bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creation and Priesthood in Modern Orthodox Thinking
Authors: Theokritoff Elizabeth
Published: February 2006

This paper is a response to suggestions that the notion of humans as priests of creation is the standard Orthodox view, and that it devalues non-human creation and the praise other creatures offer to God. It will be argued that, while human priesthood is a dominant image for some Orthodox theologians, more often it is used—if at all—as one among several images, which should be seen as complementary. ‘Priesthood’ language cannot be understood apart from the idea of a cosmic liturgy in which all creatures play their part; the meaning Orthodox theologians give to ‘priesthood of creation’ is a function of their understanding of priesthood in the Church as an integral part of the people of God. Creation needs human ‘priestly’ mediation not because its praise is inadequate, but because the praise we offer together awaits its fulfilment—the transfiguration of all creatures in Christ.
Topical Bioadhesive Patch Systems Enhance Selectivity of Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation
Authors: Donnelly Ryan F. , Ma Li‐Wei , Juzenas Petras , Lani Vladimir , McCarron Paul A. , Woolfson A. David , Moan Johan
Published: February 2006

In clinical 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐based photodynamic therapy (PDT) of skin tumors it is desirable to develop vehicles that minimize the penetration of ALA through normal stratum corneum and maximize it through the compromised stratum corneum of the tumors to improve tumor selectivity. We have designed a bioadhesive patch, which may be able to achieve this aim. It induces levels of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in skin overlying tumors similar to those induced by the proprietary cream (Porphin®) but at the same time induces less PpIX to form in normal skin and at distant sites. The mechanisms of action of the patch, as compared with that of the cream, were studied by means of Cuprophan® barriers that mimic compromised tumor stratum corneum and in a mouse model with transplanted tumors.
Fixed Ceramometallic Prostheses Over Anterior and Transzygomatic Implants by Using the Sinus Slot Technique—Report of a Case
Authors: Peñarrocha-Diago Miguel , Boronat A. , Cervera R. , Garcia B.
Published: February 2006

Atrophy of the upper jaw poses problems for fixed rehabilitation of implants. Of the different management possibilities that have been developed, transzygomatic implant placement is a good option and affords a high success rate. These implants are positioned in zygomatic bone by using 2 possible techniques. We present a 48-year-old woman with severe posterior maxillary atrophy in which the canine and frontozygomatic prominence were used to place 6 anterior and 2 transzygomatic implants by using the sinus slot technique for fixed bridge rehabilitation. The advantages of the sinus slot technique over the sinus window technique are discussed.
Computerized Tomography–based Imaging and Surgical Guidance in Oral Implantology
Authors: Almog Dov M. , Benson B. W. , Wolfgang L. , Frederiksen N. L. , Brooks S. L.
Published: February 2006

Computerized tomography (CT)-based imaging and surgical guidance carry both radiographic information such as height, density, and width of bone and clinical information such as axis of orientation for a successful prosthodontic result, thus determining the trajectory, depth, and distribution of the implants. The objective of this report is to review the associated literature and recent developments in CT-image–based information and surgical guidance systems. This report attempts to provide an argument for the development of evidence-based research on the utility of such systems and their effect on outcome in oral implantology.
Early Intervention with Epoetin Alfa During Platinum-Based Chemotherapy: An Analysis of Quality-of-Life Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial Compared with Population Normative Data
Authors: Savonije Jorine H. , van Groeningen Cees J. , Wormhoudt Lars W. , Giaccone Guiseppe
Published: February 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the benefit of anemia correction with epoetin alfa therapy on improving quality of life in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.Relative to population norms, describe the quality-of-life results of a prospective, randomized study in which cancer patients with baseline Hb levels ≤12.1 g/dl received epoetin alfa or best supportive care.Explain how patients with cancer and mild-to-moderate anemia have impaired quality of life relative to the normal population and experience significant and clinically meaningful quality-of-life improvements with earlier epoetin alfa treatment.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The Influence of Endocrine Effects of Adjuvant Therapy on Quality of Life Outcomes in Younger Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Knobf M. Tish
Published: February 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify risk factors for amenorrhea by age for young women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.Describe the associated quality of life outcomes with premature menopause as a sequelae of cancer therapy.Discuss the safety and efficacy of fertility preservation options for women with breast cancer.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Trend et systèmes de Bonus-Malus
Authors: Besson Par Jean-Luc , Partrat et Christian
Published: February 2006

This paper deals with the Bonus-Malus system obtained when the claims frequency is submitted to trend. This system is specified in the two particular cases of Poisson-Gamma and Poisson-Inverse Gaussian distributions. The theoretical results are checked on data issued from automobile insurance policies observed during three years.
Robust Methods for Credibility
Authors: Künsch Hans R.
Published: February 2006

Excess claims lead to an unsatisfactory behavior of standard linear credibility estimators. We suggest in this paper to use robust methods in order to obtain better estimators. Our first proposal is the linear credibility estimator with the claims replaced by a robust M-estimator of scale calculed from the claims. This corresponds to a truncation of the claims with a truncation point depending on the data and different for each contract. We discuss the properties of the robust M-estimator and present several examples. In order to improve the performance for a very small number of years, we propose a second estimator, which incorporates information from other claims into the M-estimator.
On some Extensions of Panjer's Class of Counting Distributions
Authors: Sundt Bjørn
Published: February 2006

In this paper we discuss some properties of counting distributions whose discrete density satisfies a recursion in the form

with pn = 0 for n < 0 and present an algorithm for recursive evaluation of corresponding compound distributions.
Using the Poisson Inverse Gaussian in Bonus-Malus Systems
Authors: Tremblay Luc
Published: February 2006

In this paper, we will cover the bonus-malus system in automobile insurance. Bonus-malus systems are based on the distribution of the number of car accidents. Therefore, the modelling and fitting of that distribution are considered. Fitting of data is done using the Poisson inverse Gaussian distribution, which shows a good fit. Building the bonus system is done by minimizing the insurer's risk, according to Lemaire's (1985) bonus system.
Risque de décès et risque de ruine: Réflexions sur la mesure du risque de ruine
Authors: Amsler Par Marc-Henri
Published: February 2006

The paper proposes a three parameter measure by which the risk of a portfolio can be assessed. The parameters are: the probability of ruin, the severity of ruin (i.e. the amount of the deficit when ruin occurs) and the time of ruin. This type of analysis does not lend itself to closed form solutions, but it can be easily carried out on a PC. The author presents some theoretical and practical examples.
Error Bounds for Compound Poisson Approximations of the Individual Risk Model
Authors: De Pril Nelson , Dhaene Jan
Published: February 2006

The approximation of the individual risk model by a compound Poisson model plays an important role in computational risk theory. It is thus desirable to have sharp lower and upper bounds for the error resulting from this approximation if the aggregate claims distribution, related probabilities or stop-loss premiums are calculated.

The aim of this paper is to unify the ideas and to extend to a more general setting the work done in this connection by Bühlmann et al. (1977), Gerber (1984) and others. The quality of the presented bounds is discussed and a comparison with the results of Hipp (1985) and Hipp & Michel (1990) is made.
The Probability and Severity of Ruin in Finite and Infinite Time
Authors: Dickson David C. M. , Waters Howard R.
Published: February 2006

In this paper we present algorithms to calculate the probability and severity of ruin in both finite and infinite time for a discrete time risk model. We show how the algorithms can be applied to give approximate values for the same quantities in the classical continuous time risk model.
Maximizing Compound Poisson Stop-Loss Premiums Numerically with Given Mean and Variance
Authors: Kaas R. , Vanneste M. , Goovaerts M.J.
Published: February 2006

This paper describes a technique to find the maximal stop-loss premiums in a given retention for a compound Poisson risk with known parameter, and known mean and variance of the claims. Restricting to an arithmetic and finite support of the claims, one gets an optimization problem of a non-linear function with a computable gradient, under linear constraints.

Numeraical results are given contrasting the method with the method of a previous paper, where only diatomic distributions were considered.
Premium Calculation Without Arbitrage? A note on a contribution by G. Venter
Authors: Albrecht Peter
Published: February 2006

Stimulated by a recent contribution by G. Venter in this journal the adequate-ness of (re-)insurance premium calculation based on the hypothesis of arbitrage free (re-)insurance markets is questioned. It is argued that—in contrast to the theory of financial markets—it is not reasonable to demand that insurance markets are arbitrage free. In addition the adjusted distribution principles put forward by Venter are claimed to be invalid.
Bonus Made Easy
Authors: Holtan Jon
Published: February 2006

The paper introduces an alternative approach to the traditional experience rating theory in automobile insurance. The approach is based on a simple theory of how high deductibles financed by loans maintain the risk differentiation in an automobile insurance arrangement. Thus the approach differs totally from the usual bonus-malus classes as well as from the credibility based experience rating ideas. The paper is of a theoretical nature and leads up to a mathematical description of how the approach may be optimalized within the framework of a risk model.
High Deductibles instead of Bonus-Malus: Can it Work?
Authors: Lemaire Jean , Zi Hongmin
Published: February 2006

Holtan (1994) suggests to replace traditional bonus-malus systems by a high deductible financed by a short-term loan. Practical consequences of this proposal are investigated here. Simulation is used to evaluate the efficiency of the Taiwanese Bonus-malus system and the variability of premiums of an average policyholder. Holtan's high deductible system is analysed under a compound Poisson assumption, with truncated exponential claims. It is shown that the introduction of a high deductible would increase the variability of payments and the efficiency of the rating system for most policyholders.
Premium Rating by Geographic Area Using Spatial Models
Authors: Boskov M. , Verrall R. J.
Published: February 2006

This paper gives a method for premium rating by postcode area. The method is based on spatial models in a Bayesian framework and uses the Gibbs sampler for estimation. A summary of the theory of Bayesian spatial methods is given and the data which was analysed by Taylor (1989) is reanalysed. An indication is given of the wide range of models within this class which would be suitable for insurance data. The aim of the paper is to introduce the models and to show how they can be utilised in an insurance setting.
Further Results on Hesselager's Recursive Procedure for Calculation of some Compound Distributions
Authors: Wang Shaun , Sobrero Monica
Published: February 2006

The recursive algorithm of Hesselager (1994) is extended to a more general class of counting distributions, which includes Sundt's (1992) class as well as all the mixed Poisson distributions discussed by Willmot (1993).
Polymerization quality testing of composite resins cured by led light source
Authors: Blazic Larisa , Zivkovic Slavoljub , Pantelic Dejan , Pipic Vladimir
Published: February 2006

The quality of interface between composite resin materials and hard dental tissues is highly dependent on the polymerization light source. Newly developed blue light- emitting diode units for light polymerization of dental restorative materials are the most innovative light source technology in dentistry nowadays. The aim of this work was to estimate the depth of cure of five different light-activating composite resins exposed to different irradiation times (5s, 10s, 20s and 40s) when the experimental LED light source was used. The tested materials were: Tetric Ceram (Vivadent), Point 4 (Kerr), Admira (VOCO), Filtek Z250 (3M) and Diamond Lite (DRM Lab., Inc). The depth of cure testing was determined using a penetrometer. Results after 40s curing time were as following: the deepest depth of cure was achieved after application of Filtek Z 250, Diamond Lite Point 4 and Tetric Ceram. For the restorative material Admira was found the lowest depth of cure for the light exposure of 40s. An experimental LED light source achieved a sufficient depth of cure (over 2 mm) for all tested materials after curing time of 10s. The polymerization light source spectral distribution should be considered in addition to irradiance as a depth of cure indicator.
Possibilities of modern procedures in gingival recession therapy
Authors: Jankovic Sasa , Dimitrijevic Bozidar
Published: February 2006

This study was designed to compare the effectiveness and predictability of GTR and connective tissue graft in the treatment of gingival recession. 15 recessions Miller class II and III were treated with bioabsorbable barrier and coronally advanced flap. The same number of defects was treated with connective tissue graft in combination with coronally advanced flap. Clinical recordings included hygiene standards and recession depth (RD) probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and keratinized tissue width (KT) Mean (RD) was statistically significant decreased from 5,47mm presurgery to 0.73mm with GTR (87,76%) and from 5,93mm to 0.60 with CTG (89.9%). Prevalence of complete root coverage was 40% for the GTR and 46,66% for CTG group. No statistically significant differences between treatment groups were observed in this study Treatment of gingival recessions with CTG and GTR present effective and highly predictable mucogingival plastic surgical procedures.
Good clinical practice: International quality standard for clinical trials
Authors: Radulovic Sinisa
Published: February 2006

A clinical trial is one of the most important examples of experimental studies. Clinical trials represent an indispensable tool for testing, in a rigorous scientific manner, the efficacy of new therapies. Good Clinical Practice is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for clinical trials, concerning the design, conduct, performance, monitoring auditing, recording, analysis and reporting. This is an assurance to the public that the rights, safety and well-being of trial subjects are protected, and that clinical trial data is credible. The above definitions are consistent with the principles that have their origin in the declaration of Helsinki. The objectives of Good Clinical Practice are to protect the rights of trial subjects, to enhance credibility of data and to improve the quality of science.
Alveolar bone condition in retained teeth region of patient with complete lower overdenture - case report
Authors: Brkovic-Popovic Snezana , Stanisic-Sinobad Darinka , Postic Srdjan
Published: February 2006

In everyday dental practice, prosthetic treatment of patients having a small number of remaining natural teeth is more or less common and the remaining teeth are kept for improvement of retentive abilities of removable prosthodontics. The essence of the concept discussed herein is that the remaining teeth are to be left in place for purpose of preservatingof the alveolar bone and providing permanent and stable support for complete dentures. Patient M.J.,female had an edentulous upper jaw and 3 remaining lower incisors. After adequate preparation-endodontic treatment, as well as parodontal treatment, clinical crowns were reduced, and then cast cap crowns positioned on parts of dental tissues. Finally, the upper complete denture and lower overdenture were positioned. After the positioning of dentures, a special retroalveolar film holder was placed, dental retroalveolar radiographs were positioned and radiographs were made. The holder was designed to provide intraoral radiograph in selected repeatable positions of radiographs and in the same conditions- standardized procedure, so that it was possible to compare radiograms. Measurements were made on each film for each tooth from its mesial, as well as distal sides, between apexes and coronal borders of alveolar bones. Patient M.J. received dentures and the first radiograph was made at the baseline when cast cap crowns and dentures were positioned in her mouth. Followe-ups were in an identical mode of radiograph and assessing radiographs after 1, 7 and 12 years. We concluded that we achieved a maximum therapeutic effect in such a long period of time. The influence of patients' motivation and better ability to persist in keeping and maintaing oral higiene were main factors for success.
C-myc amplification in precancerous lesions of oral cavity and larynx
Authors: Ninkovic Tanja , Dedovic Nasta , Kosanovic Rade , Dimitrijevic Bogomir , Josipovic Obrad , Vukadinovic Miroslav , Milasin Jelena
Published: February 2006

Although myc genes are an important family of oncogenes involved in human carcinogenesis, data concerning its role in head and neck tumors are quite limited. Moreover, information regarding precancerous lesions is almost inexisting. In order to better understand mechanisms of progression of premalignant lesions into malignant and the possible role of c-myc amplification, the status of this oncogene was analyzed in two types of pathological changes known to possess malignant transformation potential oral leukoplakia and chronic laryngitis. In the first type of lesions a high percentage of c-myc activation (33%) was observed pointing to a probable role of myc in leukoplakia malignant transformation, while in the other type of lesion there were no signs of myc amplification.
Craniofacial morphology in males with 46,XX chromosomal constitution
Authors: Scepan Ivana , Glisic Branislav , Babic Marko , Nikolic Zorana , Djordjevic Dusan
Published: February 2006

The aim of this investigation was to assess the craniofacial morphology of five male individuals with 46,XX chromosomal constitution, and to compare them with normal male individuals (46,XY) and normal female participates (46,XX). The investigation was carried out on the lateral cephalomestic radiographs of five male individuals with sex reverse syndrome (46,XX chromosomal constitution), 62 normal female (46,XX) and 31 normal male (46,XY chromosomal constitution) participants. The following angular variables were measured: SNA, SNB, ANB, SN/SpP, SN/MP and SpP/MP. For each variable the mean value and standard deviation were calculated. The Student t-test was used to compare the result obtained between the group of patients with sex reverse syndrome and group of normal male, as well as of normal female participants. The male individuals with 46, XX chromosomal constitution showed slight bimaxillary retrognathism, and class III sagittal jaw relationship. Due to decreased inclination of the upper jaw to the anterior cranial base, the angle of vertical jaw relationship slightly increased in the group of patients with sex reverse syndrome, compared to normal male and female participants.
Coronally repositioned flap in gingival recession therapy
Authors: Stevanovic Ruzica , Zelic Obrad
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical therapy of coronally repositioned flap (CRF) in solving the problem of gingival recession. Research involved 10 patients and CRP was used to cover denuded surfaces of 21 teeth. The success of the operation was evaluated through the measurement of the denuded root surfaces (DRS) and the estimation of the condition of the periodontal tissues measuring: clinical attachment level (CAL) clinical gingival level (CGL), keratinized gingival width (KGW), vestibulum depth (VD) and hygiene standards (PI and GI). The results obtained by this study indicate that on average 68% of denuded root surfaces are covered with CRF one year after the operation. Significantly more coronally dislocation of the CAL 2,68 mm and the CGL (2.02) mm were registered one year after the therapy. KGW has not significantly changed except at the first follow-up, when more narrow keratinized gingiva was registered (p<0,05). Measurement of the vestibulum depth (VD) ascertained a significant reduction of the value of this parametar at all follow-ups (p<0.001) and one year after the operation (p<0.05). The coverage of denuded teeth surfaces enables adequate maintenance of oral hygiene, which has a positive effect on the decrement of the amount of dental plaque (PI p<0.001) and mitigates gingival inflammation (GI p<0.001) in the postoperatiave period.
Root canal obturation by hybrid technique of thermomechanical gutta-percha compaction
Authors: Ilic Dragan
Published: February 2006

The purpose of the study was to present and discuss the thermomechanical hybrid technique in root canal obturation and investigate the efficiency of apical hermeticity. The hybrid obturation technique is well explained and performed through the lexan models and extracted teeth in aim of better visualisation and comprehension as suggested by the author Tagger and McSpadden?s articles. The technique consisted of lateral condensation of gutta-percha that was followed by thermomechanical compaction of the same mass using Ni-Ti flexible compactor. Firstly the master gutta-percha cone had to be adapted and then the master machine compactor selected for setting inside the canal. Upon laterally arranging gutta-percha cones, the master compactor was inserted between canal wall and gutta-percha. The master compactor was rotated for 5-6 seconds to creat heat to soften the cones to merge themselves and fill the first half of the canal. The bigger compactor served to fill the rest of the canal adding more gutta-percha cones. In comparison to the single cone and simple manual compaction techniques the hybrid technique is less time consuming more efficient in homogenicity and apical leakage. Considering the many device-consuming techniques the hybrid one is simpler to perform and cheaper as well. Precaution is to be taken when treating curved and narrow canals where much patience is needed due to possible compactor breakage and root fracture. It can be concluded that this hybrid technique is preferable particularly in cases of relatively straight canals with preserved apical foramen when time is to be saved for the radiographic and prosthetics procedure that has to be done during the same visit, which is very often convenient for patient and therapist.
The relationship between craniomandibular disorders and occlusal disharmonies in the adolescent population of the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Dodic Slobodan , Sinobad Vladimir , Djordjevic Igor
Published: February 2006

Using a special questionnaire adapted for computer evaluation, the prevalence of signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disorders (CMD) and occlusal disharmonies was investigated in a group of 500 adolescents of the Republic of Serbia ranging between 18 and 25 years of age. The presence of signs (symptoms) of CMD and occlusal discrepancies was established using clinical exsamination and evaluated according to the clinical disfunction index (D i) and index of the occlusal state (Oi) proposed by Helkimo et al. 1974. The results of this study revealed that 327 (65.4%) adolescents in the examined group had at least one sign (symptom) of CMD, (Di > 1), and that 271 (54.2%) adolescent had also mild, or severe occlusal discrepancies (Oi > 1). The percentage of persons with signs(symptoms) of CMD was significantly greater in the group having occlusal discrepancies (X = 7.76, P<0.01). The multiple regression analysis of the obtained data and the ODDS ratio confirmed the risk of CMD in the group with occlusal discrepancies to be 2.5 times greater than in the group of adolescents without occlusal discrepancies.
Phonetic evaluation of the edentulous patient correlated with the various settings of the artificial teeth
Authors: Bortun Cristina , Leretter Marius , Sandu Liliana , Dodenciu Dorin , Draganescu Gheorghe , Samoila Christian
Published: February 2006

The dentist's preoccupation concerning the phonetic rehabilitation of the edentulous patient emanates from the practical findings about the consonant alteration during the speech process. The aim of this study was to assess the phonetic alterations in complete denture wearers caused by position, size and material (resin or ceramics) of the frontal artificial teeth. This was performed using the static palatographies and spectrograms, which evaluated the most important spaces for the phonetic modulation, in relation to various settings of the artificial teeth.
Endodontic therapy of pathological resorptions of tooth root
Authors: Opacic-Galic Vanja , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: February 2006

Pathological resorptions of a tooth root very often represent both a diagnostic and therapeutical problem. The goal of this study was, based on clinical research on a number of pathological resorptions of various types and localization in relation to time, to analyze and evaluate applied endodontic therapy. Clinical research covered 30 patients (40 root canals in total). 18 teeth (22 canal) with external and 12 (18 canal) with internal root resorptions received endodontic therapy. After standard endodontic procedure had been applied (cleaning and canal shaping) calcium hydroxide paste was used as a canal medicament for cases with internal resorptions and calcium hydroxide paste and points for cases with external resorptions. Canal opturations were done by modified technique of lateral condesation applying AH- Plus paste. The obtained results showed that in cases of internal resorption after 12 months, 11 cases were successful and only 1 failure occurred. In case of external resorption, after the same period of time, 15 cases were successful and failures occurred in 3 cases. The success of resorption treatment depends on many factors but, primarily, it depends on time and accuracy of diagnosis and properly applied treatment and root canal opturation.
Tissue toxicity of root canal sealers
Authors: Vujaskovic Mirjana , Bacetic Dragoljub
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate tissue response to root canal sealers Tubuliseal and Sealapex. The sealers were freshly mixed and injected in the dorsal subcutaneous connective tissue of 12 Wistar rats.The observation periods were 7 days, 21days and 60 days. Four operative areas were formed ( 2 for test sealers, Tubliseal or Sealapex and 2 for control material) on each animal. Tissue sections were taken from selected sites. Each section included skin, subcutaneous connective tissue and underlying muscle tissue.All blocks were processed with the use of standardized histological procedures.The tissue reactions were studied under light microscopy. Different grades of tissue reaction to the tested materials were recorded as mild, moderate or severe inflammation. After seven days both root canal sealers showed severe inflammatory reaction of connective tissue in experimental animals.Tubuliseal caused prolonged moderate and mild inflammation. Sealapex caused mild inflammation which diminished at the end of the observation period. The results of this study demonstrated that Sealapex was better tolerated by tissue than Tubliseal.
Importance of maintenance of light units for polymerization of composites in restorative dentistry
Authors: Tosic Goran
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the use, care and maintenance of light units in everyday clinical practice. The investigative work comprised a survey of selected practices in the city of Nis, with a questionnaire and visits to examine light units. 40 light units were examined in 27 practices according to a standardized protocol. The use and care of the light units included in the study were found to be very variable. Many of the light units (52.5%) were found to be damaged and repaired. 55% of the light units inspected were found to have varying amounts of material adherent to the light guide exit portal. Cross infection control in the study was found to be very poor. It was concluded that the maintenance of inspected light units was unsatisfactory.
Justification of forming active prosthetic segments
Authors: Tihacek-Sojic Ljiljana , Saulic Slobodan
Published: February 2006

The aim of this paper was to examine the justification of forming active prosthetic segments on the abutment teeth for the incline of the elements of removable partial denture. Methods. The investigation was performed during 3-years observational period, at the Prosthodontic Clinics of Belgrade University Dental School, and the Military Medical Academy (MMA). During the mentioned observation period two groups of 200 patients with different kinds of edentulousness were analyzed, indicated for the design of metal frame removable partial dentures (MFRPD) with cast clasps. A total of 400 patients represented 50% of the sample chosen by random choice method for the determined observational period and dental institutions. Results. The evaluation of justification of the abutment teeth preparation was done during the analysis of the requirement of forming: guide planes, planes for occlusal rests, vestibular under cut, oral under cut. Conclusion. Upon the evaluation of the performed analyses the following can be concluded: during the composition of every MFRPD it is necessary to use at least two or more guide planes, depending on the type edentulousness of patients' teeth; formation of guide planes is performed in excessively high number of the abutment teeth (over 95%); during the composition of each particular MFRDP it is necessary to use as more occlusal rests as possible, at least 3, or more, which also depends on the type of patients' edentulousness; composition of the planes for occlusal rest has to be performed in almost all the patients (over 95% of the abutment teeth); vestibular planes of the abutment teeth should be prepared in over 50% of the used teeth; oral planes are prepared within the preparation of the abutment teeth for other active prosthetic segments. Conclusion. It is necessary to perform the composition of active prosthetic segments according to the plan established for the study models, both if the preparation of teeth for the adoption of MFRDP elements with clasps represents the use of an uninvasive, or an invasive dental method.
Smear layer on dentin in restorative dentistry
Authors: Zivkovic Slavoljub , Kolar Mila , Blazic Larisa , Vucetic Mirjana , Tosic Goran
Published: February 2006

Adhesion to enamel has become a routine technique in restorative dentistry. Adhesion to dentin, however, is still under investigation. Except structural elements of the dentin, smear layer has been one of the reasons that the interaction between the adhesive system and this tissue is difficult. The smear layer tissue created by cutting a tooth. It varies in thickness, roughness, density and degree of attachment andoccludes tubules and reduces the dental permeabilita. Dentin adhesivesystems can react with intertubular and peritubular dentin only when this smear layer is removed or when the adhesive system is capable of diffusion through layer of debris. As part of restorative procedures required by adhesive dentistry, the smear layer must be removed, modified or impregnated by the resin to allow for bonding between the tooth and the restorative material. For remove and dissolve of smear layer acid conditioners on total etch and self-etching primers were used. Self-etching primer systems are undergoing rapid evolution; their results are not yet sufficiently predictable overall, but some systems have achieved positive results in both enamel and dentin bonding. Further studies are necessary to confirm the long-term efficiency of these self-etching primers.
Smear layer in endodontics
Authors: Zivkovic Slavoljub , Brkanic Tatjana , Dacic Dragoslav , Opacic Vanja , Pavlovic Violeta , Medojevic Milica
Published: February 2006

Modern methods of root canal cleaning and filing are causing formation of the smear layer on treated surfaces. The aim of this paper was to review clinical aspect of smear layer in endodontics. Smear layer is the consequence of instrumentation of root canal walls and is consisted of organic and inorganic particles of cut dentine, necrotic and/or vital pulp fragments, microorganisms and their products. Existence of smear layer is affecting permeability of the radicular dentine, thus decreasing effects of canal medicaments and impairing adhesion of obturation materials in root canal. Removal of the smear layer from canal walls is possible with use of various chemical agents, ultrasonic or laser techniques. Regardless to contradictory attitudes and opinions, removing the smear layer is required for possible bacterial contamination, compromised effects of root canal medication and in order to obtain better obturation of canals 'system. .
Experimental light-microscopic study of pathological dentinogenesis
Authors: Stevanovic Radoje , Vojinovic Jovan
Published: February 2006

The aim of this paper was to analyze pathological dentinogenesis in initial and subsequent developmental stages in relation to the type and intensity of irritations, by means of light microscopy. Material and method: Total of 70 teeth (16 human and 54 dog teeth). Cavity preparation was identical in all teeth, with the depth varying between 1-1.5mm in primary and 2-2.5mm in permanent teeth, respectively. Cavities were filled with calcium-hydroxide paste and were subsequently closed with amalgam restoration. Observational period ranged from 1 to 6 weeks. Results: Obtained results have shown that structure of the pathologically developed dentine depends on intensity more when compared to the type of irritation. Damaged regular odontoblasts, which are excreting tubular dentine (more irregular with more severe cell damage), act as formative cells. When regular odontoblasts are destroyed, new can be differentiated from precursors that are latent in the pulp and periodontal tissue. Conclusion: Formation of pathological dentine is of the regular dentinogenesis pattern. Pathological dentinogenesis in the process of odontoblast discharge has inverse course: it is more irregular with increased degradation. Pathological dentinogenesis is genetically conditioned process, which involves entire pulp-dentinal complex. .
Basic ethical principles in dentistry
Authors: Zagradjanin Danica
Published: February 2006

Ethical principles in medical profession originate from ancient times when Hippocrates has established basic principles of doctor?s ethics. Those are universal ethical principles, being actual till nowadays, but supplemented with new requirements. In this paper underlined were basic ethical principles for all dentists mandatory to follow.
History of anesthesia usage in dentistry
Authors: Kokovic Vladimir
Published: February 2006

Since prehistoric times, man has sought ways to lessen pain. With varying degrees of success he has utilized: opium, nerve compresses, cold, hypnosis, etc. New ideas for using ether and laughing gas in anesthesia on the beginning of eighteen century, were first steps in developing general anesthesia. The dental and medical professions are thankful to all participants in history of anesthesia for their great contributions. .
Dependence of the face aesthetic from sagittal and vertical jaw relations
Authors: Djordjevic Dusan , Stefanovic Neda , Glisic Branislav
Published: February 2006

Treatment plan in contemporary orthodontics cannot be imagine without analyzing soft tissue facial characteristics besides assessment of jaw and dental relationships. Aim. Using a questionnaire, we aimed this study at establishing facial characteristics, in relation to sagittal and vertical facial ratios, which are considered aesthetically acceptable, and which could be altered by the means orthodontic treatment. Material and Method. The research was conducted in persons from 23 to 30 years of age whose photographs were taken in standard conditions. Photographs of three patients with different facial profiles were chosen (Class I, Class II and Class III). Every photo was modified in six new profiles by changing facial features. This included mesial and distal shift of maxilla and mandible, as well as increase and decrease of lower facial height. Results. The results showed that straight profile, which is most often present in normal jaw relationships, is considered the most beautiful, furthermore slightly convex profiles are also considered very attractive. Convex profile is connected with distal jaw relationship and its intensity affects facial attractiveness. Concave profile in patients with mesial jaw relationship is aesthetically the least acceptable.
Antimicrobial peptides of human saliva
Authors: Dozic Ivan , Todorovic Tatjana
Published: February 2006

Among the many functions of human saliva, its digestive and protective properties have attracted the most interest. Human saliva contains a number of physical, physicochemical and chemical agents that protect oral tissues against by various microorganisms and their metabolic products. Among such protective factors, the flushing effect of saliva flow is the most important one, not only because it so effectively removes exogenous and endogenous microorganisms and their products into the gut but also because a steady supply of saliva guarantees continuous presence of both non-immune and immune factors in the mouth. The most important antimicrobial peptides in saliva are: histatins, defensins, lactoferrin, cathelicidins, mucins, calprotectin, lysozyme, oral peroxidase. Antimicrobial peptides are components of complex host secretions, acting synergisticaly with other innate defence molecules to combat infection and control resident microbial populations throughout the oral cavity.
ProTaper files in root canal preparation: Case report
Authors: Brkanic Tatjana
Published: February 2006

The aim of this paper was to, on the basis of everyday clinical practice, show and analyse, the crown-down technique of root canal preparation with nickel-titanium rotary instruments. After the diagnosis of irreversible pulp disease on the second lower right molar, endodontic treatment was carried out. Root canal shaping was performed with modified crown-down technique with nickeltitanium rotary files (ProTaper, Meilffer), according to the manufacturer?s recommendations. After root canal preparation, obturation was finished with AH26 and guttapercha points (.06 taper), using the lateral compaction technique.
Axiological presuppositions for conducting investigations in education
Authors: Aleckovic-Nikolic Mila
Published: February 2006

The aim of the paper is to call attention to axiological foundations of pedagogic investigations and how important it is to be familiar with history and tradition when concepts are being defined and results interpreted. To carry out investigations in pedagogy and psychology and to interpreter the results accurately, a thorough knowledge of history, history of civilization, ethnology, linguistics, and anthropology is needed. The majority of present-day investigations in the sphere of pedagogy and psychology either rely upon some particular theory assumed to be universal in the light of which data are interpreted, or tend to be purely empirical where initial hypotheses have not been derived from a sound knowledge of history and tradition. Educational value concepts are comprehensible only in an interdisciplinary approach together with the familiarity with individual and collective heritage. Also, care should be taken about basic psychological differences between critical value concepts of Western-Christian and Eastern-Christian view of the world. The question is how to achieve pedagogic universality that has not been emptied out of concrete behavior patterns and that will transmit some universal values without disregarding those specific ones related to personality development. This question can be answered only by thoroughly developed investigations of diverse traditions, cultures and subcultures, starting from the broadest to the narrowest just like in concentric circles.
Normalization and education: Repression of natural harmony or emancipation of perspectives disharmony?
Authors: Stojnov Dusan
Published: February 2006

The issues of normality of people, generally dealt with in the context of 'P' sciences (psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy), have been coupled with the issue of implementing social norms in education process dealt with in the context of pedagogy. A well-established view that the issue of normality is 'ontologically evident' and rests upon natural behavior is opposed to views of the culturally situated normal-abnormal dimension and those of abnormality as a social structure. It has been shown that the border between the domains of normal and abnormal is vague, that it rests upon the absence of criteria giving privilege to invisible social groups and that those criteria change in time and differ in different cultures. Education that is tending to the harmonization of normality founded on what is natural and common to most humans is opposed to the view of education that is nurturing multiperspectivism - emancipation of as much diversity of perspectives as possible, being frequently disharmonious, and whose harmonization can be achieved only in a long-lasting, enduring and demanding process of tolerating differences.
Towards a holistic study of morality
Authors: Stojiljkovic Snezana
Published: February 2006

The to date studies of morality do not provide a holistic picture of a moral person since they most often rely only upon some dimensions of morality neglecting the others. The same goes for leading theoretical orientations in the psychology of moral, such as psychoanalysis, theories of learning and cognitive-development theory. Each enters into one of the dimensions only thus reducing the domain of morality either to moral emotions, moral behavior or to moral thinking. Rest is severely critical and considers those single-dimensional theories of morality unsustainable but also goes one step further. Instead of widely adopted division into emotional, behavioral and cognitive sides of morality, Rest offers his own model of 'four components of morality'. Internal processes in question are 'responsible' for moral behavior, that is they are leading to moral action. It is pointed out that there are numerous cognitive-affective interactions and that internal processes are affected by many situational factors without exerting equal influence on all people. Moral behavior can be expected only if four components are developed and act in harmony. Despite being insufficiently developed, Rest's model reveals possible ways for overcoming 'fallacy' and points to research trends that would lead to a more complete and holistic picture of moral development and moral behavior.
Knowledge and curriculum
Authors: Saranovic-Bozanovic Nadezda , Milanovic-Nahod Slobodanka
Published: February 2006

The paper raises the questions as follows: What is knowledge in general? What is it that a student should know? What does it mean that somebody knows something? Those questions point to a volume of dilemmas related to the epistemological issue of the nature of knowledge. Regardless of some authors' views that knowledge has not been defined yet, in the present paper knowledge is a subject matter of analysis from the aspect of various theoretical conceptions. The fact is that curricula development as well as the conception of student cognitive development depends on how knowledge is defined. Also, a question is raised on how beliefs about human thinking affect curricula development and accomplishment. It is all the more important if the basic function of education is considered to be knowledge acquisition and development of intellectual abilities. Regarding different approaches to curriculum development, the paper points to some epistemological postulates that affected educational practice. It is true that a model of talking and numerical approach dominate educational practice. It would be quite appropriate to modify curricula in accordance with contemporary theoretical-empirical research results. There is a general agreement that the process of knowledge acquisition in teaching should become the subject of special analysis in order that its regularities can be understood.
TIMSS 2003 mathematics cognitive domains
Authors: Kadijevic Djordje
Published: February 2006

Mathematical tasks can be classified in a number of ways. While Galbraith & Haines (2001), for example, distinguish among mechanical, interpretative and constructive tasks, Smith et at. (1996) divide tasks into the following three categories: (A) factual knowledge, comprehension and routine use of procedures; (B) information transfer and application in new situations; and (C) identifying and interpreting; implications, conjectures and comparisons and evaluation. Having briefly summarized these and some other mathematical tasks classifications, this paper presents and critically examines the TIMSS 2003 mathematics cognitive domains. As a part of the TIMSS 2003 project these cognitive domains - knowing facts and roles, vising concepts, solving routine problems, and reasoning - were operationalized for the content domain of algebra in grade 8 and the paper gives a sample of the developed tasks that are fully available on the Internet (see www.matf.bg.ac.yu/cdjk/drafl2.pdfanA www.matf.bg.ac.yn/cdjk/yu20item.pdf). Through the examination and operationalization of the TIMSS assessment framework several implications for research and professional development of mathematics teachers have been realized. The article presents three of them dealing with an elaborated item classification, its empirical validation and a didactical preparation of teachers including operationalizations of the chosen task classification/taxonomy.