bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for weak oceanic transform faults
Authors: Behn Mark D. , Lin Jian , Zuber Maria T.
Published: January 2003

We present the results of a series of 3‐D boundary element calculations to investigate the effects of oceanic transform faults on stress state and fault development at adjacent mid‐ocean ridge spreading centers. We find that the time‐averaged strength of transform faults is low, and that on time scales longer than a typical earthquake cycle transform faults behave as zones of significant weakness. Specifically, mechanical coupling of only ∼5% best explains the observed patterns of strike‐slip and oblique normal faulting near a ridge‐transform intersection. On time scales shorter than a typical earthquake cycle, transient “locked” periods can produce anomalous reverse faulting similar to that observed at the inside corner (IC) of several slow‐spreading ridge segments. Furthermore, we predict that extensional stresses will be suppressed at the IC due to the shear along the transform resisting ridge‐normal extension. This implies that an alternative mechanism is necessary to explain the preferential normal fault growth and enhanced microseismicity observed at many ICs.
Universal spectra of electric field pulsations in the atmosphere
Authors: Anisimov S. V. , Mareev E. A. , Shikhova N. M. , Dmitriev E. M.
Published: January 2003

Short‐term (f ≃ 10−3–1 Hz) electric field pulsations in the surface atmospheric layer have been measured during 1999–2001 under the fair‐weather and fog conditions. At the frequencies of 10−2–1 Hz these pulsations have a power‐law spectrum with the spectral index varying in the range from −1.23 to −3.36 while the most probable values of the index fall into the range from −2.25 to −3.0, unlike the temperature fluctuation spectra which obey in the inertial subrange the Kolmogorov power law with the spectral index close to −5/3. Under the fog conditions the intensity of electric‐field pulsations increases by about an order of magnitude compared to the fair‐weather conditions. The relation of spectral characteristics to the formation of aero‐electric structures (AESs) is evident; the spectral index distribution during AES flyby has two maxima. Analysis of the mechanisms explains the relationship between electric‐field spectra and the neutral‐gas turbulence and AES formation.
A multi‐century perspective of variability in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation: new insights from tree rings and coral
Authors: Gedalof Ze'ev , Mantua Nathan J. , Peterson David L.
Published: January 2003

Annual growth increments from trees and coral heads provide an opportunity to develop proxy records of North Pacific climatic variability that extend back in time well beyond the earliest instrumental records, and in regions where records have not been kept. Here we combine five published proxy records of North Pacific climatic variability in order to identify the extent to which these records provide a coherent picture of Pacific Basin climatic variability. This composite chronology is well correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index, and provides a better record of PDO variability than any of the constituent chronologies back to 1840. A comparison of these records suggests that the PDO may not have been an important organizing structure in the North Pacific climate system over much of the 19th century, possibly indicating changes in the spatial pattern of sea‐level pressure and consequent surface climate patterns of variability over the Americas.
Surface currents in the tropical Atlantic across high density XBT line AX08
Authors: Goni Gustavo J. , Baringer Molly O.
Published: January 2003

Three temperature sections that cross the tropical Atlantic obtained from high density XBT transects are used to identify the major surface currents and to compute their water mass transports. The dynamic heights are computed using XBT temperature profiles with salinity derived from historical T‐S relationships. The values of dynamic height estimated from altimeter data used in conjunction with climatological dynamic height fields are within 3 cm of the XBT‐derived values. The error in XBT‐derived dynamic height introduced by using historical T‐S relationships instead of actual salinity values are estimated to be of the order of 1.5 cm. Dynamic height estimates using the actual salinity values underestimate those obtained using historical T‐S relationships. The structure exhibited in the dynamic height and altimeter‐derived sea height fields do not reveal all the upper ocean currents, making these temperature sections presented here critical for computing transports and identifying currents in this region.
Salinity barrier layer and onset of El Niño in a Pacific coupled model
Authors: Maes Christophe , Picaut Joël , Belamari Sophie
Published: January 2003

The importance of the barrier layer during the onset of El Niño is investigated using a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model. Sensitivity experiments are done by removing or keeping the salinity stratification in the upper layer of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool. The barrier layer favors the maintenance and displacement of the warm pool into the central Pacific by isolating the mixed layer from the entrainment cooling at depth and by confining the response of westerly wind events (WWEs) to a shallow mixed layer. The increased zonal fetch of WWEs through the coupling with sea surface temperature (SST) enhances downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves and thus leads to El Niño. In the absence of salinity stratification, slightly cooler SST and a reduced eastward displacement of the warm pool result in a reduced El Niño or a return to the mean seasonal cycle of the model. The possibility that the barrier layer affects the onset of El Niño pleads for a careful consideration of the salinity stratification in climate forecasts.
Large‐scale instabilities of the Laurentide ice sheet simulated in a fully coupled climate‐system model
Authors: Calov Reinhard , Ganopolski Andrey , Petoukhov Vladimir , Claussen Martin , Greve Ralf
Published: January 2003

Heinrich events, related to large‐scale surges of the Laurentide ice sheet, represent one of the most dramatic types of abrupt climate change occurring during the last glacial. Here, using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐biosphere‐ice sheet model, we simulate quasi‐periodic large‐scale surges from the Laurentide ice sheet. The average time between simulated events is about 7,000 yrs, while the surging phase of each event lasts only several hundred years, with a total ice volume discharge corresponding to 5–10 m of sea level rise. In our model the simulated ice surges represent internal oscillations of the ice sheet. At the same time, our results suggest the possibility of a synchronization between instabilities of different ice sheets, as indicated in paleoclimate records.
Site distribution and aliasing effects in the inversion for load coefficients and geocenter motion from GPS data
Authors: Wu Xiaoping , Argus Donald F. , Heflin Michael B. , Ivins Erik R. , Webb Frank H.
Published: January 2003

Precise GPS measurements of elastic relative site displacements due to surface mass loading offer important constraints on global surface mass transport. We investigate effects of site distribution and aliasing by higher‐degree (n ≥ 2) loading terms on inversion of GPS data for n = 1 load coefficients and geocenter motion. Covariance and simulation analyses are conducted to assess the sensitivity of the inversion to aliasing and mismodeling errors and possible uncertainties in the n = 1 load coefficient determination. We found that the use of center‐of‐figure approximation in the inverse formulation could cause 10–15% errors in the inverted load coefficients. n = 1 load estimates may be contaminated significantly by unknown higher‐degree terms, depending on the load scenario and the GPS site distribution. The uncertainty in n = 1 zonal load estimate is at the level of 80–95% for two load scenarios.
First Jicamarca radar observations of two‐stream E region irregularities under daytime counter equatorial electrojet conditions
Authors: Woodman Ronald F. , Chau Jorge L.
Published: January 2003

We report the first Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) observations of two‐stream irregularities under daytime counter equatorial electrojet (CEEJ) conditions, made with a VHF radar. This type of irregularity, although predicted by linear theory, has been observed only very few times at other sites (once in Africa and once in India). In the first 40 years of the existence of JRO, these irregularities were not observed. Since June 2000 and November 2001, we have observed them, surprisingly on seven different days. Our observations reveal that CEEJ irregularities appear only when large reversed zonal electric fields exist. We have used the horizontal component of the magnetic field due to the equatorial electrojet (ΔH) as a proxy of the zonal electric fields. Initially, the CEEJ echoes are weak, with a Doppler velocity comparable to the ion‐acoustic speed, and a relatively narrow spectral width and coming only from small elevation angles. As the ΔH value gets more negative (∼−200 nT around noon), very strong CEEJ echoes appear, still with ion‐acoustic velocities at low elevation angles but with large spectral widths. The Doppler shifts of the spectra follow a dependence on the cosine of elevation angle. Weak CEEJ echoes are again observed when the irregularities are about to disappear (i.e., when ΔH is just slightly negative of the threshold value). In order to get a better understanding of the scattering mechanism responsible for these echoes, we have devised a simple statistical model and compared its spectra to the spectral radar data. The CEEJ spectral characteristics can be explained on the basis of turbulent plasma breakdown of pure two‐stream instabilities. These echoes are thought to be generated by nonlinear mode coupling and, when sufficiently strong, by secondary wave instabilities driven by pure two‐stream waves at the density maximum and the topside of the E region.
Altitude dependence of middle and low‐latitude daytime thermospheric disturbance winds measured by WINDII
Authors: Emmert J. T. , Fejer B. G. , Shepherd G. G. , Solheim B. H.
Published: January 2003

Thermospheric neutral winds exhibit strong altitudinal and latitudinal variation during geomagnetically quiet and active times. We use daytime middle and low‐latitude neutral winds measured by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) instrument on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) over the 90–275 km height range to study the altitude and season dependent climatology of disturbance winds (i.e., with quiet time patterns removed) in magnetic coordinates. The daytime perturbations winds are generally equatorward and westward and decrease toward the magnetic equator. Both the zonal and meridional components decrease sharply below 120 km and are essentially insignificant below 100 km. The seasonal dependence of the disturbance winds is strongest in the early morning sector. The zonal disturbance winds are predominantly westward with largest magnitudes near 150 km at late afternoon upper midlatitudes (magnetic latitudes 50°–60°) and near 120 km in the early morning winter between 25° and 45°. At upper midlatitudes in the early morning sector, the zonal perturbation winds are eastward above ∼120 km in the summer hemisphere and between ∼120 and 180 km in the winter hemisphere. Eastward perturbations are also observed near the magnetic equator with largest values near noon at 250 km. The meridional perturbation winds are mostly equatorward and nearly height‐independent above ∼150 km, with the largest magnitudes occurring in the early morning winter hemisphere. In the late afternoon sector the upper midlatitude meridional disturbance winds are poleward, and there is a small winter‐to‐summer flow at lower latitudes. In general, the storm‐time dependence of the disturbance winds is quite complex. The perturbation winds begin to develop after 0–9 hours and tend to saturate 12–24 hours after storm onset. The development does not change much with altitude, and the seasonal dependence is generally important only at storm times greater than 6–12 hours.
Flow measurement in streams using video imagery
Authors: Bradley A. Allen , Kruger Anton , Meselhe Ehab A. , Muste Marian V. I.
Published: January 2003

A video imagery technique for making flow measurements in streams and waterways is presented and used to estimate discharge for Clear Creek near Oxford, Iowa. A video camera was used to visualize the flow seeded with tracers. Measurements of free surface flow velocities were then made using particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. The velocity measurements were used as input to a hydraulic model, which uses kinematic principles (conservation of mass) to derive three‐dimensional flow fields for discharge estimation. A survey of five channel cross sections over a 7.15 m length of stream were made to define the channel bathymetry for the hydraulic model. The average channel width was 5.7 m, and the average depth was 0.2 m. The discharge estimate using the video technique (0.183 m3/s) compares well with the current meter discharge measurement (0.192 m3/s with an estimated standard error of 6.4%). The root‐mean square difference of the depth‐averaged velocity at the locations of the current meter measurements was 0.032 m/s. Potential applications of the video imagery technique include measurements of flood flows at ungaged sites, river monitoring from a remote site, and estimation of two‐ and three‐dimensional flow components.
Repair of Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures in 12 Cattle
Authors: Ivany Ewoldt Jennifer M. , Hull Bruce L. , Ayars William H.
Published: January 2003

Objective—To document signalment, clinical signs, and long‐term outcome of surgical treatment for femoral capital physeal fractures in cattle.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Twelve cattle with femoral capital physeal fractures.

Methods—Cases were identified by a search of radiographic records. Historical, diagnostic, surgical, and outcome data were collected from the medical records. Owners were contacted for follow‐up information by telephone.

Results—Fractures were repaired by screws inserted in lag fashion in 4 animals and by use of multiple intramedullary pins in 8 animals. Six of 12 animals required repeat surgery to reposition screws or pins. Nine animals were considered successfully treated at discharge. Six months after surgery, 6 of 11 animals for which follow‐up was obtained were still sound. At 12 months, 4 of 4 animals alive were still sound. Animals that bore weight earliest postoperatively were more likely to have a successful outcome. Animals <12 months of age had better outcomes than animals >12 months of age.

Conclusions—Prognosis for serviceable soundness is good in cattle <12 months of age and fair in animals >12 months of age after surgical repair of femoral capital physeal fracture by stacking intramedullary pins or by screws inserted in lag fashion.

Clinical Relevance—Surgical repair of femoral capital physeal fracture is most successful in younger cattle and can result in productive animals.
Use of Veterinary Interlocking Nails for Diaphyseal Fractures in Dogs and Cats: 121 Cases
Authors: Duhautois Bruno
Published: January 2003

Objective— To report clinical outcome after use of an interlocking nail (veterinary interlocking nail [VIN]) for stabilization of diaphyseal fractures in dogs and cats.

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Animals— Seventy‐eight dogs and 43 cats with diaphyseal fractures of the femur (n = 96), tibia (n = 14), or humerus (n = 11).

Methods— Interlocking nails (4 mm diameter [n = 72], 6 mm [n = 25] or 8 mm [n = 24]), were used in static (n = 106) or dynamic (n = 15) fixation mode. Cerclage wires also were used in 63 (52%) cases. Data about the patient (species, breed, weight, age), characteristics of the fracture, and details of the surgery and perioperative complications were recorded. The surgeon evaluated functional outcome, and fracture healing was quantified 6 weeks (W6) and 3 months (M3) after surgery with a radiographic index.

Results— Twelve cases had been unsuccessfully treated by another technique. Of 106 comminuted fractures, 60 were classified as unstable. Only 112 animals were evaluated at W6; 86 (77%) healed without complication and had a functional outcome considered excellent (n = 80, 93%), good (n = 5, 4%), or fair (n = 1). Twenty‐six complications were noted: 16 (14%) patients did not require additional surgery and had a good or excellent outcome, whereas 10 (8%) patients needed surgical intervention to achieve a satisfactory outcome (8 patients). Sixty‐one percent of fractures were healed at W6, 94% by M3. VIN failure (n = 3) because of an error in selection of diameter or length (locking screw too close to the fracture) and nonunion after a locking error (n = 2) were considered failures of repair.

Conclusions— VINs can be used to repair diaphyseal fractures of the femur, tibia, and humerus in dogs and cats provided the implants are appropriately sized for the fractured bone. The high healing rate (even with unstable fractures), associated with a functional outcome, and low complication rate support the use of VINs for these fracture types. However, a period of training and the application of basic principles are necessary to ensure successful results.

Clinical Relevance— VINs should be considered as alternative technique for management of selected diaphyseal fractures of the femur, tibia, and humerus in dogs and cats.
Extraosseous Cement Granuloma Associated With Total Hip Replacement in 6 Dogs
Authors: Palmisano Matthew P. , Dyce Jonathan , Olmstead Marvin L.
Published: January 2003

Objective—To report the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of extraosseous cement granuloma (ECG), a low occurrence, long‐term complication of total hip replacement (THR).

Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.

Sample Population—Six client‐owned dogs.

Methods—Medical records for 6 dogs that had a cemented modular THR and developed ECG were reviewed for the clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings of ECG. Morphologic and elemental analyses of retrieved particles were conducted in 2 dogs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Results—Three golden retrievers and 3 Labrador retrievers had progressive lameness in the operated limb 4 to 7 years after THR and developed ECG. Other clinical features included an acute deterioration to non–weight bearing associated with pathologic fracture of the proximal femur in 2 dogs, and obstipation in 1 dog. In 5 dogs, there was a large caseous mass surrounding the proximal femur. Obstipation in 1 dog was caused by a similar mass adjacent to bone cement used for fixation of the acetabular cup. Radiographic changes included a multilobular soft tissue mass, containing irregular mineral densities, in the gluteal mass surrounding the proximal femur, THR interface deterioration, osteolysis, new bone formation, and implant subsidence were consistent with chronic aseptic loosening. The histopathologic diagnosis was sterile granuloma associated with a massive heterogeneous particulate burden, which was assumed to have resulted from severe wear of all prosthesis components.

Conclusions—ECG is a manifestation of severe aseptic loosening of cemented total hip replacement, with the generation of wear debris probably responsible for granuloma formation.

Clinical Relevance—Because revision can offer a good prognosis in early aseptic femoral loosening, yearly radiographic monitoring of the recipients is recommended.
Use of an active intra‐abdominal drain in 67 horses
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Snyder Jack R. , Vatistas Nicholas J. , Spier Sharon J. , Van Hoogmoed Linda
Published: January 2003

Objective—To describe the insertion technique, efficacy, and complications associated with the use of an active (closed‐suction) abdominal drain in horses.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Sixty‐seven horses with abdominal contamination treated by abdominal lavage and use of a closed‐suction abdominal drain.

Methods—Medical records of horses (1989–1996) that had a closed‐suction abdominal drain were reviewed. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone interviews with owners.

Results—Sixty‐eight closed‐suction abdominal drains were used in 67 horses that had abdominal contamination, peritonitis, or to prevent adhesion formation. The drain was placed under general anesthesia (62 horses) or in a standing position (6 horses). Abdominal lavage was performed every 4 to 12 hours and about 83% of the peritoneal lavage solution was retrieved. Minor complications associated with drain use occurred in 49% of the horses and included obstruction or slow passage of fluid through the drain in 18 horses (26%), leakage of fluid around the drain in 11 horses (16%), and subcutaneous fluid accumulation around the drain in 8 horses (12%). Incisional suppuration developed in 20 of 62 (32%) and incisional herniation in 5 of 46 (11%) horses.

Conclusions—A closed‐suction drain system was easily placed and was associated with only minor complications in most horses.

Clinical Relevance—Active abdominal drainage and lavage is a useful adjunct in the treatment of peritonitis or as a prophylactic procedure in horses at risk of developing septic peritonitis and abdominal adhesions. Clinicians should be aware of the high incidence of minor complications.
Delivering content to universities and colleges: JISC's new information environment
Authors: Baldwin Christine
Published: January 2003

The Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) is currently developing a new electronic information environment that will revolutionize how users at academic institutions discover and access scholarly material. This new information environment will provide seamless and integrated access to national and local collections, including content licensed from publishers. This article describes the reasons why the new information environment is being developed, how it will work, and why publishers should find out more.
eJournals Delivery Service: an email to Internet experiment
Authors: Cerdeira Hilda A.
Published: January 2003

The eJournals Delivery Service (eJDS) allows scientists based in institutions in developing countries with slow access to the Internet due to very low bandwith or extreme economic problems, to retrieve online articles from well‐known journals, using offline browsing with email. This pioneering experiment, run by the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in collaboration with Academic Press, American Physical Society, and World Scientific, started in Jan. 2002.
The Open Archives Initiative and the OAI Protocol for Metadata Harvesting: rapidly forming a new tier in the scholarly communication infrastructure
Authors: Rusch‐Feja Diann
Published: January 2003

The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is a major development aimed at heightening interoperability and providing more targeted access to scholarly electronic full texts. This article gives an overview of the development and philosophy of the OAI, then highlights ongoing research and the initiative's status as of March 2002. Finally, the impact of widespread adoption and its implications for the scientific community are outlined.
One university press
Authors: Sisler William P.
Published: January 2003

Harvard University Press developed from modest beginnings to its current status as one of the largest North American university presses. This article describes the operations of the Press and outlines some of the problems and questions facing the university press in the modern publishing environment.
Scottish Archive of Print and Publishing History Records
Authors: Finkelstein David , Bromage Sarah , McCleery Alistair
Published: January 2003

‘It's important that we remember the past is not just dry facts and statistics but also the detailed lives of real people. SAPPHIRE aims to give a voice to these lives.’

The Scottish Archive of Print and Publishing History Records (SAPPHIRE), an initiative with Napier University as lead and Queen Margaret University College as main collaborative partner, is an oral history project which aims to record the social, economic and cultural heritage of the Scottish printing and publishing industry in the 20th century.

Undertaken in partnership with a number of Scottish organizations, its results are providing a better understanding of an important and overlooked part of Scotland's heritage. Outcomes of the project include a permanent oral history archive stored at the Edward Clark Collection at Napier University, and exhibitions and publications on the history of the printing and publishing industry. The development and current activities of SAPPHIRE are described and reviewed.
Calculating pricing models choices: rising to the challenge
Authors: Ginn Claire
Published: January 2003

Creating new prices for online content, combined content (print plus online) and consortia offers is complicated but can boost your publications' circulation and profitability. This article offers an analysis tool to help you begin to sort out whether it is worth the hassle.
Op. cit.: publishing in the humanities and social sciences
Authors:   The Knight Higher Education Collaborative
Published: January 2003

Do the humanities and social sciences have the same publishing requirements as the sciences? What can be done to counter perceptions that acquisition funds have migrated away from publications in the fields of the humanities and social sciences to meet the escalating cost of electronic and print journals in the natural and applied sciences? With university presses, non‐profit publishers, and the academy itself under strain, we examine the problems, discuss the continuing requirements of scholarship, the implications for funding strategies, and the role of technology, and give examples of new ventures that suggest possible solutions to the problems. We conclude that the primary values that scholars in the humanities and social sciences hold are not dramatically different from those of other academic disciplines and make recommendations for building a broader base of support for scholarship in these areas.
Non‐subscription revenue as a source of income
Authors: Gedye Richard
Published: January 2003

The value of published content differs from market to market. This article briefly examines ways of generating income outside the core academic research market and beyond the mechanisms of consortial and individual article sales.
Electronic journals: user realities — the truth about content usage among the STM community
Authors: Worlock Kate
Published: January 2003

Kate Worlock, a consultant for research and consultancy organization Electronic Publishing Services, reports on a study conducted for the Ingenta Institute on how UK users access, use, and pay for electronic articles from scientific journals. The findings reveal a research community increasingly conditioned to expecting content as soon as it is available for dissemination rather than waiting for the delivery of the physical journal itself.
The peer‐review process
Authors: Rowland Fytton
Published: January 2003

The recent literature about peer review of scholarly articles is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the cost of the peer‐review process. Possible impacts of electronic scholarly publishing upon peer reviewing are discussed. Opinion among academics in their roles as authors, editors and referees seems likely to insist upon preservation of a pre‐publication refereeing system in most disciplines. As the administration of any such system seems to have a cost of about $400 per published article, any scholarly publishing system will need to locate financial support to at least that extent, and a system of lump‐sum payment by the authors' funders is best placed to cover this cost while providing universal free access to scholarly material.
Linking to full text: the secondary publisher's perspective
Authors: Powell Andrea
Published: January 2003

For a secondary database publisher, the imperative to provide seamless links between the bibliographic citations and the corresponding full text is unequivocal. Online publishing should, in theory, make this linkage easier to facilitate, but the reality is far more complex than the theory! CABI Publishing has been endeavouring continually to improve the linkage to full text offered by its bibliographic databases, and has encountered some obstacles which may not be immediately apparent to primary publishers. This article explains some of those obstacles and provides some insight into how secondary publishers are attempting to respond to the demands of the marketplace and the potential of online publishing.
The Pergamon phenomenon 1951–1991: Robert Maxwell and scientific publishing
Authors: Cox Brian
Published: January 2003

The author retired from Elsevier Science in 1998. His first employer in the book trade was Sir Basil Blackwell. He later worked for 31 years for Robert Maxwell at Headington Hill Hall, initially as subscription manager, and finally as a director of Pergamon Journals and Pergamon Press. In this memoir, he describes his personal experience of Maxwell, the man, and of Pergamon Press, the company he founded and ran.
You are the weakest link — goodbye: serving the information‐hungry corporate end‐user
Authors: Harwood Paul
Published: January 2003

How can the information professional rise to the challenge of serving the modern corporate user? This paper examines the stresses and strains within the system and draws parallels with developments in the academic world from which corporate information providers can learn valuable lessons.
Medical journal publishing: one culture or several?
Authors: Albert Tim , Williamson Alex
Published: January 2003

Medical publishing uses the skills of people from a wide range of backgrounds. In this study we set out to examine their attitudes and assess the degree of homogeneity. We gathered questionnaire responses from selected editors and medical reviewers and found that, on the whole, there was a homogeneous culture, though there were some significant differences. This has important implications for managers and trainers.
Challenges to the role of publishers
Authors: Waltham Mary
Published: January 2003

What future roles will publishers need to build on and develop given changes driven by the online system for the publication of research‐based information? By reviewing some of the key issues currently faced by publishers online, this article is an attempt to provide a constructive framework for working through both immediate tactical pressures and priorities, and longer‐term plans on product refinement and market needs. The areas of publishing affected by online availability are identified and contrasted with those that are not. Success rests on the ability of publishers to listen to and observe online users, to be open to the new opportunities that arise, and to be willing to adapt publications to provide value to the research community and libraries by making full and sound use of online as it becomes the dominant route for accessing research information.
What will happen to peer review?
Authors: Williamson Alex
Published: January 2003

The author summarizes the benefits and disadvantages of peer review and discusses a number of examples of difficulties with it that have arisen in the medical literature. In the absence of a generally accepted alternative, she sets out the conditions under which the present system should be operated so as to achieve its purpose.
Professional writing assistance: effects on biomedical publishing
Authors: Lagnado Max
Published: January 2003

The involvement of professional writers in the reporting of scientific research has generated considerable discussion. I reviewed the literature relating to this debate. Some commentators argue that professional writing assistance can inappropriately influence the reporting of research, undermine accountability for the published work, and deceive readers when the professional writer's contribution is not acknowledged. On the other hand, it has been argued that professional writers improve the quality and readability of papers, speed up the publication process, and undertake important educational activities. These arguments are based on anecdote and opinion rather than on evidence from well‐conducted research. Although some recommendations have been proposed, there is no widely accepted published guidance about how writing assistance should be used. The biomedical community should consider implementing initiatives that will facilitate research about professional writing assistance – an outcome that would make for a better‐informed debate.
Authors and electronic publishing: what authors want from the new technology
Authors: Swan Alma , Brown Sheridan
Published: January 2003

Responses from almost 1,250 academic authors around the world were analysed to obtain their views on electronic publishing of learned journals. Currently, having a print version of journals is still more important to them than an electronic version. The issue of greatest importance to authors and readers is the continuing availability of back volumes, and there are strong concerns about pricing of electronic journals. The potential gains in publication speed through publishing electronically appear not to be a priority. Electronic preprint and reprint archives are used very little at present, with the exception of the physics and mathematics communities. Of all publisher‐mediated tasks, the peer‐review process is the most valued, followed by provision of citation‐linking. Respondents' views of future developments in electronic publishing are also explored.
E‐learning: new opportunities in continuing professional development
Authors: Klein Donald , Ware Mark
Published: January 2003

The growth in professional learning is opening up many new opportunities for the application of e‐learning to the world of continuing professional development (CPD). CPD programmes require professionals to engage in annual programmes of professional development, and in some cases revalidation or recertification. To date, most of this activity has been off‐line. Increasingly, CPD requirements will be satisfied through the use of learning resources available on‐line or packaged into specially tailored e‐learning courses. Societies and professional associations – as the primary managers and coordinators of CPD programmes – are in a strong position to expand upon their existing Web‐based initiatives to deliver a new generation of e‐learning services to their members.
Consortial licensing vs. tradition: breaking up is hard to do
Authors: Kohl David
Published: January 2003

This article describes the change in thinking that led to the development of OhioLINK. It examines the how the consortial licensing model works and looks at some of the research carried out into the questions raised by such arrangements. It concludes that, while some of the consortia's objectives have been achieved, continuing co‐operation is vital to ensure ongoing development and to address those issues which remain unresolved.
Editing an African scholarly journal
Authors: Pearce Carole
Published: January 2003

African scholarly publishing faces multiple challenges in a vast continent where scholars themselves are handicapped by poor facilities and often find it difficult to publish in scholarly journals abroad. The Journal of Social Development in Africa attempts to meet these challenges by offering a dedicated service to scholars, improved reviewing practices, marketing on the Internet, expanding email communication, and by attempting to collaborate and network with similar publishers in Africa and abroad.
Text retrieval: an overview
Authors: Gilchrist Alan
Published: January 2003

The current state of the art of text retrieval, and indications of radical developments to come, should be of concern to all involved in text processing in the information chain from author to end‐user. This brief overview, slanted towards the interests of publishers, looks at the recent history of retrieval techniques, and present attempts to deal with information overload and the relative inability of many to conduct effective searches. As networks proliferate, the problem of ‘mapping’ between databases increases in complexity, and mention is made of attempts by the UK government to establish a system to support interdepartmental search and ‘open government’. The Semantic Web is seen as the next big development, but will require enormous effort. It is concluded that text retrieval is less often a separate facility as it is increasingly embedded, as a required tool, in larger systems.
E‐books and the academic market: the emerging supply chain
Authors: Taylor David
Published: January 2003

The supply chain that is now emerging in the electronic book market bears a striking resemblance to established supply chains in the paper book market. In this article, the author describes this emerging supply chain and what both publishers and booksellers need to do to secure their place within it.
Nonpositive immersions, sectional curvature, and subgroup properties
Authors: Wise Daniel
Published: January 2003

This announcement describes research concerning local quasiconvexity, coherence, compact cores, and local indicability for fundamental groups of certain

2
2

-complexes.
Coated pipe interior surface roughness as measured by three scanning probe instruments
Authors: Farshad Fred F. , Pesacreta Thomas C.
Published: January 2003

The objectives of this study were to determine: the type of coating that minimized pipe surface roughness and how the choice of metrological instrument could influence pipe surface roughness data. The internal surface of pipe was coated with either phenolic, modified novalac, epoxy, or nylon material. Roughness of coated pipe was assessed with two linear surface profilers, a Dektak3ST® and a Hommel T1000, and a Dimension 3000® atomic force microscope (AFM). Arithmetic roughness (Ra), root mean square roughness (Rq), and mean peak‐to‐valley height (RZD), were statistically analyzed. The ability of RZD to focus on the extremes of height and depth on the surface made it a significant parameter for detecting features that would affect fluid flow in pipes.
Studies on selectivity and establishment of “Pelo de Oso” (Garveia franciscana) on metallic and non‐metallic materials submerged in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: de Rincon Oladis , Morris Eleanor
Published: January 2003

Exotic marine organisms, Garveia Franciscana, called “Pelo de Oso” by the locals, were detected in Lake Maracaibo. “Pelo de Oso” constitutes one of the three components of the metal/biota/solution system that interact in Lake Maracaibo, producing biofouling and microbiological corrosion. The latter generates great economic problems, mainly: water‐pump failures. The objective of this paper was to determine the preference of these bioorganisms for materials, when immersed in Lake Maracaibo.
Potential changes in an electric field and electrolytic corrosion
Authors: Zakowski K. , Darowicki K.
Published: January 2003

Sources have been described of corrosively hazardous electric fields and methods of determination of the corrosion hazard to metal structures caused by electrolytic corrosion. Results of potential and impedance investigations in the field of stray currents flowing out of a tram traction and in the presence of a defined electric field of low frequency have been presented. Uncertainties have been indicated relating to the generally accepted interpretation principles of measurement results in the presence of electric fields. The possibility has been indicated of incorporating the impedance spectroscopy technique to potential‐voltage investigations, allowing estimation of the real corrosion interaction of stray currents on underground structures.
The inhibition effects of some heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds on the corrosion of the steel in CO2‐saturated NaCl solutions
Authors: Şahin M. , Bilgiç S.
Published: January 2003

The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of five different nitrogenous heterocyclic bases 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATA), 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (ATDA), (p‐toly) 1,3,4‐triazole (TTA), 3‐amino‐5‐methylmercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole (AMTA) and 2‐aminobenziotriazole (ABA) on carbon steel were investigated in relation to their molecular structure. Corrosion current densities, in the absence and presence of the compounds, were used to assess inhibition performances. The corrosion efficiencies were considered on the basis of their molecular planarity, aromaticity and π‐electron donation assumption.
The effect of sulphide ions on the corrosion inhibition of copper in acidic chloride solutions
Authors: El Warraky A.A.
Published: January 2003

The corrosion behaviour of copper in dilute HCl solution of pH 1.8‐2, in the absence and presence of different additives of Na2S, was studied by open circuit potential measurement, scanning electron microscopy and polarisation techniques. A complete covering of the surface with the strongly chemisorbed HS− is achieved at ≥10 ppm Na2S concentration. The addition of different concentrations of ethylene diamine (EDA) to HCl of pH 1.8‐2 promoted the dissolution rate, due to an increase in autocatalytic dissolution at the Cu metal surface. However, the synergistic inhibition effect between EDA and Na2S, resulting from the adsorption of HS− on the Cu metal, facilitated the adsorption of EDA.
Transformational leadership: an examination of cross‐national differences and similarities
Authors: Boehnke Karen , Bontis Nick , DiStefano Joseph J. , DiStefano Andrea C.
Published: January 2003

Success in the global marketplace depends on a manager’s ability to provide leadership. Exceptional success depends on sustaining extraordinary performance. Are there universal behaviours which are consistent around the world? Are there subtle differences of emphasis which vary across different nationalities or corporate environments? Senior executives were polled in two major divisions of a global petroleum company and from its major subsidiaries around the world. They were asked to describe examples of exceptional organizational performance and to identify the key leadership behaviours which they saw as explaining or accounting for the extraordinary outcomes. Content analysis led to a few key leadership behaviours being identified. The major finding was that the main dimensions of leadership for extraordinary performance are universal. Only a few variations in emphasis existed among six different regions of the world. Also there were some clear leadership differences, long established in the folklore of the company, associated with different corporate cultures in the two major divisions.
A comprehensive system for leader evaluation and development
Authors: Larsson Gerry , Carlstedt Leif , Andersson Jens , Andersson Lars , Danielsson Erna , Johansson Ann , Johansson Eva , Robertsson Ingemar , Michel Per‐Olof
Published: January 2003

The aim was to describe the development of a theoretical model for leader evaluation and development, an instrument based on this model, and a strategy for large scale implementation in the Swedish armed forces. The model rests on an interactional person by situation paradigm. It emphasises “developmental leadership”, which is inspired by transformational and functionalistic leadership approaches. The developmental leadership questionnaire (DLQ) was operationalised from the model and refined through structural equation modelling. The model and the DLQ will be used for three purposes: yearly evaluation of all personnel in the Swedish armed forces; yearly planning dialogues between each employee and his or her nearest supervisor; and a tool for leadership training. The implementation strategy includes an initial course in developmental leadership for all colonels. This is followed by the selection and training of local trainers, who, in turn, initiate the comprehensive programme locally. The system should be fully implemented by 2005.
Developing a leadership knowledge architecture: a cognitive approach
Authors: Pech Richard
Published: January 2003

Of all occupational groups, army officers are perhaps the most appropriate for studying leadership. A great deal of an officer’s effort and time is spent serving in a leadership capacity. This research with New Zealand army officers (n 103) describes the development of an instrument that directs and facilitates the articulation of perceptions of leadership knowledge processes. The subsequent knowledge process architecture provides a credible platform for the design of leadership training and development programmes with high utility for the organisation because of increased learning transfer from the leadership programme back to the workface.
Gender and leadership? Leadership and gender? A journey through the landscape of theories
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Audet Lynda , Miller Joanne C.
Published: January 2003

The purpose of this article was to examine the following three questions: Are women’s leadership styles truly different from men’s? Are these styles less likely to be effective? Is the determination of women’s effectiveness as a leaders fact‐based or a perception that has become a reality? Conclusions revealed: Question one: Yes, women’s leadership style is, at this point, different from men’s but men can learn from and adopt “women’s” style and use it effectively as well. In other words, effective leadership is not the exclusive domain of either gender and both can learn from the other. Question two: No, women’s styles are not at all likely to be less effective; in fact, they are more effective within the context of team‐based, consensually driven organizational structures that are more prevalent in today’s world. Question three: The assessment that a woman’s leadership style is less effective than a man’s is not fact‐based but rather driven, by socialization, to a perception that certainly persists. The inescapable reality is that, within the senior ranks of corporate north America (and elsewhere), women remain conspicuous by their absence.
POM facing the new millennium
Authors: Machuca Jose´ A.D.
Published: January 2003

Before introducing the articles in this special issue, and taking the First World Conference on Operations Management as an example, the author proposes a new‐conference product, an innovation in service design and implementation. He describes nine key factors which need to be taken into account in order to achieve outstanding success in this kind of service.
Multimedia for international operations: a case study
Authors: New Steve
Published: January 2003

Geographically‐dispersed, global service organisations must find cost‐effective ways of delivering consistent service quality while recognising local differences in service culture. For such organisations, the management of operations cannot be separated from issues of training, corporate culture, and organisational identity. This paper presents an analysis of the experience of Avis Europe, a leading car rental firm, in developing a multimedia system for training frontline staff. The case illustrates how multimedia technologies enable a new sort of organisational text that has implications for the way in which operations may be documented and enacted. In particular, multimedia allows texts that are complex enough to address issues of what Hochschild describes as “emotional labour” in service operations. These developments have great significance for both practice and research in operations management.