bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El último aniversario en armas de las FARC-EP en Colinas - Guaviare
Authors: Flórez Juan Sebastián , Cortés Lina Gabriela
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. El presente artículo analiza los discursos de la guerrilla de las FARC-EP en torno a la conmemoración de su último aniversario en armas, la cual tuvo lugar entre el 27 y el 28 de mayo de 2017 en la antigua Zona Veredal de Transición y Normalización (ZVTN) de Colinas (Guaviare). Metodología. Se hizo observación participante durante la conmemoración y análisis documental de los comunicados públicos que dicha organización presentó en los últimos años alrededor de este aniversario. Resultados. Los discursos que circularon sobre este último aniversario permiten comprender la auto-representación de la conmemoración como parte de unas memorias rebeldes sin armas y las tensiones con discursos oficiales sobre el papel de esta guerrilla en la historia del país. Conclusión. Se plantea que la guerrilla de las FARC-EP intentó articular a través de estas memorias un relato propio sobre la paz que entra en tensión con las formas predominantes como ha sido representada esta organización.
Apreciación del docente para contribuir al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico
Authors: Gómez-Gómez María Patricia , Botero-Bedoya Sandra Milena
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Determinar los métodos de enseñanza y estrategias educativas que contribuyen al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico. Metodología. La siguiente investigación se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo, de paradigma interpretativo y un método inductivo, que proporcionan al lector una puesta al día sobre conceptos útiles en áreas en constante evolución. Participaron 14 docentes adscritos al programa de la Licenciatura en Educación Infantil a quienes de manera individual se les realizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados. Se encontró que el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en el aula por medio de diferentes métodos y estrategias que emplea el docente favorecen habilidades y capacidades cognitivas que promueven en el estudiante la capacidad de organizar, sistematizar las ideas y sintetizar criterios elementales, de manera razonable, reflexiva y coherente. Conclusión. Favorecer el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en la educación superior debe ser un objetivo transversal de todos los currículos de formación.
Estrategias didácticas para desarrollar prácticas inclusivas en docentes de educación básica
Authors: Palacios-Garay Jessica Paola , Cadenillas-Albornoz Violeta , Chávez-Ortiz Patricia Gladys , Flores-Barrios Ruth Alina , Abad-Escalante Karol Moira
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Establecer la incidencia de las estrategias didácticas en el desarrollo de prácticas inclusivas en docentes de educación básica regular. Metodología. El presente estudio se enmarca en el paradigma positivista, de enfoque cuantitativo, tipo sustantivo, diseño no experimental y correlacional causal. Resultados. Los resultados evidencian bajos niveles del uso de estrategias didácticas para desarrollar prácticas inclusivas en docentes de educación básica. Conclusión. Las estrategias didácticas inciden en el desarrollo de las prácticas inclusivas en docentes de educación básica, puesto que la razón de verosimilitud del modelo de regresión logística ordinal es significativa p<0,05 y la incidencia es explicada en un 55,9% de las variables predictoras: motivación, problematización, recojo de saberes previos, propósito de la sesión, gestión y acompañamiento, aplicación o transferencia y evaluación en el desarrollo de las prácticas inclusivas en docentes de educación básica.
The surgical management of metastatic lesions of the femur
Authors: Saini Aaron K , Ferreira Nando
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Malignant tumours commonly metastasise to bone. When this occurs in the femur, surgical intervention is required to reduce pain and restore mobility post fracture, or as a prophylactic measure when fracture is anticipated. This is typically in the form of replacement with hemi- or total arthroplasty or stabilisation with an intramedullary device. The indications for one modality over the other are debatable and the reported outcomes and complications are varied. The purpose of this study is to assess the management algorithm for bony metastasis of the femur at a tertiary bone tumour unit, and the outcomes of the surgical strategies employed METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients presenting to our institution with femoral metastasis, both with and without pathological fracture, who were managed surgically from April 2016 to February 2020. Fractures of the femoral neck were managed with cemented arthroplasty. All other fractures were managed with intramedullary nailing, as were all lesions requiring prophylactic stabilisation. Data was recorded regarding demographics, primary pathology, location of lesion, type of surgery, and implant used. The incidence of complications including radiological failure of fixation, infection, thromboembolic phenomena, re-operation and mortality were recorded RESULTS: Eighty-five femurs in 77 patients were included (mean age 61 years, range 20-90). Lesions were located in the femoral neck (19/85, 22%), intertrochanteric (20/85, 24%), subtrochanteric (40/85, 47%), diaphyseal (2/85, 2%) and metaphyseal/per-condylar (4/85, 5%) regions of the femur. A total of 64/85 (753%) procedures were performed for fractures and 21/85 (25%) prophylactically. Eighteen of the 85 (21%) underwent long-stemmed cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty, 1/85 (1%) long-stemmed cemented total hip replacement (THR), 62/85 (73%) cephalomedullary nailing, and 4/85 (5%) retrograde femoral intramedullary nailing. Mean follow-up was eight months (range 1-36). There were no dislocations or periprosthetic fractures in the arthroplasty group. One failure (1/66, 2%) of fixation occurred in the intramedullary nailing group. Six deaths occurred in the arthroplasty group (6/64, 9%) and 24 in the nailing group (24/66, 36%) during the study period. Four patients suffered from thromboembolic phenomena (4/77, 5%). Of the 13 patients who sustained a pathological fracture and were managed with intramedullary nailing and followed up for at least one year, all had achieved clinical and radiological union CONCLUSION: Femoral metastasis can be appropriately managed with intramedullary nailing, both prophylac-tically and in the event of fracture, with a low rate of implant failure and an expectation that healing will occur once stabilised. Intracapsular fractures can be managed with long-stemmed cemented arthroplasty with a low risk of subsequent fracture or dislocation Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: bone metastasis, femur, pathological fracture
Patella dislocations and patellofemoral instability: a current concepts review
Authors: Garrett Benjamin R , Grundill Michael L
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT Lateral patellar dislocation affects young, active patients with an incidence rate of 5.8 per 100 000. The management of first episode dislocations is non-surgical in the majority of cases, unless associated pathology dictates surgical intervention. Approximately 40% of cases that are treated non-surgically will develop recurrent patellofemoral instability. Evidence supports surgical intervention in these cases; however, the best approach is debatable. Most research and consensus statements agree that medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR) should be performed in most cases. Additional procedures can be used 'a la carte' according to certain conditions or pathology. A tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is usually indicated in patients with maltracking and/or patella alta, but the direction and degree of correction must be carefully considered. Trochleoplasty is technically demanding and should be reserved for a select few patients with severe trochlear dysplasia. It should be performed by an experienced knee surgeon due to the high risk of inadvertent complications. Level of evidence: Level 5 Keywords: patellofemoral instability, patellar dislocation
Malignant transformation in an 11-year-old child with multiple hereditary exostosis
Authors: de Stadler Janet L , Kruger Neil , Singh Shivani , Banderker Ebrahim , Dix-Peek Stewart , Pillay Komala
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing to the development of multiple osteochondromas. Malignant transformation is an uncommon complication of osteochondromas and is especially rare in the paediatric population. Making a diagnosis of malignant transformation is recognised as a challenge globally METHODS: We obtained informed consent and ethics approval prior to reviewing the hospital file, radiology and pathology of our index patient, as well as conducting a directed literature search RESULTS: An 11-year-old male with MHE presented with new onset pain in the right leg with an associated inability to weight bear. Plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed features consistent with malignant transformation. The child underwent a Malawer 1 resection of the proximal fibula with no complications. The pathology confirmed a grade 1 secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma (CS) arising in an osteochondroma The rate of malignant transformation in MHE is as high as 36.3% in select specialist tertiary centres. Ninety per cent of the resultant malignancies are chondrosarcomas. Malignant transformation before the age of 20 years is exceptional. Plain radiology is routinely used for monitoring of patients with MHE. Other modalities exist to assess for cartilage cap thickness, a much-debated criterion of malignant change. Pathology is essential for confirmation of malignant transformation as well as to exclude high grade lesions. Treatment is wide local excision (WLE) with limb-sparing surgery and long-term follow-up to detect for local recurrences. CONCLUSION: The malignant transformation of osteochondromas occurs more frequently in individuals with MHE and may even arise in the paediatric population. In the presence of suspicious clinical or radiological features, en-bloc surgical resection and histopathological correlation is mandatory to make the diagnosis. We encourage a multidisciplinary team approach with collaboration between the orthopaedic surgeon, radiologist and pathologist Level of evidence: Level 5 Keywords: multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE), chondrosarcoma, osteochondroma, malignant transformation
THE INVOLUNTARY DETENTION AND ISOLATION OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH EXTREME RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS (XDR-TB): IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS AND INFORMED CONSENT Minister of Health, Western Cape v Goliath 2009 2 SA 248 (C)
Authors: Pieter Carstens
Published: September 2021

Public health-care providers (public hospitals) and related health-care services in South Africa have in recent times been under severe strain due to the seemingly uncontrollable increase in dangerous infectious airborne diseases like Extreme Resistant Tuberculosis (hereinafter “XDR-TB”). Ultimately these health-care providers/services have been challenged, not only in the diagnosis and treatment of XDR-TB patients, but specifically to control and curtail the spread thereof by effectively managing sufferers by way of forced isolation and monitoring to ensure that they abide by the rules and strict treatment regime related to XDR-TB. The said challenge hasbecome exacerbated specifically in public health-care facilities where patients suffering from XDR-TB fail to abide by the treatment regime and regularly abscond from follow-up appointments, posing a real threat of infection to the community at large. Consequently public health-care providers and communities have increasingly questioned whether it is possible to invoke some mechanism legally whereby the involuntary isolation of patients with XDR-TB in State-funded health-care facilities could be effected. It goes without saying that such a mechanism (by way of a court order/court authorisation) would have a definite and marked influence on a patient’s right to bodily integrity and freedom (as contemplated in s 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996) and will pose significant challenges to any constitutional limitation (as contemplated in s 36) and related legislation (such as the National Health Act 61 of 2003). Ultimately the question under consideration is whether the public’s right to be protected from potentially dangerous infectious diseases constitutionally trumps the right of an individual sufferer to bodily integrity. It is in this regard that the present case under discussion offers far-reaching perspectives.
THE POSSIBILITY OF THE RIGHT TO RELIGION EMERGING AS A JUS COGENS NORM (PART 2)
Authors: David Abrahams  , Tayla Dye
Published: September 2021

This article follows a previous article published in Obiter Vol 2 of 2016. In that article the concept of jus cogens and its role in the international community, together with the nature of the right to religion, were discussed. In Part Two, the seriousness of such human rights violations needs to be appreciated by the international community at large. To this end, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea will serve as a case study, examining the extent of the DPRK’s compliance of its obligations vis-à-vis the right to religion. This should ultimately lead to an understanding as to why the right to religion emerging as a jus cogens norm will not solve the problem of enforcement, and even if it could, due to the uncertainty surrounding the formation of jus cogens it is unlikely that other human rights will be added to the list in the near future.
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF DECISIONS OF DISCIPLINARY TRIBUNALS OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION: THE POST-1994 INTERPRETATION
Authors: Mbuzeni Johnson Mathenjwa
Published: September 2021

The relationship between a voluntary association and its members is founded on a contract. The constitution of the association regulates the acquisition and termination of the membership of the association. The courts have always had the jurisdiction to hear disputes between members of the association, and they can also interfere with its decision if it has acted ultra vires, or in an instance where its decision was vitiated by bias. After the dawn of the new constitutional democracy, the Constitution became the supreme law of the Republic, and it enshrined the transformative clauses. Thus, the process of transforming the adjudication of disputes in the private sector has to be aligned with the values embedded in the Constitution. This article explains the review of the decisions of a disciplinary tribunal prior to and after the 1994 constitutional dispensation. This it does by discussing the effect of transformative constitutionalism on the review of disputes in the private sector. The relevant transformative clauses in the Constitution are discussed. More particularly, the article concentrates on the effect of the just administrative clause in the Constitution and the Promotion of Just Administrative Act (PAJA) in transforming the rules of natural justice. Furthermore, instances where the PAJA is applicable with regard to the decision of a tribunal of voluntary association, are explained. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the post-1994 courts’ reviews of decisions of disciplinary tribunals of voluntary associations.
SOCIAL SECURITY SURVIVORS’ BENEFITS IN SOUTH AFRICA: TOWARDS LEGISLATIVE REFORM CONCERNING POSTHUMOUSLY CONCEIVED CHILDREN
Authors: Rethabile Seema
Published: September 2021

This purpose of this submission is to address the uncertainty regarding the legal status of posthumously conceived children and their entitlement to social security law survivors’ benefits. In the quest to achieve this aim, focus will be directed not only to the current South African legislative framework, but specifically also to the United States of America’s social-security survivors’ benefits legislative and judicial framework for comparative reasons.
TEACHING THE THEORY AND SKILLS OF LEGAL ETHICS TO SOUTH AFRICAN LLB STUDENTS
Authors: E Snyman-Van Deventer  , CF (Neels) Swanepoel
Published: September 2021

Stakeholders in South African legal education have been clear on the need for a legal ethics module as part of the LLB degree programme. In this contribution, the authors draw on relevant literature, particularly regarding the American experience, as well as their own observations as legal practitioners and lecturers to advance the conceptualization, design and presentation of such a potential fully-fledged legal ethics module (or modules). Some reflections on the conceptual points of departure for a legal ethics module are followed by a discussion of the more pragmatic aspects associated with legal ethics teaching, namely the goals and objectives pursued (the “what and why”) and the methods used (the “where, when and how”). The article argues that although a stand-alone module is urgently needed, legal ethics need not be taught in isolation, but should ideally be incorporated throughout the curriculum using a mixed-method approach. Such an approach will inculcate in students the realization that ethical issues are not restricted to a lecture or a set of notes: Ethics – whether based on students’ personal moral values and philosophy, or the professional and disciplinary rules and codes of conduct of the legal profession – are and will remain an integral part of their everyday and future working lives.
THE LATE AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS – TIME FOR A NEW APPROACH? Randa v Radopile Projects CC 2012 (6) SA 128 (GSJ)
Authors: Thino Bekker
Published: September 2021

Section 34 of the Constitution encapsulates the ideal of access to justice in civil matters, and provides that everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law, decided in a fair public hearing before a Court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. This includes the requirement that the duration and costs of civil litigation should be reasonable. Unfortunately this objective is sometimes defeated by unnecessary and costly delays, due to tactical and careless postponements of civil matters in both the high and magistrates’ courts. One of the main culprits in this regard is the procedure of the amendment of pleadings after a trial has commenced. Our courts have always followed a very liberal approach in this regard in that an application for amendment will usually succeed, unless it is made mala fide or will lead to prejudice to the opponent, which cannot be cured by a cost order and, where appropriate, a postponement. In Randa v Radopile Projects CC (2012 (6) SA 128 (GSJ)), Willis J advocated a new approach in deciding of whether an application for an amendment should be granted. This approach is also in line with the latest developments in England, where the Courts recently favoured a more conservative approach in relation to applications for amendments at a late stage. This case note will firstly focus on a brief discussion of the historical development of the Court’s discretion in allowing amendments to pleadings. Secondly, the decision in Randa will be critically analysed. Thirdly, the latest developments in the English law will be discussed, and, lastly, some alternatives will be considered for legal reform. It will be argued that the Supreme Court of Appeal should alter its approach to the late amendment of pleadings in favour of a more conservative approach, as evidenced by the current English approach, alternatively that the legislature should intervene to capture the scope and ambit of a Court’s discretion in deciding whether an application for the amendment of a pleading after the commencement of a trial, should succeed.
GROUND-BREAKING JUDGMENT AS COURT CLARIFIES THE PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS IN SECTION 129 OF THE COMPANIES ACT 71 OF 2008 Panamo Properties v Nel NNO 2015 (5) SA 63 (SCA)
Authors: Darren Subramanien
Published: September 2021

The judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) in Panamo Properties v Nel NNO (2015 (5) SA 63 (SCA)) is important because it clarifies certain controversial provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 regarding the interpretation and application of section 129(1) of the Act, and the non-compliance by a company with the further requirements of sections 129(3) and (4), as well as the effect of section 129(5). In a number of cases in the various divisions of the High Court, it has been held that, where a company is placed in business rescue pursuant to a resolution of its board of directors, but thereafter fails to comply with the procedural requirements of section 129, the effect is to cause the business-rescue proceedings to terminate.  The reason for this was said to flow from the provisions of section 129(5), which provide that non-compliance with procedural formality, in terms of sections 129(3) and (4), results in the resolution placing the company under business rescue lapsing and becoming a nullity. The SCA held that non-compliance does not automatically result in the business rescue being terminated. Non-compliance is a ground for applying to court to set aside the resolution in terms of section 130(1)(a)(iii). But such resolution will be set aside only if it is otherwise just and equitable to do so, in terms of section 130(5), and the business rescue terminates in terms of section 132(2)(a)(i) once an order setting aside the resolution has been granted.
“A History of Overcoming . . .” (Book Review: Geyn, F.F., Prusakov, M.V. & El’zesser, V.Ya. (2019) Nemtsy, Vyrosshie na Russkikh Pesnyakh [Germans Who Grew up on Russian Songs]. Tomsk: Tomsk Polytechnic University. 429 p.)
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Poplavskaya Irina A. , Pesotskaya Svetlana A. ,   Tomsk State Pedagogical University (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: September 2021

The article presents the history of a family of Russian Germans. The authors focus on the historical and cultural relations between Russia and Germany in the 18th–21st centuries, on the features of the literary human document, on the problems of new historicism, multiculturalism and the specifics of ancestral “places of memory”. The problem of hybrid identity is considered as the basis for fruitful cross-linguistic and cross-cultural contacts
The Images of Dante’s Inferno in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The House of the Dead
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Kurgan Marina G.
Published: September 2021

The House of the Dead was repeatedly compared with the first part of Dante’s The Divine Comedy even in F.M. Dostoevsky’s lifetime. However, his contemporaries usually focused on general analogies, while later scholars paid more attention to the narrative features or individual reminiscences. This research studies the main aspects of the artistic structure of the Dante code, constructing the space of Hell in Dostoevsky’s novel. 1. The organization of space. Alexander Petrovich Goryanchikov, the narrator in The House of the Dead, recreates a three-dimensional image that resembles a gradually narrowing funnel: from a bird’s-eye view, where the prison is seen in its entirety, the focus slowly descends, passing to smaller objects, and finally reaching the “three boards”, which limit Goryanchikov’s personal space. The same principle is employed to construct the space of Hell in Dante’s poem. In The House of the Dead, there is another significant indication of the spatial affinity of Dante’s hell and Dostoevsky’s katorga – active imagery associated with cobwebs and spiders. In the centre of the system of images associated with the designated semantic network is the parade- major, the head of the fortress and the owner of the inmate web. 2. The character system as an element constituting the space of Hell. The character system of The House of the Dead follows the compositional principle of Divine Comedy, where sinners are located in different circles in accordance with their main passion. There are three circles in the prison: the first is formal, according to the court decision; the second is informal, internal, formed by crafts and occupations; the third represents Goryanchikov’s perspective as an exponent of human and humane judgment, which distinguishes another person’s moral state. 3. Torment. The House of the Dead demonstrate a hierarchy in describing the tortures, while freedom becomes a fundamental category to embody the most important motif of physical and moral torment connecting Dostoevsky’s novel with Dante’s experience. The bodily torment ceases to be only the torment of the body to become a pain of the soul, comparable to physical torment, so the soul suffers and burns. Hell as a moral topos was the key for Dostoevsky. In The House of the Dead, he chooses the same way as Dante in The Divine Comedy: vivid corporeality conveys an esoteric metaphor of moral suffering and deep inner movements of the soul.
William Blake in Contemporary Russian Literature and Culture
Authors:   ‘Analitika Rodis’ Publishing (Noginsk, Russian Federation), Serdechnaia Vera V.
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the creativity of the English romantic William Blake comprehended in contemporary Russian literature and culture. These facts are quite significant, since many Russian thinkers and writers, such as Igor Garin and Merab Mamardashvili, mention Blake in their works. Blake, partly remembered as a symbolist and mystic, loomed large in the cultural universe of the Moscow mystical “Yuzhinsky” circle, members of which were, in particular, Yuri Mamleev, Yevgeny Golovin, Alexander Dugin, Yuri Stefanov. For them, Blake was an integral part of the great Tradition or ancient knowledge, lost by the civilization. Blake has been mentioned and quoted in the prose by Yuri Buida, Alexey Gryakalov, Ivan Ermakov, Ksenia Buksha, Oleg Postnov and in the poetry by Olga Kuznetsova, Maria Galina, Alla Gorbunova, Maxim Kalinin and others. Andrei Tavrov enters into a creative dialogue with the English Romanticist in his poetic cycle Lament for Blake (2018). Tavrov creatively renders Blake’s metaphysics of human physiology. The poem “Blake. Sparrow” shows an impressive fusion of Blake’s motives and lyrics. in particular, the multilevel character of the mythological world (from Ulro to Eden), conversations with Angels and traveling through the stars in “The Marriage”, the image of a sparrow and a visionary bird in general, images of insects guided through the night (“Dream”), the image of Milton like the meteorite in the heel of the narrator, the figure of Flaxman and the philosophy of creation by the word. In Tavrov’s work, Blake inhabits in a bizarre world of metaliterature, including Gogol and Derzhavin, Velasquez and Newton, Lear and Oedipus, Pan and Melchizedek. Blake, as the creator of overlapping worlds, becomes for Tavrov the key to the total poetization of the universe; where a transition is made from the hermetic principle “as above, so below” to the principle “everything in everything”. This principle turns out to be the most important for contemporary poetry. Blake’s paintings and drawings have become a part of Russian book culture: the famous engraving of the Creator God with a compass “The Ancient of Days” is often used in book graphics; the Moscow conceptualist Viktor Pivovarov, the author of samizdat, admitted that Blake inspired him with his experience in book printing. Blake’s influence can also be seen in the works of contemporary sculptor Alexander Kudryavtsev (1938–2011), namely, his ceramic fresco “The Creation of the World”. Thus, Blake, who came, among others, through the work of The DOORS and Jarmusch’s Dead Man, plays a significant role in the space of contemporary Russian literature. In these terms, the most significant of his works are “Songs” and “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”, as well as mystical revelations of prophetic poems and his creative life of a genius unrecognized during his lifetime in general.
Math Is Not for Girl? Investigating the Impact of e-Learning Platforms on the Development of Growth Mindsets in Elementary Classrooms
Authors: Ershova Valeriya , Gerasimova Iuliia , Kapuza Anastasia
Published: September 2021

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education research indicates a gender gap in how students perceive their mathematical ability. Even when there are no gender disparities in math achievement, girls tend to have lower expectations of success and lower self-reported proficiency in the subject than boys. Empirical findings show that development of growth mindset could bridge the gender gap in students’ perceptions of their mathematical ability and enhance girls’ interest in math. Formative feedback is one of the possible tools to foster the development of growth mindsets. This study investigates the impact of an e-learning platform with automated feedback on the development of growth mindsets in elementary school children. Empirical data was collected during an experiment which involved 6,300 third grade students from 343 regional schools in Russia. Statistically significant differences were revealed between students in the control group and those who used the e-learning platform (experimental group). However, the effects of using the platform were significantly lower for girls than boys. The results obtained in this study point to the great potential of e-learning platforms with instant feedback in fostering growth mindsets in mathematics among elementary school children. Furthermore, it appears vital to integrate tailored feedback for boys and girls to mitigate gender differences in school math education.
COVID-19 and the Trials and Tribulations of Global Health Governance
Authors:   KU Leuven, Ruelens Melanie , Wouters Jan ,   KU Leuven
Published: September 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the fore significant shortcomings in global health governance. Faced with the rapid international spread of the virus, international actors unsuccessfully attempted a coordinated international response to tackle the Covid-19 outbreak and its far-reaching repercussions. The present article aims to shed light on certain flaws in the existing global health governance architecture that have thwarted both formal—the World Health Organization and the United Nations—and informal international actors—the Group of Seven and the Group of Twenty—in steering the international community through the current global health crisis. It first examines the actions taken by these actors during the Covid-19 pandemic and assesses why they fell short in steering a coordinated international response. Having identified individual states as the real culprits for the inadequate performance, the article discerns the underlying causes of individual states’ hindering of global health multilateralism. Subsequently, it underscores why global health multilateralism remains necessary in a post-Covid-19 world and which international actors should play an active role therein. To conclude, suggestions are given on how the global health governance architecture should be strengthened in a post-Covid-19 world.
Tax Sovereignty and Investor Protection: Why the Proposed Global Minimum Tax Is not the Final Frontier for Corporate Tax Arbitrage
Authors:   University of Toronto, Motala Michael
Published: September 2021

Over the past decade, international tax governance has evolved with bewildering speed in response to the challenges of digitalization and widespread corporate tax avoidance. Since the launch of the Group of 20 (G20)-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) initiative in 2012, 135 countries and 14 international organizations have joined the BEPS Inclusive Framework, committing to implement new global standards on corporate tax, which has already been lauded as a revolution in the architecture of international tax law and policy. Even further expanding the scope of the OECD’s work on international taxation in a landmark announcement in March 2021, the U.S. administration further proposed imposing a global minimum corporate tax at a rate of 21% to be implemented through an international agreement by mid-2021. If the new OECD initiative is agreed, will the plan to implement a minimum corporate tax be fully implemented by G20 members, and if so, will it do enough to address the tax challenges of digitalization embodied in corporate tax arbitrage? Although the evidence suggests legislative and public policy compliance is likely to be high among G20 members, this article argues the minimum tax initiative is unlikely to go far enough to address deficiencies in global tax dispute resolution, which are extremely germane to the success of the proposed minimum tax. As explained in this article, U.S. leaders and global policymakers must enhance the mutual agreement procedure (MAP), a cornerstone of tax dispute resolution, given a growing body of tax litigation in investment law that threatens the implementation of BEPS 2.0. To do so, global policymakers must also reconcile the conflict of norms between tax sovereignty and investor protection contained in the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) regime. Only by addressing the conflict between the principles of tax sovereignty and investor protection can they prevent a tidal wave of investor disputes that will challenge the implementation of the minimum tax through national tax laws.
Between hyperglobalization and national policy. Is there a way to mitigate populist risks for global economic governance in the post-Covid-19 world?
Authors:   University of Gdańsk, Rewizorski Marek
Published: September 2021

Some scholars of global governance advocate rebalancing from global to national governance. They underline the incompatibility of global economic governance with democracies, which have the right to protect their social arrangements. They discern the fact that global (economic) governance is under heavy fire from a new vox populi, underscoring the socio-economic and cultural sources of their resentment and opposition to the liberal international order. While pointing at the timeliness of such argumentation, this article examines the fundamental problem with a sovereignty-related solution to the populist challenge. It lies in the fact that reconstituting global economic steering with a stronger emphasis on sovereignty may open the door for pursuing distinct national policies, which have blossomed during the Covid-19 pandemic and which not only overlap with populism but dismantle the benefits of international cooperation in the post-Covid-19 world. By asking about the role of the fragmented system of economic governance in inspiring populist resentment, this article creates an opportunity not only to address the challenges to global economic governance, but more specifically to reflect upon: the justification of decisive shifts toward national governance; risks which remain hidden for those discontented with economic globalization; and drafting an alternative solution, namely taking the middle way between hyper globalization and a more national policy.
Post-Fordist Production and Urban Industrial Land Use Patterns
Authors: Roost Frank , Jeckel Elisabeth
Published: September 2021

Economic restructuring of the 21st century is changing the production methods and location requirements of most industries. Mass production on the outskirts of cities, as was common in 20th century Fordism, is largely being replaced by an economic model characterised by a multitude of networked small and medium-sized production sites as well as logistics facilities. In this article, we want to examine if this also creates the opportunity to combine some of the smaller industrial areas with the city as a whole and to initiate a transformation of these areas in favour of redensification and mixed use. Examining the case of Kassel, Germany, we take a closer look at the transformation processes from Fordism to post-Fordism and the possibilities for a smarter land use. In this largely industrially shaped region, younger companies such as the solar panel producer SMA are using new approaches in terms of urban planning and land use by building their low emission-factories on greyfields in an urban environment rather than on suburban greenfields. In our article, we survey selected industrial areas in Kassel and discuss their recent change as part of a broader development from Fordism to post-Fordism. Firstly, the study contains a theoretical discussion of commercial and industrial land-use patterns in both socio-economic models. Subsequently, an on-site analysis is carried out to determine the extent to which both economic models have influenced the use and shape of industrial areas in Kassel. Based on this analysis, we finally show criteria for how urban planning can help to ensure that this change is combined with an improvement in the spatial and design quality of the industrial areas and is meaningfully integrated into the sustainable development of the city region.
The experience of using iodine-bromine baths and ozone therapy at the stage of health resort treatment of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia
Authors: Cherevaschenko Lyubov A. , Dadova L. YU. , Kulikov Nikolay N. , Tereshin Anatolii T. , Cherevashchenko Igor A.
Published: September 2021

Background. Treatment of chronic cerebral ischemia should be aimed both to the main etiological factor and to the pathogenetic mechanisms of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia. The action of ozone therapy is characterized with a multilateral positive effect on the main aspects of chronic cerebral ischemia pathogenesis, such as chronic cerebral hypoxia, impaired microcirculation, rheological disorders, and activation of lipid peroxidation. The use of iodine-bromine baths in chronic cerebral ischemia has been proved to be accompanied by an improvement in cerebral circulation, normalization of the brain bioelectric processes, an initially impaired condition of the autonomic nervous system, and an increase in the level of adaptive capabilities of the body.
Aim: to develop effective pathogenetically substantiated methods for the combined use of iodine-bromine baths and ozone therapy in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia to increase the effectiveness of health resort treatment.
Methods. In accordance with the tasks set in the work, 90 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia of the degree 1, who were randomized into three treatment groups, were examined and treated. Patients of the control group (n = 30) received iodine-bromine baths, patients of the comparison group (n = 30) received ozone therapy, patients of the main group (n = 30) received iodine-bromine baths and ozone therapy. Examination of patients included Doppler ultrasound, electroencephalography, rheoencephalography, сardiointervalography, lipid metabolism studies, fibrinogen content studies.
Results. As a result of treatment, the improvement of clinical symptoms and the normalization of biochemical and neurophysiological parameters were noted in patients of all treatment groups. Overall efficiency (improvement and significant improvement) was 53.3% in the control group, in the comparison group it was 63.3%, and 73.3% in the main group.
Conclusion. The authors proved the practicability of rehabilitative treatment of early forms of vascular diseases of the brain at the stage of sanatorium and resort rehabilitation, which is due to significant compensatory reserves and high plasticity of the structural and functional formations of the brain with preserved ability to develop nonspecific elements of the nervous tissue and restore reversibly damaged structures.
The therapeutic effect of a person staying in a salt mine due to the low background level of atomic radiation
Authors: Harisov Gayaz H. , Zavorotny Aleksander G.
Published: September 2021

The therapeutic effect of people staying in salt mines is currently explained by the fact that people inhale salt spray particulates. Based on an experimental study, the article proves that this therapeutic effect is the result of super-low levels of atomic radiation in the space of salt mines.
About socialist competition
Authors: Pleshitser Aria Ya.
Published: September 2021

The XVI Party Conference in its appeal to all workers and toiling peasants of the Soviet Union on socialist emulation points out: Gigantic tasks have been set by history for the working people of our country. In a relatively short historical period, we must catch up and overtake the advanced capitalist countries in technical and economic terms, carrying out the socialist reconstruction of the entire national economy.
Meetings of medical societies. Society of Physicians at Kazan University. Surgical section. IV-1929
Authors: Tsimkhes I. L.
Published: September 2021

Доктор М. Е. Седы X. Редкий случай извлечения конкремента из брюшной полости. Напечатано в № 6 Каз. мед. журнал за 1929 г. Прения: проф. П. М. Красин, доктор И. Л. Цимхес, доктор Сызганов, пр.-доп. В. А. Гусынин и проф. В. Л. Боголюбов, подчеркнувший интересный случай, особенно темный вопрос происхождения конкрементов.
Elementary solutions to Lamb's problem for a point source and their relevance to three-dimensional studies of spontaneous crack propagation
Authors: Richards Paul G.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Certain exact solutions to Lamb's problem (the transient response of an elastic half-space to a force applied at a point) involve the computation merely of three square roots, and about ten arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, /). They arise when both source and receiver lie on the free surface. It is just these solutions which are needed in a method due to Hamano for obtaining the slip function (displacement discontinuity), as a function of space and time, for planar tension cracks and shear cracks which grow spontaneously with arbitrary shape. The solutions are described here in detail, for an elastic medium with general Poisson's ratio. They include perhaps the simplest-possible example of the P-wave.
The Fort Ross earthquake sequence, March and April, 1978
Authors: Stickney Michael C.
Published: September 2021

abstract

On March 31, 1978, an earthquake of coda magnitude 3.3 (ML = 3.7 BRK) occurred 5 km off the coast of northern California near Fort Ross. A single foreshock preceded the earthquake and approximately 60 aftershocks followed. Locations based on P- and S-wave arrival times indicate that the earthquakes occurred offshore, west of the San Andreas fault in the vicinity of a fault that is visible on acoustic reflection profiles. All earthquakes had hypocentral depths less than 8 km. A fault-plane solution from P-wave first motions suggests that the focal mechanism of the main shock consisted of nearly equal components of dextral and vertical movement on a plane striking northwest. Other events in this sequence had first-motion patterns strikingly different than the main shock, indicating that more than one type of faulting occurred during the sequence. Seismic moments computed for three aftershocks ranged from 3.8 × 1019 to 1.1 × 1019 dyne-cm.
Frequency-magnitude-time relationships in the NGSDC earthquake data file
Authors: Bloom E. D. , Erdmann R. C.
Published: September 2021

abstract

In performing a statistical analysis of the NGSDC data base, we have found completeness problems in time and magnitude which can affect the accurate determination of derivative frequency-magnitude relations. Techniques are suggested which may circumvent most inaccuracies. In particular, the choice of event magnitude is important in minimizing distortion in frequency-magnitude relations. A new working magnitude, M3, is suggested as useful for the NGSDC data base, where

M 3 = [ M S , if it is present Max ( m b , M L , M u ) , m b < 6 , M S is not present Max [ ( 2 . 0 m b − 5.4 ) , M L , M u ] , m b ≧ 6 , M S is not present .

After correcting for time bias the use of M3 reduces distortion of frequency-magnitude distributions derived from the NGSDC data base as compared to previous magnitude definitions used.
The Covid-19 Pandemic and Climate Change: Some Lessons Learned on Individual Ethics and Social Justice
Authors: Corvino Fausto
Published: September 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has confronted humanity with a complex and unexpected challenge. One part of this challenge concerned individual ethics, i.e., the behaviour of individuals with respect to the rules and restrictions that have been imposed by health authorities in the collective interest. Another part concerned, instead, the social organisation of immunisation campaigns. In this article I wonder whether the lessons we have learned in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic can be applied to climate change mitigation. My first argument is that at least some of the ethical successes obtained at the individual level can be repeated with respect to climate change, but only if we stop focusing solely on the risks of climate change and offer a convincing picture of the benefits and opportunities of a more sustainable world. The second argument is that the Covid-19 pandemic offered us a new perspective on the relationship between global systemic threats and social justice: no one can adapt in isolation, neither medically nor economically. An out-of-control climate will lead to the same situation, so the asymmetry of vulnerability between developed and developing countries (and also between wealthy and poor people within the same country) is only a short-term illusion.
Philosophical Practice as a Way to Address the Students’ Existential Problems during the Pandemic
Authors: Bogdanova Veronika , Rezvushkin Kirill
Published: September 2021

This article is devoted to the study of the academic and existential problems of students during the pandemic. The authors conducted sociological surveys among first- and second-year students of a higher educational institution, where they analyze students’ attitudes towards distance learning and identify the most pressing existential problems of students. The authors concluded that during the quarantine period, learning has lost its semantic basis. The reason for this is the inability of the education system to respond to the challenges of the new educational format, as it develops in accordance with the modern technology, as modern pedagogy develops, as a rational system of objective knowledge, and as it does not take into account the internal, value-based meanings of education itself. The authors see a solution to this problem in shifting the emphasis from transferring knowledge to helping students find personal meanings that coincide with the objectives of philosophical practice. The authors give examples of how the techniques of philosophical practice could unlock students’ potential in understanding and solving existential problems.
Paul Ricœur: traços do religioso numa filosofia sem absoluto
Authors: Marcelo Gonçalo
Published: September 2021

This paper assesses the ways in which Transcendence and the question of God appear in the philosophy of Paul Ricœur. Taking stock of the debate on the theological turn of French phenomenology, the paper aims to show the unique position held by Ricœur among French phenomenology and hermeneutics, in that in spite of his Christian faith, Ricœur strove to put forward a philosophy of limits ‘without absolute’ while, at the same time, developing inquiries in phenomenology and hermeneutics of religion. The paper follows the development of Ricœur’s thought on this matter, from his early phenomenological works, through the hermeneutical turn and until the essay of fundamental anthropology of Oneself as Another, unpacking the Kantian and Hegelian influences, the approach on religion ‘within the limits of reason alone’ and also the way in which the Kantian undertones of hermeneutics as philosophy of finitude at the same time open the space to hope and imagination. Ricœur’s philosophy therefore appears as a rigorous descriptive and interpretive effort that strives not to mix the genres of discourse, while, at the same time, we can still find some ethical and supra-ethical traits in his practical philosophy that do stem from his Christian faith – but whose status is inspirational and therefore does not dent the overall theoretical framework of his philosophy of limits.