bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specificity in endoplasmic reticulum-stress signaling in yeast entails a step-wise engagement of HAC1 mRNA to clusters of the stress sensor Ire1
Authors: van Anken Eelco , Pincus David , Coyle Scott , Aragón Tomás , Osman Christof , Lari Federica , Gómez Puerta Silvia , Korennykh Alexei V , Walter Peter
Published: December 2014

Insufficient protein-folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). In the ER lumen, accumulation of unfolded proteins activates the transmembrane ER-stress sensor Ire1 and drives its oligomerization. In the cytosol, Ire1 recruits HAC1 mRNA, mediating its non-conventional splicing. The spliced mRNA is translated into Hac1, the key transcription activator of UPR target genes that mitigate ER-stress. In this study, we report that oligomeric assembly of the ER-lumenal domain is sufficient to drive Ire1 clustering. Clustering facilitates Ire1's cytosolic oligomeric assembly and HAC1 mRNA docking onto a positively charged motif in Ire1's cytosolic linker domain that tethers the kinase/RNase to the transmembrane domain. By the use of a synthetic bypass, we demonstrate that mRNA docking per se is a pre-requisite for initiating Ire1's RNase activity and, hence, splicing. We posit that such step-wise engagement between Ire1 and its mRNA substrate contributes to selectivity and efficiency in UPR signaling.
Recognition of the small regulatory RNA RydC by the bacterial Hfq protein
Authors: Dimastrogiovanni Daniela , Fröhlich Kathrin S , Bandyra Katarzyna J , Bruce Heather A , Hohensee Susann , Vogel Jörg , Luisi Ben F
Published: December 2014

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are key elements of regulatory networks that modulate gene expression. The sRNA RydC of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli is an example of this class of riboregulators. Like many other sRNAs, RydC bears a ‘seed’ region that recognises specific transcripts through base-pairing, and its activities are facilitated by the RNA chaperone Hfq. The crystal structure of RydC in complex with E. coli Hfq at a 3.48 Å resolution illuminates how the protein interacts with and presents the sRNA for target recognition. Consolidating the protein–RNA complex is a host of distributed interactions mediated by the natively unstructured termini of Hfq. Based on the structure and other data, we propose a model for a dynamic effector complex comprising Hfq, small RNA, and the cognate mRNA target.
Cell death machinery makes life more robust
Authors: Aguirre-Chen Cristina , Hammell Christopher M
Published: December 2014

CED-3, a protein that is essential for programmed cell death, also has an unexpected role in the regulation of non-apoptotic genes during normal development.
History of science at University College London: 1919–47
Authors: SMEATON WILLIAM A.
Published: July 2002

In the Annual Report of University College London (UCL) for

1946–47 it is stated that ‘the

Department of History and Philosophy of Science played a leading

part in the formation

of the British Society for the History of Science’ and

that four members or former members

of the department were serving on its Council, one of them as the

founder president. A brief

account of the early history of the department may therefore be of

interest to members of the Society.
A NON-EXTENDABLE BOUNDED LINEAR MAP BETWEEN C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: Ozawa Narutaka
Published: July 2002

We present an example of a $C^*$-subalgebra $A$ of $\mathbb{B}(H)$ and a bounded linear map from $A$ to $\mathbb{B}(K)$ which does not admit any bounded linear extension. This generalizes the result of Robertson and gives the answer to a problem raised by Pisier. Using the same idea, we compute the exactness constants of some Q-spaces. This solves a problem raised by Oikhberg. We also construct a Q-space which is not locally reflexive.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L05. Secondary 46L07
Effect of crop residue management in a rice–wheat cropping system on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility
Authors: PRASAD R. , GANGAIAH B. , AIPE K. C.
Published: July 2002

Crop residue management is posing a serious problem in the rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system, which is widely practised in the Indian Subcontinent and China, and covers about 22.5 × 106 ha. The problem is serious because there is very little turn-around time between rice harvest and wheat sowing. Three practices, namely, residue removal, residue burning and residue incorporation were compared in two field experiments, one with the rice residues and the other with the wheat residues. Results obtained showed that both rice and wheat residues can be safely incorporated without any detrimental effects on the crops of rice or wheat grown immediately after incorporation. Incorporation of crop residue also improved soil fertility status as judged by organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium contents. Residue incorporation should be preferred over residue burning, which results in the loss of valuable plant nutrients and is both an environmental and a health hazard.
Evolution of reduced pre-adult viability and larval growth
rate in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster
selected for shorter development time
Authors: PRASAD N. G. , SHAKARAD MALLIKARJUN , GOHIL VISHAL M. , SHEEBA V. , RAJAMANI M. , JOSHI AMITABH
Published: July 2002

Four large (n > 1000) populations of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from control populations
maintained on a 3 week discrete generation cycle, were subjected to selection for fast development
and early reproduction. Egg to eclosion survivorship and development time and dry weight at
eclosion were monitored every 10 generations. Over 70 generations of selection, development time
in the selected populations decreased by approximately 36 h relative to controls, a 20% decline.
The difference in male and female development time was also reduced in the selected populations.
Flies from the selected populations were increasingly lighter at eclosion than controls, with the
reduction in dry weight at eclosion over 70 generations of selection being approximately 45% in
males and 39% in females. Larval growth rate (dry weight at eclosion/development time) was also
reduced in the selected lines over 70 generations, relative to controls, by approximately 32% in
males and 24% in females. However, part of this relative reduction was due to an increase in
growth rate of the controls populations, presumably an expression of adaptation to conditions in
our laboratory. After 50 generations of selection had elapsed, a considerable and increasing pre-
adult viability cost to faster development became apparent, with viability in the selected
populations being about 22% less than that of controls at generation 70 of selection.
Role of transposable elements in age-related genomic instability
Authors: NIKITIN A. G. , SHMOOKLER REIS R. J.
Published: July 2002

Genetic instability is associated with aging in many species. One

of the initiating factors for genetic

instability is the movement of transposable elements (TEs), which occur

in all prokaryotic and

eukaryotic organisms. The hypothesis that TEs could be involved in the

aging process is discussed

and the correlation between aging and activity of TEs is analysed in a

variety of biological systems.
Subgroups like Wielandt's in soluble
groups
Authors: Franchi Clara
Published: July 2002

For each
m≥1, u_{m}(G) is defined to be the
intersection of the normalizers of all the subnormal subgroups of defect at most
m in G. An ascending chain of subgroups
u_{m,i}(G) is defined by setting
u_{m,i}(G)/u_{m,i−1}(G)=u_{m}(G/u_{m,i−1}(G)). If
u_{m,n}(G)=G, for some integer n, the
m-Wielandt length of G is the
minimal of such n.

In [3], Bryce examined the
structure of a finite soluble group with given m-Wielandt
length, in terms of its polynilpotent structure. In this paper we extend his
results to infinite soluble groups.

1991 Mathematics Subject
Classification. 20E15, 20F22.
NEW APPROACHES TO THE HISTORY OF IMPERIALISM
Authors: FIELDHOUSE D. K.
Published: July 2002

The world and the West: European challenge and the overseas response in the age of empire. By Philip D. Curtin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xiv+294. ISBN 0-521-77135-8. £19.95.

The global world of Indian merchants. 1750–1947: traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama. By Claude Markovits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xv+327. ISBN 0-521-62285-9. £40.00.

New frontiers: imperialism's new communities in East Asia 1842–1953. Edited by Robert Bickers and Christian Henrito. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+290. ISBN 0-7190-5604-7. £45.00.

Colonial writing and the New World, 1583–1671: allegories of desire. By Thomas Scanlan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. x+242. ISBN 0-521-64305-8. £37.50.
JEWISH IDENTITY IN THE FACE OF ANTI-SEMITISM
Authors: ALBANIS ELISABETH
Published: July 2002

A history of the Jews in the English-speaking world: Great
Britain.
By W. D. Rubinstein,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996. Pp. viii+539. ISBN 0-312-12542-9. £65.00.

Pogroms: anti-Jewish violence in modern Russian history.
Edited by John D. Klier and Shlomo
Lambroza. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xx+393.
ISBN 0-521-40532-7. £55.00.

Western Jewry and the Zionist project, 1914–1933.
By Michael Berkowitz. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi+305. ISBN 0-521-47087-0. £35.00.

Three books under review deal from different perspectives with the responses of Jews in Western and Eastern Europe to the increasing and more or less violent outbursts of anti-Semitism which they encountered in the years from 1880 to the Second World War. The first two titles consider how deep-rooted anti-Semitism was in Britain and Russia and in what sections of society it was most conspicuous, whereas the third asks how Western Jewry became motivated to support the Zionist project of settlement in Palestine; all three approach the question of how isolated or intergrated diaspora Jews were in their respective countries.
An examination of the efficiency of Australian crop variety evaluation programmes
Authors: CULLIS B. R. , SMITH A. , HUNT C. , GILMOUR A.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present the analysis of yield data from a broad cross-section of crop variety
evaluation programmes (CVEP) conducted in Australia. The main sources of variety by environment
interaction are ‘non-static’ interactions, namely those linked to seasonal influences. These contributed
an average of 41·3% of the total variance. In contrast the static component accounts for only 5·3%
of the total.

We develop methods for determining the relative accuracy of CVEP based on selection of newly
promoted entries. The accuracy of the current testing regimes for the Australian CVEP under study
is determined. The accuracy of alternative schemes, with different numbers of years of testing,
numbers of locations per year and numbers of replicates per trial is also examined. Cost effective
methods for improving the accuracy of CVEP are discussed.
“Forty Acres and a Mule”: Horace Mann Bond and the
Lynching of Jerome Wilson
Authors: FAIRCLOUGH ADAM
Published: July 2002

In 1934 Horace Mann Bond, an African American, was in the early years
of a distinguished career as an historian and university president when the
lynching of a young black man, Jerome Wilson, impinged on his life,
shaking him to the core. Already, at age twenty-nine, a professor at Fisk
University with an armful of publications, his expertise as an authority on
black education had taken him to a small community near Franklinton, in
Washington Parish, Louisiana, where the lynching took place. Bond knew
the victim's family, and he wrote an account of the lynching that traced
the history of the Wilson family from the days of slavery.
Disturbing vortices
Authors: BALMFORTH N. J. , LLEWELLYN SMITH STEFAN G. , YOUNG W. R.
Published: July 2002

Inviscid spatially compact vortices (such as the Rankine vortex) have discrete Kelvin
modes. For these modes, the critical radius, at which the rotation frequency of the
wave matches the angular velocity of the fluid, lies outside the vortex core. When
such a vortex is not perfectly compact, but has a weak vorticity distribution beyond
the core, these Kelvin disturbances are singular at the critical radius and become
‘quasi-modes’. These are not true eigenmodes but have streamfunction perturbations
that decay exponentially with time while the associated vorticity wraps up into a tight
spiral without decay. We use a matched asymptotic expansion to derive a simplified
description of weakly nonlinear, externally forced quasi-modes.

We consider the excitation and subsequent evolution of finite-amplitude quasi-
modes excited with azimuthal wavenumber 2. Provided the forcing amplitude is
below a certain critical amplitude, the quasi-mode decays and the disturbed vortex
returns to axisymmetry. If the amplitude of the forcing is above critical, then nonlinear
effects arrest the decay and cat's eye patterns form. Thus the vortex is permanently
deformed into a tripolar structure.
The wall jet in a rotating fluid
Authors: STERN MELVIN E. , CHASSIGNET ERIC P. , WHITEHEAD J. A.
Published: July 2002

The previously observed spatial evolution of the two-dimensional
turbulent flow from
a source on the vertical wall of a shallow layer of rapidly rotating fluid
is strikingly
different from the non-rotating three-dimensional counterpart, insofar
as
the instability
eddies generated in the former case cause the flow to separate completely
from the wall
at a finite downstream distance. In seeking an explanation of this, we
first
compute the
temporal evolution of two-dimensional finite-amplitude waves on an unstable
laminar
jet using a finite difference calculation at large Reynolds number. This
yields a dipolar
vorticity pattern which propagates normal to the wall, while leaving some
of
the near-wall vorticity (negative) of the basic flow behind. The residual
far-field eddy therefore
contains a net positive circulation and this property is incorporated in
a
heuristic point-vortex model of the spatial evolution of the instability
eddies observed in a laboratory
experiment of a flow emerging from a source on a vertical wall in a rotating
tank. The
model parameterizes the effect of Ekman bottom friction in decreasing the
circulation
of eddies which are periodically emitted from the source flow on the wall.
Further
downstream, the point vortices of the model merge and separate abruptly
from the
wall; the statistics suggest that the downstream separation distance scales
with the
Ekman spin-up time (inversely proportional to the square root of the Coriolis
parameter f) and with the mean source velocity. When the latter
is small and f is large,
qualitative support is obtained from laboratory experiments.
Enhancement of three-dimensional instability of
free shear layers
Authors: SAXENA VIVEK , LEIBOVICH SIDNEY , BERKOOZ GAL
Published: July 2002

Enhancement of the temporal growth rate of inviscid three-dimensional
instability
waves in free shear layers by deformation of the basic flow is studied.
The deformation
of a two-dimensional mixing layer is assumed to yield a base flow that
remains
unidirectional, but has a steady spanwise speed variation in addition to
the two-
dimensional shear. The computed growth rates for hyperbolic tangent base
flow,
perturbed this way, show enhanced instability in the sense that the neutral
waves
of the unperturbed flow exhibit positive growth rates. For each imposed
spanwise
periodicity, an oblique mode is selected that shows maximum growth rate.
The results
are consistent with related theoretical studies and with qualitative observations
in
experiments.
What's missing from ‘What's
missing’? A reply to C. Cramer
and N. Pontara, ‘Rural poverty
and poverty alleviation in
Mozambique: what's missing from
the debate?’
Authors: Pitcher M. Anne
Published: July 2002

Mozambique has undergone some dramatic changes in recent years.
The government concluded a 17-year-old civil war in 1992 and held
democratic elections in 1994. Following the adoption of structural
adjustment policies after 1987, the government eliminated subsidies on
food and consumer items, pledged its support for emerging markets,
and has now sold most state companies to private investors. These
changes have generated much interest among researchers and
policymakers, particularly with regard to their impact on the
countryside, where the majority of Mozambicans live and work.
Recent studies have focused on the most appropriate rural development
strategy for Mozambique now that the war has ended, or examined
ways to alleviate the widespread poverty that still exists in rural areas.
Other work has analysed the structure of agrarian relations or how to
ensure food security. Additional research has criticised the
government's on-going policy of encouraging and granting land
concessions to private investors. It claims that the policy lacks
transparency and fails to consider the rights of local communities.
Rayleigh–Bénard convection and pattern
formation in magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: BAJAJ RENU , MALIK S. K.
Published: July 2002

A nonlinear thermal instability in a layer of electrically conducting
fluid in the
presence of a magnetic field is discussed. Steady-state bifurcation results
in the
formation of patterns: rolls, squares and hexagons. The stability of various

patterns is also investigated. It is found that in the absence of a magnetic
field
only rolls are stable, but when the magnetic field strength exceeds a certain

finite value, squares and hexagons also become stable.
Rules for Rulers: Obscure Texts, Authority, and Policing in Two Malay States
Authors: Barnard Timothy P.
Published: July 2002

Police manuals produced in the Siak and Riau-Lingga sultanates during the 1890s reveal something of the concerns of each society in an early stage of colonial state formation, and how they dealt with changing understandings of crime and punishment. Despite their many similarities, the manuals show that each Malay state had a distinctive character, and differed in its approach to issues of modernisation.
Alcyonidium reticulum sp. nov., a common intertidal bryozoan from south-west Britain
Authors: Ryland John S. , Porter Joanne S.
Published: July 2002

A description is given of Alcyonidium reticulum sp. nov. (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida), a smooth-surfaced species found encrusting intertidal stones and on Fucus serratus in south-west Britain. It is distinguished from two superficially similar congeners, A. gelatinosum and A. mytili.
On reproduction and age of the squid Loligo vulgaris from the Saharan Bank (north-west African coast)
Authors: Raya C.P. , Balguerías E. , Fernández-Núñez M.M. , Pierce G.J.
Published: July 2002

Loligo vulgaris (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) is a commercially important species in the cephalopod trawl fishery in the Saharan Bank (21–26°N). This study on squid in central-east Atlantic waters aims to examine some important aspects of its reproductive biology. In the period from May 1993 to April 1994 monthly samples of L. vulgaris were collected from this commercial trawl fishery. The maturation pattern for males and females was described from the proportion of immature, maturing and mature animals in the samples and using a maturation index. A range of reproductive indices derived from the morphometrics of the somatic and reproductive systems were also estimated to provide comparative information. The proportion and an abundance index of mature and immature animals in commercial landings in the period 1983–1994 were calculated to provide comparative results of maturity and recruitment respectively. Peaks of mature animals were mainly seen between November and January. The summer months exhibited the maximum recruit abundance. Age determinations were also undertaken in order to obtain the hatching peaks and to complete the proposed life cycle of L. vulgaris on the Saharan Bank. A main hatching peak was observed in spring, particularly in May. The age–size relationship suggests differences related to sex and possibly to hatching season. The wide range of size at maturity observed in male L. vulgaris is analysed and discussed. Males showed a seasonal pattern in size at maturity. The dorsal mantle length–body weight relationship and the sex ratio were determined. The sex ratio exhibits a seasonal pattern in relation to body size. Results are compared with information on this species from European waters.
Larval development of a warm-water immigrant barnacle, Solidobalanus fallax (Cirripedia: Archaeobalanidae) reared in the laboratory
Authors: Korn Olga M. , Elfimov Aleksey S.
Published: July 2002

In 1994 a warm-water barnacle Solidobalanus fallax was recorded for the first time in the UK (Southward, 1995). The naupliar development of this immigrant species is now described, from larvae reared in the laboratory. The planktotrophic nauplii of S. fallax reached the cyprid stage 8 d after hatching, at 25°C. Larval development includes six naupliar and one cyprid stage, following the typical pattern of the thoracican Cirripedia. Naupliar stages have a broad rounded convex cephalic shield without dorsal and marginal spines. Nauplii have a trilobed labrum with the small teeth found in other warm-water species. The abdominal process becomes nearly equal to the dorsal thoracic spine in stage VI. The arrangement of abdominal spines and larval setation are in the usual balanoid pattern. The significant difference of the S. fallax larvae from those of the related temperate-water archaeobalanid species Hesperibalanus hesperius supports the classification of these species into separate genera.
Mechanisms of specificity of association between the
nematode Steinernema scapterisci and its symbiotic bacterium
Authors: GREWAL P. S. , MATSUURA M. , CONVERSE V.
Published: July 2002

We suggest a new mechanism for the maintenance of specificity of
the
association between the entomopathogenic nematode
Steinernema scapterisci and its symbiotic bacteria. We evaluated
the
development and reproduction of infective and non-infective juvenile S.
scapterisci in monoxenic combinations with its symbiotic bacteria,
Xenorhabdus sp. ‘S’ and with the
bacterial symbiont of Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema
riobravis. Although development of non-infective stages
occurred on all Xenorhabdus spp., the development of infective
juveniles
to the 4th stage (‘dauer’ recovery) was
significantly delayed and reduced with X. nematophilus and
Xenorhabdus sp. ‘R’, the bacterial symbionts of S.
carpocapsae and S. riobravis, respectively. ‘Dauer’
recovery improved
significantly when the cultures of X. nematophilus and
Xenorhabdus sp. ‘R’ were supplemented with cell-free
filtrates
from Xenorhabdus sp. ‘S’. The infective juvenile S.
scapterisci produced in all 3 cultures were virulent to Galleria
mellonella larvae, confirming successful retention of
Xenorhabdus from other steinernematids in their intestine. In
fact,
S. scapterisci infective juveniles containing X.
nematophilus or Xenorhabdus sp. ‘R’ were more
virulent to
G. mellonella than those containing their natural symbiont,
Xenorhabdus sp. ‘S’. We believe that this is the first
demonstration of the symbiont-specific exit of infective juveniles from
the ‘dauer’ phase which represents the finest level of specificity
of
bacteria–nematode association. This is also the first
report of successful isolation of the natural symbiont of
S. scapterisci.
Distribution of Ascaris suum in experimentally and
naturally infected pigs and comparison with Ascaris
lumbricoides infections in humans
Authors: BOES J. , MEDLEY G. F. , ERIKSEN L. , ROEPSTORFF A. , NANSEN P.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the distribution of Ascaris suum
in experimentally and naturally infected pigs, and offers a comparison

with A. lumbricoides infections in humans. In the first study,
worms were recovered post-mortem from a group of 38 pigs
that had been trickle inoculated with 10000 infective A. suum
eggs twice weekly for 12 weeks. In the second study, worms
were collected from a group of 49 pigs that had been kept on a pasture
contaminated with infective A. suum eggs for
10 weeks, after which they received treatment with an anthelmintic; they
then were turned out on the same pasture for a
second 10-week period before slaughter. The worm burdens of the naturally
infected pigs were recorded both at treatment
and post-mortem. Mean worm counts were similar at all occasions but the
prevalence of infection was higher in the trickle
infected and naturally reinfected pigs. Furthermore, the prevalence in
naturally infected pigs increased significantly over
the study period. Worm burden distributions in all groups were heavily
overdispersed, but the distribution patterns
differed significantly between groups: lower exposure (initial natural
infection) gave a low prevalence and an almost
uniform distribution of worm burdens among infected hosts. Continued or
higher exposure (trickle and natural reinfection)
resulted in increased prevalence and a reduction in the proportion of hosts
with increasing worm load. A positive
correlation was found between initial and reinfection worm burdens in the
naturally infected pig population, suggesting
that individual pigs are predisposed to a high or low intensity of infection.
The prevalence and intensity as well as the
distribution observed for A. suum infection in pigs were comparable
to those reported for A. lumbricoides in endemic areas,
and there is evidence for predisposition to A. suum in pigs, with
an estimated correlation coefficient similar to that found
in humans. It is concluded that A. suum infections in pigs are
a suitable model to study the population dynamics of
A. lumbricoides in human populations.
Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: symptomatology, severity and specificity
Authors: PICKUP GRAHAM J. , FRITH CHRISTOPHER D.
Published: July 2002

Background. Several studies have examined the ability of schizophrenic patients to represent mental states (‘theory of mind'; ToM). There is consensus that some patients have impaired ToM, but there is disagreement about the relation between ToM and symptomatology, and about the severity and specificity of the deficit.

Methods. Two first-order and one second-order false belief tests of ToM were given to groups of schizophrenic patients and psychiatric and normal controls. The relation between ToM and symptomatology was explored using regression and symptom subgroup analyses. Severity was investigated by using the same task methodology as in autism research, to enable direct comparison with that disorder. Specificity was investigated using matched control tasks which were as difficult as the ToM tasks, but did not require ToM.

Results. Symptom subgroup analysis showed that schizophrenic patients with behavioural signs were impaired relative to controls on ToM, and that remitted patients and a single case with passivity symptoms performed as well as controls. Regression analysis showed that ratings of behavioural signs predicted impaired ToM in schizophrenia. There was weak evidence that a subgroup with paranoid symptoms had ToM impairments, although these were associated with low IQ. Schizophrenic patients only showed ToM deficits on the second-order task. No impairments appeared on the matched control tasks which did not require ToM.

Conclusions. There is a clear association between ToM impairment and behavioural signs in schizophrenia. Deficits in paranoid patients are harder to detect with current tasks and may be compensated for by IQ-dependent problem-solving skills. ToM impairments in schizophrenia are less severe than in autism, but are specific and not a reflection of general cognitive deficits.
Training primary-care physicians to recognize,
diagnose and manage depression: does it improve
patient outcomes?
Authors: TIEMENS B. G. , ORMEL J. , JENNER J. A. , VAN DER MEER K. , VAN OS T. W. D. P. , VAN DEN BRINK R. H. S. , SMIT A. , VAN DEN BRINK W.
Published: July 2002

Background. We developed a comprehensive, 20-hour training programme for primary-care
physicians, that sought to improve their ability to detect, diagnose and manage depression. We
evaluated the effects of physician training on patient outcomes, using a pre-post design.

Methods. In the pre-training phase of the study, we sampled 1834 consecutive patients of 17
primary-care physicians and evaluated 518 of these patients for the presence of depression. We
measured outcomes of all patients with depression at 3 months and 1 year. The outcome measures
were: severity of psychopathology; duration of depressive episode; and level of daily functioning.
After the 17 physicians completed the training, we drew a new sample from their practices (498 of
1785 consecutive patients were evaluated for depression) and measured outcomes for the depressed
patients.

Results. We found an effect of the training on short-term outcome, particularly for patients with a
recent-onset depression. At 3-month follow-up depressed patients whose physicians had received
training had less severe psychopathology and patients with recent-onset depression also showed
higher levels of daily functioning than patients of the same physicians prior to the training. The
patients with a recent-onset depression that was recognized by trained physicians had shorter
depressive episodes, but this was not statistically significant. At 1-year follow-up, all training effects
had faded away.

Conclusions. Training primary-care physicians to recognize, diagnose and manage depression can
improve short-term patient outcomes, especially for patients with a recent onset of depression.
Patients suffering from a recurrent or chronic depression may need more specific interventions, both
for acute treatment and long-term management.
‘Balancing out’ infant torture and death: a reply to Chignell
Authors: NOBIS NATHAN
Published: July 2002

In a recent article published in this journal, Andrew Chignell proposes
some candidates for greater or ‘balancing out’ goods that could explain why God
allows some infants to be tortured to death. I argue that each of Chignell's proposals
is either incoherent, metaphysically dubious, and/or morally objectionable. Thus,
his proposals do not explain what might justify God in allowing infants to be
tortured, and the existence of infant suffering remains a serious problem for
traditional theism.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN August to October 1999
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
Michael D. Coe & Justin Kerr,The art of
the Maya scribe. London: Thames & Hudson, 1997;
New York: Abrams, 1998. Pp. 240. Hb $75.00.
Authors: Reents-Budet Dorie
Published: July 2002

This book caps Michael Coe's distinguished career
as a Mayanist scholar. In this book, he joins with Justin
Kerr to present the formal, technical, and aesthetic
characteristics of the art of writing as practiced by the
pre-Columbian Maya of Mesoamerica. The collaboration of
a renowned archaeologist with an equally illustrious photographer
and dedicated student of Maya art has created a readable,
highly informative, and well-illustrated text.
Bambi Schieffelin, Kathryn Woolard, & Paul Kroskrity
(eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory.
(Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 16.) Oxford
& New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xiii,
338. Hb $75.00, pb $35.00.
Authors: Urla Jacqueline
Published: July 2002

This volume makes available to us a revised and
expanded collection of essays originally published in 1992
as a special issue of the journal Pragmatics.
In a masterful and greatly expanded introduction to the
volume, Kathryn Woolard establishes the parameters of a
field that seeks to advance the goal of linking work on
language structure with that on language politics, as well
as with linguistic and social theory more generally.
Susan Philips, Ideology in the language
of judges: How judges practice law, politics, and courtroom
control. (Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics,
17.) Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Pp. xvii, 205. Hb $59.00, pb $29.95.
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

In a time when some scholars are bemoaning an apparent
drop in attention to the role of ideology in legal settings,
Philips's new book comes as a welcome intervention.
The author uses fine-grained analysis of courtroom language
to reveal the pervasive influence of ideology on trial
court judges' practices. Followers of Philips's
pioneering work on legal language will not be disappointed;
the volume lives up to the exacting standard she set for
the field in her early articles on courtroom (and classroom)
discourse. The study uses discourse analysis of guilty
pleas in an Arizona criminal court to uncover how wider
social-structural and political divisions are affecting
the administration of justice – a process mediated
by ideology and enacted in the minute details of linguistic
exchanges.
P300 and handedness: On the possible contribution of corpus callosal size to ERPs
Authors: Polich John , Hoffman Lisa D.
Published: July 2002

The P300 event‐related potential (ERP) was elicited in left‐ and right‐handed young adult male and female participants (n= 20Ygroup) with both auditory and visual stimulus discrimination tasks that varied systematically in difficulty. P300 amplitude was larger across all task conditions for left‐ than for right‐handed participants at anterior and central electrode sites. P300 latency was shorter across all task conditions for left‐ than for right‐handers. Task difficulty did not affect the ERP handedness differences. Male and female subjects demonstrated comparable ERP handedness effects, although smaller P300 components were obtained for males than for females. When considered in the context of corpus callosal size differences for left‐ versus right‐handed and male versus female participants, the findings suggest that the P300 reflects callosal size and interhemispheric transmission efficacy.
Mental states during dreaming and daydreaming: Some methodological loopholes
Authors: Chapman Peter , Underwood Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

Relatively poor memory for dreams is important evidence for Hobson et al.'s model of conscious states. We describe the time-gap experience as evidence that everyday memory for waking states may not be as good as they assume. As well as being surprisingly sparse, everyday memories may themselves be systematically distorted in the same manner that Revonsuo attributes uniquely to dreams.

[Hobson et al.; Revonsuo]
Conditional mating strategies are contingent on return from investment
Authors: Hill Elizabeth M.
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson present an evolutionary functional analysis of mating strategies. This commentary interprets their argument using a central concept from life history theory, return from investment. Incorporating return from investment allows further specification of costs and benefits from short-term mating in women as well as men and in ecological settings of high environmental variation in mortality and resource availability.
Heuristics and development: Getting even smarter
Authors: Solomon Gregg E. A.
Published: July 2002

There are parallels between Gigerenzer et al.'s emphasis on the rationality of adults' reasoning in terms of simple heuristics and developmental researchers' emphasis on the rationality of children's reasoning in terms of intuitive theories. Indeed, just as children become better at using their theories, so might some people, experts, become better at using simple heuristics.
Expanding Nielsen's covert REM model, questioning Solms's approach to dreaming and REM sleep, and reinterpreting the Vertes & Eastman view of REM sleep and memory
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D. , Takeuchi Tomoka , Murphy Timothy I.
Published: July 2002

Nielsen's covert REM process model explains much of the mentation found in REM and NREM sleep, but stops short of postulating an interaction of waking cognitive processes with the dream mechanisms of REM sleep. It ranks with the Hobson et al. paper as a major theoretical advance. The Solms article does not surmount the ever-present problem of defining dreams in a manner conducive to advancing dream theory. Vertes & Eastman review the REM sleep and learning literature, but make questionable assumptions in doing so.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Are there fundamental differences in the peripheral mechanisms of visceral and somatic pain?
Authors: McMahon Stephen B.
Published: July 2002

There are some conspicuous differences between the
sensibilities of cutaneous and visceral tissues: (1) Direct trauma,
which readily produces pain when applied to the skin, is mostly
without effect in healthy visceral tissue. (2) Pain that arises from
visceral tissues is initially often poorly localised and diffuse.
(3) With time, visceral pains are often referred to more superficial
structures. (4) The site of referred pain may also show hyperalgesia.
(5) In disease states, the afflicted viscera may also become
hyperalgesic. In this target article, I consider to what extent
differences in the physiology, anatomy, and chemistry of peripheral
processing systems explain these different sensibilities. In almost
every aspect, there are subtle differences in the properties of the
processing mechanisms for cutaneous and visceral information. These
may arise because of distinct developmental cues operating in the two
domains. Many of the differences between visceral and cutaneous
afferents are quantitative rather than qualitative. The quantitative
differences, for example in the density of afferent innervation, can
be large. The quantitative differences in the numbers of afferents
alone may be a sufficient explanation for some aspects of the
differential sensibility, for example, the poor localisation of
sensation and the apparent insensitivity to focal yet tissue-
damaging stimuli. In addition, the few clear qualitative differences
apparent in the innervations of the two tissue types may be of special
importance. That the encoding of visceral nociceptive events may
occur by an intensity mechanism rather than a specificity mechanism
could be the key difference in viscerosensory and somatosensory
processing.
More evidence for the role of estrogens in female differentiation of the brain
Authors: Döhler Klaus D.
Published: July 2002

Evidence accumulates that pre- and postnatally circulating
estrogens play an active role in the differentiation of the female
brain: the susceptible period for feminization of the brain seems to
extend far beyond the period during which masculinization of the
brain occurs. Thus, there is a need to reevaluate the widely accepted
“concept of basic femaleness” in sexual brain
differentiation.
Frame dominance: A developmental phenomenon?
Authors: McCune Lorraine
Published: July 2002

Developmental aspects of the frame/content perspective are
explored in relation to (1) transitions in early language acquisition,
(2) possible differential neurological control for babbling and early
and later speech, and (3) development of word production templates
in precocious early speakers. Proportionally high frequency of
bilabial stops in early stable words versus babble offers advantages
for afferent monitoring and supporting “frame
dominance.”
The integration of motivation
Authors: Bond Alan H. , Raleigh Michael
Published: July 2002

We propose that a control system will address the causal
dynamics of the neural network that Depue & Collins regard as
underlying extraversion. We briefly describe a control system approach
and articulate the notion of integration. The integration of goals and
regards is achieved by subcortical assessment of reward in the nucleus
accumbens and VTA (ventral tegmental area) transmission of this
information largely by dopaminergic systems and representation of
reward in the MOC (medial orbital cortex). Thus reward information
is collected, integrated, and evaluated in the MOC. Such control
decisions rely on constraining processes, a functional property of
the MOC mediated largely by serotonergic neurons.
Random iteration in ${\mathbf P}^{\bm{k}}$
Authors: FORNÆSS JOHN ERIK , WEICKERT BRENDAN
Published: July 2002

We develop a pluripotential theory for random iteration on ${\mathbf P}^k$. We show the existence of a positive closed $(1,1)$ current and a measure on ${\mathbf P}^k$ which are invariant, in a certain sense, and which attract all positive closed $(1,1)$ currents and all measures, respectively, under normalized pull-back and averaging by the maps. Thus the concept of an exceptional set disappears as soon as we allow a slight amount of randomness in our system. We also consider the problem of push-forward of measures, and describe certain limiting measures in this case also, supported near the attractors for the perturbed map.
The lap-counting function for linear mod one transformations III: the
period of a Markov chain
Authors: FLATTO LEOPOLD , LAGARIAS JEFFREY C.
Published: July 2002

Linear mod one transformations are those maps of the unit interval given by
$f_{\beta,\alpha}(x)=\beta x+\alpha$ (mod 1),
with $\beta>1$ and $0\le\alpha<1$. The lap-counting function is
$L_{\beta,\alpha}(z)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} L_{n}z^{n}$, where
$L_{n}$ essentially counts the number of monotonic pieces of the $n$th iterate
$f_{\beta,\alpha}^{n}$. Part I showed that the
function $L_{\beta,\alpha}(z)$ is meromorphic in the unit disk $\vert z\vert <1$ and analytic in
$\vert z\vert<1/\beta$, and
part II showed that the singularities of $L_{\beta,\alpha}(z)$ on the circle $\vert
z\vert=1/\beta$ are contained in the set
$\{(1/\beta)\exp (2\pi il/N_{\beta,\alpha}):0\le l/N_{\beta,\alpha}\}$, where
$N_{\beta,\alpha}$ is the period of
the ergodic part of a Markov chain associated to $f_{\beta,\alpha}$. This paper proves that the set
of singularities
on $\vert z\vert=1/\beta$ is identical to the set $\{(1/\beta)\exp (2\pi
il/N_{\beta,\alpha}):0\le
l/N_{\beta,\alpha}\}$. Part II showed that $N_{\beta,\alpha}=1$ for $\beta> 2$, and this paper
determines
$N_{\beta,\alpha}$ in the remaining cases where $1<\beta\le 2$.
Europe after the Cold War: interstate
order or post-sovereign regional system?
Authors: WALLACE WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

The changing
structure of European order poses, for any student of international relations,
some fundamental questions about the evolution of world politics. Concepts of European order and of the European
state system are, after all, central to accepted ideas of international
relations. Out of the series of conflicts and negotiations—religious wars,
coalitions to resist first the Hapsburg and then the Bourbon attempt at European
hegemony—developed ideas and practices which still structure the
contemporary global state system: the equality of states; international law as
regulating relations among sovereign and equal states; domestic sovereignty as
exclusive, without external oversight of the rules of domestic order. The
‘modern’ state system, modern scholars now agree, did not spring
fully-clothed from the Treaty of Westphalia at the close of the Thirty
Years' War; it evolved through a succession of treaties and conferences,
from 1555 to 1714. It remains acceptable, nevertheless, to describe the European
state order as built around the Westphalian system.
Soviet foreign policymaking and the Afghanistan war: from ‘second Mongolia’ to ‘bleeding wound’
Authors: HALLIDAY FRED
Published: July 2002

The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, lasting from 1979 to 1989, was one of the major chapters in the Cold War. Analysis of how Soviet policy was made has, hitherto, focused on the decision to intervene, in December 1979. Equally important, however, as an episode in the final stages of the Cold War, and as an example of Soviet policy formulation, was the decision to withdraw. Basing itself on declassified Soviet documents, and on a range of interviews with former Soviet and Afghan officials, this article charts the protracted history of the Soviet decision and sets it in context: as with the decision to invade, the withdrawal reflected assessment of multiple dimensions of policymaking, not only the interests and calculation of Soviet leaders, but also relations within the Afghan communist leadership on the one hand, and strategic negotiation with the West on the other.
A structured algorithm for minimum l∞-norm solutions and its application to a robot velocity workspace analysis
Authors: Lee Jihong
Published: July 2002

Herein is proposed a concise algorithmic procedure for deriving a minimum l∞-norm solution of the system of consistent linear equations Ax=b, where A

is a m×n matrix, b is given as a m×1

vector and x is a n×1 unknown vector. The proposed

algorithm is developed based on the geometrical analysis of the

characteristics of the minimum infinity-norm solution. The proposed algorithm is

well-structured so that it may be implemented easily through simple

linear algebraic manipulation. For the case of n>m, the basic

idea of the method is extended to finding internally mapped

vertices when a n dimensional polytope is transformed into m

dimensional polytope through consistent linear mapping A. The proposed method

is applied to the task velocity analysis for robot manipulators

with joint velocity constraints.
Task planning for serial redundant manipulators
Authors: Kuo J. A. , Sanger D. J.
Published: July 2002

The first stage in developing a task planning language for redundant manipulators is that of constructing an algorithm to produce a schedule of joint displacements for the specified task. This algorithm may be based upon the use of an inverse infinitesimal kinematic analysis for the majority of the path with a finite inverse analysis used to provide an initial joint configuration and periodically to correct for any joint errors that may have accumulated. Here, it is assumed that there is complete correlation and coherence of solutions between these analyses, otherwise problems, such as a lack of repeatability may occur. This may be accomplished by modelling the manipulator as an elastic system which permits the development of a task planning method by using analyses which are all mutually coherent. In this paper, the method is developed and demonstrated using a redundant manipulator that simultaneously avoids obstables, singularities and joint motion limitations. The task planning method and associated analyses are applicable to the general serial redundant manipulator with an arbitrary degree of redundancy.
A graphical robot language developed in Japan
Authors: Arai Tamio , Itoko Toshiyuki , Yago Hidetoshi
Published: July 2002

A graphical robot programming system has been developed. This system with a graphical interface is user-friendly and easy-to-learn for low-skill users. It has been developed as a prototype system under a project by the Japan Robot Association (JARA) since 1994. The system runs on a personal computer and consists of a graphical user interface and an editing system. It is designed for programming an arc welding robot in small batch production and is expected to provide low-skill users with a means to use industrial robots with ease.
A systematic procedure for the identification of dynamic parameters of

robot manipulators
Authors: Antonelli G. , Caccavale F. , Chiacchio P.
Published: July 2002

In this paper a complete and systematic procedure for the identification of the

dynamic parameters of rigid robot manipulators is presented. Starting from the basic results on the subject present in the literature and on a new technique to find exciting trajectories for the estimation, the procedure is developed. A set of algorithms is provided for the implementation of the various steps of the procedure for a generic open-chain structure. The algorithms have been coded in the popular Matlab/Maple environment and the procedure

has been tested in a practical case study to identify the dynamic parameters of a six-degree-of-freedom conventional industrial robot.