bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Assistance Programs: New Approaches for Reducing Adolescent Substance Abuse
Authors: Moore David D. , Forster Jerald R.
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors describe school‐based Student Assistance Programs (SAPs), which are designed to reduce adolescents' substance abuse. SAPs, modeled after Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) in the workplace, are identifying, assessing, referring, and managing the cases of substance‐abusing students. Adoption of the SAP model is accelerating in response to the growing need to address substance‐impaired youth with resources from both the school and the community.
The Ethics of Counseling: A National Survey of Certified Counselors
Authors: Gibson William T. , Pope Kenneth S.
Published: December 2011

National survey data were collected from 579 counselors certified by the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC). Participants indicated their beliefs about whether each of 88 behaviors was ethical and also the degree to which they were confident of their judgment about the behavior. Systematic patterns in responding emerged in regard to age, sex, primary work setting, and degree. Participants also indicated their evaluation of 16 sources of ethical information or guidance. Highest ratings were given to American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD; now the American Counseling Association [ACA]) Ethical Standards, AACD ethics committee, the Journal of Counseling & Development, state licensing boards, and colleagues. The lowest ratings were given to local ethics committees, published clinical and theoretical work, court decisions, state and federal laws, and agencies for which participants had worked.
Employment and Roles of Counselors in Employee Assistance Programs
Authors: Hosie Thomas W. , West John D. , Mackey James A.
Published: December 2011

The authors studied employment and roles of master's‐level counselors in employee assistance programs (EAPs) and the services offered by different types of EAP organizations. The study focused on programs, workshops and seminars: assessment; counseling; consultation; and evaluation and marketing services offered by EAPs. Master's‐level counselors were found to be similar to those with Master's of Social Work (MSW) degrees in employment rate and percentage of EAP staff. Both groups were the most frequently employed and constitute the greatest percentage of the professional mental health staff in EAPs. Also, counselors were found to be involved in all of the service areas studied within each type of EAP. Differences in counselors' roles among EAP types are discussed.
Evaluating Rehabilitation Caseload Management Skills Through Computer Simulations
Authors: Chan Fong , Rosen Andrew J. , Wong Daniel W. , Kaplan Steven
Published: December 2011

In this article the authors report on the development and validation of a computer‐based rehabilitation caseload management simulation as a teaching and evaluation tool in counselor education. The computer simulation was administered to 18 rehabilitation students and 18 rehabilitation counselors. Their performance on the simulation was evaluated using six caseload management performance indicators. These performance indicators, derived from the computer simulation, were found to be effective in differentiating the student group from the experienced counselor group using discriminant analysis. Implications for the use of computer simulations in rehabilitation counselor education and future research directions are discussed.
Enhancement Programs for Entering University Majority and Minority Freshmen
Authors: Robbins Steven B. , Smith Laura C.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors evaluated the relative effects of two enhancement programs for minority and White entering freshmen. Minorities had greater satisfaction ratings and awareness of individual differences. Students showed improved adjustment regardless of treatment condition, suggesting comparable effects for a 10‐week classroom‐structured adjustment program.
High‐Trait and Low‐Trait Angry College Students: A Comparison of Family Environments
Authors: Lopez Frederick G. , Thurman Christopher W.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors investigated differences in the family environments of high‐ and low‐trait angry college students. High‐trait angry students described their family environments as significantly less cohesive, less emotionally expressive, more conflictual, and more disorganized than did their low‐trait angry counterparts. Implications of the findings to the counseling of students with anger‐related problems are discussed.
The Inter‐Domain Model of Career Assessment and Counseling
Authors: Lowman Rodney L.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author presents a summary of the Inter‐Domain Model applied to career assessment and counseling (Lowman, 1991), which formally encompasses three major categories of variables: occupational interests, abilities, and personality characteristics. The requirements of a theory of career assessment are reviewed and the major components of the Inter‐Domain model discussed.
Self‐Report Measures of Parent‐Adolescent Attachment and Separation‐Individuation: A Selective Review
Authors: Lopez Frederick G. , Gover Mark R.
Published: December 2011

The authors review and critique three self‐report measures of parent‐adolescent attachment and three self‐report measures of parent‐adolescent separation‐individuation. Relevant issues in the conceptualization and measurement of attachment and separation‐individuation constructs are also discussed.
The Consulting Process: A Multidimensional Approach
Authors: Kurpius DeWayne J. , Fuqua Dale R. , Rozecki Thaddeus
Published: December 2011

The consulting process seems to work similarly regardless of whether the consultant is internal or external or is doing individual or group consultation. Some differences may occur depending on whether the consultant is a process helper or content helper, although good content‐focused consultants often possess excellent process skills and use them as a regular part of the consulting process. Several consultation processes were reviewed, and from this a six‐step approach is presented.
A Review of Gerald Caplan's Theory and Practice of Mental Health Consultation
Authors: Mendoza Danielle W.
Published: December 2011

Gerald Caplan's Theory and Practice of Mental Health Consultation (1970), considered to be a classic seminal work in the field of consultation, is reviewed. First, the author presents Caplan's general definition of consultation along with what may be considered the general principles or procedures of consultation. Then the author presents Caplan's procedures and principles as relevant to each type of consultation. Next, each of Caplan's four models of consultation is described. Last, these four models are compared in terms of the professional role of the consultee, the primary goal of consultation, and the target of consultation intervention.
Edgar Schein's Process Versus Content Consultation Models
Authors: Rockwood Gary F.
Published: December 2011

Edgar Schein (1969, 1978, 1989, 1990) has proposed three models of consultation based on assumptions inherent in different helping styles. The first two models, purchase‐of‐expertise and doctor‐patient, focus on the content of organizational problems. The client gives the problem to the consultant to find and implement solutions. The process consultation model focuses on how organizational problems are solved. The client and consultant collaborate throughout the problem‐solving effort to find workable solutions. Because of the nature of organizations' cultures and the underlying assumptions that determine how they operate, Schein has suggested that it is most efficacious for consultants to begin in the process consultation mode and involve the client in the investigation of the problem.
Organizational Diagnosis: Its Role in Organizational Learning
Authors: Beer Michael , Spector Bert
Published: December 2011

Diagnosis can be a process that helps organizations enhance their capacity to assess and change dysfunctional aspects of their culture and patterns of behavior as a basis for developing greater effectiveness and ensuring continuous improvement. The authors set forth a framework for understanding what can be called a “learning diagnosis” in which the diagnostic process is part of a large‐scale organizational revitalization effort. In particular, they explore how the diagnostic intervention is affected by the diagnostic consultant, by the top management sponsors of the intervention, and by the process of collecting and acting on data. They conclude with a discussion of both the opportunities and challenges of institutionalizing the learning diagnosis process.
Standards for Organizational Consultation Assessment and Evaluation Instruments
Authors: Cooper Stewart E. , O'Connor Raymond M.
Published: December 2011

Although consultation researchers and practitioners have called attention to the need for more psychometrically sound instruments, little advancement has occurred in this area. The authors outline key quantitative and qualitative psychometric standards for organizational consultation assessment and evaluation instruments. In addition, a framework and review of several existing questionnaires are presented. Implications for instrument use by practitioners and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Appraising the Character of a College
Authors: Kuh George D.
Published: December 2011

The effectiveness of college and university consultants depends on whether or not they understand and appreciate the institutional context in which they are working. Using examples from different types of colleges and universities, the author of this article describes how three clusters of institutional properties (mission, philosophy, culture) work together to influence the behavior of students, faculty, and administrators. Four suggestions are offered for consultants who wish to incorporate appraisals of institutional character in their work.
University Campus Consultation: Opportunities and Limitations
Authors: Westbrook Franklin D. , Kandell Jonathan J. , Kirkland Sharon E. , Phillips Pepper E. , Regan Anne M. , Medvene Arnold , Oslin Yvonne D.
Published: December 2011

Consultation on a university campus is an important adjunct mental health service to individual and small‐group counseling. It serves as a preventive and an early identification resource for both emotional‐social and educational‐vocational problems. Interventions with faculty, staff, and campus organizations are made possible with a consultation service. Consultation projects have enhanced support networks for ethnic‐minority students and increased the humanization of the campus for all students.
Research in Consultation: Toward Better Analogues and Outcome Measures
Authors: Dixon David N. , Dixon Diane E.
Published: December 2011

Recommendations for improving consultation research include (a) strengthening consultation analogue research by incorporating “boundary” conditions into research designs and (b) extending the outcome measures used.
Black Women and White Women in Groups: Suggestions for Minority‐Sensitive Group Services on University Campuses
Authors: Steward Robbie J.
Published: December 2011

Similarities and differences between group dynamics of one all‐Black‐woman's support group and one all‐White‐woman's support group are presented and discussed in terms of future implications for university counseling center program development.
Helping Teenage Parents: The Independent and Collaborative Roles of Counselor Educators and School Counselors
Authors: Kiselica Mark S. , Pfaller Joan
Published: December 2011

In recent years, the leadership of the American Counseling Association (ACA) has posed an earnest and urgent challenge to the counseling profession to develop and apply collaborative approaches to solve the complex problems of society. Teenage parenthood is one example of a major societal concern requiring cooperative, professional interventions. The purpose of this article is to recommend independent and collaborative roles for counselor educators and school counselors in addressing the many needs of teenage parents. In addition, this article serves as a model of how the counseling specialties can work together to resolve other critical social issues.
Grandparents Affected by Parental Divorce: A Population at Risk?
Authors: Myers Jane E. , Perrin Novella
Published: December 2011

When parents divorce, grandparents who have bonded with grandchildren may be affected, particularly when denied visitation. In this article the author reviews normative aspects of grand‐parenthood and how grandparents are affected by parental divorce. Legal and ethical issues and counseling interventions are discussed.
Mediation: An Intervention Strategy for Counselors
Authors: Messing Jeffrey K.
Published: December 2011

Conflict resolution is a rapidly expanding field, one in which counselors need to be more knowledgeable. An overview of conflict resolution and mediation concepts is presented with a comparison to therapeutic counseling interventions. Applications are provided for various areas such as family mediation, community disputes, and mediation in public education. Implications for counseling and the role of the counselor are discussed.
Trade Secrets for Crafting a Conceptual Article
Authors: Salomone Paul R.
Published: December 2011

A sound conceptual article can be a quantum leap, in terms of value and usefulness, beyond a typical literature review. In this article the author clarifies the distinction between a literature review and a conceptual article, outlines the creative process as it applies to written work, and provides “trade secrets” for novice writers on how to enhance their literary creativity and how to confront and solve troublesome writing problems.
Relationship Between Anger Expression and Stress in Predicting Depression
Authors: Clay Daniel L. , Anderson Wayne P. , Dixon Wayne A.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors examine the relationship between anger expression and stressful life events as predictors of depression among college students. Measures of anger expression, stressful life events, and depression were completed by 247 undergraduates. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that anger directed inward and stressful life events were significant orthogonal predictors of depression. Because anger directed inward and stressful life events seem to be independent and additive predictors of depression, both play an important role in the assessment of depression. Counseling strategies based on such assessments may need to be multimodal and individualized
Instrumental Behaviors Following Test Administration and Interpretation: Exploration Validity of the Strong Interest Inventory
Authors: Randahl Gloria J. , Hansen Jo‐Ida C. , Haverkamp Beth E.
Published: December 2011

A two‐phase longitudinal study was conducted to explore the exploration validity (i.e., the power of interest inventories to facilitate career exploration activities such as talking to professionals and seeking vocational information) of the 1985 Strong Interest Inventory (SII) for college students. Participants in the study included an experimental group (N =75), which participated in the SII testing and a group interpretation, and a contrast group(N=67). Students in the experimental group reported significantly more instrumental career exploration behaviors at a 1‐year follow‐up than did the contrast group.
Evaluating a Guidance and Language Arts Unit for High School Juniors
Authors: Lapan Richard T. , Gysbers Norman , Hughey Ken , Arni Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors report on the evaluation of a program enhancing both the career development and writing skills of high school juniors. Participants were 166 juniors attending a suburban midwestern high school. School counselors and English teachers worked together to provide an opportunity for students to develop academic skills while exploring relevant career issues. Results indicated that for a wide range of students, participation in the program led to the achievement of specific guidance competencies. Changes in perceived mastery of guidance competencies predicted positive change in vocational identity and attainment of higher English grades for girls. Implications for promoting school counselors' involvement in guidance program evaluation practices are discussed.
Willingness to Seek Help as a Function of Self‐Disclosure and Problem Severity
Authors: Hinson Janise A. , Swanson Jane L.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors examined the effects of problem severity, amount of self‐disclosure, and self‐disclosure flexibility on willingness to seek help for a problem. The participants were 101 midwestern university students enrolled in an introductory psychology course who had not had previous counseling experience. The participants completed the Jourard Self‐Disclosure Questionnaire (SDQ), the Chelune Self‐Disclosure Situations Survey (SDSS), and responded to questions after reading a scenario depicting a personal problem of either high or low severity. The results indicated that the factors that predicted the greatest amount of variance in willingness to seek help were the interaction of problem severity with willingness to self‐disclose to a counselor, followed by problem severity; no gender differences were found. Implications for counseling and further research are discussed.
The Legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: Implications for Counseling and Human Development
Authors: Hayes Richard L.
Published: December 2011

Despite the great contribution by Lawrence Kohlberg to our understanding of moral development, counselors are only beginning to appreciate fully the implications of his developmental psychology for the practice of counseling and human development. Drawing on the collective body of Kohlberg's work, seven basic assumptions are shown to have direct relevance for conceptualizing counseling from a constructivist developmental approach.
Who Benefits From Computerized Career Counseling?
Authors: Kivlighan Dennis M. , Johnston Joseph A. , Hogan R. Sean , Mauer Ellen
Published: December 2011

The Adaptive Counseling and Therapy (ACT: Howard, Nance, & Myers, 1986) model was used to predict who would benefit from computerized career counseling. Specifically, clients who had more stable goals and aspirations and more defensive independence were expected to derive more benefit from computerized career counseling, an intervention that provides low levels of direction and support. A total of 54 clients who came to the Career Planning and Placement Center seeking career assistance were referred to the System for Interactive Guidance and Information PLUS (SIGI‐PLUS). As hypothesized, clients with more stable goals had the greatest gains in vocational identity. Additionally, clients who showed more defensive independence were more satisfied with the SIGI‐PLUS treatment. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The Career and Educational Aspirations of Gifted High School Students: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Leung S. Alvin , Conoley Collie W. , Scheel Michael J.
Published: December 2011

In this study the authors used a retrospective method to obtain information about the career aspirations of gifted high school juniors (69 boys and 125 girls). An instrument called the Occupations List (OL) was administered to obtain information about career alternatives considered by each respondent at various ages. The career alternatives considered in an early life period were compared with those considered later in terms of their prestige level and gender traditionality. The career and educational aspirations of gifted boys and girls were also compared. The implications for counseling gifted students with career concerns are discussed.
Counselor Trainees' Self‐Statement Responses to Sexually and Physically Abused Clients, and Client Role Conflict
Authors: Parisien Lynne S. , Long Bonita C.
Published: December 2011

Because sexual abuse issues present a threat to counselor trainees, the authors predicted that trainees who expected to counsel a sexually abused client would respond with an increase in anxiety and negative self‐statements. A total of 63 female trainees were assessed after viewing a videotape of a client reporting sexual abuse, physical abuse, or role conflict. Results indicated that, counter to predictions, the trainees who expected to counsel the sexually abused client increased their positive self‐statements. Schwartz's (1986) States‐of‐Mind model was applied to the self‐statement ratios, and, according to the model, trainees were unrealistically optimistic with respect to their counseling.
Psychological Separation, Self‐Control, and Weight Preoccupation Among Elite Women Athletes
Authors: Skowron Elizabeth A. , Friedlander Myrna L.
Published: December 2011

Given the paucity of research on the prevalence of eating disorders in college athletes, the authors raised two questions: (a) Is weight preoccupation more prevalent among elite women athletes than among their nonathletic counterparts? (b) Does the empirical link between psychological distress and weight preoccupation pertain to elite athletes as well? Results showed that 10.9% of a sample of elite swimmers could be characterized as “weight preoccupied,” a percentage comparable to the general population of college women. In addition, the athletes reported using significantly more benign than punitive self‐control strategies, suggesting for them, weight preoccupation is a means to an end rather than an indication of an eating disorder. Implications for counseling are discussed.
A Description of the Continuum of Eating Disorders: Implications for Intervention and Research
Authors: Scarano Gina M. , Kalodner‐Martin Cynthia R.
Published: December 2011

Many authors have proposed the notion of an eating disorder continuum to aid in the understanding of similarities and differences among various types of eating disturbances and disorders. The purpose of this article is to present an eating disorders continuum and to describe groups on the continuum by highlighting differences among the groups on behavioral, cognitive‐attitudinal, and self‐esteem issues. The relationship of the continuum to the developmental course of eating disorders is discussed. Prevention, early intervention, and treatment programs for various groups on the continuum are presented. Recommendations for future research on the continuum of eating disorders are provided.
Women Surviving an Abusive Relationship: Grief and the Process of Change
Authors: Russell Bonnie , Ublemann Max R.
Published: December 2011

The authors briefly survey the literature about women in abusive relationships and discuss key issues about the change process that arise from that work and are consistent with the grieving process. The constructs of depression, guilt, and decision‐making difficulty among women abused by an intimate partner are examined and compared with the perspective of the normal grieving of a major loss. Implications for counseling practice are considered.
The Wakonse Conference on College Teaching
Authors: Johnston Joseph A. , Kerr Barbara A. , Bondeson William B. , Hansen Robert N. , Claiborn Charles D.
Published: December 2011

A Wakonse Conference on College Teaching is a week‐long retreat that provides renewal and support for college teaching. Offered in a secluded environment away from campus, it engages faculty from various colleges in demonstration and discussion of what makes teaching effective and rewarding. Wakonse is a grassroots movement within the academy to bring teaching to the forefront and make it central to the mission of higher education. Support for what makes Wakonse effective can be found in much of the student development literature.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of a Teaching Practicum on Prospective Faculty
Authors: Heppner Mary J.
Published: December 2011

The author examines the effectiveness of a Practicum in the Teaching of Psychology for the training of prospective faculty members. Specifically, the author examines the following questions: (a) In what areas do prospective faculty need more knowledge or skills, (b) what activities most increased self‐efficacy, and (c) what can be learned through an intensive, single‐subject design about the process of becoming a teacher? Pre‐ and posttesting and a qualitative protocol were used to examine the change process. Results indicated a profound need for information on a broad range of topics and revealed that feedback from students and the practicum instructor was the primary source of increasing self‐efficacy.
Faculty Development: Responsibility and Accountability Within the Departments
Authors: Swain Mary Ann P.
Published: December 2011

If universities are to support faculty contributions across the full range of the mission of higher education (teaching, research, and service), several changes must occur. Teaching must become a community activity discussed openly and widely: presidents and provosts must hold departments as a whole responsible and accountable for contributions to mission: and learned societies must participate in supporting teaching and, when appropriate, reflective practice in addition to research and scholarship. These points are brought out in the articles contained in this issue and warrant further attention.
Developing Faculty Development Programs: A View From the Chair
Authors: Reich Jill N.
Published: December 2011

The author describes a programmatic model offaculty development that can provide a framework for many of the activities and programs described in this special feature of the Journal of Counseling & Development. Building such an organizing structure around specific program activities can help a person identify the steps to be taken and set up a system that with each iteration places the department further on its way to building the faculty it seeks and the culture it needs to nurture and ensure effective faculty development.
Adult Children of Alcoholics and Psychological Distress
Authors: Kashubeck Susan
Published: December 2011

In this study, the author investigated the relationship between parental alcoholism and psychological distress and the mediating effects of social support and hardiness. The sample (N = 228 college students) consisted of n = 62 adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) and n = 166 non‐ACAs. Data analysis indicated that parental alcoholism was positively related to psychological distress. Consistent with expectations, higher levels of social support and hardiness were associated with lower levels of psychological distress. No mediating effects of social support and hardiness, however, were found. Implications for current theories and therapeutic approaches that regard ACAs as being at increased risk for psychological distress are discussed.
A Review of the TFA Counseling System: From Theory Construction to Application
Authors: Mueller Ralph O. , Dupuy Paula J. , Hutchins David E.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to provide counseling practitioners and researchers with an integrative review of the TFA (thinking‐feeling‐acting) counseling system, Tracing the 12‐year evolution of the model from theory construction and instrument development to practical application provides in one place a comprehensive synthesis of published work on the TFA system. The theoretical principle guiding the model was the systematic combination of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains of human functioning. The Hutchins Behavior Inventory (HBI) was developed to assess the interaction of thoughts, feelings, and actions that led to applications of the TFA system in counseling and related areas.
Group Pacing: A Developmental Eclectic Approach to Group Work
Authors: D'Andrea Michael , Daniels Judy
Published: December 2011

The authors examine a new approach to conducting group work, which is referred to as “developmental eclecticism.” Using Loevinger's (1976) theory of ego development as a guiding force in their counseling practice, the authors present a discussion that reflects various strategies implemented in working with a group of adults in a community mental health center setting.
An Example of Assessment's Role in Career Exploration
Authors: Wall Janet E.
Published: December 2011

A new ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) 18/19 Career Exploration Program was made available to United States secondary and postsecondary schools in July 1992. The program allows individual students to use their aptitude test results, an inventory of their interests, and personal preferences to identify occupations with characteristics that seem to be consistent with their own. This capability of matching student characteristics to occupations is derived from extensive analyses based on work performed by the U.S. Departments of Labor and Defense.
Stress Counseling Theory and Practice: A Cautionary Review
Authors: Wagenaar John , La Forge Jan
Published: December 2011

In this era of growing emphasis on professional and financial accountability, stress counseling remains vague and imprecise. This article grounds stress counseling in responsible clinical methodology through reexamining and organizing the durable empirical literature to help counselors develop credible and effective interventions. A flowchart schema incorporating primary stress coping modalities of environment, cognitions, emotions, and personal life philosophy is presented to systematize intervention efforts to maximize efficient stress counseling services.
College Students' Perceptions of the Relationship Between Fee and Counseling
Authors: Waehler Charles A. , Hardin Susan I. , Rogers James R.
Published: December 2011

Fee as a variable that could have an impact on college students' perceptions of counseling was explored because of the authentic concerns about college counseling centers needing to charge direct fees for their services. Participants (N = 350) represented a cross‐section of potential consumers of psychological services, not just individuals currently receiving services. On an overt level, fees seemed to be less influential in counseling considerations, but were taken into account on a more covert level. This study supports the psychological literature, which suggests that fee is not the most important factor in clients' decisions to seek counseling. Implications for counselors, administrators, researchers, and program planners are discussed.
Archetypes and Gender: Goddesses, Warriors, and Psychological Health
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe
Published: December 2011

This article describes the principles and assumptions of Jung's archetypal psychology and how they have been adopted and modified by feminist counselors and the mythopoetic men's movement. It critiques each of these revisions of Jungian archetypal psychology and provides suggestions to counselors for modifying and implementing concepts and techniques that are based in archetypal psychology.
Once‐Married Lesbians: Facilitating Changing Life Patterns
Authors: Bridges Karen L. , Croteau James M.
Published: December 2011

Many women have undergone a significant life transition from a heterosexual marriage to a lesbian life pattern. As facilitators of life transitions, counselors can play an important role in minimizing the pain and maximizing the growth involved in such a change. This article provides counselors with information about the diversity of this life transition and then discusses three areas in which counselors may facilitate this process by helping clients to (a) develop a positive identity as a lesbian, (b) adapt to their relationships with women partners, and (c) deal with work‐related issues arising from the changed life pattern.
Working With Dreams in Group Counseling: Advantages and Challenges
Authors: Clark Arthur J.
Published: December 2011

Various challenges exist in the use of dreams in group counseling. Obscure and complex dream symbols and images, intricacies of the dream interpretation process, and a lack of counselor training in dreams are among the restrictions that limit the application of dreams in groups. At the same time, dreams constitute a universal human experience that is intriguing and compelling. Dreams offer a potential in group counseling for advancing the understanding of group members, promoting cohesiveness among group participants, and stimulating therapeutic group‐member interactions.
Contributions of Family Relationship Factors to the Identity Formation Process
Authors: Schultheiss Donna Palladino , Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

This study tested the proposition that family relationship variables would be related in predictable ways to ego identity status. The authors administered measures of parental attachment, psychological separation, and ego identity status to 174 students from a large northeastern state university. The results indicated that women who experience greater parental attitudinal dependence and attachment and a modest degree of conflictual independence from mother tend to evidence more identity foreclosure and identity achievement and less diffusion. In addition, women who experience some degree of attachment to mother and attitudinal independence from mother are most likely to avoid diffusion, foreclosure, and moratorium. Men who experience parental attitudinal independence are likely to be in the diffusion or moratorium statuses and not in the identity‐achieved and foreclosure statuses.
African and African American Graduate Students' Racial Identity and Personal Problem‐Solving Strategies
Authors: Bagley Cherie A. , Copeland Elaine J.
Published: December 2011

This study examined differences on the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS; Helms & Parham, 1985) and the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI; Heppner, 1981, 1988) among 34 African and 48 African American graduate students. Significant differences were found on the preencounter and internalization scales of the RIAS. There were no group differences in coping ability as measured by the PSI. In addition, the African group experienced an acculturation effect as time in the United States was extended beyond 3 years. These differences in racial identity states have implications for cross‐cultural counseling.
The Relationship of the Racial Identity Attitudes of Black Men to Perceptions of “Parallel” Counseling Dyads
Authors: Richardson Tina Q. , Helms Janet E.
Published: December 2011

The perceptions that Black men (N = 52) have of “parallel” dyads involving a Black male client and a White male counselor were examined in a vicarious participation analogue design. As defined by Helms (1984b), parallel dyad involves a client and counselor who share similar racial identity attitudes (i.e., attitudes about themselves relative to Blacks and Whites as reference groups). Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate whether racial identity attitudes predicted participants' reactions to the session and their perceptions of the counselors' cross‐cultural competence and credibility. The results of the study indicated that racial identity attitudes significantly predicted participants' immediate reactions to the counselor. We used Helms's (1984b) interaction model to discuss the results and their implications for counseling practice and research.
Bias in Counselor Hypothesis Testing: Testing the Robustness of Counselor Confirmatory Bias
Authors: Strohmer Douglas C. , Shivy Victoria A.
Published: December 2011

Explored the issue of confirmatory bias in counselors' clinical hypothesis testing. Recent research suggests that counselors are subject to a confirmatory bias when using information to test a client hypothesis. The current research tested the robustness of this finding by adding realism and accountability to the experimental situation. Two experiments examined the facts that experienced counselors recalled (a) about a coached client in a naturalistic situation, and (b) when they selected information from a client narrative when told that they would later be held accountable for their selection. In Experiment I, experienced counselors recalled more confirmatory than disconfirmatory information from a coached client's live presentation of factors. In Experiment 2, counselors‐in‐training selected more confirmatoty than disconfirmatory information from a case history despite the accountability implied by the experimental instructions. The authors concluded (a) that the confirmatory bias is a robust one that may be a natural part of any judgment situation and (b) that counselor education should explicitly train counselors to avoid this confirmatory bias.
Client Cognitive Responses as a Function of Quality of Counselor Verbal Responses
Authors: Uhlemann Max R. , Lee Don Yul , Martin Jack
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between high and low quality counselor responses in four response modes and client cognitions. Twenty‐one university students participated in two sessions of brief counseling that included high and low quality counselor responses in paraphrasing, questioning, reflection of feeling, and self‐disclosure. After each counseling session, participants used Kagan's (1975) interpersonal process recall method to report their cognitions in response to these counselor responses. Results indicated that the participants had more favorable cognitions toward the counselor associated with high quality counselor paraphrasing and reflection of feeling responses. Participants' cognitions directed toward themselves did not differ in response to any of the four high and low quality counselor responses. Implications of the results are discussed.
Interpersonal Correlates of Narcissism in Adolescents
Authors: Kerr Amy E. , Patton Michael J. , Lapan Richard T. , Hills Hope I.
Published: December 2011

Researchers investigated the relationship between measures of interpersonal behavior and narcissism. Eight octant measures of interpersonal behavior were constructed, and validity and reliability estimates were obtained. High school and junior high school students (N = 333) completed five measures of narcissistic vulnerability, eight octant measures of interpersonal behavior, and a measure of social desirability. Canonical correlational analysis indicated a specific pattern of interpersonal behaviors for individuals with differing levels and types of narcissistic vulnerability. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that scores on several of the scales were found to differ significantly by sex and by treatment for emotional, behavioral, or educational difficulties. Implications for counseling are considered.
Assessing Adolescent and Adult Attachment: An Update
Authors: Bradford Evan , Lyddon William J.
Published: December 2011

This article provides an update on two significant contributions to the assessment of attachment in adolescents and adults. Two measures of adult attachment, both based on modifications of Hazan and Shaver's (1987) model of adult attachment, are reviewed. The conceptual bases for the development of each measure are discussed, current research involving each measure is presented, and implications of attachment assessment for counseling research and practice are offered.
The Passage of Counselor Legislation in the 1991 Arkansas State Legislature
Authors: Roberts Walter , Schmid Richard , Blaine Barbara
Published: December 2011

In the summer of 1990, the Board of Directors of the Arkansas Associationfor Counseling, Guidance, and Development (now the Arkansas Counseling Association) committed to proposing a legislative package to the 1991 Arkansas General Assembly that included bills to grant privileged communication to school counselors; a third‐party payment bill for licensed professional counselors; and a resolution calling for the reduction of noncounseling‐related duties for school counselors. This article details the legislative efforts of the Arkansas Association for Counseling, Guidance, and Development in the 1991 Arkansas General Assembly and provides insight for other American Association for Counseling and Development (now the American Counseling Association) state affiliates in planning and implementing a successful legislative program.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1993–1994
Authors: García Jorge , Glosoff Harriet L. , Smith Janice L.
Published: December 2011

The activities of the American Counseling Association (ACA) Ethics Committee are reviewed for the year 1993–1994. Summary data of ethical complaints and formal inquiries received during the year are presented followed by a brief discussion of trends noted. Updated information about the revision of the ACA Ethical Standards and the Policies and Procedures for Processing Complaints of Ethical Violations is also provided.
Psychosocial Development and Black Male Masculinity: Implications for Counseling Economically Disadvantaged African American Male Adolescents
Authors: Harris Shanette M.
Published: December 2011

Few articles exist on issues related to counseling African American male adolescents. This article examines developmental and sex role factors and their importance for counseling interventions and the counselor‐client relationship. Implications are drawn for counselors desiring to improve their abilities to assist this population.
Adolescent Childbearing as Career “Choice”: Perspective From an Ecological Context
Authors: Merrick Elizabeth N.
Published: December 2011

Adolescent childbearing among lower socioeconomic‐status African American girls who are 16 to 21 years of age is a career choice and an alternative, normative life path within African American culture. Career choice is defined here to signify selection of a role through which one implements one's identity and which represents one's life work. This choice is first addressed from the perspective of vocational psychology and is then presented within two models of developmental psychology: the model of female development presented by Chodorow (1978) and Gilligan (1982) and the model of ecological human development by Bronfenbrenner (1977, 1988). These views incorporate a reassessment of the negative consequences of adolescent child‐bearing. Finally, implications for research and practice are suggested.
Comparing Students From Substance Abusing and Dysfunctional Families: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Buelow George
Published: December 2011

This research compared family role dysfunction, college adjustment, chemical dependence, and family functioning among a sample of 245 college students from three groups: homes in which significant alcohol or other chemical abuse or dependence dysfunction existed; dysfunctional homes in which substance abuse was not a significant problem; and nonabusing, nondysfunctional homes. The results suggest that chemical abuse or dependence in families is associated with slowed adult role assimilation and increased risk for alcohol and other drug abuse among children.
Acculturative Stress of Hispanics: Loss and Challenge
Authors: Smart Julie F. , Smart David W.
Published: December 2011

This article defines acculturative stress, addressing loss of social support, self‐esteem, and identity. Six distinctive differences between immigrants who are White, Protestant, and northern or western European and immigrants who are Hispanic are outlined. Suggestions are given for counseling practice that consider these differences.
The Role of Sexual Trauma in the Treatment of Chemically Dependent Women: Addressing the Relapse Issue
Authors: Wadsworth Rick , Spampneto Alana M. , Halbrook Bernadette M.
Published: December 2011

A review of the literature indicates a high incidence of sexual trauma among women who seek treatment for substance abuse. Additionally, clients who have experienced sexual trauma appear to be more susceptible to relapse, the return to substance abuse. This article explores issues surrounding sexual trauma and chemical dependency. It aims to provide direction for relapse prevention with a relapse‐prone population. Application of traditional milieu substance abuse treatment for sexual trauma survivors is explored. Recommendations for working with sexual trauma survivors who are also substance abusers are presented, as are suggestions for research.
Addiction Recovery: 12‐Step Programs and Cognitive‐Behavioral Psychology
Authors: Bristow‐Braitman Ann
Published: December 2011

This article provides the helping professional with an overview of treatment issues referred to as spiritual by those recovering from alcohol and drug addictions through 12‐step programs like that of Alcoholics Anonymous. Conflicts between academically trained helping professionals and researchers, and those advocating spiritually oriented treatment programs are reviewed. Spiritual aspects of recovery may be foreign constructs for the academically trained helping professional. The goal of this article is to discuss these spiritual constructs in terms of cognitive‐behavioral psychology, a knowledge base common to most professionally trained helpers.
Self‐Concept and School Achievement: Interaction Dynamics and a Tool for Assessing the Self‐Concept Component
Authors: Hamachek Don
Published: December 2011

This article briefly reviews a large body of research done within approximately the past 25 years and points out that not only is there a consistent and moderately strong relationship between self‐concept and academic ability but that these two variables are highly interactive and reciprocal. Although it is easy enough to see the achievement side of this interaction, it is difficult to see the self‐concept component because that involves hidden feelings and personal perceptions. In an effort to help school personnel know which behaviors to look for as possible indications of self‐concept status, a self‐concept inventory designed to be used informally, reflecting behavior that previous research has associated with positive or negative feelings about the self, is proposed as a tool that can help guide one's perceptions when trying to identify and understand the general nature of a student's self‐concept dynamics.
The Incidence of Incest Histories Among Clients Receiving Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: Glover Noreen M. , Janikowski Timothy P. , Benshoff John J.
Published: December 2011

Volunteer participants (N = 77) enrolled in eight substance abuse treatment facilities were surveyed in order to examine the prevalence and nature of incest contacts among the group. Results indicated that approximately 49% of the participants had reported histories of incest. Data are presented regarding the age during incest contact; frequency of contacts; and involvement of force, alcohol, and drugs. In addition, comparisons by gender are presented. Implications for substance abuse training and treatment are presented.
Educational Planning and Academic Achievement of Middle School Students: A Racial and Cultural Comparison
Authors: Mau Wei‐Cheng
Published: December 2011

A nationally representative sample of middle school students from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds was surveyed on educational aspirations, planning, and achievements. Results indicated significant racial and gender differences in educational and voational planning help‐seeking behaviors. Results also indicated a significant race and sex interaction in students' educational aspirations as well as perception of parental expectations. Students' educational aspirations were significantly related to their current academic achievements. In many cases, students' aspirations and perceived parents' expectations did not match closely. Significant dtfferences in mathematics, science, and reading proficiency among racial and sex groups also were indicated. Implications for counseling are discussed.