the pandemic. Business tourism is changing as well as the events which are becoming either more sustainable or hybrid. “Bleisure travel” is a new trend, mixing business tourism and leisure tourism in the same travel. Several factors are contributing to this new way of traveling such as technology, social, personal, or way of life. Bleisure allows business travelers to extend their stay in order to visit the place where they came for a business reason. This new trend can play a great opportunity in the hospitality industry and tourism. A case study of the city of Cannes will be developed as an example.
A Change Management Perspective on Bleisure Travel Decision
Authors: Gocon Georgia May O. , Maglanque Lapuz Mark Chris , Catchillar Jaymee Ara
Published: October 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the paradigm of the perspective of the bleisure travelers on their experience and decision to travel. Bleisure travel is the combination of both business and leisure. This chapter showed a knowledge gap. Furthermore, studies have not demonstrated a change in management perspective regarding leisure travel decisions. This study determined the individual impact of travel decisions since it focused on the change management perspective on the bleisure travel decision, whether having a mix of business and leisure caused people anxiety or if this served as an incentive and motivation. Using a qualitative approach, the data gathering used in this research is an in-depth face-to-face or virtual interview. The type of qualitative research the authors used is the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (I.P.A.). I.P.A. focuses on the precise investigation of one's own personal lived experience. Twenty young professionals served as participants, explicitly coming from millennials ages 23 to 38, upon reaching data saturation. The emerging themes are the positive and negative lived experiences of leisure travelers, the driving forces of their decisions, and the restraining forces of leisure traveler decisions, which further explain the experiences and factors that affect their travel decisions. It emphasized the significance of the perspective of bleisure travelers and their decision before and during the pandemic. The gathered data would help identify the paradigm shift in bleisure travel.
Does Food Image Influence Revisit Intentions Among Bleisure International Tourists?
Authors: Srivastava Sidharth , Sharma Savita , Sharma Swati
Published: October 2024

This chapter investigates the relationship between food imagery, culinary experiences, and revisit intentions among bleisure international tourists, focusing on the culinary assets of Delhi, India. This study explores how culinary experiences contribute to the overall destination image and influence tourists' intentions to revisit. The research objectives include examining the relationship between urban destination food image and the overall destination image of Delhi, as well as analyzing the role of Delhi's destination food image in shaping revisiting intentions among international tourists. Data was collected from 395 international tourists visiting culinary hotspots in Delhi, and analysis was conducted using structural equation modelling and path analysis techniques. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for destination marketers and policymakers seeking to leverage culinary assets to enhance tourism experiences and stimulate repeat visits in bleisure travel contexts.
Antecedents of Bleisure Travel Experience and Its Influence on Personal Well-Being and Social Relationship
Authors: Ranga Indu , Ranga Bindu , Nagarjuna G. , John Suja
Published: October 2024

One of the newest ideas in the travel industry is leisure travel, and as it has grown, more attention is being paid to the demands of business travellers who like to have some downtime while away from their destination. Globally, most of the business travelers, especially millennials choose leisure component while they travel for business purpose. The employers are in the opinion that bleisure travel supports jobs satisfaction and in turn leads to stay productive and longer in the jobs. The study intends to investigate the various factors that impact leisure travel experiences, particularly emphasizing the assistance businesses provide and the features that travel destinations manage. It also aims to comprehend how Bleisure travel experiences affect people's well-being and social relationship development. By achieving these goals, the study hopes to shed light on the intricate dynamics of leisure travel and its consequences for tourists and organisations that arrange these kinds of experiences.
Challenges Faced by Bleisure Travellers and How to Overcome Them
Authors: Bhatt Deepti , Sharma Swati , Singh Vinay Pal
Published: October 2024

The increasing popularity of bleisure, often known as business leisure travel, has highlighted the necessity to cater to the demands of business travellers who wish to incorporate leisure activities into their journey. For conducting this study, an exhaustive list of papers were studied by the researcher. Studies have covered all the challenges, ways to overcome difficulties face by from Bleisure traveller. Studies expressed about characteristics of bleisure tourism. Bleisure travel combines business and leisure by extending business journeys to accommodate personal interests. It is noteworthy for its capacity to improve work-life balance by providing opportunities for professionals to relax and discover novel locales during their business travels. This phenomenon is rejuvenating regional tourism economies and reshaping corporate travel policies; it signifies a transition towards business travel experiences that are more adaptable and pleasurable.
Acoustic Assessment of 3 Meter Radius Rotor with Whirl Tower Test and Analysis
Authors:   Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc., YÜCEKAYALI Arda , AYAN Erdem , ORTAKAYA Yüksel
Published: October 2024

Acoustic characterization of the indigenously designed 3 meter radius main rotor, which is designed for light weight helicopters, at hover conditions is performed by tests and analyses. Tests are conducted on the in house designed whirl tower, TWT (TAI Whirl Tower), at various rotational speeds and collective pitch settings. Effect of varying rotational speed and collective setting on cumulative rotor noise and sound power level (SPL) - frequency spectrum are measured with vertically oriented microphone array. Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equations are solved with in-house developed acoustic tool and by commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver using the blade surface as noise source. CFD analysis tools were already validated with literature and whirl tower test data. Collected test data from whirl tower tests and analysis outputs are compared and dominant noise sources, acoustic evaluation varying with rpm and collective setting as well as total noise of the designed rotor are assessed. Following acoustic assessment of the designed rotor by analysis and whirl tower tests, the rotor is installed on the built unmanned rotorcraft prototype. Main motivation behind this study is to develop noise measurement, assessment and test capability for the existing whirl tower.
A New Finite-Difference Method for General Long-Range Rotorcraft Acoustics: Initial Comparisons with Intermediate-Range Data
Authors:   Wave CPC Inc., Wilson Andrew ,   US Army Aviation Development Directorate, Sim Ben ,   Georgia Institute of Technology, Sankar Lakshmi , Steinhoff John , Chitta Subhashinni , Caradonna Frank
Published: October 2024

A new method is developed for the computation of long-range rotorcraft acoustics. The approach is a hybrid of near and far-field methods, and is unique in its Eulerian treatment of the far-field propagation. The near-field employs a standard CFD solver (GT-hybrid) together with an acoustic analogy (WOP-WOP) to project an acoustic solution onto a spherical surface that surrounds a rotorcraft (at a distance of about 5-10 rotor radii). The acoustic field on this source surface is then extended to an arbitrarily large distance in an inhomogeneous far-field, which would normally require an Eulerian solution of the wave equation - except for the fact that conventional Eulerian methods (those that propagate a fully resolved wave) have prohibitive grid requirements. This problem is overcome by using "Wave Confinement" (WC), a new method that propagates wave-identifying phase fronts as nonlinear solitary waves. The method has been tested by comparisons with analytic, ray tracing and Green's function methods. Presently, first comparisons are being made with field test data.
Understanding In-Plane Noise and Loading for Active Noise Control
Authors:   The Pennsylvania State University, Yang Tianxiao , Brentnerd Kenneth , Corle Ethan , Schmitz Sven
Published: October 2024

This paper is focused on gaining a deeper understanding of in-plane rotor noise due to thickness and loading; accurate prediction of in-plane noise; and ultimately the reduction of in-plane noise while minimizing any performance penalties. First, two approaches to compute thickness noise are reviewed, which are Farassat's retarded time Formulation 1A and Isom's thickness noise computation, respectively. Secondly, significant differences between in-plane loading noise computed by chordwise compact loading and distributed loading is shown and the reason for these differences is explained. On the advancing side of the rotor, the retarded time for the in-plane observer differs significantly at different chordwise positions on the blade. But these retarded time differences cannot be taken into account by the compact loading model; therefore, loading noise computed by compact loading is not accurate for observers in the rotor plane. Third, a new dual compact loading model is developed for noise prediction. Inspired by Isom's thickness noise, the dual compact loading model computation of thickness noise is in good agreement with normal thickness noise predictions for multiple cases (different blade planforms, airfoils and advance ratios) and it is approximately 25 times faster than the normal thickness noise computation. This dual compact loading model can also be used to compute actual loading noise more accurately in the rotor plane. Finally, the contribution of lift and drag to in-plane loading noise generation is studied on a generic rotor through the use of active trailing edge flaps. Flap deployment schedules for an inboard device are developed to alter the aerodynamic conditions near the tip of the blade for both thickness noise reduction and performance enhancement.
Active Control of Transmission Noise in a Bell 407 Helicopter
Authors:   CNRC, Grewal Anant ,   BELL Helicopter Textron, Chapleau Sébastien ,   Université de Sherbrooke, Pasco Yann , Berry Alain
Published: October 2024

Cabin noise is a major source of discomfort for helicopter passengers. One of the main sources of noise is the main rotor drive and gearbox assembly, whose structural vibrations are primarily transmitted through supporting struts and mounts to the airframe, which then radiates sound into the cabin. The vibration and resulting noise occur mainly at discrete gear meshing frequencies in the frequency range [1-3] kHz. The objective of this work was to establish the feasibility of an active control system to reduce multi-harmonic transmission noise in helicopter cabins. The system development, implementation and testing were conducted on a Bell 407 aircraft.
Extracting Blade Vortex Interactions using Continuous Wavelet Transforms
Authors:   University of Texas at Austin, Stephenson James , Tinney Charles
Published: October 2024

An extraction method is proposed to investigate blade vortex interaction noise emitted during helicopter transient maneuvering flight. The extraction method allows for the investigation of blade vortex interactions, independent of other sound sources. It is based on filtering the spectral representation of experimentally acquired full-scale helicopter acoustic data. The data is first transformed into time-frequency space through the wavelet transformation, with blade vortex interactions identified and filtered by their high amplitude, high frequency impulsive content. The filtered wavelet coefficients are then inverse transformed to create a pressure signature solely related to blade vortex interactions. Analysis on a synthetic data set is conducted, and it is shown that blade vortex interactions can be accurately extracted so long as the blade vortex interaction peak energy signal is greater or equal to the energy in the main rotor harmonic. A brief analysis shows that the extraction method performs admirably throughout a fast advancing side roll maneuver. Using this method, it was shown that peak blade vortex interaction noise levels are linked directly to the roll rate of the vehicle, and are directed towards the retreating side during the transient portion of the maneuver.
Segment-wise Measurement of Helicopter Approach Noise with a Reduced Microphone Setup
Authors:   German Aerospace Center (DLR), Frederic Willem , Gursky Bianca
Published: October 2024

In order to measure the noise footprint of a helicopter approach procedure, microphones are usually distributed over a large area. In this paper, however, a method is utilized where the measurement of the noise footprint is conducted in parts by distributing the microphones over a limited area and executing the same approach procedure, while the position of landing point is shifted. The flight tests are conducted with the EC135-ACT/FHS helicopter. Guidance to the pilots is provided by use of a "Tunnel-in-the-Sky" head down pilot display. Since the same flight procedure is executed multiple times it is possible to conduct a statistical analysis on the accuracy and reproducibility of the approach procedure in terms of position, velocity and generated noise. This statistical analysis shows that the geometric accuracy is in the order of 6 meters in the horizontal plane and 12 meters in the vertical plane. The variations in the measured sound exposure level from one approach to another are in the order of 3-7.5 dB(A). The approach procedure is also executed with excessive cyclic pilot control inputs in order to identify an upper limit of the extra noise generated by unsteady flight. However, these approaches are indistinguishable, in terms of the sound exposure level or sound pressure level, from the approaches with normal pilot control inputs.
Helicopter Noise Abatement Arrival Trajectories
Authors:   Delft University of Technology, Hartjes Sander , Visser Hendrikus , Pavel Marilena
Published: October 2024

A computational platform is presented that aims to optimize helicopter trajectories with respect to the noise impact in near-heliport communities under varying atmospheric conditions. The software suite is based on a fast gradient-based optimization algorithm which is linked to a rigid-body helicopter flight mechanics model to model the free motion of the helicopter. To optimize with respect to community noise impact, the suite contains three consecutive models. First, the source noise levels are determined using an extensive hemispherical database determined based on an aeroacoustic-elastic formulation of the main rotor. Next, the propagation losses are determined using a ray-tracing approach which can account for different atmospheric conditions and ground surfaces, to find the noise levels in the observer locations. Finally, the suite contains accurate population density data and various noise impact assessment criteria to determine the aggregated noise impact. As an example of the capabilities of the newly developed tool a VFR approach procedure at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol has been optimized for different noise criteria and for different wind conditions.
Continuous Trailing-Edge Flaps for Primary Flight Control of a Helicopter Main Rotor
Authors:   University of Alabama, Shen Jinwei ,   NASA Langley Research Center, Sekula Martin ,   US Army Research Laboratory, Thornburgh Robert , Kreshock Andrew , Wilbur Matthew
Published: October 2024

The use of continuous trailing-edge flaps (CTEFs) for primary flight control of a helicopter main rotor is studied. A practical, optimized bimorph design with Macro-Fiber Composite actuators is developed for CTEF control, and a coupled structures and computational fluid dynamics methodology is used to study the fundamental behavior of an airfoil with CTEFs. These results are used within a comprehensive rotorcraft analysis model to study the control authority requirements of the CTEFs when utilized for primary flight control of a utility class helicopter. A study of the effect of blade root pitch index (RPI) on CTEF control authority is conducted, and the impact of structural and aerodynamic model complexity on the comprehensive analysis results is presented. The results show that primary flight control using CTEFs is promising; however, a more viable option may include the control of blade RPI, as well.
Development of an Attitude Control System For a Large Scale Multicopter VTOL Aircraft
Authors:   Advanced Tactics Inc., Jehangir Rustom
Published: October 2024

Multicopter type helicopters have become prevalent in the past ten years with applications in military, academia, commercial, and recreational use. These aircraft benefit from their inherent simplicity, robust design, and ease of control. This paper discusses the design of an attitude control system for a large-scale gas powered multicopter and the challenges overcome in the development of the system. A nonlinear model was developed for simulation purposes and a simplified linear model was developed for control system design. The resulting control system architecture and design was implemented and successfully tested on an eight-engine prototype aircraft with 880 horsepower and a max gross weight of 4,400 lb.
Reversible Airfoil for Stopped Rotors in High Speed Flight
Authors:   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Niemiec Robert , Gandhi Farhan , Jacobellis George
Published: October 2024

This study starts with the design of a reversible airfoil rib for stopped-rotor applications, where the sharp trailing-edge morphs into the rounded leading-edge, and vice-versa. A NACA0012 airfoil is approximated in a piecewise linear manner and straight, rigid outer profile links used to define the airfoil contour. The end points of the profile links connect to control links, each set on a central actuation rod via an offset. Chordwise motion of the actuation rod moves the control and the profile links and reverses the airfoil. The paper describes the design methodology and evolution of the final design, based on which two reversible airfoil ribs were fabricated and used to assemble a finite span reversible rotor/wing demonstrator. The profile links were connected by Aluminum strips running in the spanwise direction which provided stiffness as well as support for a pre-tensioned elastomeric skin. An inter-rib connecter with a curved-front nose piece supports the leading-edge. The model functioned well and was able to reverse smoothly back-and-forth, on application and reversal of a voltage to the motor. Navier Stokes CFD simulations (using the TURNS code) show that the drag coefficient of the reversible airfoil (which had a 13% maximum thickness due to the thickness of the profile links) was comparable to that of the NACA0013 airfoil. The drag of a 16% thick elliptical airfoil was, on average, about twice as large, while that of a NACA0012 in reverse flow was 4-5 times as large, even prior to stall. The maximum lift coefficient of the reversible airfoil was lower than the elliptical airfoil, but higher than the NACA0012 in reverse flow operation.
Multi Fidelity Aerodynamic Design of Ducted Microscale Rotor Systems
Authors:   Univ of Michigan, Duraisamy Karthik , Singh Anand
Published: October 2024

Computational fluid dynamic models of varying fidelity are used in the analysis and design of a ducted micro scale rotor system. A three dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver is employed as the high fidelity model, an axisymmetric RANS approach with a blade element representation of the rotor is used as the low fidelity model and an axisymmetric inviscid actuator disk model is used to relate the present work to analytical theories. A ducted rotor system (at a tip Reynolds number of 50000) is used for validation purposes and to serve as a baseline for design improvements under hovering flight conditions. The low fidelity model is used to efficiently explore the design space of the shroud and to guide the parametrization of the shroud geometry. A gradient-based optimization approach is then used to obtain a design that is predicted to generate a thrust improvement of 56% compared to the baseline configuration, though the high fidelity simulations predict a a smaller improvement at this design point. A number of high fidelity runs are performed around the low fidelity design to derive a shroud that offers a 24% increase in thrust over the baseline configuration (a 44% increase over the free rotor), at roughly the same power requirement. This work represents the first steps towards our goal of achieving detailed design solutions to rotor aeromechanics problems while retaining the ability to efficiently navigate large design spaces.
Technology Identification for a High Performance Tailsitter VTOL Aircraft
Authors:   US Army Research Laboratory, Singh Rajneesh , Avera Michael , Kang Hao , Floros Matthew
Published: October 2024

A sensitivity study on the performance of a 10,000 lb, dual rotor tailsitter aircraft was conducted. A data set of 72 unique configurations was constructed using manual design space exploration, a screening design of experiments, and a response surface design of experiments. The performance of each configurations was analyzed using the FLIGHTLAB rotorcraft simulation software for low speed flight from 0–100 kts and high speed flight from 150-300 kts. The resulting data was used to construct eleven surrogate performance models using the JMP statistical analysis software. The sensitivity of the performance models to the variability of multiple design parameters is shown. For low speed flight, rotor design parameters affect aircraft performance the greatest. In high speed flight, the rotor and fixed wing design parameters influenced the performance to a similar degree. The analyses shown prototype a process to quantify the impact of design decisions on the vehicle effectiveness and guide investments in future performance enhancing technologies.
Investigation of Aerodynamic Interactions in Ducted Rotor Systems
Authors:   US Army Research Lab, Singh Rajneesh , Jimenez Benjamin , Avera Michael
Published: October 2024

Computational analysis of a ducted rotor system is performed to investigate aerodynamic interactions of a rotor with a duct in hover. It is hypothesized that the duct contribution to the total system thrust in hover will be higher if the rotor inflow is higher in the blade tip region because of lower pressure on the duct inlet. Thus the optimum inflow requirements for a ducted rotor are different than for an open rotor. Two approaches of varying fidelity are considered. Rotor thrust performance for a rotor containing different radial blade twist distributions is analyzed as both an open and ducted rotor. Actuator disk modeling of the rotor showed that for the same rotor thrust, an outboard dominated inflow distribution generates larger system thrust because of a higher contribution from the duct. Higher fidelity CFD modeling showed that the optimum inflow for the ducted rotor is very different from the optimum for the open rotor. The analysis shows that rotor blade design for a ducted rotor needs to incorporate aerodynamic interactions with the duct to develop an efficient system.
An Assessment of the Long-Age Unsteady Rotor Hub Wake Physics for Empennage Analysis
Authors:   The Pennsylvania State University, Reich David ,   Georgia Institute of Technology, Shenoy Rajiv , Schmitz Sven , Smith Marilyn
Published: October 2024

In addition to providing a comprehensive review and presentation of state-of-the-art experimental and computational efforts concerning rotor hub flows, this paper presents evidence that both experimental and computational capabilities are ready to foster the physical understanding of the long-age unsteady wake due to rotor hubs. A primary asset of this work is to demonstrate that two different rotor hub configurations show common characteristics of the underlying flow physics. The results of the Georgia Tech computations, when correlated with the experimental data from Penn State University, on two very different four-bladed hub configurations imply that the features of these long-age wakes (in the region where the vehicle tail would be located) may be captured with current computational solvers. This has significant implications in the rotorcraft industry's ability to tackle unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic phenomena that degrade performance and component life on the empennage of the vehicle. The necessity of experimental evaluations at component supercritical Reynolds numbers is also confirmed, suggesting the need for large wind tunnel or water tunnel campaigns.
Low-dimensional Characteristics of Tip Vortices from a Coaxial Rotor in Hover
Authors:   The University of Texas at Austin, Mula Swathi , Cameron Christopher , Tinney Charles , Sirohi Jayant
Published: October 2024

PIV experiments are conducted on a coaxial rotor wake to study the low-dimensional characteristics of the turbulence within the rotor tip vortices using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The coaxial configuration consists of 1.0 m diameter, two-bladed twin rotors spaced at 15% radius. The coaxial rotor is operated in hover at a blade tip chord Reynolds number of 218,000 and a tip Mach number of 0.23. Blades are set to collective pitch angles of 7.1° (upper rotor) and 7.2° (lower rotor), all of which resulted in a blade loading CT ₙ/σ = 0.035 with a sufficient torque balance. Corrections for the anisotropic vortex wander are performed using the G1 method. For a given vortex age, vortex from the lower rotor is found to wander higher, but, with a lower growth rate than that of a vortex from the upper rotor. Further, results from POD revealed that nearly 60% of the energy is resolved using the first POD mode for all the vortex ages studied on both the twin rotors. For a vortex from the upper rotor the helical mode was found to dominate the energy spectrum at all the vortex ages in the measurement envelope. However, for the lower rotor the helical mode which dominated at earlier vortex ages was subsequently overtaken by the axisymmetric mode.
Experimental Investigation on a 1/4 Scaled Model of an High-Performance Tiltwing Aircraft in Hover
Authors:   Politecnico di Milano, Droandi Giovanni , Zanotti Alex , Gibertini Giuseppe , Campanardi Gabriele , Grassi Donato
Published: October 2024

The hovering performance and the lifting capability of tiltrotor aircraft are strongly affected by the aerodynamic interaction between wing and rotors. The tiltwing concept represents a promising technology to increase the hover performance by reducing the wing-rotor interference. The present work deals with the experimental investigation of a high–performance tiltwing aircraft to achieve a detailed insight of the main aerodynamic issues characterizing the aerodynamic interaction between wing and rotor in a tiltwing aircraft in hover. In particular, a 1/4 scaled wind tunnel half–model, constituted by one half-wing and the corresponding rotor and nacelle, was manufactured and tested to investigate the aircraft performance in the hover flight condition and the rotor wake geometry. With this aim, the experimental campaign included both forces measurements and Particle Image Velocimetry surveys.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of a Helicopter Main Rotor Hub Beanie Using Advanced Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors:   University of Padua, Mas Lorenzo ,   HIT09, Ponza Rita , Benini Ernesto
Published: October 2024

The main rotor hub cap beanie is an aerodynamic component involved in the reduction of helicopter tail shake phenomenon. Recently, an extensive CFD test campaign concerning the AgustaWestland AW101 beanie has been carried out in order to assess its aerodynamic performance at specific operating conditions. These numerical analyses were essential for the beanie aerodynamic multi-objective optimization which is described in the present work. Specifically, the original beanie model was first modified and then, the new geometry was parameterized and the variables describing the main beanie geometrical characteristics were defined. Finally, the aerodynamic optimization was carried out using a specific procedure based on the advanced multi-objective evolutionary algorithm GeDEA developed by the University of Padova. The objectives were the beanie drag reduction and increase of its wake deflection capabilities. Amongst the different optimal solutions belonging to the final Pareto front, three new beanie geometries were finally selected and analyzed via CFD to evaluate the margins of improvement with respect to the baseline configuration.
Advanced CFD-based Optimization Methods Applied to the Industrial Design Process of Airframe Components at Airbus Helicopters
Authors:   Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH, Zhang Qinyin , Garavello Andrea , D'Alascio Alessandro , Schimke Dieter
Published: October 2024

For a utility helicopter like the EC135 which features a backdoor to enable rear loading, one of the large drag contributing components is found to be the helicopter aft-body area. In the current study, an efficient automatic adjoint-based optimization method for drag reduction has been successfully applied to the design process of fuselage backdoor geometries at Airbus Helicopters Germany. In the first case, the method was applied to a manually preoptimized EC135 backdoor geometry, where the local drag on the backdoor could be further reduced significantly. In the second case, a retrofit geometry was generated with the same method for the serial EC135 backdoor geometry to decrease drag. Since only outboard deformation was allowed during the optimization, the obtained retrofit solution could be provided as an add-on for EC135 helicopters in service to increase their performance. In both cases, the benefits of the optimization study were confirmed by wind tunnel test results.
Blade Displacement Predictions for the Full-Scale UH-60A Airloads Rotor
Authors:   NASA Langley Research Center, Biedron Robert , Lee-Rausch Elizabeth
Published: October 2024

An unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver for unstructured grids is loosely coupled to a rotorcraft comprehensive code and used to simulate two different test conditions from a wind-tunnel test of a full-scale UH-60A rotor. Performance data and sectional airloads from the simulation are compared with corresponding tunnel data to assess the level of fidelity of the aerodynamic aspects of the simulation. The focus then turns to a comparison of the blade displacements, both rigid (blade root) and elastic. Comparisons of computed root motions are made with data from three independent measurement systems. Finally, comparisons are made between computed elastic bending and elastic twist, and the corresponding measurements obtained from a photogrammetry system. Overall the correlation between computed and measured displacements was good, especially for the root pitch and lag motions and the elastic bending deformation. The correlation of root lead-lag motion and elastic twist deformation was less favorable.
Dynamic Stall Life Cycle on a Rotating Blade in Steady Forward Flight
Authors:   Georgia Institute of Technology, Raghav Vrishank , Komerath Narayanan
Published: October 2024

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry is used to study the three-dimensional flow field over a retreating rotor blade in dynamic stall. The dynamic stall event is characterized from the inception of flow dynamic separation through dynamic reattachment on the rotating blade. First, the separation event is studied by characterizing the dynamic separation mechanism in action and the effect of advance ratio on the onset of dynamic separation. Next, the vortex dynamics and the associated cycle-to-cycle variations during the dynamic stall event are characterized. The radial component of flow (from root to blade tip) during the dynamic stall event is shown to be significant in the rotating environment and strongly affected by advance ratio. The unsteady nature of the flow field is characterized by using proper orthogonal decomposition. Comparisons of the phase-averaged and instantaneous velocity fields shows the dynamic stall vortex to be spatially diffused. These results imply significant effects on the pitching moment variation from cycle to cycle since the effective center of the vortex appears to occur at different locations in every cycle. Finally, the last phase of dynamic stall, the dynamic reattachment phase on the rotating blade is investigated. Dynamic reattachment was observed to be greatly affected by advance ratio with an increase in advance ratio resulting in advancement of dynamic reattachment.
Combustion-Powered Actuation for Dynamic Stall Suppression - Simulations and Low-Mach Experiments
Authors:   United Technologies Research Center, Matalanis Claude ,   Georgia Institute of Technology, Crittenden Tom , Min Byung-Young , Bowles Patrick , Wake Brian , Jee Solkeun , Glezer Ari , Woo George
Published: October 2024

An investigation on dynamic-stall suppression capabilities of combustion-powered actuation (COMPACT) applied to a tabbed VR-12 airfoil is presented. In the first section, results from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations carried out at Mach numbers from 0.3 to 0.5 are presented. Several geometric parameters are varied including the slot chordwise location and angle. Actuation pulse amplitude, frequency, and timing are also varied. The simulations suggest that cycle-averaged lift increases of approximately 4% and 8% with respect to the baseline airfoil are possible at Mach numbers of 0.4 and 0.3 for deep and near-deep dynamic-stall conditions. In the second section, static-stall results from low-speed wind-tunnel experiments are presented. Low-speed experiments and high-speed CFD suggest that slots oriented tangential to the airfoil surface produce stronger benefits than slots oriented normal to the chordline. Low-speed experiments confirm that chordwise slot locations suitable for Mach 0.3-0.4 stall suppression (based on CFD) will also be effective at lower Mach numbers.