bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioactive NIR‐II Light‐Responsive Shape Memory Composite Based on Cuprorivaite Nanosheets for Endometrial Regeneration
Authors: Dong Chenle , Yang Chen , Younis Muhammad Rizwan , Zhang Jing , He Gang , Qiu Xingdi , Fu Lian‐Hua , Zhang Dong‐Yang , Wang Hao , Hong Wenli , Lin Jing , Wu Xueqing , Huang Peng
Published: February 2022

Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) caused by mechanical damage or infection increase the risk of infertility in women. Although numerous physical barriers such as balloon or hydrogel are developed for the prevention of IUAs, the therapeutic efficacy is barely satisfactory due to limited endometrial healing, which may lead to recurrence. Herein, a second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) light‐responsive shape memory composite based on the combination of cuprorivaite (CaCuSi4O10) nanosheets (CUP NSs) as photothermal conversion agents and polymer poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) (PT) as shape memory building blocks is developed. The as‐prepared CUP/PT composite possesses excellent shape memory performance under NIR‐II light, and the improved operational feasibility as an antiadhesion barrier for the treatment of IUAs. Moreover, the released ions (Cu, Si) can stimulate the endometrial regeneration due to the angiogenic bioactivity. This study provides a new strategy to prevent IUA and restore the injured endometrium relied on shape memory composite with enhanced tissues reconstruction ability.
Small Size, Big Impact: Recent Progress in Bottom‐Up Synthesized Nanographenes for Optoelectronic and Energy Applications
Authors: Liu Zhaoyang , Fu Shuai , Liu Xiaomin , Narita Akimitsu , Samorì Paolo , Bonn Mischa , Wang Hai I.
Published: February 2022

Bottom‐up synthesized graphene nanostructures, including 0D graphene quantum dots and 1D graphene nanoribbons, have recently emerged as promising candidates for efficient, green optoelectronic, and energy storage applications. The versatility in their molecular structures offers a large and novel library of nanographenes with excellent and adjustable optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. In this minireview, recent progress on the fundamental understanding of the properties of different graphene nanostructures, and their state‐of‐the‐art applications in optoelectronics and energy storage are summarized. The properties of pristine nanographenes, including high emissivity and intriguing blinking effect in graphene quantum dots, superior charge transport properties in graphene nanoribbons, and edge‐specific electrochemistry in various graphene nanostructures, are highlighted. Furthermore, it is shown that emerging nanographene‐2D material‐based van der Waals heterostructures provide an exciting opportunity for efficient green optoelectronics with tunable characteristics. Finally, challenges and opportunities of the field are highlighted by offering guidelines for future combined efforts in the synthesis, assembly, spectroscopic, and electrical studies as well as (nano)fabrication to boost the progress toward advanced device applications.
High‐Performance Monolayer SiMe‐Graphene n‐Type Field‐Effect Transistors with Low Supply Voltage and High On‐State Current in Sub‐5 nm Gate Length
Authors: Zhao Wenkai , Zou Dongqing , Sun Zhaopeng , Xu Yuqing , Ji Guomin , Li Xiaoteng , Yang Chuanlu
Published: February 2022

With the development of device miniaturization, traditional Si‐based field effect transistors (FETs) are approaching their scaling limits. It is necessary to find more alternative materials to improve the performance of FETs. 2D semiconductors attract great attention for channel material due to their atomic‐scale smoothness and dangling‐bond‐free surface, and the gate electrostatic properties and charge carrier mobility are better than traditional 3D Si‐based semiconductor. In this paper, using density functional theory combined with nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, the electronic properties and device performance of sub‐5 nm monolayer SiMe‐graphene n‐type field‐effect transistors are evaluated. Remarkably, the on‐state current value of the FET can reach 3070 µA µm−1, which greatly surpasses most of reported FETs based on other 2D semiconductors. In addition, the on‐state current, power dissipation, and delay time of the SiMe‐graphene FETs satisfy the high‐performance requirements of the 2020 International Roadmap for Device and Systems under different supply voltages, which indicates that the FETs can work at different operating frequencies and power consumption. Moreover, via controlling electrode doping concentration, the channel length can be reduced to 4 nm. In total, the SiMe‐graphene is a favorable channel material for future FETs devices.
Predicting Solar Cell Performance from Terahertz and Microwave Spectroscopy
Authors: Hempel Hannes , Savenjie Tom J. , Stolterfoht Martin , Neu Jens , Failla Michele , Paingad Vaisakh C. , Kužel Petr , Heilweil Edwin J. , Spies Jacob A. , Schleuning Markus , Zhao Jiashang , Friedrich Dennis , Schwarzburg Klaus , Siebbeles Laurens D.A. , Dörflinger Patrick , Dyakonov Vladimir , Katoh Ryuzi , Hong Min Ji , Labram John G. , Monti Maurizio , Butler‐Caddle Edward , Lloyd‐Hughes James , Taheri Mohammad M. , Baxter Jason B. , Magnanelli Timothy J. , Luo Simon , Cardon Joseph M. , Ardo Shane , Unold Thomas
Published: February 2022

Mobilities and lifetimes of photogenerated charge carriers are core properties of photovoltaic materials and can both be characterized by contactless terahertz or microwave measurements. Here, the expertise from fifteen laboratories is combined to quantitatively model the current‐voltage characteristics of a solar cell from such measurements. To this end, the impact of measurement conditions, alternate interpretations, and experimental inter‐laboratory variations are discussed using a (Cs,FA,MA)Pb(I,Br)3 halide perovskite thin‐film as a case study. At 1 sun equivalent excitation, neither transport nor recombination is significantly affected by exciton formation or trapping. Terahertz, microwave, and photoluminescence transients for the neat material yield consistent effective lifetimes implying a resistance‐free JV‐curve with a potential power conversion efficiency of 24.6 %. For grainsizes above ≈20 nm, intra‐grain charge transport is characterized by terahertz sum mobilities of ≈32 cm2 V−1 s−1. Drift‐diffusion simulations indicate that these intra‐grain mobilities can slightly reduce the fill factor of perovskite solar cells to 0.82, in accordance with the best‐realized devices in the literature. Beyond perovskites, this work can guide a highly predictive characterization of any emerging semiconductor for photovoltaic or photoelectrochemical energy conversion. A best practice for the interpretation of terahertz and microwave measurements on photovoltaic materials is presented.
Li4Ti5O12 Coating on Copper Foil as Ion Redistributor Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Xiong Xiaosong , Yan Wenqi , Zhu Yusong , Liu Lili , Fu Lijun , Chen Yuhui , Yu Nengfei , Wu Yuping , Wang Bin , Xiao Rui
Published: February 2022

Lithium metal is regarded as the most promising electrode material for the next generation of energy storage devices. However, low coulombic efficiency and short cycle lifespan caused by the unstable electrode interface have hindered its practical application. Constructing artificial coatings on the anode is one of the most effective approaches for remedying this, but the practical effects are still limited due to their poor regulation of Li+ ions transport and complex construction engineering. Herein, an “inverse concentration gradient” concept is put forward to improve the lithium metal anode, especially at high current density. A Li4Ti5O12 artificial coating layer is fabricated on copper foil by a simple droplet coating method and a concentrated Li+ ions region near the electrode interface in the coating layer is formed in situ after the initial activation process, which alleviates the effects of space charge regions generated by ion depletion on the growth of lithium dendrites. Coupled with high ionic conductivity and “zero strain” characteristics, stable dendrite‐free cycling of lithium metal anodes is achieved even at 5 mA cm−2 in Li/Cu half cell. The unique concentration gradient design provides a new perspective for the interface regulation of advanced lithium metal anodes.
Hydrogen Evolution Linked to Selective Oxidation of Glycerol over CoMoO4—A Theoretically Predicted Catalyst
Authors: Yu Xiaowen , Araujo Rafael B. , Qiu Zhen , Campos dos Santos Egon , Anil Athira , Cornell Ann , Pettersson Lars G. M. , Johnsson Mats
Published: February 2022

Electrochemical valorization of biomass waste (e.g., glycerol) for production of value‐added products (such as formic acid) in parallel with hydrogen production holds great potential for developing renewable and clean energy sources. Here, a synergistic effort between theoretical calculations at the atomic level and experiments to predict and validate a promising oxide catalyst for the glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) are reported, providing a good example of designing novel, cost‐effective, and highly efficient electrocatalysts for producing value‐added products at the anode and high‐purity hydrogen at the cathode. The predicted CoMoO4 catalyst is experimentally validated as a suitable catalyst for GOR and found to perform best among the investigated metal (Mn, Co, Ni) molybdate counterparts. The potential required to reach 10 mA cm−2 is 1.105 V at 60 °C in an electrolyte of 1.0 m KOH with 0.1 m glycerol, which is 314 mV lower than for oxygen evolution. The GOR reaction pathway and mechanism based on this CoMoO4 catalyst are revealed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and in situ Raman analysis. The coupled quantitative analysis indicates that the CoMoO4 catalyst is highly active toward CC cleavage, thus presenting a high selectivity (92%) and Faradaic efficiency (90%) for formate production.
Applications of Nickel‐Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Huo Liuxiang , Jin Chunqiao , Jiang Kai , Bao Qinye , Hu Zhigao , Chu Junhao
Published: February 2022

The desire to exploit clean and sustainable energy sources with high gravimetric energy density has greatly inspired the exploration of hydrogen energy as an affordable alternative to fossil energy. Electrocatalytic water splitting is an efficient method for the low‐cost production of pure H2, but the use of platinum (Pt)‐like active electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains necessary. In attempts to replace high‐value, scarce Pt catalysts, nickel‐based materials are being developed, as earth‐abundant HER electrocatalysts. Recently, a number of advanced nickel (Ni)‐based catalysts have been developed by rational synthesis strategies, including morphology control, structure tailoring, and interface engineering, significantly improving the HER performance. This review summarizes recent achievements in the application of Ni‐based HER electrocatalysts and demonstrates the advantages of each category in enhancing the HER performance. The current progress in the theory of water evolution and various modern techniques for characterizing catalysts are also reviewed, along with the rational design of Ni‐based nanostructure catalysts. Finally, the challenges in the practical applications of Ni‐based HER catalysts are highlighted.
Ultraviolet Photocatalytic Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress, Challenges, and Strategies
Authors: Chen Tian , Xie Jiangsheng , Gao Pingqi
Published: February 2022

The certified efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has reached 25.5% within just around 10 years, approaching the highest reported value of mainstream silicon solar cells. The application of metal–oxide (MO) electron transport layers (ETLs), including TiO2 and SnO2, is crucial for achieving highly efficient PSCs because of their wonderful photoelectrical properties, resulting in n–i–p conventional structure devices, constantly breaking the world record efficiency. However, these MOETLs inevitably lead to the degradation of PSCs due to their photocatalytic activity under actual sunlight which includes ultraviolet (UV) range. Overcoming the UV photocatalytic degradation is still a great challenge for the state‐of‐the‐art PSCs toward practical applications. Herein, the recent progress related to the UV photocatalytic degradation of PSCs induced by the MOETLs based on recent literature reports is reviewed, including the photocatalysis origin, degradation mechanism, challenges, and various strategies. Perspectives for future efforts in overcoming UV photocatalytic degradation are provided. It is believed that this review is advantageous for achieving stable PSCs under actual outdoor sunlight.
Biological nitrogen fixation of cool‐season legumes in agronomic systems of the Southern Great Plains
Authors: MacMillan Jennifer , Adams Curtis B. , Hinson Philip O. , DeLaune Paul B. , Rajan Nithya , Trostle Calvin
Published: February 2022

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a key ecosystem service rendered by legumes, but quantitative information is lacking regarding BNF in the Texas Rolling Plains (TRP), an easterly portion of U.S. Southern Great Plains where cool‐season legumes can typically be grown as cash or cover crops in dryland conditions. Using three diverse cropping systems studies (Site 1, long‐term cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.]‐cover crop systems; Site 2, short‐term cotton‐cover crop systems; and Site 3, transitional organic wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] system), our research objective was to quantify and compare BNF and associated parameters among four cool‐season legumes (Austrian winter pea [Pisum sativum subsp. Arvense], hairy vetch [Vicia villosa], crimson clover [Trifolium incarnatum], and lentil [Lens culinaris]) in different settings. At Sites 1 and 2, winter pea had growth of 2.73 to 3.44 Mg ha−1, the greatest percent N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa; 57.2–72.6%) and, depending on site, the greatest level of BNF (67–74 kg N ha−1). Results from the organic system (Site 3) demonstrated winter pea was also productive in growth and BNF when intercropped with wheat in N‐poor soil, with exceptionally high %Ndfa (92.7%). Hairy vetch and lentil differed in growth and %Ndfa, but had comparable BNF (46–51 kg N ha−1) at Sites 1 and 2. Growth of crimson clover was poor. This data provides insights on how cool‐season legumes differ in BNF in the TRP in a year when legume growth was average for the region. The TRP has a volatile climate, however, indicating further study is needed to fully understand the BNF benefit cool‐season legumes can provide in the region.
Winter legume cover effects on yields of biomass‐sorghum and cotton in Georgia
Authors: Anderson William , Knoll Joseph Edward , Olson Dawn , Scully Brian T. , Strickland Timothy C. , Webster Theodore M.
Published: February 2022

Among the many ecosystems services of winter covers, winter legumes have an advantage over winter grain covers by fixing N that may be used by subsequent crops. A 5‐yr study was conducted to compare the biomass yields of five leguminous winter cover crops [Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), fava bean (Vicia fava L.), narrow‐leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), cahaba vetch (Vicia spp.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)] plus rye (Secale cereale L.) and determine the effects of these winter cover crops either harvested or left on the soil on subsequent biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields at two field locations in Georgia. Lupin produced between 4.16 and 9.54 Mg ha−1 biomass, approximately two to four times more than any other cover at both locations every year. Lupin, followed by vetch and winter pea had the greatest positive effect on biomass sorghum yields. Biomass‐sorghum yields after lupin cover were not significantly different whether biomass was retained on the soil by rolling or removed. Seed cotton yields were higher after lupin and vetch . Significantly higher sorghum and cotton yields occurred for rolled covers with crimson clover, winter pea, and fava bean. Averaged over the years and locations, lupin biomass produced approximately 143 kg ha−1 N, more than any other cover. The study suggests that harvested or grazed lupin or vetch covers could give similar benefits to summer row crops compared with traditionally leaving the cover on the soil.
Footprints of corn nitrogen management on the following soybean crop
Authors: Correndo Adrian A. , Adee Eric , Rosso Luiz H. Moro , Tremblay Nicolas , Prasad P. V. Vara , Du Juan , Ciampitti Ignacio A.
Published: February 2022

Corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is among the most typical crop rotations in the U.S. Corn Belt, and N is the most limiting nutrient for both crops. This study aims to assess the effects of N management for corn on the following soybean crop. Two corn–soybean rotation N fertilizer rate studies—a long‐term study (1983–2020, Case Study I) and a two‐season study (2019–2020, Case Study II)—were conducted in Kansas (United States). Case Study I focused on soybean seed yield as the response variable, whereas Case Study II included a detailed seasonal characterization of soil N, symbiotic N fixation (SNF), and plant N uptake for soybean considering N fertilizer rates on the previous corn crop. Apparent N budgets from corn (N fertilizer minus grain N removal) ranged from approximately −100 to approximately +50 kg N ha−1, and soybean yields were slightly or not affected by corn N management. Case Study I showed that long‐term N budgets in corn crops did not affect the following soybean crop yields. In Case Study II, the previous corn N management produced negative or small N surplus that influenced neither soil residual N nor SNF, without compromising soybean productivity. Farmers applying close to economic optimum N rates on corn will likely not generate scenarios of N surplus to compromise SNF or soybean yields. Forthcoming research should further address how long‐term and large soil N mining or surplus in corn may enhance or inhibit N fixation for the next soybean crop.
Atrazine, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and topramezone persistence in North Carolina soils
Authors: Ramanathan Shwetha S. , Gannon Travis W. , Everman Wesley J. , Locke Anna M.
Published: February 2022

Investigating the effects of soil properties on herbicide persistence can aid in evaluating the carryover potential of herbicides in soil and the consequent injury risk to rotational crops. Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to quantify the persistence of atrazine, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and topramezone in five regional soils under aerobic conditions at 23 °C. Additionally, mesosulfuron‐methyl persistence was tested at 7 °C, which is representative of regional average winter soil temperature. Herbicide half‐life was calculated with the logarithmic form of first‐order rate of degradation using linear regression and was correlated with soil properties. Half‐lives of atrazine (37–73 d) and topramezone (15–19 d) varied among soil types at 23 °C. Mesosulfuron‐methyl half‐life varied among soils at 7 °C (8.8–9.8 d) and 23 °C (5.4–5.8 d) and between temperatures. Atrazine and topramezone half‐lives were shortest in Candor sand (4% clay, 1.8% organic matter [OM], pH 5.1) and longest in Portsmouth sandy loam (13% clay, 5.3% OM, pH 4.3). Mesosulfuron‐methyl half‐life was longer at lower soil temperature. Half‐lives of atrazine, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and topramezone were correlated with soil OM content (r = .83, −.53, and .63, respectively) and pH (r = −.86, .55, and −.57). Additionally, atrazine and topramezone half‐lives were positively correlated with soil clay content (r = .83 and .71), and mesosulfuron‐methyl half‐life was negatively correlated with temperature (r = −.97). Correlations between soil OM content, clay content, and pH among soil types may have influenced herbicide persistence.
ADAMTSL4‐related ectopia lentis: A case of pseudodominance with an asymptomatic parent
Authors: Scanga Hannah L. , Nischal Ken K.
Published: February 2022

Pathogenic variants of ADAMTSL4 are associated with autosomal recessive ectopia lentis et pupillae and isolated ectopia lentis, often presenting congenitally or in childhood. We describe a pedigree of a 4‐year‐old female child with bilateral ectopia lentis and her asymptomatic 35‐year‐old father with mild anterior segment findings. Molecular evaluation revealed compound heterozygosity for ADAMTSL4 pathogenic variants in the proband and homozygosity for an ADAMTSL4 pathogenic founder mutation in her father. The results of genetic testing revealed a pseudodominant inheritance pattern in the family. This case expands variability of ADAMTSL4‐related ectopia lentis through the first description of an asymptomatic adult in the 4th decade and highlights importance of clinical and molecular evaluations of family members when investigating genetic disorders.
Metal‐ and Photoredox‐Catalyst Free Unified Approach for the Synthesis of Azole‐Fused Quinolines via tert‐Butyl Nitrite‐Mediated Regioselective Annulation
Authors: Barak Dinesh S. , Dahatonde Dipak J. , Batra Sanjay
Published: February 2022

A metal‐ and photoredox‐catalyst free unified approach for the synthesis of azole‐fused quinolines via annulation reaction between substituted 5/2‐amino‐N‐phenyl azoles and alkynes in the presence of tert‐butyl nitrite (t‐BuONO) in acetonitrile is reported. The reaction that proceeds via radical mechanism afforded solid products, which separated out in the reaction mixture and were isolated by filtration only. The participation of the azole substrate in the reaction ensued only if a functional group capable of accepting hydrogen was present on carbon adjacent to the carbon bearing the amino group. It is anticipated that such functional group facilitated stabilization of the diazoether transition state via hydrogen bonding.
Applications of vibrational energy in the treatment of sinonasal disease: A scoping review
Authors: Phillips Katie M. , Roozdar Pooya , Hwang Peter H.
Published: February 2022

Background

Acoustic energy and vibration therapy are emerging as helpful adjuncts among many disease states. There has been interest in how this technology can either serve as an alternative treatment or enhance delivery of medications to treat pathology within the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Our objective was to perform a scoping review of the state of the science of vibration treatment used in sinonasal disease.

Methods

A search of Embase, PubMed, and CINAHL databases was performed in November 2021. Included studies evaluated acoustic energy as a means of treatment in sinonasal diseases. Data points collected included type of technology utilized, disease state treated, and outcomes.

Results

The initial search identified 2902 studies, of which 44 met inclusion criteria. A wide array of vibrational technology such as ultrasound, sonic aerosols, and phonophoresis, with varying frequency and amplitude were described. Twenty‐six studies evaluated the use of acoustic energy to treat sinonasal disease itself, while 18 studies evaluated the use of acoustic energy to facilitate drug delivery to the sinonasal cavity. Outcome measures among studies were highly varied.

Conclusions

Vibration technology used in patients with sinonasal pathology has been shown to improve pain, sinonasal symptoms, and radiologic outcome measures in small studies. Given the heterogeneous study populations and outcomes, no conclusion could be reached regarding overall effectiveness of acoustic energy as a primary treatment. Further research is required to study specific treatment indications in larger patient populations to fully understand the potential clinical benefit and to determine optimal therapeutic characteristics of sound energy.
On the Origin and the Amplitude of T‐Square Resistivity in Fermi Liquids
Authors: Behnia Kamran
Published: February 2022

In 1937, Baber, Landau, and Pomeranchuk postulated that collisions between electrons generates a contribution to the electric resistivity of metals with a distinct T2 temperature dependence. The amplitude of this term is small in common metals, but dominant in metals hosting either heavy carriers or a low concentration of them. The temperature dependence is set by the size of the scattering phase, but the microscopic source of dissipation is not straightforward. To explain how electron–electron collisions lead to momentum leak, Umklapp events or multiple electron reservoirs have been invoked. This interpretation is challenged by several experimental observations: the persistence of T‐square resistivity in dilute metals (in which the two mechanisms are irrelevant), the successful extension of Kadowaki–Woods scaling to dilute metals, and the observation of a size‐dependent T‐square thermal resistivity () and its WiedemannFranz correlation with T‐square electrical resistivity. This paper argues that much insight is provided by the case of normal liquid 3He where the T‐square temperature dependence of energy and momentum diffusivity is driven by fermionfermion collisions. The amplitude of T‐square resistivity in 3He and in metals share a common scaling. Thus, the ubiquitous T‐square electrical resistivity ultimately stems from the Fermi‐liquid temperature dependence of momentum diffusivity.
Neuartige Polyketidsynthasen aus Ständerpilzen Produzieren den Universellen Anthrachinon‐Vorläufer
Authors: Löhr Nikolai A. , Eisen Frederic , Thiele Wiebke , Platz Lukas , Motter Jonas , Hüttel Wolfgang , Gressler Markus , Müller Michael , Hoffmeister Dirk
Published: February 2022

(Prä‐)Anthrachinone sind weit verbreitete Naturstoffe, die in Pflanzen, Pilzen und Mikroorganismen vorkommen und deren biosynthetischer Vorläufer das Atrochryson (1) ist. Chemische Analysen zeigten, dass Pilze der Gattung Cortinarius – die Schleierlinge – Produzenten von Octaketid‐Farbstoffen sind, die sich von 1 ableiten. Neuere genomische Daten lieferten jedoch keine Hinweise auf bekannte Atrochrysonsäure (4)‐Synthasen oder andere Polyketidsynthasen (PKSs), die oligocyclische Metabolite produzieren. Hier beschreiben wir eine neuartige Klasse von nicht‐reduzierenden Polyketidsynthasen (NR‐PKS). In vitro‐Versuche mit rekombinantem Enzym, verbunden mit Produktbildung in vivo im heterologen Wirt Aspergillus niger zeigten, dass CoPKS1 und CoPKS4 aus C. odorifer einer neuen Klasse von Atrochrysonsäuresynthasen angehören. CoPKS4 wies sowohl Hepta‐ als auch Octaketidsynthaseaktivität auf und katalysierte neben 4 auch die Bildung von 6‐Hydroxymusizin (6). Diese ersten PKSs für oligocyclische Produkte aus Ständerpilzen (Basidiomyceten) illustrieren, wie sich die Biosynthese bioaktiver Naturstoffe in verschiedenen Organismengruppen unabhängig voneinander entwickelte.
Asymmetric Catalytic (2+1) Cycloaddition of Thioketones to Synthesize Tetrasubstituted Thiiranes
Authors: Lin Xiaobin , Pu Maoping , Sang Xinpeng , Li Shiyang , Liu Xiaohua , Wu Yun‐Dong , Feng Xiaoming
Published: February 2022

Herein, we report the first example of enantioselective (2+1) cycloaddition of thioketones with α‐diazo pyrazoleamides for the direct synthesis of tetrasubstituted thiiranes. In the presence of chiralN,N′‐dioxide/cobalt(ΙΙ) complexes (2–5 mol%), excellent efficiency (up to 99 % yield within 15 mins) and high stereoselectivity (up to >19 : 1 dr and 97 % ee) are available. Elaborations of thiiranes via desulfuration have also been conducted to deliver tetrasubstituted olefins. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the reaction initiates from a doublet state cobalt(ΙΙ) carbenoid, which is followed by a quartet cobalt(ΙΙ)‐bound thiocarbonyl ylide pathway. This work provides a route for the selective construction of tetrasubstituted thiiranes and olefins that are otherwise difficult to access.
Ionothermal Synthesis of Covalent Triazine Frameworks in a NaCl‐KCl‐ZnCl2Eutectic Salt for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Lan Zhi‐An , Wu Meng , Fang Zhongpu , Zhang Yongfan , Chen Xiong , Zhang Guigang , Wang Xinchen
Published: February 2022

Covalent triazine‐based frameworks (CTFs) are typically produced by the salt‐melt polycondensation of aromatic nitriles in the presence of ZnCl2. In this reaction, molten ZnCl2salt acts as both a solvent and Lewis acid catalyst. However, when cyclotrimerization takes place at temperatures above 300 °C, undesired carbonization occurs. In this study, an ionothermal synthesis method for CTF‐based photocatalysts was developed using a ternary NaCl‐KCl‐ZnCl2eutectic salt (ES) mixture with a melting point of approximately 200 °C. This temperature is lower than the melting point of pure ZnCl2(318 °C), thus providing milder salt‐melt conditions. These conditions facilitated the polycondensation process, while avoiding carbonization of the polymeric backbone. The resulting CTF‐ES200exhibited enhanced optical and electronic properties, and displayed remarkable photocatalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Characterization of a Nitrogenase Iron Protein Substituted with a Synthetic [Fe4Se4] Cluster
Authors: Solomon Joseph B. , Tanifuji Kazuki , Lee Chi Chung , Jasniewski Andrew J. , Hedman Britt , Hodgson Keith O. , Hu Yilin , Ribbe Markus W.
Published: February 2022

The Fe protein of nitrogenase plays multiple roles in substrate reduction and cluster maturation via its redox‐active [Fe4S4] cluster. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a water‐soluble [Fe4Se4] cluster that is used to substitute the [Fe4S4] cluster of the Azotobacter vinelandii Fe protein (AvNifH). Biochemical, EPR and XAS/EXAFS analyses demonstrate the ability of the [Fe4Se4] cluster to adopt the super‐reduced, all‐ferrous state upon its incorporation into AvNifH. Moreover, these studies reveal that the [Fe4Se4] cluster in AvNifH already assumes a partial all‐ferrous state ([Fe4Se4]0) in the presence of dithionite, where its [Fe4S4] counterpart in AvNifH exists solely in the reduced state ([Fe4S4]1+). Such a discrepancy in the redox properties of the AvNifH‐associated [Fe4Se4] and [Fe4S4] clusters can be used to distinguish the differential redox requirements for the substrate reduction and cluster maturation of nitrogenase, pointing to the utility of chalcogen‐substituted FeS clusters in future mechanistic studies of nitrogenase catalysis and assembly.
NIRII‐HDs: A Versatile Platform for Developing Activatable NIR‐II Fluorogenic Probes for Reliable In Vivo Analyte Sensing
Authors: Qin Zuojia , Ren Tian‐Bing , Zhou Huijie , Zhang Xingxing , He Long , Li Zhe , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Yuan Lin
Published: February 2022

Small‐molecule‐based second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) activatable fluorescent probes can potentially provide a high target‐to‐background ratio and deep tissue penetration. However, most of the reported NIR‐II activatable small‐molecule probes exhibit poor versatility owing to the lack of a general and stable optically tunable group. In this study, we designed NIRII‐HDs, a novel dye scaffold optimized for NIR‐II probe development. In particular, dye NIRII‐HD5 showed the best optical properties such as proper pKavalue, excellent stability, and high NIR‐II brightness, which can be beneficial for in vivo imaging with high contrast. To demonstrate the applicability of the NIRII‐HD5 dye, we designed three target‐activatable NIR‐II probes for ROS, thiols, and enzymes. Using these novel probes, we not only realized reliable NIR‐II imaging of different diseases in mouse models but also evaluated the redox potential of liver tissue during a liver injury in vivo with high fidelity.
Tracking Emotional Process in Relationship Interactions Using Sequences
Authors: Errington Lauren
Published: February 2022

This paper will explore the clinical application of tracking sequences in family therapy with a particular focus on Bowen family systems theory. It considers how sequences can be used to track the emotional process occurring in relationship interactions, and the similarities and differences of a Bowen theory‐informed approach compared with dialectical behaviour therapy and both classic and contemporary family therapy models. Case examples are utilised from the author's clinical practice to raise ideas about the therapist joining the client as a co‐researcher in this exercise and facilitating a process that helps assist the client develop their own self‐awareness and problem‐solving resources in the context of their relationships.
Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus regulates cyclophilin A‐apoptosis‐inducing factor interaction to induce cell apoptosis in the insect immunosuppressive process
Authors: Hu Yan , Liang Ya‐Ping , Tian Hang‐Yu , Xu Cui‐Xian , Yu Dan , Zhang Pan , Ye Hui , Li Ming
Published: February 2022

Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV) induces apoptosis in hemocytes of the host (Spodoptera litura) via the cyclophilin A (CypA)‐mediated signaling pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying CypA‐mediated signaling during apoptosis remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated how CypA and apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) interact during MbBV‐mediated apoptosis. Our findings showed that MbBV induces apoptosis through the CypA‐AIF axis of insect immune suppression. In MbBV‐infected Spli221 cells, both the expression of the cypa gene and the release of AIF from the mitochondria increased the number of apoptotic cells. CypA and AIF underwent concurrent cytoplasm‐nuclear translocation. Conversely, blocking of AIF release from mitochondria not only inhibited the CypA‐AIF interaction but also inhibited the cytoplasmic‐nuclear translocation of AIF and CypA. Importantly, the survival of the apoptotic phenotype was significantly rescued in MbBV‐infected Spli221 cells. In addition, we found that the cyclosporine A‐mediated inhibition of CypA did not prevent the formation of the CypA and AIF complex; rather, this only suppressed genomic DNA fragmentation. In vitro experiments revealed direct molecular interactions between recombinant CypA and AIF. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the CypA‐AIF interaction plays an important role in MbBV‐induced innate immune suppression. This study will help to clarify aspects of insect immunological mechanisms and will be relevant to biological pest control.
Preference diversity and openness to novelty: Scales construction from the perspective of movie recommendation
Authors: Tang Muh‐Chyun , Liao I‐Han
Published: February 2022

In response to calls for recommender systems to balance accuracy and alternative measures such as diversity and novelty, we propose that recommendation strategies should be applied adaptively according to users' preference traits. Psychological scales for “preference diversity” and “openness to novelty” were developed to measure users' willingness to accept diverse and novel recommendations, respectively. To validate the scales empirically, a user study was conducted in which 293 regular moviegoers were asked to judge a set of 220 movies representing both mainstream and "long‐tail" appeals. The judgment task involved indicating and rating movies they had seen, heard of but not seen, and not known previously. Correlatoin analyses were then conducted between the participants' preference diversity and openness to novelty scores with the diversity and novelty of their past movie viewing profile and movies they had not seen before but shown interest in. Preference diversity scores were shown to be significantly related to the diversity of the movies they had seen. Higher preference diversity scores were also associated with greater diversity in favored unknown movies. Similarly, participants who scored high on the openness to novelty scale had viewed more little‐known movies and were generally interested in less popular movies as well as movies that differed from those they had seen before. Implications of these psychological traits for recommendation strategies are also discussed.
Context, relevance, and labor
Authors: de Fremery Wayne , Buckland Michael K.
Published: February 2022

Since information science concerns the transmission of records, it concerns context. The transmission of documents ensures their arrival in new contexts. Documents and their copies are spread across times and places. The amount of labor required to discover and retrieve relevant documents is also formulated by context. Thus, any serious consideration of communication and of information technologies quickly leads to a concern with context, relevance, and labor. Information scientists have developed many theories of context, relevance, and labor but not a framework for organizing them and describing their relationship with one another. We propose the wordscontextandrelevancecan be used to articulate a useful framework for considering the diversity of approaches to context and relevance in information science, as well as their relations with each other and with labor.
A comparative study on the performance of acid catalysts in the synthesis of levulinate ester using biomass‐derived levulinic acid: a review
Authors: Gautam Priyanka , Barman Sanghamitra , Ali Amjad
Published: February 2022

Non‐renewable resources have adverse effects on the environment, which result in global warming. Research has been shifted toward sustainable resources and lignocellulosic biomass is the best example of this. Lignocellulosic biomass is inexpensive, abundantly available and a rich source of carbon, which makes society less dependant on the use of fossil fuels. It is necessary for society to stop using petroleum‐based technologies and start developing more biomass‐based technologies. Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into levulinic acid through various methods. Various value‐added chemicals are synthesized from levulinic acid, such as levulinate esters, acrylic acid, β‐acetyl acrylic acid, 1,4‐pentanediol, 2‐methyl tetrahydrofuran, γ‐valerolactone, etc. Among these, levulinate esters have received much attention owing to their broad applications as fuel additives, plasticizers and solvents in the pharmaceutical industries. Levulinate esters can be synthesized from the esterification reaction of levulinic acid and alcohol in the presence of either liquid or solid acid catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts are favoured above homogeneous catalysts because of their properties, like being easy to separate, having good catalytic activity, being non‐corrosive to the reactor and having good recyclability. The performance of various heterogeneous catalysts such as zirconia, heteropolyacids, zeolite, carbonaceous material, resins and biocatalysts is reported in detail in the review. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Evaluating the proportion of isolated cases among a spectrum of birth defects in a population‐based registry
Authors: Langlois Peter H. , Marengo Lisa , Lupo Philip J. , Drummond‐Borg Margaret , Agopian A.J. , Nembhard Wendy N. , Canfield Mark A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Because the etiology and outcomes of birth defects may differ by the presence vs. absence of co‐occurring anomalies, epidemiologic studies often attempt to classify cases into isolated versus non‐isolated groupings. This report describes a computer algorithm for such classification and presents results using data from the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR).

Methods

Each of the 1,041 birth defects coded by the TBDR was classified as chromosomal, syndromic, minor, or “needs review” by a group of three clinical geneticists. A SAS program applied those classifications to each birth defect in a case (child/fetus), and then hierarchically combined them to obtain one summary classification for each case, adding isolated and multiple defect categories. The program was applied to 136,121 cases delivered in 2012–2017.

Results

Of total cases, 49% were classified by the platform as isolated (having only one major birth defect). This varied widely by birth defect; of those examined, the highest proportion classified as isolated was found in pyloric stenosis (87.6%), whereas several cardiovascular malformations had low proportions, including tricuspid valve atresia/stenosis (2.3%).

Discussion

This is one of the first and largest attempts to identify the proportion of isolated cases across a broad spectrum of birth defects, which can inform future epidemiologic and genomic studies of these phenotypes. Our approach is designed for easy modification for use with any birth defects coding system and category definitions, allowing scalability for different studies or birth defects registries, which often do not have resources for individual clinical review of all case records.
Neural tube defects prevalence does not increase after modification of the folic acid fortification program in Chile
Authors: Pardo Rosa , Vilca Marcela , Villarroel Luis , Davalji Tahera , Obrycki John F. , Mazumdar Maitreyi , Avila Claudia , Mellado Cecilia
Published: February 2022

Background

In 2000, Chile’s Ministry of Health mandated fortification of wheat flour with folic acid at a concentration of 2.2 mg/kg to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs), resulting in a 50% reduction in NTD prevalence. Concerns about possible collateral effects of high folic acid intake led, in 2009, to decrease the folic acid fortification to 1.8 mg/kg of flour. Our study evaluated the impact of this modification on the prevalence of NTDs in Santiago.

Methods

This study measured the prevalence of NTDs in live births and stillbirths born in Santiago. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between pre‐folic acid fortification (1999–2000), post‐folic acid fortification (2001–2009), and post‐modified folic acid fortification (2010–2015) periods for all NTDs and their specific types. We used chi‐square tests to analyze proportions, and a Joinpoint regression to visualize prevalence time trends.

Results

The NTD prevalence for the period 2001–2015 was 8.9 per 10,000 births, which represents a 48% reduction (PR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.45–0.61; p < .001) from the pre‐folic acid fortification period. During 2010–2015, the NTD prevalence was 9.5/10,000 births, which was higher, but not statistically significantly different from 2001 to 2009 prevalence of 8.6/10,000 (PR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.96–1.30, p = .17).

Conclusions

Decreasing the concentration of folic acid fortification was not associated with a statistically significant change in the prevalence of NTDs. Mandatory folic acid fortification continues to be a safe and highly effective policy to prevent NTDs. Future studies should evaluate the prevalence of NTDs across Chile and adherence to folic acid fortification mandates.
Fluorescence ‘off–on’ probe for lead (II) detection based on Atractylodes III CQDs and bioimaging
Authors: Zhang Yaqing , Cheng Sijie , Wang Xin , Wang Yingte , Zhang Yong
Published: February 2022

In this work, a type of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with bright blue emission was readily fabricated through one‐step hydrothermal treatment from Atractylodes III. We explored the surface morphology and optical properties of the CQDs using transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction patterns, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible light spectrophotometry. The obtained CQDs possessed good photoluminescence properties, water solubility, and biocompatibility. The fluorescence quantum yield of these was 3.72%. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of CQDs was quenched by picric acid. After adding lead (II), the fluorescence could be effectively recovered. Therefore, an ‘off–on’ fluorescence probe was designed to detect lead (II) in the range 0–580 μM and the limit of detection was 0.068 μM. In addition, the experiments showed that the CQDs could be successfully used in bioimaging and as a hidden fluorescent ink.
Unveiling the phantom: What neuroimaging has taught us about phantom limb pain
Authors: Browne Jonathan D. , Fraiser Ryan , Cai Yi , Leung Dillon , Leung Albert , Vaninetti Michael
Published: February 2022

Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a complicated condition with diverse clinical challenges. It consists of pain perception of a previously amputated limb. The exact pain mechanism is disputed and includes mechanisms involving cerebral, peripheral, and spinal origins. Such controversy limits researchers’ and clinicians’ ability to develop consistent therapeutics or management. Neuroimaging is an essential tool that can address this problem. This review explores diffusion tensor imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography in the context of PLP. These imaging modalities have distinct mechanisms, implications, applications, and limitations. Diffusion tensor imaging can outline structural changes and has surgical applications. Functional magnetic resonance imaging captures functional changes with spatial resolution and has therapeutic applications. Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography can identify functional changes with a strong temporal resolution. Each imaging technique provides a unique perspective and they can be used in concert to reveal the true nature of PLP. Furthermore, researchers can utilize the respective strengths of each neuroimaging technique to support the development of innovative therapies. PLP exemplifies how neuroimaging and clinical management are intricately connected. This review can assist clinicians and researchers seeking a foundation for applications and understanding the limitations of neuroimaging techniques in the context of PLP.
Legitimizing unsustainable practices: The institutional logics of pro‐pesticide organizations
Authors: Boiral Olivier , Brotherton Marie‐Christine , Talbot David , Guillaumie Laurence
Published: February 2022

The objective of this study is to analyze the institutional logics underlying pesticide use and the resistance displayed by organizations in this sector against social pressures to reduce the use of these substances. This in‐depth study of a public hearing on pesticides set up by the National Assembly of Quebec (Canada) in 2019 shows the often very strong positions held by the relevant stakeholders and how they legitimize their positions. The qualitative content analysis of 77 briefs and 30 testimonies highlights five main institutional logics that contribute to the institutionalization of pesticide use despite the strong opposition it generates: the economic and strategic logic, the regulatory and administrative logic, the tailored advice and support logic, the research and innovation logic, and the traditional, rural and pragmatic logic. These logics show how the objectives, belief systems, and practices shared by pro‐pesticide organizations can hold sway, including over public bodies that are a priori independent but tend to play a buffering and facilitating role in the use of these controversial products. This article contributes to the literature on institutional logics and corporate sustainability by showing how some of these logics can contribute to the continuation of unsustainable practices over time. The article also contributes to the often highly technical literature on the use and impacts of pesticides by proposing an institutional approach that provides an overall picture of the positions of several interdependent organizations and how their underlying belief systems influence practices. Practical implications and avenues for future research are also discussed.