bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of mental stress on the immune response
Authors: Ballieux R. E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Psychosocial factors can influence immune functions: the brain intermediates between the outside world and the inside of the body. The functional interaction between the central nervous system and the immune system is effected by 2 different pathways: the nervous “wiring system” innervating lymphoid tissues and the “soluble connection” via the neuroendocrine system. The paper reviews data from the literature regarding changes in susceptibility to infections due to stressful conditions. Emphasis is given to information regarding infection of the oral cavity and the upper respiratory tract.
Zinc citrate/Triclosan: a new anti‐plaque system for the control of plaque and the prevention of gingivitis: short‐term clinical and mode of action studies
Authors: Cummins D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. A dentifrice based upon the additive anti‐plaque effects of zinc citrate and Triclosan has been developed and optimised for clinical activity. In 16‐h and 4‐day plaque growth inhibition studies, zinc citrate/Triclosan inhibited plaque accumulation significantly more than either agent alone. The effect on the development of gingivitis has been demonstrated in a 21‐day experimental gingivitis study. ZCT/Triclosan reduced the development of gingival bleeding sites by significantly more than ZCT alone, suggesting that the system has the potential to give a gingival health benefit in a 6‐month unsupervised brushing study. Zinc and Triclosan employ multiple modes of antimicrobial action and these result in reduced growth, inhibition of glucose uptake and metabolism and modified virulence of periodontal pathogens. Importantly, the effects of zinc and Triclosan are additive and complementary. Oral substantivity is a pre‐requisite of any agent for anti‐plaque activity in vivo. Pharmacokinetic data demonstrate that ~30% of the zinc and Triclosan dosed is retained immediately after brushing. Saliva decay curves indicate that Triclosan is cleared more quickly from the mouth than zinc, consistent with the physicochemical properties of these agents. Triclosan is present in plaque for at least 8 h and in the oral mucosa for at least 3 h after brushing.
Antibacterial dentifrices
Authors: Gjermo Per , Saxton Charles A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present review concerns the effect on plaque and gingivitis of some antibacterial dentifrices. The difficulties of including cationic agents in conventional dentifrice formulations are briefly discussed. The focus is on 2 recently introduced dentifrices with triclosan as the active ingredient. One aims at providing a slow release reservoir of triclosan in the oral cavity by delivering the substance dissolved in a lipophilic copolymer. 3‐month results indicate a modestly improved effect on plaque and gingivitis compared to that of triclosan alone. Long‐term studies are needed before conclusions on the clinical relevance can be drawn. The other dentifrice on the market utilises the principle of additive effects by combining triclosan and zinc citrate in the formulation. The combination appears to be more effective against plaque and gingivitis than either compound alone. Studies of up to 1 year duration indicate that the level of oral hygiene and gingival health obtained through an initial period of motivation and oral hygiene instruction can be maintained by regular use of the test dentifrice, while most subjects in the control group returned to pre‐experimental levels. Microbiological monitoring indicates no major shifts in plaque ecology nor any development of resistant bacteria, and adverse side‐effects have not been observed. It is concluded that the new approaches to chemical plaque control may be beneficial to the population at large, and thus of great clinical relevance.
Implants in relation to natural teeth
Authors: Klinge Björn
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Osseointegrated implants are now an accepted part of the prosthetic treatment of edentulous patients. More recently, osseointegrated implants have been advocated in the treatment of partially dentate patients. The implants can be used in conjunction with natural teeth for the support of rigid prostheses. The natural tooth is supported in bone by a periodontal ligament, whereas the implant may be described as having a more intimate or ankylotic connection with the supporting bone. Different attachment mechanisms may lead to differential rates of destruction in both situations, particularly if teeth and implants are splinted together by a rigid prosthetic appliance. Also noteworthy are the possible differential rates of marginal tissue breakdown as a result of the influence of bacteria. Results of a pilot study in which marginal breakdown was induced around implants and natural teeth in beagle dogs suggest that the process of destruction proceeds more slowly in the case of implants. However, the disease process around implants may be more difficult to arrest due to conjectural problems in treating the surface of the implant using conventional techniques of periodontal treatment. From the limited data available so far, it would appear that osseointegrated implants can be used as predictably in partially dentate as in totally edentulous mouths. More research should be initiated on the potential for tissue‐breakdown, and long‐term maintenance of the marginal tissues around implants.
The effect of a combination of chlorhexidine diacetate, sodium fluoride and xylitol on plaque wet weight and periodontal index scores in Military Academy cadets refraining from mechanical tooth cleaning for 7‐day experimental periods
Authors: Nuuja T. , Meurman J. H. , Murtomaa H. , Kortelainen S. , Metteri J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 45 subjects participated in a double‐blind cross‐over mouthwash study where a new tablet‐form combination of chlorhexidine, fluoride and xylitol (XYLIHEX) was studied together with solutions of chlorhexidine (CHX) and sodium fluoride (NaF). The preparation XYLIHEX was developed as a dental chemotherapeutic that could easily be added to the soldiers' kit to be used under circumstances where practising normal oral hygiene habits is restricted. For comparative purposes, XYLIHEX was prediluted in this study to make a solution. Before starting, professional prophylaxis was given to the subjects to bring their gingivitis index scores as close to 0 as possible. The subjects refrained from mechanical tooth cleaning for three 7‐day test periods. Plaque wet weight and periodontal index scores were recorded before and after the test periods. The results showed that the preparations XYLIHEX and CHX did not statistically differ from each other in reducing plaque wet weight values and the recorded periodontal index scores. Both these preparations were statistically highly significantly more effective antiplaque agents than NaF, as expected.
The ability of gingival crevicular fluid acute phase proteins to distinguish healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites
Authors: Adonogianaki E. , Mooney J. , Kinane D. F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 3 acute phase proteins, from the local gingival inflammatory response, were examined for their ability to distinguish healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites. Indirect competitive immunoassays were developed for the quantification of α2‐macroglobulin (α2‐M) and transferrin (TF), and for α1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT), a double antibody sandwich assay was produced. Healthy (25), gingivitis (31) and periodontitis (28) sites were sampled with filter paper strips (2×13 mm) and the volume assessed with the Periotron 6000. The samples were eluted in phosphate‐buffered saline and analyzed for α2‐M. α1‐AT and TF. The results were expressed as absolute amounts per sample (ng/30 s) and on a concentration basis (ng/μl of GCF). Higher GCF absolute amounts of α2‐M, α1‐AT and TF were consistently obtained from diseased (gingivitis and periodontitis) sites than healthy sites (p < 0.005). Absolute amounts of GCF α2‐M. α1‐AT and TF were increased in periodontitis sites over gingivitis sites, although these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.1). When the results were expressed on a concentration basis, α2‐M levels from diseased sites were significantly higher than healthy sites (p < 0.01). In addition. GCF TF concentration was increased in periodontitis compared to healthy sites (p= 0.03).
The immediate‐ and medium‐term effects of Meswak on the composition of mixed saliva
Authors: Gazi M. I. , Davies T. Jeffrey , AI‐Bagieh N. , Cox S. W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Chewing sticks or Meswaks are used for teeth cleaning in many parts of the world, They contain substances that may reduce caries and periodontal disease, The present study consisted of 2 parts, In a short‐term experiment, volunteers chewed on an inert eliciting agent (pyrogen‐free rubber) and then a piece of Meswak, each for 5 min, For the medium‐term experiment, volunteers brushed with either Meswak or a conventional toothbrush 5 × a day for 2 weeks, Saliva produced immediately after chewing Meswak showed statistically significant increases in calcium and chloride, but decreases in phosphate and pH as compared with controls. In the medium‐term experiment, saliva samples collected 4 h after the last use of Meswak or toothbrush showed no significant differences in any of the components examined (calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, IgA, IgG, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase). Gingival and plaque indices, however, were significantly lower after brushing with Meswak, Salivary calcium promotes mineralization of tooth enamel and chloride inhibits calculus formation, Our results thus indicate that Meswak releases substances into saliva that could improve oral health, Calcium and chloride values were similar to those of controls after 4 h and thus frequent use of Meswak may be necessary to maintain a favorable salivary environment.
The effects of antimicrobial acrylic strips on the subgingival microflora in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Wade W. G. , Moran J. , Morgan J. R. , Newcombe R. , Addy M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study investigated the effects of root planing and/or the placement of acrylic strips containing chlorhexidine, metronidazole or tetracycline on the composition and antimicrobial susceptibility of the subgingival flora in chronic periodontitis. 101 periodontal pockets from 73 patients were entered into 6 treatment groups which were, chlorhexidine, metronidazole or tetracycline strips, root planing, root planing followed by metronidazole strips and a control, no treatment group. Total anaerobic counts and anaerobe/aerobe ratios were estimated from samples taken before treatment and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after treatment, In addition, a more detailed analysis of the effects of the treatments on the subgingival flora was carried out on 12 pockets in 12 patients. Tetracycline strips, metronidazole strips and root planing and metronidazole strips were more effective than chlorhexidine strips in causing reductions in total anaerobic count and anaerobe/aerobe ratio. However, the changes in microbial parameters rebounded to approach baseline levels 4 weeks after treatment. Chlorhexidine caused no detectable changes in the composition of the subgingival microflora, white metronidazole had a variable effect. Tetracycline appeared to effect major shifts in the composition of the microflora of treated pockets but caused a marked selection of tetracycline‐resistant organisms.
Frequency distribution of individuals aged 20–70 years according to severity of periodontal disease experience in 1973 and 1983
Authors: Hugoson Anders , Laurell Lars , Lundgren Dan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare changes in periodontal status of a Swedish population over a 10‐year period expressed as frequency distributions of individuals according to severity of periodontal disease experience. The study involved 600 randomly selected individuals evenly distributed into age groups 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 years, examined in 1973 and another randomly selected group of 597 individuals similarly age distributed and examined in 1983. Based on clinical data and full mouth intraoral radiographs all individuals were classified into 5 groups according to severity of periodontal disease experience, In 1983, 23% of the individuals were classified as having healthy periodontal tissues, group 1, compared to 8% in 1973. The changes were most pronounced in the age groups 20 and 30 years, among whom 58% and 35%, respectively, were registered as having healthy periodontal in 1983. The prevalence of individuals with gingivitis without signs of lowered periodontal bone level, group 2, was 22% in 1983 compared to 41% in 1973. In all, 49% of the dentate population in 1973 and 45% in 1983 showed no marginal alveolar bone loss. Moderate peridontal bone loss, group 3, was found in 41% of the population in 1983 compared to 47% in 1973. Among 30‐. 40‐, and 50‐year‐olds, there were more, and among 60‐ and 70‐year‐olds, fewer individuals in this group in 1983 compared to 1973. 96% of the dentate population were classified as belonging to groups 1, 2 or 3 in 1973 compared to 86% in 1983. Individuals with severe periodontal bone loss, group 4, were few in 1973 and not found before the age of 50, In 1983, the prevalence of individuals belonging to group 4 had increased and amounted to 1% of the 20‐year‐olds, 9% of the 50‐year‐olds, 25% of 60‐year‐olds and 38% of 70‐year‐olds. On the average, 11% of the dentate population were found in group 4 in 1983 compared to 2% in 1973. The prevalence of individuals belonging to group 5, i.e., alveolar bone loss around the majority of the teeth exceeding V, of the normal bone height and the presence of angular bony defects and/or furcation defects, was 1% in 1973 and 2% in 1983. There were no individuals younger than 40 years in this group. Based on gingivitis and probing pocket scores, 33% of the individuals classified to groups 3 and 4 were considered periodontally healthy although with reduced periodontal support. In periodontal disease severity group 5, no individual was considered periodontally healthy.
Clinical effects of pulsed oral irrigation with 0.2% chlorehexidine digluconate in patients with adult periodontitis
Authors: Walsh T. F. , Glenwright H. D. , Hull P. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using 0.2% Chlorhexidine digluconate in an pulsated jet irrigator by patients as part of their daily dental home‐care measures. After initial assessment, 16 patients diagnosed as having adult periodontitis received scaling and polishing together with advice on the subgingival use of a pulsated jet oral irrigator with which they were supplied. 8 patients having 293 active sites with probing depths equal to or in excess of 4 mm used 0.2% Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHXJ in the oral irrigator, 2 × daily for 56 days. The other group of 8 patients with 253 active sites over 4 mm used a placebo as the irrigating solution. A modified dichotomous plaque index (MPI), gingival bleeding index (GBIJ and probing pocket depths (PPD) were assessed on days 0. 28 and 56. Within‐group comparisons showed that the CHX regime reduced MPI, GBI and PPD significantly but that the placebo group (PG) only achieved a significant reduction in the PPD. Between‐group comparisons showed that the use of 0.2% (CHX) as an irrigator was significantly more effective than the placebo solution at reducing all the clinical parameters studied. The patients found the oral irrigator easy and pleasant to use, although all the CHX group developed staining to a varying extent. This double blind study demonstrated that 0.2% CHX used 2 × daily in an oral irrigator was effective at reducing plaque deposition, periodontal inflammation and probing pocket depths. The effects of using lower concentrations of Chlorhexidine digluconate in this regime need to be investigated.
Periodontal status of older Floridians attending senior activity centers
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Heft Marc W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Older adults attending senior activity centers in Florida cooperated for a questionnaire and an oral examination. The 671 ambulatory dentate seniors in this report had a mean of 17.0 teeth. The mean attachment loss was 3.5 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and the mean pocket depth was 2.1 nun. 24% of the sample had at least 1 site with attachment loss of 7 or more mm; the majority of these persons had only 1 or 2 severely‐involved sites. The extent and severity index of attachment loss (2 mm or more threshold) was (88%. 3.7 mm). Use of pocket depths alone would have substantially underestimated prevalence of periodontitis in this older sample. Sites with severe attachment loss were typically not accompanied by severe pockets. Evidence of a history of moderate disease in this cross‐sectional study was prevalent (62% of persons had a maximum attachment loss of 4–6 mm), as was evidence of a history of severe disease (24% had at least 1 site with attachment loss of 7 mm or more).
Examiner reliability for an invasive gingival bleeding index
Authors: Blieden Timothy M. , Caton Jack G. , Proskin Howard M. , Stein Sidney H. , Wagener Charles J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This investigation was undertaken to determine the intra‐ and inter‐examiner reliability of the method of stimulation for bleeding used hi the Eastman interdental bleeding index. 26 subjects were examined twice, J h apart, by either a single examiner or 2 examiners in each half of their mouths, for the presence of bleeding after stimulation with a wooden interdental cleaner. Scores were tabulated and intra‐ and inter‐examiner % agreements and x‐coefficients calculated. Z‐tests were performed on the pairs of agreement statistics to check for significant differences. Overall, intra‐examiner agreement statistics were high (91.3% to 93.1% agreement; 0.79 to 0.86% ‐coefficient). Further breakdowns of the data into facial and lingual sites by arch and location (anterior or posterior) resulted in similar levels of reliability, with no significant differences within examiners. The overall inter‐examiner agreement statistics were good (82.8% to 87.6% agreement; 0.62–0.75 kappa coefficient). When inter‐examiner data were analyzed at facial or lingual sites by arch and location, a significant difference existed in reliability for mandibular posterior lingual sites, but reliability was high in all other areas. These data demonstrate a high level of reproducibility for this method, which suggests that the Eastman interdental bleeding index is suitable for clinical trials and epidemiologic studies of interdental gingivitis.
Steroid‐induced mandibular bone loss in relation to marginal periodontal changes
Authors: von Wowern Nina , Klausen Bjarne , Ølgaard Klaus
Published: December 2005

Abstract Long‐term high‐dose glucocorticosteroid treatment may be suspected as causing profound marginal periodontal bone loss due to the immunosuppressive/antiinflammatory effects and due to the osteoporotic side‐effects. This study comprised an analysis of the loss of the mandibular and forearm bone mineral content (BMC), measured in vivo by dual‐photon scanner, in relation to the concomitant changes of the periodontal indices (visible plaque, gingival bleeding, loss of attachment) in 17 acute nephrotic dentate patients undergoing intensive steroid treatment for 12 months. The measurements were performed at start of treatment, when all patients were considered healthy as regards the skeleton, and at the 6‐month and 12‐month follow‐up. The mean BMC loss at the standard sites of the mandible and the forearm bones was 5.6%/year at both sites. No significant changes could be demonstrated in the periodontal indices (P > 0.10), and no relation was found between the mandibular BMC loss and the periodontal condition (R = 0.06, P > 0.10). In conclusion, profound marginal periodontal bone loss does not seem to be a prominent side‐effect of long‐term glucocorticosteroid treatment, although the degree of induced osteopenia in the mandible corresponds to that in other cortical bones of the skeleton.
Clinical efficacy of a low abrasive dentifrice for the relief of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity
Authors: Gillam D. G. , Newman H. N. , Davies E. H. , Bulman J. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 2 strontium chloride hexahydrate‐containing dentifrices (SCH), similar except for their respective abrasive systems, were compared in a 2–month randomised double‐blind parallel clinical study to evaluate their comparative effectiveness in terms of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. 2 groups of 20 subjects, each with cervical dentinal hypersensitivity, were evaluated for tactile sensitivity by Yeaple probe, air sensitivity using a dental air syringe and subjective perception of pain by means of a visual analogue scale. There was no difference between the dentifrices as regards reduction of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity at each time point. The response to both dentifrices was evident within 4 weeks of use and the degree of improvement increased throughout the 8–week study period. The results support the conclusion that changing the abrasive component of SCH dentifrices did not significantly increase or decrease the (desensitizing) activity of the original product.
Treatment of prepubertal periodontitis
Authors: D'Angelo Matteo , Margiotta Valerio , Ammatuna Pietro , Sammartano Francesca
Published: December 2005

Abstract This paper reports the treatment of prepubertal periodontitis in a 3–year‐old girl with Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome. Initially, the patient was found to have a myeloperoxidase deficiency and microbiological tests have identified Bacteroides and Fusobacterium, in 60% and 25%, respectively of the total number of microbial flora cultivated. The initial treatment was extraction of all the primary teeth with grade 3 mobility, scaling, root planing and daily subgingival irrigation with a 0.2% solution of chlorhexidine. Several months before the eruption of the first permanent molars, the rest of the primary teeth were extracted. The patient was treated with daily subgingival irrigation of chlorhexidine and weekly professional oral hygiene. At the age 61/2 years, the permanent teeth have normal gingiva and crevice depths; microbiological investigation reveals a prevalence of the coccoid forms, and radiographs show no evidence of periodontal pathology.
Probe tine diameter and probing depth
Authors: Atassi F. , Newman H. N. , Bulman J. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of difference in tine diameter on probing pocket depth measurement. 2 sets of tines with Williams markings at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 mm, and with a “round” tip, diameter 0.5 mm, were compared. One set was described as parallel‐sided, the other as tapered. The parallel‐sided tine was almost parallel from the 10 mm marking to the tip (tip diameter x̄= 0.46 mm, 95% C.I. 0.456–0.464), while the corresponding diameter for the tapered tine varied (tip diameter x̄= 0.48 mm, 95% C.I. 0.473–0.489). Calibration markings appeared highly consistent with the expected value to within 0.01 mm. The tines were mounted in Brodontic handles at 0.25 N. Examiner probing repeatability yielded κ 0.86 for “parallel‐sided” and 0.81 for “tapered” tines in vivo. 412 approximal pockets were assessed in 53 patients with routine chronic adult periodontitis, mean age 42.1 years. Each site had a probing depth of ≥5 mm, P1I≤ 1, GI≥ 1, PBI≤ 1. Each site was probed 2 × with a 15‐min interval. At the first 251 sites, the parallel‐sided tine was used initially, and the tapered at the remaining 161 sites. Results indicated a highly significant tendency for the parallel‐sided tine to yield a deeper reading when a difference occurred. These findings indicate that with adequate training providing high examiner repeatability, one source of error in probing data can be minimised.
Inhibition of peptidase and glycosidase activities of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and Treponema denticola by plant extracts
Authors: Homer K. A. , Manji F. , Beighton D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Aqueous extracts from 5 plants used widely in Kenya as chewing sticks (mswaki) for the control of oral hygiene were tested for their ability to inhibit extracellular peptidase and glycosidase enzyme activities produced by the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (formerly Bacteroides gingivalis), Bacteroides intermedius and Treponema denticola. The plants studied were Rhus natalensis, Cupressus hisitanica, Sida cordifolia, Olea africana and Euclea divinorum. Protease activities, including glycylprolyl dipeptidase and trypsin‐like activities of P. gingivalis, chymotrypsin‐like and glycylprolyl dipeptidase activities of B. intermedius and the trypsin‐like activity of T. denticola, were particularly affected by extracts from Rhus natalensis and Euclea divinorum. Glycosidase activities were generally less affected with the notable exceptions of the inhibition of β‐mannosidase activity of P. gingivalis by all extracts and the inhibition of neuraminidase activity of T. denticola by Rhus natalensis and Euclea divinorum. Generally, these same proteolytic and glycosidic activities were inhibited by tannic acid and to lesser extents by gallic acid and gallic acid methyl ester. An inhibitory component, present in all extracts, exhibited physical and chemical properties identical to those of tannic acid. The inhibition of these enzyme activities is likely to reduce the virulence of these periodontophathic bacteria and to reduce the rate of dental plaque formation.
Elevated levels of the IgG2 subclass in serum from patients with a history of destructive periodontal disease
Authors: Wilton J. M. A. , Hurst T. J. , Sterne J. A. C. , Caves J. , Tilley C. , Powell J. R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The levels of the 4 subclasses of IgG were estimated in the serum from 35 patients with a history of chronic periodontitis and 35 matched controls. The levels of IgG2 were significantly (P<0.019) elevated in the patients (3.756 g 1‐1) compared to the controls (2.882 g 1‐1). The data suggest that the predominant antibody response to periodontal pathogens in periodontitis may be directed against carbohydrate or glycolipid antigens.
Radiographic evaluation of early periodontal bone loss in adolescents. An overview
Authors: Jenkins S. M. , Dummer P. M. H. , Addy M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A number of studies have used radiographs to establish the prevalence of periodontal bone loss in adolescents, though widely differing findings have been reported. It is likely that such disparity of results can largely be attributed to the variety of criteria used to determine the presence of disease, some of which are highly subjective. In addition, a number of factors may affect the radiographic appearance of commonly chosen reference points. If epidemiological studies are to be interpreted correctly, it is important to examine these areas and, in particular, to determine the most objective means of recording disease in this age group. From a review of the literature, it would seem that assessments based on the radiographic distance between the amelo‐cemental junction and the alveolar crest are the least subjective, yet whether this should be greater than 2 mm or 3 mm before bone loss is recorded, is still debated.
High‐speed filming of the Periotest measurement
Authors: Lukas D. , Schulte W. , König M. , Reim M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Periodontal disease may be diagnosed with the Periotest technique, which involves electronically controlled and reproducible percussion of tooth. The movement on percussion was investigated with high‐speed film and then compared with the return of teeth after static deflection for several seconds as has been reported previously by Lukas and Scholz. The elastic and viscous properties of the periodontium and the surrounding bony tooth socket are to a large extent non‐linear. The 10–20 um deflection of the healthy tooth represents only a fraction of static tooth mobility published by Parfitt or Schulte et al. The visco‐elastic properties of a healthy tooth enabling the percussion of the Periotest tapping head to be decelerated in less than 1 ms are largely lost in periodontitis. It is this essential difference which the Periotest method utilizes.
Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome
Authors: Çelenligil Haviye , Kansu Emin , Ruacan Sevket , Eratalay Kenan
Published: December 2005

Abstract A 14‐year‐old boy with typical features of Papillon‐Lefevre syndrome (PLS) is presented. The purpose of this report was to study the immunophenotypic features of the peripheral blood and gingival tissue lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies in the patient. Peripheral blood T‐cells, helper‐T cells, sup‐pressor‐T cells, HLA‐DR + cells and IL‐2R + cells were determined using appropriate monoclonal antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence methods. B‐cells were identified using the direct immunofluorescence technique. The gingival tissue was processed for both histopathological and immunohistological examinations. Gingival tissue lymphocytes were identified using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies with the immunoperoxidase technique. Although we have not detected any significant alterations in the peripheral blood B‐cell and T‐cell populations, NK cells were significantly increased. HLA‐DR + cells and IL‐2R+ cells were within normal limits. Histopathology of the diseased tissue revealed predominance of plasma cells in the lamina propria. The majority of the plasma cells were bearing IgG isotype. Most of the CD3 + T‐cells were located beneath the pocket epithelium with an almost equal distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes, in situ. These findings indicate that PLS is a IgG + plasma cell dominated lesion with the participation of T‐lymphocytes, having similar distributions of both subsets. While the etiopathogenesis of the syndrome still has to be elucidated, these immunohistological findings could be used for further studies in this intriguing entity.
A comparison of natural product, triclosan and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on 4‐day plaque regrowth
Authors: Moran J. , Addy M. , Roberts S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract There is a continuing search for ingredients to enhance the chemical plaque inhibitory action of oral hygiene products. Sanguinarine. other natural extracts and triclosan have already been used in products. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number of triclosan and natural product rinses for effects on plaque regrowth. In particular, the influence of other rinse components were assessed, notably sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and zinc. The study was a randomised, blind. 9‐cell cross‐over design to measure the effects of each rinse on 4‐day plaque regrowth from a zero baseline, 15 volunteers rinsed 2 × daily with each product and plaque was recorded by area and score. The 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse (positive control) was significantly more effective, and the saline rinse (negative control) significantly less effective, than other rinses. Sanguinarine alone was little different from saline and the addition of zinc made a modest improvement in activity. The 3 triclosan/SLS rinses were more effective than the Sanguinarine rinses but similar to their minus triclosan control rinse. A natural product/SLS experimental rinse was second to chlorhexidine and in many analyses, significantly better than all other rinses, but caused some oral erosions. The results indicate that the plaque inhibitory properties of basic ingredients such as SLS may be difficult to enhance or surpass. However, the possible range of recipes, particularly using natural ingredients, provides scope for research and development in the field of oral hygiene products.
Clinical effects of simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine
Authors: Reynolds Mark A. , Lavigne Catherine K. , Minah Glenn E. , Suzuki Jon B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The clinical and microbial effects of a single episode of simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine (CHX) were studied as a function of clinical probing depth in patients with adult periodontitis, 60 patients were randomly assigned to receive subgingival irrigation under cavitation with either sterile water or 0.12% CHX delivered through the tip of an ultrasonically activated sealer as part of initial periodontal therapy in a double‐blind study design, 3 periodontal sites were randomly selected for examination from each patient on the basis of clinical probing depth, with 1 site being selected within each of the following ranges: 1–3 mm, 4–6 mm. and 7–9 mm. Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment (days 14 and 28) clinical assessments included a plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI). and clinical probing depth (CPD). Subgingival specimens also were collected from 1–3 mm and 4–6 mm sites on a random subset of patients (15 per group). Plaque counts of spirochetes and motile organisms were made by darkfield microscopy. Significant reductions in PI, GI, and CPD were observed among all sites within both treatment groups at 14 and 28 days post‐treatment. CHX irrigation resulted in a significantly greater reduction in CPD than did water among sites initially probing 4–6 mm at both 14 and 28 days post‐treatment (25% versus 13% and 31% versus 18%, respectively). Spirochete counts were modestly but nonsignificantly reduced at 14 days post‐treatment among sites 4–6 mm within both treatment groups. These results suggest that subgingival irrigation with CHX during ultrasonic scaling provides differential clinical benefits that are site‐dependent.
A sensitive method for the detection of immune complexes in human gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Turner D. W. , Pederson E. D. , Lamberts B. L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract An assay for immune complexes [ICs] in gingival crevicular fluid [GCF] could be potentially useful to ascertain the risk of periodontal disease activity at specific oral sites, This paper describes and ELISA‐based method sufficiently sensitive to measure ICs in GCF samples at levels below 1 μg/ml. Static GCF samples taken from 5 adults showed IC levels ranging from 5 to 166 μg/ml. Additional tests of 10 GCF samples from 1 adult were conducted with complement components and indicated that either Clq or rabbit anti‐human C3d was suitable as a capture agent in the assay procedure, Further application of this assay may help to assess the usefulness of IC levels in GCF samples as possible diagnostic indicators of periodontal disease activity.
Cyclosporin and the gingival tissues
Authors: Seymour R. A. , Jacobs D. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Cyclosporin is a selective immunosuppressant that has a variety of applications in medical practice. Like phenytoin and the calcium channel blockers, the drug is associated with gingival overgrowth. This review considers the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, uses and unwanted effects of Cyclosporin, in particular the action of the drug on the gingival tissues. Clinical and cell culture studies suggest that the mechanism of gingival overgrowth is a result of an interaction between the drug and its metabolites with susceptible gingival fibro‐blasts. Plaque‐induced gingival inflammation appears to enhance this interaction.
Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) levels in gingival crevicular fluid from adults with previous evidence of destructive periodontitis
Authors: Wilton J. M. A. , Mcpton J. L. , Griffiths G. S. , Curtis M. A. , Life J. S. , Johnson N. W. , Powell J. R. , Harrap G. J. , Critchley P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract We have estimated the levels of Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) by ELISA in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) at 58 sites from 37 patients with adult periodontitis. GCF was collected for 5 s on filter papers and a 2nd sample was collected for 30 s 1 min later. 68/116 strips yielded detectable levels of IL‐1β. IL‐1β was present in both the 1 st and 2nd samples at 28 sites, in the 1 st only at 4 sites and in the 2nd only at 8 sites; 18 sites were below the level of detection for the assay. When the concentrations of IL‐1β were calculated in the original volume of GCF on each strip, the mean value for positive strips was 34.16±29.45 (SD) pg/μ1 with a range from 1.75 to 97.13 pg/μ. There were no statistically significant correlations with the plaque index, bleeding index or probeable crevice depth (pocket depth). The results indicate that IL‐1 is present in the GCF from a proportion of sites with evidence of previous periodontal destruction.
A computer‐assisted method for making linear radiographic measurements using stored regions of interest
Authors: Benn Douglas K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Accurate detection of changes in alveolar bone height requires radio‐graphic measuring methods with a reliability of standard deviation (SD) of 0.15 mm or better. No periodontal digital imaging system has reached this reliability, although 3 analogue methods have achieved this goal. However, existing linear methods are time‐consuming, difficult to use. unsuitable for measuring all possible (unsharp) anatomical sites and do not provide a confidence estimate for sites of change observed in serial standardized films. A rapid computer‐assisted method using stored image regions of interest (ROI) has been developed which allows retest measurements for all possible sites and automatically calculates a 90%. 95%. 98% or 99% confidence threshold value, derived from duplicate measurement variation, for sites of apparent crest height change. 28 examiners, with minimal training in operating the system, measured 14 different cement‐enamel junction to crest height distances from a standard bitewing image, with and without the ROI method. The measurements were repeated 4 weeks later. 13/14 sites achieved an intra‐examiner SD threshold of <0.15 mm with the ROI method but 0/14 without. A higher inter‐examiner SD threshold of <0.22 mm was achieved for 13/14 sites using ROI and 0/14 without (p<0.001). The measurement of crest height changes in a region of previous severe vertical bone loss is demonstrated using serial films. The potential for using trabecular bone patterns as reference sites in regions where traditional measurement points are absent is demonstrated. A possible method for investigating the validity of comparing serial films, with regard to irradiation geometry changes, is shown using measurements of approximal surface overlap.
Effect of Tisseel® on healing after periodontal flap surgery
Authors: Warrer K. , Karring T.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect on healing of fast and slow absorbable Tisseel in combination with periodontal flap surgery. Mucoperiosteal flaps were raised on the buccal aspect of maxillary premolars and mandibular premolars and first molars in 4 beagle dogs. The underlying buccal, interproximal and interradicular bone was then removed to a level of approximately 5 mm apically to the original bone crest and halfway into the interdental spaces and bifurcations. The exposed root surfaces were curetted in order to remove the periodontal ligament tissue, and a notch was made in the root surface at the base of the defects. On the control teeth, the flaps were sutured immediately after creation of the defects, while on the test teeth, a layer of fast (group I) or slow (group II) absorbable Tisseel® was applied between the curetted roots and the subsurface of the flaps prior to suturing. Postoperatively. the teeth were brushed 2 × weekly. The dogs were sacrificed after 4 months. Histological analysis revealed that the amounts of new attachment and bone regrowth were similar in the test and control groups, although the results tended to be most favorable for the group of teeth treated with fast absorbable Tisseel® (Group I).
Bleeding on probing as it relates to probing pressure and gingival health in patients with a reduced but healthy periodontium
Authors: Karayiannis A. , Lang N. P. , Joss A. , Nyman S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A previous study demonstrated that the bleeding on probing (BOP) test using uncontrolled forces may result in a proportion of false positive readings when used as a parameter for inflammation. A strong possibility exists for the traumatization of clinically healthy gingival tissues if a probing force exceeding 0.25 N is applied. While these results originated form young dental hygienists exhibiting excellent oral hygiene, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between probing pressures and gingival conditions in patients with a history of treated periodontal disease, i.e., in situations with a reduced but healthy periodontium. 10 patients who had been enrolled in a periodontal maintenance program following treatment of moderate to advanced chronic inflammatory periodontal disease consented to participate in the study. They were all selected on the basis of a record of excellent oral hygiene practices for at least 2–6 years and almost complete absence of clinical inflammation following sucessful periodontal therapy. Applying a probing force of 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 and 0.5 N in the 4 jaw quadrants, respectively, at 2 different occasions with an interval of 10 days, bleeding on probing was assessed. Oral hygiene and gingival conditions were determined using the criteria of the plaque and gingival index systems. All subjects showed significant increases in mean BOP% with increasing probing force applied (2.5%‐7.9%). Regression analysis revealed an almost linear correlation and a significant correlation coefficient between BOP % and probing force. Almost identical slope inclinations were found when the 6 subjects with the lowest mean BOP % at 0.25 N were compared with the regression analysis of the total group. The results of the present study support the findings of the previous study in healthy dental hygiene students with normal gingival anatomy, namely that the BOP test using uncontrolled forces may result in a proportion of false positive readings for the presence of gingival inflammation. A strong possibility also exists for the traumatization of clinically healthy gingival tissues with reduced support if probing forces exceeding 0.25 N are applied.
Periodontal diseases and HIV infection
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: December 2005

Abstract There have been many references in the literature to HIV‐related periodontal diseases, which although poorly substantiated, seem to have established them as part of the expected range of HIV‐associated conditions. The original studies have produced conflicting reports which may stem from shortcomings in design. Consequently, the picture remains confused with respect to the classification, epidemiology, microbiology, natural history and management of H1V‐related periodontal diseases. Future studies should give greater attention to sampling methods, the use of control groups and defining criteria. This will allow comparison of data between centres and facilitate study of what may be an uncommon disease.
Periodontal status in insulin‐dependent diabetic adolescents
Authors: de Pommereau V. , Dargent‐Paré C. , Robert J. J. , Brion M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A cross‐sectional study was designed to evaluate the periodontal status of 85 12–18 year‐old French adolescents with insulin‐dependent diabetes (IDDM) and 38 healthy controls in the same age group. The clinical examination consisted of plaque control and gingival inflammation evaluation and probing attachment level. The interproximal marginal bone level was assessed with bitewing radiographs taken on the first molars and on areas presenting an attachment loss over 2 mm. Diabetic children had significantly more gingival inflammation than children without diabetes, in spite of similar plaque scores. No significant relation between gingival condition and age. Tanner's index, HbAlc level or disease duration could be demonstrated. None of the subjects had sites with attachment Toss 3 mm or radiographic signs of periodontitis.
Guided tissue regeneration using biodegradable membranes of polylactic acid or polyurethane
Authors: Warrer Kirsten , Karring Thorkild , Nyman Sture , Gogolewski Sylvester
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the use of biodegradable membranes of polylactic acid or polyurethane for obtaining regeneration following treatment of circumferential periodontal defects in monkeys with the “guided tissue regeneration” procedure. Orthodontic elastic bands were placed around selected test and control teeth in 4 monkeys in order to induce breakdown of the periodontal tissues. When the destruction of the supporting tissues had progressed to a level corresponding to approximately half the length of the roots, the elastic bands were removed. After 1 to 8 months, full thickness flaps were raised on the buccal and lingual aspects of both test and control teeth. The exposed root surfaces were scaled and a notch was prepared in the root surface at the level of the reduced bone crest. Membranes of polylactic acid or polyurethane were placed circumferentially around the test teeth, while no membranes were placed around the control teeth. The tissue flaps were then sutured in a coronally displaced position. The surgical procedures and sacrifice of the animals were scheduled to provide observation times of 1, 4 and 8 months. During the healing period, various complications such as recession of the flap margins and exposure or exfoliation of the membranes were noticed. The histological analysis showed that the amount of new connective tissue attachment on test and control teeth did not differ and was restricted to the most apical part of the lesions. The bio‐degradable membranes could be identified in a few specimens, and they were always surrounded by an epithelial layer. This observation suggests that the membranes had been exfoliated rather than resorbed in the tissue. Although biodegradable membranes of polylactic acid or polyurethane failed to produce regeneration in the present study, such membranes should not be considered inapplicable in conjunction with the GTR‐procedure. It is necessary, however, for these materials to be modified and transformed into a membrane which possesses all of the properties necessary for proper function.
Histological evaluation of surgically treated oral tissues after application of a photocuring periodontal dressing material
Authors: Smeekens J. P. A. M. , Maltha J. C. , Renggli H. H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract At present no information is available about biological effects on oral tissues of the photocuring periodontal dressing Barricaid®. This animal study examines histologically the tissue responses of surgical areas covered during 7 days with either Barricaid®. the eugenol‐containing dressing Ward's Wondrpak® or the bionert control gel Carboxy Methyl Cellulose. One group was studied immediately after the removal of the dressings: in the other group, further healing was permitted for another week. Results after 7 days indicate acute inflammatory reactions in the test areas without significant differences between the 2 periodontal dressing materials. The control areas showed to a lesser degree basically the same tissue response. In the 2nd week, generally all areas healed. After 14 days, no differences between test‐ and control sites could be detected. From a biological point of view, these findings suggest no contra‐indication for application of this photocuring dressing material after periodontal surgery.