bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dexamethasone Suppresses Palatal Cell Proliferation through miR-130a-3p
Authors: Yoshioka Hiroki , Jun Goo , Suzuki Akiko , Iwata Junichi
Published: November 2021

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital birth defects. This study aims to identify novel pathogenic microRNAs associated with cleft palate (CP). Through data analyses of miRNA-sequencing for developing palatal shelves of C57BL/6J mice, we found that miR-449a-3p, miR-449a-5p, miR-449b, miR-449c-3p, and miR-449c-5p were significantly upregulated, and that miR-19a-3p, miR-130a-3p, miR-301a-3p, and miR-486b-5p were significantly downregulated, at embryonic day E14.5 compared to E13.5. Among them, overexpression of the miR-449 family (miR-449a-3p, miR-449a-5p, miR-449b, miR-449c-3p, and miR-449c-5p) and miR-486b-5p resulted in reduced cell proliferation in primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells and mouse cranial neural crest cell line O9-1. On the other hand, inhibitors of miR-130a-3p and miR-301a-3p significantly reduced cell proliferation in MEPM and O9-1 cells. Notably, we found that treatment with dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid known to induce CP in mice, suppressed miR-130a-3p expression in both MEPM and O9-1 cells. Moreover, a miR-130a-3p mimic could ameliorate the cell proliferation defect induced by dexamethasone through normalization of Slc24a2 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-130-3p plays a crucial role in dexamethasone-induced CP in mice.
Microglia Reduce Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Lethality of Mice with Decreased T Cell and Interferon Responses in Brains
Authors: Tsai Meng-Shan , Wang Li-Chiu , Tsai Hsien-Yang , Lin Yu-Jheng , Wu Hua-Lin , Tzeng Shun-Fen , Hsu Sheng-Min , Chen Shun-Hua
Published: November 2021

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects the majority of the human population and can induce encephalitis, which is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis. An increase of microglia is detected in the brains of encephalitis patients. The issues regarding whether and how microglia protect the host and neurons from HSV-1 infection remain elusive. Using a murine infection model, we showed that HSV-1 infection on corneas increased the number of microglia to outnumber those of infiltrating leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells) and enhanced microglia activation in brains. HSV-1 antigens were detected in brain neurons, which were surrounded by microglia. Microglia depletion increased HSV-1 lethality of mice with elevated brain levels of viral loads, infected neurons, neuron loss, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, interferon (IFN)-β, and IFN-γ. In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia from infected mice reduced virus infectivity. Moreover, microglia induced IFN-β and the signaling pathway of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 to inhibit viral replication and damage of neurons. Our study reveals how microglia protect the host and neurons from HSV-1 infection.
Simu-D: A Simulator-Descriptor Suite for Polymer-Based Systems under Extreme Conditions
Authors: Herranz Miguel , Martínez-Fernández Daniel , Ramos Pablo Miguel , Foteinopoulou Katerina , Karayiannis Nikos Ch. , Laso Manuel
Published: November 2021

We present Simu-D, a software suite for the simulation and successive identification of local structures of atomistic systems, based on polymers, under extreme conditions, in the bulk, on surfaces, and at interfaces. The protocol is built around various types of Monte Carlo algorithms, which include localized, chain-connectivity-altering, identity-exchange, and cluster-based moves. The approach focuses on alleviating one of the main disadvantages of Monte Carlo algorithms, which is the general applicability under a wide range of conditions. Present applications include polymer-based nanocomposites with nanofillers in the form of cylinders and spheres of varied concentration and size, extremely confined and maximally packed assemblies in two and three dimensions, and terminally grafted macromolecules. The main simulator is accompanied by a descriptor that identifies the similarity of computer-generated configurations with respect to reference crystals in two or three dimensions. The Simu-D simulator-descriptor can be an especially useful tool in the modeling studies of the entropy- and energy-driven phase transition, adsorption, and self-organization of polymer-based systems under a variety of conditions.
Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Izadi Mahmoud , Ali Tayyiba Akbar , Pourkarimi Ehsan
Published: November 2021

Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we first describe the history of key discoveries in apoptosis with a molecular insight and continue with apoptosis pathways and their regulation. We touch upon the role of apoptosis in human health and its malfunction in several diseases. We discuss the path to the morphological and molecular discovery of autophagy. Moreover, we dive deep into the precise regulation of autophagy and recent findings from basic research to clinical applications of autophagy modulation in human health and illnesses and the available therapies for many diseases caused by impaired autophagy. We conclude with the exciting crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, from the early discoveries to recent findings.
Mediation of the Cardioprotective Effects of Mannitol Discovered, with Refutation of Common Protein Kinases
Authors: Torregroza Carolin , Glashoerster Chiara O. , Feige Katharina , Stroethoff Martin , Raupach Annika , Heinen André , Hollmann Markus W. , Huhn Ragnar
Published: November 2021

The osmodiuretic agent Mannitol exerts cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury when applied as a pre- and/or postconditioning stimulus. Previously, we demonstrated that these properties are mediated via the activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels. However, considering Mannitol remains in the extracellular compartment, the question arises as to which receptor and intracellular signaling cascades are involved in myocardial protection by the osmodiuretic substance. Protein kinase B (Akt) and G (PKG), as part of the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) and/or endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS)/PKG pathway, are two well-investigated intracellular targets conferring myocardial protection upstream of mitochondrial potassium channels. Adenosine receptor subtypes have been shown to trigger different cardioprotective pathways, for example, the reperfusion injury. Further, Mannitol induces an increased activation of the adenosine 1 receptor (A1R) in renal cells conferring its nephroprotective properties. Therefore, we investigated whether (1) Akt and PKG are possible signaling targets involved in Mannitol-induced conditioning upstream of the mKATP channel and/or whether (2) cardioprotection by Mannitol is mediated via activation of the A1R. All experiments were performed on male Wistar rats in vitro employing the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion technique with infarct size determination as the primary endpoint. To unravel possible protein kinase activation, Mannitol was applied in combination with the Akt (MK2206) or PKG (KT5823) inhibitor. In further groups, an A1R blocker (DPCPX) was given with or without Mannitol. Preconditioning with Mannitol (Man) significantly reduced the infarct size compared to the control group. Co-administration of the A1R blocker DPXPC fully abolished myocardial protection of Mannitol. Interestingly and in contrast to the initial hypothesis, neither administration of the Akt nor the PKG blocker had any impact on the cardioprotective properties of Mannitol-induced preconditioning. These results are quite unexpected and show that the protein kinases Akt and PKG—as possible targets of known protective signaling cascades—are not involved in Mannitol-induced preconditioning. However, the cardioprotective effects of Mannitol are mediated via the A1R.
The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Oliveira Camila Barbosa , Lima Camilla Albertina Dantas , Vajgel Gisele , Sandrin-Garcia Paula
Published: November 2021

Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most frequent and severe of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) clinical manifestations and contributes to the increase of morbidity and mortality of patients due to chronic kidney disease. The NLRP3 (NLR pyrin domain containing 3) is a member of the NLR (NOD-like receptors), and its activation results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of LN. In this review manuscript, we approach the relation between the NLRP3 inflammasome, SLE, and LN, highlighting the influence of genetic susceptibility of NLRP3 polymorphisms in the disease; the main functional studies using cellular and animal models of NLRP3 activation; and finally, some mechanisms of NLRP3 inhibition for the development of possible therapeutic drugs for LN.
Time-Dependent Changes in Hepatic Sphingolipid Accumulation and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in a Rat Model of NAFLD
Authors: Sztolsztener Klaudia , Konstantynowicz-Nowicka Karolina , Harasim-Symbor Ewa , Chabowski Adrian
Published: November 2021

Increased lipid bioavailability in a diet favors lipid accumulation, enhancing hepatic lipotoxicity and contributing to insulin resistance (IR) development. The aim of our study was to examine time-dependent alterations in the intrahepatic content of sphingolipids and insulin signaling pathway in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats receiving a standard diet or HFD for five weeks. At the end of each experimental feeding week, liver sphingolipids were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The expression of proteins from the sphingolipid pathway and glucose transporter expression were assessed by Western blot. The content of phosphorylated form of proteins from the insulin pathway was detected by a multiplex assay kit. Our results revealed that HFD enhanced hepatic ceramide deposition by increasing the expression of selected proteins from sphingomyelin and salvage pathways in the last two weeks. Importantly, we observed a significant inhibition of Akt phosphorylation in the first week of HFD and stimulation of PTEN and mTOR phosphorylation at the end of HFD. These changes worsened the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. We may postulate that HFD-induced reduction in the insulin action in the time-dependent matter was exerted by excessive accumulation of sphingosine and sphinganine rather than ceramide.
Role of Stem Cells in the Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Transplantation for Fertility Preservation
Authors: Kim Jeong Min , Kim Seongmin , Lee Sanghoon
Published: November 2021

Although the cancer survival rate has increased, cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can cause ovarian failure and infertility in women of reproductive age. Preserving fertility throughout cancer treatment is critical for maintaining quality of life. Fertility experts should propose individualized fertility preservation methods based on the patient’s marital status, pubertal status, partner status, and the urgency of treatment. Widely practiced fertility preservation methods, including ovarian transposition and embryo and oocyte cryopreservation, are inappropriate for prepubertal girls or those needing urgent initiation of cancer treatment. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation, an emerging new technology, may be a solution for these cancer patients. The use of stem cells in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation increases oxygenation, angiogenesis, and follicle survival rates. This review discusses the recent advances in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation with special focus on the use of stem cells to improve fertilization techniques.
Special Issue on Advances in Molecular Simulation
Authors: Borówko Małgorzta
Published: November 2021

Rapid advances are taking place in the application of molecular simulations to study complex systems [...]
Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of the GATA Transcription Factors in Four Rosaceae Species and Phytohormonal Response in Chinese Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) Fruit
Authors: Manzoor Muhammad Aamir , Sabir Irfan Ali , Shah Iftikhar Hussain , Wang Han , Yu Zhao , Rasool Faiz , Mazhar Muhammad Zaid , Younas Shoaib , Abdullah Muhammad , Cai Yongping
Published: November 2021

The GATA gene family is one of the most important transcription factors (TFs). It extensively exists in plants, contributes to diverse biological processes such as the development process, and responds to environmental stress. Although the GATA gene family has been comprehensively and systematically studied in many species, less is known about GATA genes in Chinese pears (Pyrus bretschneideri). In the current study, the GATA gene family in the four Rosaceae genomes was identified, its structural characteristics identified, and a comparative analysis of its properties was carried out. Ninety-two encoded GATA proteins were authenticated in the four Rosaceae genomes (Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus avium, Prunus mume, and Prunus persica) and categorized into four subfamilies (Ⅰ–Ⅳ) according to phylogeny. The majority of GATA genes contained one to two introns and conserved motif composition analysis revealed their functional divergence. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) and dispersed duplication (DSD) played a key role in the expansion of the GATA gene family. The microarray indicated that, among P. bretschneideri, P. avium, P. mume and P. persica, GATA duplicated regions were more conserved between Pyrus bretschneideri and Prunus persica with 32 orthologous genes pairs. The physicochemical parameters, duplication patterns, non-synonymous (ka), and synonymous mutation rate (ks) and GO annotation ontology were performed using different bioinformatics tools. cis-elements respond to various phytohormones, abiotic/biotic stress, and light-responsive were found in the promoter regions of GATA genes which were induced via stimuli. Furthermore, subcellular localization of the PbGATA22 gene product was investigated, showing that it was present in the nucleus of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) epidermal cells. Finally, in silico analysis was performed on various organs (bud, leaf, stem, ovary, petal, and sepal) and different developmental stages of fruit. Subsequently, the expression profiles of PbGATA genes were extensively expressed under exogenous hormonal treatments of SA (salicylic acid), MeJA (methyl jasmonate), and ABA (abscisic acid) indicating that play important role in hormone signaling pathways. A comprehensive analysis of GATA transcription factors was performed through systematic biological approaches and comparative genomics to establish a theoretical base for further structural and functional investigations in Rosaceae species.
Electrostatic Forces Mediate the Specificity of RHO GTPase-GDI Interactions
Authors: Mosaddeghzadeh Niloufar , Kazemein Jasemi Neda S. , Majolée Jisca , Zhang Si-Cai , Hordijk Peter L. , Dvorsky Radovan , Ahmadian Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2021

Three decades of research have documented the spatiotemporal dynamics of RHO family GTPase membrane extraction regulated by guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), but the interplay of the kinetic mechanism and structural specificity of these interactions is as yet unresolved. To address this, we reconstituted the GDI-controlled spatial segregation of geranylgeranylated RHO protein RAC1 in vitro. Various biochemical and biophysical measurements provided unprecedented mechanistic details for GDI function with respect to RHO protein dynamics. We determined that membrane extraction of RHO GTPases by GDI occurs via a 3-step mechanism: (1) GDI non-specifically associates with the switch regions of the RHO GTPases; (2) an electrostatic switch determines the interaction specificity between the C-terminal polybasic region of RHO GTPases and two distinct negatively-charged clusters of GDI1; (3) a non-specific displacement of geranylgeranyl moiety from the membrane sequesters it into a hydrophobic cleft, effectively shielding it from the aqueous milieu. This study substantially extends the model for the mechanism of GDI-regulated RHO GTPase extraction from the membrane, and could have implications for clinical studies and drug development.
Statistical Study of Nonthermal Plasma-Assisted ZnO Coating of Cotton Fabric through Ultrasonic-Assisted Green Synthesis for Improved Self-Cleaning and Antimicrobial Properties
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Naz Muhammad Y. , Saleem Muhammad , Tanawush Malik , Głowacz Adam , Glowacz Witold , Rahman Saifur , Mahnashi Mater H. , Alqahtani Yahya S. , Alyami Bandar A. , Alqarni Ali O. , Alsaiari Mabkhoot A.
Published: November 2021

Nonthermal plasma processing is a dry, environment-friendly and chemical-free method of improving the wettability, adhesion, self-cleaning and dying quality of fabrics without affecting their bulk properties. This study presents a green synthesis and coating method for the immobilization of nanoparticles of ZnO on the nonthermal plasma functionalized cotton fabric. The self-cleaning activity of ZnO-coated cotton was then optimized statistically. The ultraviolet protection and antimicrobial activity of the optimized and a control sample were also elaborated in this study. Psidium guajava Linn (guava) plant extract and zinc chloride were used in the ultrasonic biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and concurrent immobilization over plasma functionalized cotton. Sodium hydroxide was used as a reaction accelerator. Statistical complete composite design (CCD) based on the amount of ZnCl2, NaOH and plasma exposure time was used to optimize the role of input parameters on the self-cleaning ability of the coated cotton. Methylene blue in water was used as a sample pollutant in the self-cleaning study. The ZnO-coated cotton showed notably high self-cleaning activity of 94% and a UV protection factor of 69.87. The antimicrobial activity against E. Coli and S. Aureus bacteria was also appreciably high compared to the control.
Comparison between Tissue Adhesive Cyanoacrylate and Suture for Palatal Fibromucosa Healing: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Castro-Gaspar Carlota , Olmedo-Gaya Maria Victoria , Romero-Olid Maria Nuria , Lisbona-Gonzalez Maria Jesús , Vallecillo-Rivas Marta , Reyes-Botella Candela
Published: November 2021

Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive is proposed to promote soft tissue healing in oral surgery and minimize complications (pain, inflammation, and bleeding) associated with wound healing by secondary intention. The objective was to compare cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (test group) with suture (control group) in terms of postoperative complications, operative time, and wound healing in the palatal donor area after harvesting a de-epithelialized gingival graft. A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 24 patients randomly assigned to one of two study groups. Data were gathered on wound bleeding, operative time, postoperative pain, inflammation, hyperesthesia, necrosis, and donor area healing time. Operative time was almost 50% shorter in the tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate group, a significant between-group difference (p = 0.003). Spontaneous bleeding in the donor area during the first 24 h was observed in 11.1% of the tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate group versus 88.9% of the suture group—a significant difference. No significant between-group difference was observed in postoperative pain, inflammation, or degree of healing over time. There were no cases of hyperesthesia or wound necrosis. Utilization of tissue adhesive cyanoacrylate rather than suture in palatal de-epithelialized gingival graft harvesting reduces postoperative bleeding during the first 24 h, as well as the operative time.
Preparation of Cationic Amphiphilic Nanoparticles with Modified Chitosan Derivatives for Doxorubicin Delivery
Authors: Liu Xiudong , Zhou Huofei , Yu Weiting , Xiong Xin , Krastev Rumen , Ma Xiaojun
Published: November 2021

Polymeric micelle-like nanoparticles have demonstrated effectiveness for the delivery of some poorly soluble or hydrophobic anticancer drugs. In this study, a hydrophobic moiety, deoxycholic acid (DCA) was first bonded on a polysaccharide, chitosan (CS), for the preparation of amphiphilic chitosan (CS-DCA), which was further modified with a cationic glycidyltrimethylammounium chloride (GTMAC) to form a novel soluble chitosan derivative (HT-CS-DCA). The cationic amphiphilic HT-CS-DCA was easily self-assembled to micelle-like nanoparticles about 200 nm with narrow size distribution (PDI 0.08–0.18). The zeta potential of nanoparticles was in the range of 14 to 24 mV, indicating higher positive charges. Then, doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug with poor solubility, was entrapped into HT-CS-DCA nanoparticles. The DOX release test was performed in PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 °C, and the results showed that there was no significant burst release in the first two hours, and the cumulative release increased steadily and slowly in the following hours. HT-CS-DCA nanoparticles loaded with DOX could easily enter into MCF-7 cells, as observed by a confocal microscope. As a result, DOX-loaded HT-CS-DCA nanoparticles demonstrated a significant inhibition activity on MCF-7 growth without obvious cellular toxicity in comparison with blank nanoparticles. Therefore, the anticancer efficacy of these cationic HT-CS-DCA nanoparticles showed great promise for the delivery of DOX in cancer therapy.
The Selective Transport of Ions in Charged Nanopore with Combined Multi-Physics Fields
Authors: Ma Pengfei , Zheng Jianxiang , Zhao Danting , Zhang Wenjie , Lu Gonghao , Lin Lingxin , Zhao Zeyuan , Huang Zijing , Cao Liuxuan
Published: November 2021

The selective transport of ions in nanopores attracts broad interest due to their potential applications in chemical separation, ion filtration, seawater desalination, and energy conversion. The ion selectivity based on the ion dehydration and steric hindrance is still limited by the very similar diameter between different hydrated ions. The selectivity can only separate specific ion species, lacking a general separation effect. Herein, we report the highly ionic selective transport in charged nanopore through the combination of hydraulic pressure and electric field. Based on the coupled Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) and Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, the calculation results suggest that the coupling of hydraulic pressure and electric field can significantly enhance the ion selectivity compared to the results under the single driven force of hydraulic pressure or electric field. Different from the material-property-based ion selective transport, this method endows the general separation effect between different kinds of ions. Through the appropriate combination of hydraulic pressure and electric field, an extremely high selectivity ratio can be achieved. Further in-depth analysis reveals the influence of nanopore diameter, surface charge density and ionic strength on the selectivity ratio. These findings provide a potential route for high-performance ionic selective transport and separation in nanofluidic systems.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of 1T-MoS2/Pelagic Clay Composite and Its Application in the Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol
Authors: Li Nan , Sun Qiwei , Zhang Peiping , Jing Shubo
Published: November 2021

Pelagic clay is an emerging marine resource with strong hydrophilicity, fine particles and a large specific surface area. In this work, a 1T-MoS2/pelagic clay composite was fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis. In the composite, 1T-MoS2 nanosheets are evenly dispersed on the surface of the clay minerals, significantly reducing the agglomeration of MoS2. Compared with pure 1T-MoS2, the 1T-MoS2 nanosheets generated on the surface of pelagic clay have significantly smaller lateral dimensions and thicknesses. Moreover, the specific surface area is much larger than that of the pure 1T-MoS2 nanosheets fabricated by the same method, indicating that the active sites of the MoS2 sheets are fully exposed. In addition, the composite exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, leading to a high dispersibility in aqueous solutions. In this work, the composite was used as a catalyst in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and the conversion of 4-NP reached up to 96.7%. This result shows that the 1T-MoS2/pelagic clay composite is a promising catalyst in a variety of reactions.
Super-Adsorbent Hydrogels for Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution: Dye Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Properties
Authors: Salunkhe Buddhabhushan , Schuman Thomas P.
Published: November 2021

Removal of dyes through adsorption from wastewater has gained substantial interest in recent years, especially in development of hydrogel based adsorbents, owing to their easy use and economical nature. The aim of the present study was to design a super-adsorbent hydrogel based on sodium styrenesulfonate (NaSS) monomer for removal of dyes like methylene blue (MB). NaSS displays both an aromatic ring and strongly ionic group in its monomer structure that can enhance adsorption capacity. Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate-co-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels were prepared by solution free radical polymerization using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) as crosslinker, creating a highly porous, three-dimensionally crosslinked polymer network contributing to higher swelling ratios of up to 27,500%. These super-adsorbent hydrogels exhibited high adsorption capacity of 1270 mg/g for MB adsorption with above 98% removal efficiency. This is the first report for such a high adsorption capacity for dye absorbance for NaSS-based hydrogels. Additionally, the adsorption kinetics using a pseudo-first-order and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm models for multilayer, heterogeneous adsorption processes has been reported. The adsorbents’ reusability was confirmed through 4 repeated cycles of desorption-adsorption. The results discussed herein illustrate that NaSS based chemistries can be used as an efficient option for removal of organic dyes from contaminated wastewater.
Predictors of Clinical Course and Outcomes of Acute Diverticulitis: The Role of Age and Ethnicity
Authors: Taher Randa , Kopelman Yael , Zeina Abdel-Rauf , Mari Amir , Abu Baker Fadi
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives: Acute diverticulitis (AD) is the leading and most burdensome complication of colonic diverticulosis. However, risk factors for its development and predictors of its course are still poorly defined. In this regard, the association of a young age with a complicated course and worse outcome are still controversial. Moreover, little research has addressed the effect of ethnicity on the course of AD. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of these variables on AD’s course and outcome in the diverse and unique ethnic landscape of Israel. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the charts of patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of AD. Patients’ outcomes and disease course, including hospitalization duration, complications, and recurrent episodes, were documented and compared among different age and ethnic groups. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of complicated AD. Results: Overall, 637 patients with AD were included, the majority (95%) had distal colon AD, and almost one quarter of them were aged less than 50 years. The majority of patients in the young age (<50) group were males (69.7%). Nonetheless, the rate of recurrent episodes (35.3% vs. 37.3%, p = 0.19), hospitalization duration (5 ± 4.7 vs. 6 ± 3.2, p = 0.09) and complications rate (17.3% vs. 13.7%; p = 0.16) were similar for both age groups. In the ethnicity group analysis, Arab minority patients had a first episode of AD at a significantly younger age compared to their Jewish counterparts (51.8 vs. 59.4 years, p < 0.001). However, factors such as a complicated course (16% vs. 15%; p = 0.08) and relapsing episode rates (33% vs. 38%; p = 0.36) did not differ significantly between groups. None of the variables, including young age and ethnic group, were predictors of complicated AD course in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: AD is increasingly encountered in young patients, especially in ethnic minority groups, but neither ethnicity nor young age was associated with worse outcomes.
Research on the Force-Sensitive Characteristic of InAs QD Embedded in HEMT
Authors: Wang Rui-Rong , Guo Hao , Tang Jun , Liu Jin-Ping , Liu Li-Shuang
Published: November 2021

A force-sensitive structure of an InAs Quantum Dot (QD) embedded in a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is presented in this paper. The size of an InAs QD is about 30 nm prepared by the S-K growth mode, and the force-sensitive structure is fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The force-sensitivity characteristic of the QD HEMT is studied by the electrical and mechanical properties. The electrical characteristics show that the InAs QD-HEMT has linear, cut-off, and saturation operating states, and produces different output currents under different gate voltages, which shows that the structure is reasonable. Furthermore, the results of the output characteristics under different pressure show that the output voltage of the QD-HEMT decreases with the increase in pressure, which indicates that the InAs QD-HEMT has a vital mechanical–electrical coupling characteristic. The output voltage of the InAs QD-HEMT in the range of 0–100 kPa shows that the sensitivity was 1.09 mV/kPa.
Design, Analysis and Experiment of the Fiber Push-Out Device Based on Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Sun Mengxin , Feng Yong , Xu Jiangtao , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhou Haojie
Published: November 2021

In this study, a fiber push-out device based on a piezoelectric actuator was designed, analyzed and tested, and its experimental environment was designed. The piezoelectric actuator includes a flexible beam. By using response surface analysis (RSM), taking the large displacement as the objective function and on the premise of meeting the strength requirements, the structural parameters of the flexible beam were analyzed. In the process of fiber push-out, the interfacial shear stress was estimated by establishing the system integrating the fiber-matrix-composite three-phase model and the piezoelectric actuator model using the analytic method, and the theoretical analysis results of the fiber interface mechanical properties were given. A prototype of the system was made, and the performance tests of the piezoelectric actuator and the fiber push-out device were carried out. The test results showed that the designed piezoelectric actuator can achieve a stepping resolution of 6.67 μm and a maximum displacement of about 100 μm at the input voltage of 150 V, which is consistent with the design results. The extrusion test of a single fiber was carried out using a piezoelectric actuator. The mechanical properties of the interfacial layer during the push-out process were measured and the interfacial shear strength was calculated, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis results. Finally, based on the mechanical properties obtained from the test, the loading failure process of the fiber was simulated by finite element analysis, which well explained the failure process of the fiber, thus verifying the feasibility of the designed fiber push-out device.
Experimental Research on NO2 Viscosity and Absorption for (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Trifluoroacetate + Triethanolamine) Binary Mixtures
Authors: Liu Baoyou , Wang Xinyu , Tian Jie , Zhang Peiwen , Yang Huilong , Jin Nanxi
Published: November 2021

The viscosity (9.34–405.92 mPa·s) and absorption capacity (0.4394–1.0562 g·g−1) of (1-ethyl-3-methylidazolium trifluoroacetate + triethanolamine) binary blends atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 303.15–343.15 K and at different mole fractions of [EMIM] [TFA] have been carried out. The molar fraction of [EMIM] [TFA] dependence of the viscosity and absorption capacity was demonstrated. The addition of a small amount of [EMIM] [TFA] into TEA led to rapidly decreased rates of binary blends’ viscosity and absorption capacity. However, the viscosity and absorption of binary blends did not decrease significantly when [EMIM] [TFA] was increased to a specific value. Compared with the molar fraction of the solution, the temperature had no obvious effect on viscosity and absorption capacity. By modeling and optimizing the ratio of viscosity and absorption capacity of ([EMIM] [TFA] + TEA), it is proven that when the mole fraction of [EMIM] [TFA] is 0.58, ([EMIM] [TFA] + TEA) has the best viscosity and absorption capacity at the same time. In addition, at 303.15 K, ([EMIM] [TFA] + TEA) was absorbed and desorbed six times, the absorption slightly decreased, and the desorption increased.
The Relation between Drying Conditions and the Development of Volatile Compounds in Saffron (Crocus sativus)
Authors: Cid-Pérez Teresa Soledad , Nevárez-Moorillón Guadalupe Virginia , Ochoa-Velasco Carlos Enrique , Navarro-Cruz Addí Rhode , Hernández-Carranza Paola , Avila-Sosa Raúl
Published: November 2021

Saffron is derived from the stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus L. The drying process is the most important post-harvest step for converting C. sativus stigmas into saffron. The aim of this review is to evaluate saffron’s post-harvest conditions in the development of volatile compounds and its aroma descriptors. It describes saffron’s compound generation by enzymatic pathways and degradation reactions. Saffron quality is described by their metabolite’s solubility and the determination of picrocrocin, crocins, and safranal. The drying process induce various modifications in terms of color, flavor and aroma, which take place in the spice. It affects the aromatic species chemical profile. In the food industry, saffron is employed for its sensory attributes, such as coloring, related mainly to crocins (mono-glycosyl esters or di-glycosyl polyene).
The Impact of Redox, Hydrolysis and Dehydration Chemistry on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Magnetoferritin Prepared in Variable Thermal Conditions
Authors: Balejčíková Lucia , Saksl Karel , Kováč Jozef , Martel Anne , Garamus Vasil M. , Avdeev Mikhail V. , Petrenko Viktor I. , Almásy László , Kopčanský Peter
Published: November 2021

Ferritin, a spherically shaped protein complex, is responsible for iron storage in bacteria, plants, animals, and humans. Various ferritin iron core compositions in organisms are associated with specific living requirements, health state, and different biochemical roles of ferritin isomers. Magnetoferritin, a synthetic ferritin derivative, serves as an artificial model system of unusual iron phase structures found in humans. We present the results of a complex structural study of magnetoferritins prepared by controlled in vitro synthesis. Using various complementary methods, it was observed that manipulation of the synthesis technology can improve the physicochemical parameters of the system, which is useful in applications. Thus, a higher synthesis temperature leads to an increase in magnetization due to the formation of the magnetite phase. An increase in the iron loading factor has a more pronounced impact on the protein shell structure in comparison with the pH of the aqueous medium. On the other hand, a higher loading factor at physiological temperature enhances the formation of an amorphous phase instead of magnetite crystallization. It was confirmed that the iron-overloading effect alone (observed during pathological events) cannot contribute to the formation of magnetite.
Electrochemical Organic Synthesis of Electron-Rich Biaryl Scaffolds: An Update
Authors: Medici Fabrizio , Resta Simonetta , Puglisi Alessandra , Rossi Sergio , Raimondi Laura , Benaglia Maurizio
Published: November 2021

Biaryl scaffolds are widely spread in biologically important natural products, in numerous therapeutic agents, but they are also considered a privileged class of ligands and (organo)catalysts; therefore, the development of efficient alternative methodologies to prepare such compounds is always attracting much attention. The present review discusses the organic electrosynthesis of biaryls starting from phenols, anilines, naphthols, and naphthylamines. The most significant examples of the works reported in the last decade are presented and classified according to the single class of molecules: after the introduction, the first three sections relate to the reactions of phenols, naphthols, and anilines, respectively; the other two sections refer to cross-coupling and miscellaneous reactions.
Role of Basic Surface Groups of Activated Carbon in Chlordecone and β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Adsorption: A Molecular Modelling Study
Authors: Melchor-Rodríguez Kenia , Carmenate-Rodríguez Chayan , Ferino-Pérez Anthuan , Gaspard Sarra , Jáuregui-Haza Ulises J.
Published: November 2021

The influence of nitrogen-containing surface groups (SGs) onto activated carbon (AC) over the adsorption of chlordecone (CLD) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) was characterized by a molecular modelling study, considering pH (single protonated SGs) and hydration effect (up to three water molecules). The interactions of both pollutants with amines and pyridine as basic SGs of AC were studied, applying the multiple minima hypersurface (MMH) methodology and using PM7 semiempirical Hamiltonian. Representative structures from MMH were reoptimized using the M06-2X density functional theory. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) was used to characterize the interaction types in order understanding the adsorption process. A favorable association of both pesticides with the amines and pyridine SGs onto AC was observed at all pH ranges, both in the absence and presence of water molecules. However, a greater association of both pollutants with the primary amine was found under an acidic pH condition. QTAIM results show that the interactions of CLD and β-HCH with the SGs onto AC are governed by Cl···C interactions of chlorine atoms of both pesticides with the graphitic surface. Electrostatic interactions (H-bonds) were observed when water molecules were added to the systems. A physisorption mechanism is suggested for CLD and β-HCH adsorption on nitrogen-containing SGs of AC.
Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for Determination of Inorganic Analytes in Waters
Authors: Poboży Ewa , Trojanowicz Marek
Published: November 2021

Aside from HPLC and GC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most important techniques for high-performance separations in modern analytical chemistry. Its main advantages are the possibility of using different detection techniques, the possibility of in-capillary sample processing for preconcentration or derivatization, and ease of instrumental miniaturization down to the microfluidic scale. Those features are utilized in the separation of macromolecules in biochemistry and in genetic investigations, but they can be also used in determinations of inorganic ions in water analysis. This review, based on about 100 original research works, presents applications of CE methods in water analysis reported in recent decade, mostly regarding conductivity detection or indirect UV detection. The developed applications include analysis of high salinity sea waters, as well as analysis of other surface waters and drinking waters.
One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Methoxybenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile Derivatives; Anti-Chagas, X-ray, and In Silico ADME/Tox Profiling Studies
Authors: Ramírez Hegira , Charris Katiuska , Fernandez-Moreira Esteban , Nogueda-Torres Benjamín , Capparelli Mario V. , Ángel Jorge , Charris Jaime
Published: November 2021

Several methoxybenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile analogs were designed and synthesized in a repositioning approach to developing compounds with anti-prostate cancer and anti-Chagas disease properties. The compounds were synthesized through a sequential multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and 1-tetralone in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid (catalytic). The effect of the one-pot method on the generation of the target product has been studied. The compounds were in vitro screened against bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (NINOA and INC-5 strains) and were most effective at showing a better activity profile than nifurtimox and benznidazole (reference drugs). A study in silico on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) profiling to help describe the molecular properties related to the pharmacokinetic aspects in the human body of these compounds was reported. In addition, X-ray data for the compound 2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-8-methoxybenzo[h]quinoline-3-carbonitrile 6 was being reported. Spectral (IR, NMR, and elemental analyses) data on all final compounds were consistent with the proposed structures.
A Pharmacokinetic Study of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine after Oral Administration of Ojeok-San by Validated LC-MS/MS Method in Human Plasma
Authors: Lee Sooyoung , Shim Wang-Seob , Yoo Heejo , Choi Sanghee , Yoon Jiyoung , Lee Kwang-Young , Chung Eun-Kyoung , Lee Byung-Cheol , Yim Sung-Vin , Kim Bo-Hyung , Lee Kyung-Tae
Published: November 2021

A sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma after oral administration of the herbal prescription Ojeok-san (OJS); 2-phenylethylamine was used as the internal standard (IS). Both compounds presented a linear calibration curve (r2 ≥ 0.99) over a concentration range of 0.2–50 ng/mL. The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, lower limit of quantitation, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect, and stability, according to the regulatory guidelines from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. This validated method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic assessment of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in 20 healthy Korean volunteers administered OJS.
Synthetic Approach to Rice Waste-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Applications
Authors: Mubarik Shamroza , Qureshi Nawal , Sattar Zainab , Shaheen Aqeela , Kalsoom Ambreen , Imran Marryam , Hanif Farzana
Published: November 2021

The utilization of biomass waste to produce valuable products has extraordinary advantages as far as both the economy and climate are concerned, which have become particularly significant lately. The large-scale manufacturing of agricultural waste, mainly rice by-products (rice husk, rice straw, and rice bran), empowers them to be the most broadly examined biomasses as they contain lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Rice waste was first used to incorporate bulk materials, while the manufacturing of versatile nanostructures from rice waste at low cost has been developed in recent years and attracts much consideration nowadays. Carbon-based nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, fullerenes, and carbon nanofibers have tremendous potential in climate and energy-related applications. Various methods have been reported to synthesize high-value carbon nanomaterials, but the use of green technology for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials is most common nowadays because of the abundant availability of the starting precursor, non-toxicity, low fabrication cost, ease of modification, and eco-friendly nature; therefore, reusing low-value biomass waste for the processing of renewable materials to fabricate high-value products is remarkable. Carbon nanomaterials derived from rice waste have broad applications in various disciplines owing to their distinctive physicochemical, electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and enhanced biocompatibility properties. The main objective of this review and basic criteria of selecting examples and explanations is to highlight the green routes for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials—i.e., graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots—from rice biomass waste, and their extensive applications in biomedical research (bio-imaging), environmental (water remediation), and energy-related (electrodes for supercapacitors, Li-ion battery, fuel cells, and solar cells) applications. This review summarizes recent advancements, challenges, and trends for rice waste obtained from renewable resources for utilization in the fabrication of versatile carbon-based nanomaterials.
Feeding Behaviour and Lifestyle of Children and Adolescents One Year after Lockdown by the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile
Authors: Bustos-Arriagada Edson , Fuentealba-Urra Sergio , Etchegaray-Armijo Karina , Quintana-Aguirre Nicolás , Castillo-Valenzuela Oscar
Published: November 2021

Lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced feeding behaviour and lifestyle in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to analyse feeding behaviour and lifestyle in children and adolescents one year after lockdown by the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. In this cross-sectional study an online survey was implemented in 1083 parents and caregivers regarding their children’s feeding behaviour and lifestyle and sociodemographic background. The results showed that “eat breakfast daily” (89.2%), “not overnight food intake” (69.9%) and “not fast-food intake” (66.0%) were the most frequent reported feeding behaviours, particularly in pre-school children. Respondents declaring healthy feeding behaviours and lifestyle were 23.4 and 23.7%, respectively, with no significant differences by sex. In pre-school children, families with three or fewer members and parents or caregivers with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree reported a significantly better feeding behaviour and lifestyle compared to families with more than three members and parents or caregivers without an undergraduate or postgraduate degree. In conclusion, the pandemic lockdown had a negative impact in lifestyle in children and particularly in adolescents. Healthier feeding behaviour was associated with fewer family members and parents or caregivers with at least an undergraduate degree.
The Effectiveness of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and the Traditional Brazilian Diet in Reducing the Inflammatory Profile of Individuals with Severe Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Longhi Rafael , Santos Annelisa Silva e Alves de Carvalho , López-Yerena Anallely , Rodrigues Ana Paula Santos , Oliveira Cesar de , Silveira Erika Aparecida
Published: November 2021

We analyzed the effectiveness of two nutritional interventions alone and together, EVOO and the DieTBra, on the inflammatory profile of severely obese individuals. This study was an RCT with 149 individuals aged from 18 to 65 years, with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2, randomized into three intervention groups: (1) 52 mL/day of EVOO (n = 50); (2) DieTBra (n = 49); and (3) DieTBra plus 52 mL/day of EVOO (DieTBra + EVOO, n = 50). The primary outcomes we measured were the-neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the secondary outcomes we measured were the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR); leukocytes; and C reactive protein (CRP). After 12 weeks of intervention, DieTBra + EVOO significantly reduced the total leucocytes (p = 0.037) and LMR (p = 0.008). No statistically significant differences were found for the NLR in neither the intra-group and inter-group analyses, although a slight reduction was found in the DieTBra group (−0.22 ± 1.87). We observed reductions in the total leukocytes and LMR in the three groups, though without statistical difference between groups. In conclusion, nutritional intervention with DietBra + EVOO promotes a significant reduction in inflammatory biomarkers, namely leukocytes and LMR. CRP was reduced in EVOO and DieTBra groups and NLR reduced in the DieTBra group. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under NCT02463435.