bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РОССИЙСКАЯ ИМПЕРИЯ НИКИТЫ МИХАЛКОВА
Authors: Герасимов Илья
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Ilya Gerasimov’s review article on the recent Nikita Mikhalkov’s movie The Barber of Siberia directly addresses the major theme of the journal section The Newest Mythologies , namely construction and reconstruction of the imperial and national past in the contemporary discourse of culture and politics. The Barber of Siberia as a cultural product is situated in the broad context of conceptual and political changes of the post-imperial period of Russian history. The author suggests that the movie could be considered both as a blueprint for and reflection of the psychological need in a new Russian empire. The movie is subjected to a textual analysis which reveals the ambiguous transformation of the attempted idealization and nationalization (as Russian/ russkaia ) of the empire’s historical image in the semantic field of Russian culture and politics. According to Ilya Gerasimov, the movie, interpreted as a text, deviates from the Mikhalkov’s blueprint, encapsulating an alternative perspective on such basic venues of Russian history as relationship between Russia and Europe, technology and organic society, political oppression and individual liberty. The article leaves open the question of the movie’s impact on the construction of the empire in Russia, contemporary and past.
“КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ДЕМОКРАТИЧЕСКАЯ ПАРТИЯ НЕ МЕНЕЕ ТВЕРДО ДЕРЖИТСЯ ПРИНЦИПА ЕДИНСТВА И НЕРАЗДЕЛЬНОСТИ РОССИИ”: ЛИБЕРАЛИЗМ И НАЦИОНАЛИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ. 1905–1914 ГГ.
Authors: Хэфнер Люц
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Lutz Haefner analyzes in detail the development of “local” liberalism in Saratov at the end of 19 th – beginning of the 20 th century in order to understand the failures of nationalist mobilization in late imperial Russia. Having noted obstacles faced by liberals in their political pursuits, Haefner explores the development of local press that he considers to be a crucial factor in the development of nationalism. Despite the press advances in the Duma period, Haefner argues that the local societies of late imperial Russia failed to unite into a “national” society due to underdevelopment in social relations, economics and communications structure. The article is based upon a broad range of sources and introduces the reader into the local politics of a provincial city of the late imperial period. At the same time, this local politics is placed into a larger context of the crisis of the empire.
СВИЯЖСКИЙ ХРОНОТОП
Authors: Разбежкина Марина
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The ancient emblem of Sviiazhsk represents a wooden town floating on a river with fish splashing around. The emblem reproduces the actual history of establishment in 1551 on Round Mountain of a fortress, a rather formidable fortification for that time, from which a year later the troops of Ivan the Terrible set off to capture Kazan’. The fortress walls were lumbered in the woods surrounding Uglich and sent by ship down the river after the ice broke up in spring, to the spot where at the crossing of the Volga and the Sviiaga rivers rose Round Mountain. But simultaneously the emblem of Sviiazhsk evokes sacred history, for all too obvious here is the analogy with the ark looking for salvation on top of Mount Ararat. Medieval society created its world following the laws of Biblical myth and that is why the rational aspirations of a young Russian tsar, who found a strategically suitable site for a sudden attack on Kazan’, resonate in Christian myths with a mountain, island, and ark as their major components. A new city emerged on the site of pagan worship, thirty kilometers away from the capital of the Kazan’ Khanate. From its inception the city claimed the role of Christian missionary in the alien country. This religious mission laid bare the semiotic and mythological aspects of the city life. The confined territory allotted to the city was hurriedly covered with buildings. After five years of existence it acquired two monasteries and ten churches. Amazing is the fact that Sviazhsk remains the “eternal city” in its nature despite all the historical upheavals and the period of time that had elapsed since the foundation of the settlement on the mountain. In the status of the “eternal city” Sviazhsk works as a liaison between the heaven and the earth. The city’s mythological setting is reassured by the return of its original master – the Russian Orthodox Church.
В ОЧЕРЕДНОЙ РАЗ О НАЦИОНАЛИЗМЕ И ЛИБЕРАЛИЗМЕ
Authors: Мухарямов Наиль
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The author surveys major trends in thinking about nationalism. His attention is attracted by the interrelations of such categories as nationalism, liberalism and democracy. Arguing against ethnicist visions of nationalism, the author attempts to place the tradition of liberal nationalist paradigm into the context of today’s Russian Federation.
ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ “МОСКВА – ТРЕТИЙ РИМ”
Authors: По Маршал
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
As Butterfield warned years ago, the attempt to find the origins of the present in a distant pivotal moment is a very dangerous pursuit, for it leads almost inevitably to the “discovery” of analogies that lead the mind further and further back in time and deeper and deeper into anachronistic error. The history of the idea “Moscow, the Third Rome” clearly illustrates the pitfalls of origins-seeking in the sphere of national histories. Since the mid-nineteenth century a variety of scholars, philosophers and publicists have “discovered” in the writings of Filofei the “roots” of what they believed to be a fundamental characteristic of the “Russian idea”: Lamanskii located the origins of Panslavism; Solov’ev found the roots of Christian universalism; Berdiaev uncovered the lineages of Bolshevism; Chaev traced the beginnings of Russian nationalism; and numerous Cold-Warriors identified the bedrock of Soviet “expansionism.” Yet a sober assessment of the early history of the doctrine suggests that none of these things was ever dreamt of by Filofei. “Third Rome,” then, is the result of the projection of a modern idea – notably, the “Russian mission” – onto a superficially analogous early modern concept. Ironically, it is only in this sense that “Third Rome” can be seen as having any significant impact on Russian history – as an anachronistic artifact that reinforced a preexisting modern belief that Russians are imbued with some kind of messianic impulse. One could reasonably guess that careful investigations of other pivotal moments in other national histories might lead to similar conclusions.
ИСТОРИЯ НЕСОСТОЯВШЕГОСЯ АЛЬЯНСА: К ВОПРОСУ О ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯХ МУСУЛЬМАН С РОССИЙСКИМИ ЛИБЕРАЛАМИ В КОНСТИТУЦИОННЫЙ ПЕРИОД
Authors: Усманова Диляра
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Diliara Usmanova’s article is an account of an uneasy relationship between the Kadet party and Muslim fractions in the State Dumas. Usmanova argues that the liberal disregard for minority problems as well as the general shift in political alliances that made the Kadets less attractive allies in terms of influence account for the break between the Kadets and Muslim representatives. The article also looks at projects of a united representation of minorities in the legislature (the fraction of “autonomists”) and analyzes relationships between important minority fractions (e.g., the Polish Kolo).
КОЛЛАБОРАЦИОНИЗМ ТЮРКО-МУСУЛЬМАНСКИХ НАРОДОВ СССР В ГОДЫ ВТОРОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ – ФОРМА ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛИЗМА?
Authors: Гилязов Искандер
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article seeks to explore the phenomenon of collaboration with the nazis by representatives of Muslim Turkic peoples of the Soviet Union during the World War II. The topic has been almost prohibitive for a very long time and the studies of the subject, if existed at all, tended to stress that collaboration was a “rent-seeking” activity by traitors. The author of the present articles takes a slightly different stance and, while fully acknowledging objectively negative consequences of collaboration and crimes that might have been committed, argues that motives for collaboration have been diverse and have often included dissatisfaction with Soviet policies or national aspirations. Moral judgement, important as it is, can not be sufficient to shed light upon the phenomenon of collaboration.
ПРОЩАНИЕ С АМЕРИКОЙ, ИЛИ КОНЕЦ НАШЕГО ШТАТНИЧЕСТВА
Authors: Герасимов Илья
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Ilya Gerasimov’s essay, “Farewell to America”, explores the dynamics of Russian/Soviet perceptions of America as a political model, a symbol of absolute freedom, a cultural source and a competitor. Based upon a fresh look at the history of this relationship, the essay covers the transition from the intellectual engagements of Russians/Soviets with the US image to the discovery of its dramatic inconsistence with the actual “America”.
Merezhkovskii’s Third Rome: Imperial Visions and Christian Dreams
Authors: Kalb Judith E.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Статья Джудит Калб “Третий Рим Мережковского: имперские видения и христианские мечтания” развивает мысль статьи Маршала По (Изобретение концепции “Москва-Третий Рим” // Ab Imperio. 2000, № 2) о том, что концепция “Третьего Рима” наложилась на ранее существовавшее распространенное представление о русском мессианизме. Однако, Калб корректирует предложенную в статье По интерпретацию позиции Д. С. Мережковского как воплощения послереволюционного (1907 г.) интеллигентского увлечения доктриной “Третьего Рима”. Калб прослеживает эволюцию представлений Мережковского о России как Третьем Риме (или как универсальной теократической империи) в трилогии “Христос и Антихрист” (1895), “Воскресшие боги: Леонардо да Винчи” (1900) и “Антихрист: Петр и Алексей” (1904). Доктрина Третьего Рима в данном случае выступает как средство мифотворчества, которое Мережковский и его современники использовали для формирования новых представлений о национальном лице России.
МИФ О РЕВОЛЮЦИИ 1917 ГОДА: ПЕРВЫЙ СОВЕТСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ПРОЕКТ
Authors: Малышева Светлана
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Drawing on methodological riches of the debates surrounding the French and the Russian revolution, the author analyzes the process through which the myth of the Russian revolution was constructed in the Soviet Union from 1920s on. Gradually excluding the democratic elements and their role in the Revolution, the myth underscored the supposed unity within two opposite camps, the camp of the Bolsheviks and the “White” camp. The author argues that the transformation of the myth was related to the change in the political goals of the regime as the construction of the state emerged as a major task as opposed to the propagation of the world revolution.
ВНУКИ СОВЕТСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ: ДЕТСКИЕ СОЧИНЕНИЯ НА ТЕМУ “Я, МОЯ СЕМЬЯ, МОЯ СТРАНА В 1990-е ГОДЫ”
Authors: Сальникова Алла
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Alla Salnikova’s article analyzes the issue of children’s memories of the Soviet epoch and the Perestroika period. The work is based on rich empirical material and allows for an insight into the mechanisms of social and collective memory transmission as well as the ways in which a mnemonic community is sustained. At the same time, the work brings light upon such issues as perceptions of multinationality, social inequality, and national identity by children in schools. The research is based upon questionnaires conducted in one of the elite schools in Kazan, Tatarstan.
СЕМИОТИКА ВЛАСТИ ПАВЛА Ӏ
Authors: Скоробогатов Андрей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Andrei Skorobogatov addresses the figure of Paul I, one of the most controversial monarch of the Russian eighteenth century. Apart from the psychological drama that forced Paul to denounce his mother’s rule, the author argues that the symbolism of the Paul’s “scenario of power” focused on legitimacy and hereditary power, which was characteristic of the Muscovite period rather than imperial. Paul’s interest in the Muscovite doctrine of Filofei led to intensified attention to matters of spirituality. The identification of the monarch and the sacred was also reflected in the attempts of Paul to intervene in the spiritual life and to promote spiritual orders in Russia.
ИМПЕРИЯ КАК ОНА ЕСТЬ: ИМПЕРСКАЯ РОССИЯ, “НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ” САМОСОЗНАНИЕ И ТЕОРИИ ИМПЕРИИ
Authors: Суни Рональд
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
In his article Ronald Suny scrutinizes theories of empire and nationalism and applies them for understanding the pitfalls of development of Russian national identity and nationbuilding. In the theoretical part of the article Suny warns the reader that the analytical framework of empire may carry value laden judgment informed by the contemporary and opposite to empire discourse of nation. He elaborates the ideal types of empire and nation as different principles of organization of political relations, that of hierarchy, subordination, and exploitation in empires and egalitarian citizenship, democratic participation, and cultural homogeneity of nations. Interested in issues of empire’s survival, decay, and collapse, Suny maintains that the imperial dynamics was tied to the change of discourse of political legitimacy associated with the development of nationalism in Western Europe and its impact on practices of both overseas colonial and contiguous empires. The Russian empire is considered as part of the general trend and period of European and universal history and is set in the comparative context of different time zones of transformation of imperial political relations under the impact of nationalism. Suny indicates a greater tenacity of empire in Central European and Eurasian region, demonstrating that the conflict between the imperial and national discourses of legitimacy contributed to the uneven, contradictory and contested development of Russian national identity. Criticizing a view of inevitable collapse of any empire, he suggests a historically grounded explanation of imperial crisis in Russia, accounting for both the persistence of imperial tradition and creative adaptation of the Russian empire to the challenges of modernity and nationalism.
О “РУССКОЙ ИДЕЕ” in English ЗАМОЛВИТЕ СЛОВО
Authors: Тузиков Андрей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Analyzing the work of Geoffrey Hosking, Liah Greenfeld and Tim McDaniel, the author argues that their vision of the so-called “Russian idea” is constructed through the essential opposition “Russia - the West” in the context of an existing modernization paradigm. “Russian idea” is often viewed by Western scholars as reaction to modernization. Among its alleged elements are spiritual universalism, social cohesion and solidarity, equality and unity between people and authority. The author attempts to show that all these are not specifically Russian attributes and argues for a degree of relativism in the assessment of the “Russian idea”.
КУЛЬТУРНАЯ ИДИОМА ВОЗРОЖДЕНИЯ РОССИИ КАК ФАКТОР ИМПЕРСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОМ КРАЕ В 1863–1865 гг
Authors: Долбилов Михаил
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Mikhail Dolbilov’s work analyzes discursive practices of the imperial Russian power in the Western Borderlands in the aftermath of the Polish rebellion of 1863. The author argues that the negative, anti-Polish aspect of these practices were inseparably tied with the positive, assertive aspects that promoted “Russianness” of the highly contested areas. Focusing on the figure of Mikhail Muraviev, the Governor-General of the Northwest Region, Dolbilov argues that Muraviev represented one of the transitional periods when different choices of empire or nation building were available. Muraviev, according to Dolbilov, was still “imperial” administrator, even if his policies sometimes reflected the nationalist tensions. The article dwells on the problem of Russification in the western borderlands, imperial policies to the local gentry and peasantry and the issue of gentry colonization.

Finally, drawing on the methodological insights of Richard Wortman, Dolbilov discusses the transitional role and place of Muraviev’s policies between the imperial conception of Nicholas I and the nationalist transformations of the monarchy in the 1880s. The symbolic element of these policies is the empirical ground for the work.
Nation Building and National Conflict in the USSR in the 1920’s
Authors: Smith Jeremy
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Статья Джереми Смита рассматривает национальные конфликты в СССР в период с окончания гражданской войны и до конца 1920-х годов, ознаменовавшихся репрессиями национальных элит. Статья содержит многоуровневый анализ нациестроительства и национальных конфликтов в этот период: Смит исследует отношение к национальному вопросу на правительственном уровне, среди представителей объединенной и правой оппозиции в партийном руководстве; крупные национальные конфликты в Грузии, Средней Азии и на Украине, а также целый ряд локальных конфликтов среди мусульманских народов СССР.

Широко используя архивные матералы, в частности, дела ОГПУ, автор приходит к выводу, что в исследуемый период широкомасштабный национальный конфликт перестал представлять угрозу для СССР. Тогда доминировали локальные конфликты (межклановые и приграничные столкновения). Смит отмечает, что новые нации, безусловно, оказывали влияние на протекание этих традиционных конфликтов. В то же время политика коренизации, наряду с социальноэкономическими изменениями, вела к росту национального самосознания, выражавшегося в эмоциональном национализме, что также своеобразно окрашивало местные конфликты. Учитывая процессы социальных изменений и антирелигиозную борьбу советского руководства, нельзя было исключать возникновение широкого оппозиционного фронта, основанного на новом национализме. Смит допускает, что опасения такого рода явились одним из факторов, приведшим к “чисткам” конца 1920-х гг.
The (Extra) Ordinary First World War, 1914–1917: Perspectives on the Concept of Refugeedom
Authors: Gatrell Peter
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Статья Питера Гетрелла представляет собой размышления о его по-следней книге “Вся империя в движении: беженцы в России в годы пер-вой мировой войны” (1999). Гетрелл анализирует собственный исследо-вательский метод и предлагает концепцию феномена беженства в Рос-сии в 1914–1917 гг. Если военный опыт России в целом Гетрелл считает достаточно типичным, то масштабы насильственного переселения (“вы-селения”) и беженства на территории Российской империи он объявляет беспрецедентными. Гетрелл деконструирует универсальный нарратив “беженства”, созданный государственными ведомствами и обществен-ными благотворительными и национальными организациями, с целью показать сложную социальную, этническую, культурную, классовую, экономическую и политическую стратификацию воюющего российского общества в 1914–1917 гг. Первая мировая война, по его мнению, позво-лила российским общественным и национальным организациям создать и применить к беженцам собственные “механизмы дисциплинарного насилия.” Гетрелл заключает, что социальный концепт “беженства” в России периода первой мировой войны был амбивалентен, содержал в себе разные возможности социальной, национальной и культурной интеграции и не отчуждал “беженца” от остального общества. В то же время, “национальный проект беженства” в России оперировал бинарными ка-тегориями, характерными для военного времени (свой-чужой, друг-враг). Эти два полюса создавали то смысловое напряжение, которое Гетрелл интерпретирует в своей статье.
“ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННАЯ” МУЗЫКА И “НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ” СОДЕРЖАНИЕ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТАТАРСКОЙ МУЗЫКИ 1980–90-х гг.
Authors: Кудрявцев Александр
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article is an attempt at critical revision of the theory of national art, based on a case study of representation of the national culture in the Tatar classical-academic music. The author traces the development of possibility to represent a national charter in music back to the musical theory of the Enlightenment. He maintains that in the epoch of Romanticism stylistic representations of national cultures in the musical art were ontologized and an assumption appeared that any art should be national, despite the esthetic autonomy and universalism of modern art. The author states that the Soviet practice of organization of national musical schools hinged both on the romantic concept of national art and principle of realism. However, he observes that the process of modernization of national musical traditions brought about the conflict between the autonomous esthetics of modern classical music and utilitarian and realistic vision of the national musical art. The conflict was due to the growing complexity of the musical language, which was developing along the lines of autonomous esthetics of high art, thus transcending the limits of realism and boundaries of the national culture. The article concludes that the crisis of modern classical-academic music coincides with the moment when the theory of musical art is about to abandon the long-held assumption about the intrinsic link between art and national culture.
Этнополитические Мифы В Идеологии Национальных Движений Мордовии
Authors: Богатова Ольга
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article explores the ideology of national movements in the present day Mordovia republic of the Russian Federation. The author focuses on two cases of nationalism, namely the Mordovian and Erzy ones, analyzing the use of ethnocentric visions of history (myths) as the basis for political claims. The research of ethnocentric myths is based on newspapers and publications of the respective national movements. The author finds out certain similarity in character of ethnocentric myths of both cases of nationalism, suggesting, however, that the two movements differ in their vision of the constituent element of the titular nationality’s republic. Whereas the Mordovian national movement stresses the unity of two ethnic groups (Moksha and Erzy) on the territory of the republic and favors their convergence through fostering of the common Mordovian language and enhancement of the titular nationality’s rights, the Erzy national movement rejects the notion of the Mordovian nationality and strives to promote separate a Ezry language and nationality with consequent claims for separate titular nationality and administrative unit.
ОТ ИСТОРИИ К КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЮ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ (ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ВОЗЗРЕНИЯ УЧАСТНИКОВ “ВОЛЬНОКАЗАЧЬЕГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ”)
Authors: Маркедонов Сергей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article investigates the role of historical writing of participants in “Free Cossackdom” movement in the process of construction of the Cossack nation in the context of post 1917 emigration. Amateur historians under scrutiny viewed their intellectual pursuits in the emigration as a means to assert a distinct Cossack national identity and contribute to a national revival of the Cossacks. The author suggests that the outcome of the break up of the empire and the Civil War forced leaders of the Cossack diaspora reassess the history of the Cossackdom and its relationship to the Russian state and Russian nation. The ideologues of the “Free Cossackdom” movement criticized the Russian mainstream historiography (“the state school”) for ignoring the history of Cossacks, maintained that Cossacks constituted a separate Slavic nationality apart from the Great Russians, Belorussians, and Ukrainians, and even possessed a unique statehood republican tradition in early modern time. Stressing cultural and political differences between the Russians and the Cossacks, the Cossack émigré leaders stopped short of calling on to develop a separate national language. Cossack historians suggested a different perspective on the nature of the Civil war in Russia. According to this perspective, it was the war between the reestablished Cossack states and a new Russian colonialism in the disguise of Bolshevism. The author concludes that although Cossack historical writing in the emigration was informed by politics and the goals of nation-building, it could provide valuable insights about the history of Cossacks and contribute to a diverse picture of Russian historiographic tradition.
“НОВЫЙ ИЗРАИЛЬ” И “СВЯТАЯ РУСЬ”: ЭТНОКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЕ И СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ РУССКОЙ ЕРЕСИ ЖИДОВСТВУЮЩИХ
Authors: Кореневский Андрей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article explores the history of the Judaizers’ heresy, situating it in the broader context of the religious tradition of medieval Rus’. The author maintains that the Judaizers movement was not just a Christian heresy fed by the anticipation of apocalypses, but also a fact of Judaic proselytism. In order to understand why such proselytism was possible in Rus’ and virtually impossible in other Christian countries, the author scrutinizes specific features of the Rus’ Christian tradition. He suggests the centrality of the Old Testament concepts and tropes for the medieval Russian religious tradition due to the specificity of the reception of Christianity, the relationship between Byzantium and Rus’, and the overlapping of confessional and political boundaries in the ancient Russian state. The impact of the Old Testament culture on Russian Orthodox Christianity and the closure of Russian culture in the XIV century laid the groundwork for the particular receptivity to the Judaic proselytism.
Local Self-Government and Titular Control in Russia’s Republics, 1991–1999
Authors: Lankina Tomila
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Томила Ланкина ставит проблему местного самоуправления в титульных республиках Российской Федерации в контексте взаимоотношений этих республик и федерального центра. Автор считает, что усилия федерального центра по поддержке гражданских институтов и местного самоуправления в этих республиках наталкиваются на препятствия, выражающиеся в существовании действенного контроля над местным самоуправлением со стороны республиканских властей. Использование органов местного самоуправления в качестве инструментов усиления титульного контроля препятствует их превращению в независимые институты гражданского общества. Теоретические выводы автора строятся на детальном анализе ситуации в республиках Российской Федерации, прежде всего – в Башкортостане и Адыгее.
“КОНКВИСТАДОРЫ ИМПЕРИИ“: РУССКИЕ ЗЕМЛЕПРОХОДЦЫ НА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКЕ СИБИРИ
Authors: Зуев Андрей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article critically reexamines the existing Russian literature on the incorporation of Siberia into the Russian empire and focuses on the encounter between Russian travelers and settlers and the indigenous population of Siberia, seeking an explanation of violent aspects of such an encounter. The author places this encounter in a broad context of administration of Siberia in the 16 th – 18 th centuries, which lacked rationalization, professional personnel, and resources. He notes that for many Russians an expedition to Siberia was a commercial-colonial enterprise. Both Cossack expeditions and local administration were underfinanced. In this situation the Russian settlers and authorities were prone to bribery, embezzlement of iasak (tribute), and abuse of power in provoking violence and retrieving resources from the local tribes. Major sources of profit were the Siberian furs and enslavement of the local population. Apart from structural factors the author reviews the socio-psychological factors, which contributed to a high degree of violence between the Russian travelers and settlers and indigenous population. He states that people of marginal social standing were most likely to participate in expeditions to Siberia. Consequently, they were inclined to deviant behavior and tended to reproduce in reverse violent treatment, which they experienced in homeland, in a new location. The social tradition of Cossack self-rule also contributed to the state of anarchy and arbitrary government of Siberia. Focusing his article on conflicts between the Russians and local population, the author argues for a complex and balanced approach in studies of the Russian penetration into Siberia.
Чечня. Война как мир и мир как война
Authors: Маркедонов Сергей
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article is an attempt to reassess analytical categories that are employed by experts in analysis of the Chechen war and the political situation in this republic. The author places the war in Chechnya into a broader context of the collapse of the Soviet Union, transitional period of early years of the Russian statehood, and the socio-political development of the region in question in the post-Soviet period. The author suggests that post-Soviet liberalization and democratization resulted in the North Caucasus in revival of traditional social practices and structures, such as clan organization and hostage taking. Therefore, non-intervention by the federal authorities into the affairs of the Chechnya Republic can only lead to perpetuation of a sort of civil war, which is brought about by differences between a modernized and traditional society. Introducing traditionalism as one of possible scenarios of socio-political dynamics in the post-Soviet period, the author suggests to reappraise the existing plans for solution of the Chechen problem.
СОВЕТСКАЯ ЭТНОГРАФИЯ: ОХОТНИКИ ИЛИ СОБИРАТЕЛИ?
Authors: Мёйрс Вим ван
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article sketches the development of ethnography as a scholarly discipline, both in the context of the Soviet political-ideological system and in the context of the evolving communist academia. Overall, in the workers’ state, ethnography became the leading discipline in the disproportionate research field concerned with phenomena of ethnicity and nationalism. Early on, however, ethnographers were merely adventurers, eager to discover new regions and cultures in the vastness of the Russian Empire. Their discoveries created the very idea of the Empire as a “multiethnic state” and placed the nationalities on the political agenda for the first time in the late 19 th century. After the revolution, the ethnographers, who had been observers so far, came to play an active role in (re)shaping the cultures and nationalities of the Empire. Theirs was the gargantuan task of adapting the primitive peoples of the periphery to the modernity of Soviet ideological requirements. In the 1930s, the Stalinist reversal of the nationalities policy concerned with the advancement of small cultures and peoples, made the ethnographers return to their preference for primordial societies and archaeological findings – aloof from politics. Only the increasing complexity of the Soviet society in the 1950s and 1960s made politicians call upon the ethnographers once again. Julian Bromley, director of the Institute of Ethnography in the Academy of Sciences in Moscow, exemplifies the hegemonic position of the discipline in research on interethnic relations and the national identities of Russians and other titular nationalities alike. The key role of ethnography in the increasingly important policy area and its function as mediator between politics and academia provided the Institute with hitherto unknown prestige and resources. The heydays of ethnography ended when perestroika revealed that Soviet nationalities policies had failed to predict and contain the divisive power of nationalism. Recently, the post-Soviet ethnography has come to a new glory, doing just that: monitoring and analysing ethnic conflict potentials in the former Empire.
Depicting the Holy War: The Images of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878
Authors: Norris Stephen M.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Статья Стивена Норриса посвящена лубкам времен русско-турецкой войны 1877–1878 гг., которые автор рассматривает как зеркало и как инструмент формирующихся представлений о русскости. Анализируя визуальный ряд лубочных картинок и их восприятие современниками, Норрис вскрывает мобилизационный потенциал лубочного образа “священной войны,” показывает механизм формирования русского национального самосознания и государственного патриотизма. Воен-ный лубок трактуется в статье как элемент “воображаемого сообще-ства” русского национализма, в котором предлагалась определенная версия членства в сообществе “Российская Империя.” Норрис настаива-ет, что эта версия основывалась на абсолютизации именно русских национальных черт, на культивировании русского патриотизма в многонациональной империи. В статье показано, как авторы лубочных кар-тинок использовали существовавшие идеологемы и мифы, обычаи и традиции, а также религиозную лексику и символику для производства новых идей и новых мифов. Образы и мифологемы врага-иноверца, славянского братства, православной веры как основы национального чувства, сверхъестественного присутствия Царя и др. комбинировались в лубочных картинках по разному, создавая возможность для возникновения конкурирующих концепций русскости. Таким образом, в духе теории Энтони Смита, Норрис представляет национализм как живой и постоянно развивающийся процесс, связывающий традицию и современность.
Осколки Разбитого Вдребезги: Историческое Поражение Имперского Проекта
Authors: Торбаков Игорь
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Igor Torbakov’s work surveys a broad range of sources in an attempt to conceptualize the failure of the multiethnic states (the Russian empire and the USSR) to produce an overarching common “national” identity for the empire.

Having begun with the current state of art in theoretical literature on nationalism, Torbakov proceeds with the debate between Hrushevskyi and Struve on the unity of Russian history. Torbakov’s own argument is that in case of the former Russian empire two factors contributed to the failure of the imperial project. First, the relative backwardness of the Russian empire and the belated stage at which it attempted to Russify its numerous peoples. Second, the inadequacy and weakness of those practices and institutions that might have carried out the task of Russification guaranteed the emergence of competitive nationalisms (in particular, in Ukraine).

The author then explores the dynamics of the Soviet program of creating a common identity for the “Soviet people”. This exploration mainly focuses on the historical debates, including the conception of the common history of the Soviet peoples, which dated back to the pre-Revolutionary period, the emergence of the Soviet patriotism, which merged communist internationalism with Russian great power chauvinism in an uneasy alliance, and the relationship between these themes and the “local” or national histories.

Torbakov concludes his analysis by bringing into picture different attempts to deal with the issue outside of the linguistic field of the communist scholarship, in particular among the émigrés. Here, Eurasianism and the Smenovekhovstvo played the most significant role.

Finally, Torbakov concludes that there have been three major reasons for the collapse of the imperial project. First, he designates the resistance of the material, which seems to provide an additional argument in favor of some modest primordialism. Second, the Soviet leadership had created the federalist structure of the Soviet state, which was held together by the communist ideology, whose collapse in turn led to the destruction of the state. Finally, the indecisiveness of the Soviet leadership, which could not decide on either a centralized version of the Russian state or the decentralized version of the federation, led to the emergence of the bleak and emotionally unattractive concept of the Soviet people. This concept failed to provide for a common identity for the multinational state and its populations.
От Алеутов и Креолов к Черным и Белым: Южная Аляска Между Двумя Империями
Authors: Люрман Соня
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Alaska at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th century – the period following the sale of the Russian colony to the USA – offers fascinating insights into the different ways in which Russia and the US integrated various ethnic groups into their respective empires. Social categories that had served the economic and administrative needs of the Russian-American Company up to 1867 were not easily equated with those current in the post-Civil War US, and the economic role of the indigenous population changed considerably. The article points out the specifics of Alaska’s status in each empire as well as some broader themes for comparison between Russia and the US as multiethnic societies.
The Anti-Terrorism Coalition: Russia’s New Opportunity?
Authors: Smith Mark A.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
События 11 сентября 2001 года принесли с собой радикальные пере-мены во взаимоотношения России с Западом и прежде всего – с США и НАТО. Можно говорить о беспрецедентном (со времен перестройки) сближении, установлении союзнических отношений. Однако не следует забывать, что внешнеполитические интересы России не во всем совпадают с интересами США. В обстановке международного кризиса Россия может попытаться усилить свои позиции в мире и добиться достижения своих целей, используя партнерство с США и Западной Европой. Например, Россия может вернуть свое былое влияние на Ближнем Востоке, усилить присутствие в структурах Европейского Союза, начать взаимодействие с НАТО. Но эти же успехи России могут привести к новому витку конфронтации с США, вызванному конфликтом интересов. В свою очередь, по окончании военной фазы операции в Афганистане, когда встанет вопрос о составе постталибского правительства, позиция США в этом вопросе может вызвать возражения у России. Конфликт возможен и при условии затягивания военного присутствия США в Средней Азии, традиционно являвшейся российской сферой интересов.

Наконец, помимо потенциального конфликта внешнеполитических интересов партнеров по антитеррористической коалиции, сам характер ведущейся ими войны таит в себе угрозу их единству. Помимо прямых военных действий, эта война подразумевает борьбу на внутреннем фронте (задержание подозреваемых в причастности к террористиче-ским организациям, арест подозрительных банковских счетов, усиление мер безопасности). Этот аспект антитеррористической кампании несет потенциальную угрозу законности и правам человека, особенно в России. Между тем, успех коалиции зависит от поддержания общих стандартов в отношении прав человека и соблюдения международного права. С этой точки зрения, политика России в Чечне может оказаться серьезным препятствием к ее полноценному участию в коалиции.
Дилемма Этнологии ХХ Века: “Культура” – Ключевое Слово или Лозунг?
Authors: Кашуба Вольфганг
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Undoubtedly, “culture” was the signature and the Leitmotif of the XX century. Increasingly, we describe and interpret social spheres in cultural terms. This notion was still based on Johann Gottfried Herder’s cultural concept that had drawn on a double perspective of social processes: it included on the one hand the historical view of traditionalized images of the “Volk” and the “Nation” and on the other hand the view of the broad diversity of the world cultures. Especially from the sixties onward the ideas of cultural tradition referring to cultural diversity embodied two major perspectives in the debates on social identity. These perspectives paved the way for new conceptual views of popular culture and everyday culture in industrial societies as well as of specific ethnic and cultural traditions in postcolonial countries, as the article demonstrates by examples and theories of the XX century.

However, this cultural concept came with a certain price: more and more, culture appeared to be static, homogeneous and confined within the frame of that concept. Inwardly, the results were “cultural integration” and outwardly “cultural difference”. Any further “culturalization” would be misleading, especially since in times of globalization thinking within the categories of cultural systems – national, social, ethnic or religious – seems inappropriate. Culture cannot simply be the subject matter for “politics of identity”, but on the contrary it ought to be understood as an open and symbolic practice of “negotiating society” beyond false ideas and ideologies of genuineness, unity and authenticity. Along these lines culture then will be an indispensable heuristic instrument for analysing society as well as for a reflexive perspective within society even in the XX century – not only for cultural studies.
National Imaginings and Inventions of Tradition: Ethnic Survival in Northwest Siberia
Authors: Espiritu Aileen A.
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
В статье Айлин Эспириту рассматривается процесс политизации и социальной мобилизации “малых народов Севера” Российской Федерации. Автор исследует эти процессы с конца 1970-х годов и обсуждает проблемы формирования этнической и национальной идентичности “малых народов Севера” в контексте усилий советского строя по созданию национальных и этнических элит – с одной стороны, и безжалостной эксплуатации природных ресурсов Крайнего Севера – с другой стороны.

Автор делает вывод о том, что, несмотря на значительные проблемы, проявившиеся в постсоветской России (экономическое запустение, социальный кризис, исчезновение большинства социальных и политических гарантий “малым народам”), именно этот период ознаменовался беспрецедентной мобилизацией “малых народов” вокруг вопросов культуры, этничности и сохранения окружающей среды.
“True-Russians” Against the Jews: Right-Wing Anti-Semitism in the Last Years of the Russian Empire, 1905–1917
Authors: Podbolotov Sergei
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
Антисемитизм занял центральное место в идеологии правых, оформивших свои политические организации в ходе революции 1905 года. Автор выясняет причины столь пристального внимания монархистов к еврейскому вопросу и реконструирует логику правого антисемитизма. Отношение крайне правых к евреям автор увязывает с их видением самодержавия и пониманием сути “истинной русскости”. Евреи в этом контексте представлялись нацией-антиподом, силой, разрушающей идеал правых. Чем недостижимее выглядел этот утопический идеал, тем более фантастические формы приобретал в их представлении “еврей”, обозначая любую инородную для черносотенцев фигуру. Автор отмечает, что антисемитизм внутри правого лагеря различался, часто отражая степень политического радикализма того или иного деятеля или группы. В статье проанализированы рецепты решения еврейского вопроса, предложенные правыми и показана взаимозависимость социальной и национальной риторики “истинно-русских”.
ЧТО ТАКОЕ ВОЙНА?: ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ФЕНОМЕНА ВОЙНЫ И ЕЕ ЛЕГИТИМАЦИЯ В НОВОЕ ВРЕМЯ
Authors: Лангевише Дитер
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The events of September 11, 2001 have for the first time demonstrated to a wider public what studies of war had brought to light already some time ago. Since the end of World War II, war between states has become rare. The vast majority of wars today represent acts of violence between a state and a non-state actor/group. As this kind of modern war takes place mainly in Africa and Asia, it has hardly been taken note of by the European and North American public. Yet this dominant form of war since the middle of the twentieth century repeals the state’s monopoly on war that European states have largely been able to assert since the sixteenth century.

What does this repeal of a development, in the course of which the state became the bearer of the monopoly on legitimate violence (Max Weber), mean for historical research on war? The essay discusses this question taking two approaches: one asks for the significance of anthropological constants as regards the readiness of humans to wage war. Throughout the history of humankind, dehumanizing the enemy, for example, appears to have been an important presupposition to make humans ready to accept the killing of the other as legitimate. Rules of conduct that also applied and were observed during war are being invalidated against someone culturally different.

In a second approach, the essay asks for the change in conceptions and legitimization of war from the Middle Ages to the present. Particular attention is given to the question how the idea of the modern nation has changed the perceptions of war. The caesura in the legitimization of war that occurred around 1800, hitherto unsurpassed, has been put for the first time into a theoretical framework by Carl von Clausewitz. His theory, however, only applies to the kind of war that has become dominant in Europe and North America since the sixteenth century, i.e. the war between states. The wars of earlier times as well as the wars of the present do not conform to this type of war. To analyze them, interdisciplinary cooperation, in particular between historical and ethnological research, is necessary.
Наемник или новобранец?: Pro et contra Военной Реформы в России
Authors: Храмчихин Александр
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article analyzes the current state of military reform in the Russian Federation and suggests to critically examine the existing plans for such a reform in relation to general problems of Russian post-Soviet state and society. The author states that the existing armed forces of the Russian Federation bear a heavy imprint of the Soviet (imperial) army’s legacy, therefore they are incompatible with both a new democratic political order in Russia and a novel character of military challenges and warfare. The author notes a lack of clear strategy for military reform, resistance from the military bureaucracy to changes, and overviews major assumptions which lay at the core of discussion of the reform plans. Situating the Russian case in world comparative perspective, the article refutes the assumption that the recruit army cannot be professional and that a mercenary army would solve the problem of professionalism and non-statute treatment. The author warns that mercenary armed forces could jeopardize nascent Russian democracy and would be unable to meet challenges that are specific for the Russian geopolitical and international position. In conclusion the author predicts that a new defense minister (Igor’ Ivanov) will fail to implement the military reform for it is based on fallacious assumptions and does not take into account the need of systemic changes. He proposes an alternative perspective on military reform, suggesting that a parallel army should be instituted in Russia. That army should be endowed with privileged financial support, advanced weaponry and modern military training, and above all with loyalty to the democratic regime.
Этничность и Миграция: Критическое Прочтение Понятия Этничности в Миграционных Исследованиях
Authors: Беккер Франциска
Published: October 2015

SUMMARY:
The article scrutinizes the development of the concept of ethnicity in the 20 th century in connection with conceptualizations of the contemporary process of migration. The concept of ethnicity is widely employed in political debates about the status of immigrants in the Federal Republic of Germany and exercises a profound influence on sociological studies of migration. The author differentiates between two dominant perspectives on ethnicity in sociological studies. The primordial approach views ethnicity as a given cultural entity. The situational (interactive) perspective suggests that ethnicity is a tool, which is used by people in different situations and to different ends. The study traces the reception of the concept of ethnicity in sociological studies from the development of the US sociology of immigrant communities. The author observes that the dominant trend in German sociological studies of immigrants is informed by the primordialist concept of ethnicity, which interprets the specificity of immigrants’ social life through the essentially understood concept of culture. The author reviews features of the situational approach to the concept of ethnicity and suggests that ethnicity of immigrants emerges as a result of treatment in the host country, which includes the perception of inborn population and the state’s policy toward the immigrants. Establishing a link between the reception of immigrants in host-countries and ethnicization of immigrant communities, the author maintains that whereas multiculturalism and the dominant primordialist perspective on ethnicity could only foster the ethnicization and isolation of immigrants, the constructivist approach could reveal complex and open-ended ways of immigrants’ accommodation to the life in host countries.