bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'apport de la biogéographie dans l'étude de la biodiversité
Authors: Fournier Jérôme
Published: December 2016

A biodiversidade, tema central deste artigo, está atualmente ameaçada. Pesquisar as causas de sua erosão, analisando os mecanismos, prevendo suas conseqüências, e, em seguida, proteger o que pode ser protegido, são um dos maiores desafios aos quais a comunidade científica se confronta. A biogeografia e a ecologia são as disciplinas metadisciplinares que melhor integraram a diversidade das pertubaçôes de origem antrópica. O declínio generalizado da biodiversidade se traduz pelo desaparecimento progressivo das populações locais e pela fragmentação dos habitats. Esta erosão reduz as diversidades local (alfa) e regional (gama), empobrece o tecido das comunidades, rompe as interações mútuas e deteriora os ciclos biogeoquí- micos. Os geógrafos podem participar neste desafio. Os instrumentos de sensoriamento remoto e os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) são de grande utilidade para o estudo diacrõnico dos fenômenos em escalas locais, regionais e continentais. A análise da fragmentação dos ecossistemas pode permitir uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos em jogo e ajudar a estabelecer áreas protegidas. A contribuição dos geógrafos é, portanto, complementar à dos biólogos da conservação e à dos ecologistas
Considerations about the Global Economic Restructuring and its impacts on territory
Authors: Baggio Ulisses Da Cunha
Published: December 2016

O artigo aborda o processo de reestruturação econômica no âmbito da globalização e seus impactos territoriais, buscando avaliar as relações entre as dimensões econômica e política dessa dinâmica sócio-espacial
Environmental Implications in Porto Alegre City Metropolitan Area - RS: a geographical study empasizing the Urban Geomorphology
Authors: Fujimoto Nina Simone V Moura
Published: December 2016

Este trabalho consiste em uma análise ambiental urbana que busca apreender os efeitos e respostas do ambiente ao processo de urbanização. Para isso procura, de forma integrada, conhecer a dinâmica da natureza e da sociedade e suas articulações. O estudo é realizado em uma sub-bacia pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Dilúvio situada na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A análise ambiental engloba várias etapas: análise das características morfoestruturais regionais, caracterização geomorfológica e do material de cobertura superficial, análise dos condicionantes climáticos e hidrológicos, análise das qualidades das águas superficiais, caracterização do processo histórico de urbanização, análise das questões sócio-econômicas, a partir do estudo da evolução da cobertura vegetal e uso da terra e dos efeitos dos aspectos jurídicos na organização do espaço urbano. Como resultado da pesquisa, foram produzidos dados ambientais que expressam as alterações do ambiente devidas ao processo de urbanização na área de estudo
Geographical information system (GIS): yet the matter of method
Authors: Matias Lindon Fonseca
Published: December 2016

O artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a questão metodológica que envolve a ciência geográfica quando se depara com a tecnologia de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Propõe a adoção de um paradigma crítico de concepção dialética que possibilite ampliar a compreensão dessa geotecnologia, além da sua dimensão técnica, como um instrumento moderno de tratamento da informação geográfica que influencia tanto as práticas espaciais como as representações do espaço e os espaços de representação, revelando sua importância como elemento cuja dimensão social e política permeia o processo de (re)produção das relações sociais de produção no mundo contemporâneo. Os geógrafos devem apropriar-se criticamente dessa tecnologia
Maps server: the example of Curucutu Nucieous SP
Authors: Queiroz Filho Alfredo Pereira de
Published: December 2016

Este artigo retrata a experiência de implementação de um servidor de mapas e discute as características da publicação de uma base cartográfica, a do Núcleo Curucutu e o seu entorno, pela Internet. As principais vantagens do seu uso são: a gratuidade do software, ampliação das alternativas para a divulgação dos mapas, acesso irrestrito aos usuários e simplicidade dos procedimentos operacionais. A instabilidade das versões mais novas do programa e a quantidade e tamanho dos arquivos temporários produzidos foram considerados os principais aspectos negativos da sua implementação
Tourism management in the strategical regional planning contest. A study of Latin-American cases
Authors: Toledo Geraldo Luciano , Pollero Álvaro Castroman , Gallo Junior Humberto
Published: December 2016

Este trabalho objetiva argumentar que, para uma gestão bem sucedida do turismo regional, devem-se articular iniciativas de todas as entidades envolvidas, ou seja, organizações públicas, privadas e nãogovernamentais (ONG). A partir dessa articulação, devem ser posicionados, em um mesmo plano de gerenciamento, os objetivos das diferentes áreas de conhecimento. Assim, abordagens interdisciplinares podem ser planejadas, executadas, coordenadas e avaliadas eficientemente no âmbito do Planejamento Estratégico (PE) turístico regional. A metodologia adotada foi de Estudo de Caso e os casos analisados re ferem-se ao Plane jamento Estratégico de três países: Costa Rica, México e Brasil. Os resultados revelam como são articuladas as iniciativas e objetivos do PE turístico e seu envolvim ento com o desenvolvimento sustentável (DS) regional
Basic social-economical profile of the population of the Carlos Lamarca tent cities - Osasco (SP)
Authors: Azevedo Tarik Rezende de , Silva Alexandre Henrique da , Prado Bruno Rodrigues do , Albino Daniele , Utimura Isabel , Caracristi Isorlanda , Alves Rogério Rozolen , Serafini Júnior Sérgio
Published: December 2016

Este texto apresenta um perfil sócio-econômico básico da população de um acampamento de "sem teto" implantado durante cinco meses em Osasco no segundo semestre de 2002. Os dados usados foram coletados em pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas qualitativas e aplicação sistemática de um questionário. A caracterização teve como base a estrutura familiar e centrou-se na renda média per capta. Os resultados apontam para a legitimidade da reivindicação do movimento social abordado, mas revelam que há grande disparidade em função da estrutura familiar. Simulando os impactos de algumas políticas de complementação de renda conclui-se que, no caso abordado, não seriam suficientes para alterar substancialmente o perfil aqui apresentado
Science, art and geography in the David Lynch's cinema
Authors: Geiger Pedro P.
Published: December 2016

As correspondências entre Geografia e Cinema são densas, cobrindo temas do espaço vivido e das representações do espaço. Este trabalho procura discutir as relações entre Geografia e Cinema em uma perspectiva filosófica das relações Arte/Ciência
Ezetimibe in Combination With Statins Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Coronary Arteries After Stenting
Authors: Takase Susumu , Matoba Tetsuya , Nakashiro Soichi , Mukai Yasushi , Inoue Shujiro , Oi Keiji , Higo Taiki , Katsuki Shunsuke , Takemoto Masao , Suematsu Nobuhiro , Eshima Kenichi , Miyata Kenji , Yamamoto Mitsutaka , Usui Makoto , Sadamatsu Kenji , Satoh Shinji , Kadokami Toshiaki , Hironaga Kiyoshi , Ichi Ikuyo , Todaka Koji , Kishimoto Junji , Egashira Kensuke , Sunagawa Kenji ,   for the QcVIC Investigators*
Published: December 2016

Objectives—

We sought to investigate whether treatment with ezetimibe in combination with statins improves coronary endothelial function in target vessels in coronary artery disease patients after coronary stenting.

Approach and Results—

We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-end point trial among 11 cardiovascular treatment centers. From 2011 to 2013, 260 coronary artery disease patients who underwent coronary stenting were randomly allocated to 2 arms (statin monotherapy, S versus ezetimibe [10 mg/d]+statin combinational therapy, E+S). We defined target vessel dysfunction as the primary composite outcome, which comprised target vessel failure during treatment and at the 6- to 8-month follow-up coronary angiography and coronary endothelial dysfunction determined via intracoronary acetylcholine testing performed in cases without target vessel failure at the follow-up coronary angiography. Coadministration of ezetimibe with statins further lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (83±23 mg/dL in S versus 67±23 mg/dL in E+S;
P
<0.0001), with significant decreases in oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxysterol levels. Among patients without target vessel failure, 46 out of 89 patients (52%) in the S arm and 34 out of 96 patients (35%) in the E+S arm were found to have coronary endothelial dysfunction (
P
=0.0256), and the incidence of target vessel dysfunction at follow-up was significantly decreased in the E+S arm (69/112 (62%) in S versus 47/109 (43%) in E+S;
P
=0.0059). A post hoc analysis of post-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–matched subgroups revealed that the incidence of both target vessel dysfunction and coronary endothelial dysfunction significantly decreased in the E+S arm, with significant reductions in oxysterol levels.

Conclusions—

The CuVIC trial (Effect of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor Usage on Target Vessel Dysfunction after Coronary Stenting) has shown that ezetimibe with statins, compared with statin monotherapy, improves functional prognoses, ameliorating endothelial dysfunction in stented coronary arteries, and was associated with larger decreases in oxysterol levels.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype in Chinese Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography
Authors: Li Jian-Jun , Li Sha , Zhu Cheng-Gang , Wu Na-Qiong , Zhang Yan , Guo Yuan-Lin , Gao Ying , Li Xiao-Lin , Qing Ping , Cui Chuan-Jue , Xu Rui-Xia , Jiang Zheng-Wen , Sun Jing , Liu Geng , Dong Qian
Published: December 2016

Objective—

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by an elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased risk of premature coronary artery disease. However, the general picture and mutational spectrum of FH in China are far from recognized, representing a missed opportunity for the investigation.

Approach and Results—

A total of 8050 patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled. The diagnosis of clinical FH was made using Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and the information of relatives was obtained by inquiring for the probands or from their own medical records of certain clinics/hospitals. Molecular analysis of FH was performed using target exome sequencing in
LDLR
(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor gene),
APOB
(apolipoprotein B gene), and
PCSK9
(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gene). As a result, 3.5% of the patients with definite/probable FH phenotype (definite 1.0% and probable 2.5%) were identified. Women FH had fewer premature coronary artery disease (women <60, or men <55 years of age) when compared with men FH (70.6% versus 82.7%;
P
<0.001), whereas angiographic extension of coronary artery disease was significantly increased with FH diagnosis in both men and women (
P
<0.001). Patterns of medication use in definite/probable FH were as follows: nontreated, 20.6%; low intensity, 6.0%; moderate intensity, 68.3%; and high intensity, 5.0%. However, none of them had achieved the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL. Additionally, mutational analysis was performed in 245 definite/probable FH cases, and risk variants were identified in 115 patients, giving a detection rate of 46.9%.

Conclusions—

We showed firsthand a common identification but poor treatment of patients with FH phenotype in Chinese coronary angiography patients. Genetic data in our FH cases might contribute to update the frequency and spectrum of Chinese FH scenarios.
Late Restenosis After Both First-Generation and Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent Implantations Occurs in Patients With Drug-Eluting Stent Restenosis
Authors: Habara Seiji , Kadota Kazushige , Kuwayama Akimune , Shimada Takenobu , Ohya Masanobu , Miura Katsuya , Amano Hidewo , Kubo Shunsuke , Hyodo Yusuke , Otsuru Suguru , Tada Takeshi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fuku Yasushi , Goto Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2016

Background—

There are currently inadequate data about whether late restenosis occurs after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients with DES restenosis.

Methods and Results—

We collected data for 608 patients who received revascularization for DES restenosis between 2004 and 2012 and analyzed 688 lesions: 359 lesions treated with a first-generation DES (first DES) and 329 lesions treated with a second-generation DES (second DES). Two serial angiographic follow-ups were routinely planned for the patients (at 8 and 20 months after the procedure). Early follow-up angiography was performed for 620 lesions (90.1%), and recurrent restenosis occurred in 84 lesions (25.8%) in the first DES group and in 72 lesions (24.5%) in the second DES group (
P
=0.78). Target lesion revascularization was performed for 69 lesions (21.2%) in the first DES group and for 48 lesions (16.3%) in the second DES group (
P
=0.15). Late follow-up angiography was performed for 438 (87.1%) of the remaining 503 lesions (excluding target lesion revascularization lesions), and late restenosis was found in 35 lesions (15.8%) in the first DES group and in 28 lesions (14.7%) in the second DES group (
P
=0.79). Nonfocal-type restenosis, percentage diameter stenosis after the procedure, previous stent size ≤2.5 mm, and right coronary artery ostial lesion were independent predictors of early restenosis. Nonfocal-type restenosis, percentage diameter stenosis at early follow-up, and stent fracture were independent predictors of late restenosis.

Conclusions—

Late restenosis occurs after both first DES implantation and second DES implantation for DES restenosis.
ATF6 Decreases Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage and Links ER Stress and Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathways in the Heart
Authors: Jin Jung-Kang , Blackwood Erik A. , Azizi Khalid , Thuerauf Donna J. , Fahem Asal G. , Hofmann Christoph , Kaufman Randal J. , Doroudgar Shirin , Glembotski Christopher C.
Published: December 2016

Rationale:

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER, activating the transcription factor, ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6 alpha), which induces ER stress response genes. Myocardial ischemia induces the ER stress response; however, neither the function of this response nor whether it is mediated by ATF6 is known.

Objective:

Here, we examined the effects of blocking the ATF6-mediated ER stress response on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in cardiac myocytes and mouse hearts.

Methods and Results:

Knockdown of ATF6 in cardiac myocytes subjected to I/R increased reactive oxygen species and necrotic cell death, both of which were mitigated by ATF6 overexpression. Under nonstressed conditions, wild-type and ATF6 knockout mouse hearts were similar. However, compared with wild-type, ATF6 knockout hearts showed increased damage and decreased function after I/R. Mechanistically, gene array analysis showed that ATF6, which is known to induce genes encoding ER proteins that augment ER protein folding, induced numerous oxidative stress response genes not previously known to be ATF6-inducible. Many of the proteins encoded by the ATF6-induced oxidative stress genes identified here reside outside the ER, including catalase, which is known to decrease damaging reactive oxygen species in the heart. Catalase was induced by the canonical ER stressor, tunicamycin, and by I/R in cardiac myocytes from wild-type but not in cardiac myocytes from ATF6 knockout mice. ER stress response elements were identified in the catalase gene and were shown to bind ATF6 in cardiac myocytes, which increased catalase promoter activity. Overexpression of catalase, in vivo, restored ATF6 knockout mouse heart function to wild-type levels in a mouse model of I/R, as did adeno-associated virus 9–mediated ATF6 overexpression.

Conclusions:

ATF6 serves an important role as a previously unappreciated link between the ER stress and oxidative stress gene programs, supporting a novel mechanism by which ATF6 decreases myocardial I/R damage.
Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 1/2a Study to Determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose of Intraventricular Sustained Release Nimodipine for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NEWTON [Nimodipine Microparticles to Enhance Recovery While Reducing Toxicity After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage])
Authors: Hänggi Daniel , Etminan Nima , Aldrich Francois , Steiger Hans Jakob , Mayer Stephan A. , Diringer Michael N. , Hoh Brian L. , Mocco J , Faleck Herbert J. , Macdonald R. Loch
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose—

We conducted a randomized, open-label, phase 1/2a, dose-escalation study of intraventricular sustained-release nimodipine (EG-1962) to determine safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and clinical effects in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods—

Subjects with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage repaired by clipping or coiling were randomized to EG-1962 or enteral nimodipine. Subjects were World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade 2 to 4 and had an external ventricular drain. Cohorts of 12 subjects received 100 to 1200 mg EG-1962 (9 per cohort) or enteral nimodipine (3 per cohort). The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose.

Results—

Fifty-four subjects in North America were randomized to EG-1962, and 18 subjects were randomized to enteral nimodipine. The maximum tolerated dose was 800 mg. One serious adverse event related to EG-1962 (400 mg) and 2 EG-1962 dose-limiting toxicities were without clinical sequelae. There was no EG-1962-related hypotension compared with 17% (3/18) with enteral nimodipine. Favorable outcome at 90 days on the extended Glasgow outcome scale occurred in 27/45 (60%, 95% confidence interval 46%–74%) EG-1962 subjects (5/9 with 100, 6/9 with 200, 7/9 with 400, 4/9 with 600, and 5/9 with 800 mg) and 5/18 (28%, 95% confidence interval 7%–48%, relative risk reduction of unfavorable outcome; 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.03;
P
=0.027) enteral nimodipine subjects. EG-1962 reduced delayed cerebral ischemia (14/45 [31%] EG-1962 versus 11/18 [61%] enteral nimodipine) and rescue therapy (11/45 [24%] versus 10/18 [56%]).

Conclusions—

EG-1962 was safe and tolerable to 800 mg, and in this, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage population was associated with reduced delayed cerebral ischemia and rescue therapy. Overall, the rate of favorable clinical outcome was greater in the EG-1962-treated group.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01893190.
The Role of the Sentence-Tokened
Authors: Sweeney Paula
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this paper is to define the sentence-tokened—a product of utterance distinct from the act of utterance—and highlight the role that it can play in communication. In particular, the author will suggest that this entity is plausibly at the root of John MacFarlane’s motivating intuitions for the view that truth is assessment-sensitive. Here the author argues that the truth-value intuitions that MacFarlane uses to motivate his view can be accommodated within the Kaplanian semantic framework, once we acknowledge the sentence-tokened and the role it can play.
What Physicalists Have to Say about the Knowledge Argument
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: December 2016

Suppose that, for one reason or another, the knowledge argument fails as a refutation of physicalism. Even so, it remains the case that there is a pressing question for physicalists raised by the argument. Does Mary acquire old information or misinformation when she leaves the black and white room? Answering this question requires physicalists to address the tricky question of the informational content of colour experiences – what information do colour experiences deliver by virtue of being the kinds of experiences they are?
Description of three new species of the tropical Asian jumping spider genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 from high altitude cloud forests of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)
Authors: BENJAMIN SURESH P. , KANESHARATNAM NILANI
Published: December 2016

Spiders of the tropical Asian jumping spider genus Onomastus Simon, 1900 are small to medium-sized, delicate, translucent, commonly found inhabitants of Asian evergreen forest foliage. In this paper, three new species of the genus, O. jamestaylori sp. nov. (♂♀), O. corbetensis sp. nov. (♂♀) and O. maskeliya sp. nov. (♂♀) are described from Sri Lanka. The three new species are added to the matrix of a previous study to assess their phylogenetic position. The resulting cladistic analysis, based on 35 morphological characters from 18 taxa (13 Onomastus species and 5 outgroups) supports the monophyly of the genus. Additionally, a monophyletic, well-supported South Asian clade (India, Sri Lanka), which is restricted to the Sri Lanka-Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, is recovered in most analysis. The three newly described species might be endangered due to their small population size and restricted distribution in high altitude cloud forest.
A new genus and new species of subfamily Trioxinae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) from the Far East of Russia
Authors: DAVIDIAN ELENA M.
Published: December 2016

A new Trioxinae (Aphidiidae) genus Sergeyoxis gen. nov., with type species S. monoceratus sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the Russian Far East. This new genus is closely related to Parabioxys Shi et Chen, 2001, but differs from the latter by the development of a single long process (prong) which is not fused with the sixth sternite, fore wing darkened and narrow, and petiole short. Sergeyoxis gen. nov. differs from the all other trioxine taxa by the presence of mobile unpaired process between two last sternites of metasoma.
The advertisement call of Stumpffia be Köhler, Vences, D’Cruze & Glaw, 2010 (Anura: Microhylidae: Cophylinae)
Authors: LATTENKAMP ELLA Z. , MANDÁK MARTIN , SCHERZ MARK D.
Published: December 2016

We describe the calls of Stumpffia be Köhler, Vences, D’Cruze & Glaw, 2010. This is the first call description made for a species belonging to the large-bodied northern Madagascan radiation of Stumpffia Boettger, 1881. Stumpffia is a genus of small (~9–28 mm) microhylid frogs in the Madagascar-endemic subfamily Cophylinae Cope. Little is known about their reproductive strategies. Most species are assumed to lay their eggs in foam nests in the leaf litter of Madagascar’s humid and semi-humid forests (Glaw & Vences 1994; Klages et al. 2013). They exhibit some degree of parental care, with the males guarding the nest after eggs are laid (Klages et al. 2013). The bioacoustic repertoire of these frogs is thought to be limited, and there are two distinct call structures known for the genus: the advertisement call of the type species, S. psologlossa Boettger, 1881, is apparently unique in being a trill of notes repeated in short succession. All other species from which calls are known emit single, whistling or chirping notes (Vences & Glaw 1991; Vences et al. 2006).
A new species of Lygephila Billberg, 1820 from Java (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Toxocampinae)
Authors: PEKARSKY OLEG
Published: December 2016

The revision of the Lygephila dorsigera species-group led to the recognition of a number of distinct species which may occur partly sympatrically with each other in the continental SE Asia and the island of Sri Lanka (Ceylon). The study of an old Lygephila material from the island of Java and from Flores harboured in the RMNH and recently collected material from Sulawesi preserved in NMPC revealed the presence of an unknown species of the dorsigera group which appears as new for science. This species is described below under the name Lygephila javanica sp. n., the diagnostic comparison is made with Lygephila dorsigera (Walker, 1865). This is the first record of the genus from the Greater Sunda Islands, no records of a Lygephila species is known from Sumatra and Borneo.
Modeling Atmospheric Turbulence via Rapid Distortion Theory: Spectral Tensor of Velocity and Buoyancy
Authors: Chougule Abhijit , Mann Jakob , Kelly Mark , Larsen Gunner C.
Published: December 2016

A spectral tensor model is presented for turbulent fluctuations of wind velocity components and temperature, assuming uniform vertical gradients in mean temperature and mean wind speed. The model is built upon rapid distortion theory (RDT) following studies by Mann and by Hanazaki and Hunt, using the eddy lifetime parameterization of Mann to make the model stationary. The buoyant spectral tensor model is driven via five parameters: the viscous dissipation rate ε, length scale of energy-containing eddies L, a turbulence anisotropy parameter , gradient Richardson number (Ri) representing the local atmospheric stability, and the rate of destruction of temperature variance . Model output includes velocity and temperature spectra and associated cospectra, including those of longitudinal and vertical temperature fluxes. The model also produces two-point statistics, such as coherences and phases of velocity components and temperature. The statistics of uniformly sheared and stratified turbulence from the model are compared with atmospheric observations taken from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program, and model results fit observed one-dimensional spectra quite well. For highly unstable stratification, however, the model has deficiencies at low wavenumbers that limit its prediction of longitudinal velocity component spectra at scales on the order of 0.6 km. The model predicts coherences well for horizontal separations but overestimates vertical coherence with increasing separation. Finally, it is shown that the RDT output can deviate from Monin–Obukhov similarity theory.
Comparison and Assessment of Three Advanced Land Surface Models in Simulating Terrestrial Water Storage Components over the United States
Authors: Xia Youlong , Mocko David , Huang Maoyi , Li Bailing , Rodell Matthew , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Cai Xitian , Ek Michael B.
Published: December 2016

To prepare for the next-generation North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), three advanced land surface models [LSMs; i.e., Community Land Model, version 4.0 (CLM4.0); Noah LSM with multiphysics options (Noah-MP); and Catchment LSM-Fortuna 2.5 (CLSM-F2.5)] were run for the 1979–2014 period within the NLDAS-based framework. Unlike the LSMs currently executing in the operational NLDAS, these three advanced LSMs each include a groundwater component. In this study, the model simulations of monthly terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) and its individual water storage components are evaluated against satellite-based and in situ observations, as well as against reference reanalysis products, at basinwide and statewide scales. The quality of these TWSA simulations will contribute to determining the suitability of these models for the next phase of the NLDAS. Overall, it is found that all three models are able to reasonably capture the monthly and interannual variability and magnitudes of TWSA. However, the relative contributions of the individual water storage components to TWSA are very dependent on the model and basin. A major contributor to the TWSA is the anomaly of total column soil moisture content for CLM4.0 and Noah-MP, while the groundwater storage anomaly is the major contributor for CLSM-F2.5. Other water storage components such as the anomaly of snow water equivalent also play a role in all three models. For each individual water storage component, the models are able to capture broad features such as monthly and interannual variability. However, there are large intermodel differences and quantitative uncertainties, which are motivating follow-on investigations in the NLDAS Science Testbed developed by the NASA and NCEP NLDAS teams.
Accounting for Correlated Observation Error in a Dual-Formulation 4D Variational Data Assimilation System
Authors: Campbell William F. , Satterfield Elizabeth A. , Ruston Benjamin , Baker Nancy L.
Published: December 2016

Appropriate specification of the error statistics for both observational data and short-term forecasts is necessary to produce an optimal analysis. Observation error stems from instrument error, forward model error, and error of representation. All sources of observation error, particularly error of representation, can lead to nonzero correlations. While correlated forecast error has been accounted for since the early days of atmospheric data assimilation, observation error has typically been treated as uncorrelated until relatively recently. Thinning, averaging, and/or inflation of the assigned observation error variance have been employed to compensate for unaccounted error correlations, especially for high-resolution satellite data.

In this study, the benefits of accounting for nonzero vertical (interchannel) correlation for both the Advanced Technology Microwave Satellite (ATMS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) in the NRL Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System-Accelerated Representer (NAVDAS-AR) are assessed. The vertical observation error covariance matrix for the ATMS and IASI instruments was estimated using the Desroziers method. The results suggest lowering the assigned error variance and introducing strong correlations, especially in the moisture-sensitive channels. Strong positive impact on forecast skill (verified against both the ECMWF analyses and high-quality radiosonde data) is shown in both the ATMS and IASI instruments. Additionally, the convergence of the iterative solver in NAVDAS-AR can be improved by small modifications to the observation error covariance matrices, resulting in further reduction in RMS error.
A Position with a View
Authors: Lynn Freda B. , Ellerbach George
Published: December 2016

The differentiation of occupations is of central concern to stratification scholars studying class and mobility, yet little is known about how individuals actually see the occupational landscape. Sociologists have long collected data on individual perceptions of where occupations stand relative to one another, but these data are rarely used to study the logics that individuals employ when categorizing occupations. Using the 1989 GSS occupational prestige module, we investigate how cognitive maps of the occupational hierarchy vary in terms of content and structure. The results show that maps are more homogeneous among individuals with more versus less education. This increased consensus arises, in part, because better educated respondents are more likely to set aside training-intensive occupations as a relatively elite set of occupations at the top of the hierarchy. In contrast, less educated respondents generate more gradational classification systems that are significantly less sensitive to training intensiveness as a basis for categorical distinction. This study contributes to our empirical knowledge of valuation and raises new questions about how individuals organize and navigate social structures.
The Pharyngoesophageal Segment After Total Laryngectomy
Authors: Arenaz Búa Beatriz , Olsson Rolf , Westin Ulla , Rydell Roland
Published: December 2016

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharyngoesophageal segment in laryngectomees who rated themselves as functional tracheoesophageal speakers.

Methods:

Voice perceptual assessment, high-resolution videomanometry of swallowing and phonation, and high-speed camera recording during phonation provided information about the anatomy and function of the pharyngoesophageal segment.

Results:

Fourteen patients were included in the study. The voice assessments presented high intra/inter-listener reliability. We found a significant correlation between roughness and poor voice quality, hyperfunction and poor intelligibility, and poor voice quality, long time since the operation, and old age. High-resolution videomanometry during phonation revealed decreasing mean pressures from the distal esophagus to the pharynx and confirmed low resting pressures at the pharyngoesophageal segment and low esophageal peristaltic contraction pressures after laryngectomy in comparison to normal subjects. The neoglottis shape was mainly circular and presented a strong mucosal wave in most of the patients on the high-speed camera recording.

Conclusions:

Perceptual voice assessment and high-speed camera recordings provided baseline information about voice characteristics and vibration regularity of the neoglottis. Additionally, the quantitative measures obtained with high-resolution videomanometry may have clinical applicability as reference data in voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.
The Academic Tree of Howard V. Malmstadt: From Early Scientific Exploration to Modern Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Storey Andrew P. , Hieftje Gary M.
Published: December 2016

Over the last several decades, science has benefited tremendously by the implementation of digital electronic components for analytical instrumentation. A pioneer in this area of scientific inquiry was Howard Malmstadt. Frequently, such revolutions in scientific history can be viewed as a series of discoveries without a great deal of attention as to how mentorship shapes the careers and methodologies of those who made great strides forward for science. This paper focuses on the verifiable relationships of those who are connected through the academic tree of Malmstadt and how their experiences and the context of world events influenced their scientific pursuits. Particular attention is dedicated to the development of American chemistry departments and the critical role played by many of the individuals in the tree in this process.
Managing Inflation
Authors: Fisher William H. , Hartwell Stephanie W. , Deng Xiaogang
Published: December 2016

Poisson and negative binomial regression procedures have proliferated, and now are available in virtually all statistical packages. Along with the regression procedures themselves are procedures for addressing issues related to the over-dispersion and excessive zeros commonly observed in count data. These approaches, zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial models, use logit or probit models for the “excess” zeros and count regression models for the counted data. Although these models are often appropriate on statistical grounds, their interpretation may prove substantively difficult. This article explores this dilemma, using data from a study of individuals released from facilities maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Correction.
Analysis of cracked general cross-ply laminates under general bending loads: A variational approach
Authors: Hajikazemi M , Sadr MH , Varna J
Published: December 2016

A novel variational model is developed that can predict the stress transfer between plies in cracked general cross-ply laminates subject to general in-plane (Nxx, Nyy, Nxy) and out-of-plane bending (Mxx, Myy, Mxy) loading. The effects of thermal residual stresses are taken into account. Admissible stress systems, which satisfy equilibrium and all boundary and interface conditions, are constructed and the principle of minimum complementary energy is employed to find the optimal solution. The approach yields rigorous lower bounds for stiffness matrices. A methodology based on Levin's theorem is developed to evaluate the effective thermal expansion coefficients of non-symmetric cracked laminates. A ply-refinement technique is used in order that through-thickness variations of the stress components can be precisely taken into account. It is found that the developed method, when used in conjunction with ply refinement technique, results in stress fields and thermo-mechanical properties comparable in accuracy to refined finite and boundary element solutions.
Evaluating the Impact of “Old” Criminal Conviction Decision Guidelines on Subsequent Employment and Arrest Outcomes
Authors: Denver Megan
Published: December 2016

Objectives:

Redemption scholars estimate that after an average of 7-10 years pass without a new arrest or conviction, a person’s criminal record essentially loses its predictive value. This article provides the first labor market and recidivism estimates of implementing a criminal background check decision guideline based on this redemption research.

Methods:

The sample consists of provisionally hired job applicants in New York State’s healthcare industry with at least one prior conviction. A “10 years since last conviction” guideline situated within a highly formalized criminal background check process plausibly creates conditional random variation in clearance decisions, which allows for a regression model to estimate causal effects.

Results:

Individuals cleared to work because of the 10-year guideline experience meaningful improvements in employment and earnings, but not recidivism on average. However, men do experience reductions in subsequent arrests, which appears to be driven by more complex factors beyond simply time since last arrest.

Conclusions:

For some individuals, receiving clearance to work even a decade after their last conviction can have not only labor market benefits, but also important recidivism implications. Future research should explore the employment opportunity/recidivism trade-off in adjusting guideline threshold values and consider alternative redemption strategies.
Standardizing the microbiota of fish used in research
Authors: Vatsos I N
Published: December 2016

Little attention has been paid to the effects of fish microbiotas on the reproducibility and comparability of fish studies so far. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as water quality, environmental microbial populations, diet, host genetic profile, gender, age and stress status, affect fish microbiotas and create significant inter- and intra-species variations. Fish microbiotas play critical roles in many key aspects of host physiology, such as protection against pathogens, digestion and development of the digestive tract and the local immune system. Thus, greater effort should be invested in standardizing the microbiological profiles of research fish. In this context, issues requiring consideration include the establishment of isogenic and isobiotic fish lines, the standardization of rearing conditions and the development of appropriate tests to adequately describe microbial populations. There are many challenges involved in each of these issues, and the research community must decide which aspects should be standardized for each species and each type of research. For all studies in which microbiota is expected to exert an influence, thorough reporting is of paramount importance. Every step towards standardization increases study quality and simultaneously contributes to reducing the number of fish used in research, which is a legal and ethical obligation.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Punishment Beliefs and Decisions
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Chen Chuansheng , Greenberger Ellen , Knowles Eric D.
Published: December 2016

The current research examined cultural similarities and differences in punishment beliefs and decisions. Participants were European Americans ( N = 50), Chinese Americans ( N = 57), and Chinese in Mainland China ( N = 50). The Functions of Punishment Questionnaire was used to measure participants' beliefs about the retributive or deterrent functions of punishment and a scenario method was used to measure the extent to which punishment decisions were driven by individuals' concerns for retribution or deterrence. The results indicated that, contrary to the hypothesis that the retributive function would be emphasized by individualistic groups and the deterrent function by collectivistic groups, Mainland Chinese participants had a stronger belief in retribution and a weaker belief in deterrence than did European and Chinese Americans. The results also indicated that retribution played a bigger role in punishment decisions for Chinese than for the other two groups, but the importance of the deterrence function in punishment decisions did not differ across the three groups. Finally, the correlation between interdependence orientation and the belief in retribution was positive for Chinese but negative for European Americans. Taken together, the findings provided little evidence that collectivists are more deterrence-oriented and individualists more retribution-oriented.
Long-Term Therapy With Wu-Ling-San, a Popular Antilithic Chinese Herbal Formula, Did Not Prevent Subsequent Stone Surgery
Authors: Wu San-Yuan , Chen Huey-Yi , Tsai Kao-Sung , Chiang Jen-Huai , Muo Chih-Hsin , Sung Fung-Chang , Chen Yung-Hsiang , Chen Wen-Chi
Published: December 2016

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), which is widely used to treat pain and urolithiasis, is a promising therapy for urinary stone prevention. This study investigated the clinical efficacy of a popular CHM, Wu-Ling-San (WLS), in Taiwan for the prophylaxis of recurrent nephrolithiasis as assessed by surgical stone treatment via a nationwide population-based cohort study. The National Health Insurance Research Database, 2000–2010, which included one million patient records. All patients diagnosed with stone disease at the beginning of the study. The matched controls (4-fold the number of WLS patients) were stone patients who did not take WLS. Data analysis included the stone surgeries following the first treatment. We enrolled 11 900 patients with stone disease, and the incidence of stone patients in this database was 1.19%. The prevalence of comorbidities such as benign prostate hyperplasia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and urinary tract infection, but not hypertension, was significantly higher in WLS users. Several patients in both groups were prescribed potassium citrate. The stone treatment rate was significantly higher in WLS users (17.85%) than in the non-WLS users (14.47%). WLS users with an associated comorbidity had a higher treatment rate than the non-WLS users: 21.05% versus 16.70%, respectively. The surgery rate for upper urinary tract stones was higher in WLS users than in the non-WLS users (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.52; P < .05). The stone treatment rate (52.79%) was significantly higher in patients who used a very high amount of WLS (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.02; 95% confidence interval, 2.30-3.98). Stone patients using a high amount of WLS use had a high stone surgical rate. Long-term therapy with WLS did not have a preventive effect on stone surgical treatment. Long-term potassium citrate therapy as a preventive measure appeared to be underutilized in this study.
Proficiency, Attitude, and Conventions in Minority Languages
Authors: Laruelle Annick , Navarro Noemí , Escobedo Ramón
Published: December 2016

In this article, we study a simple mathematical model of a bilingual community in which all agents are fluent in the majority language but only a fraction of the population has some degree of proficiency in the minority language. We investigate how different distributions of proficiency, combined with the speakers’ attitudes toward or against the minority language, may influence its use in pair conversations.
Not By Success Alone
Authors: Fuesting Melissa A. , Diekman Amanda B.
Published: December 2016

Because of stereotypes that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields do not fulfill communal goals, communally oriented individuals may select out of STEM. One potential route to engaging and promoting communally oriented individuals in STEM fields is through interactions with advisors or role models in STEM. We first demonstrate the perceived difficulty of finding role models who enact communal behaviors in STEM relative to other fields (Preliminary Study). Communally oriented students reported higher likelihood of observing admired others in math or science (i.e., investigative vicarious learning) over time (Study 1). Individuals preferred hypothetical STEM advisors who enacted communal workplace behaviors (Studies 2a-2b). Finally, individuals’ communal orientation predicted how important they found the communal behaviors of actual role models (Studies 3a-3b). These findings provide further support for the goal congruity prediction that contexts—whether relational or occupational—that offer the pursuit of valued goals will be preferred.
Agents of Reconciliation
Authors: SimanTov-Nachlieli Ilanit , Shnabel Nurit , Mori-Hoffman Anael
Published: December 2016

Conflicting parties experience threats to both their agency and morality, but the experience of agency-threat exerts more influence on their behavior, leading to relationship-destructive tendencies. Whereas high-commitment relationships facilitate constructive tendencies despite the conflict, we theorized that in low-commitment relationships, affirming the adversary’s agency is a prerequisite for facilitating more constructive tendencies. Focusing on sibling conflicts, Study 1 found that when commitment was low (rather than high), agency-affirmation increased participants’ constructive tendencies toward their brother/sister compared with a control/no-affirmation condition. A corresponding morality-affirmation did not affect participants’ tendencies. Study 2 replicated these results in workplace conflicts and further found that the positive effect of agency-affirmation in low-commitment relationships was mediated by participants’ wish to restore their morality. Study 3 induced a conflict between lab participants and manipulated their commitment. Again, in the low- (rather than high-) commitment condition, agency-affirmation increased participants’ wish to restore their morality, leading to constructive behavior.
Crises and Crisis Management: Integration, Interpretation, and Research Development
Authors: Bundy Jonathan , Pfarrer Michael D. , Short Cole E. , Coombs W. Timothy
Published: December 2016

Organizational research has long been interested in crises and crisis management. Whether focused on crisis antecedents, outcomes, or managing a crisis, research has revealed a number of important findings. However, research in this space remains fragmented, making it difficult for scholars to understand the literature’s core conclusions, recognize unsolved problems, and navigate paths forward. To address these issues, we propose an integrative framework of crises and crisis management that draws from research in strategy, organizational theory, and organizational behavior as well as from research in public relations and corporate communication. We identify two primary perspectives in the literature, one focused on the internal dynamics of a crisis and one focused on managing external stakeholders. We review core concepts from each perspective and highlight the commonalities that exist between them. Finally, we use our integrative framework to propose future research directions for scholars interested in crises and crisis management.
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association Between Living Arrangements and Health Among Older Adults in China
Authors: Zhou Zi , Mao Fanzhen , Ma Jiaping , Hao Shichao , Qian Zhengmin (Min) , Elder Keith , Turner Jason S. , Fang Ya
Published: December 2016

This article used the nationally representative Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to explore the associations between living arrangements and health among older adults. Living arrangements were stratified into six categories. Health was measured by self-rated health, activities of daily living (ADL) disability, and cognitive impairment. Random-effects ordered probit regressions were applied. The results indicated that coresidence had a positive effect on self-rated health compared with living alone. After introducing psychological well-being, the health differences observed in living with a spouse and living with both spouse and children were not significant. Participants with each of the living arrangement were more likely to have a higher rate of cognitive impairment and ADL disability than those living alone. Living arrangements were associated with older adults’ health. Psychological well-being was a key factor in this association, which may result from living with a spouse, and could contribute to the self-rated health of older adults.