bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—The Crystalline Rock-areas of the Piémontese Alps
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In the preceding paper I described the crystalline rock-areas of the Maritime and Cottian Alps: I now proceed to briefly review those of Northern Piémont forming part of the Grajan and Pennine Alps, under three heads—

I. The Lanzo Valleys and Gran Paradiso Groups.

II. The Dora Baltea (Val d'Aosta) Area.

III. The Lanzo, Ivrea, and Val Sesia Area.

They are shown in the sketch-map, Fig. 1. The conclusions in reference to the combined areas of the Piémontese Alps will be stated at the end of the present paper.
VI.—The Age of the Norseman Limestone, Western Australia
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

It is generally agreed that the main plateau of Western Australia has probably stood above sea-level since the earliest geological times, and has perhaps been a land area since the Archæan. Marine deposits lie against its northern, western, and southern borders, but none are known upon the plateau itself; but through the depression of Lake Cowan Kainozoic marine deposits have extended northward into the Dundas Goldfield at Norseman. These marine deposits include a deep lead with sponges which were described by Dr. Hinde (Bull. Geol. Surv. W.A., No. 36, 1910, pp. 7–24, pls. i–iii) and some patches of limestone which occur on the surface around Norseman. They have been described by Mr. A. Gibb Maitland, 1908 (“Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Geology of West Australia,” Rep. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. xi, p. 153, 1906), and by Mr. W. D. Campbell (“The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Norseman District, Dundas Goldfield,” Geol. Surv. West Aust., Bull. 21, p. 22, 1906).
II.—On the Stafford Earthquakes of January 14–15, 1916, and on the Relations between the Twin-Earthquakes of the Midland Counties
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The strong shock of January 14, 1919, originated in a region from which earthquakes have been absent for many years, perhaps for several centuries, and its interest is therefore increased by the fact that it was a twin-earthquake, that is, one produced by a single generative eifort in two detached foci.
III.—The Late Glacial Gravels of the Vale of Edeyrnion, Corwen, North Wales
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

The Corwen gravels were described by D. Mackintosh, forty-three years ago, in a paper “On the mode of Occurrence and Distribution of Beds of Drifted Coal near Corwen, North Wales”. He attributed the gravels to an interglacial marine submergence and claimed that the coal found in them was derived from the outcrop of Coal-measures near Kuabon, twelve miles due east of Corwen.
I.—On the Ages of the “Trail” and “Warp.”
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

There are some points in Mr. Maw's article on the relative ages of the Boulder-clays which require notice from me, because they involve the consequence of assigning to the deposit which I have described under the name of “trail” an antiquity far higher than that which I believe to belong to it.
II.—On Cycadoidea Yatesii, a Fossil Cycadean Stem from the Potton Sands, Bedfordshire
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

When examining the collections of the Geological Society at the time of preparing the notes I published some months ago, on the Fossil Cones of the Secondary Strata, I found a small fragment of a curious vegetable organism, the nature of which I was then unable to determine, but which I was allowed by the kindness of the Secretary to take with me for the purpose of further examination. Some months ago I obtained from James Yates, Esq., a more perfect specimen, which clearly showed that it was the portion of the stem of a cycadean plant, as Mr. Yates had already determined. Professor Church subsequently brought me a yet finer specimen from the Museum of the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, and I have a fourth fragment from the collection of Professor Morris.
III.—On the May Hill Sandstone
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: May 2009

It is at all times difficult to fix the parentage of a new geological idea. So many circumstances and so many hints and observations converge to its establishment, when the due time comes for its appreciation, that, looking back, it seems hardly possible to disentangle the ideas of one workman in science from the suggestions of another. Hence it is always difficult to establish an exact priority of claim in questions which have remained long unsettled.
III.—Railway Geology, No.I.—From Exeter to Newton-Bushell and Moretonhampstead
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

The district selected for this article embraces a very unusual variety of geological phenomena, consisting of different kinds of recent gravels and Tertiary deposits, Greensand table-lands and patches, Triassic sandstone and conglomerate, rocks belonging to the interval between the Trias and uppermost Silurian strata, trap, and granite.
I.—On the Influence of the Gulf Stream
Authors: H. W.
Published: May 2009

The last number of the Geological Magazine contained a translation (by Mr. J. E. Lee, F.S.A., F.G.S., of Caerleon) of two lectures by Dr. Oswald Heer, “On the Miocene Flora of the Polar Regions,” in which the author gives the results of his investigation of the fossil plant-remains from the Tertiary deposits of the north of Canada, Banksland, North Greenland, Iceland, and Spitzbergen. His examination has led him to conclude that, amongst them, there were nine large plants of the fern tribe, 78 kinds of trees, and 50 shrubs. Among these, the remains of the beech and the chestnut, like those of our own island, the silver fir, spruce fir, and Scotch fir, the white pine of Canada, the Sequoia of California, the cypress and Salisburia of Japan, the oak of temperate N. America, the poplar, plane-tree, birch, tulip-tree, the walnut, lime-tree, and magnolia have left their remains where they had grown, attesting a once temperate climate in Tertiary times, where now fields of snow and ice (once believed to be eternal) cover the length and breadth of the land.
III.—On the Value of the Evidence for the Existence of the Mammoth in Europe in Pre-glacial Times
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: May 2009

Europe during the Tertiary period was invaded by successive races of animals driven from their head quarters by press of numbers or by famine, or allured by some modification of circumstances that was specially adapted for their well-being, in precisely the same way as it was subsequently invaded by successive races of men. Eocene Mammals were followed by Miocene, and those again by Pliocene, Pliocene by the Pre-glacial division of the Pleistocene, and, finally, the latter by the Post-glacial or Quaternary, in obedience to the same natural laws which compelled the Stone- to vanish away before the Bronze-folk, and the Kelt to yield to the Teuton. The parallel between the conquest of Europe by the ancient mammalia and that by man is most exact. In both cases the conquering race absorbed a greater or less proportion of the conquered. Thus the Hippopotamus major and Rhinoceros hemitæchus of the Pliocenes of Italy lingered on in France and Germany in association with, or, as it were, in a kind of helotage to, the Post-glacial fauna, just as the Kelt still survives in the midst of his Teutonic conquerors in Britain. In both there is the same uncertainty as to the ancient head-quarters of each race, except the last one, from which the present inhabitants of Western Europe are descended.
III.—On the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of North Wales
Authors: Green A. H.
Published: May 2009

It is well known that, though the Coal Fields of Lancashire and North Wales are now parted from one another at the surface by a broad tract of New Red Sandstone, there is reason to believe that the two are connected underground, and are bothparts of one and the same great deposit; and that the beds which in Lancashire and Cheshire dip out of sight below the Redmeasures, reappear in Flintshire and Denbighshire. Attempts have been made, I believe, to identify the individual coal-beds of the two districts, but I do not know with what success. During a short stay at Llangollen, some years ago, I venturedon a like task for the Lower Carboniferous Rocks, and though the time at my disposal allowed of only scanty observations, these were recorded in my note-book, in hopes that an opportunity might occur of filling in the sketch thus roughly tracedout. No such chance has befallen, or seems likely to befall me, and in the hope that the notes I then made may aid some one who, with more leisure, is willing to attempt a full solution of this problem, I now put them forward as a rough approximation.
IV.—On some Fossils from the Lower Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland
Authors: Nicholson Henry Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The Lower Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland, below the level of the Wrae Limestone of Peeblesshire, though of great thickness, and little altered by igneous agency, have as yet yielded but few of the higher forms of animal life. Two species of a phyllopod crustacean, (Peltocaris aptychoides and P. Harknessi, Salter), were discovered by Prof. Harkness, along with the first Brachiopod found in these deposits, the Siphonotreta micula of McCoy. Another crustacean of an allied genus, described by Mr. Henry Woodward, and named by him Discinocaris Browniana, was discovered last year in the neighbourhood of Moffat, by Mr. D. J. Brown. Besides the above, there occur traces of the action of marine worms, and I have, in addition, found one, possibly two, species of Lingula, a thin-walled Orthoceras, or Pteropod, and some curious spine-like bodies, probably referable to crustaceans. With the exception of these scanty remains, the strata under consideration have yielded no fossils higher in the scale of existence than Graptolites. In no other British deposit do we, however, find a greater profusion of these beautiful and characteristic fossils, or a greater number of specific types. It is the object of this communication to describe certain new forms of Graptolites which have come under my notice, together with one remarkable genus, apparently allied to the Graptolitidœ, though probably representing a different order.
III.—On the Genus Cheirolepis, from the Old Red Sandstone
Authors: Powrie James
Published: May 2009

This well known genus of Old Red Sandstone Fishes was first named and described by Agassiz in his great work, the “Poissons Fossiles,” vol. ii. page 128. It is there classed with the Acanthodean family, which it somewhat resembles in the character and structure of its small rhomboidal scales; and also (according to Agassiz), in possessing Branchiostegal rays. This characteristic, however, as will afterwards be shown, appears to me to be founded on a misapprehension of the true nature of a series of elongated plates, situated below the lower jaw, which seem peculiar to this genus. The many points in which it very widely differs from the Acanthodeans induced the late Hugh Miller to suggest its removal altogether from them; and a distinct family, which he names Cheirolepini, is formed for its reception by Pander.
I.—On Traces of Glacial Action near Llandudno
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Anyone accustomed to the peculiar outlines which ancient ice action has produced in the Alps, cannot fail to be struck, at the first glance, by the contours to the upper parts of the Great Ormeshead and of the Carboniferous Limestone range which extends from near the village of Rhos to the Little Ormeshead; and a more minute examination only strengthens the conviction that, while the leading outlines of the hills are due somewhat to upheaval, but mainly to denudation—probably marine, the surface of the higher ground has in many cases been affected by ice.
III.—On some new Trilobites from the Upper Cambrian Rocks of North Wales
Authors: Belt Thomas
Published: May 2009

In the autumn of 1864, Mr. Ezekiel Williamson discovered fragments of trilobites in some slaty beds belonging to “Lower Lingula Flags” of the Geological Survey, on the right bank of the river Mawddach, a little above its junction with the Eden, and four and a half miles directly north from Dolgelly. Portions of an Olenus and of a Agnostus were found, but in too fragmentary a condition to be determined. Last summer Mr. J. Chamberlain Barlow, of Birmingham, found the same fossils in great abundance and good preservation on both sides of the Mawddach, opposite to Dolmelynllyn. During the present year I have, from these beds, added another species of Agnostus to the scanty fauna; and, after considerable trouble, in consequence of the rocks being greatly faulted, have Been able to determine the true position of this new fossiliferous zone.
VI.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

A study of the local stratigraphy, tectonics, petrography, and palæontology leads to some conclusions as to the physiography of the epoch in this district. Even studied as a detached area it may be noticed that the Bunter or pebble deposits are west of the sandstones and marls. From the fact that the eastern limits of the first two are west of the marls, and the second (sandstones) west of the pebbles, and from the evidence of other areas, it appears that this purely local west to east succession is applicable to the whole British area, and it is well known that each member thins from north-west to south-east (as a whole). This is the sequence typical of aqueous deposits, and particularly of delta deposits, and at the same time indicates (in part) the direction from which the sediment came.
II.—On some Cavities in the Gravel of the Valley of the Little Ouse, in Norfolk
Authors: Evans John
Published: May 2009

A few months ago both geologists and archæologists, and especially the latter, were surprised to hear of the discovery in the valley of the Little Ouse, between Thetford and Brandon, of certain cavities in beds of gravel, in which flint implements of the forms peculiar to the Palæolithic or river gravel were found, and which it seemed possible might have been the habitations of the early race of men who formed these implements.
III.—On Climaxodus, or Pœcilodus; a Palatal Tooth from the Low Main Coal-Shale, Northumberland
Authors: Barkas T. P.
Published: May 2009

In the course of my recent investigations among the fauna of the Low Main Coal-shale in the county of Northumberland, which lies at an average depth of about 100 fathoms from the surface, I have found among numerous fish and reptilian remains three specimens of teeth that present the appearance of being vomerine in their nature. The tooth here represented in the woodcut, of the natural size resembles exactly in size and form another specimen which I have in my possession, the view exposed being the front aspect of the tooth. I have a third specimen, which exhibits the upper or attached part of the tooth; it has a sharp curved appearance, not unlike the back of a well-written letter S.
II.—The Zones of the Oxford and Ampthill Clays in Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire
Authors: Davies A. Morley
Published: May 2009

I have been studying the zones of the Upper Jurassic clays for the last seven or eight years. Repeated delays from various causes have already diminished the value of the results, and as the work is now held up indefinitely it seems advisable to publish a summary of the conclusions to which I have come, in case the completion of the work may fall to other hands. Such a summary must necessarily be much more dogmatic than I could wish. I have to acknowledge my very great indebtedness, both direct and indirect, in connexion with this work, to Mr. S. S. Buckman.
V.—On the Break between the Upper and Lower Silurian Rocks of the Lake District, as seen between Kirkby Lonsdale and Malham, near Settle
Authors: Hughes T. Mc K.
Published: May 2009

The Rocks included under this head are those already described by Professor Phillips, in his paper “On Group of Slate Rocks in Yorkshire, between the rivers Lune and Wharfe, etc.” (Trans. Geol. Soc., 2nd Series, III. 1). Also by Professor Sedgwick, in his paper “On the Lower Palæozoic Rocks at the base of the Carboniferous Chain, between Ravenstonedale and Ribblesdale” (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. VIII. p. 35).
II.—On Necrozius Bowerbankii, a new Genus of Canceridæ from the London Clay
Authors: Milne-Edwards Alphonse
Published: May 2009

On the genus Necrosius.—This new genus is very near to Ozius, and is still more near to a small genus, established a few years since by M. Stimpson, named Spherozius. Like this last-named form, the carapace of Necrozius is remarkable for its globular form, its width scarcely surpassing its length. The curve of the buckler is slight in a transverse direction, but is great from back to front, the anterior border being much curved down. The latero-anterior borders are continuous, almost without interruption, with the latero-posterior, which latter are swollen. The frontal border (rostrum) projects a little, and is slightly depressed in the centre. The basal joint of the internal antennæ is large, and it is articulated obliquely beneath the front (rostrum). The basal joint of the external antennæ is short, not reaching to the front as in the Pseudozius of Dana, and in spherozius of Stimpson; the articulation is free and is not lodged in the internal obital cavity. With Ozius on the contrary, this basal joint is fully attached to the front.
VI.—On the Glacio-Marine Denudation of certain Districts
Authors: Eyton
Published: May 2009

Having been for the last twelve months engaged in a careful study of the post-Tertiary geology of the eastern part of Shrop-shire, I have at length arrived at the conclusion that the denudation of the New Red Sandstone in this neighbourhood, and consequent excavation of the Tern basin, has been effected partly by glacial and partly by marine agency; the grounds upon which this conclusion is based being:—(1) An attentive consideration of the general form and outline of the basin; (2) A particular examination of the drift beds contained therein.
II.—Description of two new species of Stricklandinia
Authors: Billings E.
Published: May 2009

In the “Canadian Naturalist and Geologist,” vol. iv. p. 134, figs. 8–9 (1859), I figured a small specimen of a species of Stricklandinia under the name of S. lens; but, at the same time, stated that I was not certain whether it was the true S. lens or a variety. It was more pointed in front than any of the English specimens I had seen. It had been collected in the Middle Silurian rocks on the Island of Anticosti, along with numerous other specimens, most of them in a fragmentary condition. Among these I thought that S. lirata could also be identified; and thus both of the British species have been cited in several of the publications of our Survey.
III.—Notes on the Geology of the Dobrudscha, Bulgaria
Authors: Peters Charles F.
Published: May 2009

Having lately read some interesting remarks on the well-known green-coated flints of Kent in the Geological Magazine, I am induced to offer you the following notes.

During the summer of 1864 I investigated many parts of Bulgaria, but more especially the Dobrudscha, where the sagacious observations of Capt. T. Spratt, R.N., F.R.S., frequently served me as guides. In the highly interesting Cretaceous strata at Kanara, near Küstendsche, which had been correctly identified by Capt, Spratt as Chalk, and from which Professor Reuss lately described many Foraminiferœ I discovered a pseudomorphous substance, which replaces the flint at many points along the coast, and in the Kara-Suvalley.
II.—On the Igneous Rocks of Charnwood Forest and its Neighbourhood
Authors: Powell Baden
Published: May 2009

The geology of Charnwood Forest appears to have been first systematically investigated by Professors Sedgwick, Whewell, and Airy in 1833. A very brief notice of their labours by C. Allsop, Esq., is appended to the history of Charnwood Forest by J. R. Potter, 1842, as is also a valuable and detailed memoir on the geology of the district, by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
III.—On a New Section of the Cambrian Rocks in a cutting of the Llanberis and Carnarvon Railway, and the Banded Slates of Llanberis
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

The importance of the question of conformity in the classification of the earliest stratified rocks induces me to give a short description of a new section of a part of the Cambrian rocks of Llanberis, exhibiting an apparent case of unconformity towards their base.
VI.—On Certain Natural Pits in the Neighbourhood of Ripon
Authors: Tute J. S.
Published: May 2009

Near the city of Ripon, on both sides the river Ure, but more particulary on the eastern side, there are a great number of natural pits, probably fifty or sixty, the origin of which appears to be very obscure.
I.—On Saurosternon Bainii, and Pristerodon McKayi, Two New Fossil Lacertilian Reptiles from South Africa
Authors: Huxley T. H.
Published: May 2009

Some time since Prof. T. Rupert Jones directed my attention to a curious fossil in the British Museum, obtained by Mr. Bain from Styl Krantz, Sniewe Berg, South Africa. The matrix is of the same nature as that in which the Dicynodonts are so commonly found, and exhibits the greater part of the skeleton, but unfortunately not the skull, of a Lacertilian reptile, not more than seven or eight inches in length. It is represented of the natural size in Plate XI., Fig. 1. The trunk is about two and a half inches long, and appears to have attained hardly more than one-third the length of the tail, which is bent round into three-quarters of a circle, and consists of vertebræ, which are very stout near its root, but become attenuated at its termination (a). The centra of these vertebræ appear to have been slightly constricted in the middle, and are about one-tenth of an inch in length. The anterior caudal vertebræ present strong and long transverse processes. The dorsal vertebræ can hardly have been fewer than eighteen or twenty, and seem also to have possessed hour-glass shaped centre. They are for the most part provided with long curved ribs, the hindermost four or five pair of which become gradually shorter. One of two vertebræ in front of the sacrum may have been devoid of ribs.
I.—On Denudation now in Progress
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: May 2009

The extent to which a country suffers denudation at the present time is to be measured by the amount of mineral matter removed from its surface and carried into the sea. An attentive examination of this subject is calculated to throw some light on the vexed question of the origin of valleys and also on the value of geological time. Of the mineral substances received by the sea from the land, one portion, and by far the larger, is brought down by streams, the other is washed of by the waves of the sea itself.
II.—The Suffolk Bone-bed and the Diestien or Black Crag in England
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

In the following pages, I am anxious briefly to make known certain new facts bearing on the history of the Crags which I have recently ascertained, and also to make some obervations on papers lately published relating to those beds.
VI.—Notes on Cretaceous Brachiopoda and on the Development of the Loop and Septum in Terebratella
Authors: Meÿer C. J. A.
Published: May 2009

In a paper on “Cretaceous Brachiopoda,” published in the first volume of the Geological Magazine, page 249, I noticed the occurrence of a species of Waldheimia in the Lower Greensand of Surrey, under the name of Waldheimia Moutoniana, which at the time appeared to me to answer to the figure and description of Terebratula Moutoniana of D'Orbigny.
III.—Pneumatolytic Alteration of a very fine-grained Granitic Rock from Negri Sembilan, Federated Malay States
Authors: Willbourn E. S.
Published: May 2009

About one mile to the north of the railway station at Ayer Kuning, in the south of Negri Sembilan, one of the Federated Malay States bordering on Johore and Malacca, is a low but conspicuous range of hills covered with long grass. The highest of the hills, on which is a beacon used by the Trigonometrical Survey, stands about 300 feet above the level of the surrounding country. The general trend of the hill range is in a direction of S. 60° W. to N. 60° E., and there are several hills which branch from the main axis, usually more or less at right angles to it. The eastern half of the range over a distance of about half a mile only need be considered, as there are no rock exposures on the western half.
II.—The Ophiolithic Groups of the Ligurian Apennines. II. Eastern Liguria
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

The three principal ophiolithic groups of this region are those of Levanto, Monte Bianco, and Monte Penna, about midway between Spezia and Genoa, viz. north of Levanto, Sestri Levante, and Chiavari, at average altitudes of 300, 800, and 1,600 metres respectively. Like the Eocene ophiolithic group of Sestri Ponente and Isoverde, west of Genoa, they lie in the upper horizon of that formation, that is, in the fossiliferous (fucoids) albarese limestones and the argillaceous schists which rest on the Middle Eocene macigno sandstone as the lowest member of the Ligurian Eocene. The sedimentary and infolded ophiolithic groups consecutively aligned from the coast to the crest of the Apennines form a series of anticlines north to south, dipping west, with some transverse folds. The whole region is greatly contorted and brecciated; it is, moreover, profoundly eroded by torrents charged with calcium carbonate which has accelerated erosion and at the same time re-cemented breccia. Although the three groups are now separated, they are, together with the scattered islands north of the crest of the Apennines towards Piacenza in the Po Valley, only the remnants of an originally continuous formation of no less than 1,500 square kilometres or 600 square miles.
IV.—A Sketch of the Structure of the Northern Pennines
Authors: Wilmore A.
Published: May 2009

This paper attempts a brief summary of the structure of the Northern Pennines for geologists and geographers, especially for those who are interested in the relation of geographical form to geological structure. It is, for the most part, a re-statement, and advances little that is new; but it is thought that the present visit of the Association to the North may be a fitting opportunity to summarize our knowledge of the structure of an interesting region, especially as considerable progress has been made in our detailed knowledge of the Northern Pennines since the visit of the Association to Newcastle in 1889.
III.—Notes on some Perforated Palæozoic Spiriferidæ
Authors: King W.
Published: May 2009

Spirifer cuspidatus.—As I am somewhat committed to the opinion lately enunciated by Mr. Meek, that this species is characterized with a canal-system, I may be permitted to make a few observations on the subject.
IV.—The Liquefaction of Rocks
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

The number of Scientific Opinion for October 27 (page 457), contains a note by the Rev, Osmond Fisher, calling attention to a suggestion, with regard to the liquefaction of deeply buried rocks, made by him in a paper read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society in April, 1868, and since published in the Transactions of that Society. In a notice of this paper by him, in the Geological magazine for November, 1868, Mr. Fisher insists that deeply buried and intensely heated portions of rock, which, in accordance with the conclusions of Mr. Hopkins, are kept in a solid state by great pressure, may, by a diminution of pressure consequent upon movements of the earth's crust, assume a liquid condition, and thus give rise to lavas. This suggestion is however claimed by Mr. Scrope, in a communication to the same Magazine for December, 1868, as his own, and as having been put forward by him in both editions of his now classic work on Volcanos. This statement of Mr. Scrope was questioned by Mr. Fisher in the Geological magazine for January, 1869, and Mr. Scrope does not appear to have replied. In a paper in the same magazine for June, 1869, I have referred to this view as belonging to Mr. Scrope, and as also advocated by Mr. Fisher, who has availed himself of the republication of my paper in Scientific Opinion for October 20, to re-assert his claim to be the originator of this view, and to demand either of Mr. Scrope or myself some justification of our assertions.
II.—On Italian Tertiary Brachiopoda
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

No very perfect example of this species appears to have been collected; the one figured in my plate was kindly given to me by Sig. Meneghini. The shell is ovate and smooth, about ten lines in length by nine in breadth; the valves are moderately convex, and there exists a deepish sinus in the ventral valve to which corresponds an elevation or fold in the opposite one. Ter. Voglianei occurs in a yellowish marl in the Lower Miocene at Dego, and along with it is found a small Terebratulina, which may probably be a variety of T. caput-serpentis.
V.—Catalogue of the Mammalian Fossils which have been hitherto discovered in Ireland
Authors: Scott Robert H.
Published: May 2009

Inasmuch as the subject of the Fossil, or rather Sub-Fossil Mammalia of Ireland, has been brought rather prominently before the notice of the Society during the past two sessions, I have considered that it might not be devoid of interest to our members, if I were to place on record the various genera and species of that class of which remains have been hitherto found in Ireland. Such a communication as this does not make any claim to originality, and I shall endeavour, as far as I can, to give my authority for every statement of a fact which will be embodied in this Catalogue. The chief sources from which the information has been derived are Dr. Scouler's papers, in our “Journal,” and those by Dr. Ball and Sir W. Wilde, in the “Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.”
V.—On Faults in Strata
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

My friend and colleague, Mr. H. B. Medlicott, published, in the August (1869) number of the GeologicalMagazine, a paper “On Faults in Strata,” in which he endeavoured to show that the evidence usually accepted for faults, in the true geological acceptation of the term, is insufficient; that a large number of the lines of junction between rocks of dissimilar age, usually mapped by the Survey of Great Britain and other Surveys as “faults,” are, in truth, natural junctions, due to deposition against cliffs or other steep surfaces; and that direct evidence of friction is necessary to establish the existence of a fault. The latter is rather left to be inferred than positively asserted; nevertheless it is very clearly intimated that it is the writer's opinion.
III. A Tourist's Notes on the Surface-Geology of the Lake-district
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

All geologists admit that the Lake-district of the North-west of England has been several times under the sea since the first upheaval of the alternating sedimentary and volcanic rocks of which it is composed; and few would be disposed to question that during the repeated processes of elevation land subsidence, whether continuous or intermittent, the sides of the mountains and valleys of this district have been long exposed, at different levels, to the action of waves, tides, and currents. We have reason to suppose that the duration of the last or intra-glacial submergence was at least as long as the time which has since elapsed; and if during the latter the sea has done so much to indent and modify our coasts, may we not expect to find the most obvious traces of its former denuding influence in regions which have risen above its level? Yet some of the pluvial, fluvial, glacial geologists of the present day would soon reduce the sea to a subordinate rank in the list of causes, were it not for the masterly advocacy of marine denudation which, with fresh arguments, may be found in the successive editions of the works of Sir Charles Lyell and Sir R. I. Murchison.
VI.—Notes on the Roslyn Hill Clay Pit
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

This pit has already formed the subject of communications to the Society. In one read February 16th, 1863, and in a subsequent paper published in the GeologicalMagazine, Vol. II., p. 529, Mr. Seeley maintained, as I believe Professor Sedgwick had always held, that the singular juxtaposition of Kimmeridge Clay, Cretaceous rocks, and Boulder-clay, was due to faulting. In 1868 the Rev. O. Fisher communicated a paper, in which he accounted for the phenomena, by considering the Cretaceous beds as a huge boulderlike fragment, dropped into a valley which it had excavated in the Kimmeridge Clay, with the intervening space filled up with Boulderclay. Shortly after this had been read, Mr. Seeley published a paper in the GeologicalMagazine (Vol. V., p. 347), in which he attacked Mr. Fisher's view. The explanation of the phenomena may therefore be fairly regarded as still sub judice. During the last three years I have from time to time visited the pit, and purpose to lay before the Society the conclusions at which I have arrived, from repeated comparison of the rival theories with the sections exhibited during the progress of the works.
V.—Note on the Midford Sands
Authors: Woodward H. B.
Published: May 2009

The term “Midford Sands” suggested by Professor Phillips for the Sands which occur between the Inferior Oolite and the Upper Lias Clay, gives us a very happy name, and one that has been long wanted for these beds; for hitherto although they have been called by many names, not one has been generally adopted. They were first discovered and studied, so Professor Phillips tells us, by William Smith, in the picturesque cliff which overhung his house at Tucking Mill, near Midford—a little hamlet about three miles south of Bath, and situated in one of those delightful valleys formed by the river Avon and its tributaries.
VI.—Account of an Expedition to Greenland in the year 1870
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E.
Published: May 2009

Notwithstanding the very inconsiderable amount of sulphur it contains, this Greenland iron has a remarkable tendency to fall to pieces by the action of the air. The weathering depends on an oxidation, probably produced by a quantity of chlorine contained in the iron, and its great porosity; nevertheless, some of the phenomena connected with the weathering still appear to me inexplicable. I shall therefore somewhat more fully detail the observations and experiments made towards explaining this very disagreeable circumstance.
I.—The Metamorphosis of the Lizard Gabbros
Authors: Teall J. J. H.
Published: May 2009

If we take a general view of the present position of geological science, we are struck by the fact that, although there is substantial agreement amongst geologists on matters relating to the origin of the rocks usually designated as aqueous and igneous, the greatest diversity of opinion prevails with regard to the circumstances under which the so-called metamorphic rocks have been produced. Every fragment of evidence calculated to throw light on the origin of these rocks, therefore, deserves the most careful consideration. Of recent years special attention has been directed to the effects of mechanical energy in modifying the mineralogical and structural characters of rocks originally formed by aqueous and igneous agencies; and a suspicion has been aroused that it is in this direction that we must look for a solution of many of the problems connected with the origin of the crystalline schists. A visit to the Lizard Peninsula of Cornwall during the present summer has convinced me of the immense importance of this view so far as that district is concerned. That portion of the peninsula which lies south of a line drawn from Porthalla on the east to Polurrian Cove on the west is formed.partly of igneous rocks—such as gabbro, greenstone, serpentine, and granite—and partly of crystalline schists. The igneous rocks, in certain places, become foliated and sohistose and sometimes show a definite banding due to a variation in the relative proportions of the different constituents. In other words they present characters which are usually regarded as distinctive of the crystalline schists. There is, moreover, evidence to show that these characters are mainly the result of a yielding to earth-pressure subsequent to the consolidation of the original rock. At the present moment, having just returned from the district, I am unable to treat the subject from a general point of view with any prospect of success; but it has occurred to me that some details with regard to one of the rocks may not be without interest to members of the Association.
I.–Note on Eophyton? explanatum, Hicks, and on Hyalostelia (Pyritonema) fasciculus, M'Coy, sp.
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S., lately called my attention to the resemblance between some drawings I was showing to him of Hyalostelia fasciculus, M'Coy, sp., and the supposed fossil plant, described and illustrated by Dr. Henry Hicks, F.R.S., in the Geological Magazine for 1869, Vol. VI. p. 534, PL XX. Figs, la-e, under the name of Eophyton? explanatum.
VI.—The Bois de Fontaine Meteorite, and its Probable Identity with that of Charsonville of 1810
Authors: Gregory James R.
Published: May 2009

A few years since I received from a correspondent in Paris several fragments of a meteorite, which my informant stated fell at Bois de Fontaine on the estate of the Marquis de la Touane, near Mung, in the department of Loiret, France, in 1825, but no precise date was given. It was said to be unknown and undescribed. My informant also stated that it was presented to the physician of the Marquis de la Touane, from whom he, my informant, received it in exchange. Of the specimens that I received, two had some of the original crust on them, one a small fragment only, and the other a specimen of 254 grammes, but with only a small amount of crust. I had also five or six other specimens without the crust.
VI.—On some Bivalved Entomostraca from the Coal-Measures of South Wales
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In the spring of 1869 Mr. William Adams, F.G.S., of Cardiff, sent to me for examination several pieces of Coal-shale, bearing some minute organisms which had been recognized as Entomostraca by Mr. Charles Moore, F.G.S.
IV.—On some Points in the Geology of the East Lothian Coast
Authors: G. W.  , Balfour F. M.
Published: May 2009

The interesting relation between the Porphyrite of Whitberry Point, at the mouth of the Tyne near Dunbar, and the adjacent sedimentary rocks, was first noticed, we believe, by Professor Geikie, who speaks of it in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of East Lothian, pages 40 and 41, and again in the new edition of Jukes's Geology, pp. 269. The volcanic mass which forms the point, consists of a dark felspathic base with numerous crystals of augite: it is circular in form, and is exposed for two-thirds of its circumference in a vertical precipice facing the sea, about twenty feet in height.
I.—On some Coniferous Remains from the Lithographic Stone of Solenhofen
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton
Published: May 2009

In the Häberlein collection there is a slab containing the remains of a branch, of which portions are figured in Pl. V., Fig. 1. It belonged, there is little reason to doubt, to a species of Pinus, in which, as in the section Larix, the leaves were borne in fascicles on abortive lateral branches. Traces of these leaves appear to exist at a and b. The specimen affords, unfortunately, no more information than this; nothing of the kind, however, appears to have been recorded from Solenhofen, and it has therefore appeared desirable to call attention to its existence.
VI.—Note on a Carboniferous Species of Ortonia
Authors: Young John
Published: May 2009

The new species of Fossil Tubicolar Annelides, from the Lower Silurian strata of America, figured and described by Prof. H. A. Nicholson in the October and February Numbers of the GeologicalMagazine, has tended to throw light upon a closely allied form found in the Carboniferous Limestone strata of the West of Scotland. This species, as far as I am aware, has not hitherto been figured or described.
II.—Note on Pteraspis Kneri
Authors: Schmidt Magister Fr.
Published: May 2009

In the course of last summer I visited the banks of the Dniester, in Podolia and Galizia, where I was fortunate in collecting, near Zalesczyki, a number of shields belonging to Pteraspis (Scaphaspis) Kneri, Lank.
I.—Observations on the Microscopic Structure of Irish Granites
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

Granite of Firbogh. Galway Bay.—I propose, as time and opportunity permit, to give the results of observations on the microscopic structure of Irish Granites, commencing with one from Galway.
IV.—On Fissures, Faults, Contortions, and Slaty-Cleavage
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

It was contended in a previous communication that all valleys have been formed by sub-aërial agencies alone, and that the disintegrated materials, being carried seaward by the rivers traversing them, have accumulated to immense thicknesses in what had been formerly a continuation of these valleys, and have, by their weight, caused progressive subsidence, and so have formed bays and to some extent deltas at and near their mouths.
II.—On some Specimens of Dithyrocaris from the Carboniferous Limestone series, East Kilbride, and from the Old Red Sandstone of Lanarkshire
Authors: Woodward Henry , Etheridge Robert
Published: May 2009

The nine specimens of Phyllopodous Crustacea about to be noticed are, with one exception (that from Lanarkshire), all from the undoubted Carboniferous Limestone series, East Kilbride, a locality already well known to local geologists as having yielded a very rich series of Carboniferous forms.
V.—Notes on the British Graptolites and their Allies
Authors: Lapworth Chas.
Published: May 2009

In the following communication I intend to give a very brief outline of some of the chief results of my investigations among British Graptolites in those departments of inquiry which are more especially connected with consideratious of classification. I shall content myself with offering a concise statement of the main conclusions at which I have arrived, reserving all detail to the future, when I hope to adduce decisive evidence in support of the views here advanced. The special subjects to be noticed in this place are—the development, structure, classification, and geological distribution of that section of the Rhabdo-phora in which the complete polypary can be proved to be composed of one or more polyparies essentially similar to that in the unilateral and uniserial forms to which the name Graptolites (Graptolithus) is commonly applied. Those Rhabdophora supposed to be similar in structure to the genus Retiolites will be considered in conjunction, but no pretension is made to anything like the same certainty in this section.
III.—Notes on the British Graptolites and their Allies
Authors: Lapworth Chas.
Published: May 2009

The accompanying analytical Table of the genera of the Rhabdophora which are especially treated of in the present paper is here offered as a first and suggestive sketch for an improved arrangement of these forms. The foregoing conclusions have been employed in its construction, and are embodied in the general scheme.
I.—Contributions to British Fossil Crustacea
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Very few deposits containing organic remains have yielded more beautiful Fossil Crustacea than our London clay formation. In evidence of this, one. has only to turn to the beautiful series of plates which illustrate Professor Bell's Monograph, published by the Palæontographical Society (vol. x. 1857), illustrative of 15 genera and 19 species chiefly from the London area and the Isle of Sheppy.
VII.—On the Lower Silurian Rocks of Galashiels
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

The Buchholm Sandstones.—These beds are characterized by the evidence they afford of having accumulated in shallow water. They consist generally of gritty greywackes and light green or red, sandy, incoherent shales and mudstones.
III. Remarks on the Genus Polyporites
Authors: Binney E. W.
Published: May 2009

Lindley and Hutton, in their ‘Fossil Flora’ (vol. i. p. 181), give a plate and description of some specimens, termed by them Polyporites Bowmanni, which were found by the late Mr. J. E. Bowman, F.L.S., in the Carboniferous strata, near the entrance of the Vale of Llangollen, in the county of Denbigh.
José Martí's “Evening of Emerson” and the United Statesian Literary Tradition
Authors: LOMAS LAURA
Published: May 2009

Revising a century of interpretation that has emphasized the identification of José Martí with Ralph Waldo Emerson, this essay draws on Martí's unpublished and published manuscripts about Emerson to reveal Martí's keen sense of his difference from the New England bard. When we read Martí's 1882 eulogy to Emerson alongside contemporaneous essays about the Chinese Exclusion Act and the War of the Pacific, Martí's epiphany – which he calls the “evening of Emerson” – comes to suggest the evanescence of Emerson's influence. Martí here glimpses his contribution: a creative resignification and translation of Emerson and US culture more broadly in order to arrive at a distinct version of nuestra América. Although Emerson's influence persists, as he provides the phrase “our America,” Martí's interpretation transposes the phrase to a minor key and reveals the perspective of the Latin American migrant who presciently observes the threat of imperial expansion.
On the effect of heat release in turbulence spectra of non-premixed reacting shear layers
Authors: KNAUS R. , PANTANO C.
Published: May 2009

Velocity, mixture fraction and temperature spectra obtained from five direct numerical simulations of non-reacting and reacting shear layers, using the infinitely fast chemistry approximation, are analysed. Two different global chemical reactions corresponding to methane and hydrogen combustion with air, respectively, are considered. The effect of heat release, i.e. density variation, on the inertial and dissipation turbulence subrange of the spectra is investigated. Analysis of the database supports the experimentally available measurements of spectra in turbulent reacting flows showing that heat release effects can be scaled out by utilizing Favre-averaged (density-weighted) large-scale turbulence quantities. This is supported by the simulation results for velocity and mixture fraction in our moderate-Reynolds-number flows but it appears to be less supported in the dissipation subrange of the temperature spectra. The departure from universal scaling using Favre-averaged quantities in the temperature spectrum, which is evident in the dissipation subrange, appears to be caused by the strong nonlinearity of the state relationship relating the mixture fraction to the temperature, as has been suggested previously. These effects are less pronounced at intermediate wavenumbers. Analysis suggests that the nonlinear state relationship and the spectra of mixture fraction moments can be used to reconstruct the temperature spectrum across the flow. Moreover, the governing equation for the temperature variance is analysed to identify a possible surrogate for the overall rate of dissipation of temperature fluctuations and their corresponding dissipation length scale. This scaling analysis is then used to separate planes across the shear layer where the temperature dissipation length scale is alike that of the mixture fraction from regions where smaller length scales are present, and are evidenced in the dissipation subrange using Kolmogorov scaling. In our simulations, these regions correspond to the centre of the shear layer and the mean flame location. The new estimate for the temperature dissipation length scale is able to collapse the compensated spectra profiles at all planes across the shear layer for all simulations.