bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male reproductive polymorphism and form‐specific habitat utilization of the damselfly Mnais pruinosa (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)
Authors: Nomakuchi Shintaro
Published: March 2006

Habitat utilization patterns were studied in damselfly males, Mnais pruinosa, which have two male forms with different reproductive behaviors. The ‘esakii’ (orange‐winged males) were territorial around oviposition sites, while the ‘strigata’ (hyaline‐winged males) were non‐territorial, often sneaking into the esakii's territory or loitering on the foliage of vegetation along stream banks. The place in the stream in the study area where females frequently appeared was covered by reeds and had abundant oviposition sites. It was difficult for the territorial esakii to stay there because the crowded reeds prevented them from defending their territory and discovering the females. Furthermore, there was competition for the limited territorial space with another species, Mnais nawai. Strigata males concentrated in this place in direct proportion to the number of females. Females frequently mated with strigata males and probably deposited eggs fertilized by strigata sperm rather than esakii sperm. The density of strigata was higher than that of esakii in this study area. If the average reproductive success of esakii and strigata males is equal, this may indicate that the equilibrious point between the two male forms is biased toward strigata.
Ecological geography of the range of the Abies mariesii forest in northeast Honshu, Japan, with special reference to the physiographic conditions
Authors: Sugita Hisashi
Published: March 2006

In the subalpine areas of the snowy regions of Japan (the Japan Sea side), there are some mountains with no or very small stands of Abies mariesii, although this species dominates the subalpine coniferous forests of the region. In order to discuss the cause and process of this phenomenon, present horizontal and vertical ranges, as well as physiographic conditions, of the A. mariesii forest were examined in detail on the mountains in the Tohoku District. Sites in the subalpine zone were classified into two types: ‘azonal sites’ which should be excluded from the habitat of A. mariesii because of their edaphic or small‐scale climatic properties, and ‘zonal sites’. Mountains with vast less‐inclined zonal sites generally had well developed stands of A. mariesii forest. On the mountains with only small, solitary stands of A. mariesii, the distribution was limited to flats or slightly inclined slopes at relatively low altitudes. These less‐inclined zonal sites were regarded as an important habitat for the A. mariesii forest in the Hypsithermal period and the extent of these sites controls the extent of the stands in that period and the success of the subsequent range expansion of the forest.
Ontogenetic changes in stomatal size and conductance of sunflowers
Authors: Furukawa Akio
Published: March 2006

The ontogenetic changes in stomatal size, frequency and conductance (gs) on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. Russian Mammoth) were examined under controlled environmental conditions. The stomatal frequency on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces decreased with leaf ontogeny and insertion level. The ratio of adaxial to abaxial stomatal frequency did not change with leaf ontogeny and insertion level, and 42–44% of total stomata was apportioned to the adaxial surface. Ontogenetic changes in stomatal pore length were detected and increased with ontogenesis. The stomatal length of both leaf surfaces had linear relationships with leaf area. Ontogenetic changes in gs were similar between the two surfaces. However the adaxial gs was lower than abaxial gs in leaves of higher insertion levels. Conductance had a linear relationship with width x frequency but not with pore area.
Intra‐ and interspecific variation in body size of Protohermes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: Hayashi Fumio
Published: March 2006

The life history of three populations of Protohermes grandis and two populations of Protohermes immaculatus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) was compared. In general, the larvae lived in stream riffles for 2 years and the adults appeared in summer. Adult body size differed between these closely related species and also between the populations of P. grandis. Dwarfism occurred in P. immaculatus, a species that is endemic to the small, isolated island, Amami Island. The population of P. grandis on Yaku Island, located between Amami Island and the mainland Kyushu, had an intermediate body size between that of P. immaculatus and the mainland population of P. grandis. Despite being an insular population, P. grandis on Tsushima Island had a similar body size to mainland P. grandis. In these populations with large adults, some larvae lived in the streams for 3 years. The size distribution of benthic animals, which are the prey available to Protohermes larvae, differed between the streams studied. The density of large prey was lowest on Amami Island, intermediate on Yaku Island, and highest on the mainland and Tsushima Island. Different size distributions of available prey may be caused by the differences of benthic fauna; most of Ecdyonuridae and Ephemerellidae (large mayflies) and Perlidae (large stoneflies) were not found on Amami and Yaku Islands. Thus, there is a tendency to dwarfism in the populations of Protobermes inhabiting streams where the density of large prey is low.
Photosynthetic activity and water relations of sprouts of Pasania edulis
Authors: Ito Satoshi , Gyokusen Koichiro
Published: March 2006

In order to investigate the factors causing fast growth of sprouts of Pasania edulis, photosynthetic activity and water relation characteristics of lower (mature) leaves and upper (expanding) leaves of the sprouts were compared with those of seedlings and adult trees of P. edulis. Apparent quantum yield was generally low. Maximum photosynthetic rate was highest in the lower leaves of sprouts. Stomatal frequency was higher in sprout leaves than in seedling leaves. Osmotic potential at the water saturation point and water potential at the turgor loss point, in leaves, were higher in sprouts than in seedlings and adult trees. Symplasmic water content per unit leaf area was higher in sprouts than in seedlings. These water relation parameters in leaves indicated that sprout leaves are superior in maintaining cell turgor against water loss, but are not tolerant to water stress. In field measurements, sprout leaves showed higher stomatal conductance and transpiration rates. These results indicated that sprout leaves fully realized their high potential productivity even under field conditions. The leaf specific conductance, from the soil to the leaf, was higher in sprouts than in seedlings. Large and deep root systems of the original stumps of the sprouts may be attributed to the high leaf specific conductance.
Water intake by the adult mayfly Epeorus ikanosis (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) and its effect on their longevity
Authors: Takemon Yasuhiro
Published: March 2006

Water drinking habits during flight in adult mayflies of Epeorus ikanonis Takahashi were observed and the effect of water intake on their longevity was examined. The study was carried out in a mountain stream in western Japan. Adult males collected a water droplet under the head capsule while alighting on the water surface and consumed it after moving to nearby riparian vegetation. The amount of water intake was experimentally estimated to be 9.7% of the bodyweight for males. Although females did not show the water drinking behavior in the field, they imbibed as much as 5.5% of the bodyweight of water in an experimental situation. Morphological observation of the mouthparts revealed that the water was drawn in through the pits at the base of the labrum. In the field caging experiment, males with a water supply had a substantially longer life span than those without. Increase in adult life span by drinking water was less marked in females. Multiple copulation was observed in both sexes during the experiment. The water drinking behavior of the males may closely relate to mating success through increased longevity. Variation in the longevity of adult mayflies was discussed with regard to the possibility of water intake.
Population dynamics, productivity and biomass allocation of Zizania latifolia in an aquatic‐terrestrial ecotone
Authors: Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Shinozuka Atsushi , Ikusima Isao
Published: March 2006

The population and production ecology of a Zizania latifolia stand at a sheltered shore of the Hitachi‐Tone River were investigated. Shoot emergence was observed twice a year; the fist was a synchronized shoot emergence in April and the second was from August to October. Aboveground biomass was mostly occupied by leaves and peaked at 1500 g dry weight m−2 in August. The belowground biomass also reached its peak, 750 g dry weight m−2, in August. The secondary shoots were small in spite of their high density. Leaves were produced continuously throughout the season. The leaf life span was as short as 55.6 days for cohorts that emerged from May through to September. Total annual net production of Z. latifolia could be more than 3400 g dry weight m−2. Shoot clusters of several centimeters were observed in April. The following self‐thinning caused a regular distribution of the remaining shoots in August. Most shoots produced in August to October were found near a shoot persisting since April. They showed more concentrated distribution than shoots in April. A large biomass allocation to leaves and the ability to produce many clump shoots during the late growing period may facilitate dominance of Z. latifolia in relatively sheltered sites.
Recovery of a Sasa tsuboiana population after mass flowering and death
Authors: Makita Akifumi , Konno Yasuo , Fujita Noboru , Takada Ken′ichi , Hamabata Etsuji
Published: March 2006

The recovery process of a Sasa tsuboiana population after a mass flowering and death in 1977 was investigated by 15 years of observation in the Hira Mountains, Kinki district, western Japan. Seed production was high (6600–13 800 seeds m−2 in Sasa plots and 3900 seeds m−2 in a forest plot) but emergent seedling density was low (14–21 seedlings m−2), probably because of seed predation by Microtus montebelli occurring between seed shedding and the next spring. The seedling density had decreased further by the next year and the S. tsuboiana population recovered from only a limited number of seedlings. In spite of such a low initial density, the S. tsuboiana population was able to regenerate successfully and attained the previous full stand height in 7–16 years. Miscantbus sinensis invaded and delayed the recovery of S. tsuboiana in one plot, but S. tsuboiana became dominant as it caught up with the height of M. sinensis. Seedling growth patterns, such as frequent tillering, the onset of rhizome extension in the early stage of seedling growth and frequent culm production from rhizomes, played important roles in the successful regeneration of S. tsuboiana.
Reproductive behavior of females and its relation to the mating success of two male forms in Mnais pruinosa (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)
Authors: Nomakuchi Shintaro
Published: March 2006

The behavior of females of the damselfly Mnais pruinosa was observed in the breeding season. Males consisted of both territorial (esakii) and non‐territorial (strigata) types in the study area. Females sometimes arrived at a stream for mating and oviposition. The staying time of females in the stream was 1–3 hours, while that of males was 5–8 hours. The proportion of the males that copulated with the females did not differ between the two male forms present in the stream. In the Calopterygidae, of which the females usually perform multiple copulation, oviposition without subsequent recopulation is considered to be advantageous for a mated male in order to avoid the risk of sperm displacement. From such a viewpoint, the time spent for oviposition was measured for females that arrived at the stream after copulation with different male forms. The ratio was 69.1: 11.5–30.9 between esakii and strigata males. Assuming that the oviposition time is proportional to the number of fertilized eggs laid, this ratio would represent the relative reproductive success of the two male forms. In fact, the relative abundance of the two male forms was also biased in favor of esakii males (61.7:38.3) in this population. The mechanism of coexistence of the two male forms is discussed in relation to their reproductive success.
Consequences of host plant chemical and physical variability to an associated herbivore
Authors: Waring Gwendolyn L.
Published: March 2006

The effects of watering and fertilizer treatments on the vigor and biochemistry of the willow, Salix lasiolepis, and subsequent colonization and survivorship of its gallforming herbivore, Euura lasiolepsis, were investigated in two field experiments. Some plants received low (LW), intermediate (MW) or high (HW) levels of water as treatments, while others received no (OF), low (LF) or high (HF) fertilizer levels. In the watering experiment, plant protein concentrations decreased, while growth rate and number of galls per plant increased with increased water treatments. Plant growth proved to be the best correlate of sawfly attack. Sawfly survivorship increased slightly with greater watering, and phenol concentrations showed no pattern among treatments. In the fertilization experiment, leaf protein increased with fertilization, although shoot length, number of galls and survivorship of E. lasiolepis survivorship were greatest in intermediate treatment plants. In both experiments, plant growth, rather than protein or phenol levels, was the best predictor of sawfly attack and survivorship.

In a natural experiment with galls on wild plants, galled tissue had significantly greater protein concentrations and lower phenol concentrations than did ungalled tissue. We suggest that gallformers modify host plant biochemistry within willow galls, which may explain why the chemical parameters of ambient plant quality we tested were less predictive than plant growth.
Establishment and growth of mangrove seedling in mangrove forests of southern Thailand
Authors: Tamai Shigenobu , Iampa Patcharee
Published: March 2006

The demography and growth of mangrove seedlings in southern Thailand were studied for an 18‐month period. Plots for measurement of seedlings were established using gradients of light and surface soil texture.

The number of established propagules peaked from April to August, the peak for Rhizophora being earlier than that for Bruguiera. Under the mangrove forest canopy, the survivorship of seedlings established during May to December 1982 was 33% in June 1983.

Light conditions and soil texture did not strongly affect initial seedling establishment, and the relationship between species seed size and water depth at a particular site influenced that were able to become established there. The elongation growth was large during the rainy season and in open sites. The growth of R. apiculata Blume, B. parviflora Wight & Arn. and B. cylindrica Blume in open sites was more than ten times that of seedlings established in the shade.

It has noted that light conditions affected the growth of young trees (>1 year old) to a greater degree than that of current‐year seedlings.
Fluctuation of photosynthetic photon flux density within a Miscanthus sinensis canopy
Authors: Tang Yan‐Hong , Washitani Izumi , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Iwaki Hideo
Published: March 2006

Detailed measurements of diurnal variations in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were made at seven locations within the canopy of a Miscanthus sinensis grassland to evaluate the light conditions of microsites for heliophilic tree seedlings. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the short‐term light fluctuation on a clear day was highly dependent on the wind speed and solar elevation angle, whereas on a cloudy day it was mainly determined by the PPFD incident from above the canopy.

The relative PPFD at 40 cm aboveground varied from 0.065 to 0.252, depending on sky conditions and the sensor's position in relation to clumped patches of M. sinensis. On a clear day, the proportion of PPFD readings above 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 contributed by sunflecks ranged between 25.4% and 82.0%. Computer simulation showed that the contribution of sunflecks to the daily carbon gain of Quercus serrata seedlings may range from 11% to 65%.

The mean relative PPFD measured under diffuse light conditions was linearly related to the daily total PPFD and the daily carbon gain by single leaves of Q. serrata seedlings. This suggests that the relative PPFD under diffuse light conditions provides an appropriate measure of site‐specific light availability within a grass canopy.
The structure of a local population and dispersal pattern in the Styan's grasshopper warbler, Locustella pleskei
Authors: Nagata Hisashi
Published: March 2006

The breeding sites of Styan's grasshopper warblers are restricted to small islands and distributed discretely. The study on the marked population was conducted on two islets, Okitsu‐jima and Ohtsukue‐jima, located near Fukuoka, Japan, from 1981 to 1989. About 20 and 70 birds bred on the two islets, respectively, and the mean density of breeding pairs was 25.5 ha−1. The dispersal pattern and population, structure were examined. Adult birds returned to the same breeding site. Males always reoccupied the same territory as in previous years but females not. Males were more philopatric and only female yearlings dispersed over long distances and moved between the breeding sites in Hakata Bay. The returning rate was 0.57 for adults, and 0.21 for juveniles. The age distribution of birds at Ohtsukue‐jima was almost stable, while that at Okitsu‐jima was unstable because it was a marginal habitat for the birds. Estimating from the dispersal pattern and age structure of this warbler the population near Fukuoka consists of only four islets and is almost stable.
Vegetation pattern and microtopography on a landslide scar of Mt Kiyosumi, central Japan
Authors: Sakai Akiko , Ohsawa Masahiko
Published: March 2006

Vegetation pattern and microtopography were examined on a mountain slope with a rotational type landslide scar on Mt Kiyosumi, central Japan. Similarities of distribution patterns among 55 woody species were calculated using Cole's species association coefficient, and based on them, seven vegetation units were classified using cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis. The seven vegetation units coincide with seven microtopographical facets at 101 to 102 m2 order. Furthermore, these vegetation units were grouped into three higher categories by reciprocal averaging and principal coordinates analysis. They were ridge slopes, surrounding slopes and landslide slopes. The three categories were arranged in the above‐mentioned order based on similarity in floristic composition. In the ridge slopes, late‐successional trees and deciduous trees had high relative basal areas. In the surrounding slopes, Euptelea polyandra and other deciduous trees had high relative basal areas. In the landslide slopes, E. polyandra and deciduous shrubs had high relative basal areas. The density and the age distributions of E. polyandra, a typical pioneer tree which invades disturbed sites, suggested that the severity of soil surface disturbances increase in this order. The disturbance regime explains the vegetation pattern on the study site, where the rotational type landslide had occurred.
Comparative ecophysiology ofLarix kaempferi(Lamb.) Carr. andAbies veitchiiLindl. III. Analysis of factors determining the differences in root depth
Authors: Yura Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

A new method for analyzing growth is proposed to elucidate factors responsible for the differences in root depth ofLarix kaempferiandAbies veitchiiseedlings. Root depth (D) divides into three factors;urn:x-wiley:09123814:ere0073:equation:ere0073-math-0001where DW and L are dry weight of the root and total length of root elements, respectively. L/DW, specific root length, and D/L ratio represents the length of the root per unit root dry weight and the ratio of the depth to the total length of the root elements, respectively. Seedlings of the two species were grown from seeds and values of these three factors; root dry weight, specific root length and D/L ratio were periodically compared between the two species during growth. Irrespective of watering conditions, the factor that was almost entirely responsible for the differences in root depth between these two species was differences in specific root length, while there were virtually no differences in root dry weight or D/L ratio, indicating that allocation of dry mass to the root is equivalent and geometrical structure of the root system is similar. It is therefore concluded that the deeper roots which enableL. kaempferiseedlings to establish themselves during drought conditions on bare ground, unlikeA. veitchiiseedlings whose establishment is confined to the forest floor, are attained by their ability to extend their roots longer for a given amount of dry mass.
Analytical studies on the responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to various defoliation treatments
Authors: Mariko Shigeru , Hogetsu Kinji
Published: March 2006

The effects of defoliation treatments on plant growth in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were studied in the field. Four defoliation treatments, 0 (control), 37.4, 56.1 and 93.4% of the total leaf dry weight, were applied to plants that had small third leaves. Decreased leaf weight/whole plant weight (F/W) ratios in defoliated plants rapidly recovered to almost the same ratio as that observed in the control within 12 to 16 days after defoliation according to the degree of defoliation. The mechanism involved in the recovery of the F/W ratio in defoliated plants mainly consisted of three parameters: enhancement of (1) carbon distribution ratios in the leaves, (2) photosynthetic activity in the remaining leaves, and (3) retranslocation of carbon from the stem and/or roots to leaves.

Inhibitive effects of defoliation on relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were seen at an early stage, but subsequently both rates became larger in defoliated plants than in controls. Defoliated plants tended to show rapid development and expansion of new leaves, and to show increased specific leaf area and protein synthesis in individual leaves. The sugar content of leaves in defoliated plants was higher than that in controls, while the content in both stem and roots was lower. These responses seem to be advantageous for development of the photosynthetic system. Heights of defoliated plants were clearly depressed according to the degree of defoliation, and this was attributed largely to differences in the elongation rates of the internodes resulting from defoliation.
Studies on ecology and behavior of Japanese black swallowtail butterflies. 6. Nectar feeding of Papilio helenus nicconicolens Butler and P. protenor demetrius Cramer as main pollinators of glory bower, Clerodendron trichotomum, Thunb
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiko , Yamashita Keiko , Niizuma Akio , Kiritani Keizi
Published: March 2006

The butterflies Papilio helenus and P. protenor were shown to feed mainly on the nectar of the glory bower, Clerodendron trichotomum, which was the most abundant nectar plant in summer in the study area. Both the species were found to have a proboscis longer than 24 mm corresponding to the length of the corolla tube of C. trichotomum. Visits to the flowers by these butterflies were observed more frequently than visits by sphingid moths which had previously been believed to be the major pollinators of C. trichotomum. The male butterflies visited trees of C. trichotomum frequently, while visits by the females were less frequent. However, once females had visited the tree of C. trichotomum, they remained there longer than the males. Since the flower of C. trichotomum has long protruding sexual organs, its pollen grains were found to adhere efficiently to the bodies of butterflies, mainly the thorax, during nectar feeding. Most of the butterflies became loaded with C. trichotomum pollen, and the mean number of pollen grains per butterfly was 1,776 for P. helenus and 2,817 for P. protenor. The flowers opened at any time of day but more frequently in the morning. The nectar was secreted throughout the day. In the maturation of the protandrous flower of C. trichotomum, the duration of the pistillate phase was about twice as long as the staminate phase. The long flowering period and the short duration of the staminate phase resulted in asynchrony of the flowering stages even within a single cyme on a tree. Such asynchrony and the abundance of attractive flowers on a tree facilitates efficient pollination by the butterflies.
The species composition and diversity of tree‐dwelling beetles in deciduous oak and evergreen forests in central Japan; Relationship between the diversity index and sample size
Authors: Isono Masahiro , Takeda Susumu , Sakurai Hironori
Published: March 2006

During the period fromlate May through December 1981, tree‐dwelling beetles were regularly surveyed at three deciduous oak and two evergreen forests in the vicinity of Gifu City. Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae were abundant in these forests. The species diversity and the seasonal succession of species were most apparent in May and June. The three deciduous oak forests, with many species and high equitability, showed more diverse community structure, but fewer individuals, when compared with the two evergreen forests. Furthermore, the species compositions of the deciduous oak forests were seasonally and spatially more heterogeneous than those of the evergreen forests. A few dominant species, however, had a strong influence on the community structure. The relationship between the diversity index and sample size was examined. The diversity index changed with the sample size, and the range of the variation diminished as the sample size increased. However, equilibrium was not reached even in the largest sample size used in this study (20 samples). There was a significantly high correlation (P<0.001) in diversity index between the smaller sample sizes (5, 10, 15) and the largest. It was, therefore, shown that community structures can be compared on the basis of the diversity indices from samples of constant size, even when the samples are small.
Does the seston of Lake Biwa release dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus during aerobic decomposition?: Its implication for eutrophication
Authors: Tezuka Yasuhiko
Published: March 2006

Seston was collected from depths of 5 and 60 m in the north basin and a depth of 0 m in the south basin of Lake Biwa in the summer of 1985 and decomposed in the laboratory under aerobic conditions for three months. There was no net release of dissolved inorganic phosphorus from any seston, in contrast with the liberation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. From this result and other available data, it is suggested that almost all phosphorus entering Lake Biwa and remaining within it is finally transformed into particulate phosphorous, transported to the bottom sediments, and fixed there without being recycled. Thus, this mechanism seems to play an important role in the prevention of rapid eutrophication of Lake Biwa, in spite of high external phosphorus loading.
A new life table of leaves of Phaseolus vulgris L. in relation to their position within the canopy and plant density
Authors: Miyaji Ken‐ichi
Published: March 2006

In order to demonstrate in detail the relationship between the longevity and productivity of leaves within a canopy, a new life table approach, the ‘bioeconomic life table’, was applied to the leaves of kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in relation to planting density and their position within the canopy.

The net photosynthetic rate for upper leaves under full daylight tended to decline gradually due to leaf senescence from about 20 days after leaf emergence, and for the lower leaves the decrease was very rapid due to both shading and senescence about 10 days after emergence.

Analysis of the survivorship curves and daily surplus production of leaves suggested that the lower and middle leaves, especially the latter, survived without surplus production of dry matter after they had reached mean longevity, and while the upper leaves at high density had a much shorter mean longevity, they had very large values of daily surplus production throughout the survival period.

For the total foliage, the summed value of accumulated surplus production during the survival period was about five times as large as the summed value of the dry weight of the dead leaves, regardless of planting density.

The daily rate of canopy leaf respiration was almost proportional to that of canopy gross photosynthesis for the various leaf area indices of the canopy, so that there was no optimum leaf area index that maximized canopy daily surplus production.
Spatial coexistence of phytoplankton species in ecological timescale
Authors: Miyazaki Tatsuo , Tainaka Kei‐ichi , Togashi Tatsuya , Suzuki Takanori , Yoshimura Jin
Published: March 2006

The species diversity of phytoplankton is usually very high in wild aquatic systems, as seen in the paradox of plankton. Coexistence of many competitive phytoplankton species is extremely common in nature. However, experiments and mathematical theories show that interspecific competition often leads to the extinction of most inferior species. Here, we present a lattice version of a multi‐species Lotka–Volterra competition model to demonstrate the importance of local interaction. Its mathematical equilibrium is the exclusion of all but one superior species. However, temporal coexistence of many competitive species is possible in an ecological time scale if interactions are local instead of global. This implies that the time scale is elongated many orders when interactions are local. Extremely high species diversity of phytoplankton in aquatic systems may be maintained by spatial coexistence in an ecological time scale.
Discovering the Family History of Huntington Disease (HD)
Authors: Etchegary Holly
Published: March 2006

A considerable body of research has explored both predictive genetic test decisions for Huntington disease (HD) and the impact of receiving a test result. Extant research reveals little, however, about how and when at risk persons first discover their family history of HD. Drawing upon 24 semi‐structured interviews with at risk persons and their family members, this study explored initial discovery of HD in the family. Qualitative data analysis revealed four different, though sometimes related, trajectories of discovery: (1) something is wrong, (2) out of the blue, (3) knowing, but dismissing, and 4) growing up with HD. These pathways highlighted the importance of the temporal and historical contexts in which genetic risk for HD was discovered. Notably, ignorance about HD was the most salient feature shaping participants’ narratives of discovery. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Hierarchical Multinomial Processing Tree Models: A Latent-Class Approach
Authors: Klauer Karl Christoph
Published: March 2006

Multinomial processing tree models are widely used in many areas of psychology. Their application relies on the assumption of parameter homogeneity, that is, on the assumption that participants do not differ in their parameter values. Tests for parameter homogeneity are proposed that can be routinely used as part of multinomial model analyses to defend the assumption. If parameter homogeneity is found to be violated, a new family of models, termed latent-class multinomial processing tree models, can be applied that accommodates parameter heterogeneity and correlated parameters, yet preserves most of the advantages of the traditional multinomial method. Estimation, goodness-of-fit tests, and tests of other hypotheses of interest are considered for the new family of models.
Back to the Future? Making Sense of the 2004 Canadian Election
outside Quebec
Authors: Gidengil Elisabeth , Blais André , Everitt Joanna , Fournier Patrick , Nevitte Neil
Published: March 2006

Abstract. This paper uses data from the 2004 Canadian
Election Study to analyze the factors that motivated a vote for each party
and to identify the ones that mattered most to the outcome of the 2004
federal election outside Quebec. Particular attention is given to the
impact of the sponsorship scandal, the sources of support for the new
Conservative party and the factors that explain the NDP's improved
performance. The findings are used to address some basic questions about
the 2004 election and its larger implications.

Résumé. L'article utilise les
données de L'Étude électorale canadienne de 2004
pour identifier les principaux facteurs qui ont motivé l'appui
aux différents partis et pour jauger leur impact sur le
résultat de l'élection à l'extérieur
du Québec. Les auteurs accordent une attention particulière
aux effets du scandale des commandites, aux sources de l'appui au
nouveau Parti conservateur et aux raisons sous-jacentes des gains du NPD.
Les résultats permettent de répondre à un certain
nombre de questions sur le sens et la portée de
l'élection.
Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership
Practices in Canadian Government
Authors: Martin Geoff
Published: March 2006

Executive Styles in Canada: Cabinet Structures and Leadership
Practices in Canadian Government, Luc Bernier, Keith Brownsey and
Michael Howlett, eds., Toronto: University of Toronto Press, for The
Institute of Public Administration of Canada, 2005, pp. xiii, 282.

Executive Styles in Canada is a welcome addition to the
literature on Canadian political leadership and provincial politics,
essentially raising the question of the power of the premier, central
agencies, and executive council in each of the Canadian provinces. To this
end the editors have organized the book in 13 chapters. The book begins
with a survey of the whole debate over “court government”
raised by Donald Savoie, and the development model of Canadian cabinets
advanced by Stefan Dupré and Christopher Dunn. The second chapter
is given over to Savoie to make his case with respect to the federal
government. His argument, by now familiar, is that by the 1990s the real
power in the federal government is in the hands of the “prime
minister and a small group of carefully selected courtiers” (17).
Executive dominance of the legislature in the Westminster model has given
way to even greater centralization. Power flows not from ministers, but
from the prime minister. While Savoie does not address the seeming anomaly
of the Paul Martin minority government of 2004–05, in which the
House of Commons and even the opposition parties suddenly became relevant
again, one gets the sense that he would argue that this is a temporary
development rather than a more durable departure from the direction of the
last 30 years.
Aboriginal Conditions: Research as a Foundation for Public
Policy
Authors: Wilton Shauna
Published: March 2006

Aboriginal Conditions: Research as a Foundation for Public
Policy, Jerry P. White, Paul S. Maxim and Dan Beavon, eds.,
Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003, pp. 285.

The situation of Aboriginal people in Canada deserves close attention
from academic researchers and policy makers. While it is important to
explore the larger questions of self-government, sovereignty, and land
claims, it is also necessary to conduct research based on the current
reality of Aboriginals in order to develop relevant and effective
strategies. This collected volume of essays brings together researchers
and policy makers in an attempt to provide an empirical foundation for
building better policy and better communities for Aboriginal peoples in
Canada. The research itself is structured around two central questions:
What is the situation? How has it developed? The effort to answer these
questions provides a substantial basis for future development and
initiatives.
The Government Taketh Away: The Politics of Pain in the United
States and Canada.
Authors: Abelson Donald
Published: March 2006

The Government Taketh Away: The Politics of Pain in the United
States and Canada., Leslie A. Pal and R. Kent Weaver, eds.,
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003, pp. xii, 340.

Compiling edited collections is notoriously difficult because editors
and contributors frequently work from a different script. The result is
that instead of producing a coherent volume which addresses a particular
theme, readers are often left with a collection of scholarly papers that
share little in common. What may have started as a project with a single
goal and focus can quickly disintegrate into a patchwork quilt. This major
problem has been avoided in Leslie Pal and Kent Weaver's edited book,
The Government Taketh Away: The Politics of Pain in the United States
and Canada, a sophisticated and richly detailed analysis of how
decision-makers in the two countries attempt to introduce policies that
may adversely affect the economic, social and political interests of
various groups while trying to minimize political fallout. As the title of
this book suggests, the editors are not concerned about why policy makers
reward certain sectors and groups in society. After all, common sense
dictates that politicians need votes and attempt to acquire them by
appealing to the broadest segment of the population. In this book, the
focus is on how policy makers, when faced with potential opposition from
different groups, make strategic decisions that result in the imposition
of losses. Although the editors do not offer a concrete definition of
loss, examples include policy decisions that result in the de-indexation
of old age pensions, the closure of military bases and the retraction of
tax benefits. This book is not an indictment of government—the
editors acknowledge that in democracies politicians must often make
difficult choices that will help some and hurt others. Rather, it is a
thorough exploration of how decision makers make these decisions and how
various groups and sectors react.
The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and Administration
Authors: Howlett Michael
Published: March 2006

The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and
Administration, Patricia W. Ingraham and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., eds.,
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004, pp. 238.

What is “governance”? Despite a huge literature, a major
journal, and numerous teaching programmes and courses ostensibly dealing
with the subject, it is a concept that still inspires much confusion. Many
students of political science, among others, see the term as being simply
a synonym of “governing,” used to describe what governments
actually “do,” or as just a new name for the traditional
subject matter of established fields such as public administration and
public management, offering little in the way of value-added to those more
traditional terms and academic fields. Others, of course, argue that
“governance” represents a fundamental new way of
“governing,” specifically a much less top-down and
hierarchical form than is traditionally associated with studies of public
administration, and hence a subject worthy of additional attention and the
coinage of neologisms.
The Age of Commodity: Water Privatization in Southern Africa
Authors: Spronk Susan
Published: March 2006

The Age of Commodity: Water Privatization in Southern Africa,
David A. McDonald and Greg Ruiters, eds., London and Sterling, VA:
Earthscan Press, 2005, pp. xv, 303.

This collection of essays is a cutting-edge study of neoliberal public
service reform in Southern Africa. While most studies of water
privatization, such as Karen Bakker's An Uncooperative Commodity:
Privatizing Water in England and Wales (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2004) and Vandana Shiva's Water Wars (Cambridge:
South End Press, 2002), have concentrated on the transfer of ownership and
control from the state to private corporations, privatization is more
broadly defined to include the transfer of ownership and/or
decision-making responsibility to NGOs and community organizations. The
editors rightly emphasize, moreover, that privatization is not the only
disturbing trend in public service reform. Corporatization—the
creation of publicly owned and operated companies that run like private
businesses—threatens to entrench the discriminatory aspects of
infrastructure distribution that characterized colonialism and apartheid
in the region in the previous era.
Jacob Burckhardt's Social and Political Thought
Authors: Hinde John R.
Published: March 2006

Jacob Burckhardt's Social and Political Thought, Richard
Sigurdson, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, xii, pp. 279.

Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) has long been recognized as one of
the most important historians of the nineteenth century. His principal
works, The Age of Constantine the Great (1852) and The
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), and his posthumous
Greek Cultural History (1902) and Reflections on History
(1905), remain in print and continue to be read and studied with profit
today. Indeed, the questions raised in his study of the Italian
Renaissance still define how historians interpret this field of
history.
Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade,
Environment and Social Governance
Authors: Crawford Mark
Published: March 2006

Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade,
Environment and Social Governance, John J. Kirton and Michael
Trebilcock, eds., Global Environmental Governance Series; Aldergate:
Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2004, pp. xviii, 372.

This book sheds considerable light on the new forms of “soft
law” governance (voluntary standards and informal institutions) that
are emerging out of the confluence of rationally calculated interests,
intersubjectively shared norms, and entrenched structures of power in the
global economy. It benefits greatly from the analytical framework and
meticulous exposition provided by the editors, John Kirton and Michael
Trebilcock, whose introductory chapter repays close reading. The remaining
chapters of the book are grouped in four sections.
The Dissemination of International Liberal Norms: The Case of the ECHR and the UK
Authors: Stiles Kendall W.
Published: March 2006

Abstract.The dominant theory of international liberal norm-dissemination argues that states will tend to move from rejection of international norms to internationalization through gradual, predictable stages. The presumption is that the mass public consistently presses the state (in partnership with international norm carriers) for greater liberalization. This theory is shown to have serious weaknesses when applied to mature democracies. A study of the UK's response to adverse rulings from the European Court of Human Rights indicates that policy elites respond differently depending on the norm, the security context and public opinion. Further, the public does not consistently advocate liberalization, but sometimes the reverse.

Résumé.Une théorie principale sur la propagation des normes libérales internationales avance que les États ne passent que graduellement du rejet des normes internationales à leur adoption, en passant par plusieurs étapes prévisibles. Elles présument que le grand public (en conjonction avec les créateurs des normes internationales) exerce des pressions continuelles sur les États pour plus de libertés civiques. En fait, cette théorie n'explique pas l'évolution des attitudes vis-à-vis les libertés civiques dans les démocraties avancées. Une étude du Royaume-Uni, par exemple, démontre que, lorsque la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme dénonce une violation de la Convention, les élites politiques réagissent différemment en fonction de la norme en cause, des questions de sécurité et de l'opinion publique. En outre, le public n'est pas toujours en faveur de la libéralisation, au contraire.
“So that Every Subject Knows How to Behave”: Social Disciplining in Early Modern Bohemia
Authors: Ogilvie Sheilagh
Published: March 2006

“Social disciplining” is the name that has been given to attempts by the authorities throughout early modern Europe to regulate people's private lives.1 In explicit contrast to “social control,” the informal mechanisms by which people have always sought to put pressure on one another in traditional societies, “social disciplining” was a set of formal, legislative strategies through which the emerging early modern state sought to “civilize” and “rationalize” its subjects' behavior in order to facilitate well-ordered government and a capitalist modernization of the economy.2 Whether viewed favorably as an essential stage in a beneficent “civilizing process” or more critically as an arbitrary coercion of popular culture in the interests of elites, social disciplining is increasingly regarded as central to most aspects of political, economic, religious, social, and cultural change in Europe between the medieval and the modern periods.3
How to Punish Indians: Law and Cultural Change in Early Colonial Mexico
Authors: Pardo Osvaldo F.
Published: March 2006

Not long after the arrival of the Mendicant orders in New Spain, a view emerged among the friars that the subjection of the Mexican Indians to Spanish law might not be a goal as practical and desirable as the Crown expected, at least not for the immediate future. Franciscans, in particular, thought that the transfer and application of long-established legal principles to the Mexican Indians, such as the customary distinction of jurisdictions, could ultimately hurt rather than facilitate their full conversion to Christianity. For them, the administration of justice was but a natural extension of the enterprise of evangelization, a point that they made repeatedly in letters and reports throughout the sixteenth century.1 In part, their opposition to seeing the new converts subject to secular law stemmed from a general dissatisfaction with the state of legal affairs in the Peninsula, where an alarming increase in lawsuits and legal costs leading to the further consolidation of a class of letrados appeared to threaten the fabric of social life.
Chronology, Succession, and Sovereignty: The Politics of Inka Historiography and Its Modern Interpretation
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: March 2006

Western scholars have long identified the existence of writing systems as a near-universal characteristic of high civilization, with Tawantinsuyu, the Inka empire, representing the only significant exception.1 Although writing was absent in the pre-Hispanic Andes, there existed the means of recording administrative information and preserving narratives of the past. Inka imperial overseers and specialized record-keepers produced tribute levies, population counts, and assessments of provincial development potential, using a system of knotted cords (a khipu) as their principal device.2 Such records fulfilled bureaucratic and administrative functions that were satisfied in other societies by writing; however, the maintenance of narratives of the Inka past contrasts with these practices in its hybrid use of oral tradition in consultation with similar record keeping devices.