bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequence Analysis and Comparative Study of the Protein Subunits of Archaeal RNase P
Authors: Samanta Manoj , Lai Stella , Daniels Charles , Gopalan Venkat
Published: April 2016

RNase P, a ribozyme-based ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that catalyzes tRNA 5′-maturation, is ubiquitous in all domains of life, but the evolution of its protein components (RNase P proteins, RPPs) is not well understood. Archaeal RPPs may provide clues on how the complex evolved from an ancient ribozyme to an RNP with multiple archaeal and eukaryotic (homologous) RPPs, which are unrelated to the single bacterial RPP. Here, we analyzed the sequence and structure of archaeal RPPs from over 600 available genomes. All five RPPs are found in eight archaeal phyla, suggesting that these RPPs arose early in archaeal evolutionary history. The putative ancestral genomic loci of archaeal RPPs include genes encoding several members of ribosome, exosome, and proteasome complexes, which may indicate coevolution/coordinate regulation of RNase P with other core cellular machineries. Despite being ancient, RPPs generally lack sequence conservation compared to other universal proteins. By analyzing the relative frequency of residues at every position in the context of the high-resolution structures of each of the RPPs (either alone or as functional binary complexes), we suggest residues for mutational analysis that may help uncover structure-function relationships in RPPs.
Genetic Modification of T Cells
Authors: Morgan Richard , Boyerinas Benjamin
Published: April 2016

Gene transfer technology and its application to human gene therapy greatly expanded in the last decade. One area of investigation that appears particularly promising is the transfer of new genetic material into T cells for the potential treatment of cancer. Herein, we describe several core technologies that now yield high-efficiency gene transfer into primary human T cells. These gene transfer techniques include viral-based gene transfer methods based on modified Retroviridae and non-viral methods such as DNA-based transposons and direct transfer of mRNA by electroporation. Where specific examples are cited, we emphasize the transfer of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to T cells, which permits engineered T cells to recognize potential tumor antigens.
Mixed-Metal Semiconductor Anodes for Electrochemical Water Splitting and Reactive Chlorine Species Generation: Implications for Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ryu Su , Hoffmann Michael
Published: April 2016

A procedure for the preparation of semiconductor anodes using mixed-metal oxides bound together and protected with a TiO2 nanoglue has been developed and tested in terms of the relative efficiencies of the oxygen evolution (OER), the reactive chlorine species evolution (RCS), and the hydrogen evolution (HER) reactions. The composition of the first anode is a Ti metal substrate coated with IrTaOx and overcoated with TiO2 (P25) that was mixed with TiO2 nanogel, while the second anode consists of a Ti metal substrate coated with IrTaOx and an over-coating layer of La-doped sodium tantalate, NaTaO3:La. The experimental efficiencies for water splitting ranged from 62.4% to 67.5% for H2 evolution and 40.6% to 60.0% for O2 evolution. The corresponding over-potentials for the Ti/IrTa-TiO2 and Ti/IrTa-NaTaO3:La anodes coupled with stainless steel cathodes of the same dimensions were determined to be 437 mV and 367 mV for the OER, respectively, and 239 mV and 205 mV for RCS, respectively. The preparation procedure described herein should allow for easier production of large-surface area anodes at lower costs than standard methods.
Colloidal Crystallization in 2D for Short-Ranged Attractions: A Descriptive Overview
Authors: González Agustín
Published: April 2016

With the aid of 2D computer simulations, the whole colloidal crystallization process for particles interacting with a short-ranged attractive potential is described, emphazising the visualization of the different subprocesses at the particle level. Starting with a supercooled homogeneous fluid, the system undergoes a metastable fluid-fluid phase separation. Afterwards, crystallite nucleation is observed and we describe the obtainment of the critical crystallite size and other relevant quantities for nucleation. After the crystal formation, we notice the shrinking and eventual disappearance of the smaller crystals, which are close to larger ones; a manifestation of Ostwald ripening. When two growing crystal grains impinge on each other, the formation of grain boundaries is found; it is appreciated how a grain boundary moves, back and forth, not only on a perpendicular direction to the boundary, but with a rotation and a deformation. Subsequently, after the healing of the two extremes of the boundary, the two grains end up as a single imperfect grain that contains a number of complex dislocations. If these dislocations are close to the boundary with the fluid, they leave the crystal to make it more perfect. Otherwise, they migrate randomly inside the grain until they get close enough to the boundary to leave the grain. This last process of healing, trapping and getting rid of complex dislocations occurs preferentially for low-angle grain boundaries. If the angle between the symmetry axes of the two grains is not low, we end up with a polycrystal made of several touching crystal grains.
Numerical Study on the Formation of Shear Fracture Network
Authors: Zhang Zhaobin , Li Xiao
Published: April 2016

Shear fracture network is important to the hydraulic fracturing treatment of a shale gas reservoir. In this paper, the formation of shear fracture network is investigated by a Displacement Discontinuity Method (DDM) based model. The results show that the sliding of fracture surface is irreversible but may change significantly after fluid pressure dissipates. The final sliding distance is different for natural and hydraulic fractures. Most of the shear fractures are natural fractures while the newly formed hydraulic fractures tend to be totally closed after pressure dissipates. The effects of in situ stress are investigated. The affected area reaches its maximum value when the maximum principle stress direction is perpendicular to the principal fracture direction. The effects of the injection rate are also investigated. The increasing of the injection rate is helpful in increasing the fracture aperture, but has no effect on the final sliding distance. Moreover, the effects of the injection rate on the affected area depend on the connectivity of natural fractures. The affected area increases with the injection rate when the connectivity is poor but decreases slightly with injection rate when the connectivity is good.
Deriving Merchantable Volume in Poplar through a Localized Tapering Function from Non-Destructive Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Sun Yuan , Liang Xinlian , Liang Ziyu , Welham Clive , Li Weizheng
Published: April 2016

Timber volume is an important ecological component in forested landscapes. The application of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to volume estimation has been widely accepted though few species have well-calibrated taper functions. This research uses TLS technology in poplar (Populus × canadensis Moench cv. ‘I-72/58’) to extract stem diameter at different tree heights and establish the relationship between point cloud data and stem curve, which constitutes the basis for volume estimation of single trees and the stand. Eight plots were established and scanned by TLS. Stem curve functions were then fitted after extraction of diameters at different height, and tree heights from the point cloud data. Lastly, six functions were evaluated by R2 and RMSE. A modified Schumacher equation was the most suitable taper function. Volume estimates from the TLS-derived taper function were better than those derived using the stem-analysis data. Finally, regression analysis showed that predictions of stem size were similar when data were based on TLS versus stem analysis. Its high accuracy and efficiency indicates that TLS technology can play an important role in forest inventory assessment.
Beneficiation of a Sedimentary Phosphate Ore by a Combination of Spiral Gravity and Direct-Reverse Flotation
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhang Yimin , Liu Tao , Cai Zhenlei , Chen Tiejun , Sun Kun
Published: April 2016

In China, direct-reverse flotation is proved to be applicable to most phosphate ores. However, because the ratio of froth product is generally high, current direct-reverse technology faces challenges in terms of high reagent consumptions and cost. A new gravity and flotation combined process has been developed for the recovery of collophanite from sedimentary phosphate ore from the beneficiation plant of Hubei, China. In this process, 53% of the collophanite was firstly recovered by gravity separation, reducing the mass flow to direct flotation. The gravity tailing was the feed for the direct flotation. The flotation concentrate, mixed with gravity concentrate, was then subjected to reverse flotation. A final concentrate with a grade of 30.41% P2O5 at a recovery of 91.5% was produced from the feed analyzing 21.55% P2O5. Compared to the conventional direct-reverse flotation 86.1% recovery at 31.69% P2O5, it was found that pre-recovery of collophanite by spiral separation could significantly reduce the flotation reagent consumption and lead to improved overall collophanite recovery. The benefits of the new process in terms of cost savings were also discussed.
Evaluation of Olive Fruit Lipoxygenase Extraction Protocols on 9- and 13-Z,E-HPODE Formation
Authors: Soldo Barbara , Šprung Matilda , Mušac Gloria , Pavela-Vrančić Maja , Ljubenkov Ivica
Published: April 2016

In plant tissues, enzymes implicated in the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are responsible for the hydroperoxydation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, ultimately leading to the production of small chemical species involved in several physiological processes. During industrial olive oil production, these enzymes are activated upon crushing and grinding of olive fruit tissue, subsequently leading to the synthesis of volatile compounds responsible for the positive aroma and flavor of the oil. An investigation of LOX activity during olive fruit ripening and malaxation could assist in the production of oils with favorable aroma and taste. Therefore, a reliable method for olive LOX purification is crucial. Here we report a critical review of six LOX extraction protocols, two of which have shown minimum enzyme activity, possibly leading to misconceptions in the interpretation of experimental data. Future research concerning olive LOX should employ extraction methods that preserve enzyme activity.
Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel 5-Hydrosulfonyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one Derivatives
Authors: Ouyang Guang , Tong Rongsheng , Li Jinqi , Bai Lan , Ouyang Liang , Duan Xingmei , Li Fengqiong , He Pin , Shi Jianyou , He Yuxin
Published: April 2016

A series of novel 5-hydrosulfonyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one derivatives bearing natural product substructures has been successfully synthesized and their antitumor activity studied. These newly synthesized derivatives were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and high resolution mass spectral data, then screened as antitumor agents against the A549, HCC1937, and MDA-MB-468 human tumor cell lines using MTT cell proliferation assays. The results show that some of these compounds can effectively inhibit the growth of these cancerous cells, with compound 5b being the best one (IC50 = 2.6 μM). Flow cytometry data revealed that compound 5b induced apoptosis of HCC1937 cells with increased solution concentration. The structure and activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds is summarized.
A Chemo-Enzymatic Road Map to the Synthesis of CoA Esters
Authors: Peter Dominik , Vögeli Bastian , Cortina Niña , Erb Tobias
Published: April 2016

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a ubiquitous cofactor present in every known organism. The thioesters of CoA are core intermediates in many metabolic processes, such as the citric acid cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis and secondary metabolism, including polyketide biosynthesis. Synthesis of CoA-thioesters is vital for the study of CoA-dependent enzymes and pathways, but also as standards for metabolomics studies. In this work we systematically tested five chemo-enzymatic methods for the synthesis of the three most abundant acyl-CoA thioester classes in biology; saturated acyl-CoAs, α,β-unsaturated acyl-CoAs (i.e., enoyl-CoA derivatives), and α-carboxylated acyl-CoAs (i.e., malonyl-CoA derivatives). Additionally we report on the substrate promiscuity of three newly described acyl-CoA dehydrogenases that allow the simple conversion of acyl-CoAs into enoyl-CoAs. With these five methods, we synthesized 26 different CoA-thioesters with a yield of 40% or higher. The CoA esters produced range from short- to long-chain, include branched and α,β-unsaturated representatives as well as other functional groups. Based on our results we provide a general guideline to the optimal synthesis method of a given CoA-thioester in respect to its functional group(s) and the commercial availability of the precursor molecule. The proposed synthetic routes can be performed in small scale and do not require special chemical equipment, making them convenient also for biological laboratories.
Photosensitizer-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers as Antimicrobial Non-Woven Textile
Authors: Stanley Sarah , Scholle Frank , Zhu Jiadeng , Lu Yao , Zhang Xiangwu , Situ Xingci , Ghiladi Reza
Published: April 2016

Toward the objective of developing platform technologies for anti-infective materials based upon photodynamic inactivation, we employed electrospinning to prepare a non-woven textile comprised of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers embedded with a porphyrin-based cationic photosensitizer; termed PAN-Por(+). Photosensitizer loading was determined to be 34.8 nmol/mg material; with thermostability to 300 °C. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against four bacteria belonging to the ESKAPE family of pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus; vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium; Acinetobacter baumannii; and Klebsiella pneumonia), as well as Escherichia coli. Our results demonstrated broad photodynamic inactivation of all bacterial strains studied upon illumination (30 min; 65 ± 5 mW/cm2; 400–700 nm) by a minimum of 99.9996+% (5.8 log units) regardless of taxonomic classification. PAN-Por(+) also inactivated human adenovirus-5 (~99.8% reduction in PFU/mL) and vesicular stomatitis virus (>7 log units reduction in PFU/mL). When compared to cellulose-based materials employing this same photosensitizer; the higher levels of photodynamic inactivation achieved here with PAN-Por(+) are likely due to the combined effects of higher photosensitizer loading and a greater surface area imparted by the use of nanofibers. These results demonstrate the potential of photosensitizer-embedded polyacrylonitrile nanofibers to serve as scalable scaffolds for anti-infective or self-sterilizing materials against both bacteria and viruses when employing a photodynamic inactivation mode of action.
Effect of Small Reaction Locus in Free-Radical Polymerization: Conventional and Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: April 2016

When the size of a polymerization locus is smaller than a few hundred nanometers, such as in miniemulsion polymerization, each locus may contain no more than one key-component molecule, and the concentration may become much larger than the corresponding bulk polymerization, leading to a significantly different rate of polymerization. By focusing attention on the component having the lowest concentration within the species involved in the polymerization rate expression, a simple formula can predict the particle diameter below which the polymerization rate changes significantly from the bulk polymerization. The key component in the conventional free-radical polymerization is the active radical and the polymerization rate becomes larger than the corresponding bulk polymerization when the particle size is smaller than the predicted diameter. The key component in reversible-addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is the intermediate species, and it can be used to predict the particle diameter below which the polymerization rate starts to increase. On the other hand, the key component is the trapping agent in stable-radical-mediated polymerization (SRMP) and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and the polymerization rate decreases as the particle size becomes smaller than the predicted diameter.
Detection of Drought-Induced Hickory Disturbances in Western Lin An County, China, Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery
Authors: Xi Zhenyuan , Lu Dengsheng , Liu Lijuan , Ge Hongli
Published: April 2016

Hickory plantations play an important role in improving local farmers’ economic conditions, but extreme drought in July–August 2013 seriously influenced hickory nut production. It is necessary to understand the extent and magnitude of this drought-induced hickory disturbance through mapping its spatial distribution using remote sensing data. This paper proposes a new approach to examine hickory disturbance based on multitemporal Landsat imagery. Ratios of green vegetation to soil fractions were calculated, in which the green vegetation and soil fractions were extracted from Landsat multispectral imagery using the linear spectral mixture analysis approach. We used the differences between before-drought and after-drought ratios to detect hickory disturbances. Four disturbance levels—non-disturbance, light, medium, and severe—were grouped according to the field survey data. The spatial distribution of these four levels was developed using the ratio-based approach. The result indicates that this approach is effective to detect drought-induced hickory disturbance and may be transferred to detect other kinds of disturbances, such as forest disease and selective logging. Cautions should be taken to properly select image acquisition dates and the change detection period, in addition to the approach itself.
Design and Verification of a Digital Controller for a 2-Piece Hemispherical Resonator Gyroscope
Authors: Lee Jungshin , Yun Sung , Rhim Jaewook
Published: April 2016

A Hemispherical Resonator Gyro (HRG) is the Coriolis Vibratory Gyro (CVG) that measures rotation angle or angular velocity using Coriolis force acting the vibrating mass. A HRG can be used as a rate gyro or integrating gyro without structural modification by simply changing the control scheme. In this paper, differential control algorithms are designed for a 2-piece HRG. To design a precision controller, the electromechanical modelling and signal processing must be pre-performed accurately. Therefore, the equations of motion for the HRG resonator with switched harmonic excitations are derived with the Duhamel Integral method. Electromechanical modeling of the resonator, electric module and charge amplifier is performed by considering the mode shape of a thin hemispherical shell. Further, signal processing and control algorithms are designed. The multi-flexing scheme of sensing, driving cycles and x, y-axis switching cycles is appropriate for high precision and low maneuverability systems. The differential control scheme is easily capable of rejecting the common mode errors of x, y-axis signals and changing the rate integrating mode on basis of these studies. In the rate gyro mode the controller is composed of Phase-Locked Loop (PLL), amplitude, quadrature and rate control loop. All controllers are designed on basis of a digital PI controller. The signal processing and control algorithms are verified through Matlab/Simulink simulations. Finally, a FPGA and DSP board with these algorithms is verified through experiments.
A Comparative Study of the Applied Methods for Estimating Deflection of the Vertical in Terrestrial Geodetic Measurements
Authors: Vittuari Luca , Tini Maria , Sarti Pierguido , Serantoni Eugenio , Borghi Alessandra , Negusini Monia , Guillaume Sébastien
Published: April 2016

This paper compares three different methods capable of estimating the deflection of the vertical (DoV): one is based on the joint use of high precision spirit leveling and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), a second uses astro-geodetic measurements and the third gravimetric geoid models. The working data sets refer to the geodetic International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) co-location sites of Medicina (Northern, Italy) and Noto (Sicily), these latter being excellent test beds for our investigations. The measurements were planned and realized to estimate the DoV with a level of precision comparable to the angular accuracy achievable in high precision network measured by modern high-end total stations. The three methods are in excellent agreement, with an operational supremacy of the astro-geodetic method, being faster and more precise than the others. The method that combines leveling and GNSS has slightly larger standard deviations; although well within the 1 arcsec level, which was assumed as threshold. Finally, the geoid model based method, whose 2.5 arcsec standard deviations exceed this threshold, is also statistically consistent with the others and should be used to determine the DoV components where local ad hoc measurements are lacking.
E-Polytopes in Picard Groups of Smooth Rational Surfaces
Authors: Lee Jae-Hyouk , Shin YongJoo
Published: April 2016

In this article, we introduce special divisors (root, line, ruling, exceptional system and rational quartic) in smooth rational surfaces and study their correspondences to subpolytopes in Gosset polytopes k 21 . We also show that the sets of rulings and exceptional systems correspond equivariantly to the vertices of 2 k 1 and 1 k 2 via E-type Weyl action.
Translational Control during Calicivirus Infection
Authors: Royall Elizabeth , Locker Nicolas
Published: April 2016

In this review, we provide an overview of the strategies developed by caliciviruses to subvert or regulate the host protein synthesis machinery to their advantage. As intracellular obligate parasites, viruses strictly depend on the host cell resources to produce viral proteins. Thus, many viruses have developed strategies that regulate the function of the host protein synthesis machinery, often leading to preferential translation of viral mRNAs. Caliciviruses lack a 5′ cap structure but instead have a virus-encoded VPg protein covalently linked to the 5′ end of their mRNAs. Furthermore, they encode 2–4 open reading frames within their genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Therefore, they use alternative mechanisms for translation whereby VPg interacts with eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) to act as a proteinaceous cap-substitute, and some structural proteins are produced by reinitiation of translation events. This review discusses our understanding of these key mechanisms during caliciviruses infection as well as recent insights into the global regulation of eIF4E activity.
Optimal Node Grouping for Water Distribution System Demand Estimation
Authors: Jung Donghwi , Choi Young , Kim Joong
Published: April 2016

Real-time state estimation is defined as the process of calculating the state variable of interest in real time not being directly measured. In a water distribution system (WDS), nodal demands are often considered as the state variable (i.e., unknown variable) and can be estimated using nodal pressures and pipe flow rates measured at sensors installed throughout the system. Nodes are often grouped for aggregation to decrease the number of unknowns (demands) in the WDS demand estimation problem. This study proposes an optimal node grouping model to maximize the real-time WDS demand estimation accuracy. This Kalman filter-based demand estimation method is linked with a genetic algorithm for node group optimization. The modified Austin network demand is estimated to demonstrate the proposed model. True demands and field measurements are synthetically generated using a hydraulic model of the study network. Accordingly, the optimal node groups identified by the proposed model reduce the total root-mean-square error of the estimated node group demand by 24% compared to that determined by engineering knowledge. Based on the results, more pipe flow sensors should be installed to measure small flows and to further enhance the demand estimation accuracy.
En Afrique, les terres appartiendront à ceux qui les achètent (In Africa, land will belong to those who buy it)
Authors: BOUQUET Christian
Published: April 2016

La «sécurisation foncière » en Afrique est en marche : chaque parcelle (cultivable ou constructible) devra être cadastrée et faire l'objet d'un titre de propriété. Les lois foncières votées depuis une vingtaine d'années établissent les critères d'éligibilité pour être légalement détenteur d'une terre. Dans un continent où la coutume privilégiait les droits collectifs, c'est une réforme radicale. Parmi les conséquences de ce processus, les achats massifs de terres dans les pays les plus pauvres risquent de précipiter vers l'exode des centaines de millions de petits paysans dépossédés de leurs champs.
Enjeux fonciers à risques au Congo (RDC) : contexte théorique et pratiques déviantes. (Land stakes at risks in the Congo-DRC : theoretical context and deviant practices)
Authors: Bruneau Jean-Claude
Published: April 2016

Repeated dictatorships and wars have led the Congo towards a generalization of land conflitcs. Although the soil and the subsoil belong to the State, two land regimes coexist in fact : first the land concession, in urban areas and big agricultural, mining or forest exploitations, and second, anywhere else, the regime of national lands managed according to traditional rules. These collide with the Land registry offices, which, in a context of approximate law and corruption at every level, seize the lands of the peasant communities to sell them to the highest bidder. Spoliation of farmlands and mining plunder are illustrated by recent examples taken in Kivu, and in Katanga. The Virunga national park affair, and the Luishia high school case, show the extent of a disaster which is also human and environmental.
Chronique de droit privé de l'environnement, civil et commercial
Authors: Camproux-Duffrène Marie-Pierre , Curzydlo Alexia
Published: April 2016

Cette nouvelle chronique a pour objectif de rendre compte de la montée en puissance du droit privé de l'environnement. Elle présente, d'une part, les évolutions récentes qui ont marqué le droit civil de l'environnement. On notera en particulier des avancées importantes dans le domaine du contentieux relatif à la pollution des sites, de la théorie des troubles anormaux du voisinage et l'impulsion du droit communautaire avec notamment l'affaire Van de Walle et l'adoption de la directive sur la responsabilité environnementale. Cette chronique présente, d'autre part, les domaines du droit commercial entendu au sens large, qui ont connu une évolution remarquable ces deux dernières années (le droit des procédures collectives, l'investissement socialement responsable et enfin les informations environnementales en droit des sociétés).
Réflexions sur la fiscalité forestière dérogatoire
Authors: Delivré-Gilg Cendrine
Published: April 2016

Les techniques fiscales incitatives en matière forestière reflètent la dimension fortement économique de cette fiscalité. Le constat de la dualité des techniques d'incitations fiscales en matière forestière renforce cette approche, les mesures fiscales dérogatoires liées à la forêt traduisant l'attachement du législateur à la conservation du capital forestier, mais aussi à la formation d'un revenu forestier. En outre, malgré l'apparente unité de leurs buts, ces mesures fiscales sont assorties de plusieurs finalités. Or, ces dernières peuvent parfois se révéler antagonistes : si la « gestion durable » de la forêt est favorisée d'un point de vue fiscal, la protection écologique et paysagère de la forêt est plus rarement encouragée.
Parcs nationaux fin ou renouveau d'un modèle juridique ?
Authors: Romi Raphaël
Published: April 2016

La réforme des parcs a été présentée comme l'occasion d'un rapprochement entre le régime juridique des PNR et celui des parcs nationaux. Ce n'est en réalité pas exactement ce qui s'est produit, mais l'usage de l'instrument d'administration négociée en vogue (les « chartes ») est étendu aux parcs nationaux, et cela crée une ambiguïté. Les novations ne conduisent cependant pas inéluctablement à la disparition du modèle d'administration réformé : à certains égards, on peut considérer que celui-ci n'a pas perdu sa légitimité. Il n'en reste pas moins que le caractère aléatoire de l'écriture du droit ne rend pas la compréhension des systèmes juridiques très simple, loin s'en faut... et sans doute faudra-t-il que la prochaine législature affirme mieux ses choix.
L'illégalité du statut juridique français des savoirs traditionnels
Authors: Karpé Philippe
Published: April 2016

Depuis quelques années, les savoirs traditionnels des communautés traditionnelles sont reconnus et valorisés. Ceci doit essentiellement se faire avec le consentement de ces communautés et à leur bénéfice (en commun avec les autres populations). A cette fin, diverses législations spécifiques sont adoptées au niveau international comme au niveau interne. Longtemps éloignée de ce mouvement, la France a récemment adopté une réglementation particulière en ce sens. Celle-ci ne comble pas un vide juridique. Divers statuts, règles, principes et processus en cours peuvent effectivement être employés à l'avantage des communautés traditionnelles. Malgré la promesse d'un renouveau politique et juridique, ce statut particulier marque un profond désenchantement. De portée géographique réduite, il viole en effet les droits fondamentaux des communautés traditionnelles sur leurs savoirs.
La Charte de l'environnement deux ans après : le Conseil d'Etat hésite, les autres juridictions tranchent (2e partie)
Authors: Huten Nicolas , Cohendet Marie-Anne
Published: April 2016

Thirteen months after the Charter of the Environment was adopted, the legal impact of the text is still ambiguous. Cautiously the Council of State (Conseil dEtat) took a first step and it is today in the middle of the ford : logically, it considered that article 5 of the Charter allowed for the direct control of the legality of administrative actions, but more curiously, it controlled indirectly the implementation of articles 1, 2, 6 and 7 through the legal provisions of the Environmental Code. The Council, thus following the Constitutional Council (Conseil Constitutionnel) seems to agree to anaesthetize this text, but it has not yet crossed the Rubicon. At the same time, the first degree administrative courts have shown the way : with the help of judicial decisions concerning MGOs destruction, the judges have aiready begun to fully implement the Charter. It did not lead to the legal Chaos announced by a Cassandra.
Le parc amazonien de Guyane, huitième parc national français (décret n° 2007-266 du 27 février 2007)
Authors: Untermaier Jean
Published: April 2016

Créé moins d'un an après la réforme du 14 avril 2006, le Parc amazonien de Guyane est le huitième parc national français. Couvrant plus de deux millions d'hectares (33 000 km2 avec la zone d'adhésion), il ambitionne de préserver une partie significative de la forêt amazonienne et de son extraordinaire biodiversité.

L'une des originalités de l'institution est de concilier un régime de protection assez rigoureux qui interdit notamment les activités minières y compris l'orpaillage, dans le cœur du parc, et le maintien des modes de vie traditionnels des communautés d'habitants. Disposant librement du droit de chasser, de pêcher et de pratiquer une agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, Amérindiens et Noirs marrons sont, par ailleurs, associés à la gestion par l'intermédiaire de leurs représentants au conseil d'administration et d'un « comité de vie locale ». Pour autant, le pari écologique, ethnologique et juridique que représente le PAG n'est pas encore gagné dans la mesure où le décret du 27 février 2007 laisse à la charte en cours d'élaboration et au directeur, la charge de régler maintes questions - de l'artisanat local à l'encadrement du tourisme - particulièrement délicates.
La réparation du dommage environnemental : étude comparative de la directive 2004/35/CE du 21 avril 2004 sur la responsabilité environnementale et de l'US Oil Pollution Act
Authors: Cornu Thenard Emilie
Published: April 2016

Les pays membres de la Communauté européenne sont en train de transformer leur prise en considération du dommage écologique en organisant sa réparation en nature et en compensant les préjudices subis par la collectivité en conséquence de ce type de dommage. La directive communautaire 2004/35/CE sur la responsabilité environnementale est particulièrement intéressante de par les définitions qu'elle propose du dommage, qu'elle appelle « dommage environnemental », et les mécanismes de remise en état qu'elle instaure. Comme l'explique cet article, ces aspects sont fortement inspirés de l' Oil Pollution Act (OPA) américain adopté en 1990 à la suite de la marée noire causée par l'Exxon Valdez. La comparaison entre la directive et cette loi ainsi que son texte d'application et la pratique des quinze dernières années peut permettre de mieux comprendre quels dommages seront réellement réparables en Europe.
La pollution atmosphérique dans la région amazonienne brésilienne : l'expérience de la législation brésilienne
Authors: Teles da Silva Solange
Published: April 2016

La pollution atmosphérique dans la région amazonienne brésilienne est intimement liée au phénomène d'occupation des sols. Le phénomène de déforestation massive, générateur de pollution de l'air, s'explique par l'augmentation des besoins en pâturage, l'expansion de la frontière agricole (soja) et l'accroissement de l'exploitation forestière. Cet article analyse la mise en place au Brésil de mécanismes juridiques de contrôle de la pollution, en mettant en relief, d'une part, le rôle joué par l'établissement de seuils de prévention, de seuils de préservation de l'intégrité de l'écosystème et en rappelant l'importance des ressources naturelles pour nos sociétés, ainsi que l'importance des études d'impact et autorisations environnementales. Cet article analyse, d'autre part, le rôle des structures administratives au niveau fédéral et des Etats membres.
L’islam en France : dynamiques, fragmentation et perspectives
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Hervé
Published: April 2016

L’approche de l’islam en France pose des questions méthodologiques redoutables car tout recensement des appartenances religieuses y est interdit. Depuis 30 ans, on observe une forte augmentation des lieux de culte musulman, une diversification des localisations et des affiliations, et une croissance du radicalisme en opposition à l’islam réformiste dominant en France. Alors que les conditions politiques, économiques et sociales de l’immigration rendaient compte après la guerre de la répartition des musulmans sur le territoire, on constate aujourd’hui qu’une bonne partie des musulmans d’origine s’est diffusée dans l’espace métropolitain.
Perception des habiletés pratiques et des connaissances en matière de soins gériatriques chez des infirmières des services d’urgence en Suisse
Authors: Tacchini-Jacquier Nadine , Morin Diane
Published: April 2016

Introduction : la démographie suisse indique une augmentation de la proportion des personnes de 65 ans et plus d’ici 2020. Des répercussions sont attendues sur le système sanitaire dont l’augmentation des recours aux urgences. Les patients âgés présentant une symptomatologie souvent atypique, cela peut rendre la priorisation des problèmes plus difficile. But : mesurer les connaissances et la perception des habiletés relatives à l’approche gériatrique chez des infirmières d’urgence d’un hôpital cantonal suisse. Méthode : étude descriptive et corrélationnelle qui utilise un questionnaire électronique préalablement traduit en français et en allemand suisse selon les recommandations. Résultats : le score global au test de connaissances est considéré comme faible (51,9 % ; SD ± 12.5). La perception des habiletés pratiques est évaluée en moyenne à 1.54 sur 3, ce qui reste à un niveau entre faible et moyen. Les corrélations démontrent des associations de faible envergure entre ces scores de même qu’entre ces scores et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et professionnelles choisies. Conclusion : les infirmières interrogées connaissent peu les particularités gériatriques et considèrent leur niveau d’habilités entre faible et moyen. Voilà certainement un défi pour la formation, le coaching et la recherche pour les infirmières de pratique avancée en soins gériatriques.
Dispositif socianalytique : instrument d’intervention et de collecte de données en recherche qualitative en soins infirmiers
Authors: Spagnol Carla Aparecida , L’Abbate Solange , Monceau Gilles , Jovic Ljiljana
Published: April 2016

Les objectifs de cet article sont de décrire et analyser l’utilisation d’un dispositif socianalytique comme outil de collecte de données dans une approche de recherche qualitative en sciences infirmières, ceci en créant un espace pour l’analyse de la pratique professionnelle et des relations de travail, auprès d’un groupe d’infirmières de l’Hôpital universitaire UFMG, Brésil. Dans cette recherche, les chercheurs ont opté pour une approche qualitative où ils ont développé une recherche-intervention avec pour cadre théorique et méthodologique l’analyse institutionnelle. Dans la première étape de la collecte de données, une recherche exploratoire est effectuée en utilisant un questionnaire et dans la deuxième phase, ils ont construit un dispositif socianalytique constitué de cinq réunions réparties sur une période de deux mois. Les infirmières ont indiqué que le dispositif d’analyse utilisé a permis le développement personnel et professionnel ; l’examen du positionnement ; l’échange d’expériences et de réfléchir à leurs propres problèmes à travers l’expérience des autres collègues de travail. Enfin, le dispositif socianalytique a constitué un espace de discussion, d’analyse de la pratique professionnelle et a été la stratégie méthodologique pour obtenir des données dans cette enquête. Cela permet la création et la recréation de formes d’intervention, la production de connaissances et la formation au travail de la santé.
Réformer, Régénérer, Renaître : un imaginaire de l’Occident ? La clef Révolution française
Authors: Jaume Lucien
Published: April 2016

Le propre de la Révolution française est d’avoir développé une vision globale de la « régénération » qui reçoit deux traductions en conflit : mode constitutionnel (1789-1791), contrainte et Terreur (1793-1794). Cependant, le mythe de la « deuxième naissance » est un mythe de l’Occident que l’on retrouve dans la philosophie, la religion, la politique. Soit il s’agit de savoir en quoi l’on sait, soit de répondre à la question « Qui nous a engendrés ? », soit de reconnaître l’autorité légitime.
Le retour de la « réforme » dans l’Église catholique ?
Authors: Villemin Laurent
Published: April 2016

L’article montre comment le vocabulaire de la réforme a disparu dans l’Église après le concile de Trente pour ne réapparaître que timidement à Vatican II, même si se concile a été un vrai concile de réforme. Il faut attendre 2005 et le discours du pape Benoît XVI à la Curie pour que le terme de réforme retrouve ses lettres de noblesse. Comment expliquer ces évolutions historiques et en percevoir la signification théologique pour la nature et la mission de l’Église catholique ? Tel est l’objet principal de l’article.
Big Data Overview
Authors: Shen Yushi , Li Yale , Wu Ling , Liu Shaofeng , Wen Qian
Published: April 2016

This chapter provides an overview of big data and its environment and opportunities. It starts with a definition of big data and describes the unique characteristics, structure, and value of big data, and the business drivers for big data analytics. It defines the role of the data scientist and describes the new ecosystem for big data processing and analysis.
Big Data Predictive and Prescriptive Analytics
Authors: Deka Ganesh Chandra
Published: April 2016

The Analytics tools are capable of suggesting the most favourable future planning by analyzing “Why” and “How” blended with What, Who, Where, and When. Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive analytics are the analytics currently in use. Clear understanding of these three analytics will enable an organization to chalk out the most suitable action plan taking various probable outcomes into account. Currently, corporate are flooded with structured, semi-structured, unstructured, and hybrid data. Hence, the existing Business Intelligence (BI) practices are not sufficient to harness potentials of this sea of data. This change in requirements has made the cloud-based “Analytics as a Service (AaaS)” the ultimate choice. In this chapter, the recent trends in Predictive, Prescriptive, Big Data analytics, and some AaaS solutions are discussed.
Big Data Computing and the Reference Architecture
Authors: Nirmala M. Baby , Raj Pethuru
Published: April 2016

Earlier, the transactional and operational data were maintained in tables and stored in relational databases. They have formal structures and schemas. However, the recent production and flow of multi-structured data has inspired many to ponder about the new ways and means of capturing, collecting, and stocking. E-mails, PDF files, social blogs, musings, tweets, still photographs, videos, office documents, phone call records, sensor readings, medical electronics, smart grids, avionics data, real-time chats, and other varieties of data play a greater role in presenting highly accurate and actionable, timely insights for executives and decision-makers. The chapter provides an insight into the big data phenomenon, its usability and utility for businesses, the latest developments in this impactful concept, and the reference architecture.
A Review of RDF Storage in NoSQL Databases
Authors: Ma Zongmin , Yan Li
Published: April 2016

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a model for representing information resources on the Web. With the widespread acceptance of RDF as the de-facto standard recommended by W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) for the representation and exchange of information on the Web, a huge amount of RDF data is being proliferated and becoming available. So RDF data management is of increasing importance, and has attracted attentions in the database community as well as the Semantic Web community. Currently much work has been devoted to propose different solutions to store large-scale RDF data efficiently. In order to manage massive RDF data, NoSQL (“not only SQL”) databases have been used for scalable RDF data store. This chapter focuses on using various NoSQL databases to store massive RDF data. An up-to-date overview of the current state of the art in RDF data storage in NoSQL databases is provided. The chapter aims at suggestions for future research.
Big Data and Data Modelling for Manufacturing Information Systems
Authors: Gwangwava Norman , Mpofu Khumbulani , Mhlanga Samson
Published: April 2016

The evolving Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has not spared the manufacturing industry. Modern ICT based solutions have shown a significant improvement in manufacturing industries' value stream. Paperless manufacturing, evolved due to complete automation of factories. The chapter articulates various Machine-to-Machine (M2M) technologies, big data and data modelling requirements for manufacturing information systems. Manufacturing information systems have unique requirements which distinguish them from conventional Management Information Systems. Various modelling technologies and standards exist for manufacturing information systems. The manufacturing field has unique data that require capturing and processing at various phases of product, service and factory life cycle. Authors review developments in modern ERP/CRM, PDM/PLM, SCM, and MOM/MES systems. Data modelling methods for manufacturing information systems that include STEP/STEP-NC, XML and UML are also covered in the chapter. A case study for a computer aided process planning system for a sheet metal forming company is also presented.
Information Visualization and Policy Modeling
Authors: Nazemi Kawa , Steiger Martin , Burkhardt Dirk , Kohlhammer Jörn
Published: April 2016

Policy design requires the investigation of various data in several design steps for making the right decisions, validating, or monitoring the political environment. The increasing amount of data is challenging for the stakeholders in this domain. One promising way to access the “big data” is by abstracted visual patterns and pictures, as proposed by information visualization. This chapter introduces the main idea of information visualization in policy modeling. First abstracted steps of policy design are introduced that enable the identification of information visualization in the entire policy life-cycle. Thereafter, the foundations of information visualization are introduced based on an established reference model. The authors aim to amplify the incorporation of information visualization in the entire policy design process. Therefore, the aspects of data and human interaction are introduced, too. The foundation leads to description of a conceptual design for social data visualization, and the aspect of semantics plays an important role.
Big Data and Web Intelligence
Authors: Pliego Alberto , Márquez Fausto Pedro García
Published: April 2016

The growing amount of available data generates complex problems when they need to be treated. Usually these data come from different sources and inform about different issues, however, in many occasions these data can be interrelated in order to gather strategic information that is useful for Decision Making processes in multitude of business. For a qualitatively and quantitatively analysis of a complex Decision Making process is critical to employ a correct method due to the large number of operations required. With this purpose, this chapter presents an approach employing Binary Decision Diagram applied to the Logical Decision Tree. It allows addressing a Main Problem by establishing different causes, called Basic Causes and their interrelations. The cases that have a large number of Basic Causes generate important computational costs because it is a NP-hard type problem. Moreover, this chapter presents a new approach in order to analyze big Logical Decision Trees. However, the size of the Logical Decision Trees is not the unique factor that affects to the computational cost but the procedure of resolution can widely vary this cost (ordination of Basic Causes, number of AND/OR gates, etc.) A new approach to reduce the complexity of the problem is hereby presented. It makes use of data derived from simpler problems that requires less computational costs for obtaining a good solution. An exact solution is not provided by this method but the approximations achieved have a low deviation from the exact.
Big Data – Small World
Authors: Gwilt Ian
Published: April 2016

This chapter furthers discourse between digital data content and the creation of physical artifacts based on an interpretation of the data. Building on original research by the author, the chapter asks the questions: why should we consider translating digital data into a physical form? And what happens to how we understand, read, and relate to digital information when it is presented in this way? The author discusses whether or not the concept of the data-driven object is simply a novel visualization technique or a useful tool to add insight and accessibly to the complex language of digital data sets, for audiences unfamiliar with reading data in more conventional forms. And the author explores the issues connected to the designing of data into the material world, including fabrication techniques such as 3D printing and craft-based making techniques, together with the use of metaphor and visual language to help communicate and contextualize data.