bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter traces the rediscovery of the story of the Inca Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru from the early 1800s to the present. It shows how the work of natural historians and antiquarians developed into the scholarly disciplines of history and archaeology, and how key bodies, sites, and events came to carry the broader significance of the conquest. Moving past the triumphal tone that Western writers used at the time, this book develops the idea of apocalypse to show that people living in the Andean and Iberian worlds held beliefs about how the universe would end, values that shaped their actions and interpretations of the conquest of Peru.
Royal Conquests in the Poor Soldier’s Paradise
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

As the royal inspector Cristóbal Vaca de Castro attempted to build Spanish Peru by reviving Inca imperial practices, Charles V sent his first viceroy to the Andes to implement the New Laws, designed to reduce the power of the conquistadores and to protect the native population. Those laws sparked a new Spanish rebellion, under Gonzalo Pizarro, which was defeated when the Crown voided many of the new ordinances. The defeat of the original conquerors depended on large numbers of ordinary foot soldiers, who soon rebelled when royal officials were unable to grant them rich estates. As the Spanish civil wars unfolded, Andean lords converted to Christianity and increasingly showed themselves to be loyal Spanish subjects. Andean troops helped the royalists to suppress the last major Spanish uprising, in 1554, by which time the Incas of Cuzco were busy recounting their imperial histories and moving to preserve their noble status in the colonial world.
Conquering Andean Hearts and Minds
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

Complementing the military and political narrative already presented, this chapter discusses the lack of progress made toward the Christian conversion of native Andeans by the mid-1500s. The first Spaniards in Peru not only failed to promote their missionary project, but proved to be bad Christians themselves. Andean lords, including many Inca women and men, embraced Christianity as a way to protect their noble status, but rural populations remained largely ignorant of Catholic doctrine, living on a landscape that friars and priests saw under demonic control. Rural conversion gradually proceeded after Spanish civil wars died down, and those missionary efforts reflected the changing Catholic orthodoxy being defined by the Council of Trent. Many of the priests fighting Andean idolatry blamed the independent Incas living in Vilcabamba, despite the growing diplomatic contacts that were defusing the threat that the Vilcabamba Incas posed to Spanish Peru. Rather than the Incas, it was young Spaniards and men of mixed heritage whose plots against royal officials threatened royal rule during the 1560s.
The Spanish Pachacuti
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

As Philip II saw his empire teeter in the late 1560s, he sent Francisco de Toledo to Peru as his viceroy. Toledo began his work there by rewarding Spaniards who had remained loyal to the Crown during the civil wars, and he started to reorganize the native populations living across the Andes. Although he was initially positive about Inca-era institutions, Toledo came to see the Incas as tyrants, and he spent time in Cuzco gathering testimony to prove that Philip II had no special obligations toward the descendants of Inca emperors. When Toledo learned that a Spaniard had been murdered in Vilcabamba, he sent troops into the holdout Inca kingdom to destroy it and punish the last Inca. The viceroy choreographed the public execution of the prince Tupa Amaru as a lesson to native populations.
Transcendent Inca
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

Philip II died in 1598, around the time the last living witnesses of the Inca world passed away. This chapter looks at the Andes in the early 1600s, describing the Christian zeal of the Inca nobles living in Cuzco, as well as the lingering influence of Inca women. The chapter traces how the most prominent Incas blended into the Spanish nobility and moved to Spain. It also describes the spiritual coming of age of Lima as a capital where multiple future saints ministered to a diverse population. Catholic officials in Lima fought against the heretical practices of the city’s lower classes, as well as the persistence of traditional Andean religion in the surrounding highlands. After there were no more Inca rulers or witnesses to their empire, the Inca story was taken up in a broad range of European literary genres. In the Andes, the Inca became a symbol of organized resistance to Spanish colonial rule, one that inspired native rebellions, as well as Peru’s independence movement.
The Popular Front Years and World War II
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

During the Popular Front Years (1934–1939), Auric’s politics swung to the left and he joined several arts organizations of the French Communist Party. His populist works from these years include numerous pieces of incidental music and film scores, but also concert music, music for young musicians, campfire songs, and other popular songs. Although his music hardly changed stylistically from the 1920s, he now actively reached out to the broadest audiences possible. During the German Occupation, Auric joined or otherwise contributed to several intellectual networks of the French Resistance. His war-time roles would result in a privileged position after the war, as a leading critic and arts administrator.
Introduction
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Gatzia Dimitria Electra
Published: May 2020

This volume explores questions not only related to traditional sensory perception, but also to proprioceptive, interoceptive, multisensory, and event perception, expanding traditional notions of the influence that conscious non-visual experience has on human behavior and rationality. Some essays investigate the role that emotions play in decision-making and agential perception and what this means for justifications of belief and knowledge; analyze the notion that some sensory experiences, such as touch, have epistemic privilege over others, as well as the relationship between perception and introspection, and the relationship between action perception and belief; and engage with topics in aesthetics and the philosophy of art, exploring the role that artworks can play in providing us with perceptional knowledge of emotions.
Tasting Flavors
Authors: Smith Barry C.
Published: May 2020

Perceptual experience enables us to know features of objects in our environment. But what does the experience of tasting enable us to know? By tasting we discover the tastes of foods or liquids; but what are tastes? An objectivist sees tastes as properties of foods and drinks, which are there anyway, independent of how we experience them. On this view, tasting provides us with perceptual knowledge of real features of foods and liquids. By contrast, a subjectivist sees tastes as just features of our own experience: sensations on the tongue answerable to nothing other than themselves. Tastes, on this view, are not in the foods; rather foods give rise to tastes in us. A metaphysics of tastes that sees them not as properties of foods but as parts of our experience makes the epistemology of tasting an aspect of self-knowledge. Knowing how something tastes is being immediately aware of a certain sort of experience that occurs when we are eating or drinking. On this view, we can know all about tastes so long as we know all about our experience. However, this simple subjectivist story fails to do justice to the epistemology of tasting. The experiences generated when tasting are not unisensory but multisensory, though unified. They are perceptions of flavor and due to touch, taste, and smell. A satisfactory metaphysics and epistemology of flavor leaves room for flavors as configurations of sapid, odorous, and tactile properties of the food and liquids we consume.
Sensory Interactions and the Epistemology of Haptic Touch
Authors: Fulkerson Matthew
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the issue of perceptual justification from the perspective of haptic touch. Touch raises a number of difficulties for traditional accounts of perceptual epistemology, since it involves a heterogenous collection of distinct sensory subsystems that must coordinate their activities and it essentially involves forms of emotional and bodily awareness that only derivatively provide information about features of the external world. These features suggest an epistemically interesting layer of sensory interaction that should be included in any plausible account of the justifying role of perceptual experience. The chapter argues that this layer of interaction, while perhaps more readily apparent in touch than in vision, is in fact ubiquitous in perception generally, and should be taken seriously by everyone working on the epistemology of perception.
“Unless I Put My Hand into His Side, I Will Not Believe”
Authors: Massin Olivier , de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: May 2020

Touch seems to enjoy some epistemic advantage over the other senses when it comes to attesting to the reality of external objects. The question is not whether only what appears in tactile experiences is real. It is whether only what appears in tactile experiences feels real to the subject. This chapter first clarifies how the rather vague idea of an epistemic advantage of touch over the other senses should be interpreted. It then defends a “muscular thesis,” to the effect that only the experience of resistance to our motor efforts, as it arises in effortful touch, presents us with the independent existence of some causally empowered object. Finally the chapter considers whether this muscular thesis applies to the perception of our own body.
Campaigning and Coming of Age in the 1970s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter deploys feminist oral histories to explore the WLM’s key demands and campaigns in the 1970s, including the Miss World beauty pageant protest and the Nightcleaners’ campaign. After unpicking romanticised ideas about feminist consciousness-raising, it suggests that established narratives that gloomily recount the collapse of the post-war consensus overlook an exciting time for a WLM energised by campaigns around women’s domestic labour and reproductive rights, epitomised by the National Abortion Campaign. But the NAC’s successes also involved difficult emotions and ambivalence about feminist strategy and identity, analysed especially through the memories of black campaigners Jan McKenley and Gail Lewis, and Kirsten Hearn from Sisters Against Disablement. The chapter concludes with the story of Karen McMinn, coordinator of Women’s Aid Northern Ireland, using her S&A oral history to recall campaigns against domestic violence in the context of civil strife, and the personal challenges involved in keeping the feminist flame alive. 150 words
The Dark Side of the Moon
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter brings us from Plato to a second-century CE reception of his dialogues, in the work of Plutarch. It concentrates on one dialogue of Plutarch, the De facie in orbe lunae (On the Face in the Moon’s Disc). In the myth that concludes this dialogue, the speaker, Sulla, references Homer’s Elysium from Odyssey 4. But Sulla lifts the Homeric Elysium from “the ends of the earth,” up a level, so that it is situated in the moon. This sets the scene for the rest of Plutarch’s eschatological myth, in which Elysium is repositioned as part of an ascending world-system. Cosmos in Plutarch is the theater for soul. Soul and cosmos in Plutarch are bound up in a sequence of functional interrelationships. Plutarch’s tripartite cosmos functions like the human entity and in fact is the physical area of operation in the life and death of the human entity. There is a truly intertwined relationship between the tripartite human entity and the tripartite cosmos: a three-stage cosmos gives a three-stage cycle of death to life and back, from the sun to the moon to the earth, over and over again. Plutarch’s whole cosmos takes on the role of an afterlife landscape. The De facie gives us the clearest instance we’ve yet seen of the phenomenon of psychic harmonization, in which the soul is entirely integrated with the universe.
Conclusion
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

What we call the afterlife is the desire in the present, unachievable and so projected into the future, for a joining of faculties, the dissolution of the divide between us and the universe, the closing of the perceptual loop between what we are and what is. For this, we need to stop perceiving the universe as extraneous to ourselves. The presence of the vision of the universe in the landscape of the afterlife is one attempt to do this—to encapsulate cosmos in the landscape of soul. This is the function of what the author has called in this book the journey-vision paradigm of afterlife space.
“Whirlwind of the Lord”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 interweaves the story of the 1974 Xenia, Ohio, tornado (part of the infamous Super Outbreak) with background on the pivotal role of weather in the premodern and early modern history of religions. The storm god tradition, exemplified by the biblical Yahweh and other deities from across the world’s cultures, laid the conceptual foundation for later American interpretations of the weather. Medieval and early modern theologians drew on elements of this tradition in devising their more rationalistic doctrines of providence, but in so doing they bequeathed to later generations a tangle of logical difficulties. Among these was the question of what role, if any, chance played in the weather. To John Calvin, “chance” was a pagan notion, but excluding chance exacerbated the problem of theodicy, or why a benevolent God allowed deadly storms and other natural evils.
“The Violence of Winds, and the Reasonings of Men”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 turns to colonial British America, surveying the flood of sermons that issued forth as clergy pondered the meaning of the New World’s violent weather. Colonial Americans inhabited a world of wonders in which natural events were interpreted as judgments or mercies from God, directed toward either individuals or the nation. In explicating these divine messages, the clergy drew on a biblical vocabulary replete with meteorological images of God’s power. The clergy also helped popularize more scholastic controversies about the relationship between the divine First Cause and secondary natural causes. These Enlightenment discussions, combined with biblical imagery, set the parameters of American understandings of providence for at least the next two centuries. Echoes of the clergy’s anxiety over the “atheism” of the Age of Reason are still heard in modern debates about whether storms are acts of God, acts of nature, or some combination of the two.
“Stormy Wind Fulfilling His Word”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 traces the appearance of the first truly disastrous tornadoes as the new nation pushed westward into the Mississippi Valley during the nineteenth century. These calamities fueled an apocalyptic mentality among people of various religious groups, who regarded such events as the Great Natchez Tornado of 1840 as a sign of End Time tribulations. Later in the century, however, the emerging field of meteorology contributed to a Gilded Age cult of progress that presupposed a benevolent God and assumed that tornadoes could be explained and maybe even contained. Even a disaster as enormous as the St. Louis Tornado of 1896, which destroyed much of the city, was not enough to shake the optimism of some clergy and theologians, who thought that as the scientific mysteries of tornadoes were dispelled, fears of divine wrath in the storm would cease.
Numeracy’s Secret Connection with Life Outcomes
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Numeracy’s Secret Connection with Life Outcomes,” reviews available evidence for numeracy’s relations with outcomes in health, employment, and personal finances. Less numerate people tend to be less healthy than the highly numerate, with a 40% greater likelihood, for example, of having at least one chronic disease. Numeracy skills also are required for many jobs, ranging from engineering and science to service and sales workers, but research on this topic is limited. Numeracy strongly predicts financial behaviors and wealth, over and above general intelligence. Although people say “I’m not a math person” as casually as “I hate broccoli,” math ability appears to play a critical role in their well-being.
Collective Memory and the Legacy of the Troubles
Authors: Ferguson Neil , Halliday Donna
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the transmission of collective memories of victimization in Northern Ireland to generations that did not experience the violence personally. Victim narratives are transmitted not only by family members, but also through physical identity markers in the community such as murals, memorials, graffiti, painted curbstones, flags, and parades. Through this transmission, the youth perceive a duty to remember and feel that it is now their turn to fight. The chapter discusses the role of collective memories and the more personal postmemories in contributing to a violent relapse of the conflict when new grievances trigger these memories and mobilize support for violence. However, violence is not the inevitable response to transmitted memories of collective victimization, and the chapter discusses how commemorations and community projects can challenge the transmitted collective memories, acknowledge less widely shared collective memories, and contribute to positive intergroup relations between former adversaries.
A Temporal Account of Collective Victimization as Existential Threat
Authors: Hirschberger Gilad , Ein-Dor Tsachi
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the role of existential threat in responses to (historical) collective victimization. The literature on collective victimhood developed from an intergroup relations and conflict resolution perspective. Consequently, individual and intragroup responses to collective victimhood have been understudied. This limitation can be addressed by shifting to a focus on threat and group survival as the primary motivations driving responses to collective victimization. The chapter presents a multidimensional model and definition of existential threat and discusses how each component of threat (individual, future-oriented physical threat; collective, future-oriented physical threat; collective, future-oriented symbolic threat; and a collective, past-oriented threat) is present in collective, historical victimization. What may seem problematic and biased from the perspective of intergroup relations can, in fact, be adaptive for the group’s survival.
The Unifying Potential of an Appraisal Approach to the Experience of Group Victimization
Authors: Leach Colin Wayne
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers appraisal theory as a unifying theoretical framework for understanding different ways in which collective victimization can be experienced. Events—such as collective victimization—are appraised and coped with continuously and dynamically, and people can appraise the events in different ways through active efforts at meaning-making that show the individual’s agency in shaping their experience. According to appraisal theory, the primary appraisal determines whether an aspect of collective victimization is deemed important enough to warrant further attention, and which one. Depending on which concerns related to collective victimization are perceived as relevant, in the secondary appraisal process different emotional responses to collective victimization can occur. To cope with this affect, a specific coping strategy is chosen. The choice of coping strategy depends on what is most likely to be effective for one’s concerns and goals, as well as the resources at the individual’s and group’s disposal.
Examining Collective Victim Beliefs Using Intersectionality
Authors: Nair Rashmi , Okuyan Mukadder , Curtin Nicola
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the role of intersectionality in collective victimhood, which has been largely overlooked in the social psychological literature so far. Instead, researchers have almost exclusively examined collective victimization due to one particular identity such as ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This perspective overlooks differences within victimized communities stemming from other intersecting group memberships (such as gender, social class, caste, race, migration status, sexual orientation, etc.) that are also associated with disadvantages or privileges and that shape experiences of collective victimization. The authors discuss a research study investigating relations between oppressed groups –specifically, Dalits (lower castes) and Muslims in India– using intersectionality, in which gender and class were examined in addition to caste and religion. The findings suggest several so-far unexamined intersectional collective victim beliefs. Furthermore, the chapter provides guidelines for researchers who seek to consider intersecting identities in research on collective victimhood.
“We All Suffered!”—The Role of Power in Rhetorical Strategies of Inclusive Victimhood and Its Consequences for Intergroup Relations
Authors: McNeill Andrew , Vollhardt Johanna Ray
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the different meaning and outcomes of inclusive victim consciousness, depending on who is claiming similarities with whom, and which power dynamics are involved. Drawing on perspectives in rhetorical psychology, the authors argue that these inclusive victimhood claims have a rhetorical function and are always expressed with an audience in mind. While this does not preclude authentic identification with other victim groups, there can also be a selective, strategic use of inclusive victim beliefs that does not result in empathy. For example, high power groups’ claims of having suffered similarly to other groups may serve to legitimize their conflict position or violence. The chapter reviews examples that illustrate the different effects of inclusive victim consciousness expressed by members of high-power groups in relation to other high-power or low-power groups, and by members of low-power groups in relation to high- or low-power groups.
When Two Groups Hurt Each Other
Authors: Shnabel Nurit , Kahalon Rotem , Ullrich Johannes , Aydin Anna Lisa
Published: May 2020

This chapter builds on the needs-based model of reconciliation, which posits victim groups’ primary need for agency and perpetrator groups’ primary need for morality, and examines dual conflicts in which groups are both victims and perpetrators. The authors posit that in such cases, the experience of victimization is more psychologically impactful than the experience of perpetration. They review empirical support for this “primacy of agency” effect, as well as evidence of the effects of interventions that affirm the group’s agency in such contexts. The findings show that agency affirmations increase conciliatory responses toward the other conflict party as well as the willingness to relinquish power and violence for the sake of morality. These effects were found across both higher and lower power groups in the conflicts that were examined.
The Ethics of Researching and Writing About Collective Victimhood in Postconflict Societies
Authors: Moss Sigrun Marie
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines ethical questions involved in researching collective victimhood in postconflict settings, where the violence is very recent or still ongoing. Drawing on her field work experience in Rwanda, Zanzibar, and Sudan, the author discusses challenges such as trauma and politicized victim narratives that can result in participants’ unwillingness to talk, researchers being mistaken for therapists, and risks for researchers and participants in discussing politically sensitive topics. Other challenges include researchers becoming biased toward the silenced, nonhegemonic narrative; the difficulty of collecting information on group membership; and participants’ responses being influenced by the perceived group membership of the researchers. Additionally, findings on collective victimization can be misused for political purposes, and researchers carry additional responsibly to assess and navigate these risks in their research, writing, and dissemination. Researchers studying collective victimization need to focus on their participants’ interests and well-being and ensure that the costs for participants are not too high.
Patrolling the Frontier
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses how public intellectuals responded with such virulence to Donald Trump. Despite overwhelming opposition to Trump among the conservative intellectual elite, Republican voters had their own ideas of what the party should be about. That is not the outcome one might have expected at the start of the 2016 electoral cycle, given the outsized role that public intellectuals have played in the GOP over the last half-century. Whatever outsiders may believe, the modern Republican Party has often told its own story as the merger of a conservative intellectual project with a range of grassroots social movements. The idea of “fusionism”—the linkage of social conservatism with economic libertarianism—was thought by the party's intellectuals to be the glue that held together the GOP's various constituencies and activists. It is that perception of the Republican Party as a conservative party—one defined by its connection to a set of ideas and the intellectuals who generated them—that made the rise of Donald Trump so traumatic for conservative public intellectuals. Among the things that were especially striking about Trump was his dismissal and general ignorance of the history of conservative thought. The chapter then looks at the role played by public intellectuals in the conservative movement, including the historical role of its flagship magazine, National Review, as a policeman of ideological purity.
Angels of Efficiency
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

Corporate consulting, a one-time seemingly marvelous mixture of bare-knuckle rationalization, esoterica, and visionary futurism, is invariably deployed when business structures threaten to lose their equilibrium. What it actually means to be consulted, the part played by media in consulting, and how the branch of corporate consulting became a system of knowledge with such a socially important role is the object of this book. For the first time, it explores the ways in which the latest media technology, avant-garde aesthetics, economic pressures, and holistic philosophy together constituted the form of consulting dominant today, and which consequences arise from this. Thus it follows the work of early corporate consultants like Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and H. L. Gantt, while analyzing and describing their visual consulting models. The book develops a new, innovative, interdisciplinary approach, situated between media and business history, media archeology, and social theory, and thereby charts the genesis of modern consulting knowledge. It reveals that corporate consulting must be conceptualized in close relation to the visual culture that prevailed during this time, one which drew from nineteenth-century visualization methods and, more particularly, the new medium of film. Consulting is a cultural technique that is markedly characterized by media processes, in which the boundaries of economic logic and legitimacy emerge, and which, at the same time, considerably shapes and stabilizes this modus operandi up to the present day.
Conclusion
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

What are some of the broader lessons of this book? One of the central arguments is for the importance of instructional content in blended learning. Good instruction without strong content is a contradiction in terms, and creating good content is exceptionally difficult. And yet, the most widely known methods for designing blended learning do not offer much guidance in this matter. This book argues that, whether through instruction modeling or by some other means, designers must recognize the importance of good content and adopt some systematic approach for producing it. A second major argument made in the book is for the importance of combining multiple design approaches. There are many pieces that must be in place for a blended learning program to succeed (including the content, the interface, and the implementation supports), and it is unlikely that any one approach—including instruction modeling—will see to all of them. Designers must think comprehensively, and draw from a wide toolkit of methods in order to attend to all of the essential components of good instruction.
“An energizer, but not a guide; an engine, but not a steering gear”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

The chapter synthesizes findings from the last eighty years of research on the psychology and neuroscience of frustration. It argues that although frustration is aversive and often a sign of an unfilled or obstructed goal, it is extremely energizing. The chapter describes numerous experiments and cases that demonstrate how frustration can invigorate our responses to perceived difficulties and how it can provide us with the psychological resources needed to keep pursuing our goals. Frustration, the chapter shows, is not an indication of failure. Rather, it is an opportunity to be empowered by a temporary obstruction to our goals and as such, a valuable psychological mechanism capable of springing us into action and of propelling us toward the completion of personally important goals.
“Impossible to stop just now. Why, if I could only prove one simple little lemma”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

By presenting real stories of frustrations, failures, and successes—Andrew Wiles’ proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, Keith Jarrett’s unforgettable 1975 Köln performance, and Thomas Edison’s struggles with the incandescent light bulb, among others—the chapter further investigates the value and importance of frustration. Whereas Chapter 6 was concerned with articulating the motivational value of frustration, this chapter demonstrates the capacity of frustration to structure our lives and to endow them with significance and personal meaning. Specifically, the chapter describes how what we experience as frustrating, difficult, and effortful can often become valuable precisely because it is frustrating, difficult, and effortful to us. The chapter thus makes clear that the experience of frustration can lead to the generation of value and argues that a life devoid of frustrations runs the risk of becoming meaningless.
“Our possible existence is always greater than our destiny”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

The chapter draws upon sources from neuroscience, psychology, literature, and philosophy to make a detailed and sustained case for the indelible role that anticipation plays in our lives. By discussing topics such as predictive coding, the nature of memory, the effects of anticipatory and anticipated emotions on behavior, and existentialist views on human existence, the chapter shows the extent to which anticipation rules our lives. Our brains constantly anticipate future outcomes by generating predictions; our memories are formed with a future in mind; and our lives are greatly influenced both by the emotions that we expect to feel and the ideals that we cultivate and which inspire us to become who we want to be. By demonstrating the prevalence and significance of anticipation, the chapter makes evident that no examination of the good life can ignore it.
Faces of Inequality
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

This book defends an original and pluralist theory of when and why discrimination wrongs people. Sophia Moreau argues that although all cases of wrongful discrimination involve a failure to treat some people as the equals of others, these failures are importantly different. The first four chapters of the book explore different ways of failing to treat people as equals: through unfairly subordinating some to others, through violating someone’s right to a particular deliberative freedom, and through denying some people access to a basic good. Chapter Five explains why these different wrongs can be seen as parts of a coherent theory of wrongful discrimination, and it presents some of the explanatory advantages of that this theory has over others. Chapter Six argues that the theory enables us to see indirect discrimination as wrongful for many of the same reasons as direct discrimination, and that both should be seen as forms of negligence. Finally Chapter Seven argues that the duty to treat others as equals is a duty held not just by the state, but also by each individual member of society.
Governing the Sacred
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: May 2020

Contested sacred sites pose a difficult challenge in the field of toleration. Holy sites are often at the center of intense contestation between different groups regarding a wide variety of issues, including ownership, access, usage rights, permissible religious conduct, and many other aspects. As such, they are often the source of immense levels of violence, and intractable, long-standing conflicts. Governing the Sacred profiles five central contested sacred sites which exemplify the immense difficulties associated with such sites: Devils Tower National Monument (Wyoming, U.S.), Babri Masjid/Ram Janmabhoomi (Uttar-Pradesh, India), the Western Wall (Jerusalem), the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem), and the Temple Mount/Haram esh-Sharif (Jerusalem). The in-depth, contextual and casuistic study of these sites, which differ in spatial, cultural, and religious settings, enables the construction of a novel, critical typology of five corresponding models or ways of governing the sacred. By telling the fascinating stories of five high-profile contested sacred sites, Governing the Sacred develops and critically explores five different models of governing contested sacred sites: “non-interference,” “separation and division,” “preference,” “status quo,” and “closure.” Each model, in turn, relies on different sets of considerations, central among them trade-offs between religious liberty and social order. Beyond its scholarly contribution, the novel typology developed in Governing the Sacred aims to assist democratic governments in their attempt to secure public order and mutual toleration among opposed groups in contested sacred sites.
Pioneers in the Attic
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

This book argues that as the Latter-day Saint community globalized in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its relationship to space transformed. Initially, nineteenth-century Mormons believed that they must literally gather together in their new Salt Lake Zion—their center place. They believed that Zion was a place you could point to on a map, a place you should dwell in to live a righteous life. Later Mormons had to reinterpret these central theological principles as their community spread around the globe. They began to make such claims as “We should spiritually gather together” and “Zion is wherever the people of God are.” But to say that they simply spiritualized concepts that had once been understood literally is only one piece of the puzzle. Contemporary Mormons still want to touch and to feel these principles. And so they mark and claim the landscapes of the American West with versions of their history carved in stone. They develop rituals that allow them not only to learn the history of the nineteenth-century journey West but also to engage it with all of their senses. This book examines the ways contemporary Mormons first spiritualized and then reliteralized and concretized several central theological concepts in order to emphasize and make meaningful a center place even as they become an increasingly place-less community.
How to Understand Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 contextualizes emerging adulthood and changing life course development processes within larger economic, social, and cultural trends. Within this context, this chapter discusses the role of contemporary higher education in understanding and adapting to those changes. The chapter explains how changes that created the elongation of life course development, including longer periods of transition into adulthood, help to make sense of modern college students. Students learn how experiences with moving, changing identities, picking an academic path, as well as romantic partnering and breakups, all fit within the life stage tasks of establishing identity while forming intimate and durable relationships. Achieving a better grasp of how transitioning into adulthood looks for young people today helps students understand themselves, meet their needs, and explain themselves to others.
Harnessing Uniqueness and Finding Similar People
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 6 addresses race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, and other aspects of diversity that shape individual students’ expectations and experiences of college life. Some students find the university to have greater diversity than their past experiences, while others come from more diverse settings than the university. Many students struggle for the first time to understand how they fit in and how to make sense of others’ attitudes, values, and perspectives. Students reflect on experiences with inclusion and exclusion during college and come to contextualize these experiences. Readers learn how to harness their identities as a personal strength, while also finding others who are similar enough to understand and support their perspective, values, or interests.
Current and Future Trends in Employee Survey Practice
Authors: Rotolo Christopher T. , Fleck Christina R. , Shepherd Brittnie
Published: May 2020

Although employee surveys have been around for decades with well-established frameworks and best practices, there has been a recent influx of experimentation. Given advances in technology and the need for business leaders to make rapid, evidence-based decisions, organizations are rethinking their traditional survey approach. However, very little has been published describing the prevalence of these new survey practices. The purpose of this study was to understand current and future/planned states of employee surveys within organizations from the perspective of employee survey practitioners. This chapter is based on responses from 57 large, typically multinational organizations with established employee survey programs. The results focus on how and whom organizations survey today and other program design elements including the type of surveys being administered, survey cadence, reporting options, and data privacy. The chapter concludes with program owner attitudes toward the effectiveness of various survey program elements.
Terror and Civil Conflict
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Too many of Africa’s nation-states, both north and south of the Sahara, remain convulsed by combatants, infiltrated by insurgents, and damaged deeply either by the self-inflicted wounds of civil conflict or attacked from within by Islamists supported from without and loyal to externally propagated ideologies. In their founding years, independent northern and southern Africa harbored conflicts that tore new nations apart. In contemporary times some of those civil wars linger, joined as they have been since the dawning of the new century by newly spawned fundamentalist revolutionaries and by reactionaries who regard constituted authority and modern political instrumentalities as illegitimate, even haram—“forbidden.” Although there are fewer civil conflict deaths per year than there were in the 1980s and 1990s, there are many more episodes of terror, and fatalities, than there were in those times. And the seemingly intractable nature of some of the conflicts and many of the campaigns against terror give the impression that sections of Africa—Egypt and the Sinai; Algeria, Libya, and the Sahel; the Horn of Africa and Kenya; Nigeria and its northeastern neighbors; and the Democratic Republic of Congo—are today immured in warfare that will not easily end.
Africa’s Vanishing Animals
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Africa is losing its animals. Many of the iconic fauna that are indelibly associated with Africa, and that attract so many local citizens and foreign tourists alike, no longer spread limitlessly across the vast savannahs of the mid-continent. Nor are many of the larger mammals of the unbroken forest often visible. Habitat loss, climate change, the pressure of humans searching for new pastures and agricultural fields, and this century’s massive escalation of illegal poaching have all decimated the herds of elephants, the pods of rhinoceros, the prides of lion, and even the towers of giraffe that once browsed and foraged without much human interference. Even the lowly and secretive pangolin is being hunted ceaselessly to satisfy Asian demand.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 begins by asking: To what extent can trilingual education policies mitigate ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, and how do the experiences of Kandy Tamil and Muslim girls demonstrate the limits of this vision? The chapter presents the arc of the book, progressively moving from Kandy schools into the larger public sphere to demonstrate how beliefs and ideas about language and ethnic difference are reinforced and challenged in interactions in classrooms, homes, buses, and streets, and how ethnicity-based models of identity impact the way youth conceive their place in Kandy and a wider Sri Lanka. It traces the shifting linguistic, regional, religious, and ethnic/racial identities in Sri Lanka, and presents the history of Kandy as a place of retreat and a cosmopolitan center. This chapter also lays out the book’s contributions to language ideological studies, its methods, and the author’s positioning in relation to her research subjects.
School Segregation and Language-Based Ethnic Divisions
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 demonstrates the segregation of Sinhala- and Tamil-medium students and how linguistic, ethnic, and religious divisions were reinforced in national and local education policies and everyday practices. It looks at the implementation of the recent Sinhala-as-a-second-language (SSL), Tamil-as-a-second language (TSL), and English programs at Hindu College and Girls’ College in relation to the regimenting of language of instruction, ethnicity, and religion in school-based practices. At Hindu College, pedagogical practices and the school’s orientation as a Tamil-speaking sphere of practice prevented students from improving their skills in SSL and English. Students gained proficiency in English at Girls’ College, but the SSL and TSL programs were unevenly implemented, with Sinhala-medium students writing Tamil but refraining from speaking it. This chapter argues that while the trilingual policies were enacted to create interethnic harmony, national and local education policies and practices continue to use languages as a basis for ethnic difference, the results of which play out far beyond educational settings.
The Problem of Vagueness
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the philosophical concept of vagueness and explains its significance for contemporary philosophy. The concept is seen to give rise to two main problems: the ‘soritic problem’ of finding a solution to the paradoxes of vagueness; and the ‘semantic problem’ of finding a satisfactory semantics and logic for vague language. It discusses three of the main attempts to deal with these problems – Supervaluationism, Degree theory, and Epistemicism. It indicates why none of these theories has been regarded as satisfactory and it concludes with a general impossibility result which seems to rule out any satisfactory account of the concept.
Scotland
Authors: Spurlock R. Scott
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the resistance of Scottish Protestantism to division—and indeed a disinclination towards dissent—over the first century and a half of the Reformation, a fact often overshadowed by the secessions of the eighteenth century and the Disruption of 1843. Despite intense debates over ecclesiastical governance, two principles set out from the beginning of Scotland’s Reformation shaped the nation’s Protestant experience: a widespread belief in a covenanted obligation for national Protestant reform and an emphasis on the rights of the congregation. These principles led to sometimes competing ideals of national uniformity and at the same time a resistance to centralized authoritarian ecclesiastical governance. These impulses are what created the milieu in which the distinctiveness of Scottish Protestantism developed prior to the intervention of the Westminster parliament in 1712.
Colonial Quakerism
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. , Weimer Adrian Chastain
Published: May 2020

Highly mobile and often confrontational, Quakers came into frequent conflict with magistrates in the Anglo-American colonies. As they endured fines, whippings, and banishment, Quakers put pressure on emerging colonial legal systems, which they denounced as anti-Christian and unjust. In the ‘Quaker colonies’, however, the movement looked quite different. Quakers in West Jersey and Pennsylvania adapted to the roles of organizing institutions and enforcing the law. Across British North America, Quakers maintained strong ties to London. They increasingly developed networks across colonies as well, especially among meetings in Barbados, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island.
Dissent in the Parishes
Authors: Sheils W.J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the varying experiences of dissenting groups over time and space from the pre-Reformation years until the Act of Toleration. Starting with inchoate, but often connected, evangelical groups chiefly in southern and eastern England, dissenting experience spread across England in the years following Elizabeth’s accession, originally mostly characterized by an adherence to a national Church, Puritanism, and with an uneasy relationship with the Established Church, it was in the seventeenth century that distinctive groups emerged, especially during the Interregnum. The local histories of these groups were affected by ecclesiology, topography, and economic factors creating a varied landscape in the later seventeenth century in the troubled years before toleration was granted.
The Bible and Theology
Authors: Coffey John
Published: May 2020

To understand Dissent, one must understand the role of the Bible in Protestant religious culture and theology. This chapter begins by depicting a biblical age, one marked by intensive biblical scholarship and mass circulation of the vernacular Bible. It then considers the biblically grounded theologies of the Dissenters, and their relation to the wider Reformed tradition. It argues that doctrinal disputes often cut across ecclesiastical lines. Although most Dissenters were wedded to Reformed orthodoxy, radical Dissenters presented powerful challenges to Reformed teaching on Scripture, the Trinity, predestination, and the moral law. Finally, the chapter turns to the shared quest for a biblical ecclesiology. While the practice of biblical study exercised a centripetal force, pulling Protestants together around their sacred text, it also had a centrifugal effect, throwing them outwards into rival factions. Dissenters would accuse each other, not just conformists, of being insufficiently biblical. Scripture provided them with a common reference point, a common language, and thus a powerful sense of affinity. Yet at the same time, Scripture was a textual battleground.