bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Nielsen Anne Ellerup , Andersen Sophie Esmann
Published: July 2018

This entry provides an overview of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and strategic CSR communication from a historical and theoretical perspective. It addresses different approaches to CSR, distinguishing paradigmatic and theoretical conceptualizations and framings within the fields of CSR and CSR communication. The lack of consensus about what CSR is and what it contributes to organizational success and the quality of society has given rise to dilemmas and conflicts between stakeholder interests that may cause particular challenges for strategic CSR communication. The entry uncovers some of these dilemmas and conflicts, considering them to be a means of moving CSR forward by supporting the emerging interest in it as a combination of socially responsible processes and values that can provide an alternative to the previous focus on strong corporate outcomes and reputation.
Discourse Theory
Authors: Leitch Shirley
Published: July 2018

This entry offers a brief overview of discourse theory, including its major theorists and its contributions and application to our understanding of strategic communication. The proposition that discourse may be mobilized as a strategic resource in support of organizational goals was first offered in 2000 by Hardy, Palmer, and Phillips. Their model, which comprises three iterative and overlapping circuits of “activity,” “performativity,” and “connectivity,” continues to be a major influence on current research on organizational discourse. The model, and its implications for strategic communication, are discussed. Finally, the entry examines three core concepts within discourse theory, namely “text,” “context,” and “power relations.”
Neo‐Institutional Theory
Authors: Sandhu Swaran
Published: July 2018

The relationship between neo‐institutional theory and strategic communication can be analyzed on three levels. First, institutionalization processes occur in the field of strategic communication. This perspective helps to understand how practices, routines, and structures of strategic communication develop, change, or evolve in different organizational settings. Second, the role of strategic communication in creating, maintaining, and changing institutions sheds light on the crucial role of communication. Third, the use of strategic communication within institutional theory explains how institutional mechanisms work. This entry describes how institutional theory evolved in relationship to strategic communication. It introduces the analytical framework of institutional theory including regulative, normative, and cultural‐cognitive dimensions, concepts of the organizational and communicative fields as well as institutional logics. Institutionalization is a process occurring in the field of strategic communication. But strategic communication is an important ingredient of institutional change. To conclude, the recently established field of communicative institutionalism is introduced.
Stakeholder
Authors: de Bussy Nigel M.
Published: July 2018

Stakeholders are frequently referred to by both practitioners and theorists of strategic communication. Yet the concept remains contentious and mired in definitional confusion. Identifying exactly who
is
a stakeholder is a problematic issue. There are three distinct strands of stakeholder theory—descriptive, instrumental, and normative. The stakeholder debate was initially couched in markedly instrumental terms, but more recently much of the literature has taken a decisively normative turn. This development has significant implications for the philosophical underpinnings of the theory. The stakeholder concept and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have experienced exponential growth in parallel since the 1980s. But whereas CSR was initially thought of as primarily a matter of corporate social performance (CSP), with a focus on social issues in business and corporate responsiveness to those issues, in more recent years stakeholder theory has become paradigmatic in the CSR field.
Low‐Temperature Heteroepitaxy of 2D PbI2/Graphene for Large‐Area Flexible Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Jincan , Huang Yucheng , Tan Zhenjun , Li Tianran , Zhang Yichi , Jia Kaicheng , Lin Li , Sun Luzhao , Chen Xiwen , Li Zhenzhu , Tan Congwei , Zhang Jinxia , Zheng Liming , Wu Yue , Deng Bing , Chen Zhaolong , Liu Zhongfan , Peng Hailin
Published: July 2018

Heterostructures based on graphene and other 2D atomic crystals exhibit fascinating properties and intriguing potential in flexible optoelectronics, where graphene films function as transparent electrodes and other building blocks are used as photoactive materials. However, large‐scale production of such heterostructures with superior performance is still in early stages. Herein, for the first time, the preparation of a submeter‐sized, vertically stacked heterojunction of lead iodide (PbI2)/graphene on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by vapor deposition of PbI2 on graphene/PET substrate at a temperature lower than 200 °C is demonstrated. This film is subsequently used to fabricate bendable graphene/PbI2/graphene sandwiched photodetectors, which exhibit high responsivity (45 A W−1 cm−2), fast response (35 µs rise, 20 µs decay), and high‐resolution imaging capability (1 µm). This study may pave a facile pathway for scalable production of high‐performance flexible devices.
Autosomal‐dominant biventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy in a large family with a novel in‐frame DSP nonsense mutation
Authors: Singh Sajya M. , Casey Susan A. , Berg Allison A. , Abdelhadi Raed H. , Katsiyiannis William T. , Bennett Mosi K. , Mackey‐Bojack Shannon , Duncanson Emily R. , Sengupta Jay D.
Published: July 2018

A novel autosomal‐dominant in‐frame deletion resulting in a nonsense mutation in the desmoplakin (DSP) gene was identified in association with biventricular arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy across three generations of a large Caucasian family. Mutations that disrupt the function and structure of desmosomal proteins, including desmoplakin, have been extensively linked to familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Analysis of data from 51 individuals demonstrated the previously undescribed variant p.Cys81Stop (c.243_251delCTTGATGCG) in DSP segregates with a pathogenic phenotype exhibiting variable penetrance and expressivity. The mutation's pathogenicity was first established due to two sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs), each with a biventricular cardiomyopathy identified on autopsy. Of the individuals who underwent genetic screening, 27 of 51 were heterozygous for the DSP mutation (29 total with two obligate carriers). Six of these were subsequently diagnosed with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. An additional nine family members have a conduction disorder and/or myocardial structural changes characteristic of an evolving condition. Previous reports from both human patients and mouse studies proposed DSP mutations with a premature stop codon impart mild to no clinical symptoms. Loss of expression from the abnormal allele via the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay pathway has been implicated to explain these findings. We identified an autosomal‐dominant DSP nonsense mutation in a large family that led to SCD and phenotypic expression of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy involving both ventricles. This evidence demonstrates the pathogenic significance of this type of desmosomal mutation and provides insight into potential clinical manifestations.
Further delineation of Aymé‐Gripp syndrome and use of automated facial analysis tool
Authors: Amudhavalli Shivarajan M. , Hanson Randi , Angle Brad , Bontempo Kelly , Gripp Karen W.
Published: July 2018

Aymé‐Gripp syndrome (AGS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder caused by specific heterozygous variants in MAF. The resulting aberrant protein shows impaired GSK‐mediated MAF phosphorylation. AGS is characterized by congenital cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, short stature, intellectual disability, and distinctive facial features with brachycephaly. Cardiac and joint phenotypes are present in nearly half of patients. We review information on 10 published individuals with MAF mutations and clinical AGS and describe five additional patients, including three with novel mutations. Joint problems, typically including radioulnar synostosis and joint limitations, were present in 9/15 patients. Hip replacement in young adulthood was needed in four patients. Pericarditis occurred in 6/15 individuals. An automated facial analysis of 2D photos was used to compare the facial phenotype of 13 individuals from the literature or reported here, with facial photos of a control cohort of unaffected individuals and a cohort of Down syndrome patients. A multiclass approach yielded an accuracy of 86.86% and 89.05%, respectively, in two independent experiments compared to a random chance of 37.74%. In binary comparisons of AGS and Down syndrome, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.994 (P < .001) and 1.0 (P < .001), respectively. Binary comparisons of AGS and unaffected controls yielded AUC of 0.994 (P < .001) and 0.989 (P = .003), respectively, suggesting that the facial phenotype of AGS could clearly be distinguished from unaffected individuals and from Down syndrome patients. Automated facial analysis may be helpful in the identification and evaluation of individuals suspected to have AGS.
Ocular albinism with infertility and late‐onset sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Fabian‐Jessing Bjørn K. , Vestergaard Else Marie , Plomp Astrid S. , Bergen Arthur A. , Dreschler Wouter A. , Duno Morten , Winiarska Beata S. , Neumann Linda , Gaihede Michael , Vorum Henrik , Petersen Michael B.
Published: July 2018

Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is caused by mutations in the GPR143 gene located at Xp22.2. The manifestations, which are due to hypopigmentation, are confined to the eyes and optic pathway. OA1 associated with late‐onset sensorineural hearing loss was previously reported in a single family and hypothesized to be caused by a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving GPR143 and the adjacent gene, TBL1X. Here, we report on a family with OA1, infertility, late‐onset sensorineural hearing loss, and a small interstitial Xp microdeletion including the GPR143, TBL1X, and SHROOM2 genes. In addition, we re‐examined a patient previously described with OA1, infertility and a similar Xp deletion with audiologic follow‐up showing a late‐onset sensorineural hearing loss. Our results raise an intriguing question about the possibility for TBL1X (absence) involvement in this type of hearing loss. However, our study cannot claim a causative relationship and more convincing evidence is needed before the hypothesis can be accepted that TBL1X could be involved in late‐onset sensorineural hearing loss and that ocular albinism with late‐onset sensorineural hearing loss can present itself as a contiguous gene deletion/microdeletion syndrome. The finding of infertility in all affected male patients demonstrates that this deletion, including the SHROOM2 gene, may be a potentially causative X‐linked genetic factor of male infertility.
Novel phenotype of achondroplasia due to biallelicFGFR3pathogenic variants
Authors: Chang Irene J. , Sun Angela , Bouchard Maryse L. , Kamps Shawn E. , Hale Susan , Done Stephen , Goldberg Michael J. , Glass Ian A.
Published: July 2018

Pathogenic variants in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene are responsible for a broad spectrum of skeletal dysplasias, including achondroplasia (ACH). The classic phenotype of ACH is caused by two highly prevalent mutations, c.1138G > A and c.1138G > C (p.Gly380Arg). In the homozygous state, these variant results in a severe skeletal dysplasia, neurologic deficits, and early demise from respiratory insufficiency. Although homozygous biallelic mutations have been reported in patients with ACH in combination with hypochondroplasia or other dominant skeletal dysplasias, thus far, no cases of heterozygous biallelic pathogenic ACH‐related variants inFGFR3have been reported. We describe a novel phenotype of an infant with two ACH‐related mutations inFGFR3, p.Gly380Arg and p.Ser344Cys. Discordant features from classic ACH include atypical radiographic findings, severe obstructive sleep apnea, and focal, migrating seizures. We also report the long‐term clinical course of her father, who harbors the p.Ser344Cys mutation that has only been reported once previously in a Japanese patient. The phenotype of heterozygous biallelic mutations inFGFR3associated with ACH is variable, underscoring the importance of recognition and accurate diagnosis to ensure appropriate management.
Pathogenicity of human antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Authors: Spadaro Melania , Winklmeier Stephan , Beltrán Eduardo , Macrini Caterina , Höftberger Romana , Schuh Elisabeth , Thaler Franziska S. , Gerdes Lisa Ann , Laurent Sarah , Gerhards Ramona , Brändle Simone , Dornmair Klaus , Breithaupt Constanze , Krumbholz Markus , Moser Markus , Krishnamoorthy Gurumoorthy , Kamp Frits , Jenne Dieter , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Kümpfel Tania , Lassmann Hans , Kawakami Naoto , Meinl Edgar
Published: July 2018

Objective

Autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) occur in a proportion of patients with inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). We analyzed their pathogenic activity by affinity‐purifying these antibodies (Abs) from patients and transferring them to experimental animals.

Methods

Patients with Abs to MOG were identified by cell‐based assay. We determined the cross‐reactivity to rodent MOG and the recognized MOG epitopes. We produced the correctly folded extracellular domain of MOG and affinity‐purified MOG‐specific Abs from the blood of patients. These purified Abs were used to stain CNS tissue and transferred in 2 models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Animals were analyzed histopathologically.

Results

We identified 17 patients with MOG Abs from our outpatient clinic and selected 2 with a cross‐reactivity to rodent MOG; both had recurrent optic neuritis. Affinity‐purified Abs recognized MOG on transfected cells and stained myelin in tissue sections. The Abs from the 2 patients recognized different epitopes on MOG, the CC′ and the FG loop. In both patients, these Abs persisted during our observation period of 2 to 3 years. The anti‐MOG Abs from both patients were pathogenic upon intrathecal injection in 2 different rat models. Together with cognate MOG‐specific T cells, these Abs enhanced T‐cell infiltration; together with myelin basic protein–specific T cells, they induced demyelination associated with deposition of C9neo, resembling a multiple sclerosis type II pathology.

Interpretation

MOG‐specific Abs affinity purified from patients with inflammatory demyelinating disease induce pathological changes in vivo upon cotransfer with myelin‐reactive T cells, suggesting that these Abs are similarly pathogenic in patients. Ann Neurol 2018;84:315–328
Hybrid Nanoreactors: Enabling an Off‐the‐Shelf Strategy for Concurrently Enhanced Chemo‐immunotherapy
Authors: Yang Yannan , Tang Jie , Abbaraju Prasanna Lakshmi , Jambhrunkar Manasi , Song Hao , Zhang Min , Lei Chang , Fu Jianye , Gu Zhengying , Liu Yang , Yu Chengzhong
Published: July 2018

Immunosuppressive tumors generally exhibit poor response to immune checkpoint blockade based cancer immunotherapy. Rationally designed hybrid nanoreactors are now presented that have integrated functions as Fenton catalysts and glutathione depletion agents for amplifying the immunogenic cell death and activating immune cells. A simple physical mixture of nanoreactors and chemodrugs in combination with immune checkpoint blockades show synergistically and concurrently enhanced chemo‐immunotherapy efficacy, inhibiting the growth of both treated primary immunosuppressive tumors and untreated distant tumors. The off‐the‐shelf strategy uses tumor antigens generated in situ and avoids cargo loading, and is thus a substantial advance in personalized nanomedicine for clinical translation.
Bayesian design of experiments for logistic regression to evaluate multiple nuclear forensic algorithms
Authors: Quinlan Kevin R. , Anderson‐Cook Christine M.
Published: July 2018

When evaluating the performance of several forensic classification algorithms, it is desirable to construct a design that considers a variety of performance levels for each of the algorithms. We describe a strategy to use Bayesian design of experiments with multiple prior estimates to capture anticipated performance. Our goal is to characterize results from the different classification algorithms as a function of multiple explanatory variables and use this to choose a design about which units to test. Bayesian design of experiments has been successful for generalized linear models, including logistic regression models. We develop methodology for the case where there are several potentially nonoverlapping priors for anticipated performance under consideration. The weighted priors method performs well for a broad range of true underlying model parameter choices and is more robust when compared to other candidate design choices. Additionally, we show how this can be applied in the multivariate input case and provide some useful summary measures. The shared information plot is used to evaluate design point allocation, and the D‐value difference plot allows for the comparison of design performance across multiple potential parameter values in higher dimensions. We illustrate the methods with several examples.
A simple gold nanoplasmonic SERS method for trace Hg2+ based on aptamer‐regulating graphene oxide catalysis
Authors: Li Chongning , Wang Xiaoliang , Liang Aihui , Luo Yanghe , Wen Guiqing , Jiang Zhiliang
Published: July 2018

The as‐prepared graphene oxide (GO) exhibited a strong catalytic effect on reduction of HAuCl4 by trisodium citrate to form gold nanoplasmons (AuNPs) with a strong surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect at 1615 cm−1 in the presence of molecular probe Victoria blue 4R (VB4r). SERS intensity increased with nanocatalyst GO concentration due to the formation of more AuNP substrates. The aptamer (Apt) of Hg2+ can bind to GO to form Apt–GO complexes, which can strongly inhibit nanocatalysis. When target Hg2+ is present, the formed stable Hg2+–Apt complexes are separated from the GO surface, which leads to GO catalysis recovery. The enhanced SERS signal was linear to Hg2+ concentration in the range 0.25–10 nmol/L, with a detection limit of 0.08 nmol/L Hg2+. Thus, a new gold nanoplasmon molecular spectral analysis platform was established for detecting Hg2+, based on Apt regulation of GO nanocatalysis.
Effect of Functionalized Ionic Liquids on the Stability of V(acac)3
Authors: Park Seo Kyoung , Oh Cheol Jin , Kim Sang‐Gil , Lee Byung‐Jun , Lee Ji Hyun , Lee Je Seung
Published: July 2018

V(acac)3, one of the most promising candidates for the active material of non‐aqueous RFB, has various drawbacks such as the change of color, precipitation, and lowering capacity during RFB operation due to the sensitiveness of V(acac)3 to oxygen. The stability of V(acac)3 under air was studied using electrochemical analysis, FT‐IR, UV–Vis, and XPS spectroscopic methods. The 0.01 M solution of V(acac)3 turns to VO(acac)2 in 3 days under air implying that V(acac)3 is sensitive to the O2 (g) in the air. The ionic liquid (IL) containing functional group was added to V(acac)3 solution as the supporting electrolyte. Although the addition of IL, bearing the electron withdrawing group(s) on the cation, almost did not affect the stability of V(acac)3, the stability of V(acac)3 was significantly increased up to 7 days in the presence of IL containing an electron donating group on the cation.
An Organo‐Fluorine Compound Mixed Electrolyte for Ultrafast Electric Double Layer Supercapacitors
Authors: Bahuguna Gaurav , Ram Pura , Sharma Rakesh K. , Gupta Ritu
Published: July 2018

Fluorine chemistry has gained tremendous attention in the area of electrochemical energy devices such as lithium ion batteries, fuel cells and solar cells. With the advent of novel fluorinating systems, it is interesting to study the effect of fluorine on the electrochemical characteristics of such energy devices. In this study, an organo‐fluorine compound, SelectfluorTM (F‐TEDA) is used as a co‐electrolyte with organic electrolyte, tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4) to facilitate the formation of electrostatic double layer. F‐TEDA is a commercially available N−F fluorinating agent existing as ion‐pair resembling conventional electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of 0.5 M F‐TEDA/TBABF4 is found to be 5.10 mS/cm that increases on introduction of ppm level of water indicating its sensitivity towards water. Symmetric Swagelok‐type cells in two electrode geometry are fabricated using carbon cloth as electrodes and F‐TEDA/TBABF4 as electrolyte. F‐TEDA/TBABF4 in inert condition (Device C) exhibits superior supercapacitive behaviour in terms of high rate capability and capacitance retention. The devices are assembled in ambient and inert conditions to examine the influence of moisture on supercapacitor performance. Interestingly, device based on F‐TEDA assembled in ambient condition despite of decrease in voltage window exhibits a remarkable increase in specific capacitance by 102 % with respect to control electrolyte.
Thermodynamic Programming of Erbium(III) Coordination Complexes for Dual Visible/Near‐Infrared Luminescence
Authors: Golesorkhi Bahman , Guénée Laure , Nozary Homayoun , Fürstenberg Alexandre , Suffren Yan , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Petoud Stéphane , Hauser Andreas , Piguet Claude
Published: July 2018

Intrigued by the unexpected room‐temperature dual visible/near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence observed for fast‐relaxing erbium complexes embedded in triple‐stranded helicates, in this contribution, we explore a series of six tridentate N‐donor receptors L4–L9 with variable aromaticities and alkyl substituents to extricate the stereoelectronic features responsible for such scarce optical signatures. Detailed solid‐state (X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, optical spectroscopy) and solution (speciations and thermodynamic stabilities, spectrophotometry, NMR and optical spectroscopy) studies of mononuclear unsaturated [Er(Lk)2]3+ and saturated triple‐helical [Er(Lk)3]3+ model complexes reveal that the stereoelectronic changes induced by the organic ligands affect inter‐ and intramolecular interactions to such an extent that 1) melting temperatures in solids, 2) the affinity for trivalent erbium in solution, and 3) optical properties in luminescent complexes can be rationally varied and controlled. With this toolkit in hand, mononuclear erbium complexes with low stabilities displaying only NIR emission can be transformed into molecular‐based dual Er‐centered visible/NIR emitters operating at room temperature in both solid and solution states.
Synthesis, Structure and Application of Intramolecularly‐Coordinated Gallium Chalcogenides: Suitable Single‐Source precursors for GaxSey Materials
Authors: Řičica Tomáš , Dostál Libor , Růžičková Zdenka , Beneš Ludvík , Němec Petr , Bouška Marek , Macak Jan M. , Knotek Petr , Ruleová Pavlína , Jambor Roman
Published: July 2018

Studies have been focused on the synthesis of N→Ga‐coordinated organogallium selenides and tellurides [L1Ga(μ‐Se)]2 (1), [L2Ga(μ‐Se)]2 (2) and [L1Ga(μ‐Te)]2 (3), respectively, containing either N,C,N‐ or C,N‐chelating ligands L1, 2 (L1 is {2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}− and L2 is {2‐(Et2NCH2)‐4,6‐tBu2‐C6H2}−) having Ga/E (E=Se or Te) atoms in 1/1 ratio. To change the Ga/E ratio, an unusual N→Ga‐coordinated organogallium tetraselenide L1Ga(κ2‐Se4) (4) was prepared. An unprecedented complex (L1Ga)2(μ‐Te2)(μ‐Te) (5), as the result of the non‐stability of 3, was also isolated. Compound 2 is a suitable single‐source precursor for the preparation of amorphous GaSe thin films by the spin coating. Moreover, simple heating of an octadecylamine solution of 2 provided, after work up, monoclinic Ga2Se3 crystals with different crystallinity according to conditions used. Therefore, compound 2 may be also used as a source of Ga2Se3 in the low‐temperature doping process of Bi2Se3.
Alkylating Reagents Employed in Catellani‐Type Reactions
Authors: Liu Ze‐Shui , Gao Qianwen , Cheng Hong‐Gang , Zhou Qianghui
Published: July 2018

The Catellani reaction is a powerful strategy that allows the expeditious synthesis of highly substituted arenes, which are not easily accessible through traditional transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. This reaction utilizes the synergistic interplay of palladium and norbornene catalysis to facilitate sequential ortho‐C−H functionalization and ipso termination of aryl iodides in a single operation. Since pioneering work by the group of Catellani in 1997, and later by the group of Lautens, this chemistry has attracted considerable attention from the synthetic chemistry community. Dramatic progress has been made by a number of groups in the past two decades. In this Minireview, the alkylating reagents employed in this intriguing reaction and the corresponding applications in organic synthesis are summarized; thus complementing existing reviews to inspire future developments.
Quantum Effects Allow the Construction of Two‐Dimensional Co3O4‐Embedded Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheet Arrays from Bimetallic MOFs as Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Hao , Xu Jiaying , Jin Yiwen , Tong Yinlin , Lu Qingyi , Gao Feng
Published: July 2018

In terms of promising candidates for high‐performance fuel cells and water splitting electrocatalysts, two‐dimensional (2D) materials refer to a class of materials with high electrical conductivity along 2D conducting channels and possessing abundant active sites in the form of surface atoms and edge sites. Herein, we report an ammonia‐modulated method for the synthesis of nanosized bimetallic ZnCo‐ZIF, and owing to quantum effects, the nanosized ZnCo‐ZIF can be transformed into novel 2D nanosheet arrays, which can be used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The size of the ZnCo‐ZIF crystals can be controlled to less than 10 nm by increasing the ammonia amount. The products from the nanosized particles through calcination have a distinct structure from the microsized nanoparticles owing to quantum effects and appear to be well‐aligned 2D mono‐crystalline Co3O4‐embedded nitrogen‐doped porous carbon nanosheet arrays (2D‐MCo3O4‐NCNAs). These novel 2D nanosheet arrays lead to large active surface areas, enhanced mass/charge transport capability, numerous active sites, and strong structure stability. When used as bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the 2D‐MCo3O4‐NCNAs exhibit superior ORR activity as well as efficient OER activity in alkaline electrolyte, in comparison to the state‐of‐the‐art precious metal catalysts.
Three Silver Nests Capped by Thiolate/Phenylphosphonate
Authors: Su Yan‐Min , Su Hai‐Feng , Wang Zhi , Li Yan‐An , Schein Stan , Zhao Quan‐Qin , Wang Xing‐Po , Tung Chen‐Ho , Sun Di , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: July 2018

Introducing phenylphosphonic acid (H2PPA) into the Ag/tBuSH assembly system has produced a family of nanoscale‐sized, high‐atom number, silver thiolate/PPA nests (SD/Ag45 a, SD/Ag66 a, and SD/Ag73 a) with impressive core–shell features. SD/Ag45 a is a 45‐atom ellipsoid comprised of an Ag36 shell trapping an Ag9S2 three‐bladed rotor inside. SD/Ag66 a comprises an inner rod‐like Ag20 core and an outer Ag44 shell, giving a 64‐atom nest. These Ag64 nests are further extended by Ag(CN)2 linkers to form a one‐dimensional chain structure. SD/Ag73 a is a three‐shell 73‐nucleus silver nest with a central silver atom enclosed in a rhombicuboctahedron of 24 silver atoms, which is itself enclosed in the outermost shell of a rectified version of a 48‐Ag octahedral Goldberg 2,0 cage. The solution behaviors and optical absorption properties of the three nests are described in detail. Of note, SD/Ag45 a and SD/Ag73 a emit in the near‐infrared region and show different luminescent thermochromic behavior. This work demonstrates that the participation of H2PPA strongly influences the structures of silver thiolate nests, thus providing a new route to fabricate and modify them in a more rational way.
Consumption of a defined, plant‐based diet reduces lipoprotein(a), inflammation, and other atherogenic lipoproteins and particles within 4 weeks
Authors: Najjar Rami S. , Moore Carolyn E. , Montgomery Baxter D.
Published: July 2018

Background

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a highly atherogenic lipoprotein and is minimally effected by lifestyle changes. While some drugs can reduce Lp(a), diet has not consistently shown definitive reduction of this biomarker. The effect of consuming a plant‐based diet on serum Lp(a) concentrations have not been previously evaluated.

Hypothesis

Consumption of a defined, plant‐based for 4 weeks reduces Lp(a).

Methods

Secondary analysis of a previous trial was conducted, in which overweight and obese individuals (n = 31) with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations >100 mg/dL consumed a defined, plant‐based diet for 4 weeks. Baseline and 4‐week labs were collected. Data were analyzed using a paired samples t‐test.

Results

Significant reductions were observed for serum Lp(a) (−32.0 ± 52.3 nmol/L, P = 0.003), apolipoprotein B (−13.2 ± 18.3 mg/dL, P < 0.0005), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (−304.8 ± 363.0 nmol/L, P < 0.0005) and small‐dense LDL cholesterol (−10.0 ± 9.2 mg/dL, P < 0.0005). Additionally, serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), total white blood cells, lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2), high‐sensitivity c‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), and fibrinogen were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.004).

Conclusions

A defined, plant‐based diet has a favorable impact on Lp(a), inflammatory indicators, and other atherogenic lipoproteins and particles. Lp(a) concentration was previously thought to be only minimally altered by dietary interventions. In this protocol however, a defined plant‐based diet was shown to substantially reduce this biomarker. Further investigation is required to elucidate the specific mechanisms that contribute to the reductions in Lp(a) concentrations, which may include alterations in gene expression.
Thrust2D: A new design abstraction framework for structured grid class of algorithms
Authors: Sarkar Santonu , George Ajai V , Manoj Sankar
Published: July 2018

An important goal of structured parallel programming has been to provide a design framework that balances between the extent of abstraction built over the hardware and the amount of control given to the programmer to leverage the hardware resource features. Towards this goal, NVIDIA has released an open‐source design framework called Thrust based on C++ STL, where the developers can express the functionality in STL style, without having to know the architectural details of the underlying parallel infrastructure. While the framework is generic and portable, it does not support the right abstraction for two‐dimensional data, which is heavily used in most of the popular parallel algorithms. In this paper, we proposed Thrust2D, an extension of Thrust to support the abstraction for two‐dimensional data, targeted towards structured grid class of applications. We took several structured grid examples from Rodinia benchmark, OpenCV framework, and NVIDIA samples and rewrote them using Thrust2D. We demonstrated that, in some cases, we get nearly 80% reduction in code complexity, and for 12 out of 17 applications we have tested, the kernel performance of Thrust2D versions are well within 85% of the native CUDA versions. When we consider the total execution time, 14 out of 17 Thrust2D versions performance are within 85% of the native CUDA versions. In some cases, the performance of the Thrust2D versions has outperformed the native versions.
Evaluating deep learning models for sentiment classification
Authors: Ay Karakuş Betül , Talo Muhammed , Hallaç İbrahim Rıza , Aydin Galip
Published: July 2018

Deep learning has emerged as an effective solution to various text mining problems such as document classification and clustering, document summarization, web mining, and sentiment analysis. In this paper, we describe our work on investigating several deep learning models for a binary sentiment classification problem. We used movie reviews in Turkish from the website www.beyazperde.com to train and test the deep learning models. We also report a detailed comparison of the models in terms of accuracy and time performances. Two major deep learning architectures used in this study are Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short‐Term Memory. We built several variants of these models by changing the number of layers, tuning the hyper‐parameters, and combining models. Additionally, word embeddings were created by applying the word2vec algorithm with a skip‐gram model on a large dataset (∼ 13 M words) composed of movie reviews. We investigate the effect of using the pre‐word embeddings with these models. Experimental results have shown that the use of word embeddings with deep neural networks effectively yields performance improvements in terms of run time and accuracy.
Design and implementation of real‐time wideband software‐defined radio applications with GPGPUs
Authors: Fisne Alparslan , Ozsoy Adnan
Published: July 2018

Wideband software‐defined radio (SDR) applications include data and time intensive operations such as wideband spectrum, signal detection, digital down conversion (DDC), and analog demodulation. Each of these processes need to be performed in order to produce the audio signal from the wideband signals. However, serial implementation of SDR applications do not provide necessary rate speed to obtain the sound and speech data in real time. In this work, we propose a real time SDR implementation using a heterogeneous architecture with CPUs and GPUs. To obtain the sound and speech data from the signals received and processed in SDR algorithms in real time, we also provide necessary optimizations. We test the proposed design using both single CPU core, multiple CPU cores, and GPUs. High performance is observed with our proposed algorithm in experimental tests. We also provide test results in a mobile setup where resources such as power and size are limited. For this purpose, we provide test results on NVIDIA Jetson GPUs and portable laptop CPUs. This work shows a proof of concept that the sound of a signal can be detected in the wideband spectrum and can be played back continuously in a real time with the help of the parallel programming suitable for low power consumption.
Symbolic analysis of electric networks with higher order summative cofactors and parameter decision diagrams
Authors: Lasota Sławomir
Published: July 2018

The paper introduces the concept of higher order summative cofactors (HOSCs) to the circuit analysis. Although the concept is not new, it is not well known. In the paper, some mathematical background of HOSCs is presented. The further development of the concept of HOSC will yield computer implementation arithmetic of HOSC. A cancellation‐free symbolic analysis technique, which is based on HOSC arithmetic, is presented. This technique allows results to be created directly from a netlist in the form of a binary decision diagram, which is called a parameter decision diagram. Additionally, HOSC arithmetic allows the calculation to be started in many places (sometimes distant) simultaneously. The techniques of rolling up the already analyzed parts of a circuit, which is built into HOSC arithmetic, result in a novel multilevel hierarchical analysis method that is called hierarchical parameter decision diagram (HPDD). Unlike in most hierarchical methods, the results that are obtained based on the subcircuit representation in HPDD always maintain a cancellation‐free form. The HPDD always represents the sum of the product form, which is heavily compressed due to the self‐similarities of the actual circuit. The time that is required for any recalculation of the transfer functions is greatly reduced. Analysis of models that are based on pathological components is also a natural consequence of using HOSC arithmetic.
Wilson cell origin for kupffer's vesicle in the zebrafish
Authors: Warga Rachel M. , Kane Donald A.
Published: July 2018

Background: Bilaterally symmetric animals have evolved highly reproducible asymmetries between left and right. In teleosts, Kupffer's vesicle, the structure necessary for the determination of left–right asymmetry, is derived from a group of cells in the gastrula termed the dorsal forerunners. Results: Wilson cells are a ring of marginal enveloping layer cells that are cytoplasmically connected to the yolk cell and thus the last blastomeres to inherit yolk cell cytoplasm. Afterward, they collapse into the yolk to form the yolk syncytial layer. Without exception, forerunner cells are the progeny of dorsal Wilson cells. At the beginning of gastrulation, these Wilson cell progeny ingress beneath the enveloping layer, transform into Kupffer's vesicle, and eventually become tail notochord and muscle. Before ingressing, the forerunner precursor cells express endodermal promoting genes and require high‐levels of Nodal signaling. Conclusions: Despite a derived function of the enveloping layer as an epithelium covering the entire embryo, its dorsal margin retains many behaviors of what might be expected of the dorsal superficial layers of the ancestral fish embryo, including an early program of endodermal development, cell ingression, and an eventual contribution of cells to caudal notochord and muscle, as well as the control of laterality. Developmental Dynamics 247:1057‐1069, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutual Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 3,4‐Dihydro‐3‐methyl‐2H‐[1,4]benzoxazines with Acyl Chlorides of Racemic O‐Phenyllactic Acids and DFT Modelling of Transition States
Authors: Korolyova Marina A. , Vakarov Sergey A. , Kozhevnikov Dmitry N. , Gruzdev Dmitry A. , Levit Galina L. , Krasnov Victor P.
Published: July 2018

The effect of the electronic nature of the para substituent on the aromatic ring of 2‐aryloxypropionyl chlorides on the stereochemical outcome of the acylation of 3,4‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐2H‐[1,4]benzoxazine and its 7,8‐difluoro‐containing analogue has been studied. The geometries of the diastereoisomeric transition states and the corresponding Gibbs free enthalpies of activation were determined through DFT calculations at the COSMO‐CH2Cl2‐B3LYP‐D3‐gCP/def2‐TZVP (or def2‐SVP)//B3LYP‐D3‐gCP/def2‐SVP level of theory. It has been found that a low‐cost quantum chemical calculation at a chosen level of theory describes well the quantitative dependence of the selectivity of acylation on the structures of the reagents. The obtained results indicate that aromatic interactions between the reagents play a significant role in the process of stereodifferentiation, ensuring high selectivity of the acylation of benzoxazines with 2‐aryloxyacyl chlorides.
The role of right‐wing authoritarianism and political sophistication in shaping attitudes toward redistribution
Authors: Jedinger Alexander , Burger Axel M.
Published: July 2018

Using data from the Austrian National Election Study (Study 1) and the American National Election Study (Study 2), this research investigated the role of right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) in shaping attitudes toward governmental action related to the redistribution of wealth. We show that RWA is a relevant variable in explaining attitudes toward redistribution policies, and that the association between RWA and redistribution attitudes is moderated by political sophistication. RWA was associated with opposition to redistribution policies among individuals high in political sophistication, while among individuals low in political sophistication, RWA was either associated with support for redistribution policies (Study 1) or unrelated to redistribution attitudes (Study 2). Results suggest that exposure to the political discourse in a society affects how psychological needs and motives are related to preferences regarding the redistribution of wealth through the government.
Longitudinal variability of geomorphic response to floods
Authors: Sholtes Joel S. , Yochum Steven E. , Scott Julian A. , Bledsoe Brian P.
Published: July 2018

Morphodynamic response of channels and floodplains to flooding reflects interactions of erosive and resistive forces with sediment transport capacity and supply at multiple scales. Monotonic relationships between reach‐scale response to floods with independent variables such as flood stream power and channel confinement can be confounded by longitudinal variations in these variables at longer scales. In these cases, channel response depends on both local and upstream drivers. Using high resolution pre‐ and post‐flood digital elevation models, we calculate reach‐scale (0.5 to 1 km) and segment scale (10 km) longitudinal variations in channel widening and sediment balance. We relate these responses to longitudinal variations of unit stream power and channel confinement for selected streams impacted by the 2013 Colorado Front Range regional flood event. These streams transition from steep and relatively confined in the canyons of the foothills to less steep and unconfined on the high plains. The channel widening response is more closely linked with reach scale gradients in unit stream power: abrupt widening typically occurred within reaches where a large drop in unit stream power occurred relative to upstream. Sediment balance followed segment scale trends in unit stream power, exhibiting a net erosional trend within the foothills that switches to a net depositional trend within the transition to the plains. These findings indicate that unit stream power gradients mediate channel response at reach to segment scales. Predictive modeling of stream response to floods and fluvial hazards assessments that only consider absolute values of reach‐scale stream power may under‐estimate fluvial hazards in some settings by ignoring unit stream power gradients. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropical heterothermy is “cool”: The expression of daily torpor and hibernation in primates
Authors: Blanco Marina B. , Dausmann Kathrin H. , Faherty Sheena L. , Yoder Anne D.
Published: July 2018

Living nonhuman primates generally inhabit tropical forests, and torpor is regarded as a strategy employed by cold‐adapted organisms. Yet, some primates employ daily torpor or hibernation (heterothermy) under obligatory, temporary, or emergency circumstances. Though heterothermy is present in most mammalian lineages, there are only three extant heterothermic primate lineages: bushbabies from Africa, lorises from Asia, and dwarf and mouse lemurs from Madagascar. Here, we analyze their phenotypes in the general context of tropical mammalian heterothermy. We focus on Malagasy lemurs as they have been the most intensively studied and also show an unmatched range of flexibility in their heterothermic responses. We discuss the evidence for whether heterothermy should be considered an ancestral or derived condition in primates. This consideration is particularly intriguing given that an understanding of the underlying mechanisms for hibernation in lemurs opens the possibility for insight into genotype‐phenotype interactions, including those with biomedical relevance for humans.
Phenomenological contribution to understanding of vocally disruptive behaviour: A clinical case study in a patient with dementia
Authors: Tible Olivier , Mendez Montserrat , von Gunten Armin
Published: July 2018

Background

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) cause great suffering in patients and their families. Phenomenology can help clarify the diagnosis and propose some new therapeutic responses using Daseinsanalyse. Separation issues understood using the phenomenological description of the melancholic type (MT) by Tellenbach may further shed light on our understanding of depression in dementia.

Subject and Methods

In a 90‐year‐old woman presenting with advanced (Clinical Dementia Rating 3) mixed dementia and BPSD in the form of vocally disruptive behaviour (VDB), we discuss separation anxiety as the aetiopathogenic hypothesis. Depression and BPSD were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Cornell scale, and Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale to confirm our second phenomenological diagnostic hypothesis, ie, melancholy. The Big Five Inventory scale filled in by a proxy was also used to evaluate the patient's premorbid personality. We then propose an explanatory frame of VDB and depression through the standard phenomenological assessment of its relation to time, space, self, and other.

Results

Confirming MT, we found an inhibited temperament and low openness to experience in the patient, as well as a symbiotic relationship with a close relative (the other).

Conclusion

Separation anxiety may well explain the patient's MT expressed by VDB. Melancholic type and her symbiotic relationship led to a situation unbearable to the patient and her close relative unable to delegate care to a specialized team.

Running Head

Phenomenology in vocally disruptive behaviour in dementia. We have found new explanations in similar clinical cases in dementia as follows. A patient presenting with vocally disruptive behaviour has a melancholic type, a behavioural‐inhibited temperament, and marital violence in the past. Phenomenology may help explain this profile with neurobiological disorders. The life trajectory, from childhood into older age, must be taken into account to understand behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Functional cerebral asymmetry analyses reveal how the control system implements its flexibility
Authors: Chen Zhencai , Zhao Xiaoyue , Fan Jin , Chen Antao
Published: July 2018

The control system in human brain generally exerts the goal‐directed regulation on a variety of mental processes. To deal with different control demands, these brain areas of the control system, especially the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), may be flexibly recruited across different tasks. However, few studies have investigated how the flexibility of the control system is realized during cognitive control. Present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the brain responses during two domain distinct conflict tasks (verbal color‐word Stroop and visuospatial arrow flanker). The voxel‐wise asymmetries in both functional activity and psychophysiological interaction (PPI) between these two tasks were compared. The results showed that the brain areas of control system were consistently activated in these two tasks. When considering functional cerebral asymmetries, the left DLPFC was dominantly activated during the Stroop task, while more symmetric DLPFC activation was found during the flanker task. The left DLPFC rather than the right DLPFC showed greater positive interaction with the visual areas V1 and V2 during the Stroop interference, but interactions of both the left and right DLPFC with the right visual area V5/MT were positively enhanced during the flanker interference. These results suggest that the flexible cognitive control is achieved by the control system's task‐specific activity and its top–down interaction with domain‐specific brain areas, in implementing flexible representation and modulation of control demands.