bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in bibliographic information associated with Korean scientific journals from 2011 to 2019
Authors: Seo Yoon Joo , Cho Hye-Min , Huh Sun
Published: February 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to examine how the bibliographic information of 558 journals that applied for the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies funding in 2011 changed from 2011 to 2019, with the goal of informing the development of Korean scientific journals.Methods: Between May and October 2012, bibliographic information from 558 journals was obtained from PDF files for the print versions of one issue of 2011 and the journal homepages. In August 2019, the bibliographic information of the same journals was traced based only on the journal websites. We compared bibliographic information.Results: Excluding 14 journals that were discontinued or integrated with other journals prior to the follow-up in 2019, 544 journals were compared. Over the 8-year period, 121 journals underwent title changes. The number of journals with eISSNs (electronic International Standard Serial Number) increased from 214 (39.3%) in 2011 to 488 (89.7%) in 2019. “Aims and scope” descriptions were found for 291 journals (53.5%) in 2011 and 482 (88.6%) in 2019. The number of English-only journals increased from 163 (30.0%) to 227 (41.7%), and the number of journals with an open access policy rose from 92 (16.9%) to 315 (57.9%). Journals with DOI (digital object identifier) prefixes increased from 256 (47.1%) to 536 (98.5%).Conclusion: The increased frequency of the above bibliographic information is evidence of the globalization of local journals. However, even in 2019, some journals still lacked the necessary bibliographic information. For better dissemination and promotion of Korean scientific journals, editors and publishers should more critically consider the proper inclusion of information on journal websites.
Compliance of “Principles of transparency and best practice in scholarly publishing” in Korean academic society-published journals listed in Journal Citation Reports
Authors: Choi Ye Jin , Choi Hyung Wook , Kim Soon
Published: February 2020

Purpose: The “Principles of transparency and best practice in scholarly publishing” are of increasing importance in an open science environment as a way to increase the transparency and quality of academic society journals. However, little previous research has investigated the application of this new guideline in practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree to which this guideline is being applied by Korean academic society– published journals listed in Journal Citation Reports.Methods: The researchers investigated the homepages of 59 Korean academic society– published journals to evaluate whether they had adopted the 33 items listed in the guideline. Based on the information available on the journals’ homepages, each item was classified as ‘yes’ or ‘no’ within the four categories of basic journal information, publication ethics, copyright and archiving information, and profit model.Results: The basic journal information category was generally well-practiced, with the exceptions of the peer review process, readership, and author fees. The copyright and licensing information category was also well-practiced, with the exception of policies on posting accepted articles with third parties and archiving items. However, most items in the publication ethics category were not well practiced, with the exception of authorship and intellectual property. All items in the profit model category were infrequently implemented.Conclusion: These findings serve as a good indicator for Korean journal editors of areas for improvement. It may be helpful to review journals’ publication policies and homepages to comply with international publishing standards.
Analysis of Korean journals rejected by Scopus since 2011
Authors: Jang Hyunju
Published: February 2020

This paper aims to provide publishers and societies who plan to apply for their journals to be listed in Scopus with critical guidelines to evaluate their performance from an objective, globally-informed perspective. It presents a qualitative case study of how applications of Korean journals to Scopus have been evaluated over a 9-year period (2011–2019). A content analysis was conducted of 106 applications that were rejected by the Content Selection and Advisory Board, according to a combination of 14 quantitative and qualitative selection criteria. This case study was used to categorize instances of failure and to illustrate practical strategies for local journals to use when applying to Scopus based on the lessons to be learned from rejected cases. The results of the analysis show that local journals should enhance the quality of the articles they publish, review why the journal should be considered international, and clearly address editorial policies and the concept, scope, and strategies of the journal.
Proposal for the development of a national open access database in Vietnam and comparison with other Asian countries’ national literature databases
Authors: Nguyen Loc My Thi , Nguyen Tien-Trung , Nghiem Thanh Thi , Le Hien Thu Thi , Trinh Thao Phuong Thi , Pham Thuan Van , Nguyen Thanh Chi , Hoang Linh Khanh , Tran Trung
Published: February 2020

In the context of the need to ensure appropriate signalling of the publication of high-quality, international-calibre publications in Vietnam, as well as new policies to improve the quality and effectiveness of scientific research in Vietnam, it is practical to investigate the possibility of developing a national open access database (NOAD). This study aims to answer the question of whether it is necessary to establish a NOAD in Vietnam. We used document analysis to evaluate issues related to NOADs. The results of this study show the complexity, lack of consistency, and difficulty in obtaining practical statistics and assessing research and scientific records in Vietnam today. Furthermore, the findings of this study imply that it is necessary to establish a NOAD of scientific research in Vietnam. The information in this report can be used to develop a NOAD for Vietnam in particular, and for any country that lacks one in general.
Current status of Indonesian journals in the field of Islamic economics and finance
Authors: Handoko Luqman Hakim
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to explore the status of Indonesian journals in the discipline of Islamic economics and finance. In the last two decades, the emergence of Islamic economic journals was striking. As of November 2019, the Science and Technology Index (SINTA) contained 60 journals on Islamic economics, banking and finance, accounting, management and business, and philanthropy. To explore these journals, a content analysis was conducted using data in the SINTA database. Most of the Islamic economics and finance journals were in SINTA level 4 (out of 6). Only 8 journals were ranked in SINTA level 2, and none were in SINTA level 1. Based on these results, additional efforts are needed to improve journal quality. Moreover, many journals have not been indexed in SINTA, which might have good quality. The author suggests that further efforts be made to include Islamic economics and finance journals in other abstracting and indexing databases, such as the Directory of Open Access Journals, Moraref, and Garuda.
Search engines and software for manuscript editing
Authors: Kim Yeonwook
Published: February 2020

In recent years, manuscript editing has become extremely important for academic journals. Using appropriate software for manuscript editing results in improved work efficiency and increased accuracy; therefore, this article aimed to introduce search engines and software that can be used for manuscript editing. First, a variety of search engines and academic databases can be used to reduce errors and to create accurate references. Google, the world’s leading search engine, provides users with information with the highest probability of accuracy, regardless of the reference language or the search term. If it is not possible to find certain information on Google, one can consult WorldCat, PubMed, Naver Academic, KoreaScience, Research Information Sharing Service, DBpia, Crossref, and Edifix. In particular, Naver Academic provides search results for some materials that cannot be found on Google. Second, PerfectIt facilitates the correction of errors that occur frequently in English-language documents. Finally, Grammarly is a helpful tool for checking and correcting grammar and spelling errors. As the academic publishing environment changes, the role and demands of manuscript editors are also changing. In a fast-paced environment, the software and search engines discussed herein are highly useful tools for manuscript editing.
The transpeptidase PBP2 governs initial localization and activity of the major cell-wall synthesis machinery in E. coli
Authors: Özbaykal Gizem , Wollrab Eva , Simon Francois , Vigouroux Antoine , Cordier Baptiste , Aristov Andrey , Chaze Thibault , Matondo Mariette , van Teeffelen Sven
Published: February 2020

Bacterial shape is physically determined by the peptidoglycan cell wall. The cell-wall-synthesis machinery responsible for rod shape in Escherichia coli is the processive 'Rod complex'. Previously, cytoplasmic MreB filaments were thought to govern formation and localization of Rod complexes based on local cell-envelope curvature. Using single-particle tracking of the transpeptidase and Rod-complex component PBP2, we found that PBP2 binds to a substrate different from MreB. Depletion and localization experiments of other putative Rod-complex components provide evidence that none of those provide the sole rate-limiting substrate for PBP2 binding. Consistently, we found only weak correlations between MreB and envelope curvature in the cylindrical part of cells. Residual correlations do not require curvature-based Rod-complex initiation but can be attributed to persistent rotational motion. We therefore speculate that the local cell-wall architecture provides the cue for Rod-complex initiation, either through direct binding by PBP2 or through an unknown intermediate.
Rapid regulation of vesicle priming explains synaptic facilitation despite heterogeneous vesicle:Ca2+ channel distances
Authors: Kobbersmed Janus RL , Grasskamp Andreas T , Jusyte Meida , Böhme Mathias A , Ditlevsen Susanne , Sørensen Jakob Balslev , Walter Alexander M
Published: February 2020

Chemical synaptic transmission relies on the Ca2+-induced fusion of transmitter-laden vesicles whose coupling distance to Ca2+ channels determines synaptic release probability and short-term plasticity, the facilitation or depression of repetitive responses. Here, using electron- and super-resolution microscopy at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction we quantitatively map vesicle:Ca2+ channel coupling distances. These are very heterogeneous, resulting in a broad spectrum of vesicular release probabilities within synapses. Stochastic simulations of transmitter release from vesicles placed according to this distribution revealed strong constraints on short-term plasticity; particularly facilitation was difficult to achieve. We show that postulated facilitation mechanisms operating via activity-dependent changes of vesicular release probability (e.g. by a facilitation fusion sensor) generate too little facilitation and too much variance. In contrast, Ca2+-dependent mechanisms rapidly increasing the number of releasable vesicles reliably reproduce short-term plasticity and variance of synaptic responses. We propose activity-dependent inhibition of vesicle un-priming or release site activation as novel facilitation mechanisms.
ParB spreading on DNA requires cytidine triphosphate in vitro
Authors: Jalal Adam SB , Tran Ngat T , Le Tung BK
Published: February 2020

In all living organisms, it is essential to transmit genetic information faithfully to the next generation. The SMC-ParAB-parS system is widely employed for chromosome segregation in bacteria. A DNA-binding protein ParB nucleates on parS sites and must associate with neighboring DNA, a process known as spreading, to enable efficient chromosome segregation. Despite its importance, how the initial few ParB molecules nucleating at parS sites recruit hundreds of further ParB to spread is not fully understood. Here, we reconstitute a parS-dependent ParB spreading event using purified proteins from Caulobacter crescentus and show that CTP is required for spreading. We further show that ParB spreading requires a closed DNA substrate, and a DNA-binding transcriptional regulator can act as a roadblock to attenuate spreading unidirectionally in vitro. Our biochemical reconstitutions recapitulate many observed in vivo properties of ParB and opens up avenues to investigate the interactions between ParB-parS with ParA and SMC.
Svalbarðs fundr. The Place Name Svalbard and Its Connotations in Medieval and Modern Literature and Cartography
Authors: Chekin Leonid S.
Published: February 2020

The paper analyses medieval forms of the name Svalbard as applied to the land “discovered” in 1194, suggests that this Arctic discovery could have been named after a farmstead in Iceland, and follows the story of the name by discussing its contexts in medieval and modern literature and on maps. However little information about Svalbard survived in the Icelandic annals, the Landnámabók, and related texts, it became part of competing visions of the Arctic, from the late medieval Samsons saga fagrathrough the adoption of Svalbard as the name of a new territory under Norwegian rule in 1925.
Recent update in diagnosis and treatment of human pythiosis
Authors: Chitasombat Maria Nina , Jongkhajornpong Passara , Lekhanont Kaevalin , Krajaejun Theerapong
Published: February 2020

Human pythiosis is an infectious condition with high morbidity and mortality. The causative agent is the oomycete microorganismPythium insidiosum. The pathogen inhabits ubiquitously in a wet environment, and direct exposure to the pathogen initiates the infection. Most patients with pythiosis require surgical removal of the affected organ, and many patients die from the disease. Awareness of pythiosis among healthcare personnel is increasing. In this review, we summarized and updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of human pythiosis. Vascular and ocular pythiosis are common clinical manifestations. Recognition of the typical clinical features of pythiosis is essential for early diagnosis. The definitive diagnosis of the disease requires laboratory testing, such as microbiological, serological, molecular, and proteomic assays. In vascular pythiosis, surgical intervention to achieve the organism-free margin of the affected tissue, in combination with the use of antifungal drugs andP. insidiosumimmunotherapy, remains the recommended treatment. Ocular pythiosis is a serious condition and earliest therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty with wide surgical margin is the mainstay treatment. Thorough clinical assessment is essential in all patients to evaluate the treatment response and detect an early sign of the disease recurrence. In conclusion, early diagnosis and proper management are the keys to an optimal outcome of the patients with pythiosis.
The effects of phylogeny, body size, and locomotor behavior on the three-dimensional shape of the pelvis in extant carnivorans
Authors: Lewton Kristi L. , Brankovic Ryan , Byrd William A. , Cruz Daniela , Morales Jocelyn , Shin Serin
Published: February 2020

The mammalian pelvis is thought to exhibit adaptations to the functional demands of locomotor behaviors. Previous work in primates has identified form-function relationships between pelvic shape and locomotor behavior; few studies have documented such relationships in carnivorans, instead focusing on long bones. Most work on the functional morphology of the carnivoran pelvis, in particular, has used univariate measures, with only a few previous studies incorporating a three-dimensional (3D) analysis. Here we test the hypothesis that carnivoran taxa that are characterized by different locomotor modes also differ in 3D shape of the os coxae. Using 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods, we evaluate the phylogenetic, functional, and size-related effects on 3D pelvis shape in a sample of 33 species of carnivorans. Using surface models derived from laser scans, we collected a suite of landmarks (N = 24) and curve semilandmarks (N = 147). Principal component analysis on Procrustes coordinates demonstrates patterns of shape change in the ischiopubis and ilium likely related to allometry. Phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis on principal component scores demonstrates that phylogeny and body size have greater effects on pelvic shape than locomotor function. Our results corroborate recent research finding little evidence of locomotor specialization in the pelvis of carnivorans. More research on pelvic morphological integration and evolvability is necessary to understand the factors driving pelvic evolution in carnivorans.
Effects of manganese and zinc on the growth process of Phytophthora nicotianae and the possible inhibitory mechanisms
Authors: Luo Yifang , Yao Aimei , Tan Mouyi , Li Zhenlun , Qing Ling , Yang Shuiying
Published: February 2020

Background

Phytophthora nicotianae is a fungal soil-borne pathogen that damages various plant species. Mancozeb and Zineb, fungicides containing manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) as the main components, are widely used to control the diseases caused by Phytophthora. However, the inhibition mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Mn and Zn on P. nicotianae and to determine possible inhibitory mechanisms of Mn and Zn on sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae.

Methods

The mycelial growth, sporangium generation, zoosporogenesis and zoospore germination of P. nicotianae were observed under Mn and Zn treatments. The gene (csn4 and csn7) expression levels of P. nicotianae in different growth stages were examined. Csn4 and csn7 gene expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were tested at the stage of sporangiogenesis under different Mn and Zn concentrations.

Results

Mycelial growth of P. nicotianae was significantly inhibited by Mn from ≥1 mg/L concentration and by Zn from ≥10 mg/L. The sporangia production, sporangia release, and zoospore germination of P. nicotianae were significantly reduced by Mn at all concentrations, while treatment with Zn from ≥0.5 mg/L concentration significantly inhibited the same processes. At the same concentration, the inhibition rate of Mn on the growth process of P. nicotianae was higher than that of Zn. The csn4 and csn7 gene transcription of P. nicotianae were significantly reduced by all treatments with Mn and Zn at the stage of sporangiogenesis. With the increase of Mn concentration, the activities of SOD and CAT increased to maxima and then decreased, and the content of MDA gradually increased during sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae. The sporangia production of P. nicotianae was significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of the genes csn4 and csn7.

Conclusion

The inhibitory effect of Mn on the growth process of P. nicotianae was stronger than that of Zn, especially on sporangiogenesis and zoosporogenesis. A possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect on sporangiogenesis of P. nicotianae was that Mn and Zn acted by inhibiting the expression levels of the genes csn4 and csn7 and by affecting antioxidant enzyme activity (further resulting in lipid peroxidation) in the sporangium of P. nicotianae.
Upregulated expression of pyruvate kinase M2 mRNA predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Guiping , Zhong Yingying , Liang Jiecong , Li Zhibin , Ye Yun
Published: February 2020

Background

Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is critical regulator contributing to Warburg effect. However, the expression pattern and prognostic value of PKM2 remain unknown in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The aim of this study is to clarify the prognostic value of PKM2 via intergrated bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

Firstly, mRNA expression levels of PKM2 in LUAD were systematically analyzed using the ONCOMINE and TCGA databases. Then, the association between PKM2 expression and clinical parameters was investigated by UALCAN. The Kaplan–Meier Plotter was used to assess the prognostic significance of PKM2. Finally, the relationship between PKM2 expression and its genetic and epigenetic changes was evaluated with MEXPRESS and MethHC database.

Results

Pooled analysis showed that PKM2 is frequently upregulated expression in LUAD. Subsequently, PKM2 expression was identified to be positively associated with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis and also strongly correlated with worse OS (P= 2.80e−14), PPS (P= 0.022), FP (P= 1.30e−6) and RFS (P= 3.41e−8). Importantly, our results demonstrated that over-expressed PKM2 is associated with PKM2 hypomethylation and copy number variations (CNVs).

Conclusion

This study confirms that over-expressed PKM2 in LUAD is associated with poor prognosis, suggesting that PKM2 might act as a promising prognostic biomarker and novel therapeutic target for LUAD.
Single nucleotide polymorphism of MTHFR rs1801133 associated with elevated Hcy levels affects susceptibility to cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Yuan Hongyu , Fu Man , Yang Xianzhang , Huang Kun , Ren Xiaoyan
Published: February 2020

Background

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is indispensable for the conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of MTHFR gene (rs1801133, C667T) is correlated with decreased enzyme activity that eventually results in elevated plasma Hcy levels. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been confirmed to be involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), various metabolic disorders and so on. However, the relationship between the MTHFR gene polymorphisms, Hcy, and CSVD has not been investigated. In this study, the relationship between SNPs of MTHFR gene and CSVD was determined after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, and the potential mechanism based on Hcy levels was explored.

Methods

A total of 163 consecutive CSVD patients were collected as the case group. In the corresponding period, 326 healthy people were selected as the control group, who were matched to these cases according to age (±2 years) and gender at a ratio of 2:1. SNPs of MTHFR rs1801133, rs1801131, rs2274976, rs4846048, rs4846049, rs13306561 and rs3737964, were genotyped with TaqMan Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping Assays. Plasma Hcy levels were detected using Hcy reagent through enzymatic cycling assay. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the SNPs associated with CSVD susceptibility. Plasma Hcy levels were compared between different genotypes.

Results

The MTHFR rs1801133 TT and CT genotype had increased risk for CSVD, and the OR was higher in the TT genotype than in the CT genotype (2.307 vs 1.473). The plasma Hcy levels of different genotypes showed the tendency of the TT genotype > CT genotype > CC genotype (19.91 ± 8.73 pg/ml vs 17.04 ± 5.68 pg/ml vs 14.96 ± 4.85 pg/ml).

Conclusions

The SNP of MTHFR rs1801133 was correlated with CSVD, and the TT and CT genotypes had increased risk for CSVD compared to the CC genotype. The potential mechanism was associated with elevated Hcy levels.
Assessment of the Suitability of Different Cassava Varieties for Gari and Fufu Flour Production in Liberia
Authors: Awoyale Wasiu , Asiedu Robert , Kawalawu William K. C. , Abass Adebayo , Maziya-Dixon Busie , Kromah Abibatu , Edet Michael , Mulbah Suba
Published: February 2020

Different cassava varieties are available in Liberia, but there is little knowledge of their product suitability. Hence, the need to assess the potentials of these varieties to produce gari and fufu flour. The two products from ten improved and two local cassava varieties were characterized based on their yield and chemical, pasting and functional properties using standard methods. The results showed that TMS 96/0097 (gari 27.54%) and Butter cassava (fufu flour 27.35%) have the highest percentage yields. The starch content was higher in gari produced from TMS98/0505 (92.00%) and lower from TMS95/0289 (82.62%); the fufu flour starch content was higher in TMS98/0505 (90.59%) and lower in Bassa girl (84.75%). Gari and fufu flour produced from TMS96/0097 (507.38 RUV) and TMS00/0357 (506.04 RVU) had the highest final viscosity, and the products from TMS95/0289 (338.46 RVU and 336.80 RVU) had the least. The highest swelling power was found in gari (12.74%) and fufu flour (13.55%) produced from TMS92/0057 and the lowest in TMS91/0416 gari (8.23%) and TMS01/1235 fufu flour (8.31%). All the samples may form a paste below the boiling point of water (100°C) at < 7 min. However, cassava varieties and the interactions between varieties and locations had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the properties of the products: Chemical (except ash content), pasting (except pasting temperature) and functional. Therefore, all the varieties may be suitable for gari and fufu flour production based on the quality preferred by the consumers.
Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Winter Bamboo Shoots by Homogenate Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Flame Photometric Detector
Authors: Yu-Xin Zhu , Liu-Yue Xu , Qi Feng , Miao-Qin Zhu
Published: February 2020

Excessive use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in fruits and vegetables may affect human health. In this paper, a simple, rapid and effective method for the determination of five OPPs in winter bamboo shoots by gas chromatography-flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) was developed. Three extractants and three extraction methods were examined respectively. The results showed that the recovery rate was higher when the samples were extracted by acetonitrile and treated with homogenate extraction method. Under the optimized conditions, recoveries ranged from 82.12% to 91.48% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.51-4.20% and the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005-0.02 μg/mL. Results showed that using acetonitrile as extractants and homogenate extraction in sample preparation is an effective method in determination of pesticide residues in winter bamboo shoots.
Some New Solutions of the Landau-Lifshitz Equation in Cylindrical Symmetric System
Authors: Zhang Jie
Published: February 2020

This paper is devoted to obtaining various explicit dynamic solutions of the Landau-Lifshitz equation in 2-dimensional cylindrical symmetric system. By suitably establishing explicit transformation, we here construct explicit dynamic solutions depending on the angle θ and time t for Landau-Lifshitz equation with anisotropy field or external magnetic field. Besides, we introduce certain indeterminate solution form of the Landau-Lifshitz equation by solving the indeterminate coefficients to derive explicit magnetic vortex or traveling wave solution. In this paper, we provide some specific examples and attain their some explicit dynamic solutions.
Plasma Levels of Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Children with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Wagieh Riham Mahmoud , Shabana Ahmed Hamdy , Elserogy Hesham Mohammed , Zoair Amr Mohamed
Published: February 2020

Objectives: Assessment of plasma level of connective tissue growth factor in congestive heart failure children, assessment of its diagnostic and prognostic role and correlate its level with clinical and echocardiographic assessment of congestive heart failure.

Methods: Connective tissue growth factor level in the plasma was measured in 40 children; 20 of them have congestive heart failure, and 20 are healthy then, correlated with clinical parameters.

Results: The diagnostic and prognostic value of it was evaluated. We compared its levels in both patients and healthy children. We found that connective tissue growth factor level was significantly increased in diseased children. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction correlated negatively with the plasma level of connective tissue growth factor. Heart rate, respiratory rate and calibrated integrated backscatter correlated positively with connective tissue growth factor. Connective tissue growth factor was significantly correlated with the class of heart failure according to Ross classification.

Conclusions: Plasma connective tissue growth factor has a promising diagnostic and prognostic value as a biomarker for congestive heart failure in children with high sensitivity and specificity.
Element C: Interiors
Authors: Lee Grace S. , Szoke Stephen S. , Trimble Brian E. ,   MASTERSPEC®, Cooper Brian , Gunsul Jana , Loomis Nick , Vitullo Richard J. , McGee Cline , Morgan Margery , Luk Stephen , Heuer Greg , Binggeli Corky , Forma Mark , Whiteside George M. , Lloyd James D. , Keyes Alexander , Downing Darrel , Shuford Del ,   The Marmom Mok Partnership, Phillips James E. ,   United States Gypsum Company, Sobel Walter H. , Aukamp Elizabeth , Thompson Robert , Hayes Daniel F.C. , Shea Tim , Klein Trey , Dickerson Jason , Lunsford John C. , Lensment Tonn ,   National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association,   National Wood Flooring Association,   Tile Council of North America, Inc., Lindblad Karen K. , Swords Jim ,   Connor/AGA Sports Flooring Corporation,   Robbins Sports Surfaces,   Exerflex,   Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association,   Building Stone Institute,   National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association, Inc., Baum Faith , Alwen Mia , Sophonpanich Lerlux , Kollaja Ted ,   Rippeteau Architects, Harden Jennie ,   Brosso, Wilheim & McWilliams,   Hearth, Patio, and Barbecue Education Foundation, Moberg Walter , Beach Eric K. , Emilsson Annica S. ,   Setter, Leach & Lindstrom, Inc.,   Blythe & Nazdin Architects, Ltd., McCormack Keith ,   USG Interiors, Inc., McIlvain Jess ,   BFS Architectural Consulting and Interior Design,   YMCA of the USA, Krenson Frederick C. ,   National Fire Protection Association,   American Sanitary Partition Corporation, Szoradi Charles A. ,   American Society of Plumbing Engineers, Frankel Michael , Horton Tom , Mazz Mark J. , Miner William G. ,   Casting Designs, Inc., Jang Yon‐Hwa
Published: February 2020

This chapter discusses common types of partitions, in particular, gypsum board assemblies, concrete masonry units, glass unit masonry, glazed, and operable partitions, as well as the design of fire‐resistant partitions. Single‐wythe masonry wall construction is common for many applications, both load‐bearing and non‐load‐bearing and Interior and exterior walls. The chapter introduces the basic concepts and terminology encountered when working with interior doors. Non‐reinforced single‐wythe walls are used in interior construction where no loads, including lateral loads, or other forces are anticipated. Interior trim conceals joints between different materials and blocks air infiltration through walls, which typically is greatest at material joints. The chapter also discusses interior construction for toilets and baths, locker rooms, and showers. To determine the appropriate type of interior signage program for an environment, one must have an intimate knowledge of the facility or spaces in which it will be installed.
Element D: Services
Authors: Gray Lee E. , Vaidya Ayush , Beach Eric K. ,   Rippeteau Rollins Architecture + Design, Rider Alan H. ,   Alpha Engineers, Inc.,   American Society of Plumbing Engineers, Frankel Michael , Jones Jacqueline , Kenyon Philip , Rab K. Shahid , Pfeiffer Peter , Grondzik Walter T. , Greenberg Alfred ,   American Gas Association,   Kelly Sacher & Associates, Shaw Joe H. ,   Syska and Hennessy, Consulting Engineers, Degelman Larry O. , Yellott John I. , Yabumoto Gary , Vliet Gary , Weinstein Stephen , Haberl Jeff ,   Joseph R. Loring & Associates, Inc., Arnquist William R. , Miner William G. , Conroy Mark , Towles Charles B. , Humenn Richard F. , Hall Gary A. , Smith Michael J. , Bachman Leonard , Franklin Douglas J. , Martino Robert ,   JRS Architect
Published: February 2020

Conveying equipment may include elevators, escalators, and moving walks; dumbwaiters, lifts, turntables, scaffolding, conveyors, facility chutes, and pneumatic tube systems. Typically, access to the elevator car and hoistway is through hoistway doors at each floor, serviced by the elevator. For passenger service in a multistory building, the elevator system acts as a common flow path for the majority of occupants and visitors. A building service is that portion of the supply piping on private property that extends below frost depth from the public utility main into the building. Plumbing design drawings and utility services must be examined and found to be in compliance with local codes, rules, and regulations. A utility company may provide several different types of service, each with a different cost. High‐silicon hub‐and‐spigot cast‐iron pipe and fittings are manufactured for laboratory drainage service.
Histopathologic Prevalence and Severity of Testicular Oocytes in Smallmouth Bass from Two Archival Collections
Authors: Christiana Grim K. , Henderson Eileen E. , Wolfe Marilyn J. , Wolf Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2020

During recent decades, survey studies have documented the widespread presence of oocytes in the testes of male Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu collected from surface waters throughout the United States. There are few published reports of testicular oocytes (TO) in Smallmouth Bass before the 1990s, so it is difficult to know how long this has been occurring. Consequently, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and severity of TO occurrence in whole fish specimens from two archival collections—the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in Suitland, Maryland, and Cornell University's Museum of Vertebrates in Ithaca, New York. Gonads were excised from 167 preserved male Smallmouth Bass that were originally collected between 1875 and 2004, and routine histologic sections were prepared and examined. The severity of TO was determined using a semiquantitative scoring system. Overall, 52.1% of male Smallmouth Bass were found to have TO. Affected fish had been collected in 11 of the 18 represented states, and TO were found in specimens harvested during decades as early as the 1880s and 1900s. Unfortunately, the small number of samples acquired at the earliest time periods precluded analyses of prevalence and severity trends over time. The results of this study demonstrated that the phenomenon of TO in male Smallmouth Bass is at least a century old and confirmed the widespread nature of this finding throughout the species’ historic range. Further research efforts should focus on determining the baseline prevalence of TO in laboratory-reared male Smallmouth Bass that have not been exposed to endocrine active substances or the effects of experimental estrogen exposure on such fish.
The impact of the field width on VMAT plan quality and the assessment of half field method
Authors: Ugurlu Berat Tugrul , Temelli Oztun
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The goal of this work is to investigate the field width dependence of the volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan quality and to propose a half field method to irradiate large volumes effectively with VMAT.

Materials and methods

We compared four different VMAT methods; namely three full field (3ff), four full field (4ff), three half field (3hf), four half field (4hf). To evaluate the impact of the field width on VMAT plan quality, 12 different size PTVs were created in the virtual phantom and treatment plans generated for each PTV were compared. The effectiveness of our half field method was tested using computed tomography (CT) data of 10 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

Results

In the virtual phantom study, organs at risk (OAR) mean dose, the maximum point dose, and Homogeneity Index (HI) were found to be field width dependent. Conformation Number (CN) was not significantly affected. In the clinical study, 4hf plans obtained statistically significant dose reduction at brainstem (P < 0.001), right parotid (P = 0.034), oral cavity (P < 0.001), larynx (P = 0.003), cochlea (P = 0.017), lips (P = 0.024), and Body‐PTV (P = 0.04) compared to 4ff plans.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that VMAT plan quality is dependent on the field width. Half field VMAT method, with the help of reduced field width, shows a clear advantage for the irradiation of large size targets compared to traditionally used full field VMAT plans.
Toxin/Antitoxin System Paradigms: Toxins Bound to Antitoxins Are Not Likely Activated by Preferential Antitoxin Degradation
Authors: Song Sooyeon , Wood Thomas K.
Published: February 2020

Periodically, a scientific field should examine its early premises. For ubiquitous toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems, several initial paradigms require adjustment based on accumulated data. For example, it is now clear that under physiological conditions, there is little evidence that toxins of TA systems cause cell death and little evidence that TA systems cause persistence. Instead, TA systems are utilized to reduce metabolism during stress, inhibit phages, stabilize genetic elements, and influence biofilm formation (bacterial cells attached via an extracellular matrix). In this essay, it is argued that toxins bound to antitoxins are not likely to become activated by preferential antitoxin degradation but instead, de novo toxin synthesis in the absence of stoichiometric amounts of antitoxin activates toxins.
A Semi‐Floating Memory with 535% Enhancement of Refresh Time by Local Field Modulation
Authors: Ding Yi , Liu Lan , Li Jiayi , Cao Rongrong , Jiang Yu‐Gang , Liu Chunsen , Liu Qi , Zhou Peng
Published: February 2020

The recently proposed semi‐floating gate memory technology shows the potential to balance conflicts between writing speed and data storage. Although the introduction of the p–n junction greatly improves device writing speed, the inevitable junction leakage limits the further extension of data retention time. A local nonvolatile electric field is introduced by exploiting the polarization of ferroelectric gate dielectric HfZrO4 to modulate the charge leakage speed of the p–n junction since the carrier density of 2D materials can be efficiently regulated. The refresh time is greatly prolonged more than 535%, solving the bottleneck problem of relatively short retention time of previous semi‐floating gate memory. In addition, the characteristics of device under low operation voltage is also explored, which can serve for further power reducing. This design realizes the combination of ultrafast writing operation and significant enhanced data retention ability, which provides a new idea of the development for high speed non‐volatile memory technology.
Solution‐Processed Silicane Field‐Effect Transistor: Operation Due to Stacking Defects on the Channel
Authors: Nakano Hideyuki , Ito Kenji , Miura Atsushi , Majima Yutaka
Published: February 2020

2D silicon nanomaterials have unique potential for use in applications owing to their many different exotic electronic properties. Field‐effect transistors are fabricated based on free‐standing silicanes through a solution process. Owing to the sensitive surface and the nanometer thickness, the devices require the use of fabrication conditions similar to those of lithium‐ion batteries to prevent oxidation of the sheets. Reliable transistor performance is observed at room temperature in a channel thinner than 3 nm, as drain voltage dependent transfer curves current modulation, depending on the edge effect of the silicane, although the transistor property is modest (hole mobility of 1.8 cm2 V−1 s−1). The results suggest the feasibility of other air‐sensitive 2D nanomaterials for applications in nanoelectronic devices.
Regulating Lithium Nucleation and Deposition via MOF‐Derived Co@C‐Modified Carbon Cloth for Stable Li Metal Anode
Authors: Zhou Ting , Shen Jiadong , Wang Zhuosen , Liu Jun , Hu Renzong , Ouyang Liuzhang , Feng Yuezhan , Liu Hui , Yu Yan , Zhu Min
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal is an exciting anode candidate with extra high theoretical specific capacity for new high‐energy rechargeable batteries. However, uncontrolled Li deposition and an unsteady solid electrolyte interface seriously obstruct the commercial application of Li anodes in Li metal batteries. Herein, 3D carbon cloth (CC) supporting N‐doped carbon (CN) nanosheet arrays embedded with tiny Co nanoparticles (CC@CN‐Co) are employed as a lithiophilic framework to regulate homogenous Li nucleation/growth behavior in a working Li metal anode. The emergence of Li dendrites is supposed to be inhibited by the conductive 3D scaffold that reduces local current density. The uniform nucleation of Li can be guided by N‐containing functional groups as they have a strong interaction with Li atoms, and the tiny Co nanoparticles can provide active sites to guide Li deposition. As a result, the current CC@CN‐Co host exhibits Li dendrite–free features and stable cycling performance with a low overpotential (20 mV) throughout 800 h cycles. When paired with the typical LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode, the assembled CC@CN‐Co@Li//LFP@C full cell exhibits outstanding rate capability and improved cycling performance.
Giant Optical Anisotropy of Perovskite Nanowire Array Films
Authors: Lin Chun‐Ho , Kang Chieh‐Yu , Wu Ting‐Zhu , Tsai Chun‐Lin , Sher Chin‐Wei , Guan Xinwei , Lee Po‐Tsung , Wu Tom , Ho Chih‐Hsiang , Kuo Hao‐Chung , He Jr‐Hau
Published: February 2020

Polarizers play a key role in generating polarized light for display, imaging, and data communication, but adoption often suffers from high optical loss. Recently, due to superior optoelectronic properties, halide perovskites have been widely developed for lighting applications; however, highly polarized emission (polarization degree >0.8) has not yet been realized with perovskites. Herein, by incorporating inkjet printing and an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) confinement strategy, highly ordered perovskite nanowire (NW) arrays are demonstrated for anisotropic optical applications. The optical device based on perovskite NW arrays reveals a high photoluminescence external quantum efficiency of 21.6% and emits highly polarized light with polarization degree up to 0.84. The highly polarized emission from perovskite NW arrays has potential to considerably reduce the optical loss of polarizers, which may attract great interest in developing polarized light sources for next‐generation optoelectronic applications.
Solution‐Processed Flexible Broadband Photodetectors with Solution‐Processed Transparent Polymeric Electrode
Authors: Zhu Tao , Yang Yongrui , Zheng Luyao , Liu Lei , Becker Matthew L. , Gong Xiong
Published: February 2020

Room‐temperature solution‐processed flexible photodetectors with spectral response from 300 to 2600 nm are reported. Solution‐processed polymeric thin film with transparency ranging from 300 to 7000 nm and superior electrical conductivity as the transparent electrode is reported. Solution‐processed flexible broadband photodetectors with a “vertical” device structure incorporating a perovskite/PbSe quantum dot bilayer thin film based on the above solution‐processed transparent polymeric electrode are demonstrated. The utilization of perovskite/PbSe quantum dot bilayer thin film as the photoactive layer extends spectral response to infrared region and boosts photocurrent densities in both visible and infrared regions through the trap‐assisted photomultiplication effect. Operated at room temperature and under an external bias of ‐1 V, the solution‐processed flexible photodetectors exhibit over 230 mA W‐1 responsivity, over 1011 cm Hz1/2/W photodetectivity from 300 to 2600 nm and ≈70 dB linear dynamic ranges. It is also found that the solution‐processed flexible broadband photodetectors exhibit fast response time and excellent flexibility. All these results demonstrate that this work develop a facile approach to realize room‐temperature operated ultrasensitive solution‐processed flexible broadband photodetectors with “vertical” device structure through solution‐processed transparent polymeric electrode.
Oxygen‐Deficient Homo‐Interface toward Exciting Boost of Pseudocapacitance
Authors: Liu Bo , Sun Shuo , Jia Ruyue , Zhang Hongshen , Zhu Xiaohui , Zhang Chenguang , Xu Jing , Zhai Teng , Xia Hui
Published: February 2020

Pseudocapacitors hold great promise as charge storage systems that combine battery‐level energy density and capacitor‐level power density. The utilization of pseudocapacitive material, however, is usually restricted to the surface due to poor electrode kinetics, leading to less accessible charge storage sites and limited capacitance. Here, tin oxide is successfully endowed with outstanding pseudocapacitance and fast electrode kinetics in a negative potential window by engineering oxygen‐deficient homo‐interfaces. The as‐prepared SnO2−x@SnO2−x electrode yields a specific capacitance of 376.6 F g−1 at the current density of 2.5 A g−1 and retains 327 F g−1 at a high current density of 80 A g−1. The theoretical calculation reveals that the oxygen defects are more favorable at homo‐interfaces than at the surface due to the lower defect formation energy. Meanwhile, as compared with the surface, the homo‐interface possesses more stable Li+ storage sites that are readily accessed by Li+ due to the occurrence of oxygen vacancies, enabling outstanding pseudocapacitance as well as high rate capability. This oxygen‐deficient homo‐interface design opens up new opportunities to develop high‐energy and power pseudocapacitors.
Engineering Liver Microtissues for Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Huang Dantong (Danielle) , Gibeley Sarah B. , Xu Cong , Xiao Yang , Celik Ozgenur , Ginsberg Henry N. , Leong Kam W.
Published: February 2020

The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, 3D hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. 3D microtissues are generated using scaffold‐free assembly or scaffold‐assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell–cell interactions and niche‐specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical, and physical properties. Perfusion‐based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on‐chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
High‐Performance Pseudoplanar Heterojunction Ternary Organic Solar Cells with Nonfullerene Alloyed Acceptor
Authors: Wan Ji , Zhang Lifu , He Qiannan , Liu Siqi , Huang Bin , Hu Lei , Zhou Weihua , Chen Yiwang
Published: February 2020

The vast majority of ternary organic solar cells are obtained by simply fabricating bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layers. Due to the inappropriate distribution of donors and acceptors in the vertical direction, a new method by fabricating pseudoplanar heterojunction (PPHJ) ternary organic solar cells is proposed to better modulate the morphology of active layer. The pseudoplanar heterojunction ternary organic solar cells (P‐ternary) are fabricated by a sequential solution treatment technique, in which the donor and acceptor mixture blends are sequentially spin‐coated. As a consequence, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.2% is achieved with a Voc of 0.79 V, Jsc of 25.6 mA cm−2, and fill factor (FF) of 69.8% compared with the ternary BHJ system of 13.8%. At the same time, the alloyed acceptor is likely formed between two the acceptors through a series of in‐depth explorations. This work suggests that nonfullerene alloyed acceptor may have great potential to realize effective P‐ternary organic solar cells.