bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive neighbourhood mapping: developing a powerful tool for child protection
Authors: Nelson Sarah , Baldwin Norma
Published: October 2002

This paper proposes ‘comprehensive neighbourhood mapping’ as a schema for gathering and interpreting information within a given geographical area which is informed by imaginative thinking about the safety of children and young people from sexual crime. It would build upon current forms of profiling by local authorities, health authorities and central Government. CNM would actively involve local people, in partnership with agencies, in ‘mapping’ danger points and support points. Eight components are discussed, including environmental issues, locations of sex offenders, sites where teenagers meet and share information, supportive individuals and organizations. Some issues for pilot projects are discussed, including the need to set up planning and implementation groups and to integrate CNM into wider child protection and community safety strategies. CNM is grounded in an ecological perspective which sees partnership approaches as essential and believes an overarching view of neighbourhood needs, based on detailed local information and understanding of how different forms of harm interconnect, is crucial in developing child protection strategies. At times of acute official anxiety about community ‘lynch‐mob’ reactions to known paedophiles, CNM aims to build communities which instead are informed and thoughtful about child protection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Part‐time faculty: Competent and committed
Authors: Leslie David W. , Gappa Judith M.
Published: October 2002

This chapter focuses on similarities and differences between part‐ and full‐time faculty demographics, work profiles, attitudes and motives, and opinions about teaching and learning.
Coronary stent strut avulsion in aorto‐ostial in‐stent restenosis: Potential complication after cutting balloon angioplasty
Authors: Wang Huang‐Joe , Kao Hsien‐Li , Liau Chiau‐Suong , Lee Yuan‐Teh
Published: October 2002

We report a case of stent strut avulsion by the cutting balloon during the withdrawal of the deflated balloon catheter in aorto‐ostial in‐stent restenosis, which was managed successfully by another stent. The proposed mechanisms and recommendations to avoid this rare complication are provided. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:215–219. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stent supported angioplasty for coronary arterial stenosis following the arterial switch operation
Authors: Abhaichand Rajpal , Morice Marie‐Claude , Bonnet Damien , Sidi Daniel , Bonhoeffer Philippe
Published: October 2002

We present a case of a patient who underwent stent‐supported angioplasty for left main bifurcation disease following the arterial switch operation. Prior to this procedure, the patient underwent surgical repair of the left coronary ostium and subsequently coronary artery bypass surgery with an arterial graft to the left anterior descending artery. We could not find a similar report in the literature. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:278–280. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case of transradial carotid stenting in a patient with total occlusion of distal abdominal aorta
Authors: Yoo Byung‐Su , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Kim Jang‐Young , Lee Han‐Hyo , Ko Ji‐Yean , Lee Bong‐Ki , Hwang Sung‐Oh , Choe Kyung‐Hoon , Yoon Junghan
Published: October 2002

We report a case with severe carotid stenosis in which carotid stenting was performed via the radial artery due to total occlusion of distal abdominal aorta. The radial approach offers a potential alternative in cases in which the femoral approach is problematic. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:243–245. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective plaque removal with a new 8 French‐compatible atherectomy catheter
Authors: Takagi Takuro , Di Mario Carlo , Stankovic Goran , Reimers Bernhard , Alberti Alessandro , Liistro Francesco , Kovalenko Oksana , Sgura Fabio , Albiero Remo , Ribichini Flavio , Pugno Alessandro , Colombo Antonio
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the new 8 Fr guide catheter‐compatible Flexicut directional atherectomy device and to compare it with the conventional Atherocath GTO catheter. The 6 Fr Flexicut catheter has a larger cutting window and a titanium nitride‐coated cutter to effect more tissue removal as well as treat mildly calcified lesions. A group of 143 lesions in 117 consecutive patients treated with the Flexicut catheter in four centers were compared with a control group of 277 lesions in 212 consecutive patients treated with the GTO device. Postatherectomy luminal diameters were larger (2.92 ± 0.79 vs. 2.52 ± 0.64 mm; P < 0.0001), with more luminal gain (relative gain: 0.58 ± 0.24 vs. 0.48 ± 0.25; P = 0.0007) using fewer directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) cuts (12 ± 7 vs. 16 ± 9; P = 0.0001) in the Flexicut group. A residual diameter stenosis < 20% immediately after DCA was obtained in 77% of the lesions in the Flexicut group vs. 45% in the GTO group (P < 0.0001). Histology in the former group revealed large calcium speckles in the retrieved specimens. In the Flexicut group, there was a lower incidence of access site complications and damage to the coronary ostium (2.5% vs. 7.5%; P = 0.08). The new Flexicut catheter is more effective than the conventional GTO catheter with a trend for reduced guiding catheter‐related complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:452–459. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory markers and coronary interventions: A potentially useful follow‐up modality after stenting
Authors: Patti Giuseppe , Di Sciascio Germano , D'Ambrosio Andrea , Dicuonzo Giordano , Abbate Antonio , Dobrina Aldo
Published: October 2002

Periprocedural levels of various inflammatory markers have been correlated with prognosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. However, long‐term variations of interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) or C‐reactive protein (CRP) during follow‐up after coronary interventions were not previously investigated. The aim of our study was to perform serial evaluations of these markers before and after coronary stenting and to correlate them with clinical status. Plasma levels of IL‐1Ra and CRP were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months after the procedure in 31 patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease undergoing stent implantation, who had no evidence of myocardial ischemia at 6‐month follow‐up. While at 3 months there were no significant variations of baseline values, 6 months after the procedure a significant decrease from baseline was observed both in IL‐1Ra and CRP levels (median −24 pg/ml, P = 0.048, and −0.13 mg/dl, P = 0.017, respectively). Six‐month reduction in both IL‐1Ra and CRP levels was significant in patients with unstable angina (n = 18; IL‐1Ra: from 175 to 119 pg/ml, P = 0.001; CRP: from 0.52 to 0.18 mg/dl, P = 0.002) and nonsignificant in those with stable angina (n = 13) on admission (IL‐1Ra: from 123 to 158 pg/ml, P = 0.22; CRP: from 0.19 to 0.10 mg/dl, P = 0.44). In conclusion, a significant reduction of IL‐1Ra and CRP levels is observed 6 months after stent implantation in patients with preprocedural unstable angina who remain free of ischemia. This decrease suggests a stabilization of the inflammatory process and may be associated with a favorable prognosis after coronary interventions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:341–345. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does stent design affect the long‐term outcome after coronary stenting?
Authors: Elbaz Meyer , El Mokhtar Elyes , Fourcade Joelle , Mourali Sami , Hobeika Robert , Carrié Didier , Puel Jacques
Published: October 2002

The purpose of our study was to determine the clinical, angiographic, and procedural variables that predict the risk for 2‐year target lesion revascularization (TLR) and other clinical events in a large cohort of patients treated with coronary stenting. Between March 1996 and March 1999, 1,340 patients were prospectively enrolled. They underwent at least one stenting procedure with one of the four coronary stent types used during this time period in our institution: Wiktor‐I, Nir, Bard XT, or Tenax. Clinical follow‐up was obtained for 99.1% of eligible patients (mean, 19.38 ± 4.97 months). The overall TLR rate was 10.7% at 24 months. Two variables were independently associated with the long‐term outcome: MLD post stenting and stent type. Implantation of silicon carbide–coated stents was associated with a twofold decrease in 24‐month TLR (P < 0.01). The major adverse cardiac event rate at 2 years was 20.8%. Multivariate analysis showed that three parameters were predictive: diabetes (P < 0.002), recent onset of symptoms (P < 0.03), and high diffusion of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by Gensini score (P < 0.0069). In conclusion, stent type, and particularly passive silicon carbide coating, appears to affect the 24‐month TLR rate but not other major cardiac events. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:305–311. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracoronary brachytherapy
Authors: Nguyen‐Ho Phong , Kaluza Grzegorz L. , Zymek Pawel T. , Raizner Albert E.
Published: October 2002

Patients presenting with in‐stent restenosis have an increased risk of need for repeat intervention. Intracoronary brachytherapy is indicated for these patients to prevent recurrent in‐stent restenosis. Three intravascular brachytherapy systems are currently FDA‐approved for use in patients: one utilizing gamma‐radiation (Cordis) and two using beta‐radiation (Novoste and Guidant). Current evidence and labeling do not support using intracoronary brachytherapy for prevention of restenosis in de novo lesions. Brachytherapy is absolutely contraindicated in patients unable to take prolonged combination antiplatelet drugs. Aspirin and a thienopyridine should be taken for 6 months if no new stent is placed and 12 months if a new stent is placed. If possible, new stent implementation should be avoided. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:281–288. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No delayed restenosis at 18 months after implantation of sirolimus‐eluting stent
Authors: Tanabe Kengo , Degertekin Muzaffer , Regar Evelyn , Ligthart Jurgen M.R. , van der Giessen Willem J. , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: October 2002

Sirolimus‐eluting stent is emerging as a potential solution for the prevention of restenosis. Recently, a sustained suppression of neointimal proliferation 12 months after implantation of this stent was reported. This is the first report of angiographic and IVUS images 18 months after the implantation of a sirolimus‐eluting stent. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:65–68. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of the multivariate least squares regression method to PCR and maximum likelihood PCR techniques
Authors: Martínez Àngel , Riu Jordi , Rius F. X.
Published: October 2002

Reference analytical methods that provide correct concentration estimates are essential for building valid multivariate calibration models. These analytical methods sometimes provide concentration estimates with high levels of uncertainty, which may lead to wrong multivariate calibration models. This paper presents the multivariate least squares (MLS) regression method, which is used to regress the reference concentration estimates on the scores from the decomposition of the spectroscopic data on p factors or principal components. It considers the uncertainties in the reference concentrations and/or in the spectroscopic measurements. We have replaced the traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) method at the regression stage of both principal component regression (PCR) and maximum likelihood principal component regression (MLPCR) with the MLS regression method. We have compared prediction errors of the true concentrations from the validation step using the MLS regression method with those obtained using MLR. The true prediction errors greatly improve when the MLS technique is applied to the multivariate calibration methods for real and simulated data sets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet analysis applied to removing non‐constant, varying spectroscopic background in multivariate calibration
Authors: Tan Hu‐Wei , Brown Steven D.
Published: October 2002

Multiresolution, the ability to separate signals according to frequency, is one of the main advantages offered by the wavelet transform. However, the coarsening of resolution associated with this method may be problematic in some applications. The ‘wavelet prism’ (WP) method proposed here can split the signal into different frequency components, which retain the original resolution of the signal. In conjunction with a maximum information gain criterion developed here, this new method can be used to judge and remove the low‐frequency non‐constant background variation reasonably and automatically. In this paper the theory and background concerning this wavelet baseline correction method are introduced. The method is successfully applied to simulated and real near‐infrared (NIR) spectral data to deal with non‐constant background for multivariate calibration. Its performance compares favorably with the current signal correction methods for background removal. The new method appears to be an efficient method for removal of non‐constant, varying spectroscopic background, leading to a simpler and more parsimonious multivariate linear model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An account of play therapy with an abused child from a different ethnic background to the therapist
Authors: Jones Anne M.
Published: October 2002

This paper has a two‐fold purpose: first, to look at issues concerning ethnic difference in psychotherapeutic work with a traumatised child. In that respect it is offered as a contribution to the debate on cross‐ethnic therapy. Secondly, it examines the process of play therapy with a young child, in relation to current theories of play therapy. Coincidentally it comments on the impact upon the worker with children affected by trauma. It is written in tribute to a very brave little boy. My thanks go to him and his family for agreeing to this work being offered for publication. To protect confidentiality, the name used, Martin, is a pseudonym, and any identifying details have been either altered or omitted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment and prognosis of thymic carcinoma
Authors: Ogawa Kazuhiko , Toita Takafumi , Uno Takashi , Fuwa Nobukazu , Kakinohana Yasumasa , Kamata Minoru , Koja Kageharu , Kinjo Takao , Adachi Genki , Murayama Sadayuki
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Thymic carcinomas are rare neoplasms, and information regarding the results of treatment and possible prognostic factors in patients with these tumors is limited.

METHODS

The records of 40 patients with histologically confirmed thymic carcinoma who were treated between 1984 and 1998 were reviewed. Twenty‐seven patients were treated with surgical resection followed by radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, and the remaining 13 patients were treated with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. The median follow‐up time for the 13 surviving patients was 87 months (range, 44–193 months).

RESULTS

The 5‐year and 10‐year actuarial overall survival rates in all patients were 38% and 28%, respectively. On univariate analysis, complete resection, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), histology, and Masaoka stage at the time of diagnosis were found to have a significant impact on overall survival, whereas on multivariate analysis, complete resection, KPS, and histology were found to be significant prognostic factors. With regard to the degree of resection, 12 of 16 patients (75%) treated with complete resection were alive and free of disease at the time of last follow‐up whereas 1 of 24 patients (4%) treated with incomplete resection or biopsy still was alive. Among 12 surviving patients treated with complete resection, 8 with resectable tumors at the time of presentation all had low‐grade histology (squamous cell carcinoma) and were treated successfully with complete resection and postoperative radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The remaining four patients with unresectable tumors at the time of presentation were treated successfully with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, complete resection, and postoperative radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study indicate that multimodal treatment, especially complete resection and postoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, is a curative therapy for thymic carcinomas. Cancer 2002;94:3115–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10588
Primary malignant neoplasms of the appendix
Authors: McCusker Margaret E. , Coté Timothy R. , Clegg Limin X. , Sobin Leslie H.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Cancer of the appendix is an uncommon disease that is rarely suspected rarely before surgery. Although several case series of these tumors have been published, little research has been anchored in population‐based data on cancer of the appendix.

METHODS

This analysis included all actively followed cases of appendiceal neoplasms reported to the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End‐Results (SEER) program between 1973 and 1998. Tumors were classified as “colonic type” adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, goblet cell carcinoid, and “malignant carcinoid” (SEER only collects data on carcinoids specifically classified as malignant). We compared incidence, overall survival and survival rates by extent of disease at diagnosis.

RESULTS

Between 1973 and 1998, 2117 appendiceal malignancies were reported to the SEER program, of which 1645 cases were included in the analysis. Age‐adjusted incidence of cancer of the appendix was 0.12 cases per 1,000,000 people per year. Demographic characteristics of patients with goblet cell carcinoid tumors were midway between those of patients with malignant carcinoid and all types of adenocarcinomas. After controlling for age and extent of disease at diagnosis, the overall survival rate for patients diagnosed between 1983 and 1997 (n = 1061) was significantly worse for those with signet ring cell carcinoma than for those with any other tumor type (P < 0.01). In addition, overall survival rates were better for patients with malignant carcinoid (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Demographic characteristics of patients with cancer of the appendix vary by histology. Except for signet ring cell carcinoma and malignant carcinoid, the extent of disease at time of diagnosis is a more important predictor of survival than histology. Cancer 2002;94:3307–12. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10589
Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses in pediatric patients
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Casanova Michela , Bisogno Gianni , Mattke Adrian , Meazza Cristina , Gandola Lorenza , Sotti Guido , Cecchetto Giovanni , Harms Dieter , Koscielniak Eva , Treuner Jorn , Carli Modesto
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of tendons and aponeuroses is extremely rare in childhood and little information is available on its clinical management. Originally believed to be a type of melanoma of soft tissue origin, CCS is now considered a distinct clinicopathologic entity that behaves like a high‐grade soft tissue sarcoma. We report on a series of 28 pediatric patients treated from 1980 to 2000 by the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Italian Cooperative Group and the German Cooperative Group.

METHODS

Patients were treated with a multimodality therapeutic approach. Surgical resection was complete in 17 patients (mutilating in 3), radiotherapy was administered to 8 patients, and 20 patients received chemotherapy.

RESULTS

After a median follow‐up of 102 months (range, 19–238 months), the 5‐year and event‐free survival rates were 66.4% and 63.3%, respectively. Seventeen patients were alive in first remission, two were alive in second remission, and nine had died of disease. The response to chemotherapy in the 7 evaluable patients included one partial remission, one minor response, and five no responses. Radiotherapy contributed to achieving local control in four of six Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) Group II patients. Statistically significant differences in outcome were evident according to IRS group, tumor size, and site.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study confirms the aggressive behavior of CCS. Complete surgical resection represents the mainstay of treatment, and even the only treatment for patients with small tumors. Radiotherapy may control microscopic residual disease after surgery. Chemotherapy is ineffective and the prognosis is unfavorable for patients with unresectable and large tumors. Cancer 2002;94:3269–76. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10597
A phase II trial of gemcitabine in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fuchs Charles S. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Ryan David P. , Kulke Mathew H. , Kim Haesook , Earle Craig C. , Vincitore Michele , Mayer Robert J. , Stuart Keith E.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

There is no effective systemic therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. A recent trial reported a moderate antitumor activity for gemcitabine among Asian patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. This led to our examination of the efficacy and tolerability of the drug in a population of U.S. patients.

METHODS

Thirty patients with measurable, unresectable, or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma who had received at least one previous form of systemic therapy were enrolled. All patients were required to have adequate major organ function and performance status. Patients received gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2 intravenously over 30 minutes weekly) for 3 consecutive weeks followed by a 1‐week rest. Patients were assessed radiographically every 8 weeks.

RESULTS

All 30 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Ninety cycles of therapy were administered (median 2, range 1–8). No complete or partial responses were observed. Nine patients (30%) had stable disease (median duration 7.4 months, range 2–17). Median survival for all 30 patients was 6.9 months (95% confidence interval, 4.5–13.5) and the 1‐year survival rate was 40%. Mild hematologic toxicity occurred. Two patients (7%) developed Grade 4 neutropenia and one patient (3%) experienced Grade 3 thrombocytopenia. There were no episodes of febrile neutropenia. One patient who had previously undergone orthotopic liver transplantation developed hemolytic‐uremic syndrome that resolved with discontinuation of chemotherapy and plasmapheresis.

CONCLUSIONS

Although generally well tolerated, gemcitabine had minimal effect in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:3186–91. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10607
Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Ferrandina Gabriella , Legge Francesco , Ranelletti Franco O. , Zannoni Gian F. , Maggiano Nicola , Evangelisti Antonella , Mancuso Salvatore , Scambia Giovanni , Lauriola Libero
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is overexpressed in endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, but no data have been reported until now about the expression of COX‐2 and its possible clinical significance in endometrial carcinoma. We investigated by immunohistochemistry the expression of COX‐2 in a single institutional series of primary untreated endometrial carcinoma patients. The relationship between COX‐2 expression and microsatellite instability (MI) status was also analyzed.

METHODS

The study was conducted on 69 primary untreated endometrial carcinoma patients who were admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of Rome. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using rabbit polyclonal antiserum against human COX‐2. Analysis of MI was performed for 47 patients with endometrial carcinomas.

RESULTS

Twenty‐seven patients (39.1%) were scored as COX‐2 positive. COX‐2 positivity was higher (60.8%) in endometrial carcinoma with cervical or extrauterine involvement than in tumors limited to the corpus (28.3%; P = 0.0174). COX‐2 positivity increased from Grade 1 (13.6%) to Grade 2 (41.7%) to Grade 3 (60.9%) endometrial carcinoma (P = 0.0049). Interestingly, considering early International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage patients (n = 53), the percentage of COX‐2 positivity was higher in patients with deep myometrial invasion (66.7%) than in patients without or less than 50% myometrial invasion (15.6%) (P = 0.0003). No association between COX‐2 and MI status was found. COX‐2–positive patients showed a trend to a shorter disease‐free survival than COX‐2–negative patients (P = 0.09).

CONCLUSIONS

COX‐2 is expressed in a high percentage of a large series of primary endometrial tumors and its expression may be associated closely with parameters of tumor aggressiveness The possible prognostic role of COX‐2 in endometrial carcinoma deserves further study. Cancer 2002;95:801–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10736
Isolation, characterization, and distribution of a novel neuropeptide, Rana RFamide (R‐RFa), in the brain of the European green frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Chartrel Nicolas , Dujardin Cynthia , Leprince Jérôme , Desrues Laurence , Tonon Marie‐Christine , Cellier Eric , Cosette Pascal , Jouenne Thierry , Simonnet Guy , Vaudry Hubert
Published: October 2002

A novel neuropeptide of the RFamide peptide family was isolated in pure form from a frog (Rana esculenta) brain extract by using reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography in combination with a radioimmunoassay for mammalian neuropeptide FF (NPFF). The primary structure of the peptide was established as Ser‐Leu‐Lys‐ Pro‐Ala‐Ala‐Asn‐Leu‐Pro‐Leu‐ Arg‐Phe‐NH2. The sequence of this neuropeptide, designated Rana RFamide (R‐RFa), exhibits substantial similarities with those of avian LPLRFamide, gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone, and human RFRP‐1. The distribution of R‐RFa was investigated in the frog central nervous system by using an antiserum directed against bovine NPFF. In the brain, immunoreactive cell bodies were primarily located in the hypothalamus, i.e., the anterior preoptic area, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the dorsal and ventral hypothalamic nuclei. The most abundant population of R‐RFa–containing neurons was found in the periependymal region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. R‐RFa– containing fibers were widely distributed throughout the brain from the olfactory bulb to the brainstem, and were particularly abundant in the external layer of the median eminence. In the spinal cord, scattered immunoreactive neurons were found in the gray matter. R‐RFa–positive processes were found in all regions of the spinal cord, but they were more abundant in the dorsal horn. This study provides the first characterization of a member of the RFamide peptide family in amphibians. The occurrence of this novel neuropeptide in the hypothalamus and median eminence and in the dorsal region of the spinal cord suggests that, in frog, R‐RFa may exert neuroendocrine activities and/or may be involved in the transmission of nociceptive stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:111–127, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Red nucleus projections to distinct motor neuron pools in the rat spinal cord
Authors: Küchler Martin , Fouad Karim , Weinmann Oliver , Schwab Martin E. , Raineteau Olivier
Published: October 2002

Despite being one of the more extensively investigated descending pathways of the rat spinal cord, the termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract (RST) still present some unresolved issues. In addition to locomotor functions, the RST is implicated in the control of limb movements such as reaching and grasping. Although a strong RST projection onto interneurons of intermediate Rexed's laminae V and VI have been described through the entire length of the rat spinal cord, the existence of direct rubro‐motoneuronal connections have not been demonstrated. In the present study, anterograde tracing of the rat RST with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was combined with injections of cholera toxin β‐subunit (CTβ) into selected groups of forelimb muscles to analyze in detail the rubral projections to the forelimb areas of the cervical spinal cord. The double‐staining procedure suggested a direct projection from the RST to specific populations of motoneurons. Three populations of forelimb muscles were distinguished, i.e., paw, “distal” muscles; forearm, “intermediate” muscles; and upper arm, “proximal” muscles. A somatotopic distribution of the corresponding motor neuron pools was present in the spinal cord segments C4‐Th1. Rubrospinal axons were seen in close apposition to the distal and intermediate muscle motoneurons, but were consistently absent in the most ventrally situated motor column projecting to proximal muscles. Microstimulation of the red nucleus resulted in electromyographic responses with shorter latency in the distal forelimb muscles than in proximal muscles. These experiments support a specific, preferential role of the RST in distal forelimb muscle control. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:349–359, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of a Manduca sexta γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter
Authors: Umesh Anita , Gill Sarjeet S.
Published: October 2002

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in insect central and peripheral nervous systems. Although much work has focused on the downstream targets of GABA, signal termination at insect GABAergic synapses has received very little attention. One of the major mechanisms of terminating synaptic transmission involves transport of the neurotransmitter molecules into presynaptic neurons or surrounding glia. Here we report the immunolocalization of a GABA transporter in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (MasGAT), using an affinity‐purified antibody developed to the C‐terminus. This is the first demonstration of an insect neurotransmitter transporter immunolocalization study. Results showed strong staining in the neuropil regions of embryonic, larval, and pharate adult central nervous system. Expression pattern in the pharate adult brain mostly mimicked that observed for GABA, with staining in parts of the optic and antennal lobes, mushroom body, lateral protocerebrum, and central complex. Certain longitudinal and lateral connectives of ganglia were observed to have immunostained fibers representing axons. These data support the view that GABA is involved in visual and olfactory processing in the insect brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:388–398, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional mapping of the rat olfactory bulb using diverse odorants reveals modular responses to functional groups and hydrocarbon structural features
Authors: Johnson Brett A. , Ho Sabrina L. , Xu Zhe , Yihan Joanne S. , Yip Sallis , Hingco Edna E. , Leon Michael
Published: October 2002

In an effort to understand the olfactory code of rats, we collected more than 1,500,000 measurements of glomerular activity in response to 54 odorants selected to provide differences in functional groups and hydrocarbon structure. Each odorant evoked a unique response pattern by differentially stimulating clusters of glomeruli, called modules. Odorants sharing specific aspects of their structure activated the same modules, allowing us to relate responses to structure across approximately 80% of the glomerular layer. The most obvious relationship was between the presence of particular oxygen‐containing functional groups and the activity of glomeruli within dorsal modules. Functional group‐specific responses were observed for odorants possessing a wide range of hydrocarbon structure, including aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic features. Even formic acid and acetone, the simplest odorants possessing acid or ketone functional groups, respectively, stimulated modules specific for these functional groups. At the same time, quantitative analysis of pattern similarities revealed relationships in activation patterns between odorants of similar hydrocarbon structure. The odorant responses were reliable enough to allow us to predict accurately specific aspects of odorant molecular structure from the evoked glomerular activity pattern, as well as predicting the location of glomerular activity evoked by novel odorants. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:180–194, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin inputs to inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons in the rat
Authors: Sun Qi‐Jian , Berkowitz Robert G. , Goodchild Ann K. , Pilowsky Paul M.
Published: October 2002

Serotonergic neurons are distributed widely throughout the central nervous system and exert a tonic influence on a range of activities in relation to the sleep–wake cycle. Previous morphologic and functional studies have indicated a role for serotonin in control of laryngeal motoneurons. In the present study, we used a combination of intracellular recording, dye‐filling, and immunocytochemistry in rats to demonstrate close appositions between serotonin immunoreactive boutons and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and cricothyroid (CT) motoneurons, both of which are located in the nucleus ambiguus and exhibit phasic inspiratory activity. PCA motoneurons received 29 ± 5 close appositions/neuron (mean ± SD, n = 6), with the close appositions distributed more frequently on the distal dendrites, less frequently on the proximal dendrites, and sparsely on the axons and somata. CT motoneurons received 56 ± 15 (n = 6), with close appositions found on both the somata and dendrites, especially proximal dendrites. Close appositions on the axons were only seen on one CT motoneuron. These results demonstrate a significant serotonin input to inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons, which is more prominent on CT compared with PCA motoneurons, and may reflect the different functional role of the muscles that they innervate during the sleep–wake cycle. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:91–98, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors during development of the mouse retinofugal pathway
Authors: Lin Ling , Taylor Jeremy S.H. , Chan Sun‐On
Published: October 2002

Retinal axons undergo several changes in organization as they pass through the region of the optic chiasm and optic tract. We used immunocytochemistry to examine the possible involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) in these changes in retinal axon growth. In the retina, at all ages examined, prominent staining for FGFR was seen in the optic fiber layer and at the optic disk. At embryonic day 15 (E15), FGFR immunoreactivity was also detected in the ganglion cell layer, as defined by immunoreactivity for islet‐1. At later developmental stages (E16 to postnatal day 0), FGFR were found in the optic fiber layer and the inner plexiform layer. In the ventral diencephalon, immunostaining for FGFR was first detected at E13 in a group of cells posterior to the chiasm. These cells appeared to match the neurons that are immunopositive for the stage‐specific embryonic antigen‐1 (SSEA‐1). FGFR staining was also found on the retinal axons at E13. At E14–E16, when most axons are growing across the chiasm and the tract, a dynamic pattern of FGFR immunoreactivity was observed on the retinal axons. The staining was reduced when axons reached the midline but was increased when axons reached the threshold of the optic tract. These results suggest that axon growth and fiber patterning in distinct regions of the retinofugal pathway are in part controlled by a regulated expression of FGFR. Furthermore, the axons with elevated FGFR expression in the optic tract have a posterior border of rich FGFR expression in the lateral part of the diencephalon. This region overlaps with a lateral extension of the SSEA‐1‐positive cells, suggesting a possible relation of these cells to the elevated expression of FGFR. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:22–32, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and electron microscopic study of corticorubral synapses in adult cat: Evidence for extensive synaptic remodeling during postnatal development
Authors: Saito Yasuhiko , Katsumaru Hironobu , Wilson Charles J. , Murakami Fujio
Published: October 2002

Spine‐like dendritic protrusions (SLDPs) emanating from developing dendrites have been proposed to play an important role in early synaptogenesis. We previously analyzed synaptic termination sites on soma‐dendritic membrane of newborn cats and found that corticorubral (CR) axons form synapses preferentially on SLDPs (Saito et al., 1997). In the present study, we examined CR synapses in adult cats to elucidate the maturation process of CR synapses in relation to SLDPs. Electron microscopic observation of serial thin sections of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin–labeled axons revealed that approximately 60% of CR terminals in adult cats formed synapses on dendritic spines. We also found that CR axons terminate on dendritic spines originating from the intermediate or distal dendrites of rubrospinal cells (more than 200 μm apart from the soma), in contrast to kittens in which CR fibers terminate on SLDPs originating from the proximal dendrites (less than 100 μm apart from the soma) of rubrospinal cells (Saito et al. [1997] J. Neurosci. 17:8792–8803). These results suggest that CR synapses undergo remarkable remodeling after initial termination on SLDP during postnatal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:236–244, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel multilevel iterative linear solvers with unstructured adaptive grids for simulations in earth science
Authors: Nakajima Kengo
Published: October 2002

A new multigrid‐preconditioned conjugate gradient (MGCG) iterative method for parallel computers is presented. Iterative solvers with preconditioning, such as the incomplete Cholesky or incomplete LU factorization methods, represent some of the most powerful tools for large‐scale scientific computation. However, the number of iterations required for convergence by these methods increases with the size of the problem. In multigrid solvers, the rate of convergence is independent of problem size, and the number of iterations remains fairly constant. Multigrid is also a good preconditioning algorithm for Krylov iterative solvers. In this study, the MGCG method is applied to Poisson equations in the region between two spherical surfaces on semi‐unstructured, adaptively generated prismatic grids, and to grids with local refinement. Computations using this method on a Hitachi SR2201 with up to 128 processors demonstrated good scalability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive ethical therapy? The role of moral judgements in cognitive therapy
Authors: Callender John S.
Published: October 2002

Cognitive therapy was originally formulated as a way of helping clients by applying rational thinking to the appraisal of their realities. The expectation was that this would undo ways of thinking that cause distress and maladaptive behaviours. However this model has been called into question by recent experimental data. This paper argues from a philosophical perspective that empirical rationality has significant shortcomings as a method of promoting self‐understanding in the therapeutic situation. However, rational thinking forms the basis of one of the major schools of moral theory, formulated by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. The present paper argues that his ideas have important applications to cognitive therapy. It suggests that therapy might use rationality not only to appraise reality more accurately but also to generate precepts for personal behaviour. This idea is illustrated using an example of a client receiving cognitive therapy. The paper concludes with a discussion of the applicability of moral theory to clinical practice and a suggestion that cognitive therapy might be viewed as a form of applied ethics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of empirically‐derived and rationally‐derived methods for identifying patients at risk for treatment failure
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Whipple Jason L. , Bishop Matthew J. , Vermeersch David A. , Gray Geoffrey V. , Finch Arthur E.
Published: October 2002

Several systems have been developed to monitor and feedback information about a patient's responses to psychotherapy as a method of enhancing patient outcome. Feedback is generated from decision rules based on a patient's expected level of progress. Those patients who do not make expected levels of progress or whose progress in therapy is less than adequate are referred to as signal–alarm cases. Research has shown that feedback based on rationally‐derived identification procedures increased the duration of treatment and improved outcomes for patients identified as potential treatment failures (signal–alarms). This paper compared two identification methods: a rationally‐derived method based on clinical judgments about poor progress, and an empirical method based on statistically‐derived expected recovery curves. The concordance of these two methods was examined with regards to detecting signal–alarm cases. Results suggested that the empirically‐derived method was more accurate in identifying patients who actually deteriorated. It was able to identify 100% of the cases that had deteriorated at termination, with 85% being identified by the time they had had three treatment sessions. However, the rationally‐derived method was faster at identifying signal cases and more likely to identify the most seriously disturbed cases as potential treatment failures. Future directions for research in quality management were identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological assessment in clinical practice in Britain
Authors: Bekhit Nawal S. , Thomas Glyn V. , Lalonde Simon , Jolley Richard
Published: October 2002

One hundred and fifty‐eight clinical psychologists practising in Britain completed a questionnaire concerning their use of and views about psychological assessment. The respondents reported spending on average slightly more than 50% of their working day on face‐to‐face clinical work and 13% of their time with clients on individual assessment. The results were compared to those of a similar survey conducted in the United States. Compared to their American counterparts, British clinical psychologists used formal psychometric and projective tests infrequently. Clinical interviews were the most frequently mentioned form of assessment in both countries. Notwithstanding their infrequent use of formal assessment procedures, the majority of the British clinical psychologists stated that trainees should learn about some psychological tests, primarily in order to facilitate the therapeutic process. The comparison of North American and British practice illuminates factors influencing assessment choices, and poses questions about the validity and reliability of current assessment practices. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of age and isolation period on two phases of behavioral response to foot shock in isolation‐reared rats
Authors: Arakawa Hiroyuki
Published: October 2002

Using rats as subjects, the effects of a period of isolation and the subjects' age during isolation on the response to foot shock were systematically examined in three experiments. Both the thresholds of shock that evoked a jumping response and that evoked a thrashing response were measured. The results suggest that the threshold for jumping response decreased when rats were isolated during the postweaning stage of development. On the other hand, the threshold for thrashing response decreased when the subjects were isolated for more than 39 days, independently of their age during isolation. Possible causes of the differential effects of these two factors are discussed in relation to the developmental process of these two behavioral indices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 15–24, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10040
Mutual influence of the maternal hen's food calling and feeding behavior on the behavior of her chicks
Authors: Wauters A. M. , Richard‐Yris M. A.
Published: October 2002

It is widely accepted that brooding hens attract their chicks to food by food calling, but until now, the concurrent behavior of hens and chicks has never been investigated in depth. This study provides a detailed analysis of both the behavior of brooded chicks and the distance to their mother in relation to her feeding sequences, and whether they contained food calling. Our results revealed that brooding hens utter food calls while pecking, especially when their chicks are not feeding and/or have been at some distance for several seconds. Chicks' response to their mother's feeding activities was more pronounced in the presence than in the absence of food call. Chicks responded to this call by approaching their mother and increasing their pecking; their response became more efficient as they grew older. We thus consider food calls as an arousal vocalization that directs the chicks' attention to a food item chosen by a hen. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 25–36, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10042
Physiological arousal in females with fragile X or Turner syndrome
Authors: Keysor Cynthia S. , Mazzocco Michèle M. M. , McLeod Daniel R. , Hoehn‐Saric Rudolf
Published: October 2002

Physiological arousal was measured in 12‐ to 22‐year‐old females with either fragile X, Turner syndrome, or neither disorder to explore potential differences in the manifestation of arousal and anxiety in adolescents and young women. Physiological arousal was measured at baseline and during performance on mental arithmetic, divided attention, and risk‐taking tasks. Contrary to prediction, females with fragile X rarely exhibited higher arousal than females in either the Turner syndrome or comparison groups. On the Divided Attention Task, both the fragile X and Turner syndrome groups exhibited higher arousal relative to one another based on different physiological indices. Relative to the comparison group, the fragile X group presented with a heightened state of arousal at baseline, based on mean skin conductance range, which may account for little increase in arousal on the cognitive tasks for females with fragile X. Females with Turner syndrome exhibited higher arousal relative to the comparison group on all cognitive tasks, but not for all physiological measures. Factors potentially associated with heightened arousal in fragile X and Turner syndrome are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 133–146, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10060
Was Willis right? Thoughts on the interaction of depression and diabetes
Authors: Rubin Richard R. , Peyrot Mark
Published: October 2002

Recent studies suggest that depression may be an independent risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. At a time when this disease is an epidemic, identifying interventions that could prevent or delay the onset of diabetes is a high priority, and treating depression in people predisposed to diabetes could be an effective approach. Future studies should establish a causal relationship between depression and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes, as well as possible mechanisms to explain the relationship, should one be observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.