bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metastatic potential to regional lymph nodes with Gleason score ≤7, including tertiary pattern 5, at radical prostatectomy
Authors: Diolombi Mairo L. , Epstein Jonathan I.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To determine the risk of pelvic lymph node (LN) metastases at radical prostatectomy (RP) for Gleason score (GS) ≤7: 3 + 3 = 6 (grade group [GG]1); 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2); 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2) with tertiary pattern 5 (T5); 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3); 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) with T5, using the 2014 modified Gleason grading system and the novel GG system.

Materials and Methods

We searched our RP database to indentify cases of GS ≤7 prostate cancer with simultaneous pelvic LN dissection (PLND) in the period between 2005 and 2014. Since 2005, we have graded all glomeruloid and cribriform cancer as Gleason pattern 4 and have graded mucinous adenocarcinoma based on the underlying architectural pattern, consistent with the 2014 modified Gleason grading system. All RPs were embedded in entirety, including the PLND. A total of 7 442 cases were identified, of which 73 had at least one positive LN (+LN).

Results

The incidence rates for regional LN metastases at RP for 3 + 3 = 6 (GG1), 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2), 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2) with T5, 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) and 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) with T5 were 0, 0.6, 0.4, 4.3 and 6.3%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in risk of +LNs at RP between the grade groups, as defined by the novel GG system. There was no statistically significant difference in risk of +LNs at RP for men with 3 + 4 (GG2) vs 3 + 4 (GG2) with T5 and for men with 4 + 3 (GG3) vs 4 + 3 (GG3) with T5. Non‐pelvic LN involvement was identified in 0.2% of all RP cases. Two patients with GS 3 + 4 = 7 with <5% pattern 4 experienced LN metastases.

Conclusion

This study supports our previous finding that men with GS 6 (GG1) at RP have no risk of LN metastases. These findings also support the 2014 revisions to the Gleason grading system where 3 + 3 with T4 (2005 modified grading system) is now considered 3 + 4 (GG2), with a comment on percent pattern 4, because <5% pattern 4 increases the risk of LN metastases. It also supports keeping 3 + 4 (GG2) with T5 (<5% pattern 5) and 4 + 3 (GG3) with T5 with their respective grade groups, with a notation of T5 because the <5% higher grade component did not increase the risk of LN metastases within a given GG. Our findings highlight that 3 + 4 (GG2) and 4 + 3 (GG3), even with a 5% higher grade component, are distinct groups with respect to LN metastases and should not be combined under the umbrella designation of GS 7 as is often the case in the literature with the Gleason grading system.
Using photovoice to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in inclusive research
Authors: Cluley Victoria
Published: August 2016

Accessible summary

Many researches now include people with learning disabilities, which is really positive, but people with profound and multiple learning disabilities are often left out.

It is important to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in research to make sure all voices are represented.

This article talks about how a research method called photovoice can be used to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.

Background: It is now expected that projects addressing the lives of people with learning disabilities include people with learning disabilities in the research process. In the past, such research often excluded people with learning disabilities, favouring the opinions of family members, carers and professionals. The inclusion of the voices of people with learning disabilities is a welcome and much needed change. While there has been many valuable inclusive researches carried out in the past 10–15 years, much of this research has included people with mild and/or moderate learning disabilities. Far less published research has included people with profound and multiple learning disabilities.

Materials and Methods: This research article outlines how the visual method ‘photovoice’ can be successfully used to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in the research process.

Results and discussion: It is argued that inclusive research is often limited by the choice of research methods, which result in the exclusion of people with profound and multiple learning disabilities from the research process. The article advocates a mediated and flexible approach to inclusive research that embraces and supports the needs of all involved. A practical example of photovoice research with people with learning disabilities demonstrates how this can be achieved.

Conclusion: When planning inclusive research, researchers should be mindful of both the variety of needs that people with learning disabilities can bring to the research process and the need to tailor methods to these needs. Such action requires a flexible approach to the inclusive research process.
TDP‐43 pathology in Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and ageing
Authors: McAleese Kirsty E. , Walker Lauren , Erskine Daniel , Thomas Alan J. , McKeith Ian G. , Attems Johannes
Published: August 2016

Intracellular inclusions consisting of TAR DNA binding protein‐43 (TDP‐43 pathology) are present in up to 57% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and follow a distinct topographical pattern of progression described in the TDP‐43 in AD staging scheme. This scheme has not been applied to the assessment of TDP‐43 pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and aged controls. We investigated TDP‐43 pathology prevalence and severity in AD, DLB, mixed AD/DLB (Mx AD/DLB) and aged controls. One hundred and nineteen human post‐mortem brains were included, neuropathologically diagnosed as AD: 46, DLB: 15, Mx AD/DLB: 19 and aged controls: 39. Paraffin sections inclusive of the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum and neocortex were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies against phosphorylated TDP‐43 and staged according to the TDP‐43 in AD staging scheme. TDP‐43 pathology was present in all groups: AD: 73.9%, DLB: 33.3%, Mx AD/DLB: 52.6% and controls: 17.9%. Prevalence of TDP‐43 pathology was significantly higher in AD and Mx AD/DLB compared to controls. In controls, higher age at death was associated with prevalence of TDP‐43 pathology and higher TDP‐43 in AD stage, suggesting that this type of TDP‐43 pathology may partly be an age‐associated phenomenon. Significantly higher prevalence of TDP‐43 pathology in the AD group indicates that AD pathology possibly triggers and aggravates TDP‐43 pathology. The validity of the TDP‐43 in AD staging scheme is not limited to AD and should be applied to assess TDP‐43 pathology in post mortem brains of aged individuals to further elucidate the role of TDP‐43 pathology in age associated neurodegeneration.
The inhibitor of semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase, PXS‐4728A, ameliorates key features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a mouse model
Authors: Jarnicki A G , Schilter H , Liu G , Wheeldon K , Essilfie A‐T , Foot J S , Yow T T , Jarolimek W , Hansbro P M
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of illness and death, often induced by cigarette smoking (CS). It is characterized by pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis that impairs lung function. Existing treatments aim to control symptoms but have low efficacy, and there are no broadly effective treatments. A new potential target is the ectoenzyme, semicarbazide‐sensitive mono‐amine oxidase (SSAO; also known as vascular adhesion protein‐1). SSAO is elevated in smokers' serum and is a pro‐inflammatory enzyme facilitating adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes from the vasculature to sites of inflammation.

Experimental Approach

PXS‐4728A was developed as a low MW inhibitor of SSAO. A model of COPD induced by CS in mice reproduces key aspects of human COPD, including chronic airway inflammation, fibrosis and impaired lung function. This model was used to assess suppression of SSAO activity and amelioration of inflammation and other characteristic features of COPD.

Key Results

Treatment with PXS‐4728A completely inhibited lung and systemic SSAO activity induced by acute and chronic CS‐exposure. Daily oral treatment inhibited airway inflammation (immune cell influx and inflammatory factors) induced by acute CS‐exposure. Therapeutic treatment during chronic CS‐exposure, when the key features of experimental COPD develop and progress, substantially suppressed inflammatory cell influx and fibrosis in the airways and improved lung function.

Conclusions and Implications

Treatment with a low MW inhibitor of SSAO, PXS‐4728A, suppressed airway inflammation and fibrosis and improved lung function in experimental COPD, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of PXS‐4728A for this debilitating disease.
Anticancer activity of gallic acid template‐based benzylidene indanone derivative as microtubule destabilizer
Authors: Singh Aastha , Fatima Kaneez , Srivastava Ankita , Khwaja Sadiya , Priya Dev , Singh Arjun , Mahajan Girish , Alam Sarfaraz , Saxena Ajit K. , Mondhe D. M. , Luqman Suaib , Chanda Debabrata , Khan Feroz , Negi Arvind S.
Published: August 2016

Benzylidene indanones have been designed and synthesized from gallic acid, a plant phenolic acid as possible anticancer agent. The best analogue of the series, that is, 3‐(3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxyphenyl)‐4,5,6‐trimethoxy‐2‐(4˝‐nitrobenzylidene)‐indan‐1‐one (8) exhibited potent cytotoxicity (IC50=3–10 μm) against several human cancer cell lines through microtubule destabilization (IC50=1.54 μm) after occupying colchicine‐binding site of β‐tubulin. In cell cycle analysis, compound 8 exerted G2/M phase arrest in both MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells and induced apoptosis. It reduced 34.8% solid tumor in in vivo Ehrlich ascite carcinoma in Swiss albino mice at 30 mg/kg dose. In acute oral toxicity experiment, it was tolerable up to 300 mg/kg doses in Swiss albino mice. The lead compound 8 needs to be optimized for better activity.
Insight into the mechanism of chemical modification of antibacterial agents by antibiotic resistance enzyme O‐phosphotransferase‐IIIA
Authors: Power Blake Hollett , Smith Nathan , Downer Brandon , Alisaraie Laleh
Published: August 2016

In the present work, the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics was investigated. We examined the conformational changes of the O‐phosphotransferase‐IIIa enzyme, complexed with the antibiotics using MD simulations. The inhibitory effects of a group of antibacterial peptides against the enzyme were also examined, among which CP10A showed the highest affinity and the results correlated with the measured IC50 values. The regioselectivity of the phosphorylation reaction was shown to be in favor of the OH at the 5″ position versus the 3′ of the antibiotic. The binding mode of CP10A was evaluated by means of MD simulation that resulted in recognizing its Trp8 and Arg13 residues binding near to where residues at the 3′ and 5″ positions of the antibiotic would bind; thus, they are essential for the peptide inhibitory effect. The major open, semi‐open, and closed conformations of the binding sites were identified throughout the MD trajectory, which enable the enzyme to regulate the influx of molecules into these sites. Based on the enzyme crystal structure, it was assumed that the ‘antibiotic loop’ of the enzyme is stable in its liganded mode; however, MD results revealed that the loop is highly flexible in both liganded and ligand‐free modes.
Monitoring children's health and well‐being by indicators and index: apples and oranges or fruit salad?
Authors: Köhler L.
Published: August 2016

The use of indicators is a fast and widely spread way to monitor groups of children's health and well‐being. Indicators are useful in research; but they are also important tools for planners and politicians. Although they are constructed to simplify reality, in many reports they still offer a complex and confusing picture, not least by their sheer numbers. Although they are constructed to simplify reality, in many reports, they still offer a complex and confusing picture, not least by their sheer numbers. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for even further simplifications, where the indicators are combined into single summary numbers, composite indices. At the same time, as a composite index summarizes a complex and sometimes elusive process, making it more accessible for advocacy and political interventions, the combining of very dissimilar components makes the results difficult to interpret and use. There is an obvious dilemma between the need for rigour and evidence, the research orientation, and the wish for a simple and summarizing overview of the findings, the policy orientation.

Models have been created to form indicator sets, either by combining them by simple addition or by weighting them or by just leaving them as separate indicators. Most index systems in operation use an equal weighting system after standardization, once the components have been selected.

Examples of these models are described as well as their pros and cons, and a summary of suitable ways of handling the problems of indicators and composite indices is offered.

Some surveys have taken the best from different approaches, presenting the results as a summary index for the great picture, as subindices for the various domains of child health and as separate indicators for the detailed study of the basic components. A Swedish Child Health Index is presented as an example of such a solution.
Performance of real‐world functional vision tasks by blind subjects improves after implantation with the Argus® II retinal prosthesis system
Authors: Dagnelie Gislin , Christopher Punita , Arditi Aries , da Cruz Lyndon , Duncan Jacque L , Ho Allen C , Olmos de Koo Lisa C , Sahel José‐Alain , Stanga Paulo E , Thumann Gabriele , Wang Yizhong , Arsiero Maura , Dorn Jessy D , Greenberg Robert J ,   the Argus® II Study Group
Published: August 2016

Background

The main objective of this study was to test Argus II subjects on three real‐world functional vision tasks.

Design

The study was designed to be randomized and prospective. Testing was conducted in a hospital/research laboratory setting at the various participating centres.

Participants

Twenty eight Argus II subjects, all profoundly blind, participated in this study.

Methods

Subjects were tested on the three real‐world functional vision tasks: Sock Sorting, Sidewalk Tracking and Walking Direction Discrimination task

Main Outcome Measures

For the Sock Sorting task, percentage correct was computed based on how accurately subjects sorted the piles on a cloth‐covered table and on a bare table. In the Sidewalk Tracking task, an ‘out of bounds’ count was recorded, signifying how often the subject veered away from the test course. During the Walking Direction Discrimination task, subjects were tested on the number of times they correctly identified the direction of testers walking across their field of view.

Results

The mean percentage correct OFF versus ON for the Sock Sorting task was found to be significantly different for both testing conditions (t‐test, P < 0.01). On the Sidewalk Tracking task, subjects performed significantly better with the system ON than they did with the system OFF (t‐test, P < 0.05). Eighteen (18) of 27 subjects (67%) performed above chance with the system ON, and 6 (22%) did so with system OFF on the Walking Direction Discrimination task.

Conclusions

Argus II subjects performed better on all three tasks with their systems ON than they did with their systems OFF.
Restorative proctocolectomy with two different pouch designs: few complications with good function
Authors: Sunde M. L. , Øresland T. , Færden A. E.
Published: August 2016

Aim

The object of this study was to compare function and quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery having two different pouch designs.

Method

Patients having RPC in an academic unit from 2000 who had had the loop‐ileostomy closed by June 2013 were identified from the hospital medical records. They were sent a questionnaire regarding quality of life and interviewed using a pouch function score (PFS) described by Oresland (score 0–16, higher scores denote worse function).

Results

One hundred and three patients underwent surgery, of whom 56 had a J‐pouch design and 47 a K‐pouch design, this being a double‐folded Kock pouch without the nipple valve. No patients have had the pouch removed or defunctioned due to failure at a mean of 8 years. The reoperation rate was 11.6%. The mean PFS was 5.43 and 5.27 for J‐ and K‐pouches, respectively (P = 0.766). More patients with a J‐pouch reported a social handicap due to poor bowel function (P = 0.041). Patients with a PFS ≥ 8 had a poorer quality of life. A score of ≥ 8 was reported by 16% of K‐pouch and 25% of J‐pouch patients (P = 0.29).

Conclusion

RPC is a safe procedure with a low complication rate and good functional outcome. Small improvements in function have an impact on a patient's quality of life. Although the J‐pouch is the most commonly used, the K‐pouch has some advantages. Other pouch designs deserve further evaluation.
Cutaneous manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: a single institutional study of non‐neoplastic biopsies over 13 years
Authors: Ko Jennifer S. , Uberti Georgina , Napekoski Karl , Patil Deepa T. , Billings Steven D.
Published: August 2016

Background

Skin is commonly affected by extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but a controlled, systematic histopathologic analysis of cutaneous lesions is lacking.

Methods

A total of 4147 classified IBD [Crohn disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC); 2000–2013] resections were cross referenced with skin biopsies. Associated non‐neoplastic skin biopsies were categorized by basic reaction pattern and neutrophilic vs. granulomatous.

Results

Of 4147 patients, 133 had non‐neoplastic skin biopsies (106/2772, 3.7% CD; 27/1375, 2% UC). Overall, miscellaneous > nodular and diffuse dermal > spongiotic dermatitides were most common (31.6, 21.8 and 15%, respectively). Spongiotic dermatitis, vasculitis, panniculitis and infections showed CD bias. Psoriasiform, perivascular, nodular/diffuse dermal and bullous categories, as well as neutrophilic processes, showed UC bias. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, panniculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum were exclusive to CD and psoriasis vulgaris to UC. One CD patient had inverse psoriasis.

Conclusions

Our findings show the majority of dermatopathologic manifestations of IBD to have overlapping histology or pathophysiology to intestinal disease; with a wider spectrum of histologic patterns than typically discussed. Diseases ‘classically’ associated with IBD are relatively rare biopsy specimens. Cutaneous manifestations of IBD are more common in CD than UC and should be considered when reviewing an unexplained skin lesion in an IBD patient.
Genetic and environmental influences on early literacy skills across school grade contexts
Authors: Haughbrook Rasheda , Hart Sara A. , Schatschneider Christopher , Taylor Jeanette
Published: August 2016

Recent research suggests that the etiology of reading achievement can differ across environmental contexts. In theUS, schools are commonly assigned grades (e.g. ‘A’, ‘B’) often interpreted to indicate school quality. This study explored differences in the etiology of early literacy skills for students based on these school grades. Participants included twins drawn from the Florida Twin Project on Reading (n= 1313 pairs) aged 4 to 10 years during the 2006–07 school year. Early literacy skills were assessed withDIBELSsubtests: Oral Reading Fluency (ORF), Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF), Initial Sound Fluency (ISF), Letter Naming Fluency (LNF), and Phoneme Segmentation Fluency (PSF). School grade data were retrieved from the Florida Department of Education. Multi‐group analyses were conducted separately for subsamples defined by ‘A’ or ‘non‐A’ schools, controlling for school‐level socioeconomic status. Results indicated significant etiological differences on pre‐reading skills (ISF,LNF, andPSF), but not word‐level reading skills (ORFandNWF). There was a consistent trend of greater environmental influences on pre‐reading skills in non‐A schools, arguably representing ‘poorer’ environmental contexts than the A schools. Importantly, this is the case outside of resources linked with school‐levelSES, indicating that something about the direct environment on pre‐reading skills in the non‐A school context is more variable than for A schools.
Children on the autism spectrum update their behaviour in response to a volatile environment
Authors: Manning Catherine , Kilner James , Neil Louise , Karaminis Themelis , Pellicano Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

Typical adults can track reward probabilities across trials to estimate the volatility of the environment and use this information to modify their learning rate (Behrens et al., 2007). In a stable environment, it is advantageous to take account of outcomes over many trials, whereas in a volatile environment, recent experience should be more strongly weighted than distant experience. Recent predictive coding accounts of autism propose that autistic individuals will demonstrate atypical updating of their behaviour in response to the statistics of the reward environment. To rigorously test this hypothesis, we administered a developmentally appropriate version of Behrens et al.'s (2007) task to 34 cognitively able children on the autism spectrum aged between 6 and 14 years, 32 age‐ and ability‐matched typically developing children and 19 typical adults. Participants were required to choose between a green and a blue pirate chest, each associated with a randomly determined reward value between 0 and 100 points, with a combined total of 100 points. On each trial, the reward was given for one stimulus only. In the stable condition, the ratio of the blue or green response being rewarded was fixed at 75:25. In the volatile condition, the ratio alternated between 80:20 and 20:80 every 20 trials. We estimated the learning rate for each participant by fitting a delta rule model and compared this rate across conditions and groups. All groups increased their learning rate in the volatile condition compared to the stable condition. Unexpectedly, there was no effect of group and no interaction between group and condition. Thus, autistic children used information about the statistics of the reward environment to guide their decisions to a similar extent as typically developing children and adults. These results help constrain predictive coding accounts of autism by demonstrating that autism is not characterized by uniform differences in the weighting of prediction error.
Intergenerational associations in numerical approximation and mathematical abilities
Authors: Braham Emily J. , Libertus Melissa E.
Published: August 2016

Although growing evidence suggests a link between children's math skills and their ability to estimate numerical quantities using the approximate number system (ANS), little is known about the sources underlying individual differences in ANS acuity and their relation with specific mathematical skills. To examine the role of intergenerational transmission of these abilities from parents to children, the current study assessed the ANS acuities and math abilities of 54 children (5–8 years old) and their parents, as well as parents' expectations about children's math skills. Children's ANS acuity positively correlated with their parents' ANS acuity, and children's math abilities were predicted by unique combinations of parents' ANS acuity and math ability depending on the specific math skill in question. These findings provide the first evidence of intergenerational transmission of an unlearned, non‐verbal numerical competence and are an important step toward understanding the multifaceted parental influences on children's math abilities.
Students’ perceptions of pre‐clinical endodontic training with artificial teeth compared to extracted human teeth
Authors: Al‐Sudani D. I. , Basudan S. O.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Artificial teeth have several advantages in pre‐clinical endodontics training. This study aimed to compare artificial resin teeth with extracted human teeth, from a student's perspective, during a pre‐clinical undergraduate endodontic course for three consecutive academic years (2011—2014).

Methods

At the end of the course, students completed a questionnaire that included questions about their perceptions of the difficulty of artificial teeth vs. natural teeth and ranked the perceived advantages of artificial teeth.

Results

Participants expressed that all procedures, except obturation, were more difficult to perform on artificial teeth than on natural teeth, a result that was due to the hardness of the resin. They ranked the fairness and availability as the best advantages.

Conclusion

Artificial teeth have multiple advantages but cannot replace natural teeth. The physical characteristics through the manufacturing material of artificial teeth should be enhanced to increase wider use and acceptance.
A review of teaching ethics in the dental curriculum: challenges and future developments
Authors: Patrick A. C.
Published: August 2016

This study considers the role and status of the teaching of ethics on the dental undergraduate curriculum. The study reviews current developments in the delivery of dental ethics education and in particular focuses on the development of new pedagogies and curricula content. The study then critically considers the consequences of a squeezed curricula and the consequent reliance on professional regulation as shorthand for the ethical development of students. The study concludes that, although great strides have been made in improving the teaching of ethics in dental education, further dialogue is needed to better include patient views and develop a more theoretically robust approach to self‐reflection.
The progression of electrophysiologic abnormalities during epileptogenesis after experimental traumatic brain injury
Authors: Reid Aylin Y. , Bragin Anatol , Giza Christopher C. , Staba Richard J. , Engel Jerome
Published: August 2016

Objective

Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) accounts for 20% of acquired epilepsies. Experimental models are important for studying epileptogenesis. We previously reported that repetitive high‐frequency oscillations with spikes (rHFOSs) occur early after lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) and may be a biomarker for PTE. The objective of this study was to use multiple electrodes in rat hippocampal and neocortical regions to describe the long‐term electroencephalographic and behavioral evolution of rHFOSs and epileptic seizures after traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

Adult male rats underwent mild, moderate, or severe FPI or sham injury followed by video–electroencephalography (EEG) recordings with a combination of 16 neocortical and hippocampal electrodes at an early, intermediate, or late time‐point after injury, up to 52 weeks. Recordings were analyzed for the presence of rHFOSs and seizures.

Results

Analysis was done on 28 rats with FPI and 7 shams. Perilesional rHFOSs were recorded in significantly more rats after severe (70.3%) than mild (20%) injury or shams (14.3%). Frequency of occurrence was significantly highest in the early (10.8/h) versus late group (3.2/h). Late focal seizures originating from the same electrodes were recorded in significantly more rats in the late (87.5%) versus early period (22.2%), occurring almost exclusively in injured rats. Seizure duration increased significantly over time, averaging 19 s at the beginning of the early period and 27 s at the end of the late period. Seizure frequency also increased significantly over time, from 4.4 per week in the early group to 26.4 per week in the late group. Rarely, rats displayed early seizures or generalized seizures.

Significance

FPI results in early rHFOSs and later spontaneous focal seizures arising from peri‐lesional neocortex, supporting its use as a model for PTE. Epilepsy severity increased over time and was related to injury severity. The association between early rHFOSs and later focal seizures suggests that rHFOSs may be a potential noninvasive biomarker of PTE.
Why Are Successive Cohorts of Listed Firms Persistently Riskier?
Authors: Srivastava Anup , Tse Senyo Y.
Published: August 2016

Prior studies show that the risk level of each new cohort of listed firms is higher than its predecessor's. We find that these risk differences are persistent and investigate two potential explanations: (1) Each cohort adopts and retains operating innovations that are associated with higher risks, and (2) increasing numbers of younger and less‐experienced firms are represented in each new cohort. Our results support the first explanation. Each new cohort uses riskier production technologies and operates in more competitive product markets than its predecessor.
An audit of residual cancer burden reproducibility in a UK context
Authors: Naidoo Kalnisha , Parham David M , Pinder Sarah E
Published: August 2016

Aims

The residual cancer burden score (RCB) is currently the preferred quantification tool for assessing residual disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in breast cancer clinical trials. This has been shown to be highly reproducible at the MD Anderson Cancer Centre, where it was developed originally. We wanted to evaluate RCB in a UK context, where macroscopic handling of tissue may differ between sites.

Methods and results

The pathology slides from 90 post‐NACT patients from Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal Bournemouth Hospital were reviewed independently by two specialist breast histopathologists who recalculated the RCB for each case. Data were collated and analysed statistically for interobserver reproducibility, for both numerical and categorical RCB. Overall, agreement between pathologists was ‘good’ [kappa = 0.775; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.668–0.882]. The overall concordance for continuous RCB score and for categorical RCB group was statistically significant (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.9497; 95% CI = 0.9235–0.9671; P < 0.0001 and Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.9145; 95% CI = 0.8712–0.9437; P < 0.0001, respectively). Discordance could not be attributed to any one component of the RCB calculation.

Conclusions

These data suggest that the RCB score is reproducible in a UK context. Further data comparing it to other quantification systems is required, however, before any superiority can be established.
Surface Characterization and Biocompatibility of Selenium‐Doped Hydroxyapatite Coating on Titanium Alloy
Authors: Yilmaz Bengi , Evis Zafer , Tezcaner Aysen , Banerjee Sreeparna
Published: August 2016

Selenium‐doped hydroxyapatite (HA) was biomimetically coated on Ti6Al4V plates with the aim of combining the anticancer and antibacterial properties of selenium with the biocompatibility and bioactivity of HA. For the coating process, the composition of 1.5 ×SBF(solution with ion concentrations at 1.5 times that of simulated body fluid,SBF) was modified to include 0.15mMselenate (SeO42−) ion. The selenium‐dopedHAcoating was characterized by several methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of selenium on osteoblast and osteosarcoma cells was determined. The coating was shown to inhibit the growth ofStaphylococcus epidermidis.
Radiation dermatitis: an overview
Authors: Hegedus Fanni , Mathew Laju M. , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: August 2016

Radiation therapy has been a commonly employed modality for a variety of ailments, including cancer. Patients undergoing radiation often experience acute and/or chronic skin changes that can be detrimental to their quality of life. Many topical agents and specialized wound dressings are being used for the prevention and management of radiation‐induced skin changes. However, no single therapeutic option has been found to be consistently effective.
Quality of life outcomes associated with treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facial lipoatrophy
Authors: Kraus Christina N. , Chapman Lance W. , Korta Dorota Z. , Zachary Christopher B.
Published: August 2016

Facial lipoatrophy (FLA), characterized by a decrease in facial volume, has a high prevalence in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection treated with long‐term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The social stigmatization that results from such changes in facial appearance has led some HIV patients to discontinue HAART. The use of fillers is one method of restoring facial volume. A critical outcome of treatment concerns the patient's quality of life (QoL). Although many studies have assessed patient satisfaction, as well as the social and psychological outcomes associated with the correction of HIV FLA, fewer studies have assessed QoL. We reviewed treatment options for HIV FLA with a specific focus on QoL outcomes. Our analysis revealed that the following treatments were associated with improvements in QoL: poly‐l‐lactic acid; calcium hydroxylapatite; hyaluronic acid; polyacrylamide gel; polyalkylamide gel; polymethylmethacrylate; silicone oil; and autologous fat transfer. The treatment of HIV FLA with these agents appears to improve QoL as assessed by various QoL instruments. Additional studies are required to identify a unifying QoL instrument to effectively assess longitudinal QoL outcomes and to compare treatment modalities.
Foot contact dermatitis: nitrofurazone as the main cause in a retrospective, cross‐sectional study over a 16‐year period from Turkey
Authors: Özkaya Esen , Polat Ekinci Algun
Published: August 2016

Background

The major causative agents in allergic contact dermatitis of the foot may differ from country to country. Sufficient data on foot eczema in patients from Turkey are lacking.

Objective

To identify the clinically relevant contact allergens in foot eczema and determine the role of patch test series and patients' own materials in the detection of the responsible allergens.

Methods

Among 1753 patients patch tested between 1996 and 2012 in our clinic, 53 with suspected allergic foot eczema were enrolled in this retrospective, cross‐sectional study. Forty nine patients were patch tested with the extended European baseline series, 49 with supplemental series including rubber, leather, topical drugs, textile, cosmetic series containing preservatives and emulgators and varnish/plastic/glue series, and 37 with their own substances.

Results

Thirty of the 53 patch tested patients showing sensitization to at least one clinically relevant allergen were diagnosed with allergic foot eczema. The main eliciting agent was nitrofurazone (n = 8), followed by leather shoe allergens, ie, potassium dichromate (n = 6), p‐tert‐butylphenol formaldehyde resin and formaldehyde, in the second range. Rubber shoe allergens were less frequently observed (n = 3). In more than 1/3 of the patients, the causative agent could only be identified by testing the patient's own substances and/or supplemental series.

Conclusion

Nitrofurazone was the leading causative agent followed by leather shoe allergens. Pediatric patients were frequently sensitized with shoe allergens. Patch testing with patient's own substances had a critical value in the detection of the causative agent in a significant number of patients.
Triumph and adversity: Exploring the complexities of consumer storytelling in mental health nursing education
Authors: Happell Brenda , Bennetts Wanda
Published: August 2016

Consumer participation in the education of health professionals is increasing, particularly in mental health nursing education and storytelling remains the most frequent approach to consumer involvement. The use of story has tended to be accepted as a legitimate educational tool with limited critique or consideration of its potential consequences presented within the academic literature. A qualitative exploratory research study was undertaken with mental health nurse academics (n = 34) and consumer educators and academics (n = 12), to investigate the perceptions and experiences of mental health nurses and consumers regarding the involvement of consumers in mental health nursing education. Data were analysed thematically. Story was a major theme to emerge from consumer participants and received some attention from nurse academics. Consumers and nurses both referred to the power of story to convey the human experience of mental illness diagnosis and service use; and the vulnerability that can result from storytelling. Consumers also described: story as expectation; preparation and support; and the politics of story. All participants supported the value of storytelling in mental health nursing education. Consumers had considered the complexities in far greater detail. The ongoing value of story as an educational technique requires further research. Equally important is considering a broader range of educational roles for mental health consumers.
Repossession, Re‐informalization and Dispossession: The ‘Muddy Terrain’ of Land Commodification in Turkey
Authors: Atasoy Yildiz
Published: August 2016

This paper examines the process of land commodification in the commercialization of agriculture and housing in Turkey. Specific mechanisms involved include cadastre modernization, land titling, land registration and land‐consolidation schemes. Through these techniques, the state increases its control over common‐public lands, reconfigures land‐use and access patterns, and deepens commodification. The paper traces historical variation in land use from the national developmentalist to the neoliberal phases of capital accumulation in Turkey, with comparative, contextual examples drawn from the Ottoman Empire. It highlights the combined and socio‐spatially differentiated processes of commodification across sectors that engender a multiplicity of outcomes in simultaneously framing commercialization of agriculture and housing. Contextual analysis of official documents and histories is complemented by information gathered from fieldwork and in‐depth interviews in several former wheat‐cultivating villages, a former gecekondu neighbourhood, and a small agricultural town in the province of Ankara.
Institutions and Work Incentives in Collective Farming in Maoist China
Authors: Li Huaiyin
Published: August 2016

This paper challenges the conventional wisdom that assumes widespread shirking and inefficiency in agricultural production under the collective system in Maoist China, and attributes these problems to egalitarianism in labour remuneration and difficulties in labour supervision. Drawing on interviews with 131 former production team members from 16 provinces, this paper re‐examines the issue of work incentives by placing it in a historical and social context in which formal institutions, such as the different forms of collective organization, income distribution and state extraction, as well as informal institutions, such as indigenous social networks, communal norms and collective sanction, interacted with non‐institutional factors, especially local geographical, demographic and ecological conditions, to constrain and motivate Chinese villagers participating in collective production. The complexity and fluidity of this context gave rise to a multiplicity of patterns of peasant behaviour in team farming, which accounts for the contrasting performances of rural collectives in different areas and periods.
Three books, two movements, one story
Authors: Welch Cliff
Published: August 2016

These three books take different approaches to analysing the transformative potential of the Landless Workers Movement (MST) in Brazil. Vergara‐Camus' book also examines the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN). Carter solicited essays from numerous specialists and sees his book as contributing to existing efforts to overcome inequality. Mészáros emphasizes the influence of power relations on the law, determining that it takes an organized pressure group such as the MST to ensure that authorities implement policies that challenge the status quo. Vergara‐Camus' grassroots approach, which involved periods of living with peasant families, concludes that the MST's strategies for building alternative, autonomous rural communities is more realistic – more universalistic – than that of the Zapatistas, whose military tactics tend to reinforce the group's isolation in the forests of Mexico's southernmost state. The review evaluates these arguments, the authors and their evidence from the perspective of a researcher experienced with the objects studied.
Fifty years of research and development of cosmeceuticals: a contemporary review
Authors: Lee Chun‐Man
Published: August 2016

Facial rejuvenation can be categorized into skincare and facial contouring. Research and development of cosmeceuticals is aimed at addressing the major signs of photoaging: wrinkles, dyschromia, and sallowness. Assessment of photoaging comes in clinical and photographic forms; a photonumeric scale developed by Griffiths et al. has been assured of its validity and reliability for the assessment of severity of photoaging in qualitative studies. Treatment of photoaging comes in two categories: preventive and reversal of signs; whilst sunfactors are the most efficient and essential in preventing photodamage, research and development of cosmeceuticals for facial rejuvenation has been robust, thanks to several landmark studies in the last fifty years, funded by some of the forerunners in contemporary cosmetic industry. Stem cell research remains the current forerunner in research concerning cosmeceuticals. Nevertheless, high‐quality, randomized control trials remain scarce within the contemporary literature, and more research and trials without funding by the industry are required to give rise to impartial comparisons between various cosmeceutical products. The “perfect cream” for facial rejuvenation remains elusive.
In vivo periodontal tissue regeneration by periodontal ligament stem cells and endothelial cells in three‐dimensional cell sheet constructs
Authors: Panduwawala C. P. , Zhan X. , Dissanayaka W. L. , Samaranayake L. P. , Jin L. , Zhang C.
Published: August 2016

Background and Objective

Chronic periodontitis causes damage to tooth‐supporting tissues, resulting in tooth loss in adults. Recently, cell‐sheet‐based approaches have been studied to overcome the limitations of conventional cytotherapeutic procedures for periodontal regeneration. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the regenerative potential of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in three‐dimensional (3D) cell sheet constructs for periodontal regeneration in vivo.

Material and Methods

PDLSCs, HUVECs or co‐cultures of both cells were seeded onto temperature‐responsive culture dishes, and intact cell sheets were fabricated. Cell sheets were wrapped around the prepared human roots in three different combinations and implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice.

Results

Histological evaluation revealed that after 2, 4 and 8 wk of implantation, periodontal ligament‐like tissue arrangements were observed around the implanted roots in experimental groups compared with controls. Vascular lumens were also observed in periodontal compartments of HUVEC‐containing groups. Periodontal ligament regeneration, cementogenesis and osteogenesis were evident in the experimental groups at both weeks 4 and 8, as shown by immunostaining for periostin and bone sialoprotein. Human cells in the transplanted cell sheets were stained by immunohistochemistry for the presence of human mitochondria.

Conclusions

The 3D cell sheet‐based approach may be potentially beneficial and is thus encouraged for future regenerative periodontal therapy.
Sect‐to‐Church Movement in Globalization: Transforming Pentecostalism and Coastal Intermediaries in Contemporary China
Authors: Huang Ke‐hsien
Published: August 2016

After eight months of itinerant fieldwork across 17 provinces, I elaborate on how the largest Pentecostal group deeply localized in China, the True Jesus Church, has undergone sect‐to‐church movement through interactions among overseas, coastal, and inland churches in globalizing China. A critical intermediary role in this process has been taken by emerging coastal Fujian leaders, who have been successfully reforming not only their churches but also inland counterparts by tactfully utilizing overseas churches as stimuli, resources providers, and legitimizers for the transformation project. The Chinese fever of integration into the world and high status granted to the overseas are keys to smooth away the barriers of the traditionalist old guard. Accordingly, the originally enclosed, anti‐political, sectarian, spirit‐led group has turned more institutionalized, laity‐oriented, text‐based, and welcoming to the government and mainstream Protestantism.
Addressing Criticisms of Global Religion Research: A Consumption‐Based Exploration of Status and Materialism, Sustainability, and Volunteering Behavior
Authors: Minton Elizabeth A. , Kahle Lynn R. , Jiuan Tan Soo , Tambyah Siok Kuan
Published: August 2016

Religion is a key source of core values and one of the most deeply psychological experiences; however, prior research has often inadequately measured religion's influence on consumption behaviors. Our research addresses criticisms of prior research by (1) reducing cultural bias by conducting research within one country, (2) examining both religious affiliation and religiosity, (3) exploring numerous consumption behaviors (social status desire, materialism views, sustainable behaviors, environmental views, and volunteering behavior) in a within‐subjects design, and (4) testing religion's effect on consumption behavior with over 1,000 participants. Findings provide insight for consumer well‐being. Specifically, consumers high in external religiosity are more materialistic, more sustainable, and more likely to volunteer than consumers low in external religiosity. Consumers high in internal religiosity are also more likely to be sustainable and hold pro‐environmental views. In addition, Buddhists and Hindus are less likely to hold pro‐environmental views than Christians. Buddhists are more materialistic than Christians, and Hindus are less desiring of social status than Christians. In addressing the criticisms of prior research in the context of consumption, our research builds on values‐based and social‐based theories.
Effects of Algae and Shell Pigment Extract‐supplemented Diets on Shell Pigmentation and Growth Performance of Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai
Authors: Ju Zhi Yong , Deng Dong‐Fang , Viljoen Cecilia , Forster Ian Paul
Published: August 2016

To improve shell pigmentation and growth performance of Pacific abalone, five extruded diets were prepared by supplementing a formulated control diet with 3% each of three species of algae (Pacific dulse, Porphyra yezoensis, Spirulina) and a pigment extract from the abalone shells (0.02%). Each of the five diets and a commercial feed were randomly assigned to three containers each stocked with 1000 juvenile Pacific abalone (2 g per individual) in a flow‐through seawater system for a 5‐mo feeding trial. Test results showed: (1) all the supplements significantly (P < 0.05) increased percentages of dark‐brown shelled abalone in the test treatments, relative to the control treatment; (2) the abalone fed the experimental diets achieved significantly (P < 0.05) greater final weight, shell‐length growth rates, and higher meat protein contents than those fed the commercial feed (P < 0.05); and (3) the abalone fed the Spirulina‐supplemented diet achieved the best overall growth, pigmentation performances, and feed conversion ratio; and the Pacific dulse supplement generated the highest protein content in abalone meat product (P < 0.05) among the tested diets. These results demonstrate the potential of locally made feed, which can generate desirable characteristics in abalone under aquaculture conditions.