bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulse Number Discrimination in Tactile Spatio-Temporal Patterns
Authors: Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: September 2011

Spatio-temporal patterning effects on tactile temporal numerosity discrimination were examined. Trains of 4 to 17 mechanical “taps” were delivered successively at rates of 6, 9, or 12/sec. to the finger tips of each hand (thumbs excluded) according to 8 different spatial pattern types. 4 highly trained Ss were instructed to report only the number of signals counted in each train. Pattern type exerted a significant affect on signal number judgments at rates of 9/sec. and 12/sec. but not at 6/sec. The number of signals in a train was assessed most accurately when presented in patterns possessing a predictable spatial ordering. Results indicated that absolute judgments of the number of successive tactile signals delivered to several spatially discrete loci is dependent upon the total spatio-temporal pattern and that tactile temporal numerosity discrimination must be specified in terms of the successive and configurational aspects of a patterned array of inputs.
MMPI Correlates of Localized Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Dikmen Sureyya , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine MMPI correlates of localized structural cerebral lesions classified according to laterality and caudality dimensions and to attempt to cross-validate previous work. 59 Ss with lateralized lesions principally involving anterior or posterior cerebral areas were tested. The results indicated that people with cerebral lesions show evidence of some degree of emotional disturbance, characterized particularly by neuroticlike manifestations In contrast to a number of previous research reports, differential findings did not emerge in association with the location of cerebral lesions. Based on the present results as well as review of the literature, it was concluded that laterality or caudality of lesion, per se, as the criterion for group composition based upon pathoanatomical information does not have a major differential influence on MMPI variables when groups of patients with mixed lesion types, as those represented in the present sample, are considered.
Note on Involvement in Future Events as a Function of Temporal Distance
Authors: Lundberg Ulf , Von Wright Johan M. , Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Olson Ulf-Johan
Published: September 2011

Magnitude estimates of the intensity of emotional involvement in four potential future events were obtained from 29 Ss, assuming that the events were to occur at five alternative points in time. The over-all intensity of involvement varied between events. However, the relation between involvement and time was similar for the four events; involvement decreased exponentially with increasing temporal distance.
Subjective Factors in Social Stereotyping and Impression Formation
Authors: Stewart Robert A. , Powell Graham E. , Tutton S. Jane
Published: September 2011

Stereotyping, the process of forming judgments from limited cues, was assessed by both the coefficient of concordance ( W) and the mean intercorrelation between antonyms ( rs). In the context of the study, W reflects social stereotyping while rs reflects a combination of social and individual stereotyping. The experimental Ss ranked 6 female physiques from those most-suiting to those least-suiting each of 15 traits. Embedded randomly within the 15 traits were three pairs of antonyms which form the basis of the present paper. Analysis of the antonymal data showed that in all three cases rs was of greater magnitude than W, suggesting that rs is a more accurate estimator of total stereotyping than is W. In terms of variance explained, rs was approximately twice the magnitude of W, implying that measures such as W, χ3, and analysis of variance, which ignore subjective factors, greatly underestimate stereotyping. Finally, it was pointed out that the same problem exists in impression formation, where tests such as analysis of variance may, by excluding subjective factors, underestimate the potency of target-persons and traits. In contrast, it was noted that factor analysis and related techniques were potentially immune from these distortions.
A Simple Feedback System for Self-Control of Blood Pressure
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Young Larry D. , Haynes Mary R. , Kallman Mary D.
Published: September 2011

A relatively simple, open-loop, feedback system, based on closed-circuit television, which can be used to teach Ss to control their blood pressure is described, along with two experiments which demonstrate its efficacy. In the first experiment 10 normotensive Ss were able to increase systolic blood pressure with the aid of feedback over the level obtainable with the same instructions but without feedback. The second experiment provided a systematic replication of the efficacy of the feedback system. Groups of 13 normotensive Ss for 3 daily 20-min. trials were given either (1) proportional feedback via the new open-loop system or (2) binary feedback of systolic blood pressure on a once per minute basis or (3) were given no feedback but instructions to lower their blood pressure. Results showed a consistent advantage for blood pressure lowering of the new feedback system over binary feedback or no feedback. The latter two did not differ.
Effects of White Noise on Short-Term Memory of Learning Disabled Boys
Authors: Fenton Thomas R. , Alley Gordon R. , Smith Kenneth
Published: September 2011

5 levels of white noise (22 to 72 dB) introduced during the performance of a short-term memory task (repeating 4-digit numbers) did not differentiate scores of 10 normally achieving 9- to 11-yr.-old boys from 10 boys with learning disabilities. For all boys together increasing noise levels decreased performance of younger children relative to that of older Ss.
Subjective Comparisons of Objectively Equal Intervals between Integers
Authors: Wolfe Mary L.
Published: September 2011

44 undergraduates made subjective comparisons of pairs of contiguous, arithmetically equal intervals between numbers using a modification of the method of triads. Multiples of 10 from 10 to 100, inclusive, were used to construct the triads. For every triad but one, the interval between the larger integers was more frequently judged smaller. Results were in accord with those of earlier studies suggesting that subjective number is a negatively accelerating function of its arithmetic counterpart.
Duration of Experienced Lengthening and Shortening of Straight Lines
Authors: Holt-Hansen Kristian
Published: September 2011

The stimulus was a vertical, straight, red line which for 60 msec. was projected onto a medium grey screen 2 m. from S. In Exp. I the line was 8.5 cm. long and 2 mm. wide; in Exp. II the line was 17 cm. long and 2 mm. wide. Fixating the nethermost point of the short and long lines, respectively, Ss reported experiencing the line as lengthening from the point of fixation to full length and then shortening to the point of fixation. Ss' durations of experienced lengthening-shortening were measured (in msec.). For a given S the durations of lengthening-shortening of the 8.5-cm. line and the 17-cm. line were identical. Ss reported that the velocity of the experienced movement (lengthening-shortening) of the long line was greater than that of the short line. When 12 Ss were retested from 6 to 8 mo. later, their durations remained constant. Barbiturate caused a significant increase in durations of lengthening-shortening. This is consistent with the notion that the source of experienced lengthening-shortening is to be found in cortical brain processes. An electronic explanation of the experienced movement as a working hypothesis is offered.
Relationship of Body-Image to Negative Emotional Attitudes
Authors: Goldberg Barbara , Folkins Carlyle
Published: September 2011

A mean body-image score based on 50 ratings was obtained from 113 male and 135 female undergraduates. These were correlated with scores on the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist. Moderate values were obtained. Though women's ratings varied more than men's, the ratings were not statistically significantly different.
Temporal Discrimination of Brief Auditory Stimuli by Schizophrenics, Neurologically Impaired, and Normals
Authors: Locke Susan A.
Published: September 2011

36 normal, 36 schizophrenic, and 36 neurologically impaired Ss were compared for their ability to temporally discriminate brief auditory stimuli. The experimental task was the absolute judgment of 3, 5, or 9 stimuli ranging in duration from .10 to 1.90 sec. Univariate and bivariate information analysis showed that normal Ss obtained significantly higher information transmission scores than did either brain-damaged or schizophrenic Ss. The two clinical populations failed to produce the classical information-transmission function of a linear increase up to channel capacity, then virtually no change thereafter. Normal Ss also demonstrated less response stereotypy than did the schizophrenic and neurologically impaired Ss.
Visual Imagery, Various Muscle States and Desensitization Procedures
Authors: Wolpin Milton , Kirsch Irving
Published: September 2011

30 Ss were asked to imagine 8 different scenes in each of three conditions: muscle relaxation, muscle tension, and usual muscle state. Degree of muscle tension significantly affected the quality of the imagery. Tension resulted in images which were described as more active, more frightening, more out of proportion, less friendly, less attractive, and as containing louder sounds and poorer solutions. Ss also reported feeling more a part of the scene and less safe in the tension condition. No significant differences were found in the vividness or clarity of imagery among three conditions. Implications for desensitization and related therapies are discussed.
Looking down a Gun Barrel: Person Perception and Violent Crime
Authors: Kuehn Lowell L.
Published: September 2011

Data from police reports showed the perception of a criminal assailant (as indicated by the completeness of description) is dependent on several variables related to characteristics of the crime and the victim. Taken from the perspective of person perception, these data suggest that perceiving and describing an object “in the field” may be influenced by a variety of conditions such as type of offense and the spatial and temporal characteristics of the act. Moreover, certain types of victims possessed differential capabilities for making identifications which might lead to an arrest.
How to Obtain the Right of Way: An Experimental Analysis of Behavior at Intersections
Authors: Rubin Jeffrey Z. , Steinberg Bruce D. , Gerrein John R.
Published: September 2011

Conflicts of interest over who shall assume the right of way at unmarked intersections may be viewed as a subset of a more general class of conflicts whose resolution is shaped by various strategies of deterrence. In order to examine the effects of five variables upon the determination of right of way, a simulated driving situation was developed in the laboratory, involving the presentation of a series of slide photographs of two vehicles, A and B, approaching an unmarked intersection. Male and female Ss were asked to act either as the driver of one of the two vehicles (A) or as the observer of both vehicles; in addition, the size of the second vehicle (B), the sex of its driver, as well as driver B's maintenance or avoidance of eye contact with A were varied. Ss predicted, with greater confidence, that Vehicle B would cross the intersection first (that driver A would be deterred from seizing the right of way) when B was the same size as A, rather than a vehicle either larger or smaller; when driver B was female, rather than male; and when driver B avoided, rather than maintained, eye contact with A. In addition to these three main effects, a number of interactions emerged between the eye contact variable and one or more of the other four. Several of these findings were interpreted as lending support to Schelling's description of the strategic efficacy of “binding oneself” to a course of action.
Preferred Hand and Reaction Time in Different Movement Patterns
Authors: Nakamura R. , Saito H.
Published: September 2011

The difference in RT for right and left biceps, acting on the forearm in two different movement patterns, flexion and supination, was examined for 14 normal Ss, seven right-handed and seven left-handed. The task was to flex or supinate both forearms simultaneously in response to a sound stimulus. Median RTs of each S were computed for each movement task. The analysis indicated that RT of supination is faster than that of flexion. Concerning left-right difference of RT, the flexion of the non-preferred hand is faster than that of the preferred hand and the supination of the preferred hand is faster than that of the non-preferred hand. Even in a simple movement there are differences in RTs for the right and left hands which do not depend on the muscles but on the movement patterns. Hemispheric dominance is not established by comparing the rapid initiation of movement.
A Simple Training Procedure for Improving Bender-Gestalt Performance
Authors: Weiss Nancy L. , Peterson Rolf A.
Published: September 2011

To derermine whether the performance of kindergarten children who score poorly on the Bender-Gestalt could be improved by training, protocols of 32 children from the kindergarten of a Chicago public grammar school who performed most poorly on an initial administration of the Bender were examined for change in number of errors. Protocols clearly indicate that the training resulted in significantly improved Bender scores. Poor performers who initially had a large number of rotation errors and poor performers with a large number of non-rotation errors showed about the same over-all improvement in subsequent Bender performance.
Development of Praxis in Children
Authors: Kools Joseph A. , Tweedie David
Published: September 2011

Praxis was defined as the ability to perform skilled movements on command or demonstration. The performances of 87 normal male children, ages 1 to 6 yr., were assessed on four measures of praxis: oral praxis command, oral praxis demonstration, limb praxis command, and limb praxis demonstration. These measures were also correlated with measures of language and articulation development for the entire group across ages and for yearly age intervals. Results showed an orderly emergence of praxis in all measures beginning about age 1 and reaching nearly perfect performance by age 6. Predictably, ability to follow demonstration emerged earlier than ability to follow spoken commands. Praxis correlated somewhat with articulation and language skills at age 2 but the magnitude of the correlations decreased with increasing age intervals. Normative data are provided for clinical researchers interested in studying “apraxic” children.
Immediate Recall of Semantically Varied “Sentences” by Learning-Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Roach Mary Anne
Published: September 2011

The immediate recall of 20 semantically and syntactically varied sentences was assessed and compared for 30 learning-disabled and 30 academically achieving adolescents. Learning-disabled adolescents repeated significantly fewer of the sentences verbatim than their achieving age peers. They exhibited significant reductions in the recall of sentences which violated semantic (selectional) rules, contained correctly and incorrectly sequenced modifier-strings, contained a random word-string, or were syntactically complex. Perseveration errors occurred more frequently among the learning-disabled adolescents than among the achievers and inter-sentence perseverative errors were exhibited only by those who were learning disabled. The rank order of difficulty for the sentences agreed for the two groups, suggesting primarily quantitative reductions in the immediate recall by the learning-disabled adolescents. The findings suggest that learning-disabled adolescents depend heavily upon semantic aspects for language processing, experience immediate memory and sequencing problems for modifier-strings, and exhibit a prevalence of interfering perseverative responses.
Visual Imagery and Religious Ceremonial
Authors: Dominic Brother
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine whether visual imagery occurs more in 49 ‘high church’ than in 40 ‘low church’ individuals. Since visual imagery is positively related to need for stimulation, it might be expected that people with a preference for ceremonial would tend to image more vividly. In this study, imagery tended to be stronger among ‘low church’ individuals, however.
Project RE-ED: Increase in Self-Esteem as Measured by the Coopersmith Inventory
Authors: Friedman Steven , Rogers Peggy Parks , Gettys Jean
Published: September 2011

A group of boys and girls (9 to 15 yr. of age) who were identified as emotionally disturbed and in residential enrollment at a short-term (2 to 15 mo.) high-impact residential treatment center displayed a significant gain on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Of the 59 children 37 showed a gain; 19 showed a decrease.
Arousal and Preferences for Complexity in Infants
Authors: Leahy Robert L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of arousal on preference for complexity 9 infants (16 to 18 mo.) were exposed to different levels of complexity under low and high hunger drive. Low-hunger Ss showed longer fixation time than high-hunger Ss toward all stimuli and showed relatively greater preference for complexity than high-hunger Ss. The results were interpreted in terms of optimal-stimulation theory and information-processing theory.
Effects of Retrieval Cues on Children's Recall following Free- or Cued-Recall Instructions
Authors: Kobasigawa Akira
Published: September 2011

40 third and 40 sixth graders were given a task in which recall items, e.g., monkey, were presented with highly related picture cues, e.g., zoo. Cued recall produced higher recall than a free-recall procedure when Ss were told initially recall would be tested in the presence of cues, but the cued- vs free-recall difference was not statistically reliable when Ss were initially instructed merely to memorize the items. It appears that Ss made use of storage cues, without being specifically instructed to do so, if they knew that these cues would be present during retrieval.
Psychophysical Preference for Harmonized Musical Passages in the Just and Equal Tempered Systems
Authors: O'Keeffe Vincent
Published: September 2011

Preferences were obtained from both experienced and untrained Ss concerning musical passages presented in both Just (natural) and Equal Tempered (synthetic) tuning systems. While a significant preference for Just intonation was recorded for all Ss, no significant difference for preference was found between moderately experienced musicians and non-performers. Boys showed a greater, and significant, preference for Just tuning than did girls.
Field Dependence—Independence, Social—Non-Social Play and Sex Differences in Preschool Children
Authors: Coates Susan , Lord Mae , Jakabovics Evelyn
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the hypothesis that preschool children who spend more time in social play than in non-social play would be more field-dependent than their field-independent counterparts. Over-all the hypothesis was supported by the results. Although the social-non-social dimension appeared to account for most of the findings, correlations between individual play activities and field dependence suggested that this single dimension could not adequately account for all of the findings. The dimension of perceptual-motor demand required in some of the activities may have been involved as well. Discussion focused on the complexity of the play preference, cognitive findings, and on sex differences as well.
IES Arrow-Dot Longitudinal Study of Personality Development in Preschool Children
Authors: Goldberg Lois S.
Published: September 2011

Preschool children were administered the IES Arrow-Dot at the beginning and end of the school year and scores compared with those based on a prior study in a Montessori preschool. Developmental trends of declining Impulsivity and rising Ego scores were corroborated. Superego development remained almost stable in contrast to a significant rise for the Montessori sample. Results support effective use of the test with preschoolers to assess baselines and developmental patterns of personality integration.
Effect of Low-Frequency Random Noises on Performance of a Numeric Monitoring Task
Authors: Benignus Vernon A. , Otto David A. , Knelson John H.
Published: September 2011

Previous findings indicate that continuous low-frequency noises at moderate sound-pressure levels do not produce decrements in vigilance performance. Such noises are commonly found in urban environments, however; and it is important to explore their effects carefully. This study employed 27 human males in a numeric monitoring task to evaluate the effects of low-frequency (11.5 to 350 Hz) noise at moderate sound-pressure levels (80 db). More numeric signals were missed during noise than during control runs. The effect was small but statistically reliable ( P < .033), in disagreement with previous research. The possible environmental impact of these findings is discussed.
Perceptual Information and Allocation of Reward by Elementary School Children
Authors: Coon Robert C. , Lane Irving M. , Schmidt Jerome R.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated an assumption derived from equity research concerning the types of cues that influence allocation of reward by kindergarten, first, and second grade children ( ns = 40). Subjects viewed numerically equivalent stimuli which differed in length. Magnitude of work inputs and magnitude of rewards to be allocated were manipulated experimentally. Results indicated that for both large and small magnitudes of work inputs, second graders viewed the stimuli as equal, whereas, younger children acknowledged the equivalence of stimuli only for small magnitude of work inputs. Results also indicated that children allocated rewards equally, regardless of misleading perceptual cues. Implications for equity were considered.
Speech Remediation of Children Involved in Two Different Physical Education Programs
Authors: Head Dwayne G. , Smith Doreen
Published: September 2011

25 children with severe speech defects and receiving specialized therapy in a camp were randomly assigned to either a physical education program with an emphasis on recreational games or perceptual-motor instruction. All children were administered 6 pre- and posttests of language and speech proficiency. The recreation games group achieved slightly more statistically significant improvements.
Handedness as a Function of Test Complexity
Authors: Steingrueber H. J.
Published: September 2011

Handedness as a function of test complexity was investigated with two tests, Dotting and Tapping-on-squares. For each one three levels of complexity were established by varying radius (Dotting) and square sides (Tapping-on-squares). Administration of the different complexity levels to a total of 310 third and fourth grade boys and girls showed that the rate of left-handedness increased from 6% to 16% with decreasing level of test complexity. It is concluded that optimal classification of handedness is only made possible by maximal levels of test complexity, which have to be established empirically for different populations.
A Note on Illusions
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

The crucial factor in illusion is not in perception but rather in the assumption that all two-dimensional drawings represent two-dimensional reality. This leads in some cases to making unwarranted comparisons between parts of the figures.
Interviewer's Role-Playing and Responses to Sensory Deprivation: A Clinical Demonstration
Authors: Cooper G. David , Dickinson Joe R. , Adams Henry B. , York Michael W.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss with a history of intransigent hypochondriacal personality disorder were subjected to 2½ hr. of sensory deprivation preceded and followed by planned interviewing procedures. Each interview was designed to pre-structure the interpersonal meaning of the experience of sensory deprivation and selectively reinforce social roles antithetical to S's characteristic, maladaptive interpersonal behavior. As predicted, Ss showed a significant ( p < .01) shift from passively hostile to an actively warm social role. The changes in social role were also reflected in a significant ( p < .01) reduction in number of medical clinic visits. These effects were still operative 30 days following the procedure, whereas an equated baseline group of 10 Ss showed no significant change in behavior over the same period of time.
Haptic-Visual Form Identification in Children Aged 4 through 13
Authors: Vaught Glen M. , Pittman Michael D. , Roodin Paul A.
Published: September 2011

Children 4 through 13 yr. of age performed on a haptic-to-visual form-identification task. The obtained curves showed that for both sexes, rate of improvement slowed down at approximately 9 yr. of age.
Toward a Modification of the Indices of Neonatal Prematurity
Authors: Taub Harvey B. , Caputo Daniel V. , Goldstein Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

In a study of 233 infants, traditional indices of neonatal prematurity were excessively high for predicting developmental lag at 1 yr., and alternative cut-off scores were suggested. Prematurity indices were especially important for infants with below-average development.
A Video-Tape Study on the Relationship between Wearing Spectacles and Judgments of Intelligence
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: September 2011

Video-tapes were made of men and women students with and without spectacles. Judges rated 7 of the 8 Ss as being more intelligent when wearing spectacles.
Simultaneous Disappearances of Both Images during Binocular Rivalry of Contours and Effect of Eye-Blink Rate
Authors: Rainwater Giles , Cogan Rosemary
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous disappearances of both rivalry images were reported by 28 women who reported on the rivalry of 3.2° diagonal rivalry contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing. The data support the notion that suppression of images during binocular rivalry is independent in both eyes. In a second study, 48 women reported simultaneous disappearances during the rivalry of 3.2° vertical and horizontal contours for 10 min. of continuous viewing under one of two blink-rate instruction conditions. Fewer simultaneous disappearances were reported by Ss instructed to blink every 5 sec. than by Ss instructed to blink every 15 sec. Blinking may reduce the probability of simultaneous disappearances in rivalry. In both studies, the fusion squares surrounding the rivalry stimuli were continuously perceived.
On the Psychophysical Law: An Information Theory Interpretation
Authors: Siomopoulos V.
Published: September 2011

For more than a century Fechner's psychophysical law has been the subject of dispute and debate. Fechner based his law on Weber's indisputable observations and measurements. Yet, using these observations as a starting point, but measuring information instead of sensation, one may arrive at numerical laws quite different from Fechner's psychophysical law.
Unilateral Brain Lesions and MMPI Performance: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

Samples of 15 Ss with right- and 20 Ss with left-hemisphere brain lesions secondary to war-related penetrating missile wounds were matched for age, education, and recency of injury and evaluated with the MMPI. Right-hemisphere lesioned Ss produced a composite profile with all scales within normal limits. In contrast, the composite profile of left-hemisphere lesioned Ss showed significant elevations on the Sc, D, and Hs clinical scales, suggesting increased psychopathological responses in such Ss. Although the general configurations of the composite MMPI profiles in the two samples were similar, significant differences in the elevation of both validity and clinical scales were obtained. The results tend to support previous findings of a depressive-catastrophic reaction in patients with lesions in the dominant hemisphere, while not supporting the euphoric-indifference response in nondominant-hemisphere lesioned Ss.
Conservation as a Predictor of Reading Achievement
Authors: Brekke Beverly W. , Williams John D.
Published: September 2011

Conservation and intelligence have been found both singly and in combination to be positively related to two measures of reading given 7 mo. after the administration of the conservation measures. However, neither conservation nor intelligence made any significant independent contribution to the prediction of the reading measures when a reading readiness test, administered at the same time as the conservation tasks, was considered in the prediction of reading achievement. When intelligence and reading readiness were separately partialled out of the relationship between conservation and the two measures of reading achievement, the partial correlations dropped to a near-zero value.
Integration of Information in a Clinical Judgment Task, an Empirical Comparison of Six Models
Authors: Nystedt Lars , Magnusson David
Published: September 2011

Six models were compared for their effectiveness in reproducing six clinical psychologists' judgments of 38 patients on intelligence, ability to establish contact, and control of affect and impulses. In two of the models, subjective weights were used in the prediction of a judge's ratings. The judges based their judgments solely on verbal protocols from the Rorschach, a sentence completion test, and the Thematic Apperception Test. The stability of the linear aspect of the judgment process was very high but decreased as the depth of interpretation of the rating variable increased. The nonlinear aspect of the judgment process had considerably low stability. In general, a model based on subjective weights was most effective in reproducing the judges' ratings.
Auditory Discrimination, Intelligence, and Reading Achievement at Grade 1
Authors: Machowsky Herbert , Meyers Joel
Published: September 2011

To determine the relations of auditory discrimination and intelligence to reading achievement in first grade the California Test of Mental Maturity, the California Achievement Test (reading), and the Buktenica Modification of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test were administered to 78 first grade students. Correlations suggested a stronger relation between auditory discrimination and reading than between IQ and reading as measured here; however, range of reading scores was restricted. Results support Wepman's developmental theory. The methodological approach includes simultaneous consideration of effects of auditory discrimination and intelligence.
Realism in Visualized Instruction
Authors: Arnold Thomas C. , Dwyer Francis M.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relative effectiveness of two types of visuals in facilitating S's achievement of different educational objectives 185 tenth grade Ss received a pretest, participated in one of three instructional treatments, and received two individual criterion tests measuring different levels of cognitive ability—knowledge and comprehension. Scores achieved on the two criterion tests were combined to provide a test of total understanding. Analysis indicated that increasing the amount of realistic detail in visuals can facilitate the learning of specific objectives.
Change over Training Sessions of Relationship between Locus of Control and Voluntary Heart-Rate Control
Authors: Gatchel Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of locus of control on learning to accelerate and decelerate heart rate over a number of training sessions. 15 Ss who scored internal in locus of control and 15 who scored external were trained to change their heart rates. Ss were given two training sessions in speeding heart rate and two in slowing heart rate. Results indicated that during the initial training sessions, internals were better able to increase their heart rates than externals; the externals were better able to decrease their heart rates than internals. However, this association diminished to nonsignificance when additional training sessions were provided. These results argue for routinely conducting a number of training sessions to avoid any premature statement of a relationship between personality measures and learned control of heart rate.
Factors Involved in Visual Capture
Authors: Fishkin Steven M. , Pishkin Vladimir , Stahl Monte L.
Published: September 2011

Visual capture was explored using three types of vision-“touch” conflicts. The results indicated that the amount of visual capture differed for the three tasks. In one task (slant judgments) strong, but incomplete, visual capture occurred, in another (a length judgment task) an approximate compromise between the two modalities was found, and in the third task (texture judgments) a trend toward touch capture occurred. In two additional experiments using the slant task, the effects of brief training with one of the competing modalities and the effects of manipulating certain aspects of the stimulus display were explored. The brief training did not alter the resolution of the conflict but varying visual clarity and felt texture of the rod whose slant was being judged did affect visual capture.
Preferred Tempo in Performance of Repetitive Movements
Authors: Smoll Frank L.
Published: September 2011

Within- and between- S variability in performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. Male and female Ss ( Ns = 75) performed 36 consecutive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo. Differences between Ss' selected tempos of performance were considerably greater than the amount of variation in Ss' motor response times, indicating that individuals have preferred tempos of voluntary movement which differ from those of other individuals. No sex differences were evidenced in either preferred tempo or consistency of performance.
Concordance Coefficient(W), Correction for the Inequality of Interval in the Underlying Rhos
Authors: Stewart Robert A. , Powell Graham E. , Rankin Howard J. , Tutton S. Jane
Published: September 2011

The coefficient of concordance ( W) was computed by two methods, (1) by arithmetic averaging of the underlying rhos ( rs) and (2) by transforming the rss to an equal-interval scale before averaging. The first method is traditional, while the second method is, methodologically, more correct in that rs is not an equal-interval statistic. Method 2, for which a computer program had to be written (available from the authors), yielded Ws which were, on the average, 12% larger than those of Method 1. The magnitude of difference suggests that either method is satisfactory for indicating the gross degree of concordance. However, if a comparison between matched-groups is contemplated, then the more accurate method seems appropriate. Further, it was found that Method 2 was less affected by irregularities in the data, e.g., small number of atypical Ss, than was Method 1. Five sets of data, covering a wide range of Ws and Ns, were presented and the relationship between the corrected W, sample size, and the traditional W were also considered.
Comparison of Visual-Discrimination Ability of Brain-Injured and Non-Brain-Injured Children of Normal Intelligence
Authors: Weight David G. , Cundick Bert P. , Pilling E. Kent
Published: September 2011

A set of 106 multiple-choice geometric designs were administered to 23 children diagnosed as minimally brain-damaged and 23 control children. All children were between the ages of 4 and 12 yr. and were matched for age and intelligence. Differences between the two groups suggest that, although rotation and reversal errors significantly discriminate the groups, factors which lead to distractions are more discriminative. The data suggest the possibility of an easily administered and objectively scored instrument which is relatively independent of motor development in children.
Role of Stimulus Modality in Rating Ordinary and Derived Word Strings
Authors: Finkler Deana
Published: September 2011

Four types of word strings were presented either visually or auditorily and rated for grammaticality and meaningfulness. The string types were normal sentences, syntactically deviant strings, semantically deviant strings, and strings both syntactically and semantically deviant. Results for the auditory mode conform to expectations based upon the linguistic competence of the native speaker but results for the visual mode do not. The results are discussed in terms of the inferiority of visual over auditory short-term memory for verbal information and attentional strategies.
Training and Generalization of Conservation in Disadvantaged Black Teenagers: A Neo-Piagetian Approach
Authors: Lawson Anton E. , Nordland Floyd H.
Published: September 2011

An attempt to train conservation of area, weight, and volume to a group of 16 nonconserving black teenagers (ages 14.5 yr. to 17.8 yr.) is reported. A standard pretest-posttest control group design was employed. The neo-Piagetian model of intellectual development proposed by Pascual-Leone formed the basis for training procedures. Significant training effect was demonstrated for area and weight conservation ( p < .01), however, volume proved to be harder to train. No significant differences were found between experimental and control groups on volume task posttests. The effects of training did not significantly generalize to a conservation of length task. Over-all pre- to posttest gains in conservation were shown ( p < .001) for both experimental and control groups. The very fluid and changeable nature of Ss' logical versus non-logical-perceptual responses suggested a rapid shift between right and left hemisphere brain activity when confronted with the conservation tasks.
Note on Relation of Autonomic Perception to Voluntary Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Blankstein Kirk R.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between subscores of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire and ability to raise and lower heart rate voluntarily were examined in 40 subjects. Subscores which reflected general autonomic awareness in anxiety and pleasure states were not predictive of degree of cardiac control, while the subscore specific to reported awareness of heart functioning during pleasure states only was positively correlated with ability to raise heart rate.
Inter-Repetition Interval in Short-Term Motor Memory
Authors: Marshall Philip H. , Wyatt Susan L. , Moore Shirley A. , Sigman Stephen E.
Published: September 2011

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the influence of the duration of the time interval between successive repetitions of a discrete motor movement in a short-term motor memory paradigm. With one repetition a long interval increased error relative to a short interval. The opposite was true for seven repetitions; a long interval improved accuracy. The results were discussed in terms of the “trace shrinkage” hypothesis and compared with those from similar studies using verbal responses.
MMPI Correlates of Extreme Field Independence and Field Dependence in a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Stansell Vance , Beutler Larry E. , Neville Charles W. , Johnson Dale T.
Published: September 2011

34 male and 34 female hospitalized psychiatric patients were divided into field-independent and field-dependent groups on the basis of rod-and-frame test performance and their MMPI scores were compared. A multiple discriminant analysis followed by a series of 2 × 2 factorial analyses of variance was used to assess the results. As in previous studies, more similarities than differences were found between the two cognitive styles. However, field-independent subjects tended to be more unconventional, aggressive, antisocial, and perhaps defensive than field-dependent subjects. Explanations of results were explored in reference to previous findings.
Use of Contingent Social Reinforcement to Change the Verbal Expression of Motivation by Children of Differing Motivational Orientation
Authors: Haywood H. Carl , Switzky Harvey N.
Published: September 2011

Ability to discriminate task-intrinsic from task-extrinsic sentences, and changes in choices of such sentences under differential verbal reinforcement, were investigated in 48 intrinsically motivated and 48 extrinsically motivated children. On each of 75 trials, two sentences were presented simultaneously to each. S. One of the sentences connoted task-intrinsic motivation and the other connoted task-extrinsic motivation. Ss' task was to choose one of the sentences in each pair and to read it aloud. One-third of the children in each group were socially reinforced (“good”) for choosing sentences indicative of intrinsic motivation; one-third were socially reinforced by choosing sentences indicative of extrinsic motivation; one-third were reinforced noncontingently. Children in the contingent reinforcement groups were able to discriminate the motivational statements, as reflected by significant effects of the contingent reinforcement on the frequency of their choices. Implications for a strategy for training persons to behave in a task-oriented manner are discussed.
Preschoolers' Viewing Behavior While Watching Two Types of Television Fare
Authors: Prawat Dorothy M. , Prawat Richard S.
Published: September 2011

18 preschoolers were video-taped in groups of 4 or 5, while watching randomly selected 10-min. segments of Sesame Street and The Pink Panther. Observers viewing the video-tapes used a category system to record the frequencies of certain behaviors thought to be indicative of affective and cognitive involvement in the program. These data were analyzed to assess children's “viewing preferences” for the two types of television fare. The Pink Panther, a popular but violent cartoon show, elicited significantly more nonverbal affective behaviors—mostly in the form of smiles—than Sesame Street. The two programs did not differ in verbal affect, in nonverbal or in verbal “relating” behaviors. Children demonstrated significantly more motor movement “initiation” than imitation while watching both programs. The same was true for verbal behavior. This belies the notion that television is a “cool” or noninvolving medium, at least for young children.
Factor Analysis of Attitudes toward Abortion
Authors: Corenblum B. , Fischer Donald G.
Published: September 2011

700 Ss rated the concept abortion on a series of bipolar adjectives. Factor analysis of the ratings suggested (a) that Ss judged the concept along four orthogonal dimensions, immoral-repelling, cruel-destructive, emotional-serious, and rational-impulsive and (b) that males and females had similar factor structures. Polarity analysis showed that abortion was seen as immoral, repelling, bad, cruel, destructive, ugly, sinful, emotional, serious, rational and impulsive. Although this is highly unfavorable compared to the results of previous research, it appears to represent a liberal trend.
Spectral Sensitivity in a Female Cebus Griseus
Authors: Leporé Franco , Lassonde Maryse , Ptito Maurice , Cardu Bruno
Published: September 2011

The photopic spectral sensitivity of one female Cebus Griseus was determined to complement published results showing that this monkey did not demonstrate the red deficiency typical of most New World monkeys. A modified method of limits was used to determine S's perceived brightness of different monochromatic stimuli. The results suggest that this monkey might be a normal trichromat.
Effects of Projectile Weight and Arm-Segment Lengths on Accuracy of Overarm Throws
Authors: Hickey Michael A. , Koch William B. , Cooter G. Rankin
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of arm-segment length and varying ball weights on the accuracy of an overarm ball throw, 55 male subjects aged 9 to 11 yr. were divided into short, medium, or long arm-length groups and threw a light (2 1/2 oz.), medium (5 oz.), and heavy (7 1/2 oz.) ball at a circular stationary target. Analysis showed that differences in the ball weights did not significantly vary accuracy scores obtained by boys with arms of short or medium length, while boys with long arms obtained significantly better accuracy when they threw heavy or medium-weight balls than when they threw a light-weight implement.
Stereotypes of Academic Minorities
Authors: Lee Dorothy E. , Wilson Beverly D. , Quisenberry Dorothy J.
Published: September 2011

Samples of 68 Home Economics majors and 92 women Physical Education majors were considered as having minority status within the academic community. Adjectives from a 100-adjective list were checked by each sample if they were believed to be characteristic of women in their field. A sample of 268 non-Home Economics, non-Physical Education majors also indicated the adjectives they believed characteristic of women in the two target fields. Distinctive sets of beliefs are held by and about each target and many are highly consensual. The two groups characterize themselves more similarly than does the general sample which seems to view the Physical Education group more ambiguously, less favorably, and in active, assertive terms. Home Economics majors are stereotyped in passive, emotional terms.
Tactual Illusions
Authors: Fry Charles L.
Published: September 2011

16 college males participated in a study exploring active and passive illusions in touch. Analogs to 2 primary and 2 secondary visual illusions were constructed for active and for passive tactual presentation. Tactual illusory effects similar to those one would predict from vision were found in the active mode of presentation of the Müller-Lyer, and horizontal-vertical conditions, while opposite effects were found in the active mode of presentation of a modification of Delboeuf circles and in the passive diamond-square and horizontal-vertical conditions ( ps < .02). Analogous primary and secondary illusory results interacted with the active and passive modes of presentation.
Children's Parental Schemata as Related to Reading Achievement
Authors: Kidder Steven J. , Kuethe James L.
Published: September 2011

Rubin (1968) found that boys achieving in arithmetic employ schemata which place “self” nearer to a “Mother” figure than to a “Father” figure. The converse was true for underachieving boys. Weinstein (1968) reported comparable results for boys with both arithmetic and reading achievement. The present study showed similar parental schema relationship for 140 fifth grade girls as well as 134 boys and reading achievement level. Girls in the lowest reading group placed “self” much further from “Mother” than did girls in the top reading group. Other relationships and theoretical models are discussed.
Developmental Perception and Cognitive Styles: From Young Children to Master Artists
Authors: Gaines Rosslyn
Published: September 2011

The perceptual skills and cognitive styles of 30 master artists are compared to those of non-artist groups of different ages, beginning with 84 kindergarten children, and including an adult comparison group of 32. Criteria for master artists were first, handcrafted productions; second, major economic support derived from their art; third, shows in museums or good galleries; and fourth, positive peer evaluation. The test battery contained one intelligence test, two vision tests, three perceptual-discrimination measures, and five perceptual-cognitive style measures. Results show artists are significantly more flexible, accurate, variable, and field independent than all other groups. Artists, non-artist adults, and young children (60 high school sophomores, 60 children in Grade 5, 84 kindergarteners) each have differing cognitive styles. The relationship between cognitive style and artists' and non-artists' instrumental competency is discussed. Last, the extensive differences between artists' and children's performances are discussed in terms of developmental theory.