bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The guise of the good and the problem of partiality
Authors: Hazlett Allan
Published: February 2018

According to the guise of the good thesis, we desire things under the ‘guise of the good.’ Here I sympathetically articulate a generic formulation of the guise of the good thesis, and address a problem for the view, which I call the problem of partiality. The problem is, roughly, that our partial pro-attitudes–for example, our special concern for ourselves–do not correspond to what is absolutely good. I criticize three solutions to the problem, and propose an alternative strategy, on which partial pro-attitudes constitute a species of illusion.
Dia1-dependent adhesions are required by epithelial tissues to initiate invasion
Authors: Fessenden Tim B. , Beckham Yvonne , Perez-Neut Mathew , Ramirez-San Juan Guillermina , Chourasia Aparajita H. , Macleod Kay F. , Oakes Patrick W. , Gardel Margaret L.
Published: February 2018

Developing tissues change shape and tumors initiate spreading through collective cell motility. Conserved mechanisms by which tissues initiate motility into their surroundings are not known. We investigated cytoskeletal regulators during collective invasion by mouse tumor organoids and epithelial Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) acini undergoing branching morphogenesis in collagen. Use of the broad-spectrum formin inhibitor SMIFH2 prevented the formation of migrating cell fronts in both cell types. Focusing on the role of the formin Dia1 in branching morphogenesis, we found that its depletion in MDCK cells does not alter planar cell motility either within the acinus or in two-dimensional scattering assays. However, Dia1 was required to stabilize protrusions extending into the collagen matrix. Live imaging of actin, myosin, and collagen in control acini revealed adhesions that deformed individual collagen fibrils and generated large traction forces, whereas Dia1-depleted acini exhibited unstable adhesions with minimal collagen deformation and lower force generation. This work identifies Dia1 as an essential regulator of tissue shape changes through its role in stabilizing focal adhesions.
Principal metabolic flux mode analysis
Authors: Bhadra Sahely , Blomberg Peter , Castillo Sandra , Rousu Juho
Published: February 2018

Motivation

In the analysis of metabolism, two distinct and complementary approaches are frequently used: Principal component analysis (PCA) and stoichiometric flux analysis. PCA is able to capture the main modes of variability in a set of experiments and does not make many prior assumptions about the data, but does not inherently take into account the flux mode structure of metabolism. Stoichiometric flux analysis methods, such as Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) and Elementary Mode Analysis, on the other hand, are able to capture the metabolic flux modes, however, they are primarily designed for the analysis of single samples at a time, and not best suited for exploratory analysis on a large sets of samples.

Results

We propose a new methodology for the analysis of metabolism, called Principal Metabolic Flux Mode Analysis (PMFA), which marries the PCA and stoichiometric flux analysis approaches in an elegant regularized optimization framework. In short, the method incorporates a variance maximization objective form PCA coupled with a stoichiometric regularizer, which penalizes projections that are far from any flux modes of the network. For interpretability, we also introduce a sparse variant of PMFA that favours flux modes that contain a small number of reactions. Our experiments demonstrate the versatility and capabilities of our methodology. The proposed method can be applied to genome-scale metabolic network in efficient way as PMFA does not enumerate elementary modes. In addition, the method is more robust on out-of-steady steady-state experimental data than competing flux mode analysis approaches.

Availability and implementation

Matlab software for PMFA and SPMFA and dataset used for experiments are available in https://github.com/aalto-ics-kepaco/PMFA.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
L1000FWD: fireworks visualization of drug-induced transcriptomic signatures
Authors: Wang Zichen , Lachmann Alexander , Keenan Alexandra B , Ma’ayan Avi
Published: February 2018

Motivation

As part of the NIH Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures program, hundreds of thousands of transcriptomic signatures were generated with the L1000 technology, profiling the response of human cell lines to over 20 000 small molecule compounds. This effort is a promising approach toward revealing the mechanisms-of-action (MOA) for marketed drugs and other less studied potential therapeutic compounds.

Results

L1000 fireworks display (L1000FWD) is a web application that provides interactive visualization of over 16 000 drug and small-molecule induced gene expression signatures. L1000FWD enables coloring of signatures by different attributes such as cell type, time point, concentration, as well as drug attributes such as MOA and clinical phase. Signature similarity search is implemented to enable the search for mimicking or opposing signatures given as input of up and down gene sets. Each point on the L1000FWD interactive map is linked to a signature landing page, which provides multifaceted knowledge from various sources about the signature and the drug. Notably such information includes most frequent diagnoses, co-prescribed drugs and age distribution of prescriptions as extracted from the Mount Sinai Health System electronic medical records. Overall, L1000FWD serves as a platform for identifying functions for novel small molecules using unsupervised clustering, as well as for exploring drug MOA.

Availability and implementation

L1000FWD is freely accessible at: http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/L1000FWD.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
omicsPrint: detection of data linkage errors in multiple omics studies
Authors: van Iterson Maarten , Cats Davy , Hop Paul ,   BIOS Consortium, Heijmans Bastiaan T
Published: February 2018

OmicsPrint is a versatile method for the detection of data linkage errors in multiple omics studies encompassing genetic, transcriptome and/or methylome data. OmicsPrint evaluates data linkage within and between omics data types using genotype calls from SNP arrays, DNA- or RNA-sequencing data and includes an algorithm to infer genotypes from Illumina DNA methylation array data. The method uses classification to verify assumed relationships and detect any data linkage errors, e.g. arising from sample mix-ups and mislabeling. Graphical and text output is provided to inspect and resolve putative data linkage errors. If sufficient genotype calls are available, first degree family relations also are revealed which can be used to check parent–offspring relations or zygosity in twin studies.

Availability and implementation

omicsPrint is available from BioConductor; http://bioconductor.org/packages/omicsPrint.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Community Music and Ethnomusicology
Authors: Cottrell Stephen , Impey Angela
Published: February 2018

This chapter reflects on the similarities and differences between community music and applied ethnomusicology. We argue that to describe a particular study as belonging to one or the other of these sub-disciplines is often as much a reflection of scholarly networks and frameworks as it is evidence of differences in methodology or approach. The chapter introduces a number of case studies from South Africa, and focuses in particular on a community archiving project in the iSimangaliso Wetlands Park. These case studies are used to illustrate the different inflections that may pertain to the terms ‘community music’ or ‘applied ethnomusicology’, while also demonstrating the overlaps between them. Finally, attention is drawn to the risks that are always involved in cultural interventions, regardless of from where they may emanate.
Why Public Culture Fails at Diversity
Authors: Bau Graves James
Published: February 2018

Public culture in the United States fails at diversity. Due to historical circumstance, disparities in the accumulation and use of wealth, long-standing tradition, and a hundred years of governmental policies, the cultural preferences of a small and powerful minority is promoted to the virtual exclusion of all others. ‘Culture’ in the United States has been defined and represented to all Americans to exclusively mean the red-carpet ‘classical’ arts. The cultures of Blacks, Latinos, Asians—and most Whites—are not included or welcomed. So pervasive is this system of elitism, that it calls into question the legitimacy of public art practice in the United States. Is the American public cultural sector, taken as a whole—with community music a distinct component—an intrinsically racist enterprise? This chapter examines our exclusionary history and its trajectory in community arts, and offers the concept and practice of cultural democracy as an alternative.
Community Music Interventions in Post-Conflict Contexts
Authors: Howell Gillian
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the phenomenon of community-based music interventions in sites affected by violent war and conflict. The author proposes a typology of four broad fields of intention (Music Education, Cultural Regeneration, Social Development, and Healing, Health, and Well-being) that underpin many of the music interventions documented in scholarly literature thus far. This is followed with an application of the typology to an early exemplar of a post-war music intervention, the Pavarotti Music Centre in Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina. The typology of intentions provides an analytical framework for researchers wishing to examine post-war music interventions systematically, and a tool for organizers and practitioners wishing to position a music intervention (or other arts interventions) within the wider conflict recovery context. The concluding discussion considers the typology’s illuminating function within the intercultural, political, social, and economic complexity of post-war environments.
Community Service Learning with First Peoples
Authors: Bartleet Brydie-Leigh , Bennett Dawn , Power Anne , Sunderland Naomi
Published: February 2018

Community music educators worldwide face the challenge of preparing their students for working in increasingly diverse cultural contexts. These diverse contexts require distinctive approaches to community music-making that are respectful of, and responsive to, the customs and traditions of that cultural setting. The challenge for community music educators then becomes finding pedagogical approaches and strategies that both facilitate these sorts of intercultural learning experiences for their students and that engage with communities in culturally appropriate ways. This chapter unpacks these challenges and possibilities, and explores how the pedagogical strategy of community service learning can facilitate these sorts of dynamic intercultural learning opportunities. Specifically, it focuses on engaging with Australian First Peoples, and draws on eight years of community service learning in this field to inform the insights shared.
Online Music Communities and Social Media
Authors: Waldron Janice L.
Published: February 2018

Academic debate has long surrounded the term 'community,' first defined as a sociological construct in the late nineteenth century. In the 1990s, widespread Internet use disrupted earlier ideas of what defines and bounds community, but there is now general scholarly consensus that online affinity groups can also function as communities, including those focused on any number of different music genres. In this chapter, I posit that online music communities can function as significant spaces of community music activity. This discussion includes contextualizing the online community by drawing on New Media literature on the evolution of online groups, theories, research, and frameworks of online community; illustrations of practice from current online and convergent music communities; the role of social media in online music communities; online music community as community music outreach; and implications for current and future implications for practice.
A University Commitment to Collaborations with Local Musical Communities
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan , Dudley Shannon
Published: February 2018

Working from the premise that the study of music in a hermetic academic environment is no longer a viable model, and that university music programmes must connect to the vibrant musical communities in the very neighbourhoods that surround them, we examine how the presence of a community music ‘weave’ within university programmes of music benefits students, faculty, and community members in myriad ways. We offer examples of university–community partnerships initiated by the ethnomusicology and music education programmes at the University of Washington that prepare music students for the diverse and complex society into which they will graduate. The Visiting Artists in Ethnomusicology programme will be highlighted for the extent to which world-renowned and locally residing artist-musicians have been invited to the faculty for extended periods to perform, teach, and interact with students on instruments, vocally, and in dance forms associated with traditional musical practices. The intent of the chapter is to underscore the critical need for university–community exchanges, to suggest some ways that such exchanges can be accommodated within university programmes of music, and to affirm the benefits that flow from connecting the dots of musicians and aspiring musicians in the workaday world beyond the fortress of the university.
Algorithmic Music and the Philosophy of Time
Authors: Rohrhuber Julian
Published: February 2018

What is time? This question has captivated philosophy again and again. The present chapter investigates how far algorithms involve temporality in a specific form, and why algorithmic music is a distinctive way of understanding time. Its orienting undercurrent is the idea that temporality, by its very nature, gives rise to conflictual perspectives that resist the attempt to be rendered in terms of a unified presence. These perspectives are coordinates of a tension field in which the algorithmic is necessarily embedded and invested, and which unfolds in algorithmic music. Drawing from a selection of examples and sources, the chapter leads through a series of such contradictions and touches upon a few interesting theories of time that have sprung from philosophy, music, and computer science, so as to actualize their mutual import.
Algorithmic Spatialization
Authors: Schacher Jan C.
Published: February 2018

Beginning with a brief historical overview of spatial audio and music practices, this chapter looks at principles of sound spatialization, algorithms for composing and rendering spatial sound and music, and different techniques of spatial source positioning and sound space manipulation. These operations include composing with abstract objects in a sound scene, creating compound sounds using source clusters, altering spatial characteristics by means of spectral sound decomposition, and the manipulation of artificial acoustic spaces. The chapter goes on to discuss practical issues of live spatialization and, through an example piece, the ways a number of different algorithms collaborate in the constitution of a generative audio-visual installation with surround audio and video. Finally, the challenges and pitfalls of using spatialization and some of the common reasons for failure are brought to attention.
Algorithms and Computation in Music Education
Authors: Brown Andrew R.
Published: February 2018

The chapter discusses how bringing music and computation together in the curriculum offers socially grounded contexts for the learning of digital expression and creativity. It explores how algorithms codify cultural knowledge, how programming can assist students in understanding and manipulating cultural norms, and how these can play a part in developing a student’s musicianship. In order to highlight how computational thinking extends music education and builds on interdisciplinary links, the chapter canvasses the challenges, and solutions, involved in learning through algorithmic music. Practical examples from informal and school-based educational contexts are included to illustrate how algorithmic music has been successfully integrated with established and emerging pedagogical approaches.
Computational Creativity and Live Algorithms
Authors: Wiggins Geraint A. , Forth Jamie
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the field of algorithmic composition from the perspective of computational creativity. It begins by introducing the idea of computational creativity as a philosophical perspective. Next, it introduces a method for consideration of the properties of creative systems, the Creative Systems Framework (CSF). The CSF becomes the starting point for a discussion of a system of comparison specific to algorithmic composition as an artistic and technical practice. Finally, the chapter sketches a road map for future developments in algorithmic composition and live coding, in these terms.
(Micro)Politics of Algorithmic Music
Authors: Cox Geoff , Riis Morton
Published: February 2018

The chapter explores a shift of emphasis from the macro to micro scale of algorithmic music, by making reference to Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of micropolitics, microtemporality in the work of Wolfgang Ernst, and Shintaro Miyazaki’s concept of algorhythmics. By drawing together tactical media and media archaeology to address the politics of algorithmic music, an argument is developed that ‘tactical media archaeology’ offers an analytical method for developing alternative compositions. By emphasizing more speculative approaches and broader ecologies of practice exemplified by the critical engineering of Martin Howse, the chapter claims that algorithms need to understood as part of temporal, relational, and contingent operations that are sensitive to their conditions and future trajectories.
Mexico and India
Authors: Cardenas Alexandra
Published: February 2018

This chapter sheds light on the origin of two of the most vibrant live coding communities outside of the European continent: the Indian and the Mexican. Despite the fact that both communities find themselves in different stages of consolidation and that their origins diverge in their conceptualization, there are similarities that converge in the ‘hacker philosophy’ principles. Sharing, inclusion, transparency, technology appropriation, the lack of hierarchical organization, the involvement in social causes, and the need to generate positive communal impact are some of the characteristics that have turned live coding into a versatile and reachable way of expression for artists of both countries. Live coding seems to be a favourable environment in which many diverse artistic, economic, social, and cultural currents meet through the common interest of experimentation with algorithms. India and Mexico are proof that live coding thrives in freedom, inclusion and diversity.
Why Do We Want Our Computers to Improvise?
Authors: Lewis George E.
Published: February 2018

Will you be replaced by a machine? Can music express things beyond words? This chapter discusses developing interactive computational systems that have degrees of autonomy, subjectivity, and uniqueness rather than repeatability. Interactions with these systems in musical performance produce a kind of virtual sociality that both draws from and challenges traditional notions of human interactivity and sociality, making common cause with a more general production of a hybrid. This leads into the question of whether computers can evince agency. The chapter concludes that what is learned from computer improvisation is more about people and the environment than about machines.
When Algorithms Meet Machines
Authors: Angliss Sarah
Published: February 2018

Algorithms permit a performer to play several instruments at once: here the focus is on the carillon but also robotic instruments, and on create changing and flexible music quickly. The chapter discusses how the author’s approach to solo performance brings serendipity and musical richness, and a sense of duetting with a fellow inventor. That inventor can be an algorithm embedded in tangible, moving objects.
Notes on Pattern Synthesis
Authors: Fell Mark
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the author’s pseudo-normative approach to music making, drawing influences from techno, house, and a range of unconventional vocabularies. There is parallel consideration of moving from drum machine to monosynth, integrating algorithmic control, and then to real-time digital signal processing and generative techniques. Detailed consideration of a system called ‘multistability’ is included.
Beyond Me
Authors: Matthews Kaffe
Published: February 2018

Digital technology (in 1988) provides trajectories (otherwise) beyond the author. Alan Lamb’s ‘wire-music’ based on sounding strings is compared with sounding violin (and other instruments’) strings. Sounding strings soon becomes sonifying salmon and people, making audioscapes completely determined by a physical context, and its people.
Thoughts on an Algorithmic Practice
Authors: Burt Warren
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, the composer of algorithmic compositions discusses in detail the creation and application of a range of nondeterministic processes to his own music, video, and verbal composition. In particular, the chapter discusses the more intuitive use of these processes over the last decade or so, and its relation to increasing involvement with improvisation. After considering three particular works and the resources chosen for them (some of music, some of text and some of procedures or formulations with overpowering diversity), the chapter concludes with a discussion of the social context of a contemporary algorithmic musician, and its lack of direct social contact and of economic sustainability.
Algorithmic Trajectories
Authors: McLean Alex , Dean Roger T.
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the contrasting creative experiences of the two editors of this volume on algorithmic music, two complementary people from very different generations and musical backgrounds. One is an experienced instrumentalist with conventional musical training, who has run an international intermedia creative ensemble for several decades. He came to algorithms so as to extend his musical practice, in part by listening. The other is primarily a computer musician, with more training in computation than instrumental performance, and who conversely came to music to extend his algorithmic practice, in part by listening. The contrast, described historically, embraces many aspects of algorithmic music, from live algorithms to live coding.
Action and Perception
Authors: Dahlstedt Palle
Published: February 2018

While computational models of human music making are a hot research topic, the human side of computer-based music making has been largely neglected. What are our cognitive processes like when we create musical algorithms, and when we compose and perform with them? Musical human–algorithm interaction involves embodied action, perception and interaction, and some kind of internalization of the algorithms in the performer’s mind. How does the cognitive relate to the physical here? Departing from the age-old mind–body problem, this chapter tries to answer these questions and review relevant research, drawing from a number of related fields, such as musical cognition, cognition and psychology of programming, embodied performance, and neurological research, as well as from the author’s personal experience as an artist working in the field.
Linking Sonic Aesthetics with Mathematical Theories
Authors: Milne Andy
Published: February 2018

Pure mathematics provides principles, procedures, and ways of thinking that can be fruitful starting points for music composition, performance, and algorithmic generation. In this chapter, a number of mathematical methods are suggested as useful ways to define and transform underlying musical structures such as metres and scales, and to realize these structures as finished pieces of music. The mathematical methods include the discrete Fourier transform, geometry, algebraic word theory, and tiling, and the chapter explains how these relate to musical features such as periodicity (or lack of periodicity), well-formedness, microtonality, canons, rhythmic hierarchies, and polyrhythms. The chapter closes with a detailed examination of a musical piece derived from the described processes.
The Political Impact of the Radical Right
Authors: Hale Williams Michelle
Published: February 2018

Popular and partisan reactions to multiculturalism have proven pervasive in societies around the world. As governments work to direct policy toward immigrants, law and order, and social welfare provision, among other areas, populist radical right-wing parties have contributed to the discourse, agendas, and policy responses. Still, scholars debate the precise role of radical right-wing parties and the degree of causal credit due to them. This chapter contends that despite the causal complexity, evidence of RRP impact can be found in contextualized understanding of dynamic interactions within national party systems affected by sociopolitical conditions, actors, and institutions. It examines four indicators of RRP impact with evidence from Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and several other countries around the world. Radical right-wing party impact can be either direct or indirect, as RRPs mediate issue debates, particularly on immigration, multiculturalism, and national identity.
The Radical Right and Nationalism
Authors: Bar-On Tamir
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that nationalism is the master concept of the radical right. It posits that the radical right’s nationalism is different from that of the mainstream right in its radicalism (or far-reaching and fundamental nature), its obsession with the dominance of the main ethnic group, and its longing for homogeneous nations and states. In addition, this nationalism is often populist in tone; it is indebted to direct rather than representative variants of democracy; and in some cases it is ambiguous about its relationship to fascism, Nazism, collaborationist regimes, or the Holocaust. In short, without ethnic nationalism as its master concept, the radical right’s thinkers, political parties, and movements would lack a stable anchor.
The Radical Right in Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: van Holsteyn Joop J. M.
Published: February 2018

Belgium and the Netherlands are fertile ground for radical right parties, including the Flemish Bloc and its successor Flemish Interest (VB), and the List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) and the later Party for Freedom (PVV) in the Netherlands. The LPF presented a mix of anti-immigrant and anti-elitist positions; the PVV was strict on immigration and against European integration; the VB was a nationalist/regionalist party that became successful only after adopting the anti-immigration issue. The LPF showed how a successful but badly organized party can both rise and fall quickly. The PVV shows that a strong leader can establish an electorally successful party that is less effective politically, with an uncertain future because of its dependency on the leader. The VB shows that a party that connects with the electorate’s “demands” can have a series of good election results without having direct policy effects and can be vulnerable to more effective competitors.
The Radical Right in Eastern Europe
Authors: Buštíková Lenka
Published: February 2018

The radical right in Eastern Europe is similar to its West European cousins in its emphasis on mobilization against minorities. Until recently, that mobilization was exclusively against minorities with electoral rights who have been settled for centuries. The arrival of more than a million Syrian refugees in Europe expanded the portfolio of minorities to rally against and, paradoxically, Westernized the East European radical right in its opposition to Islam and migrants with non-European backgrounds. However, this chapter argues that the radical right in Eastern Europe has three unique characteristics that distinguish it from its older West European cousins: (1) left-leaning positions on the economy, (2) linkages between identity and political opening, which leads to the association of minority policies with democratization, and (3) the coexistence of radical right parties with radicalized mainstream parties.
The Radical Right and Euroskepticism
Authors: Vasilopoulou Sofia
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the role that the European Union (EU) issue plays in radical right party agendas. It shows that, despite the fact that radical right parties tend to adopt dissimilar positions on the principle, practice, and future of European integration, they all tend to criticize the EU from a predominantly sovereignty-based perspective justified on ethnocultural grounds. The EU is portrayed as posing a threat to national sovereignty, its policies dismantling the state and its territory, as well as being responsible for the cultural disintegration of Europe and its nation-states. The analysis of EU issue positions and salience over time suggests that—despite variations—radical right parties engage in EU issue competition not only by adopting extreme positions but also by increasingly emphasizing these positions over time.
Social Spatial Influences
Authors: Wilcox Pamela , Swartz Kristin
Published: February 2018

This chapter reviews the more macrospatial tradition of community- or neighborhood-based theory and research, as this line of inquiry is a vital part of contemporary environmental criminology’s intellectual ancestry. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 discusses the relationship between neighborhood social disorganization and crime according to early Chicago school scholars. Section 2.3 highlights the role of neighborhood-based systemic control on community rates of crime, while Section 2.4 discusses the influence of community-based collective efficacy. Section 2.5 considers the influences of ecologically rooted cognitive landscapes, street culture, and legal cynicism. Finally, Section 2.6 discusses the various ways in which neighborhoods provide “crime opportunity contexts”—and it is in this section that the overlap and compatibility between community-focused criminology and contemporary environmental criminology is most explicit.
Testing Theories of Social Disorganization in Nigeria
Authors: Umar Faisal , Johnson Shane D. , Cheshire James A.
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on the social disorganization approach to understanding variations in area-level rates of crime. It first provides context through a brief description of the study area, Badarawa-Malali, an urban district in the city of Kaduna, Nigeria (Section 17.2). Section 17.3 provides a review of the different components of social disorganization theory, the mechanisms through which they are believed to operate, how they have been estimated in previous studies, and whether they are meaningful in the context of Nigeria. Section 17.4 describes the data and survey methods employed, while Section 17.5 discusses the geographical units of analysis used in this present study. Section 17.6 presents an empirical test of social disorganization theory using data for Nigeria. The final section discusses the findings and their implications for criminological understanding.
Crime Concentrations at Places
Authors: Telep Cody W. , Weisburd David
Published: February 2018

Every research enterprise takes place in a context, political, economic, and technological context. So it is with policing research. This chapter begins by sketching out where the practice of policing is heading, and what we need to do differently, so as to arrive at a roughly envisioned future ethically and in good order. A police presence at all places at all times being impossible, the practical issue is where and when to place officers or their technological surrogates. The chapter considers optimized distribution of effort and resource, given the central aim of fairness in the distribution of crime harm. It illustrates current levels of inequality of victimization, and claims that reducing the current concentration at individual and area levels should be an explicit underpinning vision for policing. It also briefly reviews the relevant literature and its implications.
Built Environment, Land Use, and Crime
Authors: Wuschke Kathryn , Kinney J. Bryan
Published: February 2018

Grounded within environmental criminology, several theoretical frameworks have emphasized the important connection between land use and concentrations of urban crime. Guided by these approaches, this chapter provides an overview of existing research, exploring the varied connections between urban land use and crime. These concepts are illustrated through the use of a multiscale research example centered on Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. The results highlight the importance of locally based studies, and emphasize that the relationship between land use and crime varies according to both crime type and scale of analysis. Among the findings is that both property crimes and crimes against persons occur in highest numbers on residential properties; but in disproportionately highest rates on addresses classified as commercial and civic, institutional, and recreational.
Macro-Level Generators of Crime, Including Parks, Stadiums, and Transit Stations
Authors: Newton Andrew
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the occurrence of crime at particular places that bring together lots of people in time and place, namely macro crime generators. Examples of these include hospitals, parks, large transit stations and interchanges, entertainment districts, and shopping malls. It begins by defining crime attractors and crime generators, and explores the subtle difference between them. It then examines why crime hotspots and crime generators tend to coexist, and considers the importance of scale in place-based studies of crime. Following this is a discussion of the “busyness” of crime generators, how the density of people, proximity of people, and interactions between people are all factors that influence crime opportunities at macro generators. Finally, the chapter reviews current evidence of three case studies of macro generators, namely parks, large stadiums, and large transit stations.
How Do We Get to Causal Clarity on Physical Environment-Crime Dynamics?
Authors: Taylor Ralph B.
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses research and theorizing about the crime impacts of the physical environment, relating it to past reviews of scholarship in this area, and highlighting the crucial question of causality. It introduces key stumbling blocks in community criminology that must be addressed before scholarship can advance on the crucial causality question. Environmental criminology in a deep sense represents a field within a broader field of community criminology. The chapter underscores just a few of the most important recent works in four select areas within the physical environment-crime scholarship: space syntax, facilities and land use, accessibility/permeability, and crime prevention through environmental design/defensible space. The final section sketches one possible avenue for future research which can address these concerns.
Studying Situational Effects of Setting Characteristics
Authors: Weerman Frank M. , Hoeben Evelien , Bernasco Wim , Pauwels Lieven J. R. , Bruinsma Gerben J.N.
Published: February 2018

This chapter addresses methods to study situational influences of setting characteristics on adolescent offending. In particular, it describes data collection methods (space-time budget interviews, census data, community surveys, and systematic social observations) that enable precise measurement of what respondents do, with whom they undertake these activities, and in what kind of places (both the geographical area and the function of the location) they find themselves. Such data capture presence in and exposure to different kinds of settings during particular periods in time. This chapter illustrates the usefulness of these method for criminological research by summarizing the results of three sub-studies from the Study of Peers, Activities, and Neighborhoods (SPAN) conducted in the Netherlands. It first discusses the design of the SPAN data collection and the instruments that were used in it. It then reviews each study in turn by summarizing its theoretical motivation, data structure, and analytical strategy, and by describing the main findings it has generated.
Organized Crime and Places
Authors: Kleemans Edward R.
Published: February 2018

This chapter begins by discussing the three types of organized crime—racketeering, transit crime, and the local provision of illegal goods and services—and the significance of place. It then considers the role of places and the (built) environment for organized crime. The main message is that place has a different meaning for these three types of organized crime and raises several theoretical challenges. As these types of organized crime often require a higher degree of social organization than opportunistic street-level crime, the chapter elaborates on two theoretical concepts that should be included in the study of organized crime and place: social opportunity structure and offender convergence settings.
Gangs and Space
Authors: Valasik Matthew , Tita George
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the ways in which space shapes the territoriality of urban street gang members as well as the ways in which a gang exploits the local landscape. It begins by providing a brief overview of the classic works on the emergence of gangs, paying particular attention both to the literature on human terrain/territoriality and to the ecological studies of place, especially the Chicago school. It then looks at the criminal enterprises of gangs as they relate to space. Next, it investigates how residency, technology, and territoriality may be influencing the relationship modern street gangs have with space. It concludes with a look at the use of geographically targeted policing to curtail gang activity, especially intergang violence.
Does Crime Impact Real Estate Prices?
Authors: Ceccato Vania , Wilhelmsson Mats
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the impact of crime and accessibility on housing prices. In particular, it assesses the effect of residential burglary on apartment prices in Stockholm, building on previous research that indicated residential burglary—not violence or vandalism—had the greatest effect on apartment prices in the Swedish capital. A review of the literature on hedonic modeling covering more than three decades shows that, despite different modeling strategies, these studies consistently find evidence that crime affects housing prices. Two measures of accessibility are used: a “global” distance decay from Stockholm city center and a “local” measure of accessibility to work expressed as travel costs. Results for all of Stockholm County confirm previous findings once limited to Stockholm municipality only, that residential burglary reduces apartment prices. However, such an effect varies across space and levels of accessibility.
The Role of Innovative Data Collection Methods in Advancing Criminological Understanding
Authors: Solymosi Reka , Bowers Kate J.
Published: February 2018

Environmental criminology emphasizes the importance of situational factors associated with increased risk in terms of crime opportunities. One branch of research in this field is oriented toward strengthening the scientific approach to understanding the link between exposure to risk and crime. To achieve this, we need data about how potential victims and potential offenders spend their time, and what places they visit as part of their daily activities. This chapter lays out the potential of novel data sets and then considers in detail two of these new approaches. The first approach involves utilizing advances in technology and sensing to develop bespoke surveys created with specific research studies in mind. The second makes use of existing “big data” or “open-access data” sources on people’s everyday interactions with the environment, and combines multiple data sources to make inferences about routine activities and their link to perception of crime and place.
Four Images of the Delinquency Area
Authors: Felson Marcus
Published: February 2018

This chapter sorts out some of the ideas that are sometimes mixed together under the rubric of “social disorganization.” It argues that (1) social disorganization is really not an independent variable or a theory; (2) rather, it is a composite image of the “delinquency area”—the part of town that also has very high crime rates; and (3) this composite image can be disentangled and then clarified, allowing students to learn it and researchers to sharpen their findings. The chapter extracts four distinct images of the delinquency area in the effort to clarify the topic, help people learn it, and assist researchers.
Levinas and Christianity
Authors: Hanson Jeffrey
Published: February 2018

This article provides a thorough account of Emmanuel Levinas’s remarks over the course of his career on Christianity, a topic that uniquely binds the biographical and theoretical elements of his thought. The character of Levinas’s own Judaism and the unique features of his philosophy are more clearly presented as a result of his lifelong discussion with the dominant religion of Europe. The article highlights the elements of Christianity that Levinas found praiseworthy—the moral teachings of the Sermon on the Mount and the Final Judgment scene in Matthew 25 especially—and those aspects that caused him profound concern—its penchant for drama, its cultic enshrinement of tribe and place, and worst of all, its cultural (thought not always individual) complicity in the Shoah.
Levinas and the Bible
Authors: Schonfeld Eli
Published: February 2018

This article studies the place of the Bible in Levinas’s philosophical project. Besides his programmatic call “to translate the Torah into Greek” (i.e., into a philosophical idiom), throughout his writings Levinas calls for a return to the Bible in its original givenness. Through an exploration of the tension between those two movements, which at first sight contradict one another, this article tries to understand anew the role the Bible plays in Levinas’s thought. How are those two movements reconcilable? What are the implications of this tension for Levinas’s philosophical project? And how does this tension affect the project of Jewish philosophy in general? Through a reflection on the conditions of a return to the Bible as Levinas understands it, this article attempts to shed some light on those fundamental questions.
Levinas, Blanchot, and Art
Authors: Hart Kevin
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores several aspects of the friendship of Emmanuel Levinas and Maurice Blanchot. First, a brief narrative of their friendship is given. Second, their views on literature and art are explored, with particular attention given to Levinas’s essay “Reality and Its Shadow” and Blanchot’s essay “Two Versions of the Imaginary.” Third, Blanchot’s responses to Levinas’s ethics are discussed: first, the reservations about the program of Totality and Infinity as elaborated in The Infinite Conversation; and second, the appreciative fragments on Otherwise Than Being in The Writing of the Disaster. And fourth, the significance of Judaism for each thinker is evaluated.
Philanthropy and Global Health
Authors: Youde Jeremy
Published: February 2018

The financial power of philanthropic organizations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has raised questions about the intersection of philanthropy and global health. This chapter examines how and whether philanthropy has an effect on the global health agenda. It begins by defining philanthropy and exploring how philanthropy operates in international relations, philanthropy’s historical role in global politics, and its relationship to larger power dynamics. The second section identifies key global health philanthropic actors and their roles in global health governance. The third section describes the potential positive roles that philanthropic organizations can play in global health, bringing new ideas and additional resources. The final section critiques the relationship between philanthropy and global health, paying particular attention to how financial clout could distort the global health agenda and whether philanthropy covers up larger structural imbalances that give rise to health problems.
The Human Right to Health and Global Health Politics
Authors: Ooms Gorik , Hammonds Rachel
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses how the human right to health could be and has been used to influence global health politics to place greater emphasis on the interests of all people. It explores whether this right is a norm to which states adhere, or could adhere, because they identify with its underlying values. Three important obstacles are addressed. Global HIV/AIDS activism used the right to health to pressure influential states into compliance on concrete measures and therefore defined an important element of the human right to health. Earlier attempts to use this right to influence global health politics failed to advance similarly concrete measures. Those who want to use the right to health in support of universal health coverage should understand the strengths and weaknesses of this tool and advocate for concrete measures rather than broad principles.
John Dewey’s Debt to William James
Authors: Campbell James
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the relationship of William James (1842–1910) and John Dewey (1859–1952). In particular, it attempts to tease out the ways in which Dewey’s thought drew upon ideas presented earlier by James. Among the Jamesian themes that appear in Dewey’s work are Dewey’s melioristic, pragmatic account of social practice; his emphasis upon the importance of habits in organized human life; his presentation of the role of philosophy as a means of improving daily life; his recognition of the social nature of the self; and his call for a rejection of religious traditions and institutions in favor of an emphasis upon religious experience. Clarifying Dewey’s relationship with James should in no way lessen the value of Dewey’s thought. Rather, it makes clearer the continuities that existed between these two pragmatic thinkers.
Development Assistance
Authors: Simon John A. , Miller Michael W.
Published: February 2018

The Marshall Plan marked the beginning of modern foreign assistance, and from the very outset national security and foreign aid have been inextricably linked. Successful development assistance can make the world a safer, more stable place, advancing U.S. national interests in direct and subtle ways. Aid can help struggling states avoid becoming failing states, where all manner of threats—from terrorists to international criminal networks to deadly pathogens—can find a safe haven. Aid helps stave off political strife that contributes to the rise of demagogues with interests antithetical to those of the United States. At its best, foreign assistance can reinforce country efforts to join the community of democracies. A world where there are fewer wars, terrorist safe havens, and political tyrants is a more secure world for the United States.
Embracing New Perspectives
Authors: Graves C. P. , Gerrard Christopher
Published: February 2018

This chapter considers the application of archaeological theory to later medieval archaeology, with a selective review of the different approaches offered over the past fifty years by archaeologists of the Later Middle Ages set into a wider historiographical framework. In this chapter key processual, structuralist, and post-processual studies are all debated with particular emphasis on phenomenology and the experiential, the archaeology of identity, biography, and the life-course. New forms of interpretation are judged to be neither consistent or coherent but, nevertheless, they offer exciting insights which cross disciplinary boundaries and challenge orthodoxies.