bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theodore W. Schultz. The Economics of Being Poor. Oxford: Blackwell. 1993. ix+340 pp.+ Index. Hardbound. £ 40.00.
Authors: Mir Annice Mahmood
Published: August 2018

Improving the material conditions of the poor has been the main focus of economic policy formulation for the past fifty years or so. Thus, in this connection, a vast body of literature has been published which deals with such issues as identifying the poor and suggesting remedies to alleviate their lot. The book by Theodore W. Schultz deals specifically with the economics of the poor. The book is primarily a collection of articles the author wrote over a fortyyear period (1950-1990), and these have been published previously in a number of leading economic journals. The articles have been grouped under three headings: "Most People Are Poor"; "Investing in Skills and Knowledge"; and "Effects of Human Capital". The articles basically deal with the concept of human capital. There is a logical sequence to the articles that make up this book; the poor are identified and steps are then suggested to improve their standing. Issues such as women's economic emancipation and the demand for children are highlighted in the collection of articles dealing with these two subjects. By investing in themselves through education, the poor raise their level of skills, and thus their level of wages/salaries, allowing them to enjoy higher standards of living.
G. K. Chadha. Employment, Earnings, and Poverty: A Study of Rural India and Indonesia. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1994. 294 pages. Indian Rupees 295.00.
Authors: Hina Nazli
Published: August 2018

The rural areas of developing countries are not only underdeveloped in terms of their physical infrastructure but also contain a larger proportion of the poor population as compared to the urban areas reflecting the underdeveloped social infrastructure. A majority of the rural population does not have access to the limited social services and amenities, such as safe drinking water, education, electricity, and health services, and is thus struggling for survival. After the Second World War, some of the East Asian countries launched poverty alleviation programmes and attempted to reduce unemployment and underemployment by promoting the ruralbased industries. Their experience reveals that the rural economy cannot grow only through agriculture grOWth. Sustainable growth requires the creation of non-farm job opportunities that will raise the level of employment and income and, consequently, the standard of living. In the absence of such activities, farm unemployment increases and a large proportion of the jobless labour force tends to seek jobs in the urban informal sector, which creates problems of slums, poverty, and crime in the urban areas. Comprehensive field surveys are generally required to identify the areas which lie in the lower strata of the development ladder and to suggest effective targeting of welfare measures for alleviating poverty.
Rekha Krishnan (ed). Growing Numbers and Dwindling Resources. New Delhi: Tata Energy Research Institute, 1994. XVIII+I71 pages. Indian Rupees 440.00. US $44.00. Hardbound.
Authors: Mir Annice Mahmood
Published: August 2018

The issue of sustainable development, which is defined as the balancing of environmental protection with the generation of increased opportunities for employment and higher living standards, has assumed great importance in recent years. This has been due to the concern expressed by environmentalists that economic growth in developed and developing countries is having a negative impact on regional and international eco-systems. The increasing global environmental degradation has even spurred international organisations like the World Bank to provide capital and other expertise to help halt and, where possible, to reverse the process of environmental decay. This volume consists of papers presented at a two-day seminar on Population and Natural Resources organised by the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) in New Delhi in the latter part of 1993. Divided in seven sections, it examines in detail the relationship of the growth of population, poverty, and economic activity with the environment, and the implications that this has for sustainable development.
John A. Ross and Elizabeth Frankenburg. Findings from Two Decades of Family Planning Research. New York: The Population Council. 1993. vi+101pp.Softbound. (Price not given.)
Authors: Naushin Mahmood
Published: August 2018

This volume is a report that presents the results of the extensive research undertaken in family planning over the past two decades. In a concise form the empirical findings on family planning and its programme-related issues have been described in simple statements, with summary evidence or illustration for each statement. The report has four main parts and twelve chapters in all. In the first part, the two chapters which cover information on contraceptive prevalence, fertility, and family planning programmes give an overall view of the changes that have occurred in total fertility rates and programme effort scores in different regions and selected developing countries of the world.
Long-run Determinants of Private Saving Behaviour in
Pakistan
Authors: Husain Aasim M.
Published: August 2018

Compared to the rapidly-growing economies of Southeast Asia,
the growth performance of the Pakistan economy was significantly weaker
during the 1970s and 1980s. While the Southeast Asian countries made
substantial progress in improving living standards, the average standard
of living, as measured by the GNP per capita, was virtually stagnant in
Pakistan over this period. Much of the difference in economic
performance between Pakistan and the Southeast Asian countries is often
attributed to the low rates of saving and investment in Pakistan.1
Indeed, the differences in rates of domestic investment are often
attributed to the differences in rates of domestic saving. Hence, the
disparity in the growth performance between Pakistan and the Southeast
Asian countries over the past two decades relates to the differences in
saving rates, and an understanding of the fundamental determinants of
saving in Pakistan assumes critical importance. This paper reviews trend
developments in the private saving behaviour in Pakistan, and compares
these trends with those seen in the Southeast Asian economies during the
period since 1970. Using co-integration analysis, the long-run
properties of Pakistan’s saving rate are examined, with a view to
identifying the main determinants of saving. The principal finding is
that about one-half of the trend increase in saving appears to be
related to financial development and deepening. In contrast to the
results obtained by Faruqee and Husain (1994) and Husain (1995) for the
Southeast Asian countries, demographics appear not to have played an
important role in determining saving behaviour in Pakistan, possibly
because high rates of population growth during the past three decades
resulted in a virtually unchanged demographic structure of the
population.
Is the Social Action Programme in Pakistan Financially
Sustainable?
Authors: Pasha Hafiz A. , Hasan M. Aynul , Ghaus Aisha , Rasheed Ajaz
Published: August 2018

Earlier neoclassical, classical, or structuralist theories
[due to Rostow (1960)] considered economic growth to be a result of the
right quantity and combination of saving, investment, and foreign aid,
with surpluses from the primary commodityproducing sectors being
channelled into capital for further growth. Accordingly, the main
constraint in these growth models has been the relatively low level of
capital formation available. While the above paradigm has intuitive
appeal, it, however, ignores the complementarity of social-political
influences on the physical variables (i.e., capital, labour, etc.) in
growth and development. Urquidi (1971) argued that the social progress
of a nation is a necessary condition for sustained economic growth. It
is now increasingly evident that the investment in the social
sectors-primary education, basic health, housing, changes in land-tenure
system, social security, better social relations-are as, if not more,
important than the investment in the commodity-producing sectors or
related infrastructure. In this context, Lloyd-Ellis (1993)
noted:
Towards Linking Four Emerging Paradigms in Economic
Theory—Regulationist, Institutionalist, Post-modernist, and
Post-development
Authors: Mahmood Moazam , Nayab Durr-E-
Published: August 2018

This paper is an epistemological attempt to synthesise four
emerging paradigms in economic theory. These paradigms are the
regulationist, the institutionalist, the post-modernist, and the
post-development. Arguably, these are paradigms rather than models of
behaviour because they each presents an analytical framework for
examining different economic phenomena. We shall attempt to show that
the four paradigms are useful, complementary, and can be symbiotically
linked into a broader paradigm especially to examine the phenomenon of
low growth in the region. If we use a modified Kuhnian (1970) model for
paradigmatic shifts in a discipline, we can argue that there are three
dominating, competing, normal paradigms in economic theory:
neoclassical, Marxist, and development theory. In Kuhnian fashion, these
three dominant paradigms are pressured by several crises of inability to
explain phenomena. Many of these explanational crises are about Less
Industrialised Countries (LICs), but increasingly these crises are also
about the inability to explain change in the Industrialised Countries
(ICs) and the Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs). One, these three
paradigms have to explain the differential growth rates of economies.
They have to explain the low growth of LICs relative to both the old
NICs (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong) and the new
NICs (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and China). The collapse of the
Soviet model also has to be explained. Two, these paradigms have to
explain the coexistence of significant levels of poverty with affluence
in the LIs, and NICs, and now emergent poverty in the ICs. Three, these
paradigms also increasingly have to explain why in a country growth and
distribution is biased in favour of particular ethnic and social groups,
excluding others, fuelling ethnic and social conflicts within countries
and across countries globally. Four, these paradigms have to establish
whether the IC market-determined patterns of consumption demand can be
satisfied globally
Food Security in Pakistan: Can It Be Achieved?
Authors: Ahmed Ather Maqsood , Siddiqui Rehana
Published: August 2018

Wide fluctuations in world prices of food-grains, especially
rice and wheat, in the seventies and the early eighties forced many
developing countries to strive for self-sufficiency in food-grain
production. Pakistan is among the countries where near self-sufficiency
was achieved in wheat in the early eighties. It also maintained its
status as a leading rice-exporting country. However, a continuously high
rate of population growth, a changing pattern of income distribution,
and a greater level of urbanisation have greatly influenced the demand
for food-grains. At the same time, additional factors like a sharp rise
in the cost of irrigation, a dramatic decline in the world price of
rice, a heavy debt burden, the lack of technology and human capital
development, and mismanagement in the distribution system have
contributed towards a slower growth of grain production as compared with
the levels achieved in the sixties and the eighties. This change in the
demand and supply situation with respect to food has necessitated the
need to re-evaluate the existing agricultural policies. Within demand
and supply constraints, the question is whether or not Pakistan can
attain selfsufficiency in wheat while at the same time maintaining its
status as a significant exporter of rice. In the immediate future, the
situation appears desperate, but in the long-run, when available
resources are adequately utilised and consistent policies are adopted,
there is hope and optimism. This study not only reviews the current food
situation in Pakistan but also develops alternative policy scenarios
which are consistent with the target of food security in
Pakistan.
Intensification-induced Degradation of Irrigated Infrastructure:
The Case of Waterlogging and Salinity in Pakistan
Authors: Mustafa Usman , Pingali P. L.
Published: August 2018

Water and land development, use, and distribution has played a
vital role in agricultural development in Pakistan. The country's canal
irrigation system is the largest contiguous irrigation system in the
world-consisting of 40,000 miles of canals and over 80,000 water
courses, field channels and ditches running for another million miles
[Qureshi and Zakir (1994)]. This irrigation network covers more than 70
percent of Pakistan's agriculture. Private investment has also
contributed significantly to the irrigation system in the form of
private tubewells. About 32 percent of farm-gate available water is
supplied by the private tubewells, [Government of Pakistan (1988)].
These develoPlIlents have not only brought new land under cultivation
but also permitted a considerable increase in cropping
intensities.
Rural Savings: Their Magnitude, Determinants, and
Mobilisation
Authors: Azhar B. A.
Published: August 2018

The general view about the rural population in Pakistan is
that a vast majority of it has a deplorably low standard of living. The
incomes of most of the rural people are so low that one wonders how they
manage to survive. Studies on poverty in the country show that the
incidence and the intensity of poverty in the villages is much higher
than in the towns. Yet the available data about rural incomes and family
budgets show that the average propensity of the rural households to save
is much higher than the national average. Several questions need to be
answered in this regard. Are the data about rural incomes and
expenditures reliable? Are the findings a consistent feature over time
or only a temporary phenomenon for a year or so? Do only larger farmers
save or do the smaller peasants and non-farm rural people also manage to
save? Is this finding unique only to our rural populace or is there
evidence of similar findings from elsewhere? What is the possible
rationale for this unusual saving behaviour? What is the magnitude of
rural savings and what could be their role in rural development?
Finally, how could these savings be encouraged and mobilised? This paper
aims at exploring and answering these questions with the help of
whatever data are available. Apart from the Introduction, the paper is
divided into five sections. In the first section, we present evidence of
high rates of rural savings in Pakistan and some other countries.
Section 2 discusses the rationale of this savings behaviour and the
determinants of rural savings. In Section 3, we examine the magnitude of
rural savings and their possible role in rural development. Section 4
deals with the problem of mobilisation of rural savings. The final
section sums up the discussion.
The Bases of Development Policy (Presidential Address)
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

Development economics seeks to isolate the elemental forces at
work in developing countries that raise per capita income, initially and
then continuously, by exploiting fully the inter-industry and
inter-sectoral network of economies of scale, externalities, and
complementarities; it also analyses the key factors that decide a fair
distribution of the fruits of economic progress, and those which enhance
human happiness more directly. The process of economic development is
seen as complex, even mysterious; which must be tackled by conscious
planning where coordination failures are threatening, and through the
market mechanism if information problems are daunting. Yet a persistent
theme in economic literature has been one of denial of the (marginal)
utility of development economics. Essentially, most of these “arguments”
against development economics are nothing more than a thinly disguised
championing of the ideology of free-market capitalism and neo-classical
economics as the ultimate truths about the economic universe [Heilbroner
(1990)]. They are a frame of thought into which development economics
would not fit “naturally”. As one would expect, these views about
development economics have not gone unchallenged. But the main issue is
far from settled. I, therefore, restate here the case for development
economics to make sure that development policy is saved from the revages
of an incompatible liberalist philosophy. I would concentrate on issues
related to the acknowledged mainsprings of economic progress, and those
related to the relationship between trade and growth and the interface
of the government and the market. Finally, I would like to emphasise the
need to acquire an overarching ethical vision in order to identify the
ends of economic progress and to order the means to achieve
them.
Managing Temporary Capital Inflows: Lessons from Asia and Latin
America (Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Reisen Helmut
Published: August 2018

As witnessed by Mexico and Argentina in 1995 and by the
Southern Cone countries of Latin America in the early 1980s, the
macroeconomic adjustment to a sudden reversal of foreign capital flows
can be extremely painful. There are at least four major reasons why
governments and central banks should care about the sustainability of
the capital flows which their economies can tap abroad: • First,
international capital markets are highly imperfect due to enforcement
problems and information asymmetries. Trade in financial assets, unlike
trade in goods, is incomplete and intertemporal, based on promises to
pay in the future. The time lag between financial transaction and
contract completion, coupled with incomplete insurance markets and other
distortions, can generate abrupt and destabilising market corrections.
Financial markets often do not discipline the recipient countries when
the latter do not face an upward supply curve for foreign capital but
rather face a horizontal supply curve due to currency appreciation and
falling spreads charged by lenders, until capital rationing sets in
[Devlin et al. (1994)] . • Second, any shortfall in capital inflows will
require immediate cutbacks in domestic absorption to restore external
balance. The savings-investment balance is more likely to be achieved
through cuts in investment than through higher savings in the short
term, compromising future output levels. Current output levels fall to
the extent that rigidities prevent resource reallocation [Devlin et al.
(1994)], so that contractionary disabsorption effects outweigh
expansionary substitution effects.
Agricultural Growth in China and Sub-Saharan African Countries
(Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mahmood H. , Khan Mohsin S.
Published: August 2018

Agriculture remains a dominant sector in the economies of most
African and several Asian countries. However, the poor performance of
agriculture in Africa stands in sharp contrast to the robust
agricultural growth in many Asian countries.2 In this regard, the
experience of China is perhaps as impressive as it is relevant to many
countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. A general observation is that the
productivity of land and labour has to rise through intensive
agriculture, given the limited area of arable land (in China and Africa)
and the high rates of growth of population (as in Africa). In many
African countries, labour productivity has fallen and land productivity
has not increased significantly. In China, productivities of both land
and labour have increased significantly since at least the early 1980s.
Agricultural output can increase in three ways: (i) get more from the
same quantities of inputs through better utilisation of the existing
capacity; (ii) use increased quantities of inputs; and (iii) use new
techniques to raise the productivity of each input or raise the total
product curve. All of these may require changes in tenurial
arrangements, levels of investment in infrastructure and support
services, and policies that affect the prices of outputs and inputs. A
close examination of factors underlying the contrasting experiences in
China and African countries reveals important differences in the
institutional and policy environments affecting the individual behaviour
with regard to the adoption and use of new (profitable) technologies to
raise the land and labour productivities. This paper is intended to
highlight the linkages between agricultural growth and the
institutional, policy, and behavioural aspects, contrasting the
experiences of China and African countries.
Islam, Society, and Economic Policy (The Distinguishedl
Lecture)
Authors: Sirageldin Ismail
Published: August 2018

"The contemporary Muslim world is still emerging from the long
night of colonial hegemony: a period during which the key institutions
of Muslim society were supplanted and substituted, the moral fibre of
society was destroyed, and an 'unrepresentative' leadership was groomed
to power, producing the most serious schism within Muslim society. The
Muslim society of today i.l' not yet a society on its own. It is still
under the shadow (~f the Western system and, as such, it is doubtful how
'representative' of the Islamic ethos its current behaviour can be."
[Ahmad (1994), p. xiv, emphasis added).
Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use in Pakistan
Authors: Naushin Mahmood  , Karin Ringheim
Published: August 2018

Using data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey of 1990-91, this study examines the effect of selected socio-cultural and supply factors on contraceptive use as reported by married women of reproductive ages. In addition to the expected positive relationship of woman’s age, number of living children, education, and place of residence with contraceptive use, it is theorised that there are five factors potentially affecting fertility regulation in the socio-structural context of Pakistan. These include the extend of communication between husbands and wives, religious beliefs, female autonomy, son preference, and the family planning service and supply variables. Using logistic regression analysis, the results of the study indicate that the explanatory power of these five factors is significant in affecting the use of contraception in both urban and rural areas. While knowledge of a source for family planning is the strongest predictor of contraceptive use, husband-wife communication and religious attitudes are also significant. The fact that the inclusion of the theoretical variables dampens the predictive effect of the primary and secondary education for women leads to the speculation that while the extremely low levels of literacy among women must be addressed through government commitment to universal education, scarce family planning programme resources can be focused more effectively on promoting spousal communication, about family size and contraceptive use, and on soliciting the support of religious leaders to counteract the misperceptions about Islamic teachings on family planning and reliance on fate. With high quality and accessible services, these measures could go a long way towards providing couples with the means to meet their reproductive goals.
Private Saving and Its Determinants: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Aasim M. Husain
Published: August 2018

Despite a gradual increase over the past twenty years, the rate of private saving in Pakistan remains low as compared with many of the developing economies in Asia. Empirical analysis of the long-run behaviour of saving in Pakistan suggests that financial deepening, though still at a relatively early stage of development, accounted for much of the rise in private saving. In contrast with the experience in the economies of Southeast Asia, where the demographic structure of the population changed significantly over the past two decades, high rates of population growth have kept the age structure of Pakistan’s population virtually unchanged and appear to account for the disparity between the saving rates in Pakistan and Southeast Asia. Hence, an increase in the long-run rate of private saving will likely require further financial development and a decline in the growth rate of the population.
The Impact of Socio-economic Factors on Fertility Behaviour: A Cross-country Analysis
Authors: Rehana Slddlqui
Published: August 2018

International comparisons of fertility behaviour are based on two crucial assumptions. First, it is assumed that the response of fertility rates to socio-economic factors is similar across different age-cohorts of female population in the reproductive age-group. Second, it is assumed that country-specific effects do not influence the parameter estimates of the fertility model. Recent availability of cross-country data for a number of years allows us to pool data for more than 100 countries for the period 1955–1985 and estimate the fertility model. The results show that the impact of socio-economic factors differs across different age-cohorts; particularly, the negative impact of improvements in female status on the fertility rates is higher among the younger age-cohorts. Similarly, our results show that cross-country differences affect fertility rates significantly. However, the differences tend to diminish as countries become more developed. These results indicate that not only cross-country differences but also the changes in age-composition of female population should be taken into account in formulating the policies to control fertility and population growth. Furthermore, improvements in female literacy turn out to be the most effective tool to control population growth.
Overseas Development Administration. A Guide to Social Analysis for Projects in Developing Countries. London: HMSO. 1995. viii+248 pages. Hardbound. £18.95.
Authors: Mir Annice Mahmood
Published: August 2018

This book, hereinafter referred to as the Guide, has been developed for those social analysts (e.g., anthropologists, sociologists, and human geographers) who have had little or no practical experience in applying their knowledge as development practitioners. In the past, development projects would be analysed from a narrow financial and economic perspective. But with the evolution of thinking on development, this narrow financial and economic aspect has now been broadened to include the impact on society as the very meaning of development has now come to symbolise social change. Thus, development is not restricted only to plans and figures; the human environment in its entirety is now considered for analysis while designing and implementing development projects.
Bina Agarwal. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge, UKlNew Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 572pp.Hardbound.
Authors: Yasmeen Mohiuddin
Published: August 2018

A Field of One's Own is a pioneering study on gender and property in South Asia. It argues that the gender gap in 'effective' ownership of property is the 'single most important' economic factor in explaining gender inequities in South Asia, where land ownership is not only a symbol of economic status but also of social prestige and political power. The author explores the complex, and often unrecognised, reasons for this gender gap and suggests some innovative solutions.
Loes Schenk-Sandbergen (ed). Women and Seasonal Labour Migration. (Indo-Dutch Studies on Development Alternatives-(16). New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1995. 345 pages. Hardback. Indian Rs 375.00. Paperback. Indian Rs 200.00.
Authors: Rehana Siddiqui
Published: August 2018

So far migrants who are poor, and particularly the increasing number of women who migrate for survival, have not been given much attention. In the literature, women are considered to be 'tied movers'. This book has engendered the important issue of seasonal, survival migration. This volume, No. 16, in the series on Indo-Dutch series on Development Alternatives, consists of four studies and focuses on women who stay behind while males migrate, and on women who migrate individually or with the family. The crucial question asked is: "Is the consequence of women and men migration subordination or emancipation of women?"
Iftikhar H. Malik. State and Civil Society in Pakistan: Politics of Authority, Ideology, and Ethnicity. Macmillan (in association with St. Anthony’s College). 1997. 347pp.Hardbound. £45.00.
Authors: Dushka H. Saiyid
Published: August 2018

Iftikhar H. Malik has taken on a daunting task in trying to write on the state and society of Pakistan. He examines the “triangle of authority, ideology, and ethnicity” and attempts to provide a theoretical and historical framework for the study of Pakistan’s chequered political history. Much in view is the role of the important ruling classes and groups, including the military, the bureaucracy, and the feudals, in the state formation of Pakistan. The author then goes on to discuss the problems of national integration, ethnicity, gender, and the role of the intelligence agencies. The book has obviously required and is based on a great deal of research involving both primary and secondary sources. Wide reference and erudition are fully in evidence.
Joop W. de Wit. Poverty, Policy and Politics in Madras Slums: Dynamics of Survival, Gender, and Leadership. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1996. 305 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 395.00.
Authors: Hina Nazli
Published: August 2018

The urban bias in economic development, coupled with the modernisation in agriculture and resultant labour displacement, has meant that the growth rates of the urban population have far outstripped the rapidly rising overall population growth rates in developing countries. Employment generation in the urban sectors generally does not keep pace with the growth in urban populations. Lack of access to education and training leads to low skill formation. A growing number of urban people are, therefore, forced to work in the informal sector. Low and uncertain incomes and the lack of suitable housing forces these people to reside in sub-human conditions without basic sanitation and health services. In recent years, the urban slum has become an increasing focus of economic development analyses and policy-making.
A Strategy for Consumer Protection in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Kishwar , Mansoor Sarwat
Published: August 2018

Government is relying increasingly on the market mechanism for
economic management. The underlying perfect competition model assures
maximum welfare of consumer, but assumptions of the model do not hold in
real world. Consumer is central to economic activity but at the same
time is vulnerable to exploitation by producers, misleading information,
ignorance of his rights and non-availability of redress mechanism.
Markets may be competitive but the consumers may suffer on account of
imperfect information, search and transport costs needed to make
satisfactory choices. This creates the need for government intervention
for protecting the consumer welfare and rights. This paper explains why
a consumer protection policy is needed in a situation of ‘competitive’
markets and looks into consumer protection strategies followed in some
other countries. The area of consumer protection in Pakistan has
remained neglected so far and no meaningful effort has been made in this
direction. Realising this gap, the paper chalks out a consumer
protection strategy for Pakistan; which goes beyond mere formulation of
legislation and also includes consistent efforts towards awareness
creation, provision of information/advice, setting of quality standards
and redress. In the long run the efforts should continue in the from of
research, formation/strengthening of consumer pressure groups and
regional cooperation.
A Correct Test of Purchasing Power Parity: The Case of Pak-Rupee
Exchange Rates
Authors: Bhatti Razzaque H.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents some empirical evidence on long-run
purchasing power parity (PPP) for eight Pak-rupee exchange rates over
the period 1982:1–1994:4. Results obtained from testing for
cointegration and coefficient restrictions using the Johansen (1988,
1991) procedure are supportive of PPP in almost all cases. These results
are also supported by those obtained from testing for mean reversion in
the real exchange rate using the Sims (1988) Bayesian test. One of the
conclusions that emerge from these results is that devaluation of
Pak-rupee vis-à-vis major industrial currencies under investigation may
be unlikely to improve the country’s external competitiveness and,
consequently, the deficit in its trade balance.
The Export Growth of Pakistan: A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Mahmood Azhar , Akhtar Naeem
Published: August 2018

The Constant Market Share Analysis of export growth is used
here to capture the world trade effect, the commodity composition
effect, the market distribution effect and the competitiveness effect
for the periods: 1984-85–1988-89 and 1988-89–1992-93. The results show
that Pakistan has maintained her export share in the world market. The
market distribution and competitiveness of Pakistani exports have
improved significantly between the two periods under study. However, the
concentration of Pakistani exports into traditional commodities, whose
world demand remained sluggish, has offset the positive contribution of
effective market distribution and improved competitive strengths to a
large extent. A restructuring of exports (from traditional to
non-traditional), an increase in the variety of exports, search for new
fast growing markets and an improvement in the economic and political
environment are suggested to enhance the export growth of Pakistan in
future.
Pakistan: Growth Set Back by Structural Rigidities (The
Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture)
Authors: Burki Shahid Javed
Published: August 2018

This article has five parts. The first provides an overview of
major structural weaknesses in the Pakistani economy—I call them
faultlines. The following three parts describe the programme of
stabilisation and structural reform introduced by the caretaker
administration of Prime Minister Meraj Khalid. This government was in
office for 104 days, from November 5, 1996 to February 17, 1997. On
February 17, the government headed by Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif
took office. The fifth part provides a brief assessment of what lies in
Pakistan’s future if the problems created by delayed structural reforms
are not addressed adequately and on time.
Linsu Kim. Imitation to Innovation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 1997. vii+303 pages. Hardbound. Price not given.
Authors: Zafar Mahmood
Published: August 2018

The Korean development experience presents a successful transition from ‘learning-by-doing’ to ‘learning-by-research’. In his book, Professor Kim explores the dynamics of the Korean companies’ technological learning acquisition for technological capability. His main conclusion is that in spite of the favourable impact of public policy and cultural environment, private industry made Korea’s ambitious development goals a reality.
Some Dimensions of Child Labour in Pakistan
Authors: S. M. Younus jafri
Published: August 2018

Child Labour between 5–14 years is prevalent in Pakistan. But no reliable and comprehensive data on this age group are available to tackle this issue. Though the Labour Force Survey, the main source of labour statistics, includes information on workforce above the age of 10 years, no study on the nature and extent of child labour between 10–14 years of age is available. Accordingly, this study, based on micro data of three labour force surveys from 1990-91 to 1992-93, has been carried out to fill this gap. The study indicates that the quantum of child labour age cohort of 10–14 years grew from 1.8 million in 1990-91 to 2 million in 1992-93. The growth of girl workers is higher as compared to boys. Industrial structure shows that at the national level and in the rural area, agriculture engaged the maximum number of children, followed by services, whereas in the urban area the services sector dominated. As for employment status, most of the children are unpaid family helpers. The occupational pattern indicates that the majority of them work on farms and on production activities. The data reveals that about three-fourths worked beyond the normal 35 hours per week. It is observed that in order to gain a deeper insight into the socio-economic characteristics of child labour, particularly that between 5–14 years, and the hazardous work performed by them, independent household and establishment surveys are imperative.
Foreign Aid and the Public Sector: A Model of Fiscal Behaviour in Pakistan
Authors: Zafar Iqbal
Published: August 2018

The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of foreign capital inflows on government’s fiscal behaviour in Pakistan. Government’s fiscal response is measured in terms of social, non-development, and development expenditures as well as revenues. This paper specifies and estimates a fiscal behaviour model for the period 1976–95. The threestage least squares results suggest that foreign capital flows into the public sector have strong positive impact on social and non-development expenditures and, in contrast to what the government and donor agencies believe, have little effect on development spending. In other words, proceeds from foreign loans and aid are largely consumed rather than invested productively. The results also reveal the strong substitutable interdependence between social and non-development expenditures. Furthermore, the finding clearly demonstrates that foreign assistance causes a strong shift of public domestic resources from development projects to non-development activities. In addition to the above, the results show that a large fraction of government revenues is used to finance social and non-development expenditures. The results also demonstrate that foreign assistance enhances taxation efforts of the Government of Pakistan.
A Probit Analysis of the Incidence of the Cotton Leaf Curl Virus in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Munir Ahmad  , George E. Battese
Published: August 2018

Factors affecting the incidence of the cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) in Punjab, Pakistan are investigated using a probit model. The results indicate that the history of a cotton variety grown on the farm, better land preparation before sowing, and use of pesticides and phosphorus fertiliser significantly reduce the probability of incidence of the CLCV disease. The farmers having greater areas under cotton are less likely to be affected by the disease. Fields of the more experienced farmers, who have greater years of formal education, are also less likely to be affected, because these farmers are believed to be better managers. However, the probability of damage was positively related to age of the farmer, which implies that the aged farmers have less managerial capabilities. The intensity of the disease varied from district to district and also from variety to variety. Use of greater amounts of nitrogenous fertiliser, more severe insect attacks, and late sowing of the cotton crop significantly increase the incidence of the CLCV disease.
Economic Policy and Desertification in Arid and Semi-arid Developing Countries
Authors: Mark Speece
Published: August 2018

Environmental degradation in arid and semi-arid regions often results from trade-offs between immediate and long-term needs. Ecological (and ultimately economic) benefits of restrained, sustainable resource use are well-understood by scientists, and are usually apparent to local farmers and herders as well. However, immediate economic needs often conflict, and excessive exploitation of resources may be necessary to subsistence producers’ survival. Such issues are illustrated in a variety of settings. Solutions to problems containing important economic components require appropriate economic policies, as well as technical action. Long-term sustainable resource utilisation rather than short-term exploitation must be made more attractive to local producers in their daily lives.
Omar Noman. Economic and Social Progress in Asia: Why Pakistan
Did Not Become a Tiger. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997. 324
pages. Hardbound. Rs 575.00.
Authors: Bari Faisal
Published: August 2018

Most people in Pakistan look towards the West for models of
economic development, and some even look to the Islamic past. But in
recent decades, the more spectacular cases have been much closer to
home, and towards the East. Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are already
in the ranks of the developed, while China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and
Thailand are making good progress. Despite the recent setbacks, their
progress over the last three decades has been enviable. On the other
hand, the countries in South Asia have lagged behind. Four decades ago
there was little to choose between most of these countries, but by the
seventies, the paths of some had clearly diverged, while others were
beginning to diverge. Today, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
are amongst the poorest in the world, and on certain measures, they are
the poorest! What happened in the last four decades? This is the issue
that Omar Noman tackles in this book.
Integration of Agricultural Commodity Markets in Punjab
Authors: Zubair Tahir  , Khalid Riaz
Published: August 2018

Efficiency of resource allocation in agriculture depends on the functioning of commodity markets. Although the larger markets that are better connected with the transport and communication network are expected to be well-integrated, the same cannot be said about the smaller, more remote markets. This paper tests integration of agricultural commodity markets in Southeastern Punjab. The region is located off the main trading axis of Pakistan, the Peshawar-Karachi highway, and is mostly served by relatively small markets known as mandis. This study focuses on markets for cotton, wheat, and rice in five towns in the region. Cotton and wheat are the main crops in the area while rice is mostly grown as part of crop rotation aimed at controlling salinity. The analytical framework developed by Ravallion was used to conduct tests of market integration for the three selected commodities. Within this framework, it is possible to test for short-run integration, long-run integration or complete market segmentation. The results indicate that, generally, markets are integrated only in the long run, with short-run integration limited to some special cases. Moreover, the smaller markets are more likely to be isolated as compared to the larger markets. The small markets also take longer to fully adjust to the price shock originating from a more dominant central market. Finally, in the case of rice, it is more likely that a market would be isolated if it were small. This implies that farmers’ incentives to grow rice as a means of combating salinity may be constrained by local demand conditions.
Population Mobility across the Pakistani Border: Fifty Years
Experience
Authors: Arif G. M. , Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

This paper describes population mobility across borders
experienced by Pakistan during the past fifty years. Some consequences
of this mobility have also been briefly mentioned. The dichotomy of this
population mobility into inward and outward flow reveals that while the
former can be traced to political factors like the partition of the
Subcontinent and the Afghan war, the latter mostly represents a
job-oriented move. Every flow is associated with its own set of effects,
difficult to be encompassed by a single research exercise. Migration
from India in the wake of partition is associated with a higher level of
urbanisation and a rise in religious homogeneity associated at the same
time with increased ethnic diversity, which according to some can be
linked with the current Karachi situation. Pakistan also engaged in
manpower export and experienced brain-drain. Both of these outward
flows, to some extent rooted in history, have particular effects for the
society and economy. These differences emanate from the pattern of
permanent or temporary settlement abroad, characteristics of the
emigrants particularly in terms of human capital endowments. and the
nature of links maintained with families in Pakistan which have a
bearing on the inflow of remittances. Illegal migration to Pakistan from
the surrounding countries is alleged to be substantial at present. The
ease with which the identity cards and passports of Pakistan are
acquired by these illegal migrants simply reveals the level of control
and the standard of honesty prevailing in the situation. In this
context, the importance of peace and economic stability in the
neighbouring countries emerges to be quite obvious for
Pakistan.
A. F. Aisha Ghaus, Hafiz A. Pasha, and Zafar H. Ismail (eds)
Provincial Governments and the Social Sectors in Pakistan. Lahore:
Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd., 1997. xi+76 pages. Hardbound. Price not
given.
Authors: Saqib Najam us
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan, most of the media attention and research effort
directed at public finance goes into highlighting and analysing
budgetary policies of the federal government. This virtually exclusive
focus on the highest tier of government obscures the fact that provision
of social services like health and education that directly touch the
life of millions of ordinary mortals is primarily the responsibility of
the provincial governments. The haze, hence generated, provides a
perfect backdrop for the book under review which is devoted entirely to
the study of provincial government finance with special reference to its
impact on the maintenance and expansion of social services
An Analysis of the Sources of Wheat Output Growth in the Barani
Area of the Punjab
Authors: Ahmad Munir , Ahmad Azkar
Published: August 2018

A time-varying efficiency effects approach using district
level data of wheat in barani Punjab is used to disintegrate wheat
output growth into different sources. The results show that wheat output
grew at an annual rate of 2.71 percent under barani conditions, during
the period of study. Technological change was the main driving force,
sharing about 107 percent of this growth, while the changing inputs
contributed negatively by about 10 percent and the efficiency
contribution was less than 4 percent. On the other hand, irrigated
output increased by about 4.7 percent per annum in the region; of which
65 percent, 1.3 percent, and 34 percent were attributable to
technological change, change in efficiency, and increase in inputs. As
regards the overall wheat output in the barani region of the Punjab, it
grew at an annual rate of 2.97 percent—84 percent of which was shared by
the barani lands and the remaining 16 percent was contributed by
irrigated lands in the region. One common result which was observed
under both barani and irrigated conditions was that the productivity
growth (the sum of technological and efficiency change) showed declining
trends exclusively due to negative trends in technical efficiency. Low
relative profitability as compared to growing vegetables and raising
livestock might be the main cause of this trend in the barani area: the
same reason could also be a source of decline in efficiency. Rapid
technological advancements require that farmers and administrators
improve their management skills even to keep the productive efficiency
at the same level. This is not possible without education and training
along with a more effective flow of information [Lall (1993)]. Under
these circumstances, the agricultural extension system has to play a
greater role in assisting the farming community in the barani areas so
as to adopt and use new technologies more rationally.