bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modified bi‐caval view—An ideal view for diagnosing left superior vena cava with large left innominate vein on saline contrast echocardiography
Authors: Gourav Krishna Prasad , Rao Veerabhadra , Negi Sunder , Karri Sujitha
Published: October 2020

Left superior vena cava (LSVC) is the most common congenital thoracic venous anomaly which commonly drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus. Various clinical implications are associated with LSVC and is commonly diagnosed with saline contrast echocardiography. In this case we discuss the importance of a modified bi‐caval view over the mid‐oesophageal four‐chamber view in diagnosing LSVC with the large left innominate vein.
Short QT syndrome: The current evidences of diagnosis and management
Authors: Dewi Ivana P. , Dharmadjati Budi B.
Published: October 2020

There are many cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) related to channelopathies or ion channel disorders. Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy principally caused by defective functioning of both potassium–calcium ion channel that lead to abnormal shortening of QT interval, and an increased risk of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. Tall T waves in all lead electrocardiogram (ECG), peaked T waves, and narrow‐based T waves that are reminiscent of the typical “desert tent” T waves of hyperkalemia are frequently associated with SQTS. Diagnosis is based on patient's family history, evaluation of symptoms (palpitations and cardiac arrest), and 12‐lead ECG. It can be time challenging because of the wide range of QT interval in healthy subjects. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the first‐line therapy in SQTS. Quinidine has the potential to be an effective pharmacological therapy for SQTS patients, especially in young children who are not feasible in ICD implantation, because of the ability to prolong QT interval.
Changes in extreme temperature events over Africa under 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming scenarios
Authors: Iyakaremye Vedaste , Zeng Gang , Zhang Guwei
Published: October 2020

Following the December 2015 Paris Agreement, there is an international effort to limit global warming at 1.5 and 2.0°C relative to the pre‐industrial level. However, there is inadequate research quantifying the difference in extreme temperature between the two target levels, especially in Africa. This study used historical and future low‐warming projections of NCAR‐CESM to assess the differences in extreme temperature events under 1.5 and 2.0°C future scenarios relative to the recent climate taken from 1976 to 2005 over Africa. The results show that compared with the present day, the magnitude of the highest temperature (TXx) will increase by approximately 1.6/2.2°C in 1.5/2.0°C warming worlds, with more substantial warming in Sahara and Southern Africa. The lowest temperature (TNn) will increase by ∼1.9/2.5°C in 1.5/2.0°C future climates, where SAH and SAF will experience a higher intensity of warming followed by Eastern Africa and Western Africa regions. The frequency of hot days (TX90p) is projected to increase with global warming across the continent, with a high increase in SAF and SAH. The frequency of cold days (TN10p) is expected to decrease with global warming in many parts of Africa except in WAF. In most regions, there were no apparent changes revealed in the Warm Spell Duration Indicator relative to the recent climate across the continent except SAH in 1.5 and 2.0°C warming levels, while a decrease in Cold Spell Duration Indicator will be in SAH. Assessment of the avoided impacts in 1.5 relative to 2.0°C indicates that limiting global warming at 1.5 rather than 2.0°C could reduce the intensity, frequency and duration of extreme temperatures from 3 to 81%. However, the magnitude of avoided impacts differs among indices and sub‐regions. Hence, it is paramount for the African continent to limit global warming at 1.5 instead of 2.0°C.
Ten‐year survival after pathologic complete response in rectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sell Naomi M. , Qwaider Yasmeen Z. , Goldstone Robert N. , Cauley Christy E. , Cusack James C. , Ricciardi Rocco , Bordeianou Liliana G. , Berger David L. , Kunitake Hiroko
Published: October 2020

Background

Multimodal treatment is the standard of care for rectal adenocarcinoma, with a subset of patients achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR). While pCR is associated with improved overall survival (OS), long‐term data on patients with pCR is limited.

Methods

This is a single institution retrospective cohort study of all patients with clinical stages II/III rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and operative resection (January 1, 2004–December 31, 2017). PCR was defined as no tumor identified in the rectum or associated lymph nodes by final pathology.

Results

Of 370 patients in this cohort, 50 had a pCR (13.5%). For pCR patients, 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) was 92%, 5‐year OS was 95%. Twenty‐six patients had surgery > 10 years before the study end date, of which 20 had an OS > 10 years (77%) with median OS 12.1 years and 95% alive to date (19/20). Of the 50 pCR patients, there was a single recurrence in the lung at 44.3 months after proctectomy which was surgically resected.

Conclusion

For patients with rectal adenocarcinoma that undergo neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgical resection, pCR is associated with excellent long‐term DFS and OS. Many patients live greater than 10 years with no evidence of disease recurrence.
Complications of Neck Drains in Thyroidectomies: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Soh Terrence Chi Fang , Ong Qi Jia , Yip Hao Meng
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Intraoperative placement of neck drains in thyroidectomy patients remains a widespread practice, despite prevailing evidence discouraging this practice. This systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to update the currently available evidence base.

Methods

Two independent investigators performed a comprehensive literature search to identify randomized control trials that evaluated postoperative complications associated with neck drains. This was conducted using four databases: Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane. Identified articles were then screened using a strict eligibility criterion. Sixteen studies were included in the final quantitative analysis and assessed for risk of bias. All methods were in accordance with recommendations from the Cochrane Review Group, U.K. National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines.

Results

Our initial search yielded 743 articles. Of those, 16 were included for final quantitative synthesis. The overall analysis demonstrated that postoperative hematomas [pooled odds ratio (OR) = 2.09 (1.04, 4.21); P = .04] and surgical site infections [pooled OR = 3.85 (2.04, 7.28); P < .01] were significantly more likely in the drained group. Furthermore, hospital stays were longer in the drained group [pooled mean difference = 0.88 days (0.56, 1.20); P < .01]. There were no significant differences in fluid volumes within the thyroid bed between study groups [pooled mean difference = −2.30 mL (−4.82, 0.21); P = .07].

Conclusion

The drained patient group had overall higher odds of hematomas, surgical site infections, and longer hospital stays. Therefore, we recommend against this practice of neck drain insertions in patients who have undergone thyroidectomies. Laryngoscope, 131:690–700, 2021
Prognostic Value of Tumor Proportion Score in Salivary Gland Carcinoma
Authors: Sato Fumihiko , Ono Takeharu , Kawahara Akihiko , Matsuo Katsuhisa , Kondo Reiichiro , Sato Kiminobu , Akiba Jun , Kawaguchi Toshihiko , Kakuma Tatsuyuki , Chitose Shun‐ichi , Umeno Hirohito , Yano Hirohisa
Published: October 2020

Objective

Limited information is available regarding the role of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) of patients with salivary gland carcinoma (SGC). This study aimed to assess the association between the prognosis of SGC patients and the probability of PD‐L1 expression in tumor and/or immune cells using the tumor proportion score (TPS), mononuclear immune cell density score (MIDS), combined positive score (CPS), and CD8+TIL density in the TIM.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 73 SGC patients treated with definitive surgery between 2000 and 2015. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to assess TPS, MIDS, CPS, and CD8+TIL density, followed by prognostic evaluation of these immune‐related parameters.

Results

Histological grade was associated with TPS, MIDS, and CPS based on PD‐L1 expression, and these scores exhibited a significant association with CD8+TIL density. Patients with positive TPS had an unfavorable disease‐free survival and overall survival. Multivariate analyses indicated that the TPS was a significant and independent prognostic factor.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that TPS might be a useful prognostic biomarker in SGC patients receiving definitive surgery. Laryngoscope, 131:E1481–E1488, 2021
Comparative accuracy of the Lilium α‐200 portable ultrasound bladder scanner and conventional transabdominal ultrasonography for postvoid residual urine volume measurement in association with the clinical factors involved in measurement errors
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshiyuki , Kamai Takao , Kobayashi Minoru
Published: October 2020

Aim

We examined the comparative accuracy of the portable ultrasound bladder scanner, Lilium α‐200, and conventional ultrasonography (CUS) in bladder volume measurement. We also examined factors that could lead to measurement errors.

Methods

Postvoid residual (PVR) volume was measured by Lilium α‐200 and CUS with catheterized volume as a comparator in 224 consecutive men, of which 109 were also measured for the serially inflated bladder with saline. The measurement accuracy with respect to the actual volume was evaluated by calculating the error volume (EV), % error volume (%EV), and their absolute values. Absolute %EV of ≤20% was designated as nonerror. The measurement of prostate volume, abdominal thickness, and pelvimetry was performed on magnetic resonance images.

Results

PVR volumes measured by CUS are better correlated with actual volumes (r = .779) than those of Lilium α‐200 (r = .606). When the measurement accuracy was indicated by absolute values of EV and %EV, CUS provided a more accurate estimate (21 ± 21 ml, 60 ± 42%) than Lilium α‐200 (32 ± 45 ml, 91 ± 142%). The frequency of error was significantly increased at lower bladder volumes. Overestimation was associated with larger prostate size for the Lilium α‐200, while underestimation was associated with greater bladder flattening for both methods.

Conclusion

PVR volumes measured by Lilium α‐200 were fairly correlated with actual volumes. However, their relative errors were too large to correctly predict the actual volume. Flattened bladder and a large prostate may hinder accurate measurements. Consequently, Lilium α‐200 is not superior to CUS and its feasibility is limited to when the precise measurement is not required.
On approximate data reduction for the Rural Postman Problem: Theory and experiments
Authors: van Bevern René , Fluschnik Till , Tsidulko Oxana Yu.
Published: October 2020

Given an undirected graph with edge weights and a subset R of its edges, the Rural Postman Problem (RPP) is to find a closed walk of minimum total weight containing all edges of R. We prove that RPP is WK[1]‐complete parameterized by the number and weight d of edges traversed additionally to the required ones. Thus RPP instances cannot be polynomial‐time compressed to instances of size polynomial in d unless the polynomial‐time hierarchy collapses. In contrast, denoting by b ≤ 2d the number of vertices incident to an odd number of edges of R and by c ≤ d the number of connected components formed by the edges in R, we show how to reduce any RPP instance I to an RPP instance I′ with 2b + O(c/ϵ) vertices in O(n3) time so that any α‐approximate solution for I′ gives an α(1 + ϵ)‐approximate solution for I, for any α ≥ 1 and ϵ > 0. That is, we provide a polynomial‐size approximate kernelization scheme (PSAKS). We experimentally evaluate it on wide‐spread benchmark data sets as well as on two real snow plowing instances from Berlin. We also make first steps toward a PSAKS for the parameter c.
Recent challenges in Routing and Inventory Routing: E‐commerce and last‐mile delivery
Authors: Archetti Claudia , Bertazzi Luca
Published: October 2020

In the e‐commerce era, vendors have to satisfy a large number of on‐line orders, mainly from private customers, with low weight and volume, reduced delivery time, and overlap of customers' time windows. Production is made available all day long. New strategies and new technologies are emerging for deliveries. The processing time of the orders is reduced. These new features generate interesting challenges in formulating and solving Routing and Inventory Routing problems. After discussing these features and the corresponding challenges, we recall the relevant literature in Routing and Inventory Routing and provide future research directions, mainly related to routing problems with release dates, routing problems with crowdshipping, and inventory routing problems in the e‐commerce era.
Flow‐based SPPS for protein synthesis: A perspective
Authors: Gates Zachary P. , Hartrampf Nina
Published: October 2020

Flow‐based approaches to solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) have been pursued since the method's early days, with anticipated gains in speed, reaction monitoring, and ease of automation. Here, we discuss how these advantages are being realized by synthesis at elevated temperature, facilitated by a 'preheat/activation' loop. This important modification both accelerates peptide synthesis—providing a wealth of new data from in‐line monitoring—and in conjunction with an optimized protocol, extends the length of peptides routinely accessible by stepwise synthesis. Streamlined synthesis of longer peptides will address a major challenge in chemical protein synthesis: preparation of peptide segments for use in chemical ligation. The context of recent results in flow‐based SPPS is discussed, highlighting remaining challenges and future opportunities.
The impact of fear of cancer recurrence on healthcare utilization among long‐term breast cancer survivors recruited through ECOG‐ACRIN trials
Authors: Vachon Eric , Krueger Ellen , Champion Victoria L. , Haggstrom David A. , Cella David , Cohee Andrea A.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To examine the relationship between fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) and healthcare utilization among long‐term breast cancer survivors (BCS).

Methods

In a cross‐sectional survey study, 505 younger survivors (YS: ≤45 years) and 622 older survivors (OS: 55–70 years) 3–8 years from diagnosis completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, medical history, FCR, and healthcare utilization. Healthcare utilization consisted of breast cancer (BC) and non‐BC‐related routine and nonroutine utilization.

Results

YS had significantly higher FCR than OS (p < 0.01). Independent of age, FCR was significantly associated with all three types of BC‐related utilization (p < 0.05). In the multivariate models, we found a significant, positive interaction effect between FCR and increased comorbidities on nonroutine BC appointments (p = 0.01) and BC‐related emergency room visits (p = 0.03). Additionally, comorbidities were associated with non‐BC‐related utilization (p < 0.01), and nonwhites were more likely to utilize nonroutine resources, both BC and non‐BC‐related (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Increased FCR has been associated with hypervigilance among survivors and may lead to increased healthcare utilization. YS are at higher risk for increased FCR and psychosocial concerns, which may lead to overutilization. Providers should be aware that higher FCR may be related to increased use of healthcare resources and that these patients might be better served with supportive resources to increase quality of life and decrease inappropriate utilization. While this study provides increased evidence of the relationship between FCR and healthcare utilization, interventions are needed for survivors at risk to address unmet needs, especially as life expectancy increases among BCS.
Windows on Quantum Gravity
Authors: Álvarez Enrique
Published: October 2020

These are notes for a graduate course in quantum gravity planned at IFT‐UAM/CSIC for the spring term of 2020, but delayed for an indefinite period of time (although a shortened version was given in the Escuela de Física (Institute of Physics) in the University of Costa Rica.). The aim of the course was to highlight the most important conceptual problems in the field and to summarize some of the most imaginative solutions to them that have been proposed in the literature. The course can best be characterized as idiosyncratic rather than encyclopedic.
CHD1 and SPOP synergistically protect prostate epithelial cells from DNA damage
Authors: Zhu Yini , Wen Jiling , Huang Gang , Mittlesteadt Jackson , Wen Xiaofei , Lu Xin
Published: October 2020

Background

Recent genomic profiling has identified a subtype of prostate cancer (PCa) characterized by two key genetic alterations: missense mutation of speckle‐type POZ protein (SPOP) and homozygous deletion of chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding protein 1 (CHD1). Mutually exclusive with E26 transformation‐specific (ETS) rearrangements, this subtype displays high genomic instability. Previous studies indicate that deficient SPOP or CHD1 alone leads to feeble prostate abnormalities and each protein is involved in DNA damage response (DDR). It remains to be determined whether CHD1 and SPOP cooperate to suppress prostate tumorigenesis and DDR.

Methods

Prostate‐specific single or double knockout of Spop and Chd1 was generated with the Cre/loxP system in mice. Wild‐type or mutant SPOP (F102C, F133V) overexpression and CHD1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA were created in human benign prostatic hyperplasia cell line BPH1. The levels of DNA damage and homologous recombination repair were measured by immunofluorescence staining of γH2AX and RAD51, respectively.

Results

Spop/Chd1 double‐knockout mice displayed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia at both young (3 months) and old (12 months) ages and failed to generate prostate adenocarcinoma. Compared with wild‐type or single‐knockout mice, the double‐knockout prostate harbored moderately higher proliferating cells and dramatically augmented the level of γH2AX staining, although androgen receptor‐positive cells and apoptotic cells remained at a similar level. In BPH1 cell line, SPOP mutant overexpression and CHD1 silencing synergistically sensitized the cells to DNA damage by camptothecin, an inducer of double‐strand breaks.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that SPOP and CHD1 can synergistically promote repair of naturally occurring or chemically induced DNA damages in prostate epithelial cells. Regarding the progression of the SPOP/CHD1 subtype of PCa, other functionally complementary drivers warrant further identification. The clinical implication is that this subtype of PCa may be particularly sensitive to poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors or DNA‐damaging agents.
Drug‐Disease Interaction and Time‐Dependent Population Pharmacokinetics of Isatuximab in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients
Authors: Fau Jean‐Baptiste , El‐Cheikh Raouf , Brillac Claire , Koiwai Kimiko , Mace Nathalie , Campana Frank , Semiond Dorothee , Nguyen Laurent
Published: October 2020

Isatuximab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) of immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype, specifically targets the cluster of differentiation 38 antigen overexpressed in malignant plasma cells. Isatuximab is used to treat multiple myeloma (MM), characterized by the excessive production of abnormal “myeloma proteins” (M‐proteins) that may interact with therapeutic IgG mAb on the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)‐mediated recycling pathway. The clinical pharmacology profile of isatuximab was investigated by population pharmacokinetics (PKs) modeling in 476 patients with MM who received 1–20 mg/kg isatuximab either as single agent or in combination with pomalidomide‐dexamethasone in 4 clinical trials. Isatuximab PKs were characterized by a two‐compartment model with parallel time‐varying linear clearance (CL) and nonlinear elimination. Due to a mechanism‐based drug‐disease interaction, patients secreting IgG M‐protein exhibited a twofold lower drug exposure compared with patients with non‐IgG MM. No dose adjustment was required based on MM immunoglobulin type because efficacy and safety profiles were comparable between IgG and non‐IgG MM subpopulations. β2‐microglobulin, body weight, sex, drug material, and race have a limited effect on drug exposure and do not require any dose adjustment. A typical 50% decrease in linear CL from initial treatment to steady‐state was predicted, and this decrease correlated with the best overall response rate and was slower for patients with IgG MM. These findings suggest that the time‐dependent effect of isatuximab is likely mediated by a combined factor of both disease state evolution and the perturbation of the FcRn‐mediated recycling pathway.
Thermoelectric and Thermal Properties of a (GeTe)2/Sb2Te3 Interfacial Phase‐Change Memory Device
Authors: Nakamura Hisao
Published: October 2020

The thermoelectric and thermal properties of an interfacial phase‐change memory (iPCM) device, in which the resistive switching layer (RSL) is the (GeTe)2/Sb2Te3 superlattice, are investigated. To clarify the effects of intralayer exchange of the GeTe layer and the van der Waals (vdW) gap in the superlattice, a device model consisting of a 10 nm‐scale RSL connected to W(111) electrodes is focused. The two (GeTe)2/Sb2Te3 superlattice structures and one intercalation structure of GeTe in Sb2Te3, which are called inverted Petrov (IP), Ferro (FR), and Kooi–De Hosson (KH) structures, are examined. The calculated thermoelectric properties suggest that doping or charge trapping can enhance the difference in the thermoelectric properties and electric resistance contrast due to a phase change. Phonon thermal transport is almost ballistic for all three structural phases, whereas the KH structure shows the lowest thermal conductance and a large effect of phonon–phonon scattering. The theoretical calculations show that thermal and thermoelectric properties could be useful for identifying local structural change and atomic rearrangement.
Chalcogenide Materials Engineering for Phase‐Change Memory and Future Electronics Applications: From Sb–Te to Bi–Te
Authors: Saito Yuta , Mitrofanov Kirill V. , Makino Kotaro , Fons Paul , Kolobov Alexander V. , Tominaga Junji , Uesugi Fumihiko , Takeguchi Masaki
Published: October 2020

Chalcogenide materials play essential roles in modern nonvolatile memory technology in the form of both phase‐change memory (PCM) and selector devices. Herein, Bi–Te binary alloys are explored as an alternative candidate for superlattice (SL) or interfacial PCM (iPCM). GeTe/Bi4Te3 (GT/BT) SL exhibits similar structural features to conventional GeTe/Sb2Te3 (GT/ST) SL, such as highly oriented crystal grains and intermixing. Furthermore, preliminary device measurements show that Ge–Bi–Te (GBT) SL switches in a similar manner to conventional Ge–Sb–Te (GST), suggesting that they may be a promising candidate for memory applications. In addition, Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3 (BT/ST) heterostructure films have been successfully fabricated and show clear interface stacking at the atomic level. Although the BT/ST heterostructure is ostensibly a p–n junction, rectifying behavior is not observed in current (I)–voltage (V) measurements due to the existence of a large number of carriers in both layers. Finally, density functional theory (DFT)‐based simulations suggest that an ideal BT/ST heterostructure may possess intriguing topological properties that can enable novel functional devices. The Bi–Te binary alloys offer promising potential for optimizing PCM performance as well as for the realization of novel functional electronic devices.
Photosensitive Complementary Inverters Composed of n‐Channel ReS2 and p‐Channel Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Jeong Jinheon , Seo Seung Gi , Kim Seung Yeob , Jin Sung Hun
Published: October 2020

For robustness on security and ultralow power consumption for Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, including ultraminiaturization for high chip density, 2D multilayered ReS2 field‐effect transistors (FETs) combined with photoinsensitive single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) FETs are demonstrated for application in light‐to‐frequency (LTF) conversion circuits. Herein, multilayered ReS2 FETs with a direct bandgap (≈1.5 eV) have discernible photoresponsivity of ≈17 A W−1 for red and ≈128 A W−1 for green, respectively, with photodetectivity (≈109 Jones), leading to excellent operation for photosensitive inverters, partly associated with the photoinsensitive SWNT FETs for p‐channel devices. Moreover, the electrical parameters for photosensitive complementary inverters, according to different wavelengths in the dark and under, red (λR = 660 nm), green (λG = 530 nm), and blue (λB = 450 nm) light, are experimentally extracted, and their SPICE simulation‐based validation on working principles of ring oscillators (ROs) is confirmed under light illumination. More impressively, ultralow power consumption for the proposed scheme is achieved due to both the direct bandgap and the large‐energy bandgap, as compared with conventional multilayered MoS2 FET‐based photosensitive inverters, rationally validating the promising opportunity for applications in the envisioned IoT sensor systems.
Bank erosion in a macrotidal tropical river: Exploring the relative impact of boat wash on riverbank erosion
Authors: Novak Peter A. , Fairfield Charlie A. , Miloshis Mike , Knight Zoe C. , Lindsay Robert , King Alison J.
Published: October 2020

Macrotidal tropical rivers are dynamic systems where wet‐season floods and tidal flows cause significant riverbank erosion and sediment transport. This study aimed to explore patterns of riverbank erosion and deposition in a large, tropical, macrotidal river in Northern Australia; the Daly River. In particular, we aimed to determine if recreational boat use was impacting bank erosion in this dynamic river. Erosion pins were installed at multiple levels on both banks at 10 sites along a 34 km reach of the river. Measurements were made every four to six weeks during the low water dry season, and opportunistically during the wet season (flooding period) and seasonal transition periods. A bank geotechnical assessment, riverbed cross‐sections and site bathymetry were undertaken. Whilst the wet season was a period of substantial erosion (mean rate of 0.64 mm day−1), the highest mean erosion rate (3.6 mm day−1) was observed in the early dry season (April to May), a period of stabilizing water levels but greatest boat traffic. Bank erosion at this time was measured on both sides of the river and the inside of meander bends, which is atypical of normal riverine bank erosion patterns, and indicative of erosion due to boat wash. As the dry season progressed, significant spatial differences in erosion rates were evident, where erosion was observed at sites upstream of a large shallow sand bar, while sites downstream from the sand bar gained material through the deposition of tidally transported sediment. This study highlights the importance of understanding the significance and interaction of various erosive factors in tropical tidal rivers and has demonstrated that boat wash may be an important contributor to dry season bank erosion in these systems. We encourage management agencies to consider the role of boats in any future river management program in these systems.
Performance outcomes of supply chain practices for sustainable development: A meta‐analysis of moderators
Authors: Qorri Ardian , Gashi Saranda , Kraslawski Andrzej
Published: October 2020

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices have received growing attention but their consequences on firm performance yielded mixed outcomes. This study aims to synthesize quantitative research and to analyze potential moderators on the link between SSCM practices and firm performance. This study draws upon resource‐based view of the firm with the extensions of natural resource‐based view and relational view to underpin study hypotheses. The analysis is based on data collected from 145 independent samples composed of 33,886 firms. The research hypotheses are tested using meta‐analytical procedures. The results show that SSCM practices are significantly and positively correlated with firm's social, operational, economic, and environmental performance dimensions. Additional findings from moderator analysis provide nuanced views of SSCM practices‐performance link. This paper contributes to the literature by underlining the relevance of SSCM, identifying and classifying SSCM practices into a coherent framework. The research findings help policy makers, practitioners and other stakeholders to better understand benefits from the adoption of SSCM practices. Additionally, to the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study that meta‐analytically combined existing empirical evidence of the social supply practices on various types of firm's sustainability performance.
Development of Electrocoagulation and Detection Approaches for Manipulation of Volatile Compound Profiles in Organic Medium Supported Using Two‐Phase Electrolyte System
Authors: Thaveesangsakulthai Isaya , Wacharasindhu Sumrit , Vchirawongkwin Viwat , Nhujak Thumnoon , Chailapakul Orawon , Kulsing Chadin
Published: October 2020

Electrocoagulation (EC) approach employing two aluminium electrodes and a two phase medium of aqueous solution of NaCl and hexane (2‐phase‐EC) was developed. The approach enabled electrochemical treatment of odor active compounds in perfume extract. The samples before and after 2‐phase‐EC at cathode, anode and between the two electrodes left for equilibrium after the treatment were analyzed by using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC−MS). This allowed identification of volatile compounds in each sample based on comparison with MS and retention index database. After the treatment, the perfume smells were fresher, sweeter and more floral corresponding to their different types and amounts of the odor active compounds. The major odor active products mainly obtained at the anode of the 2‐phase‐EC system were methyl benzoate, 2‐phenylethanol and benzyl acetate. The corresponding product at the cathode was phenylmethanol. Comparison of the investigated sample profiles further reveals enrichment of several compounds at each electrode without undergoing electrochemical reaction. The major reactant and product profiles were further investigated with Gas Analyzer revealing slower rate of decrease in the amounts of the characteristic m/z of the products during the 2‐phase EC. The 2‐phase‐EC and analytical approach have a potential for application in the area of electrochemical reaction in organic media in the future.
Tailored Nanostructures for Light Management in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Sutter Johannes , Eisenhauer David , Wagner Philipp , Morales Vilches Anna Belen , Rech Bernd , Stannowski Bernd , Becker Christiane
Published: October 2020

Efficient light management is key for optimal performance of silicon solar cells. For monocrystalline single‐junction devices, there is an established industrially viable technology using pyramidal micro‐structured silicon wafers. As the efficiencies of market‐dominating silicon single‐junction solar cells are approaching their physical limit, innovative cell concepts are required to further reduce the levelized cost of electricity. Tandem solar cells combining silicon and perovskite absorber layers are regarded as a promising technology to overcome this limit at low costs. However, the combination of micro‐structured silicon and solution‐processed sub‐micrometer perovskite layers is a challenge, calling for alternative texturing methods. Herein, a technology to implement tailored nanostructures into silicon heterojunction solar cells by combining nanoimprint lithography, reactive ion etching, and wet chemical etching is introduced. These structures have a height below 400 nm and are thus compatible with perovskite spin‐coating. Efficiencies above 20% and an equivalent optical performance at near infrared wavelengths compared with pyramidal micro‐structures are demonstrated. This technology not only enables a variety of tailored structures in both mono‐ and multicrystalline silicon solar cell devices, but also paves the way for optically improved solution‐processed monolithic perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells.
Balanced Charge Transport Optimizes Industry‐Relevant Ternary Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Szymanski Robin , Henry Reece , Stuard Samuel , Vongsaysy Uyxing , Courtel Stéphanie , Vellutini Luc , Bertrand Mélanie , Ade Harald , Chambon Sylvain , Wantz Guillaume
Published: October 2020

Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells based on a novel combination of materials are fabricated using industry‐compliant conditions for large area manufacturing. The relatively low‐cost polymer PTQ10 is paired with the nonfullerene acceptor 4TIC‐4F. Devices are processed using a nonhalogenated solvent to comply with industrial usage in absence of any thermal treatment to minimize the energy footprint of the fabrication. No solvent additive is used. Adding the well‐known and low‐cost fullerene derivative PC61BM acceptor to this binary blend to form a ternary blend, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved from 8.4% to 9.9% due to increased fill factor (FF) and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) while simultaneously improving the stability. The introduction of PC61BM is able to balance the hole–electron mobility in the ternary blends, which is favourable for high FF. This charge transport behavior is correlated with the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) morphology deduced from grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface energy analysis. In addition, the industrial figure of merit (i‐FOM) of this ternary blend is found to increase drastically upon addition of PC61BM due to an increased performance–stability–cost balance.
Free‐Standing Nanostructured Architecture as a Promising Platform for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Du Lingyu , Wang Huimin , Yang Min , Liu Lili , Niu Zhiqiang
Published: October 2020

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted intensive attention due to their high energy density and low cost. However, Li–S batteries are still confronted with the challenges of low sulfur utilization, short cycle life, and unsatisfactory Coulombic efficiency. Free‐standing nanostructured architectures often have tunable features, such as strong mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, and abundant porous structures, endowing them with the ability to serve as sulfur hosts, functional interlayers on separators, as well as lithium matrices. Herein, the electrochemical principles of Li–S batteries and the motivation for designing free‐standing architectures for sulfur cathodes, functional separators, and lithium anode protection are described. Furthermore, the recent progress on free‐standing sulfur cathodes based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, and MXenes is summarized in detail. In addition, the design of free‐standing nanostructured architectures in functional separators and lithium anode protection is also presented. Finally, future developments and prospects in the design of free‐standing architectures for Li–S batteries are discussed.
Genomics literacy matters: Supporting the development of genomics literacy through genetics education could reduce the prevalence of genetic essentialism
Authors: Donovan Brian M. , Weindling Monica , Salazar Brae , Duncan Alex , Stuhlsatz Molly , Keck Phillip
Published: October 2020

Recently, it has been argued that improving students' genomics literacy could prevent students from developing erroneous beliefs about social identity, such as the belief that racial groups differ cognitively and behaviorally because of their genes; a belief called genetic essentialism. To date, however, little research has explored if or how a conceptual understanding of genomics protects against the development of genetic essentialism. Using a randomized control trial (RCT) (N = 721, 9th–12th graders), we explore if students with more genomics literacy are more able to conceptually change their genetic essentialist beliefs after engaging in a learning experience designed to refute essentialist thinking. The results of the RCT demonstrated that students with higher genomics literacy (relative to those with lower genomics literacy) exhibited greater reductions in the perception of racial differences and greater reductions in belief in genetic essentialism after learning how patterns of human genetic variation refute genetic essentialism. These results suggest that genetics education can protect students from developing a belief in genetic essentialism when it provides them with opportunities to learn multifactorial genetics and population thinking in conjunction with how these concepts refute essentialist thinking.
Development of High NIR‐Reflective Red Li2MnO3 Pigments
Authors: Gramm Georg , Fuhrmann Gerda , Zimmerhofer Fabian , Wieser Martin , Huppertz Hubert
Published: October 2020

In this work, the development of a novel class of eco‐friendly red pigments based on doped Li2MnO3 is reported. These new compounds offer red color values of a* > 34, which are recognizably higher than the red value provided by the commonly used red pigment iron oxide Bayferrox 4130. However, the real outstanding attribute of these novel substances is their strikingly high NIR‐reflectance that gives promise for a new class of materials for the practical utilization as cool pigments in building components and ceramics. We have synthesized the inorganic pigments by conventional solid‐state reactions at 900 °C and subsequently carried out the structural characterizations by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Rietveld analysis. We recorded the diffuse reflectance spectra of the obtained powders and determined the color properties by means of CIE L*a*b* coordinates. Finally, we measured the NIR reflectance and calculated the NIR solar reflection of these compounds affording values above 85 % in the range from 700 to 2500 nm.
A non-linear EFT description of gg → H H at NLO interfaced to POWHEG
Authors: Heinrich Gudrun , Jones Stephen P. , Kerner Matthias , Scyboz Ludovic
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We present the implementation of Higgs boson pair production in gluon fusion within a non-linear Effective Field Theory framework containing five anomalous couplings for this process. The code, available within the POWHEG-BOX-V2, includes full NLO QCD corrections with massive top quarks. All five couplings can be modified by the user. We show mhh distributions at seven benchmark points provided by an mhh shape analysis at NLO and showered $$ {p}_T^{hh} $$

p
T
hh

distributions resulting from an interface to PYTHIA-8 and HERWIG-7.2.
Dynamical evolution of gravitational leptogenesis
Authors: McDonald Jamie I. , Shore Graham M.
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Radiatively-induced gravitational leptogenesis is a potential mechanism to ex- plain the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe. Gravitational tidal effects at the quantum loop level modify the dynamics of the leptons in curved spacetime and may be encoded in a low-energy effective action Seff . It has been shown in previous work how in a high-scale BSM theory the CP odd curvature-induced interactions in Seff modify the dispersion relations of leptons and antileptons differently in an expanding universe, giving rise to an effective chemical potential and a non-vanishing equilibrium lepton-antilepton asymmetry. In this paper, the CP even curvature interactions are shown to break lepton number current conservation and modify the evolution of the lepton number density as the universe expands. These effects are implemented in a generalised Boltzmann equation and used to trace the dynamical evolution of the lepton number density in different cosmological scenarios. The theory predicts a potentially significant gravitationally-induced lepton-antilepton asymmetry at very early times in the evolution of the universe.
Secularly growing loop corrections in scalar wave background
Authors: Akhmedov E. T. , Diatlyk O.
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We consider two-dimensional Yukawa theory in the scalar wave background ϕ(t − x). If one takes as initial state in such a background the scalar vacuum corresponding to ϕ = 0, then loop corrections to a certain part of the Keldysh propagator, corresponding to the anomalous expectation value, grow with time. That is a signal to the fact that under the kick of the ϕ(t − x) wave the scalar field rolls down the effective potential from the ϕ = 0 position to the proper ground state. We show the evidence supporting these observations.
The impact of a qualified medical documentation assistant on trauma room management
Authors: Lucas Benjamin , Mathieu Sophie-Cecil , Pliske Gerald , Schirrmeister Wiebke , Kulla Martin , Walcher Felix
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To improve quality of trauma room management, intra- and inter-hospital benchmarking are important tools. However, primary data quality is crucial for benchmarking reliability. In this study, we analyzed the effect of a medical documentation assistant on documentation completeness in trauma room management in comparison to documentation by physicians involved in direct patient treatment.

Methods

We included all patients treated in the trauma room from 2016/01/01 to 2016/12/31 that were documented with the trauma module of the German Emergency Department Medical Record V2015.1. We divided the data into documentation by medical documentation assistant (DA, 07:00 to 17:00), physician in daytime (PD, 07:00 to 17:00), and physician at night (PN, 17:00 to 07:00). Data were analyzed for completeness (primary outcome parameter) as well as diagnostic intervals.

Results

There was a significant increase in complete recorded data for DA (74.5%; IQR 14.5%) compared to PD (26.9%; IQR 18.7%; p < 0.001) and PN (30.8%; IQR 18.9; p < 0.001). The time to whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) significantly decreased for DA (19 min; IQR 8.3) compared to PD (24 min; IQR 12.8; p = 0.007) or PN (24.5 min; IQR 10.0; p = 0.001).

Conclusion

In presence of a qualified medical documentation assistant, data completeness and time to WBCT improved significantly. Therefore, utilizing a professional DA in the trauma room appears beneficial for data quality and time management.
Patient-specific metal implants for focal chondral and osteochondral lesions in the knee; excellent clinical results at 2 years
Authors: Holz Johannes , Spalding Tim , Boutefnouchet Tarek , Emans Pieter , Eriksson Karl , Brittberg Mats , Konradsen Lars , Kösters Clemens , Verdonk Peter , Högström Magnus , Lind Martin
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Surgical treatment options for the management of focal chondral and osteochondral lesions in the knee include biological solutions and focal metal implants. A treatment gap exists for patients with lesions not suitable for arthroplasty or biologic repair or who have failed prior cartilage repair surgery. This study reports on the early clinical and functional outcomes in patients undergoing treatment with an individualised mini-metal implant for an isolated focal chondral defect in the knee.

Methods

Open-label, multicentre, non-randomised, non-comparative retrospective observational analysis of prospectively collected clinical data in a consecutive series of 80 patients undergoing knee reconstruction with the Episealer® implant. Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and VAS scores, were recorded preoperatively and at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively.

Results

Seventy-five patients were evaluated at a minimum 24 months following implantation. Two patients had undergone revision (2.5%), 1 declined participation, and 2 had not completed the full data requirements, leaving 75 of the 80 with complete data for analysis. All 5 KOOS domain mean scores were significantly improved at 1 and 2 years (p < 0.001–0.002). Mean preoperative aggregated KOOS4 of 35 (95% CI 33.5–37.5) improved to 57 (95% CI 54.5–60.2) and 59 (95% CI 55.7–61.6) at 12 and 24 months respectively (p < 0.05). Mean VAS score improved from 63 (95% CI 56.0–68.1) preoperatively to 32 (95% CI 24.4–38.3) at 24 months. The improvement exceeded the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and this improvement was maintained over time. Location of defect and history of previous cartilage repair did not significantly affect the outcome (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The study suggests that at 2 years, Episealer® implants are safe with a low failure rate of 2.5% and result in clinically significant improvement. Individualised mini-metal implants with appropriate accurate guides for implantation appear to have a place in the management of focal femoral chondral and osteochondral defects in the knee.

Level of evidence

IV.
Firm size populations modeled through competition-colonization dynamics
Authors: Applegate J. M. , Lampert Adam
Published: October 2020

The Firm Ecosystem Model is a dynamical model based on the empirical finding that firm characteristics, such as the tendency to innovate and competitive advantages, vary according to firm size. Firm dynamics leading to various population distributions are considered as a competition-colonization scenario in a spatially defined market, where firms of differing sizes are treated as separate species with different competition and colonization characteristics. Smaller firms, given adequate investment funds to innovate, are able to colonize available space more quickly than larger firms, and larger firms are assumed to have stronger competition characteristics and are able to outcompete smaller firms for occupied space. With startup and mortality parameters determined empirically, firm populations reach equilibria dependent on the values of the capital investment parameters. The model predictions provide a good qualitative fit to empirical data from the Business Dynamics Statistics database. Finally, we explore how alternative mortality or investment conditions affect the firm size distributions.
Fluctuations Around a Homogenised Semilinear Random PDE
Authors: Hairer Martin , Pardoux Étienne
Published: October 2020

We consider a semilinear parabolic partial differential equation in $$\mathbf{R}_+\times [0,1]^d$$

R
+

×

[
0
,
1
]

d

, where $$d=1, 2$$

d
=
1
,
2

or 3, with a highly oscillating random potential and either homogeneous Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition. If the amplitude of the oscillations has the right size compared to its typical spatiotemporal scale, then the solution of our equation converges to the solution of a deterministic homogenised parabolic PDE, which is a form of law of large numbers. Our main interest is in the associated central limit theorem. Namely, we study the limit of a properly rescaled difference between the initial random solution and its LLN limit. In dimension $$d=1$$

d
=
1

, that rescaled difference converges as one might expect to a centred Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. However, in dimension $$d=2$$

d
=
2

, the limit is a non-centred Gaussian process, while in dimension $$d=3$$

d
=
3

, before taking the CLT limit, we need to subtract at an intermediate scale the solution of a deterministic parabolic PDE, subject (in the case of Neumann boundary condition) to a non-homogeneous Neumann boundary condition. Our proofs make use of the theory of regularity structures, in particular of the very recently developed methodology allowing to treat parabolic PDEs with boundary conditions within that theory.