bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple drug resistance patterns and plasmid profiles of non-typhi
salmonellae in Turkey
Authors: YILDIRMAK T. , YAZGAN A. , OZCENGIZ G.
Published: July 2002

A total of 259 clinical isolates of nonrepetitive non-typhi
salmonellae (NTS) were examined for
antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid content. The antibiotics used
were
amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AM), aztreonam
(ATM), carbenicillin (CB), cefixime
(CFM), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftriaxone
(CRO),
chloramphenicol (C), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GM), imipenem (IPM),
ofloxacin (OFX),
tetracycline (TE), trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole (SXT). Multi-drug resistant
(MDR) strains
comprised 19·3% of the total isolates (50/259) and almost all
were
S. typhimurium (49/50).
Fifteen different patterns of resistance was observed, AM/CB/C/AMC/TE
and
AM/CB/C/AMC/SXT/GM/CTX/CRO/CAZ/CFM/ATM

being the most frequent patterns.
Twenty-eight out of 50 multiresistant isolates were found to contain at
least one plasmid (mean
five) and the size of the plasmids ranged between 1·7 and 158 kb.
Plasmid profiles of
multi-resistant NTS strains were heterogenous as 21 different
profiles were detected in a total of 28
plasmid-bearing isolates. No direct correlation was established between
antibiotic resistance
patterns and plasmid profiles.
Absence of relationship between Schistosoma japonicum and

hepatitis B virus infection in the Dongting lake region, China
Authors: YE X.-P. , FU Y.-L. , ANDERSON R. M. , NOKES D. J.
Published: July 2002

In order to determine whether infection with
Schistosoma japonicum is related to a higher rate
of infection with hepatitis B virus and/or to a higher probability

of HBsAg chronic carriage, a
population based survey was carried out in China in which HBV markers were
studied in 112
subjects with long-lasting S. japonicum infection, and 93 subjects

with no S. japonicum infection
37·5% of the cases and 40·9% of controls showed no markers
of HBV infection. The
prevalence rate of HBsAg was 12·5% in the cases and
12·9% in the controls. For anti-HBc
and anti-HBs the figures were 59·8% and 59·8%, and
27·9% and 35·0%, respectively. These
data do not support the hypothesis of an interaction between infection
with hepatitis B virus
and S. japonicum.
Cross-sectional study on risk factors of HIV among female
commercial sex workers in Cambodia
Authors: OHSHIGE K. , MORIO S. , MIZUSHIMA S. , KITAMURA K. , TAJIMA K. , ITO A. , SUYAMA A. , USUKU S. , SAPHONN V. , HENG S. , HOR L. B. , TIA P. , SODA K.
Published: July 2002

To describe epidemiological features on HIV prevalence among female commercial sex workers
(CSWs), a cross-sectional study on sexual behaviour and serological prevalence was carried out
in Cambodia. The CSWs were interviewed on their demographic characters and behaviour and
their blood samples were taken for testing on sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV,
Chlamydia trachomatis, syphilis, and hepatitis B. Associations between risk factors and HIV
seropositivity were analysed. High seroprevalence of HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis IgG
antibody (CT-IgG-Ab) was shown among the CSWs (54 and 81·7%, respectively).
Univariate logistic regression analyses showed an association between HIV seropositivity and
age, duration of prostitution, the number of clients per day and CT-IgG-Ab. Especially, high-titre chlamydial seropositivity showed a strong significant association with HIV prevalence. In
multiple logistic regression analyses, CT-IgG-Ab with higher titre was significantly
independently related to HIV infection. These suggest that existence of Chlamydia trachomatis
is highly related to HIV prevalence.
PCR-based detection of chlamydial infection in swine and
subsequent PCR-coupled genotyping of chlamydial omp1-gene
amplicons by DNA-hybridization, RFLP-analysis, and
nucleotide sequence analysis
Authors: HOELZLE L. E. , STEINHAUSEN G. , WITTENBRINK M. M.
Published: July 2002

Lung and intestine of 49 pigs with respiratory diseases and endocervical swabs from 205 sows
with reproductive disorders were investigated for chlamydial infection by polymerase chain
reaction. PCR primers targeted DNA sequences on the chlamydial omp1 or omp2 genes. PCR
amplicons were generated from 49·0% of pigs with respiratory disease, from 60·0% of sows
with reproductive disorders, from 24·5% of respiratory healthy controls, but from no
endocervical swabs from fertile sows. By DNA hybridization, a high prevalence of mixed
infections with Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydia suis in the porcine lung and intestine was
found and confirmed by RFLP and nucleotide analysis. Of the omp1-PCR amplicons from
endocervical swabs 81·3% were identified as Chlamydophila abortus, indicating an association
of this chlamydial species with reproductive disorders in sows. Nucleotide sequence analysis of
omp1-amplicons identified as deriving from Chlamydia suis shared a maximum of 82·7%
homology with the reference strain S45.
Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): new information on this enigmatic South‐east Asian ox
Authors: Timm Robert M. , Brandt John H.
Published: July 2002

Two bovid frontlets with horns collected in 1929 and now housed in the collections of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum (KU) from Suoi Kiet, Binh Tuy Province, Vietnam, were previously identified as koupreys (Bos sauveli). We believe that they are specimens of the recently discovered bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis Peter & Feiler, 1994. The KU specimens are represented by the posterior half of the frontal bones, the parietals, the horn cores and horns, and the anteriormost supraoccipitals, and are the most complete, best documented, and oldest specimens known of this poorly known species. We believe that both an adult male and an adult female are represented. Although the specimens are fragmentary, they still provide significant information that allows us to describe some aspects of P. spiralis, and they are especially critical to our understanding of the relationships of this animal to other bovids. We propose the English name spiral‐horned ox, which reflects both its distinctively shaped horns and close relationship to other wild oxen. The Khmer name, Khting Vor, is also an appropriate common name. Previously overlooked references from the 1880s and 1950s document that the spiral‐horned ox was believed to have magical powers over poisonous snakes.
A comparison of five methods for assignment of sex in the takahe (Aves: Porphyrio mantelli)
Authors: Eason Daryl , Millar Graig D. , Cree Alison , Halverson Joy , Lambert David M.
Published: July 2002

The takahe (Porphyrio mantelli) is an endemic New Zealand avian species which was once thought to be extinct. Its rediscovery in 1948 heralded an intense species recovery programme, which is ongoing. Early in this programme, difficulties in the assignment of sex became apparent. Subsequently several approaches have been used in order to develop accurate methods to identify males and females in this species. We discuss the value of these approaches and report the results of our studies into DNA‐based, as well as morphometric and hormonal methods. We demonstrate that sex‐linked DNA sequence variation within both the chromo‐helicase‐DNA binding (CHD) and ATP synthase α‐subunit, (ATP5A1) genes allows the correct assignment of known‐sex adults. We also report the development of a discriminant function using body weight, bill depth, shield width, length from nares to bill‐tip, tarsus length, mid‐toe length and culmen length. This method had a maximum accuracy of 89+ on a sample of 37 known‐sex takahe, using culmen and tarsus lengths. In relation to hormonal methods of sexing takahe, plasma testosterone and oestradiol concentrations in adult and juvenile male and female takahe were measured in spring. The oestradiol/testosterone ratio discriminated between all 15 adults sampled within 38 min of capture. However, males experiencing increased capture stress had reduced testosterone levels and hence an uninformative oestradiol/testosterone ratio. Testosterone and oestradiol levels were generally undetectable in juvenile takahe less than 10 months old. Consequently, plasma sex steroid analyses in the breeding season are useful for the determination of sex in recently captured adults only.
Cultural influences on developmental processes and outcomes: Implications for the study of
development and psychopathology
Authors: COLL CYNTHIA GARCÍA , AKERMAN ANNA , CICCHETTI DANTE
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to trace the role of culture as an explanatory construct in
developmental processes and outcomes, and its implications in the understanding of
developmental psychopathology. Literature reviews were conducted by historical period:
1930–1939, 1960–1969, and 1990–1999. The percentage of the total
articles and chapters pertaining to cultural issues increased as a function of time. Both conceptual
and methodological continuities and discontinuities were observed among the three periods. The
preponderance of comparative studies using deficit models still remains, but more enlightened
alternative conceptual models, within culture studies, and measures of cultural processes, are
emerging. In contrast, although contextual influences are considered important in developmental
psychopathology, the field lags in its empirical consideration of cultural influences. The need to
seriously address these issues will increase as globalization and rapid cultural change become
even more the norm than the exception.
Multiple maltreatment experiences and adolescent behavior problems: Adolescents' perspectives
Authors: MCGEE ROBIN A. , WOLFE DAVID A. , WILSON SUSAN K.
Published: July 2002

By adolescence, appraisal of one's past life experience
becomes critical to the stage-salient issue of identity
formation. This study examined adolescents' perceptions of their
maltreatment experiences. It scrutinized the combined and unique
contribution of five maltreatment types (i.e., physical abuse, sexual
abuse, psychological abuse, neglect, and exposure to family violence)
to variance in adolescent adjustment. It was predicted that these
maltreatment types would account for significant variance in
adjustment when controlling for the context variables of age, sex,
socioeconomic status, IQ, and stressful life events. Adolescents
(N = 160, aged 11–17) were randomly selected from the
open caseload of a child protection agency. Participants completed
global severity ratings regarding their experiences of the five types
of maltreatment, as well as a battery of measures assessing self- and
caretaker-reported externalizing and internalizing symptomatology. The
youths' maltreatment ratings significantly predicted
self-reported adjustment, even when controlling for all context
variables. Psychological maltreatment was the most predictively potent
maltreatment type, and enhanced the predictive utility of other
maltreatment types. Significant sex differences in the sequelae of
perceived maltreatment were evident. Also, interactions between
youths' ratings and those obtained from CPS files were
detected. The findings were consistent with recent research in child
maltreatment, and contribute to our understanding of developmental
psychopathology among adolescents.
Theory of mind and emotion-recognition
functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children
Authors: BUITELAAR JAN K. , VAN DER WEES MARLEEN , SWAAB–BARNEVELD HANNA , VAN DER GAAG RUTGER JAN
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis was tested that weak theory of mind (ToM) and/or emotion
recognition (ER) abilities are specific to subjects with autism. Differences in ToM and ER
performance were examined between autistic (n = 20), pervasive developmental
disorder—not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (n = 20), psychiatric control
(n = 20), and normal children (n = 20). The clinical groups were matched
person-to-person on age and verbal IQ. We used tasks for the matching and the context
recognition of emotional expressions, and a set of first- and second-order ToM tasks. Autistic
and PDD-NOS children could not be significantly differentiated from each other, nor could they
be differentiated from the psychiatric controls with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 9). The
psychiatric controls with conduct disorder or dysthymia performed about as well as normal
children. The variance in second-order ToM performance contributed most to differences
between diagnostic groups.
A universal asymptotic algorithm for elastic thin shells
Authors: ASLANYAN A. G. , MOVCHAN A. B. , SELSIL Ö.
Published: July 2002

This work presents an asymptotic algorithm for the derivation of equations of thin elastic
shells. The algorithm is based on the analysis of a boundary value problem for the Navier
system in a thin region. The analysis covers both the membrane theory and the moment
theory of elastic shells, including the eigenvalue problems.
The Pólya–Szegö matrices
in asymptotic models of dilute composites
Authors: MOVCHAN A. B. , SERKOV S. K.
Published: July 2002

The Pólya–Szegö dipole tensors
are employed for the analysis of plane elasticity problems in
non-homogeneous media. Classes of equivalence for defects
(cavities and rigid inclusions) are
specified for the Laplacian operator and elasticity equations:
composite materials with defects
of the same class have the same effective elastic moduli.
Explicit asymptotic formulae for
effective compliance matrices of dilute composites are
presented.
On the energy instability of liquid crystals
Authors: VLADIMIROV V. A. , ILIN K. I.
Published: July 2002

The direct Lyapunov method is used to investigate the
stability of general equilibria of a
nematic liquid crystal. First, we prove the converse Lagrange theorem stating
that an
equilibrium is unstable to small perturbations if the distortion energy
has no minimum at this
equilibrium (i.e. if the second variation of the distortion energy
evaluated at the equilibrium is
not positive definite). The proof is constructive rather than abstract:

we explicitly construct a
functional that grows exponentially with time by virtue of linearized equations
of motion
provided the condition of the theorem is satisfied. We obtain an
explicit formula that gives the
dependence of the perturbation growth rate upon the equilibrium considered
and the initial
data for the perturbation. Secondly, we obtain the upper and lower bounds
for growing
solutions of the linearized problem, and we identify the initial data corresponding
to the most
unstable mode (i.e. to the perturbation with maximal growth rate). All
results are obtained in
quite a general formulation: a nematic is inside a three-dimensional domain
of an arbitrary
shape and strong anchoring on the boundary is supposed; the standard equations
of
nematodynamics are employed as the governing equations.
Ill-posedness of the mean-field model of superconducting vortices and a possible
regularisation
Authors: RICHARDSON G. , STOTH B.
Published: July 2002

We conjecture that the mean-field model of superconducting vortices given in [10] is ill-posed
wherever the electric current j has some component in the same direction as the vorticity
vector ω (which gives the average density and direction of the superconducting vortices). The
conjecture is illustrated with a linear stability analysis of a certain solution to the model. A
regularised model is then proposed, and this is used to demonstrate the instability of force-free
steady states in a certain geometry.
Intercultural learning via videoconferencing: a pilot exchange project
Authors: O’DOWD ROBERT
Published: July 2002

This article describes an exchange project carried out by foreign language classes
in the University of León, Spain and the University of Northern Michigan, USA. The two groups
integrated videoconferencing technology into a task based exchange in order to make students more
aware of how they viewed their own and the target cultures. In the course of the project learners also
experienced some of the challenges of inter-cultural communication. The development of the project is
described and examples of intercultural learning are looked at. Some guidelines for the use of
videoconferencing in such intercultural exchanges are also suggested.
Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCL 1999)
Authors: SÖNTGENS KIRSTEN
Published: July 2002

The third bi-annual CSCL (Computer Support for Collaborative Learning) conference took
place at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California and was by European standards a huge conference,
but apparently by American standards it was considered to be small. It was my first attendance at an
International conference in the USA and I was quite overwhelmed by the size and beauty of the Campus at
Stanford, but also by the very smooth organisation of a conference where everything, from registration,
payment and paper submission to the publication of all papers was done on-line. The theme of the
conference was ‘Designing New Media for a New Millennium: Collaborative Technology for Learning,
Education and Training’.
Delirium: prevalence, prognosis and management
Authors: Treloar Adrian
Published: July 2002

Delirium has been recognized since ancient times and was first called delirium by Celsus in the first century AD. Variously termed delirium, phrenitis and lethargy, severe disturbances of thought, mood and action were often seen to be associated with physical disease. In the nineteenth century delirium developed into a rather broader description of confusion, a state which emphasized chaotic thinking and cognitive failure but which included what we now call dementia as well as confusion arising in the context of other functional psychoses. During the twentieth century the concept of delirium has continued to evolve. Kurt Schneider emphasized clouding of consciousness as central to delirium and this assumption has largely persisted. Delirium has developed as an acute condition, often precipitated by major medical illness. Increased interest in elderly people as a special group has led to the recognition that delirium is a frequent feature of acute medical admissions of elderly patients.
Evaluating the use of standardized health measures with older people: the example of social support
Authors: Victor Christina R , Henderson Lynne M , Lamping Donna L
Published: July 2002

In his book ‘Effectiveness and Efficiency’ Cochrane drew attention to the need to evaluate the effectiveness of health service intervention. Despite his plea for more evaluative research in health services, it has been suggested that only 20% of health care interventions have been rigorously evaluated. Changes in the structure and philosophy of the NHS in the past decade have stimulated interest in the evaluation of health services interventions at both local and national levels.
A semantics for lambda calculi with resources
Authors: BOUDOL GÉRARD , CURIEN PIERRE-LOUIS , LAVATELLI CAROLINA
Published: July 2002

We present the λ-calculus with resources λr,
and two variants of it: a deterministic restriction λm and an
extension λcr with a convergence testing
operator. These calculi provide
a control on the substitution process – deadlocks may arise if not enough resources are
available to carry out all the substitutions needed to pursue a computation. The design of
these calculi was motivated by Milner's encoding of the λ-calculus in the π-calculus. As
Boudol and Laneve have shown elsewhere, the discriminating power of λm (given by the
contextual observational equivalence) over λ-terms coincides with that induced by Milner's
π-encoding, and coincides also with that provided by the lazy algebraic semantics
(Lévy–Longo trees). The main contribution of this paper is model-theoretic. We define and
solve an appropriate domain equation, and show that the model thus obtained is fully
abstract with respect to λcr. The techniques used are in the line of those used by Abramsky
for the lazy λ-calculus, the main departure being that the resource-consciousness of our
calculi leads us to introduce a non-idempotent form of intersection types.
Big Business in Europe's Economy and Society
Authors: Cassis Youssef
Published: July 2002

The rise of big business is one of the most important phenomena of the twentieth century. This article reflects on its role in Europe's economy and society. Four aspects are given particular attention. The first concerns the extent to which big business can be considered as a European (as opposed to a US) phenomenon. The second considers the balance between common European characteristics (persistence of family ownership, extent of state involvement) and national specificities (company size, corporate governance, education and training, career patterns). A third part discusses the contribution of big business to economic development, especially the controversies surrounding the ‘Chandlerian’ model, based on the US experience, as well as the discrepancies between business performance and economic performance. Finally, the article warns about the pitfalls of a simplistic ‘cultural’ approach to business history.
An Ethical Analysis of the Barriers to Effective Pain Management
Authors: RICH BEN A.
Published: July 2002

Among the most significant findings of SUPPORT
was that 50% of ICU patients suffered from moderate to
severe pain during the last days of life. At the time
of its publication late in 1995, SUPPORT was merely
the latest in a long series of articles in the medical
literature documenting the widespread and significant
undertreatment of pain, beginning with a 1973 study of
hospital inpatients. Much has been written about the
phenomenon of undertreated pain and inadequate care
of patients at the end of life, and many positive
suggestions for reform of clinical education and
clinical practice have been iterated and reiterated
in the two decades separating the studies. Proposals
for modifying clinician behaviors in this aspect of
patient care have tended to focus on particular barriers
to effective pain management and palliative care.
Distracted by Disability
Authors: ASCH ADRIENNE
Published: July 2002

People with disabilities use more medical care and see
health professionals more often than do those of the same
age, ethnic group, or economic class who do not have impairments.
An indisputable medical goal is “preventing, ameliorating,
or curing disease and its associated effects of suffering and
disability, and thereby restoring, or preventing the loss of,
normal function or of life.”
On Restricted Sums
Authors: HAMIDOUNE Y. O. , LLADÓ A. S. , SERRA O.
Published: July 2002

Let G be an abelian group. For a subset A ⊂ G, denote by
2 ∧ A the set of sums of two different elements of A. A conjecture by
Erdős and Heilbronn, first proved by Dias da Silva
and Hamidoune, states that, when G has prime order,
[mid ]2 ∧ A[mid ] [ges ] min([mid ]G[mid ], 2[mid ]A[mid ] − 3).

We prove that, for abelian groups of odd order (respectively, cyclic groups), the inequality
[mid ]2 ∧ A[mid ] [ges ] min([mid ]G[mid ], 3[mid ]A[mid ]/2)
holds when A is a generating set of G, 0 ∈ A and
[mid ]A[mid ] [ges ] 21 (respectively, [mid ]A[mid ] [ges ] 33). The
structure of the sets for which equality holds is also determined.
On the Lock-in Probability
of Stochastic Approximation
Authors: BORKAR V. S.
Published: July 2002

For a stochastic approximation-type recursion with finitely many possible limit points, we
find a lower bound on the probability of converging to a prescribed point in its ‘domain
of attraction’. This has implications for the lock-in phenomena in the stochastic models
of increasing return economics and the sample complexity of stochastic approximation
algorithms in engineering.
Maximum Statistics of N Random Variables Distributed by the
Negative Binomial Distribution
Authors: GRABNER PETER J. , PRODINGER HELMUT
Published: July 2002

The lifetime of a player is defined to be the time where he gets his
b-th hit, where a hit will
occur with probability p. We consider the maximum statistics of
N independent players.
For b≠1 this is significantly more difficult than the known instance
b=1. The expected value of the maximum lifetime of N players is
given by logQN+(b−1)logQ logQN+ smaller order terms, where Q=1/(1−p).
Role of actin filaments in the hatching process of mouse blastocyst
Authors: Cheon Yong Pil , Gye Myung Chan , Kim Chung-hoon , Kang Byung Moon , Chang Yoon Seok , Kim Sung Rye , Kim Moon Kyoo
Published: July 2002

Hatching has been suggested to occur as a result of protease-mediated lysis and the blastocoele tension. However, even if rupturing is initiated at multiple sites, interestingly only a single site is used for escape. This implies that there are several mechanisms involved in hatching. In this study, the involvement of actin filaments in mouse embryo hatching was examined. We treated mouse embryos with cytochalasin B for 12 h or 24 h at the morula, middle blastocyst, expanded blastocyst, lobe-formed blastocyst and hatching blastocyst stages, and measured the amount and distribution of actin filaments using a confocal microscope. At morula, middle blastocyst, lobe-formed blastocyst and hatching blastocyst stages embryonic development was completely arrested by cytochalasin B. However, when transferred to cytochalasin-B-free medium, the embryos resumed development and escaped the zona pellucida. In the expanded blastocysts development was almost completely inhibited by cytochalasin B, but rupturing occurred in some embryos. However, development stopped completely at the ruptured stage. Distribution of actin filaments was prominent at rupturing and hatching sites regardless of cytochalasin B treatment. The amount of actin filaments was prominent at hatching embryos compared with other developmental stages of embryos. These actin filaments were distributed intensively between the trophectodermal cells, and formed locomotion patterns. Taken together, these results suggest that not only tension and lytic enzymes are required to rupture, but the activity of actin filaments may have a crucial role in the process of hatching.
CONFESSIONS OF A PSEUDO-VICTORIANIST, or How I Fell Ass-Backwards and Landed in a Period (a Screed)
Authors: Cohen Ed
Published: July 2002

There are times in life when the question of knowing if one can think differently than one thinks, and perceive differently than one sees, is absolutely necessary if one is to go on looking and reflecting at all.

— Foucault, The Use of Pleasure

I AM NOT NOW, nor have I ever been, a Victorianist. Nor will I ever be one. This is not to say that I do not teach courses focusing on nineteenth-century texts and contexts, that I have not recurrently written on topics and events that took place between 1799–1899, or that despite my best intentions my scholarly projects do not continue to keep pulling me back through this historical domain. Nevertheless, whatever I do intellectually, I do not do it as “a Victorianist,” whatever that might mean.
Southern Ocean synoptics – observations and analyses
Authors: Radok Uwe , Smith Catherine A , Wendler Gerd
Published: July 2002

Synoptic surface pressure analyses for the Southern Ocean have been raised to a new level of realism by satellite imagery and NWP models, but the rare ship observations remain important analysis ingredients. This is illustrated here with observed and analysis pressures for an icebreaker journey from Hobart (Tasmania) to Dumont d'Urville and McMurdo (Antarctica). Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
The variation of road‐surface temperatures in Devon, UK during cold and occluded front passage
Authors: Wood N L H , Clark R T
Published: July 2002

Road‐surface cooling during three contrasting frontal passages was examined for various sites with widely varying exposure across Devon. Delays in road cooling were dependent on exposure, topography, thermal inertia, precipitation and surface wetness. Scattered cloud and cloud bands complicate the spatial variability, but for winter maintenance, worst‐case scenarios of complete cloud clearance produce important guidelines for prioritising salting routes. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
The testing and verification of contrail forecasts using pilot observations from aircraft
Authors: Moss S J
Published: July 2002

Contrail forecasting techniques used within the UK Meteorological Office have changed little since the early 1940s and there has been no formal verification of the results. Recent research has shown that old forecasting techniques may not be wholly applicable to modern aircraft that now use more efficient engines. In order to compare the performance of both the old and new forecasting techniques a validation trial was carried out over a nine‐month period in which RAF pilots reported when and where contrails did and did not occur. These observations were compared with the predicted contrail levels from both the old and newer forecasting techniques. The results indicate that both techniques give a similar performance and that neither significantly out‐perform a simple persistence prediction. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Motion characteristics of thunderstorms in southern Germany
Authors: Hagen Martin , Bartenschlager Blasius , Finke Ullrich
Published: July 2002

The motion of thunderstorms in southern Germany was investigated. The thunderstorms were observed by a lightning position system during the summer months of the years 1992–1996. On average every second day thunderstorms were observed somewhere in southern Germany. In general thunderstorms approached from westerly and south‐westerly directions. The average speed was 13 m s−1. No significant relation between the occurrence of thunderstorms and the large‐scale synoptic pattern described by the Grosswetterlagen (large‐scale weather pattern) was found. Thunderstorms were observed during almost all Grosswetterlagen. The reduction to eight weather patterns based on the low‐level flow in southern Germany showed that thunderstorms are likely when the flow has a westerly (43%) or easterly direction (20%). Three distinct groups of different lighting patterns could be identified: stationary, moving thunderstorms and thunderstorm lines. The convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the wind shear were retrieved from radio soundings from München and Stuttgart. On average CAPE was 583 J kg−1 for stationary thunderstorms, 701 J kg−1 for moving thunderstorms and 876 J kg−1 for thunderstorm lines. The corresponding average bulk Richardson numbers were 37, 22 and 21. The steering level was found to be at about 6 km m.s.l. However, it should be noted that in most cases the soundings do not completely describe the local environment of thunderstorms, since radio soundings are only available twice a day. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of weather conditions on the distribution of persistent contrails
Authors: Kästner Martina , Meyer Richard , Wendling Peter
Published: July 2002

An automated contrail detection algorithm has been applied to AVHRR data to obtain the position of contrails. Nearly simultaneous data from the Europe Model of the Deutscher Wetterdienst have been used to find typical weather conditions associated with 742 persistent contrails. Further, a flow pattern analysis identifies typical regions where the occurrence of contrails was above average. These regions are in the upper atmosphere: (a) ahead of a surface warm front either in moist warm layers before the cirrus clouds arrive or more likely with the cirrus in a warm conveyor belt and (b) ahead of a surface cold front in rapidly moving cold air in the turbulent regions near a band of strong wind (though the speed is not necessarily as high as in a jet). Usually, the atmosphere is baroclinic in the contrail region. Most of the detected contrails occur in divergent flow patterns in the upper troposphere in slowly rising warm or locally turbulent cold air masses. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Parser engineering and performance profiling
Authors: OEPEN STEPHAN , CARROLL JOHN
Published: July 2002

We describe and argue for a strategy of performance profiling and comparison in the engineering of parsing systems for wide-coverage linguistic grammars. A performance profile
is a precise, rich and structured snapshot of system (and grammar) behaviour at a given
development point. The aim is to characterize system performance at a very detailed
technical level, but at the same time to abstract away from idiosyncracies of particular
processors. Profiles are obtained with minimal effort by applying a specialized profiling
tool to a set of structured reference data (taken from both existing test suites and corpora),
in conjunction with a uniform format for test data and processing results. The resulting
profiles can be analyzed and visualized at various levels of granularity in order to highlight
different aspects of system performance, thus providing a solid empirical basis for system
refinement and optimization. Since profiles are stored in a database, comparison with
earlier versions, different parameter settings, or other processing systems is straightforward. We apply several salient performance metrics in a contrastive discussion of various
(one-pass, bottom-up, chart-based) parsing strategies (viz. passive vs. active and uni- vs.
bidirectional approaches). Based on insights gained from detailed performance profiles,
we outline and evaluate a novel ‘hyper-active’ parsing strategy. We also present preliminary profiles for techniques for ‘packing’ of local ambiguities with respect to (partial)
subsumption of feature structures.
Compansion: From research prototype to practical integration
Authors: MCCOY KATHLEEN F. , PENNINGTON CHRISTOPHER A. , LUBEROFF BADMAN ARLENE
Published: July 2002

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) is the field of
study concerned with
providing devices and techniques to augment the communicative ability of
a person whose
disability makes it difficult to speak or otherwise communicate in an understandable
fashion.
For several years, we have been applying natural language processing techniques
to the field
of AAC to develop intelligent communication aids that attempt to provide
linguistically
correct output while increasing communication rate. Previous effort has
resulted in a research
prototype called Compansion that expands telegraphic input. In this paper
we describe that
research prototype and introduce the Intelligent Parser Generator (IPG).
IPG is intended to
be a practical embodiment of the research prototype aimed at a group of
users who have
cognitive impairments that affect their linguistic ability. We describe
both the theoretical
underpinnings of Compansion and the practical considerations in developing
a usable system
for this population of users.
The Encyclopedia on Developmental Disabilities for Developmental
Pediatricians
Authors: Dewey Deborah
Published: July 2002

This edition of Developmental Disabilities in Infancy
and Childhood includes two edited volumes:
Neurodevelopmental diagnosis and treatment and
The spectrum of developmental disabilities. This
series is a good clinical reference for developmental pediatricians
and other medical subspecialists in this field; however,
because of its medical orientation its general usefulness
to pediatric neuropsychologists and child psychologists
is limited.
Priming performance in Alzheimer's disease: The role
of task sensitivity
Authors: NORTON LAUREN E. , OSTERGAARD ARNE L.
Published: July 2002

Studies examining implicit memory performance in
Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yielded inconsistent
findings, with these patients demonstrating impaired performance
within some priming studies and intact performance within
others. The present study examined the role of task sensitivity
in detecting impaired priming in memory-impaired patients.
Twelve healthy older adults and 12 AD patients were administered
a picture fragment identification test. Task sensitivity
was increased by employing stimulus cues expected to produce
larger and more variable priming effects than obtained
in previous studies. A simple comparison of priming scores
revealed that the AD patients demonstrated significantly
impaired priming relative to normal control participants.
However, further analysis of priming in relation to certain
stimulus characteristics revealed that AD patients often
demonstrated impaired priming when overall priming effects
were large but relatively intact priming when priming effects
were small. These findings suggest that the prevention
of ceiling effects in control participants may aid in the
detection of impaired priming in patient populations. (JINS,
2001, 7, 294–301.)
Understanding metaphors and idioms: A single-case neuropsychological
study in a person with Down syndrome
Authors: PAPAGNO COSTANZA , VALLAR GIUSEPPE
Published: July 2002

The ability of subject F.F., diagnosed with Down syndrome,
to appreciate nonliteral (interpreting metaphors and idioms)
and literal (vocabulary knowledge, including highly specific
and unusual items) aspects of language was investigated.
F.F. was impaired in understanding both metaphors and idioms,
while her phonological, syntactic and lexical–semantic
skills were largely preserved. By contrast, some aspects
of F.F.'s executive functions and many visuospatial
abilities were defective. The suggestion is made that the
interpretation of metaphors and idioms is largely independent
of that of literal language, preserved in F.F., and that
some executive aspects of working memory and visuospatial
and imagery processes may play a role. (JINS,
2001, 7, 516–527.)
Local and global benefits of subsidizing tropical forest conservation
Authors: Hunt Colin
Published: July 2002

The article describes and quantifies the financial benefits of small-scale community forestry, conducted on an ecologically sustainable basis—‘eco-forestry’, by customary landowners in Papua New Guinea. Through economic modelling the article also attempts to quantify the global benefits generated. Eco-forestry is subsidized by donors directly and through NGOs in its setting up and certification. Financial modelling suggests that, with a subsidy, eco-forestry is capable of generating a return to landowners that is comparable to industrial logging. While the return to logging followed by conversion to agriculture is much more attractive than eco-forestry, agriculture is an option available only in some locations. Economic modelling finds that the external economic benefits emanating from tropical forest conservation that replaces logging in Papua New Guinea are far greater in scale than the financial benefits to landowners. However, the lack of reliable data on the environmental benefits of forest conservation means that economic analysis is somewhat inconclusive. The need for further research to quantify environmental benefits is thus highlighted. The subsidization of forest conservation directly, instead of indirectly through small-scale forestry, is investigated and found to generate a similar level of economic benefits to eco-forestry. However, the cost of direct subsidization is greater. Moreover, mechanisms for direct subsidy are undeveloped in Papua New Guinea. Donors may prefer to continue to subsidize small-scale forestry where it replaces logging because of its apparent conservation and side benefits and because it is operational, while at the same time exploring and extending cost-effective models of direct conservation that have the advantage over eco-forestry of being applicable in more remote areas. Compared with industrial logging, eco-forestry contributes little to consolidated revenue. Therefore it is to be expected that eco-forestry will meet government resistance if it makes significant inroads into the allocation of logging concessions.
Introduction: Resilience and sustainability
Authors: Perrings Charles
Published: July 2002

One of the most interesting and potentially useful outcomes of recent collaboration between natural and social scientists concerned with the sustainability of jointly determined ecological-economic systems is the application of the ecological concept of resilience. In its broadest sense, resilience is a measure of the ability of a system to withstand stresses and shocks – its ability to persist in an uncertain world. For many policy-makers, however, the concern that desirable states or processes may not be ‘sustainable’ is balanced by the concern that individuals and societies may get ‘locked-in’ to undesirable states or processes. Many low-income countries, for example, are thought to have been caught in poverty traps, and poverty traps have since been seen as a major cause of environmental degradation (Dasgupta, 1993). Other examples of ‘lock-in’ include our dependence on hydrocarbon-based technologies, or the institutional and cultural rigidities that stand in the way of change (Hanna, Folke, and Mäler, 1996). Such states or processes are too persistent.
The Measurement of Attention
Authors: Kindlon Daniel J.
Published: July 2002

This review examines some of the definitional issues of attention
and the
related constructs of working memory and executive control. Measurement

approaches to two attention elements, inattention and impulsivity, which

are relevant to the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
are
also explored. Features of Stroop and Stroop-like tasks, continuous
performance tests, and assessment paradigms that have a volitional or
motivational aspect, such as delay of gratification, are highlighted. The

conclusions emphasise the multidimensional nature of attentional
constructs and the care that must be taken when attempting to measure a

single attentional element.
The Future of Youth Justice: The
Government's Legislative Proposals
Authors: Calder Avril
Published: July 2002

This conference was held in Central London in January
1998 and organised jointly by The British Juvenile and
Family Courts Society (BJFCS) and The National Association for
the Care and Resettlement of Offenders, at
which the keynote speaker was The Rt. Hon. Jack Straw
MP, the Home Secretary. Important contributions were
also made by no fewer than nine members of the
Government's Task Force set up in May last year to
examine the future of the Youth Courts — a task which, in
my opinion as a Youth Court magistrate since 1978 and
past chairman of the BJFCS, was ripe for attention. The
conference was attended by 300 delegates representing a
wide range of professionals involved with young people
and the courts.

The Home Secretary's opening words emphasised both
the timeliness, in view of the Crime and Disorder Bill
going through Parliament, and the importance of the
conference because of the widely held view that the system
was failing. In addition a consultation process was taking
place to look at longer-term reform of the Youth Court.
The Home Secretary spelled out that too little is done
when children start to offend to ‘intervene positively’ in

their lives; repeat cautions are used ineffectively; re-offending continues on bail; and there is a lack of
supervised community-based programmes aimed at making young
people take responsibility for their behaviour,
make amends, and change. He drew attention to the
disjointed system of both custodial facilities and orders
that need to be overhauled. Finally he pointed out that
there is a lack of a national strategy.
The acquisition of the determiner phrase in bilingual and second language French
Authors: Granfeldt Jonas
Published: July 2002

This study deals with the acquisition of Functional Categories in the French Determiner Phrase. The development of determiners and prenominal adjectives in three bilingual Swedish–French children is compared with that of four Swedish second language learners of French. It is argued that acquisition is crucially different in these two cases. The bilingual children initially have restrictions on phrase structure, resulting at one stage in a complementary distribution of determiners and adjectives. These results support a structure building view of L1 acquisition. For L2 acquisition of the same structure, there is no evidence for an initially reduced phrase structure. This finding is explained in terms of a transfer effect. A preliminary comparison with the acquisition of finiteness suggests that, whereas there is some correlation over time in the L1B subjects, no such correlation is found in the L2 learners.
A Phenotype Map of the Mouse X Chromosome: Models for Human X-linked Disease
Authors: Boyd Yvonne , Blair Helen J. , Cunliffe Pamela , Masson Walter K. , Reed Vivienne
Published: July 2002

The identification of many of the transcribed genes in man and mouse is being achieved by large scale sequencing of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Attention is now being turned to elucidating gene function and many laboratories are looking to the mouse as a model system for this phase of the genome project. Mouse mutants have long been used as a means of investigating gene function and disease pathogenesis, and recently, several large mutagenesis programs have been initiated to fulfill the burgeoning demand of functional genomics research. Nevertheless, there is a substantial existing mouse mutant resource that can be used immediately. This review summarizes the available information about the loci encoding X-linked phenotypic mutants and variants, including 40 classical mutants and 40 that have arisen from gene targeting.
Directed Gap Closure in Large-Scale Sequencing Projects
Authors: Frohme Marcus , Camargo Anamaria A. , Czink Claudia , Matsukuma Adriana Y. , Simpson Andrew J.G. , Hoheisel Jörg D. , Verjovski-Almeida Sergio
Published: July 2002

A problem in many sequencing projects is the final closure of gaps left in the clone libraries, which serve as templates for sequencing, because of uncloned or unclonable genomic areas. By use of theXylella fastidiosa genome as a test system, we present here an approach to generate, in a directed manner, sequence information from those gaps. We suggest using the complete clone library as a competitor against the genomic DNA of interest in a subtractive hybridization procedure similar to representational difference analysis (RDA). The resulting sequence information can be used to screen selectively other clone resources or serve directly for gap closure.
Arabidopsis–Rice: Will Colinearity Allow Gene Prediction Across the Eudicot–Monocot Divide?
Authors: Devos Katrien M. , Beales James , Nagamura Yoshiaki , Sasaki Takuji
Published: July 2002

With the genomic sequencing of Arabidopsis nearing completion and rice sequencing very much in its infancy, a key question is whether we can exploit the Arabidopsis sequence to identify candidate genes for traits in cereal crops using a map-based approach. This requires the existence of colinearity between theArabidopsis and cereal genomes, represented by rice, which is readily detectable using currently available resources, that is,Arabidopsis genomic sequence, rice ESTs, and genetic and physical maps. A detailed study of the colinearity remaining between two small regions of Arabidopsis chromosome 1 and rice suggests that at least in these regions of the Arabidopsisgenome, conservation of gene orders with rice has been eroded to the point that it is no longer identifiable using comparative mapping. Although our analysis does not preclude that tracts of colinear gene orders may be identified using sequence comparisons or may exist in other regions of the rice and Arabidopsis genomes, it is unlikely that the extent of colinearity will be sufficient to allow map-based cross-species gene prediction and isolation. Our research also highlights the difficulties encountered in identifying orthologs using BLAST searches in incomplete sequence databases. This complicates the interpretation of comparative data among highly divergent species and limits the exploitation of Arabidopsis sequence in monocot studies.