bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aqueous SOA formation from the photo-oxidation of vanillin: Direct photosensitized reactions and nitrate-mediated reactions
Authors: Go Brix Raphael , Lyu Yan , Ji Yan , Huang Dan Dan , Li Xue , Nah Theodora , Lam Chun Ho , Chan Chak K.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Vanillin (VL), a phenolic aromatic carbonyl abundant in biomass burning emissions, forms triplet excited states (3VL*) under simulated sunlight leading to aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation. This direct photosensitized oxidation of VL was compared with nitrate-mediated VL photo-oxidation under atmospherically relevant cloud and fog conditions, through examining the VL decay kinetics, product compositions, and light absorbance changes. The majority of the most abundant products from both VL photo-oxidation pathways were potential Brown carbon (BrC) chromophores. In addition, both pathways generated oligomers, functionalized monomers, and oxygenated ring-opening products, but nitrate promoted functionalization and nitration, which can be ascribed to its photolysis products (•OH, •NO2, and N(III), NO2- or HONO). Moreover, a potential imidazole derivative observed from nitrate-mediated VL photo-oxidation suggested that ammonium may be involved in the reactions. The effects of secondary oxidants from 3VL*, pH, the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic anions, and reactants concentration and molar ratios on VL photo-oxidation were also explored. Our findings show that the secondary oxidants (1O2, O2•-/•HO2, •OH) from the reactions of 3VL* and O2 play an essential role in VL photo-oxidation. Enhanced oligomer formation was noted at pH < 4 and in the presence of VOCs and inorganic anions, probably due to additional generation of radicals (•HO2 and CO3•-). Also, functionalization was dominant at low VL concentration, whereas oligomerization was favored at high VL concentration. Furthermore, guaiacol oxidation by photosensitized reactions of VL was observed to be more efficient relative to nitrate-mediated photo-oxidation. Lastly, potential VL photo-oxidation pathways under different reaction conditions were proposed. This study indicates that the direct photosensitized oxidation of VL, which nitrate photolysis products can further enhance, may be an important aqSOA source in areas influenced by biomass burning emissions.
The geomagnetic data of the Clementinum observatory in Prague since 1839
Authors: Hejda Pavel , Valach Fridrich , Revallo Miloš
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The historical magnetic observatory Clementinum operated in Prague from 1839 to 1926. The data from the yearbooks that recorded the observations at Clementinum have recently been digitized and were subsequently converted, in this work, into the physical units of the International System of Units (SI). Introducing a database of geomagnetic data from this historical source is a part of our paper. Some controversial data are also analysed here. In the original historical sources, we identified an error in using the physical units. It was probably introduced by the observers determining the temperature coefficient of the bifilar apparatus. By recalculating the values ​​in the records, some missing values ​​are added; for instance, the temperature coefficients for the bifilar magnetometer, the baselines, and the annual averages for the horizontal intensity in the first years of observations were redetermined. The values ​​of absolute measurements of the declination in 1852, which could not be found in the original sources, were also estimated. The main contribution of this article rests in critically reviewed information about the magnetic observations in Prague, which is, so far, more complete than any other. The work also contributes to the space weather topic by revealing a record of the now almost forgotten magnetic disturbance of 3 September 1839.
Seasonal flux patterns and carbon transport from low oxygen eddies at the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory: lessons learned from a time series sediment trap study (2009–2016)
Authors: Fischer Gerhard , Romero Oscar , Karstensen Johannes , Moradi Nasrollah , Iversen Morten , Ruhland Götz , Klann Marco , Körtzinger Arne
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Mesoscale eddies are abundant in the eastern tropical North Atlantic and can form an oasis for phytoplankton growth due to local enrichment of nutrients in an otherwise oligotrophic ocean. It is not clear, whether these eddies can efficiently transfer organic carbon and other flux components to depth and if they are important for the marine carbon budget. Due to their transient and regionally restricted nature, measurements of eddies’ contribution to bathypelagic particle flux are difficult to obtain. The rare observations of export flux associated with low oxygen eddies have suggested efficient export from the surface to the deep ocean, indicating that organic carbon flux attenuation might be low. Here we report on particle flux dynamics north of the Cape Verde Islands at the oligotrophic Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO, approx. 17°35’ N/ 24°15’W). This region is a corridor for eddies and low-oxygen eddies regularly passing the position of CVOO between 2009 and 2016, while we collected biogenic and lithogenic particle flux with sediment traps moored at ca. 1 and 3 km water depth. Overall, we observed quite consistent sine-wave flux patterns during the passages of low oxygen eddies in the winters of 2010, 2012 and 2016. We found flux increases in 3 km depth in October-November when the eddies approached CVOO and distinct flux peaks in February–March, clearly exceeding low oligotrophic background fluxes in winter 2011 and showing an enhanced particle flux seasonality. During spring, we observed a stepwise flux decrease leading to summer flux minima. The flux pattern of biogenic silicate (BSi) shows a stronger seasonality compared to organic carbon. Additionally, the deep fluxes of total mass show an unusually higher seasonality compared to the 1 km traps. We assume that BSi and organic carbon/lithogenics had different sources within the eddies. BSi-rich particles may originate at the eddy boundaries where large diatom aggregates are formed due to strong shear, resulting in gravitational settling and, additionally, in an active local downward transport. Organic carbon associated with the lithogenic material is assumed to originate from the interior of eddies or from mixed sources both constituting smaller, dust-ballasted particles. Our findings suggest that the regularly passing low-oxygen Anticyclonic Modewater Eddies (ACME) at CVOO repeatedly release characteristic flux signals to the bathypelagic in the winter-spring season far above the oligotrophic background fluxes and sequester higher organic carbon than expected for oligotrophic settings. However, the reasons for a lower carbon flux attenuation below ACMEs remain elusive.
Evidence for old carbon contamination in 14C wiggle-match age series for the 946 CE eruption of Changbaishan volcano
Authors: Holdaway Richard N. , Kennedy Ben , Duffy Brendan M , Xu Jiandong , Oppenheimer Clive
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions that are not historically attested are commonly radiocarbon dated by "wiggle matching" sequential 14C measurements of the rings of trees killed by the eruption against an accepted calibration curve. It is generally assumed that carbon laid down in the wood is uncontaminated by 14C-free ("old") carbon, although evidence for contamination is well documented. Often, ill-fitting ring ages are excluded from analysis. The ‘Millennium Eruption' of Changbaishan volcano on the China-DPR Korea border offers a valuable case study in wiggle match dating, since several independent groups reported age estimates before the determination and acceptance of a precise eruption year of 946 CE. Some of the discrepancies and incompatibilities between published dates were attributed to old carbon effects. Here, we apply a new methodology to correct for contamination levels of up to 4.5% old carbon to eight wiggle match date series for the Millennium Eruption. Without discarding ring ages, we find agreement indices as high as, or higher than, those for the published dates, and five of the eight date series yielded high-agreement-index eruption dates closer to 946 CE than the published dates. None of the five yield a best result at zero contamination. Differences between the eruption dates reveal a weak association with the direction of the sampled tree from the caldera, but no relationship with distance. Our results suggest that old carbon contamination is possible over a wide area, potentially leading to over-estimation of eruption ages by years, decades or more, cautioning against over-reliance on wiggle-match ages that are not corroborated by other lines of evidence. Our revised protocol that accounts for contamination offers a way forward in the application of wiggle match dating of eruptions and provides a platform for understanding discrepancies that exist when comparing wiggle match series.
The geographical distribution of soil elements determines the boundaries of the Daodi-zone of medicinal plant (Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.)
Authors: Lv Hongyang , Wang Hai , Fang Qian , Kang Lei , Han Guiqi , Zhang Xiaorui , Si Qin , He Dongmei , Yan Zhuyun
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Understanding the boundary of plants' best production zone is of great significance to the rational introduction cultivation. We set up 9 sample points in the center-zone and 28 sample points extending eastward along the longitude. Then, we were collecting the bulk soil of L.chuanxiong, testing soil properties and elements. Later, a multi-point cultivation test was carried out on L.chuanxiong, the content of elements in the plant measured by ICP-MS, and HPLC detected the active ingredients. Based on hierarchical clustering and PCA analysis, the study zone's soil element was divided into three groups. In the L.chuanxiong cultivation experiments, we found Ligustilide in rhizomes was positively related to Se and Sr and negatively related to Mn and the chemical elements. This study successfully verified that the medicinal plant's Daodi-zone has a natural boundary, and L.chuanxiong's Daodi-zone may be from east of Dujiangyan to the west edge of Longquan, rich in Na, Mg, K and Low Mn is the soil characteristics of the area. Moreover, we put forward a method to identify L.chuanxiong's Daodi-zone based on characteristic soil elements, which can also provide a practical basis for dividing other economic plants' growth environment.
Air pollutants in Xinjiang during the COVID-19 pandemic and glaciochemical records of a Tien-Shan glacier
Authors: Wang Feiteng , Zhang Xin , Wang Fanglong , Song Mengyuan , Li Zhongqin , Ming Jing
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The outbreak of COVID-19 unprecedently impacts the world in many aspects. Air pollutants have been largely reduced in cities worldwide, as reported by numerous studies. We investigated the daily concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO and PM2.5 monitored across the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), China, from 2019 through 2020. The variation in NO2 showed responding dips when the local governments imposed mobility restriction measures, while SO2, CO and PM2.5 did not consistently correspond to NO2. This difference indicates that the restriction measures targeted traffic majorly. Sampling from two snow pits separately dug in 2019 and 2020 in Urumqi No.1 (UG1), we analysed water-stable isotopes, soluble ions, black and organic carbon (BC and OC). BC and OC show no differences in the snow-pit profiles dated from 2018 to 2020. The concentrations of human activity induced soluble ions (K+, Cl−, SO42− and NO3−) in the snow shrank to 20 %–30% in 2020 of their respective concentrations in 2019, while they increased 2–3.5-fold in 2019 from before 2018. We suggest that the pandemic has already left marks in the cryosphere and outlook that more evidence would be exposed in ice cores, tree rings, and other archives in the future.
BAZI FERMENTE KAHVELER VE HELALLİK DURUMLARI: KOPİ LUWAK VE BLACK IVORY
Authors: KÜÇÜKATA Yasemin Şefika , YETİM Hasan
Published: May 2021

Kahve, bazı uyarıcı özellikleri ve biyoaktif bileşenleri nedeniyle tüm dünyada yaygın olarak tüketilen bir içecektir. Dünyanın en değerli tarım ürünlerinden biri olan kahvenin, bugün öncü üretim bölgesi Brezilya’dır. Kahve, Coffea familyasına ait bir bitki olup 100’den fazla türü bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ticari değeri en yaygın olanları, Arabica (Coffea arabica) ve Robusta (Coffea canephora) kahveleridir. Kahve üretiminin azalma tehlikesine karşı kahve üreticileri ve Dünya Kahve Araştırma Merkezi, Etiyopya’da Robusta ve Arabica türleri dışındaki diğer kahve türlerini melezleyerek yeni türler üretmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Kahve çeşidi ve kalitesinin artırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar arasında kahve çekirdeklerinin fermente edilmesi ve kurutulması işlemleri de bulunmaktadır. Duyusal analizler, fermantasyon ile kahve tat ve aromasında belirgin değişiklikler olduğunu göstermiştir. Fermente kahve üretiminde öne çıkan dünyaca ünlü bazı yerel kahve türleri, Kopi Luwak (Civet Coffee) ve Black Ivory kahveleri ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Endonezya’da üretilen Kopi Luwak kahvesi, kahve çekirdeklerinin misk kedisinin (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) sindirim sisteminde asidik ve enzimatik fermantasyonu ile üretilirken Black Ivory kahvesinin üretiminde ise Tayland’da aynı işlem için bazı fillerin sindirim sistemi kullanılmaktadır. Ancak hayvanların gastrointestinal sisteminde gerçekleşen kahve fermantasyon şartları kontrol edilememekte ve burada istenmeyen bazı yan ürünler de meydana gele-bilmektedir. Ayrıca, bu tür kahvelerde hijyenik endişeler yanında tüketicilerde ortaya çıkan iğrençlik hissi ve etik kaygılar da söz konusu olabilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, canlı hayvan sindirim sisteminden geçirilerek üretilen bir yiyecek maddesinin tüketiciler tarafından tercih edilmeyeceği gerçeği de düşünülerek alternatif fermente kahve üretim tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bazı ülkelerde geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilen canlı hayvan sindirim sistemi kaynaklı bazı fermente kahve türlerinin etik ve helallik boyutu ile bunlara alternatif olabilecek kahve işleme tekniklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
CONSERVATION OF REFERENCE SEED AREAS OF SPNA KHRENOVSKAYA BOR
Authors: Lugovskoy Alexander Mikhailovich
Published: May 2021

The sustainable functioning of biotopes in ecological systems is determined by both the continuity and the characteristics of the renewal of individuals that adequately respond to changes in environmental conditions. In this regard, the preservation of landscape and ecological features to maintain the homeostasis of ecosystems. The need for preventive environmental measures in protected areas «khrenovskoy Bor», implemented in the form of minimizing the transformation of topography, soil disturbance, destabilization of the species composition of organisms and other activities that will leverage on the reproductive capabilities of the reference seed of the sections is to create a productive phytocenoses. The goal of the work was to preserve the reference seed plots of the Khrenovsky pine forest PA.
SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT AS A CONDITION FOR SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL ADAPTATION OF YOUNGER SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH MENTAL DISABILITY
Authors: Pavlovna Trifonova Elvira , Evgenievna Mandrik Alexandra
Published: May 2021

The article describes the theoretical problems of school adaptation of primary school students with mental retardation. Social and pedagogical support of primary school students with mental retardation is considered a prerequisite for timely and successful adaptation. Social and pedagogical support is organized taking into account the basic educational needs of children with intellectual disabilities, as well as their individual characteristics.
STRETCHING TECHNIQUE FOR WOMEN 30-40 YEARS OLD
Authors: Shulakova Polina Aleksandrovna , Voronkov Aleksandr Vladimirovich , Ekaterina Andreevna Brazhnik , Aleksandr Yurievich Kirichenko , Sergey Aleksandrovich Tyatykh
Published: May 2021

The article presents a methodology for the development of flexibility in women 30-40 years old, which is based on a combination of stretching with breathing exercises and exercises for the development of static endurance.
An infusion of history: transfusion medicine from the 17th century to current emergency practices
Authors: Roseborough Austyn , Sanatham Divya
Published: May 2021

Blood transfusions represent a key life-saving practice for the management of hemorrhage in emergency medicine and a commonly performed procedure in hospital settings. The ability to store and utilize the various components of blood, while avoiding adverse reactions and ensuring public health, is due to many historical research advances and refinements in our understanding of the circulatory and immune systems. This article will review the historical development of blood transfusion practices including the initial descriptions of animal-human transfusion, the first implementations in patient care and the translation into a widely used emergency procedure.
Dietary Intake and Daily Distribution of Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat in Youth Tennis Players over a 7-Day Training and Competition Period
Authors: Fleming James A. , Catháin Ciarán Ó , Harper Liam D. , Naughton Robert J.
Published: May 2021

During a 7-day training and/or competition period, macronutrient intake and distribution was assessed using food diaries, supported by remote food photography and 24-hr multiple pass recalls of youth tennis players categorised by under 12s, under 14s and under 16+ age groups (n = 27). Total energy did not differ between age groups nor type of day (training [TD], competition day [CD]), irrespective of a significant increase in body mass reported in the older players (U16+; p < 0.05). Average intakes were consistently below 2250 kcal·day-1 (range 1965 ± 317–2232 ± 612 kcal·day-1). Carbohydrate consumption was below guidelines for all groups (≤6g·kg-1). Conversely, protein intake met or exceeded guidelines throughout, with intakes ≥2 g·kg-1 for both the U12 and U14 age groups on both days. Protein intake was ~17% higher on TDs than CDs (p < 0.05), with protein intake at lunch significantly higher on TDs than CDs (p < 0.05). No further differences were observed between breakfast, lunch or dinner between group or day. Inconsistent snacking was reported, with players consuming snacks on less than half of the days reported (46 ± 12% of TDs and 43 ± 30% of CDs). In conclusion, youth tennis players present sub-optimal nutrition practices, appearing to under fuel and under consume carbohydrate for performance, adaptation, recovery and health.
Cuestiones criptológicas en tres obras poco conocidas de recreación matemática y teoría de la diplomacia
Authors: Narváez Roberto R.
Published: May 2021

Descripciones bibliográficas y análisis técnicos e históricos de los contenidos sobre cripto-grafía y criptoanálisis en tres obras del dominio público, que fueron impresas entre los siglos XVII y XIX y cuyo tema general de fondo son las recreaciones matemáticas y la teoría de la diplomacia.
Prática laboral na Rede de Atenção em Saúde Bucal: a realidade do serviço odontológico segundo as percepções dos cirurgiões dentistas
Authors: Rocha Veloso Letícia , Nunes Maria de Fátima , Corrêa Costa Gabriela , Boa Sorte Gabriele
Published: May 2021

O modelo de produção de cuidados odontológicos arquitetura os serviços na Rede de Atenção à Saúde Bucal (RAS-SB) a partir de pressupostos como a ordenação pela atenção primária, a integralidade do cuidado para resolução das necessidades observadas, a garantia da longitudinalidade por meio dos serviços de atenção secundária e terciária e a coordenação dos fluxos de referência e contrarreferência. Como a RAS-SB está em constante mudança, justifica-se a importância dessa pesquisa qualitativa exploratória sobre sua estruturação em Goiânia, Goiás utilizando como objeto de estudo as percepções daqueles que executam os serviços na rede. Os dados foram auferidos por meio de dois grupos focais distintos com oito profissionais dos serviços de atenção primários (GF1) e cinco profissionais dos serviços de atenção secundários (GF2) e procedemos à Análise de Conteúdo Temática de Bardin. Ao fim dessa etapa obtivemos três categorias temáticas; “Conhecimento sobre a RAS-SB: aspectos teóricos, funcionamento e dificuldades”, “Condições desfavoráveis do processo de trabalho e seu prejuízo à estruturação da rede” e “Análise dos processos educativos”; sendo foco desse artigo, a primeira delas. Observamos que os profissionais enfrentam diariamente em seu ambiente de trabalho dificuldades organizacionais e estruturais. Dessa forma, concluímos que apesar de haver uma tendência incipiente à estruturação da RAS-SB no município, os esforços são desarticulados e insuficientes para garantir a aplicação da integralidade da atenção à saúde bucal aos usuários da rede municipal.
智慧、赡养、长照的健康新蓝海
Authors: 陈 俊宏
Published: May 2021

益力康生技集团原本从事益生菌、酵素及保健原料的生产及代工，是首间台湾酵素工厂，30年前就开发出台湾第一只专利益生菌产品「EC80优菌80酵素」。历经近 30 年的努力，除陆续成立益嘉研发中心、益又康公司及益乐康公司等，更致力提供全球生医级的客制化益生菌产品，如今已扩展为研发、生产及营销一条龙，并整合异业结盟，开创国内生技厂从品牌代工转为品牌营销的成功典范。集团以亚洲为基础，销售范围遍布欧美及南半球，目前在美国、北京及上海等地皆成立分公司。
Ferdinand Duprat (1887–1976) Versalio sodininkystės mokykloje – pedagoginės, visuomeninės ir kūrybinės veiklos aspektai
Authors: Deveikis Steponas , Deveikienė Vaiva
Published: May 2021

Prancūzų kraštovaizdžio architektas Ferdinand Duprat paliko ryškų pėdsaką profesijos ugdymo ir įtvirtinimo baruose. 1934 m. Versalio nacionalinėje sodininkystės mokykloje (ENH) perėmęs iš René André (1867–1942) sodų architektūros ir urbanistikos katedrą ir programą (Cours d’architecture des jardins et d’urbanisme) jai vadovavo iki 1951 m. Nuo 1946 m. šioje mokykloje sukuriamas Kraštovaizdžio ir sodų meno skyrius ar sektorius (pranc. La section du paysage et de l’art des jardins de ENH). Logiška teigti, kad šis kraštovaizdžio specialistas formavo Prancūzijos ir Europos kraštovaizdžio architektūros studijų pagrindus, kuriuos prieš Antrąjį pasaulinį karą studijavo ir Lietuvos specialistai. Straipsnyje analizuojama šio kūrėjo pedagoginės, visuomeninės ir kūrybinės veiklos aspektai.
LTstep: inovatyvi nešiojamoji eisenos analizavimo sistema su tiesioginiu grįžtamuoju ryšiu
Authors: Ramanauskas Martynas , Kučinskas Gintaras , Rataitė Birutė
Published: May 2021

Straipsnyje apžvelgiami žmogaus kūno dalių judesio analizės ir eisenos stebėjimo bei analizės būdai, kurie yra labai svarbūs reabilitacijos ir sporto mokslo srityje. Eisenos parametrai dažniausiai kinta vyresniame amžiuje arba esant tam tikroms patologijoms: galvos smegenų insultui, Parkinsono ligai, trauminiui galvos smegenų pažeidimui, išsėtinei sklerozei, būklėms po traumų ar chirurginių intervencijų, o jauname amžiuje pagrindiniai –  judamojo aparato pažeidimai. Tyrimo tikslas buvo sukurti „LTstep“ judesio analizės sistemos prototipą su grįžtamuoju ryšiu, kurį būtų galima naudoti klientams / pacientams ištirti, namų reabilitacijos programai įgyvendinti bei treniruojant sportininkus, siekiant aukštesnių sportinių rezultatų arba nustatyti pagrindinius traumų rizikos veiksnius.
Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for estimation of Secnidazole in API and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Shelke Akash , Mankar Someshwar , Kolhe Mahesh
Published: May 2021

Objective of the present work is to develop and validate a simple, cost effective, sensitive and fast HPLC method for the analysis of Secnidazole. A Merck-Hitachi HPLC system with Peerless Basic C18 (50mm x 4.6mm x 3μm) column is employed for the analysis using buffer: methanol (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase. Signal from Secnidazole is detected at 310nm by UV Spectrophotometer. The proposed method is fully validated and found to be linear over a workable drug concentration, accurate, precise and robust. This fast and inexpensive method is suitable for research laboratories as well as for quality control analysis in pharmaceutical industries.
Review on Analytical Methods for Estimation of Vildagliptin in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage form
Authors: Aher Vaishnavi , Mankar S. D. , Shinde G. S.
Published: May 2021

Vildagliptin is approved by USFDA in 2007. Vildagliptin s- l-[n-(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) glycyl] pyrrolidine-2- carbonitrile is associate degree oral antihyperglycaemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) substance category of medicine. The present work categorical the new easy, accurate, precise analytical methodology for the determination of vildagliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical indefinite quantity kind. Analytical techniques play a decisive role by providing solutions like improvement. This paper could be a review and classification of the various analytical techniques that are the foremost widely-used in determination common provision issues. Pharmaceutical analysis plays an awfully outstanding conspicuous role in quality assurance similarly as internal control of bulk medication and pharmaceutical formulations. Fast increase in pharmaceutical industries and production of drug in numerous components of the globe has brought an increase in demand for brand new analytical techniques within the pharmaceutical industries. As a consequence, analytical methodology development has become the essential activity of study. Recent development in analytical ways has been resulted from the advancement of analytical instruments.
PENGUJIAN REAKSI INVESTOR TERHADAP PENGUMUMAN KABINET INDONESIA MAJU
Authors: Bramesta Rexza
Published: May 2021

Capital markets are relevantly influenced by political event. This research aimed to analyze the market reaction on the announcement of cabinet of Indonesia Maju on October, 23 2019. Market reaction is measured by abnormal return and trading volume activity. This study used 44 companies from LQ45 group’s stock prices as population and used event study method to identify market reaction. The window event is 11 day long (t-5 – t+5). The statistical test used to test the hypotheses is simple t-test and paired sample test. The result of the statistical calculation of simple t-test showed there are no significant abnormal return around the date of the event. It means that investors do not respond to the event of newly cabinet announcement. The result of paired sample t-test showed there are no significant difference between the average abnormal return and trading volume activity obtained by sample companies listed in LQ45 index before and after the announcement of cabinet of Indonesia Maju.
INFLUENCE ANALYSIS OF BI RATE, INFLATION AND IHSG ON STOCK RETURN OF BANKING SECTOR LISTED ON INDONESIAN STOCK
Authors: Suwito Ferry
Published: May 2021

This research aims to prove if there is any effect from the change of BI Rate, inflation, and IHSG to the return of banking sector listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Hypothesis is tested using multiple regression linear with monthly observation period during year 2007 – 2011 towards 12 banking stock return which are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research provides empirical evidence that simultaneously BI Rate, inflation and IHSG have effect on 9 stock return of banking sector, whereas partially tested IHSG has the most significant effect on stock return on banking companies compared with BI rate and inflation.
Concept of Good Death: Moving toward Peace of Mind
Authors: Pant Basant
Published: May 2021

N/A
Wild gardening as a sustainable intensification strategy in northwest Cambodian smallholder systems
Authors: Eissler Sarah , Ader David , Huot Sovanneary , Brown Stuart , Bates Ricky , Gill Thomas
Published: May 2021

Within the last decade, Sustainable Intensification (SI) has emerged as a strategy to respond to future food security challenges. It incorporates increased food production without the cultivation of more land while incurring no net environmental cost. Frameworks attempting to measure SI often focus heavily on production indicators while overlooking other important indicators, such as impacts on economic, social, or human conditions. In this study, we evaluate the purposeful assemblage and management of neglected and underutilized species (NUS) in fringe areas around rural homesteads as a potential SI strategy. We use a recent SI assessment framework developed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification (SIIL) that incorporates five measurable domains (productivity, economic, environmental, human condition, and social). We present findings from a qualitative case study in northwest Cambodia to assess local conceptu­alization of wild gardening, current uses of NUS, perceived benefits and challenges to their use and management, and the potential of wild gardening as a SI strategy. The qualitative methods employed 65 key informant interviews and four focus group discussions with both men and women partici­pants. Our results indicate that wild gardening is an important component of rural livelihoods in northeast Cambodia. However, a general lack of knowledge of strategic benefits, such as nutrition poten­tial, inhibits its use for maximum benefits. Wild gardening addresses multiple SI domains simultaneously and demonstrates the potential to be a promising SI strategy for improving rural livelihoods in Cambodia.
Ciência da Informação: uma utopia transdisciplinar?
Authors: Daher Junior Francisco José , Borges Jussara
Published: May 2021

Introdução: busca responder a questões sobre a possibilidade de a Ciência da Informação (CI) se sustentar em um discurso epistêmico transdisciplinar. Método: discussão teórico-reflexiva amparada na dialógica, portanto, sem uma pretensão à síntese, na procura de respostas às questões suscitadas. Faz uma análise básica de três marcos da literatura que tratam do tema no âmbito da ciência em geral – Nicolescu, Pombo e Morin – de forma a trazê-los para o debate nos discursos da CI. Resultados: a CI traz, desde seus primeiros fundamentos históricos, a possibilidade de coexistir entre a lógica binária e a lógica inclusiva, sendo, portanto, capaz de transitar em seus Níveis de Realidade, a partir de tais possibilidades, dependendo do nível de complexidade em que estejam ocorrendo as investigações. Conclusão: A CI revela a sua vocação transdisciplinar, por apresentar, em sua incompletude epistêmica, potenciais metodológicos de investigação capazes de sustentar estudos mais aprofundados sobre a dimensão humana, diante das transformações do mundo.
Key Competencies in Linguistically and Culturally Sustaining Mentoring and Instruction for Clinically-based Grow-Your-Own Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Kibler Amanda , Pyatt René , Greenberg Motamedi Jason , Guven Ozen
Published: May 2021

Grow-Your-Own (GYO) Teacher Education programs that aim to diversify and strengthen the teacher workforce must provide high-quality learning experiences that support the success and retention of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) teacher candidates and bilingual teacher candidates. Such work requires a holistic and systematic approach to conceptualizing instruction and mentoring that is both linguistically and culturally sustaining. To guide this work in the Master of Arts in Teaching in Clinically Based Elementary program at Oregon State University’s College of Education, we conducted a review of relevant literature and frameworks related to linguistically responsive and/or sustaining teaching or mentoring practices. We developed a set of ten mentoring competencies for school-based cooperating/clinical teachers and university supervisors. They are grouped into the domains of: Facilitating Linguistically and Culturally Sustaining Instruction, Engaging with Mentees, Recognizing and Interrupting Inequitable Practices and Policies, and Advocating for Equity. We also developed a set of twelve instructional competencies for teacher candidates as well as the university instructors who teach them. The instructional competencies are grouped into the domains of: Engaging in Self-reflection and Taking Action, Learning About Students and Re-visioning Instruction, Creating Community, and Facilitating Language and Literacy Development in Context. We are currently operationalizing these competencies to develop and conduct surveys and focus groups with various GYO stakeholders for the purposes of ongoing program evaluation and improvement, as well as further refinement of these competencies.
Olga Tokarczuk’s The Books of Jacob: The Revolution in Language
Authors: Kantner Katarzyna , Aleksandrowicz Marta
Published: May 2021

By reading Księgi Jakubowe [The Books of Jacob, 2014]1 as the story of the development and subsequent decline of the Frankist “discursive revolution” started by Jacob Frank, this article presents Tokarczuk’s novel as a unique archeology of modernity—the moment of intense anxiety and clash between the old and the new, between metaphysics and reason. In doing so, it suggests that language in Tokarczuk’s novel is an “act” whose causative and protean dimension generates tensions in the field of power and shapes religious, social, and political realities. By engaging Gershom Scholem’s writings on the Judaic messianic tradition and “messianic activism,” Agata BielikRobson’s “cryptotheologies,” Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of carnival, and Bruno Latour’s reflections on religious language whose translational energy has the potential to generate new forms of human experience, the article draws attention to ambivalence at the core of the Frankist discourse — on the one hand, the Frankist discourse presented in The Books of Jacob enlivens, emancipates and seduces its followers and on the other hand, it isolates, terrorizes and intimidates them. By examining the ambivalent figure of Frank in Tokarczuk’s novel as a heretic, fabulator, translator and, finally, an ideologue, this article traces a gradual movement away from the anarchic and subversive currents that gave rise to the Frankist discursive revolution, toward dogmatic and authoritarian rigidity that led to its fall.
A Comprehensive Primer for Quality Assessment in Orthopaedic Surgery: Quality Measures, Payment Programs, and Registries
Authors: Hunt Kenneth J. , Hamati Mary C. , Tuffiash Michael I.
Published: May 2021

Practicing orthopaedic surgeons are subject to both the requirement and the opportunity to participate in individual or group quality assessment, quality-based payment programs, and clinical data registries. An important limitation to participating in and receiving the benefits of quality measuring activities and programs is the lack of a current resource outlining quality assessment models, current quality metrics, and the presence and function of current quality programs, payment models, and active orthopaedic registries. This article is intended as a primer for the practicing orthopaedic surgeon and orthopaedic groups. We provide a detailed overview of current quality metric databases, their categorization and use, and orthopaedic surgeon's role in creating and shaping the definition of quality care and outcomes assessment in the future.
Directional Selection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Towards Site-Specific Fungicides in Mato Grosso State
Authors: Reis Erlei Melo , Zambolin Laércio , Guerra Wanderlei Dias
Published: May 2021

This review focus on the sensitivity reduction of Phakopsora pachyrhizi to site specific fungicides in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.The soybean grown area in this state in the 2018/19 growing season was 9,756,668 hectares. The main crop disease is Asian soybean rust that depending on disease severity may cause 80% yield reduction. The rust chemical control started in the 2002/003 season with site-specific fungicides applied solo and with 3.6 sprayings/ha/season. For these reasons, the fungus had sensitivity reduction to the fungicides DMIs, QoIs and SDHIs resulting in a short effective life. Anti-resistance strategies were not adopted to prevent or delay the development of soybean rust resistant population to site-specific fungicides. Reduced sensitivity to the target site has been observed for all site-specific fungicides involving cross and multiple resistance resulting in ineffective control. So far, eight mutations in Phakopsora pachyrhizi have been identified conferring reduced sensitivity to DMIs, QoIs and SDHIs but so far specific mutations are not considered in chemical control. The directional selection has occurred and has been aggravated season-after-season by the continuous use of site-specific fungicides in a large area, for 18 season and with more than three sprayings/area/season. The presence of soybean weed in one million hectares of cotton crop infected by rust aggravates the directional selection. Anti-resistance strategies should include sowing at the beginning of the recommended season, avoid the December season and replacing it by February, use of scientific criteria to time the first application and the use of multisite fungicides in all applications and in the entire area cultivated with soybean.
Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Productivity in Relation to Termite Attacks in Rural Area in Tivaouane (Senegal)
Authors: Sonko Arfang Mafoudji , Sall Dienaba , Ndiaye Mouhamadou Moustapha , Ndiaye Abdoulaye Baïla
Published: May 2021

In Senegal, the cassava harvest, produced mainly in the department of Tivaouane (Thies), is 7.5 t/ha on average for a potential of 40 t/ha. The main variety produced in Tivaouane is Soya. The objective of this study is to evaluate the productivity of the soya variety farmed in Tivaouane in relation to termite damage. Specifically, it is intended to i) evaluate losses caused by termites and missing plants ii) evaluate the average number of tubers per plant, the average weight of a tuber and iii) calculate the yield of cassava production of the Soya variety farmed in Tivaouane. The methodology is based on sampling in order to evaluate parameters such as losses due to termites and missing plants, evaluation of the number of tubers per plant, the average weight of a tuber and the productivity of this variety of cassava. The average loss due to termite attack on dead feet is 1.2 t/ha and the loss due to missing feet is estimated at 3.4 t/ha. The average number of tubers per stand is 2.8 with an average weight of 1.1 kg per tuber. The theoretical yield obtained is 11 t/ha. The low average number of tubers is related to the variety, the quality of the soil and the crop conditions. However, the productivity of this variety of cassava cropped in Tivaouane is still low considering the potential of Senegal in terms of annual cassava production. An improvement in crop conditions, such as the way cuttings are planted, would be an advantage in increasing the productivity of the Soya variety.
Detection of Cross-Resistance Between Methotrexate and Azoles in Candida albicans and Meyerozyma guilliermondii: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Karuga Filip Franciszek , Góralska Katarzyna , Brzeziańska-Lasota Ewa
Published: May 2021

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the incidence of
Candida
infections. The different species of the genus
Candida
vary in their virulence abilities and susceptibility to antifungal agents, depending on several external factors. The result of such modifications may be cross-resistance, which is understood as an acquired resistance to a certain antimicrobial agent after exposure to another drug. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of cross-resistance between fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and methotrexate in
Candida albicans
and
Meyerozyma guilliermondii
(syn.
Candida guilliermondii
). Fifteen strains of
M. guilliermondii
and eight strains of
C. albicans
, including the standard strains, were tested. For all strains, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole were determined before and after stimulation with methotrexate. The median MICs in
M. guilliermondii
before and after stimulation were 9.333 and 64 mg/L (
p
= 0.005) for fluconazole; 0.917 and 1.667 mg/L (
p
= 0.001) for itraconazole, respectively. No significant change in MIC was observed for voriconazole. For
C. albicans
strains, the median MICs before and after stimulation were 0.917 and 64 mg/L (
p
= 0.012) for fluconazole; 0.344 and 1.135 mg/L (
p
= 0.018) for voriconazole, respectively. There was no significant change in MIC values for itraconazole. Thus, this study demonstrates the presence of cross-resistance between voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and methotrexate for the selected strains. Methotrexate exposure induces different responses when certain drugs are used for various species. Therefore, if a patient was previously exposed to methotrexate, there may be a higher risk of treatment failure with fluconazole than with other azoles such as voriconazole for fungemia caused by
M. guilliermondii
or itraconazole for
C. albicans
infection.
Continuous Assessment as a Good Motivational Tool in Medical Education
Authors: Aftab Muhammad Tariq , Tariq Muhammad Hassan
Published: May 2021

Objective. Continuous assessment tests influence the learning needs of medical students at particular times but are also beneficial in scheduled learning, and act as motivating tool. These tests drive them to study by developing competition and optimism regarding the forthcoming result. This study has been designed to evaluate the role of these tests for medical students by learning about their motivation.

Methods. This study was conducted on 150 medical students. The students selected a continuous testing system or a classical system. Those who selected the continuous system had six assessment tests each, after completion of a curriculum block, usually 45 days apart. The motivation of the students in both the groups was assessed by asking them for their expected results just before the final examination. Statistical analysis was performed using Superior Performance Statistical Software (SPSS) version 20.

Results. The students’ final results showed that almost half of the students who adopted the continuous assessment test system were successful and one third of those who did not adopt this system. The comparison of the successful students showed that the expectation of the students from the continuous assessment test system was high compared to the students who were not in the continuous assessment test system (P<0.05), even though the students in these groups had more or less similar actual marks (P>0.05). The comparison of the expected and actual marks of the successful students, of students who failed only one unit and of students who failed both units, showed that all these students had the same expectation (P<0.05) from the examination, although they had different actual marks (P>0.05).

Conclusion. It was concluded that continuous assessment is good for student motivation. A support system matched with the individual needs of the students is suggested to improve their efficiency to gain the full benefits from this system.
Medical Journals in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1878 to 1945
Authors: Tahirović Husref , Tahirović Elnur
Published: May 2021

This paper presents the medical journals published in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) in the period from 1878 to 1945. The first medical journal in BIH may be deemed to be Jahrbuch des Bosnisch-Hercegowinischen Landesspittales in Sarajevo (The Yearbook of the National Hospital of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo). In a special part of this journal, doctors from Austro-Hungary serving in Sarajevo wrote scholarly articles about their patients’ various ailments. Up to 1945 seven more medical journals were published in BIH: Trezvenost – Organ Jugoslavenskog Saveza Trezvenosti (Temperance – the Journal of the Yugoslav Temperance Society), Zdravlje – Lekarske pouke o zdravlju i bolesti (Health, Medical lessons on Health and Disease), Glasnik Lekarske komore za Bosnu, Hercegovinu, Dalmaciju i Crnu Goru (The Journal of the Chamber of Physicians of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia and Montenegro) Glasnik Lekarske komore Vrbaske banovine (Journal of the Chamber of Physicians of Vrbaska banovina, Glasnik Lekarske komore Drinske banovine (Journal of the Chamber of Physicians of Drinska banovina), Vjesnik Zavoda za suzbijanje endemijskog sifilisa u Bosni i Hercegovini (Journal of the Institute for Combatting Endemic Syphilis in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Časopis za medicinu i biologiju (Journal for Medicine and Biology).

Conclusion. Medical journals published in BIH in the period from 1878 to 1945 were published in times marked by specific political and social circumstances in BIH, in the time when BIH was not independent, and was under the influence of the health culture of the ruling regimes. Most of the authors of the articles published in these journals were citizens of the occupying authorities, although the papers published were mainly the result of research undertaken in BIH.
A Quarter Century of Emerging Infectious Diseases – Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Le Duc James W. , Sorvillo Teresa E.
Published: May 2021

A quarter century ago the landmark report from the U. S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine entitled “Emerging Infections, Microbial Threats to Health in the United States” was released. This classic study captured the societal changes then underway in our rapidly growing world: The growth of the world’s population and changing human behavior; the advances and globalization of technology and industry; the changes in economic development and land use; the dramatic increase in speed and frequency of international travel and commerce; the adaptation of microbes and the appearance of never before seen pathogens; and the breakdown of traditional public health measures. This societal evolution has only increased and the growing frequency of outbreaks foretold in the report has come to pass. Each new disaster has precipitated changes and adaptations in our global response to infectious diseases designed to reduce risks and avoid future outbreaks. We discuss these past events and how each led to change in an effort to mitigate future threats. We also look to the future to consider what challenges might lay ahead.

Conclusion. Major outbreaks over the past quarter century validated the concept of emerging infectious diseases and led to improvements in global policies and national public health programs; however, there will likely always be new diseases and the threat of reemergence of diseases once thought controlled leading to a constant need for vigilance in public health preparedness.
The Hippocratic Method for the Reduction of the Mandibular Dislocation, an Ancient Greek Procedure Still in Use in Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Thomaidis Vasilios , Tsoucalas Gregory , Fiska Aliki
Published: May 2021

Mandibular dislocation remains an acute medical condition in maxillofacial surgery. Since the Hippocratic era its reduction has been performed exactly in the same way it is now performed in modern surgery. We report an example of an elderly female patient with bilateral mandibular dislocation, who came to our department and was treated under sedation using the Hippocratic bimanual intraoral technique by two medical personnel, depicting the timeless usage of the method. Although some characteristics of the procedure were wrongfully attributed to others, such as Barton and Lewis, after a thorough examination of the ancient Greek medical texts, its originality should in fact be attributed solely to the Hippocratic School of Medicine. Furthermore, we recommend the use of the term “mandibular dislocation” instead of the “temporomandibular joint dislocation”, as a more accurate medical definition.