bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cadaveric study for the volar needle approach to the pronator quadratus using the palmaris longus tendon landmark
Authors: Park Hong Bum , Kim Ki Hoon , Kim Dasom , Rhyu Im Joo , Park Byung Kyu , Kim Dong Hwee
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Our aim in this work was to determine the safety and accuracy of the volar approach to the pronator quadratus (PQ) through cadaver dissection.

Methods

Twenty upper limbs from 10 fresh cadavers were investigated. At the level 3 cm proximal to the ulnar styloid process (USP), a needle was inserted just medial to the palmaris longus (PL) tendon. Distances of the median nerve (MN) and ulnar artery (UA) from the needle insertion point (IP) were measured using ultrasonography and cadaver dissection.

Results

The PQ was located at a depth of 10.8‐19.9 mm from the skin and had a median thickness of 9.1 mm, measured 3 cm proximal to the USP. The median distances of the MN and UA from the IP were 7.6 and 13.4 mm, respectively.

Discussion

A needle insertion for the volar approach to the PQ was safe at 3 cm proximal to the USP, just medial to the PL tendon.
Feeding During Resuscitation After Burn Injury
Authors: Masch Jessica L. , Bhutiani Neal , Bozeman Matthew C.
Published: August 2019

Burn injury results in a sustained hypermetabolic state with resulting increased caloric and protein requirements to support the stress and immune responses; augmented protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism; oxidative stress; and exudative losses. Along with surgical debridement, nutrition and resuscitation are the foundations of patient management after severe burn injury. Recent literature has demonstrated a clear benefit to early enteral nutrition initiation during the resuscitation period. This review aims to examine recent literature discussing both physiologic impact of burn injury and approaches to feeding during resuscitation after burn injury; including methods of determining nutrition requirements, routes, timing, and monitoring response and the associated benefits and consequences thereof.
Quantitative diagnostic advantages of three‐dimensional ultrasound volume imaging for fetal posterior fossa anomalies: Preliminary establishment of a prediction model
Authors: Sun Lijuan , Guo Cuixia , Yao Ling , Zhang Tiejuan , Wang Jingjing , Wang Li , Liu Yan , Wang Keyang , Wang Longxia , Wu Qingqing
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To quantitatively assess prenatal diagnostic performance of three‐dimensional ultrasound (3D‐US) for posterior fossa anomalies (PFA) and establish a preliminarily 3D‐US prediction model.

Methods

Sixty singleton fetuses suspected of PFA by 2D‐US presented their detailed 3D‐US evaluation. The surface area of vermis (SAV), brainstem‐vermis, and brainstem‐tentorium angles were measured by 3D‐US. The good prognosis was defined as normal neurodevelopmental outcome. MRI and autopsy were the diagnostic reference standard.

Results

There was a significant difference between 2D‐US (60.0%, 36/60) and 3D‐US (94.8%, 55/58) for the diagnostic accuracy (P < .01). Prenatal 3D‐US prediction model was established with observed/expected SAV as the main predictor (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.901; 95% CI, 0.810‐0.992, P < .001). When it was more than 107.5%, the prognosis seemed to be good (sensitivity: 96.4%, specificity: 26.7%), which led to consideration of mega cisterna magna, Blake pouch cyst, or small arachnoid cyst. The prognosis appeared to be poor when it was less than 73% (sensitivity: 71.4%, specificity: 100%), and the diagnosis tended to be a Dandy‐Walker malformation, vermian hypoplasia, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Brainstem–vermis and brainstem–tentorium angles were the secondary indicators (AUC: 0.689 vs 0.761; 95% CI, 0.541‐0.836 vs 0.624‐0.897, P = .014 vs.001).

Conclusions

It seems that the exact types of PFA can be effectively diagnosed by quantitative indicators of 3D‐US.
Effects of moisture absorption on mechanical and viscoelastic properties in liquid thermoplastic resin/carbon fiber composites
Authors: Barbosa Lorena Cristina Miranda , Santos Monique , Oliveira Thiago Luiz Lara , Gomes Guilherme Ferreira , Ancelotti Junior Antonio Carlos
Published: August 2019

This article investigated the effect of moisture on the tensile strength and in‐plane shear of laminated composites. For this, the results of a composite system based on a new thermoplastic Elium® 150 resin were compared to a traditional epoxy resin result. Both composites were fabricated via VARTM using a 0/90° plain weave carbon fiber fabric. For the non‐conditioned specimens, the thermoplastic composites presented 30% more tensile resistance in comparison to epoxy composites. For conditioned specimens, this difference was 14%. These results were related to plasticization, which tends to favor the polymer softening providing a greater matrix plastic deformation, promoting a ductile fracture of the composite. On the other hand, the in‐plane shear properties were 30% higher for the thermosetting laminates for both conditions. In this case, moisture may have favored the formation of surface cracks and weakened the fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion. Additional analysis based on design of experiments has shown that the Elium® 150 resin significantly affects all responses and presented in fact a better behavior in comparison to Epoxy resin. While the conditioning effects have featured a statistically noticeable contribution to the tensile strength, the presence of the moisture did not provide a significant enhancement to the in‐plane shear strength. Besides that, the unknown fractographic aspects of the fracture surfaces of both composites were used as a complementary tool for the mechanical characterization. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2185–2194, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Effect of Body Mass Index on Pulmonary Related Debility Rehabilitation
Authors: Burke David T. , Penna Suzanne , Al‐Adawi Samir , Bell Regina B. , Burke Daniel P.
Published: August 2019

Background

Obesity is a known factor for the development of abnormal respiratory physiology. However, several studies have found that obesity does not hinder functional recovery in patients hospitalized for postacute care following a stroke or cardiovascular event. This study was designed to determine the effect of overweight and obesity on patients with acute pulmonary disease, hospitalized in an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF).

Objective

To investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on indices of function, specifically, the functional independence measure (FIM) among patients with pulmonary related debility admitted to a rehabilitation hospital.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Pulmonary unit in an acute freestanding rehabilitation hospital.

Patients

All patients admitted to an IRF with a diagnosis of pulmonary related debility over a 6‐year period.

Methods

The data used in the study included the patient height and weight (measured on admission) and FIM (scored on admission and discharge).

Main Outcome Measures

The primary study outcome measure was the change in FIM per day by the patients' BMI category.

Results

For the 381 patients admitted during the observation period, BMI was compared with FIM score changes per day (FIM efficiency). After adjusting for age and sex, the FIM efficiency only slightly differed by BMI, failing to reach statistical significance. However, age did significantly influence the outcome (P = .05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that among a large group of patients with a pulmonary related debility, there was no statistically significant correlation between BMI and FIM efficiency. The overweight patients were similar in progression to those who were underweight, normal weight, and obese. However, this study found that increased age adversely affected the outcome of rehabilitation.

Level of Evidence

III.
Stereoselective cyclopropanation of olefins through ammonium ylides: A molecular electron density theory study
Authors: Amiri Arash , Emamian Saeedreza , Hosseini Seyed Javad , Ali‐Asgari Safa
Published: August 2019

The highly trans stereoselective formation of cyclopropane derivative trans‐CP 6 via the reaction of ammonium salt (AS 2) with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) in the presence of Na2CO3 was theoretically investigated within Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) computational level to probe energetics, selectivities, and molecular mechanism. This domino reaction starts by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and phenacyl chloride (PC) to form AS 2 followed by a proton abstraction from AS 2 in the presence of Na2CO3 to yield ammonim ylide (AY 3). Subsequently, AY 3 nucleophilically attacks to the MVK to produce gauche betaine‐like intermediate IN‐Tg 2, which is converted into anti betaine‐like intermediate IN‐Ta through a C–C single bond rotation. Finally, trans‐CP 6 is generated along a ring‐closure step. Analysis of the relative Gibbs free energies shows that nucleophilic attack of AY 3 to MVK is the rate‐determining step (RDS). An analysis of the density functional theory (DFT)‐based reactivity indices permits that AY 3 and MVK are, respectively, classified as a strong nucleophile and as a strong electrophile, in clear agreement with the high polar character of the additional step while exploring of the electrophilic as well as nucleophilic Parr functions computed at the reactive sites of reagents elucidates the regioselectivity within the C1–C4 single bond formation process.
Collection of antimicrobial peptides database and its derivatives: Applications and beyond
Authors: Waghu Faiza Hanif , Idicula‐Thomas Susan
Published: August 2019

Collection of antimicrobial peptides (CAMP), CAMPSign, and ClassAMP are open‐access resources that have been developed to enhance research on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Comprehensive information on AMPs and machine learning‐based predictive models are made available for users through these resources. As of date, CAMPR3 has 10,247 sequences, 757 structures, and 114 family‐specific signatures of AMPs along with associated tools for AMP sequence and structure analysis. CAMPSign uses family‐specific sequence conservation, in the form of patterns and hidden Markov models for identification of AMPs. ClassAMP can be used to classify AMPs as antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral based on sequence information. Here we describe CAMP and its derivatives and illustrate, with a few examples, the contribution of these online resources to the advancement of our current understanding of AMPs.
Toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms
Authors: Kanehisa Minoru
Published: August 2019

In this era of high‐throughput biology, bioinformatics has become a major discipline for making sense out of large‐scale datasets. Bioinformatics is usually considered as a practical field developing databases and software tools for supporting other fields, rather than a fundamental scientific discipline for uncovering principles of biology. The KEGG resource that we have been developing is a reference knowledge base for biological interpretation of genome sequences and other high‐throughput data. It is now one of the most utilized biological databases because of its practical values. For me personally, KEGG is a step toward understanding the origin and evolution of cellular organisms.
Sterilization of sea lice eggs with ultraviolet C light: towards a new preventative technique for aquaculture
Authors: Barrett Luke T , Pert Cassandra G , Bui Samantha , Oppedal Frode , Dempster Tim
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

Sea lice infestations on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms are a considerable burden on the industry and put wild salmonid populations at risk. Frequent delousing treatments are necessary to keep lice densities below allowable limits, but currently viable treatments have drawbacks in terms of financial cost, animal welfare, or environmental impacts. We tested if 254 nm ultraviolet C light (UVC) could function as a new preventative method to suppress reproduction of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) by sterilizing fertilized eggs. We exposed salmon lice eggstrings to a range of UVC intensities and durations to identify effective doses.

RESULTS

A cumulative dose of 0.008 J cm−2 induced 5% egg mortality, while 95% egg mortality occurred at 0.09 J cm−2, indicating that UVC can be effective as a preventative treatment. The total cumulative dose appeared to be more important than the duration or number of individual exposures by which the total dose was achieved.

CONCLUSION

UVC treatment has immediate applications for the salmon aquaculture industry, including for the treatment of wastewater from delousing or other operations. Future work will assess the feasibility of UVC dose delivery on host salmon in sea cage environments that involves little or no fish handling and creates negligible environmental impacts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Flavonoids as efficient scaffolds: Recent trends for malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue
Authors: Boniface Pone Kamdem , Ferreira Elizabeth Igne
Published: August 2019

Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually with over 500,000 deaths. Among the NTDs, some of the most severe consist of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria. According to the World Health Organization, 216 million cases of malaria were reported in 2016 with 445,000 deaths. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Flavonoids are a class of compounds that has been the subject of considerable scientific interest. New developments of flavonoids have made promising advances for the potential treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue, with less toxicity, high efficacy, and improved bioavailability. This review summarizes the current standings of the use of flavonoids to treat malaria and neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Natural and synthetic flavonoids are leading compounds that can be used for developing antiprotozoal and antiviral agents. However, detailed studies on toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of action of these compounds are required to confirm the in vitro pharmacological claims of flavonoids for pharmaceutical applications.

Highlights

In the current review, we have tried to compile recent discoveries on natural and synthetic flavonoids as well as their implication in the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue.

A total of 373 (220 natural and 153 synthetic) flavonoids have been evaluated for antimalarial, antileishmanial, antichagasic, and antidengue activities.

Most of these flavonoids showed promising results against the above diseases.

Reports on molecular modeling of flavonoid compounds to the disease target indicated encouraging results.

Flavonoids can be prospected as potential leads for drug development; however, more rigorously designed studies on toxicity and pharmacokinetics, as well as the quantitative structure–activity relationship studies of these compounds, need to be addressed.
Critical stability and quantum phase transition of screened two‐electron system
Authors: Sadhukhan Anjan , Dutta Sayantan , Saha Jayanta K.
Published: August 2019

The ground state energy and structural properties of a model two‐electron system (Zee), bound via screened Coulomb interaction with nuclear charge Z, have been studied under the variational framework. Hylleraas type basis has been adopted for explicit incorporation of the electron–electron correlation. Critical nuclear charges (Zc) of Zee system have been reported for different screening parameters (μ). Expectation values of different structural properties have been estimated to predict the internal structure of the Zee system. The variation of the structural properties with respect to Z for different μ reveals the signature of quantum phase transition (QPT) in the vicinity of Zc. Moreover, the nature of variation of these properties with respect to Z in case of bare Coulomb or free system (μ = 0) is completely opposite to those of screened system (μ ≠ 0). Radial two‐particle density (TPD) confirms the symmetry breaking of the electronic structure and therefore QPT in the vicinity of Zc.
Mass Spectrometry Methods for In Situ Analysis of Clinical Biomolecules
Authors: Ma Wen , Xu Shuting , Liu Huwei , Bai Yu
Published: August 2019

Due to the significant role of clinical biomolecules in mediating biological activities and disease progressions, in situ analysis provides a great opportunity for understanding the molecular mechanisms of biological functions, facilitating medical diagnosis, clinical treatment, and prognosis. Among all the analysis methods, mass spectrometry (MS) methodologies exhibit unique features that make them exceptionally suitable for clinical tests. In this review, updated and essential developments of MS technologies, including laser‐based, spray‐based, plasma‐based, and intrasurgical MS techniques for clinical analysis are summarized. Moreover, further perspectives including design of portable sampling devices, introduction of miniature MS instrumentation, development of high‐throughput and multiplexed methodologies for clinical routine tests and point‐of‐care tests are proposed to achieve better advancements and practical applications of clinical MS.
Deep learning the semantics of change sequences for query expansion
Authors: Huang Qing , Yang Yang , Cheng Ming
Published: August 2019

The overexpansion problem negatively affects the quality of query expansion. To improve the quality of queries for searching code, this paper proposed a DBN‐based algorithm for effective query expansion. The deep belief network (DBN) model is trained on the code sequences and their change sequences, which aims to capture the meaningful terms during the evolution of source code. In contrast to previous studies, the proposed model not only extracts relevant terms to expand a query but also excludes irrelevant terms from the query. It addresses two problems in query expansion, including the overexpansion of the original query and the negative influence of the changed terms in the target source code. Experiments on both artificial queries and real queries show that the proposed algorithm outperforms several query expansion algorithms for code search.
Control of long‐term deflection of concrete slabs by prestressing
Authors: Gayed Ramez B. , Ghali Amin
Published: August 2019

Solid slabs with drop panels or beams are idealized as horizontal grid of rigidly connected short prismatic members, subjected to gravity loads, and prestressing forces. Creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressing reinforcement are considered. The effect of transient loading inducing cracking on long‐term deflection is accounted for. The analysis follows CEB‐FIP Model Code 2010.
Empowering and Engaging Solutions for Operator 4.0 – Acceptance and Foreseen Impacts by Factory Workers
Authors: Kaasinen Eija , Aromaa Susanna , Heikkilä Päivi , Liinasuo Marja
Published: August 2019

Industry 4.0 factories require smart and skilled operators – Operators 4.0. We evaluated three Operator 4.0 solutions that aim to empower and engage workers, so that workers can understand and develop their own competences and they can take an active role in developing the manufacturing environment. 118 shop stewards from different factories assessed user experience, user acceptance and foreseen impacts of the solutions. The results show that there are high expectations towards the virtual factory-based participatory design solution. Opinions were shared about empowering the worker by feedback about worker well-being and work achievements. The solution was seen interesting and useful but there were doubts regarding privacy. Contextual knowledge sharing was felt important but the workers were a bit skeptical as many previous knowledge sharing attempts had been failed. The results give insight to how the solutions should be further developed and how the solutions should be introduced at factory floor.
Asymptotic Bethe ansatz of ABJM open spin chain from giant graviton
Authors: Chen Hui-Huang
Published: August 2019

Abstract

In our previous work, the two-loop integrability of ABJM determinant like operator has been well established. In this paper, we push the integrability to all loop orders. The asymptotic Bethe ansatz equations for ABJM determinant like operator (open string attached on giant graviton) are obtained. In the derivation, the symmetries preserved by the bulk and the boundary played a crucial role. Taking the weak coupling limit and applying appropriate fermionic dualities, we obtained a different set of scalar sector Bethe equations with our previous results. When the “gauge” transformation on Bethe equations was introduced, the discrepancy disappeared.
DijetGAN: a Generative-Adversarial Network approach for the simulation of QCD dijet events at the LHC
Authors: Di Sipio Riccardo , Giannelli Michele Faucci , Haghighat Sana Ketabchi , Palazzo Serena
Published: August 2019

Abstract

A Generative-Adversarial Network (GAN) based on convolutional neural networks is used to simulate the production of pairs of jets at the LHC. The GAN is trained on events generated using MadGraph5, Pythia8, and Delphes3 fast detector simulation. We demonstrate that a number of kinematic distributions both at Monte Carlo truth level and after the detector simulation can be reproduced by the generator network.

The code can be checked out or forked from the publicly accessible online repository https://gitlab.cern.ch/disipio/DiJetGAN.
One-dimensional bosonization and the SYK model
Authors: Murugan Jeff , Nastase Horatiu
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We explore the possibility of extending the familiar bosonization of two dimensions to (0 + 1)-dimensional systems with a large number of degrees of freedom. As an application of this technique, we consider a class of SYK-type models, and argue that the corresponding action on the gravity dual of the SYK model is given by an STS sequence of dualities.
Unified formalism for 6D superamplitudes based on a symplectic Grassmannian
Authors: Schwarz John H. , Wen Congkao
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Recently, twistor-like formulations of tree amplitudes involving n massless particles have been proposed for various 6D supersymmetric theories. The formulas are based on two different forms of the scattering equations: one based on rational maps and the other based on polarized scattering equations. We show that both formulations can be interpreted in terms of a symplectic (or complex Lagrangian) Grassmannian,

$$ \mathbbm{LG} $$

LG

(n, 2n), and that they correspond to different ways of fixing the GL(n, ℂ) symmetry of

$$ \mathbbm{LG} $$

LG

(n, 2n). This provides an understanding of the equivalence of these different-looking formulas, and it leads to new twistor-like formulas for 6D superamplitudes.
A unified view of density-based methods for
semi-supervised clustering and classification
Authors: Castro Gertrudes Jadson , Zimek Arthur , Sander Jörg , Campello Ricardo J. G. B.
Published: August 2019

Semi-supervised learning is drawing increasing attention in the era of
big data, as the gap between the abundance of cheap, automatically collected
unlabeled data and the scarcity of labeled data that are laborious and expensive to
obtain is dramatically increasing. In this paper, we first introduce a unified view
of density-based clustering algorithms. We then build upon this view and bridge the
areas of semi-supervised clustering and classification under a common umbrella of
density-based techniques. We show that there are close relations between
density-based clustering algorithms and the graph-based approach for transductive
classification. These relations are then used as a basis for a new framework for
semi-supervised classification based on building-blocks from density-based
clustering. This framework is not only efficient and effective, but it is also
statistically sound. In addition, we generalize the core algorithm in our framework,
HDBSCAN*, so that it can also perform semi-supervised clustering by directly taking
advantage of any fraction of labeled data that may be available. Experimental
results on a large collection of datasets show the advantages of the proposed
approach both for semi-supervised classification as well as for semi-supervised
clustering.
Dietary addition of zinc-methionine influenced eggshell quality by affecting calcium deposition in eggshell formation of laying hens
Authors: Li Lanlan , Miao Liping , Zhu Mingkun , Wang Liansong , Zou Xiaoting
Published: August 2019

The present study explored the mechanism of Zn-methionine (Zn-Met) influencing eggshell quality of laying hens and investigated whether the mechanism was related to Ca deposition. Hyline grey layers (n 384, 38 weeks old) were divided into four groups: 0 mg Zn/kg, 40, 80 mg Zn/kg as Zn-Met, and 80 mg Zn/kg as zinc sulphate (ZnSO4). Eggshell quality, Zn contents, Zn-containing enzyme activities and expressions of shell matrix proteins in eggshell gland (ESG) were analysed. Zn-Met treatment at 80 mg/kg increased (P < 0·05) egg weight and eggshell strength throughout the experiments. The 80 mg/kg Zn-Met group (P < 0·05) had decreased mammillary knob width and larger relative atomic weight percentage of Ca, stronger signal intensity of Ca in linear distribution and the Ca was more evenly distributed in the transversal surface of eggshell. Zn contents (P < 0·001) in yolk and serum, Ca, albumin (Alb) levels in ESG as well as carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in serum (P < 0·05) and mRNA levels of CA and Ca-binding protein-d28k (CaBP-D28k) (P < 0·001) in the 80 mg/kg Zn-Met group were the highest among all treatments. In conclusion, shell strength as one of eggshell qualities was mostly related to mammillary cone width in ultrastructure caused by the pattern of Ca deposition in eggshell formation. Also, the increase in Zn-Met-induced Ca deposition may be due to the increased Zn contents in serum and tissues, which were attributable to the increased CA concentrations in serum, Ca, Alb levels and up-regulated CA and CaBP-D28k mRNA levels in ESG.
Relations and trails in lattices of projections in W*-algebras
Authors: Kissin Edward
Published: August 2019

This paper concernsHH-relations in the latticesP(M) of all projections of W*-algebrasM. IfMis a finite algebra, all these relations are generated by trails inP(M). IfMis an infinite countably decomposable factor, they are either generated by trails or associated with them.
Residue concentration of cefquinome taking into account different milk fractions and comparing the performance of two screening tests
Authors: Bachmann Joana , Helmschrodt Christin , Richter Angelika , Bertulat Sandra , Heuwieser Wolfgang
Published: August 2019

This Research Communication describes the residue concentration of a dry cow antibiotic in two different milk fractions and describes effects of milk fraction and milk composition on the test performance of a rapid screening and a microbial inhibitor test. Thirteen dry cows were treated with an intramammary dry cow antibiotic containing 150 mg cefquinome. Quarter foremilk and stripping samples were collected on the first 10 d postpartum. All milk samples were analyzed for milk composition by the local Dairy Herd Improvement Association and were tested for antibiotic residues using the rapid screening test Milchtest BL and the microbial inhibitor test Delvotest BR Brilliant Plates. The residue concentration of cefquinome was determined in foremilk and stripping samples from milkings 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after calving using high performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. The logarithm of cefquinome concentration (logCef) was higher in foremilk than in stripping samples and higher in milk samples with lower lactose content. Furthermore, logCef decreased with the number of milkings (P < 0.001). The Milchtest BL was more likely to be not evaluated (i.e. no test and control line or no control line appeared) in stripping samples and milk samples with higher protein content. In the Delvotest BR Brilliant Plates milk samples with higher protein content were more likely to have a false positive result (i.e. the screening test result was positive, but the HPLC-MS/MS result was below the detection limit of the screening test). These results indicate that foremilk is the recommended milk fraction to be tested for residues of cefquinome and that a high protein content can be a cause of test failure and false positive results when milk during the first 10 d postpartum is tested for antibiotic residues using screening tests.
Recovery of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from buttermilk: effect of Ca-binding salts
Authors: Spitsberg Vitaly L. , Ivanov Liza , Shritz Vladimir
Published: August 2019

In this Research Communication we present a study of the effect of Ca-binding salts on the recovery of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) from buttermilk. Sodium phosphate buffer was used for the purpose of MFGM recovery from buttermilk for the first time and we showed that 0.1 M buffer at pH 7.2 was the most effective for the recovery of MFGM. The fact of high efficacy of sodium phosphate buffer in recovery of MFGM from buttermilk allowed us to suggest that MFGM in buttermilk is present in association with casein through Ca- bridges formed between phospholipids of MFGM and phosphate groups of casein, primarily with k-casein as the peripheral protein of casein micelles.
The Politics of Violence Reduction: Making and Unmaking the Salvadorean Gang Truce
Authors: van der Borgh Chris , Savenije Wim
Published: August 2019

This paper analyses a government-facilitated truce, begun in 2012, between El Salvador's three principal street gangs. Using field theory and securitisation theory, it maps the evolution of the truce, distinguishing between the three related processes of making the deal, keeping the truce, and resisting it. It analyses the complex and intriguing political processes in which various actors, such as gang leaders, government officials and international organisations, interacted with each other and made deals about the use and visibility of violence and ways of diminishing, preventing or hiding it.
Characterisation ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from rabbits in Fujian, China
Authors: Wang J. , Sang L. , Sun S. , Chen Y. , Chen D. , Xie X.
Published: August 2019

Staphylococcus aureushas been recognised as one of the important zoonotic pathogens. However, knowledge about the epidemiology and genetic characteristics ofS. aureusin rabbits was limited. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of 281S. aureusisolated from dead rabbits of nine rabbit farms in Fujian Province, China. All the isolates were characterised by multi-locus sequencing typing, detection of virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility test. The results showed that the 281 isolates were grouped into two sequence types, ST121 (13.52%, 38/281) and ST398 (86.48%, 243/281). Surprisingly, the ST121 strains were only recovered from the lung samples from one of the nine rabbit farms studied. In the 281 isolates, the virulence genes ofnuc,hla,hlb,clfA,clfBandfnbpAwere positive, whereas thesea,seb,tsst,etaandetbgenes were negative. Notably, the 38 ST121 isolates carried thepvlgene. All the 281 isolates were methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus, and the isolates were susceptible to most of the used antibiotics, except for streptomycin, kanamycin, azithromycin and penicillin, and the resistance rates of which were 23.84%, 19.57%, 16.01% and 11.03%, respectively. This study first described the epidemiology and characteristics ofS. aureusin rabbits in Fujian Province, which will help in tracking the evolution of epidemic strains and preventing the rabbit–human transmission events.
Hospitalisation by tick-borne diseases in the last 10 years in two hospitals in South Spain: analysis of tick exposure data collected in the Emergency Department
Authors: Rivera-Izquierdo M. , Martín-delosReyes L. M. , Láinez-Ramos-Bossini A. J. , Ruiz-Díaz P. , Casado-Fernández E , Bueno-Cavanillas A. , Martínez-Ruiz V.
Published: August 2019

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) can sometimes cause severe symptoms and lead to hospitalisation, but they often go unnoticed in the Emergency Department (ED). The aim of this study was twofold: (i) to describe the profile of patients hospitalised by TBDs; and (ii) to evaluate the data collected in the medical records from the ED in order to analyse their potential clinical consequences. A total of 84 cases that included all TBD diagnoses registered in the ED records were identified and analysed. These corresponded to all the hospitalisations by TBDs in the last 10 years (2009–2019) in two tertiary hospitals in Granada, Spain. Statistical analyses were made using RStudio. Coinciding with the absence of patient's report of exposure to ticks, 64.3% of TBDs were not suspected in the ED. Intensive care unit admission was required in 8.3% of cases, and the mortality rate was 2.4%. Non-suspected cases showed longer hospital stay (P< 0.001), treatment duration (P= 0.02) and delay in the initiation of antibiotic treatment (P< 0.001). Our findings indicate that symptoms associated with TBDs are highly non-specific. In the absence of explicit information related to potential tick exposure, TBDs are not initially suspected. As a consequence, elective treatment administration is delayed and hospitalisation time is prolonged. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of addressing potential exposure to ticks during the ED contact with patients presenting with febrile syndrome.
2,4-D deposition is reduced and more variable immediately adjacent to cereal rye cover crop rows
Authors: Haramoto Erin R. , Sherman Austin D. , Green Jonathan D.
Published: August 2019

Horseweed, also known as marestail, is a problematic weed for no-till soybean producers that can emerge from late summer through the following spring. Overwintering cover crops can reduce both the density and size of fall-emerged weeds such as horseweed and reduce further spring emergence, although typically cover crops do not provide complete control. Cover crops may be integrated with additional spring herbicide applications to control emerged horseweed, and selective herbicides such as 2,4-D may be used to target horseweed while maintaining small grain cover crop growth. However, cover crops may affect herbicide deposition, which could reduce their efficacy to control weeds. The objective of this study was to determine how the amount and variability of 2,4-D ester spray solution deposition, measured with water-sensitive paper, was affected by a cereal rye cover crop and fall-applied saflufenacil. We also examined deposition at the soil surface relative to the cereal rye row position. In a year with greater cereal rye biomass accumulation, there was 44% less coverage and average deposit size was 45% smaller immediately adjacent to cereal rye rows compared with between rows and areas without cereal rye. Greater variability in these measurements was also noted in this position. Percent spray solution coverage was also 22% greater in plots that received saflufenacil in the fall, and deposits were 28% larger. In a year with less cover crop and winter weed biomass, no differences in spray deposition were observed. This suggests that small horseweed plants and other weeds immediately adjacent to cereal rye cover crop rows may be more likely to survive early spring herbicide applications, though the suppressive effects of cover crops may mitigate this concern.
Impact of Nonuniform Land Surface Warming on Summer Anomalous Extratropical Cyclone Activity Over East Asia
Authors: Chen Haishan , Zhan Wanxin , Zhou Botao , Teng Fanda , Zhang Jie , Zhou Yang
Published: August 2019

As one of the typical midlatitude synoptic‐scale disturbances, extratropical cyclones (ECs) can exert significant impacts on the atmospheric general circulation through its interaction with the time mean flow. Under the background of global warming, the Eurasian continent exhibits evident nonuniform warming, which has the potential to alter the atmospheric baroclinicity by changing the meridional temperature gradient and further affect the ECs activity. In this study, we investigated the possible connection between the land surface thermal anomaly over Eurasia and the summer ECs activity over East Asia together with relevant mechanisms. We found that the land surface warming (cooling) near 50°N of East Asia is associated with anomalous weak (strong) summer ECs activity over East Asia. Warm (cool) land surface usually reduces (increases) the meridional temperature gradient and further the atmospheric baroclinicity in the key area of cyclone activity, resulting in low (high) frequency of the extratropical cyclogenesis and weakened (intensified) ECs activity. The land surface warming (cooling) can also depress (benefit) the associated baroclinic conversion between the time mean effective potential energy and eddy effective potential energy, resulting in decrease (increase) in the eddy kinetic energy. As a result, the energy obtained by the synoptic‐scale eddy from the time mean flow has been reduced (increased), which favors (hampers) the extratropical cyclogenesis, causing weak (strong) cyclone activity in the middle latitude of East Asia.
Mars Science Laboratory Observations of Chloride Salts in Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Thomas N. H. , Ehlmann B. L. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Rapin W. , Anderson D. E. , Rivera‐Hernández F. , Forni O. , Schröder S. , Cousin A. , Mangold N. , Gellert R. , Gasnault O. , Wiens R. C.
Published: August 2019

The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover is traversing a sequence of stratified sedimentary rocks in Gale crater that contain varied eolian, fluviodeltaic, and lake deposits, with phyllosilicates, iron oxides, and sulfate salts. Here, we report the chloride salt distribution along the rover traverse. Chlorine is detected at low levels (<3 wt.%) in soil and rock targets with multiple MSL instruments. Isolated fine‐scale observations of high chlorine (up to ≥15 wt.% Cl), detected using the ChemCam instrument, are associated with elevated Na2O and interpreted as halite grains or cements in bedrock. Halite is also interpreted at the margins of veins and in nodular, altered textures. We have not detected halite in obvious evaporitic layers. Instead, its scattered distribution indicates that chlorides emplaced earlier in particular members of the Murray formation were remobilized and reprecipitated by later groundwaters within Murray formation mudstones and in diagenetic veins and nodules.
Narrow Spatial Aftershock Zones for Induced Earthquake Sequences in Oklahoma
Authors: Rosson Z. , Walter J. I. , Goebel T. , Chen X.
Published: August 2019

The current paradigm for estimating regional long‐term seismic hazard involves declustering whereby aftershocks are removed from an earthquake catalog to identify the underlying background seismicity rate. Inaccurate declustering can ultimately underestimate or overestimate the regional seismic hazard. In Oklahoma, estimating a background seismicity rate is complicated by the highly variable seismicity rate over the last decade. To improve conventional declustering methods used in hazard modeling in Oklahoma, we scrutinize the aftershock windows used for declustering and investigate how aftershocks decay in space and time to establish data‐driven parameters for aftershock windowing. We observe that the spatial decay of aftershocks is more rapid in Oklahoma than in Southern California, motivating the need for smaller spatial declustering windows in Oklahoma. Temporal aftershock decay is statistically indistinguishable between Oklahoma and Southern California, suggesting that temporal declustering windows derived for Southern California are likely sufficient for Oklahoma.
Evidence for Extended Charging Periods Prior to Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes
Authors: Larkey R. K. , Sample J. G. , Smith D. M. , Briggs M. S. , Lapierre J. L. , Holzworth R. H.
Published: August 2019

We present an analysis of lightning interflash intervals in 219 terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) producing thunderstorms. Clustering was used to identify groups of lightning sferics, interpreted as individual thunderstorms, in combined World Wide Lightning Location Network and Earth Networks Total Lightning Network data. In these individual groups of sferics, analysis was done on the lightning flash frequency within ±10 min of the Fermi recorded TGF. We find that typical interflash intervals immediately prior to TGFs are 24% longer than mean interflash intervals in their individual producing storms, while the interflash intervals immediately following the TGFs are typically 8% shorter than normal. The significance of these results, tested using a numerical bootstrap method, was found to be highly significant for the pre‐TGF interval. These results could imply that a stronger electric field is necessary for the production of TGFs and may help to explain why some lightning strikes produce TGFs while others do not.
Dust Emission Modeling Using a New High‐Resolution Dust Source Function in WRF‐Chem With Implications for Air Quality
Authors: Parajuli Sagar P. , Stenchikov Georgiy L. , Ukhov Alexander , Kim Hyunglok
Published: August 2019

Air‐borne dust affects all aspects of human life. The sources of dust have high spatial variation and a better quantification of dust emission helps to identify remediation measures. Orographic and statistical source functions allow a better estimation of dust emission fluxes in coarse‐scale modeling, but a high‐resolution source function is necessary to represent the highly heterogeneous nature of dust sources at the finer scale. Here we use a newly developed high‐resolution (~500 m) source function in Weather Research and Forecasting model, coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to simulate dust emission over the Middle East and North Africa and evaluate our simulated results against observations. Using a 4‐km grid spacing, we also simulate the emission and transport of dust originating from the Tigris‐Euphrates basin, one of the most important regional dust sources, and quantify the effects of this source on the air quality of the entire Arabian Peninsula. Results show that the use of new source function effectively represents the key dust sources and provides reasonable estimates of dust optical depth and concentrations. We find that the atmospheric dust originating from the Tigris‐Euphrates basin alone exceeds the particulate matter 10 air quality standards in several downwind cities. Our results have broader environmental implications and indicate that the mobilization of depleted uranium deposited in Kuwait and Southern Iraq during the Gulf War (1991) could potentially affect the urban centers over the peninsula, albeit in low concentrations. Our results suggest that an integrated and coordinated management of the Tigris‐Euphrates basin is necessary to maintain good air quality across the Arabian Peninsula.
Understanding the Radio Spectrum of Thunderstorm Narrow Bipolar Events
Authors: Liu Ningyu , Dwyer Joseph R. , Tilles Julia N. , Stanley Mark A. , Krehbiel Paul R. , Rison William , Brown Robert G. , Wilson Jennifer G.
Published: August 2019

This paper reports a study to understand the radio spectrum of thunderstorm narrow bipolar events (NBEs) or compact intracloud discharges, which are powerful sources of high‐frequency (HF) and very high frequency (VHF) electromagnetic radiation. The radio spectra from 10 kHz to about 100 MHz are obtained for three NBEs, including one caused by fast positive breakdown and two by fast negative breakdown. The results indicate that the two polarities of fast breakdown have similar spectra, with a relatively flat spectrum in the HF and VHF band. The ratio of energy spectral densities in the very low frequency and HF bands is (0.9–5) × 105. We develop a statistical modeling approach to investigate if a system of streamers can explain the main features of fast breakdown. Assuming that the current moment peak and charge moment change of individual streamers vary in the ranges of 5–10 A‐m and 5–20 μC‐m, respectively, the modeling results indicate that a system of 107–108 streamers can reproduce the current moment, charge transfer, and radio spectrum of fast breakdown. The rapid current variation on a time scale of nanoseconds required for fast breakdown to produce strong HF/VHF emissions is provided by exponentially accelerating and expanding streamers. Our study therefore supports the hypothesis that fast breakdown is a system of streamers. Finally, suggestions are given regarding future streamer simulations and NBE measurements in order to further develop our understanding of NBEs and lightning initiation.
Humid Subtropical Forests Constitute a Net Methane Source: A Catchment‐Scale Study
Authors: Yu Longfei , Zhu Jing , Zhang Xiaoshan , Wang Zhangwei , Dörsch Peter , Mulder Jan
Published: August 2019

Commonly, well‐drained forest soils are net methane (CH4) sinks, whereas poorly drained soils in groundwater discharge zones could contribute significant CH4emissions. Climate change is projected to bring more summer precipitation extremes to subtropics, which may affect forest CH4balance. Chinese forests often have a hilly topography with well‐drained hillslopes and pronounced groundwater discharge zones. Although different landscape elements are likely to have different source and sink functions for CH4, the climatic influence on CH4budget at the catchment scale remains poorly studied. Here, we measured CH4fluxes over three years along a topographic gradient in a subtropical forested catchment in SW China. CH4fluxes exhibited a clear spatial pattern indicating moderate CH4uptake or emission from the well‐drained soils on the hillslope (−5.8 to +1.0 kg CH4‐C·ha−1·year−1) and significant CH4emission from the wetter soils in the groundwater discharge zone (94.3 to 479.5 kg CH4‐C·ha−1·year−1). Despite its small area contribution to the catchment (0.6%), the groundwater discharge zone emitted substantial amounts of CH4in monsoonal summers, affecting the whole‐catchment budget. Hillslope soils showed weaker CH4uptake or even turned into a small CH4source under wet climatic conditions. Estimates of catchment‐scale CH4budgets indicate that subtropical forest catchments can tip from a net CH4sink in drier years to a net CH4source in wetter years, highlighting the importance of interannual climate variabilities. Our findings suggest that subtropical forests under projected climate change could contribute a net CH4source with consequences for the regional CH4balance.