bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphogenesis and Variability of Cuticular Structures in the Genus lbla (Crustacea, Cirripedia)
Authors: KLEPAL WALTRAUD
Published: August 2006

The cuticular structures of adult Ibla cumingi Darwin, I. quadrivalvis (Cuvier) and of the nauplius stages I‐IV of I. cumingi have been examined, mainly by scanning but also by transmission electron microscopy. The various kinds of cuticular structures present have been listed and their morphogenetic differentiation is elucidated. The effect of size on the structures has been investigated. Irrespective of the cause of the size difference (sexual dimorphism, stage of growth, stage of ontogenetical development), the cuticular structures in the smaller individuals are simpler (lower level of complexity), they are arranged less regularly and they show a more primitive type of distribution than in the larger individuals. In the deviated males, the cuticular structures vary, but not in the fully developed females and hermaphrodites. It is, therefore, suggested that the males may be a young phylogenetic stage. The function of the cuticular structures has also been discussed.
Spermiogenesis in the Oligochaetoid Polychaete Questa (Annelida, Questidae)
Authors: JAMIESON BARRIE G. M.
Published: August 2006

The spermatids are connected to a central cytophore by cytoplasmic bridges and are polarized in the sequence: “empty cytoplasm”; uncondensed nucleus; mitochondria which surround the distal region of the nucleus and the centrioles; axoneme; posterolateral to the base of the axoneme, the Golgi apparatus and (when secreted) the acrosomal rudiment. The dome‐shaped acrosome vesicle elongates progressively as it migrates to the tip of the elongating and condensing nucleus; subacrosomal material gives rise to an almost equally long, tubular, thick‐walled perforatorium. After the acrosome has greatly elongated, the mitochondria are reduced to two, which lose their rounded form and invest the growing axoneme to give a very elongate midpiece. Transfer of materials from nucleus to mitochondria is discussed. Microtubules surrounding the acrosome and nucleus disappear by maturity, but those internal to the mitochrondria apparently persist as the accessory microtubules, unique in the Annelida, which surround the 9 + 2 axoneme. Microvilli of the egg envelope, which have tetrads of terminal branches (epivitelline projections) resembling epicuticular projections, are less than 1 μm long, whereas the mature acrosome exceeds 5 μm. This suggests that the correlation seen in oligochaetes is absent.
Notes on the Chironomid (Diptera, Chironomidae) “Ocelli”
Authors: WTLLASSEN ENDRE
Published: August 2006

Clear spots present on the imaginal head of many Chironomidae have previously been interpreted as vestigial ocelli. Scanning electron microscopy of clear spots in Diamesa tonsa (Haliday) and Protanypus caudatus Edwards indicates, however, that these structures are proprioceptive sensilla.
Relationship between HbA1c and indices of glucose tolerance derived from a standardized meal test in newly diagnosed treatment naive subjects with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Peter R. , Luzio S. D. , Dunseath G. , Pauvaday V. , Mustafa N. , Owens D. R.
Published: August 2006

Aims  To determine the relationship between HbA1c and other indices of glycaemic status derived during a standardized meal tolerance test (MTT) in newly diagnosed treatment‐naive subjects with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods  T2DM subjects (n = 262) consumed a standard MTT in the morning after a 10‐h overnight fast. Frequent samples for plasma glucose (PG) were collected over the 4‐h test period. The relationship between HbA1c and other glycaemic indices derived from the MTT were explored. The postprandial glucose exposure was calculated as the area under the incremental plasma glucose curve above the fasting level for the test period (AUC1). Excess hyperglycaemia was calculated as the AUC0−4 h above the arbitrary PG concentrations of 6.0 mmol/l (AUC2) and 5.5 mmol/l (AUC3), respectively [upper limit of fasting normoglycaemia according to World Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes Association (ADA), respectively]. Fasting hyperglycaemia was also estimated, being the difference between each of the above and the postprandial excursion. The participants were divided into three subgroups according to HbA1c (Group 1, ≤ 7.0%; Group 2, 7.1–9.0%; Group 3, > 9.0%) and the relative contribution calculated of the postprandial glucose and fasting hyperglycaemia to the excess hyperglycaemia above the designated international thresholds for fasting plasma glucose.

Results  HbA1c was more strongly correlated with the fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.85, P < 0.001) than the overall postprandial glucose exposure (r = 0.539, P = 0.003). The contribution of fasting hyperglycaemia to excess hyperglycaemia using the WHO criteria for normal fasting plasma glucose for the three groups (Groups 1, 2 and 3) was 50.4%, 54.3% and 69.8%, respectively, and 57.8%, 58.8% and 71.4% using the ADA criteria.

Conclusions  The contribution of fasting hyperglycaemia to excess hyperglycaemia increases as glycaemic control deteriorates, becoming dominant with an HbA1c in excess of 7.0%. These findings indicate which therapeutic approach needs to be adopted based on the HbA1c of the person with T2DM.
Mining fuzzy quantitative association rules
Authors: Subramanyam R.B.V. , Goswami A.
Published: August 2006

Abstract: The concept of fuzzy sets is one of the most fundamental and influential tools in the development of computational intelligence. In this paper the fuzzy pincer search algorithm is proposed. It generates fuzzy association rules by adopting combined top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. A fuzzy grid representation is used to reduce the number of scans of the database and our algorithm trims down the number of candidate fuzzy grids at each level. It has been observed that fuzzy association rules provide more realistic visualization of the knowledge extracted from databases.
Aging is associated with increased clonogenic potential in rat liver in vivo
Authors: Pasciu Daniela , Montisci Stefania , Greco Marianna , Doratiotto Silvia , Pitzalis Sabrina , Pani Paolo , Laconi Sergio , Laconi Ezio
Published: August 2006

Cancer increases with age and often arises from the selective clonal growth of altered cells. Thus, any environment favoring clonal growth per se poses a higher risk for cancer development. Using a genetically tagged animal model, we investigated whether aging is associated with increased clonogenic potential. Groups of 4‐, 12‐, 18‐, and 24‐month‐old Fischer 344 rats were infused (via the portal vein) with 2 × 106 hepatocytes isolated from a normal syngenic 2‐month‐old donor. Animals deficient in dipeptidyl‐peptidase type IV (DPP‐IV–) enzyme were used as recipients, allowing for the histochemical detection of injected DPP‐IV+ cells. Groups of animals were sacrificed at various times thereafter. No growth of DPP‐IV+ transplanted hepatocytes was present after either 2 or 6 months in the liver of rats transplanted at young age, as expected. In striking contrast, significant expansion of donor‐derived cells was seen in animals transplanted at the age of 18 months: clusters comprising 7–10 DPP‐IV+ hepatocytes/cross‐section were present after 2 months and were markedly enlarged after 6 months (mean of 88 ± 35 cells/cluster/cross‐section). These results indicate that the microenvironment of the aged liver supports the clonal expansion of transplanted normal hepatocytes. Such clonogenic environments can foster the selective growth of pre‐existing altered cells, thereby increasing the overall risk for cancer development associated with aging.
Abundance Patterns of Landbirds in Restored and Remnant Riparian Forests on the Sacramento River, California, U.S.A.
Authors: Gardali Thomas , Holmes Aaron L. , Small Stacy L. , Nur Nadav , Geupel Geoffrey R. , Golet Gregory H.
Published: August 2006

Riparian vegetation along the Sacramento River—California’s largest river—has been almost entirely lost, and several wildlife species have been extirpated or have declined as a result. Large‐scale restoration efforts are focusing on revegetating the land with native plants. To evaluate restoration success, we conducted surveys of landbirds on revegetated and remnant riparian plots from 1993 to 2003. Our objectives were to estimate population trends of landbirds, compare abundance patterns over time between revegetated and remnant riparian forests, and evaluate abundance in relation to restoration age. Of the 20 species examined, 11 were increasing, 1 was decreasing (Lazuli Bunting [Passerina amoena]), and 8 showed no trend. The negative trend for Lazuli Bunting is consistent with information on poor reproductive success and with Breeding Bird Survey results. There was no apparent guild association common to species with increasing trends. Nine species were increasing on revegetated and remnant plots, four were increasing on revegetated plots only, three were increasing on remnant plots only, the Lazuli Bunting was decreasing on both, and three species were stable on both. Although many species were increasing at a faster rate on revegetated plots, their abundance did not reach that of the remnant plots. For revegetated plots, “year since planting” was a strong predictor of abundance trends for 13 species: positive for 12, negative for 1. Our study shows that restoration activities along the Sacramento River are successfully providing habitat for a diverse community of landbirds and that results from bird monitoring provide a meaningful way to evaluate restoration success.
Strategies for Savanna Restoration in the Southern Great Plains: Effects of Fire and Herbicides
Authors: Ansley R. James , Castellano Michael J.
Published: August 2006

Woody plant encroachment has degraded grassland and savanna ecosystems worldwide by decreasing herbaceous production and diversity, and altering these physiognomies toward woodlands. This study evaluated the long‐term efficacy of fire and herbicide restoration strategies used in the southern Great Plains to reduce Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) dominance, restore a grassland/savanna physiognomy, and increase herbaceous production and diversity. Three treatments were evaluated: high‐intensity winter fire, aerial spray of clopyralid + triclopyr (C + T), and aerial spray of clopyralid and were compared to untreated mesquite woodland (control). Post‐treatment mesquite stand physiognomy was different between fire (low mortality, high basal sprouting), C + T (high mortality, high basal sprouting of surviving plants), and clopyralid (moderate mortality, low basal sprouting of surviving plants) treatments. From 6 to 8 years post‐treatment, herbaceous production was increased in C + T and clopyralid treatments but not in the fire treatment. Mesquite regrowth in the fire treatment exerted a competitive influence that limited herbaceous production. Herbaceous functional group diversity was increased in fire and C + T treatments due to a decrease in C3 perennial grass dominance and an increase in C4 perennial grasses and/or C3 forbs. Treatments that maintained mesquite overstory (control and clopyralid) had lower herbaceous diversity due to C3 perennial grass dominance and lower C4 perennial grass cover. The clopyralid treatment demonstrated greatest potential for long‐term restoration of southern Great Plains savanna by reducing mesquite canopy cover to historic levels, limiting mesquite basal regrowth and increasing grass production.
Vegetation Response Following Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Removal and Implications for Riparian Restoration
Authors: Harms Rebecca S. , Hiebert Ron D.
Published: August 2006

Using a retrospective study of tamarisk removal sites across five states in the southwestern United States, we investigated (1) decreases in tamarisk cover; (2) the effects of tamarisk removal on vegetation; and (3) whether cutting or burning tamarisk has differing effects on plant communities. Our study provides an important first step in recognizing the effects of removing a dominant invasive species on meeting long‐term goals of riparian restoration. We found that (1) both cutting and burning reduced mean tamarisk foliar cover by 82–95%, and this reduction was sustained over time. (2) Native foliar cover was 2‐ to 3‐fold higher on tamarisk removal sites, but total foliar cover remained 60–75% lower than on control transects. No trend toward increases in native cover was noted over time. When tamarisk was included in the analyses, diversity in tamarisk removal sites was 2‐ to 3‐fold higher than in the control sites and vegetation communities differed between treated and untreated sites. When tamarisk was excluded from the analyses, diversity was not greater at tamarisk removal sites, and there were no community differences between the treated and untreated transects. Differences in diversity were found to be driven by differences in evenness; overall species richness did not change following tamarisk removal. Sites in the Mojave showed the strongest increase in native foliar cover and diversity, Chihuahuan‐transition sites showed a slight increase, and sites on the Colorado Plateau showed no overall increase. (3) There were no differences between plant communities at burned and cut sites. Our research indicates that vegetation response to tamarisk removal is often negligible. Land managers should be prepared for persistent depauperate plant communities following tamarisk removal if additional restoration measures are not instigated.
The Costs of Type B Behavior: Females at Risk in Achievement Situations'
Authors: Kliewer Wendy , Lepore Stephen J. , Evans Gary W.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the costs associated with the Type B behavior pattern in an achievement task completed by 84 male and female fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students preselected for their Type A‐B scores. We hypothesized that the achievement behaviors of Type B girls, in comparison to boys and Type A girls, would be most negatively affected by failure experiences. Hypothesis‐testing strategies were assessed during a discrimination task that included eight training, four forced failure, and four success problems. Self‐ratings of performance were obtained following failure and success experiences, and preference for challenge was measured. As expected. Type B girls in comparison to all other children showed the greatest decrement in their hypothesis‐testing strategies during failure, appeared to have the most difficulty recovering from failure, were the only group to view their performance following success as poorer than other children's performance, and exhibited the least preference for challenge. These findings suggest that Type B girls are at risk in achievement situations.
Self‐Efficacy and Causal Attributions: Direct and Reciprocal Links
Authors: Stajkovic Alexander D. , Sommer Steven M.
Published: August 2006

This study examines Bandura's (1986, 1997a) propositions that self‐efficacy provides information from which causal attributions are made and that causal attributions, in turn, influence formation of subsequent self‐efficacy expectations. We developed a conceptual rationale for and empirically tested 2 sets of hypotheses pertaining to direct and reciprocal links between self‐efficacy and causal attributions. Effects of causal attributions and subsequently formed self‐efficacy on subsequent task performance were also investigated. Results support the existence of direct and reciprocal links between self‐efficacy and causal attributions. We found interactive effects between self‐efficacy and performance feedback on causal attributions, and a mediating effect of causal attributions on the formation of subsequent self‐efficacy beliefs. Causal attributions and subsequent self‐efficacy also significantly predicted subsequent performance.
Antagonistic Forces Generated by Cytoplasmic Dynein and Myosin‐II during Growth Cone Turning and Axonal Retraction
Authors: Myers Kenneth A. , Tint Irina , Nadar C. Vidya , He Yan , Black Mark M. , Baas Peter W.
Published: August 2006

Cytoplasmic dynein transports short microtubules down the axon in part by pushing against the actin cytoskeleton. Recent studies have suggested that comparable dynein‐driven forces may impinge upon the longer microtubules within the axon. Here, we examined a potential role for these forces on axonal retraction and growth cone turning in neurons partially depleted of dynein heavy chain (DHC) by small interfering RNA. While DHC‐depleted axons grew at normal rates, they retracted far more robustly in response to donors of nitric oxide than control axons, and their growth cones failed to efficiently turn in response to substrate borders. Live cell imaging of dynamic microtubule tips showed that microtubules in DHC‐depleted growth cones were largely confined to the central zone, with very few extending into filopodia. Even under conditions of suppressed microtubule dynamics, DHC depletion impaired the capacity of microtubules to advance into the peripheral zone of the growth cone, indicating a direct role for dynein‐driven forces on the distribution of the microtubules. These effects were all reversed by inhibition of myosin‐II forces, which are known to underlie the retrograde flow of actin in the growth cone and the contractility of the cortical actin during axonal retraction. Our results are consistent with a model whereby dynein‐driven forces enable microtubules to overcome myosin‐II‐driven forces, both in the axonal shaft and within the growth cone. These dynein‐driven forces oppose the tendency of the axon to retract and permit microtubules to advance into the peripheral zone of the growth cone so that they can invade filopodia.
PL1 Subepithelial bullous diseases – topic overview
Authors: Mravak‐Stipetić M , Marinović B
Published: August 2006

Subepithelial bullous diseases comprise the group of mucocutaneous autoimmune blistering diseases characterized by subepithelial separation and the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement against several antigens along the basement membrane zone (BMZ). This result in spectrum of diseases that affect skin, oral mucosa, and other mucosal membranes and include bullous pemphigoid (BP), mucous membrane (cicatricial) pemphigoid (MMP), linear IgA disease (LAD), and chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood (CBDC). The most common clinical features are oral erosions, desquamative gingivitis and conjunctival fibrosis, as well as skin lesions, predominantly in older female population. The heterogeneity of clinical presentation and diversity of target autoantigens have contributed to difficulties in characterizing this condition immunologically. In addition to the clinical presentation and a subepithelial vesicle or bullae on routine histologic analysis, the diagnosis is based on direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies. The nature of the disease is determined by the target antigens in the epithelium and BMZ such as antigen 180 (BP180), antigen 230 (BP230), laminin 5, and beta 4 integrin. Circulating IgG and IgA antibodies bind to different epitopes of BP180. The use of salt‐split skin substrate enables differentiation between epidermal and dermal ’binders’. Since the antigen and the antibody titer appear to have direct relationships with the disease severity, and a combination of clinical finding and antibody titer provides valuable prognostic data, these investigations should be carried out routinely. Clinicians should recognize clinical spectrum of SBD, the histopathologic and immunopathologic characteristics, the differential diagnosis, the treatment, and the natural history of the disease. Involvement of oral medicine specialists, dermatologists, ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists and gastroenterologists contribute to early diagnosis and will aid in providing SBD patients with the highest quality of care.
PL10 Oral manifestations of orogenital bacterial infections
Authors: Laskaris G
Published: August 2006

Orogenital sex in the last decades has become a common sexual practice (fellatio and cunnilingus) between both heterosexual and homosexual individuals. Consequently, several sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including bacterial infections, are a persistent problem in Europe and throughout the world, despite vigorous efforts in prevention and people education. The last two decades, HIV infection, revived the interest of the medical community and the people for the sexually transmitted diseases. Many of these bacterial infections present predominantly with characteristic oral signs and symptoms. As a result, it is imperative for the oral physician (stomatologist) to keep abreast of the latest updates in the behavior and to be aware of the whole spectrum of clinical manifestations of these diseases. Orogenital bacterial infections may be divided into two major categories: (i) Common including syphilis and gonorrhoea and (ii) Rare, including chlamydia trachomatis infection and tropical sexually transmitted infections (chancroid, donovanosis, lymphogranuloma venereum). Syphilis is the leader of sexually transmitted diseases and has been of great interest in the past and today and has played a central role in medicine for several decades. The oral lesions of syphilis (primary secondary and tertiary stages) have a broad spectrum of manifestations, which mimic a lot of other oral lesions. The recent incidence data, the oral manifestations, the laboratory tests and treatment of both categories of these diseases will be discussed, as the increased practice of oral sex has become a more important potential route of transmission for oral and genital bacterial pathogens. Stomatologists and Dentists, frequently evaluate oral mucosal manifestations and thus play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many of highly infectious sexually transmitted infections.
PL11 Infections – past, present and future
Authors: Welsby PD
Published: August 2006

The reasons that some past infections, including smallpox and diphtheria, have been conquered or controlled will be explored, as will the reasons that some other infections such as tuberculosis and leprosy remain a problem. At present HIV remains a major problem. All antiretroviral drugs are viristatic and thus, even in combination, not curative. Killing HIV will require a ’guided missile’ drug that will penetrate every infected cell to remove the HIV‐directed DNA within the host genome and this will not be possible, I predict, for decades. Even if a vaccination were available there will be numerous practical problems. The reasons why Edinburgh (incorrectly) received the accolade ’The AIDS Capital of Europe’ will be explored and dismissed as a media creation. In the future influenza will cause a world pandemic (the question is not if, but when). Drug resistant infections will continually develop in, and be spread from, hospitals. Most bacteria divide rapidly and it is surprising that drug resistance takes so long to develop. Jet travel will allow infections to spread to anywhere on the globe within 36 h. The fact that HIV and similar retroviruses insert themselves into host cell genomes, and that these sequences can thereafter function genetically, raises the possibility that some genetic disorders were originally infections and also that such inheritance of acquired characteristics opens the door for genetic manipulation which has implications for manipulation of Darwinian evolution in humans and their pathogens.
US5 Oral lichen planus
Authors: Jontell M
Published: August 2006

The lichenoid reactions are one of the most prevalent pathological reaction patterns of the oral mucosa. Oral lichen planus (OLP), lichenoid contact reactions (LCR) and graft‐versus‐host disease belong to this group of lichenoid reactions. Apart from a common clinical appearance, these disorders cannot be discriminated from each other by the use of histopathological techniques. New knowledge about the etiology behind LCR and GvHD can also, to some extent, be extrapolated to the immune mechanisms, which participate in the pathogeneses of OLP. Besides a discussion on different etiological aspects of OLP, this presentation will focus on treatment strategies used to manage lichenoid reactions. During recent years a debate has been conducted on the malignant potential of lichenoid reactions.
PL5 The diagnosis of sub‐epithelial bullous diseases
Authors: Carrozzo M
Published: August 2006

There are a number of sub‐epithelial vesiculobullous disorders that may produce similar clinical pictures in the oral cavity, with antibodies directed against various hemidesmosomal components or components of the epithelial basement membrane. The term immune‐mediated sub‐epithelial blistering diseases (IMSEBD) have therefore been used. The diagnosis of IMSEBD on clinical grounds alone is impossible and a full history, general, and oral examination, biopsy with immunostaining are now invariably required, sometimes supplemented with other special investigations. The main subepithelial blistering disease is mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) that includes a range of variants frequently having oral and especially gingival lesions. Exclusive oral MMP (OP) has been reported to have frequently a low frequency of positive indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) findings without serologic reactivity to recognised MMP antigens. However, the low frequency of detection of autoantibodies in the sera of OP patients may be due to insufficiently sensitive detection techniques. Indeed, most of the patients with OP have circulating auto‐antibodies (autoAb) against the epidermal side of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) with IIF using normal human salt‐split skin (SSS) as substrate. Combining very sensitive techniques as IIF‐SSS, immunoblotting (IB) on extracts of human keratinocyte cultures and ELISA systems up to 90% of the patients have circulating autoantibodies against the BMZ.
PL7 Oral viral infections that could be transmitted oro‐genitally
Authors: Syrjänen S
Published: August 2006

Orogenital transmission has been suggested for several viruses, e.g. herpes simplex virus‐1 and ‐2 (HS‐1 and HSV‐2), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8), human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV. Most studies have focused on HIV, HSV and HPV. Unprotected orogenital contact, especially receptive oral intercourse, is associated with greater risk of HIV transmission than previously thought. Factors potentially associated with increased risk of HIV transmission through oral sex include poor oral health, the salivary anti‐HIV properties such as peroxidases and thrombospondin‐1, the local and systemic immunological responses, concomitant sexually transmitted infections, ejaculation in the mouth, local mucosal integrity, and the level of infectious HIV present at the oral mucosa. The probability of per act transmission in oral intercourse with ejaculation is 0.04%. HSV‐2 has been regarded as a sexually transmitted virus while HSV‐1 is causing primary herpetic gingivo‐stomatitis, muco‐cutaneous oro‐facial disease and ocular disease. Also HSV‐2 might be detected occasionally in oro‐facial area. Recent data on young women with a primary genital infection indicate that HSV‐1 is much more frequent than HSV‐2. Oro‐genital route of transmission is more common than expected in genital HSV‐1 infections. EBV is a tumorigenic herpes virus that is carried as a persistent infection by more than 90% of adults. Most persistently infected people produce EBV in their saliva, and transmission is through close contact. There is a significant association between sexual intercourse and EBV seropositivity, increasing with numbers of sex partners. Because EBV has been found in genital secretions from healthy seropositive men and women, direct spread of virus during sexual intercourse is possible. Today, 106 HPV types have been sequenced of which almost 40 have been detected also in oral mucosa, causing benign epithelial lesions (papillomas, condylomas, warts and focal epithelial hyperplasia, or FEH). Recent meta‐analyses of the case‐control studies have confirmed HPV as an independent risk factor for oral SCC with odds ratios (OR) 3.7 to 5.4. HPV16 is the overwhelmingly most frequent type. HPV has been regarded as a sexually transmitted disease but this view is challenged by frequent detection of HPV in children. Unlike in genital tract, natural history of oral HPV infection is poorly studied. As part of the Finnish HPV Family Study we evaluated natural history of oral HPV in within family members. The detection rate of HR HPVs varied from 15% to 27%. Our results indicate that natural history of HPV infection in oral mucosa mimics that of genital HPV infections. Oral sex had no association to oral HPV infection, but a persistent oral HPV infection of the spouse increased the risk of persistent oral HPV infection in the other spouse 10‐fold.
OC12 Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach‐Wiethe disease)
Authors: Kurtuluş B , Dog˘an Onur Ö , Olgaç V , Balik A , Batur B
Published: August 2006

Lipoid proteinosis (LP), also known as Urbach‐Wiethe disease is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder associated with deposition of acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive hyaline‐like material in various tissues including skin, mucosal membranes and internal organs. The aetiology of LP is currently unknown. A 17‐year‐old male complaining of oral lesions and tooth pain was referred to our clinic, depending on characteristic infandible hoarseness, pox‐like and acneiform scar‐like lesions on his face, beaded eyelid papules, loss of hair, tuberous nodules on the elbows and generalized skin thickening had been diagnosed with LP. He had the characteristic old‐looking appearance. Intraoral examination showed macroglossia with a thickened frenulum and lateral impressions of teeth, yellowish papules on the tongue and yellowish deposits on the soft palate. There wasn't any structural abnormalities in radiographic examination. He had no other systemic disorder. He had poor oral hygiene, severe periodontal problems and multiple severe caries lesions. The patient was evaluated for the individual treatment needs of the problems he had been. The teeth extractions, restorative and periodontal treatments were done. Intraoral tissues were fragile, and healing process was observed to be slower than usual. In this case, limited mouth opening, macroglossia and the thickened oral mucosa restricted the treatment procedures in oral region. Throughout medical treatment patient's oral health status will be followed. This report pointed out to the rare finding of gingival hyperplasia due to hyalin‐like material deposition in gingival tissues, which was not induced by any drug therapy.
OC2 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor of the mandible with clear cell component treated by conservative surgery: report of a case with 30 months of follow‐up
Authors: Bornstein MM , Germanier Y , Stauffer E , Buser D
Published: August 2006

Signs and symptoms  A 44‐year‐old Caucasian woman was referred by her dentist for evaluation and treatment of a cystic lesion in the right mandibular angle. The referring dentist identified this lesion 3 weeks earlier by way a of routine dental radiograph.

Medical history and social history  The patient reported a chronic swelling of the right cheek caused by a recurrent lymphangioma, which had been surgically removed four times at other institutions. A cutaneous basal cell carcinoma located at the left side of the nose was successfully excised 7 years earlier. The patient didn't take any medication.

Oral disease history  Before the onset of repeated swelling and food impaction distal to the right second mandibular molar 2‐months ago, the patient did not have any symptoms. On palpation there was a hard and painless induration located at the lateral border of the right angle of the mandible. A panoramic radiograph demonstrated a well‐defined, multilocular radiolucency at the right mandibular angle and enclosing the crown of a deeply impacted third molar.

Diagnoses  Based on the clinical and radiological findings, the presumptive diagnosis was a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). The differential diagnosis included among others calcified odontogenic cyst, ameloblastic fibro‐odontoma, or ossyfying fibroma. The definite, histopathologically confirmed diagnosis was calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor with clear cell component (CCCEOT).

Treatment  The CCCEOT was treated by conservative surgery (enucleation). No recurrence was seen 30 months after treatment. This brings one more argument for a conservative surgical approach for the CEOTs/CCCEOTs of limited size.
OC4 Palatal mucoepidermoid carcinoma misdiagnosed as odontogenic infection
Authors: Brajdić D , Virag M , Manojlović S , Macan D
Published: August 2006

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) constituting less than 10% of all salivary gland tumors, account for approximately 30% of all malignant tumors, approximately 60% occur in the parotid and 30% in minor salivary glands. The palate is the most frequent localisation for those arising in minor salivary glands. Although the prognosis correlates with the histological grade, occasional low‐grade tumors behave unexpectedly aggressive. Because of only moderately responsive to radiotherapy, initial wide local excision appears to be appropriate for low‐grade, plus neck dissection if the neck nodes are clinically suspicious in intermediate‐grade and for high‐grade a neck dissection is combined with wide block excision. Differential diagnosis includes benign and malignant tumors of hard palate, mostly pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. The chronic sialadenitis or mucocele as a histologically similar could be misdiagnosed with a low‐grade MEC, but also necrotising sialometaplasia. Odontogenic cyst, lymphoma, plasmacytoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis or metastatic carcinoma could also be included. We report a case of a 33‐year‐old male patient with a MEC of a hard palate treated as an acute odontogenic infection, which after tooth endodontic treatments, repeated incisions and antibiotics have not been cured. He had a toothache on 26 and tumor of a hard palate. Eight months after, the patient has been sent to our Department. The cytology diagnosis was MEC, low‐grade malignant. Partial maxillectomy was performed. The diagnosis and the long‐term unsuccessful treatment have warned that the diagnosis and consequently the treatment should have been revised.
OC6 Supportive prosthodontic therapy of HPV‐associated oral papillomas
Authors: Illeš D , Vidović Juras D , Cekić‐Arambašin A , Valentić‐Peruzović M , Komar D
Published: August 2006

Patient, male, 13 years old, was referred to Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb under the diagnosis of HPV‐associated oral papillomas. Oral papillomas have spread across oral cavity and were especially prominent in buccal regions. Topical treatment with interferon‐β (Fiblaferon gel®, Biosyn, Fellbach, Germany) was ordered by the Department of Oral Medicine. Papillomas on the oral aspect of cheeks were prominent and they were often injured during mastication and parafunctional activities, which included chewing on papillomas, and that facilitated their growth and made medicamentous therapy more difficult. Accordingly development of the protective occlusal splint was proposed. Alginate impressions were taken for both upper and lower jaw and stone casts were purred. Casts were mounted into SAM 2P (SAM Gmbh, Munchen, Germany) articulator using face bow registration and intercuspal jaw position. Splint was manufactured on semiresilient polyurethane foil with it's occlusal and buccal pelotes developed from self‐curing acrylate. Pelotes were designed to keep buccal mucosa away from teeth during sleep and to prevent parafunctional biting. Patient was ordered to wear splint during the night and day except when eating. Because this kind of therapy has long duration period, final results of these combined prosthodontic and medicamentous therapy will be presented.
OC7 Trigeminal neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy – a rare combination
Authors: Frezzini C , Pabari S , Chaudhry SI , Hodgson TA , Porter SR
Published: August 2006

Introduction  Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is an uncommon orofacial symptom giving rise to paraesthesia and/or anaesthesia of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve in the absence of an obvious aetiology. Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy is a rare disorder giving rise to cholinergic and/or adrenergic dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. The combination of trigeminal and autonomic neuropathy in the absence of diabetes mellitus is unusual.

Signs and symptoms  A 45‐year‐old male was referred to the Oral Medicine Unit of UCL Eastman Dental Institute and UCLHT Eastman Dental Hospital for assessment of possible xerostomia secondary to autonomic neuropathy. Medical history & social history. The patient had long‐standing trigeminal neuropathy, long‐standing autonomic neuropathy giving rise to dysphagia, gastrointestinal and bladder function and orthostatic hypotension. There was a previous history of Hodgkin's disease.

Oral disease history  Clinical examination revealed neurotrophic destruction of the nasal septum (trigeminal trophic syndrome), chronic periodontitis, but no features of long‐standing xerostomia. Resting sialometry was >0.1 ml min–1.

Diagnosis  Trigeminal trophic syndrome secondary to trigeminal neuropathy and partial autonomic neuropathy.

Treatment  The patient was referred for appropriate periodontal therapy.

Conclusion  This is a unique example of trigeminal sensory neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy in the absence of diabetes mellitus. Early diagnosis of both disorders is important to ensure avoidance of facial complications such as trigeminal trophic syndrome and the oral consequences of long‐standing xerostomia.
Seed Rain Produced by Bats and Birds in Forest Islands in a Neotropical Savanna1
Authors: Arteaga Luis L. , Aguirre Luis F. , Moya M. Isabel
Published: August 2006

The high degree of isolation of forest “islands” relative to “continental” forested areas creates a naturally fragmented landscape in the savanna ecosystem. Because fragmentation can affect the intensity and quality of biological interactions (e.g., seed dispersal) we examined the abundance and species richness of seed rain produced by birds and bats in three different parts of forest islands (center, edge, and exterior) located at the Estación Biológica del Beni, Bolivia. Despite the fact that we found higher species density of seeds in the seed rain at the center of forest islands, when comparing species richness corrected for observed differences in density, species richness was higher at the edge of islands. The three parts of the islands did not differ in total number of seeds. Three genera (Byrsonima, Ficus, and Piper) contributed the most seeds to the seed rain. We found differences in the abundance of dispersed seeds probably because of the variation related with the disturbance line, where the savanna matrix interacts with the forest islands. Carollia perspicillata, Carollia brevicauda, and Sturnira lilium were the bats that contributed most to seed dispersal within forest islands, and Schistochlamys melanopis and Tyranneutes stolzmanni were the most important birds. The movement of seeds produced by bats and birds within forest islands of the savanna is crucial to assure the continuity of ecological process and dynamics of these forest islands.
The Effect of Dung and Dispersal on Postdispersal Seed Predation of Attalea phalerata (Arecaceae) by Bruchid Beetles1
Authors: Rios Rodrigo S. , Pacheco Luis F.
Published: August 2006

Low postdispersal mortality of palm seeds in tapir dung is hypothesized to result from the mechanical barrier provided by dung against bruchid infestation and/or from the distance to adult palms at which seeds are dispersed. We tested these hypotheses by distributing endocarps of Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. in experimental dung piles in Beni, Bolivia. Predation rates were significantly lower for seeds covered by dung than for exposed or partially covered seeds, but did not differ between seeds placed below and 50 m away from palms. Thus, dung, not short‐distance dispersal, protects seeds against bruchid beetles, and may ultimately promote survival of palm seeds.
SDSS J2125−0813: the evidence for the origination of optical Fe ii emission lines from an accretion disc near a central black hole
Authors: Zhang Xue-Guang , Dultzin-Hacyan D. , Wang Ting-Gui
Published: August 2006

We report on the radio-quiet quasar SDSS J2125−0813 which obviously emits optical Fe ii emission lines and double-peaked broad Balmer emission lines. Using the accretion disc model for double-peaked, broad, low-ionization emission lines, we reproduce the composite line spectra at the optical band between 4100 and 5600 Å. Broad Fe ii emission lines can be fitted simultaneously with the broad Hβ and Mg i lines, such that all broad lines have an elliptical disc profile with the same disc parameters. This result indicates that the optical Fe ii emission lines originate from the accretion disc near the central black hole which produces the double-peaked broad Balmer emission lines. Furthermore, we find that the object has a dimensionless accretion rate , which is much larger than the accretion rate for the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) mode, and that the energy budget of the accretion disc is enough to power the double-peaked broad Balmer emission lines.
A cornerstone for adequate supply of safe blood
Authors: Zhu M. Y.
Published: August 2006

Blood safety and timely adequate supply have significant impacts not only on healthcare service, but also the socio‐economic development and political stability of a country. However, until a decade ago the importance has not been seriously taken in the country. Distinct blood programme and safety strategy were not always available. In certain regions of the country the supervision to establishments involved in blood collection, processing and transfusion was neither strict nor sufficient. During the early period of 1990, HIV was transmitted among plasma‐apheresis donors in two central provinces. The relevant plasma‐apheresis centres, in which plasma is collected solely as source materials for fractionation, were accused for wrongdoings including not performing HIV screening, and mixing red cells from different donors with same blood types before back infusion.
Blood and AIDS: an international political history
Authors: Schmidt P.
Published: August 2006

The politics of health was never tested more in the Western democracies than when the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surfaced at the beginning of the 1980s. In those countries it became the most important medical event of the last half of the 20th century. The significance of AIDS was not only as a disease that took away lives, but also as a disease that had great effects on social and political life.

 The involvement of the blood community in their national problems when AIDS appeared in the industrialized countries persists to this day in unresolved questions in other parts of the world. An analysis is presented on those blood politics in the USA, France, Japan and Canada. Those events had different roots and effects depending on the various national blood programmes and policies, on donor and patient populations and, not incidentally, on decisions made and secrets kept.

 The events that related blood to AIDS in the industrialized nations in the 1980s and 1990s are still in progress in other parts of the world. The mistakes made in the West and the resultant effects on social and economic progress offer a modern history lesson for the rest of the world.
Parameters of brown‐headed cowbirdMolothrus ateregg discrimination in warbling vireosVireo gilvus
Authors: Underwood Todd J. , Sealy Spencer G.
Published: August 2006

We examined which egg parameters warbling vireosVireo gilvususe to discriminate brown‐headed cowbirdMolothrus atereggs and, by comparing our results to other studies, tested the prediction that ejecter species with eggs more similar in appearance to cowbird eggs will be less tolerant of foreign eggs. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that egg characteristics influence the cost of ejection and probability of committing ejection errors. Warbling vireos ejected 100% of eggs with a cowbird spot pattern and only spot pattern significantly influenced the probability of ejecting a foreign egg, whereas size and nest stage did not. Foreign eggs that differed in two parameters were not ejected significantly more than those that differed in one parameter. Thus, warbling vireos appear to be less tolerant of foreign eggs than species with eggs more divergent from cowbird eggs. There was no significant difference in the number of vireo eggs that were damaged when foreign eggs of different sizes and spot patterns were ejected, which is counter to the assumptions of the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis. Similarly, foreign egg characteristics did not significantly influence the probability of ejection errors. Finally, egg discrimination in warbling vireos appears to have evolved directly to counter cowbird parasitism because all conspecific eggs switched into their nests were accepted.
Sex and age influence intestinal parasite burden in three boreal grouse species
Authors: Isomursu Marja , Rätti Osmo , Helle Pekka , Hollmén Tuula
Published: August 2006

Parasite infections are often more common in male vertebrates than in females. Sexual selection leading to dimorphism can cause sexual differences in immune defence, behaviour or body size. Possible proximate explanations for male bias in parasitism are the immunosuppressive effect of male sex hormones and the large body size of males which increases the likelihood of being parasitized. To evaluate these hypotheses, we studied the prevalence and abundance of intestinal helminth parasites in three boreal grouse species, the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus, the black grouse Tetrao tetrix, and the hazel grouse Bonasa bonasia. The first two are sexually dimorphic polygynous species while the latter species is sexually monomorphic and monogamous. We found a male‐bias in the prevalence and abundance of the nematode Ascaridia compar. The bias was most pronounced in the polygynous black grouse and capercaillie. In the monogamous hazel grouse, there was a slight male‐bias in occurrence of ascarids, but no bias in abundance. In juvenile grouse, the male‐bias was larger than in adult grouse. No sexual bias was found in regard to the cestodes (Skrjabinia cesticillus, Paroniella urogalli and Hymenolepis spp.). However, age was a factor in cestode prevalence: juvenile grouse were more commonly infected than adults. Differences in growth rates and body size are potential factors that may lead to male‐biased parasitism in these grouse species, and their impact requires further studies.
New Spatio-Temporal Wind Exergy Maps
Authors: Şahin Ahmet Duran , Dincer Ibrahim , Rosen Marc A.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, energy and exergy characteristics of wind energy are investigated. The effects of wind speed and air temperature and pressure at the inlet of a wind turbine on windchill temperature are examined. We also investigate energy and exergy efficiencies of the wind energy generating system and verify the models through a case study on a 100 kW wind generating system for 21 climatic stations in the province of Ontario, Canada. New energy and exergy efficiency maps of the wind energy generating system are introduced to provide a common basis for regional assessments and interpretations. These efficiency maps are plotted for 4 months of the year (January, April, July, October), which are taken to be representative months of the seasons. The results show that aerial differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are approximately 20%–24% at low wind speeds and approximately 10%–15% at high wind speeds.