bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 aspirational target for soil carbon: A case study for France
Authors: Martin Manuel P. , Dimassi Bassem , Román Dobarco Mercedes , Guenet Bertrand , Arrouays Dominique , Angers Denis A. , Blache Fabrice , Huard Frédéric , Soussana Jean‐François , Pellerin Sylvain
Published: February 2021

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is a promising way to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Based on a simple ratio between CO2 anthropogenic emissions and SOC stocks worldwide, it has been suggested that a 0.4% (4 per 1000) yearly increase in SOC stocks could compensate for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Here, we used a reverse RothC modelling approach to estimate the amount of C inputs to soils required to sustain current SOC stocks and to increase them by 4‰ per year over a period of 30 years. We assessed the feasibility of this aspirational target first by comparing the required C input with net primary productivity (NPP) flowing to the soil, and second by considering the SOC saturation concept. Calculations were performed for mainland France, at a 1 km grid cell resolution. Results showed that a 30%–40% increase in C inputs to soil would be needed to obtain a 4‰ increase per year over a 30‐year period. 88.4% of cropland areas were considered unsaturated in terms of mineral‐associated SOC, but characterized by a below target C balance, that is, less NPP available than required to reach the 4‰ aspirational target. Conversely, 90.4% of unimproved grasslands were characterized by an above target C balance, that is, enough NPP to reach the 4‰ objective, but 59.1% were also saturated. The situation of improved grasslands and forests was more evenly distributed among the four categories (saturated vs. unsaturated and above vs below target C balance). Future data from soil monitoring networks should enable to validate these results. Overall, our results suggest that, for mainland France, priorities should be (1) to increase NPP returns in cropland soils that are unsaturated and have a below target carbon balance and (2) to preserve SOC stocks in other land uses.
Meningococcal Meningitis and Coal Mining in Provincial England: Geographical Perspectives on a Major Epidemic, 1929–33
Authors: Smallman‐Raynor Matthew R. , Cliff Andrew D. , Stickler Philip J.
Published: February 2021

This article presents the first systematic study of the spatial transmission of the 1929–33 epidemic of meningococcal meningitis and its association with local coal mining communities in three adjacent high incidence counties of England; Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and the West Riding of Yorkshire. Drawing on a robust method of spatial epidemiological analysis (swash‐backwash model), we demonstrate a gradient response with local levels of employment in coal mining for each of three key parameters of the epidemic wave: spatial velocity of transmission; duration of infectivity; and spatial reach. Partial least squares regression analysis identifies the relatively young and fertile demographic of local mining communities as the principal determinant of the resulting epidemic burden. Other sociodemographic parameters, including established risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease (low social class, high residential density, and overcrowding) are found to play little, or no, role in the spatial distribution of the disease. Our findings have importance for understanding the historic links between the coal mining industry and epidemic meningococcal meningitis, and point to possible present‐day opportunities for intervention through the designation of coal mining communities as defined risk groups for meningococcal vaccines.
An updated life‐history scheme for marine fishes predicts recruitment variability and sensitivity to exploitation
Authors: Petrik Colleen M. , González Taboada Fernando , Stock Charles A. , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: February 2021

Aim

Patterns of population renewal in marine fishes are often irregular and lead to volatile fluctuations in abundance that challenge management and conservation efforts. Here, we examine the relationship between life‐history strategies and recruitment variability in exploited marine fish species using a macroecological approach.

Location

Global ocean.

Time period

1950–2018.

Major taxa studied

Bony and cartilaginous fish.

Methods

Based on trait data for 244 marine fish species, we extend the established equilibrium–periodic–opportunistic (E‐P‐O) life‐history classification scheme objectively to include two additional emergent life‐history strategies: “bet‐hedgers” (B) and salmonic (S) strategists. TheBstrategists include rockfishes and other species inhabiting patchy benthic habitats with life histories that blend characteristics ofEandPspecies; they combine very long life spans with elevated investments in both parental care and fecundity. TheSstrategists mainly comprise salmonids that share life‐history characteristics withEandOspecies: elevated investments in parental care reminiscent ofEstrategists, but with reduced fecundity and short life spans characteristic ofOspecies. We analysed how theE‐B‐P‐O‐Slife‐history classification mapped onto patterns of recruitment variability observed in population time series data (n =156 species).

Results

Generalized linear models suggested that life‐history strategy explained a modest, yet significant amount of recruitment variability across species. Greater predictive power arose after controlling for increased recruitment variance associated with variable fishing pressure, withOstrategists showing the strongest sensitivity. TheBstrategists were susceptible to exploitation in a similar manner toPstocks, but their longer times to maturity made them particularly vulnerable to overfishing.

Main conclusions

A broader recognition of the distinct ecology of salmonic and bet‐hedger groups is important when studying life‐history strategies in marine fish. More generally, our results stress the importance of considering life‐history strategies for understanding patterns of recruitment variability across fish stocks.
The impact of oral health education taken by personal support workers caring for a geriatric population in a long‐term care facility: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Pawluk Debra L. , Dale Craig , Lai Jim Yuan , Villacorta‐Siegal Nelly , Smith Jagger , Joseph Karen , Lawrence Herenia P.
Published: February 2021

Objective

To evaluate the impact of an online oral health education module on personal support workers’ (PSW) knowledge and beliefs in their care for long‐term care (LTC) residents in one Canadian LTC residence.

Background

LTC residents are dependent on PSWs for their oral health needs. However, PSWs receive minimal to no oral health education placing residents at risk for poor oral health.

Methods

A mixed‐methods convergent design comprising a before‐and‐after questionnaire (N = 88), focus groups (N = 23) and interviews (N = 4) exploring module learning. Analysis of each data set was followed by their amalgamation and comparison.

Results

The online module had limited impact on the PSWs’ knowledge and beliefs regarding resident oral health care. The quantitative results demonstrated knowledge improvements in two domains and changes in two belief domains. However, the qualitative results demonstrated new knowledge was not developed or sustained in practice. Themes that emerged include the following: lack of module recall, unmet learning needs and methods for oral care delivery, and timing of oral care in a busy clinical environment.

Conclusion

Online oral health education alone has limited impact on PSWs’ knowledge and beliefs. Research evaluating multifaceted education interventions including hands‐on training with a dental expert is warranted.
Effective training duration and frequency for lip‐seal training in older people using a self‐training instrument
Authors: Oki Takeshi , Ohta Midori , Takano Tomofumi , Sakurai Kaoru , Ueda Takayuki
Published: February 2021

Objective

To determine the effects of the training duration and frequency on lip‐seal strength (LSS) in older people.

Background

Lip‐seal is important for speaking, eating and swallowing. LSS decreases after training ends; therefore, continuous training is essential.

Materials and methods

Participants underwent the resistance training of LSS. Regarding training duration, eight women aged ≥65 years participated in a crossover study with trainings A (direction: 1, duration: 50 seconds) and B (directions: 3, duration: 3 minutes), daily for 4 weeks. Regarding training frequency, 40 women aged ≥65 years were divided into four groups based on frequency (everyday, every‐other‐day, once‐a‐week and control groups), and all groups excluding the control group performed training B for 4 weeks. LSS was measured at weeks 0, 2 and 4 using a digital strain gauge. Friedman's test was used, followed by Steel‐Dwass test (α = 0.05).

Results

Regarding the effects of the training duration, significant differences in LSS were noted between weeks 0 and 4 for training B, but no difference was noted for training A. Regarding training frequency, significant differences were observed between weeks 0 and 2 or 4 in the everyday and once‐a‐week groups. Significant differences were observed in the every‐other‐day group between weeks 0 and 4 and no difference in the control group. For all groups, median LSS was higher in week 2 or 4 than that in week 0.

Conclusion

Lip‐seal training for 3 minutes per session everyday, every‐other‐day or once‐a‐week for 4 weeks increased LSS of older people.
Navigating welfare regimes in divided societies: Diversity and the quality of service delivery in Lebanon
Authors: Cammett Melani , Şaşmaz Aytuğ
Published: February 2021

In many developing countries, non‐state actors, including those with religious or political affiliations, provide basic social services. Do politicized ethnoreligious divisions shape citizen choices of providers? Does service quality vary when patients visit ingroup or outgroup facilities? Building on studies of the “diversity deficit” and on outgroup generosity, we focus on how the relationship between frontline service providers and citizens affects the quality of services. Among facilities run by sectarian organizations, citizens largely select into ingroup providers, and report distinct reasons for the rare instances of choosing outgroup versus ingroup centers. Furthermore, when visiting outgroup facilities, service quality is inferior. Preliminary evidence indicates that shared social networks, which facilitate informal mechanisms of accountability, may account for the ingroup advantage. The data are derived from original surveys of a nationally representative sample of health centers in Lebanon, a country with politicized identity cleavages and diverse types of welfare providers.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐associated Vap33 is required for maintaining neuronal dendrite morphology and organelle distribution in Drosophila
Authors: Kamemura Kosuke , Chen Chun‐an , Okumura Misako , Miura Masayuki , Chihara Takahiro
Published: February 2021

VAMP‐associated protein (VAP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that functions as a tethering protein at the membrane contact sites between the ER and various intracellular organelles. Mutations such as P56S in human VAPB cause neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, VAP functions in neurons are poorly understood. Here, we utilized Drosophila olfactory projection neurons with a mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to analyze the neuronal function of Vap33, a Drosophila ortholog of human VAPB. In vap33 null mutant clones, the dendrites of projection neurons exhibited defects in the maintenance of their morphology. The subcellular localization of the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria were also abnormal. These results indicate that Vap33 is required for neuronal morphology and organelle distribution. Additionally, to examine the impact of ALS‐associated mutations in neurons, we overexpressed human VAPB‐P56S in vap33 null mutant clones (mosaic rescue experiments) and found that, in aged flies, human VAPB‐P56S expression caused mislocalization of Bruchpilot, a presynaptic protein. These results implied that synaptic protein localization and ER quality control may be affected by disease mutations. We provide insights into the physiological and pathological functions of VAP in neurons.
Trust, medical expertise and humaneness: A qualitative study on people with cancer’ satisfaction with medical care
Authors: Blödt Susanne , Müller‐Nordhorn Jacqueline , Seifert Georg , Holmberg Christine
Published: February 2021

Background

Understanding peoples’ evaluations of their health care is important to ensure appropriate health‐care services.

Objectives

To understand what factors influence peoples’ satisfaction with care and how interpersonal trust is established between doctors and cancer patients in Germany.

Design

A narrative interview study that included women with a diagnosis of breast cancer and men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. A question‐focused analysis was conducted.

Setting and participants

Interviewees were sought across Germany through self‐help organizations, clinics, rehabilitation facilities, physicians and other health‐care professionals, in order to develop modules on experiencing cancer for the website krankheitserfahrungen.de (illness experiences.de).

Results

Satisfaction was related to the perception of having a knowledgeable and trusted physician. Trust was developed through particular interactions in which ‘medical expertise’ and ‘humaneness’ were enacted by physicians. Humaneness represents the ability of physicians to personalize medical expertise and thereby to convey working in the individual's best interest and to treat the patient as an individual and unique human being. This was fostered through contextual and relational factors including among others setting, time, information transfer, respect, availability, profoundness, sensitivity and understanding.

Conclusion

It was the ability to make oneself known to and know the patient in particular ways that allowed for satisfying care experiences by establishing interpersonal trust. This suggests the importance of conceptualizing the doctor‐patient relationship as a fundamentally reciprocal human interaction of caregiving and care‐receiving. At the core of the satisfying care experiences lies a doctor‐patient relationship with a profoundly humane quality.
‘We’re all in the same boat’: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis study of experiences of being an ‘expert’ during patient and public involvement within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS)
Authors: Idrees Samiran , Hartley Samantha , Hearn Jasmine Heath
Published: February 2021

Background

Patient and Public involvement (PPI) has rapidly evolved into a key component in shaping the delivery of health services. However, little is known about what it is like to participate in involvement procedures that include representatives of multiple groups and in the context of developing new interventions for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).

Objective

This study explored participants’ experiences of PPI, following attending a ‘consensus conference’, during which their views were sought in relation to the development of a proposed staff‐based intervention and key questions about its design and implementation.

Design

Qualitative, semi‐structured interview study.

Setting and Participants

Six participants, including service users and various frontline clinical staff team members, who had experience of CAMHS were present at the consensus conference and then asked about their experiences of being involved via semi‐structured interviews. The data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Young people, carers and frontline staff have been involved in the design and implementation throughout the broader programme of work of which this study forms part, although these groups were not directly involved in the design and implementation of this paper.

Results

Three key narratives were present: (a) Previous Experiences Driving Expectations, (b) ‘We are all in the same boat’ and (c) The Realization of Multiple Identities. The results suggest that PPI involvement is a complex process that may be driven by positive/negative expectations, but that individuals value learning about others and recognizing different perspectives while reaching shared goals in improving services.

Discussion and Conclusion

This study demonstrates the complexity of experience that service users and clinical staff face when engaging in involvement activities in CAMHS. The findings demonstrate the value in engaging multiple stakeholder groups while also highlighting the importance of proper consideration of the procedures involved and facilitators of engagement.
‘What the herbal medicine can do for me in a week, the orthodox does in a year’: Perceived efficacy of local alternative therapies influences medication adherence in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Laar Amos , Amoah Ampah Ernest , Fernandez Yolanda , Senyo Amevinya Gideon , Nortey Priscillia , Benyah Frank , Akamah Joseph , Ambenne Marcella , Lamptey Peter , Free Caroline , Legido‐Quigley Helena , Perel Pablo
Published: February 2021

Background

There is strong evidence that anti‐platelet therapy, ACE inhibitors, beta‐blockers and statins are cost‐effective in reducing subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). In some settings, only a low proportion of people have access to these medications, and even lower adhere to them. The current study explored and presents data on the causes of poor adherence to orthodox medication and motivations for alternative therapies in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD).

Methods

The study was conducted among city‐dwelling adults with ACVD in Accra – Ghana's capital city. Eighteen interviews were conducted with patients with established ACVD. A follow‐up focus group discussion was conducted with some of them. The protocol was approved by two ethics review committees based in Ghana and in the United Kingdom. All participants were interviewed after informed consent. Analysis was done with the Nvivo qualitative data analysis software.

Results

We identified motivations for use of alternatives to orthodox therapies. These cover the five dimensions of adherence: social and economic, health‐care system, condition‐related, therapy‐related, and patient‐related dimensions. Perceived inability of an orthodox medication to provide immediate benefit is an important motivator for use of alternative forms of medication.

Conclusions

A multiplicity of factors precipitate non‐adherence to orthodox therapies. Perceived efficacy and easy access to local alternative therapies such as herbal and faith‐based therapies are important motivators.
Participatory health research with migrants: Opportunities, challenges, and way forwards
Authors: Roura Maria , Dias Sonia , LeMaster Joseph W. , MacFarlane Anne
Published: February 2021

Context

Migration is one of the most politically pressing issues of the 21st century but migrant health remains an under‐researched area. The International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research (ICPHR) working group on migration developed this position statement to address opportunities and challenges in relation to migrant health. It aims to contribute to a shift from a deficit model that sees migrants as passively affected by policies to their reconceptualization as citizens who are engaged in the co‐creation of solutions.

Methods

This paper examines the opportunities and challenges posed by the use of PHR with migrants. It draws on a broad literature to provide examples of successful PHR with migrants and highlights critical issues for consideration.

Findings

Successful initiatives illustrate the value of engaging migrants in the definition of the research agenda, the design and implementation of health interventions, the identification of health‐protective factors and the operationalization and validation of indicators to monitor progress. Within increasingly super diverse contexts, fragmented community landscapes that are not necessarily constructed along ethnicity traits, inadequate structures of representation, local tensions and operational barriers can hamper meaningful PHR with migrants.

Conclusion

For each research context, it is essential to gauge the ‘optimal’ level and type of participation that is more likely to leverage migrants’ empowerment. The development of Monitoring and Evaluation tools and methodological strategies to manage inter‐stakeholder discrepancies and knowledge translation gaps are steps in this direction.

Patient or public contribution

This paper draws from contributions of migrant populations and other stakeholders to policymaking.
Effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir two‐drug regimens in virologically suppressed people living with HIV: a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis of real‐world evidence
Authors: Punekar Y S , Parks D , Joshi M , Kaur S , Evitt L , Chounta V , Radford M , Jha D , Ferrante S , Sharma S , Van Wyk J , de Ruiter A
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Dolutegravir (DTG) is widely recommended within three‐drug regimens. However, similar efficacy and tolerability have also been achieved with DTG within two‐drug regimens in clinical trials. This study evaluated the real‐world effectiveness and discontinuations in people living with HIV‐1 (PLHIV) switching to DTG with lamivudine (3TC) or rilpivirine (RPV).

Methods

This was a one‐arm meta‐analysis utilizing data from a systematic literature review. Data from real‐world evidence studies of DTG + RPV and DTG + 3TC were extracted, pooled and analysed. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with viral failure (VF; ≥ 50 copies/mL in two consecutive measurements and/or ≥ 1000 copies/mL in a single measurement) at week 48 (W48) and week 96 (W96). Other outcomes included virological suppression (VS; < 50 copies/mL) and discontinuations (W48 and W96). Estimates were calculated for VF, VS as per snapshot (VSS) and on treatment analysis (VSOT), and discontinuations.

Results

Pooled mean estimates of VF for DTG + 3TC and DTG + RPV were 0.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4–1.3] and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.0–1.6), respectively, at W48. VSS rate at W48 was 85.0% (95% CI: 82.3–87.5) for DTG + 3TC regimen and 92.4% (95% CI: 85.0–97.7) in the DTG + RPV regimen. The DTG + 3TC and DTG + RPV regimens led to discontinuations in 13.6% (95% CI: 11.1–16.2) and 7.2% (95% CI: 2.1–14.4) of patients, respectively, at W48. Similar results were observed at W96.

Conclusions

Treatment with DTG + 3TC or DTG + RPV in clinical practice provides a low rate of VF and a high rate of VS when initiated in virologically suppressed PLHIV with diverse backgrounds.
Diagnostic value of serological biomarkers for detection of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or advanced liver fibrosis in people living with HIV
Authors: Yanavich C , Pacheco AG , Cardoso SW , Nunes EP , Chaves USB , Freitas G , Santos R , Morata M , Veloso VG , Grinsztejn B , Perazzo H
Published: February 2021

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of serological biomarkers for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced fibrosis (METAVIR‐F3F4) in HIV mono‐infected individuals.

Methods

In all, 674 participants from the PROSPEC‐HIV study (NCT02542020), who had blood sample tests and transient elastography (TE) performed on the same day, were eligible. Exclusion criteria were viral hepatitis co‐infection (n = 90), abusive alcohol intake (n = 61), missing data (n = 47) or unreliable TE (n = 39). NAFLD was defined by controlled attenuation parameter ≥ 248 dB/m and advanced fibrosis by liver stiffness measurement ≥ 8.7 kPa with M probe or ≥ 7.2 kPa with XL probe. Biomarkers for NAFLD [Steato‐ELSA, Fatty Liver Index (FLI), Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI), NAFLD‐Liver Fat Score (NAFLD‐LFS)] and fibrosis [Fibrosis‐4 score (FIB‐4), Aspartate‐to‐Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS)] were calculated.

Results

A total of 437 patients [57% female, age = 44 (interquartile range: 35–52) years, body mass index (BMI) = 26.1 (23.4–29.3) kg/m2, CD4 = 660 (427–901) cells/μL] were included. The prevalence [95% confidence interval (CI)] of NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were 38.2% (33.8–42.9) and 10.5% (8.0–13.8), respectively. The areas (95% CI) under the receiver operator curve (AUROCs) for diagnosis of NAFLD were 0.854 (0.818–0.889), 0.840 (0.804–0.877), 0.805 (0.762–0.847) and 0.793 (0.750–0.836) for Steato‐ELSA, FLI, HSI and NAFLD‐LFS (P < 0.001), respectively. All tests yielded satisfactory sensitivities, specificities and negative predictive values (NPVs). The AUROCs (95% CI) for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis were 0.736 (0.659–0.814), 0.700 (0.614–0.7851) and 0.795 (0.726–0.864) for FIB‐4, APRI and NFS (P = 0.077), respectively. These tests yielded high specificities and negative predictive values (NPVs) > 90%.

Conclusion

Biomarkers for NAFLD had a good accuracy and those for fibrosis had high specificities and NPVs. These tests should be integrated to HIV care to detect NAFLD and to exclude advanced liver fibrosis.
Trends and predictors of linkage to HIV outpatient care following diagnosis in the era of expanded testing in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: Results of a national cohort study
Authors: Croxford S , Burns F , Copas A , Yin Z , Delpech V
Published: February 2021

Objectives

We explore trends in linkage to HIV care following diagnosis and investigate the impact of diagnosis setting on linkage in the era of expanded testing.

Methods

All adults (aged ≥ 15 years) diagnosed with HIV between 2005 and 2014 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (EW&NI) were followed up until the end of 2017. People who died within 1 month of diagnosis were excluded (n = 1009). Trends in linkage to outpatient care (time to first CD4 count) were examined by sub‐population and diagnosis setting. Logistic regression identified predictors of delayed linkage of > 1 month, > 3 months and > 1 year post‐diagnosis (2012–2014).

Results

Overall, 97% (60 250/62 079) of people linked to care; linkage ≤ 1 month was 75% (44 291/59 312), ≤ 3 months was 88% (52 460) and ≤ 1 year was 95% (56 319). Median time to link declined from 15 days [interquartile range (IQR): 4–43] in 2005 to 6 (IQR: 0–20) days in 2014 (similar across sub‐populations/diagnosis settings). In multivariable analysis, delayed linkage to care was associated with acquiring HIV through injecting drug use, heterosexual contact or other routes compared with sex between men (> 1 month/3 months/1 year), being diagnosed in earlier years (> 1 month/3 months/1 year) and having a first CD4 ≥ 200 cells/μL (> 3 months/1 year). Diagnosis outside of sexual health clinics, antenatal services and infectious disease units predicted delays of > 1 month. By 3 months, only diagnosis in ‘other’ settings (prisons, drug services, community and other medical settings) was significant.

Conclusions

Linkage to care following HIV diagnosis is relatively timely in EW&NI. However, non‐traditional testing venues should have well‐defined referral pathways established to facilitate access to care and treatment.
Economy analysis of the implementation of extruded tiles fabrication in a ceramic industry containing ornamental rock waste
Authors: Coelho de Azevedo Marilena , Teixeira Marvila Markssuel , Carla Girondi Delaqua Geovana , Fonseca Amaral Lucas , Colorado Henry , Maurício Fontes Vieira Carlos
Published: February 2021

As a result of the economic crisis faced in Brazil, industries in the red ceramic sector have economic problems. The objective of this work was to evaluate, technologically and economically, through analysis of economy, the implementation of the production of ceramic tiles, a material with higher added value than bricks and ceramic blocks, in a ceramic industry located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The ceramic tiles were produced containing the incorporation of ornamental rock waste (ORW). The state has a region that has a red ceramic pole, but produces only products with lower added value. For this, specimens were produced with four different ceramic masses burned at temperatures in the range of 800 to 1050°C. Three masses were produced with different clays from the region (ceramic mass 1, 2 and 3) and a ceramic mass 4 was evaluated containing the clay that presented the best results and with the inclusion of sand and ORW, aiming at the analysis of economy. It was found that the masses containing only clays showed satisfactory parameters of resistance, but showed deficiencies in water absorption. The fourth mass, however, presented acceptable values in all the evaluated properties and was chosen to carry out a full‐scale industrial test, which enabled the development of economic analysis and an economic analysis using the theory of real options. The results obtained in this last stage were also positive, providing an internal rate of return of 16.82%, above the minimum practiced rate of 15%, proving the efficiency of the economy applied to the manufacture of extruded tiles in the industries of the study region.
Controllable hydrothermal synthesis and photoluminescence properties of CaGd2(WO4)4:Eu3+ red‐emitting phosphor
Authors: Xu Yangyi , Wang Xiaohui , Wei Yunge , Liu Yuanxi , Li Guifang
Published: February 2021

CaGd2(WO4)4:Eu3+ phosphors with controllable morphology were synthesized via the hydrothermal method. The influences of pH value, reaction time and Eu3+ concentration on the crystal structure, morphology, and photoluminescence properties of CaGd2(WO4)4:Eu3+ were studied. The pure tetragonal structure CaGd2(WO4)4 is obtained when the pH value is 8 and 9. Furthermore, by altering the pH value of the reaction solution, the morphologies of the CaGd2(WO4)4:Eu3+ phosphors evolve from spindle‐shaped grains to tetragonal plate‐like grains and finally to aggregated bulk particles. Under the 394 nm excitation, the phosphors display a bright red emission corresponding to the characteristic 4f‐4f transitions of Eu3+, and the intensity of emission peaks depends mainly on the pH value, the reaction time, and the Eu3+ concentration. The optimum photoluminescence performance is achieved for CaGd2‐x(WO4)4:xEu3+ (x = 1) phosphor synthesized at pH = 8 under the reaction time of 16 h. Finally, the thermal stability of the phosphors is analyzed at different ambient temperatures.
The dark side of social media: Stalking, online self‐disclosure and problematic sleep
Authors: Dhir Amandeep , Talwar Shalini , Kaur Puneet , Budhiraja Sunil , Islam Najmul
Published: February 2021

The proliferation of social media usage has led to the manifestation of certain negative behaviours that are now referred to as the ‘dark side’ of social media use. These behaviours are a matter of concern, as they are detrimental to people's well‐being. The present study examines the empirical association among social media stalking, online self‐disclosure, social media sleep hygiene, compulsive social media use and problematic sleep, most of which have been previously recognized as key dark side behaviours. While social media stalking is a relatively new and under‐explored phenomenon, its predecessor, the much‐castigated cyberstalking, has received sufficient scholarly attention. This study's hypothesized associations are grounded in cognitive‐behavioural theory, self‐awareness theory and problem behaviour theory, which we test using cross‐sectional data from 876 social media users. We further control for age and gender. The findings suggest that stalking and online self‐disclosure drive compulsive use and poor sleep hygiene, with stalking being the chief driver in both cases. Problematic sleep is influenced by stalking, compulsive use and poor sleep hygiene, with sleep hygiene having the strongest effect, while poor sleep hygiene and compulsive use also partially mediate the association of both stalking and online self‐disclosure with problematic sleep.
Dermoscopy in general dermatology (non‐neoplastic dermatoses): pitfalls and tips
Authors: Errichetti Enzo
Published: February 2021

Background

Dermoscopy is gaining appreciation in the spectrum of non‐neoplastic skin conditions, especially papulosquamous and granulomatous dermatoses. However, the use of dermoscopy in such diseases has not yet acquired a standard role in daily practice due to the lack of a structured approach as well as possible pitfalls limiting its accuracy.

Methods

A descriptive analysis of the most common limitations/pitfalls described in the literature regarding dermoscopy of non‐neoplastic dermatoses was performed, also providing possible tips to deal with them.

Results

The following items were analyzed: “two‐step” dermoscopic procedure and basic dermoscopic parameters in non‐neoplastic dermatoses, uniform dotted vessels in dermatoses other than psoriasis, pseudo‐Wickham striae, yellow sero‐crusts in non‐eczematous dermatoses, peripheral scaling collarette in conditions other than pityriasis rosea, orange areas in non‐granulomatous dermatoses, and dermoscopic variability of Grover disease according to histological subtype.

Conclusions

Dermoscopy is candidate to become a relevant part of diagnostic approach to non‐neoplastic dermatoses, yet only the use of a systematic/validated methodology and the in‐depth knowledge of possible pitfalls may optimize its use in this field.
Use of heat‐moisture treated maize starch to modify the properties of wheat flour and the quality of noodles
Authors: Ma Mengting , Li Zijun , Yang Feng , Wu Huaixiang , Huang Wuyang , Sui Zhongquan , Corke Harold
Published: February 2021

Waxy, normal and high‐amylose maize starches were subjected to heat‐moisture treatment (HMT) and then added to wheat flour (WF) in different ratios (1%, 5% and 10%). The properties of blends and their cooked noodles were studied to investigate the effects of HMT starches. The incorporation of HMT starch in WF led to an increase in swelling power, peak viscosity and breakdown and to a decrease in setback, thus inhibiting retrogradation, hence enhancing resultant noodle softness. Compared to the same addition ratio of native starch to WF, HMT starch led to higher tensile strength and extensibility in resultant noodles. WF with added HMT starch had higher resistant starch than with native starch. This study showed that addition of HMT maize starch has potential to bring nutritional benefits. However, it is necessary to select the proper blending ratio and amylose content of starch to add, in consideration of its effect on noodle quality.
Extraction, physicochemical characterisation, and bioactive properties of ink melanin from cuttlefish (Sepiaesculenta)
Authors: Xie Jingwen , Li Hongyan , Che Hongxia , Dong Xiufang , Yang Xihong , Xie Wancui
Published: February 2021

The extracted melanin from Sepia esculenta was characterised by physicochemical properties and biological activities. The yields of melanin were 87.1%, 69.9%, and 62.5% by water extraction, enzymolysis and acidolysis, respectively. The ink melanin contained a characteristic indole structure with irregular spherical structures. Water extraction showed a positive effect on preserving the complete structure of melanin particles based on component analysis, whereas enzymes and acids had destructive effect. Water extraction melanin (WM) exhibited a certain thermal stability and light resistance. WM performed in radical scavenging in a dose‐dependent manner. The IC50 of WM for DPPH and ABTS was 99.8 and 104.2 μg mL−1, respectively. WM protected kojic acid and ascorbic acid from light radiation. As the exposure time to light radiation prolonged, the stability of kojic acid and ascorbic acid was preserved. It indicated that melanin might be potentially used as an antioxidant and photo‐protectant.
Epigenetic analysis reveals significant differential expression of miR‐378C and miR‐128‐2‐5p in a cohort of relapsed pediatric B‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases
Authors: Bhatia Prateek , Singh Minu , Singh Aditya , Sharma Pankaj , Trehan Amita , Varma Neelam
Published: February 2021

Introduction and Objective

Epigenetic changes play a major role in mediating chemoresistance and relapse in pediatric ALL, and hence in current pilot study, we tried to identify DNA methylation, miRNA expression, and copy number variations (CNVs) in a cohort of relapse pediatric B‐ALL cases.

Methodology

DNA methylation, miRNA expression, and CNV analysis were performed in a total of 14, 16, and 18 cases as diagnosis‐relapse samples. Briefly, DNA methylation was performed using Infinium HumanMethylation850 chip and data analyzed using RnBeads. miRNA was sequenced on illumina NextSeq500 platform for 20M 75bp SE reads and analyzed by DESeq2. CNVs were assessed by MLPA assay using the ALL P‐335 probemix kit and analyzed by coffalyzer.net.

Results

On methylation analysis, oncogenes MYCN, MYB, and EGFR and tumor suppressor genes MDM4 & BCL11B were found differentially expressed as compared to controls (p‐0.03). In addition, protooncogenes—AXL, HCK, MED12, and ETS2—were hypomethylated/overexpressed in 4 or more cases (P < .05). miRNA analysis revealed significant differential expression of miR‐128‐2‐5p and miR‐378C (p‐4.4e‐15 and p‐6.4E‐12) in relapse samples. CNV analysis revealed that frequency of good and intermediate/poor risk CNV profile at diagnosis was nearly equal (40% vs 60%). However, CDKN2A/2B and IKZF1 gene CNVs if present in initial diagnostic clone usually persisted in relapse clone.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our pilot study highlights two miRNAs (miR‐128‐2‐5p and miR‐378C) as possible candidate biomarkers of relapsed B‐ALL. However, these miRNAs and hypomethylated protooncogene signature noted in our data needs validation in a larger series of B‐ALL.
Identification of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (AccMKK4) from Apis cerana cerana and its involvement in various stress responses
Authors: Guo D. , Zhao G. , Li G. , Wang C. , Wang H. , Liu Z. , Xu B. , Guo X.
Published: February 2021

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade pathway is a ubiquitous signal transduction pathway in eukaryotes that regulates a variety of immune responses. This study accomplished the first isolation of an AccMKK4 gene from Apis cerana cerana and explored its function. Yeast two‐hybrid experiments proved that AccMKK4 can interact with Accp38b, and the silencing of AccMKK4 in honeybees downregulated the expression level of Accp38b, which suggests that AccMKK4 might participate in the oxidative stress response through the p38 MAPK pathway. Tissue‐specific expression levels of AccMKK4 analysis showed that AccMKK4 in the thorax, particularly muscle tissue, was higher than that in other tissues. The qRT‐PCR results from different conditions demonstrated that AccMKK4 responds to various environmental stresses. After AccMKK4 silencing, the transcription level of some antioxidant genes and the activity of antioxidant‐related enzymes are reduced, which indicated that AccMKK4 plays an important role in resistance against oxidative stress caused by external stimuli. In summary, our findings indicate that AccMKK4 probably plays an indispensable role in the response of honeybees to environmental stress and might aid for further research on the role of the MAPK cascade pathway in the antioxidant defence mechanisms of insects.
Harnessing CD8+ T‐cell exhaustion to treat type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kwong Chun‐Ting J , Selck Claudia , Tahija Krisna , McAnaney Lachlan J , Le Dan V , Kay Thomas WH , Thomas Helen E , Krishnamurthy Balasubramanian
Published: February 2021

Although immune interventions have shown great promise in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) clinical trials, none are yet in routine clinical use or able to achieve insulin independence in patients. In addition to this, the principles of T1D treatment remain essentially unchanged since the isolation of insulin, almost a century ago. T1D is characterized by insulin deficiency as a result of destruction of insulin‐producing beta cells mediated by autoreactive T cells. Therapies that target beta‐cell antigen‐specific T cells are needed to prevent T1D. CD8+ T‐cell exhaustion is an emerging area of research in chronic infection, cancer immunotherapy, and more recently, autoimmunity. Recent data suggest that exhausted T‐cell populations are associated with improved markers of T1D. T‐cell exhaustion is both characterized and mediated by inhibitory receptors. This review aims to identify which inhibitory receptors may prove useful to induce T‐cell exhaustion to treat T1D and identify limitations and gaps in the current literature.
Epithelial cell‐derived CD83 restores immune tolerance in the airway mucosa by inducing regulatory T‐cell differentiation
Authors: Mo Li‐Hua , Luo Xiang‐Qian , Yang Gui , Liu Jiang‐Qi , Yang Li‐Teng , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Shuai , Liu Da‐Bo , Liu Zhi‐Gang , Yang Ping‐Chang
Published: February 2021

The mechanism of generation of regulatory T cells (Treg) remains incompletely understood. Recent studies show that CD83 has immune regulatory functions. This study aims to investigate the role of epithelial cell‐derived CD83 in the restoration of immune tolerance in the airway mucosa by inducing the Treg differentiation. In this study, CD83 and ovalbumin (OVA)‐carrying exosomes were generated from airway epithelial cells. An airway allergy mouse model was developed to test the role of CD83/OVA‐carrying exosomes in the suppression of airway allergy by inducing Treg generation. We observed that mouse airway epithelial cells expressed CD83 that could be up‐regulated by CD40 ligand. The CD83 deficiency in epithelial cells retarded the Treg generation in the airway mucosa. CD83 up‐regulated transforming growth factor‐β‐inducible early gene 1 expression in CD4+ T cells to promote Foxp3 expression. Exposure of primed CD4+ T cells to CD83/OVA‐carrying exosomes promoted antigen‐specific Treg generation. Administration of CD83/OVA‐carrying exosomes inhibited experimental airway allergic response. In summary, airway epithelial cells express CD83 that is required in the Treg differentiation in the airway mucosa. Administration of CD83/OVA‐carrying exosomes can inhibit airway allergy that has the translation potential in the treatment of airway allergic disorders.
Consumer experiences of community‐based residential mental health rehabilitation for severe and persistent mental illness: A pragmatic grounded theory analysis
Authors: Parker Stephen , Wyder Marianne , Pommeranz Matthew , Newman Ellie , Meurk Carla , Dark Frances
Published: February 2021

Semi‐structured interviews were used to explore the consumer experience of community‐based residential mental health rehabilitation support at Community Care Units in Australia. These clinical services provide recovery‐oriented residential rehabilitation to people affected by severe and persistent mental illness. Typically, nurses occupy the majority of staff roles. However, two of the three sites in the study were trialling a novel integrated staffing model where the majority of staff were people with a lived experience of mental illness employed as peer support workers (PSWs). The interviews explored consumers' experiences of care 12–18 months after admission. Fifteen interviews were completed with an independent interviewer. Most participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia or a related psychotic disorder. The analysis followed a pragmatic approach to grounded theory. Consumers viewed the CCU favourably, emphasizing the value of the relationships formed with staff and co‐residents. No major differences in consumers' experience under the traditional versus integrated staffing models were identified; however, those from the integrated staffing model sites valued the contributions of the peer support workers. The understanding of the consumer experience emerging through this study aligned with their expectations of the service at the time of commencement.
Parents' preferences for preventive and curative dental services: A comparison between fissure sealant and composite filling using willingness‐to‐pay method
Authors: Saadatfar Navid , Jadidfard Mohammad‐Pooyan
Published: February 2021

Background

The early years of life play a significant role in the lifelong health of humans and parents have an important role in healthcare decision making. Thus, it seems necessary for policymakers and clinicians to be aware of how parents value pediatric health services. Willingness to pay (WTP) is a recommended method for measuring the stated utility of health services/goods or health states.

Aim

This study aimed to elicit and compare parents’ WTP for health services such as fissure sealant and composite filling.

Design

An originally developed questionnaire was used to guide interviews with a sample of 290 parents attending a public pediatric healthcare center. Related‐samples Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was performed for comparing the difference in absolute WTP amounts between the two services, and linear regression was used to assess the association between WTP and relevant variables using SPSS version 21.

Results

Mean WTP for fissure sealant and filling was 269 724 and 555 327 Tomans, respectively, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P < .001). Higher WTP amounts found in both services were associated with income levels of 4 and 5 (P < .05).

Conclusions

Respondents highly valued the considered services and stated a significantly higher relative preference for filling. Public awareness should be promoted about the importance of prevention of oral health diseases and the attributes of the oral healthcare system services.
Applications of artificial intelligence for hypertension management
Authors: Tsoi Kelvin , Yiu Karen , Lee Helen , Cheng Hao‐Min , Wang Tzung‐Dau , Tay Jam‐Chin , Teo Boon Wee , Turana Yuda , Soenarta Arieska Ann , Sogunuru Guru Prasad , Siddique Saulat , Chia Yook‐Chin , Shin Jinho , Chen Chen‐Huan , Wang Ji‐Guang , Kario Kazuomi ,   the HOPE Asia Network
Published: February 2021

The prevalence of hypertension is increasing along with an aging population, causing millions of premature deaths annually worldwide. Low awareness of blood pressure (BP) elevation and suboptimal hypertension diagnosis serve as the major hurdles in effective hypertension management. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI), however, sheds the light of new strategies for hypertension management, such as remote supports from telemedicine and big data‐derived prediction. There is considerable evidence demonstrating the feasibility of AI applications in hypertension management. A foreseeable trend was observed in integrating BP measurements with various wearable sensors and smartphones, so as to permit continuous and convenient monitoring. In the meantime, further investigations are advised to validate the novel prediction and prognostic tools. These revolutionary developments have made a stride toward the future model for digital management of chronic diseases.
Hypertension and chronic kidney disease in Asian populations
Authors: Teo Boon Wee , Chan Gek Cher , Leo Christopher Cheang Han , Tay Jam Chin , Chia Yook‐Chin , Siddique Saulat , Turana Yuda , Chen Chen‐Huan , Cheng Hao‐Min , Hoshide Satoshi , Minh Huynh Van , Sogunuru Guru Prasad , Wang Tzung‐Dau , Kario Kazuomi
Published: February 2021

The countries of Asia are home to multiple ethnicities. There are ethnic differences in diet, culture, and attitudes towards health screening, access to care, and treatment of chronic diseases. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) have rising incidence and prevalence due to increased affliction with non‐communicable diseases of diabetes and hypertension. To prevent the expensive complications of ESKD, one of the most important risk factors to control is hypertension in patients with CKD. We performed a narrative review on the prevalence of CKD in patients with hypertension, the prevalence and control of hypertension in patients with CKD, and the dietary sodium intake in CKD populations.