bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of silica in the natural waters of the Huntley-Robertson district, southern New South Wales
Authors: Johnson M , Johnson WD
Published: November 2005

The silica concentrations of both ground and surface waters from the Triassic
Hawkesbury Sandstone were found to range from 3.0 to 12.0 p.p.m.
Samples of soil, surface bedrock, and fresh core material were leached with
water, and the results of chemical analyses carried out on the subsequent solutions are
discussed with reference to the source of the silica in solution.
A time study of the release of soluble silica from sandstone indicated rapid
dissolution within the first few days, with equilibrium concentration being reached after
a period of several weeks due to inhibiting surface reaction on the mineral grains.
A possible explanation, based on the effects of weathering and the impervious
nature of the sandstone, is suggested to account for the similarity between the silica
concentrations of surface water and groundwater.
Preliminary mortality rates of marked king prawns Penaeus plebejus, in laboratory tanks
Authors: Lucas C , Young PC , Brundritt JK
Published: November 2005

Estimates of instantaneous mortality rates of marked king prawns, Penaeus
plebejus, are made from laboratory experiments. Petersen disk tags cause a mortality in
juveniles (20-30 mm carapace length) of the order of MT = 0.11 week-1 but no
significant mortality in adults (35-50 mm carapace length). Floy anchor tags cause an
initial mortality of 50% and an instantaneous mortality of MT = 0.15 week-1 in
juveniles, and in adults there is an initial mortality of 25% but no further mortality.
Pontamine blue stain injected into juveniles did not produce any significant mortality.
Size-dependent natural mortality of juvenile banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia
Authors: Wang You-Gan , Haywood M. D. E.
Published: November 2005

Natural mortality of marine invertebrates is often very high in the early life
history stages and decreases in later stages. The possible size-dependent
mortality of juvenile banana prawns, P. merguiensis
(2–15 mm carapace length) in the Gulf of Carpentaria was investigated.
The analysis was based on the data collected at 2-weekly intervals by beam
trawls at four sites over a period of six years (between September 1986 and
March 1992). It was assumed that mortality was a parametric function of size,
rather than a constant. Another complication in estimating mortality for
juvenile banana prawns is that a significant proportion of the population
emigrates from the study area each year. This effect was accounted for by
incorporating the size-frequency pattern of the emigrants in the analysis.
Both the extra parameter in the model required to describe the size dependence
of mortality, and that used to account for emigration were found to be
significantly different from zero, and the instantaneous mortality rate
declined from 0.89 week–1 for 2 mm prawns to 0.02
week–1 for 15 mm prawns.
Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA analysis of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., from south-eastern Australia
Authors: Davis Karyn M. , Dixon Patricia I. , Harris John H.
Published: November 2005

Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were introduced to Australia
on at least three occasions over the past 100 years. These introductions were
to the Prospect Reservoir, Sydney (1907), the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area,
New South Wales (NSW) (1940s), and to Boolarra, Victoria (1960). Koi, a
colourful variety of carp, have been introduced to several areas as well. Carp
are now widely spread throughout south-eastern Australia. This study aimed to
investigate genetic variation of carp in south-eastern Australia. Carp from
several localities were examined at seven polymorphic allozyme loci and with
three restriction enzymes detecting polymorphic sites in mitochondrial DNA.
Three composite mtDNA haplotypes were found. Haplotype 1 was spread throughout
the study area, occurring in 72% of all individuals examined. Haplotype
2 was localized to south-western NSW and occurred in 4% of individuals.
Haplotype 3 was found in the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania and
accounted for 24% of individuals. Little genetic variation within and
among carp populations was observed in the mitochondrial DNA data. The
allozyme data showed greater variation within populations than did the
mitochondrial DNA data.
Some physical and chemical features of two upland crater lakes in tropical north-eastern Australia
Authors: Walker D.
Published: November 2005

Lakes Barrine and Eacham, ~1.0 and 0.5 km2 area, 67 and
63 m depth respectively, lie at ~740 m a.s.l., ~17°S in north-eastern
Australia. Seasonal changes in their volumes modelled from meteorological data
correspond well with observations at Eacham. Temperature profiles through 6
years show summer stratification with a metalimnion at 20–30 m; in
winter, near isothermy is usually attained. At Barrine, thermal stability
varies between winter and summer (<500 and >4000 g-cm
cm-2 respectively). Mixing is related to low ground
temperatures during periods of generally low thermal stability; exceptionally
it penetrates to >60 m. Oxygen saturation decreases from the surface to
~20% at the base of the euphotic zone (15–21 m) but oxygen is
carried lower by mixing after which anoxia commonly rises to ~40 m. At
Barrine, Fe-reducing redox (<200 mV) usually occurs below 50 m, but during
mixing this boundary falls to within 1 m of the mud–water interface. The
Barrine solution is dilute (total dissolved solids 55–58 mg
L-1), and that of Eacham is more so. A concentrated
monimolimnion has developed in the lowermost 2–3 m at Barrine but not at
Eacham. Sedimentation at the middle of each lake results from the continuous
deposition of open-water products punctuated by the redistribution of coarser
detritus from the ‘shallows’ at times of deep mixing. The
resultant laminations are preserved only at Barrine, protected by the chemical
stability of the monimolimnion.
Succession, space and coral recruitment in a subtropical fouling community
Authors: Fairfull S. J. L. , Harriott V. J.
Published: November 2005

Patterns of recruitment and succession on ceramic settlement panels were
examined in a subtidal marine community in eastern Australia to determine
whether competition for settlement space with temperate biota was a factor
potentially limiting the development of coral communities in a subtropical
location. Replicate settlement panels were installed at Split Solitary Island
(30˚S) in November 1992 and were destructively sampled after 1, 3, 5, 7,
10, 12, 16 and 29 months. Species richness and community structure data were
analysed by non-parametric multivariate analysis. Space on panel surfaces was
rapidly occupied; the upper surfaces by algae and the lower surfaces by
bryozoans, ascidians and sponges, with a divergence of community structure
over time. Of the 228 coral recruits identified on the panels, 98% were
recorded on the upper surface of panels, in contrast to studies at most
tropical sites where corals recruit predominantly to lower surfaces. Owing to
the rapid settlement of other biota, free space for coral settlement was
limited and this may account for the low coral recruitment rate recorded. High
post-settlement mortality (>94%) of coral recruits over a 3-month
period indicated the significance of post-settlement factors in accounting for
low recruitment in settlement-panel studies.
A limnological survey of the freshwater coastal lakes of east Gippsland, Victoria
Authors: Timms BV
Published: November 2005

Eleven lakes were examined in varying degrees of intensity. For the largest two, Lakes Elusive and Barracoota, information is presented on physiography, major physical and chemical features, macrophytes, zooplankton, littoral invertebrates, benthos, and fish. Limited data, mainly on water chemistry and zooplankton, are given for the remaining lakes. The lakes are divisible into three groups. The four floodplain lagoons contain alkaline water dominated by sodium and bicarbonate ions. Zooplankton in each consists of Boeckella minuta, Thermocyclops hyalinus, and Daphnia lumholtzi, as well as a variety of other entomostracans. The coastal dune lakes have acid water dominated by sodium and chloride ions and a restricted zooplankton of one to three species, including Calarnoecia tasmanica. Compared with coastal dune lakes of southern Queensland, these are heterogenous in mode of origin, water chemistry, and zooplankton. Despite some similarities with dune lakes, Lake Barracoota is basically different. Its physiography suggests a recent marine origin which is confirmed by the presence of two isopods and a polychaete with marine affinities.
Spawning, development, and temperature tolerance of the spangled perch, Madigania unicolor (Gunther), from inland waters in Australia
Authors: Llewellyn LC
Published: November 2005

Spangled perch were bred in ponds on four occasions during which their
breeding requirements and details of their embryonic development could be studied.
They commenced spawning around November when surface temperatures reached
26.0°C and bottom temperatures 20.0°C. Flooding helped to induce breeding but was
not essential.
The eggs, which were demersal and dispersed randomly over the bottom of the
pond when spawned, were spherical, transparent, predominantly non-adhesive,
possessed a single oil globule, and varied from 0.67 to 0.81 mm in diameter. The
time taken for hatching at temperatures between 23.0 and 26.4� C was approximately
2 days 2 hr, and the newly hatched larvae measured between 1.72 and 2.56 mm in
length.
Embryological development was recorded in detail. The prolarval stage
terminated at about 3 days 18 hr (ie. with complete absorption of yolk), and the
postlarval stage at approximately 24 days 4 hr after hatching. Juvenile fish possessed
a yellow mark above a black mark on the proximo-ventral edge of the caudal fin, a
character not mentioned by earlier workers. The maximum recorded size of an adult
fish was 567 g. The fecundity of adult females varied from 24,000 eggs for fish weighing
24 g to 113,200 eggs at 65 g.
The approximate LD50 values for minimum and maximum lethal temperatures of
juveniles were 5.3� C and 39.0°C respectively. The lower lethal temperature appears
to limit Australian distribution of this fish. Little experimental evidence was obtained
to support the phenomenon of aestivation reported by previous workers. Aspects
of the species survival in the extreme climatic conditions in which it occurs are
discussed.
Histological changes in the ovaries of the golden perch, Plectroplites ambiguus, associated with the reproductive cycle
Authors: Mackay NJ
Published: November 2005

Histological changes in the ovary are described. P. ambiguus requires the stimulus of a flood to trigger spawning. If a flood fails to occur, yolky oocytes become atretic and their contents are resorbed. New vitellogenesis commences immediately after spawning or in May-June if spawning fails to occur, and continues throughout the winter months. The possible significance of the unusual ovarian cycle of this species is discussed.
Some effects of temperature, desiccation, and light on the intertidal anemone, Actinia tenebrosa Farquhar (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)
Authors: Ottaway JR
Published: November 2005

The upper limit of the zone occupied by Actinia tenebrosa is determined
primarily by the effects of desiccation on the juvenile stages after settling. Juveniles
are especially prone to death from these effects at relative humidities lower than
about 70%. This susceptibility is mainly a consequence of high surface area to
volume ratios in juveniles, and is further enhanced by a higher rate of evaporation
from the column walls of juveniles as compared with adults. A rapid rate of evaporation
will cause the anemones to show decreased responses, but within the usual
range of environmental conditions death probably results from a net loss of water
from the ectoderm and mesogloea. Normally the effects of temperature are unimportant,
although adult anemones may move away from areas of unfavourably high
temperatures. During emergence evaporation from the ectoderm may decrease the
surface temperature of adult anemones by over 5°C from that of the surface of the
adjacent substratum. Dark-adapted A. tenebrosa show responses to light stimuli of
high intensity after 20-40 sec, but these are immediate responses and there is no
evidence either of phototaxis or that light affects the intertidal zonation of the
anemones.
A hydrological investigation of Brisbane Water, N.S.W
Authors: Albani AD
Published: November 2005

Brisbane Water, a relatively small body of water along the eastern coast of
Australia, has been studied from a hydrological point of view. The complex bottom
topography and the shape of the shoreline determine an interesting tidal pattern as
well as a complex current flow, which are analysed.
Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the agarophyte Pterocladia capillacea
Authors: Abdel-Fattah AF , Abed NM , Edrees M
Published: November 2005

Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the marine red algal species
Pterocladia capillacea was studied. Except in May, the ash was characterized by a high
calcium/magnesium ratio. The alga was rich in protein (34.95 %), which showed limited
seasonal variation in August and November and considerable reduction in February.
The presence of floridean starch in the alga was demonstrated, and the algal
hydrolysates afforded galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid, xylose, and ribose. The
latter sugar was attributed to the presence of algal nucleotides involved in the biosynthesis
of polysaccharides. Different seasonal changes in the contents of these
sugars were noted. No low-molecular carbohydrates, except trace quantities of
mannitol, were found in the algal material. The presence of mannitol was attributed
to epiphytic contamination.
Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the unsaponified lipid fractions revealed
the presence of cholesterol, β-sitosterol, and lanosterol as constituents of the red alga
in all seasons.
Normal (Gaussian) response of juvenile marron, Cherax tenuimanus (Smith) (Decapoda: Parastacidae), to capture by baited sampling units
Authors: Morrissy NM
Published: November 2005

The possibility that a population of freshwater crayfish contains members
with permanent zero "vulnerability" to capture by baited nets has been investigated.
After five capture-mark-release opportunities a pond year-class cohort of
juvenile marron, Cherax tenuimanus (Smith), was completely examined, as suggested
by Cormack (1968). The observed frequencies of marron in the six capture classes,
i.e. including the uncaptured marron, were shown to approximate to a truncated
normal (Gaussian) distribution using a statistical procedure given by Thompson
(1951). Thus, the uncaptured marron only differed quantitatively in their capture
response in comparison to the other marron, and therefore, did not contain members
with permanent zero "vulnerability".
Of the variability in probability of capture, or "catchability", 26.5% was
accounted for by a positive correlation with individual size. Sex was also influential
amongst the larger members of the year-class.
Since equations used to estimate population numbers are based upon a basic
assumption of equal "catchability" of individuals, the results presented have
considerable practical importance with respect to the validity of these estimates
for marron and, at least, related species.
Coral Sea flow budgets in winter
Authors: Scully-Power PD
Published: November 2005

Winter cruises in the Coral Sea indicate very little southerly volume transport
a across 20�S. Most of the inflow from the east between New Caledonia and the Solomon
Islands leaves the area between these islands and New Guinea. This outflow is considered
to form a major source water for the lower cell of the Equatorial Undercurrent
(Cromwell Current) which is in geostrophic balance. South of 20°S., the East Australian
Current is postulated to be a series of southward meandering anticyclonic eddies near
the edge of the continental shelf. In the north-west Coral Sea there is high variability
of volume transport both in strength and direction, and no regular pattern can be
discerned.
A kerosene-like taint in the sea mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus). I. Composition and environmental occurence of the tainting substance
Authors: Connell DW
Published: November 2005

A kerosene-like taint in sea mullet (Mugil cephalus) from south Queensland has been found to be due to a mixture of hydrocarbons closely resembling commercial kerosene in composition. Similar substances were isolated from sediments in certain areas of the Brisbane River and from effluents discharging into one of these areas. Hydrocarbon-containing sediments, consumed with food, were found in the gut of tainted sea mullet captured in the Brisbane River and are believed to cause kerosene-like tainting in the flesh. However, the presence of hydrocarbons in river water indicates the possibility of absorption through the gills. It is suggested that tainted fish from the Brisbane River join untainted fish from other rivers in the winter spawning run northwards. This may explain the capture of tainted fish, together with untainted fish, during the winter period when the commercial mullet fishery is at its maximum intensity.
Mortality and longevity in the whelk Dicathais orbita (Gmelin)
Authors: Phillips BF , Campbell NA
Published: November 2005

A population of the whelk Dicathais orbita (Gmelin) at Fish-Hook Bay, Rottnest Island, in Western Australia, was found to have a high annual mortality and hence a low average life expectancy. A longevity of 19 years has been estimated but the average life expectancy is not more than 5 years. The mortality rate of the animals on the reef platforms (1-S = 0.46; M = 0.62) was found to be independent of age. A life table for D. orbita is presented and discussed, and these data compared with data on some other predatory gastropods.
Studies on southern Australian abalone (Genus Haliotis). II. Reproduction of five species
Authors: Shepherd SA , Laws HM
Published: November 2005

The sizes at sexual maturity, sex ratios and the annual reproductive cycles of five sympatric species of abalone (Haliotis cyclobates Peron, Haliotis laevigata Donovan, Haliotis roei Gray, Haliotis ruber Leach and Haliotis scalaris Leach) were studied at several sites in South Australia. The two species of commercial importance H. laevigata and H. ruber become sexually mature at about 3 years of age and between 75 and 120 mm long, according to growth rate. The other species are sexually mature at smaller sizes. In H. roei and H. cyclobates sex ratios were equal, but in the other species one sex tended to predominate; males were more numerous in younger populations and females in older populations of H. laevigata and H. scalaris, whereas males were more numerous in older populations of H. ruber. Possible explanations are advanced for these disparities. A gonad index and a stage frequency method based on measurement of oocyte diameters were used to determine the occurrence of spawning in each species. H. cyclobates and H. laevigata spawn synchronously during spring and summer at West I. and Tipara Reef; H. ruber spawns during autumn and winter at Tipara Reef and during spring and autumn at West I. ; H. roei and H. scalaris spawn throughout the year. The importance of the supply and availability of food and changes in sea temperatures as factors which can seasonally restrict the spawning periodicity of abalone are discussed.
Toxicity bioassays of cadmium on selected freshwater invertebrates and the interaction of cadmium and zinc on the freshwater shrimp, Paratya tasmaniensis Riek
Authors: Thorp VJ , Lake PS
Published: November 2005

In acute toxicity bioassays with cadmium sulphate at 15� C in soft water (total hardness 10 mg/l as calcium carbonate), the concentrations fatal to 50 % of the test animals were determined for five freshwater invertebrate species. The 96 hr median lethal concentration (LC50) of cadmium was 0.04 mg/l for the amphipod Austrochiltonia subtenuis Sayce, 0.06 mg/l for the shrimp Paratya tasmaniensis Riek, 0.84 mg/l for the ephemeropteran nymph Atalophlebia australis Walker, 250 mg/l for the zygopteran nymph Ischnura heterosticta (Burmeister) and well over 2000 mg/l for a trichopteran larva of the Leptoceridae. The bioassays on Paratya indicared that there may be seasonal differences in sensitivity to cadmium. The 96 hr LC50 for zinc for Paratya was 1.21 mg/l. Zinc and cadmium appeared to interact less than additively at concentrations below 1 toxic unit. Above this concentration, their interaction was strictly additive.
The biology of a landlocked form of the normally catadromous salmoniform fish Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns). IV. Effects of cestode and nematode parasites
Authors: Pollard DA
Published: November 2005

Two helminth parasites, a cestode and a nematode, were found to infect the landlocked form of Galaxias maculatus inhabiting Lake Modewarre, a slightly saline lake in south-western Victoria. The cestode, from the host's coelomic cavity, was identified as the plerocercoid stage of the pseudophyllidean genus Ligula, the occurrence of which in the Australasian region constitutes a new zoo- geographic regional record, and in G. maculatus a new host-family record. The mean percentage weight of plerocercoids per infected fish was approximately 9%, and the maximum almost 50% of the intact host weight. The mean number of plerocercoids per fish was approximately 0.75, or 1.5 per infected fish, and the maximum number per fish was five. The mean incidence of infection was approximately 50%. The effects of these cestodes on the host fish included a reduction in general body condition, an inhibition of gonadal maturation, and an inhibition, during the reproductive season, of movements to the spawning areas. The possibility that this cestode may have been intro- duced by man together with exotic fishes from the northern hemisphere is discussed. The nematode, usually found encysted in the visceral peritoneum, was identified as the larval form of Eustrongylides sp. (probably gadopsis), family Dioctophymidae. The mean number of nematodes per fish was 4.4, or 5.4 for infected fish, and the maximum number per fish was 44. The mean incidence of infection was approximately 80%. One of the effects of this nematode on its host was the inhibition of egg laying by female fish when encysted in the ovary or vent. This species was also found in an eleotrine goby and in rainbow trout, and a similar form (probably an intermediate-adult stage of the same species) in the cormorant Phalacrocorax varius, from the same lake.
Distribution of fish in inland saline waters in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Chessman BC , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The distribution of fish in Victorian saline lakes is reported on and discussed. Fourteen native and five exotic species are recorded from lakes of salinity greater than 3‰, but no strictly inland species were found at salinities in excess of 31‰. Reasons for the reduced penetration of fish into Victorian salt lakes compared with invertebrate penetration and fish penetration elsewhere are discussed.
Corals of the Solitary Islands, New South Wales
Authors: Veron JEN , How RA , Done TJ , Zell LD , Dodkin MJ , O'Farrell AF
Published: November 2005

Thirty-four species of 18 genera of hermatypic corals and three species of ahermatypic corals occur at the Solitary Islands which lie between 2 and 11 km from the east Australian coastline between 30�01' and 30�14' S. latitude. The appearance and occurrence of each species is described and their inter-island distribution discussed. Transect data from South-west Solitary Island show that dominant species (Goniastrea australensis, cf. Plesiastrea versipora, Favites abdita, Favites halicora, Cyphastrea serailia, Turbinaria danae, Goniopora lobata, Pocillopora danicornis and Acropora hyacinthus) form a 100% cover of the ocean floor in some localities, whereas in others they form a variety of associations with the ascidians, sponges and algae characteristic of equivalent mainland localities. These findings are compared with previously reported distributions of temperate Australian hermatypic corals and are discussed in the light of recent data on the ocean temperature around the Solitary Islands.
Western rock lobsters reared to maturity
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

Young of Panulirus longipes cygnus have been reared in captivity from the puerulus phase to adulthood. Improved growth rate in captivity resulted in larger size at maturity and eliminated differences in growth between juvenile males and females evident in the feral population, but did not result in earlier maturity. Ages at first breeding ranged from 4.9 years to 5.7 years. When held at 25�C, repetitive breeding occurred, in contrast to seasonal breeding in the wild population. Ecdysis did not always occur between each breeding cycle, but a fresh mating was required for the fertilization of each batch of eggs spawned.
Aspects of the limnology of Lake Tali Karng, Victoria
Authors: Timms BV
Published: November 2005

Lake Tali Karng, the only deep highland lake in Victoria, was formed by a landslide. It is 51 m deep and 16.2 ha in area. Lake water is low in total dissolved salts and is slightly acidic. Bottom deposits consist of alloch-thonous woody detritus in the littoral and sublittoral and of mud of high organic content in the profundal. There are six species of zooplankton present, including .Calamoecia ampulla and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula. Twelve species inhabit the littoral zone, which is either rocky or supports weedbeds of Chara sp. Micronecta robusta and tadpoles of Littoria phyllochroa are most abundant. The benthos is dominated by the phraetoicid, Colubotelson sp., and two species of chironomid in the sublittoral and by Chironomus oppositus in the profundal. Mean benthic biomass is 4.45 g/m².
There is evidence of a biogeographical relationship to highland lakes in Tasmania.
Recent history of Tanytarsus barbitarsis Freeman (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the sediments of a shallow, saline lake
Authors: Paterson CG , Walker KF
Published: November 2005

The present known distribution of Tanytarsus barbitarsis in Australia suggests that it is a halobiont species confined to lakes of high salinities, but of varying ionic composition. Experiments indicate that the species is capable of surviving and developing in waters of considerably lower salinity than suggested by its known natural habitat. A study of the history of the chironomid fauna of Lake Werowrap, as revealed by head capsule remains in two short sediment cores, showed that T. barbitarsis has fluctuated in abundance but appears to have been absent when Chironomus duplex was present in the lake. The facultative predator, Procladius paludicola, occurred sympatrically with T. barbitarsis during part of the lake's history. P. paludicola is perhaps the only chironomid that naturally occurs in association with T. barbitarsis. The apparent restriction of T. barbitarsis to highly saline waters may not be a direct result of its inability to tolerate waters of reduced salinity but may be, at least in part, due to its inability to compete with other tube building, sediment feeding chironomids.
Reversed longitudinal salinity profile of a major river in the south-west of Western Australia
Authors: Morrissy NM
Published: November 2005

Water samples, 51 in October 1973 and 44 in February 1974, were taken from riverine and tributary localities extending for 475 km inland from the estuary over the course of the major Blackwood River System of south-western Australia. Each of the two series of river conductivity (K20) values was positively correlated with distance upstream, but the slopes of the spring and summer regressions were not significantly different. Salinity increased by approximately 10.9 mg/l and 16.6 mg/l, respectively, per km in the upstream direction. Only the lower river and adjacent tributaries could be classified as freshwater (<3000 mg/l). The loads of total dissolved salts passing a Stream Gauging Station, 70.8 km upstream from the estuary, during the spring and summer samplings were 29.57 kg/sec and 0.28 kg/sec, respectively. The reversed longitudinal salinity profile could be explained by reference to the reversed sequence of valley forms, the pattern of clearing of catchments, decreasing rainfall inland, and the release of cyclic salts, accumulated in groundwater, by clearing.
Population growth of a copepod Gladioferens imparipes Thomson
Authors: Rippingale RJ , Hodgkin EP
Published: November 2005

The intrinsic rate of increase of an animal population can be calculated from data on longevity, sex ratio, maturation rate and fecundity and can be expressed as r in the population growth equation Nt = N0ert. Laboratory and field data are used to calculate the value of r per day for the copepod Gladioferens imparipes Thomson. The r values obtained, 0.146 per day at 15� C and 0.293 per day at 25� C, are both high. This high population growth potential is interpreted as an adaptation to the estuarine habitat.
Studies on the lakes of Fraser Island, Queensland
Authors: Bayly IAE , Ebsworth EP , Wan HF
Published: November 2005

Information is presented on the plankton, littoral invertebrates and fish of a series of dilute, acidic waters (mainly lakes) located on a large island consisting entirely of deep siliceous sand. Some data on the physicochemical aspects and morphology of the lakes are also recorded. Fish discussed include Melanotaenia sp. nov., Hypseleotris klunzingeri and Rhadinocentrus ornatus. Terrestrial insects and pollen constitute major foods for the latter. Notonectids and corixids were not found in association with fish which may outcompete these hemipterans for food.
The food of the New Zealand common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell (Pisces: Salmoniformes)
Authors: Cadwallader PL
Published: November 2005

The food of the common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell, inhabiting the Glentui River, Canterbury, New Zealand, was studied between June 1970 and November 1971. Basic food consisted of Ephemeroptera: particularly the larvae of Deleatidium spp., Coloburiscus humeralis and Nesameletus ornatus. Secondary food consisted of Elmidae (Coleoptera), terrestrial arthropods, and the larvae of Rhyacophilidae, Hydropsyche colonica, Olinga feredayi, Pycnocentrodes aureola (Trichoptera), Archichauliodes diversus (Megaloptera), Chironomidae and Simuliidae (Diptera). Other food items were considered to be incidental. Diet varied seasonally and with size of fish. Large fish tended to eat larger food items than small fish, and there was also an increase in variety of food items with increase in fish size. Recently hatched fish fed predominantly on dipteran larvae, changing to a mainly ephemeropteran diet on moving to the adult habitat. Diet did not change significantly with age in fish sampled in the same type of habitat. Male and female diets were very similar.
Predation effects on the distribuion of a copepod
Authors: Rippingale RJ , Hodgkin EP
Published: November 2005

A summary is presented of the distribution patterns of the copepod Gladioferens imparipes Thomson in three estuaries in south-west Western Australia. Field and laboratory evidence is used to support an interpretation of the distribution patterns in terms of predation by two other copepods. A discussion follows of the ecological role of predators which have variety of food sources.
Setal development and moult staging in the crayfish Parastacoides tasmanicus (Erichson), (Decapoda Parastacidae)
Authors: Mills BJ , Lake PS
Published: November 2005

Setal development through the moult cycle has been observed in the uropods and telson of the freshwater crayfish Parastacoides tasmanicus. The changes in the morphology of the setae through the moult cycle can be used as a moult stage index for this decapod. The initial formation of the setae (stage D1) for this crayfish differs from that hitherto described for other macrurans.
Environmental factors affecting growth and survival of juvenile western rock lobsters Panulirus longipes (Milne-Edwards)
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

The effects of temperature, photoperiod, oxygen, food supply, crowding, and autotomy of limbs have been measured under controlled conditions in aquaria. Growth rate increased with temperature to a maximum 26� C above which both growth rate and survival declined. Varying the length of photoperiod did not affect growth rate or survival, except that the growth rate was depressed significantly in continuous darkness. A mild deficiency of oxygen (60-67 % saturation) resulted in a smaller size increment at a moult; depression to 47-55 % saturation caused deaths at ecdysis. Daily feeding was necessary to maintain maximum rate of growth. The fist response to decreased food supply was a reduction in frequency of moulting. More severe shortage of food also depressed growth increment per moult. Feeding rates and conversion ratios have been measured. Frequency of moulting (and hence growth rate) was depressed markedly when juveniles were held in isolation. At a moult replacing two lost limbs, the growth rate was not affected; replacement of four limbs reduced that moult increment. Single loss of up to four limbs did not result in an earlier moult, but repetitive loss of two or more limbs at or immediately after each ecdysis led to precocious moulting. The impact of these and other components of the environment (shelter, salinity, turbidity, competitors and predators) upon juveniles during the 4 years spent on shallow coastal reefs is discussed. Food supply is emerging as the dominant factor determining growth and survival in the wild population.
Nutrient enrichment of east Australian coastal waters. II. Laurieton upwelling
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

An oceanographical investigation of coastal waters off Laurieton, N.S.W. (31� 39'S.) during August 1968 to March 1974 has shown that upwelling was a regular feature of the spring and summer season. This upwelling was confined to a 5-mile zone against the coast, occurred at intervals between 12 and 57 days, was of short duration (9-15 days complete cycle) and originated in offshore 15-17� C waters around 125-275 m depth. Upwelling velocities during the final stzges of development were between 17 and 34 m per day. Causes of the upwelling could not be determined. However, it is possible that the narrowing of the shelf width just north of Laurieton is a local factor of importance.
Tidal response functions around Australia from harmonic constants
Authors: McMurtree R , Webb DJ
Published: November 2005

Tidal harmonic constants can be used to make estimates of the tidal response functions. This paper discusses the method and the errors involved, and makes use of the method to study the tides around Australia. The diurnal tidal wave is found to pass smoothly around Australia. The behaviour of the semi-diurnal tidal wave is more complex. In particular it is affected by a resonance in the Coral Sea. The techniques developed in the paper are also used to estimate the accuracy of a simple method of tidal prediction.
Activity measurement of decapod crustaceans: a comparison of white and infrared photographic illumination.
Authors: Hindley JPR , Penn JW
Published: November 2005

Activity of western rock lobsters Panulirus longipes (Milne-Edwards)* and western king prawns Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye was investigated by time-lapse photography using white and infrared photographic flash on alternate days. The activity of the prawns, but not of the rock lobsters, was depressed significantly by white flash illumination, and it is concluded that such illumination should not be used in behavioural experiments without quantifying its effects.
A daylight sampling net for juvenile penaeid prawns
Authors: Penn JW , Stalker RW
Published: November 2005

A sampling device capable of capturing buried juvenile penaeid prawns has been constructed and tested. The towed sampling net described utilizes pumped water jets to disturb buried prawns from the upper 3 cm of sediment whilst they are within the net covered sled. The jets also generate a turbulent flow of water, which together with the forward movement of the sled, carries the animals back into the pocket of the net. Data on the catch rates and sizes of prawns caught are presented, with a discussion of the efficiency of the apparatus and its use as a quantitative sampling device.
Surface waters in the north of the Coral Sea
Authors: Donguy JR , Henin C
Published: November 2005

North of New Guinea, the eastward flow is not fast enough to bring the diluted water from the westernmost Pacific to the Coral Sea where, in the north, from February to June, the surface salinity is less than 34.5‰. This low salinity is always associated with a west wind component bringing rainfall. The surface salinity chart in January-February 1971 shows a salinity minimum isolated from its once supposed western origin by saltier water in the north of New Guinea. These features suggest local formation of this low salinity.
Feeding relationships of galaxiids, bullies, eels and trout in a New Zealand river
Authors: Cadwallader PL
Published: November 2005

The feeding relationships of the common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell, upland bully, Gobiomorphus breviceps (Stokell), long-finned eel, Anguilla diefenbachii Gray, short-finned eel, A. australis schmidtii Phillipps, and brown trout, Salmo trutta L., were examined in the Glentui River, Canterbury, New Zealand, in February, May and November 1971. With few exceptions, the same food organisms were utilized by all species, but the relative proportion of each food type in the diet varied between species. Kendall rank correlation coefficients indicated that the diets of native fish were dissimilar, with the exception of galaxiids and bullies in May, but in six out of nine comparisons involving the introduced trout, the coefficients indicated varying degrees of similarity with the diets of the native species. Since their feeding mechanisms and feeding localities are different, similarities in the diets of eels and trout, trout and bullies, and bullies and galaxiids can be regarded as giving rise to indirect competition. However, since trout (C 200 mm long) and galaxiids occupy the same microhabitat and feed in the same manner, similarity in their diets can be regarded as giving rise to direct competition. Such direct competition for food, combined with interspecific aggression and similar microhabitat requirements, may help to explain the reduction in abundance of other galaxiids in areas in which trout have been introduced.
Geographical distribution, growth and breeding miagration of the eastern Australian king prawn Penaeus plebejus Hess
Authors: Ruello NV
Published: November 2005

P. plebejus is commonly caught along the east coast of Australia between Bundaberg (25�S.) and Lakes Entrance (38�S.) and a few specimens have been recorded from Lord Howe Island and Tasmania. The results of tagging studies conducted to determine the relationship between juvenile (estuarine) stocks and adults at sea suggest that maturing prawns migrate along the coast to breed in warmer oceanic waters north of their estuarine habitat. The stocks from different estuaries mix at sea and appear to form a single large adult population in south-east Australia. It is postulated that the larvae are carried south from the spawning area by the East Australian Current system, occasionally as far south as Tasmania or east to Lord Howe Island (but not to New Zealand). The longest migration was 930 km (in 260 days) which is a record for an adult crustacean. The highest growth rate observed was a carapace length increment of 19½ mm (from 20½ to 40 mm) in 4 months.
Infestation of luderick (Girella tricuspidata) populations with parasitic isopods
Authors: Lanzing WJR , O'Conner PF
Published: November 2005

Observations were made on the infestation of luderick (G. tuicuspidata) populations with the parasitic isopods Codonophilus and Irona. Luderick samples obtained from different estuarine localities showed infestation rates varying from 0 to about 50%. The parasites live in the opercular and buccal cavities of the fish, causing only minor damage to the gills and no obvious damage to the buccal region. However, biometrical evidence indicates that the condition of the fish carrying two parasites is worse than that of those infested with only one parasite. The condition of the fish in the latter category is only marginally different from that of the non-infested luderick.
The hydraulics of the South Australian gulf system. II. Resonances.
Authors: Tronson K
Published: November 2005

The natural frequencies and wave patterns have been calculated for several model sea basins representative of the South Australian gulfs. Backstairs Passage has been emphasized to varying degrees, enabling its significance to the hydraulics to be determined. The effect of the Earth's rotation has been evaluated by carrying out the calculations with and without Coriolis' parameter.
A schema of the nitrogen cycle off Port Hacking, New South Wales
Authors: Newell BS , Bulleid NC
Published: November 2005

The Port Hacking 100 m Station represents a continental shelf situation where periodic enrichment occurs from below without the classical upwelling sequence, but with profound biological effects. The Station receives irregular influxes of low-salinity, high-nitrate slope water intruding onto the continental shelf. Vertical mixing distributes nitrate into the upper illuminated depths and an increase in algal growth ensues. The resulting algal population is generally confined to the layer above the pycnocline. It is probable that nutrient exhaustion limits the ultimate algal population which then becomes subject to attrition by grazing and sinking. The nitrogen introduced as nitrate in the slope water intrusions moves offshore as biological nitrogen. The latter remineralizes at subsurface depths giving an effectively closed nitrogen cycle.
Relation between mean sea level, current and wind stress on the east coast of Australia
Authors: Hamon BV , Godfrey JS , Greig MA
Published: November 2005

Five-day mean sea level differences between Evans Head (29� 07'S.) and Coffs Harbour 30� 19'S.), and between Coffs Harbour and Crowdy Head (31� 50'S.) were regressed on estimates of longshore current acceleration, mean longshore current and longshore wind stress, with the following results: (i) A relation was found between sea level difference from Coffs Harbour to Crowdy Head, and current acceleration. There was no similar relation for the section Evans Head to Coffs Harbour, and no reason could be found for the difference in behaviour between the two sections. (ii) A weakly defined relation was found, in both sections of the coast, between sea level difference and the square of the mean longshore current (a friction effect). (iii) An apparent relation was found, again in both sections of the coast, between sea level difference and longshore wind stress. This relation was more marked than expected from theory. The longshore currents were obtained from ships' drift, and covered a period of 2 years. The current data show a southward drift of current pattern, at an average rate of 9 km day-1. They also show a clear correlation between currents at the shelf edge (approximately 19 km offshore) and currents nearer shore (approximately 6.5 km offshore). It was found that the nearer-shore currents lagged the shelf-edge currents by between 7 and 10 days. Time and space correlations of the shelf-edge currents confirm earlier estimates from similar data. A frequency spectrum of the shelf-edge currents showed a broad maximum in the period range 50-170 days.
A note on the macrofauna of a temporary rainpool in semi-arid Western Australia
Authors: Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The chemistry and macrofauna of a temporary rainpool on soft substrata near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, are described. The ionic composition of the water was dominated by sodium and chloride and salinity was relatively high (5324 ppm). The fauna was depauperate and many faunal groups typical of fresh water were not recorded. Several groups often found in temporary localities were also not recorded, including chironomids. Insects (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera) dominated the fauna. Also present was a species of frog (larvae) and various crustaceans.
Seasonal fauna of some ephemeral saline waters in westren Victoria with particular reference to Parartemia zietziana Sayce (Crustacea: Anostraca)
Authors: Geddes NC
Published: November 2005

Seasonal changes in physical, chemical and biological aspects of 16 ephemeral saline lakes in the Lake Corangamite district of western Victoria were studied. High temperatures, high salinities and low dissolved oxygen levels were recorded in the summer months. The less saline lakes contained a halophilic fauna which included Branchinella compacta, Daphniopsis pusilla, Boeckella triarticulata and Mesochra sp. In the more saline lakes, where salinity did not fall below 40%, at any time during the year, a truly halobiont fauna was present consisting of Parartemia zietziana, Calamoecia salina, C. clitellata, Microcyclops arnaudi, Australocypris robusta, Diacypris sp, and Platycypris sp. The occurrence of these halobiont species appeared to be controlled by salinity, new upper salinity records showing that all these species tolerate salinities well in excess of 100‰. Autecological studies on P. zietziana showed that development proceeded through 15 juvenile stages. Both subitaneous and resting eggs were produced with salinity being the controlling factor. Resting eggs hatched in response to a salinity drop over an approximate range of salinities of 50-200‰. In many populations development of the juveniles was retarded in stages 12-14. The length of adults was found to vary inversely with salinity. The occurrence of P. zietziana is discussed and it is concluded that the species occurs only in highly saline, astatic localities.
Yellow substance (gelbstoff) and its contribution to the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation in some inland and coastal south-eastern Australian waters
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

The absorption spectra relative to distilled water of samples from various inland and coastal waters in south-eastern Australia (New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory) have been measured. Amongst the freshwater samples the level of dissolved yellow substance (gelbstoff) was found to vary seven-fold (the base-10 logarithm absorption coefficient at 440 nm ranged from 0.42 to 2.90 m-1). In coastal sea water the concentration was much lower than in any of the freshwater samples (absorption coefficient 0.01-0.08 m-1 at 440 nm). Calculations have been carried out of the contribution made by yellow substance to attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). In the inland waters yellow substance has a dominating influence on light attenuation, reducing the amount of PAR many-fold, and the blue region of the spectrum is abolished at quite moderate depths. In all cases except sea water it was calculated that most (60-80%) of the quanta captured are absorbed by yellow substance rather than by water. An alternative name, 'gilvin' (Latin, gilvus = pale yellow), for the yellow pigments in natural waters, to replace 'yellow substance' or 'gelbstoff ', is suggested.