bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Performance of Gifted Students as Measured by the Social Performance Survey Schedule
Authors: D'Ilio Victor R. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: August 2011

Few studies have investigated the relative contributions of both positive and negative behaviors in the social performance of intellectually gifted students. In the present study, the Social Performance Survey Schedule was administered to 80 gifted subjects in a special program. To determine whether the observed differences between boys and girls were significant, analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed on the Schedule Total, Part A, and Part B means. Consistent with previous research on the schedule, girls engaged in a greater number of positive social behaviors, engaged in fewer negative behaviors, and generally had higher over-all performance than boys. Suggestions were made concerning the implications of the findings for those who may have contact with gifted children in clinical or educational settings.
Effects of Consultation on the Ward Atmosphere in a State Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Herrera John M. , Lawson William B.
Published: August 2011

The Ward Atmosphere Scale was used to assess the development of a therapeutic milieu in a clinical ward converted to a research unit at a state psychiatric hospital. The designated ward had been considered a “problem ward” with low staff moral, a high incidence of violence by patients, and high incidence of injuries to patients and staff. The scale was administered to patients and staff on two occasions. The results of the first administration were presented to staff, and from these consultation sessions, a therapeutic milieu developed. The scale was readministered 3 mo. after the implementation of the therapeutic milieu. Significant improvements were seen in staff's perception of the ward environment, incidence of patients' assaults, and staff use of seclusion and restraints.
Does Civil-Liberties Climate in Organizations Correlate with Job Satisfaction and Work Alienation?
Authors: Sheinfeld David , Zalkind Sheldon S.
Published: August 2011

The current study indicated that civil-liberties climate can be reliably measured. Civil-liberties climate correlated .36 with over-all job satisfaction and −.60 with work alienation for 144 students (76 men, 66 women). For work alienation, the correlation was statistically significant for women but not for men. Although individuals differed in the extent to which they preferred a favorable civil-liberties climate at work, these preferences did not moderate the climate relationships to satisfaction or alienation. The differences in individual preferences were significantly correlated .35 with general attitudes about civil-liberties issues and with the personality measures of tolerance for ambiguity and self-esteem (≤ .35). Although causality cannot be inferred, current data suggest that civil-liberties climate contributes to the quality of work life.
Alcohol and the Acceptance of Social Influence: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

30 female students were randomly assigned to either an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group. They estimated the length of a line, received feedback from a reference group, and reestimated the line. The belief of being intoxicated increased a score of yielding to social pressure, which was explained in terms of attribution.
Facilitating Growth in a Personal Development Course
Authors: Ware Mark E. , Perry Nancy W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate how types of instruction and students' locus of control mediate progress in an undergraduate personal development course. Three factor scores, Satisfaction, People/Security, and Task/Security, from the Life Styles Inventory assessed students' progress. Pretest scores served as the covariate for the 3 (type of instruction) × 2 (locus of control) analysis of covariance. Students in one of the personal development classes had higher factor scores than students in the comparison group. Significant interactions between types of instruction and I-E on two styles factors, People/Security and Task/Security, were found. Under certain conditions a personal development course could exert positive influences on students. The greater impact of the course on internal scorers is consistent with research on counseling.
Effect of Alcohol and Setting on Three Mood Dimensions
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

An experiment tested the hypothesis that moderate doses of alcohol increase feelings of pleasure, arousal, and dominance and that setting factors additively modify these effects. 52 subjects were first tested on the three mood dimensions, then drank either alcohol or placebo while they were exposed to either a positive or a negative mood-induction setting. Subjective moods were then retested. Only minor effects not in the predicted direction were observed; results were discussed in relation to different theoretical models.
An Interesting Probability Problem, with an Example and an Experiment
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

Given two independent normally distributed random variables, with different means and standard deviations, a formula for the probability of an observation from the first distribution being greater than an observation from the second distribution is presented. An example is provided, and an informal experiment, concerned with subjective probability, is described. The results of this experiment have an interesting interpretation in studying individual differences.
Levels of Processing: Effects of Interference in Word Learning over Time
Authors: Shaughnessy Michael F. , Divine Katherine , Roche Kathleen
Published: August 2011

Although much research has addressed the “levels-of-processing” perspective, critics continue to attack this formulation. The lack of an operational definition is frequently cited as a shortcoming of the perspective. Utilizing resistance to interference as a perspective from which to investigate “deep” and shallow” processing, an experiment was conducted with two follow-up tests to ascertain the effects of proactive and retroactive interference in immediate, intermediate, and long-term recall.
Personality Variables and Interest in Self-Help Books
Authors: Safer Zalman , Forest James
Published: August 2011

122 subjects served in a study which examined whether neuroticism, introversion, and sex predicted interest in reading psychological self-help paperbacks. Subjects completed (a) a pretest questionnaire asking about types of self-help books, (b) the Eysenck Personality Inventory, (c) a chapter from a bestselling self-help book, and (d) an 11-item questionnaire about their interests in self-help books, therapy, and psychological problems. A principal component analysis on 12 questions (dependent measure) gave two major factors, one dealing with self-help books the other with therapy. Scores on these two factors, for each subject, were entered in a regression analysis, using neuroticism, introversion and sex as predictors. Neuroticism was the only significant predictor.
Long-Term Stability of the Rational Behavior Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Sanderman Robbert , Ormel Johan
Published: August 2011

For scores of a community sample of 230 adults (120 men, 110 women) rs over 17 mo. were .40 and .78 for the General Health Questionnaire and Rational Behavior Inventory, respectively.
Effects of Learned Helplessness on Rorschach Responses
Authors: Rozensky Ronald H. , Tovian Steven M. , Stiles Paul G. , Fridkin Kim , Holland Meg
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between the laboratory experience of learned helplessness and depressive responses on the Rorschach. 50 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either a learned-helplessness or nonlearned-helplessness condition. After completion of the experimental conditions, subjects were administered Rorschachs which were scored utilizing the Exner Comprehensive System. Student's t tests indicated significantly higher scores on the sum of all responses involving the use of shading and achromatic features (right-side eb) for the learned-helplessness subjects. According to Rorschach theory, these results suggest that subjects in a learned-helplessness condition experience a more painful affective state and tend to withdraw from their environment more than subjects experiencing a nonlearned-helplessness condition. This can be seen as a defense against experiencing more stress. These conclusions are discussed in the context of learned helplessness and reactive depression.
Replicating the Factor Structure of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales II
Authors: Eigen Carole A. , Hartman Bruce W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the factor structure of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES II) to test the rationale underlying the structure and the scoring system based on that structure. The factor analysis of scores for 197 subjects did not replicate the results reported by Olson, Bell and Portner in 1982. Although two factors that measured cohesion and adaptability were identified, the items did not load as anticipated. The quantification of the circumplex model in the form of FACES II is a major step towards developing an instrument using family system concepts to diagnose problems of life adjustment. This 30-item instrument needs refining to be useful as a reliable, valid measure for practitioners.
Note on Editorial Satire and Persuasion
Authors: Gruner Charles R.
Published: August 2011

117 college students were either told or not told in advance the thesis of a satire ridiculing the idea that capital punishment is a deterrent to murder. Subjects were then asked whether they agreed with the statement that capital punishment is a deterrent to murder. Those not told the thesis in advance were also asked to identify which of five statements was the thesis. There may be a relationship between knowing a satire's thesis in advance and the persuasiveness of that satire. There also seems to be an association between perceiving a thesis while reading it and the satire's persuasiveness. The results tend to support those of prior studies.
Personality Type and Cognitive Style
Authors: Ferguson Julia , Fletcher Cove
Published: August 2011

Examined the relationship between cognitive style and personality type as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. 31 male and 46 female undergraduate students completed the Indicator and several cognitive instruments including a memory scale, measures of cognitive complexity and integration, verbal ability, and selective attention and recall. Correlational analysis showed there to be significant variations in cognitive style with different preferences on the Indicator. Although conclusions can only be tentative, feeling types tended to be better at verbal-based tests, whereas perceiving types tended to be better at tasks requiring cognitive control and attention.
Size and Cognitive Development in the Early Preschool Years
Authors: Ernhart Claire B. , Marler Matthew R. , Morrow-Tlucak Mary
Published: August 2011

The interrelationships of measures of weight, length, and head circumference from birth through age three years with measures of cognitive development from six months through three years are generally positive in direction. The consistency of the relationship remained apparent after control of potentially relevant confounding variables.
Effects of Training Gifted Children in Creative Imagination on “Your Style of Learning and Thinking”
Authors: Masten William G. , Morse David T.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of brief training of students in use of creative imagination on a measure of hemispheric learning style. 73 students were randomly assigned to control and training groups based on their style. The latter group received 2 hr. of training in use of creative imagination. Nonsignificant difference in learning style between the two groups suggests the short duration of training did not affect hemispheric learning style as measured on Your Style of Learning and Thinking.
Classical Conditioning with Suitable Controls in the Classroom: A Refinement
Authors: Weinstein Lawrence
Published: August 2011

Classical salivary conditioning was demonstrated in a classroom setting with the use of experimental control procedures to ensure an actual CR was being displayed and not pseudoconditioning. The significant increase in salivation in the forward conditioning group compared to that of the backward-paired group indicates this method can be used to condition salivation classically in the classroom.
Behavioural Relaxation Training with Huntington's Disease Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fecteau Gary W. , Boyne John
Published: August 2011

Behavioural relaxation training is a simplified technique which may be useful for those individuals who are unable to grasp and benefit from traditional procedures. One such population is Huntington's Disease patients who, in addition to characteristic choreiform movements, which are exacerbated by increased arousal, also suffer from progressive cognitive deterioration. This study used a multiple-baseline design to explore potential use of behavioural relaxation training with two patients who showed advanced disease. Improvement on heart rate and a behavioural measure of relaxation was noted. Results are discussed with respect to treatment of choreiform symptoms and the use of the procedure with other cognitively handicapped populations.
Differences in Adolescents' Self-Esteem across Cultures
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: August 2011

Self-esteem of 385 Caribbean middle-class 16-yr.-olds (189 boys and 196 girls) was measured by the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Comparison with results of similar studies conducted in the United States of America and India pointed to much similarity in self-esteem between the American and the Caribbean sample. Significant differences emerged between the Caribbean and Indian sample; Caribbean adolescents obtained a higher mean score on over-all self-esteem than the Indians.
History and Validities of the Serkownek Subscales for MMPI Scales 5 and 0
Authors: Schuerger J. M. , Serkownek K. , Foerstner S. B. , Ritz G.
Published: August 2011

The history of the creation of the Serkownek subscales for MMPI scales 5 and 0 is recounted briefly, beginning with their basis in factor analysis. Correlations with scores on other inventory scales and subscales are presented, including main MMPI scales, supplementary scales, and scales from the California Psychological Inventory. Scale 5 (Mf) subscales are fairly independent of each other and generally not related to pathology except for MF1, Hypersensitivity. Scale 0 (Si) subscales are highly intercorrelated and generally related to pathology except for Si3, Rigidity.
Psychological Distress and Well-Being in Hare Krishnas
Authors: Weiss Arnold S.
Published: August 2011

Psychological distress and well-being in 132 men and 94 women of the Hare Krishna movement (often called a “cult”) were measured on the Mental Health Inventory. Subjects averaged 30 yr. of age, with 8.6 yr. mean time in the movement. The scores of Hare Krishna women did not differ significantly from those of women in the US general population on all 9 scales so their mental health was equivalent. The scores of Hare Krishna men did not differ significantly from those of men in the general population on 7 of the 9 scales. On 2 scales highly correlated with each other measuring well-being, Hare Krishna men exhibited a “positivity effect”, a significant elevation in their stated positive feelings, while simultaneously reporting levels of psychological distress not significantly different from those of males in the general population. Women, both Hare Krishna and general population, had scores in the direction of less well-being and increased distress relative to their male peers. This was similar to patterns noted in the literature on mental health inventories believed to arise from sex differences in the experience of symptoms of demoralization.
On Using Public Media for Prevention of Rape
Authors: Youn Gahyun
Published: August 2011

There has been an increasing interest in rape. Rape by a nonstranger, especially, is the most psychologically damaging type of sexual assault. It is argued that use of the mass media should be considered for prevention of rape by nonstrangers.
Social Psychological Dimensions of Community Satisfaction and Quality of Life: Some Obtained Relations
Authors: Hughey Joseph B. , Bardo John W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined relations between dimensions of community satisfaction and perceived quality of life among residents of a southeastern United States (US) community. A random sample of 250 persons was interviewed using the Community Satisfaction Scale and a measure of over-all life quality. Two factors representing domains of community satisfaction. relevant to participants were positively and significantly related to perceptions of quality of life. Perceptions of care for community by others/institutions and belongingness/quality of community life were the best predictors. Results suggest the importance of social relations in community satisfaction and quality of life relationships. Implications for generalization of community satisfaction constructs across settings and to studies of planning and community change are discussed.
Perceived Seriousness of Crime
Authors: Shoemaker Donald J. , Bryant Clifton D.
Published: August 2011

Questionnaires concerning attitudes about crime and criminal victimization experiences were mailed to 4000 registered motor vehicle owners in Virginia. The number returned was 1324, of whom 1046 responded to questions on victimization. Analysis indicated two factors as significantly correlated with perceived seriousness of crime, experience of victimization and size of the community. Results are discussed relative to the interaction of these two variables on perceived seriousness of crime.
Psychophysiological Effects of Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: August 2011

The nature and psychophysiological effects of methylphenidate whose metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and effects on human behavior are not well known are the focus of this review. Methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity is presented summarily.
Contributions of Friends to Women's Fear of Success in College
Authors: Balkin Joseph
Published: August 2011

In this study fear of success of 88 female college freshmen was examined in relation to their friends' interest in college. Subjects wrote stories to a cue designed to elicit fear of success imagery. Analysis showed more fear of success for women whose friends were not going to college than for women whose friends were interested in college. The results suggest that women who fear success in college fear the disapproval and rejection of their friends. More generally, the results in context of prior literature suggest that fear of success involves expected disapproval by significant others.
Relationship between Parental Views and Romantic Happiness in College Women
Authors: Georgaklis Clift C.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to determine whether women's view of their fathers related to romantic happiness with their boyfriends. Attachment to the father, view of him as powerful, and his rated physical attractiveness were the main questionnaire items pertaining to the women's Oedipus Complex. Their relationships with boyfriends were evaluated in terms of intimacy, passion, and commitment, the three components of love according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love. In 56 romantically involved undergraduate women, significant positive correlations were found between the rated power and attractiveness of the father and the passion and commitment components in these women's relationships with their boyfriends. Low correlations of ratings of intimacy were found only with responses to questions relating to mothers. Ratings of attachment to mothers were greater than attachment to fathers, and 56 romantically involved women had greater present attachment to their mothers than 39 who were not involved. Perhaps mothers influence the intimacy component more and fathers passion and commitment of the daughters.
Violence Does Not Enhance Preference for Sex: Preference Scales Have No Zero Points
Authors: Coppock Harold W.
Published: August 2011

A myth that violence can enhance subsequent sexual engorgement has been promoted by writers who accept hypotheses which by their own calculations are shown to be unreasonable, who design for yet do not publish initial or basal data or establish any legitimate reference level. Since preference is measured by a difference in behavior in two situations, it can be referred to either situation. Referred to the only situation which can be used by the reader as a reference for all published effects, engorgements indicate consistent simple effects of several movies, mostly within their first 40 sec., no consistent gender differences, but no sequential effects on movies which are shown immediately following.
Psychology of the Scientist: LVI. Conceptually Driven and Data-Driven Scientists
Authors: Avery David D. , Boyer William N. , Cross Henry A.
Published: August 2011

The conceptually driven and data-driven behaviors of scientists are discussed. Various advantages and disadvantages and behavioral outcomes of these approaches are briefly described.
Is the “Presidential Image” Reserved for Males? Sex-Role Stereotypes and the 1984 Presidential Election
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Butterfield D. Anthony
Published: August 2011

With the selection of Geraldine Ferraro as a vice presidential candidate and the emergence of the “gender gap” issue in the campaign, the 1984 U.S. presidential election provided a unique opportunity for assessment of the effect of gender on preferences for presidential leadership and perceptions of candidates. 277 college students ( Mdn age: 20 yr.) described a Good President, Good Vice-president, Ronald Reagan, Walter Mondale, George Bush, or Ferraro on the revised Bern Sex-role Inventory shortly before the election. The Good President, Good Vice-president, and all candidates except Mondale were seen as more masculine than feminine. In that Reagan was seen as higher in masculinity and lower in femininity than Mondale, results were confirmed by the outcome of the election. However, Ferraro was the only candidate who fitted the Good President profile in both masculinity and femininity. Men and women differed in their perceptions of Reagan and Mondale, supporting the gender-gap hypothesis.
Verse versus Nonverse: A Research Note
Authors: Gruner Charles R.
Published: August 2011

Two rhymed and metered messages were re-written to remove those poetic qualities of thyme and meter without otherwise changing the messages. A rhymed version of one message and an unrhymed version of the other message were read by 158 college students who then evaluated the authors by checking “yes” or “no” to whether each author was “probably a professional communicator” and “probably college-educated.” They also rated each author on a set of semantic differential scales. Analysis indicated that the authors of rhymed and metered messages enhance their “images” by using the poetic form.
Response-Style Effects, Response-Shift Bias and a Bogus-Pipeline
Authors: Sprangers Mirjam , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: August 2011

The influence of response-style effects on subjects' self-ratings was assessed, utilizing a bogus-pipeline technique. The design was a pretest-posttest design, including retrospective preratings. Subjects were 73 psychology freshmen fulfilling a course requirement. Subjects were led to believe that the veracity of their self-reports could be checked by means of objective measures. The bogus-pipeline induction in the pretesting did lower self-reported preratings and consequently eliminated response-shift bias, defined as a significant mean difference between conventional and retrospective preratings. The results show no contradiction of earlier research. Since a response shift occurred in the experimental nonbogus-pipeline condition, it was concluded that use of a bogus-pipeline technique can improve self-reported pretest scores and subsequently eliminate response-shift-bias effects. Data furthermore show that the retrospective pretest is rather robust for procedural differences.
Expected Rehabilitation Services for Workers' Compensation Recipients
Authors: Kazenko Patricia L. , Cantoni Louis J.
Published: August 2011

Through a questionnaire, 41 graduate students majoring in Rehabilitation Counseling at Wayne State University were asked for their reactions if they sustained a disabling, job-related, medically documented back injury. Of 175 correlations between demographic items and choices for rehabilitation services, 10 were significant.
Are Funny Teenagers Creative?
Authors: Fabrizi Michael S. , Pollio Howard R.
Published: August 2011

To assess relationships among measures of humor, creativity, and self-concept in early and late adolescents, seventh and eleventh grade students were evaluated on the basis of observational, rating, and psychometric procedures. These included direct observation of humorous events as well as teachers', peers', and raters' judgments of humorousness and creativity. Psychometric measures included the Torrance test and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale. For students in both grades, significant correlations were obtained between teachers', observers', and students' ratings of humorousness and humor production. While there were few significant correlations among creativity, humor, and self-concept for seventh graders, for eleventh graders there were many positive correlations. Results were taken to suggest that being humorous is part of a different complex of personal characteristics for seventh and eleventh graders.
Psychology of the Scientist: LVII. Can Humanistic Theory Contribute to Our Understanding of Medical Problem-Solving?
Authors: Crain William C. , Crain Ellen F.
Published: August 2011

Maslow's humanistic model of cognition would suggest that the most thoughtful physicians have acquired more than conceptual skills; they also have learned to get a direct, preconceptual sense of how the patient is feeling through personal interactions with the patient. To explore this possibility, we asked 5 highly regarded attending pediatricians, as well as some pediatricians still in training (14 interns and 9 residents), to report all their thoughts and feelings as they conducted their usual evaluations of children under the age of two years brought to an emergency room with a chief complaint of fever. The findings generally indicated that the attending physicians did make the greatest effort to form preconceptual impressions of the children through warm and personal interactions with them. A second, questionnaire study indicated that as students and physicians-in-training gain experience, they increasingly appreciate the preconceptual, interpersonal approach of the advanced attending pediatrician.
Determining Psychosis in Retarded Adults through Psychological Tests
Authors: Eisner Donald A. , Maibaum Matthew
Published: August 2011

Assessment on the TAT and Rorschach of 20 men and 4 women, 25 to 64 yr. of age and in the mild or moderately retarded ranges, able to speak, allowed their differential psychiatric diagnoses. Behavioral observations and prior testing were also included in these evaluations, performed on referral.
Dietary Quality and Family Environment
Authors: Mitchell Susan E. , Newell G. Kathleen , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between family environment, as measured by the Family Environment Scale, and maternal dietary quality was examined, with nutritional locus of control scales used as explanatory variables in an attempt to understand how dietary quality and family environment might be linked, as had been noted in previous research. Within a sample of 106 young, married mothers a series of canonical correlation analyses indicated no significant relationships between our measure of dietary quality and family environment or locus of control. However, interesting relationships were observed between family environment and locus of control, as well as with satisfaction with family nutrition and nutritional values, suggesting avenues for research on linkages between family social environment and health practices, including maintenance of dietary quality at adequate or better levels.
Effects of Anxiety on Self-Monitoring
Authors: Eichenhofer David , Gerstein Lawrence , Valutis William , Jankowski Jon
Published: August 2011

This study investigated how one type of internal cue, anxiety, affects self-monitoring tendencies. Using a pretest-posttest, between-subjects design, with three experimental conditions (control, relaxation, and anxiety), data were collected from 152 participants. Results of an analysis of covariance provided further support for Snyder's contention that there are individual differences in self-monitoring behavior. Again, low self-monitors were consistent in their behavior across situations, while high self-monitors were unresponsive to internal cues. While these findings reinforced the idea of construing the self-monitoring construct within a trait by situation paradigm, it appeared that other processes (salience of the internal cue, the relationship of anxiety to the task, task ambiguity, anticipated social sanctions) may have influenced the results. Further research is suggested to explore the influence of such processes on self-monitoring behavior.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Relationship between Leaders' Characteristics and Dimensions of Work Groups
Authors: Inderrieden Edward J.
Published: August 2011

To study the relationship between personality characteristics of work-group managers and aspects of the work-group including task, contextual and structural dimensions, work groups from three organizations were investigated. Results indicate that personality characteristics of the managers were most strongly related to those work-group characteristics assessing work responsibilities. Implications for further research in leadership are discussed.
Freshman Decidedness regarding Academic Major and Adjustment to College
Authors: Smith Margaret A. , Baker Robert W.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a series of empirical studies investigating the relation between freshman decidedness regarding academic major and various aspects of adjustment to college.
Factor Structure of the Depression-Proneness Rating Scale
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook
Published: August 2011

The Zemore Depression-Proneness Rating Scale was administered to 208 university students. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation identified three factors representing Negative Self-attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Lack of Appetite. Some similarity between the present factors and those of the Beck Depression Inventory was discussed. Because the scale overemphasizes cognitive components, attention to items on the somatic aspects of depression was suggested. However, it should be noted that depression-proneness appears to be the feature of Zemore's scale that sets it apart from other depression scales.
Homophobia and Attitudes towards Aids Patients among Medical, Nursing, and Paramedical Students
Authors: Royse David , Birge Barbara
Published: August 2011

For a previously developed 28-item questionnaire and a sample of 161 students training for careers in health professions, homophobia was inversely associated wth empathy for AIDS victims. Homophobia was also a better predictor of fear of AIDS than age, sex, marital status, or desired health career. It was concluded that students in the health professions may need additional instruction related to AIDS and homosexuality.
Social Support Systems: Contributors to the Incidence of Schizophrenia?
Authors: Taylor Steven , Hinton Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

The present article considers the recent increase in community-based support systems for psychiatric patients. Although these systems appear to offer some short-term benefits, the long-term consequences have received little attention. Here, the case is examined for such systems actually facilitating the reproductive rates and hence general incidence of genetically transmitted disorders such as schizophrenia.
Attributions as a Function of Managers' Assignment of Credit to Self, Superiors, or Subordinates
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: August 2011

21 college students evaluated an hypothetical manager's statement assigning credit for success to himself, superiors, or subordinates. A subordinate-creditor received more favorable ratings than did a superior-creditor or self-creditor. The superior-creditor, like the self-creditor, may have been perceived as making a self-serving statement.
The Epistemological Orientation of Gifted Adolescents: An Empirical Test of Perry's Model
Authors: Wilkinson William K. , Schwartz Neil H.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative importance of chronological age versus mental aptitude in determining complexity of epistemological thinking. Nineteen gifted students with chronological ages between 12 and 15 yr. and mental aptitude in the gifted range completed the Adherence Scale, a scale designed to distinguish students with dualistic and relativistic epistemological beliefs. Since we found that over 50% of our subjects held relativistic beliefs, yielding a significant chi squared, mental aptitude appears to be more important in determining students' epistemological beliefs. Methodological limitations regarding this finding are briefly discussed.
Job Preference Dimensions: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Argentero Piergiorgio
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the structure of job preferences using factor analysis. A questionnaire measuring the importance attached to 29 job characteristics was completed by 301 young job applicants. A principal components analysis of preferences yielded a structure with nine dimensions. The results suggest that a multidimensional model of job preferences is more useful than the most widely used approach built on the intrinsic/extrinsic dichotomy.
Interrelated Effects of Dilantin and Electroconvulsive Shock upon One-Trial Reversal Learning in White Rats
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to isolate the effect of convulsions from electroconvulsive shock and to study the differential effects upon learning by white rats of 20 successive reversal problems. Convulsion is effectively controlled and prevented by the pharmacological pretreatment with Dilantin. Analysis indicates that convulsions and not the cranial electro-shock of 35 Ma at 0.2-sec. durations are responsible for the learning decrement that ensues. Also, Dilantin, if not followed by electroconvulsive shock may produce some slight detrimental effect on subsequent learning as well.
Love-Attitudes of White South African Adolescents
Authors: Philbrick Joseph L. , Stones Christopher R.
Published: August 2011

Perusal of the cross-cultural literature indicates an absence of reported research on a crucial aspect of interpersonal relationships, that of love and romance in South Africa. Accordingly, the Munro-Adams Love-Attitude Scale was administered to a random sample of 92 white adolescent seniors in secondary school from the Eastern Cape. While this study indicates that the white adolescent boys are more romantic than the girls, this finding might not be applicable to their black peers who are reported to show a reverse profile.
Category Accessibility, Ratings of Prototypicality, and Perceptions of Managerial Role Attributes
Authors: Avolio Bruce J. , Kroeck Karl Galen , Nathan Barry R.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that people have differential access (as measured by decision-processing time) to descriptive categories of what is applicable to male and female managers, who were effective or ineffective, was tested. A list of adjectives was presented sequentially on a CRT screen to 96 participants (48 men and 48 women, students and university employees), who evaluated each item as to “how characteristic” or “how uncharacteristic” the adjective was in describing a male or female effective (ineffective) manager. “How characteristic,” or rated prototypicality and decision-time were dependent measures. Analysis indicated that sex of target had little influence on either rated prototypicality or decision times when performance information was presented. Differences in correlations between decision times and prototypicality ratings varied primarily with the manipulation of effectiveness.
A Basic Solution for Grading on the Curve
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

Grading on the curve is described and solved for, where the a priori probabilities of the several letter grades are applied to the normally distributed population, not directly to the particular sample under consideration. (It is suggested that the conventional treatment of this problem fails properly to distinguish a population from a sample.) The relationship of this solution to that of Ebel (1965) is discussed.
Effectiveness of Assertiveness Training in Modifying Aggressive Behaviors of Young Children
Authors: Tanner Vicki L. , Holliman W. B.
Published: August 2011

Second- and third-grade children ( N = 24) were assigned to one of two groups, assertiveness social-skills training or an attention control group. Both groups met for 1 hr., twice weekly, for 3 wk. Dependent measures were (a) teachers' ratings, (b) behavioral observations during free play, (c) observations during a structured play task, and (d) observations while being transported home. Children given assertiveness social-skills training exhibited an increase in frequency of cooperative interaction and a decrease in physical aggression during transportation.
Note on Some Demographics of Laughter-Evoking Situations
Authors: Pollio Howard R.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of literature shows the number of laughs and targets evoking laughter are varied by contexts and situations.
Personality Attributes of Children with Conduct Disorders: The Discriminant Power of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Gabrys John B. , Peters Kay , Robertson Grace , Utendale Kent A. , Schumph Denis , Laye Ronald C. , O'Haire Trula , Allard Irene , Phillips Nicholas
Published: August 2011

Referring agencies' anecdotal reports on 684 youngsters were scrutinized for information on (1) physical/verbal violence, (2) violation of property rights, (3) investigation of police or courts, or suspensions from school, and (4) referral to a social/legal agency for follow-up care. Some 330 children with a mean age of 11.14 yr. ( SD = 2.21) met all four criteria and formed the conduct disordered group. The control group was formed by default and comprised 354 children whose mean age was 10.2 yr. ( SD = 2.03). All youngsters were given the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire which was scored for Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie. Group mean scores for conduct disordered children, when compared with controls, were significantly higher on Psychoticism and Neuroticism, somewhat higher on Extraversion but significantly lower on the Lie scale. An item-by-item comparison of both groups provided a list of characteristics claimed by conduct disordered children but not by control youngsters. It was concluded that the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire identified children in need of outpatient services.
Social Effect of the Naturalistic Display of Assertiveness in a Social Conflict Situation
Authors: McNamara J. Regis , Delamater Ronald , Sennhauser Shirley , Milano Matthew J.
Published: August 2011

Individuals high or low in assertiveness were paired with one another and then brought together in dyads in either a social conflict or social acquaintantship. There was no relationship between self-reported assertiveness and acting assertively. In the conflict situation, where highly assertive persons were paired, they viewed their partners as more competent and desirable than paired groups low in assertiveness or groups of mixed high and low assertiveness. This effect for highly assertive persons became even more pronounced in the acquaintance situation. The roles of anxiety, sacrifice, and reasonableness were examined, and suggestions for further research were made.
When Will Annoying Phone Calls Be Listened to?: Effects of Sex, Tone of Voice, and Time of Day
Authors: Sileo Frank J. , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

This experiment studied the effects of sex, tone of voice, and time of day on the length of time to which an annoying phone call was listened. A man and a woman made 90 phone calls each in an angry or an apologetic tone of voice during the morning, afternoon, or night hours. It was predicted that the female caller making calls, in the afternoon with an apologetic tone of voice, would be listened to the longest. The predictions about sex and tone of voice were confirmed; however, phone calls made in the morning were listened for the shortest time. The findings are similar to those found for altruistic behavior. It is hypothesized that there is a continuum of helping behavior ranging from the passive helping received in this experiment to the active helping studied in the research on altruism. The theorized continuum of altruism should be further elaborated and researched.
Self-Disclosure, Anxiety, and Health Worry in Unscheduled Outpatients
Authors: Byers Patricia H. , Onge Judith L. St. , Atkins Lou Ann , Prokop John A. , Grano Joan T.
Published: August 2011

Differences in the ratings of importance on health and nonhealth self-disclosure questionnaires and correlations among anxiety, health worry, and self-disclosure were examined for 84 men with somatic complaints who repotted to a walk-in clinic for immediate treatment. In keeping with the appropriateness of the health situation, nonhealth items were rated significantly lower than health items, and health items about somatic complaints and treatment were rated significantly higher than items about lifestyle and personal problems and feelings. A significant positive correlation between the measures of health and nonhealth self-disclosure suggests a tendency to self-disclose similarly across topics, irrespective of the situation. Health worry was significantly correlated with state anxiety, but neither of these variables was significantly related to health or nonhealth self-disclosure.
Prevention of Sexual Abuse for Preschoolers: Evaluation of a Pilot Program
Authors: Christian Randy , Dwyer Shirley , Schumm Walter R. , Coulson L. Ann
Published: August 2011

A pilot program emphasizing parental involvement in the prevention of sexual abuse of children was effective in increasing parents' confidence in their own and their child's ability to prevent sexual abuse. However, the program did not produce consistent results for preschool children themselves, particularly in their ability to reconstruct all four steps to prevent sexual abuse in each of three situations presented to them.
Quick Test Scores among Persons over Sixty
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Holen Michael C. , Davie Margaret J.
Published: August 2011

The Quick Test was included as a descriptor variable in a larger study. This study presented normative data on 100 normal subjects ages 69–96 yr. Quick Test IQs do not appear to need age correction until 80 or more years. Approximately 10 points correction appears to equate this category with lower age categories.
Bidirectional Influence between Parent and Child: Rethinking Assessment of the Transition from Other- to Self-Regulation
Authors: Mullis Ronald L. , Moore John J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether children eventually achieve the competency to monitor their own task performances (i.e., memory monitoring) by way of prior social interactions with parents (i.e., other- to self-regulation). It was hypothesized that, if cognitive abilities, such as memory monitoring, are internalized via social interactions with parents, then children who are able to gauge their task performance cognitively should require little or no aid from their parents in completing the task To test this hypothesis, interactions of 26 elementary school children and their parents over 10 to 12 mo. were examined. Analysis indicated an incongruence between children's ability to monitor their task performance and the extent to which they required parent assistance to complete the task. Although children internalized the ability to monitor their task performance, no sex, age, or parent-child dyadic differences were found in children's need for parental assistance to complete the task. An explanation of the findings was made in light of previous research and methodological considerations.
Psychology of the Scientist: LVIII: Anxiety about Research: An Initial Examination of a Multidimensional Concept
Authors: Frank Mary Lou , Rickard Kathy
Published: August 2011

24 male and 26 female students in introductory psychology completed questionnaires assessing six dimensions of anxiety: planning, doing a library search, administration of a test or instrument, doing statistical analysis, writing out research results, and presenting the results to an advisor or professor. Six applications of Cole and Oetting's Concept-specific Anxiety Scale were utilized to examine the dimensions of trainee-researchers' anxiety and scores on six subscales were analyzed. Identifiable trainee-researchers' anxiety was found, and scores on the Anxiety About Research Scale discriminated among the various dimensions. Specifically, anxiety about statistics was a significant area of anxiety for men and women, with women indicating more anxiety than men. Presentation of results to an advisor or professor produced identifiable anxiety, as did administration of a test. Implications are discussed.
Relation between the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and the Coping Operations Preference Enquiry
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Grah Charles R. , Bernard Sam D.
Published: August 2011

The present study was conducted to estimate the association of the scores on the subscales of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory to the Denial Score on the COPE for 91 volunteers who were undergraduates and 7 graduate students. There were 31 men and 67 women; 77 were white and 21 were nonwhite. Both inventories were administered in a group format. The intercorrelations of COPE—Denial and subscales of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory did not approach significance; this supports the Haan/Kroeber hypothesis suggesting that a qualitative difference be made between coping and defensiveness and the Lazarus/French hypothesis suggesting a dichotomy of “problem-focused” coping and “emotion-focused” coping.
Aggressive Behavior and Lymphocyte Damage
Authors: Richardson John H.
Published: August 2011

Aggressive and passive mice were placed together in one cage. Lymphocyte counts were taken for both groups over a 10-day period. Although lymphocyte damage occurred, there was no significant difference in the severity of lymphocyte damage between the two groups.
Stress in Nursing and Intentions of Leaving the Profession
Authors: Fimian Michael J. , Fastenau Philip S. , Thomas Joey A.
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined nurses' intentions to leave their profession in response to problems related to occupational stress in a national sample of hospital nurses. The majority of the 283 nurse respondents were RNs, most worked the day shift, and the mean length of practice was 15–4 yr. Occupational stress was assessed on the Nurse Stress Inventory, which assesses eight factors: Professional Distress, Patient Care and Motivation, Time and Workload Management, Personal Time Disruptions, Emotional Manifestations, Behavioral Manifestations, Fatigue Manifestations, and Physiological Manifestations. Subscale scores were summed and averaged to derive a Total Stress Score. Each of nine group analyses of variance indicated significantly stronger stress for leavers than for stayers. Six of ten nurses indicated an intention to leave the profession.