bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community-level cohesion without cooperation
Authors: Tikhonov Mikhail
Published: June 2016

Recent work draws attention to community-community encounters ('coalescence') as likely an important factor shaping natural ecosystems. This work builds on MacArthur’s classic model of competitive coexistence to investigate such community-level competition in a minimal theoretical setting. It is shown that the ability of a species to survive a coalescence event is best predicted by a community-level 'fitness' of its native community rather than the intrinsic performance of the species itself. The model presented here allows formalizing a macroscopic perspective whereby a community harboring organisms at varying abundances becomes equivalent to a single organism expressing genes at different levels. While most natural communities do not satisfy the strict criteria of multicellularity developed by multi-level selection theory, the effective cohesion described here is a generic consequence of resource partitioning, requires no cooperative interactions, and can be expected to be widespread in microbial ecosystems.
Accurate evaluation of viscoelasticity of radial artery wall during flow-mediated dilation in ultrasound measurement
Authors: Sakai Yasumasa , Taki Hirofumi , Kanai Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

In our previous study, the viscoelasticity of the radial artery wall was estimated to diagnose endothelial dysfunction using a high-frequency (22 MHz) ultrasound device. In the present study, we employed a commercial ultrasound device (7.5 MHz) and estimated the viscoelasticity using arterial pressure and diameter, both of which were measured at the same position. In a phantom experiment, the proposed method successfully estimated the elasticity and viscosity of the phantom with errors of 1.8 and 30.3%, respectively. In an in vivo measurement, the transient change in the viscoelasticity was measured for three healthy subjects during flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The proposed method revealed the softening of the arterial wall originating from the FMD reaction within 100 s after avascularization. These results indicate the high performance of the proposed method in evaluating vascular endothelial function just after avascularization, where the function is difficult to be estimated by a conventional FMD measurement.
Estimation of size of red blood cell aggregates using backscattering property of high-frequency ultrasound: In vivo evaluation
Authors: Kurokawa Yusaku , Taki Hirofumi , Yashiro Satoshi , Nagasawa Kan , Ishigaki Yasushi , Kanai Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

We propose a method for assessment of the degree of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation using the backscattering property of high-frequency ultrasound. In this method, the scattering property of RBCs is extracted from the power spectrum of RBC echoes normalized by that from the posterior wall of a vein. In an experimental study using a phantom, employing the proposed method, the sizes of microspheres 5 and 20 µm in diameter were estimated to have mean values of 4.7 and 17.3 µm and standard deviations of 1.9 and 1.4 µm, respectively. In an in vivo experimental study, we compared the results between three healthy subjects and four diabetic patients. The average estimated scatterer diameters in healthy subjects at rest and during avascularization were 7 and 28 µm, respectively. In contrast, those in diabetic patients receiving both antithrombotic therapy and insulin therapy were 11 and 46 µm, respectively. These results show that the proposed method has high potential for clinical application to assess RBC aggregation, which may be related to the progress of diabetes.
Production characteristics of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in water using atmospheric pressure discharge plasmas
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiro , Satoh Kohki , Itoh Hidenori , Kawaguchi Hideki , Timoshkin Igor , Given Martin , MacGregor Scott
Published: June 2016

A pulsed discharge, a DC corona discharge, and a plasma jet are separately generated above a water surface, and reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in the water are investigated. ROS/RNS in water after the sparging of the off-gas of a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) are also investigated. H2O2, NO2
−, and NO3
− are detected after plasma exposure and only NO3
− after off-gas sparging. Short-lifetime species in plasma are found to play an important role in H2O2 and NO2
− production and long-lifetime species in NO3
− production. NO
x
may inhibit H2O2 production through OH consumption to produce HNO2 and HNO3. O3 does not contribute to ROS/RNS production. The pulsed plasma exposure is found to be effective for the production of H2O2 and NO2
−, and the off-gas sparging of the PB-DBD for the production of NO3
−.
Size dependence of switching behavior in single epitaxial Co/Pt multilayer nanodots
Authors: Lao Bin , Okamoto Satoshi , Kikuchi Nobuaki , Kitakami Osamu
Published: June 2016

We have studied the magnetization switching behavior in single nanodots of an epitaxially grown Co/Pt multilayer with various dot diameters (d) ranging from 120 to 1600 nm. The switching behaviors in all the dots used in this study are considered to be of the nucleation type from the angular dependence of the switching field. However, detailed analysis of the thermally activated magnetization switching reveals that there is a critical diameter (d
c) of 400 nm above which the switching process changes. For d < d
c, the switching behavior of the dot is well explained by the nucleation process based on the single-energy barrier model. On the other hand, the switching behavior for d ≥ d
c obviously deviates from that for d < d
c and can be plausibly explained by the multi-barrier model.
The systematics of the Mongolepidida (Chondrichthyes) and the Ordovician origins of the clade
Authors: Andreev Plamen , Coates Michael I. , Karatajūtė-Talimaa Valentina , Shelton Richard M. , Cooper Paul R. , Wang Nian-Zhong , Sansom Ivan J.
Published: June 2016

The Mongolepidida is an Order of putative early chondrichthyan fish, originally erected to unite taxa from the Lower Silurian of Mongolia. The present study reassesses mongolepid systematics through the examination of the developmental, histological and morphological characteristics of scale-based specimens from the Upper Ordovician Harding Sandstone (Colorado, USA) and the Upper Llandovery–Lower Wenlock Yimugantawu (Tarim Basin, China), Xiushan (Guizhou Province, China) and Chargat (north-western Mongolia) Formations. The inclusion of the Mongolepidida within the Class Chondrichthyes is supported on the basis of a suite of scale attributes (areal odontode deposition, linear odontocomplex structure and lack of enamel, cancellous bone and hard-tissue resorption) shared with traditionally recognized chondrichthyans (euchondrichthyans, e.g., ctenacanthiforms). The mongolepid dermal skeleton exhibits a rare type of atubular dentine (lamellin) that is regarded as one of the diagnostic features of the Order within crown gnathostomes. The previously erected Mongolepididae and Shiqianolepidae families are revised, differentiated by scale-base histology and expanded to include the generaRongolepisandXinjiangichthys, respectively. A newly described mongolepid species (Solinalepis levisgen. et sp. nov.) from the Ordovician of North America is treated as familyincertae sedis, as it possesses a type of basal bone tissue (acellular and vascular) that has yet to be documented in other mongolepids. This study extends the stratigraphic and palaeogeographic range of Mongolepidida and adds further evidence for an early diversification of the Chondrichthyes in the Ordovician Period, 50 million years prior to the first recorded appearance of euchondrichthyan teeth in the Lower Devonian.
The Size-Weight Illusion is not anti-Bayesian after all: a unifying Bayesian account
Authors: Peters Megan A.K. , Ma Wei Ji , Shams Ladan
Published: June 2016

When we lift two differently-sized but equally-weighted objects, we expect the larger to be heavier, but the smallerfeelsheavier. However, traditional Bayesian approaches with “larger is heavier” priors predict the smaller object should feellighter; this Size-Weight Illusion (SWI) has thus been labeled “anti-Bayesian” and has stymied psychologists for generations. We propose that previous Bayesian approaches neglect the brain’s inference process about density. In our Bayesian model, objects’ perceived heaviness relationship is based on both their size and inferred density relationship: observers evaluate competing, categorical hypotheses about objects’ relative densities, the inference about which is then used to produce the final estimate of weight. The model can qualitatively and quantitatively reproduce the SWI and explain other researchers’ findings, and also makes a novel prediction, which we confirmed. This same computational mechanism accounts for other multisensory phenomena and illusions; that the SWI follows the same process suggests that competitive-prior Bayesian inference can explain human perception across many domains.
Recent tectonic activity on Pluto driven by phase changes in the ice shell
Authors: Hammond Noah P. , Barr Amy C. , Parmentier Edgar M.
Published: June 2016

The New Horizons spacecraft has found evidence for geologic activity on the surface of Pluto, including extensional tectonic deformation of its water ice bedrock see Moore et al. (2016). One mechanism that could drive extensional tectonic activity is global surface expansion due to the partial freezing of an ocean. We use updated physical properties for Pluto and simulate its thermal evolution to understand the survival of a possible subsurface ocean. For thermal conductivities of rock less than 3 W m−1 K−1, an ocean forms and at least partially freezes, leading to recent extensional stresses in the ice shell. In scenarios where the ocean freezes and the ice shell is thicker than 260 km, ice II forms and causes global volume contraction. Since there is no evidence for recent compressional tectonic features, we argue that ice II has not formed and that Pluto's ocean has likely survived to present day.
Impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the California Current System: Early assessment and comparison to past events
Authors: Jacox Michael G. , Hazen Elliott L. , Zaba Katherine D. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Edwards Christopher A. , Moore Andrew M. , Bograd Steven J.
Published: June 2016

The 2015–2016 El Niño is by some measures one of the strongest on record, comparable to the 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 events that triggered widespread ecosystem change in the northeast Pacific. Here we describe impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño on the California Current System (CCS) and place them in historical context using a regional ocean model and underwater glider observations. Impacts on the physical state of the CCS are weaker than expected based on tropical sea surface temperature anomalies; temperature and density fields reflect persistence of multiyear anomalies more than El Niño. While we anticipate El Niño‐related impacts on spring/summer 2016 productivity to be similarly weak, their combination with preexisting anomalous conditions likely means continued low phytoplankton biomass. This study highlights the need for regional metrics of El Niño's effects and demonstrates the potential to assess these effects before the upwelling season, when altered ecosystem functioning is most apparent.
Nonlinear and minor ocean tides in the Bay of Biscay from the strain tides observed by two geodetic laser strainmeters at Canfranc (Spain)
Authors: Amoruso Antonella , Crescentini Luca
Published: June 2016

This work presents and discusses the tidal analysis of about 2.5 years of strain data recorded by two 70 m‐long high‐resolution laser strainmeters, which are operating in the Canfranc underground laboratory (Central Pyrenees, Spain). Spectra show clear tidal peaks whose frequencies range from the diurnal band to at least 8 cycles per day; strain amplitudes (relative change in length for each strainmeter) range from few
to
. The reliability of observations and corrections for local distortions are testified by the excellent agreement between measurements and computations for all the diurnal and semidiurnal tides included in the TPXO8 and FES2012 tidal atlases, with the exception of L2. Observed higher‐frequency strain tides are mostly attributed to loading by nonlinear shallow‐water constituents in the Bay of Biscay, more than 120 km from the measurement site. The signals are quantitatively compared with computations using TPXO8 (MN4, M4, and MS4) and FES2012 (M3, N4, MN4, M4, MS4, and M6). Computations fully agree with M4 observations for one strainmeter, overestimate M4 by about 30% for the other strainmeter and M6 by about a factor of two, and underestimate the other tides. This work shows that data from high‐sensitivity strainmeters installed in high‐quality sites may provide valuable additional information for studying the nonlinear tidal dynamics and energetics of coastal waters and minor ocean tides, at spatial resolutions of tens to thousands square kilometers, depending on the strainmeter location with respect to the coastline.
Effects of rotation on turbulent buoyant plumes in stratified environments
Authors: Fabregat Tomàs Alexandre , Poje Andrew C. , Özgökmen Tamay M. , Dewar William K.
Published: June 2016

We numerically investigate the effects of rotation on the turbulent dynamics of thermally driven buoyant plumes in stratified environments at the large Rossby numbers characteristic of deep oceanic releases. When compared to nonrotating environments, rotating plumes are distinguished by a significant decrease in vertical buoyancy and momentum fluxes leading to lower and thicker neutrally buoyant intrusion layers. The primary dynamic effect of background rotation is the concentration of entraining fluid into a strong cyclonic flow at the base of the plume resulting in cyclogeostrophic balance in the radial momentum equation. The structure of this cyclogeostrophic balance moving upward from the well head is associated with a net adverse vertical pressure gradient producing an inverted hydrostatic balance in the mean vertical momentum budgets. The present simulations reveal that the primary response to the adverse pressure gradient is an off‐axis deflection of the plume that evolves into a robust, organized anticyclonic radial precession about the buoyancy source. The off‐axis evolution is responsible for the weaker inertial overshoots, the increased thickness of lateral intrusion layers, and the overall decrease in the vertical extent of rotating plumes at intermediate Rossby numbers compared to the nonrotating case. For inlet buoyancy forcings and environmental Rossby numbers consistent with those expected in deepwater blowout plumes, the speed of the organized precession is found to be as large as typical oceanic cross‐flow speeds.
Split‐Attention and Coherence Principles in Multimedia Instruction Can Rescue Performance for Learners with Lower Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Fenesi Barbara , Kramer Emily , Kim Joseph A.
Published: June 2016

This study examined the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and the principles of Split‐Attention (Experiment 1) and Coherence (Experiment 2) in multimedia learning. Split‐Attention refers to reduced comprehension when learners must divide their attention between images and text, and Coherence refers to reduced comprehension when learners must process irrelevant information. In Experiment 1, those with lower WMC performed worse compared with those with higher WMC when learning from the Split‐Attention condition (audio + on‐screen text + images), but not when learning from the Complementary condition (audio + images). In Experiment 2, those with lower WMC performed worse compared with those with higher WMC when learning from the Incongruent condition (audio + irrelevant images), but not when learning from the Congruent condition (audio + relevant images). Findings reinforce the importance of pedagogically sound instructional design, as it may especially benefit those with lower WMC and equate learning across working memory abilities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of Arenes with Alkylamines via Bidentate‐Chelation Assistance
Authors: Yan Qiangqiang , Xiao Tangxin , Liu Zhanxiang , Zhang Yuhong
Published: June 2016

Cobalt‐catalyzed C−H amination of arenes with alkylamines by the assistance of 8‐aminoquinoline as auxiliary through sp2 C−H bond functionalization has been achieved. Attractive features of this protocol include the low loading of the cobalt catalyst and the readily available reagents.

magnified image
Agerinia smithorum sp. nov., a new early Eocene primate from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Femenias‐Gual Joan , Minwer‐Barakat Raef , Marigó Judit , Moyà‐Solà Salvador
Published: June 2016

The new species Agerinia smithorum (Adapiformes, Primates) from the early Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula is erected in this work. An emended diagnosis of the genus is provided, together with a broad description of the new species and comparisons with other samples assigned to Agerinia and other similar medium‐sized cercamoniines. The new species is based on the most complete specimen of this genus published to date, a mandible preserving the alveoli of the canine and P1, the roots of the P2 and all teeth from P3 to M3. It was found in Casa Retjo‐1, a new early Eocene locality from Northeastern Spain. The studied specimen is clearly distinguishable from other cercamoniines such as Periconodon, Darwinius, and Donrussellia, but very similar to Agerinia roselli, especially in the similar height of P3 and P4 and the general morphology of the molars, therefore allowing the allocation to the same genus. However, it is undoubtedly distinct from A. roselli, having a less molarized P4 and showing a larger paraconid in the M1 and a tiny one in the M2, among other differences. The body mass of A. smithorum has also been estimated, ranging from 652 to 724 g, similar to that of A. roselli. The primitive traits shown by A. smithorum (moderately molarized P4, large paraconid in the M1 and small but distinct in the M2) suggest that it could be the ancestor of A. roselli.
New Approaches to the Synthesis of Metal Carbenes
Authors: Jia Minqiang , Ma Shengming
Published: June 2016

Metal carbenes usually possess versatile reactivities that are controlled by the presence of both the metals and the ligands. Diazo compounds are commonly used for the generation of such species through elimination of nitrogen. However, they are often unstable, explosive, and toxic, which limits their applications in large‐scale syntheses. Thus, identifying sustainable and safe surrogates for the generation of metal carbenes has attracted great attention. In this Review, we summarize some of the most important breakthroughs in the generation, catalytic reactions, and selectivity control of metal carbenes from non‐diazo starting compounds.
The suitable itaconic acid content in polyacrylonitrile copolymers used for PAN‐based carbon fibers
Authors: Fu Zhongyu , Liu Baijun , Deng Yunjiao , Ma Jianying , Cao Chunlei , Wang Jing , Ao Yuhui , Zhang Huixuan
Published: June 2016

This article was to provide some new insights into the influences of itaconic acid (IA) content in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymers on polymerization, structural evolution, thermal behaviors and carbon yield relatively comprehensively. High IA containing poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐itaconic acid) (PAI) oligomers were successfully extracted from PAI copolymers with 2.0 and 3.0 mol % IA. PAI copolymers with 0.5 mol % and 1.0 mol % IA possessed more cyclized structures, conjugated carbonyl group, conjugated nitrile group, and less β‐amino nitrile group as well as faster structural evolution rate than those of the other three PAI copolymers. Kinetic parameters indicated that excessive IA content in PAI copolymer did not have advantages in promoting cyclization reaction. The PAI copolymers with 0.5 wt % to 1.0 mol % IA possessed better crystalline parameters as well as higher carbon yield than those of the other two PAI copolymers after carbonization at 1350 ºC. In summary, PAI copolymers with 0.5 mol % to 1.0 mol % IA will be more suitable for fabricating of high performance PAN‐based carbon fibers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43919.
Risk assessment for the Mexican freshwater crayfish: the roles of diversity, endemism and conservation status
Authors: Armendáriz Gema , Quiroz‐Martínez Benjamín , Alvarez Fernando
Published: June 2016

The freshwater fauna has been judged to be one of the most threatened biotic components in the world. In many tropical‐temperate freshwater habitats worldwide the largest invertebrates are crayfish, as is the case with the cambarid crayfish in Mexico. With 98% of endemic species, most of them with reduced distribution ranges, the Mexican crayfish have not been analysed to examine how diversity, endemism and threat are distributed.

A data set was analysed containing 1419 locality records for the 56 species of crayfish occurring in Mexico arranged in a 251 cell grid. Spatial autocorrelation analyses using Moran's I and G* were conducted; species richness, endemism and threat indices were calculated and mapped. An integrated risk score was derived from the two indices.

Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed a pattern that significantly departs from a random arrangement. Moran's I showed a positive autocorrelation between cells that are less than 800 km apart; while G* analysis identified one hotspot of diversity. Four areas with high endemism and seven areas with intermediate endemism values were recognized. The western portion of the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt, and some areas in the north are of special concern owing to the presence of threatened microendemic species.

The areas where more threatened species occur differ from those with high endemism values. This distinction makes evident that for species with low dispersal capabilities the areas with high endemism are the product of historical and geological events, while the areas with high numbers of threatened species are those where human activities have had a major impact. The integrated risk score, however, resulting from the combination of endemism and threat, peaks along the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt and where it joins the Sierra Madre Oriental.

The integrated risk score proposed in this study, based on well known and frequently used indices in conservation biology, can be used with existing data to determine areas where crayfish species richness, endemism and threat peak to make conservation efforts more cost‐effective.

© 2016 The Authors. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Efficient Synthesis of Benzazocines by Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem 1,2‐Acyloxy Shift/[3+2] Cycloaddition of Terminal 1,9‐Enynyl Esters
Authors: Feng Shangbiao , Wang Zhengshen , Zhang Weiwei , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong
Published: June 2016

An effective synthesis of structurally diverse benzazocines was accomplished in good to excellent chemical yields (55–82 %) through a gold(I)‐catalyzed cascade reaction involving tandem 1,2‐acyloxy shift/[3+2] cycloaddition of terminal 1,9‐enynyl esters. The reaction proceeds under extremely mild conditions and represents one of the relatively few transition‐metal‐catalyzed intramolecular cycloaddition reactions for the synthesis of benzazocines.
Nanostructured Carbon/Antimony Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Long Life
Authors: Cheng Yong , Yi Zheng , Wang Chunli , Wang Lidong , Wu Yaoming , Wang Limin
Published: June 2016

A series of nanostructured carbon/antimony composites have been successfully synthesized by a simple sol–gel, high‐temperature carbon thermal reduction process. In the carbon/antimony composites, antimony nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the pyrolyzed nanoporous carbon matrix. As an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, the C/Sb10 composite displays a high initial discharge capacity of 1214.6 mAh g−1 and a reversible charge capacity of 595.5 mAh g−1 with a corresponding coulombic efficiency of 49 % in the first cycle. In addition, it exhibits a high reversible discharge capacity of 466.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 200 cycles and a high rate discharge capacity of 354.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1. The excellent cycling stability and rate discharge performance of the C/Sb10 composite could be due to the uniform dispersion of antimony nanoparticles in the porous carbon matrix, which can buffer the volume expansion and maintain the integrity of the electrode during the charge–discharge cycles.
Build, grow, cultivate effective work groups
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2016

ST. PETERSBURG BEACH, FLA. — To successfully work with other divisions on initiatives that support campus safety, you'll need to cultivate high‐functioning work teams that communicate a shared vision.
OCR reports dramatic increase in sexual assault reports since 2005
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2016

Complaints to the Office for Civil Rights have doubled since 2005, according to OCR's annual fiscal report for fiscal year 2015. However, staffing levels at OCR have decreased, with the office hitting an all‐time low last year despite the increased volume of complaints and consequent investigations. During the time that OCR complaints have doubled (2005 to 2015), staffing for OCR has decreased 15 percent. As a result, the average time that it takes OCR to complete an investigation after a complaint is filed has increased to four years; by comparison, before 2009 the average time for a completed review was a little over one year. In response to this understaffing, 22 senators encouraged lawmakers to provide additional funding for OCR.
Take steps to prevent negligence claims involving coaches, student‐athletes
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: June 2016

The recent negligence lawsuit filed against the College of Charleston provides a stark reminder of the fine line that exists between pushing student‐athletes to their physical limits and the need to exercise coaching restraint while involving the proper use of medical resources.
Inhibition of autophagy and enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress increase sensitivity of osteosarcoma Saos‐2 cells to cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212‐2
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Bi Haiyong , Gao Ji , Lu Xing , Zheng Yanping
Published: June 2016

WIN55,212‐2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, can activate cannabinoid receptors, which has proven anti‐tumour effects in several tumour types. Studies showed that WIN can inhibit tumour cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in diverse cancers. However, the role and mechanism of WIN in osteosarcoma are still unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of WIN55,212‐2 on osteosarcoma cell line Saos‐2 in terms of cell viability and apoptosis. Meanwhile, we further explored the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in apoptosis induced by WIN55,212‐2. Our results showed that the cell proliferation of Saos‐2 was inhibited by WIN55,212‐2 in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. WIN55,212‐2‐induced Saos‐2 apoptosis through mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Meanwhile, WIN55,212‐2 can induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in Saos‐2 cells. Inhibition of autophagy and enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress increased apoptosis induced by WIN55,212‐2 in Saos‐2 cells. These findings indicated that WIN55,212‐2 in combination with autophagic inhibitor or endoplasmic reticulum stress activator may shed new light on osteosarcoma treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P38 MAPK/miR‐1 are involved in the protective effect of EGCG in high glucose‐induced Cx43 downregulation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Yu Lu , Yu Hongmei , Li Xiaoting , Jin Chongying , Zhao Yanbo , Xu Shengjie , Sheng Xia
Published: June 2016

The remodeling of cardiac gap junctions contributes to various arrhythmias in a diabetic heart. We previously reported that Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) attenuated connexin43 (Cx43) protein downregulation induced by high glucose (HG) in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, but Cx43 mRNA expression was not affected. It indicated the possible mechanisms of post‐transcriptional regulation, which still remains unclear. As microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression widely at post‐transcriptional level, we measured miR‐1/206 in cardiomyocytes treated with HG and EGCG by quantitative RT‐PCR and investigated their relationship with signal transduction pathways. The results showed that HG induced miR‐1/206 elevation by PKC MAPK pathway. Moreover, we tested the negative regulation effect of miR‐1/206 on Cx43 protein by miRNAs transfection. EGCG, however, nearly abolished the HG‐induced miR‐1 augmentation via P38 MAPK pathway. Therefore, our study suggested that PKC‐activated miR‐1/206 expression might contribute to Cx43 downregulation in HG‐treated cardiomyocytes, and EGCG conferred protective effect by inhibiting miR‐1 elevation via P38 MAPK pathway.
Myocardial salvage and mortality in STEMI: A race against ischemic time
Authors: Sardar M. Rizwan , Dawn Abbott J.
Published: June 2016

Key Points

Total ischemic time (IT) and door‐to‐balloon time (DBT) are two important measures in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

IT is a better predictor of cardiovascular outcomes than DTB, including infarct size and mortality, in STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

IT should be adopted as a standard metric to measure quality of care in STEMI, and will help to promote improvements to our health care delivery system.
Questioning, and Maybe Even Shaking Up, The Interventional Approach to STEMI
Authors: Kanakadandi Uday , Butman Samuel M.
Published: June 2016

Key Points

A drug‐coated balloon (DCB) in the setting of a STEMI may have long‐term advantages that overshadow the risk of not stenting the vessel.

Conversely, a temporary or permanent scaffold may be critical in the setting of a STEMI.

The rationale for the trial is bold, sound, and the human subjects are well‐protected.
What do we need to know about congenital portosystemic venous shunts in children?
Authors: Lucas Victor Samuel
Published: June 2016

Key Points

CPSVS is a rare potentially correctable cause of pulmonary hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatopulmonary syndrome

Awareness of CPSVS is key to diagnosis

Clear understanding of the anatomy and physiology is essential to successful treatment

Graded shunt closure induces growth of hypoplastic portal veins
Solubility of Natural Gas in Diesel Fuel
Authors: Barth Jakob , Ripperger Siegfried , Hörhammer Christoph , Flierl Rudolf
Published: June 2016

The solubility of commercially available natural gas in commercially available diesel fuel at room temperature and defined pressure is investigated experimentally. The gas phase is considered to be pure methane. The use of Henry's law to model the solubility is discussed. Solubility is given in terms of the mole fraction and the volumetric mass concentration of dissolved gas and the corresponding Henry's coefficients. The solubility is compared to that of pure methane in pure hexadecane, which is similar to diesel fuel with respect to the mean carbon number.
μ‐Oxo‐Dinuclear‐Iron(III)‐Catalyzed O‐Selective Acylation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Amino Alcohols and Transesterification of Tertiary Alcohols
Authors: Horikawa Rikiya , Fujimoto Chika , Yazaki Ryo , Ohshima Takashi
Published: June 2016

A highly chemoselective and reactive μ‐oxo‐dinuclear iron(III) salen catalyst for transesterification was developed. The developed iron complex catalyzed acylation of aliphatic amino alcohols with nearly perfect O‐selectivity, even when using activated esters, for which chemoselectivity is more difficult to control. In addition, O‐selective transesterification of aromatic amino alcohols was achieved for the first time. The high activity of the iron complex enabled the use of sterically congested tertiary alcohols, including unprecedented tert‐butanol.
ChemInform Abstract: The Structure and Band Gap Design of High Si Doping Level Ag1‐xGa1‐xSixSe2 (x = 1/2).
Authors: Zhang Shiyan , Mei Dajiang , Du Xin , Lin Zheshuai , Zhong Junbo , Wu Yuandong , Xu Jingli
Published: June 2016

Polycrystalline AgGaSiSe4 is prepared by solid state reaction of an equimolar mixture of AgGaSe2 and SiSe2 (evacuated silica tubes, 700 °C, 1 d; 3 repetitions).
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Michael‐Type Addition Reaction Catalyzed by a Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Incorporating an Anionic Heteropoly Acid.
Authors: Ghasemi Mohammad Hadi , Kowsari Elaheh , Shafiee Abbas
Published: June 2016

A wide range of substituted amines is synthesized under mild conditions in good yields using the Aza‐Michael‐type addition of primary and secondary amines to vinyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Route to Azabicycles via the Isocyanate‐Mediated Twofold Cyclization.
Authors: Li Mingming , Xing Ping , Jiang Biao
Published: June 2016

Compounds with an azabicyclic skeleton can be prepared from easily available allylic alcohols of type (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkenes with Organohalides.
Authors: Chu Xue‐Qiang , Liu Dan , Xing Zhen‐Hua , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: June 2016

The Pd‐catalyzed tandem alkylation/cyclization of olefinic amides (I) with bromide (II) leads to a variety of benzoxazines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Chlorination and Bromination of Ketones via Trityl Hydrazones.
Authors: Reyes Julius R. , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: June 2016

A novel method for the conversion of ketones into the respective chlorides or bromides is disclosed.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Highly Selective Photoredox C(sp2)—H Difluoroalkylation and Perfluoroalkylation of Hydrazones.
Authors: Xie Jin , Zhang Tuo , Chen Fei , Mehrkens Nina , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: June 2016

The first gold‐catalyzed intermolecular photoredox C(sp2)—H di‐ and perfluoroalkylation of hydrazones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenyltrimethylammonium Salts as Methylation Reagents in the Nickel‐Catalyzed Methylation of C—H Bonds.
Authors: Uemura Takeshi , Yamaguchi Mao , Chatani Naoto
Published: June 2016

A surprising methylation of C(sp3)—H bonds in aliphatic amides and of C(sp2)—H bonds in benzamides with phenyltrimethylammonium iodide as methyl source is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of NCTS (N‐Cyano‐N‐phenyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide) in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates and Aryl Halides.
Authors: Li Jizhen , Xu Wenbin , Ding Junshuai , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: June 2016

The method allows the synthesis of various aryl nitriles from diazonium salts (I), aryl iodides and bromides in suitable yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylthiolation of Unsymmetrical λ3‐Iodane Derivatives: Additive‐Free, Selective and Scalable Introduction of the SCF3 Group.
Authors: Nikolaienko Pavlo , Yildiz Tuelay , Rueping Magnus
Published: June 2016

A protocol is developed which allows the synthesis of (het)aryl trifluoromethyl thioethers from diaryliodonium salts (syntheses described) within a short time and without the need of an additive or a ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: A Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Triethoxysilanes, Sulfur Dioxide, and Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Zheng Danqing , Mao Runyu , Li Zhiming , Wu Jie
Published: June 2016

An efficient insertion of sulfur dioxide into both aryl and alkyl triethoxysilanes is achieved using a cheap Cu(I) catalyst in the absence of any additional ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated ortho‐Arylation of Benzamides with Arylboronic Acid.
Authors: Gui Qingwen , Chen Xiang , Hu Liang , Wang Dadian , Liu Jidan , Tan Ze
Published: June 2016

The copper‐mediated direct ortho C—H bond arylation of benzamide derivatives with arylboronic acids is achieved by employing an 8‐aminoquinoline moiety as a bidentate directing group.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Domino Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Arenes with Aldehydes: An Upgraded Method for Efficient Synthesis of Triarylmethanes and Anthracene Derivatives.
Authors: Mohammadiannejad‐Abbasabadi Kazem , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Kia Reza
Published: June 2016

The title reaction affords a variety of novel triarylmethanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed [2 + 1] Cycloadditions Affording Vinylidenecyclopropanes as Precursors of 7‐Membered Carbocycles.
Authors: Lepronier Aymeric , Achard Thierry , Giordano Laurent , Tenaglia Alphonse , Buono Gerard , Clavier Herve
Published: June 2016

Palladium(II) acetate in association with secondary phosphine oxides provides an efficient catalytic system for [2+1] cycloadditions starting from oxanorbornene derivatives and tertiary propargyl esters giving rise to vinylidenecyclopropanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Mn‐Mediated γ‐Alkylation/Oxa‐Michael Addition of Enones with 1,3‐Dicarbonyls.
Authors: Liu Xiaoguang , Chen Xiaohong , Mohr Justin T.
Published: June 2016

A new radical‐based strategy for regioselective γ‐C—C bond formation/oxa‐conjugate addition to construct tetrahydrobenzofuran derivatives is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Construction of Highly Functionalized Pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazol‐1‐ones via a Regioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Imidazolidin‐4‐ones, Aldehydes, and Nitroalkenes in One Pot.
Authors: Zhang Xia , Wang Xiaoyan , He Yanyang , Liu Ying , Liu Jie , Shi Jianyou
Published: June 2016

A series of novel pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazole derivatives is efficiently synthesized via a three‐component, regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Diradical Reaction Mechanisms in [3 + 2]‐Cycloadditions of Hetaryl Thioketones with Alkyl‐ or Trimethylsilyl‐Substituted Diazomethanes.
Authors: Mloston Grzegorz , Pipiak Paulina , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: June 2016

Dithiolanes are prepared by the title cycloaddition via diradical mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Photochemically Generated α‐Amino Radicals to Alkenylpyridines.
Authors: Hepburn Hamish B. , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: June 2016

The conjugate addition of α‐amino radicals to vinylpyridines using Broensted acid and a photoredox catalyst under visible light yields conjugate addition products (III), (V), (VII), and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthesis of 4‐Cyanoquinoline N‐Oxides.
Authors: Bujok Robert , Wrobel Zbigniew , Wojciechowski Krzysztof
Published: June 2016

Title compounds (III) are prepared via reaction of 2‐nitrobenzylcyanide carbanions with acrylonitrile (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfunctional 4‐Quinolinones. Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinolines.
Authors: Shmidt Maria S. , Perillo Isabel A. , Camelli Alicia , Fernandez Maria A. , Blanco Maria M.
Published: June 2016

Two new methods to obtain title compounds (II) and (V) based on rearrangement reactions are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Radical Fluoroalkylation—Cyclization: Synthesis of Tetrafluoro Imidazopyridines.
Authors: Charpentier Julie , Frueh Natalja , Foser Simon , Togni Antonio
Published: June 2016

The copper‐catalyzed fluoroalkylation‐cyclization sequence of alkenes and alkynes allows the synthesis of fluorinated tetra‐ and dihydroimidazopyridines, making use of a new class of functionalized tetrafluoroethyl reagents based on a hypervalent iodine source.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridine‐11‐carboxamides via a Domino Reaction Involving Double Elimination of Hydrogen Bromide.
Authors: Feng Bin‐Bin , Lu Lian , Li Chao , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: June 2016

The title compounds are prepared by the domino reaction of 2‐aminobenzamides and mucobromic acid with good yields involving a double elimination of hydrogen bromide.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Catalyzed C(sp2)—N Bond Formation: Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]quinolinone Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Qian Jingjing , Zhang Guisheng , Ma Nana , Liu Qingfeng , Liu Tongxin , Sun Kai , Shi Lei
Published: June 2016

A novel route towards pyrroloquinolinones via direct intramolecular amide arylation is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Borylcupration of Allenylsilanes.
Authors: Yuan Weiming , Song Liu , Ma Shengming
Published: June 2016

A new and efficient method for the stereoselective synthesis of allylic boronates actually bearing the thermodynamically disfavored (Z) geometry is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Terreumols A and C from the Mushroom Tricholoma terreum.
Authors: Frichert Alex , Jones Peter G. , Lindel Thomas
Published: June 2016

The first enantioselective total synthesis of the cytotoxic meroterpenoids terreumol A (I) and C (II), originally isolated from the grey knight mushroom Tricholoma terreum, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Scalable Total Synthesis of rac‐Jungermannenones B and C.
Authors: Liu Weilong , Li Houhua , Cai Pei‐Jun , Wang Zhen , Yu Zhi‐Xiang , Lei Xiaoguang
Published: June 2016

Starting from geraniol, the ent‐kaurene‐type diterpenoids jungermannenone B (I) and C (II) are synthesized as racemates in 10 and 9 steps, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminofluorination: Transition‐Metal‐Free N—F Bond Insertion into Diazocarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Chen Gui , Song Jinshuai , Yu Yinghua , Luo Xuesong , Li Chunsen , Huang Xueliang
Published: June 2016

Using NFSI (II) as F and N source, geminal aminofluorination of aryl diazoesters (I) is achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: An Iron(III) Catalyst with Unusually Broad Substrate Scope in Regioselective Alkylation of Diols and Polyols.
Authors: Ren Bo , Ramstroem Olof , Zhang Qiang , Ge Jiantao , Dong Hai
Published: June 2016

The new selective monoalkylation reaction of diverse 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diol‐containing structures employs [Fe(dibm)3] (dibm = diisobutyrylmethane) as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Strictamine.
Authors: Ren Weiwu , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: June 2016

This is the first total synthesis of the title compound (I).
ChemInform Abstract: New Alkaloids from Hippeastrum papilio (Ravenna) Van Scheepen.
Authors: Guo Ying , de Andrade Jean P. , Pigni Natalia B. , Torras‐Claveria Laura , Tallini Luciana R. , de S. Borges Warley , Viladomat Francesc , Nair Jerald J. , Zuanazzi Jose A. S. , Bastida Jaume
Published: June 2016

Three new alkaloids, hippapiline (I) with an unusual cis‐B/C‐ring fusion, papiline (II) and haemanthamine derivative (III) are isolated together with six known alkaloids.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Structure Modification of ZnO and the Impact on Electronic Properties
Authors: Hewlett Robert M. , McLachlan Martyn A.
Published: June 2016

Review: 232 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Europium Chalcogenide Magnetic Semiconductor Nanostructures
Authors: Boncher William , Dalafu Haydee , Rosa Nicholas , Stoll Sarah
Published: June 2016

Review: synthetic strategies and magnetic properties as function of size and compositin; 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry Applying Metalloid Tin Clusters
Authors: Schnepf Andreas
Published: June 2016

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions Using Organoboron Nucleophiles
Authors: Shintani Ryo
Published: June 2016

Review: [29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed or ‐Mediated C—H Bond Functionalizations Assisted by Bidentate Directing Groups
Authors: Liu Jidan , Chen Guoshu , Tan Ze
Published: June 2016

Review: [55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of 1,n‐Diyne Carbonates and Esters
Authors: Day David Philip , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: June 2016

Review: [29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Control over Folding by Light
Authors: Yu Zhilin , Hecht Stefan
Published: June 2016

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Various Difunctionalizations of Acrylamide: An Efficient Approach to Synthesize Oxindoles
Authors: Li Chen‐Chen , Yang Shang‐Dong
Published: June 2016

Review: [30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Metal Phosphonates as Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Bhanja Piyali , Bhaumik Asim
Published: June 2016

Review: recent developments in designing these metal phosphates with a special emphasis on their catalytic potential in liquid‐phase organic transformations; 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isocoumarins, Miraculous Natural Products Blessed with Diverse Pharmacological Activities
Authors: Saeed Aamer
Published: June 2016

Review: [181 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Relaxivity and Toxicological Properties of Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for MRI Applications
Authors: Hsu Benedict You Wei , Kirby Georgia , Tan Aaron , Seifalian Alexander M. , Li Xu , Wang John
Published: June 2016

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Silica Materials on the Basis of Porous Glasses
Authors: Inayat Alexandra , Reinhardt Bjoern , Herwig Jan , Kuester Christian , Uhlig Hans , Krenkel Sharon , Raedlein Edda , Enke Dirk
Published: June 2016

Review: 53 refs.
JOINT INVERSION OF RAYLEIGH WAVE VERTICAL‐HORIZONTAL AMPLITUDE RATIOS AND DISPERSION BASED ON THE NEIGHBORHOOD ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION
Authors: Yi YUAN , Hua‐Jian YAO , Yan QIN
Published: June 2016

Rayleigh wave ellipticity (or ZH ratio) is a function of frequency and is particularly sensitive to shallow crustal structure beneath the seismograph station. Since the depth sensitivity kernels of ZH ratios are different from those of dispersion data, the ZH ratio provides good complementary information for the dispersion‐based inversion method. Therefore, we can combine the ZH ratio and dispersion data of Rayleigh wave fundamental mode to better invert for the velocity structure under a specific seismograph station. In this paper, we propose a joint inversion method using the dispersion and ZH ratio data based on the Neighborhood Algorithm. We conduct synthetic tests based on a theoretical model and prove the robustness of the joint inversion method, which can better constrain the shallow crustal structure. Compared to traditional inversion methods that only use dispersion data, the joint inversion can provide a more accurate crustal Vs model as well as Vp/Vs ratios for the layered crust. Finally, we apply the joint inversion technique to real measurements and obtain a more accurate crust shear velocity and Vp/Vs model beneath the station at Kunming (KMI) in southwest China.
Labile Organic Carbon Fractions, Regulator of CO2 Emission: Effect of Plant Residues and Water Regimes
Authors: Hassan Waseem , Bashir Safdar , Ahmed Niaz , Tanveer Mohsin , Shah Adnan Noor , Bano Rizwana , David Julie
Published: June 2016

The soil organic carbon (C) pool is the largest among the terrestrial C pools, and plays a vital role in the exchange of CO2. The increase in CO2 emission from soil to atmosphere has raised concerns about potential global warming. The current study was conducted with the objectives to investigate the relationship between labile organic C fractions and CO2 fluxes in an Alfisol soil treated with green manure (GM) and wheat straw (WS), and moisture regimes namely, W1 (50%) and W2 (100%). The incorporation of GM and WS increased (p < 0.05) the CO2 emission and labile C fractions under both water regimes. The CO2 fluxes showed positive correlation with all measured soil labile organic C fractions, i.e., total organic carbon (TOC), light fraction of organic carbon (LFOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), reducing sugar carbon (RSC), and readily mineralizable carbon (RMC). The overall effect of labile C fractions on the CO2 emission was in the order LFOC > POC > EOC > DOC > MBC > RSC > RMC > TOC. The results demonstrated that LFOC, POC, EOC, DOC, MBC, RSC, and RMC had higher effects on CO2 fluxes as compared to TOC. The LFOC was more suitable and sensitive indicator than POC, EOC, DOC, MBC, WSC, RMC, and RSC for CO2 emissions and change in the soil organic C status.