bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Ideas to Products: Financing Innovation and Getting Access to Innovation
Authors: Bessler Wolfgang , Holler Julian , Seim Martin , Zimmermann Jan
Published: February 2013

This article analyzes, from a finance perspective, various approaches to commercializing ideas and innovation. It includes an analysis of private and corporate venture capital and other corporate venturing activities such as strategic alliances and mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as well as recent financial innovation. The article is organized as follows. First, it analyzes the relationship between venture capital and innovation, and then focuses on the exit and growth opportunities of venture backed firms. Next it explores corporate venturing activities, examining strategic alliances and M&As as alternatives for acquiring new ideas and innovation. It outlines more recent approaches for funding and commercializing innovation before concluding.
Marriage
Authors: Robles Theodore F. , Kane Heidi S.
Published: February 2013

For most adults, marriage is a key social relationship that provides economic, social, psychological, and health benefits. At the same time, low marital quality and high conflict have detrimental effects on health. This chapter reviews evidence for immune mechanisms that may explain how marital functioning influences health. Poor marital functioning is related to enhanced innate immunity and diminished adaptive immunity, in a similar direction as the effects of chronic stress. Biobehavioral mechanisms that explain how marital functioning influences immunity include health behaviors; psychological mechanisms including depression, social rejection, and social support; and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Female gender and older age may magnify the effects of marital functioning on immunity, although more research is needed. Key directions for future research on marriage and immunity include further explicating biopsychosocial mechanisms, expanding the sociodemographic range of couples in marriage and immunity research, studying couples outside the laboratory, and incorporating couples intervention research.
Psychoneuroimmunology and Cancer: Biobehavioral Influences on Tumor Progression
Authors: Lutgendorf Susan K. , Costanzo Erin S. , Sood Anil K.
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines the role of psychosocial factors and stress-related neuroendocrine hormones in cancer progression. The neuroendocrine stress response appears to play a key role in modulating physiological pathways relevant to cancer progression. These include tumor angiogenesis, invasion, anoikis, inflammation, the cellular immune response, and various cell-signaling pathways. These stress-response pathways also potentially interact with cancer treatments. Bidirectional influences of tumor-derived cytokines and other molecules on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and CNS processes are also discussed along with implications for disease progression and survival. These mechanisms point to emerging possibilities for psychosocial, pharmacological, and integrative medicine interventions that have the potential to alter stress-response signaling pathways in cancer.
Regulation of Target System Sensitivity in Neuroinflammation: Role of GRK2 in Chronic Pain
Authors: Kavelaars Annemieke , Carbajal Anibal Garza , Heijnen Cobi J.
Published: February 2013

Scientists and clinicians have long used the level of hormones or the level of inflammatory mediators as an important parameter of functional activity of the neuro-endocrine or immune system. However, not much focus has been given to the role of the sensitivity of the target tissue, such as receptors or components of the intracellular signalosome. This is important because, as recent literature has shown, the sensitivity of the target tissue may change during pathological processes such as inflammation or chronic stress. This chapter focuses on changes in sensitivity of target tissue by focussing on a kinase known as G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), which appears to be an important regulator of the severity and duration of inflammatory pain. GRK2 regulates the sensitivity of target systems, including immune and nervous systems, for signals given by G protein-coupled receptors via regulating receptor desensitization. In addition, GRK2 regulates intracellular signaling via direct effects on elements of the signalosome of the cell. The contribution of GRK2 to chronic pain is discussed in the context of the idea that regulation of the sensitivity of target systems is an important process during neuro-inflammation and should be taken into account when investigating neuro-immune communication in inflammatory pathologies.
Stress Management, PNI, and Disease
Authors: Antoni Michael H.
Published: February 2013

As our understanding of the immunologic processes that underlie the vulnerability to certain infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases and other immunoregulatory conditions has grown so too has the empirical basis relating psychosocial processes and stress physiology to these same immunologic processes. This provides a rationale for first examining the influence of stress processes on disease risk and disease course, and second for the development of interventions to mitigate stress processes in persons at risk for, or managing a wide range of diseases where the immune system plays some role in health outcomes. This chapter will summarize the state of the field of research examining the effects of stress management-based interventions on psychoneuroimmunologic (PNI) processes and health outcomes using a few examples of diseases involving some type of immune system alteration.
A History of Prevention in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Conyne Robert K.
Published: February 2013

Abstract This chapter’s two tables present illustrative markers of prevention events that have occurred within counseling psychology and within prevention per se. These markers are addressed selectively in the chapter’s narrative, which is organized sequentially as follows: (1) “Early Antecedents”; (2) “A Decade of Fomentation: The 1960s”; (3) “Prevention Emerges in the 1970s”; (4) “Prevention Expands: 1980s–Current,” with attention to 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2010; and (5) “Future Directions.” The thesis is that prevention in counseling psychology remains an artifact of hope. Although impressive scholarly production has occurred at an increasing pace since around 1985 and the Society of Counseling Psychology has formalized its support of prevention through its Prevention Section, “real world” demonstrations of gains—through training curricula, research, and employment—suggest that prevention remains still on the outside looking in. Yet due largely to the noticeable increase in prevention professional literature and to passage of health care reform legislation, the time for prevention in counseling psychology may finally have come—though we should be mindful that we’ve heard that refrain sung before.
Prevention in the 21st Century
Authors: Romano John L.
Published: February 2013

Abstract The importance of prevention and the future of prevention research and applications in the 21st century are explored in this chapter. Specifically, eight areas that promise to be important for the future growth and development of prevention science in the years ahead are reviewed. The eight areas are: evidence-supported prevention practices, prevention and neuroscience and genetics, prevention and technology, prevention and elder populations, education and training for prevention, economics of prevention, prevention in health care settings, and multidisciplinary and community partnerships. Each of these areas is reviewed emphasizing prevention psychology generally, and counseling psychology specifically. Examples are provided for roles for psychology, and the potential for prevention research and interventions. The chapter discusses the importance of psychologists collaborating with professionals from other disciplines to understand how advances in new knowledge will affect prevention science in the future, not only in the United States but also internationally.
Best Practice Guidelines on Prevention
Authors: Hage Sally M. , Schwartz Jonathan , Murray Michelle
Published: February 2013

Abstract The health care system in the United States is shifting toward a focus on prevention. Several reasons account for this shift, including staggering health care costs and research indicating many illnesses are preventable through behavioral interventions. Hence, increasing evidence linking mental and physical health outcomes make the involvement of psychologists crucial in promoting a prevention orientation within the health care system. Counseling psychologists have been leaders in the development and ratification of a set of prevention practice guidelines for psychologists. These guidelines, entitled Prevention Science and Practice Guidelines for Psychologists, provide an aspirational model for best practice in the area of prevention. This chapter aims to further psychologists’ and other mental health care professionals’ understanding and application of the principles of the Prevention Guidelines (APA, Under Review) to their work. Specific examples of model programs in areas of psychological practice, research, training, and social advocacy illustrate each of the prevention guidelines.
Advocacy and Prevention
Authors: Pieterse Alex L. , Hanus Alexa E. , Gale Michael M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract The impact of environmental factors on psychological functioning has received much attention in the psychological literature and has expanded the scholarship on mental heath beyond individual-level variables and intrapsychic processes. The current chapter therefore reviews the role of societal oppression on the psychological functioning of individuals from historically marginalized groups. In addition the chapter frames prevention as an important social justice tool that can be used in order to facilitate the well-being of individuals and groups who continue to experience oppression based on such factors as race, sexual orientation, and gender. The chapter concludes by providing a case illustration of social justice–based prevention as it applies to antiracism advocacy.
Suicide Prevention in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Rogers James R. , Benson Kathleen M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to provide a critical analysis of the status of suicide prevention in the United States and as an area of attention in counseling psychology. Following our analysis of prevention from universal and selected levels, we identify some of the major obstacles to effective prevention efforts and present an argument for a greater need for involvement from counseling psychologists. Identified areas of counseling psychology expertise that can be brought to bear on suicide prevention activities include theory development, application of diverse methodologies in research, psychometrics, and the field’s strength-based philosophy and emerging attention to the importance of fostering resilient communities.
Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Davidson M. Meghan , Schwartz Jonathan , Waldo Michael
Published: February 2013

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects millions of people in the United States each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010 ; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000 ) with devastating consequences. Prevention efforts aimed at IPV are urgently needed. This chapter will delineate critical definitions, theories of IPV etiology, and IPV prevalence. Examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention interventions aimed at IPV will be provided. Suggestions for future directions of IPV prevention efforts are provided.
Ameliorating Cancer Disparities in Medically Underserved Women
Authors: Buki Lydia P. , Montoya Yadira , Linares Deborah E.
Published: February 2013

Abstract There is an increasing awareness of inequities in cancer outcomes for marginalized populations. A great number of these health disparities arise in the context of adverse psychosocial conditions. Thus, there is a need to focus on the psychosocial context in which disparities arise. In this chapter, we first introduce our readers to some key factors that make our work in this area imperative. Second, we present an overview of breast and cervical cancer disparities and the main factors that influence screening in medically underserved populations. Third, given the need to anchor prevention efforts in the communities in which disparities arise, as well as the need to involve community participants in the design and implementation of prevention programs, we describe the community readiness model. Finally, we discuss the use of lay health advisors as a community-based intervention that has been widely used to increase cancer screening rates in medically underserved populations.
A Life Skills, Community-Based Approach for Helping Returning Service Members and Their Families
Authors: Danish Steven J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract Veterans who experience a variety of stressors without accompanying psychopathology generally feel misunderstood and separate from both their families and communities, as well as from the VA system of care. The purpose of this chapter is fourfold. First, I will describe the development of a strength-based framework that serves as the basis for our approach to communities and people. Second, I will explain how this framework came to be used with service members and their families. Third, I will provide an example of how an individual without military experience is able to involve himself in military issues using a community-based approach. Fourth, I will detail several community-based programs that employ the strength-based framework I have adopted with the military. My hope is that counseling psychologists will realize how their training and philosophy can have a positive impact with a population that can benefit from our perspective.
Promoting Mental Health in Asian Immigrants
Authors: Ma Pei-Wen Winnie , Shea Munyi , Yeh Christine J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract This chapter focuses on promoting mental health among Asian immigrants. First, we provide background information about this growing and diverse community. Next, we discuss cultural adjustment, underuse of mental health services, and why it is important to develop services for Asian immigrants. We then describe the major factors that contribute to Asian immigrants’ mental health, including acculturation, social support, and spirituality, as well as Asian immigrants’ use of collectivistic coping strategies. Finally, implications for prevention programs, research, and education are discussed.
Dismantling the Bird Cage
Authors: Haley Melinda , Adams Eve , Dickson Ginger , Hitter Tracie , Luna Laura
Published: February 2013

Abstract This chapter explores the pervasiveness of heterosexism and its impact on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) population. In particular, we discuss the negative impact heterosexist beliefs and behaviors have on LGBT individuals at the societal, institutional, and individual levels in order to help counseling psychologists examine their own heterosexism, and/or complacency with the heterosexist discourse in our society and profession. After assessing the psychological, physical, and behavioral consequences that are associated with heterosexism and reviewing the scant literature on prevention efforts, we make suggestions regarding the steps counseling psychologists can take to enhance prevention efforts at these various levels. Finally, we highlight several areas in which empirical knowledge or action is lacking and provide stimulating questions to help focus future research and practice efforts in the prevention of heterosexism.
Cents and Sensibilities
Authors: Parham William D.
Published: February 2013

Abstract The focus on prevention is heralded as an area of investigative inquiry and further study of the applications of prevention science and practice across populations, the developmental spectrum, mental health challenges, and social justice domains is encouraged. The observations and comments herein relative to the application of a prevention mindset to sport and exercise will be articulated with a goal of illuminating current views and emerging perspectives. This chapter also doubles as an invitation to counseling psychologists to continue to promote sport and exercise as health and wellness lifestyle activities in which national and international communities can easily, readily, and straightforwardly engage and from which tremendous benefits are virtually guaranteed.
Prevention in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Vera Elizabeth M. , Polanin Megan K.
Published: February 2013

Abstract The chapters in the Handbook of Prevention in Counseling Psychology demonstrate an impressive range of important work being done in many areas of prevention and mental health promotion. Each chapter outlines important directions for future research and practice. In this concluding chapter, general issues related to the future of prevention in counseling psychology and psychology as a whole will be presented. Among these issues are the challenges and opportunities of integrating technology into prevention programs, the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration and international perspectives, the importance of prevention as part of a social justice agenda, the need for counseling psychologists to engage in advocacy and outreach, and the relevancy of expanding definitions of program effectiveness.
Economics and Law as Reflected in Hebrew Contracts
Authors: Rivlin Yosef
Published: February 2013

This article discusses economic theories in Jewish law as reflected in contracts written in Hebrew, in most cases deriving from Ashkenazic communities. The contracts originated from followers of R. Solomon b. Isaac, his students and their students, dating back to the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. Most of the contracts discussed are in manuscript form and have never been published. The theories are examined and the contracts compared with corresponding Sephardic contracts. The article carefully discusses economics and law as explained in Hebrew Contracts. The study of Jewish legal sources yields a fascinating picture of the struggle between vision and action, theory and practice. The article further elaborates upon the Iska partnership which is of special interest. Jewish legal literature discusses two main types of partnership. The first is a regular partnership in which both partners invest and work in the business. An analysis of guardianship and power of attorney concludes this article.
Introduction
Authors: Clements Michael P. , Hendry David F.
Published: February 2013

Economic forecasting is a rapidly evolving field, as researchers seek to exploit the availability of ever more plentiful data observations, greater computational power, and increasingly sophisticated economic and statistical theory. This handbook features contributions from leading experts that range across the full breadth of the discipline. The book is divided into six parts: (i) forecasting models and methods, (ii) data issues, (iii) structural breaks, (iv) evaluation, (v) financial forecasting, and (vi) special interest areas.
Forecasting Breaks and Forecasting During Breaks
Authors: Castle Jennifer L. , Fawcett Nicholas W. P. , Hendry David F.
Published: February 2013

This article, which proposes a new approach to forecasting breaks by focusing on the role of information, begins by outlining the eight conditions that are necessary to successfully forecast a break. Section 2 then considers the concepts of unpredictability and information to address the first necessary condition. Section 3 separates information into two distinct sets, namely the regular economic forces affecting agents' behavior, and potentially very different information from politics, law, financial innovation, or technology, about events that cause sudden shifts in the regular determinants. Section 4 provides an overview of some potential sources for this second source of information in the context of economics. Having established the potential satisfaction of the first three conditions, Section 5 considers how to formulate a relevant (nonlinear) model class. Section 6 discusses model selection. Section 7 investigates forecasting breaks and forecasting during breaks. Section 8 draws some implications for economic modeling, forecasting, and policy analysis, while Section 9 concludes.
Multiple Forecast Model Evaluation
Authors: Corradi Valentina , Distaso Walter
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on recent developments in the forecasting literature on how to simultaneously control both the overall error rate and the contribution of irrelevant models. As a novel contribution, it derives a general class of superior predictive ability tests, which controls for family-wise error rate (FWER) and the contribution of irrelevant models. The article is organized as follows. Section 2 defines the setup. Section 3 reviews the approaches that control for the conservative FWER. Section 4 considers a general class of tests characterized by multiple joint inequalities. Section 5 presents results allowing for control of the less conservative false discovery rate. Section 6 considers the model confidence set approach and offers a simple alternative that reduces the influence of irrelevant models in the initial set. Section 7 briefly reviews the empirical evidence, while Section 8 concludes.
Forecasting Volatility Using High-Frequency Data
Authors: Hansen Peter Reinhard , Lunde Asger
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on some aspects of high-frequency data and their use in volatility forecasting. High-frequency data can be used to construct volatility forecasts. The article reviews two leading approaches to this. One approach is the reduced-form forecast, where the forecast is constructed from a time series model for realized measures, or a simple regression-based approach such as the heterogeneous autoregressive model. The other is based on more traditional discrete-time volatility models that include a modeling of returns. Such models can be generalized to utilize information provided by realized measures. The article also discusses how volatility forecasts, produced by complex volatility models, can benefit from high-frequency data in an indirect manner, through the use of realized measures to facilitate and improve the estimation of complex models.
Long-Horizon Growth Forecasting and Demography
Authors: Lindh Thomas
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the forecasting of national GDP measures at long horizons, and argues that demography should be taken into account. It is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief discussion of some crucial theoretical issues for forecasting growth. Section 3 discusses the connection between demography and economic growth. Section 4 discusses alternative approaches and methods to make use of demographic–economic connections and the scope for combination forecasts in order to allow for long-run features. Section 5 summarizes the discussion.
Forecasting the Energy Markets
Authors: Bunn Derek W. , Karakatsani Nektaria V.
Published: February 2013

This article, which reviews the modeling and forecasting of energy commodities prices, with a particular focus on spot electricity prices, describes the complexities of the market and price formation, and the models that are used for forecasting in the face of these complexities. It also notes the need to adopt methods that allow for adaptation in the face of a changing environment.
Hired Men and Hired Women
Authors: Marsh John
Published: February 2013

This article identifies poets' engagements with material problems of manual labor that a more elitist critical aesthetic had preferred to ignore. It offers readings of two of the mostly frequently anthologized poems in the modern American poetry canon: Robert Frost's “The Death of the Hired Man” and T. S. Eliot's “Preludes.” Each can suggest the integral but long-neglected role that the labor problem and those who lived it—that is, the poor and working class—would play in the formation of canonical modern American poetry. Although they confront vastly different labor problems—hired laborers versus urban slums and prostitutes—both poems nevertheless wrestle with the claims such problems (and the human figures behind such problems) should make upon observers' sympathies.
Stepping Out, Sitting In
Authors: Brunner Edward
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the role played by jazz and the blues in the development of modern poetry. It argues that modern poetry would not sound, move, or look the way it does were it not for jazz and the blues. Especially in the first half of the twentieth century, these arts evolved in tandem and the combination was explosive. The “new poetry” of the young practiced an art responsive to the vernacular, capable of registering fleeting moments inventively, and eager to address an audience ready to play against expectations. But when poetry aligned itself with jazz and the blues, it also embraced a minority culture in the process of defining its own history, its values, and its place. The dissonance, unexpected pauses, and off-rhythms that are staples of jazz and the blues gave rise, in poetry, to practices that not only helped de-center the meditative lyric from its position at the center of modern poetry but also re-described avant-garde practices as plausible tactics for engaging with everyday crises.
The End of the End of Poetic Ideology, 1960
Authors: Filreis Al
Published: February 2013

This article presents a literary history moving downward into a moment in time—the poetic frenzy of the year 1960. It hypothesizes a remarkable concurrence between William S. Burroughs and Marianne Moore on the cultural value of what “Mr. Eisenhower said”: that what the president says is negligible, except in the poem, where counterintuitively it derives enormous poetic possibility and where, they also agree, such “word-waterfall” can be vital to American art—can feed us out of the well-spring of lives as actually lived in the linguistic ambience of our polity. In the writing as a worldly done thing, for both poets, nothing less than freedom is at stake.
“Internationally Known”
Authors: Smethurst James
Published: February 2013

The impact of the Black Arts Movement (BAM) of the 1960s and 1970s on subsequent poetry in the United States is profound. One might expect this impact to be obvious to readers, writers, and critics. However, as has often been the case with respect to African American literature and U.S. literature, BAM has been seen through a racial filter that makes a very large percentage of white writers and critics reluctant (or unable) to acknowledge that impact—unlike, say, the cases of basketball and jazz where white participants are willing and even proud to cite black models and mentors. In fact, many white writers are more likely to point to a black musician as a model and inspiration than to a black literary artist. This article discusses this impact of BAM within the context of a dramatic demographic shift in the United States as a result of worldwide migrations of African-descended peoples that has completely transformed the environment for poetry here as well as greatly complicating notions of social identity. The study focuses on how BAM poetry, in its aesthetics, practice, transmission, and reception within the context of this movement of African-descended peoples and culture, influenced and inflected the rise of rap and hip hop, creating a truly mass audience for poetry and spoken word in the United States, a phenomenon that all U.S. poets working after the late 1970s have had to take into account.
Minding Machines/Machining Minds
Authors: Morris Adalaide
Published: February 2013

This article attempts a switch in perspective. Instead of arranging modern and contemporary American poets in a forward-moving lineage or scanning such a lineage for generative breaks, it asks what poetries come into view if we look backward from the circuitries of twenty-first-century digital writing. The thought experiment of this article is to start the story with the body electric of the cyborg used to introduce the website of the performance artist Stelarc. The shock of Stelarc's performance—the claim that the bounded, flesh-and-blood body has been overtaken by networked-and-programmable flesh-and-wire circuitry—obscures a more complex and interesting hypothesis. It is suggested that there is not a break but a synergy between Stelarc's claim and the thinking of twentieth-century American poets who position their work at the human-machine interface in order to protest conditions of industrial labor, to appropriate for writing the aims and strategies of emergent recording and storage technologies, and to participate in the human-computer collaborations of late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century cybernetic culture.
Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Snyder Mark , Deaux Kay
Published: February 2013

Building on Lewin’s fundamental proposition that “Every psychological event depends upon the state of the person and at the same time on the environment, although their relative importance is different in different cases” (B = f [P, E]; Lewin, 1936, p. 12), this Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology develops the bridges between personality and social psychology. In this opening chapter of the Handbook, we lay out the rationale for and the benefits of interactionist perspectives that span the perspectives of personality and social psychology. In addition, we preview the ways in which the contributors to this Handbook explore the historical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical foundations for such bridges across a broad range of domains of individual and social functioning. From these explorations, we gain new and rich understandings that promise to advance the state of personality, social psychology, and their integration.
Perspectives on the PersonRapid Growth and Opportunities for Integration
Authors: Fleeson William
Published: February 2013

This chapter addresses the P of the Lewinian equation, B = f (P, E), by providing a conceptual map of perspectives on how to characterize the P, that is, how to characterize persons. Because most of these perspectives operate within personality psychology, this chapter emphasizes those perspectives within personality, but because several perspectives on the person operate within social psychology, this chapter describes those perspectives as well. When Lewin wrote his equation, he intended that the P and E (environment) parts would be considered in tandem. Thus, this chapter also considers from a personality perspective the prospects and potential routes of integration between personality and social psychology; the chapter argues that although integration has proceeded a great deal, the two fields still hold each other at a kind of arm’s-length mutual acceptance. The final section of the chapter describes a theory of personality, whole trait theory, which includes both P and E in its formulation as one possible way to close that last arm’s-length distance. In this theory, traits become both explanatory and descriptive concepts, require both persons and situations to be described, and become investigated with both correlational and experimental methods.
Context in Person, Person in Context
Authors: Adams Glenn
Published: February 2013

This chapter applies a cultural psychology framework to provide a macrosocial account of social-personality psychology. Extending the standard social-psychological emphasis on the importance of context, the first section considers the cultural constitution of personal experience. A history of engagement with particular cultural affordances shapes a person with an associated set of residual tendencies such that what appear to be “personal” dispositions are instead a form of context in person: embodied traces of a person’s engagement with ecological structures of mind that continually reconstitute the person’s habitual ways of being. Extending an emphasis on importance of subjective construal, the second section considers the psychological constitution of cultural worlds. As people act on subjective interpretations, their behavior leaves traces on objective realities to create a form of person in context: everyday constructions of reality that bear the influence of personal activity. In this way, a cultural psychology analysis balances the traditional social psychological emphasis on “the power of the situation” with a restored emphasis on the power of the culturally grounded person as (re)constructor of intentional worlds.
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Data from Dyads and Groups
Authors: Kashy Deborah A. , Donnellan M. Brent
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides a detailed introduction to the analysis of nonindependent data from dyads and groups. We begin the chapter by examining current practices regarding dyadic and group research in social and personality psychology. We then present a set of basic definitions, as well as a brief introduction to multilevel modeling (MLM). Throughout the chapter we present SPSS syntax that can be used to specify the models we describe using variants of MLM. The remainder of the chapter is broken into two sections—the first focuses on dyadic contexts, and the second focuses on group contexts. For dyads we discuss both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, and we provide a detailed discussion of the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM), dyadic growth models, and lagged models. For groups we limit our presentation to methods for cross-sectional research; we describe the APIM for groups, the one-with-many design, and we provide a brief introduction to the social relations model. Examples of how these methods have been used to advance social and personality psychological science are given throughout.
Self and IdentityDynamics of Persons and Their Situations
Authors: Crocker Jennifer , Canevello Amy
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we examine how the self both creates and results from experience—both its high points and low points. At a metatheoretical level, we consider how social and personality psychologists typically conceive of and study the self, drawing on the topic of self-esteem to illustrate typical views of the self as dispositional characteristics of persons, the product of situations, or the interaction between them. This person × situation framework has stimulated a great deal of research and had considerable heuristic value for social and personality psychologists who study the self and identity. However, because it views both the person and the situation as static rather than the result of dynamic processes, it fails to account for how people and situations mutually create each other in a process that unfolds over time. Through dynamic processes of reciprocal influence between persons and situations, self and identity can change surprisingly rapidly—change sustained by the situations people create for themselves over time. We consider methodological approaches in personality and social psychology to test these dynamic models of self and identity.
A Person x Intervention Strategy Approach to Understanding Health Behavior
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Baldwin Austin S.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we suggest that an integration of perspectives from personality and social psychology (i.e., a person x intervention strategy framework) provides a rich context in which to explore more precise specifications of the mediators and moderators that guide health behavior and decision-making. To that end, we first discuss how conceptualizations of moderated mediation and mediated moderation can enrich theory and serve to enumerate specific principles to guide the development and dissemination of more effective health behavior interventions. Second, we review research from four different literatures that rely on a similar person x intervention strategy framework—that is, the effectiveness of an intervention strategy depends on the degree to which it matches features of the target person—to examine evidence for the processes that mediate the effect of this moderated intervention approach. Finally, we describe how a more systematic analysis of the interplay between mediating and moderating processes can stimulate advances in theory, intervention research, and practice of health behavior.
The Psychology of Collective Action
Authors: Duncan Lauren E.
Published: February 2013

Personality and social psychology research on motivation for collective action is reviewed and integrated into a model presented in Figure 31.1. The personality work effectively identifies correlates of collective action without necessarily providing explanations of motivation. The social psychological work provides convincing motives for collective action but downplays individual difference variables. The integration of these two traditions addresses these gaps and allows for a deeper, more complex understanding of the phenomenological experience of the development of group consciousness and links to collective action. Promising areas for potential future research are discussed.
Classification of Acute Stress Disorder
Authors: Pacella-LaBarbara Maria L. , Delahanty Douglas L.
Published: February 2013

The diagnosis of acute stress disorder (ASD) was created to identify survivors soon after a trauma who were likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Though ASD demonstrates acceptable predictive power, subsequent research has often failed to display high rates of sensitivity or specificity. These qualities, in combination with the large amount of shared diagnostic features between ASD and PTSD, have led researchers to question the utility of the diagnosis. However, other early predictors of PTSD also appear to suffer from similar criticisms of the ASD diagnosis. This chapter will review research examining the predictive utility of ASD in various populations, in the context of other cognitive, biological, and psychosocial predictors of PTSD, and in disorders other than PTSD. Finally, in light of the proposed changes to the ASD diagnosis for the DSM-5, future directions for research into early predictors of PTSD will be discussed.
Learning Models of PTSD
Authors: Lissek Shmuel , Grillon Christian
Published: February 2013

Of all anxiety disorders, PTSD may be most clearly attributable to discrete, aversive learning events capable of evoking both conditioned fear responding to stimuli associated with the event and more general overreactivity—or failure to adapt—to intense, novel, or fear-related stimuli. The relatively straightforward link between PTSD and these basic, evolutionarily old, learning processes of conditioning, sensitization, and habituation affords models of PTSD comprising fundamental, experimentally tractable mechanisms of learning that have been well characterized across a variety of mammalian species including humans. Though such learning mechanisms have featured prominently in explanatory models of psychological maladjustment to trauma for at least 90 years, much of the empirical testing of these models has occurred only in the past two decades. The current chapter delineates the variety of theories forming this longstanding tradition of learning-based models of PTSD, details empirical evidence for such models, attempts an integrative account of results from this literature, and delineates limitations of, and future directions for, studies testing learning correlates of PTSD.
Psychometric Concerns in the Assessment of Trauma-related Symptoms in Older Adults
Authors: van Zelst Willeke H. , Beekman Aartjan T. F.
Published: February 2013

Assessment of PTSD in older adults is still in its infancy despite reflections on this subject in past literature. Factors that influence assessment are: traumas that occurred long in the past, lower prevalence, the fact that older people complain less, more misinterpretation of avoiding and intrusion, more somatic comorbidity and higher risk of cognitive impairment. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is mostly used to diagnose PTSD, but less researched in older age. Only two screening instruments have been validated, the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and the Self Rating Inventory for PTSD (SRIP), but cross-validation has still to be done. The PCL scale has been used more often and is also suitable for clinician rating, which is considered more appropriate for older adults. Biological measures have not yet been adapted for assessment in the complex biological systems of older age. Multimethod assessment is becoming more important and can address many of the difficulties in this field. Finally, much can be learned from knowledge already acquired from younger adults.
Empirically Supported Psychological Treatments: Prolonged Exposure
Authors: Nayak Nisha , Powers Mark B. , Foa Edna B.
Published: February 2013

A large body of evidence supports the efficacy of exposure therapy for the treatment of anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter discusses Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy, a structured treatment program that uses imaginal and in vivo exposure as the core elements of treatment. It was first applied with survivors of sexual assault but has since been widely applied to survivors of all types of traumas. The chapter provides a description of the treatment program. It also discusses emotional processing theory and proposed underlying mechanisms of the therapy, including fear activation, habituation, and modification of dysfunctional beliefs. The chapter then reviews empirical studies, which have demonstrated the efficacy of PE, and data that support the generalizability of positive outcomes across trauma types, treatment settings, and cultures. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
PTSD at Late Life: Context and Treatment
Authors: Hyer Lee , Yeager Catherine A.
Published: February 2013

Our knowledge about the role of aging as a moderating or mediating influence on the expression of posttraumatic symptoms, and their remission and resolution, is nascent. This is reflected in the current state of empirically supported psychotherapies for older adults with PTSD. At this time, there are no empirically validated psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacologic treatments for this age group. This chapter highlights general issues and other factors unique to aging, such as changes in cognition, that must be taken into consideration when embarking on PTSD treatment with older adults. We review extant psychotherapy research that has applicability to this cohort: treatment studies on anxiety and depression for older adults, as well as treatment studies for younger adults with PTSD. Next, we describe promising PTSD interventions for older adults that have yet to be tested on large samples or in randomized controlled trials. The chapter culminates in the presentation of a multi-modal psychotherapy intervention designed to address factors unique to aging, and which involves a gentler version of trauma-related therapy that allows exposure to be optional.
Pharmacotherapy for PTSD
Authors: Friedman Matthew J.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the published literature on pharmacotherapy for PTSD with specific attention to randomized clinical trials. Specific agents reviewed include: antidepressants, antiadrenergic agents, glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, D-cycloserine, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotics. The empirical evidence indicates that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors can be considered first line medications for PTSD. It also indicates that neither atypical antipsychotic agents nor benzodiazepines can be recommended at this time. Combined approaches are also reviewed in which pharmacotherapy is combined with psychotherapy or other medications. Important gaps in current knowledge are also considered.It is clear that pharmacotherapy remains an important clinical option because medications are effective; they are often useful for treating comorbid depression and other anxiety disorders; they are generally wellaccepted by patients; and, finally the availability of prescribing clinicians is much greater than the availability of qualified psychotherapists.
Frankfurt-Type Examples and SemiCompatibilism: New Work
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of arguments for and against Frankfurt-type examples over the past few decades. It considers various strategies by which critics of these examples have tried to rescue PAP, or variations of it, and also considers various responses to these critics. It notes that moral responsibility does not require alternative possibilities, but also believes that freedom does imply alternative possibilities. The resulting view is called semicompatibilism. According to semicompatibilism, moral responsibility is compatible with determinism (since it does not require the power to do otherwise), whereas freedom (which does require this power) is not compatible with determinism. The article concludes with an explanation of what motivates this semicompatibilist position and how to give a positive compatibilist account of moral responsibility in terms of notions of guidance control and reasons-responsiveness.
Obligation, Reason, and Frankfurt Examples
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: February 2013

This article gives an unusual twist to debates about Frankfurt-type examples. It defends the thesis that if agents are to be fit subjects of “morally deontic judgments”, they must have the power to act and to act otherwise. It argues that, if moral praiseworthiness and blameworthiness for actions presuppose that the agents praised or blamed are “fit subjects of morally deontic judgments”, then moral praiseworthiness and blameworthiness would also presuppose the power to act and to act otherwise. In defending these claims, the article makes use of a technical analysis of the notion of moral obligation in terms of accessible possible worlds advanced by Fred Feldman and Michael Zimmerman.
A Promising Argument
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: February 2013

This article aims to show that libertarian free will is impossible. In this view, libertarian free will “remains a mystery.” This argument rests on the insight that if one believes one's future free choice is a libertarian free choice and so must be undetermined, one is not in a position to make a promise to someone that will choose as he or she wishes. The argument that develops on the basis of this insight is related to a general problem that indeterminism does not enhance the power or control agents have over their choices or actions, but would in fact diminish their power and control, and hence would diminish their freedom. The argument is important because it shows that many forms of libertarianism (including ones that many libertarians hold) are indeed impossible.
Rollbacks, Endorsements, and Indeterminism
Authors: Almeida Michael , Bernstein Mark
Published: February 2013

This article considers another well-known argument purporting to show that a libertarian free will is incoherent and impossible. The “Rollback Argument” rests on a thought experiment in which the universe is repeatedly rolled back to the precise point where a person is faced with a libertarian choice, say to lie or not lie. If the choice is undetermined, then in some percentage of these possible universes (e.g., 42%), the agent lies, and in the others (58%), she tells the truth. The argument attempts to show that if this is the case, then on each replay the outcome that occurs will be a matter of chance, and if the occurrence of one choice rather than the other is a matter of chance on each replay, then this would be the case as well for the choice that occurred in the actual world.