bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ārzū’s Fruitful Theory of Language
Authors: Dudney Arthur
Published: April 2022

Ārzū’s magnum opus, Mus̄mir (The Fruitful), is a dense Persian philological work likely completed at the end of his life. The text, which is based on a fifteenth-century Arabic text, is invested in a philological tradition that stretches back a millennium, but vastly extends the possibilities of that tradition and represents the zenith of Ārzū’s own development as a scholar. Reconstructing Ārzū’s thought through Mus̄mir provides insights into a Mughal-era conceptualization of language that is radically different to our own understanding. In the text, Ārzū describes the origins of Persian, describing how usage (taṣarruf) changes over time and geography, how literary standards are set, discourse and rhetoric (figurative language), and most importantly a description of how words are shared between languages, notably tawāfuq which can be understood as a theory of the common linguistic origin of Sanskrit and Persian.
Building a Vernacular Culture on the Ruins of Persian?
Authors: Dudney Arthur
Published: April 2022

Modern scholars and critics have generally accepted the false premise that Indians started using Urdu more widely in the eighteenth century because Mughal politics were in a shambles and feckless nobles could no longer fund poetry in Persian, the language of cosmopolitan prestige, and nationalist pride meant they needed their own language (Hindi/Urdu/reḳhtah/khaṛī bolī) rather than the supposedly “foreign” Persian. The Urdu literary historical tradition credits Ārzū with having developed such a language ideology, but the relationship between the ideas addressed in Ārzū’s surviving works, which are nominally about Persian alone, and the Urdu tradition have not been developed in detail. This chapter considers how Ārzū’s mentorship of poets and ideas on language, particularly the “everyday” (rozmarrah) usage, influenced the vernacular literary tradition of Delhi and was a catalyst in building the consciousness of a pre-existing, dispersed community of language users across India.
How Language Actually Works
Authors: Dudney Arthur
Published: April 2022

The early modern European experience of multilingualism was broadly similar to the Indian experience, but Europe had an added anxiety around language reflected in the Tower of Babel myth. By treating the concept of literary humanism as a universal baseline, this chapter traces parallel intellectual trends in Europe and pre-colonial South Asia. The key difference in the historiography is that while these developments are generally valorized in the European context as steps towards modernity and the nation-state, in the non-Western context they have been adduced as evidence of socio-political decline. The use of a national, vernacular language is seen as constituent of modernity but this identification is a tautology. By misunderstanding Europe’s own multilingual past and in particular the role of Latin in the early modern period, India’s current and historical multilingualism has been viewed through a distorting lens.
Epiphanies
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

This book is about epiphanies, peak experiences or ‘wow moments’ or ecstasies as they are sometimes called. What are epiphanies, and why do so many people so frequently experience them? Are they just transient phenomena in our brains, or are they the revelations of objective value that they very often seem to be? What do they tell us about the world, and about ourselves? How, if at all, do epiphanies fit in with our moral systems and our theories of how to live? And how do epiphanic experiences fit in with the rest of our lives? These are Sophie Grace Chappell’s questions in this ground-breaking new study of an area of inquiry that has always been right under our noses, but remains surprisingly under-explored in contemporary philosophy.
Who enters parliament?
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: April 2022

This chapter investigates the social composition of the three legislatures elected in 2010, 2015, and 2020. Who enters parliament in a post-authoritarian context does matter. The empirical evidence unearthed points to two major trends. First, the inaugural post-authoritarian legislature elected in 2010 proved it was not merely a venue for the perpetuation of the influence of the outgoing junta. New public figures have surfaced, not all intimately linked with the domineering armed forces. Then, despite an almost complete legislative turnover five years later in 2015, there has been a startling maintenance of power distribution and social (if not racial) hierarchies at the highest levels of parliament. This maintenance continued after the 2020 elections. Candidates elected between 2010 and 2020 have displayed quasi-identical sociological profiles—that of male, ethnic Bamar and Buddhist, locally or nationally renowned figures, in their fifties or sixties, with a professional background in public and civil services, and with higher educational credentials than the rest of the population. This tends to indicate that democratic elections in post-junta Myanmar—even if they bring new leadership—are yet to prove conducive to a fundamental change in the distribution of power in society.
Called to account
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: April 2022

This chapter illuminates emerging practices of legislative oversight in Myanmar’s Union legislature. The findings point to a parliamentary scrutiny that has proved weak, cursory, and often superficial under both successive post-junta legislatures. Yet parliament has enjoyed a toolbox for oversight, with instruments specifically designed to empower its members to exercise an effective scrutiny and vetting of the executive, judiciary, and wider public administration—including the security sector. Drawing on McCubbins and Schwartz’s (1984) model of congressional oversight, the chapter contends that Myanmar’s Union legislators have favoured and practised a fire-alarm approach to parliamentary scrutiny, relying on external actors (civil society, media, local bureaucracy) who can ‘pull the alarm’ and point to government misconduct or misappropriation, while claiming their own ability to address and successfully tackle such wrongdoings or misbehaviour in the house.
Introduction
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: April 2022

The introduction analyses Muslim responses to colonial law in the nineteenth century, from the modernist impulse and constitutional vision of Syed Ahmed Khan, one of the central Muslim reformers of the nineteenth century, to the more conservative reaction of Syed Ameer Ali, a key thinker behind the establishment of Muslim Personal Law. It then offers an overview of the historiography and situates the arguments and contributions of the book into the wider academic literature of legal scholars and historians. This chapter also sharpens the methodological tools that are used for the analysis and that offer a new path for examining the relationship of power and politics to law and society.
Conclusion
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: April 2022

After briefly summarizing the key findings, this book concludes with an epilogue that briefly sketches how the ideas outlined in the preceding chapters affected Muslim politics in the 1940s. It finds that by looking at landmark legal decisions in tandem with the political ideas of Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founding fathers, Indian Muslims began to acquire a distinct legal and political outlook with separatist aspirations. It also traces how legal antagonism between religious communities in the 1930s foreshadowed political conflicts that arose in the run-up to independence in 1947 and spiralled into large articulations of violence across the Indian subcontinent.
The Epistemic Theory of Data
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2022

This chapter defends the epistemic theory of data, according to which φ‎ is a datum regarding domain D if, only if, and because φ‎ is about D, does not belong to any well-formed theory of D, and inquirers are in a good epistemic position with respect to φ‎. It proceeds to articulate and defend a specific version of this theory that precisifies the good epistemic position just mentioned as one in which inquirers, considered collectively, have good reason to believe φ‎. Such a reason is one that is undefeated, defeasible but not easily defeated by competing considerations, and such that its possession implies the possession of some evidence. The chapter next turns to data collection, examining candidate procedures (involving intuition, common sense, linguistic judgments, empirical studies, models, genealogy, and more). The chapter concludes with a discussion of an important way to protect against unduly conservative philosophical inquiry—namely, by identifying a ‘data disabler.’
The Question of Method
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2022

This chapter opens with the provision of three data about method. These data concern features of actual philosophical practice, criteria for theory selection, and virtues of a sound method. The chapter then surveys four prominent philosophical methods: the Method of Analysis, the Method of Argument, the Cost-Benefit Method, and the Method of Reflective Equilibrium. It argues that each method fails to adequately handle at least one of the three data. Furthermore, reason is provided to think that each method falls short of being ‘sound’ (i.e., poised to deliver a theory that facilitates understanding). This work sets the stage for the presentation, in Chapter 5, of the Tri-Level Method.
An Error Theory About Time
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

As a prelude to a discussion of agency we consider the following question: if nothing satisfies our everyday concept of time what should we conclude about our temporal thought and talk? We outline three options: error theory; realism; and non-cognitivism. We argue that the prospects for developing a viable version of temporal non-cognitivism are poor. Two versions of temporal realism are then considered. These views both attempt to sever the connection between the satisfaction of our folk concepts of time, and the truth of our temporal thought and talk, though they sever that connection in somewhat different places. By the end of this chapter it is shown that if our folk concepts of time are not satisfied, then temporal error theory is most likely true.
Future Directions
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

We are now reaching the end of the book. We’ve tried to do quite a lot over the course of the previous chapters, but a lot more remains to be done. Drawing on the preceding discussion a number of future directions for research are identified here. Three main directions are noted, though the reader may also have other ideas: (i) The metaphysical implications of approaches to Quantum Gravity for our everyday notions of time and causation; (ii) the relationship between causation, time, timelessness, and counterfactual dependence; (iii) The psychology of time, including discussions of observation and confirmation in the absence of time, and the perception and experience of time.
Middle Eastern Berlin
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter begins by describing Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s Muslim assistant, who was observed as a woman with fair-skin, round face, and intelligent eyes when Gestapo barged into the doctor’s practice in Berlin in fall 1943. It details how the Gestapo were hunting down thousands of Jews that had escaped the round-up and gone to ground in Berlin. The Gestapo had been returning to the practice, demanding to speak to the Muslim doctor and asking the whereabouts of a Jewish girl named Anna. The chapter reviews the fascination with the Middle East that had been evident in Berlin since at least the late nineteenth century. It talks about how Arabs were exhibited in Berlin like exotic animals, such as in in 1927 when they formed part of a ‘Tripoli Exhibition’.
Visit to Cairo
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes Haret al-Yahud or Jewish Alley as the sole relic of Jewish life in the El-Gamaleya district in Cairo, Egypt. It talks about Ibn Maimun, who was Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s great-nephew and a retired professor of medicine at a university in Egypt. It also talks about the good life that Dr. Helmy came to enjoy there after the war, how he was finally allowed to marry his fiancée Emmy, and how the Allies made him in charge of Berlin-Buch Hospital. The chapter details the gamble Dr. Helmy took in 1945 when he presented his final lie to the Gestapo about a Jewish girl that tricked him of being Muslim. It mentions Anna’s affidavit in 1960 that was sent to the Jewish community in Berlin and to the Senate, requesting that an honor be conferred on Dr. Helmy for the good things that he did.
A Programmatic Introduction
Authors: Müller Henriette , Tömmel Ingeborg
Published: April 2022

The introduction to Women and Leadership in the European Union provides an overview of the volume’s themes, theoretical and analytical approaches, and major findings. It first highlights women’s slow and uneven access to EU leadership positions over time and across the core institutions. It then examines the state of the art at the intersection of EU studies, leadership studies, and gender studies. It presents a new theoretical and analytical framework to consistently capture the multiple dimensions of women’s leadership, distinguishing between two concepts: positional and behavioral leadership. The introduction then summarizes the major findings of the volume’s individual studies, encompassing women’s representation in EU institutions as well as their performance in top-level political, administrative, and expert functions. On this basis, it draws overall conclusions regarding women’s leadership in the EU. Regarding positional leadership, women continue to face manifold structural hurdles in their access to power: they are underrepresented in top-level positions, particularly in the intergovernmental bodies and tend to hold less prestigious portfolios. Regarding behavioral leadership, women acting in powerful EU positions perform excellently in general by exercising a leadership style that combines “masculine” and “feminine” attributes. Such multidimensional leadership performance particularly suits the highly fragmented and contested European polity.
Searching for Agency
Authors: Abels Gabriele , MacRae Heather
Published: April 2022

Although they are still underrepresented, women are entering the upper echelons of EU institutions in unprecedented numbers. More and more are breaking the glass ceiling and attaining leadership positions. Does this have an effect on leadership and on European integration? We still don’t know, nor do we have the theoretical tools ready to investigate. Thus, different strands of literature: integration theories, leadership studies, and gender studies need to be considered and linked. Recently, linkages have been discussed between each of the three pairs among these strands: gendering integration theories, leadership in the EU, and gender and leadership. We search for connections between all three strands and make these productive for investigating gender and leadership in the EU. We contend that integration theories can offer insights into some of these emergent trends, but that these must be expanded through a gender lens. We assume that the conceptualization of agency is vital for exploring such connections.
Winning by Spending Leadership Capital?
Authors: van Esch Femke A.W. J. , Erasmy Christoph
Published: April 2022

During the past crisis-ridden decade, one political leader was there to guide the European Union through it all: German Chancellor Angela Merkel. In the multilevel EU system, national leaders are responsible for the welfare of their national constituents but also provide pan-European leadership. This makes balancing key political values like legitimacy, sovereignty, and solidarity a challenging task. This raises the question of what constitutes successful leadership in the context of transnational EU crises and to what extent EU crisis management affects national leaders’ political fate. Merkel’s 16 years in office provides an excellent case through which to explore these questions. A previous study shows that the chancellor upheld a steady and strong level of leadership capital during her first ten years in office, despite the outbreak of the eurozone crisis. This led some to hypothesize that this was due to Merkel’s tendency to lead from behind and not to spend political capital. In this chapter, we put this hypothesis to the test. Using the framework of the Leadership Capital Index, we explore how Chancellor Merkel managed the European Refugee and COVID-19 crises and to what extent this affected her leadership capital. We find that, in both crises, Merkel did lead from the front and spend considerable political capital. However, while with the refugee crisis this caused a significant and long-term depletion of her capital, with the COVID-19 crisis the expenditure of capital seems only to have fostered an unprecedented increase in her leadership capital.
A Tightrope Walk?
Authors: Tömmel Ingeborg
Published: April 2022

In 2005, after a swift rise within the Brussels civil service, Catherine Day took office as secretary general of the European Commission. She was the first woman to hold this highest position in the Commission bureaucracy and, by all accounts, she excelled in this function. She innovated decision-making procedures, enhanced policy coordination, shaped priorities and work programs, collaborated closely with the president, and built consensus within and across EU institutions. In short, she successfully performed three functions of her office: managing the services, shaping Commission agenda-setting, and mediating in different institutional settings. Day’s incumbency as secretary general largely coincided with José Manuel Barroso’s ten-year-long Commission presidency. Barroso is generally considered a weak president, yet he is assumed to have ‘presidentialized’ the office, in particular by “convert[ing] the Secretariat General into a personal office of the Presidency” (Kassim et al. 2016: 660). While the authors ascribe these and related changes to Barroso, this chapter examines whether they should instead be attributed to Day. More broadly, it examines how and to what extent Day provided leadership in high-profile administrative and political functions. The chapter concludes that Day skillfully performed the three functions of her office and, by amalgamating administrative oversight and political vision to a unique combination, succeeded in centralizing leadership at the heart of the Commission.
The Parallel Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: April 2022

The Parallel Argument’s key part is that: 1. There could have been nothing physical. 2. If (1), there could have been nothing concrete. So, 3. There could have been nothing concrete. So, 4. There could have been no perfect being. Chapter 9 argues that while (1) is true, (2) may well be false. It also contends that one would have to argue (3) independently to adequately support (2). If that is true, the Parallel Argument is dialectically powerless, for everything turns simply on the support that (3) has independent of the argument. Examination of the Parallel Argument involves considering proposed definitions for “concrete” and “physical.” Sources of support for premises which the chapter considers include modal intuition, a sense of wonder, and subtraction arguments. The chapter also considers the claim that there is a physical necessary being.
Contingency Concluded
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: April 2022

Chapter 16 completes the argument that there is no acceptable way to account for the possibility of a perfect being in a world in which it does not exist. It considers the claims that something outside such “absence worlds” makes the perfect being possible in them, and that nothing at all makes it possible in them. It argues that Lewis’s views can make sense of perfect being contingency, but only at an unacceptable cost. It considers proposals by Mellor and Simons on which (they claim) nothing at all would account for this possibility. It argues that in fact, on these proposals, the possibility would be accounted for, and in unacceptable ways. It also discusses the view that propositions are true just of themselves, and the view that analyticity can account for possibility.
The Less-Maker Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: April 2022

This chapter’s main argument is as follows. A perfect being is “whatever it is…better to be than not to be.” For a perfect being, existing necessarily is equivalent to lacking three less-making attributes. Prima facie, it is better to be than not to be lacking less-makers. So prima facie, a perfect being would exist necessarily. This prima facie conclusion becomes ultima facie if being necessary would come at an acceptable cost. It would. So a perfect being would be necessary. The three less-makers are mortality, the ability entirely to miss out on existing, and the ability to miss past time it would have been good to live through. Here is why they are less-makers. A perfect being would be guaranteed a good life. It is good to be able to die if one is not. But if one’s life can only be good, death has to be a loss of overall good. So being able to die is being able to miss out on goods. If missing out is bad, the chance to miss out is bad too. Mortality provides this chance. Again, because a perfect being would be guaranteed a good life, being “able” never to exist is being “able” to miss out on goods. So is being “able” also to have missed past good time.
Printing History and Cultural Change
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: April 2022

This study provides one of the most detailed and comprehensive examinations ever devoted to a critical transformation in the material substance of the printed page; it carries out this exploration in the history of the book, moreover, by embedding these typographical changes in the context of other cultural phenomena in eighteenth-century Britain. The gradual abandonment of pervasive capitalization, italics, and caps and small caps in books printed in London, Dublin, and the American colonies between 1740 and 1780 is mapped in five-year increments which reveal that the appearance of the modern page in English began to emerge around 1765. This descriptive and analytical account focuses on poetry, classical texts, Shakespeare, contemporary plays, the novel, the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, sermons and religious writings, newspapers, magazines, anthologies, government publications, and private correspondence; and also examines the reading public, canon formation, editorial theory and practice, and the role of typography in textual interpretation. These changes in printing conventions are then compared to other aspects of cultural change: the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the publication of Johnson’s Dictionary in 1755, the transformation of shop signs and the imposition of house numbers in London beginning in 1762, and the evolution of the English language and of English prose style. This study concludes that this fundamental shift in printing conventions was closely tied to a pervasive interest in refinement, regularity, and standardization in the second half of the century—and that it was therefore an important component in the self-conscious process of modernizing British culture.
Religious Texts
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: April 2022

Like poetical texts, religious tracts and sermons were also more likely to move more quickly to the new style of printing conventions. Why should this have happened? The answer lies in the printing of the Book of Common Prayer and the Bible in the eighteenth century. This chapter provides a thorough examination of English Bibles from their earliest printed forms until the end of the eighteenth century, including the work of John Wesley and Methodism. The single most important event was the printing of the King James Bible (the Authorized Version) in 1611 and 1612; the major figures in the eighteenth century were John Baskett and his family, John Baskerville, Benjamin Blaney, Daniel Mace, Anthony Purver, Joseph Brown, John Worsley, and Edward Harwood. This chapter also addresses the movement from black-letter (gothic) typefaces to roman ones, the evolution of biblical texts on the continent, and the increase in pervasive capitalization of common nouns in English texts beginning in the middle of the seventeenth century.
Printing and Interpretation
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the question of whether typography is an essential act of interpretation. It asks what happens when two different kinds of type (italic and roman) are combined; it interrogates Johanna Drucker’s conception of marked and unmarked texts; it examines W. J. T. Mitchell’s formulation of typography as a suturing of the literal and the figurative, producing an imagetext. Eighteenth-century commentators characterized typefaces in terms of gender: roman was masculine, italic had a soft and tender, feminine face. Typography that draws attention to itself rather than simply rendering entry into a writer’s text can be seen in William Morris’s Kelmscott Press edition of Chaucer. How then should scholars edit texts for scholarly or general audiences? The Twickenham edition of Pope’s poetry and the Yale edition of Johnson’s works provide case studies revealing these difficult decisions. This study argues for the intelligent use of italicized or capitalized nouns for modern editions for a general readership—a postmodern text for contemporary readers. Many eighteenth-century texts, moreover, are examples of Jerome McGann’s socialized text, as is the case in Robert Dodsley’s reprinting of poems in his famous collections. The choices he made had an impact on the presentation of the emerging literary canon. Canonization and modernization went hand in hand.
The Company, 1922–1926
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the establishment of radio, or ‘wireless’, broadcasting in Britain, and the creation of the British Broadcasting Company in 1922. It argues that the BBC was founded to both control and popularize the new medium. It was tightly regulated, and strict constraints were placed on its activities so that it did not compete with the newspaper and entertainment industries or influence politics. It was given a monopoly over all broadcasting in Britain. Much broadcasting in the UK during this period was local. Individual BBC stations made their own programmes. However, from an early stage the Company was keen to establish a national network, and to increase the influence of London over BBC programming. The first BBC director general, John Reith, was closely associated with this approach, and with the idea of using radio to ‘uplift’ and improve the audience: a policy that became known as ‘Reithianism’. By 1926, the BBC had transformed broadcasting in Britain, and its role in the General Strike provided a sign of how its relationship with the state would develop in future.
On the market, 1980–1999
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

During the 1980s, the BBC triumphed in bringing the nation together, and linked up the globe, with great ‘media events’ like the wedding of Princess Charles and Lady Diana and, later, Live Aid. Yet the BBC also faced significant challenges. The governments of Margaret Thatcher imposed new financial discipline on the BBC, and its own managers introduced internal markets in an attempt to fend off even more fundamental reforms. The BBC also engaged in serious disputes with the government over its political journalism, ultimately leading to the sacking of the director general, Alasdair Milne. Under his successors, Michael Checkland and John Birt, the commercialization of the BBC’s international and domestic operations proceeded apace. Dwindling resources meanwhile left the BBC struggling to compete with ITV. Some staff felt that the basic values of the BBC had been betrayed, and that independent journalism and creativity in programme-making had been badly undermined. The World Service meanwhile played a significant role in the final years of the Cold War and its aftermath, but then struggled to find a role. As the 1990s drew to a close, the BBC actively engaged with the start of the digital media revolution. It also sought to develop a less deferential relationship with the monarchy, notably through Martin Bashir’s famous interview with Diana. Her death, and the BBC’s coverage of her funeral, showed that the days of the media event were not yet over.
Where Shall the Free Negro Go?
Authors: Morales R. Isabela
Published: April 2022

During the antebellum period, state law prohibited freed slaves from remaining in Alabama after their manumission. As Samuel Townsend’s executor, S. D. Cabaniss was responsible for finding a place to settle the newly freed Townsends. In 1858, he relocated Samuel’s eldest son Wesley Townsend to southern Ohio, where Wesley attended school and attempted to practice his trade as a blacksmith. In 1860, Cabaniss was able to send the rest of the “legatees of the first class” (primarily Samuel’s other children and his nieces) to Wilberforce University in Xenia, Ohio, where they received a formal education and were exposed to racial uplift ideals. In Ohio, the Townsends faced discrimination from white residents but also benefited from the capital they brought to the communities where they settled.
I Ain’t Satisfied Here at All
Authors: Morales R. Isabela
Published: April 2022

In 1860, the “legatees of the second class” (mainly the extended family of Samuel and Edmund Townsend’s children) were freed and relocated to Leavenworth, Kansas. The Townsends expected that they would be able to purchase land in Kansas with the money from Samuel Townsend’s estate; when war broke out and the Confederate government prohibited its citizens from sending money to “alien enemies” in the United States, however, S. D. Cabaniss was forced to cut off contact with the freed Townsends. During the war, some of the Townsend women sought financial security by working as domestic servants or pursuing further education. Other members of the family, such as Samuel’s son Wesley and Edmund’s son Woodson, shunned their local Black communities out of a sense of superiority based on their mixed-race ancestry and promised inheritance. Yet they still experienced discrimination, and in 1864, Woodson was falsely accused of rape by a white woman and was imprisoned in Leavenworth.
Humanitarian and Relief Organizations in Global Saudi Daʿwa?
Authors: Derbal Nora
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the relationship between Saudi foreign aid and religion, between relief work and proselytization. Saudi aid organizations are strongly associated with missionary activity (daʿwa) and the propagation of Wahhabi Islam. The chapter demonstrates how Saudi Arabia’s new political leadership since 2015 aims to sideline Islam from humanitarianism. This, the author argues, shall add international recognition and visibility to a new imagine of the state—a post-Wahhabi Saudi state. The discussion of KSRelief (the King Salman Humanitarian and Relief Center) highlights the state’s attempt to change the image of Saudi aid by presenting it as universal aid rather than Islamic charity. The reorientation of the aid landscape comes at the cost of freedom of organization and a loss of the multiplicity of values, which the field of humanitarianism historically represented in Saudi Arabia.
Salafism, Education, and Youth
Authors: Hasan Noorhaidi
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how Salafism has evolved and has exerted its religious influence among Indonesian Muslims. In tandem with the return of a dozen Indonesians studying in Saudi Arabia, Salafi teaching centers and madrasas thrived to form exclusive Salafi communities and networks. Salafism is sustained not through any singular organizational structure, but rather through a variety of agents who have used multiple ways to disseminate the ideology within a given locality. Through some adaptations of its doctrine or theological character, Salafism has taken on local characteristics to better suit prevailing Indonesian religious norms. The influence of Salafism has expanded beyond Salafi circles through the role played by Salafi preachers and authorities in producing a bulk of Salafi literature, audio cassettes, and TV programs, in which Salafi messages have been contextualized and appropriated. Targeting a savvy younger generation of Indonesian Muslims who are digital natives, they have likewise migrated online to offer the more youth-friendly, post-Salafi Islam.
Wahhabi Compromises and “Soft Salafization” in the Sahel
Authors: Thurston Alexander
Published: April 2022

By the 2010s, Salafi-Wahhabi identities in Mali had become less stark and distinct than they were a generation ago. Salafism has become more a set of practices and styles from which lay Muslims choose selectively, rather than an identity that requires total commitment, high visibility, and criticism of other Muslims. Moreover, the spread of Salafi-jihadi movements has led some prominent Salafi clerics to take pains to distinguish themselves from the jihadis. The result is a spectrum of Salafi religio-political identities that are partly shaped by creed and political worldview, but also heavily shaped by individual, communal, and political contexts.
A Gorgeous Girl Like Me (1972)
Authors: Gillain Anne
Published: April 2022

Language is the main character of this film which was written in a rich, colourful and vibrant slang. A young female delinquent, played by Bernadette Lafont, is visited in jail by a sociologist who wants to study her. The confrontation between two opposite visions of the same events makes the film an irresistible comedy. Shot-by-shot analysis: At the end of the film, the delinquent visits the sociologist who is in jail. There are numerous references, in a satiric vein, to The 400 Blows.
Igor Stravinsky, Three Pieces for string quartet, No. 2 (1914)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

Amid a highly sectionalized and fragmented form, the disparate sections are bound together by common tones and by inversional symmetry. The passage as a whole moves from a focus on A-E to a focus on B♭-F.
Aaron Copland, Piano Variations, Theme (1930)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

In this theme, the process of variation with respect to a four-note motto—E-C-D♯-C♯—is continuous. The theme moves through different collectional environments (octatonic and pentatonic) and engages triadic transformations (L, P, R, SLIDE, and HEXPOLE). Ultimately, it can be thought of in relation to the tonality of C♯ minor, but not in any traditional way.
Ruth Crawford Seeger, Diaphonic Suite No. 1, first movement (1930)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This passage is composed in what the composer calls “verse form,” with a musical rhyme at the end of each line. The first three notes, D–E–E♭, function as a unifying motive, with the possibility of presentation in a variety of guises and over a variety of musical spans. Over the course of the passage, musical spaces are opened up and filled in.
Anton Webern, “Wie bin ich froh!” from Three Songs, Op. 25, No. 1 (1934)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

The first three melody notes, G-E-D♯, generate much of the content of this passage, with constant varied restatements over different musical spans. That three-note motive functions within and gives rise to a twelve-tone series that shapes the passage at a higher level.
Igor Stravinsky, Fanfare for a New Theatre (1964)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This fanfare for two trumpets uses five forms of its twelve-tone series. The series is derived from its first three notes, A♯–A–B, and its four segmental trichords are of the same type. Furthermore, its pitch-class trichords are held invariant in all five series forms, creating an extraordinary degree of motivic repetition among the parts. The hexachords found within each part are also formed between the parts.
Tania León, Rituál (1987)
Authors: Straus Joseph N.
Published: April 2022

This passage is a fleet, light-footed scherzo that gradually works its way upward in register from the lowest note of the piano keyboard. It uses only seven different pitch events (each consisting of just a few notes), but their endlessly inventive recombination provides direction and vitality. The music traces hexatonic pathways that run through and beneath the seemingly improvisatory musical surface.
Musical Jerusalem
Authors: Figueroa Michael A.
Published: April 2022

The Introduction sets out the primary arguments and methodologies of the book, using listening as a model for studying and understanding the nature of song in the production of space. It explains the choice to focus on Zionist cultural production, among the many cultural and ideological groupings in Jerusalem, and advances a genealogical model for understanding songs in their shifting historical and political contexts, while articulating the political stakes of synthesizing history and ethnography in such a way. It also includes a comprehensive overview of Israeli music historiography and of modern Jerusalemite history. An overview of the chapter structure is provided.
Metaphorical Jerusalem
Authors: Figueroa Michael A.
Published: April 2022

The first chapter establishes Jerusalem song’s poetics as a relation between metaphorical and material states. It begins with a meditation on the trope of longing, through an analysis of Avigdor Hameiri’s “From the Summit of Mt. Scopus” (1929) that moves between shifting ethnographic, historical, and analytical voices in order to model the explanatory power of genealogical method. This is followed by an overview of older intertextual resources and literary devices on which modern musicians have drawn, especially overt musical anthropomorphisms of Jerusalem via the poetic device of apostrophe in Psalm 137. The second half of the chapter explores how these characteristics manifest in Israeli musical settings by Nechama Hendel and others of medieval Andalusian poetry written by Yehuda Halevi. The chapter closes with a statement about the power of metaphor in musicological studies of the production of space.
Haunted Jerusalem
Authors: Figueroa Michael A.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 draws out the relation between commemorative song and commemorative landscape, discussing how music and monuments work in tandem to narrate past violence from the early statehood period (c. 1948–1967). Through an analysis of the career of “War Singer” Yaffa Yarkoni and her and others’ performances of memorial repertory, such as Haim Gouri’s “Bab El Wad” (1949) and Yoram Taharlev’s “Ammunition Hill” (1968), the argument holds that Zionist political theology thrives on the poetics of bereavement and its emplacement within Jerusalem. The exposition includes covers and parodies of memorial repertory, performed by the band Habiluim, choreographer Roy Assaf, and others, that illuminate how bereavement has emerged in the twenty-first century as a site of political debate.
Making Sense of Ethnic Nationalism in the West
Authors: Schertzer Robert , Woods Eric Taylor
Published: April 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of how the concept of nationalism is understood and operationalized in the book, focusing on the distinction between “ethnic” and “civic” nationalism, and between “hot” and “banal” nationalism. Following this, the chapter outlines a theoretical framework for analyzing the rise of ethnic nationalism in the West, which primarily uses insights from an emergent approach in the study of nationalism referred to as ethno-symbolism. Ethno-symbolism focuses on the role played by ethnic myths and symbols in the enduring affective power of nationalism. After systematizing the key elements of ethno-symbolism, the chapter makes a case for why it provides a powerful framework for examing the deep historical and cultural origins of ethnic nationalism in the West, in order to better understand why this ideology resonates so widely among white majorities.
Bludgeons and Becomings
Authors: Rivera Takeo
Published: April 2022

This second chapter is an immediate sequel to the first, examining two staged performances contending with the murder of Vincent Chin that transpire in the decades that followed his death. These performances are Ping Chong’s 1995 play Chinoiserie and Philip Kan Gotanda and Frank Wu’s trial re-enactment at UC Hastings in 2013. This chapter argues that Chinoiserie continues the liberal cultural politics laid by the American Citizens for Justice (ACJ) while imbuing the Chin event with libidinal force through a masochistic aesthetic of suspenseful reveal. Chinoiserie teases the Chin murder throughout its narrative, offering it as a final climactic jouissance of a China/America dialectic, concluding a rhythm that lurches the audience ever closer to its end. In contrast, the UC Hastings re-enactment imagines masochism otherwise, subjecting the Chin narrative itself to masochistic scrutiny in order to reveal the systemic inadequacy of a liberal legal system to provide redress.
White Skin, Yellow Flesh
Authors: Rivera Takeo
Published: April 2022

Chapter 6 concludes with a critical playing of the 2011 techno-orientalist cyberpunk video game Deus Ex: Human Revolution (DX:HR) by Eidos Montreal. As a game, a medium governed predominantly by active and direct interactivity, DX:HR provides an opportunity for the Asian American gamer to experience not only their own body-as-stereotype, but also their own body-as-other. I argue that this is precisely how DX:HR presents generative potential for the Asian subject who plays it and engages its deeply problematic gameworld. I thus suggest that by playing and performing within the techno-orientalist gameworld of DX:HR, the Asian American subject may exercise a mode of what Elizabeth Freeman terms “erotohistoriography,” a deployment of violent erotics to contend with one’s own subject formation. Through a reading of DX:HR, this concluding chapter gestures to an Asian American cultural politics that locates itself in slippages, role reversals, and unintuitive affects.
Changeable Demons
Authors: Proctor Travis W.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 explores Justin Martyr’s claim that demons assumed polymorphic forms in order to deceive humans, promote improper worship, and inspire persecution against Christians. The chapter first argues that Justin’s distinctive highlighting of demonic changeability emerges alongside his counter-emphasis on the “immovability” of the Christian God, which, in turn, functions to undercut the polymorphic Greco-Roman pantheon’s collective claim to divinity. The second part of the chapter explores Justin’s distinctive retelling of the myth of the Watchers in his 2 Apology, which omits the characters of the giants in its recounting of demonic origins. In doing so, Justin promotes a closer correspondence between fallen angels and demons, highlighting his simultaneous ascription of polymorphic capabilities to both angelic fathers and demonic sons. The chapter concludes by examining how Justin associates demonic changeability with “magical” trickery, which aids the Apologist’s constructions of proper Christian exorcism as a “simple” practice distinct from “magical” alternatives.
Heroes and Heroines Unit
Authors: DeLorenzo Lisa C. , Silverman Marissa
Published: April 2022

There are many heroes and heroines who have courageously fought for justice. Of these people, this chapter highlights those who have been selected for their impact on the world, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Florence Nightingale, Cesar Chavez, as well as Malala and Queen Latifah. In addition, Spider Man (a virtual hero) makes an appearance to spark conversation about bringing justice to the human race. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce students to the different ways that heroes/heroines take action for social causes. There are many music making activities including student compositions, music listening and analysis, song writing, and technology. Active discussions prompt students to identify the characteristics or a hero/heroine and explore contributions that go beyond gestures of kindness toward having an impact of people around the world.
Peace Unit
Authors: DeLorenzo Lisa C. , Silverman Marissa
Published: April 2022

To motivate people to engage in social justice, it is essential that they participate in some kind of activity. Music teachers and music students can, therefore, perform democracy, perform social justice, and so forth. The same relates to understanding and enacting “peace.” This chapter, therefore, conceives of peace not only as a noun but also as a verb, in the sense of conflict resolution. This chapter showcases how students can explore, examine, and interrogate musics that address and attempt to achieve conflict resolution. From apartheid in South Africa to the British occupation in India to current-day problems such as colonization, this chapter illustrates how students can look at and take inspiration from musics that have sought to examine and, in some cases, rectify the wrongs of civilizations, both past and present, in the hope of peace and reconciliation. Additionally, this chapter examines how students can perform, compose, improvise, and arrange a variety of musics that showcase not only their understanding of the musics under investigation, but moreover their understanding of “peace” and its infinite varieties to serve as a foundation for social justice.
The Case of St. George and the Outsider Within
Authors: Yancy Nina M.
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces the book's primary research setting and critically situates the author within it. The chapter first describes East Baton Rouge Parish's racialized geography and troubled history with school desegregation and busing. It then details the movement to incorporate the new city of St. George, LA within an affluent, predominantly White part of the area, primarily as a route to establish an independent school district. The chapter describes the adverse effect the new city could have on the larger area and incorporates broader insights from literature on cityhood movements. It next addresses how the police killing of Black Baton Rouge resident Alton Sterling shortly before the fieldwork was conducted impacted the research, followed by the author's reflection on how her own positionality and intersectional identity also shaped the research. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications and benefits of a Black woman researcher interviewing White research subjects.
The Geography of White Opposition to Welfare
Authors: Yancy Nina M.
Published: April 2022

This chapter applies the book's conceptualization of a subjective White perspective to the quantitative racial threat hypothesis, specifically reexamining the relationship between local geography and White opposition to welfare spending. The chapter first traces the interlinked histories of residential segregation, Black poverty, and the racialization of welfare. It then uses national survey data to show that a large Black population in an area amplifies the effect of traditional stereotypes on White welfare preferences, whereas a high poverty rate amplifies the effect of racial resentment. In both cases, racial attitudes are more predictive of White welfare preferences not simply where welfare's stigmas are salient due to racial or economic geography, but more specifically where segregation makes Black or poor households more visible to Whites. Furthermore, racially tolerant White people may be more likely to support welfare spending in settings where race or poverty is more salient (i.e., settings often considered "threatening'').