bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Dynamic Pricing Policies: Learning and Earning Under a Binary Prior Distribution
Authors: Harrison J. Michael , Keskin N. Bora , Zeevi Assaf
Published: October 2011

Motivated by applications in financial services, we consider a seller who offers prices sequentially to a stream of potential customers, observing either success or failure in each sales attempt. The parameters of the underlying demand model are initially unknown, so each price decision involves a trade-off between learning and earning. Attention is restricted to the simplest kind of model uncertainty, where one of two demand models is known to apply, and we focus initially on performance of the myopic Bayesian policy (MBP), variants of which are commonly used in practice. Because learning is passive under the MBP (that is, learning only takes place as a by-product of actions that have a different purpose), it can lead to incomplete learning and poor profit performance. However, under one additional assumption, a constrained variant of the myopic policy is shown to have the following strong theoretical virtue: the expected performance gap relative to a clairvoyant who knows the underlying demand model is bounded by a constant as the number of sales attempts becomes large.

This paper was accepted by Gérard P. Cachon, stochastic models and simulation.
Constant Proportion Debt Obligations: A Postmortem Analysis of Rating Models
Authors: Gordy Michael B. , Willemann Søren
Published: October 2011

In its complexity and its vulnerability to market volatility, the constant proportion debt obligation (CPDO) might be viewed as the poster child for the excesses of financial engineering in the credit market. This paper examines the CPDO as a case study in model risk in the rating of complex structured products. We demonstrate that the models used by Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's fail in-sample specification tests even during the precrisis period and in particular understate the kurtosis of spread changes. Because stochastic volatility is the most natural explanation for the excess kurtosis, we estimate an extended version of the S&P model with stochastic volatility and find that the volatility-of-volatility is large and significant. An implication is that agency model-implied probabilities of attaining high spread levels were biased downward, which in turn biased the rating upward. We conclude with larger lessons for the rating of complex products and for modeling credit risk in general.

This paper was accepted by Wei Xiong, finance.
A Stochastic Portfolio Optimization Model with Bounded Memory
Authors: Chang Mou-Hsiung , Pang Tao , Yang Yipeng
Published: October 2011

This paper considers a portfolio management problem of Merton's type in which the risky asset return is related to the return history. The problem is modeled by a stochastic system with delay. The investor's goal is to choose the investment control as well as the consumption control to maximize his total expected, discounted utility. Under certain situations, we derive the explicit solutions in a finite dimensional space.
An O(n4) Algorithm for the QAP Linearization Problem
Authors: Kabadi Santosh N. , Punnen Abraham P.
Published: October 2011

An instance of the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) with cost matrix Q is said to be linearizable if there exists an instance of the linear assignment problem (LAP) with cost matrix C such that for each assignment, the QAP and LAP objective function values are identical. Several sufficiency conditions are known that guarantee linearizability of a QAP. However, no polynomial time algorithm is known to test if a given instance of QAP is linearizable. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for an instance of a QAP to be linearizable and develop an O(n4) algorithm to solve the corresponding linearization problem, where n is the size of the QAP.
On the Approximability of Single-Machine Scheduling with Precedence Constraints
Authors: Ambühl Christoph , Mastrolilli Monaldo , Mutsanas Nikolaus , Svensson Ola
Published: October 2011

We consider the single-machine scheduling problem to minimize the weighted sum of completion times under precedence constraints. In a series of recent papers, it was established that this scheduling problem is a special case of minimum weighted vertex cover.

In this paper, we show that the vertex cover graph associated with the scheduling problem is exactly the graph of incomparable pairs defined in the dimension theory of partial orders. Exploiting this relationship allows us to present a framework for obtaining (2-2/f)-approximation algorithms, provided that the set of precedence constraints has fractional dimension of at most f. Our approach yields the best-known approximation ratios for all previously considered special classes of precedence constraints, and it provides the first results for bounded degree and orders of interval dimension 2.

On the negative side, we show that the addressed problem remains NP-hard even when restricted to the special case of interval orders. Furthermore, we prove that the general problem, if a fixed cost present in all feasible schedules is ignored, becomes as hard to approximate as vertex cover. We conclude by giving the first inapproximability result for this problem, showing under a widely believed assumption that it does not admit a polynomial-time approximation scheme.
Penalized Sample Average Approximation Methods for Stochastic Mathematical Programs with Complementarity Constraints
Authors: Liu Yongchao , Xu Huifu , Ye Jane J.
Published: October 2011

This paper considers a one-stage stochastic mathematical program with a complementarity constraint (SMPCC), where uncertainties appear in both the objective function and the complementarity constraint, and an optimal decision on both upper- and lower-level decision variables must be made before the realization of the uncertainties. A partially exactly penalized sample average approximation (SAA) scheme is proposed to solve the problem. Asymptotic convergence of optimal solutions and stationary points of the penalized SAA problem is carried out. It is shown under some moderate conditions that the statistical estimators obtained from solving the penalized SAA problems converge almost surely to its true counterpart as the sample size increases. Exponential rate of convergence of estimators is also established under some additional conditions.
Optimal Selling Scheme for Heterogeneous Consumers with Uncertain Valuations
Authors: Chen Ying-Ju
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we investigate the optimal selling scheme for a capacity-constrained seller who faces both aggregate demand and individual valuation uncertainties. As each consumer privately observes an initial estimate prior to the transactions and an updated information postpurchase, the problem exhibits the sequential screening feature and return policy emerges as part of the optimal selling scheme. We show that the optimal selling scheme nicely resembles the classical multiunit auction design, and the product is returned too often compared to the efficient scenario. Furthermore, even though the postpurchase information update is privately observed by the individual consumers, the seller does not give away additional surplus to the consumers. Our general framework can accommodate various heterogeneities and uncertainties regarding hassle costs, shipping costs, salvage values, and reservation values. Our results go through even if the seller cannot commit to the refund amounts, the seller has flexible capacity, or consumers have multiunit demands.
A Polynomial Time OPT + 1 Algorithm for the Cutting Stock Problem with a Constant Number of Object Lengths
Authors: Jansen Klaus , Solis-Oba Roberto
Published: October 2011

In the cutting stock problem, we are given a set of objects of different types, and the goal is to pack them all in the minimum possible number of identical bins. All objects have integer lengths, and objects of different types have different sizes. The total length of the objects packed in a bin cannot exceed the capacity of the bin. In this paper, we consider the version of the problem in which the number of different object types is constant, and we present a polynomial-time algorithm that computes a solution using at most one more bin than an optimum solution.
Turning Waste into By-Product
Authors: Lee Deishin
Published: October 2011

This paper studies how a firm can create and capture value by converting a waste stream into a useful and saleable by-product (i.e., implementing by-product synergy (BPS)). We show that BPS creates an operational synergy between two products that are jointly produced. In essence, BPS is a process innovation that reduces the marginal cost of the original product and/or the by-product. The firm creates value through this process innovation and can capture this value by capturing newly created market opportunities, taking market share from competitors, or licensing the innovation to its competitors. We determine the optimal operating and licensing strategies for the firm and find market conditions under which the firm would benefit most from implementing BPS. We show that the optimal operating and licensing strategies are driven by the size of the cost reduction enabled by the BPS process innovation. We also show that leveraging the synergies between the original product and by-product can lead to counterintuitive profit-maximizing operating strategies such as increasing the amount of waste generated, and strategically increasing the quantity of original product above the business as usual production volume. We present a framework for assessing the environmental impact of BPS that incorporates the impact of the optimal operating and licensing strategies.
Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate in basic ionic liquids
Authors: Chiappe Cinzia , Rajamani Sunita
Published: October 2011

Glycerol carbonate is a key multifunctional compound used as solvent, additive, and building block in alternative chlorine-free processes. Here, we report the synthesis of glycerol carbonate from renewable materials (glycerol and dimethyl carbonate, DMC) using basic ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts. After process optimization, it has been possible to isolate pure glycerol carbonate in quantitative yield using a three-fold excess of DMC and ca. 15 % of IL. The IL could be reused at least four times without any significant reduction in the conversion yield.
Comparison of Uniatrial and Biatrial Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures in Atrial Fibrillation: Initial Results
Authors: Breda Jo�o Roberto , Breda Ana Silvia Castaldi Ragognetti , Ragognette Ricardo Gitti , Machado Leandro Neves , Neff Charles Benjamin , De Matos Leandro Luongo , Meneghine Adriano , Pires Adilson Casemiro
Published: October 2011

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance. Surgical ablation techniques were developed involving the left atrium only and modifications of the maze procedure in ablating both atria.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare, in patients with permanent AF, the efficacy of uniatrial versus biatrial radiofrequency ablation procedure in the treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients with associated cardiac disease.

Method: Between September 2003 and May 2009, 30 patients were submitted to the radiofrequency ablation procedure for AF associated with concomitant cardiac surgery; 15 patients underwent a uniatrial procedure, and 15 patients underwent biatrial ablation. The mean age was 47.73 � 9.85 years, and 53.4% were men. The average followup time was 12.16 � 10.89 months for the uniatrial group and 7.0 � 4.0 months for the biatrial group.

Results: Neither hospital mortality nor complications related to radiofrequency ablation were was registered. At the time of hospital discharge, 9 patients (60%) were in a state of sinus rhythm in both groups. However, patients undergoing biatrial ablation (range 73.3% versus 46.7%) demonstrated complete freedom from atrial fibrillation at all times.

Conclusion: Biatrial ablation surgical procedures were more effective in controlling atrial fibrillation than procedures limited to the left atrium.
Does On-Pump Normothermic Beating-Heart Valve Surgery with Low Tidal Volume Ventilation Protect the Lungs?
Authors: T�t�n Ufuk , Parlar Ali Ihsan , Altinay Levent , Topcu Deniz Ilhan , Babaroglu Seyhan , Yay Kerem , Mungan Ufuk , Cicekcioglu Ferit , Saydam Gul Sevim , Katircioglu Salih Fehmi
Published: October 2011

Background: Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) usually develops secondary to the inflammatory process with contact activation, hypothermia, operative trauma, general anesthesia, atelectasis, pain, and pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion due to crossclamping. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an on-pump, normothermic, and beating-heart technique and of low-volume ventilation on lung injury.

Methods: We compared the results for 20 patients who underwent operations with an on-pump, normothermic, and beating-heart technique of mitral valve surgery with low-volume ventilation (group 1) with the results for 23 patients who underwent their operations with an on-pump, hypothermic cardiacarrest technique (group 2). In both groups, blood samples were collected from the right superior pulmonary vein, and inflammation and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, lactic acid, platelet-activating factor, and myeloperoxidase) were studied.

Results: Malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and lactate values were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 just before the termination of CPB (P < .05). We observed no differences between the 2 groups with regard to values for platelet-activating factor.

Conclusions: Inflammation and oxidative stress markers were lower in the group of patients who underwent beating-heart valve surgery with low-volume ventilation. These results reflect less of an ischemic insult and lower inflammation compared with the results for the patients who underwent conventional operations.
Intracardiac Fistulae: A Rare Complication of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Alizzi Ali M. , Master Mandana , Williams David
Published: October 2011

We present the case of a diabetic gentleman who was admitted to the hospital with an infected right foot. Swabs were positive for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. His right big toe was amputated. Postoperatively, the patient experienced recurrent episodes of chest pain. He was therefore transferred to the coronary care unit, where he deteriorated rapidly. The patient was subsequently transferred to intensive care. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms revealed evidence of aortic dissection, but this finding was not confirmed in a computed tomography scan. The patient subsequently experienced cardiac arrest and died. The postmortem examination revealed no aortic dissection but did show a vegetation on the mitral valve with a fistula that tracked into a ruptured epicardium.
Aortic Dissection in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: Is It Possible to Save Both Lives?
Authors: Putnik Svetozar M. , Nikolić Bojan D. , Divac Ivan A. , Ristić Miljko N
Published: October 2011

Aortic dissection during pregnancy is a potentially catastrophic clinical condition and can be lethal to both mother and fetus. The treatment of aortic dissection in pregnancy is based on location, severity, and gestational age. We report a case of acute aortic dissection in a 30-year-old female patient in her 26th week of gestation. Ascending aorta resection and interposition of a 26-mm Dacron graft was carried out without circulatory arrest by means of a double-felt "sandwich" technique on both anastomoses. The patient was discharged from the hospital 10 days after her initial admission. At the 34th week of gestation, the patient delivered a healthy baby by cesarean section. Because our patient was hemodynamically unstable, our aim at the 26th week of gestation was to perform a simplified surgical procedure, to avoid circulatory arrest, and to maintain a high perfusion pressure, in order to save the patient's life and to decrease the potential risk of damage to the fetus.
How to Do It: Proximal Elephant Trunk Insertion Technique for Preventing Stroke during Replacement of the Descending Aorta through a Left Thoracotomy
Authors: Kubota Hiroshi , Endo Hidehito , Tsuchiya Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Akihiro , Takahashi Yu , Inaba Yusuke , Sudo Kenichi
Published: October 2011

To reduce the risk of stroke during open surgery for the treatment of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic diseases, we attempted to insert a proximal elephant trunk to stabilize the atherosclerosis at the site of the proximal anastomosis. Although the patients had dense atherosclerotic lesions, they recovered well without neurologic complications. This technique is simple and may be effective for preventing stroke when replacing the descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aorta through a left thoracotomy.
Off-Pump Surgery Is Not a Contraindication for Patients with a Severely Decreased Ejection Fraction
Authors: Emmert Maximilian Y. , Salzberg Sacha P. , Seifert Burkhardt , Schurr Ulrich P. , Theusinger Oliver M. , Hoerstrup Simon P. , Reuthebuch Oliver , Genoni Michele
Published: October 2011

Background: A severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (30%) increases the risk of surgical myocardial revascularization. We evaluated the safety and feasibility of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery in patients with a severely decreased EF.

Methods: We compared 79 patients with an EF ?30% (group A) with 863 patients with an EF >30% (group B) who underwent myocardial revascularization between 2003 and 2008. The relationship between EF and outcome after OPCAB was assessed by univariate and logistic regression analyses. A composite end point was constructed from 30-day mortality, renal failure, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) >2 days, neurologic complications, and use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Additionally, the completeness of revascularization was assessed.

Results: The mortality rates for groups A and B were comparable (1.3% and 2.0%, respectively; P = .55), and the 2 groups did not differ with regard to serious postoperative complications, such as stroke (2.5% versus 1.4% for groups A and B, respectively; P = .42), peripheral neurologic complications (2.5% versus 0.7%, P = .14), renal failure (0% versus 1.1%, P = 1.00), use of an IABP (1.3% versus 0.8%, P = .50), ICU length of stay >2 days (17.7% versus 19.6%, P = .77). Similarly, groups A and B did not differ with regard to ventilation time (11.2 � 12.7 hours versus 12.4 � 15.5 hours, P = .82), indicating similar postoperative courses for the 2 groups of patients. In contrast, the composite end point occurred significantly more frequently in group A (43.0% versus 29.7%, P = .02), a result driven by the increased rate of rethoracotomy for bleeding in that group (11.4% versus 2.9%, P = .001). The 2 groups were similar with respect to the total number of grafts used per patient (3.82 � 0.89 versus 3.63 � 1.01, P = .10) and the completeness of revascularization (94% versus 93%, P = .49).

Conclusion: A standardized OPCAB approach is safe for patients with a severely decreased EF, and its use does not come at the cost of less complete revascularization.
High-Volume Hemofiltration as Adjuvant Therapy for Refractory Shock after Pericardiocentesis
Authors: Lango Romuald , Kowalik Maciej M. , Siondalski Piotr , Rogowski Jan , Dabrowska-Kugacka Alicja
Published: October 2011

Background: Pericardiocentesis for the treatment of chronic cardiac tamponade can occasionally result in acute pulmonary edema or biventricular failure. A sudden increase in heart filling pressures and right-to-left ventricular-output mismatch have been proposed underlying mechanisms.

Case Report: We report the case of 16-year-old patient who underwent pericardiocentesis for chronic cardiac tamponade 6 weeks after undergoing a Bentall procedure. The patient developed circulatory shock 6 hours after pericardiocentesis. High-volume hemofiltration was used as a rescue therapy after treatment with positive inotropic drugs proved ineffective. An improvement in circulatory function observed after commencement of the hemofiltration treatment was followed by hemodynamic deterioration when the hemofiltration procedure was ceased.

Discussion: The mechanism of the observed hemodynamic improvement is unclear. Hemodynamic recovery related in time to high-volume hemofiltration treatment indicates the possible removal of inflammatory mediators. Visceral vasoconstriction resulting from cardiac tamponade and subsequent improvement in gut perfusion after pericardiocentesis that led to washout of inflammatory mediators might have contributed to the development of acute heart failure. Cytokine removal by high-volume hemofiltration and the procedure's relationship to hemodynamic improvement have previously been demonstrated in clinical and experimental studies of septic shock.

Conclusions: We conclude that high-volume hemofiltration can be helpful as an adjuvant treatment for refractory shock after pericardiocentesis for chronic cardiac tamponade. The mechanism of the observed hemodynamic improvement remains to be investigated.
Sex Differences in Procedure Selection and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Surgery
Authors: Vassileva Christina M. , Stelle Lacey M. , Markwell Steve , Boley Theresa , Hazelrigg Stephen
Published: October 2011

Background: There is a paucity of data on sex differences in procedure selection and outcomes of patients undergoing mitral valve surgery.

Methods and Results: The National Inpatient Sample database from 2005 to 2008 was searched to identify patients ?30 years of age who underwent mitral valve repair or replacement (ICD-9-CM codes 35.12, 35.23, and 35.24). Women constituted 51.6% of the patients, and they were older, were less affluent, had higher values for the Charlson comorbidity index, and more often presented on an urgent/emergent basis. Women underwent repair less often than men (37.9% versus 55.9%, P < .001) and more often underwent concomitant tricuspid surgery or a Maze procedure. After adjustment for propensity scores, women were more likely to undergo replacement (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.64-1.93; P = .0001), they had longer lengths of stay, and less favorable disposition. Among the patients who underwent mitral valve repair, women had a higher hospital mortality (2.06% versus 1.36%, P = .0328). After adjustment for propensity scores and concomitant procedures, this relationship was no longer statistically significant.

Conclusions: Women are less likely than men to receive mitral valve repair. Although the higher hospital mortality of women presenting for mitral valve surgery was accounted for by their worse preoperative profiles, this sex disparity reflects the current reality in surgical practice and identifies an important area for future improvement in the care of patients with valvular heart disease.
Initial Experience with Endoscopic Saphenous Vein Harvesting for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft ing in Chinese Patients
Authors: Wang Huishan , Wu Haibo , Jiang Hui , Wang Zengwei , Potapov Evginij , Stepanenko Alexander
Published: October 2011

Objective: We aimed to investigate the initial experience of endoscopic vein harvesting (EVH) for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Chinese patients.

Methods: Forty patients scheduled for isolated CABG were prospectively randomized into an EVH group (n = 20) and an open vein harvesting (OVH) group (n = 20). Clinical data were collected, and all of the vein grafts were assessed by macroscopic appearance, histologic quality (endothelial integrity), and functional characteristics of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Results: The 2 groups were similar with respect to hospital mortality (EVH group, 0; OVH group, 1; P = 1). There were no postoperative myocardial infarctions in either group and no deaths or reinterventions in either group during the follow-up period. Harvesting times in the 2 groups were similar (EVH, 12.15 � 2.32 min; OVH, 12.55 � 2.11 min; P = .571). Three patients in the EVH group were converted to a partly open or skin-bridge technique. Electrocautery at least 2 mm distal to the origin of the side branch was the safety margin.

Conclusions: The use of EVH in Chinese patients was not related to adverse events and may be safely used for CABG procedures. Preoperative duplex mapping, systemic heparinization before harvesting, minimal surgical manipulation, and sectioning of side branches at least 2 mm distal to the origin may help improve the quality of vein grafts harvested with EVH and maximize the benefit of this less-invasive technique.
Rapid Ischemic Preconditioning with a Short Reperfusion Time Prevents Delayed Paraplegia in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Ozkokeli Mehmet , Es Mehmet Ugur , Filizcan Ugur , Ugurlucan Murat , Sasmazel Ahmet , Tataroglu Cenk
Published: October 2011

Background: Surgery for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms can be complicated by a significant incidence of neurogenic deficits due to spinal cord ischemia. In this study, we investigated whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) improves neurologic outcome in a rabbit model.

Methods: Forty rabbits underwent infrarenal aortic occlusion. The IPC group (n = 20) had 10 minutes of aortic occlusion to induce spinal cord ischemia, 40 minutes of reperfusion, and 30 minutes of ischemia, whereas the control group (n = 20) had only 30 minutes of ischemia. Tarlov scoring (0, paraplegia; 4, normal) was used to evaluate neurologic functions 7 days later, and spinal cord segments (L4-L6) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic evaluation.

Results: Complete paraplegia (grade 0) occurred in 15 (75%) of the 20 control animals, whereas in the IPC group, 13 (65%) of 20 animals were completely normal (grade 4) (P < .05).

Conclusion: IPC is beneficial for protecting against neurologic damage after transient aortic occlusion in a rabbit model; however, the protective mechanisms are not clear.
Prosthetic Valve Implantation with Preservation of the Entire Valvular and Subvalvular Apparatus of the Tricuspid Valve in Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: Ergenoglu Mehmet U. , Yerebakan Halit , Ozveren Olcay , Koner Ozge , Kalangos Afksendiyos , Demirsoy Ergun
Published: October 2011

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, which is characterized by atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance, is a rare congenital heart disease. Most of the cases are diagnosed in childhood, owing to associated cardiac anomalies, such as ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia, and Ebstein-like malformation of the tricuspid valve. We present a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries who underwent surgical replacement of the tricuspid valve with a bioprosthesis and reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract with bovine conduit.
To devalue or not to devalue?
Authors: Popov V.
Published: October 2011

If there is a negative terms of trade or financial shock leading to the deterioration in the balance of payments, there are two basic options for a country that has limited foreign exchange reserves. First, a country can maintain a fixed exchange rate (or even a currency board) and wait until the reduction of foreign exchange reserves leads to the reduction of money supply: this will drive domestic prices down and stimulate exports, raise interest rates and stimulate the inflow of capital, and finally will correct the balance of payments. Second, the country can allow the devaluation of national currency — flexible exchange rate will automatically bring the balance of payments back into the equilibrium. Because national prices are less flexible than exchange rates, the first type of adjustment is associated with the greater reduction of output.The empirical evidence on East European countries and other transition economies for the 1998–99 period (outflow of capital after the 1997 Asian and 1998 Russian currency crises and slowdown of output growth rates) suggests that the second type of policy response (devaluation) was associated with smaller loss of output than the first type (monetary contraction). The 2008–09 developments provide additional evidence for this hypothesis.
The 2011 governance reform of the Eurozone: Two well-known problems of the centrally planned economies (An Essay)
Authors: Mihályi P.
Published: October 2011

The protracted sovereign debt crisis within the Eurozone has given rise to new policy questions. In a paradoxical way, the dilemmas confronting the contemporary EU/EMU reformers are similar to those which Socialist planners faced 30–40 years ago. This will be illustrated by two examples: the inherent contradictions of ex ante coordination, and the difficulties in hardening the soft budget constraint mechanism. Deep and far-reaching reforms are not possible without a consensus among those experts who have the ear of the elected leaders. This condition is not fulfilled today, due to the lack of consensus on the diagnosis.
How market information is transformed into marketing knowledge?
Authors: Keszey T.
Published: October 2011

In the future, competitors will have more and more opportunities to buy the same information; therefore the companies’ competitiveness will not primarily depend on how much information they possess, but rather on how they can “translate” it to their own language. This study aims to examine those factors that have the most significant impact on the degree to which market studies are utilised by companies. Most of the work in this area has studied the use of information in strategic decisions a priori. This paper — while reflecting on the findings of research on organisational theories of information processing — aims to bridge this gap. It proposes and tests a new conceptual framework that examines the use of managerial market research information in decision-making and knowledge creation within one single model. Collected survey data, including all the top-income business enterprises in Hungary indicate that market research findings are efficiently incorporated into the marketing information system only if the marketing manager has trust in the researcher, and believes that the market study is of high quality. Decision-makers are more likely to learn from market studies facilitating the resolution of some specific problem than descriptive studies of a more general nature.
A summary of the measures to promote Roma integration in Hungary
Authors: Kelen A. , Visy E. , Talyigás K. , Fekete O.
Published: October 2011

Act 77 of 1993 on the rights of national and ethnic minorities defines the rights of all minority groups in Hungary in compliance with EU legislation. The Roma minority is the only officially acknowledged ethnic minority of Hungary. It is difficult to provide an accurate picture on the situation of the Roma population because ethnic status is officially regarded as sensitive and therefore data collection is not permitted (Act 63 of 1992). The paper highlights the failures and the promising attempts of Hungary’s Roma integration policies, and the great efforts taken in this country and the difficulties of progress. It also demonstrates the importance of local initiatives and the contribution of civil organisations, the support which they would deserve, because without human solidarity and compassion no top down initiative can be rewarding.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Mihálcz Attila , Ábrahám Pál , Kardos Attila , Földesi Csaba , Szili-Török Tamás
Published: October 2011

Atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure are two major and even growing cardiovascular conditions that often coexist. Cardiac resynchronization therapy is an important, device-based, non-pharmacological approach in a selected group of chronic heart failure patients that has been shown to improve left ventricular function and to reduce both morbidity and mortality in large randomized trials. The latest European and American guidelines have considered atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy. This review summarizes current literature concerning the following topics: prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in heart failure, effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in atrial fibrillation, relevance and strategies of rhythm and rate control in this group of patients. Authors explain how atrial fibrillation may interfere with the delivery of adequate cardiac resynchronization therapy, how to reduce the burden of atrial tachyarrhythmias, and finally present a brief overview. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1757–1763.
Lung transplantation in Hungary (1996–2011)
Authors: Strausz János
Published: October 2011

The 15 years history of lung transplantation in Hungary shows the medical, political and social characteristics of this period. The barely determined, open-ended legal, financial and ethical framework of transplantation has stayed nowadays in the same position. The Hungarian State Audit Office has also noted these problems. Joining of Hungary to Eurotransplant will beneficially influence the whole procedure. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1772–1774.
Reevaluation criteria for health care capacity allocation according to current legislation in Hungary
Authors: Gresz Miklós
Published: October 2011

Act CXXXII of the year 2006 – amended several times – on the development of the health care system requires that health insurance authorities should regularly review utilization of the contracted capacity of professional medical care providers, and the need for change of capacities. The first such analysis should be carried out in 2013, according to the current laws in Hungary. The law lists 16 items, which are the basis for evaluation of the performance of providers. Among them some items are difficult to analyse specifically even for health insurance specialists. This study aims to review aspects of the reevaluation process and their associated concepts. Author wants to provide help for setting up the analysis in practice by going through and analysing the requirements of the law in detail. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1775–1781.
Clinical importance of pancreas divisum
Authors: Herszényi László , Szmola Richárd , Tulassay Zsolt
Published: October 2011

Pancreas divisum, the most common congenital pancreatic anomaly, is associated with three main duct abnormalities: type I, with total failure of fusion; type II, with dorsal duct dominant drainage; and type III, incomplete divisum where a small communication branch is present. Three clinical conditions are associated with pancreas divisum: (1) acute recurrent pancreatitis; (2) chronic pancreatitis with the chronic inflammation in the dorsal bed; (3) abdominal “pancreatic-type” obstructive pain. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the primary method for diagnosing pancreas divisum, but magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is becoming a first choice for non-invasive evaluation. Pancreas divisum per se does not require medical intervention. Patients who experience mild episodic acute pancreatitis should be managed medically. Surgical or endoscopic interventions relieve the obstruction by improving dorsal duct drainage via the minor papilla. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1764–1771.
Development and functional morphology of the larval foregut of two brachyuran species from Northern Brazil
Authors: Abrunhosa Fernando A. , Simith Darlan J.B. , Monteiro Joely R.C. , Souza Junior Antonio N. de , Oliva Pedro A.C.
Published: October 2011

Feeding is an important factor for the successful rearing of larvae of the crab species. Further information on the morphological features of the foregut may to reveal larval feeding behaviour and or/whether there is a lecithotrophy in some or even in all stages of the larval cycle. In the present study, the structural development of the foregut and their digestive functions were examined in larvae of two brachyurans, Uca vocator and Panopeus occidentalis, reared in the laboratory. During larval development, the foreguts of the larvae in the first and last zoeal stages and in the megalopa stage were microscopically examined, described and illustrated. The zoeal foreguts of both species were well developed, showing specialization with a functional cardiopyloric valve and a filter press. The megalopa stage had a complex and specialized gastric mill similar to that found in adult crabs with the appearance of rigidly calcified structures. These results support the hypothesis that the feeding behaviour of each larval stage is directly related to the morphological structure of the foregut. Such facts strongly indicate that all larval stages of both . vocator and P occidentalis need an external food source before completing the larval development in a planktonic environment.
Floral biology of Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae) and its relation with Astylus variegatus activity (Germar 1824) (Coleoptera: Melyridae)
Authors: Silva Maria Emilia P.F. , Mussury Rosilda M. , Vieira Maria do Carmo , Alves Junior Valter V. , Pereira Zefa V. , Scalon Silvana P.Q.
Published: October 2011

Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium) is a culture popularly known by its medicinal, ornamental and culinary utility. This work aimed to evaluate the interaction between Astylus variegatus (Germar 1824) (Coleoptera: Melyridae) and the nasturtium flowers associated to the weeks of flourishing, in order to conceive the floral mechanims used by the species to attract A. variegatus. The insects collection was achieved with an entomologic net by the sweeping method, during the weekly flowering, at two hours, from 7am to 5pm. The studies of floral biology were carried out in twenty flowers by the analysis of measures and the arrangement of the floral parts. The nasturtium flower offers pollen and nectar to the insect as a compensation. However, it was observed that A. variegatus only collects pollen as a nutritious resource. Tropaeolum majus presents several flowers for each individual and, during the visits, A. variegatus walked throughout the interior of the flower, among the stamens and contacting the ventral region of its body, and while passing through the stigma it lodged the pollen. Sometimes, it uses the internal cavity for sheltering and mating. The visits occurred preferably on the second and fifth weeks of flourishing, with a populational fluctuation between 9am and 11am.
Simulations of tropical rainforest albedo: is canopy wetness important?
Authors: Yanagi Silvia N.M. , Costa Marcos H.
Published: October 2011

Accurate information on surface albedo is essential for climate modelling, especially for regions such as Amazonia, where the response of the regional atmospheric circulation to the changes on surface albedo is strong. Previous studies have indicated that models are still unable to correctly reproduce details of the seasonal variation of surface albedo. Therefore, it was investigated the role of canopy wetness on the simulated albedo of a tropical rainforest by modifying the IBIS canopy radiation transfer code to incorporate the effects of canopy wetness on the vegetation reflectance. In this study, simulations were run using three versions of the land surface/ecosystem model IBIS: the standard version, the same version recalibrated to fit the data of albedo on tropical rainforests and a modified version that incorporates the effects of canopy wetness on surface albedo, for three sites in the Amazon forest at hourly and monthly scales. The results demonstrated that, at the hourly time scale, the incorporation of canopy wetness on the calculations of radiative transfer substantially improves the simulations results, whereas at the monthly scale these changes do not substantially modify the simulated albedo.
Impact of Taraxerol in combination with extract of Euphorbia tirucalli plant on biological parameters of Lymnaea acuminata
Authors: Chauhan Saroj , Singh Ajay
Published: October 2011

The present work was carried out to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of active ingredient Taraxerol with the acetone extract of Euphorbia tirucalli against Lymnaea acuminata snail. The (fecundity, hatchability and survivability) of snail L. acuminata exposed to this extract was studied. The effects of the tested extracts on life-history traits of harmful snail L. acuminata have also been evaluated, and this study also expounds the inhibitory effects of these extracts singly as well as in binary combination (1:1 ratio). It concluded that these herbal products act as a potential source of molluscicides, and that they would also have the advantage of easy availability, low cost, biodegradability and greater acceptance amongst users than synthetic pesticide.
Bait formulations of molluscicides and their effects on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca; Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae)
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Singh Vinay Kumar , Singh D.K.
Published: October 2011

The effect of sub-lethal feeding of bait formulations containing molluscicidal component of Ferula asafoetida (ferulic acid, umbelliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) and Carum carvi (limonene) on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Bait formulations feeding to L. acuminata were studied in clear glass aquaria having diameter of 30 cm. Baits were prepared from different binary combinations of attractant amino acid (valine, aspartic acid, lysine and alanine 10 mM) in 100 mL of 2% agar solution + sub-lethal (20% and 60% of 24h LC50) doses of different molluscicides (ferulic acid, umbelliferone, eugenol and limonene). These baits caused maximum significant reduction in free amino acid, protein, DNA, RNA levels i.e. 41.37, 23.56, 48.36 and 14.29% of control in the ovotestis of the snail, respectively. Discontinuation of feeding after treatment of 60% of 96h LC50 of molluscicide containing bait for next 72h caused a significant recovery in free amino acid, protein, DNA and RNA levels in the ovotestis of L. acuminata.
Use of elisa employing homologous and heterologous antigens for the detection of IgG and subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) in the diagnosis of Canine visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Ribeiro Flávia Coelho , Schubach Armando de O. , Mouta-Confort Eliame , Pacheco Tânia M.V. , Madeira Maria de Fátima , Abboud Luiz Cláudio de Souza , Honse Carla de Oliveira , Alves Andreia Silva , Marzochi Mauro C.A.
Published: October 2011

Indirect immunofluorescence is the method recommended for the diagnosis of visceral leishmanisis in dogs, however, the accuracy of this technique is low and its use on a large scale is limited. Since ELISA does not present these limitations, this technique might be an option for the detection of IgG or specific IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. Canine ehrlichiosis is an important differential diagnosis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL). The present study compared ELISA using Leishmania chagasi and Leishmania braziliensis antigen for the detection of anti-Leishmania IgG and subclasses in serum samples from 37 dogs naturally infected with L. chagasi (AVL) and in samples from four dogs co-infected with L. braziliensis and L. chagasi (CI). The occurrence of cross-reactivity was investigated in control serum samples of 17 healthy dogs (HC) and 35 infected with Ehrlichia canis (EC). The mean optical density obtained for the detection of IgG was significantly higher when L. chagasi antigen was used, and was also higher in subgroup VLs (symptomatic) compared to subgroup Vla (asymptomatic). The correlation between IgG and IgG1 was low. The present results suggest that IgG ELISA using homologous antigen yields the best results, permitting the diagnosis of asymptomatic L. chagasi infection and the discrimination between cases of AVL and ehrlichiosis in dogs.
Rhodococcus equi infection after reduction mammaplasty in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Sandkovsky Uriel , Sandkovsky Gabriel , Sordillo Emilia M. , Polsky Bruce
Published: October 2011

The majority of infections caused by R. equi occur in hosts with some degree of cell-mediated immunodeficiency. Immunocompetent individuals are infrequently affected and usually present with localized disease. Infections of the skin or related structures are uncommon and are usually related to environmental contamination. The microbiology laboratory plays a key role in the identification of the organism since it may be mistaken for common skin flora. We describe a 31 year-old woman without medical problems who presented nine weeks after breast reduction with right breast cellulitis and purulent drainage from the surgical wound. She underwent incision and drainage, and cultures of the wound yielded Rhodococcus equi. The patient completed six weeks of antimicrobial therapy with moxifloxacin and rifampin with complete resolution.
A historical note on an imported case of loiasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1964
Authors: Giardulli Antonio , Paulo Filho Guilherme Dolanda , Colombini Giovanni Nicola Urberto Italiano , Eyer-Silva Walter de Araújo , Basilio-de-Oliveira Carlos Alberto
Published: October 2011

Loiasis is a filarial disease transmitted by the Chrysops spp. tabanid flies in West and Central Africa. It is most commonly diagnosed by the clinical manifestations of Calabar swellings (transient localized inflammatory edema) or, most dramatically, by the appearance of a migrating worm through the conjunctival tissues or the bridge of the nose. We report the case of a 35-year-old resident in the city of Rio de Janeiro who displayed a moving Loa loa in the bulbar conjunctival tissue two years after returning from a six-month trip to Uganda. Surgical removal of the worm was performed.
Isolamento e caracterização do vírus da influenza pandêmico H1N1 em suínos no Brasil
Authors: Schaefer Rejane , Zanella Janice R.C. , Brentano Liana , Vincent Amy L. , Ritterbusch Giseli A. , Silveira Simone , Caron Luizinho , Mores Nelson
Published: October 2011

A infecção causada pelo vírus Influenza A (IAV) é endêmica em suínos no mundo inteiro. O surgimento da pandemia de influenza humana pelo vírus A/H1N1 (pH1N1) em 2009 levantou dúvidas sobre a ocorrência deste vírus em suínos no Brasil. Durante o desenvolvimento de um projeto de pesquisa do vírus de influenza suína em 2009-2010, na Embrapa Suínos e Aves (CNPSA), foi detectado em um rebanho de suínos em Santa Catarina, Brasil, um surto de influenza altamente transmissível causado pelo subtipo viral H1N1. Este vírus causou uma doença leve em suínos em crescimento e em fêmeas adultas, sem mortalidade. Tres leitões clinicamente afetados foram eutanasiados. As lesões macroscópicas incluiam consolidação leve a moderada das áreas cranioventrais do pulmão. Microscopicamente, as lesões foram caracterizadas por bronquiolite necrosante obliterativa e pneumonia broncointersticial. A imunohistoquímica, utilizando um anticorpo monoclonal contra a nucleoproteína do vírus influenza A, revelou marcação positiva no núcleo das células epiteliais bronquiolares. O tecido pulmonar de três leitões e os suabes nasais de cinco fêmeas e quatro leitões foram positivos para influenza A pela RT-PCR. O vírus influenza foi isolado de um pulmão, mais tarde sendo confirmado pelo teste de hemaglutinação (título HA 1:128) e por RT-PCR. A análise das seqüências de nucleotídeos dos genes da hemaglutinina (HA) e proteína da matriz (M) revelou que o vírus isolado foi consistente com o vírus pandêmico A/H1N1/2009 que circulou em humanos no mesmo período. Este é o primeiro relato de um surto de influenza causado pelo vírus pandêmico A/H1N1 em suínos no Brasil.