bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of atomic layer deposited ZrO2 and ZrO2/TiO2 films for resistive switching application
Authors: Kärkkänen Irina , Shkabko Andrey , Heikkilä Mikko , Niinistö Jaakko , Ritala Mikko , Leskelä Markku , Hoffmann‐Eifert Susanne , Waser Rainer
Published: October 2013

Thin ZrO2 films and ZrO2/TiO2 bilayers grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) are integrated into metal–oxide–metal (MOM) structures for investigation of resistive switching (RS) properties. The films have different microstructure depending on the used ALD oxygen source and stacking sequence for the bilayers. Pt/ZrO2/Ti/Pt devices show unipolar RS for oxide thicknesses of 11–18 nm. The devices with O3 grown ZrO2 show higher yield in comparison to the ones with H2O processed oxide. The switching polarity of the Pt/ZrO2/Ti/Pt cells depends on the thickness of the Ti electrode layer. The increase of the Ti layer thickness leads to a change in switching polarity from unipolar to bipolar. The formation of ZrO2/TiO2 bilayers results in changes in the RS behavior of the MOM cells depending on the stacking sequence.
Influence of growth temperature on the structure and electrical properties of high‐permittivity TiO2 films in TiCl4‐H2O and TiCl4‐O3 atomic‐layer‐deposition processes
Authors: Arroval T. , Aarik L. , Rammula R. , Mändar H. , Aarik J. , Hudec B. , Hušeková K. , Fröhlich K.
Published: October 2013

The influence of the growth temperature on structure and the electrical properties of TiO2 thin films deposited from TiCl4 and H2O and from TiCl4 and O3 was investigated in the temperature range of 150–500 °C. The high‐permittivity rutile phase of TiO2 was obtained on RuO2 in both processes at 225 °C and higher substrate temperatures. The films deposited on Si contained rutile only when were deposited from TiCl4 and H2O at temperatures above 425 °C. Comparison of the films grown on RuO2 revealed superior electrical performance of those deposited from TiCl4 and O3. Although the k values ranging from 100 to 130 in the Pt/TiO2/RuO2 structures were somewhat lower for these films than for the films deposited from TiCl4 and H2O, the former process resulted in lower leakage current densities at similar capacitance effective thicknesses (CET). The leakage current density as low as 6.6 × 10−8 A cm−2 at 0.8 V and CET = 0.41 nm was obtained for films deposited from TiCl4 and O3 at 350 °C.
Short‐channel, high‐mobility organic thin‐film transistors with alkylated dinaphthothienothiophene
Authors: Kitamura Masatoshi , Kuzumoto Yasutaka , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: October 2013

Short‐channel, high‐mobility organic transistors have been demonstrated using alkylated dinaphthothienothiophene. The field‐effect mobility for a transistor with a channel length of 2 mm was 1.46 cm2/Vs at operation of –15 V. The transconductance of the transistor reached to 500 µS/mm, which is one of the highest values in p‐channel organic transistors. The high mobility in short‐channel transistors is attributed to low contact resistance caused by Au/AuNi electrodes modified with pentafluorobenzenethiol. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
1.9 THz selective injection design quantum cascade laser operating at extreme higher temperature above the kBT line
Authors: Miho Sasaki , Lin Tsung‐Tse , Hirayama Hideki
Published: October 2013

The terahertz quantum cascade laser (THz‐QCL) is a promising compact THz laser source with high output power and narrow emission line width, and could be put to use in a variety of applications. However, the operating temperature of lower frequency (< 2 THz) QCLs is particularly low, and is limited by the kBT line. This paper demonstrates a 1.9 THz GaAs/Al0.175Ga0.825As QCL operating at temperatures much higher than the kBT line. A selective injection scheme (using a four‐level design) with high‐Al composition barrier was used to build the low‐frequency QCL with high operating temperature. We succeeded in surpassing the kBT line limit for a 1.9 THz QCL that operates up to 160 K (∼1.8 ħw/kB). The selective injection 1.9 THz QCL shows one‐frequency lasing operation over the entire injection bias voltage range. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved temperature characteristics of highly stacked InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers
Authors: Tanoue Fumihiko , Sugawara Hiroharu , Akahane Kouichi , Yamamoto Naokatsu
Published: October 2013

Up to 24‐stacked‐layer In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs quantum dot laser diodes were fabricated using ultrahigh‐rate molecular beam epitaxy. The operation of these devices was investigated between 298 and 353 K. The characteristic temperatures for the threshold currents improved from 72 K to 80 K with an increase in the stacking number from 12 to 19. The gain curves were also evaluated at 298 K for laser diodes with various cavity lengths. The obtained saturated modal gain increased with increasing stacking number. The laser diode with a stacking number of 24 exhibited the highest saturated modal gain at 155 cm‐1. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Graphene‐based three‐branch nano‐junction (TBJ) logic inverter
Authors: Yin Xiang , Kasai Seiya
Published: October 2013

A logic inverter utilizing a graphene‐based three‐branch nano‐junction (TBJ) is proposed and demonstrated. Fabricated graphene TBJ exhibits parabolic voltage transfer characteristic and the polarity of the curvature can be switched by gate voltage owing to the change of the conduction type in the junction. Inversion of voltage signal is successfully realized in the graphene‐based TBJ utilizing the polarity switch of the curvature. Obtained voltage gain is 0.013, which is small for applications. Analysis of the observed behaviours using a simple model suggests that the gain can be improved by increasing gate capacitance and by reducing residual carrier concentration. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simultaneous observations of transionospheric and HF ionospheric propagation within the polar cap
Authors: Siddle D. R. , Stocker A. J. , Warrington E. M. , Zaalov N. Y. , Homam M. J.
Published: October 2013

The total electron content of the ionosphere over Alert, Canada was measured continuously for over 3 years using a dual frequency GPS receiver. Peaks in the measured total electron content are attributed to the presence of convecting polar patches (patches of enhanced ionization), which increase in number and intensity with increasing sunspot number, peaking in October to November 2011. In addition, HF radio transmissions were made at frequencies between 4 and 14 MHz over a path from Qaanaaq, Greenland to Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard and several examples are presented in which features in the received signals are visible by these two means almost simultaneously. The reception of the higher‐frequency transmissions is shown to be dependent on the presence of polar patches.
Parameter Identification of a Planetary Rover Wheel–Soil Contact Model via a Bayesian Approach
Authors: Gallina Alberto , Krenn Rainer , Scharringhausen Marco , Uhl Tadeusz , Schäfer Bernd
Published: October 2013

Soft soil contact models developed for planetary exploration rovers play an important role in the study of rover mobility. Nowadays, most of the existing contact models are based on Bekker theory, which requires the evaluation of several soil parameters usually measured via bevameter tests. However, substantial differences existing between the plate–soil contact scenario and the wheel–soil contact scenario, along with large variability associated with the bevameter experiments, give rise to large uncertainty in the choice of the model parameter values. In this paper, a Bayesian procedure is proposed to deal effectively with the presence of uncertainty. In the proposed approach, model parameters are random variables with prior distributions derived from bevameter measurements. The prior distributions are then enhanced to posterior distributions through single wheel test data. At the end, the procedure identifies a set of possible model parameter configurations that result in high experimental‐numerical matching.
Advanced multiplicity adjustment methods in clinical trials
Authors: Alosh Mohamed , Bretz Frank , Huque Mohammad
Published: October 2013

During the last decade, many novel approaches for addressing multiplicity problems arising in clinical trials have been introduced in the literature. These approaches provide great flexibility in addressing given clinical trial objectives and yet maintain strong control of the familywise error rate. In this tutorial article, we review multiple testing strategies that are related to the following: (a) recycling local significance levels to test hierarchically ordered hypotheses; (b) adapting the significance level for testing a hypothesis to the findings of testing previous hypotheses within a given test sequence, also in view of certain consistency requirements; (c) grouping hypotheses into hierarchical families of hypotheses along with recycling the significance level between those families; and (d) graphical methods that permit repeated recycling of the significance level. These four different methodologies are related to each other, and we point out some connections as we describe and illustrate them. By contrasting the main features of these approaches, our objective is to help practicing statisticians to select an appropriate method for their applications. In this regard, we discuss how to apply some of these strategies to clinical trial settings and provide algorithms to calculate critical values and adjusted p‐values for their use in practice. The methods are illustrated with several numerical examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gleitfeste Verbindungen nach Eurocode 3 und DIN EN 1090‐2
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Schiborr Markus , Glienke Ralf , Wanner Martin‐Christoph , Ulbrich Detlef
Published: October 2013

Gleitfeste Verbindungen im Stahlbau ermöglichen schlupf‐ und verformungsarme geschraubte Anschlüsse, die vorwiegend in Konstruktionen zum Einsatz kommen, in denen ungewollte Verformungen innerhalb der Verbindungen die Gebrauchseigenschaften der Tragwerke einschränken würden. Typische Einsatzgebiete stellen beispielsweise Funkmasten und ermüdungsbeanspruchte Brücken oder Türme von Windenergieanlagen dar. Wesentliche Kenngrößen derartiger Verbindungen sind die Haftreibungszahl und die Höhe der Vorspannung in den Schrauben. Die neue Herstellungsnorm für Stahlbauten, die DIN EN 1090‐2, bietet im Gegensatz zur DIN 18800‐7 die Möglichkeit der Berücksichtigung verschiedener Arten von Oberflächen und Oberflächenvorbereitungen über unterschiedliche Gleitflächenklassen und stellt mit dem Anhang G ein detailliertes Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der Haftreibungszahl unter Berücksichtigung der Kriechgleitneigung zur Verfügung. Die Unterschiede in der Prüfmethodik im Vergleich zur TL/TP‐KOR‐Stahlbauten liegen im Detail und können zu ungünstigeren Haftreibungszahlen führen.

Slip‐resistant connections according to Eurocode 3 and DIN EN 1090‐2. Slip‐resistant connections in steel structures permit bolted connections with low slip and deformation, which are mainly used in structures, in which deformations of the connections would limit the serviceability of the structures. Typical applications can be found in radio masts, bridges and towers of wind turbines, which are loaded by fatigue. Essential characteristics of these connections are the slip factor and the preload in the bolts. The new execution standard for steel structures, DIN EN 1090‐2, provides in contrast to DIN 18800‐7 the possibility of considering different surface treatments by various classes and with Annex G, it provides a detailed test method to determine the slip factor taking into account possible creep effects. The differences in the testing methodology in comparison to the TL/TP‐KOR‐Stahlbauten are in the details and can lead to unfavourable slip factors.
Two Novel Splice Variants of SOX2OT, SOX2OT-S1, and SOX2OT-S2 are Coupregulated with SOX2 and OCT4 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Shahryari Alireza , Rafiee Mahmoud Reza , Fouani Youssef , Oliae Nasrin Alipour , Samaei Nader Mansour , Shafiee Mohammad , Semnani Shahryar , Vasei Mohammad , Mowla Seyed Javad
Published: October 2013

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as new regulators of stem cell pluripotency and tumorigenesis. The SOX2 gene, a master regulator of pluripotency, is embedded within the third intron of a lncRNA known as SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT). SOX2OT has been suspected to participate in regulation of SOX2 expression and/or other related processes; nevertheless, its potential involvement in tumor initiation and/or progression is unclear. Here, we have evaluated a possible correlation between expression patterns of SOX2OT and those of master regulators of pluripotency, SOX2 and OCT4, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue samples. We have also examined its potential function in the human embryonic carcinoma stem cell line, NTERA2 (NT2), which highly expresses SOX2OT, SOX2, and OCT4. Our data revealed a significant coupregulation of SOX2OT along with SOX2 and OCT4 in tumor samples, compared to the non-tumor tissues obtained from the margin of same tumors. We also identified two novel splice variants of SOX2OT (SOX2OT-S1 and SOX2OT-S2) which coupregulated with SOX2 and OCT4 in ESCCs. Suppressing SOX2OT variants caused a profound alteration in cell cycle distribution, including a 5.9 and 6.9 time increase in sub-G1 phase of cell cycle for SOX2OT-S1 and SOX2OT-S2, respectively. The expression of all variants was significantly diminished, upon the induction of neural differentiation in NT2 cells, suggesting their potential functional links to the undifferentiated state of the cells. Our data suggest a part for SOX2OT spliced variants in tumor initiation and/or progression as well as regulating pluripotent state of stem cells. Stem Cells  2014;32:126–134
Dendritic remodeling in the adolescent medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala of male and female rats
Authors: Koss Wendy A. , Belden Chelsea E. , Hristov Alexander D. , Juraska Janice M.
Published: October 2013

There is recent evidence of continuing development throughout adolescence in two neural areas involved in emotion and cognition, the basolateral amygdala (BLN) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Previous research from our laboratory has demonstrated a cellular loss in both of these brain regions in rats between postnatal day (P) 35 and 90. This study investigates dendritic changes in pyramidal neurons of the BLN and Layer 5 of the mPFC at P20 (juvenile), 35 (puberty), and 90 (adulthood) in hooded rats of both sexes. Dendritic branching and dendritic spines were quantified in Golgi‐Cox impregnated tissue. Between P20 and 35, dendritic length and complexity, as well as the density of dendritic spines, increased in both structures. Between P35 and 90, dendritic spines in the mPFC neurons significantly decreased in both sexes, while a loss of basilar dendrites was only detected in females. In the BLN, there was an increase in the number of branches between P35 and 90 without an increase in the total length of the dendritic tree. BLN spine density also remained stable during this period. These results show that the dendritic tree grows prior to puberty while dendritic remodeling and pruning occurs after puberty in both of these neural areas. This late development may lead to susceptibilities to psychopathologies and addictions that often develop at this time. Synapse 68:61–72, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The growth of northeastern Tibet and its relevance to large‐scale continental geodynamics: A review of recent studies
Authors: Yuan Dao‐Yang , Ge Wei‐Peng , Chen Zhen‐Wei , Li Chuan‐You , Wang Zhi‐Cai , Zhang Hui‐Ping , Zhang Pei‐Zhen , Zheng De‐Wen , Zheng Wen‐Jun , Craddock William H. , Dayem Katherine E. , Duvall Alison R. , Hough Brian G. , Lease Richard O. , Champagnac Jean‐Daniel , Burbank Douglas W. , Clark Marin K. , Farley Kenneth A. , Garzione Carmala N. , Kirby Eric , Molnar Peter , Roe Gerard H.
Published: October 2013

Recent studies of the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau have called attention to two emerging views of how the Tibetan Plateau has grown. First, deformation in northern Tibet began essentially at the time of collision with India, not 10–20 Myr later as might be expected if the locus of activity migrated northward as India penetrated the rest of Eurasia. Thus, the north‐south dimensions of the Tibetan Plateau were set mainly by differences in lithospheric strength, with strong lithosphere beneath India and the Tarim and Qaidam basins steadily encroaching on one another as the region between them, the present‐day Tibetan Plateau, deformed, and its north‐south dimension became narrower. Second, abundant evidence calls for acceleration of deformation, including the formation of new faults, in northeastern Tibet since ~15 Ma and a less precisely dated change in orientation of crustal shortening since ~20 Ma. This reorientation of crustal shortening and roughly concurrent outward growth of high terrain, which swings from NNE‐SSW in northern Tibet to more NE‐SW and even ENE‐WSW in the easternmost part of northeastern Tibet, are likely to be, in part, a consequence of crustal thickening within the high Tibetan Plateau reaching a limit, and the locus of continued shortening then migrating to the northeastern and eastern flanks. These changes in rates and orientation also could result from removal of some or all mantle lithosphere and increased gravitational potential energy per unit area and from a weakening of crustal material so that it could flow in response to pressure gradients set by evolving differences in elevation.
Damping of low‐frequency oscillations using an SVC‐based supplementary controller
Authors: Hasanvand Hamed , Bakhshideh Zad Bashir , Mozafari Babak , Feizifar Behnam
Published: October 2013

In this paper, the optimal tunning problem of parameters of a conventional lead–lag controller (LLC) and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on the static Var compensator (SVC) is considered. The solution is obtained using an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm. The membership functions and scaling factors of the FLC and LLC parameters are optimized using the above‐mentioned technique. The proposed controllers are settled down to an SVC that is installed at the middle of a transmission line connecting a single machine to an infinite bus system. Simulation results show the superiority of the optimized FLC compared to the optimized LLC and also when the SVC is without the supplementary controller under different disturbances and loading conditions. The simulations and analyses are implemented in MATLAB environment. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Water quality analysis in Lake Hachiroko, Japan, using ALOS AVNIR‐2 data
Authors: Wang Dejian , Kageyama Yoichi , Nishida Makoto , Shirai Hikaru , Motozawa Asana
Published: October 2013

In recent years, remote sensing has been used to assessing water pollution distribution. In this study, water quality is analyzed using data collected by the Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type‐2 (AVNIR‐2) of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) at various points in time. We carried out fuzzy regression analysis of the AVNIR‐2 data and direct measurements of local water quality. The relationship between the water quality data and the AVNIR‐2 data was analyzed by solving both the min and max problems. By comparing the maps of estimated water quality with actual distributions of water quality in the study area, we found that the method used in this study allows effective derivation of water quality conditions from AVNIR‐2 data, which provides 10‐m spatial resolution. Furthermore, by comparing the maps created using AVNIR‐2 data collected at different times, we obtained results suggesting temporal changes in water quality. We also compared the results obtained using data collected by the optical sensor of the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) with 30‐m resolution and those obtained using data collected by the active sensor of JERS‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and examined the differences in classification results resulting from differences in resolution and sensors. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of a micro‐multipoint laser doppler velocimeter for in vivo evaluation of subcutaneous blood flow
Authors: Akiguchi Shunsuke , Ishida Hiroki , Andoh Tsugunobu , Shimizu Tadamichi , Kuraishi Yasushi , Yasuda Yoshifumi , Hachiga Tadashi
Published: October 2013

We have developed a micro‐multipoint laser Doppler velocimeter (µMLDV), which is the newest version of our improved laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). This device can potentially be used clinically for the evaluation of the internal diameter of blood vessels, inspection of blood vessel protrusions and diagnosis of melanoma. To date, we have verified the accuracy of this device for three‐dimensional measurement of blood vessels in vivo and measurement of melanoma. The state of blood flow is one of the evaluation criteria for tissue fixing. However, the state of blood flow is difficult to determine visually. If the state of blood flow can be visualized using this system, without damaging the affected area, it is possible to evaluate fixing noninvasively. Therefore, we measured normal blood vessels and cases in which there was no blood flow for comparison and verified the possibility of using the µMLDV as an evaluation device. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
N‐Trimethylsilyl‐aminophosphines: Solution‐state Structures, Studied by Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance and DFT Methods
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Köhler Christian , Weidinger Jürgen
Published: October 2013

A novel fairly stable N‐trimethylsilylamino(dichloro)phosphine was prepared, in which the nitrogen atom bears a 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl group. The gas phase structures of various amino‐ and silylaminophosphines including a phosphenium cation and an amino(imono)phosphine were optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory, and NMR parameters were calculated. Both magnitude and sign of the two‐bond coupling constants 2J(31P,N,13C) and 2J(31P,N,29Si), known to be sensitive towards the respective conformation, are well reproduced by the calculations. This also holds for 1J(31P,15N), although calculated values 1K(31P,15N) (all < 0) are slightly more negative [1J(31P,15N) more positive] than experimental values.
New Rhodium‐rich Germanides RERh6Ge4 (RE = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm–Lu)
Authors: Voßwinkel Daniel , Niehaus Oliver , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: October 2013

The ternary germanides RERh6Ge4 (RE = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm–Lu) were obtained by arc‐melting of the elements and subsequent annealing. Single crystals were grown from bismuth fluxes. The samples were studied by X‐ray diffraction on powders. The structures of five members were refined from single crystal diffraction data: LiCo6P4 type, P$\bar{6}$m2, a = 715.8(1), c = 387.33(8) pm, wR = 0.0238, 332 F2 values for LaRh6Ge4, a = 715.0(1), c = 384.96(7) pm, wR = 0.0211, 329 F2 values for PrRh6Ge4, a = 714.28(9), c = 382.57(6) pm, wR = 0.0136, 327 F2 values for SmRh6Ge4, a = 714.2(1), c = 381.6(1), wR = 0.0270, 327 F2 values for GdRh6Ge4, and a = 714.2(2), c = 379.0(1) pm, wR = 0.0273, 324 F2 values for HoRh6Ge4 with 19 variables per refinement. The RERh6Ge4 structures have two crystallographically independent germanium sites in trigonal prismatic coordination, manifesting the close structural relationship with metal‐rich phosphides. Together, the rhodium and germanium atoms build up three‐dimensional [Rh6Ge4] networks, which leave large channels for the rare earth atoms. Each rare earth atom has coordination number 20 with 12 Rh, 6 Ge, and 2 RE neighbors. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate Pauli paramagnetic behavior for YRh6Ge4, LaRh6Ge4, and LuRh6Ge4. The compounds RERh6Ge4 (RE = Gd–Yb) are Curie‐Weiss paramagnets. Antiferromagnetic ordering was observed at 8.4(5) K (GdRh6Ge4), 13.6(5) K (TbRh6Ge4), 5.1(5) K (DyRh6Ge4), and 8.9(5) K (YbRh6Ge4). DyRh6Ge4 and YbRh6Ge4 show metamagnetic transitions at 2.5(5) and 45(2) kOe, respectively.
The use of visual barriers to reduce aggression among a group of marabou storks (Leptoptilos crumeniferus)
Authors: Valuska Annie J. , Leighty Katherine A. , Schutz Paul. J. , Ferrie Gina M. , Sky Christy C. , Bettinger Tamara L.
Published: October 2013

Marabou storks are one of the most commonly held birds in zoos, but the captive population faces challenges related to high mortality. One of the most common causes of death among captive marabou storks is conspecific aggression. There is a pressing need to better understand how to manage this aggression. One method that has been used successfully to reduce aggression in other species is the addition of visual barriers to the enclosure, though there are no published studies on their effect on storks. We studied the behavioral changes in a group of 2.2 marabou storks following the addition of two shade cloth barriers to their enclosure; we documented all occurrences of aggressive behavior, as well as time spent proximate to the barriers (or the space between barrier posts, when the shade cloth was removed) and time spent using the barriers to block the view of other storks. The presence of the shade cloth did not change the amount of time storks spent proximate to the barriers, nor did they spend more than 2% of their time using the barriers to block other storks, but the presence of the barriers significantly reduced displacement activity. Barriers may afford captive marabou storks an important means of escaping conflict, as flight‐restriction and housing in an enclosure can limit their opportunities to give a signal of retreat or submission. Zoo Biol. 32:648–651, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges and triumphs to genomics-based natural product discovery
Authors: Jensen Paul R , Chavarria Krystle L , Fenical William , Moore Bradley S , Ziemert Nadine
Published: October 2013

Genome sequencing is rapidly changing the field of natural products research by providing opportunities to assess the biosynthetic potential of strains prior to chemical analysis or biological testing. Ready access to sequence data is driving the development of new bioinformatic tools and methods to identify the products of silent or cryptic pathways. While genome mining has fast become a useful approach to natural product discovery, it has also become clear that identifying pathways of interest is much easier than finding the associated products. This has led to bottlenecks in the discovery process that must be overcome for the potential of genomics-based natural product discovery to be fully realized. In this perspective, we address some of these challenges in the context of our work with the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora, which is proving to be a useful model with which to apply genome mining as an approach to natural product discovery.
Constructing Social Psychology
Authors: McGuire William
Published: October 2013

This collection of papers by William J. McGuire reports research on the phenomenal self, revealing how we selectively perceive ourselves and other complex stimuli in terms of distinctive or atypical features, often noticing what is missing rather than what is there. The content, structure, and processing of thought systems surrounding the self and other complex stimuli are shown to function by balancing logical consistency, realistic coping, and hedonic gratification. Attitude change and social influence processes are described, with particular attention given to the personality correlates of persuasability, how beliefs can be immunized against persuasion, how persuasive communications affect beliefs, and how people can be persuaded by Socratic questioning that does not give them new information but rather directs their attention to information they already have. Also reported are findings on language and thought, psychology and history, and techniques of creative thinking in psychology and other fields.
Banach Algebras and the General Theory of *-Algebras
Authors: Palmer Theodore W.
Published: October 2013

This is the second volume of a two-volume set that provides a modern account of basic Banach algebra theory including all known results on general Banach *-algebras. The author emphasizes the roles of *-algebra structure and explores the algebraic results which underlie the theory of Banach algebras and *-algebras. Proofs are presented in complete detail at a level accessible to graduate students. The books will become the standard reference for the general theory of *-algebras. This second volume deals with *-algebras. Chapter 9 develops the theory of *-algebras without additional restrictions. Chapter 10 proves nearly all the results previously known for Banach *-algebras and hermitian Banach *-algebras for *-algebras with various essentially algebraic restrictions. Chapter 11 restates the previous results in terms of Banach *-algebras and uses them to prove results explicitly involving the complete norm. Chapter 12 is devoted to locally compact groups and the *-algebras related to them.
Microlocal Analysis for Differential Operators
Authors: Grigis Alain , Sjöstrand Johannes
Published: October 2013

This short introduction to microlocal analysis is presented, in the spirit of Hörmander, in the classical framework of partial differential equations. This theory has important applications in areas such as harmonic and complex analysis, and also in theoretical physics. Here Grigis and Sjöstrand emphasise the basic tools, especially the method of stationary phase, and they discuss wavefront sets, elliptic operators, local symplectic geometry, and WKB-constructions. The contents of the book correspond to a graduate course given many times by the authors. It should prove to be useful to mathematicians and theoretical physicists, either to enrich their general knowledge of this area, or as preparation for the current research literature.
Trauma and the Memory of Politics
Authors: Edkins Jenny
Published: October 2013

In this interesting study, Jenny Edkins explores how we remember traumatic events such as wars, famines, genocides and terrorism, and questions the assumed role of commemorations as simply reinforcing state and nationhood. Taking examples from the World Wars, Vietnam, the Holocaust, Kosovo and September 11th, Edkins offers a thorough discussion of practices of memory such as memorials, museums, remembrance ceremonies, the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress and the act of bearing witness. She examines the implications of these commemorations in terms of language, political power, sovereignty and nationalism. She argues that some forms of remembering do not ignore the horror of what happened but rather use memory to promote change and to challenge the political systems that produced the violence of wars and genocides in the first place. This wide-ranging study embraces literature, history, politics and international relations, and makes a significant contribution to the study of memory.
Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England
Authors: Richmond Vivienne
Published: October 2013

In this pioneering study Vivienne Richmond reveals the importance of dress to the nineteenth-century English poor, who valued clothing not only for its practical utility, but also as a central element in the creation and assertion of collective and individual identities. During this period of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation formal dress codes, corporate and institutional uniforms and the spread of urban fashions replaced the informal dress of agricultural England. This laid the foundations of modern popular dress and generated fears about the visual blurring of social boundaries as new modes of manufacturing and retailing expanded the wardrobes of the majority. But a significant impoverished minority remained outside this process. Clothed by diminishing parish assistance, expanding paternalistic charity and the second-hand trade, they formed a 'sartorial underclass' whose material deprivation and visual distinction was a cause of physical discomfort and psychological trauma.
Cicero on Politics and the Limits of Reason
Authors: Atkins Jed W.
Published: October 2013

A prolific philosopher who also held Rome's highest political office, Cicero was uniquely qualified to write on political philosophy. In this book Professor Atkins provides a fresh interpretation of Cicero's central political dialogues - the Republic and Laws. Devoting careful attention to form as well as philosophy, Atkins argues that these dialogues together probe the limits of reason in political affairs and explore the resources available to the statesman given these limitations. He shows how Cicero appropriated and transformed Plato's thought to forge original and important works of political philosophy. The book demonstrates that Cicero's Republic and Laws are critical for understanding the history of the concepts of rights, the mixed constitution and natural law. It concludes by comparing Cicero's thought to the modern conservative tradition and argues that Cicero provides a perspective on utopia frequently absent from current philosophical treatments.
Language and Time
Authors: Evans Vyvyan
Published: October 2013

Using language and thought to fix events in time is one of the most complex computational feats that humans perform. In the first book-length taxonomy of temporal frames of reference, Vyvyan Evans provides an overview of the role of space in structuring human representations of time. Challenging the assumption that time is straightforwardly structured in terms of space, he shows that while space is important for temporal representation, time is nevertheless separate and distinguishable from it. Evans argues for three distinct temporal frames of reference in language and cognition and evaluates the nature of temporal reference from a cross-linguistic perspective. His central thesis is that the hallmark of temporal reference is transience, a property unique to the domain of time. This important study has implications not only for the relationship between space and time, but also for that between language and figurative thought, and the nature of linguistically-mediated meaning construction.
Making the Modern American Fiscal State
Authors: Mehrotra Ajay K.
Published: October 2013

At the turn of the twentieth century, the US system of public finance underwent a dramatic transformation. The late nineteenth-century regime of indirect, hidden, partisan, and regressive taxes was eclipsed in the early twentieth century by a direct, transparent, professionally administered, and progressive tax system. This book uncovers the contested roots and paradoxical consequences of this fundamental shift in American tax law and policy. It argues that the move toward a regime of direct and graduated taxation marked the emergence of a new fiscal polity - a new form of statecraft that was guided not simply by the functional need for greater revenue but by broader social concerns about economic justice, civic identity, bureaucratic capacity, and public power. Between the end of Reconstruction and the onset of the Great Depression, the intellectual, legal, and administrative foundations of the modern fiscal state first took shape. This book explains how and why this new fiscal polity came to be.
Christian Law
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: October 2013

Christian Law: Contemporary Principles offers a detailed comparison of the laws of churches across ten distinct Christian traditions worldwide: Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian, United, Congregational and Baptist. From this comparison, Professor Doe proposes that all denominations of the faith share common principles in spite of their doctrinal divisions; and that these principles reveal a concept of 'Christian law' and contribute to a theological understanding of global Christian identity. Adopting a unique interdisciplinary approach, the book provides comprehensive coverage on the sources and purposes of church law, the faithful (lay and ordained), the institutions of church governance, discipline and dispute resolution, doctrine and worship, the rites of passage, ecumenism, property and finance, as well as church, State and society. This is an invaluable resource for lawyers and theologians who are engaged in ecumenical and interfaith dialogue, showing how dogmas may divide but laws link Christians across traditions.
Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain
Authors: Schofield Camilla
Published: October 2013

Enoch Powell's explosive rhetoric against black immigration and anti-discrimination law transformed the terrain of British race politics and cast a long shadow over British society. Using extensive archival research, Camilla Schofield offers a radical reappraisal of Powell's political career and insists that his historical significance is inseparable from the political generation he sought to represent. Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain follows Powell's trajectory from an officer in the British Raj to the centre of British politics and, finally, to his turn to Ulster Unionism. She argues that Powell and the mass movement against 'New Commonwealth' immigration that he inspired shed light on Britain's war generation, popular understandings of the welfare state and the significance of memories of war and empire in the making of postcolonial Britain. Through Powell, Schofield illuminates the complex relationship between British social democracy, racism and the politics of imperial decline in Britain.
Private International Law in Commonwealth Africa
Authors: Oppong Richard Frimpong
Published: October 2013

This book provides a comprehensive and comparative examination of private international law in Commonwealth Africa. It offers an unrivalled breadth of coverage in its examination of the law in Botswana, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The book is clearly and logically structured - it is organised around broad themes or issues, with country reports and accompanied by detailed commentaries. Drawing on nearly 1500 cases decided by courts in these countries and numerous national statutes, this book covers the four cornerstones of private international law: jurisdiction, choice of law, foreign judgements and arbitral awards enforcement, and international civil procedure. The author also provides an extensive bibliography of the literature on African private international law. Scholars and practitioners alike will find Private International Law in Commonwealth Africa invaluable and illuminating.
The Political Economy of the American Frontier
Authors: Murtazashvili Ilia
Published: October 2013

This book offers an analytical explanation for the origins of and change in property institutions on the American frontier during the nineteenth century. Its scope is interdisciplinary, integrating insights from political science, economics, law and history. This book shows how claim clubs - informal governments established by squatters in each of the major frontier sectors of agriculture, mining, logging and ranching - substituted for the state as a source of private property institutions and how they changed the course of who received a legal title, and for what price, throughout the nineteenth century. Unlike existing analytical studies of the frontier that emphasize one or two sectors, this book considers all major sectors, as well as the relationship between informal and formal property institutions, while also proposing a novel theory of emergence and change in property institutions that provides a framework to interpret the complicated history of land laws in the United States.
Anti-Refugee Violence and African Politics
Authors: Onoma Ato Kwamena
Published: October 2013

Using comparative cases from Guinea, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, this study explains why some refugee-hosting communities launch large-scale attacks on civilian refugees whereas others refrain from such attacks even when encouraged to do so by state officials. Ato Kwamena Onoma argues that such outbreaks only happen when states instigate them because of links between a few refugees and opposition groups. Locals embrace these attacks when refugees are settled in areas that privilege residence over indigeneity in the distribution of rights, ensuring that they live autonomously of local elites. The resulting opacity of their lives leads locals to buy into their demonization by the state. Locals do not buy into state denunciation of refugees in areas that privilege indigeneity over residence in the distribution of rights because refugees in such areas are subjugated to locals who come to know them very well. Onoma reorients the study of refugees back to a focus on the disempowered civilian refugees that constitute the majority of refugees even in cases of severe refugee militarization.
Law and Enforcement in Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Bauschatz John
Published: October 2013

This book examines the activities of a broad array of police officers in Ptolemaic Egypt (323–30 BC) and argues that Ptolemaic police officials enjoyed great autonomy, providing assistance to even the lowest levels of society when crimes were committed. Throughout the nearly 300 years of Ptolemaic rule, victims of crime in all areas of the Egyptian countryside called on local police officials to investigate crimes; hold trials; and arrest, question and sometimes even imprison wrongdoers. Drawing on a large body of textual evidence for the cultural, social and economic interactions between state and citizen, John Bauschatz demonstrates that the police system was efficient, effective, and largely independent of central government controls. No other law enforcement organization exhibiting such a degree of autonomy and flexibility appears in extant evidence from the rest of the Greco-Roman world.
The Origins of International Investment Law
Authors: Miles Kate
Published: October 2013

International investment law is a complex and dynamic field. Yet, the implications of its history are under explored. Kate Miles examines the historical evolution of international investment law, assessing its origins in the commercial and political expansionism of dominant states during the seventeenth to early twentieth centuries and the continued resonance of those origins within modern foreign investment protection law. In particular, the exploration of the activities of the Dutch East India Company, Grotius' treatises, and pre-World War II international investment disputes provides insight into current controversies surrounding the interplay of public and private interests, the systemic design of investor-state arbitration, the substantive focus of principles, and the treatment of environmental issues within international investment law. In adopting such an approach, this book provides a fresh conceptual framework through which contemporary issues can be examined and creates new understandings of those controversies.
The Canonization of Islamic Law
Authors: El Shamsy Ahmed
Published: October 2013

The Canonization of Islamic Law tells the story of the birth of classical Islamic law in the eighth and ninth centuries CE. It shows how an oral normative tradition embedded in communal practice was transformed into a systematic legal science defined by hermeneutic analysis of a clearly demarcated scriptural canon. This transformation was inaugurated by the innovative legal theory of Muhammad b. Idrīs al-Shāfi'ī (d. 820 CE), and it took place against the background of a crisis of identity and religious authority in ninth-century Egypt. By tracing the formulation, reception, interpretation and spread of al-Shāfi'ī's ideas, the author demonstrates how the canonization of scripture that lay at the heart of al-Shāfi'ī's theory formed the basis for the emergence of legal hermeneutics, the formation of the Sunni schools of law, and the creation of a shared methodological basis in Muslim thought.
The Ruin of Roman Britain
Authors: Gerrard James
Published: October 2013

How did Roman Britain end? This new study draws on fresh archaeological discoveries to argue that the end of Roman Britain was not the product of either a violent cataclysm or an economic collapse. Instead, the structure of late antique society, based on the civilian ideology of paideia, was forced to change by the disappearance of the Roman state. By the fifth century elite power had shifted to the warband and the edges of their swords. In this book Dr Gerrard describes and explains that process of transformation and explores the role of the 'Anglo-Saxons' in this time of change. This profound ideological shift returned Britain to a series of 'small worlds', the existence of which had been hidden by the globalizing structures of Roman imperialism. Highly illustrated, the book includes two appendices, which detail Roman cemetery sites and weapon trauma, and pottery assemblages from the period.
Crisis of Authority
Authors: Luxon Nancy
Published: October 2013

Contemporary social and political theory has reached an impasse about a problem that had once seemed straightforward: how can individuals make ethical judgments about power and politics? Crisis of Authority analyzes the practices that bind authority, trust and truthfulness in contemporary theory and politics. Drawing on newly available archival materials, Nancy Luxon locates two models for such practices in Sigmund Freud's writings on psychoanalytic technique and Michel Foucault's unpublished lectures on the ancient ethical practices of 'fearless speech', or parrhesia. Luxon argues that the dynamics provoked by the figures of psychoanalyst and truth-teller are central to this process. Her account offers a more supple understanding of the modern ethical subject and new insights into political authority and authorship.
Vortex generation by deep-water breaking waves
Authors: Pizzo N. E. , Melville W. Kendall
Published: October 2013

The connection between wave dissipation by breaking deep-water surface gravity waves and the resulting turbulence and mixing is crucial for an improved understanding of air–sea interaction processes. Starting with the ensemble-averaged Euler equations, governing the evolution of the mean flow, we model the forcing, associated with the breaking-induced Reynolds shear stresses, as a body force describing the bulk scale effects of a breaking deep-water surface gravity wave on the water column. From this, we derive an equation describing the generation of circulation, $\Gamma $, of the ensemble-average velocity field, due to the body force. By examining the relationship between a breaking wave and an impulsively forced fluid, we propose a functional form for the body force, allowing us to build upon the classical work on vortex ring phenomena to both quantify the circulation generated by a breaking wave and describe the vortex structure of the induced motion. Using scaling arguments, we show that $\Gamma = \alpha {(hk)}^{3/ 2} {c}^{3} / g$, where ($c, h, k$) represent a characteristic speed, height and wavenumber of the breaking wave, respectively, $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity and $\alpha $ is a constant. This then allows us to find a direct relationship between the circulation and the wave energy dissipation rate per unit crest length due to breaking, ${\epsilon }_{l} $. Finally, we compare our model and the available experimental data.