bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Metal Plate with Internal Structure Utilizing the Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Process
Authors: Shin Kwangho , Heo Youngmoo , Park Hyungpil , Chang Sungho , Rhee Byungohk
Published: December 2013

In this study, we focus on making a double-sided metal plate with an internal structure, such as honeycomb. The stainless steel powder was used in the metal injection molding (MIM) process. The preliminary studies were carried out for the measurement of the viscosity of the stainless steel feedstock and for the prediction of the filling behavior through Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation. PE (high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE)) and polypropylene (PP) resins were used to make the sacrificed insert with a honeycomb structure using a plastic injection molding process. Additionally, these sacrificed insert parts were inserted in the metal injection mold, and the metal injection molding process was carried out to build a green part with rectangular shape. Subsequently, debinding and sintering processes were adopted to remove the sacrificed polymer insert. The insert had a suitable rigidity that was able to endure the filling pressure. The core shift analysis was conducted to predict the deformation of the insert part. The 17-4PH feedstock with a low melting temperature was applied. The glass transition temperature of the sacrificed polymer insert would be of a high grade, and this insert should be maintained during the MIM process. Through these processes, a square metal plate with a honeycomb structure was made.
Candidate Genes Involved in Beneficial or Adverse Responses to Commonly Eaten Brassica Vegetables in a New Zealand Crohn’s Disease Cohort
Authors: Laing Bobbi , Han Dug , Ferguson Lynnette
Published: December 2013

Crohn’s disease (CD) is one of the two manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Particular foods are thought with CD to exacerbate their illness. Vegetables, especially Brassicaceae, are often shunned by people with CD because of the negative effects they are alleged to have on their symptoms. Brassicaceae supply key nutrients which are necessary to meet recommended daily intakes. We sought to identify the candidate genes involved in the beneficial or adverse effects of Brassicaceae most commonly eaten, as reported by the New Zealand adults from the “Genes and Diet in Inflammatory Bowel disease Study” based in Auckland. An analysis of associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the beneficial or adverse effects of the ten most commonly eaten Brassicaceae was carried out. A total of 37 SNPs were significantly associated with beneficial effects (p = 0.00097 to 0.0497) and 64 SNPs were identified with adverse effects (p = 0.0000751 to 0.049). After correcting for multiple testing, rs7515322 (DIO1) and rs9469220 (HLA) remained significant. Our findings show that the tolerance of some varieties of Brassicaceae may be shown by analysis of a person’s genotype.
Impact of Climate Change on Heat Wave Risk
Authors: Biard Romain , Blanchet-Scalliet Christophette , Eyraud-Loisel Anne , Loisel Stéphane
Published: December 2013

We study a new risk measure inspired from risk theory with a heat wave risk analysis motivation. We show that this risk measure and its sensitivities can be computed in practice for relevant temperature stochastic processes. This is in particular useful for measuring the potential impact of climate change on heat wave risk. Numerical illustrations are given.
Gene Therapy Strategies for HIV/AIDS: Preclinical Modeling in Humanized Mice
Authors: Bennett Michael , Akkina Ramesh
Published: December 2013

In the absence of an effective vaccine and lack of a complete cure, gene therapy approaches to control HIV infection offer feasible alternatives. Due to the chronic nature of infection, a wide window of opportunity exists to gene modify the HIV susceptible cells that continuously arise from the bone marrow source. To evaluate promising gene therapy approaches that employ various anti-HIV therapeutic molecules, an ideal animal model is necessary to generate important efficacy and preclinical data. In this regard, the humanized mouse models that harbor human hematopoietic cells susceptible to HIV infection provide a suitable in vivo system. This review summarizes the currently used humanized mouse models and different anti-HIV molecules utilized for conferring HIV resistance. Humanized mouse models are compared for their utility in this context and provide perspectives for new directions.
Toxoplasma gondii infection of fibroblasts causes the production of exosome‐like vesicles containing a unique array of mRNA and miRNA transcripts compared to serum starvation
Authors: Pope Samuel M. , Lässer Cecilia
Published: December 2013

Background

Until recently thought to be of little significance unless occurring during pregnancy, Toxoplasma gondii infection of human hosts is now known to play a larger role in mental health and is a growing concern in the health care community. We sought to elucidate a possible mechanism by which Toxoplasma infection may cause some of the behavioural pathology now associated with infection. We hypothesized that exosomes may be playing a role.

Methods

We utilized electron microscopy to detect the presence and size of extracellular vesicles in the supernatants of Toxoplasma‐infected human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF). We then utilized microarray analysis to discern mRNA and miRNA content of the vesicles isolated from supernatants of Toxoplasma‐infected (Toxo) and serum‐starved (SS) HFF.

Results

We recovered extracellular vesicles with a size consistent with exosomes that we called exosome‐like vesicles (ELVs) from the supernatants of SS and Toxo cultures. The mRNA and miRNA content of these ELVs was highly regulated creating specific and unique expression profiles comparing Toxo ELVs, SS ELVs and RNA isolated from whole cell homogenates. Interestingly, among the most enriched mRNA isolated from ELVs of Toxo cells are 4 specific mRNA species that have been described in the literature as having neurologic activity: Rab‐13, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1, thymosin beta 4 and LLP homolog. In addition, miRNA species uniquely expressed in Toxo ELVs include miR‐23b, a well‐known regulator of IL‐17.

Conclusion

While the production of ELVs containing mRNAs that modify behaviour are consistent with reported Toxoplasma pathology, the mechanism of enrichment and ultimate in vivo effect of these mRNA and miRNA containing ELVs remains to be investigated.
El espíritu carnavalesco y la defensa de la tierra : las poesías populares sobre Manuel Rodríguez, el guerrillero de la Independencia de Chile
Authors: Salinas Campos Maximiliano
Published: December 2013

En este trabajo presentamos las imagenes del guerrillero de la Independencia de Chile Manuel Rodriguez a través de las poesfas populares de los siglos XIX y XX. En primer lugar nos interesa relevar el carâcter carnavalesco de su figura. El vive la Independencia como ocasionalidad de la libertad humana. Esta, pues, tanto en contra de los gobiernos virreinales como republicanos despôticos. Al fin, corre la suerte de los bandidos de la época. Los poetas populares destacan su arrojo y su amor a la tierra, mas alla de los héroes oficiales del Estado nacional.
Malverde : exvotos y corridos (en las voces de cantores sinaloenses)
Authors: Flores Enrique , González Raúl Eduardo
Published: December 2013

El culto del bandido Jesus Malverde tiene una de sus expresiones mas tradicionales en los exvotos. Inscripciones, veladoras y fotograffas proliferan en su capilla de Culiacan, Sinaloa. Una forma aun mas original de agradecerle al santo los milagros hechos consiste en llevarle musica o en mandarle componer corridos y ofrecérselos en sus dfas. Después, esos corridos se graban y se venden afuera de la capilla, junto con amuletos y objetos sagrados. Algunos mùsicos de la region — ellos mismos devotos de Malverde— le han compuesto canciones durante anos y han prestado, de este modo, un servicio a sus «promeseros».
Meurtriers, faites et bandoleros : lorsque le vals péruvien chantait la trangression et la norme
Authors: Borras Gérard
Published: December 2013

A diferencia de otros pafses hispanoparlantes, las canciones de la costa peruana no parecen haber concedido gran importancia a la temâtica de los bandidos. Un cancionero semanal publicado en Lima a principios del siglo XX permite matizar esta afirmaciôn ya que en él descubrimos numerosas canciones que evocan crfmenes, asesinatos y bandidos. Se trata en este artfculo de preguntar cuâl es la funciôn de estas canciones difundidas sobre todo en los medios populares de la capital peruana. Lejos de ensalzar la trasgresiôn, pregonan un comportamiento moral, el respeto a la ley y la aceptaciôn del orden social existente.
Système éducatif et acculturation : l'exemple des Mapuches du Chili
Authors: Leca Marie-Christine
Published: December 2013

Au Chili, le processus d'intégration des Mapuches à la société nationale par le biais d'un système éducatif pensé comme un modèle unique et hégémonique, inadapté aux spécificités de cette population indigène, a entraîné de lourdes conséquences culturelles et linguistiques. Seuls des projets éducatifs interculturels et bilingues permettraient de mettre un terme à une conception assimilationniste de l'éducation.
Le tourisme en France en 1956 et aperçu pour 1957
Authors: Delcros L.
Published: December 2013

Expansion du tourisme étranger en France continuée en 1956 : sensible augmentation du nombre des touristes en provenance de l'Amérique du Nord, de la péninsule ibérique et de l'Italie. Malgré des circonstances défavorables, nombre des nuitées passées par les touristes nationaux dans l'hôtellerie française équivalent à celui des années précédentes. Pour l'année 1957, les résultats statistiques des premiers mois accusaient un certain fléchissement.
Cu-Mediated trifluoromethylation of benzyl, allyl and propargyl methanesulfonates with TMSCF3
Authors: Jiang Xueliang , Qing Feng-Ling
Published: December 2013

A Cu-mediated trifluoromethylation of benzyl, allyl and propargyl methanesulfonates with TMSCF3 was developed for the first time. This method offers a convenient and economical approach to various trifluoroethyl-containing compounds.
Carbon fluxes in Karst aquifers: Sources, sinks, and the effect of storm flow
Authors: White William B.
Published: December 2013

An effective carbon loading can be calculated from measured alkalinity and pH of karst waters. The carbon loading is independent of the degree of saturation of the water and does not depend on the water being in equilibrium with the carbonate wall rock. A substantial data base of spring water analyses accumulated by students over the past 40 years has been used to probe the CO2 generation, transport, and storage in a variety of drainage basins that feed karst springs. Carbon loading in the water exiting karst drainage basins depends on the rate of CO2 generation in the soils of the catchment areas and on the partitioning between CO2 dissolved in infiltration water and CO2 lost by diffusion upward to the atmosphere. For any given drainage basin there are also influences due to vegetative cover, soil type, and the fraction of the water provided by sinking stream recharge. Losses of CO2 back to the atmosphere occur by speleothem deposition in air-filled caves, by degassing of CO2 in spring runs, and by tufa deposition in spring runs. There are seasonal cycles of CO2 generation that relate growing season and contrasts in winter/summer rates of CO2 generation. Overall, it appears that karst aquifers are a net, but leaky, sink for atmospheric CO2.Keywords: CO2, karst aquifers, springs, carbon loading.DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.659
Quaternary glacial cycles: Karst processes and the global CO2 budget
Authors: Larson Erik B. , Mylroie John E.
Published: December 2013

Extensive research has been conducted investigating the relationship between karst processes, carbonate deposition and the global carbon cycle. However, little work has been done looking into the relationship between glaciations, subsequent sea level changes, and aerially exposed land masses in relation to karstic processes and the global carbon budget. During glaciations sea-level exposed the world’s carbonate platforms. With the sub-aerial exposure of the platforms, karst processes can occur, and the dissolution of carbonate material can commence, resulting in the drawdown of CO2 from the atmosphere as HCO3−. Furthermore, the material on the platform surfaces is primarily aragonite which is more readily soluble than calcite allowing karst processes to occur more quickly. During glaciations arctic carbonates and some of the temperate carbonates are blanketed in ice, effectively removing those areas from karst processes. Given the higher solubility of aragonite, and the extent of carbonate platforms exposed during glaciations, this dissolution balances the CO2 no longer taken up by karst processes at higher latitudes that were covered during the last glacial maximum The balance is within 0.001 GtC / yr, using soil pCO2 (0.005 GtC/yr assuming atmospheric pCO2) which is a difference of <1% of the total amount of atmospheric CO2 removed in a year by karst processes. Denudation was calculated using the maximum potential dissolution formulas of Gombert (2002). On a year to year basis the net amount of atmospheric carbon removed through karstic processes is equivalent between the last glacial maximum and the present day, however, the earth has spent more time in a glacial configuration during the Quaternary, which suggests that there is a net drawdown of atmospheric carbon during glaciations from karst processes, which may serve as a feedback to prolong glacial episodes. This research has significance for understanding the global carbon budget during the Quaternary.Keywords: Karst, Global Carbon Budget, Quaternary, Last Glacial Maximum, Carbonate Dissolution.DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.661
Biological Control on Acid Generation at the Conduit-Bedrock Boundary in Submerged Caves: Quantification through Geochemical Modeling
Authors: Herman Janet S. , Hounshell Alexandria G. , Franklin Rima B. , Mills Aaron L.
Published: December 2013

No-mount Cave, located in Wekiwa Springs State Park in central Florida, USA, is an aphotic, submerged, freshwater cave in which large colonies of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria live in filamentous microbial mats. Upwardly discharging groundwater enters the cave from the Upper Floridan aquifer, specifically the Eocene-aged Ocala Limestone. We undertook a combined field, laboratory, and modeling study in which we sought to determine the amount of calcite dissolution attributable to the generation of protons by microbially mediated sulfide oxidation. The chemical compositions of groundwater within the limestone formation collected through a newly designed sampling device and of water in the cave conduit were used in geochemical modeling. We used the reaction-path model PHREEQCI to quantify the amount of calcite dissolution expected under various plausible scenarios for mixing of formation water with conduit water and extent of bacterial sulfide oxidation. Laboratory experiments were conducted using flow-through columns packed with crushed limestone from the study site. Replicate columns were eluted with artificial groundwater containing dissolved HS- in the absence of microbial growth. Without biologically mediated sulfide oxidation, no measurable calcite dissolution occurred in laboratory experiments and no additional amount of speleogenesis is expected as formation water mixes with conduit water in the field. In contrast, significant calcite dissolution is driven by the protons released in the biological transformation of the aqueous sulfur species. Although a range of results were calculated, a plausible amount of 158 mg Ca2+ released to conduit water per liter of groundwater crossing the formation-conduit boundary and mixing with an equal volume of conduit water was predicted. Our modeling results indicate that significant cave development can be driven by microbially mediated sulfide oxidation under these hydrogeochemical conditions.žKeywords: calcite dissolution, microbial sulfide oxidation, geochemical model.DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.663
An approach for collection of nearfield groundwater samples in submerged limestone caverns
Authors: Mills Aaron L. , Tysall Terrence N. , Herman Janet S.
Published: December 2013

Walls of submerged caves feeding Florida springs are often lined with a heavy mat of filamentous bacteria, many of which are able to oxidize reduced sulfur in groundwater migrating from the porous bedrock into the cave conduit. To determine changes in water chemistry as water passes through the microbial mat, a simple device made from standard well screen and sealed with a rubber stopper and controllable vents was installed in a hole drilled in the wall of the cave passage. The sampler was sealed in place with marine epoxy. We measured anions in water from the sampler and from the water-filled conduit taken just outside the sampler. Most anions measured viz., Cl−, NO3−, and PO43−, increased slightly between the matrix and conduit waters. However, traces of sulfide were measured in the water from the rock matrix, but not in the conduit. SO42− concentrations in the conduit were about twice that measured in the water from the sampler, about 22 and 11 mg SO42− L−1, respectively, providing further evidence that sulfur oxidation is an important process in the bacterial mats attached to the limestone surfaces in these caves. An additional use of the sampling device is to measure discharge from the local bedrock into the cave conduit.Keywords: sulfur oxidation, bacteria, acid dissolution, groundwater chemistry.DOI:10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.664
Environmental controls on organic matter production and transport across surface-subsurface and geochemical boundaries in the Edwards aquifer, Texas, USA
Authors: Hutchins Benjamin T. , Schwartz Benjamin F. , Engel Annette S.
Published: December 2013

Karst aquifer phreatic zones are energy limited habitats supported by organic matter (OM) flow across physical and geochemical boundaries. Photosynthetic OM enters the Edwards Aquifer of Central Texas via streams sinking along its northeastern border. The southeastern boundary is marked by a rapid transition between oxygenated freshwaters and anoxic saline waters where OM is likely produced by chemolithoautotrophic microbes. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in OM composition at these boundaries was investigated using isotopic and geochemical analyses. δ13C values for stream fine particulate OM (FPOM) (−33.34‰ to −11.47‰) decreased during regional drought between fall 2010 and spring 2012 (p<0.001), and were positively related to FPOM C:N ratios (r2=0.47, p<0.001), possibly due to an increasing contribution of periphyton. Along the freshwater-saline water interface (FWSWI), δ13CFPOMvalues (−7.23‰ to −58.18‰) correlated to δ13C values for dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) (−0.55‰ to −7.91‰) (r2=0.33, p=0.005) and were depleted relative to δ13CDIC values by 28.44‰, similar to fractionation values attributed to chemolithoautotrophic carbon fixation pathways using DIC as the substrate. δ13CFPOMvalues also became enriched through time (p<0.001), and δ13CDIC values (r2=0.43, p<0.001) and δ13CFPOM values (r2=0.35, p=0.004) at FWSWI sites increased with distance along the southwest-northeast flowpath of the aquifer. Spatial variability in FWSWI δ13CDIC values is likely due to variable sources of acidity driving carbonate dissolution, and the temporal relationship is explained by changes to recharge and aquifer level that affected transport of chemolithoautotrophic OM across the FWSWI.Keywords: Carbon stable isotopes, spatial and temporal variability, chemolithoautotrophic production, allochthonous input, karst.DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.666
Using hydrogeochemical and ecohydrologic responses to understand epikarst process in semi-arid systems, Edwards plateau, Texas, USA
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin F. , Schwinning Susanne , Gerrard Brett , Kukowski Kelly R. , Stinson Chasity L. , Dammeyer Heather C.
Published: December 2013

The epikarst is a permeable boundary between surface and subsurface environments and can be conceptualized as the vadose critical zone of epigenic karst systems which have not developed under insoluble cover. From a hydrologic perspective, this boundary is often thought of as being permeable in one direction only (down), but connectivity between the flow paths of water through the epikarst and the root systems of woody plants means that water moves both up and down across the epikarst. However, the dynamics of these flows are complex and highly dependent on variability in the spatial structure of the epikarst, vegetation characteristics, as well as temporal variability in precipitation and evaporative demand. Here we summarize insights gained from working at several sites on the Edwards Plateau of Central Texas, combining isotopic, hydrogeochemical, and ecophysiological methodologies. 1) Dense woodland vegetation at sites with thin to absent soils (0-30 cm) is in part supported by water uptake from the epikarst. 2) However, tree transpiration typically becomes water-limited in dry summers, suggesting that the plant-available fraction of stored water in the epikarst depletes quickly, even when sustained cave drip rates indicate that water is still present in the epikarst. 3) Flow paths for water that feeds cave drips become rapidly disconnected from the evaporation zone of the epikarst and out of reach for plant roots. 4) Deep infiltration and recharge does not occur in these systems without heavy or continuous precipitation that exceeds some threshold value. Thresholds are strongly correlated with antecedent potential evapotranspiration and rainfall, suggesting control by the moisture status of the epikarst evapotranspiration zone. The epikarst and unsaturated zone in this region can be conceptualized as a variably saturated system with storage in fractures, matrix porosity, and in shallow perched aquifers, most of which is inaccessible to the root systems of trees, although woody vegetation may control recharge thresholds.Keywords: hydraulic disconnection, precipitation thresholds, root zone, plant water use, recharge, epikarst storage, barometric pressure.DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.670
Spring discharge records – a case study
Authors: Wicks Carol M.
Published: December 2013

Spring discharge records integrate of all the processes and the reactions occurring within a karst basin. A brief summary of the use of discharge records as a means to constrain the internal structure of karst basins, as means to constrain rainfall-runoff models for karst basin, and as a means to determine the value of hydrodynamic parameters of karst basins is presented. Data collected from Devils Icebox, a karst basin spring in Missouri, USA, were used to assess these approaches to characterizing karst basins. For Devils Icebox, most of the discharge responses do not record information about the internal structure of the basin rather the responses record information about the recharge to the basin. A rainfall-runoff model failed to reproduce the data from which model parameters were derived and has little utility in a predictive mode. Use of conservation of mass equations as a means to derive hydrodynamic parameters is a useful approach, although critical data are lacking. More generally, karst hydrologists need quantitative tracer data and long-term, high-resolution temporal data of the input(s) to and the output(s) from karst basins.Keywords: Hydrograph, hydrology, karst.DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.671
The principles of sustainable development of tourism in the special nature reserve »Gornje Podunavlje« and their impact on the local communities
Authors: Stojanović Vladimir , Đorđević Jasmina , Lazić Lazar , Stamenković Igor , Dragićević Vanja
Published: December 2013

The development of tourism in protected areas is a particular challenge for the tourism business and the activity of nature conservation. The leading criteria for sustainable tourism in protected areas emphasize the importance of the adoption of certain principles of care, long-term planning and management that integrates nature protection and tourism. In this respect, the paper analyzes their importance in the case of Special Nature Reserve »Gornje Podunavlje« in Vojvodina. After acquiring the status of a special nature reserve, talk about the importance of this area to the tourism of Sombor and Apatin, where it is located, has increased. This trend follows the design of educational and tourist tracks, starting and running events as well as starting tourism businesses in rural households. There could be multiple benefits of this for the local communities.
The heritization of Bulgarian rose
Authors: Loulanski Vesselin , Loulanski Tolina
Published: December 2013

Bulgarian rose products are well known for their premier fragrance quality and are often used as a base ingredient in a number of high-end perfumery and cosmetics products. While a result of unique combination of relief, climate and soil conditions, the cultivation and production process largely depends on manual labor, and entails a rich variety of techniques, rituals and social practices. The latter have been turned into tourism attractions gaining popularity in the cultural events calendar. Grounded within the wider discourse of the qualitative method, the present study examines the origin, history and development of the rose cultivation culture and its associated practices that have led to the heritization of the Bulgarian rose. It advocates that a natural synergy between heritage and tourism development has occurred, serving sustainable tourism purposes, with tourism adding to the protection and enhancement of rose heritage values, and supporting regional economies.
Los “Panzudos” Arcaicos Griegos: observaciones sobre un curioso tipo iconográfico
Authors: Arjona Pérez Manuel
Published: December 2013

En el siglo VI a.C. los talleres vasculares y coroplásticos helenos reprodujeron, bien sobre vasos plásticos, bien sobre figuritas de terracota, un tipo iconográfico que representa a un curioso personaje masculino que, desnudo y sonriente, luce un vientre prominente. En este artículo tratamos algunas cuestiones relativas a las variaciones de este tipo iconográfico, la amplia difusión del mismo, la identificación del personaje retratado, sus posibles antecedentes y el contexto de la deposición o consagración de sus representaciones.
Héroes, guerreros, caballeros, oligarcas: tres nuevos vasos singulares ibéricos procedentes de Libisosa
Authors: Uroz Rodríguez Héctor
Published: December 2013

El presente artículo se centra en la lectura iconográfica de un conjunto de vasos con decoración pintada figurada procedentes todos ellos de contextos cerrados del oppidum oretano de Libisosa, destruidos en el primer tercio del siglo I a.C. Con estas cerámicas, una aristocracia ibérica en avanzado estado de romanización pretende evocar un pasado remoto y heroico, basado en un ideal guerrero, como fundamento del nuevo linaje y como mecanismo de autoafirmación ante el nuevo orden romano.
Los Pasadizos Elevados entre la Mezquita y el Alcázar Omeya de Córdoba. Estudio arqueológico de los sābāṭāt
Authors: Pizarro Berengena Guadalupe
Published: December 2013

Entre todos los edificios que construyeron los musulmanes en la capital de al-Andalus uno de los que más han despertado el interés de la comunidad científica y de los propios cordobeses han sido los pasadizos elevados, en árabe sābāṭāt, que desde el siglo IX unieron la antigua Mezquita Mayor de la capital con el alcázar andalusí. Las recientes obras de infraestructura de la c/ Torrijos han sacado a la luz los cimientos de estos sābāṭāt, sobre los que tanto se ha especulado y que paradójicamente apenas se encontraban a escasos centímetros bajo el adoquinado de la calle actual.
Vestigios altomedievales procedentes de las aguas de Ibiza/Eivissa (Islas Baleares)
Authors: Heinrich Hermanns Marcus
Published: December 2013

Al referirse a la navegación medieval es casi un tópico hacer mención de la escasa información disponible, sobre todo si se compara con los hallazgos de época clásica. Se presenta en este estudio un almenar de bronce de época califal recuperado por un submarinista en un lugar de la costa occidental de la isla de Ibiza/Eivissa (Baleares), presentando al mismo tiempo también otros vestigios arqueológicos de época altomedieval de importancia marítima. En general, y no solo en lo relativo al Mediterráneo Occidental, las menciones sobre hallazgos arqueológicos submarinos relacionados con esta época son muy escasas y, salvo excepciones, poco reveladoras. Con la siguiente nota sobre un almenar de bronce el autor no presenta una excepción. Sin embargo, visto que se trata de una pieza singular vale la pena y el esfuerzo de situarla dentro de lo posible en su contexto histórico-arqueológico, aunque en realidad se trate de un hallazgo fortuito.
CIL, II²/5, 316 (Igabrum) y la cronología de los primeros flamines provinciales de la Bética
Authors: Goffaux Bertrand
Published: December 2013

A partir de una revisión de la tradición manuscrita, se propone una nueva lectura de la inscripción CIL, II²/5, 316, de Igabrum (Cabra, Córdoba), que se refiere a la carrera de un caballero de la Bética. Su cursus hubiera incluido un nivel local, como magistrado de la colonia Patricia, después del ejercicio de la praefectura fabrum y del tribunado militar de la legio VI Victrix, y antes de su elección al flaminado provincial. La presencia de una función a nivel local, después de la sucesión praefectus fabrum – tribuno militar, es típica de los tiempos de Augusto o de los Julio-Claudios, y lleva a una revisión de la fecha del documento que podría colocarse al final de la época Julio-Claudia, o muy temprano en la época Flavia. Esta nueva cronología requiere interrogarse acerca de los orígenes del flaminado provincial de la Bética, y volver a examinar los criterios que llevaron a situar su creación bajo los emperadores Flavios.
Dos inscripciones funerarias
Authors: Ordóñez Agulla Salvador
Published: December 2013

Se ofrece la edición completa de dos inscripciones funerarias procedentes del sur de la Península Ibérica, una de ellas de texto ya conocido (Hep 13, 260), procede de Chipiona (Cádiz); la otra, aún inédita, es de procedencia desconocida y se conserva en una colección particular.
Regulatory T Cells Shape the Resident Memory T Cell Response to Virus Infection in the Tissues
Authors: Graham Jessica B. , Da Costa Andreia , Lund Jennifer M.
Published: December 2013

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are well known for their role in dampening the immune responses to self-Ags and, thereby, limiting autoimmunity. However, they also must permit immune responses to occur against foreign infectious agents. Using a mouse model of West Nile virus infection, we examined the role of Tregs in the generation of effector and memory T cell responses in the secondary lymphoid organs, as well as the infected tissues. We found that Treg numbers and activation increased in both the secondary lymphoid organs and CNS postinfection. Using Foxp3DTR knock-in mice, we found that Treg-deficient mice had increased Ag-driven production of IFN-γ from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and CNS during the effector phase. In mice lacking Tregs, there were greater numbers of short-lived effector CD8+ T cells in the spleen during the peak of the immune response, but the memory CD8+ T cell response was impaired. Specifically, we demonstrate that Treg-dependent production of TGF-β results in increased expression of CD103 on CD8+ T cells, thereby allowing for a large pool of resident memory T cells to be maintained in the brain postinfection.
Membrane Transfer from Tumor Cells Overcomes Deficient Phagocytic Ability of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells for the Acquisition and Presentation of Tumor Antigens
Authors: Bonaccorsi Irene , Morandi Barbara , Antsiferova Olga , Costa Gregorio , Oliveri Daniela , Conte Romana , Pezzino Gaetana , Vermiglio Giovanna , Anastasi Giuseppe Pio , Navarra Giuseppe , Münz Christian , Di Carlo Emma , Mingari Maria Cristina , Ferlazzo Guido
Published: December 2013

The potential contribution of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the presentation of tumor cell Ags remains unclear, and some controversies exist with regard to the ability of pDCs to phagocytose cell-derived particulate Ags and cross-present them to MHC class I–restricted T lymphocytes. In this study, we show that human pDCs, although inefficient in the internalization of cell membrane fragments by phagocytosis, can efficiently acquire membrane patches and associated molecules from cancer cells of different histotypes. The transfer of membrane patches to pDCs occurred in a very short time and required cell-to-cell contact. Membrane transfer also included intact HLA complexes, and the acquired Ags could be efficiently recognized on pDCs by tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Remarkably, pDCs isolated from human colon cancer tissues displayed a strong surface expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule, indicating that the exchange of exogenous Ags between pDCs and tumor cells also can occur in vivo. These data demonstrate that pDCs are well suited to acquire membrane patches from contiguous tumor cells by a cell-to-cell contact–dependent mechanism that closely resembles “trogocytosis.” This phenomenon may allow pDCs to proficiently present tumor cell–derived Ags, despite limited properties of endophagocytosis.
GM-CSF Modulates Autoantibody Production and Skin Blistering in Experimental Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Authors: Samavedam Unni Krishna S. R. L. , Iwata Hiroaki , Müller Susen , Schulze Franziska S. , Recke Andreas , Schmidt Enno , Zillikens Detlef , Ludwig Ralf J.
Published: December 2013

GM-CSF activates hematopoietic cells and recruits neutrophils and macrophages to sites of inflammation. Inhibition of GM-CSF attenuates disease activity in models of chronic inflammatory disease. Effects of GM-CSF blockade were linked to modulation of the effector phase, whereas effects on early pathogenic events, for example, Ab production, have not been identified. To evaluate yet uncharacterized effects of GM-CSF on early pathogenic events in chronic inflammation, we employed immunization-induced epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), an autoimmune bullous disease caused by autoantibodies to type VII collagen. Compared to wild-type mice, upon immunization, GM-CSF−/− mice produced lower serum autoantibody titers, which were associated with reduced neutrophil numbers in draining lymph nodes. The same effect was observed in neutrophil-depleted wild-type mice. Neutrophil depletion in GM-CSF−/− mice led to a stronger inhibition, indicating that GM-CSF and neutrophils have additive functions. To characterize the contribution of GM-CSF specifically in the effector phase of EBA, disease was induced by transfer of anti–type VII collagen IgG into mice. We observed an increased GM-CSF expression, and GM-CSF blockade reduced skin blistering. Additionally, GM-CSF enhanced reactive oxygen species release and neutrophil migration in vitro. In immunization-induced murine EBA, treatment with anti–GM-CSF had a beneficial effect on established disease. We demonstrate that GM-CSF modulates both autoantibody production and skin blistering in a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease.
Identification of a Unique Hybrid Macrophage-Polarization State following Recovery from Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance
Authors: O’Carroll Christine , Fagan Ailís , Shanahan Fergus , Carmody Ruaidhrí J.
Published: December 2013

LPS tolerance is an essential immune-homeostatic response to repeated exposure to LPS that prevents excessive inflammatory responses. LPS tolerance induces a state of altered responsiveness in macrophages, resulting in repression of proinflammatory gene expression and increased expression of factors that mediate the resolution of inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional plasticity of macrophages following LPS tolerance using genome-wide transcriptional profiling. We demonstrate that LPS tolerance is a transient state and that the expression of proinflammatory genes is restored to levels comparable to the acute response to LPS. However, following recovery from LPS tolerance a number of genes remained locked in a tolerizable state, including IL-33, CD86, IL-10, and NFIL3. Furthermore, we identified of a number of genes uniquely induced following recovery from LPS tolerance. Thus, macrophages adopt a unique transcriptional profile following recovery from LPS tolerance and have a distinct expression pattern of regulators of Ag presentation, antiviral responses, and transcription factors. Our data suggest that recovery from LPS tolerance leads to a hybrid macrophage activation state that is proinflammatory and microbicidal in nature but that possesses a regulatory anti-inflammatory profile distinct from that of LPS-tolerant and LPS-activated macrophages.
Seasonal Variation in Flammability Characteristics of Quercus marilandica and Quercus stellata Leaf Litter Burned in the Laboratory
Authors: Weir John R. , Limb Ryan F.
Published: December 2013

Historically, the Cross Timbers forest of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Texas burned frequently. Fire managers in the region often have varied success when conducting prescribed fires, with one hypothesis being that fuel quality varies with litter age. This study was designed to determine the time-since-leaf-fall flammability characteristics of the two dominant tree species in the Cross Timbers, Quercus marilandica and Q. stellata. Principal components analysis indicated that the burn characteristics of both species are strongly influenced by time since the onset of leaf fall. The percent consumption of leaf litter and flame time of the two species began to diverge at 123 days after leaf fall and continued throughout the remainder of the study. There was no difference between the other flammability characteristics of ember time, total burn time, average temperature, and maximum temperature. Fuel consumption and fire behavior in hardwood leaf litter fuels can vary considerably, possibly as result of fuel mass loss from decomposition, which may due to a loss of flammable material. Our results show that the longer the time period from leaf fall to burn, the greater the change in burn characteristics of these two Quercus species. By identifying these similarities and differences between the leaf litter of dominant tree species, fire managers can adjust fire prescriptions to better meet burn objectives.
Factors affecting the atmospheric occurrence and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Galbán-Malagón C. J. , Del Vento S. , Cabrerizo A. , Dachs J.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, reach the Southern Ocean atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport. In this study we report the largest dataset available for the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs in the Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula from samples obtained during three cruises in 2005, 2008 and 2009. The gas phase concentrations of total PCBs (Σ25PCBs) ranged from 1 to 70 pg m−3, while the aerosol phase concentrations were significantly lower (0.04 to 0.4 pg m−3). The aerosol phase is enriched in the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the model predictions of gas-particle partitioning. There is a net air-to-water diffusive flux of PCBs to the Southern Ocean, up to 100 times higher than the dry deposition flux of aerosol-bound PCBs. The air-water disequilibrium is higher for the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the role of the biological pump removing PCBs from the water column by settling of PCBs bound to organic matter. The atmospheric half-lives of PCB 52 and 180 are of 3.8 and 1 days, respectively, as calculated from the measured atmospheric concentration and depositional fluxes. The volatilization of PCBs from Antarctic soils during the austral summer drives higher gas phase concentrations in the atmosphere over Antarctica during the warmer periods. This temperature dependence is not observed for PCBs over the adjacent Southern Ocean, probably due to the importance of long-range atmospheric transport and atmospheric deposition modulating the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs.
Diagnosing the average spatio-temporal impact of convective systems – Part 1: A methodology for evaluating climate models
Authors: Johnston M. S. , Eliasson S. , Eriksson P. , Forbes R. M. , Wyser K. , Zelinka M. D.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. An earlier method to determine the mean response of upper-tropospheric water to localised deep convective systems (DC systems) is improved and applied to the EC-Earth climate model. Following Zelinka and Hartmann (2009), several fields related to moist processes and radiation from various satellites are composited with respect to the local maxima in rain rate to determine their spatio-temporal evolution with deep convection in the central Pacific Ocean. Major improvements to the earlier study are the isolation of DC systems in time so as to prevent multiple sampling of the same event, and a revised definition of the mean background state that allows for better characterisation of the DC-system-induced anomalies. The observed DC systems in this study propagate westward at ~4 m s−1. Both the upper-tropospheric relative humidity and the outgoing longwave radiation are substantially perturbed over a broad horizontal extent and for periods >30 h. The cloud fraction anomaly is fairly constant with height but small maximum can be seen around 200 hPa. The cloud ice water content anomaly is mostly confined to pressures greater than 150 hPa and reaches its maximum around 450 hPa, a few hours after the peak convection. Consistent with the large increase in upper-tropospheric cloud ice water content, albedo increases dramatically and persists about 30 h after peak convection. Applying the compositing technique to EC-Earth allows an assessment of the model representation of DC systems. The model captures the large-scale responses, most notably for outgoing longwave radiation, but there are a number of important differences. DC systems appear to propagate eastward in the model, suggesting a strong link to Kelvin waves instead of equatorial Rossby waves. The diurnal cycle in the model is more pronounced and appears to trigger new convection further to the west each time. Finally, the modelled ice water content anomaly peaks at pressures greater than 500 hPa and in the upper troposphere between 250 hPa and 500 hPa, there is less ice than the observations and it does not persist as long after peak convection. The modelled upper-tropospheric cloud fraction anomaly, however, is of a comparable magnitude and exhibits a similar longevity as the observations.
Simulated impacts of mountain pine beetle and wildfire disturbances on forest vegetation composition and carbon stocks in the Southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Caldwell M. K. , Hawbaker T. J. , Briggs J. S. , Cigan P. W. , Stitt S.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Forests play an important role in sequestering carbon and offsetting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, but changing disturbance regimes may compromise the capability of forests to store carbon. In the Southern Rocky Mountains, a recent outbreak of mountain pine beetle (\\textit{Dendroctonus ponderosae}; MPB) has caused remarkable levels of tree mortality. To evaluate the long-term impacts of both this insect outbreak and another characteristic disturbance in these forests, high-severity wildfire, we simulated potential changes in species composition and carbon stocks using the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS). Simulations were completed for 3 scenarios (no disturbance, actual MPB infestation, and modeled wildfire) using field data collected in 2010 at 97 plots in the lodgepole-pine-dominated forests of eastern Grand County, Colorado, which were heavily impacted by MPB after 2002. Results of the simulations showed that (1) lodgepole pine remained dominant over time in all scenarios, with basal area recovering to pre-disturbance levels 70–80 yr after disturbance; (2) wildfire caused a greater magnitude of change than did MPB in both patterns of succession and distribution of carbon among biomass pools; (3) levels of standing-live carbon returned to pre-disturbance conditions after 40 vs. 50 yr following MPB vs. wildfire disturbance, respectively, but took 120 vs. 150 yr to converge with conditions in the undisturbed scenario. Lodgepole pine forests appear to be relatively resilient to both of the disturbances we modeled, although changes in climate, future disturbance regimes, and other factors may significantly affect future rates of regeneration and ecosystem response.
Earth System Models that simulate crops underestimate CO2 emissions from land use by neglecting soil disturbance due to cultivation
Authors: Levis S. , Hartman M. D. , Bonan G. B.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The Community Land Model (CLM) can simulate planting and harvesting of crops but does not include effects of cultivation on soil carbon decomposition. The biogeochemistry model DayCent does account for cultivation and provides a baseline for evaluating the CLM. With the goal of representing cultivation effects on soil carbon decomposition, we implemented the DayCent cultivation parameterization in the CLM and compared CLM and DayCent simulations at eight Midwestern United States sites with and without the cultivation parameterization. Cultivation decreases soil carbon by about 1350 g C m−2 in the CLM and 1660 g C m−2 in DayCent across the eight sites from first cultivation (early 1900s) to 2010. CLM crop simulations without cultivation have soil carbon gain, not loss, over this period, in contrast to the expected declining trends in agricultural soil carbon. A global cultivation simulation for 1973–2004 reduces ecosystem carbon by 0.4 Pg yr−1 over temperate corn, soybean, and cereal crop areas, which occupy approximately 1/3 of global crop area. Earth System Models may improve their atmospheric CO2 and soil carbon simulations by accounting for enhanced decomposition from cultivation.
Interferometric swath processing of Cryosat data for glacial ice topography
Authors: Gray L. , Burgess D. , Copland L. , Cullen R. , Galin N. , Hawley R. , Helm V.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We have derived digital elevation models (DEMs) over the western part of the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada, using "swath processing" of interferometric data collected by Cryosat between February 2011 and January 2012. With the standard ESA (European Space Agency) SARIn (synthetic aperture radar interferometry) level 2 (L2) data product, the interferometric mode is used to map the cross-track position and elevation of the "point-of-closest-approach" (POCA) in sloping glacial terrain. However, in this work we explore the extent to which the phase of the returns in the intermediate L1b product can also be used to map the heights of time-delayed footprints beyond the POCA. We show that there is a range of average cross-track slopes (~ 0.5 to ~ 2°) for which the returns will be dominated by those beneath the satellite in the main beam of the antenna so that the resulting interferometric phase allows mapping of heights in the delayed range window beyond the POCA. In this way a swath of elevation data is mapped, allowing the creation of DEMs from a sequence of L1b SARIn Cryosat data takes. Comparison of the Devon results with airborne scanning laser data showed a mean difference of order 1 m with a standard deviation of about 1 m. The limitations of swath processing, which generates almost 2 orders of magnitude more data than traditional radar altimetry, are explored through simulation, and the strengths and weaknesses of the technique are discussed.