bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De nouvelles danses pour le vieux Monsieur B. Musique de J.-S. Bach avec chorégraphies et improvisations de la fin du XXe siècle
Authors: Schroedter Stephanie
Published: October 2012

Un survol des développements choréomusicaux de la fin du XXe siècle révèle un nombre étonnant de productions en danse de tous genres et styles sur la musique de Jean-Sébastien Bach. Il ne fait aucun doute que Bach a été l’un des compositeurs les plus populaires chez les chorégraphes du siècle dernier, même si les oeuvres utilisées n’étaient pas forcément vouées à la danse. Ainsi, plusieurs faits peuvent expliquer ce phénomène. D’abord, les formes et les structures dans sa musique sont claires et évidentes, se prêtant admirablement aux chorégraphies. Deuxièmement, sa musique est très expressive, ce qui tient de la rhétorique et de la théorie des passions de son époque. Enfin, le compositeur a souvent été inspiré par les rythmes de la danse, même si sa musique est généralement beaucoup plus complexe que la musique de danse dite « idiomatique ». Nous comparerons deux démarches d’interprétation en danse afin de démontrer l’étendue possible des conceptions chorégraphiques de l’oeuvre de ce doyen de la musique occidentale. L’une est la création de Gerhard Bohner, chorégraphe allemand ayant évolué au sein du Tanztheater de Pina Bausch ; l’autre consiste en des improvisations de Steve Paxton.
Une lecture dialogique de l’improvisation libre et collective en musique actuelle et en contact-improvisation
Authors: Stévance Sophie
Published: October 2012

Cet article propose une analyse de l’improvisation enmusique actuelle, un courant musical d’avant-garde qui s’est développé au Québec en 1979, à la lumière du contact-improvisation (mouvement chorégraphique apparu aux États-Unis en 1972). L’objectif est de comprendre la nature de ces arts improvisés où le rapport avec autrui en est le fondement. Comment l’individu et l’autre agissent-ils l’un sur l’autre? Comment prennent-ils la place qui leur revient dans le cadre d’un même processus conversationnel en cours? Ledialogismeselon Bakhtine, ici considéré comme métaphore, permet d’illustrer les interactions en jeu dans la musique actuelle et le contact-improvisation. Le dialogisme offre également l’occasion d’interroger la notion d’improvisation libre et collective, dont la musique actuelle et le contact improvisation sont les dignes représentants.
Successful clinical outcomes following decentralization of tertiary paediatric HIV care to a community‐based paediatric antiretroviral treatment network, Chiangrai, Thailand, 2002 to 2008
Authors: Hansudewechakul Rawiwan , Naiwatanakul Thananda , Katana Abraham , Faikratok Worawan , Lolekha Rangsima , Thainuea Vorapathu , McConnell Michelle S
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Most paediatric antiretroviral treatments (ARTs) in Thailand are limited to tertiary care hospitals. To decentralize paediatric HIV treatment and care, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital (CRH) strengthened a provincial paediatric HIV care network by training community hospital (CH) care teams to receive referrals of children for community follow‐up. In this study, we assessed factors associated with death and clinical outcomes of HIV‐infected children who received care at CRH and CHs after implementation of a community‐based paediatric HIV care network.

Methods

Clinical records were abstracted for all children who initiated ART at CRH. Paired Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to assess CD4% and virological change among all children. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess factors associated with death. Treatment outcomes (CD4%, viral load (VL) and weight‐for‐age Z‐score (WAZ)) were compared between CRH and CH children who met the criteria for analysis.

Results

Between February 2002 and April 2008, 423 HIV‐infected children initiated ART and 410 included in the cohort analysis. Median follow‐up for the cohort was 28 months (interquartile range (IQR)=12 to 42); 169 (41%) children were referred for follow‐up at CH. As of 31 March 2008, 42 (10%) children had died. Baseline WAZ (<−2 (p=0.001)) and baseline CD4% (<5% (p=0.015)) were independently associated with death. At 48 months, 86% of ART‐naïve children in follow‐up had VL<400 copies/ml. For sub‐group analysis, 133 children at CRH and 154 at CHs were included for comparison. Median baseline WAZ was lower in CH children than in CRH children (p=0.001); in both groups, WAZ, CD4% and VL improved after ART with no difference in rate of WAZ and CD4% gain (p=0.421 and 0.207, respectively).

Conclusions

Children at CHs had more severe immunological suppression and low WAZ at baseline. Community‐ and tertiary care‐based paediatric ART follow‐ups result in equally beneficial outcomes with the strengthening of a provincial referral network between tertiary and community care. Nutrition interventions may benefit children in community‐based HIV treatment and care.
High‐Resolution Microfocus X‐Ray Computed Tomography for 3D Surface Roughness Measurements of Additive Manufactured Porous Materials
Authors: Kerckhofs Greet , Pyka Grzegorz , Moesen Maarten , Van Bael Simon , Schrooten Jan , Wevers Martine
Published: October 2012

Since commercially available profiling systems fail when determining the surface roughness of porous materials, we propose a novel protocol for surface roughness quantification of 3D additive manufactured porous structures based on high‐resolution microfocus X‐ray computed tomography (micro‐CT) images. It allows to non‐destructively assess the roughness of these porous materials at the outer surface as well as inside the structure. The noise in the images and the spatial image resolution both have a significant effect on the accuracy of the micro‐CT‐based roughness measurements. Comparing the roughness parameters of flat substrates determined both with commercially available (optical and contact) profiling systems and the micro‐CT‐based roughness measurement protocol shows that micro‐CT can be applied accurately and in a robust manner for surface roughness quantification of 3D additive manufactured porous materials with a micro‐scale roughness. Depending on the dimensions of the roughness, the micro‐CT acquisition parameters, i.e., frame averaging and spatial image resolution, need to be fine‐tuned. Submicron‐scale roughness can currently not be quantified.
Micropatterned Freestanding Superelastic TiNi Films
Authors: Lima de Miranda Rodrigo , Zamponi Christiane , Quandt Eckhard
Published: October 2012

Micropatterned freestanding superelastic TiNi films in the thickness range between 20 and 100 µm are attractive materials for medical in vivo applications. Micropatterning of these materials by UV lithography and etching is a challenging task, as wet etching has severe design limitations due to its isotropic nature while dry etching shows much to low etching rates. This study presents a method to fabricate freestanding TiNi films (with thicknesses higher than 20 µm) with a minimum feature size 5 µm based on UV lithography, sacrificial layer and wet etching technology. This method was successfully applied to the fabrication of TiNi films with 50 µm thickness and 25 µm feature size. These superelastic films showed remarkable tensile strengths up to 1100 MPa and elongations upon fracture of more than 40%.
Colloidal Stabilization of Calcium Carbonate Prenucleation Clusters with Silica
Authors: Kellermeier Matthias , Gebauer Denis , Melero‐García Emilio , Drechsler Markus , Talmon Yeshayahu , Kienle Lorenz , Cölfen Helmut , García‐Ruiz Juan Manuel , Kunz Werner
Published: October 2012

Calcium carbonate precipitation proceeds via a complex multistage scenario involving neutral ion clusters as precursors and amorphous phases as intermediates, which finally transform to crystals. Although the existence of stable clusters in solution prior to nucleation has been demonstrated, the molecular mechanisms by which they precipitate are still obscure. Here, direct insight into the processes that drive the transformation of individual clusters into amorphous nanoparticles is provided by progressive colloidal stabilization of different transient states in silica‐containing environments. Nucleation of calcium carbonate in the presence of silica can only take place via cluster aggregation at low pH values. At higher pH, prenucleation clusters become colloidally stabilized and cannot aggregate. Nucleation through structural reorganization within the clusters is not observed under these conditions, indicating that this pathway is blocked by kinetic and/or thermodynamic means. The degree of stabilization against nucleation is found to be sufficient to allow for a dramatic enrichment of solutions with prenucleation clusters and enable their isolation into the dry state. This approach renders direct analyses of the clusters by conventional techniques possible and is thus likely to facilitate deeper insight into the chemistry and structure of these elusive species in the future.
Microorganism‐Derived Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials for Oxygen Reduction and Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhu Hui , Yin Jiao , Wang Xiaolei , Wang Hongyu , Yang Xiurong
Published: October 2012

Heteroatom‐doped carbon (HDC) has attracted tremendous attention due to its promising application in energy conversion and storage. Herein, due to its abundance high rate of reproduction, the microorganism, Bacillus subtilis, is selected as a precursor. An effective ionothermal process is adopted to produce the HDCs. Using acid activation, the obtained sample exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity, long‐term stability, and excellent resistance to crossover effects in oxygen reduction. Additionally, the base‐treated sample exhibits superior performance in capacitors to most commercially available carbon materials. Even at a high current density, a relatively high capacitance is retained, indicating a great potential for direct application in energy storage.
Smart Design of Stable Extracellular Matrix Mimetic Hydrogel: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Oommen Oommen P. , Wang Shujiang , Kisiel Marta , Sloff Marije , Hilborn Jöns , Varghese Oommen P.
Published: October 2012

The simplicity and versatility of hydrazone crosslinking has made it a strategy of choice for the conjugation of bioactive molecules. However, the labile nature of hydrazone linkages and reversibility of this coupling reaction restricts its full potential. Based on the fundamental understanding of hydrazone stability, this problem is circumvented by resonance‐stabilization of a developing N2 positive charge in a hydrazone bond. A novel chemistry is presented to develop a resilient hydrazone bond that is stable and non‐ reversible under physiological conditions. A carbodihydrazide (CDH) type hydrazide derivative of the biomolecule forms intrinsically stabilized hydrazone‐linkages that are nearly 15‐fold more stable at pH 5 than conventional hydrazone. This chemoselective coupling reaction is catalyst‐free, instantaneous, and virtually non‐cleavable under physiological conditions, therefore can serve as a catalyst‐free alternative to click chemistry. This novel crosslinking reaction is used to tailor a hyaluronan hydrogel, which delivered exceptional hydrolytic stability, mechanical properties, low swelling, and controlled enzymatic degradation. These desired characteristics are achieved without increasing the chemical crosslinking. The in vivo evaluation of this hydrogel revealed neo‐bone with highly ordered collagen matrix mimicking natural bone regeneration. The proximity ligation assay or PLA is used to detect blood vessels, which highlighted the quality of engineered tissue.
The Effect of He Implantation on the Tensile Properties and Microstructure of Cu/Fe Nano‐Bicrystals
Authors: Landau Peri , Guo Q. , Hattar K. , Greer J. R.
Published: October 2012

In situ uniaxial tensile experiments on as‐fabricated and helium‐implanted 100 nm‐diameter Cu/Fe bicrystals unearth the effect of individual face‐centred‐cubic/body‐centred‐cubic (fcc‐bcc) interfaces on improving radiation‐damage tolerance and helium absorption. Arrays of nanotensile specimens, each containing a single Cu grain in the bottom half and a single Fe grain on top, were fabricated by templated electron‐beam lithography and electrodeposition. Helium is implanted at 200 keV to a dose of 1014 ion/cm2 nominally into the interface region. High‐resolution, site‐specific transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and through‐focus analysis reveal that the interfaces are nonplanar and contain ≈5 nm‐spaced He bubbles with diameters of 1–2 nm. Nanomechanical experimental results show that the irradiated samples exhibit yield and ultimate tensile strengths more than 60% higher than the as‐fabricated ones, while they retain comparable ductility. Tensile failure always occurs gradually, along the interfaces, with no noticeable shape localization. The absence of brittle failure in He‐irradiated metals might be explained, in part, by the inability of the small He bubbles to serve as sufficient stress concentrators for cracking. In addition, the non‐orthogonal orientation of the interfaces with respect to the loading axes results in the development of both normal‐ and shear‐stress components. Tensile loading along the pillar axes may cause those interfacial regions subjected to normal stresses to detach, while the inclined regions, subjected to shear, to carry plastic deformation until final fracture.
PdAg Nanorings Supported on Graphene Nanosheets: Highly Methanol‐Tolerant Cathode Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Minmin , Lu Yizhong , Chen Wei
Published: October 2012

Due to the high costs, slow reaction kinetics, and methanol poisoning of platinum‐based cathode catalysts, designing and exploring non‐Pt or low‐Pt cathode electrocatalysts with a low cost, high catalytic performance, and high methanol‐tolerance are crucial for the commercialization of fuel cells. Here, a facile method to fabricate a system of PdAg nanorings supported by graphene nanosheets is demonstrated; the fabrication is based on the galvanic displacement reaction between pre‐synthesized Ag nanoparticles and palladium ions. X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy show that the synthesized PdAg nanocrystals exhibit a ring‐shaped hollow structure with an average size of 27.49 nm and a wall thickness of 5.5 nm. Compared to the commercial Pd–C catalyst, the PdAg nanorings exhibit superior properties as a cathode electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. Based on structural and electrochemical studies, these advantageous properties include efficient usage of noble metals and a high surface area because of the effective utilization of both the exterior and interior surfaces, high electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction from the synergistic effect of the alloyed PdAg crystalline phase, and most importantly, excellent tolerance of methanol crossover at high concentrations. It is anticipated that this synthesis of graphene‐based PdAg nanorings will open up a new avenue for designing advanced electrocatalysts that are low in cost and that exhibit high catalytic performance for alkaline fuel cells.
A General and Efficient Method for the Alkoxycarbonylation of α‐Chloro Ketones
Authors: Wahl Benoit , Bonin Hélène , Mortreux André , Giboulot Steven , Liron Frédéric , Poli Giovanni , Sauthier Mathieu
Published: October 2012

The alkoxycarbonylation of α‐chloro ketones with carbon monoxide in alcoholic solvents could be optimized to generate β‐keto esters in high yields using much lower catalyst loadings than previously reported in the literature. Among the different screened parameters, the nature of the ligand proved to be the most crucial one, the Xantphos ligand affording the highest yields. The scope of the reaction could then be extended to a wide variety of chloro ketones with different types of alcohols.
Plasmon‐Active Nano‐Aperture Window Electrodes for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Stec Helena M. , Hatton Ross A.
Published: October 2012

A lithography free approach to fabricating optically thin (∼10 nm) noble metal electrodes with a dense array of sub‐wavelength apertures is reported. These nano‐structured electrodes support surface plasmon resonances which couple strongly with visible light concentrating it near to the electrode surface. They are also remarkably robust and can be fabricated on glass and plastic substrates with a sheet resistance of <15 Ω sq−1. As the window electrode in solution processed and vacuum deposited organic photovoltaics (OPV) the photocurrent is increased by as much as 28% as compared to identical devices without apertures, demonstrating that the apertures do not need to have a tight size and/or shape distribution to be effective. As a drop‐in replacement for the indium‐tin oxide electrode in flexible OPV these plasmon‐active electrodes offer superior performance; 5.1% vs. 4.6%, demonstrating that this class of electrode is a truly viable alternative to conducting oxide window electrodes for OPV.
On the fluid dynamics of shaken bioreactors— flow characterization and transition
Authors: Weheliye W. , Yianneskis M. , Ducci A.
Published: October 2012

Phase‐resolved PIV measurements were carried out to provide a thorough characterization of the flow and mixing dynamics occurring in a cylindrical shaken bioreactor when operating conditions such as medium height h, shaking rotational speed N, orbital shaking diameter do, and cylinder inner diameter di, are varied. A scaling law based on the aspect ratio h/di, on the orbital to cylinder diameter ratio do/di, and on the Froude number Fr = 2(πN)2do/g, is derived to predict the incipience of flow transition occurring when the free surface orientation starts to exhibit a phase delay to the shaker table position along its orbit; depending on the combination of Fr, do/di and h/di the transport phenomena in the bioreactor are controlled by a horizontal toroidal vortex, or by a vertical one precessing around the cylinder axis. The free surface interfacial area was directly measured by image analysis to assess oxygen transfer potential and compared to an analytical solution valid for low Fr. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 334–344, 2013
Network‐induced supervised learning: Network‐induced classification (NI‐C) and network‐induced regression (NI‐R)
Authors: Reis Marco S.
Published: October 2012

Current supervised approaches, such as classification and regression methodologies, are strongly focused on optimizing estimation accuracy metrics, leaving the interpretation of the results produced as a secondary concern. However, in the analysis of complex systems, one of the main interests is precisely the induction of relevant associations, to understand or clarify the way the system operates. Two related frameworks for addressing supervised learning problems (classification and regression) are presented, that incorporate interpretational‐oriented analysis features right from the onset of the analysis. These features constrain the predictive space, in order to introduce interpretable elements in the final model. Interestingly, such constraints do not usually compromise the methods' performance, when compared to their unconstrained versions. The frameworks, called network‐induced classification (NI‐C), and network‐induced regression (NI‐R), share a common methodological backbone, and are described in detail, as well as applied to real‐world case studies. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1570–1587, 2013
Association of KIBRA with episodic and working memory: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Milnik Annette , Heck Angela , Vogler Christian , Heinze Hans‐Jochen , de Quervain Dominique J.‐F. , Papassotiropoulos Andreas
Published: October 2012

WWC1 was first implicated in human cognition through a genome wide association study in 2006 that reported an association of the intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs17070145 with episodic memory performance. WWC1 encodes the protein KIBRA, which is almost ubiquitously expressed. Together with its binding partners, KIBRA is assumed to play a role in synaptic plasticity. T‐allele carriers of SNP rs17070145 have been reported to outperform individuals that are homozygous for the C‐allele in episodic memory tasks. Here we report two random effects meta‐analyses testing the association of rs17070145 with episodic and working memory. All currently available population‐based association studies that investigated effects of rs17070145 on episodic or working memory were included in the analyses. Where performance measures for multiple domain‐specific tasks were available for a given study population, averaged effect size estimates were calculated. The performed meta‐analyses relied on 17 samples that were tested for episodic memory performance (N = 8,909) and 9 samples that had performed working memory tasks (N = 4,696). We report a significant association of rs17070145 with both episodic (r = 0.068, P = 0.001) and working memory (r = 0.035, P = 0.018). In summary, our findings indicate that SNP rs17070145 located within KIBRA explains 0.5% of the variance for episodic memory tasks and 0.1% of the variance for working memory tasks in samples of primarily Caucasian background. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variant inKIAA0319, but not inDYX1C1, is associated with risk of dyslexia: An integrated meta‐analysis
Authors: Zou Li , Chen Wei , Shao Shanshan , Sun Zhao , Zhong Rong , Shi Junxin , Miao Xiaoping , Song Ranran
Published: October 2012

DYX1C1 andKIAA0319have been two of the most extensively studied candidate genes for dyslexia given their important roles in the neuronal migration and neurite growth. The −3G > A inDYX1C1and the 931C > T inKIAA0319were of special interest for dyslexia but with inconsistent results. We performed a meta‐analysis integrating case–control and transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) studies to clearly discern the effect of these two variants in dyslexia. Data from case–control and TDT studies were analyzed in an allelic model using the Catmap software. In overall meta‐analysis, the pooled OR for the −3A allele and the 931T allele was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.25–1.87,Pheterogeneity = 0.000) and 0.87 (95% CI = 0.78–0.98,Pheterogeneity = 0.125), respectively. The stratified analysis showed that the between‐study heterogeneity regarding the −3G > A polymorphism might be accounted by the publication year. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis of −3G > A polymorphism indicated the stability of the result. In conclusion, our results suggested that the 931C > T variant inKIAA0319, but not the −3G > A inDYX1C1, was significantly associated with the risk of dyslexia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homo erectus—who, when and where: A survey
Authors: Howells W. W.
Published: October 2012

The state of information bearing on Homo erectus as developed since about 1960 is surveyed, with the resulting effects on problems. Definitions of H. erectus still rest on the Far Eastern samples (Chou‐k'ou‐tien/Java), and thus relate to late Lower to middle Middle Pleistocene material. Numerous important individual finds, however, have expanded the total: extension of the early and very early Sangiran material; very early to later in Africa, and relatively late in Europe. Datings remain uncertain or controversial within broad limits, but with some important successes and revisions.

Discussion by authors of problems concerns degree of divergence among H. erectus populations and rate of evolutionary change; both appear relatively slight, but the data are inadequate for much present judgment. The apparent zone of transition to more advanced morphology (H. sapiens, sensu lato) by the late Middle Pleistocene better reflects signs of regional divergence. Some writers—not all—believe that even the earliest European fossils known (e.g., Petralona) had already advanced to a H. sapiens basic level, with later change in the direction of Neanderthals. A separate African phylum, from OH 9, is also suggested; recent Chinese finds may provide a third different post‐erectus population before the Upper Pleistocene. Taxonomic expression of all this gives some problems.
Fat and fertility: Demographic implications of differential fat storage
Authors: Huss‐Ashmore Rebecca
Published: October 2012

Anthropologists interested in human nutrition have become intrigued by the possibility of a link between nutritional status, fat stores, and fertility. Frisch (1978) and Frisch and McArthur (1974) have hypothesized such a link, based on studies of body composition at menarche and menstrual dysfunction in anorectics. This review indicates that both over‐ and undernutrition may interfere with reproductive function, but probably do so only when extreme. Evidence for fat as a regulator of fecundity is conflicting, and is best documented for age at puberty. Effects of fat on birth interval (a demographically more significant parameter) are confounded by the influence of lactation. A review of hormonal and metabolic patterns in obesity and inanation indicate similarities between these conditions and general or psychological stress. It is suggested that fat is better seen as an indicator of systemic function than as a single independent factor. The adaptive value of fat for human populations may lie in its ability to enhance work performance as much as in its influence on fecundity.
The relationships among physical, geometrical and mechanical properties of bone, with a note on the properties of nonhuman primate bone
Authors: Burr David B.
Published: October 2012

Since bone reacts to imposed loads by formation and resorption of tissue, analysis of tissue distribution within a bone provides evidence of the adaptation of that bone to a given mechanical function. Definition of these structure‐function relationships permits the physical anthropologist to clarify the wide variety of behavioral/morphological adaptations to specific ecological niches in extant primates. From this information, behavior and locomotor function can ultimately be inferred in fossil primates. This paper reviews research which shows the relationships between the physical, geometrical and mechanical properties of bone, so that researchers who are investigating the properties of bone are aware of the numerous interpretations which may be made about structure and function from basic data. In addition, this paper is an attempt to apprise investigators working with primates that comparative data on the properties of primate bone are available, though sparse.
Anthropological dermatoglyphics: A review
Authors: Meier Robert J.
Published: October 2012

Research in dermatoglyphics having direct interest and application to anthropology has continued to grow since the turn of the century. Anthropological dermatoglyphics can offer important perspectives in viewing the nature and significance of human variation. Several forefronts of ongoing research are reviewed. First, methodology continues to improve definition and classification of variables. A second line of inquiry deals with hereditary aspects. Inheritance models, both monogenic and polygenic, have been proposed. Single locus systems seem to have limited application, as in the transmission of triradial excess or deficiency illustrated by the missing c triradius. Polygenic inheritance has been demonstrated in quantitative phenotypic expressions exemplified by the total finger ridge‐count. Exciting recent research employing the “field concept” has discovered a small number of developmental factors which correspond well with earlier findings on volar pad development and dermatoglyphic features. Maternal and other environmental effects have been shown to operate on dermatoglyphic expression. Human population studies using dermatoglyphics began with early racial descriptions and currently utilize multivariate procedures for detecting evolutionary processes. Congruence testing between dermatoglyphics and other biological distance measures is also an active endeavor. In this connection, dermatoglyphic variable selection has become important in recognizing that different variables might well be useful in micro‐ and macroevolutionary situations. Finally, dermatoglyphic analysis has. been applied to primate studies. Although this area has not kept pace with human studies, primate work has been crucial for the important matters of taxonomic assessment and functional dermatoglyphics.
Hominoid cytogenetics and evolution
Authors: Marks Jon
Published: October 2012

Much of the literature on the chromosomes of the Hominoidea exists in virtual isolation from both evolutionary theory and physical anthropology. Several unjustified speculations about hominoid affinities in the literature of cytogenetics may be attributed to the effects of this isolation. In this paper, the literature of comparative hominoid cytogenetics is reviewed, and that on chromosomal band patterns and repetitive DNA distributions relative to current evolutionary theory is discussed. These data are critically analyzed and shown to be more consistent with an orthodox hominoid phylogeny than with heterodox phylogenies. Rates and modes of karyotypic evolution are also discussed in an attempt to begin to assimilate the study of hominoid chromosomes within the framework of physical anthropology.
The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs “Garifuna” of Central America and the Caribbean
Authors: Crawford M. H.
Published: October 2012

The Black Caribs “Garifuna” originated on St. Vincent Island, in the West Indies, as a cultural and biological amalgam between Amerindians “Arawak and Island Caribs” and West Africans. A total of 2,026 of the Black Caribs were deported by the British in 1797 to the Bay Islands, from which they further emigrated to Honduras, Central America. The Garifuna provide an example of evolutionary success by a colonizing population with one of the highest observed fertility levels “a mean of 10.9 children per woman 45 years of age or older” in the world. The Central American Black Carib population has increased from fewer than 2,000 persons in 1800 to approximately 70,000 at present. It has been estimated that an additional 20,000 Black Caribs have immigrated to England, the United States, and other parts of the world.

This review focuses upon the observed genetic variation and population structure of the Black Caribs. The population structure is characterized by a series of fissions and fusions of the gene pool. Fusion and genetic hybridization play a major role in the early development of this society. Subdivision of the hybrid gene pool occurs as the Black Caribs colonize the coast of Central America, rapidly expanding their domain to an area over 1,000 kilometers of the coast.

Blood genetic analyses reveal that the St. Vincent Black Caribs' gene pool contains the highest proportion of Amerindian genes “approximately 50%”, while the coastal communities exhibit a more African ancestry “up to 80%”. This apparent discrepancy can be explained in one of three ways: “1” the original Black Caribs of St. Vincent had a higher proportion of Amerindian genes. However, gene flow and incorporation of African populations residing along the coast into the Black Carib gene pool resulted in more African coastal groups; “2” those Black Caribs displaying African phenotypes were selectively deported; “3” that natural selection, in a malarial environment, operated in favor of those individuals with the more African phenotypes and resistance to Plasmodium falciparum.
Advances in somatotype methodology and analysis
Authors: Carter J.E. Lindsay , Ross William D. , Duquet William , Aubry Stephen P.
Published: October 2012

During the past four decades, different approaches to somatotyping have resulted in changes in methods and analyses. The shift from a static or typological to a dynamic or phenotypical viewpoint is reviewed and different methods are summarized. Somatotype terminology and new concepts and techniques of analysis are presented as are details of two‐ and three‐dimensional analyses. Descriptive and comparative statistical procedures are demonstrated through use of distances between somatotypes as a whole. Somatopoints, somatoplots, somatotype dispersion and attitudinal distances, t and F ratios between somatotype samples, correlation, intensity, and migratory distance are described. Suggestions are also made for approaches to somatotype analysis.
Tailoring the viscoelasticity of epoxy thermosets
Authors: Nakka J. S. , Jansen K. M. B. , Ernst L. J.
Published: October 2012

This research work is aimed to understand the effect of epoxy resin chemistry on the viscoelasticity of the cured epoxy thermosets. In this article, two model systems are selected based on epoxy‐amine reactants. In the model Systems I, the functionality of the epoxy is varied. In model System II, the pendant (side) chain length in the amine is varied. It is found that by varying the initial properties (e.g., functionality, pendant chain length, mixing ratio (r), aromaticity, etc.) the network properties (crosslink density and flexibility) of the cured (or hardened) epoxy changed. The changes (or shift) in the viscoelastic properties (or viscoelasticity) of the cured epoxy is mainly due the changes in the network properties. Further, to study the time and temperature effects the viscoelastic master curves for the two model systems are generated using Time‐Temperature‐Superposition (TTS) principle. The shift in the viscoelastic master curves is modeled with a simple Kohlrausch‐Williams‐Watts (KWW) fit function. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface modification and PEGylation of branched polyethyleneimine for improved biocompatibility
Authors: Wen Shihui , Zheng Fuyin , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: October 2012

In this article, we report the surface modification of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) for improved biocompatibility. PEIs with different surface functionalities were synthesized via covalent modification of the PEI amines, including neutralized PEI modified with acetic anhydride, negatively charged PEI modified with succinic anhydride, hydroxylated PEI modified with glycidol, and PEI–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates modified with both PEG and acetic anhydride. The modified PEI derivatives were characterized with 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ζ‐potential measurements. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay of mouse fibroblasts revealed that the biocompatibility of PEI was significantly improved after these modifications. The neutral and negatively charged PEIs were nontoxic at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL, whereas the pristine PEI was toxic to cells at concentrations as low as 10 μg/mL. The successfully modified PEIs with different surface charges and functionalities may provide a range of opportunities for various biomedical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Anion exchange membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and quaternized polyethyleneimine for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Yu Xu Pei , Yi Guo Tian , Hui Zhao Chun , Broadwell Ian , Gen Zhang Qiu , Liu Qing Lin
Published: October 2012

The semi‐interpenetrating polymer network technique was applied in the preparation of anion exchange membranes for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Poly(vinyl alcohol) was chosen as the polymer matrix and quaternized polyethyleneimine was used as the cationic polyelectrolyte. To modify the polymer membranes for achieving desirable properties, 1,2‐bis(triethoxysilyl) ethane was used as a precursor to fabricate a set of organic–inorganic hybrid membranes. The hybrid membranes were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ionic conductivity, methanol permeability and stability under oxidative and alkaline conditions were measured to evaluate the applicability in DMFCs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Secondary dopants modified PEDOT‐sulfonated poly(imide)s for high‐temperature range application
Authors: Srisuwan Suttisak , Ding Yujie , Mamangun Donna , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan , Sotzing Gregory A.
Published: October 2012

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was polymerized using sulfonated poly(amic acid)s templates (SPAA1 and SPAA2) by batch operation. The new method was invented to enhance conductivities (ca. 100 ‐ to 2000‐fold) and with less reaction time from previous work (7 days vs. 3 days). Moreover, to increase the conductivity, many dopants were introduced as secondary doping compared with DMF, D‐sorbitol, and surfynol that were previously used. After annealing at 180°C for 10 min, PEDOT‐SPAA1 and PEDOT‐SPAA2 doped with benzo‐1,4‐dioxan and quinoxaline showed the increase in conductivity by higher percentage than any other systems, especially doped with D‐sorbitol and surfynol. These showed the promising tendency to develop the annealing activated superior conductivity materials after further modifying the conducting film forming processes. However, PEDOT‐SPAAs doped with benzo‐1,4‐dioxan, imidazole and quinoxaline via annealed at 180°C for 10 min were found to be more conductive than doped with DMF, but still lower conductive than doped with D‐sorbitol and surfynol. In terms of particle size, the stable aqueous dispersions of conducting polymers prepared were comparable to polystyrene sulfonate template. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Direct synthesis of surface molecularly imprinted polymers based on vinyl–SiO2 nanospheres for recognition of bisphenol A
Authors: Zhou Hong , Xu Yeping , Tong Hongwu , Liu Yuxin , Han Fang , Yan Xiangyang , Liu Shaomin
Published: October 2012

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) with high performance in selectively recognizing bisphenol A (BPA) were prepared by using a novel and facile surface molecular‐imprinting technique. Vinyl‐functionalized, monodispersed silica spheres were synthesized by a one‐step emulsion reaction in aqueous solution. Then, BPA surface molecularly imprinted polymers (SMIP) were prepared by polymerization with 4‐vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. Maximal sorption capacity (Qmax) of the resulting SMIP was up to 600 μmol g−1, while that of nonimprinted polymers was only 314.68 μmol g−1. Kinetic binding study showed that sorption capacity reached 70% of Qmax in 20 min and sorption equilibrium at 80 min. SMIP had excellent accessibility and affinity toward BPA, for the selectivity coefficients of SMIP for BPA in respect to phenol, p‐tert‐butylphenol, and o‐phenylphenol were 3.39, 3.35, and 3.02, respectively. The reusage process verified the SMIP owning admirably stable adsorption capacity toward BPA for eight times. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Determination of the activation energies of diffusion of organic molecules in poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Ewender Johann , Welle Frank
Published: October 2012

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a highly inert packaging material that exhibits low interaction with foodstuff and consequently a limited diffusion of migrants. Migration modeling can therefore be used as an alternative to experimental migration tests in order to confirm compliance of PET packaging materials with food laws. The most important factor for predicting migration using mathematical models is the diffusion coefficient of the migrant in PET. However, current models that predict this parameter are typically based on worst‐case scenarios and thereby significantly over‐estimate the degree of migration. The key parameter for developing more realistic migration models is the activation energy of diffusion of potential migrants in PET, but experimental data on this are scarcely available in the scientific literature. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop a fast and precise method for determining diffusion coefficients and activation energies of diffusion of organic compounds in PET. Activation energies of diffusion for 13 organic compounds in PET were determined via their diffusion coefficient temperature dependencies. The molecular weight and activation energy of diffusion for the compounds investigated in this study were correlated, offering a basis for a new approach in predicting diffusion coefficients for use in migration modeling. The proposed method is a suitable tool to establish the datasets needed to refine the current migration model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The conductive network made up by the reduced graphene nanosheet/polyaniline/polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Ma Feifei , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning
Published: October 2012

In this work, due to the effective interfacial interactions between reduced graphene oxide (RGO) planes and polyaniline (PANI) chains, a conductive network was designed and fabricated by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer on the RGO planes. Then, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was modified with the conductive network by simple solution blending. A significant enhancement in the conductive properties of PVC films was obtained with a 4.0 wt % RGO and 7.0 wt % PANI loading. When the PANI was coated on RGO, the PANI was easier to connect mutually and enhanced the conductivity network for composites. Thermal analysis of the composite films showed the thermal stability of PVC was also improved after modified. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Association between ankylosing spondylitis and chronic periodontitis: A population‐based study
Authors: Keller Joseph J. , Kang Jiunn‐Horng , Lin Herng‐Ching
Published: October 2012

Objective

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is one type of chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It has been suggested that rheumatic diseases may have additional underlying factors in common with chronic periodontitis. However, few studies have addressed the possible link between AS and chronic periodontitis. We undertook the present case–control study to investigate the possible association between AS and chronic periodontitis using a population‐based data set in Taiwan.

Methods

We conducted this study by using administrative claims data sourced from the Taiwan National Health Insurance program database. Our study included 6,821 AS patients and 34,105 randomly selected controls. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for prior chronic periodontitis among AS patients and matched controls.

Results

There was a significant difference in the prevalence of prior chronic periodontitis between patients and controls (41.5% versus 25.9%; P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis revealed that patients were more likely than controls to have been previously diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis (adjusted OR 1.84 [95% CI 1.74–1.98]). We further found that patients were only 1.70 (95% CI 1.56–1.89) times more likely than controls to have undergone a gingivectomy or periodontal flap operation (all patients had a history of chronic periodontitis) within the 5 years preceding the index date. After excluding those who had undergone either a gingivectomy or periodontal flap surgery, patients were even more likely than controls to have been previously diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis (adjusted OR 2.04 [95% CI 1.93–2.15]).

Conclusion

This study detected an association between AS and a prior diagnosis of chronic periodontitis.
True Overconfidence in Interval Estimates: Evidence Based on a New Measure of Miscalibration
Authors: Glaser Markus , Langer Thomas , Weber Martin
Published: October 2012

Overconfidence is often regarded as one of the most prevalent judgment biases. Several studies show that overconfidence can lead to suboptimal decisions of investors, managers, or politicians. Recent research, however, questions whether overconfidence should be regarded as a bias and shows that standard “overconfidence” findings can easily be explained by different degrees of knowledge of agents plus a random error in predictions. We contribute to the current literature and ongoing research by extensively analyzing interval estimates for knowledge questions, for real financial time series, and for artificially generated charts. We thereby suggest a new method to measure overconfidence in interval estimates, which is based on the implied probability mass behind a stated prediction interval. We document overconfidence patterns, which are difficult to reconcile with rationality of agents and which cannot be explained by differences in knowledge as differences in knowledge do not exist in our task. Furthermore, we show that overconfidence measures are reliable in the sense that there exist stable individual differences in the degree of overconfidence in interval estimates, thereby testing an important assumption of behavioral economics and behavioral finance models: stable individual differences in the degree of overconfidence across people. We do this in a “field experiment,” for different levels of expertise of subjects (students on the one hand and professional traders and investment bankers on the other hand), over time, by using different miscalibration metrics, and for tasks that avoid common weaknesses such as a non‐representative selection of trick questions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of near‐infrared‐emitting CdTeSe and CdZnTeSe quantum dots
Authors: Yang Fanghong , Yang Ping , Zhang Lipeng
Published: October 2012

We exploited the synthesis of near‐infrared (NIR) emitting ternary‐alloyed CdTeSe and quaternary‐alloyed CdZnTeSe quantum dots (QDs) with rod and tetrapod morphologies, which have tunable emission in the NIR electromagnetic spectrum. The morphologies of the QDs depended strongly on their growth kinetics, probably due to the coordinating ligands used in the preparation. Using oleic acid, stearic acid and hexadecylamine as ligands and keeping the same reaction parameters, QDs with tetrapod and rod morphologies were created. Not only had the capping ligands influenced the morphologies of QDs, but also they influenced the optical properties of QDs. The molar ratios of Cd/Zn and Te/Se upon preparation were adjusted for investigating the effect of composition on the properties of resulting QDs. By varying the composition of QDs, the photoluminescence (PL) wavelength of QDs was tuned from 650 nm to 800 nm. To enhance PL efficiency and stability, QDs were coated with a CdZnS shell. As NIR PL has numerous advantages in biological imaging detection, these QDs hold great potential for application. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triglyceride accumulation in macrophages upregulates paraoxonase 2 (PON2) expression via ROS‐mediated JNK/c‐Jun signaling pathway activation
Authors: Rosenblat Mira , Volkova Nina , Paland Nicole , Aviram Michael
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect and mechanism of action of macrophage triglyceride accumulation on cellular PON2 expression. Incubation of J774A.1 (murine macrophages) with VLDL (0–75 μg protein/mL) significantly and dose‐dependently increased cellular triglyceride mass, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, by up to 3.3‐ or 1.8‐fold, respectively. PON2 expression (mRNA, protein, activity) in cells treated with VLDL (50 μg protein/mL) was higher by 2‐ to 3‐fold, as compared with control cells. Similar effects were noted upon using THP‐1 (human macrophages). Incubation of macrophages with synthetic triglyceride or triglyceride fraction from carotid lesion resulted in similar effects, as shown for VLDL. Upon using specific inhibitors of MEK1/2 (UO126, 10 μM), p38 (SB203580, 10 μM), or JNK (SP600125, 20 μM), we demonstrated that MEK, as well as JNK, but not p38, are involved in VLDL‐induced macrophage PON2 upregulation. VLDL activated JNK (but not ERK), which resulted in c‐Jun phosphorylation. This signaling pathway is probably activated by ROS, since the antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH), significantly decreased VLDL‐induced macrophage ROS formation, c‐Jun phosphorylation and PON2 overexpression. We conclude that macrophage triglyceride accumulation upregulates PON2 expression via MEK/ JNK/c‐Jun pathway, and these effects could be related, at least in part, to cellular triglycerides‐induced ROS formation. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.