bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential interference contrast‐photothermal microscopy in nanospace: impacts of systematic parameters
Authors: LIU M.
Published: August 2017

Differential interference contrast‐photothermal microscopy (DIC‐PTM), as a promising tool for trace analysis of nonfluorescent compounds, suffered low sensitivity in nanospace especially for aqueous samples, due to the poor thermophysical property of water and the unoptimised configuration. To improve its performance, a five‐layer DIC‐PTM model is built and influences of different parameters on the photothermal signal are investigated. The initial phase shift φ0 between two branches of the probe beam is found to be a key factor determining the detection sensitivity and response linearity: at a large φ0 (≤π/2) both a high sensitivity and a good linearity can be achieved, while a high signal‐to‐noise ratio occurs at a small φ0. The steady‐state photothermal phase shift φdc has little impact on the linearity, which, however, is greatly influenced by the range of periodic photothermal phase shift φac. By introducing two coatings into a nanospace to confine the photothermal effect within and around the sample, the sensitivity can be enhanced from a few times to over 100 times. On an optimised DIC‐PTM configuration and chip structure, detection limit down to 10−3 cm−1 (or 40 molecules in a detection volume of 0.2 fL) was achieved in a 300‐nm‐thick nanospace. This work paves a way for optimising the DIC‐PTM and chip structure for sensitive detection of analytes in nanospaces.
Sigma‐1 receptor ligands inhibit catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells due to block of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Brindley Rebecca L. , Bauer Mary Beth , Hartley Nolan D. , Horning Kyle J. , Currie Kevin P.M.
Published: August 2017

Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs) are the neuroendocrine arm of the sympathetic nervous system and key mediators of the physiological stress response. Acetylcholine (ACh) released from preganglionic splanchnic nerves activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on chromaffin cells causing membrane depolarization, opening voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC), and exocytosis of catecholamines and neuropeptides. The serotonin transporter is expressed in ACCs and interacts with 5‐HT1A receptors to control secretion. In addition to blocking the serotonin transporter, some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also agonists at sigma‐1 receptors which function as intracellular chaperone proteins and can translocate to the plasma membrane to modulate ion channels. Therefore, we investigated whether SSRIs and other sigma‐1 receptor ligands can modulate stimulus‐secretion coupling in ACCs. Escitalopram and fluvoxamine (100 nM to 1 μM) reversibly inhibited nAChR currents. The sigma‐1 receptor antagonists NE‐100 and BD‐1047 also blocked nAChR currents (≈ 50% block at 100 nM) as did PRE‐084, a sigma‐1 receptor agonist. Block of nAChR currents by fluvoxamine and NE‐100 was not additive suggesting a common site of action. VGCC currents were unaffected by the drugs. Neither the increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] nor the resulting catecholamine secretion evoked by direct membrane depolarization to bypass nAChRs was altered by fluvoxamine or NE‐100. However, both Ca2+ entry and catecholamine secretion evoked by the cholinergic agonist carbachol were significantly reduced by fluvoxamine or NE‐100. Together, our data suggest that sigma‐1 receptors do not acutely regulate catecholamine secretion. Rather, SSRIs and other sigma‐1 receptor ligands inhibit secretion evoked by cholinergic stimulation because of direct block of Ca2+entry via nAChRs.

image
LPA1 is a key mediator of intracellular signalling and neuroprotection triggered by tetracyclic antidepressants in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Olianas Maria C. , Dedoni Simona , Onali Pierluigi
Published: August 2017

Both lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and antidepressants have been shown to affect neuronal survival and differentiation, but whether LPA signalling participates in the action of antidepressants is still unknown. In this study, we examined the role of LPA receptors in the regulation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activity and neuronal survival by the tetracyclic antidepressants, mianserin and mirtazapine in hippocampal neurons. In HT22 immortalized hippocampal cells, antidepressants and LPA induced a time‐ and concentration‐dependent stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This response was inhibited by either LPA1 and LPA1/3 selective antagonists or siRNA‐induced LPA1 down‐regulation, and enhanced by LPA1 over‐expression. Conversely, the selective LPA2 antagonist H2L5186303 had no effect. Antidepressants induced cyclic AMP response element binding protein phosphorylation and this response was prevented by LPA1 blockade. ERK1/2 stimulation involved pertussis toxin‐sensitive G proteins, Src tyrosine kinases and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF‐R) activity. Tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF‐R was enhanced by antidepressants through LPA1. Serum withdrawal induced apoptotic death, as indicated by increased annexin V staining, caspase activation and cleavage of poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase. Antidepressants inhibited the apoptotic cascade and this protective effect was curtailed by blockade of either LPA1, ERK1/2 or FGF‐R activity. Moreover, in primary mouse hippocampal neurons, mianserin acting through LPA1 increased phospho‐ERK1/2 and protected from apoptosis induced by removal of growth supplement. These data indicate that in neurons endogenously expressed LPA1 receptors mediate intracellular signalling and neuroprotection by tetracyclic antidepressants.

image
Nursing care for stroke patients: A survey of current practice in 11 European countries
Authors: Tulek Zeliha , Poulsen Ingrid , Gillis Katrin , Jönsson Ann‐Cathrin
Published: August 2017

Aims and objectives

To conduct a survey of the clinical nursing practice in European countries in accordance with the European Stroke Strategies 2006 and to examine to what extent the European Stroke Strategies have been implemented in stroke care nursing in Europe.

Background

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Optimal organisation of interdisciplinary stroke care is expected to ameliorate outcome after stroke. Consequently, universal access to stroke care based on evidence‐based guidelines is a priority.

Design

This study is a descriptive cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

A questionnaire comprising 61 questions based on the European Stroke Strategies and scientific evidence in nursing practice was distributed to representatives of the European Association of Neuroscience Nurses, who sent the questionnaire to nurses active in stroke care. The questionnaire covered the following areas of stroke care: organisation of stroke services, management of acute stroke and prevention including basic care and nursing, and secondary prevention.

Results

Ninety‐two nurses in stroke care in 11 European countries participated in the survey. Within the first 48 hr after stroke onset, 95% monitor patients regularly, 94% start mobilisation after 24 hr when patients are stable, and 89% assess patients’ ability to swallow. Change of position for immobile patients is followed by 73%, and postvoid residual urine volume is measured by 85%. Some aspects needed improvement, for example, staff education (70%), education for patients/families/carers (55%) and individual care plans in secondary prevention (62%).

Conclusions

The participating European countries comply well with the European Stroke Strategies guidelines, particularly in the acute stroke care, but not all stroke units have reached optimal development in all aspects of stroke care nursing.

Relevance to clinical practice

Our study may provide clinical administrators and nurses in stroke care with information that may contribute to improved compliance with the European Stroke Strategies and evidence‐based guidelines.
An interview‐based study of nonattendance at screening for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in older women: Nonattendees’ perspectives
Authors: Dahl Marie , Lindholt Jes , Søgaard Rikke , Frost Lars , Andersen Lene Søndergaard , Lorentzen Vibeke
Published: August 2017

Aims and objectives

This study explored nonattendees’ perspectives on a screening programme for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus among women aged 60–77 years.

Background

Nonattendance in screening is a common concern and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Whether nonattendees need targeted information to participate in screening is unknown. Thus, it is important to explore the reasons for nonattendance, particularly as nonattendees’ perspectives have not been fully explored.

Design

An interview study.

Methods

The data were obtained through semistructured interviews with 10 women sampled from a population who declined to participate in a women's screening programme for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Additionally, reflective notes on the interview context were documented. The data were collected in 2013. Kvale and Brinkmann's method for data analysis was applied.

Results

All informants found the screening offer personally irrelevant, but this belief was changeable. The informants’ perceptions of screening were based on subjective health and risk beliefs, personal knowledge of diseases and the screening programme, and distrust in the healthcare system.

Conclusion

Personal experiences, beliefs and self‐protective strategies influence individuals’ subjective interpretations of a screening programme's relevance. The perception that screening is irrelevant seems to be rooted in nonattendees’ personal health‐related assessment and knowledge. Consequently, whether nonattendance is determined by an informed decision is questionable. Negative experiences with the healthcare system led to hesitation towards screening in general.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study is relevant to healthcare workers as well as decision‐makers from a screening and preventive perspective. The findings highlight important issues that should be addressed to encourage invitees to accept screening invitations and to facilitate informed decision‐making about screening participation.
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide attenuates chemotherapy‐induced ovarian injury by reducing oxidative stress
Authors: Yang Dong‐mei , Zhang Jing‐qin , Fei Yi‐fei
Published: August 2017

Aim

We aimed to examine the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on ovarian damage induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) and to investigate the underlying mechanism.

Methods

A total of 240 female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, the CTX‐induced ovarian injury (OI) group, and three LBP groups. Different concentrations of LBP solution were administered to the LBP groups by gastric infusion for 15 days, and the OI group and LBP groups were then subjected to CTX treatment for another 15 days. On days 7, 14, and 28 after CTX injection, femoral vein blood and ovarian tissues were collected for the measurements of antioxidant enzymes and oxidation products. Serum indicators were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; and Nrf2, heme oxygenase‐1, and quinone oxidoreductase 1 protein levels were detected by Western blot analysis.

Results

LBP attenuated CTX‐induced ovarian damage and reversed associated adverse effects. LBP reduced oxidative stress by enhancing the potency of antioxidant enzymes and attenuating elevated levels of oxidation products following CTX injection. Furthermore, LBP upregulated Nrf2, heme oxygenase‐1, and quinone oxidoreductase 1 protein expression.

Conclusion

LBP exerts protective effects against CTX‐induced ovarian injury by reducing oxidative stress and activating the Nrf2/ARE‐signaling pathway.
Perinatal mortality in Japanese women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Morikawa Mamoru , Sugiyama Takashi , Sagawa Norimasa , Hiramatsu Yuji , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Hamada Hiromi , Kameda Takashi , Hara Emiko , Toda Shigeru , Minakami Hisanori
Published: August 2017

Aims

The objective of this study was to determine how many pregnant Japanese women with diabetes mellitus (DM)/gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) experience perinatal mortality in the presence of fetal anomalies.

Methods

Our investigation included data from 205 secondary/tertiary obstetric facilities located widely in Japan. The Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Vital Statistics of Japan was used for comparison.

Results

Of 237 941 women giving birth at 205 hospitals, 1796 (0.8%) and 13 037 (5.5%) had DM and GDM, respectively. The perinatal mortality rates (per 1000 births) were 10.6 (19/1796) for women with DM, 5.2 (68/13037) for women with GDM, and 3.7 (7612/2039504) for the general Japanese population. Detailed information was available for 63 (72%) of the 87 perinatal deaths occurring in women with diabetes including DM and GDM; fetal anomalies were associated with 40% (25/63) of perinatal deaths, exceeding 16% (1211/7612) in the general Japanese population (P < 0.0001). The leading four fetal anomalies associated with perinatal mortality in women with diabetes were fetal trisomy (6 cases: 1 of trisomy‐13 and 5 of trisomy‐18), non‐immune hydrops fetalis (5 cases), cardiac deformities (3 cases) and holoprosencephaly (2 cases).

Conclusions

Perinatal mortality was more likely to occur in women with glucose intolerance. In the Japanese infants that succumbed to perinatal mortality, fetal anomaly was more prevalent in those born to women with a glucose intolerance than in those born to the general population.
Primary osteosarcoma of the uterine cervix: A case report
Authors: Tsuji Keita , Watanabe Yoh , Tokunaga Hideki , Shimada Muneaki , Watanabe Mika , Yaegashi Nobuo
Published: August 2017

Primary osteosarcoma of the uterine cervix is extremely rare. Only 20 cases have been reported, 19 of which originated in the uterine corpus. We report a case of primary uterine cervical osteosarcoma with pulmonary metastasis in a 30‐year‐old nulligravida woman. The initial diagnosis was carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix, as detected by cervical cytology and biopsy analysis. We performed a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy and colostomy without macroscopic residual tumors in the abdominal cavity, but pelvic recurrent tumors appeared 14 days postoperatively. Both recurrent and metastatic tumors were effectively reduced by combination therapy of adriamycin with ifosfamide; however, the patient died as a result of of disease progression nine months after her first visit to our department.
Fingolimod against endotoxin‐induced fetal brain injury in a rat model
Authors: Yavuz And , Sezik Mekin , Ozmen Ozlem , Asci Halil
Published: August 2017

Aim

Fingolimod is a sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor modulator used for multiple sclerosis treatment and acts on cellular processes such as apoptosis, endothelial permeability, and inflammation. We hypothesized that fingolimod has a positive effect on alleviating preterm fetal brain injury.

Methods

Sixteen pregnant rats were divided into four groups of four rats each. On gestational day 17, i.p. endotoxin was injected to induce fetal brain injury, followed by i.p. fingolimod (4 mg/kg maternal weight). Hysterotomy for preterm delivery was performed 6 h after fingolimod. The study groups included (i) vehicle controls (i.p. normal saline only); (ii) positive controls (endotoxin plus saline); (iii) saline plus fingolimod; and (iv) endotoxin plus fingolimod treatment. Brain tissues of the pups were dissected for evaluation of interleukin (IL)‐6, caspase‐3, and S100β on immunohistochemistry.

Results

Maternal fingolimod treatment attenuated endotoxin‐related fetal brain injury and led to lower immunoreactions for IL‐6, caspase‐3, and S100β compared with endotoxin controls (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons).

Conclusion

Antenatal maternal fingolimod therapy had fetal neuroprotective effects by alleviating preterm birth‐related fetal brain injury with inhibitory effects on inflammation and apoptosis.
Expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors and cytokine production on endometrial natural killer cells in women with recurrent pregnancy loss or implantation failure, and the expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors on peripheral blood natural killer cells in pregnant women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Fukui Atsushi , Funamizu Ayano , Fukuhara Rie , Shibahara Hiroaki
Published: August 2017

Aim

Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) are unique markers that regulate natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production. In this study, we investigated the expression of NCR (NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30) and cytokine production in NK cells derived from the uterine endometrium of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). We also investigated the expression of NCR in peripheral blood NK cells in pregnant women with and without a history of RPL.

Methods

The expression of NCR (NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30) in NK cells (CD56dim and CD56bright) in the uterine endometrium was analyzed using 3‐color flow cytometry. Cytokine (tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ) production was also analyzed. NK cells from the mid‐secretory endometrium of 28 women with RPL, 34 women with implantation failure, and 74 controls were collected and mechanically dispersed using a tissue grinder. The expression of NCR in peripheral blood NK cells from pregnant women with (n = 17) and without (n = 91) a history of RPL was analyzed.

Results

The percentages of NKp46+ NK cells were significantly lower in both women with RPL and pregnant women with a history of RPL. The percentages of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐ and/or interferon‐γ‐producing uterine endometrial NK cells were significantly lower in women with RPL compared with controls.

Conclusion

The changes in NCR expression and cytokine production, especially decreased NKp46 expression in endometrial NK cells, suggests the presence of abnormal NK cell regulation in women with reproductive failures.
Mortality benefit of primary transportation to a PCI‐capable center persists through an eight‐year follow‐up in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Almawiri Abdulwasya , Jan Vojacek , Ziad Albahri , Martin Jakl , Josef Stasek
Published: August 2017

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare long‐term outcomes of primary transport (PT) and secondary transport (ST) in patients with STEMI.

Method

We assigned consecutive 869 patients referred for STEMI during a 2‐year period (2008‐2009). The primary endpoint was to compare long‐term outcomes and mortality of PT to a catheterization laboratory and ST from regional hospitals to a catheterization laboratory. Six hundred seventy‐seven patients (77.9%) were enrolled for the final evaluation, 192 (22.1%) having been excluded.

Results

The median DBT was 34 ± 15.92 min for PT patients (n = 354) and 100 ± 28.82 min for ST patients (n = 323) (P < 0.005). One‐month mortality was 3.95% in the PT group versus 9.46% in the ST group (P = 0.002). One‐year mortality in the PT was 7.35% and 20.51% in the ST group (P < 0.005). Eight‐year mortality was in the PS 26.8% versus 32.6% in the ST group (P = 0.035). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 45 ± 12.14% versus 45 ± 12.48% (P = 0.21); creatine kinase (CK) was 22.78 ± 78.69 ukat/L versus 23.21 ± 82.61 ukat/L, (P = 0.58); and length of hospitalization was 4.98 ± 4.61 days in the PT group versus 5.25 ± 5.86 days in the ST group (P = 0.22). The air transport was used in the PT group (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.63‐1.09); and ST group (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.91‐1.40); P = 0.22). Time distribution of cardiac arrest median for PT 1432 days (n = 25) versus ST 266 (n = 31) P = 0.24.

Conclusion

The mortality benefits of PT to a PCI capable hospital persist throughout an 8‐year follow‐up.
Urea‐based recirculation validation of the symmetrical palindrome catheter
Authors: Jonczyk Martin , Althoff Christian , Slowinski Torsten , Lieker Ina , Naik Marcel , Auer Jonas , Marcos Raúl García , Duka Ejona , Hamm Bernd , de Bucourt Maximilian
Published: August 2017

Background

High blood flow and low recirculation rates are central for adequate haemodialysis. A new symmetrical tip has been invented promising efficient haemodialysis even if the ports are reversed.

Objective

To evaluate access recirculation of the ‘palindrome’ catheter and to report initial experiences in a clinical setting.

Material and methods

After implantation of the new catheter in 20 patients (male: 14; female: 6; mean age 72 ± 12.2), access recirculation was evaluated using the urea‐based recirculation test. After 30 minutes of haemodialysis, ultrafiltration was stopped and arterial and venous samples were taken. Afterwards, the blood flow rate was reduced to 120 ml/min. Another systemic arterial blood sample was taken 10 seconds after the blood pump was switched off.

Results

All 20 interventions were performed successfully without complications. The average recirculation rate was 8.1% with a median of 2.5% ranging from 0 to 85.8%. Recirculation rates under 5% were measured in 13 patients and more than 10% recirculation were found in two patients. The median of days between catheter implantation and recirculation assessment was the day following implantation.

Conclusion

The new symmetrical catheter presented low recirculation rates in a clinical setting. Since there is just a single tip, fluoroscopic placement in the right atrium is facilitated.
Phonetics, phonology and social meaning
Authors: Eckert Penelope , Labov William
Published: August 2017

Linguistic variation has consistently been found to have social meaning in its association with the status and stance of speakers in the context of interaction. This indexical function of variation can contribute to the advancement of ongoing linguistic change. Style shifting in individual sociolinguistic interviews is an indirect indication of social meaning, but the clearest demonstrations are found in studies of speakers in a range of social contexts. We explore and clarify the nature of social meaning in variation, and its relation to linguistic change. Phonological variables are most readily adapted to convey social meaning by their frequency, flexibility and freedom from referential functions. After providing several kinds of evidence of social meaning in phonological variation, we argue that meaning accrues specifically to concrete sounds – to phonetic elements – and not to the phonological structures in which those sounds participate. Mergers, near mergers, splits, chain shifts and parallel shifts are not generally objects of social perception, conscious or unconscious, and are motivated by more abstract principles of change.
Association between short sleep duration and body mass index in Australian Indigenous children
Authors: Deacon‐Crouch Melissa , Skinner Isabelle , Tucci Joseph , Skinner Timothy
Published: August 2017

Aim

Associations between short sleep duration and obesity and the relationship between obesity and chronic illness are well documented. Obese children are likely to become obese adults. To date, there is a paucity of information regarding sleep duration and quality for Indigenous Australian people. It may be that poor‐quality, short sleep is contributing to the gap in health outcomes for Indigenous people compared with non‐Indigenous adults and children. This study sought to investigate the possibility that poor sleep quality may be contributing to health outcomes for Indigenous children by exploring associations between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI).

Methods

Participants included 1253 children aged 7–12 years in Wave 7 of the national Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children survey. Interviewers asked primary carers about children's sleep times. BMI was derived from measurements of children made by researchers.

Results

Regardless of age, relative socio‐economic disadvantage and level of remoteness, unhealthy weight was associated with less sleep duration than healthy weight for Indigenous children.

Conclusion

The relationship between short sleep duration and BMI in Indigenous children has important implications for their future health outcomes. Both overweight conditions and short sleep are established modifiable risk factors for metabolic dysfunction and other chronic illnesses prominent in the Indigenous population. It is important to consider strategies to optimise both for Indigenous children in an attempt to help ‘close the gap’ in health outcomes and life expectancy between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous people.
Antimicrobial synergism and cytotoxic properties of Citrus limon L., Piper nigrum L. and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel essential oils
Authors: Nikolić Miloš M , Jovanović Katarina K , Marković Tatjana Lj , Marković Dejan Lj , Gligorijević Nevenka N , Radulović Siniša S , Kostić Marina , Glamočlija Jasmina M , Soković Marina D
Published: August 2017

Objectives

The chemical composition, antimicrobial and synergistic effect, and cytotoxic activity of Citrus limon (lemon), Piper nigrum (green pepper) and Melaleuca alternifoila (tea tree) essential oils (EOs) were investigated.

Methods

Chemical analyses of essential oils were tested by GC-FID and GC-MS spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity assay was conducted using microdilution method against several oral bacteria and Candida spp. originating from the humans with oral disorders. The synergistic antimicrobial activity was evaluated using checkerboard method. The cytotoxicity evaluation of EOs was assessed using MTT test.

Key findings

Limonene (37.5%) and β-pinene (17.9%) were the major compounds in C. limon oil, β-pinene (34.4%), δ-3-carene (19.7%), limonene (18.7%) and α-pinene (10.4%) in P. nigrum oil and terpinen-4-ol (38.6%) and γ-terpinene (21.7%) in M. alternifolia oil. The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity was achieved by tested three EOs, with C. limon oil being the strongest against bacteria and M. alternifolia oil strongest against fungi. The EOs demonstrated synergism; their combined application revealed an increase in antimicrobial activity. All tested essential oils showed lower cytotoxic activity in comparison with the positive control, and the obtained results confirmed a dose-dependent activity.

Conclusions

The results of this study encourage use of tested EOs in development of a novel agent intended for prevention or therapy of corresponding oral disorders.
Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B formulations: a network meta-analysis and a multicriteria decision analysis
Authors: Tonin Fernanda S , Steimbach Laiza M , Borba Helena H , Sanches Andreia C , Wiens Astrid , Pontarolo Roberto , Fernandez-Llimos Fernando
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Despite its broad spectrum, conventional amphotericin B (AB) is associated with serious adverse events. Lipid-based formulations may offer safer options. We aimed to synthesize the evidence of efficacy and safety of AB formulations.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare all available formulations: conventional AB; lipid complex or ABLC; colloidal dispersion or ABCD; liposomal or LAB; AB in Intralipid. Randomized controlled trials were searched in four databases. Cure, fever, chills, nephrotoxicity, death and drug discontinuation were assessed. NMA was based on Bayesian methods accounting for direct and indirect comparisons. Probability ranks estimating the best formulation were built for each outcome. The relative benefit–risk of formulations was assessed with stochastic multicriteria acceptability analyses (SMAA).

Key findings

We identified 25 trials (n = 2996). No significant differences among drugs were observed for cure or death. All lipid-based formulations were safer than conventional AB for nephrotoxicity. AB-Intralipid was more tolerable than conventional AB and caused less chills than ABCD. AB-Intralipid was the best therapy (>60%) regarding nephrotoxicity, fever, chills and discontinuation. The scenario from SMAA favoured AB-Intralipid (81% acceptability). Conventional AB was secondary to all lipid-based formulations.

Conclusions

Amphotericin B-Intralipid was identified as safer, cost-saving treatment in comparison with other formulations.
Influence of conjugated linoleic acids and vitamin E on milk fatty acid composition and concentrations of vitamin A and α‐tocopherol in blood and milk of dairy cows
Authors: Schäfers S. , Meyer U. , von Soosten D. , Hüther L. , Drong C. , Eder K. , Most E. , Tröscher A. , Pelletier W. , Zeyner A. , Dänicke S.
Published: August 2017

The objective of this trial was to investigate the influences of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E (Vit. E) and their interactions on fatty acid composition and vitamins in milk (α‐tocopherol, retinol and β‐carotene) as well as on α‐tocopherol in blood of pluriparous cows from week 6 ante partum until week 10 post‐partum (p.p.). We assigned 59 pluriparous German Holstein cows to four treatment groups with the treatment factors CLA and Vit. E at two levels in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Milk fatty acid composition and milk vitamins were analysed on lactation days 7 and 28. α‐tocopherol in blood serum was analysed on days −42, −7, 1, 7, 14, 28 and 70 relative to parturition. Milk concentration of α‐tocopherol was influenced by Vit. E (p < .001) and CLA (p = .034). Percentage of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA in total milk fat was influenced by treatment with CLA (p < .001), while for percentage of trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA an interaction between treatment and day (p = .019), driven by an increase in both CLA groups from day 7 to day 28, was found. Serum ratios of α‐tocopherol to cholesterol were influenced by Vit. E (p < .001). Results suggest that treatment with CLA during late pregnancy and early lactation is suitable to enhance the proportion of trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA in milk and thereby influencing nutritional properties. As treatment with Vit. E did not have an impact on milk fatty acid composition, it might be possible to increase the antioxidative capacity of the dairy cow without affecting milk properties. Consequently, combined treatment with CLA and Vit. E might elicit synergistic effects on the cow and milk quality by increasing the proportion of CLA in milk fat as well as the excretion of Vit. E and the Vit. E levels in serum.
Evolution of floral zygomorphy in androecium and corolla in Solanaceae
Authors: Zhang Jingbo , Stevens Peter F. , Zhang Wenheng
Published: August 2017

In Solanaceae, a group dominated by actinomorphic‐flowered species, floral zygomorphy is frequently observed among the early‐branching clades. Morphological studies indicated that a zygomorphic androecium is much more common than a zygomorphic corolla in the family. Ontogenic studies suggested the evolution of floral zygomorphy in these two whorls is independent. Here, we have examined the evolution of floral symmetry in the androecium and corolla in Solanaceae. The character states of floral symmetry were assembled for androecium and corolla separately, and ancestral state reconstructions were carried out at both the genus and species levels for Solanaceae and its outgroups. Correlation tests were performed to determine whether the presence of floral zygomorphy in the androecium and corolla is correlated. The ancestral state reconstructions suggest the flower of the most recent common ancestor of Solanaceae is likely zygomorphic in the androecium but actinomorphic in the corolla. Multiple losses and gains of floral zygomorphy in androecium and corolla explain the existing pattern of floral symmetry in Solanaceae. A significant positive correlation between the possession of floral zygomorphy in the androecium and corolla of Solanaceae was detected. Floral zygomorphy likely has evolved in androecium and corolla along separate evolutionary trajectories, and zygomorphy in the androecium may be a precursor for the many gains of zygomorphy in the corolla in Solanaceae.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of two different amphotericin B formulations in healthy dogs
Authors: Bingöl B. , Bakirel T.
Published: August 2017

This study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of conventional (Fungizone®) and liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome®) formulations in order to predict their therapeutic properties, and evaluate their potential differences in veterinary treatment. For this purpose, twelve healthy mixed breed dogs received both drugs at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg by intravenous infusion over a 4‐min period in a total volume of 40 ml. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after dosing, and concentrations of drug in plasma were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetics was described by a two‐compartment model. Although both formulations were administered at the same doses (0.6 mg/kg), the plasma pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B differed significantly from those of amphotericin B deoxycholate in healthy dogs (p < .05). Liposomal amphotericin B showed markedly higher peak plasma concentrations (approximately ninefold greater) and higher area under the plasma concentration curve values (approximately 14‐fold higher) compared to conventional formulation. It is concluded that AmBisome® reached higher plasma concentration and lower distribution volume and had a longer half‐life compared to Fungizone®, and therefore, AmBisome® is reported to be an appropriate and effective choice for the treatment of systemic mycotic infections in dogs.
Food Conditions and Water Salinity Affect Survival and Growth of Golden Mandarin Fish, Siniperca sherzeri, Larvae through Transcriptional Regulation of Growth and Lipometabolic Genes
Authors: Yuan Xiao‐Chen , He Shan , Liang Xu‐Fang , Luo Xiaonian , Li Aixuan , Zhou Yi
Published: August 2017

Failing to initiate first feeding during the transition from endogenous nutrition to exogenous feeding will lead to starvation of fish larvae. However, little is known about the mechanism of first feeding selection of fish. Golden mandarin fish larvae (3 d after hatch, 2.05 ± 0.03 mg) were fed with four different foods for 7 d, including the following: M – Megalobrama amblycephala (prey fish larvae as natural food); S – surimi of M. amblycephala; A – Artemia (zooplankton); and MA –mixed M. amblycephala with Artemia (mixed food). Larvae fed with the mixed food achieved an appropriate balance between high survival and good growth through elevating the expression of growth genes (GH, IGF‐I, and IGF‐II) and fatty acid synthesis genes (FAD and ELO). Growth performance of fish fed with MA reared at different salinities (0, 5, and 10 ppt) was examined. The salinity of 5 ppt produced the best growth performance of the three salinity levels tested. Fish larvae adapted to high‐ or low‐salinity environments through increasing the expression of lipolysis genes (HSL, LPL, and HL). Therefore, both food type and salinity affect the growth, survival, and lipometabolism of golden mandarin fish larvae during initial feeding stage, and mixed food and 5 ppt salinity improved its survival and growth.
Shock‐darkening in ordinary chondrites: Determination of the pressure‐temperature conditions by shock physics mesoscale modeling
Authors: Moreau J. , Kohout T. , Wünnemann K.
Published: August 2017

We determined the shock‐darkening pressure range in ordinary chondrites using the iSALE shock physics code. We simulated planar shock waves on a mesoscale in a sample layer at different nominal pressures. Iron and troilite grains were resolved in a porous olivine matrix in the sample layer. We used equations of state (Tillotson EoS and ANEOS) and basic strength and thermal properties to describe the material phases. We used Lagrangian tracers to record the peak shock pressures in each material unit. The post‐shock temperatures (and the fractions of the tracers experiencing temperatures above the melting point) for each material were estimated after the passage of the shock wave and after the reflections of the shock at grain boundaries in the heterogeneous materials. The results showed that shock‐darkening, associated with troilite melt and the onset of olivine melt, happened between 40 and 50 GPa with 52 GPa being the pressure at which all tracers in the troilite material reach the melting point. We demonstrate the difficulties of shock heating in iron and also the importance of porosity. Material impedances, grain shapes, and the porosity models available in the iSALE code are discussed. We also discuss possible not‐shock‐related triggers for iron melt.
Gut microbiota of a long‐distance migrant demonstrates resistance against environmental microbe incursions
Authors: Risely Alice , Waite David , Ujvari Beata , Klaassen Marcel , Hoye Bethany
Published: August 2017

Migratory animals encounter suites of novel microbes as they move between disparate sites during their migrations, and are frequently implicated in the global spread of pathogens. Although wild animals have been shown to source a proportion of their gut microbiota from their environment, the susceptibility of migrants to enteric infections may be dependent upon the capacity of their gut microbiota to resist incorporating encountered microbes. To evaluate migrants’ susceptibility to microbial invasion, we determined the extent of microbial sourcing from the foraging environment and examined how this influenced gut microbiota dynamics over time and space in a migratory shorebird, the Red‐necked stint Calidris ruficollis. Contrary to previous studies on wild, nonmigratory hosts, we found that stint on their nonbreeding grounds obtained very little of their microbiota from their environment, with most individuals sourcing only 0.1% of gut microbes from foraging sediment. This microbial resistance was reflected at the population level by only weak compositional differences between stint flocks occupying ecologically distinct sites, and by our finding that stint that had recently migrated 10,000 km did not differ in diversity or taxonomy from those that had inhabited the same site for a full year. However, recent migrants had much greater abundances of the genus Corynebacterium, suggesting a potential microbial response to either migration or exposure to a novel environment. We conclude that the gut microbiota of stint is largely resistant to invasion from ingested microbes and that this may have implications for their susceptibility to enteric infections during migration.
Unexpected collective larval dispersal but little support for sweepstakes reproductive success in the highly dispersive brooding mollusc Crepidula fornicata
Authors: Riquet Florentine , Comtet Thierry , Broquet Thomas , Viard Frédérique
Published: August 2017

In many marine invertebrates, long‐distance dispersal is achieved during an extended pelagic larval phase. Although such dispersal should result in high gene flow over broad spatial scales, fine‐scale genetic structure has often been reported, a pattern attributed to interfamilial variance in reproductive success and limited homogenization during dispersal. To examine this hypothesis, the genetic diversity of dispersing larvae must be compared with the postdispersal stages, that is benthic recruits and adults. Such data remain, however, scarce due to the difficulty to sample and analyse larvae of minute size. Here, we carried out such an investigation using the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata. Field sampling of three to four larval pools was conducted over the reproductive season and repeated over 3 years. The genetic composition of larval pools, obtained with 16 microsatellite loci, was compared with that of recruits and adults sampled from the same site and years. In contrast to samples of juveniles and adults, large genetic temporal variations between larval pools produced at different times of the same reproductive season were observed. In addition, full‐ and half‐sibs were detected in early larvae and postdispersal juveniles, pointing to correlated dispersal paths between several pairs of individuals. Inbred larvae were also identified. Such collective larval dispersal was unexpected given the long larval duration of the study species. Our results suggest that each larval pool is produced by a small effective number of reproducers but that, over a reproductive season, the whole larval pool is produced by large numbers of reproducers across space and time.
Mind the cell: Seasonal variation in telomere length mirrors changes in leucocyte profile
Authors: Beaulieu Michaël , Benoit Laure , Abaga Steven , Kappeler Peter M. , Charpentier Marie J. E.
Published: August 2017

Leucocytes are typically considered as a whole in studies examining telomere dynamics in mammals. Such an approach may be precarious, as leucocytes represent the only nucleated blood cells in mammals, their composition varies temporally, and telomere length differs between leucocyte types. To highlight this limitation, we examined here whether seasonal variation in leucocyte composition was related to variation in telomere length in free‐ranging mandrills (Mandrilllus sphinx). We found that the leucocyte profile of mandrills varied seasonally, with lower lymphocyte proportion being observed during the long dry season presumably because of the combined effects of high nematode infection and stress at that time of the year. Interestingly, this low lymphocyte proportion during the long dry season was associated with shorter telomeres. Accordingly, based on longitudinal data, we found that seasonal changes in lymphocyte proportion were reflected by corresponding seasonal variation in telomere length. Overall, these results suggest that variation in lymphocyte proportion in blood can significantly affect telomere measurements in mammals. However, lymphocyte proportion did not entirely explain variation in telomere length. For instance, a lower lymphocyte proportion with age could not fully explain shorter telomeres in older individuals. Overall, our results show that telomere length and leucocyte profile are strongly although imperfectly intertwined, which may obscure the relationship between telomere dynamics and ageing processes in mammals.
Outer membrane lipid homeostasis via retrograde phospholipid transport in Escherichia coli
Authors: Shrivastava Rahul , Jiang Xiang'Er , Chng Shu‐Sin
Published: August 2017

Biogenesis of the outer membrane (OM) in Gram‐negative bacteria, which is essential for viability, requires the coordinated transport and assembly of proteins and lipids, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids (PLs), into the membrane. While pathways for LPS and OM protein assembly are well‐studied, how PLs are transported to and from the OM is not clear. Mechanisms that ensure OM stability and homeostasis are also unknown. The trans‐envelope Tol‐Pal complex, whose physiological role has remained elusive, is important for OM stability. Here, we establish that the Tol‐Pal complex is required for PL transport and OM lipid homeostasis in Escherichia coli. Cells lacking the complex exhibit defects in lipid asymmetry and accumulate excess PLs in the OM. This imbalance in OM lipids is due to defective retrograde PL transport in the absence of a functional Tol‐Pal complex. Thus, cells ensure the assembly of a stable OM by maintaining an excess flux of PLs to the OM only to return the surplus to the inner membrane. Our findings also provide insights into the mechanism by which the Tol‐Pal complex may promote OM invagination during cell division.
Effect of trapping methods on the estimation of alpha diversity of a phlebotomine sandfly assemblage in southern Mexico
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐ROJAS J. J. , REBOLLAR‐TÉLLEZ E. A.
Published: August 2017

The aims of the study were to (a) investigate the effect of trapping methods on alpha diversity; and (b) enhance the knowledge of the sandfly assemblage in the state of Quintana Roo. Field work was undertaken in a tropical forest of southern Mexico from August 2013 to July 2014. Sampling was conducted monthly during three consecutive nights. For each trapping night, 12 different types of trap were operated from 18.00 to 24.00 hours in four transects. Measures of alpha community diversity were based on the quantification of the number of species (Chao 2, Jackknife 2, Clench's equation, Margalef's index) and the community structure, as well as the dominance (Simpson and Berger‐Parker indexes) and evenness (Shannon's entropy index, true diversity of the Jost and Pielou index). With a total sampling effort of 1728 night‐traps, 16 101 phlebotomine sandflies were collected; they represented two genera and 13 species. Diversity estimates of 100% (Chao 2 and Clench's equation) and 85% (Jackknife 2) of potential species in the study area were calculated. Shannon traps and CDC light traps indicated the largest number of species, but only Shannon traps showed the greatest abundance. This inventory of sandflies is an important activity to enhance our knowledge of sandfly assemblages and guilds. The ultimate goal of studying alpha diversity in sandflies would be to have a better understanding of the population dynamics and all complex networks of interactions that may, in turn, be associated with the epidemiology of the disease.
WHO 2016 Classification of gliomas
Authors: Wesseling P. , Capper D.
Published: August 2017

Gliomas are the most frequent intrinsic tumours of the central nervous system and encompass two principle subgroups: diffuse gliomas and gliomas showing a more circumscribed growth pattern (‘nondiffuse gliomas’). In the revised fourth edition of the WHO Classification of CNS tumours published in 2016, classification of especially diffuse gliomas has fundamentally changed: for the first time, a large subset of these tumours is now defined based on presence/absence of IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion. Following this approach, the diagnosis of (anaplastic) oligoastrocytoma can be expected to largely disappear. Furthermore, in the WHO 2016 Classification gliomatosis cerebri is not an entity anymore but is now considered as a growth pattern. The most important changes in the very diverse group of ‘nondiffuse’ gliomas and neuronal‐glial tumours are the introduction of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, of diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour and of RELA fusion‐positive ependymoma as entities. In the last part of this review, after very briefly touching upon classification of neuronal, choroid plexus and pineal region tumours, some practical implications and challenges associated with the WHO 2016 Classification of gliomas are discussed.