bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corona Virus And The Quest For Moral Economy: Islamic Response
Authors: Abdullah Fatimah
Published: September 2021

This article argues that the coronavirus pandemic has shown the world community that the current global economic system is unsustainable. The devastating impact of social, economic and health due to the corona virus are manifesting along with societies’ great inequalities due to the flaws of capitalism. The pandemic has also shed light on the fact that human societies cannot flourish without combatting inequalities.Thus, the seemingly more apparent internal tensions, inconsistencies and moral inadequacies in capitalism seem to necessitate a more ‘moral’ economy. Pertinent to this, Moral capitalism based on universal values can be an alternative system. Both moral capitalism and Islamic economics share similar moral ethical values that could possibly contribute to a more just economic system and therefore a better wellbeing for the global community. This article concludes that there is a dire need to have moral economy for global community. Neo-liberalism needs to be reconstructed for its structural inequalities that renders to societies unsustainablity. For, failure to protect the health and safety of people living in abject poverty around the world, we put the entire world at risk.
The Contribution Of Waqf Institution As A Financial Tool In Addressing Poverty Reduction: Evidence From The Literature
Authors: Haruna Haruna Tijjani , Ibrahim Abdulrazaq Suleiman
Published: September 2021

The paper reviewed the Waqf literature as a basis to analyze its contribution as a financial tool in addressing Poverty Reduction in Nigeria. The study is purely exploratory that relies on desktop research. The research uses previous studies for the analysis, which include news articles, government publications, and websites. The secondary data were obtained from the Holy Qur’an as the Primary source of Shari’ah (Islamic law), which were used to back most of the arguments put forward for the assessment of Waqf in the study area. The study concluded that Waqf played a vital role in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The study recommends the need of Waqf awareness to be created to enlighten the rich men in the society and also for the government to ensure proper and adequate management of Waqf institution. This will help Islamic value-centric policymakers, regulatory authorities, investors, and researchers to gain an overall insight into the potentials of Waqf as a financial tool in reducing poverty.
Two and three-dimensional bin packing problems : an efficient implementation of evolutionary algorithms
Authors:   , Ntanjana Andile
Published: September 2021

The present research work deals with the implementation of heuristics and genetic algo- rithms to solve various bin packing problems (BPP). Bin packing problems are a class of optimization problems that have numerous applications in the industrial world, ranging from efficient cutting of material to packing various items in a larger container. Bin packing problems are known to be non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard), and hence it is impossible to solve them exactly in polynomial time. Thus heuristics are very important to design practical algorithms for such problems. In this research we avoid the use of linear programming because we consider it to be a very cumbersome approach for analysing these types of problems and instead we proposed a simple and very efficient algorithm which is a combination of the fi fi heuristic algorithm in combination with the genetic algorithm, to solve the two and three – dimensional bin packing problems. The packing was carried out in two phases, wherein the fi phase the bins are packed by means of the fi fi heuristic algorithm with the help of other auxiliary techniques, and in the second phase the genetic algorithm is implemented. The purpose of the second phase is to improve the initial arrangements by performing combinatorial optimization for either a limited number of bins or the whole set at one time without destroying the original pattern (elitist strategy). The programming code developed can be used to write high-speed and capable software, which can be used in real-time applications. To conclude, the developed optimization ap- proach signifi tly helps to handle the bin packing problem. Numerical results obtained by optimizing existing industrial problems demonstrated that in many cases it was possible to achieve the optimum solution within only a few seconds, whereas for large-scale complex problems the result was near optimum efficiency over 90% within the same period of time.
Selecting the most appropriate container handling infrastructure for Durban Container Terminal
Authors:   , Naicker Rowen
Published: September 2021

Transnet Port Terminals (TPT) is investing 33 billion rand to improve the infrastructure at terminals over the next seven years and the bulk of this expenditure will be invested in Durban Container Terminal (DCT). A plan to boost productivity to 3.3 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) per year at Pier 2 in DCT is targeted (Transnet Port Terminals, 2012). To achieve this target, advanced container handling infrastructure will need to be introduced. Seven new Zhenhua Port Machinery Company (ZPMC) ship-to-shore cranes have already been purchased for Pier 2 at DCT. Greve (2013), states that these cranes are expected to improve gross crane moves per hour (GCH) from 26 GCH to 33 GCH. An in-depth literature review was conducted to examine various ports around the world and the type of technology that is currently being used before investigating the most appropriate container handling infrastructure for the Port of Durban (POD). Future plans for the POD were also taken into consideration. This study established that the two most common pieces of equipment used for container handling in ports around the world are Straddle Carriers (SC) and Rubber Tyred Gantries (RTG). This is largely due to their flexibility and efficiency. Rail Mounted Gantries (RMG) were discussed very briefly, however were not considered as an option for DCT due to their exorbitant costs to construct, operate and maintain as well as the type of layout of the Port. The production outputs for Pier 1 and Pier 2 were obtained and reviewed to assist in selecting the most efficient piece of equipment from ship to shore. The world is currently leaning towards an environmentally friendly era therefore other options such as Electric-Rubber Tyred Gantries (E-RTG) and Automated Straddle Carriers (ASC) were considered in this study. The government’s National Development Plan (NDP) was then reviewed to determine if automation would be a viable option, considering the vision that South Africa (SA) has in reducing the rate of unemployment by 2030. A visual assessment was carried out and the results were analyzed based on an evaluation of the current pavement to determine whether or not it would be sufficient to carry the loading of the proposed container handling options. An investigation was carried out to determine the possible causes of damaged panels that were discovered during the assessment and alternative solutions were proposed for repair. To stimulate this study the author has presented papers in various renowned journals and conference proceedings. In conclusion, this study deduced that the most appropriate container handling infrastructure would be manual handling RTGs due to their flexibility, reliability, cost effectiveness and efficiency.
Improving the efficiency of structural engineering design in the Eastern Cape through the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Authors:   , Hiscock David Jason
Published: September 2021

This dissertations focuses on the implementation of BIM in the structural engineering field, particularly in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Currently, structural engineering practitioners in the Easter Cape face the threat of being "left behind" in terms of BIM technology, and therefore are losing out on reaping the benefits associated with BIM implementation. Furthermore, BIM is no longer a 'nice beneficial technology to have' but is fast becoming a global requirement within the AEC industry. The main aim of this study is to investigate the necessity for BIM implementation into structural engineering organisations within the Eastern Cape. The hypothesis behind the research is that the implementation of BIM technology will improve the efficiency of the structural engineering design process currently being used within the province. A secondary hypothesis is that BIM will soon become standard practice for the AEC industry.
Musik Dalam Pandangan Schopenhauer
Authors: Sema Daniel , Wibowo Markus
Published: September 2021

Artur Schopenhauer lebih dikenal sebagai filsuf pesimis karena pandangan-pandangan filosofisnya dipenuhi oleh nuansa penderitaan yang berkesinambungan. Penderitaan ini disebabkan dunia dan segala isinya dikendalikan oleh suatu energi besar tak terkendalikan, yang oleh Schopenhauer disebut sebagai “Kehendak” atau Will. Kehendak ini memerangkap dan menyetir benda dan makhluk hidup dalam eksistensinya hingga mereka tak mampu melawannya.

Dalam berfilsafat Schopenhauer dipengaruhi oleh Plato, Kant dan Budha. Pada Plato, Schopenhauer meminjam gagasan ide; pada Kant, ia menyoroti filsafat transendental dan mengadopsi gagasan fenomena dan nomena yang sekaligus disangkalinya; pada agama Budha, ajaran pengendalian dan pemusnahan nafsu untuk mencapai ketenangan dan kedamaian abadi (nirwana) diadopsi oleh Schopenhauer dengan sudut pandang agak berbeda. Walaupun kehidupan pribadinya sangat unik, eksentrik dan kontroversial, Artur Schopenhauer dimasukkan sebagai filsuf besar sepanjang jaman. Gagasan Schopenhauer sangat mempengaruhi filsuf, komposer dan sastrawan besar khususnya pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20: Nietzsche, Wagner, Brahms, Freud, Wittgenstein, Horkheimer, Hardy, Mann, Rilke, Proust, Tolstoy, Borges, Mahler, Langer, Schoenberg, dll.  

Selain berteori, Schopenhauer juga menawarkan jalan keluar kepada manusia untuk lepas dari tirani Kehendak yang mengukunginya, yaitu dengan cara estetis dan etis. Cara estetis sifatnya temporer, sedangkan cara etis lebih permanen. Salah satu cara estetis ialah dengan mendengarkan musik. Musik dikategorikan sebagai seni dengan derajad paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan jenis seni yang lain. Dengan musik manusia sanggup melupakan representasi (Vorstelugen) dunia yang membawa penderitaan.
KORELASI ANTARA ETIKA DENGAN ETOS KERJA PENDIDIK PAUD
Authors: NURAENI NURAENI
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between ethics and the work ethic of PAUD educators. In this study the approach used is quantitative correlation. The sample in this study amounted to 20 PAUD teachers spread across the city of Mataram. The data collection method used is an attitude scale that includes ethics and work ethic which was developed based on the indicators of each research variable. Data analysis using SPSS Pearson Bivariate Correlation. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that ethics is significantly correlated with the work ethic behavior of PAUD educators in Mataram City.

ABSTRAK 

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui korelasi antara etika dengan etos kerja pendidik PAUD. Dalam penelitian ini pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif korelasional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 20 orang guru PAUD yang tersebar di Kota Mataram. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah berupa skala sikap yang mencakup etika dan etos kerja yang dikembangkan berdasarkan indikator dari masing-masing variabel penelitian. Analisis data menggunakan bantuan SPSS korelasi Bivariat Pearson. Bedasarkan hasil analisis data maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa etika berkorelasi signifikan terhadap perilaku etos kerja pendidik PAUD di Kota Mataram.
Ship emissions around China under gradually promoted control policies from 2016 to 2019
Authors: Wang Xiaotong , Yi Wen , Lv Zhaofeng , Deng Fanyuan , Zheng Songxin , Xu Hailian , Zhao Junchao , Liu Huan , He Kebin
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Ship emissions and coastal air pollution around China are expected to be
alleviated with the gradual implementation of ship domestic emission control area
(DECA) policies. However, a comprehensive post-assessment on the policy's
effectiveness is still lacking. This study developed a series of high-spatiotemporal ship emission inventories around China from 2016 to 2019 based
on an updated Ship Emission Inventory Model (SEIM v2.0) and analyzed the
interannual changes in emissions under the influence of both ship activity
increases and gradually promoted policies. In this model, NOx,
SO2, PM and HC emissions from ships in China's inland rivers and the
200 Nm (nautical miles) coastal zone were estimated every day with a spatial resolution
of 0.05∘×0.05∘ based on a combination of automatic
identification system (AIS) data and the Ship Technical Specifications
Database (STSD). The route restoration technology and classification of
ocean-going vessels (OGVs), coastal vessels (CVs) and river vessels (RVs) has
greatly improved our model in the spatial distribution of ship emissions. From
2016 to 2019, SO2 and PM emissions from ships decreased by
29.6 % and 26.4 %, respectively, while ship NOx
emissions increased by 13.0 %. Although the DECA 1.0 policy was implemented in 2017, it was not until 2019 when DECA 2.0 came into
effect that a significant emission reduction was achieved, e.g., a
year-on-year decrease of 33.3 %, regarding
SO2. Considering the potential emissions brought by the continuous
growth of maritime trade, however, an even larger SO2 emission
reduction effect of 39.8 % was achieved in these 4 years
compared with the scenario without switching to cleaner fuel. Containers and
bulk carriers are still the dominant contributors to ship emissions, and
newly built, large ships and ships using clean fuel oil account for an
increasingly large proportion of emission structures. A total of 4 years of consecutive
daily ship emissions were presented for major ports, which reflects the
influence of the step-by-step DECA policy on emissions in a timely manner and
may provide useful references for port observation experiments and local
policy making. In addition, the spatial distribution shows that a number of
ships detoured outside the scope of DECA 2.0 in 2019, perhaps to save costs on
more expensive low-sulfur oil, which would increase emissions in farther
maritime areas. The multiyear ship emission inventory provides high-quality
datasets for air-quality and dispersion modeling, as well as verifications
for in situ observation experiments, which may also guide further ship
emission control directions in China.
Enhanced moisture delivery into Victoria Land, East Antarctica, during the early Last Interglacial: implications for West Antarctic Ice Sheet stability
Authors: Yan Yuzhen , Spaulding Nicole E. , Bender Michael L. , Brook Edward J. , Higgins John A. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , Mayewski Paul A.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The S27 ice core, drilled in the Allan Hills Blue Ice
Area of East Antarctica, is located in southern Victoria Land, ∼80 km away from the present-day northern edge of the Ross
Ice Shelf. Here, we utilize the reconstructed accumulation rate of S27
covering the Last Interglacial (LIG) period between 129 ka and 116 ka (where ka indicates thousands of years before present) to infer moisture transport into the region. The
accumulation rate is based on the ice-age–gas-age differences calculated
from the ice chronology, which is constrained by the stable water isotopes
of the ice, and an improved gas chronology based on measurements of oxygen
isotopes of O2 in the trapped gases. The peak accumulation rate in S27
occurred at 128.2 ka, near the peak LIG warming in Antarctica. Even the most
conservative estimate yields an order-of-magnitude increase in the
accumulation rate during the LIG maximum, whereas other Antarctic ice cores
are typically characterized by a glacial–interglacial difference of a factor
of 2 to 3. While part of the increase in S27 accumulation rates must
originate from changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation,
additional mechanisms are needed to explain the large changes. We
hypothesize that the exceptionally high snow accumulation recorded in S27
reflects open-ocean conditions in the Ross Sea, created by reduced sea ice
extent and increased polynya size and perhaps by a southward retreat of the
Ross Ice Shelf relative to its present-day position near the onset of the LIG.
The proposed ice shelf retreat would also be compatible with a sea-level
high stand around 129 ka significantly sourced from West Antarctica. The
peak in S27 accumulation rates is transient, suggesting that if the Ross Ice
Shelf had indeed retreated during the early LIG, it would have re-advanced
by 125 ka.
Causal Inference, Moral Intuition, and Modeling in a Pandemic
Authors: Harvard Stephanie , Winsberg Eric
Published: September 2021

Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, people have been eager to learn what factors, and especially what public health policies, cause infection rates to wax and wane. But figuring out conclusively what causes what is difficult in complex systems with nonlinear dynamics, such as pandemics. We review some of the challenges that scientists have faced in answering quantitative causal questions during the Covid-19 pandemic, and suggest that these challenges are a reason to augment the moral dimension of conversations about causal inference. We take a lesson from Martha Nussbaum—who cautions us not to think we have just one question on our hands when we have at least two—and apply it to modeling for causal inference in the context of cost-benefit analysis.
Residential location choice and its effects on travel satisfaction in a context of short-term transnational relocation
Authors: Monteiro Mayara Moraes , De Abreu e Silva João , Afonso Nuno , Ingvardson Jesper Bláfoss , Jorge Pinho de Sousa
Published: September 2021

Temporary opportunities for studying and working abroad have been growing globally and intensifying the movement of highly skilled temporary populations. To attract this group, cities need to address their residential and mobility needs. This study focuses on factors influencing residential and travel satisfaction of transnational temporary residents, highlighting the occurrence of residential self-selection, its impacts on residential and travel choices and on derived levels of satisfaction. We have estimated a Bayesian Structural Equations Model and found that lower levels of residential satisfaction (residential dissonance) are associated with lower rents, living farther away from the place of study or work, and having higher transport expenditures. In contrast, higher levels of residential satisfaction (residential consonance) are related to individuals’ stronger preferences for active modes, lower levels of public transport use, and reduced transport monthly expenditures, which suggest shorter commuting distances. These findings reveal the tradeoffs involving residential location, monthly rent, and transport expenditures, highlighting that providing good public transport connections can reduce the burden of commuting distances. Our results indicate that better transport supply and land-use balance near the residence can improve both residential and travel satisfaction.
Peran Massive Open Online Course Terhadap Pembelajaran Al-Quran di Indonesia
Authors: MAQBUL MOH.
Published: September 2021

Pentingnya teknologi di era saat ini telah membawa dunia pendidikan mengeluarkan inovasi pembelajaran yang siap memenuhi tuntutan zaman. Termasuk adanya kursus terbuka berbasis online atau biasa disebut dengan Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). Platform yang disediakan oleh dunia course saat ini sudah banyak ditemui, termasuk di wilayah Indonesia. Bahkan rata-rata penyelenggara tidak membebankan biaya untuk bergabung di platform tersebut. Akan tetapi, perkembangan pembelajaran berbasis MOOC ini tidak banyak menyentuh pada dunia Pendidikan Agama Islam, khususnya pembelajaran Al-Qur’an. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini juga sedikit disinggung terkait perbedaan antara MOOC dengan Learning Management System (LMS) dikarenakan, masih banyak anggapan ‘sama’ terkait MOOC dengan LMS. Dari keduanya tersebut, akan pembahasannya lebih diarahkan kepada pembelajaran Agama Islam terutama di bidang ilmu Al-Qur’an
Penerapan Blended Learning Dalam Pelatihan
Authors: Akhmadi Agus
Published: September 2021

Peningkatan mutu sumberdaya manusia menjadi isu penting dalam pelatihan. Saat ini model blended learning merupakan pendekatan pelatihan yang banyak digunakan dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas pelatihan. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis model blended learning sebagai strategi pelatihan di lembaga pelatihan.

Metode penelitian menggunakan kajian pustaka terhadap jurnal, berfokus pada pertanyaan mengapa blended learning diperlukan dalam pelatihan, bagaimana karakteristik blended learning, bagaimana penerapan blended learning dalam pelatihan, dan bagaimana efektifitas blended learning.

Analisis kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa blended learning diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas pelatihan. Model pelatihan ini memadukan pendekatan pelatihan tatap muka dan online serta praktek. Dengan strategi pembelajaran campuran maka pelatihan menjadi fleksibel. Model blended learning dapat memudahkan peserta dalam mengakses materi dan bahan pelatihan, meningkatkan motivasi belajar dan kemandirian peserta sehingga pelatihan lebih efektif. Model blended learning ini dapat diterapkan sebagai model pelatihan pada lembaga kediklatan. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas blended learning dalam pelatihan perlu sarana prasarana teknologi informatika yang memadai dan kemandirian peserta.
Consideraciones sobre el coro y la liturgia musical en el Monasterio de Piedra entre los siglos XII y XVI
Authors: González Zymla Herbert
Published: September 2021

El Monasterio de Santa María de Piedra fue fundado en 1195. Como la mayoría de las abadías cistercienses masculinas de la Corona de Aragón, perdió casi todo su patrimonio artístico en el s. XIX. Aunque la información actualmente disponible es incompleta, se tienen datos suficientes como para afirmar que tuvo dos coros, uno de monjes y otro de hermanos legos conversos, ambos con sillería de madera. Respecto a la organología, en el altar relicario donde se veneraba la Santa Duda de Cimballa, pintado en 1390, están representados ocho ángeles músicos cuyos instrumentos permiten hacerse una idea del enriquecimiento de la liturgia que se interpretaba en Piedra. En 1496 consta que Pascual de Mallén construyó un órgano de grandes dimensiones. Del repertorio musical sólo conocemos la prosa de un Hosanna gracias al epígrafe que figura en el nimbo de uno de los ángeles músicos, los datos recogidos en la Consueta del s. XV de la Biblioteca Nacional, y un antifonario usado en noviembre, compuesto por Fernando Liñán en 1597, que se conserva en el Monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña. Se propone el estudio del coro y la liturgia musical del Monasterio de Piedra entre los s. XII y XVI.
“Entre eternidade e tempo”: a imagética do vestuario em Hadewijch de Brabante (XIII)
Authors: Pinho Maria
Published: September 2021

Hadewijch de Brabante, beguina e mística do século XIII, oriunda dos Países Baixos, figura como uma imperiosa referência no pensamento religioso da Idade Média. De facto, o seu legado literário atesta-se como um marcante pilar na mística feminina medieval, verificando-se fecundo aos mais diversos níveis. O presente artigo tem por intento fundamental a análise da obra da autora flamenga segundo uma ótica muito própria: a da imagética do vestuário. Analisar-se-á o modo como a imagética do vestuário se articula enquanto elemento místico, e de forma a estabelecer-se como um verdadeiro diálogo entre materialidade e imaterialidade no decurso do caminho para Deus, instaurando uma expressão literária posicionada “entre eternidade e tempo”.
hermafrodita anatómico-fisiológico, o la fractura medieval y áurea del mito del andrógino. Contextos iconográficos
Authors: Melián Pérez Elvira M.
Published: September 2021

Durante el trayecto antropológico de simbolización del Homo Sapiens, el cuerpo humano ha sido subordinado a los arquetipos simbólicos imperantes en cada sociedad, reflejo del conjunto de sus discursos para comprender el mundo Quizá no encontremos en nuestro patrimonio cultural un mejor sustrato de este paradigma que el andrógino, considerado secularmente como normal, divino o monstruoso, en función del entretejido entre las convenciones sociales/religiosas, y los límites del conocimiento empírico de cada civilización. En su prisma sagrado, el andrógino aglutinó mitología, alquimia, perfección, y eterno retorno, encarnando la imagen divina primordial de muchas religiones. En el profano, cuando la patrística medieval transformó el pecado en carnal, el hermafrodita biológico fue dotado de una carga poderosamente negativa. La denominada "desilusión del mito del andrógino" originó una gran discrepancia conceptual y figurativa entre la androginia mítica y el hermafroditismo anatómico-fisiológico. Apoyándose en una lectura dinámica de su iconografía, este artículo explora el impacto de la Escolástica sobre la mudanza medieval y moderna de esta entidad, desde el andrógino alquímico hasta el hermafrodita profano y, subsecuentemente, Eva, ambos "cuerpos" teológicos del Pecado. Desde la perspectiva de la medicina antropológica, una mirada diacrónica a su itinerario representativo y conceptual a través de los siglos nos permite rastrear la tensión dialéctica entre cuerpo, espíritu, ideario y doctrina, subyacente en esta particular construcción simbólica.
Determinants of Audit Quality with Auditor's Professionalism Skepticism as a Mediating Variable in Public Accounting Firm (KAP) Medan City
Authors: Nasution Shabrina Tri Asti
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is to detect factors that encourage an increase in auditor professionalism skepticism so that they are able to produce quality audits. It is realized that audit quality comes from a good audit process and the auditor puts forward a good attitude of professional skepticism. The results of this study indicate that the experience and competence of auditors can increase the attitude of skepticism of auditor professionalism and audit quality. In addition, the skepticism of the auditor's professionalism is able to mediate the experience of the auditor and the competence of the auditor affects the quality of the audit. For KAP, especially in the city of Medan, it has an obligation to provide an equal portion of audit assignments to all auditors and provide opportunities for auditors to improve their abilities by attending education and training from both formal and non-formal educational institutions.

Keywords: Experience, Competence, Skepticism, Audit Quality.
Neoklasik Paradigma Çerçevesinden Gelir Vergisinin Teorik Analizi
Authors: KARAGÖZ Berkan
Published: September 2021

Çalışma, Neoklasik paradigma çerçevesine dayalı modern anlamda etkinliği bozmayan gelir vergisi yapısının ne olduğunu araştırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda refah iktisadının belirleyici olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Klasik refah iktisadı, artan oranlı gelir vergisini önermekte, modern refah iktisadı ise asgari geçim indirimi ve negatif gelir vergisi kurumlarını içeren düz oranlı gelir vergisinin iktisadi etkinliği daha az etkinlik bozucu olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Dahası, modern refah iktisadına göre, negatif gelir vergisi kurumuna dayalı düz oranlı vergileme, artan oranlı vergilemeye göre daha eşitlik sağlayıcıdır. Bunun yanında Mirrlees’in, üçüncü bir alternatif olarak asıl olması gereken gelir vergisinin, kişinin bireysel yeteneklerine göre şekillenen, çalışma sürelerine göre tarifelendirilen ve optimal gelir vergisi tarifesinin, kişisel özellikler, yaşam döngüsü içindeki değişmeler, zenginlik, kalıtsallık gibi bazı yönleri de içermesi gerektiğine ilişkin önermeleri vardır. Etkinlik-adalet değiş-tokuşu açısından günümüzde negatif gelir vergisi ve asgari geçim indirimi kurumlarını içeren düz oranlı gelir vergisinin önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Persistence and Change: Marriage and Family Among the Overseas Indians in the Caribbean
Authors: Jha Kiran
Published: September 2021

Indians came to the Caribbean under the system of indenture to augment the labour shortage in the plantations around the middle of the nineteenth century. Rather than returning after the contractual period, many Indians stayed on, accepting the Caribbean as their new found home. Thus began a symbiotic relationship of the Indian culture with the Caribbean society in the new habitat. This paper outlines the lives of the overseas Indians with reference to aspects of marriage, including the selection of spouses, different kinds of marriage and its dissolution. The paper also discusses the institution of family and its internal mechanisms in terms of patterns of authority, inheritance, conflicts, the position of women and the system of kinship. The overseas Indians moved from tradition to modernity, and from custom to legality. There was also resistance to change and deviations as some values struggled to be reinforced, while others were discarded. On the whole, kinship relations remained of vital importance for the sake of mutual cooperation and social intercourse in a foreign land. Interpersonal relations helped to regulate and standardize behaviour. In providing these accounts, this paper seeks to portray the persistence and change of traditional Indian social intuitions and customs among the overseas community in the Caribbean.
Gender-Specific Programming and Trauma-Informed Approaches
Authors: Derlic Dragana , McKenna Nicole
Published: September 2021

Yoga has been making its way into juvenile detention centers, but little research has looked at the pos-sible effects of yoga on this special population of individuals. The purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature available on the effects of yoga on youth involved with the justice system and its potential for rehabilitation. Notably, the objective here is to highlight the need for gender-specific pro-gramming, specifically those designed with women and girls in mind. This paper takes a gender-responsive and trauma-informed approach when discussing literature on alternative rehabilitation and, importantly, identifies the gaps in previous research while offering ways of improvement. The findings in this review highlight the need for trauma-informed care and gender-specific programming. Importantly, this review identifies the need for race-sensitive programming while addressing cultural, historical, and gender-based issues within the field of criminology and criminal justice. Overall, we find that gender-specific programs are useful but lack in implementation and program evaluation. With that said, more research is needed in this area of study.
Analysis of Oil Palm Marketing Efficiency in Tommo District, Mamuju, Indonesia
Authors: Hasanuddin Supardi
Published: September 2021

This study aims to determine the pattern of oil palm marketing channels, the number of costs and marketing margins obtained by each marketing agency, as well as the efficiency of oil palm marketing channels. The respondents were 34 information, consisting of 30 oil palm farmers and traders collecting oil palm FFB in Tommo District. Marketing of oil palm FFB is carried out using the snowball sampling method. The results of this study indicate that there are three marketing channels formed. Namely: Marketing channel I, namely Farmers sell directly to palm oil mills, Marketing channel II, namely sales through farmer groups then sold to palm oil mills, Marketing Channel III, namely Farmers selling to collector traders then sold to palm oil mills, highest marketing costs is in the channel I. The costs incurred in this marketing channel are transportation costs of Rp. 11.36/Kg of FFB, labor costs of Rp. 21.88/Kg of FFB, retribution costs of Rp. 7.71/Kg of FFB. Marketing Channel shows that marketing channel I is an efficient channel. With a margin value of 4.07 percent and a farmer's share of 95.92 percent, the production volume is 32.78 tons or 24.45 percent. Farmer share for the selling price of FFB is the highest farmer share because farmers directly sell their harvest to the factory.
Orta Ergenlik Dönemindeki Öğrencilerin Farklı Değişkenler Açısından Beslenme Bilgi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: ERTEN Reyhan
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı orta ergenlik dönemindeki öğrencilerin beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesidir. Çalışma özel okul ve devlet okullarında öğrenim gören 262’si kız ve 144’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 406 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Öğrencilerden 206’sı devlet okulunda 200’ü özel okulda öğrenim görmektedir. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak demografik bilgi formu ve 15 soruluk beslenme bilgi testi uygulanmıştır. Beslenme bilgi testine her doğru soru bir puan olarak değerlendirilirken yanlış yanıtlara ise puan verilmemiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; kız ve erkek öğrencilerin beslenme bilgi testiden aldıkları puanlar arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır. Kız öğrencilerin beden imgesini bu yaşlarda daha çok önemsediği için beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin de bu sebeple erkek öğrencilerden daha iyi düzeyde olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Adolesanların yaşları ile paralel olarak beslenme bilgi düzeylerinin de yetersiz olduğu görülmüştür. Özellikle 16-17 yaş grubunun daha az doğru yanıt verdiği saptanmıştır. Bu durumla bağlantılı olarak 9. Sınıf ve 11. Sınıf ile 11. Sınıf ve 12.sınıf öğrencilerinin puanları arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır. Sınav öncesi dönemdeki adolesanların pratik olarak ifade ettiğimiz fastfood tüketimine yoğunlaştığını söyleyebiliriz. Okul türü değişkenine göre ise anlamlı bir farklılık olmaması gelenekselleşmiş yemek kültürümüzün devam ettiğinin bir göstergesi olabileceğini söyleyebiliriz. Sonuç olarak; adolesanların en hızlı gelişim ve değişim gösterdiği bu dönemde erken yaşlarda beslenme bilgisi eğitiminin verilmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca verilecek bu eğitim için en uygun ortamında okullar olduğunu söyleyebiliriz.
An examination of adaptations of direct marketing channels and practices by Maryland fruit and vegetable farmers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bachman Grace , Lupolt Sara , Strauss Mariya , Kennedy Ryan , Nachman Keeve
Published: September 2021

This study explores the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Maryland stay-at-home order on fruit and vegetable farmers in Maryland. Focusing on farms’ direct-to-consumer marketing channels, we aim to characterize the diversity of farm responses and identify practices that facilitated adaptation. This research is grounded in the socio-ecological systems framework, which emphasizes the interconnection between social and ecological systems and characterizes the dual-driving forces that impact food producers and their livelihood. The study team conducted interviews with 20 Maryland farm owners/managers who grow and sell produce. The semistructured interviews includ­ed questions relating to production practices, sales and marketing, and resilience. The interviewer fol­lowed up with probes to understand the dimen­sions of response diversity and adaptive capacity. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and responses were analyzed using the framework approach. In the context of a global pandemic, community supported agriculture (CSA), farmers markets, and pick-your-own channels provided a high degree of stability and financial security. No farmer reported relying solely on intermediated markets (e.g., restaurants, grocery stores, institu­tions). Distribution channels that incorporated an online marketplace offering prepacked pre-orders were a notable strength of highly adaptive Mary­land produce farmers. Farmers reported that expanding established CSAs was an important method for reallocating produce originally intended to be sold to reduced/terminated marketing chan­nels. Common challenges among farmers included increased administrative workload, concerns asso­ciated with raising food prices during a crisis, and environmental concerns about the use of additional packaging. We describe a range of adaptive behav­iors that aided farmers in withstanding shocks.
Memoria de Dios y otros poemas
Authors: Vega Blanco José
Published: September 2021

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La "Ciudad de Dios" y la "Ciudad del hombre": convergencias y tensiones
Authors: Langa Aguilar Pedro
Published: September 2021

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El azar en los romanos antes de las "escuelas morales"
Authors: Masdías Quintela A.E.
Published: September 2021

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The Right to Informational Self-Determination in the Context of Selected Judicial Decisions and Practical Background
Authors: Erdősová Andrea
Published: September 2021

It is essential to address in particular the comprehensive prevention of breaches of the right to informational self-determination and whether the persons concerned are aware that they “voluntarily agree” to pass on their identity information to third parties. It is alarming nowadays what amount of private data are available at their disposal for companies or private persons regarding other persons and how easy it seems to obtain this data. In today’s information age and the era of more advanced use of artificial intelligence, it will be more necessary than in the past to define what the individual intended, what he agreed with, and what he eventually approved as data privacy.In order to ensure the protection of the individual and his/her privacy, it is therefore necessary to respond to and refine the existing sources of law, especially to establish codes of ethics taking into account the modern technological and social development.
Information Security Awareness in Public Administrations at an International Level
Authors: Garayová Lilla
Published: September 2021

Privacy and data protection laws have changed significantly over the last two decades. The highly networked and interconnected world we live in today was only a flash on the horizon in the 1990s. The Internet itself was still a whole new innovation for many people. Many businesses have not had a public website yet. Concepts, such as online social media platforms, did not exist – and certainly no one thought about how they should be regulated. Smartphones, wearable technology and artificial intelligence have made huge leaps over the past 20 years – powered by new ways of data acquisition and processing. As a result, courts and regulators have increasingly had to adapt the aging data protection laws to suit a constantly changing world for which they were simply not designed. Government digital agendas worldwide go hand in hand with this fast-paced digital evolution. Information security and awareness should be a crucial part of public administration agendas with the primary goal to protect information of all types and origins.
Budget Allocation of Taxes to Territorial Budgets
Authors: Pařízková Ivana
Published: September 2021

The contribution deals with the financing of territorial self-governing units in the Czech Republic. The economic basis of local governance is still the most important and the most complicated issue of local governance. Local governances need economic independence for filling their tasks. The aim of this paper is to describe the importance of budget allocation of taxes (BAT) for municipal and regional budgets in the Czech Republic and, on the basis of description and critical analysis or comparison and synthesis of acquired knowledge, to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that partial amendments to the Act on Budget Allocation of Revenue of Certain Taxes to territorial budgets damage municipalities and regions or, on the contrary, strengthen their permanent financial basis. Description, analysis and synthesis are used as a method for writing this article.
European Legal Regulation of Cryptocurrencies through the AML Scope
Authors: Datinský Pavel
Published: September 2021

This article deals with cryptocurrencies and its impact nowadays on the AML field at a European Union level. The article will be divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion; it will define elementary information and defitions, will  identify ways of practical use of cryptocurrencies, will introduce risks connected with the use of cryptocurrencies and will introduce legal regulation of cryptocurrencies by the V. AML Direction. In the conclusion the quality of communitary regulation will  be evaluated and a few de lege ferenda tips will be devised to improve regulation for the future.
Protection of a Weaker Party in Public Interest – Material Scope of the Directive on Unfair Trading Practices in Business-to-Business Relationships in the Agricultural and Food Supply Chain
Authors: Knapp Magdalena
Published: September 2021

The article focuses on the scope of the Directive (EU) 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. It discusses recent developments in regulatory approach to unfair trading practices. It analyses steps taken towards uniformity in this area of law within the EU and contemplates whether there is a need for further harmonisation. The article attempts to evaluate the scope of the UTP Directive, focusing mainly on a material scope inherently linked to the notion of “agricultural and food products” and characteristics of unfair trading practices. It also discusses whether Member States should consider widening the national regulations beyond food supply chain so that their scope would cover vertical relationships in every sector of the economy.
Prolonging Payment Deadlines of Real Estate Tax Instalments to Entrepreneurs in Connection with Covid-19 in Poland: Basic Rules, Consequences of the Application of the Mechanism and Selected Disadvantages of Tax Resolutions
Authors: Popławski Mariusz , Charkiewicz Mariusz
Published: September 2021

The primary aim of this article is to present fundamental principles resulting from Article 15q of the Covid Act – which  contains the legal basis for passing tax resolutions – according to which the municipality councils may prolong to  entrepreneurs payment deadlines of certain instalments in real estate tax. This paper discusses the consequences of  introducing these preferences, as well as certain flaws of the tax resolutions adopted on the basis of the aforementioned  regulation of the Act on Covid. The flaws were detected on the basis of the analysis of the resolutions adopted by regional  accounting chambers finding shortcomings in the resolutions of municipality councils adopted on the basis of the  aforementioned provision of the Act on Covid.
Dayanıklı Tüketim Malları Sektöründe Şikayet Yönetimine Yönelik Gri İlişkisel Analiz Tekniği Uygulaması
Authors: GÜLER Hale Nur
Published: September 2021

Gelişen teknoloji, müşteri beklentilerinin artması ve müşterilerin birçok kanaldan şikayetlerini iletebilmeleri nedeniyle şirketlerde şikayet yönetimi politikaları daha da önemli hale gelmiştir. Müşteriler şirketlerle ilgili görüşlerini iletip problemleri için çözüm beklemekte ve memnun olmadıkları çözümler içinde birçok kanaldan yorum iletebilmektedir. Şirketlerin şikayetlerin önlenmesi ve oluşan şikayetlerin etkinlikle çözülebilmesi için başarılı şikayet yönetimi politikalarına ihtiyaçları vardır. Bu çalışmada dayanıklı tüketim malları sektöründe mal ve hizmet sunan şirketlerin şikayet yönetim politikalarının etkinliği çok kriterli karar verme tekniklerinden gri ilişkisel analiz yöntemiyle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Dayanıklı tüketim malları sektöründe bulunan şirketlere ait veriler şikayetvar.com isimli müşteri şikayetleri ile şirketleri birleştiren platform olan internet sitesinden ve şirketlerin resmi internet sitelerinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada şikayet yönetimi politikalarının etkinliğinin belirlenmesinde çözüm oranı, çözüm süresi, memnuniyet puanı ve iletişim kanal sayısı olarak dört kriter esas alınarak şirketler sıralanmıştır. Buna göre yapılan analiz sonucuna göre Simfer, Arçelik ve Vestel’ in ilk üç sırada yer aldığı görülmektedir.
Association of Wound Infection with Various Surgical Technique Applied for Appendectomy in Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Armughan Muhammad , Sadiq Imran , Mukhtar Shafqat , Altaf Hafiz Ahmad
Published: September 2021

Background: Perforated appendix in diabetic as well as hypertensive patients is associated with elevated risks of postoperative infectious complications such as wound infection and intra-abdominal abscess. Objective: To identify better appendectomy procedure for diabetic and hypertensive patients. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial Place and Duration of Study: Department of Surgery, Unit l, Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur from 10th October 2020 to 9th April 2021. Methodology: Ninety eight patients meeting the criteria of perforated appendix were divided in two groups; one group consisted of 49 patients who were managed by open surgical procedure. Second group was consisted of 49 patients who were managed by laparoscopic surgical procedure. Patient outcomes in-terms of wound infections, operative time and duration of surgery was assessed. Results: Mean age of patients was 25.49±6.03 years. There were 17 hypertensive while 15 diabetic patients. Wound infection was seen in 21% and 28% open surgery diabetic and hypertensive patients respectively in comparison to 10%and 8% in laparoscopic appendectomy diabetic and hypertensive patients respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is associated with significantly lower rates of post-operative wound infections and shorter hospital stay in comparison to open appendectomy in diabetic and hypertensive patients of perforated appendicitis. Key Words: Perforated appendix, laparoscopic, open appendectomy
Biological applications and secondary metabolites of Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.
Authors: Semwal R. B. , Joshi K. , Pandian A. , Badoni P. P. , Semwal D. K.
Published: September 2021

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. (Compositae), popularly known as Kuth in Ayurveda, is useful for gastrointestinal disorders in the form of a digestive agent, anti-gastric agent or an appetizer. Its roots have been used in respiratory problems like cough and asthma. The plant is also used in various other traditional medicinal systems including Unani. A number of scientific reports have proved its therapeutic importance as anti-gastric, anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent. A variety of secondary metabolites including sesquiterpenoid lactones, lignins, and phytosterols have been identified as bioactive principles from the roots of this plant. Today, many healthcare products are available in the market those contain S. costus roots as single or in the form of a polyherbal formulation. According to the IUCN Red List, S. lappa is under the threatened category and due to its high demand in the market, it is becoming extinct very fast from its natural habitat. Hence, there is an urgent need to protect the plant by promoting its cultivation on a large scale.
Development and challenges of herbal injectables – a possible emerging area of drug delivery
Authors: Semwal Ravindra
Published: September 2021

Herbal drugs have been employed in the treatment of diseases since ancient time. People have confidence in their efficacy and safety even today. The main reason for the popularity of these drugs is their limited side-effects when consumed in the prescribed quantity. Despite their comparatively safe nature, their bioavailability and long gestation period remain challenging. This can be remedied by administering these drugs through parenteral routes in the form of herbal injectables. This article aims to draw the attention of the researcher toward the formulation and development of herbal injectables. Besides, the emphasis has given to the current scenario, challenges and perspectives of herbal injectables.