bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of median effective dose (ED50) of scorpion antivenom against scorpion envenomation using a newly developed formula
Authors: Saganuwan Saganuwan Alhaji
Published: September 2018

Background

About 50 species of scorpions cause fatal scorpionism worldwide. Most of these are members of the Buthidae family, and include, among others, Mesobuthus eupeus, Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus abdullahbayrami, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Tityus pachyurus and Androctonus australis. Because high doses of scorpion venom and antivenom can cause death and hypersensitive reactions, there is a need to develop a formula that can be used to calculate both lethal and effective doses for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively, thereby obviating the need for laboratory experiments.

Methods

In view of this, a literature search was carried out with the aim of modifying the formula () for calculation of the median lethal dose (LD50) of scorpion venom and the ED50 of antivenom. The human equivalent dose (HED) formula was assessed for extrapolation of LD50 and ED50 from animals to human for comparison and relevance with the new formula.

Results

The findings showed that the newly developed formula (LD50 = ED501/3 × Wa × 10−4) yielded results that are very close to the reported values. Therefore, the newly developed and HED formulas can be used for calculation of LD50 and ED50 values for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively.

Conclusion

The new formula yielded better results than the HED formula, confirming its predictive validity, precision, and reliability, thereby obviating the need for rigorous experiments and justifying the principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement (3Rs).
Selective C−N Borylation of Alkyl Amines Promoted by Lewis Base
Authors: Hu Jiefeng , Wang Guoqiang , Li Shuhua , Shi Zhuangzhi
Published: September 2018

An efficient method for the metal‐free deaminative borylation of alkylamines, using bis(catecholato)diboron as the boron source, to directly synthesize various alkyl potassium trifluoroborate salts is introduced. The key to this high reactivity is the utilization of pyridinium salt activated alkylamines, with a catalytic amount of a bipyridine‐type Lewis base as a promoter. This transformation shows good functional‐group compatibility (e.g., it is unimpeded by the presence of a ketone, indole, internal alkene, or unactivated alkyl chloride) and can serve as a powerful synthetic tool for borylation of amine groups in complex compounds. Mechanistic experiments and computations suggest a mechanism in which the Lewis base activated B2cat2 unit intercepts an alkyl radical generated by single‐electron transfer (SET) from a boron‐based reductant.
Electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid and folic acid using carbon paste electrode modified with novel synthesized ferrocene derivative and core–shell magnetic nanoparticles in aqueous media
Authors: Mohammadi Sayed Zia , Beitollahi Hadi , Dehghan Zohreh , Hosseinzadeh Rahman
Published: September 2018

2‐(4‐Ferrocenyl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐1‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)ethanone (2FTNE) and magnetic core–shell manganese ferrite nanoparticles (CMNP) were fabricated and applied to produce a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE). The electrochemical behaviour of ascorbic acid (AA) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and measured by square wave voltammetry along with that of uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA). The 2FTNECMNP‐modified CPE (2FTNECMNPPE) had electrocatalytic activity towards AA oxidation that was greater than that of bare CPE and CMNP‐modified CPE. Based on the results, the linear oxidation peak current was 0.01–60 μM for AA level and the correlation coefficient was 0.9997. According to three times the standard deviation for the blank, the limit of detection was calculated as 0.002 μM. Our results showed an increase in selectivity, stability and reproducibility for 2FTNECMNPPE, which significantly could measure AA, UA and FA levels in AA ampoule, FA tablet and urine samples. It can be concluded that 2FTNECMNPPE has promising capacity in the development of electrochemical sensors.
Mannose‐Functionalized Nanoscaffolds for Targeted Delivery in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Hu Jing , Wei Peng , Seeberger Peter H. , Yin Jian
Published: September 2018

Targeted drug delivery by nanomaterials has been extensively investigated as an effective strategy to surmount obstacles in the conventional treatment of cancer and infectious diseases, such as systemic toxicity, low drug efficacy, and drug resistance. Mannose‐binding C‐type lectins, which primarily include mannose receptor (MR, CD206) and dendritic cell‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule‐3‐grabbing non‐integrin (DC‐SIGN), are highly expressed on various cancer cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), which make them attractive targets for therapeutic effect. Mannosylated nanomaterials hold great potential in cancer and infection treatment on account of their direct therapeutic effect on targeted cells, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and stimulation of immune response through antigen presentation. This review presents the recent advances in mannose‐based targeted delivery nanoplatforms incorporated with different therapies in the biomedical field.
Assignment of culpability to animals as a form of abuse: Historical and cultural perspectives
Authors: Weiss Kenneth J. , Fromm Laurentine , Glazer Joel
Published: September 2018

How the law regards animals reflects cultural trends that have varied widely from antiquity to the present. This article argues that cultural views of animals have shaped laws, attitudes, and practices worldwide. Whereas ancient (biblical and Mesopotamian) practices turned on economics, medieval concepts of animal culpability aligned with Christian beliefs of the primacy of humans. In medieval Europe, pets, farm animals, vermin, and insects could be held accountable for damage to persons and property. Considered entitled to due process, they were represented, tried, and punished – sometimes in public executions. Centuries of regarding animals as property subordinated to humans gave way to animal cruelty laws. It was not until the 19th century that respect for animal welfare, apart from economics, assumed legal significance. Presently, animals are not considered capable of criminal intent but can be “executed” for dangerousness. However, they may possess legal standing as civil complainants in animal rights cases. Contemporary trends include animal rights activism and courts conferring legal personhood to animals. The discussion concludes that there will be disparate approaches worldwide, based on prevailing views of animal sentience, spiritually based concepts and values, litigation arguing property and environmental law, and economics.
A morphometric analysis of developmental instability in children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate
Authors: Ceuninck Kristyna , Starbuck John M.
Published: September 2018

Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is a congenital deformity that occurs due to inadequate merging of the nasal and maxillary prominences during fetal development. Randomly distributed bilateral asymmetries known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA) occur in normally symmetric organisms when evolved mechanisms of developmental stability or equilibrium are disturbed by genetic, environmental, or unknown factors. Here, we hypothesize that facial skeleton FA will be increased in a sample of individuals born with UCLP (n = 24) relative to sex‐ and age‐matched controls (n = 24). To test this hypothesis, 23 anatomical landmarks were measured on individual anonymized cone‐beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images in children and adolescents (7–17 years). For each individual, 81 pairs of linear distances were used to estimate FAs across the face. To explore sample variation and statistical differences, a principal components analysis and Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis multivariate bootstrap approach were carried out. Samples show some separation in multivariate space with 44.44% of FA differences being significantly different. The magnitude of FA was larger in the UCLP sample for every significant measurement. The magnitude of significant FA is highest near regions derived from the maxillary and nasal prominences, such as the nasal aperture. These results are useful for medical and dental practitioners when developing treatment options for children and adolescents with UCLP. Clin. Anat. 32:206–211, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphologic variations of the dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments of the foot
Authors: Won Hyung‐Jin , Oh Chang‐Seok , Yoon Young‐Cheol
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the anatomical features of the dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments of the foot for the purpose of analyzing the ligamentous components and classifying their types. Fifty embalmed cadaveric feet from 27 adult cadavers were dissected in this study. The dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments comprised nine components (first cuneiform‐first metatarsal, dCn1‐M1; first cuneiform‐second metatarsal, dCn1‐M2; second cuneiform‐second metatarsal, dCn2‐M2; third cuneiform‐second metatarsal, dCn3‐M2; third cuneiform‐third metatarsal, dCn3‐M3; third cuneiform‐fourth metatarsal, dCn3‐M4; cuboid‐third metatarsal, dCb‐M3; cuboid‐fourth metatarsal, dCb‐M4; cuboid‐fifth metatarsal, dCb‐M5). The dCn3‐M4 and dCb‐M3 had not been previously reported. The dCn1‐M1, dCn1‐M2, dCn3‐M2, dCn3‐M4, and dCb‐M3 had only one band, the dCn2‐M2 had two bands, and the others had one or two bands. The ligaments originating from Cb attached simultaneously to M3 and M4 (4/50), M4 and M5 (7/50), or M3 and M5 (5/50), which were Y‐shaped (dCb‐M3, 4 and dCb‐M3, 5), or V‐shaped (dCb‐M4, 5). The dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments were classified into four types according to the presence of each component. In Type I (52%), Type II (36%), Type III (10%), and Type IV (2%), all components were observed except for one, two, three, and four components, respectively. The dimensions of each component were measured, and as a result the dCn1‐M1 was found to be the widest and longest of the dorsal ligaments while the dCn1‐M2 was found to be the thickest. The dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments comprised nine components and were classified into four types. Clin. Anat. 32:212–217, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integration of numerical and physical experiments to enhance student learning experience
Authors: Perumal Kumar , Ganesan Rajamohan
Published: September 2018

In this paper, results of an integrated numerical and physical experiments on the standard orifice meter and the modified orifice meter are presented. These experiments were conducted as part of the computational fluid dynamics course offered in Curtin University, Malaysia. Experiments were selected from prior courses such as fluid mechanics and heat transfer with a view to reinforce the concepts already learnt. Students also conducted literature survey, which keeps them up‐to‐date on the chosen topic of study.
Single incision VATS decortication for 3rd stage empyema
Authors: Aljehani Yasser , Alabkary Sukainah
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

The use of U‐VATS should be preferred to conventional three‐port VATS if skills are mastered as it causes less and single intercostal trauma. Moreover, it minimizes infection spread to the chest wall. We advocate the use of U‐VATS as a routine approach in patient with empyema stage III for positive outcome.
Successful treatment of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia with apixaban in a patient with chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis
Authors: Trujillo Agudelo Daniela , Ramirez Quintero Juan D. , Arango Barrientos Marcos
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic state that can affect patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD). This case highlights the potential usefulness of apixaban therapy for patients with HIT and CKD on HD.
Expanded Bed Adsorption of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid from E. coli broth by CS16GC and IRC747 Resins
Authors: Pathapati Trinath , Rütze Dennis N. , den Boer Piet , de Wit Pieter , Zaalberg Menne
Published: September 2018

Expanded‐bed adsorption (EBA) is an efficient downstream technology that enhances the techno‐economic potential of bio‐based industries. However, application of EBA for bulk biochemicals requires the use of industrial resins. Therefore, two cation exchangers, namely, gel‐type CS16GC and porous IRC747, were tested to purify γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) from unclarified E. coli fermentation broth. Experiments compared the impact of gel‐type and macroporous resin properties on the EBA process performance. As an outcome, the gel‐type resin exhibited higher GABA binding capacity of compared to that of macroporous resin. This was due to improved hydrodynamics and uniform flow distribution in the case of gel‐type resin. Further, CS16GC effectively removed ≥ 99 % of impurities and achieved ≥ 97 % GABA yield.
Hybridizing Simulated Moving Bed and Electrodialysis: Product Purification and Eluent Regeneration
Authors: Kochendoerfer Kiara , Sa Gomes Pedro , Rütze Dennis N. , Pathapati Trinath , de Wit Pieter , Zaalberg Menne
Published: September 2018

Complex streams in bio‐based industries require efficient downstream processing units. Simulated moving‐bed (SMB) chromatography is known to improve process efficiency by reducing resin and buffer requirement, but it can be further enhanced by technology hybridization. In the current experiments, an SMB system has been integrated with a bipolar electrodialysis (BPED) system. SMB purified γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) from a clarified fermentation broth while BPED processed the product‐containing eluent stream into recyclable eluent and purified product streams. The continuous operation did not result in any impurity accumulation.
Molten Salts Derived Copper Tungstate Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Electro‐Catalysts for Electrolysis of Water and Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Ahmed Jahangeer , Ahamad Tansir , Alhokbany Norah , Almaswari Basheer M. , Ahmad Tokeer , Hussain Afzal , Al‐Farraj Eida Salman Saad , Alshehri Saad M.
Published: September 2018

Herein, we report molten salts derived, cube‐shaped CuWO4 nanoparticles (50±5 nm) as multi‐functional catalysts in electrochemical and photo‐electrochemical studies. The formation of pure phase cube‐shaped CuWO4 nanoparticles (CWO‐NPs) is analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photo‐electron spectroscopy (XPS) and field‐emission electron microscopy (FE‐SEM and FE‐TEM). CWO‐NPs show remarkable bi‐functional electro‐catalytic behavior for the oxygen evolution (OER) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte solution. Polarization studies of CWO‐NPs exhibit low over‐potential (∼260 mV) at 1 mA/cm2 and low Tafel slope value (∼190 mV/dec) for OER compared to bulk or other oxides. Polarization studies with controlled electrode rotation reveal a four‐electron pathway for the water electrolysis reaction for OER/ORR. In addition, CWO‐NPs show promising capacitive behavior with specific capacitance values of ∼230 F/g using 1 M KOH electrolyte. Galvanostatic charge‐discharge (GCD) studies of CWO‐NPs displays low energy loss during discharge time for 50 segments. To further investigate the potential for industrial applications, the stability of the electrodes is also examined using chrono‐amperometry (CA) at fixed potential, chrono‐potentiometry (CP) at fixed current density, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with 50 cycles.
Selective Synthesis and Properties of Electron‐Deficient Hybrid Naphthalene‐Based π‐Conjugated Systems
Authors: Mikie Tsubasa , Osaka Itaru
Published: September 2018

One driving force for advancing the field of semiconducting polymers is to create new π‐conjugated systems as building units. This work reports on a series of electron‐deficient hybrid naphthalene‐based π‐conjugated systems in which two different units among benzoxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzoselenadiazole, and benzopyrazine (quinoxaline) were fused. These π‐conjugated systems were synthesized in excellent yields via the selective one‐side ring‐opening reaction of corresponding naphthobischalcogenadiazoles using the NaBH4/CoCl2 reduction reagents, followed by the ring‐closing reactions. The electronic structure of these π‐conjugated systems was studied in comparison with their parent systems. Furthermore, thiadiazolonaphthoxadiazole was incorporated into the π‐conjugated polymer backbone. The electronic structure, film structure, and photovoltaic properties of the polymer were studied as well.
Fluorescence Regulation and Photoresponsivity in AIEE Supramolecular Gels Based on a Cyanostilbene Modified Benzene‐1,3,5‐Tricarboxamide Derivative
Authors: Ding Zeyang , Ma Yao , Shang Hongxing , Zhang Houyu , Jiang Shimei
Published: September 2018

Supramolecular interactions play an important role in regulating the optical properties of molecular materials. Different arrangements of identical molecules can afford a more straightforward insight into the contributions of supramolecular interactions. Herein, a novel gelator, BTTPA, composed of a benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA) central unit functionalized with three cyanostilbenes is designed, which forms two kinds of gels in DMSO/water mixtures. Depending on the water volume content, the gels exhibit quite different aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties, with one emitting a green emission (G‐gel), and the second emitting a blue emission (B‐gel). The main reason for this difference is that water affects H‐bonding and π–π interactions, further resulting in disparate packing modes of gelators. In addition, only the G‐gel displays gel‐to‐sol transition accompanied with fluorescence switching according to the trans‐cis photoisomerization of cyanostilbene under UV light irradiation. The B‐gel does not exhibit any change because of its tight hexagonal packing arrangement. Such packing modes restricted the space in which molecules were located and inhibited the transformation of configuration of cyanostilbene. These phenomena underline the incomparable status of packing modes and molecular configuration in regulating fluorescence properties and photoresponse behavior in organic solid‐state luminescent materials.
A Trinuclear Iron(III) Complex of a Triple Noninnocent Ligand for Spin‐Structured Molecular Conductors
Authors: Hoshino Norihisa , Akutagawa Tomoyuki
Published: September 2018

N,N′,N′′,N′′′,N′′′′,N′′′′′‐(Triphenylene‐2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexayl)hexapicolinamide (H6hptp), a triangular ligand containing three noninnocent coordination sites, and its trinuclear iron(III) complex (PPh4)3[FeIII3(hptp)6(CN)6] were prepared. In this complex, three low‐spin Fe3+ ions are coordinated by the triangular hptp6− bridging ligand at its apices. Cyclic voltammetry of (PPh4)3[FeIII3(hptp)6(CN)6] in PhCN solution showed one reductive wave for 3 Fe2+/3 Fe3+ and three oxidative waves for the hptp6− ligand. The controlled‐potential electronic spectra of the solution presented broad absorption bands in the near‐IR (NIR) region for oxidations because a π‐radical is generated on the hptp6− ligand. The EPR spectra of frozen solutions also showed large oxidization‐state dependent differences caused by the strong exchange interactions between the electrons in the d orbitals of the Fe3+ ions and those of the π‐radicals in the hptp6− ligand. The electronic and magnetic states of the oxidized species were investigated using density functional theory.
Ruthenium(IV) Intermediates in C−H Activation/Annulation by Weak O‐Coordination
Authors: Liang Yu‐Feng , Yang Long , Rogge Torben , Ackermann Lutz
Published: September 2018

Ruthenium(IV) complexes were identified as key intermediates of C−H/O−H activations by weak O‐coordination. Thus, the annulations of sulfoxonium ylides by benzoic acids provided expedient access to diversely‐decorated isocoumarins with ample scope. Detailed experimental and computational studies provided strong support for a facile BIES‐C−H activation, along with cyclometalated ruthenium(IV) intermediates within a versatile ruthenium(II/IV) catalysis regime (BIES=base‐assisted internal electrophilic substitution).
Vergleich dreier Latentwärmespeicherkonzepte zur effizienten Nutzung von Niedertemperaturwärme
Authors: Kunkel Sven , Kübel‐Heising Felix , Wunder Frederik , Schreiner Philipp , Medina Malineth , Weis Jürgen , Stabler Rainer , Repke Jens‐Uwe , Rädle Matthias
Published: September 2018

Drei Speicherkonzepte, zur Speicherung thermischer Energie auf niedrigem Temperaturniveau, auf Basis der latenten Wärmespeicherung werden vorgestellt und miteinander verglichen. Untersucht werden ein Direktkontaktlatentwärmespeicher, ein Latentwärmespeicher mit gekapseltem Phasenwechselmaterial (PCM) und ein Wasserspeicher mit einem PCM‐Mantel. Die Speicher dienen zur effizienten Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien und Niedertemperaturabwärme. Als Speichermedium kommt ein Salzhydrat mit einem Schmelzpunkt von 27 °C zum Einsatz. Die Konzepte sowie entsprechende Anwendungen werden vorgestellt und experimentelle Ergebnisse diskutiert.
Diagnostic accuracy of STAF, LADS, and iPAB scores for predicting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with acute cerebral infarction
Authors: Chen Xingdong , Luo Weiliang , Li Jiming , Li Mei , Wang Lizhi , Rao Yu , Li Bosheng , Zeng Wei
Published: September 2018

Background and objective

The scoring scales scoring system for targeting atrial fibrillation (STAF), left atrial diameter, age, diagnosis of stroke, and smoking status (LADS), and identified by past history of arrhythmia or antiarrhythmic agent use, atrial dilation, and elevation of Brain natriuretic peptide (iPAB) have been proposed for predicting atrial fibrillation in patients with acute cerebral infarction, but their relative accuracies are not clear. This prospective study compared STAF, LADS, and iPAB scores for predicting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Methods

Patients with acute cerebral infarction (n = 744; 495 men, 249 women; aged 65 ± 12 years) were consecutively enrolled throughout the year 2016 at the Department of Neurology of Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital. Patients were followed for 3 months. The sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and best cutoff points of STAF, LADS, and iPAB scores for predicting PAF were computed.

Results

Among the 744 patients, 37 patients had PAF. The AUCs of the STAF, LADS, and iPAB scores for predicting PAF were 0.87, 0.79, and 0.84, respectively, and with a cutoff at four points, the sensitivities were 73%, 70.3%, and 83.8%, and specificities were 92.1%, 82.2%, and 77%.

Conclusions

The STAF, LADS, and iPAB scores could satisfactorily predict PAF in patients with acute cerebral infarction. STAF was superior to the others in diagnostic performance.
In vitro Assays for Targeting and Insertion of Tail‐Anchored Proteins Into the ER Membrane
Authors: Cho Hyunju , Chio Un Seng , Shan Shu‐ou
Published: September 2018

Membrane proteins mediate numerous essential cellular functions. Due to the aggregation propensity of hydrophobic transmembrane domains in aqueous environments, the targeting and insertion of membrane proteins pose major challenges to cells. In the Guided Entry of Tail‐anchored protein (GET) pathway, an essential class of newly synthesized tail‐anchored proteins (TAs) are chaperoned and guided by multiple targeting factors to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Deciphering the molecular mechanism of this cellular process has benefitted from successful in vitro reconstitution of individual molecular events in the GET pathway with purified components. Here we describe recently developed protocols for in vitro reconstitution of functional complexes of TA substrates with their targeting factors, for monitoring the transfer of TAs between targeting factors, and for the insertion of TA into the microsomal membrane. These procedures are generally applicable to the interrogation of other post‐translational membrane protein targeting pathways. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RIN: A dynamic pseudonym change system for privacy in VANET
Authors: Bouksani Walid , Bensaber Boucif Amar
Published: September 2018

We propose in this paper a security protocol based on a dynamic change of pseudonym for privacy and anonymity in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET). Our proposal ensures privacy for the driver and his vehicle whether he is the transmitter or receiver of the message. By handling all possible cases of changes in vehicles behavior during traffic, we ensure a safe and secure traffic management. We built the architecture of our solution on three essential entities designed for VANET: a trusted authority, a Road Side Unit, and vehicles. Our pseudonym change system ensures anonymity at any time, anywhere, with any speed of a vehicle, in all directions of a vehicle, in any environment (highway or urban), with any traffic density, independently of neighboring vehicles, and changes in vehicles behavior. In three steps, anonymity, integrity, and confidentiality are guaranteed by our RIN (Real Initial New) protocol. Our protocol blocks attacks as DOS and Sybil. Results obtained by the simulations show the efficiency of our solution. Compared with other relevant approaches from the literature, the results confirm the credibility of our protocol regarding to the privacy assurance in VANET.
Comprehensive Vibrational Spectroscopic Characterization of Nylon‐6 Precursors for Precise Tracking of the Beckmann Rearrangement
Authors: Chapman Stephanie , O'Malley Alexander J. , Parker Stewart F. , Raja Robert
Published: September 2018

As a key step in nylon‐6 synthesis, the Beckmann rearrangement is an ongoing target of catalytic studies that seek to improve the sustainability of polymer manufacture. Whilst solid‐acid catalysts (predominantly zeotypes) have proven effective for this transformation, the development of more active and selective systems demands an understanding of fundamental catalytic mechanisms. In this undertaking, in situ and operando characterization techniques can be informative, provided rigorous spectroscopic groundwork is in place. Thus, to facilitate mechanistic studies we present a detailed investigation of the vibrational spectra of cyclohexanone, cyclohexanone oxime, ϵ‐caprolactam and their D10‐isotopomers, in the solid state. Variable‐temperature infrared (150–300 K) and Raman (10–300 K) spectra are reported alongside inelastic neutron scattering data. Moreover, where key vibrational modes have been assigned with the aid of periodic density functional theory calculations, it has been possible to include hydrogen‐bonding interactions explicitly.
Acyclic and Cyclic Alkyl and Ether‐Functionalised Sulfonium Ionic Liquids Based on the [TFSI]− and [FSI]− Anions as Potential Electrolytes for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Murphy Sinead , Ivol Flavien , Neale Alex R. , Goodrich Peter , Ghamouss Fouad , Hardacre Christopher , Jacquemin Johan
Published: September 2018

This work provides a study based on acyclic and cyclic sulfonium ionic liquids (ILs) with alkyl and ether‐functionality on the cation paired with the bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide, [TFSI]−, or the bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, [FSI]−, as the counter anion. Herein, thermophysical characterisation of nine sulfonium‐based ILs concerning the density, viscosity and conductivity and thermal properties including phase transition behaviour and decomposition temperature is reported. The electrochemical stability of the ILs was also measured by cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon macro‐disk electrode. All of the ILs showed low melting point, low viscosity and good conductivity and could serve as potential electrolytes for energy storage devices.
LC3‐Associated Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
Authors: Ligeon Laure‐Anne , Loi Monica , Münz Christian
Published: September 2018

LC3‐associated phagocytosis (LAP) is an unconventional form of autophagy that relies on parts of the canonical autophagy machinery for its function. LAP is triggered upon receptor‐mediated phagocytosis and is characterized by the formation of a single‐membrane vesicle decorated with the autophagy protein LC3. In professional phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, the role of LAP in immune processes has been characterized, although how LAP functions at the molecular level remains poorly defined. It is important to point out that as for all autophagic pathways, the study of LAP is still challenging for the scientific community because it is a dynamic and complex process, requiring interactions among several proteins. Here, we describe the most common methods used to monitor and quantify the formation of LC3‐coated single‐membrane endosomes, or so‐called LAPosomes, and to validate the involvement of LAP in immunological processes of human macrophages. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Model for Human Vitiligo
Authors: Riding Rebecca L. , Richmond Jillian M. , Harris John E.
Published: September 2018

Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease in which the pigment‐producing melanocytes are destroyed by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. As a result, patients develop disfiguring white spots on the skin. This article discusses the first mouse model of vitiligo that develops epidermal depigmentation, similar to disease in human patients. To achieve epidermal depigmentation, mice are genetically engineered to retain melanocytes in the skin epidermis. Induction of disease occurs by adoptive transfer of melanocyte‐specific CD8+ T cells into recipient mice and the subsequent activation of these T cells using a viral vector. Depigmentation of the epidermis occurs within 5 to 7 weeks in a patchy pattern similar to patients with vitiligo. This article describes the methods of vitiligo induction, quantification of lesion progression and regression, processing of the skin for detailed analysis, and how to use this model to inform clinical studies. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Japanese Subjects
Authors: Matsumoto Yuki , Cabalu Tamara , Sandhu Punam , Hartmann Georgy , Iwasa Takashi , Yoshitsugu Hiroyuki , Gibson Christopher , Uemura Naoto
Published: September 2018

Pharmacokinetics (PKs) in Japanese healthy subjects were simulated for nine compounds using physiologically based PK (PBPK) models parameterized with physicochemical properties, preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data, and clinical PK data from non‐Japanese subjects. For each dosing regimen, 100 virtual trials were simulated and predicted/observed ratios for peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. As qualification criteria, it was prespecified that >80% of simulated trials should demonstrate ratios to observed data ranging from 0.5–2.0. Across all compounds and dose regimens studied, 93% of simulated Cmax values in Japanese subjects fulfilled the criteria. Similarly, for AUC, 77% of single‐dosing regimens and 100% of multiple‐dosing regimens fulfilled the criteria. In summary, mechanistically incorporating the appropriate ADME properties into PBPK models, followed by qualification using non‐Japanese clinical data, can predict PKs in the Japanese population and lead to efficient trial design and conduct of Japanese phase I studies.
Spatiotemporal shifts in distribution of a recolonizing black bear population
Authors: McFadden‐Hiller Jamie E. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: September 2018

Following one of the most successful relocations of a large carnivore species, American black bears (Ursus americanus; hereafter bears) have expanded from Arkansas to the Ozark Highlands of southern Missouri,USA, where they were potentially extirpated in the early 1900s. Our first objective was to estimate spatial and temporal shifts in probability of bear presence to understand the population distribution in Missouri. Our second objective was to assess which factors might influence any detected shifts. We used public sightings of bears to develop statewide spatial distribution models for early (1991–2003) and late (2004–2015) bear presence probability in Missouri using maximum entropy modeling and determine the rate and direction of population expansion. We evaluated the effects of environmental variables (e.g., land cover, roads) on bear presence probability and predicted the total area of three levels of bear presence probabilities. The average annual density of bear sightings increased temporally by about 3.4/1000 km2in Missouri. The Ozark Highlands ecoregion contained the highest average annual density of sightings during both time periods. The bear presence probability increased spatially about 29 km in a north–northwest direction between the two time periods and the distribution became more dispersed over time. Our results corroborate prior findings suggesting bear presence is greatest in forests and rural areas. However, the increased importance of cultivated crops over time combined with the consistently positive relationship with roads indicates little negative effects from anthropogenic features on the bear presence probability in Missouri.
Surviving in the city: higher apparent survival for urban birds but worse condition on noisy territories
Authors: Phillips Jennifer N. , Gentry Katherine E. , Luther David A. , Derryberry Elizabeth P.
Published: September 2018

Anthropogenic landscapes and soundscapes impose strong selective pressures on a number of species, which can manifest in changes in vocalizations, foraging strategies, predator vigilance, and reproductive success. However, few studies have examined survival rates, a major component of fitness, across urban landscapes and soundscapes. White‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) persist in both urban and rural landscapes and change their behavior in response to the soundscape. We color‐banded adult white‐crowned sparrows and collected noise levels on their territories in the urban San Francisco Bay Area and adjacent rural Point Reyes National Seashore in California. We collected mark‐encounter data on territorial males from 2014 to 2017. Using the Program MARK, we tested the effects of habitat (urban/rural) and territory noise level on annual survival rates and body condition. We predicted that survival and body condition would be lower in urban habitats and decrease with increasing background noise level on territories. We found that survival estimates vary according to year, and males in urban landscapes have higher survival. Noise levels best predict body condition, such that soundscape negatively correlates with male body condition. Taken together, the urban landscape and soundscape shape the survival and health of birds in and near cities.
A study for on‐demand generation regulation control
Authors: Zoka Yoshifumi , Koshimoto Keita , Muraoka Masaki , Kuwada Yasunori , Mashima Yuki , Rehiara Adelhard Beni , Sasaki Yutaka , Yorino Naoto
Published: September 2018

This paper proposes a real‐time generation regulation system named as “on‐demand generation regulation control” system, which is suitable for small independent power grids with unstable renewable energy generators. It has been developed as a part of “robust demand and supply control manager” and plays an important role of flexible frequency control that includes vehicle to grid and generation restriction when necessary. The main feature of the system is the integrated framework to effectively deal with hard‐to‐predict control options in a flexible way by observing the unstable generator outputs and all generators/batteries status including electric vehicles. In addition, a feedback system is also proposed to flexibly adjust the regulation capacity in case unexpected disturbances occur. The performance of the proposed system is verified through numerical simulations based on an actual test site with successful results.
Relationship Between Dietary Sterols and Gut Microbiota: A Review
Authors: Cuevas‐Tena Maria , Alegría Amparo , Lagarda Maria J.
Published: September 2018

Cholesterol intestinal absorption differs markedly from that of plant sterols; whereas the cholesterol absorption rate is high (30–60%) for total plant sterols it is low (2–3%). Non‐absorbed sterols reach the colon, where the microbiota interacts with them. Non‐absorbed cholesterol biotransformation has been widely studied by in vitro fermentation assays using gut microbiota from human feces and pure cultures of enteric microorganisms. A great variety of sterols and its metabolites have been detected, which allows establishing two pathways for cholesterol microbial degradation to coprostanol. However, biotransformation studies of plant sterols are scarce and its microbial transformation pathway remains to be fully clarified. Furthermore, the sterol contents in feces are highly variable among individuals, due to specific microbiota and especially dietary factors. However, no standardized methodology has been developed for sterols and their metabolites determination in feces. Studies on sterol excretion values, microbial transformation, and sterol determination methodology have been reviewed. Given that cholesterol metabolites can contribute to the development of colon cancer and that information about plant sterols biotransformation is scarce, this review contributes to improve the knowledge of the sterol implication in the gut microbiota and of PS impact in the colonic microbiota metabolization of cholesterol.

Practical Applications: It has been suggested that the metabolites produced during the biotransformation of cholesterol have pro‐carcinogenic activity within colon. In addition, it has been indicated that the intake of high doses of plant sterols can attenuate or decrease this biotransformation. However, it is still unknown if the microbial metabolites of plant sterols have the same effect as those of animal origin. In order to shed light on the aforementioned aspects, all the information about the dietary sterols biotransformation and their impact on gut microbiota have been compiled. In addition, the sterols contents in feces and their methodologic analysis have also been reviewed. This review offers a broad view on the interaction between dietary sterols and gut microbiota, which can help to the better understand the relationship between microbiota and sterols for future research studies.

This review presents the impact of dietary sterol on gut microbiota and microbial transformation of dietary sterols.
Origin of Performance Differences of Nickel‐Rich LiNi0.9Mn0.1O2 Cathode Materials Synthesized in Oxygen and Air
Authors: Zhang Jiangtao , Tan Xinghua , Guo Limin , Jiang Yi , Liu Shengnan , Wang Hanfu , Kang Xiaohong , Chu Weiguo
Published: September 2018

Surface state and/or bulk structure, which are determined by different synthesis conditions, have a significant effect on the performance of an electrode material. Distinguishing their individual roles in the performance can provide guidance for the synthesis of high‐performance electrode materials. Cobalt‐free and nickel‐rich LiNi0.9Mn0.1O2, a promising cathode material, is synthesized in air and oxygen to show remarkable differences in both surface state and structure using a facile sol–gel method. Li2CO3 formed at the surface during the synthesis in air results in much poorer performance than in oxygen, which can be significantly improved by the effective removal of Li2CO3 through ultrasonic treatments without changing the bulk structure, morphology, and size. The surface state, instead of bulk structure, morphology, and size‐related elements like more severe cationic mixing and larger secondary particles, is predominantly responsible for the performance difference between the samples synthesized in air and oxygen, which is beyond the conventional viewpoints on layered compounds. This study provides a new perspective for exploring novel synthesis approaches of high‐performance cobalt‐free and nickel‐rich layered compounds.
Influence of the pretreatment method on the hydrolysis of cassava starch factory residue
Authors: Yu Zhuping , Huang Chunfang , Li Yuan , Du Yangliu , Zhou Jinghong
Published: September 2018

Cassava starch factory residue (CSFR) is an attractive lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production because it is one of the most abundant renewable resources. The purpose of this work was to investigate the technical feasibility of converting CSFR into fermentable sugars using 12 different pretreatment methods. The yields of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and total sugars present in the hydrolysates obtained from the different pretreatment methods were examined by transferring the solid organic matter present to a liquid phase. We found that pretreatment with a dilute acid was superior to both alkaline and hot water pretreatment methods, while combined chemical‐enzymatic pretreatment was superior to single enzymatic pretreatment. More specifically, treatment with a dilute acid was conducive to the formation of monomeric sugars, whereas single enzyme pretreatment and high‐temperature alkaline pretreatment methods were conducive to the formation of oligomeric sugars. Pretreatment with 0.5% (w/v) HNO3 (160 °C, 10 min) gave the highest total monosaccharide concentration (i.e., 25,827 mg/L) with a yield of 30.99%, whereas hemicellulose (45 U/g CSFR) + cellulose (120 U/g CSFR) pretreatment gave the highest total oligosaccharide concentration (i.e., 22,152 mg/L) with a yield of 26.69%. Finally, pretreatment with 1% (w/v) H2SO4 (121 °C, 40 min) + hemicellulose (120 U/g CSFR) + cellulose (120 U/g CSFR) gave the highest total sugar concentration (i.e., 43,196 mg/L) with a yield of 51.84%. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 624–629, 2019
PLPBP mutations cause variable phenotypes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Shiraku Hiroshi , Nakashima Mitsuko , Takeshita Saoko , Khoo Chai‐Soon , Haniffa Muzhirah , Ch'ng Gaik‐Siew , Takada Kazuma , Nakajima Keisuke , Ohta Masayasu , Okanishi Tohru , Kanai Sotaro , Fujimoto Ayataka , Saitsu Hirotomo , Matsumoto Naomichi , Kato Mitsuhiro
Published: September 2018

Objective

Vitamin B6–dependent epilepsies are treatable disorders caused by variants in several genes, such as ALDH7A1, PNPO, and others. Recently, biallelic variants in PLPBP, formerly known as PROSC, were identified as a novel cause of vitamin B6–dependent epilepsies. Our objective was to further delineate the phenotype of PLPBP mutation.

Methods

We identified 4 unrelated patients harboring a total of 4 variants in PLPBP, including 3 novel variants, in a cohort of 700 patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Clinical information in each case was collected.

Results

Each patient had a different clinical course of epilepsy, with seizure onset from the first day of life to 3 months of age. Generalized tonic–clonic seizures were commonly noted. Myoclonic seizures or focal seizures were also observed in 2 patients. Interictal electroencephalography showed variable findings, such as suppression burst, focal or multifocal discharges, and diffuse slow activity. Unlike previous reports, all the patients had some degree of intellectual disability, although some of them had received early treatment with vitamin B6, suggesting that different mutation types influence the severity and outcome of the seizures.

Significance

PLPBP variants should be regarded as among the causative genes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, even when it occurs after the neonatal period. Early diagnosis and proper treatment with pyridoxine or pyridoxal phosphate is essential to improve the neurologic prognosis in neonates or young children with poorly controlled seizures.
Tensor‐based morphometry using scalar and directional information of diffusion tensor MRI data (DTBM): Application to hereditary spastic paraplegia
Authors: Sadeghi Neda , Arrigoni Filippo , D'Angelo Maria Grazia , Thomas Cibu , Irfanoglu M. Okan , Hutchinson Elizabeth B. , Nayak Amritha , Modi Pooja , Bassi Maria Teresa , Pierpaoli Carlo
Published: September 2018

Tensor‐based morphometry (TBM) performed using T1‐weighted images (T1WIs) is a well‐established method for analyzing local morphological changes occurring in the brain due to normal aging and disease. However, in white matter regions that appear homogeneous on T1WIs, T1W‐TBM may be inadequate for detecting changes that affect specific pathways. In these regions, diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) can identify white matter pathways on the basis of their different anisotropy and orientation. In this study, we propose performing TBM using deformation fields constructed using all scalar and directional information provided by the diffusion tensor (DTBM) with the goal of increasing sensitivity in detecting morphological abnormalities of specific white matter pathways. Previously, mostly fractional anisotropy (FA) has been used to drive registration in diffusion MRI‐based TBM (FA‐TBM). However, FA does not have the directional information that the tensors contain, therefore, the registration based on tensors provides better alignment of brain structures and better localization of volume change. We compare our DTBM method to both T1W‐TBM and FA‐TBM in investigating differences in brain morphology between patients with complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia of type 11 (SPG11) and a group of healthy controls. Effect size maps of T1W‐TBM of SPG11 patients showed diffuse atrophy of white matter. However, DTBM indicated that atrophy was more localized, predominantly affecting several long‐range pathways. The results of our study suggest that DTBM could be a powerful tool for detecting morphological changes of specific white matter pathways in normal brain development and aging, as well as in degenerative disorders.
White matter network connectivity deficits in developmental dyslexia
Authors: Lou Chenglin , Duan Xiting , Altarelli Irene , Sweeney John A. , Ramus Franck , Zhao Jingjing
Published: September 2018

A number of studies have shown an abnormal connectivity of certain white matter pathways in developmental dyslexia, as well as correlations between these white matter pathways and behavioral deficits. However, whether developmental dyslexia presents broader white matter network connectivity disruption is currently unknown. The present study reconstructed white matter networks for 26 dyslexic children (11.61 ± 1.31 years) and 31 age‐matched controls (11.49 ± 1.36 years) using constrained spherical deconvolution tractography. Network‐based statistics (NBS) analysis was performed to identify network connectivity deficits in dyslexic individuals. Network topological features were measured based on graph theory to examine whether these parameters correlate with literacy skills, and whether they explain additional variance over previously established white matter connectivity abnormalities in dyslexic children. The NBS analysis identified a network connecting the left‐occipital‐temporal cortex and temporo‐parietal cortex that had decreased streamlines in dyslexic children. Four network topological parameters (clustering coefficient, local efficiency, transitivity, and global efficiency) were positively correlated with literacy skills of dyslexic children, and explained a substantial proportion of additional variance in literacy skills beyond connectivity measures of white matter pathways. This study for the first time reports a disconnection in a local subnetwork in the left hemisphere in dyslexia and shows that the global white matter network topological properties contribute to reduced literacy skills in dyslexic children.