bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coverage dependent H2 desorption energy: a quantitative explanation based on encounter desorption mechanism
Authors: Meng Qingkuan , Chang Qiang , Zhao Gang , Quan Donghui , Tsuge Masashi , Zhang Xia , Zhang Yong , Li Xiao-Hu
Published: September 2023

Recent experiments show that the desorption energy of H2 on a diamond-like carbon surface depends on the H2 coverage of the surface. We aim to quantitatively explain the coverage dependent H2 desorption energy measured by the experiments. We derive a math formula to calculate an effective H2 desorption energy based on the encounter desorption mechanism. The effective H2 desorption energy depends on two key parameters, the desorption energy of H2 on H2 substrate and the ratio of H2 diffusion barrier to its desorption energy. The calculated effective H2 desorption energy qualitatively agrees with the coverage dependent H2 desorption energy measured by the experiments if the values of these two parameters in literature are used in the calculations. We argue that the difference between the effective H2 desorption energy and the experimental results is due to the lack of knowledge about these two parameters. So, we recalculate these two parameters based on experimental data. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental results can be achieved if these two updated parameters are used in the calculations.
Long-term evolution of cyclotron line energy in an eclipsing pulsar 4U 1538−522
Authors: Tamang Ruchi , Ghising Manoj , Tobrej Mohammed , Rai Binay , Paul Bikash Chandra
Published: September 2023

We present the timing and spectral analysis of the high-mass X-ray binary source 4U 1538−522 using Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) observations. One of the observations partially covers the X-ray eclipse of the source along with eclipse ingress. The source is found to spin down at the rate of 0.163 ± 0.002 s yr−1 between ∼54973 and 58603 MJD. It is evident that at time ∼58620 MJD, a torque reversal occurred; thereafter, the source exhibited a spin-up trend at the rate −(0.305 ± 0.018) s yr−1 until 59275 MJD. A recent NuSTAR observation finds the pulse period of the source: (526.2341 ± 0.0041) s. The pulse profile exhibits a transition from double-peaked to single-peaked nature above ∼30 keV. We analysed the overall trend of the temporal evolution of fundamental cyclotron resonance scattering feature, Ecyc, incorporating recent NuSTAR measurements. Initially, during the time span ∼50452.16–55270.8 MJD, the cyclotron line energy is found to increase at a rate of 0.11 ± 0.03 keV yr−1, which is further followed by a decrease at a rate −0.14 ± 0.01 keV yr−1 between 55270.8 and 59267 MJD. The combined measurements in the time span 50452.16–59267 MJD reveal that the cyclotron line energy is increasing linearly at a rate of 0.08 ± 0.02 keV yr−1.
Magnetic field effects on nucleosynthesis and kilonovae from neutron star merger remnants
Authors: de Haas Sebastiaan , Bosch Pablo , Mösta Philipp , Curtis Sanjana , Schut Nathanyel
Published: September 2023

We investigate the influence of parametric magnetic field configurations of a hypermassive neutron star (HMNS) on the outflow properties, nucleosynthesis yields, and kilonova light curves. We perform three-dimensional dynamical space–time general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations, including a neutrino leakage scheme, microphysical finite-temperature equation of state, and an initial poloidal magnetic field. We find that varying the magnetic field strength and falloff impacts the formation of magnetized winds or mildly relativistic jetted outflows, which in turn has profound effects on the outflow properties. All of the evolved configurations collapse to a black hole ∼38–40 ms after coalescence, where the ones forming jetted outflows seem more effective at redistributing angular momentum, which result in earlier collapse times. Larger mass ejecta rates and radial velocities of unbound material characterize the systems that form jetted outflows. The bolometric light curves of the kilonovae and r-process yields that are produced by the post-merger remnant system change considerably with different magnetic field parameters. We conclude that the magnetic field strength and falloff have robust effects on the outflow properties and electromagnetic observables. This can be particularly important as the total ejecta mass from our simulations (≃10−3 M⊙) makes the ejecta from HMNS a compelling source to power kilonova through radioactive decay of r-process elements.
Optimized temporal binning of comparison star measurements for differential photometry
Authors: Hartley Kathryn E , Wilson R W
Published: September 2023

Ground-based, high precision observations of the light curves of objects such as transiting exoplanets rely on the application of differential photometry. The flux of the target object is measured relative to a comparison star in the same field, allowing correction for systematic trends in the light curve, mainly due to atmospheric effects including the variation of extinction with airmass. However, the precision of the light curve is then limited by the random noise for the measurements of both the target object and the comparison star. For time-resolved photometry using short exposure times of up to a few tens of seconds, the time-scale of the systematic variations due to atmospheric (or other) effects can be much longer than the cadence of the observations. In this case, the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the observation may be improved significantly by applying some temporal binning to the measurements of the comparison star, before comparison with the target object, without reducing the cadence of the overall light curve. In this paper, we will describe a data reduction pipeline for implementing this method which optimizes the number of frames to be binned for the comparison star, and we present example results for time-resolved photometric data. An example of applying the technique on an exoplanet transit light curve of WASP-166b is presented using four comparison stars of different magnitudes.
Genomic Variation, Population History, and Long-Term Genetic Adaptation to High Altitudes in Tibetan Partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae)
Authors: Palacios Catalina , Wang Pengcheng , Wang Nan , Brown Megan A , Capatosto Lukas , Du Juan , Jiang Jiahu , Zhang Qingze , Dahal Nishma , Lamichhaney Sangeet
Published: September 2023

Species residing across elevational gradients display adaptations in response to environmental changes such as oxygen availability, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature. Here, we study genomic variation, gene expression, and long-term adaptation in Tibetan Partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) populations residing across the elevational gradient of the Tibetan Plateau. We generated a high-quality draft genome and used it to carry out downstream population genomic and transcriptomic analysis. The P. hodgsoniae populations residing across various elevations were genetically distinct, and their phylogenetic clustering was consistent with their geographic distribution. We identified possible evidence of gene flow between populations residing in <3,000 and >4,200 m elevation that is consistent with known habitat expansion of high-altitude populations of P. hodgsoniae to a lower elevation. We identified a 60 kb haplotype encompassing the Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) gene, showing strong genetic divergence between populations of P. hodgsoniae. We identified six single nucleotide polymorphisms within the ESR1 gene fixed for derived alleles in high-altitude populations that are strongly conserved across vertebrates. We also compared blood transcriptome profiles and identified differentially expressed genes (such as GAPDH, LDHA, and ALDOC) that correlated with differences in altitude among populations of P. hodgsoniae. These candidate genes from population genomics and transcriptomics analysis were enriched for neutrophil degranulation and glycolysis pathways, which are known to respond to hypoxia and hence may contribute to long-term adaptation to high altitudes in P. hodgsoniae. Our results highlight Tibetan Partridges as a useful model to study molecular mechanisms underlying long-term adaptation to high altitudes.
Diverse regulatory pathways modulate bet hedging of competence induction in epigenetically-differentiated phase variants ofStreptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Kwun Min Jung , Ion Alexandru V , Oggioni Marco R , Bentley Stephen D , Croucher Nicholas J
Published: September 2023

Despite enabling Streptococcus pneumoniae to acquire antibiotic resistance and evade vaccine-induced immunity, transformation occurs at variable rates across pneumococci. Phase variants of isolate RMV7, distinguished by altered methylation patterns driven by the translocating variable restriction-modification (tvr) locus, differed significantly in their transformation efficiencies and biofilm thicknesses. These differences were replicated when the corresponding tvr alleles were introduced into an RMV7 derivative lacking the locus. RNA-seq identified differential expression of the type 1 pilus, causing the variation in biofilm formation, and inhibition of competence induction in the less transformable variant, RMV7domi. This was partly attributable to RMV7domi’s lower expression of ManLMN, which promoted competence induction through importing N-acetylglucosamine. This effect was potentiated by analogues of some proteobacterial competence regulatory machinery. Additionally, one of RMV7domi’s phage-related chromosomal island was relatively active, which inhibited transformation by increasing expression of the stress response proteins ClpP and HrcA. However, HrcA increased competence induction in the other variant, with its effects depending on Ca2+ supplementation and heat shock. Hence the heterogeneity in transformation efficiency likely reflects the diverse signalling pathways by which it is affected. This regulatory complexity will modulate population-wide responses to synchronising quorum sensing signals to produce co-ordinated yet stochastic bet hedging behaviour.
The Perceived Usability of Virtual Visits Among Black Adults’ Receiving Oncology Care: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Tam Samantha , Neslund-Dudas Christine , Barrett Amy M , Barrow Lauren C J , Fridman Ilona , Kinlaw Alan C , Puviindran Praveen , Royce Trevor J , Smith Angela B , Stein Jacob N , Wood William A , Elston Lafata Jennifer
Published: September 2023

Background

With the COVID-19 pandemic came rapid uptake in virtual oncology care. During this, sociodemographic inequities in access to virtual visits (VVs) have become apparent. To better understand these issues, we conducted a qualitative study to describe the perceived usability and acceptability of VVs among Black adults diagnosed with cancer.

Methods

Adults who self-identified as Black and had a diagnosis of prostate, multiple myeloma, or head and neck cancer were recruited from 2 academic medical centers, and their community affiliates to participate in a semi-structured interview, regardless of prior VV experience. A patient and family advisory board was formed to inform all components of the study. Interviews were conducted between September 2, 2021 and February 23, 2022. Transcripts were organized topically, and themes and subthemes were determined through iterative and interpretive immersion/crystallization cycles.

Results

Of the 49 adults interviewed, 29 (59%) had participated in at least one VV. Three overarching themes were derived: (1) VVs felt comfortable and convenient in the right contexts; (2) the technology required for VVs with video presented new challenges, which were often resolved by an audio-only telephone call; and (3) participants reported preferring in-person visits, citing concerns regarding gaps in nonverbal communication, trusting providers, and distractions during VV.

Conclusion

While VVs were reported to be acceptable in specific circumstances, Black adults reported preferring in-person care, in part due to a perceived lack of interpersonal connectedness. Nonetheless, retaining reimbursement for audio-only options for VVs is essential to ensure equitable access for those with less technology savvy and/or limited device/internet capabilities.
The landscape of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in patients with adult-onset Still’s disease
Authors: Chi Huihui , Hong Xinyue , Dai Ningqi , Chen Longfang , Zhang Hao , Liu Honglei , Cheng Xiaobing , Ye Junna , Shi Hui , Hu Qiongyi , Meng Jianfen , Zhou Zhuochao , Jia Jinchao , Liu Tingting , Wang Fan , Wang Mengyan , Ma Yuning , Chen Xia , You Yijun , Zhu Dehao , Tang Zihan , Yang Chengde , Teng Jialin , Su Yutong , Sun Yue
Published: September 2023

Objective

Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a systemic autoinflammatory disorder. The understanding of the changes in adaptive immune cells and the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune systems in AOSD is limited. This study aimed to examine the peripheral immune cell composition and inflammatory protein levels in AOSD patients.

Methods

Twenty-nine active AOSD patients were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to analyse the cell populations in peripheral blood. Antibody chips were utilized to detect the protein expression profile in serum.

Results

In active AOSD patients, there was an increase in the percentage of classical and non-classical monocytes among peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The proportion of natural killer (NK) cells decreased, with an increase in CD56dim NK1 cells and a decrease in CD56bright NK2 cells compared with healthy controls (HCs). The percentage of naïve central memory T cells was decreased, while the percentage of effector and effector memory T cells was increased among adaptive lymphocytes. The proportion of naïve B and memory B cells was decreased, while plasma cells were increased in AOSD patients, indicating activation of the adaptive immune system. Additionally, the serum levels of 40 proteins were elevated in AOSD patients, primarily involved in cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, inflammatory response and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade.

Conclusion

Our findings showed the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in AOSD. The protein–protein interaction analysis suggested potential communication between innate and adaptive cell subsets. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and the development of targeted therapies.
Efficacy and safety of anti-interleukin-1 treatment in familial Mediterranean fever patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kilic Berkay , Guler Yelin , Azman Feyza N , Bostanci Ece , Ugurlu Serdal
Published: September 2023

Objectives

FMF is the most common hereditary monogenic fever syndrome marked by recurrent attacks of fever and polyserositis. Colchicine is the current recommended first-line treatment for FMF. However, a small portion of FMF patients are unresponsive or intolerant to colchicine. Anti-IL-1 agents are alternative treatment options for colchicine-resistant or -intolerant FMF patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide qualitative and quantitative evidence for the efficacy and safety of anti-IL-1 agents in adult and paediatric FMF patients.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Web of Science were screened from inception to May 2023. We included adult and paediatric FMF patients who received continuous treatment with at least one of the anti-IL-1 drugs: anakinra, canakinumab and rilonacept. The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved complete remission of attacks and the primary safety outcome was the proportion of patients who experienced at least one adverse event during treatment. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed for the quantitative synthesis.

Results

Fourty-four reports consisting of 1399 FMF patients were included. Sixty percent (95% CI 49%, 72%) of the adult patients and 81% (95% CI 72%, 89%) of the paediatric patients achieved complete remission. Anti-IL-1 agents significantly decreased levels of inflammatory markers. At least one adverse event was observed in 25% (95% CI 13%, 37%) of the adult patients and 12% (95% CI 3%, 21%) of the paediatric patients.

Conclusion

Anti-IL-1 agents were effective and demonstrated a low adverse event profile in paediatric and adult FMF patients.
Prevalence of Hyperacusis Diagnosis in Veterans Who Use VA Healthcare
Authors: Theodoroff Sarah M. , Reavis Kelly M. , Norrholm Seth D.
Published: September 2023

Objectives:

The primary objective was to estimate the prevalence of hyperacusis diagnosis in treatment-seeking Veterans, paying attention to when it is diagnosed in conjuncture with common comorbid conditions.

Design:

This retrospective observational study used Veteran electronic health records from January 2015 to July 2021. Hyperacusis and comorbid conditions were identified using International Classification of Disease diagnostic codes.

Results:

The prevalence of hyperacusis diagnosis was 0.06%. Veterans diagnosed with tinnitus, posttraumatic stress disorder, headache, or traumatic brain injury were between two and seven times more likely to have an International Classification of Disease code for hyperacusis.

Conclusions:

The estimated prevalence of hyperacusis diagnosis using electronic health records is grossly below what is reported in the literature. This is likely due to lack of standardized methods to diagnosis hyperacusis and when present with comorbid conditions, uncertainty when it should be coded as a secondary diagnosis. Future clinical and research efforts prioritizing hyperacusis are desperately needed.
Long-Term Evaluation of Ulnar Nerve Function in Patients with Distal Humerus Fractures Treated with Open Reduction and Internal Fixation: A Nerve Conduction Study
Authors: Bayram Serkan , Gökçeoğlu Yaşar Samet , Kendirci Alper Şükrü , Şahin Koray , Şentürk Fatih , Baslo Mehmet Barış , Erşen Ali
Published: September 2023

Objectives:

To investigate the long-term evaluation with electromyography of ulnar nerve function in patients with distal humerus fractures (DHFs) treated with open reduction and internal fixation.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:

Fifty-two patients (20 men and 32 women) with DHFs.

Interventions:

All patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation between 2002 and 2017 with a minimum five years’ follow-up.

Main outcome measurements:

The nerve conduction test was done for evaluation ulnar nerve function. Secondary outcomes were modified McGowan grading system for symptoms of ulnar neuropathy.

Results:

The mean follow-up time was 112.7 ± 39 months after surgery. 28.8% (15) of the patients scored in Grade I, 30 (57.6%) in Grade II, and 7 (13.6%) in Grade III on the affected side according to McGowan grading scale. According to EMG results, 40.1% (21/52) of patients had abnormal results. There was significant difference between fracture and unaffected side regarding ulnar nerve motor wrist CMAP amplitude, motor below elbow CMAP amplitude, above elbow CMAP amplitude, above elbow MNCV, and sensory wrist amplitude. Ulnar nerve motor wrist-ADM latency (p = 0.01; r = 0.446) and ulnar nerve sensory conduction velocity (p < 0.001, r = −0.504) were significant correlation with McGowan grading scale.

Conclusion:

There were significant difference ulnar nerve motor amplitude and sensory wrist amplitude between fracture and unaffected side. A mean decrease in sensory amplitude of fracture elbow was found 25% compared to the unaffected side in our result.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Golgi Protein 73 Promotes LPS-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction via Mediating Myocardial Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Xing Yaqi , Gao Zhenqiang , Bai Yunfei , Wang Wen , Chen Chen , Zheng Yuanyuan , Meng Yan
Published: September 2023

Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction represents a major cause of high mortality in intensive care units with limited therapeutic options. Golgi protein 73 (GP73) has been implicated in various diseases. However, the role of GP73 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction is unclear. In this study, we established a sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction model by LPS administration in wild-type and GP73 knockout (GP73

−/−
) mice. We found that GP73 was increased in LPS-treated mouse hearts and LPS-cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Knockout of GP73 alleviated myocardial injury and improved cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, depletion of GP73 in NRCMs relieved LPS-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and activated myocardial autophagy. Therefore, GP73 is a negative regulator in LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inhibiting cardiomyocyte autophagy.
Adult Highlights From the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry: 2017–2022
Authors: Rali Aniket S. , Abbasi Adeel , Alexander Peta M. A. , Anders Marc M. , Arachchillage Deepa J. , Barbaro Ryan P. , Fox Alexander D. , Friedman Matthew L. , Malfertheiner Maximilian V. , Ramanathan Kollengode , Riera Jordi , Rycus Peter , Schellongowski Peter , Shekar Kiran , Tonna Joseph E. , Zaaqoq Akram M. ,   on behalf of ELSO Scientific Oversight Committee
Published: September 2023

The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry captures clinical data and outcomes on patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support across the globe at participating centers. It provides a very unique opportunity to benchmark outcomes and analyze the clinical course to help identify ways of improving patient outcomes. In this review, we summarize select adult ECMO articles published using the ELSO registry over the past 5 years. These articles highlight innovative utilization of the registry data in generating hypotheses for future clinical trials. Members of the ELSO Scientific Oversight Committee can be found here: https://www.elso.org/registry/socmembers.aspx.
Association of serum thyroid hormone and coronary artery calcification in patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography: an observational study
Authors: Shen Xueqian , Jian Wen , Shi Yuchen , Liu Jinghua
Published: September 2023

Background

Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to have a range of effects on the cardiovascular system. However, there is still controversy regarding the relationship between thyroid function and coronary artery calcification (CAC). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between TH and CAC, especially severe CAC, in patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography (ICA). This may provide further insights into the potential role of TH in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease.

Method

This observational study included 4221 patients who underwent ICA after completing CTA in a single center. We collected demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from electronic medical records and measured CAC scores via non-contrast cardiac CT.

Result

The study found that there is a negative correlation between the CAC score and FT3 level, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors, but there was no correlation between the CAC score and FT4 or TSH. When categorized into quartiles, the highest quartile of FT3 was associated with a decrease (β = −104.37, 95%CI: −172.54, −36.21) in calcification score compared to the lowest quartile. This correlation was more significant in the subgroup of individuals with diabetes or hypertension.

Conclusion

The study found a negative correlation between FT3 and CAC in patients who underwent ICA. The correlation was consistent with other studies and may suggest that low levels of FT3 are associated with severe CAC. The study may provide new evidence for future research on CAC and potential therapeutic approaches.
Effect of repeated, on-field sprints on kinematic variables in wheelchair rugby players
Authors: Bakatchina Sadate , Brassart Florian , Dosseh Kossivi , Weissland Thierry , Pradon Didier , Faupin Arnaud
Published: September 2023

Objective

To evaluate the influence of repeated sprints on kinematic performance and propulsion variables during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases in wheelchair rugby players classified as defensive (LP-D) or offensive players (HP-O).

Design

22 players (13 LP-D and 9 HP-O) performed 6 × 20 m repeated sprint field tests. We calculated peak wheelchair velocities, propulsion phase times, deceleration phase times, cycle times, and left-right velocity asymmetry of the best and last sprints during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases; the rate of decline in performance variables between the best and the last sprint and a fatigue index.

Results

Peak velocities during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases and mean velocity over the whole sprint were significantly higher during the best than last sprint. Peak velocities were higher during the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases for the best and last sprint for HP-O. The rate of decline in peak velocity during the constant peak velocity phase was higher for LP-D. Fatigue index and rate of decline in velocities and sprint time were higher for LP-D.

Conclusions

Performance variables and the rate of decline in performance variables depended on functional capacity and wheelchair type.
Successful Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Without HIV Viral Suppression: A Missed Opportunity
Authors: Geiger Keri , Patil Amita , Budhathoki Chakra , Dooley Kelly E. , Lowensen Kelly , Ndjeka Norbert , Ngozo Jacqueline , Farley Jason E.
Published: September 2023

Background:

Coinfection with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and HIV is common, but few published studies examine how undergoing MDR-TB treatment affects HIV disease indicators.

Methods:

Using data from a nested, retrospective cohort of people with HIV (PWH) and successful MDR-TB treatment outcomes, we built multivariable regression models to explore correlates of HIV viral suppression at MDR-TB treatment completion.

Results:

Among 531 PWH successfully treated for MDR-TB, mean age was 37.4 years (SD 10.2, interquartile range 30–43), 270 (50.8%) were male, 395 (74.4%) were virally suppressed at MDR-TB outcome, and 259 (48.8%) took bedaquiline. Older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.06) increased odds of viral suppression, while having a prior TB episode (aOR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.64), having a detectable viral load at MDR-TB treatment initiation (aOR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.30), living in a township (aOR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.87), and being changed from efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) to a protease inhibitor due to bedaquiline usage (aOR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.82) or not having an ART change while on bedaquiline (aOR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.75) lowered odds of viral suppression. Changing from efavirenz to nevirapine due to bedaquiline usage did not significantly affect odds of viral suppression (aOR 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16 to 1.04).

Conclusions:

Increased pill burden and adverse treatment effects did not significantly affect HIV viral suppression while switching ART to a protease inhibitor to accommodate bedaquiline or not changing ART while taking bedaquiline did, suggesting that PWH and MDR-TB may benefit from additional support if they must switch ART.
A Patient-Centered, Combination Intervention to Support Adherence to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Randomized Pilot Study in Malawi
Authors: Chi Benjamin H. , Saidi Friday , Graybill Lauren A. , Phanga Twambilile , Mollan Katie R. , Amico K. Rivet , Freeborn Kellie , Rosenberg Nora E. , Hill Lauren M. , Hamoonga Twaambo , Richardson Brian , Kalua Thokozani , Phiri Sam , Mutale Wilbroad
Published: September 2023

Background:

Daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce HIV incidence in pregnant and breastfeeding women, but adherence is essential.

Methods:

We conducted a pilot randomized trial to evaluate an intervention package to enhance antenatal and postnatal PrEP use in Lilongwe, Malawi. The intervention was based on patient-centered counseling adapted from previous PrEP studies, with the option of a participant-selected adherence supporter. Participants were locally eligible for PrEP and randomized 1:1 to intervention or standard counseling (ie, control) and followed for 6 months. Participants received the intervention package or standard counseling at enrollment, 1, 3, and 6 months. Adherence was measured through plasma and intracellular tenofovir concentrations and scored using a published algorithm. Our primary outcome was retention in care with concentrations consistent with 4–7 doses/week.

Results:

From June to November 2020, we enrolled 200 pregnant women with the median gestational age of 26 (interquartile range: 19–33) weeks. Study retention was high at 3 months (89.5%) and 6 months (85.5%). By contrast, across the 2 time points, 32.8% of participants retained in the study had adherence scores consistent with 2–5 doses/week while 10.3% had scores consistent with daily dosing. For the composite primary end point, no substantial differences were observed between the intervention and control groups at 3 months (28.3% vs. 29.0%, probability difference: −0.7%, 95% confidence interval: −13.3%, 11.8%) or at 6 months (22.0% vs. 26.3%, probability difference: −4.3%, 95% confidence interval: −16.1%, 7.6%).

Conclusions:

In this randomized trial of PrEP adherence support, retention was high, but less than one-third of participants had pharmacologically confirmed adherence of ≥4 doses/week. Future research should focus on antenatal and postnatal HIV prevention needs and their alignment across the PrEP continuum, including uptake, persistence, and adherence.
Advancing the Understanding of Clinical Sepsis Using Gene Expression-Driven Machine Learning to Improve Patient Outcomes
Authors: Rashid Asrar , Al-Obeida Feras , Hafez Wael , Benakatti Govind , Malik Rayaz A , Koutentis Christos , Sharief Javed , Brierley Joe , Quraishi Nasir , Malik Zainab A , Anwary Arif , Alkhzaimi Hoda , Zaki Syed Ahmed , Khilnani Praveen , Kadwa Raziya , Phatak Rajesh , Schumacher Maike , Shaikh Guftar , Al-Dubai Ahmed , Hussain Amir
Published: September 2023

Sepsis remains a major challenge that necessitates improved approaches to enhance patient outcomes. This study explored the potential of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to bridge the gap between clinical data and gene expression information to better predict and understand sepsis. We discuss the application of ML algorithms, including neural networks, deep learning, and ensemble methods, to address key evidence gaps and overcome the challenges in sepsis research. The lack of a clear definition of sepsis is highlighted as a major hurdle, but ML models offer a workaround by focusing on endpoint prediction. We emphasize the significance of gene transcript information and its use in ML models to provide insights into sepsis pathophysiology and biomarker identification. Temporal analysis and integration of gene expression data further enhance the accuracy and predictive capabilities of ML models for sepsis. Although challenges such as interpretability and bias exist, ML research offers exciting prospects for addressing critical clinical problems, improving sepsis management, and advancing precision medicine approaches. Collaborative efforts between clinicians and data scientists are essential for the successful implementation and translation of ML models into clinical practice. ML has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of sepsis and significantly improve patient outcomes. Further research and collaboration between clinicians and data scientists are needed to fully understand the potential of ML in sepsis management.
Orthogonal signed-distance coordinates and vector calculus near evolving curves and surfaces
Authors: Hester Eric W. , Vasil Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2023

We provide an elementary derivation of an orthogonal coordinate system for boundary layers around evolving smooth surfaces and curves based on the signed-distance function. We go beyond previous works on the signed-distance function and collate useful vector calculus identities for these coordinates. These results and provided code enable consistent accounting of geometric effects to arbitrary order for boundary layer asymptotics in a wide range of physical systems.
Stage-mediated priority effects and season lengths shape long-term competition dynamics
Authors: Zou Heng-Xing , Schreiber Sebastian J. , Rudolf Volker H. W.
Published: September 2023

The relative arrival time of species can affect their interactions and thus determine which species persist in a community. Although this phenomenon, called priority effect, is widespread in natural communities, it is unclear how it depends on the length of growing season. Using a seasonal stage-structured model, we show that differences in stages of interacting species could generate priority effects by altering the strength of stabilizing and equalizing coexistence mechanisms, changing outcomes between exclusion, coexistence and positive frequency dependence. However, these priority effects are strongest in systems with just one or a few generations per season and diminish in systems where many overlapping generations per season dilute the importance of stage-specific interactions. Our model reveals a novel link between the number of generations in a season and the consequences of priority effects, suggesting that consequences of phenological shifts driven by climate change should depend on specific life histories of organisms.
Practical advice on variable selection and reporting using Akaike information criterion
Authors: Sutherland Chris , Hare Darragh , Johnson Paul J. , Linden Daniel W. , Montgomery Robert A. , Droge Egil
Published: September 2023

The various debates around model selection paradigms are important, but in lieu of a consensus, there is a demonstrable need for a deeper appreciation of existing approaches, at least among the end-users of statistics and model selection tools. In the ecological literature, the Akaike information criterion (AIC) dominates model selection practices, and while it is a relatively straightforward concept, there exists what we perceive to be some common misunderstandings around its application. Two specific questions arise with surprising regularity among colleagues and students when interpreting and reporting AIC model tables. The first is related to the issue of ‘pretending’ variables, and specifically a muddled understanding of what this means. The second is related to
p
-values and what constitutes statistical support when using AIC. There exists a wealth of technical literature describing AIC and the relationship between
p
-values and AIC differences. Here, we complement this technical treatment and use simulation to develop some intuition around these important concepts. In doing so we aim to promote better statistical practices when it comes to using, interpreting and reporting models selected when using AIC.
Stability of consumer–resource interactions in periodic environments
Authors: Bieg Carling , Gellner Gabriel , McCann Kevin S.
Published: September 2023

Periodic fluctuations in abiotic conditions are ubiquitous across a range of temporal scales and regulate the structure and function of ecosystems through dynamic biotic responses that are adapted to these external forces. Research has suggested that certain environmental signatures may play a crucial role in the maintenance of biodiversity and the stability of food webs, while others argue that coupled oscillators ought to promote chaos. As such, numerous uncertainties remain regarding the intersection of temporal environmental patterns and biological responses, and we lack a general understanding of the implications for food web stability. Alarmingly, global change is altering the nature of both environmental rhythms and biological rates. Here, we develop a general theory for how continuous periodic variation in productivity, across temporal scales, influences the stability of consumer–resource interactions: a fundamental building block of food webs. Our results suggest that consumer–resource dynamics under environmental forcing are highly complex and depend on asymmetries in both the speed of forcing relative to underlying dynamics and in local stability properties. These asymmetries allow for environmentally driven stabilization under fast forcing, relative to underlying dynamics, as well as extremely complex and unstable dynamics at slower periodicities. Our results also suggest that changes in naturally occurring periodicities from climate change may lead to precipitous shifts in dynamics and stability.
Angular reproduction numbers improve estimates of transmissibility when disease generation times are misspecified or time-varying
Authors: Parag Kris V. , Cowling Benjamin J. , Lambert Ben C.
Published: September 2023

We introduce theangular reproduction number Ω, which measures time-varying changes in epidemic transmissibility resulting from variations in both the effective reproduction numberR, and generation time distributionw. Predominant approaches for tracking pathogen spread infer eitherRor the epidemic growth rater. However,Ris biased by mismatches between the assumed and truew, whileris difficult to interpret in terms of the individual-level branching process underpinning transmission.Randrmay also disagree on the relative transmissibility of epidemics or variants (i.e.rA>rBdoes not implyRA>RBfor variantsAandB). We find thatΩresponds meaningfully to mismatches and time-variations inwwhile mostly maintaining the interpretability ofR. We prove thatΩ> 1 impliesR> 1 and thatΩagrees withron the relative transmissibility of pathogens. EstimatingΩis no more difficult than inferringR, uses existing software, and requires no generation time measurements. These advantages come at the expense of selecting one free parameter. We proposeΩas complementary statistic toRandrthat improves transmissibility estimates whenwis misspecified or time-varying and better reflects the impact of interventions, when those interventions concurrently changeRandwor alter the relative risk of co-circulating pathogens.
Taxonomic considerations on Aerococcus urinae with proposal of subdivision into Aerococcus urinae, Aerococcus tenax sp. nov., Aerococcus mictus sp. nov., and Aerococcus loyolae sp. nov
Authors: Choi Brian I. , Ene Adriana , Du Jingjie , Johnson Genevieve , Putonti Catherine , Schouw Christian H. , Dargis Rimtas , Senneby Erik , Christensen Jens J. , Wolfe Alan J.
Published: September 2023

Average nucleotide identity analysis, based on whole genome sequences of 115 strains previously identified as

Aerococcus urinae

, an emerging uropathogen, discriminates at least six unique genomic taxa. The whole genome analysis affords clearer species boundaries over 16S rRNA gene sequencing and traditional phenotypic approaches for the identification and phylogenetic organization of

Aerococcus

species. The newly described species can be differentiated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis of protein signatures. We propose the emendation of the description of

A. urinae

(type strain ATCC 51268T = CCUG 34223T=NCFB 2893) and the names of Aerococcus tenax sp. nov. (ATCC TSD-302T = DSM 115700T = CCUG 76531T=NR-58630T), Aerococcus mictus sp. nov. (ATCC TSD-301T = DSM 115699T = CCUG 76532T=NR-58629T), and Aerococcus loyolae sp. nov. (ATCC TSD-300T = DSM 115698T = CCUG 76533T=NR-58628T) for three of the newly identified genomic taxa.
A material perspective on advanced magnesium-ion batteries for electric vehicles
Authors: Shah Raj , Pai Nikhil , Rosenkranz Andreas
Published: September 2023

Purpose

This paper aims at analyzing the potential of new materials in magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) with a particular focus on options for electrodes and electrolyte solutions while also carefully considering the barriers to their entry in this application for MIBs, with a particular focus on the material options for electrodes and electrolyte solutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Potential materials for MIBs were examined for sustainability, safety and efficiency to develop the sustainable and well-working MIBs.

Findings

For anode materials, the use of Mg-bismuth alloys has shown promise, whereas Chevrel phases or layered molybdenum disulfide have potential as cathode materials. Potential electrolytes range from traditional materials to the development of tailored solid-state and liquid-based options.

Originality/value

This study considers the growing need for Mg-based ion batteries, as well as the need for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials and analyzes suitable options.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-03-2023-0081/
Detecting depression and its severity based on social media digital cues
Authors: Deng Shasha , Cheng Xuan , Hu Rong
Published: September 2023

Purpose

As convenience and anonymity, people with mental illness are increasingly willing to communicate and share information through social media platforms to receive emotional and spiritual support. The purpose of this paper is to identify the degree of depression based on people's behavioral patterns and discussion content on the Internet.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the previous studies on depression, the severity of depression is divided into four categories: no significant depressive symptoms, mild MDD, moderate MDD and severe MDD, and defined each of them. Next, in order to automatically identify the severity, the authors proposed social media digital cues to identify the severity of depression, which include textual lexical features, depressive language features and social behavioral features. Finally, the authors evaluate a system that is developed based on social media digital cues in the experiment using social media data.

Findings

The social media digital cues including textual lexical features, depressive language features and social behavioral features (F1, F2 and F3) is the relatively best one to classify four different levels of depression.

Originality/value

This paper innovatively proposes a social media data-based framework (SMDF) to identify and predict different degrees of depression through social media digital cues and evaluates the accuracy of the detection through social media data, providing useful attempts for the identification and intervention of depression.
The diffusion of green technology, governance and CO2 emissions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Traoré Awa , Asongu Simplice
Published: September 2023

Purpose

A promising solution to meet the challenge of sustainability and ensure the protection of the environment consists in acting considerably on the adoption and use of new information and communication technologies. The latter can act on the protection of the environment; completely change manufacturing processes into energy-efficient, eco-friendly techniques or influence institutions and governance. The article attempts to cover shortcomings in the literature by providing a couple of theoretical frameworks and grounded empirical proofs for the dissemination of green technologies and the interaction of the latter with institutional quality.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample is made up of 43 African countries covering the period 2000–2020 and a panel VAR modeling approach is employed.

Findings

Our results show that an attenuation of CO2 emissions amplifies the diffusion of digital technologies (mobile telephones and Internet). Efficiency in the institutional quality of African countries is mandatory for environmental preservation. Moreover, the provision of a favorable institutional framework in favor of renewable energy helps to stimulate environmental performance in African states.

Originality/value

This study complements the extant literature by assessing nexuses between green technology and CO2 emissions in environmental sustainability.
Takaful: chronology of establishment in 47 countries
Authors: Alshammari Ahmad Alrazni , Altwijry Othman , Abdul-Wahab Andul-Hamid
Published: September 2023

Purpose

From 1979 to 2023, the takaful structure has been adopted in many jurisdictions, making the documenting of its early days of establishment relatively difficult and somewhat unreliable. This is unlike conventional insurance, where the history and legislation are well documented and archived in various research (Hellwege, 2016; Marano and Siri, 2017). The purpose of this paper is to provide a chronology for the establishment and development of takaful via the takaful establishment in each jurisdiction, documenting its first takaful operator and first takaful regulation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper has used a qualitative method in the form of reviewing literature and available data such as journals, books and official resources. The data is thoroughly analysed in order to build the chronology for takaful. It adopted an exploratory research design, which is deemed suitable in situations where few works of literature have examined the subject (Neuman, 2014). The paper explores the establishment and non-establishment of takaful in 57 countries. The paper categorises the countries into seven regions starting with the GCC, Levant, Asia, Central Asia, Africa, Europe and Others.

Findings

The takaful chronology presented in this paper shows that takaful operations exist in 47 jurisdictions, starting from Sudan and the UAE in 1979, with the most recent adopters being Morocco and Iran in December 2021. It is found that 22 jurisdictions do not have takaful regulations, and the Takaful Act 1984, issued in Malaysia, is considered the first takaful regulation that sets the basis for other regulations that follow.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive chronology of takaful, especially as the few existing timelines have been found to be incomplete and consist of contradictory information.
Corporate entrepreneurship in sport: evidence from North American leagues
Authors: Mazzei Matthew , Kirkpatrick W. Nathan
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The authors integrate the established literature on corporate entrepreneurship with the expanding inquiry into sport entrepreneurship by examining professional teams and leagues across North America. By situating the discussion in the context of organizational theory on competition, the authors argue for how teams (contestants) and leagues (organizers) uniquely apply the different forms of corporate entrepreneurship, providing contemporary examples of each. Additionally, the authors identify notable challenges of entrepreneurship within a sport context, emphasizing components that allowed organizations to overcome these concerns. By shining a light on the occurrences and challenges of corporate entrepreneurship within the sport industry, the authors hope to continue the push for greater interest in and examination of sport-related innovation and entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

This work researches and shares numerous examples across the North American sport landscape to illustrate corporate innovation and venturing by sport entities.

Findings

This research identifies innovation, sourced from different competitive actors, involving new products, new services, new processes and new administrative structures and approaches, and even includes the development of new businesses.

Originality/value

In looking at the entrepreneurial efforts of established sport teams and leagues, the authors highlight the impressive efforts of these entities to innovate, grow and evolve their products, service offerings and markets despite unique industrial constraints.