bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jurgio ambroziejaus pabrėžos (1771–1849) pamokslai apie 8-ąjį dievo Prisakymą / Kazania Jerzego Ambrożego Pabreża (1771–1849) na temat ósmego przykazania Bożego
Authors: Pajėdienė Jūratė
Published: January 2023

The article analyses the problems addressed in the sermons on the Eighth Commandment by Jurgis Ambroziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849), the types of reasoning employed by the author, the vocabulary designating untrue statements, and definitions. In the cycle of sermons interpreting the Decalogue, which appeared in the collection PAMOKSŁAY Wayringosy Materyjosy (see Šepetytė, ed., 2020, 77–360), Pabrėža chose both Samogitian and Polish concepts to discuss various aspects of fraud, fakery, falsification, disrespect to others (Šepetytė, ed., 222–338). Certain Polonisms of this thematic group are also found in Samogitian contemporary speaking. Exhaustive references accompanying Pabrėža’s sermons help us to trace the ways in which the model for the promotion of moral values typical of the Age of Enlightenment – a sermon as an act of teaching – entered the Samogitian understanding and how these ideas were actualized in the Samogitian discourse.
O przejawach braku szacunku na podstawie wypowiedzi ankietowych lubelskich studentów / Apie nepagarbos apraiškas Liublino studentų anketinių apklausų pagrindu
Authors: Gierczak Sylwia Katarzyna
Published: January 2023

The aim of the present paper is a partial overview of the results of a survey conducted on a group of 100 students of five Lublin universities (UMCS, KUL, UP, UM and PL). The respondents included people of both sexes (men and women) who were students in both science and humanities. All respondents were asked the required question, according to the ASA Lublin survey format: “What – in your view – is the essence of true esteem?”. The applied methodology thus remains in compliance with the approach adopted in the report Język – wartości – polityka. Zmiany rozumienia nazw wartości w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce (“Language, Values, Politics. Evolution of the Understanding of Names of Values during the System Transformation in Poland”) published under the direction of Jerzy Bartmiński (JWP 2006). A series of additional questions were posed, in accordance with the suggestion that there is no impediment for individual researchers to pose questions other than the one required for all participants. The survey respondents were thus asked i.a.: “What – in your view – indicates lack of esteem?”. Interpretation of their responses to this question is the focus of the present paper, which continues the research carried out as part of doctoral dissertation. Based on the data obtained from the students of Lublin universities, it can be concluded that esteem has a profoundly social dimension, since the social aspect (S) had the highest percentage of occurrence: 75.49%. Second, third and fourth positions were held by psychosocial (A), ethical (E) and psychological (P) aspects, respectively. The lowest frequency of 0.49% was noted ex aequo for existential (B) and physicalpsychosocial aspects (FPS). The most commonly named indications of lack of esteem translate into the following descriptor characteristics: (1) lack of manners, i.e. “improper” / “inappropriate” behaviour toward others and inappropriate attitude toward objects / symbols (S) – 26.47%; (2) disrespect / disregard of others and / or their creations (S) – 11.27%, and (3) infringing on or depriving others of dignity (S) – 8.82%.
Perprasti ŽVĖRĮ / Zrozumieć BESTIĘ
Authors: Papaurėlytė-Klovienė Silvija
Published: January 2023

Straipsnyje siekiama aptarti dalį su lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdžiu siejamo ŽVĖRIES koncepto turinio. Remiantis laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimento medžiaga, prieveiksmio žvėriškai ir įvairių formų būdvardžio žvėriškas, -a vartojimo pavyzdžiais iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno, leksikografine medžiaga, laikantis kognityvinei lingvistikai artimo požiūrio į pasaulio kategorizaciją kalboje, žodžio reikšmę ir konceptą, aprašoma, kaip lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje suvokiamas žvėris, kokie fiziniai ir psichiniai ypatumai jam priskiriami, kokius veiksmus ir būsenas linkstama suvokti kaip maksimaliai artimus žvėriui, jo elgesiui. Skirtingos tiriamosios medžiagos ir kelių kalbos tyrimo metodų derinimas leidžia nuodugniau atskleisti verbalizuotą ŽVĖRIES koncepto turinio dalį.
Gamta ir žmogus pietų aukštaičių pasaulėvaizdyje / Związek człowieka i przyrody w obrazie świata Auksztotów południowych
Authors: Leskauskaitė Asta
Published: January 2023

According to the German philosopher Jürgen Mittelstraß, the concept of nature is complex for at least three reasons: 1) nature is constantly evolving; 2) at least in terms of history, it had and still has different meanings in different cultures (and in different periods); 3) nowadays it has become part of the artificial world created by science and technology. The texts of the dialects of the Southern Aukštaitians, some of which can be considered stories of collective memory, while others are personal experience stories, reflect the most diverse aspects of the relationship and interaction between nature and man: mythical, pragmatic, psychological, aesthetic, value, moral, and others. However, the term nature is not explicated there, and the word is rarely used. The living and inanimate worlds are conceptualized through the concepts of specific phenomena and their expression. Although there is nothing insignificant in nature and everything is interconnected, however, some images (the moon, sun, thunder, rain, snake, grassland, etc.) are deeper entrenched in the worldview of the Southern Aukštaitians. Nature evokes a variety of feelings for the Southern Aukštaitians: fear, respect, pity, concern, and so on. The semantic meanings encoded in names, comparisons, and other means of linguistic expression still associate the modern worldview with the mythical and archaic world. However, social and cultural changes, science and technology are gradually changing not only the way of life, faith, traditions or customs of the Southern Aukštaitians, but also the worldview in general, the relationship with nature and values. For instance, attempts are made to explain rationally phenomena that earlier were considered mystical and supernatural; the belief in the effects of folk remedies on humans and the effects of the natural bodies on agriculture is not so strong; old beliefs and customs are told in a fragmented, not always in an accurate way. Even language is changing: part of the lexicon on natural themes is retreating to the periphery or disappearing altogether, the rows of synonyms are becoming shorter, and so on.
JAUNYSTĖS vaizdas lietuvių kalbos leksikografiniuose šaltiniuose / MŁODOŚĆ w litewskich źródłach leksykograficznych
Authors: Švaikovskaja Violeta
Published: January 2023

The article aims to reconstruct the concept of youth depicted in the lexicographical sources of the Lithuanian, a set of its facets, and cognitive definition. The analysis of the meanings and illustrative examples presented in the dictionaries reveals the heterogeneity of the studied concept. On the one hand, youth is a temporary period of an individual’s age, characterized by an outburst of feelings, family formation, vitality, health, activity and beauty. On the other hand, in addition to positive traits, this age group is characterized by immaturity and selfishness. It turns out that, regardless of temporality, youth remains in the individual’s memory, and the work done or not completed during this period impacts the quality of the personality’s life. The frequent comparison of youth with wiser and more experienced but sickly old age allows us to say that youth, like old age, is one of the most significant periods of a person’s life.
Constitución política de Colombia. Concordancias, referencias históricas, índice analítico
Authors: Castro Castro Jaime
Published: January 2023

La Constitución de 1991 es el hito fundamental de la historia reciente de Colombia. La coyuntura de la época hacía necesario un nuevo modelo institucional, cuya configuración permitiera afrontar los nuevos desafíos y dar mayores márgenes de gobernabilidad. En este contexto, el nuevo texto constitucional brindó una respuesta adecuada al bloqueo del sistema político y a una sociedad más plural, progresista, democrática y liberal que la de 1886. El texto original estableció un acuerdo sobre lo fundamental dotado de unidad, coherencia y pluralidad, al ser producto de la concertación entre los distintos actores de la vida social. En sus páginas se estructuró un sistema amplio de derechos y un modelo de Estado sólido. Sin embargo, en sus más de 30 años de vigencia, ha sido sometida a numerosas reformas producto de la voluntad de los gobiernos de turno y de los legisladores. Tales modificaciones, han desdibujado el espíritu original del texto y lo han convertido en una colcha de retazos. Esta décima edición incluye las últimas reformas constitucionales, así como un amplio índice analítico de las instituciones que trata y regula la Constitución y de las expresiones y voces que hacen parte de ella. Sin pretensión mayor puede decirse que es el índice más completo que hasta ahora se ha hecho del ordenamiento superior.
Customized Dynamic Pricing When Customers Develop a Habit or Satiation
Authors: Chen Wen , He Ying , Bansal Saurabh
Published: January 2023

In Dynamic Pricing with Customer State Dependence, Wen Chen, Ying He, and Saurabh Bansal discuss optimal prices that a firm should offer to customers who develop a habit or satiation from consumption. At a high discount (or equivalently a lower price), a habit-prone customer will purchase a large amount in a current period. The firm will earn a low revenue per unit on the amount bought by the customer in this period. However, this large purchase will also create a stronger habit in the customer that the firm can exploit in the future periods. At a low discount, the firm will earn a higher per unit revenue in this period. However, the lower purchase quantity will also result in a weaker habit in the customer for the future periods. This tradeoff exists in every period. These effects are reversed for a satiation-prone customer. Using an analytical model, the authors determine the optimal profit-maximizing dynamic prices that a firm should offer to such habit- or satiation-prone customers. The results are robust for various specifications for habit formation, and yet in each specification they are obtainable tractably.
Quando o crime está no uso da língua, de Jordana Lenhardt
Authors: Felipe Márcia Da Gama Silva
Published: January 2023

O presente texto é a resenha da obra Quando o crime está no uso da língua de autoria da pesquisadora Jordana Lenhardt, publicado pela Editora Pontes, neste ano de 2022. O livro apresenta o resultado das análises de sentenças judiciais proferidas no sistema judiciário nacional, cuja lide envolve o uso da linguagem em redes sociais on-line. Nessa obra, a autora apresenta as interfaces que os estudos linguísticos estabelecem tanto com as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs) quanto com o Direito. Em suas análises, Lenhardt usa como base teórica a Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994; Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004), mais precisamente o Sistema de Transitividade da Metafunção Ideacional, com o intuito de refletir sobre crimes de linguagem e a possibilidade de criminalização do uso da língua nas redes sociais.
BORDANDO EL MANTO TERRESTRE: imágenes y escrituras de Remedios Varo
Authors: Sampaio Claudia Dias
Published: January 2023

A obra de Remedios Varo, em especial a pintura Bordando el manto terrestre (1961), se apresenta como um caminho produtivo para aprofundar a reflexão que apresento neste artigo. A ideia é a seguinte: ao admitir, tal como propôs o teórico brasileiro Luiz Costa Lima, a presença de um controle do imaginário no Ocidente, especialmente na América Latina, e na busca por pensá-lo a partir da literatura e das relações culturais no âmbito latino-americano, encontramos certos topos que se mostram como desvios e resistências a este controle. Penso nas obras de certas mulheres estrangeiras que desenvolveram seus trabalhos no México e que de algum modo dialogam com o surrealismo, como Leonora Carrington, Kati Horna e Remedios Varo, autora da pintura que abordaremos neste trabalho.
Doing more with less? An interdisciplinary exploration of the theory and practice of back-office collaboration in the voluntary sector
Authors: Browning Sophia
Published: January 2023

For the voluntary sector, economic turbulence often means having to sustain a growing demand on services with a decreasing income. Sharing back-office functions is sometimes suggested as a way in which charities can collaborate to meet this challenge. This study explores the claims made for back-office sharing and how these are borne out by the experiences of charities engaged in such collaborations. Drawing on data gathered through semi-structured interviews with chief executive officers and senior managers of 18 charities in the United Kingdom, the study finds that charities were largely unprepared for the challenges of such collaborations and that the dominant aim of cost savings was often not achieved. A focus on effectiveness seemed to provide better results. These findings challenge the cost-savings premise of back-office collaborations. They also highlight the need for more empirical evidence, and for closer links between theory and practice, to help charities make informed decisions.
Emotions and senses: experience, practice and sensory networks
Authors: Sabido Ramos Olga
Published: January 2023

In this article, I propose the articulation between emotions and senses from relational sociology in three levels of analysis: experience, practice and sensory networks. I will address the relationship between emotions and senses, considering theoretical, methodological and empirical dimensions. I outline the theoretical framework that distinguishes the sociology of the senses from other disciplines within the field of sensory studies. I will state theoretical problems that allow us to see the convergences and possible exchanges between the sociology of emotions and the sociology of the senses: (1) The type of actor of reference. (2) A particular image of the self. (3) The relationship between the self and reflexivity. (4) The type of relationship between senses and emotions. Finally, I will delve into three analytical levels to study the relationship between emotions and senses: experience, practice and sensory networks. At this point, I will highlight some main categories, methodological strategies (a sensory workshop) and research findings I have conducted on urban sensory experiences in my context, Mexico City.
The politics of ailment
Authors: Zechner Minna , Näre Lena , Karsio Olli , Olakivi Antero , Sointu Liina , Hoppania Hanna-Kaisa , Vaittinen Tiina
Published: January 2023

This chapter concludes the book by focusing on today’s circumstances, with ailing bodies having become sources of profit making and the ailments of their caregivers largely unacknowledged or misrecognised. It is time to change how humans are perceived. The notion of homo aegrotus – the ailing human – recognises ailment as a permanent and all-encompassing feature of societies. It generates a variety of responses and creates webs of connections between individuals, families, communities, regions and countries. When approaching the field of care with the concept of ailment, a new political regime becomes imaginable. The new political regime derives from ailment in its two senses: the existential state of human ailing, and the affective or responsive state of being bothered by it. The ailing earth is also implicated here, emphasising human interdependency with biodiversity and ecosystems and thus opening possibilities for research into and the development of sustainable, caring policies. From this perspective, large portions of modern societies appear to be built around ailment.
Introduction
Authors: Cook Kay
Published: January 2023

The book begins by invoking child support laws and policies as gendered tools of governance that contain fundamental assumptions about the appropriate conduct of mothers and fathers following separation. While child support has been introduced across countries to reduce child poverty following the departure of a nuclear family breadwinner and the opportunity costs of women’s unpaid care, payment compliance rates have remained consistently low. Women are introduced as having to conduct the – often mandatory – work of enacting the child support system, yet programs often fail to provide meaningful outcomes for women and children, as reducing state benefit expenditure and maintaining fathers’ autonomy are prioritised. The aim of the book is introduced, which is to expose and unpick the interests served by child support’s enactment and inaction to provide a provocation for how it could be reimagined, resisted and contested.
Sites of child support failure
Authors: Cook Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the empirical data collected from child support experts located across 16 countries and combines these with the academic literature to map the points at which women fall out of ‘leaky pipeline’ that is the child support system, internationally. The chapter pinpoints where and how women are dissuaded from entering the child support system or are existed before receiving payments or their children’s full entitlements. Child support systems are shown to be rendered inaccessible through burdensome administrative or legal processes, women’s lack of information or evidence, or the risk of ex-partner violence or retaliation that seeking child support could pose to vulnerable women. Once women entered the system, however, it often remained ineffectual, as payments were not compelled and pursuing arrears was typically women’s personal responsibility. Fathers, on the other hand, were typically freed from the surveillance and burdens of the state; a practice that entrenched women’s responsibility for enacting the system, while freeing fathers and the state from their responsibilities to children.
The gendered offer of personal solutions
Authors: Cook Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how, in many systems, child support remains or has been returned to a private agreement between parents as a way for states to avoid or manage the difficulties posed by technical solutions, including the cost to government. However, personal child support payment relationships are imbued with gendered power, as women must make themselves ‘worthy’ in order receive payments from their ex-partner. While proponents of private child support in advanced governance regimes argue that private approaches ‘work better’ for parents, no data are collected on payment outcomes or the private problems, including violence and control, that women experience. These data gaps silence women and stifle child support reform as women’s poverty and disempowerment are framed as the result of individual failures and men’s child support non-compliance is removed from public view. While these gender relations may not be new, their operation at an international scale through child support policy poses a threat to all women’s financial autonomy and independence should they seek or be forced to live outside the normative orthodoxy of the nuclear family. In the context of high rates of domestic violence, this reality and the gender hierarchies that carry on post-separation are of significant concern.
Mental health services: from the asylum to neoliberal reform
Authors: Moth Rich
Published: January 2023

This opening chapter provides historical and policy context for the fieldwork chapters that follow in the book. It begins by arguing that models of mental distress cannot be understood in isolation from the activities and action environments of which they form a part. Therefore, to develop a more contextually situated account of these forms of knowledge, the chapter proposes a socio-historical framework for understanding key phases in the development of policies and systems of mental health provision. These four ‘conjunctural settlements’ begin with the nineteenth century asylum, followed by the biomedical hospital system and community care in the twentieth century then contemporary neoliberal provision. Prominent ways of understanding and responding to mental distress associated with each settlement are introduced.
Punitive managerialism under austerity
Authors: Moth Rich
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents findings from the second phase of data collection. Between the first and second phases, there were three key areas of policy reform and service transformation. These were the service line management (SLM) reorganisation of team structures and service delivery within the Trust, the austerity-related cuts in funding, and welfare reforms. This chapter examines these processes and their effects within the new Rehabilitation and Recovery Team (RRT) structure arising from SLM that replaced the CMHT. The particular focus is how service provision became more short-term and the managerial culture more punitive, as well as the additional impacts of austerity and welfare reform.
Introduction
Authors: Wistow Jonathan
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides the theoretical framework for the book. In so doing, complexity theory is introduced as a means for integrating social policy, the political economy and social contract theory. Particular focus is paid to the social contract and its purpose in justifying the existence and legitimacy of the state. Different traditions in social contract theory are considered and an argument for adapting and applying an approach in the tradition of Rousseau is put forward, given his focus on the social contract as a lens to explore social outcomes and as a basis for pursuing greater equality as a foundation for these. The penultimate section of the chapter considers the role of social policy within the social contract and the political economy, questioning its impact in sustaining and legitimating the unequal and inequitable social outcomes produced through these. The final section outlines the structure of the book.
The political economy
Authors: Wistow Jonathan
Published: January 2023

The rise of neoliberalism in the late 1970s represents a movement to a new possibility space for the political economy and social contract and for the role and capacity of social policy to function within this. Neoliberalism has increased socioeconomic inequalities, sought to remove redundant (or spare) capacity from social systems, and does so from a narrow perspective of economic efficiency. Despite low growth and multiple crises in the economy, neoliberalism has remained remarkably resilient, which is due, in part, to the appeal of competitive and possessive individualism and arguments that the state, and state intervention, hold individual and collective progress back. Movement towards the market has led to increased fragmentation and decreased accountability within social policy delivery and governance, which (somewhat paradoxically) reduces the legitimacy of the state and the public sector. Untangling the web of influence of neoliberalism across the nexus of complex systems requires widespread, significant and sustained support, which is currently lacking.
Health and health inequalities
Authors: Wistow Jonathan
Published: January 2023

Health inequalities provide a very good example of the complex relationship between the social contract, the political economy and the types and resourcing of policy responses. Despite an established evidence base about the material and structural causes of health inequalities, a narrow (medical) framing of health as the absence of disease and illness predominates across systems. In this respect, the NHS provides a form of collectivism that is valued by both the centre-left and the centre-right, given it does not unduly challenge the notion of individual rights and responsibilities within the social contract. Ultimately, the NHS is designed to deal with symptoms rather than the much more complex and deeply ingrained social inequalities causing them. The political economy is a key component in a complex systems approach to understanding health inequalities but policy development has not been calibrated accordingly, which goes a long way in explaining the persistence of these inequalities.
Emerging living arrangements of older adults in India: patterns and welfare implications
Authors: James Sanjay
Published: January 2023

In India, the living arrangements of older adults are incredibly important as the family is often the major source of care and support. Hence, any loss of family could have significant negative consequences for the long-term care, economic, physical, social and psychological well-being of older people. Two forces in particular are impacting on the living arrangements of older people in India: 1) demographic and epidemiological transitions, such as reduction in fertility and increase in life-expectancy of adults, and 2) migration, both domestic and international. This chapter examines the various living arrangements of older adults in India, the factors associated with living arrangements and the welfare implication of living arrangement patterns on the older adults. To do so, the chapter combines datasets from the UNFPA, India-sponsored research project on ‘Building Knowledge Base on Population Ageing in India’ (BKPAI), the National Family Health Surveys and the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI). These data reveal that 1) there is an increasing incidence of older people living independently, that is not co-residing with their adult children or grandchildren, in India; 2) older adults who live alone have lower standard of living compared to older adults who live with children, spouses or with others; and 3) living arrangement pattern has no bearing on the subjective well-being of the older persons. This indicates that living alone is not necessarily seen as a burden by older people. Such analysis is new and problematises the cultural norm of co-residence as a pathway to well-being.
Family size and living arrangements among older adults in Kerala: panel data analysis, 2004–19
Authors: Rajan S.
Published: January 2023

Kerala is one of the states in India that has undergone a rapid demographic transition. Due to its low fertility and mortality rates, Kerala reportedly has the highest proportion of older people in its population in India. In addition, large-scale internal and international migration of the younger age groups (about 10 per cent of the population) has left many households without an adult member. This has potentially serious implications for care and living arrangements for older people in Kerala. Using an extensive longitudinal panel (2004–19) of older adults, this chapter explores how living arrangements have changed among older adults in Kerala; how the changes in family size influences the living arrangements; and examines whether this change in living arrangements or household size is associated with changes in the health and survival status of older adults. The results show that a high proportion of the population aged 60 and over in Kerala still live with their family members. The study also found that older persons who live with one other person had a lower chance of dying, while those who lived with five or more household members had an increased risk of mortality. This finding remained even after adjusting for daily living activities score, health perception, sex and age. These results are interesting and raise some crucial questions about the assumptions around the impact of demographic change on older adults in Kerala and India more widely.
The role of cultural meaning system and place attachment in retaining home ownership while residing in retirement homes in Kerala, India
Authors: Pazhoothundathil Ajay , Bailey Inge
Published: January 2023

Home is a place marked by many life course events. Home is also embedded with memories, self-identity, sense of security, cherished possessions and family relations. When an older adult leaves their home and starts to live in a retirement facility they have to reconfigure their sense and meaning of home. This chapter examines home ownership and residential changes and the meanings homes have for older adults in Kerala. The chapter addresses three questions: i) what motivates older adults to retain their (previous) home while currently residing in retirement homes?, ii) how do older adults maintain their previous homes? and iii) how do these motivations help to maintain place attachment? Using a unique set of qualitative interviews with residents of care homes, the authors show that health issues, a need for assistance, a lack of security, migration of children, loneliness due to loss of a spouse and a wish to live independently, are the major reasons for older adults to seek an alternative source of residence in the form of a retirement home. Cultural schemas of care and obligations towards next generation motivate older adults in retaining and maintaining homes.
Inventing the poor
Authors: Henrickson Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the period from the 4th to the early 12th centuries CE. Constantine became emperor of the Roman Empire in 324 and established Byzantium (later Constantinople) as his capital. He granted the church the right to collect donations and to be financially independent. In return, drawing on the traditional Greek and Roman civic habit of philanthropy, he gave the church the responsibility of caring for the poor. The church not only responded to the needs of the impoverished but it also invented a category of the poor who had never before existed as a distinct social class. Constantine expected that the church would keep the poor out of sight of the wealthy by caring for them in hospitals, orphanages, and poor houses. The church became an agent of state control of the poor. The Cappadocians theologised wealth, not poverty, as a problem. Charitable giving by the wealthy to the poor through the church was encouraged. Ambrose and Augustine promoted the distinction between worthy and unworthy poor, codified in the 12th century Decretum Gratiani. As the empire declined, the church’s power increased. From 622 CE Islam with its central pillar of zakāt (almsgiving) emerged and spread throughout Arab nations.
Reforming the poor
Authors: Henrickson Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter includes the Middle Ages through the Reformation, the 12th to the mid-16th centuries. It considers Gratian’s Decretum (ca. 1140) and two pivotal disasters of the 14th century, the Great Famine and Great Plague. The Great Famine (1315–17 CE) resulted in the deaths of millions in Europe. The Great Plague (1347–53) resulted in an estimated 25–200 million more deaths throughout Europe and Asia. These catastrophes impaired the church’s ability to provide care to the poor, and its authority waned. Civic authorities provided resources but retained distribution through churches and monasteries. Labour shortages resulted in legislation to stabilise population movements and wages; these were the first of the English and continental poor laws. The reformers Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and Arminius challenged the Roman Catholic Church’s theology and authority and founded what became known as Protestantism on the continent and in England. The chapter concludes with careful consideration of the impact of the different reformers on Christian theologies of salvation, grace, work, and the poor. Calvin in particular gave new life to the idea that work demonstrated the worth of the individual, and wealth was evidence of God’s blessing. Wealth was no longer problematised but poverty was.
Capitalising the poor
Authors: Henrickson Mark
Published: January 2023

During the 16th to 18th centuries, responses to the poor included the highly centralised system established by the English Poor Laws administered by local parishes; the fragmented system of the Dutch Republic that was highly locally responsive; and the highly centralised system of post-revolutionary France that was impractical to administer in the provinces. Roman Catholic regions retained parochial systems of social care. As the social imaginary shifted from a vertical to a more horizontal one, post-Enlightenment liberal humanist states encouraged the development of private capital, colonisation, global exploitation, slavery, and Christian missionisation throughout South and East Asia, the Pacific, and the so-called New World through the British and Dutch East India companies. Liberal humanist states and their colonial (and post-colonial) offspring retained the Constantinian measures that promote social stability and harmony, social control, state care, and protection of the powerless (such as children and the very old). However, civic theologies also retained the reformed churches’ understanding that anyone who does not work should not eat, and that every person must conform to state-prescribed values (which are largely the values of the reformed churches) in order to receive assistance.
Industrialising the poor
Authors: Henrickson Mark
Published: January 2023

The Industrial Revolution, capitalism, profit, and wage labour had far-reaching effects throughout Britain, Europe, and America. In the UK, the Old Poor Law could no longer respond to the labouring poor or protect scarce state resources. The New Poor Law of 1834 retained the Calvinist assumption that the poor were responsible for their own poverty and for working their way out of it. The 1834 reform was very punitive, and many theological influences shaped responses to it. These included Evangelicalism and its emphasis on personal regeneration, Christian Socialism, the Tractarians and Broad Church factions, and the British Idealists. These influences informed the Charity Organisation Society and the Settlement House movements on both sides of the Atlantic. Evangelicals were prominent in many social reforms including the abolition of the slave trade; Christian Socialists took up a number of social policy reforms. Broad Church women and clergy were deeply critical of the New Poor Law, the atomised responses of Evangelicals and Tractarians, and private charity. They developed community-level interventions that systematised poor relief. On both sides of the Atlantic, Charity Organisation Societies and settlement houses attempted to fill in the gaps left by Calvinist-informed public policies of poor relief.
6 Policy case study: active labour market policies and alternatives
Authors: Chau Ruby C. M. , Yu Sam W. K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter uses ALMPs and alternative measures as a case study to show how government strategies on productivism affect people’s life-mix patterns. These measures recognise work as an important part of adult life. They aim to prevent people from losing their jobs, assist unemployed people to return to the labour market and maintain a reasonable standard of living when people cannot take part in formal employment within a period. By comparing these measures in the seven East Asian and European countries and territories, it is found that governments’ commitments to these measures vary to a great extent. Besides, most governments’ intentions to reward and reduce work through measures such as early retirement schemes and a decent minimum wage are not strong. The inadequacies in these measures may lead to life-mix material gaps (falls in the standard of living), life-mix relational constraints (leaving the role of worker involuntarily) and user deficits (people are required to attend mandatory jobseeker training and pay the opportunity cost of not being able to do other things that they value).
Arts-based methods to co-create knowledge and reconstruct power relations with marginalised women in and through research
Authors: Vindevogel Sofie
Published: January 2023

Academic and professional knowledge have dominated the history of social work research and practice. As a result, new knowledge has been grafted predominantly onto an existing base of professional authority and expertise. Arts-based research is emerging as an alternative approach to knowledge production, broadening the understanding of how scientific evidence is created and who is in the position to create it (Boydell et al., 2012). It is intended to open space for deliberately engaging with voices from the margin, hence rendering it a meaningful approach to advance social inclusion and social justice in and through social work research. In this chapter, we draw on our experience with arts-based research projects to contemplate this potential and to contribute to a critical dialogue regarding the impact of arts-based research on power relations and structures in social work academia and practice. We start by briefly introducing our research collective, explaining our rationale for working with arts-based methods, and describing two projects in which visual arts were used. We continue this chapter by elaborating on the merits and challenges of this methodology in relation to co-creating knowledge and altering power relations, derived from our own experiences in relation to the strand of literature on arts-based research.
“I don’t like the cameras in the house. They’re looking at us all the time”: the contribution of Photovoice to children in a post-hospitalisation programme
Authors: Friedman Arielle , Duvdevani Hila Zaguri
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the use of Photovoice contributes to children in special education programmes in a post-hospitalisation programme. The Photovoice project allows these children to express their voices and points of view through photography, as well as their feelings and thoughts regarding the photographs they have taken.
Arts-based research work with migrant children
Authors: Guetemme Genevieve
Published: January 2023

‘Migrant children represent a significant share of the refugee population’ (IOM & UNICEF). Many are growing up in bleak conditions, surrounded by poverty and violence. Education is widely recognised as a mean to foster successful integration, but it is not always available or is sometimes too formal with a focus on the values, norms, and experiences of the native population. This can lead to migrant children and ethnic minority pupils gradually developing a sense of inferiority, irrelevance, and resentment (Szalai, 2011, p. 67) Fieldwork supports the importance of informal arts-based education by showing that ‘almost all youths enjoyed taking part in certain remedial and recreational educational activities. For most of them, participation in a wide range of off-site activities, such as language courses, football and basketball, music, painting, and break-dance classes, was a source of excitement’ (Daskalaki & Leivaditi, 2018). Such engagement in combined educational and recreational activities has therefore led many educators to turn to art as a facilitator for learning, socialising, understanding a difficult past, and exploring new directions for the future. During the last 20 years, many artists have been contributing to these arts-based educational experiments. They are convinced that art has a role to play in providing a wider and more complex vision of reality. Then too, researchers have recognised art as a legitimate and useful methodological approach (Greenwood, 2012) to explore the acquisition of knowledge and social inclusion (Jindal-Snape et al., 2018). Arts-based research (ABR) uses art as a methodological research tool in its data generation, analysis, interpretation, and representation.
Using creative art research approaches to assess arts-based interventions with children in post-disaster contexts
Authors: Drolet Julie , Lalani Nasreen , McDonald-Harker Caroline
Published: January 2023

Creative art research approaches are gaining in popularity in recent years and are increasingly being used in social work, health, and other disciplines (Vanover et al., 2018). Arts-informed approaches can serve as expressive therapies, and have been successfully applied in psychotherapy, counselling, and rehabilitation for decades (Malchiodi, 2005). Creative art research approaches expand the domain of qualitative inquiry and enable social science researchers to incorporate and utilise arts-based methodologies to better understand human behaviour, perspectives, and experiences (Leavy, 2017). Arts-based scholarly research is located in the creation of art, based on extensive artistic training, while arts-informed research is used to express the experiences, perspectives, and emotions of research participants (Shannon-Baker, 2015). Arts-informed research mainly focuses on the advancement of knowledge rather than merely the production or creation of artwork or art craft for this purpose. It facilitates the possibility of establishing deeper and genuine human connections by capturing different perspectives and expressions due to its expressive qualities (Leavy, 2017). Art and creative methods in social work research are consistent with the philosophy, mission, and values of the profession (Peek et al., 2016). Shannon (2013) discusses several key components of social work research that includes active community participation, understanding of the local contexts, mutual dialogue and understanding, and facilitating social change leading to empowerment, equality, and social justice. The profession of social work strongly values and respects the inherent worth and dignity of all people (IFSW & IASSW, 2004), and arts-informed creative research approaches provide an ethical platform to inquire about the lived experiences of individuals and communities (Jarldon, 2016). Arts-informed approaches allow social workers to learn how service users develop their inner strength by recognising ‘the inherent worth and dignity’ of an individual person (Foster, 2012).
Forum theatre as participatory action research with community workers
Authors: de Kreek Mike , Bos Eltje , von Salisch Margareta
Published: January 2023

In Amsterdam, just like in 87 % of all municipalities in the Netherlands, integrated neighbourhood teams have been installed as an answer to the reform of the welfare state. During the last decade, the social domain has gone through its strongest change since 1945. Transitions by new national acts and policies have gone hand in hand with decentralisation, which has transferred most responsibilities in the social domain to municipalities, accompanied by less financial means. On the local level, these changes have been translated by municipalities into policies, responsibilities, interventions, and a repertoire that requires strong changes in the professional behaviour of all stakeholders. One of the newly implemented practices consists of interdisciplinary neighbourhood teams focussed on empowerment of people or families who are dealing with multiple challenges in their lives. Professionals from elder care, youth care, community development, and welfare organisations need to collaborate while they attempt to reconcile various professional perspectives on a specific problematic situation. At the same time, there is a shift for many professionals from solving problems for clients towards empowering the clients to solve problems themselves, based on their own strengths or their network. Most of the structural transitions and implementations might be finished; however, the transformation in professional behaviour following these changes, is just starting to develop. Despite a series of training courses in various methods, the Amsterdam neighbourhood team professionals strongly felt a need to deepen their experiences with situations in which the contact with a client or family had somehow stagnated.
Art and artefact: displaying social work through objects
Authors: Doel Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents the origins, process, and findings of an online research project, Social Work in 40 Objects. The project is ongoing, and its aims are to explore the possibility of discovering meanings in social work through material objects and the stories that attach to them. The experiment is proving to be a quantitative success, with over 160 objects to date (2020) from 26 countries donated to a virtual exhibition of social work. Qualitative success is evident in the many facets of social work refracted through the objects and the wide variety of relationships to social work apparent in those who are participating. The research methodologies that support the experiment are explored, as well as the theoretical perspectives that have deepened the analysis of the findings: these include material culture theory and museum ethnography, especially the notion of ‘charged objects’. The ‘snowball’ method speeded and broadened the donation of objects and a ‘bricolage’ process helped in the playful clustering of groups of objects into themed ‘collections’. The chapter explores the learning from this experiment and presents a suggested typology of objects.
The changing face of crime news
Authors: Colbran Marianne
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores how the non-profits are changing crime reporting, focusing on three aspects of crime reporting which have received particular attention over the years in qualitative criminological research – the ‘othering’ of marginalised or stigmatised communities; the under-reporting of certain crimes, particularly crimes of social harm; and the concentration on crime as a discrete event, without discussion of causes or effects. It suggests that the very different working practices on the non-profits have sought to address these problems – that by not needing to meet the demands of a daily publishing cycle, non-profit journalists are able to spend time forging meaningful relationships with marginalised and hard-to-reach communities and ensure a greater range of perspectives are included in their reporting, giving a voice to communities that are often negatively portrayed in the media. It also explores how the non-profits are radically changing the content of crime news in two respects: by focusing on crime as systemic harm rather than crime as discrete event; and by exploring the causes and effects of these social harms through an emphasis on evidence and data shared as part of their reports on their websites.
PISA for sale? Creating profitable policy spaces through the OECD’s PISA for Schools
Authors: Lewis Steven , Lingard Bob
Published: January 2023

Our chapter focuses on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD’s) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) for Schools, an instrument designed to assess individual school performance in reading, mathematics, and science against the national (and subnational) schooling systems measured by the main PISA test. Such an extension of PISA to new local schooling spaces typifies the increasing presence and complexity of the role now played by ‘external’ actors in education policy and policymaking processes. First, we provide a brief outline of the OECD’s education agenda, focusing on its testing regime with main PISA as the prototype for the development of a broader range of tests, including PISA for Schools. We then consider how power-topologies, as well as networked and heterarchical governance, provide a generative theoretical lens through which to better understand these emergent processes. This is followed by the empirical focus of the chapter, in which we account for the changing management of PISA for Schools, the involvement of an Australian for profit edu-business in the management of the test, and the various ways this exemplifies third-party involvement in the work of the OECD. We conclude by suggesting PISA for Schools now works as an example of networked or heterarchical governance, but one that is stretched globally.