bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil nitrate N as influenced by annually undersown cover crops in spring cereals
Authors: KÄNKÄNEN H. , ERIKSSON C. , RÄKKÖLÄINEN M.
Published: July 2018

Cover crops can reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotations and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops. In Finland, undersowing is a suitable method for establishing cover crops in cereals. The effect of annual undersowing on soil nitrate N was studied at two sites. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), a mixture of red clover and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) were undersown in spring cereals during six successive seasons, and a pure stand of cereal was grown in two years after that. In all years, the soil nitrate N was measured in late autumn, and in addition in different times of the season in last four years. The effect of undersowing on soil NO3-N content was generally low, but in one season when conditions favoured high N leaching, westerwold ryegrass decreased soil NO3-N. The negligible increase of N leaching risk in connection with undersowing clovers, associated with late autumn ploughing, supports the use of clovers to increase the cereal grain yield. The highest levels of soil NO3-N were recorded at sowing in spring irrespective of whether a crop was undersown or not. NO3-N contents were higher in sandy soil than in silt. Undersowing can be done annually in cereal cultivation either to fix or catch N. No cumulative effects on soil nitrate N were associated with undersowing after six years.;
Red clover grown in a mixture with grasses : yield, persistence and dynamics of quality characteristics
Authors: MELA T.
Published: July 2018

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was grown in mixtures with timothy and meadow fescue in field experiments at four sites in Finland to broaden knowledge on its potential as a forage crop. The effects of cutting frequency, nitrogen fertilization in the spring and sward density were investigated. Forage yield quality was analyzed using standard methods. Red clover produced well in all swards during the two first seasons. In the third summer the proportion of red clover was greatly diminished except on sandy soil at the northernmost locality (64°40'N) where it remained productive. Linear regression adequately described the dependence of crude fibre content and crude protein content in dry matter of the primary growth and regrowth, both of red clover and grass, on accumulated temperature sum. The contents of P, K, Ca and Mg in clover and grass are given as a function of accumulated temperature to describe their changes during crop growth. The results give new knowledge about possibilities to grow red clover in the northern livestock region of Finland. They proved that soil type is more important for good persistence of red clover than latitude.
DNA markers for Typhula resistance in timothy (Phleum pratense L.)
Authors: Tanhuanpää Pirjo , Isolahti Mika , Oiva Nissinen , Manninen Outi
Published: July 2018

The objective of the study was to find DNA markers associated with resistance to Typhula ishikariensis in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) using bulked-segregant analysis. A progeny of 161 F1 individuals was created by crossing the Finnish resistant cultivar Tammisto II with the Japanese susceptible cultivar Nosappu. Six to ten clones of each F1 individual were tested for resistance in the greenhouse, and a survival index, which was based both on survival and the ability of plants to recover, was calculated for each F1 to describe resistance. Resistant and susceptible bulks of eight individuals in each were screened with a total of 292 primer combinations. Six DNA markers were found to be associated with resistance, together explaining 15% of phenotypic variation in Typhula resistance. Four of the markers formed one linkage group, which contained a QTL explaining 7% of the variation in Typhula resistance.
The effect of different tillage-fertilization practices on the mycoflora of wheat grains
Authors: SUPRONIENE S. , MANKEVICIENE A. , KADZIENE G.
Published: July 2018

A two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during the period 2005-2008. The influence of different tillage and fertilization practices on wheat grain fungal contamination was evaluated. Grain surface contamination and internal grain infection with fungi were quantified using agar tests. Purified colonies were identified using different manuals. A total of 16 fungal genera were identified in spring and winter wheat grains. Alternaria infected 46.3% - 99.9%, Cladosporium 26.9% - 77.8%, Fusarium 0.9% - 37.1%, Penicillium 1.3% - 2.5% of grains tested. Winter wheat grain surface contamination by fungi ranged from 7.2 × 103 to 24.8 × 103 of colony forming units per g of grain (cfu g-1), spring wheat from 14.8 × 103 to 80.3 × 103 cfu g-1. No-tillage increased winter wheat grain infection by Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium species and total count of cfu g-1 on spring wheat grain surface. High fertilizer rates resulted in an increase in spring wheat grain infection by Fusarium and Penicillium species and total count of cfu g-1 on both spring and winter wheat grain surface.;
Production and utilization of ensiled forages by beef cattle, dairy cows, pregnant ewes and finishing lambs - A review
Authors: Keady Tim , Hanrahan Seamus , Marley Christina , Scollan Nigel David
Published: July 2018

This paper reviews the production of, and factors affecting the performance of dairy cows, beef cattle and sheep offered silage based diets in Ireland and UK. Digestibility is the most important factor influencing the feed value of grass silage and consequently animal performance. Each 10 g kg-1 increase in digestive organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) increases milk yield of dairy cows by 0.33 kg d-1, carcass gain of beef cattle by 23.8 g d-1 , carcass gain of finishing lambs by 9.3 g d-1, lamb birth weight by 52.3 g and ewe weight post lambing by 1.3 kg, respectively. Factors influencing feed value of grass silage are discussed including harvest date, wilting, fertilizer management, chop length and use of additives at ensiling. Maize silage increases the performance of cattle and sheep whilst whole crop wheat silage has no beneficial effect. Advances in silage technology, has enabled the ensiling high protein forages, such as red clover, lucerne and kale.
Myyräojituksesta ja sen käyttömahdollisuuksista Suomessa
Authors: Juusela Taneli
Published: July 2018

Myyräojitusta on Englannissa käytetty tiiliputkiojituksen ohella yleisesti jo tämän vuosisadan alusta lukien. Mielenkiinto tätä ojitustapaa kohtaan on aikaisemmista osittain epäonnistuneista kokeiluista huolimatta viime vuosina uudelleen elpynyt myös Pohjoismaissa. Suunnitelmallisen koetoiminnan avulla pyritään nyt lähinnä selvittämään myyräojituksen käyttömahdollisuuksia sellaisilla huonosti vettä läpäisevillä tiiviillä savimailla, joilla tavanmukainen tiiliputkisalaojitus ei saatujen kokemusten mukaan aikaansaa tasaista ja riittävän tehokasta kuivatusvaikutusta.
Preliminary study of the relationships between the blood mineral composition of dairy cows and the milk and milk fat yield simultaneously obtained
Authors: Saarinen P.
Published: July 2018

A preliminary study of the relationships between the blood mineral composition and the simultaneous milk and milk fat yield was made on the basis of 217 blood and milk samples. The effects of blood sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, phosphorus, Na/K and Ca/P ratios and the excess of cations in the blood were investigated separately. The inorganic cations, except potassium, appeared to show in general a positive influence and the inorganic anions a negative influence on the milk and milk fat yields. Some of the relationships noticed in this study might indicate actual effects of blood minerals on milk secretion. Some others, however, might be secondary, and possibly related to variations in hormonal control. The fluctuations in blood potassium and blood Na/K ratio, for example, might primarily indicate the efficiency of adrenal and renal function.
Mahdollisuuksista tuottaa sokerijuurikkaan siementä kasvupaikallaan talvehtineista juurikkaista Suomessa
Authors: Paatela Juhani , Eskola Helvi , Mantere Martti
Published: July 2018

Käsillä olevassa julkaisussa on esitetty päätulokset niistä sokerijuurikkaan talvehtimiskokeista, jotka on perustettu Suomen Raakasokeritehdas Osakeyhtiön toimesta vuonna 1950 Saloon ja v. 1951 Saloon sekä Jokioisiin, ja joiden kokeiden tarkoituksena on ollut selvitellä, voidaanko Suomessa tuottaa sokerijuurikkaan siementä kasvupaikallaan talvehtineista juurikkaista. Näiden alustavien kokeiden perusteella saadut päätulokset esitetään seuraavassa tiivistetyssä muodossa. Vuosina 1950/51 ja 1951/52 saatujen, tosin vähäisten kokemusten mukaan näyttää siltä, että Lounais-Suomessa on ainakin sääoloiltaan edullisina vuosina mahdollisuuksia tuottaa sokerijuurikkaan siementä kasvupaikallaan talvehtineista juurikkaista, kunhan talvehtimiseen vaikuttavien seikkojen merkitys saadaan riittävästi selvitetyksi. Tärkein viljelyteknillinen tekijä sokerijuurikkaan talvehtimisen varmentamiseksi on ollut oikeaan aikaan suoritettu kylvö. Parhaiten ovat kaikissa neljässä kokeessa talvehtineet juurikkaat, joiden keskimääräinen läpimitta on ollut noin 2 cm. Halkaisijan kasvaessa kolmeen ja neljään cm:iin on talvehtiminen yleensä ollut varsin selvästi huonompi, samoin myös juurikkaan läpimitan jäädessä kovin pieneksi, alle 0.5 cm. Parhaiten talvehtineiden kasvustojen keskimääräiset talvehtimisprosentit ovat vaihdelleet 66—84 %, huonoimmin talvehtineiden kasvustojen 46—66 % (huomioon ottamatta Jokioisten koetta, jossa juurikkaiden läpimitta 1. ja 2. kylvön ruuduissa oli lähinnä harventamisen vuoksi kokonaista 4—7 cm ja jossa harventaminen on saattanut vaikuttaa heikentävästi talvehtimiseen). Kun huonoimmin talvehtineista kasvustoistakaan ei ole tuhoutunut kuin keskimäärin noin tai lähes puolet, niistä on saatu selvästi parempia siemensatoja (n. 2 600—2 700 kg/ha) kuin parhaiten talvehtineista kasvustoista (n. 2 200 kg/ha), joiden talvehtimisprosentti on ollut noin 75. Multaus on jossain määrin parantanut huonoimmin talvehtineiden suurimpien juurikkaiden talvehtimista, mutta alentanut pienimpien juurikkaiden talvehtimisprosenttia. Satotuloksiin multaus sen sijaan on kaikissa tapauksissa, ja nimenomaan pienimpien juurikkaiden kohdalla, vaikuttanut yleensä erittäin haitallisesti siitä huolimatta, että liika maa haravoitiin mullattujen juurikkaiden päältä keväällä ja että ne lannoitettiin salpietarilla. Siemensadon laatu, lähinnä itävyys on ollut v. 1951 varsin tyydyttävä (74— 93 %), v. 1952 sen sijaan poikkeuksellisen epäedullisten sääolojen vuoksi huono (47—60 %, Jokioisissa vain 9—14 %). Sokerijuurikkaan talvehtimiskokeita jatkettaessa on tarkoitus kiinnittää päähuomio niiden seikkojen selvittelyyn, jotka ratkaisevimmin vaikuttavat talvehtimiseen sekä juurikkaista saatavaan siemensatoon ja sen laatuun. Näistä lienevät kylvöaika, kylvömäärä, käytettävä kanta, lannoitus, maan kosteusolot ja kasvukunto yleensä, sekä multaus tärkeimmät.
Solanum tuberosum L. ja S. demissum Lindl.-lajien välisten risteytysten F1-polvessa ilmenneestä kasvullisesta muuntelusta
Authors: Laurila Kaiho
Published: July 2018

Yliopiston kasvipatologian laitoksessa kesällä 1947 suoritettujen perunan lajiristeytysten Solanum demissum LINDL. X S. tuberosum L. (Ruusulehti) ja S. tuberosum (Tammiston aikainen) x S. demissum F1-hybridiaineistossa on vuosina 1950—53 todettu runsaasti kloonien sisäistä muuntelua. Ensinmainitun lajiristeytyksen F1-hybridiyksilöstä on vuosina 1948—50, jolloin siitä oli kasvatettu yhteensä vain 28 yksilöä, syntynyt vegetatiivisesti kolme uutta kloonia. Viimeksi mainitun lajiristeytyksen erilaisten kloonien luku, joka v. 1948 oli 9 (9 yksilöä), oli lisääntynyt vuoteen 1951 mennessä 48:ksi, vaikka siitä siihen mennessä oli kasvatettu vain 545 yksilöä. Muuntelua on ilmennyt mukulan kuoren-, kukkien- ja varsiston antosyanivärissä, lehtevyydessä, satosuudessa, mukulain kuiva-ainepitoisuudessa ja varsiston kylmänkestävyydessä. Samanaikaisesti ei mittarilajikkeessa (Aquila) ole todettu minkäänlaista muuntelua.
Tyttärien karjojen tuotantotason vaikutuksesta sonnien maidontuotantoarvoihin
Authors: Suvenvuo K. G.
Published: July 2018

Edellä on haluttu kiinnittää huomiota erilaisten ruokintaolosuhteiden vaikutukseen sonnien tyttärien maitotuotoksiin ja nykyistä jälkeläisarvostelumenetelmää käyttäen myös sonnien maidontuotantoarvoihin. Jos sonnit luokitellaan GiFFORDin kaavan antamien absoluuttisten tuotosten perusteella ilman, että myös maitotuotosten suhteellisiin arvoihin kiinnitetään huomiota, joudutaan helposti virheelliseen arvojärjestykseen. Suhteellisten maitotuotosten huomioon ottaminen selventää jälkeläisarvostelun tulosta, mutta varmemman käsityksen siitä saa vasta, kun sonnin tyttäret ryhmitetään karjojensa keskiarvotuotosten perusteella ja jokaisessa näin muodostuneessa osaryhmässä erikseen tarkastellaan maitotuotosten absoluuttisia ja suhteellisia arvoja.
Availability for plants of phosphorus in some virgin peat samples
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The availability to plants of native peat phosphorus was studied by chemical methods and by a pot experiment in which three successive oat crops were grown with peat as the only source of phosphorus. The eight samples were collected from virgin peat lands. They were air-dried and ground. The samples were found to represent three different types of phosphorus condition: the first group contained relatively high amounts of inorganic phosphorus which was fairly easily available; the second group had a very high capacity to fix phosphorus which made its high quantity of inorganic phosphorus difficultly available; the third group was very poor in total and inorganic phosphorus but the latter was easily soluble and available to plants. On the basis of the capacity and intensity factors determined according to the method by Teräsvuori and also on the basis of inorganic phosphorus extractable by water fairly reliable predictions could be made of the mutual order of the samples as phosphorus supplyer to the plants in the pot experiment. In an incubation experiment at 27°C the amounts of organic phosphorus mineralized during the period of four months were in some of the samples quite marked, even 40 mg/l, and in most of the samples they corresponded to 5 to 15 per cent of the organic phosphorus. The amounts of phosphorus taken up by the oat crops under the favourable conditions of the pot experiment varied from 11 to 60 mg/l or from 20 to 120 kg/ha.
Nautakarjan kivennäisaineiden syönnistä laitumella. I
Authors: Uotila Irja
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin lypsylehmien ja hiehojen kivennäisaineitten vapaaehtoista syöntiä laidunruokinnalla. Lehmillä suoritettiin kaksi koetta, 30 päivän (koe I) ja 75 päivän (koe II) pituiset. Kokeessa I saivat lehmät laitumella vapaasti erikseen rehusuolaseosta I ja ruokasuolaa, joita ne söivät edellistä keskimäärin 35 g/p ja jälkimmäistä 30 g/p eläintä kohti, saaden tällöin Ca 9.5 g/p, P 3.0 g/p ja NaCl 31 g/p. Kokeessa II oli lehmillä tarjolla rehusuolaseosta I, rehusuolaseosta II, magnesiaseosta, luujauhoja ja ruokasuolaa. Lehmät söivät kolmea ensiksimainittua suunnilleen samaa tasoa olevia määriä (keskimäärin 10 g, 14 g, 10 g/p eläintä kohti). Niiden yhteismäärä vastaa jokseenkin kokeessa I rehusuolaseoksen I, joka oli ainoana seoksena, kulutusta. Rehuluujauhoja söivät eläimet edellisiä halukkaammin (keskimäärin 42 g/p eläintä kohti). Erityisen halukkaasti ne söivät niitä ensimmäisen 30 p:n koejakson aikana, osittain ehkä jonkun kivennäisaineen vajauksen vuoksi taikka osittain ehkä uutuuttaan. Kokeeseen I verrattuna söivät lehmät kokeessa II luujauhot ylimääräisenä määränä, mistä johtuen ovat syödyt Ca- ja P-määrät (20.7 g/p ja 8.6 g/p eläintä kohti) kokeessa II yli kaksinkertaiset. Luujauhot ovat sopivia kivennäisainelisäksi laidunruokinnalla. Ruokasuolan kulutus oli hieman suurempi kokeessa II (38 g/p), kuin kokeessa I (31 g/p). Magnesiumia söivät lehmät magnesiaseoksen magnesiumkarbonaattilisässä keskimäärin 0.23 g/p ja luujauhoissa 0.31 g/p. (Dolomiitti sisältää myös Mg). Laidunhalvausta ei esiintynyt karjassa kokeen aikana, eikä myöskään ennen Mg-lisän antamista. Hiehoilla suoritettu koe oli 40 päivän pituinen. Niille oli tarjolla rehusuolaseosta I, rehuluujauhoja ja ruokasuolaa. Rehusuolaseosta I eivät hiehot syöneet tuskin ollenkaan (3 g/p eläintä kohti). Sensijaan luujauhoa ne söivät erittäin halukkaasti (78 g/p eläintä kohti). Myös ruokasuolaa ne söivät runsaasti (52 g/p eläintä kohti). Syöty Ca-määrä oli 23.2 g/p ja P 10.8 g/p eläintä kohti. Määrät ovat suuremmat kuin lypsylehmien kummassakaan kokeessa keskimäärin syömät määrät. Se johtuu ilmeisesti toisaalta siitä, että hiehojen syömä laidunrehumäärä on pienempi kuin täysikasvuisen lehmän, jolloin rehussa saamat kivennäismäärät jäävät vähäisemmiksi ja toisaalta siitä, että kasvavan hiehon kivennäisaineitten tarve on verrattain suuri tiineyden loppupuolella. Luujauhot ovat hiehoille sopivia kivennäisainelisäksi laitumella.
Effect of various kinds of phosphorus fertilizers on a peat soil
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Results are reported from a field trial on acid fen peat soil in which the effects of superphosphate and ground soft rock phosphate were compared as annual surface dressing on an old timothy ley. Until 1948 basic slag was used instead of rock phosphate; since that rock phosphate had been applied for ten years. Owing to the large variation in the results from the replicate plots the differences in the phosphorus conditions between the various treatments were less distinct than could have been expected. The accumulation of phosphorus quite in the surface layer was demonstrated. The hay yield produced by the annual dressing with 100 kg/ha of superphosphate in 1957 was equal to that produced by 130 kg/ha of rock phosphate. Also the yields from the treatments with 200 kg/ha of superphosphate or 260 kg/ha of rock phosphate were equal in size, but a significant difference was found in the phosphorus content of hay. In the superphosphate plots the P-content was about 0.21—0.23 per cent of dry matter, whereas in the rock phosphate plots only 0.14—0.15 per cent P in the dry matter was found.
Peat as a source of nitrogen for plants in pot culture
Authors: Kivinen Erkki , Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Results are reported of a pot experiment in which four successive oat crops were grown with peat as the only source of nitrogen. Eight samples from virgin peat lands representing different land qualities were used. The samples were air-dried and ground which is known to increase markedly the amount of ammonium nitrogen in peat. Some data from incubation experiments were compared with the uptake of peat nitrogen by plants. The results did not agree with the earlier conception that the Carex-peats are superior to the Sphagnum-peats, particularly in regard to the availability of peat nitrogen. Under the conditions of pot culture and incubation experiments some of the fairly poor Carex-Sphagnum peats were markedly better as supplyers of nitrogen to the plants than were e.g. samples of Bryales-Carex peat and eutrophic Sphagnum-Carex peat of the present study. The uptake of nitrogen by plants from the peat samples was often lower than the amounts of mineral nitrogen accumulated in short-time incubation experiments. The possible reasons for this discrepance was discussed. It was pointed out that in pot experiments these air-dried and ground peat proved to produce higher yields without phosphorus fertilizers than without application of nitrogen, at least in the first year.
Kokeita automaattiruokinnan järjestämiseksi meijerisikalassa. II
Authors: Saarinen P. , Syrjänen E. , Hyvärinen Vuokko
Published: July 2018

Meijerien Keskusosuusliike Valion Ylitornion meijerin sikalassa suoritetuissa toisen vuoden ruokintakokeissa, joissa oli verrattavana a) perusrehu ynnä tuore hera, b) perusrehu + kaurankuorijauholisä ynnä tuore hera sekä c) perusrehu ynnä kuivattu hera, saatiin seuraavat tulokset. Kun kuivarehuseoksen raakakuitupitoisuus nostettiin 6.9 %:sta 9.2 %:iin lisäämällä 40 kilon elopainorajasta alkaen perusrehuun 10 % kaurankuorijauhoja, tämä toimenpide ei pienentänyt kuivarehun eikä lisännyt heran kulutusta. Seurauksena oli jonkinverran pienempi lisäkasvu ja suurempi suhteellinen rehunkulutus kuin vertailuryhmällä. Osittain tämä tulos voi johtua siitä, että heran kulutus jäi tässä kokeessa odotettua pienemmäksi eli vain noin 1200 kiloon eläintä kohden. Kun tuoreen heran sijasta käytettiin kuivattua heraa 50 % kuivarehuseoksessa, niin kokeen alkuvaiheessa 45 kg:n elopainorajaan saakka kuivatulla heralla näytti olevan kasvunopeuteen ja rehun hyväksikäyttöön edullisia vaikutuksia tuoreeseen heraan verrattuna. Suuremmille sioille syötettynä kuivattu hera taas osoittautui eläinten kasvunopeuden nojalla arvostellen vähemmän edulliseksi, mutta tällöinkin kuivatulla heralla saavutettiin kuitenkin käytettyä ry:ä kohden keskimäärin suhteellisesti parempi tuotantovaikutus kuin tuoreella heralla.
Pensasmustikan viljelyä haittaavista tekijöistä Suomessa
Authors: Hårdh J. E.
Published: July 2018

Pensasmustikassa todettiin vuosina 1957 ja 1958 runsaasti talvivaurioita. Lievimmin vioittunut oli Rancocas-lajike, joka runsassatoisena on oloihimme parhaiten soveltuva lajike. Pensasmustikan viljely on varminta maan eteläisellä rannikkoseudulla. Myös pohjoisemmassa saattaa kasvi menestyä, mutta marjojen valmistuminen on siellä epävarmaa. Maassamme ilmenee pensasmustikassa versosyöpätautia, jonka aiheuttaja on Fusicoccum putrefaciens Shear. Jersey-lajikkeessa esiintyy tautia runsaimmin, kun taas Rancocas ja Rubel ovat suhteellisen kestäviä. Tauti vähenee, jos sairaat versot poistetaan ja pensaita ruiskutetaan syksyllä. Myöhään syksyllä ilmaantuu lehtiin Botrytis cinerea Pers.:n aiheuttamia ruskeita laikkuja. Niitä on eniten Burlington-, HBS 109-, June- ja Stanley-lajikkeissa. Taudilla ei liene merkitystä sen myöhäisen ilmaantumisen vuoksi. June-lajikkeessa on todettu virustaudin kaltaista vikaa, joka oireiltaan poikkeaa muissa maissa todetuista pensasmustikan virustaudeista. Pensasmustikan tuhoeläimiä maassamme ovat vesimyyrä (Arvicola terrestris L.), tupsutoukkakehrääjän (Orgyia antiqua L.) toukka sekä Doralis sp. -kirva.
Digestibility of brewers’ grains by swine
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Jahkola Berit
Published: July 2018

The digestion experiment was made with two young pigs. The Cr2O3 ratio technique was used. The diet consisted of 4.4 kg wet brewers' grains and 6 kg skim-milk per day per animal. The components of the latter food were presumed to be completely digestible. For the components of the brewers' grains the following average digestibility percentages were obtained: organic matter 43.3; crude protein 58.9; N-free organic matter 38.9; membrane substances 7.8; valuable N-free substances 59.7. According to different food tables the digestibility of the crude protein of brewers' grains is in ruminants 68—73 %, and the corresponding figure for N-free organic matter 59—69. Comparison of the figures presented gives evidence of the inferiority of swine in making use of brewers’ grains.
Ophiobolus graminis sacc. todettu maassamme kevätvehnässä
Authors: Ikäheimo Katri
Published: July 2018

Syksyllä 1958 Uudellamaalla kerätyistä kevätvehnänäytteistä, jotka useimmat kahutähkäisiä, määritettiin tyvitaudin aiheuttajaksi Ophiobolus graminis Sacc. Puhdasviljelyllä sienellä infektoitiin kevätvehnä, jolloin se sairastui tyypilliseen O. graminisen aiheuttamaan viljan mustatyvitautiin.
The influence of the initial soil moisture content on the degree of water stable aggregation as determined by wet sieving
Authors: Sillanpää Mikko
Published: July 2018

The effect of the soil moisture content (varying from the field-moist to air-dry before re-wetting the muddy clay soil samples for aggregate analysis) on aggregation was studied. Two wetting procedures were used and compared: They were spraying samples with a fine mist and wetting them by immersion; aggregate analyses were made by wet sieving method. The results of the aggregate analyses proved to be practically independent of the initial moisture condition of the soil samples when the samples were wetted slowly with a spray. When wetting the samples by direct immersion the mean weight diameters of aggregates decrease with decreasing initial soil moisture content to values of less than half of those obtained from samples in their original field-moist condition (34.6—36.7 % dry wt.) or of those wetted with a spray. Air-drying seems to be a minor factor affecting the destruction of aggregates but the destruction effect of the sample pre-treatment may be very harmful if immersion wetting is used. This, however, can be eliminated almost completely if wetting with a fine mist is used.
Puna-apilan siementuholaisten esiintyminen ja runsaus Suomessa v. 1936
Authors: Markkula Martti , Valle Otto
Published: July 2018

Etelä- ja Keski-Suomesta v. 1936 hankitussa puna-apilan mykerönäyteaineistossa esiintyi seuraavia puna-apilan siementuholaisia: apilanirppu (Apion apricans Herbst), pieni apilanirppu (A.assimile Kirby), lounainen apilanirppu (A. trifolii L.), korvakekärsäkäs (Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabr.), mykerökärsäkäs (Ph. meles Fabr.), apilan siemensääski (Dasyneura leguminicola Lintn.) ja apilaripsiäinen (Haplothrips niger Osb.) sekä lisäksi jonkin verran keltasäärinirppua (Apion flavipes Payk.), joka kuuluu alsike- ja valkoapilan siementuholaisiin. Apilanirppu ja pieni apilanirppu olivat runsaslukuisimpia. Niiden yhteenlasketusta yksilömäärästä oli ensin mainittua 3/4 ja viimeksi mainittua 1/4. Lajien runsaus oli suurin maan keski- ja itäosissa. Kummankin lajin yksilömäärä oli sitä suurempi mitä vanhempia nurmet olivat. Tuloksia on verrattu Tuhoeläintutkimuslaitokselle v. 1958 hankitun vastaavanlaisen mykerönäyteaineiston antamiin tuloksiin ja todettu ne määrätyissä rajoissa toisiaan vastaaviksi.
Effect of superphosphate on the retention of phosphorus by peat soil
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The phosphate retention by peat samples from a field trial in which superphosphate has been for 34 years applied at annual rates of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha, respectively, was studied. It was found by various methods that the samples from the plots of the higher treatments were able to sorb more phosphate than were the samples from the untreated plots and the soil with the lowest phosphate application. The higher content of iron and aluminum in the soils of the higher treatments probably accounts for their higher capacity to retain phosphate. It is possible that in clayed peat soil the higher content of exchangeable calcium and the lower acidity of the samples of the higher treatments are able to increase the effect of aluminum. The factors which are responsible for the differences in the iron and aluminum contents of the variously treated plots are discussed. It is unlikely that these results would be of importance under practical conditions.
Occurrence and disappearance of parathion and malathion residues in vegetables and fruits
Authors: Koivistoinen Pekka , Roine Paavo , Jokela Kirsti
Published: July 2018

Disappearance of parathion and malathion residues in 9 different kinds of fruits and vegetables (pea, cucumber, lettuce, strawberry, black currant, apple, stringbean broccoli and spinach) sprayed about two weeks before the normal harvest was investigated. In addition, experiments were made on the effects of 3 different conserving processes upon the residues on black currant as well as on the persistence of the residues in conserves and frozen products during storage. The determination of parathion was carried out by a modification of the method of AVERELL and NORRIS, using a benzene-water-alcohol mixture and increased acidity in the reduction. The malathion was determined by the method of NORRIS et al. with the modification of benzene used as the extracting solvent instead of carbon tetrachloride. The procedures for the determination of total residues in plants are described in detail. The initial deposits of parathion varied from 0.49 to 14.60 ppm and those of malathion from less than 0.5 to 49.8 ppm, depending on the plant species. The half-life of the residues was 1—3 and 1—2 days, respectively. The most persistent residues were found in black currant; in these berries malathion could be determined qualitatively 28 days and parathion at least 43 days after spraying. Very small residues were found in the steam-juice prepared from black currants. In the preparation of two kinds of jam, 30 and 54 % of the parathion and 54 and 71 % of the malathion were destroyed. Both of the pesticides were very stable in black currant conserves as well as in frozen products for a period of at least 6 months.
Studies in F1 and F2 of crosses between winter and summer turnip rape
Authors: Manner Rolf
Published: July 2018

In the present study four hybrids between winter and summer turnip rape are compared with each other and with their parents. In all crosses the father was the same summer turnip rape, namely Mette. F1 and F2 of the hybrids were intermediate as regards their development in comparison with the parents. About three-fourths of the F1 plants of the cross Rapido X Mette, one half of F1 of the crosses Gruber X Mette and Sprengel X Mette, and only a small part of the crosses Storrybs X Mette gave seed yields. The seed yield per plant of the F1-hybrids was larger than that of the summer turnip rape Mette. The seed weight per silique and the mean seed weight were considerably higher in F2 of all the hybrids than in the summer turnip rape Mette. The green fodder production of the hybrids can be expected to be large. The hybrids seem to be usable in plant breeding work.
Further quantitative data on the role of the ruminant proventriculi in the digestion and absorption of nitrogen-free organic matter
Authors: Paloheimo L. , Mäkelä A.
Published: July 2018

Using a method previously described the share of the proventriculi in the digestion of nitrogen-free non-lignin organic matter in cows was determined. The cows used in the experiments can be divided into 5 groups according to their food combination: 1) hay as the only food, 2) hay and concentrates in a ratio of 1:0.5, 3) hay and concentrates in a ratio of 1:1, 4) hay and beet pulp in the dry matter ratio of 1:0.5, and 5) hay and swedes in the dry matter ratio of 1:0.5. Omitting some obviously erroneous results the share of the proventriculi seems to vary between 58 and 96 %. This share is largest in group 5 and smallest in groups where the cows were fed with hay and concentrates. In none of the groups did the amount of dry matter consumed seem to have any influence upon the results.
Chloroform extraction of trace nutrients as oxinates from soil extracts for spectrographic analysis
Authors: Mäkitie Osmo
Published: July 2018

The experiments show that under these conditions the common trace nutrients, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum and zinc are sufficiently completely extracted as chelates by shaking the soil extract with oxine-chloroform solution. The hydrogen ion concentration of the extract and the concentration of oxine in chloroform have decisive effects on the extractability. Using the reported and discussed procedure it is possible to separate the common trace metals from the major soil extract constituents, especially for spectrographic analysis.
Response of ley plants to rock phosphate and superphosphate
Authors: Kaila Armi , Hänninen Pentti
Published: July 2018

The results of two field trials in which the efficiency of superphosphate phosphorus and rock phosphate (Hyperphosphate Reno) phosphorus were compared on a fine sand soil and a humus soil, did not show any differences in the dry matter yields produced by the two fertilizers within the experimental period including the nurse crop and three years of ley. The analyses of the hay yields harvested from the third year red clover-timothy ley, fairly poor in red clover, proved that the phosphorus content of the hay from the hyperphosphate plots was markedly lower than that of the hay from the superphosphate plots. The respective figures were 0.17 and 0.21 per cent P of dry matter, while the phosphorus content of the hay from the untreated plots was 0.15—0.16 per cent. Red clover seemed to be able to synthesize plant material equally rich in phosphorus both when feeding on superphosphate and when feeding on hyperphosphate. On the other hand, the grasses, in these cases mainly timothy, took up far less phosphorus from hyperphosphate than from superphosphate. The differences in the phosphorus content of the respective plant groups were almost exclusively due to differences in their content of inorganic phosphorus, or phosphorus determined as inorganic forms by the simple fractionation procedure employed. No effect of the different phosphate treatments on the content of ash, calcium, potassium, or nitrogen in the ley plants could be detected. The results of the present study corroborate the earlier observation that on a ley, poor in clover, rock phosphate may produce crops too low in phosphorus for the needs of domestic animals. The results also emphasize that it is important not to judge the response to phosphate fertilizers only on the basis of the dry matter yields.
Two cereal virus diseases in Finland
Authors: Ikäheimo Katri
Published: July 2018

In many regions in Finland damage to oats and to other spring cereals has been discovered at various times, and various views have been expressed as to the cause of this damage. In order to determine the virus diseases which were thought to take part in this damage, diseased plants and vector insects were collected from South and West Finland. The results of the experiments made with Rhopalosiphon padi L. indicated that it transmits a virus disease. On the basis of its symptoms, incubation time and vector, the disease was identified as cereal yellow dwarf. The results of the experiments made with Galligypona pellucida Fabr. indicated that it transmits a virus disease. On the basis of its symptoms, incubation time and vector, the disease was identified as European wheat striate mosaic.
Traktoranvändningens utveckling på ett antal bokföringsgårdar
Authors: Westermarck N. , Weckman K. J.
Published: July 2018

Undersökningens resultat ger anledning till följande slutsatser: Medan traktorerna på de bokföringsgårdar, från vilka siffermaterial förelegat under tidsperioden 1950—52 i genomsnitt användes 453 tim. per gård resp 443 tim per traktor, utgjorde motsvarande tal är 1958 625 resp. 560. En betydande ökning av traktorernas användningstid kan sålunda fastslås ha ägt rum. Traktorerna utnyttjades under den senare perioden på ett betydligt mångsidigare sätt än under den förra perioden. Den mångsidiga användningen kommer till uttryck främst genom en ökad insats av traktorerna i sådd och gödselspridning, skötsel av grödan, skörd av grödan och transporter. Samtidigt, som det är uppenbart, att traktorernas insats är större och mångsidigare på större gårdar än på mindre, tyder resultaten på, att en fortgående traktorisering medför, att skillnaden mellan mindre och större bokföringsgårdar synes öka, då man uttrycker traktoriseringens omfattning genom timåtgången per gård. De gårdar, som deltagit i bägge undersökningarna, representerar gårdar som år 1958 nått fram till en mera avancerad traktorisering än vad fallet är med samtliga i undersökningen år 1958 deltagande gårdar. Det faktum, att traktoranvändningen på dessa gårdar ökat mycket mera än vad en jämförelse mellan traktoranvändningen på samtliga gårdar åren 1950—52 respektive 1958 ger vid banden, talar för att goda möjligheter, att effektivare utnyttja traktorer föreligger överhuvudtaget på gårdar, som befinner sig i ett begynnande traktoriseringsskede. En skenbart motsägande bild lämnar emellertid timåtgångens utveckling i storleksgruppen S-F IV. Det förefaller som om man vid en utökning av antalet traktorer per gård inte mera lika effektivt utnyttjar traktorerna som fallet var då gårdarna höll sig med färre traktorer.
Chemical preservatives in foodstuffs IV. Prolongation of the keeping guality of fresh fish by antibiotics
Authors: Linko Reino R. , Nikkilä Olavi E. , Laine Jorma J.
Published: July 2018

A study has been made of the effect of antibiotics in the storage of fresh Baltic herring. Experiments were made with muscle homogenates, to which antibiotics were added, and whole fish and fillets, treated by means of dips in antibiotic solutions and storage in antibiotic ice. The temperatures studied were 2°C and 10°C. The antibiotics employed were chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline. It was observed that the antibiotics improved the keeping quality of Baltic herring. In dipping treatments, and in experiments with muscle homogenates, the favorable effect of the antibiotic was observable even at the early phase of the storage, whereas when antibiotic ice was used such effect was only discovered after about one week’s storage. In a comparison of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline no essential differences were observed in their effectivity.
On the pre-treatment of samples of heavy clay soil for determinations by the pressure membrane apparatus
Authors: Heinonen Reijo
Published: July 2018

The method of pre-treatment of soil samples should be chosen in each case according to the purpose of study, keeping in mind the slow reversibility of the wetting undergone by heavy glacial clay. In general, it is recommended that the air-dry samples ground to 2 mm should be soaked for three weeks prior to determinations by the pressure membrane apparatus. If it is desired to make direct determinations, grinding to pass 0.6 mm appears to be conducive to good wetting, in the case of topsoils.
Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone as sources of nitrogen for oats and barley
Authors: Hänninen Pentti , Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate limestone (»Oulunsalpietari») were compared as the nitrogen fertilizer for oats in 15 field trials and for barley in one trial. The trials were carried out in summers 1959 and 1960 in various places in Finland. The split plot technique was employed in order to reduce the variation as much as possible. In 1959 the amounts of nitrogen applied as these two fertilizers to the corresponding halves of the plots were 25 and 50 kg/ha. In 1960 also higher applications were used: 75 and 100 kg/ha of N. In three trials these fertilizers were compared both as a surface dressing and worked in. Visual observations suggested about 5—6 weeks after sowing a darker green colour in the stands treated with calcium nitrate as compared with the other half treated with ammonium nitrate limestone. These differences later disappeared. In some trials a higher nitrogen content of the plants from the calcium nitrate stands could be demonstrated during this period. The uptake of nitrogen by plants was regularly followed throughout the growing period. Owing to the large variation, usually, no statistically significant difference between the effect of the fertilizers could be detected. In a few cases the superiority of calcium nitrate could be demonstrated. No differences in the ripening could be found. In most trials there was a fairly regular tendency to higher yields and higher nitrogen content in the grain and straw produced by calcium nitrate. Yet, only in a few cases were the differences statistically significant at the five per cent level. Thus, it was concluded that on the basis of the results of these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate may be considered practically equal as nitrogen fertilizers for oats. There was no difference in the yields of barley produced by these two fertilizers, but the nitrogen content of grains was significantly lower with ammonium nitrate limestone than with calcium nitrate. This may be worth further study in connection with the production of malting barley.
Notes on the value of spring rye for cultivation
Authors: Multamäki K.
Published: July 2018

Spring rye proved to be slightly earlier than spring wheat. The straw of spring rye was longer and weaker than that of spring wheat, on the other hand it was shorter and stiffer than that of winter rye. The yielding capacity of spring rye was only about 2/3 of that of both spring wheat and winter rye. The kernel properties of spring and winter rye proved about equal. Because of its low yielding capacity spring rye can not be recommended for cultivation on productive soils in South Finland.
Fixation of ammonium in Finnish soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

The ammonium fixing capacity of Finnish soils was studied by analysing a material of 139 samples from surface soils and 127 samples of deeper layers collected mainly from cultivated soils from various parts of the country. The pH-values of these samples measured in 0.02 N CaCl2-suspension ranged from 3.3 to 7.5, the content of organic C from 0 to 10.1 per cent, and the content of clay (< 2 μ) from 0 to 96 per cent. The ammonium fixing capacity was determined under moist conditions by treating the samples for 24 hours with N NH4CI solution corresponding to 1000 m.e. of NH4-N per 100 g of soil, and removing the easily exchangeable ions by washing with CaCl2 -solutions. The difference in the nitrogen content of treated and untreated samples determined by digesting in concentrated sulfuric acid, was taken to indicate the amount fixed under these conditions. The results varied from 0 to 4.0 m.e./100 g of soil in the surface samples, and from 0 to 15.9 m.e./100 g of the soils from the deeper layers. The corresponding mean values were 1.0 and 3.8 m.e. per 100 g of soil, respectively. The association of the ammonium fixing capacity (1) with the clay content (2), pH (3), and the content of organic C (4) of the samples could be characterized by the following partial linear correlation coefficients; r12;34 = 0.472*** r13;24 = 0.177 r14;23 = –0.313** The total linear correlation coefficient between the ammonium fixing capacity and the fixation of potassium under moist conditions (2.5 m.e. of K added to 100 g of soil) was r = 0.829***. No correlation existed between the ammonium fixing capacity and the content of exchangeable potassium in these samples. Some of the results point to the possibility that in certain soils the coarser fractions, from 2 to 6 μ, or even from 6 to 20 μ, may play an important role in the fixing of ammonium in difficultly exchangeable form. In spite of the fact that under laboratory conditions the ammonium fixing capacity of Finnish soils may be fairly high, even in the surface soils, the conclusion was drawn that usually under the field conditions, the fixation of ammonium ions in difficultly exchangeable form might not reduce the effect of ammonium nitrogen fertilizers to any marked degree.
The effect of seed size and depth of seeding on the emergence of grassland plants
Authors: Multamäki K.
Published: July 2018

The seeding of grasslands in Finland fails relatively often owing to the difficult growing conditions for the young seedlings. As a result, the stands are in many cases rather thin and must sometimes be ploughed up without giving any yield at all. One of the factors hampering the initial growth and development of grassland plants is unsuitable sowing. Thus, for instance, a considerable proportion of the seed may be sown at too great a depth, which prevents the seedlings from emerging. On the other hand, the seeds scattered upon the soil surface will also meet difficulties in their germination stage, especially in dry periods. Hence, a valuable characteristic for a grassland plant seedling would be the ability to surmount the various obstacles arising from deficient seeding measures. The object of the present investigation is to study the emergence capacity of some grassland plants, the majority of which are grown extensively in Finland. For this purpose, seeds of the plants to be studied were sown on soil surface as well as at different depths. The influence of seed size in this connexion was examined, too. All the studies concerned were carried out in the greenhouse. The soil used as substrata in these experiments was heavy clay, representing the valuable arable soil type occurring fairly commonly, especially in Southwest Finland.
The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the humification of the peat in cultivated Sphagnum bogs
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

The paper is a report on the volume weights of the ash-free, dry peat on the cultivated Sphagnum bog at Leteensuo found in connection with different degrees of nitrogen fertilization. The volume weight attained higher values under nitrogen fertilization than in the treatments with mere potassium and phosphate fertilization. As the volume weight of peat also increases with increasing humification, the conclusion was drawn from the results that nitrogen fertilization has favoured the humification of Sphagnum peat.
Fractions of inorganic phosphorus in Finnish mineral soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Inorganic phosphorus in 363 samples of Finnish mineral soils was fractionated by the procedure of CHANG and JACKSON. The average content of total inorganic phosphorus determined as the difference of the total phosphorus and organic phosphorus tended to increase from sand to clay soils. The sand and fine sand soils appeared to be richer in fluoride-soluble phosphorus but poorer in acid-soluble phosphorus than the other groups of soils. The part of phosphorus extracted by alkali seemed to be almost independent on the soil texture. In about 60 per cent of the samples the acid-soluble phosphorus was the dominant inorganic phosphorus fraction, in spite of the often high acidity of the soil. This, in connection with the rather low content of reductant soluble phosphorus, was taken to indicate the relatively low degree of weathering in these soils. The higher contents of fluoride-soluble and alkali-soluble phosphorus in the surface samples of the cultivated soils as compared with the corresponding kind of virgin soils or soils from the deeper layers may be mainly attributed to the application of phosphorus fertilizers and to a somewhat higher degree of weathering. The soil pH did not seem to play any important role among the factors related to the distribution of inorganic phosphorus into various fractions in the present material. This was particularly true in the cultivated surface soils. It is likely, that in our soils the variation in the contents of active iron and aluminium will to a higher degree than pH explain the variation in the fractions of alkali-soluble and fuoride-soluble phosphorus. The relatively high content of the latter fraction in the sand and fine sand soils as compared with the soils of the finer texture could be related to the higher ratio of ammonium oxalate soluble aluminium to iron in the former soils.
The pea mosaic virus at the experimental farms, Viik and Muddusniemi
Authors: Raininko Kyösti
Published: July 2018

A virus disease occurring in red clover and pea at the Viik Experimental Farm was found by means of plant inoculation tests to be caused by the pea mosaic virus. Infected plants grew slowly and overwintered poorly. There were variations in the frequency of the diseased plants in different red clover varieties.