bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
They Had Me in Stitches: A Grand Canyon River Guide’s Case Report and a Review of Wilderness Wound Management Literature
Authors: Spano Susanne J. , Dimock Brad
Published: January 2014

We present a case of failed conservative management of a traumatic wound sustained in a wilderness setting. The patient was initially treated with a povidone-iodine scrub, suture closure, and expectant management by 2 physicians who were paying clients on a multiday river rafting expedition. Empiric antibiotic coverage and irrigation of the dehisced wound were initiated several days after initial treatment. The patient arranged his own evacuation 8 days after injury. Hospitalization, intravenous (IV) antibiotics, and surgical debridement with wound vacuum placement led to a full recovery. This case presents several common wound care pitfalls. The sequelae to these pitfalls are more dramatic in a wilderness setting and underscore the importance of early aggressive management and considering prompt evacuation when treating wounds sustained in the wilderness.
Phonology and morphology in Dutch indefinite determiner syncretism: Spatial and quantitative perspectives
Authors: Tamminga Meredith
Published: January 2014

This paper uses dialect data to disentangle the contributions of phonology and morphology to the emergence of gender syncretism in the Dutch determiner paradigm. Quantitative and spatio-statistical analyses are used to identify an inverse relationship between phonological erosion and adoption of the innovative syncretic system, counter to expectation. That inverse relationship is shown to obscure the parallel development of the determiners in masculine and feminine contexts, leading to the suggestion that the syncretism results from a single morphological change triggered by phonological variability.
The Major Dialects of Nyamwezi and Their Relationship to Sukuma: A Time-Based Perspective
Authors: Roth Tim
Published: January 2014

This paper identifies the main dialects within Nyamwezi, a Bantu language of Tanzania, and clarifies the historical relationship between these Nyamwezi (F.22) dialects and Sukuma (F.21). I claim, contrary to the conventional wisdom regarding these languages, that a rough linguistic border exists, which separates the Nyamwezi varieties from Sukuma. By implication, Sukuma and Nyamwezi do not exist in a dialect continuum with one another, and the Ndala lect described in Maganga and Schadeberg (1992) should be considered Sukuma. These claims are supported by primarily lexical and phonological evidence gathered during recent surveys conducted by SIL International. Furthermore, Batibo's (2000) relative chronology of the main innovations considered in this present study (*c/*jfricativization, Bantu spirantization, Dahl's Law, and *p-lenition) is re-examined in light of this new evidence. This paper demonstrates how diachronic dialectology can shed light on the dualistic processes of divergence and convergence in Bantu, and the resulting spread of linguistic innovation.
BETH-SHEMESH AND SELLOPOULO: TWO COMMEMORATIVE SCARABS OF AMENHOTEP III AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO AEGEAN CHRONOLOGY
Authors: Brandl Baruch , Bunimovitz Shlomo , Lederman Zvi
Published: January 2014

A medium-size Amenhotep III scarab recently discovered in the excavations at Tel Beth-Shemesh, Israel, together with two decorated Late Minoan IIIA1 cups enables a fresh look at the synchronism between Late Minoan IIIA1 and Amenhotep III. The scarab is identified as commemorative, produced on the occasion of Amenhotep III's first Jubilee orSedfestival. In light of this interpretation a new examination of the renowned and debated Amenhotep III scarab from Sellopoulo Tomb 4 is presented. It is proposed here to identify this scarab also as commemorative as it includes, in addition to the pharaoh's prenomen, an epithet which relates it too to Amenhotep III's firstSedfestival.

Both scarabs, from Beth-Shemesh and Sellopoulo, are shown to have been produced between Amenhotep III's Regnal Years 28/25 and 34 respectively – most probably around Regnal Year 28 – and presumably reached their destination about that time. Further analysis led to the conclusion that the envisioned Egyptian embassy to the Aegean, which may have been the source for the ‘Aegean List’ of Kom el-Hetan, took place also during Amenhotep III's Regnal Year 28.

The two culturally different and geographically remote contexts in which the Beth-Shemesh and Sellopoulo scarabs were found – a destruction layer in Canaan and a tomb in Crete – tell the same story: Late Minoan IIIA1 was in vogue at least until the last decade of Amenhotep III's reign in the mid-fourteenth centurybc. This conclusion has important implications for the political and cultural history of Knossos and may anchor the sequence of events of the Final Palatial period in a more solid chronological framework.
The opportunity cost model: Automaticity, individual differences, and self-control resources
Authors: Hagger Martin S.
Published: January 2014

I contend that Kurzban et al.'s model is silent on three issues. First, the extent to which opportunity-cost computations are automatic or deliberative is unclear. Second, the role of individual differences in biasing opportunity-cost computations needs elucidating. Third, in the absence of “next-best” tasks, task persistence will be indefinite, which seems unfeasible, so perhaps integration with a limited-resource account is necessary.
A Qualitative Study: Why Prolonged Stay in the Recovery Room?
Authors: Lalani Sharifa B. , Ali Fauzia , Kanji Zeenatkhanu , Jaffer Salma , Ali Mohammed
Published: January 2014

There are a number of factors that prolong patients’ stay in the recovery room (RR), which are related to system or clinical issues. However, less has been discovered from the RR nurses about reasons for prolonged patient stay and recommendations to solve this issue. Prolonged patient stay of more than 2 hours in the RR interferes with the primary role of the RR nurse, which is to provide care to immediate postanaesthesia patients. Consequently, this could affect the operating room schedule, normal flow of patients to the RR and discharge to the nursing units.
Some controversies of detention in multinational operations and the contributions of the Copenhagen Principles
Authors: Oswald Bruce ‘Ossie’
Published: January 2014

This paper discusses three main areas of controversy relating to detention in the context of multinational operations: the relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law; the principle of legality in the context of relying on United Nations Security Council resolutions as a justification for taking detainees; and the transfer of detainees where there is, for example, a substantial risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The paper then considers how the Copenhagen Principles address these issues.
BMP‐7 represses albumin‐induced chemokine synthesis in kidney tubular epithelial cells through destabilization of NF‐κB‐inducing kinase
Authors: Lim Ai Ing , Chan Loretta Y Y , Tang Sydney C W , Yiu Wai Han , Li Ruixi , Lai Kar Neng , Leung Joseph C K
Published: January 2014

Protein overload activates proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) to release chemokines. Bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) reduces infiltrating cells and tissue damage in acute and chronic renal injuries. The present study examines the inhibitory effect and related molecular mechanism of BMP‐7 on chemokine and adhesion molecule synthesis by PTECs activated with human serum albumin (HSA). The expression profiles of chemokines and adhesion molecules in cultured human PTECs were screened by PCR array. Expression of CXCL1, CXCL2 and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM‐1) by PTECs was significantly upregulated by HSA and reduced by BMP‐7. HSA activated both the canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor (NF)‐κB pathways in PTECs, as indicated by the increased nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p50 and p52 subunits. The nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p52 was completely abrogated by BMP‐7, whereas NF‐κB p50 activation was only partially repressed. BMP‐7 increased the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1), tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor (TRAF)2 and TRAF3, but not of NF‐κB‐inducing kinase (NIK) that was significantly upregulated by HSA. Silencing NIK recapitulated the partial inhibitory effect on HSA‐induced chemokine synthesis by BMP‐7. Complete abolishment of the chemokine synthesis was only achieved by including additional blockade of the NF‐κB p65 translocation on top of NIK silencing. Our data suggest that BMP‐7 represses the NIK‐dependent chemokine synthesis in PTECs activated with HSA through blocking the noncanonical NF‐κB pathway and partially interfering with the canonical NF‐κB pathway.
Continuous enrichment of low-abundance cell samples using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW)
Authors: Chen Yuchao , Li Sixing , Gu Yeyi , Li Peng , Ding Xiaoyun , Wang Lin , McCoy J. Philip , Levine Stewart J. , Huang Tony Jun
Published: January 2014

Non-contact, continuous enrichment of low-abundance cell samples in microfluidics is demonstratedviathe standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW).
Hyperdiploid tumor cells increase phenotypic heterogeneity within Glioblastoma tumors
Authors: Donovan Prudence , Cato Kathleen , Legaie Roxane , Jayalath Rumal , Olsson Gemma , Hall Bruce , Olson Sarah , Boros Samuel , Reynolds Brent A. , Harding Angus
Published: January 2014

Here we report the identification of a proliferative, viable, and hyperdiploid tumor cell subpopulation present within Glioblastoma (GB) patient tumors.
Synthesis of full length and truncated microcin B17 analogues as DNA gyrase poisons
Authors: Thompson Robert E. , Collin Frédéric , Maxwell Anthony , Jolliffe Katrina A. , Payne Richard J.
Published: January 2014

Using a combination of solid-phase peptide synthesis and fragment assembly strategies a library of full-length and truncated analogues of the antibacterial post-translationally modified peptide microcin B17 have been synthesised. Both antibacterial and DNA gyrase poisoning activities are also described for the synthetic analogues.
Stable nano-sized copper and its oxide particles using cobalt tetraamino phthalocyanine as a stabilizer; application to electrochemical activity
Authors: Koodlur Sannegowda Lokesh , Reddy K. R. Venugopala , Shivaprasad K. H.
Published: January 2014

CVs showing the electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen with (a) bare GC; GC modified with (b) CoPTA; (c) metallic oxide nanoparticles after exposing the particles to air for 1 day and (d) CoPTA capped copper nanoparticles.
Kinetic insight into bimolecular upconversion: experiment and simulation
Authors: Piper Roland B. , Yoshida Megumi , Farrell Daniel J. , Khoury Tony , Crossley Maxwell J. , Schmidt Timothy W. , Haque Saif A. , Ekins-Daukes N. J.
Published: January 2014

Direct observation of triplet energy transfer from sensitiser to emitter is modelled and provides comprehensive description of bimolecular upconversion.
A simple route to synthesize hierarchical porous ZrO2
Authors: Chen Yu , Xia Hui , Zhang Daiguo , Yan Zilai , Ouyang Fangping , Xiong Xiang , Huang Xiaoyi
Published: January 2014

To obtain hierarchical porous ZrO2, one simple step is enough by directly decomposing a Zr(NO3)4·5H2O ethanol sol–gel solution.
ACS management capacity enhancement mechanism in CWMP
Authors: Lee K.M. , Chu H. , Chu J. , Lin Y. , Hsiao C. , Hou T.W.
Published: January 2014

The autoconfiguration and management features of the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) WAN Management Protocol (CWMP) are powerful and have been extensively used by service providers and telecommunication services. The capability of the auto configuration server (ACS) in the CWMP technology is limited by its management structure, the maximum connection and the network bandwidth. Typically, these concerns are solved by adding more ACSs. Nevertheless, the ACS that has stronger management power is pricy too. On the other hand, the computing power of the CPE having lower costs is increasing rapidly. To utilise the benefits of this change, a new design by combining a sub‐ACS concept with a dynamic adaptive multi‐level grouping algorithm mechanism is created, that is to recalculate a healthy rate of the ACS while a new CPE is joining the system. If the healthy rate of the ACS is below the healthy criteria, a new group of CPEs and its corresponding sub‐ACS are built. The newly formed sub‐ACS responds to manage the new group. By leveraging the new model, the management capability of a CWMP system can be raised to 278%. Consequently, the infrastructure of establishing both the cost and the operation cost is reduced, yet the efficiencies of the entire remote management system can be improved.
DARP: dynamic and adaptive radio protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Estévez F.J. , Rebel G. , González J. , Gloesekoetter P.
Published: January 2014

The dynamic and adaptive radio protocol (DARP) is a new protocol proposal with some interesting features such as dynamic roles and the use of virtual sub‐networks. The wireless sensor network state of art is discussed and some desirable features are presented in order to adapt these networks to new scenarios. These necessities are quite important to expand the applicability of wireless sensor networks and for this reason the DARP is proposed.
Compact UWB bandpass filter with triple notched bands using parallel U‐shaped defected microstrip structure
Authors: Wang Jianpeng , Zhao Junding , Li Jia‐Lin
Published: January 2014

A novel compact ultra‐wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with triple sharply notched bands and good selectivity is proposed using a parallel U‐shaped defected microstrip structure (UDMS). The initial UWB BPF comprises interdigital coupled lines and an E‐shaped multiple‐mode resonator to achieve two transmission zeros on both sides of the passband, thus improving skirt selectivity. Then, three parallel UDMSs are introduced, which have the properties of achieving the triple band‐notched characteristics and providing a high degree of adjusting freedom. To validate the design theory, a microstrip UWB BPF with three notched bands centred at 5.2, 5.8 and 8.0 GHz, respectively, is designed and fabricated. Both the simulation and the experimental results are provided which have good agreement.
Full‐reference image quality assessment using statistical local correlation
Authors: Ding Yong , Wang Shaoze , Zhang Dong
Published: January 2014

A novel full‐reference image quality assessment metric employing statistical local correlation as an indicator for quality quantification is presented. The local correlation is extracted in a wavelet domain and is pooled into an objective quality score. Simulation and testing results demonstrate that the proposed method not only outperforms the other methods in terms of high accuracy of image quality prediction, but also is consistent with the subjective evaluations.
Performance relationship between distributed and centralised cooperative localisations
Authors: Shi Yulong , Cui Qimei , Cao Siqi , Zhang Xuefei , Tao Xiaofeng
Published: January 2014

Cooperative localisation can be classified into distributed and centralised algorithms. However, thorough theoretical analysis on the discrepancy and correlation of their performances has not yet been given by existing researches. Presented are different Cramér‐Rao lower bounds for these two kinds of algorithms and the performance relationship is investigated through their own lower bounds. Furthermore, it is theoretically proved that after infinite iterations, distributed and centralised algorithms have the identical lower bound.
Design of forward adaptive hybrid quantiser with Golomb–Rice code for compression of Gaussian source
Authors: Perić Zoran H. , Nikolić Jelena R. , Mosić Aleksandar V.
Published: January 2014

This study proposes a novel model of hybrid quantiser composed of a uniform scalar quantiser and a non‐uniform optimal companding scalar quantiser, both designed for a Gaussian source. We examine whether by appropriately designing a novel forward adaptive hybrid quantiser with Golomb–Rice code, one can achieve more sophisticated compression and a higher signal to quantisation noise ratio compared with the uniform quantiser with Golomb–Rice code. We observe which value of the bit rate should be chosen to provide high‐quality quantisation. It is shown that the authors compression model can satisfy G.712 recommendation for high‐quality quantisation achieving the compression of 1.68 bit/sample over the G.711 quantiser. In addition, for the average bit rate of 6.32 bit/sample their hybrid quantiser outperforms the uniform quantiser for 1.32 dB. The presented performances of the forward adaptive hybrid quantiser indicate that it should be of theoretical and practical significance in quantisation of the Gaussian source signals.
On channel estimation and detection for amplify‐and‐forward orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based two‐way relay systems under unknown non‐reciprocal doubly selective fading channels
Authors: Zhong Ke , Lei Xia , Hu Su , Li Shaoqian
Published: January 2014

Most existing works on two‐way relay systems (TWRSs) are based on the assumption that the channels are reciprocal. However, in high‐speed moving scenarios, the channels between the multiple access channel phase and broadcast channel phase become non‐reciprocal, which significantly complicates the indispensable channel estimation for TWRSs employing coherent detection. In this study, the challenging problem of channel estimation and data detection (CEaDD) is investigated for amplify‐and‐forward orthogonal frequency division multiplexing‐based TWRSs under unknown non‐reciprocal doubly selective fading channels. First, an independent CEaDD algorithm according to the minimum mean‐square error (MMSE) criterion is proposed. To further improve system performance, an iterative joint CEaDD algorithm employing the variational Bayesian inference (VBI) framework is developed. It is shown by simulations that initialised by the proposed MMSE‐based algorithm, the proposed VBI‐based iterative algorithm converges in a few iterations and after convergence, its performance approaches the ideal case which assumes perfect knowledge of channel state information.
Generalisation of code division multiple access systems and derivation of new bounds for the sum capacity
Authors: Dashmiz Shayan , Takapoui Mohammad Reza , Moazeni Sajjad , Moharrami Mehrdad , Abolhasani Melika , Marvasti Farokh
Published: January 2014

In this study, the authors explore a generalised scheme for the synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA). In this scheme, unlike the standard CDMA systems, each user has different codewords for communicating different messages. Two main problems are investigated. The first problem concerns whether uniquely detectable overloaded matrices (an injective matrix, i.e. the inputs and outputs are in one‐to‐one correspondence depending on the input alphabets) exist in the absence of additive noise, and if so, whether there are any practical optimum detectors for such input codewords. The second problem is about finding tight bounds for the sum channel capacity. In response to the first problem, the authors have constructed uniquely detectable matrices for the generalised scheme and the authors have developed practical maximum likelihood detection algorithms for such codes. In response to the second problem, lower bounds and conjectured upper bounds are derived. The results of this study are superior to other standard overloaded CDMA codes since the generalisation can support more users than the previous schemes.
Outage probability analysis of cognitive relay network with four relay selection and end‐to‐end performance with modified quasi‐orthogonal space–time coding
Authors: Manna Mustafa Abdelaziz , Chen Gaojie , Chambers Jonathon A.
Published: January 2014

In this study, the authors evaluate the outage probability performance of an amplify‐and‐forward cooperative relay network where the relays are equipped with cognitive radios. When the number of available relays is more than four the authors use the channel conditions in order to select the best four cognitive relays from a set of M cognitive relay nodes and then they are used for cooperation between the source and the destination nodes. Expressions for outage probability are determined for a frequency flat Rayleigh‐fading environment from the received signal‐to‐noise ratio with perfect and imperfect spectrum acquisition. In addition, a modified distributed quasi‐orthogonal space–time block coding scheme with increased code gain distance is considered for use within the proposed cognitive relay network. To utilise the available spectrum opportunities with the modified quasi‐orthogonal space–time block code, the code matrix can be adapted to the number of available relays. Simulation results show that the four relay selection improves the system performance. This is confirmed by the outage probability analysis. The simulations also show that the modified code can significantly enhance the performance of the system and improve the reliability of the link as compared with the conventional distributed quasi‐orthogonal space–time block coding.
Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of large electrical machine stator core faults
Authors: Ho Choon W. , Bertenshaw David R. , Smith Alexander C. , Chan Trina , Sasic Mladen
Published: January 2014

Faults in the stator cores of large electrical machines can both damage local winding insulation and propagate to catastrophic failure. This study develops three‐dimensional finite element models of inter‐laminar insulation faults in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the electromagnetic behaviour of core faults and the sensitivity of sensing systems. The problem of developing a model that adequately reflects the laminar constraints of the structure, while remaining computable is addressed, together with eliminating images from boundaries. The model was validated by experimental measurement and results shown to be closely matched, with the fault current distribution also predicted. The sensitivity profiles for various fault positions and lengths were determined, which enables condition‐monitoring sensors to be more specific about the location and true threat that a fault signal may pose to the machine.
Design procedure of segmented rotor switched reluctance motor for direct drive applications
Authors: Rallabandi Vandana , Fernandes Baylon Godfrey
Published: January 2014

Switched reluctance motors (SRM) are becoming increasingly popular because of the rising cost of permanent magnets. It was reported that segmented rotor construction improves the torque output and efficiency. This study discusses an SRM with segmented rotor construction designed for direct drive application. Such a motor has an outer rotor. It is found that in such machines, the torque output increases when there are higher number of rotor segments than stator poles. A segmented rotor SRM with 12 stator poles and 26 rotor segments is discussed here. It has unique pole tip shape, which improves torque output. Design procedure of the motor is presented. Moreover, limitations of segmented rotor SRMs having a higher number of rotor segments than stator poles are also identified, and possible solutions are suggested. Experimental results on the prototype of a three‐phase 12/26 motor are presented.
Importance of on‐demand modified power aware dynamic source routing protocol in mobile ad‐hoc networks
Authors: Shankar Shiva , Varaprasad Golla , Suresh Hosahalli Narayanagowda
Published: January 2014

Power consumption is a crucial design concern in mobile ad‐hoc networks (MANETs), since the nodes are powered by batteries with limited battery power, whereas the existing dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol does not take the battery power limitation of the MANET nodes into account. The mobile hosts in MANETs are constrained by the battery power for their operation. Hence, the battery power of a node is a precious resource that must be used efficiently in order to avoid early termination of a node or a network. In the MANET, power is one of the major issues, since the devices have limited battery power to execute the tasks. This study proposes a new scheme called efficient power routing DSR (EPRDSR) to improve the existing on‐demand routing protocols by introducing a power efficient scheme in the whole MANET. In the route discovery, the EPRDSR selects the bandwidth and the power constraints are built into the DSR route discovery mechanism. Hence, it enhances the network lifetime and delays the repair and reconstruction of the route. The main goal of EPRDSR is not only to extend the lifetime of each node, but also to prolong the lifetime of each connection.
Multiple‐directions asymptotic phase basis functions for efficient analysis of scattering from electrically large objects
Authors: Ding Dazhi , Jin Shan , Hu Xiao Qing
Published: January 2014

A new set of multiple‐directions asymptotic phase (MD‐AP) basis functions based on curvilinear triangular patch is proposed for expansion of the current in integral equations solved by method of moments. Owing to the fact that the multiple phase disturbances brought from the object are considered in the construction of basis functions, the MD‐AP basis functions figure out the bottleneck of the phase basis functions in the calculation of monostatic radar cross‐section (RCS). The resultant system matrix is then solved using the inner–outer flexible generalised minimal residual algorithm accelerated by the multilevel fast multipole method. The parallelisation of the multilevel fast multipole method is also implemented for analysing electromagnetic scattering from electrical large objects. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method in monostatic RCS calculation.
Enhanced directivity and bandwidth of a stepped open‐slot antenna with L‐shaped slots and parasitic strip
Authors: Wu Jiangniu , Zhao Zhiqin , Ellis Mubarak Sani , Nie Zaiping , Liu Qing Huo
Published: January 2014

In this study, a printed stepped open‐slot antenna with unidirectional radiation characteristics is presented. Using a stepped feeding slot and a parasitic metal strip, the impedance matching is improved and a wide bandwidth is achieved. Additionally, by modifying the ground plane with a pair of L‐shaped slots, the radiation directivity of the proposed antenna is significantly enhanced and good unidirectional radiation characteristics are obtained. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the design, a prototype antenna is fabricated and tested. Experimental results show that the antenna provides a fractional bandwidth of 101%, ranging from 3.65 to 11.1 GHz with a compact size (30 mm × 30 mm). A moderate gain, which is better than 4 dBi, is also obtained. In addition, a stable radiation directivity, which is fixed in the endfire direction (y‐axis direction) is achieved. The measured front‐to‐back ratio is larger than 9.5 dB within the effective bandwidth.
Coupled‐inductor single‐stage boost inverter for grid‐connected photovoltaic system
Authors: Zhou Yufei , Huang Wenxin , Zhao Ping , Zhao Jianwu
Published: January 2014

This study presents a coupled‐inductor single‐stage boost inverter for grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) system, which can realise boosting when the PV array voltage is lower than the grid voltage, converting dc voltage into ac voltage, feeding current to the grid with high‐power factor and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) together. By introducing an impedance network including coupled inductor in front of the three‐phase inverter bridge, and adjusting the previously forbidden shoot‐through zero state, the converter can step up input voltage to a higher voltage level. System reliability is also improved by using shoot‐through zero state as a normal operation mode. Cost can be reduced by single‐stage operation and also by using economical MPPT method only via grid current. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results are presented to verify its good performance.
Static performance and parasitic analysis of tapped‐inductor converters
Authors: Shi Zhang Hai , Cheng Ka Wai Eric , Ho Siu Lau
Published: January 2014

Tapped‐inductor provides the property of wider voltage conversion range similar to an auto‐transformer and can be integrated to a switched‐mode power converter to enhance the power conversion efficiency. Its low component count has attracted applications with extreme voltage conversion ratios. Circuit family is presented and a general tapping concept for diode, transistor or both has been described. Its boost converter version is used as an example for the study. Detailed comparisons between tapped‐inductor boost and conventional boost are carried out, which include the comparison of voltage gain, component stress and efficiency with the presence of the parasitic components. Experimental results present solid verification of the analysis of performance of tapped‐inductor boost converter under extreme conversion ratios. The proposed study has introduced formulations for both transistor and diode tapping and can be extended to other tapped‐inductor DC–DC converters as a family of circuits, and thus provides an understanding of the effect of the parasitic components that affect the efficiency under extreme conversion ratio.
Generalised model of a photovoltaic panel
Authors: Rahman Shah Arifur , Varma Rajiv K. , Vanderheide Tim
Published: January 2014

The modelling of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels requires electrical parameters which are dependent on the manufacturing materials and their physical properties. Manufacturers typically do not disclose detailed physical properties of the PV module, except for some electrical quantities such as open circuit voltage (Voc), short‐circuit current (Isc), maximum power point voltage (Vm), maximum power point current (Im) and maximum power (PM). However, to model the PV panels comprehensively, it is necessary to determine other physical parameters, e.g., series resistance of PV cell (Rs), shunt resistance of PV cell (RSh) and diode ideality factor (n). This paper presents a generalised mathematical model of a PV panel utilising only the quantities provided in manufacturer's datasheet. The proposed modelling technique determines all the PV panel parameters without any explicit repetitive iteration. Although the developed model is general and can be implemented on any software platform, its implementation is demonstrated on a commercial electromagnetic transients simulation software electro magnetic transient including direct current power systems computer aided design. The electrical parameters obtained from the proposed PV panel model are validated for six different commercially available PV panels from their datasheet values and also from measurements provided by National Institute of Standards and Technology for solar irradiation and temperature at nonstandard test conditions.
Moving horizon ℋ∞ control of variable speed wind turbines with actuator saturation
Authors: Ma Miaomiao , Chen Hong , Liu Xiangjie , Allgöwer Frank
Published: January 2014

This study suggests a moving horizon ℋ∞ control scheme for variable speed wind turbines above the rated wind speed to maintain the output power at the rated value for variable operating points. A constrained ℋ∞ control problem is solved at each sampling time with the update of not only the initial condition but also the prediction model based on different operating points. Closed‐loop properties inclusive of ℒ2 disturbance attenuation are discussed in the framework of dissipation theory. The moving horizon ℋ∞ control considers the non‐linear dynamic aspect of the wind turbine, the turbulent nature of the wind and actuator saturations. Analysis and simulation results for WD34 wind turbine show possible improvements on the output electrical power regulation performance for variable operating points, while respecting actuator saturation limits.
Hydrogen peroxide electrochemical sensor based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Cao Guang Sheng , Wang Peilong , Li Xin , Wang Yue , Wang Guilong , Li Junping
Published: January 2014

Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesised through co‐precipitation of FeSO4 and FeCl3 by adding a solution of NH4OH. The products are characterised in detail by multiform techniques: scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis and X‐ray diffraction. The results show that the phase structure of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles is a spinel structure of pure Fe3O4 with the particle size ranging from 40 to 50 nm. The obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been employed as electrode materials for electrochemical sensing H2O2. The detection sensitivity of the sensor was 0.77683 µA mM−1 and the detection limit was estimated to be about 1 mM.
A relativistic time-dependent density functional study of the excited states of the mercury dimer
Authors: Kullie Ossama
Published: January 2014

In previous works on Zn2 and Cd2 dimers we found that the long-range corrected CAMB3LYP gives better results than other density functional approximations for the excited states, especially in the asymptotic region. In this paper, we use it to present a time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) study for the ground-state as well as the excited states corresponding to the (6s2 + 6s6p), (6s2 + 6s7s), and (6s2 + 6s7p) atomic asymptotes for the mercury dimer Hg2. We analyze its spectrum obtained from all-electron calculations performed with the relativistic Dirac-Coulomb and relativistic spinfree Hamiltonian as implemented in DIRAC-PACKAGE. A comparison with the literature is given as far as available. Our result is excellent for the most of the lower excited states and very encouraging for the higher excited states, it shows generally good agreements with experimental results and outperforms other theoretical results. This enables us to give a detailed analysis of the spectrum of the Hg2 including a comparative analysis with the lighter dimers of the group 12, Cd2, and Zn2, especially for the relativistic effects, the spin-orbit interaction, and the performance of CAMB3LYP and is enlightened for similar systems. The result shows, as expected, that spinfree Hamiltonian is less efficient than Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian for systems containing heavy elements such as Hg2.
Study of the B1-B2 transition in colloidal clusters
Authors: Bochicchio D. , Videcoq A. , Ferrando R.
Published: January 2014

The possible mechanisms for the B1 (NaCl-type) to B2 (CsCl-type) transition in crystalline colloidal clusters of equally sized particles are studied by means of two computational techniques: metadynamics and nudged elastic band calculations. The system is modelled by a screened Coulomb potential. Different interaction ranges are considered. The transition from a perfect NaCl cubic cluster to a full CsCl cluster is forced by metadynamics, revealing a transition path with intermediate metastable configurations in which planes are shifted one by one. The presence of metastable configurations in the transition path, corresponding to a certain number of NaCl planes turned into CsCl, has clear analogies with the known Hyde and O’Keeffe mechanism for ionic crystals, with some important differences due to finite-size effects. These comprise the fact that the transition starts by shifting a surface plane by means of a row-by-row mechanism that has no analog in bulk crystals. The energy barriers between the local minima in the transition path are calculated, showing that the barriers strongly depend on the screening length, in such a way that the B1 metastable phase can have very long lifetimes when the interaction is sufficiently long-ranged.
Evolution of (001) and (111) facets for selective epitaxial growth inside submicron trenches
Authors: Jiang S. , Merckling C. , Guo W. , Waldron N. , Caymax M. , Vandervorst W. , Seefeldt M. , Heyns M.
Published: January 2014

The evolution of (001) and (111) facets for the epitaxial growth inside submicron trenches is systematically studied in this report. The analysis with the method of “Lagrange multiplier” indicates the equilibrium crystal shape. In the case of non-equilibrium without external fluxes, we employed the “weighted mean curvature” method to mathematically model the inter-facet migration rate for two extreme kinetic cases: “surface diffusion limited” and “surface attachment/detachment limited.” Coupled with external supply of atoms, the self-limited behavior of facet size is theoretically predicted. Moreover, we find that the self-limited stable facet size in trenches of different widths has a specific relationship determined by the surface energy ratio, kinetic rate ratio, and isolated growth rate difference. The two limited cases could be discriminated according to the mathematical fitting of one exponent in this relationship based on the stable facet size in trenches of different widths.
A high-sensitivity push-pull magnetometer
Authors: Breschi E. , Grujić Z. D. , Knowles P. , Weis A.
Published: January 2014

We describe our approach to atomic magnetometry based on the push-pull optical pumping technique. Cesium vapor is pumped and probed by a resonant laser beam whose circular polarization is modulated synchronously with the spin evolution dynamics induced by a static magnetic field. The magnetometer is operated in a phase-locked loop, and it has an intrinsic sensitivity below 20fT/Hz, using a room temperature paraffin-coated cell. We use the magnetometer to monitor magnetic field fluctuations with a sensitivity of 300fT/Hz.
Perfect spin-valley filter controlled by electric field in ferromagnetic silicene
Authors: Soodchomshom Bumned
Published: January 2014

The spin-valley currents in silicene-based normal/sublattice-dependent ferromagnetic/normal junction are investigated. Unlike that in graphene, the pseudo Dirac mass in silicene is generated by spin-orbit interaction and tunable by applying electric or exchange fields into it. This is due to silicon-based honeycomb lattice having buckled structure. As a result, it is found that the junction leads to currents perfectly split into four groups, spin up (down) in k- and k′-valleys, when applying different values of the electric field, considered as a perfect spin-valley polarization (PSVP) for electronic application. The PSVP is due to the interplay of spin-valley-dependent Dirac mass and chemical potential in the barrier. The PSVP also occurs only for the energy comparable to the spin-orbit energy gap. This work reveals potential of silicene for spinvalleytronics applications.
Fully coupled, dynamic model of a magnetostrictive amorphous ribbon and its validation
Authors: Bergmair Bernhard , Huber Thomas , Bruckner Florian , Vogler Christoph , Fuger Markus , Suess Dieter
Published: January 2014

Magnetostrictive amorphous ribbons are widely used in electronic article surveillance as well as for magnetoelastic sensors. Both applications utilize the fact that the ribbons' resonant frequency can be read out remotely by applying external magnetic AC fields. This paper proposes a magnetomechanical model to simulate the dynamics of such ribbons. The goal was to only use general material properties as input parameters, which are usually denoted in the data sheet of amorphous metals. Thus, only the magnetization curve at zero stress has to be gained via measurement. The magnetization under stress is calculated thereof. The equation of motion for a longitudinally oscillating ribbon is derived and coupled to Maxwell's equations for magnetostatics. The fully coupled initial value problem is solved simultaneously by a finite difference approach. The model is validated by comparing calculated and measured resonant frequencies of various amorphous ribbons, which turned out to be in good agreement. When slightly adapting single material properties from the data sheet, the match is almost perfect. The model is then used to calculate the local magnetic and mechanical properties inside static and vibrating ribbons. These local distributions can be directly linked to the field dependence of the resonant frequency and its higher harmonics.
Reconciling disparate views of template-directed nucleation through measurement of calcite nucleation kinetics and binding energies
Authors: Hamm Laura M. , Giuffre Anthony J. , Han Nizhou , Tao Jinhui , Wang Debin , De Yoreo James J. , Dove Patricia M.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Organisms use specialized macromolecules to direct the timing and placement of crystals during biomineral formation. This phenomenon has inspired synthetic approaches to templating but remains poorly understood. One view holds that the organic matrix promotes nucleation through stereochemical matching to guide the organization of solute ions, while another equates binding strength to promotion of nucleation. Our study reconciles these views with a mechanistic explanation for template-directed nucleation. Through measurements of calcite nucleation kinetics and substrate–crystal binding we show that nucleation barriers and binding free energies are linearly related for all functional group chemistries and conformations as predicted from classical nucleation theory. This model reconciles long-standing concepts of stereochemical matching with the conventional wisdom that good binders are good nucleators.
Insight into cyanobacterial circadian timing from structural details of the KaiB–KaiC interaction
Authors: Snijder Joost , Burnley Rebecca J. , Wiegard Anika , Melquiond Adrien S. J. , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Axmann Ilka M. , Heck Albert J. R.
Published: January 2014

Significance

The Kai system is a widely studied model in theoretical biology and systems biology. It is to date the only known circadian clock that can be reconstituted in vitro. Essential to the rhythmicity of the system is the formation of the KaiC–KaiB complex. Many aspects of this interaction, such as the mode of binding of KaiB, the stoichiometry of the interaction, and the exact binding interfaces have long remained ambiguous. We present a mass spectrometry-based structural model of the KaiC–KaiB interaction that answers many of these outstanding questions on the basis of direct experimental evidence. This structural model sheds light on the intricate workings of the in vitro oscillator.
A variable homopolymeric G-repeat defines small RNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of a chemotaxis receptor in
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Pernitzsch Sandy R. , Tirier Stephan M. , Beier Dagmar , Sharma Cynthia M.
Published: January 2014

Significance

To establish long-term infections, bacterial pathogens must adapt their gene expression through sensing and responding to changing conditions or selection of genotypic variations within the population. Hypervariable simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in coding sequences or promoters are a major source of phase variation and often associated with genes involved in host interaction. While their impact on gene regulation at the DNA level is established, we now demonstrate a connection between SSRs and small RNA (sRNA)-mediated posttranscriptional regulation. We show that a homopolymeric G-repeat within the leader of a chemotaxis receptor mRNA in
Helicobacter pylori
is directly targeted by a small RNA. The length of this G-repeat varies among different
Helicobacter
strains and thereby determines sRNA-mediated translational repression or activation and strain-specific regulation.
Release of protein A from the cell wall of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Becker Samuel , Frankel Matthew B. , Schneewind Olaf , Missiakas Dominique
Published: January 2014

Significance

Surface proteins are linked to the cell wall of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens by a mechanism requiring LPXTG motif sorting signals and sortase. Here we show that surface proteins are also released from the bacterial surface into the extracellular milieu and may fulfill functions similar to secreted polypeptides. We demonstrate that protein A of
Staphylococcus aureus
, a B cell superantigen, is released with peptidoglycan linked to its C terminus. Release of protein A involves murein hydrolases that remove immunostimulatory
N
-acetylmuramic acid and GlcNAc residues and liberate the polypeptide from the envelope. This mechanism of surface protein release may be universal for surface proteins of Gram-positive bacteria.
Crying Wolf? A Spatial Analysis of Wolf Location and Depredations on Calf Weight
Authors: Ramler Joseph P. , Hebblewhite Mark , Kellenberg Derek , Sime Carolyn
Published: January 2014

Combining a novel panel dataset of 18 Montana ranches with spatial data on known wolf pack locations and satellite‐generated climatological data from 1995‐2010, we estimate the spatial impact of changing wolf pack locations and confirmed wolf depredations on the weight of beef calves. We find no evidence that wolf packs with home ranges that overlap ranches have any detrimental effects on calf weights. Other non‐wolf factors, notably climate and individual ranch‐specific husbandry practices, explained the majority of the variation in the weight of calves. However, ranches that experienced a confirmed cattle depredation by wolves had a negative and statistically significant impact of approximately 22 pounds on the average calf weight across their herd, possibly due to inefficient foraging behavior or stress to mother cows. For ranches experiencing confirmed depredation, the costs of these indirect weight losses are shown to potentially be greater than the costs of direct depredation losses that have, in the past, been the only form of compensation for ranchers who have suffered wolf depredations. These results demonstrate a potentially important and understudied aspect of economic conflict arising from the protection and funding of endangered species recovery programs.
MetDraw: automated visualization of genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions and high-throughput data
Authors: Jensen Paul A. , Papin Jason A.
Published: January 2014

Motivation: Metabolic reaction maps allow visualization of genome-scale models and high-throughput data in a format familiar to many biologists. However, creating a map of a large metabolic model is a difficult and time-consuming process. MetDraw fully automates the map-drawing process for metabolic models containing hundreds to thousands of reactions. MetDraw can also overlay high-throughput ‘omics’ data directly on the generated maps.

Availability and implementation: Web interface and source code are freely available at http://www.metdraw.com.

Contact:  papin@virginia.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PARS: a web server for the prediction of Protein Allosteric and Regulatory Sites
Authors: Panjkovich Alejandro , Daura Xavier
Published: January 2014

Summary: The regulation of protein activity is a key aspect of life at the molecular level. Unveiling its details is thus crucial to understanding signalling and metabolic pathways. The most common and powerful mechanism of protein-function regulation is allostery, which has been increasingly calling the attention of medicinal chemists due to its potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics. In this context, PARS is a simple and fast method that queries protein dynamics and structural conservation to identify pockets on a protein structure that may exert a regulatory effect on the binding of a small-molecule ligand.

Availability: PARS is freely available as a web server at http://bioinf.uab.cat/pars.

Contact:  xavier.daura@uab.cat

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.