bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valid Linear Programming Bounds for Exact Mixed-Integer Programming
Authors: Steffy Daniel E. , Wolter Kati
Published: April 2012

Fast computation of valid linear programming (LP) bounds serves as an important subroutine for solving mixed-integer programming problems exactly. We introduce a new method for computing valid LP bounds designed for this application. The algorithm corrects approximate LP dual solutions to be exactly feasible, giving a valid bound. Solutions are repaired by performing a projection and a shift to ensure all constraints are satisfied; bound computations are accelerated by reusing structural information through the branch-and-bound tree. We demonstrate this method to be widely applicable and faster than solving a sequence of exact LPs. Several variations of the algorithm are described and computationally evaluated in an exact branch-and-bound algorithm within the mixed-integer programming framework SCIP (Solving Constraint Integer Programming).
Occupational Status and Health Transitions
Authors: Morefield Brant , Ribar David C. , Ruhm Christopher J.
Published: April 2012

We use longitudinal data from the 1984-2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine how occupational status is related to the health transitions of 30-59 year-old U.S. males. A recent history of blue-collar employment predicts a substantial increase in the probability of transitioning from very good into bad self-assessed health, relative to white-collar employment, but with no evidence of a difference in movements from bad to very good health. Service work is also associated with a higher probability of transitioning into bad health and possibly with a lower probability of recovery. These findings suggest that blue-collar and service workers “wear out” faster with age because they are more likely than their white-collar counterparts to experience negative health shocks. There is also evidence that this partly reflects differences in the physical demands of jobs.
Challenges in nutrition-related DNA methylation studies
Authors: Niculescu Mihai D.
Published: April 2012

The rapid progress in nutritional epigenetics allowed for a much better understanding of the mechanisms involved in gene-nutrient interactions and the roles that nutrition has in transgenerational inheritance of acquired epigenetic traits. Studies indicated that a considerable number of nutrients or diet types are capable of inducing epimutations. In parallel, the rapid development of genome-wide DNA methylation detection methods allowed for a broader image on how nutrition impacts the epigenetic status in human and animal models. But this increased complexity in the epigenetic field and also brought important challenges that need resolution, or it suggests that some of the initial epigenetic paradigms have to be revisited or reconsidered. The aim of this review is to discuss the inherent challenges that need to be resolved, from both practical and theoretical aspects, stemming from the rapid progress in the field of nutritional epigenetics, with a focus on DNA methylation. Because such challenges are present at every stage of study development, the review systematically discusses the most common issues relevant to DNA methylation in a nutritional context. Various types of challenges and potential bias generators are discussed within study design, sample quality, detection methods, data processing, and statistical and bioinformatic analysis. Additional aspects to be considered include epigenetic heterogeneity of treatment groups, the role of genomic variability in introducing measurement bias and errors in interpretation of changes, and issues related to the final interpretation of results and in assigning functional significance. It is also posited that all these issues will be largely resolved within the next decade.
Viperin: a radical response to viral infection
Authors: Duschene Kaitlin S. , Broderick Joan B.
Published: April 2012

One of the first lines of defense of the host immune response to infection is upregulation of interferons, which play a vital role in triggering the early nonspecific antiviral state of the host. Interferons prompt the generation of numerous downstream products, known as interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). One such ISG found to be either directly induced by type I, II, and III interferons or indirectly through viral infection is the ‘virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible’ protein, or viperin. Not only is viperin capable of combating a wide array of viral infections but its upregulation is also observed in the presence of endotoxins, various bacterial infections, or even in response to other immune stimuli, such as atherosclerotic lesions. Recent advances in the understanding of possible mechanisms of action of viperin involve, but are perhaps not limited to, interaction with farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and disruption of lipid raft domains to prevent viral bud release, inhibition of hepatitis C virus secretory proteins, and coordination to lipid droplets and inhibition of viral replication. Unexpectedly, new insight into the human cytomegalovirus induction of this antiviral protein demonstrates that mitochondrial viperin plays a necessary and beneficial role for viral propagation.
The epsin protein family: coordinators of endocytosis and signaling
Authors: Sen Arpita , Madhivanan Kayalvizhi , Mukherjee Debarati , Aguilar R. Claudio
Published: April 2012

The epsins are a conserved family of endocytic adaptors essential for cell viability in yeast and for embryo development in higher eukaryotes. Epsins function as adaptors by recognizing ubiquitinated cargo and as endocytic accessory proteins by contributing to endocytic network stability/regulation and membrane bending. Importantly, epsins play a critical role in signaling by contributing to epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation and the activation of notch and RhoGTPase pathways. In this review, we present an overview of the epsins and emphasize their functional importance as coordinators of endocytosis and signaling.
Cyanobacteria and macroalgae from an arid environment mangrove on the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula
Authors: Pérez-Estrada Claudia J. , León-Tejera Hilda , Serviere-Zaragoza Elisa
Published: April 2012

We describe the assemblage of cyanobacteria and macroalgae on Avicennia germinans pneumatophores, Rhizophora mangle aerial roots, and within the tidal channel of a mangrove located in a lagoon bordering the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula, from samples collected every 2 months from May 2005 to May 2006. A total of 68 species were found: 21 cyanobacteria, 1 Xanthophyta, 25 Chlorophyta, 1 Ochrophyta-Phaeophyceae, 19 Rhodophyta, and 1 Anthophyta. Species richness varied between habitats; pneumatophores supported 29 species of algae, aerial roots supported 20 species of algae, and the channel bottom supported 46 species. Taxa common to the three habitats were Lyngbya sp., Vaucheria sp., Boodleopsis pusilla, Rhizoclonium riparium, and Bostrychia radicans. Mean wet weight algal biomasses on aerial roots and in the channel were 494 g root-1and 12,924 g m-2, respectively. The dominant species on aerial roots and on the channel bottom were Caulerpa sertularioides, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, and Spyridia filamentosa. The channel bottom also had Vaucheria sp. and two cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp. and Lyngbya sp.). Morphotypes of two cyanobacteria (Heteroleibleinia sp. and Johanesbaptistia sp.) are recorded in this habitat for the first time.
A facile and efficient synthesis of 1-trichloromethyl-1,2-dihydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines via three-component reaction among 2-alkynylquinoline-3-carbaldehydes, primary amines, and chloroform
Authors: Bukšnaitienė Rita , Čikotienė Inga
Published: April 2012

A three-component reaction among 2-alkynylquinoline-3-carbaldehydes, primary amines, and chloroform leading to novel 1-(trichloromethyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines was developed using microwave initiation in an absence of any catalysts. This method provides a facile approach to the title compounds with moderate to higher yields.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles modified with PEG-based amphiphilic copolymers
Authors: Kasuya Ryo , Kikuchi Teppei , Balachandran Jeyadevan , Tai Yutaka
Published: April 2012

An aqueous magnetic suspension was prepared by dispersing amphiphilic co-polymer (ACP) coated monodispersed magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized through thermal decomposition of iron(III) acetylacetonate in a mixture of oleic acid and oleylamine. ACP composed of poly (maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) and polyethylene glycol methyl ether was applied to disperse MNPs in water and buffer solution. The average diameter of MNPs increased from 6.6 to 12.5 nm with increasing reaction temperature from 200 to 250°C. Infrared spectra and elemental analysis revealed that the surface modified MNPs contain carboxyl groups originated from oleic acid and ACP. The conjugation of MNPs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody was examined. As a result, the as-synthesized MNPs adsorbed BSA antibody effectively than the surface modified MNPs: the BSA antibody adsorption decreased with increasing cross-linker concentration.
Abundance declines of a native forb have nonlinear impacts on grassland invasion resistance
Authors: Hulvey Kristin B. , Zavaleta Erika S.
Published: April 2012

The effects of declining plant biodiversity on ecosystem processes are well studied, with most investigations examining the role of species richness declines rather than declines of species abundance. Using grassland mesocosms, we examined how the abundance of a native, resident species,Hemizonia congesta(hayfield tarweed), affected exoticCentaurea solstitialis(yellow starthistle) invasion. We found that progressiveH. congestaabundance declines had threshold effects on invasion resistance, with initial declines resulting in minor increases in invasion and subsequent declines leading to accelerating increases in invader performance. Reduced invasion resistance was explained by increased resource availability asH. congestadeclined. We also found evidence that resident abundance might indirectly affect invasion by mediating invader impact on resident competitors;C. solstitialisdisproportionately reducedH. congestabiomass in low‐abundance rather than high‐abundance populations.H. congesta's direct and indirect effects on invasion resistance illustrate that an individual species' declining abundance can have accelerating, deleterious effects on ecosystem functions of conservation value.
To Cut or Not to Cut: Cosmetic Surgery Usage and Women's Age-Related Experiences
Authors: Eriksen Shelley J.
Published: April 2012

Part of the developmental trajectory of middle and late life presumes the adjustment to physical aging, an adjustment that is complicated for women for whom the prioritization of beauty is central to their social value in Western societies. A 60-item written questionnaire was distributed to a volunteer community sample of 202 women ages 19–86. From these data, this study tested whether women's cosmetic surgery usage would act as a protective factor in age-related experiences related to body image, self-esteem, and aging attitudes. Cosmetic surgery recipients evidenced less body satisfaction, and more appearance investment with age increases while only non-recipients showed improvements in self-esteem ratings with advancing age. Both recipients and non-recipients showed declines in body care with age, a greater felt discrepancy between actual and perceived age, and less aging anxiety—but non-recipients more so than recipients. Thus, despite having undertaken action to improve their appearance through surgical means at some point in their adult lives, cosmetic surgery recipients did not inevitably feel younger than their years, or better about themselves, compared to those who have not pursued surgery. Study limitations and implications are outlined, and given that cosmetic surgery may become normative practice in future cohorts of aging adults, it concludes with a call for nationally-representative studies using matched-control group research designs typical of public health inquiry more generally.
Serbia in the implementation of SEUROP standard for beef carcass classification: Legislation, parametars and evaluation criteria: Part A
Authors: Ostojic-Andric D. , Aleksic S. , Hristov S. , Novakovic Z. , Petrovic M.M. , Niksic D. , Stanisic N.
Published: April 2012

Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia is going through significant reforms in
legislation and agricultural policy, during this EU preaccession period, in
order to comply to one of the most important EU policies - Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP). The potential and tradition of Serbia in
production of beef, on one hand and EU market needs on the other, impose the
need for timely preparations from the legislative and technological aspect
and human resources. Present study gives the review of major legislative
regulations and main parameters of SEUROP beef classification system in
sense of definition, presentation and categorization of carcass, as well as
criteria in conformation evaluation and fat cover of the carcass.
The effect of interaction of systematic factors on milk performance of simmental cows in standard lactation
Authors: Petrovic M.D. , Petrovic M.M. , Skalicki Z. , Bogdanovic V. , Djokovic R. , Rakonjac S.
Published: April 2012

The effect of interaction between the farm and calving season, as well as the
farm and group of lactations on milk performance traits (milk yield, yield of
milk fat, 4% fat corrected milk and milk fat content) was analyzed on sample
of 2805 Simmental cows with total 9718 standard lactations, housed on dairy
farm ?Zlatiborski suvati? on Zlatibor (578 cows and 1968 lactations), dairy
farm of the Agricultural holding Dobricevo in Cuprija (964 cows and 3237
lactations) and dairy animals housed on family farms/households in the region
of Kotraza (1263 cows and 4513 lactations). The significance of the effect of
interaction between the farm and calving season, as well as interaction
between the farm and group of lactations on all milk performance traits was
very high (P<0.001), which justified their inclusion into models for
assessment of the breeding value of dairy cows. The share of variance of
interactions in total variance of milk performance traits in standard
lactations was low (below and around 4%), which clearly indicated even more
systematic factors and their interactions which influence the total
variability of observed traits of milk performance of cows in standard
lactations.
Changes of physical-chemical properties of beef during 14 days of chilling
Authors: Stanisic N. , Petricevic M. , Zivkovic D. , Petrovic M.M. , Ostojic-Andric D. , Aleksic S. , Stajic S.
Published: April 2012

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of conditioning time
(during 14 days of ageing at +4?C) on physicochemical properties of two
cattle skeletal muscles. Investigations were conducted on the m. longissimus
dorsi (n=9) and m. gluteus medius (n=9) of Domestic Spotted breed. Muscle
analyses were carried out 1st, 7th and 14th day post mortem, during storage
at +4?C. Colour (CIE L
Plant usage in protecting the farm animal health
Authors: Davidovic V. , Todorovic Joksimovic , Stojanovic B. , Relic R.
Published: April 2012

Phytotherapy, as form of traditional and conventional veterinary medicine,
includes curing, alleviation and prevention the onset of diseases in animals
based on natural medicinal raw materials and folk remedies made from plants.
In animal health care, the use of medicinal and other plants as supporting
therapy, in preventive purposes or as a complete therapy has a large
potential regardless whether it is the question of individual or combined
plant medicinal preparations which act synergistically. Phytotherapy is very
intensively used in prophylactic purposes and with the aim of treatment of
milder forms of diseases, chronic diseases and recurrent infections as well
as in organic livestock production. Extracts and preparations from different
plants are used with the aim of intensifying the activity of immune system
and stimulations some functions of organism. The great number of herb
metabolites shows antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity and gives the
positive effects in the treatment of ectoparasitoses and endoparasitoses.
This research paper gives a review of the plants most frequently used in
ethnoveterinary medicine for health purposes of farm animals.
Application of path analysis methodology in assessing the relationship between body weight and biometric traits of Red Sokoto goats in northern Nigeria
Authors: Yakubu A. , Mohammed G.L.
Published: April 2012

Relationship between body weight (BW) and seven morphobiometrical traits
[withers height (WH), body length (BL), chest girth (CG), shoulder width
(SW), ear length (EL), cannon circumference (CC) and neck circumference (NC)]
were studied in 142 Red Sokoto goats aged 19.3-30.6 months old using path
analysis. The animals were randomly selected in certain smallholders? farms
located in northern Nigeria. Pair-wise correlations among body weights and
linear type traits were positive and highly significant (r = 0.74 - 0.92; P<
0.01). The path analysis revealed that body length had the highest direct
effect on body weight, closely followed by chest girth and shoulder width,
respectively (path coefficient = 0.354, 0.253 and 0.214 for BL, CG and SW,
respectively). The optimum linear regression model with a coefficient of
determination ( R2) value of 0.934 included forecast indices, such as body
length, chest girth, shoulder width, cannon circumference and neck
circumference. This regression equation could be used to predict the body
weight of Red Sokoto goats in the field and for selection purposes.
In vivo prediction of live weight and carcass traits using body measurements in indigenous guinea fowl
Authors: Ogah D.M.
Published: April 2012

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationship between live
measurements and carcass traits, and develop linear regression models to
predict live weight and set of carcass traits in an indigenous guinea fowl.
Twenty eight adult indigenous birds of both sexes were used for the study.
Live weight and body measurements were obtained before slaughter while
carcass traits were taken on hot carcass. Result obtained from descriptive
statistics showed that, mean performance were 1208?6.86g, 22.17?0.13 cm,
8.94?0.07cm, 2.96?0.03cm, 34.23?0.19cm, 850.15?7.18g, 267.23?1.69g,
72.39?0.64g and 70.38% for body weight, body length, thigh length, keel
length, chest circumference, carcass weight, breast weight, thigh weight and
dressing percentage. All the traits except for keel length were positively
(P<0.001) correlated to body weight. Chest circumference had the highest
predictive power in live weight estimate (R2.558), while body weight stand
out as the single most important variable in carcass weight and breast weight
prediction (R2.820 and .902) This suggest that carcass weight and breast
weight prediction can best be obtained using body weight, providing direction
in developing model for selection and improvement of guinea fowl for meat
production.
Outreach and sustainability of inventory credit programme in Ghana
Authors: Onumah Ebo , De-Graft Acquah
Published: April 2012

The study examined the outreach and sustainability of the inventory credit
programme (ICP) in Ghana using both qualitative and quantitative data between
1996 and 2003. The findings revealed that the outreach of the ICP reached the
poor with a depth of 25-47% (nationwide) measured in terms of loan size/GNP
per capita. The outreach measured in terms of percentage of female clients
served was initially 20%, but fairly increased to 59% over the study period.
However, a comparative analysis with two successful MFIs in Ghana and
standardized performance benchmarks indicate that the ICP did not perform
well in reaching the very poor. The results of the financial performance
indicate that the ICP was operationally and financially sustainable. Further,
the study showed that the ICP had high loan recovery rate which underlies its
profitability. However, the ICP operated with a low efficiency measured in
terms of adjusted operational expenses ratio. Based on these findings the
study concludes that there is a trade-off between outreach to the poorest and
a financial sustainability of the ICP which can be mitigated by the enhanced
credit allocation through lower cost structures.
Family-Centred Practice: Empowerment, Self-Efficacy, and Challenges for Practitioners in Early Childhood Education and Care
Authors: Rouse Liz
Published: April 2012

Family-centred practice has been included in the Victoria, Australia Early Years Learning and Development Framework as a key practice principle for professionals working across all early years programs in that state. While this model of partnership for engaging and collaborating with families has long been used in the early intervention sector, the efficacy of adopting this model more widely across the wider early childhood education and care sector has not been explored. This article presents a discussion on family-centred practice as a model for engaging with families in the care and education of their children. Through an analysis of the underlying philosophy and an examination of the core principles and characteristics, the article explores family-centred practice as it sits within a broader theory of partnership. This analysis identifies that while there are essential principles and characteristics that position the model within a partnership framework, it is the notion of empowerment, an underpinning philosophy guiding the model, that adds another dimension to the way practitioners in early childhood education and care settings collaborate with families. In examining the broader early childhood context, the capacity of many early childhood practitioners to effectively implement empowering behaviours is challenged.
The Impact of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 on Audit Fees and Audit Quality
Authors: Wang Dechun , Zhou Jian
Published: April 2012

SYNOPSIS

We investigate the impact of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5) on audit fees and audit quality. AS5 supersedes Auditing Standard No. 2 (AS2), and became effective for audits for accelerated filers for fiscal years ending on or after November 15, 2007. Using a large sample of accelerated filers subject to AS5, we find evidence that audit fees decrease upon the adoption of AS5. More importantly, even though AS5 adoption reduces audit fees for our test sample, we find no evidence of a decrease in audit quality. In summary, we document evidence that AS5 improves the efficiency of internal control audits.

JEL Classifications: M41.
Impact of Job Complexity and Performance on CFO Compensation
Authors: Balsam Steven , Irani Afshad J. , Yin Qin Jennifer
Published: April 2012

SYNOPSIS

This study investigates the impact of job complexity and firm, as well as CFO-specific performance, on CFO compensation. We find job complexity and overall firm performance affects both CFO salary and bonus, while CFO-specific performance affects CFO bonus. Specifically, we find that CFOs are not only rewarded when their firms meet or beat earnings targets, but they get incremental rewards for managing earnings and/or expectations to allow their firms to meet or just beat those targets.
Cash Flows at Amazon.com
Authors: Price III Richard A.
Published: April 2012

This instructional case illustrates how Amazon.com's strategy has evolved over time and how these characteristics are reflected in the financial statements. A particular emphasis is placed on the cash flow statement. Students evaluate the cash flow statement and examine its articulation with the other financial statements. Students create a direct method cash flow statement in the year of Amazon.com's initial public offering using the information available in the financial statements.
Energetic efficiency of remote cutting in comparison to conventional fusion cutting
Authors: Lütke M. , Hauptmann J. , Wetzig A. , Beyer E.
Published: April 2012

The remote cutting technique provides an enormous potential in terms of cutting speeds when working on thin sheets. Even on contour cutting speeds about 100 m/min are realizable. Working without any cutting gas, the material of the cutting kerf must be vaporized partially. It is evident that the energy input must be higher than for pure melting of the cutting kerf’s material. In order to characterize laser cutting processes in terms of energetic efficiency, the severance energy can be used. This parameter depends on the necessary laser power to cut a defined sheet thickness at a certain cutting speed. Hitherto, it was used to compare different laser cutting processes using different laser beam sources when cutting straight lines. In order to characterize different processes for cutting real contours, the geometry of the part to be cut is also important. The complexity of a part can be characterized by the agility. The target of this paper is to combine the severance energy and the agility in order to compare the remote cutting and the conventional fusion cutting energetically. It will be shown where remote cutting can be applied very efficiently to produce parts in a flexible and highly productive way and what the application area of conventional fusion cutting with fast axis is.
Weld strength of laser-welded hot-press-forming steel
Authors: Kang Minjung , Kim Cheolhee , Lee Jongsup
Published: April 2012

There is an increasing demand for ultrahigh-strength steel in automotive industries to facilitate the manufacture of lightweight vehicles without compromising their security features. Although transformation-induced plasticity and dual phase steels have strengths of under 1 GPa, boron-alloyed steel obtained after the hot-press process has a strength of over 1500 MPa. Al–Si-coated steel has been developed to prevent excessive oxidation during high-temperature processes, but the Al–Si coating is known to lower weld properties. In this research, the laser weldability of hot-press-forming steels with and without Al–Si coating was examined. The specimens were laser-welded in butt and overlap joints by using disk and fiber lasers. The influence of the process parameters on the weld strength was investigated.
Numerical study of QCD phase diagram at high temperature and density by a histogram method
Authors: Ejiri Shinji , Aoki Sinya , Hatsuda Tetsuo , Kanaya Kazuyuki , Nakagawa Yoshiyuki , Ohno Hiroshi , Saito Hana , Umeda Takashi
Published: April 2012

We study the QCD phase structure at high temperature and density adopting a histogram method. Because the quark determinant is complex at finite density, the Monte-Carlo method cannot be applied directly. We use a reweighting method and try to solve the problems which arise in the reweighting method, i.e. the sign problem and the overlap problem. We discuss the chemical potential dependence of the probability distribution function in the heavy quark mass region and examine the applicability of the approach in the light quark region.
Functional and Biomechanical Outcomes After Using Biofeedback for Retraining Symmetrical Movement Patterns After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report
Authors: McClelland Jodie , Zeni Joseph , Haley Ross M. , Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: April 2012

Study Design

Case report.

Background

Rehabilitation that includes progressive quadriceps strengthening after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) leads to superior outcomes. Though patients with TKA show marked functional improvement after outpatient physical therapy, they continue to adopt movement asymmetries characterized by reduced knee excursion on the operated limb and excessive loading on the contralateral limb. The purpose of this case report was to describe the functional and biomechanical improvements in a patient who, after TKA, participated in a novel physical therapy protocol that included retraining of symmetrical movement patterns.

Case Description

A 57-year-old female with unilateral knee osteoarthritis was evaluated prior to TKA and at 3 and 10 weeks after surgery. Postoperative rehabilitation included progressive quadriceps strengthening and movement retraining that consisted of visual, verbal, and tactile feedback to promote symmetrical weight bearing during strengthening exercises and functional activities. Outcomes were compared to a historical cohort of patients with TKA.

Outcomes

Prior to TKA, the patient scored below average on all functional measures and walked with knee biomechanics that were abnormal and asymmetrical. After symmetry retraining, her knee motion and moments were restored to normal levels. The patient also walked with greater magnitude and more symmetrical knee excursion compared to a cohort of similar patients.

Discussion

This case report describes the use of a novel rehabilitation protocol intended to improve walking biomechanics and functional outcomes after TKA. Restoration of symmetrical movement patterns could improve long-term outcomes of TKA. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of similar rehabilitation strategies in a wide range of patients after TKA.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(2):135–144. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3773
Application of Heterogeneous Catalysis in Small-Scale Biomass Combustion Systems
Authors: Bindig René , Butt Saad , Hartmann Ingo , Matthes Mirjam , Thiel Christian
Published: April 2012

Combustion of solid biomass fuels for heat generation is an important renewable energy resource. The major part among biomass combustion applications is being played by small-scale systems like wood log stoves and small wood pellet burners, which account for 75% of the overall biomass heat production. Despite an environmentally friendly use of renewable energies, incomplete combustion in small-scale systems can lead to the emission of environmental pollutants as well as substances which are hazardous to health. Besides particles of ash and soot, a wide variety of gaseous substances can also be emitted. Among those, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and several organic volatile and semi-volatile compounds (VOC) are present. Heterogeneous catalysis is applied for the reduction of various gaseous compounds as well as soot. Some research has been done to examine the application of catalytic converters in small-scale biomass combustion systems. In addition to catalyst selection with respect to complete oxidation of different organic compounds, parameters such as long-term stability and durability under flue gas conditions are considered for use in biomass combustion furnaces. Possible catalytic procedures have been identified for investigation by literature and market research. Experimental studies with two selected oxidation catalysts based on noble metals have been carried out on a wood log stove with a retrofit system. The measurements have been performed under defined conditions based on practical mode of operation. The measurements have shown that the catalytic flue gas treatment is a promising method to reduce carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Even a reduction of particulate matter was observed, although no filtering effect could be detected. Therefore, the oxidation of soot or soot precursors can be assumed. The selected catalysts differed in their activity, depending on the compound to be oxidized. Examinations showed that the knitted wire catalyst showed better activity for the reduction of carbon monoxide, whereas the honeycomb induced a higher reduction of aromatic compounds. The properties of the two catalysts can be combined by integrating both together. The one drawback of the catalyst so far is the deactivation for the conversion of methane.
Biomass Converting Enzymes as Industrial Biocatalysts for Fuels and Chemicals: Recent Developments
Authors: Sweeney Matt D. , Xu Feng
Published: April 2012

The economic utilization of abundant lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for the production of fuel and chemicals would represent a profound shift in industrial carbon utilization, allowing sustainable resources to substitute for, and compete with, petroleum based products. In order to exploit biomass as a source material for production of renewable compounds, it must first be broken down into constituent compounds, such as sugars, that can be more easily converted in chemical and biological processes. Lignocellulose is, unfortunately, a heterogeneous and recalcitrant material which is highly resistant to depolymerization. Many microorganisms have evolved repertoires of enzyme activities which act in tandem to decompose the various components of lignocellulosic biomass. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of these enzymes, with particular regard to those activities deemed likely to be applicable in commercialized biomass utilization processes.
Factors Influencing Visitors to Suburban Open Space Areas near a Northern Japanese City
Authors: Aikoh Tetsuya , Abe Reina , Kohsaka Ryo , Iwata Mari , Shoji Yasushi
Published: April 2012

Visitor information often serves as the basis for the management plan of parks. However, there exist few scientific and fundamental surveys for parks and open spaces in Japan. We analyzed the correlation between the number of visitors and the various factors in a suburban open space in a northern Japanese city, Takino Park. To explain the fluctuations in the number of visitors in Takino Park, multiple regression analyses with the stepwise method were conducted. The analyses employed social factors and meteorological factors, such as the day of the week, school vacations, temperature and the weather. The results show that the most influential factor is the day of the week, i.e., Sundays and holidays. The weather is also influential as the number of visitors decreases on rainy and snowy days. Comparing different seasons of the year, we found that influential factors varied from one season to the other. A key distinguishing finding of our results is that the weather conditions at the departure site and the weather forecast are also determining factors. These findings will help park managers understand the current situations and examine future management strategies to maintain and enhance visitor satisfaction, and improve information services.
Injurious Effects of Curcumin on Maturation of Mouse Oocytes, Fertilization and Fetal Development via Apoptosis
Authors: Chen Chia-Chi , Chan Wen-Hsiung
Published: April 2012

Curcumin, a common dietary pigment and spice, is a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from the rhizome of the herb Curcuma longa. Previously, we reported a cytotoxic effect of curcumin on mouse embryonic stem cells and blastocysts and its association with defects in subsequent development. In the present study, we further investigated the effects of curcumin on oocyte maturation and subsequent pre- and post-implantation development, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, curcumin induced a significant reduction in the rate of oocyte maturation, fertilization, and in vitro embryonic development. Treatment of oocytes with curcumin during in vitro maturation (IVM) led to increased resorption of postimplantation embryos and decreased fetal weight. Experiments with an in vivo mouse model disclosed that consumption of drinking water containing 40 μM curcumin led to decreased oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization as well as early embryonic developmental injury. Finally, pretreatment with a caspase-3-specific inhibitor effectively prevented curcumin-triggered injury effects, suggesting that embryo impairment by curcumin occurs mainly via a caspase-dependent apoptotic process.
X-Nuclei NMR Self-Diffusion Studies in Mesoporous Silica Foam and Microporous MOF CuBTC
Authors: Schlayer Stefan , Pusch Anne-Kristin , Pielenz Friederike , Beckert Steffen , Peksa Mikuláš , Horch Carsten , Moschkowitz Lutz , Einicke Wolf-Dietrich , Stallmach Frank
Published: April 2012

A standard X-observe NMR probe was equipped with a z-gradient coil to enable high-sensitivity pulsed field gradient NMR diffusion studies of Li+ and Cs+ cations of aqueous salt solutions in a high-porosity mesocellular silica foam (MCF) and of CO2 adsorbed in metal-organic frameworks (MOF). The coil design and the necessary probe modifications, which yield pulsed field gradients of up to ±16.2Tm−1, are introduced. The system was calibrated at 2H resonance frequency and successfully applied for diffusion studies at 7Li, 23Na, 13C and 133Cs frequencies. Significant reductions of the diffusivities of the cations in LiClac and CsClac solution introduced into MCFs are observed. By comparison of the diffusion behavior with the bulk solutions, a tortuosity of the silica foam of 4.5 ± 0.6 was derived. Single component self-diffusion of CO2 and CH4 (measured by 1H NMR) as well as self-diffusion of the individual components in CO2/CH4 mixtures was studied in the MOF CuBTC. The experimental results confirm high mobilities of the adsorbed gases and trends for diffusion separation factors predicted by MD simulations.
Immobilization of Mucor miehei Lipase onto Macroporous Aminated Polyethersulfone Membrane for Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Handayani Nurrahmi , Loos Katja , Wahyuningrum Deana , Buchari  , Zulfikar Muhammad Ali
Published: April 2012

Immobilization of enzymes is one of the most promising methods in enzyme performance enhancement, including stability, recovery, and reusability. However, investigation of suitable solid support in enzyme immobilization is still a scientific challenge. Polyethersulfone (PES) and aminated PES (PES–NH2) were successfully synthesized as novel materials for immobilization. Membranes with various pore sizes (from 10–600 nm) based on synthesized PES and PES–NH2 polymers were successfully fabricated to be applied as bioreactors to increase the immobilized lipase performances. The influence of pore sizes, concentration of additives, and the functional groups that are attached on the PES backbone on enzyme loading and enzyme activity was studied. The largest enzyme loading was obtained by Mucor miehei lipase immobilized onto a PES–NH2 membrane composed of 10% of PES–NH2, 8% of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and 5% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (872.62 µg/cm2). Hydrolytic activity of the immobilized lipases indicated that the activities of biocatalysts are not significantly decreased by immobilization. From the reusability test, the lipase immobilized onto PES–NH2 showed a better constancy than the lipase immobilized onto PES (the percent recovery of the activity of the lipases immobilized onto PES–NH2 and PES are 97.16% and 95.37%, respectively), which indicates that this novel material has the potential to be developed as a bioreactor for enzymatic reactions.
Assessment of Worldwide Genetic Diversity of Siberian Wild Rye (Elymus sibiricus L.) Germplasm Based on Gliadin Analysis
Authors: Ma Xiao , Chen Shiyong , Zhang Xinquan , Bai Shiqie , Zhang Changbing
Published: April 2012

E. sibiricus L., the type species of the genus Elymus, is a perennial, self-pollinating and allotetraploid grass indigenous to Northern Asia, which in some countries can be cultivated as an important forage grass. In the present study, eighty-six Elymus sibiricus accessions, mostly from different parts of Asia, were assayed by gliadin markers based on Acid Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis to differentiate and explore their genetic relationships. The genetic similarity matrix was calculated by 47 polymorphic bands, which ranged from 0.108 to 0.952 with an average of 0.373. The total Shannon diversity index (Ho) and the Simpson index (He) was 0.460 and 0.302, respectively. Cluster analysis showed a clear demarcation between accessions from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China and the others as separate groups. The clustering pattern was probably dependent on geographic origin and ecological adaptability of the accessions. The population structure analysis based on Shannon indices showed that the proportion of variance within and among the five geographic regions of the Northern Hemisphere was 55.9 and 44.1%, respectively, or 63.4 and 36.6% within and among six Chinese provinces. This distinct geographical divergence was perhaps depended on ecogeographical conditions such as climate difference and mountain distribution. The results of gladin analysis in this study are useful for the collection and preservation of E. sibiricus germplasm resources.
Facilitating Sustainable Waste Management Behaviors Within the Health Sector: A Case Study of the National Health Service (NHS) in Southwest England, UK
Authors: Grose Jane , Bennallick Maria , Nichols Andrew , Pahl Sabine , Richardson Janet
Published: April 2012

Waste costs the National Health Service (NHS) £71.2 million in 2007/2008; recycling all papers, newspapers and cardboard produced by the NHS in England and Wales could save up to 42,000 tonnes of CO2. As the largest employer in the UK, the NHS is in a prime position to both lead the way towards a sustainable future, but also act as a test bed for organizational change and provide evidence of what works at an individual level to change attitudes and behavior. However these require changes in mindset, including values, attitudes, norms and behaviors which are required along with clear definitions of the problems faced in terms of economics, society and culture. Initial investigations of the literature indicate that behavior change theory may provide a feasible means of achieving constructive changes in clinical waste management; such approaches require further investigation. This paper describes a feasibility study designed to examine issues that might affect the introduction of a behavior change strategy and improve waste management in a healthcare setting. Guided by the evidence gained from our systematic review, 20 interviews were carried out with senior managers, clinicians and support staff involved in the management of healthcare waste from a broad range of agencies in South West England. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. Thematic content analysis was conducted in order to identify key issues and actions. Data extraction, coding and analysis were cross checked independently by the four members of the research team. Initial findings suggest tensions, between Government and local policies, between packaging and storage space at ward level and, and between the operational requirements of infection control and maintaining appropriate and ethical patient care. These tensions increase pressures on staff already trying to maintain high quality care in a resource restricted and changing environment.
THE IMPACT OF PRICING STRATEGIES ON TIME-ON-MARKET UNDER VARIOUS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS / KAINODAROS STRATEGIJŲ POVEIKIS PARDAVIMO TRUKMEI ĮVAIRIOMIS EKONOMINĖMIS SĄLYGOMIS
Authors: Hui Eddie C. M. , Yu Ka Hung
Published: April 2012

This study examines how price adjustments in a flat's marketing phase, along with various housing attributes, influence its time-on-market (TOM). A Cox survival model is used for the analysis of two separate periods, one of economic downturns (2003) and one of economic recovery (2004–2006), in Hong Kong. Factors such as price adjustments, sale price, numerous housing attributes, general property price trend, and changes in unemployment rate have significant impacts on TOM, with their respective impacts changing over time. Specifically, the effectiveness of raising list prices before transactions, in optimizing sellers’ returns and TOM, depends on economic conditions as well as on the market expectations regarding future property prices. Directions on future studies are then discussed. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip parduodamo buto pardavimo trukmę (angl. time-on-market, TOM) veikia kainų koregavimas ir įvairūs būsto ypatumai. Taikant Kokso išgyvenimo modelį analizuojami du atskiri laikotarpiai Honkongo pavyzdžiu: ekonominių nuosmukių (2003) ir ekonominio atsigavimo (2004–2006). Nemenką įtaką pardavimo trukmei daro tokie veiksniai, kaip kainų koregavimas, pardavimo kaina, daugybė būsto ypatumų, bendros NT kainų tendencijos ir nedarbo lygio pokyčiai, o jų poveikis laikui bėgant kinta. Nuo ekonominių sąlygų ir rinkos lūkesčių būsimų NT kainų atžvilgiu ypač priklauso kainų didinimo, prieš sudarant sandorius, efektyvumas, siekiant optimizuoti pardavėjų grąžą ir pardavimo trukmę. Darbe aptariamos būsimų tyrimų kryptys.
PUBLIC DEMAND FOR ECO-EFFICIENT CONCEPTS IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT / VISUOMENINĖ EKOLOGIŠKAI EFEKTYVIŲ KONCEPCIJŲ PAKLAUSA MIESTŲ PLĖTROS KONTEKSTE
Authors: Junnila Seppo , Ristimäki Miro
Published: April 2012

Global warming has brought new challenges to urban development worldwide. Built environment and cities are estimated to cause some 40-70% of the environmental impacts. This questions our current urban development practises and challenges us to find new solutions to manage the issues. The purpose of this study is to identify feasible eco-efficient concepts that can be implemented in the urban development process. These concepts are identified with a constructive research method, where potential concepts are originally identified from literature and further enhanced with thematic expert interviews, and finally, the suggested concepts are tested with a questionnaire and presented in an integrated framework for the eco-efficient concepts to better understand the requirements and opportunities in public urban development. The results showed that the urban development concepts that were most appealing to public stake holders were; an integrated design process, eco-efficient traffic and transportation solutions, and eco-efficient complementary development. Local energy procurement and management was also perceived as relatively lucrative services when developing eco-efficient urban areas. This study provides an extensive information platform (different ideas, themes, and concepts) to promote eco-efficiency in urban development in order to maintain and improve the sustainable quality of life and welfare in our urban society. Santrauka Pasaulinis atšilimas miestų plėtrai visame pasaulyje atnešė naujų iššūkių. Skaičiuojama, kad statiniai, jų aplinka ir miestai atsako už maždaug 40–70 proc. poveikio aplinkai. Tai verčia abejoti esama miestų plėtros praktika ir ragina ieškoti naujų sprendimų, kaip spręsti šias problemas. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti įmanomas ekologiškai veiksmingas koncepcijas, kurias galima įdiegti vykstant miestų plėtros procesui. Koncepcijos nustatomos taikant konstruktyvaus tyrimo metodą, kurio metu potencialios koncepcijos randamos literatūroje, vėliau patobulinamos atliekant teminius pokalbius su ekspertais, o paskui pasiūlytos koncepcijos patikrinamos pagal anketą ir įtraukiamos į integruotą ekologiškai efektyvių koncepcijų sistemą, kuri leidžia geriau suprasti visuomeninės miestų plėtros reikalavimus ir galimybes. Rezultatai parodė, kad suinteresuotoms visuomenės grupėms patraukliausios buvo šios miestų plėtros koncepcijos: integruotas projektavimo procesas, ekologiškai efektyvūs eismo ir transporto sprendimai, ekologiškai veiksmingas papildomų erdvių ir patalpų vystymas. Vystant ekologiškai efektyvias miesto zonas, vietinis energijos pirkimas ir valdymas taip pat laikomi gana pelningomis paslaugomis. Šiame tyrime pateikiama išsami informacijos platforma (įvairios idėjos, temos ir koncepcijos), skatinanti ekologiškai efektyvią miestų plėtrą, idant urbanizuota visuomenė palaikytų ir gerintų darnią gyvenimo kokybę bei gerovę.