bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elective Localization of the Streptococcus from a Case of Pulpitis, Dental Neuritis and Myositis
Authors: Rosenow Edward C.
Published: December 2022

A streptococcus having peculiar properties was isolated from the dead pulp of the left upper first molar in the region where the attacks of pain usually began. The streptococcus was also demonstrated in the sections and isolated from the infiltrated deep fascia and muscles of the left side of the neck. A similar streptococcus was isolated from the pharynx and stool. This streptococcus was proved to have elective affinity for the pulp of teeth, dental nerves and muscles in animals. It was repeatedly isolated from and demonstrated in the experimental lesions in animals whose blood was sterile; the lesions were again produced on reinjection and the streptococcus again isolated. Many animals appeared to be in pain and 1 rabbit (Fig. 4) had marked swelling and tenderness over the left upper jaw. This affinity was proved absent in the diptheroid bacillus and Bacillus fusiformis, which also were isolated from the pulp of the tooth, and in the streptococcus broth culture filtrate. Streptococci from other sources rarely cause lesions in the pulp of teeth and dental nerves. The phagocytic power of the patient's blood following the attack over the strain from the tooth was twice that of comparable normal blood.

These results would appear to warrant drawing the conclusion that the attacks of pain in the face in this patient were due to a streptococcus infection of the sheaths of the dental nerves, and that the pain, swelling, tenderness and spasm of the muscles of the neck were due to myositis and fibrositis—the result of infection by this streptococcus. The demonstration of living streptococci in the pulp of the tooth and in the fascia and muscle during quiescent intervals is significant and may explain the recurrence of the attacks. The cavity in the tooth containing the dead pulp, which was originally infected from the mouth, judging by the character of the filling and of the bacterial flora, was quite unable to heal for mechanical reasons. The contents of the cavity appeared to afford a culture medium for the growth of the streptococcus. From stimulation of the defensive mechanism in the patient during the attacks, active growth appeared to be held in check and the symptoms disappeared in consequence, only to reappear later from recurrence of active growth and localization of the streptococci when the immunity was low.

The improvement in the patient since extraction of the tooth appears to be due to the removal of this focus and to prolonged artificial stimulation of the defensive mechanism by means of the autogenous vaccine, which, it is hoped, will lead to the destruction of all the streptococci in the muscle and dental nerves, and result in the ultimate recovery of the patient. However, the isolation of this streptococcus from so many places, indicates that complete recovery will probably be difficult.
The Relation of the Luetin Skin Reaction to Immunity in Syphilis (Including the Treponemicidal Action of Human Serum in Syphilis)
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Broadwell Stuart
Published: December 2022

The results of this study conducted with one culture of treponema pallidum may be summarized as follows: Fresh active normal serum exerts no treponemicidal action on culture pallida in vitro in the proportion of one or two parts of serum to one part of diluted fluid culture.The sera of persons in the tertiary and latent stages of syphilis exert no appreciable treponemicidal action on culture pallida in vitro under similar conditions.The sera of syphilitic persons yielding typical luetin reactions did not exert any treponemicidal activity in vitro.There is no direct relation between the occurrence of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to luetin and the presence of agglutinin for culture pallida in the blood serum.There is no direct relation between the occurrence of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to luetin and the presence of a complement-fixing antibody with an antigen of luetin in the blood serum; both the anaphylactic and complement-fixing antibodies were present or absent together in 52 per cent of cases, while the former was present and the latter absent in 40 per cent. The anaphylactic and complement-fixation reactions indicate an infection with treponema pallidum, but as based upon experiments in vitro neither can be regarded as indicating the co-existence of a treponemolysin or as an index of immunity to syphilis.The sera of a larger percentage of syphilitics contain agglutinin for treponema pallidum than complement-fixing antibody when luetin is used as antigen. It is probable that this difference is due in large part to the poor antigenic sensitiveness of luetin as antigen; when ordinary lipoidal extracts were used as antigens both complement fixation and agglutination occurred together with the majority of sera.As based mainly upon the results of these treponemicidal and other tests in vitro, the anaphylactic luetin test cannot be regarded as an index of resistance to treponema pallidum; these experiments and the failure of others (Neisser and Bruck; Nakano and Noguchi) to produce active immunity in animals to syphilis indicate that a lytic type of immunity is absent in syphilis or, at least, that it plays but a minor rôle in this infection.
Studies in Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Spivacke Charles A. , Grove Ella F.
Published: December 2022

The foregoing is an experimental study of a case of atopic hypersensitiveness (asthma) in which house dust was shown to be an exciting cause, a constitutional reaction having been produced on 2 occasions by the injection of the same small quantity, 0.1 cc., of the dust extract.

R. A. Cooke's opinion that house dust contains a specific excitant of atopy is confirmed by the demonstration, in the blood of a dust sensitive individual, of a specific reagin with which a normal skin site could be sensitized to the dust atopen.

With the use of the method of local passive transfer (Prausnitz and Kustner) it could be shown that the dust atopen was not a product of horse dander, to which latter material the individual was also slightly sensitive.

With the same technical method results were obtained which seemed to indicate the existence of more than one dust atopen.
The Incidence of Two Types of Group II Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: Kline B. S. , Ecker E. E. , Young A. M.
Published: December 2022

Until recently it was believed that there were but four groups of human blood and that these could be explained as dependent upon combinations of two agglutinins and two agglutinogens. In February of last year, however, Guthrie and Huck (1) reported a third agglutinin and corresponding agglutinogen, and the finding of eight of the twenty-seven biological groups possible with three agglutinins and three agglutinogens.

They found that the traditional Group II is not a unit but composed of at least two types, the serum of each containing a single agglutinin (a) but the red cells of one type containing one agglutinogen (B) and those of the other type two agglutinogens (BC). Concerning the incidence of the types of Group II blood, they remark, “We cannot state with absolute assurance which is the commoner of these two types as it is easy to be misled from a small series.”
The Heat Produced by Reactions of Antigens with Antibodies
Authors: Bayne-Jones Stanhope
Published: December 2022

The differential micro-calorimeter of A. V. Hill was used for the measurement of the heat produced by the combination of diphtheria toxin with antitoxin and by the agglutination of bacteria by an immune serum. This type of calorimeter is well suited to such measurements, because it eliminates the effects of changes in the temperature of the environment during the long period required for these reactions and permits the use of suitable controls which cancel the heat effects due to dilution and to unknown substances in the solutions containing the antigens and the antibodies. A White potentiometer in conjunction with a thermocouple and galvanometer reproduced the temperature changes during the reactions in terms of microvolts, which were then converted into degrees Centigrade.

The probable errors in the measurements amount to approximately 10 per cent. The values obtained are thought to be somewhat too high.

Both types of reaction are exothermic.

At present, the amounts of the reacting components cannot be expressed in grams, and are measured in terms of immunological units.

The data for the reaction between diphtheria toxin and antitoxin are based upon the union of 1 unit of diphtheria antitoxin with 1 Lf amount of toxin. In this proportion, all of the affinities of the antitoxin are satisfied by combination with an equivalent of the toxin-antigen, regardless of its actual toxicity. The reaction between 1 unit of diphtheria antitoxin and 1 Lf amount of diphtheria toxin liberated 0.0645 gram calories.

The observations upon the heat produced by the agglutination of bacteria by an immune serum have only a qualitative significance, as it is impossible to reduce these to any satisfactory quantitative terms. Heat is liberated during this reaction in two periods. The first corresponds to the period in which the antigen and antibody combine; the second corresponds to the period of mechanical flocculation of the bacteria.
Further Studies on Bacterial Allergy
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Grinnell Francis B.
Published: December 2022

Although our previous studies on bacterial allergy have occupied themselves largely with the tuberculin reaction, we have, from the beginning, regarded this phenomenon merely as a specific instance of a train of occurrences probably general to all bacterial invasions of the animal body in which contact between invader and invaded exceeded the short periods of briefly acute infections, or in which—even in such brief contacts—periodic repetition occurred. Accordingly, we have from time to time published incidental experiments in which allergic reactions were observed in guinea pigs treated and tested with other bacteria (staphylococci, typhoid bacilli) (1).

In pursuing these studies in greater detail, we have subjected the hemolytic streptococcus infections to a more extensive study since these organisms by their frequent invasions of the human throat would seem to represent the most important group of bacteria with which lesions or symptoms secondary to the establishment of an allergic condition might be associated.
The Precipitin Test in the Identification of Yeasts
Authors: Balls A. K.
Published: December 2022

It is the purpose of this note to show that serum reactions may offer considerable aid in the differentiation of various species and sub-species of yeasts—a tedious and difficult task by current methods. Schütze (1) in 1902 found that anti-yeast sera in rather high concentrations caused non-specific precipitation when mixed with press juice: agglutination reactions, as carried out by him were also found to be non-specific. The tendency of many yeasts to flocculate spontaneously led me to abandon work on agglutination phenomena. But in repeating Schütze's precipitin experiments, it was found that while some yeasts, notably S. logos, yielded non-specific sera, others, particularly if the dilutions were carried quite far, gave nicely specific results.

Ten authentic cultures were used, five of them races, or subspecies, of S. cervisiae, and therefore very closely related. These were first kept for nine months on the same medium, a cane molasses phosphate agar, grown aerobically with monthly transplants.
Serological Studies on Bovine Infectious Abortion
Authors: McAlpine James G. , Rettger Leo F.
Published: December 2022

Summary and Results

Reacting cows may be divided into three main groups by testing their sera and milk at monthly intervals and titering to the end point. One of these groups comprises animals whose udder secretions constantly exhibit reacting bodies of both classes. The second is made up of cows in the milk of which the so-called immune bodies are present only during the colostral and drying off periods; while in the third group the complement fixing bodies are never present in the milk. Animals classified in the second group constituted 50 per cent of the cows under observation. All calves, regardless of the reaction of the dam, are born non-reactors to both the agglutination and complement fixation tests. If they are permitted to suck positive dams within the first twenty-four hours of life, they become reactors in a remarkably short time, but again become negative almost invariably before the sixth month of age. On the other hand, if they ingest the colostrum of negative dams, they remain negative unless they become infected from without during or after sexual maturity.
A Sandwich Technique for the Detection of Myxovirus-Infected Cells Using a Fluorescein-Conjugated Antibody Directed against a Glycoprotein Substrate (Fetuin)
Authors: Blough Herbert A. , Ballow Mark , Kreider John W.
Published: December 2022

A two layer “sandwich” technique for the detection of macromolecular synthesis in myxovirus-infected cells has been carried out using a small glycoprotein substrate, fetuin, followed by an outer layer of antifetuin antibody labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. This method appears to offer a high degree of sensitivity and permits one to use a single fluorescent label for the identification of myxovirus-infected cells.
Blood Group Specific Agglutinins in Invertebrates
Authors: Brown Rebecca , Almodovar Luis R. , Bhatia H. M. , Boyd William C.
Published: December 2022

Agglutinins for human erythrocytes were found in five invertebrate phyla. Among these were five examples of H-specific agglutinin and one possible source of anti-M.
Communications
Authors: Mergenhagen S. E. , Gewurz H. , Bladen H. A. , Nowotny A. , Kasai N. , Lüderitz O.
Published: December 2022

The cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria possesses both endotoxic and O-antigenic activity. Recent electron microscopic studies have provided strong evidence that the LPS, localized in the outer membrane of the cell wall, may also serve as a substrate for the action of the complement (C′) enzymes. “Lesions” indicative of utilization of the terminal C′ components have been visualized on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and on the membranous LPS after incubation with fresh mammalian serum (1–3). Since various biologically active factors are generated by C′ interactions prior to terminal component activation, it was suggested that certain of the biologic effects of LPS might be mediated via the C′ system (2, 4).

An important contribution to the study of the chemical nature of endotoxin has recently been obtained by O. Lüderitz et al. (5). These workers found that endotoxin, isolated from a rough strain of Salmonella minnesota, consisted mainly of 2-keto-3 deoxyoctonate (KDO) and “lipid A” without O-polysaccharide or heptose.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group a Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Wittner M. K.
Published: December 2022

Group A streptococcal M proteins of serotypes 3 and 12 cross-react as a result of shared antigenic determinants. These cross-reactions are seen in passive hemagglutination assays and in lines of identity in immunodiffusion plates with antisera from rabbits immunized with purified M protein vaccines. Rabbits immunized with one of types 3 or 12 M protein vaccines produce antibodies that are bactericidal only for the homologous serotype. Children with upper respiratory infections caused by either types 3 or 12 group A streptococci develop antibodies to both serotypes. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to streptococcal immunization of humans with M protein vaccines.
Hemagglutinin of Type 4 Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus
Authors: Ito Michio , Mayor Heather D.
Published: December 2022

The mixture of type 4 defective adeno-associated satellite virus and its simian helper adenovirus was found to have a high hemagglutinating (HA) activity, particularly with type O human erythrocytes at 4°C. This activity was inhibited by antiserum against the satellite but was virtually unchanged after treatment with adenovirus antiserum. Satellite-free simian adenovirus had a low level of HA activity itself, which could be completely inhibited by homologous adenovirus antiserum. Growth cycle studies showed that the increase of HA activity coincided with the rise of satellite infectivity. After density gradient centrifugation, bands which consisted of high concentrations of satellite particles alone also showed high HA activity. These results indicate that HA activity is a property of the type 4 adeno-associated satellite virus.
Characterization of Antibodies Produced in Natural and Experimental Coxsackievirus Infections
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita
Published: December 2022

Neutralizing, hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI), complement-fixing (CF) and precipitating coxsackievirus antibodies produced in natural infections of man and experimental infections of rhesus monkeys were characterized with respect to their sedimentation properties in sucrose density gradients and sensitivity to 2-mercaptoethanol (ME). Early appearing neutralizing and HI antibodies consisted largely of 19 S immunoglobulins; these were replaced by 7 S antibody globulins in convalescent-phase sera. Determining the ME sensitivity of neutralizing and HI antibodies in sera from human coxsackievirus infections did not give a particularly reliable indication of the current infecting virus type; in some instances homotypic antibody did not show significant reductions in titer after ME treatment, and in other instances heterotypic antibody was ME-sensitive to the same extent as homotypic antibody. Complement-fixing antibodies to the coxsackieviruses were invariably ME-resistant and demonstrable only in the 7 S immunoglobulin fraction, even in initial infections with a coxsackievirus. In both natural and experimental infections specific precipitating antibody was ME-sensitive and present in the 19 S immunoglobulin fraction, while group precipitating antibody was ME-resistant and present in the 7 S fraction.
Antigenic Properties of Mouse Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Hays Esther Fincher
Published: December 2022

The studies comprising this report show that lymphoma cells from AKR mice with spontaneously occurring disease as well as those with primary disease induced by virus have specific antigenicity. Evidence, albeit indirect, is presented to support the concept that the tumor antigens are related to specific change in antigenic properties of the cell rather than to the presence of leukemogeneic virus at the cell surface. AKR mice immunized with C3H lymphoma cells were found not to develop cytotoxicity or transplantation resistance to syngeneic cells, indicating that a state of immunologic tolerance to the lymphoma antigen is present in this high lymphoma incidence strain.
Serum Factors and the Reticuloendothelial Uptake of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Koenig M. Glenn , Melly M. Ann , Goodman Jay S. , Rogers David E.
Published: December 2022

Utilizing isolated perfused rabbit livers and rabbit serum, the following conclusions were made concerning the serum requirements for hepatic removal of both wild type and encapsulated staphylococci: Normal serum enhanced the hepatic removal of both wild type and encapsulated staphylococci.Both heat stable and heat labile serum factors were involved in this enhancement.The heat stable factor could be partially removed from normal serum by absorption with both wild type and encapsulated strains of Staphylococcus aureus but not by a coagulase-negative strain.As in phagocytic systems utilizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the encapsulated staphylococci appeared more resistant to phagocytosis and their hepatic removal was greatly enhanced by specific immune serum.Serum from animals immunized with wild type staphylococci consistently improved hepatic removal of wild type strains over that observed with normal serum only when heat labile factors were absent from such sera.The reticuloendothelial removal of staphylococci and the phagocytosis of staphylococci by polymorphonuclear leukocytes both appear to be serum-dependent host defense mechanisms.
Reversed Type Allergic Skin Reactions by Anti-γE-Globulin Antibodies in Humans and Monkeys
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko
Published: December 2022

The rabbit and guinea pig antisera specific for human γE-globulin induced erythema-wheal reactions in normal human individuals and increased permeability of monkey skin capillaries, whereas the antibodies specific for other immunoglobulins did not. The minimum dose of rabbit anti-γE-antibody to induce the skin reactions in both species was 10-6 to 10-5 µg N. The activity of the anti-γE sera was removed by absorption of the antiserum with γE-globulin. The results indicate that the skin reactions by anti-γE-antibodies are reversed type allergic reactions, and that both normal human subjects and monkeys have γE-globulin on the skin sites which are sensitized by human reaginic antibodies upon passive sensitization. A normal monkey serum and a chromatographic fraction of this serum neutralized the skin reactivity of the anti-γE serum in the monkey, indicating that monkey serum contains “γE-globulin,” which has similar antigenic structure and physicochemical properties to human γE-globulin.
On the Nature of Cryoglobulins
Authors: Zinneman Horace H. , Levi Donald , Seal Ulysses S.
Published: December 2022

The cryoglobulins of two patients were studied. Each of the two cryoprecipitates consisted of two components. The first one, from the serum of a patient with “idiopathic cryoglobulinemia,” was composed of a 19 S and a 7 S component. Immunologic studies suggest that the 19 S component was an antibody to IgG, which had become abnormal and antigenic by the loss of sialic acid but retained its antigenic IgG determinants. The altered solubility, which renders the combination of these two globulins a cryoprecipitate, may also be the consequence of the absence of sialic acid from the 7 S component.

The second cryoglobulin was obtained from a patient with multiple myeloma. The cryoprecipitate was composed of a 7 S and a 3.5 S, but the 3.5 S composed of a 7 S and a 3.5 S, but the 3.5 S component constituted a cryoglobulin by itself. The 3.5 S also appeared in the urine of the patient, where it also had the qualities of a cryoglobulin. This 3.5 S cryoglobulin was a κ-type light chain by antigenic properties and chemical constituents with the possible exception of cystine.
The Effect of Salt-Induced Aggregation on the Gel Filtration of Chicken 7 S Antibodies
Authors: Van Orden Dianna E. , Treffers Henry P.
Published: December 2022

A chicken antiserum obtained on the 8th day after immunization has been shown to have the immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of γG and a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 S in 0.35 M formic acid. In 0.87% NaCl, the antibody was eluted from a Biogel P 200 gel filtration column as a protein of approximately 150,000 MW; in contrast, in 5.8% NaCl, the antibody was aggregated, and the bulk of antibody activity was excluded from the gel. This aggregation was confirmed by quantitative immunodiffusion in agar containing 8% NaCl: a D20,w = 2.3 × 10-7 cm2/sec was obtained for the antibody. From this diffusion coefficient and the value of 13 S reported for the sedimentation coefficient in 8% NaCl, a MW of 540,000 is calculated for the aggregated antibody.
The Demonstration in Human Serum of “Conglutinogen-Activating Factor” and its Effect on the Third Component of Complement
Authors: Lachmann Peter J. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J.
Published: December 2022

It has been found that the intermediate complex EAC′1a,4,2a,3, if built-up with purified complement components, fails to react with bovine conglutinin. The participation of a further serum factor, distinct from the hitherto described complement components, is required for the reactivity toward conglutinin to be acquired. To this factor the name conglutinogen-activating factor (or KAF) has been provisionally given. KAF has been partially purified from human serum and has been found to be a β-globulin with a molecular weight of approximately 100,000. It appears to be present in serum in very small quantities. KAF reacts specifically with bound C′3 and no other complement components are necessary for the reaction to occur. The nature of the reaction on bound C′3 is unclear, but it seems more likely that KAF produces some change, possibly enzymatically, in the bound C′3 molecule than that KAF is bound stoichiometrically on the alexinated complex. Besides activating the conglutinogen, KAF makes bound C′3 very much more sensitive to enzymatic attack.
An Effect of Maintenance in Tissue Culture on Spleen Cells Transferred from Antigen-Injected Donors to Syngeneic Mice
Authors: Sher Stephanie E. , Harris T. N.
Published: December 2022

Spleen cells from primed mice incubated with antigen in vitro for transfer to syngeneic mice showed a 4-day interval between cell-transfer and the appearance of antibody at a given threshold level in the recipient's serum, whether the cells were transferred directly or maintained in culture for periods of 1 to 4 days prior to transfer. When spleen cells from antigen-injected donors were transferred directly, the lag period in the recipients varied, being less than 4 days by the number of days between injection of antigen into the donor and collection of its spleen cells (the “donor interval”). However, when such cells were cultured in vitro before transfer, the lag period was constant relative to the time of transfer, 4 days, regardless of the donor interval. It appeared that the progress made in the donors' tissues toward the synthesis of antibody was nullified in tissue culture, so that no matter how many days of the total expected lag period had passed in the donor, the process began anew after in vitro culture and required 4 more days in the recipients' tissues.

The minimum time in culture required for the production of this effect was between 12 and 24 hr. The occurrence of the effect was not constant; the serum or serum fraction used in the medium was a factor.

Where this effect occurred, the cultured cells produced less antibody than control suspensions when the donor interval was 2 days, or longer, whereas no such difference was found with a 1-day donor interval or when the cells had been incubated with antigen in vitro. It is suggested that under the present conditions of tissue culture the processes of maturation or cell division by which antibody-producing cells are produced from their precursors could not occur in culture, as they can in the tissues of the donor or the recipient, and that cells already involved in antibody formation died in tissue culture, so that the processes of maturation or cell division necessarily began again in the recipient animal.
Complementarity of Heavy and Light Chains from Antibodies of the Same Specificity Derived from Different Rabbits
Authors: Zappacosta Serafino , Nisonoff Alfred
Published: December 2022

The specific activity of heavy chains derived from anti-DNP antibody of an individual rabbit was in general enhanced upon combination with light chains of the same specificity from a different rabbit. The activities of such recombinants could not be accounted for on the basis of additivity of binding capacities of the individual chains. This indicates that there are structural similarities, related to specificity, among the light chains of anti-DNP antibodies synthesized in different animals. In agreement with previous work, maximal activity of recombinants was observed when the chains were derived from the same animals.
Synthesis of the First Component of Guinea Pig Complement by Columnar Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Gordon James M. , Rapp Herbert J. , Borsos Tibor
Published: December 2022

The hemolytic plaque assay has been adapted to the study of synthesis of C′1 by individual cells. With this method we found that in the guinea pig the only cells capable of producing plaques due to hemolytic C′1 were the columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine. The production of hemolytic plaques was inhibited by puromycin. None of the other cell types studied were capable of producing hemolytic plaques.
Immunosuppression during Acute Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Osborn June E. , Blazkovec Andrew A. , Walker Duard L.
Published: December 2022

Murine cytomegalovirus was found to exert a suppressive effect on several components of the primary immune response during acute sublethal infection of 4-week-old mice. Neutralizing antibody against MCMV was delayed in appearance, with only minimal titers as late as 14 days after infection. Primary response to i.p. sheep erythrocytes was profoundly suppressed when antigen was administered during the acute stage of MCMV infection. This suppression affected both serum hemagglutinin levels and 19 S and 7 S hemolytic antibody-forming spleen cells. No splenic cell destruction or deletion could be detected at the dosage of virus used. Maximum suppression of hemolytic plaque formation correlated with peak viral concentration in the spleens of these mice; in the case of serum hemagglutinin, suppression persisted well beyond the time when MCMV had been effectively eliminated from the spleen. Evidence was also obtained to show that delay in processing of antigen could not fully account for the immunosuppression. Thus a nonlethal virus-induced alteration in immune cell competence is postulated. This change may relate antibody and interferon production, inasmuch as both functions are suppressed over the same interval in acute MCMV infection.
Sequence of Events in Mice Early in Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Matangkasombut Pornchai , Seastone C. V.
Published: December 2022

By removing the spleens from stimulated mice at intervals and transferring them to γ-irradiated recipients, it was possible to follow the kinetics of the response to immunizing and paralyzing doses of type I pneumococcal polysaccharide (SI). A linear relationship was established between the degree of adoptive immunity and the logarithm of the number of primed cells transferred. Transient appearance of primed cells was demonstrated in mice developing immunologic paralysis; these cells could no longer be demonstrated 5 days after antigenic stimulation. Cell proliferation appeared to be required. A transient response to a very small immunizing dose similar to that following a paralyzing dose was demonstrated; unresponsiveness was not produced by this amount of SI. Immune suppression was demonstrated when mitomycin C was given prior to the administration of sheep red blood cells or SI.
Transfer of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity to Tuberculin in the Guinea Pig by γG2 from Immunized Donors
Authors: Pick Edgar , Feldman Joseph D.
Published: December 2022

The sera of guinea pigs that had been immunized with tubercle bacilli and had been challenged by intracardiac injection of OT 4 hr before death were effective in transferring cutaneous hypersensitivity to neutral recipient guinea pigs. The mediator was a γG2-immunoglobulin. The lesions that developed in recipients after intradermal injection of OT were considered to be the result of an antigen-antibody interaction of an Arthus or of cutaneous anaphylaxis type, rather than those of delyed hypersensitivity. The conclusion was based on the following observations: peak reactions occurred between 12 and 18 hr after skin testing; the histology was not characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity; positive transfers by serum factors could not be accomplished when delayed hypersensitivity to DNP-BGG was produced in donors; and PPD was incapable of eliciting a positive skin response in recipient guinea pigs that yielded positive test with OT.
The Role of Monobasic Aliphatic Fatty Acids in Immune Agglutination of Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Smith J. Kelly
Published: December 2022

Even numbered unesterified fatty acids of chain length 10 carbons and greater are capable of increasing significantly the agglutination titers of hyperimmune rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum. They do so in a manner which is dependent upon the binding properties of the erythrocyte and upon the concentration of the fatty acid, the antibody and inhibitor substances such as albumin. In general, the longer the chain length and the greater the degree of unsaturation, the more effective the fatty acid is in enhancing agglutination. The evidence indicates that it is the detergent properties of the acids that enable them to bind effectively to the erythrocyte and to produce agglutination by reducing the repulsive forces between the cells. Although it is clear that unesterified fatty acids are adsorbed to sheep erythrocytes during the normal course of sensitition, under most conditions their influence on hemagglutination can be expected to be minimized by the effects of dilution, competitive binding, and by the occurence of antibody dependent maximum agglutination. The possibility that these observations may have some in vivo significance is discussed.
Enhancement of Phagocytosis of Group a Streptococci by Antibody Fragments Derived from Rabbit Immunoglobulin by Pepsin Digestion
Authors: Perkins John C. , Hahn Jerome J.
Published: December 2022

F(ab′)2 and Fab′ fragments of rabbit IgG antibody were prepared by peptic digestion and purified by exclusion chromatography. The bivalent and univalent antibody fragments were shown to retain the ability to enhance the phagocytosis of homologous, virulent group A streptococci in the presence of fresh, heparinized, normal human blood.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with γG Antibodies
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

Anaphylactic release of histamine from mouse mast cells passively sensitized by purified homologous anti-hapten antibodies was demonstrated. The reaction was critically dependent on the Ag-Ab proportions used for sensitization and challenge and could be provoked by addition of freshly prepared Ag-Ab complexes. No fixation of the antibodies to the cells prior to the Ag-Ab reactions could be demonstrated. The release of histamine was complete 2 min after challenge.
A New Method for the Enumeration of Single Antibody-Producing Cells
Authors: Diener E.
Published: December 2022

A new method is described for the enumeration of single cells producing antibody against a pure protein preparation from Salmonella adelaide flagella. Cells with adherent bacteria, cultured in nutrient agar, give rise to bacteria adherence colonies which can be counted under low power magnification. The method discloses an extremely low level of background of 0.03 adherence colonies/106 spleen cells. Critical tests have affirmed that adherence colonies are due to cells actually taking part in the immune response. Since the method is based on an antigen known to be highly immunogenic and capable of evoking secondary responses as well as tolerance under defined circumstances, all major phenomena of immunity can be studied at the cellular level.
Quantitation of Immunoglobulins and L-Chains by Complement Fixation Tests
Authors: Barnett Eugene V.
Published: December 2022

Specific antisera to H chains of γG-, γA- and γM-immunoglobulins and to κ and λ light chains were used to quantitate the respective antigens by the sensitive complement fixation technique. Antigens were detectable and were quantitated in hypo-γ-globulinemic fluids, eluates from sensitized red blood cells, saliva, tears and cerebrospinal fluids. Two peaks of complement fixation were obtained with some specimens of tears. It was suggested that this was due to the presence of both serum and secretory γA-immunoglobulins in tears. The quantitation of immunoglobulins and L-chains by complement fixation tests appears to be both sensitive and reproducible.
The Response of Cultured Human Thymus Cells to Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Claman Henry N. , Brunstetter Frank H.
Published: December 2022

Studies of human thymus cells in short-term (3 to 91 hr) tissue cultures have shown the stimulation produced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). This has been demonstrated by increased uptake of isotopically labeled DNA, RNA and protein precursors measured by autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. The appearance of “blast cells” after culture with PHA has been shown by electron microscopy. There was wide variability from the one thymus cell preparation to another with regard to the dose of PHA and the concentration of cells per culture required for maximal isotope uptake. Thymus cells from older patients appeared to respond better to PHA than did thymus cells from younger patients. A comparison of cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes with cultures of human thymus cells indicates that at least some thymus cell preparations respond to PHA as well as do peripheral blood leukocyte preparations.
Direct Immunofluorescent Tissue Culture Assay for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: December 2022

Pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) infection has been under investigation in several laboratories (1–5). Although LCM virus may be grown in tissue culture, no cytopathic effect has been substantiated (3, 6, 7). Hitherto the sole means of assaying for LCM virus has been by mouse titration tests. This assay is limited most noticeably by the number of animals used and time required to observe an effect.

The report of immunofluorescent staining in the study of LCM virus infection (3, 4, 6) suggested that a fluorescent assay system could be devised. This communication reports a direct immunofluorescent tissue culture assay for LCM virus.

Materials and Methods. LCM virus. NIH 7022 strain of LCM virus (mouse brain passage) was obtained from Dr. Wallace P. Rowe, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.

Mice. Weanling non-inbred Swiss Webster mice were obtained from a local breeder. Latent LCM infections were not detected in these mice.
Communications
Authors: Davenport Fred M. , Hennessy Albert V. , Askin Frederic B.
Published: December 2022

AlPO4 failed to enhance the antigenicity of purified influenza hemagglutinin vaccines given to adult human subjects.
Communications
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Pinchuck Paul
Published: December 2022

Although it has been reported previously that strain 13 guinea pigs cannot react immunogenically against lysine-containing polymers and polypeptidyl proteins (1–5), reinvestigation of this problem has indicated a major disagreement with these results.

Guinea pigs of inbred strain 13 weighing 300 to 400 g were obtained from the closed colony at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and from the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Missoula, Montana. They were immunized with random polymers of α-l-amino acids incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant. Additional studies employed the polymers of α-d-amino acids aggregated with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). The basic protocol was the same as that employed previously (6, 7). Animals were injected twice, at intervals of 2 weeks, with 100 µg of the polymer plus adjuvant. Three weeks after the second injection the animals were bled from the retroorbital sinus and were skintested with 100 µg of the specific polymer.
Equine Antibodies to Human γG-Globulin
Authors: Johnston Sarah L. , Allen Peter Z.
Published: December 2022

Successive bleedings were obtained from a single horse during the course of immunization with human γG-globulin. Each antiserum was separated into γ1- and γ2-antibody fractions by a procedure involving salt fractionation followed by sequential anion and cation exchange chromatography. Isolated γ1-antibody fractions from each bleeding gave a flocculating type quantitative precipitin curve while isolated γ2-antibody fractions gave the conventional type precipitin curve. Solubilities of specific precipitates obtained with γ1 and γ2 fractions were estimated from the slopes of volume dependence curves and specific solubilities of 2 to 3 and 14 to 18 µg total N/ml were found for γ2 and γ1 specific precipitates, respectively.

Specific precipitates solubilized by excess antigen were examined with antisera to equine serum components. Each solubilized γ2 specific precipitate was shown to contain γGa- and/or γGb-globulins. Solubilized specific precipitates prepared from isolated γ1 fractions of each bleeding were shown to contain at least four components. Two components could be identified as IgG(T) and IgG immunoglobulins while a third component having a mobility between that of γ2- and γ1-globulin and a fourth with γ1 mobility were not identified and remain to be classified.
Preparation of Fluorescent Antibody Reagents Monospecific to Heavy Chains of Human Immunoglobulin
Authors: Takahashi M. , Yagi Y. , Pressman D.
Published: December 2022

Fluorochrome-conjugated antibody reagents monospecific to γ-, α- or µ-heavy chains of human immunoglobulin were prepared from goat antisera by the extensive use of solid immunoadsorbents for the specific purification of desired antibodies and for the removal of other antibodies.
Presence of Two Different Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains in Individual Cells of Established Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines
Authors: Takahashi M. , Tanigaki N. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D.
Published: December 2022

Presence of γ-, α- and µ-heavy chains of immunoglobulin was examined in cultured cells of established human hematopoietic cell lines. Combinations of a fluorescein-conjugated antibody of one specificity and a tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated antibody of another specificity were used to see whether individual cells contain heavy chains of more than one class.

Studies were concentrated on two cell lines which produced immunoglobulins of more than one class.

Essentially all the immunoglobulin-containing cells in cell line LK1D (RPMI no. 4292) were found to contain both γ- and α-heavy chains. Individual cells containing both γ- and α-heavy chains were also found in high proportions in cell line RPMI no. 3157 along with the cells containing only γ-, only α- or only µ-chains. There were a few cells containing both γ- and µ-chains, but no cells were found to contain both α- and µ-chains.

In addition to the usual controls for fluorescent antibody techniques, specificity of antibody reagents was shown by staining bone marrows from myeloma patients and a mixture of cells from two cell lines, one producing only IgA and the other producing only IgG. Even when the cells of these two cell lines were grown together in the same culture, no cells were found to contain two heavy chains. This strongly suggests that the chains found in individual cells are being synthesized in the cells and are not derived from other cells in the culture.

Antibody reagents were specifically purified and were made monospecific to each heavy chain of immunoglobulin by the use of insoluble immunoadsorbents conjugated with homologous or heterologous antigens.
Studies of the Chicken Immune Response
Authors: Abramoff Peter , Brien Nancy B.
Published: December 2022

Synthesis of specific antibody occurred in an in vitro culture system when spleen RNA extracts from chickens immunized with sheep erythrocytes were incubated with recipient spleen cells from nonimmunized birds. The kinetics of the in vitro antibody synthesis corresponded to the kinetics of a primary in vivo immunologic response subsequent to the 2nd day after immunization. The effects of incubating the RNA extract with ribonuclease or chicken anti-SRBC serum upon the in vitro response indicated that an antigenic fragment was a functional component of the RNA extract.
Immunologic Incompetence of Mouse Perinatal Liver Hematopoietic Cells against Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Saltzstein Edward C.
Published: December 2022

Liver hematopoietic cells were collected from fetal and neonatal C57BL/6 mice at eight equidistant points in time beginning on the 13th day of fetal life and ending on the 7th day after birth. Aliquots of these cells were administered intraperitoneally to B6D2F1 mice. The host mice were studied by means of the Simonsen graft-vs.-host spleen weight-gain assay to determine at what stage of fetal or neonatal life mouse liver hematopoietic cells first acquire immunologic competence against transplantation antigens. None of the mouse liver hematopoietic cells from fetal or neonatal parental strain mice demonstrated immunologic reactivity against transplantation antigens in their F1 hybrids with the doses employed and as measured by this assay system.
The Induction of Acute Glomerulonephritis in Rabbits with Soluble Antigens Isolated from Normal Homologous and Autologous Urine
Authors: Lerner R. A. , Dixon F. J.
Published: December 2022

Rabbits injected with crude or partially purified fractions of normal autologous or homologous urine developed glomerulonephritis. Only those fractions of urine which contained soluble GBM antigens were nephritogenic. The nephritis was shown to be mediated by anti-GBM antibodies and could be transferred to previously healthy recipients with globulin eluted from nephritic kidneys.
Interferon Response of Human Leukocytes during Intrauterine and Postnatal Life
Authors: Cantell K. , Strander H. , Saxén L. , Meyer B.
Published: December 2022

The interferon response of blood samples from 11 embryos (8 to 17 weeks), 3 prematures, 8 full-term newborns, 9 children (1 month to 10 years) and 22 adults (17 to 96 years) was studied by exposing them to Sendai virus in vitro. Detectable amounts of interferon were recovered from all the cultures. The interferon titers were in general lowest among the embryos and highest among the prematures and children. However, when the titers were expressed per lymphocyte, the ratios obtained were roughly constant. This suggests that the interferon-producing capacity of human lymphocytes in peripheral blood remains relatively constant throughout intrauterine and postnatal life.
The Effects of Heterologous Anti-Thymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard
Published: December 2022

The suppressive effects of anti-lymphoid serum upon the capacity of mouse spleen cells to mediate graft-vs.-host reactions was measured quantitatively using a spleen assay. Changes in cellular reactivity with time after treatment were measured using a parallel line method. When spleen cells were assayed 2 days after a single injection of anti-thymocyte serum at least a 12-fold suppression in cellular reactivity was noted. Considerable suppression was found after 6 days (ninefold) and 14 days (fivefold) while by day 28 a return toward normal function was evident. A series of four ATS doses resulted in a more severe suppression when cells were tested after 1, 8 and 15 days, but by day 28 the reaction again approached normal.

The administration of smaller quantities of anti-thymocyte serum resulted in a proportionally less suppressed state. With each decrease in antiserum dose an approximately proportionate decrease in suppression of GVH was observed.

Rabbit antisera produced against BALB/cAnN thymocytes caused a diminution in the reactivity of C57BL/6J spleen cells. The degree of suppression was of approximately the same intensity as seen with spleen cells from similarly treated BALB/cAnN mice.

There was an apparent correlation between the ability of ATS to delay rejection of skin grafts and its ability to modify the graft-vs.-host reaction. It appeared that at least a 10-fold level of suppression was required to prolong skin graft survival.