bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel by Automatic and Manual Analysis Methods
Authors: Dunn Robert O.
Published: April 2010

Biodiesel from most common feedstocks has inferior cold flow properties compared to conventional diesel fuel. Blends with as little as 10 vol % biodiesel content typically have significantly higher cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) than No. 2 grade diesel fuel (DF2). Although PP and CFPP may be lowered by treating with cold flow improver additives, these additives do not reduce CP by more than 3–5°C. When stored in moderate temperature climates, biodiesel should be periodically monitored during cooler months. This work examines the use of automated ASTM test methods to reliably monitor CP, PP, and CFPP. Automated instruments have a number of advantages over manually operated apparatus, namely small sample volumes, consistency, speed of analysis, and accuracy of results. Some deviations in data from automated and manual techniques were observed across a diverse set of biodiesel samples. Biodiesel samples were analyzed by subambient differential scanning calorimetry performed at various heating and cooling scan rates for comparison with cold flow property results.
Parallelisierung rigoroser Streulicht-Simulationsalgorithmen für nanostrukturierte OberflächenParallelization of Rigorous Light Scattering Simulation Algorithms for Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Tausendfreund Andreas , Patzelt Stefan , Goch Gert
Published: April 2010

Streulicht-Messmethoden lassen sich auf Basis von Simulationen untersuchen und weiterentwickeln. Im Fall nanostrukturierter Oberflächen sind allerdings neue rigorose Verfahren und Simulationsalgorithmen für die Streulichtberechnung erforderlich. Existierende Ansätze erweisen sich aufgrund des hohen Rechenaufwands als ungeeignet. Z. B. führt die Diskrete-Dipol-Approximation zu Systemen aus vielen Millionen gekoppelter Gleichungen, welche nur mit erheblichem Aufwand lösbar sind. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Verfahren vor, das die Gleichungen entkoppelt und die entstehenden Teilsysteme parallel berechnet.
Modellgestützte Prozessplanung zur laserchemischen Herstellung von MikroumformwerkzeugenParameter and Path Planning for a Laser-Chemical Production of Micro-Forming Dies
Authors: Cuypers Pierre , Freyberg Axel v. , Goch Gert , Stephen Andreas , Vollertsen Frank
Published: April 2010

Zur Herstellung von Werkzeugen für das Mikro-Kaltumformen soll ein laserchemischer Prozess eingesetzt werden. Dieser Ätzprozess ist mittels Laser in der Lage, auch schwer zerspanbare Werkstoffe zu bearbeiten. Für seinen flexiblen Einsatz zur Herstellung qualitativ hochwertiger Produkte wurde eine prozessdiskrete Regelung entwickelt, die auf einem Modell des Materialabtrags in Abhängigkeit der Prozessparameter basiert. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der automatisierten Parameter- und Bahnplanung am Beispiel einer konvexen Verrundung der Kanten eines Mikro-Tiefziehrings vorgestellt.
(Pyrazinecarbonyl)hydrazones of heteroarenealdehydes: crystal structures formed from N—H···O, N—HN, C—H···O hydrogen-bonds, C—H···π and π···π interactions
Authors: Howie R. Alan , da Silva Lima Camilo H. , Kaiser Carlos R. , da Silva Marcele M. , de Souza Marcos V. N. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: April 2010

The molecules of the (pyrazinecarbonyl)hydrazones of the heterocyclic aldehydes RCHO with R = pyrrol-2-yl, furan-2-yl, thien-2-yl and pyridin-2-yl corresponding to compounds (2: X = NH), (2: X = O), (2: X = S)and 3, respectively, are formally rather similar. Despite this the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions show unexpectedly wide variation throughout the series. In 2 hydrogen-bonds link the planar molecules edge to edge to form chains or, in one case, planar ribbons while 3 exhibits zig-zag chain connectivity. Three-dimensional connectivity is attained by intermolecular hydrogen-bonds alone in ortho-(2: X = S), the orthorhombic polymorph of (2: X = S)and by intermolecular hydrogen-bonds combined with π···π interactions in (2: X = O) and 3. No more than two-dimensional layer connectivity is found in (2: X = NH) and the monoclinic polymorph, mono-(2: X = S) of (2: X = S).
Audit Reviewers’ Evaluation of Subordinates’ Work Quality
Authors: Tan Hun-Tong , Shankar Premila Gowri
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: Reviewers routinely assess the quality of preparers’ work as part of the quality control mechanism in the audit review process. We investigate whether reviewers’ assessment of preparers’ work quality is jointly influenced by their initial opinions on the audit task, the strength of the justification underlying the preparers’ conclusions, and the importance reviewers ascribe to whether subordinates’ work is aligned with the superiors’ preferences. We find that audit reviewers accord better (poorer) performance ratings to preparers’ justification memos with conclusions that are congruent (incongruent) with their initial opinions, with the opinion congruence effects being greater for memos with stronger justifications. These results are moderated by the extent to which reviewers believe that it is important for subordinates to align their work with the superior’s preferences. Opinion congruence effects for low alignment-importance reviewers are moderated by justification strength, but not for high alignment-importance reviewers.
Audit Office Size, Audit Quality, and Audit Pricing
Authors: Choi Jong-Hag , Kim Chansog (Francis) , Kim Jeong-Bon , Zang Yoonseok
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: Using a large sample of U.S. audit client firms over the period 2000–2005, this paper investigates whether and how the size of a local practice office within an audit firm (hereafter, office size) is a significant, engagement-specific factor determining audit quality and audit fees over and beyond audit firm size at the national level and auditor industry leadership at the city or office level. For our empirical tests, audit quality is measured by unsigned abnormal accruals, and the office size is measured in two different ways: one based on the number of audit clients in each office and the other based on a total of audit fees earned by each office. Our results show that the office size has significantly positive relations with both audit quality and audit fees, even after controlling for national-level audit firm size and office-level industry expertise. These positive relations support the view that large local offices provide higher-quality audits compared with small local offices, and that such quality differences are priced in the market for audit services.
Comparative electrooptic study of new orthoconic liquid crystals with fluorinated alkoxy terminal chains
Authors: Spadło A. , Otón E. , Dąbrowski R. , Żurowska M. , Otón J. , Bennis N.
Published: April 2010

Electrooptical properties of several new orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures with partially fluorinated alkoxyalkoxy terminal chains have been investigated in order to select the best mixture for display applications. Electrooptical studies have been performed on these orthoconic materials aiming at evaluating their static and dynamic performance under passive multiplexing conditions. A number of parameters have been evaluated, static and dynamic contrast, driving scheme for passive multiplexing, rise and fall response times, dynamic range, and dynamic greyscale.
Advantages of fluorescence over diffuse reflectance measurements tested in phantom experiments with dynamic inflow of ICG
Authors: Milej D. , Kacprzak M. , Żołek N. , Sawosz P. , Gerega A. , Maniewski R. , Liebert A.
Published: April 2010

Time-resolved measurements of diffuse reflectance and fluorescence were carried out using phantom with dynamic inflow of indocyanine green (ICG) in tubes located at different depths. Better sensitivity of fluorescence signals related to the inflow of the dye was observed in comparison to simultaneously acquired diffuse reflectance. Obtained results can be referred to results of in-vivo measurements. We have observed much larger amplitude of changes in relative number of detected photons, mean time of flight and variance of the distributions of times of arrival of fluorescence photons than amplitudes of respective parameters measured from diffuse reflectance distributions of times of flight of photons. The constructed phantom allows us to study influence of concentration of the dye in the tube and the surrounding medium as well as temporal relation between appearance of the boli in deeper and superficial tube. Results of the study were used in optimization of the time-resolved multichannel system for simultaneous monitoring of fluorescence and reflectance.
Foot and Ankle Characteristics in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Case Control and Reliability Study
Authors: Barton Christian J. , Bonanno Daniel , Levinger Pazit , Menz Hylton B.
Published: April 2010

Study Design

Case-control and reliability study.

Objectives

To compare foot and ankle characteristics between individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) and to identify reliable weight-bearing foot and ankle measurements for use in future research on PFPS.

Background

PFPS is a common presentation to sports medicine and orthopaedic clinics. Characteristics of the foot and ankle are often linked with PFPS development, although evidence to support this link is equivocal and there is a lack of consensus on how best to evaluate these characteristics.

Methods

A variety of weight-bearing foot and ankle measurements were evaluated by 3 raters of varying experience in 20 individuals with PFPS and 20 controls matched by age, sex, height, and body mass. Between-group comparisons were made for each measurement using data from an experienced podiatrist blinded to group assignment of the participants. Intrarater and interrater reliability was compared between all measurements using the first 15 participants from each group.

Results

Between-group comparisons showed that the individuals in the PFPS group had a more pronated foot posture when assessed by the foot posture index and longitudinal arch angle, and for all measurements relative to subtalar joint neutral. Foot posture index, normalized navicular drop, and calcaneal angle relative to subtalar joint neutral measurements also possessed high reliability in both groups when used by experienced raters. Reliability was not influenced by rater experience or the presence of PFPS for relaxed-stance foot posture measurements. Both tester inexperience and the presence of PFPS reduced reliability for all measurements of foot posture relative to subtalar joint neutral and measurement of weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion.

Conclusion

The foot posture index, normalized navicular drop, and calcaneal angle relative to subtalar joint neutral are all reliable and sensitive to group differences when used in a population with PFPS. Individuals with PFPS possess a more pronated foot posture and increased foot mobility compared to controls. Prospective evaluation of these measurements is now required to determine whether they contribute to the development of PFPS. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):286–296. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3227
The Immediate Effects of Atlanto-occipital Joint Manipulation and Suboccipital Muscle Inhibition Technique on Active Mouth Opening and Pressure Pain Sensitivity Over Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Masticatory Muscles
Authors: Oliveira-CampelO Natalia M. , Rubens-Rebelatto José , MartÍn-Vallejo Francisco J. , Alburquerque-SendÍn Francisco , Fernádez-de-las-Peñas César
Published: April 2010

Design

A randomized controlled trial.

Objective

To investigate the immediate effects on pressure pain thresholds over latent trigger points (TrPs) in the masseter and temporalis muscles and active mouth opening following atlanto-occipital joint thrust manipulation or a soft tissue manual intervention targeted to the suboccipital muscles.

Background

Previous studies have described hypoalgesic effects of neck manipulative interventions over TrPs in the cervical musculature. There is a lack of studies analyzing these mechanisms over TrPs of muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve.

Methods

One hundred twenty-two volunteers, 31 men and 91 women, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with latent TrPs in the masseter muscle, were randomly divided into 3 groups: a manipulative group who received an atlanto-occipital joint thrust, a soft tissue group who received an inhibition technique over the suboccipital muscles, and a control group who did not receive an intervention. Pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles, and active mouth opening were assessed pretreatment and 2 minutes posttreatment by a blinded assessor. Mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the effects of interventions on each outcome, with group as the between-subjects variable and time as the within-subjects variable. The primary analysis was the group-by-time interaction.

Results

The 2-by-3 mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant group-by-time interaction for changes in pressure pain thresholds over masseter (P<.01) and temporalis (P = .003) muscle latent TrPs and also for active mouth opening (P<.001) in favor of the manipulative and soft tissue groups. Between-group effect sizes were small.

Conclusions

The application of an atlanto-occipital thrust manipulation or soft tissue technique targeted to the suboccipital muscles led to an immediate increase in pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles and an increase in maximum active mouth opening. Nevertheless, the effects of both interventions were small and future studies are required to elucidate the clinical relevance of these changes.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):310–317. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3257
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in the Development of Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Changes in Biochemical Markers Related to Postexercise Recovery
Authors: Leal Ernesto Cesar Pinto , Lopes-Martins Rodrigo ÁLvaro BrandÃo , Frigo Lucio , De Marchi Thiago , Rossi Rafael Paolo , de Godoi Vanessa , Tmazoni Shaiane Silvato , Silva Daniela Perin , Basso Maira , Filho Pedro Lotti , de Valls Corsetti Francisco , Iversen Vegard V. , Bjordal Jan Magnus
Published: April 2010

Study Design

Randomized crossover double-blinded placebo-controlled trial.

Objective

To investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can affect biceps muscle performance, fatigue development, and biochemical markers of postexercise recovery.

Bcakground

Cell and animal studies have suggested that LLLT can reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in muscle tissue. But it remains uncertain whether these findings can translate into humans in sport and exercise situations.

Methods

Nine healthy male volleyball players participated in the study. They received either active LLLT (cluster probe with 5 laser diodes; λ = 810 nm; 200 mW power output; 30 seconds of irradiation, applied in 2 locations over the biceps of the nondominant arm; 60 J of total energy) or placebo LLLT using an identical cluster probe. The intervention or placebo were applied 3 minutes before the performance of exercise. All subjects performed voluntary elbow flexion repetitions with a workload of 75% of their maximal voluntary contraction force until exhaustion.

Results

Active LLLT increased the number of repetitions by 14.5% (mean ± SD, 39.6 ± 4.3 versus 34.6 ± 5.6; P = .037) and the elapsed time before exhaustion by 8.0% (P = .034), when compared to the placebo treatment. The biochemical markers also indicated that recovery may be positively affected by LLLT, as indicated by postexercise blood lactate levels (P<.01), creatine kinase activity (P = .017), and C-reactive protein levels (P = .047), showing a faster recovery with LLLT application prior to the exercise.

Conclusion

We conclude that pre-exercise irradiation of the biceps with an LLLT dose of 6 J per application location, applied in 2 locations, increased endurance for repeated elbow flexion against resistance and decreased postexercise levels of blood lactate, creatine kinase, and C-reactive protein.

Level of Evidence

Performance enhancement, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(8):524–532. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3294
A Psychometric Investigation of Fear-Avoidance Model Measures in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: George Steven Z. , Valencia Carolina , Beneciuk Jason M.
Published: April 2010

Study Design

Validity and test-retest reliability of questionnaires related to the fear-avoidance model (FAM).

Objectives

To investigate test-retest reliability, construct redundancy, and criterion validity for 4 commonly used FAM measures.

Background

Few studies have reported psychometric properties for more than 2 FAM measures within the same cohort, making it difficult to determine which specific measures should be implemented in outpatient physical therapy settings.

Methods

Fifty-three consecutive patients (mean age, 44.3 ± 18.5 years) with chronic low back pain participated in this study. Data were collected with validated measures for FAM constructs, including the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, and Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Validated measures were used to investigate criterion validity of the FAM measures, including the Patient Health Questionnaire for depression, the numerical rating scale for pain intensity, the Physical Impairment Scale for physical impairment, and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire for self-report of disability. Test-retest reliability of the FAM measures was determined with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2, 1) for total questionnaire scores at baseline and 48 hours later. Construct redundancy was determined with Pearson correlation coefficients for FAM measures. Criterion validity was assessed by 4 separate multiple regression models that included age, sex, and employment status as covariates. Depression, pain intensity, physical impairment, and disability were the dependent variables for these analyses.

Results

Test-retest ICC coefficients ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 for all FAM questionnaires. The FAM measures were significantly correlated with each other, with the only exception being that the FPQ was not correlated with the FABQ work scale. In the multiple regression models, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale contributed additional variance to depression. The FABQ physical activity scale contributed additional variance to pain intensity and disability. The FABQ work scale contributed additional variance to physical impairment and disability. No other FAM measures contributed to these regression models.

Conclusion

These data suggest that 4 commonly used FAM measures have similar test-retest reliability, with varying amounts of construct redundancy. The criterion validity analyses suggest that measurement of fear-avoidance constructs for patients seeking outpatient physical therapy with chronic low back pain should include the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the FABQ. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):197–205. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3298
Postoperative Rehabilitation Following Lumbar Discectomy With Quantification of Trunk Muscle Morphology and Function: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hebert Jeffrey J. , Marcus Robin L. , Koppenhaver Shane L. , Fritz Julie M.
Published: April 2010

Study Design

A case report and literature review.

Background

Optimizing clinical outcomes following lumbar disc surgery is a research priority; however, relatively little attention has been paid to the postoperative management of this population. The transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles appear to play a unique role in lumbar spine stability, and may relate to clinical outcome following lumbar disc surgery. The purpose of this case report was to describe the preoperative LM morphology, clinical outcome, and change in transversus abdominis and LM muscle activation in a patient following lumbar disc surgery and motor control exercise initiated in the early postoperative period.

Case Description

A 29-year-old female underwent an 8-week postoperative rehabilitation program emphasizing motor control exercises to restore trunk muscle function 10 days following lumbar disc surgery.

Outcomes

The patient experienced clinically important improvements in pain and disability following the postoperative rehabilitation program. Substantial improvements in muscle activation were observed of the transversus abdominis and the LM at the L4-5 level. Minimal change in LM activation and a higher proportion of intramuscular fat was observed at the L5-S1 level.

Discussion

This case report represents limited evidence regarding the feasibility of instituting a rehabilitation program in the early postoperative period following lumbar disc surgery. Improvements in clinical status and muscle function were observed, and a differential change in muscle activation between the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels was noted. The literature regarding rehabilitation following lumbar disc surgery, as well as the neuro-muscular changes observed in this population, was reviewed. Additionally, a novel method of examining LM morphology was described and suggestions were made for directions of future research.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(7):402–412. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3332
Maternal weight and body composition in the first trimester of pregnancy
Authors: FATTAH CHRO , FARAH NADINE , BARRY SINEAD C , O'CONNOR NORAH , STUART BERNARD , TURNER MICHAEL J
Published: April 2010

Objective. Previous studies on weight gain in pregnancy suggested that maternal weight on average increased by 0.5–2.0 kg in the first trimester of pregnancy. This study examined whether mean maternal weight or body composition changes in the first trimester of pregnancy. Design. Prospective observational study. Population. We studied 1,000 Caucasian women booking for antenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy. Setting. Large university teaching hospital. Methods. Maternal height and weight were measured digitally in a standardized way and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Maternal body composition was measured using segmental multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Sonographic examination confirmed the gestational age and a normal ongoing singleton pregnancy in all subjects. Main outcome measures. Maternal weight, maternal body composition. Results. The mean BMI was 25.7 kg/m2 and 19.0% of the women were in the obese category (≥30.0 kg/m2). Cross‐sectional analysis by gestational age showed that there was no change in mean maternal weight, BMI, total body water, fat mass, fat‐free mass or bone mass before 14 weeks gestation. Conclusions. Contrary to previous reports, mean maternal weight and mean body composition values remain unchanged in the first trimester of pregnancy. This has implications for guidelines on maternal weight gain during pregnancy. We also recommend that calculation of BMI in pregnancy and gestational weight gain should be based on accurate early pregnancy measurements, and not on self‐reported or prepregnancy measurements.
Preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization of hypervascular metastatic tumors of long bones
Authors: Kwon Jae Hyun , Shin Ji Hoon , Kim Jin-Hyoung , Gwon Dong-Il , Yoon Hyun Ki , Ko Gi-Young , Sung Kyu Bo , Song Ho-Young
Published: April 2010

Background: Complete resection of hypervascular metastatic tumors is often complicated by massive intraoperative blood loss.

Purpose: To assess the technical success and clinical effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of hypervascular metastatic tumors of long bones to reduce blood loss during orthopedic surgery.

Material and Methods: From January 2000 to September 2009, 25 patients (M:F=13:12; mean age 58.3 years) were treated with TAE of metastatic bone tumors before elective, orthopedic surgery. In all cases, the indication for TAE was preoperative devascularization. Technical success, defined as obliteration of tumor staining to 70% or more, requirement for red blood cell transfusion within 24 h following surgery, and hematologic parameters, i.e. the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts before and after surgery, were obtained.

Results: The technical success rate was 96% (24/25 patients). Gelatin sponge particles ( n=21) or polyvinyl alcohol particles ( n=4) were used as embolic materials. The mean amount of red blood cell transfusion within the 24 h following surgery was 1.91 units (range 0–6) in the 23 patients with technically successful TAE and who underwent surgery within 3 days after TAE. In 22 patients with technically successful TAE and available hematologic data, the mean gaps in the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte counts before and after operation were 1.22 g/dl, 4.07%, and 0.45×106/mm3, respectively.

Conclusion: Preoperative TAE is technically successful and clinically effective to minimize intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in patients with hypervascular metastasis to long bones.
Reaction of Arachis Germplasm to Peanut Stripe, Peanut Mottle and Tomato Spotted Wilt Viruses1
Authors: Prasada Rao R. D. V. J. , Ribeiro G. P. , Pittman R. , Reddy D. V. R. , Demski J. W.
Published: April 2010

Arachis spp. PI 262794, 262817, 421707, 468141, 468144, 468170, 468174, 468345, 468363, 468366, 468370 and 468371 were resistant to mechanical infection with peanut mottle (PMV), peanut stripe (PStV) and tomato spotted wilt viruses(TSWV). PI 262817, 421707 and 468363 (all in the section Rhizomatosae) did not show infection after graft inoculation with tissue singly infected with either PMV, PStV or TSWV. When three scions, each infected with one of the viruses, were grafted on the same plant, only PI 262817 remained virus free.
Effect of Dinitroaniline Herbicides upon Yield and Grade of Five Runner Cultivars1
Authors: Grichar W. James , Colburn A. Edwin
Published: April 2010

Five runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were treated with four dinitroaniline herbicide treatments or a postemergence herbicide treatment to determine the effect on pod yield and grade, percentage sound mature kernels + sound splits (SMK+SS). No yield differences due to the dinitroaniline herbicide treatments were noted in the three year study. Southern Runner and GK-7 were higher in yield in one of the three test years, however, no cultivar yield differences were noted in the other two years. Grades were lower with pendimethalin in the three years; grades of trifluralin, ethalfluralin and benefin-treated peanuts were variable from year to year.
A Note on the Earliness of Offspring from Crosses Among Five Short Growth-Duration Peanut Lines1
Authors: N'Doye O. , Smith O. D.
Published: April 2010

Short growing seasons, such as those that occur in semi-arid regions of West Africa, prevent peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) from maturing properly. Immature fruit lowers peanut quality and yield, and enhances growth of toxin-producing molds during storage. Germplasm with expressed accelerated development for use as parents in developing early maturing (75 day) cultivars suited for production in those regions is limited. Information on the genetic variability for earliness among the very early maturing candidate parental lines is lacking. Five erect, early maturing peanut lines of diverse origin were crossed in diallel; and parent, F1, and F2 generation progeny from plantings on four dates were compared. Measures were made on a plant basis for the number of days from planting to emergence (DEMR), number of days to first (DONE), fifth (DFIV), tenth (DTEN), fifteenth (DFIFT), twentieth (DTWEN), and twenty-fifth (DTW5) flower; and, following early digging, for number of full-size pods (FULL), number of mature pods (NUMP), and percent mature pods (%MP). F2 segregates that emerged and flowered earlier than parental and F1 plants were noted. Coefficients of correlation for DEMR and flowers DONE to DTW5 with FULL, NUMP, and %MP were negative; the association being stronger with FULL and NUMP than with %MP. R values were highest for DTW5 with FULL and NUMP, and decreased progressively with lower flower numbers (longer time intervals between measures) which indicated that the developmental rate was not consistent among genotypes. Mean broad sense heritability estimates for the traits examined ranged from 36 to 45%. H estimates for specific reproductive stages on individual crosses ranged from 4 to 65%, but for no cross were the H values consistently high for all measures. Both general and specific combining abilities were insignificant. The frequency of F2 plants with FULL and NUMP extending the range of their parents was low. Opportunity for selection of recombinants that would produce large numbers of full-size and mature pods faster than that of the parental lines might be possible in some of the crosses. The extent of potential decrease in growth duration could not be estimated from this study.
Further Studies On The Inheritance Of Fatty Acid Composition In Peanut1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Moore K. M. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: April 2010

Oleic and linoleic acid together constitute about 80% of the fatty acid composition in peanut oil. Increasing the ratio of oleic to linoleic acid will improve the keeping quality of peanut oil. A University of Florida breeding line, designated F435, averages 80% oleic acid and 2% linoleic acid. Initial genetic studies of this fatty acid composition showed that a single recessive gene controlled the trait in two genetic backgrounds and a second recessive gene was necessary for expression in a third background. Further studies have shown monogenic inheritance in 12 parental backgrounds and digenic inheritance in one background. This suggests that either one of the two recessive genes may be common in peanut germplasm, and that crosses could be expected to segregate in simple monogenic ratios. When the proportion of genes from F435 is reduced through backcrossing to less than 0.8%, fatty acid composition remains similar to the original F435 line. Organoleptic and agronomic characteristics do not appear affected by the fatty acid composition change. Given the simple inheritance, lack of background genetic effects, and lack of apparent undesirable linkages, incorporation of high oleic acid into peanut cultivars should be straightforward.
Isozyme Analyses of Arachis Species and Interspecific Hybrids1
Authors: Lacks G. D. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

To better estimate diversity within the cultivated peanut, germplasm representing 33 South American peanut accessions from six countries was evaluated for isozyme polymorphisms. Only three of 18 isozymes—glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) — were consistently variant, each displaying two banding patterns. The variant banding patterns were observed in 18, 9, and 9% of the genotypes for GOT, IDH, and PHI, respectively. Isozyme variation in A. hypogaea could not be associated with subspecies or botanical variety. Thirty interspecific hybrids and their parents were also evaluated for isozyme polymorphisms. Flower tissues showed variations for the following isozymes: alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), arginine aminopeptidase (AMP), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and phosphohexose isomerase (PHI). A specific PHI band pattern was observed in all three hybrid lines with early leafspot resistance, as well as three of the four lines associated with high yield. For seed tissue, the absence of a fast-moving leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) band was associated with three of the four high-yielding lines. A comparison of flower and seed isozyme banding patterns revealed that the banding pattern was different for GOT, IDH, LAP, MDH, and PHI. IDH and MDH were variant in seeds but not flowers, and GOT was more polymorphic in flowers than seeds. The investigation indicates that isozymes may serve as molecular markers for interspecific hybrid identification and gene introgression to the A. hypogaea genome, and possibly for identifying lines with useful resistances.
Spotted Wilt Apparent Disease Progress in the Component Lines of Southern Runner Cultivar
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Gorbet D. W. , Demski J. W.
Published: April 2010

The apparent disease progress of spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt virus, was monitored in the three component lines of Southern Runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), and in cultivars Southern Runner, Florunner and GK-7 in the field in 1990-1992. In all three years, final incidence and area under the disease progress curves were similar among Southern Runner and all three component lines. Final incidence of spotted wilt in Southern Runner and all component lines was less than for Florunner in all three years. AUDPC values were lower in Southern Runner and two of the three component lines than in Florunner. Incidence and AUDPC of spotted wilt in GK-7 was intermediate between Florunner and Southern Runner and its individual components. Disease increase was linear in all component lines and cultivars. Rate of disease progress was similar among Southern Runner and the three component lines. Disease progressed more slowly in Southern Runner and the component lines than in Florunner.
Components of Resistance to an Indian Source of Cercospora Arachidicola in Selected Peanut Lines1
Authors: Waliyar F. , McDonald D. , Subba Rao P. V. , Reddy P. M.
Published: April 2010

Cercospora arachidicola Hori is one of the most important foliar pathogens worldwide that limits peanut production in farmers' fields. Earlier screening trials allowed us to identify lines with field resistance to early leafspot. In order to determine the components of resistance of these lines and other lines reported to be resistant elsewhere, 19 peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) were evaluated by the detached leaf technique using an isolate of Cercospora arachidicola from the ICRISAT Center in India. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all components of resistance included in the study. With a few exceptions, early leafspot- resistant genotypes (ICG nos. 8298, 6902, 6284, 1703, 10900, 7878, 9989 and 10920) exhibited longer incubation periods, reduced sporulation, smaller lesion diameters and lower infection frequencies than susceptible lines. Genotypes ICG 8298 and ICG 6902 were the most resistant, while ICG nos. 221, 7827 and 6340 were the most susceptible to early leafspot. A few lines had resistant reactions to some components but susceptibility to others.
DPX-PE350 for Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Jordan David L. , Wilcut John W. , Richburg John S.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted in 1991 and 1992 in Georgia to determine the efficacy of DPX-PE350 when applied either preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), and early postemergence (EPOST) at rates of 40, 80, or 120 g ae ha-1 for weed control in peanut. Species evaluated included coffee senna [Cassia occidentalis (L.)], Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.], prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), smallflower morningglory [Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.], sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). Sicklepod was controlled better with either PPI or PRE applications than with EPOST. Coffee senna control was more consistent with DPX-PE350 applied EPOST. DPX-PE350 controlled prickly sida and smallflower morningglory regardless of application method and rate. DPX-PE350 did not control Florida beggarweed when soil applied. PPI applications were more injurious to peanut than PRE or EPOST applications. Peanut yields tended to decrease as DPX-PE350 rates increased.
Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Pod Damage, Disease Incidence, and Yield in Two Peanut Fungicide Programs1
Authors: Chapin J. W. , Thomas J. S.
Published: April 2010

The benefits of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) soil insecticide treatment in standard (chlorothalonil) and developmental (tebuconazole) peanut fungicide programs were compared in five field tests over a 3-yr period. Chlorpyrifos treatment reduced incidence of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and insect pod injury, while increasing yield in the standard fungicide program. In contrast, chlorpyrifos treatment did not measurably affect stem rot incidence or yield in the tebuconazole program, and insect pod injury was reduced in only one of three years. Tebuconazole reduced Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani AG-4) and stem rot incidence, and decreased pod injury relative to the standard chlorothalonil program. Tebuconazole increased yield 804 kg/ha (716 lb/ac) over the standard fungicide. Chlorpyrifos increased yield 503 kg/ha (448 lb/ac) for a net return of $315/ha ($128/ac) in the standard fungicide program. However, in the developmental program, chlorpyrifos increased yield only 79 kg/ha (70 lb/ac) for a net return of -$2/ha (-$1/ac). Labeling of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor (EBI) fungicides such as tebuconazole would significantly affect peanut insect management in some production areas by reducing the economic incentive for preventative treatments of organophosphate insecticides.
Evaluation of Field Inoculation Techniques for Screening Peanut Genotypes for Reaction to Preharvest A. flavus Group Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination1
Authors: Will M. E. , Holbrook C. C. , Wilson D. M.
Published: April 2010

Efforts are being made to screen peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for resistance to invasion of seed by the Aspergillus flavus (Link ex Fries) group fungi and subsequent contamination by aflatoxins. Field inoculation studies are needed to develop reliable screening techniques that insure infection of susceptible peanut seed by the A. flavus group fungi and minimize the number of escapes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of A. parasiticus (Speare) inoculum formulation and timing of application on shell and seed colonization and aflatoxin contamination. Soil population densities of A. flavus and plant survival were also measured. Plots were inoculated using various rates either at-plant or at mid-bloom of an organic-matrix infested with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999, and/or using an aqueous conidial suspension of the fungus. Mid-bloom inoculation produced an increase of A. flavus group population densities in the soil. There were no statistical differences between treatments in aflatoxin content, or colonization of shells or seed. At-plant inoculation was associated with reduced plant emergence or survival. Inoculation at mid-bloom with the organic-matrix resulted in peanuts that ranked high in aflatoxin content. There were no correlations between aflatoxin content, colonization of seed or shells, and population densities of A. flavus in soil. Inoculation at mid-bloom with the organic-matrix, resulting in greater soil population densities and relatively higher aflatoxin levels, was an effective method to use in screening for resistance to invasion by A. flavus group fungi and contamination by aflatoxins.
Chloroacetamide Herbicides and Chlorimuron Do Not Predispose Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) to Stem Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)1
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Brenneman Timothy B. , Mullinix Benjamin G.
Published: April 2010

Field studies were conducted from 1991 through 1993 at Plains, GA to determine the effect of chloroacetamide herbicides and chlorimuron on incidence of stem rot in peanut. The experimental site had a cropping history of more than 25 yr in continuous plantings of peanut and extremely high incidence of stem rot. Incidence of stem rot and peanut yield were not affected (P≤0.05) by chloroacetamide herbicides in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Chlorimuron applied 60 d after emergence had no effect on stem rot incidence or peanut yield. Paired plots treated with thifluzamide had very low stem rot incidence and 27% greater peanut yields. Based on these studies, neither chloroacetamide herbicides nor chlorimuron predisposed peanut to stem rot.
A Visual Method of Determining Maturity of Shelled Peanuts1
Authors: Rucker K. S. , Kvien C. K. , Vellidis G. , Hill N. S. , Sharpe J. K.
Published: April 2010

To assess maturity distributions of shelled-stock peanut lots, a method was developed to characterize peanut kernels into one of three possible maturity classes based on testa texture and color and kernel shape. Kernels having testa with longitudinal wrinkles, a raisin-like texture, light color and slightly elongated shape were classed Immature and predominately were shelled from pods in the Hull-Scrape categories White, Yellow I, and early-Yellow II. Kernels with a smooth testa, pink to dark pink and with a more rounded appearance were classed Mid-mature and predominately were shelled from pods in the late-Yellow II, Orange, and early-Brown Hull-Scrape classes. Kernels with a waffle-like surface texture, dark pink to brown testa, and a more rounded appearance were classed as Mature, and predominately were shelled from pods in the mid-and late-Brown and the Black Hull-Scrape categories. Attempts to automate the system using color alone were unsuccessful; to be a reliable maturity sorting technique, both testa texture and color pattern had to be considered.
A Note on Use of Seed Protein Markers for Identification of Aflatoxin Resistance in Peanut1
Authors: Bianchi-Hall C. M. , Keys R. D. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Fungi in the genus Aspergillus produce aflatoxins which are a group of toxic secondary metabolites. Fungal invasion of peanut seed and subsequent aflatoxin production can occur before or during harvest as well as during storage. Because storage proteins comprise a large percentage of the peanut seed, this study attempted to associate protein markers with previously reported aflatoxin-resistant genotypes. Variation was observed among 24 genotypes for electrophoretic banding patterns, but it was not possible to correlate the presence or absence of specific bands with aflatoxin resistance.
Forage Potential of Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Gorbet D. W. , Stanley R. L. , Knauft D. A.
Published: April 2010

Livestock production enterprises in the southern USA depend primarily on forage for feed. With the development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines with good late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton) resistance in the Florida breeding program, studies were initiated in 1983 at Marianna to evaluate their forage potential. Peanut breeding lines were grown without fungicide applications for leaf spot control and cuttings were made to evaluate forage production. Two forage cuttings were compared to a single cutting or harvest for each genotype. Pod yields were taken at the end of each season. Some lines produced dry matter forage yields exceeding 9000 kg ha-1 with two cuttings, with some single harvest yields exceeding 7000 kg ha-1. Significant differences were observed among genotypes, years, and forage harvest treatments. Two cuttings always produced the greatest forage yield but reduced pod yields as much as 50% for some entries. Some genotypes produced pod yields of 4000 kg ha-1 with the single forage harvest. Crude protein values for the forage were generally higher for two cuttings (14.0 − 19.6%), as compared to the single cutting or harvest (12.5 − 15.1%). In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) ranged from 59.6 − 72% for forage samples. These protein and digestibility values compare favorably to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial rhizoma peanut cultivars of A. glabrata Benth.
Comparison of Selected High Oleic Acid Breeding Lines, Florunner and NC 7 Cultivars for Roasted Peanut, Sweet and Other Sensory Attribute Intensities1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Knauft D. A.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding lines with the high oleic fatty acid trait, acceptable yield, and acceptable grade have shelf-life quality characteristics that are much better than existing cultivars, however, the effects of this changed fatty acid composition on peanut sensory attributes are not known. Sensory evaluation of roasted-peanut paste from four high oleic acid breeding lines (F1250, F1315, F1316, F1334), Florunner, and NC 7 indicates that improvement in fatty acid composition of peanut lines does not appear to be associated with changes in roasted peanut attribute intensity. The breeding lines had similar attribute intensity to an accepted industry standard, Florunner, and were significantly better than NC 7 (4.4–4.8 vs. 3.9, respectively). F1316 and F1334 had higher (though not significantly higher) roasted peanut intensities than the other high oleic acid breeding lines (4.8 vs. 4.4–4.7, respectively). Comparisons for other sensory attributes, fruity, sweet, bitter, stale, painty, tongue/throat burn, astringent, woody/hulls/skins, and sour were not significantly different from Florunner or NC 7.
Evaluation of Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Several Potentially Resistant Peanut Genotypes1
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Holbrook C. C. , Wilson D. M. , Matheron M. E.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is susceptible to aflatoxin contamination when pods are developing under drought conditions in the field. The development of cultivars which resist preharvest aflatoxin contamination would be advantageous, but has been limited by the lack of genes for resistance. Several genotypes have been suggested as potential sources of resistance. Conflicting results have been reported on how useful this resistance may be, and some of these sources have never been specifically examined for resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin contamination under drought stressed conditions in potentially resistant peanut genotypes. Twelve peanut genotypes were planted in a randomized complete-block design in field plots in Yuma, AZ in 1991 and 1992. Ten of these genotypes were also planted in a randomized complete-block design in field plots in Tifton, GA in 1992. All plots were inoculated with Aspergillus inoculum and were subjected to 40 to 50 d of drought stress immediately prior to harvest. After harvest, aflatoxin contamination (ppb) of seed was measured. None of the genotypes included in this study were more resistant (P≤0.05) to preharvest aflatoxin contamination than Florunner. The results of this study indicate that it would be desirable to identify higher levels of resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination in peanut.