bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A role for the sampling effect in invaded ecosystems
Authors: Flombaum Pedro , Aragón Roxana , Chaneton Enrique J.
Published: March 2017

Species loss and invasion of exotic species are two components of global biodiversity change that are expected to influence ecosystem functioning. Yet how they interact in natural settings remains unclear. Experiments have revealed two major mechanisms for the observed increase in primary productivity with plant species richness. Plant productivity may rise with species richness due to the increased amount of resources used by more diverse communities (niche complementarity) or through the increased probability of including a highly productive, dominant species in the community (sampling effect). Current evidence suggests that niche complementarity is the most relevant mechanism, whereas the sampling effect would only play a minor and transient role in natural systems. In turn, exotic species can invade by using untapped resources or because they possess a fitness advantage over resident species allowing them to dominate the community. We argue that the sampling effect can be a significant biodiversity mechanism in ecosystems invaded by dominant exotic species, and that the effect can be persistent even after decades of succession. We illustrate this idea by analyzing tree species richness–productivity relationships in a subtropical montane forest (NW Argentina) heavily invaded by Ligustrum lucidum, an evergreen tree from Asia. We found that the forest biomass increased along a natural gradient of tree species richness whether invaded by L. lucidum or not. Consistent with the sampling effect, L. lucidum invasion tripled total tree biomass irrespective of species richness, and monocultures of L. lucidum were more productive than any of the most species‐rich, uninvaded communities. Hence, the sampling effect may not be restricted to randomly assembled, synthetic communities. We emphasize that studying invaded ecosystems may provide novel insights on the mechanisms underlying the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem function.
How governance conditions affect the individualization of active labour market services: An exploratory vignette study
Authors: Rice Deborah
Published: March 2017

Service individualization is high on the agenda of active welfare states. Especially for the long‐term unemployed and other people with complex problems, individualized employment and social services are seen as a crucial precondition for social and labour market integration. To achieve tailor‐made service delivery, welfare states have introduced new governance mechanisms such as client profiling, performance indicators, game‐theoretical incentives or institutionalized discretion. However, comparative research on how these governance mechanisms affect service individualization is still rare. To fill this gap, this article presents an exploratory vignette study on Denmark and the Netherlands conducted in 2010–12. The main finding of this study is that institutionalized discretion, as it is implemented in the Dutch minimum income system, increases the variety and innovativeness of employment services, makes service provision more holistic (especially for vulnerable clients), and increases the targeting capacity of service allocation between vulnerable and work‐ready clients.
Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of aggression in pediatric and adolescent patients with autism spectrum disorder comorbid with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: A questionnaire survey of 571 psychiatrists
Authors: Yamamuro Kazuhiko , Tsujii Noa , Ota Toyosaku , Kishimoto Toshifumi , Iida Junzo
Published: March 2017

Aim

Both attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are frequently accompanied by serious aggression that requires psychiatric treatment. However, little is known about the experiences psychiatrists have had using pharmacotherapy to treat aggression in patients who have both ASD and ADHD (ASD/ADHD). The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of Japanese child and adolescent psychiatrists in prescribing medication for aggression in patients with ASD/ADHD.

Methods

A prospective questionnaire was mailed to 2001 psychiatrists affiliated with the Japanese Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors predicting the outcome of pharmacotherapeutic treatment of aggression in pediatric and adolescent patients with ASD/ADHD.

Results

Of 2001 psychiatrists, 571 (28.5%) completed the full questionnaire (final sample). Of these, 488 (85.4%) prescribed psychotropic medication in treating pediatric and adolescent patients with ASD/ADHD, 299 (61.3%) of them doing so to treat aggression. Prescribers’ duration of practice (odds ratio, 1.055; P = 0.038) and patient symptoms of residual impulsivity (odds ratio, 2.479; P = 0.039) increased the odds of prescribing psychotropic medications to treat aggression in these patients. The respondents reported a similar effect for patients with ADHD/ASD compared with those with ADHD only in treating aggression.

Conclusion

Japanese psychiatrists tended to prescribe psychotropic medication for aggression in pediatric and adolescent patients with ASD/ADHD. Future studies examining aggression in pediatric and adolescent patients with ASD/ADHD should aim to accumulate evidence for the use of psychotropic medications, which could help clinicians make better decisions.
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of a Tinea Capitis Outbreak Among Novice Buddhist Monks
Authors: Bunyaratavej Sumanas , Leeyaphan Charussri , Rujitharanawong Chuda , Muanprasat Chanai , Matthapan Lalita
Published: March 2017

Sixty novice Buddhist monks with tinea capitis confirmed according to clinical presentation and mycological laboratory finding were included in this study. Mixed‐type clinical presentation was observed in approximately half of all cases, together with scarring alopecia (95%) and superficial fungal skin infection at locations other than the scalp (43.3%). The major isolated organism was Trichophyton violaceum, and mixed‐organism infection was found in 27 cases (45%). Slow‐onset presentation and an extensive area of infection were significantly associated with mixed‐type clinical presentation.
Infantile fibrosarcoma treated with postoperative vincristine and dactinomycin
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroki , Yoshimoto Yuri , Hosoya Yosuke , Hasegawa Daisuke , Kawano Takafumi , Sakoda Akiko , Okita Hajime , Manabe Atsushi
Published: March 2017

Infantile fibrosarcoma is a non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft‐tissue sarcoma that occurs in infancy and which has a relatively good prognosis. A vincristine and dactinomycin (VA) regimen has been shown to be effective, although the duration of chemotherapy has not been well defined. We describe the case of a 4‐month‐old boy with a mass at the left dorsum of the foot who was diagnosed with infantile fibrosarcoma after resection of the tumor, the margin of which was macroscopically positive. VA treatment was carried out with careful monitoring of response and adverse effects. Pancytopenia was seen during the second cycle, and therapy was reduced thereafter. The treatment was continued for 38 weeks (12 cycles). There was no functional impairment, and no evidence of recurrence at 18 months after therapy.
Pirfenidone and nintedanib for pulmonary fibrosis in clinical practice: Tolerability and adverse drug reactions
Authors: Galli Jonathan A. , Pandya Aloknath , Vega‐Olivo Michelle , Dass Chandra , Zhao Huaqing , Criner Gerard J.
Published: March 2017

Background and objective

The real‐world tolerability of pirfenidone and nintedanib in non‐clinical trial patients is unknown. Many patients with pulmonary fibrosis have significant medical co‐morbidities or baseline characteristics that exclude them from clinical trial participation.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review study on subjects prescribed nintedanib or pirfenidone for pulmonary fibrosis treatment (any aetiology) from September 2014 to February 2016. A total of 186 subjects were included: 129 received pirfenidone and 57 were prescribed nintedanib and followed up for mean observation periods of 52 ± 17 weeks for pirfenidone and 41 ± 15 weeks for nintedanib. The primary outcome was drug discontinuation as a result of an adverse event.

Results

Subjects had significant respiratory impairment at baseline, 63% required home oxygen therapy and mean diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) was 36 ± 14% predicted. Drug discontinuation as a result of an adverse event occurred in 20.9% of subjects on pirfenidone and 26.3% on nintedanib. Drug discontinuation rates for both pirfenidone and nintedanib did not significantly differ from corresponding large clinical trials (ASCEND/CAPACITY and INPULSIS 1 and 2, respectively). Adverse events that occurred with highest frequency on pirfenidone were nausea (26.4%), rash/photosensitivity (14.7%) and dyspepsia/gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (12.4%). Diarrhoea (52.6%) and nausea (29.8%) were reported most often with nintedanib therapy.

Conclusion

Patients with pulmonary fibrosis treated with nintedanib or pirfenidone in routine clinical practice had drug tolerability and adverse event profiles comparable with subjects enrolled in clinical trials despite having a greater degree of respiratory impairment and a high prevalence of co‐morbid medical conditions.
Idiom Variation: Experimental Data and a Blueprint of a Computational Model
Authors: Geeraert Kristina , Newman John , Baayen R. Harald
Published: March 2017

Corpus surveys have shown that the exact forms with which idioms are realized are subject to variation. We report a rating experiment showing that such alternative realizations have varying degrees of acceptability. Idiom variation challenges processing theories associating idioms with fixed multi‐word form units (Bobrow & Bell, 1973), fixed configurations of words (Cacciari & Tabossi, 1988), or fixed superlemmas (Sprenger, Levelt, & Kempen, 2006), as they do not explain how it can be that speakers produce variant forms that listeners can still make sense of. A computational model simulating comprehension with naive discriminative learning is introduced that provides an explanation for the different degrees of acceptability of several idiom variant types. Implications for multi‐word units in general are discussed.
Examining the Effectiveness of Direct Instruction on the Acquisition of Social Skills of Mentally Retarded Students in Regular Classroom Settings
Authors: Özokcu Osman , Akçamete Gönül , Özyürek Mehmet
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study is to reveal whether or not the social skills teaching program based on the direct instruction approach is effective on the ability of mentally retarded students in regular classroom settings to gain social skills such as apologizing, asking for help and finishing a task on time, and to generalize these abilities. This study used the model of multiple-probe design between subjects which takes place in the research methods of single-subject design. The researchers carried out this study with one 12-year-old male student and two female students, ages 12 and 11. To collect study data, this study used the teacher interview form, the social skills checklist, criterion-referenced measurement tools and data record tables. Graphical analyses were used to analyze data. To use target social skills (skills of apologizing, asking for help and finishing a task on time) in education, instructional plans that included acting as a model, guided practice and independent practice steps, which are the basic stages of the direct instruction approach, were prepared. In the social skills program, teaching sessions were held separately and conducted 3 days per week. At the end of the teaching sessions, generalization sessions took place. After this study, it was seen that the social skills teaching program based on the direct instruction approach was effective on the ability of three mentally retarded students to gain the target social skills and to generalize these abilities.
Are Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard and Tetranychus malaysiensis Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae) one species? Morphological and molecular evidences for synonymy between these two spider mite species and a note on invasiveness of T. macfarlanei on okra and eggplant in India
Authors: Zeity Mahran , Srinivas Nagappa , Gowda Chinnamade Channegowde
Published: March 2017

Study of morphological characters of Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard and Tetranychus malaysiensis Ehara revealed high similarity by comparing all the important characters in addition to the characters pointed out by Ehara to separate those two species. Molecular phylogeny of seven Indian populations of T. macfarlanei and one population of T. malaysiensis from Philippines along with few distantly related species of Tetranychus was attempted. High degree of similarity between these two species at mitochondrial COI gene (96%) as well as ITS2 (rDNA) (96–99%) region was evident. Based on both morphological features and molecular data, T. malaysiensis is proposed as a junior synonym of T. macfarlanei based on ICZN’s law of priority. Also more female characters are prompted in this study to distinctly discriminate T. macfarlanei from its most resembling species, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher. Tetranychus macfarlanei has emerged as a pest of several cultivated crop plants in India.
The Ewald sphere construction for radiation, scattering, and diffraction
Authors: Loh Yen Lee
Published: March 2017

In most electrodynamics textbooks, the directional gain of an antenna is calculated using analytical integration, and the resulting expression is plotted as an afterthought. From a student's perspective, the analysis may be difficult, mysterious, or unrevealing. In this paper, we show that the Ewald sphere construction, a powerful tool for predicting crystallographic diffraction patterns, can also be used to help students gain direct geometrical insight into antenna radiation patterns. The radiation pattern from a sinusoidally varying current distribution can be obtained intuitively by sketching the reciprocal-space current density and examining how it behaves on an “Ewald” sphere centered at the origin. Furthermore, the nodes of the radiation pattern can be determined quantitatively by locating the intersections of the Ewald sphere with the nodes of the reciprocal-space current density. We illustrate this procedure with several examples, in the context of quantum mechanics, acoustics (sound), and electrodynamics (light). We provide an alternative formulation using the reciprocal-space polarization and magnetization, which treats loop antennas and coil antennas as easily as linear antennas. We make the connection to the original Ewald construction for scattering. We also show how the Ewald construction applies to diffraction through a planar aperture, within the Kirchhoff approximation.
Estimating transmission loss in coupled reverberant-anechoic rooms by measuring sound intensity with and without a test specimen
Authors: Robin Olivier , Atalla Noureddine , Berry Alain
Published: March 2017

A method for estimating the sound transmission loss of partitions in coupled reverberant-anechoic rooms is proposed, using two sound intensity measurements made before and after a test specimen is installed between the two rooms. Laboratory tests performed following a standard procedure and the suggested method with three different panels provide comparable transmission loss values.
Spatio-temporal variation in click production rates of beaked whales: Implications for passive acoustic density estimation
Authors: Warren Victoria E. , Marques Tiago A. , Harris Danielle , Thomas Len , Tyack Peter L. , Aguilar de Soto Natacha , Hickmott Leigh S. , Johnson Mark P.
Published: March 2017

Passive acoustic monitoring has become an increasingly prevalent tool for estimating density of marine mammals, such as beaked whales, which vocalize often but are difficult to survey visually. Counts of acoustic cues (e.g., vocalizations), when corrected for detection probability, can be translated into animal density estimates by applying an individual cue production rate multiplier. It is essential to understand variation in these rates to avoid biased estimates. The most direct way to measure cue production rate is with animal-mounted acoustic recorders. This study utilized data from sound recording tags deployed on Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris, 19 deployments) and Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris, 16 deployments) beaked whales, in two locations per species, to explore spatial and temporal variation in click production rates. No spatial or temporal variation was detected within the average click production rate of Blainville's beaked whales when calculated over dive cycles (including silent periods between dives); however, spatial variation was detected when averaged only over vocal periods. Cuvier's beaked whales exhibited significant spatial and temporal variation in click production rates within vocal periods and when silent periods were included. This evidence of variation emphasizes the need to utilize appropriate cue production rates when estimating density from passive acoustic data.
Papers of note in
Nature
543
(7645)
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: March 2017

This week’s articles highlight a function for disordered protein domains, how fish sense electric fields, the subcellular localization of nutrient sensing, metabolism in intestinal stem cells, the bone as an endocrine organ, signaling pathways that are dysregulated in cervical cancer, and a drug that stimulates the recruitment of antitumor macrophages.
Efficacy of Telavancin Alone and in Combination with Ampicillin in a Rat Model of Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis
Authors: Tran Truc T. , Tam Vincent H. , Murray Barbara E. , Arias Cesar A. , Singh Kavindra V.
Published: March 2017

We first assessed telavancin (TLV) pharmacokinetics in rats after a single subcutaneous dose of 35 mg/kg of body weight. The pharmacokinetic data were used to predict a TLV dose that simulates human exposure, and the efficacy of TLV was then evaluated using a TLV dose of 21 mg/kg every 12 h against
Enterococcus faecalis
OG1RF (TLV MIC of 0.06 μg/ml) in a rat endocarditis model with an indwelling catheter. Therapy was given for 3 days with TLV, daptomycin (DAP), or ampicillin (AMP) monotherapy and with combinations of TLV plus AMP, AMP plus gentamicin (GEN), and AMP plus ceftriaxone (CRO); rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last dose. Antibiotics were given to simulate clinically relevant concentrations or as used in other studies. TLV treatment resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial burden (CFU per gram) in vegetations from 6.0 log
10
at time 0 to 3.1 log
10
after 3 days of therapy. Bacterial burdens in vegetations were also significantly lower in the TLV-treated rats than in the AMP (
P
= 0.0009)- and AMP-plus-GEN (
P
= 0.035)-treated rats but were not significantly different from that of the AMP-plus-CRO-treated rats. Bacterial burdens from vegetations in TLV monotherapy and TLV-plus-AMP-and-DAP groups were similar to each other (
P
≥ 0.05). Our data suggest that further study of TLV as a therapeutic alternative for deep-seated infections caused by vancomycin-susceptible
E. faecalis
is warranted.
Early Immune Regulatory Changes in a Primary Controlled Human Plasmodium vivax Infection: CD1c
+
Myeloid Dendritic Cell Maturation Arrest, Induction of the Kynurenine Pathway, and Regulatory T Cell Activation
Authors: Woodberry Tonia , Loughland Jessica R. , Minigo Gabriela , Burel Julie G. , Amante Fiona H. , Piera Kim A. , McNeil Yvette , Yeo Tsin W. , Good Michael F. , Doolan Denise L. , Engwerda Christian R. , McCarthy James S. , Anstey Nicholas M.
Published: March 2017

Plasmodium vivax
malaria remains a major public health problem. The requirements for acquisition of protective immunity to the species are not clear. Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for immune cell priming but also perform immune regulatory functions, along with regulatory T cells (Treg). An important function of DC involves activation of the kynurenine pathway via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Using a controlled human experimental infection study with blood-stage
P. vivax
, we characterized plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and myeloid DC (mDC) subset maturation, CD4
+
CD25
+
CD127
lo
Treg activation, and IDO activity. Blood samples were collected from six healthy adults preinoculation, at peak parasitemia (day 14; ∼31,400 parasites/ml), and 24 and 48 h after antimalarial treatment. CD1c
+
and CD141
+
mDC and pDC numbers markedly declined at peak parasitemia, while CD16
+
mDC numbers appeared less affected. HLA-DR expression was selectively reduced on CD1c
+
mDC, increased on CD16
+
mDC, and was unaltered on pDC. Plasma IFN-γ increased significantly and was correlated with an increased kynurenine/tryptophan (KT) ratio, a measure of IDO activity. At peak parasitemia, Treg presented an activated CD4
+
CD25
+
CD127
lo
CD45RA
−
phenotype and upregulated TNFR2 expression. In a mixed-effects model, the KT ratio was positively associated with an increase in activated Treg. Our data demonstrate that a primary
P. vivax
infection exerts immune modulatory effects by impairing HLA-DR expression on CD1c
+
mDC while activating CD16
+
mDC. Induction of the kynurenine pathway and increased Treg activation, together with skewed mDC maturation, suggest
P. vivax
promotes an immunosuppressive environment, likely impairing the development of a protective host immune response.
Genetic Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis Sequence Type 7 Serogroup X Originating from Serogroup A
Authors: Zhu Bingqing , Yao Pingping , Zhang Leyi , Gao Yuan , Xu Li , Xie Na , Shao Zhujun
Published: March 2017

Neisseria meningitidis
causes meningococcal disease, often resulting in fulminant meningitis, sepsis, and death. Vaccination programs have been developed to prevent infection of this pathogen, but serogroup replacement is a problem. Capsular switching has been an important survival mechanism for
N. meningitidis
, allowing the organism to evolve in the present vaccine era. However, related mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Genetic analysis of capsular switching between diverse serogroups would help further our understanding of this pathogen. In this study, we analyzed the genetic characteristics of the sequence type 7 (ST-7) serogroup X strain that was predicted to arise from ST-7 serogroup A at the genomic level. By comparing the genomic structures and sequences, ST-7 serogroup X was closest to ST-7 serogroup A, whereas eight probable recombination regions, including the capsular gene locus, were identified. This indicated that serogroup X originated from serogroup A by recombination leading to capsular switching. The recombination involved approximately 8,540 bp from the end of the
ctrC
gene to the middle of the
galE
gene. There were more recombination regions and strain-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in serogroup X than in serogroup A genomes. However, no specific gene was found for each serogroup except those in the capsule gene locus.
RNA-Mediated
cis
Regulation in Acinetobacter baumannii Modulates Stress-Induced Phenotypic Variation
Authors: Ching Carly , Gozzi Kevin , Heinemann Björn , Chai Yunrong , Godoy Veronica G.
Published: March 2017

In the nosocomial opportunistic pathogen
Acinetobacter baumannii
, RecA-dependent mutagenesis, which causes antibiotic resistance acquisition, is linked to the DNA damage response (DDR). Notably, unlike the
Escherichia coli
paradigm,
recA
and DDR gene expression in
A. baumannii
is bimodal. Namely, there is phenotypic variation upon DNA damage, which may provide a bet-hedging strategy for survival. Thus, understanding
recA
gene regulation is key to elucidate the yet unknown DDR regulation in
A. baumannii
. Here, we identify a structured 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in the
recA
transcript which serves as a
cis
-regulatory element. We show that a predicted stem-loop structure in this 5′ UTR affects mRNA half-life and underlies bimodal gene expression and thus phenotypic variation in response to ciprofloxacin treatment. We furthermore show that the stem-loop structure of the
recA
5′ UTR influences intracellular RecA protein levels and,
in vivo
, impairing the formation of the stem-loop structure of the
recA
5′ UTR lowers cell survival of UV treatment and decreases rifampin resistance acquisition from DNA damage-induced mutagenesis. We hypothesize that the 5′ UTR allows for stable
recA
transcripts during stress, including antibiotic treatment, enabling cells to maintain suitable RecA levels for survival. This innovative strategy to regulate the DDR in
A. baumannii
may contribute to its success as a pathogen.

IMPORTANCE
Acinetobacter baumannii
is an opportunistic pathogen quickly gaining antibiotic resistances. Mutagenesis and antibiotic resistance acquisition are linked to the DNA damage response (DDR). However, how the DDR is regulated in
A. baumannii
remains unknown, since unlike most bacteria,
A. baumannii
does not follow the regulation of the
Escherichia coli
paradigm. In this study, we have started to uncover the mechanisms regulating the novel
A. baumannii
DDR. We have found that a
cis
-acting 5′ UTR regulates
recA
transcript stability, RecA protein levels, and DNA damage-induced phenotypic variation. Though 5′ UTRs are known to provide stability to transcripts in bacteria, this is the first example in which it regulates a bimodal DDR response through
recA
transcript stabilization, potentially enabling cells to have enough RecA for survival and genetic variability.
What is the effect of health coaching on physical activity participation in people aged 60 years and over? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Oliveira Juliana S , Sherrington Catherine , Amorim Anita B , Dario Amabile B , Tiedemann Anne
Published: March 2017

Background

Physical inactivity is common in older age, yet increased activity benefits older people in terms of preventing chronic disease and maximising independence. Health coaching is a behaviour change intervention that has been shown to increase physical activity in clinical populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of health coaching on physical activity, mobility, quality of life and mood in older people.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and CINAHL databases were used to identify randomised controlled trials which evaluated the effect of health coaching on physical activity (primary outcome) among people aged 60+. Secondary outcomes were mobility, quality of life and mood. We calculated standardised mean differences (SMDs, Hedges’ g) with 95% CIs from random effects meta-analyses.

Results

27 eligible trials were included. Health coaching had a small, statistically significant effect on physical activity (27 studies; SMD = 0.27; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.37; p<0.001). There was no evidence of an effect of health coaching on mobility (eight studies; SMD = 0.10; 95% CI −0.03 to 0.23; p=0.13), quality of life (eight studies; SMD = 0.07; 95% CI −0.06 to 0.20; p<0.05) or mood (five studies; SMD = 0.02; 95% CI −0.12 to 0.16; p=0.83).

Conclusions

Health coaching significantly increased physical activity in people aged 60+. There was no evidence of an effect of health coaching on quality of life, mobility and mood, so different approaches may be required to impact on these outcomes.
Mechanistic insights into the Ag(I)-catalyzed aryl migration
Authors: Zhang Xiang
Published: March 2017

Theoretical investigation has been conducted into the mechanism for the Ag(I)/PhI(OTFA)2-catalyzed 1,4-radical aryl migration from carbon center to nitrogen center in sulfonamides by using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations show that 11 elementary reactions compose the whole catalytic reaction, which includes the deprotonation, the oxidation of Ag(I) intermediate to Ag(II) intermediate, the formation of nitrogen radical, the 1,4-radical aryl migration, the oxidation of benzyl radical to benzyl cation, etc. The difference between sulfonamides and other amides in the deprotonation process accounts for the experimental phenomenon that only the sulfonamides perform the deprotonation and subsequent 1,4-radical aryl migrations. Moreover, migrations of this kind proceed via a five-membered spirocyclic radical intermediate and favor the electron-rich phenyl group.
Great Plains polygonal fault system as expressed in Saskatchewan: Late Cretaceous fault initiation and graben formation
Authors: St-Onge Andy
Published: March 2017

An extensive polygonal fault system (PFS) has been recognized in fine-grained Late Cretaceous sediments of the Western Interior Seaway of North America. Polygonal fault systems are pervasive organizations of nontectonic faults with fault traces that coalesce to form distinctive polygonal fault patterns. Interpretation of a three-dimensional seismic dataset from southeast Saskatchewan provides insight into fault initiation, timing, and geometry for the Great Plains PFS (GPPFS). Faulting initiates in the Niobrara Formation, with the largest fault throws occurring over Early Cretaceous Viking Formation sandstone accumulations, suggesting that drape compaction over the channel sand initiated some of the faulting. Above this, faulting increases in vertical offset, and the predominant fault strike angles change in the Lea Park, Belly River, and Bearpaw formations (all homotaxial to the Pierre Shale) throughout Campanian time. By late Bearpaw time, the initially almost random fault strike orientations change to well-defined northwest–southeast- and west–east-striking grabens. These grabens have up to 20 m of throw and can be 125 m wide and 900 m long at ∼400 m current depth. Predominant graben faults are the continuation of some of the deeper PFS faults. Moreover, the grabens are present over a Campanian clinoform bed and may be interpreted to indicate Bearpaw time extension tectonics that is local or regional in scale. The PFS helps to explain near-surface faulting observed in Late Cretaceous sediments in the Western Interior Seaway and could be used as a model to help explain Late Cretaceous geology, subsurface groundwater flow, and shallow natural gas reservoir continuity.
A review of the current state of antimicrobial susceptibility test methods forBrachyspira
Authors: Kulathunga D.G.R.S. , Rubin J.E.
Published: March 2017

The re-emergence of swine dysentery (Brachyspira-associated muco-haemorrhagic colitis) since the late 2000s has illuminated diagnostic challenges associated with this genus. The methods used to detect, identify, and characterize Brachyspira from clinical samples have not been standardized, and laboratories frequently rely heavily on in-house techniques. Particularly concerning is the lack of standardized methods for determining and interpreting the antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira spp. The integration of laboratory data into a treatment plan is a critical component of prudent antimicrobial usage. Therefore, the lack of standardized methods is an important limitation to the evidence-based use of antimicrobials. This review will focus on describing the methodological limitations and inconsistencies between current susceptibility testing schemes employed for Brachyspira, provide an overview of what we do know about the susceptibility of these organisms, and suggest future directions to improve and standardize diagnostic strategies.
Evidence for seamount accretion to a peri-Laurentian arc during closure of Iapetus 1This article is one of a series of papers published in CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology.2 Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100465.
Authors: Zagorevski A. , McNicoll V.
Published: March 2017

The Red Indian Line is the fundamental Iapetus suture zone in the Newfoundland Appalchians along which the main tract of the Iapetus Ocean was consumed. Despite being the site of the closure of a wide ocean, few vestiges of the Iapetus plate have been accreted along Red Indian Line. Ordovician rocks in the Notre Dame Bay area preserve the only evidence for accretion of a seamount in Newfoundland. The seamount is characterized by alkali basalt and hypabyssal rocks that are juxtaposed with Darriwilian peri-Laurentian volcanic arc rocks (466 ± 4 and 467 ± 4 Ma) along a major mylonite zone. The mylonite zone lacks sedimentary rocks suggesting that the seamount was accreted to the arc along a sediment-starved interface and that significant subduction erosion took place along the Laurentian margin. Identification of subduction erosion indicates that an accretionary prism did not exist outboard of Laurentia in Newfoundland, in contrast to the well developed accretionary prisms of the Caledonides.
U–Pb ages, geochemistry, and tectonomagmatic history of the Cambro-Ordovician Annidale Group: a remnant of the Penobscot arc system in southern New Brunswick?1This article is one of a series of papers published in this CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology.
Authors: Johnson Susan C. , Fyffe Leslie R. , McLeod Malcolm J. , Dunning Gregory R.
Published: March 2017

The Penobscot arc system of the northeastern Appalachians is an Early Cambrian to early Tremadocian (ca. 514–485 Ma) ensialic to ensimatic arc–back-arc complex that developed along the margin of the peri-Gondwanan microcontinent Ganderia. Remnants of this Paleozoic arc system are best preserved in the Exploits Subzone of central Newfoundland. Correlative rocks in southern New Brunswick are thought to occur in the ca. 514 Ma Mosquito Lake Road Formation of the Ellsworth Group and ca. 497–493 Ma Annidale Group; however in the past, the work that has been conducted on the latter has been of a preliminary nature. New data bearing on the age and tectonic setting of the Annidale Group provides more conclusive evidence for this correlation. The Annidale Group contains subalkaline, tholeiitic to transitional, basalts to basaltic andesites, picritic tuffs and calc-alkaline to tholeiitic felsic dome complexes that have geochemical signatures consistent with suprasubduction zone magmatism that was likely generated in a back-arc basin. New U–Pb ages establish that the Late Cambrian to Early Tremadocian Annidale Group and adjacent ca. 541 Ma volcanic rocks of the Belleisle Bay Group in the New River belt were affected by a period of younger magmatism ranging in age from ca. 479–467 Ma. This provides important constraints on the timing of tectonism in the area. A ca. 479 Ma age for the Stewarton Gabbro that stitches the faulted contact between the Annidale and Belleisle Bay groups, demonstrates that structural interleaving and juxtaposition occurred during early Tremadocian time, which closely coincides with the timing of obduction of Penobscottian back-arc ophiolites onto the Ganderian margin in Newfoundland.
Vein assemblages and fluid evolution in 18O-depleted Neoproterozoic igneous rocks of the Mira terrane, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia1This article is one of a series of papers published in CJES Special Issue: In honour of Ward Neale on the theme of Appalachian and Grenvillian geology.2Laboratory for Stable Isotope Science (LSIS) Contribution 251.
Authors: Potter Joanna , Longstaffe Frederick J. , Barr Sandra M.
Published: March 2017

Fluids responsible for regional 18O-depletion of Neoproterozoic igneous rocks in Avalonia are investigated here through a petrographic, microthermometric, and stable isotopic examination of fluid inclusions and minerals from the abundant vein networks of the Mira terrane, Cape Breton Island. Six categories of vein assemblages — from oldest to youngest — are present: (i) quartz–albite, (ii) quartz–epidote, (iii) quartz, (iv) quartz–chlorite–calcite, (v) quartz–calcite, and (vi) calcite. Vein system temperatures were initially as high as ∼300 °C and gradually decreased to ∼200 °C. Moderate salinities (<8 equivalent wt.% NaCl) characterize entrapped fluids in the early quartz–albite veins but decrease in later quartz–epidote and quartz–calcite veins to <1 equiv. wt.% NaCl. The limited range of fluid δ18O values (–1.9‰ to +1.4‰) calculated for most of the vein assemblages is suggestive of a seawater-dominated system, as are the δDH2O values (–12‰ to –3‰) obtained for epidote. Decreasing fluid salinities, however, suggest that meteoric water became dominant during later stages of vein formation. The carbon isotopic compositions of trace CO2 and CH4 from the fluid inclusions (δ13CCO2 = –22‰ to –4‰; δ13CCH4 = –52‰ to –37‰) are indicative of externally derived (i.e., non-magmatic) fluids of organic origin.
Study of quadrature FIR filters for extraction of low-frequency instantaneous information in biophysical signals
Authors: Arce-Guevara Valdemar E. , Alba-Cadena Alfonso , Mendez Martín O.
Published: March 2017

Quadrature bandpass filters take a real-valued signal and output an analytic signal from which the instantaneous amplitude and phase can be computed. For this reason, they represent a useful tool to extract time-varying, narrow-band information from electrophysiological signals such as electroencephalogram (EEG) or electrocardiogram. One of the defining characteristics of quadrature filters is its null response to negative frequencies. However, when the frequency band of interest is close to 0 Hz, a careless filter design could let through negative frequencies, producing distortions in the amplitude and phase of the output. In this work, three types of quadrature filters (Ideal, Gabor and Sinusoidal) have been evaluated using both artificial and real EEG signals. For the artificial signals, the performance of each filter was measured in terms of the distortion in amplitude and phase, and sensitivity to noise and bandwidth selection. For the real EEG signals, a qualitative evaluation of the dynamics of the synchronization between two EEG channels was performed. The results suggest that, while all filters under study behave similarly under noise, they differ in terms of their sensitivity to bandwidth choice. In this study, the Sinusoidal filter showed clear advantages for the estimation of low-frequency EEG synchronization.
Stability, Bifurcation and Chaos of a Traveling Viscoelastic Beam Tuned to 3:1 Internal Resonance and Subjected to Parametric Excitation
Authors: Sahoo Bamadev , Panda L. N. , Pohit G.
Published: March 2017

Analytical-numerical approach has been adopted to investigate the stability, bifurcation and dynamic behavior (including chaotic behavior) of axially moving viscoelastic beam subjected to parametric excitation resulting from speed variation in the presence of 3:1 internal resonance between the first two modes of vibration. The governing equation of transverse vibration is a nonlinear integro-partial-differential equation with time-dependent coefficients. The direct method of multiple scales is employed to analyze the joint influence of the combination of parametric resonance and internal resonance with the focus on steady state responses. Equilibrium solutions along with their stability and bifurcations are determined by continuation algorithm while direct time integration is used for dynamic behavior for various system parameters. The results are compared with the previous works depicting the principal parametric resonances of the first and second modes. Significant comparative analysis results are reported in the stability and bifurcation of frequency response analysis. The dynamic responses show a range of behavior viz. stable periodic, mixed mode, quasiperiodic and unstable chaotic motion of the system. Numerical results illustrate various typical and interesting nonlinear phenomena of the traveling system which are not found in the existent literature.
Stripe and Spot Patterns for General Gierer–Meinhardt Model with Common Sources
Authors: Li You , Wang Jinliang , Hou Xiaojie
Published: March 2017

This paper focuses on the Turing patterns in the general Gierer–Meinhardt model of morphogenesis. The stability analysis of the equilibrium for the associated ODE system is carried out and the stability conditions are obtained. Furthermore, we perform a detailed Hopf bifurcation analysis for this system. The results show that the equilibrium undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation in certain parameter range and the bifurcated limit cycle is stable. With added diffusions, we then show that both the stable equilibrium and the Hopf periodic solution experience Turing instability with unequal spatial diffusions and obtain the instability conditions. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the theoretical analysis, which show that the Turing patterns are of either spot or stripe type.
Axiomatization of if-then-else over possibly non-halting programs and tests
Authors: Panicker Gayatri , Krishna K. V. , Bhaduri Purandar
Published: March 2017

In order to study the axiomatization of the if-then-else construct over possibly non-halting programs and tests, this paper introduces the notion of [Formula: see text]-sets by considering the tests from an abstract [Formula: see text]-algebra. When the [Formula: see text]-algebra is an ada, the axiomatization is shown to be complete by obtaining a subdirect representation of [Formula: see text]-sets. Further, this paper considers the equality test with the if-then-else construct and gives a complete axiomatization through the notion of agreeable [Formula: see text]-sets.
From local to global conjugacy of subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups
Authors: Bogopolski Oleg , Bux Kai-Uwe
Published: March 2017

Suppose that a finitely generated group [Formula: see text] is hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be subgroups of [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is relatively quasiconvex with respect to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is not parabolic. Suppose that [Formula: see text] is elementwise conjugate into [Formula: see text]. Then there exists a finite index subgroup of [Formula: see text] which is conjugate into [Formula: see text]. The minimal length of the conjugator can be estimated. In the case, where [Formula: see text] is a limit group, it is sufficient to assume only that [Formula: see text] is a finitely generated and [Formula: see text] is an arbitrary subgroup of [Formula: see text].
INFLUENCE OF PRETREATMENT ON DIAMOND-COATED TOOL NUCLEATION AND MACHINING PERFORMANCE
Authors: XU YINCHAO , CHEN KANGHUA , WANG SHEQUAN , CHEN SONGYI , CHEN XIANGMING
Published: March 2017

The CVD diamond film with favorable adhesion and relatively thinner thickness is essential facing for its application on drills for machining carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), with regard to either the tool lifetime or the machining quality. A 500-nm-thick CrN layer was deposited by the cathode arc technique on slight chemical etched WC–Co 6[Formula: see text]wt.% drill, and nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) is subsequently deposited by the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) technique. The same NCD film is also deposited on the drills pretreated only by the slight chemical etching or the CrN interlayer, which are adopted as comparisons in the present study. The nucleation and growth of diamond film and the cutting performance of the coated drills are systematically studied. The results show that the drill pretreated by the slight chemical etching and CrN interlayer can acquire highest nucleation density (ND) compared to the other pretreatment methods as it sufficiently prevents the Co diffusion. The diamond-coated drill with deep chemical etching was used for comparison to study the machining quality when drilling CFRP. During machining the CFRP, the failure mode of the diamond-coated drill is mainly the delamination and peeling off of the diamond film at areas with stress concentration, while the diamond-coated drill pretreated by slight chemical etching [Formula: see text] CrN interlayer can retard such failure. The exit hole quality of CRFP machined by drill pretreated with slight chemical etching [Formula: see text] CrN interlayer is better than that by drill pretreated with deep chemical etching, which is ascribed to the different cutting edges of the drills.
Effects of Temperature Variation on Vibration of a Cable-Stayed Beam
Authors: Zhao Yaobing , Wang Zhiqian , Zhang Xiaoyu , Chen Lincong
Published: March 2017

This paper is concerned with the temperature effect on the vibration of a cable-stayed beam. The thermal effect is considered by using two non-dimensional factors for the cable tension force and sag. The nonlinear in-plane and out-of-plane vibration equations of motion of the cable-stayed beam with thermal effect are derived by using the extended Hamilton’s principle. Eigenvalue analysis is performed to obtain closed-form eigenvalue solutions. It is shown that the effect of temperature variation plays a dominant role on the vibration behavior of the cable-stayed beam, and the effect is closely related with the initial tension force and the stiffness ratio. As to the in-plane motion, both positive and negative correlations between the temperature variations and natural frequencies are found, which depend on the mode order and the stiffness ratio of the cable-stayed beam. However, as to the out-of-plane motion, there only exist negative correlations between the temperature variation and natural frequencies, and the effect of temperature dropping condition seems more obvious. Moreover, both for the in-plane and out-of-plane motions, the locations of veering points between two natural frequencies are shifted under the thermal effect, which can significantly affect the internal resonance between different modes of the cable-stayed beam.
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEADERSHIP, WORK ENGAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEE INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE INDIAN R&D CONTEXT
Authors: GUPTA VISHAL , SINGH SHAILENDRA , BHATTACHARYA ABHIJIT
Published: March 2017

Integrating the behavioural theory of leadership with job demands–resources theory of engagement, the present study examines the process through which leadership impact R&D professionals’ innovative work behaviours and innovative performance (measured through peer-reviewed journal papers, patents, PhDs guided and keynote addresses delivered). Data from 467 scientists working in India’s largest civilian R&D organisation were collected and analysed using structural equation modelling. The study found that work engagement was positively related to innovative work behaviours as well as innovative performance. Leader behaviours had significant indirect effects on innovative work behaviours as well as innovative performance via work engagement. While the total effect of leadership on innovative work behaviours, the total effect was non-significant for innovative performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Modeling the antigen recognition by B-cell and T-cell receptors through thermostatted kinetic theory methods
Authors: Bianca Carlo , Brézin Louis
Published: March 2017

The activation and the resulting response of the immune system to antigens comprise different complex processes and cells. This paper aims at modeling the processes of recognition and learning of the immune system by means of the thermostatted kinetic theory methods. Specifically, the thermostatted kinetic framework is firstly generalized for taking into account that in some processes of proliferation of the cells, the rate is also function of the degree of information exchanged amongst cells. In particular, within the new framework, a mathematical model is proposed for miming the recognition process of the immune system through the definition of interactions between the cytotoxic and humoral components of the adaptive immune system via T- and B-cells. The model validation is obtained by performing a sensitivity analysis on the parameters which depicts the main emerging phenomena and the different phases of the recognition and learning of the immune system.