bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of sea-ice biogeochemistry for oceanic production and emissions of dimethylsulfide in the Arctic
Authors: Hayashida Hakase , Steiner Nadja , Monahan Adam , Galindo Virginie , Lizotte Martine , Levasseur Maurice
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Sea ice represents an additional oceanic source of the climatically active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) for the Arctic atmosphere. To what extent this source contributes to the dynamics of summertime Arctic clouds is however not known due to scarcity of field measurements. In this study, we developed a coupled sea ice-ocean ecosystem-sulfur cycle model to investigate the potential impact of bottom-ice DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) on the oceanic production and emission of DMS in the Arctic. The result of the 1-D model simulation was compared with field data collected during May and June of 2010 in Resolute Passage. Our result reproduced the accumulation of DMS and DMSP in the bottom ice during the development of an ice algal bloom. The flushing of these sulfur species took place predominantly during the earlier phase of the melt period, resulting in an increase of DMS and DMSP in the underlying water column prior to the onset of an under-ice phytoplankton bloom. Processes that dominated the budgets of bottom- and under-ice DMS and DMSP were identified through an analysis of production and removal rates of processes considered in the model. When openings in the ice were taken into account, the simulated sea-air DMS flux during the melt period was dominated by episodic spikes of up to 5.6 μmol m−2 d−1. Further model simulations were conducted to assess the effects of the incorporation of sea-ice biogeochemistry on DMS production and emissions, as well as the sensitivity of our results to changes of uncertain model parameters of the sea-ice sulfur cycle. The results highlight the importance of taking into account both the sea-ice sulfur cycle and ecosystem in the flux estimates of oceanic DMS near the ice margins and identify key uncertainties in processes and rates that would be better constrained by new observations.
Consistent assimilation of multiple data streams in a carbon cycle data
assimilation system
Authors: MacBean Natasha , Peylin Philippe , Chevallier Frédéric , Scholze Marko , Schürmann Gregor
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Data assimilation methods provide a rigorous statistical framework for constraining parametric uncertainty in land surface models (LSMs), which in turn helps to improve their predictive capability and to identify areas in which the representation of physical processes is inadequate. The increase in the number of available datasets in recent years allows us to address different aspects of the model at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. However, combining data streams in a DA system is not a trivial task. In this study we highlight some of the challenges surrounding multiple data stream assimilation for the carbon cycle component of LSMs. We give particular consideration to the assumptions associated with the type of inversion algorithm that are typically used when optimising global LSMs – namely, Gaussian error distributions and linearity in the model dynamics. We explore the effect of biases and inconsistencies between the observations and the model (resulting in non-Gaussian error distributions), and we examine the difference between a simultaneous assimilation (in which all data streams are included in one optimisation) and a step-wise approach (in which each data stream is assimilated sequentially) in the presence of non-linear model dynamics. In addition, we perform a preliminary investigation into the impact of correlated errors between two data streams for two cases, both when the correlated observation errors are included in the prior observation error covariance matrix, and when the correlated errors are ignored. We demonstrate these challenges by assimilating synthetic observations into two simple models: the first a simplified version of the carbon cycle processes represented in many LSMs and the second a non-linear toy model. Finally, we provide some perspectives and advice to other land surface modellers wishing to use multiple data streams to constrain their model parameters.
An Estimate of Inflation Factor
and Analysis Sensitivity in Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Wu Guocan
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The estimation accuracy of forecast error matrix is crucial to the assimilation result. Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a widely used ensemble based assimilation method, which initially estimate the forecast error matrix using a Monte Carlo method with the short-term ensemble forecast states. However, this estimate needs to be further improved using inflation technique. In this study, the forecast error inflation factor is estimated based on cross validation and the analysis sensitivity is also investigated. The improved EnKF assimilation scheme is validated by assimilating spatially correlated observations to the atmosphere-like Lorenz-96 model. The experiment results show that, the analysis error is reduced and the analysis sensitivity to observations is improved.
A review of multi-sensory technologies in a Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) classroom
Authors: Taljaard Johann
Published: October 2016

This article reviews the literature on multi-sensory technology and, in particular, looks at answering the question: ‘What multi-sensory technologies are available to use in a science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM) classroom, and do they affect student engagement and learning outcomes?’ Here engagement is defined as motivation, interest, curiosity and attitude. This review identifies tools and software from a burgeoning, yet limited literature. To answer this question, this review will include the following: defining learning styles; background on multi-sensory instruction; multi-sensory education today; STEM and the rise of STEAM; a look at some multi-sensory tools; and the benefits of using multi-sensory technologies in education. 
Corporate Governance Score and the Quality of Financial Disclosures: Evidence from the French Context
Authors: Kouki Mondher , Ben Attia Bilel
Published: October 2016

This research paper examines how corporate governance is related to the quality of financial disclosures for a sample of French listed firms during the period 2003-2009. We find that the level of financial reporting is positively influenced by corporate governance score. Managers and blockholders are more likely to disclose less information. These results are consistent with the belief that effective corporate governance is associated with higher financial disclosure quality while entrenched insiders do not improve this effect.
De slag om duurzaamheid in de polycentrische regio’s Randstad en Rijn-Roergebied
Authors: Goess Simon , van Bueren Ellen , de Jong Martin
Published: October 2016

The battle for sustainability in the polycentric regions Randstad and Rhine-Ruhr area

In polycentric urban regions one can find different, mutually related cities without a clear centre. In these regions cities cooperate to attract inhabitants and employment, but at the same time they are each other’s competitors. The Randstad (Netherlands) and the Rhine-Ruhr area (Germany) both can be seen as polycentric regions. The authors explore to what extent these regions possess a common identity and common agenda and to what extent this promotes the sustainability and energy transition of these regions. In both regions identity appears to have grown especially at subregional level, by historically developed spatial-economic profiles of the different cities or suburban regions. In addition the cities in these regions more and more wish to distinguish themselves in the area of sustainability. Every city wants to be the smartest, greenest and healthiest, and to be at the forefront in energy transition and climate mitigation. In the Dutch Randstad this competitive drive especially seems to contribute to the realization of sustainability projects at the local level. And that is exactly why regional cooperation is important: to allocate resources as well as possible and to avoid transfer to others. This can be improved by the development of subregional or regional sustainability visions.
Polycentrisme in lokale besluitvorming over duurzame energie: de casus slimme netten
Authors: Lammers Imke , Arentsen Maarten
Published: October 2016

Polycentrism in local decision-making on sustainable energy: the case of smart grids

Energy planning and the realization of a new energetic infrastructure has become an issue for many actors. The local setting has become polycentric. Against this background the authors have tried to answer the question of the possible consequences of a polycentric local decision-making arena for the realization of sustainable energy transition, especially the implementation of smart grids. Polycentrism is characterised by configurations of units that are multi-level, multi-purpose, multi-sectoral and multi-functional. The impact of these configurations can be assessed using four criteria: control, efficiency, political representation and local self-determination. The authors used these criteria to analyse two cases. Both cases show that the consequences of polycentrism are variable and differ on the four criteria. The analysis shows tensions in polycentric configurations between control and efficiency on the one hand and local self-determination and political representation on the other. This outcome was a reason for the authors to argue for a better institutional design for the local polycentric arena with the help of the seven ‘rules-in-use’ of Elinor Ostrom. Her design is universal but requires specific local application. In this way more justice can be done to the local circumstances in order to be able to achieve effective results.
Energiecoöperaties en gemeenten: bondgenoten bij lokale energietransitie?
Authors: Hufen Hans
Published: October 2016

Energy cooperatives and municipalities: allies in local energy transition?

Do energy cooperatives work together with municipalities in the area of energy and, if this is so, how can this cooperative relationship be interpreted from a public administration perspective? That is the central question of this article. The experiences with cooperation of four frontrunners amongst the energy cooperatives show that in many areas a fruitful cooperative relationship has been developed. In other areas cooperation is lacking because the municipality stands aloof as soon as the energy cooperative provides services to citizens and/or companies or because the purchase of green energy by the municipality from their own energy cooperative cannot simply be carried out. In the development of renewable energy projects it also suits municipalities to be reluctant because they not only promote local renewable energy but are also responsible for the spatial quality. From the perspective of public administration it is striking that the variety of municipal roles increases the complexity of cooperative relationship with energy cooperatives. For energy cooperatives it is difficult to understand that the municipality sometimes behaves like an ally, but can also be reluctant. The variety of the bond between both parties is first of all apparent from the need of an own identity and autonomy in the energy cooperatives. Secondly, two of the four energy cooperatives that were analysed needed support in a financial emergency.
Dansk Industri: nadere afbakening grenzen aan richtlijnconforme interpretatie en horizontale werking algemeen Unierechtelijk beginsel?
Authors: Haket S.W.
Published: October 2016

Dansk Industri: nadere afbakening grenzen aan richtlijnconforme interpretatie en horizontale werking algemeen Unierechtelijk beginsel?

In het arrest Dansk Industri oordeelt het Hof van Justitie dat het de nationale rechter niet is toegestaan enkel op basis van vaste rechtspraak de mogelijkheid van een richtlijnconforme interpretatie van een nationale bepaling af te wijzen. Indien de nationale bepaling desondanks niet richtlijnconform kan worden geïnterpreteerd, dient zij buiten toepassing te worden gelaten voor zover zij onverenigbaar is met het algemene verbod van discriminatie op grond van leeftijd. Het rechtszekerheidsbeginsel doet hier niet aan af.

HvJ 19 april 2016, zaak C-441/14, Dansk Industri (DI)/Nalatenschap van Karsten Eigil Rasmussen, ECLI:EU:C:2016:278
Macht aus dem Rechtsstaat keinen Gurkensalat
Authors: van Gestel R.A.J. , van Lochem P.J.P.M.
Published: October 2016

Macht aus dem Rechtsstaat keinen Gurkensalat

Deze bijdrage is een reactie op het artikel ‘De rechtsstaat: van sluitpost naar “Leitmotiv”’ van Zouridis, Wierenga en Niemeijer in het Nederlands Juristenblad, waarin kritiek wordt geleverd op het eerste hoofdstuk van het jaarverslag van de Raad van State. De Raad waarschuwt daarin voor het zien van rechtsstatelijke overwegingen in de politiek als een soort van sluitpost. Zouridis, Wierenga en Niemeijer vragen zich af op basis van welke empirische feiten de conclusies van de Raad van State zijn gebaseerd en of deze wel de juiste oorzaken voor het afkalven van de rechtsstaat in het vizier heeft. De auteurs van deze reactie vragen zich op hun beurt echter af of het betoog in dat artikel op zijn beurt wel op voldoende empirische onderbouwing steunt. Het gaat de auteurs daarbij met name om de onderbouwing van de stelling dat bestuur en wetgever ‘regelverslaafd’ zijn, de vraag wat het aantal wettelijke regels zegt over het rechtsstatelijke gehalte van de samenleving en welke rol overheidsjuristen vervullen bij het bewaken van rechtsstatelijke normen. Aan het slot van de bijdrage gaan de auteurs in op de vraag of er niet sprake is van een bredere trend, die twijfels oproept over de wijze waarop binnen het rechtswetenschappelijk onderzoek met empirische data en bronnenonderzoek wordt omgegaan.
Análisis de las transiciones juveniles desde la perspectiva de género: entre la influencia del ciclo vital y el cambio generacional
Authors: Moreno Colom Sara
Published: October 2016

El artículo presenta una aproximación a la transición educativa, laboral, domiciliar y familiar de las personas jóvenes desde la perspectiva de género. El objetivo es analizar hasta qué punto la mejora del nivel educativo introduce transformaciones en el carácter tradicionalmente sexuado de las transiciones hacia la vida adulta. El análisis parte del conjunto de factores estructurales que pueden condicionar las transiciones juveniles, si bien atribuye una influencia central a la etapa del ciclo vital. A partir de los datos de la Enquesta a la Juventud de Catalunya 2012, se concluye que el efecto ciclo vital limita el efecto generacional en la transformación de las relaciones de género entre la población joven.This paper focuses on educational, employment, housing and family transitions of young people from the gender perspective. The aim is to analyze how the educational system introduces changes in the traditional gendered transitions to adulthood. For this purpose, it takes into account structural factors with special attention to the life cycle. Based on data from the Enquesta a la joventud de Catalunya 2012, the results show that the effect of life cycle limits the effect of the generation in order to change the gender relations between young people.
The Goal Triad in Games. A Conceptual Map and Case Studies
Authors: Kobiela Filip
Published: October 2016

The paper is devoted to detailed analysis of the notion of goal in games. It is argued that Suits’ analysis which provides a distinction between prelusory goal and lusory goal is insufficient, and thus introduction of a third kind of goal is necessary. I suggest to call this third kind of goal institutional goal. The paper discusses the definition of this kind of goal as well as its relations to other kinds of goals in games and other elements of game-playing. These three goals create the goal triad, a conceptual map of all possible goal-related situations. Both Venn diagrams and Euler diagrams are used to represent this triad. Various fields of these diagrams, which represent a spectrum of specific situations that occur in games, are illustrated by case-studies, taken mainly (although not exclusively) from the history of association football (soccer).El artículo plantea un análisis detallado de la noción de objetivo de los juegos. Se argumenta que el análisis de los juegos de Suits, que ofrece una distinción entre objetivo lúdico y meta pre-lúdica, es insuficiente, por lo que es necesaria la introducción de un tercer objetivo. A este tercer objetivo sugiero llamarlo meta institucional. El artículo analiza la definición de este tipo de objetivo, así como sus relaciones con los otros tipos de objetivos y elementos del juego. Estos tres objetivos constituyen la tríada de objetivos, un mapa conceptual de todas las relaciones posibles entre objetivos. Para representar la tríada se emplean los diagramas de Venn y de Euler. Varios campos de estos diagramas, que representan un espectro de situaciones específicas que suceden en los juegos, se ilustran con estudios de casos, tomados principalmente (aunque no exclusivamente) de la historia del fútbol.
Los fondos de inversión en el fútbol. Algunos problemas éticos y jurídicos
Authors: Cañizares Rivas Eva , Pérez Triviño José Luis
Published: October 2016

Los fondos de inversión se han convertido en los últimos años en un mecanismo frecuente que los clubes de fútbol utilizan para financiar el fichaje de jugadores. Aunque muchos autores han destacado sus efectos beneficiosos al permitir que los clubes adquieran jugadores que de otra manera no podrían conseguir, en este trabajo nos centramos en enfatizar dos problemas que pueden plantear. En primer lugar, hemos tratado de mostrar que pueden generar un progresivo alejamiento de los aficionados. En segundo lugar, a través del dilema del prisionero nos hemos propuesto mostrar que pueden contribuir a aumentar a largo plazo la deuda de los clubes y amenazar el fair play financiero.Investment funds have become in recent years a frequent mechanism football clubs use to finance signing of football players. Although many authors have highlighted their beneficial effects by allowing clubs to acquire players who otherwise they would not get, in this paper we focus on two problems. First, we have tried to show that they can generate a progressive distancing from the fans. Secondly, through the prisoner’s dilemma we intend to show that they can contribute to increasing long-term clubs debt and threaten the financial fair play.
El error neurocientífico de Descartes, entre Spinoza y Aquinas. El debate entre Damasio y Stump sobre el carácter eliminativo o vitalista del materialismo en la neuroética, neuropolítica y neuroeconomía
Authors: Landázuri Carlos Ortiz de
Published: October 2016

Se analiza el debate entre Eleonore Stump y Antonio Damasio respecto de dos posibles modelos de autorregulación que hoy día se asignan a la neuroética, neuropolítica y neuroeconomía a la hora de correlacionar la mente y el cerebro, a saber: o bien se sigue el modelo híbrido de tipo monista que utilizó Spinoza, siguiendo a su vez la interpretación materialista eliminativa de Antonio Damasio, para de este modo lograr corregir el «error» neurocientífico de Descartes, ya previamente denunciado por Popper y Eccles; o bien se recurre a un modelo dualista de integración vital entre la mente y el cerebro, como el de Tomás de Aquino y aún antes Aristóteles, siguiendo a su vez la interpretación jerarquizada, interactiva y deliberativa de Eleonore Stump. Además, también se pretende mostrar la superioridad de este segundo materialismo vitalista sobre aquel otro meramente eliminativo a la hora de correlacionar mente y cerebro con ayuda de estos tres saberes.It is analysed the debate between Eleonore Stump and Antonio Damasio concerning two possible models of auto-regulation that today are assigned to the neuro-ethic, neuropolitic and neuro-economy when correlating the mind and the brain, with two possibilities: Or it follows the hybrid model of monist type that used Spinoza, following at the same time the Damasio’s eliminative materialist interpretation, for in this way attaining to correct the Descartes’s neuro-scientific «error»; or it is resorted to a dualist model of vital integration between the mind and the brain, as the one of Aquinas and still before Aristotle, following at the same time the Stump’s hierarchical, interactive and deliberative interpretation. Besides, it also attempts to show the superiority of this second vital materialism on that another merely eliminative when correlating relate mind and brain with the help of these three sciences.
La crítica de Axel Honneth a la dicotomía habermasiana entre sistema y mundo de la vida
Authors: Fascioli Alvarez Ana Carolina
Published: October 2016

El presente artículo analiza la crítica de Axel Honneth a la distinción habermasiana entre sistema y mundo de la vida como una ficción teórica que acarrea un déficit explicativo de la dinámica social y una rebaja del propio enfoque comunicativo del autor. Se vincula esta crítica con la que han realizado otros teóricos y se valora su pertinencia a la luz de la réplica que el propio Habermas brindó. A partir de allí, se intenta mostrar cómo este distanciamiento de Honneth habilita una nueva forma –aunque no explorada por el autor- de conceptualizar el carácter y rol de la sociedad civil.This article provides an analysis of Honneth’s objection to Habermas’s distinction between System and Lebenswelt. Honneth postulates it’s a theorical fiction that leads to misunderstand social dynamics and weakens his communicative perspective. Honneth’s objection is linked to other critical reviews of the distinction, and I conclude its relevance, also considering Habermas’s reply. From there, I try to show how Honneth objection opens a new way to think about civil society.
Seroreactivity to bovine leukemia virus in goat (Capra hircus) in Brazil
Authors: Del Fava Claudia , De Lima Freitas Basílio Marianna , Pestana Ribeiro Claudia , Hiromi Okuda Líria , Pituco Edviges Maristela
Published: October 2016

Goats are susceptible to Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection and may develop after experimental inoculation, the lymphosarcoma. Occurrence of goats (Capra hircus) seroreactors to BLV by agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) in breeding animal’s submitted to interstate transportation in Brazil was surveyed for the period 2005-2007. Samples were collected from 298 animals in 19 municipalitiesfrom the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Maranhão, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Pará prior transportation. No seroreactors were found, no matter the region of origin, breed, gender and age. The greatest number of samples came from the Northeast region 133 (44.63%), represented by the States of Pernambuco (35.9%) and Maranhão (4.7%), followed by the Southeast region represented by the Stateof São Paulo 103 (34.56%), followed by the Southern region 59 (19.8%) represented by Rio Grande do Sul (19.46%) and Paraná States (0.34%). A smaller number of samples came from the Northern region 3 (1.01%) represented by the State of Pará. Predominant breeds were Boer (meat production), 71.14%, followed by Anglo Nubian (meat and milk production), 2.68%, Saanen (milk production) 2.35%, and Toggenburg (milk production) 1.34; in 22.48% of the cases, breed was unknown. Most goat, 61.41%, were females, and 35.59% were males. Most, 51.01%, were adults (more than one year old) and 43.96% were less than one year old; age was unknown for 5.03%. Nevertheless, breeders and technicians shouldenforce strict hygiene/sanitary measures to commercialization and transportation, because goat breedingis expanding to become an important economic activity in Brazil, and the BLV virus represents a potentialrisk for goat health.
A novel, all-dielectric, microwave plasma generator towards development of plasma metamaterials
Authors: Cohick Zane , Luo Wei , Perini Steven , Baker Amanda , Wolfe Douglas , Lanagan Michael
Published: October 2016

A proof of concept for a microwave microplasma generator that consists of a halved dielectric resonator is presented. The generator functions via leaking electric fields of the resonant modes — TE01δ and HEM12δ modes are explored. Computational results illustrate the electric fields, whereas the stability of resonance and coupling are studied experimentally. Finally, a working device is presented. This generator promises potentially wireless and low-loss operation. This device may find relevance in plasma metamaterials; each resonator may generate the plasma structures necessary to manipulate electromagnetic radiation. In particular, the all-dielectric nature of the generator will allow low-loss interaction with high-frequency (GHz–THz) waves.
A comprehensive investigation of mesophotic coral ecosystems in the Hawaiian Archipelago
Authors: Pyle Richard L. , Boland Raymond , Bolick Holly , Bowen Brian W. , Bradley Christina J. , Kane Corinne , Kosaki Randall K. , Langston Ross , Longenecker Ken , Montgomery Anthony , Parrish Frank A. , Popp Brian N. , Rooney John , Smith Celia M. , Wagner Daniel , Spalding Heather L.
Published: October 2016

Although the existence of coral-reef habitats at depths to 165 m in tropical regions has been known for decades, the richness, diversity, and ecological importance of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) has only recently become widely acknowledged. During an interdisciplinary effort spanning more than two decades, we characterized the most expansive MCEs ever recorded, with vast macroalgal communities and areas of 100% coral cover between depths of 50–90 m extending for tens of km2in the Hawaiian Archipelago. We used a variety of sensors and techniques to establish geophysical characteristics. Biodiversity patterns were established from visual and video observations and collected specimens obtained from submersible, remotely operated vehicles and mixed-gas SCUBA and rebreather dives. Population dynamics based on age, growth and fecundity estimates of selected fish species were obtained from laser-videogrammetry, specimens, and otolith preparations. Trophic dynamics were determined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analyses on more than 750 reef fishes. MCEs are associated with clear water and suitable substrate. In comparison to shallow reefs in the Hawaiian Archipelago, inhabitants of MCEs have lower total diversity, harbor new and unique species, and have higher rates of endemism in fishes. Fish species present in shallow and mesophotic depths have similar population and trophic (except benthic invertivores) structures and high genetic connectivity with lower fecundity at mesophotic depths. MCEs in Hawai‘i are widespread but associated with specific geophysical characteristics. High genetic, ecological and trophic connectivity establish the potential for MCEs to serve as refugia for some species, but our results question the premise that MCEs are more resilient than shallow reefs. We found that endemism within MCEs increases with depth, and our results do not support suggestions of a global faunal break at 60 m. Our findings enhance the scientific foundations for conservation and management of MCEs, and provide a template for future interdisciplinary research on MCEs worldwide.
The structure of Toho1 β‐lactamase in complex with penicillin reveals the role of Tyr105 in substrate recognition
Authors: Langan Patricia S. , Vandavasi Venu Gopal , Weiss Kevin L. , Cooper Jonathan B. , Ginell Stephan L. , Coates Leighton
Published: October 2016

The role of the conserved residue Tyr105 in class A β‐lactamases has been the subject of investigation using both structural studies and saturation mutagenesis. Both have shown that while it does not need to be strictly conserved for activity, it is important for substrate recognition. With this in mind we determined the crystal structure of Toho1 β‐lactamase at 15 K to 1.10 Å resolution in complex with penicillin. As expected a ring‐opened penicillin molecule bound to Ser70 the catalytic nucleophile, can clearly be seen in electron density in the active site. In addition to the trapped penicillin, however, are two additional intact ring‐closed penicillin molecules, captured by the enzyme through noncovalent interactions at the edge of the active site.
ASK1 controls spindle orientation and positioning by phosphorylating EB1 and stabilizing astral microtubules
Authors: Luo Youguang , Ran Jie , Xie Songbo , Yang Yunfan , Chen Jie , Li Shanshan , Shui Wenqing , Li Dengwen , Liu Min , Zhou Jun
Published: October 2016

Orientation and positioning of the mitotic spindle are involved in dictating cell division axis and cleavage site, and play important roles in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. However, how spindle movement is controlled to achieve a defined alignment within the dividing cell is not fully understood. Here, we describe an unexpected role for apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in regulating spindle behavior. We find that ASK1 is required for proper mitotic progression and daughter cell adhesion to the substratum. ASK1 interacts with end-binding protein 1 (EB1) and phosphorylates EB1 at serine 40, threonine 154 and threonine 206, enhancing its binding to the plus ends of astral microtubules. Consequently, astral microtubules are stabilized and therefore capable of mediating spindle interaction with the cell cortex, a requirement for spindle movement. These findings reveal a previously undiscovered function of ASK1 in cell division by regulating spindle orientation and positioning, and point to the importance of protein phosphorylation in the regulation of spindle behavior.
Oscillating edge states in one-dimensional MoS2 nanowires
Authors: Xu Hai , Liu Shuanglong , Ding Zijing , Tan Sherman J. R. , Yam Kah Meng , Bao Yang , Nai Chang Tai , Ng Man-Fai , Lu Jiong , Zhang Chun , Loh Kian Ping
Published: October 2016

Reducing the dimensionality of transition metal dichalcogenides to one dimension opens it to structural and electronic modulation related to charge density wave and quantum correlation effects arising from edge states. The greater flexibility of a molecular scale nanowire allows a strain-imposing substrate to exert structural and electronic modulation on it, leading to an interplay between the curvature-induced influences and intrinsic ground-state topology. Herein, the templated growth of MoS2 nanowire arrays consisting of the smallest stoichiometric MoS2 building blocks is investigated using scanning tunnelling microscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy. Our results show that lattice strain imposed on a nanowire causes the energy of the edge states to oscillate periodically along its length in phase with the period of the substrate topographical modulation. This periodic oscillation vanishes when individual MoS2 nanowires join to form a wider nanoribbon, revealing that the strain-induced modulation depends on in-plane rigidity, which increases with system size.
Global cooling as a driver of diversification in a major marine clade
Authors: Davis Katie E. , Hill Jon , Astrop Tim I. , Wills Matthew A.
Published: October 2016

Climate is a strong driver of global diversity and will become increasingly important as human influences drive temperature changes at unprecedented rates. Here we investigate diversification and speciation trends within a diverse group of aquatic crustaceans, the Anomura. We use a phylogenetic framework to demonstrate that speciation rate is correlated with global cooling across the entire tree, in contrast to previous studies. Additionally, we find that marine clades continue to show evidence of increased speciation rates with cooler global temperatures, while the single freshwater clade shows the opposite trend with speciation rates positively correlated to global warming. Our findings suggest that both global cooling and warming lead to diversification and that habitat plays a role in the responses of species to climate change. These results have important implications for our understanding of how extant biota respond to ongoing climate change and are of particular importance for conservation planning of marine ecosystems.
Multicolour synthesis in lanthanide-doped nanocrystals through cation exchange in water
Authors: Han Sanyang , Qin Xian , An Zhongfu , Zhu Yihan , Liang Liangliang , Han Yu , Huang Wei , Liu Xiaogang
Published: October 2016

Meeting the high demand for lanthanide-doped luminescent nanocrystals across a broad range of fields hinges upon the development of a robust synthetic protocol that provides rapid, just-in-time nanocrystal preparation. However, to date, almost all lanthanide-doped luminescent nanomaterials have relied on direct synthesis requiring stringent controls over crystal nucleation and growth at elevated temperatures. Here we demonstrate the use of a cation exchange strategy for expeditiously accessing large classes of such nanocrystals. By combining the process of cation exchange with energy migration, the luminescence properties of the nanocrystals can be easily tuned while preserving the size, morphology and crystal phase of the initial nanocrystal template. This post-synthesis strategy enables us to achieve upconversion luminescence in Ce3+ and Mn2+-activated hexagonal-phased nanocrystals, opening a gateway towards applications ranging from chemical sensing to anti-counterfeiting.
Repeated superovulation may affect mitochondrial functions of cumulus cells in mice
Authors: Xie Juan-Ke , Wang Qian , Zhang Ting-Ting , Yin Shen , Zhang Cui-Lian , Ge Zhao-Jia
Published: October 2016

Controlled ovarian stimulation by exogenous gonadotrophins is a key procedure during the in vitro fertilization cycle to obtain a sufficient number of oocytes in humans. Previous studies demonstrated that repeated superovulation had deleterious effects on the ovaries. However, whether repeated superovulation adversely affects the mitochondrial functions of cumulus cells remains unclear. In this study, mice were divided into three groups: superovulation once (R1); superovulation three times (R3), and superovulation five times (R5). We evaluated the effects of repeated superovulation on mitochondrial DNA copies (mtDNA) and observed decreased mtDNA copies per cell with increasing number of superovulation cycles. Further, we investigated the DNA methylation status in exon 2 and the mRNA expression level of nuclear-encoded DNA polymerase gamma A (PolgA). The results showed that the DNA methylation levels of PolgA in R1 and R5 were slightly lower than in R3. Additionally, the altered DNA methylation in PolgA coincided with the changes in PolgA expression in cumulus cells. We also found that the mRNA expression of COX1, CYTB, ND2, and ND4 was altered by repeated superovulation in cumulus cells. Thus, repeated superovulation had adverse effects on mitochondrial function.
Comparative Secretome Analysis Reveals Perturbation of Host Secretion Pathways by a Hypovirus
Authors: Wang Jinzi , Shi Liming , He Xipu , Lu Lidan , Li Xiaoping , Chen Baoshan
Published: October 2016

To understand the impact of a hypovirus infection on the secretome of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, a phytopathogenic filamentous fungus, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology were employed to identify and quantify the secreted proteins. A total of 403 unique proteins were identified from the secretome of the wild type virus-free strain EP155. Of these proteins, 329 were predicted to be involved in known secretory pathways and they are primarily composed of metabolic enzymes, biological regulators, responders to stimulus and components involved in plant-pathogen interactions. When infected with the hypovirus CHV1-EP713, 99 proteins were found to be differentially expressed as compared to the wild type strain EP155. These proteins were mainly related to plant cell wall degradation, response to host defense, fungal virulence and intracellular structure. The effects of CHV1 on secreted proteins may reveal a relationship between physiological pathways and hypovirulence.
Comparing performance of modern genotype imputation methods in different ethnicities
Authors: Roshyara Nab Raj , Horn Katrin , Kirsten Holger , Ahnert Peter , Scholz Markus
Published: October 2016

A variety of modern software packages are available for genotype imputation relying on advanced concepts such as pre-phasing of the target dataset or utilization of admixed reference panels. In this study, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the accuracy of modern imputation methods on the basis of the publicly available POPRES samples. Good quality genotypes were masked and re-imputed by different imputation frameworks: namely MaCH, IMPUTE2, MaCH-Minimac, SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2 and MaCH-Admix. Results were compared to evaluate the relative merit of pre-phasing and the usage of admixed references. We showed that the pre-phasing framework SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2 can overestimate the certainty of genotype distributions resulting in the lowest percentage of correctly imputed genotypes in our case. MaCH-Minimac performed better than SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2. Pre-phasing always reduced imputation accuracy. IMPUTE2 and MaCH-Admix, both relying on admixed-reference panels, showed comparable results. MaCH showed superior results if well-matched references were available (Nei’sGST ≤ 0.010). For small to medium datasets, frameworks using genetically closest reference panel are recommended if the genetic distance between target and reference data set is small. Our results are valid for small to medium data sets. As shown on a larger data set of population based German samples, the disadvantage of pre-phasing decreases for larger sample sizes.
Structure and specificity of the Type VI secretion system ClpV-TssC interaction in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Authors: Douzi Badreddine , Brunet Yannick R. , Spinelli Silvia , Lensi Valentine , Legrand Pierre , Blangy Stéphanie , Kumar Anant , Journet Laure , Cascales Eric , Cambillau Christian
Published: October 2016

The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a versatile machine that delivers toxins into either eukaryotic or bacterial cells. It thus represents a key player in bacterial pathogenesis and inter-bacterial competition. Schematically, the T6SS can be viewed as a contractile tail structure anchored to the cell envelope. The contraction of the tail sheath propels the inner tube loaded with effectors towards the target cell. The components of the contracted tail sheath are then recycled by the ClpV AAA+ ATPase for a new cycle of tail elongation. The T6SS is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and most of their genomes carry several copies of T6SS gene clusters, which might be activated in different conditions. Here, we show that the ClpV ATPases encoded within the two T6SS gene clusters of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli are not interchangeable and specifically participate to the activity of their cognate T6SS. Here we show that this specificity is dictated by interaction between the ClpV N-terminal domains and the N-terminal helices of their cognate TssC1 proteins. We also present the crystal structure of the ClpV1 N-terminal domain, alone or in complex with the TssC1 N-terminal peptide, highlighting the commonalities and diversities in the recruitment of ClpV to contracted sheaths.
Deciphering KRAS and NRAS mutated clone dynamics in MLL-AF4 paediatric leukaemia by ultra deep sequencing analysis
Authors: Trentin Luca , Bresolin Silvia , Giarin Emanuela , Bardini Michela , Serafin Valentina , Accordi Benedetta , Fais Franco , Tenca Claudya , De Lorenzo Paola , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Cazzaniga Giovanni , Kronnie Geertruy te , Basso Giuseppe
Published: October 2016

To induce and sustain the leukaemogenic process, MLL-AF4+ leukaemia seems to require very few genetic alterations in addition to the fusion gene itself. Studies of infant and paediatric patients with MLL-AF4+ B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL) have reported mutations in KRAS and NRAS with incidences ranging from 25 to 50%. Whereas previous studies employed Sanger sequencing, here we used next generation amplicon deep sequencing for in depth evaluation of RAS mutations in 36 paediatric patients at diagnosis of MLL-AF4+ leukaemia. RAS mutations including those in small sub-clones were detected in 63.9% of patients. Furthermore, the mutational analysis of 17 paired samples at diagnosis and relapse revealed complex RAS clone dynamics and showed that the mutated clones present at relapse were almost all originated from clones that were already detectable at diagnosis and survived to the initial therapy. Finally, we showed that mutated patients were indeed characterized by a RAS related signature at both transcriptional and protein levels and that the targeting of the RAS pathway could be of beneficial for treatment of MLL-AF4+ BCP-ALL clones carrying somatic RAS mutations.
The variances of Sp1 and NF-κB elements correlate with the greater capacity of Chinese HIV-1 B′-LTR for driving gene expression
Authors: Qu Di , Li Chuan , Sang Feng , Li Qiang , Jiang Zhi-Qiang , Xu Li-Ran , Guo Hui-Jun , Zhang Chiyu , Wang Jian-Hua
Published: October 2016

The 5′ end of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) serves as a promoter that plays an essential role in driving viral gene transcription. Manipulation of HIV-1 LTR provides a potential therapeutic strategy for suppressing viral gene expression or excising integrated provirus. Subtype-specific genetic diversity in the LTR region has been observed. The minor variance of LTR, particularly in the transcription factor binding sites, can have a profound impact on its activity. However, the LTR profiles from major endemic Chinese subtypes are not well characterized. Here, by characterizing the sequences and functions of LTRs from endemic Chinese HIV-1 subtypes, we showed that nucleotide variances of Sp1 core promoter and NF-κB element are associated with varied LTR capacity for driving viral gene transcription. The greater responsiveness of Chinese HIV-1 B′-LTR for driving viral gene transcription upon stimulation is associated with an increased level of viral reactivation. Moreover, we demonstrated that the introduction of CRISPR/dead Cas9 targeting Sp1 or NF-κB element suppressed viral gene expression. Taken together, our study characterized LTRs from endemic HIV-1 subtypes in China and suggests a potential target for the suppression of viral gene expression and a novel strategy that facilitates the accomplishment of a functional cure.
Na+ compartmentalization related to salinity stress tolerance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings
Authors: Peng Zhen , He Shoupu , Sun Junling , Pan Zhaoe , Gong Wenfang , Lu Yanli , Du Xiongming
Published: October 2016

The capacity for ion compartmentalization among different tissues and cells is the key mechanism regulating salt tolerance in plants. In this study, we investigated the ion compartmentalization capacity of two upland cotton genotypes with different salt tolerances under salt shock at the tissue, cell and molecular levels. We found that the leaf glandular trichome could secrete more salt ions in the salt-tolerant genotype than in the sensitive genotype, demonstrating the excretion of ions from tissue may be a new mechanism to respond to short-term salt shock. Furthermore, an investigation of the ion distribution demonstrated that the ion content was significantly lower in critical tissues and cells of the salt-tolerant genotype, indicating the salt-tolerant genotype had a greater capacity for ion compartmentalization in the shoot. By comparing the membrane H+-ATPase activity and the expression of ion transportation-related genes, we found that the H+-ATPase activity and Na+/H+antiporter are the key factors determining the capacity for ion compartmentalization in leaves, which might further determine the salt tolerance of cotton. The novel function of the glandular trichome and the comparison of Na+compartmentalization between two cotton genotypes with contrasting salt tolerances provide a new understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism in cotton.
An expression based REST signature predicts patient survival and therapeutic response for glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Liang Jianfeng , Meng Qinghua , Zhao Wanni , Tong Pan , Li Ping , Zhao Yuanli , Zhao Xiaodong , Li Hua
Published: October 2016

Proper regulation of neuronal gene expression is crucial for the development and differentiation of the central nervous system. The transcriptional repressor REST (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor) is a key regulator in differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to neuronal progenitors and mature neurons. Dysregulated REST activity has been implicated in various diseases, among which the most deadly is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here we have developed anexpression-basedRESTsignature (EXPREST), a device providing quantitative measurements of REST activity for GBM tumors. EXPREST robustly quantifies REST activity (REST score) using gene expression profiles in absence of clinic-pathologic assessments of REST. Molecular characterization of REST activity identified global alterations at the DNA, RNA, protein and microRNA levels, suggesting a widespread role of REST in GBM tumorigenesis. Although originally aimed to capture REST activity, REST score was found to be a prognostic factor for overall survival. Further, cell lines with enhanced REST activity was found to be more sensitive to IGF1R, VEGFR and ABL inhibitors. In contrast, cell lines with low REST score were more sensitive to cytotoxic drugs including Mitomycin, Camptothecin and Cisplatin. Together, our work suggests that therapeutic targeting of REST provides a promising opportunity for GBM treatment.
Elevation in fibroblast growth factor 23 and its value for identifying subclinical atherosclerosis in first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes
Authors: Hu Xiang , Ma Xiaojing , Luo Yuqi , Xu Yiting , Xiong Qin , Pan Xiaoping , Bao Yuqian , Jia Weiping
Published: October 2016

Accumulating evidence supported an association between diabetes and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). The goal of the present study was to explore alteration in serum FGF23 levels and to assess its value for identifying subclinical atherosclerosis in normoglycemic individuals with a first-degree family history of diabetes (FHD). The study enrolled 312 subjects with a first-degree FHD and 1407 subjects without an FHD. Serum FGF23 levels were detected by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum FGF23 levels were much higher in subjects with a first-degree FHD than in those without an FHD (P = 0.006). A first-degree FHD was positively associated with serum FGF23 levels, independent of C-IMT and cardiovascular factors (both P < 0.05). In subjects with a first-degree FHD, only those with serum FGF23 levels in the upper quartile were more likely to have an increased C-IMT (odds ratio = 2.263, P < 0.05). As conclusions, a first-degree FHD contributes to the increased serum FGF23 levels independently. Subjects with a first-degree FHD need higher serum FGF23 levels to indicate subclinical atherosclerosis. The influence of a first-degree FHD on serum FGF23 levels should be considered to avoid overestimating the risk of cardiovascular disease in normoglycemic individuals with a first-degree FHD.
Review of the Methods for Thermal Conductivity Measurements Most Appropriate for Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Selezneva Ekaterina , Stacey Clark , Díaz-Chao Pablo , Muñiz-Piniella Andres , Cuenat Alexandre
Published: October 2016

There are many well-established methods for thermal conductivity measurements. However, the thermoelectric community does not currently make use of all the knowledge available in this field. The aim of this review is to refresh the awareness of researchers about the complexity of the phenomenon and the uncertainties associated with the existing measurement methods. The chapter also provides useful information to those that intend to improve their current measurement facilities. In relation to steady-state thermal conductivity measurements, we show that the minimum uncertainty achievable is often larger than that stated in the current thermoelectric literature. Measurement issues associated with the transient methods are also briefly discussed.