bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematical analysis of emotionally induced facial expressions in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: MERGL R. , VOGEL M. , MAVROGIORGOU P. , GÖBEL C. , ZAUDIG M. , HEGERL U. , JUCKEL G.
Published: January 2004

Background. Motor function is deficient in many patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), especially in the face. To investigate subtle motor dysfunction, kinematical analysis of emotional facial expressions can be used. Our aim was to investigate facial movements in response to humorous film stimuli in OCD patients.

Method. Kinematical analysis of facial movements was performed. Ultrasound markers at defined points of the face provided exact measurement of facial movements, while subjects watched a humorous movie (‘Mr Bean’). Thirty-four OCD patients (19 male, 15 female; mean (S.D.) age: 35·8 (11·5) years; mean (S.D.) total Y-BOCS score: 25·5 (5·9)) were studied in unmedicated state and after a 10-week treatment with the SSRI sertraline. Thirty-four healthy controls (19 male, 15 female; mean (S.D.) age: 37·5 (13·1) years) were also investigated.

Results. At baseline, OCD patients showed significantly slower velocity at the beginning of laughing than healthy controls and a reduced laughing frequency. There was a significant negative correlation between laughing frequency and severity of OCD symptoms. Ten weeks later a significant increase of laughing frequency and initial velocity during laughing was found.

Conclusions. Execution of adequate facial reactions to humour is abnormally slow in OCD patients. Susceptibility of OCD patients with regard to emotional stimuli is less pronounced than in healthy subjects. This phenomenon is closely correlated to OCD symptoms and is state-dependent.
Ghrelin and leptin responses to food ingestion in bulimia nervosa: implications for binge-eating and compensatory behaviours
Authors: MONTELEONE P. , MARTIADIS V. , FABRAZZO M. , SERRITELLA C. , MAJ M.
Published: January 2004

Background. Ghrelin and leptin are endogenous peripheral proteins involved in the regulation of eating behaviour. In particular, ghrelin stimulates hunger and promotes food ingestion, whereas leptin increases satiety and reduces food consumption. Therefore, alterations in the physiology of these peptides may play a role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa. In the present study, we investigated ghrelin and leptin responses to food ingestion in patients with bulimia nervosa.

Method. Nine symptomatic drug-free bulimic women and 12 age-matched healthy women ingested a meal of 1207 kcal (60% carbohydrates, 23% fat and 17% proteins) at 12.00 a.m. and underwent blood sample collection before and 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the meal. Plasma levels of ghrelin, leptin, insulin and glucose were measured.

Results. In healthy women, circulating ghrelin exhibited a drastic decrease after the food intake whereas, in bulimic patients, this response was significantly blunted. No difference between the two subjects groups was observed in post-prandial profiles of plasma leptin, insulin and glucose.

Conclusions. The lack of a leptin response to food ingestion, in both bulimic and healthy women, is compatible with the role of this peptide as long-term rather than short-term modulator of eating behaviour. The blunted ghrelin response to food ingestion may support the occurrence in bulimic subjects of an impaired suppression of the drive to eat following a meal. This may have implications for binge-eating.
Socio-economic status, family disruption and residential stability in childhood: relation to onset, recurrence and remission of major depression
Authors: GILMAN S. E. , KAWACHI I. , FITZMAURICE G. M. , BUKA S. L.
Published: January 2004

Background. Childhood adversity significantly increases the risk of depression, but it is unclear whether this risk is most pronounced for depression occurring early in life. In the present study, we examine whether three aspects of childhood adversity – low socio-economic status (SES), family disruption, and residential instability – are related to increased risk of depression during specific stages of the life course. We also examine whether these aspects of childhood adversity are related to the severity of depression.

Method. A sample of 1089 of the 4140 births enrolled in the Providence, Rhode Island cohort of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project was interviewed between the ages of 18 and 39. Measures of parental SES, childhood family disruption and residential instability were obtained upon mother's enrolment and at age 7. Age at onset of major depressive episode, lifetime number of depressive episodes, and age at last episode were ascertained via structured diagnostic interviews. Survival analysis was used to identify risk factors for depression onset and remission and Poisson regression was used to model the recurrence rate of depressive episodes.

Results. Low parental SES, family disruption and a high level of residential instability, defined as three or more family moves, were related to elevated lifetime risks of depression; the effects of family disruption and residential instability were most pronounced on depression onset by age 14. Childhood adversity was also related to increased risk of recurrence and reduced likelihood of remission.

Conclusions. Childhood social disadvantage significantly influences risk of depression onset both in childhood and in adulthood. Early childhood adversity is also related to poor prognosis.
Cross-cultural translation studies as thick translation
Authors: HERMANS THEO
Published: January 2004

Taking its cue from two specific examples (particular terms used by Aristotle and by Yan Fu) the first part of this article rehearses the hermeneutic question of cross-cultural understanding but gears the discussion to the specific issues of the complicity of translation in cross-cultural understanding, whether in an historical or an anthropological sense, and of the need to inspect critically the vocabulary used in the exercise. The second part considers practical ways in which the cross-cultural study of translation might proceed. It harks back to I. A. Richards, draws on the anthropology of Clifford Geertz and on philosophical pragmatism to redefine the aim of cross-cultural translation studies, and finally settles on the notion of ‘thick translation’ as a self-reflexive way to engage with other concepts of translation.
A fearful symmetry: the novel of the future in twentieth-century China
Authors: ZHAO HENRY Y. H.
Published: January 2004

The ‘novel of the future’ speculates on the ‘temporal’ utopia/dystopia. Its strange fate in modern China reveals much about the relationship between imagination, ideology and modernity in the Chinese mindset. Prior to the concept of modernity being imported into China there had been no fiction about the future. For, in traditional China, history did not have directionality. Two powerful Western ideologies, both ‘progressive’, took turns to dominate modern China. Social Darwinism led to the great explosion of the novel of the future in the early twentieth century. From the 1920s onwards, with Marxism becoming the dominant ideology, the novel of the future disappeared completely: when the future was predetermined, no speculation was to be tolerated. In the 1990s, there erupted another spectacular flourishing of novels of future in China, although these works are pessimistic in tone, as belief in the future has been thrown into serious doubt.
Re-reading gender: comparative questions, situated meanings, Latin American paradoxes
Authors: REDCLIFT NANNEKE
Published: January 2004

The applicability of Western concepts to an understanding of gender in other cultural settings has become increasingly problematic. We need to elicit an understanding of how particular societies define sexual difference, and derive locally grounded ideas of self and the materiality of the body as a starting point for analysis. This paper examines some of the wider implications of this view for notions of cultural context and comparison. Its ethnographic examples come from Latin America. They build on the regional interest in spiritual and symbolic forms as ‘scripts’ for gender identifications, exploring the diverse ways in which idealizations, images and icons are read in ways that encompass both ‘local’ and ‘non-local’ narratives. However, the discussion aims to be relevant beyond this geographical location, suggesting that both secular and sacred discourses appear to work at a number of different, sometimes contradictory, levels, often drawing together transcultural notions of being, and generating a field of meaning in which gender, value and morality are constituted.
Small is beautiful
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: January 2004

Sometimes size really does matter, in issues relating to English as in other things. Sheer vastness and numbers inevitably draw our attention, especially at the present time, to linguistic and many other matters in China, and in this issue (as in others in recent times) we continue to pay close attention to both the vastness and the numbers. Certainly, in ET – as elsewhere in print and on screen – matters relating to such a rising world player are of key concern, and notably in ET76, we continue the debate on issues that are fundamental to the world's way of acknowledging linguistic dynamism, statistics, and (in effect) clout.
English in Finland: globalisation, language awareness and questions of identity
Authors: TAAVITSAINEN IRMA , PAHTA PÄIVI
Published: January 2004

THIS ARTICLE discusses present trends in the use of English in Finland, paying attention to the specific sociohistorical character of the country with its long history of Finnish-Swedish bilingualism. It has been argued that the other Nordic countries are developing from EFL to ESL countries; is Finland heading the same way? If so, at what stage is the process? We shall first give a brief overview of the theoretical background and of the historical development of the language situation in Finland. The present state of the use of English is outlined next, with the focus on education and on areas where the danger of domain loss is most imminent. At the end we discuss the ongoing changes in terms of the identity-forming function of language and the present diffusion in which the national language does not necessarily play a traditional role.
The Chinglish syndrome: Do recent developments endanger the language policy of China?
Authors: QIANG NIU , WOLFF MARTIN
Published: January 2004

A GREAT DEAL has been said and written about various approaches to the successful methodology for teaching English as a second language in China. Entire professional journals are devoted to the subject, such as Teaching English In China and Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. But no matter how much is written, and no matter what teaching method is employed, the bottom line is that the average Chinese student learns to communicate orally in ‘Chinglish’: that is, in Mandarin sprinkled with English words and phrases or in English with a Mandarin-induced syntax.
Ensnared by the web of words
Authors: ROSS NIGEL J.
Published: January 2004

INFORMATION technology has had a profound impact on many aspects of life over the last twenty-odd years. One linguistic area where computers have made important inroads is the compiling of dictionaries. Until the 1980s, such works were still put together, more or less, along the same paper-and-ink lines as when Dr Johnson was at work in the 18th century, although methods of work and levels of reliability had improved. In the last two decades, however, there have been numerous IT-led developments, revolutions and evolutions in lexicography, mostly to the benefit of dictionary users, though some more recent developments are perhaps debatable. [All searches described in this article were made with Google, and only pages in English were requested.]
The Limits of Theory: Academic versus Professional Understanding of Theatre Problems
Authors: Meyrick Julian
Published: January 2004

The exponential growth of ‘theoretical’ approaches to theatre in the last twenty years has given rise to a vast body of literature and a swag of highly influential ‘command metaphors’. In this article, Julian Meyrick describes and analyzes the rise of such theories, contrasting academic understanding of theatre with the more experiential problem-solving of the profession. He argues that sophisticated ‘theoretical’ approaches to the theatre too often preclude or traduce the thinking of artists themselves, presenting practical concerns as epiphenomenal or untutored. This, in turn, points to important short-circuits in some academic takes on theatre which need modifying if ‘theory’ and ‘practice’ are once again to feed into each other in a meaningful way. Julian Meyrick Is currently an Associate Director and Literary Adviser at Melbourne Theatre Company, and an Honorary Associate with the Drama Program, La Trobe University. His production for the Melbourne Workers' Theatre, Who's Afraid of the Working Class? attracted numerous awards, and toured widely in Australia. He has published in the areas of arts policy, the theory/practice nexus, and post-1945 Australian theatre. His book on Sydney's Nimrod Theatre, See How It Runs: Nimrod and the New Wave was published by Currency Press in 2002.
Brecht's Use of Magistral and Socratic Dialogue as a Model for Progressive Education
Authors: Russo Elizabeth
Published: January 2004

Elizabeth Russo here explores the analogies between Brecht's spectator-centred approach to theatre and a student-centred approach to education, comparing the symbiosis achieved in his work between the ‘Magistral’ approach common to top-down education and the open-ended ‘Socratic’ dialogue. She suggests that even the lehrstücke, often assumed to be his most dogmatic pieces, in fact offer choices and question the spectator's intellect, and compares Brecht's techniques with the concept of the ‘zone of proximal development’ in educational theory – the gap distance between a child's actual and potential level of development, and between his/her individual skills and functioning within a social group. Elizabeth Russo has worked with children in Chicago under the volunteer programme of the Inner-City Teaching Corps, and is currently teaching at St Mary of the Angels School in London. She is a history graduate of Villanova University, studied in the Graduate School of Education at Loyola University, Chicago, and has an MA in Theatre Education from Goldsmiths College, University of London.
Stakeholder attitudes towards wildlife policy and the Bénoué Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon
Authors: Weladji Robert B. , Moe Stein R. , Vedeld Pål
Published: January 2004

In recent years, wildlife policies that consider the participation of stakeholders have been promoted. An understanding of the stakeholders' attitudes towards conservation and existing policies are critical in designing new policies or sustainable conservation strategies. This paper examines stakeholders' (local people, park staff and professional hunter guides) attitudes, towards the Bénoué Wildlife Conservation Area (BWCA) and towards Cameroonian wildlife policy. The BWCA encompasses the Bénoué National Park and its surrounding hunting concessions that also include some villages. Both the Park and the hunting concessions are two categories of protected areas. Data were collected using informal interviews and questionnaires administered to 114 households from three communities, 17 park staff and seven professional hunter guides. Local people's attitudes towards protected areas depended on the management category of the particular protected area. Local people were positive towards the existence of the Park, but negative towards the system of hunting concession areas. There was local variation between communities concerning these attitudes. Local people were generally positive to maintaining the present Park area, but preferred a reduction in the size of the hunting concessions. Both Park staff and professional hunter guides expressed concern about present management strategies and the extent of illegal resource exploitation. Despite having poor knowledge of the current Cameroonian wildlife policy, most of the local households expressed support for it, but called for increased local involvement in management, off-take and the harvesting of benefits from both Park and hunting concession activities. The Park staff were sceptical about local participation in this context and saw such endeavours as a threat to a sound biodiversity management scheme. The findings indicate the need to strengthen current wildlife policy, promote the involvement of local people and empower the Park staff, both in terms of resources and in terms of skills in interacting with local people. The revised policy should be designed so as to vary according to the category of protected area and allow site-specific adaptations. Local people must experience reduced incurred costs and increased incomes from the Park. An environmental education programme is recommended to extensively disseminate the policy to user groups in the area.
Influence of social, management and enforcement factors on the
long-term ecological effects of marine sanctuaries
Authors: Walmsley S.F. , White A.T.
Published: January 2004

Marine sanctuaries are increasingly being promoted as tools for conservation and fisheries management. This study investigates the effects of protection over 19 years on substrate composition and fish communities in four marine sanctuaries and corresponding non-sanctuary areas in the Philippines and examines the importance of community support, management measures and enforcement of regulations on these ecological effects. Between 1981 and 2000, substrate cover variables were measured using line transects with scuba and snorkel surveys, and fish censuses (identification to family level) were conducted using scuba within a 500 m2 area. Semi-structured interviews collected data on community support for the sanctuaries, and observations and interviews established management and enforcement aspects of the sanctuaries. Over time, all sanctuaries showed improvements, or maintenance of, ecological variables compared with pre-enforcement times, with maintenance of hard coral cover and average increases of 8.3% in fish species richness and 54.9% in fish abundance. In comparison, non-sanctuary areas showed maintenance of the status quo or declines in ecological variables. However hard coral cover, fish abundances and fish species richness showed significant declines as well as increases in sanctuary areas. Community, management and enforcement factors were significantly related to positive ecological trends in sanctuary areas; management and enforcement were related to a wider variety of ecological factors than community score. Community support was significantly related to an increase in hard coral cover in deep areas. Enforcement of regulations was significantly related to an increase in abundance of fishery target fish species in sanctuary areas, and simple management measures were significantly related to an increase in abundance of large predators. Supportive communities that voluntarily implemented sanctuary regulations, improved enforcement, and small discrete cohesive communities may have facilitated the process of building this community support. Well-enforced sanctuaries that showed an increase in abundance of target species may have contributed to the maintenance of fish yields in adjacent non-sanctuary areas. The effects of sanctuary implementation varied on a case-by-case basis, influenced by environmental, biological, physical and human factors. However, a combination of community support, management measures and enforcement of regulations contributed towards positive ecological trends in sanctuary areas.
Risk and Resiliency Factors Influencing Suicidality Among Urban African American and Latino Youth
Authors: O'Donnell Lydia , O'Donnell Carl , Wardlaw Dana Meritt , Stueve Ann
Published: February 2004

For decades, suicide rates among minority African American and Latino young people have been stable and, when compared with Whites, relatively low. This is no longer the case, underscoring the need for documenting and understanding the problem of suicidality in this population. We report on the prevalence and predictors of suicidality among 879 urban adolescents in the Reach for Health study. All youth resided in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods; 69% were African American, 16% Latino, and 15% reported mixed or other ethnicity. In the past year, 15% had seriously considered suicide; 13% had made a suicide plan, 11% had attempted suicide at least once, and 4% reported multiple attempts. Risk factors significantly related to suicidal ideation are being female, having basic needs unmet, engaging in same‐gender sex, and depression. Resiliency factors include family closeness and, marginally, religiosity. Risk factors related to reports of suicide attempts are being female, being Hispanic, and depression; family closeness is strong resiliency factor. Family composition, ethnic identity, coping style, peer support, and school attachment are not significant correlates of suicidal ideation or attempts.
DIAGNOSTICA 50 - Perspektiven für die Zukunft
Authors: Fahrenberg Jochen
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung. Aufbauend auf einer kritischen Analyse der Publikationsbeiträge der letzten Jahre werden Perspektiven für die Weiterentwicklung der Diagnostica abgeleitet. Es wird eine Dominanz von Publikationsbeiträgen, die sich auf Fragebogenverfahren beziehen, konstatiert. Ausgehend von einem modernen Begriff des Assessment wird ein Wunschkatalog abgeleitet und begründet, der sich auf eine breitere Darstellung des neuropsychologischen Assessments, moderner Verfahren der Verhaltensanalyse, computergestützer Verfahren der Textanalyse sowie der Interviewmethodik, des ambulanten Assessment und moderner Ansätze der Assessmentheorie, der Datenanalyse und er Software-Entwicklungen bezieht.
Ionospheric calibration of radar altimeters using GPS tomography
Authors: Ruffini G. , Cardellach E. , Flores A. , Cucurull L. , Rius A.
Published: February 2004

We compare TEC measurements from the NASA Radar Altimeter and DORIS instrument on board TOPEX/POSEIDON with GPS TEC estimates, and evaluate different GPS data analysis strategies. We verify that global tomographic GPS analysis using a voxel grid is well suited for ionospheric calibration of altimeters. We show that a 1‐day fit of 20‐second‐averaged NRA ionospheric correction data versus GPS tomographic TEC data has a bias of 3.4 TECU and a root mean square deviation of 3.2 TECU. Tomographic inversion using simulated data from the Parametrized Ionospheric Model highlights the strong correlation between GPS bias constants, electronic densities at the highest layer, and unmodeled protonospheric TEC. This suggests that GPS TEC estimates at the TOPEX/POSEIDON altitude are more accurate if the bias constants are estimated and if a layer above TOPEX/POSEIDON is added to the grid.
The effect of inplane force variations on a faulted elastic thin‐plate, Implications for rifted sedimentary basins
Authors: van Balen Ronald T. , Podladchikov Yury Y.
Published: February 2004

Studies of flexural motions of lithosphere commonly apply a differential equation based on the thin‐plate approach. In this approximation, the flexural response to a changing horizontal inplane force depends only on the curvature of the midplane of the thin‐plate representing the mechanical behaviour of the lithosphere. However, in cases where an abrupt change of the geometry of the lithosphere occurs the midplane of the thin‐plate is offset. We demonstrate that the combination of the offset with an inplane horizontal force produces an additional, rheology independent moment at the position of the geometry change. This effect has been overlooked by previous studies of lithosphere deflections, and thin‐plate problems in general. In the presented analysis, the thin‐plate with an abrupt change in plate geometry represents lithopshere with a mechanically healed, inactive fault. However, the derived analytical solutions are general and can be used to study problems with similar abrupt geometry changes.
P‐wave tomographic images in the Central Betics‐Alborán Sea (South Spain) using local earthquakes: Contribution for a continental collision
Authors: Serrano Inmaculada , Morales José , Zhao Dapeng , Torcal Federico , Vidal Francisco
Published: February 2004

To investigate the relationship between shallow and intermediate‐depth earthquakes and the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the Betic‐Cordillera and Alborán sea region, we have applied seismic tomography to 2569 P‐wave arrival times from 367 microearthquakes recorded by both permanent and temporary seismic stations deployed in the region. These earthquakes occurred in the depth range of 0 to 110 km beneath the Central Betic Cordilleras and Alborán sea. Our results have revealed significant structural heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle beneath the study area. In the upper crust there is a high‐velocity anomaly at Sierra Gorda (western boundary of the Granada basin) penetrating to 15 km depth, which is in good agreement with the aeromagnetic anomaly. In the Granada basin, a low‐velocity anomaly is located in the middle crust, which coincides with a previously detected greater cutoff depth of seismicity, and are considered to be associated with a highly fractured zone generated by an intracrustal detachment. The northern boundary of the Alborán sea (Málaga coast) is well imaged as low velocities from 50 to 90 km depths. This low‐velocity zone in the upper mantle is associated with the intermediate‐depth seismicity, which outline a section of continental crust related to the collision/subduction beneath the northern part of the Alborán sea‐southern part of the Central Betics.
ENSO modulates rainfall in the Mediterranean Californias
Authors: Pavía Edgar G. , Badan Antoine
Published: February 2004

A remarkable correlation is found between the total annual rainfall at Ensenada and the annual signal of the Southern Oscillation Index by suitably averaging their corresponding monthly series and dephasing the indices by four months. The result confirms the suspected dominant influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the interannual weather fluctuations of mid‐latitude mediterranean climates and shows that their strongest relationship lies close to the annual signal. Since a particularly strong El Niño developed in the Pacific, rainfall in the Ensenada to San Diego area has exceeded twice its long term average during the 1997–98 season. Similarly, as this event fades out, the 1998–99 rain season should be sligthly below normal, i.e. rainfall should be somewhat below half that of the previous year.
TIME‐GCM results for the quasi‐two‐day wave
Authors: Palo S. E. , Roble R. G. , Hagan M. E.
Published: February 2004

To understand how the quasi‐two‐day wave (QTDW) interacts with the mean flow and migrating tides we perturbed the lower boundary of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) to excite the QTDW. Results from our initial model runs, computed for a perpetual January 15th, show wave amplitudes in wind and temperature that are in qualitative agreement with previous model results and observations. The wave period and amplitude change over the duration of the model run and it is expected that this results from changes in the zonal mean zonal winds. Evidence supporting nonlinear interactions between the QTDW and the migrating tides is presented.
Chlorine isotopic composition of marine aerosols: Implications for the release of reactive chlorine and HCl cycling rates
Authors: Volpe Christopher , Wahlen Martin , Pszenny Alexander A. P. , Spivack Arthur J.
Published: February 2004

We have determined the elemental and the stable chlorine isotopic composition of size‐segregated aerosols collected in the marine boundary layer. All size fractions have chlorine deficiencies. Mid‐size aerosols are isotopically enriched in δ37Cl and contain significant quantities of non‐sea‐salt‐SO42− and NO3−. This is consistent with the acid displacement of HCl from the aerosols. Coarse aerosols tend to be isotopically depleted and have Cl deficiencies that are not charge balanced by MSA−, SO42− and NO3− with Cl volatilization by a different mechanism. The isotope systematics imply a fractionation factor, α, of 1.00306±0.0005 if the volatilization mechanism is first order with respect to Cl or 1.00280±0.0005 if the volatilization mechanism is zeroth order with respect to Cl. Our data are consistent with the efficient recycling of aerosol Cl through the gas phase.
Surface roughness on the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne laser altimetry
Authors: van der Veen C. J. , Krabill W. B. , Csatho B. M. , Bolzan J. F.
Published: February 2004

High resolution airborne laser altimetry is used to determine the small‐scale surface relief in central Greenland and estimate the contribution from spatial noise to stratigraphic records. The standard deviation of the surface roughness is 1.6 cm water equivalent, corresponding to a standard deviation of annual layer thickness of 2.3 cm we. This estimate agrees with an independent assessment of the spatial variability (2.5 cm we) based on nine shallow ice cores. The agreement suggests that the statistical nature of the surface in central Greenland remains unchanged throughout the year. By conducting airborne altimetry around proposed drilling sites, the expected noise level in the core can be evaluated and sites selected where this level is lowest.
An experimental trial to detect precursory slips by transmission waves across a fault
Authors: Iwasa Koji , Yoshioka Naoto
Published: February 2004

It is known that there is a slow stage of precursory slip prior to a dynamic rupture propagation. Thus it is expected that there should be some physical contrasts between before and after the precursory slip. To detect the contrasts, we performed an observatory experiment in which P‐ and S‐waves were transmitted across a fault in a double direct shear apparatus. Two types of experiments were made: first, Normal Stress Holding Test (NSHT), in which we focused on the effect of stationary contact time on transmission waves. Second, Shear Stress Increasing Test (SSIT), in which we measured local shear stresses in addition to transmission waves. In NSHT we observed increases in amplitude of transmission waves with the logarithm of stationary contact time. The change was several percent after about 3 hours contact. In SSIT we observed a significant increase in amplitude with a shear stress application until a stick‐slip occurred. It may be explained by a strengthening of asperity interlocking. However, the detailed mechanism of this phenomenon is uncertain. Further we found a little reduction of increasing rate of amplitude which corresponds to the local precursory slips. This reduction may be attributed to the reset of stationary contact time due to local slips and replacement of asperity contacts with smaller contact sizes.
Persistent cold climatic episodes around Greenland and Baffin Island: Links to decadal‐scale sea surface temperature anomalies
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey C. , Wang Chung‐Chieh , McHugh Maurice J.
Published: February 2004

Two unusually persistent cold episodes around Greenland and Baffin Island in 1971–1972 and 1982–1984 are described in terms of their severity, atmospheric circulation variability, and changes in sea surface conditions. The episodes are significant due to the sizeable station temperature departures, many exceeding one standard deviation, and their persistence. In both episodes unusually persistent cold pools of water developed in the northern Atlantic and intensified near Davis Strait close to the onset of the cold climatic events and then migrated out of the region as the episodes came to a close. Anomalous northerly surface air flow occurs in most months during the two episodes.
Estimating aggregation between suspended sediments and Frazil ice
Authors: Smedsrud Lars H.
Published: February 2004

This paper aims to describe the scavenging process, one of the main processes for incorporating sediments (particles) into sea ice. An experiment with suspended sediment and frazil ice in a homogeneous turbulent flow is presented. At the end sediment where incorporated into the surface grease ice. The ice production was constant, and calculated from the salinity measurements, while the turbulent dissipation rate was calculated from high resolution current measurements.

A model for aggregation between suspended sediment and frazil is also presented and used to simulate the experiment. The modelled aggregation process depends primarily on concentrations, on the turbulence levels, and on the (constant) radii of the sediments and ice.

Efficiency of the aggregation process is estimated from the model and experimental results, and the “aggregation” factor is found to be α ∼ 0.025. This is consistent with theoretical estimates, qualitative observations from laboratory experiments, and field data. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results does not depend greatly on uncertainty of model parameters.
Present‐day uplift patterns over Greenland from a coupled ice‐sheet/visco‐elastic bedrock model
Authors: Le Meur E. , Huybrechts P.
Published: February 2004

We present results from a fully coupled ice/ bedrock model calculation of the Greenland ice sheet and the underlying Earth during the last two glacial cycles. The method treats the mutual interaction between the ice and the bedrock and yields the main glacial‐isostatic characteristics of the ice‐sheet evolution and the bedrock adjustment since the Last Glacial Maximum. By taking advantage of the splitting of the present‐day rate of bed uplift into a viscous and an elastic component, these results allow one to distinguish between the bedrock response to the past and present ice sheet evolution, respectively.
Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate variability
Authors: Rajagopalan Balaji , Kushnir Yochanan , Tourre Yves M.
Published: February 2004

Two common indicators of Atlantic climate variability, viz., the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and the cross‐intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, are examined for their frequency characteristics and, midlatitude‐tropical links. SST anomalies north and south of the ITCZ are found to be uncorrelated on all time scales, while the sea level pressure (SLP) fluctuations associated with the NAO display a coherent seesaw between Iceland and the Azores. This out‐of‐phase relationship spans a broad range of time scales, but is particularly strong in the 5–10 year period band. Strong, broadband coherence between the NAO and the tropical Atlantic cross‐ITCZ SST difference is found in the 8–20 year period band, suggesting a significant midlatitude‐tropical interaction. Moreover, tropical Atlantic SSTs on both sides of the ITCZ, separately, exhibit significant coherence with the NAO index and SLP variability over Iceland and the Azores. Based on these findings we hypothesize that the tropical Atlantic (TA) ocean‐atmosphere interaction is affecting North Atlantic climate variability.
Equatorial 150‐km irregularities observed at Pohnpei
Authors: Kudeki Erhan , Fawcett Clinton D. , Ecklund Warner L. , Johnston Paul E. , Franke Steven J.
Published: February 2004

First observations of meter‐scale equatorial 150‐km plasma irregularities outside the American longitude sector are reported. The observations conducted at Pohnpei (western Pacific) with a wind profiling ST radar demonstrate the feasibility of making ionospheric electric field measurements with low cost instruments and also reveal a potentially important anisotropy in the angular distribution of 150‐km VHF radar echoes.
Evidence of heterogeneous bromine chemistry on cold stratospheric sulphate aerosols
Authors: Erle F. , Grendel A. , Perner D. , Platt U. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: February 2004

Simultaneous detection of BrO and unexpectedly elevated OClO total columns outside the polar vortex are reported. The 10‐day backward trajectories show that the observed halogen activated air masses were not recently extruded from the vortex, or processed by PSCs formed outside the vortex. 1‐D photochemical model calculations indicate that for the probed conditions, detectable amounts of OClO can only be formed when heterogeneous activation of BrONO2 (and to a much lesser extent HOBr) on moderately cold (200–210 K) sulphuric acid aerosol particles is taken into account. The inclusion of these heterogeneous reactions has only a small effect on the observed concentrations of bromine oxide (BrO), it increases, however, the amount of OClO by a factor of 2.
Heterogeneous reactions of Cl2 with sea salts at ambient temperature: Implications for halogen exchange in the atmosphere
Authors: Mochida M. , Hirokawa J. , Kajii Y. , Akimoto H.
Published: February 2004

Laboratory measurements of heterogeneous reactions of Cl2(g) on solid sea salts at ambient temperature and low relative humidity have been carried out using a Knudsen cell reactor. Synthetic sea salt and commercial natural sea salt are used to represent sea salt particles. The uptake probabilities for synthetic sea salt (γ = (2.2 ± 0.3) × 10−2) and for natural salt (γ = (3.1 ± 1.1) × 10−2) have been obtained and Br2 is observed as the predominant product. The heterogeneous reactions of Cl2 with solid pure NaBr and KBr: 1/2Cl2(g) + MBr(s) → MCl(s) + 1/2Br2(g) (M = Na, K), have been investigated. These results show that synthetic and natural salts have a similar extent of reactivity compared with solid pure bromides in spite of their small Br fraction. These reactions are expected to be an important Cl2 sink and Br2 source in the marine boundary layer.
Aeromagnetic evidence for a volcanic caldera(?) Complex beneath the divide of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Behrendt John C. , Finn Carol A. , Blankenship Donald , Bell Robin E.
Published: February 2004

A 1995–96 aeromagnetic survey over part of the Sinuous Ridge (SR) beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) divide shows a 70‐km diameter circular pattern of 400–1200‐nT anomalies suggesting one of the largest volcanic caldera(?) complexes on earth. Radar‐ice‐sounding (RIS) shows the northern part of this pattern overlies the SR, and extends south over the Bentley Subglacial Trench (BST). Modeled sources of all but one the caldera(?) anomalies are at the base of <1–2‐km thick ice and their volcanic edifices have been glacially removed. The exception is a 700‐m high, 15‐km wide "volcano" producing an 800‐nT anomaly over the BST. “Intrusion” of this “volcano” beneath 3 km of ice probably resulted in pillow basalt rather than easily removed hyaloclastite erupted beneath thinner ice. The background area (−300 to −500‐nT) surrounding the caldera(?) is possibly caused by a shallow Curie isotherm. We suggest uplift of the SR forced the advance of the WAIS.
Degassing explosions at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Lees Jonathan M. , Gordeev Evgenii I.
Published: February 2004

During the summer of 1997, Karymsky Volcano produced summit explosions about six times each hour. Typical explosive episodes lasted between 30 seconds and three minutes, produced gas and ash columns several hundred meters high, and ejected some incandescent material. To better understand the physical source mechanisms responsible, we recorded hundreds of explosions with a three component broad‐band seismometer and microphone located 1650 meters from the active vent. Nearly every explosion is recorded as an emergent yet identical seismic wavelet which is followed 4.15 s later by an impulsive acoustic arrival. We interpret the signals as a near‐surface gas volume burst which fractures the vent ‘plug,’ lowers the lithostatic pressure within the magma column, and often induces further degassing. When degassing continues, it is generally manifested as either a series of regular one second ‘chugging’ explosions, steady higher frequency ‘jetting’, or a hybrid combination. We believe that the seismic signature for ‘chugs,’ short duration harmonic tremor with integer overtones, is the result of repeated gas volume bursts at the vent. In contrast, seismograms for jetting are non‐harmonic and contain higher frequencies. We believe that the competing degassing behaviors are influenced by the gas flux as well as the plug/conduit characteristics. We propose that a plug exists due to a viscosity gradient caused by volatile depletion in the upper conduit.
Mapping the Moho beneath the Southern Urals with wide‐angle reflections
Authors: Carbonell R. , Lecerf D. , Itzin M. , Gallart J. , Brown D.
Published: February 2004

A stack of the wide‐angle reflection/refraction component of the URSEIS‐95 experiment provides the first well‐resolved imaged of the Moho beneath the southern Urals. The processing consisted of low pass filter (0–6 Hz), CMP sorting, and a NMO correction without stretch. The PmP phase, a very narrow band and low frequency (up to 6 Hz) wavelet, changes character from west to east along the transect. In the depth converted section, the Moho reaches a maximum depth of 53±2 km beneath the Magnitogorsk arc. Thickness estimates determined from high amplitudes at near critical distances also support a 53 km thick crust. A selective offset stack consisting of traces at 150–250 km offset indicate an undulating, irregular Moho, suggesting either strong lateral velocity variations or high topographic relief beneath the Magnitogorsk arc.
Control of Jovian radio emission by Ganymede
Authors: Menietti J. D. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Groene J. B.
Published: February 2004

Galileo has been in orbit around Jupiter since December 1995. We present the results of a survey of the data for the frequency range 3.2 MHz to 5.6 MHz, the low‐frequency decametric (DAM) emissions. While the control of a portion of the radio emission by the moon Io is well‐known, we report that a small but significant portion of low‐frequency DAM emission is seen to be correlated with the orbital phase of Ganymede. This result is in agreement with other recent results indicating a significant interaction of the magnetosphere of Ganymede with that of Jupiter.
Evidence of a dyke‐sheet intrusion at Stromboli Volcano Inferred through continuous tilt
Authors: Bonaccorso Alessandro
Published: February 2004

A tiltmeter, installed in the northern sector of the island of Stromboli (Aeolian archipelago, Tyrrhenian Sea), recorded a co‐seismic offset at the time of the main shock (ML 3.7) of the 7 November, 1994 swarm located 5 km north of the island. During the three months following this event a transient tilt anomaly, which was interpreted as due to a lateral intrusion and modelled through a dyke‐sheet dislocation, was recorded. The tilt data were used in an analytical inversion based on a propagating tensile source with length and width increasing in time. The final result is consistent with the tectonic and structural framework of the volcano area.
Excitation of Earth‐ionosphere cavity resonances by sprite‐associated lightning flashes
Authors: Füllekrug Martin , Reising Steven C.
Published: February 2004

Simultaneously recorded discrete excitations of Earth‐ionosphere cavity resonances at Silberborn, Germany, and Hollister, California, ∼9.1 Mm apart, are used to triangulate source locations of lightning flashes in the continental United States with an accuracy of ∼0.8 Mm, as verified by the National Lightning Detection Network. The identified lightning flashes are mainly associated with positive cloud‐to‐ground discharges with first return stroke peak currents ∼20–70 kA. 80% of these particular lightning flashes are associated with sprites, as verified by simultaneous low‐light level TV camera observations at Yucca Ridge, Colorado. This high probability of sprite detection is attributed to particularly large cloud‐to‐ground lightning currents, simultaneously exciting both Earth‐ionosphere cavity resonances and sprites.
Forecast update for activity cycle 23 from a dynamo‐based method
Authors: Sofia Sabatino , Fox Peter , Schatten Kenneth
Published: February 2004

In this paper we update a prediction of the solar activity for cycle 23 on the basis of a general framework derived from simple dynamo considerations. We estimate an expected maximum smoothed International Sunspot Number of 143±30, or a smoothed 2800 MHz radio flux (F10.7) of 190±30×10−22 Watts/m²/Hz. These values should allow us to test the reliability of the various forecasting methods.
Ozone loss rates in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter 1991/92: Model calculations compared with match results
Authors: Becker Gaby , Müller Rolf , McKenna Daniel S. , Rex Markus , Carslaw Kenneth S.
Published: February 2004

We present box model calculations of ozone loss rates corresponding to the results of the Match experiment 1991/92. The Match technique infers chemical ozone depletion from an analysis of pairs of balloon soundings that measure ozone in the same airparcel at different points of a calculated trajectory. It allows a quantitative comparison with model results because the exposure of the observed air‐masses to sunlight is well known. The model significantly underestimates the loss rates inferred for January to mid‐February. Extensive sensitivity studies show that the discrepancy between model and Match results cannot be explained by the known uncertainties in the model parameters.
The distribution of solar energy at the Earth's surface as calculated in the ECMWF re‐analysis
Authors: Wild Martin , Ohmura Atsumu , Gilgen Hans , Morcrette Jean‐Jacques
Published: February 2004

Knowledge of the distribution of solar energy at the earth's surface is required for various practical and theoretical purposes. The solar fluxes calculated in Re‐Analysis projects are promising since their radiative transfer calculations take into account the best current estimates of the humidity and temperature structure in the atmosphere. The present study assesses the quality of the insolation climatology of the ECMWF Re‐Analysis (ERA) using a comprehensive set of surface observations. It is shown that the ERA surface insolation climatology is in good agreement with more than 700 long‐term monitoring sites. The biases are substantially smaller than generally found in GCMs, which typically overestimate the surface insolation due to an underestimated atmospheric shortwave absorption. Contributing to the quality of the ERA insolation climatology is not only the realistic structure of the overlying atmosphere, but also the accurate performance of the radiation scheme under clear‐sky conditions. This is shown in off‐line calculations with the ERA radiation scheme using prescribed atmospheric profiles from radiosondes as input. Overall, the paper suggests that the ERA reproduces the global distribution of solar energy at the surface with considerable skill and that the ERA insolation climatology may be useful for various applications.
Characteristics of the atmospheric state and the surface radiation budget at the tropical western Pacific ARM Site
Authors: Mather James H. , Ackerman Thomas P. , Jensen Michael P. , Clements William E.
Published: February 2004

The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program has been operating a radiation and cloud observing station in the tropical western Pacific (TWP) since October, 1996. This station includes instruments for measuring the surface radiation budget, characteristics of the atmospheric column that affect that budget, and surface meteorological parameters. Our purpose here is both to introduce some of the fundamental characteristics of the tropical western Pacific region and to show some interesting properties of the data that have emerged from our analyses thus far. The column concentration of water vapor is very high in this region and dominates the downward flux of infrared at the surface. For shortwave radiation, clouds dominate the surface budget. We have compared the surface shortwave cloud forcing from the ARM site with previous observations from this region. Finally, we have examined the vertical distribution of clouds in periods of active and suppressed convection and find interesting contrasts between these regimes.