bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ detection of ferric reductase activity in the intestinal lumen of an insect
Authors: Hernández-Gallardo Anna Karen , Arcos-López Trinidad , Bahena-Lopez Jahir Marceliano , Tejeda-Guzmán Carlos , Gallardo-Hernández Salvador , Webb Samuel M. , Kroll Thomas , Solari Pier Lorenzo , Sánchez-López Carolina , Den Auwer Christophe , Quintanar Liliana , Missirlis Fanis
Published: December 2024

The rise of atmospheric oxygen as a result of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts has transformed most environmental iron into the ferric state. In contrast, cells within organisms maintain a reducing internal milieu and utilize predominantly ferrous iron. Ferric reductases are enzymes that transfer electrons to ferric ions, either extracellularly or within endocytic vesicles, enabling cellular ferrous iron uptake through Divalent Metal Transporter 1. In mammals, duodenal cytochrome b is a ferric reductase of the intestinal epithelium, but how insects reduce and absorb dietary iron remains unknown. Here we provide indirect evidence of extracellular ferric reductase activity in a small subset of Drosophila melanogaster intestinal epithelial cells, positioned at the neck of the midgut’s anterior region. Dietary-supplemented bathophenanthroline sulphate (BPS) captures locally generated ferrous iron and precipitates into pink granules, whose chemical identity was probed combining in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. An increased presence of manganese ions upon BPS feeding was also found. Control animals were fed with ferric ammonium citrate, which is accumulated into ferritin iron in distinct intestinal subregions suggesting iron trafficking between different cells inside the animal. Spectroscopic signals from the biological samples were compared to purified Drosophila and horse spleen ferritin and to chemically synthesized BPS-iron and BPS-manganese complexes. The results corroborated the presence of BPS-iron in a newly identified ferric iron reductase region of the intestine, which we propose constitutes the major site of iron absorption in this organism.

Graphical abstract
Breast cancer screening needs assessment in 19 Northern California counties: geography, poverty, and racial/ethnic identity composition
Authors: Bustamante Brittany L. Morgan , Miglioretti Diana , Keegan Theresa , Stewart Eric , Shrestha Anshu , Yang Nuen Tsang , Cress Rosemary D. , Carvajal-Carmona Luis , Dang Julie , Fejerman Laura
Published: December 2024

Purpose

To describe the area-level rate of breast cancers, the percentage of early-stage diagnoses (stage I-IIa), and associations between area-level measures of poverty, racial/ethnic composition, primary care shortage, and urban/rural/frontier status for the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center (UCDCCC) catchment area.

Methods

Using data from the SEER Cancer Registry of Greater California (2014–2018) and the California Department of Health Care Access and Information Medical Service Study Area, we conducted an ecological study in the UCDCCC catchment area to identify geographies that need screening interventions and their demographic characteristics.

Results

The higher the percentage of the population identifying as Hispanic/Latino/Latinx, and the higher the percentage of the population below the 100% poverty level, the lower the odds of being diagnosed at an early-stage (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–0.99 and OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99, respectively). The association with poverty level was attenuated in the multivariable model when the Hispanic/Latino/Latinx population percentage was added. Several California counties had high poverty levels and differences in cancer stage distribution between racial/ethnic category groups. For all individuals combined, 65% was the lowest proportion of early-stage diagnoses for any geography. However, when stratified by racial/ethnic category, 11 geographies were below 65% for Hispanic/Latino/Latinx individuals, six for non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander individuals, and seven for non-Hispanic African American/Black individuals, in contrast to one for non-Hispanic White individuals.

Conclusions

Areas with lower percentages of breast cancers diagnosed at an early-stage were characterized by high levels of poverty. Variation in the proportion of early-stage diagnosis was also observed by race/ethnicity where the proportion of Hispanic/Latino/Latinx individuals was associated with fewer early-stage diagnoses.

Impact

Results will inform the implementation of the UCDCCC mobile cancer prevention and early detection program, providing specific locations and populations to prioritize for tailored outreach, education, and screening.
Decision Support Framework for Sustainable and Fire Resilient Buildings (SAFR-B)
Authors: Frantzich Håkan , McNamee Margaret , Kimblad Erik , Meacham Brian
Published: December 2024

Buildings of all types are increasingly becoming complex ‘systems of systems.’ They are subject to evolving societal objectives, new and innovative materials, and in many countries, regulatory ecosystems are having difficulty keeping pace with rapidly changing societal, environmental and technological changes. Two evolving objectives that are stimulating changes to buildings and communities are the desire for a more environmentally sustainable built environment and the need to become more resilient to the many increasingly hazardous impacts of climate change. Unfortunately, in some building designs these objectives are in conflict. As a first step toward a more integrated, holistic tool to aid in the design of sustainable and fire resilient buildings (SAFR-B), this paper develops and applies a first-order decision framework for a midrise apartment building. The SAFR-B framework is built on an analysis of design and regulatory objectives for fire safety and sustainability for buildings, and of risk and decision methods that can support design decisions. It makes use of risk indexing and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), with initial scoring and weighting of attributes and strategies derived from international experts in the field of fire safety and sustainability through a Delphi process.
Pharmacists’ perspectives on potential pharmacist prescribing: a nationwide survey in the Netherlands
Authors: Kaymakci Bilge , Philbert Daphne , Hazen Ankie C. M. , Heringa Mette , Kwint Henk-Frans , Zwart Dorien L. M. , van Dijk Liset , Kälvemark Sporrong Sofia , Kempen Thomas G. H.
Published: December 2024

Background

Pharmacist prescribing legislation aims to enhance healthcare quality and accessibility. However, in many countries, like the Netherlands, it has not yet been legally established.

Aim

To investigate pharmacists’ perspectives on potential pharmacist prescribing in the Netherlands.

Method

An online survey using a questionnaire that was distributed via e-mail and electronic newsletters to most practicing pharmacists in the Netherlands during October and November 2023. The questionnaire was based on previous literature, further developed during an international conference with pharmacists and piloted with Dutch pharmacists. Agreement with statements about potential prescribing models, settings, preconditions, and perceived benefits and risks was measured using a 4-point Likert scale. Data were analysed descriptively.

Results

In total, 625 participants from community pharmacy (n = 432; 69.1%), hospital pharmacy (n = 149; 23.8%), or other/combined settings (n = 44; 7.0%) completed the questionnaire. Most pharmacists (somewhat) agreed with the introduction of an independent prescribing model with limitations (n = 538; 86.1%) or a model dependent on collaborative agreements with physicians (n = 471; 75.4%). A minority (n = 245; 39.2%) supported independent prescribing with diagnostic authority. The precondition that participants most frequently (somewhat) agreed with was access to health records (n = 607; 97.1%). The most (somewhat) agreed-upon benefits were enhanced professional position of pharmacists (n = 574; 91.8%) and reduced workload for other prescribers (n = 573; 91.7%). Increased workload for pharmacists (n = 495; 79.2%) was the most (somewhat) agreed-upon identified risk.

Conclusion

Pharmacists in the Netherlands are generally supportive of an independent but limited or collaborative pharmacist prescribing model. These findings support further investigations into the potential introduction of pharmacist prescribing legislation.
Disparities in Clinical Trial Enrollment– Focus on CAR-T and Bispecific Antibody Therapies
Authors: Islam Nadia , Budvytyte Laura , Khera Nandita , Hilal Talal
Published: December 2024

Purpose of Review

Recent studies show that unresolved disparities hinder enrollment to clinical trials, equitable distribution of treatments, and impact the generalizability of trials, compromising health outcomes across different populations. This review aims to examine the persistent disparities noted in clinical trial enrollment, with particular focus on lymphoid malignancies, CAR-T cell and bispecific antibody therapies.

Recent Findings

Targeted interventions can enhance recruitment of underrepresented groups in clinical trials and address the complex barriers hindering participation, which are essential for achieving healthcare access equity and treatment outcomes.

Improvement must be multifaceted, addressing socioeconomic, geographic, and biologic factors contributing to underrepresentation. This includes more lenient eligibility criteria, improving outreach and education, as well as using technology to diversify trial participation.
Senolytics: charting a new course or enhancing existing anti-tumor therapies?
Authors: Czajkowski Konrad , Herbet Mariola , Murias Marek , Piątkowska-Chmiel Iwona
Published: December 2024

Cell senescence is a natural response within our organisms. Initially, it was considered an effective anti-tumor mechanism. However, it is now believed that while cell senescence initially acts as a robust barrier against tumor initiation, the subsequent accumulation of senescent cells can paradoxically promote cancer recurrence and cause damage to neighboring tissues. This intricate balance between cell proliferation and senescence plays a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Moreover, senescence cells secrete many bioactive molecules collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can induce chronic inflammation, alter tissue architecture, and promote tumorigenesis through paracrine signaling. Among the myriads of compounds, senotherapeutic drugs have emerged as exceptionally promising candidates in anticancer treatment. Their ability to selectively target senescent cells while sparing healthy tissues represents a paradigm shift in therapeutic intervention, offering new avenues for personalized oncology medicine. Senolytics have introduced new therapeutic possibilities by enabling the targeted removal of senescent cells. As standalone agents, they can clear tumor cells in a senescent state and, when combined with chemo- or radiotherapy, eliminate residual senescent cancer cells after treatment. This dual approach allows for the intentional use of lower-dose therapies or the removal of unintended senescent cells post-treatment. Additionally, by targeting non-cancerous senescent cells, senolytics may help reduce tumor formation risk, limit recurrence, and slow disease progression. This article examines the mechanisms of cellular senescence, its role in cancer treatment, and the importance of senotherapy, with particular attention to the therapeutic potential of senolytic drugs.

Graphical abstract
Discovery of structurally diverse sesquiterpenoids from Streptomyces fulvorobeus isolated from Elephas maximus feces and their antifungal activities
Authors: Cao Lu , Tan Jun-Feng , Zhang Zeng-Guang , Yang Jun-Wei , Mu Yu , Zhao Zhi-Long , Jiang Yi , Huang Xue-Shi , Han Li
Published: December 2024

Thirty-six structurally diverse sesquiterpenoids, including caryolanes (1–12), germacranes (13–16), isodaucane (17), cadinanes (18–22), epicubenols (23, 24), oplopanane (25), pallenanes (26, 27), and eudesmanes (28–36), were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces fulvorobeus derived from Elephas maximus feces. Pallenane is a kind of rarely reported sesquiterpene with a distinctive C5/C3 bicyclic skeleton and was firstly found from microbial source. The structures of fifteen new compounds (1–4, 13–15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25–28) were established through detailed spectroscopic data analysis, which included data from experimental and calculated ECD spectra as well as Mosher’s reagent derivative method. Compound 34 exhibited moderate antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii with MIC values of 50 μg/mL. It effectively inhibited biofilm formation and destroyed the preformed biofilm, as well as hindered the adhesion of Cryptococcus species. The current work would enrich the chemical diversity of sesquiterpenoid family.

Graphical Abstract
Investigating Effects of Future Path Visualisation on Path Choices During Collision Encounters
Authors: Kamalasanan Vinu , Fuest Stefan , Sester Monika
Published: December 2024

Safe navigation choices made in walkable spaces highly depend on how a traveller perceives and understands the threat from surrounding travellers’ movements. Hence, if a visual medium like an AR headset provides an augmented view where future paths of others are already shown virtually, this could influence the way a person decides to avoid a potential collision. In this work, taking walking conflicts as an example, we first propose different ways of showing the future path in AR and then investigate whether people decide to walk more safety-consciously when seeing AR information. For this, we conducted a web-based user study (n =27), in which participants sketched a walking path that they preferred when avoiding collisions in different crossing scenes. Each scene in the study contained another person walking and crossing the participant’s expected path, while the prediction of the another person’s future walking path was either not visualised or augmented with a virtual arrow. Participants were then expected to sketch a path to their destination while not colliding with the person in the scene. By applying a sketch transformation pipeline, the participants’ drawings were transformed to trajectories of the preferred walking paths, which where then simulated to estimate the conflict severity using the Post Encroachment Time (PET) metric. The study verified that people choose to adapt their walking paths when seeing the future path information, and also react differently to different types of 3D arrow visualisations that represent the same future path.
GC–MS analysis underpins ethnomedicinal properties of Rhododendron flower brews from Singalila Himalaya highlighting the anticipated biosynthesis pathways of the bioactives
Authors: Majumder Soumya , Ghosh Arindam , Bhattacharya Malay
Published: December 2024

Guras or Rhododendron wine and its Raksi are popular and therapeutic traditional drinks served in the rhododendron growing regions of the Himalayas; mainly in northern and north eastern part of India, Nepal and Indo-Nepal Singalila ridge. Earlier research showed that samples such as unfermented Guras decoction, wine and distilled liquor Raksi collected from Singalila ridge—the land of Guras exhibited potential bioactivities through various in vitro assays. In this follow-up research, GC–MS analysis was carried out that revealed responsible bioactive candidates which also exhibited correlations with reported physicochemical and biochemical properties. Abundance of phytochemicals including major compound quinic acid (34.97% peak area) was recorded in the unfermented decoction while the wine and Raksi were rich in bioactive fermented products i.e., metabolites of the fermenting microbes of the starter- Marcha. Furthermore, biosynthesis pathways of metabolites were proposed following microbial fermentation.

Graphical Abstract
Drivers of soil organic carbon recovery under forest restoration: a global meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Shan , Eisenhauer Nico , Zeng Zhenzhong , Mo Xiaohan , Ding Yan , Lai Derrick Y. F. , Wang Junjian
Published: December 2024

Forest restoration by planting tree seedlings is a crucial strategy to mitigate climate change and restore forest functions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) targets to remove around 70 Pg carbon (C) from the atmosphere via forest restoration. However, the impact of forest restoration on the recovery of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its driving factors remains unclear. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis, based on 348 observations from 144 studies across 150 sites, to evaluate the recovery time of SOC and the driving factors of surface SOC recovery during forest restoration. We found that soil clay content and stand age were recognized as the dominant factors regulating SOC recovery during forest restoration. Overall, SOC recovery was lower in boreal and Mediterranean forests than that in tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests, lower in burned areas and mine sites than that in other sites, and lower in soils with 0%–20% clay contents than that in those with higher clay contents, and comparable among soils with different pH values. Across studies, surface SOC in restored forests with stand ages ranging from 1 to 200 years did not fully recover to the levels of reference forests. However, the SOC recovery rate was roughly twice as fast in tree polycultures (~ 10 years to plateau) as that in monocultures (~ 20 years). This global synthesis identifies critical drivers of SOC recovery during forest restoration and provides important insights into SOC management in forests.

Graphical Abstract
The Adaptability of the Chinese Communist Party
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K.
Published: December 2024

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) celebrated its one-hundredth birthday in 2021. Its durability poses a twofold question: How has the party survived thus far? And is its survival formula sustainable in the future? This Element argues that the CCP has displayed a continuous capacity for adaptation, most recently in response to the 1989 Tiananmen protests and the collapse of communism in Europe. As the CCP evaluated the lessons of 1989, it identified four threats to single-party rule: economic stagnation; socioeconomic discontent; ideological subversion; and political pluralism. These threats have led to adaptive responses: allowing more private activity; expansion of the social safety net; promotion of indigenous cultural production; and rival incorporation into the party. Although these responses have enabled the CCP to survive thus far, each is reaching its limit. As adaptation stagnates, the strategy has been to increase repression, which creates doubt about the ongoing viability of single-party rule.
Female Anger in Crime Fiction
Authors: Reitz Caroline
Published: December 2024

Feminist anger is having a moment, but the double meaning of 'mad' as angry and crazy has shaped the representation of women in popular crime fiction since Lady Audley burned down the house over 150 years ago. But when is anger just, when is it revenge, and when is it maddening? This Element will explore the ethics and efficacy of anger in female-centered crime fiction from its first stirrings in the 19th century through second wave feminism's angry, individualist heroes until today's current explosion of women who reject respectability and justification. It will also examine recent challenges to our understanding of the genre posed both by feminist care ethics and by intersectional crime fiction. This Element considers anger as the appropriate affect for women fighting for justice and explores how it shapes the representation of female detectives, relates to the crimes they investigate, and complicates ideas around justice.
Ruptured Supratentorial Cerebral Artery Aneurysm with Large Intracerebral Haematoma
Authors: Hall Samuel , Bulters Diederik
Published: December 2024

The ruptured aneurysm with an intracerebral haematoma is a commonly encountered neurosurgical emergency. The options for management of this situation have evolved with the changes in neurovascular surgery training and widespread use of endovascular techniques for aneurysm occlusion. This Element will discuss the differences between subarachnoid haemorrhage with or without an intracerebral haematoma including presentation, imaging and outcomes. The authors present their preferred surgical strategy including practical guidance on how to handle difficult situations such as the intra-operative rupture.
Libraries and the Academic Book
Authors: Shaw Matthew J.
Published: December 2024

This Element explores the history of the relationship between libraries and the academic book. It provides an overview of the development of the publishing history of the scholarly - or academic - book, and related creation of the modern research library. It argues that libraries played an important role in the birth and growth of the academic book, and explores how publishers, readers and libraries helped to develop the format and scholarly and publishing environments that now underpin contemporary scholarly communications. It concludes with an appraisal of the current state of the field and how business, technology and policy are mapping a variety of potential routes to the future.
Engineering, law, and the anticipated İstanbul earthquake
Authors: Kayaalp Ebru
Published: December 2024

There is scientific consensus that an earthquake of a magnitude of at least 7 will soon occur on the North Anatolian Fault, which runs south of İstanbul. This earthquake would render one-fifth of İstanbul’s buildings uninhabitable, which means that approximately 200,000 buildings would be expected to suffer moderate or severe damage. As a part of preparedness for the anticipated earthquake, people in İstanbul are invited to have their buildings risk tested. This article, pivoting on cultural anthropology and science and technology studies, investigates how earthquake-proneness of buildings in İstanbul is technically and legally examined and determined. It ethnographically analyzes the risk assessments and demonstrates that the risk is enacted differently through distinctive engineering practices and legal regulations in different networks. When the two different risk assessment processes are examined in İstanbul, a building that is categorized as risky due to its earthquake vulnerability could be regarded as sturdy in the other assessment.
Using the model of generative change to facilitate informal music learning
Authors: Weatherly Katy Ieong Cheng Ho
Published: December 2024

This Participatory Action Research (PAR) investigates the integration of informal music learning in Macau’s educational context, guided by the Model of Generative Change (Ball, 2009). Engaging the participating college students (N = 41), this study explores how learners perceive the formal–informal learning continuum (Folkestad, 2006) through the four stages of informal learning experiences: awakening, agency, advocacy and efficacy (Ball, 2009). Through multiple data collection methods and qualitative analysis, students experienced (a) autonomous learning, (b) joyful peer learning, (c) creative exploration and skill development and (d) resilience through challenges. Moreover, the study highlights the stages of awakening, introspection and critique from the students’ perspectives. Notably, a subset of students, predominantly those with prior formal instrumental training, expressed critiques concerning informal learning, predominantly regarding its perceived lack of systematic structure and foundational skills. These insights suggest a need to further embed informal music learning in Macau to foster a dynamic change towards generativity and a ‘multileveled cultural world’ (Law & Ho, 2015). The implications point to a broader pedagogical shift that values diverse learning experiences, which may enhance the development of a more adaptable, innovative and well-rounded musical skill set within the student population in Macau.
The recruitment of global language inhibitory control and cognitive-general control mechanisms in comprehending language switches: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Schwartz Ana I. , Negron Joseph , Scholl Colin
Published: December 2024

Prominent models of the bilingual lexicon do not allow for language – wide inhibition or any effect of general cognitive control on the activation of words within the lexicon. We report evidence that global language inhibitory control and cognitive general control mechanisms affect lexical retrieval during comprehension. Spanish–English bilinguals read language-pure or sentences with mid-sentence switches while their eye movements were recorded. A switch cost was observed in aspects of the eye-tracking record reflecting early spread of lexical activation, as well as later measures. The switch cost was larger for L2-to-L1 switches and was not attenuated when switched words were cognates (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, switch costs were reduced when the sentences contained a language color cue. These findings are inconsistent with the predictions of the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) but support the architecture of its predecessor, the BIA. They refute the assumption that early lexical activation is impervious to nonlinguistic cues.
The South Sandwich Tsunami of 12 August 2021: An Underestimated Widespread Tsunami Hazard Around the World
Authors: Roger J. H. M. , Jamelot A. , Hébert H. , Power W. , Gusman A. , Thomas B. E. O.
Published: December 2024

On 12 August 2021 a large Mw 8.1 earthquake, detected by global seismic networks, occurred on the South Sandwich subduction zone in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Approximately 1.5 hr later, a tsunami was clearly recorded on King Edward Point coastal tide gauge (South Georgia Island), approximately 800 km north‐west of the earthquake location. Subsequently it was recorded on other coastal stations both in the Atlantic Ocean, and also in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. A careful and systematic analysis of coastal and deepwater sea‐level records highlights three points: (a) the tsunami propagated across four oceans following major submarine features; (b) despite its very low amplitude, it reached as far as the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, Hawaii and the US West coast as far as Alaska and the Aleutian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; (c) it was recorded twice on New Zealand DART system NZC, with one record of the tsunami from the East and one from the West. This event is an opportunity to highlight the lack of knowledge about the South Sandwich subduction region in terms of its tsunamigenic potential and the associated tsunami hazard in the Pacific ocean. It should lead to an improvement of national tsunami warning procedures, by including this region as a tsunami source zone, for neighboring regions but also for distant countries like New Zealand or French Polynesia.
DNMT aberration-incurred GPX4 suppression prompts osteoblast ferroptosis and osteoporosis
Authors: Ruan Binjia , Dong Jian , Wei Fanhao , Huang Zhiqiang , Yang Bin , Zhang Lijun , Li Chuling , Dong Hui , Cao Wangsen , Wang Hongwei , Wang Yongxiang
Published: December 2024

Osteoporosis (OP) is a common and fracture-prone skeletal disease characterized by deteriorated trabecular microstructure and pathologically involving various forms of regulated bone cell death. However, the exact role, cellular nature and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis in OP are not fully understood. Here, we reported that OP femurs from ovariectomized (Ovx) mice exhibited pronounced iron deposition, ferroptosis, and transcriptional suppression of a key anti-ferroptotic factor GPX4 (glutathione peroxidase 4). GPX4 suppression was accompanied by hypermethylation of the Gpx4 promoter and an increase in DNA methyltransferases DNMT1/3a/3b and was transcriptionally promoted by repressive KLF5 and the transcriptional corepressors NCoR and SnoN. Conversely, DNMT inhibition with SGI-1027 reversed promoter hypermethylation, GPX4 suppression and ferroptotic osteoporosis. In cultured primary bone cells, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) mimicking iron loading similarly induced GPX4 suppression and ferroptosis in osteoblasts but not in osteoclasts, which were rescued by siRNA-mediated individual knockdown of DNMT 1/3a/3b. Intriguingly, SGI-1027 alleviated the ferroptotic changes caused by FAC, but not by a GPX4 inactivator RSL3. More importantly, we generated a strain of osteoblast-specific Gpx4 haplo-deficient mice Gpx4Ob+/− that developed spontaneous and more severe ferroptotic OP alterations after Ovx operation, and showed that GPX4 inactivation by RSL3 or semi-knockout in osteoblasts largely abolished the anti-ferroptotic and osteoprotective effects of SGI-1027. Taken together, our data suggest that GPX4 epigenetic suppression caused by DNMT aberration and the resulting osteoblastic ferroptosis contribute significantly to OP pathogenesis, and that the strategies preserving GPX4 by DNMT intervention are potentially effective to treat OP and related bone disorders.
Stabilization of SQLE mRNA by WTAP/FTO/IGF2BP3-dependent manner in HGSOC: implications for metabolism, stemness, and progression
Authors: Hou Rui , Sun Xinrui , Cao Shiyao , Wang Yadong , Jiang Luo
Published: December 2024

The metabolic reprogramming in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) affects the tumor stemness, which mediates tumor recurrence and progression. Knowledge of the stemness and metabolic characteristics of HGSOC is insufficient. Squalene epoxidase (SQLE), a key enzyme in cholesterol metabolism, was significantly upregulated in HGSOC samples with a fold change of about 4 in the RNA sequencing analysis. SQLE was positively related to peritoneal metastasis and poor prognosis of HGSOC patients. Functionally, SQLE drove cancer cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis to accelerate HGSOC growth. SQLE was highly expressed in ALDH+CD133+ FACS-sorted cells derived from HGSOC cells and ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs)-enriched tumorspheres. SQLE overexpression resulted in enhanced CSC-like properties, including increased tumorsphere formation and stemness markers expression. In vivo, SQLE not only promoted cell line-derived xenografts growth but extended the OCSCs subpopulation of single-cell suspension. Moreover, non-targeted metabolomics profiling from UPLC-MS/MS system identified 90 differential metabolites responding to SQLE overexpression in HGSOC cells. Among them, the dysfunctional metabolisms of cholesterol and glutathione were involved in the maintenance of HGSOC stemness. Previous studies showed the alteration of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification in HGSOC development. Herein, the m6A modification in the 3’UTR and CDS regions of SQLE mRNA was increased due to upregulated methyltransferases WTAP and downregulated demethylases FTO, which was recognized by m6A-binding proteins IGF2BP3, rather than IGF2BP1 or IGF2BP2, thereby stabilizing the SQLE mRNA. These results suggested that SQLE was a novel potential clinical marker for predicting the HGSOC development and prognosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target of HGSOC.
Enhancing grid frequency regulation in low inertia modern multi‐area power systems using cascaded non‐integer control approaches with BESS‐based virtual inertia
Authors: Roy Tushar Kanti , Oo Amanullah Maung Than
Published: December 2024

In modern power systems, the integration of inverter‐based renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia, leading to heightened frequency fluctuations and potential instability within multi‐area interconnected microgrids. To counter this, a virtual inertia and damping controller utilizing battery energy storage, leveraging the virtual synchronous generator concept is proposed in this paper. This controller supplements inertia by modulating active power flow, thus stabilizing frequency during high renewable energy source penetration periods. Additionally, to enhance load frequency control, a cascaded controller combining adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system‐assisted fractional‐order PID with a nonlinear FOPI controller is introduced. It should be noted that improper controller parameters can worsen frequency deviations and system stability. Hence, a whale optimization algorithm optimizes control parameters using the integral time absolute error based objective function. Simulation studies on a modified IEEE 10‐generator 39‐bus power system, considering various disturbances like stochastic load‐generation, nonlinear generation behaviours, and time delay, validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Comparative analysis demonstrates the superior resilience of the cascaded control approach in managing contingencies within low‐inertia power systems, with a remarkable performance improvement of 87.9811% compared to existing control methods.
The possibility of studying the spectrum of short-wave surface excitations of liquid helium using nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of the two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Monarkha Yu. P.
Published: December 2024

The nonlinear I–V characteristics of a two-dimensional electron gas above the surface of liquid helium are investigated theoretically in the presence of a strong pressing electric field E⊥. It is shown that under these conditions there is a good possibility of experimental investigation of the spectrum of shortwave surface excitations of a quantum fluid. The dependence of the electron mobility on the amplitude of the driving field E is calculated for various possible models of the short-wave portion of the surface excitation spectrum. It is also shown that if this spectrum has a roton-like minimum, one can expect an escape effect of hot surface electrons for sufficiently high pressing fields.
Thermal conductivity of superconductors at the Lifshitz electronic transition
Authors: Palistrant M. E.
Published: December 2024

The thermal conductivity coefficient Ks is calculated for a superconductor undergoing a Lifshitz transition (appearance of a flat spot on the Fermi surface under the influence of pressure and impurities). A significant dependence of the ratio Ks/Kn on the parameter ϵc′ = ϵc−ϵF is found (where ϵc is the critical energy at which the change in Fermi surface topology takes place, and ϵF is the Fermi energy).
Ferromagnetic resonance in the anisotropic Heisenberg model
Authors: Kashcheev V. N.
Published: December 2024

In the second order of perturbation theory with respect to the magnon-phonon and magnon–magnon interaction, we obtain the broadening and shifts of the ferromagnetic resonance lines in a classical ferromagnet with an arbitrary type of anisotropy of the Heisenberg exchange. These quantities are found as functions of temperature, external field, and of the anisotropy constant in the “nearly isotropic” and “nearly Ising” limits.
Quantum theory of the high frequency properties of an Ising ferromagnet in a transverse field
Authors: Filatova L. D. , Tsukernik V. M.
Published: December 2024

The high frequency magnetic susceptibility tensor of an Ising ferromagnet with arbitrary atomic spin in a weak constant magnetic field perpendicular to the anisotropy axis is calculated quantum mechanically. The result is compared with the result of a semiclassical calculation and it is shown that the quantum mechanical result differs significantly from the classical, agreeing only in the limit of infinite atomic spin.
Phonon spectra and local vibrations in layered crystals
Authors: Syrkin E. S. , Feodos’ev S. B.
Published: December 2024

We have analyzed the spectral density and conditions for appearance of local vibrational frequencies in layered crystals from a microscopic viewpoint, using the method of Peresada. In particular, we demonstrate that the threshold for the appearance of local vibrations of isotopic impurities is considerably lowered, with respect to that of usual non-layered crystals, for vibrations in the basal plane, while it is considerably increased for impurity vibrations perpendicular to the plane.
Néel temperature of a metamagnetic dielectric
Authors: Akhiezer I. T.
Published: December 2024

A model is proposed for the interpretation of the Néel transition in a metamagnetic dielectric, taking spin fluctuations into account. When applied to siderite (FeCo3) the model accounts for the experimentally observed value of the Néel temperature.
On the theory of electron paramagnetic resonance of negative ions in liquid He3
Authors: Antsygina T. N. , Slyusarev V. A.
Published: December 2024

It is shown that measurement of the frequency shift and width of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) line of negative ions in liquid helium makes possible verification of the hypothesis of closeness of liquid He3 to the antiferromagnetic transition point as predicted in Refs. 1, 2.
Magnetoelectrical characteristics of CdCr2Se4 single crystals doped with silver
Authors: Merkulov A. I. , Radautsan S. I. , Tézlévan V. E.
Published: December 2024

The magnetoelectrical characteristics of Cd1−xAgx Cr2Se4 (0≤x ≤0.07) single crystals were studied. The activation energy has been found to change at temperatures above and below the critical point Tc. The temperature dependence of the magnetoresistivity has been found to change with impurity concentration.
Dynamics of quantized vortices and the problem of vortex formation
Authors: Krasnov Yu. K.
Published: December 2024

The domain of applicability of the expression for the Magnus force is analyzed. The dynamics of quantized vortices is discussed, and then used for the foundation of the possibility of quantized vortex formation directly on the boundary surfaces of a liquid volume or on the surfaces of foreign bodies submerged in the liquid.
Theory of thermal conductivity and viscosity in He II
Authors: Adamenko I. N. , Slyusarev V. A.
Published: December 2024

The contribution to the phonon viscosity and thermal conductivity due to the finite equilibration time for the phonon gas is calculated for the region of temperatures where phonon-roton interactions dominate.
Theory of nonequilibrium states of normal tunnel junctions
Authors: Seminozhenko V. P. , Yatsenko A. A.
Published: December 2024

Kinetic equations describing nonequilibrium states of the metallic films which make up a N1-I-N2 tunnel junction (N1, N2 are normal, nonsuperconducting metal films, I is an insulator) are derived. It is shown that electron tunneling due to the applied voltage can lead to electron energy distributions in the actual junctions essentially different from the Fermi one.
Superconducting states in dislocation systems
Authors: Nabutovskii V. M. , Shapiro B. Ya.
Published: December 2024

On the basis of the Ginzburg–Landau equations, it is shown that in dislocation structures at temperatures and fields exceeding the critical values a superconducting state with inhomogeneous order parameter is formed. Such states may be either localized near an isolated dislocation or a dislocation pileup, or delocalized in periodic dislocation systems. The onset temperature, the critical field and current are determined. Effects of magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities and the possibility of applying the theory to periodic superstructures are discussed.
The possibility of electron heating in semimetals of the bismuth type
Authors: Babkin G. I. , Dolgopolov V. T.
Published: December 2024

It is shown that the energy relaxation time due to acoustic phonon scattering exceeds the momentum relaxation time in semimetals (in quantizing magnetic fields) whose Fermi surface resembles an elongated ellipsoid.
Dynamic properties of incommensurate structures in ferroelectric crystals
Authors: Vetrov S. Ya. , Vtyurin A. N. , Popkov Yu. A. , Shabanov V. F.
Published: December 2024

The vibronic spectrum of K2SeO4 and (NH4)2BeF4 crystals in and near the incommensurate phase was studied by Raman scattering. The most pronounced changes of frequency and width in the incommensurate phase as compared to the ferroelectric and paraelectric phases was observed in the internal vibrations of the SeO42− and BeF42− ions, respectively. These features are explained on the basis of a calculation of the intrinsic vibronic spectrum and allowance for attenuation.
Transport phenomena in dense one-component systems. Simple cryogenic liquids
Authors: Aznakaev É. G.
Published: December 2024

A method is proposed for the description of transport phenomena in dense media with consideration of both single-particle and collective molecular motion. Analytical expressions are obtained for the dependence of kinetic coefficients of the dense medium upon temperature and density. The example of liquid argon is used to demonstrate coincidence of calculated and experimental values of the kinetic coefficient of shear viscosity over the entire range of existence of the liquid phase. The validity of the law of corresponding states is demonstrated for the case of kinetic coefficients of dense media.
Additional evidence on the possibility of the existence of superconductivity at room temperature
Authors: Antonowicz K. , Rozvadovskaya K.
Published: December 2024

The value of 2e/h has been determined, giving the correct order of magnitude, from current-voltage characteristics of an rf-irradiated Al–carbon–Al sandwich. The result is attributed to the appearance of superconductivity at room temperature.
Low-temperature magnetic transitions in orthorhombic manganese arsenide
Authors: Gribanov I. F. , Zavadskii É. A. , Sivachenko A. P.
Published: December 2024

Measurements have been made on the magnetic parameters of orthorhombic MnAs at 4.2–350°K in fields up to 70 kOe at pressures up to 32 kbar. Several new magnetic transformations occur in the low-temperature region, which are induced by the field or by pressure. These transitions may be reversible or irreversible under different conditions. A P-T phase diagram has been constructed, and the features of some of its parts have been examined.
UCSD institute will tackle fusion engineering problems
Authors: Means Hannah H.
Published: December 2024

Researchers collaborate with colleagues at national labs, companies, and universities in efforts to make nuclear fusion a viable source of clean energy.
The mysterious, massive structures in Earth’s deep mantle
Authors: Garnero Edward , Richardson Claire
Published: December 2024

Seismic waves traversing the interior of the planet reveal continent-sized regions with distinct physical properties. Researchers are investigating what they are, how they got there, and what their role is in Earth’s dynamic convecting interior.
With no end in sight for the war in Ukraine, CERN ceases cooperation with Russia
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: December 2024

A nuclear-physics laboratory is the exception and the focus of both hope and controversy.
Sensing of gas mixtures via nonlinear interferometry
Authors: Sabanin Artem , Krivitsky Leonid , Paterova Anna
Published: December 2024

We demonstrate the use of a nonlinear interferometer with bulk lithium niobate crystal for sensing of gas mixtures over broadband mid-infrared (mid-IR) range of wavelengths. Our method utilizes spontaneous parametric down-conversion to generate correlated photon pairs in the visible and mid-IR ranges. We show that by leveraging the phase-matching properties of lithium niobate crystal, it is possible to access the ‘fingerprint’ region of greenhouse gases in the mid-IR range by detection of correlated visible light signal. Our technique enables simultaneous detection of gas mixtures with high spectral resolution and fast readout without the need for specialized mid-IR equipment. The experimental results show its applicability to molecular gas sensing, paving the way for new advancements in environmental monitoring.
Energy Management System for a Smart Grid Including Atmospheric Water Generation
Authors: Ferrari Mario L. , Catttani Lucia , Magrini Anna
Published: December 2024

The aim of this paper regards the development of an Energy Management System (EMS) for a smart grid including water extraction from atmospheric humid air. Special attention is focused on the water demand satisfaction with different generation systems and storage technology. The main innovation of this analysis is the application of the EMS tool, usually developed for energy production machines, to optimize, in real-time mode, their integration with a water-collection system. Starting from component models development and validation, the results obtained with the EMS were successfully compared with a standard management approach showing the cost benefits and the related impact on the environmental side. Moreover, different layouts were analyzed to show the benefits due to component integration, especially for the storage systems. In details, the integration of different technologies focusing special attention of energy storage was able to produce important benefits for exploiting renewable sources. So, this approach, based on an EMS tool, was demonstrated as a promising application for energy transition process, considering the importance and flexibility of optimized air-to-water generation systems (AWGs).
Solid-state Hydrogen storage: influence of storage capacity in physisorption
Authors: Barbieri Costantino , Ceglie Vito , Stefanizzi Michele , Torresi Marco
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen storage in solid-state is a promising alternative to conventional technologies to overcome some of their limitations, particularly in terms of the amount of hydrogen stored per unit volume. For instance, liquid hydrogen (stored at 1 bar and 20 K) is characterized by a 70.8 kg/m3 volumetric density, but a great amount of energy is required for liquefaction (about 12.5 kWh/kg); whereas, hydrogen stored as compressed gas (350 - 700 bar) at ambient temperature reaches a density ranging from 24.5 to 41.4 kg/m3, however the compression work is significant, and the high storage pressure determines safety issues. Regarding solid-state hydrogen storage, chemisorption is a solution, where hydrogen is stored at moderate pressure and temperature, reaching a volumetric density of 80-110 kg/m3, but between hydrogen and metal hydrides chemical bonds born, which require a significant amount of energy to be break them; moreover, the time required for absorption and desorption is very low. In the context of solid-state storage, carbon materials can be an interesting solution due to their low cost, and their ability to store hydrogen reversibly within a porous structure through physisorption mechanisms, under supercritical conditions. This study numerically investigates the effect of the variation of the tank capacity on the charging, dormancy, and discharging processes. Two similar axi-symmetric geometries are considered by doubling the tank volume from V
1 = 2.5 L to V
2 = 5 L. The physisorption mechanism has been modeled according to the modified Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm model. Initially, the CFD model has been validated on V
1 tank against experimental results available in the literature. Then, simulations have been carried out on V
2 tank to estimate the effect of a storage capacity increase. The simulations on the V
2 tank have been set keeping the same boundary conditions in terms of velocity, density, and temperature at the inlet by doubling the overall amount of hydrogen stored with respect to V
1 tank. The results show corresponding trends in temperature and pressure profiles with only slight differences in their behaviors; in particular, in the final stage of the charging process.