bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of echocardiography and gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography in the measurements of left ventricular systolic function parameters in healthy dogs
Authors: Hetyey Cs. , Balogh L. , Andócs G. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Left ventricular systolic function was assessed in 12 healthy dogs with equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. The results of the analysis were compared to traditional echocardiographic measurements. Left ventricular internal dimensions and volume were measured at the time of end-systole and end-diastole. Ejection fraction - one of the most informative parameters of cardiac function - was calculated in each animal. Values (e.g. EDD, ESD, EDV, ESV) measured by the scintigraphic method were significantly (Student's t-test, P < 0.05) higher than the data obtained by echocardiography. Ejection fraction (EF) was the only parameter that did not differ significantly when comparing the two imaging techniques. The difference between the results of parallel measurements was in inverse ratio to the size of the heart.
Comparison of VHS video recording system with Apple Macintosh-based image analysis and modified CODA-3 systems in equine motion analysis
Authors: Szalay F. , Back W. , Barneveld A. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

A VHS video - computer-based image analysis combination is described as a low sampling rate motion analysis system. Video recordings were taken indoor without any artificial illumination at 25 fps sampling rate. The horse studied was running on a high-speed treadmill and observed at 1.6, 4 and 7 m/s velocities at walk, trot and canter, respectively. Left forelimb and hindlimb were recorded separately from lateral view. For comparison, parallel CODA-3 recordings were taken at the same time from the same position. Joint angles were expressed and compared in angle-time diagrams. Sampling of both systems has been synchronised by a timer device at ± 1/300 s error level. Results obtained with the two different recording systems were comparable in all joints measured with the exception of the fetlock. Inaccuracies in fetlock recordings are thought to be eliminated by measuring at controlled illumination. As a conclusion, the VHS-Macintosh setup appears to be promising as a simplified system for gait analysis.
Effect of deferoxamine and L-arginine treatment on lipid peroxidation in an intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion model in rats
Authors: Balogh N. , Krausz F. , Lévai P. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

This study investigated lipid peroxidation (LPO) changes during intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion with and without deferoxamine or L-arginine treatment. White Wistar rats were allotted into four groups as follows: sham-operated (Group SOP), ischaemia-reperfusion only (Group I/R), I/R with deferoxamine (Group D) or L-arginine (Group A) treatment. Concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), overall concentration of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-alkenals (LPO586), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of the jejunal homogenates were determined. The same analytes except LPO586 were assayed in RBC haemolysates. Measurements of ferric reducing ability (FRAP), total antioxidant status (TAS) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations of plasma samples were also completed. The only significant change observed in the SOP group was an increased SOD activity after the ischaemic period. In the I/R group significant increase of intestinal LPO586 concentration was observed during hypoxia that was followed by similar changes in intestinal and RBC TBARS and plasma FRAP values upon reperfusion. In Group D the intestinal TBARS and LPO586 concentrations were significantly lower while FRAP and NO concentrations were significantly higher compared to the I/R group. At the same time RBC TBARS concentration and GPX activity significantly decreased within Group D. In Group A the intestinal LPO586 concentration was significantly lower than in the I/R group whilst RBC TBARS concentration showed a similar pattern. Plasma FRAP and NO concentration showed similar changes to those seen in Group D. It is concluded that I/R increased the LPO in the intestinal tissue and altered some parameters of plasma and RBCs, too. Deferoxamine treatment prevented these effects, while the usefulness of L-arginine remained doubtful.
Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk
Authors: Baumgartner Martina , Flöck Martina , Winter Petra ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Difficulties in measuring the urea content in sheep's milk often occur with spectral photometry due to the high protein and fat concentrations of the milk. In this study an enzymatic flow procedure (QuickChem 8000 Ion Analyser, Lachat Instruments, Milwaukee, USA) to determine the urea content in ovine and bovine milk was evaluated. Urea content is determined by the Berthelot reaction after splitting it enzymatically with urease. The free ammonia diffuses through a teflon membrane into a stream of reagent solutions. Detection takes place by means of a reaction between the ammonium ions with hypochlorite and salicylate producing a green colour, which is measured spectrometrically in a flow meter at 660 nm. By using a diffusion cell chemical deproteinisation of milk is not necessary and capacity is high. The assessed procedure exhibited high accuracy and precision and reached a sample capacity of 55 samples an hour. Storage of the milk samples for several days as well as chemical preservation with bronopol had no effect on the measurement procedure. Due to the complexity of the apparatus and the costs associated therewith, the device proves less suitable for routine diagnostics but rather serves as a reference method for the measurement of urea concentration in milk.
Effects of microbial phytase and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the absorption of minerals from broiler chicken diets containing different levels of calcium
Authors: Aksakal Didem Hilkat , Bilal Tanay
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various calcium: total phosphorus (Ca:tP) ratios due to addition of microbial phytase and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] on the absorption levels of minerals. In a 42-day experiment repeated three times, 144 day-old male broiler chicks (ISA 220) were divided into six groups of eight chicks each. Diets containing two different (1:1 and 2:1) Ca levels were prepared. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received a diet of 1:1 Ca:tP ratio while Groups 4, 5 and 6 a diet of 1:2 Ca:tP ratio. These diets contained 1,25-(OH)2D3 and phytase in levels of 5 µg/kg and 600 FYT/kg, respectively. The faeces was collected to analyse the absorption of minerals. At the end of the study, the absorption levels of Ca, P, Zn, Mn and Cu were increased by the addition of phytase enzyme (p < 0.05). This effect was obvious in the 3rd week. On the other hand, in the 6th week only Ca and P absorption levels were influenced positively by the addition of phytase enzyme. The results proved the positive effect of phytase, an enzyme which is used for increasing the utilisation rate of phytate P, Ca and other minerals in broilers.
Different action of IBMX, isoproterenol and rutin on orthovanadate-induced nitric oxide release in mouse macrophage cells
Authors: Koncz S. , Horváth Edit J.
Published: August 2004

The effects of cAMP-elevating compounds IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methyl­xanthine) and isoproterenol, and that of rutin (an effective superoxide scavenger) were studied on orthovanadate- (a putative protein-phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in J774A.1 mouse macrophage cells. As we previously reported (Koncz and Horváth, 2000), rutin and sodium orthovanadate act synergistically to induce production of high amount of NO in J774A.1 cells. IBMX, an agent that can elevate cAMP level in the cells, can reduce the production of both the LPS- and rutin + orthovanadate-induced NO in macrophages. In contrast, isoproterenol, a non-selective ß-adrenergic receptor agonist, that reduced the LPS-induced NO production in macrophage cells, was unable to reduce the rutin + orthovanadate-induced NO production without negatively affecting cell viability. Moreover, isoproterenol dramatically enhanced the orthovanadate-induced NO synthesis in J774A.1 cells. Our previous study clarified that rutin and orthovanadate, in a specific concentration ratio of both, were able to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate as a marker for H2O2, isoproterenol alone induced its oxidation but the rutin plus orthovanadate-induced H2O2production was reduced by isoproterenol. These observations have revealed that, in some cases, H2O2and superoxide (O2-) scavengers can act in a reverse mode on macrophage cells depending on the presence or absence of orthovanadate.
Analysis of the random distribution of station-tested pigs based on their genetic merit
Authors: Nagy I. , Csató L. , Farkas J. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The analysis was conducted on the national database of the station tests carried out between May 1996 and February 2001, using the Hungarian Large White (LW) and Hungarian Landrace (LR) breeds, and the A-line of the Ka-Hyb hybrid (MLW). Days of test, total amount of feed consumed and valuable cuts were taken into the analysis to test the random distribution of the animals' phenotypic measurements and predicted breeding values across the contemporary groups of origin. The phenotypic measurements of all traits were clearly positively associated with the herds of origin (b = 0.52-1.08). Animals with favourable phenotypic measurements originated from better herds. On the contrary, the predicted breeding values seemed to be independent of the herd effects (b= -0.16-0.08) and suggested a possible random distribution across the contemporary groups.
Haematology and some blood chemical parameters of young carp till the age of three years
Authors: Svetina A. , Matašin Željka , Tofant Alenka ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Haematological and biochemical analyses of blood were performed in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) kept in small ponds. Caught and anaesthetised carp were clinically examined and blood samples were taken at regular intervals during the three years. In the first year of examinations, the haemoglobin and haematocrit values of carp fry significantly increased (P<0.01) from June to September. The intensive growth of carp in the summer period in the second year was accompanied by adequate erythropoiesis. During hibernation haematocrit and haemoglobin significantly decreased (P<0.05) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P<0.01) in both scaly and mirror carp. MCHC increased also with the age and increasing body weight of the fish. Mirror carp had lower haematocrit and haemoglobin values than scaly carp (P<0.01). Comparative haematological analyses between carp of normal and poor body condition showed that moderate anaemia appeared in those with poor body condition. The results indicate that there is marked seasonal and age-dependent variation in the values of haematocrit and haemoglobin. Pond water quality investigations indicated good environmental conditions. A 50% increase (P<0.05) of glucose concentration was found from June to September in the blood plasma of carp in the third year, accompanied by an even more increased (80%; P<0.01) concentration of total lipids. At the same time, considerable changes of cholesterol and total protein concentrations were not observed. The results suggest that the investigated haematological and biochemical variables could be successfully utilised in monitoring the metabolic balance and health status of fish in intensive culture.
Az iskolai szelekció hatásának elemzése a képességek fejlődésének számítógépes szimulációja segítségével
Authors: Csapó Benő
Published: August 2004

A tanulmány egy szimulációs modell segítségével azt elemzi, hogy a képességek korai fejlettségi szintjéből milyen biztonsággal lehet a később elért szintre következtetni, és megvizsgálja, hogy az eredményeknek milyen konzekvenciái vannak az iskolai szelekciós mechanizmusokra. Az elemzés empirikus alapjául az induktív gondolkodással négy életkorban (az 7., és 11. évfolyamokon) összesen közel 7800 tanulóval elvégzett felmérés szolgált. Az első lépesben a mérési adatokhoz (a megfelelő életkori csoportok átlagához) egy logisztikus görbét illesztettünk, meghatároztuk a görbe paramétereit. Ezután a hetedik évfolyam adataiból kiindulva minden egyes egyénhez egy logisztikus görbét generáltunk úgy, hogy az eleget tegyen a következő feltételeknek: a szimulált adatok átlaga feleljen meg a felmérésből származó tapasztalati adatoknak, és az egyes életkorok közötti korrelációk feleljenek meg az irodalomból ismert tipikus értékeknek. Az így előállított adatbázis segítségével megvizsgáltuk, milyen eséllyel maradnak az adott fejlettségi sávban azok a tanulók, akiket a 4., a 6. vagy a 8. évfolyamon az akkori fejlettségük alapján mint legfejlettebbeket kiválasztottunk. Az elemzéshez a 8, a 6 és a 4 osztályos gimnáziumok valódi beiskolázási arányait használtuk fel. Elemzéseink azt mutatták, hogy ha a fejlődés a modellben feltételezett szabályok szerint menne végbe, akkor a 10 éves korban kiválasztott felső 3,5%-nak csak egyötöde, a 12 évesek közül kiválasztott 9,6%-nak több mint a fele, a 14 évesek közül kiválasztott felső 31,6%-nak pedig a négyötöde marad az adott felső sávban a 12 évfolyam végére. A szimulált adatbázis segítségével tetszőleges más arányok mellett is el lehet végezni a modellszámításokat. Az eredmények értékelésénél figyelembe kell venni, hogy a gyakorlatban a kognitív fejlődés folyamatait számos személyes tulajdonság és a szocio-kulturális hatások is befolyásolják.
Öröklés- és környezetelvű érvelés az 1970-es évek fordulóján
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: August 2004

A tanulmány áttekinti, hogyan jelentek meg az 1960-as évek végén egymással párhuzamosan azok a felfogások, amelyek a különbségek öröklését, a korai fejlődés jelentőségét s az általában vett genetikai programokat hangsúlyozták. A viselkedésgenetikai és a korai tapasztalással való érvelés egyszerre jelent meg a pszichológiában, s ez adta az intelligencia öröklésével kapcsolatos viták tágabb kontextusát
Öröklés – környezet: mit is jelent az „is”?
Authors: Szokolszky Ágnes
Published: August 2004

Öröklés (nature) és környezet (nurture) viszonya a viselkedéssel foglalkozó tudományok egyik legelcsépeltebb, mégis legkevésbé jól megválaszolt problémája. Általánosan elfogadott, hogy a környezet és a biológiai adottságok együttesen működnek közre a fejlődés hátterében, az „is” válasz azonban gyakran felszínes evidencia marad. A tanulmány kritikailag elemzi azt a szemléletet, amely a fejlődést befolyásoló biológiai és környezeti tényezőket tömbszerűen dichotóm, egymástól független kettősségként fogja fel, és a pszichológia társtudományainak (etológia, viselkedésgenetika, evolúciótan) kulcsterületein sorra veszi azokat az érvrendszereket, amelyek túlmutatnak a biológiai determinizmus és a környezetelvűség leegyszerűsítő magyarázatain. A tanulmány amellett érvel, hogy mind teljesebben lebontsuk a „természetet” és „környezetet” szétválasztó falat, és meghaladjuk az ezzel járó berögzött előfeltevés-rendszert.
Új, molekuláris genetikai megközelítés az IQ öröklődésének vizsgálatában
Authors: Gervai Judit , Lakatos Krisztina
Published: August 2004

Az elmúlt három évtized során kétségtelenül bebizonyosodott, hogy a normális emberi viselkedés egyéni változatosságában ugyanolyan fontos szerepet játszik az öröklődés, mint a környezet. A különböző vizsgálatok az emberi intelligencia egyéni variabilitásában a genetikai tényezők hatását kb. 50%-ra becsülik, a gének tehát az egyéni eltérések feléért felelnek. Tanulmányunk a klasszikus kvantitatív genetika fő megállapításainak rövid áttekintése után összefoglalja azokat a vizsgálati megközelítéseket és eredményeket, amelyekkel a molekuláris genetika gazdagította az intelligencia öröklődésének kutatását. Röviden ismertetjük a pozicionális klónozással kombinált kapcsoltsági elemzés és az allélasszociáció módszerének elvét, az utóbbival kapcsolatban a kandidáns gének kiválasztásán és a teljes genom átkutatásán alapuló eljárások lehetőségeit. E módszereket alkalmazták az 16 változatosságát befolyásoló örökletes tényezők kutatásában; tanulmányunkban áttekintjük az eddigi eredményeket. Áttekintjük azokat az adatokat, amelyek az X kromoszóma kiemelt szerepére utalnak az értelmi képességek genetikai meghatározásában, és ismertetünk egy érdekes evolúciós modellt, amely az emberi értelem gyors evolúcióját ivari szelekcióval magyarázza. Röviden bemutatjuk azokat a kutatásokat, amelyek kimutatták, hogy a genetikai imprintingnek (bizonyos gének anyai vagy apai eredettől függő működőképességének) fontos szerepe van egyes értelmi képességek öröklődésébe
A hipertext a navigációs eszközök és a felhasználók mentális modelljeinek keresztmetszetében
Authors: Kiss Orhidea Edith
Published: August 2004

A hipertextben használt navigációs stratégiákat és ezek tanulmányozására épülő, ismételten finomított navigációs eszközöket a fizikai környezet explorációja során használt mentális modellek alapján igyekeznek kialakítani. Még most is talány, hogy milyen mértékű izomorfizmus fogadható el a két környezet között, hogy melyek azon metaforák, modellek korlátjai, melyek sikereseknek bizonyultak a fizikai térben és átkerültek a hipertextbe.  Az ember-számítógép interakciójának (HCI) az elméleti kognitív pszichológia szemszögéből való tárgyalása részben a mentális modelleken keresztül válik lehetségessé. A felhasználási terület függvényében a mentális modell nem egységes fogalom, hanem változatos magyarázatokat és elméleti kereteket kap. Az ergonómiai szemlélet lényegét jól tükrözi az az emberközpontú meghatározás, amely a felhasználói fe­lületet függővé teszi a felhasználó személy rendszerről alkotott ítéletétől, attól, ahogyan a személy reprezentálja magát az artefaktumot, az artefaktum által reprezentált világot és az ezzel való kapcsolatát.  A felhasználók mentális modelljeinek tanulmányozása alapján megfogalmazott rendszerfejlesztési kérdések szűkebb fókuszában a hipertext környezetének bemutatása áll. A háttérkoncepciók tárgyalása révén fedem fel a mindennapi internethasználat mentális erőfeszítést kívánó jellegét.
A kontraszelekció pszichológiája
Authors: Hunyady György
Published: August 2004

A kontraszelekcióra vonatkozó pszichológiai tudásunk meglehetősen foghíjas és összerendezetlen, jóllehet a jelenség mélyen emberi, Magyarországon fájdalmasan nemzeti és társadalmilag aktuális a „hosszú XX. század” végén. Köznapi nyelven szólva: ez olyan helyzet, amelyben a társadalom, egy intézmény vagy csoport nem aknázza ki, sőt elvesztegeti emberi erőforrásait (a tehetséget, a felkészültséget, a műveltséget, az erkölcsi értékeket). Ennek következtében teljesítménye és életminősége elmarad az elérhető optimumtól. Az individuális és kategoriális kontraszelekció társas-társadalmi folyamatai között nyilvánvalóan nagy a különbség, ám a tanulmány általános pszichológiai modell körvonalazására tesz kísérletet. A többé s a kevésbé előnyös helyzetet elfoglaló két fél - mint a gyengébb, illetve jobb kvalitások letéteményese - ellentétben áll egymással. Ugyanakkor feltehetően egyik fél sincs magára hagyva: az egyik oldalon ott a hatalom, amely elosztja és fenntartja a tényleges pozíciókat, a másikon ott - a társadalmi közönségben is élő - értéktudat a valós különbségekről. Történeti források elemzése és a szerző sztereotípiavizsgálatainak eredményei azt tükrözik, hogy különfélék lehetnek e közönség reakciói. Egyik lehetőség a helyzetben rejlő igazságtalanság elleni energikus fellépés. Egy másik lehetőség a helyzet lemondó tudomásulvétele. Egy harmadik a fennálló hatalmi viszonyok elfogadása, beleértve a diadalmaskodó győztest és értékeinek felnagyítását. Ez - a legrosszabb esetben - azzal jár, hogy e személy vagy csoport a maga gyengéivel és kompenzációs igyekezetével - a siker okán és jogán - sokak szemében követendő mo­dellé is válik.
Könyvismertetés
Authors: Krajcsi Attila , Király Ildikó
Published: August 2004

Bevezetés a pszichológia komputációs és evolúciós elméleteibe [Pinker, Steven: Hogyan muködik az elme?] (Krajcsi Attila)      635 Társaink megértése - a cselekvések látható és a szándékok lát­ha­tat­lan világa [Bíró Szilvia: A „naiv pszichológiai értelmezés” kezdetei: a racionális cselekvés elvének kísérleti vizsgálata csecsemokorban] (Király Ildikó)      638
Isoperimetric properties of weighted graphs related to the Laplacian spectrum and canonical correlations
Authors: Bolla M. , Molnár-Sáska G.
Published: August 2004

The relation between isoperimetric properties and Laplacian spectra of weighted graphs is investigated. The vertices are classified into k clusters with „few" inter-cluster edges of „small" weights (area) and „similar" cluster sizes (volumes). For k=2 the Cheeger constant represents the minimum requirement for the area/volume ratio and it is estimated from above by v?1(2-?1), where ?1 is the smallest positive eigenvalue of the weighted Laplacian. For k?2 we define the k-density of a weighted graph that is a generalization of the Cheeger constant and estimated from below by Si=1k-1?i and from above by c2 Si=1k-1 ?i, where 0<?1=…=Sk-1 are the smallest Laplacian eigenvalues and the constant c?1 depends on the metric classification properties of the corresponding eigenvectors. Laplacian spectra are also related to canonical correlations in a probabilistic setup.
Separation in neighbourly 4-polytopes
Authors: Bisztriczky T.
Published: August 2004

For certain classes of neighbourly 4-polytopes P, any facet of P is strictly separated from an arbitrary fixed interior point of P by one of at most nine hyperplanes. This result, proved for the class of cyclic 4-polytopes by K. Bezdek and T. Bisztriczky, represents a verification of the Gohberg-Markus-Hadwiger Conjecture for the corresponding classes of dual polytopes P*.
A quick method for estimating generalized geometric series distribution
Authors: Hassan A. , Mishra A. , Jan T. R.
Published: August 2004

A quick method for estimating Mishra's  generalized geometric series distribution is suggested. The variance of the estimator is obtained and using this method a study on goodness of fit is done.
Ont he monodromy representation of polynomial maps in n variables
Authors: Némethi A. , Sigray I.
Published: August 2004

For a   non-constant polynomial map f: Cn?Cn-1 we consider the monodromy representation on the cohomology group of its generic fiber. The main result of the paper determines its dimension and provides a natural basis for it. This generalizes the corresponding results of [2] or [10], where the case n=2 is solved. As  applications,  we verify the Jacobian conjecture for (f,g) when the generic fiber of f is either rational or elliptic. These are generalizations of the corresponding results of [5], [7], [8], [11] and [12], where the case  n=2 is treated.
Some points in spaces of small weight
Authors: Juhász I. , Kunen K.
Published: August 2004

There is a compact 0-dimensional Hausdorff space X of weight N1 with an x?X which is a weak P-point and not a P-point. There is a zero-dimensional LN1 space X of weight and cardinality N2, with a non-isolated weak PN2-point to which no discrete subset of X accumulates.
Kennzeichnungen euklidischer Hypersphären im Rahmen der relativen Hyperflächentheorie
Authors: Stamou G.
Published: August 2004

We consider relative normalizations of ovaloids in euclidean space R{n+1} and we get characterizations of euclidean hyperspheres by using inequalities. Some well-known results of F. Manhart [6] are extended. We also extend two results of U. Simon [11] for ovaloids in R3.
Developmental Antecedents of the Looming Maladaptive Style: Parental Bonding and Parental Attachment Insecurity
Authors: Riskind John H. , Williams Nathan L. , Altman Melissa D. , Black David O. , Balaban Mark S. , Gessner Theodore L.
Published: August 2004

Considerable research has supported links between disrupted parental bonding, attachment insecurity, and psychopathology. Still, few studies have attempted to integrate these findings within a broader cognitive theory of anxiety. Two studies are presented that examine the links between cognitive vulnerability to anxiety (i.e., the Looming Maladaptive Style: LMS) and parental bonding (Study 1) and perceived parental attachment orientations during childhood (Study 2). Results of Study 1 suggest that low levels of maternal overprotection and high levels of paternal overprotection significantly predict LMS scores, beyond the effects of current anxious and depressive symptoms. Results of Study 2 suggest that retrospective reports of maternal attachment insecurity are associated with significantly higher LMS scores, anxious and depressive symptoms, adult romantic attachment insecurity, and potentially high-risk relationship behaviors. These results are interpreted from the perspective of the Looming Vulnerability Model of anxiety and may increase understanding of the linkage between childhood developmental antecedents and cognitive risk for anxiety.
Development of a Theoretical Construct for Risk and Vulnerability From Six Empirical Studies
Authors: Leffers Jeanne M. , Martins Diane C. , McGrath Margaret M. , Godfrey Brown Deborah , Mercer Judith , Sullivan Mary C. , Viau Paula
Published: August 2004

The concepts of risk and vulnerability are frequently the subject of nursing scholarship but lack semantic and conceptual clarity in the nursing literature. Using empirical evidence from 6 research studies, the authors define the concepts of risk and vulnerability, apply shared definitions to each of the study populations, and discuss 3 types of responses to risk observed in the research setting. This collaborative effort by nursing scholars advances conceptual clarity of risk and vulnerability for the development of nursing knowledge. Further, the examination of risk responses has the potential to link the various perspectives of risk and vulnerability common in nursing and generate nursing practice implications explored in this review.
Moral Distress: The State of the Science
Authors: Hanna Debra R.
Published: August 2004

Moral distress, a complex human experience, has lacked a clear, complete definition. Intuitively, clinicians know that moral distress might be occurring for patients with increasing frequency due to technological advances that alter the natural order of life and death. Yet clinicians have not been able to evaluate the presence or extent of moral distress. To date, moral distress has been investigated mainly as an occupational issue using Jameton’s (1984) definition, which has been problematic for several reasons. Without an adequate definition, moral distress can be unrecognized, yet have a silent, clinically significant impact on health. The literature is discussed from several perspectives to show the current state of the science in this topical area, and its potential future.
Melting and crystallization behavior of PA1010/TPU blends
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Ling , Wang Gui‐Bin , Jiang Zhen‐Hua , Wu Wei‐Chun , Ma Rong‐Tang , Wu Zhong‐Wen
Published: August 2004

PA1010/TPU blends were prepared by melt blending. The melting, crystallization behavior, and isothermal crystallization kinetics were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the DSC thermograms of blend samples exhibit double melting peaks. With increasing the TPU content, the position of the double melting peaks shifted to a lower temperature, and the total heat of fusion decreased. With increasing the heating rates, the position of the lower melting peak shifted to a higher temperature, while the position of the higher melting peak shifted to a lower temperature; however, the total heat of fusion remained almost constant. With prolonging the annealing time and increasing the crystallization temperature, the position of the lower melting peak shifted to a higher temperature, while the position of the higher melting peak almost did not change; however, the total heat of fusion increased. The addition of TPU could promote the crystallization of PA1010 but not affect the crystallization mechanism. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 839–844, 2004
New self‐curable, aqueous‐based polyurethane system by an isophorone diisocyanate/uretedione aziridinyl derivative process
Authors: Lai Jian‐Zei , Ling Hao‐Jan , Yeh Jen‐Taut , Chen Kan‐Nan
Published: August 2004

Uretedione aziridinyl derivative (UAD) was prepared through the dimerization of isophorone diisocyanate and the addition reaction of aziridine to its isocyanate (NCO) end groups. An NCO‐terminated polyurethane (PU) prepolymer was prepared from the addition of isophorone diisocyanate, poly(propylene glycol)s, and dimethylolpropanic acid. A mixture of UAD with the PU prepolymer and its NCO terminal groups were hydrolyzed to form primary amino groups during a water dispersion process. Meanwhile, the uretedione group of UAD reacted with these primary amino groups in the aqueous phase. Then, these aziridine end groups of UAD became part of an aqueous‐based PU and served as latent internal curing agents. The self‐curable, aqueous‐based PU system obtained with this new UAD process is a convenient alternative for improving the performance of aqueous‐based PUs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 845–859, 2004
Green luminescence system containing a Tb3+‐β‐diketonate complex doped in the epoxy resin as sensitizer
Authors: Parra Duclerc Fernandes , Mucciolo Adriana , Brito Hermi Felinto
Published: August 2004

Photoluminescent properties of the terbium tris(acetylacetonate)tetrahydrated [Tb(acac)3(H2O)4], doped in the epoxy resin, in the solid state are reported. The polymeric Tb3+ system and the precursor terbium complex were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and infrared and electronic spectroscopy. The excitation and emission spectra of the samples containing the Tb3+ complex doped diglycidyl epoxy resin were recorded at 298 and 77 K and exhibited the characteristic bands arising from the 5D4 → 7FJ transitions (J = 6–0). The system shows an increase in the luminescence intensity with the increase in the Tb3+ complex in the 1, 5, and 10% concentrations due to the energy transfer from the polymer to the rare earth ion. On the other hand, the concentration quenching of luminescence of polymer doped with 15% of the Tb3+ complex was observed. The lifetime measurements (τ = 0.81, 0.80, 0.79, and 0.78 ms) decrease with the increase of Tb3+‐complex concentration (1, 5, 10, and 15%) doped in polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 865–870, 2004
Three‐dimensional thermorheological behavior of isotactic polypropylene across glass transition temperature
Authors: Woicke N. , Keuerleber M. , Hegemann B. , Eyerer P.
Published: August 2004

The aim of this work was to determine the three‐dimensional thermorheological behavior of isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP) in the region of its glass transition temperature (Tg) by a master curve. The i‐PP is a widespread polymer with a Tg ∼ 0°C. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) at varying frequencies and temperatures and bulk tests at varying temperatures and times are carried out to obtain the relaxation spectra. Traditionally, the combination of time and temperature is done for thermorheological simple material by the creation of a master curve based on the Arrhenius or William–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equation. This investigation shows that these equations do not fit the behavior across the glass transition of i‐PP. Instead, a new arc tangent function is derived. Additionally, it can be shown that the shifting factors differ from shear to bulk load. Therefore, the mode of mechanical stress seems to have an influence on the thermorheological behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 877–880, 2004
High‐temperature polymerization of styrene: Mechanism determination with preparative gel permeation chromatography, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Campbell J. D. , Allaway J. A. , Teymour F. , Morbidelli M.
Published: August 2004

An experimental study designed to elucidate mechanistic details regarding the thermal polymerization of styrene between 260 and 340°C is reported. The data show that back‐biting to the third or fifth carbon from the chain end, followed by β scission, is the dominant chain‐producing reaction in the molecular weight development. This conclusion is supported by the 13C‐NMR data coupled with preparative gel permeation chromatography, which show that the predominant low‐molecular‐weight oligomers are 2,4‐diphenyl‐1‐butene and 2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1‐hexene, that is, the products of the 1:3 and 1:5 back‐biting/β‐scission reactions, respectively. The presence of head‐to‐head or head‐to‐tail branching, due to chain transfer to the polymer or back‐biting, is shown to be negligible through 13C‐NMR analysis. Finally, the distribution of terminal unsaturations, determined by the relative rates of termination, back‐biting, and chain transfer to polymer, has been measured with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. This has shown that the back‐biting/β‐scission reaction dominates the molecular weight development in comparison with either termination or chain transfer to the polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 890–908, 2004
Kinetic studies on the electrochemical polymerization of 3‐chloroaniline and characterization of the obtained polymer films
Authors: Sayyah S. M. , Abd El‐Rehim S. S. , El‐Deeb M. M.
Published: August 2004

Electropolymerization of 3‐chloroaniline on a platinum electrode in an acid medium was carried out under different reaction conditions of temperature, current density and hydrochloric acid and monomer concentrations with duration time. The initial rate of the electropolymerization reaction was small, and the orders were 0.99, 0.96 and 1.2 with respect to current density and acid and monomer concentrations, respectively. The apparent activation energy was 41.6 kJ/mol. The rate law was Rp = k2(Current density)0.99[HCl]0.96[Monomer]1.2. The obtained polymer films were characterized by 1H‐NMR, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The mechanism of the electropolymerization reaction is also discussed. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to confirm the proposed structure and determination of the number of water molecules in the polymeric chain unit. X‐ray and scanning electron microscopic analysis are used to investigate the surface morphology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 941–953, 2004
Microbial population dynamics during start‐up and overload conditions of anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste and sewage sludge
Authors: McMahon Katherine D. , Zheng Dandan , Stams Alfons J.M. , Mackie Roderick I. , Raskin Lutgarde
Published: August 2004

Microbial population dynamics were investigated during start‐up and during periods of overload conditions in anaerobic co‐digesters treating municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Changes in community structure were monitored using ribosomal RNA‐based oligonucleotide probe hybridization to measure the abundance of syntrophic propionate‐oxidizing bacteria (SPOB), saturated fatty acid‐beta‐oxidizing syntrophs (SFAS), and methanogens. These changes were linked to traditional performance parameters such as biogas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Digesters with high levels of Archaea started up successfully. Methanosaeta concilii was the dominant aceticlastic methanogen in these systems. In contrast, digesters that experienced a difficult start‐up period had lower levels of Archaea with proportionally more abundant Methanosarcina spp. Syntrophic propionate‐oxidizing bacteria and saturated fatty acid‐beta‐oxidizing syntrophs were present at low levels in all digesters, and SPOB appeared to play a role in stabilizing propionate levels during start‐up of one digester. Digesters with a history of poor performance tolerated a severe organic overload event better than digesters that had previously performed well. It is hypothesized that higher levels of SPOB and SFAS and their methanogenic partners in previously unstable digesters are responsible for this behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum levels of soluble E-selectin in women with breast cancer
Authors: Sheen-Chen S-M , Eng H-L , Huang C-C , Chen W-J
Published: August 2004

Background

Increasing evidence suggests that E-selectin contributes to tumour growth and metastasis, possibly by increasing angiogenesis and the adhesion of tumour cells to endothelial cells at distant sites. This study aimed to examine the relationship between preoperative levels of circulating soluble E-selectin and breast cancer.

Methods

Sixty-four consecutive women undergoing surgery for invasive breast cancer were studied prospectively. Venous blood samples were collected before the operation. A control group consisted of 16 patients with a benign breast tumour (eight with fibrocystic disease and eight with fibroadenoma). Serum concentrations of soluble E-selectin were measured by the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique and compared with clinicopathological information.

Results

The mean(s.d.) serum level of soluble E-selectin in patients with invasive breast cancer was 73·7(20·9) ng/ml, compared with 36·3(5·6) ng/ml in the control group (P < 0·001). Furthermore, the serum levels of soluble E-selectin were significantly higher in women with oestrogen receptor-negative tumours (P = 0·001), poorly differentiated tumours (P < 0·001), more advanced primary tumour stage (P < 0·001), involved lymph nodes (P < 0·001), distant metastases (P < 0·001) and more advanced tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0·001). On multivariate analysis, TNM stage (P < 0·001) was found to be an independent factor with regard to higher serum levels of soluble E-selectin.

Conclusion

Preoperative serum levels of soluble E-selectin might reflect the severity of invasive breast cancer; further evaluation is warranted.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Authors: Assalia A , Gagner M
Published: August 2004

Background

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the procedure of choice for small benign lesions. Compared with open adrenalectomy (OA), it appears to achieve superior results in terms of recovery, cosmesis and morbidity.

Methods

A Medline literature search (PubMed database, 1990–2003) was undertaken to identify relevant English language papers. Studies comparing LA with OA were categorized according to their level of evidence. Variables of outcome were analysed systematically for various adrenal pathologies.

Results

No prospective randomized studies comparing LA with OA were identified. According to 20 comparative case–control studies (level 3b) and many case-series reports (level 4), the results of LA were reproducible and it has consistently been associated with faster recovery and lower morbidity than OA. The clinical outcome in hormonally active lesions was similar. The lateral transabdominal approach was the laparoscopic technique of choice; it was practised by 78·6 per cent of surgeons. Lesion sizes of 10–12 cm were cited as the upper limit for LA in many large series. Experience of 70 malignancies demonstrated the feasibility of LA, with short-term oncological results comparable to those of conventional surgery.

Conclusion

Despite a lack of a high level of evidence in its favour, LA has practically replaced OA in the management of small and medium-size benign functioning and non-functioning adrenal lesions, as it has proved to be as effective as OA with less associated morbidity. Although limited experience with large and malignant tumours shows some promise, present data are insufficient for clear conclusions to be drawn.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cs2(CN3H6)3 [(C2H5)2NH2] [W7O22(O2)2] ×3H2O.
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Masato , Okeya Seichi
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Structural Change of Lanthanum Diiodide upon Hydrogenation.
Authors: Ryazanov M. , Simon A. , Mattausch Hj. , Kremer R. K.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zintl‐Compounds with Gold and Germanium: M3AuGe4 with M: K, Rb, Cs.
Authors: Zachwieja Uwe , Wlodarski Joerg
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electron Beam Induced Transformation of MoO3 to MoO2 and a New Phase MoO.
Authors: Wang D. , Su D. S. , Schloegl R.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Rhenium Oxides Ln3ReO7 (Ln: Gd, Tb, and Dy).
Authors: Hinatsu Yukio , Wakeshima Makoto , Kawabuchi Noriyoshi , Taira Nobuyuki
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterogeneous Reaction of Nitric Acid with Nitric Oxide on Glass Surfaces under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions.
Authors: Kleffmann Joerg , Benter Thorsten , Wiesen Peter
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hg4OF6, the First Mercury Oxide Fluoride.
Authors: Mueller Bernd G. , Klein Wilhelm , Jansen Martin
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure of Bimetallic Nickel Molybdenum Phosphide Solid Solutions.
Authors: Ma Ding , Xiao Tiancun , Xie Songhai , Zhou Wuzong , Gonzalez‐Cortes Sergio L. , Green Malcolm L. H.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Three New Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with [Cu(μ1,3‐N3)2Cu]2+ and [Cu(μ1,1‐N3)2Cu]2+ Asymmetrical Cores: Syntheses, Structures and Magnetic Behavior.
Authors: Escuer Albert , Font‐Bardia Merce , Massoud Salah S. , Mautner Franz A. , Penalba Evaristo , Solanes Xavier , Vicente Ramon
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Addition of Aryllithium Reagents to Aromatic Imines Mediated by 1,2‐Diamine Ligands.
Authors: Cabello Noemi , Kizirian Jean‐Claude , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Transfer Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of Chalcones Using Chiral Crown Ethers Derived from D‐Glucose, D‐Galactose, and D‐Mannitol.
Authors: Bako Tibor , Bako Peter , Keglevich Gyoergy , Bombicz Petra , Kubinyi Miklos , Pal Krisztina , Bodor Sandor , Mako Attila , Toke Laszlo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iminium Salt Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidation: The First High Enantioselectivities.
Authors: Page Philip C. Bulman , Buckley Benjamin R. , Blacker A. John
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fast Diastereoselective Baylis—Hillman Reaction by Nitroalkenes: Synthesis of Di‐ and Triene Derivatives.
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Barboni Luciano , Bosica Giovanna , Fiorini Dennis , Mignini Emanuela , Palmieri Alessandro
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α,α‐Diacetyl Cyclic Ketene Dithioacetals: Odorless and Efficient Dithiol Equivalents in Thioacetalization Reactions.
Authors: Yu Haifeng , Liu Qun , Yin Yanbing , Fang Qunxin , Zhang Jingping , Dong Dewen
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Versatile Procedure for the Synthesis of Acetals from Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Lithium Tetrafluoroborate.
Authors: Hamada Nao , Kazahaya Kiyoshi , Shimizu Hisashi , Sato Tsuneo
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluoroalkene Chemistry. Part 1. Highly‐Toxic Fluorobutenes and Their Mode of Toxicity: Reactions of Perfluoroisobutene and Polyfluorinated Cyclobutenes with Thiols.
Authors: Timperley Christopher M.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Stereoselective Addition of Organometallic Reagents to N‐tert‐Butanesulfinyl Imines Derived from 3‐ and 4‐Substituted Cyclohexanones.
Authors: McMahon Jeffrey P. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α‐Hydroxymethylation of Conjugated Nitroalkenes via the Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Rastogi Namrata , Namboothiri Irishi N. N. , Cojocaru Miriam
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Allylic Amination of Unfunctionalyzed Olefins by Nitroarenes and CO, Catalyzed by Ru3(CO)12/Ph‐BIAN (Ph‐BIAN = Bis(phenylimino)acenaphthenequinone): Extension to the Synthesis of Allylic Amines with Strongly Electron‐Withdrawing or Electron‐Donating Groups on the Aryl Ring.
Authors: Ragaini Fabio , Cenini Sergio , Turra Fabrizio , Caselli Alessandro
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Friedel—Crafts Acylation of Aromatic Compounds with Carboxylic Acids by the Combined Use of Perfluoroalkanoic Anhydride and Bismuth or Scandium Triflate.
Authors: Matsushita Yoh‐ichi , Sugamoto Kazuhiro , Matsui Takanao
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 1,4‐Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Antiviral, Antifungal and Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Tandon Vishnu K. , Singh Ravindra V. , Yadav Dharmendra B.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Alkoxybenzo[c]thiophenes.
Authors: Akbarzadeh Tahmineh , Shafiee Abbas
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of Benzofused Heterocyclic RXR Modulators.
Authors: Gernert D. L. , Neel D. A. , Boehm M. F. , Leibowitz M. D. , Mais D. A. , Michellys P. Y. , Rungta D. , Reifel‐Miller A. , Grese T. A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 3,5‐Diaryl Pyrazolines as Human Acyl‐CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitors.
Authors: Jeong Tae‐Sook , Kim Kyung Soon , An So‐Jin , Cho Kyung‐Hyun , Lee Sangku , Lee Woo Song
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel 3,5‐Diaryl Pyrazolines and Pyrazole as Low‐Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Oxidation Inhibitor.
Authors: Jeong Tae‐Sook , Kim Kyung Soon , Kim Ju‐Ryoung , Cho Kyung‐Hyun , Lee Sangku , Lee Woo Song
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkylation of Diphenylamines with Chloroacetonitrile: A New Entry to Phentolamine Analogues.
Authors: Parihar J. A. , Dash P. , Kudav D. P.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Truncated Diastereoselective Passerini Reaction, a Rapid Construction of Polysubstituted Oxazole and Peptides Having an α‐Hydroxy‐β‐amino Acid Component.
Authors: Cuny Guylaine , Gamez‐Montano Rocio , Zhu Jieping
Published: August 2004

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2‐Benzothiazolemethanol as Precursor of 2‐Aryl‐1‐(2‐benzothiazolyl)‐1‐ethanones.
Authors: Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Plaskon Andrey S. , Tverdokhlebov Anton V. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2‐Pyridinyl‐[1,2,3]triazoles as Inhibitors of Transforming Growth Factor β1 Type 1 Receptor.
Authors: Kim Dae‐Kee , Kim Joonseop , Park Hyun‐Ju
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Route to 6‐(Het)aryl‐2‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyridin‐4‐ones as Potential nAChRs Ligands.
Authors: Leflemme Nicolas , Dallemagne Patrick , Rault Sylvain
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of New Fluoroquinolones and Evaluation of Their in vitro Activity on Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp.
Authors: Anquetin G. , Rouquayrol M. , Mahmoudi N. , Santillana‐Hayat M. , Gozalbes R. , Greiner J. , Farhati K. , Derouin F. , Guedj R. , Vierling P.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of 4,5‐Dihydropyrazolo[4,3‐c]quinolines with Vilsmeier Reagent.
Authors: Kumar K. Hemanth , Selvi S. , Perumal P. T.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Parallel Approach for Solution‐Phase Synthesis of 2‐Quinoxalinol Analogues and Their Inhibition of LPS‐Induced TNF‐α Release on Mouse Macrophages in vitro.
Authors: Liu Gang , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.