bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitale Ethik der Bildung: Methodische Entwicklung eines Rahmenwerks
Authors: Lemke Claudia , Monett Dagmar , Faustmann Gert , Kirchner Kathrin
Published: October 2021

Digitale Ethik beschäftigt sich mit den Wechselwirkungen von Mensch und digitaler Technologie, reflektiert die moralischen Werte und liefert anhand ethischer Grundsätze einen Erkenntnisbeitrag. Im Bildungskontext zeigen sich gesonderte digitalethische Herausforderungen, bedingt durch ihre besondere Stellung und Bedeutung für Wissensgesellschaften. Dafür wird der Begriff der digitalen Ethik der Bildung definiert und systematisiert. Auf der Grundlage des Stilmittels von Narrativen werden für eine beispielhafte Bildungstechnologie ethische Implikationen aufgezeigt und durch eine erste empirische Validierung evaluiert.
Kooperationen zur Digitalisierung in Lehre, Forschung und Verwaltung an den Hochschulen. Sekundärauswertung einer bundesweiten Erhebung
Authors: Gilch Harald , Book Astrid , Wannemacher Klaus
Published: October 2021

Die zentrale Bedeutung von Kooperationen und Netzwerken als Strukturelement von Hochschulen für die Digitalisierung auf regionaler, nationaler und internationaler Ebene ist in ihren unterschiedlichen Dimensionen immer mehr in den Fokus gerückt. Auch die Studie „Digitalisierung der Hochschulen“ (Gilch et al. 2019), die HIS-HE 2018 im Auftrag der Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation (EFI) durchgeführt hat, erhob Daten, die Aufschluss über Kooperationen im Bereich der Digitalisierung der Hochschulen geben. Mittels einer Sekundärauswertung dieser Daten untersucht der Beitrag, welche hochschulbezogenen Rahmenbedingungen für Kooperationen besonders förderlich sind, und analysiert, welche Spezifika die Hochschulen aufweisen, die systematisch auf Kooperationen in den Bereichen Lehre, Forschung und Verwaltung setzen. Dabei bestätigen die quantitativen Ergebnisse nicht nur frühere qualitative Schlussfolgerungen, nach denen der Reifegrad der eigenen IT-Governance einen wesentlichen Faktor für erfolgreiche Kooperationen im Bereich Digitalisierung darstellt (von der Heyde 2016). Es werden auch praktische Hinweise gegeben, welche Maßnahmen Hochschulen ergreifen sollten, wenn sie vor der Herausforderung stehen, Kooperationen noch intensiver einzugehen, um trotz der immer knapper werdenden finanziellen Ressourcen die steigenden Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung bewältigen zu können.
Bologna Digital – die digitale Transformation im Europäischen Hochschulraum gestalten
Authors: Rampelt Florian , Orr Dominic , Knoth Alexander , Suter Renata
Published: October 2021

Die digitale Transformation hat Auswirkungen auf die unterschiedlichsten Bereiche von Studium und Lehre. Dies gilt in Zeiten der COVID-19-Pandemie umso mehr auch für die Auseinandersetzung über Zukunftsperspektiven der Hochschulbildung im europäischen Kontext. Der Beitrag analysiert die Digitalisierung als eine wichtige Aufgabe für den Europäischen Hochschulraum und zeigt zentrale Aktionsfelder für eine Gestaltung der digitalen Transformation im Rahmen des Bologna-Prozesses und der europäischen Zusammenarbeit in der Hochschulbildung auf. Er diskutiert ausgewählte Schwerpunktbereiche mit einer Perspektive auf den Status quo und mögliche Zukunftsszenarien. Fokussiert wird dabei auf Mobilität und Austausch, die Vermittlung von Kompetenzen sowie die Qualitätssicherung als Kernelemente der europäischen Zusammenarbeit.
Exercise facilities and the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the city of Madrid
Authors: Cereijo Luis , Gullón Pedro , Del Cura Isabel , Valadés David , Bilal Usama , Badland Hannah , Franco Manuel
Published: October 2021

Aims/hypothesis

We aimed to study the association between the availability of exercise facilities and the likelihood of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the adult population of Madrid, Spain.

Methods

We analysed the electronic medical records of all 1,270,512 residents of Madrid aged 40–75 years in 2017. Exercise facility availability was defined as the count of exercise facilities in a 1000 m street network buffer around each residential building entrance. Poisson regression with standard errors clustered at census tract level was used to assess prevalence ratios of exercise facility availability tertiles and obesity and type 2 diabetes. We also examined stratified results by tertiles of area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and sex.

Results

People living in areas with lower availability of exercise facilities had a higher prevalence of obesity (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.22 [95% CI 1.20, 1.25]) and diabetes (PR 1.38 [95% CI 1.34, 1.43]). We observed effect modification by area-level SES (p<0.001), with stronger associations for residents living in low-SES areas and no association for residents living in high-SES areas. Associations with type 2 diabetes were stronger among women compared with men, while associations with obesity were similar by sex.

Conclusions/interpretation

People living in areas with low availability of exercise facilities had a higher prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and this association was strongest in low-SES areas and for women. Understanding the potential role of exercise facilities in driving inequities in obesity and type 2 diabetes prevalence may inform interventions to reduce health inequities.

Graphical abstract
Bayesian persuasion in unlinked games
Authors: Shimoji Makoto
Published: October 2021

Originating from Kamenica and Gentzkow (Am Econ Rev 101(6):2590–2615, 2011), we analyze multi-receiver Bayesian persuasion games with heterogeneous beliefs without strategic interactions among receivers, which we call unlinked. We show that given the receivers’ best-responses, the sender’s rationalizable strategies are obtained from a single linear programming problem.
Higher connectivity of tropicalizations
Authors: Maclagan Diane , Yu Josephine
Published: October 2021

We show that the tropicalization of an irreducible d-dimensional variety over a field of characteristic 0 is $$(d-\ell )$$

(
d
-
ℓ
)

-connected through codimension one, where $$\ell $$
ℓ
is the dimension of the lineality space of the tropicalization. From this we obtain a higher connectivity result for skeleta of rational polytopes. We also prove a tropical analogue of the Bertini Theorem: the intersection of the tropicalization of an irreducible variety with a generic hyperplane is again the tropicalization of an irreducible variety.
Solving Vertex Cover in Polynomial Time on Hyperbolic Random Graphs
Authors: Bläsius Thomas , Fischbeck Philipp , Friedrich Tobias , Katzmann Maximilian
Published: October 2021

The computational complexity of the VertexCover problem has been studied extensively. Most notably, it is NP-complete to find an optimal solution and typically NP-hard to find an approximation with reasonable factors. In contrast, recent experiments suggest that on many real-world networks the run time to solve VertexCover is way smaller than even the best known FPT-approaches can explain. We link these observations to two properties that are observed in many real-world networks, namely a heterogeneous degree distribution and high clustering. To formalize these properties and explain the observed behavior, we analyze how a branch-and-reduce algorithm performs on hyperbolic random graphs, which have become increasingly popular for modeling real-world networks. In fact, we are able to show that the VertexCover problem on hyperbolic random graphs can be solved in polynomial time, with high probability. The proof relies on interesting structural properties of hyperbolic random graphs. Since these predictions of the model are interesting in their own right, we conducted experiments on real-world networks showing that these properties are also observed in practice.
Quantifying force transmission through fibroblasts: changes of traction forces under external shearing
Authors: Huth Steven , Blumberg Johannes W. , Probst Dimitri , Lammerding Jan , Schwarz Ulrich S. , Selhuber-Unkel Christine
Published: October 2021

Mammalian cells have evolved complex mechanical connections to their microenvironment, including focal adhesion clusters that physically connect the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. This mechanical link is also part of the cellular machinery to transduce, sense and respond to external forces. Although methods to measure cell attachment and cellular traction forces are well established, these are not capable of quantifying force transmission through the cell body to adhesion sites. We here present a novel approach to quantify intracellular force transmission by combining microneedle shearing at the apical cell surface with traction force microscopy at the basal cell surface. The change of traction forces exerted by fibroblasts to underlying polyacrylamide substrates as a response to a known shear force exerted with a calibrated microneedle reveals that cells redistribute forces dynamically under external shearing and during sequential rupture of their adhesion sites. Our quantitative results demonstrate a transition from dipolar to monopolar traction patterns, an inhomogeneous distribution of the external shear force to the adhesion sites as well as dynamical changes in force loading prior to and after the rupture of single adhesion sites. Our strategy of combining traction force microscopy with external force application opens new perspectives for future studies of force transmission and mechanotransduction in cells.
Excess heat capacity and entropy of mixing along the hydroxyapatite-chlorapatite and hydroxyapatite-fluorapatite binaries
Authors: Dachs Edgar , Benisek Artur , Harlov Daniel , Wilke Max
Published: October 2021

The heat capacity,Cp, of synthetic hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH–OH-Ap], as well as of ten compositions along the OH-Ap-chlorapatite (Cl-Ap) join and 12 compositions along the OH-Ap-fluorapatite (F-Ap) join have been measured using relaxation calorimetry (heat capacity option of the Physical Properties Measurement System—PPMS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range of 5–764 K. Apatites along the Cl-OH and F-OH joins were synthesized at 1100 °C and 300 MPa in an internally heated gas pressure vessel via an exchange process between synthetic fluorapatite or chlorapatite crystals (200–500 μm size) and a series of Ca(OH)2-H2O solutions with specific compositions and amounts relative to the starting apatite. The standard third-law entropy of OH-Ap, derived from the low-temperature heat capacity measurements, isS° = 386.3 ± 2.5 J mol−1 K−1, which is ~ 1% lower than that resulting from low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry data on OH-Ap from the 1950’s. The heat capacity of OH-Ap above 298.15 K shows a hump-shaped anomaly centred around 442 K. Based on published structural and calorimetric work, this feature is interpreted to result from a monoclinic to hexagonal phase transition. Super ambientCpup to this transition can be represented by the polynomial:$$C_{p}^{{\text{OH - Ap}}} {}_{{298K - 442K}}\left( {{\text{J mol}}^{ - 1} {\text{K}}^{- 1}} \right) = {1013.7-13735.5T^{{ - 0.5}}} + 2.616718\,10^{7} T^{{ - 2}} - 3.551381\,10^{9} T^{{ - 3}} .$$CpOH - Ap298K-442KJ mol-1K-1=1013.7-13735.5T-0.5+2.616718107T-2-3.551381109T-3.. The DSC data above this transition were combined with heat capacities computed using density functional theory and can be given by theCppolynomial:$$C_{p}^{{\text{OH - Ap}}} {}_{{ >\,442K}}\left( {{\text{J mol}}^{ - 1} {\text{K}}^{- 1}} \right) = {877.2-11393.7 T^{ - 0.5}} + {5.452030\,10^{7}} \,T^{- {2}} - {1.394125\,10^{10}} \,T^{- {3}}$$CpOH - Ap>442KJ mol-1K-1=877.2-11393.7T-0.5+5.452030107T-2-1.3941251010T-3. Positive excess heat capacities of mixing, ∆Cpex, in the order of 1–2 J mol−1 K−1, occur in both solid solutions at around 70 K. They are significant at these conditions exceeding the 2σ-uncertainty of the data. This positive ∆Cpexis compensated by a negative ∆Cpexof the same order at around 250 K in both binaries. At higher temperatures (up to 1200 K), ∆Cpexis zero within error for all solid solution members. As a consequence, the calorimetric entropies, Scal, show no deviation from ideal mixing behaviour within a 2σ-uncertainty for both joins. Excess entropies of mixing, ∆Sex, are thus zero for the OH-Ap–F-Ap, as well as for the OH-Ap–Cl-Ap join. TheCp–Tbehaviour of the OH-Ap endmember is discussed in relation to that of the F- and Cl-endmembers.
Kölner Fragebogen zur Sprachlosigkeit
Authors: Dietz Thilo , Schiewer Vera , Tavenrath Sally , Öztürk-Arenz Hülya , Klein Anne , Labouvie Hildegard , Jäger Reinhold , Kusch Michael
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Mit dem Kölner Fragebogen zur Sprachlosigkeit (KFS) liegt erstmals ein validiertes Erhebungsinstrument zur Erfassung von Sprachlosigkeit vor. Die empirische Prüfung des KFS hinsichtlich seiner Eignung zur validen Unterscheidung von Personen mit gering und hoch ausgeprägter Sprachlosigkeit ist von zentraler Bedeutung für den klinischen Einsatz des Instruments.

Material und Methoden

Die Stichprobe umfasste die KFS-Daten von insgesamt 205 teilnehmenden Personen einer Onlineerhebung. Mithilfe mehrerer inferenzstatistischer Verfahren wurden die prädiktiven Eigenschaften des KFS-Item 12 analysiert, um es für die Bestimmung eines Schwellenwerts beim Einsatz des KFS nutzbar zu machen. Basierend auf dem 75. Perzentil des KFS-Item 12 erfolgte eine Dichotomisierung der Stichprobe mit anschließender „Receiver-operating-characteristic“(ROC)-Analyse zur KFS-Gesamtskala.

Ergebnisse

Die Ergebnisse der ROC-Analyse („area under the curve“ [AUC]: 0,863; p < 0,001) ergaben bei Verwendung des Youden-Index den optimalen Schwellenwert von >29, mit einer Sensitivität von 76 % und einer Spezifität von 79 % für die Gesamtskala des KFS.

Diskussion

Der Schwellenwert der KFS-Gesamtskala ist zur Differenzierung von Personen mit gering oder stark ausgeprägter Sprachlosigkeit geeignet. Das Item 12 des KFS kann zudem als Prädiktor einer potenziellen Sprachlosigkeit herangezogen werden.
Extreme windstorms and sting jets in convection-permitting climate simulations over Europe
Authors: Manning Colin , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Fowler Hayley J. , Roberts Nigel M. , Berthou Ségolène , Suri Dan , Roberts Malcolm J.
Published: October 2021

Extra-tropical windstorms are one of the costliest natural hazards affecting Europe, and windstorms that develop a sting jet are extremely damaging. A sting jet is a mesoscale core of very high wind speeds that occurs in Shapiro–Keyser type cyclones, and high-resolution models are required to adequately model sting jets. Here, we develop a low-cost methodology to automatically detect sting jets, using the characteristic warm seclusion of Shapiro–Keyser cyclones and the slantwise descent of high wind speeds, within pan-European 2.2 km convection-permitting climate model (CPM) simulations. The representation of wind gusts is improved with respect to ERA-Interim reanalysis data compared to observations; this is linked to better representation of cold conveyor belts and sting jets in the CPM. Our analysis indicates that Shapiro–Keyser cyclones, and those that develop sting jets, are the most damaging windstorms in present and future climates. The frequency of extreme windstorms is projected to increase by 2100 and a large contribution comes from sting jet storms. Furthermore, extreme wind speeds and their future changes are underestimated in the global climate model (GCM) compared to the CPM. We conclude that the CPM adds value in the representation of extreme winds and surface wind gusts and can provide improved input for impact models compared to coarser resolution models.
The promise of automated machine learning for the genetic analysis of complex traits
Authors: Manduchi Elisabetta , Romano Joseph D. , Moore Jason H.
Published: October 2021

The genetic analysis of complex traits has been dominated by parametric statistical methods due to their theoretical properties, ease of use, computational efficiency, and intuitive interpretation. However, there are likely to be patterns arising from complex genetic architectures which are more easily detected and modeled using machine learning methods. Unfortunately, selecting the right machine learning algorithm and tuning its hyperparameters can be daunting for experts and non-experts alike. The goal of automated machine learning (AutoML) is to let a computer algorithm identify the right algorithms and hyperparameters thus taking the guesswork out of the optimization process. We review the promises and challenges of AutoML for the genetic analysis of complex traits and give an overview of several approaches and some example applications to omics data. It is our hope that this review will motivate studies to develop and evaluate novel AutoML methods and software in the genetics and genomics space. The promise of AutoML is to enable anyone, regardless of training or expertise, to apply machine learning as part of their genetic analysis strategy.
Outcomes of esophagectomy for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma accompanied by recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy at diagnosis
Authors: Ozaki Asako , Mine Shinji , Yoshino Kouhei , Fujiwara Daisuke , Nasu Motomi , Hashiguchi Tadasuke , Hashimoto Takashi , Kajiyama Yoshiaki , Tsurumaru Masahiko , Arakawa Atsushi
Published: October 2021

Background

Hoarseness is one of the classical symptoms in patients with locally advanced thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and it results from recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, which is caused by nodal metastasis along the recurrent laryngeal nerve or by main tumors. We reviewed the short-term and long-term results of esophagectomy for patients with locally advanced ESCC and hoarseness at diagnosis.

Patients

Patients who initially presented with hoarseness from recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy between 2009 and 2018 and underwent esophagectomy for thoracic ESCC were eligible for this study. Pharyngolaryngectomy or cervical ESCC were exclusionary.

Results

A total of 15 patients were eligible, and 14 underwent resection of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The remaining patient had nerve-sparing surgery. Nine patients (60%) had post-operative complications ≥ Clavien–Dindo class II and, pulmonary complications were most common. Two patients (13%) died in the hospital. The 5-year overall survival rate for all patients was 16%. Age (≤ 65 years), cT1/T2 tumor, and remarkably good response to neoadjuvant treatment were likely related to longer survival; however, these relationships were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Esophagectomy for ESCC patients who are diagnosed with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis at initial presentation could be a treatment option if the patient is relatively young, has a cT1/T2 tumor, or shows a remarkably good response to neoadjuvant treatment. However, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of postoperative pulmonary complications, which were frequently observed with the procedure.
A three-year longitudinal study of retinal function and structure in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hanson James V. M. , Ng Mei-Yee , Hayward-Koennecke Helen K. , Schippling Sven , Reeve Kelly A. , Gerth-Kahlert Christina
Published: October 2021

Background

Researchers have in recent years begun to investigate ophthalmological manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS) other than optic neuritis (ON), and it is now clear that changes to retinal function (measured using the electroretinogram, ERG) and structure (measured using optical coherence tomography, OCT) are found in MS patients irrespective of prior ON episodes. ERG results are consistent with dysfunctional bipolar cells, as in other autoimmune diseases. To date, studies have presented only cross-sectional data regarding ERG and OCT. We, therefore, studied the longitudinal course of ERG and OCT in patients with MS, as well as the effect of disability changes and non-ON clinical relapses on these functional and structural measures.

Methods

MS patients (n = 23) participating in an ongoing longitudinal observational study were invited to take part in a 3-year ophthalmological substudy. ERG and OCT were performed, and measures of MS-related disability and relapse history were obtained. Study visits were repeated annually. ERG peak times, rod b-wave amplitude, mixed rod/cone and cone b-/a-wave amplitude ratios, thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, and volumes of the segmented retinal layers/complexes were analysed. Using generalised estimating equation models adjusted for age, ON, and MS treatment status, we assessed changes to ERG and OCT over the study duration, the effect of changes in disability and recent non-ON MS relapses on ERG and OCT, and the effect of selected OCT parameters on corresponding ERG parameters.

Results

At the group level, small fluctuations of several ERG peak times were recorded, with OCT values remaining stable. Increased disability between visits was associated with significant prolongation of mixed rod-cone ERG b-wave peak times. No evidence of associations between OCT and ERG parameters was observed.

Conclusions

Retinal bipolar cell function may be affected by changes in disability in patients with MS; however, recent non-ON MS clinical relapses appear not to affect ERG or OCT results. As ERG changes in MS patients over 3 years are likely to be small and of uncertain clinical relevance, longitudinal studies of retinal function in MS should be planned over an extended period.
Is migration an effective adaptation to climate-related agricultural distress in sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Vinke Kira , Rottmann Sophia , Gornott Christoph , Zabre Pascal , Nayna Schwerdtle Patricia , Sauerborn Rainer
Published: October 2021

Migration is often considered a form of climate change adaptation by which individuals, households, and communities seek to reduce the risks associated with climate change. In this study, we examine first-time seasonal migration out of a village in North-Western Burkina Faso to neighbouring countries, triggered by more irregular rainfall patterns. Through a set of 52 qualitative interviews, we analyse the perceptions of migrants themselves as well as the sending community regarding migration consequences. Men migrated in the off-season, whereas women stayed behind. Most migrant men and wives of migrants perceive migration to have negative consequences for their socio-economic situation and their health. Despite this, a lack of options and deteriorating environmental conditions might force the men to move again. We interpreted the range of narratives provided by women and men against the background of the scientific literature on migration as climate change adaptation. While migration could be beneficial, this study challenges the notion of migration as an effective adaptation strategy for people in climate-vulnerable settings, who lack other options.
Autogenic Training for Reducing Chronic Pain: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Kohlert Antonia , Wick Katharina , Rosendahl Jenny
Published: October 2021

Background

Autogenic training (AT) is frequently used as therapeutic approach in multimodal pain therapy. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the efficacy of AT in individuals suffering from chronic pain in comparison to passive and active control groups.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search in Medline, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and PubPsych and manual searches (last search April 7, 2021) were conducted to locate randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Treatment guidelines and references of relevant articles and previous reviews were checked. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Full Text database, DART-Europe E-theses Portal, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), and the Theses Database of the German National Library were screened to identify any unpublished material.

Results

A total of 13 eligible studies (k = 15 comparisons) including 576 participants were identified. Random-effects meta-analyses revealed a significantly positive, moderate effect of AT on the primary outcome pain compared to passive control groups (g = 0.58, 95% CI [0.36; 0.79], k = 9, I2 = 0%). In comparison with other psychological interventions, no difference was found (g = − 0.05, 95% CI [− 0.30; 0.20], k = 6, I2 = 0%). Sensitivity analyses proved the robustness of findings. Overall risk-of-bias judgment was ‘some concerns’ in the majority of studies.

Conclusions

Beneficial effects of AT on pain reduction were demonstrated, but findings are prone to bias. Furthermore, high methodological quality RCTs are needed to strengthen the promising evidence of AT for individuals with chronic pain.
What can the COVID-19 pandemic tell us about the connection between media and religion? The case of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Poland
Authors: Kołodziejska Marta
Published: October 2021

The aims of this paper are to investigate 1) how the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Poland has reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and lockdowns imposed nationwide, 2) how the pandemic context has influenced the Church’s digital media productions, and 3) how the Church has adapted to some of the trends and consequences of deep mediatization (Hepp et al. 2017, 2018).

Based in the constructivist concept of deep mediatization (Hepp et al. 2017, 2018), the paper analyzes interviews with Seventh-Day Adventist media professionals from Poland within the framework of the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse. Additionally, selected official YouTube channels of local congregations in Poland are analyzed quantitatively to identify the changes in the number of uploads and views.

The analyses show that as a result of the COVID-19 lockdowns and restrictions, media production and use increased substantially in some digital media formats produced by the Seventh-Day Adventist Church, which was on the one hand a response to the pandemic context as such, and on the other hand, a reaction to the discriminatory laws which drastically limited the Church’s activities offline. The pandemic has opened up new possibilities of participation, but also increased the chances of digital divides and exclusions.

The study concludes that to mitigate the risks related to digital divides during the pandemic, some Polish pastors took on the roles of media experts and educators, incorporating technical skills in their authority status. This suggests that transformations of religious authority may be another consequence of deep mediatization processes.
Optimisation of a Numerical Model to Simulate the Dispersion and Chemical Transformations Within the Oxides of Nitrogen/Ozone System as Traffic Pollution Enters an Urban Greenspace
Authors: Komalasari Dewi , Shi Zongbo , Harrison Roy M.
Published: October 2021

Urban greenspace has many health benefits, including cleaner air than the surrounding streets. In this study, a detailed exercise has been conducted to measure concentrations of NO/NO2/NOx and O3 within an urban greenspace, the University of Birmingham campus, using continuous analysers, as well as transects of NO2 measured with diffusion tubes. Concentrations have been simulated using the ADMS-Roads model which has been optimised initially using NOx concentrations for traffic emissions on surrounding roads, background concentrations, and meteorological data considering four candidate sites. Optimisation for prediction of NO2 shows the critical importance of the NO2:NOx ratio in traffic emissions, for which a derivation from atmospheric measurements is consistent with a value derived from optimisation of the model fit to roadside data. After optimisation, the model gives an excellent fit to continuous data measured at roadside. Comparison of model predictions with transects of NO2 across the greenspace also show generally good model performance. The incorporation of dry deposition processes for the nitrogen oxides into the model leads to a reduction of less than 1% in predicted concentrations, leading to the conclusion that the cleaner air within urban greenspace is primarily the result of dispersion rather than deposition processes.
Interoperable Digital Building Twins Through Communicating Materials and Semantic BIM
Authors: Roxin Ana , Abdou Wahabou , Derigent William
Published: October 2021

This paper presents contributions of the ANR McBIM (Communicating Material for BIM) project regarding Digital Building Twins, specifically how Semantic Web technologies allow providing explainable decision-support. Following an introduction stating our understanding of a Digital Building Twin (DBT), namely a lively representation of a buildings' status and environment, we identify five main research domains following the study of main research issues related to DBT. We then present the state-of-the-art and existing standards for digitizing the construction process, Semantic Web technologies, and wireless sensor networks. We further position the main contributions made so far in the ANR McBIM project's context according to this analysis, e.g., sensor placement in the communicating material and explainable decision-support.
Axiomatizing additive multi-effort contests
Authors: Hausken Kjell
Published: October 2021

A rent seeking model is axiomatized where players exert multiple additive efforts which are substitutable in the contest success function. The axioms assume the sufficiency of exerting one effort, and that adding an amount to one effort and subtracting the same amount from a second equivalent substitutable effort keeps the winning probabilities unchanged. In contrast, the multiplicative Cobb–Douglas production function in the earlier literature requires players to exert all their complementary efforts. The requirement follows from assuming a homogeneity axiom where an equiproportionate change in two players’ matched efforts does not affect the winning probabilities. This article abandons the homogeneity axiom and assumes an alternative axiom where the winning probabilities remain unchanged when a fixed positive amount is added to all players’ efforts. This article also assumes a so-called summation axiom where the winning probabilities remain unchanged when a player substitutes an amount of effort from one effort into another effort. The summation axiom excludes multiplicative production functions, and furnishes a foundation for additive production functions.
Adolescents as partners in the fight against COVID-19
Authors: Kest Helen , Kaushik Ashlesha , Jagunla Anne , Shaheen Somia , Zaveri Sahil , Fernandez Ninia , Gupta Sandeep , Goldberg David
Published: October 2021

We report our experience of COVID-19 disease burden among patients aged 0–21 years at two tertiary care institutions in the Northeast and Midwest from New Jersey and Iowa. Our results showed that during the initial surge (March to August 2020) at both geographic locations, majority of COVID-19 disease burden occurred in adolescents and that they were more likely to be hospitalized for COVID- related illnesses, as well as develop severe disease needing intensive care. The study results emphasize the need for providing more targeted interventions toward this group to help prevent disease acquisition and transmission.
Rioting for Representation
Authors: Toha Risa J.
Published: October 2021

Ethnic riots are a costly and all too common occurrence during political transitions in multi-ethnic settings.  Why do ethnic riots occur in certain parts of a country and not others? How does violence eventually decline? Drawing on rich case studies and quantitative evidence from Indonesia between 1990 and 2012, this book argues that patterns of ethnic rioting are not inevitably driven by inter-group animosity, weakness of state capacity, or local demographic composition.  Rather, local ethnic elites strategically use violence to leverage their demands for political inclusion during political transition and that violence eventually declines as these demands are accommodated. Toha breaks new ground in showing that particular political reforms—increased political competition, direct local elections, and local administrative units partitioning—in ethnically diverse contexts can ameliorate political exclusion and reduce overall levels of violence between groups.
Art, Science, and the Body in Early Romanticism
Authors: O'Rourke Stephanie
Published: October 2021

Can we really trust the things our bodies tell us about the world? This work reveals how deeply intertwined cultural practices of art and science questioned the authority of the human body in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Focusing on Henry Fuseli, Anne-Louis Girodet and Philippe de Loutherbourg, it argues that romantic artworks participated in a widespread crisis concerning the body as a source of reliable scientific knowledge. Rarely discussed sources and new archival material illuminate how artists drew upon contemporary sciences and inverted them, undermining their founding empiricist principles. The result is an alternative history of romantic visual culture that is deeply embroiled in controversies around electricity, mesmerism, physiognomy and other popular sciences. This volume reorients conventional accounts of romanticism and some of its most important artworks, while also putting forward a new model for the kinds of questions that we can ask about them.
Jesus in Context
Authors: Wenham David
Published: October 2021

Jesus changed our world forever. But who was he and what do we know about him? David Wenham's accessible volume is a concise and wide-ranging engagement with that enduring and elusive subject. Exploring the sources for Jesus and his scholarly reception, he surveys information from Roman, Jewish, and Christian texts, and also examines the origins of the gospels, as well as the evidence of Paul, who had access to the earliest oral traditions about Jesus. Wenham demonstrates that the Jesus of the New Testament makes sense within the first century CE context in which he lived and preached. He offers a contextualized portrait of Jesus and his teaching; his relationship with John the Baptist and the Qumran community (and the Dead Sea Scrolls); his ethics and the Sermon on the Mount, his successes and disappointments. Wenham also brings insights into Jesus' vision of the future and his understanding of his own death and calling.
Panopticon of the Slovak Judiciary – Continuity of Power Centers and Mental Dependence
Authors: Čuroš Peter
Published: October 2021

This Article explores the similarities between the principles which guide the judiciary nowadays and those typical for the functioning of the Communist justice system, particularly the susceptibility to obedience to the requests, orders, or meeting anticipations. The habitus of the judges typical for the authoritarian regime has persisted until these days and was the main reason for the judicial corruption revealed in the “Threema scandal.” This Article’s argument does not connect the judiciary’s dependency to the Communist legacy embodied in members of the judiciary who served before 1989 and are active today. Still, the argument presumes that the Communist heritage is a key to understanding the current situation. The past heritage is hidden in the habitus of the agents or members of the judiciary. This habitus may be unconscious yet defining for the behavior of the agents. The Article aims to identify which continuities of the judicial habitus are apparent in the current judiciary. To demonstrate changes in the position of the judiciary, it presents a thesis of the development of the judiciary from an instrument of the governing party in maintaining a homogenous and subordinated society to the current situation of the Slovak judiciary, defined as a crisis of mental independence resulting in inappropriate behavior and corruption.
Stepping Into the Same River Twice? Judicial Independence in Old and New Authoritarianism
Authors: Szente Zoltán
Published: October 2021

The study seeks to answer the question of whether there are similarities between the methods used to limit judicial independence in Hungary during the last phase of the communist regime, i.e. before the democratic transition, and today, when many scholars believe that an authoritarian transition is taking place in this country. For this purpose, I argue that despite the undeniable fundamental differences between the political and legal system of these two periods, the mechanisms and ways as the independence of judiciary were and are influenced by the government can plausibly be compared. The analysis seems to support this presumption: both the formal instruments and the informal channels of influence in the hands of the ruling political forces show a number of similarities. Thus, even if there are differences in the degree of their application and result, from centralizing the system of judicial administration to replacing court leaders with politically loyal people there are a number of instruments that enable central government to influence the judiciary, while maintaining the appearance of judicial independence.
Civil Society Organizations for and with the Courts and Judges—Struggle for the Rule of Law and Judicial Independence: The Case of Poland 1976–2020
Authors: Bojarski Łukasz
Published: October 2021

During the rule of law backsliding crisis in Poland since late 2015, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have been active in the struggles to defend judicial independence. CSOs cooperate closely with judges and support their ‘judicial resistance’. This Article has three main objectives: describe and analyze the relationship between judges and CSOs; show the evolution — both continuity and discontinuity in their relations over time; assess whether CSOs’ activities are of any practical significance and therefore worth attention. The CSO-judicial relationship is analyzed for three periods: 1976–1989, the years before the transformation of Poland from a ‘people’s republic’ to a democracy; 1989–2015, the time of building liberal democracy and the rule of law; 2015–2020, the time of defending the rule of law from a populist attack.

Drawing on sources including years of participant observation providing unique and insider knowledge, the author analyzes the activities and outputs of CSOs and judges focusing on their interactions and cooperation. The author argues that CSOs play a significant role in the struggle for the rule of law and judicial independence. This Article demonstrates that CSOs’ current engagement and input is not an extraordinary, ad hoc phenomenon, but rather one that arose from the previous interactions between the judiciary and civil society. The author argues that what we witness in Poland is an unprecedented phenomenon, both in the character of the relationship between judges and CSOs, and the scale and diversity of their cooperation. At the same time, the author claims that CSOs are underappreciated, including by academia, their work is taken for granted, and their role in the legal complex can be seen as a partly lost opportunity. If noticed, appreciated, and supported CSOs activities and their role could be more meaningful.
Fluid mechanics of free subduction on a sphere. Part 1. The axisymmetric case
Authors: Chamolly Alexander , Ribe Neil M.
Published: October 2021

To understand how a spherical geometry influences the dynamics of gravity-driven subduction of the oceanic lithosphere on Earth, we study a simple model of a thin and dense axisymmetric shell of thickness

$h$

and viscosity

$\eta _1$

sinking in a spherical body of fluid with radius

$R_0$

and a lower viscosity

$\eta _0$

. Using scaling analysis based on thin viscous shell theory, we identify a fundamental length scale, the ‘bending length’

$l_b$

, and two key dimensionless parameters that control the dynamics: the ‘flexural stiffness’

$St = (\eta _1/\eta _0)(h/l_b)^3$

and the ‘sphericity number’

$\varSigma = (l_b/R_0)\cot \theta _t$

, where

$\theta _t$

is the angular radius of the subduction trench. To validate the scaling analysis, we obtain a suite of instantaneous numerical solutions using a boundary-element method based on new analytical point-force Green functions that satisfy free-slip boundary conditions on the sphere's surface. To isolate the effect of sphericity, we calculate the radial sinking speed

$V$

and the hoop stress resultant

$T_2$

at the leading end of the subducted part of the shell, both normalised by their ‘flat-Earth’ values (i.e. for

$\varSigma = 0$

). For reasonable terrestrial values of

$\eta _1/\eta _0$

(

$\approx$

several hundred), sphericity has a modest effect on

$V$

, which is reduced by

$< 7\,\%$

for large plates such as the Pacific plate and by up to 34 % for smaller plates such as the Cocos and Philippine Sea plates. However, sphericity has a much greater effect on

$T_2$

, increasing it by up to 64 % for large plates and 240 % for small plates. This result has important implications for the growth of longitudinal buckling instabilities in subducting spherical shells.
Addressing the gaps in nutritional care before and during pregnancy
Authors: Killeen Sarah Louise , Geraghty Aisling A. , O'Brien Eileen C. , O'Reilly Sharleen L. , Yelverton Cara A. , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: October 2021

The present paper outlines current issues in the nutritional care of women during pregnancy and potential resources to address them. Globally, overnutrition, undernutrition and nutritional imbalances are widespread among women of reproductive age; increasing the risk of pregnancy complications and non-communicable diseases in both mothers and their children. Most women do not meet dietary guidelines for pregnancy. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends nutrition and weight counselling during pregnancy for all women. However, clinical practices focusing on nutrition vary and there is no consensus on which outcomes are most important for pregnancy nutrition interventions, with little consideration for the ‘patient voice’. The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) nutrition checklist is a clinical practice tool that is available for healthcare professionals that will address this issue. The pregnancy nutrition core outcome set will also support advancement of antenatal nutrition by identifying the most critical nutrition-related outcomes from the perspective of healthcare professionals, researchers and women with experience of pregnancy. While poor nutrition can result in adverse outcomes across women of all weight categories, those with obesity may require specialist care to reduce their risk. Obesity is a chronic, progressive, relapsing disease that has high individual variability in its prognosis. The use of obesity staging systems, which consider mental, physical and functional health, can stratify individuals into risk categories and aid in treatment prioritisation in pregnancy. As the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, an obesity staging approach may support clinicians, especially those in limited resource settings.
A SHARP Response: Developing COVID-19 Research Aims in Partnership with the Seniors Helping as Research Partners (SHARP) Group
Authors: Elliott Jacobi , Whate Alexandra , McNeil Heather , Kernoghan Alison , Stolee Paul ,   the SHARP Group
Published: October 2021

COVID-19 has disproportionally impacted older adults, and has highlighted many issues, including extreme deficiencies in Canadian long-term care homes and gaps in home and community care services for older adults. In recent years, there has been a push towards better patient and family engagement in health system research, and with the onset of the pandemic, engaging older adults in research and policy planning is more important than ever. In this article, we describe the Seniors Helping as Research Partners (SHARP) approach to engagement with older adults as an example of how partnerships that engage older adults in the development of research aims and processes can help to ensure that future research meets the needs of older adults. SHARP members highlighted a number of areas for future COVID-19 research such as improvements to long-term care, enhancing access to home and community care, and a focus on aging and social isolation.
The Birth of Naloxone: An Intellectual History of an Ambivalent Opioid
Authors: Kolbe Laura , Fins Joseph J.
Published: October 2021

Naloxone, which reverses the effects of opioids, was synthesized in 1960, though the hunt for opioid antagonists began a half-century earlier. The history of this quest reveals how cultural and medical attitudes toward opioids have been marked by a polarization of discourse that belies a keen ambivalence. From 1915 to 1960, researchers were stymied in seeking a “pure” antidote to opioids, discovering instead numerous opioid molecules of mixed or paradoxical properties. At the same time, the quest for a dominant explanatory and therapeutic model for addiction was likewise unsettled. After naloxone’s discovery, new dichotomizing language arose in the “War on Drugs,” in increasingly divergent views between addiction medicine and palliative care, and in public debates about layperson naloxone access. Naloxone, one of the emblematic drugs of our time, highlights the ambivalence latent in public and biomedical discussions of opioids as agents of risk and relief.
Pacemaker use for the treatment of reflex-mediated syncope: 40-year experience at a single paediatric institution
Authors: Huang Thomas , O’Leary Edward , Alexander Mark E. , Bevilacqua Laura , Fynn-Thompson Francis , DeWitt Elizabeth S. , Bezzerides Vassilios J. , Mah Douglas Y.
Published: October 2021

Introduction:

Reflex-mediated syncope occurs in 15% of children and young adults. In rare instances, pacemakers are required to treat syncopal episodes associated with transient sinus pauses or atrioventricular block. This study describes a single centre experience in the use of permanent pacemakers to treat syncope in children and young adults.

Materials and methods:

Patients with significant pre-syncope or syncope and pacemaker implantation from 1978 to 2018 were reviewed. Data collected included the age of presentation, method of diagnosis, underlying rhythm disturbance, age at implant, type of pacemaker implanted, procedural complications and subsequent symptoms.

Results:

Fifty patients were identified. Median age at time of the first syncopal episode was 10.2 (range 0.3–20.4) years, with a median implant age of 14.9 (0.9–34.3) years. Significant sinus bradycardia/pauses were the predominant reason for pacemaker implant (54%), followed by high-grade atrioventricular block (30%). Four (8%) patients had both sinus pauses and atrioventricular block documented. The majority of patients had dual-chamber pacemakers implanted (58%), followed by ventricular pacemakers (38%). Median follow-up was 6.7 (0.4–33.0) years. Post-implant, 4 (8%) patients continued to have syncope, 7 (14%) had complete resolution of their symptoms, and the remaining reported a decrease in their pre-syncopal episodes and no further syncope. Twelve (24%) patients had complications, including two infections and eight lead malfunctions.

Conclusions:

Paediatric patients with reflex-mediated syncope can be treated with pacing. Complication rates are high (24%); as such, permanent pacemakers should be reserved only for those in whom asystole from sinus pauses or atrioventricular block has been well documented.
The Illustration of Mīrkhwānd's Rauḍat al-ṣafā, RAS Ms. P. 38
Authors: MELVILLE CHARLES
Published: October 2021

The celebrated universal Islamic history, Mīrkhwānd's Tārīkh-i Rauḍat al-ṣafā, written in Herat in the late Timurid period, became a model for later Persian histories, but has not yet been the subject of any substantial critical analysis as a work of historical literature, or in terms of its manuscript transmission. Although numerous copies exist of different volumes of the text, only a handful have been illustrated, providing another dimension to the reception and ‘reading' of the chronicle. This paper focuses on the fourth volume of Mīrkhwānd's history, on the Persian dynasties up to the rise of Timur, four copies of which have been illustrated, among them the Royal Asiatic Society’s manuscript no. P. 38. After detailing the ten pictures in the manuscript, the article concludes with a discussion of their character and purpose.