bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SWI/SNF-Komplex-assoziierte Tumordispositions-Syndrome
Authors: Bens Susanne , Kehrer-Sawatzki Hildegard , Hasselblatt Martin , Frühwald Michael C. , Siebert Reiner
Published: November 2017

Die SWI/SNF(SWItch/Sucrose Non-fermentable)-Komplexe sind aus mehreren, je nach Geweben unterschiedlichen Untereinheiten zusammengesetzt und regulieren im Sinne von „Chromatin-(Re)Modeling“ ATP-abhängig die Zugänglichkeit von funktionellen DNA Elementen, wie Promotoren und Enhancern, für z. B. Transkriptionsfaktoren.

Keimbahnmutationen in den kodierenden Genen für die Untereinheiten SMARCB1, SMARCA4, SMARCE1 und PBRM1 des SWI/SNF-Komplexes sind mit einer Veranlagung für Tumorerkrankungen assoziiert. Keimbahnmutationen in SMARCB1 und SMARCA4 führen zu den Rhabdoidtumor-Prädispositions-Syndromen (RTPS) 1 bzw. RTPS2. Dies sind einem autosomal-dominanten Erbgang folgende Dispositionen für maligne Rhabdoidtumoren (RT) des Gehirns (AT/RT), der Nieren (RTK) und der Weichgewebe (MRT). Hinweise für ein RTPS sind eine frühe, z. T. schon pränatale Manifestation von RT, ein synchrones Auftreten mehrerer RT und eine positive Familienanamnese. Sporadisch auftretende RT weisen eine somatische Inaktivierung von SMARCB1 (oder selten SMARCA4) auf und sind im Vergleich zu auf einem RTPS beruhenden RT mit einer günstigeren Prognose assoziiert.

Keimbahnmutationen in SMARCB1 und SMARCA4 können unabhängig von einem RTPS auch zu anderen Tumoren führen. Keimbahnmutationen in SMARCA4 wurden bei Patienten mit der hyperkalzämischen Form von kleinzelligen Ovarialkarzinomen (small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type; SCCOHT) nachgewiesen. SMARCB1-Keimbahnmutationen wurden neben RT z. B. mit einer Schwannomatose assoziiert. Im Unterschied zu RT und SCCOHT ist für die Manifestation einer Schwannomatose ein Funktionsverlust von SMARCB1 in Kombination mit einem somatischen Verlust von NF2 erforderlich.

Die phänotypische Breite von SMARCB1-assoziierten Neoplasien geht auf Art und Lokalisation der Mutation zurück. Weiterhin spielt vermutlich der Zeitpunkt des „second hit“ eine Rolle, da die Empfindlichkeit für die Entwicklung eines RT bei biallelischer Inaktivierung von SMARCB1 in RT-Progenitorzellen wohl nur in einem kurzen Entwicklungszeitfenster gegeben ist.
Correction to: Protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and their naturally occurring inhibitors: current topics in smooth muscle physiology and chemical biology
Authors: Takai Akira , Eto Masumi , Hirano Katsuya , Takeya Kosuke , Wakimoto Toshiyuki , Watanabe Masaru
Published: November 2017

The article Protein phosphatases 1 and 2A and their naturally occurring inhibitors: current topics in smooth muscle physiology and chemical biology, written by Akira Takai, Masumi Eto, Katsuya Hirano, Kosuke Takeya, Toshiyuki Wakimoto and Masaru Watanabe, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 5th July 2017 without open access.
Fluid and Melt Inclusion Studies: ACROFI-VI 2016
Authors: Pandalai H. S.
Published: November 2017

ACROFI VI, the sixth conference on “Asian Current Research on Fluid Inclusions” was organized from 22-27 November, 2016, at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay by the Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay (Organizing Chairman, Prof. H. S. Pandalai and Organizing Co-Chairman, Prof. G. N. Jadhav). The ACROFI conferences began in 2006 at the University of Nanjing, China and has since, attracted the participation of a dedicated group of fluid and melt inclusionists from around the world. The sixth conference included 72 papers presented in oral and poster formats by participants from 11 countries. The collection of papers in this special section of the Journal of the Geological Society of India, is a small cross-section of the papers on diverse topics involving research on fluids and melts in the upper crust of the Earth.
Mineralogy of Secondary Olivine-hosted Inclusions in Calcite Carbonatites of the Belaya Zima Alkaline Complex, Eastern Sayan, Russia: Evidence for Late-magmatic Na-Ca-rich Carbonate Composition
Authors: Sharygin Victor V. , Doroshkevich Anna G.
Published: November 2017

Secondary multiphase inclusions were studied in olivine from olivine-pyrochlore varieties of calcite carbonatites of the Belaya Zima alkaline complex, Eastern Sayan, Siberia, Russia. The inclusions form trails cross-cutting the host olivine. Their composition varies from carbonate to silicate-carbonate species. Multiphase silicate-carbonate inclusions contain Na-Ca-carbonates (shortite, nyerereite), Na-Mg-carbonates (northupite, eitelite, bradleyite), common carbonates (calcite, dolomite), Ba-Sr-rich carbonates (olekminskite, burbankite, strontianite), tetraferriphlogopite, magnetite, humite-clinohumite and other mineral phases. Na-Ca-carbonates, tetraferriphlogopite, humite-clinohumite and magnetite are omnipresent and dominant phases within the inclusions. The phase composition of secondary olivine-hosted inclusions seems to reflect evolutionary features for the Belaya Zima carbonatites at their late stages of formation. During crystallization calciocarbonatite melt gradually evolved toward enrichment in alkalis (mainly, in sodium) and volatile components (Cl, F and H2O).
The Relevance of Fluid Inclusions to Mineral Systems and Ore Deposit Exploration
Authors: Mernagh Terrence P. , Wygralak A. S. , Bastrakov E. N.
Published: November 2017

Fluid inclusions provide the only direct samples of palaeofluids that may be related to mineralisation processes. In order to apply fluid inclusion data to study fluid flow on a larger scale, we have used a mineral systems approach, which regards a mineral deposit as part of a much larger system and considers all the processes that are involved in mobilising ore components from a source, transporting and accumulating them in a more concentrated form and then preserving them throughout the subsequent geological history. This not only enables a better understanding of fluid flow processes but also enables fluid inclusions to provide an exploration target that is much larger than the ore deposit itself.

As an example, a study of fluid inclusions associated with gold mineralisation in the Tanami Region of Northern Australia was used to determine the temperatures and compositions of the ore fluids. Once the parameters of the mineralising fluids were established, the study was then expanded to a region of central Australia covering almost 100,000 km2. It was concluded that a high temperature (320 – 360 °C), low salinity fluid containing CO2 and other gases was circulating in the northern part of this region at around 1720 Ma. This suggests the circulation of an orogenic gold style fluid and indicates that this region has potential for other orogenic gold deposits. In the southern part of this region, a lower temperature (120 to 190 °C), high salinity fluid with no detectable gases was present and appears to represent circulation of a basinal brine.

In the second example, fluid inclusion data from Cu-U-Au-Ag-REE prospects in the Olympic Copper-Gold Province in South Australia were used to constrain geochemical modelling of the mineralisation processes. By combining the inversion-generated, 3-D geophysical maps with geochemical and magnetic susceptibility values derived from the modelling, it has been possible to divide the range of observed magnetic susceptibilities into divisions that represent the various alteration assemblages within this region. This approach allows us to use geochemical modelling to relate alteration assemblages, and hence, the predicted sites of mineralisation, to the geophysical expressions of the mineral deposit.
An Analysis of the Database of Earth Science Projects Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
Authors: Sinha-Roy S. , Mohanty M.
Published: November 2017

Earth Science research in India evolved over the years in tune with the trends in the global scenario from studying the geologic attributes and assessing the natural resources to addressing issues related to fundamental processes involving, for example, crustal evolution, geodynamics and other aspects of contemporary Earth Science problems. Apart from various Earth Science institutions the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, through the SERC (now SERB) has been sponsoring Earth Science research projects in the country, and thus playing a catalytic role by providing extra-mural funding. Although the DST started funding Earth Science projects since 1985, the extent of such support increased in the 1990s and thereafter with sponsoring of a number of specialized thematic Earth Science programmes. As a result of these initiatives a prodigious amount of data has been generated that are contained in the Project Completion Reports (PCR). An analysis of the database prepared from 440 PCRs for the period 1993-2015 indicated that the projects dealing mainly with 17 themes increased almost steadily in number from 1993 to 2012 with a slight decreasing trend till 2015. A similar trend is exhibited by the yearly total project funding and the average cost per project. These aspects and the relation between the number of projects under different themes, papers published, PhDs produced and scientific and technical personnel trained are discussed here.
Pyroxene-sövite in Amba Dongar Carbonatite-alkalic Complex, Gujarat
Authors: Viladkar Shrinivas G.
Published: November 2017

The present paper for the first times gives details of pyroxene-sövites of Amba Dongar and discusses significance of these pyroxenes in evolution of carbonatite magma in Amba Dongar. Calciocarbonatite (sövite) forms the major mass of carbonatite in Amba Dongar complex. It shows large variation in texture and mineral composition and has complex evolutionary history. Three types of compositional variations are observed in sövite samples, (1) monomineralic sövites are coarse grained with 99% calcite, (2) sövites with abundant apatite, barite, pyrochlore, magnetite and zirconolite and (3) silico-sövite with of clinopyroxene and phlogopite. In the crystallization history of various sövite types, silico-sövite seems to have crystallized as an earlier phase and was later caught up in major sövite mass. Both, phlogopite-sövite and pyroxene-sövite are coarse grained and exhibit hypidiomorphic texture. Phlogopite is strongly zoned with Mg-rich core to Fe-rich rims. Pyroxenes also exhibit zoning with decrease in Ca and Mg and increase in Fe and Na from core to rim. In general composition of clinopyroxene varies from diopsidic to aegirine-augite. Pyroxene-sövites show good concentration of Ba, Sr, Nb and LREE. Elevated concentrations of LREE are found in two aegirine-sövites.
Direct and Inverse Modeling of Seawater Intrusion: A Perspective
Authors: Priyanka B. N. , Kumar M. S. Mohan
Published: November 2017

Sea Water Intrusion (SWI) is one of the major hydrological problem in coastal aquifers. This global issue is aggravated by increasing demands for freshwater in coastal regions. In this paper, different approaches of modeling SWI and the parameters affecting the process of SWI are introduced. This is followed by the discussion on the numerical models to solve the complex, three dimensional (3D) groundwater and solute transport problems in coastal aquifer. The importance of considering aquifer characteristics while modeling the groundwater system for flow and solute transport is emphasized. A brief discussion on previous methodology, novelty and limitations on direct simulation of SWI are tabulated. The significant aspects to be considered while direct modeling of coastal aquifers are discussed and the recent focus of research in this area of interest are stated. In direct modeling, information on aquifer parameters are often unknown, therefore, an inverse approach is explained briefly. The previous studies relating to determistic inverse modeling for coupled groundwater flow and solute transport problems reported in literature are summarized. The insights about prior information, estimated parameter sensitivities, variances and correlations are reported. The paper identifies some of the existing gaps in the modeling of SWI based on the previous work and provides comprehensive understanding on direct and deterministic inverse SWI modeling.
Physical, Mechanical and Metallurgical Characteristics of Banded Hematite Jasper of Ghatkuri (Gua), Jharkhand
Authors: Das Sanjeev Kumar , Prasad Ranjit , Singh R. P. , Abhilash
Published: November 2017

Quick depletion rate of high-grade iron ore paved to emphasise on banded hematite jasper and banded hematite quartzite with ∼30-40% iron. In the present investigation, efforts have been made to characterize the banded hematite jasper of Ghatkuri area (Gua), west Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India. The banded hematite jasper of the study area have complex physical and mineralogical character. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that silica and iron are the major phases whereas alumina and goethite are the gangue mineral. Thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed it to be oxy-hydrated with iron in hematite phase. Vickers hardness test and bond work index revealed hard and compact nature of the ore. Grain size analysis shows the maximum concentration of the elements at the size range of -125+106 μm whereas minimum at -212+180 μm.
Remote Sensing Technique for Capturing and Exploration of Mineral Deposit Sites in Gumushane Metallogenic Province, NE Turkey
Authors: Vural Alaaddin , Corumluoglu Özsen , Asri Ibrahim
Published: November 2017

This study examines the determination and confirmation of mineral deposits in the Gumushane Province, Turkey. Rather than using classical techniques, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System GIS technologies are applied for this purpose. Mineral alteration traces on the ground are characteristic indicators of ore below the surface. These traces can be determined using RS techniques. The Crosta technique is one of the most important RS image analysis methods used for the determination of mineral alterations. The technique has shown particular usefulness around mine areas, which are rich in ore deposits and show hydrothermal alterations. Therefore, four separate mine fields covering a total area of 718 km2 in the southern part of Gumushane, which is rich in iron oxides, hydroxides and hydro-thermal alteration, were chosen. The Crosta technique was applied to the satellite image of each area to explore the regional alterations. The determined locations could be confirmed as alteration areas. Within these four regions, some other locations showing similar alteration patterns were also determined using the Crosta technique. These locations represent good candidates for mineral exploration.
Making Sense of Common Dirichlet Deviations
Authors: Scriven John , Bound John , Graham Charles
Published: November 2017

This paper reviews the regularly recurring deviations between buyer behaviour patterns and predictions from the NBD-Dirichlet model. Previous studies have tended to look at one or two Dirichlet Deviations in isolation; the aim here is to learn more about their managerial significance by categorising them according to their behavioural indicators, summarising their incidence and extent and relating them to the implied breaches of assumptions of the model. We replicate prior research results in a single, extensive database of 62 FMCG categories and find that the Dirichlet Deviations take three forms; slight systematic variances in expected metrics across all brands in every fitting, suggesting some failure in stationarity; certain types of persistent deviation for individual brands or groups of brands that indicate partitioning; and those that capture dynamic performance. Analysis shows that consumer purchase propensities are never quite fixed or entirely independent, yet brand performance remains close to Dirichlet prediction. Managers who use this model need to be aware of the strategic options that the deviations imply, and we discuss these. Findings also contribute to the idea that deviations might be reduced by model adaptations although the managerial simplicity of the NBD-Dirichlet sets a major challenge to this.
Does Double Jeopardy Apply Using Average Spend per Buyer as the Loyalty Metric?
Authors: Dawes John , Bond Allison , Hartnett Nicole , Sharp Byron
Published: November 2017

Double Jeopardy describes how smaller brands lose twice; they have fewer buyers who are slightly less loyal. A common loyalty measure is how often people buy the brand in a given time period. An alternative loyalty measure is how much people spend, which reflects purchase frequency and price paid. The brand equity literature suggests that high equity brands should reap high purchase rates and high prices. It is therefore possible that Double Jeopardy might become obscured when using a revenue-based measure such as spend per buyer. The reason is that price variation could create more, and more pronounced deviations from the Double Jeopardy pattern. We demonstrate that Double Jeopardy holds for spend in thirteen consumer goods categories: smaller brands have fewer buyers who spend somewhat less on the brand. We further find no relationship between brand share and average price and no relationship between excess/deficit loyalty and average price.
Viva La Revolution! for Evidence-Based Marketing We Strive
Authors: Sharp Byron , Wright Malcolm , Kennedy Rachel , Nguyen Cathy
Published: November 2017

At the end of the last century, Sharp and Wright (1999) documented the emergence of a school of marketing enquiry labelled as the Empirical Generalisationists. With this special edition on Empirically-Based Marketing Knowledge, we take the opportunity to update that original article, giving an overview on the health of the Empirical Generalisations research tradition. We put forward a call to action for more researchers to take up the challenge to develop scientific laws in marketing, and promote a culture of evidence-based theory and managerial decision making.
Desarrollo de un programa de cóputo para aumentar las habilidades de afrontamiento en adolescentes
Authors: Muñoz-López Miguel Ángel , Hernández-Pozo María Del Rocío
Published: November 2017

Las habilidades de afrontamiento son una variable que puede limitar la conducta de autolesión no suicida, la depresión y la ansiedad; para el tratamiento basado en esas aptitudes, se propone el uso de un programa informático desarrollado en lenguaje HTML5 para acceder a múltiples plataformas como móviles y computadoras personales. El diseño usa un enfoque de interacción social para que apoye la asimilación de estos constructos cognitivos en la población adolescente, además de su uso como instrumento de enseñanza a estudiantes de Psicología, con el cual se comprenderán las habilidades y síntomas que toma en cuenta el programa informático. Este artículo describe la elaboración del software para elaumento de habilidades de afrontamiento (SAHA) basado en técnicas cognitivo-conductuales tradicionales para la disminución de pensamientos ysentimientos negativos, aumento en el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema y disminución de pensamientos relacionadoscon la autolesión. El desarrollo toma en cuenta la revisión de técnicas de terapia cognitivo-conductual, guion, diseño de arte, programación,modelaje 3D y edición, entre otras acciones. Como resultado se obtuvo una aplicación para el aumento de habilidades de afrontamiento que puedeser usada en diferentes sistemas operativos.
Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of 3-D endoanal ultrasound in perianal fistula in comparison with intraoperative findings
Authors: Rahmanian Ehsan , Frootan Mojgan , Anaraki Fakhri , Alimadadi Elahe , Ramezanpoor Mahsa
Published: November 2017

Objective Perianal fistula is a common and debilitating disease. The definite treatment is surgery, identifying of primary and secondary tract, internal opening of fistula has important role in planning of surgical techniques. This study's goal was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 3-D ultrasound in perianal fistula in comparison with intraoperative findings.

Materials and methods This study is a cross-sectional study. Adult patients (18–85 years old) with anal fistula have been selected. 3-D EUS was done for all patients by gastroenterologist. Then surgery was done. Check lists filled by endoscopist and surgeon was studied and data analysis was done.

Results The study examined 76 patients, in according to results for kappa coefficient there was a perfect agreement between 3-D ultrasound results and surgery in internal opening that was 96% (p < 0.001) and concordance was 0.974. In extension tract the agreement was 0.973 and concordance was 0.987 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion There was perfect agreement between 3-D ultrasound and surgical findings in internal opening, primary tract and trunk expansion. 3-D ultrasound shows a high diagnostic accuracy when compared with surgery to assessment of perianal fistula before surgery.
Defining and Redefining U.S.-Africa Trade Relations During the Trump Presidency
Authors: Lande Stephen , Matanda Dennis
Published: November 2017

In an era in which multilateral trade arrangements have garnered more public notoriety than ever before, the suboptimal trade and investment relationship between America and Africa, as underpinned by the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), is one of the less controversial ones. AGOA could nevertheless use some adjustments or augmentations to facilitate deeper U.S.-Africa commercial relations. For instance, adjusting AGOA's origin rules could nudge the private sector on both sides of the Atlantic towards gains for U.S. and African employment and the reduction of trade deficits. Africa must leverage the period before AGOA expires to redefine its trade relationship with the United States in innovative ways. The United States should welcome these measures, since the type of value that Africa would add to the global supply chain would not replace the high-quality jobs that the Trump Administration would like to see in the United States. In fact, this type of production would make U.S. manufacturing more competitive.
Climate and surface mass balance of coastal West Antarctica resolved by regional climate modelling
Authors: Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , Medley Brooke , Van de Berg Willem Jan , Konrad Hannes , Nicolas Julien P. , Van Wessem J. Melchior , Trusel Luke D. , Mulvaney Robert , Tuckwell Rebecca J. , Hogg Anna E. , Thomas Elizabeth R.
Published: November 2017

West Antarctic climate and surface mass balance (SMB) records are sparse. To fill this gap, regional atmospheric climate modelling is useful, providing that such models are employed at sufficiently high horizontal resolution and coupled with a snow model. Here we present the results of a high-resolution (5.5 km) regional atmospheric climate model (RACMO2) simulation of coastal West Antarctica for the period 1979–2015. We evaluate the results with available in situ weather observations, remote-sensing estimates of surface melt, and SMB estimates derived from radar and firn cores. Moreover, results are compared with those from a lower-resolution version, to assess the added value of the resolution. The high-resolution model resolves small-scale climate variability invoked by topography, such as the relatively warm conditions over ice-shelf grounding zones, and local wind speed accelerations. Surface melt and SMB are well reproduced by RACMO2. This dataset will prove useful for picking ice core locations, converting elevation changes to mass changes, for driving ocean, ice-sheet and coupled models, and for attributing changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and shelves to changes in atmospheric forcing.
The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas
Published: November 2017

This article studies the issue of inflation in precolonial West Africa. In a recent publication, it was argued that there was substantial inflation in West Africa as early as the seventeenth century. In this article, data from the Gold Coast is reported, in order to show that the prices of slaves, used in recent previous research to analyze inflation, is a poor proxy for the prices of other traded commodities. Contrasting the case of the Gold Coast to that of Dahomey, it is furthermore shown that different societies in West Africa experienced different trends around the same period of time, cautioning against generalizations about broader regions.
The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa by Klas Rönnbäck – A Response
Authors: Green Toby
Published: November 2017

Following the article by Klas Rönnbäck, this article responds by stressing some key elements missing from the original article. These include the connection of African economic history to world economic history, the question of periodization and economic change, and the issue of currency devaluation in the period in question. The response concludes by posing several questions of the theoretical assumptions made by economists regarding data, and problematizes the applicability of such models to a distant pre-colonial African past.
Premixed turbulent flame speed in an oscillating disturbance field
Authors: Humphrey Luke J. , Emerson Benjamin , Lieuwen Tim C.
Published: November 2017

This paper considers the manner in which turbulent premixed flames respond to a superposition of turbulent and narrowband disturbances. This is an important fundamental problem that arises in most combustion applications, as turbulent flames exist in hydrodynamically unstable flow fields and/or in confined systems with narrowband acoustic waves. This paper presents the first measurements of the sensitivity of the turbulent displacement speed to harmonically oscillating flame wrinkles. The flame is attached to a transversely oscillating, heated wire, resulting in the introduction of coherent, convecting wrinkles on the flame. The approach flow turbulence is varied systematically using a variable turbulence generator, enabling quantification of the effect of turbulent flow disturbances on the harmonic wrinkles. Mie scattering measurements are used to quantify the flame edge dynamics, while high speed particle image velocimetry is used to measure the flow field characteristics. By ensemble averaging the results, the ensemble-averaged flame edge and flow characteristics are recovered. For low turbulence intensities, sharp cusps are present in the negative curvature regions of the ensemble-averaged flame position, similar to laminar flames. These cusps are smoothed out at high turbulence intensities. The coherent, ensemble-averaged flame wrinkle amplitude decays with increasing turbulence intensity and with downstream distance. In addition, the ensemble-averaged turbulent flame speed is modulated in space and time. The most significant result of these measurements is the clear demonstration of the correlation between the ensemble-averaged turbulent flame speed and ensemble-averaged flame curvature, with the phase-dependent flame speed increasing in regions of negative curvature. These results have important implications on turbulent combustion physics and modelling, since quasi-coherent velocity disturbances are nearly ubiquitous in shear driven, high turbulent flows and/or confined systems with acoustic feedback. Specifically, these data clearly show that nonlinear interactions occur between the multi-scale turbulent disturbances and the more narrowband disturbances associated with coherent structures. In other words, conceptual models of the controlling physics in combustors with shear driven turbulence must account for the fundamentally different effects of spectrally distributed turbulent disturbances and more narrowband, quasi-coherent disturbances.
Mixed insulating and conducting thermal boundary conditions in Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Bakhuis Dennis , Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , van der Poel Erwin P. , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef
Published: November 2017

A series of direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh–Bénard convection, the flow in a fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above, were conducted to investigate the effect of mixed insulating and conducting boundary conditions on convective flows. Rayleigh numbers between $Ra=10^{7}$ and $Ra=10^{9}$ were considered, for Prandtl numbers $\mathit{Pr}=1$ and $\mathit{Pr}=10$. The bottom plate was divided into patterns of conducting and insulating stripes. The size ratio between these stripes was fixed to unity and the total number of stripes was varied. Global quantities, such as the heat transport and average bulk temperature, and local quantities, such as the temperature just below the insulating boundary wall, were investigated. For the case with the top boundary divided into two halves, one conducting and one insulating, the heat transfer was found to be approximately two-thirds of that for the fully conducting case. Increasing the pattern frequency increased the heat transfer, which asymptotically approached the fully conducting case, even if only half of the surface is conducting. Fourier analysis of the temperature field revealed that the imprinted pattern of the plates is diffused in the thermal boundary layers, and cannot be detected in the bulk. With conducting–insulating patterns on both plates, the trends previously described were similar; however, the half-and-half division led to a heat transfer of about a half of that for the fully conducting case instead of two-thirds. The effect of the ratio of conducting and insulating areas was also analysed, and it was found that, even for systems with a top plate with only 25 % conducting surface, heat transport of 60 % of the fully conducting case can be seen. Changing the one-dimensional stripe pattern to a two-dimensional chequerboard tessellation does not result in a significantly different response of the system.
Characteristics of the turbulent energy dissipation rate in a cylinder wake
Authors: Chen J. G. , Zhou Y. , Antonia R. A. , Zhou T. M.
Published: November 2017

This work aims to improve our understanding of the turbulent energy dissipation rate in the wake of a circular cylinder. Ten of the twelve velocity derivative terms which make up the energy dissipation rate are simultaneously obtained with a probe composed of four X-wires. Measurements are made in the plane of mean shear at$x/d=10$, 20 and 40, where$x$is the streamwise distance from the cylinder axis and$d$is the cylinder diameter, at a Reynolds number of$2.5\times 10^{3}$based on$d$and free-stream velocity. Both statistical and topological features of the velocity derivatives as well as the energy dissipation rate, approximated by a surrogate based on the assumption of homogeneity in the transverse plane, are examined. The spectra of the velocity derivatives indicate that local axisymmetry is first satisfied at higher wavenumbers while the departure at lower wavenumbers is caused by the Kármán vortex street. The spectral method proposed by Djenidi & Antonia (Exp. Fluids, vol. 53, 2012, pp. 1005–1013) based on the universality of the dissipation range of the longitudinal velocity spectrum normalized by the Kolmogorov scales also applies in the present flow despite the strong perturbation from the Kármán vortex street and violation of local isotropy at small$x/d$. The appropriateness of the spectral chart method is consistent with Antoniaet al.’s (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26, 2014, 45105) observation that the two major assumptions in Kolmogorov’s first similarity hypothesis, i.e. very large Taylor microscale Reynolds number and local isotropy, can be significantly relaxed. The data also indicate that vorticity spectra are more sensitive, when testing the first similarity hypothesis, than velocity spectra. They also reveal that the velocity derivatives$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}u/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}y$and$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}v/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}x$play an important role in the interaction between large and small scales in the present flow. The phase-averaged data indicate that the energy dissipation is concentrated mostly within the coherent spanwise vortex rollers, in contrast with the model of Hussain (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 173, 1986, pp. 303–356) and Hussain & Hayakawa (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 180, 1987, p. 193), who conjectured that it resides mainly in regions of strong turbulent mixing.
Finite amplitude steady-state wave groups with multiple near resonances in deep water
Authors: Liu Z. , Xu D. L. , Liao S. J.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, finite amplitude steady-state wave groups with multiple nearly resonant interactions in deep water are investigated theoretically. The nonlinear water wave equations are solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM), which imposes no constraint on either the number or the amplitude of the wave components, to resolve the small-divisor problems caused by near resonances. A new kind of auxiliary linear operator in the framework of the HAM is proposed to transform the small divisors associated with the non-trivial nearly resonant components to singularities associated with the exactly resonant ones. Primary components, exactly resonant components together with nearly resonant components are considered as the initial non-trivial components, since all of them are homogeneous solutions to the auxiliary linear operator. For wave groups with weak nonlinearity, the energy transfer between nearby nearly resonant components is remarkable. As the nonlinearity increases, the number of steady-state wave groups increases as more components join the near resonance. This indicates that the probability of existence of steady-state resonant waves increases with the nonlinearity of wave groups. The frequency band broadens and spectral asymmetry becomes more and more pronounced. The amplitude of each component may either increase or decrease with the nonlinearity of wave groups, while the amplitude of the whole wave group increases continuously and finite amplitude wave groups are obtained. This work shows the wide existence of steady-state waves when multiple nearly resonant interactions are considered.
Dynamics of nearly parallel interacting vortex filaments
Authors: Kwiecinski James A. , Van Gorder Robert A.
Published: November 2017

The dynamics of interacting vortex filaments in an incompressible fluid, which are nearly parallel, have been approximated in the Klein–Majda–Damodaran model. The regime considers the deflection of each filament from a central axis; that is to say, the vortex filaments are assumed to be roughly parallel and centred along parallel lines. While this model has attracted a fair amount of mathematical interest in the recent literature, particularly concerning the existence of certain specific vortex filament structures, our aim is to generalise several known interesting filament solutions, found in the self-induced motion of a single vortex filament, to the case of pairwise interactions between multiple vortex filaments under the Klein–Majda–Damodaran model by means of asymptotic and numerical methods. In particular, we obtain asymptotic solutions for counter-rotating and co-rotating vortex filament pairs that are separated by a distance, so that the vortex filaments always remain sufficiently far apart, as well as intertwined vortex filaments that are in close proximity, exhibiting overlapping orbits. For each scenario, we consider both co- and counter-rotating pairwise interactions, and the specific kinds of solutions obtained for each case consist of planar filaments, for which motion is purely rotational, as well as travelling wave and self-similar solutions, both of which change their form as they evolve in time. We choose travelling waves, planar filaments and self-similar solutions for the initial filament configurations, as these are common vortex filament structures in the literature, and we use the dynamics under the Klein–Majda–Damodaran model to see how these structures are modified in time under pairwise interaction dynamics. Numerical simulations for each case demonstrate the validity of the asymptotic solutions. Furthermore, we develop equations to study a co-rotating hierarchy of many satellite vortices orbiting around a central filament. We numerically show that such configurations are unstable for plane-wave solutions, which lead to collapse of the hierarchy. We also consider more general travelling wave and self-similar solutions for co-rotating hierarchies, and these give what appears to be chaotic dynamics.
The secret life of ice sails
Authors: EVATT GEOFFREY W. , MAYER CHRISTOPH , MALLINSON AMY , ABRAHAMS I. DAVID , HEIL MATTHIAS , NICHOLSON LINDSEY
Published: November 2017

We present the first dedicated study into the phenomenon of ice sails. These are clean ice structures that protrude from the surface of a small number of debris-covered glaciers and can grow to heights of over 25 m. We draw together what is known about them from the academic/exploration literature and then analyse imagery. We show here that ice sails can develop by one of two mechanisms, both of which require clean ice to become surrounded by debris-covered ice, where the debris layer is shallow enough for the ice beneath it to melt faster than the clean ice. Once formed, ice sails can persist for decades, in an apparently steady state, before debris layer thickening eventually causes a reversal in the relative melt rates and the ice sails decay to merge back with the surrounding glacier surface. We support our image-based analysis with a surface energy-balance model and show that it compares well with available observations from Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram. A sensitivity analysis of the model is performed and confirms the results from our empirical study that ice sails require a relatively high evaporative heat flux and/or a relatively low sensible heat flux in order to exist.
Substitutions between dairy product subgroups and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort
Authors: Ibsen Daniel B. , Laursen Anne Sofie D. , Lauritzen Lotte , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Jakobsen Marianne U.
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations for specified substitutions between different subgroups of dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes. We used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort including 54 277 men and women aged 50–64 years at baseline. Information regarding intake of dairy products was obtained from a validated FFQ, and cases of type 2 diabetes were identified through the Danish National Diabetes Register. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate associations. During a median follow-up of 15·3 years, 7137 cases were identified. Low-fat yogurt products in place of whole-fat yogurt products were associated with a higher rate of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 1·17; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·29) per serving/d substituted. Whole-fat yogurt products in place of low-fat milk, whole-fat milk or buttermilk were associated with a lower rate of type 2 diabetes (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·96; HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96; HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·97; per serving/d substituted, respectively). The pattern of associations was similar when intake was expressed as kJ/d (kcal/d). These findings suggest that intake of whole-fat yogurt products in place of low-fat yogurt products, low-fat milk, whole-fat milk and buttermilk are associated with a lower rate of type 2 diabetes.
Effects of prenatal n-3 fatty acid supplementation on offspring resolvins at birth and 12 years of age: a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: See Valene H. L. , Mas Emilie , Prescott Susan L. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Burrows Sally , Barden Anne E. , Huang Rae-Chi , Mori Trevor A.
Published: November 2017

Resolution of inflammation is an active process involving specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPM) generated from the n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy may provide an intervention strategy to modify these novel SPM. This study aimed to assess the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on offspring SPM at birth and 12 years of age (12 years). In all, ninety-eight atopic pregnant women were randomised to 3·7 g daily n-3 fatty acids or a control (olive oil), from 20 weeks gestation until delivery. Blood was collected from the offspring at birth and at 12 years. Plasma SPM consisting of 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), E-series resolvins, 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), D-series resolvins, 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), 10 S,17S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, maresins and protectin 1, were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. We identified the resolvins RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, RvD1, 17R-RvD1 and RvD2 for the first time in human cord blood. n-3 Fatty acids increased cord blood 18-HEPE (P<0·001) derived from EPA relative to the control group. DHA-derived 17-HDHA at birth was significantly increased in the n-3 fatty acid group relative to the controls (P=0·001), but other SPM were not different between the groups. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy was associated with an increase in SPM precursors in the offspring at birth but the effects were not sustained at 12 years. The presence of these SPM, particularly at birth, may have functions relevant in the newborn that remain to be established, which may be useful for future investigations.
Deficiency of essential dietaryn-3 PUFA disrupts the caecal microbiome and metabolome in mice
Authors: Robertson Ruairi C. , Seira Oriach Clara , Murphy Kiera , Moloney Gerard M. , Cryan John F. , Dinan Timothy G. , Ross R. P. , Stanton Catherine
Published: November 2017

n-3 PUFA are lipids that play crucial roles in immune-regulation, cardio-protection and neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the role that these essential dietary fats play in modulating caecal microbiota composition and the subsequent production of functional metabolites. To investigate this, female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to one of three diets (control (CON),n-3 supplemented (n3+) orn-3 deficient (n3−)) during gestation, following which their male offspring were continued on the same diets for 12 weeks. Caecal content of mothers and offspring were collected for 16S sequencing and metabolic phenotyping.n3− male offspring displayed significantly less % fat mass thann3+ and CON.n-3 Status also induced a number of changes to gut microbiota composition such thatn3− offspring had greater abundance of Tenericutes,Anaeroplasmaand Coriobacteriaceae. Metabolomics analysis revealed an increase in caecal metabolites involved in energy metabolism inn3+ includingα-ketoglutaric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid.n3− animals displayed significantly reduced acetate, butyrate and total caecal SCFA production. These results demonstrate that dietaryn-3 PUFA regulate gut microbiota homoeostasis wherebyn-3 deficiency may induce a state of disturbance. Further studies are warranted to examine whether these microbial and metabolic disturbances are causally related to changes in metabolic health outcomes.
New microsatellites revealed strong gene flow among populations of a new outbreak pest,Athetis lepigone(Möschler)
Authors: Zhu W.-C. , Sun J.-T. , Dai J. , Huang J.-R. , Chen L. , Hong X.-Y.
Published: November 2017

Athetis lepigone(Möschler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new outbreak pest in China. Consequently, it is unclear whether the emergence and spread of the outbreak of this pest are triggered by rapidin situpopulation size increases in each outbreak area, or by immigrants from a potential source area in China. In order to explore the outbreak process of this pest through a population genetics approach, we developed ten novel polymorphic expressed sequence tags (EST)-derived microsatellites. These new microsatellites had moderately high levels of polymorphism in the tested population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 19, with an average of 8.6, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.269 to 0.783. A preliminary population genetic analysis using these new microsatellites revealed a lack of population genetic structure in natural populations ofA. lepigone.The estimates of recent migration rate revealed strong gene flow among populations. In conclusion, our study developed the first set of EST-microsatellite markers and shed a new light on the population genetic structure of this pest in China.
Eocene magmatism from the Liemai intrusion in the Eastern Tethyan Himalayan Belt and tectonic implications
Authors: TIAN LIMING , WANG LIYUAN , ZHENG HAITAO , YANG BO
Published: November 2017

Multistage magmatic thermal events occurred in the Yardoi Dome and contain important information on the tectonomagmatic processes. The dome has played a crucial role in understanding the collisional evolution of the Tethyan Himalayan. We present new geochronological and geochemical data for muscovite-granite exposed in the Liemai area, Eastern Tethyan Himalayan Belt. Liemai muscovite-granite is strongly peraluminous, with A/CNK values characterized by evolved geochemical composition with high contents of SiO2-enriched large-ion lithophile elements, and is depleted of high-field-strength elements. These geochemical features indicate that granites possibly derived from partial melting of metasedimentary rocks and plagioclase fractional crystallization probably played a critical role in production of peraluminous granitic melts. Zircon U–Pb dating from muscovite-granite yielded ages of approximately 48.5 ± 1.1 Ma, representing its crystallization ages. This age is the oldest age of Tethyan Himalayan leucogranite from the Yardoi Dome and adjacent areas. However, the inherited zircon cores have ages of 135.7–3339.2 Ma. The εHf(t) values of all zircons vary from –6.4 to –2.3 and have varying Hf-isotope crustal model ages of 731–839 Ma. The geochemical and isotopic compositions indicate that magma of the Liemai granite can most likely be interpreted as products of the break-off related to thermal perturbation along the break-off window associated with the subduction of Neo-Tethyan slab. These magmas were derived mainly from the anatexis of ancient crustal materials under contraction and thickening conditions due to subduction of the Indian continent beneath southeastern Tibet.
A Jigsaw Puzzle or a Map? The Role of Treaties under Kenya's Constitution
Authors: Nyarango Archibold Ombongi
Published: November 2017

Kenya's 2010 Constitution marks the first time that treaty law has been constitutionally declared part of Kenya's domestic law. However, the laconic drafting of the relevant provision leaves unanswered questions about the role of treaties. This article seeks to answer some of those questions, addresses conflicts between treaties and other laws, and concludes that treaties can be directly enforceable in domestic law unless they are expressly non-self-executing. Furthermore, domestic courts must apply treaties in accordance with the constitution, although the article also addresses the problems that this causes with article 103 of the UN Charter and the East African Community Treaty. Treaties that are applied directly domestically should be considered at a par with statutes enacted by the national Parliament and prevail over county laws. Human rights treaties should carry greater weight than conflicting statutes. Where a treaty is implemented into domestic legislation, the “parent” treaty should prevail where there is a conflict.
An extirpated lineage of a threatened frog species resurfaces in southern California
Authors: Backlin Adam R. , Richmond Jonathan Q. , Gallegos Elizabeth A. , Christensen Clinton K. , Fisher Robert N.
Published: November 2017

Southern California has experienced widespread amphibian declines since the 1960s. One species, the Vulnerable California red-legged frogRana draytonii, is now considered to be extirpated from most of southern California. In February 2017 a population ofR. draytoniiwas discovered in the southern foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains of Riverside County, California, near the edge of the species’ historical distribution. This population belongs to an mtDNA lineage that was presumed to be extirpated within the USA but is still extant in Baja California, Mexico. This discovery increases the potential for future, evolutionarily informed translocations within the southern portion of this species’ range in California.