bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“These Cows Will Not Be Lost”: Envisioning a Care-Full Future for Cows
Authors: Valpey Kenneth R.
Published: November 2019

Turning the focus again to cow care, this chapter’s aim is to imagine a positive future for cows whereby principles outlined in Chapter 4 are applied, at least initially, in anticipatory communities. The author examines two existing such communities, one in India and one in central Europe, both affiliated with Swami Prabhupada’s institution (introduced in Chapter 2). Also two problematic cases and one satisfactory case of individual cow deaths are considered, in the context of “futures” for cows. A third register of future-thinking is activism in the public sphere, here analyzed in terms of the Indic thought system of Sankhya, concluding with a sixfold series of “affirmations on the dharma of cow care” to illustrate what a “luminous” (sattva-guna) future for cows could look like.
Kryptowährungen
Authors: Wenger Tobias , Tokarski Kim Oliver
Published: November 2019

Sowohl die Finanzkrise als auch die zunehmende Digitalisierung können als zwei zentrale Haupttreiber des „neuen“ Phänomens der Kryptowährungen angesehen werden. Kryptowährungen sollen sowohl eine Alternative zu dem traditionellen Währungssystem bieten als auch den Zahlungsverkehr vereinfachen. Das vorliegende Kapitel erarbeitet einen Vergleich von Kryptowährungen gegenüber dem traditionellen Währungssystem. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf der Kryptowährung Bitcoin und dem Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz. Die empirischen Untersuchungen wurden mittels qualitativer Forschung durch Experteninterviews aus dem Bereich des Geldsystems und des Zahlungsverkehrs realisiert. In der Empirie wurde insbesondere der Aspekt des Vertrauens, der Resilienz wie auch der Vereinfachung von Zahlungstransaktionen analysiert.
Digitale Transformation und Open Access von Forschungsresultaten in der Schweiz
Authors: Verdicchio Dirk , Kissling-Näf Ingrid
Published: November 2019

Die digitale Transformation hat Einfluss auf die Arbeits- und Kommunikationsweisen der Wissenschaft und ermöglicht eine weitgehende Transparenz und Offenheit der Forschung. Die Begriffe Open Science und Open Access stehen für diese Öffnung wissenschaftlicher Prozesse und die Zugänglichmachung von Forschungsergebnissen. Für Open Access – dem freien Zugang zu wissenschaftlichen Publikationen – existieren schweizerische und internationale Programme und Strategien, die von Institutionen wie dem SNF und swissuniversities getragen werden. Neben einem Überblick über die zentralen Begriffe und Konzepte geht der Beitrag auf diese Strategien ein. Besondere Beachtung finden die Situation in Europa und der Schweiz sowie der Wandel der Geschäftsmodelle und der Publikationslandschaft.
Gamification in Unternehmen
Authors: Ellenberger Thomas , Harder Deane , Brechbühler Pešková Marie
Published: November 2019

Eine „gute“ Unternehmenskultur ist ein wichtiger Erfolgsfaktor für Unternehmen. Im Rahmen der digitalen Transformation wird zunehmend Gamification zur Kulturbeeinflussung eingesetzt. Dabei werden spieletypische Elemente genutzt, um für Mitarbeitende für bestimmte Handlungen Anreize zu schaffen. Im Rahmen einer Fallstudie wurden digital umgesetzte Gamification-Maßnahmen eines Unternehmens bezüglich ihrer Wahrnehmung und Beeinflussung der Arbeitsmotivation analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Gamification kulturwirksam zur Unternehmensführung genutzt werden kann. Die digitale Umsetzung diente als einheitlicher Impulsgeber und sorgte für Transparenz als Basis für Vertrauen. So konnte die angestrebte „Kultur auf Augenhöhe“ entwickelt werden, geprägt durch Respekt, Toleranz und Mitbestimmung. Der Erfolg der Gamification-Maßnahmen lässt sich vor allem durch die positive Wirkung auf die intrinsische Motivation sowie das gestärkte Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl der Mitarbeitenden erklären.
Cybersicherheit als Führungsaufgabe in Schweizer KMU
Authors: Meier Dominique Adrian , Burda Daniel
Published: November 2019

Durch die digitale Transformation gewinnt Cybersicherheit für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) zunehmend an Bedeutung und rückt damit auch auf die Tagesordnung der Unternehmensleitung. Diverse Studien zeigen, dass KMU Cybersicherheit als relevantes Handlungsfeld identifizieren, gleichzeitig aber nicht genügend adressieren. Bestehende Forschung liefert für dieses Verhalten keine Erklärung. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich der Untersuchung dieses Phänomens, welches im Beitrag als „Security Paradox“ definiert wird. Dabei werden dessen Ursachen aufgezeigt und praxisrelevante Empfehlungen für Führungskräfte und Entscheidungsträger im Umgang mit der Herausforderung „Cybersicherheit im Zuge der Digitalisierung“ abgegeben.
Digitalisierung: Perspektiven für Arbeitsmodelle der Zukunft in Wirtschaft und Verwaltung
Authors: Schellinger Jochen , Le Huynh Gia
Published: November 2019

Die Digitalisierung ist derzeit einer der wichtigsten Wandlungstreiber in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Die aus den neuen technischen Möglichkeiten resultierenden Veränderungen wirken sich auch auf das Verhalten von Kunden und Mitarbeitenden aus. In Bezug auf die Zusammenarbeit in Unternehmen und Organisationen sind bestehende Arbeitsmodelle für administrative Arbeit anzupassen und neue Formen digitaler Kollaboration einzuführen. Hiermit verbunden sind Änderungen der Arbeitszeitmodelle, der Organisation der Mitarbeitenden, der Art der Zusammenarbeit und Führung sowie der Gestaltung von Büroräumlichkeiten. In einem vergleichenden Case-Study-Ansatz von zwei Schweizer Großunternehmen und einer großen Verwaltungseinheit des Bundes werden die existierenden Arbeitsmodelle für Büroarbeit analysiert und auf Entwicklungsperspektiven hin untersucht. Ein derzeit vorhandener Mix aus traditionellen und agilen Arbeitsmodellen wird sich in Zukunft im digitalen Kontext voraussichtlich unternehmensspezifisch stärker in Richtung einer höheren Agilität weiterentwickeln.
Quantum tasks in holography
Authors: May Alex
Published: November 2019

Abstract

We consider an operational restatement of the holographic principle, which we call the principle of asymptotic quantum tasks. Asymptotic quantum tasks are quantum information processing tasks with inputs given and outputs required on points at the boundary of a spacetime. The principle of asymptotic quantum tasks states that tasks which are possible using the bulk dynamics should coincide with tasks that are possible using the boundary. We extract consequences of this principle for holography in the con- text of asymptotically AdS spacetimes. Among other results we find a novel connection between bulk causal structure and the phase transition in the boundary mutual infor- mation. Further, we note a connection between holography and quantum cryptography, where the problem of completing asymptotic quantum tasks has been studied earlier. We study the cryptographic and AdS/CFT approaches to completing asymptotic quantum tasks and consider the efficiency with which they replace bulk classical geometry with boundary entanglement.
Weyl fermions in a non-abelian gauge background and trace anomalies
Authors: Bastianelli Fiorenzo , Broccoli Matteo
Published: November 2019

Abstract

We study the trace and chiral anomalies of Weyl fermions in a non-abelian gauge background in four dimensions. Using a Pauli-Villars regularization we identify the trace anomaly, proving that it can be cast in a gauge invariant form, even in the presence of the non-abelian chiral anomaly, that we rederive to check the consistency of our methods. In particular, we find that the trace anomaly does not contain any parity-odd topological contribution, whose presence has been debated in the recent literature.
On the Regge limit of Fishnet correlators
Authors: Chowdhury Subham Dutta , Haldar Parthiv , Sen Kallol
Published: November 2019

Abstract

We study the Regge trajectories of the Mellin amplitudes of the 0-,1- and 2-magnon correlators of the Fishnet theory. Since fishnet theory is both integrable and conformal, the correlation functions are known exactly. We find that while for 0 and 1 magnon correlators, the Regge poles can be exactly determined as a function of coupling, 2-magnon correlators can only be dealt with perturbatively. We evaluate the resulting Mellin amplitudes at weak coupling, while for strong coupling we do an order of magnitude calculation.
Fermion mass hierarchy and phenomenology in the 5D Domain Wall Standard Model
Authors: Okada Nobuchika , Raut Digesh , Villalba Desmond
Published: November 2019

Abstract

We have recently proposed a setup of the “Domain-Wall Standard Model” in 5D spacetime, where all the Standard Model (SM) fields are localized in certain domains of the extra 5th dimension. Utilizing this setup, we attempt to solve the fermion mass hierarchy problem of the SM. The mass hierarchy can be naturally explained by suitably distributing the fermions in different positions along the extra dimension. Due to these different localization points, the effective 4D gauge couplings of Kaluza-Klein (KK) mode gauge bosons to the SM fermions become non-universal. As a result, our model is severely constrained by the Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) measurements. We find two interesting cases in which our model is phenomenologically viable: (1) the KK-mode of the SM gauge bosons are extremely heavy and unlikely to be produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), while future FCNC measurements can reveal the existence of these heavy modes. (2) the width of the localized SM fermions is very narrow, leading to almost universal 4D KK-mode gauge couplings. In this case, the FCNC constraints can be easily avoided even if a KK gauge boson mass lies at the TeV scale. Such a light KK gauge boson can be searched at the LHC in the near future.
Dehn twists and Lagrangian spherical manifolds
Authors: Mak Cheuk Yu , Wu Weiwei
Published: November 2019

We study Dehn twists along Lagrangian submanifolds that are finite free quotients of spheres. We describe the induced auto-equivalences to the derived Fukaya category and explain their relations to mirror symmetry.
Convergence Rates for Quantum Evolution and Entropic Continuity Bounds in Infinite Dimensions
Authors: Becker Simon , Datta Nilanjana
Published: November 2019

By extending the concept of energy-constrained diamond norms, we obtain continuity bounds on the dynamics of both closed and open quantum systems in infinite dimensions, which are stronger than previously known bounds. We extensively discuss applications of our theory to quantum speed limits, attenuator and amplifier channels, the quantum Boltzmann equation, and quantum Brownian motion. Next, we obtain explicit log-Lipschitz continuity bounds for entropies of infinite-dimensional quantum systems, and classical capacities of infinite-dimensional quantum channels under energy-constraints. These bounds are determined by the high energy spectrum of the underlying Hamiltonian and can be evaluated using Weyl’s law.
Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in membranes are determined by the gene expression of their metabolizing enzymes SCD1 and ELOVL6 regulated by the intake of dietary fat
Authors: Weiss-Hersh Kathrin , Garcia Ada L. , Marosvölgyi Tamás , Szklenár Mónika , Decsi Tamás , Rühl Ralph
Published: November 2019

Purpose

We investigated the effect of dietary fats on the incorporation of saturated (SAFAs) and monounsaturated dietary fatty acids (MUFAs) into plasma phospholipids and the regulation of the expression of lipid-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.

Methods

Mice were fed different diets containing commonly used dietary fats/oils (coconut fat, margarine, fish oil, sunflower oil, or olive oil) for 4 weeks (n = 6 per diet group). In a second experiment, mice (n = 6 per group) were treated for 7 days with synthetic ligands to activate specific nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) and the hepatic gene expression of CYP26A1 was investigated. Hepatic gene expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1), elongase 6 (ELOVL6), and CYP26A1 was examined using quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Fatty acid composition in mouse plasma phospholipids was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC).

Results

We found significantly reduced hepatic gene expression of SCD1 and ELOVL6 after the fish oil diet compared with the other diets. This resulted in reduced enzyme-specific fatty acid ratios, e.g., 18:1n9/18:0 for SCD1 and 18:0/16:0 and 18:1n7/16:1n7 for ELOVL6 in plasma phospholipids. Furthermore, CYP26A1 a retinoic acid receptor-specific target was revealed as a new player mediating the suppressive effect of fish oil-supplemented diet on SCD1 and ELOVL6 hepatic gene expression.

Conclusion

Plasma levels of MUFAs and SAFAs strongly reflect an altered hepatic fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme expression after supplementation with different dietary fats/oils.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Tomata Yasutake , Larsson Susanna C. , Hägg Sara
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Observational studies have suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may decrease Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. In the present study, we examined this hypothesis using a Mendelian randomization analysis.

Methods

We used summary statistics data for single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma levels of n-6 PUFAs (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) and n-3 PUFAs (alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid), and the corresponding data for AD from a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 63,926 individuals (21,982 diagnosed AD cases, 41,944 controls).

Results

None of the genetically predicted PUFAs was significantly associated with AD risk; odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per 1 SD increase in PUFA levels were 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) for linoleic acid, 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) for arachidonic acid, 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) for alpha-linolenic acid, 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) for eicosapentaenoic acid, 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) for docosapentaenoic acid, and 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) for docosahexaenoic acid.

Conclusions

This study did not support the hypothesis that PUFAs decrease AD risk.
The histomolecular criteria established for adult anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma are not applicable to the pediatric population
Authors: Gareton Albane , Tauziède-Espariat Arnault , Dangouloff-Ros Volodia , Roux Alexandre , Saffroy Raphaël , Castel David , Kergrohen Thomas , Fina Fréderic , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Pagès Mélanie , Bourdeaut Franck , Doz François , Puget Stéphanie , Dufour Christelle , Lechapt Emmanuèle , Chrétien Fabrice , Grill Jacques , Varlet Pascale
Published: November 2019

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common pediatric glioma, arising from a single driver MAPK pathway alteration. Classified as a grade I tumor according to the 2016 WHO classification, prognosis is excellent with a 10-year survival rate > 95% after surgery. However, rare cases present with anaplastic features, including an unexpected high mitotic/proliferative index, thus posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Based on small histomolecular series and case reports, such tumors arising at the time of diagnosis or recurrence have been designated by many names including pilocytic astrocytoma with anaplastic features (PAAF). Recent DNA methylation-profiling studies performed mainly on adult cases have revealed that PAAF exhibit a specific methylation signature, thus constituting a distinct methylation class from typical PA [methylation class anaplastic astrocytoma with piloid features—(MC-AAP)]. However, the diagnostic and prognostic significance of MC-AAP remains to be determined in children. We performed an integrative work on the largest pediatric cohort of PAAF, defined according to strict criteria: morphology compatible with the diagnosis of PA, with or without necrosis, ≥ 4 mitoses for 2.3 mm2, and MAPK pathway alteration. We subjected 31 tumors to clinical, imaging, morphological and molecular analyses, including DNA methylation profiling. We identified only one tumor belonging to the MC-AAP (3%), the others exhibiting a methylation profile typical for PA (77%), IDH-wild-type glioblastoma (7%), and diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (3%), while three cases (10%) did not match to a known DNA methylation class. No significant outcome differences were observed between PAAF with necrosis versus no necrosis (p = 0.07), or with 4–6 mitoses versus 7 or more mitoses (p = 0.857). Our findings argue that the diagnostic histomolecular criteria established for anaplasia in adult PA are not of diagnostic or prognostic value in a pediatric setting. Further extensive and comprehensive integrative studies are necessary to accurately define this exceptional entity in children.
Molecular profiling of TOX-deficient neoplastic cells in cutaneous T cell lymphoma
Authors: Xu Jingkai , Huang He , Wang Shangshang , Chen Yanzhen , Yin Xueli , Zhang Xuejun , Zhang Yaohua
Published: November 2019

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a rare but potentially devastating primary cutaneous lymphoma. CTCL is characterized by localization of neoplastic T lymphocytes to the skin, with mycosis fungoides (MF) and its leukemic form, Sézary syndrome (SS) being the most common variants. Thymocyte selection-associated high-mobility group box (TOX) gene has been found to be highly expressed in MF and SS. It is reported that higher expression levels of TOX in patients will increase risks of disease progression and poor prognosis. However, the molecular events leading to these abnormalities have not been well understood. To better understand the molecular mechanism underlying TOX-mediated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CTCL, and to identify DEGs pathways triggered after knockdown of TOX gene in the CTCL cell line Hut78, we employed two shRNA-mediated lentiviruses to knock down TOX gene in the skin lymphoma cell line HuT78. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis was applied to analyze DEGs, DEGs GO and their corresponding pathways. Knockdown of TOX can induce upregulation of 547 genes and downregulation of 649 genes, respectively. HOXC9 was the most significant downregulated gene. Most DEGs are enriched in malignancies and relate to the Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways, and therefore they can regulate cellular processes and induce different biological regulation. Transcriptome analysis of DEGs after knockdown of TOX in our study provides insights into the mechanism of TOX in CTCL and suggests candidate targets for therapy of CTCL.
Systematic review of matching techniques used in model-driven methodologies
Authors: Somogyi Ferenc Attila , Asztalos Mark
Published: November 2019

In model-driven methodologies, model matching is the process of finding a matching pair for every model element between two or more software models. Model matching is an important task as it is often used while differencing and merging models, which are key processes in version control systems. There are a number of different approaches to model matching, with most of them focusing on different goals, i.e., the accuracy of the matching process, or the generality of the algorithm. Moreover, there exist algorithms that use the textual representations of the models during the matching process. We present a systematic literature review that was carried out to obtain the state-of-the-art of model matching techniques. The search process was conducted based on a well-defined methodology. We have identified a total of 3274 non-duplicate studies, out of which 119 have been included as primary studies for this survey. We present the state-of-the-art of model matching, highlighting the differences between different matching techniques, mainly focusing on text-based and graph-based algorithms. Finally, the main open questions, challenges, and possible future directions in the field of model matching are discussed, also including topics like benchmarking, performance and scalability, and conflict handling.
Novel bacterial control agent tolprocarb enhances systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis and rice as a second mode of action
Authors: Hagiwara Hiroyuki , Ogura Rieko , Fukumoto Takeshi , Ohara Toshiaki , Tsuda Mikio , Hiratsuka Kazuyuki
Published: November 2019

The fungicide tolprocarb (TPC) is a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor, but it may also have another mode of action. Here in tests of TPC for inducing plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), TPC induced promoter activity of the tobacco pathogenesis-related gene PR-1a in Arabidopsis thaliana and genes for PBZ1, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase 1 in the defense-related salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway in rice, but not genes for the jasmonate signaling pathway. Probenazole (PBZ), a commercially used plant defense activator, induced genes in both signaling pathways. The antibacterial activity of TPC was equivalent to that of PBZ. Irrigation with 200 μM TPC prevented growth by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola in A. thaliana, and 30 μM TPC inhibited Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae growth in rice. The results of this study suggest that TPC functions not only as a melanin biosynthesis inhibitor but also as an SAR inducer and is applicable as a novel bacterial control agent that induces SAR activity in both A. thaliana and rice.
Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal diffusion-weighted MRI
Authors: Ljimani Alexandra , Caroli Anna , Laustsen Christoffer , Francis Susan , Mendichovszky Iosif Alexandru , Bane Octavia , Nery Fabio , Sharma Kanishka , Pohlmann Andreas , Dekkers Ilona A. , Vallee Jean-Paul , Derlin Katja , Notohamiprodjo Mike , Lim Ruth P. , Palmucci Stefano , Serai Suraj D. , Periquito Joao , Wang Zhen Jane , Froeling Martijn , Thoeny Harriet C. , Prasad Pottumarthi , Schneider Moritz , Niendorf Thoralf , Pullens Pim , Sourbron Steven , Sigmund Eric E.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Standardization is an important milestone in the validation of DWI-based parameters as imaging biomarkers for renal disease. Here, we propose technical recommendations on three variants of renal DWI, monoexponential DWI, IVIM and DTI, as well as associated MRI biomarkers (ADC, D, D*, f, FA and MD) to aid ongoing international efforts on methodological harmonization.

Materials and methods

Reported DWI biomarkers from 194 prior renal DWI studies were extracted and Pearson correlations between diffusion biomarkers and protocol parameters were computed. Based on the literature review, surveys were designed for the consensus building. Survey data were collected via Delphi consensus process on renal DWI preparation, acquisition, analysis, and reporting. Consensus was defined as ≥ 75% agreement.

Results

Correlations were observed between reported diffusion biomarkers and protocol parameters. Out of 87 survey questions, 57 achieved consensus resolution, while many of the remaining questions were resolved by preference (65–74% agreement). Summary of the literature and survey data as well as recommendations for the preparation, acquisition, processing and reporting of renal DWI were provided.

Discussion

The consensus-based technical recommendations for renal DWI aim to facilitate inter-site harmonization and increase clinical impact of the technique on a larger scale by setting a framework for acquisition protocols for future renal DWI studies. We anticipate an iterative process with continuous updating of the recommendations according to progress in the field.
The Impact Performance of Woven-Fabric Thermoplastic and Thermoset Composites Subjected to High-Velocity Soft- and Hard-Impact Loading
Authors: Liu Jun , Liu Haibao , Kaboglu Cihan , Kong Xiangshao , Ding Yuzhe , Chai Hui , Blackman Bamber R. K. , Kinloch Anthony J. , Dear John P.
Published: November 2019

The present paper investigates the impact performance of woven-fabric carbon-fibre composites based upon both thermoplastic- and thermoset-matrix polymers under high-velocity impact loading by conducting gas-gun experiments at impact velocities of up to 100 m.s−1. The carbon-fibre reinforced-polymers (CFRPs) are impacted using soft- (i.e. gelatine) and hard- (i.e. aluminium-alloy) projectiles to simulate either a soft bird-strike or a hard foreign-body impact (e.g. runway debris), respectively, on typical composites employed in civil aircraft. The out-of-plane displacements of the impacted composite specimen are obtained by means of a three-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system for the soft-projectile impact on the composites and the extent of damage is assessed both visually and by using portable C-scan equipment. The perforation resistance and energy absorbing capability of the composites are also studied by performing high-velocity impact experiments using the hard-projectile and the resulting extent and type of damage are identified. In addition, a Finite Element (FE) model is also developed to investigate the interaction between the projectile and the composite target.
The choice of institutions to solve cooperation problems: a survey of experimental research
Authors: Dannenberg Astrid , Gallier Carlo
Published: November 2019

A growing experimental literature studies the endogenous choice of institutions to solve cooperation problems arising in prisoners’ dilemmas, public goods games, and common pool resource games. Participants in these experiments have the opportunity to influence the rules of the game before they play the game. In this paper, we review the experimental literature of the last 20 years on the choice of institutions and describe what has been learned about the quality and the determinants of institutional choice. Cooperative subjects and subjects with optimistic beliefs about others often vote in favor of the institution. Almost all institutions improve cooperation if they are implemented, but they are not always implemented by the players. Institutional costs, remaining free-riding incentives, and a lack of learning opportunities are identified as the most important barriers. Unresolved cooperation problems, like global climate change, are often characterized by these barriers. The experimental results also show that cooperation tends to be higher under endogenously chosen institutions than exogenously imposed institutions. However, a significant share of players fails to implement the institution and they often perform poorly, which is why we cannot conclude that letting people choose is better than enforcing institutions from outside.
Mortality patterns in long-term survivors of childhood or adolescent central nervous system tumour in Sweden
Authors: Huang Wuqing , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Ji Jianguang
Published: November 2019

Purpose

A growing number of young patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumour survived for more than five years. However, these long-term survivors might be at risk of multiple late effects thus leading to a higher risk of late mortality. We aimed to explore the risk of late mortality and the pattern of mortality among long-term survivors of childhood or adolescent CNS tumour.

Methods

We identified 5-year survivors with childhood or adolescent CNS tumour before age 20 years through the Swedish Cancer Registry. Five controls were randomly matched for each patient to generate the reference group. We retrieved information about death via Cause of Death Register. We calculated the absolute excess risk (AER) of death and the hazard ratio (HR) of death using Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Long-term survivors with CNS tumour suffered a significant higher risk of overall mortality (HR 6.56, 95% CI 5.71–7.53; AER 5.89, 95% CI 5.03–6.87). The mortality rate declined with the increasing survival time, but it was still higher even after 30 years of follow-up. Malignant neoplasms contributed mostly to late mortality with an AER of 3.75 (95% CI 2.95–4.75). Female survivors, survivors diagnosed at a younger age and survivors with medulloblastoma were particularly strongly associated with a higher risk of death.

Conclusions

Long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent CNS tumours are at a higher risk of late mortality, and the risk of death is affected by gender, age at diagnosis and types of CNS tumour.
Topographic characterization of canine teeth using atomic force microscopy images in nano-scale
Authors: Nezafat Negin Beryani , Ghoranneviss Mahmood , Elahi Seyed Mohammad , Shafiekhani Azizollah , Ghorannevis Zohreh , Solaymani Shahram
Published: November 2019

The purpose of the present study was to investigate a new method to evaluate micro topography and micro morphology of hard tissue of canine teeth using an atomic force microscope (AFM). For this aim, three extracted human canine teeth were applied. The unpolished surfaces were analyzed with AFM images with 15 µm × 5 µm area and their information obtained by power spectral density (PSD) method and fast Fourier transform algorithm. It was observed that PSD analyses extract suitable information about surface morphological variations so that by moving from enamel to cementum, the fractal dimension and surface complexity were increased.
Green waste composting under GORE(R) cover membrane at industrial scale: physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic assessment
Authors: Al-Alawi Mutaz , Szegi Tamas , El Fels Loubna , Hafidi Mohamed , Simon Barbara , Gulyas Miklos
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Green waste (GW) composting is of increasing importance to the waste management industry in addition being a useful agricultural product that is rich in nutrient and organic matter (OM). The combination of aerated static windrow with GORE(R) cover membrane and an air-floor aeration system is a relatively new industrial-scale composting technology that has not been previously explored. Therefore, the aim of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of composting GW using this new technology.

Methods

The composting process was monitored through changes in the physico-chemical properties,E4/6, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra.

Results

Disinfection requirements were met by holding composting temperature steady in the thermophilic range for 24 days. The technology greatly improved composting conditions, and final compost product in terms of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),C/Nratio, OM degradation, nitrogen transformation, humification, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The FTIR spectra revealed that there was enrichment of aromatic compounds and reduction in aliphatic structures and easily assimilated peptide components by microorganisms, indicating the humification degree increased, the final compost stabilized, and confirming the efficiency of composting. Consequently, the new technology produced a mature compost in only 30 days compared with the standard period of 90–270 days for traditional composting.

Conclusion

Notably, the new technology may be a sustainable alternative for GW management that converts waste into compost and could be beneficial for agricultural uses.
Environmental Regulation in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Impacts and Challenges
Authors: Söderholm Patrik , Bergquist Ann-Kristin , Söderholm Kristina
Published: November 2019

Purpose of Review

In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments.

Recent Findings

Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed—and implemented—in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry.

Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.
Tuning Metallic Co0.85Se Quantum Dots/Carbon Hollow Polyhedrons with Tertiary Hierarchical Structure for High-Performance Potassium Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Han Kun , Li Ping , Wang Wei , He Donglin , Tan Qiwei , Wang Leying , Li Yang , Qin Mingli , Qu Xuanhui
Published: November 2019

Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are a potential candidate to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) but possess unsatisfactory capacity and rate properties. Herein, the metallic cobalt selenide quantum dots (Co0.85Se-QDs) encapsulated in mesoporous carbon matrix were designed via a direct hydrothermal method. Specifically, the cobalt selenide/carbon composite (Co0.85Se-QDs/C) possesses tertiary hierarchical structure, which is the primary quantum dots, the secondary petals flake, and the tertiary hollow micropolyhedron framework. Co0.85Se-QDs are homogenously embedded into the carbon petals flake, which constitute the hollow polyhedral framework. This unique structure can take the advantages of both nanoscale and microscale features: Co0.85Se-QDs can expand in a multidimensional and ductile carbon matrix and reduce the K-intercalation stress in particle dimensions; the micropetals can restrain the agglomeration of active materials and promote the transportation of potassium ion and electron. In addition, the hollow carbon framework buffers volume expansion, maintains the structural integrity, and increases the electronic conductivity. Benefiting from this tertiary hierarchical structure, outstanding K-storage performance (402 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g−1) is obtained when Co0.85Se-QDs/C is used as KIBs anode. More importantly, the selenization process in this work is newly reported and can be generally extended to prepare other quantum dots encapsulated in edge-limited frameworks for excellent energy storage.
DEATH AND THE MODERN EMPIRE: THE 1918–19 INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC IN INDIA
Authors: Arnold David
Published: November 2019

In India the 1918–19 influenza pandemic cost at least twelve million lives, more than in any other country; it caused widespread suffering and disrupted the economy and infrastructure. Yet, despite this, and in contrast to the growing literature on recovering the ‘forgotten’ pandemic in other countries, remarkably little was recorded about the epidemic in India at the time or has appeared in the subsequent historiography. An absence of visual evidence is indicative of a more general paucity of contemporary material and first-hand testimony. In seeking to explain this absence, it is argued that, while India was exposed to influenza as a global event and to the effects of its involvement in the Great War, the influenza episode needs to be more fully understood in terms of local conditions. The impact of the disease was overshadowed by the prior encounter with bubonic plague, by military recruitment and the war, and by food shortages and price rises that pushed India to the brink of famine. Subsumed within a dominant narrative of political unrest and economic discontent, the epidemic found scant expression in official documentation, public debate and/or even private correspondence.
Feet in the Rabbinic Imagination and the Prohibition against Wearing Shoes on Yom Kippur
Authors: Lehman Marjorie
Published: November 2019

A feminist analysis of Bavli Yoma draws our attention to one of the ways the rabbis reflect on their relationship with the priesthood, which is through the lens of the physical body. The Temple procedure detailed in the first seven chapters of the tractate, focused as it is on the priest's body, is entirely different from the bodily self-denial discussed in the eighth chapter, where eating, washing, anointing, sandal wearing, and sexual relations are prohibited. Continuities between the observance of Yom Kippur in the Temple and the prohibitions that define the rabbinic Yom Kippur are surprisingly lacking, given the extent to which the rabbis controlled both the Temple accounts in Yoma and the discussions about Yom Kippur in the eighth chapter of this tractate. Focusing on references to feet, a part of both the Temple rite and the rabbinic observance of Yom Kippur, this article will present one perspective on how the Bavli offers insight into the rabbinic departure from the Temple Yom Kippur.
Universality of Lower Hybrid Waves at Earth's Magnetopause
Authors: Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Norgren C. , Vaivads A. , André M. , Drake J. F. , Egedal J. , Zhou M. , Le Contel O. , Webster J. M. , Lavraud B. , Kacem I. , Génot V. , Jacquey C. , Rager A. C. , Gershman D. J. , Burch J. L. , Ergun R. E.
Published: November 2019

Waves around the lower hybrid frequency are frequently observed at Earth's magnetopause and readily reach very large amplitudes. Determining the properties of lower hybrid waves is crucial because they are thought to contribute to electron and ion heating, cross‐field particle diffusion, anomalous resistivity, and energy transfer between electrons and ions. All these processes could play an important role in magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and the evolution of the boundary layer. In this paper, the properties of lower hybrid waves at Earth's magnetopause are investigated using the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. For the first time, the properties of the waves are investigated using fields and direct particle measurements. The highest‐resolution electron moments resolve the velocity and density fluctuations of lower hybrid waves, confirming that electrons remain approximately frozen in at lower hybrid wave frequencies. Using fields and particle moments, the dispersion relation is constructed and the wave‐normal angle is estimated to be close to 90° to the background magnetic field. The waves are shown to have a finite parallel wave vector, suggesting that they can interact with parallel propagating electrons. The observed wave properties are shown to agree with theoretical predictions, the previously used single‐spacecraft method, and four‐spacecraft timing analyses. These results show that single‐spacecraft methods can accurately determine lower hybrid wave properties.
Separation of Sources of Seasonal Uplift in China Using Independent Component Analysis of GNSS Time Series
Authors: Yan Jun , Dong Danan , Bürgmann Roland , Materna Kathryn , Tan Weijie , Peng Yu , Chen Junping
Published: November 2019

With the improvement of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation accuracy and the establishment of large continuously operating networks, long GNSS time series are now widely used to understand a range of Earth deformation processes. The continuously operating stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China capture deformation signals due to time‐dependent tectonic, nontectonic mass loading, and potentially unknown geophysical processes. In order to separate and recover these underlying sources accurately and effectively, we apply the independent component analysis (ICA) to decompose the observed time series of vertical displacements. Then, we compare these signals with those predicted from independently developed geophysical process models of atmospheric, nontidal ocean, snow, soil moisture mass loading, and the Land Surface Discharge Model, as well as with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment observations. For comparison, we also perform the principal component analysis decomposition of time series and find that the ICA achieves a more consistent representation of multiple geophysical contributors to annual vertical GNSS displacements. ICA can decompose the long‐term trend and different seasonal and multiannual signals that closely correspond to the independently derived mass loading models. We find that independent contributions from atmospheric, soil moisture, and snow mass loading can be resolved from the GNSS data. Discrepancies are likely due to the correlated nature of some of the loading processes and unmodeled contributions from groundwater and surface water changes in South Central China and the Ganges Basin.
A Conceptual Model of a River Plume in the Surf Zone
Authors: Kastner S. E. , Horner‐Devine A. R. , Thomson J. M.
Published: November 2019

We use observations from the Quinault River, a small river that flows into an energetic surf zone on the West Coast of Washington state, to investigate the interaction between river and wave forcing. By synthesizing data from moorings, drifters, and Unmanned Aerial System video, we develop a conceptual model of this interaction based on three length scales: the surf zone width, LSZ; the near‐field plume length, LNF; and the cross‐shore extent of the channel, LC. The relationships between these length scales show how tidal variability and bathymetric effects change the balance of wave and river momentum. The most frequently observed state is LSZ>LNF. Under these conditions the surf zone traps the outflowing river plume and the river water's initial propagation into the surf zone is set by LNF. When the river velocity is highest during low water, and when wave forcing is low, LNF>LSZ and river water escapes the surf zone. At high water during low wave forcing, LC>LSZ, such that minimal wave breaking occurs in the channel and river water escapes onto the shelf. Based on the discharge, wave, and tidal conditions, the conceptual model is used to predict the fate of river water from the Quinault over a year, showing that approximately 70% of the river discharge is trapped in the surf zone upon exiting the river mouth.
A Well‐Posed Alternative to the Hirano Active Layer Model for Rivers With Mixed‐Size Sediment
Authors: Chavarrías Víctor , Arkesteijn Liselot , Blom Astrid
Published: November 2019

The active layer model (Hirano, 1971) is frequently used for modeling mixed‐size sediment river morphodynamic processes. It assumes that all the dynamics of the bed surface are captured by a homogeneous top layer that interacts with the flow. Although successful in reproducing a wide range of phenomena, it has two problems: (1) It may become mathematically ill‐posed, which causes the model to lose its predictive capabilities, and (2) it does not capture dispersion of tracer sediment. We extend the active layer model by accounting for conservation of the sediment in transport and obtain a new model that overcomes the two problems. We analytically assess the model properties and discover an instability mechanism associated with the formation of waves under conditions in which the active layer model is ill‐posed. Numerical simulations using the new model show that it is capable of reproducing two laboratory experiments conducted under conditions in which the active layer model is ill‐posed. The new model captures the formation of waves and mixing due to an increase in active layer thickness. Simulations of tracer dispersion show that the model reproduces reasonably well a laboratory experiment under conditions in which the effect of temporary burial of sediment due to bedforms is negligible. Simulations of a field experiment illustrate that the model does not capture the effect of temporary burial of sediment by bedforms.
Reductions in Strong Upwelling‐Favorable Wind Events in the Pliocene
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Luo Yangcheng , Arnold Nathan , Tziperman Eli
Published: November 2019

Proxy records of the Pliocene show significant warm anomalies of sea surface temperatures (SST) near midlatitude upwelling sites at the eastern boundaries of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Weaker upwelling‐favorable mean winds or a deeper thermocline have been proposed as explanations, yet the mechanisms involved are still not clear and the dramatic warmings of up to 9°C are only partially accounted for. Here we quantify the response of strong “transient” upwelling‐favorable wind events, defined to have a wind velocity over 5 m s−1 and a duration of at least 3 days, to two reconstructions of Pliocene SST. Such events are responsible for much of the modern upwelling SST signal and may therefore be a more relevant measure than the climatological winds. We find that both the amplitude and duration of upwelling‐favorable events are reduced in the Pliocene scenarios. Using Pliocene Reconstruction Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping SST, we find an annual reduction in upwelling flux between 7.4% and 13.2%, depending on model resolution. With an idealized Pliocene SST, the reduction in upwelling flux is between 46.7% and 50.3%. This reduction is shown to be closely related to changes in anticyclonic atmospheric activity, associated in turn with a weaker large‐scale meridional SST gradient.
Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
Authors: Bellouin N. , Quaas J. , Gryspeerdt E. , Kinne S. , Stier P. , Watson‐Parris D. , Boucher O. , Carslaw K. S. , Christensen M. , Daniau A.‐L. , Dufresne J.‐L. , Feingold G. , Fiedler S. , Forster P. , Gettelman A. , Haywood J. M. , Lohmann U. , Malavelle F. , Mauritsen T. , McCoy D. T. , Myhre G. , Mülmenstädt J. , Neubauer D. , Possner A. , Rugenstein M. , Sato Y. , Schulz M. , Schwartz S. E. , Sourdeval O. , Storelvmo T. , Toll V. , Winker D. , Stevens B.
Published: November 2019

Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol‐radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol‐driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed‐phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of ‐1.6 to ‐0.6 W m−2, or ‐2.0 to ‐0.4 W m−2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial‐era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.